cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water Transfer from Soil to Seed

Mixed solid-water-gas media such as soil can supply water to a dry object as both liquid and vapor. Modelers and agricultural engineers have commonly assumed liquid transport dominates imbibition by seed. This study tests the hypothesis that vapor is the major source of water for imbibition under normal soil moisture conditions. Water uptake was measured under varying degrees of seed-soil contact. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were suspended in holes in blocks of moist soil (average water potential -0.16 MPa). Hole diameter varied from 13 to 0 mm (no hole), so that the distance between the moist soil and the seed varied from a maximum of 5 mm to intimate seed-soil contact. The amount of water absorbed by seed in 24 h increased from 15 to 17 mg seed -1 as seed-soil contact increased from none to maximum contact, indicating that at least 85% of the water absorbed by seed in intimate seed-soil contact could be attributed to vapor alone. Reevaluation of the role of vapor transport should result in improved multiphase transport models in soil and other media.
Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: A case-control study of 340 patients

Abstract Lichen planus (LP) has been associated with liver disease, particularly hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, in several studies to date. Most of these reports, especially the larger series, were conducted in Europe. In addition, the type of LP associated with HCV was reported to be oral LP in most studies. We conducted a case-control study in a US metropolitan population known to have a low seroprevalence of HCV infection to explore the impact of geography and endemicity of HCV on the association between cutaneous LP and HCV. The study comprised 340 patients with cutaneous LP (as case ) against 577 patients with psoriasis (as control-1 ). Hepatitis antibody titers and liver function abnormalities were our main outcome measures. Prevalence of HCV antibody among 149,756 regional volunteer blood donors (as control-2 ) was also used for comparison. Twelve (55%) of 22 patients with LP tested for HCV were antibody positive. This was significantly higher than 25% of 40 psoriasis patients tested for HCV antibody ( P = .04) or than 0.17% of blood donors tested for HCV antibody ( P –5 ). Thus a small but significant percentage of US patients with cutaneous LP had HCV antibody. Because LP may be the first presentation of HCV infection, it is important for clinicians to actively look for such infection in patients with LP. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:787-9.)
Some proofs of data refinement

Abstract Three examples of data refinement—replacement of an abstract program fragment and its variables by a more concrete fragment and variables—are presented. Correctness conditions for each refinement are derived using the proof rules of Prins⧸Gries, Morris⧸Morgan⧸Gardiner, and Chen⧸Udding. The proof methods are then compared.
Basal cell carcinoma of penis

Abstract Basal cell carcinoma, common in the head and neck region, rarely occurs on the penis. We report here a case of primary basal cell carcinoma of the penis in a fifty-five-year-old man, apparently representing the eleventh reported case. Review of the literature indicates that most penile basal cell carcinomas were located on the shaft and that the age, race, and other clinicopathologic features were comparable to basal cell carcinomas of other sites. The rarity of penile basal cell carcinomas is probably due in part to the low exposure of this region to sunlight and other predisposing factors. Interestingly, of the 9 reported cases of penile basal cell carcinoma with available information, 6 were associated with local conditions which could have played a predisposing role.
Applicability of cognitive adaptation theory to predicting adjustment to heart disease after coronary angioplasty.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether cognitive adaptation theory (i.e., cognitively responding to challenges to world assumptions) would predict positive adjustment to heart disease in the face of a recurrent event. Men and women who were treated for a coronary event with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (N = 278) were interviewed in the hospital and then 6 months later. Indicators of cognitive adaptation theory (self-esteem, optimism, mastery) and adjustment were assessed. In general, cognitive adaptation indicators predicted positive adjustment, sometimes showing stronger relations for those who faced a recurrent event. In addition, patients' cognitions were robust over time, meaning that they were not affected by recurrent events. Patients' beliefs about the angioplasty decision, however, showed differential relations to adjustment, depending on whether they sustained a recurrence.
Estrogen modulates the mRNA levels for cancellous bone protein of ovariectomized rats

Abstract This study was undertaken to examine the effects of ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol (E2) on the gene expression of type 1 collagen, osteocalcin and the protooncogen, c-myc, in cancellous bone. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 95 days, were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was sham operated and Groups 2–4 were ovariectomized. Groups 3 and 4 received daily injections of 160 ng and 1600 ng E2/kg body weight, respectively. Groups 1 and 2 received the solvent vehicle. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days. The femurs were dissected out and cancellous bone scraped from the distal metaphysis. RNA was isolated from the cancellous bone, immobilized on filters or size-fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis and adsorbed on filters which were then hybridized with specific cDNA probes. Ovariectomy resulted in a significant increase in the mRNAs of type 1 collagen, osteocalcin and c-myc. The increase was suppressed in animals that received 17β-estradiol injections. In addition, ovariectomy caused the expected decrease in cancellous bone in the proximal tibia and increased osteoclast and osteoblast numbers. The ovariectomy-induced changes were prevented by 17β-estradiol administration. These findings suggest that the lack of ovarian hormones shortly after ovariectomy up-regulates and estrogen administration down-regulates the expression of important cancellous bone matrix proteins as well as the protooncogen, c-myc.
Kinetics of nanocolloids in the aligned domain of octylcyanobiphenyl and aerosil dispersion

In this study we explore the interesting kinetics of nanocolloids formed by the solvent dispersion method (SDM) in an aligned matrix of octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB) liquid crystals and aerosil nanoparticles. The presence of alignment changes the behaviour of the induced crystallisation (IC), and melting transition (K–SmA) observed in the aligned nanocolloidal liquid crystal samples when compared with unaligned samples. Heating‐rate‐dependent experiments were performed for the aligned and unaligned samples at various heating ramp rates varied from 20 to 1 K min−1 using a calorimetric technique. In the aligned samples, the IC transition peak shifts towards higher temperature, whereas the melting transition peak shifts towards lower temperature. The IC peak shows an increase in enthalpy whereas the melting transition shows a decrease following an Arrhenius behaviour. The presence of alignment increases the activated kinetics of the system. This behaviour can be explained in terms of molecular interaction between...
Coping, psychological adjustment, and complementary and alternative medicine use in persons living with hiv and aids

Abstract Many HIV-positive individuals dissatisfied with allopathic approaches to disease management have turned to complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). Although people use CAM for a variety of reasons (e.g., symptom management, holistic approach towards healthcare, improved immunity), the psychological benefits that these treatments may have are still not fully understood. The present study was designed to further previous research that demonstrated relationships between CAM use, stress appraisals, and coping behaviors. HIV-positive individuals (N= 127) completed measures assessing stress appraisals, coping, psychological adjustment, satisfaction with life, and immune functioning. After controlling for ethnicity and sexual orientation, stress appraisals and coping behaviors were found to be related to CAM use. Further, curvilinear relationships between CAM use and adjustment emerged, suggesting that some CAM use may be adaptive. Self-reported immune measures were unrelated to CAM use. In all, i...
When Sensitive IT Information Crosses Borders

The seizure of information-bearing devices at the US border generates ethical challenges for organizations and their employees as well as government agencies and their employees. Organizations and government agencies can reduce the problems associated with these seizures by following specific policies and procedures. On one hand, agencies enforcing policies that might involve legal but proprietary information should be open about their policies and their effectiveness, but on the other, organizations should take care to protect their sensitive information and to not put their employees in difficult no-win situations when traveling outside the country.
A one-shot domain-independent robust multimedia clustering methodology based on hybrid multimodal fusion

The existence of multiple modalities poses a challenge to the design of multimedia data clustering systems, as the unsupervised nature of the problem makes it very difficult to determine a priori whether a single modality should dominate the clustering process, or if modalities should be combined somehow. In order to fight against these indeterminacies--which come on top of those referring to the selection of the optimal clustering algorithm and data representation for the problem at hand---, this work introduces robust multimedia clustering, a one-shot methodology for domain independent multimedia data clustering based on hybrid multimodal fusion. By means of experimentation, we firstly justify the motivation of the proposed methodology by proving the relevance of multimedia clustering indeterminacies. Subsequently, a specific multimedia clustering system based on the requirements of the methodology is implemented and evaluated on three multimedia clustering applications--music genres, photographic topics and audio-visual objects classification--as a proof of concept, analyzing the quality of the obtained partitions and the time complexity of the proposal. The experimental results reveal that the implemented system, which includes a self-refining consensus clustering procedure for attaining high levels of robustness, allows to obtain, in a fully unsupervised manner, better quality partitions than 93 % of the clusterers available in our experiments, being even able to improve the quality of the best ones and outperforming state-of-the-art alternatives.
In Rehearsal: Complicating Authority in Undergraduate Critical-Inquiry Classrooms:

If we in teacher education want emerging teachers to inquire into the complexities of authority and to reimagine how it might operate in schools, then we need firsthand experience troubling it in our own classrooms. To this end, we - three reading education professors - problematized our classroom authority as we sought to enact critical inquiries with preservice teachers. In this qualitative study, our contention is that preservice teachers, in addition to eventually having to manage curriculum, must also face the reality of having to function as authority figures while still maintaining a classroom conducive to meaning making. However, in order to interrupt their traditional images of teacher as authority figure, they need to experience contrasting images. This article provides three lenses through which to explore how authority can be reimagined in critical-inquiry reading education courses.
Ethnic differences in worry in a nonclinical population.

The present study examined ethnic differences in worry in a college student population. No differences were found between Caucasians, African Americans, and Asian Americans in pathological worry as measured by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) or in the frequency with which they met self-report criteria for generalized anxiety disorder on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire for DSM-IV (GAD-Q-IV). Groups differed in Worry Domains Questionnaire (WDQ) total scores and on all WDQ domain subscales except for the Financial domain. Within ethnic groups, Caucasians and African Americans experienced variations in intensity of worry across the specific domains, but Asian Americans did not. These results suggest that ethnic groups may differ from each other in the degree to which they worry and in the breadth of their concerns. Further examination of ethnic differences and worry (and anxiety more generally) is suggested.
Using Informal Classroom Observations to Improve Instruction.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to describe the variability of principals' classroom observations across schools and to relate classroom observations to the schools' instructional climate. This helps identify the conditions under which classroom observations effectively improve instruction in some schools and not in other schools.Design/methodology/approach – Data for the study are from surveys from principals (n=319) and teachers (n=15,818) matched to administrative data on principals and schools. Data are analyzed using factor analysis, latent class analysis, and regression.Findings – There is no evidence that the frequency, duration, or instructional focus of classroom observations varies across schools with different student demographic characteristics or student performance levels. There is also no evidence that the frequency or duration of conducting classroom observations relates to the instructional climate of the school. However, there is evidence that conducting observations with a focus ...
XPS analysis of oleylamine/oleic acid capped Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a function of temperature

Abstract Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized solvothermally using oleylamine and oleic acid as surfactants, and the surface composition was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a function of temperature, from the as-synthesized nanoparticles to those annealed under vacuum at 883K. XPS of the as-synthesized nanoparticles was consistent with a surface composition of stoichiometric Fe3O4 capped with a mixture of monodentate carboxylate and chemisorbed amine, although the surface was enriched in carboxylate over that present in the synthesis reaction concentration. The method of synthesis and capping surfactants effectively protect the nanoparticle surface from detectable hydroxylation. The capped nanoparticle is stable for 24 h at 373K, and the capping agents persist to 523K, at which point the oleylamine decomposes to desorb nitrogen and deposit aliphatic carbon from the capping tail. The carboxylate decomposes over a wider range and at 883K some carboxylate remains on the surface. The iron oxide nanoparticle undergoes substantial reduction as the aliphatic capping tail decomposes. While the as-introduced nanoparticle is essentially Fe3O4, reduction to FeO, Fe and Fe3C occurs sequentially as the nanoparticle is heated to higher temperatures.
Assessment of Knowledge of Major Reproductive Cancers, Early Detection Measures and Associated Factors Among Women of Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia, 2010

Results Of all the respondents, 495 (78.7%) had heard about cervical cancer and only 195 (39.4%) were knowledgeable about the disease. Regarding knowledge of breast cancer, 560 (89%) hadheard about it, and 284 (50.7%) were knowledgeable. Few119(18.9%) women had undergone pelvic examination, and only 13(2%) of them reported screening as a reason for the pelvic examination. About one fourth 163(25.9%) examined their breasts at least once per month or year.
Isotopes in North American Rocky Mountain Snowpack 1993–2014

Abstract We present ∼1300 new isotopic measurements (δ 18 O and δ 2 H) from a network of snowpack sites in the Rocky Mountains that have been sampled since 1993. The network includes 177 locations where depth-integrated snow samples are collected each spring near peak accumulation. At 57 of these locations snowpack samples were obtained for 10–21 years and their isotopic measurements provide unprecedented spatial and temporal documentation of snowpack isotope values at mid-latitudes. For environments where snowfall accounts for the majority of annual precipitation, snowmelt is likely to have the strongest influence on isotope values retained in proxy archives. In this first presentation of the dataset we (1) describe the basic features of the isotope values in relation to the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL), (2) evaluate space for time substitutions traditionally used to establish δ 18 O-temperature relations, (3) evaluate site-to-site similarities across the network and identify those that are the most regionally representative, (4) examine atmospheric circulation patterns for several years with spatially coherent isotope patterns, and (5) provide examples of the implications this new dataset has for interpreting paleoclimate records (Bison Lake, Colorado and Minnetonka Cave, Idaho). Results indicate that snowpack δ 18 O is rarely a simple proxy of temperature. Instead, it exhibits a high degree of spatial heterogeneity and temporal variance that reflect additional processes such as vapor transport and post-depositional modification. Despite these complexities we identify consistent climate-isotope patterns and regionally representative locations that serve to better define Holocene hydroclimate estimates and their uncertainty. Climate change has and will affect western U.S. snowpack and we suggest these changes can be better understood and anticipated by oxygen and hydrogen isotope-based reconstructions of Holocene hydroclimate using a process-based understanding of the controls on snowpack isotope ratios.
Functional Domains for Assembly of Histones H3 and H4 into the Chromatin of Xenopus Embryos

Histones H3 and H4 have a well defined structural role in the nucleosome and an established role in the regulation of transcription. We have made use of a microinjection strategy using Xenopus embryos to define the minimal structural components of H3 and H4 necessary for nucleosome assembly into metazoan chromosomes in vivo. We find that both the N-terminal tail of H4, including all sites of acetylation, and the C-terminal α-helix of the H4 histone fold domain are dispensable for chromatin assembly. The N-terminal tail and an N-terminal α-helix of H3 are also dispensable for chromatin assembly. However, the remainder of the H3 and H4 histone folds are essential for incorporation of these proteins into chromatin. We suggest that elements of the histone fold domain maintain both nucleosomal integrity and have distinct functions essential for cell viability.
DETERMINATION OF COLLAGEN CROSSLINKS IN ROCKFISH SKELETAL MUSCLE

The low collagen content in fish muscle makes the quantitative analysis of collagen crosslinks difficult. We have developed a method for the quantitative determination of reducible difunctional collagen crosslinks in samples containing as little as 0.5 picomoles of crosslink per microgram of hydroxyproline. The low collagen-containing tissue is first enriched by removing most of the non-collagenous protein with cold sodium hydroxide solution. The lyophilized alkali-insoluble extract is then reduced with NaB3H4 and acid-hydrolyzed. Initial fractionation of hydrolysates on a Bio-Gel P-2 gel filtration column provides partial separation of components with a sharp peak of radioactivity containing more than 90% of the difunctional crosslinks. This peak is ultimately analyzed by HPLC for the quantitative determination of specific difunctional crosslinks. This method has been used to show that the difunctional crosslink composition of muscle collagen from two species of Pacific rockfish differs quantitatively from each other and from that of rat tail tendon.
Lowering reperfusion pressure reduces the injury after pulmonary ischemia

Abstract Background . Controlled reperfusion with a modified solution limits pulmonary injury following ischemia. Our initial studies infused this modified reperfusate at a pressure of 40 to 50 mm Hg to insure distribution. However, perhaps a lower pressure, which is closer to the normal physiologic pressure in the lung, would improve results by decreasing sheer stress. Methods . Fifteen adult pigs underwent 2 hours of lung ischemia by clamping the left bronchus and pulmonary artery. Five (group 1) then underwent uncontrolled reperfusion by removing the vascular clamps and allowing unmodified blood to reperfuse the lung at a pulmonary artery pressure of 20 to 30 mm Hg. The other 10 pigs underwent controlled reperfusion by mixing blood from the femoral artery with a crystalloid solution, and infusing this modified reperfusate into the ischemic lung through the pulmonary artery for 10 minutes before removing the arterial clamp. In 5 (group 2), the modified solution was infused at a pressure of 40 to 50 mm Hg, and in 5 (group 3) 20 to 30 mm Hg. Lung function was assessed 60 minutes after reperfusion and expressed as percentage of control. Results . Compared to uncontrolled reperfusion (group 1), controlled reperfusion at a pressure of 40 to 50 mm Hg (group 2) significantly improved postreperfusion pulmonary compliance (77% versus 86%; p p p p p p p p p Conclusions . After 2 hours of pulmonary ischemia, a severe lung injury occurs following uncontrolled reperfusion, controlled reperfusion with a modified solution reduces this reperfusion injury, and lowering the pressure of the modified reperfusate to more physiologic levels (20 to 30 mm Hg) further reduces the reperfusion injury improving pulmonary function.
Wegener's granulomatosis and mucous membrane pemphigoid: a diagnostic challenge of coexisting autoimmune disease

Wegener's granulomatosis and mucous membrane pemphigoid: a diagnostic challenge of coexisting autoimmune disease
C1-C4 hydrocarbons in hydrothermal gases

Twenty-two gas samples from Yellowstone National Park have been analyzed for C1–C4 hydrocarbons. All five alkanes in the sequence were identified, two alkenes were identified, and no alkynes were observed. The molecular species present in those samples and the quantitative distribution of those species seems more consistent with an organic orgin (e.g. the thermal degradation of kerogen. etc.) for the hydrothermal gases than with the non-biological production of methane (CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O) followed by pyrolysis. The latter possibility cannot be completely eliminated, however, since the conditions of reaction are not well known.
Thermochemistry of sulfide liquids. II. Associated solution model for sulfide liquids in the system O-S-Fe

We present a new formulation to describe the thermodynamics of liquids in the system O-S-Fe. The model is based on an associated regular solution formulation. According to this model, liquids in the O-S-Fe ternary are made up of an equilibrium solution of the six melt species S, Fe, FeO, FeO1.5, FeS and FeOS. The model presented here represents oxygen and sulfur fugacities as well as phase equilibria with stoichiometric solid phases better than models from the literature on O-Fe and S-Fe binaries. Furthermore, this model represents a substantial improvement on the model of Kress (1997), which is the only other thermodynamic model available in the ternary system. Asymmetric regular solution parameters are required along the FeO join in order to reproduce experimental data with the chosen list of species. Symmetric regular solution parameters are required along the Fe-S binary. Mixing between any of the species considered and FeOS close to ideal. The associated solution model presented here will serve as a more solid foundation for future models in O-S-Fe- Ni-Cu liquids. Efficient and robust strategies for calculating equilibrium speciation and estimating model parameters are presented.
Dual TCR T cells: gaining entry into the periphery.

T cells bearing two different TCRs can be detrimental because the unselected TCR has the potential to cause autoimmunity. Evidence is now emerging that the unselected TCR may also be beneficial by expanding the TCR repertoire for foreign antigens.
Working memory performance among childhood brain tumor survivors.

While longitudinal studies of children treated for brain tumors have consistently revealed declines on measures of intellectual functioning, greater specification of cognitive changes following treatment is imperative for isolating vulnerable neural systems and developing targeted interventions. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study evaluated the performance of childhood brain tumor survivors (n = 50) treated with conformal radiation therapy, solid tumor survivors (n = 40) who had not received central nervous system (CNS) -directed therapy, and healthy sibling controls (n = 40) on measures of working memory [Digit Span and computerized self-ordered search (SOS) tasks]. Findings revealed childhood brain tumor survivors were impaired on both traditional [Digit Span Backward- F(2,127)= 5.98; p < .01] and experimental [SOS-Verbal- F(2,124)= 4.18; p < .05; SOS-Object- F(2,126)= 5.29; p < .01] measures of working memory, and performance on working memory measures correlated with intellectual functioning (Digit Span Backward- r = .45; p < .0001; SOS- r = −.32 to −.26; p < .01). Comparison of performance on working memory tasks to recognition memory tasks (computerized delayed match-to-sample) offered some support for greater working memory impairment. This pattern of findings is consistent with vulnerability in functional networks that include prefrontal brain regions and has implications for the clinical management of children with brain tumors. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
Classifier performance model for the many-class case

A model is presented for predicting classification performance for systems having a large population of classes. The cases of large and small training set size for each class are treated separately. A method is proposed for measuring classification performance as the mean ranking statistic (rho) E which is derived from the average information content hE of the system feature vector, which is in turn derived from the system covariance matrices ((Sigma) W, (Sigma) B). This method for predicting (rho) E is applied to the large training set case (case 1), explaining why performance is not compromised but improved by adding noisy features. The method is extended for predicting performance in the more difficult small training set case (case 2), explaining why performance may be compromised by the addition of noisy features in that situation.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Legitimacy and the Privatization of Environmental Governance: How Non-State Market-Driven (NSMD) Governance Systems Gain Rule-Making Authority

In recent years, transnational and domestic nongovernmental organizations have created non–state market–driven (NSMD) governance systems whose purpose is to develop and implement environmentally and socially responsible management practices. Eschewing traditional state authority, these systems and their supporters have turned to the market’s supply chain to create incentives and force companies to comply. This paper develops an analytical framework designed to understand better the emergence of NSMD governance systems and the conditions under which they may gain authority to create policy. Its theoretical roots draw on pragmatic, moral, and cognitive legitimacy granting distinctions made within organizational sociology, while its empirical focus is on the case of sustainable forestry certification, arguably the most advanced case of NSMD governance globally. The paper argues that such a framework is needed to assess whether these new private governance systems might ultimately challenge existing state–centered authority and public policy–making processes, and in so doing reshape power relations within domestic and global environmental governance.
Trends in sun exposure knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors : 1986 to 1996

Abstract Background: The American Academy of Dermatology's national program Melanoma/Skin Cancer Detection and Prevention, developed in response to the rising incidence of invasive melanoma in the United States, has annually during the past decade produced extensive print, radio, and television coverage about the dangers of sun exposure and benefits of sun protection. Objective: We measured the progress achieved in increasing the awareness and knowledge of skin cancer and changing the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that affect skin cancer risk. We also describe current sun-related behavior including sunburning, assess the likelihood of practicing sun protection strategies, and provide a baseline against which future changes in sun protection behavior may be evaluated. Methods: A 1996 telephone survey repeated questions used in 1986 to evaluate change and used classifying questions to better define attitudes and behaviors. Results: From 1986 to 1996, the knowledge of the perceived harmful effects of the sun significantly broadened, but the UV exposure behavior as measured by sunburning (30% to 39%) and regular use of a tanning booth (2% to 6%) also increased. There was a decline in the attitude that having a tan was healthy; however, in 1996 having a tan was still considered to enhance appearance, particularly by men. Sunscreen use increased (35% to 53%). Women, younger persons, persons residing in areas with fewer sunny days, and whites were more likely to tan intentionally, but men who lived in the South were more likely to sunburn. Conclusion: During the past decade, the early process of change involving cognitive and emotional activities began. With this study, high-risk population subsets performing specific adverse behavior were identified. In the future, they can be targeted with messages that promote attitudinal and behavioral change. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:179-86.)
FAILURE OF INTEROCULAR TRANSFER OF BRIGHTNESS DISCRIMINATION.

EXPERIMENTAL evidence has now established that, with food reward training and testing, an intact corpus callosum is necessary to mediate the interocular transfer of most visual pattern discriminations in cats1,2 and monkeys3 with mid-sagittal section of the optic chiasm. In these animals with surgical interruption of both the optic chiasm and the corpus callosum, visual pattern discriminations learned initially through one eye must be relearned when the untrained eye is tested alone. On the other hand, the interocular transfer of a simple brightness or flux discrimination is apparently complete in these same cats4 and monkeys5 with mid-sagittal section of both the optic chiasm and the corpus callosum. Since these latter results suggest that commissures other than the corpus callosum can mediate the transfer of this type of visual learning, this experiment was designed to attempt to prevent the interocular transfer of a simple brightness or flux discrimination by sectioning other forebrain and midbrain commissures in addition to the optic chiasm and the corpus callosum.
Electrical conductivity in an extremely thin single crystal

Abstract Size effect quantization has been shown to cause a sharp deviation from Fuchs equation. Crystals of Bi 8 Te 7 S 5 have atomically smooth surfaces, and their thicknesses are known to the exact number of atoms. In these crystals the number of possible values for the Fermi momentum is limited.
Synthesis of macrocyclic polystyrene‐polydimethylsiloxane block copolymers

A series of macrocyclic polystyrene (PS)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) block copolymers and similar block copolymers was synthesized by sequential polymerization of styrene and hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane (D3) initiated by a difunctional anionic initiator in THF at −78° followed by coupling with Cl2SiMe2 in very dilute (10−5 – 10−6 M) solutions. Total molecular weights ranged from about 2–85 × 103. The formation of monodisperse macrocyclic block copolymers was indicated by the lower (15–30%) hydrodynamic volume of the rings compared to that of the linear block copolymers. Carbon-13 and 29Si NMR likewise supported the absence of linear polymer in the macrocyclic block copolymer. The behavior of second virial coefficient A2 of the rings and the linears versus temperature was examined by static light scattering in cyclohexane. Below 20° the A2 for the linear polymer goes negative while that for the cycle remains positive. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) as a function of temperature also reflects that the cyclic polymers remain well solvated even down to 12°C. The DLS autocorrelation functions for the linear triblock however demonstrate the onset of aggregation and phase separation as the temperature is reduced below 20°C.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of 1,4-Benzodiazepine-2,5-diones. Library Preparation and Demonstration of Synthesis Generality

A general and expedient method has been developed for the solid-phase synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones 1 from three commercially available components; anthranilic acids, α-amino esters, and alkylating agents. Reaction conditions have been developed to prepare either racemic compounds for lead identification efforts or optically pure compounds for lead optimization efforts. The incorporation of diverse functionality into the benzodiazepine products has also been demonstrated. On the basis of the scope and generality of the synthesis sequence, a library of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones has been prepared from 11 alkylating agents, 12 anthranilic acids, and 19 α-amino esters (nine sets of enantiomeric pairs and glycine methyl ester hydrochloride). The library was prepared in a spatially separate format using a microtiter-based apparatus that is inexpensive and straightforward to construct from ordinary items found in an organic or bioorganic laboratory. The high quality of the 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5...
High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescent females not having pelvic examinations: utility of PCR-based urine screening in urban adolescent clinic setting.

Purpose: To determine utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based urine screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in the care of adolescent females in an urban clinic. Methods: Females ≥15 years of age attending an adolescent clinic were approached consecutively. Each enrollee was interviewed to determine the primary reason(s) for the clinic visit and was queried about genitourinary symptoms. Nonsterile voided urine specimens were tested for C. trachomatis using PCR-based analysis. Endocervical C. trachomatis cultures were obtained from the subjects who had a pelvic examination. Main outcome measures were chlamydia infection rates in clinic attendees whether a pelvic examination was performed or not. Results: A total of 315 (99.4%) of 317 patients approached agreed to participate. Overall, 47 (14.9%) patients had positive urine PCR tests. The chlamydia infection rate detected by urine PCR was 22.1% (19 of 86) among those who had pelvic examinations performed and 12.2% (28 of 229) among those who did not ( p = .03; odds ratio 2.04; 95% confidence interval 1.02, 4.06). Sixty percent (28 of 47) of chlamydia infections identified during the study period were identified by the urine screening test. Conclusion: Urine screening was accepted by vast majority of female adolescents attending the clinic irrespective of reason for the clinic visit, and was highly effective in identifying unsuspected C. trachomatis infections, particularly among girls attending the clinic for reasons unrelated to reproductive health care and as an interim screening tool for adolescent family-planning clients.
cAMP regulation of cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum and the role of the cAMP receptor.

The ability of N 6 -(aminohexyl)-adenosine-3′:5′-monophosphate to mimic the actions of cAMP on cell differentiation and chemotaxis was investigated. This cAMP derivative, referred to as “hexyl-cAMP”, could effectively stimulate the differentiation to aggregation competence of wild-type cells and induce this state in several aggregation-minus mutants when administered in the form of pulses. The single addition of high concentrations of this analog to starved cells could, as does cAMP, induce cAMP phosphodiesterase and delay the appearance of the cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Unlike cAMP, however, hexyl-cAMP does not appear to bind to the cell surface cAMP receptor, as determined by binding studies with [ 3 H]hexyl-cAMP or the ability of the nonradioactive product to compete for [ 3 H]cAMP binding to cells. Correspondingly, hexyl-cAMP did not induced the down regulation of the cAMP receptor, nor did it elicit a chemotactic response from starved cells. The data are discussed in terms of the role of the cAMP receptor in mediating the cell's responses to external cAMP.
Solvent free triglyceride synthesis using lipozymeTM IM-20

The synthesis of triglycerides using LipozymeTM IM-20 (Mucor miehei lipase immobilized on weak anion exchange resins by Novo) is described. Use of pure substrates in stoichiometric amounts in the absence of any organic solvent enables high conversion to be obtained with the addition of molecular sieves to remove water produced by the reaction.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF TWO-PHASE MECHANICAL SEALS

A mathematical model to predict the dynamic behavior of two-phase mechanical seals, including the effects of thermal coning and face contact but, neglecting squeeze film effects, has been constructed. Numerical results for a representative seal indicate that such a seal is sensitive to finite disturbances which can trigger an oscillatory instability, even when operating at an equilibrium point with positive stiffness. Presented at the 45th Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado May 7–10, 1990
Main Street in Crisis: The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains

This study of class during the Great Depression is the first to examine a relatively neglected geographical area, the northern plains states of North and South Dakota, from a social and cultural perspective. Surveying the values and ideals of the old middle class -- independent shopkeepers, artisans, professionals, and farmers -- Catherine Stock presents a picture of Dakotans' cultural life in the 1920s and 1930s and tells of their efforts to come to terms with the enormous social change brought about by the New Deal. According to Stock, the depression not only destroyed Dakotans' economic foundations but also bankrupted their community organizations and undermined theirsocial relations. She shows that Dakotans' social values, characterized by notions of neighborliness, loyalty, hard wok, upright character, and individual enterprise, were threatedened first by devastating drought and subsequent economic collapse and then by massive relief efforts and governmental intervention on an unprecedented scale. By 1940, one-third of all farmers who owned their land had lost it to foreclosure, and the federal government had spent nearly half a billion dollars to aid the region. Stock argues that to Dakotans, the New Deal offered a trade-off between autonomy, community, and local control, on the one hand, and survival itself on the other. Dakotans, ambivalent toward "progress," feared not only for their land, their businesses, their families, and their communities; they feared for the survival of a way of life. They responded, says Stock, by working to make sense of the new world and find renewed meaning in the old. Consulting varied sources such as diaries, autobiographies, oral histories, and newspaper accounts, Stock includes women's voices as well as men's. She integrates female perspectives on farm life and old-middle-class community into the narrative as a whole and devotes a separate chapter to women's experiences of the upheavals produced by the Great Depression and the New Deal.
Effects of conditioned-stimulus familiarization on instrumental learning in children☆

Abstract Sixty kindergarten-aged children were exposed during a familiarization phase to 40 presentations of either a light or a buzzer stimulus. The S s were then given 50 trials on an instrumental conditioning task in which the familiarized stimulus (i.e., the light for half the S s, the buzzer for the remaining S s) served as the CS on half the trials, the other (“novel”) stimulus constituting the CS on the remaining trials. The major finding was that starting speeds in response to the novel stimulus were significantly faster than those in response to the familiar stimulus. There was a suggestion in the data that this effect occurred primarily in the auditory modality, but the interaction between novelty-familiarity and sense modality was not statistically significant. A comparable effect was not found in the movement speed data. Alternative interpretations of the starting speed findings were mentioned.
Windows and domes: past, present, and future

For the past 15 years, the SPIE Window and Dome Technologies and Materials Conferences have been a community focal point for dissemination of information on the state of the art in materials, properties, and design, evaluation, and test methods for high-performance windows. This paper reviews developments over that time, the current state of window development, and future expectations. Examples are used to illustrate both progress and the need for continued development.
Evaluating the risks in acquisition

Abstract This paper aims to illustrate the role of strategic risk analysis in the process of policy dialogue. An example of a new product diversification demonstrates the role of risk analysis in clarifying problem assumptions and in understanding the impact of uncertainty on decision-making. Risk analysis is seen as an adjunct and aid to problem formulation and resolution and not an end in itself.
Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the recA gene of Legionella pneumophila.

Summary: Interspecific complementation of an Escherichia coli recA mutant with a Legionella pneumophila genomic library was used to identify a recombinant plasmid encoding the L. pneumophila recA gene. Recombinant E. coli strains harbouring the L. pneumophila recA gene were isolated by replica-plating bacterial colonies on medium containing methyl methanesulphonate (MMS). MMS-resistant clones were identified as encoding the L. pneumophila recA analogue by their ability to protect E. coli HB101 from UV exposure and promote homologous recombination. Subcloning of selected restriction fragments and Tn5 mutagenesis localized the recA gene to a 1·7 kb BglII-EcoRI fragment. Analysis of minicell preparations harbouring a 1·9 kb EcoRI fragment containing the recA coding segment revealed a single 37·5 kDa protein. Insertional inactivation of the cloned recA gene by Tn5 resulted in the disappearance of the 37·5 kDa protein, concomitant with the loss of RecA function. The L. pneumophila recA gene product did not promote induction of a δ lysogen; instead, the presence of the heterologous recA gene caused a significant reduction in spontaneous and mitomycin-C-induced prophage induction in recA + and recA E. coli backgrounds. Despite the lack of significant genetic homology between the L. pneumophila recA gene and the E. coli counterpart, the L. pneumophila RecA protein was nearly identical to that of E. coli in molecular mass, and the two proteins showed antigenic cross-reactivity. Western blot analysis of UV-treated L. pneumophila revealed a significant increase in RecA antigen in irradiated versus control cells, suggesting that the L. pneumophila recA gene is regulated in a manner similar to that of E. coli recA.
Harvesting autologous fascia lata for pelvic reconstructive surgery: techniques and morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine donor site morbidity associated with harvesting of fascia lata. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed medical records and evaluated responses to mailed questionnaires from all patients who underwent fascia lata harvesting during a 54-month period. Data were collected about immediate complications and long-term morbidity related to the donor site. RESULTS: The study comprised 71 patients. Immediate postoperative complications were limited to 1 (1%) hematoma that required drainage, 2 (3%) seromas, and 5 (7%) cases of cellulitis that required oral antibiotics. Questionnaire response rate was 77%, with a mean follow-up of 25 months. Of the responders, 22 (40%) reported mild symptoms, 3 (5%) reported clinically significant symptoms related to the donor leg, and 7 (13%) expressed dissatisfaction because of unacceptable cosmesis (n = 5), leg discomfort (n = 5), or both. CONCLUSION: There was little immediate postoperative morbidity. Although many patients may be expected to report long-term symptoms related to the donor leg, these symptoms are generally mild, and the incidence of patient dissatisfaction is relatively low.
Survival of Captive, Parent‐Reared Mississippi Sandhill Cranes Released on a Refuge*

Valentine et al. (1976) proposed release of captive, parent-reared Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla) to augment the endangered wild population. Field testing of the proposal was first attempted with a nonendangered subspecies, the Florida sandhill crane (G. c. pratensis), in Florida. None of the 17 handreared released cranes survived more than a few months, but a single parent-reared released crane survived at least three years (Nesbitt 1979). Results of a second field test with another nonendangered subspecies in Idaho were more favorable. Seven of 11 captive parentreared greater sandhill cranes (G. c. tabida) integrated successfully with wild cranes and migrated south; one of the seven was later seen on the wintering grounds (Drewien et al. 1981). Longer term postrelease survival studies of captive, parent-reared sandhill cranes have not been reported. We present survival data and mortality causes for captive, parent-reared Mississippi sandhill cranes after six years of annual releases on a refuge.
Clamping Methods for Tensile Test of Carbon Fiber Strand

Clamping methods for evaluating tensile properties of carbon fibers in a form of strand were studied. When clamped with the three-plates aluminum tab and loaded through pins, the strand specimens i...
Exploring Complexity in a Human–Environment System: An Agent-Based Spatial Model for Multidisciplinary and Multiscale Integration

Abstract Traditional approaches to studying human–environment interactions often ignore individual-level information, do not account for complexities, or fail to integrate cross-scale or cross-discipline data and methods, thus, in many situations, resulting in a great loss in predictive or explanatory power. This article reports on the development, implementation, validation, and results of an agent-based spatial model that addresses such issues. Using data from Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas (China), the model simulates the impact of the growing rural population on the forests and panda habitat. The households in Wolong follow a traditional rural lifestyle, in which fuelwood consumption has been shown to cause panda habitat degradation. By tracking the life history of individual persons and the dynamics of households, this model equips household agents with “knowledge” about themselves, other agents, and the environment and allows individual agents to interact with each other and the environment ...