cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The origins of T. H. Huxley's saltationism: history in Darwin's shadow.

T.H. Huxley cautionne les travaux et la theorie de C. Darwin sur l'origine des especes, mais exprime des doutes sur la theorie des types morphologiques distincts. En effet, Huxley pensait qu'un systeme de classification naturelle n'etait possible que si les organismes pouvaient etre groupes en types distincts
Arterial wave reflection and vascular autonomic modulation in young and older men

Background and aims: Arterial stiffening with aging causes early return of reflected arterial pressure waves from peripheral arteries and augmentation of these waves on incident aortic pressure waves. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between pressure wave reflection and augmentation from peripheral arteries and peripheral sympathetic vasomotion in young and older men. Methods: Thirty males (15 young, 15 older) participated in this cross-sectional study. Radial artery applanation tonometry was used to derive aortic pressure wave reflection time (Δt; index of aortic stiffness) and augmentation index (AIx; index of wave reflection intensity). Low frequency (LF) power attained from spectral decomposition of beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure (SBPLF) variability was used as an estimate of sympathetic vasomotor modulation. Results: SBPLF power was higher in older vs younger men (8.0±0.9 vs 4.5±0.5 mmHg2, p<0.05). Older men had higher AIx (24.0±1.8% vs −11.6±2.3%, p<0.05) and lower At (138.1±1.9 ms vs 185.8±5.9 ms, p<0.05) compared with younger males. When ANCOVA was performed with SBPLF power as the covariate, the group differences in AIx75 and Δt were preserved. Results from multiple regression revealed that, after entering age into the model, SBPLF power was not a significant correlate of AIx or Δt, accounting for a non-significant 1.2% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. Conclusions: These findings suggest that increased blood pressure variability with aging is not related to age-associated increases in aortic stiffness or wave reflection.
Turbulent temperature fluctuations and two dimensional heat transfer in a uniform shear flow

Abstract Correlation equations for statistically homogeneous fluctuations of velocity and temperature at two points in an infinite uniform shear flow are derived with allowance for a temperature gradient in an arbitrary direction in a plane normal to the flow direction. The initially excited isotropic turbulence decays and becomes anisotropic with time. After Fourier transformations are introduced, the resulting spectral equations are solved for the case of weak turbulence wherein triple correlations are neglected compared with double correlations. Spectra of turbulent heat transfer and temperature fluctuation are calculated. For large nondimensional velocity gradients, the thermal eddy diffusivity in the direction normal to the velocity gradient is larger than that in the direction of the velocity gradient. The thermal eddy diffusivity in the velocity-gradient direction tends to equal the momentum eddy diffusivity at large velocity gradients.
Archaeology, land use, pollen and restoration in the Yazoo Basin (Mississippi, USA)

Increasingly, modern ecologists are realizing that the history of ecological systems is crucially important for understanding the landscape and that human land use has a great impact on the trajectory of ecosystems. The Yazoo Basin of Mississippi (USA) is one area in which palaeoecological and archaeological research has been done, but at a time when interpretations of the results relied on paradigms that gave credence only to climate change as a causal factor in explaining vegetation histories of plant communities. This paper uses knowledge of ecological processes and patterns of plant colonization and succession to make testable expectations for vegetation composition and change related to human action. An existing pollen record from the area is then examined in light of these expectations and reveals evidence that humans were an integral part of the ecosystem in this area, influencing the trajectory of vegetation history over thousands of years.
Prison Industries and the private sector

In 1979, Congress passed the Prison Industry Enhancement (PIE) Act to promote private production within prisons. As of June 1994, 31 states had instituted PIE projects. Using a public choice model, this paper attempts to explain the likelihood that a stat ewould choose to participate in PIE. Using logistic regression, the study finds that states with stronger unions, democratic governors, and high unemployment will be less likely to allow PIE projects. Alternatively, states that exhibit a progressive prison management will be more likely to allow PIE projects.
Influence of Geometry and Deformation on the Performance of Profiled Hydrosatic Thrust Bearings

In a previous study, the authors investigated the effect of various thrust bearing profiles on the bearing performance and concluded that bearing performance is significantly influenced by the deformations resulting from lubrication film pressure. In the present work, results from a recent study on the effect of the interaction between the ball-joint and bearing on bearing deforma tion and hence, on bearing performance are reported. The motivation behind the study is to investigate the impact of raising or lowering the contact area between the ball-joint and bearing surface on bearing performance as this has the effect of influenceing the bearing deformation. Several designs involving various geometries of the bearing that affect the contact area are considered. The coupled fluid-solids problem is solved by using an iterative technique where the fluid problem is solved using the lubrication theory and the bearing deformation is analyzed by using the commercial FEA software ABAQUS standard. Results from the numerical simulations are compared with experimental results for the standard design of the bearing. The effect of varying the pocket width on the load carrying capacity of the bearing is also investigated.© 2003 ASME
Maternal ethanol consumption: binding of L-glutamate to synaptic membranes from whole brain, cortices, and cerebella of offspring.

Abstract We examined the influence of chronic maternal ethanol consumption on the Na + - and Ca 2+ -independent binding of l -glutamate to synaptic plasma membranes from whole brain as well as from cortices and cerebella of developing offspring. The maximum specific binding ( B max ) of l -glutamate to the Na + - and Ca 2+ -independent binding sites in synaptic plasma membranes of brain peaked at 17 days of age in the offspring of both control and ethanol-fed rats, although at that age there were significantly fewer binding sites in the brains of the offspring of ethanol-fed rats. The regional localization of this deficit is not now known. However, it appears that one major glutamatergic region (the cortex) does not reflect the transient deficiency of l -glutamate sites in brain. In fact, the concentration of l -glutamate binding sites in cortical synaptic plasma membranes was significantly increased in the 20-day-old offspring of ethanol-fed rats. In contrast to the cortex, binding to cerebellar synaptic plasma membranes was comparable in 20-day-old offspring of control and ethanol-fed rats. Despite transient alterations in the concentrations of l -glutamate binding sites in brain and synaptic plasma membranes, the affinity of the sites for l -glutamate ( K d ) was consistently normal in the 14- to 26-day-old offspring of ethanol-fed rats.
Fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in the mold of continuous casters during ladle change

Abstract A computational study of the transient two-dimensional turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in continuous casting molds during the ladle change operation is presented. The computations are based on an iterative, finite-volume numerical procedure using primitive dependent variables, whereby the governing time-dependent continuity, momentum and energy equations in combination with a low-Reynolds number turbulence model are solved. A single-domain enthalpy formulation is used for simulation of the phase change phenomenon. The effect of phase change on convection is accounted for using a Darcy's law-type porous media treatment. It is shown that due to the time-dependence of the inlet temperature during the ladle change, the volume occupied by the liquid phase generally expands in the radial direction during each cycle, whereas the axial extent of the liquid pool shrinks due to the greater influence of the buoyancy force. The increase in size for the liquid pool depends on the casting speed and is as much as 25% when compared to the steady-state value. The size of the mushy zone does not vary greatly over the period of ladle change. The thickness of the solidified shell shrinks during the ladle change operation to some extent. Casting surface temperatures vary over the two cycles of the ladle change operation and distinct temperature rise signatures were detected.
Aspirational guidance for wiser futures: toward open-sourced ascension from ego-centric to eco-centric human communities

Purpose – This paper aims to explore and demonstrate how the meme of aspiration can help guide human cultures through an epochal transformation triggered by a global megacrisis and leading to sustainable maturation of human cultures. Design/methodology/approach – Aspirational futures process, intuition-based visioning and “Type II” thinking that has high credibility for knowledgeable experts but low credibility to most others. Findings – Megacrisis is a Type II wild card needing anticipatory mitigation via strategies such as are suggested. While descent paths may be a suitable meme for technical professionals, ascent paths to higher levels of civilizational maturity are a better guiding image for the public. Aspirational methods whose core involves intuition-based creativity, wisdom and co-creative emergence are a vital complement to rational/analytic futures methods, especially in times of epochal change and uncertainty when a new “regime” of guiding world views, institutional processes and innovative te...
Error-resilient video compression

Video compression reduces the required bit rate and thereby enables a number of applications such as digital television and video over the Internet. However, compression also makes the video much more susceptible to errors, e.g. bit errors or packet loss. Generally there is a tradeoff between the compression of a signal and the error resilience of the compressed representation. However, recently there have been a number of developments which provide significant improvements in error-resilience while resulting in relatively small reductions in compression. This paper provides an overview of current error-resilient compression methods and also proposes an error-resilient coding scheme referred to as Multiple State Streams (MSS). Conventional video compression standards employ a similar architecture which we refer to as single-state systems since they have a single state (e.g. the previously decoded frame) which if lost or corrupted adversely affects all subsequent frames until the state is reinitialized (the prediction is refreshed). We propose to combat this problem of incorrect state at the decoder with MSS by coding the video into multiple independently decodable streams, each with its own prediction process and state, such that if one stream is lost the other streams can still be used to produce usable video. More importantly, the correctly received streams provide improved error concealment and enable faster state recovery for the lost stream.
Robust cell segmentation for non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer, predominantly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is one of the most serious and life threatening cancers, and automated, accurate cell segmentation for NSCLC is a prerequisite for many subsequent quantitative analysis on digitized images. However, the complex nature of histopathological images presents significant challenges for most traditional segmentation algorithms. In this work, we propose a novel and robust touching cell segmentation algorithm for NSCLC, which first localizes cell seeds using distance transform-based voting and thereafter employs a repulsive balloon snake model to accurately segment cells with initialization using the detected seeds. The comparative experiments with the recent state-of-the-art demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
My Friend PK

Greetings all! It is with sadness, and maybe just a tinge of jealousy, that I write to let you know that my esteemed colleague and dear friend, PK Smith, has decided to leave academia and, so, her ...
The Right View from the Wrong Location: Depth Perception in Stereoscopic Multi-User Virtual Environments

Stereoscopic depth cues improve depth perception and increase immersion within virtual environments (VEs). However, improper display of these cues can distort perceived distances and directions. Consider a multi-user VE, where all users view identical stereoscopic images regardless of physical location. In this scenario, cues are typically customized for one "leader" equipped with a head-tracking device. This user stands at the center of projection (CoP) and all other users ("followers") view the scene from other locations and receive improper depth cues. This paper examines perceived depth distortion when viewing stereoscopic VEs from follower perspectives and the impact of these distortions on collaborative spatial judgments. Pairs of participants made collaborative depth judgments of virtual shapes viewed from the CoP or after displacement forward or backward. Forward and backward displacement caused perceived depth compression and expansion, respectively, with greater compression than expansion. Furthermore, distortion was less than predicted by a ray-intersection model of stereo geometry. Collaboration times were significantly longer when participants stood at different locations compared to the same location, and increased with greater perceived depth discrepancy between the two viewing locations. These findings advance our understanding of spatial distortions in multi-user VEs, and suggest a strategy for reducing distortion.
Relationship between serum levels of IL-10, MRI activity and interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with relapsing remitting MS

Abstract Background: The purposes of this study were to: (1) compare monthly serum IL-10 in patients with relapsing remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls, (2) determine the relationship between IL-10 and MRI activity and (3) determine the effect of interferon beta-1a (IFNB-1a) treatment on IL-10 levels. Results: Median serum IL-10 levels were lower in untreated RRMS (185.5 pg/ml) compared to controls (438.5 pg/ml) ( P =0.19). Serum levels of IL-10 did not appear to predict the appearance of new gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions concurrently or 1 month thereafter. However, IL-10 levels were more likely to be elevated the month during which Gd+ lesions resolved (OR=3.14, P =0.01). Median IL-10 levels were lower during IFNB-1a treatment ( P =0.01). Conclusions: These observations suggest a relationship between serum IL-10 levels and resolution of abnormal vascular permeability in new lesions.
The adsorption of alkylpyridinium chlorides and their effect on the interfacial behavior of quartz

Abstract This research was directed at understanding cationic surfactant adsorption phenomena on wet-ground natural quartz, mainly with dodecylpyridinium chloride as the model surfactant. How these surfactant ions adsorb at the interface was delineated through measurements of adsorption isotherms, zeta potentials, suspension stability, contact angles, induction times, and flotation response. Hydrocarbon chain association of adsorbed surfactant ions (or self-association) leads to four distinct adsorption regions as the concentration of surfactant is increased in solution. The same four regions manifest themselves in the behavior of all of the interfacial processes studied. At low concentrations, adsorption is controlled primarily by electrostatic interactions, but when the adsorbed surfactant ions begin to associate into hemimicelles at the surface, hydrophobic chain interactions control the adsorption process. The results of experiments with alkylpyridinium chlorides of 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms can be normalized in terms of their CMCs, which clearly show that surface aggregation phenomena are driven by the same hydrophobic interactions that lead to micelle formation in bulk solution.
A phase II trial of ISIS 3521 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

This phase II study was designed to characterize the clinical activity of ISIS 3521 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Sixteen patients with pretreated or refractory CRC were treated with ISIS 3521. Eleven patients were given a dose of 2.0 mg/kg per day, and 5 patients received 3.0 mg/kg per day given over 21 days followed by a 7-day rest period. Patients continued with study until evidence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity was detected. Patients underwent baseline tumor biopsies followed by a second biopsy during the last week of the first 21-day infusion. All 16 patients underwent baseline tumor biopsies, and 12 of the 16 patients underwent on-study tumor biopsies. No evidence of tumor response was observed. One patient had stable disease after 2 cycles and remained on for 1 additional cycle only to demonstrate progression of disease at that time. No dose-limiting or other significant toxicities were observed at both dosages, which could not be explained by progression of disease. Fatigue was common in all patients treated but was not dose limiting, and there was no evidence of coagulopathy. Analysis of the tumor biopsies obtained from the 11 evaluable samples showed marked uptake of ISIS 3521 in the normal liver parenchyma. However, there was minimal uptake within the tumor cells. In addition, no evidence of any alteration in protein kinase C-a within the tumors or any downstream effects leading to apoptosis were observed. ISIS 3521 demonstrated no clinical activity or target modulation in refractory metastatic CRC.
Personality Characteristics and Self-Monitoring:

Previous research indicates that self-monitoring may be an important psychological construct. However, little evidence on the personality correlates of self-monitoring has been accumulated. This st...
Becoming an Effective Teacher: Applied Principles of Adult Learning

Many new instructors are drawn to education directly from their professional and post-graduate training or return to academia after a period in veterinary practice. These instructors have a very good idea of what their students “should know” but often find themselves struggling with how to communicate this information to their adult learners. This is partly because, over the last decade, many changes have occurred in adult education, or, at least, in our understanding of it. Integrated teaching, problem-based learning, and community learning, all of which have become a part of most health professional education, place increasing emphasis on student autonomy and the learner. This increased attention to the learner’s needs may create feelings of uncertainty and inadequacy in new and even seasoned instructors who struggle with how to integrate this paradigm shift into their classroom teaching. Since most of us do not have the benefit of formal educational instruction, we tend to rely on what we know—what was modeled for us.
The Second Homology Group of the Mapping Class Group of an Orientable Surface

In I-7] Mumford shows that the Picard group P ic (~ ' ) is isomorphic to H2(F; 2~) and conjectures the latter is rank one, g>3 . We prove this below for g>5 . Another interpretation of this theorem may be obtained by identifying H2(F) as bordism classes of fiber bundles F---*W4---* T where T is a closed oriented surface (Sect. 0). When F is closed every such bundle is bordant to F ~ W' --* T', a bundle admitting a section s: T ' ~ W'. The theorem then says that
A New Population Balance Model for Crystal Size Distributions: Reversible, Size-Dependent Growth and Dissolution.

A new approach to crystal growth and dissolution, based on a population balance equation (PBE) similar to models of reversible chain polymerization, describes reversible solute addition to crystal surfaces. The PBE, in combination with a mass balance for solute, can be solved for mass moments of the crystal size distribution (CSD). The first three moments provide the number, average mass, and CSD variance, which allow representation of the CSD by two-parameter, normalized statistical distributions, such as lognormal or gamma distributions. With realistic initial conditions, operating parameters, and rate coefficients, the new theory describes crystal growth, dissolution, and recrystallization (Ostwald ripening) processes. Size-dependent interfacial energy affects solubility and nucleation and determines the driving force for growth or dissolution. Because the model is reversible, the CSD evolves appropriately to equilibrium. The moment equations are readily solved and show properties consistent with observed crystal growth behavior.
Should the Pancreas be Routinely Included with an Intestinal Graft

Intestinal transplant is the only curative solution for children and adults with life-threatening complications of intestinal failure. A dilemma that arises often in real life, typically at the time of organ allocation involving multiple centers, is whether the pancreas can and/or should be procured and transplanted separately from an intestine-containing graft. Evidence appears to support routinely allocating the pancreas along with a composite liver-intestine graft. For all pediatric recipients and recipients of any age requiring foregut replacement, the pancreas would likewise seem fundamental to the graft. The only scenario where the pancreas might not be considered as integral to the graft is an isolated intestine transplant where the recipient does not require the foregut. We feel that the pancreas should generally be allocated with isolated intestine grafts in adults, as the added benefit to the pancreas recipient pool is not adequately offset by the risk to the intestine recipients.
Integration of methodology and tools: An approach to teaching systems development

An approach to teaching systems development is presented which integrates the teaching of the tools used in structured analysis with a systems development methodology. The students are taught about each tool at the place in the development methodology where it is first needed. Students apply the methodology in a semester long team project where they obtain experience applying the tools. This emphasizes the application of the tools and the students' learning of the mechanics of each tool.
Using Communication Audits To Teach Organizational Communication to Students and Employees.

Communication audits serve well as educational tools for both student auditors and employees of organizations. To use audits, teachers need to gain access to organizations, especially through inter...
Determination of inorganic phosphate in the presence of labile organic phosphates.

Abstract An operationally simple and rapid procedure of orthophosphate determination, based on the formation of a phosphomolybdovanadate complex, followed by its subsequent extraction into butanol, is described. The procedure is particularly advantageous for estimation of orthophosphate in the presence of labile phosphates, and yields stable colors. Conditions affecting the reliability of this procedure are evaluated.
Factors affecting ketogenesis from butyric acid in the ruminant.

Abstract Intraruminal infusion of butyrate at approximate rates of either 8 or 16 mmole/kg/24 hr to goats for 60 hr under varying degrees of fasting resulted in similar minor accumulations of blood ketone bodies. Under these conditions, no difference in the metabolism of butyrate was noted, whether it was administered as the free acid or at a pH of 6.5. Markedly increased ketone body accumulation resulted from increased rates of butyric acid infusion in goats with phlorizin-induced hypoglycemia. Intravenous glucose, intravenous propionate, or intraruminal propionate were equally effective in largely suppressing ketogenesis from butyric acid in the phlorizinized goat. The most marked ketogenesis from butyrate occurred when administered intraruminally to fasted goats in late pregnancy. Intraruminal propionic acid, when superimposed on the butyric acid infusion, essentially eliminated the ketone body accumulation in this condition. Elevated plasma nonesterifled fatty acids during fasting were lowered when marked ketone body accumulation occurred, even when no butyric acid was administered. The evidence for a feedback mechanism for control of ketogenesis is discussed.
Achalasia and myasthenia gravis in a patient with thymoma

Paraneoplastic immune-mediated disorders are often associated with thymomas. The most commonly appreciated is myasthenia gravis (MG), but other diseases of the neuromuscular system, such as Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, neuromyotonia, and peripheral neuropathy, may occur.1 Achalasia is a disorder of esophageal motility characterized by loss of the myenteric ganglionic cells of Auerbach’s plexus that leads to impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and absent peristalsis.2 The pathogenesis of achalasia is not known, but viral and immune etiologies are the primary considerations. A patient with achalasia and MG associated with thymoma is described, suggesting that achalasia may occur as a paraneoplastic immune disorder. A 75-year-old woman with MG and a history of resection of a mixed epithelial cell and lymphocytic thymoma a year earlier presented with complaints of dysphagia, shortness of breath, and generalized weakness. She was treated for an exacerbation of myasthenia with corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and IV immunoglobulin. All presenting signs improved, but the patient complained of food sticking in her upper chest and regurgitation of undigested food. She had long-standing mild constipation. Acetylcholine receptor antibody titer was 4.4 nmol/L, and chest CT was …
Leadership and Information

An organization makes collective decisions through neither markets nor contracts. Instead, rational agents voluntarily choose to follow a leader. In many cases, incentive problems are solved: the unique nondegenerate equilibrium achieves the first best, even though every agent has incentives to free ride. The leader has no special talents but is distinguished by getting exclusive access to information. A crucial feature is that the leader reveals part but not all of her information. It is this maintenance of informational asymmetry that permits achieving the first best. (JEL D23, M54)
The electrical conductivity of thin film donor doped hematite: from insulator to semiconductor by defect modulation

Hematite or α-Fe2O3 has emerged as a highly promising photoanode candidate for photoelectrochemical cells. While significant improvements in its performance have recently been achieved, it remains unclear why the maximum photocurrents still remain well below their theoretical predictions. Here, we report, for the first time, a detailed correlation between the electrical conductivity of undoped and 1 atom% Ti doped hematite and the conditions under which it was annealed (20 ≤ T ≤ 800 °C and 10−4 ≤ pO2 ≤ 1 atm). Hematite thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition onto sapphire single crystals were evaluated by impedance spectroscopy. Hematite's room temperature conductivity can be increased from ∼10−11 S cm−1 for undoped films by as much as nine orders of magnitude by doping with the Ti donor. Furthermore, by controlling the non-stoichiometry of Ti-doped hematite, one can tune its conductivity by up to five orders of magnitude. Depending on processing conditions, donor dopants in hematite may be compensated largely by electrons or by ionic defects (Fe vacancies). A defect model was derived to explain this phenomenon. In addition, a temperature independent value for the electron mobility of 0.01 cm2 V−1 s−1 for a donor density of 4.0 × 1020 cm−3 (1% Ti) was derived. These results highlight the importance of carefully controlling photoanode processing conditions, even when operating within the material's extrinsic dopant regime, and more generally, provide a model for the electronic properties of semiconducting metal oxide photoanodes.
Analysis of Stall Precursors and Determination of Optimum Signal Processing Methods for an LM-2500 Gas Turbine

This paper presents an analysis of data taken from several stall initiation events on a GE LM-2500 gas turbine engine. Specifically, the time series of three separate pressure signals located at compressor stages 3, 6, and 15 were analyzed utilizing various signal processing methods to determine the most reliable indicator of incipient stall for this engine. The spectral analyses performed showed that rotating precursor waves traveling around the annulus at approximately half of the rotor speed were the best indicators. Non-linear chaotic time series analyses were also used to predict stall, but it was not as reliable an indicator. Several algorithms were used and it was determined that stall wave perturbations can be reliably identified about 900 revolutions prior to the stall. This work indicates that a single pressure signal located at stage 3 on an LM-2500 gas turbine is sufficient to provide advance warning of more than 2 seconds prior to the fully developed stall event.
Hydrogen production from pyruvate by enzymes purified from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus: A key role for NADPH

The archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus grows optimally at 100°C during the fermentation of peptides and carbohydrates to yield organic acids, CO2 and H2. It also reduces elemental sulfur (S°) to H2S. The production of H2 is catalyzed by a Ni-containing hydrogenase which also functions as a sulfur reductase [Ma et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90, 5341–5344]. It is shown here that this bifunctional enzyme, termed sulhydrogenase, uses NADPH rather than ferredoxin (or NADH) as an electron donor. The disposal of excess reductant during fermentation is proposed to occur via ferredoxin-linked oxidoreductases, a NADP: ferredoxin oxidoreductase and sulfhydrogenase.
The New Regionalism

Once again, regionalism is afoot. Twin late-1980s announcements, by the United States and Canada of negotiations for a free-trade area, and by the EU of an attempt to complete its internal market, ignited a conflagration of regional integration. Well over a hundred regional arrangements, involving most nations, now exist. Deja vu: the 1950s and 1960s had likewise witnessed many ‘old regionalism’ initiatives. Except for Western Europe, these in the end amounted to little, however, and efforts for preferential trade became quiescent, until the dramatic advent of the ‘new regionalism’.
Flap prefabrication using an exteriorised vascular pedicle in a rabbit ear model

We have developed a new model of thin flap prefabrication in the rabbit with an exteriorised vascular pedicle in a skin tube. Study of these prefabricated flaps after transfer demonstrated that distal flap survival improved as the interval between implantation and flap transfer increased. Exteriorising the pedicle minimises both donor deformity and pedicle trauma and allows easier experimental study of the neovascularisation process in flap prefabrication.
Photosynthetic metabolism of propionate in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

As in the case of oxidative metabolism, the photosynthetic metabolism of propionate in Rhodospirillum rubrum begins with a carboxylation yielding succinate. This conclusion is based on experiments in which radioactive propionate (1-C14 and 2-C14) is administered in the presence of “carrier” lactate, pyruvate, succinate, and acrylate, and on studies of the inhibitory action of malonate.
On Jacobi's remarkable curve theorem

One of the prettiest results in the global theory of curves is a theorem of Jacobi (1842): The spherical image of the normal directions along a closed differentiable curve in space divides the unit sphere into regions of equal area. The statement of this theorem is an afterthought to a paper in which Jacobi responds to the published correction by Thomas Clausen (1842) of an earlier paper, Jacobi (1836). In this note the context for this theorem and its proof are presented as well as a discussion of the ‘error’ corrected by Clausen.
Objective functions for velocity inversion

The most important element in the depth imaging process for reflection seismograms is the velocity field. This field predicts the travel paths of seismic waves, and therefore determines the placement of reflector positions to explain the data. This paper investigates the mathematical structure of a number of velocity estimation algorithms, both conventional and speculative. All of these are based on optimization of an objective function of velocity.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cuprate-Mediated Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cyclopropyl- and tert-Butylfarnesyl Diphosphate Analogs.

The novel farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analog 3-cyclopropyl-3-desmethylfarnesyl diphosphate (3-cpFPP, 1) was designed as a potential mechanism-based inhibitor of the FPP-utilizing enzyme protein−farnesyl transferase (PFTase). The key step in the synthesis of 1 involved the stereoselective coupling of vinyl triflate 8 with a lower order cyclopropyl cyanocuprate to afford the desired cyclopropyl ester 13. The sterically encumbered analog 3-desmethyl-3-tert-butylfarnesyl diphosphate (3-tbFPP, 7) was synthesized via a similar route. The use of the more reactive higher order tert-butyl cyanocuprate led to lower yields of ester 11, the key intermediate in the synthesis of 7. Biological evaluation of 3-cpFPP demonstrates that it is not a time-dependent inhibitor of recombinant yeast PFTase. Instead, 3-cpFPP is an alternative substrate for this enzyme that exhibits a Km comparable to FPP and a kcat only 5-fold lower than the natural substrate. In contrast, 3-tbFPP is an exceptionally poor substrate for yeast PFTase...
210 PLACENTAL BLOOD FLOW AND TRANSFER OF NUTRIENTS IN SPONTANEOUS FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION IN THE GUINEA PIG

Reduced availability of nutrients due to reduced placental blood flow or placental insufficiency is considered the most likely cause of intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR). These two variables, however, have not been measured during spontaneous IUGR. Since the guinea pig has a high incidence of spontaneous IUGR, it was, therefore, selected as a suitable model to explore the mechanisms of IUGR. Simultaneous measurements of maternal placental blood flow, using microspheres, and placental transfer of 14C-α-amino isobutyric acid(AIB) and 3H-3-0-methyl glucose(MG) were made between 32 and 59 days of normal gestation. Small (S) and large(L) littermates were compared to mean litter values. Results are as follows:fetal weight:S-18%,L+12%; placental weight:S-16%,L+14%; blood flow: S-35%,L+27%; total AIB transfer:S-34%,L+29%; total MG transfer:S-18%,L+13%;AIB transfer/g placenta:S-20%, L+16%; AIB transfer/g placenta/ml blood flow(placental efficiency):S+17%,L-13%. Thus in the guinea pig fetal growth is correlated with placental blood flow. IUGR fetuses have a reduced blood flow without a concomitant reduction in the efficiency of the placenta to transfer nutrients. (Supported in part by USPHS, NIH Grant KO4 HD 00116-01 & by the R.S. McLaughlin Found.)
Castor oil-based thermosets with varied crosslink densities prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)

Abstract Two castor oil-based monomers, (1) norbornenyl-functionalized castor oil (NCO), which has ∼0.8 norbornene rings per fatty acid chain and (2) norbornenyl-functionalized castor oil alcohol (NCA), which has ∼1.8 norbornene rings per fatty acid chain, have been prepared. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of different ratios of NCO/NCA using the 2nd generation Grubbs catalyst results in rubbery to rigid biorenewable-based plastics with crosslink densities ranging from 318 to 6028 mol/m 3 . Increased crosslink densities result in shorter gelation times, better incorporation of the monomers into the polymer network, and much less soluble materials in the bulk materials. The increased crosslink densities obtained by adding NCA enhance the thermal properties, including the glass transition temperature ( T g ) and room temperature storage modulus, which increase from −17.1 °C to 65.4 °C and from 2.4 MPa to 831.9 MPa, respectively. The TGA results, where T 10 increased from 285 °C to 385 °C, illustrate that improved thermal stabilities can be obtained for thermosets with higher crosslink densities. Young’s modulus (11–407 MPa), tensile strength (1.6–18 MPa) and toughness (0.14–1.6 MPa) are also improved dramatically with higher crosslink densities.
Performance of Eleven Floricane Fruiting Red Raspberry Cultivars in New York

Abstract Eleven floricane fruiting red raspberry cultivars were evaluated in a replicated trial in Geneva, NY. ‘Killarney’ had the highest total and marketable yield in the trial, averaging 14,070 lbac-1 and 10,150 lbac'1 (15,760 and 11,370 kgha'1), respectively. ‘Tulameen’ had the lowest total and marketable yield in the trial with an average of 6,010 lbac'1 and 4,670 lbac'1 (6,730 and 5,230 kgha'1), respectively. ‘Prelude’ was the earliest fruiting cultivar (average peak harvest on July 10 and ‘Tulameen’ and ‘Comox’ were the latest fruiting (peak on July 25). ‘Encore’, ‘Prelude’, and ‘Canby’ had the highest percentage of marketable fruit, averaging 79% while ‘Chilliwack’ had the lowest percent marketable fruit at 66%. ‘Tulameen’ had the largest fruit in the trial at 3.4 g per berry and ‘Canby’ had the smallest at 1.9 g per berry. The standard cultivars in the region, ‘Killarney’, ‘Titan’, and ‘Canby’ had the highest marketable yields in the trial. The cultivars developed in British Columbia, Canada, ‘Co...
Management of the difficult papilla: Current techniques and review of literature

Sialendoscopy is a relatively new technology that helps visualize the lumen of the major salivary gland ductal system. It can be diagnostic and interventional and is dramatically changing the management protocols for non-neoplastic disorders of the major salivary glands. This option for a minimally invasive management of salivary gland disorders has significant patient benefits and consequently is being rapidly adopted at many centers across the United States. Most experts agree that one of the major rate-limiting steps and challenges of sialendoscopy is dilation of the papilla and/or gaining access to the duct. In preliminary experiences, this step can be a source of frustration and failure. Consequently, a thorough knowledge of current options of gaining access to the duct is instrumental in ensuring successful sialendoscopy outcomes. Management of the Difficult Papilla: Current Techniques and Review of Literature
Studies on the Mechanism of Cyanate Inhibition of Reticulocyte Protein Synthesis

Summary. Sodium cyanate promptly inhibited protein synthesis in both human sickle-cell reticulocytes and rabbit reticulocytes but the human cells were sensitive to lower concentrations of the drug. Investigation of the ribosomal aggregation pattern in rabbit reticulocytes sliowed that cyanate induced a conversion of the polyribosomes to monoribosomes, a portion of which remained attached to mRNA. This conversion required ribosomal movement along mRNA. Cyanate's major effect, therefore, appears to be on initiation and/or an early clongation step of translation. While the drug also decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in these cells, this alone cannot explain the inhibition of protein synthesis. A generalized inhibition of translation of this type might result in a diminished crythropoetic response as well as severe toxicity in other tissues. Many more studies are necessary, therefore, before cyanate may be recommended for widespread use in patients.
Hormonal control of isocitrate lyase synthesis.

Abstract Isocitrate lyase ( L s-isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) was present in the cotyledons of dry seeds of peanut and squash. Activity of the enzyme increased markedly in squash cotyledons during the first 3 days of germination, and over half the increase was under the control of axial tissue. The presence of puromycin in the culture solution severely inhibited formation of isocitrate lyase, indicating partial de novo synthesis of the latter. The presence of benzyladenine, a cytokinin, in the culture solution could replace, in part, the hormonal stimulus produced by the embryonic axis and which normally is required for maximum development of isocitrate lyase activity in the cotyledons. Gibberellin at 10 μM concentration was incapable of replacing this stimulus. Endothall, 100 μM, inhibited isocitrate lyase development stimulated by the presence of the embryonic axis.
Signs and symptoms of supratentorial brain tumors in childhood

Summary Brain tumors in childdhood are found above the tentorium only slightly less frequently than in the posterior fossa. Generally speaking, these tumors are more slow growing and have a better prognosis as to life than do those below the tentorium. Their early diagnosis remains a major problem. Headache, vomiting, loss of vision, convulsive seizures, and ataxia are the more common presenting symptoms. The clinical signs which have been found frequently include papilledema, unilateral weakness of the extremities, increase in size or distortion of the head (in children under 5 years of age), nystagmus, and cranial bruit. Intracranial calcification was demonstrable by x-ray in 30 per cent of the patients. The differential diagnoses include epilepsy, cerebral vascular accident, encephalitis, gastrointestinal upset, post-traumatic state, and "behavior disturbance".
Cortical activity in vertebrate eggs. I: The activation waves.

We present a physical model for the propagation of chemical and mechanical waves on the surface of vertebrate eggs. As a first step we analyzed the propagation of the calcium wave observed to sweep over the surface of the Medaka egg ( Gilkey et al. , 1978 ). It has been assumed that this wave is driven by a mechanism of calcium-stimulated-calcium-release. By formulating this hypothesis mathematially we can use the observed wavefront data to obtain a map of cortical reactivity. This map indicates a gradient of reactivity along the egg: highest in the animal hemisphere and tapering off towards the vegetal hemisphere. The cortex of Xenopus eggs is also capable of propagating a calcium wave ( Busa & Nuccitelli, 1985 ). At about the same time a wave of expansion followed by a wave of contraction sweeps across the egg surface ( Takeichi et al. , 1984 ). We have proposed a mechanism for this wave pair based on the physical chemistry of actomyosin gels. The calcium wave activates solation factors which sever some of the actin chains which leads to an osmotic swelling of the gel. Calcium also activates the contractile machinery of the actomyosin system which causes the gel to contract. The contraction lags the swelling because of the nature of the kinetics: solation and swelling is a more rapid process than contraction. By writing the equations for gel expansion and contraction we can mimic the mechanical and chemical wave propagation by a computer simulation. If the model is correct this provides a method for using the waves as a diagnostic of the mechanochemical properties of the egg cortex.
The Human Genome Project and the breast-ovarian cancer gene☆

Abstract The Human Genome Project is a large scale international effort to create physical, genetic, and nucleotide sequence maps of the entire human genome. This initiative, which was begun in 1990, is expected to achieve its goal of sequencing the entire human genome by the year 2005. Undoubtedly, this massive resource will substantially enhance our ability to diagnose predisposition to disease at the genetic level and will provide us with important biologic information that can be used in the treatment and prevention of disease.
Religiosity and spirituality in entrepreneurship: a review and research agenda

The purpose of this article is to review the influences of spirituality and religiosity within the field of entrepreneurship. We review nearly 30 articles, exploring the dominant empirical contributions that exist within this emergent research area. Several main focus areas from the prevailing research are organized into a comprehensive framework that provides the foundation for further discussion and synthesis. Shortcomings and limitations to the field and an agenda for future research that contributes to our understanding of religion and spirituality within the realm of entrepreneurship are presented.
Commentary: is bilateral pedicle screw fixation necessary when performing a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion? An analysis of clinical outcomes, radiographic outcomes, and cost.

COMMENTARY ON Xue H, Tu Y, Cai M. Comparison of unilateral versus bilateral instrumented transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in degenerative lumbar diseases. Spine J 2012;12:209–15 ( in this issue ).
Prediction of Muscle Forces and Joint Moments in Stroke Patients Using an EMG-Driven Model

Abnormal kinematic and kinetic patterns are associated with disability following stroke. The estimation of internal forces and moments during movements is important for developing better rehabilitation regimens for this population. In this study, we used an EMG-driven model to estimate muscle forces and joint moments for stroke patients, and analyzed the kinetics of these patients. Although such models have been used in healthy people, this is the first study to model post-stroke patients.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Boundary scattering and the thermal conductivity of paramagnetic salts

Abstract The thermal conductivity of a paramagnetic salt is calculated. It is assumed that the effect of the spin-phonon interaction is to remove from the thermal current those phonons whose mean free paths are less than the dimensions ofthe sample.
Partnering Informatics and Continuing Professional Education for Performance Improvement and Improved Patient Care

More veterans are expected to die this year than in all of World War II. Approximately 29% of all deaths in the United States per year are veteran deaths, yet less than 4% of veterans die in a veterans affairs (VA) facility. This presentation will assist the learner in identifying the unique needs of veterans at end of life, address the strategies in place to improve access to hospice and palliative care for veterans, and increase awareness of hospice veteran partnerships in the community. Benefits and services that are available to veterans outside a VA healthcare facility will also be presented.
A Review of Pharmacotherapie for Substance Abuse

New pharmacotherapies have been developed for acute withdrawal and maintenance treatments of alcohol and opioid dependence but not for cocaine dependence. High-dose, long-acting benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, and two antiseizure agents-carbamazepine and valproate-are being used for alcohol withdrawal. For maintenance treatment, opioid antagonists and various serotonergic agents, such as fluoxetine and ondansetron, show promise. For opioid dependence, clonidine-naltrexone detoxification appears quite cost-effective, and buprenorpbine and LAAM (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol) show promise for both detoxification and maintenance. More work is needed, however, to discover an effective agent for target populations of cocaine abusers.
Studies on DNA methylase activity in mammalian tissue.

Para aislar nucleo de mamiferos que contienen DNA metilasa actividad se utilizo como medio homogenizante 0.25M sucrosa-1×10−2 M EDTA. Higado de rata y el hepatoma de Reuber demostraron cantidad equivalente de actividad enzimatica. Se observo aproximadamente 100% de inhibicion con amoniaco 0.15M, los iones de Mg no mostraron efecto.