cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fast outlier detection strategy for distributed high-dimensional data sets with mixed attributes

Outlier detection has attracted substantial attention in many applications and research areas; some of the most prominent applications are network intrusion detection or credit card fraud detection. Many of the existing approaches are based on calculating distances among the points in the dataset. These approaches cannot easily adapt to current datasets that usually contain a mix of categorical and continuous attributes, and may be distributed among different geographical locations. In addition, current datasets usually have a large number of dimensions. These datasets tend to be sparse, and traditional concepts such as Euclidean distance or nearest neighbor become unsuitable. We propose a fast distributed outlier detection strategy intended for datasets containing mixed attributes. The proposed method takes into consideration the sparseness of the dataset, and is experimentally shown to be highly scalable with the number of points and the number of attributes in the dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed outlier detection method compares very favorably with other state-of-the art outlier detection strategies proposed in the literature and that the speedup achieved by its distributed version is very close to linear.
Growth Factor and Growth Factor Receptor Localization in the Hair Follicle Bulge and Associated Tissue in Human Fetus

The bulge region of the hair follicle has been thought to contain follicular stem cells. The bulge in the human follicle is a collection of undifferentiated cells that is prominent only in the fetal period. Antibodies that recognize epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor- α (TGF- α ), EGF receptor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A and B chains, PDGF α and β receptors, and the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75) were used to study the bulge and associated mesenchymal cells in this fetal period. Weak EGF and TGF- α immunoreactivities were seen in the bulge. Confocal laser scanning microscopic images revealed intracytoplasmic and intranuclear punctate patterns of immunoreactivities in the bulge cells labeled by anti-EGF and anti-TGF- α antibodies. All the bulge cells stained strongly for EGF receptor. Cells within the bulge were labeled both with PDGF A chain and with PDGF B chain, although the immunoreactivities were weak in the outermost layer of cells. The follicular sheath was strongly immunoreactive with antibodies against both PDGF α and β receptors. p75 was expressed in mesenchymal cells around the hair follicle and in the lower portion of the bulge. These differential labeling patterns suggested that EGF, TGF- α , and nerve growth factor may be involved in regulation of the growth and differentiation of bulge cells and that PDGFS may have related functions in the interaction arising between the bulge and associated tissue during follicle morphogenesis.
Catheter-sized fiber optic absorbance sensor with compact instrumentation

Catheter-sized absorbance sensors have been constructed and tested using the medically significant dye indocyanine green as an analyte. Sensors were found to be equally usable with conventional wavelength scanning instrumentation or with a very compact solid state instrument. Statistical evaluation of the data acquired with these small sensors showed that accurate working curves provide high sensitivity and wide dynamic range of use. Potential uses of these sensors are suggested.
Managing ghosts: exploring local government involvement in dark tourism

In the growing discussion of dark tourism, attention has focused on dark tourism theory, interpretation of tragic events, management of dark tourist sites, and visitor motivations. The local government component, however, has been overlooked in this field of study. Fame from notorious events often transfers to the city where it happened, sometimes sharing a name (the Amityville Horror, the Villisca Axe Murders, Auschwitz) whether the community likes it or not. This fame transfer creates a shared city ‘ghost’ lingering in its shadows, but draws curiosity seekers from around the globe. This study presents factors local governments should consider as they examine their role in dark tourism, including planning for site management, consideration of the safety of, and services provided to, their citizens, examination of potential economic benefits, and most importantly, to ensure that they have a voice in the stewardship of their history.
Transient liquid phase bonding of Cu to Cu–W composite using an electron beam energy source

Abstract This paper presents an alternative method for fabricating Cu/Cu–W joints suitable for electrical contacts. The process applied to join the Cu to the Cu–W composite involved using an electron beam welding machine operated in conduction mode to form a transient liquid phase at the interface from the melting of a thin Al foil. Analysis of the microstructure of the joints indicated that for optimized processing conditions, Cu–Al intermetallics were not present in the Cu/Cu–W interfacial region. For the joints with such microstructural characteristics, measurement of the mechanical integrity of the interface between the Cu and Cu–W composite indicated that plastic deformation and fracture occurs at the copper side of the assembly.
Qualitative Methods for Developing Advertising That Makes Consumers Feel, “Hey, That’s Right For Me”

Identifies eight sources of brand imagery. Describes new qualitative methods for measuring brand images and general consumer “life images”. Surmises that effective advertising today reflects a deep sensitivity towards consumer feelings about the product usage ritual, the reason for using the product, the usage occasion, the results of using the product, idiosyncratic experiences with the product, the manufacturer, and daily lives in general.
Illicit markets and violence: what is the relationship?

Illicit global markets, such as the smuggling of people and goods across borders, share some core characteristics: They are unauthorized by the sending and/or receiving jurisdiction and they operate via mechanisms designed to evade detection and apprehension. These illicit market activities are also widely believed to be closely associated with the global spread of organized violence. Indeed, violence is commonly viewed as one of the defining features of illicit markets that differentiate them from licit markets. The most popular narrative of the relationship between illicit global markets and violence is seductively simple: As criminal enterprise has gone global, so too has the violence closely associated with it. This is an important part of the storyline, for example, in recent popular books such as Moises Naim’s Illicit and Misha Glenny’s McMafia. These provocative accounts of the dark underside of globalization— ruthless globe-trotting and gun-wielding criminal syndicates—generate fear and anxiety and fuel public support for more intensive international crime-control campaigns. Illicit economic activities that don’t cross borders, such as local markets in illegal or stolen commodities, are similarly at risk of interdiction by agencies of government. And, as with illicit cross-border flows, these markets are thought to be rife with violence involving, in varying combinations, those who make their living in them, customers who only partake of their goods, authorities whose job it is to suppress them, and innocent victims who belong to none of these categories. To be sure, despite the highly variable degree to which illicit markets are violent, as we discuss below, it is safe to assert that, on the whole, these markets are more prone to violence than markets in the legitimate economy. The explanation for this, stated in slightly varying versions in the articles that follow, is that illicit markets, by Crime Law Soc Change (2009) 52:225–229 DOI 10.1007/s10611-009-9200-6
Post-stroke tactile allodynia and its modulation by vestibular stimulation: a MEG case study.

Background – There is behavioural evidence that caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) can alleviate central pain. Several such patients have also noted that it reduces tactile allodynia, an especially ill-understood phenomenon in these patients. Aims of the study – The first aim is to use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study neural activity associated with tactile allodynia in central post-stroke pain (CPSP). The second is to assess how this would be affected, if at all, by CVS. The third is to assess the ability of the VESTAL solution for MEG to detect anterior cingulate activation. Methods – A 58-year-old woman with CPSP, and marked unilateral tactile allodynia, participated in a MEG study with imaging pre- and post-CVS. Results – Tactile simulation within the patient’s allodynic area resulted in contralateral activation of the primary motor and anterior cingulate cortices, which had normalized 24 h post-CVS. Conclusions – We suggest that the unexpected primary motor cortex activation in response to light touch in the allodynic area arises from inappropriate activation of a normal mechanism, which may occur when a threat to homeostasis is present, to lower motor thresholds and allow for more rapid performance of corrective actions. We propose this may be mediated by the interoceptive cortex in the dorsal posterior insula.
Making a Little Affinity Go a Long Way: A Topological View of LFA-1 Regulation

Lymphocytes utilize adhesion to navigate in the body and to transiently interact with a variety of potential antigen presenting cells. Interactions of adhesion molecules are governed by the law of mass action and the less understood rules of apposed biological membranes. Biochemical parameters such as adhesion molecule affinity only tell part of the story. Factors such as lateral mobility, membrane alignment and cytoskeletal interactions are equally important in determining the final outcome. Therefore it is important to determine mechanisms by which the properties of cell membranes and the cytoskeleton reinforce or hinder adhesion molecule interactions. Work from my lab has shown that one mechanism by which lymphocyte adhesion molecules cooperate is to align adhering membranes with nanometer precision. Here, I discuss a model for LFA-1 regulation that is dependent on three independent processes: LFA-1 lateral mobility, ligand induced generation of a small amount of high affinity LFA-1 and local membrane alignment. I propose that coordination of these processes allows rapid interconversion between stable adhesion and detachment.
UWB imaging with multi-polarized signals for early breast

Breast cancer kills more than 400,000 people each year worldwide [1]. However, the survival rate is approximately 95% if the cancer is detected early (early detection typically refers to tumors with diameter less than 1cm). Ultra-wideband microwave signals can theoretically be used to detect breast tumors as small as 2 mm [2]. Microwave detection is also less expensive and safer than other forms of detection, and is noninvasive. For these reasons this method has been increasingly recommended as a regular exam tool for early breast cancer detection [3].
Confined waveguide modes in slot photonic crystal slab.

We analyze the properties of truly confined modes of a slot-photonic crystal slab on silicon-on-insulator structures. Recently, Galli et al[1] have demonstrated the enhancement of photoluminescence in slot-photonic crystal slabs, however, their structure supported only lossy modes. We designed and calculated the band structure and linear defect guided modes for slab confined structures. Two cladding configurations, which are strong candidates for fabrication, are investigated. The field enhancement in the confined mode of a slot-photonic crystal offers significant promise for new light emitting devices on silicon.
Technical and economical analyses of combined heat and power generation from distillers grains and corn stover in ethanol plants

The technical and economical feasibilities of a novel integrated biomass gasification and fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) system were analyzed for supplying heat and power in an ethanol plant from distillers grains (DG) and corn stover. In a current dry-grind plant with an annual production capacity of 189 million liters (50 million gallons) of ethanol, the energy cost for ethanol production using natural gas at a price of 6.47 US$/GJ for processing heat and commercial grid at a price of 0.062 US$/kWh for electrical power supply was 0.094 US$/liter. If the integrated CHP system using wet DG with 64.7% moisture on a wet basis at 105 US$/dry tonne and corn stover with 20% moisture at 30 US$/dry tonne as feedstock was used to supply heat and power in the ethanol plant, the energy costs for ethanol production would be 0.101 US$/liter and 0.070 US$/liter, which are 107% and 75% of the current energy cost for ethanol production, respectively. To meet the demand of processing heat and power in the ethanol plant, the integrated CHP system required 22.1 dry tonnes of corn stover with 20% moisture or 14.5 dry tonnes of DG with 64.7% moisture on a wet basis per hour, compared with the available 18.8 dry tonnes of DG per hour in the ethanol plant. High-value chemicals such as policosanols, phytosterols and free fatty acids can be extracted out of the raw DG to reduce the cost of DG as a feedstock of the integrated CHP system. The energy cost for ethanol production using the integrated CHP system with corn stover and DG as the feedstock for supplying heat and power can be reduced further by increasing ethanol production scale, decreasing the moisture content of biomass feedstock, and decreasing thermal energy to electricity output ratio of the CHP system. In terms of the energy efficiency of the integrated CHP system and the energy cost for ethanol production, the moisture content of the feedstock going into the integrated CHP should be lower than 70% on a wet basis.
The Quality and Safety Educators Academy Fulfilling an Unmet Need for Faculty Development

Educating physician trainees in the principles of quality improvement (QI) and patient safety (PS) is a national imperative. Few faculty are trained in these disciplines, and few teaching institutions have the resources and infrastructure to develop faculty as instructors of these skills. The authors designed a 3-day, in-person academy to provide medical educators with the knowledge and tools to integrate QI and PS concepts into their training programs. The curriculum provided instruction in quality and safety, curriculum development and assessment, change management, and professional development while fostering peer networking, mentorship, and professional development. This article describes the characteristics, experiences, and needs of a cross-sectional group of faculty interested in acquiring skills to help them succeed as quality and safety educators. It also describes the guiding principles, curriculum blueprint, program evaluation, and lessons learned from this experience which could be applied to future faculty development programs in quality and safety education.
Correct-by-design CAD enhancement for EMI and signal integrity

The monolithic integration of mixed-signal and RF microelectronics is straining the capabilities of present CAD roots for predictive analysis. In particular, the effects of di/dt, crosstalk, high-frequency impedance matching, and substrate noise pose challenges to reliable circuit operation. This is especially true as supply rail voltages continue to shrink below 2.5 V. Although PCB CAD tools have successfully addressed these issues, similar. tools have yet to penetrate the VLSIC/RFIC market due to the even greater signal frequencies and far greater network density. We describe an ongoing research effort to introduce models of these effects into a commercial CAD tool. The goal is to develop a correct-by-design CAD system in which constraints on signal crosstalk and EMI are considered along with signal delay and power restrictions in performing automated floor-planning and routing. To permit top-down synthesis of reliable systems, we are also expanding the HDL coding of digital systems to include two additional parameters: EMI victim status and EMl point-source contributions.
Thinking about Product Attributes: Investigating the Role of Unconscious Valence Processing in Attribute Framing

In the present investigation we conducted three studies to examine how unconscious valence processing influences participants’ quality judgments in an attribute-framing task. In Studies 1 and 2 we observed how individuals who had depleted cognitive resources, through distraction (Study 2) and time constraint (Study 3), differed in their responses to an attribute-framing task. In Study 3 we subliminally primed participants with attribute frames and then presented them with a frameless decision task. Our results revealed that attribute framing arises from unconscious valence processing and conscious processing may only play a role when the frame is especially salient.
Exact cellular decompositions in terms of critical points of Morse functions

Exact cellular decompositions are structures that globally encode the topology of a robot's free space, while locally describing the free space geometry. These structures have been widely used for path planning between two points, but can be used for mapping and coverage of robot free spaces. In this paper, we define exact cellular decompositions where critical points of Morse functions indicate the location of cell boundaries. Morse functions are those whose critical points are non-degenerate. Between critical points, the structure of a space is effectively the same, so simple control strategies to achieve tasks, such as coverage, are feasible within each cell. In this paper, we derive a general framework for defining decompositions in terms of critical points and then give examples, each corresponding to a different task. All of the results in this paper are derived in an m-dimensional Euclidean space, but the examples depicted in the figures are 2D and 3D for ease of presentation.
Power Anomalies in Testing Mediation

Two rather surprising anomalies relating to statistical power occur in testing mediation. First, in a model with no direct effect for which the total effect and indirect effect are identical, the power for the test of the total effect can be dramatically smaller than the power for the test of the indirect effect. Second, when there is a direct effect of a causal variable on the outcome controlling for the mediator, the power of the test of the indirect effect is often considerably greater than the power of the test of the direct effect, even when the two are of the same magnitude. We try to explain the reasons for these anomalies and how they affect practice.
Outcomes of Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of prenatal antidepressant exposure on perinatal outcomes, congenital malformations, and early growth and development. METHOD: Within a group-model health maintenance organization, all infants with apparent prenatal exposure to tricyclic or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants were frequency matched to an unexposed comparison group by year of birth, maternal age, and mother’s lifetime use of antidepressant drugs and mental health care. A structured blind review of mothers’ and infants’ medical records examined perinatal outcomes, congenital malformations, and developmental delay. RESULTS: Tricyclic antidepressant exposure was not associated with any significant difference in perinatal outcomes. Exposure to SSRIs was associated with a 0.9-week decrease in mean gestational age, a 175-g decrease in mean birth weight, and a 0.29 decrease in mean Apgar score at 5 minutes, but differences in birth weights and Apgar scores were not significant ...
Experiments on transverse compression of a long charge bunch in a linear Paul trap

The transverse compression of a long charge bunch is investigated in the Paul trap simulator experiment (PTSX), which is a linear Paul trap that simulates the nonlinear transverse dynamics of an intense charged particle beam propagating through an equivalent kilometers-long magnetic alternating-gradient (AG) focusing system. Changing the voltage amplitude at fixed focusing frequency in the PTSX device corresponds to changing the field gradient of the quadrupole magnets with fixed axial periodicity in the AG transport system. In this work, we present experimental results on transverse compression of the charge bunch in which the amplitude of the applied oscillatory focusing voltage is changed instantaneously, and adiabatically. The experimental data are also compared with analytical estimates and 2D WARP particle-in-cell simulations.
HER4 expression status correlates with improved outcome in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant Trastuzumab treated invasive breast carcinoma

// Bryce P Portier 1 , Eugen C Minca 2 , Zhen Wang 2 , Christopher Lanigan 2 , Aaron M Gruver 2 , Erinn Downs-Kelly 2 , G Thomas Budd 3 , and Raymond R Tubbs 2 1 Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 2 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 3 Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH Correspondence: Bryce P. Portier, email: // Keywords : Breast carcinoma, HER2, HER4, Immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, Trastuzumab, H-Score Received : July 31, 2013 Accepted : August 24, 2013 Published : August 26, 2013 Abstract Prognostic and predictive markers utilized in invasive breast carcinoma are limited and include ER, PR, Ki67, and ERBB2 (HER2). In the case of HER2, over-expression or amplification serves as eligibility for anti-HER2 based therapy, including trastuzumab (Herceptin®, Genentech). While clinical trials have shown trastuzumab improves overall survival and time to progression, an individual’s response to anti-HER2 based therapy is highly variable. This suggests that, in a “uniform” HER2 positive population, additional markers could help in predicting patient outcome to therapy. Here we utilized a recently validated high-specificity HER4 antibody (E200) and generated a standard clinical HER4 scoring algorithm (HER4 H-Score) utilizing two breast carcinoma cohorts: 1) patients receiving neoadjuvant trastuzumab (n=47) and 2) patients receiving trastuzumab for metastatic disease (n=33). Our HER4 H-Score showed significant correlation with high sensitivity RT-qPCR performed on matched patients (p=<0.0001). In addition, patients with HER2/HER4 co-over-expression status showed a significant delay in development of metastasis after neo-adjuvant trastuzumab therapy (p= 0.04) and showed a significant improvement in progression free survival after adjuvant trastuzumab therapy (p=0.03). These findings suggest HER4 IHC, used in conjunction with a standard HER2 testing algorithm, could aid in predicting clinical outcome and help identify patients likely to show improved response to trastuzumab therapy.
Differential expression of three eucalyptus secondary cell wall-related cellulose synthase genes in response to tension stress

Trees constitute the majority of lignocellulosic biomass existing on our planet. Trees also serve as important feedstock materials for various industrial products. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of cellulose synthase (CesA) genes of trees. Here, the cloning and characterization of three CesA genes (EgraCesA1, EgraCesA2, and EgraCesA3) from an economically important tree species, Eucalyptus grandis, are reported. All three genes were specifically expressed in xylem cells of eucalyptus undergoing secondary cell wall biosynthesis. The GUS gene, expressed under the control of the EgraCesA2 or EgraCesA3 promoter, was also localized in the secondary xylem in transgenic tobacco stems. However, the EgraCesA1 promoter alone or along with its 5#-UTR introns was insufficient to direct appropriate GUS expression. EgraCesA2 and EgraCesA3 gene expression was up-regulated in tension-stressed eucalyptus xylem cells. Accordingly, GUS expression directed by the EgraCesA2 or EgraCesA3 promoter was also upregulated. EgraCesA1 had no such response. Thus, it is most unlikely that EgraCesA1 is a subunit of the EgraCesA2–EgraCesA3 complex. The presence of at least two types of cellulose biosynthesis machinery in wood formation is an important clue in deciphering the underpinnings of the perennial growth of trees in various environmental conditions. By analysing GUS gene expression directed by the EgraCesA3 promoter or its deletions, several negative and positive regulatory regions controlling gene expression in xylem or phloem were identified. Also a region which is likely to contain mechanical stress-responsive elements was deduced. These results will guide further studies on identifying cis-regulatory elements directing CesA gene transcription and wood formation regulatory networks.
Exploring a Pedagogy for the Supervision of Prospective Mathematics Teachers.

Our investigation explored a pedagogy for supervision through a case study of one prospective middle school mathematics teacher during her student teaching semester. Classroom observations by the university supervisor, teaching episode interviews between the supervisor and student teacher, and focused journal reflections by the student teacher were coordinated to challenge the student teacher's existing models of teaching. The emerging pedagogy of the teaching episodes, a central focus of this study, was characterized by (a)the use of open-ended questions that centered the student teacher in the process of sense making; (b) a shift away from the supervisor's direct, authoritative evaluations of the student teacher's practice; (c) a sustained focus throughout supervision derived from the student teacher's classroom experiences; and(d) an effort to maintain sensitivity to the student teacher's zone of proximal development. We found our approach to be coincident with the notion of instructional conversation (IC)advanced by Gallimore and Goldenberg (1992).The nature of the teaching episodes seemed to open the student teacher's zone of proximal development so that her practice of teaching could be mediated with the assistance of a more knowing other.
Directional Light Emission from Propagating Surface Plasmons of Silver Nanowires

Thin metallic nanowires are highly promising candidates for plasmonic waveguides in photonic and electronic devices. We have observed that light from the end of a silver nanowire, following excitation of plasmons at the other end of the wire, is emitted in a cone of angles peaking at nominally 45-60 degrees from the nanowire axis, with virtually no light emitted along the direction of the nanowire. This surprising characteristic can be explained in a simple picture invoking Fabry-Perot resonances of the forward- and back-propagating plasmons on the nanowire. This strongly angular-dependent emission is a critical property that must be considered when designing coupled nanowire-based photonic devices and systems.
Clinical and radiographic differentiation of lung nodules caused by mycobacteria and lung cancer: a case–control study

Lung nodules caused by mycobacteria can resemble lung cancer on chest imaging. The advent of lung cancer screening with low-dose Computed Tomography is accompanied by high false-positive rates, making it necessary to establish criteria to differentiate malignant from benign nodules. We conducted a retrospective case–control study of 52 patients with mycobacterial lung nodules and 139 patients with lung cancer, diagnosed between 2010 and 2012. We compared clinical and radiographic characteristics to identify predictors of disease by univariate and multivariate analysis. The discriminatory power of maximum Standardized Uptake Values from Positron-Emission-Tomography was also evaluated. Several variables were correlated with a diagnosis of mycobacterial infection or lung cancer on univariate analysis. Such variable include smoking status and history, lesion size and imaging evidence of tree-in-bud opacities, lymphadenopathy or emphysema on computed tomography. Upon author consensus, the most clinically-relevant variables were selected to undergo multivariate analysis. A history of current or former smoking [OR 4.4 (95 % CI 1.2–15.6) and 2.7 (95 % CI 1.1–6.8), respectively P = 0.04] was correlated with diagnoses of lung cancer. Contrarily, the presence of tree-in-bud opacities was less likely to be correlated with a diagnosis of malignancy [OR 0.04 (95 % CI 0.0–1.0), P = 0.05]. Additionally, higher maximum standardized uptake values from positron emission tomography were associated with malignancy on multivariate analysis [OR 1.1 (95 % CI 1.0–1.2), P = 0.04]; but the accuracy of the values in differentiating between diseases was only 0.67 as measured by the area under the curve. Lesion size was not independently associated with diagnosis [OR 0.5 (95 % CI 0.2–1.2), (P = 0.12)]. Establishing the likelihood of malignancy for lung nodules based on isolated clinical or radiographic criteria is difficult. Using the variables found in this study may allow clinicians to stratify patients into groups of high and low risk for malignancy, and therefore establish efficient diagnostic strategies.
Lagrangian Modeling of Potential Vorticity Homogenization and the Associated Front in the Gulf Stream

Abstract This paper studies the water property exchange across the Gulf Stream, the gyre-scale potential vorticity homogenization, and the associated property front closely aligned with the Gulf Stream using a double gyre-jet ocean circulation model, which consists of a subtropical gyre in the south, a subpolar gyre in the north, and a meandering jet between the two gyres. A Lagrangian particle modeling method is used in this study. The role of the Gulf Stream and the annual north-south shift of the wind system and their interplay in these processes are thoroughly examined. The main conclusions are 1) the Gulf Stream could result in large water property exchange between the subtropical and subpolar gyres and the annual meridional shift of the wind pattern could further enhance the property exchange; 2) most of the Lagrangian transport and mixing across the jet core occurs in the interior and the eastern region, whereas most of the Lagrangian exchange in the western basin, especially in the western boundar...
OSHA Infectious Dose White Paper

During the past summer, OSHA requested ABSA’s technical support to develop a white paper regarding the concept of infectious dose. ABSA was asked to consider whether infectious doses for organisms could be defined in such a way to potentially develop permissible exposure levels to those infectious agents. The following paper was researched and developed by ABSA’s Technical Review Committee and Council in support of the ABSA/OSHA Alliance.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption of College Students: What is the Role of Food Culture?

Our primary objective is to assess the role of culture by linking college students’ current consumption of fruits and vegetables with their produce consumption levels while with family. Using a Tobit model, we analyzed data from an online survey with college students. Family consumption of fruits was highly predictive of the individual’s consumption of fruits. For each unit increase in the reported consumption of fruits (vegetables) with the family, the respondents’ fruit (vegetable) consumption at school increased by 0.65 (0.30) units compared to the base consumption level of 1.95 (1.82) times of fruit intake per day.
Natural History of Chiari Malformations

Although many aspects of CM-I natural history remain unsolved, some progress is being made. Recently, several groups have reported on CM-I natural history in selected groups of patients that were managed without surgery. Each of these studies followed patients for several years. In general, the natural history for this subgroup of Chiari patients is benign, although cases of clinical progression as well as spontaneous improvement were seen. The available data clarify the natural history of CM-I for the subgroup of CM-I patients that are considered to be asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic and without neurological deficits. Spinal syringes in patients with CM-I follow a varied and unpredictable natural course.
An introduction to version control with Subversion: tutorial presentation

This workshop introduces participants to Subversion, a version control system. Participants will work with an established repository (containing a web site) so they can focus on key, daily-use concepts, such and committing, updating, resolving conflicts, branching and merging. Using a web site model is familiar and allows viewing of all changes during the workshop exercises. Additionally, we will demonstrate installation of a Subversion server and creating a repository as time allows. This workshop is for people completely new to using a version control system or for those new to using one in a group environment where conflicts will occur. A laptop is required. Linux, Mac and Windows will all work. Participants should download a Subversion client before the workshop so they'll be ready to hit the ground running.
Selective Factors in Capital Punishment

the rank and file of the dominant political party. Finally, there are the Protestants. As mentioned above, they have rejected much of traditional Indian culture, and are free to respond more readily to innovation. Some of the most progressive Indian farmers are Protestants. To some extent this group overlaps the second group just discussed, since, by being critical of the status system, Protestantism holds an appeal for young men who have participated in other systems. It seems probable that as population grows, as pressure on the land increases, and as the pueblo participates increasingly in national political structure, the ranks of these groups will continue to grow.
Recovery of Hexamermis sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae), Parasitizing Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), in Hokkaido, Japan

Hexamermis sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) were recovered from natural populations of gypsy moth. Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), in Hokkaido, Japan. This parasite has spotty distrihution, and it appears to favor moist, deciduous forest areas and not Larix leptolepis Gord. plantations where gypsy moth outbreaks usually occur. Hexamermis sp. emerged from host larvae but not pupae, and superparasitism occurred frequently. In 1979, experimental field exposure of laboratory-reared gypsy moth larvae confirmed an extended period of parasite attack (26 May to 19 July), during which a maximum of ca. 84% parasitism occurred at a maximum rate of 683 mermithids produced per 100 recaptured hosts. Infection was highest during periods of rainfall. Under natural conditions, maxima of 61, 77, and 86 per 100 hosts were recorded. Other Lepidoptera attacked include Lymantria mathura aurora Butler (Lymantriidae), Rhagastis mongoliana Butler (Sphingidae), and an unidentified arctiid species.
Expert testimony on sensitive myth-ridden topics: Ethics and recommendations for psychological professionals.

One method of educating the judge or jury during criminal or civil trials is expert testimony. A vast range of issues can be discussed by expert witnesses, yet many of these subjects are based on psychological science. Of the potential topics, the more difficult can be those that are sensitive and m
Preparation of Mesoporous Oxides for Mems Structures

The high porosity and uniform pore size provided by mesoporous oxide films offer interesting opportunities for MEMS devices that require low density and low thermal conductivity. This paper describes recent efforts at adapting mesoporous films for MEMS fabrication. Mesoporous SiO2 and Al2O3 films were prepared using block copolymers as the structure-directing agents, leading to films which were 70% porous and < 5 nm surface roughness. A number of etchants were investigated and good etch selectivity was observed with both dry and wet systems. Micromachining methods were used to fabricate cantilevers, micro bridges and membranes.
Statistical shape analysis of automatically segmented femur bones: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative

Early detection of structural differences associated with the osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is crucial for enabling effective clinical trials for testing potential early interventional disease modifying drugs. Highly localized quantification methods are needed for assessing differences between patient populations. In this paper we present a fully automated method to quantify femoral bone shape differences between subjects having progressive and non-progressive osteoarthritis (OA) from MRI scans of the knee. The bone is identified using a fully automated approach based on the layered optimal graph image segmentation of multiple objects and surfaces (LOGISMOS). Statistical shape analysis is performed using the spherical harmonics based point distribution model (SPHARM-PDM). Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) for subjects with a Kellgren Lawrence (KL) grade of 2 at baseline were used in the study. Shape differences between the progressor and non-progressor subject groups were compared at baseline, 1-year and 2-year followups. 576 MRI scans in total were analyzed. We found significant differences (p < 0.05) in the bone shape between the progressor versus non-progressor populations at the 1-year and 2-year follow up visits, with the most pronounced shape differences observed around the trochlear groove region.
Shared Memory Randomized Algorithms and Distributed Models and Algorithms

IN THIS final chapter1 we give an overview of the research results in robust computation for shared memory randomized algorithms and for the message passing model of computation.
Fighting for Good Health Services, Struggling with the Pharmaceutical Industry

The United Nations defines the right to health as the right to an effective and integrated health system that is responsive to national and local priorities, accessible to all, and encompasses health care and the underlying determinants of health (Commission on Human Rights 2006). The underlying determinants include adequate sanitation, safe drinking water, and health education as well as the social determinants of health, which are conditions like poverty and unemployment, parts of why people fall ill. An effective health system is a core social institution, no less than a court system or a political system. But the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health carefully avoids discussion of whether this system should be publicly or privately financed (Commission on Human Rights 2006).
Chaos and Reform in the Soviet Union and Russia

When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in March 1985, he was presiding over a large economy, rich in resources but also inefficient and isolated from the world economy. In the 1960s the USSR produced Sputnik and Khrushchev boasted that the Soviet economy would ‘bury’ the west. In the 1970s the Soviet Union had to import large amounts of grain. In the 1980s its growth rate slowed and dissatisfaction with its economic performance began to be openly expressed. The inadequacies of central planning described in the previous chapter applied, of course, to the Soviet Union, from which central planning was exported to Eastern Europe.
Case VIII: Trauma 1

A 25-year-old male was a victim of a motorcycle accident 2 months ago. He had fractures of the left radius and ulna for which he underwent open reduction and internal fixation, left scapular fracture, left pneumothorax, and concussion with a negative head CT. He was unable to move the left arm save for some finger wiggle. He had no feeling in the arm except some sensation in the hand. Over time he regained some function in the wrist and hand but not the shoulder or elbow. He also regained some sensation in the arm. His pain level is 7/10 on VAS. Examination of the left arm: trapezius, rhomboids, and serratus anterior are normal. There is no function in the pectoralis major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps, supinator, wrist extension, EPL, finger extension at the MPJ. Wrist flexion is 4-, pronation 2, FPL 3, FDS 4+, FDP to second and third digits 4, FDP to fourth and fifth digits 2, APB 4, Op P 4, adductor pollicis 4, IO 4, ADQ 4, and lumbricals 4. There is diminished light touch sensation over C4, C6, C7, and C8, and absent sensation over C5. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ and symmetric.
Isogeometric Phase-Field Simulation of Boiling

In this work we consider the Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations, a diffuse-interface model describing liquid–vapor phase transitions. A numerical scheme for this model is constructed based on functional entropy variables and a new time integration concept. The fully discrete scheme is unconditionally stable in entropy and second-order time-accurate. Isogeometric analysis is utilized for spatial discretization. The boiling problem is numerically investigated by making proper assumptions on transport parameters and boundary conditions. Compared with traditional multiphase solvers, the dependence on empirical data is significantly reduced, and this modeling approach provides a unified predictive tool for both nucleate and film boiling. Both two- and three-dimensional simulation results are provided.
Doctor-blade deposition of quantum dots onto standard window glass for low-loss large-area luminescent solar concentrators

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are envisioned to reduce the cost of solar electricity by decreasing the usage of more expensive photovoltaic (PV) materials and diminishing the complexity of multi-cell PV modules. The LSC concept can also enable unconventional solar-energy conversion devices such as PV windows that can be especially useful in highly populated urban areas. Here we demonstrate low-loss, large-area (up to about 90 × 30 cm2) LSCs fabricated from colloidal core/shell quantum dots (QDs) whose optical spectra are tailored so as to minimize self-absorption of waveguided radiation. For improved compatibility with a polymer matrix and enhanced stability, QDs are encapsulated into silica shells, which allows for maintaining high emission efficiencies (∼70% quantum yields) under four-month exposure to air and light, and heat treatments up to 200 ∘C. The QD/polymer composites are processed into devices using standard doctor-blade deposition onto commercial window glasses. The fabricated semi-transparent devices demonstrate internal quantum efficiencies of more than 10% for dimensions of tens of centimetres. Luminescent solar concentrators can be used to harvest sunlight over large areas at low cost, and are promising for building-integrated photovoltaics. Li et al. fabricate such devices from silica-coated colloidal quantum dots having internal quantum efficiencies over 10% on tens of centimetres.
MACULAR PERIVENOUS RETINAL WHITENING AND PRESUMED RETINO-CILIARY SPARING IN A RECURRENT CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION ASSOCIATED WITH THE ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME AND CRYOGLOBULINEMIA.

PURPOSE Macular perivenous retinal whitening results from hypoperfusion-induced ischemia of the middle retina that can occur in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). We describe an unusual case of recurrent CRVO with macular perivenous retinal whitening and retino-ciliary venous sparing in the setting of 2 prothrombotic diseases, antiphospholipid syndrome and Type II cryoglobulinemia. METHODS A 50-year-old man presented with intermittent loss of vision in his right eye related to a recurrent CRVO. Color photography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography were performed and compared with those obtained during a previous CRVO that occurred 6 years earlier in the same eye. RESULTS On presentation, visual acuity was hand motion in the right eye, 20/30 in the left eye. Funduscopic examination of the right eye showed vascular tortuosity, scattered retinal hemorrhages, and retinal whitening in the macula. Optical coherence tomography showed hyperreflectivity of the middle layers of the retina that correlated with the areas of retinal whitening. A discrete area of retinal sparing was noted in the superonasal macula that, on fluorescein angiography, corresponded to the distribution of a single retino-ciliary vein. A review of retinal imaging obtained during the patient's previous CRVO showed similar but more subtle findings of retino-ciliary sparing. Laboratory testing revealed antiphospholipid syndrome and Type II cryoglobulinemia. As the patient's CRVO progressed and subsequently stabilized after treatment in the following months, this area of venous sparing remained the only functional, nonischemic retinal tissue in his macula. Presumably, this vein possessed privileged and uncompromised blood flow by circumventing the occluded venous circulation. CONCLUSION Macular perivenous retinal whitening should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retinal whitening and occurs in CRVO secondary to hypoperfusion-induced middle retinal ischemia. To our knowledge, this case represents the first description of retino-ciliary venous sparing of the retina in CRVO.
Evolving roles of observing systems and data co-management in Arctic Ocean governance

A rapidly changing Arctic challenges government agencies and the research community to provide data products that address stakeholder and citizens' information needs as well as scientific priorities. Observations and data co-management can help achieve this goal by linking scientific research to services the Arctic system provides, which in turn affect outcomes desired by stakeholders. Co-management builds on (i) defining problems originating from rapid Arctic change in terms of services disrupted or affected and (ii) mapping data, modeling activities and prediction efforts onto these services, such that resulting information products can directly inform stakeholder responses. The context for this approach is explored for different component elements with a focus on the U.S. maritime Arctic: (i) information needs of Arctic Indigenous Peoples and communities; (ii) data generated through marine scientific and operational research as defined in the context of UNCLOS; (iii) guidance on data collection and use in the context of Arctic Council Working Groups; (iv) international private sector agreements such as ISO codes. Based on this analysis we outline a path towards effective co-management regimes.
Parents Caring For Adult Children With Serious Mental Illness

BACKGROUND: Parents often become the caregivers for their adult children with serious mental illness (SMI) due to the chronic and debilitating course of the illness and shortages in funding for community mental health services and residential placements. OBJECTIVE: To examine parents’ management styles when caring for adult children with SMI and parents’ perspectives on what type of community-based mental health interventions would support and/or enhance overall family functioning. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study using semistructured interviews with parents caring for adult children with SMI. The study was undergirded by Knafl and Deatrick’s Family Management Style Framework. RESULTS: Four major themes emerged from the data describing prolonged and difficult phases that parents and the family undergo in caring for an adult child with SMI. CONCLUSIONS: Successful management of these phases must include increasing access to mental health information, mental health screening, early interventions, and...