cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE TRENDS IN MODERN ELECTRONICS

We discuss recent advances in various fields of modern electronic and optoelectronic devices. The major trends in electronics point to the nanoscale, to giga to terahertz operation, and to very low power consumption. These trends will require the development of advanced physics concepts and new device processing and characterization techniques. Various novel material systems will be researched. These approaches will greatly improve the performance of the electronic devices, and novel devices will further improve the level of human life as they have done before.
High Speed Applications Of Heterodyne Hologram Interferometry

High speed applications of heterodyne hologram interferometryJames W. WagnerCenter for Nondestructive EvaluationThe Johns Hopkins UniversityMaryland Hall 102Baltimore, Maryland 21218AbstractHeterodyne and quasi- heterodyne holographic techniques are being used to greatadvantage in steady -state full field contouring and deformation studies, for example. Thehigh dynamic range and sensitivity afforded by these techniques is also of benefit in highspeed holographic applications where there is the potential for providing new holographictools to study a variety of high speed, transient phenomena. Full field visualization ofsurface acoustic waves, surface perturbations from acoustic emissions, and deformationduring dynamic fracture studies are but a few of the potential applications of high speedheterodyne hologram interferometry. Triple- exposure and high speed switching techniqueshave been developed to facilitate recording of pulsed holograms for subsequent heterodyneanalysis. Additional modifications to more conventional CW recording and readoutgeometries have been explored as well. Some degradation in sensitivity results fromincreased spatial and temporal noise associated with high speed recording.IntroductionHeterodyne techniques applied to holographic interferometry have greatly improved theutility of holography for many measurement and testing applications. The range ofapplications expands even further when heterodyne holographic interferometry is coupledwith pulsed holographic recording techniques. Consider, for example, the two experimentsshown pictorially in Figures
A Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulator for Software Development for a Mars Airplane

Draper Laboratory recently developed a Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulator (HILSIM) to provide a simulation of the Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES) airplane executing a mission in the Martian environment. The HILSIM was used to support risk mitigation activities under the Planetary Airplane Risk Reduction (PARR) program. PARR supported NASA Langley Research Center's (LaRC) ARES proposal efforts for the Mars Scout 2011 opportunity. The HILSIM software was a successful integration of two simulation frameworks, Draper's CSIM and NASA LaRC's Langley Standard Real-Time Simulation in C++ (LaSRS++).
Determination of optical constants of polymeric thin films by integrated optical techniques

Abstract Refractive indices, including anisotropy and absorptive and scattering losses, and film thickness can simultaneously quickly and accurately be determined by integrated optical techniques. Although others have already proposed this application and given a few illustrations, we wish to report our experimental and computational procedures for anisotropic films, a common occurence with polymeric films produced from solution. Films have been studied both as single layers (1– μm thick) or as thin second layers (
Factors Affecting the Predictability of Hurricane Humberto (2007)

Abstract This study uses ensemble Kalman filter analyses and short-range ensemble forecasts to study factors affecting the predictability of Hurricane Humberto, which made landfall along the Texas coast in 2007. Humberto is known for both its rapid intensification and extreme forecast uncertainty, which makes it an ideal case in which to examine the origins of tropical cyclone strength forecast error. Statistical correlation is used to determine why some ensemble members strengthen the incipient low into a hurricane and others do not. During the analysis period, it is found that variations in midlevel moisture, low-level convective instability, and strength of a front to the north of the cyclone likely lead to differences in net precipitation, which ultimately leads to storm strength spread. Stronger storms are favored when the atmosphere is more moist and unstable and when the front is weaker, possibly because some storms in the ensemble begin entraining cooler and drier postfrontal air during this perio...
Enhanced Susceptibility of the Immune System to Stress in Morphine-Tolerant Rats

The purpose of the present study was to determine the potential consequences to the immune system of the combined exposure of rats to stressor and morphine. Within 30 min following either morphine (5 mg/kg) injection or restraint stress (30 min) maximal analgesic responses as measured by tail-flick assay were observed. However, only morphine treatment was accompanied by a significant suppression (50%) in mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferative responses. Restraint stress for either a 30-min or 2-h duration had no effect on lymphocyte responses. Exposure to a combination of restraint stress and acute morphine (5 mg/kg) resulted in a 50% suppression of lymphocyte responses which was similar in magnitude to that observed with morphine administration alone. When rats were injected twice daily for 4 days with increasing doses of morphine ranging from 10 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg, morphine (10 mg/kg) administration on Day 5 was not accompanied by either analgesia or depressed blood lymphocyte proliferative responses. These results indicated that tolerance had developed to both the analgesic and the immunosuppressive effects of morphine. However, upon exposure of morphine-tolerant animals to restraint stress, significant analgesic responses were retained. Furthermore, in contrast to the lack of suppression following restraint stress on lymphocyte responses in saline-injected animals, restraint for 30 min produced greater than a 70% suppression in morphine-tolerant animals. These data suggest that morphine tolerance may be accompanied by an enhanced susceptibility to the immunosuppressive effects of stress.
Relative contribution of cardiovascular risk factors and rheumatoid arthritis clinical manifestations to atherosclerosis.

Objective To estimate the contribution of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease manifestations to atherosclerosis in RA. Methods We used high-resolution carotid ultrasound to measure the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque in 631 RA patients. Using R2 measures from multivariable models, we estimated the contribution of demographic characteristics (age, sex, and ethnic group), CV risk factors (diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, and body mass index, and RA manifestations (joint tenderness, swelling, and deformity, nodules, erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, the HLA–DRB1 shared epitope, and cumulative glucocorticoid dose) to each of the outcomes. Estimates were obtained in the full sample, and within strata defined by age, sex, and ethnic group. We tested for interaction between CV risk factors and RA manifestations. Results The contribution of demographic factors, CV risk factors, and RA manifestations to IMT and plaque R2 varied depending on the patients' age stratum. Demographic features explained 11–16% of IMT variance, CV risk factors explained 4%–12%, and RA manifestations explained 1–6%. The greatest contribution of RA manifestations occurred in the youngest age group, while that of CV risk factors occurred in the older age groups. Results for carotid plaque were similar. There was a significant interaction between the number of CV risk factors present and the ESR, suggesting that the ESR's effect on IMT varied according to the number of CV risk factors. Conclusion Both established CV risk factors and manifestations of RA inflammation contribute significantly to carotid atherosclerosis in RA, and may modify one another's effects. These findings may have implications regarding the prevention of atherosclerosis in RA.
Diffusion of polymers through polyacrylamide gels

Abstract The diffusion of rhodamine dye and poly(acrylic acids) (MW = 6000, 50 000 and 150 000) through polyacrylamide (PAM) gels has been studied. Diffusion coefficients were calculated by following the diffusion of the species out of PAM gel cylinders into the surrounding liquid. The effect of gel structure on diffusion was tested by making gels with varying monomer and crosslinker concentrations. The pore sizes in the gels were calculated from modulus measurements on the gels, and the effect of the ratio of diffusing species size to gel pore size was investigated. The diffusion coefficients decreased in a power-law fashion with increased molecular weight of the diffusing species, decreased with increased monomer concentration, and decreased with increased crosslinking. The partition coefficients of the species, as measured in the experiments, depend on competition between attractive hydrogen-bonding forces and repulsive entropic forces.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return, surgically corrected in two patients beyond 40 years of age.

Abstract Two adult patients over 40 years of age with total anomalous pulmonary venous return, which was recognized preoperatively and successfully corrected surgically, are described here. The clinical diagnosis of this condition in adults may not be difficult if it is kept in mind in patients with findings of a large atrial septal defect. The associated cyanosis in a patient with a large atrial septal defect without accompanying, marked elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance or pulmonic stenosis may be a clue to this diagnosis. On cardiac catheterization, the findings of identical O 2 saturations of blood samples from various right and left chambers of the heart, with a slightly higher oxygen saturation in pulmonary artery than the systemic artery are typical features. These were seen in both of our patients. The pulmonary angiogram, of great importance to the surgeon, is essential to delineate the exact anatomy of the anomalous veins. These two cases support previous observations that a favorable prognosis in this condition is associated with a large interatrial communication, a short common pulmonary venous trunk, and a normal pulmonary vascular resistance.
Retention mechanism of a cholesterol-coated C18 stationary phase: van't Hoff and Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) approaches.

Abstract This study examines the effect of temperature on the dynamic cholesterol coating of a C18 stationary phase and the effect of this coating on the retention mechanism. In general, an increase in temperature results in a decrease in the mass of cholesterol coated on the stationary phase. Typically, an increase in temperature from 25 °C to 55 °C results in a nearly 60% reduction in the mass of cholesterol loaded. The inclusion of temperature, along with loading solvent composition and cholesterol concentration in the loading solvent, allows for loading a targeted amount of cholesterol on the stationary phase over an order-of-magnitude range. In addition to loading studies, the retention mechanism of small non-ionizable solutes was examined on cholesterol-coated stationary phases. A van’t Hoff analysis was performed to assess retention thermodynamics, while a LSER approach was used to examine retention mechanism. With 50/50 water/organic mobile phases, the addition of cholesterol results in an increase in the entropic contribution to retention, with a decrease in the enthalpic contribution. The opposite trend is seen with 40/60 water/organic mobile phases. LSER system constants are also affected by a cholesterol coating on the stationary phase, with some changing to favor elution and others changing to favor retention.
Photoinduced coherent magnetization precession in epitaxial La 0.67 Ca 0.33 MnO 3 films

Optically excited uniform magnetization precession in the ferromagnetic state of ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ films grown on different substrates is investigated by the time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect. The parameters of magnetic anisotropy are determined from the measured field dependence of the precession frequency. The dominant anisotropy contribution in the film grown on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}(001)$ is the strain-induced easy-plane anisotropy. In the strain-free films on ${\mathrm{NdGaO}}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}(110)$, we discover a uniaxial in-plane anisotropy that results from the interface due to the tilting of the oxygen octahedra in ${\mathrm{NdGaO}}_{3}$.
Surface functionalization by RF plasma deposition of ethylene diamine, acrylonitrile, and acetonitrile

Surface rich in covalently-bonded amine groups have wide end use applications in biomaterials. This article describes functionalization of stainless steel (SS) surface with reactive chemical groups using RF-cold-plasma polymerization of ethylene diamine (ED), acrylonitrile (AN), and acetonitrile (AcN). The effect of RF plasma power and frequency (40 kHz and 13.56 MHz) on surface chemistry was investigated by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and FTIR. It was demonstrated that all the plasma-deposited films consist of secondary and tertiary amines, imines, and amides with a small concentration of nitrile groups present in AN plasma. Significant changes in ED, and AN plasma-induced molecular fragmentation occur as the plasma conditions are varied. However, AcN plasma polymer chemistry is observed to be independent of RF frequency. Films deposited at 13.56 MHz RF power in continuous mode have higher concentrations of CN linkages, with maximum in ED plasma-polymerized films. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Robust control of accelerators

Abstract The problem of controlling the variations in the rf power system can be effectively cast as an application of modern control theory. Two components of this theory are obtaining a model and a feedback structure. The model inaccuracies influence the choice of a particular controller structure. Because of the modelling uncertainty, one has to design either a variable, adaptive controller or a fixed, robust controller to achieve the desired objective. The adaptive control scheme usually results in very complex hardware; and, therefore, shall not be pursued in this research. In contrast, the robust control method leads to simpler hardware. However, robust control requires a more accurate mathematical model of the physical process than is required by adaptive control. Our research at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the University of New Mexico (UNM) has led to the development and implementation of a new robust rf power feedback system. In this article, we report on our research progress. In section 1, the robust control problem for the rf power system and the philosophy adopted for the beginning phase of our research is presented. In section 2, the results of our proof-of-principle experiments are presented. In section 3, we describe the actual controller configuration that is used in LANL FEL physics experiments. The novelty of our approach is that the control hardware is implemented directly in rf. without demodulating, compensating, and then remodulating.
Slow positrons in single-crystal samples of Al and Al- Al x O y

Well-characterized Al(111) and Al(100) samples were studied with monoenergetic positrons before and after exposure to oxygen. Both positronium-formation and positron-emission curves were obtained for various incident positron energies at sample temperatures ranging from 160-900 K. The orthopositronium decay signal provides a unique signature that the positron has emerged from the surface region of a clean metal. In the clean Al crystals part of the positronium formed near the surface is found to be associated with a temperature-activated process described as the thermally activated detrapping of a positron from a surface state. A simple positron diffusion model, including surface and vacancy trapping, is fitted to the positronium data and an estimate of the binding energy of the positron in this trap is made. The positron diffusion constant is found to have a negative temperature dependence before the onset of positron trapping at thermally generated monovacancies (g500 K), in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. The depth of the positron surface state is reduced or positronium is formed in the chemisorbed layer as oxygen is adsorbed on both Al sample surfaces, thus increasing the positronium fraction and decreasing the positron emission. At higher oxygen exposures [g500 L (1 L = ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ torr sec)] positron or positronium traps are generated in the overlayer and the positronium fraction is reduced. The amorphous-to-crystalline surface transition of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{y}$ on Al is observed between 650 and 800 K by the change in the positronium fraction and is interpreted as the removal of trapping centers in the metal-oxide overlayer. At the higher temperatures and incident energies vacancy trapping is observed by the decrease in the positron diffusion length in both the clean and the underlying Al of the oxygen-exposed samples. Similar vacancy formation enthalpies for Al are extracted in both the clean and oxygen-covered samples by a simple model and are in good agreement with those measured by other experimental methods. This technique provides a new experimental means for the study of interfaces and thin films and the vacancy-type defects associated with them.
Self-Consistent Normal Mode Analysis of the One-Mode Polaron

The self-energy of the one-mode polaron model is calculated in both the weak and strong coupling regimes by using a variational principle which removes all linear Bose coupling terms and diagonalizes all quadratic Bose terms in the Hamiltonian. It is clearly demonstrated that this approximation scheme is not powerful enough to yield the correct strong coupling behavior. Es wird die Selbstenergie des Ein-Moden-Polarons sowohl fur den Pall schwacher als auch starker Kopplung mit einem Variationsprinzip berechnet, das alle linearen Bose-Kopplungsterme beseitigt und alle quadratischen Boseterme im Hamiltonian diagonalisiert. Es wird deutlich gemacht, das dieses Naherungsverfahren nicht leistungsfahig genug ist, u m das richtige, starke Kopplungsverhalten zu bckommen.
The Moderating Effect of Gender on the Relation between Expectancies and Gambling Frequency among College Students

Compared to college females, college males are more likely to report frequent gambling. Research on gambling outcome expectancies has shown that expectations about gambling influence gambling behavior and that endorsement of particular expectancies differs by gender. Knowledge regarding the differential predictive utility of specific gambling expectancies based on gender would help to determine how beliefs about gambling may be fundamentally different for men and women. The present study explored whether gender moderates the relation between gambling expectancy and gambling frequency in a college sample. 421 college students completed an online survey that included questions about their demographics, gambling frequency, and gambling expectancies. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that gender moderated the relations between the expectancies of social consequences, material gain, and gambling frequency. For females, greater endorsement of social consequences predicted less frequent gambling. For both males and females, greater endorsement of material gain predicted more frequent gambling. The current findings can help inform prevention and intervention efforts by identifying gambling expectations that are differentially related to college student gambling behavior choices.
Meiosis in Ornithogalum virens (Lilliaceae). II. Univalent production by preprophase cold treatment.

Abstract Inflorescences of Ornithogalum virens were labelled for 12 h with 3 H-thymidine and grown thereafter at 9 °C. Samples of pollen mother cells showed only bivalents for 12–13 days after the start of the 9 °C treatment. Univalents were more common than not from day 13 onward. Labelled cells first arrived in diplotene simultaneously with the appearance of univalents. Hence, the cold-sensitive period is premeiotic DNA synthesis or G2-early leptotene; chiasmata are either formed then or there is an event(s) that occurs which predetermines whether or not chiasmata are formed at a later stage.
Abstract 4942: The role of one-carbon metabolism in global and promoter methylation of breast cancer in a population-based study

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Promoter-CpG island hypermethylation, accompanied by global DNA hypomethylation, are common molecular defects in cancer cells. One-carbon metabolism is involved in the DNA methylation process as it provides the universal methyl donor for methylation reactions. Thus, perturbation of one-carbon metabolism might influence DNA methylation status. Using the resource of the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project, a population-based case-control study, we investigate the relationships of dietary and genetic factors involved in the one-carbon metabolism pathway with LINE-1 methylation level in blood cells as well as promoter methylation status of a panel of breast cancer genes in tumor tissue. LINE-1 methylation level was assessed by Pyrosequencing. Gene promoter methylation was examined by MS-PCR and MethyLight assays. Global methylation measured as LINE-1 methylation level from blood DNA was not associated with risk of developing breast cancer. Neither dietary intakes of methyl-related micronutrients nor genetic polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism was associated with LINE-1 methylation level. LINE-1 methylation level was higher among cases with methylated APC (p=0.04). Promoter methylation of APC and p16 were correlated (p=0.0007). Higher betaine intake was associated with methylated APC promoter (p, trend=0.01). Cases with the 2R/2R genotype of TYMS are more likely to have a methylated ER promoter (p, trend=0.03). Our results indicate that one-carbon metabolism has a limited influence on DNA methylation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4942.
Local Television News and Campaign 2000: Assessing Efforts to Increase Substantive Content

Content analysis of local newscasts during Campaign 2000 reveals that stations that participated in two civil society efforts to increase the quality of news coverage devoted far more attention to coverage that included more extensive discussion of issues than did stations in the same market that did not participate in either program. Treatment stations as a group provided more information regarding the background of issues, more discussion of the details of policy proposals and more discussion of the possible consequences of those proposals should they be adopted. The differences were greatest between stations in mid-sized and smaller markets.
Computational Investigation of Gallium Nitrite Ammonothermal Crystal Growth

This paper presents a rigorous approach to the simulation of the GaN growth process, which involves dissolution kinetics, transport by thermal convection and crystallization kinetics. So far, a wide range of numerical efforts have been published which provide valuable information on the flow field and temperature distribution in the hydrothermal crystal growth processes; however, no research has attempted to model the mass transfer in the nutrient porous basket nor did they present a modeling of the nutrient/mineralizers/solvent chemical reactions. In addition, the rate of crystallization was not numerically considered in the model. This paper shows the feasibility of developing a robust numerical code based on models that accurately account for the rate of nutrient dissolution and crystallization kinetics. Numerical simulation results revealed that chemical reaction kinetics can directly affect the crystallization rate and is a dominant factor in this phenomenon.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Cyclic networks of quantum gates

In this paper initial steps in an analysis of cyclic networks of quantum logic gates will be given. Cyclic networks are those in which the qubit lines are loops. In our investigations of cyclic networks of quantum gates we have studied one- and two-qubit systems plus two-qubit systems connected to another qubit on an acyclic line. The analysis includes classifying networks into groups, the dynamics of the qubits in the cyclic network, and the perturbation effects of an acyclic qubit acting on a cyclic network of quantum gates. This will be followed by a discussion on quantum algorithms and quantum information processing with cyclic networks of quantum gates. An implementation of a cyclic network quantum memory and quantum sensors via cyclic networks will also be discussed.
The amount of periosteal apposition required to maintain bone strength during aging depends on adult bone morphology and tissue‐modulus degradation rate

Although the continued periosteal apposition that accompanies age-related bone loss is a biomechanically critical target for prophylactic treatment of bone fragility, the magnitude of periosteal expansion required to maintain strength during aging has not been established. A new model for predicting periosteal apposition rate for men and women was developed to better understand the complex, nonlinear interactions that exist among bone morphology, tissue-modulus, and aging. Periosteal apposition rate varied up to eightfold across bone sizes, and this depended on the relationship between cortical area and total area, which varies with external size and among anatomical sites. Increasing tissue-modulus degradation rate from 0% to −4%/decade resulted in 65% to 145% increases in periosteal apposition rate beyond that expected for bone loss alone. Periosteal apposition rate had to increase as much as 350% over time to maintain stiffness for slender diaphyses, whereas robust bones required less than a 32% increase over time. Small changes in the amount of bone accrued during growth (ie, adult cortical area) affected periosteal apposition rate of slender bones to a much greater extent compared to robust bones. This outcome suggested that impaired bone growth places a heavy burden on the biological activity required to maintain stiffness with aging. Finally, sex-specific differences in periosteal apposition were attributable in part to differences in bone size between the two populations. The results indicated that a substantial proportion of the variation in periosteal expansion required to maintain bone strength during aging can be attributed to the natural variation in adult bone width. Efforts to identify factors contributing to variation in periosteal expansion will benefit from developing a better understanding of how to adjust clinical data to differentiate the biological responses attributable to size-effects from other genetic and environmental factors. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Mycology at The New York Botanical Garden, 1895–1995

A review of the first 100 years of studies on fungi (including lichens) at The New York Botanical Garden is presented.
Poster: Sequence classification of homopolymer emissions (SCOPE)

In this poster we will describe SCOPE: a tool for the identification and removal of homopolymer sequences embedded in sequenced mRNA transcript fragments as a result of the Eukaryotic polyadenylation process, allowing for the identification and cleaning of next generation sequence transcriptome data of fragments added by post-transcriptional processes. By making use of Hidden Markov models trained on-the-fly we are able to detect the embedded homopolymers and accurately identify boundaries in the presence of high rates of sequencing error that might otherwise obscure them. Compared to the SeqClean tool [1], we see comparable to considerably improved sensitivity and specificity in identification, and a significantly improved ability to correctly detect homopolymer boundaries. SCOPE is being developed as an open-source tool, with a preliminary version that will be distributed to interested users upon request to the authors.
Genomic analysis of Grapevine leafroll associated virus-5 and related viruses☆

The grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs) (Closteroviridae) represent an emerging threat to world grape production. One group of GLRaVs within the genus Ampelovirus, the GLRaV-4-like viruses (GLRaV-4LVs), contains a fragmented collection of seven viruses only two of which (GLRaV-Pr and GLRaCV) are fully sequenced. Here in reporting the sequence of GLRaV-5, a member of GLRaV-4LVs, we identify genomic elements common to the GLRaV-4LV group. Exclusive properties include a highly conserved p5 gene product and phylogenies for complete genes that, except for the p23 gene, are reliably monophyletic. In comparison with other members of the genus Ampelovirus, GLRaV-4LVs form a tight cluster for all genes analyzed. In addition, they all possess a conserved AlkB domain which is most similar to the more distantly related GLRaV-3, suggesting recombination. In silico RNA structural analyses revealed a conserved five stem-loop structure at the 3' untranslated region that extends to all GLRaV-4LVs, and the ampeloviruses Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus 1 and Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus 3. A conserved G-U rich stem loop was also found upstream of the ORF1a stop and 1b start codons. Taken together, this work allows for a more thorough contextualization of GLRaV-5 and the GLRaV-4LVs as a group within the genus Ampelovirus.
The Value of Electrophysiology Study and Prophylactic Implantation of Cardioverter Defibrillator in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Fifty-three consecutive patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and no history of sudden death underwent electrophysiology (EP) study. Sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced in 19 patients (35%). Patients with prior syncope or near syncope had a higher incidence of VT/VF inducibility. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (i.c.d.) was placed in 14 of the 19 patients. Of the remaining 5 patients with inducible VT/VF, three refused ICD implantation, while two underwent septal myectomy and VT/VF was no longer inducible after the operation. None of the patients received antiarrhythmic drugs. During a mean follow-up period of 47 +/- 31 (2-117) months, no events occurred in the 34 patients with negative EP study. Three events occurred among the 19 patients with inducible VT/VF. One patient died suddenly, one developed wide complex tachycardia which required resuscitation, and one patient received an appropriate ICD shock. In conclusion, sustained polymorphic VT/VF was inducible in about one-third of patients with HCM. Noninducibility of VT/VF appeared to predict a favorable prognosis. Although the overall event rate was low in patients with inducible VT/VF, prophylactic ICD implantation in patients with multiple risk factors may be appropriate.
The meaning of malingering data: further applications of Bayes' theorem

A previous Behavioral Sciences and the Law article (Mossman & Hart, 1996) asserted that information from malingering tests is best conceptualized using Bayes' theorem, and that courts therefore deserve Bayesian interpretations when mental health professionals present evidence about malingering. Mossman and Hart gave several examples of estimated Bayesian posterior probabilities, but they did not systematically address how one constructs confidence intervals for these estimates. This article explains how the usually imperfect nature of humanly created diagnostic tests mandates Bayesian interpretations of test results, and describes methods for generating confidence intervals for posterior probabilities. Sample calculations show that Bayesian reasoning is quite feasible and would not require investigators to expend unusual efforts when constructing and validating malingering instruments. Bayesian interpretations most accurately capture what malingering tests do: provide information that alters one's beliefs about the likelihood of malingering. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of Arthrography

Arthrography has evolved during the last century from crude techniques with postprocedural radiographic imaging to modern CT and MR arthrographic techniques. Arthrography saw its widest use in the 1960s and 1970s, but indications for its use in many joints decreased significantly after the introduction of cross-sectional imaging modalities such as CT and MR imaging. Arthrography continues to provide valuable anatomic information about the joints and provides accurate depiction of internal derangement.
The relationship of adaptation and consistency to improvement in stuttering therapy.

For 33 stutterers of at least average severity, two measures of adaptation and one of consistency were made prior to any therapy at the Iowa Speech Clinic. This study tested the hypothesis that hig...
Intervention for Children With Hearing Impairment in General Education Settings

Students with hearing impairments who are educated in classes with normally hearings peers represent the majority of children with hearing impairment. With hearing losses ranging from mild to profo...
Electronic structure and bonding properties of cobalt oxide in the spinel structure

The spinel cobalt oxide Co${}_{3}$O${}_{4}$ is a magnetic semiconductor containing cobalt ions in Co${}^{2+}$ and Co${}^{3+}$ oxidation states. We have studied the electronic, magnetic, and bonding properties of Co${}_{3}$O${}_{4}$ using density functional theory (DFT) at the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA), GGA$+$U, and PBE0 hybrid functional levels. The GGA correctly predicts Co${}_{3}$O${}_{4}$ to be a semiconductor but severely underestimates the band gap. The GGA$+$U band gap (1.96 eV) agrees well with the available experimental value (1.6 eV), whereas the band gap obtained using the PBE0 hybrid functional (3.42 eV) is strongly overestimated. All the employed exchange-correlation functionals predict three unpaired $d$ electrons on the Co${}^{2+}$ ions, in agreement with crystal field theory, but the values of the magnetic moments given by GGA$+$U and PBE0 are in closer agreement with the experiment than the GGA value, indicating a better description of the cobalt localized $d$ states. Bonding properties are studied by means of maximally localized Wannier functions (MLWFs). We find $d$-type MLWFs on the cobalt ions, as well as Wannier functions with the character of ${\mathit{sp}}^{3}d$ bonds between cobalt and oxygen ions. Such hybridized bonding states indicate the presence of a small covalent component in the primarily ionic bonding mechanism of this compound.
Salinomycin inhibits Wnt signaling and selectively induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

Salinomycin, an antibiotic potassium ionophore, has been reported recently to act as a selective breast cancer stem cell inhibitor, but the biochemical basis for its anticancer effects is not clear. The Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway plays a central role in stem cell development, and its aberrant activation can cause cancer. In this study, we identified salinomycin as a potent inhibitor of the Wnt signaling cascade. In Wnt-transfected HEK293 cells, salinomycin blocked the phosphorylation of the Wnt coreceptor lipoprotein receptor related protein 6 (LRP6) and induced its degradation. Nigericin, another potassium ionophore with activity against cancer stem cells, exerted similar effects. In otherwise unmanipulated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with constitutive Wnt activation nanomolar concentrations of salinomycin down-regulated the expression of Wnt target genes such as LEF1, cyclin D1, and fibronectin, depressed LRP6 levels, and limited cell survival. Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes resisted salinomycin toxicity. These results indicate that ionic changes induced by salinomycin and related drugs inhibit proximal Wnt signaling by interfering with LPR6 phosphorylation, and thus impair the survival of cells that depend on Wnt signaling at the plasma membrane.
Densely packed carbon nanotube forest on silicon substrate for MEMS supercapacitor applications

Densely packed carbon nanotube (CNT) forest on silicon wafer has been fabricated by combining the process of mechanical press and liquid densification. Advantages from the densely packed CNT forest prototype devices include: (1) 16-fold volume reduction with the same amount of CNT forest as compared to the as-grown CNT forest; (2) preservations of aligned CNT organization and natural contacts to the substrate; (3) improved surface flatness of the CNT films. Possible applications for densely packed CNT forests are in energy storage, sensors and other field and here we demonstrate and characterize CNT forest as electrodes in supercapacitors. Experimental results show this volume densification process has successfully increased the energy density of a prototype supercapacitor by 16 times. The resistance of the CNT electrode has also reduced 25% due to the improved material conductivity. Stable performance has been observed during cyclic charge/discharge tests. As such, the presented method of organized densification in aqueous solution for CNT films provides a unique path for improved performance in MEMS/energy applications.
Cell-type expression, immunolocalization, and deoxyribonucleic acid-binding activity of basic transcription element binding transcription factor, an Sp-related family member, in porcine endometrium of pregnancy.

Basic transcription element binding (BTEB) protein is a newly identified member of the C2H2 zinc finger family that also includes the transcription factors, Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, and Sp4. This family of proteins binds GC-rich motifs widely distributed in gene promoters, resulting in distinct activation or repression of transcriptional activities. Whereas Sp proteins are ubiquitously expressed, expression of BTEB appears more limited and has not been documented in the female reproductive tract of any mammalian species. This study was designed to identify and characterize the cellular distribution of BTEB in the porcine endometrium and placenta at known stages of pregnancy. Northern analysis of uterine endometrium detected BTEB mRNA that corresponds in size (5 kilobases) to that of the major BTEB transcript in rat brain. The steady-state levels of BTEB mRNA were higher (p 0.05). Luminal epithelial (LE), glandular epithelial (GE), and stromal (ST) cells isolated from pregnancy endometrium expressed the BTEB gene, but mRNA abundance varied with cell type (LE, GE > ST). Western blot analysis using an antiserum generated against the N-terminal region of a porcine BTEB fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli revealed the presence of BTEB protein only in endometrium, not in placenta. Immunohistochemical studies localized BTEB predominantly to the nuclei of endometrial GE and LE cells. Consistent with the presence of functional BTEB protein, binding to a double-stranded oligonucleotide containing multiple GC motifs was demonstrated in nuclear extracts prepared from endometrium and from endometrial LE and GE, but not ST, cells by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. These results demonstrate the preferential endometrial cell-type expression of BTEB and suggest its regulatory role in pregnancy-associated endometrial epithelial gene expression.
A high sensitivity inductive sensor for blade tip clearance measurement

A multiplexed inductive sensor consisting of multiple mini-sized planar spiral coils for detecting multiple tip clearances of rotor blades is presented. The sensor measures the tip clearances by monitoring the inductance changes of planar spiral coils caused by the passage of the rotor blades. A resonance frequency division multiplexing technique and parallel LC resonance measurement were applied to the multiple sensor coils, making it feasible to measure multiple tip clearances using only one set of measurement electronics with high sensitivity and resolution. The results from tests conducted on a bench-top test rig have demonstrated that the sensor is capable of simultaneously measuring multiple tip clearances from 0 to 5 mm with a 10 ?m resolution at a high rotary speed up to 80?000 RPM. With its high resolution, high sensitivity and capability of monitoring a large number of tip clearances simultaneously, this sensor can potentially be used for advanced active tip clearance control in turbine machinery.
Unusually marked sinus arrhythmia as a complication of acute diaphragmatic myocardial infarction.

An instance of markedly irregular sinus arrhythmia associated with acute diaphragmatic myocardial infarction has been described. It is quite unusual to observe an extreme sinus arrhythmia in an adult without the intervention of A-V nodal or ventricular escape rhythm.The influence of digitalis, reserpine, guanethidine and morphine in relation to such cardiac arrhythmia has been discussed.Sinus arrhythmia and/or sinus bradycardia are usually transient and require no treatment unless cardiac output is compromised. This arrhythmia may be mistaken for more serious arrhythmias such as A-V block, S-A block and sinus arrest because of marked irregularity with slowing of the heart rate.
NMR study of the tetrameric KcsA potassium channel in detergent micelles

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of large membrane-associated proteins are limited by the difficulties in preparation of stable protein–detergent mixed micelles and by line broadening, which is typical of these macroassemblies. We have used the 68-kDa homotetrameric KcsA, a thermostable N-terminal deletion mutant of a bacterial potassium channel from Streptomyces lividans, as a model system for applying NMR methods to membrane proteins. Optimization of measurement conditions enabled us to perform the backbone assignment of KcsA in SDS micelles and establish its secondary structure, which was found to closely agree with the KcsA crystal structure. The C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, absent in the original structure, contains a 14-residue helix that could participate in tetramerization by forming an intersubunit four-helix bundle. A quantitative estimate of crossrelaxation between detergent and KcsA backbone amide protons, together with relaxation and light scattering data, suggests SDS–KcsA mixed micelles form an oblate spheroid with ,180 SDS molecules per channel. K + ions bind to the micelle-solubilized channel with a KD of 3 6 0.5 mM, resulting in chemical shift changes in the selectivity filter. Related pH-induced changes in chemical shift along the “outer” transmembrane helix and the cytoplasmic membrane interface hint at a possible structural explanation for the observed pH-gating of the potassium channel.
Rendering death and destruction visible: Counting the costs of war

Abstract This paper examines what costs are included and which are excluded from a war budget and why it is in the best interests of the U.S. political elite to under-cost warfare. It provides a social accounting for war that goes beyond the economic by documenting the human and social consequences of conflict. In so doing, it demonstrates the potential of social reporting for emancipation. If the U.S. government was required to disclose the social and human costs of a war, the horror would be revealed, making it difficult to rationalize violence as a means to an end.
Global cortical activity predicts shape of hand during grasping

Recent studies show that the amplitude of cortical field potentials is modulated in the time domain by grasping kinematics. However, it is unknown if these low frequency modulations persist and contain enough information to decode grasp kinematics in macro-scale activity measured at the scalp via electroencephalography (EEG). Further, it is unclear as to whether joint angle velocities or movement synergies are the optimal kinematics spaces to decode. In this offline decoding study, we infer from human EEG, hand joint angular velocities as well as synergistic trajectories as subjects perform natural reach-to-grasp movements. Decoding accuracy, measured as the correlation coefficient (r) between the predicted and actual movement kinematics, was r = 0.49 ± 0.02 across 15 hand joints. Across the first three kinematic synergies, decoding accuracies were r = 0.59 ± 0.04, 0.47 ± 0.06, and 0.32 ± 0.05. The spatial-temporal pattern of EEG channel recruitment showed early involvement of contralateral frontal-central scalp areas followed by later activation of central electrodes over primary sensorimotor cortical areas. Information content in EEG about the grasp type peaked at 250 ms after movement onset. The high decoding accuracies in this study are significant not only as evidence for time-domain modulation in macro-scale brain activity, but for the field of brain-machine interfaces as well. Our decoding strategy, which harnesses the neural "symphony" as opposed to local members of the neural ensemble (as in intracranial approaches), may provide a means of extracting information about motor intent for grasping without the need for penetrating electrodes and suggests that it may be soon possible to develop non-invasive neural interfaces for the control of prosthetic limbs.
Schistosoma mansoni: synthesis and release of phospholipids, lysophospholipids, and neutral lipids by schistosomula.

Abstract Lipids in the two surface membranes of Schistosoma mansoni may play an important role in the parasite's defense against host immunity. In particular, lysophosphatidylcholine lyses erythrocytes attached to the parasite and alters the lateral mobilities of their membrane proteins and lipids (Golan et al. 1986). Here, we have studied the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into the major lipid classes of schistosomula as well as into lipids released by schistosomula into the medium. Radiolabeled polar head groups (choline and ethanolamine) and fatty acid precursors (palmitate and oleate) were linearly incorporated into parasite phospholipids. Fatty acids were differentially incorporated into the various phospholipid classes, principally into phosphatidylcholine and, to a lesser extent, into phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine. The major neutral lipid class labeled, triglycerides, had a decrease in specific activity with time after pulse labeling and the specific activity of the phospholipids increased with time. Thus, triglycerides may provide acyl chains for phospholipid synthesis. Choline was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine, and ethanolamine into phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. No evidence was found for phospholipid methylation or demethylation in schistosomula. Labeled lipids were linearly and selectively released into the medium. Triglycerides were released at the highest rate with measurable quantities of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine also observed. Monopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was the only lysophosphatidylcholine present in the medium as demonstrated by reversed-phase chromatography of released choline-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine. These studies demonstrate that schistosomula synthesize phospholipids and neutral lipids and release some of them into the culture medium. In particular, they release a single molecular species of a potent biologically active molecule, monopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, that may play a role in the parasite's evasion of the immune response.