cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships with Severely Disabled People: The Social Construction of Humanness

This paper presents the perspective of nondisabled people who do not stigmatize, stereotype, and reject those with obvious disabilities. We look at how nondisabled people who are in caring and accepting relationships with severely disabled others define them. Although the disabled people in these relationships sometimes drool, soil themselves, and do not talk or walk—traits that most would consider highly undesirable—they are accepted by the nondisabled people as valued and loved human beings. We look at four dimensions of the nondisabled people's perspective that helps maintain the humanness of the other in their minds: (1) attributing thinking to the other, (2) seeing individuality in the other, (3) viewing the other as reciprocating, and (4) defining social place for the other. The paper illustrates a less deterministic approach to the study of deviance, suggests that people with what are conventionally thought of as extremely negatively valued characteristics can have moral careers that lead to inclusion rather than exclusion, and argues that the study of acceptance needs to be added to the more common focus on rejection.
Weekly alternating therapy with irinotecan plus cisplatin and etoposide plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with extensive small cell lung carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Irinotecan has significant activity in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). The authors' previous phase 1 study of alternating weekly therapy with irinotecan/cisplatin (IP), etoposide/cisplatin (EP), and granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support was well tolerated and active in patients with SCLC. A phase 2 trial was conducted to estimate the efficacy of this regimen in previously untreated patients with extensive SCLC. METHODS: A total of 33 patients were treated between June 2002 and July 2007. Patients received 12 weeks of therapy with cisplatin (20 mg/m2) on Day 1 and irinotecan (100 mg/m2) on Day 1 and G-CSF on Days 2 to 5 (Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) followed by cisplatin (20 mg/m2) on Day 1 and etoposide (60 mg/m2) on Days 1 to 3 with G-CSF on Days 4 to 7 (Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12). The primary endpoint was 1-year survival rate. RESULTS: Grade 4 neutropenia (toxicities were determined using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2.0]) was noted in 5 (1.5%) of 343 courses with neutropenic fever in only 5 (1%) of 343 courses. One patient died of neutropenic sepsis. Nonhematologic toxicities grade ≥2 were observed in 15 (4%) of 343 courses and were limited to fatigue, hyponatremia, and diarrhea. The overall objective response rate was 89% in 28 assessable patients (no complete responses and 25 partial responses). The median progression-free and overall survivals were 6.0 months and 10.9 months, respectively. The 1-year survival rate was 33%. CONCLUSIONS: Weekly therapy with IP alternating with EP and G-CSF support was well tolerated in patients with extensive SCLC, but did not demonstrate improved progression-free or overall survival when compared with historical controls at the study institution. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Chlorine dioxide as a treatment for ballast water to control invasive species: shipboard testing.

Abstract The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) in eliminating organisms present in estuarine ballast water of a containership was determined under actual operating conditions by comparing the survival of planktonic communities present in waters of treated and control ballast tanks. Sampling was via ballast-tank hatches. The treatment (5 mg L −1 ClO 2 without pre-filtration) delivered by a prototype ClO 2 -generating system was generally effective against planktonic assemblages, although bacterial communities rebounded after a few days. Regardless of temperature, ClO 2 was very effective against phytoplankton; the effect was immediate, without resurgence. Some zooplankters in the ⩾50-μm fraction may survive the biocide, especially those able to find refuge within a protective coating (e.g., cysts, resting eggs, and shells) or in sediment. In order to boost efficacy, a pre-filtration step is recommended (now installed as standard equipment) to lower the intake of the ⩾50-μm fraction and lessen the challenge posed by this size class.
‘My Euell Hande’: The Shapes of Women’s Letters in Early Modern England

This essay considers a recent shift in scholarship on early modern women writers, away from studying what these women wrote to investigate how and where women’s writings occurred. A critical focus on letters inscribed on whitewashed walls and funeral monuments, jewels and embroidered cloths, for instance, has supplied us with useful information about women’s schooling and teachers, their gift-giving and household responsibilities, and scholars have demonstrated how poems and prayers also belong to this women’s circulation of material things. Indeed, early modern women were not always seeking to transform their letters into literature, and this essay also briefly suggests other ways of reading the shapes and designs of women’s letters. What Mercie Collyn describes as her ‘small raggid secretary hand’ is designed to throw off unauthorized readers, so that what looks like illiteracy, in other words, might just be another – and equally valuable – form of writing. Continued discussion of female literacy and female schooling in the early modern period should attend more closely to the many marks on cloths and walls – even the flourishes on Elizabeth Tudor’s signature or alphabets adorning embroidered samplers – as evidence of an alternative use of letters by women in the early modern period.
Transverse moisture sensitivity of aramid/epoxy composites

Transverse tensile properties of Kevlar 49 aramid/Fiberite 934 epoxy composites have been measured as a function of moisture content. Moisture effects are substantial: losses of 14% in stiffness, 35% in strength and 27% in elongation were observed at 25‡ C. These losses were caused by the expected degradation mechanisms of matrix plasticization and interface weakening and also by an unexpected mechanism which altered the filaments at higher moisture contents. The filaments appear to become more radially compliant with the introduction of moisture and tend to crack internally. This behaviour may be caused by the moisture interrupting what hydrogen bonding is initially present in the filament defect structure.
Persistence of complementary afterimages as a function of adult age and exposure duration.

Abstract The persistence of complementary afterimages was studied in 36 young (X age 18.8 years) and old (X age 62.1 years) male and female subjects. Afterimage persistence was found to be a direct function of exposure duration and to be greater for the older subjects as compared with the younger ones. The interactions between age and duration and between presentation order and duration wae also significant. The data extend support for the “stimulus persistence” model to age differences in retinal function.
Recovery from short-term adaptation in single neurons in the cochlear nucleus

Recovery from short-term adaptation was measured in single neurons in the cochlear nucleus using a forward masking stimulus paradigm. The response to a short-duration, low-level probe tone at a unit's characteristic frequency (CF) was measured before and after presentation of a masker tone at the unit's CF. The degree of adaptation was defined as the ratio of firing to the probe in the adapted and unadapted conditions. The level of the masker and time difference between the masker offset and probe onset ('DT') were varied. As DT increased, the response to the probe increased in most Primarylike, Primarylike-notch, and Chopper units. Recovery was approximately linear in log time for most of these units. However, approximately half the Pauser/Buildup and On units showed very different recovery patterns, ranging from no adaptation to very non-linear recovery patterns. The results suggest that little alteration in the recovery process occurs between the auditory nerve and Primarylike, Primarylike-notch, and Chopper units, but that significant changes in the recovery process occur in Pauser-Buildup and On units.
The value of fluorescence microscopy in studying abnormalities of G group chromosomes

Caspersson et al demonstrated that chromosomes stained with quinacrine mustard and examined under ultraviolet light had distinctive patterns of fluroescence. This technique has been used to study the G group chromosomes from 25 individuals. The pattern of fluorescence of the G group chromosomes from 10 normal individuals was determined. The very bright fluoresence on the distal end of long arm of the Y chromosome, as described by others, was apparent. The 4 autosomes could be separated into 2 distinct pairs. One pair had a broad band of fluorescence encompassing of the proximal long arm. The second pair had a small area of increased fluorescence in the region of the centromere and short arm. The trisomic chromosome in 9 patients with Down's syndrome was the one with a broad band of fluorescence on the proximal of the long arm. Chromosome #21 is smaller than chromosome #22. In a family with a G group marker, the fluorescence technique made identification of the marker chromosome, as #21, possible. Chromosomes from 2 phenotypic males with XX sex chromosomes were examined. the brightly fluorescent region of the long arm of a Y chromosome was not found translocated on any part of the genome. These data plus morphologic considerations indicate that if any Y material were present, it could only be short arm DNA. This is further evidence for male determinants being located on the short arm of the Y chromosome. Quinacrine mustard staining and UV microscopy is a new technique that enables us to identify specific chromosomes and regions within chromosomes.
Using mechatronics in early design

This paper presents the results of integrating mechatronics into a large second year design course. Issues related to course objectives, implementation, costs and results from a curriculum perspective are presented. The systems developed for this course are the result of three years of system design and modification. The results of this paper demonstrate that for realistic costs and efforts, mechatronics can be integrated into a sophomore level design class that services approximately 300 students per year. Furthermore, results from the senior level capstone design course indicate that the use of mechatronics permeates throughout the students' career.
Sources of bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) typing reagents

Sera from about 1000 cows were tested for cytotoxicity against a panel of up to 100 lymphocyte samples. Cytotoxic antibodies presumably resulting from transplacental immunization of the cow by her calf were found in about 45% of these sera. The antibody titers of sera from parous cows rarely exceed 4(2), some persisted for over one year, but decreased notably at calving. Thirty-five immune sera were also produced by alloimmunization with lymphocytes. They usually reached peak titers of up to 4(4) at 2 or 3 weeks after the initial immunization. Subsequent immunizations produced sera with very high titers but they were much more polyspecific. High-titered antibodies were also produced by skin graft recipients. Useful cytotoxic antibodies were found in 19 of 111 colostrum whey samples. Studies on 13 dam-calf pairs showed that the newborn calf may acquire cytotoxic antibodies from its mother's colostrum, but the only cytotoxic antibodies detectable in this calf's serum are those not directed against its own lymphocyte antigens. It is concluded that efficient lymphocyte typing requires antibodies from a variety of sources.
Merlin: the wizard requires protein stability to function as a tumor suppressor.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), characterized by tumors of the nervous system, is a result of functional loss of the NF2 gene. The NF2 gene encodes Merlin (moesin–ezrin–radixin-like protein), an ERM (Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin) protein family member. Merlin functions as a tumor suppressor through impacting mechanisms related to proliferation, apoptosis, survival, motility, adhesion, and invasion. Several studies have summarized the tumor intrinsic mutations in Merlin. Given the fact that tumor cells are not in isolation, but rather in an intricate, mutually sustaining synergy with their surrounding stroma, the dialog between the tumor cells and the stroma can potentially impact the molecular homeostasis and promote evolution of the malignant phenotype. This review summarizes the epigenetic modifications, transcript stability, and post-translational modifications that impact Merlin. We have reviewed the role of extrinsic factors originating from the tumor milieu that influence the availability of Merlin inside the cell. Information regarding Merlin regulation could lead to novel therapeutics by stabilizing Merlin protein in tumors that have reduced Merlin protein expression without displaying any NF2 genetic alterations.
Molecular phylogeny of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus sinuosum and Sclerocystis coremioides.

We report the first molecular analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi previously classified in the genus Sclerocystis. Fungi in Sclerocystis sensu lato were distinguished by formation of complex sporo- carps. Most species were transferred to Glomus, but both their taxonomic and phylogenetic relations re- main the subject of controversy. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S ribosomal subunit of G. sinuosum (= S. sinuosa) and S. coremioides shows that both species are each other's closest relatives and fall within a mono- phyletic clade comprising the well-characterized spe- cies, G. mosseae, G. intraradices and G. vesiculiferum, to the exclusion of several other Glomus species. This placement indicates that formation of complex spo- rocarps is an advanced character of some Glomus spe- cies, but the sporocarpic trait is not sufficiently unique to group these species into a separate genus
On the crack face boundary conditions in electromechanical fracture and an experimental protocol for determining energy release rates

The fracture mechanics of electromechanical materials has been investigated for well over a decade, yet there still exists controversy over the appropriate crack face boundary conditions for non-conducting cracks. In this paper an experimental protocol for measuring the energy release rate in a non-linear reversible electromechanical body is proposed and summarized. The potential results from the proposed experimental approach are capable of shedding light on the true physical nature of the conditions prevailing at the crack surface and in the space within the crack. The experimental procedure is simulated numerically for a linear piezoelectric specimen in a four point bending configuration subjected to electrical loading perpendicular to the crack. The focus of these investigations is on a comparison between the commonly used exact crack face boundary condition and the recently proposed energetically consistent boundary conditions. To perform the numerical calculation with a wide range of electrical and mechanical loadings, two efficient finite element formulations are presented for the general analysis of crack problems with non-linear crack face boundary conditions. Methods for the numerical determination of the crack tip energy release rate and the simulation of the experimental method for obtaining the total energy release rate are developed. Numerical results for the crack tip and total energy release rate are given for both the exact and energetically consistent boundary conditions. It is shown that the crack tip energy release rate calculated under energetically consistent boundary conditions is equal to the total energy release rate generated from the simulated experimental method. When the exact boundary conditions are used, there is no such agreement.
Cotton Boll Weevil and Thurberia Bollworm Problem in Arizona

The cotton growing valleys of southern Arizona, particularly those about Tucson are of great interest to southwestern entomologists because of the presence in the near-by mountain ranges of certain potential cotton pests which occur on a native plant, the so-called wild cotton, Thurberia thespesioides . These insects are a native variety of the boll weevil, Phytonomus grandis thurberiae Pierce, and a noctuid moth, Thurberiphaga diffusa Barnes, the larva of which is a bollworm. The native weevil is shown to have habits distinct from the Mexican boll weevil. Both it and the bollworm are well adapted in their life histories to the normal late fruiting habit of the wild cotton. It is believed that either or both might, if proper opportunity were afforded become pests of domestic cotton. A problem is created by the fact that in the district cultivated about Tucson the wild cotton, harboring both insects, grows quite close to areas on which domestic cotton may be grown. Incipient infestations of the weevil, but thus far none of bollworm, have already occurred in the past few years but have been stamped out. At present there is a controversy to be settled by the courts between the Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticulture and the cotton growers of this district regarding the maintenance of a non-cotton area near the natural habitat of Thurberia.
Perioperative Pain Management

The under-treatment of postoperative pain has been recognised to delay patient recovery and discharge from hospital. Despite recognition of the importance of effective pain control, up to 70% of patients still complain of moderate to severe pain postoperatively. The mechanistic approach to pain management, based on current understanding of the peripheral and central mechanisms involved in nociceptive transmission, provides newer options for clinicians to manage pain effectively. In this article we review the rationale for a multimodal approach with combinations of analgesics from different classes and different sites of analgesic administration. The pharmacological options of commonly used analgesics, such as opioids, NSAIDs, paracetamol, tramadol and other non-opioid analgesics, and their combinations is discussed. These analgesics have been shown to provide effective pain relief and their combinations demonstrate a reduction in opioid consumption. The basis for using non-opioid analgesic adjuvants is to reduce opioid consumption and consequently alleviate opioid-related adverse effects. We review the evidence on the opioid-sparing effect of ketamine, clonidine, gabapentin and other novel analgesics in perioperative pain management. Most available data support the addition of these adjuvants to routine analgesic techniques to reduce the need for opioids and improve quality of analgesia by their synergistic effect. Local anaesthetic infiltration, epidural and other regional techniques are also used successfully to enhance perioperative analgesia after a variety of surgical procedures. The use of continuous perineural techniques that offer prolonged analgesia with local anaesthetic infusion has been extended to the care of patients beyond hospital discharge. The use of nonpharmacological options such as acupuncture, relaxation, music therapy, hypnosis and transcutaneous nerve stimulation as adjuvants to conventional analgesia should be considered and incorporated to achieve an effective and successful perioperative pain management regimen.
DESTRUCTION OF THE DEPRESSOR ACTION OF ADRENALIN BY ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION

As a result of the work of Hoskins and McClure (1) Cannon and Lyman (2), Hartman (3), Moore and Purinton (4), it is now recognized that small amounts of adrenalin produce a fall in blood pressure, an effect directly opposite to that of large amounts as observed by Oliver and Schaafer (5) and Szymouowicz (6). This investigation was begun to determine what effect if any ultraviolet radiation would have on the depressor action of adrenalin and the following is a description of the method of precedure in carrying out the experiments. A 1:750,000 solution of a commercial preparation of adrenalin chloride (Parke, Davis & Co.) was exposed at a distance of 15 cm. to the radiation from a Cooper-Hewitt quartz-mercury burner operating at approximately 140 volts, 3.3 amperes, for various lengths of time. The vessel containing the adrenalin was immersed in running water during the irradiation to prevent heating and evaporation. Dogs anesthetized with ether were used in this work. Two tenths of a cubic centimeter of ad...
Gaining and maintaining confidence in operating systems security

Recently, there has been a lot of work in the verification of security properties in programs. Engler et al. use static analysis to find flaws in the implementation of Linux device drivers, such as the failure to release locks [4]. Edwards et al. use static and dynamic analysis to verify that the authorization hooks of the Linux Security Modules (LSM) framework are placed such that all the necessary authorizations are performed [2, 12]. In addition, Shankar et al. and Larochelle et al. show how to use static analysis tools to find program vulnerabilities, such as buffer overflows and printf vulnerabilities [7, 10, 11]. Lastly, Necula et al. show that we use detect and leverage the cases in which C is used in a type-safe manner in order to detect memory errors [9]. Runtime verification can be used to detect errors in other cases.
Pulmonary blastoma: a rare lung malignancy

We describe a case of pulmonary blastoma, a rare lung malignancy which affects a younger population. Despite its usually indolent presentation, it is an aggressive malignancy with a prognosis similar to that for bronchogenic carcinoma.
Target selection, attention, and the superior colliculus

Consistent with the target article, recent evidence indicates that the superior colliculus (SC) is somehow involved in target selection. However, it is not yet known whether this function is inherent to the SC or inherited from its inputs, how the selection process occurs for different movements, or how target selection by the SC is related to covert selection (i.e., attention).
Models for estimating organic emissions from building materials: Formaldehyde example

Abstract One important source of chronic exposure to low levels of organic compounds in the indoor environment is emissions from building materials. Because removal of offending products may be costly or otherwise impractical, it is important that the emissions of organic pollutants be understood prior to incorporation of these materials into buildings. Once the organic pollutants of concern are identified, based on potential health effects and emission potential from the building material, it is necessary that an emission model be developed to predict the behavior of emission rates under various indoor conditions. Examples of the type of requirements that must be addressed in developing models for estimating organic emissions from building materials into the indoor environment are presented. Important factors include the products' characteristic source strengths at standard test conditions, impact of variations in environmental conditions (such as temperature and humidity), concentrations of the modeled organic pollutants in indoor environments and product ages. Ideally, emission models should have physical/chemical bases so that the important physical factors can be identified and their relative importance quantified. Although a universal model describing organic emissions from all building materials may not be feasible due to the tremendous variety of organic products and building materials in use, the most studied of the volatile organic compounds from building materials, formaldehyde, is used to illustrate an approach to the development of a specific model for organic emissions.
Collegiality in interdisciplinary health teams: Its measurement and its effects

Abstract Interaction during four to seven meetings of four interdisciplinary health care teams was videotaped and coded for amount of interaction initiated and received by doctor, nurses, and nutritionists in each team. Process categories such as “asks opinion,” “gives information,” and “gives order,” were also coded for each participant in each meeting. A model of collegial interaction was developed, and the teams were compared with the model. Outcome data, consisting of measures of social, physical, physiological, and emotional functions were combined into an index of changes in health status. This index was available for the patients under the care of each team. Teams were rank ordered according to the success of their patient outcome six months and one year after the team care was initiated. Results indicate that: (1) All of the teams differed from the collegial model; (2) there were differences among the teams in the extent to which they reflected the collegial model; these differences were present both for participation and for pattern data; (3) the rank order of the teams on a combined (participation plus pattern) collegiality score matched exactly the rank order of the teams on success of patient outcomes.
Remote sensing of the turbulence characteristics of a planetary atmosphere by radio occultation of a space probe.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of small-scale turbulence on radio waves propagating through a planetary atmosphere. The analysis provides a technique for inferring the turbulence characteristics of a planetary atmosphere from the radio signals received from a spacecraft as it is occulted by the planet. The planetary turbulence is assumed to be localized and smoothly varying, with the structure constant varying exponentially with altitude. Rytov's method is used to derive the variance of log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of a wave propagating through the atmosphere.
Brief Report: Altered Social Behavior in Isolation-Reared Fmr1 Knockout Mice

Social behavior abnormalities in Fragile X syndrome (FXS) are characterized by social withdrawal, anxiety, and deficits in social cognition. To assess these deficits, a model of FXS, the Fmr1 knockout mouse (Fmr1 KO), has been utilized. This mouse model has a null mutation in the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (Fmr1) and displays physical and behavioral characteristics similar to humans with FXS. Several studies have investigated the social behavior of this model, but the results on the behavioral phenotype have not been consistent. In order to further characterize the social behavior in the knockout, isolation-reared Fmr1 KO were evaluated to determine if they differ in their social behavior compared to wild-type littermate controls. Differences by genotype were not observed in social approach behavior; however, the knockout mice showed a significantly reduced preference for social novelty and decreased sniff time in the sociability phase. These findings add to the growing body of knowledge on the subtle differences in social behavior shown by the Fmr1 knockout mice, and that differences occur when the subjects are isolation-reared. Validity of the model and possible changes to methodology are discussed.
The occurrence of an internal cuticle in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf stomates

Abstract The significance of stomatal regulation of water loss and the role of the leaf surface cuticle in plant-water relations are well recognized. However, less is known concerning the extension of the surface cuticle into the leaf interior and its involvement in the modification of water movement within the leaf. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs of abaxial cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf stomates revealed the presence of a differentially stained material lining the surface of the guard cells. This material was quite distinct from the matrix of the guard cell walls and was similar in appearance to the leaf surface cuticle. The internal cuticle was continuous from the outer stomatal ledge to the epidermal cells bordering the substomatal this internal cuticle extended onto the mesophyll cells directly adjacent to the epidermal layer. The thickness of the internal cuticular layer averaged 0.16 μm, or approximately 75% the thickness of the leaf surface cuticle. Although the exact properties of the internal cuticle are not known, this cuticle might represent a significant barrier to evaporative water loss from cotton guard cells and may be associated with the relative insensitivity of cotton stomates to leaf water deficits.
Adaptive PID Switched Reluctance Motor Controller Based on Fuzzy Logic

The paper develops a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for the switched reluctance motor (SRM).The SRM is nonlinearity, time lag, inertia, uncertainty and so on .So the SRM is not use the general feedback theory or the conventional PID controller . So that , fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is a good way . The advantage of this method is that the proposed FLC has the characteristics of robustness. Fuzzy-PID control has better adaptability and stability, less overshoot, faster response and higher precision than PID-control and general feedback theory. Fuzzy-PID is adopted to control for switched reluctance motor to obtain a high performance.
Music as Persuasion: Refuting Hegemonic Masculinity in “He Thinks He'll Keep Her”

This essay examines the rhetorical strategies Mary Chapin Carpenter employs in her attempt to persuade listeners to reject hegemonic masculinity through song. “He Thinks He'll Keep Her” is used as a case study because it marks a turning point for female popular music artists and the messages they may espouse through their music. Three general implications arise from this analysis. First, music can function effectively as an authentic voice for women as a marginalized group. Second, music can be an effective means by which to persuade nonmembers to accept an argument as legitimate by (a) simultaneously offering incongruent discursive and nondiscursive messages, thereby generating meaning through irony, (b) cushioning an oppositional discursive message in incongruent discursive musical form, making the argument more palatable, and (c) repeatedly using an ambiguous discursive message in the chorus, allowing meaning to evolve gradually over the course of the song. Third, the illusion of life rhetorical perspe...
HIV-related sexual risk assessment among Asian / Pacific Islander American women: an inductive model.

Current HIV/AIDS rates among Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) women in the United States are disproportionately low (CDC, 1998). However, there is evidence to suggest that risk for HIV is present, based upon studies on risk behaviors and markers for risk as well as demographic factors that may facilitate transmission among this population. Because a particular threat to A/PI women is heterosexual transmission, which accounts for nearly half of all cases (CDC, 1998), prevention efforts should focus on risk within sexual contexts and how such risk is assessed and acted upon. Using a qualitative methodology, the present study investigated how A/PI American women assess their HIV-related risk in sexual interactions. Based on extensive interview data, an inductive model of risk assessment was generated consisting of cultural and sexual risk schemata. Findings suggest the influence of cultural schemata on sexual risk schemata, which in turn influence whether condoms or HIV tests are requested. Specifically, the cultural values of reticence regarding sex, the accommodation of others and a traditional romantic ideal inhibit open discussion with partners about HIV as well as requests for safer sex behaviors. Instead, A/PI women tend to engage in non-explicit, inferential assessments of partners' risk, which may contribute to an illusory sense of control and safety. Consistent with previous studies on other groups of women, these findings further extend and elucidate theory and prevention strategies for this population.
Petrov-Galerkin formulations of the Timoshenko beam problem

Abstract Petrov-Galerkin formulations of the Timoshenko beam problem are presented. They are shown to provide the best approximation property, optimal rate of convergence, and nodally exact solution for arbitrary loading, for all values of the thickness of the beam.
Grain boundary segregation of boron and sulfur and its effect on ductility in rapidly solidified Ni-base L12 compounds

Abstract This paper reports a study of boron segregation in Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Si, Ni 3 Ge, and Ni 3 Ga. Sulfur segregation in Ni 3 Al is also considered. The results show that boron segregates in Ni 3 Al and that the amount of segregation tends to increase as the bulk concentration of boron in the alloy increases. However, because the samples had not reached equilibrium during the heat treatment, there was some scatter in this correlation. Boron also segregated in Ni 3 Si and Ni 3 Ge, but there appeared to be no dependence of the amount of segregation on the bulk concentration. This result is not surprising because in these alloys the boron concentration was above the solubility limit. Boron segregation also occurred in Ni 3 Ga and it appeared to increase with increasing bulk concentration. However, only a small amount of data was obtained for this system. Sulfur segregated in Ni 3 Al and its concentration on the grain boundaries increased with increasing bulk concentration. It did not appear to compete with boron for grain boundary sites. Aluminum also segregated in Ni 3 Al, but there was a large amount of scatter in the data. The plastic strain to failure measured for the samples of Ni 3 Al did not correlate with the amount of boron segregation. In particular, we could not explain the fact that boron additions enhance grain boundary cohesion more effectively in Ni-rich alloys by an increase in boron segregation in these alloys. Stoichiometric alloys and Ni-poor alloys that were very brittle had boron segregation in equivalent amounts to that found in ductile Ni-rich alloys.
The effect of a new vitamin D analog, 22-oxa-1α, 25(OH)2D3, on bone mineral metabolism in normal male rats

Thein vivo effects of 22-oxa-1α, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (OCT), on bone mineral metabolism were investigated in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were administered either vehicle (control), low-dose OCT (25 ng/100 g body weight), or high-dose OCT (250 ng/100 g body wt). High-dose OCT increased serum ionized calcium (P<0.05) and decreased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) (P<0.05) at all time points and increased serum bone Gla protein on days 7 and 28 (P<0.05) compared with controls. Lowdose OCT decreased serum PTH at all the time points (P<0.05) compared with controls. Tibial bone histomorphometry showed no significant differences between the two doses of OCT and controls. We found that OCT has minimal direct effects on bone metabolism in normal male rats in contrast to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. This property may be advantageous in the treatment with OCT of cell-proliferative diseases.
Very low‐pressure pyrolysis: VI. The decomposition of ethyl acetate

The pyrolysis of ethyl acetate has been studied by the very low-pressure pyrolysis (VLPP) technique. The results obtained agree well with the previously determined high-pressure Arrhenius parameters where log k∞ = 12.6 − 48.0/θ. The rate constants given by these parameters have also been shown to be consistent with the predictions of the RRK and RRKM theories and demonstrate the applicability of the technique to the study of thermal decompositions.
Naltrexone in Autistic Children: Behavioral Symptoms and Attentional Learning

Abstract Objective To assess critically the short-term efficacy and safety of naltrexone in autistic children and its effects on discrimination learning in the laboratory. Method A parallel group design was employed. After a 2-week placebo baseline period, children were randomly assigned either to naltrexone or to placebo for a period of 3 weeks followed by a one-week posttreatment placebo period. Multiple raters and rating scales were employed in a variety of conditions. Forty-one children, all inpatients, ages 2.9 to 7.8 years, completed the study. Naltrexone reduced hyperactivity and had no effect on discrimination learning in the laboratory. There was a suggestion that it had a beneficial effect on decreasing self-injurious behavior. Untoward effects were mild and transient. Conclusion In the present study, naltrexone significantly reduced only hyperactivity, and no serious untoward effects were observed. The effectiveness of naltrexone in the treatment of autism and self-injurious behavior requires additional assessment in a sample of children with moderate to severe self-injurious behavior. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1993, 32, 6:1283–1291.
Pharmacotherapy strategies in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome management.

Importance of the field: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is one of the most common diagnoses arising out of urologic office visits. It is a costly problem and sufferers compare the effect of this syndrome on quality of life as being similar to the effects of diabetes mellitus and myocardial infarction. The syndrome is variable in presentation and symptom management and efficacy will vary between inflicted men.Areas covered in this review: CP/CPPS is not highly responsive to therapy. As such, it is often a waxing and waning illness with symptoms in multiple domains, including urinary symptoms, pain and ejaculatory dysfunction. The pharmacotherapeutic options and management strategies for CP/CPPS presented in this review are based on the published literature from September 1989 to January 2010. When available, randomized, placebo-controlled studies were reviewed to aid in making definitive recommendations for treatment strategies.What the reader will gain: The reader will be famil...
Stochastic ion acceleration by beating electrostatic waves

A study is presented of the stochasticity in the orbit of a single, magnetized ion produced by the particle's interaction with two beating electrostatic waves whose frequencies differ by the ion cyclotron frequency. A second-order Lie transform perturbation theory is employed in conjunction with a numerical analysis of the maximum Lyapunov exponent to determine the velocity conditions under which stochasticity occurs in this dynamical system. Upper and lower bounds in ion velocity are found for stochastic orbits with the lower bound approximately equal to the phase velocity of the slower wave. A threshold condition for the onset of stochasticity that is linear with respect to the wave amplitudes is also derived. It is shown that the onset of stochasticity occurs for beating electrostatic waves at lower total wave energy densities than for the case of a single electrostatic wave or two nonbeating electrostatic waves.
The Evolution of Buyout Pricing and Financial Structure in the 1980s

We examine changes in the pricing and financial structure of large management buyouts in the 1980s. Over time, (1) buyout price to cash flow ratios rose in absolute terms (particularly in deals financed using public junk bonds); (2) required bank principal repayments accelerated, leading to sharply lower ratios of cash flow to total debt obligations; (3) private subordinated and bank debt were replaced by public junk debt; and (4) management teams and dealmakers took more money out of transactions up front. These patterns are consistent with an "overheating" phenomenon in the buyout market. Preliminary post-buyout evidence lends some support to this interpretation.
ZINC-65 RETENTION BY AORTIC TISSUE OF RATS.

During Zn65 retention studies in pullets, it was observed that arterial tissues showed high uptake of the radioisotope(1). Since published investigations on Zn65 metabolism by rat tissues gave no data on blood vessels,(2–5) experiments were carried out to ddetermine the effects of age and sex on the retention of radiozinc by the aorta. These studies were an extention of a general program on the retention and excretion of Zn65 in experimental animals. They also have bearing on zinc metabolism in domestic animals and man.
Observations of wintertime arctic mesosphere cooling associated with stratosphere baroclinic zones

[1] A regional wintertime mesosphere cooling of 30–40 K is observed over the Sondrestrom facility near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (67.0°N, 309.1°E) during multiple weeks in December 2000 where temperatures from the ground to 90 km were uniquely observed. The negative excursions in mesosphere temperature were observed during times when no thermal changes are observed below 10 hPa (∼30 km), but strong temperature changes are observed above this pressure surface. These thermal features are associated with middle atmosphere disturbances that may occur prior to, or independently of, major stratospheric warmings. They are regionally confined, deviate significantly from ambient conditions, and are likely caused by adiabatic cooling/heating due to strong vertical velocities. We propose that these types of mesosphere cooling events are related to stratospheric baroclinic zones and a Q-vector analysis of stratospheric geopotential and temperature fields can be used to help identify and describe regional occurrences of significant cooling in the mesosphere.
The “Learning Steps” of Angioplasty: Or On Becoming an Interventional Cardiologist

During the initial application of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), experience was concentrated in the hands of relatively few operators at a small number of centers. With relatively crude equipment by today's standards, these operators established the current levels of excellence of PTCA by careful patient selection and procedural skill. These operators taught that the “learning curve” of PTCA consisted of two parts, an initial steep upward slope composed of careful patient selection and procedural skill, and a flatter plateau phase which centered on assimilating gradual technical development. As PTCA technology advanced, there has been a suggestion that similar success rates of PTCA could be achieved by lower frequency operators. This concept implies that technical improvements have diminished the importance of operator skill and experience prerequisite to perform “routine” cases. The purpose of this article is to review the initial two “steps” of the learning curve of PTCA and to discuss additional levels of development required to become an interventional cardiologist. To facilitate understanding, I have chosen the staircase as a model. Each step will be discussed.
High-Frequency Users of Emergency Department Care

Abstract Background The heterogeneous group of patients who frequently use the Emergency Department (ED) have been of interest in public health care reform debate, but little is known about the subgroup of the highest frequency users. Study Objectives We sought to describe the demographic and utilization characteristics of patients who visit the ED 20 or more times per year. Methods We retrospectively studied patients who visited a large, urban ED over a 1-year period, identifying all patients using the department 20 or more times. Age, gender, insurance, psychosocial factors, chief complaint, and visit disposition were described for all visits. Inferential tests assessed associations between demographic variables, insurance status, and admission rates. Results Of the 59,172 unique patients to visit the ED between December 1, 2009 and November 30, 2010, 31 patients were identified as high-frequency ED users, contributing 1.1% of all visits. Patients were more likely to be 30–59 years of age (52%), stably insured (81%), and have at least one significant psychosocial cofactor (65%). Their admission rate was 15%, as compared to 21% for all other patients. Conclusions High-frequency users are patients with significant psychiatric and social comorbidities. Given their small proportion of visits, lower admission rates, and favorable insurance status, the impact of high-frequency users of the ED may be out of proportion to common perceptions.
New Approaches to Organizational Communication

The article reviews the book “New Approaches to Organizational Communication,” edited by Brasnilav Kovacic.
Interaction of competing fungi with fly larvae

Saprophytic fungi have degradative abilities and interspecific interactions which suggest that resource use and yield should increase as species number increases, but previous studies show the opposite. As a test of the possibility that invertebrate activity changes fungal resource use patterns, we grew coprophilous fungi on rabbit feces at the same initial density singly or in mixtures of 2, 4, or 6 species, with or without activity of larvalLycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae). Fungi in mixtures without larvae caused less weight loss in one mixture, and greater weight loss in 2 mixtures than when growing alone; fungi in 4 of 6 mixtures produced fewer spores than when growing alone. Overall, without larvae, weight loss did not increase as number of fungal species increased. Larvae did not change the pattern of weight loss or proportions of spores caused by mixing fungal species. Numbers of larvae surviving to pupate rose as fungal species numbers increased; as a result, weight loss increased with fungal species number in cultures with larvae.
Transforming growth factor-β in acute renal failure: receptor expression, effects on proliferation, cellularity, and vascularization after recovery from injury

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and a number of TGF-β-responsive genes are transiently enhanced following induction of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) in the rat. The mRNA and protein expres...
On the threshold stress for superplastic flow

Analyse des donnees experimentales obtenues sur l'alliage Zn-22% Al soumis a des essais de traction. Mise en evidence d'une contrainte seuil dependant fortement de la temperature. Comparaison avec les resultats obtenus sur les alliages Zn-22% Al et Pb-62% Sn soumis a des essais de fluage. Generalisation du comportement superplastique et du processus de deformation
Interaction of the recombination pathways of bacteriophage λ and its host Escherichia coli K12: Effects on exonuclease V activity

Abstract Infection of recB+ host cells of Escherichia coli with lambda bacteriophage converts the cells to RecB− phenocopies. Two of the four activities of exonuclease V, the product of the recB and recC genes, have been tested and both disappear soon after infection by lambda or induction of a lambda lysogen. A functional phage gam+ gene is required to produce this effect. Exonuclease I activity is not reduced following lambda infection, indicating that the effect of the gam+ product may be specific to exonuclease V.
Isolation and characterization of a non-specific esterase enzyme of Ascaris suum perienteric fluid

Abstract 1. 1. A non-specific esterase enzyme of Ascaris perienteric fluid was isolated with a tenfold increase in specific activity over the crude enzyme and a 6% recovery. 2. 2. The pH optimum of the non-specific esterases is pH 8·4, with a molecular weight greater than 300,000 and an apparent isoelectric point of pI 4·5−5·0. 3. 3. By its behavior to various inhibitors, the enzyme appears to be a B-type esterase. 4. 4. A lipase with a pH optimum of pH 7·4 hydrolyzing emulsified tributyrin was demonstrated.
Is the CvaA* protein, encoded within the colicin V export gene cvaA, required for colicin V transport?

The antibacterial peptide toxin colicin V is exported from Escherichia coli cells by a signal sequence-independent, ABC export system. Export requires at least three proteins-membrane fusion protein CvaA, ABC export protein CvaB, and outer membrane protein TolC. The cvaA gene also encodes a second protein, CvaA, initiated from an in-frame translational re-start within the cvaA coding sequence. To determine whether the internally encoded CvaA protein also functions in the export pathway, the putative start codons for CvaA were mutagenized, while maintaining CvaA function. Elimination of CvaA translation caused no change in colicin V export levels, indicating that the CvaA protein is not required in the secretion pathway.