cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced LIGO: sources and astrophysics

Second-generation detectors in LIGO will take us from the discovery phase of gravitational-wave observations to the phase of true gravitational-wave astrophysics, with hundreds or thousands of potential sources. This paper surveys the most likely and interesting potential sources for Advanced LIGO, and the astrophysical processes that each one will probe. I conclude that binary inspiral signals are expected, while continuous signals from pulsars are plausible but not guaranteed. Other sources, such as core-collapse bursts, cosmic strings and primordial stochastic backgrounds, are speculative sources for Advanced LIGO, but also potentially the most interesting, since they push the limits of our theoretical knowledge.
Biological denitrification of high explosives processing wastewaters

Previous work in our laboratory over the past four years has shown that the high explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) can be readily destroyed by alkaline hydrolysis. The hydrolysis process produces large quantities of concentrated but conventional wastewaters, containing acetate, formaldehyde, formate, ammonia and nitrite. To treat these wastewaters, a denitrifying (anoxic) biological process was developed that converts the hydrolysates to harmless endproducts, such as N2 and CO2. The nitrite is produced during the hydrolysis process as the electron acceptor, but additional nitrite is required to completely oxidize the carbon compounds. Over 90 percent of each organic carbon source can be removed in a packed-bed, upflow reactor in 3 hours hydraulic retention time. Formaldehyde and acetate are first degraded at approximately the same rate, and formate is degraded more slowly. Results closely match the stoichiometry predicted by the empirical redox equations describing the process.
Energy consumption and economic development in Sub-Sahara Africa

Sub-Saharan African countries' economic development is dependent on energy consumption. This paper assesses total energy demand, which is composed of traditional energy (wood fuel) and commercial energy (electricity and petroleum), in the Central, East, South, and West regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cross-sectional time series data for 20 countries in 25 years are analyzed, and the results of the study show that wood fuel accounts for 70% of energy consumption, followed by petroleum, with most industrial activities utilizing some form of wood fuel. Regression results suggest that energy demand is inversely related to the price of petroleum and industrial development, but positively related to GDP, population growth rate, and agricultural expansion, and that price elasticity is less than one. The model results also show that there are regional differences in energy demand. In addition, the interaction of population growth rates by regions generates mixed results, and there are regional differences in the use of commercial energy consumption, and GDP growth. The findings of this study suggest that countries must diversify their energy sources and introduce energy-efficient devices and equipment at all levels of the economy to improve GDP growth rate and GDP per capita.
A resin-gastric mucin mixture in the medical management of peptic ulcer

Thirty patients with gastroduodenal ulcer were observed for periods of five to 15 months while on a regimen in which a new Polyamine anion exchange resin-gastric mucin mixture (Resmicon) was used as the antacid. Except for two patients who did not like the taste, all patients took this substance (12 to 16 tablets daily) without any untoward results.
Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix: case report and review of the literature.

Objective: To present a case of malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix and review the medical literature, evaluate the clinical presentations and prognosis, and establish a plan of management for this rare pathology.Methods: A case of cervical malignant melanoma treated at our institution was prospectively followed until her death. An extensive MEDLINE search was then performed to obtain all previous case reports on this entity. Information regarding age, clinical presentation, staging, pathology, lymphnode status, treatment, and survival was reviewed.Results: Our patient is a 70-year old white female who presented with a 4-month history of irregular vaginal bleeding. She was diagnosed with malignant melanoma of the cervix, stage IIa, for which she underwent a modified radical hysterectomy, partial vaginectomy, and pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection. She received adjuvant radiation therapy to the pelvis, total dose of 4500 cGy. The patient's survival was 29 months. There have been only 24 published cases of primary cervical melanoma in the medical literature. The patients' ages ranged from 39 to 78 years old. The main presenting symptom was vaginal bleeding (67%). The majority of the patients, 58%, presented in early stages (Ia to IIa). Treatment was varied, ranging from a simple excision of a mass to radical hysterectomy with lymph node dissection and adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy. Survival was widespread, even within the same stage.Conclusion: Cervical melanoma is a rare disease of which no prospective or retrospective studies exist, only case reports. Treatment controversies exist. We recommend radical surgical excision to obtain negative margins and lymphadenectomy only for grossly positive nodes. The prognosis is poor and unpredictable.
Fabrication of mid-infrared frequency-selective surfaces by soft lithography.

We describe the fabrication of large areas (4 cm2) of metallic structures or aperture elements that have ∼100–350-nm linewidths and act as frequency-selective surfaces. These structures are fabricated with a type of soft lithography—near-field contact-mode photolithography—that uses a thin elastomeric mask having topography on its surface and is in conformal contact with a layer of photoresist. The mask acts as an optical element to create minima in the intensity of light delivered to the photoresist. Depending on the type of photoresist used, lines of, or trenches in, photoresist are formed on the substrate by exposure, development, and lift-off. These surfaces act as bandpass or bandgap filters in the infrared.
Electric-field-induced narrowing of exciton linewidth

Considering effects of electric field on the low temperature absorption line of quantum well excitons, we show that, for moderate strength of the electric field, the main contribution to the field dependence of the line-width results from field induced modifications of inhomogeneous broadening of excitons. We find that the strength of the random potential acting on quantum well excitons due to alloy disorder and interface roughness can either decrease or increase with field depending upon the thickness of the well. This means that under certain conditions one can observe counterintuitive narrowing of exciton spectral lines in electric field.
Length of Vorticity Nodal Sets for Solutions of the 2D Navier–Stokes Equations

Abstract We provide an upper bound on the size of the nodal set of the vorticity ω for solutions of the 2D periodic Navier–Stokes equation. The upper bound depends polynomially on the initial condition, viscosity, the size of Ω, and 1/t. The result is based on a new bound on the order of vanishing for solutions of .
Rent seeking in North-South agricultural trade

Until the Uruguay Round of the GATT negotiations, less developed countries had not lobbied systematically for developed country agricultural trade liberalization either individually or as a group, despite the strong probability that such liberalization would increase less developed countries income. The paper reviews previous hypotheses for this behavior and identifies another explanation. Developed country agricultural distortions sometimes result in income transfers to a group of less developed country agricultural producers who lobby both at home and abroad for the continuation of the developed country distortions. Examples from cassava and sugar trade are discussed. Copyright 1989 by Oxford University Press.
In Vitro Activity of Josamycin Against Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci and Anaerobes

Josamycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, was compared with ampicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin in vitro against 25 isolates each of pneumococci, enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and nonenterococcal hemolytic streptococci and against 25 anaerobes including 10 Bacteroides fragilis. Minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration data were obtained for the aerobic organisms, using serial twofold tube dilutions in Mueller-Hinton broth. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined for the anaerobes by the agar dilution technique. Josamycin was comparable to erythromycin and clindamycin in activity against the pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylococci and was more active than clindamycin against enterococci. It was somewhat less active than ampicillin against enterococci and S. epidermidis and showed its greatest in vitro activity against anaerobes, being comparable to clindamycin.
Do we really need continuous vancomycin infusion in neonates

The interesting work of Zhao et al ,1 in the June issue of the journal, recommends the use of a patient-tailored dosing regimen in an attempt to optimise continuous-infusion vancomycin (CIV) therapy in the newborn population. Despite the increasing use of CIV therapy during the past 10 years in neonates and young infants, the data on pharmacokinetics and dosing regimen of this drug are significantly lacking. Zhao et al 1 chose to investigate the results of vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring under three different regimens and to develop an optimised dosing model with the aim to decrease the number of off-target vancomycin …
Chapter 29 Local public goods and clubs

Abstract I discuss recent contributions to the theory of group formation and the provision of jointly consumed public goods and services. I highlight the distinction between models of pure group formation, and models where the formation of groups and the sharing of public goods are constrained by a division of geographic space into jurisdictions. Much of the literature concerns the distortions that arise when price systems or tax systems are constrained, for example, to serve the dual roles of redistributing income and funding public services. I also highlight the distortions that can arise from arbitrary divisions of space, and review recent contributions that emphasize the distortions that arise when there are both public and private providers of services. My focus is mainly on equilibrium concepts and policy instruments.
Evolutionary Rate Covariation in Meiotic Proteins Results from Fluctuating Evolutionary Pressure in Yeasts and Mammals

Evolutionary rates of functionally related proteins tend to change in parallel over evolutionary time. Such evolutionary rate covariation (ERC) is a sequence-based signature of coevolution and a potentially useful signature to infer functional relationships between proteins. One major hypothesis to explain ERC is that fluctuations in evolutionary pressure acting on entire pathways cause parallel rate changes for functionally related proteins. To explore this hypothesis we analyzed ERC within DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and meiosis proteins over phylogenies of 18 yeast species and 22 mammalian species. We identified a strong signature of ERC between eight yeast proteins involved in meiotic crossing over, which seems to have resulted from relaxation of constraint specifically in Candida glabrata. These and other meiotic proteins in C. glabrata showed marked rate acceleration, likely due to its apparently clonal reproductive strategy and the resulting infrequent use of meiotic proteins. This correlation between change of reproductive mode and change in constraint supports an evolutionary pressure origin for ERC. Moreover, we present evidence for similar relaxations of constraint in additional pathogenic yeast species. Mammalian MMR and meiosis proteins also showed statistically significant ERC; however, there was not strong ERC between crossover proteins, as observed in yeasts. Rather, mammals exhibited ERC in different pathways, such as piRNA-mediated defense against transposable elements. Overall, if fluctuation in evolutionary pressure is responsible for ERC, it could reveal functional relationships within entire protein pathways, regardless of whether they physically interact or not, so long as there was variation in constraint on that pathway.
A Markovian investigation of English language redundancy

To test the assumptions of ergodicity and regularity underlying the application of information-theory measures to language-redundancy studies, digram letter transition probabilities were represented in the form of a Markov source. The source was determined to be ergodic and regular, and sequential letter dependencies were found to be relatively short run. Trigram probabilities predicted by the Markov model were consistently slightly higher than empirical probabilities, demonstrating limitation of such an approach to statistical language analysis.
HDL-cholesterol and incidence of breast cancer in the ARIC cohort study

Purpose An association of low plasma HDL-cholesterol with risk of breast cancer has been suggested by multiple studies; the evidence, however, is not conclusive. We examined the possible association of low HDL-cholesterol with incidence of breast cancer using data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) cohort, a prospective study of a randomly selected sample of women and men from four U.S. communities. Methods Among 7,575 female members of the ARIC cohort, 359 cases of incident breast cancer were ascertained during the follow-up from 1987 through 2000. Results In analysis adjusted for age, race, body mass index, smoking, and reproductive variables, we observed no association of low baseline HDL-cholesterol ( Conclusion Results of our study suggest that low HDL-cholesterol among premenopausal women may be a marker of increased breast cancer risk.
Coordinate-Based Routing for Overlay Networks

Overlay networks are widely used as a way to introduce novel Internet services and to improve the reliability and performance of today's Internet. Traditionally, overlay networks perform routing by mimicking the underlying IP routing protocols, which does not scale well with the system size. In this paper, we propose a fundamentally new approach to overlay routing that is based on network coordinates. Our evaluation shows that this approach is scalable to a large number of overlay nodes with a message complexity of O(N) while providing routing decisions that are close to optimal in terms of error resilience and path delay.
Forums for Justice: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

There are persons in all human societies who have problems of debt, of theft, of infidelity, of employment, of falsification, of property. Some of these people seek to do something about their problems and in so doing use and even create forums for justice. Depending on their choice and use of forums, they may resolve the original problem or may cause it to escalate. Problems in achieving just solutions result from the dilemmas of legal pluralism, from professionalism, and from conditions of scarcity. Materials from a variety of societies ranging from simple to complex will be reviewed in order to raise fundamental issues about the direction and meaning of justice and law-related phenomena.
Halothane, Fentanyl/Nitrous Oxide, and Spinal Lidocaine Protect Against Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat

Little information is available regarding the interaction of anesthesia and spinal cord injury. In this study male, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 140) of similar weights underwent a graded lumbar spinal cord injury by inflation of an epidural balloon, to determine the effect of anesthesia upon the severity of injury. One of three different anesthetic regimens (halothane, fentanyl/nitrous oxide, or spinal lidocaine) were administered during the time of injury, and the neurologic outcome was compared to an awake control group. Physiologic variables (pH, PaCO2, PaO2, hematocrit, mean arterial pressure, serum glucose, and temperature) were maintained within normal ranges. Dose-response curves were constructed evaluating the relationship between the duration of balloon inflation versus the percentage of animals with a sustained neurologic deficit. The dose-response curves were analyzed for differences by use of a group t test. The incidence of clinical spinal cord injury (hindlimb paralysis) was lower in all three anesthetic groups as compared to awake controls (P less than 0.05). The balloon inflation time required to produce a sustained neurologic deficit in 50% of rats for each group was (minutes [mean +/- SD]): 1) awake--10.0 +/- 2.3; 2) spinal lidocaine-19.6 +/- 11.6, 3) halothane--19.8 +/- 6.7; and 4) fentanyl/nitrous oxide--37.9 +/- 18.7. This observation demonstrates that, in this model of spinal cord injury, various anesthetics improve neurologic function as compared to the awake state. It does not indicate any one technique as being either more favorable or deleterious in determining the final neurologic outcome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electron transfer collisions with spatially oriented CH3CN

Positive and negative ion pairs are detected in collisions of fast [5–30 eV center of mass (CM)] K atoms with CH3CN molecules oriented in space. Different products are favored by attack at different ends of the molecule. The principal negative ion is CN−, which is produced preferentially upon attack at the negative, or CN-end of the molecule. The cyanomethyl ion, CH2CN−, is observed as the energy is raised, and is preferentially produced upon attack at the positive (methyl) end of the molecule. Formation of these ions appears to proceed by electron transfer into the LUMO at either end of the molecule, followed by a curve crossing into the most exoergic channel. Neither parent ions nor electrons are detected.
Pathogenesis of feline enteric coronavirus infection.

Fifty-one specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats 10 weeks to 13 years of age were infected with a cat-to-cat fecal-oral passed strain of feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Clinical signs ranged from unapparent to a mild and self-limiting diarrhea. Twenty-nine of these cats were FECV naive before infection and followed sequentially for fecal virus shedding and antibody responses over a period of 8-48 months. Fecal shedding, as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from rectal swabs, appeared within a week and was significantly higher in kittens than older cats. FECV shedding remained at high levels for 2-10 months before eventually evolving into one of three excretion patterns. Eleven cats shed the virus persistently at varying levels over an observation period of 9-24 months. Eleven cats appeared to have periods of virus shedding interlaced with periods of non-shedding (intermittent or recurrent shedders), and seven cats ceased shedding after 5-19 months (average 12 months). There was no change in the patterns of virus shedding among cats that were excreting FECV at the time of a secondary challenge exposure. Four cats, which had ceased shedding, re-manifested a primary type infection when secondarily infected. Cats with higher feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibody titers were significantly more likely to shed virus, while cats with lower titers were significantly less likely to be shedding. Twenty-two kittens born to experimentally infected project queens began shedding virus spontaneously, but never before 9-10 weeks of age. Natural kittenhood infections appeared to be low grade and abortive. However, a characteristic primary type infection occurred following experimental infection with FECV at 12-15 weeks of age. Pregnancy, parturition and lactation had no influence on fecal shedding by queens. Methylprednisolone acetate treatment did not induce non-shedders to shed and shedders to increase shedding.
Whole word measures in bilingual children with speech sound disorders

Phonological acquisition traditionally has been measured using constructs that focus on segments rather than the whole words. Findings from recent research have suggested whole-word productions be evaluated using measures such as phonological mean length of utterance (pMLU) and the proportion of whole-word proximity (PWP). These measures have been investigated mainly in typically-developing children, but their use with children with speech sound disorders has been limited. This study compares PMLU, PWP, and consonant accuracy in Spanish-English bilinguals with speech sound disorders (SSD) to age-matched monolingual peers. This study relates directly to the type of research that Adele Miccio favoured. First, it is focusing on bilingual children. For the past 5 years, she has been the principal investigator of a grant developing a comprehensive phonological assessment tool for bilingual speakers. Second, during her career, Miccio advocated using multiple analyses to gauge the phonological skills of children, especially those with speech sound disorders. Her work in stimulability is evidence of that perspective. This study examines one 'raditional' measure (consonant accuracy) and two newer ones (pMLU and PWP), thereby broadening the analyses of phonological skills in bilingual children with SSD and thus carrying out multiple analyses, just as Miccio recommended throughout her illustrious career.
Making sense of family violence: Implications of children's appraisals of interparental aggression for their short- and long-term functioning.

Children who are exposed to interparental violence are at risk for a host of adjustment problems, but little is known about the processes that explain why children from violent families develop different patterns of adjustment. In this paper, we examine the role that children's perceptions and interpretations of aggression may play in shaping the impact of interparental violence on their short- and long-term functioning. Appraisals of interparental conflict have been linked to children's emotional and behavioral responses to conflict as well as their adjustment more broadly and offer a mechanism for understanding diverse outcomes in children who witness violence in the home. We explore how the appraisal process may differ in violent versus conflictual but nonviolent interactions, consider contextual factors that may influence this process, and outline directions for research investigating how children perceive and make sense of violence in intimate relationships.
Environmental consequences of modern production agriculture: How can alternative agriculture address these issues and concerns?

Modern large-scale conventional agriculture with intensive monoculture and row-cropping practices often results in unacceptable soil erosion and runoff and in associated losses of nutrients and pesticides. It also adversely affects wildlife. Sediment from erosion is the greatest pollutant of surface water in the United States and is a major carrier of agrichemicals into the water system. Conservation tillage practices can significantly reduce soil losses in modern production systems, but pollution of surface and groundwaters from runoff and associated potential for increased use of pesticides may still present a hazard. Erosion can be reduced to tolerable levels by the use of crop rotations, meadow crops, and mulch tillage, as commonly used in alternative agriculture. These cultural practices also result in diversity in crop types and in smaller fields, with possible benefit to many wildlife species. Chemical threats to the environment and to wildlife are reduced because synthetic chemicals are used sparingly or not at all.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Immune Response, Immunopathogenesis, and Treatment

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection during infancy and early childhood. Once RSV infection is established, the host immune response includes the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies and T-cell-specific immunity. The humoral immune response normally results in the development of anti-RSV neutralizing-antibody titers, but these are often suboptimal during an infant’s initial infection. Even when the production of RSV neutralizing antibody following RSV infection is robust, humoral immunity wanes over time. Reinfection during subsequent seasons is common. The cellular immune response to RSV infection is also important for the clearance of virus. This immune response, vital for host defense against RSV, is also implicated in the immunopathogenesis of severe lower respiratory tract RSV bronchiolitis. Many details of the immunology and immunopathologic mechanisms of RSV disease known at present have been learned from rodent models of RSV disease and are discussed in some detail. In addition, the roles of immunoglobulin E, histamine, and eosinophils in the immunopathogenesis of RSV disease are considered. Although the treatment of RSV bronchiolitis is primarily supportive, the role of ribavirin is briefly discussed. Novel approaches to the development of new antiviral drugs with promising anti-RSV activity in vitro are also described.
A classical puzzle: The driving-point resistances of infinite grids

What is the driving-point resistance across the diagonal of a square face — or more generally, between any two nodes — of a uniform infinite square grid of 1-Ω resistances? This puzzle has been cropping up in the electrical engineering literature for many decades and reappeared in two recent issues of IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine. Described herein is an analysis that completely resolves the matter. In fact, it does so for the general case of an n-dimensional resistive grid whose resistors are all the same, or perhaps vary in one direction only.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing During Pregnancy

Pregnancy is associated with many physiologic and hormonal changes along with changes in sleep architecture, placing pregnant women at risk for the development of sleep-disordered breathing or worsening of preexisting sleep apnea. Snoring, the most common symptom of sleep-disordered breathing, is markedly increased during pregnancy. The exact prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in pregnant women is unknown. Because the apneic episodes are commonly associated with oxyhemoglobin desaturations, the combination of obstructive sleep apnea and pregnancy can be potentially harmful to the fetus given the low oxygen reserves during pregnancy. Obstructive sleep apnea has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension among the general population, and this raises the possibility of its association with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. In this clinical review, we discuss the physiologic changes of pregnancy that predispose pregnant women to the development of obstructive sleep apnea and the effects of sleep-disordered breathing on pregnancy outcomes. We also review the recommendations regarding evaluation for sleep apnea and treatment options during pregnancy and postpartum.
Promoting modern agricultural construction of China and options of agricultural technique.

This article analyzed the relationship between options of agricultural technique and establishing technical system of modern agricultural industry,adaptive technical system of food production,technical system of production bases of farm production,and specialized production system based on professional farmers. According to these,we proposed choosing the appropriate agricultural technique to give full play to technical progression on its driving effect,so as to propel the modern agricultural construction of China into a higher level.
A Teenage Girl With Painful Walking and a Left Foot Mass

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
A Study of Propeller Operation Near a Free Surface

This paper presents a study of the effects of the interaction of the free surface with a marine propeller operating close to it, including the effects of depth and cross flow. Extensive simulations using the naval hydrodynamics computational fluid dynamics solver REX were conducted to study the open water characteristics, transient blade loads, and flow behavior of propeller 4661, with comparison to fully submerged experimental data at 0° and 30° shaft inclination with respect to the incoming flow. Deeply submerged computations and experiments show that the cross flow results in an increase in thrust and torque and lower efficiency relative to uniform inflow. Near the surface, computations show that effects on thrust and torque increase more dramatically as the propeller load increases. Furthermore, the presence of the free surface breaks the symmetry resulting in highest blade force losses when the blade is near top dead center. As the propeller approaches the surface, the amplitude of the higher harmonics of blade force increases. A demonstration calculation for a self-propelled submarine sailing deep and near the surface shows that operating closer to the surface results in higher propeller loads and lower efficiency.
Host Discrimination by Adult and Larval European Apple Sawflies Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

Adult and larval European apple sawflies (EAS), Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug), were assayed for propensity to avoid resource sites (apple blossoms and growing apples, respectively) already occupied by conspecifics (i.e., assayed for host discrimination). Under laboratory conditions, adults oviposited significantly less frequently in blossoms containing oviposition wounds and eggs than in healthy, uninfested ones. Similarly, significantly fewer adults attempted oviposition in blossoms containing artificial oviposition wounds than in intact blossoms. These results suggest that wound tissue exudates provide information to EAS adults on the infestation state of individual blossoms. EAS larvae, following emigration from their first hosts, invaded uninfested apples significantly more often than apples harboring living conspecifics. Similar results were obtained when resident larvae were killed before testing. We were unable to determine the stimulus(i) larvae employ in the hostdiscrimination process.
REFLECTION MAGNITUDE, A MEASURE OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS, PREDICTS INCIDENT CONGESTIVE CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN MEN BUT NOT WOMEN: MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (MESA)

Arterial stiffness is a risk factor for heart failure (HF) and is higher in women. We investigated gender differences between arterial stiffness and incident HF in the MESA population. Participants were free of cardiovascular disease. Applanation tonometry from 5,959 participants (52.8% women) was
Government's Incentive Guidance in Technological Innovation——From the Principal-agent Perspective

Divided by whether environmental quality and resources utilization rate could be enhanced,enterprises are facing two developmental directions,which are traditional technological innovation(TTI)and green technological innovation(GTI).There exists a principal-agent relationship between government and enterprises in encouraging and guiding technological innovation.Based on the multitask principal-agent models proposed by Eugene Silberberg,the government's incentive contract assumption is formulated and the models are given a static analysis.Then,four suggestions are made about the government's incentives of green technological innovation,i.e.,the government should make clear of its"green goal"in the incentive guidance of technological innovation,promote green technological innovation periodically,focus on enterprises' pilot work on green technological innovation and establish a guarantee mechanism for green technological innovation.
Motivations for Reading the Left Behind Book Series: A Uses and Gratifications Analysis

ABSTRACTThis uses and gratifications study investigates motivations for reading the Left Behind book series and their correlation to media use patterns; religious commitments; and the Conservative Protestant, Mainline, or Catholic Christian background of readers. The survey of 1,188 readers found that sanctified entertainment and “end times” teaching were the top reasons for reading the series. There was a significant positive relationship between religious media use and spiritual growth/development, content reaction, and accuracy. A significant positive relationship was found between religious commitment and content reaction, and religious commitment and biblical accuracy reading motivations. The study revealed different reading motivations among the various denominations, especially Catholics.
Branched calculi: shapes and operative approaches.

AbstractBranched calculi (infection stones) typically arise in intrarenal pelves. They expand to touch the pelvic wall and then grow peripherally, keeping contact with the walls of the pelvis and ≧1 infundibula. Filling the infundibulum obstructs the calix and allows terminal expansion of the stone. From study of a series of stones such a sequence might be reconstructed.The shape of the calculus and collecting structures was traced and classified from excretory urograms of 50 consecutive renal units. The funnel pelvis, usually intrarenal, contained a stone either extending into the ureteropelvic junction (24 cases) or stopping short of it (9 cases). Pelvic or infundibular and caliceal dilatation around the stone was found in the remaining 8 and 9 cases, respectively.These patterns of growth of branched calculi directly bear on the approaches and technique for the operative removal. Because typical branched calculi arise in the intrarenal pelvis a high transverse intrahilar incision is necessary. Less intr...
Effect of changes in extracellular Cl on intracellular Cl activity in frog skin

Intracellular Cl activity was measured in isolated frog skin (Rana pipiens) with double-barrel microelectrodes. The initial rate of Cl uptake was measured in Cl-depleted cells on reexposure to Cl on apical or basolateral side. In skins with high and low conductance, cell CL activity increased 1.33 and 0.14 mM/s with apical reexposure and 5.03 and 0.30 mM/s with basolateral reexposure, respectively. The initial Cl uptake was reduced on the apical side by 93% with 10(-3) M DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2ߗ-disulfonic acid) and on the basolateral side by 99% with 10(-3) M SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) plus 10(-5) M bumetanide. The initial rate of Cl loss was measured when Cl was removed from the bath: addition of HCO3 to Cl- and HCO3-free solution caused an acceleration of Cl loss in absence but not in presence of DIDS on apical side. In contrast, Cl loss across the basolateral side was not enhanced by HCO3. In conclusion, Na-transporting cells have a substantial Cl per...
Temperature-Dependent Dynamics of CS2: An OHD-RIKES Study

The intermolecular modes of liquids play a crucial role in chemical dynamics in solution, as has been demonstrated by numerous experimental [1] and theoretical [2] studies. A microscopic understanding of these modes is essential to the development of a coherent picture of solution-phase chemistry. For a given chemical process, one would like to know the physical nature of the relevant modes (e.g., whether they are predominantly rotational or translational) as well as their dynamic nature (i.e., whether they are homogeneously or inhomogeneously broadened). These issues have proven difficult to resolve even for bulk liquids, for which the intermolecular modes have traditionally been studied with variants of far-IR or depolarized Raman spectroscopy. These techniques are formally linear in the modes being studied, and therefore give no direct information about the nature or the broadening mechanisms of the modes.
Physical Ability Tests and Title VII

Suppose you supervise the police department of a large American city. In response to rising crime, the city council has authorized you to hire more officers. Within days your office is flooded with applications for just a handful of positions. How can you possibly choose from among them? One possibility is to screen those applicants initially to eliminate those who seem unlikely to become successful candidates. Imposing minimum education and literacy requirements might remove some applicants from consideration. Another option would be to screen based on physical ability. After all, many police officers must apprehend fleeing criminals, and skills such as strength and stamina could be measured by requiring applicants to drag or lift a certain amount of weight or complete a timed run. However, such a test might run afoul of employment discrimination law, specifically Title VII. Title VII protects minorities and women from employment practices that discriminate against them. Since men tend to outperform women on most physical tests, more men than women will be hired as a result of using such tests. Consequently, tests based on physical strength can create an unlawful disparate impact. The Civil Rights Act of 19911 provides for a "business necessity" or "job related" defense to disparate impact claims under Title VII.2 Many employers rely on this defense when contesting their liability. The Act allows an employer to prevail if it proves "that the challenged practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity."3 However, the exact contours of this defense are still unclear, and lower courts have used a number of different standards when evaluating the defense, thereby confusing plaintiffs and defendants alike. Part I of this Comment reviews the history of disparate impact analysis and the business necessity defense under Title VII and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. Part II examines one area where the business necessity defense crops up quite frequently, the use of physical ability
The limits of transparency: Data brokers and commodification

In the United States the prevailing public policy approach to mitigating the harms of internet surveillance is grounded in the liberal democratic value of transparency. While a laudable goal, transparency runs up against insurmountable structural constraints within the political economy of commercial surveillance. A case study of the data broker industry reveals the limits of transparency and shows that commodification of personal information is at the root of the power imbalances that transparency-based strategies of consumer empowerment seek to rectify. Despite significant challenges, privacy policy must be more centrally informed by a critical political economy of commercial surveillance.
Limited English-Proficient (LEP) Patients: The Importance of Working with Trained Medical Interpreters to Promote Equitable Healthcare

Approximately 60 million people in the United States speak a language other than English at home. Half of these individuals report that they speak English less than “very well.” These individuals are considered to have limited English proficiency (LEP). Linguistic barriers can lead to patient misunderstanding of treatment, misdiagnosis, significant delays in treatment, patient’s poor decision-making, ethical compromises (e.g., difficulty obtaining informed consent, medical errors, and patients not being given all available options of care), and rise in the cost of medical care. Overall, linguistic barriers have been associated with lower healthcare access and poorer physical and mental health. Providing medical interpreter services is vital to promoting equitable healthcare and in overcoming the stigma and prejudice that can be associated with being a patient with LEP.
Insight into seed-assisted template free synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolites

Abstract Synthesizing nanocrystalline ZSM-5 using a templating method is considered to be time, energy, and materials inefficient. In addition, the production of CO 2 from the calcination process has a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, finding another method to synthesize nanocrystalline ZSM-5 without using an organic template would be beneficial. Here, nanocrystalline ZSM-5 was synthesized successfully in high yield by using a seed-assisted method and without using the organic template. In addition, the effects of synthesis temperature, synthesis time, pH, amount of seeds, size of seeds, aging time, and use of calcined and uncalcined seeds were investigated. The synthesized nanocrystalline ZSM-5 materials were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas adsorption isotherm (BET/BJH), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP/OES), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the synthesis temperature and time have a strong influence on the crystallinity of the synthesized nanocrystalline ZSM-5. Under the conditions reported here, the ideal synthesis temperature and time to synthesize fully crystalline ZSM-5 crystals are 165 °C, and 14–24 h, respectively. Controlling the pH and seed amount facilitated the synthesis of ZSM-5 with high crystallinity. A basic environment with Na 2 O/SiO 2 = 0.4, and a seed amount of 0.35 wt % were necessary to form fully crystalline ZSM-5 particles. In addition, ZSM-5 with high crystallinity and yield could be obtained using calcined seeds. Finally, seeds with large complex aggregates showed a strong influence on the size and aggregation of the synthesized particles.
Continuum modeling and control of large nonuniform networks

Recent research has shown that some Markov chains modeling networks converge to continuum limits, which are solutions of partial differential equations (PDEs), as the number of the network nodes approaches infinity. Hence we can approximate such large networks by PDEs. However, the previous results were limited to uniform immobile networks with a fixed transmission rule. In this paper we first extend the analysis to uniform networks with more general transmission rules. Then through location transformations we derive the continuum limits of nonuniform and possibly mobile networks. Finally, by comparing the continuum limits of corresponding nonuniform and uniform networks, we develop a method to control the transmissions in nonuniform and mobile networks so that the continuum limit is invariant under node locations, and hence mobility. This enables nonuniform and mobile networks to maintain stable global characteristics in the presence of varying node locations.
Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf Oil Spill: Lessons Learned

Education and training about immediate responses are important for all mental health providers of immediate and continuing services to assist children, adolescents, adults, and families in the aftermath of disasters. To sensitively help with evacuations and return to normalcy, responders must also be trained to understand the culture and traditions of affected communities. It is important to provide knowledge about available resources and to emphasize the need for routines and self-care for both victims and responders in an environment that, with recovery, will reflect a new normal.
A Quality Improvement Approach to Standardization and Sustainability of the Hand-off Process

There is mounting evidence that communication and hand-off failures are a root cause of two-thirds of sentinel events in hospitals. Several studies have shown that non-standardized hand-offs have yielded poor patient outcomes and adverse events. At Stony Brook University Hospital, there were numerous reported adverse events related to poor hand-off during the transfer of patient responsibility from one resident caregiver to the next. A resident-conducted root cause analysis identified lack of a standardized hand-off process and formal training on safe and efficient hand-off among caregivers as key contributing factors. This quality improvement project used the PDSA methodology to test the use of a standardized method, the IPASS mnemonic, and compare it to our conventional hand-off method in our internal medicine residency program. The main goals of this study were to test the feasibility and effectiveness of a standardized I- PASS hand-off and to create a robust sustainability model that includes 1) integration of I-PASS handoff in the Electronic Medical Record (EMR), 2) direct observation of the hand-off process by faculty and senior residents, and 3) surveillance and reporting of hand-off compliance scores. Compared to hand-off with a conventional method, the use of the I-PASS method resulted in significantly fewer reported adverse events (χ2=4.8, df=1, p=0.04). I-PASS was successfully integrated into our EMR system and residents were mandated to use this as the sole method of hand-off. An EMR audit conducted six months after implementation revealed poor compliance, which ultimately led to the creation of a sustainability model that improved overall compliance from 60% to 100%.
LESS: Big data sketching and Encryption on low power platform

Ever-growing IoT demands big data processing and cognitive computing on mobile and battery operated devices. However, big data processing on low power embedded cores is challenging due to their limited communication bandwidth and on-chip storage. Additionally, IoT and cloud-based computing demand low overhead security kernel to avoid data breaches. In this paper, we propose a Light-weight Encryption using Scalable Sketching (LESS) framework for big data sketching and encryption using One-Time Random Linear Projections (OTRLP). OTRLP encoded matrix makes the Known Plaintext Attacks (KPA) ineffective, and attackers cannot gain significant information from plaintext-ciphertext pair. LESS framework can reduce data up to 67% with 3.81 dB signal-to-reconstruction error rate (SRER). This framework has two important kernels “sketching” and “sketch-reconstruction”, the latter is computationally intensive and costly. We propose to accelerate the sketch reconstruction using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) on a domain specific many-core hardware named Power Efficient Nano Cluster (PENC) designed by authors of this paper. To demonstrate efficiency of LESS framework, we integrate it with Hadoop MapReduce platform for objects and scenes identification application. The full hardware integration consists of tiny ARM cores which perform task scheduling and objects identification application, while PENC acts as an accelerator for sketch reconstruction. The full hardware integration results show that the LESS framework achieves 46% reduction in data transfers with very low execution overhead of 0.11% and negligible energy overhead of 0.001% when tested for 2.6 GB streaming input data. The heterogeneous LESS framework requires 2x less transfer time and achieves 2.25x higher throughput per watt compared to MapReduce platform.