cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chinese Choices: A Poliheuristic Analysis of Foreign Policy Crises, 1950–1996

This paper uses the Poliheuristic Theory (PH), developed by Mintz, which incorporates both psychological and rational choice components in a synthesis of these previously isolated approaches, to explain decision making in Chinese foreign policy crises. China is an interesting initial case for this project for two reasons. One is its importance as a permanent member of the UN Security Council and rising superpower. The other is China's reputation as a nearly unique “black box”—an especially challenging case—with regard to decision making in foreign policy crises. Taken from the authoritative compilation of the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) Project, the nine cases (with available data) in which China is a crisis actor span the period from 1950 to 1996. A comparative analysis of Chinese decision making in times of crisis is used to test hypotheses derived from the PH. The hypotheses focus on how decisions are anticipated to occur over two stages. Principal expectations are that the non compensatory rule, which places priority on political considerations, will determine viable alternatives at the first stage, while choices more in line with expected value maximization or lexicographic ordering will characterize the second stage.
Gender Differences in Corporate Financial Decisions and Performance

This study examines the financial decisions of female CEOs of the S&P 1500 companies, their operating performance and the market’s evaluation of their presence in these firms. Firms headed by female CEOs hold more cash, maintain lower financial leverage and make lower levels of capital expenditure compared to those with male CEOs. Moreover, firms led by female CEOs have a lower operating performance in terms of industry adjusted ROA and these firms also have somewhat lower systematic risk. Market seems to place less value on firms with female CEOs as manifested by somewhat lower industry adjusted Tobin’s Q and less favorable reaction to the announcements of new female CEOs compared to the announcements of new male CEOs in similar circumstances. These findings are mostly robust to the correction for endogeneity due to omitted variables bias and selection bias, and are consistent both in full sample and matched sample analysis. Overall, this paper provides evidence of greater conservatism of female CEOs in making corporate financial decisions in the setting of United States where corporate ownership is largely separated from control, and contributes meaningfully to the recently growing literature on gender and corporate finance.
Color-Blind Racism in Television News and Commentary: The Redemption of Shirley Sherrod

When Andrew Breitbart released a video of Shirley Sherrod seemingly confessing to racism, journalists quickly turned the story into one of transformation in which a purportedly racist African American is redeemed by her embrace of a color-blind society. Guided by the concept of color-blind racism, this analysis of television news and commentary shows that U.S. television network news and commentary constructed a narrative arc involving accusation, rebuttal and redemption. And the moral of the story was that rational actors might overcome racial problems by focusing on personal prejudice rather than institutional racism. Some journalists and commentators advanced alternative themes but they failed to gain much traction. The study is based on a textual analysis of 36 shows broadcast on CNN, FOX News, FOX Business, MSNBC, ABC, and CBS on July 19 and 20, 2010 during the height of the controversy.
(1R,2R,4R,5R)‐2,5‐Bis(1‐methylethyl)‐7‐phenyl‐7‐phosphabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

[189210-89-7] C18H27P (MW 274.38) InChI = 1S/C18H27P/c1-12(2)15-10-18-16(13(3)4)11-17(15)19(18)14-8-6-5-7-9-14/h5-9,12-13,15-18H,10-11H2,1-4H3/t15-,16-,17+,18+/m0/s1 InChIKey = ORTAVBUVZUJDTB-WNRNVDISSA-N (optically active reagent used as a ligand in homogeneous transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions and phosphine-catalyzed reactions) Physical Data: +43.9° (c = 1.2, toluene).1 Solubility: soluble in toluene, CH2Cl2, and other common organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: optical rotation; NMR spectroscopy. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Preparative Methods: the reagent is prepared from p-diisopropylbenzene in four synthetic steps (eq 1). Birch reduction2 and asymmetric hydroboration afford the optically pure diol, which is converted to the corresponding dimesylate and subsequently provides the desired chiral phosphine 1 by nucleophilic addition of Li2PPh. (1) Purification: decomplexation of the pure corresponding borane complex with HBF4·OMe2 afforded the pure phosphine. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent is air-sensitive and should be handled and stored under an inert atmosphere. Toxicity data are not available.
Immunocapture and microplate-based activity measurement of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Abstract Altered pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) functioning occurs in primary PDH deficiencies and in diabetes, starvation, sepsis, and possibly Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, the activity of the enzyme complex is difficult to measure in a rapid high-throughput format. Here we describe the use of a monoclonal antibody raised against the E2 subunit to immunocapture the intact PDH complex still active when bound to 96-well plates. Enzyme turnover was measured by following NADH production spectrophotometrically or by a fluorescence assay on mitochondrial protein preparations in the range of 0.4 to 5.0 μg per well. Activity is sensitive to known PDH inhibitors and remains regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation after immunopurification because of the presence of bound PDH kinase(s) and phosphatase(s). It is shown that the immunocapture assay can be used to detect PDH deficiency in cell extracts of cultured fibroblasts from patients, making it useful in patient screens, as well as in the high-throughput format for discovery of new modulators of PDH functioning.
‘We make the road by walking’: a collaborative inquiry into the experiences of women in academia

This paper documents collaborative inquiry research by six academic women to answer research questions, including: what institutional factors and personal socialization experiences influence diverse junior faculty women’s success during the tenure process? Data were collected through storytelling, dialogue and reflection over four years following a four-phase format. Implications for the long-term success and retention of diverse women faculty in academia were discussed.
Loss of human β-defensin 1, 2, and 3 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Introduction Human beta-defensins (HBDs) are cationic, antimicrobial peptides produced by epithelial cells and involved in various aspects of the innate and acquired immune responses. They are expressed by oral tissues as constitutive and inducible genes. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of beta-defensins have been correlated with increased susceptibility to certain diseases. Studies have reported altered expression of beta-defensins in cancers suggesting their involvement in carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regulation of HBD-1 (also published as DEFB1), HBD-2 (DEFB4) and HBD-3 (DEFB103A) (http://www.genenames.org/index.html) and HBD-1 SNPs in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (OSCC) and healthy gingival keratinocytes. Methods beta-defensin expression was quantitatively assessed using real-time polymerase chain reactions in OSCC and control cell lines after exposure to interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma. Control data were obtained in a previous study. DNA from 19 OSCC cell lines and 44 control subjects were extracted and the HBD-1 region spanning the 5' untranslated region to the first intron was sequenced and analysed for SNP identification and distribution. Results HBD-1 and HBD-2 basal messenger RNA expression were significantly lower in OSCC. In addition, the ability to be induced was significantly reduced in OSCC for all three beta-defensins. Four HBD-1 SNPs were differentially distributed between cancer and control populations. Genotype distribution at the HBD-1 locus also suggested loss of heterozygosity in OSCC. Conclusions The genetic variation observed in OSCC compared with that in control cell lines may account for differences in beta-defensin expression. These results suggest a putative role for beta-defensins in carcinogenesis and indicate that beta-defensins may be useful markers of OSCC.
Physicians' health habits are associated with lifestyle counseling for hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VII) recommended lifestyle interventions, either with or without pharmacologic treatment, for all patients with high blood pressure. The objective of this study is to determine the association of physicians' personal habits with their attitudes and behaviors regarding JNC VII lifestyle modification guidelines. METHODS One thousand primary care physicians completed DocStyles 2010, a voluntary web-based survey designed to provide insight into physician attitudes and behaviors regarding various health issues. RESULTS The respondents' average age was 45.3 years, and 68% were male. In regards to physician behavior, 4.0% smoked at least once a week, 38.6% ate ≥5 cups of fruits and/or vegetables ≥5 days/week, and 27.4% exercised ≥5 days/week. When asked about specific types of advice offered to their hypertensive patients, physicians reported recommending that their patients eat a healthy diet (92.2%), or cut down on salt (96.1%), or attain or maintain a healthy weight (94.8%), or limit the use of alcohol (75.4%), or be physically active (94.4%). Collectively, 66.5% made all 5 lifestyle modification recommendations. Nonsmoking physicians were more likely to recommend each lifestyle intervention to their hypertensive patients. Those who exercised at least 1 day per week were more likely to recommend limiting alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS The probability of recommending all 5 JNC VII interventions was greater for physicians who were nonsmoking and who exercised at least 1 day a week.
Magnesium Metabolism: A Review With Special Reference to the Relationship Between Intracellular Content and Serum Levels

† Magnesium (Mg++) is a ubiquitous element in nature, playing a role in photosynthesis and many metabolic functions in humans. All enzymatic reactions that involve adenosine triphosphate have an absolute requirement for Mg++. Levels of Mg++ are controlled by the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract and appear closely linked to calcium, potassium, and sodium metabolism. The clinical manifestations and causes of abnormal Mg++ status are protean. Testing for altered Mg++ homeostasis is problematic. Serum levels, which are those generally measured, reflect only a small part of the total body content of Mg++. The intracellular content can be low, despite normal serum levels in a person with clinical Mg++ deficiency. Future directions in research related to intracellular content of Mg++ are discussed. Treatment of altered Mg++ status depends on the clinical setting and may include the addition of a potassium/Mg++ —sparing drug to an existing diuretic regimen. Guidelines for therapy are given. (Arch Intern Med1988;148:2415-2420)
Progression of a Dural Arteriovenous Malformation Resulting in an Intracerebral Hematoma. A Case Report

A progressing, essentially extracranial arteriovenous malformation with purely external carotid feeders can involve the intracranial vasculature by enlargement of its drainage area. Thus it can cause cerebral dysfunction by an intracranial bleed or raised intracranial pressure due to venous engorgement. A case is de scribed to support this possibility.
Ancillary service for the grid via control of commercial building HVAC systems

The thermal storage potential in buildings is an enormous untapped resource for providing various services to the power grid. The large thermal capacities of commercial buildings in particular make the power demands of their Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems inherently flexible. In this paper, we show how fans in air handing units (AHUs) of commercial buildings alone can provide substantial regulation service, with little change in their indoor environments. A feedforward architecture is proposed to control the fan power consumption to track a regulation signal. The proposed control scheme is then tested through simulations based on a high fidelity commercial building model constructed based on Pugh Hall located on the University of Florida campus. For the HVAC system under consideration, numerical experiments demonstrate how up to 15% of fan power capacity can be deployed for regulation purposes while having little effect on the building inside temperature. The regulation signal can be successfully tracked in the frequency band [1/τ0, 1/τ1], where τ0 ≈ 3 minutes and τ1 ≈ 8 seconds. Our results indicate that fans in existing commercial buildings in the U.S. can provide about 70% of the current national regulation reserve in the aforementioned frequency band.
Visual search and the aging brain: discerning the effects of age-related brain volume shrinkage on alertness, feature binding, and attentional control.

Objective: Decline in visuospatial abilities with advancing age has been attributed to a demise of bottom-up and top-down functions involving sensory processing, selective attention, and executive control. These functions may be differentially affected by age-related volume shrinkage of subcortical and cortical nodes subserving the dorsal and ventral processing streams and the corpus callosum mediating interhemispheric information exchange. Method: Fifty-five healthy adults (25-84 years) underwent structural MRI and performed a visual search task to test perceptual and attentional demands by combining feature-conjunction searches with "gestalt" grouping and attentional cueing paradigms. Results: Poorer conjunction, but not feature, search performance was related to older age and volume shrinkage of nodes in the dorsolateral processing stream. When displays allowed perceptual grouping through distractor homogeneity, poorer conjunction-search performance correlated with smaller ventrolateral prefrontal cortical and callosal volumes. An alerting cue attenuated age effects on conjunction search, and the alertness benefit was associated with thalamic, callosal, and temporal cortex volumes. Conclusion: Our results indicate that older adults can capitalize on early parallel stages of visual information processing, whereas age-related limitations arise at later serial processing stages requiring self-guided selective attention and executive control. These limitations are explained in part by age-related brain volume shrinkage and can be mitigated by external cues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Three-phonon assisted cyclotron harmonic transitions in the magnetophotoconductivity of n-InSb

Abstract The CO2 laser-induced magnetophotoconductivity of n-InSb (1014 cm-3) at liquid helium temperatures exhibits resonant structure which depends upon the photon energy and the magnetic field. The resonant peaks are explained on the basis of a simple model in which an electron absorbs a photon and emits successively three LO phonons.
Helicity conservation in diffraction scattering

Abstract We discuss the possibility that diffraction scattering of hadrons conserves the s-channel helicities of the particles involved. Presently available experimental data is examined and shown to support conservation of s-channel helicity, and not the hypothesis of no helicity flip in the t-channel. Further tests are suggested and restrictions imposed on various models of diffraction scattering in particular, t-channel exchange models, are discussed.
Understanding the high-temperature deformation

Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 While much of the high-temperature intermetallics research has centered around Ni3Al and other aluminum-based systems, the present study focuses on the Engel-Brewer Ll2 intermetallic Ir3Zr, which has a melting temperature approaching that of ceramics (2280 °C). Due to limited material availability, the technique of microindentation was used to study both the temperature and time dependence of strength. Because of the widely held belief that certain mechanical properties of intermetallics scale roughly with temperature, Ir3Zr was expected to exhibit high strength. The microhardness was observed to vary from 225 MPa at room temperature to 75 MPa at 1400 °C, which is significantly lower than the behavior of Ni3Al. The activation energy for creep was determined to be 467 kJ/mole, and the stress exponent was found to be 18.2. The ordering energy of this system was calculated to be 0.114 eV. If it can be assumed that high ordering energy correlates to a high antiphase boundary (APB) energy, then the behavior of this system is consistent with a model that predicts highly glissile dislocation cores.
Marking Journal Transitions in a Digital World

The current volume of the Journal has included changes in both its appearance and what content it includes. These transitions have also included some of the people responsible for what is published. Their contributions are acknowledged, as are those of the authors, reviewers, associate editors, and editorial staff members who made Volume 88 possible.
Institutions of Higher Education and the Regional Economy: A Long-Term Spatial Analysis

This paper investigates the long-term effects of institutions of higher education (IHEs) on regional economic growth with an application of spatial econometrics. IHEs are classified based on the fields of programs offered and degree-granting activities. I use county-level data for the contiguous US to estimate the marginal effects of IHEs on the changes in log employment and log wages in own counties and neighboring counties between 1970 and 2000. Evidence is found of knowledge spillovers of IHEs, especially for cross-county spillovers. Counties with more IHEs on location or in their neighboring counties experienced modestly faster employment growth over the 30-year period. Institutions offering accredited business programs had much larger effects than the others. With respect to degree-granting activities, only those institutions awarding bachelor's degrees or above had significant growth-boosting effects. When industrial mix of counties is controlled for, own-county effects diminish except for business programs, whereas all neighboring-county effects prevail.
Effects of a ski area on the water quality and invertebrates of a mountain stream

Past studies of the Rio en Medio, New Mexico, U.S.A., have shown significant changes in water quality and in invertebrate communities below the Sante Fe Ski Area. The present study was undertaken to determine how far downstream the effects of the ski area extend.. The concentration of every major nutrient except SO4 was found to increase below the ski area and the only mechanism for recovery seemed to be dilution by downstream tributaries. Increased sediment loads below the ski area were also recorded. Peaks of sediment transport were associated with snow melt and summer rains. Much of the increased sediment below the ski area appeared to settle out in the upper reaches of the Rio en Medio. Composition and diversity of stream insects appeared to be little affected. However numbers and biomass of invertebrates were significantly reduced below the ski area. These reductions were attributed to the effects of increased sediment load. Some recovery of invertebrate production was recorded at distances of 700 to 2200 m below the ski area.
The final state shape resonance of CO on an alkali modified transition metal surface

Abstract Using angle-resolved photoemission with synchrotron radiation, we have identified the molecular orbitais and the final state shape resonance behavior of CO adsorbed on clean and potassium promoted Ru(0001) (θ K = 0.33). Although vibrational spectroscopy and thermal desorption isotopic scrambling indicate severely weakened C-O bonds, we do not observe corresponding shifts in the shape resonance transition energy of the 4σ level indicating that there is no simple relationship between bond length and shape resonance energy.
SCALINGS IN DIFFUSION-DRIVEN REACTION A + B C : NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS BY LATTICE BGK MODELS

We are interested in applying lattice BGK models to the diffusion-driven reactive systemA+B→C, which was investigated by Galfi and Racz with an asymptotic analysis and by Chopard and Droz with a cellular automaton model. The lattice BGK model is free from noise and flexible for various applications. We derive the general reaction-diffusion equations for the lattice BGK models under the assumption of local diffusive equilibrium. Two fourth-order terms are derived and verified by numerical simulations. The motivation of this study is to compare the lattice BGK results with existing results before we apply the models to more complicated systems. The scalings concern two exponents α and β appearing in the production rate ofC componentR(x, t)∼t −β G(xt −α ). We find the same values for α=1/6 and β=2/3 as Galfi and Racz found at the long time limit. AGaussian-like function forG is numerically obtained, which confirms a similar result of Galfi and Racz. On the one hand, when compared with the asymptotic analysis, lattice BGK models are easy to apply to cases where no analytic or asymptotic results exist; on the other hand, when compared with cellular automaton models, lattice BGK models are faster, simpler, and more accurate. The discrepancy of the results between the cellular automaton model and the lattice BGK models for the exponents comes from the role of the intrinsic fluctuation. Once the time and space correlation of stochastic stirring is given, we can incorporate a random fluctuating term in lattice BGK models. The Schlogl model is also tested, showing the ability of lattice BGK models for generating Turing patterns, which may stimulate further interesting investigations.
Genetic identification of a neural circuit that suppresses appetite

Appetite suppression occurs after a meal and in conditions when it is unfavourable to eat, such as during illness or exposure to toxins. A brain region proposed to play a role in appetite suppression is the parabrachial nucleus, a heterogeneous population of neurons surrounding the superior cerebellar peduncle in the brainstem. The parabrachial nucleus is thought to mediate the suppression of appetite induced by the anorectic hormones amylin and cholecystokinin, as well as by lithium chloride and lipopolysaccharide, compounds that mimic the effects of toxic foods and bacterial infections, respectively. Hyperactivity of the parabrachial nucleus is also thought to cause starvation after ablation of orexigenic agouti-related peptide neurons in adult mice. However, the identities of neurons in the parabrachial nucleus that regulate feeding are unknown, as are the functionally relevant downstream projections. Here we identify calcitonin gene-related peptide-expressing neurons in the outer external lateral subdivision of the parabrachial nucleus that project to the laterocapsular division of the central nucleus of the amygdala as forming a functionally important circuit for suppressing appetite. Using genetically encoded anatomical, optogenetic and pharmacogenetic tools, we demonstrate that activation of these neurons projecting to the central nucleus of the amygdala suppresses appetite. In contrast, inhibition of these neurons increases food intake in circumstances when mice do not normally eat and prevents starvation in adult mice whose agouti-related peptide neurons are ablated. Taken together, our data demonstrate that this neural circuit from the parabrachial nucleus to the central nucleus of the amygdala mediates appetite suppression in conditions when it is unfavourable to eat. This neural circuit may provide targets for therapeutic intervention to overcome or promote appetite.
Male takeovers and female reproductive parameters: A simulation of oestrous synchrony in lions (Panthera leo)

Abstract The takeover of a pride of lions by a new coalition of adult males synchronizes the reproductive states of the females because the females' dependent offspring either die or are evicted at the takeover. Using data on the consequences of male takeovers on female reproductive parameters in wild lions, but without allowing for any interaction between females, we simulated the reproductive histories of 100 female lions for the first 2 years after a male takeover and then cast them into simulated prides of varying sizes. The simulations produced levels of oestrous synchrony similar to those observed in prides of wild lions.
Woodrow Wilson's Congressional Government and the Modern Congress: The "Universal Principle" of Change

In Congressional Government Woodrow Wilson analyzes change in Congress during its first century of development. This essay argues that Wilson's analysis of the 19th century Congress, which explains congressional behavior as an outgrowth of both institutional and societal forces, provides a more useful interpretation of change than the institutionalist perspective dominant in the specialized studies of the modern Congress. The essay illustrates the value of Wilson's analysis to contemporary scholars by tracing its impact on the evolution of the author's interpretation of the congressional reforms and changes of the 1970s. The essay attributes the continuing value of Congressional Government to its broad and unified portrait of Congress as a whole.
Uniaxial tensile deformation of uranium 6 wt pct niobium: A neutron diffraction study of deformation twinning

The deformation of polycrystalline uranium 6 wt pct niobium (U6Nb) was studied in situ during uniaxial tensile loading by time-of-flight neutron diffraction. Diffraction patterns were recorded at incremental stresses to a maximum of 450 MPa (∼4 pct macroscopic strain). Consistent with reorientation of the martensite variants by twinning, significant changes in the diffraction peak intensities, which were proportional to the plastic contribution of the macroscopic strain, were observed. Both the lattice parameters (a, b, c, and γ) and interplanar spacings (dhkl) were determined as a function of applied stress. Phenomenologically, the highly anisotropic stress response of the lattice parameters as well as the individual lattice spacings can be related to deformation twinning. Preliminary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies identified the (\(\bar 1\)30) and (\(\bar 1\)72) as active deformation twinning systems of U6Nb in tension.
The structuring of political territory in early printed atlases

Abstract The atlas emerged as a cartographic and bibliographic response to early modern Europeans’ search for geographical order in a rapidly changing world. In particular, atlases were mediators in the restructuring of European ideas about political territory which culminated in the emergence (by the end of the eighteenth century) of the territorial state and its progeny, the nation‐state. For more than two centuries atlases defined political territories ever more precisely for their readers and expressed hierarchical relationships among those territories, while giving form to the political territoriality and geopolitical orientations of particular nations.
Social science sources in the library of congress rare book and special collections division

Abstract The Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress is a treasury for social sciences scholars. This article briefly introduces the holdings, in excess of half a million items, and features recently acquired or processed material ripe for research. Historians may be interested in radical movements, early American politics, and New World exploration; psychologists in the Sigmund Freud collection. Other collections ready for research are Susan B. Anthony's personal library and the Yudin Collection of Russian imprints.
A Cold-Bore Vacuum System Design for POPAE

We have made a conceptual design of a cold-bore vacuum system for the Fermilab 1000 GeV × 1000 GeV colliding beam facility (POPAE). A double wall vacuum system is used between magnets and cryopumped molecular traps between the cold-bore and warm straight section regions. The beam-induced pressure rise phenomena has been taken into account as well as the liquid helium leak rate between the cold magnets and the vacuum bore. Since beam for POPAE will be injected at the desired energy, there are no heat loads from accelerated beam or eddy currents and the cold-bore system appears very attractive. This design is based on the best experimental evidence available today.
The floods of 589 and climate change at the beginning of the Middle Ages: an Italian microhistory.

It always rains in the Middle Ages. In modern cinema, for instance, from Bergman's classic Seventh Seal to Fuqua's more recent King Arthur (2004), medieval weather is bad. That medieval weather was significantly worse than what came before it and after it is not a view restricted to a few unreflective movie directors: numerous scholarly texts also depict the epochal shifts at the end of antiquity, and at the beginning of modernity, taking place in a context of climate deterioration and repeated catastrophic meteorological events.
Culicoides responses to 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide in salt marshes near Sea Island, Georgia, U.S.A.

. The semiochemicals carbon dioxide (CO2) and l-octen-3-ol (octenol) were evaluated as attractants at several release rates, alone and in combination, for the major coastal species of biting midges in Georgia: Culicoides furens, C.hollensis and C.melleus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The data show that CO2 is an effective attractant for the females of all three species, but each has a different response pattern. In contrast, octenol was an effective attractant only for C.furens, either alone or in combination with CO2; octenol had a repellent effect on the other two species. The combination of octenol and C02 had a synergistic effect on the collections of C.furens.
Endogenous lentiviruses in the ferret genome

By screening 74 chordate genomes for endogenous lentiviruses using Pol sequences of exogenous lentiviruses as a reference, we identified a novel endogenous lentivirus in the genome of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the ferret endogenous lentivirus, denoted ELVmpf, diverged early in the evolution of the mammalian lentiviruses, although with a lack of resolution at key nodes. These data support the notion that lentiviruses have evolved on timescales of millions of years.
Intermultiplet energy transfer in BaCl(C2Π)

Abstract The cross section for the process BaCl(C2Π 3 2 , ν = 0) + Ar → BaCl(C2Π 1 2 , ν = 0, 1, 2) + Ar was measured by a laser induced fluorescence technique and found to be 16(7) A2. This cross section is much larger than the intermultiplet energy transfer cross sections in the alkalis based on a comparison of the fine structure splitting. It is concluded that in the molecular case coupling of internal degrees of freedom plays an important role.
New Concepts on the Pathogenesis and Classification of Spondylolisthesis

Study design A review of the literature in the English language pertaining to the pathogenesis and classification of spondylolisthesis. Objective To review the morphology and biomechanics of the lumbosacral junction as it relates to spondylolisthesis. To present contemporary theories of the development and progression of spondylolisthesis and an etiology-based classification system. Summary of background data The proper treatment of spondylolisthesis is dependent on recognizing the type of slip and its natural history. Although a number of clinical and radiographic features have been identified as risk factors, their role as primary causative factors or secondary adaptive changes is not clear. In particular, confusion persists over the classification of slips with "isthmic defects." The early identification of spondylolisthesis that will progress to a high grade without intervention remains elusive. Methods A review of English language literature regarding the pathogenesis and classification of spondylolisthesis. RESULTS.: Current literature suggests that spinopelvic parameters, in addition to the morphology and biomechanics of the lumbosacral junction, play a causative role in the development of spondylolisthesis. Progression of developmental slips may be due to growth deficiencies of the anterosuperior sacrum, analogous to Blount's disease at the knee. The Marchetti-Bartolozzi classification system emphasizes the distinction between developmental dysplastic slips and acquired laminar stress fractures, both of which may have isthmic defects. These two types of spondylolisthesis have significantly different natural histories, suggesting the need for different treatment strategies. The Marchetti-Bartolozzi system also allows for the classification of postsurgical, pathologic, and degenerative forms of spondylolisthesis. Conclusions The morphology of the lumbosacral junction resists high shear and compressive forces. The loss of the posterior restraint through an incompetent bony hook may result in the forward displacement of one vertebra on the subjacent vertebra. The spinopelvic parameters, such as pelvic incidence, may be greater determinants of development and progression than previously appreciated. The Marchetti-Bartolozzi classification system is applicable to all forms of lumbar spondylolisthesis,and seems to be clinically relevant in terms of treatment decisions. Their system emphasizes the distinction between developmental spondylolisthesis with lysis and acquired spondylitic spondylolisthesis, which have been included together in previous classification systems and caused confusion over natural history and treatment. Developmental slips have a greater propensity toward progression, which may be secondary to growth deficiencies of the upper sacrum. Further study is required to confirm these observations.
Hamiltonian powers in threshold and arborescent comparability graphs

Abstract We examine powers of Hamiltonian paths and cycles as well as Hamiltonian (power) completion problems in several highly structured graph classes. For threshold graphs we give efficient algorithms as well as sufficient and minimax toughness like conditions. For arborescent comparability graphs we have similar results but also show that for one type of completion problem an ·obvious’ minimax condition fails. For cographs we give examples showing that toughness and other ·obvious’ necessary conditions are not sufficient. For threshold graphs we give additional necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of vertex degrees as well as a minimax formula for the length of a longest cycle power.
The Railroad and Movie Industries: Were They Myopic?

In the United States, regulation prevented the railroad and film industries from responding successfully to the demands of the marketplace. Both industries did attempt to move into other industries, but were blocked by government regulations. The prevailing belief among marketing scholars that the rail and film companies were myopic cannot be substantiated by historic evidence.
Host Discrimination in Three Ectoparasites (Aphytis Coheni, a. Lingnanensis and a. Melinus) of the Oleander Scale (Aspidiotus Nerii)

1. The host-searching and oviposition behaviour of three Aphytis species (A. coheni, A. lingnanensis and A. melinus; Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae), ectoparasites of armoured scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) was studied to obtain information about the presence of the ability to distinguish parasitized hosts from unparasitized ones in gregarious parasites. 2. Analysis of frequency distributions of parasite eggs over the hosts showed that extreme care must be exercised when dealing with such indirect results, because differences in host distribution patterns (i.e. hosts occurring in clusters versus isolated hosts) resulted in large differences in the frequency distribution of parasite eggs per host. These differences in egg distributions may prevent detection of the parasite's discrimination ability. 3. Careful analysis of these data suggested, however, that the three Aphytis species are able to distinguish unparasitized from parasitized hosts, and direct observation of the oviposition behaviour confirmed this suggestion. 4. Furthermore, the data indicate that Aphytis adults are able to 'count' the number of parasite eggs present on a previously parasitized host and that they prefer to lay on hosts containing the lowest number of parasite eggs when meeting parasitized hosts. 5. Females of the three Aphytis species apply an external mark on the scale cover of their hosts after parasitization, and they are also able to detect internal changes within a previously parasitized host. Rejection of parasitized hosts usually occurs when the parasite perceives the external mark while she is drumming with her antennae on the scale cover; however, if she provisionally accepts a parasitized host, rejection can still occur when she detects the internal change with the ovipositor inserted into the host's body. 6. When third stage oleander scales are used as hosts, the number of eggs laid per host visit is usually 1 for A. coheni and A. lingnanensis, and about 2 for A. melinus. The first two species are more or less solitary parasites, A. melinus is a gregarious species, usually laying two or more eggs per host visit. More than one parasite may develop per host in A. melinus without a reduction in size of the resulting adult. If more than one parasite develops per host in A. coheni and A. lingnanensis, a reduction in size of the parasite adults occurs. 7. The ability to discriminate is important for both the solitary and gregarious Aphytis species, because it prevents the wasting of parasite eggs, it saves time (rejecting a host takes only a fraction of the time necessary for an entire oviposition sequence) and it may enable the parasite to determine the condition of a patch with hosts (i.e. to leave a site where only parasitized hosts are present).
2: Research on Aptitude for Learning: A Progress Report

Individual differences among learners constitute an important class of variables for research on instruction. Their study has been of interest at least since Binet, because measures of these variables, often called "aptitudes," usually predict learning outcome. There is renewed interest in this fact today because aptitudes now often appear to interact with instructional conditions, i.e., to relate differently to learning outcome under different instructional treatments. Practical interest stems from the possibility that such interactions can be used to adapt instruction to fit different learners optimally. Such interactions are of theoretical interest because they demonstrate construct validity for aptitude and learning measures in a new way, and they raise the possibility that common processes underlie both kinds of variables. They suggest that neither aptitude constructs nor learning processes can be fully understood without reference to the other.
Enabling entity retrieval by exploiting wikipedia as a semantic knowledge source

This dissertation research, PanAnthropon FilmWorld, aims to demonstrate direct retrieval of entities and related facts by exploiting Wikipedia as a semantic knowledge source, with the film domain as its proof-of-concept domain of application. To this end, a semantic knowledge base concerning the film domain has been constructed with the data extracted/derived from 10,640 Wikipedia pages on films and additional pages on film awards. The knowledge base currently contains 209,266 entities and 2,345,931 entity-centric facts. Both the knowledge base and the corresponding semantic search interface are based on the coherent classification of entities. Entity-centric facts are also consistently represented as tuples. The semantic search interface (http://dlib.ischool.drexel.edu:8080/sofia/PA/) supports multiple types of semantic search functions, which go beyond the traditional keyword-based search function, including the main General Entity Retrieval Query (GERQ) function, which is concerned with retrieving all entities that match the specified entity type, subtype, and semantic conditions and thus corresponds to the main research problem. Two types of evaluation have been performed in order to evaluate (1) the quality of information extraction and (2) the effectiveness of information retrieval using the semantic interface. The first type of evaluation has been performed by inspecting 11,495 film-centric facts concerning 100 films. The results have confirmed high data quality with 99.96% average precision and 99.84% average recall. The second type of evaluation has been performed by conducting an experiment with human subjects. The experiment involved having the subjects perform a retrieval task by using both the PanAnthropon interface and the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) interface and comparing their task performance between the two interfaces. The results have confirmed higher effectiveness of the PanAnthropon interface vs. the IMDb interface (83.11% vs. 40.78% average precision; 83.55% vs. 40.26% average recall). Moreover, the subjects' responses to the post-task questionnaire indicate that the subjects found the PanAnthropon interface to be highly usable and easily understandable as well as highly effective. The main contribution from this research therefore consists in achieving the set research goal, namely, demonstrating the utility and feasibility of semantics-based direct entity retrieval.
Severe Hypotension due to the Use of Bretylium for Postcardiotomy Ventricular Arrhythmias

We describe three patients who developed refractory hypotension after the administration of bretylium tosylate for postoperative ventricular ectopy. In one patient, the administration of vasopressors and fluid restored the blood pressure, but in the other two patients these measures failed, necessitating open-heart cardiac massage. The hemodynamic effects of bretylium are unpredictable; therefore, this drug should be used cautiously in the treatment of postcardiotomy ventricular arrhythmias.
Metaphors for development: how important are experiences early in life?

The many students of development have held rather diverse views on the importance of early experience. Some gave early experiences great prominence (e.g., Freud and his followers, Kuo, 1967), while others largely rejected the pivotal importance of particular early events (e.g., Thorndike), and yet others took a more eclectic tack: Some events in certain species but not all events or in all cases (e.g., Hinde, 1974, Lehrman, 1970). The extremes among the prevailing views are often characterized metaphorically. I propose to do this, then to examine the kinds of situations the metaphors describe, and inquire into their generality and usefulness. Clearly this runs the risk of undue simplification, but there is, I believe merit in occasionally ignoring some of the subtleties that usually must concern us.
Hybrid Polyelectrolyte Materials for Fuel Cell Applications: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Proton-Conducting Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes

A method for the synthesis of chemically and thermally robust sulfonic-acid-containing hybrid membrane materials has been established. These polyelectrolyte membranes are prepared by oxidation of the corresponding disulfide-bridged polysilsesquioxanes. This strategy allows for high acid-group loading. Their microstructure is determined by nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Application of these hybrid materials as proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells is investigated by measuring their proton conductivity, which increases linearly with increasing sulfonic acid content to 6.2 mS/cm.
Multiple modes of dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced process formation by clonal nerve and glial cells

Abstract Exposure of clonal nerve and glial cells to dibutyryl adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (db-cAMP) induced processes. These cellular processes were generated either by the extension of a process (growth) or by retraction of parts of an extended cytoplasm (shrinkage). In all cases, these cells from the central nervous system rounded up in response to db-cAMP, rather than spread on the substratum.
The interaction of locus of control expectancies and providing purpose on children's motivation

Abstract Children differing in locus of control orientation (internals, mediums, and externals' were administered an extended coding task following either a fictional rationale for the study (purpose incentive statement) or no purpose. As predicted, externals' performance under no purpose was significantly poorer and their rated interest in the task was significantly less favorable than those of internals. Also as predicted, these differences were nullified under the purpose incentive condition. The findings extend Lefcourt's (1967) suggestion that cue explication is important for externals to include external children, and support the position ( Mischel, 1973 ; Rotter, 1975 ) that personality variables are increasingly important as a function of greater situational ambiguity. Implications of these findings for education and child-rearing are discussed.
Eradication of murine mammary adenocarcinoma through HSVtk expression directed by the glucose-starvation inducible grp78 promoter

Gene therapy strategies employing the HSVtk/ganciclovir (GCV) suicide gene offer promising approaches towards the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. These include bystander effects on non-transduced tumor cells, lower systemic toxicity, and the possibility of inducing immunity against the tumor. Previously we have demonstrated the ability of the grp78 stress-inducible promoter to stimulate expression of reporter genes within the tumor microenvironment. However, experimental evidence demonstrating the ability of this promoter to activate therapeutic agents within the breast cancer environment causing tumor eradication is needed prior to clinical trials. In this report, we test the efficacy of the grp78 promoter in a retroviral system to drive the expression of the HSVtk suicide gene in a murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (TSA) in syngeneic, immune-competent hosts. Our results show that under glucose-starvation conditions in vitro, the expression of HSVtk and GCV induced cell death are enhanced in tumor cells in which the HSVtk gene is driven by the internal grp78 promoter compared to cells in which the Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR drives HSVtk. In in vivo studies, in tumors in which the HSVtk gene is driven by the grp78 promoter, GCV treatment causes complete tumor eradication, whereas tumors persist when the HSVtk gene is driven by the retroviral LTR. Our study suggests that the grp78 promoter may be useful to enhance the effectivity of therapeutic agents within a breast tumor. In addition, it is shown that immune memory is induced in syngeneic, immune-competent hosts. This new retroviral vector might therefore be useful for breast cancer gene therapy.
Two-Dimensional Linearly Anisotropic Scattering in a Finite-Thick Cylindrical Medium Exposed to a Laser Beam

Abstract Integro-differential equations are developed for the source function, flux and intensity at the boundaries of a two-dimensional finite-thick medium which scatters in a linear fashion. The incident radiation is collimated, normal to the upper surface of the medium and dependent only on the radial coordinate. Two radial distributions are investigated: (1) a Bessel function and (2) a Gaussian laser beam. The solution for the Gaussian beam is constructed from the Bessel solution. Numerical results are presented in graphical and tabular forms for both boundary conditions. Comparisons are made between forward and isotropic scattering and between the finite and semi-infinite cases.