cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the energies of the lower excited states of CH3

Ab initio LCAO-MO-SCF calculations have been performed on assorted low-lying configurations of the CH3 radical to assess the adequacy of the Hartree-Fock treatment of this species. The 2 E′ configuration of lowest energy in the planar ground state equilibrium geometry is shown not to be the valence configuration. Near its (pyramidal) equilibrium geometry the 2 E′ valence configuration is well below the other 2 E′ configuration. The two 2 E′ configurations must, then, cross as the molecule is distorted. In this region the Hartree-Fock formation is unable to describe 2 E′ states. The other low-lying states [2 A′'2 (ground), 2 A′1 (3s Rydberg), and 1 A′1 (ion)] and the 2 E′ states in the pyramidal geometry are satisfactorily determined within the Hartree-Fock formalism.
Sovereign CDS Spreads, Volatility, and Liquidity: Evidence from 2010 German Short Sale Ban

The paper examines global impact of 2010 German short sale ban on sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads, volatility, and liquidity across 54 countries. We find that CDS spreads continue rising after the ban in the debt crisis region, which suggests that the short selling ban is incapable of suppressing soaring borrowing costs in these countries. However, we find that the ban helps stabilize the CDS market by reducing CDS volatility. The reduction in CDS volatility is greater in the eurozone than that in the non-eurozone. Furthermore, we find that the CDS market liquidity has been impaired during the ban for the PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain) countries. In contrast, there are no dramatic changes in the market liquidity for non-PIIGS eurozone and non-eurozone samples. The findings suggest that the short sale ban is ineffective to reduce sovereign borrowing costs in the debt crisis region if the underlying economy has not been significantly improved.
Comparative study of fracture gap motion in external fixation.

Different external fixators demonstrated different motion patterns at the fracture site in AP bending. This indicates that fracture gap motion patterns cannot be predicted from a single value of overall frame stiffness. This type of information may be useful in examining existing theories of fracture healing in response to different types of fracture gap motion.
An investigation of the stress exponent and subgrain size in Al after stress reduction

Abstract Stress-change and uninterrupted tests were performed on Al over the high-temperature range 0·65–0·99T m, where T m is the melting point, and at stresses varying from 7 × 10−6 G to −2 × 10−4 G, where G is the shear modulus. In addition, dislocation substructure that developed during creep was examined by means of the etch-pit technique and transmission electron microscopy. By comparing the mechanical and substructural data of stress-reduction tests with those obtained in uninterrupted tests, two observations are made. First, the stress exponent inferred from stress-reduction tests is essentially equal to that obtained from uninter rupted tests. Second, as a result of stress reduction, the subgrain size coarsens and reaches the new steady-state value whicli would be attained in an uninterrupted test at the reduced stress. Evidence of subgrain coarsening is demonstrated not only by changes in size, but also by relevant substructural phenomena, such as subgrain-boundary dissolution, which are noted d...
Effect of heat stress on physiological factors for industrial workers performing routine work and wearing impermeable vapor-barrier clothing

The thermal hazards of suits impermeable to water vapor have been documented where fatal heat strokes have occurred during exercise in plastic suits at ambient temperatures as low as 26.7°C. Research has shown that during work with impermeable vapor-barrier clothing (VB) the body temperature rises at a faster rate than without VB clothing. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of wearing VB clothing in hot environments on physiological responses (body temperature and pulse rates) for a group of workers performing routine work and to demonstrate the ease with which meaningful physiological measurements can be made on individual workers. Workers who wore VB clothing reached an extrapolated 37.6°C oral temperature at a 2.8°C lower WBGT index than workers not wearing the VB clothing. When work durations in VB clothing exceeded 45 minutes, the oral temperature exceeded 37.6°C. Also, these workers had no recovery pulse rates about 65% of the time after they worked in VB clothing for 15 minutes. The i...
The influence of phytate and phosphonate on the crystal growth of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite

Abstract Diphosphonates and polyphosphates containing, respectively, P-C-P and P-O-P bonds in their molecules are well known as calcification inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo . The direct precipitation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) on HAP and fluorapatite (FAP) on FAP seed crystals has been studied in the presence of hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (EHDP), and phytic acid, from calcium phosphate solutions at low sustained supersaturations. The marked inhibitory influence of the additives on the crystallization reactions can be interpreted in terms of a Langmuirtype adsorption model, assuming that the active growth sites are blocked by adsorption on the surfaces of the inoculating seed crystals. EHDP is almost 25 times more effective than phytic acid in reducing the rate of crystallization of HAP.
Effect of probenecid on renal clearance of riboflavin in man

The renal clearance of riboflavin was determined in three human subjects at various serum concentrations of the vitamin with and without prior administration of probenecid. Renal clearances of riboflavin exceeded (up to three times) the endogenous creatinine clearances, which indicates that riboflavin excretion involves renal tubular secretion. The clearance of riboflavin was less at low than at high serum concentrations of the vitamin, characteristic of a saturable tubular reabsorption process. Probenecid decreased the renal clearance of riboflavin, and this effect was directly related to the serum concentration of the inhibitor. The serum protein binding of the vitamin was essentially constant (60%) over the concentration range encountered and was unaffected by the presence of probenecid.
Oblique corrections from vectorlike singlet and doublet quarks.

We derive general formulas for the oblique-correction parameters $S$, $T$, and $U$ in an extension of the standard model with an arbitrary number of vectorlike singlet and vectorlike doublet quarks, or with mirror quarks, which mix with the standard quarks of the same electric charge. We analyze numerically the oblique corrections caused by some simple structures of exotic quarks, paying special attention to the decoupling properties.
HIV-associated nephropathy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.

Initially described in 1984, human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) has now become a common disease within the HIV-seropositive population. It is a focal segmental glomerulosclerosis causing rapid deterioration of renal function. It is the most common cause of chronic renal disease in HIV patients and occurs almost exclusively in blacks. Through murine and human studies, it is now clear that HIVAN is caused by a direct effect of infection of renal cells by HIV-1 and that the virus actively replicates within renal cells. How the virus causes disease within cells is not yet understood, but there is evidence for factors within infected cells causing both proliferation and apoptosis. Steroids, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been used for the treatment of HIVAN, with HAART, in particular, showing a dramatic improvement in both the pathologic changes and clinical course of HIVAN.
Composition of water-soluble organic carbon in non-urban atmospheric aerosol collected at the Storm Peak Laboratory

Environmental context The organic fraction of atmospheric aerosols is a complex mixture of thousands of species, which play an important role in many atmospheric processes, such as absorbing and scattering solar radiation. We analysed the water-soluble organic fraction of ambient aerosol samples, and quantified over 45 carboxylic acids, sugars, sugar anhydrides and sugar alcohols. The presence of fairly high concentrations of sugars and sugar-alcohols suggests a significant biological input (e.g. pollen, fungi and bacteria) to the water-soluble organic fraction of non-urban aerosols. Abstract Water-soluble organic constituents of PM2.5 aerosol (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5µm) have not been well characterised so far. The goal of this work was to perform quantitative analysis of individual water-soluble organic species in aerosol samples collected in July of 2010 at the Storm Peak Laboratory (3210m above sea level) located in the Colorado Park Range (Steamboat Springs, CO, USA). Aqueous extracts were combined into six composites and analysed for organic carbon (OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-insoluble OC, inorganic ions, organic acids, lignin derivatives, sugar-alcohols, sugars and sugar-anhydrates. Analysis of higher molecular weight water-soluble organics was done using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. Approximately 2400 positive and 4000 negative ions were detected and assigned to monoisotopic molecular formulae in the mass range of 100–800Da. The higher number of negative ions reflects a predominant presence of highly oxidised organic compounds. Individual identified organic species represented up to 30% of the water-soluble organic mass (WSOM). The WSOM fractions of the low molecular weight organic acids, sugars and sugar alcohols were 3–12%, 1.0–16% and 0.4–1.9%. Significant amounts of arabitol, mannitol and oxalic acid are most likely associated with airborne fungal spores and conidia that were observed on the filters using high resolution electron microscopy. Overall, higher concentrations of sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose etc.) in comparison with biomass burning tracer levoglucosan indicate that a significant mass fraction of WSOC is related to airborne biological species.
On Reid's characterization of the ternary matroids

Abstract In this paper we prove a stronger version of a result of Ralph Reid characterizing the ternary matroids (i.e., the matroids representable over the field of 3 elements, GF(3)). In particular, we prove that a matroid is ternary if it has no seriesminor of type Ln for n ≥ 5 (n cells and n circuits, each of size n − 1), and no series-minor of type L 5 ∗ (dual of L5), BII (Fano matroid) or BI (dual of type BII). The proof we give does not assume Reid's theorem. Rather we give a direct proof based on the methods (notably the homotopy theorem) developed by Tutte for proving his characterization of regular matroids. Indeed, the steps involved in our proof closely parallel Tutte's proof, but carrying out these steps now becomes much more complicated.
Apparent heterogeneity of tryptophan synthetase in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Tryptophan synthetase in extracts and fractionated preparations of Neurospora crassa has been shown to be unstable at 0° and 53°. The residual activity after varying intervals of time suggested that the loss differed from strain to strain and also within a given strain. When enzyme activity was assayed solely by indole disappearance, the kinetics of inactivation suggested in each case that a heterogeneous population of enzyme molecules was present. Indole glycerol phosphate was found to be produced simultaneously with tryptophan when indole and serine were incubated with the enzyme and cofactor. The activity that resulted in the formation of indole glycerol phosphate seemed to be more labile to heat and passage over DEAE-cellulose than the activity that resulted in the formation of tryptophan. The relative capacity of an enzyme preparation to catalyze these two reactions after the various treatments seems to explain the apparent heterogeneity observed.
Integrated PNZT Structures for MEMS Gyroscope

The effect of processing on the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of sol-gel grown Pb1.1Nb0.04Zr0.2Ti0.8O3 (PNZT) thin films was investigated. The effective d 31 piezoelectric coefficient of as-grown films was measured using piezoelectrically actuated cantilevers. The results indicate that films annealed after each layer possess a significant internal field, leading to high piezoelectric coefficients in the as-grown PNZT films. But the films annealed in the final step possess a very small internal field, and, consequently, small piezoelectric response.
The Role of Gestures in Mental Animation

We examined the use of hand gestures while people solved spatial reasoning problem in which they had to infer motion from static diagrams (mental animation problems). In Experiment 1, participants were asked to think aloud while solving mental animation problems. They gestured on more than 90% of problems, and most gestures expressed information about the component motions that was not stated in words. Two further experiments examined whether the gestures functioned in the mechanical inference process, or whether they merely served functions of expressing or communicating the results of this process. In these experiments, we examined the effects of instructions to think aloud, restricting participants' hand motions, and secondary tasks on mental animation performance. Although participants who were instructed to think aloud gestured more than control groups, some gestures occurred even in control conditions. A concurrent spatial tapping task impaired performance on mechanical reasoning, whereas a simple t...
The influence of national society annual scientific meetings on publication in general obstetrics and gynecology literature: a urogynecology perspective

The objective of the study was to determine urogynecology publication rates in obstetrics and gynecology literature. Original scientific articles from American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (AJOG) and Obstetrics and Gynecology (Obstet Gynecol) from 1996–2007 were reviewed. A total of 10,192 articles were evaluated. Two trends were noted in the AJOG: percentage of urogynecology articles increased (correlation with year r = 0.845; p < 0.05) and percentage of obstetric articles decreased (negative correlation r = −0.589; p < 0.05). Similarly for Obstet Gynecol, the number of urogynecology articles increased with time with a strong positive correlation of r = 0.743 and p < 0.05. There was a significant difference in the number of articles published in the AJOG in months with an annual scientific meeting compared to months without (t = −6.34; p < 0.001). The numbers of urogynecology articles published in the general literature has increased and may be related to presentation at national meetings.
Noninvasive Measurement Of The Retinal Thickness

In order to diagnose certain ocular diseases such as macular edema and atrophy, and to monitor their therapy closely, an accurate measurement of the retinal thickness is essential. We have developed a method which is capable of providing a quantitative thickness profile along a 2 mm length on the retina. A preliminary evaluation of the instrument was performed in normal human subjects. With this method, the retinal thickness can be visualized in a region extending from the optic disc to the fovea and the reproducibility of the measurement was found to be 8% (32 microns).
Antidepressant response to chronic citalopram treatment in eight inbred mouse strains.

Rationale The antidepressant response exhibits a characteristic delay. BALB/cJ mice respond to chronic, but not subchronic, treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), providing a model of antidepressant onset. Identification of other mouse strains exhibiting this phenotype will provide additional tools for studying mechanisms of the antidepressant response.
The potential therapeutic role of lymph node resection in epithelial ovarian cancer: a study of 13918 patients.

The aim of the study is to determine the role of lymphadenectomy in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. The data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program reported between 1988 and 2001. Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for analysis. Of 13 918 women with stage III–IV epithelial ovarian cancer (median age: 64 years), 87.9% were Caucasian, 5.6% African Americans, and 4.4% Asians. A total of 4260 (30.6%) underwent lymph node dissections with a median number of six nodes reported. For all patients, a more extensive lymph node dissection (0, 1, 2–5, 6–10, 11–20, and >20 nodes) was associated with an improved 5-year disease-specific survival of 26.1, 35.2, 42.6, 48.4, 47.5, and 47.8%, respectively (P 20 nodes) was associated with improved survivals of 36.9, 45.0, 47.8, 48.7, and 51.1%, respectively (P=0.023). On multivariate analysis, the extent of lymph node dissection and number of positive nodes were significant independent prognosticators after adjusting for age, year at diagnosis, stage, and grade of disease. The extent of lymphadenectomy is associated with an improved disease-specific survival of women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.
Phase relationships and power gains of a SUPARAMP with a correlated double-sideband input

The input-output phase relationships for the doubly degenerate superconducting unbiased parametric amplifier (SUPARAMP) are given. The general analysis is performed for the case when the information is injected into both the signal and idler input channels of the amplifier and the phases of the signal, idler, and pump waves are correlated. The expressions for the phase-dependent power gains are evaluated. The operation for a double-sideband input with symmetry and the usual single-sideband input is treated as a special case. Double-sideband input operation may result in an effective increase of the output signal-to-noise ratio. Another improvement in the signal processing can be achieved by synchronous detection of the SUPARAMP's output.
Case Studies and Online Training Used to Enhance Engineering Ethics at the Undergraduate and Graduate Level

In a progressively materialistic and relativistic society, professional engineering ethics has become an increasingly important safeguard, but remains neglected in most formal engineering education. In response, at our university ethics content has been implemented and measured in both an undergraduate and graduate engineering course as a trial for further implementation across the university. In a senior-level seminar course, instructional emphasis was placed upon ethics in general, and engineering case studies readings reinforced with written responses were used to more effectively impart discipline specific knowledge. Other written activities such as current event articles and term papers with ethical content were implemented to promote higher level cognitive reasoning skills Students were surveyed at the end of the course and submitted work analyzed using a rubric to assess learning. On senior exit surveys, program graduates identified a 17.1 increase from 2009 to 2011 in their ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibilities-this timeline was concurrent with the sited changes in the seminar course. For the graduates, emphasis was placed upon ethics with regards to research. An online series of training modules that meets the NSF minimum content as expressed by the COMPETES Act was used in the graduate course to supplement instructor lectures. In the case of the graduate learning experience, a pre and post training survey was conducted to determine changes in knowledge and understanding as a result of ethical training. On a pre-survey, forty-eight percent of the graduate students demonstrated a lack of understanding with regards to ethical issues relating to authorship. Fifty-two percent of graduate students pretested also incorrectly responded that a conflict of interest was always an issue of academic misconduct. These misconceptions were minimized by the end of the online training. Additionally, embedding profession ethics content into a senior-level seminar course has contributed significantly to satisfying our ABET learning outcomes and program objectives, while the graduate-level training has begun a fundamental change in the ethical culture of our graduate student researchers.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Hydroxyapatite induces autolytic degradation and inactivation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3.

In the course of studies to identify a protease capable of producing a long-lived 50 kDa fragment of bone acidic glycoprotein-75 (BAG-75), it was observed that incubation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 (stromelysin 1) with preparations of BAG-75 led to inactivation of proteolytic function, e.g., an inability to fragment 125I-labeled BAG-75 added subsequently. MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) was also inactivated by exposure to BAG-75 preparations. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that BAG-75 preparations contained millimolar levels of inorganic phosphate which formed hydroxyapatite crystals under digestion conditions. Hydroxyapatite crystals alone and in BAG-75-hydroxyapatite complexes induced the autolytic degradation of both active and precursor forms of MMP-1 and MMP-3. Autolytic degradation in the presence of hydroxyapatite was demonstrated by a loss in catalytic function assayed with peptide and/or protein substrates, and, by fragmentation into polypeptides of 1000 microg/ml), suggesting that autolysis may be mediated by bound enzyme. The effect of hydroxyapatite appears to be specific for MMP-1 and MMP-3 since the catalytic activity of chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain, and thermolysin remained unchanged after exposure to hydroxyapatite. These results document for the first time a novel catalytic role for hydroxyapatite crystals in vitro and provide an initial biochemical characterization of the intermolecular, autolytic, calcium ion-dependent, matrix metalloproteinase-specific degradative mechanism.
Coronary risk factors, endothelial function, and atherosclerosis: A review

The traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease, which include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and high-fat diet, have all been associated with impairments in endothelial function. Impaired endothelium function may promote the development of atherosclerosis through its effects on vasoregulation, platelet and monocyte adhesion, vascular smooth muscle cell growth, and coagulation. Increased oxidative stress may be another mechanism by which endothelial dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis, although controversy exists on this issue. Risk factor modification, particularly lowering elevated concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, improves endothelial function. At least seven clinical studies have demonstrated improved endothelial function with cholesterol reductions in patients with markedly elevated or even borderline elevations in cholesterol concentrations, whether or not coronary heart disease is present. Other interventions that improve endothelial function include blood pressure reduction, smoking cessation, and administration of estrogen to postmenopausal women.
Molecular orientation of membrane-anchored mucin glycoprotein mimics.

Mucin glycoproteins contribute to a wide range of cell-surface phenomena. Their dense glycosylation is believed to confer structural rigidity as well as molecular extension beyond the glycocalyx, crucial to interaction with the cellular environment. However, controlled investigations of the relationships between glycosylation, rigidity, and extension of membrane-bound mucins or similar macromolecules are lacking, largely because of the absence of tractable experimental models. We have therefore made use of recently developed synthetic mucin mimetics, in which the core α-GalNAc monosaccharides of natural mucins are conjugated to a lipidated polymer backbone and anchored to fluid, solid-supported lipid membranes, and fluorescence interference contrast microscopy, an optical technique that provides nanometer-scale topographic information about objects near a reflective interface, to measure the orientation of the mucin mimics relative to the membrane plane. Data from two independent probes, fluorophores conj...
It's All Good: Corporate Social Responsibility Reduces Negative and Promotes Positive Responses to Service Failures Among Value-Aligned Customers

The present research investigates whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) reduces negative and promotes positive responses to service failures among value-aligned customers. Study 1 shows that customers are less likely to experience anger and spread negative word of mouth following a service failure when a firm engages in high (donating 15% of profits to environmental conservation) but not low (donating 2% of profits) levels of environmental CSR, but only if customers are high in environmental concern. In Study 2, the authors explore the benefits of CSR policies that target a broader range of beneficiaries versus policies that offer customers a choice over the firm's CSR allocations. Compared with a no-CSR policy, CSR with choice has a stronger effect on customers' emotions and intentions by enhancing perceived value alignment, reducing anger and regret over choosing the firm, and increasing guilt over harming the firm. These emotions subsequently reduce negative word of mouth and increase positive ...
REAL-TIME EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL OF A SYSTEM IN ITS CHAOTIC AND NONCHAOTIC REGIMES

Current model-independent control techniques are limited, from a practical standpoint, by their dependence on a precontrol learning stage. Here we use a real-time, adaptive, model-independent (RTAMI) feedback control technique to control an experimental system --- a driven magnetoelastic ribbon --- in its nonchaotic and chaotic regimes. We show that the RTAMI technique is capable of tracking and stabilizing higher-order unstable periodic orbits. These results demonstrate that the RTAMI technique is practical for on-the-fly (i.e., no learning stage) control of real-world dynamical systems.
Get the lead out: potential progressive localized neural injury from retained cerebral bullet fragments without systemic toxicity.

The toxidromes of lead and copper have been described clinically since the 19th century. Since then, a number of clinical reports have described disturbances of neurocognitive function in patients with retained bullet fragments and significant blood or cerebrospinal fluid levels of these heavy metals. Lead neurotoxicity has been attributed to disruption of intracellular signaling pathways and the production of free radicals. Copper neurotoxicity is due to severe inflammation, resulting in demyelination and axonal degeneration. Here, we describe the case of a 43-year-old white man with retained intracerebral bullet fragments who presented with a 6-month history of accelerated decompensation in cognitive and functional ability with undetectable peripheral lead levels.
Predicted critical-point values for the isotopes of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen

Critical-point values for the isotopes of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen (Dup-arrow and Tup-arrow) are found by a quantum corresponding-states extrapolation. In particular, I find that Hup-arrow itself can never form a liquid phase.
Challenges of endovascular tube graft repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm: midterm follow-up and lessons learned.

Abstract Objectives Endovascular stent-graft repair has great potential in treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms. This study analyzed a single center's experience with first-generation commercially produced thoracic stent grafts used to treat descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Methods Over 58 months 84 patients underwent endovascular stent-graft repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms; 22 patients received the Gore TAG stent graft, and 62 patients received the Talent thoracic endovascular stent-graft system. Each patient was enrolled in one of three distinct US Food and Drug Administration trials at Mount Sinai Medical Center in accordance with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, including suitability for open surgery, aneurysm anatomy, and presence of comorbid medical illness. Mean age of this cohort was 71 ± 12 years. There were 54 men and 30 women, and 74 (88%) had three or more comorbid illnesses. Primary technical success was achieved in 76 patients (90%). Mean follow-up was 15 months (range, 0-52 months). Results Successful aneurysm exclusion was achieved in 69 patients (82%). Major procedure-related or device-related complications occurred in 32 patients (38%). There were six proximal attachment failures (8%), four distal attachment failures (6%), one intergraft failure (1%), two mechanical device failures (3%), five periprocedural deaths (6%), and five late aneurysm ruptures (6%). At 40 months, overall survival was 67% (±10%), and freedom from rupture or from type I or type III endoleak was 74% (±10%). Conclusion While promising, this midterm experience with commercially available devices highlights the shortcomings of current stent-graft technology. Three significant advancements are required to fulfill the potential of this important treatment method: a stent graft with a durable proximal and distal fixation device, enhanced engineering to accommodate high thoracic aortic fatigue forces, and a mechanism to adapt to aortic arch and visceral segment branches to enable treatment of lesions that extend to or include these vessels.
Longitudinal movement of fish in response to a single-day flow pulse

We studied whether fish were displaced longitudinally downstream by a 1-day whitewater kayaking pulse flow release from Camino Dam on Silver Creek, a tributary of the South Fork American River, California. On 15 September 2004 flows were increased from a base flow of 0.48 m 3 ·s -1 to a peak of 18.48 m 3 ·s -1 by midday, and decreased back to base levels. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) were observed in snorkel surveys before and after the pulse. Counts of young- of-the-year and juvenile trout were 26% and 9% lower after the pulse, respectively. Counts of adult trout were 12% higher. Six adult trout were radio- tagged and were observed in the reach before, during, and after the pulsed flow. Our results suggest that most trout were able to remain in the study reach during the pulse, but that smaller fish may be more likely to be displaced downstream.
Cognitive Remediation: A New Generation of Psychosocial Interventions for People with Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental health condition characterized by broad impairments in cognition that place profound limitations on functional recovery. Social work has an enduring legacy in pioneering the development of novel psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia, and in this article the author introduces cognitive remediation, the latest advance in psychosocial treatments for the disorder designed to improve cognition. First, the author presents an overview of the nature of cognitive impairments and their functional consequences in schizophrenia, followed by a description of the theoretical basis and key practice principles of cognitive remediation. Next, the author reviews the latest biopsychosocial evidence for the efficacy of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Finally, the author presents a model cognitive remediation program, cognitive enhancement therapy, which was developed and evaluated by a social work-led multidisciplinary team. Cognitive enhancement therapy is a significant advance in cognitive remediation for schizophrenia and uses a unique holistic approach that extends beyond traditional neurocognitive training to facilitate the achievement of adult social-cognitive milestones and broader functional recovery. Cognitive remediation is an effective next-generation psychosocial intervention that social workers can use to help improve the lives of many people who live with schizophrenia.
Cubic structures and ideal class groups

Abstract We establish a generalization of Breen's theory of cubic structures on line bundles over group schemes. We study such “n-cubic structures” inductively using multiextensions. As a result we obtain information on the set of isomorphism classes of line bundles with n-cubic structures over finite multiplicative group schemes over Spec ( Z ) by relating this set to certain corresponding eigenspaces of ideal class groups of cyclotomic fields.
The radioactive patient

Patients containing diagnostic or therapeutic amounts of radionuclides present exposure problems for medical and technical personnel. It is essential that personnel be aware of the magnitude of exposure expected and the methods available for its reduction. The design of a nuclear medicine facility should consider patients as sources of exposure. The size of imaging areas may be increased to reduce exposure to attending personnel. Patients containing radioactivity should be segregated from other patients and their families. Hospitalized patients given therapeutic amounts of radionuclides represent sources of exposure and contamination to personnel providing care. The use of disposable materials and the monitoring of these materials for contamination will reduce contamination of the hospital environment. Adequate instruction of personnel is essential to programs using therapeutic amounts of radionuclides so that patients are not made to feel isolated because of the form of treatment they are receiving.
Activation of Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Is an Additional Mechanism That Participates in Mediating Inhibitory Actions of Prostaglandin F2Alpha in Mature, but Not Developing, Bovine Corpora Lutea

Elevated cytosolic calcium and protein kinase C are well-established mediators of luteolytic actions of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). The objectives of this study were to determine 1) if calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) participates in mediating PGF2alpha actions in developing (Day [d]-4) and mature (d-10) bovine corpus luteum (CL), 2) distal targets of CAMKK2, 3) developmental expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and 4) effects of AMPK activation on progesterone (P4) production. Expression of AMPK increased as the CL matured. Activation of the prostaglandin receptor (FP) induced rapid phosphorylation of AMPK, which was blocked by a CAMKK2 inhibitor. Changes in basal P4 secretion in vitro were determined in response to AMPK activation via metformin (met) or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) in d-4 and d-10 CL. Production of P4 in d-10 CL decreased with met or AICAR compared to control, similar to activation by PGF2alpha. Therefore, potential distal targets of AMPK in d-10 CL were examined during induced functional regression via exogenous PGF2alpha. Serum and luteal P4 decreased at 2 and 4 h after administration of PGF2alpha. Protein expression of LDLR decreased at 2 and 4 h, while those of ACAT1 and STAR increased 4 h after PGF2alpha. During induced regression, alterations of cholesterol transport proteins contributed to decreased luteal and serum P4. Therefore, developmental differences in signal transduction associated with FP, specifically CAMKK2 and AMPK, partially contribute to differences in the ability of PGF2alpha to induce regression in mature, but not developing, bovine CL. Multiple cholesterol transport proteins, including LDLR, were altered by PGF2alpha and could be potential AMPK targets.
Nonallelic Interactions between Het-C and a Polymorphic Locus, Pin-C, Are Essential for Nonself Recognition and Programmed Cell Death in Neurospora Crassa

Nonself recognition in filamentous fungi is conferred by genetic differences at het (heterokaryon incompatibility) loci. When individuals that differ in het specificity undergo hyphal fusion, the heterokaryon undergoes a programmed cell death reaction or is highly unstable. In Neurospora crassa, three allelic specificities at the het-c locus are conferred by a highly polymorphic domain. This domain shows trans-species polymorphisms indicative of balancing selection, consistent with the role of het loci in nonself recognition. We determined that a locus closely linked to het-c, called pin-c (partner for incompatibility with het-c) was required for het-c nonself recognition and heterokaryon incompatibility (HI). The pin-c alleles in isolates that differ in het-c specificity were extremely polymorphic. Heterokaryon and transformation tests showed that nonself recognition was mediated by synergistic nonallelic interactions between het-c and pin-c, while allelic interactions at het-c increased the severity of the HI phenotype. The pin-c locus encodes a protein containing a HET domain; predicted proteins containing HET domains are frequent in filamentous ascomycete genomes. These data suggest that nonallelic interactions may be important in nonself recognition in filamentous fungi and that proteins containing a HET domain may be a key factor in these interactions.
Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin

Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions that is found in all biological kingdoms. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation. Melanin contributes to the ability of fungi to survive in harsh environments. In addition, it plays a role in fungal pathogenesis. Melanin is an amorphous polymer that is produced by one of two synthetic pathways. Fungi may synthesize melanin from endogenous substrate via a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) intermediate. Alternatively, some fungi produce melanin from l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). The detailed chemical structure of melanin is not known. However, microscopic studies show that it has an overall granular structure. In fungi, melanin granules are localized to the cell wall where they are likely cross-linked to polysaccharides. Recent studies suggest the fungal melanin may be synthesized in internal vesicles akin to mammalian melanosomes and transported to the cell wall. Potential applications of melanin take advantage of melanin's radioprotective properties and propensity to bind to a variety of substances.
Distribution of Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, in the Hampton-Seabrook Estuary, New Hampshire: Observations from a Field Study

From July to October 2004, five sites in the Hampton–Seabrook Estuary in New Hampshire were sampled with beam and otter trawls. The goals were to describe winter flounder (1) abundance in the estuary, (2) size class distributions, (3) spatial distribution by different size classes, and (4) distribution patterns. Of the 19 species caught, winter flounder was the most abundant and was dominated by young-of-the-year (YOY) fish. The five sites were fairly homogenous in depth, bottom type, salinity, and temperature. However, YOY abundance ranged from 2.1 to 32.1 fish 1,000 m−2 depending on the site. Benthic community was the best indicator of juvenile winter flounder abundance. Catch data of other organisms fluctuated, but no one species was a strong predictor of winter flounder abundance and distribution. During late summer and early fall, the estuary is used primarily by YOY winter flounder, indicating that this estuary functions as a nursery ground.
Effects of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water Treatment on Reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Raw Oysters

Contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in oysters is a food safety concern. This study investigated effects of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water treatment on reducing V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in laboratory-contaminated oysters. EO water exhibited strong antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in pure cultures. Populations of V. parahaemolyticus (8.74 x 10(7) CFU/ml) and V. vulnificus (8.69 x 10(7) CFU/ml) decreased quickly in EO water containing 0.5% NaCl to nondetectable levels (> 6.6 log reductions) within 15 s. Freshly harvested Pacific oysters were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus at levels of 10(4) and 10(6) most probable number (MPN)/g and treated with EO water (chlorine, 30 ppm; pH 2.82; oxidation-reduction potential, 1131 mV) containing 1% NaCl at room temperature. Reductions of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in oysters were determined at 0 (before treatment), 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of treatment. Holding oysters inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus in the EO water containing 1% NaCl for 4 to 6 h resulted in significant (P 12 h) of oysters in EO water containing high levels of chlorine (> 30 ppm) was found to be detrimental to oysters. EO water could be used as a postharvest treatment to reduce Vibrio contamination in oysters. However, treatment should be limited to 4 to 6 h to avoid death of oysters. Further studies are needed to determine effects of EO water treatment on sensory characteristics of oysters.
MAP Estimation of Epipolar Geometry by EM Algorithm and Local Diffusion

Finding epipolar geometry for two images is a fundamental problem in computer vision. While this typically relies on feature point correspondence, the epipolar constraint can also be used for improving the accuracy of correspondence. We propose a probabilistic framework for estimating the epiploar geometry, in which the geometry and the feature correspondence are estimated iteratively at the same time. Using the EM algorithm to maximize a posteriori, our approach updates feature correspondence with estimated epipolar geometry. The correspondence is further improved with local diffusion on a prior Markov Random Field model. In turn, more accurate epipolar geometry is recovered. Experiments show this approach produces more accurate fundamental matrix compared with typical methods and can handle some challenging situations such as view rotation and scale changes.
Optimization of Active Flow Control in Transonic Aerodynamics

Control of shock waves at transonic speed of a NACA 0012 is investigated via numerical solutions of the time-dependent turbulent–Spalart–Allmaras Navier-Stokes equations. The effects of surface suction/blowing on airfoil aerodynamic performance have been studied regarding the control location, control ports number, and speed of suction/blowing. To validate the numerical study, comparisons with experimental data have been made before the parametric study of AFC. Then, an analysis code (CFL3D) is coupled with an optimizer, VisualDOC, one of the powerful design optimization programs. The process generally involves using the simulation code to obtain a flow solution for given parameters and then trying to improve the aerodynamics of the airfoil via the optimizer. It is shown that the aerodynamic performance and the supersonic region pocket can be reduced with appropriate selection of the control location, number and speed of suction/blowing.
Capabilities of convex Powered-Descent Guidance algorithms for pinpoint and precision landing

The PDG (Powered Descent Guidance) algorithm provides a numerical method for onboard generation of guidance profiles for use during the powered-descent phase of Mars pinpoint or precision landing. The algorithm incorporates both state and control constraints, including minimum and maximum thrust limits, glideslope constraints to avoid impacting the surface, and speed and attitude constraints. These constraints are particularly important for powered-descent scenarios requiring large-divert capabilities to achieve pinpoint or precision landing. Additionally, the constraints ensure that guidance profiles are physically achievable. For instance, the thrust limits are particularly relevant for spacecraft that implement rocket engines that cannot be throttled off after ignition. The formulation of PDG poses the problem as a SoCP (Second-order Cone Program) that can be solved with numerically-efficient interior-point solvers in a finite time to within a prescribed accuracy. This feature is ideal for onboard implementation during powered descent where total flight time is short, thus guidance methods must guarantee convergence to an achievable solution within a short time. If a spacecraft can physically perform maneuvers to achieve pinpoint or precision landing (i.e., the problem is feasible), then the SoCP formulation of PDG will find the solution. Further, this solution will satisfy the prescribed constraints on position, fuel, thrust, speed and attitude.
ISOSPORA SPILOGALES N. SP. AND I. SENGERI N. SP. (PROTOZOA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM THE SPOTTED SKUNK, SPILOGALE PUTORIUS AMBARVALIS.

SYNOPSIS. Two new species of Isospora are described from the feces of an eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius ambarvalis imported into Montana from Florida. The oocysts of I. spilogales n. sp. are 29 to 38 by 22 to 28 μ and contain 2 sporocysts measuring 17 to 22 by 13 to 16 μ; a few Caryospora-like oocysts containing a single sporocyst were considered abnormal I. spilogales oocysts. The oocysts of I. sengeri n. sp. are 16 to 23 by 12 to 18 μ and contain 2 sporocysts measuring 10 to 14 by 8 to 12 μ.
Highly Efficient Method for Introducing Successive Multiple Scarless Gene Deletions and Markerless Gene Insertions into the Yersinia pestis Chromosome

An efficient two-step recombination method for markerless gene deletion and insertion that can be used for repetitive genetic modification in Yersinia pestis was developed. The method combines λ Red recombination and counterselective screening (sacB gene) and can be used for genetic modification of Y. pestis to construct live attenuated vaccines.
Intensity-based segmentation of microarray images

The underlying principle in microarray image analysis is that the spot intensity is a measure of the gene expression. This implicitly assumes the gene expression of a spot to be governed entirely by the distribution of the pixel intensities. Thus, a segmentation technique based on the distribution of the pixel intensities is appropriate for the current problem. In this paper, clustering-based segmentation is described to extract the target intensity of the spots. The approximate boundaries of the spots in the microarray are determined by manual adjustment of rectilinear grids. The distribution of the pixel intensity in a grid containing a spot is assumed to be the superposition of the foreground and the local background. The k-means clustering technique and the partitioning around medoids (PAM) were used to generate a binary partition of the pixel intensity distribution. The median (k-means) and the medoid (PAM) of the cluster members are chosen as the cluster representatives. The effectiveness of the clustering-based segmentation techniques was tested on publicly available arrays generated in a lipid metabolism experiment (Callow et al., 2000). The results are compared against those obtained using the region-growing approach (SPOT) (Yang et al., 2001). The effect of additive white Gaussian noise is also investigated.
A study on impact of aggressor de-rating in the context of multiple crosstalk effects in circuits

Capacitive crosstalk induced signal integrity effects have been studied for over a decade. A typical victim net has multiple aggressors. In worst-case analysis of crosstalk effects, it is customary to assume that (i) all aggressors can switch at the same time and (ii) aggressors themselves are not subject to other crosstalk effects. Further refinements of the worst-case analysis consider (a) Boolean filtering of the aggressors to take logical relationship among them into account and (b) timing filtering to exclude aggressors that cannot switch in the same timing window where the victim node is switching. However, even further refinement is possible by relaxing supposition (ii) above that assumes that aggressors are not subject to noise themselves. In this paper, we present a simulation study that considers multiple crosstalk effects where the aggressors of one net can be victim themselves with signals switching in their neighborhood. The simulations are performed on an innovative compact model that permits circular reasoning in an event-driven, non-zero gate delay, and dynamic simulation framework. Results indicate that when crosstalk on aggressors is also considered while processing crosstalk on a victim, the impact is often mitigated substantially.