cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Quantum Statistics of Degenerate Bose Systems

Historically, the first-known example of a Bose system was the photon gas. In 1924, S.N. Bose1 first showed that one could understand Planck’s equation for the energy-density of black-body radiation from a “quantum-statistical” point of view. His basic assumptions were that many light quanta could occupy the same quantum-mechanical element h3 of phase space and that the light quanta are indistinguishable. This led him, with the aid of a simple statistical mechanical argument, to the important result for the average number of quanta in a single state: $$\left \langle N_i \right \rangle\ =\frac{\textup{exp}(-\beta\omega_i)}{1\ -\ \textup{exp}(-\beta\omega_i)}$$ (1) where \(\left\langle {{N_i}} \right\rangle \; = \frac{{exp( - \beta {\omega _i})}}{{1\; - \;exp( - \beta {\omega _i})}}\). By a “simple state” was meant an element of phase space Ωσ3P i which equals h3 (Ω= volume of system). This simple formula could then be used to derive the thermodynamic properties of blackbody radiation by elementary means.
Stable isotope compositions of precipitation from Gunnison, Colorado 2007-2016: implications for the climatology of a high-elevation valley.

Abstract Stable isotope ratios of precipitation are useful tracers of climatic and hydrological processes. To better understand the isotope hydro-climatology of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain valley we collected meteoric water samples from Gunnison, Colorado, USA and determined stable isotope values for 239 individual precipitation events over a nine year period. Annual precipitation in Gunnison is moderately bi-modal with significant winter snowfall and convective summer thunderstorms associated with the North American Monsoon. Stable isotope values of precipitation span a large range, with summer rains as high as δ2H = +19‰ and δ18O = +4.8‰ (relative to V-SMOW) and winter snowfall as low as δ2H = -286‰ and δ18O = -36.7‰. These data define a local meteoric water line for Gunnison of δ2H = 7.2 δ18O – 4.2. Monthly meteoric water lines have slopes similar to the Global Meteoric Water Line (∼8) for winter months and more evaporated slopes (∼6) during the summer. Monthly mean temperature most strongly controls the monthly isotopic composition of precipitation (m = 0.61–0.64 ‰/°C); the slope of the isotope/temperature relationship is steeper in summer than winter.
Bureaucratically split personalities: (re)ordering the mentally disordered in the French state

The ability to (re)classify populations is a key component of state power, but not all new state classifications actually succeed in changing how people are categorized and governed. This article examines the French state’s partly unsuccessful project in 2005 to use a new classification—“psychic handicap”—to ensure that people with severe mental disorders received services and benefits from separate agencies based on a designation of being both “mentally ill” and “disabled.” Previous research has identified how new classifications can be impeded by cultural and cognitive barriers to their adoption and struggles between professionals or administrators over their implementation. Drawing on 186 interviews, archival sources, and 13 months of observations across different French bureaucracies, I expand on this literature in two ways. First, I use the case of psychic handicap to argue that a new classification can also fail to achieve its intended effect when it constitutes a bureaucratically split personality—a combination of classifications that imply that individuals belong to two, mutually exclusive kinds of people. I show how psychic handicap embodied contradictory expectations about the behavior, characteristics, and institutional trajectory of people with mental disorders. Second, I identify how bureaucrats resolved these contradictions through mechanisms of refractory looping, outsourcing expertise, and classification by default, which in this case led to the reclassification of this population as simply “mentally ill.” This framework calls attention to how practical inconsistencies can limit the impact of new classifications, even absent overt resistance to their elaboration or implementation.
SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Infants Less than 90 Days Old.

This is a single-center US case series of 18 infants <90 days old who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). These infants had a mild febrile illness without significant pulmonary disease. One-half of the infants were hospitalized; 1 had bacterial urinary tract co-infection. Nasopharyngeal viral loads were notably high. Latinx ethnicity was overrepresented.
Opioid metabolism: impact of concomitant medications and genetic variations on the interpretation of drug tests

Abstract Management of chronic pain with opioids is a common practice. Because of the addictive potential of these medications, strict monitoring to ensure compliance is enforced, including routine urine drug tests. Prior to prescribing opioids, medications are metabolized via cytochrome P450 enzymes should be taken into account by care providers. Such medications may need to be discontinued or their doses adjusted for maximal efficacy of pain management regimen. Genetic variation also plays a significant role in metabolism of these medications. Understanding these processes is crucial for physicians who prescribe opioids and clinical toxicologists who interpret the drug test results of patients.
Prevalence and incidence of adverse events with catheter ablation for adults with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: a systematic review protocol.

Objective The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence to determine the prevalence and incidence of adverse events in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who have undergone catheter ablation. Introduction Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a rare congenital heart disease affecting the normal cardiac conduction system that predisposes an individual to tachyarrhythmias. Patients with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome can experience a wide range of life-threatening symptoms and frequently undergo catheter ablation procedures to treat this disease. These patients are at risk of developing a variety of adverse events, including pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, atrial fibrillation, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, major bleeding or hematoma, deep vein thrombosis, atrioventricular-block, cardiac perforation, coronary artery injury, pulmonary emboli, and death. Inclusion criteria This review will include adults aged 18 or older with a diagnosis of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who have undergone catheter ablation, including radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation. Methods MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases will be searched from 1980 to the present for English-language studies only. Prevalence and incidence data, experimental, quasi-experimental, observational, and descriptive studies will be included and critically appraised by two independent reviewers. Data will be extracted using the standardized data extraction tool for prevalence data. If sufficient data is available, a meta-analysis will be conducted; otherwise, the findings will be presented in narrative form including tables and figures to aid in data presentation where appropriate. Systematic review registration number PROSPERO CRD42020180391.
Engineering students’ attitudinal beliefs by gender and student division: a methodological comparison of changes over time

Students’ attitudinal beliefs related to how they see themselves in STEM have been a focal point of recent research, given their well-documented links to retention and persistence. These beliefs are most often assessed cross-sectionally, and as such, we lack a thorough understanding of how they may fluctuate over time. Using matched survey responses from undergraduate engineering students (n = 278), we evaluate if, and to what extent, students’ engineering attitudinal beliefs (attainment value, utility value, self-efficacy, interest, and identity) change over a 1-year period. Further, we examine whether there are differences based on gender and student division, and then compare results between cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to illustrate weaknesses in our current understanding of these constructs. Our study revealed inconsistencies between cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the same dataset. Cross-sectional analyses indicated a significant difference by student division for engineering utility value and engineering interest, but no significant differences by gender for any variable. However, longitudinal analyses revealed statistically significant decreases in engineering utility value, engineering self-efficacy, and engineering interest for lower division students and significant decreases in engineering attainment value for upper division students over a one-year period. Further, longitudinal analyses revealed a gender gap in engineering self-efficacy for upper division students, where men reported higher means than women. Our analyses make several contributions. First, we explore attitudinal differences by student division not previously documented. Second, by comparing across methodologies, we illustrate that different conclusions can be drawn from the same data. Since the literature around these variables is largely cross-sectional, our understanding of students’ engineering attitudes is limited. Our longitudinal analyses show variation in engineering attitudinal beliefs that are obscured when data is only examined cross-sectionally. These analyses revealed an overall downward trend within students for all beliefs that changed significantly—losses which may foreshadow attrition out of engineering. These findings provide an opportunity to introduce targeted interventions to build engineering utility value, engineering self-efficacy, and engineering interest for student groups whose means were lower than average.
Identifying risk patterns in older adults with atrial fibrillation by hierarchical cluster analysis: A retrospective approach based on the risk probability for clinical events

Background Older adults with atrial fibrillation (AF) have highly diverse risk levels for mortality, heart failure (HF), thromboembolism (TE), and major bleeding (MB), thus an integrated risk-pattern algorithm is warranted. Methods We analyzed 573 AF patients aged ≥ 75 years from our single-center cohort (Shinken Database 2010-2018). The 3-year risk scores (risk probability) for mortality (M-score), HF (HF-score), TE (TE-score), and MB (MB-score) were estimated for each patient by logistic regression analysis. Using the four risk scores, cluster analysis was performed with Ward's linkage hierarchical algorithm. Results Three clusters were identified: Clusters 1 (n = 429, 74%), 2 (n = 24, 5%), and 3 (n = 120, 21%). The clusters were characterized as standard risk (Cluster 1), high TE- and MB-risk (Cluster 2), and high M- and HF-risk (Cluster 3). Oral anticoagulants were prescribed for over 80% of the patients in each cluster. Catheter ablation for AF was performed only in Cluster 1 (8.9%). Compared with Cluster 1, Cluster 2 was more closely associated with males, asymptomatic AF, history of cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attack, history of intracranial hemorrhage, high HAS-BLED score (≥3), and low body mass index (<18.0 kg/m2). Cluster 3 was more closely associated with old age, heart failure, and low estimated creatinine clearance (<30 mL/min). Conclusion The cluster analysis identified those at a high risk for all-cause death and HF or a high risk for TE and MB and could support decision making in older adults with AF.
Rate-adaptive GMM estimations for linear time series models

In this paper we analyze Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimators for time series models as advocated by Hansen and Singleton. It is well known that these estimators achieve efficiency bounds if the number of lagged observations in the instrument set goes to infinity. However, to this date no data dependent way of selecting the number of instruments in a finite sample is available. This paper derives an asymptotic mean squared error (MSE) approximation for the GMM estimator. The optimal number of instruments is selected by minimizing a criterion based on the MSE approximation. It is shown that the fully feasible version of the GMM estimator is higher order adaptive. In addition a new version of the GMM estimator based on kernel weighted moment conditions is proposed. The kernel weights are selected in a data-dependent way. Expressions for the asymptotic bias of kernel weighted and standard GMM estimators are obtained. It is shown that standard GMM procedures have a larger asymptotic bias and MSE than optimal kernel weighted GMM. A bias correction for both standard and kernel weighted GMM estimators is proposed. It is shown that the bias corrected version achieves a faster rate of convergence of the higher order terms of the MSE than the uncorrected estimator.
Authenticated data structures for graph and geometric searching

In Crypto '95, Micali and Sidney proposed a method for shared generation of a pseudo-random function f(ċ) among n players in such a way that for all the inputs x, any u players can compute f(x) while t or fewer players fail to do so, where 0 ≤ t < u ≤ n. The idea behind the Micali-Sidney scheme is to generate and distribute secret seeds S = {s1, ..., sd} of a poly-random collection of functions, among the n players, each player gets a subset of S, in such a way that any u players together hold all the secret seeds in S while any t or fewer players will lack at least one element from S. The pseudo-random function is then computed as f(x) = ⊕i=1d fsi (x), where fsi (ċ)'s are poly-random functions. One question raised by Micali and Sidney is how to distribute the secret seeds satisfying the above condition such that the number of seeds, d, is as small as possible. In this paper, we continue the work of Micali and Sidney.We first provide a general framework for shared generation of pseudo-random function using cumulative maps. We demonstrate that the Micali-Sidney scheme is a special case of this general construction.We then derive an upper and a lower bound for d. Finally we give a simple, yet efficient, approximation greedy algorithm for generating the secret seeds S in which d is close to the optimum by a factor of at most u ln 2.
Reducing Model Checking of the Many to the Few

Systems with an arbitrary number of homogeneous processes occur in many applications. The Parametrized Model Checking Problem (PMCP) is to determine whether a temporal property is true for every size instance of the system. Unfortunately, it is undecidable in general. We are able to establish, nonetheless, decidability of the PMCP in quite a broad framework. We consider asynchronous systems comprised of an arbitrary number n of homogeneous copies of a generic process template. The process template is represented as a synchronization skeleton while correctness properties are expressed using Indexed CTL*nX. We reduce model checking for systems of arbitrary size n to model checking for systems of size (up to) a small cutoff size c. This establishes decidability of PMCP as it is only necessary to model check a finite number of relatively small systems. Efficient decidability can be obtained in some cases. The results generalize to systems comprised of multiple heterogeneous classes of processes, where each class is instantiated by many homogeneous copies of the class template (e.g., m readers and n writers).
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn infant; report of a case in an infant born by cesarean section, and with no anoxia.

Summary In an infant with unusually extensivebut nevertheless typical subcutaneous fat necrosis, there were no evidences of trauma, asphyxia of any significant degree, bacterial infection, or discernible dysfunction of the adrenal cortex. The cause and nature of this most peculiar disorder of fat metabolism remains obscure.
Changes in state policies related to oral health in the United States, 2002-2009.

Objectives Examining state policies in oral health, including changes over time, helps inform the degree to which states fulfill public health dentistry functions and deliver essential services. This study examines changes in state policies affecting oral health in the United States between 2002 and 2009.
Role of nitric oxide in chick embryonic organogenesis and dysmorphogenesis

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO), produced by the nitric oxide synthase family of enzymes, mediates multiple signaling functions, and when unchecked, NO causes pathological damage. Exposure of embryos to a variety of teratogens, including carbon monoxide (CO), has been shown to increase reactive intermediates, such as NO, and recent work showed that either the excess or absence of NO caused morphological defects. While endogenous NO is known to regulate many adult tissues, its role during embryonic organogenesis and/or in mediating responses to teratogen exposure has not been explored. METHODS: We have examined here the presence of NO during normal chick embryonic organogenesis, and investigated the teratogenicity of NO through the application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which mimics NO overproduction, and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), which inhibits endogenous NOS activity. RESULTS: Topical treatment with SNP or L-NMMA for 18 h resulted in morphological defects, specifically in the neural tube and somites, which corresponded to sites of altered apoptosis. The location of NO was histochemically correlated with the observed morphological defects. Coadministration of SNP or L-NMMA with CO showed functional coregulation and interaction between NO and CO in chick embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that regulation of NO is essential for normal axial development, that sites of altered NO expression correlate to those of altered apoptosis and dysmorphogenesis, and that CO coadministration resulted in a rectification of normal NO expression. Collectively, these results suggest that alteration in endogenous NO/CO signaling is responsible, at least in part, for the observed NO-induced teratogenesis. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Administration of dexfenfluramine in pregnant rats: effect on brain serotonin parameters in offspring.

Abstract Dexfenfluramine (DFEN) was infused SC at doses of either 6 or 12 mg/kg/day during the last week of pregnancy in rats. Compared with untreated controls, weight gain of dams attenuated by DFEN without effect on the number or birth weight of offspring. Brain serotonin (5-HT) concentration and/or paroxetine binding to the 5-HT uptake carrier was reduced by 20% on the day after birth in one study but not in two other studies. No decreases in brain 5-HT parameters were observed on or after the sixth postanal day. In contrast, mother sustained large depletions of brain 5-HT when measured at least 3 weeks after giving birth. These data indicate that fetal brains either are protected from or recover rapidly from the 5-HT-depleting actions of high-dosage regimens of DFEN in rats.
A Fast Interference Checking Algorithm for Automated Fixture Design Verification

Fixtures are tooling devices used to locate, support and hold workpieces during a manufacturing process. The major purpose of a computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) system is to provide a fixture design based on fixturing principles and workpiece information. Interference checking between the machining tool and fixture units, as well as between fixture units, is one of the important functions of automated fixture design. This paper presents a fast interference checking algorithnt for automated modular fixture design validation. It is based on the study of the geometric characteristics of modular fixture components and the machining tool. The fixture component model is simplified into a 2D contour model with height information. The tool-path model is represented by a moving dot for 3-axis operations, or a moving line segment in 5-axis operations, as the fixture component model is expanded according to the tool radius. The method is different from the popular collision detection procedure using swept volume and is more efficient for fixturing verification. Application of this method will greatly reduce the computation complexity for fixturing interference checking. The method is implemented with a CAFD system. An example is given at the end of the paper.
Hormones and history: the evolution and development of primate female sexuality.

Sexual behavior is required for reproduction in internally fertilizing species but poses significant social and physical risks. Females in many nonprimate species have evolved physical and behavior...
Bad bones, grey hair, one mutation

Osteopetrosis, a disease characterized by dense bones, is now pinned to the same gene that underlies a coat-color defect in mice ( pages 399–406 ).
Therapeutic activity of mitoxantrone and ametantrone against murine tumors.

Abstract Dr Schabel had intended to give this paper at the 13th International Chemotherapy Congress in Vienna but collapsed and died moments before he was due to deliver it. He had previously sent an abstract of the paper and copies of the slides with which he was going to illustrate it to one of the editors of Cancer Treatment Reviews and it was therefore possible to represent here the substance of the paper he could not give. For all those who knew Frank Schabel, his sudden death on Tuesday, 30 August 1983 came as a great shock. A memorial service in the presence of his widow and son was held for him in the Hofburg the following day. It was attended by many of his friends from the field of experimental cancer chemotherapy in which he toiled with such dedication and in which he made so many notable contributions. Moving addresses were given by K. Karrer, A. Goldin, J. Holland, E. J. Freireich and J. Montgomery.
Grazing activities and bioenergetics of sheep on native range in southern Peru.

Abstract Grazing activity of herded Corriedale ewes on the Peruvian Puna was monitored by direct observation for 2 animal-days (11.5 h, daytime only) each month from June 1983 through March 1984. Sheep spent an average of 52% of the day grazing, 13% ruminating, 13% resting, 20% walking, and 2% drinking. Time spent grazing was negatively correlated with forage intake but was not correlated with forage availability. Grazing time was positively correlated with distance traveled and time spent walking, and negatively correlated with crude protein and ME intake. In terms of energy, grazing and walking each accounted for 45% of the daily energy expended on behavioral activities (walking, grazing, resting, and ruminating). Estimated total daily energy costs (i.e., for behavioral activities, production processes, and basal metabolism) ranged from 1.56 Mcal ME/ day in June to 3.32 Mcal ME/day in January. Lactation accounted for over 50% of the daily energy expended during December through March, and resulted in negative energy balances of up to 0.57 Mcal ME/day during that period.
Variable Constants - A Theoretical Overview

In many theories of unified interactions, there are additional degrees of freedom which may allow for the variation of the fundamental constants of nature. I will review the motivation for such variations, and describe the theoretical relations between variations of gauge and Yukawa couplings.
The Mouse Mitotic Checkpoint Gene Bub1b, a Novel Bub1 Family Member, Is Expressed in a Cell Cycle-Dependent Manner

A search for genes differentially expressed in normal and leukemic mouse thymocytes yielded a homolog of the yeast mitotic checkpoint protein Bub1. This novel protein ("mBub1b") has 40% sequence similarity to the mouse Bub1 ("mBub1a") previously described by Taylor and McKeon (1997, Cell 89, 727-735) over four extended domains. Differences between the Bub1 sequences suggest that the two proteins may have different substrate specificities and that Bub1b alone has a putative "destruction" box that can target proteins for degradation by proteosomes during mitosis. Northern blots of normal tissues show that mouse Bub1a and Bub1b genes are expressed in thymus and spleen, but not in nondividing tissues. In synchronized cells, expression of both Bub1 genes is undetectable in G1; Bub1 gene expression peaks in G2/M with Bub1b delayed by 6 h relative to Bub1a. This cell cycle-dependent expression explains the tissue distribution and the abundance of Bub1 mRNAs in rapidly dividing cell lines. The human equivalent of mBub1b was isolated and mapped to chromosome 15q15. The existence in mammals of two separate Bub1 genes encoding distinct proteins, coupled with the different timing of peak expression, suggests that Bub1a and Bub1b have distinct roles in the mitotic checkpoint.
Maternal behaviour of a webspinner (Order Embiidina)

. 1. This first detailed behavioural field study of any species within the order Embiidina (=Embioptera) examines the function of parental care in the webspinner Clothoda urichi (Saussure) (Clothodidae). 2. Time budgets of nymphs and females in different stages of reproduction differ significantly due, in part, to maternal behaviours. 3. Nymphs, non-reproductive adult females and females with nymphs are active only at night when they feed and spin silk. In contrast, females with eggs guard their eggs both day and night, rarely feeding during the 6-week period prior to hatch. 4. Females physically repel egg parasites. In addition, females construct a substantial egg mass covering, of substrate materials and silk, which hinders parasites.
A mathematical model of PCB bioaccumulation in plankton

Abstract In batch experiments exposing individual plankton constituents to Aroclor 1254 PCB, the rate at which the organism approaches partitioning equilibrium appears to be partly size-dependent while the extent of PCB accumulation is species-specific. The sorptive desorptive kinetics of PCB in these experiments can be described mathematically by a first-order expression. Employing this expression in a model plankton food web permits examination of the role of feeding and sorptive processes in determining PCB body burden under various environmental conditions. When ingestion rates exceed desorption and excretion rates, a consuming organism accumulates PCB above levels predicted by equilibrium partitioning relationships. Feeding-induced oscillations in PCB body burden could thus obscure the reduction of soluble PCB concentration which determine a “baseline” PCB body burden. Unless referenced to a specific set of biological and environmental conditions, the importance of direct partitioning from water vs. food uptake appears to be a moot topic.
Geometric interpretation of vertex operator algebras.

Abstract In this paper, Vafa's approach to the formulation of conformal field theories is combined with the formal calculus developed in Frenkel, Lepowsky, and Meurman's work on the vertex operator construction of the Monster to give a geometric definition of vertex operator algebras. The main result announced is the equivalence between this definition and the algebraic one in the sense that the categories determined by these definitions are isomorphic.
Calcium nutrition of White Rose potato in relation to growth and leaf minerals.

Abstract White Rose potato plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing Ca from 0 to 20 meq/l. After 32 days of growth, 16 plant parts were taken for analysis. The critical level for the immature to the recently matured leaf was determined to be about 0.15% Ca for the petiole and the blade tissues at the breaking point of the transition zone. Ca concentrations of petioles and blades (dry basis) increased with leaf age with the greatest increase in the blade tissues. The petioles of recently matured leaves under severe Ca deficiency were higher in Na, Mg, and PO4‐P, lower in N03‐N and about the same in K concentration in comparison with non‐deficient petioles while the corresponding blades did not differ appreciably. Calcium deficiency has no major effect on the uptake of these minerals since all values were in the adequate range.
Condensation polymers of ferrocene derivatives

Experimental details are given for the preparation of 1,1′-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid and 1,1′-ferrocenedicarbonyl chloride. Ferrocenedicarbonyl chloride was used to prepare novel condensation polymers containing the ferrocene nucleus as part of the main polymer chain. Interfacial polycondensation was used for the preparation of polyamides from ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, piperazine, and p-phenylenediamine. The polyamide from piperazine was obtained in crystalline form from tetrachloroethane. Polyesters were prepared from 4,4′- isopropylidinediphenol and hydroquinone. The polyester from ethylene glycol was prepared in low molecular weight from 1,1′-dicarbomethoxyferrocene by transesterification.
Pistachio green brain discolouration associated with methylene blue use: an autopsy series

Sir,Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound widely used as a redox indicator in analytical chemistry. Solutions of this substance are blue when exposed to an oxidising environme...
Corrigendum to “Identification of a circuit-based endophenotype for familial depression” [Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging 201 (3) (2012) 175–181]

Corrigendum to ‘‘Identification of a circuit-based endophenotype for familial depression’’ [Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging 201 (3) (2012) 175–181] Marc Dubin , Myrna Weissman , Dongrong Xu , Ravi Bansal , Xuejun Hao , Jun Liu , Virginia Warner , Bradley Peterson a,c a The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA b The Division of Epidemiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA c The Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
The assessment of bone mineral content and density of the lumbar spine and proximal femur in US submariners.

The submarine environment is unique in that there is limited space and no sunlight, which may negatively affect skeletal health and lead to accelerated bone loss, osteoporosis, and fractures. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an association with submarine service, specifically time spent at sea, and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and dual proximal femur (total hip and femoral neck) measured by DXA. This is a cross-sectional study of 462 submariners 20–91 years old. Variables included in the analysis were age, height, race, alcohol intake, tobacco use, fracture history, conditions, and medications known to cause bone loss and osteoporosis and submarine service. Of the submarine service predictors, only serving onboard a diesel submarine was determined to be independently associated with a reduction in BMD of the total hip and femur neck, while no submarine service predictor increased the odds of having low BMD. In submariners 50+ years old, the age-adjusted prevalence of osteopenia was 15.7 % (lumbar spine) and 40.4 % (femur neck), while the prevalence of osteoporosis was 4.8 % (lumbar spine) and 4.2 % (femur neck), rates that did not differ from NHANES 2005–2008. In submariners <50 years old, 3.1 % was below the expected range for age. The proportion of submariners 50+ years old that met the FRAX criteria for pharmacological treatment was 12 %. Intermittent periods of submergence that can range from a few days to 3+ months do not appear to compromise skeletal health differently than the general population.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Maternal Knowledge of Infant Health Care Issues 682

Many infants in urban communities receive insufficient and inappropriate medical care. We were interested in exploring knowledge of and attitudes about infant health issues in two culturally disparate urban communities in order to gain further insight into causes of inadequate care. Methods: 20 Latino (East Harlem, NYC, delivered at Mount Sinai Medical Center) and 20 North African (Jerusalem, Israel, delivered at Sharei Zedek Medical Center) mothers were interviewed 1-2 days after birth of their infants (both primip& multip). The extensive survey tool (130 questions) sought to identify their understanding of the role of the health care system, knowledge of accepted medical practices, education, support systems, knowledge of childhood illnesses, and the role of their spiritual beliefs and cultural background. While both populations were urban and poor, the Israeli women and children all received comprehensive care through a socialized neighborhood clinic in which they were assigned a permanent nurse. The Harlem families primarily received their care at neighborhood or hospital clinics but also utilized emergency rooms and private MDs. Results: Common infant conditions(URI, diarrhea, constipation, etc.) were judged to be more serious by the American women and more likely to need medical care. The gap was most pronounced in the multips. There was no consensus on expected medical interventions for these conditions, yet 80% of Israeli mothers and 50% of American mothers would seekmedical care for a sick infant before other means of assistance(family help, home remedies, etc.). 95% of all mothers believed physicians had unique healing abilities, but this did not preclude other treatments. 95% of mothers prayed and 75% believed prayer was efficacious in healing sick infants. Folk medicine(95%), community-based healing(50%) and religious leaders(≈25%) were also considered important. Conclusions: Illness in infants is perceived differently than adult illness by caregivers and prompts a distinct response. While medical expertise is relied upon, a number of other avenues of care and support are utilized. Caregivers should be aware of the unique cultural and experiential understanding parents bring to pediatric care in order to provide the most efficacious treatment in a particular health system.
Final states of gravitational collapse

We examine all of the black-hole geometries which can be analytically developed in terms of a parameter from the Schwarzschild geometry. It is shown that this analytic family is completely spanned by the Kerr-Newman space-times with ${e}^{2}+{a}^{2}l{m}^{2}$, where $e$, $a$, and $m$ denote charge, specific angular momentum, and mass. If general (nonspherical) gravitational collapse produces black holes and if analytic variation of the initial conditions of gravitational collapse causes analytic variation of the final space-time geometry of the black holes produced by the collapse, this result implies that the generic final state of gravitational collapse is a Kerr-Newman black hole, fully specified by its mass, angular momentum, and charge.
Considering fabrication in sustainable computing

The term green computing has become effectively synonymous with low-power/energy computing. However, for computing to be truly sustainable, all phases of the system life-cycle must be considered. In contrast to the considerable effort that has been applied to address the use-phase energy consumption issue - ranging from battery powered embedded systems to data center servers - there is limited awareness or attention to the considerable energy consumption and environmental impacts from semiconductor fabrication. Current research indicates that fabrication is responsible for a significant factor of the energy utilized by these systems throughout their life-cycle. The trends of technology scaling coupled with developing hybrid fabrication solutions for integration of emerging technologies, while beneficial for use-phase power consumption, exacerbate these increasing environmental impacts from fabrication. Thus, design for sustainability is a grand challenge that must be addressed over the next decade.
Robert Heilbroner and the Growing Concern with Poverty in the US

This paper examines Robert Heilbroner’s 1950 article in Harper’s Magazine on poverty in the USA. It argues that this piece was the first attempt to raise popular concerns about poverty in the USA after World War II, and in many ways sought to do what John Kenneth Galbraith’s The Affluent Society and Michael Harrington’s The Other America accomplished. Heilbroner was not successful in bringing the issue before poverty to public attention because he wrote at a time of great economic growth and at a time before TV brought images and ideas to a large fraction of the American public. He also wrote in a very conservative era, where McCarthyism reared its ugly head and where calls to eradicate poverty were met with intimations of a Communist conspiracy.
Territoriality and the Police

Despite widespread interest in the relationship between the exercise of power and control of space, few current works in geography make explicit use of the concept of territoriality. This paper does so by considering the means by which the Los Angeles Police Department pursues its law enforcement and order maintenance functions through regulating space. I draw upon fieldwork observations of a single LAPD patrol division to demonstrate that officers regularly seek to govern the citizenry through controlling the spatial parameters of permissible action. The imperative toward effective territorial control is given further impetus within the subcultural world that officers construct; indeed, officers evaluate each other's competence in large part on their ability to manage activity within the spaces for which they are responsible.
Synthesis of Phosphotriester Analogues of the Phosphoinositides PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3

A synthetic route was developed for the preparation of novel O-(3-aminopropyl) tethered phosphotriester analogs (5) of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5,)P2, or PIP2) and phosphatid...
Growth and characterization of fluorocarbon thin films grown from trifluoromethane (CHF3) using pulsed‐plasma enhanced CVD

Trifluoromethane (CHF3) was used as a precursor gas in pulsed-plasma enhanced CVD to deposit fluorocarbon films onto Si substrates. The film composition, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the C1s peak, was observed to change as the plasma duty cycle was changed by varying the plasma off-time; this offers a route to control the molecular architecture of deposited films. FTIR results indicate that the film is primarily composed of CFx components, with little or no CH incorporation into the film. The rms roughness of the films is extremely low, approaching that of the Si substrate; the low growth rate and consequent high-power input/thickness is believed to be partly responsible. CHF3 produces films with higher % CF2 compared to other hydrofluorocompound (HFC) monomers (CH2F2 and C2H2F4). However, the deposition kinetics for all three HFC gases display similar trends. In particular, at a fixed on-time of 10 ms, the deposition rate per pulse cycle reaches a maximum at an off-time of approximately 100 ms. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 842–849, 2000
Identification of Multiple Compartments of Dopamine in a Single Cell by CE with Scanning Electrochemical Detection

A method is described for the direct identification of dopamine from two separate vesicular compartments of a fully developed neuron in Planorbis corneus by capillary electrophoresis with scanning electrochemical detection. By manipulating the lyse time of the neuron after it is injected on the capillary, the two vesicular compartments are observed as two individually resolved peaks. Scanning electrochemical detection allows voltammetry to be obtained as the peaks elute in order to confirm their identity. Quantitation was accomplished through the use of calibration curves. The average amount of dopamine present was found to be ∼400 fmol. Dopamine concentrations were also determined and compared favorably with those of previous experiments on P. corneus.
Morphology development in toughened aliphatic polyamides

Abstract The morphology of binary blends of a maleated triblock copolymer (with an ethylene/butene midblock and styrene endblocks, SEBS-g-MA) with a series of nylon materials (nylon 4,6, nylon 6,9, nylon 6,10, nylon 6,12, nylon 11, nylon 12 and nylon 12,12) was investigated and the results compared with previous work for nylon 6 and nylon 6,6. The nylon x materials (nylon 11 and nylon 12) yielded small, regular particles similar to that observed in nylon 6. These nylons have one amine endgroup per molecule and are only capable of end-grafting. The nylon x,y materials, on the other hand, led to much larger and more complex-shaped particles; their size decreased as the aliphatic content of the nylon increased. These polyamides contain a certain fraction of molecules with two amine endgroups and are capable of forming loops or crosslinks which dramatically affect the morphology generation in a single-screw extruder. The results further revealed that the large particles are formed because of the failure of the single-screw extruder to break them into smaller ones rather than by increased coalescence. There is evidence that thickness of the interface influences both the particle size and the extent of reaction in these blends as described.
Correction of Dystrophin Expression in Cells From Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients Through Genomic Excision of Exon 51 by Zinc Finger Nucleases

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by genetic mutations that result in the absence of dystrophin protein expression. Oligonucleotide-induced exon skipping can restore the dystrophin reading frame and protein production. However, this requires continuous drug administration and may not generate complete skipping of the targeted exon. In this study, we apply genome editing with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) to permanently remove essential splicing sequences in exon 51 of the dystrophin gene and thereby exclude exon 51 from the resulting dystrophin transcript. This approach can restore the dystrophin reading frame in ~13% of DMD patient mutations. Transfection of two ZFNs targeted to sites flanking the exon 51 splice acceptor into DMD patient myoblasts led to deletion of this genomic sequence. A clonal population was isolated with this deletion and following differentiation we confirmed loss of exon 51 from the dystrophin mRNA transcript and restoration of dystrophin protein expression. Furthermore, transplantation of corrected cells into immunodeficient mice resulted in human dystrophin expression localized to the sarcolemmal membrane. Finally, we quantified ZFN toxicity in human cells and mutagenesis at predicted off-target sites. This study demonstrates a powerful method to restore the dystrophin reading frame and protein expression by permanently deleting exons.
SeaWinds quality assurance and applications

The latest spaceborne scatterometer, SeaWinds on QuikSCAT, estimates near-surface ocean winds at 25 km resolution over the entire globe. The scatterometer wind retrieval process generates several possible wind vector choices or ambiguities at each resolution cell. Routines for selecting a unique wind vector field are generally ad hoc and error prone. In order to assess SeaWinds ambiguity selection and spatial consistency of retrieved winds, a quality assurance (QA) algorithm is presented based on comparing ambiguity-selected winds to a low-order wind field model fit. Regions exceeding error thresholds are rated according to spatial consistency and flagged as possible ambiguity selection errors. Appropriate error thresholds and additional flagging criteria are set through an analysis of false alarms versus missed detections on a manually-inspected training data set. The QA algorithm correctly identifies 97% of the manually flagged regions with a false alarm rate of less than 2%. Applying the algorithm to 16 months of QuikSCAT wind data, we conclude that SeaWinds ambiguity selection is over 95% effective on regions of rms wind speed greater than 3.5 m/s. The QA algorithm indicates that higher noise occurs at nadir and in areas of low wind speed. additionally, fewer estimated ambiguity selection errors occur at nadir and on the swath edges due to a larger ambiguity set in those regions. The percentage of ambiguity selection errors are found to be highly correlated with the number of cyclonic storms passed by SeaWinds and the percentage of wind vector cells corrupted by rain.
Defining the Escherichia coli SecA Dimer Interface Residues through In Vivo Site-Specific Photo-Cross-Linking

ABSTRACT The motor protein SecA is a core component of the bacterial general secretory (Sec) pathway and is essential for cell viability. Despite evidence showing that SecA exists in a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium favoring the dimeric form in solution and in the cytoplasm, there is considerable debate as to the quaternary structural organization of the SecA dimer. Here, a site-directed photo-cross-linking technique was utilized to identify residues on the Escherichia coli SecA (ecSecA) dimer interface in the cytosol of intact cells. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated with residue Leu6, which is essential for ecSecA dimerization based on our analytical ultracentrifugation studies of SecA L6A and shown to form the cross-linked SecA dimer in vivo with p-benzoyl-phenylalanine (pBpa) substituted at position 6. Subsequently, the amino terminus (residues 2 to 11) in the nucleotide binding domain (NBD), Phe263 in the preprotein binding domain (PBD), and Tyr794 and Arg805 in the intramolecular regulator of the ATPase 1 domain (IRA1) were identified to be involved in ecSecA dimerization. Furthermore, the incorporation of pBpa at position 805 did not form a cross-linked dimer in the SecA Δ2-11 context, indicating the possibility that the amino terminus may directly contact Arg805 or that the deletion of residues 2 to 11 alters the topology of the naturally occurring ecSecA dimer.
On the choice of D-state wave functions in triton calculations

Abstract A set of D-state wave functions with the correct asymptotic properties is suggested for use in variation calculations of the triton energy. The matrix elements of the kinetic and potential energy operators are evaluated for these functions.
U ( 1 ) ′ solution to the μ -problem and the proton decay problem in supersymmetry without R -parity

The minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) is plagued by two major fine-tuning problems: the $\ensuremath{\mu}$-problem and the proton decay problem. We present a simultaneous solution to both problems within the framework of a $U(1{)}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-extended MSSM (UMSSM), without requiring $R$-parity conservation. We identify several classes of phenomenologically viable models and provide specific examples of $U(1{)}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ charge assignments. Our models generically contain either lepton number violating or baryon number violating renormalizable interactions, whose coexistence is nevertheless automatically forbidden by the new $U(1{)}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ gauge symmetry. The $U(1{)}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ symmetry also prohibits the potentially dangerous and often ignored higher-dimensional proton decay operators such as $QQQL$ and ${U}^{c}{U}^{c}{D}^{c}{E}^{c}$ which are still allowed by $R$-parity. Thus, under minimal assumptions, we show that once the $\ensuremath{\mu}$-problem is solved, the proton is sufficiently stable, even in the presence of a minimum set of exotics fields, as required for anomaly cancellation. Our models provide impetus for pursuing the collider phenomenology of $R$-parity violation within the UMSSM framework.
Comprehensibility of Dysarthric Speech

This paper describes the concept of comprehensibility and how it is an important construct in the assessment and treatment of dysarthric speech. Intelligibility and comprehensibility are differenti...