cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for room temperature ferromagnetism in CuxZn1−xO from magnetic studies in CuxZn1−xO∕CuO composite

Magnetic studies in bulk 57% CuxZn1−xO∕43% CuO composite prepared chemically with x=0.10 (0.03) are reported. Temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility shows clear signature of the Neel temperature TN≃230K for pure CuO. Hysteresis loop studies in the zero-field-cooled sample show room-temperature ferromagnetism with coercivity Hc≃50Oe at 300K with strong temperature dependence for T<300K. A negative exchange bias He at 5K is observed when the sample is cooled from RT in H=20kOe, and its temperature dependence yields He→0 at TN=230K of CuO. These results and the temperature dependence of remanence Mr provide strong evidence that the CuxZn1−xO phase with x≃0.10 is a ferromagnet with Tc≃400K. An electron magnetic resonance signal due to Cu2+ substituting for Zn2+ in CuxZn1−xO is also observed.
Breast biopsy for calcifications in nonpalpable breast lesions. A prospective study.

• We prospectively studied 239 consecutive patients who underwent breast biopsy for 277 nonpalpable lesions characterized by mammographic microcalcifications. Clinical and mammographic characteristics were correlated with histologic findings in an attempt to identify patients more likely to have early breast cancer. The distribution of clinical risk factors was equal between patients with benign or malignant outcomes. The predominant Wolfe pattern on mammography was P2 (38%); however, no relationship was observed between the Wolfe pattern and malignancy. A marked correlation was observed between malignancy and small lesions, more than 15 calcifications, and calcifications in a linear or branching pattern. Twenty-four percent (n = 67) of the biopsy specimens contained either ductal or lobular breast cancer. This study highlights the necessity of an aggressive approach toward suspicious calcifications found by mammography. ( Arch Surg . 1990;125:170-173)
Role of the hindbrain in dorsoventral but not anteroposterior axial specification of the inner ear

An early and crucial event in vertebrate inner ear development is the acquisition of axial identities that in turn dictate the positions of all subsequent inner ear components. Here, we focus on the role of the hindbrain in establishment of inner ear axes and show that axial specification occurs well after otic placode formation in chicken. Anteroposterior (AP) rotation of the hindbrain prior to specification of this axis does not affect the normal AP orientation and morphogenesis of the inner ear. By contrast, reversing the dorsoventral (DV) axis of the hindbrain results in changing the DV axial identity of the inner ear. Expression patterns of several ventrally expressed otic genes such as NeuroD, Lunatic fringe (Lfng) and Six1 are shifted dorsally, whereas the expression pattern of a normally dorsal-specific gene, Gbx2, is abolished. Removing the source of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) by ablating the floor plate and/or notochord, or inhibiting SHH function using an antibody that blocks SHH bioactivity results in loss of ventral inner ear structures. Our results indicate that SHH, together with other signals from the hindbrain, are important for patterning the ventral axis of the inner ear. Taken together, our studies suggest that tissue(s) other than the hindbrain confer AP axial information whereas signals from the hindbrain are necessary and sufficient for the DV axial patterning of the inner ear.
Trend of system level design and an approach to C-based design

Abstract System level design study group in EDA technical committee of JEITA has researched the trends of system level design technologies from various aspects of views so as to define an ideal design flow and methodology. The results of the investigations consist of (1) problems and requirements from system level designers (needs), (2) current status of system level design tools (seeds), (3) standardization activities for system level design languages, and so on. They also proposed a desirable system level design flow taking account of the needs and the seeds. In this paper, we introduce the summary of their works. After that, I describe an approach to a C-based architecture design, called Bach, which we have developed. The features of the Bach system are (1) C-based user language with untimed semantics which is suitable for large-scale circuit design, (2) a fast bit-accurate simulator at the C level, (3) a high level synthesizer which can compile a program describing the untimed behavior of hardware into RTL VHDL. Using the example of an MPEG-4 video codec design, we summarize its design flow and effects.
Copper(II)–DNA denaturation. I. Concentration dependence of melting temperature and terminal relaxation time

Both kinetic and equilibrium properties of DNA denaturation in the presence of copper(II) cation were studied by using optical techniques. Equilibrium properties of the reaction, measured in terms of Tm, the melting temperature, were shown to depend not on the overall but on the equilibrium concentrations of the species involved. Although Tm did increase with DNA concentration at low copper(II) concentrations, under similar conditions an increase in Tm with increasing copper(II) concentration was not observed. The kinetic properties of the reaction, characterized by the terminal relaxation time, were also found to depend on equilibrium concentrations of reactants. Application of standard methods of relaxation kinetics led to the proposal of a mechanism for copper(II)–DNA complex formation. That mechanism involves the rapid binding of two copper(II) ions to a reaction site on the polymer, followed by a slow, rate-limiting, first-order decay of the complex to the denatured state.
Large lake basins of the southern High Plains: ground-water control of their origin?

The origin of the ∼40-50 topographically large lake basins on the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico has been an enigma. Previous workers have considered deflation or evaporite dissolution at depth and subsequent collapse as the most probable mechanisms. However, the eolian hypotheses have been unable to provide convincing arguments as to how the wind selectively erodes the thick, deflation-resistant calcrete "caprock" that is persistent over much of the southern High Plains. Furthermore, recent detailed studies on some of the basins show no significant evaporite dissolution at depth, and neither mechanism offers a satisfactory explanation as to why the basins are almost universally associated with subsurface topographic highs, or why they are absent where the High Plains aquifer thickness exceeds 60 m. We address these latter concerns and modify the deflation hypothesis by proposing that the calcrete caprock may never have been deposited in the areas now occupied by the basins. The absence of calcrete deposition is proposed to have resulted from high water tables caused by an increase in hydraulic gradient where aquifers thinned above bedrock highs. A high water table close to and/or intersecting the surface prevents deposition of calcrete, and, thus, the uncemented surface would be more susceptible to deflation than the surrounding calcrete-covered areas after decline of the water table. The rise in water table associated with bedrock highs is documented by numerical simulation using boundary conditions and hydrologic parameters representative of the southern High Plains.
Transmural surgical gown pressure measurements remits in the operating theater

Transmural gown pressures encountered when the surgeon comes into contact with a patient were measured in the operating theater. The surgical gown industry has assumed these pressures to be less than 5 psi in testing the efficacy of the gown and drape barrier material to impede bacterial transmission through its pores. In this study, pressure-sensitive contact film and resistive strain gauge recordings made from the surgeon's abdominal region and forearms indicated peak contact pressures in excess of 60 psi. This report indicates a need to reassess the basis of test utilization in evaluating barrier materials used in gowns and drapes.
Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of adolescents.

Objectives: The current study tested opposing predictions stemming from the failure and acting out theories of depression-delinquency covariation. Method: Participants included a nationwide longitudinal sample of adolescents (N = 3,604) ages 12 to 17. Competing models were tested with cohort-sequential latent growth curve modeling to determine whether depressive symptoms at age 12 (baseline) predicted concurrent and age-related changes in delinquent behavior, whether the opposite pattern was apparent (delinquency predicting depression), and whether initial levels of depression predict changes in delinquency significantly better than vice versa. Results: Early depressive symptoms predicted age-related changes in delinquent behavior significantly better than early delinquency predicted changes in depressive symptoms. In addition, the impact of gender on age-related changes in delinquent symptoms was mediated by gender differences in depressive symptom changes, indicating that depressive symptoms are a particularly salient risk factor for delinquent behavior in girls. Conclusion: Early depressive symptoms represent a significant risk factor for later delinquent behavior-especially for girls-and appear to be a better predictor of later delinquency than early delinquency is of later depression. These findings provide support for the acting out theory and contradict failure theory predictions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
The Under detection of Rape: Methodological Choices Influence Incidence Estimates

This paper discusses the extent of rape in the U.S. today, including a critical analysis of federal and independent sources of incidence data. Rape incidence estimates derived from the National Crime Survey (NCS) are flawed because of measurement methods that undermine full disclosure of victimization. Conclusions include (a) the incidence of rape is much higher than federal statistics suggest, but data are insufficient to resolve whether an epidemic is underway, (b) acquaintance rape is far more common than documented in crime surveys, and (c) improvement in rape detection is promised by the proposed revisions in the NCS.
Evidence for the excretion of 2-phenylethylamine glucuronide in human urine

Nachweis, dass die Ausscheidung von 2-Phenylaethylamin-Glucuronid im Urin von gesunden Versuchspersonen zwischen 50 und 60% der Gesamtmenge betragt.
Unusual cutaneous lymphomas

BACKGROUND New variants of cutaneous lymphoma other than mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome continue to be described. OBJECTIVE A practical classification of cutaneous lymphomas is presented with detailed discussions of angiocentric T cell lymphoma, subcutaneous T cell lymphoma, and malignant angioen-dotheliomatosis. METHODS The recent pertinent medical literature relating to unusual cutaneous lymphomas is reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The utilization of immunohistochemistry in the dermatopathology laboratory has greatly enhanced the ability to recognize and categorize cutaneous lymphoma. Some illnesses previously believed to be non-neoplastic diseases are malignant lymphomas.
Interphase interfaces of AuAg and AuPd

Abstract The interfacial microstructure of {001} twist interphase boundaries in AuAg and AuPd bicrystal thin film couples has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The bicrystal thin film couples were produced by a new technique described herein. Examination of the bicrystal films showed that orthogonal grids of interphase boundary dislocations of 〈110〉 type formed in the {001} low-angle twist interphase boundaries of both AuAg and AuPd systems. The interfacial dislocations of AuAg interphase boundaries are similar to those of AuAu, i.e., almost screw in character. In AuPd interphase boundaries, the interfacial dislocations show the mixed edge and screw character as expected. The high-angle {001} twist interphase boundaries of AuAg and AuPd were also studied. The concidence lattice concept was applied to study the high-angle twist interphase boundaries. Several critical angles were obtained for both AuAg and AuPd systems. Orthogonal grids of secondary dislocations were observed in the {001} twist interphase boundary of AuAg thin film couples with the twist angle near 36.9°, the critical angle corresponding to the coincidence of ∑ = 5. Experimental evidence of the interfacial dislocation structure of the high-angle twist interphase boundaries of AuPd has not yet been obtained. However, diffraction patterns do show the coincidence character in agreement with what was predicted.
On Radiation Modulation

The distribution of modulation frequencies has been determined for radiation chopped by passing chopper teeth, whose sides are radii of the chopper wheel, over a circular aperture. The calculation reported here establishes the relationship between the aperture radius-to-chopper wheel radius ratio and the number of notch-tooth pairs that will produce an amplitude of the fundamental frequency equal to the amplitude obtained for the ideal sinusoidal modulation of the radiation emanating from the same aperture. The rms value of the radiation modulated in the assumed manner is also discussed.
Cerebral metabolism and patterned visual Stimulation: A positron emission tomographic study of the human visual cortex

We studied the impact of visual stimulation upon cerebral metabolism in normal young men using FDG-PET. Results obtained from subjects receiving patterned visual stimulation while performing an ocular fixation task were compared with results from ocular fixation alone. Visual stimulation in the macular region of either hemifield produced significant increases in metabolism of the contralateral posterior striate cortex. Visual stimulation induced highly significant asymmetries in metabolism of the prefrontal and inferior parietal cortices. Metabolic activation in extrastriate areas tended to be right-sided. These findings support the classic notion of retinotopic organization within the primary visual sensory cortex. They also indicate that the patterns of cerebral metabolism are not equivalent between the two cerebral hemispheres. This latter finding suggests that in humans the right cerebral hemisphere may be specialized for visual processing.
Depressive Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease: An Examination Among Community-Dwelling Cuban American Patients

The authors examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of mood disturbance in 96 Cuban American (CA) Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Depression (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia score ≥7) was evident in 39.6% of the participants and showed associations with comorbid psychosis, lower education, and decreased length of residence in the United States, a measure of acculturation. Mood disturbance was not related to age, gender, marital status, cognitive dysfunction, functional impairment, history of significant alcohol use, or coexisting medical conditions. The results of this investigation suggest that signs and symptoms of depression are common neuropsychiatric disturbances in CA AD patients residing in the community.
Chronic hepatitis: Pathogenesis and treatment

Current therapies for chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune "lupoid" chronic active hepatitis, and drug-induced chronic hepatitis are discussed in the context of recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic active liver disease. Accurate diagnosis is the cornerstone of proper treatment; the limitations and pitfalls of conventional techniques are discussed. Current theories of the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B are reviewed to provide a framework for the use of antiviral drugs. Data from the early results of therapy with adenine arabinoside, acyclovir, and immunomodulatory agents are reviewed, and the theoretical basis for the use of alpha-interferon as well as preliminary data supporting its efficacy is presented. Strategies for the treatment of chronic delta hepatitis and chronic non-A, non-B viral hepatitis are discussed as well. The immunological changes associated with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis are described to help define those patients with chronic active hepatitis who are likely to respond to immunosuppressive therapy. The recognized hazards of long-term corticosteroid therapy are indicated and guidelines for the management of these patients are suggested. Chronic drug-induced liver disease will usually improve with cessation of the offending agent. An approach to the patient with suspected drug-induced chronic hepatitis is indicated. Finally, the role of liver transplantation is mentioned as the ultimate treatment modality available for endstage liver disease.
Is the adaptation model a valid description of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

The pendulum model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, including the effects of adaptation, has been evaluated using the responses of 36 normal subjects to impulsive stimuli of 128 and 256°/s. Estimates of the model parameters such as the time constants, the slow velocity threshold, and the minimum stimulus required to produce an after-nystagmus have been obtained using a new analytical technique. Although some of the data support the validity of the adaptation model, evidence is presented to demonstrate that the overall applicability of the model is limited.
Large, highly organized radio structures near the galactic centre

A radio map of the galactic centre made at a wavelength of 20 cm with the Very Large Array telescope reveals that most of the radio emission arising within 50 pc of the galactic centre is not associated with ionizing radiation from recently formed stars. Rather, the large-scale geometry and the measured polarization of the radio emission strongly suggest that the nonthermally emitting gas is arranged along magnetic structures indicative of a substantial poloidal component to the magnetic field in the central region of the Galaxy.
Azidonitration of Di-O-acetyl-L-fucal: X-Ray Crystal Structures of Intermediate Azidodeoxysugars and of the Bacterial Aminosugar N-Acetyl-L-fucosamine

The azidonitration of di-O-acetyl-l-fucal has previously been shown to be an efficient route to the bacterial aminosugar N-acetyl-l-fucosamine. Upon repeating this sequence, with updated versions of the glycal formation and amide installation steps, we have obtained X-ray crystal structures of several of the addition products, which are now reported along with the solid-state structure of N-acetyl-l-fucosamine itself.
From bacteria to mitochondria: Aconitase yields surprises

More than a century of biochemical investigation has brought a thorough understanding of metabolism in a wide variety of organisms in the biosphere. Organisms inhabiting diverse niches ranging from anaerobic to highly aerobic environments share a surprisingly similar spectrum of enzyme activities, which are organized into pathways that provide the products for growth and development. Although this great body of information provides details of metabolic pathways, relatively little is understood regarding the forces that drove the evolution of metabolic pathways or the evolution of the specific enzymes involved. Nowhere is this more evident than in the evolution of mitochondria. Mitochondria participate in a wide range of activities in eukaryotic cells, from energy metabolism to apoptotic signaling in multicellular organisms. This is quite remarkable considering that mitochondria are believed to have evolved from a bacterial endosymbiont (1). Current views on the origins of mitochondria look to a α-proteobacterium endosymbiont as the ancestor (1). The α-proteobacteriaciae includes present-day intracellular parasites such as Rickettsia prowazekii. It was the completion of the R. prowazekii genome sequence in 1998 that revealed the close relationship of mitochondria to the α-proteobacteriaciae (2). In this issue of PNAS, Baughn and Malamy (3) report the identification and characterization of genes encoding the enzymes of the oxidative branch of the Krebs cycle in Bacteroides flagilis. Based on phylogenetic analyses, these authors suggest a common origin of the enzymes of the oxidative branch of the Krebs cycle in Bacteroides sp. and mitochondria. This surprising finding supports a polyphyletc origin of the mitochondrial Krebs cycle, and raises the question of what forces drove the evolution of the mitochondrial proteome. Perhaps a consortium of bacterial endosymbionts contributed to the evolution of mitochondria.
Sex differences in the motivation and mitigation of jealousy-induced interrogations

Given the differential costs sexual and emotional infidelity posed for each sex, we hypothesized that humans have sex-differentiated damage assessment strategies to investigate the nature of a partner’s infidelity. Study 1 tested this hypothesis using a forced-choice dilemma in which participants (N = 172) indicated whether they would be more likely to inquire about the sexual or emotional nature of a partner’s extra-pair relationship. Results confirmed our predictions that (a) men more so than women inquire about the sexual nature of the extra-pair relationship and (b) women more so than men inquire about the emotional nature of the extra-pair relationship. We further hypothesized that humans have sex-differentiated damage control strategies to mitigate the costs of being caught committing infidelity. Study 2 tested this hypothesis using a forced-choice dilemma in which participants (N = 117) indicated whether they would be more likely to deny the sexual or emotional nature of their involvement with an extra-pair partner. Results confirmed our predictions that if their partner discovered that they were involved with someone else, (a) men more so than women deny any emotional involvement with the extra-pair partner, whereas (b) women more so than men deny any sexual involvement with the extra-pair partner.
Leveraging partner's insights for distributed collaborative sensemaking

SAVANT is a web-based tool that enables information and knowledge sharing between remote partners through explicit and implicit communication to help them collaboratively analyze and make sense of distributed data. SAVANT's implicit sharing provides an opportunity to leverage partners' insights and reduce cognitive tunneling, and explicit sharing facilitates discussion. Both techniques assist collaborative sensemaking processes.
Play's relation to health and well-being in preschool and kindergarten: a Waldorf (Steiner) education perspective

In most US pre-k/kindergartens play is justified as serving academic goals. However, Waldorf education, an independent alternative to public schooling, leverages play to promote child health and well-being. This paper examines Waldorf education's approach to play with reference to the underlying cultural model of/for child development that Waldorf teachers subscribe to. It describes how teachers orchestrated play in four pre-k/kindergarten classrooms and examines, from the teacher perspective, how keeping children ‘in movement’ both physically and spiritually encourages healthful sensory-motor integration while nourishing children's ‘will forces’ and ensuring good health and flexible thinking in adulthood. In addition to providing insight into how we might foster more play in non-Waldorf settings and informing the theoretical construction of play-as-mood, the findings indicate that Waldorf education is not immune to the work-play opposition common to US educational discourse; accordingly, the pedagogic an...
Elastic anomalies and phase transitions in high-Tc superconductors.

Ultrasound propagation in both known classes of high-${T}_{c}$ ceramic superconductors reveals the presence of an anomaly above ${T}_{c}$, at ${T}_{s}$\ensuremath{\simeq}95 K in ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.8}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$ and \ensuremath{\simeq}120 K in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$, suggesting that the state between ${T}_{s}$ and ${T}_{c}$ is the ``normal'' state preceding superconductivity. The anomalous elastic behavior at and below ${T}_{c}$ is dominated by the shear modulus and not by the bulk modulus, implying an unusually strong coupling of the order parameter to shear distortions. Implications of these results for superconductivity are discussed.
Remote Vibration Measurement with Lasers

Factors relating to the choice between homodyne and heterodyne detection systems for optical frequency Doppler shift are discussed. It is concluded that the homodyne system is often preferable when low-amplitude vibrations are being measured.
Infections in the hematopoietic stem-cell transplant patient

Abstract The hematopoietic stem-cell transplant patient is at increased risk for infections secondary to the underlying disease process and the acquired immune deficiencies that occur after the procedure. These infections tend to occur in predictable time periods as the host immune system recovers. Knowledge of the several phases that occur after the transplant and their associated immune defects helps in establishing a differential diagnosis for common and opportunistic infections that might occur. The objective of this article is to provide general guidelines and a standard approach for the management of infections in the hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipient. Additionally, recommendations regarding how to prevent infections and a schedule for administering immunizations after the transplant are provided. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Momentum Flow in Black Hole Binaries. I. Post-Newtonian Analysis of the Inspiral and Spin-Induced Bobbing

A brief overview is presented of a new Caltech/Cornell research program that is exploring the nonlinear dynamics of curved spacetime in binary black-hole collisions and mergers, and of an initial project in this program aimed at elucidating the flow of linear momentum in binary black holes (BBHs). The “gauge-dependence” (arbitrariness) in the localization of linear momentum in BBHs is discussed, along with the hope that the qualitative behavior of linear momentum will be gauge-independent. Harmonic coordinates are suggested as a possibly preferred foundation for fixing the gauge associated with linear momentum. For a BBH or other compact binary, the Landau-Lifshitz formalism is used to define the momenta of the binary’s individual bodies in terms of integrals over the bodies’ surfaces or interiors, and define the momentum of the gravitational field (spacetime curvature) outside the bodies as a volume integral over the field’s momentum density. These definitions will be used in subsequent papers that explore the internal nonlinear dynamics of BBHs via numerical relativity. This formalism is then used, in the 1.5 post-Newtonian approximation, to explore momentum flow between a binary’s bodies and its gravitational field during the binary’s orbital inspiral. Special attention is paid to momentum flow and conservation associated with synchronous spin-induced bobbing of the black holes, in the so-called “extreme-kick configuration” (where two identical black holes have their spins lying in their orbital plane and antialigned).
Modeling of nonequilibrium melting and solidification in laser-irradiated materials.

A computational model has been developed for treating various aspects of the complex melting and solidification behavior observed in pulsed-laser-irradiated materials. An important feature of the modeling is the capability of allowing nonequilibrium melting and solidification to occur at temperatures other than the thermodynamic phase-change temperatures. As a result, interfacial undercooling and overheating can be introduced and various types of nucleation events can be simulated. Calculations for pulsed-laser-irradiated silicon containing amorphous layers have shown a wide variety of behavior, including the formation and propagation of multiple phase fronts and buried molten layers. Although originally developed as a tool for studying problems arising in the field of laser annealing of semiconductors, the approach used in the modeling should be useful in treating many types of systems in which ultrarapid phase change and nucleation phenomena play important roles.
The reaction of thrombin with platelet-derived nexin requires a secondary recognition site in addition to the catalytic site.

Abstract A protease nexin released by activated platelets forms stable complexes with α-thrombin. Active-site-blocked thrombin does not form the stable complex, but it inhibits formation of the stable complex by active α-thrombin. γ-Thrombin, which has a damaged substrate recognition site (the anion-binding exosite), did not form the complex and did not inhibit formation of the stable complex by α-thrombin. Complex formation was inhibited by the C-terminal dodecapeptide of hirudin, which has been shown to bind to the anion-binding exosite. A monoclonal antibody that blocks reactions of thrombin that involve the anion-binding exosite also inhibited formation of a stable complex of α-thrombin and the platelet-derived protease nexin. It is concluded that the anion-binding exosite of thrombin, a site that confers a high degree of specificity for substrates with a complementary site, binds to the platelet nexin prior to reaction of the catalytic site with the serpin.
Life events obtained via interview: the effect of time of recall on data obtained in controls and patients with panic disorder

Because previous studies have documented the distorting effect of time of recall on the reporting of life events over a one-year period of time, the relation between various life event measures and time of recall over time periods greater than one year was examined in 44 patients with panic disorder and 44 control subjects. For both groups, time of recall was unrelated to any of nine life event measures. The implications of these findings for life event studies requiring retrospection greater than one year are discussed.
Organ tissue blood flow responses to hypoxemia in lambs: effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.

Summary: Chronically-catheterized lambs (n = 21), 2–38 days of age, were studied to test the hypothesis that the products of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity are involved in control of baseline arterial pressure and organ tissue blood flow and the redistribution of organ tissue blood flow in response to normocapnic hypoxemia in the maturing lamb. ACE activity was inhibited by administration of captopril [2.5 μg/(kg ± min)], which significantly (P 0.05) changed by ACE inhibitor. Baseline liver tissue blood flow increased slightly [from 0.10 ± 0.10 to 0.16 ± 0.12 ml/(min ± g)] but significantly (P 0.05) blood flow to jejunum [from 2.51 ± 0.67 to 2.63 ± 2.00 ml/(min ± g)], ileum [from 0.82 ± 0.28 to 0.84 ± 0.42 ml/(min ± g)], liver [from 0.19 ± 0.13 to 0.43 ± 0.41 ml/(min ± g)] and skeletal muscle [from 0.11 ± 0.09 to 0.48 ± 0.57 ml/(min ± g)] tissues. Responses to hypoxemia were similar in control lambs, except that comparisons of the change (Δ) in tissue blood flow in response to hypoxemia in control versus captopril-treated lambs for ileum [Δileum −0.32 ± 0.29 versus 0.03 ± 0.40 ml/(min ± g)] and jejunum [Δjejunum −1.60 ± 2.20 versus 0.60 ± 2.00 ml/(min ± g)] demonstrated a greater fall in blood flow to these tissues in response to hypoxemia in control lambs. Thus, the products of ACE may be important in maintenance of baseline arterial pressure in the maturing animal. Furthermore, these products may be important in splanchnic vasoconstrictive responses to stress such as hypoxemia in the maturing animal.
Post-Anthesis Nitrogen Loss from Corn

Published research has shown relatively large amounts of NH being lost from aboveground vegetation during grain development for various grain crops For corn (L.), maximum net N accumulation usually occurs during early reproductive development (R1-R3) and a subsequent decline is often observed. Two recently completed N fertilizer recovery studies on irrigated corn utilizing isotopic techniques were re-examined to quantify post-anthesis N losses from aboveground biomass of irrigated corn under different N regimes. These studies were conducted at different sites, in different years, with fertilizer rates ranging from 50 to 300 kg N ha−. Measured losses of labeled N from aboveground plant material ranged from 7 to 34 kg N ha−. Isotopic dilution suggests that apparent real N losses from aboveground biomass ranged from 45 to 81 kg N ha−, assuming there is no selectivity for N source (i.e., N vs. N). Plant N losses accounted for 52 to 73% of the unaccounted-for N in N balance calculations. Failure to include direct plant N losses when calculating an N budget leads to overestimation of losses from the soil by denitrification, leaching, and ammonia volatilization. Proper accounting for volatile plant N losses may improve management strategies that affect N fertilizer use efficiencies.
Use of Respiratory-Correlated Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography to Determine Acceptable Treatment Margins for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Purpose Respiratory-induced excursions of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma could affect dose delivery. This study quantified tumor motion and evaluated standard treatment margins. Methods and Materials Respiratory-correlated four-dimensional computed tomography images were obtained on 30 patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma; 15 of whom underwent repeat scanning before cone-down treatment. Treatment planning software was used to contour the gross tumor volume (GTV), bilateral kidneys, and biliary stent. Excursions were calculated according to the centroid of the contoured volumes. Results The mean ± standard deviation GTV excursion in the superoinferior (SI) direction was 0.55 ± 0.23 cm; an expansion of 1.0 cm adequately accounted for the GTV motion in 97% of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. Motion GTVs were generated and resulted in a 25% average volume increase compared with the static GTV. Of the 30 patients, 17 had biliary stents. The mean SI stent excursion was 0.84 ± 0.32 cm, significantly greater than the GTV motion. The xiphoid process moved an average of 0.35 ± 0.12 cm, significantly less than the GTV. The mean SI motion of the left and right kidneys was 0.65 ± 0.27 cm and 0.77 ± 0.30 cm, respectively. At repeat scanning, no significant changes were seen in the mean GTV size ( p = .8) or excursion ( p = .3). Conclusion These data suggest that an asymmetric expansion of 1.0, 0.7, and 0.6 cm along the respective SI, anteroposterior, and medial–lateral directions is recommended if a respiratory-correlated four-dimensional computed tomography scan is not available to evaluate the tumor motion during treatment planning. Surrogates of tumor motion, such as biliary stents or external markers, should be used with caution.
Salient Characteristics of Virtual Trees

Recent research on the design of virtual environments has focused on the important perceptual characteristics of man-made “carpentered” environments, rather than on VEs of natural environments. The present research examines memory for characteristics of natural settings consisting of virtual trees. Participants viewed either a symmetrical or asymmetrical virtual tree and then re-created it using custom-designed tree editing software. Memory was more accurate for the symmetrical tree. Across trees, participants were most accurate re-creating gross structural dimensions of a tree such as height and leaf size, and were particularly inaccurate at re-creating the curvature of tree branches. Our conclusion is that the design of virtual environments should focus on accurately representing gross structural properties of trees, rather than on using high levels of detail to accurately portray trunk and branch curvature.
Non-Linear Constitutive Properties of Piezoelectric Ceramics

Experiments have been conducted to study the nonlinear constitutive properties of ferroelectric ceramics for large strain operation applications, where the mechanical behavior of the material dictates the overall electromechanical response of the devices. For this purpose, polarization and strain are measured continuously on a compression cuboid. Severe non-linear and hysteretic behavior is observed in these materials. An empirical formulation has been proposed to model the constitutive laws applicable to this non-linear deformation. Physical mechanism is provided, that is attributed to this constitutive law.
ADMINISTRATION BEHAVIOR OF SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

What do school administrators do when discharging their administrative responsibilities? How do they spend their days? Their weeks? Their years? What constitutes the basic content of their administrative behavior? Despite decades of research in educational administration, we are unable to answer these deceptively simple, but fundamental questions. This lacuna in the literature provided encouragement for pursuing this present study as a relatively untapped approach to describing and analysing the administrative behavior of school superintendents. The central problem of the study was to observe and describe the actual on‐the‐job behavior of the superintendent of schools so as to develop a composite view of his administrative behavior.
The emerging role of virtual presence in neurosurgery.

Traditionally, surgical training has been pursued under an apprenticeship model, with the majority of learning taking place in the operating room and occasionally cadaver labs; however, with recent forces affecting hands-on operative experience (growing medical-legal concerns in patient care, resident work hour limitations), surgical simulators are increasingly being used. In the subspecialty fields of urology, gynecology, and general surgery/ laparoscopic surgery, simulators have become a mainstay and critical component of modern training curriculums. These educational programs utilizing surgical simulators create a perceived and measured improvement in surgical skills and confidence (5). To date, surgical simulators and training aids have yet to be used to their potential in other surgical subspecialties, including neurosurgery. Recently, the Congress of Neurological Surgeons formed a subcommittee in an effort to further the understanding and development of simulation in neurosurgical education. In addition, the October 2013 supplement issue in Neurosurgery provided a brief overview of academic neurosurgery’s role in the past,
Role of TGFα and its receptor in proliferation of immortalized rat tracheal epithelial cells: Studies with tyrphostin and TGFα antisera

We have shown in the present study and in studies reported previously that preneoplastic and neoplastic rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cell lines express TGF alpha and do so regardless of the mechanism by which they were transformed. In order to determine whether TGF alpha is an autocrine growth regulator of immortalized RTE cells, we have examined the function of TGF alpha/EGF receptors and the growth requirements for TGF alpha in these cells. The level of immunoprecipitated TGF alpha/EGF receptor protein in immortalized RTE cells was similar to or less than levels in primary RTE cells, indicating that chemically induced transformation of RTE cells does not involve overexpression of TGF alpha/EGF receptors. Scatchard analysis of TGF alpha/EGF receptors in the neoplastic EGV5T cell line revealed the presence of high-affinity (Kd = 0.4 nM) and low-affinity (Kd = 9.8 nM) binding sites. A tyrphostin TGF alpha/EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor decreased in a dose-dependent manner the proliferation as well as EGF-induced autophosphorylation of the TGF alpha/EGF receptor of transformed RTE cells. The inhibitory effect of tyrphostin on proliferation and receptor kinase activity was attenuated in late log and plateau phase cultures. The phosphotyrosine content of several other EGF-dependent and independent phosphoproteins was also decreased by the tyrphostin. Proliferation of transformed RTE cells was also inhibited when TGF alpha antisera was added to the media of growing cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that proliferation of transformed RTE cells involves autocrine regulation by TGF alpha and its receptor.
Examination of the impact of photoexcited NO2 chemistry on regional air quality

Abstract Impact of the excited nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ∗ ) chemistry on air quality in the U.S. is examined using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for a summer month. Model simulations were conducted with and without the NO 2 ∗ chemistry. The largest impact of the NO 2 ∗ chemistry in the eastern U.S. occurred in the northeast and in the western U.S. occurred in Los Angeles. While the single largest daily maximum 8-h ozone (O 3 ) increased by 9 ppbv in eastern U.S. and 6 ppbv in western U.S., increases on most days were much lower. No appreciable change in model performance statistics for surface-level O 3 predictions relative to measurements is noted between simulations with and without the NO 2 ∗ chemistry. Based on model calculations using current estimates of tropospheric emission burden, the NO 2 ∗ chemistry can increase the monthly mean daytime hydroxyl radicals (OH) and nitrous acid (HONO) by a maximum of 28% and 100 pptv, respectively.
Sequential genesis and determination of cone and rod photoreceptors in Xenopus

In this study, we addressed the temporal sequence of photoreceptor fate determination in Xenopus laevis by examining a number of key events during early cone and rod development. We compared the relative timing and spatial pattern of cone and rod specification using a number of cell type-specific markers, including probes to a long wavelength-sensitive opsin which is expressed by the major cone subtype. Our results show that cones are initially more numerous, and can arise in less mature regions of the retina than rods, although both types of photoreceptors begin to express their respective opsins at about the same time. We applied these markers to an assay of cellular determination to identify the stages of embryonic development at which the earliest photoreceptor fates are induced in vivo. The relative birth order of the major cone and rod subtypes was revealed by simultaneous labeling with markers of cell proliferation and terminal differentiation. Although there is much temporal overlap between the periods of cone and rod genesis and determination in Xenopus, we could discern that the earliest cones are both born and determined before the first rods. Thus, even in the rapidly developing retina of Xenopus, photoreceptors achieve their identities in a sequential fashion, suggesting that the inductive cues which determine specific photoreceptor fates may also arise sequentially during development. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 35: 227–244, 1998
Use of spectral window preprocessing for selecting near-infrared reflectance wavelengths for determination of the degree of enzymatic retting of intact flax stems

Abstract A near-infrared reflectance (NIRR) method suitable for air-dried intact flax stems was developed for determination of Fried's test degree-of-retting scores. Performance statistics for preferred wavelength sets from 2 to 12 wavelengths are reported, and 7-, 9-, or 12-wavelength models are recommended. The wavelength sets are taken from the 1432- to 2468-nm spectral range. Calibration samples were prepared by retting flax stems for various lengths of time in an enzyme/chelator solution. Spectral properties of specimens were measured under varying conditions of hydration, stem orientation, and optical geometry, and calibration models were constructed to be insensitive to these effects. Root mean squared model errors were estimated by full cross-validation (RMSECV) that was modified to ensure the independence of each test sample relative to its calibration set. For the 12-wavelength model, the correlation (R2) between predicted and measured is 0.946 and RMSECV is 0.20 for smoothed Fried's test scores spanning the four visual score levels, 0 to 3, from under-to over-retted. The 12-wavelength NIRR method has lower error than Fried's test scores produced by one observer in a single-blind experiment, where the root mean squared repeatability error is estimated to be 0.25. Furthermore, even the smallest wavelength set has excellent success in classifying enzyme-retted flax stems as either under- or over-retted. Wavelength sets were determined by a novel procedure that first located representative spectral windows by testing the performance of all possible spectral ranges, and then selected the optimum combinations of wavelengths from each window. It is shown that this procedure was able to find multiple linear regression wavelength models that substantially outperform full-spectral partial least squares regression models of similar dimensionality, and furthermore, that the method facilitates observation of the most relevant spectral variations.
Practical Limits of Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution Status and Future Prospects

SUMMARY Acute normovolemic hemodilution (AN H) is an intraoperative blood conservation technique whereby fresh autologouswhole blood iswithdrawn from a patient during the induction of anesthesia or prior to the start of surgery and concurrently replaced with an acellular fluid resulting in red cell massdilution. The reduction in circulating red cells results in a reduction in the number of red cells lost due to surgical bleeding. Although some controversy exists regarding the efficacy and benefits of this procedure1,2, it has been utilized by numerouscliniciansfor several decades to avoid allogeneic blood transfusion in a wide variety of procedures that typically involve significant blood lossand subsequent blood replacement3–9. It may not be appropriate for patients undergoing procedures with a low risk for transfusion. Generally speaking, AN H is a safe and cost-effective alternative to allogeneic blood transfusion10,11 that is currently underutilized5 and deservesto be more fully investigated and exploited.
Programmed cell death in the ovary: insights and future prospects using genetic technologies.

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a prominent role in development of the fetal ovaries and in the postnatal ovarian cycle. As is the case with other major organ systems, an evolutionarily conserved framework of genes and signaling pathways has been implicated in determining whether or not ovarian germ cells and somatic cells will die in response to either developmental cues or pathological insults. However, the identification of increasing numbers of potential ovarian cell death regulatory factors over the past several years has underscored the need for studies to now separate correlation (e.g. endogenous gene expression) from function (e.g. requirement of the gene product for the execution of PCD). In this regard, genetic technologies have recently been used to examine the functional significance of specific proteins and signaling molecules to the regulation of PCD in the female gonad in vivo. In addition to the more classic approaches, such as the use of genetic null and transgenic mice, methods that ac...