cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lineations and Structural Mapping of Io’s Paterae and Mountains: Implications for Internal Stresses

Abstract The mountains of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io are tall, steep, and tectonic in origin, yet their precise modes of formation and their associations with volcanic paterae are not fully understood. Global spatial statistics of paterae and mountains and their associated lineations reveal that both types of features are more common at low latitudes and tectonic lineations have preferred orientations, whereas straight patera margins are randomly oriented. Additionally, structurally controlled lineations tend to cluster with each other, and in areas of high concentrations these tectonic lineations are shorter in length than their global average. These results indicate that global-scale (rather than local or regional) processes are involved in forming Io's tectonic structures, but that the diversity of mountain characteristics and the collapse of paterae adjacent to mountain complexes are more locally controlled. Regional structural mapping of the Hi'iaka, Shamshu, Tohil, and Zal regions reveals Io's mountains reside in large, fault-bounded crustal blocks that have undergone modification through local responses of subsurface structures to variable stresses. Strike-slip motion along reactivated faults led to the formation of transpressional and transtensional features, creating tall peaks and low basins, some of which are now occupied by paterae. We propose Io's mountains result from a combination of crustal stresses involving global and local-scale processes, dominantly volcanic loading and tidal flexing. These stresses sometimes are oriented at oblique angles to pre-existing faults, reactivating them as reverse, normal, or strike-slip faults, modifying the large, cohesive crustal blocks that many of Io's mountains reside in. Further degradation of mountains and burial of faults has occurred from extensive volcanism, mass wasting, gravitational collapse, and erosion by sublimation and sapping of sulfur-rich layers. This model of fault-bounded blocks being modified by global stresses and local structural response accounts for the variation and patterns of mountain sizes, shapes, and orientations, along with their isolation and interactions with other features. It also provides a context for the operation and extent of global and regional stresses in shaping Io's surface.
An Historian Looks at the Past Fifty Years of the Agricultural Economics Profession

IWAT HEN Professor Cochrane wrote me last October asking me to prepare a paper on the subject announced, I accepted the assignment with some misgivings. A profession represented by over 2,500 members, almost all with advanced degrees and a large number also professors, may be easy enough to look at but impossible to catch within any generalization or, as you would probably say, a rigorously developed theory. I am certain that I have not seen the profession steadily and I have not not seen it whole, but I trust that I have done as well as the least fortunate of the blind men who went to see the elephant. It may be that I have not touched the trunk, or the mighty leg, or the great wall-like body, but I can hope that I have at least gotten hold of the tail or some other recognizable part of the gigantic and wonderfully made beast. When I first thought about the task before me, I was struck by several things that I am sure have no connection. This Association marks its beginning, if not the beginning of the profession of agricultural economics, with a meeting held fifty years ago on this campus attended by a scant dozen men. At that time American farmers were enjoying what many would later call the golden age of American agriculture. The census that year reported over six and a third million farms in the United States. Since then as everybody knows the Association has grown and prospered while the number of farmers has declined and their lot has become more difficult.
Institutional and economic factors affecting the development of the Chinese cloud computing industry and market

Due to the Chinese government's mobilization of massive resources and entrepreneurial activities of foreign and local firms, the Chinese cloud computing industry and market are growing rapidly. A number of contradictory, conflicting, and paradoxical forces are shaping the Chinese cloud computing industry and market. This paper seeks to analyze these forces. It examines the importance of various economic linkages as well as formal and informal institutions in the development and utilization of the cloud in China and the emergence of country's cloud providers as global players. China's cloud market is a result of a number of contradictory and conflicting forces..China is catching up rapidly with industrialized economies in cloud development.Due to cyber-control measures and other protectionist policies, cloud services provided by some major foreign CSPs are unavailable in the country.Regulative institutions related to the cloud have more dominant effects on other institutional components.Normative institutions are less dominant and exert less influence on other components of institutions.
Abstract 15961: Syncytial Model of Type 2 Long QT Syndrome Derived From Human iPS Cells Can Be Paced and Responds to Ikr Block and Activation

Type 2 long QT (LQT2) syndrome is a cardiac disorder associated with hERG channel mutation that may lead to tachyarrhythmia and sudden death. We developed a syncytial model of cardiomyocytes (CMs) differentiated from iPS cells derived from an LQT2 patient harboring an A422T mutation. The A422T mutation has been shown to cause a marked decrease in IKr current mainly due to a trafficking defect in the hERG channel. Immunostaining of cTnI revealed that CMs were isotropically distributed with well-formed sarcomeres. Both wild type (WT) and LQT2 monolayers were stable in culture for at least 60 days with spontaneous activity, and could be paced at cycle lengths (CL) from 2000 down to 300 ms. After staining the monolayers with di-4-ANEPPS, optical mapping showed that all monolayers formed a functional syncytium that supported propagating action potentials. LQT2 monolayers had longer APD80s than WT monolayers (332±43 ms, n=6, vs. 267±46 ms, n=18, mean±SD, CL = 700 ms, p Application of 0.2μM E-4031 (IKr blocker) slowed repolarization and prolonged APD80 in both WT and LQT2 monolayers, and slowed conduction velocity in WT monolayers (4.7±1.0 cm/s, n=6 vs. 10.4±1.4 cm/s, n=11 control, CL = 1000 ms). The slowing effect may reflect a role of IKr in setting the maximum diastolic potential in these CMs where IK1 is weakly expressed, as has been recently suggested. Application of 10μM ML-T531 (IKr activator) shortened APD80 in LQT2 monolayers (313±36 ms vs. 162±19 ms, n=4, p
Probing New Higgs-Top Interactions at the Tree-Level in a Future e+e− Collider

1,2 The possibility of observing large signatures of new CP-violating and flavor-changing Higgs-Top couplings in a future e+e− collider experiments such as e+e− → tth, ttZ and e+e− → tcv e ve, tce+e− is discussed. Such, beyond the Standard Model, couplings can occur already at the tree-level within a class of two Higgs doublets models.
Intranasal vaccination with live attenuated influenza vaccine increases diversity of the human nasal microbiome (VAC8P.1001)

Pre and post-licensure studies have supported the safety of the intranasally administered live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). The objective of this study was to measure changes to the nasal microbiome in subjects who received LAIV. We hypothesized that administration would result in only a transient alteration of the nasal microbiome. To test this hypothesis, we swabbed the anterior nares just before vaccination (Day 0), and on Day 7 and Day 28. We performed next-generation sequencing on amplified 16s rRNA genes. There was a significant increase in alpha diversity (Observed, CHAO, and ACE) from Days 0 to 7 (p = 0.02, 0.00, 0.01; respectively) and Days 0 to 28 (p = 0.05, 0.03, 0.05; respectively). When measuring differences in specific observed taxanomic units (OTUs), we identified a significant increase in Flavobacteriaceae and Enterobacteriaceae after vaccination. These data suggest that LAIV may increase the ability of these less abundant OTUs to establish a community niche and, therefore, could be clinically relevant. We have begun to investigate the second objective of this study, which is to correlate microbiome composition with mucosal immunity to influenza virus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate LAIV-induced alterations to the human microbiome. These data may lead to a better understanding of the influences of the host microbiome on the response to vaccine, and perhaps infection.
The potential for hull‐mediated species transfers by obsolete ships on their final voyages

Shipping has contributed strongly to biological invasions in coastal ecosystems, transferring species in ballast tanks and on exposed underwater surfaces (hulls). A long history exists that documents biota associated with ships' hulls, including some recent analyses of modern ships, but relatively little is known about the associated risks of invasion. In general, the likelihood of invasion is expected to increase with increasing propagule supply, which suggests that high-density transfers on hulls may pose a relatively high invasion risk. Obsolete vessels are expected to be at an extreme end of the spectrum for biofouling, since they sit at anchorage for long periods and are towed at relatively slow speeds when moved, but this remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we quantified the biofouling communities of two obsolete vessels, one stationary for one decade and the other for two decades, before and after their final transit from California to Texas. Pre-departure biofouling surveys across both vessels detected 22 species of macroinvertebrates. The biomass was dominated by the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis, which occurred in 98% of samples and created a three-dimensional structure (2-5 cm thick). Mobile species, inhabiting the vertical biofouling matrix, were more numerous than sessile ones. Interestingly, the non-native Asian clam Corbula amurensis, not previously associated with hull fouling assemblages, was recorded in 9% of samples. During the 43-day voyage, organisms encountered salinity variation that ranged between zero (Panama Canal) and at least 37 parts per thousand (Brownsville, Texas) and temperatures that varied between 9.9 °C and 31.6 °C. Upon arrival in Texas, we measured an expected decrease in biofouling extent across both vessels but also a surprising increase in species richness (57 species were recorded), with small compositional differences between ships that did not exist prior to departure. Several species were recorded alive upon arrival, including non-natives that are not known to be established in Texas waters. The physiological tolerance and associated risk of colonization have not yet been evaluated for these organisms, or for the broader species pool associated with a standing fleet (n > 200 ships) that may undergo similar movements. Nonetheless, a compelling case exists for vector management based on organism flux alone, to reduce the risk of coastwise and inter-oceanic invasions.
A minterm-ring algorithm for simplifying Boolean expressions

The minterm-ring algorithm determines prime implicants (PIs) and essential prime implicants (EPIs) of a switching function by counting the number of links of each minterm to logically adjacent minterms. The method directly produces a reduced prime implicant table by identifying EPIs at each stage of the process. Minterm-ring maps provide a 3-dimensional perspective for visual identification of implicants, PIs, and EPIs. Two classical methods for simplifying Boolean algebra expressions are the Karnaugh map method and the Quine-McCluskey tabulation method. The minterm-ring method combines map techniques and an algorithm for simplifying Boolean expressions of five or more variables. >
Bent Triatomic Molecules

Among the more common bent triatomic molecules are HCH, HOH, HSH, HSeH, HTeH, FMgF, ONO, ONO-, O3, FOF, I3 +, FBrF, and OCIO-. In this chapter we treat two examples: one without π bonding (H2O) and one with π bonding (NO2 -).
Theories of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attempts to explain the nature of the central problems involved in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) date back to the turn of the 19th century (Still, 1902). Such attempts go beyond mere descriptions of the deficits and excesses of behavior and cognition demonstrated by those diagnosed as ADHD and constitute efforts to explain or understand why those deficits and excesses exist as they do. The descriptions these conceptualizations attempt to explain are often reported as being the “symptoms” of the disorder, implying that some larger, underlying difficulty, construct, or set of constructs exist that comprise the “core” of ADHD and that account for the appearance of these overt symptoms. Over this past century, a number of notable attempts have been made at such explanations or conceptualizations of ADHD. They do not, however, rise to the level of a formal theory as scientific theories are defined but remain at the level of hypothetical conceptualizations or viewpoints. Much more is required of them before they could be granted the status of a psychological theory of ADHD, as I demonstrate here.
The relation of open magnetic structures to solar wind flow

A study has been made of solar wind observations and models of the low-coronal magnetic field of the sun during the Skylab mission. Potential sources of solar wind plasma have been identified and in most cases systematically associated with observed solar wind flow features. The study pinpoints the problems of associating significant portions of the observed solar wind with sources outside coronal holes, although such associations are strongly suggested by the models. The phenomenological relationship between observed high solar wind speed at 1 AU and small coronal field divergence near the sun is examined and found to be well established but causally inconclusive in light of models of the outer heliosphere.
A wormhole catastrophe

Abstract We review the assumptions of the recent wormhole solution to the cosmological constant problem. We argue that the assumptions inevitably lead to the unphysical conclusion that large scale wormholes materialize in spacetime with maximal density.
Assets and neighborhoods: The role of individual assets in neighborhood revitalization

Abstract Asset‐building strategies—including individual development accounts, homeownership programs, and microenterprise development—became increasingly popular in the 1990s. Although research has demonstrated how assets produce individual benefits, less is known about the extent to which these benefits induce positive place‐based effects. We develop a model of the relationship between individual asset‐building strategies and neighborhood revitalization in order to inform future empirical work and help ensure that asset accumulation and neighborhood revitalization are mutually reinforcing. Our model emphasizes the conditions and programmatic factors that may encourage and discourage the transfer of benefits from individuals to neighborhoods. Examples from case studies of four community‐based organizations suggest that the likelihood of neighborhood spillovers may be increased if policies and practices aim to “manage” the returns from the individual asset, retain asset holders, provide reinvestment condui...
Faking and Faking Detection on the OAIS.

The present study investigated effeca of five instructional sets on OAIS scores, and also the effectiveness of the Social Undesirability scale in detecting faking. The instructional sets were: I. Control (". . . your answers should represent how you honestly feel"); 11. Academic Achiever Faking ("Answer so as to appear the sort of student who will achieve an excellent grade-point average"); 111. Academic Achiever Faking with Concealment Warning ("Answer so that you will appear to be a student who will earn high grades but be careful to do it in such a way that your faking cannot be detected"); IV. Creativity Faking ("Answer so as to appear to be creative, imaginative, and original"); V. Creativity Faking with Concealment Warning ("Answer so char you appear to be a creative, imaginative, and original student but be careful to do it in such a way that your faking cannot be detected"). Ss were 110 university students recruited from introductory psychology classes and randomly assigned to instructional sets. Data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance, followed by post hoc comparisons with Dunnett's test for simple contrasts between the control group and an experimental group, and Tukey's HSD test for simple contrasts between two experimental groups (Myers, 1966).
Overview of fatigue behavior in copper single crystals—IV. Strain and load interaction effects for tests under variable amplitude

Abstract How different levels of cyclic strain or stress amplitudes, applied in sequences, affect the mechanisms of fatigue failure, is one of the most difficult and complicated problems in fatigue. In an attempt to understand some of the factors involved, multistep tests have been performed in both stress control and strain control on copper single crystals. The influence of low-high and high-low sequences have been studied on saturation stress, cyclic stress strain behavior, PSB activity and strain localization behavior in PSB's. The paper illustrates numerous effects of local strain variation on the damage processes and how these effects cause non-linear damage summation.
Enhanced Solar Energy Harvest for Power Generation From Brayton Cycle

A scalable and modular solar thermal dish-Brayton system is proposed in response to growing demand for renewable energy and distributed power generation. Existing dish systems require large areas to achieve sufficient conversion efficiency for the cost of the system. Also, the conversion efficiencies are limited by the materials and manufacturing processes. This paper proposes a low cost, high efficiency solar absorber as the core of a dish-Brayton system with the capability to achieve much higher operating temperatures than current absorbers. A simple cylindrical part, forming a black body cavity, is fabricated from silicon carbide for high absorptivity at a low fabrication cost. The manufacturing process consists of a simple casting and sintering procedure, which is a common way of creating ceramic parts. Another cylindrical shell is fabricated to cover the outer surface of the black body cavity, creating a channel for air to pass through. The high thermal conductivity of the silicon carbide ensures the efficient heat transfer between the solar absorber and the air. The entire solar energy absorber is designed to heat air up to 1500 K, which would improve energy conversion efficiency of concentrated solar power generation based on 1270 K by 20%. Analysis and test results on a scaled device are presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The influence of nonlinear conduction on singularity formation in the intense plane-wave, nonlinear dielectric interaction problem

The propagation of an intense plane-wave pulse into a nonlinear dielectric half-space is considered; it is assumed that the dielectric is not a perfect nonconductor and that the conduction vector J is given by a simple nonlinear Ohm's law. Under these conditions we prove that singularities form in the propagating electromagnetic wave provided the initial gradients of the electromagnetic fields in the wave are positive, and pointwise sufficiently large. Our results point to the fact that nonlinear conduction currents may provide a natural dissipative mechanism in the plane-wave-nonlinear dielectric interaction problem.
Materials supporting weight gain by the earthworm Eisenia foetida in waste conversion systems

Abstract A variety of ‘simple’ nutrients (such as proteins or pure carbohydrates), microorganisms and organic wastes, including food wastes, manures, sludges and paper, were tested for suitability as food for the earthworm E. foetida. Simple nutrients inflict mortality, or at least do not support weight gain; nutritional benefits are derived only from cellular mass. Food particles less than about 2 mm2 support weight gain and the weight gain is inversely proportional to particle size. Presence of soil promotes growth, which is shown in another study to be due to the inorganic fraction. Weight was gained maximally at low C/N ratios, in the range 15 to 35. It is concluded that E. foetida should be considered seriously for use in natural ecosystems and commercial enterprises for accelerating the decomposition of biodegradable wastes.
Mechanism of xylitol toxicity in the rabbit

Abstract Xylitol toxicity was evaluated by intravenous infusion of varying doses of xylitol at different concentrations into rabbits. Acute toxicity was observed with the administration of 50% xylitol solutions. Striking increases of SGOT and serum LDH levels, along with an increase of urine volume were observed. The LD 50 of a 50% solution infused at a rate of 87 mg/kg/min was estimated to be between 4–6 g xylitol/kg body wt. The toxicity correlated well with the concentration of the xylitol solution used or the infusion rate. Both determined serum xylitol concentration and serum osmolality. At a constant infusion rate, the total dose became the important factor in toxicity. The effects of xylitol were compared with those seen after the administration of isosmolar urea, mannitol, or glucose. The acute toxicity of xylitol appears to be mainly due to a hyperosmolar effect. A 5% xylitol solution, essentially isotonic, is nontoxic to the animal in a dose up to 1 g/kg body wt/12 hr even for multiple infusions.
The Role of Medication in Spontaneous Gastrocutaneous Fistula Closure.

Purpose Factors precipitating persistence of gastrocutaneous fistulas (GCFs) are not clearly understood. The role of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine receptor antagonists in GCF closure is not yet studied. We aimed to identify whether these medications influence spontaneous GCF closure. Methods Retrospective review was performed on children who underwent gastrostomy tube insertion and removal from January 2010 to February 2013. Spontaneous GCF closure rates and medication use during gastrostomy tube removal were investigated. Results Of the 97 patients included, 48 had spontaneous GCF closure, whereas 49 required operative closure. When comparing these two groups, no significant difference existed in spontaneous GCF closure rates among patients who were on ranitidine, PPIs, or both (p = 0.09, p = 0.83, p = 0.06 respectively). Spontaneous closure occurred more in older patients (2.7 ± 4.1 vs. 0.9 ± 1.6 years, p Conclusion Ranitidine or PPI use upon removal of gastrostomy tubes does not seem to facilitate spontaneous GCF closure in children.
Decomposition, stoichiometry and structure of neptunium oxides

The neptunium-oxygen system for 2·00 < O/Np < 2·7 was studied between room temperature and 900°C and under controlled oxygen pressure. Thermogravimetry, gas manometry and X-ray diffraction were applied to decomposition of Np(V) and Np(VI) hydroxides and Np(V) nitrate. The oxide region of apparent stoichiometry 2·50 < O/Np < 2·67 was emphasized, and evidence is presented showing that the only higher oxide in this region is monoclinic Np2O5,. Decomposition to the dioxide is achieved by heating to above 700°C, for which the O2 pressure dependence is given. Oxide having the Np(VI) hydroxide as a precursor is shown to decompose through an additional intermediate near Np4O9.
International Trade Under Depreciated Paper. A Contribution to Theory

I. An assumed case of large foreign borrowing by a paper money country, 381. — Consequences on the rates of foreign exchange, 382. — A digression: present conditions in Germany and Europe abnormal, and little pertinent to this discussion, 384. — Effects under ordinary conditions on the prices of exported and imported goods, 386. — A transition stage; is there a bounty on exports? 388. — II. Ultimate effects, as they would be if both countries were on the gold basis, 391. — In what way, in such case, international lending may lead directly to increased exports of merchandise, 392. — But increased exports are usually the indirect consequence of gold movements, 394. — Resulting changes in relative wages and prices, 395. — No such mechanism, however, in case of depreciated paper, 396. — An analogous result, yet a different one, through the movement of goods, 397. — III. Difficulty of verifying this analysis through inductive inquiry, 400. — Partial verification of a confirmatory character not impossible, 402.
Competition Policy and Foreign Direct Investment

It is difficult to identify a country that does not restrict inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in some way. This is usually accomplished through official prohibitions, restrictions, or official approvals processes, in which the government intervenes directly to affect the level, composition, or form of foreign investment. However, the behavior and practices of private parties, sometimes facilitated by government policies not directly aimed at foreign investment, may also affect the level, composition, and form of FDI. Often this takes the form of privately supported but publicly sanctioned barriers to entry. In some cases these may affect domestic and foreign potential entrants equally, though in other cases, foreign firms may face greater impediments. There is yet another set of circumstances in which government policies and private behavior may affect foreign firms' decisions to service the host market via exports or via local production, again affecting the level, composition, and form of FDI.
Pulse Width Transfer Function Of Tellurium-Alloy Disks

The pulse width transfer function of a Te-alloy optical disk is measured for a wide range of write laser powers and disk velocities. It is shown that a simple model can provide a quantitative explanation of the data.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of reference lines on the discrimination of movement.

The minimum discriminable target velocity was determined with and without reference lines in the visual field. At a short (0.125 sec) exposure duration, where velocity discrimination is determined primarily by the magnitude of initial photochemical events, the velocity threshold is not changed by the introduction of reference lines. At a long (16 sec) exposure duration, the presence of reference lines lowers the threshold velocity by 48%. The data are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that movement is discriminated at slow speeds by observation of change of position.
The C-Terminus of Glutathione S-Transferase A1-1 Is Required for Entropically-Driven Ligand Binding†

Binding of a hydrophobic glutathione product conjugate to rGST A1-1 proceeds via a two-step mechanism, including rapid ligand docking, followed by a slow isomerization to the final [GST.ligand] complex, which involves the localization of the flexible C-terminal helix. These kinetically resolved steps have been observed previously by stopped-flow fluorescence with the wild-type rGST A1-1, which contains a native Trp-21 approximately 20 A from the ligand binding site at the intrasubunit domain-domain interface. To confirm this binding mechanism, as well as elucidate the effects of truncation of the C-terminus, we have further characterized the binding and dissociation of the glutathione-ethacrynic acid product conjugate (GS-EA) to wild-type, F222W:W21F, and Delta209-222 rGST A1-1 and wild-type hGST A1-1. Although modest kinetic differences were observed between the hGST A1-1 and rGST A1-1, stopped-flow binding studies with GS-EA verified that the two-step mechanism of ligand binding is not unique to the GST A1-1 isoform from rat. An F222W:W21F rGST A1-1 double mutant provides a direct fluorescence probe of changes in the environment of the C-terminal residue. The observation of two relaxation times during ligand binding and dissociation to F222W:W21F suggests that the C-terminus has an intermediate conformation following ligand docking, which is distinct from its conformation in the apoenzyme or localized helical state. For the wild-type, Delta209-222, and F222W:W21F proteins, variable-temperature stopped-flow experiments were performed and activation parameters calculated for the individual steps of the binding reaction. Activation parameters for the binding reaction coordinate illustrate that the C-terminus provides a significant entropic contribution to ligand binding, which is completely realized within the initial docking step of the binding mechanism. In contrast, the slow isomerization step is enthalpically driven. The partitioning of entropic and enthalpic components of binding energy was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry with wild-type and Delta209-222 rGST A1-1.
Agonist-induced Force Enhancement THE ROLE OF ISOFORMS AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE MYOSIN-TARGETING SUBUNIT OF MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN PHOSPHATASE

The magnitude of agonist-induced Ca2+ sensitization of force is tissue-dependent, but an explanation for this diversity is unknown. Ca2+ sensitization is thought to involve a G-protein-mediated inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase activity by phosphorylation of the myosin-targeting subunit (MYPT). The MYPT has two isoforms that differ by a central insert, which lies near this phosphorylation site. Expression of MYPT isoforms is both developmentally regulated and tissue-specific. We hypothesized that the presence or absence of the central insert determines the magnitude of agonist-induced Ca2+ sensitization. Throughout development, the chicken aorta exclusively expresses the splice-in MYPT isoform, and guanosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS) produces a significant force enhancement. Early during development, the chicken gizzard expresses the splice-in MYPT isoform, and GTPγS produced a Ca2+ sensitization. In the gizzard coincident with the shift in expression from the splice-in to splice-out MYPT isoform, GTPγS no longer produced force enhancement. In addition, adenosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) phosphorylated only adult gizzard tissue, the only tissue that did not demonstrate a Ca2+ sensitization. These results suggest that the relative expression of splice-in/splice-out MYPT isoforms determines the magnitude of agonist-induced force enhancement and that MYPT phosphorylation is not required for Ca2+sensitization.
Neo-Ricardian Economics: A Wealth of Algebra, A Poverty of Theory

Neo-Ricardians economics claims to possess a "rigorous" theoretical and algebraic framework which is the basis for their conclusion that Marxian labor values are redundant, inconsistent with prices of production, and, in fact, determined by them. This claim is challenged, and it is set out why labor appears as an integral aspect of Marx's notion of value, why the magnitude of value is measured by abstract labor time, and how this magnitude regulates and dominates prices. Also developed is the essential phenomena of Marx's theory of competition of capitals which is contrasted to the vulgar, ideologically based notion of perfect competition. Within this framework, the very same algebraic formulations which the neo-Ricardians use yield exactly the kinds of results Marx anticipates. Indeed, once it is established how heavily the neo-Ricardians are in debt to neoclassical (i.e. vulgar) concepts such as general equilibrium, perfect competition and the notion of profit as "cost" of production, then the bankruptc...
The use of 5% lidocaine for prolonged analgesia in chronic pain patients: A new technique

Background and Objectives It has been found that 5% lidocaine with 7.5% dextrose causes irreversible conduction block in animal studies. Our case report subjects allowed us to observe the efficacy of 5% lidocaine for a prolonged analgesia in vivo. Method After performing a diagnostic nerve block with 1% lidocaine, 5% lidocaine with 7.5% dextrose was injected into three patients with trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic occipital neuralgia, and intercostal neuralgia, respectively. The patients were followed for one and a half years. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores and the side effects were recorded for each patient. Results One patient received a trigeminal block and one patient received an occipital nerve block. Both patients reported immediate and complete pain relief lasting 14 and 8 months, respectively. One patient, given an intercostal nerve block, received immediate pain relief lasting 5 weeks. None of these patients exhibited any appreciable side effects or complications. Conclusions Our observations suggest that 5% lidocaine may be used safely and effectively for the purpose of prolonged analgesia in selected patients with intractable chronic pain syndromes.
A family of linear, time-invariant universal adaptive controllers for linear and non-linear plants

Abstract A ‘universal adaptive controller’ is a single adaptive controller that can automatically accommodate a significant range of plants having different structures. In this paper, a family of three universal adaptive controllers is presented, one for each of the three cases: first-order plants, second-order plants, and third-order plants. The family of universal adaptive controllers presented here is rather novel in the respect that each controller is all-linear and completely time-invariant. Numerous examples and simulation results are presented to illustrate the ‘universality’ of the proposed adaptive controllers.
Massive Elliptical Galaxies at High Redshift: NICMOS* Imaging of z ≈ 1 Radio Galaxies

We present deep, ≈1.6 μm, continuum images of 11 high-redshift (0.811 < z < 1.875) 3CR radio galaxies observed with NICMOS on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Our NICMOS images probe the rest-frame optical light where stars are expected to dominate the galaxy luminosity. The rest-frame ultraviolet light of eight of these galaxies demonstrates the well-known alignment effect, with extended and often complex morphologies elongated along an axis close to that of the Fanaroff-Riley type II (FRII) radio source. As has been previously noted from ground-based near-infrared imaging, most of the radio galaxies have rounder, more symmetric morphologies at rest-frame optical wavelengths. Here we show the most direct evidence that in most cases the stellar hosts are normal elliptical galaxies with r1/4-law light profiles. For a few galaxies, very faint traces (less than 4% of the total H-band light) of the UV-bright aligned component are also visible in the infrared images. We derive both the effective radius and surface brightness for nine of 11 sample galaxies by fitting one- and two-dimensional surface-brightness models to them. We compare the high-redshift radio galaxies to lower redshift counterparts. We find that their sizes are similar to those of local FRII radio source hosts and are in general larger than other local galaxies. The derived host galaxy luminosities are very high and lie at the bright end of luminosity functions constructed at similar redshifts. This indicates that the high-redshift radio galaxies are likely rare, massive sources. The galaxies in our sample are also brighter than the rest-frame size-surface-brightness locus defined by the low-redshift sources. Passive evolution roughly aligns the z ≈ 1 galaxies with the low-redshift samples with a slope equal to 4.7. This value is intermediate between the canonical Kormendy relation (≈3.5) and a constant luminosity line (=5). The optical host is sometimes centered on a local minimum in the rest-frame UV emission, suggesting the presence of substantial dust obscuration. We also see good evidence of nuclear point sources (no brighter than 5% of the total H-band light) in three galaxies. Overall, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that these galaxies have already formed the bulk of their stars at redshifts greater than z ≈ 2 and that the active galactic nucleus phenomenon takes place within otherwise normal, perhaps passively evolving, galaxies.
Coulda, woulda, shoulda: 20 years of multimedia opportunities

The ACM Special Interest Group on Multimedia (SIGMM) is celebrating the 20th anniversary of establishing its premier conference, the ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM Multimedia). The panel "Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda" is part of the celebration at the ACM Multimedia 2012. The panelists and the audience will discuss the 20 years of multimedia opportunities that our community has seen, took upon and pushed forward to advance the state of the art.
Aldehydogenic lipids of human heart: Quantitative and qualitative comparisons between normal and infarcted tissue

Abstract 1. 1. The free fatty aldehydes, expressed as a percentage of the total aldehydogenic lipids, have been found to increase by a first-order relationship in human hearts as a function of age. 2. 2. Infarcted tissue from human hearts contained abnormal amounts of free fatty aldehydes. 3. 3. GLC analysis showed an increase in 14: o free and i-alkenyldiacylglyceride-bound fatty aldehyde in infarcted tissue. Normal tissue contained primarily 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 free and bound aldehydes.
A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating Educational Vouchers

Major policy debates have arisen around the subject of educational vouchers as an alternative for financing and organizing elementary and secondary education. To a large degree, comparisons between...
Was the Cold War a Spiral of Mistrust

recurred throughout the Cold War. In Trust and Mistrust in International Relations, which builds on earlier contributions to the theory of strategic cooperation by Robert Jervis (1978), Robert Axelrod (1984), and Robert Keohane (1984), Andrew Kydd has formulated the most sophisticated and realistic game theoretic interpretation of trust and mistrust available today. He has also crafted a rationalistic explanation of the origins and decline of the Cold War. Kydd defines "trust" as the belief that the other side prefers mutual cooperation to exploiting one's own cooperation. By contrast, "mistrust" is a belief that the other side prefers exploiting one's cooperation to returning it (p. 7). Most research in economics, sociology, and political science has used repeated Prisoner's Dilemma games to model trust. In these games, the beliefs and preferences of players are common knowledge, which raises the issue of why trust is needed. Kydd's model of the security dilemma game incorporates uncertainty about the other's preferences and relative power, the advantages of defecting first, the potential losses from being betrayed, and the prospective benefits from conflict (pp. 30-34). Whereas previous models of trust centered on the other party's incentives to cheat, in Kydd's model, actors that place a high value on gaining at the other's expense are not only less trustworthy but also more suspicious of others (p. 39). In a related game theoretic interpretation of the spiral model, states are uncertain about the other's preferences and beliefs about their own trustworthiness. Inability to determine whether the other is defecting out of greed or out of fear can drive arms competition between states that would otherwise prefer the status quo. Kydd then applies his models to indepth historical narratives of the origins of the Cold War and the end of the US-Soviet rivalry. To provide evidence concerning beliefs and goals, he uses the most recent secondary sources, recorded conversations with former Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, and published documents. In addition, he deduces from the spiral model how the United States and Soviet Union would have behaved if they had had particular preferences and beliefs about the other (pp. 76-77). Kydd's case study of the origins of the Cold War supports the standard US interpretation in which US plans for postwar collaboration were frustrated by Soviet ambitions. Mistrust of the Soviet Union was therefore justified. The United States was initially made uneasy by the Soviet violation of the Yalta agreements on Eastern Europe. The Truman Administration adopted a policy of political
A Case Study of Using Capstone Design as Basis for Curriculum-Wide Project-Based Learning

This paper describes an NSF funded project in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE) Department at the University of Missouri. A primary goal of this project is to systematically increase project-based learning (PBL) experiences throughout the MAE curriculum. To accomplish this goal, recent capstone design projects that need further refinements serve as the basis for PBL activities throughout the MAE curriculum. A major tool for facilitating these refinement efforts is a new senior/graduate Design Management course in which each student in this course learns how to plan and manage design projects. These students then implement their learning by serving as project team managers in the courses in which the refinement activities are being conducted. This paper provides a detailed case study of five refinements to one capstone design that took place in four different MAE courses during the Spring 2011 semester. The paper describes a Fall 2009 capstone project that consisted of designing a portable wood chipper. The student design was very promising, leading to a chipper with significantly greater chipping capacity than commercially available chippers of the same size and weight. However, several faculty members reviewed the results and identified additional opportunities for refining the design. This paper describes activities during Spring 2011 when students in four different MAE courses developed refinements to the original design. The roles of the Design Management students in these activities are discussed. The paper also includes a discussion of the methods and findings of the formative assessment process, including interviews with, and surveys of, faculty and students.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pulp reactions to open cavities later restored with silicate cement.

Some early reports have indicated that silicate cements are highly irritating to the pulp.'Yet Barker5 has reported that the reactions that took place under silicate were not sufficiently severe to indicate that death of the pulp might result. Shroff6 has considered that the placement of a properly mixed synthetic porcelain did not produce complete pulp necrosis in the common instance, provided that due care was exercised during cavity preparation and that the cavity was not of exceptional depth. Van Huysen and Boyd7 have concurred. More recently, investgators8 using rats' incisors have reported that the effect of silicate cement on the pulp was always severe. Mitchell,9 using the subcutaneous implantation technique in rats, has reported a moderate to severe soft-tissue reaction to silicate cement. Kozam and Burnett,10 using windows cut in rats' incisors, have suggested that if the acidic components in the cement were to affect the pulp significantly, they would have to be in sufficient excess in a deep cavity as to soften the dentin between the cement and the pulp. Mitchell, Buonocore, and Shazer," using monkeys, have reported a mild or minimal reaction to three silicate cements when the cavity floor was thicker than 400 [t, and that the reaction increased as the floor thickness decreased to 50 pt or pulp exposure. Most research in this field has been done by inserting silicate cement into freshly prepared cavities cut in sound teeth of human beings or animals. In actual practice, carious teeth that may have developed dentinal sclerosis and secondary dentin are usually restored, and it is assumed by most that this protects the pulp from the irritating effect of the restorative material. A study by Weider, Schour, and Mohammed'2 has indicated that cavity depth was the most significant factor in determining the amount of secondary dentin formed in rat molars. Less significant were the different filling materials or exposure to the oral fluids. Zander and Pejkol3 had earlier suggested a 3-month interval be allowed prior to placing silicate cement in order to permit irregular dentin formation for pulp protection. It was the purpose of this study to induce and study the development, amount, and morphology of secondary dentin formed beneath deep cavities in deciduous and permanent teeth prepared and left unrestored for 3 months, also to study the modifying effect of the accumulated secondary dentin on pulp irritation due to silicate cement restorations after 1and 2-week periods. As controls, and to evaluate earlier studies in
Paleoclimatologic analysis of a Late Jurassic petrified forest, southeastern Mongolia

The Late Jurassic Suihent petrified forest is located in the Gobi desert of southeastern Mongolia (43?34'54" N, 108006'12"E). The forest is represented by well-preserved silicified trees, including in situ stumps and preferentially oriented logs, all encased in a pyroclastic surge deposit. More than 72 upright stumps and 49 horizontal logs crop out in a belt approximately 100 m wide and 720 m long. The largest stump is 1.75 m in diameter and the longest log is 13 m in length. The orientation of the logs reflects that the pyroclastic flow originated northeast of the forest. Sanidine in the ash-flow tuff has been dated at 156 ? 0.76 Ma by 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Forty-two samples of silicified wood were collected from the site for detailed paleoclimatologic tree-ring analysis. Cell structure is excellently preserved in seventeen wood samples. Several features of the growth rings are notable and climatologically significant. These include narrow latewood, paucity of false rings, and low mean and annual sensitivity values. These characteristics indicate that growth was steady during the growing season, but ceased abruptly at the onset of unfavorable conditions, and that interannual growth was fairly consistent. Water supply was likely the limiting factor for growth. Thus, the Suihent petrified forest, which grew at a paleolatitude of 460N, provides strong evidence of a paleoclimate that was highly seasonal with a rapid cessation of the growing season. These results are consistent with the presence of a monsoonal climate in this region of central Asia during the Late Jurassic.
The changing pattern of lung carcinoma.

In a study of 505 cases of lung carcinoma from a period in which there was a significant change in tobacco-smoking habits, a dramatic shift in the histologic type and location of the lung tumors was observed. Peripheral tumors, found in 30.7% of the carcinomas occurring before 1978, were found in 42% of the carcinomas from 1986 to 1989. The corresponding decrease in the centrally originating bronchial carcinoma was from 69.3% to 57.3%. The greatest change in histologic cancer type was that the incidence of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma more than doubled from 9.3% in the earlier period to 20.3% percent in the 1986-to-1989 period. Corresponding to the decreasing incidence of lung carcinoma, there is a decrease in cancers related to cigarette smoking. A study of cases of lung carcinoma among nonsmokers and former smokers showed a decreased incidence of the bronchiogenic cancers and an increase of cancer occurring in the peripheral lung parenchyma. This finding should be validated in other population-based studies, and if confirmed, new studies should be undertaken in an attempt to discover the factors that play a role in the development of such cancers. As an example, viral oncogenes may be a possibility. Viruses were suggested in the past as being related to the development of some of these tumor types.