cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innervation of feline perineal musculature.

Innervation to muscles of the feline perineum was examined by gross dissection of the sacral nerve plexus and quantitation of efferent and afferent myelinated fibers in selected nerves derived from the plexus. In addition, distribution of muscle fiber sizes and muscle spindle content were determined for muscles innervated by the nerves studied. Efferent myelinated fiber populations were bimodal in nerves innervating muscles with many spindles and unimodal in nerves innervating muscles in which few or no spindles were observed. Coccygeus and levator ani muscles had similar numbers of muscle spindles, but the spindles were different in the two muscles based on afferent innervation. In both coccygeous and external anal sphincter muscles, primary spindle endings must be associated with relatively small afferent nerve fibers. The pelvic urethra received more large myelinated afferent fibers than the penis. The three divisions of the external anal sphincter muscle had three distinct populations of muscle fibers, based on size distribution. The homologous bulbospongiosus and constrictor vulvae muscles had different populations of muscle fibers.
The Brucella abortus General Stress Response System Regulates Chronic Mammalian Infection and Is Controlled by Phosphorylation and Proteolysis

Brucella spp. are adept at establishing a chronic infection in mammals. We demonstrate that core components of the α-proteobacterial general stress response (GSR) system, PhyR and σE1, are required for Brucella abortus stress survival in vitro and maintenance of chronic murine infection in vivo. ΔphyR and ΔrpoE1 null mutants exhibit decreased survival under acute oxidative and acid stress but are not defective in infection of primary murine macrophages or in initial colonization of BALB/c mouse spleens. However, ΔphyR and ΔrpoE1 mutants are attenuated in spleens beginning 1 month postinfection. Thus, the B. abortus GSR system is dispensable for colonization but is required to maintain chronic infection. A genome-scale analysis of the B. abortus GSR regulon identified stress response genes previously linked to virulence and genes that affect immunomodulatory components of the cell envelope. These data support a model in which the GSR system affects both stress survival and the interface between B. abortus and the host immune system. We further demonstrate that PhyR proteolysis is a unique feature of GSR control in B. abortus. Proteolysis of PhyR provides a mechanism to avoid spurious PhyR protein interactions that inappropriately activate GSR-dependent transcription. We conclude that the B. abortus GSR system regulates acute stress adaptation and long term survival within a mammalian host and that PhyR proteolysis is a novel regulatory feature in B. abortus that ensures proper control of GSR transcription.
Generalized model of restenosis after conventional balloon angioplasty, stenting and directional atherectomy

Abstract Objectives. This study was designed to extend the results of a quantitative model originally developed for restenosis after stenting or atherectomy to include restenosis after conventional balloon angioplasty. Background. We have previously described a continuous regression model that explains late (6-month) lumen narrowing as the difference between the immediate gain and the subsequent normally distributed late loss in lumen diameter after Palmaz-Schatz stenting or directional atherectomy. Methods. Lumen diameter was measured immediately before and after coronary intervention on 524 consecutive lesions including those treated by Palmaz-Schatz stenting (102), directional atherectomy (134) and conventional balloon angioplasty (288). Of these lesions, 475 (91%) underwent follow-up angiography 3 to 6 months after treatment. The immediate increase in lumen diameter produced by the intervention (immediate gain) and the subsequent reduction in lumen diameter between the time of Intervention to follow-up angiography (late loss) were examined. Association between demographic or angiographic variables and continuous measures of restenosis (late lumen diameter or late percent stenosis) was tested with linear regression techniques; a traditional binary measure of restenosis (late diameter stenosis ≥50%) was evaluated with logistic regression analysis. Results. Regression models relating late lumen diameter to the immediate lumen result were successfully fitted to all segisests studied. According to these models, three indexes of restenosis (late lumen diameter, late percent stenosis and binary restenosis) were found to depend solely on the immediate humen diameter after the procedure and the immediate residual percent stenosis, but noton the specific intervention used. Moreover, the late loss in lumen diameter was round to vary directly with the immedite gain provided by an intervention, and the “loss mdsx” (a measure that corrects for differences in immediate gain) was uniform among all) three intaterventions. Conclusions. The quantitative model originally developed for restenosis after stenting or athererectomy may thus be generalized to include conventional balloon anagioplasty. It shows that the apparent differences in restenosis among the three intervreations studied are due solely to differences in the immediate result provided and notto differences in the behavior ef subsequent late loss. Moreover, although the late loss in lumen diameter was found to correlate with differences in the immediate gain provided by an intervention, the “loss index” (a measure that corrects for differences in acute gain) was uniform across all three interventions. It is thus the immediate result (and not the procedure used to obtain that result) that determines late outcome after coronary intervention.
On the maximum number of diagonals of a circuit in a graph

For a graph G, let @?(G) denote the maximum number k such that G contains a circuit with k diagonals. Theorem. For any graph G with minimum valencyn>= 3, @?(G) >= 12 (n+1)(n-2). If the equality holds and G is connected, then either G is isomorphic to K"n"+"1 or G is separable and each of its terminal blocks is isomorphic to K"n"+"1, or K"n"+"1 with one edge subdivided.
Long-term results of sacral rhizotomy for ureteral reflux in the spinal cord injured.

A study of the results of sacral rhizotomies done over 20 years to reduce ureteral reflux at the Spinal Cord Injury Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, leads to the conclusion that this procedure is not indicated.
Autonomy and benevolent lies

Often it is easy to see what is wrong with lying. Many lies are vicious: they are meant to hurt, and often do. Other lies are self-serving at the expense of others: they gain something for the liar but are detrimental to those who are deceived. Even well-intentioned lies are sometimes discovered, with consequent damage to valued relationships and to trust and credibility in general. Many lies are violations of professional obligations; others are breaches of promise to particular individuals. But there are also instances in which these explanations do not seem to apply and yet the lie is still not beyond moral question. We feel that there is at least something to be said against lying even then, but it is not obvious what this is. No promises or professional commitments are at stake; no harmful consequences are intended or expected; and yet the lie still seems at least prima facie objectionable. We naturally wonder, “why?” To rest the matter with the intuitive remark that truth-telling is always a prima facie obligation is hardly satisfying. To say that killing, maiming, and causing pain are prima facie wrong may arouse no further questions; but why, one wonders, should truth-telling be viewed this way, especially when a lie seems likely to result in more good than harm?
The Effect of Pasteurization upon Brucella Melitensis Var. Suis

Summary Pasteurization tests, using a standard pasteurizing outfit show that a temperature of 62° −63°C. (143.6° −145.4°F.) applied 3 minutes is sufficient to destroy Brucella organisms, both the bovine and porcine varieties. This indicates that the usual pasteurization temperature of 62° −63°C. for 30 minutes gives an ample factor of safety, providing the pasteurizer is operated in the proper manner. With the lid of the pasteurizer open a much longer time exposure to this temperature is required and the results obtained are irregular and uncertain, in that viable organisms were recovered from the foam even after 30 minutes pasteurization. The absolute necessity of a flush gate valve is also indicated, for in those experiments in which an ordinary faucet outlet was used, viable organisms were obtained from the outlet after 30 minutes pasteurization whereas with the outlet closed by a stopper on the inside, no living organisms remained after 3 minutes exposure. The experiments emphasize the importance of carefully conducted operations in pasteurization if successful results are to be obtained.
Chloroplast RNA Stability in Chlamydomonas: Rapid Degradation of psbB and psbC Transcripts in Two Nuclear Mutants.

Toward understanding regulation of chloroplast transcript abundance, we have isolated and analyzed nuclear mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that lack chloroplast-encoded mRNAs for photosystem II proteins. Mutant 6.2z5 accumulates no transcripts of the psbC locus for the 43-kilodalton chlorophyll-binding protein. In mutant GE2.10, transcripts of psbB, encoding the 47-kilodalton chlorophyll-binding protein, cannot be detected [Jensen, K.H., Herrin, D.L., Plumley, F.G., and Schmidt, G.W. (1986). J. Cell Biol. 103, 1315-1325]. Also, GE2.10 does not accumulate several low molecular weight transcripts from a region of the chloroplast genome proximal to psbB. The levels of mRNAs from other chloroplast genes are not affected in either mutant. Chloroplast transcription was analyzed in permeabilized cells and by in vivo pulse labeling. Although 5[prime] ribonuclease was found as an artifactual activity of permeabilized cells, the results from both assays demonstrated that wild-type levels of psbC transcription occur in mutant 6.2z5 and that chloroplasts of GE2.10 transcribe psbB and adjacent genes. Thus, it appears that the nuclear genes that are mutated in 6.2z5 and GE2.10 encode products that, respectively, confer stability to transcripts from the psbC and the psbB regions of the chloroplast genome.
Spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds XXXVIII—Raman and infrared spectra, vibrational assignment, conformational stability and normal coordinate analysis for ethylphosphonic dichloride

The Raman (3500-10 cm−1) and infrared (3500-50 cm−1) spectra of solid CH3CH2P(O)Cl2 and CD3CD2P(O)Cl2 and the infrared spectra of the gases were recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectra of the liquids were measured and qualitative depolarization ratios were obtained. Since several distinct Raman lines disappear from the spectra on going from the fluid to the solid states, it is concluded that the molecule exists as a mixture of trans and gauche conformers. A variable-temperature study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid yielded an enthalpy difference between the conformers of 72 ± 10 cm−1 (206 ± 27 cal mol−1). The trans conformer is the more stable form in the liquid, and the only one present in the solid. On the basis of band intensities, group frequencies and depolarization values, a complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the trans conformer. This assignment is supported by a normal coordinate analysis utilizing a modified valence force field. These results are compared with those from some similar molecules.
Stress-inducible, murine protein mSTI1: Characterization of binding domains for heat shock proteins and in vitro phosphorylation by different kinases

We have recently isolated the cDNA for the murine homologue of the stress-inducible phosphoprotein STI1 (also known as IEF SSP 3521 or p60). STI1 was previously shown to be 2-fold up-regulated in MRC-5 fibroblasts upon viral transformation and to exist in a macromolecular complex with heat shock proteins of the HSP 70 and 90 families. By peptide-sequencing we have identified the two heat shock proteins that bind to murine STI1 (mSTI1) as HSC 70 and HSP 84/86. We describe two separate binding regions within mSTI1 for the two heat shock proteins. In the presence of cell extracts, the N-terminal region of mSTI1 binds preferentially to HSC 70, whereas the C-terminal portion of the molecule promotes the binding of HSP 84/86. Heat treatment caused a strong induction of mSTI1 message without affecting the steady-state level of the protein significantly. In addition, heat treatment led to changes in the isoform-composition of mSTI1. pp70s6k, pp90rsk, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 were tested as possible STI1 kinases in vitro using recombinant mSTI1 as a substrate: only pp90rsk was able to phosphorylate recombinant mSTI1. In vitro kinase assays using casein kinase II suggest serine 189 to be a likely phosphorylation site in mSTI1.
896 IMMUNE RESPONSES FOLLOWING NATURAL STING BY HONEY BEE (HB) AND YELLOW JACKET (YJ) INSECTS

Serum was obtained from 17 individuals within 48 hours (baseline immune status) and 3-4 weeks after HB or YJ sting. None had a prior systemic reaction or had received desensitization therapy Specific IgG and IgM antibodies (Ab) to YJ venom and HB phospholipase A (PL-A) were measured by ELISA. Specific IgE (RAST) and total serum IgE (PRIST) were also measured. Of the individuals stung by HB (3), none had a physical reaction or measurable IgG, IgM or IgE specific Ab. Only one person developed an immune response: IgG Ab to HB-PL-A. Fourteen people were stung by YJ. One individual who had high baseline IgG, M and E Ab to YJ had a systemic reaction. Four individuals with preexisting IgM Ab (geo. x · 310 ELISA units vs non-stung controls, 75.9 units, p<0.001) had a large local reaction. Two of these 4 also had preexisting IgG Ab; 3/4 further increased their serum IgG Ab to YJ venom 3 weeks post-sting (avg 4.3-fold). The IgM did not change. Nine people who had no physical reaction to YJ sting had no preexisting IgG or IgM Ab to YJ venom. The serum IgG Ab increased in 4/9 (avg 12.1-fold) 3 weeks post-sting. Only 1/9 had an increase in the serum IgM and IgE Ab to YJ. Elevated preexisting IgM and IgG Ab may predispose individuals to large local reactions. IgG and IgM specific immune responses to HB and YJ venoms can occur in individuals following natural sting.
Conodonts from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician), south-central Oklahoma

Forty-seven samples of the Bromide Formation (Simpson Group) of south-central Oklahoma produced a collection of 10,216 conodonts assigned to 46 species. The conodont fauna is dominated by species of Phragmodus and Plectodina and indicates a latest Whiterockian to early Mohawkian (Black Riveran) or late Llandeilian to early Caradocian age. Five new species are named including Ansella crassa, Bryantodina aequalis, Plectodina edentula, Walliserodus declivis, and Pharagmodus ambiguus. The latter species is distinct from Phragmodus flexuosus Moskalenko, a species to which it has been assigned in past reports.Analysis of conodont distribution with respect to the shallow-water Bromide lithofacies distinguishes shallow to deeper water conodont associations. Samples from shallower water facies contain Ansella crassa n. sp., Cahabagnathus sweeti (Bergstrom), Curtognathus spp., Eoplacognathus elongatus (Bergstrom), Erismodus typus Branson and Mehl, Oneotodus? ovatus (Stauffer), Phragmodus ambiguus n. sp., Phragmodus flexuosus, and Staufferella falcata (Stauffer). Samples from deeper water facies contain forms such as Ansella nevadensis (Ethington and Schumacher) and Baltoniodus gerdae (Bergstrom).
The MILS architecture for high-assurance embedded systems

High-assurance systems require a level of rigor, in both design and analysis, not typical of conventional systems. This paper provides an overview of the Multiple Independent Levels of Security and Safety (MILS) approach to high-assurance system design for security and safety critical embedded systems. MILS enables the development of a system using manageable units, each of which can be analysed separately, avoiding costly analysis required of more conventional designs. MILS is particularly well suited to embedded systems that must provide guaranteed safety or security properties.
Likelihood‐based Inference with Missing Data Under Missing‐at‐Random

Likelihood-based inference with missing data is challenging because the observed log likelihood is often an (intractable) integration over the missing data distribution, which also depends on the unknown parameter. Approximating the integral by Monte Carlo sampling does not necessarily lead to a valid likelihood over the entire parameter space because the Monte Carlo samples are generated from a distribution with a fixed parameter value. We consider approximating the observed log likelihood based on importance sampling. In the proposed method, the dependency of the integral on the parameter is properly reflected through fractional weights. We discuss constructing a confidence interval using the profile likelihood ratio test. A Newton–Raphson algorithm is employed to find the interval end points. Two limited simulation studies show the advantage of the Wilks inference over the Wald inference in terms of power, parameter space conformity and computational efficiency. A real data example on salamander mating shows that our method also works well with high-dimensional missing data.
Working With Clay

Evidence from sites in the lower Ulua valley of north-central Honduras, occupied between a.d. 500 and 1000, provides new insight into the connections between households, craft production, and the role of objects in maintaining social relations within and across households. Production of pottery vessels, figurines, and other items in a household context has been documented at several sites in the valley, including Cerro Palenque, Travesia, Campo Dos, and Campo Pineda. Differences in raw materials, in what was made, and in the size and design of firing facilities allow us to explore how crafting with clay created communities of practice made up of people with varying levels of knowledge, experience, and skill. We argue that focusing on the specific features of a particular craft and the crafter's perspective gives us insight into the ways that crafting contributed to the reproduction of social identities, local histories, and connections among members of communities of practice who comprised multicrafting households.
Percentage Ether Extractable Fat and Moisture Content of Beef Longissimus Muscle as Related to USDA Marbling Score

Percentage fat and moisture values for beef longissimus steaks (trimmed completely of all subcutaneous fat, epimysium, and peripheral muscles) from 518 steer and heifer carcasses of A and B maturity over a wide range in marbling were as follows: Moderately Abundant = 10.42 and 68.14, Slightly Abundant = 8.56 and 69.56, Moderate = 7.34 and 70.35, Modest = 5.97 and 71.35, Small = 4.99 and 72.36, Slight = 3.43 and 73.61, Traces = 2.48 and 74.29, and Practically Devoid = 1.77 and 75.37.
Multiple instance learning for sparse positive bags

We present a new approach to multiple instance learning (MIL) that is particularly effective when the positive bags are sparse (i.e. contain few positive instances). Unlike other SVM-based MIL methods, our approach more directly enforces the desired constraint that at least one of the instances in a positive bag is positive. Using both artificial and real-world data, we experimentally demonstrate that our approach achieves greater accuracy than state-of-the-art MIL methods when positive bags are sparse, and performs competitively when they are not. In particular, our approach is the best performing method for image region classification.
Predicting document retrieval system performance: an expected precision measure

Abstract Document retrieval systems based on probabilistic or fuzzy logic considerations may order documents for retrieval. Users then examine the ordered documents until deciding to stop, based on the estimate that the highest ranked unretrieved document will be most economically not retrieved. We propose an expected precision measure useful in estimating the performance expected if yet unretrieved documents were to be retrieved, providing information that may result in more economical stopping decisions. An expected precision graph, comparing expected precision versus document rank, may graphically display the relative expected precision of retrieved and unretrieved documents and may be used as a stopping aid for online searching of text data bases. The effectiveness of relevance feedback may be examined as a search progresses. Expected precision values may also be used as a cutoff for systems consistent with probabilistic models operating in batch modes. Techniques are given for computing the best expected precision obtainable and the expected precision of subject neutral documents.
Deconvolving molecular signatures of interactions between microbial colonies.

Motivation: The interactions between microbial colonies through chemical signaling are not well understood. A microbial colony can use different molecules to inhibit or accelerate the growth of other colonies. A better understanding of the molecules involved in these interactions could lead to advancements in health and medicine. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) applied to co-cultured microbial communities aims to capture the spatial characteristics of the colonies’ molecular fingerprints. These data are high-dimensional and require computational analysis methods to interpret. Results: Here, we present a dictionary learning method that deconvolves spectra of different molecules from IMS data. We call this method MOLecular Dictionary Learning (MOLDL). Unlike standard dictionary learning methods which assume Gaussian-distributed data, our method uses the Poisson distribution to capture the count nature of the mass spectrometry data. Also, our method incorporates universally applicable information on common ion types of molecules in MALDI mass spectrometry. This greatly reduces model parameterization and increases deconvolution accuracy by eliminating spurious solutions. Moreover, our method leverages the spatial nature of IMS data by assuming that nearby locations share similar abundances, thus avoiding overfitting to noise. Tests on simulated datasets show that this method has good performance in recovering molecule dictionaries. We also tested our method on real data measured on a microbial community composed of two species. We confirmed through follow-up validation experiments that our method recovered true and complete signatures of molecules. These results indicate that our method can discover molecules in IMS data reliably, and hence can help advance the study of interaction of microbial colonies. Availability and implementation: The code used in this paper is available at: https://github.com/frizfealer/IMS_project. Contact: ude.cnu.sc@cijojv Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A modification to RED AQM for CIOQ switches

In very large networks with heavy traffic, congestion control plays an important role in network resource management. One approach to this is the active queue management (AQM) algorithms. Many AQM algorithms have been proposed and analyzed but they mainly focus on single queued links. Recognizing the fact that input queued switches are limited in throughput and output queued switches require a large speedup factor, we direct our attention to combined input and output queued (CIOQ) switches. We propose a simple modification to the RED AQM algorithm in order to account for the presence of both input and output queues in the switch. Specifically we use the weighted sum of input and output queue lengths as the congestion measure instead of just the output queue length. Simulations show that with such a simple modification, the average backlog in the switch is significantly reduced in the low speedup region as compared to RED without this modification. Unlike the traditional dynamic of having the loss rate grow with the length of the queue, simulations show that for a loss rate in the modified RED slightly larger than that in RED, the output queue length in modified RED is tremendously reduced. The weighting factor used in the computation of the congestion measure provides a means to balance the reduction in the average backlog on the one hand, and the increase in the loss rate on the other hand. Finally, simulations show that the improvement gained in terms of the queue length does not compromise in any way the utilization of the switch as compared to RED and Droptail.
A Comparison of Law Enforcement Divorce Rates with Those of Other Occupations

It is a common belief that the divorce rate for police officers is higher than that of the general population. This belief is commonly held in spite of the fact that there is no empirical research supporting such a belief. To compare the divorce rate of law enforcement personnel with the rates for other occupations, we analyzed data from the 2000 U.S. Census. The results of this analysis indicate that the divorce rate for law enforcement personnel is lower than that of the general population, even after controlling for demographic and other job-related variables.
Changing Approaches to the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis

Since this subject was last reviewed in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1), new diagnostic tests for tuberculosis have been approved for use in the United States, Europe, and other industrialized regions, and there has been significant clinical experience with their use. In addition, several other new diagnostic assays have been studied and may be nearing approval by the Food and Drug Administration (or similar agencies in other countries) for routine clinical use. This commentary will review the need for new diagnostic tests for tuberculosis, examine the status of currently available tests and of several promising tests in development, and discuss potential scenarios in which such diagnostic tests might be used.
Identification and validation of a novel cell-recognition site (KNEED) on the 8th type III domain of fibronectin.

Interactions between cell-surface integrins and extracellular matrix proteins underlie a versatile recognition system providing cells with anchorage, traction for migration or matrix remodeling, as well as signals for polarity, differentiation and growth. Short peptide sequences of fibronectin (FN), most notably RGD found on a loop in the 10th type III domain, are effective in promoting cell adhesion when immobilized to a biomaterial scaffold. Additional sequences (e.g. PHSRN) have been shown to act synergistically to enhance cell adhesion and other cellular processes. Using bioinformatics, we identified a candidate cell-binding peptide sequence, KNEED, located on the loop region of the 8th domain of FN that from in vitro studies appears to participate in cell attachment and spreading. Computational analysis revealed that KNEED exhibits both high solvent accessibility and sequence conservation values across FN sequences from seven species. We demonstrate the importance of the KNEED sequence using a solution-phase competitive inhibition assay utilizing soluble peptides. Results indicate that the presence of soluble KNEED peptides inhibits the attachment and spreading of 3T3 balb/c fibroblasts on FN-coated surfaces in a concentration-dependent manner. As more sequence and crystallographic data become available, computational approaches may aid in the identification of new targets for applications where biorecognition plays a key role.
Interval Based I/O: A New Approach to Providing High Performance Parallel I/O

Providing scalable, high-performance parallel I/O for data-intensive computations is beset by a number of difficult challenges. The most often cited difficulties include the non-contiguous I/O patterns prominent in scientific codes, the lack of support for parallel I/O optimizations in POSIX, the high cost of providing strict file consistency semantics, and the cost of accessing storage devices over a network. We believe, however, that a more fundamental problem is the legacy view of a file as a linear sequence of bytes. To address this issue, we are developing a new approach to parallel I/O that is based on what we term intervals and interval files. This paper provides an overview of the interval-IO system and a set of benchmarks demonstrating the power of this new approach.
The state of the union on treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

In 2014, the lifetime risks of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the United States will be 0.44% and 0.36% for men and women, respectively [1]. This means that 1 in 227 men and 1 in 278 women born to...
Are Constitutional Delay of Growth and Familial Short Stature Different Conditions

Children between 2 and 4 standard deviations below the mean height for age with no specific cause to account for their short stature are usually considered to represent either constitutional delay of growth (CDG) or familial short stat ure (FSS). This study was undertaken to determine whether 167 patients who were referred to our clinic for short stature could be divided into two distinct populations that fit the criteria of CDG and FSS. When the patients were arti ficially divided into 2 subgroups based on skeletal age greater or less than 2 standard deviations below the mean, no significant difference in growth rates or midparental heights could be found between them. Height ages were sig nificantly more delayed in the group with greater skeletal age delay. Mid parental height of our total population of short children was less than the mean midparental height of normal American children. It was concluded that our patients did not distribute into these two clear-cut entities. Whether they repre sented on...
Role of optional (retrievable) IVC filters in surgical patients at risk for venous thromboembolic disease.

R S S t espite increased awareness of the prevalence of deep enous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism PE), and advances in the use of pharmacologic agents or prophylaxis against venous thromboembolic disease VTED), the incidence in hospitalized patients remains igh. This is especially true for surgical patients. It is stimated that there are 94,000 new symptomatic cases f PE per year in the US. This translates to an approxiate rate of 1 event per 1,000 patients per year. It is stimated that PE is the third leading cause of death in he US, accounting for over 50,000 to 100,000 deaths er year. PE is also the most common preventable ause of death in surgical patients. It is estimated that 0% to 90% of PEs originate as lower extremity, pelvic, r caval DVT. Surgical patients are at increased risk for eveloping VTED because such patients have one or ore of the classic triad of risk factors for thrombosis, as escribed by Virchow in 1850, ie, endothelial injury which either predates the operation or is a result of the peration itself ), a hypercoagulable state resulting from n underlying condition (eg, malignancy), or stasis of lood flow associated with lack of physical activity secndary to pain or injury. Fatal PE has been reported in 0.5% to 1% of patients ndergoing abdominal operation or major orthopaedic peration. Although heparin compounds have been hown to be effective in decreasing incidence of DVT nd PE, a small percentage of patients at high risk for TED will either not be candidates for anticoagulant
Immobilized glucoamylase on porous glass

A study was made to determine the controlling mass transfer resistance in the overall reaction rate for conversion of maltose to glucose, catalyzed by glucoamylase immobilized onto porous glass. For normal operation of a packed column and air-stirred batch reactor, the rate controlling step was found to be the internal resistance of simultaneous pore diffusion and chemical reaction. Experimental effectiveness factors were determined and are compared with those derived from a theoretical diffusion model based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Also given are temperature and pH relationships for the free and immobilized glucoamylase.
Factors associated with regional nodal failure in patients with early stage breast cancer with 0-3 positive axillary nodes following tangential irradiation alone.

Abstract Purpose: Recent randomized trials have suggested that improved local-regional control after radiation therapy significantly increases survival for breast cancer patients with positive axillary nodes treated with adjuvant systemic therapy 1 , 2 . It has been our policy to use a third radiation field only in patients with 4 or more positive nodes. The purpose of this study was to assess whether there are any clinical or pathologic factors associated with an increased risk of regional nodal failure (RNF) in patients with 0–3 positive nodes treated with tangential radiotherapy (RT) alone with or without systemic therapy. Methods and Materials: We retrospectively analyzed the incidence of RNF for 691 patients with clinical Stage I or II invasive breast cancer treated with complete gross excision of the primary tumor and tangential RT alone between 1978–87; 12% also received systemic therapy. All had 0–3 positive nodes on axillary dissection that had histologic examination of ≥ 6 nodes, and all had potential 8-year follow-up. The median number of axillary nodes removed was 11 (range 6–36). RNF was defined as any recurrence in ipsilateral axillary, internal mammary, supraclavicular, or infraclavicular nodes in the absence of recurrence in the breast, with or without simultaneous distant metastasis. Crude rates for first sites of failure within the first 8 years after treatment were calculated. A polychotomous logistic regression was used to identify factors prognostic for RNF and other sites of first failure. Results: Within 8 years, RNF was the first site of failure for 27 patients for a crude 8-year rate of 3.9%. Isolated axillary failure occurred in 8 patients (1.2%). Isolated supraclavicular and/or infraclavicular failure occurred in 5 (1.3%) and 3 (0.4%) patients, respectively. Isolated internal mammary node failure occurred in 2 patients (0.3%). A polychotomous logistic regression model of first site of failure (local failure, regional nodal, distant/opposite breast, dead without recurrence, no evidence of disease) within 8 years found age Conclusions: Although the incidence of RNF has been shown to be somewhat higher in patients with tumors measuring greater than 1 cm and those with an EIC, RNF is uncommon among all subsets of patients with negative or 1–3 positive lymph nodes treated with conservative surgery, axillary dissection, and only tangential RT fields. Therefore, giving only tangential RT (without a separate nodal field) appears generally acceptable for patients with 0–3 positive nodes.
Professional identity construction: Using narrative to understand the negotiation of professional and stigmatized cultural identities:

While there is growing interest in professional identity construction (e.g. Clarke et al., 2009), little is known about how stigma may influence the development of professional identity. Professional identity is defined as one’s professional self-concept based on attributes, beliefs, values, motives, and experiences (Ibarra, 1999; Schein, 1978). Professional identity construction under conditions of stigmatized cultural identity presents an interesting puzzle. Professional roles are defined as prestigious and provide the role holder with autonomy (Benveniste, 1987) and, often, a degree of privilege. However, stigmatized persons are often accorded little prestige and/or privilege because their identities are tainted. Thus, the purpose of our research is to build and enrich theory around professional identity construction by investigating the development of professional identity under conditions of stigmatized cultural identity. To accomplish this goal, we study narratives written by 20 prominent African Am...
UNICOM System Objectives

The United States Army has been actively considering deficiencies in the present communication system since the Korean conflict. In 1954 the concept of a Universal Integrated Communications System (UNICOM) was evolved. The fundamental objective of UNICOM is the achievement of an integrated, world-wide switching system, flexible in structure, and designed to meet the needs of substantially all military users. UNICOM is being developed around a concept that is highly flexible in nature. The Central Processor, a high-speed, digital, special-purpose communication computer, controls the message switch, the digital circuit switch, and the analog switch of the engineering test model now under development.
A computational approach to the development and reduction of large symbolic expressions

The authors report on new results obtained regarding the use of symbolic techniques in the analysis and design of large-scale networks and systems. Previous results in this area have been limited due to the complexities of the defining symbolic expressions obtained for all but the simplest of networks. The development and implementation of a computational method which successfully addresses this problem is presented. The theoretical approach is made practical through the development of computer programs to generate the symbolic expressions and to reduce them to a practical usable form. An example is given of the application of the method. >
Reputation in the venture games

In many environments, interdependent agents must work cooperatively to be successful. Cooperative ventures require the participation of multiple partners, and successful ventures require that all partners in the venture fulfill their obligations. In such environments, an agent must identify potential partners with the ability and willingness to help it reach its goals while avoiding potential partners who lack the skill or the motivation to help the agent succeed. This paper addresses the problem of how agents in an uncertain world may gain knowledge about the competence of potential partners under a variety of circumstances and use that knowledge to their benefit. As used in this study, competence is a measure of whether an agent has the skills and resources to complete a venture successfully.1 Different potential partners have different levels of competence, so any knowledge regarding the competence of particular individuals provides a competitive edge in deciding whether to deal with those individuals. Reputation—a community-based assessment of agent competence—can augment direct experience, but is prone to error. A large series of experiments was conducted to study systematically the extent to which the usefulness of reputation information varies by group size, group competence, use of reputation, and error in the reputation information. Results confirm that the relative usefulness of direct experience and reputation depends on the particular multi-agent setting and that the utility received from reputation increases as group size increases. The study also yielded two surprising results: first, a pigeonholing phenomenon2 in which reputation wrongly identifies some agents as having sub-par competence based on early random sequences of poor performance, even when agents are generally highly capable. This effect can be countered by introducing systematic positive bias to the reputation system. Second, reputation is useful even in small groups, but only before agents have had much opportunity to interact.
Virchow, a model for epidemiologists

In the history of medicine, Rudolph Virchow (1821–1902) stands as “the greatest of all pathologists…in every way an intellectual giant”.1 Mackenbach’s review2 is a well-argued step in going beyond the pathology dimension, illuminating Virchow’s role in epidemiology and public health ( see page 181 ). When opening courses in epidemiology, I never miss the opportunity to refer to Virchow, stressing the key feature that in my view makes him a permanent model for epidemiologists: his breadth and force of synthesis, expressed both intellectually within his scientific work and behaviourally in joining science with civic engagement. Throughout his long career, Virchow, the founder of cellular pathology, carried out thousands of necropsies, and his power of analysis, based on meticulous macroscopic and microscopic observations, was matched by the power of integrating, within an essentially physiological framework, notions at different levels of biological complexity, from chemistry to the population. In Virchow’s words,3: > When I directed attention to the cell, I wished to coerce research workers to discover exactly the process inside the cell, the happenings inside the smallest elementary organism, and it was self-evident that continued …
OPTIM trial: a Phase III trial of an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF for unresectable stage III or IV melanoma

There are few effective treatment options available for patients with advanced melanoma. An oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 encoding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; OncovexGM-CSF) for direct injection into accessible melanoma lesions resulted in a 28% objective response rate in a Phase II clinical trial. Responding patients demonstrated regression of both injected and noninjected lesions highlighting the dual mechanism of action of OncovexGM-CSF that includes both a direct oncolytic effect in injected tumors and a secondary immune-mediated anti-tumor effect on noninjected tumors. Based on these preliminary results a prospective, randomized Phase III clinical trial in patients with unresectable Stage IIIb or c and Stage IV melanoma has been initiated. The rationale, study design, end points and future development of the OncovexGM-CSF Pivotal Trial in Melanoma (OPTIM) trial are discussed in this article.
INTERGROUP RELATIONS IN CHIMPANZEES

▪ Abstract In the 1970s, researchers provided the first detailed descriptions of intergroup conflict in chimpanzees. These observations stimulated numerous comparisons between chimpanzee violence and human warfare. Such comparisons have attracted three main objections: (a) The data supporting such comparisons are too few, (b) intergroup aggression is the result of artificial feeding by observers, and (c) chimpanzee data are irrelevant to understanding human warfare. Recent studies provide strong evidence against these criticisms. Data from the five long-term sites with neighboring groups show that intergroup aggression is a pervasive feature of chimpanzee societies, including sites where artificial feeding never took place. Recent studies have clarified questions about the functional goals and proximate mechanisms underlying intergroup aggression. Male chimpanzees compete with males in other groups over territory, food, and females, base their decisions to attack strangers on assessments of numerical stre...
Effects of Simulated Mountain Lion Caching on Decomposition of Ungulate Carcasses

Caching of animal remains is common among carnivorous species of all sizes, yet the effects of caching on larger prey are unstudied. We conducted a summer field experiment designed to test the effects of simulated moun- tain lion (Puma concolor) caching on mass loss, relative temperature, and odor dissemination of 9 prey-like carcasses. We deployed all but one of the carcasses in pairs, with one of each pair exposed and the other shaded and shallowly buried (cached). Caching substantially reduced wastage during dry and hot (drought) but not wet and cool (monsoon) periods, and it also reduced temperature and discernable odor to some degree during both seasons. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that caching serves to both reduce competition from arthropods and microbes and reduce odds of detection by larger vertebrates such as bears (Ursus spp.), wolves (Canis lupus), or other lions.
Connecting Alaska: The Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System

In response to the Klondike gold rush, the U.S. Army established isolated forts throughout Alaska. Between 1900 and 1905, the Signal Corps connected those posts with each other and with the contiguous United States by means of the Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System (WAMCATS). A significant logistical and technological achievement, the system of thousands of miles of suspended landlines and underwater cable included the first successful long-distance radio operation in the world. The first physical link between the United States and Alaska, the telegraph was also the first major contribution to Alaskan infrastructure provided by the federal government, marking the beginning of the government's central role in the development of Alaska.
CGRP Stimulates the release of pro-somatostatin-derived peptides from the gastric fundus

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) stimulates release of peptides derived from pro-somatostatin (Pro-S) into the general circulation. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the origin and molecular heterogeneity of Pro-S-derived peptides secreted in response to CGRP. Catheters were placed into the vena cava and veins draining the gastric fundus and corpus, antrum, and small intestine of anesthetized pigs. Human CGRP I was infused into the descending aorta at 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 for consecutive 30-min intervals. Blood was collected from the venous catheters after each period. S-28 was separated from Pro-S, S-14, and S-13 by immunoaffinity chromatography and peptides were quantified by radioimmunoassay. CGRP primarily evoked release of peptides measured collectively as Pro-S, S-14, and S-13 into venous blood draining the fundus and corpus, and concentrations were significantly elevated above basal at 0.8 and 1.6 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 CGRP (P less than 0.05). Basal concentrations of S-28, Pro-S, S-14, and S-13 in blood from the antrum and small intestine were not significantly elevated by CGRP. In conclusion, CGRP stimulated release of Pro-S-derived peptides from the gastric fundus and corpus but not from the antrum or small intestine.
The Job Training Partnership Act: New Federalism in Transition

The Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 (JTPA) constituted the most recent, successful attempt by the Reagan administration to devolve increased domestic program authority to the states using the block grant approach. Because of its heavy reliance on the participation of state governments and the private sector, JTPA may prove to be the real "acid test" of the Reagan New Federalism. This article examines the implementation of JTPA in broad perspective. While preparations for the JTPA program began in most states during the early part of 1983, the program did not really begin its first official program year until 1 July 1984. After describing the major features of the act, the article focuses on the program's implementation. The analysis is based largely on the results of a nationwide study conducted under the direction of the authors during 1984. The article concludes that, in terms of its legislative provisions and effective implementation, JTPA has proved to be a "quasi-block grant" to the states.
Does the Perception of Red Tape Constrain IT Innovativeness in Organizations? Unexpected Results from a Simultaneous Equation Model and Implications

This study posits a theoretical model where both red tape and IT innovativeness have reciprocal causal effects on one another. The primary model suggests that perceived red tape is not necessarily a constraining factor to IT innovativeness but could be a facilitating factor. High levels of perceived red tape might lead organizations toward innovative solutions to their organizational problems through information technology. This study also finds that top manager’s risk-taking propensity (entrepreneurial leadership) and organizational capacity are positively associated with IT innovativeness. An additional finding suggests that IT innovativeness helps organizations reduce the level of red tape. These specific empirical results only emerge when a two-stage least squares model is estimated to account for the endogenous relationship between red tape and IT innovativeness.