cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morbidity and respiratory outcomes in infants requiring tracheostomy for severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia

OBJECTIVE The decision for tracheostomy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is highly variable and often dictated by local practice. We aimed to characterize morbidity, mortality, and respiratory outcomes in preterm infants undergoing tracheostomy for severe BPD. STUDY DESIGN We retrospectively reviewed a single-center 4-year cohort of all infants born <33 weeks gestational age (GA) that required tracheostomy due to severe BPD. Indications for tracheostomy apart from BPD were excluded. Demographic information, comorbidities, respiratory management, age at tracheostomy, post-discharge respiratory outcomes, and survival were examined up to at least 5 years of age. RESULTS At a mean corrected GA of 43.3 weeks, 49 preterm infants with severe BPD required tracheostomy. Forty-six infants (94%) had long-term follow-up. Compared to survivors, the 12 (26.1%) infants that died were significantly more likely to be small for gestational age (SGA) or require treatment for pulmonary hypertension. GA, birth weight, sex, antenatal corticosteroid exposure, need for patent ductus arteriosus ligation, and magnitude of respiratory support at tracheostomy placement were not associated with mortality. At the latest follow-up, 97% were liberated from mechanical ventilation and 79% decannulated. Morbidities of the upper airway were common, and 13/27 (47%) decannulated infants had required airway reconstruction. CONCLUSION Preterm infants undergoing tracheostomy experienced significant mortality, particularly those who were SGA or had pulmonary hypertension. However, by 5 years of age, most infants liberalized from mechanical ventilation and decannulated. Magnitude of respiratory support at time of tracheostomy was not associated with mortality and should not deter intervention. Nearly half of patients required airway reconstruction before decannulation.
Magnetism and spin transport in platinum/scandium-substituted terbium iron garnet heterostructures

Growth, structural, magnetic, and spin transport properties of epitaxial scandium-substituted terbium iron garnet (TbScIG) thin films on gadolinium gallium garnet [GGG, (111) orientation] substrates are reported as a function of Sc content. The films are epitaxial on GGG without strain relaxation up to a thickness of 90 nm and exhibit perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Sc, a nonmagnetic cation, occupies up to 40% of the octahedral Fe sites. Increasing Sc lowers the compensation temperature and Curie temperature and increases the room-temperature saturation magnetization from 37 kA/m for ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2.8}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{5.2}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ to 59 kA/m for ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2.8}{\mathrm{Sc}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4.4}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$. Anomalous Hall effect-like spin Hall magnetoresistance measurements were performed to determine the effect of scandium content on spin mixing conductance of the TbScIG|Pt interface. The spin mixing conductance increased significantly with an increase in Sc content, consistent with a dependence of spin transport on the net Fe magnetization instead of the total magnetization of the garnet.
Feedback in panel data models

Abstract Much of the analysis of panel data has been based on an assumption of strict exogeneity. Distributions are specified for outcome variables conditional on a latent individual effect and conditional on observed predictor variables at all dates, with the future values of the predictor variables assumed to have no effect on the conditional distribution. The paper relaxes this assumption in order to allow for lagged dependent variables and, more generally, for feedback from lagged dependent variables to current values of the predictor variables. Such feedback would arise in an evaluation study if the treatment variable is randomly assigned only conditional on the individual effect and on previous outcomes. An information bound is derived for a semiparametric regression model with sequential moment restrictions, with the information set increasing over time. The bound is then applied to a model with a (scalar) multiplicative random effect. The mean of the random effect conditional on the predictor variables is not restricted, so that the random effect can control for various omitted variables. This conditional mean is the nonparametric component of the semiparametric regression model. There is a transformation that eliminates the random effect and leads to a set of sequential moment restrictions in which the moment function depends on only a finite-dimensional parameter. The information bound for this simpler problem coincides with that of the original problem. The form of the optimal instrumental variables is derived. The paper also considers the identification problems that arise when the random effect is a vector with two or more components.
Personality: A potentially untapped resource in the selection of postgraduate pharmacy residents.

Disclaimer In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Purpose This study assessed whether personality testing of postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residency applicants was feasible and predicted important selection outcomes, including interview offers. Methods Applicants to the PGY1 pharmacy residency program at a large academic medical center were invited to complete a 50-item online personality test based on the 5-factor model (ie, the "Big Five"). Scores were sealed until after matching, at which point they were compared to screening, interview, and ranking and match outcomes. Endpoints of interest included the feasibility of the test (eg, time required for completion, completion rate) and whether personality predicted the odds of an interview offer. Results The personality test was taken by 137 PGY1 applicants (69.5%) and required a median of 6.8 minutes to complete. Openness to experience was associated with decreased odds of an interview offer (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.98), whereas conscientiousness and extraversion were associated with increased odds of an interview offer (conscientiousness: adjusted OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.02-1.55; extraversion: OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03-1.31). When combined with traditional screening criteria (eg, awards, leadership positions), openness to experience and extraversion remained predictors of an interview offer (in the directions specified above), whereas conscientiousness did not. In an exploratory analysis of interviewees, agreeableness was a negative predictor of interview score. Personality did not predict screening scores or final ranking. Conclusion Personality testing, based on the traits desired at individual residency programs, could be a valuable addition to the methods used for selecting PGY1 pharmacy residents.
Toxins of Vibrio cholerae: Consensus and Controversy

The bacterial agent of disease, Vibrio cholerae, was presumed to require only two virulence factors: toxincoregulated pili (TCP) to colonize the human intestinal epithelium and cholera toxin (CT) to elicit diarrhea. This chapter covers each of the known cytotoxins of V. cholerae. Biopsies taken from cholera patients indicate that the intestinal epithelium remains intact during the infectious stage, although abnormal distention of the apical intracellular junctions has been observed. In the bone marrow macrophages, CT also inhibits production of nitric oxide (NO) by downregulating the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). A significant role of CtxB in the inhibition of Th1 responses has been verified in vivo by investigators studying oral tolerance and autoimmunity. Treatment of mesenteric lymph node cells with CtxB for 48 h triggers apoptosis of about 75% of the CD8+ T-cell population, a reaction that may occur through signaling by c-Myc based on observations with the related protein EtxB. When the immune system does successfully clear the infection, the concurrent dissemination by induction of diarrhea would be a secondary strategy allowing survival of the entire species. Additional controversy concerning the role of Zot in pathogenesis has arisen from the demonstration that Zot is essential for a function unrelated to toxinogenesis.
Visual Search in Operational Environments

Visual search has been an active area of research – empirically and theoretically – for a number of decades, however much of that work is based on novice searchers performing basic tasks in a laboratory. This paper summarizes some of the issues associated with quantifying expert, domain-specific visual search behavior in operationally realistic environments.
Recombinant murine IL-5 enhances IgA production by rat splenic B cells

Recent reports using highly purified or recombinant interleukin 5 (IL-5) have determined that this interleukin induces enhanced IgA synthesis by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggered murine splenic B cells as well as unstimulated Peyer’s patch B cells (1–3). The recombinant form of IL-5 is not yet available for the rat, however, a previous report by our group (4) has indicated that interleukin-containing culture supernatants from murine EL-4 and B151 K12 cell lines could support plaque forming cell responses by rat B cell cultures. Because of the importance of the rat models in mucosal immunity, we chose to study the effect of recombinant murine IL-5 (rmIL-5) on the polyclonal antibody response of rat spleen B cells.
Parents' perspective on weight management interventions for adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Abstract Background Adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have high rates of obesity. However, little research has been conducted demonstrating effective strategies and barriers for weight loss or weight management in adolescents with IDD. Furthermore, parents play a large role in terms of weight management in children and adolescents with IDD, and their views should be taken into consideration when designing a diet and PA intervention for weight management. Objective The aims of this study are to better understand the parents' perspectives on the strategies and barriers for helping children and adolescents with IDD be successful in a weight management program and to identify how this information to guide future approaches. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 18 parents whose children had just finished a diet and PA intervention. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was performed. Results Parents reported a positive attitude toward the program, liked the convenience of the program, and felt that they learned beneficial strategies to encourage healthy habits in the home. Parents found time to be a major barrier to supporting their child with a diet and PA intervention. Parents were willing to change their own dietary behaviors to help their children successfully follow a weight loss intervention; however, no parent reported changing their own PA levels. Conclusion Future diet and PA studies should aim to reduce parental time commitment and increase importance of PA.
Current and Potentially New Management Strategies for Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Given the current dilemma in the brain-oriented therapy of newborn infants sustaining cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, it is not surprising that management strategies vary widely among neonatal intensive care units.9 Thus, there is no uniform standard of care, and it remains for future research to uncover new and effective modes of therapy for the neurologically compromised infant. Prevention, or at least optimal management, of prepartum and intrapartum asphyxia remains the best available means of reducing the incidence and severity of peninatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.
The Effects of Media Violence on Society

Evidence is steadily accumulating that prolonged exposure to violent TV programming during childhood is associated with subsequent aggression. In their Perspective, Anderson and Bushman discuss new work ( Johnson et al .) that clearly demonstrates this association in adolescents and young adults, thus broadening the range of individuals affected by media violence.
Nearest neighbor classification using CMAC

In this paper we propose an efficient and flexible method, using the CMAC, to find the nearest neighbor of an input pattern. By searching for the nearest neighbor among a small set of probable candidates, we reduce the number of distance computations compared to the traditional approach. Unlike many other efficient techniques, this system can be trained on additional design patterns at a later time without affecting the previous learning. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach. >
IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase and Low Molecular Weight GTPase RhoA Signal Molecules Are Required for Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Gene Transcription

Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF, IL-6, and IL-8 are produced by leukocytes in response to bacteria or bacterial components. A great deal has been learned during the past few years about the synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines by leukocytes; however, relatively little is known about the intracellular events that lead to leukocyte proinflammatory cytokine gene transcription. This study examined the signal transduction pathway of IL-8 induction by bacterial LPS. Stimulation of monocytes with LPS rapidly activated RhoA, and pretreatment of monocytes with a RhoA inhibitor, C3 transferase exoenzyme, effectively blocked LPS-induced IL-8 gene expression. Overexpression of dominant negative RhoA (T19N) or IL-1R-associated kinase completely inhibited LPS-stimulated reporter gene expression. Induction of IL-8 was also inhibited by dominant negative IκB kinase and myeloid differentiation protein (MyD88). These results indicate that RhoA and IL-1R-associated kinase are novel signal transducers for LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4-mediated proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in human monocytes.
OWL-S Semantics of Security Web Services: a Case Study

The power of Web services (WS) technology lies in the fact that it takes integration to a new level. With the increasing amount of services available on the Web, solutions are needed that address security concerns of distributed Web service applications such as end-to-end service requirements for authentication, authorization, data integrity and confidentiality, and non-repudiation in the context of dynamic WS applications. Semantic Web technology and Semantic Web services (SWSs) promise to provide solutions to the challenges of dynamically composed service-based applications. We investigate the use of semantic annotations for security WS that can be used by matchmakers or composition tools to achieve security goals. In the long-term we aim at establishing a security framework for SWS applications that include security services, authentication and authorization protocols, and techniques to exchange and negotiate policies. In this paper, we report on the first step toward this larger vision: specification, design, and deployment of semantically well-defined security services.
Return of $x + x^2y + z^2 + t^3 = 0$

We develop techniques for computing the AK invariant of domains with arbitrary characteristic. As an example, we show that for any field $K$ the ring $K[X,Y,Z,T] / (X + X^2 Y + Z^2 + T^3)$ is not isomorphic to a polynomial ring over $K$.
Fast global convergence rates of gradient methods for high-dimensional statistical recovery

Many statistical M-estimators are based on convex optimization problems formed by the weighted sum of a loss function with a norm-based regularizes We analyze the convergence rates of first-order gradient methods for solving such problems within a high-dimensional framework that allows the data dimension d to grow with (and possibly exceed) the sample size n. This high-dimensional structure precludes the usual global assumptions— namely, strong convexity and smoothness conditions—that underlie classical optimization analysis. We define appropriately restricted versions of these conditions, and show that they are satisfied with high probability for various statistical models. Under these conditions, our theory guarantees that Nesterov's first-order method [12] has a globally geometric rate of convergence up to the statistical precision of the model, meaning the typical Euclidean distance between the true unknown parameter θ* and the optimal solution ^θ. This globally linear rate is substantially faster than previous analyses of global convergence for specific methods that yielded only sublinear rates. Our analysis applies to a wide range of M-estimators and statistical models, including sparse linear regression using Lasso (l1-regularized regression), group Lasso, block sparsity, and low-rank matrix recovery using nuclear norm regularization. Overall, this result reveals an interesting connection between statistical precision and computational efficiency in high-dimensional estimation.
Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change

Fifty-two percent of Americans think most climate scientists agree that the Earth has been warming in recent years, and 47% think climate scientists agree (i.e., that there is a scientific consensus) that human activities are a major cause of that warming, according to recent polling (see http://www.pollingreport.com/enviro.htm). However, attempts to quantify the scientific consensus on anthropogenic warming have met with criticism. For instance, Oreskes [2004] reviewed 928 abstracts from peer-reviewed research papers and found that more than 75% either explicitly or implicitly accepted the consensus view that Earth's climate is being affected by human activities. Yet Oreskes's approach has been criticized for overstating the level of consensus acceptance within the examined abstracts [Peiser, 2005] and for not capturing the full diversity of scientific opinion [Pielke, 2005]. A review of previous attempts at quantifying the consensus and criticisms is provided by Kendall Zimmerman [2008]. The objective of our study presented here is to assess the scientific consensus on climate change through an unbiased survey of a large and broad group of Earth scientists.
Metallothioneins and resistance to cisplatin and radiation in prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives The metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small molecular weight trace metal and free radical scavenging proteins well established to play a role in the resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in human cancers. MT gene expression is upregulated in response to the presence of metal ions such as zinc. Because prostatic tissue has the greatest concentration of zinc in the human body, in this study we analyzed the effect of MT induction by zinc in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods The activation of MT gene expression in response to zinc treatment in LNCaP and C4-2 PCa cells was shown by Western blotting and DNA microarray analysis. Chemotherapy and radiation sensitivity assays of cells after treatment with cisplatin or radiation were performed in the presence, or absence, of 150 μM ZnSO4, and cell viability was measured after 72 hours by MTS viability and clonogenic and flow cytometry assays. The experiments were repeated three times and the data analyzed. Results Increasing concentrations of ZnSO4 upregulated MT expression in a dose-dependent manner. Microarray analysis demonstrated a specific increase in MT expression. Cells treated with zinc demonstrated a significantly decreased sensitivity to cisplatin and radiotherapy compared with controls (P Conclusions Our data have confirmed that treatment of PCa with zinc causes an increase in MT expression, which is significantly associated with resistance to cisplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy in PCa. Therapeutic targeting of MT may therefore provide a means to overcome resistance to radiotherapy and cisplatin chemotherapy in PCa.
A grounded theory study of training transfer among army noncommissioned officers

The researcher used a qualitative grounded theory research process to analyze and code data collected on leaders' ability to influence training transfer in Army units. Participants in the current study consisted of 18 senior Army noncommissioned officers (NCOs) assigned to an Army recruiting battalion located in Atlanta, Georgia. NCOs participated in the research based on interest in addressing problems related to the lack of documented training-transfer practices that could be used to improve training processes with subordinates at Army units. Participants were asked five open-ended questions on how they valued Army school training, what behaviors and practices they used on return from leadership training, how commissioned officers assisted them on their return from training, what long-term continuous activities were implemented on return, and what their perspectives were on applying newly gained knowledge after attending leadership courses. Findings indicated the utilization of five primary influences that effectively influence training-transfer practices and behaviors to enhance performance, which led to the core phenomenon of training transfer. Through constant comparison and coding of collected data, five influences—leadership practices, perceived value of training, continuous and quality learning, operational support, and shared leadership knowledge—emerged as key behaviors and practices that supported the Leadership Competence and Support Application model, which depicts how senior NCO leaders use training-transfer practices and effective leadership to ensure team development.
Depression in men: communication, diagnosis and therapy

Abstract Women are diagnosed with depressive disorders twice as frequently as men, and yet evidence from differential rates of substance abuse, incarceration, and especially suicide calls into question the assumption that men are less susceptible than women to depression. It is possible that there is a “masculine” form of depression that is under-diagnosed and under-treated. Health professionals should work toward a greater understanding of cultural masculinity in the service of conceptualizing, diagnosing and treating male clients/patients who may be suffering from a disguised form of this common mental illness. Therapists who treat conventionally gendered male clients/patients should educate these men about masculinity as an important context of their problem, and should attend closely to issues of emotional expression, premature termination of therapy, and grief.
Artificial Intelligence-A Case for Agnosticism

Almost all of the published work on the philosophical question of the limitation of mechanical intelligence has argued in favor of one or the other of the polarities of possible positions, those of the True Believer and the Infidel. It is, however, possible to take a position between these two extremes, a position we call Agnostic. We believe agnosticism concerning the possibility of artificial intelligence to be a position held by many computer scientists. In general, the True Believer maintains that "thinking" machines are "just around the corner," while the Infidel maintains that, for one reason or another, such machines are impossible. The Agnostic is willing to accept the mechanist thesis, but he feels that the relevant question for artificial intelligence research is whether it is possible to design an intelligent machine. Much of the argument between the Agnostic and the True Believer hinges on the complexity of the system to be simulated. The latter holds that man "as a behaving system" cannot be so complex as to be practically beyond design. The Agnostic holds that the mind may be "simply" a machine, but it is not a simple machine. Furthermore, there is the problem of the complexity of the procedure required to unravel the structure of a system. Even if there is agreement on the internal complexity of the mind, the question as to the complexity of the diagnostic procedure required to identify its structure remains open. Our agnosticism is one of belief, not of action.
In the Garden of God: Religion and Vigour in the Frame of Ferguson's Thought

Although Adam Ferguson is regarded typically as a secular thinker, the larger frame of this thought may reflect his theism. After recounting, in summary fashion, elements of Ferguson's life, the paper sets forth his embrace of standard doctrines of eighteenth-century natural theology, including the metaphysical basis between mind, activity, and moral happiness, as well as Ferguson's treatment of an important theme of Christian belief – human sinfulness. Turning to Ferguson's moral theory, it is argued that energetic and moralized activity, vigour, may be less an expression of ‘civic humanism’ than of Ferguson's practical experience within the Scottish Church. More important, the very idea of vigorous exertion manifests, in Ferguson's own view, the human reflection of the Divine. Even if Ferguson remains a secular thinker, there is reason to regard him as a man whose thought bears the marks of religious belief and institutional practice.
The effect of metal salts on premixed hydrocarbon—air flames

Abstract A study has been made of the inhibition of premixed flames by finely divided metal salts, some of which were found to be effective inhibitors of hydrocarbon combustion. The mechanism of inhibition by powders probably involves this succession of steps: (a) heating of the powder particles by the hot flame gases, (b) evaporation of the powder particles, (c) decomposition or reaction of the evaporated material to provide metal atoms, and (d) inhibition of the combustion process by the metal atoms.
Social Ambitions of Negro Boys and Girls from a Metropolitan Ghetto.

Abstract While many speculative statements exist to indicate that aspirations for social mobility of metropolitan Negro youth are high, little empirical evidence exists to document this thesis. This report provides findings from an analysis of the frames of aspirational reference of 281 sophomores from an all-Negro high school located in a low-income ward of Houston, Texas. Robert Merton's idea of “frame of aspirational reference” was operationalized to include indicators of goal levels of occupation, income, education, and place of residence and an indicator of hierarchical goal importance. It was hypothesized that the male and female respondents would demonstrate similarly high-level frames of aspirational reference. It was concluded from the findings that the boys and girls studied did maintain a consistently high-level frame of reference. In addition it was observed that the boys and girls maintained identical hierarchies of goal importance. Pertaining to sex differences, it was observed that boys tended to hold slightly higher educational and income goals and to demonstrate a higher level of consistency across goal levels in their frame of reference.
Sublime Simon: The consistent vision of economic psychology's Nobel laureate

This essay contains a study of some of Herbert Simon's ideas, with particular emphasis on the role of bounded rationality in Simon's thinking and his contributions to economics and psychology. I describe Simon's visions for challenging rational choice theory, through limited rationality, and for bringing psychology into economics, putting this in perspective by describing the evolution of some of this thoughts, focusing on the continuity in his work.
Identification, Partial Characterization, and Genetic Mapping of Kinesin-like Protein Genes in Mouse

Microtubule-dependent motors of the kinesin superfamily have undergone structural and functional diversification during evolution and play crucial roles in cell division and intracellular transport. Degenerate oligonucleotides homologous to highly conserved regions of sequence within the motor domain were used in a polymerase chain reaction to isolate five new members (KIF3C, KIFC2, KIFC3, KIFC4, and KIF22) of the kinesin superfamily from a mouse brain cDNA library. Northern analysis showed that KIF3C and KIFC2 are expressed mainly in neural tissues, that KIFC4 and KIF22 are expressed primarily in proliferative tissues and cell lines, and that KIFC3 is apparently ubiquitous. To elucidate the organization of genes encoding kinesin-like motors in the mouse genome and to explore the potential associations of these genes with classical mouse mutations or human genetic diseases, these new genes as well as genes encoding the previously reported KIF3A and KIF3B motors were mapped to mouse chromosomes by using an interspecific backcross panel of DNAs from The Jackson Laboratory. The data indicate that the gene KIFC4 is present in three copies in the mouse genome on chromosomes 13 (KIFC4A), 10 (KIFC4B), and 17 (KIFC4C). The gene KIF22 is present in two copies on chromosomes 7 (KIF22A) and 1 (KIF22B). The genes KIF3A, KIF3B, KIF3C, KIFC2, and KIFC3 are each single loci and map to chromosomes 11, 2, 12, 15, and 8, respectively.
Energy gap measurements by tunneling between superconducting films. I. Temperature dependence

The electron tunneling technique was used to measure the energy gap $2\ensuremath{\Delta}(t)$ as a function of temperature in aluminum and tin films. The temperature dependence of the normalized gap $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}(t)}{\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)}$ for each film agreed rather well with the BCS theory, although a small consistent deviation was found in which the measured values of the gap were slightly larger than predicted by theory. In the case of aluminum, considerable random scatter in the absolute values of $2\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)$ for the various films was found.
Pasteurella multocida infection of urinary tract in patient with ileal loop

Pasteurella multocida infection in the ileal loop and in the pelvis of a hydronephrotic kidney of a patient whose other kidney had been removed at age six months was documented by the repeated isolation of this pathogen. Two episodes occurred, the first terminated after a dose of gentamicin and the other without chemotherapy. Since the patient prior to infection was in severe renal failure necessitating hemodialysis, the effect of this infection on renal function could not be ascertained. The probable source was a cat present in the household.
Randomized pivot algorithms for P-matrix linear complementarity problems

We study orientations of the n-cube that come from simple principal pivot algorithms for the linear complementarity problem with a P-matrix. We show that these orientations properly generalize those that are obtained from linear objective functions on polytopes combinatorially equivalent to the cube. The orientations from LCP with a P-matrix may admit directed cycles. We give a sequence of problems on which the algorithm RANDOM-EDGE performs very badly.
Estimating time from atomic clocks

A Kalman recursive algorithm for estimating time from an ensemble of atomic docks has been developed. The algorithm allows for the addition or deletion of clocks at any time, and provides automatic error detection and correction. The observations consist of time differences between docks and may be taken at unequally spaced time points. Maximum likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters re obtained with confidence intervals, as well as hypothesis tests to determine whether the estimated parameters are significantly different from zero. The program is operational on the National Bureau of Standards' Time and Frequency Division's PDP 11/70.
The effectiveness of personalized coronary heart disease and stroke risk communication.

Background Current guidelines recommend global risk assessment to guide vascular risk factor management; however, most provider-patient communication focuses on individual risk factors in isolation. We sought to evaluate the impact of personalized coronary heart disease and stroke risk communication on patients' knowledge, beliefs, and health behavior. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial testing personalized risk communication based on Framingham stroke and coronary heart disease risk scores compared with a standard risk factor education. A total of 89 patients were recruited from primary care clinics and followed up for 3 months. Outcomes included the following: risk perception and worry, risk factor knowledge, risk reduction preferences and decision conflict, medication adherence, health behaviors, and blood pressure. Results Participants had a very low understanding of numeric information, high perceived risk for stroke or myocardial infarction, and high proportion of medication nonadherence. Patients' ability to identify vascular risk factors increased with personalized risk communication (mean 1.8 additional risk factors, 95% CI 1.3-2.2) and standard risk factor education (mean 1.6 additional risk factors, 95% CI 1.1-2.1) immediately after the intervention but was not sustained at 3 months. Patients in the personalized group had less decision conflict than the standard risk factor education group over intended risk reduction strategies (5.9 vs 10.1, P = .003). There was no appreciable impact of either communication strategy on medication adherence, exercise, smoking cessation, or blood pressure. Conclusions Personalized risk communication was preferred by patients and had a small impact on risk reduction preferences and decision conflict but had no impact on patient beliefs or behavior compared with standard risk factor education.
Neural transplantation: a panacea?

Abstract While the technique of neural transplantation represents an exciting therapeutic technology for the treatment of brain disorders, there are some issues concerning anatomical connectivity and functional recovery which must first be addressed.
Long-lasting transcriptional refractoriness triggered by a single exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine.

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose etiology is thought to have environmental (toxin) and genetic contributions. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine (MPTP) induces pathological features of PD including loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatal dopamine (DA) depletion. We previously described the striatal transcriptional response following acute MPTP administration in MPTP-sensitive C57BL/6J mice. We identified three distinct phases: early (5 h), intermediate (24 h) and late (72 h) and reported that the intermediate and late responses were absent in MPTP-resistant Swiss-Webster (SWR) mice. Here we show that C57BL/6J mice pre-treated with a single 40 mg/kg dose of MPTP and treated 9 days later with 4 × 20 mg/kg MPTP, display a striatal transcriptional response similar to that of MPTP-resistant SWR mice, i.e. a robust acute response but no intermediate or late response. Transcriptional refractoriness is dependent upon the dose of the priming challenge with as little as 10 mg/kg MPTP being effective and can persist for more than 28 days. Priming of SWR mice has no effect on their response to subsequent challenge with MPTP. We also report that paraquat, another free radical producer, also elicits striatal transcriptional alterations but these are largely distinct from those triggered by MPTP. Paraquat-induced changes are also refractory to priming with paraquat. However neither paraquat nor MPTP elicits cross-attenuation. Thus exposure to specific toxins triggers distinct transcriptional responses in striatum that are influenced by prior exposure to the same toxin. The prolonged refractory period described here for MPTP could explain at the molecular level the reported discrepancies between different MPTP administration regimens and may have implications for our understanding of the relationship between environmental toxin exposure and PD.
American nursing scholars abroad, 1985-1995.

Purpose: To explore the international activities of American nursing scholars from 1985 to 1995, as indicated by their international teaching, scholarship, and consultation. Methods: All faculty (N = 2,254) teaching in nursing doctoral programs in the United States were surveyed using an investigator-designed questionnaire. The professional characteristics of American nursing scholars who worked abroad and the dates, nature, and types of international activities they undertook were ascertained. From a total of 928 usable returns, 247 described international activity. Findings: Data indicated a three-fold increase in international activity from 1985 to 1995 in the three major areas investigated. Universities in Western Europe and Asia were the most frequent recipients of nursing scholarly activity. The scholars or representatives of the host institutions made approximately half the initial contacts. The international hosts or U.S. universities were the predominant providers of funding. Nurses most likely to participate in international scholarly activity were senior faculty who were full professors in doctoralgranting institutions, published in international journals, presented educational topics, and were recognized by peers through membership in honorary organizations. Conclusions: A substantial increase in international nursing scholarship occurred during the decade studied, particularly related to teaching.
A system for organizational learning using cognitive maps

Abstract Organizations learn by interacting with their environment, or by observing other organizations interact with similar environments. Learning occurs as organizational actions lead to environmental responses, which are interpreted by individuals who share their interpretations and form a collective organizational action-response map based on cause-effect relationships. This paper describes the requirements for a computer-based system to support organizational learning, and briefly reviews facilities in existing Group Decision Support Systems. Cognitive mapping is suggested as the means for representing action-response beliefs. A prototype distributed system, called COCOMAP, which supports both individual maps and a collective map is presented. The methods for joining and distilling maps are presented in detail.
Vi vaccine: options for assessing effectiveness

V polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever has several features that make it attractive Tor potential inclusion in routine immunization programs in developing countries. First, in contrast to earlier whole cell injectable vaccines, the parenferal V vaccine is associated with minimal side-effects. Second, V vaccine confers moderate protection against typhoid fever for at least three years fol
Misconceptions of the Social Sciences

Abstract. Scholars in religious studies, or “religionists,” often mischaracterize the social-scientific study of religion. They assume that a social-scientific analysis of the origin, function, meaning, or truth of religion either opposes or disregards the believer's analysis, which religionists profess to present and defend. I do not argue that the social sciences analyze religion from the believer's point of view. I argue instead that a social scientific analysis is more akin and germane to the believer's point of view than religionists assume. I single out seven mischaracterizations of the social sciences typically held by religionists.
Public health management of antiviral drugs during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: A survey of local health departments in California

Background: The large-scale deployment of antiviral drugs from the Strategic National Stockpile during the 2009 H1N1 influenza response provides a unique opportunity to study local public health implementation of the medical countermeasure dispensing capability in a prolonged event of national significance. This study aims to describe the range of methods used by local health departments (LHDs) in California to manage antiviral activities and to gain a better understanding of the related challenges experienced by health departments and their community partners. Methods: This research employed a mixed-methods approach. First, a multi-disciplinary focus group of pandemic influenza planners from key stakeholder groups in California was convened in order to generate ideas and identify critical themes related to the local implementation of antiviral activities during the H1N1 influenza response. These qualitative data informed the development of a web-based survey, which was distributed to all 61 LHDs in California for the purpose of assessing the experiences of a representative sample of local health agencies in a large region. Results: Forty-four LHDs participated in this study, representing 72% of the local public health agencies in California. While most communities dispensed a modest number of publicly purchased antivirals, LHDs nevertheless drew on their previous work and engaged in a number of antiviral activities, including: acquiring, allocating, distributing, dispensing, tracking, developing guidance, and communicating to the public and clinical community. LHDs also identified specific antiviral challenges presented by the H1N1 pandemic, including: reconciling multiple sources and versions of antiviral guidance, determining appropriate uses and recipients of publicly purchased antivirals, and staffing shortages. Conclusions: The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic presented an unusual opportunity to learn about the role of local public health in the management of antiviral response activities during a real public health emergency. Results of this study offer an important descriptive account of LHD management of publicly purchased antivirals, and provide practitioners, policy makers, and academics with a practice-based assessment of these events. The issues raised and the challenges faced by LHDs should be leveraged to inform public health planning for future pandemics and other emergency events that require medical countermeasure dispensing activities.
Kinetic analysis of the thermal isomerizations linking 1-(E)-propenyl-2-methylcyclobutanes with (Z)- and (E)-1,5-octadiene and 3-ethylhexa-1,5-diene

The gas-phase unimolecular thermal reactions of the cis and trans isomers of 1-(E)-propenyl-2-methylcyclobutane encompass a complex array of stereomutations, fragmentations, and structural isomerizations. The isomerizations linking 1-(E)-propenyl-2-methylcyclobutanes with (Z)- and (E)-1,5-octadiene and 3-ethylhexa-1,5-diene are governed by a nonhomogeneous system of differential equations which may be solved exactly and used to predict reaction rate profiles for the diene products. Comparisons between these predictions and kinetic data show that the retro-ene reaction of cis-1-(E)-propenyl-2-methylcyclobutane takes place with high stereoselectivity to yield (Z)-1,5-octadiene, which reacts further through Cope rearrangements to afford time-dependent mixtures of the three dienes.
A prospective, randomized trial comparing combination half-dose tissue-type plasminogen activator and streptokinase with full-dose tissue-type plasminogen activator. Kentucky Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (KAMIT) Group.

BACKGROUNDThe potential benefits of combination thrombolytic agents in the treatment of myocardial infarction remain uncertain. In a small pilot study, we demonstrated that combining half-dose tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) with streptokinase (SK) achieved a high rate of infarct vessel patency and a low rate of reocclusion at half the cost of full-dose t-PA.METHODS AND RESULTSWe designed a prospective trial in which 216 patients were randomized within 6 hours of myocardial infarction to receive either the combination of half-dose (50 mg) t-PA with streptokinase (1.5 MU) during 1 hour or to the conventional dose of t-PA (100 mg) during 3 hours. Acute patency was determined by angiography at 90 minutes, and angioplasty was reserved for failed thrombolysis. Heparin and aspirin regimens were maintained until follow-up catheterization at day 7. Acute patency was significantly greater after t-PA/SK (79%) than with t-PA alone (64%, p less than 0.05). After angioplasty for failed thrombolysis, acute pat...
Isolation of queuine from bovine amniotic fluid

A facile method for isolation of large quantities of queuine from bovine amniotic fluid is described. Queuine was sequentially purified by cation-exchange chromatography, adsorption chromatography on Sephadex G-25, and size-exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-10. The queuine isolate was identified by its participation in the queuine-guanine tRNA transglycosylase reaction and comparisons with authentic queuine.
Appropriate surgical treatment of resectable non-small-cell lung cancer.

Patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) should be treated with complete surgical resection whenever possible. Incomplete resections do not cure, and the optimal pulmonary resection is anatomic lobectomy. Limited resections (wedge resection and segmentectomy) are associated with a threefold increase in local recurrence, which translates into decreased survival. The addition of mediastinal lymph node dissection produces the best pathologic staging but has never been shown to improve survival. Resections can be performed through a variety of incisions and even using minimally invasive techniques, but posterolateral thoracotomy seems to provide the best exposure and is used most frequently. Adjuvant radiotherapy in both the preoperative and postoperative settings does not improve survival in patients with resected NSCLC. Similarly, postoperative chemotherapy cannot be advocated in these patients based on the current data. Improved survival has been demonstrated in the randomized setting for patients with locally advanced, resectable disease (N2) using preoperative (induction) chemo(radio) therapy, but the numbers are small. Patients with this stage of NSCLC should be enrolled in induction therapy protocols whenever possible to confirm the efficacy of this approach.
The Sexual Experience of Latino Young Adults in College and Their Perceptions of Values About Sex Communicated by Their Parents and Friends

This study examines the values in Latino young adults’ perceptions of messages about sex during their formative years and their current level of sexual exploration and sexual assertiveness. Latino young adults in college (N = 218) rated the prevalence of four types of messages they heard from parents and friends: Sex is only for marriage (procreational), sex is only appropriate in a loving relationship (relational), sex is for pleasure (recreational), and the sexual double standard. Relational sex was most prominent in parental messages; recreational sex was most prominent in friend messages. Women reported more relational sex messages and men reported more recreational sex messages from parents and friends. Fewer procreational sex messages from parents and more recreational sex messages from friends were associated with higher reported levels of sexual exploration and assertiveness. We propose that sexual exploration and assertiveness are behavioral manifestations of individualistic values embedded in sexual discourses among friends and family. Language: en
Conformational changes of the multifunction p97 AAA ATPase during its ATPase cycle.

p97 (also called VCP), a member of the AAA ATPase family, is involved in several cellular processes, including membrane fusion and extraction of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum for cytoplasmic degradation. We have studied the conformational changes that p97 undergoes during the ATPase cycle by cryo-EM and single-particle analysis. Three-dimensional maps show that the two AAA domains, D1 and D2, as well as the N-domains, experience conformational changes during ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis, Pi release and ADP release. The N-domain is flexible in most nucleotide states except after ATP hydrolysis. The rings formed by D1 and D2 rotate with respect to each other, and the size of their axial openings fluctuates. Taken together, our results depict the movements that this and possibly other AAA ATPases can undergo during an ATPase cycle.