cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of laser-plasma interactions and fast-electron transport in inhomogeneous plasma

A new framework is introduced for kinetic simulation of laser-plasma interactions in an inhomogeneous plasma motivated by the goal of performing integrated kinetic simulations of fast-ignition laser fusion. The algorithm addresses the propagation and absorption of an intense electromagnetic wave in an ionized plasma leading to the generation and transport of an energetic electron component. The energetic electrons propagate farther into the plasma to much higher densities where Coulomb collisions become important. The high-density plasma supports an energetic electron current, return currents, self-consistent electric fields associated with maintaining quasi-neutrality, and self-consistent magnetic fields due to the currents. Collisions of the electrons and ions are calculated accurately to track the energetic electrons and model their interactions with the background plasma. Up to a density well above critical density, where the laser electromagnetic field is evanescent, Maxwell's equations are solved with a conventional particle-based, finite-difference scheme. In the higher-density plasma, Maxwell's equations are solved using an Ohm's law neglecting the inertia of the background electrons with the option of omitting the displacement current in Ampere's law. Particle equations of motion with binary collisions are solved for all electrons and ions throughout the system using weighted particles to resolve the density gradient efficiently. The algorithm is analyzed and demonstrated in simulation examples. The simulation scheme introduced here achieves significantly improved efficiencies.
Endotoxin levels measured by a chromogenic assay in portal, hepatic and peripheral venous blood in patients with cirrhosis

Endotoxin concentrations were measured in the portal, hepatic and peripheral venous blood of two groups of patients with cirrhosis using a limulus-based chromogenic assay. The high sensitivity of chromogenic detection allowed measurement of endotoxin as low as 10 to 15 pg per ml, an order of magnitude greater than previously possible by gelation studies. Group 1 consisted of 56 patients with cirrhosis undergoing angiographic evaluation. In this group, there was wide variability in hepatic venous concentration [73 +/- 110 pg per ml (mean +/- S.D.)] and peripheral venous concentration [31 +/- 58 pg per ml]. However, paired t test showed peripheral venous concentration was significantly (p less than 0.001) lower than hepatic venous concentration. Neither hepatic or peripheral venous endotoxin levels correlated significantly with a variety of clinical, biochemical or radiological parameters. Group 2 consisted of 21 patients with cirrhosis undergoing shunt surgery. Endotoxin levels again showed a wide range, with portal venous concentration (142 +/- 167 pg per ml) and simultaneous peripheral venous concentration (82 +/- 150 pg per ml). Paired t test in this group showed a significant (p less than 0.001) portal to peripheral venous gradient. This study showed the feasibility of measuring endotoxin in plasma to low concentrations by a chromogenic assay technique. It supports the concept of relatively high levels of endotoxin in the portal circulation. In the presence of liver disease, systemic endotoxemia occurs, which is augmented by stressful situations.
A Historical Reconsideration of Newman and Liberalism: Newman and Mivart on Science and the Church

I say, that a power, possessed of infallibility in religious teaching, is happily adapted to be a working instrument, in the course of human affairs, for smiting hard and throwing back the immense energy of the aggressive, capricious, untrustworthy intellect …
Genres, Registers and Sociolinguistics

The 1990s have seen the rapid expansion of the use of genre analysis in educational contexts, especially in the teaching of English for Academic Purposes. In the aim of maintaining a dialogue between theory and application during this growth period, unities and distinctions between genre analysis and register analysis as practices, and between genre and register as constructs are critically overviewed, and issues for application of analytical practice to pedagogy are outlined. In doing so, this paper provides an evaluative survey of the state of the art of theoretical and applied resources in genre and register analysis.
Imaging anatomy of the normal orbit

Sectional imaging by CT and MRI now displays the gross anatomy of the orbit in vivo. Gross anatomy, axial and coronal CT, and MRI will be used to review the anatomic features of the orbit critical to image interpretation. Familiarity with the positions, relationships, and normal appearance of the major structures described and illustrated in this article will provide a solid basis for interpreting images of orbital pathology, as discussed in subsequent articles.
Evaluation of lifetime and Hi-Q modules in surface Charge Analysis

Surface Charge Analysis (SCA) has been successfully used to monitor oxidation furnaces in semiconductor production fabs. Recently, surface lifetime and higher levels of induced charge (Hi-Q) options have become available to SCA instrumentation, opening an avenue for detecting heavy metals and a wider range of dielectric charges. In this paper, data on the evaluation of these new options is reviewed. It is found that lifetime measurements are affected by both oxygen content in the substrate as well as metal contaminants on the wafer surface. 30 ppms oxygen content in the wafer degrades lifetime more than 1011 - 1012/cm2 metal contaminants on the wafer surface. The Hi-Q module in turn permits the evaluation of even unannealed LPCVD and PECVD dielectric films, previously out of instrumental range due to their high level of charge. Within the 2.6E12/cm2 charge limit, SCA shows that oxide charge (Qox) is inversely proportional to deposition temperature of both TEOS and nitride, and is proportional to NH3/DCS ratio for nitride. SCA also shows that certain anneal ambients for PETEOS can cause field Vt changes by annihilating or generating charges in the dielectric films. In short, both the lifetime and Hi-Q enhancements of SCA are shown to offer added capabilities for evaluating metallic contamination if oxygen-free substrates are used, and for deposited dielectrics within the fab as long as the charge is below 2.6E12/cm2.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Properties Of The UCSB FEL Wiggler

A description of the UCSB wiggler is presented along with results of theoretical and computer analyses of its electron beam transport properties. Measurements of the magnetic fields and their deviations from ideal are described. Some observations of actual beam behavior are described, and finally, expected improvements in magnetic field uniformity, beam diagnostics, and beam transport modeling are discussed.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The working spouse penalty/premium and married women’s labor supply

Using data drawn from the Current Population Surveys, this paper provides a consistent explanation for why the presence of a working wife reduces the husband’s wage among managers, but increases the husband’s wage among non-managers. It is not husband’s occupation per se but rather the distribution of husbands’ wage levels that underlies the working spouse penalty or premium. Positive correlations in earnings between married couples that arise from assortative mating make the cross-wage effects of the husbands’ wages on the wives’ hours of work first positive, then negative in cross-sectional data. The phenomenon of a working spouse penalty/premium is simply the flip side of this relationship.
Perishable inventory systems with batch demand and arrivals

In this paper we consider a perishable inventory system in which stored items have finite lifetimes. We assume that both the arrival of and demand for items are batch Poisson processes with geometrically sized batches. We find the Laplace transform and first two moments for the times between shortages and the times between outdates of inventory.
Time Domain Shielding Properties of Conducting Cylindrical Shells

Transient shielding properties of a conducting cylindrical shell with; an EMP incident plane wave are obtained through numerical Fourier transforms of the frequeny domain solution. Anomilous resonances noted in the frequiency doman now convert to-time domain oscillations which may have significace for vulnerability studies.
Web-Based Peer Supervision, Collective Self-Esteem, and Case Conceptualization Ability in School Counselor Trainees.

This study investigated the efficacy of a 12-week, Web-based peer supervision group in increasing school counselor trainees’ collective self-esteem (i.e., positive feelings in identifying as a scho...
Influence of micronutrient and phosphorous levels and chelator to iron ratio on growth, chlorosis, and nutrition of bluecrop highbush blueberries

Abstract ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry plants were exposed to 2×2×2 factorial treatments of high and low phosphate and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) and excess or stoichiometric concentrations of a chelator (EDDHA) added to Fe(NO3), in pH 6.8 solution cultures. The effects on growth, Fe chlorosis and overall nutrition were accessed. Phosphorous was applied at 20 (low) or 400 (high) μM levels, micronutrients at low or high levels and either a 1:1 or 10:1 ratio of chelator to Fe concentration. Plants grown in excess chelator and low micronutrient supply grew normally. Plants grown in all high micronutrient solutions were chlorotic after 34 days. Plants in low micronutrient and stochiometric chelator to Fe ratio solutions were also chlorotic. Foliar Fe was not a good indicator of Fe chlorosis development. High Cu levels in roots grown in high micronutrients without excess chelator may have been a causative factor in Fe chlorosis development, but not in reducing foliar Fe levels. There was no indication that exce...
Automating interface evaluation

One method for user interface analysis that has proven successful is formal interface analysis, such as GOMSbased analysis. Such methods are often criticized for being difficult to learn, or at the very least an additional burden for the system designer. However, if the process of constructing and using formal models could be automated as part of the interface design environment, such models could be of even greater value. This paper describes an early version of such a system, called USAGE (the UIDE System for semi-Automated GOMS Evaluation). Given the application model necessary to drive the UIDE system, USAGE generates an NGOMSL model of the interface which can be “run” on a typical set of user tasks and provide execution and learning time estimates.
Vitamin B6 Responsive Homocystinuria

In homocystinuria, in inborn error due to deficiency of cystathionine synthase activity, methionine and homocystine accumulate in plasma and urine, and cystine disappears. Massive doses of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) have corrected these amino acid abnormalities in some homocystinuric patients but not in others. The present studies were undertaken to define the mechanism of this vitamin response. Two homocystinuric males, ages 16 and 18 years, were studied while on diets of known, constant methionine and cystine content. Their plasma and urinary methionine and homocystine concentrations fell to normal within 5 days of B6 administration (500 mg/day) and, concurrently, cystine appeared. As little as 25 mg of B6 daily resulted in correction of plasma amino acid abnormalities in one patient, but a larger dose was required in the second. Since B6 is a cofactor for cystathionine synthase, these observations suggested enhanced synthase activity. Additional studies failed to support this thesis. Urinary sulfate excretion during methionine loading was not increased when the patients were receiving B6. Furthermore, cystathionine synthase activity in cell-free extractions of cultured skin fibroblasts was absent and was unaffected by addition of pyridoxine or pyridoxal phosphate to the growth medium or the in vitro assay system, respectively. These results imply that B6 responsiveness in homocystinuria involves activation of alternate pathways of sulfur amino acid metabolism rather than correction of the basic metabolic block. This mechanism is unique among the known vitamin-dependent inherited diseases and has important bio-chemical and therapeutic implications.
Effect of Dextran 40 and aprotinin on experimental acute pancreatitis

This study examines and compares the prophylactic role of aprotinin and Dextran 40 in acute pancreatitis. Experimental acute pancreatitis was induced in 70 male Wistar rats using the closed-duodenal-loop technique. The rats were randomly divided into four groups; sham operation, untreated acute pancreatitis, and therapy with aprotinin or Dextran 40. Samples of blood and urine were collected at the beginning and at the end of the 24-hr period for measurement of amylase and creatinine which allowed calculation of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR). Mortality in the aprotinin group was the same as the untreated rats (20%). Dextran 40 therapy was associated with a lower mortality rate (6.7%). Light microscopic examination confirmed that the histologic changes of acute pancreatitis were less severe in both the aprotinin- and Dextran 40-treated rats. The ACCR was elevated after Dextran 40 therapy, which was due mainly to high urinary amylase levels. These results suggest that Dextran 40 may have a prophylactic role in acute experimental pancreatitis but again emphasizes the high false-positive rate of the ACCR determination.
Nonlinear mechanical resonators for ultra-sensitive mass detection

The fundamental sensitivity limit of an appropriately scaled down mechanical resonator can approach one atomic mass unit when only thermal noise is present in the system. However, operation of such nanoscale mechanical resonators is very challenging due to minuteness of their oscillation amplitudes and presence of multiple noise sources in real experimental environments. In order to surmount these challenges, we use microscale cantilever resonators driven to large amplitudes, far beyond their nonlinear instability onset. Our experiments show that such a nonlinear cantilever resonator, described analytically as a Duffing oscillator, has mass sensing performance comparable to that of much smaller resonators operating in a linear regime. We demonstrate femtogram level mass sensing that relies on a bifurcation point tracking that does not require any complex readout means. Our approaches enable straightforward detection of mass changes that are near the fundamental limit imposed by thermo-mechanical fluctuations.
POTENTIAL LEADERS AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES

Numerous surveys have indicated that the average citizen does not meet the requirements of rationality and activism predicated by traditional democratic theory, whereas the "leadership stratum"-officeholders, interest group leaders, and other political activists-tends to be more knowledgeable, interested, and libertarian than the average citizen. After examining the characteristics of people willing to run for public office, the author concludes that these differences are already present before the potential leader becomes one in fact. Stephen V. Mensma is Associate Professor of Political Science at Calvin College.
Analytical fluidic sampling systems

Abstract Fluidic logic sampling systems have been developed for analytical detectors such as the plasma chromatograph and flame ionization detector. Automated systems are reported for gases and vapor-phase samples which are rapid, quantitative and reproducible. Sample modulation systems, multiplexers, parallel-to-serial converters and sequential samplers have been developed which give no leakage or crosstalk signals. Other applications in analytical chemistry are proposed.
Progression of target organ damage from sustained diastolic hypertension.

Abstract Morphologic and experimental pathologic studies have yielded great insight into the nature of vascular changes associated with sustained diastolic hypertension. The main targets in this disease are the small muscular arteries and arterioles, and secondarily the larger arteries. Visceral organ damage is consequent to the gamut of systemic vascular pathologic changes. Experimental investigative work has not yet elucidated the nature of the initial vascular abnormality at the point of onset of the disease, a time difficult to define in clinical and pathologic terms. Essential hypertension is probably not a single disease in terms of etiology. Homeostasis as regards blood pressure is a complex phenomenon involving many factors. A change involving one or several factors may affect the nature of the arteriolar response, but it must be remembered that the primary defect may well lie in the response of the arteriole itself.
Uterus-like ovarian mass presenting near menarche

An eleven year-old girl presented with right lower quadrant abdominal pain near menarche that coincided with the onset of her most recent menstrual period. A smooth-lined cystic structure with a thick wall was discovered in the right adnexa at surgery that was adherent to a multicystic ovary and a dilated fallopian tube. Histologic examination determined the lesion to be a uterus-like ovarian mass. The patient had a history of a resected right pelvic kidney at four months of age. This case is believed to represent a congenital malformation of the urogenital system rather than smooth muscle metaplasia of ovarian stromal cells.
Catecholamine effects on blood pressure and heart rate in the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

The effects of catecholamines and adrenergic blocking agents were studied in vivo on the blood pressure and heart rate of the unanaesthetized American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Bullfrogs were chronically cannulated with a T cannula in the right sciatic artery. The mean systemic arterial blood pressure prior to the infusion of catecholamines was 18.5 +/- 1.5 mm Hg. Mean preinfusion heart rate was 30.9 +/- 2.0 beats/min. Epinephrine elicited the largest increase in blood pressure, with an accompanying decrease in heart rate. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine were less effective. Isoproterenol was the only catecholamine tested which elevated heart rate in a dose-dependent manner. It had no effect on blood pressure. The beta adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, blocked the increase in heart rate elicited by isoproterenol but had no effect on the blood pressure increases elicited by the other catecholamines. The alpha adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, partially blocked the blood pressure increase by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine as well as the elevation of heart rate by isoproterenol. Atropine alone elevated heart rate 19 +/- 3 beats/min, and prevented slowing of the heart due to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine. Stimulatory effects of epinephrine on heart rate were observed only after atropine had been administered. Beta adrenergic receptors, therefore, appear to function in heart rate regulation; however, the predominant effect of catecholamines is reflex slowing of the heart due to stimulation of the vagus nerve. In contrast, the alpha receptor, stimulated by epinephrine, appears to be the main adrenergic receptor controlling blood pressure changes.
Trypanosoma brucei: Attenuation by corticosteroids of the anemia of infected mice

Abstract BALBc/J mice infected with pleomorphic stabilate of Trypanosoma brucei develop a severe anemia. The anemia is initially normoblastic and normocytic but becomes macrocytic due to brisk and sustained reticulocytosis. Red blood cells from uninfected animals are destroyed when transfused into infected animals. Neither extensive intravascular hemolysis nor red cell agglutinins were detected in infected animals, but spherocytes were common in the peripheral circulation. Treatment of mice with either dexamethasone or hydrocortisone greatly retarded the development of the anemia. Comparison of the course of infection in these treated mice to that in normal mice suggests that these corticosteroids attenuate the anemia through their immunosuppressive action.
Risk Factors for Colonization of E. coli in Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Opportunistic pathogens related to degradation in water quality are of concern to both wildlife and public health. The objective of this study was to identify spatial, temporal, and environmental risk factors for E. coli colonization among Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL between 2003 and 2007. Age, gender, capture location, coastal human population density, proximity of sewage treatment plants, number of septic tanks, cumulative precipitation 48 hrs and 30 days prior to capture, salinity, and water temperature were analyzed as potential risk factors. Highest E. coli colonization rates occurred in the northern segments of the IRL. The risk of E. coli colonization was the highest among the youngest individuals, in counties with the highest cumulative rainfall 48 hrs and in counties with the highest number of septic systems during the year of capture. The prevalence of colonization was the highest during 2004, a year during which multiple hurricanes hit the coast of Florida. Septic tanks, in combination with weather-related events suggest a possible pathway for introduction of fecal coliforms into estuarine ecosystems. The ability of E. coli and related bacteria to act as primary pathogens or cause opportunistic infections adds importance of these findings.
LATENCY OF VERBAL REPRODUCTIONS AS A VARIABLE IN VOCAL PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING

Some CCVCs used by Smith and Koutstaal (1972) as stimuli in a paired-associate learning study resulted in noticeable delays in attempted vocalizations or subvocalizations. Latencies of vocalization...
Predicting Multivariate Responses in Multiple Linear Regression

We look at the problem of predicting several response variables from the same set of explanatory variables. The question is how to take advantage of correlations between the response variables to improve predictive accuracy compared with the usual procedure of doing individual regressions of each response variable on the common set of predictor variables. A new procedure is introduced called the curds and whey method. Its use can substantially reduce prediction errors when there are correlations between responses while maintaining accuracy even if the responses are uncorrelated. In extensive simulations, the new procedure is compared with several previously proposed methods for predicting multiple responses (including partial least squares) and exhibits superior accuracy. One version can be easily implemented in the context of standard statistical packages.
Level 1 cardiac arrest centers: learning from the trauma surgeons.

Abstract : More than 1000 patients die each day from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Although the reasons are multifactorial, it is remarkable that more than 50% of patients who are brought to the hospital alive after immediate resuscitation never survive to hospital discharge. Ultimate functional survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States is approximately 5%. Patients die from heart failure, brain failure, and variable care in the intensive care unit. These grim statistics remind us of the results associated with traumatic injury more than 30 years ago, before the establishment of integrated trauma systems and the centers of excellence, the trauma centers that treat severe traumatic injury. The time is right to learn from the integrated and multidisciplinary trauma community and develop specialized care centers for patients who have been resuscitated from cardiac arrest. The overarching concept is to move the level of patient to the appropriate level of care at the right time. As a result of the development of trauma systems, integrating out-of-hospital guidelines, communication, capabilities, levels of care, trauma registry, uniform clinical practice guidelines, and practice in Level 1 trauma centers across the United States, today 50-70% of all hypotensive trauma patients survive to hospital discharge. By contrast, only about 5% of the patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survive to hospital discharge, despite care by qualified emergency medical services (EMS) personnel. We believe that as a nation we can do better.
Association of Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase Genotype Variation and Glycemic Control With Albuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes

Background Glycemic exposure activates 12-lipoxygenase (12LO) expression and formation of arachidonic acid–derived products. These products can induce cell hypertrophy, cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, potentially leading to diabetic nephropathy. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Settings & Participants 955 European-American siblings from 369 Diabetes Heart Study families. Participants were categorized as nondiabetic, diabetic with hemoglobin A 1c level less than 6.5%, and diabetic with hemoglobin A 1c level greater than 6.5% (uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus). Predictor Four haplotype-tagging variants in the arachidonate 12LO gene ( ALOX12 ), glycemic control, and other covariates. Outcomes & Measurements Albuminuria measured by means of urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). Results Median ACR was 11.9 mg/g (interquartile range, 5.6 to 39.1). The overall test of the Arg261Gln genotypic association with ACR was significant ( P = 0.009). Compared with 261Arg allele carriers, adjusted mean ACR was 42% greater in the 189 carriers of two 261Gln alleles (95% confidence interval, 10 to 83; P = 0.007). This association was confined to the group with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (N = 623) with the greatest ACRs ( P Limitations Urine ACR was measured in duplicate on only a single occasion. This study was limited to European Americans. Conclusions Consistent with animal and cellular studies, these results provide additional evidence of the importance of the 12LO pathway in the pathogenesis of human diabetic nephropathy.
The Varieties of Civic Experience

Scholars, including Robert Putnam and Theda Skocpol, in documenting declining civic participation in the US over the past 50 years, have arrived at a view of civic or political engagement that is too narrow. They disparage activity that is insufficiently oriented to the public good, transitory, individualistic, and lacking in risk or sacrifice. Their view is misleading. Activities that seem privatistic, transitory, individualistic, or low-cost may have far-reaching civic benefits.
Mr Watson, come here . . .: The performance of early college students in their first year at the university and the challenge to P-16 education:

Early colleges are one alternative to the traditional comprehensive high school. This article examines whether early college students are academically, socially and emotionally ready for university work at age 16. Preliminary data indicate enough promise in the innovation to revision not only the high school curriculum, but middle school and university curricula as well.
New Strategies in Endometrial Cancer: Targeting the PI3K/mTOR Pathway—The Devil Is in the Details

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the developed world and affects approximately 40,000 women in the United States each year. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway regulates key aspects of cancer biology including glucose uptake and metabolism, cellular growth, and survival. Endometrial cancers harbor the highest rates of PI3K pathway alterations reported to date. The PI3K pathway is highly druggable and several classes of agents are in clinical development including rapalogs, pan-PI3K inhibitors, PI3K isoform-specific inhibitors, dual PI3K/mTOR catalytic inhibitors, mTOR-specific catalytic inhibitors, and AKT inhibitors. It has been 10 years since the initiation of the first studies of rapalogs as anticancer agents. There are more than 20 registered clinical trials of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors as single agents or in therapeutic combinations for the treatment of endometrial cancers. What have we learned from the completed studies? What can we expect to learn from ongoing studies? What should we anticipate moving forward? Clin Cancer Res; 19(19); 5264-74. ©2013 AACR.
Analysis of plasma angiotensins by reversed phase hplc and radioimmunoassay

Abstract The analysis of biologically active angiotensin peptides in blood plasma by high performance liquid chromatography in a weakly non-polar reversed phase (C2) chromatographic system combined with quantification of chromatographically isolated peptides by radioimmunoassay has been developed. This system is able to resolve each of seven closely-related peptides of the angiotensin group. The chromatographic system was applied to plasma samples which have been prepared for chromatographic analysis by C18 cartridge extraction. Samples were reconstituted in HPLC solvent prior to injection into the HPLC system. Separated angiotensin were collected by fraction collector and the volatile components of the solvent system were blown off under an air stream. The content of several of the various angiotensin peptides in the fractions was then determined by radioimmunoassay using an appropriate antiserum. Antiserum to angiotensin II (octapeptide) was used to quantify the biologically active components angiotensi...
Legally speaking...when can you say NO

Accepting inappropriate responsibilities can have serious legal consequences for you and your career. Learn to identify the situations where saying no is the best policy.
Time and flow-direction responses of shear-stress-sensitive liquid crystal coatings

Time and flow-direction responses of shear-stress liquid crystal coatings were exploresd experimentally. For the time-response experiments, coatings were exposed to transient, compressible flows created during the startup and off-design operation of an injector-driven supersonic wind tunnel. Flow transients were visualized with a focusing schlieren system and recorded with a 100 frame/s color video camera.
Reducing the Measure of Mismatch for Uncertain Dynamical Systems

We treat the robustness problem of uncertain dynamical systems that do not satisfy the so-called matching conditions. We consider controls which assure practical stability of the associated matched dynamical system. After introducing the notion of measure of mismatch, various conditions are stated, whose satisfaction assures that the mismatched uncertain system is practically stable under such a control. We also show that, under certain conditions, uniform attractivity can be assured; this has the advantage of reducing the measure of mismatch, and hence places lesser restrictions on the allowable magnitude of the uncertainty.
Characterizing the effects of cell settling on bioprinter output

The time variation in bioprinter output, i.e. the number of cells per printed drop, was studied over the length of a typical printing experiment. This variation impacts the cell population size of bioprinted samples, which should ideally be consistent. The variation in output was specifically studied in the context of cell settling. The bioprinter studied is based on the thermal inkjet HP26A cartridge; however, the results are relevant to other cell delivery systems that draw fluid from a reservoir. A simple mathematical model suggests that the cell concentration in the bottom of the reservoir should increase linearly over time, up to some maximum, and that the cell output should be proportional to this concentration. Two studies were performed in which D1 murine stem cells and similarly sized polystyrene latex beads were printed. The bead output profiles were consistent with the model. The cell output profiles initially followed the increasing trend predicted by the settling model, but after several minutes the cell output peaked and then decreased. The decrease in cell output was found to be associated with the number of use cycles the cartridge had experienced. The differing results for beads and cells suggest that a biological process, such as adhesion, causes the decrease in cell output. Further work will be required to identify the exact process.
A Tool to Assess Journal Price Discrimination

This econometric study tests pricing practices of publishers and their monopoly power. It suggests that traditional publishers will retain their market clout as they shift to offering electronic publications. Librarians’ common experience with price discrimination was corroborated by a powerful model comparing prices charged to institutions while holding constant for production costs, source of publication, discipline areas, and the availability of titles in electronic format. The model also provides a robust selection tool to compare actual prices to model-predicted prices among the subscriptions within any given collection and to predict those that, statistically, are significantly overpriced. The study results reveal that commercial publishers are not the only ones that appear to over-price titles by a statistically significant amount. Campuses face continued increases in prices for traditional and electronic resources, but statistical modeling offers an opportunity for controlling costs.
Therapeutic time window and dose response of the beneficial effects of ketamine in experimental head injury.

The aim of this study was to determine the time and dose response of the therapeutic effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine in experimental head injury.Sixty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. Groups A, B, and C were surgically prepared but received no trauma. Groups D through H received a nonpenetrating impact to the left cranium. Group A (n = 7) received no treatment. Groups B (n = 4) and C (n = 5) received 60 and 120 mg/kg IP ketamine, respectively. Group D (n = 8) received no treatment. Groups E (n = 8) and F (n = 7) received 120 and 180 mg/kg IP ketamine, respectively, 1 hour after head trauma. Groups G (n = 7) and H (n = 9) were treated with 180 mg/kg IP ketamine 2 and 4 hours after head trauma, respectively. Neurological severity score (NSS, 0 through 25 from no injury to severe injury) was determined at 1, 24, and 48 hours after head trauma. After death at 48 hours, cortical slices were taken adjacent to the lesion on the traumatized hemisphere a...
Ion-ion recombination as a function of ion and gas densities

Abstract We present a basic theory of the link between the low and high gas-density limits to ion-ion recombination under a general interaction V which now depends on the ion density and which is determined self-consistently with the recombination. Increase in ion density up to 10 14 cm −3 causes little change to the recombination rates in direct contrast to that obtained in recent computer simulations.
To Cheat or Not to Cheat?: The Role of Personality in Academic and Business Ethics

Past research (Lawson, 2004; Nonis & Swift, 2001) has revealed a correlation between academic and business ethics. Using a sample survey, this study extends this inquiry by examining the role of dispositional variables (neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness) and academic honesty on business ethics perceptions. Results indicate that (1) neuroticism and conscientiousness were positively related to more ethical perceptions in a work context, and (2) academic honesty partially mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and business ethics. Implications to business practitioners and educators are discussed as well as directions for future research.
Elastic reversal of electrostatically driven defect ordering in stabilized zirconia

Defect ordering in doped zirconia, considerably limiting ionic transport in ceramic electrolytes, has been reported to defy basic point-charge electrostatics. Here we identify the origin of this remarkable inference, thereby rationalizing a number of important conductivity traits in zirconia-based electrolytes.
New Applications of the n-Pentenyl Glycoside Method in the Synthesis and Immunoconjugation of Fucosyl GM1: A Highly Tumor-Specific Antigen Associated with Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

The synthesis of fucosyl GM1 pentenyl glycoside 1b, and its conjugation to carrier protein KLH to give 1c is related. Bioconjugation of 1b was realized using the pendant olefin contained in the reducing end n-pentenyl glycoside (NPG). The key step of the endeavor is a stereospecific [3 + 3] coupling reaction using our sulfonamido glycosidation protocol (see 23 + 12 → 15). Pre-installation of the NPG was required for an optimal [3 + 3] coupling yield and to allow for smooth global deprotection. The synthesis and subsequent immunocharacterization served to confirm the assigned structure of the natural tumor antigen. Fully synthetic conjugate 1c advances our program toward the goal of using a synthetic vaccine containing fucosyl GM1 as a potential target for immune attack against small cell lung carcinoma.
Putting Concepts and Constructs into Practice: A Reply to Cervone and Caldwell, Haig, Kane, Mislevy, and Rupp

The commentary has greatly enriched the discussion initiated by the three target articles. The distinction between constructs and concepts contributes to both the top-down and bottom-up aspects of the dialectic between measurement theory and practice. The distinction also illuminates the abstraction from observation to manifest variables. However, the semantic analysis of variables in terms of ordered pairs of individuals and values of variables does not seek to describe a procedure for defining constructs as part of the test development process. As such, uncertainty about population membership does not pose a pragmatic constraint on the application of the distinction between concepts and constructs. Finally, meaning and reference in the context of test development can best be understood as jointly determined by both how the world is and the nature of the vocabularies chosen to describe it. Thus, both of these factors bear on the definition of specific constructs and concepts measured by individual tests....
Prolongation of the human cardiac monophasic action potential by sotalol.

Abstract Sotalol and propranolol are nonselective beta-adrenerglc blocking agents. Sotalol at low concentration, unlike propranolol, prolongs the duration of the transmembrane action potential. In a doubleblind study, the electrophyslologlc effects of intravenous sotalol (0.30 or 0.60 mg/kg; n = 9) were compared with intravenous propranolol (0.15 or 0.20 mg/kg; n = 8) in 17 patients with use of bipolar suction electrodes in the right atrium and right ventricle to determine whether sotalol prolongs the monophasic action potential duration in man. After administration of sotalol, there were significant increases (paired t test) in the Q-T interval (p In summary, sotalol but not propranolol prolonged atrial and ventricular effective refractory periods and lengthened the monophasic action potential and the Q-T interval of human myocardium after intravenous infusion. The ability to acutely prolong repolarization at therapeutic plasma concentration is unique among known competitive beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists.
Chronic Oil Spills At Junk Yards Make Future Brownfields1

ABSTRACT Chronic oil spills at junkyards are being overlooked, but they can cause serious economic and environmental problems. Long considered non-hazardous, motor oils, automobile fluids, industri...
Studies of the nonlinear physics of Alfvén waves in the large plasma device

The LArge Plasma Device (LAPD) at UCLA is a 17 m long, 60 cm diameter magnetized plasma column with typical plasma parameters n e ∼ 1 × 1012cm−3, T e ∼ 10eV, and В ∼ 1kG. The linear and nonlinear physics of Alfven waves have been the focus of recent research using LAPD 1. In this presentation, two recent studies of the nonlinear physics of Alfven waves will be discussed. First, the nonlinear three-wave interaction process at the heart of the parametric decay instability is studied by launching counter-propagating Alfven waves from antennas placed at either end of LAPD. The two waves generate a nonlinear beat-wave response in the plasma which can be tuned in frequency by changing the frequency of the pump Alfven waves. As the beat frequency is varied, a resonance in the the beat wave response produced by the two Alfven waves is observed and is identified as a damped ion acoustic mode 2; this identification is based on the measured dispersion relation. Other properties of the interaction including the spatial profile of the beat mode and propagation direction are also consistent with theoretical predictions for a three-wave interaction between the two pump Alfven waves. A second study of the nonlinear physics of Alfven waves explores the three-wave interaction relevant to the cascade of energy in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence 3. In this set of experiments, the interaction between counter-propagating Alfven waves is studied, focusing on the interaction between a low-frequency, large amplitude wave (k || ∼ 0) and a higher frequency wave. The observed daughter wave is consistent with theoretical predictions for this important interaction.
Polarized Targets as Direct Reaction Mechanism Probes

A distorted-wave formalism is used to characterize the polarization effects in direct nuclear reactions involving polarized targets and polarized or unpolarized beams. Polarization distributions and correlations are calculated, and the range of applicability of the formulation derived is discussed.
Isotope Separation in a "Seeded Beam%"

A new method of separating isotopes in a gaseous mixture is described. The method takes advantage of the differences in velocities of isotopic species in a molecular beam formed by expansion of the mixture with a light gas from a nozzle source. For the separation of the hexafluorides of uranium-235 and uranium-238 the technique has an estimated separative work factor about 500 times higher than the gaseous diffusion process and 100 times higher than the curved-jet method.
Effect of cumulative courses of intraarterial cis‐diamminedichloroplatin‐ii on the primary tumor in osteosarcoma

Preoperative chemotherapy with intraarterial cis-diamminedichloroplatin-II (CDP) and mannitol diuresis was administered to the primary tumor in 42 patients with osteosarcoma. The dose was 150 mg/m2 and more than 90% of the infusions were administered during a 2-week period. On occasion this period was extended to 3 weeks because of temporary renal insufficiency or logistical circumstances. Definitive surgical specimens were prepared by means of an arteriogram-directed plane of dissection with mapping and random sections. Histologically, tumor destruction was evaluated in terms of necrosis, inflammatory response, and fibrovascular regeneration. Quantification of the percent of tumor necrosis was as follows: less than 40% (consistent with spontaneous necrosis and/or no chemotherapy effect); 40% to 60% (possible chemotherapy effect); 60% to 90% (chemotherapy effect--partial response); and 90% to 100% (complete response). Therapeutic efficacy also was correlated with the number of CDP courses (one to three, four to five, and six to seven) and tumor subtype. Significant therapeutic effect (greater than 60% destruction) was observed with four or more CDP courses (one of nine tumors [one to three courses] versus 26 of 33 tumors [four to seven courses] [P = 0.01]). More than 60% of the tumor destruction was observed in the following subtypes: osteoblastic (22 of 28), fibroblastic (three of six), and telangiectatic (two of five). These data demonstrate that four or more courses of intraarterial CDP are required to achieve optimum effects and that osteoblastic osteosarcoma is highly responsive.
An evaluation of sandy beach access policy in an urbanizing state: Florida's Save Our Coast program

Abstract Florida undertook its first comprehensive beach purchase program—Save Our Coast—in 1981. Over a five-year period, twenty-two beaches were purchased at a cost of US$165 million. This paper reports on the outcome of this program. Using a county-by-county format, the beach purchases are compared to projected 1990 population and 1980 beach availability, in an attempt to show who benefited the most from these beach purchases. It is shown that more congested counties received fewer new beach miles under this program than more rural counties. Suggestions are made as to how this occurred and what can enlarge the political view of urban beach access needs.
The effect of boys' or girls' toys on sex-typed play in preadolescents

The selection and use of sex-typed toys influences the masculine or feminine characteristics of children's play. When fourth- through sixth-grade children chose freely among a variety of sex-typed and neutral toys, only girls showed significant toy preferences. However, for both sexes, feminine play constructions and descriptive stories occurred with girls' toys, and masculine ones with boys' toys. In a second study, when boys and girls were limited to either boys' toys (vehicles) or girls' toys (dolls and doll furniture) and blocks, play constructions and stories reflected the gender association of the toys provided, rather than the child's sex.
Concomitant fundoplication increases morbidity of gastrostomy tube placement

Abstract Background Fundoplication is often performed in conjunction with gastrostomy tube (GT) placement in children, but there is a great deal of variation in rates of and indications for this procedure. Little is known about the impact of fundoplication on peri-operative outcomes. This study examines a national cohort of pediatric patients to compare risk-adjusted surgical outcomes in patients undergoing GT placement with or without concomitant fundoplication. Methods We identified all patients undergoing GT placement in the 2012 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program – Pediatric. We evaluated demographics, comorbidities, complications, and length of stay for GT with fundoplication versus GT alone. We defined composite morbidity as a dichotomous variable for the presence of any complication. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of morbidity after adjusting for covariates. Results 1289 GT patients were identified, and 148 (11.5%) underwent concurrent fundoplication. The fundoplication patients were more likely to be younger, have cardiac risk factors, and be on respiratory support. They also had higher rates of surgical site infection (7.4% vs 3.7%, p=0.03) and composite morbidity (16.9% vs 8.7%, p=0.001), and longer LOS (median 5 vs 3days, p= Conclusion Concomitant fundoplication is an independent risk factor for 30-day post-operative morbidity in patients undergoing GT placement. These findings do not negate the value of fundoplication but underscore the importance of careful patient selection, and should be taken into consideration when discussing risks and benefits with families.