cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homelessness, American Style

This study traces the historical geography of homelessness in America. It provides a synoptic overview of the production of homelessness in the United States and the varying urban and national responses to homelessness that have resulted (both cultural responses generally and policy and legal responses more particularly). Surveying changing policies and practices from the colonial period to the present, the author explains how homelessness in the United States has developed and changed, and why it has taken the specific social form that it has. Focusing not on homeless people themselves, and not on the experience of homelessness by those people who are un-housed, but rather on how the societal condition of homelessness—the discourses, practices, laws, and events that shape the nature of homelessness as a social fact—has evolved in the United States, this article suggests that there is a specifically American "style" to homelessness. It concludes by raising the question of whether, with the globalization o...
Two-dimensional resonant tunneling.

We have calculated the resonant-tunneling conductance for two-dimensional samples. For a disordered system, most of the resonant peaks in the conductance are Lorentzians with height less than 1 (in units of ${e}^{2}$/h), but in some special cases two resonant peaks can be very close and overlap, and the maximum conductance can be larger than 1. In a magnetic field, the height and width of the resonant peak fluctuate when the magnetic flux through the area of the localized state changes by roughly unity. The fluctuation in the peak height is the same order as the quantity itself. There is some evidence that the average localization length may increase slightly with the magnetic field.
Alterations in plasma catecholamines and behavior during acute stress in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats

Abstract The responsiveness of the sympathoadrenal system to stress was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY) rats at 6, 18, and 48 weeks of age. Two days after insertion of a tail arterial catheter, each rat was transferred from its home cage to a shock chamber, and after 5 min received 60 footshocks over a 5 min interval. Blood samples were taken from undisturbed rats when in the home cage, 3–5 min after transfer to the shock chamber, and at the end of shock. An additional group of naive SHR and WKY rats was exposed to footshock and behavioral responses were recorded. There were no strain differences in levels of norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (EPI) while rats were undisturbed in their home cages. Transfer to the shock chamber resulted in a greater increase in plasma levels of both catecholamines in SHRs of each age. A similar pattern was evident after footshock; SHR rats had significantly higher post-shock levels of plasma NE and EPI than age-matched WKY rats. During shock, SHR rats were more active and jumped and reared more frequently than WKYs. These results demonstrate that the sympathoadrenal system of SHR rats is more responsive than normotensive rats to stressful stimuli and that this hyper-responsitivity is independent of increases in blood pressure. The excessive discharge of NE and EPI into plasma during stress may contribute to the development and maintenance of high blood pressure in SHR rats.
Post-doctoral training of the non-physician doctoral scientist

Abstract Postgraduate training of the non-MD clinical chemist (clinical biochemist) is for the most part ‘on the job training’. There are few formally structured programs to achieve the necessary skills and understanding needed by individuals before he or she can assume the directorship of a modern clinical laboratory. The experience and training must include management, laboratory performance, medical interface, research and education.
Resorbable distraction of the midface and orbits and frontal bone: Indications and operative technique

Distraction osteogenesis has been widely accepted for treatment of facial skeletal deformities. The synthesis of distraction technology and new resorbable materials has resulted in a new class of distraction devices. These single-stage distraction devices have been successfully applied to severe facial skeletal deformities. Simultaneous advancement of the midface and orbits—the monobloc procedure—is necessary in cases involving coronal synostosis and midface hypolasia resulting in malocclusion exophthalmus, obstructive apnea, and frequently increased intracranial pressure. The application of a resorbable midface-orbital-frontal (MOF) distractor for graduated monobloc distraction is presented with indications and techniques.
Infrared Ship Classification Using A New Moment Pattern Recognition Concept

An analysis of the statistics of the moments and the conventional invariant moments shows that the variance of the latter become quite large as the order of the moments and the degree of invariance increases. Moreso, the need to whiten the error volume increases with the order and degree, but so does the computational load associated with computing the whitening operator. We thus advance a new estimation approach to the use of moments in pattern recog-nition that overcomes these problems. This work is supported by experimental verification and demonstration on an infrared ship pattern recognition problem. The computational load associated with our new algorithm is also shown to be very low.
Reduction in Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor I Expression and Transcription Factor CBFa1 on Bone Cells by Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoid in excess suppresses bone formation in vivo and disrupts bone matrix protein synthesis by osteoblasts in vitro. In contrast, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) potently enhances bone matrix apposition. The rat TGF-beta type I receptor gene promoter contains cis-acting elements for transcription factor CBFa1, which increases in parallel with osteoblast differentiation. Here we present molecular data linking these events. We show that previously unexplained effects of glucocorticoid on bone loss may be mediated in part by suppression of CBFa1, with a resultant decrease in the expression and activity of the TGF-beta type I receptor on matrix-producing bone cells.
The challenges of reforming graduate medical education payments.

example, where does the sensory information encoding location in place cells, spatial geometry in grid cells, or head direction in head direction cells come from, and how is it combined?” Researchers are actively investigating howgridcell activity influencesplacecell activity and vice versa and how these interactionsmaygowrong inAlzheimerdiseaseand other brain conditions. In a mouse model of Alzheimer disease, O’Keefe and his colleagues have shown that place cell degradation correlates with deterioration of animals’ spatial memory (Cacucci F et al. ProcNatlAcadSciUSA.2008;105[22]:78637868). Edvard Moser is excited to be an active part of the effort to find clinical applications for the field. “We wish to understand how gr id cel ls interact with other cell types to produce a sense of location. This will lead to knowledge that can hopefully be used by others to work out strategies to detect dysfunctions in the positioning system early on and to prevent further progression of disease.”
R013-6438, a new inotrope-vasodilator: Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects in congestive heart failure

Abstract Systemic and coronary hemodynamics and transmyocardial norepinephrine release were determined before and after oral administration of RO13-6438, a new inotrope-vasodilator agent, in 12 patients with severe chronic heart failure unresponsive to conventional and vasodilator therapy. improvement in left ventricular (LV) function was evident from a marked increase in cardiac index (from 2.09 ± 0.45 to 3.30 ± 0.73 liters/min/m2, p
Effect of Isoproterenol on Calcium, Protein, and Electrolytes of Rat Submaxillary Gland.∗:

SummaryThe fall in Ca in rat submaxillary gland after isoproterenol injection is at least twice the fall in Mg, sialic acid, or protein. The relationship of Ca to protein in rat saliva is linear. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that Ca is held at high concentrations in salivary glands by means of binding.
ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE BINDING BY THE SERA OF GUINEA PIGS IMMUNIZED AGAINST THYROGLOBULIN.

The distribution of radiothyroxine and radiotriiodothyronine in the electrophoretic pattern of normal and thyroglobulin- immune guinea pig sera was studied by both agar and paper electrophoresis. In normal or only adjuvant-treated animals, both thyroxine and triiodothyronine migrated to the albumin region. With thyroglobulin-immune sera, however, an additional peak of radioactivity was obtained in the beta-gamma globulin region as well as the one in the albumin region. The area covered by the peak of radioactivity in the beta-gamma globulin region differed in individual guinea pigs, presumably in relation to the level of circulating antibody, and could be inhibited by pretreating the immune serum with stable thyroxine. A precipitation reaction was obtained by layering a thyroglobulin solution onto immune serum but no precipitation reaction could be elicited with thyroxine or triiodothyronine. No radioactivity peak in the beta-gamma globulin region could be obtained with I131- labeled diiodotyrosine, radio...
A one-pot bicycloannulation method for the synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline systems.

A highly effective method for the synthesis of the core indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidine skeleton found in yohimbine is described. The reaction of N-monosubstituted thioamides with bromoalkenoyl chlorides furnishes thioisomunchnones as transient 1,3-dipoles that undergo ready intramolecular cycloaddition across the tethered π-bond to give thio-bicycloannulated products in a one-pot operation. The stereochemical outcome of the intramolecular reaction is the consequence of an endo cycloaddition of the neighboring π-bond across the transient thioisomunchnone dipole. A major limitation of the method is that when a hydrogen is present in the α-position of the thioamide the initially formed thio-N-acyliminium ion undergoes proton loss to produce a S,N-ketene acetal at a faster rate than dipole formation. Treatment of tetrahydro-β-carboline-1-thione with 2-bromooct-7-enoyl chloride followed by reductive removal of sulfur from the cycloadduct resulted in the formation of (±)-alloyohimbanone. Attempts to cycloadd the th...
Economic reconstruction of Iran: Costing the war damage

(1990). Economic reconstruction of Iran: Costing the war damage. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 26-47.
Spontaneous haemothorax and haemoperitoneum in Plasmodium vivax malaria.

Although patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria usually recover from the disease without any sequelae, several complications do occasionally occur and these may need urgent invasive procedures, including surgery, and/or lead to fatal blood loss (Jacobs et al., 2005; Gockel et al., 2006; Maguire and Baird, 2010). Worryingly, the incidence of complications in P. vivax malaria, such as acute respiratory-distress syndrome or splenic rupture, appears to be increasing (Kasliwal et al., 2009). A case of P. vivax malaria complicated by spontaneous haemothorax (perhaps the first ever reported) is described below.
Basal temperatures in polar ice sheets: A qualitative review

In recent years glacial geologists have become increasingly interested in the thermal regime at the bases of polar ice sheets, and have attempted to interpret certain Pleistocene glacial features in terms of this thermal regime. This effort has suffered from a lack of a reasonably comprehensive but qualitative review of factors controlling the temperature at the base of a polar glacier; this paper attempts to fill this void. Using the Laurentide Ice Sheet as an example, it is shown that under cold climatic conditions basal melting is likely to occur only beneath the lower part of the ablation area. If the climate is somewhat warmer, or if the accumulation rate is sufficiently low, basal melting may also occur beneath the accumulation area. The zone of greatest basal melt-water production is probably beneath the lower part of the ablation area.
Serological relationships among plusiinae baculoviruses

Abstract Antisera were produced against nucleocapsids, NP-40 detergent soluble proteins, or polyhedral protein of the multiply embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MNPV) of Autographa californica , nucleocapsids of Trichoplusia ni singly embedded virus (SNPV), and polyhedral protein of Lymantria dispar MNPV. Antigens consisting of nucleocapsids, NP-40 soluble proteins, and polyhedral protein were prepared from A. californica MNPV, T. ni MNPV, L. dispar MNPV, Rachiplusia ou MNPV, T. ni SNPV, and Pseudoplusia includens SNPV. Radial immunodiffusion patterns formed with Plusiinae nucleocapsid antigens and antiserum to nucleocapsids of A. californica MNPV or T. ni SNPV revealed a distinction between multiply and singly embedded viruses. The same alignment of Plusiinae viruses was observed in reactions between A. californica NP-40 soluble protein antiserum and the NP-40 soluble protein fractions from the Plusiinae NPVs. There were no reactions between the Plusiinae SNPV nucleocapsid antigens and the A. californica MNPV nucleocapsid antiserum. However, there were faint precipitin bands between MNPV nucleocapsid antigens and T. ni SNPV nucleocapsid antiserum. Each of the polyhedral protein fractions from the Plusiinae formed a single precipitin band with the antiserum to polyhedral protein of either A. californica or L. dispar . The precipitin bands formed with the A. californica antiserum by polyhedral proteins of T. ni SNPV, P. includens SNPV, and R. ou MNPV were confluent, and shared partial identity with those formed by A. californica MNPV and T. ni MNPV. All precipitin bands formed by Plusiinae polyhedral proteins against antiserum to L. dispar polyhedral protein were confluent, and shared partial identity with that formed by L. dispar polyhedral protein.
How Salmonella typhimurium measures the length of flagellar filaments

We present a mathematical model for the growth and length regulation of the filament of the flagellar motor of Salmonella Typhimurium. Under the assumption that the molecular constituents are translocated into the nascent filament by an ATPase and then move by molecular diffusion to the growing end, we find a monotonically decreasing relationship between the speed and the velocity of growth that is inversely proportional to length for a large length. This gives qualitative but not quantitative agreement with data of the velocity of growth. We also propose that the length of filaments is “measured” by the rate of secretion of the σ28-antifactor FlgM, using negative feedback, and present a mathematical model of this regulatory network. The combination of this regulatory network with the length-dependent rate of growth enable the bacterium to detect length shortening and regrow severed flagellar filaments.
Bacterial spore detection by [Tb3+(macrocycle)(dipicolinate)] luminescence.

Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is a unique constituent of bacterial spores, a dormant form of Bacillus and Clostridium, which can be detected using DPA-triggered Tb3+ luminescence. [Tb(DO2A)]+ improves the sensitivity of bacterial spore detection over Tb3+(aq) owing to the exclusion of coordinated water molecules and represents the first step toward construction of a DPA receptor site with enhanced binding selectivity. The title ternary [Tb(DO2A)(DPA)]- complex was structurally characterized and features two DO2A-DPA interligand hydrogen interactions that stabilize the complex.
Funisitis and outcome in infants less than 1,000 grams

Abstract Objective: To assess the association of funisitis with adverse outcomes among infants weighing less than 1,000 g. Methods: From February 1998 to March 2000, 143 liveborn infants weighing between 501 and 1,000 g were identified. After excluding 3 infants with congenital malformations, there were 76 infants with complete placental pathology and neonatal outcome data. The outcomes of infants with and without histologic evidence of infection were compared using t tests and relative risks. A regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios adjusting for the effects of birthweight (BW), gender and race. Major morbidity (MM) was defined as NEC, ICH grade 3 or 4, or chronic lung disease (CLD). Results: Of the 76 infants, 10 (13%) had chorioamnionitis only. The analysis was limited to the remaining 66 infants; 1 (1%) with funisitis only and 22 infants (29%) with chorio and funisitis versus 43 (57%) with no evidence of infection. The BW was lower (722 + 140 versus 780 + 134 g, P=.04) in infants with funisitis compared with those without infection. Odds ratios of outcomes are below. 66% of the mortality in the funisitis group and 50% in the uninfected group occurred at less than 48 hours. Conclusions: Our data suggest that funisitis may increase the risk of death in ELBW infants. A low odds ratio for NEC, ICH, and CLD is accounted for by death before occurrence or diagnosis. RDS NEC ICH CLD Death 2.13 0.67 0.20 0.43 3.43 .41, 13.8 .02, 10.2 .01, 2.45 .12, 1.45 .86, 14.9
The direct measurement of hypothesis-sampling strategies

Abstract The concept-identification (CI) literature supports a hypothesis-sampling theory. Hypotheses based on attributes, sample sizes greater than one, and nonreplacement of eliminated hypotheses all occur. An experimental procedure was developed to measure hypothesis-sampling directly where the subject is allowed to select attributes that he wishes to see, then randomly selected values on the selected attributes are presented. Generally, the average sample size before the trial of the last error (TLE) does not change but does change after TLE. The probabilities of eliminating inconsistent hypotheses and keeping consistent hypotheses increase over problems. The proportion of eliminated attributes which are resampled decreases over problems. Individual subjects are extremely varied in sample size, efficiency measures, and resampling tendencies. The rate of solution, TLE, is related to the efficiency and resampling measures but not to the sample size.
Responding to the call: Human security INGOs and countries with a history of civil war

When are human security international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) involved in countries with a history of civil war? Though the literature mentions the necessity of these actors in war-torn countries, not much is known about the factors which make INGO involvement more or less likely in countries with a history of civil war. We develop a theory that highlights the role of INGO safety and country salience in encouraging INGO involvement. Looking at the involvement of both development and human rights INGOs in countries with a history of civil war, we find support for our overall argument. Language: en
Malic Acid as a Source of Carbon Dioxide in Cucumber Juice Fermentations

The degradation of malic acid to lactic acid and CO2 during fermentation of cucumber juice was investigated. This malolactic reaction was the major source of CO2 when cucumber juice was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum. It may also be an important CO2 source in controlled cucumber fermentations. In addition to CO2 production, the degradation of malate served to buffer the fermentation and increase sugar utilization. The pH after 7 days’fermentation was 2.8 when 13 mM malic acid was present in the juice and 4.1 with 135 mM malic acid. In the same fermentations, 52% of the sugars were degraded with the low malic acid concentration while complete sugar utilization was observed with the highest malic acid level.
Pulpal responses to operative procedures in rats receiving systemic methotrexate

The systemic administration of methotrexate in nonlethal doses impairs the ability of the laboratory rat to localize an inflammatory response to operative dental procedures that result in exposures within the pulpal tissue. The pulpal healing response within these animals is thus greatly compromised.
Potential transformation methods for large-scale constrained global optimization

Several techniques for global optimization treat the objective functionf as a force-field potential. In the simplest case, trajectories of the differential equationmx=−Δf sample regions of low potential while retaining the energy to surmount passes which might block the way to regions of even lower local minima. Apotential transformation is an increasing functionV:ℝ→ℝ. It determines a new potentialg=V(f), with the same minimizers asf and new trajectories satisfying $$m\ddot x = - \nabla g = - (dV/df)\nabla f$$ . We discuss a class of potential transformations that greatly increase the attractiveness of low local minima. These methods can be applied to constrained problems through the use of Lagrange multipliers. We discuss several methods for efficiently computing approximate Lagrange multipliers, making this approach practical.
Structural and Conceptual Replication in Zinacantan Culture1

IN THIS essay I propose to examine an organizational principle of Zinacantan culture which I have chosen to call "replication" (Vogt 1960, 1964). After seven seasons (1957-1963) of field work in Zinacantan, I believe I am beginning to understand something of the patterns of the culture. One of its patterned aspects that now strikes me forcibly is the systematic manner in which certain ritual behaviors are replicated at various structural levels in the society, and certain concepts, expressed quite explicitly in Tzotzil, are replicated in various domains of the culture. It is as if the Zinacantecos have con-
Microthermometry of enargite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Lepanto, Philippines, high-sulfidation CuAu deposit

Abstract The spatial relation between porphyry and high-sulfidation epithermal deposits is particularly well revealed in the Mankayan mineral district of northern Luzon, Philippines, where the Lepanto high-sulfidation Cu Au deposit lies over and adjacent to the Far Southeast (FSE) porphyry Cu Au deposit. Consequently, a study was undertaken to characterize the fluids responsible for epithermal mineralization in this environment. The ore stage at Lepanto consists of enargite-luzonite (Cu 3 AsS 4 ), pyrite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, and chalcopyrite. Infrared petrography of the enargite reveals variable transparency, with growth banding and twinning visible in euhedral specimens. Two phase (liquid > vapor) fluid inclusions occur as primary and secondary types ranging from T h ) of fluid inclusions in enargite were measured from within the lateral (3.0 km) and vertical (0.5 km) extent of the enargite mineralization. These values show a cooling trend toward the northwest, away from the area over the porphyry deposit, with average T h ranging from 285°C (proximal) to 166°C (distal). Ice melting temperatures ( T m ) were measured using a cycling technique, as ice was usually not visible in frozen inclusions. Apparent salinities range from 4.5 to 0.2 eq. wt% NaCl, with samples from the margins of the deposit showing a general decrease in apparent salinity with lower T h . Secondary fluid inclusions in quartz phenocrysts tend to have a higher average T h and lower apparent salinities compared to enargite-hosted inclusion fluids from the same locations. Several samples of pyrite are also transparent to IR radiation, and show internal features such as growth banding, and in one instance a two phase (liquid > vapor) fluid inclusion. This inclusion yielded a salinity of 1.2 eq. wt% NaCl. There is a large discrepancy in T h and apparent salinities between the enargite mineralization and the subjacent porphyry deposit despite contemporaneous formation, suggesting that the hot, (>500°C) hypersaline, magmatic brines associated with porphyry mineralization did not directly ascend to the elevation of the enargite deposit. However, absorbtion of magmatic vapors into overlying meteoric water may have created the mineralizing fluid of the Lepanto deposit. As this liquid moved to the northwest along the Lepanto fault, it was cooled and diluted by mixing with groundwater, resulting in enargite deposition.
In Utero Cocaine Exposure: Impact upon Birth Growth Parameters and SGA Incidence. † 1128

The objective was to determine the effect of in utero cocaine exposure on birth growth parameters and incidence of small for gestational age infants in a socioeconomically and ethnically homogeneous population. The study population included 1,992 inner city African-American women who delivered at or beyond 20 weeks gestation at the University of Miami Jackson Memorial Medical Center. 405 (20%) of the infants were identified as cocaine-exposed (Coc) by maternal self-report and/or one or more positive assays from maternal urine, infant urine, and infant meconium. 24% of the study infants were exposed in utero to nicotine (Coc 76% v. Non-Coc 11%, p<0.0001); 33% to alcohol (Coc 70% v. Non-Coc 23%, p<0.0001); and 13% to marijuana (Coc 43% v. Non-Coc 5%, p<0.0001). Comparisons of birth parameters follow: Table A stepwise logistic regression model, including in utero exposure to cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, infant gender, and maternal age, height, and body mass index, was used to identify key determinants of small for gestational age (SGA). Each of the following were found to be significantly related to SGA: cocaine (Odds Ratio=1.97; p=0.0001), nicotine (OR=1.461; p=0.02), male infant gender(OR=1.375; p=0.008), and maternal height (OR=0.958; p=0.0001). These data reveal that inner city African-American infants exposed prenatally to cocaine show significant reductions in birth growth parameters and are nearly twice as likely to be SGA when compared to unexposed infants.
Ischemic Preconditioning: Effects on pH, Na and Ca in Newborn Rabbit Hearts During Ischemia/Reperfusion

In adult hearts, ischemic preconditioning (PC) has been shown to decrease ischemia-induced changes in intracellular pH (pHi) and [Ca] ([Ca]i) and decrease associated injury. These results are consistent with the interpretation that PC decreases the stimulus for Na uptake via Na/H exchange, thereby decreasing intracellular Na (Nai) accumulation, and thus decreasing the change in force driving Na/Ca exchange, which otherwise contributes to ischemia-induced increases in [Ca]i. Given documented age-related differences in myocardial responses to ischemia, we tested the hypothesis that in newborn hearts, PC will diminish intracellular [H], Nai, and [Ca]i during ischemia/reperfusion. NMR was used to measure pHi, Nai, [Ca]i, ATP, and PCr in isolated newborn (4-7 days) rabbit hearts Langendorff-perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2 at 36+/-1 degrees C. Control hearts were perfused 30 min before initiating 40 min global ischemia followed by 40 min reperfusion. PC hearts were treated the same except four 5-min intervals of ischemia each followed by 10 min of perfusion which preceded global ischemia. At end ischemia, pHi was higher in PC than control hearts (6.31+/-0.03 v 5.83+/-0.05; P<0.05). Similarly, PC diminished Nai-accumulation during ischemia and reperfusion (P<0.05). Control Nai rose from 16.2+/-2.6 to 108.8+/-10.3 (mEq/kg dry weight) and recovered to 55.2+/-10.1 and the corresponding values for PC hearts were 25.6+/-6.2, 70.0+/-7.9 and 21.9+/-5.2. PC also improved [Ca]i recovery during reperfusion (P<0.05). Control [Ca]i rose from 418+/-43 to 1100+/-78 (nm/l) and recovered to 773+/-63, whereas in PC hearts the values were 382+/-40, 852+/-136 and 371+/-45, respectively. In addition, PC decreased coronary resistance during reperfusion (P<0.05) as reflected by lower perfusion pressures under constant flow conditions (65.9+/-1.5 v 56. 1+/-4.1 mmHg at end of reperfusion). Finally, PC improved recovery of left-ventricular developed pressure (LVDP-43.8+/-12.0 v 17.2+/-3. 0% of control; P<0.05) and diminished CK release (607+/-245 v 2432+/-639 IU/g dry weight; P<0.05) during reperfusion. The results are consistent with the hypothesis.
40Ar39Ar geochronology of rhyolites erupted following collapse of the Yellowstone caldera, Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field: implications for crustal contamination

Abstract Single-crystal laser-probe 40 Ar 39 Ar dating of 133 grains of sanidine and plagioclase has enabled us to resolve the eruption ages of the Upper Basin Member rhyolites — the lava flows and related tuffs that erupted within the Yellowstone Caldera shortly after its collapse 630 ky ago on eruption of the Lava Creek Tuff. Two lavas and a tuff that erupted from the eastern ring-fracture zone yield an eruptive age of 481 ± 8 ka, whereas two flows from the western ring-fracture zone yield eruptive ages of 516 ± 7 and 198 ± 8 ka. Most of the units contain old xenocrysts, explaining why previous attempts at dating these earliest post-caldera units by the conventional K Ar method yielded poorly resolved and, in some cases, anomalous ages. The tuff shows the most severe contamination. Grains from a single pumice lapilli in the tuff show as large an age range as those from bulk vitrophyre, indicating that the xenocrysts were incorporated in the magma prior to its near-surface explosive fragmentation. Diffusion calculations indicate that the xenocrysts could not have remained in the magma for more than a few years without degassing and giving ages indistinguishable from the phenocrysts. Thus, the contamination represented by the xenocrysts probably occurred during fracturing and conduit propagation, rather than during caldera collapse, which took place more than 100 ky earlier. The apparent ages of xenocrysts and their compositions as determined by electron microprobe suggest that the Eocene Absaroka volcanics are the main contaminant, with a single xenocryst probably coming from Precambrian basement rocks. Most of the xenocrysts are difficult to distinguish optically or chemically from feldspar phenocrysts, illustrating the necessity of single-crystal to date many young volcanic rocks accurately.
Calculations in the Liquid-Drop Model of Fission

The liquid-drop model of fission as developed by Bohr and Wheeler and others has been studied with the use of an electronic calculator, the Eniac. Classical deformation energies have been calculated for many shapes not all near-spherical. The shapes considered were axially and primarily, but not exclusively, bilaterally symmetric, and single-valued in polar representation. Previous calculations are confirmed and extended. Agreement with observed fission thresholds and spontaneous fission rates is obtained. No explanation of asymmetric fission is found.
THE STELA AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL IN CLASSIC AND CONTEMPORARY MAYA SOCIETIES

In Classic Maya society, the stela was an important medium through which historical information was conveyed. Stelae are free-standing stone slabs carved in low relief that usually depict portraits of rulers, which are accompanied by hieroglyphic texts recording the rulers' identity and actions. Recent research has focused on the stela not only as a carrier of information but also as an important cultural symbol in its own right. In 1985, Linda Schele and David Stuart proposed that the Classic Maya called the stela a te'-tun, or stone-tree. This identification led to the recognition of cultural continuities among the Highland Maya in Chiapas who, on occasion, substitute trees for individual crosses on their cross shrines. In 1996, Stuart suggested that the ancient Maya word for stela was lakamtun, or big stone, emphasizing that the stela was an embodiment of the royal self in the sense that it shared some of the divine essence of the ruler. Drawing on epigraphic research, anthropological theory, the ethnographic literature, as well as personal field observations, I propose that certain spiritual and symbolic concepts of the stela continue to live in the crosses among the Maya today and that these concepts should be considered when we evaluate ancient contexts of meaning for the Maya stela.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide

Following his discovery of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in football players in 2002, Dr. Bennet Omalu hypothesized that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans may belong to the CTE spectrum of diseases. The CTE surveillance at the Brain Injury Research Institute was therefore expanded to include deceased military veterans diagnosed with PTSD. The authors report the case of a 27-year-old United States Marine Corps (USMC) Iraqi war veteran, an amphibious assault vehicle crewman, who committed suicide by hanging after two deployments to Fallujah and Ramadi. He experienced combat and was exposed to mortar blasts and improvised explosive device blasts less than 50 m away. Following his second deployment he developed a progressive history of cognitive impairment, impaired memory, behavioral and mood disorders, and alcohol abuse. Neuropsychiatric assessment revealed a diagnosis of PTSD with hyperarousal (irritability and insomnia) and numbing. He committed suicide approximately 8 months after his honorable discharge from the USMC. His brain at autopsy appeared grossly unremarkable except for congestive brain swelling. There was no atrophy or remote focal traumatic brain injury such as contusional necrosis or hemorrhage. Histochemical and immunohistochemical brain tissue analysis revealed CTE changes comprising multifocal, neocortical, and subcortical neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic threads (ranging from none, to sparse, to frequent) with the skip phenomenon, accentuated in the depths of sulci and in the frontal cortex. The subcortical white matter showed mild rarefaction, sparse perivascular and neuropil infiltration by histiocytes, and mild fibrillary astrogliosis. Apolipoprotein E genotype was 3/4. The authors report this case as a sentinel case of CTE in an Iraqi war veteran diagnosed with PTSD to possibly stimulate new lines of thought and research in the possible pathoetiology and pathogenesis of PTSD in military veterans as part of the CTE spectrum of diseases, and as chronic sequelae and outcomes of repetitive traumatic brain injuries.
Way portals: efficient multi-agent navigation with line-segment goals

It is a common artifact of multi-agent motion planning for groups of agents, following similar paths, to converge to a line. This occurs because the agents' immediate goals, also known as waypoints, are frequently a common point in space. Contention for the point goal causes agents to line up and generally interferes with agent motion. By extending the definition of an immediate point goal to a line segment, which we call a "way portal", we enable the agents to better utilize the space available to them in responding to dynamic constraints. We present a novel multi-agent navigation algorithm to efficiently compute the trajectories of autonomous agents using these way portals. We have incorporated the concept into a velocity obstacle-based local navigation model and present a new segment optimization algorithm that efficiently computes a new agent velocity with respect to the way portal. We show how way portal data is extracted from current global navigation data structures, such as navigation meshes. The algorithm is relatively simple to implement and has a small run-time cost (approximately 3 μs per agent.) We highlight its performance in different game-like scenarios and observe improved agent behavior and better utilization of free space.
Comparison between the hodograph transform method and frontal chromatography for the measurement of binary competitive adsorption isotherms

Abstract Frontal analysis is an accurate method of isotherm determination. However, for the study of binary competitive isotherms, it requires a large number of measurements, it is time consuming and it needs excessive amounts of pure chemicals. The hodograph transform method is of considerable interest because it uses much smaller amounts of chemicals. It requires validation. In this work, the potential precision and accuracy of the two methods were compared and the optimum experimental conditions for each were determined on the basis of simulation study.
Cotranslational Membrane Insertion of the Serine Proteinase Precursor NS2B-NS3(Pro) of Dengue Virus Type 2 Is Required for Efficient in Vitro Processing and Is Mediated through the Hydrophobic Regions of NS2B

Polyprotein processing of dengue virus type 2, a positive strand RNA virus, is carried out by the host signal peptidase and a novel two-component viral proteinase of the serine proteinase family, NS2B/NS3(Pro), in the endoplasmic reticulum. Using an in vitro processing system, we examined the cis and trans cleavages of the 2B/3 and 4B/5 sites by NS2B/NS3(Pro), respectively. Lysates of BHK-21 cells coexpressing NS2B and NS3(Pro) mediated trans cleavage of the 4B/5 site in vitro, and the protease activity was associated with the membrane fraction. To study the role of membranes in the protease activity of NS2B/NS3(Pro), labeled precursors, NS2B-NS3(Pro), and the mutant ndNS2B-NS3(Pro) in which the functional hydrophilic domain of NS2B was deleted, were analyzed using a coupled in vitro transcription/translation system (TnT). The results showed that cotranslational addition of microsomal membranes to the TnT reaction markedly enhanced the cis cleavage of the 2B/3 site in a dose-dependent manner. NS2B synthesized in the presence of membranes also facilitated trans cleavage of the 2B/3 site in the mutant precursor. The cleavage products, NS2B and NS3(Pro), were membrane-associated. Furthermore, this membrane requirement was dictated by the hydrophobic regions of NS2B. Deletion of hydrophobic regions of NS2B, leaving only the conserved hydrophilic domain of 40 amino acids, resulted in highly efficient processing of the 2B-3 site in vitro in the absence of microsomal membranes.
LONG‐TERM FOLLOW‐UP OF A KINDRED WITH MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE IIA

A kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA was studied. In four of five fully documented cases, patients presented with adrenal medullary disease during the second or third decade; in three cases, medullary thyroid carcinoma was not diagnosed until the fourth decade. This kindred seems to have an aggressive variant of adrenal medullary disease in which clinical presentation is early, metastasis occurs, and oncological cure is uncommon. Early detection and operation were important, and symptoms were controlled with operations and alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade in uncured members.
Chemical ecology of Dacinae fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae).

There are more than 700 described species of Dacinae fruit flies, whose immature stages develop in many species of fleshy fruits found in tropical and subtropical rain forests. Most of these species are monophagous or stenophagous, but a few species are polyphagous. The Dacinae have a complex chemical ecology, responding to sex pheromones produced by females, aphrodisiac pheromones produced by males, plant kairomones that function as male lures, and plant-produced oviposition stimulants. This review focuses on current understanding of Dacinae chemical ecology as it relates to evolution, host selection, reproduction, adult behavior, and control of these fruit flies.
The string method of burst identification in neuronal spike trains

The activity state of neuronal networks can be characterized by the spatial-temporal grouping of their action potentials given a sufficiently large simultaneous recording sample. A sequence of action potentials (spike train) often has high frequency spike episodes that are generally called bursts. However, bursts are difficult to quantify and require operational definitions that reflect the type of activity and the interest of the experimenter. This paper presents a simple method for defining bursts as strings of spikes with only two parameters: a minimum number of spikes per burst and a maximum interspike interval. These two values represent a simple parameterization that is adequate for the description of temporal grouping in spike trains. Because this method has a minimal computation time, it allows implementation of burst analysis in real-time, including statistical changes in burst variables, histograms of burst types, and patterns in combinations of burst variables.
Using Compartment Modeling to Investigate Mixing Behavior of a Continuous Mixer

In this paper, the development of a compartment model to simulate mixing within a continuous blender is reported. The main benefit of the method is that it can generate extensive modeling predictions in very short computational time. The model can also be used to explore the effect of sampling parameters on estimated mixing performance, a topic that has been central to pharmaceutical manufacturing for the past 15 years and that remains a central issue in the PAT initiative. However, this method requires more input than conventional particle dynamics methods. Thus, we investigate the effects of modeling parameters on mixing performance to develop general guidance needed to adapt this modeling framework to any continuous process. An experimental technique based on longitudinal sampling is used to examine the content uniformity of the blend along the continuous mixer. The model compares favorably with continuous mixing experiments, capture the effects of feeding rate variability, active product ingredient concentration, and blender processing angle, while effectively capturing and making explicit the effect of sampling parameters such as number of samples and sample size. The modeling approach provides a convenient tool for process design.
Harré and Merleau-Ponty: beyond the absent moving body in embodied social theory

L'A. utilise les conceptions du corps humain de Harre et Merleau-Ponty pour les depasser et souligner l'importance du corps et de ses mouvements comme elements d'une semantique, ou ils deviennent des «actions-signes» dans le cadre d'une communication sociale
Rapid intravenous loading of levodopa for human research: clinical results.

Levodopa has several advantages as a pharmacological challenge agent for human neuroscience research. Exogenous levodopa changes striatal neuronal activity and increases extracellular dopamine concentrations, and with adequate inhibition of peripheral metabolism levodopa does not change mean cerebral blood flow. For neuroimaging studies of Parkinson disease (PD) and Tourette syndrome, we sought to rapidly produce a biologically relevant steady-state levodopa concentration and then maintain that concentration for at least an hour. We also wished to minimize side effects, even in individuals without prior levodopa treatment. We designed a two-stage intravenous infusion protocol based on published levodopa pharmacokinetic data. We report results of 125 infusions in 106 subjects, including healthy volunteers, PD patients, and people with chronic tics. At higher doses (target steady-state levodopa concentrations of 2169 and 1200 ng/ml), treatment-naive volunteers had unacceptably frequent side effects. The final infusion protocol, with a target steady-state concentration of 600 ng/ml, was well-tolerated (mild nausea in 11% of subjects was the only side effect occurring significantly more than in single-blind saline infusions), produced the desired plasma levodopa concentration (612±187 ng/ml, mean±S.D.), and produced statistically significant antiparkinsonian benefit (16% mean reduction in a standard rating of parkinsonian motor signs, P<0.0005).
A method for the rapid evaluation of the physical stability of pharmaceutical hydrates

Abstract The object of this project was to develop a simple kinetic method to rapidly assess the physical stability of pharmaceutical hydrates. Humidity controlled thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) were used to study the dehydration of amoxicillin trihydrate. Dehydration resulted in a poorly crystalline phase and could be described by the phase boundary controlled model at all the conditions studied. The relationship between the dehydration rate constant, k , and water vapor pressure, p , was described by the equation: k = k 0 ×(1− p / p t ), where k 0 is the rate constant when the water vapor pressure is 0 Torr and p t is the transition water vapor pressure at the temperature studied. When the dehydration rate constant was plotted as a function of water vapor pressure, the intercept on the x -axis was the transition water vapor pressure, p t . Using this relationship, the transition water vapor pressure of amoxicillin trihydrate was determined to be ∼10.5 Torr at 68°C. At water vapor pressures> p t , the hydrate is the stable phase.
Variability in spatiotemporal step characteristics and its relationship to walking performance post-stroke

Gait variability is suggested to be a quantifiable measure to evaluate mobility impairments. However, it is unknown whether gait variability could be used as a marker of impaired walking performance post- stroke. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether gait variability measures could be used as walking performance measures post-stroke. Hemiparetic variability was compared to healthy gait variability and associated to clinical assessments that evaluate impaired performance post-stroke. Spatiotemporal characteristics were collected from 94 persons with post-stroke hemiparesis and 22 similarly aged healthy persons as they walked over an instrumented mat. Gait variability was calculated as the standard deviation in step lengths, stride widths, pre-swing, swing and stride times. Hemiparetic performance was evaluated using lower-extremity Fugl-Meyer grading, dynamic gait index scale (available in population sub-sets) and an asymmetry index. Results revealed that variability increased in step length, swing, pre-swing and stride times (p < .001) during hemiparetic walking as compared to healthy gait. Paretic leg swing time variability was increased compared to the non-paretic during hemiparetic walking (p < .001). Between-leg differences in variability for other spatiotemporal characteristics were revealed in participants with the most impaired performance. Further, increased step variability and reduced width variability related to poor performance outcomes (severe hemiparesis, asymmetrical gait and poor balance). Patterns of gait variability were evident within sub-groups of the hemiparetic population. Results of this study suggest that between-leg differences in swing and pre- swing time variability, increased step length and stride time variability and decreased width variability are quantifiable markers of impaired walking performance poststroke.
Elliptic discrete fourier transforms of type II

This paper presents a novel concept of the iV-point elliptic DFT of type II (EDFT-II), by considering and generalizing the iV-point DFT in the real space R2 N. In the definition of such Fourier transformation, the block-wise representation of the matrix of the DFT is reserved and the Givens transformations for multiplication by the twiddle coefficients are substituted by other basic transformations. The elliptic transformations are defined by different iVth roots of the identity matrix 2×2, whose groups of motion move the point (1, 0) around ellipses. The elliptic DFTs of type II are parameterized by two vector-parameters, exist for any order N, and differ from the class of elliptic DFT of type I whose basic transformations are defined by the elliptic matrix cos(<p)I + s'm(cp)R, where R is such a matrix that R2 = −I and I is the identity matrix 2×2. Examples of application of the proposed iV-block EDFT-II in signal and image processing are given.
Method for resolving and measuring overlapping chromatographic peaks by use of an on-line computer with limited storage capacity.

A simple routine for distinguishing and measuring the positions and areas of overlapping peaks comprising a complex chromatographic "envelope" has been developed for a small on-line computer. The degree of peak overlap is such that no minima and only one maximum occur within the bounds of the envelope. This routine determines corrected initial estimates of the Gaussian parameters of the peaks. The routine is currently being used, in conjunction with a program devised to analyze data generated by a chromatographic system, specifically to evaluate data from high-resolution analyzers.