cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Geometric Law of Annual Halving

Abstract We propose and test an empirical generalization: the probability that a customer will be active in a future window is reduced by half for every additional year the customer is inactive. We test this model over 6 nonprofit organizations and 30 B2C retail companies, and find that it fits very well. No significant differences in the decay constant were found between nonprofits and retailers, different customer groups defined by the frequency of previous purchases, or the length of the future period. The effect of frequency on the probability of future activity is empirically shown to follow the exponential learning curve. Norms are provided for asymptote, intercept and steepness coefficient.
Exploring the application of distributed group support systems to distance education

Distributed group support systems (DGSS) provide a means for several individuals to interact with one another from different geographic locations using telecommunications and group support systems (GSS) technologies. As this technology emerges, new applications will be sought to utilize the tremendous capabilities for long distance interaction and communication. One potential application of DGSS is its use in the delivery of distance education. Distance education (DE) involves the delivery of education (or training) from one site to one (or more) geographically dispersed sites. This paper explores ways in which DGSS could be utilized to improve the delivery of education and training to dispersed locations. Background information on GSS and DE are provided. Results of a case study where a fiber optic cable network was used for delivering a DE class on information systems are briefly highlighted. Suggestions for how DGSS could be utilized to improve the delivery of DE are also presented, along with directions for future research in this area. >
Transnational Ecosystem Services: The Potential of Habitat Conservation for Waterfowl Through Recreational Hunting Activities

This article explores transnational ecosystem services in North America, provided by winter habitat for waterfowl in western Mexico coastal lagoons, and the hunting industry supported by these bird...
Introducing ESCRTs II and III

As someone who likes solving the molecular puzzle of protein complex assembly, I enjoyed reading two back-to-back articles by Scott Emr and colleagues describing the ESCRT-II and ESCRT-III components of the multivesicular body (MVB)-sorting machinery. Not only was the biochemical evidence top notch, it was also firmly grounded on the genetics of the system. These studies, together with the previous identification of ESCRT-I by the same group published in Cell a year earlier, set the basis for all current analyses of MVB formation and function. Thanks to this work, what was once just a tantalizing morphological entity took center stage in studies of the targeting of transmembrane proteins for degradation in lysosomes. Moreover, the ability of the ESCRT complexes to sculpt intraluminal vesicles from the limiting membrane of endosomes turned out to mediate other important biological processes such as membrane scission during cytokinesis and the release of enveloped viruses, thus becoming a paradigm for membrane budding away from the cytosol. This PaperPick refers to "Escrt-III: An Endosome-Associated Hetero-oligomeric Protein Complex Required for MVB Sorting" by M. Babst, D.J. Katzmann, E.J. Estepa-Sabal, T. Meerloo, and S.D. Emr and "Endosome-Associated Complex, ESCRT-II, Recruits Transport Machinery for Protein Sorting at the Multivesicular Body" by M. Babst, D.J. Katzmann, W.B. Snyder, B. Wendland, and S.D. Emr, both published in August, 2002. Finding ESCRTs II and III Markus Babst and David Katzmann talk about how the ESCRT project started and developed in the Emr lab and where ESCRTs have gone from there.
The effect of spectator presence on gymnastic performance in a field situation

The effect of spectator presence on gymnastic performance was examined in a series of studies. It was found that spectator presence led to a significant decrement in quality of gymnastic performance when Ss were given a forewarning about the presence of the spectators but had no overall effect when Ss were not forewarned. This finding provides support for the anticipated evaluation modification of the Zajonc (1965) hypothesis of audience effects (cf. Paulus & Murdoch, 1971). Furthermore, the relationship between the initial level of skill of the Ss and the change in their performance during spectator presence in both studies suggested the need for additional modification of the Zajonc position.
Inhibition of hypothalamic GnRH secretion in the ewe by antigonadotropic decapeptide during the estrous cycle and nonbreeding season

Previous experiments from our laboratory and others have shown that the peptide antigonadotropic decapeptide (AGD) has marked inhibitory effects on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in rats and ewes. The first objective of this study was to determine whether AGD inhibits LH secretion by regulating hypothalamic release of gonadotropin hormone (GnRH). AGD (200 μg in 200 μL of 0.3% bovine serum albumin [BSA] saline) or vehicle was infused into the lateral ventricle of ovariectomized (OVX) ewes with hypophyseal-portal cannulae, and GnRH secretion was monitored. The frequency of GnRH and LH pulses in AGD-treated ewes was significantly decreased (p<0.05) but did not change in the control ewes. The second objective of this investigation was to evaluate changes in hypothalamic sensitivity to AGD in the ewe during the estrous cycle and nonbreeding season. During the estrous cycle, the effects of AGD on LH secretion were assessed following ovariectomy, during the metestrous, diestrous, and proestrous phases of the estrous cycle. The response to AGD during the estrous cycle was compared to its effect during the anestrous season. LH, cortisol, and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were assayed in peripheral blood samples obtained at 10-min intervals over a 6-h period prior to injection of either vehicle (200 μL of 0.3% BSA in 0.9% saline) or AGD (200 μg in 200 μL of vehicle), and for an additional 10 h following treatment. LH pulse frequency decreased after treatment with AGD (p<0.05) at all times in OVX and intact ewes compared to vehicle-treated controls. During the anestrous season, AGD treatment was more effective in inhibiting LH pulse frequency than during the breeding season (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in mean cortisol concentrations after AGD infusion in all AGD-treated groups compared to controls independent of season or reproductive status. PRL concentrations were also increased (p<0.05) following treatment with AGD. These results suggest that inhibition of pulsatile LH release induced by AGD is modulated by alterations in frequency of hypothalamic discharges of GnRH. Furthermore, changes in the inhibitory actions of AGD may contribute to the seasonal regulation of hypothalamic GnRH secretion in the ewe.
Neurocritical Care of a Reperfused Brain

Cerebral hyperperfusion and reperfusion injuries are not infrequently encountered following in reperfusion of ischemic or hypoperfused brain. Mechanism of injury could be related to tissue plasminogen activator toxicity, oxidative stress, and hyperperfusion due to impaired cerebral autoregulation in already maximally dilated cerebral vasculature and compromised cerebral hemodynamic reserve. Reperfusion injury can present as headaches and seizures in mild forms and as subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral edema, and encephalopathy in its most severe manifestation. Prevention and identifying those at risk of hyperperfusion syndromes are the best strategy. Active treatment includes basic neurocritical care with reduction of blood pressure to a reperfused brain and timely neuroprotection and cerebral edema control measures are the mainstay of its management approach.
Cricoarytenoid Arthritis in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Cause of Acute Respiratory Failure and Cor Pulmonale

A man with ankylosing spondylitis developed cor pulmonale and acute respiratory failure due to cricoarytenoid arthritis. He was successfully treated by endoscopic arytenoidectomy, and the surgical specimen showed ossified cartilage. Flow-volume curves documented extrathoracic airway obstruction produced by ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joints.
Linking practice-based research networks and Clinical and Translational Science Awards: new opportunities for community engagement by academic health centers.

AbstractPurposePractice-based research networks (PBRNs) are a part of many National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) sites. PBRNs, groups of primary care practices committed to collaborating on practice-relevant research, are unfamiliar to many CTSA l
Influence of vasopressin and oxytocin on neoteny in the adult mexican axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum

Lysine-vasopressin and oxytocin were tested on the normally neotenous adult Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, to determine their influence on metamorphosis. The salamanders were divided into four groups, and daily injections of saline, lysine-vasopressin, oxytocin, and TSH were made over a 28-day test period. Tail height, gill length, and body weight were measured as indicators of metamorphic change. Additionally, thyroid uptake of 131I was determined. The results showed that the vasopressin and oxytocin groups had a significant (P < 0.01) loss in tail height and body weight compared to controls, but showed no gill rachis resorption or 131I uptake. These results suggest that the effects of vasopressin and oxytocin were not mediated by TSH and thyroxine, but rather may be caused by an antagonism of prolactin.
EFFECTS OF HUMAN PREGNANCY SERUM ON PARTURITION IN THE RAT

ACAREFUL STUDY of the recent endocrinological literature reveals that very little work has been done on the serum of pregnant women, and none on the effect of this serum on pregnancy and parturition in experimental animals. Our present study concerns itself with this subject. Before commencing work on this problem, a group of preliminary experiments was performed with non-pregnant animals. Sera obtained from men, non-pregnant women, and women in various stages of pregnancy, were injected subcutaneously into young mature female rats andrabbits. Injections of o.i to 0.5 cc. were given daily for a period of 14 days. The results obtained were briefly as follows. By stimulation is meant the enlargement of uterus and ovaries with hypertrophy of the myometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and an increase in the number of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. A series of 51 pregnant rats were used in this study. These rats have a gestation period of 21 to 22 days.
Content Metadata–An Analysis of Etruscan Artifacts in a Museum of Archeology

SUMMARY Metadata schemes target resources as information-packages, without attention to the distinction between content and carrier. Most schema are derived without empirical understanding of the concepts that need to be represented, the ways in which terms representing the central concepts might best be derived, and how metadata descriptions will be used for retrieval. Research is required to resolve this dilemma, and much research will be required if the plethora of schemes that already exist are to be made efficacious for resource description and retrieval. A preliminary study was designed to see whether the bibliographic concept of “the work” could be of any relevance among artifacts held by a museum. The “works metaphor” is extended from the bibliographic to the artifactual domain by altering the terms of the definition slightly, thus: instantiation is understood as content genealogy. Case studies of Etruscan artifacts from the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology are use...
Insect neural evolution—a fugue or an opera?

Abstract Insects are exceedingly diverse, including more species than all other animal groups combined. The burden of this essay is that, in spite of the wondrous variation in external body form, the central nervous systems of insects are remarkably conservative, varying astonishingly little from the most primitive to the most advanced of the extant groups. Instead of evolutionary variation commensurate with that of the body, we see tinkering with the connections formed by a largely conserved set of neurons.
Investigation of Petasis and Ugi reactions in series in an automated microreactor system

Petasis and Ugi reactions are used successively without intermediate purification, effectively accomplishing a six-component reaction. The examined reactions are transferred from traditional batch reactors to an automated continuous flow microreactor setup, where optimization and kinetic analyses are performed, proposed mechanisms evaluated, and rate-limiting steps determined.
Contractile Ring-independent Localization of DdINCENP, a Protein Important for Spindle Stability and Cytokinesis

Dictyostelium DdINCENP is a chromosomal passenger protein associated with centromeres, the spindle midzone, and poles during mitosis and the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Disruption of the single DdINCENP gene revealed important roles for this protein in mitosis and cytokinesis. DdINCENP null cells lack a robust spindle midzone and are hypersensitive to microtubule-depolymerizing drugs, suggesting that their spindles may not be stable. Furthermore DdCP224, a protein homologous to the microtubule-stabilizing protein TOGp/XMAP215, was absent from the spindle midzone of DdINCENP null cells. Overexpression of DdCP224 rescued the weak spindle midzone defect of DdINCENP null cells. Although not required for the localization of the myosin II contractile ring and subsequent formation of a cleavage furrow, DdINCENP is important for the abscission of daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. Finally, we show that the localization of DdINCENP at the cleavage furrow is modulated by myosin II but it occurs by a mechanism different from that controlling the formation of the contractile ring.
Integral Domains in Which Nonzero Locally Principal Ideals are Invertible

We study locally principal ideals and integral domains, called LPI domains, in which every nonzero locally principal ideal is invertible. We show that a finite character intersection of LPI overrings is an LPI domain. Hence if a domain D is a finite character intersection for some set of prime ideals of D, then D is an LPI domain.
Formation of surface-grafted polymeric amphiphilic coatings comprising ethylene glycol and fluorinated groups and their response to protein adsorption

Amphiphilic polymer coatings were prepared by first generating surface-anchored polymer layers of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) on top of flat solid substrates followed by postpolymerization reaction on the hydroxyl terminus of HEMA’s pendent group using three classes of fluorinating agents, including organosilanes, acylchlorides, and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). The distribution of the fluorinated groups inside the polymer brushes was assessed by means of a suite of analytical probes, including contact angle, ellipsometry, infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. While organosilane modifiers were found to reside primarily close to the tip of the brush, acylchlorides penetrated deep inside PHEMA thus forming random copolymers P(HEMA-co-fHEMA). The reaction of TFAA with the PHEMA brush led to the formation of amphiphilic diblocks, PHEMA-b-P(HEMA-co-fHEMA), whose bottom block comprised unmodified PHEMA and the top block was made of P(HEMA-co-fHEMA) rich in the fluorinated segments. This distribution of the fluorinated groups endowed PHEMA-b-P(HEMA-co-fHEMA) with responsive properties; while in hydrophobic environment P(HEMA-co-fHEMA) segregated to the surface, when in contact with a hydrophilic medium, PHEMA partitioned at the brush surface. The surface activity of the amphiphilic coatings was tested by studying the adsorption of fibrinogen (FIB). While some FIB adsorption occurred on most coatings, the ones made by TFAA modification of PHEMA remained relatively free of FIB.
Nanosensoren für Messungen in lebenden Zellen

Bisher war es schwierig, wenn nicht unmoglich, den Stoffwechsel in lebenden Zellen zu beobachten. Jetzt haben Wissenschaftler von der Universitat Tubingen ein neues Konzept fur Nanosensoren entwickelt, die in Zellen Konzentrationsanderungen einzelner Metabolite exakt anzeigen konnen.
Gasifier system modelling

Identification of a coal gasification system in two system operation modes is demonstrated. One mode is normal system operation. The second mode is one in which no coal is fed to the plant but all other inputs (airflow, steam flow etc.) are established as they would be in normal system operation. The results of identification for these two modes (hot and cold) are discussed and compared.
A method for the comparative study of replicative DNA synthesis in GGT-positive and GGT-negative hepatocytes in primary culture isolated from carcinogen-treated rats

The presence of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in focal nodules of hepatocytes is a commonly used marker for the identification of preneoplastic cell populations. Female Fischer 344 rats were initiated with a single intragastric administration of 200 mg diethylnitrosamine/kg, altered cells were selected after 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene was given in the diet; this was followed by a partial hepatectomy and promotion with dietary sodium phenobarbital for 4 wk. A mixed-cell population of GGT-positive and GGT-negative hepatocytes was obtained after collagenase perfusion and Percoll purification. An enriched population of GGT-positive hepatocytes was obtained by a modified “panning” technique. With quantitative scintillation spectrometry and autoradiography of [3H]thymidine incorporation, replicative DNA synthesis of GGT-positive and GGT-negative rat hepatocytes was observed in both the mixed-cell population and the enriched GGT-positive and GGT-negative cell populations. Under the culture conditions used, GGT-positive cells showed a higher level of replicative DNA synthesis than did GGT-negative cells; this indicates that such altered hepatocytes in the stage of promotion possess an inherently greater capacity for all replication, as previously suggested from studies in vivo.
Highly-directional plasmonic lasing in the visible with subwavelength hole arrays

We demonstrate directional plasmonic nanolaser emission using subwavelength hole arrays perforated in metal film as plasmonic nanocavities. The lasing exhibits a single mode in the red wavelength region.
Analyzing queuing systems by methods of theory of systems with random jump structure

A problem of finding probabilistic characteristics of a queueing system, with its dynamics described by a non-Markovian chain with finite number of states, is considered. Exact and approximate solutions that rely on the theory of systems with random jump structure are found. The queuing system is described by a dynamic system with conditionally Markovian random structure. The proposed approach is used to obtain an approximate solution to the applied problem of probabilistic analysis of recovery of aircraft during combat.
A qualitative analysis of information dissemination through twitter in a digital library

This study examines the use of Twitter in a digital library, the Internet Public Library (ipl2), to understand the content and dissemination patterns of Twitter messages posted by the ipl2. We conducted a content analysis on ipl2's messages on Twitter to develop a categorization of the type of tweets, and examined retweets and the active users who retweeted ipl2 tweets. We present our analysis of four areas related to the tweets: motivation, content, audience, and sources. Active users are categorized into eight groups. The research findings contribute to a further understanding of the actual use of Twitter in a digital library.
Velocities and stress levels of axisymmetric azimuthal flow within the toroidal rotary seal of the IBM 2997 continuous flow cell separator and the implications

Continuous flow blood fraction separators are used to facilitate the removal of specific blood components for donation or for certain medical procedures. Problems with one such device, the IBM 2997 Blood Processor, have been noted in a number of independent investigations. A key feature of this particular unit is a ceramic rotary seal that allows the continuous separation by centrifugation to take place. The equation of motion for flow inside a split toroid cavity within the rotary seal has been solved numerically; velocities and shear stresses found numerically compare favorably with limiting case, analytical solutions. Predicted torque values as a function of rotation rate and fluid viscosity also served as an experimental check on the validity of the mathematical findings. Comparison of calculated shear stress levels and exposure times with known thresholds for cell damage shows that platelet and leukocyte losses may indeed be caused by the seal. Suggestions are made to improve performance of the IBM Blood Processor.
A characterization of generalized m-monomial characters

This paper continues a study of the character ring of a finite group begun in [S]. In [S] we characterized generalized permutation characters-that is, integral linear combinations of permutation characters of a group G. Our characterization involved, for each prime p dividing 1 G ] and each cyclic p’subgroup (x) of G, p-Sylow subgroups P, of C,(x) and pX of N&x) chosen so that P, E P,. To determine if a generalized character x of G is a generalized permutation character, one checks whether for each p and (x) as above a certain generalized character xX of P, extends to a suitable p-integral combination of characters of i),. In this paper we will characterize integral linear combinations of characters AC where A is a linear character of a subgroup of G and the order of A divides a fixed integer m. We will call such characters IZG m-monomial characters. Integral linear combinations of m-monomial characters are called generalized m-monomial characters. We may assume, of course, that m divides ( G I. When m= 1, an m-monomial character is precisely a transitive permutation character, integral linear combinations of which were characterized in ]5] as described above. When m = ] G ], the m-monomial characters include all monomial characters of G, and by Brauer’ s induction theorem, any generalized character of G is generalized m-monomial. Thus, the two extreme cases m = 1 and m = ] G 1 have been dealt with, so the purpose of this paper is to establish intermediate theorems between the main theorem of [S] and Braucr’s characterization of characters. Since we work mostly with p-integral rather than integral linear combinations of characters the main theorem of this paper in the case m = ] G 1 will yield not exactly Brauer’s characterization of characters but rather a p-integral version, due to J. Thompson, which says that a class function x on G is a 123
Fourier analysis of test shape of planktonic foraminifera

The exact characterization of test shape is important in morphological studies of foraminifera and other marine micro-fossils Most biometrie studies of microfossils, however, have only measured test diameter or other linear components1. The tests of planktonic foraminifera exhibit a wide range of morphological traits, some of which are related to environmental conditions and others to the phylogenetic history of the taxon1,2. Mean test size or linear measurements of chambers and/or whole tests of fossil foraminifera can be used for palaeoecological interpretations from the morphological variations3–10. We report here that Fourier series analysis could be an objective and unambiguous biometric method for determining the components which comprise the shape of foraminifera. Fourier shape analysis has been successfully applied to fossil ostracods11,12 , fossil bryozoans13,14 and miospores15. In the present study, Fourier series shape analysis was performed on the planktonic foraminifera, Globorotalia truncatulinoides, from the southern Indian Ocean, to differentiate palaeo-environmentally significant trends in the test shape of this species. Kennett16 and Takayanagi et al.17 have used linear test measurements to describe latitudinal gradients in the test morphology of G. truncatulinoides. Highly conical forms dominate in tropical waters, whereas more compressed, biconvex forms dominate in cool water.
Perspectives on Death: An Experiential Course on Death Education

This course was evaluated by a survey six months afterward, in order to have a better time perspective.
Regional brain morphine injections selectively attenuate aspects of septal hyperreactivity: a multivariate assessment.

Abstract Rats with septal lesions show quantitative and qualitative changes in responsivity to, respectively, noxious and non-noxious stimulation, responding as if both were noxious. Morphine analgesia is characterized by decreased responsivity to noxious stimulation without a concomitant change in sensory threshold. Thus, both of these phenomena are thought to involve neural mechanisms related to the effective component of behavioral responsivity, and the septal lesion-induced affective changes may be mediated by the endogenous opiate system. Rats given either septal or sham lesions were injected with either morphine or vehicle into either the corticomedial amygdala, posterior hypothalamus, or the ventral hippocampus, and were tested for responsivity to noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Naloxone injections were given to determine the opiate specificity of the effects. The data were submitted to discriminat function analyses to determine which measures were most sensitive to the manipulations. Morphine's greatest effect was a site-dependent attenuation of reactivity to non-noxious stimuli. Naloxone showed site-dependent antagonism of the morphine effect as well as unspecified independent effects of its own. The data suggest the mediation of the affective component of septal hyperreactivity by opiate receptors, and a functional differentiation between naloxone-sensitive and insensitive receptors.
Theory of radiationless transitions in polyatomic molecules. The intermediate case

Abstract A theory of radiationless transitions that spans the intermediate case between the small “molecule” and “big molecule” limits is presented. The theory is applicable to spectra and picosecond time evolution experiments concerning states such as the vibronically perturbed second excited single state of naphtalene studied by Wessel. An important philosophy used in the paper is the “unbunding” of the time-dependent and stationary state aspects of this problem. This view has been strongly emphasized by Rhodes and allows each part of the problem to be handled separately without being limited by the approximations of the other. The single-sharp-level-embedded-in-a-continuum model is used, and the stipulation that the sharp level carries all the oscillator strength is retained. However no limiting restrictions are placed on the nature of the continuum nor the interaction matrix elements. Thus the theory encompasses both the statistical limit and the small molecule limit as well as all cases intermediate between these and should therefore be of more interest to the experimentalist. The exact Green function for this problem is obtained, allowing the observed absorption spectrum and time evolution experiments under various excitation conditions to be exactly related in a practical way. Transformation between an observed spectrum and unperturbed zero-order states is possible and should be of use to the spectroscopist when trying to analyze spectra in regions of massive perturbative mixing.
Secondary electron emission and conductivity mechanisms of epitaxial MgO films

Abstract Secondary electron emission and electron bombardment induced conductivity measurements have been made on epitaxial MgO films (50–200 A thick) deposited on a (100)Mo substrate. The films were deposited and measurements made under UHV conditions. Changes in the sample surface potential ( V s ) were determined from changes in the threshold energy of the secondary emission energy distribution, thus allowing current ( I ) versus V s curves to be made. It was found that the conductivity data could be fitted best by a Poole-Frenkel conductivity mechanism. Mechanisms for electron injection from the substrate into the film were not consistent with the data, implying that holes are the dominant charge carriers. This is in contrast to most results on polycrystalline MgO films which conclude that electron tunneling is probably dominant in such films. The possible ways that these differences in conduction mechanisms can affect processes that degrade the secondary emission properties of these films are discussed.
A Correlative Study of the Effect of Iodide Administration in the Rat on Thyroidal Iodide Transport and Organic Iodine Content1

The effect of acute administration of small doses of iodide on the activity of the thyroid iodide transport mechanism was studied in intact and hypophysectomized iodine-deficient rats and correlations were sought between alterations in iodide transport and the thyroidal iodinations so induced. When organification of the administered iodide was permitted for 2 hr, values for thyroid/serum iodide concentration ratios (T/S) were depressed significantly below control values. Administration of these same doses of iodide in the presence of PTU-blockade resulted in no change from control values. The demonstration of acute lowering of T/S by iodide in the hypophysectomized rat indicated the autoregulatory nature of the response, which was also shown to be dependent upon organification of some of the administered iodide load. To further assess the relationship between lowering of T/S and the amount and nature of newly formed organic iodine, double isotope experiments were performed so as to permit measurement of o...
Forgiveness and Politics Dirty Hands and Imperfect Procedures

Mesurant la validite politique du concept de pardon et son role dans la revendication de justice qui lie les citoyens a leur gouvernement, l'A. etudie la question de la responsabilite du gouvernement et des institutions face aux citoyens, en se referant a la regle de la commensurabilite des degres de responsabilite en fonction du degre de liberte et d'information etablie par M. Walzer. Examinant les notions de pardon et de ressentiment, ainsi que le modele normal de la justice definit par J. Shklar, l'A. montre que l'idee de pardon en politique pose deux problemes: 1) elle implique un changement de sentiment de la part de la victime envers le malfaiteur, 2) elle sape la possibilite meme de rendre justice en eliminant la dette morale du malfaiteur
Statistical Interpretation of Species Composition

The relative abundance of different species characterizes the structure of a biological community. We analyze an experiment addressing the relationship between omnivorous feeding linkages and community stability. Our goal is to determine whether communities with different predator compositions respond similarly to environmental disturbance. To evaluate these data, we develop a hierarchical statistical model that combines Aitchison's logistic normal distribution with a conditional multinomial observation distribution. In addition, we present an algebra for compositions that includes addition, scalar multiplication, and a metric for differences in compositions. The algebra aids interpretation of treatment effects, treatment interactions, and covariates. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is used for inference in a Bayesian framework. Our experimental results indicate that a high degree of omnivory can help to stabilize community dynamics and prevent radical shifts in community composition. This result is at od...
The structure of the C-terminal domain of the Zaire ebolavirus nucleoprotein.

Ebolavirus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever with a mortality rate of up to 90%. EBOV is a member of the order Mononegavirales and, like other viruses in this taxonomic group, contains a negative-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA. The EBOV ssRNA encodes seven distinct proteins. One of them, the nucleoprotein (NP), is the most abundant viral protein in the infected cell and within the viral nucleocapsid. Like other EBOV proteins, NP is multifunctional. It is tightly associated with the viral genome and is essential for viral transcription, RNA replication, genome packaging and nucleocapsid assembly prior to membrane encapsulation. NP is unusual among the Mononegavirales in that it contains two distinct regions, or putative domains, the C-terminal of which shows no homology to any known proteins and is purported to be a hub for protein–protein interactions within the nucleocapsid. The atomic structure of NP remains unknown. Here, the boundaries of the N- and C-terminal domains of NP from Zaire EBOV are defined, it is shown that they can be expressed as highly stable recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, and the atomic structure of the C-terminal domain (residues 641–739) derived from analysis of two distinct crystal forms at 1.98 and 1.75 A resolution is described. The structure reveals a novel tertiary fold that is distantly reminiscent of the β-grasp architecture.
Return-Oriented Programming: Systems, Languages, and Applications

We introduce return-oriented programming, a technique by which an attacker can induce arbitrary behavior in a program whose control flow he has diverted, without injecting any code. A return-oriented program chains together short instruction sequences already present in a program’s address space, each of which ends in a “return” instruction.Return-oriented programming defeats the W⊕X protections recently deployed by Microsoft, Intel, and AMD; in this context, it can be seen as a generalization of traditional return-into-libc attacks. But the threat is more general. Return-oriented programming is readily exploitable on multiple architectures and systems. It also bypasses an entire category of security measures---those that seek to prevent malicious computation by preventing the execution of malicious code.To demonstrate the wide applicability of return-oriented programming, we construct a Turing-complete set of building blocks called gadgets using the standard C libraries of two very different architectures: Linux/x86 and Solaris/SPARC. To demonstrate the power of return-oriented programming, we present a high-level, general-purpose language for describing return-oriented exploits and a compiler that translates it to gadgets.
An equivalent circuit model for curved piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers with spherical-shape diaphragms

An equivalent circuit model is analytically derived for a clamped piezoelectric elastic shell with a spherical curved shape. The lumped parameters of the electromechanical elements are extracted from the system equations, and the analytical circuit model is compared with acoustic-piezoelectric FEM simulation results. Very good consistencies are achieved in the frequency responses, electromechanical coupled variations, and the device input impedances.
A revolution in rural health? The struggle over local health units in Mexico, 1928-1940.

Des unites medicales de sante publique ont ete developpees au Mexique de 1928 a 1940 afin d'ameliorer l'hygiene et prevenir ainsi l'epidemiologie de certaines maladies
Insights into the Cation Permeation Pathway of Channelrhodopsin-2

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a light-activated, non-selective cation channel endogenous to the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The unique properties of ChR2 have made it a useful tool in the field of optogenetics. However, the mechanism of ion conductance is not well resolved. Elucidation of the crystal structure of the channelrhodopsin chimera C1C2 has provided structural insight on the putative ChR2 ion conductance pathway. However, it is not clear how the chimeric structure correlates to ChR2 function. To directly examine the permeation pathway of ChR2, we have used a combination of molecular dynamics and two electrode voltage clamp. For our computational experiments, we modeled ChR2 using the C1C2 crystal structure as a template and performed steered molecular dynamics to pull a sodium ion through the proposed conductance pathway. Our results indicate that several binding sites are available for sodium passing through the channel. In addition, we used cysteine scanning mutagenesis and subsequent site-specific labeling to elucidate the permeation pathway of ChR2. Combined, analysis of our experimental results provides new insight into the mechanism of cation conductance by channelrhodopsin-2.
Intracranial Hemorrhage Is Much More Common After Carotid Stenting Than After Endarterectomy: Evidence From the National Inpatient Sample

Background and Purpose—Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a rare and devastating complication of carotid revascularization. We sought to determine the prevalence of, type of, and risk factors associa...
Cues that Elicit Ultrasounds from Adult Male Mice

Adult male mice (Mus musculus) which have a prior history of experience with other adult male and adult female mice readily produce 70 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in the presence of urine from adult females but not in the presence of urine from adult males. Urine from immatures of either sex does not elicit ultrasounds from socially experienced adult males. The ultrasound eliciting potency of adult male urine was not improved substantially following castration of adult males, injection of testosterone propionate to castrated adult males, administration of estradiol benzoate to castrated adult males, or neonatal castration. Ovarian hormones do not appear to be necessary for either the appearance at puberty, or the maintenance during adulthood, of the ultrasound eliciting cues of female urine. Stage of estrus did not have a major modulating effect on urinary cues eliciling male ultrasounds. Treatments that did not substantially reduce the signal value of adult female urine include ovariectomy before or after puberty, ovariectomy with adrenalectomy, and neonatal administration of testosterone. The administration of testosterone to ovariectomized adult females, and hypophyseclomy, virtually eliminated the ability of urine from adult females to elicit ultrasounds from socially experienced adult males. The implication of pituitary hormones in the modulation of female urinary cues thai elicit ultrasounds is particularly interesting since pituitary factors are also implicated in the proximal causation of postparturient maternal aggression, which adult male ultrasounds may function to moderate.
Differential localization in cells of myosin II heavy chain kinases during cytokinesis and polarized migration

Cortical myosin-II filaments in Dictyostelium discoideum display enrichment in the posterior of the cell during cell migration and in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Filament assembly in turn is regulated by phosphorylation in the tail region of the myosin heavy chain (MHC). Early studies have revealed one enzyme, MHCK-A, which participates in filament assembly control, and two other structurally related enzymes, MHCK-B and -C. In this report we evaluate the biochemical properties of MHCK-C, and using fluorescence microscopy in living cells we examine the localization of GFP-labeled MHCK-A, -B, and -C in relation to GFP-myosin-II localization. Biochemical analysis indicates that MHCK-C can phosphorylate MHC with concomitant disassembly of myosin II filaments. In living cells, GFP-MHCK-A displayed frequent enrichment in the anterior of polarized migrating cells, and in the polar region but not the furrow during cytokinesis. GFP-MHCK-B generally displayed a homogeneous distribution. In migrating cells GFP-MHCK-C displayed posterior enrichment similar to that of myosin II, but did not localize with myosin II to the furrow during the early stage of cytokinesis. At the late stage of cytokinesis, GFP-MHCK-C became strongly enriched in the cleavage furrow, remaining there through completion of division. MHCK-A, -B, and -C display distinct cellular localization patterns suggesting different cellular functions and regulation for each MHCK isoform. The strong localization of MHCK-C to the cleavage furrow in the late stages of cell division may reflect a mechanism by which the cell regulates the progressive removal of myosin II as furrowing progresses.
Attributions of Teacher Reactions to Diabetes Self-care Behaviors

Objective This study had two objectives: examine relationships among negative attributions of teacher reactions, anticipated adherence difficulties, teacher support, diabetes stress, and metabolic control; and develop questionnaires to test these relationships. Methods One hundred and two youths with type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes completed instruments measuring attribution of teacher reactions, anticipated adherence, teacher support, and diabetes stress. Metabolic control was measured by percentage of hemoglobin A1c. Results Structural equation modeling demonstrated that negative attributions had direct effects on anticipated adherence difficulties and diabetes stress. Diabetes stress had a direct effect on metabolic control. Negative attributions had a significant indirect effect on metabolic control through associations with diabetes stress. Teacher support moderated the path between negative attributions and anticipated adherence difficulties. Conclusions Youths making negative attributions about teacher’s reactions are likely to find adherence difficult in school situations and have increased stress. Results are discussed in terms of a social information processing model of adjustment and practical applications.
The Relationship Between Phonological Codes on Memory and Spelling Tasks for Students With and Without Learning Disabilities

The purpose of the study was to determine the degree to which 31 (23 boys and 8 girls) 13-year-old children with learning disabilities from Grades 7, 8, and 9 were comparable to younger (9-year-old) reading- and spelling-matched controls in (a) phonological similarity effects, (b) phonetically based misspellings, and (c) relationships between memory and spelling performance. Children with reading disabilities and reading-recognition-matched controls, subgrouped by spelling ability, were compared on their memory for phonetically similar and dissimilar word lists and types of spelling errors. The results indicate that children with reading disabilities who are matched to younger children on both reading recognition and spelling ability exhibit normal phonological effects on memory and spelling measures. Within each reading group, low spellers produced more semiphonetic errors than high spellers, and high spellers produced more phonetic errors than low spellers. Significant correlations between memory and spelling error measures were more frequent for children with reading disabilities when compared to controls matched on reading and spelling ability. It was concluded that the phonological performance of reading/spelling-matched children with reading disabilities is characterized by an overreliance on phonological codes, whereas their counterparts' performance reflects independent and less generalizable use of phonological substrates across tasks.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF SMALL THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS FOR LOW- POWER ELECTRONICS

Compact thermoelectric generators operating with small temperature differences can be used to power autonomous circuitry and low-power electronics. This work presents an analysis of potential design optimizations for such devices, also called μTEGs. The analysis considers the effects of external thermal resistances, fill factor, ZT values, and the choice of insulating filler material on the thermoelectric performance. Many of the trends are strongly related to the ratio of internal to external thermal resistance, which determines the proportion of the total temperature drop realized across the active region of the thermoelectric. The results of this analysis provide a framework for thermal optimization of thermoelectric devices designed for small-scale heat to electricity conversion. Further, external thermal resistances are shown to be a dominant factor in performance for compact devices.
Diffusion in the System K2O‐SrO‐SiO2: II, Cation Self‐Diffusion Coefficients*

The self-diffusion coefficients were measured by introducing a slab of glass previously irradiated in a reactor between two slabs of unirradiated glass. By heating the specimens, etching them sequentially and determining the radioactivity, self-diffusion coefficients for K and Sr were measured. It is pointed out that the results obtained in the investigations appear to support the proposal that the network of the base glass predominantly controls the activation energy for the diffusion of ions.
Cystic Fibrosis: A Review of Clinic Patients

Field, Penelope (1978).Aust. Paediatr. J., 14, 91–94. Cystic fibrosis: A review of clinic patients. The response of 72 patients to an intensive antimicrobial prophylactic programme is presented in this review. Treatment was first commenced in 1968 and was evaluated during the last 4 months of 1975. The assessment confirmed a favourable clinical impression. Supported by a Studentship Grant from the Cystic Fibrosis Association of New South Wales
What Ought Humanists To Do

J. HILLIS MILLER, a Fellow of the American Academy since 1970, is Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus of Comparative Literature and of English at the University of California, Irvine. His books include Reading for Our Time: Adam Bede and Middlemarch Revisited (2012), The Conflagration of Community: Fiction Before and After Auschwitz (2011), For Derrida (2009), and Literature as Conduct: Speech Acts in Henry James (2005). I am honored to contribute to this issue of Daedalus, “What Humanists Do.”1 Each contributor was asked by guest editor Denis Donoghue to identify a text that has meant much to her or him, then discuss it. This assignment presupposes that humanists spend much of their time interpreting texts and promoting their circulation among their students, readers of their scholarship, and the general public. It is as though we contributors were asked, “Come on now, account for your activities as humanists. Tell us what you do. Tell us why what humanists do contributes to the public good!” I promise further on to give such an accounting for my own work. First, however, I need to make a few preliminary remarks. 1) Such an issue of Daedalus would not be needed if the social utility of what humanists do were not the subject of widespread doubt. That utility used to be taken for granted. It is hardly necessary to rehearse the evidence for this doubt. A high-level administrator at Harvard is reported to have said a few years ago, “The humanities are a lost cause.” Humanities departments around the country are being either abolished or amalgamated, for example into a single department of “Literature and Cultural Studies,” or into a single department of “Foreign Languages.” President Obama, in his eloquent speeches about the need for increased support for education in the United States, always speaks about science and math, never once, to my knowledge, about the need for more and better humanities teaching.
Microstructural development of ZnO using a rate-controlled sintering dilatometer

Rate-controlled sintering (RCS) of isostatically pressed particulate compacts of ZnO showed lower average grain sizes and intragranular pore densities than constant heating rate temperature controlled sintering. Valid comparisons of this form could only be made after corrections to hardware and software which reduced specimen creep under dilatometer pushrod load, nonuniform pushrod expansion, reproducible specimen temperature determination, thermal expansion during sintering, and instantaneous termination of sintering at the specified end of RCS. The improved microstructures from RCS were attributed to maximized efficiency of densification, optimizing the time and temperatures permitted for grain growth.