cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculations of 3D compressible flows using an efficient low diffusion upwind scheme

A newly suggested E-CUSP upwind scheme is employed for the first time to calculate 3D flows of propulsion systems. The E-CUSP scheme contains the total energy in the convective vector and is fully consistent with the characteristic directions. The scheme is proved to have low diffusion and high CPU efficiency. The computed cases in this paper include a transonic nozzle with circular-to-rectangular cross-section, a transonic duct with shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction, and a subsonic 3D compressor cascade. The computed results agree well with the experiments. The new scheme is proved to be accurate, efficient and robust for the 3D calculations of the flows in this paper. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of α-Phenyl-N-tert-Butyl Nitrone and Alternative Electron Acceptors with Complex I Indicates a Substrate Reduction Site Upstream from the Rotenone Binding Site

Mitochondrial complexes I, II, and III were studied in isolated brain mitochondrial preparations with the goal of determining their relative abilities to reduce O 2 to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) or to reduce the alternative electron acceptors nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and diphenyliodonium (DPI). Complex I and II stimulation caused H 2 O 2 formation and reduced NBT and DPI as indicated by dichlorodihydrofluorescein oxidation, nitroformazan precipitation, and DPI-mediated enzyme inactivation. The O 2 consumption rate was more rapid under complex II (succinate) stimulation than under complex I (NADH) stimulation. In contrast, H 2 O 2 generation and NBT and DPI reduction kinetics were favored by NADH addition but were virtually unobservable during succinate-linked respiration. NADH oxidation was strongly suppressed by rotenone, but NADH-coupled H 2 O 2 flux was accelerated by rotenone. α-Phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), a compound documented to inhibit oxidative stress in models of stroke, sepsis, and parkinsonism, partially inhibited complex 1-stimulated H 2 O 2 flux and NBT reduction and also protected complex I from DPI-mediated inactivation while trapping the phenyl radical product of DPI reduction. The results suggest that complex I may be the principal source of brain mitochondrial H 2 O 2 synthesis, possessing an electron leak site upstream from the rotenone binding site (i.e., on the NADH side of the enzyme). The inhibition of H 2 O 2 production by PBN suggests a novel explanation for the broad-spectrum antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of this nitrone spin trap.
Linking Solid Phase Extraction and Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Measure Chlorpyrifos in Fish Tissue

: A method for measuring chlorpyrifos in fish tissue coupling solid phase extraction (SPE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described. Fish tissue was added to a silica gel column and extracted with hexane. The eluant was passed through an SPE column (C-18) and analyzed using ELISA. The method, which was comparable to an FDA GC/ECD method, gave recoveries from 83.4% to 87.5% for fortified fish samples, a lower limit of detection of 0.01 ppm, a linear range from 0.01 to 0.5 ppm, and correlation coefficients from 0.86 to 0.96. Nineteen contaminated fish samples analyzed using both ELISA and GC/ECD methods gave comparable chlorpyrifos concentrations with a correlation coefficient of 0.78.
Allosteric cooperativity during intestinal cotransport of sodium and chloride in freshwater prawns

Coupled influxes of sodium and chloride across the mucosal border of a freshwater prawn intestine were sigmoidal functions of luminal ion concentrations, indicative of a cooperative allosteric transport process. This process had a higher affinity for Cl (KCl = 94 mM) than for Na (KNa = 155 mM), maximally transported twice as much cation as anion (JNa max = 1.6; JCl max = 0.75 mumol-cm-2-h-1), and exhibited identical Hill interaction indices for both ions nNa = 3.4; nCl = 3.5). The suggestion is made that this cooperative carrier mechanism may be regulatory, maintaining relatively constant luminal ion concentrations which, in turn may facilitate ion-dependent absorption of non-electrolytes.
Computing shortest paths with comparisons and additions

We present an undirected all-pairs shortest paths (APSP) algorithm which runs on a pointer machine in time O(mnα(m,n)) while making O(mnlog α(m, n)) comparisons and additions, where m and n are the number of edges and vertices, respectively, and α(m, n) is Tarjan's inverse-Ackermann function. This improves upon all previous comparison & addition-based APSP algorithms when the graph is sparse, i.e., when m = o(n log n).At the heart of our APSP algorithm is a new single-source shortest paths algorithm which runs in time O(mα(m, n) + n log log r) on a pointer machine, where r is the ratio of the maximum-to-minimum edge length. So long as r
Lidar profiles of atmospheric structure properties

Comparisons of the lidar-derived profiles of the atmospheric structure properties (density and temperature) with the standard meteorological rocket profiles have been made. Seventeen flights of meteorological rockets, using both datasonde and passive falling sphere payloads, provide the first study to compare and evaluate the lidar measurements simultaneously with rocket measurements. The measurements were made at Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska, during the period February through April 1986. The molecular backscatter lidar signal from a Nd:YAG laser has been used in regions of the atmosphere where molecular scattering dominates to determine profiles of the relative atmospheric density. By comparison with radiosonde balloon measurements in the region where the scattering is purely molecular-- typically the 27 to 30 km altitude region--the density profile can be placed on an absolute scale. The temperature profiles have been determined directly from integration of the relative density profile, using the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. While the backscatter signals from the region of the atmosphere above 25 km are usually representative of the molecular density, the lidar was developed using a two-color approach to provide added discrimination against particle scatter. By using two wavelengths, 532 and 355 nm, the region where the molecular scattering results are expected to be valid can be discerned. The results show the present capability of the lidar remote sensing technique for measurements of the structure properties of the atmosphere. The results point out the directions for the design of a lidar sounder that can be used as an operational sounder to replace the meteorological rocket and balloon techniques in the future.
Trinuclear Nickel Complexes with Metal-Arene Interactions Supported by Tris- and Bis(phosphinoaryl)benzene Frameworks.

Triphosphine and diphosphine ligands with backbones designed to facilitate metal–arene interactions were employed to support multinuclear Ni complexes. Di- and trinuclear metal complexes supported by a triphosphine containing a triarylbenzene linker display diverse metal–arene binding modes. Multinuclear Ni halide complexes were isolated with strongly interacting metal centers bound to opposite faces of the coordinated arene. Upon reaction of the trinickel diiodide complex 2 with disodium tetracarbonylferrate, a cofacial triangulo nickel(0) complex, 4, was isolated. The Ni03 cluster motif can also be supported by a para-terphenyl diphosphine, where a terminal carbon monoxide ligand replaces the third phosphine donor. All multinuclear complexes feature strong metal–arene interactions, demonstrating the use of an arene as a versatile ligand design element for small clusters.
A self-adaptive thermal switch array to stabilize the temperature of MEMS devices

A self-adaptive thermal switch array (TSA) based on actuation by low-melting-point alloy droplets is reported to stabilize the temperature of a heat-generating MEMS device at a predetermined range (i.e., the optimal working temperature of the device) without any control circuit or electrical power consumption. When the temperature is below this range, the TSA stays off and works as a thermal insulator. Therefore, the MEMS device can quickly heat itself up to its optimal working temperature during startup. Once this temperature is reached, TSA is automatically turned on to increase the thermal conductance, working as an effective thermal spreader. As a result, the MEMS device tends to stay at its optimal working temperature without complex thermal management components and the associated parasitic power loss. The TSA is fabricated and characterized to confirm the proposed working mechanism.
Geometrical Considerations in Imaging the Solar Corona

X-ray observations of the solar corona show that it is comprised of three-dimensional magnetic structures which appear to be primarily in the form of fluxtubes or loops. Imaging the X-ray corona has led to a greater understanding of the dynamical behaviour of and the energy distribution in these magnetic structures. However, imaging observations, by their very nature, integrate along the line of sight resulting in a two-dimensional representation of the actual three-dimensional distribution. The optically thin nature of the solar corona to X-ray radiation makes the integrated images particularly difficult to interpret. The analysis of the two-dimensional observations must, therefore, inlcude the effect of the orientation of the coronal structure to the line-of-sight direction; a fact which is almost always ignored. In this paper we discuss the effect of loop orientation on the two-dimensional representation and argue that these effects may lead to a misinterpretation of the physics occurring in the structures observed. In particular, we discuss observations taken by the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on board the Yohkoh satellite, taking account of the instrumental thermal response, spatial resolution, and point-spread-function.
The states of the character ring of a compact group

Deligne’s generalization of the Hadamard—Vallee Poussin method in classical number theory is formulated as the representability of certain states of the character ring of a compact group, and the determination of all the representable states is carried out.
In situ TEM observation of dislocation evolution in Kr-irradiated UO2 single crystal

Abstract In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of UO2 single crystal irradiated with Kr ions at high temperatures was conducted to understand the dislocation evolution due to high-energy radiation. The dislocation evolution in UO2 single crystal is shown to occur as nucleation and growth of dislocation loops at low-irradiation doses, followed by transformation to extended dislocation segments and networks at high doses, as well as shrinkage and annihilation of some loops and dislocations due to high temperature annealing. Generally the trends of dislocation evolution in UO2 were similar under Kr irradiation at different ion energies and temperatures (150 keV at 600 °C and 1 MeV at 800 °C) used in this work. Interstitial-type dislocation loops with Burgers vector along 〈1 1 0〉 were observed in the Kr-irradiated UO2. The irradiated specimens were denuded of dislocation loops near the surface.
TH-A-220-10: Ventilation Imaging of the Lung: Comparison of 4DCT with Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MR

Purpose: Radiation induced pulmonary diseases can change the tissuematerial properties of lung parenchyma and the regional ventilation. 4DCT can be used to measure regional ventilation when combined with non‐linear 3D image registration. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the B‐Spline grid spacing and the weighting of linear elasticity in 4DCT and image registration based measurement of ventilation by comparing the result to hyperpolarized helium‐3 MR (HP He‐3 MR). Methods: 4DCT data set and HP He‐3 MR before RT were acquired from one patient. The regularized tissue volume and vesselness preserving image registration algorithm was applied to register the maximum inhalation image to the maximum exhalation image for the measurement of regional ventilation. The HP He‐3 MR ventilation map was rigidly registered to the maximum exhalation image for direct comparison to the 4DCT derived ventilation map. Relative overlap (RO) was used to quantify the similarity between the two measurements. Ventilation maps derived from different B‐Spline grid spacing and Laplacian weighting in the image registration were compared. Results: The similarity between the two measurements increases as the increase of the B‐Spline grid spacing and Laplacian weighting which result a smoother ventilation map. In this study, the best similarity with the RO value 0.75 is found with Laplacian weighting of 0.5 and B‐Spline grid spacing of 32 mm. The Laplacian weighting of 0.01 with B‐Spline grid spacing of 8 mm shows the lowest OR value of 0.68. Visual inspection indicates the two measurements have similar anterior/posterior and superior/inferior gradients. Conclusions: We have compared the 4DCT based ventilation measurement with the results from hyperpolarized helium‐3 MR. This result will be valuable for improving the lungCTimage registration algorithm toward accuracy not only in the measure of landmark error but also the underlying physiological changes. This work is is supported in part by NIH 1R21CA144063.
Propagation of an amplifiable recombinant plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: flow cytometry studies and segregated modeling

Efficient expression of a foreign protein product by the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaerequires a stable recombinant vector present at a high number of copies per cell. A conditional centromere yeast plasmid was constructed which can be amplified to high copy number by a process of unequal partitioning at cell division, followed by selection for increased copy number. However, in the absence of selection pressure for plasmid amplification, copy number rapidly drops from 25 plasmids/cell to 6 plasmids/cell in less than 10 generations of growth. Copy number subsequently decreases from 6 plasmids/cell to 2 plasmids/cell over a span of 50 generations. A combination of flow cytometric measurement of copy number distributions and segregated mathematical modeling were applied to test the predictions of a conceptual model of conditional centromereplasmid propagation. Measured distributions of plasmid content displayed a significant subpopulation of cells with a copy number of 4–6, evenin a population whose mean copy number was 13.5. This type of copy number distribution was reproduced by a mathematical model which assumes that amaximum of 4-6 centromere plasmids per cell can be stably partitionedat cell division. The model also reproduces the observed biphasic kinetics of plasmid number instability. The agreement between simulation and experimental results provides support for the proposed model and demonstrates the utility of the flow cytometry/segregated modeling approach for the study of multicopy recombinant vector propagation.
Microbial production and particle flux in the upper 350 m of the Black Sea

A field experiment, designed to evaluate several aspects of the microbially mediated organic carbon cycle, was conducted in the western basin of the Black Sea during May 1988. Measurements included standing stocks of particulate and dissolved carbon, rates of microbial production and downward particle flux. Photoautotrophic production was restricted to the upper 55 m of the water column. Values ranged from 0.7–15 mg Cm−3 day−1; total integrated primary production was 575 mg C m−2 day−1. Euphotic zone heterotrophic bacterial production was estimated to be 260 mg C m−2 day−1, a value equivalent to 45% of the contemporaneous photoautotrophic production. Beneath the euphotic zone, and across the oxic-to-anoxic boundary (55–95 m), bacterial production rates were low but measurable (≤6 mg C m−3 day−1). Heterotrophic bacterial productivity was approximately equal to the rate of chemoautotrophy in the 55–95-m depth interval. No bacterial biomass or production peaks were observed in the chemocline region. POC and PON fluxes from the base of the euphotic zone (60 m) were 140 and 11.6 mg m−2 day−1, respectively. Beneath 60 m, POC and PON fluxes decreased rapidly with depth to 39 and 3.3 mg m−2 day−1 at 80 m, followed by a more gradual decline to 24 and 2.0 mg m−2 day−1 at 350 m. The fluxes of particulate ATP and fecal pellets also exhibited order of magnitude decreases in the 60–80-m depth interval with minimal losses thereafter. Our results indicate a rapid and efficient recycling of particulate organic matter in the sub-oxic portion of the water column (60–80 m) and relatively low rates of decomposition in the permanently anoxic zone.
SR-135, a peroxynitrite decomposing catalyst, enhances β-cell function and survival in B6D2F1 mice fed a high fat diet.

Abstract Peroxynitrite has been implicated in β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in obesity. Chemical catalysts that destroy peroxynitrite, therefore, may have therapeutic value for treating type 2 diabetes. To this end, we have recently demonstrated that Mn(III) bis(hydroxyphenyl)-dipyrromethene complexes, SR-135 and its analogs, can effectively catalyze the decomposition of peroxynitrite in vitro and in vivo through a 2-electron mechanism (Rausaria et al., 2011). To study the effects of SR-135 on glucose homeostasis in obesity, B6D2F1 mice were fed with a high fat-diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and treated with vehicle, SR-135 (5 mg/kg), or a control drug SRB for 2 weeks. SR-135 significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and enhanced glucose tolerance as compared to HFD control, vehicle or SRB. SR-135 also enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion based on ex vivo studies. Moreover, SR-135 increased insulin content, restored islet architecture, decreased islet size, and reduced tyrosine nitration and apoptosis. These results suggest that a peroxynitrite decomposing catalyst enhances β-cell function and survival under nutrient overload.
Does pure SU(2) gauge theory confine

Abstract Noncompact simulations of pure SU(2) without gauge fixing on a 10 4 lattice are consistent with perturbation theory at very weak coupling but show no evidence of quark confinement at strong coupling.
Flame-assisted fuel cells running methane

Abstract In this study, the flame-assisted fuel cell (FFC 1 ) was investigated by using methane/air flames. The confrontation between FFC temperature and fuel concentration at various conditions was investigated which uncovered the complex behavior of FFCs performance. Variations in fuel/air equivalence ratio, fuel flow rate and distance between FFC and burner outlet were studied. A critical distance for FFC placement above the burner outlet was uncovered, which has a significant impact on FFC performance. A high power density of 791 mW cm −2 was achieved which is comparable to the dual chamber solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and single chamber SOFC. The short-term test exhibited good stability of the FFCs under operation despite the presence of carbon formation on the anode surface.
The response of spore-forming vs. nonspore-forming bacteria to diurnal freezing and thawing.

Spore forming and nonspore forming bacteria survival under diurnal freeze-thaw conditions, determining possibility of earth organism contamination of Mars environment
Thrombocytes are the predominant source of endogenous sulfidopeptide leukotrienes in the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

Nucleated bullfrog erythrocytes have 5-lipoxygenase (LO) and are the first non-mammalian cell to exhibit endogenous sulfidopeptide leukotriene (LT) synthesis. Non-nucleated mammalian platelets lack 5-LO, but contribute significantly to LTC4 production by transcellular synthesis. However, nucleated bullfrog thrombocytes have not been examined for 5-LO activity. Endogenous leukotriene synthesis by bullfrog thrombocytes and mixed leukocytes was analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Calcium ionophore activated (A23187) leukocytes demonstrated 5-LO, 12-LO, and 15-LO activity. Spectral analysis demonstrated synthesis of LTB4, LTB4 isomers, 15(S)-monohydroxyicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 5(S),12(S)-diHETE, 5(S),15(S)-diHETE, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and LXB4. Thrombocytes synthesized large quantities of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes but no lipoxins. Sulfidopeptide leukotriene and LTB4 radioimmunoassay analysis and the radiological RP-HPLC profile of [3H]AA metabolism further confirmed synthesis. Incubations with [3H]LTC4 demonstrated slow and incomplete conversion to [3H]LTD4. Thrombocyte leukotriene profile changed over time revealing a significant shift from the LTC4 synthase to LTA4 hydrolase pathway, corresponding with release of large amounts of LTA4. Thrombocytes potentially play a pivotal role in inflammatory and cardiovascular responses. 5-LO activity in amphibian homologs to mammalian platelets and erythrocytes compared with the lack of activity in the mammalian counterparts may correspond to the loss of the nucleus in the evolution of these cells.
Immunophysiology of serum sickness; alterations in the blood volume and thiocyanate space in relation to humoral antibodies in rabbits sensitized with human albumin or globulin.

Abstract 1.1. Alterations in the distribution of fluids associated with the development of humoral immunity were detected in rabbits injected intravenously with human serum albumin or globulin. 2.2. Increase in the space available for dilution of thiocyanate ions and decreases in plasma volume, total blood volume and hematocrit occurred at the time circulating antibody (precipitins) appeared. 3.3. The changes appeared earlier (at a mean of 7.1 days) following the injection of albumin than after the injection of globulin (9.0 days). Crystalline human serum albumin, injected subcutaneously, did not produce significant physiologic disturbances and the appearance of precipitins was delayed for a mean of 22.5 days. These findings were interpreted as indicating an alteration in antigenicity of the protein in the process of crystallization, but may have been related to the subcutaneous route of injection. 4.4. The redistribution of fluid was interpreted as indicating a defect in permeability of capillaries and of cell walls as a result of antigen-antibody reactions. 5.5. The correlation with anatomic findings by histologic techniques is discussed.
Disjunction of Prosopis reptans and the origin of the North American populations

Abstract Several populations of Prosopis reptans collected along the Texas Gulf coast were examined for their flavonoids and leaf morphology. Seventeen flavonoids were detected and the nine major ones were isolated and identified: apigenin 6- and 8-C- glucoside , luteolin and its 7-O- glucoside , quercetin and its 3-O- glucoside , and myricetin, its 3-O- rhamnoside and 3-O- glucoside . The presence of a single chemical race was established, since all specimens from the Texas Gulf coast populations were uniform in their chemistry and leaf morphology, and chemically identical to the plant material from Argentina. However, the Argentina material exhibited slight morphological differences in that the leaves possessed less pubescence than the Texas Gulf coast plants.
Are Shifts in Herbicide Use Reflected in Concentration Changes in Midwestern Rivers

In many Midwestern rivers, elevated concentrations of herbicides occur during runoff events for 1−3 months following application. The highest or “peak” herbicide concentration often occurs during one of these runoff events. Herbicide concentrations in rivers are affected by a number of factors, including herbicide use patterns within the associated basin. Changing agricultural practices, reductions in recommended and permitted herbicide applications, shifts to new herbicides, and greater environmental awareness in the agricultural community have resulted in changes to herbicide use patterns. In the Midwestern United States, alachlor use was much larger in 1989 than in 1995, while acetochlor was not used in 1989, and commonly used in 1995. Use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was about the same in 1989 and 1995. Herbicide concentrations were measured in samples from 53 Midwestern rivers during the first major runoff event that occurred after herbicide application (postapplication) in 1989, 1990, 199...
A study of composite cirrus morphology using data from a 94-GHz radar and correlations with temperature and large-scale vertical motion

In order to improve the representation of clouds in climate models, we require a better understanding of the relationship among cloud properties and the synoptic-scale state of the atmosphere. In order to investigate this issue as it pertains to a specific class of cirrus clouds, we have combined a 2 month data set of radar reflectivities observed at State College, Pennsylvania, using a W-band radar with output from a mesoscale model that uses 3-hourly data assimilation. Products of the analysis include statistical distributions of fundamental cirrus cloud properties, such as frequency of occurrence, base, top and midcloud height, and layer thickness. We also consider the relationships between cirrus reflectivity and the large-scale meteorological state defined by area-averaged temperature and vertical velocity. Overall, cirrus clouds are observed 32% of the time, and 51% of those events occur in conjunction with lower-level clouds. Most of the cirrus occur in thin layers (<1.5 km thickness). Cirrus occurrence appears to be related to large-scale meteorological factors but the relationships are complex. The majority of the cirrus we observed occurred at temperatures lower than -35°C and there is little correlation between radar reflectivity and temperature. We also used this data set to examine the usefulness of a satellite-borne W-band radar.
Efficient room temperature LiF:F2+** color center laser tunable in 820–1210 nm range

Abstract Efficient room temperature operation of a LiF:F 2 +** color center laser at record levels of output energy (up to ∼100 mJ) and average power (up to ∼1.4 W) with a very wide 796–1210 nm tuning range is described. A photo- and thermostable lasing was realized due to: (i) improved technology of LiF crystals with stabilized F 2 +** color centers and (ii) appropriate choice of the pumping laser wavelength. Record real efficiencies for LiF:F 2 +** laser, 28% under pumping by radiation of an alexandrite laser (740 nm) and 53% under pumping by Raman shifted (H 2 and D 2 ) second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (683 and 633 nm), were achieved.
Ovarian cancer of endometrioid type as part of the MSH6 gene mutation phenotype

The MSH6 gene is one of the DNA mismatch repair genes involved in development of inherited cancers, predominantly of the colorectum and endometrium. Herein we describe the first Polish MSH6 family and the pathological and clinical data about the ovarian cancer diagnosed in the proband. Our results and reports by others indicate that, besides colorectal and endometrial cancer, the late-onset endometrioid type of ovarian cancer can be a feature of families with MSH6 germline mutations.
Fifth octave mode chatter in rolling

AbstractAn analytical model making it possible to determine rolling mill stability against fifth octave mode chatter is introduced. The constituents of this model, i.e. a linearized dynamic process...
The possible influence of the de Broglie momentum––wavelength relation on plastic strain “autowave” phenomena in “active materials”

Abstract Certain very slow quasi-static tensile test results by Soviet investigators show that the resulting plastic deformation occurs as a wave process. An analysis of these data reveals a possible connection with the de Broglie momentum–wavelength relation, VD=h/(mλ). A link seems to exist between a macroscopic observable (wavelength) and the velocity (moving clamp speed) of atoms on a microscopic scale. Certain strain wave data from creep tests of aluminum were modeled via the running wave quantum relation for a particle (atom) in a one-dimensional box or line segment equal to the specimen length. These results have important implications with regard to plastic deformation theory.
Gene N regulator function of phage λimm21: Evidence that a site of N action differs from a site of N recognition☆

Abstract We report the isolation and characterization of a new mutation in the hybrid phage λimm21. Both genetic and physiological studies demonstrate that this new mutation, N21−1, is similar to N mutations of phage λ. As in the case of the N gene of λ (Niλ), the N21−1 mutation maps immediately to the left of the cI gene and has a pleiotropic effect on the expression of phage functions. Although these studies strongly suggest that phage 21 has an N function, they do not definitely locate the N21−1 mutation within the N21 structural gene. Reported here are studies demonstrating that N21 acts in trans, similar to Nλ, to stimulate the expression of phage functions. N products show an immunity specificity; N21 being only active on phage carrying the immunity region of phage 21, while the nλ is only active on phage carrying the immunity region of λ or phage 434. However, one site of action for Nλ can be rescued from phage 21. We propose that the specificity of an N function is determined by its sites of recognition and that these sites may be different from the sites of N action.
Locating eating pathology within an empirical diagnostic taxonomy: evidence from a community-based sample.

Existing structural models of psychopathology need to be expanded to include additional diagnostic constructs beyond mood, anxiety, substance use, and antisocial behavior disorders. The goal of this study was to locate eating disorders within a hierarchical structural model of psychopathology that is anchored by broad Internalizing and Externalizing factors. Participants were female adolescent twins (N = 1,434) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. We compared the fit of four models in which eating disorders (a) defined their own diagnostic class, (b) represented a subclass within Internalizing, (c) formed a subclass within Externalizing, and (d) were allowed to cross-load on both Internalizing and Externalizing. In the best-fitting model, eating disorders formed a sub-factor within Internalizing. These findings underscore the value of developing more comprehensive empirically based models of psychopathology to increase our understanding of diverse mental disorders.
Computational models inform clinical science and assessment: An application to category learning in striatal-damaged patients

In this article we develop a new model of classification that is intermediate between the static, single strategy decision-bound models and the dynamic trial by trial multiple systems model, dCOVIS. The new model, referred to as the sCOVIS model, assumes hypothesis-testing and procedural-based subsystems are active on each trial, but that the parameters that govern behavior of the system are fixed (static) within a block of trials. To determine the clinical utility of the model, it was applied to nonlinear information-integration classification data from patients with Parkinson’s (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). In one application, the models suggest that the locus of HD patients’ nonlinear information-integration deficits is in their increased reliance on hypothesis-testing strategies, whereas the locus of PD patients’ deficit is in the application of sub-optimal procedural-based strategies. In a second application, the weight associated with the hypothesis-testing subsystem is shown to account for a significant amount of the variance in longitudinal cognitive decline in non-demented PD patients above and beyond that predicted by accuracy alone. Together, the accuracy rate and this model index account for 72% of the total variance associated with cognitive decline in this sample of PD patients. Interestingly, the Wisconsin Card Sort task added no additional predictive power above and beyond that predicted by nonlinear accuracy alone.
A model of intertemporal emission trading, banking, and borrowing

Abstract This paper provides a general treatment of emission trading, banking, and borrowing in an intertemporal, continuous-time model. Using optimal-control theory, the decentralized behavior of firms is shown to lead to the least-cost solution attainable under joint-cost minimization. Explicit solutions for the time paths of emissions and permit prices are derived when firms are allowed to both bank and borrow and when firms are only allowed to bank emission permits. The policy implications of emission banking and borrowing are discussed.
Analysis of DNA binding proteins associated with hemin-induced transcriptional inhibition. The hemin response element binding protein is a heterogeneous complex that includes the Ku protein.

Hemin inhibits transcription of the tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) gene. Using deletion mutagenesis of the mouse TRAP 5′-flanking region, we previously identified a 27-bp DNA segment containing a central GAGGC tandem repeat sequence (the hemin response element [HRE]), which bound nuclear proteins (hemin response element binding proteins [HREBPs]) from hemin-treated cells and appeared to be responsible for mediating transcriptional inhibition in response to hemin. We now have used affinity binding to HRE-derivatized beads to identify four HREBP components with apparent molecular masses of 133-, 90-, 80-, and 37-kD, respectively. The 80- and 90-kD components correspond to the p70 and p80/86 subunits of Ku antigen (KuAg) as documented by partial amino acid microsequencing of tryptic digests and immunologic reactivity. Based on reactivity of the HREBP gel shift band with antibodies to the redox factor protein (ref1) in shift Western experiments, it is shown that the 37-kD component represents ref1. The 133-kD component appeared to be a unique protein. KuAg participation in HREBP complexes was specific as it was present in HREBPs bound to HRE microcircles. Results of depletion/reconstitution experiments suggested that KuAg does not bind alone or directly to HRE DNA, but does so only in conjunction with the 133- and/or 37-kD proteins. We conclude that HREBP is a heterogeneous complex composed of KuAg, ref1, and a unique 133-kD protein. We speculate that the role of heme may be to promote interactions among these components, thereby facilitating HRE binding and downregulation of hemin responsive genes.
Supertransferred Hyperfine Fields and Covalency at Diamagnetic Cations in Magnetic Insulators

The sign and magnitude of the antimony hyperfine field has been measured in Sb-substituted nickel ferrite using the $^{121}\mathrm{Sb}$ M\"ossbauer effect. We obtain a value of -311 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4 kG for this field at 100 K. This result is compared with results obtained for Sn in yttrium iron garnet and, among the possible mechanisms, $3d\ensuremath{-}5s$ covalent spin transfer appears to make the predominant contribution to the hyperfine field.
Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems

Channel estimation techniques for OFDM systems based on a pilot arrangement are investigated. Channel estimation based on a comb type pilot arrangement is studied through different algorithms for both estimating the channel at pilot frequencies and interpolating the channel. Channel estimation at pilot frequencies is based on LS and LMS methods while channel interpolation is done using linear interpolation, second order interpolation, low-pass interpolation, spline cubic interpolation, and time domain interpolation. Time-domain interpolation is obtained by passing to the time domain by means of IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform), zero padding and going back to the frequency domain by DFT (discrete Fourier transform). In addition, channel estimation based on a block type pilot arrangement is performed by sending pilots in every sub-channel and using this estimation for a specific number of following symbols. We have also implemented a decision feedback equalizer for all sub-channels followed by periodic block-type pilots. We have compared the performances of all schemes by measuring bit error rates with 16QAM, QPSK, DQPSK and BPSK as modulation schemes, and multipath Rayleigh fading and AR based fading channels as channel models.
On the Unique Games Conjecture (Invited Survey)

This article surveys recently discovered connections between the Unique Games Conjecture and computational complexity, algorithms, discrete Fourier analysis, and geometry.
Modeling strategy for systems with both stepwise and chainwise chemistry: Amine‐epoxy networks with etherification

A comparison between the entirely statistical and the combined kinetic and statistical model for amine-epoxy networks, both studied previously in the literature is made. The chemistry studied involves the generation of a secondary site which reacts in the network through chainwise addition rather than the stepwise addition mode of the primary reaction. It is shown that the combined model is exact and the naive statistical models are approximate. The assumptions underlying the two models are delineated. It is shown, that under certain circumstances, the predictions of the two models can differ by several hundred percent. Further, the combined model is extended to predict the postgel properties of the network.
the function of liminal events in the succession to a position of power: the transfer of the district officer in Thailand

One implication of the linkage of religious merit to power in Thailand is that changes in leadership require complete restructuring of hierarchical relationships. Assuming that descriptions of the merit and power linkage are correct, how can a society with such beliefs handle routine transfers of power that do not allow for much restructuring of subordinate ties? To answer this question, we shall examine the events in a routine administrative succession—the transfer of the District Officer in rural Thailand. In this situation, allegiance must be transferred from one legitimate authority to another without restructuring the organizational context. The problem is how to separate the previous incumbent from the position. We claim that such a transferral is accomplished through the ritualized patterns of contra-normative behavior associated with “liminal” events. The function of such contra-normative behavior is to permit the personal merit and demerit of the incumbent to be separated from the unquestioned legitimacy of the superior role. In this way the linkage between merit and power is maintained while orderly succession is assured.
Phase diagram of manganese to 40 kbars

Abstract Polymorphic transitions in manganese have been investigated up to pressure of 40 kbars by the differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique. The α-β transition temperature increases with pressure with an initial slope of 14⋯3 ± 0⋯5°C kb . The slope decreases to 7°C kb at 40 kb. The transition exhibits considerable hysteresis which decreases with increasing pressure and temperature. The β-γ, γ-δ and the δ-liquid transition temperatures increase with pressure. The initial slopes are 4⋯5 ± 0⋯3°C kb , 6⋯2 ± 0⋯3°C kb , and 3⋯9 ± 0⋯3°C kb , respectively. These values of the initial slopes are in good agreement with the ones calculated from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation on the basis of zero pressure thermodynamic and lattice constants data.
Bile acid accumulation in gastric mucosal cells.

AbstractBile acids are one of the components of the gastric contents capable of disrupting the mucosal barrier to diffusion. The mechanism by which bile acids can damage the gastric epithelium is not completely understood. Several studies have emphasized mucosal lipid solubilization by bile acids in the pathogenesis of mucosal injury. Bile acid entry into gastric mucosal cells may be a critical and early step in the genesis of mucosal injury, but this possibility has not yet been investigated. The present study was designed to explore the interaction of bile acids with dispersed gastric mucosal cells isolated from the rabbit and guinea pig stomach. Results showed that both glycocholic and deoxycholic acid rapidly associated with the gastric cells and reached a steady state concentration by 30 min. Glycocholic acid accumulated in the cells to a concentration approximately eight times greater than that in the surrounding medium. The amount of bile acid associated with the cells was greater at an acidic than...
TDMS for aviation software

Quality assurance and testing phase is one of the most crucial phases in the life cycle of computer software. Most aviation software, due to the possible life-threatening consequences of failures, is subjected to intense testing. Frequently, this results in generation of enormous unorganized raw data files. Such data needs to be further processed and analyzed to get a meaningful insight into potential problem areas with the software. In this paper, we present the results of our study on designing and implementing a test management system specifically designed for testing aviation software. The paper has three major contributions. First, we present a survey of existing work. Second, we discuss the design for a test data management system, TDMS. Finally, we discuss some implementation issues encountered during the TDMS development.
The Capable ABL: What Is Its Biological Function?

The mammalian ABL1 gene encodes the ubiquitously expressed nonreceptor tyrosine kinase ABL. In response to growth factors, cytokines, cell adhesion, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and other signals, ABL is activated to stimulate cell proliferation or differentiation, survival or death, retraction, or migration. ABL also regulates specialized functions such as antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes, synapse formation in neurons, and bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells. Although discovered as the proto-oncogene from which the Abelson leukemia virus derived its Gag-v-Abl oncogene, recent results have linked ABL kinase activation to neuronal degeneration. This body of knowledge on ABL seems confusing because it does not fit the one-gene-one-function paradigm. Without question, ABL capabilities are encoded by its gene sequence and that molecular blueprint designs this kinase to be regulated by subcellular location-dependent interactions with inhibitors and substrate activators. Furthermore, ABL shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm where it binds DNA and actin--two biopolymers with fundamental roles in almost all biological processes. Taken together, the cumulated results from analyses of ABL structure-function, ABL mutant mouse phenotypes, and ABL substrates suggest that this tyrosine kinase does not have its own agenda but that, instead, it has evolved to serve a variety of tissue-specific and context-dependent biological functions.
Vascular Structure Determines Pulmonary Blood Flow Distribution

Scientific knowledge develops through the evolution of new concepts. This process is usually driven by new methodologies that provide observations not previously available. Understanding of pulmonary blood flow determinants advanced significantly in the 1960s and is now changing rapidly again, because of increased spatial resolution of regional pulmonary blood flow measurements.
Long Term Follow-Up of Children with Down Syndrome with Cardiac Lesions

Two hundred and eighty four patients with Down Syndrome (DS) were seen between 1951-1989 with 114 (40.1%) having a cardiac murmur at presentation. A definitive cardiac diagnosis was established in 47 (41%) patients, of which 38 had long term follow-up. Fifteen (33%) patients had atrioventricular canals. There were 21 males and 17 females, with a mean age of 5.3 years. Fifteen (39%) patients were in functional class (FC) I, 16 (42%) in FC II, six (15%) in FC III, and one patient in FC IV at the time of presentation. There were 18 survivors (13 in the surgical group and five in the nonsurgical group) and 20 nonsurvivors (four in the surgical group and 16 in the nonsurgical group). Causes of death in the nonsurgical group included congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary vascular disease, and occured at a mean age of 8.4 years. Post-operative complications accounted for deaths in three of the four surgical patients. The survivors in the surgical group are presently in FC I/II. In the nonsurgical gr...
Determinants of the Government Bond Yield in Spain: A Loanable Funds Model

This paper applies demand and supply analysis to examine the government bond yield in Spain. The sample ranges from 1999.Q1 to 2014.Q2. The EGARCH model is employed in empirical work. The Spanish government bond yield is positively associated with the government debt/GDP ratio, the short-term Treasury bill rate, the expected inflation rate, the U.S. 10 year government bond yield and a dummy variable representing the debt crisis and negatively affected by the GDP growth rate and the expected nominal effective exchange rate.
GaNAs/GaAsSb type II active regions for 1.3-1.5 /spl mu/m operation

We investigated a new active material consisting of GaNAs/GaAsSb type II quantum wells on GaAs for 1.3-1.5 /spl mu/m wavelength operation. Absorption spectra of two samples with different compositions were measured, showing good agreement with simulation.
Non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clinical experience versus clinical guidelines

The ability to diagnose non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NC-CAH) has improved drastically over the past decade due to standardization of laboratory assays and refinement of molecular studies. However, the optimal clinical management for this patient population is still evolving. Thus, we describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach of children with non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NC-CAH). A retrospective chart review was done to identify all subjects diagnosed with late-onset CAH or NC-CAH at a single institution during the last decade. Eighteen subjects were identified. Fourteen were diagnosed as NC-CAH 21-hydroxylase deficiency and four with NC-CAH 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) deficiency. The approach to evaluation was different according to the provider. Re-evaluation of steroid hormone concentrations using updated diagnostic criteria revealed one patient had ACTH-stimulated hormone concentrations consistent with classic CAH (non-salting wasting variant) and four patients initially thought to have NC-CAH 3βHSD had steroid hormone concentrations consistent with premature adrenarche. Age and clinical presentation did not differentiate subjects with NC-CAH from those with premature adrenarche. Skeletal age was ≥ to 2 standard deviations advanced only in those patients with NC-CAH. Variations in the diagnostic approach to evaluate children for NC-CAH exist. We provide a practical algorithmic recommendation, incorporating the most recent diagnostic guidelines, to aid the clinician in the evaluation of this disorder.