cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency-hop multiple-access systems with limited per-hop multi-user detection

Robust frequency hop (FH) waveforms perform forward error correction coding across multiple time-frequency slots (referred to as hops). The typical assumption for FH receivers is that only one signal per hop can be recovered by the demodulator. In terms of multiple-access interference (MAI), this typically leads to one of two design choices for FH systems. One option is to mitigate MAI statistically; namely, through the use of nonorthogonal hopping. With nonorthogonal hopping, from time to time multiple users' signals occupy the same hop. Because coding is performed across many hops, this interference does not necessarily preclude correct decoding, and the corresponding performance degradation may be deemed acceptable. The advantage of this approach is that one user's hopping sequence does not depend on the hopping sequence of one or more of the other users, which reduces the required level of coordination among the users. The second option is to completely avoid MAI through the use of orthogonal hopping sequences. Such sequences ensure that at most one user signal is present in each hop, which complements the capabilities of a single-user detector, but additional coordination is required among the users.
Insulin-mimetic actions of wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A on specific mRNA levels

Insulin has pleiotropic effects on sensitive cells, including the regulation of specific mRNA accumulation initiated by the binding of insulin to its plasma membrane receptor. Lectins, such as wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and concanavalin A (Con A), are known to be insulin mimetic. It is thought that WGA and Con A interact with the insulin receptor or associated membrane glycoproteins which, when activated, lead to insulin-mimetic responses. We attempted to determine whether WGA and Con A could induce the accumulation of a specific messenger RNA (p33-mRNA). Insulin treatment of H4IIE (H4) hepatoma cells increased the concentration of p33-mRNA within 30 min after addition, with a maximum effect of 10- to 15-fold. WGA and Con A also exhibited time- and dose-dependent stimulatory effects on p33-mRNA accumulation with maximal effects of 30- to 40-fold. The effect of insulin was maximal by 1 h and plateaued thereafter, whereas lectins had maximal effects at 2 h after addition to cell cultures. Insulin, WGA, and Con A did not significantly alter the stability (half-life) of p33-mRNA. The addition of RNA synthesis inhibitors blocked the ability of insulin, WGA, and Con A to induce the amount of p33-mRNA. These data suggest that lectins, as well as insulin, induce the synthesis of p33-mRNA in acutely treated H4 hepatoma cells.
Controlled trial of furosemide therapy in infants with chronic lung disease.

To study the effects of furosemide therapy in infants with chronic lung disease (CLD), a double-blind controlled trial was designed. Seventeen infants with evidence of CLD (oxygen requirements >30% at >3 weeks of age and chest radiographic findings consistent with CLD) were studied. Pulmonary function was measured immediately before, and after 48 hours and 7 days of treatment with furosemide (1 mg/kg/12 hr intravenously or 2 mg/kg/12 hr orally) or placebo. Clinical status improved in six of seven infants who received furosemide and in two of 10 infants who received placebo (P
A Biomechanical Approach to MRI of Acute Knee Injuries

OBJECTIVE. MRI is routinely performed to evaluate acute complex knee injuries. This article will review the fundamental biomechanical forces underlying the most important and common injuries and correlate MRI findings with specific traumatic mechanisms. CONCLUSION. MRI findings can reveal the traumatic mechanisms in many acute knee injuries. By applying a biomechanical approach in MRI interpretation, it is possible to use easily detected lesions, such as osseous contusion and ligament rupture, to predict subtle but important abnormalities that might otherwise be missed. This systematic focused analysis enables a more accurate and rapid interpretation of knee MR studies.
Altered feeding habits and strategies of a benthic forage fish (Fundulus heteroclitus) in chronically polluted tidal salt marshes

Abstract Responses in feeding ecology of a benthic forage fish, mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), to altered prey resources were investigated in chronically polluted salt marshes (the Arthur Kill–AK, New York, USA). The diet niche breadth of the AK populations of mummichogs was significantly lower than that of the reference population, reflecting reduced benthic macroinfaunal species diversity. Most of the AK populations also had 2–3 times less food in their gut than the reference population. This disparity in gut fullness among the populations appeared to be partly due to ingested prey size shifts; some of the AK populations ingested fewer large prey than the reference population. Furthermore, benthic assemblages were strongly associated with sediment-associated mercury; gut fullness of the AK populations also significantly decreased with increasing mercury body burdens. These results indicate that chronic pollution may have directly (chemical bioaccumulation) and indirectly (reduced prey availability) altered the feeding ecology of mummichogs.
The 1986-7 Taulbee survey (computer science graduates, employment survey)

The authors describe the results of a survey completed in December 1987 on the production and employment of PhDs and faculty of PhD-granting computer science/engineering departments during the academic year, 1986-7. All 123 computer science departments (111 US and 12 Canadian) participated. In addition, for the first time, 22 US departments offering the PhD in computer engineering (CE) were included. CE statistics are reported separately so that comparisons with previous years can be made for computer science (CS), but the intention is to merge all statistics for CS and CE after several years. >
Pyrethroids: involvement of sodium channels in effects on inositol phosphate formation in guinea pig synaptoneurosomes.

Abstract The effects of pyrethroids were studied on phosphoinositide breakdown in guinea pig synaptoneurosomes. Similar to other agents that activate voltage-dependent sodium channels, type I and type II pyrethroids stimulated phosphoinositide breakdown. Type II pyrethroids, like deltamethrin and fenvalerate, were more potent and, at least for deltamethrin, more efficacious than type I pyrethroids, like allethrin, resmethrin and permethrin. The effects of type II pyrethroids could be partially inhibited by the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin. The effects of allethrin and resmethrin were not affected by 5 μM tetrodotoxin. Stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown by fenvalerate was additive to the stimulation elicited by the receptor agonists carbamylcholine and norepinephrine, but not to the stimulation elicited by sodium channel agents (batrachotoxin, scorpion venom and pumiliotoxin B). Stimulation by allethrin was not additive to the stimulation elicited either by receptor agonists or sodium channel agents. A submaximal concentration of allethrin, a type I pyrethroid, did not greatly affect the dose-dependent stimulation elicited by a type II pyrethroid, deltamethrin, while a higher concentration of allethrin prevented further stimulation by type II pyrethroids. A local anesthetic, dibucaine, which inhibits sodium channel activation, inhibited phosphoinositide breakdown induced by type II, but not by type I pyrethroids, except at higher concentrations. Thus, type II pyrethroids appear to stimulate phosphoinositide breakdown in synaptoneurosomes in a manner analogous to other sodium channel agents, while type I pyrethroids elicit phosphoinositide breakdown by a different mechanism, probably not involving sodium channels.
Depression of Thalamic Metabolism by Lorazepam Is Associated with Sleepiness

Though it is well recognized that the pharmacological actions of benzodiazepines are mediated by facilitation of GABAergic neurotransmission, the consequences of these changes in regional brain function are not well understood. This study measured regional brain glucose metabolism using Positron Emission Tomography and 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose in normal controls (n = 21) investigated with and without lorazepam (30 μg/kg IV) and with flumazenil given after lorazepam (n = 9). Lorazepam markedly decreased metabolism in thalamus (23± 8%) and occipital cortex (19± 8%), and flumazenil partially reversed these changes. Changes in metabolic activity in thalamus were significantly correlated with lorazepam-induced sleepiness (r = . 69, df 20, p <. 0005) and there was a trend of an association between the reversal by flumazenil of lorazepam-induced change in thalamus and in sleepiness (r = . 63, df 8,p = . 07). Benzodiazepine-induced changes in thalamic activity may account for their sedative properties.
Ethanol Antagonizes Kainate Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Evoked GABAA Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents in the Rat Hippocampal CA1 Region

Many studies have demonstrated that ethanol reduces glutamatergic synaptic transmission primarily by inhibiting the N -methyl-d-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor. In contrast, the other two subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptor (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainate) have generally been shown to be insensitive to intoxicating concentrations of ethanol. However, we have previously identified a population of kainate receptors that mediate slow excitatory postsynaptic currents in the rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cell region that is potently inhibited by low concentrations of ethanol. In this study, we examined the effect of ethanol on kainate receptor-mediated inhibition of evoked GABAA inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell region. Under our recording conditions, bath application of 1 μM kainate significantly inhibited GABAA IPSCs. This inhibition seemed to be mediated by the activation of somatodendritic kainate receptors on GABAergic interneurons and the subsequent activation of metabotropic GABAB receptors, because the kainate inhibition was largely blocked by pretreating slices with a GABAB receptor antagonist. Ethanol pretreatment significantly antagonized the inhibitory effect of kainate on GABAA IPSCs, at concentrations as low as 20 mM. In contrast, ethanol did not block the direct inhibitory effect of a GABAB receptor agonist on GABAA IPSCs. The results of this study suggest that modest concentrations of ethanol may antagonize presynaptic, as well as postsynaptic, kainate receptor function in the rat hippocampus.
Dynamic Valgus Alignment and Functional Strength in Males and Females During Maturation

Abstract Context: Sex differences in dynamic measures have been established in physically mature populations. Gaining information on maturation's effect on dynamic performance measures implicated i...
Lightweight Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) performing coastal survey operations in REP 10A

Lightweight Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) were developed for Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Group 4 search and survey missions from a commercial AUV baseline (Iver 2) through integration of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware components, and through software development for enhanced on-board Command and Control functions. The development period was 1 year under a project sponsored by the Office of Naval Research TechSolutions Program Office. Hardware integration was completed by the commercial AUV vendor, OceanServer Technology, Inc., and software development was conducted by the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Naval Oceanographic Office, and U MASS Dartmouth, with support from hardware and software application providers (YSI, Inc., Imagenex Technology Corp., and CARIS). At the conclusion of the integration and development period, an at-sea performance evaluation was scheduled for the Lightweight NSW AUVs with NSWG-4 personnel. The venue for this evaluation was the NATO exercise Recognized Environmental Picture 10A (REP 10A), hosted by Marinha Portuguesa, and coordinated by the Faculdade de Engenharia–Universidade do Porto. REP 10A offered an opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new AUVs and to explore the Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for employing them in military survey operations in shallow coastal waters. Shore- and ship-launched scenarios with launch/recovery by a single operator in a one-to-many coordinated survey, on-scene data product generation and visualization, data push to Reach Back Cells for product integration and enhancement, and survey optimization to streamline survey effort and timelines were included in the CONOPS review. Opportunities to explore employment of hybrid AUV fleets in Combined Force scenarios were also utilized. The Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Marinha Portuguesa, the Faculdade de Engenharia–Universidade do Porto, and OceanServer Technology, Inc., were the primary participants bringing in-water resources to REP 10A. Technical support and products were provided by the Naval Research Laboratory–Stennis Space Center, Naval Oceanographic Office, NATO Undersea Research Centre, University of Massachusetts–Dartmouth, and YSI, Inc. REP 10A proved to be a very effective exercise in meeting each of the critical goals. Results of the performance evaluation guided final development and Independent Verification and Validation (IV&V) for the Lightweight NSW AUV, leading to on-time, successful Factory Acceptance Testing and delivery of the three contracted vehicles to NSWG-4 in September, 2010.
The effects of tie strength and tie diversity on job search, pay increases, and promotions in Singapore and Thailand:

This study assessed the effects of an employee's strength and diversity of network ties within the organization to job-search behavior, pay increases, and promotions in two East Asian countries (Singapore and Thailand). Contrary to predictions, there were no significant associations between the strength of ties with one's supervisor or peers with job-search behavior, pay increases, or promotions. However, as predicted, the diversity of ties was positively associated with job-search behavior, pay increases, and promotions. Finally, the community in which an employee is embedded had no moderating influence on job-search behavior, pay increases, or promotions after accounting for employee tenure, suggesting a convergence of results for these relationships in Singapore and Thailand.
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY AND OFF-FARM EMPLOYMENT OF FARM OPERATORS

Employment history affects subsequent choices. Based on their original job choice, operators are divided into farmers and workers. Equations are estimated to determine their probabilities of working off-the-farm. Education increases the probability that workers work offthe-farm, whereas vocational training increases farmers’ probability. ‘lIre probability of working off-the-farm decreases as unearned income increases, and its impact on workers is larger than on farmers. An employed spouse increases the probability that farmers work off-the-farm, but has the opposite impact for workers. Employment density increases the probability that workers will work off-the-farm.
Elevated oxygen uptake and high rates of nitrogen excretion in early life stages of the cobia Rachycentron canadum (L.), a fast‐growing subtropical fish

Physiological energetics of cobia Rachycentron canadum were quantified for 18 to 82 days post-hatch (dph) hatchery-reared juveniles to better understand energy transformation and its implications in growth and survival. Mean oxygen consumption rates (; mg O2 h−1) of fish fed ad libitum and fish that were starved significantly increased with increasing wet mass (M; g), = 1·4291M0·8119 and = 1·1784M0·7833, respectively, with a significant reduction in mean metabolic rates of starved fish (19 to 27% specific dynamic action; SDA). Total ammonia nitrogen excretion rates (AMM, μmol h−1) also scaled with M and significantly decreased after starvation. Mean mass-specific AMM and urea excretion rates are the highest reported in the literature, with urea accounting for approximately half the total nitrogen excretion measured in both fed and starved fish. Relatively high energetic rates may allow cobia to develop rapidly into pre-juveniles and be less susceptible to predation and starvation at a comparatively early age.
Resonant optothermoacoustic detection: technique for measuring weak optical absorption by gases and micro-objects

We report a laser spectroscopy technique for detecting optical absorption in gases and micro-objects via linked thermal effects and by using a sharp mechanical resonance in a quartz crystal. The performance of this technique is studied using near-IR diode lasers and two gases, pure CO2 and C2H2 diluted in nitrogen. A 7.3×10−8cm−1W/(Hz)1/2 noise equivalent sensitivity to absorption in gases is demonstrated. Based on experimental results, it was estimated that 10−8 fractional absorption of optical radiation by a micro-object deposited on a thin transparent fiber can be detected.
THEORY AND IDEOLOGY IN MARXIST CRIMINOLOGY

Marxist criminology can be analyzed both as a theory of what is and as an ideology of what ought to be. theory must be examined by logic and empirical evidence. An ideology and its vision of the good society must be examined by comparison with other ideologies and real societies based on competing ideologies. Such comparisons would reveal that societies based on Marxist ideology have been unjust and repressive and do not represent a future for which criminologists should strive as Quinney urges them to do.
Performance of electronic ballast and controls with 34 and 40 watt F40 fluorescent lamps

The electric and photometric characteristics of 40-W, cool white (CW) and 34 W, so-called lite white (LW) F40 T-12 fluorescent lamps were compared by operating them with electronic ballasts, static controls, and dynamic controls of different designs. The energy-saving krypton-filled 34 W lamp-ballast system is, at best, slightly more efficacious than the standard 40 W argon-filled lamp-ballast system by virtue of the use of lite white phosphor. The 34 W system is shown to have limitations that include higher starting voltages, reduced temperature range of operation, smaller dimming range, and poorer color rendering than the standard cool white 40 W lamp system. >
Dental Pulp Mucopolysaccharidase: Identification and Role in Tooth Resorption

The presence of mucopolysaccharidase activity within the pulps of resorbing deciduous teeth was investigated using histochemical techniques. The loss of toluidine blue metachromasia within glycosaminoglycan film substrates indicated the presence of enzyme activity. This was related to physiologic resorption.
A market architecture for multi-agent contracting

We present a generalized market architecture that provides support for a variety of types of transactions, from simple buying and selling of goods and services to complex multi-agent contract negotiations. This architecture is organized around three basic com- ponents: the exchange, the market, and the session. We also present a negotiation protocol for planning by contracting that takes advantage of the services of the market. We show how the existence of an appropriate market infrastructure can add value to a multi-agent contracting protocol by controlling fraud and discouraging counterspeculation.
Mimicking Bacterial Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis in bacteria involves absorption of light by antenna chromophores and transfer of excitation to reaction centers, which convert the excitation energy to electrochemical potential energy in the form of transmembrane charge separation. A proton pump uses this stored energy to generate proton motive force across the membrane, which in turn is used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP). All of these steps can now be mimicked in the laboratory. Artificial antennas and reaction centers can be prepared from chromophores, electron donors and electron acceptors linked by covalent bonds. The artificial reaction centers can be inserted into the lipid bilayers of liposomes, where they act as constituents of transmembrane light-driven proton pumps. Finally, the proton gradient thus produced can be used to synthesize ATP via catalysis by FoFl-ATP synthase isolated from chloroplasts. The synthetic and natural systems can use light energy to produce ATP at comparable chemical potentials.
Higher Rank Tensors in Diffusion MRI

In this work we review how the diffusivity profiles obtained from diffusion MRI can be expressed in terms of Cartesian tensors of ranks higher than 2. When the rank of the tensor being used is 2, one recovers traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Therefore our approach can be seen as a generalization of DTI. The properties of generalized diffusion tensors are discussed. The shortcomings of DTI experienced in the presence of orientational heterogeneity may cause inaccurate anisotropy values and incorrect fiber orientations. Employment of higher rank tensors is helpful in overcoming these difficulties.
Cellular Pharmacology of Cardiac Automaticity and Conduction: Implications in Antiarrhythmic Drug Assessment

Cardiac automaticity (the spontaneous or automatic generation of cardiac impulses) and conduction (propagation of cardiac impulses) are fundamental to the underlying periodicity and rhythmicity of heartbeats. Cardiac arrhythmias occur when the normal succession of impulse generation and/or its propagation becomes disrupted. Significant abnormalities in the cardiac conduction system, whether inherited or acquired structural/functional, if not successfully remedied will predispose to arrhythmias acutely (e.g., sudden cardiac death) and/or chronically (e.g., atrial fibrillation), the latter of which then predispose to various cardiovascular diseases. Advancements in pharmacogenomics have enabled considerable delineation of the molecular/cellular players underlying both normal and abnormal automaticity and conduction. This has, for example, in the sinoatrial node (SAN), led to the realization of intricate workings of the ensemble of ion channels, exchangers, and pumps constituting a coupled sarcolemmal membrane and calcium cycling clock that provide for a robust yet tunable normal intrinsic impulse generation and likewise has led to the realization of how myocardial injury, disease, and channelopathies affect such molecular/cellular ensembles and give rise to automaticity and conduction abnormalities responsible for life disparaging or life-threatening arrhythmias. Increased understanding via drug-target interaction mechanisms and multiple experimental animal models has enabled detailed investigations into the various cellular signaling systems involved in modulating automaticity, and conduction has vastly expanded “drugable” targets. Accordingly expanded is the potential for developing novel antiarrhythmic drugs that are more regionally specific, can effectively target ensembles rather than single players involved in aberrant automaticity/conduction by acting upstream, and can attenuate or possibly even reverse the remodeling processes that produce arrhythmogenic substrates. This chapter will detail how these recent advancements in cellular/molecular basis of cardiac automaticity and conduction as well as their physiological and pathophysiological modulation now lend itself to improved antiarrhythmic drug assessment and therapies.
Design of Mechanism and Preliminary Field Validation of Low-Cost, Passive Prosthetic Knee for Users With Transfemoral Amputation in India

An estimated 230,000 above-knee amputees in India are currently in need of prosthetic care, a majority of them facing severe socio-economic constraints. However, only few passive prosthetic knee devices in the market have been designed for facilitation of normative gait kinematics and for meeting the specific daily life needs of above-knee amputees in the developing world. Based on the results of our past studies, this paper establishes a framework for the design of a low-cost prosthetic knee device, which aims to facilitate able-bodied kinematics at a low metabolic cost. Based on an exhaustive set of functional requirements, we present a prototype mechanism design for the low-cost prosthetic knee. The mechanism is implemented using an early stance lock for stability and two friction dampers for achieving able-bodied kinematics and kinetics of walking. For early-stage validation of the prosthesis design, we carry out a preliminary field trial on four above-knee amputees in India and collect qualitative user feedback. Future iterations of the mechanism prototype will incorporate an additional spring component for enabling early stance flexion-extension.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The adult male of Comstockiella sabalis: morphology and systematic significance.

The adult male of Comstockiella sabalis (Comstock) is described and illustrated. Characteristics of the adult male imply affinities with the family Phoenicococcidae, especially the genus Colobopyga. A brief comparison is made with the males of these groups which suggest that the genus Comstockiella is a discordant element within the Diaspididae.
Ionic Liquid Based CO2 Capturing Fuel Cell for Greenhouse Gas Reduction

Room-temperature ionic liquids are utilized in a new CO2 capturing fuel cell. The cell is aimed at the efficient and cost effective removal of CO2 emitted from transportation related sources. The CO2 is captured from the atmosphere and is later converted into carbon free synthetic fuel such as methanol. In this study we optimized the operating conditions and the cell electrolytes. With ionic liquids such as 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide, the extraction efficiencies increased to ∼20% while simultaneously making the capture process more robust. The ionic liquid approach is also compared to existing aqueous electrochemical CO2 concentration previously proposed by NASA for aerospace applications but with much lower efficiencies.
358 IMAGING AND QUANTIFICATIONS OF BRAIN IRON BASED ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SUSCEPTIBILITY

Purpose Non-invasive (MRI) attempts to map and quantitate brain iron have been frustrated by the limitations of conventional T1, T2, and proton density imaging. Since the relationship of brain iron accumulation to the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (AD = Alzheimer9s Disease, PD = Parkinson9s Disease) is a matter of current interest, investigating new MR imaging technology is warranted. Susceptibility weighted MR imaging (SWI) has been applied in this study to both a mouse brain model and elderly humans at risk for AD. Methods 85 humans (54 MCI and 29 control) have had initial SWI studies and 22 have had repeated MRIs. This imaging was conducted on a 1.5T Siemens Vision System and collected data from 10 regions (motor and cingulate cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, putamen, red nuclei, substantial nigra, substantia inominata, globus pallidus, and caudate nucleus). Collected data was analyzed for iron deposits with the Spin Echo/Gradient Method. Results Processed data is available in 24 cases with initial SWI images (10 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 14 control), 11 cases (5 MCI, 6 control) have had follow-up scans at one year. The SWI imaging technique enables a quantitation differentiation of grey, white matter, and CSF. Though our findings remain provisional, there is only a small number of conversions from MCI to AD noted in repeat studies. This suggests a trend of enhanced iron accumulation in the red nucleus of an MCI case that converted to AD. Conclusions This study represents the first direct correlations of a novel MR imaging technique with direct measurement of brain iron in its various forms (total, loosely bound, non-heme Fe) with extrapolation to humans. We have established that the sensitivity of the technique enables a description of phase variation for the red nuclei as an example that follow Gaussian Statistics with standard devices of about 30 units and with means for gray matter (1785 to 1855). CSF is 2075 to 2165. Any deviation about 3 S.D.9s is being considered as significant. SWI imaging proves a novel, sensitive, and apparently specific technology for the imaging and quantification of brain iron. The baseline for the study has been established and will develop with clinical follow-up over the next 3 years.
The AC(C) Language: Integrating Answer Set Programming and Constraint Logic Programming

Combining Answer Set Programming (ASP) and Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) can create a more powerful language for knowledge representation and reasoning. The language AC(C) is designed to integrate ASP and CLP. Compared with existing integration of ASP and CSP, AC(C) allows representing user-defined constraints. Such integration provides great power for applications requiring logical reasoning involving constraints, e.g., temporal planning. In AC(C), user-defined and primitive constraints can be solved by a CLP inference engine while the logical reasoning over those constraints and regular logic literals is solved by an ASP inference engine (i.e., solver). My PhD work includes improving the language AC(C), implementing its faster inference engine and investigating how effective the new system can be used to solve a challenging application, temporal planning.
Pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension

肺动脉高压在病理生理学上的认识始于1891年Erest von Romberg对"肺动脉硬化症"的描述,以尸检标本的病理组织学改变为基础.随着心脏导管检查技术的应用,20世纪50年代观察到肺动脉高压患者存在肺动脉压增高和血管舒张反应异常。
The Long-Term Hospitalization of Asthmatic Children

A primary function of hospitalization must be to provide experienced staff for the investigation of a multiplicity of physical and psychologic factors likely to precipitate or aggravate asthma. Such facilities must train personnel in various related fields and in interdisciplinary cooperation. This report describes the Pediatrics Behavioral Science Program at the National Jewish Hospital and Research Center in Denver.
Owning Oneself In a World of Others: Towards a Paid-For First Amendment

Can the right of publicity (a state law right) be reconciled (in a legitimate and non-arbitrary way) with the First Amendment's prohibition against state laws that “suppress” speech? Ever since the Supreme Court said that commercial speech deserves First Amendment protection, people sued for misappropriating celebrity fame for profit have claimed that they have a First Amendment right to do so. The defense has morphed in the case law to the point that the controlling issue seems to be whether the challenged use is “sufficiently transformative” to justify the taking. The use of a transformation construct to manage the conflict has been dubious at best, and misleading at worst. It has spawned an inconsistent and increasingly arbitrary body of law. This Article argues that the courts' conceptualization of the conflict — as a property right against a speech right — is askew. We argue that the conflict is about allocating competing economic claims: the right of the plaintiff to prevent commercial use of her image versus the right of the defendant to make commercial use of her image. The use of the transformation test essentially turns the inquiry into an attempt, albeit not transparent, to allocate the economic value created or attributable to the celebrity plaintiff against the add-on value created by the person who took the celebrity image and allegedly transformed it into a new product with new economic value attributable to work or creativity of the unauthorized user. This article concludes that in order to save both of these important rights, we must allow judges to honestly deal with the underlying economic issues. We can only accomplish this by transitioning to a compulsory licensing system with forced apportionment. In order to satisfy the First Amendment, censorship must be taken off the table as a plaintiff tool. But to satisfy the right of publicity, mandatory profit sharing mechanisms must be implemented.
Combating the Reliability Challenge of GPU Register File at Low Supply Voltage

Supply voltage reduction is an effective approach to significantly reduce GPU energy consumption. As the largest on-chip storage structure, the GPU register file becomes the reliability hotspot that prevents further supply voltage reduction below the safe limit ($V_{min}$) due to process variation effects. This work addresses the reliability challenge of the GPU register file at low supply voltages, which is an essential first step for aggressive supply voltage reduction of the entire GPU chip. To better understand the reliability issues posed by undervolting and its energy-saving potential, we first rigorously model and analyze the process variation impact on the GPU register file at different voltages. By further analyzing the GPU architecture, we make a key observation that the time GPU registers contain useless data (i.e., dead time) is long, providing a unique opportunity to enhance register reliability. We then propose GR-Guard, an architectural solution that leverages long register dead time to enable reliable operations from unreliable register file at low voltages. GR-Guard is both effective and low-cost, and does not affect normal (i.e., non-faulty) register accesses. Experimental results show that for a 28nm baseline GPU under aggressive voltage reduction, GR-Guard can maintain the register file reliability with less than 2\% overall performance degradation, while achieving an average of 31% energy reduction across various applications.
Quantum Phase Estimation Algorithm with Performance Below the Heisenberg Limit in an Interferometer with Coherent State Light

We demonstrate an algorithm which for low intensity coherent states can provide phase estimation accuracies that are over four orders of magnitude below the Heisenberg limit within the apparatus of an SU(2) interferometer.
Drivers of animal migration and implications in changing environments

Migratory species are widespread in terrestrial, aquatic and aerial environments, and are important both ecologically and economically. Since migration is an adaptive response to particular conditions, environmental changes (climate or otherwise) will potentially alter the selective pressures on movement behavior. Such changes may also interfere with, or disrupt, a species’ ability to migrate. In either case, environmental changes could lead to the reduction or total loss of a migration, yet we have little understanding of when to expect these outcomes to occur. Here, I argue that an understanding of both the proximate and ultimate drivers of migration is needed if we are to predict the fate of migrations under changing environmental conditions. I review what is currently known about the drivers of animal migration, but show that we also need a more complete synthesis of migratory patterns across diverse ecosystems and taxonomic groups. The current understanding of migration indicates that (1) drivers of migration vary across species and ecosystems, and (2) a species’ ability to adapt to environmental change successfully depends in part on its migration drivers. Together, these findings suggest a way forward for studying and generating predictions of how changing environmental conditions will differentially impact species by taxonomic group and geographic region of the world.
Do Leukocytes Contribute to the Brain Lesion That Begins When an Intracranial Artery Is Occluded

The arrival of leukocytes in areas of focal ischemia (secondary to an arterial occlusion) may be one of the factors contributing to the progression of the ischemic lesion. Several laboratory studies have concluded that leukocytic depletion may protect skeletal muscle [16], intestine [12], myocardium [18, 23, 25], and spinal cord [5] from the effects of ischemia, in particular during the reperfusion period.
Reexamining the Writing Apprehension Measure

This article contains two measurement development studies on writing apprehension. Study 1 reexamines the validity of the writing apprehension measure based on the finding from prior research that a second false factor was embedded. The findings from Study 1 support the validity of a reduced measure with 6 items versus the original 20-item measure. However, this shorter measure had poor reliability. Therefore, Study 2 sought to correct the reliability issue by updating the wording of items so it was applicable to broader platforms of writing. The final measure had excellent reliability and validity statistics.
Leveraging MANET-Based Cooperative Cache Discovery Techniques in VANETs: A Survey and Analysis

Vehicular networking is an emerging technology that holds the great promise of supporting innovative safety and non-safety applications. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) share many of the same challenges that are encountered within more general mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, by the very nature of the vehicular environment, each of these challenges may be of greater or lesser significance. Communication channel loading and changing network topology tend to be of greater concern. Battery, computing, and memory resource utilization tend to be of lesser concern. Cooperative caching is an approach that has been used extensively within MANETs to address various performance and resource challenges. Applied properly, cooperative caching can significantly reduce overall bandwidth utilization. However, within the vehicular environment, care must be taken to not overly rely on topographical knowledge during cache discovery. In this paper, we develop a unique taxonomy for cache discovery, survey a representative set of MANET-based cooperative caching schemes, and classify the associated cache discovery techniques within the taxonomy. Using this classification, we then highlight the various cache discovery techniques that have been utilized, analyze their potential in addressing the specific challenges that occur when deploying non-safety applications within VANETs, and identify general pitfalls that should be avoided. Future research can utilize the results of this analysis to develop novel cooperative caching schemes that will offer better performance within VANETs when compared to existing MANET-based cooperative caching schemes.
Surface-assisted plasmon decay in metal nanostructures

We develop a theory for surface-assisted plasmon decay in metal nanostructures of arbitrary shape. We derive the rate of electron surface scattering, which facilitates plasmon decay in small nanostructures, that is determined by local field polarization relative to metal-dielectric interface and is highly sensitive to the system geometry. We show that the surface scattering can be incorporated into metal dielectric function on par with phonon and impurity scattering. We illustrate our model by providing analytical results for surface scattering rate in some common shape nanostructures. Our results can be used for calculations of hot carrier generation rates in photovoltaics and photochemistry applications.
The Golf Director Problem: Forming Teams for Club Golf Competitions

Club golf competitions are regular events arranged by golf directors (or professionals) for club members. Player skill levels are measured by their USGA or R&A handicaps and it is the job of the director to use the handicaps to organize teams that are, in some sense, fair. The handicap system is limited in that it does not take the variance of players’ scores into account. In this paper we propose two optimization models that employ the handicap distributions from a prior study [1]. The first model directly computes team probabilities to win a single hole, and the second derives team probabilities to win from those of the players. The computational complexity of both models grows exponentially with the number of players. Using scenario optimization, with approximations, the second model is shown to give very good results for up to \(40\) players in reasonable computer time. Also, the solution of a real problem shows that common assumptions about the structure of fair teams are not necessarily correct.
Skeletal Muscle Compensation for Cardiac Muscle Insufficiency in Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) display exercise intolerance measured objectively as decreased peak oxygen uptake (VO2).1 In accordance with Fick’s principal and law of diffusion, reduced peak VO2 is the result of impaired convective and diffusive O2 transport.2,3 Endurance training improves peak VO2 in clinically stable HFrEF patients secondary to central and peripheral adaptations that result in increased cardiac output and O2 distribution and extraction in skeletal muscle.1 We report, using invasive hemodynamic and pulmonary gas exchange measures, exercise changes in VO2 and its determinants in an avid cyclist with severe cardiac limitation because of advanced HFrEF. A 55-year-old male patient who had been a lifelong marathon runner was diagnosed with idiopathic nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy 5 years before evaluation. He had a history of atrial fibrillation and was on optimal doses of carvedilol, lisinopril, and spironolactone. His ejection fraction was 20% to 25%, but he had remained in New York Heart Association class I and was able to continue cycling and intense daily exercise. In the past year, he was hospitalized twice for acutely decompensated HF, with gradually worsening effort intolerance. Given the increasing need for hospitalization, he was referred for invasive exercise testing as part of a transplant evaluation workup. Laboratories revealed hemoglobin 13.3 g/dL, creatinine 1.5 mg/dL, sodium 132 mmol/L, troponin 0.06 ng/mL, and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) 14 080 pg/mL. Echocardiography showed ejection …
Proteomic Profiling of Tumor Exosomes

Abstract Exosomes contain various molecular constituents of their cells of origin, including proteins and nucleic acid material. Exosomes have been isolated from blood, urine, saliva, synovial fluid, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, and various other body fluids and are also secreted by most cell types in culture. Although the exosomal protein content varies with the cell of origin, most exosomes contain an evolutionary-conserved common set of protein molecules detected by mass spectrometry. Heat shock proteins, CD63, and tetraspanins are the most prominent evolutionary-conserved proteins in exosomes. Cytoskeleton- and metabolism-related proteins form the pool of other frequently found proteins. Exosomes also contain proteins that are involved in cell signaling pathways, apoptotic pathways, and evasion of metastasis. The existence of these multifaceted proteins in tumor exosomes and its sources, isolation techniques and its association with cancer development, sustenance, and drug resistance is further expanded in different cancer types in this chapter.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bioethanol and Bio-Diesel Fuel Supply Systems

Publisher Summary Systems produce bio-diesel by the extraction of oils from crops, transesterifation with, for example, methanol to make fatty acid esters and glycerol, followed by removal of glycerol. Yields of biofuels from commercial systems are determined by the yield of sugar, starch, or plant oils extracted from harvested crops and the conversion efficiency to ethanol or bio-diesel. Analyses of the yield, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for current systems to produce ethanol and bio-diesel have been reviewed in this chapter in the context of European Union (EU-15) application. Energy consumption and net GHG emissions are compared on a per unit fuel and per unit land basis for various systems—corn, sugar cane, wheat, and sugar beet to ethanol; and rapeseed to rape methyl ester (RME). Gross yield of RME is approximately 1 toe ha-1, ethanol from wheat 1.2 toe ha-1, and ethanol from sugar beet 3.4 toe ha-1, limiting the quantity of gasoline or diesel fuel use that could be replaced by biofuels using set-aside land available in the EU-15. Energy consumption for crop production and processing to make ethanol or RME in current processes account for about 58-106% of the produced RME or ethanol fuel energy content. Avoided GHG emissions resulting from gasoline or diesel fuel use replaced by biofuels, accounting for fuel system energy use, and crediting GHG offsets for animal feed byproducts, result in 0.4 tCeq ha-1 for ethanol from wheat, 1.3 tCeq ha-1 for ethanol from sugar beet, 0.6 tCeq ha-1 for RME with a wide range of uncertainty stemming from, for example, uncertainty in agricultural N2O emissions and byproduct credits. Fluxes of avoided GHG emissions from these biofuel production systems are found to be much less than those from afforestation or reforestation in temperate regions.
Interpreting Gaps Along the Preexposure Prophylaxis Cascade and Addressing Vulnerabilities to Stigma.

An introduction to an article in the issue focusing upon preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for those at risk for developing sexually transmitted inflections is offered.
Liability of Foreign-Associatedness: Evidence in the U.S. Automobile Industry

Blending social identity theory (SIT) and institutional theory, this study explores new types of liability of foreignness focusing on the reason why legitimacy is more difficult to maintain for for...
Rowell, L. L., Bruce, C. D., Shosh, J. S. & Riel, M. M. (Eds.). (2017). The Palgrave international handbook of action research. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

The ambitious goal of The Palgrave International Handbook on Action Research is “to present a fairly comprehensive overview and illustrative examples of the work being done internationally by people affiliated with what we call the global action research community” (p. xi). The editors represent a breadth of AR experience: an editor of Educational Action Research and founding member of ARNA (Rowell), another founding member of ARNA and collaborative action researcher in schools (Bruce), Education Department chair and director of an AR-based graduate education program at Moravian College (Shosh), and the director of CCAR and co-editor of the International Handbook of Action Research (Riel). They emphasize that the Handbook is not a “How To” for organizing action research, but rather a compendium of information with the goal of contributing to an “alternative globalization,” (p. 5 and Chapter 49) one that would arise from the kind of “knowledge democracies”(p. xiii and Chapter 5) inspired by the work of Fals Borda, Freire, and others. The editors’ unabashed aim is to promote action research (AR) in the service of social justice (p. xvi).
Some new upper and lower bounds for the Mills ratio

Abstract In this paper, we present new upper and lower bounds for the Mills ratio of the standard Gaussian law. Several different methods are used to derive these new bounds. One of the methods reproduces the bounds of several different authors in previous works as special cases and is a very general method that produces many new bounds. One of the bounds can be written in terms of hyperbolic sine and inverse hyperbolic sine functions. Some of the bounds involve exponential functions and are improved versions of previously proposed bounds or are improved versions of the new bounds introduced earlier in this paper. Some results from reliability theory and Jensen's inequality are used to improve determinantal inequalities. Some open problems are discussed, and conjectures are made.
Epistemic Doubt During Adolescence

Naive beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowing – epistemic beliefs – are present from childhood onward and undergo development through a relatively fixed sequence of levels from realism through relativism to rationalism. There appears to be more than one pass through this sequence, with the first pass occurring from middle childhood through late adolescence, and the second pass occurring from late adolescence through early adulthood. The period of relativism during adolescence is characterized by generic doubt about the possibility of establishing a valid, rational basis for one's beliefs, coupled with interesting and varied ways of coping with that doubt.