cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Implications of Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor/Calcium Release Channel Mutations Linked to Sudden Cardiac Death

The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is the major calcium (Ca2+) release channel on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in cardiomyocytes. During excitation-contraction, coupling intracellular Ca2+ stored in the SR is released via RyR2 to activate muscle contraction. In the heart, excitation-contraction coupling is activated by Ca2+ influx via the L-type Ca2+ channel that activates RyR2, a process referred to as Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release.1,2⇓ The cardiac muscle RyR2 and its homologue, the skeletal muscle RyR1, are macromolecular complexes that include four ≈565-kDa RyR1 or RyR2, four FKBP12 or FKBP12.6 (12-kDa peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that are required for normal gating of the channels), as well as cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA), phosphatases, and their targeting proteins.3–5⇓⇓ One key role for the macromolecular signaling complex is to modulate channel function in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system (ie, the classic “fight-or-flight” stress response).5,6⇓ See p 69 In the past year, three groups have independently discovered at least 21 mutations in RyR2 (Figure) that are linked to stress-induced sudden cardiac death.7–9⇓⇓ To date, RyR2 mutations have been associated with 2 forms of sudden cardiac death (SCD): (1) catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) or familial polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (FPVT), and (2) arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia type 2 (ARVD2). Exercise-induced SCD-linked RyR2 mutations. Locations of SCD mutations in human RyR2 compared with MH/CCD regions of RyR1 and known regulatory domains of the channel. Eleven reported SCD-linked RyR2 mutations7–9⇓⇓ cluster in three regions homologous to three MH/CCD regions.30,31⇓ Common polymorphisms are indicated by italics. The location of 3 RyR2 leucine/isoleucine zippers (LZ) that target PP1, PP2A, and PKA to RyR2 are shown,5,6⇓ as is the FKBP12.6 binding region,32 and the CaM binding site.33 …
The Genetic Defect in Galactosemia

GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE uridylytransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12 — subsequently referred to as "transferase") is the enzyme whose function is markedly, if not totally, deficient in the commonly recognized f...
Mean quadratic variations and Fourier asymptotics of self-similar measures

We show that the mean quadratic variation of a self-similar measure μ under certain open set condition exhibits asymptotic periodicity. Through a generalized Wiener's Tauberian Theorem, we obtain some new identities and equivalences of the mean quadratic variation of a bounded measurev and its Fourier average\(H_\alpha (T;v) = \frac{1}{{T^{n - _\alpha } }}\int_{|x| \leqslant T} {|\hat v(x)|^2 dx} (0 \leqslant \alpha \leqslant n)\). They are used to sharpen some recent results of Strichartz concerning the asymptotic behavior ofHa(T); μ) asT→∞, where μ is the self-similar measure as above. In the development some results concerning the open set condition are also obtained.
The quantitative determination of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones in mammalian pituitaries and a discussion of the gonadotropic quotient, F/L.

SHORTLY FOLLOWING their discovery of gonadotropic potencies of urines and of hypophyseal tissues Aschheim (1) and Zondek (2) postulated the existence of two separate hormones. One was assumed to cause follicular growth, the other ovulation and corpora lutea formation. Fevold, Hisaw and Leonard (3) and others have shown that from sheep hypophyses fractional extracts can be prepared which contain either the follicle stimulating or the luteinizing principle in high concentration. In rats the independent existence of the two principles has been demonstrated by biological experiments (4). On the other hand, efforts to obtain extracts from pregnant mare serum or from horse pituitaries which would contain only one or the other principle have, so far, been disappointing (5). The possibility should be considered that in some instances a single hormone may produce follicle stimulating as well as luteinizing effects, just as certain sex hormones have been shown to stimulate male as well as female reactions.
Two-dimensional iterative arrays: characterizations and applications

We analyse some properties of two-dimensional iterative and cellular arrays. For example, we show that arrays operating in T(n) time can be sped up to operate in time n+(T(n)−n)k. Thus, a running time of the form n+R(n), where R(n) is sublinear (e.g., log n, log∗n, etc.), can still be sped up to n+R(n)k. This type of speed-up is stronger than any previously known speed-up for any type of device. Even for Turing machines, the speed-up is only from T(n) to n+T(n)k. Another interesting result is that simultaneous space-reduction and speed-up is possible, i.e., the number of processors of the array can be reduced while simultaneously speeding up its computation. Unlike previous approaches, we carry out our analyses using sequential machine characterizations of the iterative and cellular arrays. Consequently, we are able to prove our results on the much simpler sequential machine models.
The wealth of nations: Knowledge as a national resource

For more than three centuries economists have measured the wealth of nations with three principal parameters: natural resources, population, and capital. Natural resources such as the coal in the Ruhr Valley, oil in the Middle East, or the plentiful minerals of North America were a major determinant of a country's status in the world economy. As Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Lester Thurow has pointed out, the dramatic decrease in the cost of shipping natural resources during the last half of the twentieth century, the multiplicity of potential sources of energy, and the capacity of multinational corporations to produce at any location around the globe have dramatically reduced the relative impact of natural resources on a nation's economic standing. With an increase in automation, globalization of production, and the capacity to use workforces in any part of the world, the population size is no longer a critical determinant of the wealth of major nations. The Persian Gulf war exemplified the way in which military technology has replaced the size of armies in determining the outcome of a conflict. Because computer programs can be written by workers in Delhi, U.S. insurance forms are processed in Ireland, and The Gap can fill its clothing racks just in time by telecommunication with production units in China and Taiwan, the workforce of the world and the consumer appetite has now become global. The world watched as the currency crisis in Mexico unfolded at the end of 1994. In a matter of minutes, billions of dollars of investment capital were moved out of Mexico electronically by money managers in New York and Tokyo. Similarly, the banks of the world watched carefully the election in Argentina with the knowledge that decisions about investments of>$6 billion in capital would be determined within 24 hours of the outcome of that election. Natural resources, population, and capital no longer adequately describe the wealth of nations. In the new world order it is knowledge that will make the difference. If the United States is to maintain or improve its standard of living, its health, safety, and pros-
Demonstration of a hematopoietic stem cell antigen (SC‐1) on a murine lymphoma and isolation of variants lacking the antigen

Murine multipotential hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-s) bear an antigen (SC-1) which is recognized by heterologous antisera to mouse brain. We have found that cloned Thy-1 negative variants of the T-cell lymphoma RL male 1 are sensitive to complement-mediated cytolysis by anti-brain serum and can absorb the anti-stem cell activity from the antiserum. We have isolated several subclones derived from a primary Thy-1 negative variant which are not susceptible to anti-brain serum. The surface of the resistant lines has little or no antigen capable of binding anti-mouse brain antibodies as measured by either immunofluorescence or a radioimmunoassay. These lines are also unable to absorb the antibodies responsible for the cytotoxic effect of rabbit anti-mouse brain serum against CFU-s. We conclude that the predominant antigen, serologically detectable on Thy-1 negative variants of RL male 1, is SC-1.
Compressibility and pressure-induced amorphization of guest-free melanophlogite : An in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study

Melanophlogite, a clathrasil, possesses a framework of corner-linked silica tetrahedra forming framework cavities that can enclose small guest molecules. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments of the guest-free melanophlogite have been conducted at pressures up to 12 GPa and temperatures up to 1473 K. Upon compression at room temperature, melanophlogite gradually lost its crystallinity and became completely X-ray amorphous at ~8 GPa. The amorphization process was similar to those of denser silica polymorphs, but it reached completion at a much lower pressure (e.g., quartz becomes X-ray amorphous at ~30 GPa). The decreased amorphization pressure of melanophlogite may be attributed to its lower framework density and the ease of bending of its Si-O-Si linkages, thereby accelerating the collapse of the structure under high pressure. Determination of cell volumes of melanophlogite prior to its amorphization yielded a room-temperature bulk modulus of 26.3 ± 1.7 GPa, which is consistent with the relatively large compressibilities reported for the structurally similar zeolites. When heated at ~8 GPa, the amorphous phase started to crystallize at 873 K into coesite, the stable silica phase at these pressure and temperature conditions. Thus the occurrence of pressure-induced amorphization in melanophlogite appears to result from the kinetic hindrance to its transformation to the thermodynamically stable coesite.
Empirical-Bayes Estimation of Mean Life for a Censored Sample, Constant Hazard Rate Model

The estimation of mean life based on a censored sample from a population with a constant failure rate is considered in an empirical Bayes situation. Bayes risks of empirical Bayes estimates for various numbers of past samples are compared with the Bayes risk of the sample mean, and the minimum Bayes risk. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that the Bayes risk of the empirical Bayes estimator is very close to the minimum Bayes risk for as few as 5 past estimates of the mean life. Morever, it is better than the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (the sample mean) in terms of the Bayes risk. Effects of misclassification of the prior are also considered.
On a new strategy for phase diagram calculation 2. Binary systems

Abstract The new strategy proposed in the first paper of this series is applied to binary phase diagram calculations. In addition, an algorithm is given in detail for carrying out the calculations. Using this algorithm, the stable phase equilibria are calculated automatically. The only input data for this program are the number of divisions of the compositional axis and the lower and upper limits of the temperature range to be calculated. The present strategy eliminates the two difficulties frequently encountered using the existing strategy. They are (i) the assurance that the calculated equilibria correspond to the stable equilibria, and (ii) the need of estimating initial values of the compositions and/or temperatures for calculating the heterogeneous phase equilibria. Two examples are given to demonstrate the power of the present approach.
Retinoblastoma protein expression in ovarian epithelial neoplasms

Progress has been made in identifying the molecular changes that occur in ovarian carcinoma; still our understanding of these changes and their interactions remains incomplete. In the present study the authors examined the expression of retinoblastoma protein, a tumor suppressor protein, in a spectrum of ovarian epithelial tumors including cystadenomas, low-malignant-potential tumors, and carcinomas. A heterogeneous pattern of reactivity was observed in all of the cystadenomas, in all of the low-malignant-potential tumors, and in a majority (27/34) of the carcinomas. The remaining carcinomas showed either a complete absence of reactivity or a pattern of altered reactivity characterized by areas of tumor with intact reactivity adjacent to zones of tumor with a complete absence of reactivity. There was no significant association between grade or stage and absent/altered reactivity. We conclude that alterations of retinoblastoma protein expression are uncommon in ovarian carcinoma.
Sixty years of research leadership: contributing authors and institutions to the journal of finance

While corporate executives freely admit that they work in a jungle, faculty members in institutions of higher learning are supposed to pretend that they work in the relaxed atmosphere of an informal English garden (Alice Vandermeulen, 1975). The Journal of Finance was the first pure finance journal to emphasize research, and it has been the undisputed “gold standard” in academic finance literature for the past 60 years. This study identifies the contributors to JF over these 60 years—the authors, the institutions employing the authors, and the institutions granting PhDs to the authors. The prolific authors listed in this article make it look easy, like Alice’s relaxed English garden, but the information reported herein suggests otherwise.
Massive hydropericardium with compression and angulation of the inferior vena cava.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of massive hydropericardium of obscure etiology and long duration is described. 2. 2. Hydropneumopericardium was induced and characteristic roentgenograms were obtained. 3. 3. The physiologic mechanisms involved are reviewed with particular emphasis on the central and peripheral types of hydropericardium. Isolated and disproportional visceral congestion and edema is explained by the latter type and differentiated from the usual congestive mechanism in decompensated heart failure. The traction upon the wall of the right auricle found at autopsy was an additional mechanical factor heretofore not emphasized.
Gushes of Rain and Hail After Lightning

Abstract Observations of thunderstorms in New Mexico were made with a vertically-scanning, 3-cm radar on a mountain top. Prior to a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge nearby, the radar echo overhead was usually quite weak, indicating low intensities of precipitation there. Following the lightning it was observed sometimes that in the region of the cloud where the discharge occurred the radar echo intensity rapidly increased, and shortly thereafter a gush of rain or hail fell nearby. These studies confirm earlier radar observations, made by the authors at Grand Bahama Island, B.W.I., in which it was found that lightning is often followed in the cloud by a rapidly intensifying echo and then by a gush of rain at the ground. The increases in radar reflectivity in small volumes of the cloud following lightning suggest that the electric discharge is influencing the size of particles in the cloud. An analysis indicates that within 30 seconds after a lightning discharge, the mass of some droplets may increase as...
The roles of p53 and p21 in normal development and hyperthermia-induced malformations.

BACKGROUND: Hyperthermia (HS) is a well-studied teratogen that induces serious malformations, including neural tube defects. Our previous studies have shown that HS induces apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Prior to activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, HS also activates p53 and its target genes. In the present study, we determine whether p53 and/or p21 play a role as teratogen suppressors or inducers of HS-induced malformations. METHODS: Pregnant mice carrying all three p53 or p21 genotype embryos were exposed to HS on day 8.5. Subsequently, fetuses were collected on day 15.5, and genotyped. In addition to genotype, we also determined the number of resorptions and dead fetuses as well as the number and types of external malformations. RESULTS: In the absence of HS exposure, fetuses exhibiting exencephaly and spina bifida were observed in approximately 11% of p53 −/− fetuses, whereas no malformations were observed among p21 −/− fetuses. Exposure to HS resulted in an increase in exencephaly and polydactyly in fetuses of all three p53 genotypes. However, the incidence of these malformations was statistically significantly higher in p53 −/− compared to p53 +/− and p53 +/+ fetuses. Exencephaly was the only malformation observed in p21 fetuses exposed to HS, with an approximately 2-fold increase among p21 +/− and a 3-fold increase among p21 −/− compared to p21 +/+ fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that p53 plays a role in normal development and has shown, for the first time that p53 and p21 function to suppress HS-induced malformations. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:40-47, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct determination and quantification of organic sulfur forms by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and sulfur k-edge absorption spectroscopy

Abstract The utility of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Sulfur X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) for the determination and quantification of sulfur forms in coal and petroleum asphaltenes has been demonstrated. XPS results showed differences in the Sulfur 2p signal which were interpreted in terms of the relative amounts of sulfur in sulfidic (163.3 eV) and thiophenic (164.1 eV) forms. Third derivatives of the XANES spectra from model compounds provided fingerprints for the discrimination of sulfur forms.
Methodological Dilemmas and Opportunities in Interviewing Organizational Elites

This article discusses the challenges and opportunities encountered in interviewing organizational elites. Drawing on a wide range of experiences in elite interviewing, I offer suggestions for gaining access to elites, controlling the interview, obtaining the highest-quality interview data, and writing effectively about those data. I also discuss the ‘dilemma of seduction’ that can occur in elite interviewing and suggests ways to both present and critique the worldview of elites when writing about qualitative interviews.
pH dependent cargo sorting from the Golgi

The vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) plays a major role in organelle acidification and works together with other ion transporters to maintain pH homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. We analyzed a requirement for V-ATPase activity in protein trafficking in the yeast secretory pathway. Deficiency of V-ATPase activity caused by subunit deletion or glucose deprivation results in missorting of newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins Pma1 and Can1 directly from the Golgi to the vacuole. Vacuolar mislocalization of Pma1 is dependent on Gga adaptors although no Pma1 ubiquitination was detected. Proper cell surface targeting of Pma1 was rescued in V-ATPase-deficient cells by increasing the pH of the medium, suggesting that missorting is the result of aberrant cytosolic pH. In addition to mislocalization of the plasma membrane proteins, Golgi membrane proteins Kex2 and Vrg4 are also missorted to the vacuole upon loss of V-ATPase activity. Because the missorted cargos have distinct trafficking routes, we suggest a pH dependence for multiple cargo sorting events at the Golgi.
Determinants, Process, and Consequences of Personal Goals and Performance

A significant two-way interaction between self-set goal level instructions (an instruction given to subjects to set hard, easy, or any goals) and methods of payment (straight piece-rate, differential piece-rate with goal attainment step bonus, and hourly flat rate) in influencing personal goals, subsequent personal goals, and goal valences was found. The highest level of personal goals was set under straight piece-rate (pay for performance) in which self-set hard goal instructions were given. In addition, goal valences were found to partially mediate the interactive effects of methods of payment and self-set goal level instructions on personal goals. Furthermore, personal goals were found to: (1) completely mediate the effects of goal valences on performance; and (2) completely mediate the main effects of self-set goal level instructions—as well as the interactive effects of both self-set goal level instructions and methods of payment—on subsequent personal goals. This research sheds light on the determin...
Photoprotective responses of an ice algal community in Saroma-Ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan

In polar seas, ice algal communities can acclimate to extremely low light conditions. Reduced acclimation to shade in ice algal communities, as a result of shortened ice seasons at the lower latitude limits of sea ice distribution, has been suggested as advantageous for avoiding strong photoinhibition when cells are released into high light levels at the water’s surface. Thermal dissipation of excess energy by xanthophyll cycle pigments in the de-epoxidated state may occur in ice algal communities released from retreating sea ice. A light exposure experiment was conducted on ice algal communities obtained from sea ice at Saroma-Ko Lagoon in Hokkaido, Japan. Photoprotective responses to direct sunlight were examined through non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence and xanthophyll pigments. De-epoxidation of diadinoxanthin (DD) to diatoxanthin (DT) occurred rapidly, and NPQ showed a dynamic response to high light exposure. The linear relationship between the ratio of DT to chlorophyll a and NPQ followed a steeper slope than previously observed for mesophilic diatoms. The steeper slope could be explained by an apparent increase in DT for the mesophilic diatoms and induction of NPQ in response to low temperatures only in the ice algal communities. Enhanced production of DT in mesophilic diatoms could be the result of de-epoxidation of DD plus de novo synthesis, and the enhancement of NPQ might be caused by low temperature stress in the ice algae. Although the response of NPQ might be related to temperature, NPQ independent of DT synthesis should also be studied.
Improving the Neonatal Research Network Annual Certification for Neurologic Examination of the 18-22 Month Child

Objective To describe the Neonatal Research Network's efforts to improve the certification process for the Follow-Up Study neurologic exam and to evaluate inter-rater agreement before and after two annual training workshops. Study design The Neonatal Research Network Follow-Up Study is a multi-center observational study that has examined more than 11 500 infants from 1998-2010 and born ≤26 weeks gestational age at 18-22 months corrected age for neurodevelopmental outcome. The percentages of examiners who agreed with the Gold Standard examiner on 4 neurodevelopmental outcomes on the initial training video and a test video were calculated. Consistency among examiners was assessed with the first-order agreement coefficient statistic. Results Improvements in agreement among examiners occurred between 2009 and 2010 and between initial training and test. Examiner agreement with the Gold Standard during the initial training was 83%-91% in 2009 and 89%-99% in 2010. Examiner agreement on the workshop test video increased from 2009-2010 with agreement reaching 100% for all four neurodevelopmental outcomes examined in 2010. First-order agreement coefficient values for the four neurodevelopmental outcomes on the training videos ranged from 0.64-0.82 in 2009 and 0.77-0.97 in 2010. Conclusions We demonstrate the importance of annual certification and the benefits of evaluation and revision of certification protocols to achieve high levels of confidence in neurodevelopmental study outcomes for multi-center networks.
Combustion Engine Performance Diagnostics by Kinetic Energy Measurement

The diagnostic technique described in this paper is based on measuring the instantaneous angular speed of both the front end and the flywheel on internal-combustion engines, recording more than 400 speed measurements per engine cycle. The results from measurements on an eight-cylinder diesel engine with various cylinder faults show that reduced cylinder performance produces a drop of kinetic energy for the faulty cylinder. An engine performance criterion evaluates the performance of each cylinder, based on its contribution to total engine kinetic energy
A Model for Economic Evaluation of Health Technology

A production process model of resource utilization is proposed as a way to guide economic evaluation of health care technology. The model is illustrated in a project that is a three-year study being directed by Dr. Patricia Flatley Brennan through application to an existing randomized clinical trial, the “HeartCare” project. The purpose of the original study, HeartCare, is to study the impact of an Internet-based technology on nursing practice and patient outcomes. This model provides a structure to analyze costs of the research technology from three time perspectives: (1) development of the technology, (2) implementation, and (3) maintenance of the technology. Patient perception of the value of the technology was also studied. The economic analysis uses two strategies, cost analysis and willingness to pay (WTP) to evaluate the HeartCare research project.
Ab initio theoretical tensile test on Y-doped Σ = 3 grain boundary in α-Al2O3

Abstract It has been known for a long time that Y ions segregate to the grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline alumina with the beneficial effects of enhanced mechanical properties and increased creep resistance. No detailed microscopic theory exists to explain this so called “Y-effect”. We provide a quantum mechanical explanation for this effect through a series of carefully designed large-scale computations. The results of our theoretical tensile experiments show that the maximum stresses in pure crystalline α-Al 2 O 3 , undoped Σ = 3 GB, and Y-doped Σ = 3 GB models are, respectively 55, 31 and 39 GPa at the uni-axial strains of 17%, 14% and 16% in the direction perpendicular to the GB. The participation of the Y-4d and Y-4p orbitals enhances the covalent character of the Y–O bond, making it stronger than the Al–O bond it replaces. This could be the major reason for the improved mechanical properties of Y-doped α-Al 2 O 3 .
CLINICOECONOMICS IN GEROPSYCHIATRY

The question becomes, who will manage managed care and what will be used as a basis for rational decision making? It has been suggested that a policy-regulating body composed of health care providers, payors, and patients be formed to oversee the process of health care reform and to discourage profit-driven managed care practices. It is particularly appealing to incorporate health care consumers into this process as representatives of evolving societal values. To make rational decisions, the proposed regulatory body will need data. In this regard the discipline of clinicoeconormics could provide information on the effectiveness and relative value of health care interventions. Geropsychiatrists must be willing to join the effort to learn about and participate in clinicoeconomics to shift the debate from the bottom line of a balance sheet to the preservation of quality care for the elderly and mentally ill.
Protecting Children From Online Sexual Predators: Technological, Psychoeducational, and Legal Considerations.

Professional psychologists should more fully understand the dangers of online sexual solicitation andways in which to protect youth from sexual predators who use the Internet. Although the Internet hasmany positive aspects, one of the most pernicious aspects is its potential use for online sexual predation.The Internet represents a medium that allows sexual predators access to countless children in a relativelyanonymous environment. This article reviews the general strategies of sexual perpetrators and theircharacteristics, as well as the online strategies and characteristics of the cyber sexual predator. Infor-mation on how to protect children from this crime through a review of technological, psychoeducational,and legal considerations is provided. A description of the relevant laws as they relate to online solicitationand practicing psychologists is also provided.
Arthur in the Alhambra? Narrative and Nasrid Courtly Self-Fashioning in The Hall Of Justice Ceiling Paintings

This essay reconsiders the "Arthurian" identification of a number of the scenes that compose the ornamental program of the painted ceilings above the northern and southern alcobas of the Alhambra's Hall of Justice, proposing a reading that privileges Castilian versions of well-known courtly romances over French ones. The scenes are read as representations of the stories of Flores y Blancaflor , as well as Tristan de Leonis . Both tales, however, have been further altered and adapted in order to privilege the ideological concerns of the Nasrid court, both as an Islamic political entity with an agenda of jihād and—in a fashion that could easily be viewed as contradictory—as a participant in medieval Iberia's much-discussed frontier culture, which involved a "marriage of convenience" with Castilian allies.
Reliable control using multiple control systems

Abstract The objective of this paper is to provide a mathematical framework for building reliable control using less reliable controllers. The new ingredient in the design is the multiple control system which provides the necessary redundancy for reliability enhancement in control systems subject to controller failures. The proposed reliability design is based upon the decentralized control schemes used so far for synthesizing reliable control systems subject to perturbations in the plant interconnection structure.
Suspicious Spatial Distinctions: Literacy Research with Students across School and Community Contexts.

In what ways do students understand and document literacies within out-of-school communities in their school-sponsored writings? How can community literacy sites and public perceptions of community disrepair stimulate students to create written responses on the politics of place? These questions are at the heart of this article's investigation into relationships between writing and contexts. Drawing on research in writing and place as well as in out-of-school literacies, the author examines undergraduate writing students' investigations of literacy practices and acts of meaning making. She details how these acts can motivate students to both document and critique literacies within a local urban community in close proximity to their university setting. The author concludes by discussing how students critiqued forms of community literacies through writing, acts that have implications for the ways writing researchers can work to bridge distances (e.g., cultural, sociological, ideological, political) across s...
The Nuclear Spin of Caesium.

The spin of the caesium nucleus has been measured by the deflection of a beam of atoms in a weak inhomogeneous magnetic field. The method utilizes the fact that the magnetic moment of the atoms in some of the magnetic levels vanishes at certain values of the magnetic field. An examination of the variation of the intensity at the center of the pattern yields distinct maxima at these fields. From the number and position of these maxima, the spin can be uniquely deduced. If the magnetic field is known, the hyperfine structure separation can be deduced with accuracy. The nuclear spin of Cs was found to be $\frac{7}{2}$ in units of $\frac{h}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and the hyperfine structure separation for the normal state was found to be 0.295\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
SU-E-J-103: Characteristics of Bladder Wall Deformation as a Function of Bladder Filling

Purpose: ICRU report 83 recommends delineation of the wall for hollow organs such as the bladder. For image guided radiotherapy, there is no guidance as to how to delineate deformed walls as the filling of hollow organs change. This work investigates characteristics of bladder wall deformation as a function of bladder filling in a controlled process. Methods:CTimages of a fresh pig bladder are obtained in‐air with different bladder air fillings. A plastic hose inserted into and glued to the bladder neck forms an air‐tight seal for filling with a syringe. At each air‐filling level, a helical CT (90kV, 90mAs) of the bladder is obtained. The pixel size on all CTimages is <0.5 mm. Images are imported into a commercial planning system for delineation and statistical evaluation. Bladder walls at each filling status are auto‐contoured, then edited for quality assurance slice by slice. The auto‐contouring threshold is selected to obtain consistent volumes of the resulting region‐of‐interest at each filling status. Results: When the bladder wall interior volume increases by 360 cm3 from injecting air, the wall thickness decreases from 2.9 mm to 1.2 mm. The decrease in wall thickness is accompanied by a decrease in the wall CT number. Conclusions: For a pig bladder, the wall thickness decreases with increased air filling. The CT number (hence apparent density) of the volume decreases as the bladder expands. Further investigation is ongoing to determine if the apparent density decrease is real, due to CT reconstruction, or due to the bladder being in an air, rather than liquid environment. Characterization of hollow organ wall thickness variations may be important for image guided radiation therapy and organ wall dose evaluation. Support: P01CA116602
A Chimeric Transmembrane Domain Directs Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Palmitoylation and Targeting to Plasmalemmal Caveolae

The endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), a key signaling protein, undergoes a series of covalent modifications, including co-translational N-myristoylation at Gly(2), as well as post-translational thiopalmitoylation at Cys(15) and Cys(26). Myristoylation of eNOS is required for the subsequent palmitoylation of the enzyme, and both acylations are required for the efficient subcellular targeting of eNOS to plasmalemmal caveolae. We constructed chimeric cDNAs encoding proteins comprised of various acylation-deficient eNOS mutants fused at their N termini to the hydrophobic transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein CD8 and characterized these constructs in transient transfection experiments in COS-7 cells. One construct (termed CD8-myr(-)eNOS) encodes a fusion protein comprised of the eNOS myristoylation-deficient mutant coupled to the CD8 transmembrane domain. In biosynthetic labeling experiments using [(3)H]palmitic acid, we found that the CD8-myr(-)eNOS chimera undergoes palmitoylation. Subcellular fractionation showed that the CD8-myr(-)eNOS chimera is targeted to caveolae. We also constructed and characterized a cDNA encoding the CD8 transmembrane domain fused to the palmitoylation-deficient mutant eNOS (in which Cys(15) and Cys(26) are changed to serine). This chimera (termed CD8-myr(-).palm(-)eNOS) did not undergo palmitoylation, indicating that the palmitoylation seen with the CD8. myr(-)eNOS fusion protein occurs on the same residues as in the wild-type enzyme. Importantly, the CD8-myr(-).palm(-)eNOS fusion protein remained efficiently targeted to caveolae, in contrast to the palm(-)eNOS mutant lacking the CD8 transmembrane domain, which has nominal caveolar localization. A construct encoding the CD8 transmembrane domain alone was insufficient for selective targeting to caveolae. These results indicate that membrane targeting per se, but not necessarily myristoylation, is sufficient for eNOS palmitoylation and localization to plasmalemmal caveolae, and suggest further that sequences within eNOS itself, in addition to its palmitoylation sites, facilitate the selective localization of the enzyme within caveolae.
723 STEM CELL DEFECTS IN SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (SCID)

Fractionated bone marrow cells from normal volunteers can regularly be induced to bear the human T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) marker to form E-rosettes and respond to concanavalin A (Con A) following coculture with normal thymic epithelial mono-layers (TEM) or supernatants (SUP). T-cell differentiation done in this way on marrow cells of 5 patients with SCID revealed the following results: Previously, Touraine et al found no induction of HTLA marker in the marrow of a patient with SCID after incubation with thymic extract suggesting absence of stem cells but Incefy et al showed that some patients may have stem cells inducible to HTLA but not to E-rosettes or functional markers. We conclude that in variants of SCID precursor cells are present but are arrested at different steps along the T-cell line. In T-cell differentiation HTLA marker probably appears before E-rosettes, followed by a state of responsiveness to mitogens. (Supported by grants CA-17404, CA-19267 and Judith Harris Selig Foundation)
Inhibitory by d,1-methadone of RNA and protein synthesis in neonatal mice: Antagonism by naloxone or naltrexone

Abstract Neonatal mice were injected once daily with d,1-methadone in a dosage of 2 mg/kg. The remaining half of the litter was injected with saline. After one week the incorporation of labeled uridine and labeled leucine was significantly (P
Mixed-conducting oxygen permeable ceramic membranes for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane

Due to the high economic, environmental, and safety costs associated with pure oxygen, mixed-conducting oxygen-permeable ceramic membranes are being explored as an alternative oxygen source for hydrocarbon conversion reactors. This work reports a dramatic improvement in catalyst performance when an oxygen-permeable SrFeCo0.5Ox ceramic membrane is used in conjunction with a conventional powder Pt/ZrO2 catalyst for the CO2 reforming of CH4. Experiments comparing catalyst performance with up to 2% co-fed oxygen to catalyst performance with oxygen from the ceramic membrane demonstrated a conversion three times higher with the membrane than with any amount of co-fed oxygen. The results suggest that membrane oxygen is more beneficial for catalyst activity and stability than molecular gas-phase oxygen.
Your Children, My Children. Why Not Our Children?: Dilemmas in Early Childhood Teacher Education

This article addresses a question that is of key importance in preparing early childhood personnel, especially those in inclusive environments: “How do we teach in ways that we want our students to teach?” There is an emphasis on developing a “community of practice” where professionals can share their work-related concerns and passion while learning from the teaching process. Such a collaborative approach among the interrelated fields of child development and early childhood special education is critical in addressing dilemmas stemming from societal beliefs around child development and the complex role of education in children's lives. This, in turn, is expected to facilitate innovative thinking among future educators about creating inclusive programs for all children.
Modulation of IA Potassium Current in Adrenal Cortical Cells by a Series of Ten Lanthanide Elements

The modulation of IA K+ current by ten trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+) cations spanning the series with ionic radii ranging from 0.99 A to 1.14 A was characterized by the whole-cell patch clamp technique in bovine adrenal zona fasciculata (AZF) cells. Each of the ten Ln3+s reduced IA amplitude measured at +20 mV in a concentration-dependent manner. Smaller Ln3+s were the most potent and half-maximally effective concentrations (EC50s) varied inversely with ionic radius for the larger elements. Estimation of EC50s yielded the following potency sequence: Lu3+ (EC50= 3.0 μm) ≈ Yb3+ (EC50= 2.7 μm) > Er3+ (EC50= 3.7 μm) ≥ Dy3+ (EC50= 4.7 μm) > Gd3+ (EC50= 6.7 μm) ≈ Sm3+ (EC50= 6.9 μm) > Nd3+ (EC50= 11.2 μm) > Pr3+ (EC50= 22.3 μm) > Ce3+ (EC50= 28.0 μm) > La3+ (EC50= 33.7 μm).
Catalytic electrooxidation of hydrazine at the nickel ferricyanide modified electrode: can an array of surface bound one-electron redox centers act in concert?

The [NiFe(CN)6]2−/− derivatized nickel electrode represents an electrocatalytic surface for the mediated oxidation of hydrazine. The four-electron oxidation of hydrazine is employed as a probe of multiple electron charge transfer processes at the Ni[Fe(CN)6]2−/− interface since the observed product distribution is sensitive to the detailed mechanism and stoichiometry of electron transfer giving rise to production of NH3 if only one-electron transfer processes occur, while yielding N2H2 or N2 if multi-electron processes are present. A correlation between surface overlayer structure and charge transfer pathway is observed. A rather facile, pseudo-first order heterogeneous charge transfer rate (~3 × 10−2 cm s−1) was found for N2 production. The kinetics of the processes involved in this electrocatalysis were analyzed according to the Saveant-Andrieux theory. The electrocatalytic behavior of this system can be varied from R type behavior to R + S or (SR) and then to S + E behavior by varying the amount of the surface attached catalyst.
A Second Soundly Sleeping Dragon: New Anatomical Details of the Chinese Troodontid Mei long with Implications for Phylogeny and Taphonomy

A second nearly complete, articulated specimen of the basal troodontid Mei long (DNHM D2154) is reported from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Valanginian) lower Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China. New diagnostic features of Mei long are identified, including: a uniquely shaped maxilla, low with small, low maxillary fenestra; sacrum with an extremely wide caudal portion and elongate 4th and 5th sacral processes; and a large distal articular surface on the tibiotarsus which continues caudally on the tibia. A phylogenetic analysis including new data from the second specimen recovered Mei as a basal troodontid, in keeping with previous analyses. Although the skeleton exhibits several juvenile-like features including free cervical ribs, unfused frontals and nasals, and a short snouted skull, other attributes, full fusion of all neurocentral synostoses and the sacrum, and dense exteriors to cortical bone, suggest a small, mature individual. Microscopic examination of tibia and fibula histology confirms maturity and suggests an individual greater than two years old with slowed growth. Despite being one of the smallest dinosaurs, Mei long exhibits multi-year growth and cortical bone consisting largely of fibro-lamellar tissue marked by lines of arrested growth as in much larger and more basal theropods. This Mei long specimen lies in a similar but mirrored sleeping position to that of the holotype, strengthening the hypothesis that both specimens were preserved in a stereotypical life position. Like many Liaoning specimens, the new specimen also lacks extensive taphonomic and stratigraphic data, making further behavioral inference problematic.
Merkel cells and neurons keep in touch

The Merkel cell-neurite complex is a unique vertebrate touch receptor comprising two distinct cell types in the skin. Its presence in touch-sensitive skin areas was recognized more than a century ago, but the functions of each cell type in sensory transduction have been unclear. Three recent studies demonstrate that Merkel cells are mechanosensitive cells that function in touch transduction via Piezo2. One study concludes that Merkel cells, rather than sensory neurons, are principal sites of mechanotransduction, whereas two other studies report that both Merkel cells and neurons encode mechanical inputs. Together, these studies settle a long-standing debate on whether or not Merkel cells are mechanosensory cells, and enable future investigations of how these skin cells communicate with neurons.
The Local Politics of Global Sustainability

In The Local Politics of Global Sustainability, Thomas Prugh, Robert Costanza, and Herman Daly make it very clear that if we, as a global society, ever wish to reach sustainability–the ability to s...
A genetic basis for resistance to enteric disease caused by E. coli.

THE K88 antigen on the surface strains of E. coli which cause neonatal diarrhoea in piglets1,2 is an essential virulence determinant3,4 because its adhesive properties enable K88-positive strains to attach to piglet intestinal mucosa4–7 and establish in the small intestine4. These bacteria multiply to reach abnormally large numbers in the gut8 and synthesise enterotoxins that cause diarrhoea and death of infected piglets9,10. K88-positive bacteria, however, do not attach to intestinal tissue from all piglets, and at least two pig phenotypes occur6,7, which we have designated ‘adhesive’ (signifying that K88-positive bacteria attach to their brush borders) or ‘non-adhesive’ (K88-positive bacteria do not attach to their brush-borders). Phenotypes are the products of two alleles at a single locus which are inherited in a simple Mendelian manner7, and the phenotypes of progeny from selected matings support the conclusion that the product of the ‘adhesive’ allele is dominant over the product of the ‘non-adhesive’ allele (R. A. G., R. S. and J. M. R., unpublished).
Left ventricular myocardial stiffness

Left ventricular (LV) myocardial stiffness (k"S) is an index of muscle properties independent of chamber geometry and is important in understanding normal and abnormal physiology, but is difficult to measure in vivo. Defining the LV as a thick-walled prolate sphere with minor radius R, accepted definitions of stress (@s) and natural strain were used to show the @s- R relation is a power function, and k"S relates to the curvature by @s = C"1 + C"2 R^k^"^S. Importantly, this derivation avoids constraints on the @s- R relation and the need for LV dimensions at @s = 0. This model was then applied in humans and in dogs with intact pericardium. LV pressure and volume are lowered by nifedipine; in 32 patients k"S was unchanged and thus peripheral effects implicated. Ejection fraction (EF) decreases with coronary occlusion and improves with early reperfusion. This could represent salvage of muscle or further damage with increased k"S and resultant decrease of muscle bulging. In 20 dogs it was shown that k"S increases with coronary occlusion and that early reperfusion causes k"S to improve at the same time as EF. This implies salvage with major clinical implications.
Effects of temperature during soybean seed development on defense-related gene expression and fungal pathogen accumulation

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] plants were exposed to three temperature regimens during seed development to investigate the effect of temperature on the expression of eight defense-related genes and the accumulation of two fungal pathogens in inoculated seeds. In seeds prior to inoculation, either a day/night warm (34/26°C) or a cool temperature (22/18°C) relative to normal (26/22°C) resulted in altered patterns of gene expression including substantially lower expression of PR1, PR3 and PR10. After seed inoculation with Cercospora kikuchii, pathogen accumulation was lowest in seeds produced at 22/18°C in which of all defense genes, MMP2 was uniquely most highly induced. For seeds inoculated with Diaporthe phaseolorum, pathogen accumulation was lowest in seeds produced at 34/26°C in which of all defense genes, PR10 was uniquely most highly induced. Our detached seed assays clearly demonstrated that the temperature regimens we applied during seed development produced significant changes in seed defense-related gene expression both pre- and post inoculation and our findings support the hypothesis that global climate change may alter plant–pathogen interactions and thereby potentially crop productivity.
Saving, investment, and capital mobility among OECD countries

Historically investigations of the international mobility of capital have studied rates of return on similar assets denominated in different currencies. Recently, however, efforts directed at ascertaining the degree of international capital mobility have examined the relationship between domestic saving and investment rates. The first approach assesses the mobility of groups of financial assets which represent the existing capital stock while the latter actually scrutinizes the mobility of new physical capital. This paper employs the second approach in a times series study of capital mobility among OECD countries. Implementation of four different tests of the saving-investment relationship suggest that physical capital is more mobile than previous studies have indicated.