cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional-scale impacts of Phase I of the Clean Air Act Amendments in the USA: the relation between emissions and concentrations, both wet and dry

Abstract A comparison of data records in the 1990s, both before (1991–1994) and after (1995–1997) implementation of Phase I of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 for the eastern US, shows a significant reduction in SO2 emissions for most states, except for Texas, North Carolina, Illinois, Florida, and Alabama. However, of the major NOx emitting states, only two eastern states (New York and Pennsylvania) show significant declines in NOx. A pattern of large declines in SO2 emissions (>20%) after CAAA implementation, and large declines in precipitation SO42− and H+, as well as air concentrations of SO2 and SO42− (components of dry deposition), exists for most regions of the eastern US. In most cases, the emission/concentration relations are close to 1 : 1 when the source region based on 15-h back trajectories is used for the New England region, and source regions based on 9-h back trajectories are used for the six other eastern US regions that were studied. The southern Appalachian Mountain region, an acid-sensitive area receiving high levels of acidic deposition, has not seen an appreciable improvement in precipitation acidity. This area has also shown the least improvement in wet and dry sulfur concentrations, of the areas examined. Precipitation base cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) show a pattern of either increasing or level concentrations when comparing 1990–1994 to 1995–1998 data, for six of the seven regions examined. Ammonium concentrations have generally changed 15%.
The extracellular matrix molecule, laminin, induces purkinje cell dendritic spine proliferation in granule cell depleted cerebellar cultures

Granule cells and glia were eliminated or reduced in organotypic cerebellar cultures exposed to cytosine arabinoside. Transplantation of such granuloprival cultures with glia or exposure to astrocyte conditioned medium in the absence of parallel fibers (granule cell axons) resulted in proliferation of Purkinje cell dendritic spines. The aim of the present study was to identify specific astrocyte secreted factors that induced dendritic spine proliferation. Known astrocyte secreted, neurite promoting factors were screened by application to granuloprival cultures and assayed for dendritic spine proliferation by electron microscopy. An extracellular matrix molecule, laminin, evoked sprouting of Purkinje cell dendritic spines. Dendritic spine proliferation was not associated with known neurite promoting parts of the laminin molecule, as two laminin-derived peptides with identified neurite promoting domains did not induce dendritic spine sprouting. The purpose of laminin-induced dendritic spine proliferation may be to elaborate postsynaptic membrane, thereby increasing the target area for arriving axon terminals during development or regeneration, both of which have been associated with the presence of laminin secreting astrocytes.
A high-frequency-link photovoltaic inverter

This paper presents the operation and design of a differential-mode current-fed zero-current-switching (ZCS) based voltage-doubling photovoltaic (PV) inverter[1]. It does not need a) 60-Hz transformer, b) front-end dc/dc converter, and c) can boost a low-voltage (30–60V) input to a 120V/60 Hz output using a unity-turns-ratio transformer because of the added voltage gain of the topology. Further, because the operation is differential mode, a previously proposed ZCS scheme[2] retains its effectiveness for the new inverter. The inverter requires a smaller high-frequency transformer because of a) 100-kHz switching, b) bipolar transformer current and voltage in every switching cycle, and c) the transformer sees only half of the input current at any given instant. Analysis, design and simulation results of the inverter are provided here.
Comparative evaluation of the radioenzymatic method for the determination of urinary histamine with a mass spectrometric assay

Abstract Considerable inaccuracy and unreliability have been demonstrated to be associated with the widely used radioenzymatic methods for the determination of histamine in biological fluids. Urine appears to inhibit the methylation of histamine by histamine N- methyltransferase such that the radioenzymatic assay underestimates the concentration of histamine present in urine. Directly comparing the radioenzymatic assay with a recently developed reference method using mass spectrometry for the determination of urinary histamine, up to 34-fold differences in the levels of urinary histamine were found with the two methods.
Outbreak propagule pressure influences the landscape spread of a wind-dispersed, epidemic-causing, plant pathogen

Factors influencing the early stages of biological invasions, especially how the outbreak conditions project to later patterns of organism spread, is an important but rarely studied aspect of invasion biology. Our objectives were to determine whether a simple function relates outbreak disease levels and end epidemic magnitude for wheat stripe rust and to evaluate the potential role of propagule pressure. We superimposed data from experimentally initiated wheat stripe rust outbreaks (disease levels ranging from 0.01 to 30 % of the wheat host) in central Oregon, USA on the function relating disease outbreak prevalence to end epidemic magnitude in the simulation program EPIMUL. We also used EPIMUL to assess an alternative hypothesis that wheat stripe rust spread is driven by outbreak area, not propagule number, by varying outbreak area and holding the outbreak disease levels constant. A simple power function related outbreak disease levels to end epidemic magnitude and expanse of spread for wheat stripe rust in simulations. When this function was superimposed on field data, there was a tolerable alignment. Simulations suggested that end epidemic magnitude and expanse of disease spread is influenced more by changes in outbreak disease levels than outbreak area. The landscape spread of disease epidemics may be projected and reconstructed by the application of a simple power function with outbreak disease levels. Moreover, this relationship may be a useful starting point for projecting and reconstructing the patterns of biological invasions for r-selected species with long-distance dispersal.
Benefits of and Barriers to Providing Smoking Treatment in Methadone Clinics: Findings from a National Study

Although smoking increases morbidity and mortality among patients in addictions clinics, few clinics provide routine smoking treatment. To understand staff attitudes toward treatment, we surveyed l...
Speaker identification employing redundant vector quantisers

A novel approach for automatic speaker identification employing a recently proposed signal compression technique, namely, the multiple transform domain split vector quantiser, is developed and presented. Using a normalised matching accuracy measure, the proposed technique consistently yields enhanced identification performance in comparison with existing single domain vector quantiser approaches.
Hybrid control strategy for robust global swing-up of the pendubot

Combining local state-feedback laws and open-loop schedules, we design a hybrid control algorithm for robust global stabilization of the pendubot to the upright configuration (both links straight up with zero velocity). Our hybrid controller performs the swing-up task by executing a decision-making algorithm designed to work under the presence of perturbations. The hybrid control algorithm features logic variables, timers, and hysteresis. We explicitly design, implement, and validate this control strategy in a real pendubot system using Matlab/Simulink with Real-time Workshop. Experimental results show the main capabilities of our hybrid controller.
Clostridium piliforme encephalitis in a weaver bird (Ploceus castaneiceps).

A juvenile Taveta golden weaver (Ploceus castaneiceps) bird housed in a zoo aviary developed a sudden onset of neurological signs. The bird demonstrated head tilt, rolling onto its back, and inability to perch. Euthanasia was elected due to lack of response to intensive care, and a necropsy was performed. There were no significant abnormal findings on gross examination. On histopathology, the remarkable findings were localized to the brain and consisted of multifocal cerebral microabscesses and rarefaction. Filamentous rod-shaped bacteria were present within and at the periphery of the necrotic foci, and dispersed throughout the neuroparenchyma and intracellularly in neurons. The bacteria were Gram negative, and Warthin–Starry stain demonstrated characteristic “hay stacking.” Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the brain identified the agent as Clostridium piliforme. An additional microscopic finding was severe crypt enteritis; however, the bacteria were not observed in the intestinal sections.
China's Economy: Complacency, Crisis & the Challenge of Reform

China's economic success has bred a new complacency and resistance to change. This in turn has created a credibility crisis, as many Chinese citizens believe the opposition of vested interests makes reform impossible. However, proponents of economic reform argue that the current economic strategy is unsustainable. They point to reform backsliding, overinvestment, and financial fragility as problems that will collide with an inevitable economic slowdown caused by rapid demographic changes, and that will potentially cause economic and political crisis. Renewed economic reform is thus the only prudent and viable choice. The November 2013 Third Plenum shows that China's leaders have tentatively accepted the need for reform.
Analyzing skill-based routing call centers using discrete-event simulation and design experiment

Call center customer service representatives (CSRs) or agents tend to have different skills. Some CSRs can handle one type of call, while other CSRs can handle other types of calls. Advances in automatic call distributors (ACDs) have made it possible to have skill-based routing (SBR) which is the protocol for online routing of incoming calls to the appropriate CSRs. At present, very little is known about SBR. We develop a discrete-event simulation model to analyze the performance of a M/sub n//M/sub n//C/K SBR environment in which incoming calls are handled in priority order and in a nonpreemptive manner. We use the design of experiment framework to conduct our analysis. We show empirically that the scenario in which agents have 2 skills is almost as efficient as the scenario where agents have all skills (resource pooling). Also, we discover that no interaction exists between call rate factors when resource pooling exists.
Caregiving, Perceptions of Maternal Favoritism, and Tension Among Siblings

Caregiving to older parents is a highly stressful role that increases risk to both psychological and physical well-being (Marks, Lambert, Jun, & Song, 2008; Perkins et al., 2012; Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006). These outcomes have been found to be moderated by both the presence of social support and the absence of interpersonal stress, particularly from highly salient role partners (Atienza & Stephens, 2000; Heru, Ryan, & Iqbal, 2004; Kang, 2006; Kwak, Ingersoll-Dayton, & Kim, 2012). However, becoming a caregiver is a transition that often increases tension with the individuals who are most important in this context (Bookwala, 2009), and in particular with siblings (Connidis & Kemp, 2008; Davey & Szinovacz, 2008; Gentry, 2001; Ingersoll-Dayton, Neal, Ha, & Hammer, 2003; Lashewicz & Keating, 2009). It is therefore important to understand the conditions under which sibling relations are the most likely to be problematic during caregiving. In this article, we focus on factors that increase the risk that siblings will experience high levels of tension in their relationship when their mothers are in need of care. We explore the ways in which the provision of care and perceptions of parental favoritism regarding care preferences intersect to increase tension when mothers need assistance. To investigate this question, we use data collected from 450 adult children nested within 214 later-life families in which the offspring reported that their mothers needed care within 2 years prior to the interview.
Sadness Evoked by a Film on Grief: An Experimental Study

“What Happened to Pity?,” a BBC documentary on the grief responses to the Aberfan disaster in 1966, powerfully affects viewers and is an effective tool for the study of sadness. Observations in the classroom and in the laboratory demonstrate that the great majority of viewers experienced some degree of sadness along with anger and sympathy. Subjects classified as high loss/grief experienced more intense and extended sadness than did those who had not had significant losses. They also displayed more apprehension, anger, shame-guilt, giving-up, anxiety, and irritation. Subjects experiencing the most sadness, compared with those less affected, were more initiating and talkative and their relationships in the laboratory were closer, more gratifying, task-oriented, therapeutic, and trusting. With the film they displayed more sympathy, role-identification, personalization, and like, but felt more drained. With respect to stable personality features they were warm, sharing, introspective, dependent, and more per...
General analysis of corrections to the standard seesaw formula in grand unified models

In realistic grand unified models there are typically extra vectorlike matter multiplets at the GUT-scale that are needed to explain the family hierarchy. These contain neutrinos that, when integrated out, can modify the usual neutrino seesaw formula. A general analysis is given. It is noted that such modifications can explain why the neutrinos do not exhibit a strong family hierarchy like the other types of fermions.
Cumulative probability of detection for targets approaching a uniformly scanning search radar

This paper deals with the cumulative detection probability of a search radar when it is scanning uniformly. This is the probability that a target, approaching the radar at a constant radial velocity, is detected at least once by the time it reaches a given range, as distinguished from the more common blip-scan ratio (a single-scan detection probability). It is shown that for constant-velocity targets the range for a given cumulative-detection probability varies as the cube root of the power-aperture product, rather than as the fourth root. Curves of cumulative detection probability, as a function of normalized range, are given for three different target scintillation models. Also, curves of optimum (normalized) frame time, are given as a function of the desired cumulative detection probability for each of the three target scintillation characteristics.
Opinion extraction and summarization on the web

The Web has become an excellent source for gathering consumer opinions. There are now numerous Web sources containing such opinions, e.g., product reviews, forums, discussion groups. and blogs. Techniques are now being developed to exploit these sources to help organizations and individuals to gain such important information easily and quickly. In this paper, we first discuss several aspects of the problem in the AI context, and then present some results of our existing work published in KDD-04 and WWW-05.
Using Hazard Functions to Assess Changes in Processing Capacity in an Attentional Cuing Paradigm.

Processing capacity— defined as the relative ability to perform mental work in a unit of time—is a critical construct in cognitive psychology and is central to theories of visual attention. The unambiguous use of the construct, experimentally and theoretically, has been hindered by both conceptual confusions and the use of measures that are at best only coarsely mapped to the construct. However, more than 25 years ago, J. T. Townsend and F. G. Ashby (1978) suggested that the hazard function on the response time (RT) distribution offered a number of conceptual advantages as a measure of capacity. The present study suggests that a set of statistical techniques, well-known outside the cognitive and perceptual literatures, offers the ability to perform hypothesis tests on RT-distribution hazard functions. These techniques are introduced, and their use is illustrated in application to data from the contingent attentional capture paradigm. When a spatial cue successfully draws attention to its location, it is typically expected that an immediately ensuing target will be processed more efficiently when it appears at the same location as the preceding cue (the valid-cue condition) than when it appears at a different location (the invalid-cue condition). This is because attention is thought to increase the processing capacity of the observer, where capacity is construed as the amount of work the observer is capable of performing within some unit of time. In nearly every existing study of these attentional cuing effects, the construct of processing capacity has been measured at the level of mean response time (RT) or mean accuracy (see Pashler, 1998; van der Heijden, 1992, for reviews). Unfortunately, there are at least two problems associated with current approaches to testing hypotheses regarding capacity. The first has to do with some fundamental confusions surrounding the definition of the role that capacity, as a construct, plays in various theoretical contexts. The second has to do with the manner in which alternative statistical measures can capture the ideas that are central to the construct of capacity. We argue that progress on the first of these issues may depend to a great degree on developments pertinent to the second. In particular, we suggest that the approach to measuring and testing hypotheses regarding cognitive capacity that we present here can allow for focused work on conceptions and models of capacity. Consider first the often ill-defined notion of capacity as that construct is used in the literature. One conceptualization of capacity is in terms of how much a system is capable of doing, or how
Performance bound for localization of a near field source

The Ziv-Zakai bound (ZZB) is developed for the estimation error of a radiating source located in a plane, and observed by sensors widely distributed over the same plane. The source is non-cooperative in the sense that the transmitted waveform and its timing are unknown to the sensors. The sensors do have however, information on the power spectral density of the source. Moreover, sensors have ideal mutual time and phase synchronization. The source location is estimated by coherent processing exploiting the amplitude and phase information between pairs of sensors. An analytical expression is developed for the ZZB relating the estimation error to the carrier frequency, signal bandwidth, the number of sensors, and their location. Numerical examples demonstrate that the ZZB closely predicts the performance of the maximum likelihood estimate across the full range of signal to noise ratio (SNR) values. At low SNR, the ZZB bound demonstrates performance dominated by noise, at medium SNR, the performance is dictated by the presence of sidelobes in the localization metric, and at high SNR, it is shown that the ZZB converges to the Cramer-Rao bound.
A Note on a Famous Legal Footnote

IN WHAT IS SURELY the most famous footnote in legal history Mr. Justice Stone observed: There may be narrower scope for operation of the presumption of constitutionality when legislation appears on its face to be within a specific prohibition of the Constitution, such as those of the first ten amendments, which are deemed equally specific when held to be embraced within the Fourteenth. *** It is unnecessary to consider now whether legislation which restricts those political processes which can ordinarily be expected to bring about repeal of undesirable legislation, is to be subjected to more exacting judicial scrutiny under the general prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment than are most other types of legislation. *O* Nor need we enquire whether similar considerations enter into the review of statutes directed at particular religions . . . , or national . .. , or racial minorities. *** whether prejudice against discrete and insular minorities may be a special condition, which tends seriously to curtail the operation of those political processes ordinarily to be relied upon to protect minorities, and which may call for a correspondingly more searching judicial inquiry.1 This language has been cited endlessly to justify the "activist" approach that would give civil liberty a "preferred place" in court. However desirable that goal might be, the footnote obviously was presented as speculation, not as a rule of law. Moreover, it is crystal clear that Stone himself did not practice the suggested brand of liberalism. He seems to have considered and rejected it. Indeed those who have a taste for box-score jurisprudence should note Professor Pritchett's studies. They show that in the years following the famous footnote the Justice voted "liberally" in only 44 per cent of the "nonunanimous civil-liberty cases."2
Piecewise planar stereo for image-based rendering

We present a novel multi-view stereo method designed for image-based rendering that generates piecewise planar depth maps from an unordered collection of photographs.
Comparison of HPLC and GC Methods for Measuring Lactic Acid in Ground Beef

A rapid method for measurement of lactic acid in refrigerated ground beef was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an Aminex HPX-87H ion exclusion column. The method was compared with an existing gas chromatography procedure. Nine samples of ground beef, consisting of three grades based on fat content, were tested over six days of aerobic and two weeks of anaerobic storage. No significant difference was found in reproducibility between the two methods as measured by their variance. There also was no significant difference between the variances for grade of beef or for duration of aerobic or anaerobic storage. The following equation was developed to relate the two methods: GC =−138.43 + 1.1254 (HPLC).
Large Area Single-Crystal Diamond Synthesis by 915 MHz Microwave Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition

A 75 kW, 915 MHz microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition system was adapted and utilized to scale up production of high-quality single-crystal diamonds at high growth rates. A 300 mm diameter plasma discharge was achieved with uniform temperature distributions of ±250 °C on up to 300 single-crystal diamond substrates. Diamond single crystals were synthesized from H2/CH4/N2 gas mixtures at pressures between 90 and 180 Torr, with recorded growth rates from 10 to 30 μm/h. The source of N2 was from vacuum chamber leakage, and it greatly affected synthesis chemistry. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to probe the localized plasma chemistry and plasma uniformity at different gas pressures. Production rates of up to 100 g/day of single-crystal diamonds were demonstrated, with 25% of the material categorized as colorless. Crystals up to 3.5 mm in thickness could be produced during a single deposition run. The quality of the crystals produced was assessed by photoluminescence and UV–visible absorp...
Communication optimizations for global multi-threaded instruction scheduling

The recent shift in the industry towards chip multiprocessor (CMP) designs has brought the need for multi-threaded applications to mainstream computing. As observed in several limit studies, most of the parallelization opportunities require looking for parallelism beyond local regions of code. To exploit these opportunities, especially for sequential applications, researchers have recently proposed global multi-threaded instruction scheduling techniques, including DSWP and GREMIO. These techniques simultaneously schedule instructions from large regions of code, such as arbitrary loop nests or whole procedures, and have been shown to be effective at extracting threads for many applications. A key enabler of these global instruction scheduling techniques is the Multi-Threaded Code Generation (MTCG) algorithm proposed in [16], which generates multi-threaded code for any partition of the instructions into threads. This algorithm inserts communication and synchronization instructions in order to satisfy all inter-thread dependences.In this paper, we present a general compiler framework, COCO, to optimize the communication and synchronization instructions inserted by the MTCG algorithm. This framework, based on thread-aware data-flow analyses and graph min-cut algorithms, appropriately models andoptimizes all kinds of inter-thread dependences, including register, memory, and control dependences. Our experiments, using a fully automatic compiler implementation of these techniques, demonstrate significant reductions (about 30% on average) in the number of dynamic communication instructions in code parallelized with DSWP and GREMIO. This reduction in communication translates to performance gains of up to 40%.
G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin.

The rhodopsin crystal structure provides a structural basis for understanding the function of this and other G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). The major structural motifs observed for rhodopsin are expected to carry over to other GPCRs, and the mechanism of transformation of the receptor from inactive to active forms is thus likely conserved. Moreover, the high expression level of rhodopsin in the retina, its specific localization in the internal disks of the photoreceptor structures [termed rod outer segments (ROS)], and the lack of other highly abundant membrane proteins allow rhodopsin to be examined in the native disk membranes by a number of methods. The results of these investigations provide evidence of the propensity of rhodopsin and, most likely, other GPCRs to dimerize, a property that may be pertinent to their function.
The World Wide Telecom Web browser

In developing regions, literacy levels and Internet penetration is considerably low, but phone penetration is high and is growing rapidly. In such a setting, the World Wide Telecom Web (WWTW), commonly known as the Spoken Web, provides a compelling alternative to the World Wide Web, since it relies on audio interaction over the phone. WWTW consists of interconnected voice applications (called Voice-Sites) that can be accessed from any phone by making a simple phone call.In this paper, we present a browser for this WWTW, that enables these users to browse VoiceSites in a seamless fashion using spoken commands such as back, forward, new, history and bookmarks. The browser can be accessed by making a phone call to a specific number. To support access from any dumb phone instrument, it does not execute on the phone but on the server side. We discuss the scalability of this design and overcome the limitations of sequential speech interaction by disambiguating the browser commands with the VoiceSite's local commands. Simplicity of the user interface is vital for the usefulness of the browser for the low-literate population. This paper presents the concept, design, and usability of the Telecom Web browser.
NMR developments in structural studies of carbohydrates and their complexes

Abstract Notable recent developments in NMR methods used to study carbohydrate structure include the application of tailored homo- and heteronuclear (multi-) selective two- and three-dimensional techniques, improved measurements of long-range 13C-1H scalar couplings, and the observation of hydroxyl proton signals used to detect intramolecular hydrogen bonds in aqueous solution. In addition, technological advances in 13C isotopic labeling of carbohydrates are creating new ways of measuring NMR conformational parameters. The detailed study of a given oligosaccharide by NMR spectroscopy typically yields a number of constraints that are not all compatible with the existence of a single rigid structure, implying that oligosaccharides are, to a greater or lesser extent, dynamic with respect to torsional vibrations around each glycosidic bond. Consequently, the past two years have witnessed a vast increase in the number of efforts aimed at the measurement of NMR parameters directly related to the flexibility of carbohydrates, including 1H and 13C relaxation rates, homo- and heteronuclear cross-relaxation rates, and global and local correlation times. Improvements in the quality and quantity of obtainable NMR data are continuing to inspire molecular modelers to re-evaluate their previous analyses and interpretations. Furthermore, these NMR methods are now being used to investigate the structures of carbohydrates in complexes with proteins (antibodies, lectins) and the orientation and restrained dynamics of carbohydrates covalently attached to model membranes.
Recent sexual victimization and drinking behavior in newly matriculated college students: a latent growth analysis

College matriculation is a time of developmental and social change and is often a time of heavy drinking. Sexual victimization (SV) is prevalent in late adolescence and poses additional risk for problem drinking behavior. Thus, matriculating students with a SV history may be at heightened risk for maladaptive alcohol use while transitioning through the first year of college. Furthermore, victimization that has occurred close to college matriculation may confer particular risk for problem alcohol use, because the added stressor of coping with a SV while negotiating the transition into college may lead to risky drinking behavior. Therefore, examining the influence of SV timing (i.e., recency) on drinking patterns in freshman year was the aim of the present study. Matriculating undergraduates with a history of SV were assessed at six points during freshman year. Using latent growth curve modeling, we tested differences in trajectories of drinking behavior (i.e., alcohol use, binge drinking) between students who reported a recent SV and those who reported a more distal SV. Students endorsing a recent SV evidenced greater overall levels of alcohol use and higher levels of binge drinking than individuals with SV that was less recent. Moreover, the recent SV group showed significantly more variability in drinking outcomes over freshman year, with escalations mapping onto more salient periods of transition over the first college year. SV that occurs close to college entry is associated with specific and persistent risk for maladaptive drinking behavior in newly matriculated college students.
A comparison of laboratory values in pediatric hemodialysis patients: does day of the week matter?

BACKGROUND The National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI) guidelines recommend the delivered dose of hemodialysis (HD) be measured no less than monthly by checking Kt/V (K is effective urea clearance, t is minute and V is urea distribution). To date, no studies have explored whether the day of the week for checking maintenance HD laboratory studies impacts dialysis dosing. METHODS Data were collected at two HD facilities on 19 patients, ages ≤ 21 years receiving maintenance HD thrice weekly over a consecutive 6-month period. Data obtained from the Monday and Wednesday of each full third week of the month included dialysis vintage, ultrafiltration volume, serum electrolytes, hemoglobin and clearances. RESULTS Kt/V and K+ were significantly different between Monday and Wednesday (P = 0.013 and P = 0.047, respectively). CONCLUSION Due to variability in values based on the day of laboratory evaluations, the dialysis provider must consider the impact of this on the quality of patient care when prescribing dialysis. Research on a larger scale needs to be conducted to allow for better decision-making capabilities in the chronic HD population.
USING SATELLITE IMAGERY TO MODEL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF BICKNELL'S THRUSH (CATHARUS BICKNELLI) IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S WHITE MOUNTAINS

Abstract Satellite imagery was used to model the distribution and abundance of Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Image-derived data for live softwood shrub density, standing dead-tree basal area, distance to nearest fir-shrub cover type, along with a digital elevation model and point-count data, were used to supply regressor estimates in a multivariate logistic habitat model that was constructed from field vegetation sampling and point-count data. Spatially explicit predictions of probability of Bicknell's Thrush presence were made for each 28.5 × 28.5 m-pixel covering 70,000 ha. A model validation procedure using observations independent from model calibration revealed no difference (P > 0.05) between modeled and observed estimates of Bicknell's Thrush presence within probability deciles 0 to <0.1, 0.1 to <0.2, 0.2 to <0.3, 0.3 to <0.4, 0.5 to <0.6, and 0.6 to <0.7 with respective densities (40 ha−1) of 0.5, 1.6, 2.8, 4.1, 7.3, and 9.4. Transforming probabili...
The Acetabular Fracture Prognostic Nomogram: Does it Work for Fractures of the Posterior Wall?

Objectives A recently proposed nomogram is an attempt to define the subset of acetabular fractures at risk for primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) within 2 years of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Our objectives were to determine whether this nomogram provides information adequate to reliably (1) prognosticate outcome within 2 years after ORIF or (2) identify optimal initial treatment choice (THA vs. ORIF) for patients with a posterior wall fracture. Design Retrospective case series. Setting University level 1 Trauma Center. Patients From a database of consecutive posterior wall fractures treated by ORIF, 103 patients were identified for analysis: 6 with an unsatisfactory result at less than 2 years and 97 followed 2-14 years. Intervention Calculation of percent risk of requiring THA within 2 years using the nomogram. Main outcome measurements Comparison of this percent risk to the actual clinical outcome within 2 years after ORIF, measured in 2 ways: (1) THA performed (5 patients) and (2) overall unsatisfactory hip function determined by the modified Merle d'Aubigne score (9 patients total: the 5 with THA plus 4 additional without THA but having unsatisfactory hip function). Results The calculated percent risk ranged widely, with much overlap among patients having satisfactory or unsatisfactory results of ORIF. Statistical analysis did not yield a clinically useful positive predictive value: 0.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.08-0.53] for THA and 0.44 (95% CI, 0.21-0.69) for an overall unsatisfactory clinical result. Conclusions The acetabular fracture prognostic nomogram in its current form does not provide sufficient information to prognosticate outcome after ORIF or to determine appropriate surgical management for posterior wall fractures. Level of evidence Diagnostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Labours of Hercules: Ethical Embodiment and an Erasmian Justification for Higher Education

In the early 1990s, a popular American dorm-room poster luminously asserted crass materialism as ‘JUSTIFICATION FOR HIGHER EDUCATION’. Self-consciously premised on the paradoxical success of my failure or failure of my success as a professor of Renaissance literature and culture, this essay draws on Erasmus’s educational theory of embodiment to critique the poster’s – and by extension our society’s – popular but ethically bankrupt definition of educational success. Specifically, in contrast to the absence or implied presence of any(body) in the poster, it is the presence of the body as a site of ethical evaluation in Erasmian educational theory that carries precisely the transformative potential to steer our society in a more just direction – a direction which should be – must be – the justification for higher education.
Motion picture film as a government record: framing films within archival theory and preparing for the digital future

Governments have created and used motion picture films since soon after their invention, but government archivists have an uneasy relationship with films. Historically, the traditional archival literature has overlooked films in favor of a focus on textual records, while the film archive literature is unconcerned with the archival concept of the record. To define the scope of the problem, this thesis demonstrates the paucity of archival literature addressing motion picture film as a government record. Moving forward, motion pictures are examined through a lens of archival theory and set in their rightful place among other formats of government records. It is concluded that while films must be read differently than textual records, they provide evidence, information, memory, and other affordances as found in other record formats. Finally, the thesis explores the properties that must be maintained as a film record is migrated to digital formats in order to ensure that it remains a valid record. It is argued that failing to create an authentic digital record during preservation digitization of a film is the same as deaccessioning the film record from the archival collection. Government archivists have a responsibility to carry out a thorough and documented reappraisal process before such actions may be taken.
Raman Spectra of Ion Implanted Graphite

Raman spectroscopy is used in a variety of ways to monitor different aspects of the lattice damage caused by ion implantation into graphite. Particular attention is given to the use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor the restoration of lattice order by the annealing process, which depends critically on the annealing temperature and on the extent of the original lattice damage. At low fluences the highly disordered region is localized in the implanted region and relatively low annealing temperatures are required, compared with the implantation at high fluences where the highly disordered region extends all the way to the surface. At high fluences, annealing temperatures comparable to those required for the graphitization of carbons are necessary to fully restore lattice order.
Face-to-face arene-arene binding energies: dominated by dispersion but predicted by electrostatic and dispersion/polarizability substituent constants.

Parallel face-to-face arene−arene complexes between benzene and substituted benzenes have been investigated at the MP2(full)/6-311G** and M05-2X/6-311G** levels of theory. A reasonably good correlation was found between the binding energies and the ∑|σm| values of the substituted aromatics. It is proposed that a substituent |σm| value informs on both the aromatic substituent dispersion/polarizability and the effect the substituent has on the aromatic electrostatics. Supporting this hypothesis, a combination of electrostatic (∑σm) and dispersion/polarizability (∑Mr) substituent constant terms gives an excellent, and statistically significant, correlation with the benzene-substituted benzene binding energy. Symmetry adapted perturbation theory energy decomposition calculations show the dominant attractive force is dispersion; however, the sum of all nonelectrostatic forces is essentially a constant, while the electrostatic component varies significantly. This explains the importance of including an electros...
Innovative method for recovery and valorization of hydroxytyrosol from olive mill wastewaters

The nutritional properties of olive oil can be attributed to its oleic acid and phenolic compounds content, acting as natural oxidants to prevent human diseases. In particular, hydroxytyrosol has an anti-inflammatory action similar to omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil. The olive oil production was conducted by two extraction procedures: first, a two-phase extraction giving extra-virgin olive oil and humid pomace, second, a three-phase working process of humid pomace, obtaining another minimum quantity of extra-virgin olive oil, ‘dry’ pomace devoid of polyphenols, and mill wastewaters rich in anti-oxidant compounds. The aim of this processing was to employ water to extract the highest concentration of polyphenols from humid pomace and convey them in oil mill wastewaters for extraction. Processed olives were 37,200 kg, pomace deprived of polyphenols was equal to 20,400 kg and processing was performed with 500 kg of olives per hour. This method offers advantages of using cheap equipment and technical simplicity.
Super Nested Arrays: Linear Sparse Arrays With Reduced Mutual Coupling—Part I: Fundamentals

In array processing, mutual coupling between sensors has an adverse effect on the estimation of parameters (e.g., DOA). While there are methods to counteract this through appropriate modeling and calibration, they are usually computationally expensive, and sensitive to model mismatch. On the other hand, sparse arrays, such as nested arrays, coprime arrays, and minimum redundancy arrays (MRAs), have reduced mutual coupling compared to uniform linear arrays (ULAs). With $N$ denoting the number of sensors, these sparse arrays offer $O({N}^{2})$ freedoms for source estimation because their difference coarrays have $O({N}^{2})$ -long ULA segments. But these well-known sparse arrays have disadvantages: MRAs do not have simple closed-form expressions for the array geometry; coprime arrays have holes in the coarray; and nested arrays contain a dense ULA in the physical array, resulting in significantly higher mutual coupling than coprime arrays and MRAs. This paper introduces a new array called the super nested array, which has all the good properties of the nested array, and at the same time achieves reduced mutual coupling. There is a systematic procedure to determine sensor locations. For fixed $N$ , the super nested array has the same physical aperture, and the same hole-free coarray as does the nested array. But the number of sensor pairs with small separations ( $\lambda /2,2\times \lambda /2$ , etc.) is significantly reduced. Many theoretical properties are proved and simulations are included to demonstrate the superior performance of these arrays. In the companion paper, a further extension called the $Q$ th-order super nested array is developed, which further reduces mutual coupling.
46 HYPERCAPNIA INDUCES MUCIN GENE EXPRESSION IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS.

Objective Mucus hypersecretion is a prominent feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. These diseases may be associated with development of hypercapnia, acutely during exacerbations and/or chronically in their advanced stages. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hypercapnia might contribute to mucus overproduction by increasing expression of genes for mucins produced by airway epithelial cells. Methods The human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line (NCI-H292) was used in this study. Cells were cultured in the presence of 5% CO2 (control; equivalent to PCO2 Results In the absence of PMA, culture of NCI-H292 cells in 20% CO2, as compared to 5% CO2, increased expression of MUC5AC by Conclusion Hypercapnia stimulates mucin gene expression in vitro and may be important in driving gene expression and synthesis of mucins in vivo. These results reveal a previously unrecognized stimulus of mucin gene expression. Furthermore, they suggest that correcting hypercapnia may be an important strategy for reducing mucus hypersecretion in patients with acute and chronic lung diseases.
Status of axillary lymph node metastasis predicting in breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma by using logistic regression model

Aim:To explore the expressions of TopoisomeraseⅡ,nm23,ER,PR and C-erbB-2 in the breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma tissue,and establish logistic regression model for predicting axillary lymph node metastasis. Methods:The expressions of TopoisomeraseⅡ,nm23,ER,PR and C-erbB-2 in 105 cases of breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma were detected by immunohistochemistry. Risk factors related to the status of metastasis in breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma were screened using logistic regression. The model for predicting lymph node metastasis in breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma was established and its effects were observed. Results:Topoisomerase Ⅱ [P = 0. 026,OR( 95% CI) = 5. 196( 1. 223-22. 074) ],C-erbB-2[P 0. 001,OR( 95%CI) =11. 559( 3. 750-35. 630) ]were risk factors for breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma axillary lymph node metastasis,while nm23[P = 0. 011,OR( 95% CI) = 0. 123( 0. 025- 0. 613) ]was protective factor. Depending on these factors,the prediction model was established and the correct percentage was 97. 1%( 66/68). The area under the ROC curve of logistic regression model was 0. 837,and the sensitivity and specificity were0. 971 and 0. 297. Conclusion:The multivariate logistic regression model could be helpful for predicting axillary lymph node metastasis in breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma.
Distal Extrusion and Impending Cylinder Erosion of the Penile Prosthesis: a Clinical Challenge for the Urologist

Distal extrusion with impending cylinder erosion through the distal corpus cavernosum is a significant complication of penile prosthesis surgery. Surgical repair is indicated to prevent cylinder perforation or erosion through the skin, which leads to infection and requires removal of all prosthesis components. The underlying cause is typically unrecognized tunical perforation during surgery, aggressive distal dilation, oversized cylinders, or repeated trauma. Extrusion is more common in patients with microangiopathy, prior radiation, corporal fibrosis, or decreased distal sensation. The two most prevalent methods for repair are distal corporoplasty or windsock graft reconstruction. Distal corporoplasty has been demonstrated to have superior outcomes to windsock grafts and is the method of repair that these authors favor. The goal of this review is to provide a background on distal penile prosthesis extrusion, along with potential treatment approaches, so that the surgeon may be familiar with this seemingly difficult, albeit rare, complication of penile prosthesis surgery.
Further characterization of cis-acting regulatory sequences in the genomic locus of the murine erythropoietin receptor: evidence for stage-specific regulation.

Abstract Expression of the murine erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) gene was investigated in progenitor cell lines representing distinct stages of hematopoietic differentiation. In murine erythroid cell lines, the EpoR mRNA level was fivefold higher in the more mature murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells than in CB-5 cells and very low in granulocyte/macrophage-like FDC-P1 cells. GATA-1 mRNA was present in equivalent levels in both erythroid cell lines, but at a low level in FDC-P1 cells. To account for the elevated levels of EpoR mRNA, the activity of the promoter and expression of DNase I hypersensitive sites were assessed as markers of transcriptional activity in various cell lines. Among a series of 5’ flanking restriction fragments linked to a reporter gene, a 83-bp fragment that includes binding sites for the transcription factors GATA-1 and Sp-1 gave low levels of erythroid-specific activity, and a 256-bp fragment that includes, in addition, two sites for the putative CACCC-binding protein gave the highest level of erythroid-specific transcription. DNase I footprinting showed binding of a constitutive factor to the proximal CACCC-binding site, and deletion or mutation of this site significantly reduced the overall expression while maintaining tissue-specificity. Three DNase I hypersensitive sites were detected in the 5’ flanking region of the EpoR gene, two of which were unique to MEL cells. These sites were situated over the promoter region and approximately 0.5 kb and 2.4 kb upstream of the transcriptional initiation sites. A 0.8-kb restriction fragment spanning the distal site caused approximately a fourfold rise in transcription from the endogenous or a heterologous promoter in MEL cells independent of its orientation and up to 1.5-fold rise in CB-5 cells, but it was inactive in COS-1 cells that were cotransfected with an expression plasmid encoding GATA-1. These results show that (1) basal activity as well as tissue specificity of the EpoR promoter can be accounted for by its interaction with GATA-1, and (2) upstream sites regulate the strength of the promoter. Expression of the distal DNase I hypersensitive site and the corresponding enhancer activity in MEL cells suggests a role for this element in stage-specific transcriptional control.