cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis is an Early Event During Phthalocyanine Photodynamic Therapy‐Induced Ablation of Chemically Induced Squamous Papillomas in Mouse Skin

— Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising new modality to treat malignant neoplasms including superficial skin cancers. In our search for an ideal photosensitizer for PDT, Pc 4, a silicon phthalocyanine, has shown promising results both in in vitro assays and in implanted tumors. In this study we assessed the efficacy of Pc 4 PDT in the ablation of murine skin tumors; and the evidence for apoptosis during tumor ablation was also obtained. The Pc 4 was administered through tail vein injection to SENCAR mice bearing chemically induced squamous papillomas, and 24 h later the lesions were illuminated with an argon ion-pumped dye laser tuned at 675 nm for a total light dose of 135 J/cm2. Within 72-96 h, almost complete tumor shrinkage occurred; no tumor regrowth was observed up to 90 days post-PDT. As evident by nucleosome-size DNA fragmentation, appearance of apoptotic bodies in hematoxylin and eosin staining and direct immunoperoxidase detection of digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA in sections, apoptosis was clearly evident 6 h post-PDT at which time tumor shrinkage was less than 30%. The apoptotic bodies, as evident by the condensation of chromatin material around the periphery of the nucleus and increased vacuolization of the cytoplasm, were also observed in electron microscopic studies of the tumor tissues following Pc 4 PDT. The extent of apoptosis was greater at 15 h than at 6 and 10 h post-PDT. Taken together, our results clearly show that Pc 4 may be an effective photosensitizer for PDT of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and that apoptosis is an early event during this process.
Enhancement of electrical and magnetic properties of Cd2+ doped Mn–Zn soft nanoferrites prepared by the sol–gel autocombustion method

Abstract Nanocrystalline Mn–Zn soft ferrites with chemical formula Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5− x Cd x Fe 2 O 4 ( x =0.0–0.35) were synthesized using the sol–gel autocombustion method. The formation of single phase cubic spinel structure was confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for all samples. The average crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer's formula and it remains within the range 24–50±2 nm. The structural parameters, lattice constant, XRD density, polaron length, polaron radius, lattice strain and porosity, have been calculated using XRD data. The variation in dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent, AC conductivity and complex impedance analysis were studied in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 5 MHz at room temperature. The values of dielectric constant and loss tangent were found to be lowest for the concentration x =0.25. The high values of DC electrical resistivity (2.2×10 11 Ω cm at 373 K) and activation energies suggests the conduction in Cd 2+ doped Mn–Zn ferrite system is due to hopping of polarons. Complex impedance plane plots were used to separate the grain and grain boundary effects in Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5− x Cd x Fe 2 O 4 . Vibrating sample magnetometer measurements carried out at room temperature shows that saturation magnetization and magnetic moment increased with increase in cadmium content up to x =0.25. The addition of Cd improves the magnetic and electrical properties of Mn–Zn ferrites.
DESIGN OF DUAL ELEMENT SENSORS, ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND CALIBRATORS FOR THE TRANSCUTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF PCO2

A complete system suitable for continuous measurement of transcutaneous CO2 clinically is described. The sensor is based upon dual Pd-PdO pH electrodes in o Severinghaus PCO2 sensor. The isolated electronic system provides for two channel measurement of CO2, displays interface temperature and the power (mW) required to maintain the interface temperature at 43°C. Alarms and lock-outs on the heater system are activated on high temperature or high power. Design of a free standing three gas calibration system is also described. System response time on a volunter was 2.5 minutes for a hyperventillatory 10 mm Hg PCO2 change. Overall system drift at 50 mm Hg in the system calibrator was 0.5 mV/hr and 0.25 mV/hr for each channel. Electrode response to an O2 change from 150-708 mm Hg showed an almost linear upward drift of 1.7 mV/hr. The effect of topical pressure on power (relative blood flow) is described. Thermal gradients and water balance problems are described. System evaluation on neonates is under way.
Effect of supplemental ornithine on wound healing.

Abstract Background. Supplemental arginine has been shown to enhance wound healing, in particular collagen synthesis. Ornithine is the main metabolite of arginine in the urea cycle and shares many of the biopharmacologic effects of arginine. The present study examines the effect of ornithine supplementation on wound healing and attempts to describe its possible mechanism. Methods. Wild type (WT) and iNOS knockout (KO) mice were randomized to receive either normal chow and tap water or chow and water each supplemented with 0.5% ornithine (w/w). All animals underwent a midline dorsal skin incision with implantation of polyvinyl alcohol sponges into subcutaneous pockets. On postoperative day 14 the animals were sacrificed. The dorsal wound was harvested for breaking strength determination while the wound sponges were assayed for hydroxyproline content, total wound fluid amino acid, and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentration. Results. Dietary ornithine supplementation enhanced wound breaking strength and collagen deposition in both WT and KO mice. This was accompanied by increased wound fluid proline and ornithine levels but not arginine, citrulline, or NOx levels. Conclusions. The results from this study demonstrate that ornithine supplementation enhances wound healing in both WT and KO mice. This suggests that ornithine's effect on wound healing is independent of the iNOS pathway.
Direct observation of 183W NMR of W(CO)6 and phosphine derivatives

Abstract 183 W NMR spectra of W(CO) 6 , (OC) 5 WPPh 3 , (OC) 5 WPPh 2 CHCH 2 and (OC) 5 WPPh(CHCH 2 ) 2 have been obtained directly with the aid of Cr(acac) 3 as relaxation agent.
Detecting Beauty Baryons and Heavy Beauty Mesons with the J/Ψ Trigger

We note that the combination of a vertex detector with a J/Ψ trigger should enable one to measure the masses and lifetimes of various beauty baryons and heavy beauty mesons at the SSC or Tevatron II.
A case for ranking heterodox journals and departments

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present, for the first time, a case for ranking heterodox journals and departments.Design/methodology/approach – The first section of the article briefly delineates the intellectual and social organization of heterodox economics as a social system of scientific activity. This background is then used to argue the case for ranking heterodox journals (section two) and heterodox departments (section three). An example of ranking journals that promote the development of heterodox theory, is not a zero‐sum game, and does not invite invidious comparisons is delineated in the fourth section. The final section summarizes the case for rankings.Findings – There are two central issues facing heterodox economics: one is the development of a coherent, integrated economic theory that explains the social provisioning process; and the second is the making of economic departments that contribute to the development of heterodox theory and policy, and the training of heterodox econom...
On reconsidering Maslow: an examination of the deprivation/domination proposition

Abstract Several earlier studies failed to support propositions derived from Maslow′s motivation theory, such as the proposal that needs become stronger with deprivation (Deprivation/Domination Proposition). We argue that significance of these negative findings is limited by serious methodological problems, and we present data to document and help overcome some of them. Across four data sets, between-goal correlations and partial correlations tended to support Maslow′s proposition with "intention" ratings but not with the traditionally-used "importance" ratings. Smaller differences in scale wording also affected outcomes. Negative reactions to nonattainment were relatively larger for goals related to lower needs in Maslow′s hierarchy; positive reactions to attainment were larger at higher levels. Results do not support earlier suggestions that the proposition has been invalidated empirically.
Densification of rapidly solidified titanium aluminide powders—II. The use of a sensor to verify hiring models

Abstract An eddy-current sensor was used to monitor consolidation of γ-titanium aluminide powder, in situ , during hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The resulting data was then compared with predictions generated from a model developed by Helle, Easterling and Ashby. A major finding was that significant densification occurred during the pressurization phase of the HIP cycle. Agreement was extremely good between experiment and theory, although asymptotic errors were found in the model when approaching full density. Discrepancies also arose at 1223 K and short times, between the continuous sensor data and interrupted cycle density measurements. The transformation from metastable α 2 -γ powders to a single phase γ microstructure was suggested as the origin of the discrepancy, which is not currently considered in the models. A useful method is also suggested by which the sensor may estimate the sample density on-line, using mathematical models to filter the sensor data.
Black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats as ecological surrogates and ecological equivalents

Ecologically equivalent species serve similar functions in different communities, and an ecological surrogate species can be used as a substitute for an equivalent species in a community. Siberian polecats (Mustela eversmanii) and black-footed ferrets (M. nigripes) have long been considered ecological equivalents. Polecats also have been used as investigational surrogates for black-footed ferrets, yet the similarities and differences between the 2 species are poorly understood. We contrasted activity patterns of radiotagged polecats and ferrets released onto ferret habitat. Ferrets tended to be nocturnal and most active after midnight. Polecats were not highly selective for any period of the day or night. Ferrets and polecats moved most during brightly moonlit nights. The diel activity pattern of ferrets was consistent with avoidance of coyotes (Canis latrans) and diurnal birds of prey. Similarly, polecat activity was consistent with avoidance of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in their natural range. Intraguild predation (including interference competition) is inferred as a selective force influencing behaviors of these mustelines. Examination of our data suggests that black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats might be ecological equivalents but are not perfect surrogates. Nonetheless, polecats as surrogates for black-footed ferrets have provided critical insight needed, especially related to predation, to improve the success of ferret reintroductions.
Performance evaluation of static frequency reuse techniques for OFDMA cellular networks

The use of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) in Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMax cellular systems mitigates downlink intra-cell interference by the use of sub-carriers that are orthogonal to each other. Inter-cell interference, however, limits the downlink performance of cellular systems. In order to mitigate inter-cell interference, various techniques have been proposed. This paper examines one group of these techniques, static frequency reuse. We present a comprehensive comparison of Reuse-1, Reuse-3, fractional frequency reuse (FFR), and soft frequency reuse (SFR), with varying input parameters, such as inner radius and power ratios. System simulation is used to evaluate the overall system performance in terms of throughput and SINR are evaluated. In addition to the overall system performance, cell-edge user performance, whose performance is severely limited by interference from neighboring cells, for each technique is also evaluated.
Dioctahedral smectite reactions at elevated temperatures : effects of K-availability, Na/K ratio and ionic strength

Hydrothermal experiments were conducted to measure the effects of K availability, Na/K ratio and ionic strength in chloride solutions on the rate and extent of the reaction of smectite to interstratified illite/smectite. The < 2 μm fraction of a bentonite was treated hydrothermally at temperatures of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450°C for run times of up to 30 days in the presence of 0.33, 0.66 and 1.00 equivalents of K per O10(OH)2. The effect of K-content on reaction progress is dramatic at low (0.33 eq.) K concentrations, but diminishes above a concentration of 0.66 equivalents. The effect of K-content is also more important at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. Addition of K above that required to satisfy the cation exchange capacity of the smectite reduced the amount of chlorite byproduct and produced authigenic K-feldspar at the highest K-concentration. Similar experiments were run using Na/K equivalent ratios of 0 to 25 and total solution molalities of 0 to 3.75 molal. Because these experiments were small fixed-volume experiments, it was necessary to vary two of the three key variables (K-content, Na/K ratio, ionic strength simultaneously. The data suggest, however, that K-content has a much stronger effect than either Na/K ratio or ionic strength on illitization reaction progress.
Interactions of neomycin and calcium in synaptosomal membranes and polyphosphoinositide monolayers

Abstract Neomycin and related aminoglycosidic antibiotics displace calcium from synaptosomes of guinea pig cerebral cortex and from preparations of phosphatidylinositol diphosphate. At low drug concentrations, inhibition of synaptosomal calcium binding is competitive (Ki = 3·10−5M), at high concentrations it is non-competitive (Ki = 4·10−4M). Monomolecular films of phosphatidylinositol diphosphate are contracted by low concentrations of neomycin in the subphase, and are expanded at high concentrations. This expansion persists even at the collapse pressure indicating a strong interaction between the drug and the lipid.
Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

An understanding of methotrexate (MTX) pharmacokinetics (PK) is important to achieve drug dosing that optimizes efficacy and minimizes toxicity. Limited information is available on the PK behavior of MTX in infants. Objectives To determine the PK of MTX and 7-OH MTX in infants, and to compare the PK parameters of infants to those in older children. Methods A subset of patients enrolled on the POG 9407 infant leukemia study participated in this MTX PK study. MTX (4 mg/m2) was administered i.v. over 24 h on week 4, day 22 of treatment. Sixteen patients, median age 7.8 months (range, 4–13 months) had blood samples collected for analysis of MTX concentrations at 1, 6, 12, and 23 h after the start of the infusion. MTX concentrations were also measured as part of standard clinical practice at the end of the infusion and every 24 h until the MTX level was < 0.18 μM. Model independent PK parameters (AUC, Cmax) were determined for each patient. MTX PK data were also analyzed using a two-compartment/first order model (ADAPT). Results: (See Table) Conclusions The estimated MTX CL for infants >3 months of age was very similar to that reported for older children between 1-19 years of age (103–151 ml/min/m2). Further study of MTX PK in infants <3 months is ongoing. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P47–P47; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.176 Table 1. MTX 7-0H MTX AUC (μM-hr) 1750 ± 400 255 ± 128 Cmax (μM) 58 ± 17 9.3 ± 4.5 CL (ml/min/m2) 116 ± 30 - Vc (L/m2) 14.6 ± 4.6 - Vp (L/m2) 6.9 ± 6.3 - t 1/2 distribution (h) 1.4 ± 0.63 - t 1/2 elimination (h) 7.7 ± 4.9 -
Toward an Integrated Model of Judicial Voting Behavior

This article is an initial step toward the development of an integrated model of judicial decision making. The study synthesizes elements derived from contextual and attitudinal perspectives by app...
The Distributional Little's Law and Its Applications

This paper discusses the distributional Little's law and examines its applications in a variety of queueing systems. The distributional law relates the steady-state distributions of the number in the system or in the queue and the time spent in the system or in the queue in a queueing system under FIFO. We provide a new proof of the distributional law and in the process we generalize a well known theorem of Burke on the equality of pre-arrival and postdeparture probabilities. More importantly, we demonstrate that the distributional law has important algorithmic and structural applications and can be used to derive various performance characteristics of several queueing systems which admit distributional laws. As a result, we believe that the distributional law is a powerful tool for the derivation of performance measures in queueing systems and can lead to a certain unification of queueing theory.
The formation of the first black holes and their host halos

Abstract The first massive astrophysical black holes likely formed at high redshifts ( z ≳ 10) at the centers of low mass (∼10 6 M ⊙ ) dark matter concentrations. These black holes grow by mergers and gas accretion, evolve into the population of bright quasars observed at lower redshifts, and eventually leave the supermassive black hole remnants that are ubiquitous at the centers of galaxies in the nearby universe. The astrophysical processes responsible for the formation of the earliest seed black holes are poorly understood. The purpose of this review is to describe theoretical expectations for the formation and growth of the earliest black holes within the general paradigm of hierarchical cold dark matter cosmologies, and to summarize several relevant recent observations that have implications for the formation of the earliest black holes.
On methods to select solutions in Euler deconvolution of gravitation and gradient measurements

Euler deconvolution is a standard technique in geophysical exploration to determine the depth of a subsurface mass density or magnetic anomaly from surface measurements of the corresponding field. Because the solution is unstable, some selection criterion must be employed to eliminate probably wrong depth estimates. An ad hoc decision criterion often used by geophysicists is compared here to a probabilistically founded test of the estimates using the Fisher F-distribution. It is shown that this test performs quite badly compared to the ad hoc criterion. However, a probabilistic foundation for the ad hoc criterion is also developed here using the coefficient of variation. Simulations are used to verify that it offers a methodological approach to selecting estimates based on a probabilistic relationship to their true values. That is, the depth estimate is selected based on a tolerance chosen to reflect the desired probability that the estimate should deviate not more than a given percentage from the true value.
Performance monitoring, error processing, and evaluative control following severe TBI.

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) often demonstrate impairments in performance monitoring—an evaluative control process that can be measured using the error-negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) and post-error positivity (Pe). The Ne/ERN and Pe are event-related potential (ERP) components generated following errors, with current theories suggesting the Ne/ERN reflects automatic performance monitoring and the Pe reflects error processing and awareness. To elucidate the electrophysiological mechanisms of performance monitoring deficits following severe TBI, behavioral and ERP measurements were obtained, whereas participants with severe TBI and neurologically-healthy comparison participants performed a modified color-naming version of the Stroop task. Behaviorally, both groups demonstrated robust response-time (RT) and error-rate interference. Participants with TBI exhibited generalized RT slowing; no significant between-groups interactions were present for RTs or error rates. ERP results indicate Ne/ERN amplitude was attenuated in participants with TBI, whereas the pattern of Pe amplitude did not clearly differentiate groups. Findings suggest the Ne/ERN as a potential electrophysiological marker of evaluative control/performance monitoring impairment following TBI. Implications for future research and potential clinical application as well as potential limitations in conducting electrophysiological research in neurologically-impaired populations are discussed. (JINS, 2007, 13, 961–971.)
The Farnesoid X-activated Receptor Mediates Bile Acid Activation of Phospholipid Transfer Protein Gene Expression *

Bile acids facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and are physiological ligands for the farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. FXR functions as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor and in the presence of ligand, the heterodimer binds to specific DNA sequences in the promoters of target genes to regulate gene transcription. Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) has been identified as a possible target gene for FXR because the human promoter contains a potential FXR response element, an inverted repeat in which consensus receptor-binding hexamers are separated by one nucleotide (inverted repeat-1). PLTP is essential in the transfer of very low density lipoprotein phospholipids into high density lipoprotein (Jiang, X. C., Bruce, C., Mar, J., Lin, M., Ji, Y., Francone, O. L., and Tall, A. R. (1999) J. Clin. Invest. 103, 907-914). Here we report the regulation of PLTP gene expression by FXR and bile acids. In CV-1 cells, cotransfection of FXR and the retinoid X receptor resulted in bile acid-dependent transactivation of a luciferase reporter construct containing the human PLTP promoter. Mutation analysis demonstrated that the inverted repeat-1 (IR-1) in the PLTP promoter is required for this transactivation. Finally, we demonstrate that bile acids are able to regulate PLTP gene expression in vivo. Mice fed a chow diet supplemented with bile acid showed increased hepatic PLTP mRNA levels. These results suggest that FXR may play a role in high density lipoprotein metabolism via the regulation of PLTP gene expression.
A review of TV Whitespace portable devices

The release of the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum for portable devices by FCC opened up new opportunities for wireless applications. The propagation characteristics at TVWS band are far better than the 2.4 and/or 5GHz unlicensed bands and transceiver implementation is also relatively less expensive. All these advantages appear to make this available spectrum extremely attractive for wireless applications. However the spectrum also offers challenges especially to portable devices particularly related to interference avoidance, sensing, radio implementation and managing out-of-band (OOB) emissions. This paper presents an overview and challenges associated with the use of whitespace devices, particularly, power requirements as well as portable device and spectrum sensing issues.
A heuristic for piping residential sprinklers

A heuristic developed in this study derives efficient pipe configurations for connecting sprinklers. The objective is to connect all of the sprinkers in a watering zone with a minimum length of pipe. Minimum-length pipe configurations reduce pressure loss and installation cost. The heuristic adapts the Prim algorithm, conventionally used to derive minimal spanning trees, to a modified rectilinear Steiner problem. Modifications were made to account for impervious objects such as patios and decks that protrude into a lawn area and cannot be traversed by pipe. Rapid solutions can be obtained manually for sprinkler configurations that are typical of residential lots.
Use of Similarity Analysis on Experiments of Different Size to Predict Critical Cooling Rates for Large Ceramic Waste Forms

Ceramic waste forms (CWF) are produced to store fission products for the long term. They are cast into cylindrical shape at high temperature (925°C). Rapid cooling of the product is desirable for product turnaround, but cooling has the potential to crack the coalesced product into many pieces due to thermal stress. This paper investigates the rapid-cooling process with a borosilicate-glass component of the CWF used as a surrogate. The critical cooling rate of formed cylinders (the rate which separates the damage from the no-damage region) has been determined. This paper extends previous experimental data and analysis to production temperature as a step in the extrapolation of the data to production CWF’s. The glass solidifies in the range of 650°C to 625°C. The previous tests (7.8-cm diameter) were all run starting from a solid (625°C or less) to provide a basis for the higher temperature cases. Thermal stress cannot build up until solidification begins to occur. The current tests (7.8 and 9.9cm diameter) were run from the liquid temperature of 925°C. A theoretical model has been developed to analyze the data. The model includes heat transfer and the stress developed from the thermal gradients. Similarity analysis based on this model is used to produce dimensionless charts which allow data of different initial temperatures and diameters to be analyzed. The new data corroborated the previous estimate of the critical cooling rate and analytical-model projection for the minimum in-furnace cooling times for two production size CWF’s that will be stored in Yucca Mountain (70 hours for the 52-cm diameter and 35 days for the 181.5-cm sizes). To further reduce these times, an analytical prediction was made which shows that the formed cylinder can be removed from a furnace at a temperature of 320°C without any danger of cracking.
The effect of particle size on peak intensities of FT—IR photoacoustic spectra

Abstract The effect of particle size on peak intensities of FT—IR photoacoustic spectra was investigated by use of naturally occurring quartz in our Laboratory. It is observed that the PAS peak intensities increases with a decrease in particle diameter and that the peak intensity ratios are not constant for particles of different diameters. The relations among particle size, peak intensity and thermal diffusion length are discussed.
A Comprehensive Model for Assessing the Quality and Productivity of the Information Systems Function: Toward a Theory for Information Systems Assessment

Information Systems IS managers are under increasing pressure to justify the value and contribution of IS expenditures to the productivity, quality, and competitiveness of the organization. This paper examines the need for IS assessment and suggests a comprehensive IS assessment framework linked to organizational performance using existing IS assessment theory as a base and incorporating measurement concepts from other disciplines. The existing models of IS success are updated to include the emerging IS success dimensions of service quality and work group impact and provide a comprehensive method for organizing the various measures of IS success. In addition, many new measures from recent research are presented to supplement the lists supplied by previous research. Additional research is suggested to advance the IS assessment contingency theory. Such a theory has the potential to contribute to the quality and productivity of the IS function and the larger organization by providing feedback to manage and improve the IS function to better meet the needs of the organization.
Turbulent Solar Convection and Its Coupling with Rotation: The Effect of Prandtl Number and Thermal Boundary Conditions on the Resulting Differential Rotation

The dynamics of the vigorous convection in the outer envelope of the Sun must determine the transport of energy, angular momentum, and magnetic fields and must therefore be responsible for the observed surface activity and the angular velocity profile inferred helioseismically from SOI-MDI p-mode frequency splittings. Many different theoretical treatments have been applied to the problem, ranging from simple physical models such as mixing-length theory to sophisticated numerical simulations. Although mixing-length models provide a good first approximation to the structure of the convection zone, recent progress has mainly come from numerical simulations. Computational constraints have until now limited simulations in full spheres to essentially laminar convection. The angular velocity profiles have shown constancy on cylinders, in striking contrast to the approximately constant angular velocity on radial lines inferred for the Sun. In an effort to further our understanding of the dynamics of the solar convection zone, we have developed a new computer code that, by exploiting massively parallel architectures, enables us to study fully turbulent spherical shell convection. Here we present five fully evolved solutions. Motivated by the fact that a constant entropy upper boundary condition produces a latitudinal modulation of the emergent energy flux (of about 10%, i.e., far larger than is observed for the Sun), three of these solutions have a constant energy flux upper boundary condition. This leads to a latitudinal modulation of the specific entropy that breaks the constancy of the angular velocity on cylinders, making it more nearly constant on radial lines at midlatitudes. The effect of lowering the Prandtl number is also considered—highly time-dependent, vortical convective motions are revealed, and the Reynolds stresses are altered, leading to a reduced differential rotation. The differential rotation in all of our simulations shows a balance between driving by Reynolds stresses and damping by viscosity. This contrasts with the situation in the Sun, where the effect of viscosity on the mean differential rotation is almost negligible.
Comments On The Metamorphism Of Snow

Snow precipitation takes a variety of forms depending on the conditions in the atmosphere at the time of the snowfall. Regardless of what particular conditions prevail at that time, once the snow particles reach the ground they immediately begin changing. This is not surprising since the snow cover is at or close to its melting temperature, has a very large specific surface area, and has ever changing boundary conditions.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Melt-Infiltration Processing of TiC/Ni3Al Composites

A simple melt-infiltration processing route has been developed for the fabrication of TiC/Ni{sub 3}Al ceramic/intermetallic composites, which involves a combination of infiltration and subsequent liquid phase sintering. For Ni{sub 3}Al contents from 8 to 25 vol. {percent}, densities in excess of 98{percent} of theoretical are readily obtained when processing at 1450{degree}C. TiC and Ni{sub 3}Al are the only phases detected in the densified materials. Ni{sub 3}Al ductility is retained after processing, leading to the possibility of ductile phase toughened TiC composites for elevated temperature applications (up to {approximately}1100{degree}C). {copyright} {ital 1997 Materials Research Society.}
Influence of Gas-Solid Heat Transfer on Rapid PSA

A simple analytical model of a Differential Pressure Swing Adsorption (DPSA) process on a single adsorbent particle was used to evaluate the effects of gas-solid heat transfer resistance on the cyclic working capacity of the particle. The commonly used assumption of instantaneous thermal equilibrium between the gas and the adsorbent inside an adsorber may not be valid when the gas flow rates are low, the adsorption kinetics is relatively fast, and the PSA cycle times are small.
Sonication-enhanced histochemistry of wheat germ agglutinin binding to intracellular sites of rat layer V cortical neurons and spinal motoneurons

Cellular surface carbohydrates have been studied extensively in relation to cell interactions. However, the presence of intracellular carbohydrates not associated with cell surface membranes has not been well-defined histochemically. We describe a technique for the ultrastructural localization of intracytoplasmic carbohydrates using a wheat germ agglutinin peroxidase conjugate. The ultrastructural aspects of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binding to intracellular structures of rat somatomotor cortex layer V neurons and spinal cord motoneurons were examined using sonication to enhance penetration of the lectin–peroxidase conjugate. In addition to the membrane-associated structures previously described by others, WGA binding was observed on neuronal nuclear chromatin, nuclear pores, ribosomes, microtubules, vesicular organelles, and to synaptic complexes, primarily in the presynaptic bouton. The results support data indicating that complex carbohydrates may be important in neuronal molecular processing.
Epithelial ultrastructure during decidualization in rats

Unilateral decidualization was induced in uteri of ovariectomized hormone-injected prepubertal and young adult rats. The antimesometrial luminal epithelia of both the decidualized and contralateral hormone-primed (non-decidual) control uteri were examined and compared by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Epithelial cells of control uteri were columnar and they had many short microvilli on their luminal surfaces. Nuclei of these cells were round or oval and euchromatic, and other organelles were intact. In decidualized uteri luminal epithelial cells were flat and attenuated, were of greater average widths and possessed fewer microvilli. Some evidence of the degenerative changes which normally follow maximal decidual development in this region of the uterus could be seen within the flattened epithelial cells. The degenerative alterations were nuclear and cytoplasmic. Increase in lipid was observed in epithelial cells of decidualized uteri. This accumulation of intracellular lipid probably resulted from ingestion by the epithelial cells of intraluminally injected sesame oil, according to the protocol for stimulating decidualization.
A comparative study of morphological integration in Apis mellifera (Insecta, Hymenoptera).

Morphometric correlation matrices from 11 Mediterranean and European honey bee races have been compared. The degree of integration, measured by the eigenvalue variance of the correlation matrix or by Cheverud's index of integration, varies considerably between races but covaries neither with overall body size nor with the variance of the respective sample. Hence, the degree of morphological integration does not depend on body size or the level of variability The patterns of morphometric correlation are significantly similar among all races, but some minor differences in the patterns could be detected: The similarity between the correlation matrices is independent of the degree of phylogenetic relatedness between the respective races. In all races characters belonin to the same functional and/or developmental unit (leg, wing, abdominal characters) have Eiter correlations than the average. Most of the variation in the pattern of correlation can be expfained as a side effect of variation in the degree of integration. Races with high levels of integration tend to have hiher correlations between the main groups of characters, and races with low levels of integration tave smaller correlations between the main grous of characters, while the basic pattern remains undisturbed. In summary, the comparative analysis of morphometric correlation matrices reveals a picture of stability with respect to the pattern of integration and of variation in the degree of integration, which is random with respect to body size, degree of variability, and phylogeny.
Habitat-specific distribution of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) in Pribilof Canyon, Bering Sea

Shelf edge canyons are well-known sites of enhanced biomass due to on-shore transport and concentration of zooplankton along their axes, both of which contribute to the high densities of nekton frequently found in these canyons. Using a combination of acoustics, trawling, and in situ observations with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), the distribution of pelagic and demersal biota within Pribilof Canyon in the Bering Sea was examined in September of 1995 and 1997. Near-bottom acoustic scattering patterns in the 38kHz data showed high concentrations of biomass beginning around the 180m bottom depth contour and continuing to about 220m, which were presumed to be adult fish based on their target strength distributions. The 120kHz data also showed very strong scattering in the water column between 150 and 175m, which was absent from the 38kHz data, and therefore attributed mainly to zooplankton. The dominant taxa collected in bottom trawls and mid-water plankton tows were adult rockfishes (Pacific ocean perch, Sebastes alutus) and euphausiids (Thysanoessa spp.), respectively. In situ videos revealed dense aggregations of these rockfishes inhabiting a ‘‘forest’’ of attached sea whips, Halipteris willemoesi, during night deployments of the ROV, while areas with damaged sea whips had far fewer rockfish, and areas without this biotic habitat structure had no rockfish. During the day, the rockfishes were seen above the ‘‘forest’’, where they were apparently feeding on dense swarms of euphausiids. It appears that these rockfish utilize this predictable and abundant food resource in the canyon during the day and are associated with the sea whip habitat at night during periods of inactivity. More research is needed on these slowgrowing biotic habitats and how fishing activities in the Bering Sea and elsewhere may impact these habitats. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A randomized comparison of helium-oxygen mixture (Heliox) and racemic epinephrine for the treatment of moderate to severe croup.

Objective. To compare the additive effect of a helium–oxygen mixture (Heliox) or racemic epinephrine (RE) on croup scores (CSs) in children with moderate to severe croup treated with humidified oxygen and steroids. Design. A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Setting. Emergency department and pediatric intensive care unit of an urban level I trauma center. Participants. Randomly assigned, consecutive children ages 6 months to 3 years presenting with moderate to severe croup (CS: ≥5). Interventions. After cool humidified oxygen and 0.6 mg/kg of intramuscular dexamethasone, patients were randomized to receive either Heliox or RE. Vital signs, oxygen saturation, and CSs were recorded at regular intervals. Outcome/Analysis. Reductions in CSs were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results. Thirty-three patients were enrolled. Three were excluded because of protocol violations, and 1 was excluded because of lack of documentation, leaving 29 patients for final analysis. The average age was 24.2 months, 20 were male (68.8%). Both Heliox and RE were associated with improvement in CSs over time. There were no significant differences in mean CS, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, or heart rate between groups at baseline or at the end of the treatment period. Conclusion. In patients with moderate to severe croup, the administration of Heliox resulted in similar improvements in CS compared with patients given RE.
The Collective Enforcement of International Norms Through Economic Sanctions1

A recent front-page story in the New York Times —“Study Says Haiti Sanctions Kill Up to a 1,000 Children a Month”—draws attention to a vexing ethical problem: Under what circumstances can it be morally justifiable for the international community to apply economic sanctions that wreak serious hardship on civilians in the target state? Even though follow-up reports suggested that the headline might have to overstated the damage actually attributable to the Haitian sanctions, there can be little doubt that current sanctions programs entail at least the potential for a severe degree of civilian harm, to the point of triggering difficult moral issues.
Aminonitronaphthalenes as Possible High Energy Density Materials

As part of a series of studies evaluating the thermodynamic properties of new potential high energy materials, a series of calculations was performed on a variety of naphthalene molecules having amino and nitro groups. Calculations on seven aminonitronaphthalene molecules were performed, determining their minimum-energy geometries, vibrational frequencies, and energies. Enthalpies of formation were determined using atomization reactions, and subsequently enthalpies of combustion or decomposition were determined. Specific enthalpies of decomposition ranged from 4.1-4.8 kJ/g, while specific enthalpies of combustion ranged more widely, from 13 to almost 21 kJ/g. Some detonation properties of some of the derivatives rival those of current HEDMs.
Dimensions and Categories Underlying Thinking About College Student Types1

Previous work on implicit personality theory and the college student culture suggests that thinking about college student types should include academic involvement and social involvement dimensions. Further, positive and negative social, positive academic, and oppositional clusters of types were predicted based on studies of high school crowds. Using 85 college student type labels as stimuli, a free-sorting method coupled with multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering analyses provided support for these hypotheses. Also, the results suggest convergence in the cognitive structure underlying perception of college student types across major demographic categories.
IMMANUEL KANT'S ACCOUNT OF COGNITIVE EXPERIENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION

In this essay Gregory Bynum seeks to show that Immanuel Kant's thought, which was conceived in an eighteenth-century context of new, and newly widespread, pressures for nationally institutionalized human rights–based regimes (the American and French revolutions being the most prominent examples), can help us think in new and appreciative ways about how to approach human rights education more effectively in our own time. Kant's discussion of moral experience features prominently in Bynum's analysis, which emphasizes the following: Kant's conception of a Categorical Imperative to treat humanity as an end in itself; his conscious avoidance of, and his discussion of the necessity of avoiding, the limitations of empiricist and rationalist extremes of thought; and his discussion of moral experience in interrelated individual, community, and global aspects. Bynum demonstrates the usefulness of Kant's approach by using it as a lens through which to appreciatively examine a Japanese-born university professor's account of her ultimately successful effort to teach American students about U.S.-instigated human rights violations abroad.
Statistical modeling for the minimum standby supply voltage of a full SRAM array

This paper presents two fast and accurate methods to estimate the lower bound of supply voltage scaling for standby SRAM/cache leakage power reduction of an SRAM array. The data retention voltage (DRV) defines the minimum supply voltage for a cell to hold its state. Within-die variation causes a statistical distribution of DRV for individual cells in a memory array, and cells far out the tail (i.e. >6sigma) limit the array DRV for large memories. We present two statistical methods to estimate the tail of the DRV distribution. First, we develop a new statistical model based on the connection between DRV and static noise margin (SNM). Second, we apply our Statistical Blockade tool to obtain fast Monte-Carlo simulation and a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) model for comparison. Both the new model and the GPD model offer a high accuracy ( 104times for 1 G-b memory) over Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, both models show a very close agreement with each other at the tail even beyond 7sigma.
Chemical discontinuity at the extratropical tropopause and isentropic stratosphere-troposphere exchange pathways diagnosed using Aura MLS data

[1] The chemical discontinuity at the extratropical tropopause (ExTP) and stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) pathways are investigated using the long-lived chemical species carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). A relative coordinate, tropopause latitude (TpLat), is developed based on potential vorticity (PV) from the Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) data assimilation system. TpLat is defined as the shortest geographic distance along an isentropic surface from the extratropical tropopause (ExTP) to an observation location. Our results show that this coordinate highlights the sharp chemical discontinuities at the ExTP more clearly than the widely-used equivalent latitude coordinate. Geographical distributions of STE pathways and barriers are investigated based on meridional gradients in O3 abundances in the new TpLat coordinate in conjunction with analysis of Rossby wave breaking between 330 K and 360 K. In northern hemispheric (NH) winter (Dec–Jan–Feb), NH STE pathways are seen mainly above the northeast Pacific. In NH summer (Jun–Jul–Aug), the NH pathway covers all longitudes at 330 K. However, it is mainly located above Asia at 340 K and above the Atlantic and the North Pacific at 350 K and 360 K. In the southern hemisphere (SH), there is a weaker STE region above the Eastern Indian Ocean and the southwestern Pacific, at and above 350 K in SH winter, and a stronger STE region over the Southeastern Pacific at these levels during SH summer. In addition, this study shows NH PV gradients are slightly stronger near the ExTP in summer than in winter even though the subtropical jet is weaker and Rossby wave breaking is stronger in summer than in winter.
Adaptive regridding for high temperature electrothermal device simulations

The problems of prematured snapback and false multiple breakdown are found in simulating semiconductor devices in the high temperature region. The only way to achieve accurate and efficient electrothermal simulation under these conditions is by adaptive regridding. An adaptive regridding algorithm that approaches the optimal efficiency by applying the equidistribution of local truncation error is developed. With this algorithm both problems are overcome. In addition, both simulation accuracy and efficiency are improved by at least a factor of two. >
Expression of Neprilysin in Skeletal Muscle Reduces Amyloid Burden in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease

Neprilysin (NEP) is a zinc metallopeptidase that efficiently degrades the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides believed to be involved in the etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). The focus of this study was to develop a new and tractable therapeutic approach for treating AD using NEP gene therapy. We have introduced adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing the mouse NEP gene into the hindlimb muscle of 6-month-old human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) (3X-Tg-AD) mice, an age which correlates with early stage AD. Overexpression of NEP in muscle decreased brain soluble Aβ peptide levels by ~60% and decreased amyloid deposits by ~50%, with no apparent adverse effects. Expression of NEP on muscle did not affect the levels of a number of other physiological peptides known to be in vitro substrates. These findings demonstrate that peripheral expression of NEP and likely other peptidases represents an alternative to direct administration into brain and illustrates the potential for using NEP expression in muscle for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Eddy transport in liquid‐metal heat transfer

There are certain semiempirical equations for estimating heat transfer coefficients for liquid metals flowing through regular shapes. These contain the factor ψ, which is the average, effective value of the ratio of the eddy diffusivity of heat transfer to that for momentum transfer. The main problem in liquid metal heat transfer has been to evaluate this quantity.