cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An opposing role for prelimbic cortical projections to the nucleus accumbens core in incubation of craving for cocaine versus water.

Abstract Background Both drug and natural reward-seeking have been shown to increase following an extended period of abstinence, a phenomenon termed ‘incubation of craving’. Although this phenomenon involves many brain regions, the projections from the prelimbic cortex (PrL) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core have been strongly implicated in incubation of cocaine-seeking. However, this circuit has not been investigated in the context of incubation of craving for natural rewards. Methods Male Long Evans rats were trained to self-administer cocaine or water/saline 6 h/d for 14 days and subsequently entered 1 month of experimenter-imposed abstinence. Rats then underwent an optogenetic stimulation protocol used to induce long term depression in the PrL terminals to the NAc core immediately before beginning an extinction test used to assess incubation of craving. Results Control cocaine rats showed heightened drug-seeking on day 30 when compared to day 1 of abstinence, demonstrating incubation of craving. Notably, optogenetic stimulation of the PrL to NAc core pathway blocked this behavior in cocaine rats. In contrast, optogenetic stimulation of the PrL to NAc core pathway induced incubation of craving in water/saline rats. Conclusions These findings suggest that neuroadaptations in the PrL to NAc core pathway play opposing roles in the incubation of craving for cocaine versus water.
Empowering Students by Teaching Research-Paper Writing as a Foundational Methods Course

Teaching research-paper writing in a step-wise and interactive fashion exposes students to methodology and empowers them. Contemporary undergraduates have generally not learned how to write research papers, and teaching methodology has long been a challenge. Seeking to accomplish both simultaneously gives students an applied way to better understand their political science courses and, more importantly, provides them with experiences that transform them as learners. The process includes high-impact educational practices which compel students to (a) integrate across the curriculum; (b) engage in “real” research; (c) experience learning as a social process; and (d) make revising and rethinking habitual. Undergraduates thus become more capable and confident learners with a greater ability to succeed in future endeavors.
Laser Beam Diagnostics

The evaluation of the direct beam laser hazards primarily consists of the determination of the NOHD with and without the use of optical devices, and the necessary optical density (OD) required for laser eye protection. The required OD would depend on whether the viewer was located at the laser exit or at a location downrange from the laser. Intrabeam viewing of a laser with optical devices generally requires a higher OD than viewing with the naked eye since more laser energy is collected by the optics. The NOHD of a specularly reflected laser beam must be determined if specular reflectors may be located where the laser beam is pointed.
Interpolation and k-Space Integration: A Review

The principal techniques used to form representations of integrals over the Brillouin zone which include Dirac δ-functions in their integrands are reviewed. The problem was first solved using Monte-Carlo procedures applied directly to the Hamiltonian. Recent interest has centered on two methods which utilize microscopic interpolation. The singular integration is carried out either through Monte-Carlo procedures or through a procedure which uses a further linear expansion and numerical integration. Both of these procedures represent their results in terms of histograms. Techniques for including matrix elements in the integrand are considered and new results presented. A new technique is given which uses high order Hermite functions to numerically integrate the principal-value kernel.
Harmonics due to Slots in Electric Machines [includes discussion]

SLOTS HAVE BEEN a known source of harmonics in electric machines for many years. Almost as long as engineers have been designing synchronous generators, they have attempted to suppress slot harmonics in the output waveform. Because of the complex nature of this problem most of the previous work in this field has been of an empirical or semiempirical nature. Recent developments in the digital computer field have made a direct frontal assault on this long standing problem feasible. Further, use of the digital computer makes it possible to determine the optimum machine from a fairly large number of proposed designs. The approach to this problem developed in this article is particularly designed for solution of the problem by digital techniques which can be handled by most punched-card digital computers.
Control of Dengue Virus Translation and Replication

Dengue poses an increasing threat to public health worldwide. Studies conducted over the past several decades have improved our knowledge of the mechanisms of dengue virus translation and replication. New methodologies have facilitated advances in our understanding of the RNA elements and viral and host factors that modulate dengue virus replication and translation. This review integrates research findings and explores future directions for research into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of dengue virus infection. Lessons learned from dengue virus will inform approaches to other viruses and expand our understanding of the ways in which viruses co-opt host cells during the course of infection. In addition, knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of dengue virus translation and replication and the role of host cell factors in these processes will facilitate development of antiviral strategies.
CEPT-a computer aided manufacturing application for managing equipment reliability and availability and maintainability in the semiconductor industry

The need for a comprehensive equipment information management system is crucial for driving high equipment reliability/utilization in manufacturing. The authors describe the features of one such system developed and implemented at Intel's factories. This equipment management system was layered on top of the preexisting shop-floor computer-aided-manufacturing (CAM) system, Workstream. Focus areas of the system are tools for managing total productive maintenance (a precursor to total quality control); statistical process control on equipment monitors; features for total paper elimination and thus reduced particle generation; predictive maintenance; and reliability and maintainability analysis modules using Weibull theory. A key by-product of this functionality introduction is a vastly improved user interface to Workstream. The authors also discuss the joint efforts by Sematech and Intel to develop an analysis system which sets the foundation for an industrywide standard for the first time. Numerous shop-floor application examples are highlighted, with the focus on methodology of end user involvement and factory implementation. >
New microbial proteases in leather and detergent industries.

Proteolytic enzymes, proteases, are present in all forms of life from viruses to animals. Among them microbial proteases secure most important place due to their enormous industrial applications. In industrial applications, leather and detergent industries are of most prominent interest. These industries require use of toxic and polluting chemicals to degrade proteins. In leather industries chemicals are employed in dehairing, bating, soaking and degreasing to remove proteins associated with the collagen. In detergent industries, stains are removed by the use of surfactants. Proteases can be used to replace certain chemicals thus offers a green approach. This review entails importance of proteases in detergent and leather industries.
A New Serial Number Marking System Applicable to Firearms Identification

A new system for physically recording serial numbers on individual items is proposed. Each serial number is converted to a unique array of points, and this array is recorded on the item by drilling a set of holes having the arrangement of the array into the item. Laser drilling can be used to produce holes of small diameter for the array. The identifying marks extend into the item and cannot be readily removed as surface stampings. In some cases the serial number can be marked in a critical area, so that its removal would destroy the usefulness of the item. This system is particularly suitable for the marking of firearms. Language: en
Distributed structural stabilization and tracking for formations of dynamic multi-agents

We provide a theoretical framework that consists of graph theoretical and Lyapunov-based approaches to stability analysis and distributed control of multi-agent formations. This framework relays on the notion of graph rigidity as a means of identifying the shape variables of a formation. Using this approach, we can formally define formations of multiple vehicles and three types of stabilization/tracking problems for dynamic multi-agent systems. We show how these three problems can be addressed mutually independent of each other for a formation of two agents. Then, we introduce a procedure called dynamic node augmentation that allows construction of a larger formation with more agents that can be rendered structurally stable in a distributed manner from some initial formation that is structurally stable. We provide two examples of formations that can be controlled using this approach, namely, the V-formation and the diamond formation.
Stereotype Threat Impairs Older Adult Driving

Summary Stereotypes can harm human performance, especially when activated in individuals with diminished working memory capacity (WMC). Performance implications for the stereotype of poor driving in older adults were investigated. Using a sample of older adults, WMC (the ability to maintain task goals and ignore distractions) and driving performance [brake reaction time (RT), following distance, and crashes] were assessed, the latter using a high-fidelity simulator. Elderly participants under stereotype threat with reduced WMC exhibited slower brake RTs and longer following distances compared with a control condition that was not threatened. This driving profile was characteristic of cognitive distraction. Stereotype threat has clear consequences for human performance in a common real-world task—driving—that is critical to public safety. Furthermore, these findings suggest caution in how the media and public policy communicate information about older adult driving.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrinsic Factors for Continued ERP Learning: A Precursor to Interdisciplinary ERP Curriculum Design

Unilateral enterprise resource planning (ERP) curriculum improvements from the instructor's perspective are likely to generate only limited success. Understanding student motivations and beliefs with ERP systems is the missing link to effective ERP education. Relatively little attention in the ERP literature has been given to student learning associated with ERP experience, and almost none to factors influencing current and expected student beliefs and behaviors relative to ERP. The complexity of ERP systems demands that beliefs and behaviors be considered when planning ERP curricula. In the present study, the Theory of Planned Behavior was extended to examine students’ intentions to explore additional aspects of ERP after their class exercises. When considering all students, attitude and subjective norm had positive and significant effects on intentions to continue ERP learning. Subjective norm also affected attitude, and availability of support materials had a positive effect on subjective norm. Distinctive patterns are found for the construct relationships between student groups who valued ERP education (the engaged) and those who placed little or no value on ERP education (the undecided). Results from competing model analyses indicate that support materials influenced the engaged and undecided groups differently. Strategies for ERP curriculum design are provided.
A testing strategy to evaluate the mutagenic activity of industrial chemicals in cultured mammalian cells

Based on the published guidelines of regulatory agencies and the latest scientific findings, an experimental strategy for the routine testing of the mutagenic activity of industrial chemicals in mammalian cells in vitro is designed. The strategy includes three individual experiments: (1) a range-finding experiment for cytotoxicity to determine the appropriate doses to be used in subsequent mutagenicity testing; (2) mutagenicity testing at limited doses with different concentrations of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate (S9); and (3) a more extensive dose-response experiment using an S9 concentration determined to be optimum in mutagenicity. Besides satisfying the guidelines of regulatory agencies, this strategy should yield data that allow sound scientific judgment on the mutagenicity of the chemicals tested.
Multiple duodenal perforations

Abstract These two cases illustrate multiple perforations of the duodenum. The first was due to blunt external violence which caused two retroperitoneal tears in the duodenal wall and no intra-abdominal injuries. Therefore, the early picture was not typical of a rupture of a hoIIow viscus and operation was deIayed. Later the peritoneal effusion gravitated to the right Iower quadrant with Iocalized tenderness away from the site of injury. The expIoratory incision was made too Iow to visuaIize the duodenum adequateIy and the perforations were not found. Death resulted from retroperitonea1 and right pIeura1 infection, and the exact pathology was discovered at autopsy. In the second case the perforations were due to two separate duodena1 uIcers which perforated either simuItaneousIy or within a period of eight hours. At operation the second opening was discovered because of the persistent Ieakage of fluid after cIosure of the first perforation.
Changes in student effort and grade expectation in the course of a term

Students were surveyed and asked to self-evaluate their performance and time-on-task in six engineering courses (eight sections). Surveys were conducted four times over the course of a 10-week quarter. Students with the highest grade point averages (GPAs) (2.88 mean; 4.00 mode) indicated ‘no change’ while students with lower GPAs (2.67 mean; 1.83 mode) indicated a ‘negative change’ in grade expectations by the end of the quarter, indicating that better performing students are better self-evaluators. Students reduced time-on-task 2–4 hours/week, especially early in the quarter. Students who changed their time-on-task during each survey had a GPA mode of 4.00, indicating that ‘master’ students readily adapt to course demands. This study shows that most students over-predict their grades and their level of commitment to a course and lose confidence in their abilities as the term progresses. It is suggested that instructors obtain student grade predictions and use them to provide timely and appropriate feedback.
Fatigue Crack Growth of Structural Metals for Hydrogen Service

As hydrogen fuel cell technologies achieve market penetration, there is a growing need to characterize a range of structural metals that are used in the hydrogen environments that are encountered in gaseous hydrogen fuel systems. A review of existing data show that hydrogen can significantly accelerate fatigue crack growth of many common structural metals; however, comprehensive characterization of the effects of hydrogen on fatigue properties is generally lacking from the literature, even for structural metals that have been used extensively in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen environments. This report provides new testing data on the effects of hydrogen on fatigue of structural metals that are commonly employed in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Phthalazine iron carbonyl complexes

Abstract Reaction of phthalazine with diiron enneacarbonyl in benzene at room temperature and with triiron dodecacarbonyl in hot benzene gives mono- and binuclear complexes where the nitrogen atoms behave as two- or three-electron donor ligands. 1,2-Dihydrophthalazine and a binuclear iron carbonyl derivative are formed when the triiron dodecacarbonyl reaction is effected in methanolic benzene.
Cardiac output: a view from Buffalo

Cardiac output (Q) is a primary determinant of blood pressure and O2 delivery and is critical in the maintenance of homeostasis, particularly during environmental stress. Cardiac output can be determined invasively in patients; however, indirect methods are required for other situations. Soluble gas techniques are widely used to determine Q. Historically, measurements during a breathhold, prolonged expiration and rebreathing to CO2 equilibrium have been used; however, with limitations, especially during stress. Farhi and co-workers developed a single-step CO2 rebreathing method, which was subsequently revised by his group, and has been shown to be valid (compared to direct measures) and reliable. Carbon dioxide output (VCO2), partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2), and partial pressure of mixed venous CO2 (PvCO2) are determined during 12–25 s of rebreathing, using the appropriate tidal volume, and Q is calculated. This method has the utility to provide accurate data in laboratory and field experiments during exercise, increased and micro-gravity, water immersion, lower body pressure, head-down tilt, and changes in gas composition and pressure. Utilizing the Buffalo CO2 rebreathing method it has been shown that the Q can adjust to a wide range of changes in environments maintaining blood pressure and O2 delivery at rest and during exercise.
EFFECTS OF VISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON THE GERMINATION OF PHACELIA TANACETIFOLIA

Germination of Phacelia tanacetifolia was suppressed by exposure to white light increasing with intensity and length of illumination. The light effect decayed during 24 hr of darkness. Seeds were most sensitive to the suppressive effects of light 13-- 17 hr after the beginning of imbibr-tion. Light suppression was caused by a photocatalytic reaction. Wavelengths causing the suppression lie in the far-red, red, blue, near-ultraviolet, and far- ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. At equal energies, blue light was less effective than far-red, red, or ultraviolet radiation. There was no evidence for the existence of the phytochrome system. Simultaneous irradiation with red and blue light or simultaneous irradiation with red and far-red induced a synergistic repression of germination. The presentation of different wavelengths in various sequential patterns markedly altered the germination response. An interaction between elevated temperatures and visible radiation affecting germination response was also noted. (auth)
Application of the unified medical language system metathesaurus to intelligent radiological case retrieval

The Unified Medical Language System metathesaurus and medical semantic network (National Library of Medicine, Meta 1.3, 1993) currently contains 270,797 medical terms derived from multiple controlled vocabularies, including ICD-9, ACR, MeSH, CPT, and SNOMED. We briefly describe the structure and content of Meta 1.3, focusing on its potential value to the radiological community.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Information technologies and intuitive expertise: a method for implementing complex organizational change among New York City Transit Authority’s Bus Maintainers

This paper describes an attempt to implement a complex information technology system with the New York City Transit Authority’s (NYCTA) Bus Maintainers intended to help better track and coordinate bus maintenance schedules. IT implementation is notorious for high failure rates among so-called “low level” workers. We believe that many IT implementation efforts make erroneous assumptions about front line worker’s expertise, which creates tension between the IT implementation effort and the “cultures of practice” among the front line workers. We designed an aggressive “learning intervention” to address this issue and called “Operational Simulation”. Rather than requiring the expected 12 months for implementation, the hourly staff reached independence with the new system in 2 weeks and line supervisors (who do more) managed in 6 weeks. Additionally, the NYCTA shifted from a reactive to a proactive maintenance approach, reduced cycle times, and increased the “mean distance between failure”, resulting in a estimated $40 million cost savings. Implications for cognition, expertise, and training are discussed.
Firm interdependence in oligopolistic markets

Abstract This paper develops an econometric model capable of identifying the pattern of interdependent behavior among firms in an oligopolistic industry. The model is based on the necessary conditions for producer equilibrium which, for a firm in an oligopolistic market, include the firm's conjectural variations. The conjectural variations are unknown parameters. The production model is based on the translog production function. The domestic coffee roasting industry is analyzed. Industry and size class specific Cournot and equality hypotheses are tested. Interdependent behavior cannot be rejected.
Laser channeling in millimeter-scale underdense plasmas of fast-ignition targets.

Two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that laser channeling in millimeter-scale underdense plasmas is a highly nonlinear and dynamic process involving longitudinal plasma buildup, laser hosing, channel bifurcation and self-correction, and electron heating to relativistic temperatures. The channeling speed is much less than the linear group velocity of the laser. The simulations find that low-intensity channeling pulses are preferred to minimize the required laser energy but with an estimated lower bound on the intensity of $I\ensuremath{\approx}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{18}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ if the channel is to be established within 100 ps. The channel is also shown to significantly increase the transmission of an ignition pulse.
Cerebral autoregulation, beta amyloid, and white matter hyperintensities are interrelated

Emerging studies link vascular risk factors and cerebrovascular health to the prevalence and rates of progression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The brain’s ability to maintain constant blood flow across a range of cerebral perfusion pressures, or autoregulation, may both promote and result from small vessel cerebrovascular disease and AD-related amyloid pathology. Here, we examined the relationship among cerebral autoregulation, small vessel cerebrovascular disease, and amyloid deposition in 14 non-demented older adults. Reduced cerebral autoregulation, was associated with increased amyloid deposition and increased white matter hyperintensity volume, which, in turn were positively associated with each other. For the first time in humans, we demonstrate an interrelationship among AD pathology, small vessel cerebrovascular disease, and cerebral autoregulation. Vascular factors and AD pathology are not independent but rather appear to interact.
Dormancy and dispersal in dimorphic achenes of tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea L. (Compositae)

Marginal and central florets of the capitula of tansy ragwort Senecio jacobaea yield different kinds of fruit. The central (“disk”) achenes are lighter (x±SE=199±5μg), more numerous (x±SE=58±0.6 achenes per head), and are equipped with a pappus aiding wind transport and rows of trichomes aiding animal transport. The marginal (“ray”) achenes are heavier (x±SE=286±7μg), less numerous (virtually invariant at 13 achenes per head), and lack dispersal structures. Whereas disk achenes are relased shortly after they mature, ray achenes are retained by the parent for a period of months following maturity.
The optimal inflation tax in the presence of currency substitution

Abstract An important result in the optimal inflation tax literature is that, if money is modeled as reducing transactions costs, the optimal nominal interest rate is zero. This paper examines this issue in the context of a small open economy where both domestic and foreign currency circulate as media of exchange. It is shown that the presence of foreign money enables the government to reduce the distortion introduced into the economy by a positive foreign nominal interest rate by setting a positive domestic nominal interest rate.
Characterization of Kluyveromyces lactis subtelomeric sequences including a distal element with strong purine/pyrimidine strand bias

Telomeres are the specialized structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are composed of short T/G-rich DNA repeats and the proteins that interact with them. Internal to telomeres are subtelomeric regions that are species-specific and often repetitive. The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has telomeric tracts of 10-20 copies of a 25 bp repeat, but the subtelomeric regions have not previously been characterized in detail. Here we have cloned and characterized subtelomeric regions from 10 of the 12 chromosome ends. The amount of sequence examined was 0.7-10 kb for each subtelomeric region. We have identified a K. lactis subtelomeric element, the R element, which has a strong purine/pyrimidine strand bias and extends for about 2 kb. Internal to the R element, we found extensive similarity that is shared among half of the chromosome ends reported here. This similarity appears to include three putative gene families, two of which are also subtelomeric in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The Role of Burke's Four Master Tropes in Scientific Expression

The role of literary and rhetorical tropes in scientific discourse is frequently overlooked, largely because “rhetoric” and “science” seem to be incompatible modes of expression. However, if we loo...
Relationships between nucleic acid, nitrogen, and growth rate of tobacco cells in suspension culture

Changes in the amount of nucleic acid and nitrogen, and the relationships between these amounts and the growth rate of tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow-2) at different initial nitrogen concentrations in the medium, were examined in batch cultures. During culture in basal medium, the amount of intracellular nucleic acid expressed per unit of dry biomass was 36.3 mg RNA g−1 cell and 8.1 mg DNA g−1 cell at the beginning of batch culture. These values increased 2.5 fold for RNA and 1.5 fold for DNA during the exponential growth phase and then gradually decreased with the decline in the growth rate. Similar changes were also observed in the medium containing less nitrogen. The specific growth rate, μ (day−1), of the culture corresponded to the magnitude of the intracellular RNA content (mg RNA g−1 cell), and the linear relationship, RNA=38μ+23 was obtained. In addition, there were remarkable positive correlations between the total and protein nitrogen, and μ during the cultures. The mononucleotide composition of total RNA (AMP+UMP)/(GMP+CMP) which was suggested to be a convenient index of metabolic activity was nearly constant (0.78 to 0.80) during tobacco cell culture in the basal medium.
Epistememes in Australian languages

Abstract This paper presents a typology of a class of forms traditionally called ‘interrogatives’ or ‘interrogative/indefinites’ in descriptive grammars of Australian languages. The analysis of the meanings and functions of these forms is based on the notion, first espoused in Durie (1985), that there exists a coherent closed word class, here called ‘epistememe’, whose function is to categorize types of knowledge and whose use is based on contexts where knowledge is at issue. A corpus of epistememe forms in twenty‐six Australian languages is used to examine the nature of the epistememe class in this language family. It is shown that there is a significant amount of cross‐linguistic similarity in the grammatical properties, the categories of knowledge that are encoded, and the functions of the epistememe class. The range of data and the degree of cross‐linguistic regularity suggest that there is much more to be said concerning the linguistic properties of the epistememe class in Australian languages. Howev...
Physostigmine and norepinephrine: effects of injection into the amygdala on taste associations.

Abstract The present investigation was conducted to determine whether norepinephrine or acetylcholine systems of the amygdala could be involved in two adaptive feeding behaviors in the rat: development of taste aversion and recovery from neophobia. In a taste aversion paradigm, a single bilateral injection of physostigmine directly into the amygdala at the onset of an apomorphine-induced illness experience produced a time-dependent attenuation in the development of taste aversion; in contrast, norepinephrine had no disruptive effects. In a neophobia paradigm, norepinephrine injected directly into the amygdala after a novel taste experience resulted in a time-dependent attenuation in recovery from neophobia; however, physostigmine produced no disruptive effects. Hence, acetylcholine appears to mediate taste-illness associations, while norepinephrine plays an important role in recovery from neophobia, i.e., taste-“learned safety” associations.
Cytokines Regulate β-2-Adrenergic Receptor Responsiveness in Airway Smooth Muscle via Multiple PKA- and EP2 Receptor-Dependent Mechanisms†

Beta2AR desensitization in airway smooth muscle (ASM) mediated by airway inflammation has been proposed to contribute to asthma pathogenesis and diminished efficacy of beta-agonist therapy. Mechanistic insight into this phenomenon is largely conceptual and lacks direct empirical evidence. Here, we employ molecular and genetic strategies to reveal mechanisms mediating cytokine effects on ASM beta2AR responsiveness. Ectopic expression of inhibitory peptide (PKI-GFP) or a mutant regulatory subunit of PKA (RevAB-GFP) effectively inhibited intracellular PKA activity in cultured human ASM cells and enhanced beta2AR responsiveness by mitigating both agonist-specific (beta-agonist-mediated) desensitization and cytokine (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha)-induced heterologous desensitization via actions on multiple targets. In the absence of cytokine treatment, PKA inhibition increased beta2AR-mediated signaling by increasing both beta2AR-G protein coupling and intrinsic adenylyl cyclase activity. PKI-GFP and RevAB-GFP expression also conferred resistance to cytokine-promoted beta2AR-G protein uncoupling and disrupted feed-forward mechanisms of PKA activation by attenuating the induction of COX-2 and PGE2. Cytokine treatment of tracheal ring preparations from wild-type mice resulted in a profound loss of beta-agonist-mediated relaxation of methacholine-contracted rings, whereas rings from EP2 receptor knockout mice were largely resistant to cytokine-mediated beta2AR desensitization. These findings identify EP2 receptor- and PKA-dependent mechanisms as the principal effectors of cytokine-mediated beta2AR desensitization in ASM.
Local Services in the New Federalism: Discussion

By any measure Deaton was given an incredible assignment. He was to address simultaneously the issues of new institutional arrangements (generally agreed to be nonmarginal change) and the supply of local public services, the completely successful analysis of which has eluded our profession for some time. My comments will mostly be suggestions for enhancing a very stimulating beginning. The New Federalism, according to Deaton, represents an intent to reduce the role of the federal govenment in the affairs of society. The distinction in the paper between "authorized" and "authoritative" power is from John R. Commons, with some interpretation by Vincent Ostrom. It is important to remember this distinction as Deaton explains the New Federalism; it is also central to his prediction that the provision of public education will resist the major shift away from federal control and financing. The point to Deaton's analysis of public education is his attempt to illustrate his adaptation of work by Ruttan and Hayami on induced institutional innovation to the supply of local public services. By treating institutional change as endogenous rather than exogenous to the economic system, Ruttan and Hayami are able to apply conventional microeconomic concepts to what is generally considered nonmarginal change in the short run. They also ask us to change our time perspective on the length of run, and Deaton makes that explicit. A longer time horizon as well as the endogenous treatment of it that Deaton derives from Ruttan and Hayami gives a more complete perspective to institutional change. What Deaton also derives from the induced institutional innovation model is a framework to assess some of the incentive structures that affect institutional change. Deaton's treatment of applications of the induced institutional innovation model to education both excited and frustrated me. In this part of the paper he argues that the unique attributes of education probably would indicate a totally different direction of institutional change under the New Federalism than for other local public services. The special attributes of schooling described by Deaton are as follows: (a) Primary and secondary schooling are important in the accumulation of a national stock of human capital, on which our technological future is based. (b) A similar argument is made for the contribution of a stock of human capital to the quality of our collective citizenry and future political life. (c) Essential values of fairness in our society require that all children have equal access to educational resources. (d) Because of the mobility of both public and private human capital assets derived from education, individual local communities are likely to underinvest in schooling. (e) There are not likely to be additional scale economies in schooling, and most consolidations may have already exceeded actual economies of scale.
Neolepetopsidae, a new docoglossate limpet family from hydrothermal vents and its relevance to patellogastropod evolution

Six new species of limpets from hydrothermal vents at spreading centres, hydrothermal vents on seamounts, or cold sulphide seeps are described in three new genera in the new family Neolepetopsidae. Anatomy is detailed separately by V. Fretter (1990). The family is considered to be a living descendant of the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic family Lepetopsidae (proposed herein), based on Lepetopsis Whitfield, 1882. Both families are placed in the new superfamily Lepetopsacea, new suborder Lepetopsina, order Patellogastropoda. New genera and species are: Neolepetopsis, type species N. gordensis, from the Gorda Ridge, and three additional species: N. densata, from an active sulphide chimney near 12°N on the East Pacific Rise, N. verruca from a sulphide chimney near 21° N on the East Pacific Rise, and N. occulla from hydrothermal vents on the caldera floor of Green Seamount near 21° N; Eulepetopsis, type species E. vitrea, from hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Rift and the East Pacific Rise near 21°, 13°and 11°N; Paralepetopsis, type species P. floridensis, from cool, hypersaline, sulphide seeps at the base of the continental slope off the west coast of Florida. Inclusion in Patellogastropoda is indicated by plesiomorphic characters: symmetrical shell lacking coiled phase, no epipodium in adult, single dorsally arched jaw, docoglossate dentition with a licker below the tip of the radula, both left and right kidney, and gonad discharging through right kidney. The radula differs from that of other patellogastropods in having the denticle caps delicate and non-mineralized, the shafts articulating with shafts and cusps of adjacent teeth in the row and with those in adjacent rows, and in having some capacity for longitudinal bending. The rachidian is well developed; the first two pairs of lateral teeth are regarded as homologues of the inner lateral teeth of Patella; the third lateral tooth is larger than the others and is considered a modified pluricuspid tooth; there are two pairs of plate-like marginals. Tooth morphology differs in each genus but all have a very long second lateral with a strong mid-shaft nub to articulate with the overhanging edge of the pluricuspid. The neolepetopsid radula is interpreted as close to that of the patellogastropod archetype except for its lack of mineralization and reduction in the number of marginal teeth. The radula in living docoglossate outgroups (chitons and monoplacophorans) is mineralized and the teeth are articulating. Articulating teeth are therefore regarded as plesiomorphic in patellogastropods. I speculate that articulating teeth may have been characteristic of Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic patellogastropods and that the non-articulating, straight-shafted and rapidly replaced teeth of extant Patellina may have arisen in the Mesozoic, a time at which patellogastropods of modern appearance underwent a radiation in shallow-water habitats.
Prefrontal Cortical Networks Related to Visceral Function and Mood

: At least twenty-two architectonic areas can be distinguished within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC). Although each of these areas has a distinct structure and connections, they can be grouped into two “networks,” defined by cortico-cortical connections that primarily interconnect areas within each network. The networks also have different connections to the striatum, medial thalamus, and other brain regions. The orbital network consists of most of the areas in the orbital cortex. It receives several sensory inputs (olfactory, gustatory, visceral afferent, somatic sensory, and visual) that appear to be related to feeding. It also receives many limbic inputs from the amygdala, entorhinal and perirhinal cortex, and subiculum, including a specific projection from the ventrolateral part of the basal amygdaloid nucleus. The orbital network may therefore serve as a substrate to integrate viscerosensory information with affective signals. The medial network consists of areas on the medial frontal surface together with a few select areas in the orbital cortex. These areas have few direct sensory inputs, and their limbic inputs are somewhat different than those to the orbital network (e.g., from the ventromedial part of the basal amygdaloid nucleus). However, they provide the major output from the OMPFC to the hypothalamus and brain stem (especially the periaqueductal gray). The medial network may therefore serve as a visceromotor system to provide frontal cortical influence over autonomic and endocrine function. Connections between the networks presumably allow information flow from viscerosensory to visceromotor systems. In addition to a probable role in eating behavior, this system appears to be involved in guiding behavior and regulation of mood. Lesions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex result in sociopathic behavior and difficulty in making appropriate choices, whereas functional imaging studies indicate that subjects with unipolar and bipolar depression have abnormal activity in medial and orbital prefrontal areas. Many of these areas also show volume changes and decreased glial number and density in mood-disordered subjects.
Adverse Medical Outcomes of Early Newborn Screening Programs for Phenylketonuria

OBJECTIVE. Despite the success of current newborn screening programs, some critics have argued that in the 1960s hundreds of children with false-positive results for phenylketonuria suffered death or disability from treatment with restrictive diets. Medically adverse outcomes after false-positive results may be a reason to be cautious when expanding current newborn screening programs. We sought to determine if newborn screening programs for phenylketonuria before 1980 led to adverse medical outcomes in children with false-positive results. PATIENTS AND METHODS. We examined the history of newborn screening programs for phenylketonuria in the United States. We reviewed the historical scholarship, conducted a systematic search for medical adverse outcomes, and interviewed key participants in the history of newborn screening programs. RESULTS. We found no population-based studies of early screening programs for phenylketonuria. One author reported 2 infants treated with restrictive diets after false-positive results for phenylketonuria who were developmentally delayed, and there is unpublished evidence of 4 additional cases of inappropriate treatment, although adverse outcomes were not documented. There were also 4 published reports of adverse medical outcomes after treating children with phenylketonuria variants, as screening for phenylketonuria revealed infants with intermediate or transiently high levels of phenylalanine. CONCLUSIONS. We found little evidence of death or disability that resulted from the inappropriate treatment of well children who were falsely identified by early newborn screening programs. Because the first decade of newborn screening typically reveals diagnostic and therapeutic complexity, systematic follow-up of screened populations and rapid dissemination of results may reduce morbidity/mortality rates.
Response to Hathaway

In addressing the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration in June 2006 Professor James Hathaway criticized forced migration as a rubric for a union between refugee and migration studies as posing a risk to the protection of refugees. Then as in the amplified argument which appears above he called for the disaggregation of refugee studies from the broader study of forced migration (and migration more generally) so as to assure recognition of the specificity of refugees circumstances and to protect their rights of individual autonomy. However this phrasing does not sufficiently address the issue that the specificity of the refugee category in positive law does not adequately correspond with the actual circumstances of refugees or encompass others also forced to flee their homes due to human rights abuses. The concept of forced migration helps to correct this incongruity between rights and protections. The problem that Hathaway finds with forced migration studies is that the scholarship it generates refocuses attention on the amorphous phenomenon of migration at the expense of individuals more distinctly categorized as refugees. This conceptual shift he says weakens protection for individuals by appeasing the collective management approach of governments and agencies. (excerpt)
Evaluation of Aerodynamic Instability Mechanisms for Centrifugal Compressors—Part II: Advanced Analysis

The results of advanced analysis for labyrinth seal dynamic characteristics are compared to current methods of calculating aerodynamic excitation and to test rig data published in the literature to date. The results of a shop full load test are presented and compared to predicted stability parameters. Results of the labyrinth analysis of the full-load test compressor are presented. Conclusions and recommendations are given for high pressure compressor rotor dynamics analysis with design guidelines for evaluation of new or proposed compressor designs.
Mode-locked free-electron laser oscillator

Abstract In this experiment we observe emission of a single RF macropulse from a mode-locked FEL oscillator. The FEL employs a continuous electron beam and operates in the microwave regime. The amplitude mode-locking is achieved by modulating the attenuation of the FEL ring cavity at its round-trip frequency ( ∼ 27 MHz ). The observed RF macropulse consists of short RF micropulses. Their period ( ∼ 37 ns ) is determined by the modulating frequency, and their width is comparable to the slippage time ( ∼ 3 ns ). Examples of experimental results of amplitude mode-locked FEL signals are presented for coaxial-line and waveguide cavity sections.
Testing the plateau: a reexamination of disparity and morphologic constraints in early Paleozoic crinoids

Studies of crinoid morphology have been pivotal in understanding the constraints on the range of morphology within a clade as well as the patterns of disparity throughout the Phanerozoic. Newly discovered and described faunas and recent study of early Paleozoic crinoid diversity provide an ideal opportunity to reanalyze Ordovician through Early Silurian crinoid disparity with more complete taxonomic coverage and finer stratigraphic resolution. Using the coarse stratigraphic binning of Foote (1999), the updated morphologic data set has a similar disparity pattern to those previously reported for the early Paleozoic. However, with the more resolved stratigraphic binning used by Peters and Ausich (2008), a significant difference exists between the original and current data sets. Both data sets have a pronounced disparity high during the late Middle Ordovician. However, the updated disparity curve has a much higher initial disparity during the Early Ordovician and a pronounced rise in disparity during the Silurian recovery. Examination of differential sampling, proportions of the crinoid orders through time, and methods of coding characters indicate these factors have little effect on the pattern of crinoid disparity. The Silurian morphospace expansion occurs primarily within disparids and coincides with the origination of the myelodactylids. These findings corroborate the rapid expansion of morphospace during the Ordovician. However, crinoid disparity did not remain static and, although less frequent than during the initial radiation, new body plans evolved following the Ordovician Extinction (e.g., the myelodactylids). These results are consistent with the hypothesis of ecology constraining the limits on morphologic disparity at the class level.
Calcium and vitamin d supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits.

Introduction: Stress fractures (SFx) are one of the most common and debilitating overuse injuries seen in military recruits, and they are also problematic for nonmilitary athletic populations. The goal of this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine whether a calcium and vitamin D intervention could reduce the incidence of SFx in female recruits during basic training. Materials and Methods: We recruited 5201 female Navy recruit volunteers and randomized them to 2000 mg calcium and 800 IU vitamin D/d or placebo. SFx were ascertained when recruits reported to the Great Lakes clinic with symptoms. All SFx were confirmed with radiography or technetium scan according to the usual Navy protocol. Results: A total of 309 subjects were diagnosed with a SFx resulting in an incidence of 5.9% per 8 wk. Using intention-to-treat analysis by including all enrolled subjects, we found that the calcium and vitamin D group had a 20% lower incidence of SFx than the control group (5.3% versus 6.6%, respectively, p = 0.0026 for Fisher's exact test). The per protocol analysis, including only the 3700 recruits who completed the study, found a 21% lower incidence of fractures in the supplemented versus the control group (6.8% versus 8.6%, respectively, p = 0.02 for Fisher's exact test). Conclusions: Generalizing the findings to the population of 14,416 women who entered basic training at the Great Lakes during the 24 mo of recruitment, calcium and vitamin D supplementation for the entire cohort would have prevented ∼187 persons from fracturing. Such a decrease in SFx would be associated with a significant decrease in morbidity and financial costs.