cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXTRAOCULAR RETINOBLASTOMA: SUSTAINED REMISSION IN 10 OF 12 CHILDREN TREATED WITH IRRADIATION AND COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY

Of 170 children with retinoblastoma screened at our institution for metastatic disease since the fall of 1979, 20 (12%) had extraocular tumor. Twelve of these children, including 4 with bone marrow disease, were started on a modification of the former CCSG 962 protocol for extraocular retinoblastoma. This protocol utilized two years of systemic cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and vincristine; intrathecal methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and hydrocortisone succinate; and cranial irradiation. Our modifications include: 1) omission (two cases) of cranial irradiation when bone marrow, but not cranial or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), disease is present; 2) substitution (one case) of external beam irradiation to the calvarium when involvement of the calvarium, but not the cranium or CSF, is present; 3) scaling doses of intrathecal chemotherapy (all cases) to CSF volume; and 4) giving 2 mg/kg doses of adriamycin over 5 days instead of one. One child died of tumor progression, while another died of adriamycin-related cardiomyopathy. However, the remaining ten children are in bone marrow and CSF remission with a mean time from diagnosis of metastatic disease of 42 months (range 5 to 80 months). In contrast, all eight of the non-study children, treated palliatively or elsewhere, have expired.
Head injury, bipolar disorder, and response to valproate.

Abstract Two patients, both previously asymptomatic, developed chronic cases of typical bipolar disorder following closed head injury. Both responded inadequately to standard treatment, but remitted when valproate, an anticonvulsant, was added to the medication regimen. A chart review of 56 additional bipolar patients, also treated with valproate, yielded eight more cases with a history of head injury, of whom seven responded when valproate was added to previously inadequate medication regimens. These observations augment the growing data which suggest that bipolar disorder may occasionally be precipitated by head injury. Further, it appears that such cases may warrant a trial of valproate.
The Good and Bad of Relationships: How Social Hindrance and Social Support Affect Relationship Feelings in Daily Life

The authors examined the effects of social hindrance and support on negative and positive relationship-specific feelings in three daily diary studies. Study 1 showed that hindrance and support independently predicted positive relationship feelings, but only hindrance predicted negative feelings. Study 2 used new measures of hindrance and support and showed that hindrance and support independently predicted same-day relationship feelings but that the effects of hindrance were stronger in magnitude. Study 3 yielded similar findings using the new measures of hindrance and support and controlling for morning feeling. These asymmetrical crossover effects suggest that bad is only stronger than good when it comes to bad outcomes; they also support the distinction between aversive and appetitive relational processes.
Traveling-wave photodetector theory

Photodetector efficiency decreases as bandwidth increases, Bandwidth-efficiency limitations of traveling-wave photodetectors (TWPDs) are substantially greater than those of lumped-element photodetectors because the velocity-mismatch bandwidth limitation is independent of device length. TWPDs can be long for high efficiency without significantly compromising bandwidth. The TWPD is modeled by a terminated section of transmission line with a position-dependent photocurrent source propagating on it at the optical group velocity. A wave model for the transmission line confirms the accuracy of an equivalent-circuit model for electrical wave propagation. The velocity-mismatch impulse and frequency response are determined by absorption coefficient and wave velocities rather than junction capacitance and load resistance. The velocity-mismatch bandwidth limitations can be written in a simple form which elucidates the factors affecting device response, A discretized periodic TWPD is described by the same equations as the fully distributed version. This more complicated device offers additional degrees of freedom in design and potentially improved performance.
Material Interventions on the US–Mexico Border: Investigating a Sited Politics of Migrant Solidarity

As changing border enforcement policies reshape patterns of migrant traffic across the US–Mexico border, the rapid increase of migrant deaths along the border has led to the development of solidarity organizing that provides humanitarian aid and alters the physical environment of the most deadly migration corridor along the US–Mexico border. Through their presence in this space, volunteers working with the organization No More Deaths are drawn in by the power of the events that take place around them and that they themselves take part in. Based on 12 weeks of participatory research with No More Deaths, this article follows the trajectories of individual activists who have become enmeshed in a material context that demands their intervention. This description treats the border space as an autonomous site, imbued with seductive potential that allows it to disrupt or reconfigure individual conceptions of political agency.
Forming self-rotating pinwheels from assemblies of oscillating polymer gels

Using computational modeling, we show that millimeter-sized polymer gels undergoing the self-oscillating Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction can spontaneously self-aggregate to form macroscopic, self-rotating pinwheels. Notably, we find that the system is bistable and the formation of the pinwheels depends on initial random fluctuations. The pinwheel formation can, however, be promoted by tailoring the local concentration of the activator for the BZ reaction. Furthermore, we demonstrate approaches for controlling the chirality of the pinwheels' motion. These materials could form simple self-propelled machines, such as gears, that perform autonomous work.
A queueing performance comparison of extended proportional controller in TCP traffic control

Appropriately designed proportional TCP traffic controller can stabilize the network and overcome the oscillation problem that exists in most of other TCP traffic controllers, but pure proportional controllers have the shortcoming of steady state error of the queue size. In this paper, we presented an extended proportional controller that has a simpler implementation. Our simulation results have demonstrated that our controller can eliminate the steady state error while achieving the same performance as the PI controller.
Why are DBNs sparse

Real stochastic processes operating in continuous time can be modeled by sets of stochastic dierential equations. On the other hand, several popular model families, including hidden Markov models and dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs), use discrete time steps. This paper explores methods for converting DBNs with infinitesimal time steps into DBNs with finite time steps, to enable ecient simulation and filtering over long periods. An exact conversion—summing out all intervening time slices between two steps— results in a completely connected DBN, yet nearly all human-constructed DBNs are sparse. We show how this sparsity arises from well-founded approximations resulting from dierences among the natural time scales of the variables in the DBN. We define an automated procedure for constructing an approximate DBN model for any desired time step and prove error bounds for the approximation. We illustrate the method by generating a series of approximations to a simple pH model for the human body, demonstrating speedups of several orders of magnitude compared to the original model.
The Stories of People's Lives: Thematic Investigations and the Development of a Critical Social Studies

The stories of people's lives are captured in historic and contemporary media. Through these lenses, students and teachers can see into the world of social issues and movements, figures, and events. Ultimately, they yield a range of perspectives across time and space. In this article, the author introduces thematic investigations as a systematic framework for studying these stories through the use of multiple tools of inquiry. This framework provides opportunities for teachers and students to grapple with the complexities of inquiry and creates an authentic link between social studies and critical literacy.
A phylogenetic and Markov model approach for the reconstruction of mutational pathways of drug resistance

Motivation: Modern HIV-1, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus antiviral therapies have been successful at keeping viruses suppressed for prolonged periods of time, but therapy failures attributable to the emergence of drug resistant mutations continue to be a distressing reminder that no therapy can fully eradicate these viruses from their host organisms. To better understand the emergence of drug resistance, we combined phylogenetic and statistical models of viral evolution in a 2-phase computational approach that reconstructs mutational pathways of drug resistance. Results: The first phase of the algorithm involved the modeling of the evolution of the virus within the human host environment. The inclusion of longitudinal clonal sequence data was a key aspect of the model due to the progressive fashion in which multiple mutations become linked in the same genome creating drug resistant genotypes. The second phase involved the development of a Markov model to calculate the transition probabilities between the different genotypes. The proposed method was applied to data from an HIV-1 Efavirenz clinical trial study. The obtained model revealed the direction of evolution over time with greater detail than previous models. Our results show that the mutational pathways facilitate the identification of fast versus slow evolutionary pathways to drug resistance. Availability: Source code for the algorithm is publicly available at http://biorg.cis.fiu.edu/vPhyloMM/ Contact: pbuendia@miami.edu
Are we all global now? Local vs. foreign sources of corporate competence: the case of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry

This study links the highly distinctive national contexts of the pharmaceutical industry to the evolution of innovative capabilities for Japanese drug firms from 1975 to 1995. During these two decades, the Japanese domestic environment for pharmaceuticals changed radically, encouraging a ‘bubble’ of trivial innovations. Experience by Japanese firms in their domestic market predominantly determined their innovative capabilities, pushing these firms towards trivial innovation. Corporate experience in the socially ‘proximate’ markets of Southern Europe served as a strategic complement for significant innovation by Japanese drug firms, and thus as a partial counterweight to the home market. Unfortunately, corporate diversification was a strategic substitute for significant innovation, and many Japanese drug firms are significantly diversified. The resulting degradation of innovative capability for Japanese drug firms has locked most of them into an increasingly unattractive home market. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating Wave Tolerance of Spartina alterniflora in Coastal Alabama

Abstract The initial establishment and survival of a salt marsh is regulated by a variety of factors, including salinity, sediment type, elevation, nutrient levels, and wave climate. Despite the obvious importance of wave climate on the existence or nonexistence of wetlands along shorelines of water bodies, there are currently few methods for its evaluation at wetland locations. This study used an existing wind-wave hindcast method to estimate wave climate at sites with and without Spartina alterniflora along the shoreline in coastal Alabama. The sites with vegetation along the shoreline had lower wave levels than nearby sites without vegetation. Other sites with eroding stands of vegetation had wave levels intermediate between the no-vegetation and vegetation sites. The upper limit of wave energy for (noneroding) salt marsh existence was a median significant wave height of about H = 0.1 meter and a corresponding 80 percentile (less than this level 80% of the time) significant wave height of H = 0.2 meter...
A feasibility study of on-wafer wireless testing

The feasibility of on-wafer wireless test is assessed in this paper. By replacing expensive high-frequency probe cards with wireless data link, testing cost can potentially be lowered. Key elements for wireless test at the wafer level include on-chip antenna and RF transceivers. A 24-GHz on-chip folded dipole antenna has been designed to fit in the scribe-lines between the silicon dies. The measured antenna gain shows -22.6 dBi. The power budget for a data link between a wafer with on-chip antenna and a tester equipped with high-gain horn antenna is presented. Our finding verifies that the required SNR and antenna bandwidth for wireless test can be achieved. Based on the measured antenna characteristics, several wireless test examples are illustrated.
The Effect of Hexamethonium upon Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Patients with Premalignant and Malignant Hypertension

In 13 patients with grade III or grade IV hypertensive retinopathy the effect of intramuscular hexamethonium bromide on cerebral circulation and metabolism has been studied. The results have been compared with Dewar's study of hexamethonium in less severe hypertensive patients and with Kety's results following differential spinal sympathetic block. Sixty minutes after intramuscular hexamethonium, mean arterial blood pressure fell 39 per cent, cerebral vascular resistance was reduced 29 per cent, and cerebral blood flow decreased 16 per cent. Cerebral oxygen consumption was maintained at the expense of a reduction in cerebral venous oxygen saturation.
Measurement of the critical temperature transition and composition gradient in powder-in-tube Nb/sub 3/Sn composite wire

The T/sub c/ transitions in a Nb/sub 3/Sn PIT composite wire made by ShapeMetal Innovations, Holland, have been extensively studied for multiple heat treatments. The composite contains 504 very uniform filaments, each one being a Nb tube that contains the Sn-rich phases and Cu needed to form Nb/sub 3/Sn. Parallel measurements of the T/sub c/ transition and chemical composition are very interesting in such a composite because the filament is magnetically transparent, the lowest T/sub c/ phase lying on the outside of each filament, permitting a volume-dependent T/sub c/ to be extracted, which can be compared to the measured composition profile. Our results show that the Nb/sub 3/Sn composition and T/sub c/ gradients established over most of the layer are smaller than would be expected. The T/sub c/ profile becomes rather flat after 8 hours, but acquires a steep tail after the Nb/sub 3/Sn consumes the Nb sheath and comes in contact with the pure Cu matrix. This design of composite appears to have an inbuilt A15 phase composition gradient, no matter what the reaction. However, excellent properties are obtained even in the presence of such gradients.
Older and wiser? An affective science perspective on age-related challenges in financial decision making

Financial planning decisionss are fundamentally affective in nature; they are decisions related to money, longevity and quality of life. Over the next several decades people will be increasingly responsible for managing their own assets and investments, and they will be subject to the affective influences on active, personal decision-making. Many of these crucial decisions are made and revised across the lifespan, including when to buy or sell a home, how to save for childrens’ education, how to manage healthcare costs, when to retire, how much to save for retirement and how to allocate retirement funds. As average life expectancy increases, many retirees will be faced with inadequate savings to live comfortably until the end of their lives. In the current article, we examine the problems of and potential solutions to inadequate financial planning through the lens of affective science, with an emphasis on how brain-based changes in affective processing with age might contribute to the challenge of financial planning.
Commissioning low emittance beam at Aladdin

The Aladdin storage ring is now routinely run in a low emittance configuration at 800 MeV. Vertical beam sizes and lifetime are comparable to the original lattice, while the horizontal beam size is reduced by a factor of three. Tools used to commission the new lattice include model based correction to obtain the design machine functions, and model independent correction to set the desired transverse coupling. Newly installed optical profile and position monitors, shunts to trim individual magnets, as well as implementation of a new control system scripting language, were important in achieving the desired results. Special attention was given to operation of the fourth harmonic bunch lengthening cavity used to improve the beam lifetime, and noise reduction in the RF system to improve photon beam quality on the infrared beamlines. In addition, compensation of undulators allows their strengths to be varied with minimum perturbation to the beam outside the regions of the undulators. Details of bringing the low emittance lattice to operational readiness are presented.
Sleep Preferentially Enhances Memory for Emotional Components of Scenes

Central aspects of emotional experiences are often well remembered at the expense of background details. Previous studies of such memory trade-offs have focused on memory after brief delays, but little is known about how these components of emotional memories change over time. We investigated the evolution of memory for negative scenes across 30 min, 12 daytime hours spent awake, and 12 nighttime hours including sleep. After 30 min, negative objects were well remembered at the expense of information about their backgrounds. Time spent awake led to forgetting of the entire negative scene, with memories of objects and their backgrounds decaying at similar rates. Sleep, in contrast, led to a preservation of memories of negative objects, but not their backgrounds, a result suggesting that the two components undergo differential processing during sleep. Memory for a negative scene develops differentially across time delays containing sleep and wake, with sleep selectively consolidating those aspects of memory that are of greatest value to the organism.
Adaptation of FACE methodology for microanalysis of total hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate composition from cartilage

Protocols for analyzing the fine structure of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis of 2-aminoacridone-derivatized hyaluronidase/chondroitinase digestion products were adapted for direct analysis of previously characterized cartilage-derived samples. The chondroitin sulfate disaccharide compositions for fetal and 68 year human aggrecan from FACE analyses were DeltaDi4S (50%), DeltaDi6S (43%), and DeltaDi0S (7%); and DeltaDi4S (3%), DeltaDi6S (96%), and DeltaDi0S (1%), respectively. The nonreducing terminal structures included predominantly 4S-galNAc with minor amounts of 6S-galNAc and Di6S for the fetal aggrecan sample and, in addition, included 4,6S-galNAc in the 68 year aggrecan sample. FACE analysis of a proteinase K digest of rat chondrosarcoma tissue gave an internal disaccharide composition for its chondroitin sulfate chains of DeltaDi0S (7%) and DeltaDi4S (93%) with no DeltaDi6S and DeltaDi4, 6S detected, while DeltaDiHA from hyaluronan was 5% of the total. Analysis of nonreducing terminal structures indicated the presence of 4S-galNAc (51%), galNAc (27%), and Di4S (22%) with no 4,6S-galNAc or Di6S detected. Unexpectedly, FACE analysis detected putative linkage oligosaccharide structures from the chondroitin sulfate chains including both unsulfated (85%) and 4-sulfated (15%) linkage oligosaccharides. Finally, the number averaged chain length estimated from the ratio of the molar fluorescence of the Deltadisaccharides to that of the nonreducing termini or the linkage oligosaccharide structures was calculated as approximately 16 kDa. A tissue glucose concentration of 0.72 g/l was also measured. These results for both samples as determined by FACE analysis were similar to results previously reported, using more labor and time intensive procedures, validating the FACE protocols.
Learning to rank relevant and novel documents through user feedback

We consider the problem of learning to rank relevant and novel documents so as to directly maximize a performance metric called Expected Global Utility (EGU), which has several desirable properties: (i) It measures retrieval performance in terms of relevant as well as novel information, (ii) gives more importance to top ranks to reflect common browsing behavior of users, as opposed to existing objective functions based on set-coverage, (iii) accommodates different levels of tolerance towards redundancy, which is not taken into account by existing evaluation measures, and (iv) extends naturally to the evaluation of session-based retrieval comprising multiple ranked lists. Our ground truth is defined in terms of "information nuggets", which are obviously not known to the retrieval system when processing a new user query. Therefore, our approach uses observable query and document features (words and named entities) as surrogates for nuggets, whose weights are learned based on user feedback in an iterative search session. The ranked list is produced to maximize the weighted coverage of these surrogate nuggets. The optimization of such coverage-based metrics is known to be NP-hard. Therefore, we use a greedy algorithm and show that it guarantees good performance due to the submodularity of the objective function. Our experiments on Topic Detection and Tracking data show that the proposed approach represents an efficient and effective retrieval strategy for maximizing EGU, as compared to a purely-relevance based ranking approach that uses Indri, as well as a MMR-based approach for non-redundant ranking.
A framework for reusable and rehostable software

The software content of real-time embedded military weapon systems continues to increase as do the cost and time to develop these systems. Many solutions have been suggested as a means of reducing the cost of software development. Software reuse is recognized as one of the most promising approaches to explore; however, it is a exceedingly difficult strategy to implement. Developing unique solutions to this common need is not cost effective. The Combat Vehicle Operating Environment (CVOE) was initially aimed at providing this common solution. This paper gives the details of the genesis of CVOE and its associated reuse model. It is suggested that the approach developed can be applied more broadly throughout an organization. For this to happen, a comprehensive software reuse and productivity strategy that encourages domain-based reuse and the development of general-purpose products is needed.
The Fermilab Proposal P996: Precision Measurement of K+→π+νν¯

The high precision measurement of the ultra-rare K + → π + ν ν ¯ decay at Fermilab would be one of the most incisive probes of quark flavor physics this decade. The dramatic physics reach of a precision measurement of K + → π + ν ν ¯ is due to three factors. 1) The Standard Model prediction for the K + → π + ν ν ¯ and K L 0 → π 0 ν ν ¯ branching fractions are broadly recognized as theoretically robust to the 2-4% level. No other loop-dominated quark process can be predicted with this level of certainty. 2) The K + → π + ν ν ¯ branching fraction is highly suppressed in the Standard Model to the level of less than 1 part in 10 billion. This suppression allows physics beyond the Standard Model to contribute noticeably to the branching fraction with enhancements of up to factors of 5 above the Standard Model level. 3) The certainty with which the Standard Model contribution to K + → π + ν ν ¯ is known permits a 5 σ discovery potential for new physics even for enhancements of the branching fraction as small as 20%. This sensitivity is unique in quark flavor physics and probes essentially all models of new physics that couple to quarks within the reach of the LHC. Further, precision measurement of K + → π + ν ν ¯ is sensitive to many models of new physics far beyond the direct mass reach of the LHC. The experimental challenge of measuring K + → π + ν ν ¯ at the 1 in 10-billion Standard Model rate has been met successfully. Several events of the K + → π + ν ν ¯ process have been clearly observed at BNL. Operating the Tevatron after Run-II as a 120 GeV high-duty factor synchrotron “Stretcher” offers the opportunity to reach more than two orders of magnitude greater sensitivity yielding a 1000-event experiment based on incremental improvements to the techniques refined and firmly demonstrated at BNL. The Fermilab Stretcher would be a unique facility that would provide ideal properties for such rare-decay experiments, allowing the demonstrated performance of the AGS experiment to be extrapolated with confidence to an experiment driven by the Fermilab Stretcher.
Foundation Stability for a Submarine Liquid Sulphur Pipeline

This paper examines the vertical and lateral stability of a 7-mile long hot sulphur pipeline, entrenched in the sediments between Grand Isle, Louisiana, and the offshore sulphur mine in the Gulf of Mexico.
Bootlegging on a Desert Mountain : the political ecology of agave (Agave spp. ) demographic change in the Sonora River Valley, Sonora, Mexico

Recent studies suggest that wild agave (Agavespp.) plants in Sonora, Mexico, are being over-harvested by mescal makers on communal lands. Using the conceptual framework of regional political ecology (Blaikie and Brookfield, 1987), I discuss the ecological processes of agave depletion, and investigate the social, economic, and political contexts in which unsustainable harvest practices arise. Whereas all the mescal makers have knowledge of sustainable harvest methods, population growth, expansion of agriculture onto ecologically marginal lands, and increasing dependence on wild harvested products from communal lands created the socioeconomic context for increased demand for mescal income. The ideology of household autonomy, and the belief that the village has no right to internally regulate use of the commons, created the political context for rapid, unsustainable harvesting—a tragedy of the commons. However, recent cultural changes have caused a reversal of this trend, and some wild agave populations may be recovering.
Lowest Integers Representing Sides of a Right Triangle

(1894). Lowest Integers Representing Sides of a Right Triangle. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 6-11.
Appraisal Model Based on the Sudden Change Progression for the Growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises are the major force for the national economic growth. Appraisal of their growth can help to evaluate the development status of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, thus the industrial structure and regional distribution status of small and medium-sized enterprises can be analyzed objectively. Meanwhile, the growth mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises can be further researched and necessary data support of improving the growth environment will be provided. The paper puts forward an appraisal model based on the sudden change progression for the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. It evaluates and orders the growth of 82 Chinese small and medium-sized listed enterprises in 2003 by employing this model through empirical analysis, and obtains the order for the respective growth of the small and medium-sized enterprises in 2003.
Matlab-Based Simulations of Primary Frequency Control for Large Thermal Generating Unit

The primary frequency control of large thermal generating unit is of crucial importance to power system frequency stability,prevention cascaded tripping caused by system frequency fluctuation due to sudden load variation and generator trip-out.To research the primary frequency control characteristic of large thermal generating unit,a simulation platform based on Matlab Simulink is built.Using this platform a research on primary frequency control characteristic of large thermal generating unit and its impacting factors are performed and the results of this research are given.The built simulation platform offers a quantitative analysis measure for research on boiler-turbine coordinated operation modes of large thermal generating units,parameter setting of speed governor and so on.
An intellectual virtue "vaccination" for physician-pharmaceutical industry interactions.

The pharmaceutical industry’s wide range of interactions with physicians, trainees, and other medical professionals—interactions that include information transfer and financial incentives—has been the source of undue influences, especially on physicians’ prescription behavior. Current literature has
Hyperphagia and Aphagia in Swine with Induced Hypothalamic Lesions

SUMMARY Hypothalamic lesions were induced in swine by electrolytic cauterization following stereotaxic surgery. Lesions in the ventro-medial area of the hypothalamus (8 animals) resulted in significant increase in weight gain, efficiency of food utilization and food intake. Lateral hypothalamic lesions (1 animal) resulted in aphagia and adipsia.
Exercise in the Heat. II. Critical Concepts in Rehydration, Exertional Heat Illnesses, and Maximizing Athletic Performance

Objective To acquaint athletic trainers with the numerous interrelated components that must be considered when assisting athletes who exercise in hot environments. Useful guidelines to maximize performance and minimize detrimental health consequences are presented. Data sources The databases MEDLINE and SPORT Discus were searched from 1980 to 1999, with the terms. "body cooling," "dehydration," "exercise," "heat illnesses," "heat," "fluid replacement," "acclimatization," "hydration," "rehydration," "performance," and "intravenous," among others. Data synthesis This paper provides an in-depth look at issues regarding physiologic and performance considerations related to rehydration, strategies to maximize rehydration, modes of rehydration, health consequences of exercise in the heat, heat acclimatization, body cooling techniques, and practice and competition modifications. Conclusions/recommendations Athletic trainers have a responsibility to ensure that athletes who exercise in hot environments are prepared to do so in an optimal manner and to act properly to avoid the potentially harmful heat illnesses that can result from exercise in the heat.
The Racial and Ethnic Representation of Faculty in US Pharmacy Schools and Colleges.

Objective. To describe the representation of racial and ethnic minorities among faculty members (faculty) in schools and colleges of pharmacy (COP) compared to US Census Bureau data; to evaluate the representation of racial and ethnic minorities in historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), newer doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs, and PharmD programs with a religious affiliation compared with all pharmacy programs; and to compare racial and ethnic pharmacy faculty data to trends in medical and dental schools, and all higher education.Methods. Information was obtained from national databases and published reports; data was comparatively evaluated.Results. Compared to the general population, Asians are overrepresented in pharmacy, while all other minority groups are underrepresented. The HBCUs, newer schools, and religious-affiliated institutions have greater numbers of African American/Black faculty. Newer schools also have better representation of Hispanic faculty. Pharmacy has been more suc...
Synthesis, characterization and solid state molecular structures of five- and six-coordinate primary amide manganese porphyrin complexes

Abstract We report the synthesis and characterization of a number of primary amide manganese porphyrins from the reactions of the cationic [(por)Mn(THF)2]ClO4 (por = tetraphenylporphyrin dianion (TPP), tetra(p-chlorophenyl) porphyrin dianion (T(p-Cl)PP) and [(OEP)Mn]ClO4 (OEP = octaethylporphyrin dianion) precursors with excess acrylamide or acetamide. Two six-coordinate [(por)Mn(O C(NH2)CH CH2)2]ClO4 (por = TPP (1) T(p-Cl)PP (2)) complexes and one five-coordinate [(OEP)Mn(O C(NH2)CH3)]ClO4 (4) complex have been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. A sole O binding mode of the primary amide ligands in these complexes has been determined. The redox behavior of the [(por)Mn(O C(NH2)CH CH2)2]ClO4 complexes has been studied by cyclic voltammetry, showing well-defined reversible reduction couples for both complexes.
Flexible initialization of immutable objects

Immutability is a valuable feature for programmers in object-oriented languages: making objects immutable often simplifies reasoning about the correctness of code, particularly when concurrency is present. Java allows programmers to express and enforce immutability by declaring all fields of an object "final", but this comes at the cost of decreased expressiveness and intuitiveness of initialization. In this work, we propose a minimalistic type-based mechanism that both enforces immutability and relaxes these constraints on initialization. Furthermore, we propose and formalize two different type systems based on this mechanism that form a meaningful trade-off with respect to complexity, expressiveness, and strength of static guarantees. System One is simple, more expressive, and provides object-level immutability; System Two has more complicated annotation, is less expressive, and ensures that immutable objects are fully initialized in addition to enforcing immutability.
Ready, Aim, Fire! Violent Video Game Play and Gun Controller Use: Effects on Behavioral Aggression and Social Norms Concerning Violence

In addition to individual risk factors, recent findings surrounding the effects of violent video game play have provided compelling evidence that the contextual features of games also contribute to...
Turning Charon around on the Styx

Sestrins drive immune senescence, and their inhibition may restore immunity in the elderly and improve vaccine responses.
Posterolateral thoracic decompression with anterior column cage reconstruction versus decompression alone for spinal metastases with cord compression: analysis of perioperative complications and outcomes

Background: The optimal surgical strategy for patients with spinal metastases remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if performing an anterior column reconstruction to a posterolateral approach adds to perioperative complications. Methods: A retrospective review of all adult patients with spinal metastases who had a posterolateral approach for resection between January 2000 and December 2008. Perioperative complications and functional outcomes were determined. Results: A total of 23 patients met the study criteria. Eleven patients underwent a costotransversectomy (CT) approach with anterior column reconstruction while 12 patients had a transpedicular (TP) approach without anterior column reconstruction. The mean age was 55.9 and 59.3 years in the CT and TP groups, respectively. There was no intraoperative death in either group. One death attributed to sepsis occurred in the TP group. A total of 5 (45.5%) complications occurred in the CT group and 7 (58.3%) in the TP group (P=0.68). An improvement in American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale grades was observed in 3 (27.3%) patients in the CT group and 1 (8.3%) in TP group. ASIA grades remained the same in 8 (72.7%) patients in CT and 10 (83.3%) patients in TP groups. No patient worsened in the CT group whereas 1 (8.3%) patient in TP group worsened. The median survival was 12.2 months in the CT group and 19.0 months in the TP group (P=0.37). Conclusions: The addition of anterior column reconstruction does not appear to be associated with more operative or perioperative complications when compared to decompression alone. Anterior column reconstruction should not be aborted in fear of increasing perioperative complications.
Passenger use of and attitudes toward rear seat belts.

Abstract Objectives: This study sought to identify attitudes toward belt use in the rear seat and to gain insight into the experiences of rear-seat passengers. Method: A telephone survey conducted between June and August 2016 targeted adult passengers who had recently ridden in the rear and who did not always wear their seat belt when doing so. Respondents were questioned regarding their reasons for not buckling up and possible conditions under which they would be more likely to buckle up during rear-seat travel. Results: Of 1163 recent rear-seat passengers, 72% reported always using their seat belt in the rear. Full-time belt use was lower among passengers who primarily travel in the rear of hired vehicles compared with personal vehicles. The most common explanation for not buckling up was that the back seat is safer than the front. Four out of five agreed they do not buckle up because of type of trip; two-thirds forget or do not see the need; and two-thirds agreed with reasons related to design, comfort, or usability issues. Nearly 40% agreed that they sometimes do not buckle up in the rear because there is no law requiring it. Conclusion: Many reasons for not using belts in the rear are similar to reasons in the front, such as forgetfulness, inconvenience, or discomfort. One difference is that many rear-seat passengers perceive using the belt is unnecessary because the back seat is safer than the front. More than half of part-time belt users and nonusers reported interventions such as rear seat belt reminders, stronger belt-use laws, and more comfortable belts would make them more likely to use their seat belt in the rear seat. Practical applications: This study identifies barriers to rear seat belt use that point to the need for a multi-faceted approach to increase belt use.
And Now, Please Sign on the Dotted Line: Teaching Residents About Professional Life After Residency.

OBJECTIVES Despite possible long-term repercussions, few training programs teach their residents about the business of medicine. In particular, certain contractual issues can adversely affect a young physician's career mobility. METHODS We designed a business-of-medicine curriculum and used a survey to determine whether the curriculum satisfied attendees' perceived knowledge gaps about the topics covered in the course, which included four key contractual matters: physician employment contracts (including restrictive covenants), malpractice insurance, job search, and interviewing skills. We used a postsurvey in 2015 and added a presurvey for the course in 2016. The same content was delivered in a 1-hour conference to internal medicine residents attending a regular noon conference series in 2015 and a regional academic meeting in 2016. Survey data are presented in terms of descriptive statistics. We used χ2 tests for comparisons of pre- and post-Likert scale survey data. RESULTS Of 108 residents, 50 returned the surveys for an overall response rate of 46% across the 2 years of the course. Overwhelmingly, residents found the conference to be beneficial to the understanding of the four key contractual matters, with each topic having a statistically significant difference in perceived knowledge between the pre- and postconference questionnaires (P < 0.001). The majority of the residents indicated that they wanted to learn more about business-of-medicine topics, in particular financial challenges (76%) and job opportunities (68%). CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that our curriculum is effective in increasing the residents' perceived understanding of restrictive covenants, malpractice insurance, negotiating skills, and job search. Our results also demonstrate that residents have a desire to learn more about job searches; negotiating skills; and contractual issues, including restrictive covenants and malpractice insurance.
Adenocarcinoma of the Gastroesophageal Junction: Preoperative Cisplatin and Concomitant Continuous Infusion 5-Fluorouracil and Radiation Therapy

The results of multimodal approaches to esophageal carcinoma suggest an improved patient outcome as compared with historical patients (Poplin et al. 1987). Adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) are often included in multimodal reports. However, the different tumor histology, site of disease, and patient outcome suggest that these tumors should be considered separately (Fein et al. 1985; Mahoney and Condon 1987; Turnbull and Goodner 1969). We initiated a multimodal protocol for the treatment of adenocarcinomas involving the GEJ using a debulking course of cisplatin (CDDP) and 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy prior of two courses of concomitant chemotherapy with radiotherapy. The rationale for debulking chemotherapy included: a means to evaluate response to the chemotherapy alone, an attempt to reduce tumor burden and thus allow for improved oral intake and nutrition prior to beginning radiotherapy, and an attempt to reduce the tumor mass and improve tumor oxygenation prior to initiating radiotherapy.
Setting New Research Agendas: A Social Scientist’s View

While we are primarily speaking to the social science community in this book, we hope it will be read by physical scientists concerned with climate issues as well. Interaction between the two communities is needed on both sides. For the social sciences, this is an era of emergence from “inside” the social system — from that previously self-enclosed social world which treated natural phenomena as inputs to be taken as given. Social scientists have had a lot to deal with lately. Social systems are not what they used to be now that international political debates on the Global Problematique throw such concepts around as the international economic order, the international information order, and the international cultural order. When the international environmental order is added as well, such intrusive concepts as society-nature interactive systems begin disturbing the social science peace of mind. In earlier days economists handled nature by simply tracking resource flows through the social system. Then resources and environments turned interactive with the societies to which they had been inputs, and geography began to take center stage as the discipline ready to handle interactive analysis, having the tools of both the physical and the social sciences within its own discipline. In the climate-society project which gave rise to this book, geographers have played a key role in bridging the gap between physical and social concepts and giving operational meaning to an interactive nature-society feedback system. Understanding the nature-society interface has become an important new agenda item for the social sciences.
Association of Sickle Cell Disease, Priapism, Exchange Transfusion and Neurological Events: Aspen Syndrome

AbstractPriapism and acute neurological events are believed to be unrelated complications of sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. We describe a syndrome based on our experience and a review of the literature of significant neurological events after partial exchange transfusion to treat priapism in sicklemic patients. Severe headache is often the initiating symptom of this complex. The ensuing neurological events range from seizure activity to obtundation requiring ventilatory support. The proposed pathophysiology of these neurological events is related to cerebral ischemia after an acute increase in per cent total hemoglobin, concomitant decrease in per cent hemoglobin S and subsequent release of vasoactive substances during penile detumescence. We have termed this constellation of events the ASPEN syndrome, an eponym for association of sickle cell disease, priapism, exchange transfusion and neurological events. Early recognition and aggressive medical management resulted in complete reversal of neurological seq...
Ignition and flame stabilization of a premixed reacting jet in vitiated crossflow

Abstract Ignition and flame liftoff height characteristics of a premixed ethylene-air jet injected into a crossflow of hot combustion products are studied experimentally. The windward edge of the flame is found to be lifted from the nozzle exit while the leeward side is almost always located near the nozzle exit. The windward flame liftoff height is characterized as a function of jet-to-crossflow momentum ratio, jet equivalence ratio and jet mixture temperature. It is found that the windward flame liftoff height is best correlated with respect to a Damkohler number defined based on the chemical autoignition time scale for the most reactive mixture fraction. In order to analyze the mixing between the non-reacting part of the jet and the crossflow, planar laser Rayleigh light scattering measurements were conducted to image the temperature field in that region. Mixing between the jet and the crossflow was determined from the Rayleigh data to characterize the mixing characteristics between the jet and the crossflow upstream of the lifted flame location. Scalar dissipation was computed from the Rayleigh data and the time scales associated with scalar dissipation were determined. Experimental results suggest that the flame stabilization is governed by the autoignition characteristics of the jet mixture for the conditions studied in this paper.
Continuous overexpression of thioredoxin 1 enhances cancer development and does not extend maximum lifespan in male C57BL/6 mice.

We examined the effects of continuous overexpression of thioredoxin (Trx) 1 on aging in Trx1 transgenic mice [Tg(TXN)+/0]. This study was conducted to test whether increased thioredoxin expression ...
Flexible coloring

Motivated by reliability considerations in data deduplication for storage systems, we introduce the problem of flexible coloring. Given a hypergraph H and the number of allowable colors k, a flexible coloring of H is an assignment of one or more colors to each vertex such that, for each hyperedge, it is possible to choose a color from each [email protected]?s color list so that this hyperedge is strongly colored (i.e., each vertex has a different color). Different colors for the same vertex can be chosen for different incident hyperedges (hence the term flexible). The goal is to minimize color consumption, namely, the total number of colors assigned, counting multiplicities. Flexible coloring is NP-hard and trivially s-(s-1)kn approximable, where s is the size of the largest hyperedge, and n is the number of vertices. Using a recent result by Bansal and Khot, we show that if k is constant, then it is UGC-hard to approximate to within a factor of [email protected], for arbitrarily small constant @e>0. Lastly, we present an algorithm with an s-(s-1)kk^' approximation ratio, where k^' is number of colors used by a strong coloring algorithm for H.