cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetics of arousal episodes in hibernating arctic ground squirrels

Arctic ground squirrels overwintering in northern Alaska experience average soil temperature of -10 degrees C. To examine energetic costs of arousing from hibernation under arctic compared to temperate conditions, captive ground squirrels were maintained in ambient temperatures (T(a)) of 2, -5 and -12 degrees C. Rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were used to estimate metabolic rate and fuel use during the three phases of arousal episodes: rewarming, euthermia, and recooling. Respiratory quotient comparisons suggest exclusive use of lipid during rewarming and mixed fuel use during euthermia. Animals rewarming from torpor at T(a) -12 degrees C took longer, consumed more oxygen, and attained higher peak rates of oxygen consumption when compared to 2 degrees C. T(a) had no significant effect on cost or duration of the euthermic phase. Animals recooled faster at -12 degrees C than at 2 degrees C, but total oxygen consumption was not different. T(a) had no significant effect on the total cost of arousal episodes when all three phases are included. Arousal episodes account for 86% of estimated costs of a complete hibernation cycle including torpor when at 2 degrees C and only 23% at -12 degrees C. Thus, due to the higher costs of steady-state metabolism during torpor, proportional metabolic costs of arousal episodes at T(a) characteristic of the Arctic are diminished compared to relative costs of arousals in more temperate conditions.
Do cerebral potentials to magnetic stimulation of paraspinal muscles reflect changes in palpable muscle spasm, low back pain, and activity scores?*******

Objective: Previous studies have shown that cortical-evoked potentials on magnetic stimulation of muscles are influenced by muscle contraction, vibration, and muscle spasm. This study was carried out to determine whether these potentials correlate with palpatory muscle spasm, patient symptoms, and disability in patients with low back pain. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on 13 subjects with a history of low back pain visiting an orthopedic hospital-based clinic. Patients were screened for serious pathologic conditions by an orthopedic surgeon. The patients were then evaluated for the presence of muscle spasm by one of the investigators who was blinded to the results of the evoked potential studies. Patients were asked to complete a low back pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and a Roland-Morris Activity Scale (RMAS). Cortical-evoked potentials were recorded with a magnetic stimulator placed over the lumbar paraspinal muscles with the patient in the prone position. The palpatory examination, VAS, RMAS, and the cortical potentials were repeated after 2 weeks of therapy commonly used to reduce muscle spasm. Results: The patients demonstrated a significant decrease in low back pain VAS and RMAS scores after treatment compared with before treatment. There was a reduction in the amount of palpatory muscle spasm in 11 of 13 cases. The cortical potentials before treatment were attenuated compared with previously reported controls and showed a significant increase before and after treatment in the amplitude of these potentials with multivariate analysis of variance. There was significant correlation between the changes in cortical potentials after treatment and the changes noted in paraspinal muscle spasm and VAS and RMAS scores. Conclusions: This study confirms the previous report that the amplitude of cerebral-evoked potentials on magnetic stimulation of paraspinal muscles is depressed in the presence of palpable muscle spasm. The close correlation among these potentials, paraspinal muscle spasm, and clinical symptoms suggests that the measurement of muscle activity may be more important in the assessment of low back pain than is commonly accepted. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:458-64)
SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA OF COMMON ANTIGEN OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.

Whang, H. Y. (Children's Hospital, Buffalo, N.Y.), and E. Neter. Selective destruction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa of common antigen of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol. 88:1244-1248. 1964.-Supernatant fluids and filtrates from several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, when incubated with common antigen from various enteric bacteria, will produce selective destruction of this antigen, leaving intact the simultaneously present O antigen. This effect is evidenced from hemagglutination, hemolysis, antibody absorption, hemagglutination inhibition, and immunization experiments. The Pseudomonas factor is heat-labile, being destroyed by heating at 100 C for 10 min. The action of this factor on the antigen is time-dependent and temperature-dependent, requiring incubation for 18 to 72 hr and progressing more rapidly at 50 or 56 C than at 37 C. The specificity of the reaction is indicated by the fact that supernatant fluids from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as several enzymes, such as pancreatic protease, trypsin, and lipase, have no effect on the common antigen. Utilization of the Pseudomonas factor, conceivably an enzyme, may aid in the eventual elucidation of the chemical nature of the common antigen of enteric bacteria.
Clearance of the rodent retrovirus, XMuLV, by protein A chromatography

Protein A chromatography is the most common unit operation used in the manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) due to its high affinity and specificity for the IgG Fc domain. However, protein A chromatography is often not effective for viral clearance. Typical log reduction values (LRV) for the model retrovirus XMuLV range between 1 and 4 logs, while effective steps such as viral filtration can achieve 5-7 logs of clearance. XMuLV LRVs obtained on protein A are reproducible for a given mAb, but can vary widely for different mAbs, even with the same operating conditions. In order to understand the mechanism of XMuLV clearance on protein A, we have investigated its partitioning on Mabselect SuRe protein A resin and explored how the virus interacts with resin, product, and impurities. The results show that XMuLV has some interaction with the resin backbone and ligand, but also appears to bind to and coelute with the mAb. The interaction with product was further examined by evaluating the effect of feed conditions, loading, and different washes on XMuLV partitioning on the column. Understanding the mechanism of XMuLV removal on a protein A, resin provides insight into the variability and low viral clearance of this step and suggests ways in which the removal of virus by this step can be improved.
Accessibility-Based Multicriteria Analysis for Facility Siting

Maximizing accessibility is often an important consideration in the location of a facility. This paper describes the development of a planning procedure based on a geographic information system (GIS) to assist decision makers in site selection when various accessibility criteria are considered. The procedure is illustrated in the context of siting a new women's and children's community center in Tucson, Arizona. First, suitable sites are identified as candidates on the basis of constraints related to transportation, land use, zoning, and so forth. Then a GIS-based decision support system is designed to assess the optimality of the candidate sites on the basis of accessibility by different population groups modeled, with the use of a multiobjective mathematical programming approach. Although this analysis focuses on a single facility, the methodology discussed, including the use of visual assessment tools and the development of the optimization model, can be used for multiple site selection and easily exte...
Analysis of knuckleball trajectories

An analysis of knuckleball trajectories is presented using data from the PITCHf/x video tracking system for pitches thrown in actual MLB games. The data reveal that, contrary to popular belief, knuckleball trajectories are as smooth as those from normal pitches. However, the data also show that the deflection of a knuckleball from a straight-line trajectory is essentially random in both magnitude and direction.
Economic Inequality in the United States in the Period from 1790 to 1860

There is some speculation that there was more economic egalitarianism in the United States among free men in the period from 1776 to 1790 than there was at any time in the following seventy years until the abolition of slavery. One would like to believe the speculation since it is known that there was extensive inequality of wealth in I860 and one would like to believe that the formation of the nation took place within a context of economic equality. This would be produced from a condition where aggregate wealth is shared fairly equally rather than being owned by a few. Let us give this ideal, this proposition relating to wealthholding for the Revolutionary era from 1776 to 1790, a title of romantic equality.
Three Korean perspectives on U.S. internet public diplomacy

Abstract This study identifies perspectives of relationships publics have about countries other than their own and examines whether publics engaged through social media-based public diplomacy programs demonstrate different relationship perspectives. Q methodology and survey research were used to investigate these issues. Data come from South Korean adult internet users, including members of Cafe USA, an online community run by the U.S. Embassy in Seoul. Three relationship perspectives were identified: outcome-based, sincerity-based, and access-based. Compared with other groups, Cafe USA members put more emphasis on sincerity in their relationships with the United States. The results of this study indicate that individuals’ subjectivity should be considered as far more contextualized and nuanced than has been the case in previous research on national image or country reputation.
Diffusive relaxation processes in liquid3He-4He mixtures. II. Superfluid phase

Relaxation measurements in superfluid3He-4He mixtures when a heat flux across a horizontal layer is switched on or off provide a quantitative test for the solutions of Khalatnikov's hydrodynamic equations. On the basis of these equations we predict that the relaxation times τ in a layer of heightd can be expressed by a simple scaled relation that is a function of static and transport properties. Relaxation experiments on five mixtures are in good agreement with these predictions. In an appendix we discuss the viscous penetration depth λ p and show that it is small enough for the Khalatnikov expressions to be valid under our experimental conditions.
Fe-Protein Fe:S Ligands

We report functional roles for some Av2 (Azotobacter vinelandii Fe-protein) cysteinyl (Cys) residues using the chemical reactivity of the Cys with iodoacetic acid (IAA) as a probe, Cysteinyl residues were modified with [14C]-IAA under a variety of conditions. The percent carboxymethylation for each of the 7 residues (Cys-5, 38, 85, 97, 132, 151 and 184) was determined by ion exchange peptide maps and their correlation to the known amino acid sequence (Hausinger, R. P., Howard, J. B.). We found that Av2 has no disulfides, surface thiols or hyperreactive thiols. For example, <30% of any residue was labeled in 20 min. If Av2 is incubated with IAA, MgATP, and α, α’-dipyridyl, the Fe:S center is rapidly chelated (2 min) with subsequent modification of Cys-97 and 132 (results are given in Table). Greater than 80% alkylation of Cys-97 and 132 occurs in 10-15 min with <20% of other residues modified. The rate for Cys-97 and 132 is similar to an exposed residue. When MgADP, IAA, and α, α’-dipyridyl are included with Av2, Cys-85, and, to a lesser degree, Cys-38, were labeled in addition to Cys-97 and 132 (see Table). The simplest interpretation of our results is that Cys-97 and 132 are the 4 thiol ligands (2 from each subunit) for a single 4Fe:4s center shared symmetrically between subunits of Av2. Cys-85 appears to be associated with the nucleotide binding site. Our results support the hypothesis of a major conformational change upon binding MgATP. If Av2 is denatured, Cys-5 and 184 are rapidly and completely alkylated (<5 min) while Cys-38, 85, and 151 rapidly exchange with the Fe:S ligands (Cys-97 and 132). Cys-38, 85, and 151 may be near the Fe:s center in the teriary structure which allows for exchange in the denatured protein or during catalysis. The probable ligands are common to all nitrogenase Fe-proteins so far sequenced. Our results are summarized in the Figure below.
Transplantation of the thigh from one dog to another

The first attempts at transplanting a limb from one animal to another were made last year in the University of Chicago by Guthrie and myself. No definite results were observed because of infection or the breaking of the bone suture.Lately the transplantation of the thigh from one dog to another was tried again with an improved technique.On April 23, 1907, at 9.50 a. m., a medium-sized dog was killed with chloroform. At 10.20 a. m. the left thigh of the cadaver was amputated just below its middle part, perfused with Locke's solution and placed on a table of the laboratory, the temperature being 88-90° F.At 11 a. m., a medium-sized bitch was etherized, her left thigh amputated and immediately replaced by the thigh of the dead dog. The reconstruction of the thigh began by the suture of the bone, the adductors and quadriceps. Then the femoral vessels were united and the circulation re-established at 1 p. m. The operation was completed by the suture of the nerves, muscles, aponeuroses and skin, and the limb pl...
Machine Vision System for Characterizing Horizontal Wicking and Drying Using an Infrared Camera

Moisture transport properties of fabrics are of key interest within the textile industry. This paper introduces a new method to measure horizontal wicking and drying properties of a fabric using a thermal imaging machine vision system. By tracking the area of the wet region of a fabric specimen over time, five new features are measured that characterize key periods of the wicking and drying process. Experimental results show significant differences in these measurements for fabrics that have been treated with a proprietary formula known to improve wicking properties of fabrics. Furthermore, analysis shows that the repeatability of this new method shows marked improvement over current industry standards.
An Electronically-Induced Pulfrich Illusion as a Quantitative Measure of Visual Delay and Stereopsis

A Pulfrich illusion of elliptical rotation in depth was created by presenting two illuminated circles of light to each eye separately. The circles moved in tandem horizontally on an oscilloscope which was equipped with an adjustable relative phase delay. Following the introduction of an unpredictable delay by the examiner, the subject was asked to flatten the illusion by turning a dial that varied the delay linearly. We produced an artificial ‘lesion’ in healthy subjects by placing neutral density filters in front of one eye and found close agreement of the visual delay measured on the Pulfrich device with that measured by dichoptic double flash or pattern visual evoked potential. Subjects with only coarse stereopsis due to strabismus had no trouble seeing the illusion, though their skill at discerning the point of no phase delay was about half as good as that of the normal group. The Pulfrich delay in patients with optic neuritis was comparable to the pattern visual evoked potential delay if the fellow eye was normal and the scotoma of the involved eye did not straddle a large portion of the horizontal meridian of the visual field.
Extruded: A Review of the Life Impacts of Environmental Sensitivities

Abstract This paper reviews the substantial life impacts of having environmental sensitivities (ES), including both chemical sensitivities (CS) and electrohypersensitivities (EHS). Impacts of having these environmentally related conditions include difficulty in finding medical care, occupational problems, financial loss, exclusion from community resources, problems with finding safe housing, lack of social support, personal distress, and changes to identity. From medical, social, and environmental perspectives, these conditions are understudied. In order to acknowledge and understand these problems, it is necessary to confront the environmental context in which they occur.
Dexamethasone inhibits IL-1 and TNF activity in human lung fibroblasts without affecting IL-1 or TNF receptors

Interleukin (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activate human lung fibroblasts through interactions with specific receptors. One effect of this interaction of IL-1 and TNF with fibroblasts is an increased production of the cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8. Dexamethasone blocks the induction of IL-6 and IL-8 by IL-1 or TNF. In these studies, we determined whether dexamethasone interferes with the upregulation of IL-6 and IL-8 by downregulating expression of the IL-1 or TNF receptor genes. Confluent lung fibroblasts were treated with medium alone (control) or medium with dexamethasone (10(-6) M). Dexamethasone did not decrease the binding of IL-1 and TNF to their receptors, nor did it decrease amounts of IL-1 or TNF receptor RNA. Both IL-1 and TNF increased release of IL-6 and IL-8 from the cells in a dose-dependent manner and dexamethasone inhibited this effect. Dexamethasone also inhibited the induction of IL-6 and IL-8 RNA by IL-1 and TNF. The studies show that dexamethasone does not block the effects of IL-1 or TNF on fibroblasts by decreasing expression of IL-1 or TNF receptors.
Patient Safety in Neurosurgical Practice: Physician and Patient Factors that Contribute to Patient Injury

Background Recommendations that may help reduce adverse events outside the perioperative period are uncommon. We identified the primary factors that contributed to patient injury in neurosurgical practice both within the perioperative period and outside the perioperative period. Methods Medical malpractice claims ( n = 355) from The Doctors Company that were closed over 7 years were reviewed by neurosurgical medical experts. Objective neurosurgical expert analysis of the cases identified patient injuries and the primary factor that contributed to the patient injury. Results Continued pain, nerve damage, and need for additional surgery were the most common injuries. In 145 cases (40.8%), the primary factor that contributed to patient injury occurred outside the perioperative period: assessment (evaluation and diagnosis), selection and management of therapy, and communication between the physician and patient/family. In 138 (38.9%) cases, the primary factor that contributed to patient injury occurred within the perioperative period. Surgical complication (a known risk of the procedure) was the primary factor in 99 cases (27.9%), and technical performance of surgery was the primary factor in only 39 cases (11.0%). Conclusions In addition to excellent surgical technique, checklists, teamwork, outcomes measurement, and regionalization of subspecialty care, improving patient safety in neurosurgical practice requires careful attention to care provided outside the perioperative period. Differential diagnosis, consideration of all relevant clinical data, active pursuit of good physician–patient relationships, and adequate monitoring of patients receiving nonsurgical treatment may also help improve patient safety in neurosurgical practice.
An Empirical Comparison of Traditional Full-Profile Conjoint and Adaptive Conjoint Analysis

Adaptive Conjoint Analysis (ACA), a personal computer based software package, is compared with traditional full-profile conjoint analysis (using ratings of 32 job profiles) in terms of predictive validity. Data from 205 student respondents was collected. No significant difference was found in the predictive validity of the two methods. The respondents found ACA to be both easier and a more interesting task.
The Foundations of the Calculus of Moving Surfaces

Moving surfaces are ubiquitous in life and mathematics. Moving surfaces, like stationary surfaces, need their own language. We have shown that, in many ways, tensor calculus is an ideal language for describing stationary surfaces. For moving surfaces, the language of tensors must be extended to capture the particularities of moving surfaces. This extension comes in the form of the calculus of moving surfaces (CMS).
[2010] Facing the Exascale Energy Wall

A recent report focused on the technical challengesin advancing from today's "petascale" systems to "exascale."Power, or more accurately energy, was a dominant challenge. This paper briefly reviews the energy challenge for exascaled sized systems, with an emphasis on the relatively enormous energy costs of referencing operands from the memory hierarchy. Then, usinga key step from the LINPACK benchmark, we investigate twodifferent approaches to reducing such costs: one which migratescomputations up from the host to higher levels of the hierarchy,and another in moving the whole computation closer to memory. Both show significant improvements over architecture as usual.
The Impact of Customers’ Direct and Indirect Experience on E-Trust

Despite the rapid growth of e-commerce, online users are still cautious and skeptical about online shopping. The uncertainty inherent in online shopping impedes customers’ online transactions. Previous research emphasized the significance of customer experience management and its influence on e-tailers’ success, mainly focusing on customers’ direct experience with e-tailers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of customers’ indirect experience as well as direct experience on their perception of e-tailers’ trustworthiness and their behavioral outcomes drawing on the equity theory. Specifically, this study posits that customers’ direct experience (perceived quality of site design and flow) and indirect experience (reputation) with e-tailers contribute to their perception of e-tailers’ trustworthiness, which in turn influences their intention to repurchase from and spread positive word-of-mouth about the e-tailers. The results support the proposed relationships of customers’ direct and indirect experience, except for the relationship between flow and e-trust. Customers’ perceived quality of site design (direct experience) and e-tailers’ reputation (indirect experience) positively influence customers’ e-trust, whch in turn significantly contributes to their intention to repurchase and spread positive word of mouth. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Sage King Yu 禹 and the Bin Gong XU 豳公盨

The recent discovery of an unusual ninth century B.C.E. bronze inscription dedicated to Yu as a founder deity has reopened discussions regarding the historicity of legendary figures. This article examines the occult role of this figure in Zhou society and suggests that the inscription be read as a song used in a harvest ceremony of thanksgiving to Yu. The author suggests that Yu once functioned along the same lines as Houji, as both ancestral founder and earth deity, but was eventually suppressed in favor of Houji.
Release from Output Interference in Recognition Memory: A Test of the Attention Hypothesis

AbstractRetrieval results in both costs and benefits to episodic memory (Malmberg, Lehman, Annis, Criss, & Shiffrin, 2014). Output interference (OI) refers to the finding that episodic memory accuracy decreases with increasing test trials. Release from OI is the restoration of original accuracy at some point during test. For example, a release from OI in recognition memory testing occurs when the semantic similarity between stimuli decreases midway through testing (Malmberg, Criss, Gangwani, & Shiffrin, 2012), suggesting that item representations stored on early trials cause interference on tests occurring on later trials to the extent that the earlier items share features with the latter items. In two recognition memory experiments, we demonstrate release from OI for words and faces. We also test whether release from OI is the result of interference or is due to a boost in attention caused by reorienting to a novel stimulus type. A test for the foils presented during the initial test list supports the in...
Character Degrees of Normally Monomial Maximal Class 5-Groups

This paper will impose limits on the possible sets of irreducible character degrees of a normally monomial 5-group of maximal class.
FlowPaP and FlowReR: Improving Energy Efficiency and Performance for STT-MRAM-Based Handheld Devices under Read Disturbance

Handheld devices, such as smartphones and tablets, currently dominate the semiconductor market. The memory access patterns of CPU and IP cores are dramatically different in a handheld device, making the main memory a critical bottleneck of the entire system. As a result, non-volatile memories, such as spin transfer torque magnetoresistive random-access memory (STT-MRAM), are emerging as a replacement for the existing DRAM-based main memory, achieving a wide variety of advantages. However, replacing DRAM with STT-MRAM also results in new design challenges including read disturbance. A simple read-and-restore scheme preserves data integrity under read disturbance, but incurs significant performance and energy overheads. Consequently, by utilizing unique characteristics of mobile applications, we propose FlowPaP, a flow pattern prediction scheme to dynamically predict the write-to-last-read distances for data frames running on a handheld device. FlowPaP identifies and removes unnecessary memory restores originally required for preventing read disturbance, significantly improving energy efficiency and performance for STT-MRAM-based handheld devices. In addition, we propose a flow-based data retention time reduction scheme named FlowReR to further lower energy consumption of STT-MRAM at the expense of reducing its data retention time. FlowReR imposes a second step that marginally trades off the already improved energy efficiency for performance improvements. Experimental results show that, compared to the original read-and-restore scheme, the application of FlowPaP and FlowReR together can simultaneously improve energy efficiency by 34% and performance by 17% for a set of commonly used Android applications.
Letter to a Young Teacher

So my nephew Malik, a fabulous Renaissance man, a six-year sixth grade math, science, and Spanish teacher, and basketball and baseball coach, was given a pink slip. Again. It’s a March ritual around here. School districts are dealing with slashed budgets and are not certain of enrollment.
Emergency Obstetrical Planning in Rural Guatemala: A Case Study

This chapter shows how planning for obstetrical emergencies is a social process with sometimes unexpected outcomes. I argue that these changes are only visible through an anthropological lens—that is, through ethnographic data collection and analysis—highlighting the importance of anthropology for understanding shifts in public health, particularly maternity care. Using the concept of “reproductive governance” and drawing from ethnographic data collected in rural Guatemala, it demonstrates how emergency obstetrical planning rearranges social relationships in ways that impact care providers’ day-to-day experiences and the role of the state in public health initiatives.
Solving the Sun’s Heating Problem

Instead of growing colder at higher regions of its atmosphere, the Sun becomes unexpectedly hotter, soaring to a temperature of millions of degrees Kelvin in the low corona just above the photosphere at 5,780 degrees Kelvin. Heat should not emanate from a cold object to a hotter one anymore than water should flow up hill. The first plausible explanations for this heating paradox were in terms of either sound waves or magnetic waves, generated by motions in the turbulent convective zone. Spacecraft measurements in 1978, however, showed that although the lower chromosphere is probably heated by the dissipation of sound waves, there is not enough energy left over to heat the overlying corona by any substantial amount. Magnetic waves were also detected long ago, moving in the solar wind, but they seemed to travel through the corona without depositing significant amounts of energy into it.
Studies on the relationship between plate water absorption and unfired iron ore pellet strength

Bentonites vary in their ability to absorb water. The plate water absorbance (PWA) test measures the amount of water that a bentonite can absorb. Plant operators disagree on whether or not the PWA value is a good predictor of how a bentonite will perform as a binder. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between the bentonite PWA value and the dry compressive strengths of iron ore pellets. Pellet strength correlated poorly with the standard PWA test results, where bentonites are allowed to absorb distilled water for 18 hours. Correlations improved, but remained marginal, when PWA was measured in water having high concentrations of cations, representative of the water that remains in the iron ore during pelletization.
Areas of Recent Emphasis of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) is an organization of volunteer members representing the views of practicing clinical laboratorians, industry (both pharmaceutical and diagnostic), and government agencies. The subcommittees of the NCCLS encompass virtually all areas of clinical laboratory sciences, e.g., clinical chemistry, hematology, immunology, clinical microbiology, as well as a subcommittee which deals with broad general areas such as laboratory safety and writing of procedure manuals. However, the activities with which clinical microbiologists are most likely to be familiar are the publications emanating from the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the NCCLS. This subcommittee has responsibility for documents which describe the methodology for performing and interpreting antimicrobial susceptibility tests for aerobic bacteria by disk diffusion3, by broth or agar dilution2, and the testing of anaerobic bacteria by various methods1. These, like all NCCLS documents, are updated periodically (usually every three years). However, an even more frequently published document (NCCLS M100) is a compilation of all of the interpretive tables from the three susceptibility testing standards (but without the procedures text) and may be published as often as once per year.
Digital privacy: Leibniz 2.0

In 1963, Chief Justice Earl Warren called the 'fantastic advances in the field of electronic communication' a danger to the privacy of the individual. If we use the privacy torts as developed in American law --- intrusion, disclosure, false light, appropriation --- we can see how dangerous those advances have been regarding our privacy. We will see how readily so many can do so much more to invade the privacy of so many more. We will also see a thread running through the privacy torts that was not readily visible before: invasions of privacy treat us as objects to be observed, revealed, manipulated, and used.
Influence of choice experiment designs on eliciting preferences for autonomous vehicles

Abstract Due to potentially high initial purchase prices, automation is likely to hit the transportation market as on-demand autonomous taxis for short-term rentals. In this study, welfare measures associated with the use of autonomous taxis were estimated by conducting discrete choice experiments (DCEs) in New York City. Aiming at more realistic choice scenarios, a method for pivot-efficient designs is proposed and tested that exploits the distribution of attribute levels; however, analysis suggests the use of a simpler pivot-efficient design with average attributes of reference alternatives. In our sample New Yorkers were willing to pay on average $3 less per self-driven trip. This reduction in the willingness to pay is coming from the fact that in current conditions not having a driver may be perceived as a nuisance rather than a convenience.
The Specter of Liberation: Emancipatory Possibilities in the Political Theory of Marcuse and Žižek

For Herbert Marcuse, the terrifying specter of communism at the end of the 1960s served the interests of counterrevolution in discrediting revolutionary aims and legitimizing all necessary repressive counter-measures against emancipatory programs. Slavoj Žižek adds a second function, namely, that during the Cold War the specter of communism also served to humanize Western liberal democracy, necessitating strong social welfare measures and thus forming capitalism with a human face. But with the fall of the Eastern Bloc the threat to this system has become more spectral than ever, because any mild deviations from a neoliberal vision of free market capitalism now bring with them charges of totalitarianism. In the face of such formidable obstacles, Marcuse and Žižek argue that the nature and means of emancipation necessarily remain indeterminate. Hence, the emancipatory possibilities that they do sketch out remain overwhelmingly negative and spectral. This raises the question of whether a political theory ought to be sufficiently detailed as to be directly actionable. I conclude that their work largely satisfies the set of justifiable criteria for a successful political theory articulated or implied by Kant and Horkheimer, and therefore, remains highly relevant to our thinking of the political.
Common Ground: Place and Identity in Contemporary Tibetan Art

The visual construction of a landscape by an artist might take into account lighting, material, and recognizable scenery, but these images can also serve as markers of identity, especially for arti...
Effects of amphetamine, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and morphine in rats responding under an adjusting stop signal reaction time task

Stop signal reaction time procedures are used to investigate behavioral and neurobiological processes that contribute to behavioral inhibition and to evaluate potential therapeutics for disorders characterized by disinhibition and impulsivity. The current study examined effects of amphetamine, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and morphine in rats responding under an adjusting stop signal reaction time task that measures behavioral inhibition, as well as motor impulsivity. Rats (n = 8) completed a two-response sequence to earn food. During most trials, responses following presentation of a visual stimulus (go signal) delivered food. Occasionally, a tone (stop signal) was presented signifying that food would be presented only if the second response was withheld. Responding after the stop signal measured inhibition and responding prior to the start of the trial (premature) measured motor impulsivity. Delay to presentation of the stop signal was adjusted for individual subjects based on performance. Amphetamine and methylphenidate increased responding after presentation of the stop signal and markedly increased premature responding. Atomoxetine modestly improved accuracy on stop trials and decreased premature responding. Morphine did not alter stop trial accuracy or premature responding up to doses that decreased the number of trials initiated. These data demonstrate the sensitivity of an adjusting stop signal reaction time task to a range of drug effects and shows that some drugs that enhance dopaminergic transmission, such as amphetamine, can differentially alter various types of impulsive behavior.
Concerning gamer identity: An examination of individual factors associated with accepting the label of gamer

This study examined characteristics of players that self-identified as gamers. Participants ( N =476) were asked to complete an online survey and provide information about their video game play. Analyses of the survey responses found support for gamers being younger, men, and playing more. We also found that some of the genres of play and technology used diverged from previous research. The two most surprising findings were that gamers preferred to play on consoles more than on computers, and massive-multiplayer online games were not the most played genre. This paper contributed to research in three ways: previous assumptions surrounding gamer identity and demographics were tested, the genre of games and method of play were examined to refine the definition of a gamer, and the implications of gamer identity were discussed.
A comparison of text versus audio for information comprehension with future uses for smart speakers.

Objective Audio is increasingly used to access information on the Internet through virtual assistants and smart speakers. Our objective is to evaluate the distribution of health information through audio. Materials and methods We conducted 2 studies to compare comprehension after reading or listening to information using a new corpus containing short text snippets from Cochrane (N = 50) and Wikipedia (N = 50). In study 1, the snippets were first presented as audio or text followed by a multiple-choice question. Then, the same information was presented as text and the question was repeated in addition to questions about perceived difficulty, severity and the likelihood of encountering the disease. In study 2, the first multiple-choice question was replaced with a free recall question. Results Study 1 showed that information comprehension is very similar in both presentation modes (53% accuracy for text and 55% for audio). Study 2 showed that information retention is higher with text, but similar comprehension. Both studies show improvement in performance with repeated information presentation. Discussion Audio presentation of information is effective and the format novel. Performance was slightly lower with audio when asked to repeat information, but comparable to text for answering questions. Additional studies are needed with different types of information and presentation combinations. Conclusion The use of audio to provide health information is a promising field and will become increasingly important with the popularity of smart speakers and virtual assistants, particularly for consumers who do not use computers, for example minority groups, or those with limited sight or motor control.
Implementation of an Intraoperative Instructional Timeout Just Prior to Stapler Use Improves Proficiency of Surgical Stapler Usage by Surgery Residents.

Introduction With the fragmented rotational structure of training, exposure to surgical staplers is not uniform across surgical residents. Traditionally, educational sessions dedicated to instruction in surgical staplers have taken place outside the operating room. This study implemented and evaluated an intraoperative timeout immediately prior to stapler use in cases with surgical residents. Methods During general surgery cases from June 1, 2017 until December 31, 2017, surgical teams, including the surgical attending, surgical resident, and scrub nurse participated in an intraoperative instructional timeout, during which proper use of linear or circular staplers was reviewed. At the conclusion of the timeout, residents were required to demonstrate proper stapler assembly and verbalize all technical steps involved in stapler use. Duration of each timeout was recorded. Immediately following the case, a pre-post survey was administered to each participating junior (R1-R2) or senior (R4-R5) surgical resident. The primary outcome was change in stapler use knowledge by surgical residents. Survey questions with Likert scale responses were analyzed using paired ttests, and responses from junior residents were compared to those from senior residents with independent t tests. Results Forty-three general surgery cases involved stapler use during the study period and implemented an intraoperative instructional timeout. The educational intervention increased stapler use knowledge significantly in all surgical residents. Prior to the timeout, junior residents reported significantly higher anxiety related to stapler usage compared to their senior counterparts; anxiety scores in junior residents decreased significantly for use of both linear and circular staplers. The mean timeout duration was 2.9 minutes (standard deviation 0.9 minutes, range 1.2-4.6 minutes). All participating surgical residents recommended routine implementation of an instructional timeout prior to intraoperative stapler use. Conclusions An intraoperative timeout dedicated to stapler teaching is effective in increasing proficiency and easing anxiety in all levels of surgical residents. Further research is warranted to determine whether this educational intervention would translate into fewer stapler use errors and decreased intraoperative complications.
Investigation of LES models for a stratified shear layer

Abstract The performance of three large-eddy simulation (LES) models in predicting the evolution of a shear layer at moderate Reynolds number in a linearly stratified background is investigated. Results of the Dynamic Smagorinsky, Ducros, and Wall-Adapting Local Eddy Viscosity (WALE) models are compared against those of direct numerical simulation (DNS). Two levels of grid refinement are employed to assess the change in the models’ capabilities with varying resolution. Of particular interest is the ability of the models to capture the evolution of instabilities as well as accurately quantify turbulence statistics. Evolution of momentum thickness, local buoyancy flux, shear, and gradient Richardson number show good agreement of the LES models with the DNS. A comparison of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and its budget indicates good capture of turbulence evolution in the LES models. There is a moderate over prediction of spatially integrated TKE during a short period when the integrated TKE is at its maximum. This feature is traced to the underestimate of turbulent dissipation rate in the LES. Coarsening grid resolution significantly increases the discrepancy in dissipation between the WALE model and the DNS while defects due to the coarser grid resolution are mild in the case of the Ducros model. All of the LES models overestimate the peak values of eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity although the Ducros model produces the closest agreement with the DNS. Furthermore, the Ducros model is found to require fewer CPU hours than the DNS or other LES models.
Clinical Effectiveness and Resource Utilization of Surgery versus Endovascular Therapy for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia.

Background The clinical effectiveness of surgical versus endovascular therapy for chronic limb–threatening ischemia (CLTI) continues to be debated, and the resources required for each therapy are unclear. Methods Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing surgery with endovascular therapy for CLTI, which reported clinical effectiveness and resource utilization. Short-term and long-term clinical outcomes were examined. Results The search yielded 4,231 titles, of which 17 publications met our inclusion criteria. Five publications were all from 1 RCT, and 12 publications were observational studies. In the RCT, the surgical approach had greater resource use in the first year (total hospital days across all admissions for surgery versus angioplasty: 46.14 ± 53.87 vs. 36.35 ± 51.39; P Conclusions The clinical effectiveness and resource utilization of surgery compared with endovascular therapy for CLTI is not known with certainty and will not be known until ongoing trials report results. It is likely that findings will vary by the time horizon, where initial outcomes and utilization tend to favor endovascular interventions, but long-term outcomes favor surgical revascularization.
Facebook contact: The effect of an outgroup member's language proficiency on desire for future intergroup contact

Abstract Guided by contact theory, we examined the effect of an international student’s English language proficiency on American students’ desire for future interaction with international students, online and in-person. We created a fictitious Facebook page of a female Chinese international student and experimentally manipulated her Facebook posts to represent low or high English proficiency. American students (N = 126) in the high proficiency condition reported more identification with the international student, which subsequently led to more desire for future interaction with the student both online and in person. These effects generalized to a desire for interaction with other Chinese students (again, both online and in person). The findings of the study have theoretical and practical implications for online intergroup communication.
An Asymmetric Genetic Signal Associated with Mechanosensory Expansion in Cave-Adapted Fish

A key challenge in contemporary biology is connecting genotypic variation to phenotypic diversity. Quantitative genetics provides a powerful technique for identifying regions of the genome that covary with phenotypic variation. Here, we present a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of a natural freshwater fish system, Astyanax mexicanus, that harbors two morphs corresponding to a cave and surface fish. Following their divergence ~500 Kya, cavefish have adapted to the extreme pressures of the subterranean biome. As a consequence, cavefish have lost numerous features, but evolved gains for a variety of constructive features including behavior. Prior work found that sensory tissues (neuromasts) present in the "eye orbit" region of the skull associate with sensitivity to vibrations in water. This augmented sensation is believed to facilitate foraging behavior in the complete darkness of a cave, and may impact on evolved lateral swimming preference. To this point, however, it has remained unclear how morphological variation integrates with behavioral variation through heritable factors. Using a QTL approach, we discovered the genetic architecture of neuromasts present in the eye orbit region, demonstrating that this feature is under genetic control. Interestingly, linked loci were asymmetric-signals were detected using only data collected from the right, but not left, side of the face. This finding may explain enhanced sensitivity and/or feedback of water movements mediating a lateral swimming preference. The locus we discovered based on neuromast position maps near established QTL for eye size and a facial bone morphology, raising the intriguing possibility that eye loss, sensory expansion, and the cranial skeleton may be integrated for evolving adaptive behaviors. Thus, this work will further our understanding of the functional consequence of key loci that influence the evolutionary origin of changes impacting morphology, behavior, and adaptation.
Cryopreservation of Fat Grafts for Future Clinical Applications

At the present time, autologous fat transfer procedures take place immediately postharvesting procedures. Due to high rates of absorption, repeated surgical procedures for fat graft harvest are often needed subsequently leading to increased cost, donor site morbidity, and patient discomfort. To be able to preserve our patient’s own adipose tissue as a graft material after the initial fat harvest procedure would allow us to meet these unmet medical needs. However, currently there is no optimal and practical adipose tissue cryopreservation protocol for plastic and reconstructive surgeons to utilize. As such, the senior author has studied this concept in an attempt to create a protocol, which is both reliable and clinically feasible for long-term preservation of adipose tissue. Ultimately, we hope that cryopreservation will allow for the preservation of lipoaspirates, so they can be used as the “raw material” for either repeated fat transplantation procedures or cell-based therapy in the form of engineered tissue for reconstructive efforts for our patients.