cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenosine diphosphate potentiates the inhibition of norepinephrine-induced relaxation by 5-hydroxytryptamine in canine coronary arteries

Vasoactive substances released from aggregating platelets inhibit beta-adrenergic neurotransmission in coronary arteries. Studies were carried out on the effects of two such vasoactive substances on canine coronary arteries, at concentrations equivalent to that released by platelets under physiological conditions. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5 X 10(-7) M) reduced the sensitivity of coronary artery ring segments to the beta-adrenergic relaxing effects of norepinephrine. Adenosine diphosphate (3 X 10(-6) M) further reduced the sensitivity to norepinephrine caused by 5-hydroxytryptamine, while the nucleotide alone had no significant effect. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and adenosine diphosphate acted selectively on the norepinephrine-induced relaxation; whereas the relaxatory response of the vessel to nitroprusside, a direct muscle relaxant, was unaffected. 5-Hydroxytryptamine caused contraction of the tissue, but this opposing response did not account for the inhibition of the norepinephrine-induced relaxation observed in the presence of the indoleamine. The decreases in sensitivity to norepinephrine caused by 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine diphosphate were prevented by the serotonin receptor antagonist, methiothepin. The potentiation by adenosine diphosphate of the 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced shift in the relaxation caused by norepinephrine was blocked by the purine receptor antagonist, 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline. Neither adenosine nor alpha,beta-methylene adenosine diphosphate potentiated the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine, suggesting that phosphate hydrolysis of the nucleotide is required for the action of adenosine diphosphate. These results suggest that adenosine diphosphate potentiates the inhibitory effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the beta-adrenergic response of coronary arteries exposed to vasoactive substances released from platelets.
A Re-Examination of a Test of the "Research and Development Model" of Change

EAQ published in its Winter, 1972, number an article by Ernest House et al., reporting an empirical test of a well-known model of educational change, the so-called Clark-Guba Model. Clark and Guba have written this article in partial rejoinder to House and his associates and as an extension of their earlier published work on change.
Ultrasound sensitive eLiposomes containing doxorubicin for drug targeting therapy.

Abstract This study describes a novel nanocarrier of emulsion liposomes (eLiposomes) composed of a perfluoropentane nanodroplet within the aqueous interior of a DPPC liposome, along with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox). The eLiposome containing Dox (eLipoDox) displayed good release of Dox upon insonation with low intensity ultrasound at 20-kHz, 1.0-MHz and 3.0-MHz. More release occurs in vitro at 20-kHz than at the higher frequencies. Controlled delivery was demonstrated by applying ultrasound (US) to HeLa tumor cells in vitro . The confocal images of Dox release to cells indicate that eLipoDox is an effective carrier of chemotherapeutic agent, and releases Dox to the cell cytosol upon insonation. This novel drug delivery system promises to provide more effective US therapy and tumor treatment and has the potential to reduce the side effects of cardiotoxicity caused by Dox. From the Clinical Editor In this paper, an ultrasound-sensitive doxorubicine-carrying nanoliposome delivery system is reported. Doxorubicin release as a result of ultrasound exposure is clearly demonstrated, paving the way to potential clinical applications with the aim of reducing the systemic toxicity and enhanced local delivery of this compound.
A NEW SPECIES OF HYPOMYCES (HYPOCREACEAE) WITH PHRAGMOSPOROUS ASCOSPORES

Hypomyces triseptatus Rossman & Rogerson, distinguished by its 3-(5)-septate ascospores and perithecia aggregated in discrete, white, byssoid stromata, is described from Gabon (Africa) occurring on a pyrenomycete on decorticated wood.
Isolation and partial characterization of a nuclear antigen (68/6.3) from the Namalwa cell line (a Burkitt lymphoma).

A nuclear antigen was purified from the 0.01 M Tris-HCl/pH 8 extract of nuclei of the Burkitt tumor Namalwa cell line to electrophoretic homogeneity by DEAE cellulose chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative isoelectric focusing. The yield of antigens was 0.02% of the nuclear 0.01 M Tris-HCl/pH 8 extract. On two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the major antigen separated into two adjacent protein spots with molecular weights of 68,000 and an approximate pI of 6.3 (68/6.3 A and 68/6.3 B). A minor antigen had a molecular weight of 61,000 and pI of 6.0 68/6.0). Fourteen 125I-labeled peptides were obtained from the tryptic digest of the major antigen (68/6.3 A and 68/6.3 B). The amino-acid composition analysis of the purified antigens indicated that the amino acids in the highest content were glycine (15%), glutamic acid (11.6%), and serine (9%); the ratio of acidic to basic amino acids was 1.95. In studies on nucleolytic activity, the purified antigen produced a single-stranded and then a double-stranded cleavage of PM 2 and pBR 322 DNA. This antigen is the first purified nuclear antigen that reacts with the HeLa-specific nucleolar antibodies.
Nondestructive quantitative analysis of ethylene-propylene blend polymer by the NIR/ATR/FT-IR method

The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FTIR) method in the near-infrared region was found to provide a novel opportunity for nondestructive analysis of ethylene-propylene (EP) blend polymer. The absorption due to the overtone of the C-H stretching vibration at ∼5900 cm−1 was utilized to determine the ratio of two monomer units, the ethylene and propylene units, of the blend polymer, since the overlapping of CH3− and −CH2− is not so prohibitive as in the case of the fundamental C-H stretching vibration at ∼2900 cm−1. The well-known disadvantage of the weak intensity of the overtone absorption, however, was overcome by the choice of the high-sensitivity FT-IR technique.
Popular Participation and Civil Society: The Shan-Dany Museum and the Construction of Community in Mexico

As significant elements in civil society, museums articulate social ideas. They define relations with communities whether they intend to or not Ivan Karp (From the introduction to Museums and Communities: The Politics of Public Culture. I. Karp, C.M. Kreamer and S.D. Lavine, editors. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992.)
Transient heat transfer in Bénard convection

Abstract Experimental results are presented for a study of the effects of time-dependent heating on Benard convection, where the fluids were 5cs (centistoke), 100cs and 500cs viscosity grades of silicone oil. Fluid layer depths were 0.00635 m, 0.01270 m and 0.01905 m. For each run the heat flux at the lower surface was approximately constant, and in the several runs a range of fluxes from 9.2 × 10 2 to 1.9 × 10 7 (in dimensionless terms) was covered. The experiments were designed to examine the effects of different heating rates on the onset of convection, on the change of the Rayleigh number with time and on the development of motion. Observations were made from shadowgraph images, which were recorded photographically. As the heat flux at the lower surface is increased, the temperature difference required for the initiation of convection increases while the time to the onset of motion decreases. For the conditions of the present tests a “closed cell” pattern is the first to be observed, shortly after the onset of motion. This pattern does not appear in the steady-state system. Because of the “large” (greater than about 100) Prandtl number, specifying the time and the lower surface heat flux is sufficient to characterize the state of the fluid layer.
The effects of chronic high fluoride levels on forming enamel in the rat

Abstract Sixty-gramme rats were given either 0, 75, 100 or 150 parts 10 6 fluoride in their drinking water. After five weeks, the fluoride, the phosphorus and the protein contents of the enamel were compared in control and experimental animals at three stages of enamel development. The mineral content was reduced in pigmented enamel from animals given 75 parts 10 6 or more fluoride in their drinking water. The fluoride content was elevated in all stages of fluorosed enamel development. At the lowest fluoride level ( 75 parts 10 6 ), a larger proline content was found in the proteins of the maturing, fluorosed enamel but there was no increase in the protein content. In animals given 100 parts 10 6 fluoride in their drinking water, the proline content of the protein was greater in maturing, fluorosed enamel, and the total protein content of the post-secretory enamel (maturing and pigmented) was greater than in the controls. These observations indicate that, with increasing levels of fluoride in drinking water, there was an initial delay in the loss of the amelogenin proteins followed by a decreased removal of total protein from the enamel. These results indicate that fluoride interfered with the normal post-secretory, pre-eruptive development of enamel.
Subjective Assessment of Effort In Dynamic Work.

18 male Ss were instructed to walk as long as possible at 75% of their maximum walking speed on a motor driven treadmill. Each S walked for 8 sessions. During the sessions Ss were instructed to report on a 5-point scale the increase in the amount of effort required by the walking task. The obtained effort scales were linear as had been reported for shorter duration isometric muscle contractions. Correlations between the endurance scores and various physical and psychological measures suggested that while maximum walking speed was primarily related to physique, endurance appeared to be related more to other variables.
Magnetic Susceptibility of Insulating and Semiconducting Strontium Titanate

The magnetic susceptibility of strontium titanate with and without charge carriers has been measured at 300, 78, and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Insulating SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ shows a magnetic moment, which is partly diamagnetic and partly (Van Vleck) paramagnetic. The free-carrier contribution is mainly paramagnetic because of the high density of states. As the concentration of carriers is increased the temperature dependence disappears. At the highest concentration (\ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$/cc), pure Pauli paramagnetism is observed. The density-of-states effective mass at the bottom of the conduction band deduced from these measurements is $5{m}_{0}$, in good agreement with values from transport experiments.
Structure--activity relationships of side-chain modified didemnins.

Abstract The synthesis and antitumor activity of a novel didemnin B analogue containing a Ψ[CH2NH] amide bond surrogate between N-Me- d -Leu7 and Pro8 are reported. The analogue shows activity (GI50=4 nM) comparable to that of didemnin B (GI50=13 nM) in the NCI-60 tumor cell screen. This result, along with new data from previously reported synthetic didemnin analogues, is discussed within the context of the side-chain SAR for didemnins.
Tall Deciduous Shrubs Offset Delayed Start of Growing Season Through Rapid Leaf Development in the Alaskan Arctic Tundra

Abstract Increasing temperatures in arctic regions are causing earlier spring snowmelt, leading to earlier plant emergence, which could lengthen the period of carbon uptake. Warming is also leading to a shift from graminoid to deciduous shrub-dominated tundra, and in many areas deciduous shrubs are becoming taller. As taller shrubs become increasingly dominant, arctic landscapes may retain more snow, which could lengthen spring snow cover duration and offset advances in the start of the growing season that are expected as a result of earlier spring snowmelt. As a consequence, deeper snow and later snowmelt in taller shrub tundra could delay plant emergence and shorten the period of carbon uptake. This study tracked leaf development of two abundant deciduous shrubs, Betula nana and Salix pulchra, and compared individuals along a natural shrub height gradient on the North Slope of Alaska. We measured spring snow depth and snow cover duration, bud and developing leaf nitrogen content, as well as the timing o...
Near-surface models in Saudi Arabia

A single-layer model of the near surface throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is available. While this simple model suffices for most areas and large subsurface structures, it fails in situations where the surface topography is complex, the base of weathering is below the datum, or where the time structural closure is less than the uncertainty in the static correction. In such cases, multiple-layered models that incorporate velocities derived from analysis of first arrivals picked from seismic shot records have proved to be successful in defining the lateral heterogeneity of the near surface. The additional velocity information obtained from this first-arrival analysis (direct as well as refracted arrivals) vastly improves the velocity–depth model of the near surface, regardless of the topography. Static corrections computed from these detailed near-surface velocity models have significantly enhanced subsurface image focusing, thereby reducing the uncertainty in the closure of target structures. Other non-seismic methods have been used either to confirm qualitatively or to enhance the layer models previously mentioned. Gravity data may be particularly useful in sandy areas to confirm general structure, while geostatistical modelling of vibrator base-plate attributes has yielded information that enhances the velocity field. In the global context, exploration targets of the oil and gas industry are seeking smaller and lower relief-time structures. Thus, near-surface models will need to enhance and integrate these methods, particularly in areas where the assumption of flat-lying near-surface layers cannot be met.
Thinking about intelligence after the fall of communism

In the mid-1970s the Soviet Union was one of the world's two superpowers. Its aggressive policies in support of successful third-world revolutionaries, its behind-the-scenes influence in the war in the shadows and its ability to export its ideology gave it the appearance of being near triumphant in the Cold War. American foreign policy toward the Soviets in that period was one of reacting to Soviet advancement across the globe. As America viewed with dismay the spread of global Communism, cracks in the Soviet superstructure were already developing. Analysts of Soviet agriculture, looking at year-to-year declining harvests, began to wonder about the economic impact of the USSR's rising population and failing crops. By the end of the decade, economic growth and productivity began to slow and bureaucratic corruption began to increase. An old leadership clung to the prerogatives of power while unable to fulfill its political obligation to lead. The transmission of power from one generation to another short-circuited, and the Politburo looked more like the Ancien Regime on the eve of the French Revolution than the heirs to the historic inevitability of Communism. In the last days of the Brezhnev era, the Politburo had become a "geriatric cluster of men spending their twilight years together helping each other stand up and sit down." Mikhail Gorbachev was one of only two of thirteen Politburo
Holmium:YAG laser ablation of vascular tissue.

The ablation of atherosclerotic lesions without collateral thermal or shock wave damage is thought to be a key element for successful laser angioplasty. This study evaluated the effectiveness of pulsed holmium:YAG laser (2.1 μm wavelength) for this application. Fresh normal tissue (n = 139) and arteriosclerotic canine arteries (n = 21) as well as formalin-preserved normal canine (n = 31) and atherosclerotic human arteries (n = 177) were irradiated under saline via a 600 μm diameter fiber placed perpendicular to the intimal surface with 0–10 gm of force. The laser was operated in the free running mode (FRM; 250 μsec pulsewidth, 5 Hz, 30–7,100 mJ/mm2) and in the Q-switched mode (QSM; 200 nsec pulsewidth, 6 Hz, 30–1,100 mJ/mm2). Following the experiments, the samples were prepared for histologic and morphomet-ric analysis. Ablation thresholds in the FRM were 60 and 180 mJ/mm2 in fresh and preserved canine tissue, respectively. Ablation thresholds in the QSM for fresh and preserved canine tissues were 75 and 180 mJ/mm2, respectively. Thresholds for human atherosclerotic tissue were dependent on the amount of calcification. In the QSM and FRM, there were no samples that could not be penetrated at 1,100 mJ/mm2 and above. Histologic examination of the FRM samples revealed confined columns of tissue ablation, with approximately 55–250 μm and 70–140 μm zones of thermal effect being apparent in the fresh and formalin-preserved samples, respectively. The QSM samples (fresh and preserved) revealed minimal thermal effect (0–20 μm) to the in-tima and media (smooth muscle cells) between 300 and 1,100 mJ/ mm2, whereas thermal effect in the adventitia (collagen) was 64–172 pm with the same energy fluence. We conclude (1) that the thermal effect can be optimized by shortening the pulsewidth (Q switching at 200 nsec) or by limiting the total energy delivered and (2) that controlled ablation of both normal and atherosclerotic vascular tissue can be accomplished with the holmium:YAG laser.
Genetic regulation of cardiolipin synthase in Escherichia coli.

Recombinant DNA and genetic techniques were used to construct Escherichia coli strains SOH92 [θ( cls-lacZ + )] and SOH93 [θ( cls-'lacZ )hyb]. β-Galactosidase (116 kDa) synthesized by strain SOH92 was primarily present in the water-soluble fraction. Most of the hybrid protein (136 kDa) synthesized by strain SOH93 was present in the particulate fraction. Strain SOH92 produced about 20-fold more β-galactosidase activity than strain SOH93. Expression of clsθlacZ in both SOH92 and SOH93 was influenced by the terminal electron acceptor (increasing in the order oxygen, nitrate, fumarate) when the cells were cultured in minimal medium with glycerol as the sole carbon source. As strains SOH92 and SOH93 progressed from early to late log growth phase under aerobic conditions in LB broth, clsθlacZ expression increased about 2.5-fold. Fusion strains containing a pss -1 allele had an increased cardiolipin (CL) level, but no corresponding increase in clsθlacZ expression was observed. A cls ::Tn10dTet null mutation was introduced into SOH92 and SOH93. The strains produced less CL, but no corresponding changes in clsθlacZ expression were observed. A high copy number plasmid bearing the cls gene had no effect on clsθlacZ expression. Taken together, these results indicate that cls is not subject to autogenous regulation.
Parthenolide has limited effects on nuclear factor-κβ increases and worsens survival in lipopolysaccharide-challenged C57BL/6J mice

Parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated nuclear factor (NF)-kappabeta and cytokine production in vitro and in rats, and improved survival in LPS challenged Swiss albino mice. We investigated whether increased survival with parthenolide was associated directly with inhibition of NF-kappabeta and cytokines in LPS challenged C57BL/6J mice. In RAW 264.7 cells, parthenolide inhibited LPS-stimulated NF-kappabeta and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1alpha, -1beta, -2, -4, -6, and -10, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, migratory inhibitory protein-1 and -2alpha, JE, and RANTES). In mice (n = 366) receiving lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) LPS (40 mg/kg), compared to placebo, each of 5 parthenolide doses (0.25 to 4 mg/kg i.p. following LPS) reduced survival at 168h and overall worsened the hazards ratio of survival (mean +/- S.E.M.) (1.29 +/- 0.12, p = 0.04). In other mice (241), compared to saline challenge, nonlethal LPS (2.5 mg/kg) increased NF-kappabeta in lung and kidney combined and 12 of 13 plasma cytokines early (1 and 3 h) and late (6, 9 and 12 h) (p < or = 0.002 for each). Compared to nonlethal LPS, lethal LPS increased NF-kappabeta and 12 of 13 cytokines early but not significantly and late significantly (p < or = 0.05 for each). With lethal LPS, compared to placebo, parthenolide (1 mg/kg) decreased NF-kappabeta and 10 of 13 cytokines early and increased NF-kappabeta and 11 of 13 cytokines late (p < or = 0.02 for early vs. late). Although parthenolide inhibits NF-kappabeta and cytokines in vitro, its effects on these mediators and survival in animal sepsis models vary. Theses differences must be understood before parthenolide or related agents are applied clinically for sepsis.
Reaction of reduced disulfide bonds in α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin with acrylonitrile

Abstract Reduction of disulfide bonds of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin with β-mercaptoethanol and subsequent reaction with acrylonitrile was shown to be specific and was confined to the thiol groups, as determined by total amino acid analysis of the protein derivatives. The reaction results in the quantitative and specific conversion of the cysteinyl residues to S -cyanoethylcysteinyl groups. Upon acid hydrolysis, the S -cyanoethylcysteinyl groups were converted quantitatively to S -carboxyethylcysteine and were determined analytically as such.
Influence of nanoparticles and polymer branching on the dewetting of polymer films

Abstract Previous studies have shown that spun-cast films of unentangled synthetic polymers commonly dewet inorganic or organic substrates, leading to technologically detrimental results for many applications. We illustrate two strategies for influencing polymer film dewetting on inorganic and organic substrates. First, the addition of small amounts of C 60 fullerene nanoparticles to the spin-casting polymer solutions of model synthetic polymers [polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB)] leads to a significant inhibition of film dewetting on Si. This effect is associated with the formation of a diffuse fullerene layer near the solid substrate that frustrates the dewetting hole growth process. Next, we consider polymer branching effects on the dewetting of various generations of hypergraft polymer poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) films cast on high molecular weight polystyrene substrates. The early stage of dewetting is found to be similar in a zeroth generation G0 hypergraft (a comb polymer) and a G2 hyper-graft (resembling a spherical ‘micro-gel’ particle). The late stage of dewetting in the G2 films, however, differs significantly from the low generation films because of an inhibition of hole coalescence in the intermediate stage of film dewetting. This behavior resembles previous observations of dewetting in ‘entangled’ polystyrene films. Thus, the viscoelasticity of the polymer film can have an inhibitory effect on film dewetting, leading to changes in the dewetted film morphology rather than a suppression of film dewetting.
The effect of dietary nitrite and nitrate on the metabolism of sulphamethazine in the rat

Rats given 100 p.p.m. of 14C-sulphamethazine [4-amino-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)benzene[U-14C]sulphonamide] in the diet excreted less 14C-activity in the urine as the amount of nitrite (0 to 1000 p.p.m.), but not nitrate (3730 p.p.m.), in the diet was increased. As the level of nitrite, but not nitrate, was increased, there was a concomitant increase in the amount of 14C-desaminosulphamethazine (4-[(N-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)benzene-[U-14C]-sulphonamide in the blood, liver, skeletal muscle and gastrointestinal tract. As the level of nitrite, but not nitrate, supplementation was increased, the amount of methanol-insoluble 14C-activity in the gastrointestinal tract increased but the amount of insoluble 14C-activity in the blood, skeletal muscle and liver was not changed.
Die kinetische Deutung des osmotischen Druckes

Die Unzulanglichkeit der gebrauchlichen Theorien wird diskutiert. Eine andere, die Druckgleichgewichtstheorie, wird in grosen Zugen mit den nachstehenden Schlusfolgerungen angegeben: Die Kraft, welche die Flussigkeit in der Rohre aufsteigen last, ist der Diffusionsdruck des Gelosten, der mit dem uberschussigen Diffusionsdruck des Losungsmittels auf der Seite der Membran wirkt, wo sich das reine Losungsmittel befindet. Die Kraft, welche den Durchgang des Losungsmittels durch die Membran in die Losung hinein bewirkt, ist der uberschus des Diffusionsdruckes des Losungsmittels auf der Seite des reinen Losungsmittels, der nun seinerseits wieder durch den Diffusionsdruck des Gelosten in der Losung hervorgerufen wird. Der nach ausen wirkende Druck auf die Membran ist der Diffusionsdruck des Gelosten, und es ist dieser gleiche Druck, der den hydrostatischen uberdruck auf der Seite der Losung aufrechterhalt, da ja der erhohte Diffusionsdruck des Losungsmittels auf der anderen Seite aufhort zu existieren, sobald sich das Gleichgewicht eingestellt hat. Die Beziehung zwischen dem hydrostatischen uberdruck auf der der Losung zugekehrten Seite und dem hypothetischen Gasdruck des Gelosten folgt aus den obigen Schlussen. Zahlreiche andere Erscheinungen sind noch mit dem osmotischen Drucke ursachlich verknupft, wie zum Beispiel die Erniedrigung des Dampfdruckes oder des Gefrierpunktes usw. Eine befriedigende Deutung des osmotischen Drucks mus auch die ursachlich damit verknupften Erscheinungen erklaren konnen. Die Druck-Gleichgewicht-Theorie ist dazu imstande, wenn auch auf diese Punkte in der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht eingegangen wurde.
ACTIVE SUPERSONIC FLOW CONTROL USING HYSTERESIS COMPENSATION AND ERROR GOVERNOR

Abstract This paper introduces a novel concept termed Smart Mesoflaps for Aeroelastic Recirculation Transpiration (SMART) for controlling shock/boundary-layer interactions (SBLI) in supersonic jet inlets. The control strategy for a subsystem of the SMART project, subject to hysteresis and actuator saturation, is presented. A Hysteresis Compensation scheme, as well as results from experimental application of HC to the SMART system are presented next. A generalized error governing scheme for PID controllers to compensate for actuator saturations is also developed. Finally, the PID with HC and the error governing method is experimentally applied to a benchtop SMART subsystem and is shown to be successful at preventing excessive control efforts.
Cross-Cultural Counseling: An Existential Approach

Counselors continue to express concern about problems inherent in cross-cultural counseling. Despite the large literature on the subject, counseling members of ethnic groups different from that of the counselor remains problematic. Three concepts— Umwelt (the physical environment), Mitwelt (the interpersonal world), and Eigenwelt (one's inner world)—offer significant philosophical assistance to counselors wishing to overcome cultural encapsulation because, although surface cultural differences exist, humans are fundamentally more alike than they are different. The counselor needs to accept this reality to be effective in counseling culturally different clients, whether they are American minorities or foreign visitors.
Dynamic updating of numerical model discrepancy using sequential sampling

This article addresses the problem of compensating for discretization errors in inverse problems based on partial differential equation models. Multidimensional inverse problems are by nature computationally intensive, and a key challenge in practical applications is to reduce the computing time. In particular, a reduction by coarse discretization of the forward model is commonly used. Coarse discretization, however, introduces a numerical model discrepancy, which may become the predominant part of the noise, particularly when the data is collected with high accuracy. In the Bayesian framework, the discretization error has been addressed by treating it as a random variable and using the prior density of the unknown to estimate off-line its probability density, which is then used to modify the likelihood. In this article, the problem is revisited in the context of an iterative scheme similar to Ensemble Kalman Filtering (EnKF), in which the modeling error statistics is updated sequentially based on the current ensemble estimate of the unknown quantity. Hence, the algorithm learns about the modeling error while concomitantly updating the information about the unknown, leading to a reduction of the posterior variance.
And the walls come tumbling down: Enriching the sociology of Gender by systematically using other disciplines

The advancement of gender theory in sociology can be substantially expedited by more systematically using the published literature of our sister disciplines: history, anthropology, psychology, political science, and economics. Three categories of use are discussed: 1) for clarification of our dependent variables; 2) as data to test and refine theory; 3) as sources of concepts and theoretical ideas to supplement our own. Examples of these uses are drawn primarily from my own published work.
Post-column fluorescence derivatization of proteins and peptides in capillary electrophoresis with a sheath flow reactor and 488 nm argon ion laser excitation.

Abstract We report the use of a sheath flow reactor for post-column fluorescence derivatization of proteins. The derivatization reaction employed naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and β-mercaptoethanol, which were added in the sheath buffer. The labeled proteins were detected by laser-induced fluorescence with an argon-ion laser beam at 488 nm. The performance of this detection scheme was evaluated by separation of some protein standards. A column efficiency of 450,000 plates/m was obtained without stacking. The limits of detection for those standard proteins were determined to be from 8 to 32 nM. Excellent linear relationship was obtained with correlation coefficient of 0.9998 for α-lactalbumin concentration ranging from 3.91×10 −7 to 1.25×10 −5 M. Separation of protein standards at low pH was also demonstrated by reversing the electroosmotic flow (EOF) with addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to the running buffer. Different separation selectivity was achieved, but the sensitivity is poorer than that at high pH. This post-column derivatization detection system was applied successfully to analyze the protein extract from HT29 human colon cancer cells as well as tryptic peptides.
Near-field multiphoton nanolithography using an apertureless optical probe

Near-field multiphoton optical lithography is demonstrated by using ~120 fs laser pulses at 790 nm in an apertureless near-field optical microscope, which produce the lithographic features with ~ 70 nm resolution. The technique takes advantage of the field enhancement at the extremity of a metallic probe to induce nanoscale multiphoton absorption and polymerization in a commercial photoresist, SU-8. Even without optimization of the resist or laser pulses, the spatial resolution of this technique is as high as λ/10, nearly a factor of two smaller than the previous multiphoton lithography in the far field.
In vitro radiation sensitivity of mouse lung fibroblasts isolated by flow cytometry

Recently, we have isolated two major fibroblast cells (Thy-1{sup +}, Thy-1{sup {minus}}) from mouse LAF1 lung tissue using the anti-Thy-1 antibody expression and fluorescence activated cell sorter. To examine the possibility that x- or {gamma}-ray-induced pulmonary fibrosis at the late stage of injury could arise from radioresistant cell subpopulations, the radiation sensitivities of Thy-1{sup +} and Thy-1{sup {minus}} cells were evaluated by the colony forming assay. Cell survival curves, repair of potentially lethal damage (PLD) and sublethal damage (SLD), and cell-age response curves were obtained after Cs-137 {gamma}-ray irradiation. The cell survival curves measured after 0-10 Gy {gamma}-ray showed that Thy-1{sup +} cells were slightly more radioresistant than Thy-1{sup {minus}} cells. The D{sub 0}, n, alpha, and beta values measured from the survival curves also confirmed this observation. After a single dose of 10 Gy, a small amount of PLD repair was observed in Thy-1{sup {minus}} cells, while no PLD repair was found in Thy-1{sup +} cells. Although the initial cell survival level of Thy-1{sup {minus}} cells was lower, the final survival levels of Thy-1{sup +} and Thy-1{sup {minus}} cells became identical at 8 h after irradiation due to the PLD repair. After split-dose irradiation of 4 Gy followed bymore » 4 Gy, a similar extent and rate of SLD repair was found in Thy-1{sup +} and Thy-1{sup {minus}} cells. Cell-age response curves were obtained from irradiated G{sub 0}/G{sub 1}, S, and G{sub 2}/M cells separated by centrifugal elutriation and irradiated with 8 Gy gamma-ray. The results indicated that Thy-1{sup +} and Thy-1{sup {minus}} cells had a similar S resistant, and G{sub 1}, G{sub 2}M-sensitive radiation cell-age response curve. This study suggests that the selection of radioresistant lung fibroblast may not be responsible for the development of lung fibrosis in irradiated LAF{sub 1} mouse. 16 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.« less
Reversed direct-stress testing of ice: Equipment and example results

Abstract This paper describes in detail a recently developed fixture for performing completely reversed (e.g., tension to compression) uniaxial stress experiments on ice. The device rigidly holds an ice specimen having bonded end caps without loading the specimen or inducing a bending moment. It is self aligning and hydraulically actuated. One of the important and unique features of the system is that it corrects for end-cap misalignment at the end cap rather that at some distance from it. The ideas underlying the design of the system are discussed. The results of a number of experiments are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the device and to illustrate the types of mechanical property information that can be generated using this experimental technique.
The functional morphology of weight bearing: limb joint surface area allometry in anthropoid primates

Biomechanical scaling of long bone joint surface areas was investigated in 13 species of anthropoid primates. It was proposed that joint surface areas should scale with positive allometry with respect to body size in order to maintain relatively constant safety factors for joints in small and large animals and that modifications from the overall pattern of scaling may be expected in the limb joints of species exhibiting specialized locomotor behaviours that radically alter limb loading. Within anthropoids, the brachiating primates, white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), were used to test this hypothesis. Total joint surface areas were found to scale with significant positive allometry in 11 of 12 limb joints. The observed pattern of interspecific allometry supports the hypothesis that weight bearing is a major constraint on the design of joints. This positive interspecific allometry is reflected at the intraspecific level as well, with larger joints of larger species showing significant intraspecific scaling. Suspensory species showed no significant deviations from the overall anthropoid pattern, despite their reduced compressive loading of the limb joints, even after controlling for joint mobility. These results suggest that, while evolutionary changes in locomotor behaviour that produce significant increases in loading of a joint may be accompanied by selection for increased joint surface areas, adoption of locomotor repertoires that reduce limb loading may have no selective effect on joint morphology, and joint design in these cases will reflect the biomechanics of the ancestral locomotor condition.
BALT development and augmentation of hyperoxic lung injury in mice deficient in NQO1 and NQO2.

Abstract NAD(P)H/NRH:quinone oxidoreductases (NQO1 and NQO2) protect against oxidative stress and neoplasia. Cross-breeding of NQO1−/− with NQO2−/− mice generated double-knockout (DKO) mice. DKO mice were born normal yet showed myelogenous hyperplasia as observed in single-knockout mice. DKO mice also showed bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) that increased in number and size with age. BALT was absent in wild-type and single-knockout mice. Further analysis demonstrated infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in BALT and significant increases in the serum cytokines TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β and increased expression of iNOS and higher nitric oxide in lung macrophages. The development of BALT in DKO mice presumably led to the release of cytokines and higher lung macrophage activation, because histologically spleen, thymus, and blood cultures and urine analysis showed absence of infection. Additionally, the DKO mice upon exposure to hyperoxia demonstrated severe intra-alveolar edema and perivascular inflammation and massive infiltration with neutrophils, compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that NQO1 and NQO2 combined protect mice against lung inflammation, BALT, and hyperoxic lung injury.
Analysis of the Gearing-Antigearing Torsional Fundamental Energy Gap in Dimethyl Ether†

Bimethyl rotor molecules, e.g., dimethyl ether (DME) exhibit two kinds of torsion: gearing (rotors turning out-of-phase) and antigearing (rotors turning in-phase). Although it is widely accepted that the fundamental frequencies of these two motions frequently differ by several tens of cm-1, no systematic study of the physical origin of this splitting has been given. We report a series of dimethyl ether gearing/antigearing fundamental frequency splitting calculations where separate consideration of exchange repulsion, delocalization (hyperconjugation) interactions, and nonrotational phase space of the torsional coordinate indicate that the splitting is largely due to hyperconjugation between CH bonds of the two methyl groups. There is an inference that CH bond hyperconjugation is a major cause of the splitting in bimethyl rotor molecules, in general.
Systems approach in massive forming and application to modeling of forging processes

This paper reviews the application of systems approach to massive forming processes. A detailed classification of massive forming processes is given and using impression die forging as an example, the significant process variables and their interactions are systematically discussed. The paper also gives an example in forging, which illustrates the application of the systems approach to modeling of forging, a massive forming process. Finally, the future potential, capabilities and shortcomings of process modeling are discussed and recommendations for future work are made. It is expected that the paper can be useful to the metalforming engineer, active in research or production, who is interested in systematic analysis and design of massive forming processes.
An ultrastructural and morphometric study of the effect of removal of retinal input on the development of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

In normal development, cell layers in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) segregate from a relatively homogeneous cell group. If all retinal input is removed prior to this segregation, the layers fail to form. In the present study, we used ultrastructural and morphometric analyses to study dLGN development in the tree shrew following neonatal removal of retinal input. The goal of the present study was to determine whether there are differences between normal animals and enucleates in the development of dLGN cells and their interrelationships with each other and/or with the surrounding glia, which might explain the failure of cellular lamination in enucleated animals. The results indicate that although the development in enucleated animals may take place somewhat more slowly, by P90 cell size and density are not significantly different from normal. These results, coupled with the observation that the dLGN in enucleates is smaller than in normals, suggest that the removal of retinal input results in dLGN cell loss. At both the light and electron microscopic level, cells in the developing normal dLGN are arranged in bands of immediately adjacent cells. In enucleates, dLGN cells are less frequently in immediate contact and are arranged in small groups or clumps which may be separated by degenerating cells. The present data suggest that the presence of retinal input may be necessary to allow dLGN cells to maintain the intercellular relationships necessary for laminar segregation to take place.
Polarization dependence of the two-photon Franz-Keldysh effect

The effect of a constant electric field on two-photon absorption in a direct band gap semiconductor is calculated using an independent-particle theory. Two band structure models for GaAs are used: a two-band parabolic model and an eight-band $\mathbf{k}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{p}$ model. Both predict a strong dependence of the two-photon electroabsorption spectrum on the polarization of the light with respect to the constant field, in contrast with earlier work. We attribute the polarization dependence to the strong effect of a constant field on intraband dynamics.
Temperature evolution during field activated sintering

Experiments and finite element simulations have been conducted to characterize the temperature distribution in the specimen/die/punch setup and its evolution during field activated sintering. Significant temperature gradients were found in specimen in both radial and axial directions. The punches experience the highest temperatures, while the minimum is on the outer die surface, which is where the temperature is monitored for control purposes. The temperature difference between the specimen and die surface increases with temperature. In order to know the true specimen temperature, a calibration-based correction with respect to the typically used surface temperature is necessary.
Signed Shintani cones for number fields with one complex place

Abstract We give a signed fundamental domain for the action on C ⁎ × R + n − 2 of the totally positive units E ( k ) + of a number field k of degree n and having exactly one pair of complex embeddings. This signed fundamental domain, built of k -rational simplicial cones, is as convenient as a true fundamental domain for the purpose of studying Dedekind zeta functions. However, while there is no general construction of a true fundamental domain, we construct a signed fundamental domain from any set of fundamental units of k .
Toxicity bioassay of heavy metals in water using Tetrahymena pyriformis

Abstract The toxicities of five heavy metal compounds on the survival of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis were determined. Three-day old cultured cells were exposed to five concentrations of each test compound in one or more of three water series; distilled, soft, and hard water. A culture of each sample was placed in a plastic petri dish and covered with mineral oil to prevent evaporation. The cells were counted initially, then again at 0·5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and on the fourth day. Lethal threshold concentrations and tolerance limit medians were determined by graphic methods. On a weight bases cadmium was most toxic, followed in decreasing toxicity by mercury, cobalt, zinc, and lead. Compared to similar fish data, all heavy metals were more toxic to T. pyriformis except lead. The toxicity of lead in soft versus hard water exemplified an antagonistic effect with greater than seven times the amount of lead necessary in hard water to produce comparable mortality as lead in soft water. On the other hand, the toxicity of mercury is about twice as great in hard water as in soft water (a synergistic effect). T. pyriformis appears to be a more sensitive indicator than fish of heavy metal contamination of water. T. pyriformis bioassay should prove a good means of determining the existence of many water pollutants.
Massive band gap variation in layered oxides through cation ordering

Understanding and controlling the electronic band gap of a material is vital for many electronic and optoelectronic applications. Towards this aim, this study shows how huge band gap variations can arise by manipulating the electrostatic interactions via cation ordering in correlated oxide materials.
Genomic and evolutionary analyses of Tango transposons in Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and other mosquito species

Tango is a transposon of the Tc1 family and was originally discovered in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Here we report a systematic analysis of the genome sequence of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti , which uncovered three distinct Tango transposons. We name the only An. gambiae Tango transposon AgTango1 and the three Ae. aegypti Tango elements AeTango1‐3 . Like AgTango1 , AeTango1 and AeTango2 elements both have members that retain characteristics of autonomous elements such as intact open reading frames and terminal inverted repeats (TIRs). AeTango3 is a degenerate transposon with no full-length members. All full-length Tango transposons contain subterminal direct repeats within their TIRs. AgTango1 and AeTango1‐3 form a single clade among other Tc1 transposons. Within this clade, AgTango1 and AeTango1 are closely related and share approximately 80% identity at the amino acid level, which exceeds the level of similarity of the majority of host genes in the two species. A survey of Tango in other mosquito species was carried out using degenerate PCR. Tango was isolated and sequenced in all members of the An. gambiae species complex, Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus atropalpus . Oc. atropalpus contains a rich diversity of Tango elements, while Tango elements in Ae. albopictus and the An. gambiae species complex all belong to Tango1 . No Tango was detected in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus , Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles dirus , Anopheles farauti or Anopheles albimanus using degenerate PCR. Bioinformatic searches of the Cx. p. quinquefasciatus (~10 × coverage) and An. stephensi (0.33 × coverage) databases also failed to uncover any Tango elements. Although other evolutionary scenarios cannot be ruled out, there are indications that Tango1 underwent horizontal transfer among divergent mosquito species.
The evolution of research on disability in old age

Aging Clin Exp Res, Vol. 17, No. 3 165 Assessment of functional status has been formalized in medical practice since Karnofsky proposed an instrument in 1948 to evaluate patients undergoing cancer therapy and in geriatric practice since Katz introduced the activities of daily living (ADL) in 1963 (1, 2). The field grew rapidly and by 1984 Feinstein identified 43 different indexes of ADL for use in patient care and population research (3). In the two decades since then the field has flourished, with widespread utilization of functional status instruments in surveys of the older population, epidemiologic studies, clinical research, randomized controlled trials and clinical practice. This issue of the Journal has a variety of articles that demonstrate that the field of disability research is alive and well, with many exciting innovations. The issue can be viewed as a microcosm of the kinds of research being widely done in the field of disability and therefore serves as an excellent basis for reviewing these varied applications. We find here examples of how functional assessment plays an important role in public health, prevention, clinical care, and improving our basic understanding of the mechanisms whereby disease leads to disability. An impressive aspect that speaks to the vitality of the field is the wide geographic origin of the disability-related papers in this issue alone, with investigators from Japan, Taiwan, the US, Germany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Norway, and Belgium making contributions. An important function of public health is to evaluate the population’s health status and track changes in important conditions. Assembling data on total and causespecific mortality, disease incidence and health care utilization is an important part of this effort, but characterizing the disability status of the older population adds an important dimension to what the disease and death statistics tell us. Downward trends in disability prevalence have been documented in several countries and, in this issue, Peres et al. present strong evidence that mobility and instrumental ADLs, but not ADLs, have The evolution of research on disability in old age