cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The media's portrayal of product counterfeiting and financial crimes

Although there is a large body of research examining how crime and criminal justice issues are presented in the news, there is no research examining the media construction of product counterfeiting and little research on financial crimes in the media. The current study fills this gap by comparing the representation of financial crimes and product counterfeiting in the news media. This study consists of a news media content analysis of the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal from 2000 to 2009. Data were analyzed to identify common patterns across three types of fraud: product counterfeiting, corporate fraud, and tax fraud. The results indicate differences across the three crime types in the types of sources and how these sources are used in the articles. The paper concludes with implications for better understanding how product counterfeiting and financial crimes are portrayed as a social problem.
A heavy-atom isotope effect and kinetic investigation of the hydrolysis of semicarbazide by urease from jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis).

A kinetic investigation of the hydrolysis of semicarbazide by urease gives a relatively flat log V/K versus pH plot between pH 5 and 8. A log Vm versus pH plot shows a shift of the optimum Vm toward lower pH when compared to urea. These results are explained in terms of the binding of the outer N of the NHNH2 group in semicarbazide to an active site residue with a relatively low pKa (∼6). Heavy-atom isotope effects for both leaving groups have been determined. For the NHNH2 side, 15kobs = 1.0045, whereas for the NH2 side, 15kobs = 1.0010. This is evidence that the NHNH2 group leaves prior to the NH2 group. Using previously published data from the urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of formamide, the commitment factors for semicarbazide and urea hydrolysis are estimated to be 2.7 and 1.2, respectively. The carbonyl-C isotope effect (13kobs) equals 1.0357, which is consistent with the transition state occurring during either formation or breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate.
Choroidal neovascularization regression on fluorescein angiography after VEGF blockade.

Background: Intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors stabilize vision in a majority of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and can improve vision in almost 40% of patients. However, some individuals who respond to antiVEGF treatment still lose vision due to the formation of geographic atrophy (GA). While optical coherence tomography is often the primary imaging modality used, fluorescein angiography (FA) can provide useful information on GA development after choroidal neovascularization (CNV) regression. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate the changes seen on FA over a 47-month period for 3 patients with neovascular AMD treated with anti-VEGF inhibitors. Results: All 3 patients were initially noted to have subfoveal CNV due to AMD at baseline; they were followed up monthly and treated on an as needed basis for at least 47 months with intravitreal VEGF inhibitors. All subjects had regression of their CNV lesions after VEGF blockade. Two subjects developed foveal atrophy. Conclusions: This case series depicts the changes on FA seen over a 4-year period and shows that GA can occur with regression of CNV after treatment with VEGF inhibitors.
Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c- myc

The product of the proto-oncogene c-myc, in partnership with Max, forms a transcription factor that can promote either oncogenic transformation or apoptosis. The Myc/Max heterodimer binds to elements in the cdc25A gene and activates transcription. Like myc, cdc25A, itself a proto-oncogene, can induce apoptosis in cells depleted of growth factor, and Myc-induced apoptosis also requires cdc25A. These findings indicate that cdc25A is a physiologically relevant transcriptional target of c-myc.
The Consumer Price Index: A Research Agenda and Three Proposals

This paper argues that dealing with current concerns about the CPI within the framework of economic theory requires developing the theory of the cost-of-living index under more general assumptions than have thus far been standard. It examines three neglected but critical issues that should rank high on the research agenda because of their practical implications for index number construction: Whose cost-of-living index? Why shop? and What is a good? It concludes by discussing the intersection between the technical problems of constructing the CPI and the political problems of indexing taxes and transfers.
Headspace Resistance Standards for the Shirley Developments Ltd. Micromat Tester

High precision headspace resistance standards (HRS) are developed for the Micromat model of the Shirley Developments Ltd. fineness and maturity tester. The Micromat measures cotton fineness and maturity based on the principle of air permeability through a fixed mass of fibers at two different stages of compression. Differential pressures are the quantities measured, and are related to maturity and fineness by appropriate equa tions. HRS are mechanical air flow restrictors: we use narrow diameter tubes, needle valves, and metal frits. Air flow rates through the calibration cotton are adjusted to give the declared differential pressure values, and these flows are exactly "transferred" to the HRS. The calibration transfer coefficient β, defined as the ratio of differential pressure through the HRS material to differential pressure through the calibration cotton, is fixed at β > 1 to increase sensitivity to Micromat drift. Routine analysis of two sets of cottons is presented based on HRS calibration and contr...
Dynamic coronary ostial obstruction due to papillary fibroelastoma leading to myocardial ischemia and infarction

Abstract Papillary fibroelastoma is an uncommon cardiac tumor rarely diagnosed during life. Although most are incidental findings at autopsy, a small number of cases have been associated with cardiac symptoms that include angina, embolism and sudden death. We describe a case of papillary fibroelastoma detected angiographically and shown to cause coronary obstruction and myocardial ischemia.
MK801 decreases glutamate release and oxidative metabolism during hypoglycemic coma in piglets.

Abstract Hypoglycemic coma increases extracellular excitatory amino acids, which mediate hypoglycemic neuronal degeneration. Cerebral oxygen consumption increases during hypoglycemic coma in piglets. We tested the hypothesis that the NMDA-receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK801) attenuates the increase in cerebral oxygen consumption during hypoglycemia. We measured EEG, cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) and cortical microdialysate levels of glutamate, aspartate and glycine in pentobarbital-anesthetized piglets during 60 min of insulin-induced hypoglycemic coma. NMDA-receptor distribution was measured by autoradiography. MK801 (0.75 mg/kg i.v.) was given within 5 min after onset of isoelectric EEG. Saline- and MK801-treated normoglycemic control animals were also studied. Brain temperature was maintained at 38.5±0.5°C. MK801 prevented the 5–10-fold increase in glutamate and aspartate occurring in saline-treated hypoglycemic animals, and attenuated the increase in CMRO2. Increases in CBF of 200–400% during hypoglycemic coma were not affected by MK801. MK801 did not alter CBF, CMRO2 or microdialysate amino acid levels in normoglycemic control animals. Parietal cortex corresponding to microdialysis sites was highly enriched in NMDA receptors, and the density and distribution overall of NMDA receptor binding sites were comparable to that reported in other species. We conclude that NMDA receptor activation plays a central role in hypoglycemia-induced glutamate release, and contributes to increased cerebral oxygen consumption. Neuroprotective effects of MK801 during hypoglycemia in piglets may involve inhibitory effects on glutamate release and oxidative metabolism.
An event marking system for use with fraction collectors and effluent analyzing devices

Abstract A simple event marking device is described for use with fraction collectors and eluant analyzing instruments. The device is mechanically independent of the other units in the chromatographic system and can be adjusted to mark the collection of single or multiple (up to 20) fractions.
Calcium-induced calcium release and cyclic ADP-ribose-mediated signaling in the myocytes from small coronary arteries.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), an endogenous metabolite of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, was first reported to be present in sea urchin eggs and to possess Ca mobilizing activity (Clapper et al., 1987; Lee et al., 1989). Recent studies have indicated that cADPR is produced in a variety of mammalian tissues and cells, including heart, liver, spleen, brain and red blood cells, pituitary cells, as well as renal epithelial cells (Beers et al., 1995; Koshiyama et al., 1991; Takesawa et al., 1993; White et al., 1993). Basal concentrations of cADPR in cardiac muscle, liver, and brain are estimated to be 100–200 nM (Galione, 1994; Lee, 1994). Like sea urchin eggs, cADPR also causes Ca release from the endoplasmic reticulum in these mammalian tissues and cells. It mobilizes intracellular Ca by a mechanism completely independent of inositol 1,4,5trisphosphate (IP3), since the IP3 receptor antagonist heparin cannot block the effect of cADPR (Galione,
Laparoscopy and Tribology: The Effect of Laparoscopic Gas on Peritoneal Fluid

Abstract Study Objective To assess the changes in viscosity of peritoneal fluid during laparoscopic exposure to CO2 insufflation. Design Analysis and mathematic modeling of peritoneal fluid viscosity in vivo and in vitro as a result of exposure to unconditioned CO2 (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Medical school university research laboratory and hospital. Materials Peritoneal fluid from 45 women. Intervention Peritoneal fluid was obtained at laparoscopy before insufflation and tested for viscosity after exposure to currently used raw dry unconditioned CO2. Measurements and Main Results Peritoneal fluid viscosity was tested by viscometric methods and mathematic modeling. Initial viscosity of peritoneal fluid before gas exposure was 1.425 centipoise (cP). Viscosity measurements were obtained at 20-second intervals for gas flows of 1 and 3 L/minute. Increases in viscosity occur rapidly, and by 200 seconds it was 59 cP and 98 cP for 1 and 3 L flow rates, respectively. Conclusion Very dry CO2 for laparoscopy causes peritoneal fluid viscosity to increase dramatically.
Do We Really Need More Replications

A plea is often made that psychologists should perform more replications and that replications should be granted more favorable consideration in publication decisions. The present article argues that, despite these assertions, replications are performed and published. Many psychologists apparently do not recognize them as such because they expect replications to be close copies of prior research designs. However, replications are often quite different from previous research; what is important is that they may replicate theoretical hypotheses, not research designs. In addition, the point is made that statistically significant results are more important than nonsignificant results and that many nonsignificant results are published, also contrary to popular wisdom. Thus, even if replications were in short supply, we would not be in great danger of falsely rejecting too many null hypotheses. The conclusion is reached that further complaints about the need for more replications should be based on better data t...
Illumination optics for source-mask optimization

Source Mask Optimization (SMO) 1 is proposed and being developed for the 32 nm generation and beyond in order to extend dose / focus margin by simultaneous optimization of the illuminator source shape and a customized mask. For several years now, mask optimization techniques have been improving. At the same time, the flexibility of the illuminator must also be improved, leading to more complex illumination shapes. As a result, pupil fill is moving from a parametric model defined by sigma value, ratio, clocking angle, subtended angle and/or, pole balance, to a freeform condition with gray scale defined by light intensity in the illuminator. We have evaluated an intelligent illuminator in order to meet requirements of SMO. Then we have confirmed controllability of the pupilgram.
Histogenesis of hyperosteoidosis in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats fed high levels of dietary calcium.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine by sequential quantitative morphometry the histogenesis of metaphyseal changes induced in rats fed high levels of dietary calcium and treated with pharmacologic doses of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Young adult female rats were placed on a diet containing 2.5% calcium and 0.3% phosphorus and administered either ethanol or 135 ng (5 units) 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in ethanol IP daily for 10 days. Rats were terminated at Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10. At Day 1 the proximal tibias from rats treated with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 had a dramatic increase in osteoclasts/mm total trabecular surface perimeter compared with placebo-treated rats. Osteoclast numbers decreased in 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -treated rats to the levels in placebo-treated rats by Days 3 and 4 and decreased significantly below placebo-treated levels at Days 6, 8, and 10. Active resorbing surface was significantly increased at Days 1 and 2 and decreased at Days 8 and 10 in 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -treated rats compared with placebo-treated rats. From Day 4 through Day 10 in 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -treated rats, there was a progressive increase in osteoblasts/mm total trabecular surface perimeter, osteoid surface, active osteoid surface, and metaphyseal osteoid. Metaphyseal osteoid increased markedly at Days 8 and 10 in 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -treated rats and caused a significant increase in the amount of osseous tissue in the metaphysis. Metaphyseal mineralized bone, however, was not consistently affected by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment. Serum calcium and phosphorus were elevated in 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -treated rats at more time periods. In rats fed high levels of dietary calcium, repeated supraphysiologic doses of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 result in a net increase in metaphyseal osseous tissue, predominantly osteoid. The hyperosteoidosis in 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -treated rats fed a high calcium diet is associated with osteoblast hyperplasia and increased active osteoid surface and interpreted to represent increased bone formation.
AN APPROACH TO OBSERVING OIL AT SEA

ABSTRACT Any response to an oil spill incident requires expedient observations of the appearance, location, and distribution of the spilled oil. These observations are fundamental for the determination of spill severity, initialization of trajectory forecasts, and planning of mitigation efforts. Present techniques for determining oil distribution over large areas of water rely predominantly on visual estimation from various types of aircraft. The need to rely on observers in aircraft has resulted in a variety of problems during past spill responses. These problems center on inconsistent classification of types, amounts, and distribution of oil. Inconsistent terminology results in poor reporting of oil conditions, which in turn hinders spill mitigation planning. A consistent approach to reporting observed oil distribution has been developed based on experience gained during the IXTOC I and Burmah Agate spills, as well as during other, smaller spills. It provides a uniform terminology for describing oil, in...
Vacuum effects on interference in two-photon down conversion.

A proposed experiment is analyzed theoretically. In the proposed experiment two coherent pump waves fall on two identical nonlinear crystals, down-converted signal and idler beams from the two crystals are mixed by two beam splitters, and the coincidence counting rate for photons leaving the beam splitters is measured. We show that this counting rate depends on the phase difference between the two coherent pump waves, and results from the interference of the vacuum with the down-converted photons. The experiment could be used to look for locality violations along the lines recently proposed by Grangier, Potasek, and Yurke [Phys. Rev. A 38, 3132 (1988)], but without the need for a coherent reference beam for homodyning.
How to configure a computer-aided neuron reconstruction and graphics display system

Abstract This paper answers many requests of the authors from scientists who wish to establish computer-aided neuron reconstruction systems. Computer-aided neuron reconstruction is recording of neuron trees in a computer, correcting for histological processing problems, displaying neurons in three dimensions, and statistically summarizing neurons. The system components, a light microscope, a computer, and a graphics display, may be configured in four ways, each having advantages in cost, labor, programming, and maximum neuron complexity and resolution. Software should be written in a high-level language and should be copied from existing installations whenever possible. A neuroscientist may learn the skills necessary to direct, program, and maintain a system, but only at a great cost in time. Alternatively, the selection of a skilled person to perform these tasks critically affects the system's neuroscientific results.
Novel roles of Pkd2 in male reproductive system development

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common inherited genetic diseases, caused by mutations in PKD1 and/ or PKD2. Infertility and reproductive tract abnormalities in male ADPKD patients are very common and have higher incidence than in the general population. In this work, we reveal novel roles of Pkd2 for male reproductive system development. Disruption of Pkd2 caused dilation of mesonephric tubules/efferent ducts, failure of epididymal coiling, and defective testicular development. Deletion of Pkd2 in the epithelia alone was sufficient to cause reproductive tract defects seen in Pkd2 � /� mice, suggesting that epithelial Pkd2 plays a pivotal role for development and maintenance of the male reproductive tract. In the testis, Pkd2 also plays a role in interstitial tissue and testicular cord development. In-depth analysis of epithelial-specific knockout mice revealed that Pkd2 is critical to maintain cellular phenotype and developmental signaling in the male reproductive system. Taken together, our data for the first time reveal novel roles for Pkd2 in male reproductive system development and provide new insights in male reproductive system abnormality and infertility in ADPKD patients.
Infection of Vero Cells by BK Virus Is Dependent on Caveolae

Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy occurs in ∼5% of renal transplant recipients and results in loss of graft function in 50 to 70% of these patients. The disease is caused by reactivation of the common human polyomavirus BK (BKV) in the transplanted kidney. The early events in productive BKV infection are unknown. In this report, we focus on elucidating the mechanisms of BKV internalization in its target cell. Our data reveal that BKV entry into permissive Vero cells is slow, is independent of clathrin-coated-pit assembly, is dependent on an intact caveolin-1 scaffolding domain, is sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibition, and requires cholesterol. BKV colocalizes with the caveola-mediated endocytic marker cholera toxin subunit B but not with the clathrin-dependent endocytic marker transferrin. In addition, BKV infectious entry is sensitive to elevation in intracellular pH. These findings indicate that BKV entry into Vero cells occurs by caveola-mediated endocytosis involving a pH-dependent step.
JOINT FREQUENCY AND PHASOR ESTIMATION IN UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE POWER SYSTEMS

The problem of joint off-nominal frequency and phasor estimation in an unbalanced three-phase power system using a phasor measurement unit (PMU) is considered. Voltage unbalance arises when magnitudes are different from each other or when phases are unequally spaced. A general model for the zero, positive, and negative sequences from a PMU measurement at off-nominal frequencies is presented. Then, the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator is developed under an unbalanced condition for joint symmetrical components phasors and frequency estimation. Finally, a low complexity technique is developed for the estimation of frequency deviation based a new autoregressive (AR) representation of the innovation process for the symmetrical component. IndexTerms — Frequency estimation, phasor measurement unit (PMU), unbalanced power system, symmetrical components, Smart Grid
Dysfunctional grieving related to childbearing loss: a descriptive study.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to analyze client cases with the nursing diagnosis of dysfunctional grieving. Such research is in congruence with the American Nurses’ Association's definition of nursing as cited in Nursing: A Social Policy Statement and the call for diagnostic and case study research from the National Group for Classification of Nursing Diagnoses. A Grounded Theory, case study methodology was used to discover, categorize, and evaluate defining characteristics and strategies of assessment and counseling for the diagnosis. These cases include spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, infant death, and birth of severely handicapped and premature infants. Findings led to the development of a nursing counseling model, which highlights a creative nursing process of assessment and intervention that has not been identified in the literature. The assessment strategies of this model include the grief behavior paradox, mental imagery, and the diminutive therapeutic effect. Counseling strategies in...
Protection from ethanol-induced limb malformations by the superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic, EUK-134

SPECIFIC AIMSFetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) comprise a well-recognized cadre of birth defects that result from maternal alcohol consumption. Based on in vitro studies that have illustrated...
Effects of training on systolic time intervals at rest and during isometric exercise in men and women 61 to 64 years old.

Abstract To determine whether regular exercise improves left ventricular (LV) contractile function in persons 60 years and older, systolic time intervals (STIs) were measured in 10 healthy men and women (mean age 62 ± 1 year [±standard deviation]) before and after 6 months of intense endurance training. STIs, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined at rest and in response to isometric handgrip exercise. Systolic BP, diastolic BP and HR increased acutely from rest in response to handgrip (p
Statistical evaluation of surface finish and its relationship to cutting parameters in turning

Abstract The surface generated by the turning operation is assumed to be homogeneous and the profile parallel to the tool feeding direction is used for the characterization purpose. The statistical parameters and geometric properties of the surface profile are defined. Twenty-seven tests were performed on a lathe using mild carbon steel workpieces. A 33 factorial design is used to study the influence of feed rate, nose radius, and cutting speed on the surface geometry. Response surface contours are constructed and it is shown that these may be used to choose the cutting conditions for a given surface geometry.
Infrared drying of tablet granulations. II

Twenty-two formulas containing inorganic compounds, nineteen formulas containing organic compounds, and fourteen compound formulas were granulated using the usual technique. The granules were dried under infrared lamps and compressed after lubrication. Favorable results were obtained in about ninety per cent of the cases. Temperature and period of drying in a majority of the cases were below 60° and 25 minutes, respectively. Results of assays on the granulations showed complete absence of untoward effects of infrared heat.
The Effects of Primary Sector Foreign Investment on Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Agriculture Production in Less-Developed Countries, 1980-99:

This research helps to increase our collective understanding of the complex interrelationships between foreign investment dependence and environmental degradation. Panel regresssion analyses of 35 ...
Ubiquitin, proteasomes and proteolytic mechanisms activated by kidney disease

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) includes 3 enzymes that conjugate ubiquitin to intracellular proteins that are then recognized and degraded in the proteasome. The process participates in the regulation of cell metabolism. In the kidney, the UPS regulates the turnover of transporters and signaling proteins and its activity is down regulated in acidosis-induced proximal tubular cell hypertrophy. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), muscle wasting occurs because complications of CKD including acidosis, insulin resistance, inflammation, and increased angiotensin II levels stimulate the UPS to degrade muscle proteins. This response also includes caspase-3 and calpains which act to cleave muscle proteins to provide substrates for the UPS. For example, caspase-3 degrades actomyosin, leaving a 14 kDa fragment of actin in muscle. The 14 kDa actin fragment is increased in muscle of patient with kidney disease, burn injury and surgery. In addition, acidosis, insulin resistance, inflammation and angiotensin II stimulate glucocorticoid production. Glucocorticoids are also required for the muscle wasting that occurs in CKD. Thus, the UPS is involved in regulating kidney function and participates in highly organized responses that degrade muscle protein in response to loss of kidney function.
A systolic mapping for the estimator block of an adaptive vibration/sound canceller

A class of an actively adaptive algorithm, which reduces unwanted vibration/sound in a system, consists of a cascade of a recursive least squares parameter estimator and a controller block. A linear model with unknown parameters is investigated for this system. A parallel VLSI implementation is developed for the recursive least squares parameter estimator block required in this context. This would provide enhanced processing speed, much sought for in real-time applications. >
Weak bounded arithmetic, the Diffie-Hellman problem and Constable's Class K

The bounded arithmetic theory C/sub 2//sup 0/, which is closely related to the complexity class DLogTime-uniform TC/sup 0/, is extended by a function symbol and axioms for integer division, which is not known to be in DLogTime-uniform TC/sup 0/. About this extended theory C/sub 2//sup 0/[div], two main results are proved: (1). The Z/sub 1//sup b/-definable functions of C/sub 2//sup 0/[div] are exactly Constable's class K, a function algebra whose precise complexity-theoretic nature is yet to be determined. This also yields the new upper bound K/spl sube/uniform NC/sup 2/. (2). The /spl Delta//sub 1//sup b/-theorems C/sub 2//sup 0/[div] do not have Craig-interpolants of polynomial circuit size, unless the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol is insecure.
Drifting from slow to “D’oh!” Working memory capacity and mind wandering predict extreme reaction times and executive-control errors.

A combined experimental, individual-differences, and thought-sampling study tested the predictions of executive attention (e.g., Engle & Kane, 2004) and coordinative binding (e.g., Oberauer, Sus, Wilhelm, & Sander, 2007) theories of working memory capacity (WMC). We assessed 288 subjects' WMC and their performance and mind-wandering rates during a sustained-attention task; subjects completed either a go/no-go version requiring executive control over habit or a vigilance version that did not. We further combined the data with those from McVay and Kane (2009) to (1) gauge the contributions of WMC and attentional lapses to the worst performance rule and the tail, or t parameter, of reaction time (RT) distributions; (2) assess which parameters from a quantitative evidence-accumulation RT model were predicted by WMC and mind-wandering reports; and (3) consider intrasubject RT patterns—particularly, speeding—as potential objective markers of mind wandering. We found that WMC predicted action and thought control in only some conditions, that attentional lapses (indicated by task-unrelated-thought reports and drift-rate variability in evidence accumulation) contributed to t, performance accuracy, and WMC's association with them and that mind-wandering experiences were not predicted by trial-to-trial RT changes, and so they cannot always be inferred from objective performance measures.
The Retention of Experienced Faculty in Online Distance Education Programs: Understanding Factors that Impact their Involvement

The study sought to determine factors that affect faculty decisions regarding their involvement in teaching online distance education courses. A survey was administered to online distance education faculty across the United States to determine those factors that encourage or discourage them from continuing to teach online courses. The factors were examined and reported from the standpoint of each of four faculty groups: (1) tenured, (2) tenure-track, (3) full-time non-tenured/fixed term, and (4) part-time/adjunct. From the survey responses (N = 135), a list of retention strategies that university administrators may use for retention of online distance education faculty are offered.
Adrenergic α1 receptor activation is sufficient, but not necessary for phrenic long-term facilitation

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH; three 5-min hypoxic episodes) causes a form of phrenic motor facilitation (pMF) known as phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF); pLTF is initiated by spinal activation of Gq protein-coupled 5-HT2 receptors. Because α1 adrenergic receptors are expressed in the phrenic motor nucleus and are also Gq protein-coupled, we hypothesized that α1 receptors are sufficient, but not necessary for AIH-induced pLTF. In anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated rats, episodic spinal application of the α1 receptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) elicited dose-dependent pMF (10 and 100 μM, P < 0.05; but not 1 μM). PE-induced pMF was blocked by the α1 receptor antagonist prazosin (1 mM; −20 ± 20% at 60 min, −5 ± 21% at 90 min; n = 6). Although α1 receptor activation is sufficient to induce pMF, it was not necessary for AIH-induced pLTF because intrathecal prazosin (1 mM) did not alter AIH-induced pLTF (56 ± 9% at 60 min, 78 ± 12% at 90 min; n = 9). Intravenous (iv) prazosin (150 μg/kg) appeared to reduce pLTF (21 ± 9% at 60 min, 26 ± 8% at 90 min), but this effect was not significant. Hypoglossal long-term facilitation was unaffected by intrathecal prazosin, but was blocked by iv prazosin (−4 ± 14% at 60 min, −13 ± 18% at 90 min), suggesting different LTF mechanisms in different motor neuron pools. In conclusion, Gq protein-coupled α1 adrenergic receptors evoke pMF, but they are not necessary for AIH-induced pLTF.
Cross-diffusion and pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems.

Cross-diffusion, the phenomenon in which a gradient in the concentration of one species induces a flux of another chemical species, has generally been neglected in the study of reaction–diffusion systems. We summarize experiments that demonstrate that cross-diffusion coefficients can be quite significant, even exceeding “normal,” diagonal diffusion coefficients in magnitude in systems that involve ions, micelles, complex formation, excluded volume effects (e.g., surface or polymer reactions) and other phenomena commonly encountered in situations of interest to chemists. We then demonstrate with a series of model calculations that cross-diffusion can lead to spatial and spatiotemporal pattern formation, even in relatively simple systems. We also show that, in the absence of cross-diffusion among the reacting species, introduction of a nonreactive species that induces appropriate cross-diffusive fluxes with reactive species can lead to pattern formation.
From a fixation on sports to an exploration of mechanism: The past, present, and future of hot hand research

We review the literature on the hot hand fallacy by highlighting the positive and negative aspects of hot hand research over the past 20 years, and suggesting new avenues of research. Many researchers have focused on criticising Gilovich et al.'s claim that the hot hand fallacy exists in basketball and other sports, instead of exploring the general implications of the hot hand fallacy for human cognition and probabilistic reasoning. Noting that researchers have shown that people perceive hot streaks in a gambling domain in which systematic streaks cannot possibly exist, we suggest that researchers have paid too much attention to investigating the independence of outcomes in various sporting domains. Instead, we advocate a domain-general mechanistic approach to understanding the hot hand fallacy, and conclude by suggesting approaches that might refocus the literature on the important general implications of the hot hand fallacy for human probabilistic reasoning.
Hydrocarbon resources of the eastern overthrust belt: a realistic evaluation.

By considering the present occurrence of hydrocarbons, past geologic conditions, and timing of deposition, deformation, and metamorphism, realistic limits to hydrocarbon occurrences in the Appalachians may be defined. Additional consideration of thermal gradients and present depths to possible sedimentary rocks in the footwall beneath the Blue Ridge—Piedmont overthrust indicates that hydrocarbon stability is unlikely beneath much of it today.
Holographically corrected microscope with a large working distance

We present a design for a microscope with a simple objective lens with a high numerical aperture. The large amounts of aberrations present in the system are removed when a point-source image hologram is recorded. The resultant instrument has a large working distance (>0.17 m) and a moderate field of view over a limited bandwidth. We demonstrate the application of this device to imaging submicrometer details inside a vacuum.
Remark on Appropriateness and Impact of Platform-Based Product Development

When platform-based manufacturing exhibits overdesign costs then platform adoption will lead to a decrease in product line differentiation. In contrast, Krishnan and Gupta (2001) argued that in the presence of overdesign costs and platform economies, platform production always leads to a more differentiated product family. While Krishnan and Gupta analyzed one particular parameterized cost function and define overdesign costs and platform economies narrowly in terms of their parameters, I propose a general definition of overdesign costs and show that platform adoption reduces product differentiation for all cost functions satisfying this definition, regardless of whether or not they exhibit platform economies.
Removal of eye activity artifacts from visual event-related potentials in normal and clinical subjects

Objectives: Electrical potentials produced by blinks and eye movements present serious problems for electroencephalographic (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) data interpretation and analysis, particularly for analysis of data from some clinical populations. Often, all epochs contaminated by large eye artifacts are rejected as unusable, though this may prove unacceptable when blinks and eye movements occur frequently. Methods: Frontal channels are often used as reference signals to regress out eye artifacts, but inevitably portions of relevant EEG signals also appearing in EOG channels are thereby eliminated or mixed into other scalp channels. A generally applicable adaptive method for removing artifacts from EEG records based on blind source separation by independent component analysis (ICA) (Neural Computation 7 (1995) 1129; Neural Computation 10(8) (1998) 2103; Neural Computation 11(2) (1999) 606) overcomes these limitations. Results: Results on EEG data collected from 28 normal controls and 22 clinical subjects performing a visual selective attention task show that ICA can be used to effectively detect, separate and remove ocular artifacts from even strongly contaminated EEG recordings. The results compare favorably to those obtained using rejection or regression methods. Conclusions: The ICA method can preserve ERP contributions from all of the recorded trials and all the recorded data channels, even when none of the single trials are artifact-free. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of Level and Source of Dietary Fat on the Bioavailability of Iron from Turkey Meat for the Anemic Rat

The amount and source of fat in the diet can affect the growth response. Differences in growth among treatments can affect iron bioavailability determinations when change in hemoglobin concentration is used as the cri terion. The amount and source of fat was varied in diets fed to anemic rats for assaying the bioavailability of iron from turkey meat. It was observed that gain in body weight increased as the amount of fat in the diet increased and con currently, that the gain in hemoglobin concentration decreased. By expressing iron bioavailability as the efficiency of the conversion of dietary iron into hemo globin, it was demonstrated that the amount of fat in the diet did not affect the bioavailability of iron from turkey meat or from ferrous sulfate. It was found that animals fed beef fat were most efficient at converting iron from turkey meat into hemoglobin followed by those fed turkey fat, corn oil and pork fat in descending order. Differences in liver iron concentrations among treatments were minimal even when the low-iron, basal diet treatment is included in die comparisons. J. Nutr. 770: 1703-1708, 1980. INDEXING KEYWORDS iron â€¢bioavailability â€¢fat
Granzyme B activates procaspase-3 which signals a mitochondrial amplification loop for maximal apoptosis

Granzyme B (GrB), acting similar to an apical caspase, efficiently activates a proteolytic cascade after intracellular delivery by perforin. Studies here were designed to learn whether the physiologic effector, GrB–serglycin, initiates apoptosis primarily through caspase-3 or through BH3-only proteins with subsequent mitochondrial permeabilization and apoptosis. Using four separate cell lines that were either genetically lacking the zymogen or rendered deficient in active caspase-3, we measured apoptotic indices within whole cells (active caspase-3, mitochondrial depolarization [ΔΨm] and TUNEL). Adhering to these conditions, the following were observed in targets after GrB delivery: (a) procaspase-3–deficient cells fail to display a reduced ΔΨm and DNA fragmentation; (b) Bax/Bak is required for optimal ΔΨm reduction, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation, whereas BID cleavage is undetected by immunoblot; (c) Bcl-2 inhibits GrB-mediated apoptosis (reduced ΔΨm and TUNEL reactivity) by blocking oligomerization of caspase-3; and (d) in procaspase-3–deficient cells a mitochondrial-independent pathway was identified which involved procaspase-7 activation, PARP cleavage, and nuclear condensation. The data therefore support the existence of a fully implemented apoptotic pathway initiated by GrB, propagated by caspase-3, and perpetuated by a mitochondrial amplification loop but also emphasize the presence of an ancillary caspase-dependent, mitochondria-independent pathway.
In Utero Sensitization With Influenza Virus In Man

SummaryFollowing a community-wide epidemic of influenza A/England virus infection, 64 cord blood samples were evaluated for their fetal serum and lymphocyte responses to this virus. Cord sera were tested for HI antibody vs. A/England with and without 2-ME. A fourfold or greater reduction in titer was observed in four, indicating fetal IgM antibody responses. In addition, lymphocyte samples from three of 16 tested showed proliferative responses to influenza A suggesting fetal lymphocyte sensitization with influenza virus. These data suggest that, in some pregnancies, influenza virus is capable of transplacental sensitization of the fetus.The authors are grateful to Mei-Yin Luan for excellent technical assistance, to Dr. Douglas Thompson for assistance in reviewing clinic records, to Dr. Carl Norden for helpful review of our manuscript, and to JoAnne Petritis for her aid in preparing this manuscript.
State-space realizations of fractional-step delay digital filters with applications to array beamforming

A general approach to the design of single-rate fractional-step delay (FSD) filters for array beamforming, based on a state-space formulation, is presented. This approach is applicable to both FIR and IIR implementations. In this approach, state-space realizations of FSD filters can be derived from state-space realizations of parent interpolating filters. The realizations so produced have the property that the fractional-step delay is determined solely by the B (input coupling) matrix. The A (system) and C (output coupling) matrix operations are independent of the fractional-step delay, and thus can be shared by all array element channels. All FSD beamformers are subject to spurious spatial response lobes generated by aliasing in the interpolating filter. However, these spurious lobes can be effectively suppressed by appropriate design of the magnitude response of the interpolating filter. If the magnitude response of the interpolating filter is chosen so that the spurious sidelobes are effectively suppressed, then although the phase response of the interpolating filter will affect the temporal response of the system, it will have no effect on the spatial response of the array; i.e., it is not necessary to have linear phase response in the interpolating filter to obtain ideal beam patterns. Comparisons of computation rates for FIR and IIR implementation of FSD beamformers are presented.
Measurement of the flux and energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons on the ground

New ground-based measurements of the cosmic-ray induced neutron flux and its energy distribution have been made at several locations across the United States using an extended-energy Bonner sphere spectrometer. The data cover over twelve decades of neutron energy, from meV to GeV. An expression to scale the flux to other locations has been developed from a fit to the altitude dependence of our measurements and an expression from the literature for the geomagnetic and solar-activity dependence of neutron monitor rates. In addition, an analytic expression is provided which fits the neutron spectrum above about 0.4 MeV. The neutron flux is important for estimating the soft-error rate in computer memories and recent computer logic devices.
Understanding recovery in children following traffic-related injuries: Exploring acute traumatic stress reactions, child coping, and coping assistance

Millions of children incur potentially traumatic physical injuries every year. Most children recover well from their injury but many go on to develop persistent traumatic stress reactions. This study aimed to describe children's coping and coping assistance (i.e., the ways in which parents and peers help children cope) strategies and to explore the association between coping and acute stress reactions following an injury. Children (N = 243) rated their acute traumatic stress reactions within one month of injury and reported on coping and coping assistance six months later. Parents completed a measure of coping assistance at the six-month assessment. Children used an average of five to six coping strategies (out of 10), with wishful thinking, social support, and distraction endorsed most frequently. Child coping was associated with parent and peer coping assistance strategies. Significant acute stress reactions were related to subsequent child use of coping strategies (distraction, social withdrawal, problem-solving, blaming others) and to child report of parent use of distraction (as a coping assistance strategy). Findings suggest that children's acute stress reactions may influence their selection of coping and coping assistance strategies. To best inform interventions, research is needed to examine change in coping behaviors and coping assistance over time, including potential bidirectional relationships between trauma reactions and coping.
THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF SHIءI MODERNISM: MORALITY AND GENDER IN EARLY 20TH-CENTURY LEBANON

In an early 1980s interview, Amira Muhammad ءAli al-Houmani, daughter of one of the 20th century's most revered Lebanese Shiءi poets, insisted that the “southern woman” (al-marʿa al-janūbiyya) had always been a “partner” to the southern Lebanese man, both “in the house and in the field.” She explained how Lebanese women both in and from the south have historically played important domestic as well as productive economic roles spanning both the private and the public. Beyond casual nods toward their political and economic participation, however, disputes about and including Shiءi women in Lebanon and, more broadly put, discussions of and about gender, generally have been occluded from historical narratives. Considering the indisputable contemporary significance of Lebanese Shiءi communities in Jabal ءAmil (South Lebanon), the Bekaء Valley, and Beirut, it is even more remarkable that the diverse histories of gender in Shiءi Lebanon have yet to be written.
Bombykal, a Sex Pheromone of the Sphinx Moth Manduca sexta

The first sex pheromone of a Sphinx moth has been isolated from Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) with the aid of an electroantennogram assay. It is attractive to males in a field test where its activity might be augmented by a second component in female extracts. Chemical tests and chromatographic properties identify the pheromone as a C₁₆-aldehyde with a pair of conjugated double bonds. (E , Z)-0,12-hexadecadienal, (“bombykal”) was identical with the natural product. The comparison includes chromatography on three different capillary columns and determination of specific activities in the electroantennogram test.
Identifying Centromeric RNAs Involved in Histone Dynamics In Vivo

Over the last decade, the long accepted dogma that heterochromatin is silent has been challenged by increasing evidence of active transcription in these apocryphally annotated quiescent regions of the genome. The recent discovery of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) originating from, or localizing to, centromeres, pericentromeres, and telomeres (ie, constitutive heterochromatin) suggest a potential role for ncRNAs in genome integrity. This new paradigm suggests that ncRNAs may recruit chromatin-binding factors, stabilize the higher order folded state of the chromatin fiber, and participate in regulation of processes such as transcription-mediated nucleosome assembly. Thus, identifying, purifying, and elucidating the function of ncRNAs has the potential to provide key insights into genome organization and is currently a topic of intense experimental investigation.
Existence and size estimates for the green's functions of differential operators constructed from degenerate vector fields

Communications in Partial Differential Equations Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713597240 Existence And Size Estimates For The Green's Functions Of Differential Operators Constructed From Degenerate Vector Fields Guozhen Lu a; Guozhen Lu a a Department of Mathematics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
The Apprasial Index System of Energy-saving and Emission Reduction for Campus and the Evaluation Methods

In order to make a right policy decision of evaluating energy-saving and emission reduction for campus,an apprasial index system of energy-saving and emission reduction for campus is built.A new evaluating method is proposed which combines the analytical hierarchy process(AHP) with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluaiton(FCE).Firstly,the fuzzy judgment matrix was established based on AHP,and the consistency of the fuzzy judgment matrix was tested in the necessary and sufficient conditions.Then synthetic priority weights of indicators were calculated.Secondly,fuzzy memberships of qualitative indicators were obtained by normalizing method,and fuzzy memberships of quantitative indicators were obtained by trapezoidal fuzzy number,hence the creation of the fuzzy relational matrix of indicators.Finally,the evaluation result was gained from the model(∧,∨).