cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Leucine in Protein Metabolism During Exercise and Recovery

Exercise produces changes in protein and amino acid metabolism. These changes include degradation of the branched-chain amino acids, production of alanine and glutamine, and changes in protein turnover. One of the amino acid most affected by exercise is the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Recently, there has been an increased understanding of the role of leucine in metabolic regulations and remarkable new findings about the role of leucine in intracellular signaling. Leucine appears to exert a synergistic role with insulin as a regulatory factor in the insulin/ phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K) signal cascade. Insulin serves to activate the signal pathway, while leucine is essential to enhance or amplify the signal for protein synthesis at the level of peptide initiation. Studies feeding amino acids or leucine soon after exercise suggest that post-exercise consumption of amino acids stimulates recovery of muscle protein synthesis via translation regulations. This review focuses on the unique roles of leucine in amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during and after exercise.
An approach to health data validation

Abstract To identify occupational disease and injury patterns, case records from existing computer systems were assembled into a data base. A single computer program detects errors in all of these diversly formatted files. To detect errors in a data file (i.e., to validate the data), the user supplies specifications defining a set or range of possible values or normal values. Numerous controls detect erroneous specifications by the user. The program produces a list of errors in the data and a file to be used for semiautomatic correction (i.e., editing) of the errors. The program has broad application.
Ratings of hyperactivity and developmental indices: Should clinicians correct for developmental level?

This study assessed the relationship between parent and teacher ratings of hyperactivity and developmental indices (chronological age, IQ, and mental age) in two groups of children. Subjects were drawn separately from two psychiatric clinics: (a) a general clinical sample, largely of normal ability, seen for a multitude of psychiatric and behavioral problems, and (b) a developmental clinic sample, comprising children with cognitive delays and seen for ADHD or the absence of ADHD. The results showed consistent negative correlations between chronological age and severity of hyperactivity symptoms; however, these occurred mainly within the developmental clinic sample. Only 4 of 27 comparisons (15%) between mental age and hyperactivity ratings (all confined to the developmentally delayed sample) showed a significant correlation. When chronological age was first partialled out, the correlations between ratings of hyperactivity and mental age ceased to be significant. Findings suggest that chronological age should be taken into consideration when behavior ratings are used to assess cognitively delayed children for ADHD. However, the results do not support guidelines stating that mental age must be used to determine which norms should be applied when such children are evaluated clinically.
Ability of gum flavors to distract participants from painful stimuli: Differential effects of retronasal vs. orthonasal scent administration.

Research has shown that peppermint and cinnamon odors significantly increase physiological arousal, cognitive performance, and physical performance in humans, as well as increase pain tolerance in both mice and humans. More recently, the route of administration of these scents has been found to play a key role in producing such effects. For example, orthonasal (through the nose) scent administration augments levels of alertness and leads to increased cognitive processing; however, effects observed during retronasal (through the mouth) administration are significantly less powerful. The present study assess the efficacy of retronasal odorant administration on pain threshold and tolerance. In a within-subjects design, participants completed the protocol under five conditions: cinnamon gum, peppermint gum, flavorless gum, sham chewing, and a control condition. Participants experienced the conditions for 10 min prior to and during a cold pressor test. Following the cold pressor test, participants completed questionnaires related to mood (Profile of Mood States) and workload (NASA-Task Load Index). Despite past research indicating pain tolerance and threshold effects from orthonasal stimuli, the retronasal stimuli in the present study failed to replicate such effects. Thus, route of odorant administration is an important consideration in promoting pain relief.
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: effect of host hormones on helminth ingestion in vivo

Abstract Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: effect of host hormones on helminth ingestion in vivo . International Journal for Parasitology 16 : 77–80. Ingestion of dye in vivo by both sexes of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was increased in gonadectomized male, but not female, mice that were implanted with testosterone-filled capsules. The nematodes increased their ingestion of dye in both sexes of gonadectomized hosts that were implanted with 17 β-estradiol and decreased their uptake of dye in progesterone-implanted animals. Implantation of intact male mice with capsules of hydrocortisone and cholesterol suggested that ingestion by N. brasiliensis was decreased and increased, respectively, in these animals. Ligation of the bile duct in gonadectomized male mice that were implanted with testosterone capsules reduced the ingestion of dye by both sexes of nematode.
Reactions of Trimethylsilyl Fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate with Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleosides

Abstract Difluorocarbene, generated from trimethylsilyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (TFDA), reacts with the uridine and adenosine substrates preferentially at the enolizable amide moiety of the uracil ring and the 6-amino group of the purine ring. 2′,3′-Di- O -benzoyl-3′-deoxy-3′-methyleneuridine reacts with TFDA to produce 4- O -difluoromethyl product derived from an insertion of difluorocarbene into the 4-hydroxyl group of the enolizable uracil ring. Reaction of the difluorocarbene with the adenosine substrates having the unprotected 6-amino group in the purine ring produced the 6- N -difluoromethyl derivative, while reaction with 6- N- benzoyl protected adenosine analogues gave the difluoromethyl ether product derived from the insertion of difluorocarbene into the enol form of the 6-benzamido group. Treatment of the 6- N -phthaloyl protected adenosine analogues with TFDA resulted in the unexpected one-pot conversion of the imidazole ring of the purine into the corresponding N -difluoromethylthiourea derivatives. Treatment of the suitably protected pyrimidine and purine nucleosides bearing an exomethylene group at carbons 2′, 3′ or 4′ of the sugar rings with TFDA afforded the corresponding spirodifluorocyclopropyl analogues but in low yields.
Bacillus subtilis RNase III Cleaves Both 5′- and 3′-Sites of the Small Cytoplasmic RNA Precursor

Abstract Bacillus subtilis small cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA) is a member of the signal recognition particle RNA family. It is transcribed as a 354-nucleotide primary transcript and processed to a 271-nucleotide mature scRNA. In the precursor, the 5′- and 3′-flanking regions form a stable double-stranded structure based on their complementary sequence. This structure is similar to those of substrates for the double-stranded RNA processing enzyme, RNase III. The B. subtilis enzyme that has similar activity toEscherichia coli RNase III has been purified and is designated Bs-RNase III. Recently, B. subtilis rncS has been shown to encode Bs-RNase III (Wang, W., and Bechhofer, D. H. (1997) J. Bacteriol. 179, 7379–7385). We show here that Bs-RNase III and the purified His-tagged product of rncScleave pre-scRNA at both 5′- and 3′-sites to produce an intermediate scRNA (scRNA-275), although processing at the 3′-site is less efficient. The 5′-end of scRNA-275 was identical to that of the mature scRNA, whereas it contains four excess nucleotides at the 3′-end. Bs-RNase III cleavage yields a two-base 3′-overhang, which is consistent with the manner in which E. coli RNase III cleaves. We also show that truncation of the rncS gene affected processing, and significant amounts of an intermediate scRNA (scRNA-275) were found to accumulate in the rncS-truncated mutant. It is concluded that Bs-RNase III is an enzyme that processes pre-scRNA.
A comparison of cardiac and cancer inpatients on the MARI® Card Test

Abstract The MARI ® Card Test is a projective preference test developed by art therapist, Joan Kellogg, based on her extensive study of mandalas (circle drawings). As used in this study, the test involved selecting the most and least preferred mandalas from a set of archetypal designs, called the Great Round. The test was administered to 195 patients, 132 hospitalized for cardiac disease and 63 hospitalized for cancer. The purpose was to identify similarities and differences in the design and color choices of the two groups, and to interpret the choices. Based on mandala theory, the projective evidence indicated that both cardiac and cancer patients are trying to preserve what they have achieved in life, and both are fearful of falling apart. Along with a strong will to survive, there is a preoccupation with death, feelings of depression, dependence, and anger, and a general avoidance of deep existential or spiritual issues. The will to survive is accompanied by a strong tendency to find creative ways of dealing with the illness and its treatment. With this comes a need to understand things—their lives, their own identities, their illnesses, and their best treatment options. Differences between the groups were found in specific fears (death, falling apart, spread of cancer); however, these differences may be due to age and length of illness as well as diagnosis. The caveats of projective tests are examined, and implications are drawn for arts therapists.
Effect of different binders on release characteristics of theophylline from compressed microspheres

Microspheres with 60% w/w drug loading were prepared by the solvent-evaporation method using cellulose acetate butyrate as the encapsulating polymer and micronized anhydrous theophylline as the cor...
Pathologic Features of Senile Macular Degeneratlon

Senile macular degeneration (SMD) has several morphologic forms that may exist singly or in various combinations. Patients with drusen are at an increased risk to develop SMD. Types of drusen that have been recognized clinically and histopathologically include hard or nodular, soft, glistening or calcified, and diffuse. Hard drusen are probably a consequence of extrusion of material from one or a cluster of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Soft drusen are a sign of more widespread disease of the RPE, develop in eyes with hard drusen, and represent small areas of serous detachment of the RPE and the thickened inner aspect of Bruch's membrane. RPE areolar atrophy can occur in the setting of hard and soft drusen and in larger RPE detachments. From the morphologic point of view, we propose that the process leading to disciform scar formation in SMD begins with thickening of the inner aspect of Bruch's membrane due to production of abnormal basement membrane by the RPE. This thickened area is weakly attached and allows the development of localized detachments (soft drusen). These localized detachments become confluent into large detachments of the RPE. Choroidal neovascularization occurs in association with diffuse and soft drusen and larger serous RPE detachments. Bleeding from neovascular tissue leads to disciform scar formation.
The limits of error correction with l p decoding

An unknown vector f in Rn can be recovered from corrupted measurements y = Af + e where Am×n(m ≥ n) is the coding matrix if the unknown error vector e is sparse. We investigate the relationship of the fraction of errors and the recovering ability of l p -minimization (0 p -norm” of y-Ax. We give sharp thresholds of the fraction of errors that is recoverable. If e is an arbitrary unknown vector, the threshold strictly decreases from 0.5 to 0.239 as p increases from 0 to 1. If e has fixed support and fixed signs on the support, the threshold is ⅔ for all p in (0, 1), and 1 for p = 1.
An alternative model for the selection of therapeutic chelating agents

Abstract An alternative model is presented for the selection of therapeutic chelating agents to enhance the mobilization and excretion of a toxic metal. The model is based on the in vivo patterns of absorption, distribution, reaction and excretion of the chelating agent, a typical toxic metal ion and complexes of the two. The model emphasizes the kinetic aspects of the processes involved and indicates how other processes may be incorporated such as redox reactions involving the chelating agent or metal. The identification of rate determining steps and methods for their manipulation are assumed to be of importance. The application of this model to specific metals is outlined.
OXYGEN INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN HELA S3 CELLS.

Abstract 1. 1. The radioactive nucleosides 3 H-thymidine and 131 I-deoxyuridine have been used to investigate the pronounced inhibitory effect of high oxygen concentrations on HeLa S3 cell proliferation. 2. 2. The inhibitory effects of oxygen are not evident for about 12 hr but, at this time, the specific activity data indicate a higher utilization of the radioactive tracers. Nonradioactive thymidine has been shown to depress the incorporation of 131 I-DU. 3. 3. It is suggested that the burst of incorporation observed at 12 hr may indicate a depletion of specific, endogenous DNA prescursors and, that this occurs during the postmitotic resting phase.
On the importance of zero-point effects in molecular level classical simulations of water

Abstract We discuss the fundamental difficulties involved in comparing energetic results obtained via classical simulations of bulk water with the observed values. Emphasis is placed on the difference between quantum and classical dynamics, and correction techniques, which can be used to emulate quantum effects in a classical system, are investigated. We present molecular dynamics simulation results for liquid water using the ‘Thole-type’ all atom polarizable water model, which has previously been shown to give reasonable results for both ice Ih and small water clusters. We employ expressions for the density of states power spectrum in the liquid in either atomic or rigid-body coordinates that are appropriate for rigid molecule simulations. It is demonstrated that the atomic power spectra can be written as a linear combination of the center of mass and rotational power spectra via the use of the ‘coupling matrix’ of linear coefficients. This approach allows us to introduce the concept of ‘fractional degrees of freedom’ (DOF) for nuclei in rigid molecule simulation. Within this framework, it is illustrated that in a rigid water molecule the oxygen and hydrogen atoms have 2.82 and 1.59 DOF, respectively (for the TIP4P geometry). Within our suggested approach, we finally demonstrate that Debye–Waller factors can be obtained from the coupling matrix and show that quantum corrections to the structure can be accounted for by raising the temperature of the system in a classical simulation by approximately 50°, a result consistent with previous suggestions.
Fever in the ICU

Fever is a common problem in ICU patients. The presence of fever frequently results in the performance of diagnostic tests and procedures that significantly increase medical costs and expose the patient to unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures and the inappropriate use of antibiotics. ICU patients frequently have multiple infectious and noninfectious causes of fever, necessitating a systematic and comprehensive diagnostic approach. Pneumonia, sinusitis, and blood stream infection are the most common infectious causes of fever. The urinary tract is unimportant in most ICU patients as a primary source of infection. Fever is a basic evolutionary response to infection, is an important host defense mechanism and, in the majority of patients, does not require treatment in itself. This article reviews the common infectious and noninfectious causes of fever in ICU patients and outlines a rational approach to the management of this problem.
Exit from the group as an individualistic solution to the free rider problem in the United States and Japan

Abstract Group members faced with the free riding problem may exit from the group as an individualistic solution to the problem. The prediction that group members, especially those whose contributions to the group task are high, would exit from the group more often as the cost for exit becomes smaller was successfully tested in an experiment using 40 three-person task groups. In addition, the effects of cultural collectivism on the exit response were predicted and tested by comparing American and Japanese subjects. It was argued that cultural collectivism among the Japanese is sustained by the system of mutual monitoring and sanctioning among group members so that free riding would be a more serious problem among the Japanese when mutual monitoring and sanctioning is removed. This leads to a prediction, which is opposite to the notion of strong group orientation of the Japanese, that Japanese subjects would exit from the group more often in the experimental group lacking opportunities for mutual monitoring and sanctioning. The results of the experiment supported this prediction.
Prescriptions for self-injectable epinephrine in emergency department angioedema management.

Background Angioedema is often treated in the emergency department (ED). Few studies have evaluated self-injectable epinephrine (SIE) prescribing patterns for angioedema. Objectives To describe presentation and management of ED patients with angioedema and determine factors associated with epinephrine administration, hospital admission and SIE prescription. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all ED patients with angioedema between January 2005 and December 2006. Results Of 63 patients, 39 (61.9%) were female. Median age was 49 years. Precipitating factors were identified in 36 (57.1%) patients. History of other allergic conditions was seen in 37 (58.7%) patients. Seventeen (27.0%) patients received epinephrine, 55 (87.3%) received antihistamines, and 51 (81.0%) received steroids. Epinephrine was administered more commonly in patients with edema of the tongue (risk ratio [RR], 5.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.95–14.33, P = .0003), tightness/fullness of throat (RR, 3.31, 95% CI 1.62–6.76, P = .006), and dyspnea/wheeze (RR, 3.04, 95% CI 1.41–6.59, P = .005). Hospitalization was more common in patients with dyspnea/wheeze ( P = .028) and allergic history ( P = .006). Thirteen patients (22.0%) were discharged with SIE. An SIE prescription was associated with younger patients (median age, 26 years [interquartile range (IQR) 15–50] vs a median age 57.5 years [IQR 43–68], P = .004) and patients with throat tightness/fullness (RR, 4.2, 95% CI 1.8–9.8, P = .005). Conclusion Patients with respiratory symptoms and allergic history were likely to be admitted. Epinephrine use was more frequent in patients with signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal edema. Younger patients and those with tightness/fullness of throat were likely to be prescribed SIE. Further studies are needed to determine who would benefit from epinephrine use and SIE prescription.
Remifentanil administration reveals biphasic phMRI temporal responses in rat consistent with dynamic receptor regulation

Abstract Many pharmacological stimuli influence multiple neurotransmitter systems in the brain, and the dynamics of the functional brain response can vary regionally. In this study, the temporal response of cerebral blood volume (CBV) was employed to spatially segment cerebral effects due to infusion of a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist. Repeated intravenous injection of 10 μg/kg remifentanil in rats caused reproducible regional positive, negative, and biphasic changes in CBV. Three temporal processes were identified in the cerebral response and analyzed within the framework of the general linear model. Firstly, a slow component identified CBV changes that were almost exclusively negative, and the spatial distribution was similar to the inhibition produced by morphine (200 μg/kg). The largest CBV reductions occurred in caudate, accumbens, ventral hippocampus, cingulate, and piriform cortex. Secondly, a more rapid temporal component corresponded primarily with a regional distribution of positive changes in CBV consistent with GABAergic inhibition of hippocampal interneurons and associated projections. Thirdly, a response with the dynamics of mean arterial blood pressure correlated positively with CBV changes in hypothalamus, consistent with a central mechanism for control of blood pressure. We propose that the dominant source of the temporal variance in signal is dynamic modulation of drug targets by receptor endocytosis, an established effect in vitro. These results suggest that the temporal response of fMRI signal reflects underlying neurobiological processes, so that temporal decomposition strategies may aid interpretation of pharmacological mechanisms by identifying interconnected regions or those associated with common neural targets and processes.
“weil der schmeckt so gut!” The Learner as Linguist

In spoken German weil frequently occurs with verb-second (v2) word order instead of prescribed verb-last (viast). This article provides an overview of the variation and its historical development and offers suggestions and materials for a linguistic unit in the advanced language classroom. Current research demonstrates that the variation is not random or unpredictable, Rather, these well-clauses with v2 have a different meaning and function. Speakers use them when justifying a conclusion or utterance.
GLUT4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is repressed by proteasome inhibition, but not by inhibition of calpains

Because of recent studies showing linkage of type 2 diabetes with the calpain 10 gene, we investigated the ability of calpains to regulate GLUT4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the calpain inhibitor ALLN significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of GLUT4. GLUT4 expression was not affected by treatment with the more selective calpain inhibitors PD150606, calpeptin, or a calpastatin peptide. In contrast, treatment with the proteasome inhibitors lactacystin or MG132 repressed GLUT4 mRNA level to 35% (10 microM lactacystin) and 12% (10 microM MG132) of control levels. Therefore, the expression of GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was repressed by proteasome inhibition, but not by inhibition of calpains; the effect of ALLN was due to its ability to inhibit proteasome function, rather than its action to inhibit calpains. Concomitant with the repression of GLUT4 mRNA levels, proteasome inhibition decreased GLUT4 protein levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The decrease in GLUT4 expression occurred at the transcriptional level, as treatment with proteasome inhibitors decreased GLUT4 transcription measured by a nuclear run-on assay. Thus, these data demonstrate a new pathway for the regulation of GLUT4 expression that involves proteasomal degradation of factors that regulate GLUT4 expression.
Covariant light front perturbation theory and three-particle equations

A covariant version of light front perturbation theory is obtained as a limit of the covariant time-ordered perturbation theory developed recently by the author. The graphical rules for the covariant light front perturbation theory are essentially the same as Weinberg's infinite momentum frame rules; however, they involve a redefinition of the original Weinberg variables. The new definitions guarantee that the contributions of individual diagrams to the S matrix are invariant. A set of manifestly invariant three-particle integral equations is derived. These equations are obtained from a model field theory which describes the interaction of a charged scalar particle \ensuremath{\psi} with a neutral scalar particle \ensuremath{\varphi} according to the virtual process \ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightleftarrows}\ensuremath{\psi}+\ensuremath{\varphi}. The solutions of the integral equations lead to amplitudes for \ensuremath{\varphi}+\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\varphi}+\ensuremath{\psi} and \ensuremath{\varphi}+\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\varphi}+\ensuremath{\psi} which satisfy two- and three-particle unitarity. The integral equations are free of the spurious singularity in s, the square of the invariant c.m. energy, which has been an undesirable feature of earlier relativistic three-particle equations. This singularity is known to be responsible for spurious bound state solutions.
The Element of Time in the Photoelectric Effect

Time of appearance and cessation of the photoelectric effect from a potassium hydride surface.---A method has been devised which has made possible the study of the time variation of the photoelectric emission from a metal surface illuminated by light flashes of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec. duration. The experimental arrangement has also yielded information on the speed of operation of the Kerr cell electro-optical shutter described in earlier work and has made possible for the first time the observation of the steepness of wave fronts traveling along wires resulting from spark discharges. Photoelectric emission begins in less than 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. after the beginning of the illumination of a potassium hydride surface. The light shutter closes less abruptly than it opens and the experimental observations indicate that the sum of the time required for the shutter to close plus the time during which the photoelectric emission persists after cessation of irradiation is less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec. A wave traveling along a wire resulting from the sudden change of potential of one end by a spark discharge is so steep that the time necessary for about half the wave-front to pass a point 6 meters along the wire is 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. Theoretical considerations bearing on these results are discussed.
ON PARTIAL SPECTRAL EXPANSIONS WITH NATURAL CONVECTION IN SPHERICAL ANNULUS ENCLOSURES AS AN EXAMPLE

Abstract The relatively new approximate method known as partial spectral expansions is applied to an example of natural convection in spherical annulus enclosures. The implementation of the method, as applied to the example, and the computational effort required to arrive at a viable solution are discussed. Results for the test case are compared to experimental results. It is found that the effort to arrive at an accurate solution increases nearly as the cube of the number of terms retained in the series and that a relatively few terms (usually less than eight) are required. The comparison with experimental data is favorable.
Modeling consumer-based brand equity for multinational hotel brands - when hosts become guests.

Abstract This study addresses global expansion challenges faced by multinational hotel companies under the backdrop of the booming international travel. Grounded upon theories pertaining to brand equity, this study develops the consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) model for multinational hotel brands, which examines the effects of brand knowledge on consumer response to these brands. The conceptual model is empirically tested using a sample of the Chinese middle-class consumers in their home country – China and when they travel to the foreign country as their host country – the United States. Three U.S.-based multinational hotel brands are selected: Hilton, Holiday Inn, and Super 8. Different relationship patterns between brand knowledge and consumer responses in home and host countries are exhibited. In addition, this study examines the role of Chinese consumers' travel motivation to the United States in the CBBE model.
MRI findings of sciatic endometriosis.

Abstract Endometriosis is a rare cause of sciatic mononeuropathy. We report a woman with cyclic, menstruationrelated hip pain associated with right leg weakness and sensory loss. Examination and electrodiagnostic studies suggested sciatic nerve dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormal signal consistent with endometriotic tissue in the region of the right sciatic nerve. The abnormal signal partially regressed after treatment of the endometriosis. This case further illustrates the utility of MRI in the assessment of rare pelvic disorders.
Objective Criteria for the Interpretation of Carotid Artery Spectral Analysis Patterns

The duplex scanner (imager + pulsed Doppler) in combination with a fast Fourier transform spectrum analyzer has been used to identify areas of arterial narrowing. To evaluate its effectiveness in the detection of clinically significant carotid stenosis, 1 previously described and 2 original objective parameters were applied to the real time sound frequency tracings from 157 carotid arteries that also had angiograms available to determine the presence and degree of stenotic involvement. There was a statistically significant difference between the means of the test scores of the group of vessels with high grade narrowing (greater than or equal to 60%) and those with less than 40% stenosis for all 3 criteria. Of major clinical interest were our 2 parameters, the 3-point diastolic internal carotid frequency total and the internal-to-common carotid spectral area ratio, both of which showed considerable promise as predictors of stenotic disease. For each test, 40/46 (87%) of the test scores of the arteries with 50% or greater narrowing fell outside 2 standard deviations (95% confidence level) of the means of the vessels with less than 50% stenosis. A previously reported parameter, the internal-to-common carotid peak systolic frequency ratio, was notably less discriminant in this regard.
Human T and B lymphocyte rosette tests: Effect of enzymatic modification of sheep erythrocytes (E) and the specificity of neuraminidase-treated E☆

Abstract Sheep erythrocytes (E) were treated with papain or neuraminidase to evaluate what effect these enzymes would have on the E rosette test for human T lymphocytes. Few or no rosettes were detected with sheep erythrocytes treated with papain (E P ). Sensitization of E P with rabbit antibody and mouse complement resulted in a rosette indicator (E P AC) which could be used to detect peripheral blood complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL) and thymocyte CRL without having to perform the rosette assay at 37 °C. Neuraminidase treatment of E (E N ) enabled the detection of approximately 20% more rosette-forming cells (RFC) in human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) suspensions compared to untreated E. Rosette studies on a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease and on human lymphoblastoid cell lines showed that the additional rosettes detected with E N were T lymphocytes.
Impact of Pension Privatization on Foreign Direct Investment

Summary We explore the causal effect of market-oriented pension reform on net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Latin America and among the transitional economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, both of which have experienced waves of pension privatization and FDI over the last two decades. With our balanced panel of 42 countries over the 1991–2006 period, we implement fixed effects models, controlling for the decision to enact full or partial privatization of the public pension system and several other covariates whose choice is informed by the rich empirical literature on FDI. Our econometric results indicate that pension privatization triggers a significant increase in net FDI inflows and that the effect does not wane over time. We estimate that full privatization increases FDI as a percentage of GDP by about 57%, ceteris paribus.
Optimization as constraint: a comment on Mazzoleni and Nelson

This Comment is an in-depth exploration of the neoclassical commitment to the idea that economic actors are appropriately modeled as optimizers�of profit, utility, or whatever. The robustness of this commitment is a major feature of the intellectual landscape surveyed by Mazzoleni and Nelson (2013, Industrial and Corporate Change, 22, 6), and the challengers� inability to overthrow it is clearly a key rubric for an answer to the basic Mazzoleni and Nelson question about explanations for the failures of the successive challenges to neoclassicism. The principal thesis here is that the neoclassical commitment to optimizing actors has exacted a high opportunity cost because of its distorting effect on the discipline�s priorities. The commitment encourages theorists to engage primarily in the construction and analysis of models that are viewed as parables and valued primarily on esthetic grounds, and not for the insight into reality that they provide. Thus, the contemporary esthetics of neoclassical theorizing push the economics discipline away from serious engagement with the complexity of economic reality.
Advanced technology application for combustion chamber concepts

NASA-Marshall is engaged in the development of an Advanced Main Combustion Chamber under the aegis of the Earth-to-Orbit Propulsion Technology Program. AMCC is to be a robust and highly reliable combustion-chamber prototype costing one-third as much as current designs of comparable performance; it will be associated with a reduction of fabrication time by one-half. Attention is presently given to the three component-manufacturing processes used: single-piece investment casting for the structural jacket and manifolds; vacuum plasma spraying, for the combustion liner, and an alternative, platelet-compounded liner.
Shared probe design and existing microarray reanalysis using PICKY

Large genomes contain families of highly similar genes that cannot be individually identified by microarray probes. This limitation is due to thermodynamic restrictions and cannot be resolved by any computational method. Since gene annotations are updated more frequently than microarrays, another common issue facing microarray users is that existing microarrays must be routinely reanalyzed to determine probes that are still useful with respect to the updated annotations. PICKY 2.0 can design shared probes for sets of genes that cannot be individually identified using unique probes. PICKY 2.0 uses novel algorithms to track sharable regions among genes and to strictly distinguish them from other highly similar but nontarget regions during thermodynamic comparisons. Therefore, PICKY does not sacrifice the quality of shared probes when choosing them. The latest PICKY 2.1 includes the new capability to reanalyze existing microarray probes against updated gene sets to determine probes that are still valid to use. In addition, more precise nonlinear salt effect estimates and other improvements are added, making PICKY 2.1 more versatile to microarray users. Shared probes allow expressed gene family members to be detected; this capability is generally more desirable than not knowing anything about these genes. Shared probes also enable the design of cross-genome microarrays, which facilitate multiple species identification in environmental samples. The new nonlinear salt effect calculation significantly increases the precision of probes at a lower buffer salt concentration, and the probe reanalysis function improves existing microarray result interpretations.
Highly Permeable Zeolite Imidazolate Framework-8 Membranes for CO2/CH4 Separation

ZIF-8 membranes, a type of zeolite imidazolate framework, were synthesized by secondary seeded growth on tubular α-Al2O3 porous supports. The presence of small, highly crystalline, microporous crystals with narrow particle size distribution led to continuous thin membranes. The synthesized novel ZIF-8 membranes displayed unprecedented high CO2 permeances and relatively high separation indexes for equimolar mixtures of CO2 and CH4.
Bimolecular reactions of .CH2CH2OCH2+: a comparison with the chemical properties of CH3CH2OCH2+ and ionized trimethylene oxide

The chemical properties of the distonic radical cation ˙CH2CH2OCH are compared with those of its conventional isomer, ionized trimethylene oxide, and its even-electron analog, the ethoxymethyl cation (CH3CH2OCH). The rate constants and branching rations have been determined for the gas-phase reactions of the three ions with several neutral reagents in a dual-cell Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance device. The reactivity of each ion is found to be quite distinct. Fast electron transfer dominates most of the bimolecular reactions of ionized trimethyleene oxide. The ethoxymethyl cation reacts slowly or not at all with the reagents studied, and the only reaction observed is ethyl cation transfer. The distonic ion ˙CH2CH2OCH undergoes vedry fast reactions with all the neutral reagents, and, in sharp contrast to the other two ions, shows remarkably versatile reactivity. This ion rapidly transfers ionized ethylene to most of the neutral molecules studied. Facile electron transfer occurs with some of the neutral reagents while others abstract a pproton from the ion. Abstraction of a radical by the distonic ion-a reaction reported earlier for dimethyl disulfide—is not observed for any other reagent.
A Typology of LDS Sociopolitical Worldviews

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons, Latter-Day Saints, or LDS) are sometimes thought of as a monolithic block of economic and social conservatives. This article addresses whether this is caused by strong religious effects, or whether it is an artifact of unrepresentative sampling. Q methodology is used to identify six “types” of political worldviews among a multinational and multiracial sample of active Latter-Day Saints. The six types reveal some interesting ideological variations among Mormons, particularly on economic issues, and even some unique LDS issues. A second-order factor analysis indicates a high level of commonality across types on social issues, but important differences on orientation toward government. I conclude that the failure to include racial and cultural variation in Mormon samples has led us to overestimate the otherwise significant influence of LDS doctrine on members' political views.
Functional and Radiographic Outcomes of Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee Treated With Extra-Articular Retrograde Drilling

Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions of the medial femoral condyle in the adolescent population can cause significant impairment and restriction in physical activity. Studies have established the efficacy of transarticular antegrade drilling for juvenile OCD lesions of the knee, although concerns of consequences from drilling through the articular cartilage remain. Alternatively, retrograde extra-articular drilling avoids drilling the cartilage while ensuring adequate channels for revascularization and healing.Purpose: The authors present the results of 31 skeletally immature patients who underwent retrograde drilling of OCD lesions of the knee with an average follow-up of 4 years.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: The procedure consisted of a standard arthroscopic evaluation of the knee and subsequent percutaneous retrograde drilling obliquely through the condylar epiphysis starting distal to the physis and ending in the center-center of the OCD lesion. Outcome measur...
Selectivity between Lactic Acid and Glucose during Recovery of Lactic Acid with Basic Extractants and Polymeric Sorbents

During recovery of product carboxylic acids from fermentation broths, it is important to maximize the selectivity for the desired acid, as opposed to substrate sugars. In this work uptakes of glucose and competitive uptakes of lactic acid and glucose have been measured for the extractant Alamine 336 in various diluents and three commercially available basic solid polymeric sorbents. The results show that swelling is the main factor governing the selectivity between lactic acid and glucose for the polymeric sorbents. Because of a high uptake capacity and relatively low swelling, Dowex MWA-1 gives a higher selectivity in the pH 5−6 range than do Amberlite IRA-35 and Reillex 425. Extraction with Alamine 336 provides a much higher selectivity, but a lower capacity, than the polymeric sorbents. The extent of water coextraction depends strongly on the diluent used, and larger amounts of water coextracted correspond to larger uptakes of glucose.
THE EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION ON DISPERSANT PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACT Previously, anomalous results from various laboratory dispersant effectiveness tests were believed due to the historic difficulties of replicating field conditions in the laboratory. Some variables were reported to cause differences in dispersant performance, such as the oil viscosity—i.e., both dispersant A and dispersant B exhibited poorer performance as the oil viscosity increased. Other test results showed an opposite trend. For example, dispersant A performed more effectively than dispersant B for Murban crude oil but B was better than A for the more viscous La Rosa crude oil. It is now believed that these inconsistent results are actually due to the chemical compositions of the crude oils. Various factors influence dispersant performance and some initial research directed at determining the mechanism of water-in-oil emulsion (mousse) formation has identified naturally occurring surfactants in the various crude oils. This will provide insight as to how these indigenous agents interacted with...
Cell markers, cytokines, and immune parameters in cement mason apprentices.

Objective Cement masons are known to have significant silica exposure, and silica exposure and silicosis are thought to increase risk of autoimmune disease. Because the mechanisms remain obscure, with inconclusive reports of systemic immune effects following silica exposure, our goal was to identify potential early markers of silica-related immunologic and respiratory effects. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of cement mason apprentices and electrician (control) apprentices. Demographics, dust exposure history, symptoms, spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide, and blood (for immunoglobulins, cytokines, cell counts, and surface markers) were obtained from 11 cement mason apprentices and a comparison group of 21 electrician apprentices. Results Masons had significantly higher (P < 0.05) masonry dust exposure (42 versus 9 dust-hour-years), serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 12 versus 9 pg/ml), IL-2 (20 versus 8 pg/ml), IL-4 (193 versus 67 pg/ml), IL-10 (44 versus 21 pg/ml), and interferon-γ (139 versus 65 pg/ml) compared with electricians. In contrast, masons had significantly lower percentages of CD25+ (12% versus 20%) and CD69+ (4% versus 9%) lymphocytes. Conclusion Mason apprentices had higher levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines and lower percentages of CD25+ and CD69+ lymphocytes than did electrician apprentices. These preliminary findings suggest that mason apprentices may be at greater risk of a systemic proinflammatory state that is potentially linked to immune dysregulation. Although distinct limitations of this preliminary data are recognized, this is consistent with early biologic effects leading to increased incidence of autoimmune disease among silica-exposed workers. Prospective studies are needed to validate these initial findings and clarify the temporal sequence of observed relationships.
On the global structure of crystalline surfaces

We bound the number of plane segments in a crystalline minimal surface S in terms of its Euler characteristic, the number of line segments in its boundary, and a factor determined by the Wulff shapeW of its surface energy function. A major technique in the proofs is to quantize the Gauss map ofS based on the Gauss map ofW. One thereby bounds the number of positive-curvature corners and the interior complexity ofS.
Null-strut calculus. II. Dynamics.

In this paper, we continue from the preceding paper to develop a fully functional Regge calculus geometrodynamic algorithm from the null-strut-calculus construction. The developments discussed include (a) the identification of the Regge calculus analogue of the constraint and evolution equations on the null-strut lattice, (b) a description of the Minkowski solid geometry for the simplicial blocks of the null-strut lattice, (c) a description of the evolution algorithm for the geometrodynamic scheme and an analysis of its consistency, and (d) a presentation of the dynamical degrees of freedom for a simplicial hypersurface and the description of an initial-value prescription. To demonstrate qualitatively this new approach to geometrodynamics, we present the most simple application of null-strut calculus that we know of---the Friedmann cosmology using the three-boundary of a 600-cell simplicial polytope to model the simplicial hypersurface.
Interferon-inducible cholesterol-25-hydroxylase broadly inhibits viral entry by production of 25-hydroxycholesterol.

Interferons (IFN) are essential antiviral cytokines that establish the cellular antiviral state through upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), most of which have uncharacterized functions and mechanisms. We identified cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) as a broadly antiviral ISG. CH25H converts cholesterol to a soluble antiviral factor, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). 25HC treatment in cultured cells broadly inhibited growth of enveloped viruses including VSV, HSV, HIV, and MHV68 and acutely pathogenic EBOV, RVFV, RSSEV, and Nipah viruses under BSL4 conditions. It suppressed viral growth by blocking membrane fusion between virus and cell. In animal models, Ch25h-deficient mice were more susceptible to MHV68 lytic infection. Moreover, administration of 25HC in humanized mice suppressed HIV replication and reversed T cell depletion. Thus, our studies demonstrate a unique mechanism by which IFN achieves its antiviral state through the production of a natural oxysterol to inhibit viral entry and implicate membrane-modifying oxysterols as potential antiviral therapeutics.
Coincident site lattice models for grain boundaries in ordered alloys

Ordered intermetallic compounds have unique potential as new high temperature alloys. Grain boundary embrittlement in these alloys is a major problem and there is particular interest in understanding grain boundary structure. An important step in this direction is the analysis of the possible ordering states for the grain boundaries. Takasugi and Izumi started with CSL models that have been used for pure metals and analyzed possible ordering configurations for the grain boundary region. They constructed CSL GB structures for L2/sub 0/ (B2) and L1/sub 2/ (Cu/sub 3/Au) structures and classified them in two categories. These are S boundaries, or fully symmetrical tilt boundaries, and PS or pseudo-symmetrical boundaries, where one sublattice of the upper crystal occupied by A atoms is symmetrical to a sublattice in the lower crystal occupied by B atoms. The energy of these different types of boundaries was then calculated based on the disordering contribution, that is the number of ''wrong'' bonds present in the grain boundary. They concluded that for the L2/sub 0/ structure fully symmetrical boundaries had lower energy. For the L1/sub 2/ structure this was not always the case. This result is surprising, since the calculation of energy levels was performed solely on themore » basis of ordering. Fully symmetrical boundaries are expected to result in higher order, and therefore lower energy. The purpose of the present work is to further discuss these two types of boundaries for the case of the L1/sub 2/ structure and to reinterpret the results of Takasugi and Izumi.« less