cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Lens-Circular Dichroism Spectropolarimeter

A novel, ultrasensitive thermal lens-circular dichroism spectropolarimeter (TL-CD) has been developed. In this instrument, a chiral sample is sequentially excited by the left circularly polarized laser light (LCPL) and right circularly polarized laser light (RCPL); both of these excitation beams are derived from the same argon ion laser. The heat generated as a consequence of the sample absorption of the LCPL and RCPL is measured by the probe laser beam collinearly overlapping with the two excitation beams. The TL-CD signal corresponds to the difference in the thermal lens signals produced by the LCPL and the RCPL excitation beams. Compared to characteristics of the conventional spectropolarimeters, the advantages of this TL-CD apparatus include its higher sensitivity, small volume capability, and wider applicability. A detection limit of 5 ng of optically active [Co(en)]3+ complexes whose volume was as small as 8 μL has been estimated for this apparatus with the use of 37 mW excitation power modulated at 1.1 Hz.
Multipole mixing ratios of transitions in168Er

Time-integral and time-differentialγ-γ directional correlation measurements were performed for cascades in168Er populated from the electron-capture decay of168Tm(87d). The168Tm source was dissolved in HF acid to minimize extranuclear perturbations. The results of the time-differential experiment for the 448-99.3 keV and 448-198 keV cascades showed agreement with time dependent interaction and gaveλ2(1094)=(0.79±0.09) ×107 sec−1. The attenuation factors for the 80 keV level were determined asG22 (80)=0.90±0.01 and G44(80)=0.94±0.01. OnlyI=4 spin value for the 1094 keV level is consistent with our measurements. The 632, 731, 741, and 816 keV transitions connecting theK=2+ andK = 0+ rotational bands were found to be of almost pureE2 character. The 99.3, 198, 547, 720, 830, and 1277 keV transitions are of practically pureE1 multipolarity. The 448 keVMl transition has (0.8−0.4+2.0)%E2 admixture. The results for the 1014−80keV cascade give (23±4)%E3 component in the 1014 keV transition.
Early beliefs about the cause of illness: Evidence against immanent justice

Two experiments evaluated the frequently reported claim that young children consider illness a form of punishment for misdeeds, or immanent justice. Most preschoolers in these experiments rejected the possibility of immanent justice, preferring instead the idea that illness results from contact with contaminants such as germs. Of the children who appeared to believe in immanent justice (e.g., by assenting that eating a stolen apple can make someone sick), many had been making assumptions about material contamination (e.g., the original owner was sick and contaminated the apple). Overall, children were more likely than adults to consider mild forms of contamination harmful. The results of these experiments are consistent with recent demonstrations of sophistication in early reasoning about biological phenomena.
Convergence, divergence, and parallelism in marine biodiversity trends: Integrating present-day and fossil data.

Paleontological data provide essential insights into the processes shaping the spatial distribution of present-day biodiversity. Here, we combine biogeographic data with the fossil record to investigate the roles of parallelism (similar diversities reached via changes from similar starting points), convergence (similar diversities reached from different starting points), and divergence in shaping the present-day latitudinal diversity gradients of marine bivalves along the two North American coasts. Although both faunas show the expected overall poleward decline in species richness, the trends differ between the coasts, and the discrepancies are not explained simply by present-day temperature differences. Instead, the fossil record indicates that both coasts have declined in overall diversity over the past 3 My, but the western Atlantic fauna suffered more severe Pliocene−Pleistocene extinction than did the eastern Pacific. Tropical western Atlantic diversity remains lower than the eastern Pacific, but warm temperate western Atlantic diversity recovered to exceed that of the temperate eastern Pacific, either through immigration or in situ origination. At the clade level, bivalve families shared by the two coasts followed a variety of paths toward today’s diversities. The drivers of these lineage-level differences remain unclear, but species with broad geographic ranges during the Pliocene were more likely than geographically restricted species to persist in the temperate zone, suggesting that past differences in geographic range sizes among clades may underlie between-coast contrasts. More detailed comparative work on regional extinction intensities and selectivities, and subsequent recoveries (by in situ speciation or immigration), is needed to better understand present-day diversity patterns and model future changes.
SU‐E‐I‐102: Enhancement of Registration Accuracy Using Landmark Information

Purpose: To use point landmarks for rapid, interactive correction of local registration failures caused by significant anatomy changes. Methods: Our landmark‐based method utilizes a semi‐automatic procedure. First, we define mismatched areas on reference and test images using contours, which are converted into corresponding sets of landmarks. Second, a program calculates a landmark displacement field, which is used to update an existing displacement field. We use Gaussian radial basis functions (RBF) to create a vector field which exactly interpolates landmark correspondences in the reference and test images. The calculated field is regularized by penalizing large second derivatives. The solution for regularization is stated analytically and yields an efficient computational scheme. Results: The method was applied to register two pairs of prostate images acquired from patients at different points during treatment. These registrations are challenging due to a significant enlargement of the rectum in one case, and change of bladder filling in the other case. To improve the accuracy of automatic registration, we used an expert‐defined contours of the rectum, bladder and prostate as guidance for landmark placement and applied our matching method. As a result, the organs of interest were accurately matched and the regularization assured a diffeomorphic deformation. Conclusion: We have developed a practical method for correcting or enhancing inadequate automatic registration results for medical images containing large anatomical changes. The method integrates landmark matching and regularization. Gaussian basis functions are used because they allow an analytical solution, leading to a very efficient computational scheme.
Effect of body weight on ethanol-induced taste aversion learning.

Saccharin aversions were conditioned using ethanol (EtOH) in rats of different body weights. There was a nonuniform relation between EtOH dose (g/kg) and strength of conditioned taste aversion. Heavier rats learned stronger aversions at the same dose, and a weak dose (i.e., 1.0 g/kg) was effective only in heavier rats. It is suggested that rats be equated on body weight in studies of EtOH-induced taste aversion learning and in studies of EtOH preference.
Phase transformation in carbon-coated nitinol, with application to the design of a prosthesis for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

Ultra-low temperature isotropic carbon was vapour-deposited on a near equiatomic Ti-Ni (Nitinol) alloy (49.9 at % Ti-50.1 at % Ni). The objective of the carbon coating was the induction of growth of collagenous tissue, as part of a preliminary design of a prosthesis for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the phase transformation of carbon-coated Nitinol. X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy were used in the study of the carbon/Nitinol interface. The results show that unannealed coatings do not inhibit the Nitinol phase transformation regardless of the thickness of the coatings. However, on heat treating the coated samples, a TiC layer forms at the carbon/Nitinol interface. The thickness of that layer increases with increasing the time of heat treatment. Surface constraint of the Nitinol by the TiC results in a marked drop in the austenitic start (As) and martensitic finish (Mf) temperatures of thin samples. The inhibition of both the premartensitic and martensitic transformations increases with the increase in thickness of the TiC interface.
The Effects of Enhanced Informed Consent in a Pro‐Life Pregnancy Counseling Center

The current study investigated the effects of an enhanced informed consent condition on attitudes toward a counselor, counseling situation, and decision making in a pro-life pregnancy center. The following questions were specifically addressed: (1) Would enhanced informed consent be related to increased pro-abort decisions? and (2) Would enhanced informed consent be related to more positive attitudes toward the counselor and center? Results suggested that enhanced consent did not lead to increased or decreased decisions to abort nor to differential attitudes toward the counselor or counseling setting. Results are discussed in terms of their support for the provision of full informed consent as consistent with both prevailing ethical and legal guidelines.
Right ventricular dysfunction after cardiac transplantation: primarily related to status of donor heart.

Abstract Background . It is unclear whether right ventricular dysfunction after transplantation is due to donor brain death-related myocardial injury or recipient pulmonary hypertension. Methods . A canine donor model of brain death and a monocrotaline pyrrole-induced chronic pulmonary hypertension recipient model were established, and used for 30 orthotopic bicaval cardiac transplantations divided into three groups: Controls (group A, normal donor/recipient), group B (brain-dead donors/normal recipient), and group C (normal donor/recipients with pulmonary hypertension). Right ventricular function was measured before transplant and brain death, 4 hours after brain death, and after transplant (1 hour off bypass) by load-independent means plotting stroke work versus end-diastolic volume during caval occlusion. Right ventricular total power and pulmonary vascular impedance were determined by Fourier analysis. Results . In comparison to the control group right ventricular preload-recruitable stroke work and total power decreased significantly after brain death and transplant in group B (from 22.7 × 10 3 erg (±1.2) at baseline to 15.6 × 10 3 (±0.9) after brain death and to 11.3 × 10 3 (±0.9) after transplant). In group C there was a significant increase in pulmonary artery pressure, impedance, right ventricular preload-recruitable stroke work, total power after transplant. Conclusions . Normal donor hearts adapt acutely to the recipient's elevated pulmonary vascular resistance by increasing right ventricular power output and contractility. Brain death caused significant right ventricular dysfunction and power loss, which further deteriorated after graft preservation and transplantation. The effects of donor brain death on myocardial function contribute to right ventricular dysfunction after cardiac transplantation.
Mechanisms of reaginic hypersensitivity: a review

Summary Gamma E antibodies represent the major part of human reaginic antibodies. The antibodies sensitize human and monkey skin, human leucocytes and primate lung tissues. The allergen-γE antibody reaction mediates the release of histamine from human leucocytes and both histamine and SRS-A from monkey lung tissues. The immunoglobulin is formed in lymphoid tissues especially those In respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Turnover rate of this protein in the blood is only 2–3 days, suggesting that human reaginic antibodies are being formed continuously in atopic patients. However, γE injected into normal skin sites is retained for a long time. The half-time of loss of the immunoglobulin was 9–14 days in human skin and 8–10 days in monkey skin. Evidence has accumulated that IgE combines with target cells through the Fc portion of the molecules. The Fc fragments block passive sensitization of human skin with reaginic antibodies and passively sensitize human leucocytes and monkey lung tissue for reversed type reactions. Target cells in human leucocytes were identified as basophil leucocytes. The immunoglobulin binds with tissue mast cells upon passive sensitization. The initial step in reaginic hypersensitivity seems to be the bridging of cell-bound IgE with allergen. It appears that the interaction between the IgE molecules or consequent structural changes in the Fc portion of the molecules may induce enzymatic sequences leading to the release of histamine and SRS-A. The enzyme activated by the allergen-γE antibody reaction is not the complement system. The biochemical pathways subsequent to the γE-γE interaction and prior to the release of chemical mediators are unknown. However, evidence has accumulated that the β adrenergic system or the intracellular accumulation of cyclic-AMP regulate the biochemical pathways.
Pre-lithification structures, deformation mechanisms, and fabric ellipsoids in slumped turbidites from the Pigeon Point Formation, California

Paterson, S.R. and Tobisch, O.T. 1993. Pre-lithification structures, deformation mechanisms, and fabric ellipsoids in slumped turbidites from the Pigeon Point Formation, California. Tectonophysics, 222: 135–149. Quantitative fabric, structural, and microstructural analyses of pre-lithification folds, foliations, and lineations formed by slumping of turbidite sequences in the Cretaceous Pigeon Point Formation, California, provide a useful comparison with strain and microstructures developed in lithified and tectonically deformed turbidites. Our results indicate the following: 1. (1) multiple generations of folds, cleavages, and lineations can develop prior to any post-lithification tectonic deformation 2. (2) individual grains in sandstones have variable axial ratios, but the ratios and orientations of large populations of grains define fabric ellipsoids with small axial ratios (ave. = 1.25:1.13:1) 3. (3) phyllosilicate grains define moderate flattening fabrics (reflecting 20–40% shortening or volume loss), with the intensity of alignment partly controlled by the percent of quartz and feldspar grains 4. (4) the fabric ellipsoids in sand-rich layers largely reflect deposition and slumping: pre- and post-slump compactions did not occur, in sand-rich units but did align clay particles in mud-siltstone units, and 5. (5) intra-grain microstructures in quartz and feldspar (e.g., undulose extinction, subgrains) are inherited or recycled features rather than representing effects of post-lithification strains. Our data also suggest that prelithification slumping occurred by pervasive grain rotation and grain boundary sliding in saturated sands with some local movement of material along bedding horizons. A likely model for the folding and associated fabrics is that buckling and fold-hinge flattening drove fluid expulsion, which in turn caused local grain-scale realignment, transposition of bedding, and the development of an axial planar cleavage in the hinge zones. Continued fluid flow was channeled by the clay-silt layers in fold limbs and axial plane cleavege in fold hinges.
Autophagy and cardiometabolic risk factors

Autophagy is an essential cellular pathway by which protein aggregates, long-lived proteins, or defective organelles are sequestered in double membrane vesicles and then degraded upon fusion of those vesicles with lysosomes. Although autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and keeping the cell in a healthy state, this key pathway can become dysregulated in various cardiometabolic disorders, such as; obesity, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and insulin resistance. In these conditions, autophagy may actually worsen the pathological state instead of protecting the cell or organism. In this review, we discuss how dysregulated autophagy may be linked to increases in cardiovascular risk factors, and how manipulation of the autophagic machinery might reduce those risks.
Water in the deep Earth: The dielectric constant and the solubilities of quartz and corundum to 60 kb and 1200 °C

Abstract Comprehensive quantitative theoretical evaluation of water–rock interactions in the Earth has long been restricted to a pressure of 5.0 kb – too low to address processes involving deep aqueous fluids. Yet such fluids are thought to play an important role in the long-term geologic cycling of many chemical elements. A reason for this restriction is the lack of information on the dielectric constant of water ( e H 2 O ) needed for the revised Helgeson–Kirkham–Flowers (HKF) equations of state for aqueous species. Equation of state coefficients are available for hundreds of aqueous species in SUPCRT92, but calculations using these species can only be made to 5.0 kb ( Shock et al., 1992 ). In the present study, the applicability of the revised HKF equations of state for aqueous species was extended to 60 kb by developing estimates of ( e H 2 O ). We used a statistical mechanically-based equation for the dielectric constant of a hard-sphere fluid applicable to water ( Franck et al., 1990 ). The equation was calibrated with experimental data, and data from a comprehensive analysis of the literature ( Fernandez et al., 1997 ), and then used to calculate ( e H 2 O ) to a density of 1.1 g cm−3. The values of ln ( e H 2 O ) were found to be linear with ln( ρ H 2 O ) which enabled empirical extrapolation of ( e H 2 O ) to 60 kb. Values of ρ H 2 O were computed with a recent comprehensive evaluation consistent with experimental data and a molecular dynamics model for water ( Zhang and Duan, 2005 ). The resulting dielectric constants were tested at 727 °C and 58 kb by comparison with the results of ab initio molecular dynamics calculations ( Pan et al., 2013 ). Additional testing was carried out by computing standard Gibbs free energies of aqueous species using the new values of ( e H 2 O ) and ρ H 2 O in the revised HKF equations to predict equilibrium constants which in turn enabled calculation of the solubilities of quartz and corundum for comparison with experimental measurements to 20 kb and 1100 °C. Our results strongly suggest that geochemically useful predictions can now be made that will facilitate analysis of water–rock interactions in the Earth at depths much greater than previously possible.
Analytical and monte carlo comparisons of six different linear least squares fits

For many applications, particularly in allometry and astronomy, only a set of correlated data points (xi:, yi:) is available to fit a line. The underlying joint distribution is unknown, and it is not clear which variable is 'dependent' and which is 'independent'. In such cases, the goal is an intrinsic functional relationship between the variables rather than E(Y|X), and the choice of leastsquares line is ambiguous. Astronomers and biometricians have used as many as six different linear regression methods for this situation:the two ordinary least-squares (OLS) lines, Pearson's orthogonal regression, the OLS-bisector, the reduced major axis and the OLS-mean. The latter four methods treat the X and Y variables symmetrically. Series of simulations are described which compared the accuracy of regression estimators and their asymptotic variances for all six procedures. General relations between the regression slopes are also obtained. Among the symmetrical methods, the angular bisector of the OLS lines demonst...
Three-dimensional relationships between the movements of the pelvis and lumbar spine during normal gait

Abstract The three-dimensional motions of the pelvis and lumbar spine in walking were measured, in 20 normal adult males, using “Vicon” optoelectronic system, with reflective targets attached to lightweight rigs over the thoracolumbar junction and upper sacrum. Pelvic motion (using a room-based coordinate system) corresponded to published data. In the sagittal plane, the change in lumber lordosis across the gait cycle was consistent within subjects, but varied considerably between subjects. The phase relationships between pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis also varied considerably between subjects. In the frontal plane, there was a much more consistent pattern of motion, spinal lateral bend generally following the pattern of pelvic obliquity, although there was some additional lateral bend, just prior to initial contact, superimposed on the generally linear relationship. The transverse plane showed similar waveforms between axial rotation of the pelvis and axial rotation of the lumbar spine, except that motion of the pelvis was of greater magnitude, and occurred later in the gait cycle than the motion of the lumbar spine. Since arm swing could be expected to increase axial rotation of the spine as a whole, this suggests that the thoracic spine undergoes greater motion than the lumbar spine, in this plane. Comparisons between the present study and two other published studies, using different methodology, showed only partial agreement.
Complete Sequence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1-4 and Identification of Conserved Sequences

In order to understand the coding strategies and identify potential cis-acting sequences in Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), a complete cDNA sequence was obtained for LRV1-4 and compared to the sequence reported for LRV1-1. The results show that the 5' end of LRV1 is conserved at the nucleotide level while open reading frames (ORFs) 2 and 3 are conserved at the amino acid level. A simple translation initiation consensus sequence is conserved at the 5' end of ORF2 but absent from ORF3, consistent with a possibility that ORF3 is expressed as a gag-pol fusion protein. Comparison of secondary structure predictions obtained for both isolates identified nucleotide sequences capable of forming conserved stem-loops at the virus termini and in the putative frameshift region between ORF2 and ORF3. Although direct evidence is lacking, the appearance of compensatory nucleotide substitutions suggests that the structures may form in vivo. Possible functions for the conserved structures are discussed.
Scattering center model for SAR imagery

We present a high frequency model for scattering present in SAR imagery. The model retains dominant terms of the electromagnetic scattering response of canonical scattering objects using solutions from both Physical Optics and the Geometric Theory of Diffraction. Both frequency and aspect dependence of scattering centers are modeled. It is applicable to single polarization as well as multiple polarization data, and it provides an effective, physics- based description of complex SAR imagery. The model parameters provide a concise, physically relevant description of a complex object and are thus good candidates for use in target recognition, radar data compression, and scattering phenomenology studies. Algorithms for estimating the parameters from measured SAR imagery are presented, and the problem of model structure selection is addressed.
Inclusion and Mobilization In European Leninist Regimes

Political development in Leninist regimes can be understood in terms of the relationships among elite-designated tasks, corresponding political uncertainties, and regime structures. The post-Stalin period has seen a crucial change in relations between polity and society. Whereas under Stalin the relationship between political-organizational status and socio-occupational status was hierarchical and mutually exclusive, after Stalin ruling Communist parties have allowed social elites to complement socio-occupational and political-organizational roles. The major political problem in contemporary Leninist regimes arises from the potential conflict between innovative attempts in this direction and the party's continued pre-emption of any potential political arena or role not coterminous with party organization and membership.
Economic Comparisons of Barge-Mounted Plants and Conventional Offshore Gas Field Development by the Present-Value Method

A method is proposed for developing offshore natural gas fields by using subsea completions, flexible risers, and barge-mounted methanol plants operating at sea above the gas fields. This method is compared economically with a conventional one, which uses platforms for drilling and field operation plus a pipeline to bring the gas ashore. Both capital as well as operating/maintenance costs are compared. Many fields, particularly the smaller ones farther from shore, would be more profitably developed by using the methanol approach.
A Biotin Switch-Based Proteomics Approach Identifies 14-3-3ζ as a Target of Sirt1 in the Metabolic Regulation of Caspase-2

While lysine acetylation in the nucleus is well characterized, comparatively little is known about its significance in cytoplasmic signaling. Here we show that inhibition of the Sirt1 deacetylase, which is primarily cytoplasmic in cancer cell lines, sensitizes these cells to caspase-2-dependent death. To identify relevant Sirt1 substrates, we developed a proteomics strategy, enabling the identification of a range of putative substrates, including 14-3-3ζ, a known direct regulator of caspase-2. We show here that inhibition of Sirtuin activity accelerates caspase activation and overrides caspase-2 suppression by nutrient abundance. Furthermore, 14-3-3ζ is acetylated prior to caspase activation, and supplementation of Xenopus egg extract with glucose-6-phosphate, which promotes caspase-2/14-3-3ζ binding, enhances 14-3-3ζ-directed Sirtuin activity. Conversely, inhibiting Sirtuin activity promotes14-3-3ζ dissociation from caspase-2 in both egg extract and human cultured cells. These data reveal a role for Sirt1 in modulating apoptotic sensitivity, in response to metabolic changes, by antagonizing 14-3-3ζ acetylation.
A comparative study of sound substitutions used by “normal” first grade children

(1964). A comparative study of sound substitutions used by “normal” first grade children. Speech Monographs: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 135-141.
Non-Invasive Determination of Freezing Effects in Blueberry Fruit Tissue by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Water and sugar distribution in a single blueberry were mapped both before and after freeze/thaw using magnetic resonance imaging. Images were obtained using a slice selective spin echo pulse sequence which included a T 1 inversion recovery time period, allowing selection of either the water signal or the sugar signal. Freeze/thaw results in the rupture of water retaining membranes within discrete locations of the fruit tissue. This causes a change in the ratio of motion modified water (i.e., hydrogen bonded or chemically exchanged) to unmodified (i.e. mobile and not chemically exchanged) in those regions, as well as a concomitant change in sugar concentration, due to diffusion to other tissues
Value of recruitment strategies used in a primary care practice-based trial.

Purpose “Physicians-recruiting-physicians” is the preferred recruitment approach for practice-based research. However, yields are variable; and the approach can be costly and lead to biased, unrepresentative samples. We sought to explore the potential efficiency of alternative methods.
Creating an Inventory of Ethnographic Resources in Our National Parks

In the latter half of the 1980s, Muriel (Miki) Crespi, Chief Ethnographer for the National Park Service, gave voice to the concept in the National Park Service of "ethnographic resources" and a systematic effort to survey and inventory national parks for their presence. Within the National Park Service at the time, "cultural resources" were archeology sites, buildings, structures, museum objects, and landscapes that were mostly historic (or prehistoric) in nature. These types of cultural resources were considered tangible objects or "properties" that had some element of historical value and could be identified, counted, and subsequently "managed." In most cases, the identification and evaluation of these cultural resources was based on whether they fit into the criteria of significance developed for the National Register of Historic Places.
Tracking control of periodic signals with varying magnitude and its application to hybrid powertrain

Internal model based repetitive control for linear time invariant (LTI) system has been widely applied to track or reject periodic signals with only the period known. It is well understood that the discrete generating dynamics of the periodic signal can be obtained by finite sampling, and embedding it as the internal model will yield asymptotic performance. However, the traditional repetitive control framework will no longer work for periodic signals with varying peak to peak amplitude. As will be revealed in this paper, the generating dynamics of this kind of signals is time varying, and thus simply embedding its generating dynamics as the internal model will no longer ensure asymptotic performance. The necessity of investigating tracking or rejecting varying magnitude periodic signals comes from a wide class of anticipated applications, one example of which is the hybrid vehicle powetrain vibration reduction. In the hybrid vehicles, engine starting and stopping occur frequently to switch between power sources, which could cause driveline vibration. With proper formulation, the oscillation signal becomes periodic with varying magnitude. To suppress such vibration, in this paper, the generating dynamics of this unique signal is first derived, and then its corresponding controller design method is presented. After a series of simulations and case studies, the proposed control framework is demonstrated to be a promising solution for the hybrid powertrain vibration reduction problem.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Seedling recruitment patterns in a Belizean mangrove forest: effects of establishment ability and physico-chemical factors

A field study was conducted to evaluate the relative importance of factors affecting seedling establishment and survival on a mangrove-dominated island in Belize. An examination of spatial patterns of seedling relative densities in relation to reproductive adults and physico-chemical conditions provided correlative information on factors affecting mangrove regeneration patterns. Distance from reproductive adults explained 89–94% of the variation in relative density of Rhizophora mangle seedlings, whereas availability of resources (light and NH4) explained 73–80% of variation in Avicennia germinans seedling relative density. Just after dispersal (December), 89% of the variation in Laguncularia racemosa seedling relative density was attributable to distance from reproductive adults, but 7 months later (July) 74% of the variation was explained by intensity of flooding- and salinity-related stresses. Survivorship (after 2.5 years) of propagules and seedlings of R. mangle and A. germinans transplanted to zones of contrasting physico-chemical conditions demonstrated that: (1) mortality was highest during the establishment phase and major causes were failure to strand before viability was lost, consumption by predators and desiccation; and (2) after establishment, differences in sensitivity to physicochemical stress factors such as flooding (A. germinans) and initial orientation of the seedling axis (R. mangle) exerted a further influence on seedling survival. The results indicate that seedling recruitment in these neotropical forests is strongly influenced by dispersal patterns, differential establishment abilities and effects of physico-chemical factors that vary with elevation and distance from the shoreline.
Observations on Hexamermis albicans (Nematoda: Mermithidae) recovered from Lymantria dispar and Stilpnotia salicis (Lep.: Lymantriidae) in West Germany and Austria.

The mermithid,Hexamermis albicans (Siebold) was recovered from larvae ofLymantria (Porthetria) dispar (L.) collected from various localities in Burgenland, Austria in 1974 and 1975 and from Wurzburg, Germany, in 1974. It was recovered also fromStilpnotia salicis (L.) in Austria in 1974. The mermithid was recovered from all field collected larval instars. The majority of the nematodes emerged fromL. dispar larvae collected as second and third larval instars although some nematodes were recorded from larvae collected as first instar larvae still on the egg mass.
Development of experimental designs for organic synthetic reactions

Abstract Good experimental designs require hours of discussion and planning prior to the development of the first designed experiment. A structured template was developed at the Corpus Christi Technical Center, to help scientists and engineers accomplish the goal of obtaining a good experimental design. The template consists of six parts of the process required for developing an experimental design. These include defining the problem, determining responses and factors, developing a design, analyzing results, and final interpretation and implementation of the conclusions. A computerized form was developed to enable this process and is attached in Appendix A.
On the Ship's Trimming using Moments of Weight and Buoyancy Forces of High Order

The paper introduces a technique by which the hull girder shear forces and bending moments can be minimised, based on the equality of the moments of higher order of the weight and buoyancy forces. Cargo hold weights determined on the basis of these equalities can be shown to result to minimum bending moments and shear forces. The proposal is illustrated in the simplified case of a barge and a 24000 tdw bulk carrier.
Diversity in sympatric chinook salmon runs: timing, relative fat content and maturation

Since salmon species commonly undertake long spawning migrations and often have multiple runs in the same river system, this study explored the run timing and physiology of sympatric Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha stocks in the Klamath River Basin, CA. Genetic methods revealed that the Trinity-Salmon Spring run entered first, followed by the Klamath Fall run, and the Lower Basin Fall run. The Trinity-Salmon Fall run entered continuously. There was however, considerable overlap in run timing which was thought may be due a morphological threshold being met. Due to longer off-feeding freshwater residency, the earlier-returning fish have higher metabolic demands during their spawning migration and enter freshwater with greater relative fat reserves, estimated by non-water fraction of liver tissue (NWF) and Relative Weight (Wr). They also arrive less mature (as estimated by gonadosomatic index (GSI), which also places a greater demand on their energy reserves for gonadal development. There was a decrease in relative fat reserves and an increase in maturity by freshwater entry date. At spawning however, the Trinity River Hatchery spring- and fall-run fish, after travelling the same distance, had the same relative fat content and size-specific gonad mass and fecundity. The higher energetic cost associated with the early entry of the spring-run fish, and reduced at-sea feeding period, may be the cause for their smaller average body mass. This study suggests that imminent freshwater residency duration is important in determining the relative fat content, maturity leveland size of returning Chinook salmon.
Generative cell composition and its relation to male plastid inheritance patterns in Medicago sativa

Genetic studies have recently shown that plastids are inherited biparentally in alfalfa; yet most crosses produce high frequencies of progenies containing only paternal plastids, and certain genotypes have been characterized as relatively strong or weak transmitters of male plastids. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the structure of generative cells differs among genotypes known to differ in male plastid transmission pattern. Using the techniques of serial ultrathin sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction, we found that mature generative cells of the genotypes investigated have basically similar morphology, and contain numerous plastids in each end of the spindle shaped cell. Since the morphological variation that does occur is as great within a genotype as it is between genotypes, it does not appear that generative cell structure can be used to predict male plastid transmission behavior in a particular genotype. The number of mitochondria in generative cells, which is much less than that of plastids, varies considerably among genotypes. However, comparable genetic studies between genotypes are not yet available on male mitochondrial inheritance in alfalfa.
Characterization of size segregated particles collected over Alaska and the CAnadian high Arctic, AGASP-II flights 204-206

Abstract Ten aircraft-collected cascade impactor samples from the North American Arctic were analyzed using analytical electron microscopy. Morphological, mineralogical and elemental information were obtained from individual particles, as well as compositional data and size distribution estimates of the bulk aerosol. Categorization of carbonaceous material into organic-type and combustion-type carbon particles was performed in this study. This was accomplished through the use of a new ultra-thin window X-ray spectrometer, which can directly detect carbon X-rays emitted from particles, and through interpretation of morphological and electron diffraction data. Verification of graphite as a specific carbon mineral phase present in Arctic soot particles was performed in this manner. Several classes of particles were present in most of the aerosol samples and size fractions. These included liquid H2SO4 droplets, which were always present in the highest numbers, and crustal-type and composite SO4−2 particles. A small fraction (0–30%) of a random sampling of SO2−4particles from all impactor stages were found to contain detectable nitrogen, suggesting that partial neutralization by NH3 may have occurred in this minority of the SO2−4 droplets. Particles rich in non-combustion carbon and thought to be composed of organic material were also observed in most samples. Haze samples collected off the coast of Alert, NWT, show moderate loadings of H2SO4 droplets. Judging from these loadings and those from higher-altitude samples, ambient aerosol particle concentrations must have been considerably higher in the haze. The extent to which local activity at Alert has influenced these haze samples is not known, although a major contribution is not expected. Stratospheric samples did not contain several classes of particles thought to have major anthropogenic source inputs to the Arctic, such as black carbon and coal-fired combustion spheres. The lightest particle loadings in any samples were collected in the upper troposphere near the tropopause, where condensation nuclei counts during sampling fell to as low as 10 cm−3.
Pressure dependence of T c to 17 GPa with and without relaxation effects in superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O x

Hydrostatic high-pressure studies to 17 GPa were carried out on superconducting YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} over the full range of oxygen content x. The observed bell-shaped T{sub c}(P) dependences are found to depend markedly on the temperature at which the pressure is changed. The time-dependent relaxation processes are studied using both T{sub c} and the electrical resistivity at 298 K as probes. The activation volume for oxygen diffusion is determined from the pressure-dependent activation energy and compared with estimates from a simple hard-sphere model. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Semantic multicast for content-based stream dissemination

We consider the problem of content-based routing and dissemination of highly-distributed, fast data streams from multiple sources to multiple receivers. Our target application domain includes real-time, stream-based monitoring applications and large-scale event dissemination. We introduce SemCast, a new semantic multicast approach that, unlike previous approaches, eliminates the need for content-based forwarding at interior brokers and facilitates fine-grained control over the construction of dissemination overlays. We present the initial design of SemCast and provide an outline of the architectural and algorithmic challenges as well as our initial solutions. Preliminary experimental results show that SemCast can significantly reduce overall bandwidth requirements compared to traditional event-dissemination approaches.
The Effect of Hybrid Catfish Fingerling Prices on the Relative Profitability of Hybrid Channel Catfish

Previous studies have indicated that the price premium charged for hybrid catfish fingerlings may be a significant factor in the adoption and profitability of hybrid catfish production. An enterprise budgeting simulation analysis was developed to compare costs, risk, and effect of hybrid fingerling costs. Feed, fingerling, and total costs ($/ha and $/kg) were highest for hybrid catfish production, intermediate for NWAC-103, and lowest for normal channel catfish production. Net returns were highest for hybrid catfish production, but breakeven prices were also highest. Risk analysis showed that downside risk (risk of losing money) was higher for hybrid production for all farm sizes. Risk-averse farmers would not select hybrid catfish at the mean fingerling values used in the analysis. However, at hybrid fingerling prices less than $0.0081/cm, hybrid catfish production was superior in profitability and breakeven cost of production. Thus, for hybrid catfish production to be preferred economically to normal channel catfish, the price premium for hybrid catfish fingerlings can be no more than 84% ($0.0037/cm) above that of normal channel catfish fingerlings and 57% ($0.0025/cm) above that of NWAC-103 fingerling prices.
Supralinearity and particle discrimination in nuclear emulsion

Abstract Nuclear emulsions may be desensitized in manufacture and/or may be so processed as to discriminate against small latent image sites; to yield supralinear sensitometric response after x -irradiation; and to discriminate against lightly ionizing radiations in favor of heavily ionizing particles. In a circumstance where one electron passing through an emulsion grain is unlikely to generate a latent image sufficiently large to yield a visible grain after development, some larger number of electrons is required, resulting in “many-hit” statistics, supralinearity, and particle discrimination: for lightly ionizing particles are not likely to generate more than one δ-ray (secondary electron) in their passage through or near a grain. Since these properties are analagous to the response of many biological cells to ionizing radiations, such emulsion-developer combinations have the potential to mimic the response of biological systems to particulate radiations of different charge and speed.
Rapid Disk Test for Determining Clindamycin Serum Levels

A disk bioassay for determining clindamycin serum levels is presented. This method is rapid (results available in 6.0 to 6.5 h), reliable, and simple to perform.
Reactions to Changing Times: Trends and Tensions in U.S. Chemistry Graduate Education

Calls for reform in graduate education have emerged from professional societies, educational research, and foundations, with particular concern for how graduate students are prepared for their future professional environments. This qualitative research study explores current issues in Ph.D. chemistry education, including how U.S. chemistry departments have responded to calls for change in graduate students’ professional preparation. The study is based on document analysis and open-ended interviews with 22 chemistry faculty and administrators at 14 highly ranked chemistry departments. Many of these departments were beginning to implement changes in response to multiple and competing forces. Pressures on faculty to generate research funding had reportedly reduced time for one-on-one mentoring, but many departments were offering more student support outside research groups. Departments that had made targeted efforts to diversify their faculty and student body reaped rewards in recruiting and collegiality. Younger students and faculty were driving changes in departmental practices and cultures intended to address work-life balance. While some changes were widespread and others more scattered, many of the changes appear to be well aligned with recommended practices. Yet most departments were undertaking these reforms without holistic strategies, long-range plans, or methods for assessing the results of their changes.
Cadmium-induced production of superoxide anion and nitric oxide, DNA single strand breaks and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in J774A.1 cell cultures

The involvement of reactive oxygen species in the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) has been proposed. We have, therefore, examined the effects of this cation on the production of superoxide anion and nitric oxide and DNA single strand breaks in J774A.1 macrophage cells in culture as well as the effects on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and cell viability. Following a 48-h incubation, over 2-fold increases in superoxide anion and nitric oxide (NO) production were observed at a Cd concentration of approximately 0.60 microM, while a 50% decrease in viability was observed at this concentration. LDH leakage paralleled the superoxide anion and nitric oxide production. Concentration-dependent increases in DNA single strand breaks (SSB) were observed after incubation with Cd with a maximum increase occurring at a concentration of approximately 0.40 microM. The results indicate that Cd is toxic to the J774A.1 cell line, and support the hypothesis that the toxicity may be due at least in part to an oxidative stress induced by the production of reactive oxygen species following exposure to this cation.
Invertebrate Biodiversity in Antarctic Dry Valley Soils and Sediments

We studied invertebrate communities across a transition zone between soils and stream sediments in the cold desert landscape of Taylor Valley, Antarctica. We hypothesized that hydrological and biogeochemical linkages in the functionally important transition zone between streams and surrounding soils should be important in structuring invertebrate communities. We compared invertebrate communities along transects beginning in the saturated sediments under flowing stream water and extending laterally through the hyporheic zone to the dry soils that characterize most of the dry valley landscape. Nematodes, rotifers, and tardigrades assembled into different communities in soils and sediments, but there was no relationship between the total abundance of invertebrates and moisture. Community diversity was, however, influenced by the moisture and salinity gradients created with distance from flowing waters. The wet, low-salinity sediments in the center of the stream contained the most invertebrates and had the highest taxonomic diversity. Adjacent to the stream, communities in the hyporheic zone were influenced strongly by salt deposition. Abundance of invertebrates was low in the hyporheic zone, but this area contained the most co-occurring nematode species (three species). In dry soils, communities were composed almost entirely of a single species of nematode, Scottnema lindsayae, an organism not found in the stream center. These results suggest spatially-partitioned niches for invertebrates in soils and sediments in the dry valley landscape based on proximity to sources of moisture and the interactive effects of salinity.