cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion-beam Processing of 2-Dimensional Materials

In this work we will review two post-synthetic methods for controlling defects and doping, in 2D-materials, namely hyperthermal ion implantation (HyTII) and helium ion microscopy (HIM) based processing with a focused He-ion beam. HyTII processing ranges in energy between that of plasma processing and traditional ion implantation, however, it benefits from a monoenergetic beam energy, with precise control over energy, direction, and dose. We will discuss the use of HyTII for forming nitrogen doped graphene along with initial doping studies of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). We have utilized HIM processing to create defects and to nano-machine features in a wide range of TMDs. HIM processing will be correlated with changes in the photoluminescence and Raman spectra of WS2 with dose. To conclude, we will review recent results on HIM processing formation of single photon emitters, particularly in MoS2, and summarize future opportunities in ion-beam processing of 2D materials.
When Literary Works Act as a Proxy for Architecture

In this project, Voltaire’s Candide: or, The Optimist, has acted as a proxy for architecture to discover spatial potentials latent in literary works. The work presented here poses two questions. On...
A Null Allele of the Pol IV Second Subunit is Viable in Oryza sativa

All eukaryotes possess three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, Pols I-III, while land plants possess two additional polymerases, Pol IV and Pol V. Derived through duplication of Pol II subunits, Pol IV produces 24-nt siRNAs that interact with Pol V transcripts to target de novo DNA methylation and silence transcription of transposons. Members of the grass family encode additional duplicated subunits of Pol IV and V, raising questions regarding the function of each paralog. In this study, we identify a null allele of the putative Pol IV second subunit, NRPD2, and demonstrate that NRPD2 is the sole subunit functioning with NRPD1 in small RNA production and CHH methylation in leaves. Homozygous nrpd2 mutants have neither gametophytic defects, nor embryo lethality, although adult plants are dwarf and sterile.
Characterization of Slowly Interconvertible States of Phosphoribosyladenosine Triphosphate Synthetase Dependent on Temperature, Substrates, and Histidine

Abstract Phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate (PR-ATP) synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium was found to undergo a slow temperature- and ligand-dependent activation. The kinetics of activation appeared first order with half-lives up to 17 min depending on the conditions. Activation by the substrate ATP diminished the extent of subsequent temperature activation. The extent of activation appeared to be independent of pH and buffer concentration over limited ranges and was reversible. Two high temperature (25–37°) states of PR-ATP synthetase having different inhibition responses toward histidine exist depending upon prior ligand action. Apparent patterns of histidine binding determined from kinetic data are similar to those determined from equilibrium data obtained by dialysis and protein fluorescence enhancement. The possible metabolic importance of the high temperature "hysteretic" behavior is discussed.
CoO Sensors for Measurement and Control of Exhaust from Lean-Burn Engines

An experimental exhaust sensor using Co0 ceramic is being developed for measuring and controlling air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) of internal combustion engines operating under lean-burn conditions. The material properties and the sensor characteristics are discussed and results of tests on car-mountable Co0 sensors are presented. /GMRL/
A Test of Benefits Transfer of Random Utility Models of Recreation Demand

In this paper, I examine the performance of function transfer of random utility models (RUM) and show that the usual notions of reliability and validity need careful examination in the RUM context. Because in RUM models, estimated behavioral parameters are not identifiable independently of the scale parameter, a function transfer carries with it information about preferences and the error structure at the study region. Using a Monte Carlo experiment, I investigate the viability of function transfer when behavioral parameters are assumed to be equal but differences in scale exist for the policy and study regions. The results show that properties of the error structure can impact the reliability and validity of the function transfer method in RUM's under the most ideal of situations- when the behavioral parameters of the two populations are equal.
Polyurethanes. III. The effects of aromatic rings on the structure and properties of polyurethanes based on ethylene glycol

A series of aromatic polyurethanes based on ethylene glycol and two of their aliphatic analogs were synthesized and some of their physical properties determined. Polymer chain conformations are proposed which are consistent with X-ray diffraction data. The polyurethane from diaminodiphenylmethane and ethylene glycol has a twisted chain conformation. This is in contrast to other polyurethanes examined which closely resemble their polyamide counterparts. The melting temperatures and glass transition temperatures of the polyurethanes are shown to be affected by chain stiffening resulting from the presence of the aromatic rings, as well as by the conformation of the polymer chains. Aromatische, von Athylenglykol abgeleitete Polyurethane, und zwei ihrer aliphatischen Analoga wurden synthetisiert. Schmelz- und Glasubergangstemperatnren sowie Kettenstrukturen wurden untersucht. Auf Grund von Rontgenbeugungsuntersuchungen werden Kettenkonformationen fur die Polymeren vorgeschlagen. Das von Diaminodiphenylmethan und Athylenglykol abgeleitete Polyurethan hat eine gewundene Kettenkonformation im Gegensatz zu anderen Polyurethanen, die mehr den entsprechenden Polyamiden ahneln. Es wird gezeigt, das die Schmelz- und Glasubergangstemperaturen dieser Polymeren durch die Kettenversteifung beeinflust werden, die durch den Einbau aromatischer Ringe verursacht wird. Packungseffekte und Struktur der Polymerketten haben ebenfalls einen Einflus auf diese Eigenschaften.
Multiple Jeopardy or Multiple Resources

The debate over the usefulness of the multiple jeopardy concept is presented. From one point of view minority women, poor women, and women who live alone are at risk of ill health as they age. Another point of view would suggest that minority women and poor women use personal, familial, and community resources to create positive outcomes and that research needs to be directed toward understanding the resources and strategies they use. In a sample of women age 60 and older in Tennessee a saturated logistic regression model was used to determine the effects of living arrangements, education, age, and race on self-reported health. Odds ratios, representing the likelihood of reporting poor or fair health, were determined. Women without high school educations were more likely to report poor or fair health irrespective of combiiations of age, race, or living arrangements. Men in the sample do not show this pattern. We need to understand more about how older women use personal and other resources to affect posit...
The Statistical Analysis of Functional MRI Data

* First book on fMRI aimed primarily at statisticians that introduces data analysis to this important and growing field * Features an in-depth survey of the major statistical approaches that bring readers up-to-date on the state of the art fMRI data analysis * Includes discussion and comparison of analysis paths that enable readers to make informed data analysis choices One of the most intriguing questions facing modern science is the inner workings of the human brain. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful tool used to study the human brain in action. The data produced from mapping the active processes within the brain present many challenges to statisticians, computer scientists, engineers and other data analysts, due to their complex structure and the ever-increasing sophistication of the scientific questions being posed by researchers. This book represents the first in-depth discussion of statistical methodology, which it couples with an introduction to the scientific background needed to understand the data. Starting from the basic science - where fMRI data come from, why they are so complicated, and the role statistics can play in designing and interpreting experiments - the book gives a detailed survey of the numerous methods that have been applied in the last fifteen years. The analysis of fMRI data features many of the major issues of concern in modern statistics, such as high dimensionality, multiple testing, and visualization. The array of techniques examined in the book ranges from the simple two-sample t-test and the general linear model to hierarchical spatiotemporal models, multivariate methods such as principal components analysis, and Bayesian approaches as they have been used in fMRI. Software, including descriptions of the most popular freeware packages and their capabilities, is also discussed. This book offers researchers who are interested in the analysis of fMRI data a detailed discussion from a statistical perspective that covers the entire process from data collection to the graphical presentation of results. The book is a valuable resource for statisticians who want to learn more about this growing field, and for neuroscientists who want to learn more about how their data can be analyzed. Nicole A. Lazar is Professor of Statistics at the University of Georgia and affiliated faculty of the Center for Health Statistics, University of Illinois at Chicago. She is a prominent researcher in this area, a contributor to the FIASCO software for fMRI data analysis, and heads an fMRI statistics research group at the University of Georgia.
Social Conflict Theory and Sport Organization Systems

(1974). Social Conflict Theory and Sport Organization Systems. Quest: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 63-73.
Stone age predation on large African bovids

Abstract Crown height measurements are used to establish age distributions for several species of larger bovids represented in faunal samples from the Middle Stone Age (earlier Upper Pleistocene) deposits of the Klasies River Mouth Caves and the Later Stone Age (later Upper Pleistocene/Holocene) deposits of Nelson Bay Cave, South Africa. There are no obvious differences between the sites in the age distributions of the species they share, but there are significant differences in age distributions among species. Two basic patterns are apparent. In the first, characterizing the blue antelope ( Hippotragus leucophaeus ), roan antelope ( Hippotragus equinus ), Cape buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ), and giant buffalo ( Pelorovis antiquus ), the archaeological samples contain numerous very young animals and relatively few prime-age adults. At least in the buffalo samples, there is also a fair representation of old adults. In the second pattern, characterizing the bastard hartebeest ( Damaliscus dorcas or D. niro ) and especially of the eland ( Taurotragus oryx ), prime adults are far more prominent relative to younger and older age groups. The first pattern is similar to the natural pattern of attritional mortality that probably characterizes all healthy, stable populations of free-ranging large ungulates, while the second is more reminiscent of the age structure of live herds. The first pattern may reflect hunting focused on individual animals, particularly those whose age made them most vulnerable, while the second may reflect the susceptibility of certain species to driving, so that whole groups could be killed in traps in which differences in age had no meaning.
A software development course for CC2001: the third time is charming

In this poster, we describe our experiences over the past three years in developing and delivering a compressed course in Software Development and Professional Practice for our computer science major. This course is one of the core courses in the CC2001 small department model and brings topics in software engineering, design, code writing and reading, computer ethics, and professional practice into the heart of the major. The poster describes the course, the topics we cover, how the course is delivered, what's worked and not worked, and how it has evolved over the last three years.
The tourist: a new theory of the leisure class

First published in 1976,The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, by Dean MacCannell, provides a compelling analysis of leisure in contemporary society and the changed nature of the human con...
Medical image describing behavior: a comparison between an expert and novice

This preliminary study, as a part of a broader study about the medical image use by experts and novices, examines the differences in image describing behavior between these two categories of users. Eye tracking technique was used to capture the image users' eye movement on the Area of Interests (AOIs). This study found that a domain expert was capable of employing nine levels of image attributes in the descriptions, while a novice was able to use only six levels. Furthermore, the expert showed stronger capability in expressing the image information needs by generating more image attributes in the descriptions than the novice, especially in terms of employing significantly more high-level (semantic levels) image attributes. We also found that the novice attended to more AOIs on every image than the expert.
Beyond Adam Smith and Karl Marx: visions and versions of future society

Marx and Smith share the accusation of musing about future society, but of being much too vague about the form. At the same time, there is no glaring dearth of those who hailed the collapse of the Soviet economy as proof positive of the failure of Marxism, of Marx’s system. This boils down to the question of whether or not Marx in any way foresaw/espoused/advocated central planning as such; and, in particular, as it materialised in the USSR. There is a key passage – indeed, a mere phrase – in Das Kapital which is (or could be) seized upon to answer that question in the affirmative with conviction.
Mechanoelectrical Phenomena In Ionic Polymers

Ion containing polymers display certain spectacular mechanoelectrical phenomena when suitably composited with a conductor phase such as a metal, a conductive polymer or graphite—sometimes called ionic polymer conductor composites. When subjected to a dynamic electric field they deform dynamically (actuation), and if dynamically deformed they generate a dynamic electric field (transduction or sensing). Here, we present a description of these phenomena in the linear regime, and in steady-state conditions using the standard Onsager formulation. We describe the underlining principle of ionic polymer-metal composite actuation/sensing phenomena using linear irreversible thermodynamics. When static conditions are imposed, a simple description of the mechanoelectric effect is possible based upon two forms of transport: ion transport (with a current density, J) and electro-osmotic solvent transport (with a flux, Q). The conjugate forces include the electric field, E, and the pressure gradient, -▿p. We also present...
Finite DOL languages and codes

Abstract A finite DOL language that does not contain the null string is either a prefix code or a suffix code. When the null string is removed from a finite DOL language that contains the null string a code remains.
Taurodeoxycholate increases intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through c-myc expression

Abstract Background Bile salts have been shown to modulate gastrointestinal epithelial restitution, differentiation, and other functions. Prior studies have shown that the bile salt taurodeoxycholate increases cell migration after injury. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect that taurodeoxycholate has on intestinal epithelial cell growth, c-myc expression and function. Methods IEC-6 or Caco-2 cells were treated with varying concentrations of taurodeoxycholate (.05 to 1 mmol/L) and proliferation determined. Apoptosis was measured by use of DNA fragmentation assay and nuclear staining. Cell phase was determined with propidium iodide flow cytometry. C-myc expression was determined by Northern and Western blot analysis, and c-myc function was inhibited by specific c-myc antisense. Results There was no change in cell structure. Apoptosis was not induced. Six days after exposure to taurodeoxycholate, IEC-6 cell proliferation was significantly increased. Flow cytometry showed a significant increase in S-phase concentration and a significant decrease in G1-phase concentration of the cell cycle. Taurodeoxycholate also increased c-myc protein and mRNA expression, and inhibition of c-myc function prevented taurodeoxycholate-induced cell proliferation. Conclusions Exposure to physiological concentrations of the bile salt taurodeoxycholate increases intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. This effect is at least partially mediated through a c-myc–dependent mechanism. Bile salts can have a beneficial effect on the intestinal mucosa.
Numerical analysis of polarization gratings using the finite-difference time-domain method

We report the first full numerical analysis of polarization gratings (PGs), and study their most general properties and limits by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In this way, we avoid limiting assumptions on material properties or grating dimensions (e.g., no paraxial approximations) and provide a more complete understanding of PG diffraction behavior. We identify the fundamental delineation between diffraction regimes (thin versus thick) for anisotropic gratings and determine the conditions for $\ensuremath{\approx}100%$ diffraction efficiency in the framework of the coupled-wave $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $Q$ parameters. Diffraction characteristics including the efficiency, spectral response, and polarization sensitivity are investigated for the two primary types of PGs with linear and circular birefringence. The angular response and finite-grating behavior (i.e., pixelation) are also examined. Comparisons with previous analytic approximations, where applicable, show good agreement.
Sensitivity Analysis of Wind Plant Performance to Key Turbine Design Parameters: A Systems Engineering Approach

This paper introduces the development of a new software framework for research, design, and development of wind energy systems which is meant to 1) represent a full wind plant including all physical and nonphysical assets and associated costs up to the point of grid interconnection, 2) allow use of interchangeable models of varying fidelity for different aspects of the system, and 3) support system level multidisciplinary analyses and optimizations. This paper describes the design of the overall software capability and applies it to a global sensitivity analysis of wind turbine and plant performance and cost. The analysis was performed using three different model configurations involving different levels of fidelity, which illustrate how increasing fidelity can preserve important system interactions that build up to overall system performance and cost. Analyses were performed for a reference wind plant based on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s 5-MW reference turbine at a mid-Atlantic offshore location within the United States. Three software configurations were used: 1) a previously published wind plant cost model using simplified parametric scaling relationships, 2) an integrated set of wind turbine and plant engineering and cost models that use a “bottom-up” approach to determine overall wind plant performance and cost metrics, and 3) the second set of models plus the addition of a plant layout and flow model for calculation of energy production. Global sensitivity analysis was performed on each analysis set with respect to key wind turbine configuration parameters including rotor diameter, rated power, hub height, and maximum tip speed. The analyses show how the latter approaches capture important coupling throughout the wind plant in a way that has not previously been achieved. In addition, while deficiencies even in the newer model set are readily identifiable, the flexibility of the new framework shows how extension and gradual buildup of model fidelity for various parts of the system provide a powerful tool that enables analysis for an ever-expanding set of wind energy research and design problems.
Isolation of a DNA endonuclease complex in XPD cells which is defective in ability to incise nucleosomal DNA containing pyrimidine dimers

Abstract A DNA endonuclease complex which recognizes predominantly pyrimidine dimers in UVC irradiated DNA has been isolated from the chromatin of normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group D (XPD) lymphoblastoid cells. The activity of the normal complex on UVC irradiated DNA was increased approximately 2.5 and 1.5 fold over activity on damaged naked DNA, when core (histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4) and total (core + histone H1) nucleosomal DNA, respectively, was used. In contrast, the XPD complex showed no increase in activity on UVC irradiated total and only a 1.4 fold increase on UVC irradiated core nucleosomal DNA, indicating that the XPD complex is defective in its ability to incise UVC irradiated nucleosomal DNA. The normal complex was able to correct this defect in the XPD complex at the nucleosomal level.
Investigation of preference for nightly triazolam versus placebo in moderate social alcohol drinkers

This study was designed to examine whether the widely prescribed benzodiazepine hypnotic triazolam has reinforcing effects in moderate social alcohol drinkers, without histories of drug abuse or insomnia, in the context of its use as a hypnotic. Eleven healthy adult volunteers who met criteria for 'good sleepers' participated in a 60-session double-blind choice study which was conducted on an outpatient basis with participants sleeping at home. Twenty three-session sampling/choice tests were conducted sequentially to provide 20 evaluations of the reinforcing effects of 0.25 mg/70 kg triazolam versus placebo, ingested orally 30 min before bedtime. Each three-session test consisted of two sampling sessions, in which participants received exposure to each of the two drug conditions in different colored capsules, followed by one choice session, in which participants were asked to choose one of the two colour-coded capsules for self-administration. Four participants exhibited a significant choice of triazolam, three, a significant choice of placebo (i.e. triazolam avoidance), and four, a random (i.e. non-significant) choice between triazolam and placebo. The reasons provided by participants were consistent with their choices and with the expected effects of triazolam versus placebo. Analyses of post-sleep questionnaires indicated that triazolam did not produce a clinically meaningful improvement in sleep. The finding that triazolam functioned as a reinforcer in participants without insomnia suggests that triazolam has reinforcing effects in some individuals for which hypnotic treatment is not clinically indicated, and that health care professionals must continue to assess the risk/benefit ratio of benzodiazepine hypnotic prescription.
High‐Risk Drinking across the Transition from High School to College

Alcohol use and related problems were studied from the senior year in high school to the first autumn in college for 366 heavy drinking students. Four risk factors-subject sex, family history of drinking problems, prior conduct problems, and type of college residence-were evaluated as predictors of: (1) differential changes in drinking rates, (2) differential changes in alcohol-related problems, and (3) alcohol dependence symptoms during the first college term. Results suggest that both dispositional and environmental factors are associated with changes in drinking rates and the existence of dependence symptoms. Increases in the frequency of drinking were specifically and strongly associated with residence in a fraternity (men) or sorority (women). Three risk factors were associated with increased quantity of drinking: male gender, residence in a fraternity or sorority, and a history of conduct problems. Prior conduct problems were also consistently associated with dependence symptoms during the first term in college. A family history of alcohol problems was not consistently related to changes in use rates or problems, although some analyses suggest interactive effects. Early interventions on college campuses should target individuals using additive risk profiles.
Identification of High-Risk Communities for Unattended Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests Using GIS

Improving survival rates for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) at the neighborhood level is increasingly seen as priority in US cities. Since wide disparities exist in OHCA rates at the neighborhood level, it is necessary to locate neighborhoods where people are at elevated risk for cardiac arrest and target these for educational outreach and other mitigation strategies. This paper describes a GIS-based methodology that was used to identify communities with high risk for cardiac arrests in Franklin County, Ohio during the period 2004–2009. Prior work in this area used a single criterion, i.e., the density of OHCA events, to define the high-risk areas, and a single analytical technique, i.e., kernel density analysis, to identify the high-risk communities. In this paper, two criteria are used to identify the high-risk communities, the rate of OHCA incidents and the level of bystander CPR participation. We also used Local Moran’s I combined with traditional map overlay techniques to add robustness to the methodology for identifying high-risk communities for OHCA. Based on the criteria established for this study, we successfully identified several communities that were at higher risk for OHCA than neighboring communities. These communities had incidence rates of OHCA that were significantly higher than neighboring communities and bystander rates that were significantly lower than neighboring communities. Other risk factors for OHCA were also high in the selected communities. The methodology employed in this study provides for a measurement conceptualization of OHCA clusters that is much broader than what has been previously offered. It is also statistically reliable and can be easily executed using a GIS.
Inhibition of UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

Exposure of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) to UVB radiation induces intracellular release of hydrogen peroxide (oxidative stress) and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cell signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that pretreatment of NHEK with (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an antioxidant from green tea, inhibits UVB-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and H2O2-mediated phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways. We found that treatment of EGCG (20 μg/ml of media) to NHEK before UVB (30 mJ/cm2) exposure inhibited UVB-induced H2O2 production (66–80%) concomitant with the inhibition of UVB-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (57–80%), JNK (53–83%), and p38 (50–77%) proteins. To demonstrate whether UVB-induced phosphorylation of MAPK occurs via UVB-induced H2O2 (oxidative stress) production, NHEK were treated with the oxidant H2O2. Treatment of H2O2 to NHEK resulted in phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. Using the same in vitro system, when these cells were pretreated with EGCG or with the known antioxidant ascorbic acid (as positive control), H2O2-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 was found to be significantly inhibited. These findings demonstrate that EGCG has the potential to inhibit UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting that EGCG could be useful in attenuation of oxidative stress-mediated and MAPK-caused skin disorders in humans.
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR RESPONSES OF THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM TO WOUND HEALING

The corneal epithelium responds rapidly to injury, repairing defects with a layer of cells that covers the denuded corneal surface and prevents infection and loss of vision. After a wound, reorganization of the remaining epithelial cells occurs over several hours, resulting in the formation of a migratory leading edge. However, expression of genes such as c-fos occurs within minutes of wounding. This early expression may be important for directing epithelial reorganization and the later mitotic burst. Our results show that receptors for epidermal growth factor are upregulated in the migratory cell population. Proliferation through a mitotic burst was observed in cells surrounding the original wound margin after 36 hours. The interaction between gene expression and cell surface receptors for growth factors and cell proliferation suggests that wound healing occurs in a complex, but tightly controlled process in the corneal epithelium.
Breast-feeding and the prevalence of asthma and wheeze in children: Analyses from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994

Abstract Background: Asthma prevalence has increased dramatically in recent years, especially among children. Breast-feeding might protect children against asthma and related conditions (recurrent wheeze), and this protective effect might depend on the duration and exclusivity of the breast-feeding regimen. Objective: We sought to determine whether there is an association between breast-feeding and asthma, recurrent wheeze, or both in children up to 72 months of age and whether the duration and exclusivity of breast-feeding affect this association. Methods: Data were from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted from 1988 to 1994. We tested for significant associations between breast-feeding and physician-diagnosed asthma and recurrent wheeze (≥3 episodes in the past 12 months) before and after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Crude analyses showed that breast-feeding was associated with significantly reduced risks for asthma and recurrent wheeze in children 2 to 71 months of age, but after adjusting for potential confounders, these overall protective associations attenuated and were no longer statistically significant. However, 2 new and important associations were revealed after adjusting for confounders: (1) compared with never breast-fed children, ever breast-fed children had significantly reduced odds of being diagnosed with asthma and of having recurrent wheeze before 24 months of age, and (2) among children 2 to 71 months of age who had been exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, those who had ever been breast-fed had significantly reduced risks of asthma and wheeze compared with those who had never been breast-fed. Conclusions: Breast-feeding might delay the onset of or actively protect children less than 24 months of age against asthma and recurrent wheeze. Breast-feeding might reduce the prevalence of asthma and recurrent wheeze in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:328-36.)
Scaling And Resolution Of Scenic Holographic Stereograms

Scaling of holographic stereograms in the ratio did' can be accomplished by using a spacing, d, between component photographs and a different spacing, d', between corresponding holograms. Scaling down of scenic holograms is desirable in order to increase visual impression of 3 dimensionality. Up-scaling of stereograms is called for to decrease the perspective of very small objects. Our analysis of resolution and depth of field shows the projector lens diameter to be the crucial factor in down-scaled stereograms, while the camera aperture is crucial in the up-scaled case. In did' scaling of a scene which extends from s1 tow , the optimum projector aperture is given by PA51/(d/e)VII; the component photographs, should be taken with an aperture of Pits10, which may be altered by the root of the scale factor, by [d/d']2,without seriously degrading the scaled-down stereogram's resolution. In the text numerical examples are given to illustrate the wide applicability of ordinary photographic apertures in making these down-scaled stereograms. Both linear and two-dimensional arrays of scaled-down scenic holograms have been made and these are described.© (1968) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ein Beitrag zur Epitaxie von Bleisulfid auf Alkalihalogeniden

Es wurden verschiedene Alkalihalogenide (NaF, NaCl, KCl, KBr, KJ) im Hoch-vakuum (10−5 Torr) gespalten und simultan mit PbS bedampft. Die Tragertemperaturen lagen zwischen 25 und 375°C. Im allgemeinen ergab sich eine (001)-Orientierung, nur bei der Epitaxie auf NaF vermindert sich der Orientierungsgrad unter-halb 170°C zunehmend. Der Einflus verschiedener Faktoren, wird diskutiert. The epitaxy of PbS on various alkali halides (NaF, NaCl, KCl, KBr, KJ) was studied. The alkali halide crystals were cleaved in a high vacuum (10−5 Torr) while the evaporation of PbS was in progress. The substrate temperatures were in the interval between 25°C and 375°C. In general the (001) orientation occurred. Below 175°C the degree of orientation of PbS on NaF decreased. The influence of various factores is discussed.
Comparative analysis of progesterone and placental protein 14 measurements in the evaluation of luteal function

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of single or summed measurements of progesterone and placental protein 14, a progestin-dependent endometrial glycoprotein, in the evaluation of luteal function. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-five healthy women had daily blood measurements of luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and placental protein 14 during one menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Thirty-nine women had normal and six had deficient luteal function on the basis of serial progesterone determinations. Luteal insufficiency was not accurately diagnosed by single progesterone or placental protein 14 values or by integrated placental protein 14 measurements. In contrast, the condition was correctly identified in all but one cycle when the sum of progesterone on days 4 and 7 was CONCLUSION: Measurement of serum progesterone, but not placental protein 14, on 2 days of the midluteal phase provides a convenient and reliable test of luteal function.
Citrate Inhibition of Aminopeptidase in Commercial Fungal Protease Preparations Used to Accelerate Cheese Ripening

Abstract The potential for inhibiting leucine-aminopeptidase activity by citrate was examined using commercial proteases (Rhozyme P-41, Corolase PN, Corolase PS) from Aspergillus oryzae . Leucine-aminopeptidase activities of the first two enzyme preparations were reduced by 20- to 25-fold in citrate-phosphate buffer, 2.2- to 2.4-fold in Tris-maleate buffer, and 10.4- to 10.6-fold in sodium acetate buffer. All buffers were .01 M and at pH 5.4 and 37°C except the acetate buffer. Corolase PS was more sensitive to buffer type and lost all activity in the citrate-phosphate buffer. Leucine-aminopeptidase activities were reduced by 96 to 98% in the presence of .01 M citrate in Tris-maleate buffer, which approximates the concentration in the moisture phase of cheese if none is metabolized by lactic bacteria. Activity was restored by adding Mg ++ , suggesting that chelation of essential divalent cations caused inactivation. However, only 6.8% of activity was restored by 5m M Mg ++ , equal to the total Mg concentration in milk. The data suggest that cheese ripening could be affected by citrate or other cation- chelating agents in cheese.
ICP0 is not required for efficient stress-induced reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 from cultured quiescently infected neuronal cells

Viral genes sufficient and required for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) reactivation were identified using neuronally differentiated PC12 cells (ND-PC12 cells) in which quiescent infections with wild-type and recombinant strains were established. In this model, the expression of ICP0, VP16, and ICP4 from adenovirus vectors was sufficient to reactivate strains 17+ and KOS. The transactivators induced similar levels of reactivation with KOS; however, 17+ responded more efficiently to ICP0. To identify viral transactivators required for reactivation, we examined quiescently infected PC12 cell cultures (QIF-PC12 cell cultures) established with HSV-1 deletion mutants R7910 (deltaICP0), KD6 (deltaICP4), and in1814, a virus containing an insertion mutation in VP16. Although growth of these mutant viruses was impaired in ND-PC12 cells, R7910 and in1814 reactivated at levels equivalent to or better than their respective parental controls following stress (i.e., heat or forskolin) treatment. After treatment with trichostatin A, in1814 and 17+ reactivated efficiently, whereas the F strain and R7910 reactivated inefficiently. In contrast, KD6 failed to reactivate. In experiments with the recombinant KM100, which contains the in1814 mutation in VP16 and the n212 mutation in ICP0, spontaneous and stress-induced reactivation was observed. However, two strains, V422 and KM110, which lack the acidic activation domain of VP16, did not reactivate above low spontaneous levels after stress. These results demonstrate that in QIF-PC12 cells ICP0 is not required for efficient reactivation of HSV-1, the acidic activation domain of VP16 is essential for stress-induced HSV-1 reactivation, and HSV-1 reactivation is modulated uniquely by different treatment constraints and phenotypes.
Age-related fine structural changes in axons and synapses during deafferentation of the rat pyriform cortex: a possible basis for plasticity

The purpose of this study was to compare the sequence of axonal and synaptic alterations following deafferentating lesions at selected postnatal ages and relate these changes to synaptic organization in the olfactory cortex. Rats received unilateral olfactory bulb ablation at 21/2, 6, 9 and 13 days of age and were studied at survivals of 12 h to 30 days. At least three clearly different forms of acute degeneration were seen; flocculent, granular and dense with the granular form an intermediate form. The proportion of granular and especially dense degeneration increases after six days of age as does the presence of glia. The denser the type of degeneration, the greater the retention of remnants of this form of synaptic degeneration at deafferented postsynaptic sites. This as well as the increased presence of glia after six days may be important factors in the limitation of plastic reorganization or reinnervation in more mature individuals. The youngest operated animals show rapid vacating of the receptor site, relative absence of glia and striking evidence of competitive reoccupation of deafferented sites.
Conversion of agricultural feedstock and coproducts into poly(hydroxyalkanoates)

Aside from their importance to the survival and general welfare of mankind, agriculture and its related industries produce large quantities of feedstocks and coproducts that can be used as inexpensive substrates for fermentative processes. Successful adoption of these materials into commercial processes could further the realization of a biorefinery industry based on agriculturally derived feedstocks. One potential concept is the production of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers, a family of microbial biopolyesters with a myriad of possible monomeric compositions and performance properties. The economics for the fermentative production of PHA could benefit from the use of low-cost agricultural feedstocks and coproducts. This mini-review provides a brief survey of research performed in this area, with specific emphasis on studies describing the utilization of intact triacylglycerols (vegetable oils and animal fats), dairy whey, molasses, and meat-and-bone meal as substrates in the microbial synthesis of PHA polymers.
The impact of early unilateral brain injury on perceptual organization and visual memory.

Abstract Studies of young children with early unilateral brain injury have suggested that while hemispheric differences in visuospatial processing appear to be present early in development, the young brain is better able to compensate for injury than when the injury occurs later, after networks have been established. The aim of this study was to determine if this pattern continues later in development when these children are given a challenging task: the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. Experiment 1 included longitudinal data from ten children with early left hemisphere (LH) injury and nine children with early right hemisphere (RH) injury. Injury was presumed to be due to a prenatal or perinatal stroke. Compared with typically developing children, both groups were poorer in copying the figure. With development, these children produced reasonably accurate drawings but continued to use the most immature and piecemeal strategy. In Experiment 2, copy and immediate memory drawings from the 19 children with early unilateral brain injury were collected at a single age (11–14 years). Eight of the ten children with LH injury organized their memory reproductions around the core rectangle but included relatively few additional details. In contrast, only two of the nine children with RH injury organized their memory reproductions around the core rectangle and all but one produced the figure in a piecemeal manner. The results from both studies demonstrate the continuation of subtle deficits in visuospatial analysis with development but also the continued capacity for compensation.
Supplemental system retrofit considerations for braced steel bridge piers

Braced piers of steel truss bridges having braces with latticed built-up cross-sections may suffer significant damage during earthquakes due to the buckling, rapid strength degradation, and fracture of the braces. One retrofit alternative for such a bridge pier is to supplement the existing structural system with a system of energy dissipation devices (or structural fuses) that will yield and dissipate energy prior to existing brace buckling. These devices depend on the global shear displacements of the pier to yield and dissipate energy. However, relatively tall and slender bridge piers are also subject to large overturning displacements. This paper investigates and quantifies the effectiveness of using supplemental systems relying on devices used to control pier shear displacements to retrofit braced steel bridge piers, including the effect of overturning displacements on the effective ductility of such systems. A closed form equation for the total ductility of the retrofit pier, as a function of the shear displacement ductility, is derived and expressed graphically. A simple preliminary design procedure that incorporates these effects is proposed and an example design is presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal contact resistance in injection molding

This paper describes a method for obtaining the thermal contact resistance (TCR) between an injection molded part and its mold. Due to the absence of TCR the simulated cooling times obtained from Polycool II, a computer aided engineering (CAE) package for cooling simulation of injection molding, have compared poorly with both field and experimental data. This paper shows that an improvement in the accuracy of the simulated data results from making TCR an Input to Polycool II. TCR was obtained through a combination of experimental and analytical procedures. Experimental work was performed to obtain the part surface temperature distribution and the inside cavity pressure gradient. The part surface temperature distribution was then used as a boundary condition in the thermal analysis. The inside cavity pressure gradient was utilized as a basis for determining the inside cavity shrinkage. The results show that due to the thermal expansion of thermoplastics, the compressibility of the plastic melt, and the mold deformation, the inside cavity shrinkage is reduced as the thickness of the part is increased. Therefore, the TCR value of a thicker part is lower than that of a thinner part. The effects of both part thickness and process parameters, such as temperature and pressure, on TCR are also discussed.
CP -violating effects in leptonic systems

The electric dipole moment of leptons and $T$-odd correlations in leptonic decays are calculated in a wide class of gauge theories. These theories phenomenologically realize milliweak, microweak, and superweak models of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation. The $T$-odd transverse polarization in $\ensuremath{\mu}$ (or $\ensuremath{\tau}$) leptonic decay is found to be superweak in magnitude and hence is intrinsically difficult to detect. Consideration is also devoted to the coherent admixture of opposite $\mathrm{CP}$ eigenstates in positronium. The upper limit of the mixing amplitude of the transition between states with the same $C$, but opposite $P$ and $\mathrm{CP}$, is of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$.
Dislocation-based micropolar single crystal plasticity: Comparison of multi- and single criterion theories

Abstract Two new formulations of micropolar single crystal plasticity are presented within a geometrically linear setting. The construction of yield criteria and flow rules for generalized continuum theories with higher-order stresses can be done in one of two ways: (i) a single criterion can be introduced in terms of a combined equivalent stress and inelastic rate or (ii) or individual criteria can be specified for each conjugate stress/inelastic kinematic rate pair, a so-called multi-criterion theory. Both single and multi-criterion theories are developed and discussed within the context of dislocation-based constitutive models. Parallels and distinctions are made between the proposed theories and some of the alternative generalized crystal plasticity models that can be found in the literature. Parametric numerical simulations of a constrained thin film subjected to simple shear are conducted via finite element analysis using a simplified 2-D version of the fully 3-D theory to highlight the influence of specific model components on the resulting deformation under both loading and unloading conditions. The deformation behavior is quantified in terms of the average stress–strain response and the local shear strain and geometrically necessary dislocation density distributions. It is demonstrated that micropolar single crystal plasticity can qualitatively capture the same range of behaviors as slip gradient-based models, while offering a simpler numerical implementation and without introducing plastic slip rates as generalized traction-conjugate velocities subject to an additional microforce balance.
‘First wave’ feminism in nineteenth-century France: Class, family and religion☆

Abstract The history of ‘first wave’ feminism in France raises several questions of relevance to the contemporary women's movement. Organized French feminism began during the struggle to replace a Catholic monarchy with a rationalistic, republican form of government. Because of the allegiance of most Frenchwomen to the church, however, even the republican and socialist supporters of feminist reform in educational institutions and in civil rights opposed political participation by women. Feminists, who themselves emphasized reforms in family law and economic opportunities, formed numerous organizations, published journals and held national and international meetings, but remained less a movement than a mosaic of leaders and groups divided by class, religion and personal rivalry. More importantly, they were estranged from the majority of Frenchwomen by questions pertaining to the relationship of women to the traditional patriarchal family, which continued to play a dominant role in the religious, economic and social life of the country. Internal conflict developed over protective legislation and women's ‘right to work’, while external opposition centered about the politically reactionary potential of religious women, and the alleged ‘anti-patriotic’ individualism of those who rejected motherhood as the ‘natural vocation’ and only career of women. By pitting feminism against a particular form of the family, antifeminists obscured the reality of women's oppression and succeeded in alienating the potential support for feminism of most Frenchwomen.