cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Syrian Christians and Early Socialism in the Arab World

Few of the Egyptian schoolboys who now memorize the principles of Arab socialism have heard of Farah Antun, Sh ibli Sh umayyil, or Niqulâ Haddâd. Yet in the opening decades of the twentieth century this trio of Syrian Christians living in Egypt — along with the Coptic intellectual Salâmah Musâ — were among the foremost advocates of socialism in the Arab world. What was the connection between these Christian pioneers and the widespread but as yet ill-defined Arab socialism of today? The answer will fully emerge only as the roots of Arab socialism are probed. A beginning can be made by examining these writers themselves, why they were attracted to Western socialism, what they understood by it, and how they proposed to adapt and apply it to the Middle East. A correct evaluation of their positions depends to a considerable extent on understanding the precarious, but not entirely hopeless position, of the Christian minorities in a Muslim world which had long despised them.
Energy Potential of Permeable Segmented Thermoelements in Cooling Mode

In this paper, we study a thermoelement used to cool liquid or gas fluxes that pass through legs consisting of permeable segments of thermoelectric materials connected in series. Methods for theoretical calculations and optimization of the thermoelement’s energy characteristics are presented based on mathematical optimal control theory and computer design techniques. Computer design results are presented for the case when segmented materials based on Bi2Te3 are employed in the legs. The effect of the number of segments, contact resistance, and structural and thermophysical parameters on the thermoelement’s energy potential is studied under optimal conditions of electric current and air pumping velocity. The results demonstrate the existence of optimal operating conditions for which the coefficient of performance is increased by 10% to 30% and the specific cooling capacity by 10% to 20%.
High speed high quality antialiased vector generation

A vector generation method is described in which a high quality image rendering scheme is coupled with a high speed scan-conversion algorithm.The rendering scheme consists of two parts. First a prefiltering method is used to antialias the vectors. Second a compositing technique is used to compose the vectors into the frame-buffer.The scan-conversion algorithm presented allows a single vector to be scan-converted by a either by a single processor or a set of processors running in parallel. When using parallel processors, antialiased vectors may be scan-converted and written to a frame store at the same high speed as aliased vectors. The VLSI technology used to implement this algorithm is capable of drawing over two million high quality antialiased vectors per second.
Exact Solution for Bending of Shape Memory Alloy Beams

Bending is an attractive mode of operation and application of shape memory alloys (SMA). To date numerical methods, such as the finite element method, have been used to model the coupled thermo-mechanical behavior of these alloys. In this article, an analytical approach is developed to calculate the exact solution of SMA beams deflection due to an external force. The approach is based on the assumption of linear distribution of strain along the height of a beam cross section. The approach is validated by comparing the results with the existing plastic solution and experimental data.
Development and characterization of Au-YSZ surface plasmon resonance based sensing materials: high temperature detection of CO.

Au−YSZ nanocomposite films exhibited a surface plasmon resonance absorption band around 600 nm that underwent a reversible blue shift and narrowed upon exposure to CO in air at 500 °C. A linear dependence of the sensing signal was observed for CO concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 1 vol % in an air carrier gas. This behavior of the SPR band, upon exposure to CO, was not observed when using nitrogen as the carrier gas, indicating an oxygen-dependent reaction mechanism. Additionally, the SPR band showed no measurable signal change upon exposure to CO at temperatures below ∼400 °C. The oxygen and temperature-dependent characteristics, coupled with the oxygen ion formation and conduction properties of the YSZ matrix, are indicative of charge-transfer reactions occurring at the three-phase boundary region between oxygen, Au, and YSZ, which result in charge transfer into the Au nanoparticles. These reactions are associated with the oxidation of CO and a corresponding reduction of the YSZ matrix. The chemica...
Calibration of e-beam and etch models using SEM images

Mask Process Compensation (MPC) corrects proximity effects arising from e-beam lithography and plasma etch processes that are used in the photomask manufacturing. Accurate compensation of the mask process requires accurate, predictive models of the manufacturing processes. Accuracy of the model in turn requires accurate calibration of the model. We present a calibration method that uses either SEM images of 2-dimensional patterns, or a combination of SEM images and 1D CD-SEM measurements. We describe how SEM images are processed to extract the contours, and how metrology and process variability and SEM alignment errors are handled. Extracted develop inspection (DI) and final inspection (FI) contours are used to calibrate e-beam and etch models. Advantages of the integrated 2D+1D model calibration are discussed in the context of contact and metal layers.
On the uniqueness of a large distributed parameter systems with chemical reaction and heat and mass diffusion

Abstract For a chemical reaction occurring in a distributed parameter system in the presence of heat and mass diffusion, multiple steady state solutions may exist. Various numerical studies have shown that above a given size uniqueness is assured. This work is concerned with obtaining an a priori upper bound on this size. Comparison of the bound with the exact value shows that the agreement is satisfactory.
Melting and solidification of indium nanocrystals on (002) graphite

Melting and solidification of indium nanocrystals grown on (002) highly oriented graphite is studied by reflection high-energy electron diffraction operating in a transmission mode through the outer shell of the nanocrystals. When recrystallized from the melt, evaporated indium grows as an ensemble of nanocrystals with particle size distribution that depends on the mean film thickness. Films with mean thickness from 0.5 to 34 ML are investigated. The intensity change of the diffraction pattern with temperature is used to probe the melting and solidification of the nanocrystals. The melting of indium nanocrystals starts at temperatures below the bulk melting temperature, depending on the size distribution of the nanocrystals. Melting continues over a temperature range extending up to that of bulk melting. The liquid skin model of melting and the homogenous melting model are shown to agree with the melting point size dependence. However, line profile analysis of the diffraction pattern shows a reduction in the crystalline volume within the probed shell at high temperatures. This indicates the formation of a liquid layer surrounding the nanocrystals and supports the liquid skin model. All films show supercooling by an amount that increases with the mean film thickness up to 6 ML and remains constant for films with larger mean thickness.
Physical impairment, disability and handicap in rural Nepal.

SUMMARY Observations were made of people with physical impairments, disabilities and handicaps during a two-month journey in remote, mountainous areas of Nepal where traditional forms of village life have been maintained. Descriptions are given of the types and frequency of visible physical impairments and their distribution according to age, sex and altitude. From descriptions of the activities of impaired people, inferences are made about disability and handicap and their consequences in a traditional society. RESUME Infirmite motrice, incapacite et handicap dans le Nepal rural Des observations ont ete faites sur des sujets presentant des infirmites, des incapacites et des handicaps au cours d'un voyage de deux mois dans des regions montagneuses isolees du Nepal ou les formes traditionnelles de la vie villageoise ont ete conservees. Les types et frequences des infirmites motrices, la distribution en fonction de lâge, du sexe et de l'altitude sont precises. A partir de la description des activites des personnes infirmes, des conclusions sont tirees sur l'incapacite et le handicap, leurs consequences dans une societe traditionnelle. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Korperliche Beeintrachtigung, Unfahigkeit und Handicap im landlichen Nepal Wahrend einer zweimonatigen Reise in abgelegene Bergregionen Nepals, in denen die traditionellen Formen des Dorflebens noch bestehen, wurden Leute mit Beeintrachtigungen, Unfahigkeiten und Handicaps beobachtet. Art und Haufigkeit der korperlichen Beeintrachtigung werden beschrieben und es wird eine Verteilungstabelle von Alter, Geschlecht und Hohenlage gegeben. Nach Beschreibungen der Aktivitaten von behinderten Personen werden Schlusse uber Unfahigkeit und Handicap und ihre Konsequenzen in einertraditionellen Gesellschaft gezogen. RESUMEN Alteracion fisica, dishabilidad y minusvalencia en el Nepal rural Se realizaron observaciones en personas con alteracion fisica, dishabilidad y minusvalencia, durante un viaje de dos meses en areas remotas y montanosas del Nepal donde se han mantenido formas de vida de pequenos pueblos. Se describen los tipos y frecuencia de alteraciones fisicas y su distribucion segun edad, sexo y altitud. A partir de descripciones hechas de sus actividades por personas con alteraciones, se hacen inferencias sobre la dishabilidad y la minusvalencia y sus consecuencias en una sociedad tradicional.
High-performance ion-exchange separation of oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides.

Abstract High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) on a Pharmacia Mono Q anion-exchange column is reported. Microgram quantities of all four nucleotides can be separated at pH 7.7 in approximately 20 min. For preparative purposes, >7 mg of NADH can be purified in a single injection, and the peak fractions have an A260 of greater than 80 OD units with an A 260 A 340 ratio of 2.25.
On the stability of mixed finite elements in large strain analysis of incompressible solids

Abstract Some mixed finite elements for large deformation analysis of incompressible solids are studied. The elements are based on the displacement/pressure and enhanced strain mixed formulations. Specifically, it is shown that a quadrilateral 4-node element that satisfies the inf-sup condition in linear analysis — and hence is an effective element in such conditions — fails in large strain analysis. The reasons for this element behavior are explored. Some comparisons of element predictive capabilities are given.
A Unified Nonlinear Approach to Fault Diagnosis of Aircraft Engines

Many existing aircraft engine diagnostic methods are based on linearized engine models. However, the dynamics of aircraft engines are highly nonlinear and rapidly changing. Future engine health management designs will benefit from new methods that are directly based on intrinsic nonlinearities of the engine dynamics. In this paper, a fault detection and isolation (FDI) method is developed for aircraft engines by utilizing nonlinear adaptive estimation and nonlinear observer techniques. Engine sensor faults, actuator faults and component faults are considered under one unified nonlinear framework. The fault diagnosis architecture consists of a fault detection estimator and a bank of nonlinear fault isolation estimators. The fault detection estimator is used for detecting the occurrence of a fault, while the bank of fault isolation estimators is employed to determine the particular fault type or location after fault detection. Each isolation estimator is designed based on the functional structure of a particular fault type under consideration. Specifically, adaptive estimation techniques are used for designing the isolation estimators for engine component faults and actuator faults, while nonlinear observer techniques are used for designing the isolation estimators for sensor faults. The FDI architecture has been integrated with the Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation (C-MAPSS) engine model developed by NASA researchers in recent years. The engine model is a realistic representation of the nonlinear aero thermal dynamics of a 90,000-pound thrust class turbofan engine with high-bypass ratio and a two-spool configuration. Representative simulation results and comparative studies are shown to verify the effectiveness of the nonlinear FDI method.© 2013 ASME
The development of neurobiological models for cognitive decline in aging

Abstract Neurobiological models are important for identifying the effects of aging that contribute to cognitive decline and for developing interventions to either prevent those changes or restore more optimal function. As a starting point, this paper considers one type of approach using cholinergic deficiency within the hippocampal system as a model for age-related spatial learning impairment. It is suggested that this approach, based on producing a target lesion in the brain, is inadequate for investigating the aging process. As an alternative, a systems-level approach to the development of more useful and accurate models of neurobiological aging is advocated.
Random popular matchings

We consider matching markets where a centralized authority must find a matching between the agents on one side of the market, and the items on the other side. Such settings occur, for example, in mail-based DVD rental services such as NetFlix or in some job markets. The objective is to find a popular matching, or a matching that is preferred by a majority of the agents to any other matching. This concept was first defined and studied by Abraham et al. The main drawback of this concept is that popular matchings sometimes do not exist. We partially address this issue in this paper, by proving that in a probabilistic setting where preference lists are drawn at random and the number of items is more than the number of agents by a small multiplicative factor, popular matchings almost surely exist. More precisely, we prove that there is a threshold α ≈ 1.42 such that if the number of items divided by the number of agents exceeds this threshold, then a solution almost always exists. Our proof uses a characterization result by Abraham et al., and a number of tools from the theory of random graphs and phase transitions.
Characterization of anti-canine cytokine monoclonal antibodies specific for IFN-γ: Effect of anti-IFN-γ on renal transplant rejection

Two murine monoclonal antibodies specific for IFN-gamma, ADI-1, and ADI-23 (both IgG1 kappa), were generated in BALB/c mice. The ADI-1 exhibited a higher avidity for canine rIFN-gamma than for nIFN-gamma and human rIFN-gamma. In contrast, the ADI-23 showed equal avidity for the three IFN-gamma preparations. The anti-canine IFN-gamma mAb did not bind to mouse and rat rIFN-gamma. The ADI-1, and ADI-23 mAb were also tested for binding to human rTFN-alpha and, contrary to our expectations, it was found that ADI-23 showed significant binding to human rTFN-alpha and rIFN-gamma, in contrast to ADI-1. Both anti-canine IFN-gamma mAb stained 48-h PHA-induced dog lymphoblasts. A two-site mAb ELISA was developed, which was linear in the range of 7-500 ng of canine rIFN-gamma, which indicated that the two mAb detected non-overlapping epitopes on the canine rIFN-gamma molecule. We studied the effect of ADI-1 on the prolongation of canine renal allografts. Recipients of kidney allografts, that were treated with ADI-1 by continuous arterial infusion, were prolonged to 22 and 25 days, compared to 9 and 13 days for animals given the IgG1 isotype control.
A therapeutic workplace for the long-term treatment of drug addiction and unemployment: eight-year outcomes of a social business intervention.

Abstract This study evaluated the long-term effects of a therapeutic workplace social business on drug abstinence and employment. Pregnant and postpartum women (N=40) enrolled in methadone treatment were randomly assigned to a therapeutic workplace or usual care control group. Therapeutic workplace participants could work weekdays in training and then as employees of a social business, but were required to provide drug-free urine samples to work and maintain maximum pay. Three-year outcomes were reported previously. This paper reports 4- to 8-year outcomes. During year 4 when the business was open, therapeutic workplace participants provided significantly more cocaine- and opiate-negative urine samples than controls; reported more days employed, higher employment income, and less money spent on drugs. During the 3years after the business closed, therapeutic workplace participants only reported higher income than controls. A therapeutic workplace social business can maintain long-term abstinence and employment, but additional intervention may be required to sustain effects.
Joint distribution model for prediction of hurricane wind speed and size

Abstract This paper suggests a methodology for characterizing the joint distribution of hurricane intensity (maximum wind speed) and size (radius of maximum winds). Such a model represents an extension of traditional wind hazard models by including joint information on the critical spatial dimension. Typically, the hurricane hazard is described in terms of maximum wind speed Vmax (at the eye-wall), since damage descriptors associated with intensity scales (e.g., the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale) and collateral hazards (e.g., hurricane surge) are related most often to maximum wind speed. However, recent studies have shed light on the importance of storm size (i.e., radius of maximum wind, Rmax) in describing the hurricane wind field and thus the spatial extent of potential damage. The large losses from several recent hurricanes underscore the need for better understanding the impact of storm size on damage. To that end, we seek to develop event parameter combinations (e.g., Vmax and Rmax) that define “characteristic” risk-consistent hurricanes in one particular geographic region. A simulation framework is developed to generate 10,000 years of simulated hurricane events and a synthetic hurricane wind speed database for the state of Texas, using state-of-the-art hurricane modeling techniques and information extracted from historical hurricane data. The resulting 10,000 years database, which includes information developed for every zip-code in Texas, includes time of hurricane passage, maximum gradient wind speed and surface wind speed. Using this simulation framework, selected parameters (i.e., intensity and size parameters) are recorded for each hurricane at the time of landfall along the Texas coast. Using a hurricane decay model specifically calibrated for this location, parameters Vmax and Rmax at inland locations also are recorded. The critical values of Vmax and Rmax are then selected to jointly describe the intensity and spatial extent of hurricanes and the joint histogram is developed. Finally, these variables are statistically characterized and a suite of the characteristic Vmax and Rmax combinations corresponding to certain hazard levels are identified. The proposed methodology can be used to develop characteristic hurricane hazard definitions (and event parameter combinations corresponding to specific hazard levels) for use in performance-based engineering applications.
Experimental Stress Analysis Methods and Some Thin Film Applications

Interference holographic methods are applied to thin film structures to determine their state of stress and their thermal and mass diffusion coefficients. Special sample preparation techniques are used to produce tensioned membrane samples that preserve the state of stress in coated parts. Then utilizing real time vibrational holographic interferometry methods, the total state of stress can be determined, two normal stresses and a shear stress. Similar samples exposed to moisture have their stress state altered by swelling and this can be monitored on a real-time basis and the influence on stress state and the through-the-thickness moisture diffusion coefficient can be determined. In related experiments using similar methods, the through-the-thickness thermal diffusion coefficient can be determined using pulse heating methods. These methods coupled with routine test methods enables one to fully characterize all of the orthotropic elasticity coefficients and transport characteristics needed for numerial analyses of thin film structures.
Tailoring of specific interactions to modify the morphology of naproxen

Abstract Microscopy and spectroscopy were used to deduce the effect of intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the morphology of a recrystallized pharmaceutical compound. Samples of recrystallized naproxen, (+)-6-methoxy-α-methylnaphthaleneacetic acid, were prepared from solutions of benzene, acetone, and methanol resulting in particles with aspect ratios of 2, 3.5, and 5.5, respectively, as determined by SEM imaging. XRDS indicated that the recrystallization did not affect lattice structure. Solubility measurements, UV/Vis, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy were used to investigate specific interactions in solution including solvent–solute hydrogen bonding and solute self-association. The results failed to reveal π orbital conjugation of naproxen even in saturated solutions, but indicated hydrogen bonding of naproxen with the solvent as well as the formation of cyclic naproxen dimers in solution. FTIR microscopy indicated a correlation between solvent and monomeric hydroxyl content in the crystals confirming the effect of solvent on naproxen morphology. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of spectroscopic techniques to tailor specific interactions to modify particle morphology.
Association of C-reactive protein with mild cognitive impairment

Abstract Background Inflammation is proposed to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease, and may also be involved in the pathogenesis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study examined the association of inflammatory markers in serum or plasma with prevalent MCI and MCI subtypes in a population-based sample. Methods Olmsted County, MN, residents aged 70–89 years on October 1, 2004, were evaluated using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, a neurological evaluation, and neuropsychological testing. Information ascertained for each participant was reviewed by an expert panel of neuropsychologists, physicians, and nurses, and a diagnosis of normal cognition, MCI, or dementia was made by consensus. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα), and adiponectin were measured at baseline. Results Among 313 subjects with MCI and 1570 cognitively normal subjects, a CRP level in the upper quartile (>3.3 mg/L) was significantly associated with MCI (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–2.01) and with nonamnestic MCI (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.12–3.78) after adjusting for age, sex, and years of education. However, there was no association with amnestic MCI (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.81–1.82). No association was observed with the other inflammatory markers. Conclusions Plasma CRP is associated with prevalent MCI and with nonamnestic MCI in elderly, nondemented persons in a population-based setting. These findings suggest the involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of MCI.
Managing Menopausal Symptoms in Breast Cancer Survivors: Focus on Hot Flashes

Breast cancer survivors usually experience menopausal symptoms to a far greater degree than women who have not had breast cancer. Choices are limited, however, in what can be offered in the way of safe and effective therapy. This review article discusses the options available to breast cancer survivors for the treatment of the most common and bothersome of menopausal symptoms: hot flashes. Traditional and complementary approaches are discussed with attention to benefits and risks as they relate to treating women with a personal history of breast cancer.
The electronic structure of SiO2, GeO2 and intermediate SixGe1−xO2 compositions: experiment and theory

Abstract Theoretical calculations are reported for SiO2, GeO2 and the intermediate composition Si.5Ge.5O2 which reproduce the main observed features and trends in experimental photoemission spectra. The agreement between the two establishes the importance of band theory in understanding the electronic structure of these materials, and demonstrates that detailed quantitative predictions are feasible for such complex materials in terms of the empirical tight-binding method. The calculations further establish that the structure in the valence bands is determined mainly by nearest- neighbor oxygen-oxygen interactions.
A rapid micromethod of sample cleanup for gas chromatographic analysis of insecticidal residues in plant, animal, soil, and surface and ground water extracts.

A simple microcolumn chromatographic cleanup method for chlorinated and organophosphorus insecticides has been developed in which a high purity grade 950 of activated silica gel (60-200 mesh) is used. Insecticides are selectively eluted from the adsorbent by different solvent mixtures varying in polarity. Procedures are described for cleanup of residues in plants, grains, animal tissues, soil, and large amounts of ground and surface water.Cleanup is satisfactory for gas chromatographic analysis. All tested insecticides were recovered quantitatively.
Corporate management of computer forensics evidence

Computer forensics is a new and emerging field in information security that requires specialized skills in order to collect and preserve data on systems that have been breeched by a hacker, either internal or external to the company. Collecting and processing a digital crime scene can be a difficult, time consuming, and time sensitive task. This paper looks at the various aspects of computer forensics evidence management, from the initial crime and collecting and processing the evidence, through handing the case over to the proper authorities.
Show me the MUN-y.

The structure of the MUN domain of the synaptic protein Munc13-1 by Li et al., in this issue of Structure, shows that seemingly disparate regulators of SNARE-mediated membrane fusion are highly conserved at the structural level.
Degradation of xenobiotics by white rot fungi.

For several decades, industrial chemicals have been released into the environment on a massive scale. Many of them are readily degraded by soil and aquatic microorganisms but a significant number, bearing structures unrelated to biogenic compounds or those formed by natural diagenesis, slowly degrade, persist and accumulate in the environment where they may present a long-term hazard. Moreover, these xenobiotics often have low aqueous solubility and are adsorbed to particulate matter, making them less accessible for microbial attack. A microbiological approach to bioremediation of recalcitrant waste still holds promise, however, as an economical and efficient alternative to such methods as burial or incineration.
Effect of ganglioside-GM1 on the order of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol multilamellar liposomes. A fluorescence polarization study

Abstract The effect(s) of bovine brain ganglioside-G M1 on the order of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol membranes were studied using steady-state fluorescence polarization (FPZ) techniques with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as the membrane probe. In the absence of cholesterol, G M1 (30 mol%) increases both membrane order and the phase transition temperature of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) membranes. However, in the presence of cholesterol (0.3 or 0.5, cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio), G M1 significantly decreases steady-state anisotropy ( r s ) at temperatures above the T m for the particular phospholipid. This effect may, in part relate to a dilution of membane cholesterol and is shared by bovine brain sphingomyelin (SM). G M1 (30 mol%) increases the order of 1-palmityl-2-oleyl-PC (POPC) membranes. However, in the presence of cholesterol (0.3 molar ratio) G M1 neither increases or decreases order. Thus, in cholesterol containing artificial membranes, the effect of G M1 depends on the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fatty acid composition and may not be evident from the effect of G M1 on pure PC membranes.
Guide-star-based computational adaptive optics for broadband interferometric tomography.

We present a method for the numerical correction of optical aberrations based on indirect sensing of the scattered wavefront from point-like scatterers (“guide stars”) within a three-dimensional broadband interferometric tomogram. This method enables the correction of high-order monochromatic and chromatic aberrations utilizing guide stars that are revealed after numerical compensation of defocus and low-order aberrations of the optical system. Guide-star-based aberration correction in a silicone phantom with sparse sub-resolution-sized scatterers demonstrates improvement of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio over a large isotome. Results in highly scattering muscle tissue showed improved resolution of fine structure over an extended volume. Guide-star-based computational adaptive optics expands upon the use of image metrics for numerically optimizing the aberration correction in broadband interferometric tomography, and is analogous to phase-conjugation and time-reversal methods for focusing in turbid media.
A cutting plane algorithm for convex programming that uses analytic centers

Anoracle for a convex setS ⊂ ℝ n accepts as input any pointz in ℝ n , and ifz ∈S, then it returns ‘yes’, while ifz ∉S, then it returns ‘no’ along with a separating hyperplane. We give a new algorithm that finds a feasible point inS in cases where an oracle is available. Our algorithm uses the analytic center of a polytope as test point, and successively modifies the polytope with the separating hyperplanes returned by the oracle. The key to establishing convergence is that hyperplanes judged to be ‘unimportant’ are pruned from the polytope. If a ball of radius 2−L is contained inS, andS is contained in a cube of side 2 L+1, then we can show our algorithm converges after O(nL 2) iterations and performs a total of O(n 4 L 3+TnL 2) arithmetic operations, whereT is the number of arithmetic operations required for a call to the oracle. The bound is independent of the number of hyperplanes generated in the algorithm. An important application in which an oracle is available is minimizing a convex function overS.
Interfacing expert systems with design databases in integrated CAD systems

Abstract Knowledge-based and expert systems will be important components of future integrated CAD systems. Flexibility and adaptability are of prime importance in incorporating such components into a CAD system. A model of a distributed network DBMS, using knowledge-based programming techniques, for interfacing KBS-to-DBMS is presented. In this model, the description of the data model of each KBS and DBMS component of the CAD system is represented as knowledge description of the data model of each kBS independent of one another. Each component issues and receives data requests in terms of its own data model, and has no knowledge of the syntax, structure and operation of the other components of the system. KADBASE, a prototype of such a flexible interface, under development is described. It demonstrates an approach to developing an integrated, is distributed CAD systems containing a variety of heterogeneous expert systems and design databases.
Assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation. VII. Validation of coronary flow reserve as a single integrated functional measure of stenosis severity reflecting all its geometric dimensions

The purpose of this study was to determine whether coronary flow reserve measured by flow meter correlated with or could be predicted by quantitative coronary arteriography accounting for all dimensions of a coronary artery stenosis. Five dogs were chronically instrumented with an inflatable stenosing cuff, a Doppler flow velocity meter, proximal and distal coronary artery catheters and aortic and pulmonary artery catheters. For 18 stenoses over a wide range of severity, orthogonal coronary arteriograms were analyzed quantitatively at rest to predict coronary flow reserve based on fluid dynamic equations. The X-ray-predicted coronary flow reserve correlated closely with that measured directly by implanted flowmeter with an r value of 0.91, a regression equation of X-ray-predicted coronary flow reserve = 1.08 (measured coronary flow reserve) - 0.08 and 95% confidence limits (±2 SD) of 0.66. Neither percent diameter narrowing alone nor absolute stenosis diameter alone correlated well with measured coronary flow reserve. Results confirm that coronary flow reserve is a single integrated measure of coronary stenosis severity reflecting all its geometric dimensions. Flow reserve correlated closely with and was accurately predicted by quantitative coronary arteriography taking into account all stenosis dimensions. This study establishes the theoretical and experimental basis for using coronary flow reserve as a single, integrated functional measure of stenosis severity reflecting all of its geometric characteristics.
Optimal and suboptimal estimation in differential PCM and adaptive predictive coding systems

Both differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) and adaptive predictive coding (APC) systems have been used somewhat successfully for low data rate digital voice transmission. A DPCM system has as its goal the removal of signal redundancy prior to transmission by a linear prediction of the incoming signal with a weighted combination of past signal estimates. The error in the prediction process is then quantized and transmitted to the receiver. An identical prediction loop is used at the receiver to reinsert the redundancy, and hence, to reconstruct the speech signal. Both the quantizer and predictor may or may not be adaptive.
Incandescence measurement during CO2 laser texturing of silicate glass

Laser zone texture is a new approach to improve tribology performance of high aerial density disks made with glass substrates. In this process, nanotexture is introduced to the surface by discrete laser pulses. The topography change is due to the elevation of fictive temperature in the short time and high temperature scales that occur through the laser energy coupling with glass. To exercise better control over this thermal process, knowing the temperature field induced by the laser pulse and the timescale of the thermal cycle are very important. In this paper, emission measurements are made from a laser-heated surface of approximately 300 μm 2 and temporally resolved to 100 ns. Several emission bands are collected in the visible. From emission data, the extensive heat capacity of the heat affected zone is derived, allowing peak surface temperatures to be determined from the pulse energy. Experimental results are compared with a numerical model to determine the validity of earlier calculations and conclusions.
Differential cross sections and phase shifts for 3He + 4He elastic scattering between 27 and 43 MeV

Abstract Differential cross sections for 3 He elastic scattering from 4 He were measured at laboratory energies of 27.2, 30.4, 32.5, 36.8, 40.0 and 42.8 MeV. A phase-shift analysis was performed and the results were compared to the real phase shifts calculated with the resonating-group method.
Thermogravimetric Analysis and Defect Models of the Oxygen Nonstoichiometry in La2–xSrxCuO4–y

The oxygen nonstoichiometry, y, of La[sub 2[minus]x]Sr[sub x]CuO[sub 4[minus]y] (0 [<=] x [<=] 1) was determined as a function of temperature (800--1,050 C) and oxygen partial pressure (10[sup [minus]4] to 1 atm) by a thermogravimetric technique. The results were interpreted in terms of a number of defect models. It was found that a model based on the defect reaction 4Cu[sub Cu][sup X] + 2V[sub O][sup [sm bullet][sm bullet]] + 0[sub 2(g)] = 4Cu[sub Cu][sup [sm bullet]] + 2O[sub O][sup X] describes the results well when the x and y dependences of the partial molar enthalpy of oxygen in the solid were considered. The large defect concentrations observed in this system lead to defect interactions, possibly ordering on the oxygen sublattice.
Use of Chlorofluorocarbons as Internal Standards for the Measurement of Atmospheric Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds Sampled onto Solid Adsorbent Cartridges

Solid adsorbents have proven useful for determining the vertical profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using sampling platforms such as balloons, kites, and light aircraft, and those profiles provide valuable information about the sources, sinks, transformations, and transport of atmospheric VOCs. One of the largest contributions to error in VOC concentrations is the estimation of the volume of air sampled on the adsorbent cartridge. These errors arise from different sources, such as variations in pumping flow rates from changes in ambient temperature and pressure with altitude, and decrease in the sampling pump battery power. Another significant source for sampling rate variations are differences in the flow resistance of individual sampling cartridges. To improve the accuracy and precision of VOC measurements, the use of ambient chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as internal standards was investigated. A multibed solid adsorbent, AirToxic (Supelco), was chosen for its wide sampling range (C3-C12). Analysis was accomplished by thermal desorption and dual detection GC/FID/ECD, resulting in sensitive and selective detection of both VOCs and CFCs in the same sample. Long-lived chlorinated compounds (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4 and CH3CCl3) banned by the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments were studied for their ability to predict sample volumes using both ground-based and vertical profiling platforms through the boundary layer and free troposphere. Of these compounds, CFC-113 and CCl4 were found to yield the greatest accuracy and precision for sampling volume determination. Use of ambient CFC-113 and CCl4 as internal standards resulted in accuracy and precision of generally better than 10% for the prediction of sample volumes in ground-, balloon-, and aircraft-based measurements. Consequently, use of CFCs as reference compounds can yield a significant improvement of accuracy and precision for ambient VOC measurements in situations where accurate flow control is troublesome.
Charlie: A tribute to Dr. Charles W. Reimer (14 May 1923—30 November 2008)

(2009). Charlie: A tribute to Dr. Charles W. Reimer (14 May 1923—30 November 2008) Diatom Research: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 521-536.
DNA Replicases from a Bacterial Perspective

Bacterial replicases are complex, tripartite replicative machines. They contain a polymerase, polymerase III (Pol III), a β2 processivity factor, and a DnaX complex ATPase that loads β2 onto DNA and chaperones Pol III onto the newly loaded β2. Bacterial replicases are highly processive, yet cycle rapidly during Okazaki fragment synthesis in a regulated way. Many bacteria encode both a full-length τ and a shorter γ form of DnaX by a variety of mechanisms. γ appears to be uniquely placed in a single position relative to two τ protomers in a pentameric ring. The polymerase catalytic subunit of Pol III, α, contains a PHP domain that not only binds to a prototypical e Mg2+-dependent exonuclease, but also contains a second Zn2+-dependent proofreading exonuclease, at least in some bacteria. This review focuses on a critical evaluation of recent literature and concepts pertaining to the above issues and suggests specific areas that require further investigation.
Naprężenia cieplne w ciałach lepkosprężystych

Wiele przyczyn technicznych zlozylo sie w ostatnich latach na wzrost zainteresowania zagadnieniami naprezen i odksztalcen w cialach lepkosprezystych. Praca nasza, poświecona wylącznie cialom, ktore wykazują przy warunkach izotermicznych i dla odksztalcen infinitezymalnych wlasności liniowej lepkosprezystości, ma sluzyc dwom zadaniom. Po pierwsze, zamierzamy podac w niej systematyczny przegląd ostatnich wynikow w tej dziedzinie, a po drugie — zapoznac Czytelnika z zagadnieniami szczegolowymi i z literaturą przedmiotu. Opracowanie nasze ogranicza sie glownie do analizy quasi-statycznych naprezen cieplnych w cialach jednorodnych, izotropowych i wykazujących lepkosprezystośc liniową. Zagadnienia dotyczące cial niejednorodnych i anizotropowych, wplywu sil bezwladności i sprzezenia termo-mechanicznego są jedynie wymienione przy koncu pracy (p. 7). ON THE ANALYSIS OF THERMAL STRESSES IN VISCOELASTIC SOLIDS The present paper, which is devoted exclusively to solids that under isothermal conditions and for infinitesimal strains exhibit linear viscoelastic behaviour, is intended to serve a dual purpose. First, an attempt is made to sketch a systematic account of relevant recent theoretical developments, second, it supplies a guide to available specific results and to the literature on the subject at hand. The present treatment is mainly confined to the quasi-static analysis of thermal stresses in homogeneous and isotropic linear viscoelastic bodies. Sections 5, 6 of the paper deal with temperatuie — dependent viscoelastic solids, particular emphasis being placed on the theory of termorheologically simple materials.
New methods for accurate prediction of protein secondary structure.

A primary and a secondary neural network are applied to secondary structure and structural class prediction for a database of 681 non-homologous protein chains. A new method of decoding the outputs of the secondary structure prediction network is used to produce an estimate of the probability of finding each type of secondary structure at every position in the sequence. In addi- tion to providing a reliable estimate of the accuracy of the predictions, this method gives a more accu- rate Q3 (74.6%) than the cutoff method which is commonly used. Use of these predictions in jury methods improves the Q3 to 74.8%, the best available at present. On a database of 126 proteins commonly used for comparison of prediction methods, the jury predictions are 76.6% accurate. An estimate of the overall Q3 for a given sequence is made by averaging the estimated accuracy of the prediction over all residues in the sequence. As an example, the analy- sis is applied to the target b-cryptogein, which was a difficult target for ab initio predictions in the CASP2 study; it shows that the prediction made with the present method (62% of residues correct) is close to the expected accuracy (66%) for this protein. The larger database and use of a new network training protocol also improve structural class prediction accuracy to 86%, relative to 80% obtained previ- ously. Secondary structure content is predicted with accuracy comparable to that obtained with spectro- scopic methods, such as vibrational or electronic circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Proteins 1999;35:293-306.
CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes influence the long-term survival of patients with mycosis fungoides

Abstract Background: Nonneoplastic mononuclear cells commonly infiltrate lesions of mycosis fungoides. Objective: We sought to determine the immunophenotypic characteristics of these cells and to determine whether the presence of CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has an impact on prognosis. Methods: Skin biopsy specimens from 78 patients were stained with immunopleroxidase techniques to determine their phenotypic characteristics. The proportion of CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was quantified and compared with stage of disease and survival rate. Results: Patients with more limited T-stage disease tended to have a higher proportion of CD8 + cells in their skin biopsy specimens, compared with patients with more advanced T-stage disease. Within each T-stage patients with a larger proportion of CD8 + cells had a better survival rate than those with fewer CD8 + cells ( p p = 0.0006), overal stage ( p = 0.0112), and CD8 positivity ( p = 0.0335) in this cohort of patients. Conclusion: CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in mycosis fungoides correlate with improved survival rate and may exert an antitumor effect rather than being mere bystander cells.
A Markovian State-Space Flexibility Framework Applied to Distributed-Payload Satellite Design Decisions

Over the past decade, the space industry has increasingly recognized the need for new systems to be designed for flexibility, or the capability to be easily modified in response to changes in future requirements or environments. Despite widespread interest, however, the state of the art in designing flexibility into space systems today remains limited. To address these limitations, this paper presents the basis of a quantitative, stochastic, multi-objective, and multi-period framework for integrating flexibility into space system design decisions. Central to the framework are five steps that (1) define configuration options and transition costs, (2) define a stochastic model for mission demand environment changes, (3) link configurations and demand environments via quantitative performance metrics, (4) identify Pareto-optimal configuration paths and decision policies, taking advantage of efficient multiobjective Markov decision process techniques, and (5) utilize these path and policy results to inform initial system selection. The framework is applied to a realistic example in which design decisions are suggested for a hypothetical multior distributed-payload satellite system. The application illustrates how flexibility-informed trades can permit selection of a satellite system that most effectively responds to uncertain future demands.
Data Grids: a new computational infrastructure for data-intensive science.

Twenty–first–century scientific and engineering enterprises are increasingly characterized by their geographic dispersion and their reliance on large data archives. These characteristics bring with them unique challenges. First, the increasing size and complexity of modern data collections require significant investments in information technologies to store, retrieve and analyse them. Second, the increased distribution of people and resources in these projects has made resource sharing and collaboration across significant geographic and organizational boundaries critical to their success. In this paper I explore how computing infrastructures based on Data Grids offer data–intensive enterprises a comprehensive, scalable framework for collaboration and resource sharing. A detailed example of a Data Grid framework is presented for a Large Hadron Collider experiment, where a hierarchical set of laboratory and university resources comprising petaflops of processing power and a multi–petabyte data archive must be efficiently used by a global collaboration. The experience gained with these new information systems, providing transparent managed access to massive distributed data collections, will be applicable to large–scale, data–intensive problems in a wide spectrum of scientific and engineering disciplines, and eventually in industry and commerce. Such systems will be needed in the coming decades as a central element of our information–based society.