cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenges in the packaging of MEMS

Unlike IC packaging, MEMS dice must interface with the environment for sensing, interconnection, and/or actuation. MEMS packaging is application specific and the package provides the physical interface of the MEMS device to the environment. In the case of a fluid mass flow control sensor, the medium flows into and out of the package. This type of packaging is referred to as media compatible packaging. Harsh environments may create different challenges for the packaging of MEMS. In addition to challenges related to the MEMS chip environment and interfacing with that environment, challenges also exist inside the MEMS package, such as die handling, die attach, interfacial stress, and outgassing. These new challenges in MEMS packaging need immediate research and development efforts. To date, most of what is known about MEMS packaging remain proprietary secrets and published literature is scarce. The challenges of MEMS packaging have been known for some time, but little open research has been done to collect data and work toward meeting these challenges. A disproportionality exists between money spent on MEMS packaging and time spent researching MEMS packaging. Currently, the cost of MEMS packaging typically accounts for 75% or more of the device sale price. MEMS packaging is already far behind the capabilities of MEMS designers, and it is the purpose of this paper to share the challenges of MEMS packaging and create an awareness and an interest in MEMS packaging within the packaging community.
Women, Human-Wildlife Conflict, and CBNRM: Hidden Impacts and Vulnerabilities in Kwandu Conservancy, Namibia

Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) programmes are designed to ensure that rural residents benefit from conservation initiatives. But where human-wildlife conflict threatens life and livelihood, wildlife impacts can undermine the goals of CBNRM. Based on research on women's experiences in Namibia's Kwandu Conservancy, we examine both the visible and hidden impacts of human-wildlife conflict. In Kwandu Conservancy, the effects of human-wildlife conflict are ongoing, reaching beyond direct material losses to include hidden impacts such as persistent worries about food insecurity, fears for physical safety, and lost investments. Existing vulnerabilities related to poverty and marital statuses make some women more susceptible to wildlife impacts, and less able to recover from losses or to access compensation. This process may actually deepen the vulnerability of women whose economic status is already marginal. Because the benefits of wildlife conservation accrue at multiple scales, we recommend that the cost of human-wildlife conflict be better distributed, with additional resources for prevention and compensation made available for conservancy residents.
Group-Level Evolution and Information Systems: What Can We Learn From Animal Colonies in Nature?

In this chapter, we describe 10 central properties and a speciation process for a certain type of real and virtual human collective that is comparable with animal colonies in nature. This theory, called colonial systems and its application to information systems-supported groups called information colonies , is based on those characteristics of mobile animal colonies that may contribute to the survivability of these formations under varied environmental circumstances. We propose that like animal colonies, human equivalents participate in group selection processes and thus have lineages. Like animal colonies, human colonies create offspring, which inherits their evolutionary history and evolutionary mechanism. We call this group-level evolutionary mechanism punctuated prototyping . In this chapter, we discuss human colonies from the following perspectives: phylogeny (evolutionary history); ontogeny (members’ lifetime histories); change; boundaries, complexity, structure, growth, goals, power, and control. We propose that the theory of human colonies provides a novel perspective on human collectives in real and virtual settings.
Significance of Cultural Variables1

The article addresses the foundations of effective management, which some believe to be based on universal principles and others believe are culture-bound. The article defines some of the obstacles...
Lactobacillus reuteri 6475 Increases Bone Density in Intact Females Only under an Inflammatory Setting.

Background & Aims We previously demonstrated that short-term oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri 6475 enhanced bone density in male but not female mice. We also established that L. reuteri 6475 enhanced bone health and prevented bone loss in estrogen-deficient female mice. In this study, we tested whether a mild inflammatory state and/or a long-term treatment with the probiotic was required to promote a positive bone effect in estrogen-sufficient female mice.
Wildean Interpretation and Formalist Reading

In De Profundis (1905), Oscar Wilde proclaims, “What paradox was to me in the sphere of thought, perversity became to me in the sphere of passion” (1018). Critics often read this statement as pointing to a connection between Wilde’s aesthetics and the social resistance of his sexual stance. 1 Although Wilde clearly had in mind some such connection, likening paradox in thought to perversity in desire is problematic: a paradox is a contradiction in our apprehension of reality as formed by language (since reality cannot be contradictory without ceasing to be knowable). Calling a desire perverse is a moral judgment, and there may be nothing contradictory about it at all. But if we reverse the direction of this analogy, we can consider an engagement in paradoxical interpretation perverse: if reality is non-contradictory, paying attention to paradox amounts simply to turning one’s head willfully in the other direction. From this perspective, an interpretive indulgence in paradox is a species of perversity. One might say that there is something queer about it. And that is what I want to say about formalist reading, that it needs to accept its own queerness if it is to fulfill its aims. In his interpretation
Preliminary Study of Radioactive Product Obtained from Iodinating Tetracycline

SummaryAttempts to radioactivate tetracycline by iodination reaction have evolved a product which resembles tetracyclines when injected into rats and mice. It is sequestered in general by fast-growing tissues and in particular by tumor, liver and epiphyseal plate region of bone. Liver appears to inactivate and excrete the material.
Abstract 2346: Contribution of VLA-4 to ovarian cancer metastasis and platinum resistance

Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death among women. The relatively poor prognosis for ovarian cancer (5-year survival of 30-40%) reflects 1) the advanced stage of disease at diagnosis and 2) the frequent development of recurrent disease refractory to front line therapy. Ovarian cancers metastasize by attaching to and invading through the mesothelium, a single cell layer of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal cavity. The presence of invasive peritoneal metastases is associated with a poor prognosis for ovarian cancer (5 yr survival Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2346.
Simplified method for estimation of 11-oxygenated neutral 17-ketosteroids in urine of individuals with adrenocortical hyperplasia.

SummaryThere are differences in the reactions of 11-oxygenated and 11-desoxy 17-ketosteroids with the Pincus and Zimmerman reagents. Since those steroids with an 11-oxygen function are probably of adrenal cortical origin, it is possible to estimate the quantity of these two groups of compounds in extracts of urine by applying both tests. It has been shown that in urine from patients with adrenal cortical hyperplasia the ratio of Pincus to Zimmerman reacting 17-ketosteroids is low indicating a large proportion of 11-oxy compounds.
Influence of an Inner-Sphere K+ Ion on the Magnetic Behavior of N23– Radical-Bridged Dilanthanide Complexes Isolated Using an External Magnetic Field

The synthesis and full magnetic characterization of a new series of N23– radical-bridged lanthanide complexes [{(R2N)2(THF)Ln}2(μ3-η2:η2:η2-N2)K] [1-Ln; Ln = Gd, Tb, Dy; NR2 = N(SiMe3)2] are described for comprehensive comparison with the previously reported series [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2]{[(R2N)2(THF)Ln]2(μ-η2:η2-N2)} (2-Ln; Ln = Gd, Tb, Dy). Structural characterization of 1-Ln crystals grown with the aid of a Nd2Fe13B magnet reveals inner-sphere coordination of the K+ counterion within 2.9 A of the N23– bridge, leading to bending of the planar Ln–(N23–)–Ln unit present in 2-Ln. Direct current (dc) magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on 1-Gd reveal antiferromagnetic coupling between the GdIII centers and the N23– radical bridge, with a strength matching that obtained previously for 2-Gd at J ∼ −27 cm–1. Unexpectedly, however, a competing antiferromagnetic GdIII–GdIII exchange interaction with J ∼ −2 cm–1 also becomes prominent, dramatically changing the magnetic behavior at low temperatures. Alte...
Oxygen mass-transfer coefficients for different sample containers used in the headspace biochemical oxygen demand test

To accurately measure the oxygen demand of a wastewater sample in a headspace biochemical oxygen demand (HBOD) or other respirometric test, the rate of oxygen transfer to the aqueous phase must be greater than the oxygen exertion rate by the sample. Oxygen mass-transfer coefficients (Kawa) measured for 28-, 55-, and 160-mL, partially full (18 to 89%) containers placed on their sides on a shaker table and mixed at 200 r/min averaged 8.0 h-1 (range 5.4 to 9.9 h-1). For this mass-transfer coefficient, HBOD values as great as 1340 mg/L.d are possible at the start of an HBOD test, although the maximum daily HBOD declines to 192 mg/L.d at the end of the test because of oxygen depletion in the sample headspace. Mass-transfer coefficients for shaken samples decreased only at low shaking speeds (< 50 r/min). Oxygen mass-transfer coefficients for shaken samples were always larger than those (average of 1.8 h-1) measured for samples in a 250-mL bottle mixed with a stir bar on a stir plate. These mass-transfer coefficients indicate that the oxygen demand of typical full-strength municipal wastewaters can be measured in HBOD tests without oxygen transfer limiting the reaction rate.
Optical coherence tomography using femtosecond lasers

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) using femtosecond lasers enables subcellular resolutions of < 5 μm and real time imaging at several frames per second. Catheter-endoscope imaging and medical applications are discussed.
Immunohistochemistry for the Surgical Pathologist

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) exploits the specific binding between antibody and antigen, producing a range of “special stains” that are effective in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. The range of “stains” has increased enormously, due to availability of thousands of monoclonal antibodies; and the advent of the antigen retrieval (AR) method that restores antigenicity of many molecules in routine FFPE tissues. There are two broad approaches to the selection of IHC stain(s), either to formulate a “working” diagnosis and then select a small number of stains from the “test menu” or to follow an algorithm. Both approaches are considered in this chapter.
The Role of Profundaplasty in Revascularization of the Lower Extremities

The deep femoral artery becomes the most important collateral vessel in the ischemic lower extremity when the superficial femoral artery is occluded. Profundaplasty is an important adjunct to inflow procedures when the deep femoral artery is stenotic.
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] Genotypes with Contrasting Polyphenol Compositions Differentially Modulate Inflammatory Cytokines in Mouse Macrophages

This study sought to characterize and compare anti-inflammatory effects of twenty sorghum accessions with contrasting grain polyphenol concentrations but similar genetic backgrounds (based on a genomewide estimate of relatedness). Cell viability, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and interleukin- (IL-) 6 were measured in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with increasing doses (0, 15, 30, and 60 μg/mL) of sorghum ethanol extracts and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Extract dose had a significant effect on TNF-α and IL-6, with a trend of cytokines decreasing between 0 μg/mL and 15 μg/mL of sorghum extract. Genotype also had a significant effect on the cytokines, with extracts from four accessions significantly decreasing TNF-α and/or IL-6. Cells treated with 3-deoxyanthocyanidin-containing accessions had less cytokine production than non-3-deoxyanthocyanidin accessions, whereas cells treated with proanthocyanidin-containing accessions had more cytokine production than cells treated with nonproanthocyanidin accessions. Additionally, there was a significant effect of the Tannin1 allele on TNF-α and IL-6. Our results demonstrate that sorghum genotypes differentially modulate induction of inflammatory cytokine production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and that specialty grain has the potential to be tailored by controlling traits at the nucleotide level. This study adds to our knowledge of sorghum health effects and contributes to efforts aimed at developing health-promoting sorghum grain.
Conflict Inflation and Currency Depreciation in Latin America

The German stabilization at the end of 1923 was accompanied by a currency reform and return to a gold-based fixed exchange rate system. Similar measures were taken at the end of other post-World War I hyperinflations in Europe (Sargent, 1993, Chapter 3). The initial success of these policies in ending the vicious circle of wage-push and currency depreciation may make one wonder why a similar remedy was not long ago applied to end the prolonged cycles of currency depreciation in Latin America. In this chapter, we review some of the major recent Latin American stabilization attempts, beginning with the exchange-rate-based Tablita’ programs of the 1970s.
Sensors based on visible collective resonances of plasmonic lattices

We show arrays of large gold nanodisks on glass substrates can support strong optical features with narrow spectral widths associated with their collective plasmonic-lattice modes. Our results show that these modes can offer significant sensitivity to the refractive index of the environment, far more than those of individual nanodisks. We show the visible collective modes supported by such arrays can distinctively detect a monolayer of biotin with high resolution. We use donor (CdSe/ZnS) and acceptor (CuInS/ZnS) quantum dots to investigate the field properties of these arrays after deposition of a thick layer of a silicon. We demonstrate a distinct increase of emission of CuInS/ZnS quantum dots, indicating the possibility of enhancement of energy transfer between these two types of quantum dots.
Significance of recurrence of minimal residual disease detected by multi‐parameter flow cytometry in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in morphological remission

We sought to determine the significance of minimal residual disease (MRD) relapse in patients with ALL after achieving MRD negative status following induction and consolidation therapy. Between January 2003 and September 2014, 647 newly diagnosed patients were treated [HyperCVAD-based (n = 531); Augmented BFM (n = 116)]. Six hundred and one (93%) achieved complete remission (CR), and 546 (91%) became MRD negative. Fifty-five patients [HyperCVAD-based (n = 49); Augmented BFM (n = 6)] developed recurrence of MRD while still in morphological CR and are the subjects of this study. MRD was assessed by 6-color (4-color prior to 2009) multi-parameter flow cytometry (MFC) at CR and multiple time points thereafter. Their median age was 44 years (range, 18-72 years), median WBC at initial presentation was 7.3 K/µL-1 (range, 0.6-303.8 K/µL-1 ) and median bone marrow blast percentage 88% (range, 26-98%). The median time to MRD relapse was 14 months (range 3-58 months). Forty-four (80%) patients subsequently developed morphological relapse after median of 3 months (range, <1-33 months) from detection of MRD recurrence. Treatments received after MRD positivity and prior to morphological relapse: 16 continued maintenance chemotherapy; 15 received late intensification; 9 allogeneic stem cell transplant, 9 changed chemotherapy, 6 no further therapy. Only six remain alive and in CR1 and nine are alive after morphological relapse. MRD relapse detected by MFC at any time after achieving CR is associated with a high risk for morphological relapse. SCT can result in long-term remission in some patients. Prospective studies of long-term MRD assessments, together with less toxic treatment strategies to eradicate MRD, are warranted.
Tracking pedestrians and emergent events in disaster areas

Most of the existing research on emergency evacuation strategies focus on city evacuation planning that highly depends on the use of vehicles or evacuation from buildings. However, for large areas with limited use of vehicles such as theme parks, evacuation of pedestrians and emergent events must be tracked for safety reasons. As hazards may cause certain damages to services, networks with disaster resilience are needed to achieve mission-critical operations such as search and rescue. In this paper, we develop a method for tracking pedestrians and emergent events during disasters by opportunistic ad hoc communication. In our network model, smart-phones of pedestrians store and carry messages to a limited number of mobile sinks. Mobile sinks are responsible for communicating with smart-phones and reaching the emergent events effectively. Since the positioning of the mobile sinks has a direct impact to the network performance, we propose physical force based (PF), grid allocation based (GA) and road allocation based (RA) approaches for sink placement and mobility. The proposed approaches are analyzed through extensive network simulations using real theme park maps and a human mobility model for disaster scenarios. The simulation results show that the proposed approaches achieve significantly better network coverage and higher rescue success without producing increased communication overhead compared to two random mobile sink movement models.
Effects of dimensionality on kinetic simulations of laser-ion acceleration in the transparency regime

A particle-in-cell study of laser-ion acceleration mechanisms in the transparency regime illustrates how two-dimensional (2D) S and P simulations (laser polarization in and out of the simulation plane, respectively) capture different physics characterizing these systems, visible in their entirety often in cost-prohibitive three-dimensional (3D) simulations. The electron momentum anisotropy induced in the target by a laser pulse is dramatically different in the two 2D cases, manifested in differences in target expansion timescales, electric field strengths, and density thresholds for the onset of relativistically induced transparency. In particular, 2D-P simulations exhibit dramatically greater electron heating in the simulation plane, whereas 2D-S ones show a much more isotropic energy distribution, similar to 3D. An ion trajectory analysis allows one to isolate the fields responsible for ion acceleration and to characterize the acceleration regimes in time and space. The artificial longitudinal electron ...
Scheduled Sequential Compressed Spectrum Sensing for Wideband Cognitive Radios

The support for high data rate applications with the cognitive radio technology necessitates wideband spectrum sensing. However, it is costly to apply long-term wideband sensing and is especially difficult in the presence of uncertainty, such as high noise, interference, outliers, and channel fading. In this work, we propose scheduling of sequential compressed spectrum sensing which jointly exploits compressed sensing (CS) and sequential periodic detection techniques to achieve more accurate and timely wideband sensing. Instead of invoking CS to reconstruct the signal in each period, our proposed scheme performs backward grouped-compressed-data sequential probability ratio test (backward GCD-SPRT) using compressed data samples in sequential detection, while CS recovery is only pursued when needed. This method on one hand significantly reduces the CS recovery overhead, and on the other takes advantage of sequential detection to improve the sensing quality. Furthermore, we propose (a) an in-depth sensing scheme to accelerate sensing decision-making when a change in channel status is suspected, (b) a block-sparse CS reconstruction algorithm to exploit the block sparsity properties of wide spectrum, and (c) a set of schemes to fuse results from the recovered spectrum signals to further improve the overall sensing accuracy. Extensive performance evaluation results show that our proposed schemes can significantly outperform peer schemes under sufficiently low SNR settings.
Basic Systems and Cycles

Engineering is an art and a science, neither of which can last long without the other. The art is best understood through written descriptions, pictures of equipment, and above all by visits to operating installations. The science is often expressed in terms of mathematical equations and physical concepts. However, the practicing engineer must understand the science within a context. He or she must know the meaning of engineering terms and be able to visualize the appearance and the function of the equipment.
The flexibility of letter coding: Nonadjacent letter transposition effects in the parafovea

Publisher Summary Experiments have shown that transposed-letter (TL) nonwords produce significant priming relative to orthographic controls. Many current models of visual word recognition assume that letter positions are encoded very early in visual word recognition, even before the encoding of letter identities. Masked priming experiments indicate that TL effects exist even when the letter manipulations are nonadjacent, as long as the transposed letters are both consonants. This chapter presents data from a new study in which nonadjacent TL effects and the differential effects of vowels and consonants are explored during sentence reading using an eye-contingent display change paradigm. Although nonadjacent TL effects have previously been found only to exist at the foveal level when consonants are manipulated, the current findings indicate that these effects hold for both consonants and vowels presented in the parafovea. Although consonants and vowels may play different roles in foveal visual word recognition, the evidence presented in the chapter indicates that these two letter groups pattern similarly at the parafoveal level. The extraction of letter identity from the parafovea is not strictly dependent upon specific letter position, but rather, letter identity is encoded prior to letter position. These findings challenge models of visual word recognition that assume a channel-specific letter coding scheme and support models that allow more flexibility in the coding of letter identities.
Outcomes of a Dignity Therapy/Life Plan intervention for advanced cancer patients undergoing treatment.

177Background: Dignity Therapy (DT) is a psychosocial intervention used primarily at the end of life to improve quality of life and promote patient dignity, but many individuals are unable to complete it due to health decline/death. In addition, when individuals face potential mortality, they evaluate life plans to determine tasks and behaviors most important to them. Consistent with guidelines to provide palliative care interventions simultaneously with cancer treatment, the purpose of this study was to evaluate initial patient-reported outcomes of an intervention combination (Dignity Therapy + Life Plan [DT/LP]) for those with advanced pancreatic or lung cancer receiving treatment within a year of diagnosis. Methods: This was a single-arm, Phase I/II pilot study, conducted in the outpatient setting at an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center. Dignity Therapy consisted of a focused life review intervention delivered during three outpatient oncology encounters for each patient. Interviews were audiot...
Screening mammography among nursing home residents in the United States: Current guidelines and practice

Abstract Objective United States (US) guidelines regarding when to stop routine breast cancer screening remain unclear. No national studies to-date have evaluated the use of screening mammography among US long-stay nursing home residents. This cross-sectional study was designed to identify prevalence, predictors, and geographic variation of screening mammography among that population in the context of current US guidelines. Materials and Methods Screening mammography prevalence, identified with Physician/Supplier Part B claims and stratified by guideline age classification (65–74, ≥75 years), was estimated for all women aged ≥65 years residing in US Medicare- and Medicaid- certified nursing homes (≥1 year) with an annual Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 assessment, continuous Medicare Part B enrollment, and no clinical indication for screening mammography as of 2011 (n = 389,821). The associations between resident- and regional- level factors, and screening mammography, were estimated by crude and adjusted prevalence ratios from robust Poisson regressions clustered by facility. Results Women on average were 85.4 (standard deviation ±8.1) years old, 77.9% were disabled, and 76.3% cognitively impaired. Screening mammography prevalence was 7.1% among those aged 65–74 years (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 6.8%–7.3%) and 1.7% among those ≥75 years (95% CI, 1.7%–1.8%), with geographic variation observed. Predictors of screening in both age groups included race, cognitive impairment, frailty, hospice, and some comorbidities. Conclusions These results shed light on the current screening mammography practices in US nursing homes. Thoughtful consideration about individual screening recommendations and the implementation of more clear guidelines for this special population are warranted to prevent overscreening.
The utility of ebl in recursive domain theories

We investigate the utility of explanation-based learning in recursive domain theories and examine the cost of using macro-rules in these theories. The compilation options in a recursive domain theory range from constructing partial unwindings of the recursive rules to converting recursive rules into iterative ones. We compare these options against using appropriately ordered rules in the original domain theory and demonstrate that unless we make very strong assumptions about the nature of the distribution of future problems, it is not profitable to form recursive macro-rules via explanation-based learning in these domains.
Months Seven through Twelve

During this time period, the fitness themes are continued but more attention is directed to specific resistances, defenses, and negative images that may impede the client’s growth in different life areas.
Regeneration Gaps: Observations on Stem Cells and Cardiac Repair

Substantial evidence indicates that cell transplantation can improve function of the infarcted heart. A surprisingly wide range of non-myogenic cell types improves ventricular function, suggesting that benefit may result in part from mechanisms that are distinct from true myocardial regeneration. While clinical trials explore cells derived from skeletal muscle and bone marrow, basic researchers are investigating sources of new cardiomyocytes, such as resident myocardial progenitors and embryonic stem cells. In this commentary, we briefly review the evolution of cell-based cardiac repair, discuss the current state of clinical research, and offer some thoughts on how newcomers can critically evaluate this emerging field.
The mathematics behind modeling.

Scientific research has changed quite a bit since the early 1970s, in large part because computers and computer software packages have been dropping in price and have become progressively easier to use and more powerful. But while the packages have gotten easier to invoke, many researchers are still uncomfortable with them, because they don’t have much understanding of what this software is really doing, and they can check neither the validity of the assumptions used to justify the data processing, nor the resulting conclusions.
Role of Eicosanoids in Tumor Cell-Platelet-Endothelial Cell Interactions

Metastases represent perhaps the single most important hindrance to improved cancer patient survival. The formation of metastases is the culmination of a complex series of tumor cell-host interactions called the metastatic cascade (Figure 1; 1,2). During tumor progression, tumor cells become separated from the primary tumor mass and invade into the surrounding tissue. Occasionally, tumor cells will invade blood vessels or lymphatics (intravasation) and are readily disseminated throughout the host. A relatively small percentage of the circulating tumor cells will arrest at the vessel wall and invade into the surrounding tissue (extravasation) to establish a secondary tumor site (3–5). The interaction of the circulating tumor cells with host immune cells may result in destruction of the tumor cells, whereas interaction with host platelets and/or blood coagulation components may enhance the metastatic process. Evidence for the involvement of platelets in metastasis has been demonstrated by several investigators (for review see 6,7). Enhancement of tumor cell arrest and adhesion to the vessel wall by platelets has been postulated as the mechanism for this phenomenon, but its exact nature is undetermined. Because of the potent effects of arachidonic acid metabolites (i.e., prostacyclin and thromboxane A2) on platelet function, we have hypothesized that tumor cells shift the balance between these metabolites in favor of platelet aggregation (8). We have previously proposed the use of modifiers of arachidonic acid metabolism as antimetastatic agents, although the efficacy of antimetastatic therapy with these modifiers has been inconsistent. Prostacyclin (PGI2) has been recently shown to reduce the incidence of pulmonary.
Double-Diffusive Convection

Double-diffusive convection is a mixing process driven by the interaction of two fluid components which diffuse at different rates. Leading expert Timour Radko presents the first systematic overview of the classical theory of double-diffusive convection in a coherent narrative, bringing together the disparate literature in this developing field. The book begins by exploring idealized dynamical models and illustrating key principles by examples of oceanic phenomena. Building on the theory, it then explains the dynamics of structures resulting from double-diffusive instabilities, such as the little-understood phenomenon of thermohaline staircases. The book also surveys non-oceanographic applications, such as industrial, astrophysical and geological manifestations, and discusses the climatic and biological consequences of double-diffusive convection. Providing a balanced blend of fundamental theory and real-world examples, this is an indispensable resource for academic researchers, professionals and graduate students in physical oceanography, fluid dynamics, applied mathematics, astrophysics, geophysics and climatology.
Use of revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) in hypocellular myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): Mayo Clinic experience.

7063Background: Hypocellular myelodysplastic syndrome (h-MDS) is a rare subtype of MDS that shares immune-mediated pathogenic mechanisms similar to aplastic anemia. The Revised International Progno...
Comparing directed functional connectivity between groups with confirmatory subgrouping GIMME

Abstract Connectivity modeling in functional neuroimaging has become widely used method of analysis for understanding functional architecture. One method for deriving directed connectivity models is Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME; Gates and Molenaar, 2012). GIMME looks for commonalities across the sample to detect signal from noise and arrive at edges that exist across the majority in the group (“group-level edges”) and individual-level edges. In this way, GIMME obtains generalizable results via the group-level edges while also allowing for between subject heterogeneity in connectivity, moving the field closer to obtaining reliable personalized connectivity maps. In this article, we present a novel extension of GIMME, confirmatory subgrouping GIMME, which estimates subgroup-level edges for a priori known groups (e.g. typically developing controls vs. clinical group). Detecting edges that consistently exist for individuals within predefined subgroups aids in interpretation of the heterogeneity in connectivity maps and allows for subgroup-specific inferences. We describe this algorithm, as well as several methods to examine the results. We present an empirical example that finds similarities and differences in resting state functional connectivity among four groups of children: typically developing controls (TDC), children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), children with Inattentive (ADHD-I) and Combined (ADHD-C) Type ADHD. Findings from this study suggest common involvement of the left Broca's area in all the clinical groups, as well as several unique patterns of functional connectivity specific to a given disorder. Overall, the current approach and proof of principle findings highlight a novel and reliable tool for capturing heterogeneity in complex mental health disorders.
Role of Vitamin E for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE While vitamin E has shown to improve nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients without diabetes, information on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether vitamin E, alone or combined with pioglitazone, improves histology in patients with T2DM and NASH. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from 2010 to 2016. Patients with T2DM and biopsy-proven NASH (n = 105) were randomized to vitamin E 400 IU b.i.d., vitamin E 400 IU b.i.d. plus pioglitazone 45 mg/day, or placebo. Eighty-six patients completed the 18-month study. The primary end point was a two-point reduction in the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score from two different parameters, without worsening of fibrosis. Secondary outcomes were resolution of NASH without worsening of fibrosis, individual histological scores, and metabolic parameters. RESULTS More patients on combination therapy achieved the primary outcome versus placebo (54% vs. 19%, P = 0.003) but not with vitamin E alone (31% vs. 19%, P = 0.26). Both groups showed improvements in resolution of NASH compared with placebo (combination group: 43% vs. 12%, P = 0.005; vitamin E alone: 33% vs. 12%, P = 0.04). While steatosis assessed by histology improved with combination therapy (P CONCLUSIONS In this proof-of-concept study, combination therapy was better than placebo in improving liver histology in patients with NASH and T2DM. Vitamin E alone did not significantly change the primary histological outcome.
Algorithms for the upper bound mean waiting time in the GI / GI /1 queue

It has long been conjectured that the tight upper bound for the mean steady-state waiting time in the GI/GI/1 queue given the first two moments of the interarrival-time and service-time distributions is attained asymptotically by two-point distributions. The two-point distribution for the interarrival time has one mass point at 0, but the service-time distribution involves a limit; there is one mass point at a high value, but that upper mass point must increase to infinity while the probability on that point must decrease to 0 appropriately. In this paper, we develop effective numerical and simulation algorithms to compute the value of this conjectured tight bound. The algorithms are aided by reductions of the special queues with extremal interarrival-time and extremal service-time distributions to D/GI/1 and GI/D/1 models. Combining these reductions yields an overall representation in terms of a D/RS(D)/1 discrete-time model involving a geometric random sum of deterministic random variables (the RS(D)), where the two deterministic random variables in the model may have different values, so that the extremal steady-state waiting time need not have a lattice distribution. Efficient computational methods are developed. The computational results show that the conjectured tight upper bound offers a significant improvement over established bounds.
Outbreaks of Typhlocolitis Caused by Hypervirulent Group ST1 Clostridioides difficile in Highly Immunocompromised Strains of Mice.

Clostridioides difficile is an enteric pathogen that can cause significant clinical disease in both humans and animals. However, clinical disease arises most commonly after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. The organism's ability to cause naturally occurring disease in mice is rare, and little is known about its clinical significance in highly immunocompromised mice. We report on 2 outbreaks of diarrhea associated with C. difficile in mice. In outbreak 1, 182 of approximately 2, 400 NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) and related strains of mice became clinically ill after cessation of a 14-d course of 0.12% amoxicillin feed to control an increase in clinical signs associated with Corynebacterium bovis infection. Most mice had been engrafted with human tumors; the remainder were experimentally naive. Affected animals exhibited 1 of 3 clinical syndromes: 1) peracute death; 2) severe diarrhea leading to euthanasia or death; or 3) mild to moderate diarrhea followed by recovery. A given cage could contain both affected and unaffected mice. Outbreak 2 involved a small breeding colony (approximately 50 mice) of NOD. CB17-Prkdcscid/NCrCrl (NOD-scid) mice that had not received antibiotics or experimental manipulations. In both outbreaks, C. difficile was isolated, and toxins A and B were detected in intestinal content or feces. Histopathologic lesions highly suggestive of C. difficile enterotoxemia included fibrinonecrotizing and neutrophilic typhlocolitis with characteristic 'volcano' erosions or pseudomembrane formation. Genomic analysis of 4 isolates (3 from outbreak 1 and 1 from outbreak 2) revealed that these isolates were closely related to a pathogenic human isolate, CD 196. To our knowledge, this report is the first to describe naturally occurring outbreaks of C. difficile-associated typhlocolitis with significant morbidity and mortality in highly immunocompromised strains of mice.
Class Action Litigation: an Effective Tool for Public Health Issues; Specifically Vaping and Electronic Cigarettes

Vaping was once thought of as a healthier alternative to smoking cigarettes in that the user is not inhaling burned tobacco but instead inhaling an aerosol. The vape liquid is also noted to have le...
Some Panel Cointegration Models of International R&D Spillovers*

Coe and Helpman (1995) estimated a relationship between TFP and levels of domestic and foreign R&D capital, but couldn't provide compelling evidence of the panel eointegration needed to support their estimation strategy. This paper uses Pedroni's (1997, 1998) tests for panel cointegration in both the Coe-Helpman setup and in a framework with more cross-section heterogeneity. Criticisms of the Coe-Helpman approach are 'also tested. Coe and Helpman's models exhibit cointegration, but when more heterogeneity is allowed, coefficient estimates appear less robust. The elasticity of productivity with respeet to foreign R&D is unstable across alternative estimation strategies.
Developmental Trajectories of Justice System-Involved Friendship Proportion: Relevance for Predicting Continued Offending Risk in Emerging Adulthood:

There is limited research which has examined the developmental nature of friendships and their relevance for offending. This study examined heterogeneity in the development of justice system-involv...
Along the Banks of the Amazon: Ethnicity and Crosscultural Imaging in Jules Verne's La Jangada

This article focuses primarily on Jules Verne’s novel La Jangada (1881) within an evaluative and interdisciplinary postcolonial framework that emphasizes the novel’s relevance to scholars concerned with issues of ideology and visual culture in colonial Latin America. The postcolonial focus is implicated in the process of rendering visible the novel’s ideological agenda – one that addresses the role of the non-Westerner (Amazonian tribes, to be specific) in modernization. It is also foregrounded in relation to other works by Sue and Bernardin that describe Latin American “worlds” unknown to European readers and in the discussion of Leon Benett’s illustrations in relation to the text. These illustrations, in particular, are suggestive of the need to consider the novel’s text-image rapport as a way of understanding cross-cultural and inter-ethnic relations that have survived well beyond the time of La Jangada’s publication.
Design Strategies for Computer-Based Information Displays in Real-Time Control Systems

Two strategies are defined for the design of integrated, computer-based information displays for real-time control systems. Subjects controlled a simulated system using a conventional display console or one of two integrated displays. The effects of display type on operator performance were considered. Integrated displays tended to degrade performance unless the display preprocessed information, synthesizing and presenting it in a form more compatible with an operator's high-level information needs.
Cam-Clay plasticity, part I: implicit integration of elastoplastic constitutive relations

Abstract Two stress integration algorithms based on implicit calculation of plastic strain are implemented and tested for the modified Cam-Clay plasticity model. The integration rules fall under the category of return mapping algorithms in which the return directions are computed by closest point projection for associative flow rule and by central return mapping for non-associative flow rule applied to the Cam-Clay ellipsoids. Stress updates take place at the Gauss points upon enforcement of the consistency condition in which the appropriate consistency parameters are determined iteratively on the scalar level. Numerical examples with geotechnical applications, which include an analysis of foundation bearing capacity and an investigation of deformations in vertical cuts, are discussed to demonstrate the global accuracy and stability of the numerical solution. The relationships among various return mapping schemes are discussed in the context of both associative and non-associative flow rule formulations.
Yield modeling for majority voting based defect-tolerant VLSI circuits

A yield model is developed for generalized N-tuple modular redundancy (NMR) based defect-tolerant designs. The yield model is both mathematical and simulation based where the simulation portion uses a random multiple fault injection simulation procedure while the mathematical portion accounts for defect clustering in the fabrication process. Analysis of the yield model and comparison with empirical data from actual wafer fabrications shows the model to be accurate. The NMR based approach to defect-tolerance in VLSI designs is most practical for application in gate arrays and pad-limited full and semi-custom VLSI.
The Dragon Computer System

Dragon is a new computer system being designed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. In many ways Dragon is the newest descendant in the line of research personal computers that began in 1973 with the Alto and ends today in the Dorado. Like those machines, Dragon will be a personal computer. To us, this means a high-performance display controller and a virtual memory with only rudimentary protection hardware. Dragon and Dorado both execute programs compiled from the Cedar language. (Cedar is an extension of the Xerox Mesa language, which is a derivative of Pascal.) We plan to build modest numbers of Dragons for ourselves to allow us to explore useful ways of exploiting such performance in a personal setting before such machines are economical in widespread use.
Perisynaptic Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions revealed by a novel monoclonal antibody.

This study aimed to generate a probe for perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) to investigate the emerging role of these synapse-associated glial cells in the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We have obtained a novel monoclonal antibody, 2A12, which labels the external surface of PSC membranes at the frog NMJ. The antibody reveals PSC fine processes or “fingers” that are interposed between nerve terminal and muscle membrane, interdigitating with bands of acetylcholine receptors. This antibody also labels PSCs at the avian neuromuscular junction and recognizes a 200 kDa protein in Torpedo electric organs. In frog muscles, axotomy induces sprouting of PSC processes beyond clusters of acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase at denervated junctional branches. PSC branches often extend across several muscle fibers. At some junctions, PSC sprouts join the tips of neighboring branches. The average length of PSC sprouts is approximately 156 µ at 3-week denervated NMJs. PSC sprouting is accompanied by a significant increase in the number of Schwann cell bodies per NMJ. Following nerve regeneration, nerve terminals reinnervate the junction along the PSC processes. In vivo observations of normal frog muscles also show PSC processes longer than nerve terminals at some junctional branches. The results suggest that nerve injury induces profuse PSC sprouting that may play a role in guiding nerve terminal regeneration at frog NMJs. In addition, antibody 2A12 reveals the fine morphology of PSCs in relation to other synaptic elements and is a useful probe in elucidating the function of these synapse-associated glial cells in vivo.
Interannual variations of tropical instability waves observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

[1] Eight years of microwave data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite are used to study the interannual variations of tropical instability waves (TIWs) in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. SST signatures of TIWs in the Pacific Ocean are strongest during the cold phase of ENSO, when the cold tongue is most pronounced. The waves are weak during the warm phase of ENSO. A low-frequency Atlantic air-sea coupled equatorial mode affects TIW activity in the Atlantic in a similar fashion. Interannual variations in sea-surface temperatures due to TIW activity can produce interannual variations in the atmospheric mesoscale response.
Development and dissemination of KEEP - kentucky electronics education project

The Kentucky Electronics Education Project (KEEP) uses microelectronics as a theme in developing math, science, and technology curriculum materials drawing on the breadth of content encompassed by microelectronics and the prevalence of electronics in everyday life. KEEP involves curriculum development, teacher workshops, and classroom activities initiated by the educational outreach aspects of two NSF research grants. The emphasis of KEEP is not vocational training; rather it is the use of a real world example as a theme to integrate basic principles from different disciplines. Lesson plans related to circuit building activities connect the process steps to National Math, Science, and Technology Standards. Assessment tools are under development to formalize the educational impact of the hands-on projects. Currently, teachers trained through summer workshops are implementing KEEP into their science classes, utilizing new student assessment tools, and providing preand post-evaluations. Based on their feedback, we will determine effective classroom practices, improve the instructional materials, and update the workshop format.