cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The American West’s longest large mammal migration: clarifying and securing the common interest

Over the last 10 years, conflict has grown over a 170-mile pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) migration between Grand Teton National Park and the Upper Green River Basin in western Wyoming. Resolving conflict in the common interest is proving difficult. This movement is the longest mammal migration in the lower 48 states, spanning the jurisdiction of three federal agencies, three Wyoming counties, and over 40 private landowners. In addition, there are over ten non-governmental conservation organizations, two major state agencies, Wyoming’s executive office, and many citizens involved in the issue. There are three major problem definitions serving the beliefs of participants: the ecological-scientific (conservation biologists, environmentalists), local rights (local control, property rights), and cultural value (historic, western heritage) definitions. These definitions challenge the social and decision making processes of regional communities and government agencies. Underlying the problem of securing the common interest is the highly fragmented patterns of authority and control, misorganized arena(s), and parochial perspectives of many participants. Options promoted by participants can be loosely classified as top-down (government, expert driven) versus bottom-up (local, practice-based) approaches and reflect preferences for the distribution and uses of power and other values. Given the social and decision making context of this case, the bottom-up, practiced-based approach would likely best secure a common interest outcome.
The Molecular Dating Game: An Antibody Heavy Chain Hangs Loose with a Chaperone while Waiting for Its Life Partner

In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Feige et al. (2009) utilize the murine immunoglobulin system to shed light on a long-standing puzzle: how do cells coordinate folding of different polypeptides that ultimately form a complex?
Observations on human smooth muscle cell cultures from hyperplastic lesions of prosthetic bypass grafts: Production of a platelet-derived growth factor—like mitogen and expression of a gene for a platelet-derived growth factor receptor—A preliminary study

Prosthetic bypass grafts placed to the distal lower extremity often fail because of an occlusive tissue response in the perianastomotic region. The origin of the cells that comprise this occlusive lesion and the causes of the cellular proliferation are not known. To increase our understanding of this process we cultured cells from hyperplastic lesions obtained from patients at the time of reexploration for lower extremity graft failure, and we studied their identity and growth factor production in tissue culture. These cultures contain cells that express muscle-specific actin isoforms, shown by immunohistochemical staining, consistent with vascular smooth muscle origin. These cultures also released material that stimulated smooth muscle cell growth. A portion of this activity was similar to platelet-derived growth factor, since preincubation with antibody-to-human platelet-derived growth factor partially blocked the mitogenic effect of medium conditioned by human anastomotic hyperplastic cells. These conditioned media also contained material that competed with platelet-derived growth factor for its receptor, as measured in a radioreceptor assay. Northern blot analysis showed that these cells contain messenger RNA that encodes the A chain but not the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor. In addition, these cells contain messenger RNA that encodes a platelet-derived growth factor receptor. We conclude that cultured smooth muscle cells from human anastomotic hyperplastic lesions express genes for platelet-derived growth factor A chain and a platelet-derived growth factor receptor and secrete biologically active molecules similar to platelet-derived growth factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Basing Acceptable Error-Tolerant Performance on Significance-Based Error-rate (SBER)

As CMOS scaling continues to decrease and new technologies emerge, feature sizes approach molecular sizes. Due to high defect rates, process variations and quantum effects, manufacturing yields have decreased. To increase the effective yield, error-tolerance, which allows for some defective chips to be employed in systems that can tolerate errors, has been proposed. To support error-tolerance, the acceptability of defective chips must be quantified according to certain measures. A new measure is proposed in this paper, namely significance-based error-rate (SBER). SBER combines two previously studied error-tolerance measures, namely error-significance and error-rate. In this paper we introduce three different ways to quantify the SBER value(s) of a defective chip using built-in self-test (BIST). These techniques cover the following scenarios: (1) multiple copies of a target circuit where at least one copy is non-defective; (2) multiple copies of a target circuit where none are defect free; and (3) single copy of a defective target circuit. For each scenario, the statistical characteristics of the estimation of the SBER value are discussed.
Effects of Organization on Recognition Memory.

The effect of organization on recognition memory was investigated in two experiments. In both experiments, a categorized list was presented for study with instances of a given category being either blocked or distributed randomly throughout the list. The order of items in the recognition test was of varied similarity to their order within the blocked study list. Results indicated that the effect of blocked versus random presentation tended to be dependent on the order of recognition test items. In the first experiment, blocked presentation enhanced recognition only when test items were grouped on the basis of category membership and the order of old items within a category was the same as it had been in the study list. A similar trend was observed in the second experiment. Results were discussed with reference to the role of retrieval in recognition memory. Tulving and Thomson (1971) have suggested that retention of an event, regardless of the type of test, is dependent on the storage of appropriate mnemonic information and the retrievability of that information at the time of test. In contrast, Kintsch (1970b) has suggested that a portion of the retrieval process, search, is involved only in tests of recall. The effect on recall of relationships between study items is attributed to an effect on search; interitem relationships are employed to aid in locating an item in memory. To support the claim that recognition does not involve a search process, recognition memory must be shown to be independent of interitem relationships. Differences in the effects of organizational variables on recall and on recognition have been observed. Cofer, Bruce, and Reicher (1966) found that free recall performance following presentation of a categorized list was enhanced if instances of the same category were presented in a blocked manner rather than distributed randomly throughout the study list. In contrast, Kintsch (1968) found that recognition performance following blocked pre1 The author would like to express his appreciation
Geometric Complexes and Polyhedra

Topology is an abstraction of geometry; it deals with sets having a structure which permits the definition of continuity for functions and a concept of “closeness” of points and sets. This structure, called the “topology” on the set, was originally determined from the properties of open sets in Euclidean spaces, particularly the Euclidean plane.
Nuclear–nuclear correlation function from non-Born–Oppenheimer calculations of diatomic rovibrational states with total angular momentum equal to two (N = 2). Charge asymmetry in HD

ABSTRACTThe HD molecule in rovibrational states where the total angular momentum quantum number is equal to two (N = 2) is characterised with quantum mechanical calculations without assuming the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. Explicitly correlated all-particle Gaussian functions are used in the calculations. The convergence of the total non-BO energies of the considered states with the basis set size is analysed. The calculations of the averaged interparticle distances demonstrate the asymmetry of the electronic charge distribution. The algorithm to calculate the nuclear–nuclear correlation function for the N = 2 states is derived and implemented. Plots of this function for different rovibrational states provide a visual representation of the molecular structure.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL FACTORS AFFECTING COEXISTENCE AMONG SEXUAL AND CLONAL FORMS OF POECILIOPSIS.

We examined spatial and seasonal factors affecting coexistence of closely related sexual and asexual fishes of the genus Poeciliopsis living in two ecologically distinct stream habitats. Stream order and productivity influenced frequencies of these fish, and local habitat patchiness contributed strongly to spatial segregation. The magnitude and direction of local segregation was unaffected by striking seasonal variation in one stream. For the second stream, the relative contributions of local, geographical, and seasonal components of spatial variation were assessed through estimation of variance components. Spatial segregation at the smallest scale accounted for the largest proportion of variance in the distribution of species and clones.
A new virtual source redatuming procedure to improve land 4D repeatability

In time lapse applications virtual source redatuming is a seismic acquisition and processing method based on interferometry. The technique cross-correlates downgoing energy with upgoing energy to redatum surface source records to buried receiver locations. By cross correlating these two paths, virtual source records can help resolve time lapse changes occurring between surface source and buried receiver. In this study we investigate a near-field land application using 13 time lapse surveys. To overcome severe repeatability issues we propose, after time gating and prior to cross-correlation, modification of the downgoing energy by time weighting and amplitude spectrum replacement. We retain original phase of recorded downgoing early arrivals to honor a key portion of the Green’s function between surface source and buried receiver. The new procedure is based on a combination of previous and new techniques. Improvements are quantified by repeatability metrics extracted from field data. Comparisons with previous methods, such as virtual source time gating, indicate amplitude spectrum replacement significantly improves both repeatability and image quality of time lapse virtual source seismic data.
Failure of adrenal cortical activity to influence circulating antibodies and gamma globulin.

SummaryIdentical concentrations of serum antibodies and gamma globulin were found in adrenalectomized rats repeatedly injected during immunization with ACE and in similar animals not receiving ACE. It is concluded that adrenal cortical activity is not essential for the fabrication or release of antibodies and gamma globulin.
The Elm Spanworm (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Natural Diets and Their Effect on the F2 Generation

Updrafts in the Southern Appalachian Mountains often carry hatchlings of Ennomos subsignarius (Hubner) to ridgetops where they feed on tender, juvenile foliage throughout their 5 instars while their siblings below are, by their 5th instar, forced to feed on tougher, normal foliage. In a laboratory mimic of this effect, P, F1, and F2 spanworms were fed juvenile or normal foliage of northern red oak, Quercus rubra L., or pignut hickory, Carya glabra (Miller) Sweet, and the F2 generations were compared for pupal weight, fecundity, duration of the period from hatch to adult, and head capsule width of the 5th instar. Juvenile foliage provided better nutrition than normal foliage. The debilitating effects of P and F1 nutrition on the F2 generation, especially its fecundity, were greater from oak diets than from the hickory diets.
Troubleshooting of Air-detector for TERUFUSION TE-112 Volumetric Infusion Pump

Describes 3 cases of the troubleshooting of air-detector,etc.for TE-112 volumetric infusion pump.
Fat absorption is not complete by midgut but is dependent on load of fat.

Since the intubation study of B. Borgstrom, A. Dahlqvist, and G. Lundh (J. Clin. Invest. 36: 1521-1536, 1957) in humans, the completion of fat absorption within the proximal small intestine has bee...
Community-acquired pneumonia.

In the United States, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults results in approximately 600,000 hospital admissions annually and ranks as the sixth leading cause of death. The mortality rate from CAP varies dramatically depending on the patient’s severity of illness at presentation and underlying comorbid conditions. In the outpatient setting, the mortality rate is <1–5%; however, once patients require hospitalization, the mortality rate approaches 12%. Of those patients with CAP hospitalized, between 18 and 36% require treatment in an ICU. The mortality of these patients is about 35%. While approximately 20% of patients admitted to the ICU with CAP are in septic shock, the mortality of these patients may be as high as 60%.
Elements of Slow-Neutron Scattering: Basics, Techniques, and Applications

Providing a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the theory and applications of slow-neutron scattering, this detailed book equips readers with the fundamental principles of neutron studies, including the background and evolving development of neutron sources, facility design, neutron scattering instrumentation and techniques, and applications in materials phenomena. Drawing on the authors' extensive experience in this field, this text explores the implications of slow-neutron research in greater depth and breadth than ever before in an accessible yet rigorous manner suitable for both students and researchers in the fields of physics, biology, and materials engineering. Through pedagogical examples and in-depth discussion, readers will be able to grasp the full scope of the field of neutron scattering, from theoretical background through to practical, scientific applications.
Thermal analysis of multiple-antenna-excited breast model for breast cancer detection

Infrared thermography (IRT), or thermal imaging has long been proposed as a novel method in early detection of breast cancer. Most of the work done was through the detection of abnormal hotspot, or asymmetries in a thermal texture map. However, the surface temperature may not appear symmetric even for a healthy breast because of variations in blood supply and individual differences. In this paper, a method that is independent of the aforementioned symmetry is proposed. The breast under detection is initially excited by a group of patch antennas. Because of the differences in electromagnetic and thermal properties, the temperature increase will be different for healthy and abnormal tissues. Through the analysis of the temperature changing behavior, comparison of the temperature under each antenna with its vicinity point is done to determine whether cancerous tissue is present or not and further to detect its approximate location. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element method (FEM) has been used to simulate the thermal behavior of breast tissue exposed to antenna excitations.
Rapid assessment framework for modeling stakeholder involvement in infrastructure development

Abstract There is increasing global interest in the adoption of sustainable wastewater systems due to the significant human and environmental health benefits of properly treating wastewater effluents prior to being discharged into surface waters and local communities. Research demonstrates that wastewater infrastructure is sustainable only when multiple stakeholder groups are involved. Here we draw on the principles of integrated environmental resources management and sociocultural analyses to develop a framework for rapidly assessing stakeholder involvement in a proposed centralized wastewater project in Placencia, Belize. We demonstrate this framework by analyzing survey responses to measure stakeholder involvement and discuss the model’s utility to inform groupings based on similarity in engagement. We employ Brainerd-Robinson similarity coefficients to rapidly assess stakeholders’ involvement and produce a consensus score. We then evaluate the goodness of fit between these scores and correspondence analysis scatterplots. We conclude that Brainerd-Robinson scores provide a rapid means for determining relevant groupings of stakeholders, particularly in resource-scarce settings. Nuanced stakeholder groupings can inform researchers, policy makers, development workers, and community organizations about ways in which individuals are engaging with a project, providing a way to target suitable initiatives to promote sustained involvement.
Between the Pew and the Pulpit: Can Personality Measures Help Identify Sexually Abusive Clergy?:

There has been limited conclusive research examining the personality characteristics of clergy who perpetrate abuse. To address this dearth of research, the current study aimed to develop a personality profile that distinguishes clergy members who sexually abuse children from other clergy. Personality and psychopathology were assessed using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Data were analyzed from a sample of clergy members, who comprised four comparison groups: clergy members referred to treatment for (a) child sexual abuse, (b) sexual misconduct with adults, (c) general clinical problems, or (d) routine employment evaluations with no previously identified clinical or sexual issues. While differences were found between groups, only the Aggressive/Sadistic scale of the MCMI-III consistently distinguished clerics who sexually abused children from all other clergy members. Findings are discussed in regard to the utility of the MMPI-2 and MCMI-III as a screening tool for clerical applicants for the Catholic Church.
Automated, Constraint-Based Analysis of Tethered DNA Nanostructures

Implementing DNA computing circuits using components tethered to a surface offers several advantages over using components that freely diffuse in bulk solution. However, automated computational modeling of tethered circuits is far more challenging than for solution-phase circuits, because molecular geometry must be taken into account when deciding whether two tethered species may interact. Here, we tackle this issue by translating a tethered molecular circuit into a constraint problem that encodes the possible physical configurations of the components, using a simple biophysical model. We use a satisfaction modulo theories (SMT) solver to determine whether the constraint problem associated with a given structure is satisfiable, which corresponds to whether that structure is physically realizable given the constraints imposed by the tether geometry. We apply this technique to example structures from the literature, and discuss how this approach could be integrated with a reaction enumerator to enable fully automated analysis of tethered molecular computing systems.
Oil Degradation in a Diesel Engine with Dual Loop Lubricating System

A common lubricating oil sump is used in most modern internal combustion engines for cooling, wear protection, and friction reduction. This requires compromises during base oil and additive selecti...
Urothelial cancer in 2017: Changes in expectations for metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

2017 saw the publication of clinical trial data and the approval of new treatment approaches for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Pembrolizumab is now a well-established treatment for patients with disease progression after cisplatin, with high-level evidence supporting its superiority over second-line chemotherapy. For patients ineligible for cisplatin, atezolizumab and pembrolizumab provide meaningful clinical benefit as frontline therapies.
The epidemiology o digoxin. A study in three Boston hospitals.

Two thousand and ninety-eight consecutive patients have been studied in context of a comprehensive surveillance program which monitored all the drugs which they received. The results with digoxin given to 441 consecutive patients have been reported. The drug was judged to have been effective in 91.7 per cent and poor in 2.8 per cent of all patients in whom a consistent evaluation was made. Adverse reactions were reported in 18.4 per cent of all patients receiving the drug, and these were confirmed in 82.8 per cent of all cases investigated. The major reaction rate was 3.7 per cent. Increased admission weight (p < 0.05), potassium depletion due to diuretics (p < 0.01), and increased admission BUN levels (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with toxicity attributed to digoxin. Within the dosage ranges employed in this study, adverse reactions were not related to mean daily dosage, age, sex, or race. The same held true for efficacy which in addition was unrelated to weight. No deaths were attributed to digoxin. On scanning all drugs given in association with digoxin, toxicity attributed to the drug was found to be significantly associated with the following: meperidine, morphine, heparin, hydrochlorothiazide (all p < 0.05), furosemide, aminophyllin (all p < 0.01), and prochlorperazine (p < 0.001). The findings with meperidine, morphine, and heparin were unexpected, and for the present, are reported without comment. It is suggested that aminophyllin might have an irritative effect on the myocardium and thus potentiate digoxin toxicity. It is emphasized that associations do not necessarily imply cause and effect relationships and that in the context of the drug surveillance program, they could be due to chance, or to the effects of hidden variables. The interaction between digoxin toxicity and the diuretics, hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide, quantitatively supports current clinical and pharmacological knowledge. Prochlorperazine was found to be associated with toxicity because of its use in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by digoxin. Given the methodology employed by the surveillance system, this was logical and expected.
A State Space Approach to System Identification

System identification is the process of obtaining descriptions of dynamical systems based on the analysis of experimental observations. This chapter presents, in sufficient detail to allow a numerical implementation by the interested reader, an algorithm for identifying a state space description of a time invariant system that behaves linearly. The chapter begins by clarifying the connection between the discrete time models that are identified from sampled data and the underlying continuous time physical systems. The (formal) connection is shown to be strictly related to the assumed parameterization of the excitation in the inter-sample and it is noted that the commonly used zero order hold premise (constant load within the sampling time), ubiquitous in control applications, is usually suboptimal in off-line identification. Specifically, it is contended that accuracy in the transfer from discrete to continuous time can be promoted by operating on the premise that the input is a band limited function. The notions of controllability and observability, which relate the sensor deployment to the modes that can be identified from observations, are discussed following the discrete to continuous transfer section.
A data flow evaluation system based on the concept of recursive locality

In an attempt to increase the performance of computing machines, there appears to be two main approaches—(1) to use faster components in existing architectures and (2) to design new architectures which are capable of exploiting some form of concurrency. The first approach is inherently limited in that the effects of reduced integrated circuit geometry, new process technology, and new logic families can be expected to increase overall system performance by only a couple of orders of magnitude. While this is initially impressive, it does not allow the desired machine performance projected to be necessary to solve large physics problems, or needed for accurate weather prediction. 16 The second approach, while being a considerably more difficult organizational problem, is inherently unlimited in nature. There are numerous levels at which concurrency can be exploited in digital computers, i.e. multiple data paths, more concurrent realization of low-level circuit functions, overlap and pipeline processing within a single processing element, multiple processors, etc. In developing any new "fast as possible" machine, it is important to attempt to implement all of the above suggestions. However the work reported here will mainly be concerned with solving the problem of how to utilize and organize systems containing large numbers of independent processors.
Reaching 100% Renewable Energy: Lessons-Learned from Aspen, Colorado

Abstract In 2004, the city of Aspen, Colorado, adopted an ambitious goal to supply 100% of its electricity from renewable energy resources by 2015. After an initial good progress, significant barriers stopped them just short of their target. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory , in cooperation with municipal utility staff, led the city council through a staged decision-making process to clarify its priorities, identify the most desirable options, and take advantage of renewable energy opportunities. As a result, the city of Aspen became a 100% renewable electric city in 2015. This presentation lays out the process that was used to attain this remarkable goal, and explores how lessons-learned can be transferred and implemented in other locations.
The association between AB blood group and neonatal disease.

Background Numerous studies have examined the association between ABO blood groups and adult disease states, but very few have studied the neonatal population. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between AB blood group and the occurrence of common neonatal disorders such as neutropenia at birth, sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) compared to all other blood groups. Methods We performed a retrospective review on 3,981 infants born at 22 0/7 to 42 6/7 weeks' gestational age and compared the relative risk of neonatal diseases in infants with AB blood group to that of infants with all other blood groups (A, B, and O). Results When compared to all other blood groups, AB infants demonstrated an increased risk for developing negative clinical outcomes. AB blood group was significantly associated with a 14-89% increased risk of neutropenia at birth, sepsis, RDS, and ROP. Risks for IVH and PDA were not significant. Conclusion We hypothesize that the phenotypic expression of A and B antigens, rather than the antigens themselves, in the AB group may reveal an enhanced susceptibility to injury at the endothelial level resulting in an increased risk for disease development.
MobileStream: a scalable, programmable and evolvable mobile core control plane platform

Control planes in future mobile core networks face two new challenges. First, they must scale to process the growing control traffic generated by an ever increasing number of mobile devices. Second, they must be flexible and evolvable to support the range of emerging service abstractions and to realize customized network slices to meet the broad range of requirements of these networks. To address these challenges, we propose MobileStream, a scalable, programmable, and evolvable mobile core control plane platform. MobileStream provides a set of refactored basic building blocks, functionally decomposed from existing monolithic control plane components. It leverages realtime streaming frameworks to assemble, execute, and scale these blocks as streaming control plane applications. Moreover, it allows users to add their own functions to customize and optimize streaming control plane applications. We present several streaming control plane applications to showcase the flexibility and generality of MobileStream. We describe our extensive functional testing, with a variety of mobile devices and base stations, to validate the MobileStream prototype, and present the results of large-scale experiments demonstrating its scalability.
Dna2 nuclease deficiency results in large and complex DNA insertions at chromosomal breaks

Insertions of mobile elements1–4, mitochondrial DNA5 and fragments of nuclear chromosomes6 at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) threaten genome integrity and are common in cancer7–9. Insertions of chromosome fragments at V(D)J recombination loci can stimulate antibody diversification10. The origin of insertions of chromosomal fragments and the mechanisms that prevent such insertions remain unknown. Here we reveal a yeast mutant, lacking evolutionarily conserved Dna2 nuclease, that shows frequent insertions of sequences between approximately 0.1 and 1.5 kb in length into DSBs, with many insertions involving multiple joined DNA fragments. Sequencing of around 500 DNA inserts reveals that they originate from Ty retrotransposons (8%), ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (15%) and from throughout the genome, with preference for fragile regions such as origins of replication, R-loops, centromeres, telomeres or replication fork barriers. Inserted fragments are not lost from their original loci and therefore represent duplications. These duplications depend on nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and Pol4. We propose a model in which alternative processing of DNA structures arising in Dna2-deficient cells can result in the release of DNA fragments and their capture at DSBs. Similar DNA insertions at DSBs are expected to occur in any cells with linear extrachromosomal DNA fragments. A deficiency of Dna2 causes duplication of DNA fragments and their insertion into the genome at double-stranded breaks in yeast.
Precarious Rhetorics: by Hesford, W. S., Licona, A. C., and Teston, C. (Eds.). Columbus, OH, Ohio State University Press, 2018, 313pp., $78.51 (Hardback), $29.93 (paperback), ISBN-10: 0814213766; ISBN-13:978-0814213766

Life is precarious—we are all vulnerable in some conditions at some times for reasons we cannot always control. Thus, it comes as no surprise that rhetoric, that art of the contingent and variable ...
Necklines and 'naughty bits': constructing and regulating bodies in live streaming community guidelines

This paper performs a qualitative analysis of the community guidelines of video game live streaming platforms like Twitch, Mixer, and Caffeine. Live streaming is becoming an increasingly prominent part of the contemporary landscape around video games, game cultures, and the games industry [34]. Recent research into video game live streaming has explored its financial structures [18], its potential as a platform for self-expression [10], and its novel affordances for communication [12]. However, community guidelines also play a significant, behind-the-scenes role in shaping live streaming practices. These guidelines, which shift over time in response to controversies and changing notions of acceptable behavior, set standards for what types of content can be streamed and how streamers present themselves on-camera. Here we assemble, compare, and interpret the community guidelines of a number of top live streaming sites. Our focus is on how these guidelines construct and regulate "legitimate" bodies - both the bodies of streamers and the bodies of in-game characters - especially the sexualized bodies of women. In varying ways, each set of community guidelines attempts to establish rules for how women's bodies may or may not be presented on screen. Often these guidelines measure and quantify the body, for example by dictating precisely how high the neckline of a streamer's shirt must be. Through our analysis, we articulate the unspoken yet active cultural work performed by these community guidelines, which try yet ultimately fail to render a definition of the sexualized body in precise, concrete terms. This research also offers new insights into larger issues of video games and gender. It points toward anxieties about the visibility of women's bodies in gaming spaces and demonstrates that, although live streaming platforms like Twitch present their community guidelines as tools for protecting their community members, these same guidelines often enact the further marginalization of women and other diverse streamers.
Radical Scaffolding Against Critique Fatigue

When using critical pedagogy in college classrooms, college students can sometimes experience critique fatigue -- a despondency that results from a saturation of analysis about experiences of oppression that they experience directly. This is especially the case when there is no creative outlet for political, emotional, or practical response to the critical course material built into the classroom activities. In this essay, I exlpore the idea of using scaffolding, a pedagogical technique where students help one another perform the tasks of the course "authonomously", as a way to mitigate critique fatigue. To get around the ableism and white supremacy of its more traditional iteration, though, I propose a "radical" form of scaffolding that supports students in setting and reaching their own learning goals through creative projects that engage topics most relevant to them.
Spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak in the context of pars interarticularis fracture

Spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak can lead to intracranial hypotension and is an important differential diagnosis to consider in patients with sudden-onset chronic daily headaches. Pars interarticularis (PI) fracture is a potential rare cause of suspected spinal CSF leak. This is a retrospective case series of 6 patients with suspected spinal CSF leak evaluated between January 2016 and September 2019. All patients received a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with and without gadolinium, MRI whole spine and full spine computed tomography (CT) myelogram. Targeted epidural patches with fibrin sealant were performed. Treatment response at return visit (3 months post-patch) was documented. Six patients (4 females, 2 males) were diagnosed with a suspected spinal CSF leak and PI fracture. Mean age at the time of headache onset was 39 years old, and a range from 32 to 50 years old. Mean time to targeted epidural patches with fibrin sealant was 4.5 years. All 6 patients had PI fractures identified on CT myelogram and received targeted epidural patches with fibrin sealant at the site of the PI fracture. All patients had significant improvement in their headache intensity. Our study highlights: 1) the importance of PI fracture as a possible culprit of suspected spinal CSF leak in patients with intracranial hypotension; 2) the added benefit of CT imaging for detecting bony abnormalities such as fractures in patients with intracranial hypotension; and 3) the successful treatment of suspected spinal CSF leak when targeting the fracture site.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia–associated primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma

Bacteria have long been considered drivers in the development of cutaneous lymphoma, as bacterial antigens may encourage reactive, dysregulated lymphocytic proliferation.1,2 For example, Staphylococcus aureus infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, whereas Borrelia burgdorferi is clinically associated with primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunist gram-negative bacterium, primarily recognized as a cause of nosocomial infection among immunocompromised individuals.8 Ste maltophilia, specifically, has been associated with breast implant–associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL),9,10 and it has also been reported to be an antigenic driver in cutaneous pseudolymphoma.11 We report a new association of primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (PC-ALCL) with Ste maltophilia in otherwise immunocompetent men.
Why Do Individuals Surrender to the International Criminal Tribunals

Most observers of the International Criminal Court (icc), as well as the several ad hoc tribunals have argued that one of the greatest challenges facing these institutions is their lack of power to enforce their indictments and apprehend suspects. In view of the justifiable concern with the ability of international courts to secure the detention of suspects, it is rather remarkable that nearly one-third of those indicted by the most successful ad hoc tribunals (icty, ictr, scsl) and the icc have surrendered. I offer a theory of surrender that centres on those factors that tend to minimise the costs of surrender and enhance its benefits to explain this phenomenon. I demonstrate how international tribunals and other actors can manipulate the parameters of this calculation and encourage surrender by individuals whose expected utility for surrender is not minimal, but movable. The analysis provides significant support for the minimisation and benefit enhancement model of surrender.
Extracting adverse drug reactions from social media

The potential benefits of mining social media to learn about adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rapidly increasing with the increasing popularity of social media. Unknown ADRs have traditionally been discovered by expensive post-marketing trials, but recent work has suggested that some unknown ADRs may be discovered by analyzing social media. We propose three methods for extracting ADRs from forum posts and tweets, and compare our methods with several existing methods. Our methods outperform the existing methods in several scenarios; our filtering method achieves the highest F1 and precision on forum posts, and our CRF method achieves the highest precision on tweets. Furthermore, we address the difficulty of annotating social media on a large scale with an alternate evaluation scheme that takes advantage of the ADRs listed on drug labels. We investigate how well this alternate evaluation approximates a traditional evaluation using human annotations.
The Concept of Effective Frequency and Local Media Planning Practice. Review of Factors Affecting Effective Frequency

Effective frequency, a cornerstone of media planning, says how many times consumers should be exposed to advertising in order for advertising to be the most effective. Basic effective frequency level is believed to be ‘three-plus’ exposures and this figure is adopted by most media planners. Beside the basic level, marketing, media and creative copy factors influence the final determination of effective frequency level. Such factors, defined by Ostrow in 1982, were not revised for more than 25 years and still are used in media planning textbooks. This exploratory study examines how local media professionals make their decisions about frequency levels for advertising campaigns. The study focuses on local advertising campaigns because nearly half of all money spent on advertising comes from local advertisers (Jugenheimer, Barban and Turk, 1992). Despite this fact very little has been done on a local level, where more restrictions and limitations are usually imposed on media planning (Otnes and Faber, 1989).
Recruiting family dyads facing thoracic cancer surgery: Challenges and lessons learned from a smoking cessation intervention.

Abstract Purpose Persistent smoking after a cancer diagnosis has adverse effects. Most smoking cessation interventions focus on individual behaviors; however, family members who smoke are major barriers to success. This article describes challenges and lessons learned related to recruitment and retention to a longitudinal, dyadic-centered smoking cessation intervention study for individuals confronting a new diagnosis of thoracic cancer and their family members who smoke. Methods A prospective, one-group repeated measures, mixed-method feasibility study measured recruitment, retention, adherence, and acceptability over a 6-month period in a thoracic surgery clinic at a university cancer center. A multidisciplinary, multi-component decision aid—"Tobacco Free Family"—was used to intervene with the dyads. Study recruitment occurred preoperatively with a thoracic surgery team member assessing smoking status. Results During the 6-month recruitment period, 50 patients who smoked were screened, and 18 eligible families were approached to participate. Sixteen participants (8 dyads) enrolled. Patients were all male, and participating family members were all female—either spouses or long-term girlfriends. Others types of family members declined participation. Conclusion Recruitment was lower than anticipated (44%), retention was high (100%), and maximizing convenience was the most important retention strategy. Oncology nurses can assess the smoking status of patients and family members, facilitate understanding about the benefits of cessation, refer those willing to stop to expert resources, and help motivate those unwilling to quit. Research is needed to continue developing strategies to help patients with thoracic cancer and their families facing surgery as an impetus for stopping smoking. Novel intervention delivery and communication need further exploration.
Biosynthesis of the Glycosyl Phosphatidylinositol Membrane Anchor of the Trypanosome Variant Surface Glycoprotein: Origin of the non-acetylated glucosamine

Abstract Non-acetylated glucosamine is an unusual structural feature shared by all glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipids, including a variety of membrane anchors, the leishmanial lipophosphoglycan, and a mediator of insulin action. We proposed previously a pathway for biosynthesis of glycolipid A, the precursor of the GPI membrane anchor of the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (Masterson, W. J., Doering, T. L., Hart, G. W., and Englund, P. T. (1989) Cell 56, 793-800). In this paper we characterize in more detail the initial steps of GPI assembly. The first and committed step in the pathway is the transfer of GlcNAc, from UDP-GlcNAc, to endogenous phosphatidylinositol to form N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol (GlcNAc-PI). The GlcNAc-PI is then efficiently deacetylated to form glucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol (GlcN-PI), the substrate for subsequent reactions en route to glycolipid A.
The determination of the stability constant for the iron(II) complex of the biochelator pyridine-2,6-bis(monothiocarboxylic acid).

Pyridine-2,6-bis(monothiocarboxylic acid), also known as pyridine-2,6-dithiocarboxylic acid (pdtc), is a unique and powerful metal chelator produced by Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida. The actual physiological roles of pdtc in these pseudomonads are not known with certainty, though it is likely that the compound acts as a siderophore, an antibiotic, or both. The stability constant of FeIII(pdtc)2 2- was determined in previous work to be 1033.36. Here we determined that the stability constant of FeII(pdtc)2 2- is 1012. We determined this stability constant through potentiometric and spectrophotometric measurements of a ligand-ligand competition study using 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid as the competitor for iron. Comparing the stability constant for FeII(pdtc)2 2- to the constant for FeIII(pdtc)2 2- shows that the stability constant of FeII(pdtc)2 2- is approximately 21 orders of magnitude smaller. This represents a very significant decrease in the binding strength of pdtc toward iron. Thus, if the host cell produces pdtc as a siderophore for sequestering Fe(III), it is likely that a second metabolite or a membrane protein of the host cell is used for reduction of the chelated iron at or near the cell membrane in order to facilitate its release from pdtc for cellular use.
Moving Toward Transparency of Clinical Trials

As new policies promote transparency of clinical trials through registries and results databases, further issues arise and require examination.
Multiple cartilaginous exostoses; a form of chondrodysplasia, complicating pregnancy.

Abstract 1. 1. Chondrodysplasia is discussed, with special reference to its obstetrical significance. 2. 2. A case of multiple cartilaginous exostoses complicating pregnancy and necessitating cesarean section is presented.
Evidence for 3′ Untranslated Region-Dependent Autoregulation of the Drosophila Gene Encoding the Neuronal Nuclear RNA-Binding Protein ELAV

The Drosophila locus embryonic lethal abnormal visual system ( elav ) encodes a nuclear RNA-binding protein essential for normal neuronal differentiation and maintenance of neurons. ELAV is thought to play its role by binding to RNAs produced by other genes necessary for neuronal differentiation and consequently to affect their metabolism by an as yet unknown mechanism. ELAV structural homologues have been identified in a wide range of organisms, including humans, indicating an important conserved role for the protein. Analysis of elav germline transformants presented here shows that one copy of elav minigenes lacking a complete 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) rescues null mutations at elav , but that two copies are lethal. Additional in vivo experiments demonstrate that elav expression is regulated through the 3′ UTR of the gene and indicate that this level of regulation is dependent upon ELAV itself. Because ELAV is an RNA-binding protein, the simplest model to account for these findings is that ELAV binds to the 3′ UTR of its own RNA to autoregulate its expression. I discuss the implications of these results for normal elav function.
Nuclear Factor Kappa B: Important Transcription Factor and Therapeutic Target

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is an ubiquitous rapid response transcription factor in cells involved in immune and inflammatory reactions, and exerts its effect by expressing cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, and immunoreceptors. In this manner, NF-kappa B contributes to immunologically mediated diseases such as allograft rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, and bronchial asthma. The prototypic inducible form of NF-kappa B is a heterodimer composed of NF-kB1 and RelA, which both belong to the NF-kappa B/Rel family of proteins. Inactive NF-kappa B is present in the cytoplasm complexed with an inhibitory protein, I kappa B. NF-kappa B is activated by a number of incoming signals from the cell surface. Released from I kappa B inhibition, NF-kappa B translocates into the nucleus and binds to the kappa B motif of the target gene. The NF-kappa B activation process can be inhibited by pharmacologic agents at each activation step. Glucocorticoids inhibit NF-kappa B by directly associating with NF-kappa B or by upregulating I kappa B expression. Cyclosporine and tacrolimus prevent NF-kappa B activation by inhibiting the action of calcineurin, a phosphatase that indirectly induces I kappa B degradation. Deoxyspergualin inhibits NF-kappa B by blocking its nuclear translocation. Aspirin and salicylates inhibit upstream events inducing I kappa B phosphorylation. Tepoxalin and antioxidants inhibit NF-kappa B activation by influencing the redox state of the cell. Further research is required to develop more specific inhibitors to treat diseases mediated by NF-kappa B.
Intersecting Identities and Substance Use Problems: Sexual Orientation, Gender, Race, and Lifetime Substance Use Problems

Objective:Research has documented that sexual minorities are at greater risk for substance use than heterosexuals. However, there are limited studies and mixed findings when investigating these health disparities among racial and ethnic minority samples. We used an intersectionality framework to examine disparities in lifetime substance use problems between heterosexual and sexual minority men and women and within sexual minority groups among a racially diverse sample.Method:A nonprobability sample of heterosexual (n = 1,091) and sexual minority (n = 1,465) patients from an urban community health center ranged in age from 18 to 72 years. Participants completed a brief patient survey and reported demographic information and history of lifetime substance use problems. Logistic regressions analyses were used to examine interactions between and among sexual orientation, gender, and race.Results:We found a significant three-way interaction among sexual orientation, gender, and race. Sexual minorities had a gre...