cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development path of low aspect ratio tokamak power plants

Abstract Recent advances in tokamak physics indicate that a spherical tokamak may offer a magnetic fusion development path that can be started with a small size pilot plant and progress smoothly to larger power plants. Full calculations of stability to kink and ballooning modes show the possibility of greater than 50% β-toroidal with the normalized β [βN=βT/(I/aβ)] as high as 10 and fully aligned 100% bootstrap current. Such β-values coupled with 2–3 T toroidal fields imply a pilot plant about the size of the present DIII-D tokamak could produce ∼800 MW thermal, 160 MW net electric, and would have a ratio of gross electric power over recirculating power (QPLANT) of 1.9. The high β values in the ST mean that E×B shear stabilization of turbulence should be ten times more effective in the ST than in present tokamaks, implying that the required high quality of confinement needed to support such high beta values will be obtained. The anticipated β values are so high that the allowable neutron flux at the blanket sets the device size, not the physics constraints. The ST has a favorable size scaling so that at 2–3 times the pilot plant size the QPLANT rises to 4–5, an economic range and 4 GW thermal power plants result. Current drive power requirements for 10% of the plasma current are consistent with the plant efficiencies quoted. The unshielded copper centerpost should have an adequate lifetime against nuclear transmutation-induced resistance change and the low voltage, high current power supplies needed for the 12-turn TF coil appear reasonable. The favorable size scaling of the ST and the high β mean that in large sizes, if the copper TF coil is replaced with a superconducting TF coil and a shield, the advanced fuel D-He3 could be burned in a device with QPLANT∼4. If the anticipated physics of the ST regime can be proven in near-term experiments and engineering challenges (such as the high power density to be exhausted and centerpost neutronics issues) can be met, then the ST offers the possibility of a magnetic fusion development path with a minimal cost initial step and exciting further possibilities.
Antiangiogenesis agents in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that includes >50 different subtypes, each with unique clinical and pathologic qualities. In general, there is a 50% cure rate, and most cures are achieved with complete surgical resection with or without radiation therapy. The results from chemotherapeutic agents for unresectable or metastatic disease have been disappointing with minimal long-term benefit. New targeted and novel agents are needed to improve response and survival. Tumor angiogenesis has been an intense focus in cancer therapy over the past decade. Several of numerous antiangiogenesis agents have been developed, and many already have been approved for the treatment of both solid and liquid tumors. Certain STSs are highly vascular tumors that often demonstrate angiogenesis markers. The objective of this review was to evaluate these angiogenesis markers in defining the role of angiogenesis in the treatment of patients with STS. In addition, the authors conducted an in-depth review of the results from using key antiangiogenesis agents in the treatment of STS.
Search for Charge -2 Mesons in the Reaction π - d-->(p s )X -- p forward at 13.2 GeV/c

A wide variety of final states are explored in the baryon exchange reactions ..pi../sup -/d ..-->.. (p/sub s/) X/sup - -//sub forward/ and ..pi../sup -/d ..-->.. (n/sub s/) X/sup -/p/sub forward/, with a sensitivity of 240 events per microbarn per nucleon. We find no statistically significant evidence for charge -2 exotic mesons or any other new structure over a mass range extending from below the nucleon-antinucleon threshold to about 3.2 GeV.
Performances Evaluation of Cecabase® RT in Warm Mix Asphalt Technology

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures containing different percentages of Cecabase® RT using dynamic modulus (|E*|), tensile strength ratio (TSR), four point beam fatigue, flow number and asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) rutting tests. In this study, 0.2%, 0.35% and 0.5% Cecabase® RT were incorporated in the 5E3 Superpave mixtures prepared at three different temperatures, 100 °C, 115 °C and 130 °C. A Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixture was used as the control mixture. All the mixture samples were prepared using PG 58-34 binder and compacted at 86 gyrations under different temperatures. The rheological and aging property of control HMA and WMA made with 0.2%, 0.35% and 0.5% Cecabase® RT were tested by Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). From the results, it was found that WMA has significantly lower aging factor compare to control HMA results in higher rutting at the early stage of pavement serviceability. It was also noticed that an increment of Cecabase® RT added and the production temperatures used in preparing WMA specimens do not significantly affect the |E*|, fatigue life, TSR and tensile strength of mixtures. Subsequently, the rutting resistance of the WMA reduced when more Cecabase® RT was added and lower mixing/compacting temperatures were used.
Factors Influencing Survival and Mark Retention in Postmetamorphic Boreal Chorus Frogs

result little is known about this life-history phase for most amphibians. Our focus was to explore survival probabilities, mark retention, and mark migration in postmetamorphic Boreal Chorus Frogs (Psuedacris maculata) in a laboratory setting. One hundred forty-seven individuals were assigned randomly to two treatment groups or a control group. Frogs in the first treatment group were marked with visual implant elastomer, while frogs in the second treatment group were toe clipped. Growth and mortality were recorded for one year and resulting data were analyzed using known-fate models in Program MARK. Model selection results suggested that survival probabilities of frogs varied with time and showed some variation among marking treatments. We found that frogs with multiple toes clipped on the same foot had lower survival probabilities than individuals in other treatments, but individuals can be marked by clipping a single toe on two different feet without any mark loss or negative survival effects. Individuals treated with visual implant elastomer had a mark migration rate of 4% and mark loss rate of 6%, and also showed very little negative survival impacts relative to control individuals.
Dual ecological measures of focus in software development

Work practices vary among software developers. Some are highly focused on a few artifacts; others make wideranging contributions. Similarly, some artifacts are mostly authored, or “owned”, by one or few developers; others have very wide ownership. Focus and ownership are related but different phenomena, both with strong effect on software quality. Prior studies have mostly targeted ownership; the measures of ownership used have generally been based on either simple counts, information-theoretic views of ownership, or social-network views of contribution patterns. We argue for a more general conceptual view that unifies developer focus and artifact ownership. We analogize the developer-artifact contribution network to a predator-prey food web, and draw upon ideas from ecology to produce a novel, and conceptually unified view of measuring focus and ownership. These measures relate to both cross-entropy and Kullback-Liebler divergence, and simultaneously provide two normalized measures of focus from both the developer and artifact perspectives. We argue that these measures are theoretically well-founded, and yield novel predictive, conceptual, and actionable value in software projects. We find that more focused developers introduce fewer defects than defocused developers. In contrast, files that receive narrowly focused activity are more likely to contain defects than other files.
THE MIRACLE OF MOSES

In this paper, I draw out a tension between miracles, prophecy, and Spinoza's assertions about Moses in the Theological-Political Treatise (TTP). The three seem to constitute an inconsistent triad. Spinoza's account of miracles requires a naturalistic interpretation of all events. This categorical claim must therefore apply to prophecy; specifically, Moses' hearing God's voice in a manner which does not seem to invoke the imagination or natural phenomena. Thus, Spinoza seemingly cannot maintain both Moses' exalted status and his account of miracles. I consider some possible solutions, but find that they are either untrue to Spinoza's position, or would undercut his categorical argument against miracles. I therefore conclude that Spinoza leaves an unresolved tension in the TTP.
Philosophy, Rhetoric, and Power: A Response to Critics

The paper distinguishes Mark Bevir's logical approach to the theory of history from the historiography of Hayden White and the sociology of Michel Foucault. Rather than seeing these approaches as inherently contradictory, it suggests that historiography and sociology must rest on some kind logical assumptions. An adequate logic provides the necessary context for both a sociological study of power and a historiographical study of rhetoric. Against this background, the paper considers the comments made by Professors Ankersmit, Megill, Palonen, and Stuurman on Bevir's work. It shows how properly understood Bevir's analyses of intentionality and rationality provide a necessary basis for the study of power and rhetoric.
Different isoforms of fasciclin II are expressed by a subset of developing olfactory receptor neurons and by olfactory-nerve glial cells during formation of glomeruli in the moth Manduca sexta.

Abstract During development of the primary olfactory projection, olfactory receptor axons must sort by odor specificity and seek particular sites in the brain in which to create odor-specific glomeruli. In the moth Manduca sexta , we showed previously that fasciclin II, a cell adhesion molecule in the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed by the axons of a subset of olfactory receptor neurons during development and that, in a specialized glia-rich “sorting zone,” these axons segregate from nonfasciclin II-expressing axons before entering the neuropil of the glomerular layer. The segregation into fasciclin II-positive fascicles is dependent on the presence of the glial cells in the sorting zone. Here, we explore the expression patterns for different isoforms of Manduca fasciclin II in the developing olfactory system. We find that olfactory receptor axons express transmembrane fasciclin II during the period of axonal ingrowth and glomerulus development. Fascicles of TM-fasciclin II+ axons target certain glomeruli and avoid others, such as the sexually dimorphic glomeruli. These results suggest that TM-fasciclin II may play a role in the sorting and guidance of the axons. GPI-linked forms of fasciclin II are expressed weakly by glial cells associated with the receptor axons before they reach the sorting zone, but not by sorting-zone glia. GPI-fasciclin II may, therefore, be involved in axon–glia interactions related to stabilization of axons in the nerve, but probably not related to sorting.
Boron Containing Polyimides for Aerospace Radiation Shielding

In interplanetary travel and high altitude flight, humans will be exposed to high energy charged particles from solar flares and galactic cosmic rays. These particles lose energy in a material by Coulomb interactions and nuclear collisions. In nuclear collisions, large amounts of energy are transferred and secondary particles are formed from both the projectile and the struck nucleus. A significant portion of these particles are neutrons which can only lose energy by collisions or reactions with a nucleus. Hydrogen-containing materials, such as polymers, are most effective in reducing the neutron energy. When reduced to very low energies, neutrons have a high probability of reacting with a nucleus. Such reactions are dangerous in the human body, and can cause electronic equipment failure. Low energy neutrons react particularly well with a stable isotope of boron, 10B. To test structural materials which contain both hydrogen to reduce the energy of neutrons and boron to absorb neutrons of reduced energy, samples of two polyimides were made which contained varying amounts of either amorphous boron powder or boron carbide whiskers. The polymers used were a thermoset, PETI-5 from Imitec, and a thermoplastic, K3B from Fiberite. Both materials were made in pure form and with up to 20% by weight of the boron additives. The addition of boron in either form did not change the thermal properties of these materials significantly. However, the compressive yield strength and the tensile strength were both affected by the addition of the boron materials. A neutron absorption test using a PuBe thermal neutron source showed that a 0.5 cm thick sample of K3B containing 15% amorphous boron powder absorbed over 90% of the incident neutrons.
Inequalities for electric and elastic polarization tensors with applications to random composites

Abstract N ew bounds on the elastic and electric polarization tensors are found for grains of arbitrary shape or connectivity. For a grain shape specified by the characteristic function χ(x), the bounds are given explicitly in terms of the geometric function | \ gc(k)|2. For electric polarizations one of the bounds may be interpreted as the polarization of a homogeneous ellipsoidal inclusion with axes determined by |x(k)|2- The other bound corresponds to a convex sum of polarization tensors for plate-like inclusions. Here the plate normals and weights are specified by | \ gc(k)|2. These bounds are used to predict the range of effective transport properties for hierarchical random suspensions and aggregates that realize the Effective Medium Approximation. The inequalities also provide rigorous bounds for the effective properties of dilute statistically anisotropic random suspensions.
The Bond of a Common Mind: A Study of Collective Salvation from Cyprian to Augustine

L'idee d'un salut collectif, fondee sur la foi dans la realite du Corps du Christ, en Afrique romaine. Dans le contexte des persecutions de Dece et de Valere, Cyprien, sans l'exprimer vraiment, tient ce salut collectif de tout le Corps du Christ comme allant de soi. Plus tard, dans une Eglise constantinienne multitudiniste, Ausgustin rejettera cette idee.
Differential response of estrogen receptor subtypes to 1,3-diarylindene and 2,3-diarylindene ligands.

Estrogen receptors (ERs) control transcription of genes important for normal human development and reproduction. The signaling networks are complex, and there is a need for a molecular level understanding of the roles of receptor subtypes ERα and ERβ in normal physiology and as therapeutic targets. We synthesized two series of ER ligands, based on a common indene scaffold, in an attempt to develop compounds that can selectively modulate ER-mediated transcription. The 3-ethyl-1,2-diarylindenes, utilizing an amide linker for the 1-aryl extension, bind weakly to the ERs. The 2,3-diarylindenes bind with high affinity to the ER subtypes and demonstrate a range of different biological activities, both in transcriptional reporter gene assays and inhibition of estradiol-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Several ligands differentiate between ERα and ERβ subtypes at an estrogen response element (ERE), displaying various levels of partial to full agonist activity at ERα, while antagonizing estradiol action at...
Contributions of phenotypic plasticity to differences in thermogenic performance between highland and lowland deer mice

Small mammals face especially severe thermoregulatory challenges at high altitude because the reduced O2 availability constrains the capacity for aerobic thermogenesis. Adaptive enhancement of thermogenic performance under hypoxic conditions may be achieved via physiological adjustments that occur within the lifetime of individuals (phenotypic plasticity) and/or genetically based changes that occur across generations, but their relative contributions to performance differences between highland and lowland natives are unclear. Here, we examined potentially evolved differences in thermogenic performance between populations of deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) that are native to different altitudes. The purpose of the study was to assess the contribution of phenotypic plasticity to population differences in thermogenic performance under hypoxia. We used a common-garden deacclimation experiment to demonstrate that highland deer mice have enhanced thermogenic capacities under hypoxia, and that performance differences between highland and lowland mice persist when individuals are born and reared under common-garden conditions, suggesting that differences in thermogenic capacity have a genetic basis. Conversely, population differences in thermogenic endurance appear to be entirely attributable to physiological plasticity during adulthood. These combined results reveal distinct sources of phenotypic plasticity for different aspects of thermogenic performance, and suggest that thermogenic capacity and endurance may have different mechanistic underpinnings.
“Selling” Value: The Influence of Language on Willingness-to-Accept

In behavioral economics, the “endowment effect” describes the robust finding that prices people are willing to accept (WTA) for a good exceed prices people are willing to pay (WTP) for the same good. The increase in WTA values is often explained by the sellers’ negative hedonic response to losing their item. Recent studies, however, show that subtle cues may change participants’ perspective, influencing their valuations. We hypothesized that implicit connotations of instructional language may be one of those cues. To test this hypothesis we manipulated the wording of instructions in two conditions: in the Sell condition, subjects were endowed with a set of pens and asked to select an amount of money for which they would sell the pens back and in the Take condition, subjects were endowed with the pens and asked to select an amount of money they would take for the pens. Participants in each condition also estimated the market value of the pens. Consistent with our hypothesis, WTA in the Sell condition was higher than in the Take condition, though there were no differences in market values between conditions. These findings show that instructional language does influence participant valuations. Furthermore, we suggest that those being asked to “sell” use their market estimations as the salient reference point in the transaction.
Acute toxicity of sodium arsenite in a complex food matrix.

Abstract Acute toxicity of a single oral dose of sodium arsenite (As), administered in half and half cream (HH), was assessed in male and non-pregnant female rats (0.41, 4.1, 41.0 and 410.0 mg/kg body weight) and pregnant rats (0.41, 4.1 and 41.0 mg/kg body weight). Control rats received deionized water alone, HH alone or 41.0 mg/kg As in deionized water (41 mg/kg As–water). Male and non-pregnant rats were monitored for 14 consecutive days post-dosing. Pregnant rats, dosed on gestation day 10 (GD-10), were monitored until fetuses were collected on GD 20. High mortality (100%) was observed in male and non-pregnant female rats exposed to 410.0 mg/kg As-HH. Low mortality (25%) was observed in non-pregnant female rats exposed to 41 mg/kg As–water. No mortality was observed in other control or treated groups. Reduced female fetal numbers were observed in the 41 mg/kg As–water group but not in the other control groups. Developmental effects were not observed in the controls or the As-HH treatment groups. In conclusion, As toxicity was not reduced when a high dose (410 mg/kg) was administered in HH however, at lower doses (41 mg/kg), HH reduced acute As oral toxicity in the female and developing fetus.
Sex differences in the energy allocation strategies of house mice

Sex differences in energy allocation were studied in wild stock house mice (Mus domesticus). Peripubertal animals of both sexes, either intact or gonadectomized, were subjected for 8 weeks to one of two feeding requirements by using a caging system in which a pellet dispenser was controlled by activity on a running wheel. Recently weaned animals were required to run 200 vs 300 or more wheel revolutions to obtain a pellet of food. The 200 revolution requirement allowed normal body growth and reproductive development; the 300+ requirement was adjusted weekly to maintain food intake at a level that allowed survival but did not permit normal body growth. Reproductive development was completely inhibited in intact females at 300+ revolutions whereas intact males at 300+ revolutions, despite stunted growth, all experienced normal sexual development. At both feeding requirements, however, females exhibited more total locomotor activity and consumed more food than males, regardless of gonadectomy. Furthermore, at the 200 revolution requirement we often observed extensive running activity beyond that needed to generate the amount of food actually eaten, especially among females. This “extra” locomotor activity was gonad-dependent in males, but not so in females. These results suggest that male and female house mice employ different strategies when relating their behavior and reproductive development to existing foraging conditions. Females appear more resource-dependent than males.
The transport of Zn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ into yeast cells

Abstract Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ can be taken up into a non-exchangeable pool by yeast cells, by a system that also transports Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ . The affinity series is Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ > Mn 2+ > Ni 2+ > Ca 2+ > Sr 2+ . The uptake is small in starved cells, but is enhanced in the presence of glucose. It is remarkably stimulated (5–20 fold) if cells are pretreated with phosphate and glucose. The uptakes are the same under aerobic or anaerobic conditions suggesting that fermentative reactions can supply the energy for transport. Uptake is reduced at low pH (below 5.0), but a H + exchange system is not involved. Instead, 2 K + (or 2 Na + in Na + -loaded cells) are secreted for each divalent cation absorbed.
Physical short‐term changes after a tussock tundra fire, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

[1] The Kougarok area, situated on the central Seward Peninsula, Alaska, experienced a severe fire in August 2002. This may be the only tundra fire where high-quality prefire (1999–2002) and postfire (2003–2006) active layer and meteorology measurements have been collected in the same locations. After fire, near-surface soil showed increased moisture at the burned tussock site, remaining close to saturation throughout the thawed season 2003–2006. Despite wetter soil after the fire, freezing occurred earlier at the burned tussock site than at the control, indicating the importance of a reduced organic layer. Severe combustion of lichen and moss left 15–25 cm high tussocks, resulting in a doubling of the surface roughness coefficient. Average September temperature at the tussock site increased 2.3 ± 0.7°C throughout the 1 m soil profile, doubling the active layer depth, although this is due partly to favorable meteorological conditions. The shrubby control station experienced a mean annual temperature increase of 1.1 ± 0.3°C in the upper 0.5 m. A similar annual change was found at the burned tussock site. Cooler weather conditions in 2006 stagnated the soil-warming trend, which occurred after 2002. How the thermal and moisture regimes in tundra will be affected after fire is highly influenced by weather, fire severity, vegetation regrowth, prefire vegetation, and ground ice conditions.
THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF RACE DIFFERENTIALS IN JUVENILE JUSTICE DISPOSITIONS

Proponents of traditional conflict theory have argued that minority races receive harsher justice system dispositions because they lack the power and resources to ensure equal treatment. Hawkins' (...
The Effect of Articulatory Adjustment on Reducing Hypernasality

Purpose With the goal of using articulatory adjustments to reduce hypernasality, this study utilized an articulatory synthesis model (Childers, 2000) to simulate the adjustment of articulatory conf...
Projective Embeddings of Complex Supermanifolds

This lecture represents joint work with Claude LeBrun of State University of New York at Stony Brook and Yat-Sun Poon of Rice University, [LPW]. There is some overlap with similar work by Jeffrey Rabin and P.T. Topiwala in two recent reprints [RT1], [RT2], and this work is reported in [R].
Preoperative radiation therapy for an extremity hemangiopericytoma: a case report.

Hemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular malignancy, comprising approximately 1% of all vascular neoplasms, and arises from the pericytes of Zimmerman.1 It was first described by Stout in 1949.2 The most common sites of presentation are the lower extremity, axilla, pelvis, retroperitoneum, and head and neck.3,4 Most patients present with a mass or localized pain. The lesions are histologically similar to solitary fibrous tumors, and because of this similarity, previous work on the identification and appropriate therapy for this rare malignancy is complicated by the likely inclusion of perhaps a more aggressive sarcoma in retrospective reviews.5 Management of these tumors is best planned in a multidisciplinary arena with orthopedic oncologists,
PEG-Labeled Nucleotides and Nanopore Detection for Single Molecule DNA Sequencing by Synthesis

We describe a novel single molecule nanopore-based sequencing by synthesis (Nano-SBS) strategy that can accurately distinguish four bases by detecting 4 different sized tags released from 5'-phosphate-modified nucleotides. The basic principle is as follows. As each nucleotide is incorporated into the growing DNA strand during the polymerase reaction, its tag is released and enters a nanopore in release order. This produces a unique ionic current blockade signature due to the tag's distinct chemical structure, thereby determining DNA sequence electronically at single molecule level with single base resolution. As proof of principle, we attached four different length PEG-coumarin tags to the terminal phosphate of 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-tetraphosphate. We demonstrate efficient, accurate incorporation of the nucleotide analogs during the polymerase reaction, and excellent discrimination among the four tags based on nanopore ionic currents. This approach coupled with polymerase attached to the nanopores in an array format should yield a single-molecule electronic Nano-SBS platform.
Education Patterns of Academically Talented Youth

Students who participated in The Johns Hopkins University Center for Talented Youth Academic Programs are compared to eligible students who did not enroll in CTY courses. The two groups of students, over a 5-year period (1980-1984), were matched on gender and Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores. The results of a questionnaire completed when the last group had finished high school suggest an education pattem of high academic achievement by both groups, with many students pursuing a rigorous high school program including College Board Advanced Placement courses and college courses outside of school. However, students who participated in CTY academic programs reported taking more advanced courses at an earlier age and enrolling in more college courses while in high school than students who did not attend CTY courses. The education pattern and accompanying achievements, exemplified by both groups, provide a validation for the selection instrument, the SAT.
Children with Prader-Willi syndrome vs. Williams syndrome: indirect effects on parents during a jigsaw puzzle task.

Background Genetic disorders predispose individuals to exhibit characteristic behaviours, which in turn elicit particular behaviours from others. In response to the strength of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and weakness of Williams syndrome (WS) in visual-spatial tasks such as jigsaw puzzles, parents’ behaviours can be affected by their child's level of puzzle ability or syndrome diagnosis. Methods Children were asked to complete two jigsaw puzzles (one with the experimenter and the other with the parent) for 5 min each. Frequencies of parental helping and reinforcement behaviours, along with ratings of parental directiveness, were examined as parents interacted with their children on a jigsaw puzzle task. Within each aetiological group, correlates of parental behaviours with child characteristics were also examined. Results Compared to parents of children with PWS, parents of children with WS engaged in a more directive style of interaction, and provided more help and reinforcement. Relative to parents of children with higher puzzle abilities (from both aetiologies), parents of children with lower abilities also showed the same pattern. Both the child's aetiology and puzzle abilities were important in predicting parents’ directiveness and helping and reinforcement behaviours. Within the PWS group, parents’ behaviours correlated negatively with the child's puzzle abilities and general cognitive functioning; no such relations occurred in the WS group. Conclusions Parents’ behaviours were affected by both the child's diagnosis and actual puzzle abilities, suggesting important implications for understanding and intervening with parents and children with different genetic syndromes.
Zooplankton in an upwelling area off northwest Africa: composition, distribution and ecology

Zooplankton were collected in an upwelling area off northwest Africa from March to May 1974, in vertical hauls with nets of mesh 0.1 mm. Biomass in gm−2 was studied according to its composition by sizes, major taxa, and its distribution by areas and periods. Areas were inner shelf, outer shelf and slope, along a line at 21°40′N, which was traversed at six periods. The zooplankton consisted predominantly of copepods on the shelf and euphausiaceans and thaliaceans on the slope. Total biomass was lower on the inner shelf than elsewhere. The main difference by size was that animals from 0.1 to 0.5 mm had a higher biomass on the outer shelf whereas those over 1.0 mm had a higher biomass on the slope. Statistically significant changes in biomass with time were observed for total zooplankton, Copepoda, and Thaliacea. There were no such changes on the outer shelf during most of the study period. The zooplankton in the small area studied were more affected by advection than by local biological events. In an area of 3.9 × 108 m2 across the outer shelf, where flow was almost always southward at all depths, daily change in biomass was estimated as follows: (100 to 500) × 108 g entering and leaving by advection, and (1 to 30) × 108 g entering and leaving as a result of local production and local predation by fish.
Early endothelial damage and leukocyte accumulation in piglet brains following cardiac arrest

This study examined the early microvascular and neuronal consequences of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in piglets. We hypothesized that early morphological changes occur after cardiac arrest and reperfusion, and that these findings are partly caused by post-resuscitation hypertension. Three groups of normothermic piglets (37.5°–38.5°C) were investigated: group 1, non-ischemic time controls; group 2, piglets undergoing 8 min of cardiac arrest by ventricular fibrillation, 6 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and 4 h of reperfusion; and group 3, non-ischemic hypertensive controls, receiving 6 min of CPR after only 10 s of cardiac arrest followed by 4-h survival. Immediately following resuscitation, acute hypertension occurred with peak systolic pressure equal to 197 ±15 mm Hg usually lasting less than 10 min. In reacted vibratome sections, isolated foci of extravasated horseradish peroxidase were noted throughout the brain within surface cortical layers and around penetrating vessels in group 2. Stained plastic sections of leaky sites demonstrated variable degrees of tissue injury. While many sections were unremarkable except for luminal red blood cells and leukocytes, other specimens contained abnormal neurons, some appearing irreversibly injured. The number of vessels containing leukocytes was higher in group 2 than in controls (3.8±0.6% vs 1.4±0.4% of vessels, P<0.05). Evidence for irreversible neuronal injury was only seen in group 2. Endothelial vacuolization was higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1 (P<0.05). Ultrastructural examination of leaky sites identified mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes adhering to the endothelium of venules and capillaries only in group 2. The early appearance of luminal leukocytes in ischemic animals indicates that these cells may contribute to the genesis of ischemia reperfusion injury in this model. In both groups 2 and 3 endothelial cells demonstrated vacuolation and luminal discontinuities with evidence of perivascular astrocytic swelling. Widespread microvascular and neuronal damage is present as early as 4 h after cardiac arrest in infant piglets. Hypertension appears to play a role in the production of some of the endothelial changes.
Effects of lipopolysaccharides and prostaglandins on rat bone cell calcium and cyclic AMP.

Abstract Bone cells were isolated by collagenase digestion of 19–21 day old fetal rat calvaria. At 37 °C, lipopolysaccharides decreased Ca uptake 30–70 per cent below control values. At 4 °C, 100–900 per cent increases in Ca uptake were observed. Incubation with lipid A produced similar effects. No effects of lipopolysaccharides on cyclic AMP were noted. Prostaglandins E 1 , E 2 and A 1 had no effects on calcium transport but produced characteristic increases in cyclic AMP.
Dasu - ISP characterization from the edge: a BitTorrent implementation

Evaluating and characterizing access ISPs is critical to consumers shopping for alternative services and governments surveying the availability of broadband services to their citizens. We present Dasu, a service for crowdsourcing ISP characterization to the edge of the network. Dasu is implemented as an extension to a popular BitTorrent client and has been available since July 2010. While the prototype uses BitTorrent as its host application, its design is agnostic to the particular host application. The demo showcases our current implementation using both a prerecorded execution trace and a live run.
Intravenous cannulation of adolescents does not affect the modulation of autonomic tone assessed by heart rate and blood pressure variability

Invasive arterial monitoring alters autonomic tone. The effects of intravenous (IV) insertion are less clear. The author assessed the effects of IV insertion on autonomic activity in patients aged 11 to 19 years prior to head-up tilt by measuring heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate variability, blood pressure variability, and baroreceptor gain before and after IV insertion with continuous electrocardiography and arterial tonometry in patients with orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (OTS, N=21), in patients who experienced simple fainting (N=14), and in normal control subjects (N=6). Five-minute samples were collected after 30 minutes supine. Fifteen minutes after IV insertion, data were collected again. These 5-minute samples were also collected in a separate control population without IV insertion after 30 minutes supine and again 30 minutes later. This population included 12 patients with OTS, 13 patients who experienced simple fainting, and 6 normal control subjects. Heart rate variability included the mean RR, the standard deviation of the RR interval (SDNN), and the root mean square of successive RR differences (RMSSD). Autoregressive spectral modeling was used. Low-frequency power (LFP, 0.04–0.15 Hz), high-frequency power (HFP, 0.15–0.40 Hz), and total power (TP, 0.01–0.40 Hz) were compared. Blood pressure variability included standard deviation of systolic blood pressure, LFP, and HFP. Baroreceptor gain at low frequency and high frequency was calculated from cross-spectral transfer function magnitudes when coherence was greater than 0.5. In patients with OTS, RR (790±50 msec), SDNN (54±6 msec), RMSSD (55±5 msec), LFP (422±200 ms2/Hz), HFP (846±400 ms2/Hz), and TP (1550±320 ms2/Hz) were less than in patients who experiences simple fainting (RR, 940±50 msec; SDNN, 84±10 msec; RMSSD, 91±7 msec; LFP, 880±342 ms2/Hz; HFP, 1720±210 ms2/Hz; and TP, 3228±490 ms2/Hz) or normal control subjects (RR, 920±30 msec; SDNN, 110±29 msec; RMSSD, 120±16 msec; LFP, 1600±331 ms2/Hz; HFP, 2700±526 ms2/Hz; and TP, 5400±1017 ms2/Hz). Blood pressure and blood pressure variability were not different in any group. Standard deviation, LFP, and HFP were, respectively, 5.24±0.8 mm Hg, 1.2±0.2, and 1.5±0.3 for patients with OTS; 4.6±0.4 mm Hg, 1.2±0.2, and 1.4±0.3 for patients who experienced simple fainting; and 5.55±1.0 mm Hg, 1.4±0.2, and 1.6±0.3 for normal control subjects. Baroreceptor gain at low frequency and high frequency in patients with OTS (16±4 msec/mm Hg 17±5) was comparable to that in patients who experienced simple fainting (33±4, 32±3) and that in normal control subjects (31±8, 37±9). Heart rate variability differed between patients with OTS and patients who experienced simple fainting or normal control subjects, and blood pressure and blood pressure variability were not different, but no parameter changed after IV insertion. There were no differences from the groups that did not receive IV insertions. Data suggest, at most, a limited effect of IV insertion on autonomic function in adolescents.
Treatment of human disease by adeno-associated viral gene transfer

During the past decade, in vivo administration of viral gene transfer vectors for treatment of numerous human diseases has been brought from bench to bedside in the form of clinical trials, mostly aimed at establishing the safety of the protocol. In preclinical studies in animal models of human disease, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have emerged as a favored gene transfer system for this approach. These vectors are derived from a replication-deficient, non-pathogenic parvovirus with a single-stranded DNA genome. Efficient gene transfer to numerous target cells and tissues has been described. AAV is particularly efficient in transduction of non-dividing cells, and the vector genome persists predominantly in episomal forms. Substantial correction, and in some instances complete cure, of genetic disease has been obtained in animal models of hemophilia, lysosomal storage disorders, retinal diseases, disorders of the central nervous system, and other diseases. Therapeutic expression often lasted for months to years. Treatments of genetic disorders, cancer, and other acquired diseases are summarized in this review. Vector development, results in animals, early clinical experience, as well as potential hurdles and challenges are discussed.
The Effect of ATP Analogs on Posthydrolytic and Force Development Steps in Skinned Skeletal Muscle Fibers

ATP, 2-deoxy ATP (dATP), CTP, and UTP support isometric force and unloaded shortening velocity (Vu) to various extents (Regnier et al., Biophys. J. 74:3044-3058). Vu correlated with the rate of cross-bridge dissociation after the power stroke and the steady-state hydrolysis rate in solution, whereas force was modulated by NTP binding and cleavage. Here we studied the influence of posthydrolytic cross-bridge steps on force and fiber shortening by measuring isometric force and stiffness, the rate of tension decline (kPi) after Pi photogeneration from caged Pi, and the rate of tension redevelopment (ktr) after a sudden release and restretch of fibers. The slope of the force versus [Pi] relationship was the same for ATP, dATP, and CTP, but for UTP it was threefold less. ktr and kPi increased with increasing [Pi] with a similar slope for ATP, dATP, and CTP, but had an increasing magnitude of the relationship ATP < dATP < CTP. UTP reduced ktr but increased kPi. The results suggest that the rate constant for the force-generating isomerization increases with the order ATP < dATP < CTP < UTP. Simulations using a six-state model suggest that increasing the force-generating rate accounts for the faster kPi in dATP, CTP, and UTP. In contrast, ktr appears to be strongly affected by the rates of NTP binding and cleavage and the rate of the force-generating isomerization.
Evidence for Barotropic Wave Radiation from the Gulf Stream

Abstract Highly energetic velocity fluctuations associated with topographic Rossby waves are frequently observed over the continental slope and rise off the United States and Canadian east coast. It has been suggested that the energy source for these waves could be eastward-propagating Gulf Stream meanders, which can couple to the westward-propagating Rossby waves if the meander shape is time dependent. In this study, a historical archive of all available current meter data from the western North Atlantic has been examined for evidence of energy radiation from the Gulf Stream via barotropic/topographic Rossby waves. Maps of abyssal eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and Reynolds stress were constructed for four frequency bands (including motions with periods between 256 and 7.8 days) to examine distributions of these quantities over the largest possible geographical area. Maximum eddy kinetic energy is observed along the mean axis of the Gulf Stream at low frequencies (50–250 days), but this maximum shifts north a...
Digital assessment of the epicardial electrocardiogram: novel methodology for a core laboratory for clinical studies.

Background: The epicardial electrocardiogram (ECG) is a sensitive marker for cardiac ischemia and has been used as a measure of ischemia in clinical trials. We sought to examine the utility of a central ECG laboratory for determining ischemic-type ST-segment shifts from epicardial ECG recordings obtained from multiple clinical sites. Hypothesis: We speculated that an operator-assisted digital ECG core laboratory is feasible, reliable, and efficient, with the ability for rapid and accurate interpretation of the epicardial ECG. Methods: The epicardial ECG was recorded via an angioplasty guidewire placed in a coronary artery of a patient undergoing angioplasty. Site investigators visually determined the time-to-onset of 0.1 and 0.3 mm ST-segment elevation, and the maximal ST-segment elevation during balloon inflation, and then compared the measurements with those made at an operator-assisted digital ECG core laboratory. Results: Agreement between the two methods occurred in 78% of the time-to-onset measurements, but in only 39% of the maximal ST-segment measurements. Overall, the visual measurements of the clinical investigators of time-to-onset differed from the digital core laboratory by 11.8 ± 11.6 s for 0.1 mV, and 15.8 ± 20.6 s for 0.3 mV. Recorded maximal ST-segment shifts differed by a mean of 0.47 ± 0.69 mV. Conclusion: The magnitude of inconsistency between the ECG core laboratory results using an operator-assisted digital method and the interpretations of clinical investigators using manual caliper-type analysis was surprisingly large. These results support the need for an ECG core laboratory in clinical trials where ECG ST-segment shifts are used as a response variable.
Failure to improve the reproductive performance of turkey breeder hens by supplementing a low protein diet with methionine.

Abstract Adding methionine to a wheat-dry pea (Pisum sativum) ration containing 12% protein failed to significantly (P
The National Information Infrastructure and electronic publishing: a reflective essay

The United States government has been active in the establishment of national and other levels of networking to connect various kinds of persons and groups throughout the country. This article briefly examines the history and present state of federal initiatives in electronic networking (particularly the National Information Infrastructure [NII] and the National Research and Education Network [NREN]); looks at current trends and issues for electronic publishing that come from this federal activity; and identifies topics of fundamental interest to, and with major implications for, national policy that arise from electronic publishing. The goal of this discussion is to explore electronic publishing in the context of federal networking initiatives and to consider the implications of the growth of electronic publishing for national policy
Preparation of Photoreactive Oligomers by ADMET Polymerization of [(C5H4(CH2)8CH=CH2)Mo(CO)3]2

Polymerization of the [(η5-C5H4(CH2)8CH═CH2)Mo(CO)3]2 complex by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization (ADMET) is reported. The polymerization reactions were performed using Schrock’s catalyst, which resulted in formation of a polydisperse oligomer (Mn = 2300 and Mw/Mn = 4.3) with Mo−Mo bonds in the oligomer chain. Under dilute solvent conditions, the reaction was shown to favor the formation of the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) product. The ADMET oligomer was photochemically degradable, and irradiation with λ > 520 nm light in CCl4 resulted in cleavage of the oligomer backbone and formation of the metal chloride complex [μ-C5H4(CH2)8CH═CH(CH2)8C5H4{Mo(CO)3Cl}2]. The RCM product was also irradiated and the photochemical product is identical to that formed by irradiation of the oligomer. Copolymerization of [(η5-C5H4(CH2)8CH═CH2)Mo(CO)3]2 with 1,9-decadiene using Grubbs’ second-generation catalyst resulted in a higher molecular weight oligomer (Mn = 3400, Mw/Mn = 3.9).
ZnSe-based white LEDs

Abstract The first phosphor-free white LED based on II–IV compound materials is demonstrated. Our device utilizes a phenomenon unique to ZnSe homoepitaxy, where a portion of the main greenish-blue emission from the active layer of a pn junction diode is absorbed by the conductive substrate which in turn gives off an intense broad-band yellow emission centered around 585 nm by photoluminescence. These two emission bands combine to give a spectrum which appears white to the naked eye. A typical ZnSe-based white LED lamp exhibits a color temperature of approximately 3400 K with a CRI (color rendering index) of 68. The optical output power and operating voltage of such a device at a forward current of 20 mA is 2.0 mW and 2.7 V, respectively. The luminous efficiency estimated from these results is 10.4l m/W, which is comparable to the incandescent lamp as well as the commercial InGaN-based white LED. Device lifetimes (half-life) have exceeded 800 h at 20°C.
The Resilience of Affirmative Action in the 1980s: Innovation, Isomorphism, and Institutionalization in University Admissions

This article applies neoinstitutional organization theory to uncover the central role of university officials in institutionalizing aggressive, race-based affirmative admissions procedures at three selective public universities from the late 1970s until the early 1990s. During this second stage of affirmative action, admissions and diversity officials at the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Texas at Austin, and the University of Wisconsin—Madison began to increasingly emphasize the diversity rationale and the method of individualized review. At a time of increasing judicial and executive scrutiny and skepticism of affirmative action, university officials defended and transformed race-conscious admissions in innovative ways when they could have instead chosen to contribute to its demise.
CPA licensure without examination: Legitimation and resistance

Abstract A 2001 law converted Minnesota's licensed public accountants (LPAs) to certified public accountants (CPAs). LPAs were individuals licensed to practice public accounting, including attestation, without having passed the CPA examination. Following the conversion, a fierce resistance arose from a small segment of Minnesota's CPA community. This paper used institutional theory to analyze the legitimation strategies and actions of the institutional agents as well as the resistance. The history and institutionalization of the CPA examination suggested that its cognitive legitimacy was a significant factor in the resistance. The analysis of the resistance reflected back upon the pragmatic approach taken by the proponents. The case demonstrated the importance of controlling communication resources in building legitimacy. Finally, it considered how the diversity of interests in a segmented professional association shaped legitimation and resistance.