cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monkeys predict trajectories of virtual prey using basic variables from Newtonian physics

The demands of foraging are a major driver in the evolution of cognitive faculties. To successfully pursue prey that is attempting to avoid capture, the ability to predict its flight path can provide a crucial advantage. We hypothesized that, during pursuit, rhesus macaques exploit patterns in prey's behavior to predict the prey's future positions. We modeled behavior of three macaques in a joystick-controlled pursuit task in which prey follow simple escape algorithms that involve repulsion from the subject and from the walls of the virtual enclosure. We find that, even in this artificial task, macaques actively predict and aim towards three core variables in Newtonian dynamics: position, velocity, and acceleration. Even after extensive training, subjects favored these principles and ignored other regularities in prey behavior. Most notably, they ignored the effects their own actions would have on the prey, despite extensive training and even though doing so would have further improved performance. We conjecture that subjects have a strong bias towards using physical principles to pursue fleeing prey, possibly reflecting an evolved physics module. The observed predictive behavior suggests that foraging demands facilitate the development of prospection.
Sexuality and Gender

Recent advances in the social sciences and critiques from the feminist and gay movements have challenged biomedical characterizations of sexuality. Challenges to the setting of norms of sexual behavior (i.e., the DSM), the assumed stable nature of gender (i.e., centrality of gender differences), sexual orientations, and sexual identity are repeated themes in anthropology, history, psychology, and sociology. The construction of gender appears to direct meanings attached to the sexual self (i.e., who is “more” sexual, men or women?). What acts are sexually deviant? These constructions are themselves tied to history in a particular time. AIDS poses particularly difficult gender problems in sexual intimacy for adolescents and couples in ethnic groups with highly gender-segregated sexual rights.
Identification of Multiple Criteria Decision Making

Assuming that m alternatives given by A = {a 1,..., a m } are evaluated by n criteria, called Z = {z 1,..., z n }, we obtain the utility function $$ u:A \times Z \to R\,with\,u\left( {{a_i},{z_j}} \right) = {u_{{ij}}} $$ (1.1) In the classical utility theory u is a linear function. If we are able to set weights w 1,..., w n with w k ≧ 0, \( {w_k}\; \geqq \;0,\quad \sum\limits_{{k = 1}}^n {{w_k}} = 1 \) representing the importance of z 1,..., z n , we get a complete preordering ≳ on pairs of alternatives: $$ {a_i}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} > \\ {\left( \sim \right)} \\ \end{array} {a_j} \Leftrightarrow \sum\limits_{{k = 1}}^n {{u_{{ik}}}{w_k}} \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} > \\ {\left( \sim \right)} \\ \end{array} \sum\limits_{{k = 1}}^n {{u_{{jk}}}{w_k}} $$ (1.2) Obviously each preordering depends on the weights of criteria. Changing the weights we may obtain other preorderings.
Working with Forced Migrant Children and their Families: Mental Health, Developmental, Legal, and Linguistic Considerations in the Context of School-Based Mental Health Services

While many understand the meaning of the term immigration generally, individuals are often less aware of what is meant by forced migration. In addition to fleeing from their home countries and experiencing harrowing journeys, upon arriving in a safe country, forced migrants often endure a lengthy, complicated legal process to gain residency in their host countries. The forced migratory experience is frequently compounded by post migration stressors similar to those faced by other immigrants, such as learning a new language and culture, adjusting to a new gender and familial roles as well as a new, educational system, accessing services, and learning new skills (Akinsulure-Smith, Ghiglione, & Wollmershauser, 2009; Blanch, 2008; Drachman, 1995; Miller, Worthington, Muzurovic, Tipping, & Goldman, 2002; Sue & Sue, 2008; van der Veer, 1998). While many refugees and asylum seekers are able to adjust to life in the United States (U.S.) without significant stress, some are at risk for emotional difficulties that can have devastating consequences such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. In addition, forced migrants may also experience intense grief as a result of multiple losses experienced, even after resettling in a safe environment (Athey & Ahearn, 1991; Fazel, Wheeler, & Danesh, 2005; Keyes, 2000; Lustig et al., 2004; Porter & Haslam, 2005; Rousseau, 1995).
Compositional analysis for identification of arson accelerants by electron ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Elemental compositions of each of 100 to 500 different constituents (i.e., every peak in a mass-to-charge ratio range, 50
TRAUMA, CHEST | Bronchopleural Fistula

Bronchopleural fistula is a persistent communication between the bronchi and pleural space for at least 10 days. It can be caused by blunt or penetrating trauma, blast injury, or barotrauma and usually persists because of an acute or chronic underlying lung disease. Signs may include crepitus, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse with pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax with or without mediastinal shift on chest radiograph. The pathogenesis varies from direct lung injury from rib fractures, bronchial laceration, alveolar destruction, and airway stripping from blast injuries, to alveolar rupture with interstitial gas accumulation from shear forces in ventilated patients with acute lung injury. With rupture of the pulmonary interstitial air into the pleural space, a bronchopleural fistula will develop if there is impaired wound healing. Supportive therapy with lung protective ventilation (low tidal volumes and adequate positive end-expiratory pressure) fosters fistula healing by minimizing lung injury. High-frequency ventilatory techniques and independent lung ventilation may be used in refractory cases. Surgical oversewing or resection of blebs, bronchial stump repair, lobectomy, and pleurodesis may be used in selected cases. Bronchoscopic occlusion of the involved bronchial segment is an option in patients too ill for surgery.
Taoist Bioethics in the Final Age: Therapy and Salvation in the Book of Divine Incantations for Penetrating the Abyss

I must begin with two disclaimers.1 The first is that I am no bioethicist. I am a historian of religions interested in ethical aspects of religious life, con­versant with the history of Western ethical discourse, and familiar with more recent forays in comparative religious ethics and, to a lesser extent, with some recent North American bioethical literature. The second is that, despite the title of this volume, what I am about to describe cannot reasonably be viewed as a method, and is only an indirect resource, for Western academicians or healthcare professionals confronting bioethical decisions. Rather, what I can hope to do is at most to heighten modern Western bioethicists’ self-consciousness about what they do, how they do it, and under what cultural, moral, and intellectual presuppositions they do it, by presenting a glimpse of what counted as “bioethics” in a vastly different time, place, culture, and ethos: the world of southern China in the fifth century C.E., and in particular a certain Taoist community’s response to that world.
Discharge Chamber Primary Electron Modeling Activities in Three-Dimensions

Designing discharge chambers for ion thrusters involves many geometric configuration decisions. Various decisions will impact discharge chamber performance with respect to propellant utilization efficiency, ion production costs, and grid lifetime. These hardware design decisions can benefit from the assistance of computational modeling. Computational modeling for discharge chambers has been limited to two-dimensional codes that leveraged symmetry for interpretation into three-dimensional analysis. This paper presents model development activities towards a three-dimensional discharge chamber simulation to aid discharge chamber design decisions. Specifically, of the many geometric configuration decisions toward attainment of a worthy discharge chamber, this paper focuses on addressing magnetic circuit considerations with a three-dimensional discharge chamber simulation as a tool. With this tool, candidate discharge chamber magnetic circuit designs can be analyzed computationally to gain insight into factors that may influence discharge chamber performance such as: primary electron loss width in magnetic cusps, cathode tip position with respect to the low magnetic field volume, definition of a low magnetic field region, and maintenance of a low magnetic field region across the grid span. Corroborating experimental data will be obtained from mockup hardware tests. Initially, simulated candidate magnetic circuit designs will resemble previous successful thruster designs. To provide opportunity to improve beyond previous performance benchmarks, off-design modifications will be simulated and experimentally tested.
Knowledge Extraction of Long-Term Complications from Clinical Narratives of Blood Cancer Patients with HCT Treatments

Interactive information extraction (IE) systems supported by biomedical ontologies are intelligent natural language processing (NLP) tools to understand literature and clinical narratives and discover meaningful domain knowledge from unstructured text. This study developed integrated IE systems to detect treatment complications of blood cancer patients from Electrical Medical Records (EMR) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) protocol following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT). The performance of the proposed approach was very encouraging compared to the gold-standard datasets manually reviewed by domain experts. In addition, the NLP system identified significant amount of cases not caught by experts.
Mdr1 transfection causes enhanced apoptosis by paclitaxel: an effect independent of drug efflux function of P-glycoprotein.

Purpose. We previously reported that in patient tumors the expression of the mdr1 p-glycoprotein (Pgp) resulted in a lower paclitaxel-induced inhibition of DNA precursor incorporation, but a higher apoptosis (Clin. Cancer Res.4:2949-2955, 1998). The present study was to evaluate these findings in an experimental system where the Pgp effect can be studied without confounding factors such as the intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity associated with patient tumors.
Taming Chaos: Labor, Economy, and Society in Nineteenth-Century Mexico

During the 19th century, Mexico was embroiled in social and economic turmoil. Faced with the same problems shared by many young nations, Mexico’s elite needed to find a way to rein in the chaos and create a unified, stable, and modern citizenry. Drawing on archival and archaeological data, this article explores the economic and social instability faced by rural landowners in central Mexico’s Valley of Atlixco and discusses a strategic solution to these problems. By examining changes in the architectural layout of the Hacienda San Miguel Acocotla, I demonstrate that rural landowners attempted to transform the very identities of their workers by implementing programs of modernization that not only affected their work habits, but also their home lives.
Federalism and Mixity in the United States: A Survey of Federal Judges Regarding Erie Courts and Louisiana's Civil Law - Appendix, Survey of Federal Erie Judges

This 35-question survey was distributed to all 53 Article III judges on the U.S. Federal District Courts in Louisiana and on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit; the survey was conducted as research for Federalism and Mixity in the United States: A Survey of Federal Judges Regarding Erie Courts and Louisiana’s Civil Law, 77 The Rabel J. of Comp. and Int’l Private L. 251 (2013), available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2271679.
Chapter 58 – Phospholipid Degradation

: Phospholipases act as digestive enzymes, and they also generate highly active intracellular signal molecules. Membrane-bound PLs are continually being formed and degraded by living cells. Hydrolysis of membrane-bound PL by PLC yields DAG and IP3. G-stimulatory (Gs) and G-inhibitory (Gi) proteins, which function through GTP/GDP or ATP/ADP, couple certain hormone receptors to PLC. Part of the antiinflammatory action of the glucocorticoids is accounted for by their ability to inhibit PLA2. Some bacterial toxins act through stimulating the activity of PLC. Some tumor promoters are potent activators of PKC. Cytoplasmic Ca++ can be derived from extracellular fluid, or from mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum from within cells. IP3 is a water-soluble inducer of Ca++ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Ca++ binds intracellularly to calmodulin (CAM), and this complex activates specific and multifunctional CAM kinases.
Effectiveness of an mHealth application to improve hypertension health literacy in India

Aim The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a mobile health or mHealth application to improve hypertension health literacy among vulnerable populations in India. Additionally, we sought to estimate relationships between participant knowledge on hypertension and sociodemographic variables. Background The World Health Organization advocates for the use of mobile technology to improve public health outcomes. Introduction The incidence of hypertension is on the rise in India, and effective and sustainable interventions are needed. Methods A quantitative single arm pre-test post-test interventional and correlational design was used to test the hypertension mHealth application among participants in a limited resource setting. A paired t-test was performed to compare pre- and post-test results after participant use of the mHealth application. A regression model was used to estimate relationships between participant hypertension health literacy and sociodemographic variables. Results A statistically significant improvement in test scores among participants after use of the mHealth app was found. Sociodemographic characteristics such as living in an urban environment, married, increased number of people living in household and alcohol use were determined to have a statistically significant effect on improvement of test score. Discussion Results indicated the application was effective among participants with varied literacy and health literacy levels. These findings contribute to the potential widespread scalability of the app among populations with varied demographics. Conclusion This application provides an effective and valuable culturally tailored educational resource for nurses and other health providers to use to improve hypertension health literacy among vulnerable populations in India. Implications for nursing practice and health policy This study contributes to nursing and health policy by answering a call from the World Health Organization to implement and research mHealth interventions to improve health outcomes, particularly in a low and middle income country where preventive health access is limited.
The Bidirectional Relationship Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Sleep apnea is a condition with significant health risks and increased risk of mortality and is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease. This paper describes the detrimental cardiovascular sequelae of sleep-disordered breathing and explores the bidirectional relationship between chronic kidney disease and obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea-related hypoxia produces a range of harmful systemic effects including oxidative stress, inflammation, and sympathetic activation that collectively worsen the progression of renal disease. In turn, chronic kidney disease can result in increased severity of sleep apnea through inducing (1) uremic neuropathy and myopathy, (2) altered chemosensitivity, and (3) hypervolemia. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy remains the mainstay of treatment for reversing the health risks of apnea. Other strategies aimed at decreasing the high prevalence and associated morbidity of sleep apnea include weight loss, oral appliances, and corrective surgery in the case of airway obstruction.
Harmonic distortion feature of AC transformers caused by DC bias

Combined with the undergoing ± 660 kV HVDC transmission line from Yinchuan to Qingdao,quantitative harmonic analysis of the No.1 main transformer of Kuangzheng substation which is 30 km away from the Qingdao converter station is carried out based on an established nonlinear magnetic model by PSCAD/EMTDC.The results indicate that, both the odd and even harmonic components are increasing significantly under DC bias than that without DC bias, which thereby makes the power transformers become the severe harmonic sources. Related factors of DC bias impact on the power transformers are discussed, and the relationship between the injected neural DC currents and the even harmonic ratio is established, which presents further potential for developing inverse-current-injection based DC bias suppression scheme.
First-generation physician-scientists are under-represented and need better support.

First-generation students, whose parents do not have baccalaureate degrees, are less likely to apply to MD-PhD programs than to MD programs, which has led to a worrying lack of diversity among physician-scientists.
Altered identity: fleeting colors and obscured surfaces in Van Gogh’s Landscapes in Paris, Arles, and Saint-Rémy

The Thannhauser Collection of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, represents an important survey of European avant-garde art production during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the works included in this collection are three paintings by Vincent van Gogh, namely Roadway with Underpass (1887), Landscape with Snow (1888), and Mountains at Saint-Remy (1889). These examples each exhibit some degree of surface alteration, including fading of specific pigments and, in one case, a non-original, discolored varnish, resulting in obscured color and spatial relationships, as well as being the subject of questions regarding authenticity in the case of the two earlier pictures. Initial examination involved documentation of the brushwork, paint quality, and distribution of colors under magnification. Infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) photography, as well as X-radiography, provided additional information on the surface coatings, the structure of the works, and their supports. Subsequently, an in-depth scientific investigation of the ground and paint layers, with a special focus on fading colors and altered surfaces, was carried out non-invasively with point and macro-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, visible reflection spectroscopy, and multi-channel visible spectrum four-light imaging, followed by the analysis of cross sections and dispersed pigment samples by means of optical microscopy, transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), as well as high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Results indicated that both the brushwork and artist's palette of all three paintings are consistent with data previously reported for other Van Gogh works and with pigments described in the artist’s letters to his friends and his brother Theo. Most notably, evidence of biodeterioration and paint alteration phenomena was found on Roadway with Underpass, while specific pigments such as eosin red—historically sold as geranium lake—were detected in areas of Landscape with Snow and Mountains at Saint-Remy that display severe fading. In addition to assisting the development of a suitable plan for the conservation of the 1887 painting, this study traces the progression of Van Gogh’s practice over three years critical to his artistic development, discusses the historical context in which each masterpiece was created, identifies the range of materials and techniques used, and addresses authenticity questions by providing a comparison with results of scientific analysis from other similar works.
Byzantine Resilient Aggregation in Distributed Reinforcement Learning

Recent distributed reinforcement learning techniques utilize networked agents to accelerate exploration and speed up learning. However, such techniques are not resilient in the presence of Byzantine agents which can disturb convergence. In this paper, we present a Byzantine resilient aggregation rule for distributed reinforcement learning with networked agents that incorporates the idea of optimizing the objective function in designing the aggregation rules. We evaluate our approach using multiple reinforcement learning environments for both value-based and policy-based methods with homogeneous and heterogeneous agents. The results show that cooperation using the proposed approach exhibits better learning performance than the non-cooperative case and is resilient in the presence of an arbitrary number of Byzantine agents.
Information-Theoretic Approach: Application to Molecular Collisions

What we now know as information theory(1,2) was introduced by Shannon(3) and Wiener(4) in the late 1940s. Like thermodynamics, the need for the theory was motivated by very practical considerations. Just as the question “Are there natural limits to the conversion of heat into mechanical energy?” prompted Carnot’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics, the question “Are there theoretical limitations to the number of messages that can be reliably transmitted via a communication channel?” led Shannon to the second theorem of information theory. It is not our purpose here to review the rest of the story but to present a utilitarian summary of the current practice of information theoretic methods in the study of molecular collisions. The area has been previously reviewed(5–9) and a “handbook” of results at a given total energy is available.(10) In this chapter we focus attention on the theory from the experimentalist’s point of view, although the “experimental” data to be treated may well include computational results, e.g., from classical trajectory calculations. We intend to describe the current usage and, where appropriate, to make specific recommendations. This chapter is thus a handbook and does not always provide detailed derivations, nor does it provide a literature survey (which can be found, e.g., in Reference 9). We apologize to those of our colleagues whose work is not explicity cited.
A Rapid Bioassay for Platelet–Derived Growth Factor β-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Function

We have extended a melanophore–based bioassay for G–protein coupled receptors to include the functional expression of the murine platelet–derived growth factor (PDGF) β–receptor. The homodimeric ligand PDGF–BB induced activation of the transiently expressed receptor in melanophore cells. This led to dose dependent pigment dispersion whereas it did not induce pigment dispersion in wild type cells. The effective concentration of PDGF–BB giving half–maximal pigment dispersion (EC50) was 1 nM after 30 minutes exposure. PDGF–AA had no abiltity to induce pigment dispersion in melanophore cells transiently expressing the β–PDGF receptor. PDGF–BB–induced pigment dispersion could be blocked by the bisindolylmaleimide Ro 31–8220 which is an inhibitor of protein kinase C isoenzymes. Functional expression of the PDGF β–receptor extends the use of the pigment translocation assay to include transmembrane signaling receptor tyrosine kinases. It opens the opportunity for the discovery of potent agonists and antagonists through massive drug screening and investigations of functional ligand–receptor interactions for single transmembrane domain receptors.
Continuous Culture of Ruminal Microorganisms in Chemically Defined Medium: I. Design of Continuous-Culture Apparatus

An apparatus is described which has been used for successful continuous culture of the ciliates from the rumen of cattle. Automatic control of feeding rate, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, temperature, stirring rate, aeration rate, salinity, and volume of the culture is provided for, using standard commercial equipment, whenever possible. The operation of this apparatus is described.
The New Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure: II

ON March 21, 1946, a new set of rules of criminal procedure for the federal courts went into effect. Hailed by former Attorney General Homer Cummings as "a triumph of the democratic process," 1 this body of rules is the non-legislative product of a laborious, eight-year enterprise which required the participation of a great many individuals and groups throughout the United States, including judges, lawyers, government officers, legal scholars, and committees of bench and bar. In contrast with the unwieldy legislative codes of criminal procedure of many of the states, these rules occupy but sixty small pages of large print.2 In a pocket edition, as the late Judge George Z. Medalie once remarked, they would take up no more space than a box of matches.
Efficient approximate inference in distributed Bayesian networks for MAS-based sensor interpretation

The multiply sectioned Bayesian network (MSBN) framework is the most studied approach for distributed Bayesian Network inference in an MAS setting. This paper describes a new framework that supports efficient approximate MAS-based sensor interpretation, more autonomy and asynchrony among the agents, and more focused, situation-specific communication patterns. Its use can lead to significant improvements in agent utilization and time-to-solution.
Application of Performance and Reliability Concepts to the Design of Ceramic Regenerators

Four regenerator matrix samples, fabricated by different manufacturing methods and consisting of different ceramic materials and cell geometries, were studied to determine their reliability and performance potential in a typical industrial gas turbine engine. Hypothetical regenerators were designed from these matrix samples to give identical engine performance, and the thermal stress was determined for each. In some instances, it was necessary to stress relieve and preload the rims in order to reduce the thermal stresses so that acceptable reliability could be obtained. The four hypothetical regenerators were then compared on the basis of size, cost, leakage, etc., so that the advantages of each configuration could be observed. The performance and reliability analysis was based on Ford Motor Company's shuttle rig performance tests and over 200,000 core-hours of engine test on ceramic regenerators. The engine test program is described in detail.
Can We Trust the Machines

Electronic Elections . The Perils and Promises of Digital Democracy. By R. Michael Alvarez and Thad E. Hall . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2008. 232 pp. $29.95, £17.95. ISBN 9780691125176. Rejecting claims that new voting technologies foster tampering and fraud, Alvarez and Hall argue that with careful implementation computer-based solutions provide the best approach to voting.
Developing procedural flexibility: Are novices prepared to learn from comparing procedures?

Background. A key learning outcome in problem-solving domains is the development of procedural flexibility, where learners know multiple procedures and use them appropriately to solve a range of problems (e.g., Verschaffel, Luwel, Torbeyns, & Van Dooren, 2009). However, students often fail to become flexible problem solvers in mathematics. To support flexibility, teaching standards in many countries recommend that students be exposed to multiple procedures early in instruction and be encouraged to compare them. Aims. We experimentally evaluated this recommended instructional practice for supporting procedural flexibility during a classroom lesson, relative to two alternative conditions. The alternatives reflected the common instructional practice of delayed exposure to multiple procedures, either with or without comparison of procedures. Sample. Grade 8 students from two public schools (N= 198) were randomly assigned to condition. Students had not received prior instruction on multi-step equation solving, which was the topic of our lessons. Method. Students learned about multi-step equation solving under one of three conditions in math class for about 3 hr. They also completed a pre-test, post-test, and 1-month-retention test on their procedural knowledge, procedural flexibility, and conceptual knowledge of equation solving. Results. Novices who compared procedures immediately were more flexible problem solvers than those who did not, even on a 1-month retention test. Although condition had limited direct impact on conceptual and procedural knowledge, greater flexibility was associated with greater knowledge of both types. Conclusions. Comparing procedures can support flexibility in novices and early introduction to multiple procedures may be one important reason.
Non-invasive, whole-plant imaging of chloroplast movement and chlorophyll fluorescence reveals photosynthetic phenotypes independent of chloroplast photorelocation defects in chloroplast division mutants

Leaf chloroplast movement is thought to optimize light capture and to minimize photodamage. To better understand the impact of chloroplast movement on photosynthesis, we developed a technique based on the imaging of reflectance from leaf surfaces that enables continuous, high-sensitivity, non-invasive measurements of chloroplast movement in multiple intact plants under white actinic light. We validated the method by measuring photorelocation responses in Arabidopsis chloroplast division mutants with drastically enlarged chloroplasts, and in phototropin mutants with impaired photorelocation but normal chloroplast morphology, under different light regimes. Additionally, we expanded our platform to permit simultaneous image-based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and chloroplast movement. We show that chloroplast division mutants with enlarged, less-mobile chloroplasts exhibit greater photosystem II photodamage than is observed in the wild type, particularly under fluctuating high levels of light. Comparison between division mutants and the severe photorelocation mutant phot1-5 phot2-1 showed that these effects are not entirely attributable to diminished photorelocation responses, as previously hypothesized, implying that altered chloroplast morphology affects other photosynthetic processes. Our dual-imaging platform also allowed us to develop a straightforward approach to correct non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) calculations for interference from chloroplast movement. This correction method should be generally useful when fluorescence and reflectance are measured in the same experiments. The corrected data indicate that the energy-dependent (qE) and photoinhibitory (qI) components of NPQ contribute differentially to the NPQ phenotypes of the chloroplast division and photorelocation mutants. This imaging technology thus provides a platform for analyzing the contributions of chloroplast movement, chloroplast morphology and other phenotypic attributes to the overall photosynthetic performance of higher plants.
NASA EARTH EXCHANGE: NEXT GENERATION EARTH SCIENCE COLLABORATIVE

The NASA Earth Exchange (NEX) is a collaboration platform for the Earth science community creating new ways for scientific interaction and knowledge sharing. NEX combines state-of-the-art supercomputing, Earth system modeling, workflow management, NASA remote sensing data feeds, and a social networking platform to deliver a complete work environment in which users can explore and analyze large datasets, run modeling codes, collaborate on new or existing projects, and quickly share results among the Earth science communities.The work environment provides NEX members with community supported modeling, analysis and visualization software in conjunction with datasets that are common to the Earth systems science domain. By providing data, software, and large-scale computing power together in a flexible framework, NEX reduces the need for duplicated efforts in downloading data, developing pre-processing software tools, and expanding local compute infrastructures–while accelerating fundamental research, development of new applications, and reducing project costs. The social networking platform provides a forum for NEX members to efficiently share datasets, results, algorithms, codes, and expertise with other members. Since all members''work environments reside on the collaborative platform, sharing may be done without the transfer of large volumes of data or the porting of complex codes– making NEX an ideal platform for building upon and exchanging research, and fostering innovation.
Infinite-dilution diffusion coefficients in supercritical fluids

A predictive equation, based on the rough-hard-sphere theory, was developed for the determination of infinite-dilution molecular diffusion coefficients in supercritical fluids. The equation parameters were determined from molecular dynamics simulations and from experimental data on 1-octene diffusion in supercritical ethane, propane, and hexane over a wide range of temperatures and pressures for supercritical fluid densities in the range of 69.9−500.2 kg/m3. An extensive database on diffusion in supercritical fluids was collected through the literature in order to evaluate the proposed equation and to determine the accuracy of the predictions with no additional parameter adjustment. The predictions were very good, with an average absolute deviation of 15.08% over 1548 data points. For systems where actual data on the critical constants were available, the average error of the predictions reduces to 9.61% over 939 points.
A NEXAFS study on the adsorption of ammonia on clean and potassium-promoted iron

Abstract The adsorption of ammonia on thin films of iron with and without potassium has been investigated with near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The NEXAFS results suggest that for low coverages of chemisorbed ammonia on iron there is a dilation of the NH bond length with respect to solid ammonia. At higher ammonia coverages there is less perturbation of NH 3 , as inferred from NEXAFS and XPS experiments, suggesting that the adsorption energy of the ammonia is a strong function of surface coverage. The coadsorption of potassium metal is found to prevent the ammonia NH bond dilation observed over clean iron.
Functional assessment testing for maxillofacial prosthetics

Abstract Statement of problem. The health industry is now concerned with treatment outcomes and accountability to patients, payers, and referral sources. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the functional tests that are available to maxillofacial prosthodontists and to provide a list of those tests that are applicable in treatment and documentation. Methods. Functional assessment may be used to justify reimbursement on the basis of payer guidelines, define eligibility for service, and judge quality and effectiveness of care. Currently, most maxillofacial prosthodontists do not use functional assessment. A literature search resulted in a list of 125 available tests. On the basis of that list a questionnaire was submitted to speech-language pathologists and occupational therapists to identify which tests are being used by them. This article discusses a historic overview of assessment testing and the need for functional assessment testing by the maxillofacial prosthodontist. Results. Outcome measurements used by other members of the rehabilitation team are discussed and summarized, and those useful for the maxillofacial prosthodontist are suggested. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:388-93.)
An Investigation of Reference Price Segments

Abstract Empirical research on reference price has typically assumed that consumers use either an internal reference price (IRP) or an external reference price (ERP), but not both, in brand choice decisions. In this article, the authors assume that consumers use both IRP and ERP but may consider one of them more salient than the other. The authors develop a model that segments consumers on the basis of the differences in the importance they assign to each type of reference price as well as in their brand preferences and responses to marketing-mix variables. The authors calibrate the model on data for four categories: liquid detergents, ketchup, tissue, and yogurt. In all four categories, the proposed model performs significantly better than the one that assumes that consumers use either IRP or ERP exclusively. The authors discuss the managerial implications of this finding.
Reduction Studies on 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglyoxylohydroxamyl Chlorides and Related Compounds

The preparation of four new phenylglyoxylohydroxamamides is described; however, only two of these products are fully characterized. The reduction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglyoxylohydroxamyl chloride and N-α-methylbenzylphenylgly-oxylohydroxamamide with platinum-palladium catalyst under low pressure has been studied and conclusions drawn from chemical, physical, and analytical data.
Fingerprint image enhancement method using directional median filter

The performance of any fingerprint recognizer highly depends on the fingerprint image quality. Different types of noises in the fingerprint images pose greater difficulty for recognizers. Most Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) use some form of image enhancement. Although several methods have been described in the literature, there is still scope for improvement. In particular, effective methodology of cleaning the valleys between the ridge contours are lacking. We observe that noisy valley pixels and the pixels in the interrupted ridge flow gap are "impulse noises". Therefore, this paper describes a new approach to fingerprint image enhancement, which is based on integration of Anisotropic Filter and directional median filter(DMF). Gaussian-distributed noises are reduced effectively by Anisotropic Filter, "impulse noises" are reduced efficiently by DMF. Usually, traditional median filter is the most effective method to remove pepper-and-salt noise and other small artifacts, the proposed DMF can not only finish its original tasks, it can also join broken fingerprint ridges, fill out the holes of fingerprint images, smooth irregular ridges as well as remove some annoying small artifacts between ridges. The enhancement algorithm has been implemented and tested on fingerprint images from FVC2002. Images of varying quality have been used to evaluate the performance of our approach. We have compared our method with other methods described in the literature in terms of matched minutiae, missed minutiae, spurious minutiae, and flipped minutiae(between end points and bifurcation points). Experimental results show our method to be superior to those described in the literature.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF TRYPANOSOME AND SPIROCHETE INFECTIONS BIOLOGICAL SERIES. I. THE TOXIC ACTION OF N-PHENYLGLYCINEAMIDE-p-ARSONIC ACID.

The essential facts to be gathered from these studies of the toxicologic action of N-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid may be summarized very briefly. The substance is one which lends itself well to almost any method of administration and can be given to animals in very large doses. The tolerance of different animal species varies rather widely but with one exception the reaction of laboratory animals to toxic doses of the drug is of favorable character. That is, toxic effects are confined to doses relatively close to the minimum lethal dose and the recovery of animals from sublethal intoxications is remarkably rapid and complete. This feature of the action of the drug makes possible the repeated administration of even very large doses at comparatively short intervals of time without incurring the dangers incident to cumulative action or to superposition of toxic effects. On the contrary, by taking advantage of this peculiarity of action, it is possible to develop such a degree of tolerance on the part of animals that the dose of the drug administered can be progressively increased to a point well above that which is fatal to the normal animal, and this stands out as the feature of the toxicologic action of N-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid which is of greatest significance in the use of the drug for therapeutic purposes.
Member activities and quality of tags in a collection of historical photographs in Flickr

To enable and guide effective metadata creation it is essential to understand the structure and patterns of the activities of the community around the photographs, resources used, and scale and quality of the socially created metadata relative to the metadata and knowledge already encoded in existing knowledge organization systems. This article presents an analysis of Flickr member discussions around the photographs of the Library of Congress photostream in Flickr. The article also reports on an analysis of the intrinsic and relational quality of the photostream tags relative to two knowledge organization systems: the Thesaurus for Graphic Materials (TGM) and the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). Thirty seven percent of the original tag set and 15.3p of the preprocessed set (after the removal of tags with fewer than three characters and URLs) were invalid or misspelled terms. Nouns, named entity terms, and complex terms constituted approximately 77p of the preprocessed set. More than a half of the photostream tags were not found in the TGM and LCSH, and more than a quarter of those terms were regular nouns and noun phrases. This suggests that these terms could be complimentary to more traditional methods of indexing using controlled vocabularies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First-principles assessment of hydrogen absorption into FeAl and Fe3Si: Towards prevention of steel embrittlement

Abstract We characterize the ability of two potential surface alloys, FeAl and Fe 3 Si, to prevent H incorporation into steel, with a view toward inhibiting steel embrittlement. Periodic density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation are used to evaluate H dissolution energetics and the kinetics of H diffusion into and through FeAl and Fe 3 Si. We predict increased dissolution endothermicities and diffusion barriers in both alloys compared to bulk Fe. Fe 3 Si is predicted to be the most effective at inhibiting H incorporation, with a 1.91 eV [0.97 eV] surface-to-subsurface diffusion barrier on the (1 1 0) surface [(1 0 0 surface)] and a 0.79 eV endothermicity to bulk dissolution, compared to a 1.02 eV [0.38 eV] barrier and 0.20 eV dissolution energy in pure Fe [37] . We therefore propose that a thin layer of Fe 3 Si may provide protection against H embrittlement of the underlying steel.
An empirical analysis of bill co-sponsorship in the U.S. Senate: The Tree Act of 2007 ☆

Abstract Public choice economists view the legislative process as a political market, in which interest groups attempt to influence the production of legislation that has pecuniary and non-pecuniary consequences for them; politicians provide these groups with relevant legislation. In this context, bill co-sponsorship acts as a signal to interest groups that a legislator is working to promote their interests and thereby maximize the payoffs received from such groups. In this paper we seek to identify factors associated with bill co-sponsorship, to determine whether interest group politics significantly explain bill co-sponsorship behavior in the U.S. Senate. Specifically, we examine Senate Bill 402, a bill seeking to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow a deduction for qualified timber gains. Senate co-sponsorship decisions concerning S.B. 402 are assessed using a model that identifies various political and industry (forestry) interests/characteristics. We demonstrate that a Senator's co-sponsorship of this bill is correlated with his/her seniority, tax-cutting ideology, strength of electoral victory in his/her most recent election, campaign contributions received from forestry interests, the relative contribution of forestry to Gross State Product, and the percent of total land in his/her state that is privately owned.
The Bribe of Frankenstein

“The mass media, through the production and distribution of imagery, haue reconciled widespread demands for a better life with the general priorities of corporate America.”
Mineral find highlights cruise

Heavy minerals with potential commercial value were discovered last month by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in seafloor deposits off the coasts of Virginia and Georgia. The USGS sent the research vessel J. W. Powell on a 25-day cruise along the East Coast to assess the concentrations of commercially important minerals in that segment of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Assistant Secretary of the Interior Robert Broadbent called the findings of the Powell “promising” and said they served as a “reminder of just how little we do know about the seafloor resources just a few miles offshore.”
Genic Incompatibilities in Two Hybrid Bacteriophages

Horizontal gene transfer and recombination play a major role in microbial evolution and have been detected in diverse groups, including many of medical relevance such as HIV and dengue virus. In the absence of mechanistic barriers, the evolutionary success of a particular recombination event is determined by whether the recombinant genotype suffers a fitness cost through the disruption of favorable epistatic interactions within the genome, and if so, the extent to which this fitness cost might be mitigated by subsequent compensatory evolution. To investigate the importance of epistatic interactions between genes and the evolutionary viability of a homologous recombination event between diverged ancestral genotypes, we constructed two recombinant microvirid bacteriophages by exchanging their alleles of the gene encoding the coat protein. The coding sequences for this gene differ by approximately 8% at the amino acid level and were interchanged between two ancestral phages related to varphiX174 and well adapted to their culture conditions. Because the recombinant phages showed drastically reduced fitnesses, we further explored their evolutionary viability by subjecting replicate lines of each of them to selection. We found that all four lineages achieved fitnesses commensurate with ancestral fitnesses in as few as 60 generations, and on average, the first substitution accounted for more than half of the total fitness recovery. Fitness recovery required three to five substitutions in each lineage, and overall eight of the nine essential phage genes were involved, suggesting extensive epistatic interactions throughout the genome. Interestingly, the proteins with the most extensive and apparent physical interactions with the exchanged protein in the viral capsid did not appear to have much of a role in fitness recovery. This result appears to be a consequence of the conservation of the amino acid residues involved in the interactions. It suggests that strong epistatic interactions are less important than weaker, transient ones in producing genic incompatibilities because they preclude variability in the interacting regions of the proteins.
Research Progress on Effectiveness, Transportability, and Dissemination of Empirically Supported Treatments: Integrating Theory and Research

Herschell, McNeil, and McNeil's documentation of the lag in the dissemination of child empirically supported treatments (ESTs) relative to adult ESTs highlights an important issue that needs to be addressed if progress is to be made in helping children who suffer from debilitating behavioral and emotional disorders. The Herschell et al. article brings to the foreground a myriad of other issues, however, that need to be addressed in order that the profession may achieve the long-term goal of widespread deployment of ESTs. In this commentary, we use Herschell et al. as a point of departure for highlighting one issue that we believe is particularly critical. Namely, we highlight the importance of balancing Herschell et al.'s current call for more basic research on dissemination with a call for more basic theory on effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination, and, more significantly, the integration of theory and research.