cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solutions in the general solution

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the problem proposed by Joseph Fels Ritt, which is that of determining whether a given solution of a second order differential polynomial is in its general solution. Ritt's treatment of the problem made use of what he called y-solutions for a differential polynomial A. These are power series in y for its derivative that formally annul A . The existence of a y-solution is equivalent to the existence of a differential field containing a solution and admitting a discrete rank 1 valuation whose valuation domain and valuation ideal are closed under the derivation. The work of Morrison opened up the possibility of approaching the above stated problem and its generalizations algebraically. An immediate consequence of Morrison's results is that a necessary and sufficient condition for a solution of an algebraically irreducible differential polynomial of any order, to be in its general solution, can be stated in terms of the existence of a chain of rank 1 valuations, whichare differential valuations. For the second order case, this condition is easily recast in the form stated by Ritt, except that the discrete valuation of rank 1 of Ritt's condition is replaced by an arbitrary valuation of rank 1. This is a significant change and must be regarded as a weakening because necessity is the important feature of these criteria, sufficiency being the obvious. In particular, it seems unlikely that one can replace the algorithm that Ritt found by an algorithm based directly on the existence of an arbitrary rank 1 valuation.
The Impact of Middle-Grades Mathematics Curricula and the Classroom Learning Environment on Student Achievement.

This article examines student achievement of 2533 students in 10 middle schools in relation to the implementation of textbooks developed with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) or publisher-developed textbooks.
Pathological Alterations in Transcription and Translation

Changes in transcription and translation patterns occur during the initial stages of host-parasite interactions, particularly in diseases caused by biotrophs. These changes are highly significant as they may reflect expression of genes that determine disease reaction. Disease-induced alterations in transcription and translation have not been fully explored despite their potential for elucidating the molecular aspects of compatibility and incompatibility and clarifying the genetics of host-parasite interactions. The literature on this subject has recently been reviewed by Uritani (1976), Heitefuss and Wolf (1976), Chakravorty and Shaw (1977), Samborski et al. (1978), and Tani and Yamamoto (1979). In the following pages some of the published works on this subject are briefly discussed.
Hidden in Plain Sight: The American Indian Movement and the Revival of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape, 1969-1982

This paper explores the resurgence of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape of New Jersey in the latter half of the 20th century. This thesis argues that the American Indian Movement, with its strong advocation for Native existence and pride, along with Pan-Indianism, unity amongst all tribes, acted as a driving factor in the revival of the Eastern Woodland tribe, the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape. From the eighteenth century, tribes on the East Coast were forced westward and north, but the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape people remained hidden in plain sight on their native lands, to which they had been tied to for over 10,000 years. Parents taught their children to hide their native heritage in hopes that they would not be forced from their home as well. Generation after generation, fewer and fewer children were aware of their “Nativeness.” The Lenape traditions, language, and cultural practices which had only been passed down orally were beginning to fade away. By the 1960’s, what started off as a survival tactic to cope with white encroachment metamorphosed into an everyday part of life and as a result, this tight-knit community’s Native identity had been displaced. In the early 1970’s, a number of inspired Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape families worked to reverse the loss of their community’s traditions and identity, unify, and retain a collective recognition of being Native American and a pride in that ancestry.
Evidence for Biotic Perchlorate Reduction in Naturally Perchlorate-Rich Sediments of Pilot Valley Basin, Utah.

Abstract The presence of perchlorate on Mars suggests a possible energy source for sustaining microbial life. Perchlorate-reducing microbes have been isolated from perchlorate-contaminated soils an...
Using Control Charts Early in the Quantitative Analysis Laboratory Curriculum

Statistical process control (SPC) is used in the chemical industry to monitor manufacturing and laboratory processes to ensure quality and compliance with regulatory requirements. Control charts are a key tool used in this monitoring. Industrial job postings desire experience with SPC. Most undergraduates entering the workforce have no exposure, let alone experience, with control charts. The few available literature examples of control charts in undergraduate chemistry education involve methods of instrumental analysis at the junior or senior level of an academic program. Educators may improve the student’s preparation for working in industrial and regulatory environments by incorporating components of SPC early in the curriculum. This work provides an example of how to introduce the concept and use of control charts earlier as part of the Quantitative Analysis Laboratory curriculum. The titration of vinegar to determine the weight percent of acetic acid, using the same sample for all students, serves as ...
INVESTIGATION OF THE SYMMETRY OF THE PAIRING STATE IN YBA2CU3O7-DELTA USING THE NONLINEAR TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC MOMENT : EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Measurements of the nonlinear transverse magnetic moment have been carried out on disk-shaped samples of YBCO, using an ac technique. Numerical calculations for a dx2-y2 pairing state predict a fourfold modulation of this moment as a function of the angle between the applied magnetic and the crystalline axes for a magnetic field applied in the a–b plane of the sample. Our results imply a minimum nonzero gap at all points on the Fermi surface.
Moving From Risk to Hope: Count Us In

In “Moving From Risk to Hope: Count Us In,” the author describes the report entitled From a Nation at Risk to a Nation at Hope released in January 2019 by the Aspen Institute National Commission on Social, Emotional, and Academic Development. The report and related brief, Building Partnerships in Support of Where, When, and How Learning Happens offer recommendations for how the education sector can support social and emotional learning and development. This article offers a reflection on the Nation at Hope report recommendations for the youth development field and professionals. There are significant opportunities for the youth development field to partner with other sectors, intentionally support social and emotional learning, train professional staff on strategies to support learning and development, and research our efforts in ways that are accessible and foster practice. It is a critical and hopeful time for the youth development field to honor our history, employ the recommendations in the report, and build our youth development knowledge and practice in light of what we now know about how to optimally foster learning and development.
Professional development with universal design for learning: supporting teachers as learners to increase the implementation of UDL

Although the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) Framework has been effective in designing tools and lessons, implementation of the Framework to design entire learning environments possesses its ow...
Renal cell carcinoma with metastases to the rectum and gastric body.

AbstractOur case highlights renal cell carcinoma with metastases to the gastric body and rectum presenting as melena and dyspnea. Renal cell carcinoma frequently metastasizes to the lungs, lymph no...
Controlled cooling-rate experiments on olivine-hosted melt inclusions: chemical diffusion and quantification of eruptive cooling‐rates on Hawaii and Mars

Controlled cooling‐rate experiments were conducted on olivine‐hosted melt inclusions to characterize the development of compositional zoning observed in natural inclusions. All of the experimentally cooled inclusions are zoned due to olivine crystallization on the inclusion wall and diffusive exchange between the boundary layer adjacent to the growing olivine and the inclusion centers. Experimentally cooled inclusions are characterized by lower MgO and FeO and higher SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Na₂O (and other incompatible oxides) near the inclusion wall relative to the inclusion center. The compositions at the centers of inclusions are susceptible to modification by diffusion, particularly for small inclusions and those subjected to low cooling rates. Uphill diffusion is evident in every oxide and is recognized by local extrema along a diffusion profile. CaO exhibits the most extreme manifestation of uphill diffusion, and a model attributes the diffusion behavior in CaO to solution nonideality in the boundary layer liquid. MgO profiles from experimentally cooled inclusions were fit with a diffusion model by varying the cooling rate. The cooling rates that resulted in the best fit models were always within a factor of 2 and typically within ±10% of the experimental cooling rates, which ranged from 70 to 50,000 °C/hr. The model was applied to MgO profiles across natural glassy olivine‐hosted melt inclusions from Hawaii and the shergottite Yamato 980459. Cooling rates from zoned melt inclusions in Yamato 980459 range from 85 to 1,047 °C/hr (mean = 383±43 °C/hr, 1σ, n=8) and support the hypothesis that the sample erupted at or near the Martian surface.
Reflexivity in Applied Linguistics Research in the Tourism Workplace

Linguistic ethnographers largely agree that engaging in self-reflexivity enables researchers to identify how their actions, subjectivities, and motivations influence research. In this article, I argue for a discourse-oriented ethnographic account as an alternative method for documenting and reporting such reflexivity. The overall goal of this article is to examine reflexive research practices in the study of tourism communication. Presenting illustrative cases, I closely analyze how the researcher’s co-presence naturally opens up opportunities for some form of intervention in tourist–guide dyads. I show that researcher participation that is intended to resolve local interactional problems can have unintended consequences resulting in marginalization or exclusion of the key participants. The analysis shows that the researcher is not only the knowledge-maker in applied linguistics research but is also an object of analysis in the process. Overall, the study is intended to invite workplace researchers to reflect on whether and how much to participate, how their participation shapes researcher–participant relationships, how their relationship impacts data and knowledge claims, and how issues of balance and distance can be negotiated.
Risk factors for autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion in cesarean section

Objective To determine the risk factors for autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion in cesarean section. Methods Parturients who underwent cesarean section and autologous blood withdrawal from August 2012 to June 2015 in our hospital were selected.The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data of the parturients were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records.The parturients were divided into reinfusion group and non-reinfusion group according to whether the parturients received autologous blood reinfusion.Logistic regression analysis was used to stratify the risk factors for autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion in cesarean section. Results A total of 1 604 parturients who received autologous blood reinfusion were included in the study, with 757 cases in reinfusion group and 847 cases in non-reinfusion group.Placenta increta/percreta, placenta previa with previous uterine surgery and complete placenta previa were the risk factors for autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion in cesarean section (P<0.05). The predictive model was exp(w)÷[1+ exp(w)], w=1.447×placenta increta/percreta (corrected OR value)+ 0.945×complete placenta previa (corrected OR value)+ 1.361×placenta previa with previous uterine surgery (corrected OR value). The sensitivity and specificity of this model in predicting blood reinfusion were 56% and 79%, respectively, the positive predictive value was 71%, and the negative predictive value was 67%. Conclusion Placenta increta/percreta, placenta previa with previous uterine surgery and complete placenta previa are high risk factors for autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion in cesarean section, and routine preparation for autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion is recommended. Key words: Cesarean section; Blood transfusion, autologous
What proceduralists need to know about emicizumab for patients with hemophilia A.

Proceduralists are likely familiar with the routine treatment options for patients with hemophilia A who present for surgical interventions. These include factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates and bypas...
High power fiber lasers

This review concentrates on the progress and developments that have led to explosive growth in high power continuous wave (CW) fiber lasers over the last decade. Here we arbitrarily defined high power fiber operation as being close to a single mode in beam output with powers in the kilowatt range. This growth has largely been led by Yb fiber lasers up to now. However, in this review, we also highlight the potential for high power, high brightness operation of two alternative approaches, thulium fiber lasers that operate at 2 mm wavelength, and CW Raman fiber lasers (RFLs), which have yet to reach kW power levels.
Robustness Revisited: Simulation Optimization Viewed Through A Different Lens

We start by introducing key concepts in robust design and analysis, and demonstrate how robustness often changes our perspective when contrasted with simulation optimization approaches. After defining basic terminology, we present several numerical examples with discussions of how to apply these techniques in qualitative, quantitative, and optimization contexts. Evaluating responses using loss functions can yield solutions and results that are substantially different from those based solely on expected values. Benefits in engineering practice include that robust solutions are advantageous in moving from new product development to production, in focusing decision makers on controllable aspects of their problem, and in facilitating communication between the various stakeholders. Robust solutions are designed to yield consistently good performance even in the face of uncertainty and uncontrollable factors by incorporating those aspects of the system into the problem formulation.
Acoustic Classification of Bird Species Using Wavelets and Learning Algorithms

In this project, we derived an effective and efficient mathematical algorithm to identify bird species based on bird calls. Classifying bird species can be useful in real applications, such as determining the health of an ecosystem, or identifying hazardous species of birds near airports and reducing the bird-aircraft strikes. Having well-trained ornithologists to identify the characteristics of birds requires many man hours, and the results may be subjective. Our research was intended to develop a semi-automatic classification algorithm. We first performed a wavelet decomposition algorithm over more than 1200 syllables from 12 different bird species, and then extracted a set of eight parameters from each instance. The dataset formed by the instances and associated parameters was used to train and test different classifiers. Our results showed that among all the classifiers we tested, Cubic Support Vector Machine and Random Forest achieved the highest classification rates, each of which was over 93%.
A review on polyhydroxyalkanoate production from agricultural waste Biomass: Development, Advances, circular Approach, and challenges

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biopolymers produced by microbial fermentation. They have excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, which are regarded as promising substitutes for traditional plastics in various production and application fields. This review details the research progress in PHA production from lignocellulosic crop residues, lipid-type agricultural wastes, and other agro-industrial wastes such as molasses and whey. The effective use of agricultural waste can further reduce the cost of PHA production while avoiding competition between industrial production and food. The latest information on fermentation parameter optimization, fermentation strategies, kinetic studies, and circular approach has also been discussed. This review aims to analyze the crucial process of the PHA production from agricultural wastes to provide support and reference for further scale-up and industrial production.
US Communities Need More Accessible Data to Improve Health, Not Less

What national, regional, or state-level initiatives could the reintroduction ofthe CHSIs be aligned with? IMPROVING COMMUNITY HEALTH In 2013, a pivotal report ofthe National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine), US Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health, comprehensively and clearly outlined the health differences and reasons for these differences between the United States and its peer high-income countries, including 16 democracies.6 Sadly, US health ranking was near the bottom as measured by life expectancy, which had improved but not as fast as in peer countries. The smaller gains in US life expectancy were actually reversed before the COVID-19 pandemic, from a peak of 78.84 years in 2014 to 78.54 years through 2018.7 And during the pandemic, the US media has shone a bright light on the US health disadvantage by highlighting greater COVID19-associated mortality in the United States than reported in peer countries.8 In the wake ofthe National Research Council and Institute of Medicine report, the American Public Health Association began an initiative to become the healthiest nation in a generation (by 2030), which included a strategy to promote the building of safe and healthy communities because the average life span across the nation is rooted in the health of communities.9 If data on community health outcomes and determinants are not widely accessible to communities, gaps in knowledge will remain about current community health and any health progress. Furthermore, the National Prevention Strategy also steers communities to implement evidence-based recommendations strategically to create healthy and safe community environments, integrate clinical and community preventive services locally, empower people, and eliminate health disparities in priority activities of tobacco-free living, preventing drug abuse and excessive alcohol use, healthy eating, active living, injury and violence-free living, and promotion of reproductive and sexual health and mental health and emotional wellbeing.14 Similarly, Healthy People 2020, and now Healthy People 2030, also calls for communities to use their goals and objectives to set local priorities.11 Setting effective community target objectives will depend on current knowledge of health outcomes and health determinants at the level of community action as well as accessible data for surveillance and monitoring ofthe targets. CONCLUSIONS Although national initiatives, such as the Federal Data Strategy and the National Committee on Vital Health Statistics, identify key health indicators to move the entire health status ofthe nation forward, local communities often need additional data, including smaller geographic areas of data for community health planning, interventions, programs, evaluation, and monitoring ultimately for advocacy and public health action.
McDermott multidimensional assessment of children: Paul A. McDermott and Marley W. Watkins. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation, 1985. Manual and Diskettes 1 through 9, complete package (100 classification and 100 IEPs), $1,000.00. Apple IIe, IBM-PC.

Abstract The M-MAC provides two worthwhile functions. First, it performs a number of statistical procedures on standardized test data that are too time-consuming to be practically and routinely done by hand. The results of these statistical analysis can aid a psychologist in synthesizing evaluation data. Second, the M-MAC also is a useful tool for planning IEP's based upon the results of standardized assessment data. It provides hierarchically ordered IEP behavioral objectives in specific areas and also allows the user to modify program-generated objectives before printing them. In conclusion, M-MAC positively illustrates the application of microcomputing to the assessment of school children, but does not significantly advance the practice of assessment.
Prenatal care associated with reduction of neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from demographic and health surveys

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether prenatal care by a skilled provider (physician nurse or midwife) and specific prenatal interventions were associated with decreased neonatal mortality. DESIGN: Mothers reports in nationally representative surveys (conducted 2003-2009) about their most recent delivery were analyzed. Setting. Sub-Saharan Africa 17 least developed countries (UN designation). POPULATION: 89 655 women aged 15-49 years with a singleton birth within 3 years prior to survey. Methods. Logistic regression models were used to measure the associations between having a skilled prenatal provider as well as specific interventions and neonatal mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neonatal mortality defined as a live birth ending in death at less than one month of age. RESULTS: Overall 70.7% of women saw a skilled prenatal provider during their previous pregnancy. Prenatal care from a skilled provider was associated with a decreased neonatal mortality risk compared with no provider [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.70 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.80] and compared with an unskilled provider (AOR 0.81 95% CI 0.68-0.96). The most effective prenatal interventions were weight (AOR 0.71 95% CI 0.64-0.80) and blood pressure measurements (AOR 0.77 95% CI 0.69-0.86) and two or more tetanus immunizations (AOR 0.78 95% CI 0.70-0.86). Four or more prenatal visits compared with none were associated with decreased neonatal mortality risk (AOR 0.68 95% CI 0.59-0.79). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal care provided by skilled providers at least four prenatal visits weight and blood pressure assessment and two or more tetanus immunizations were associated with decreased neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan African countries. (c) 2011 The Authors Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica(c) 2011 Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium sulfate to four freshwater organisms in water-only exposures.

The acute and chronic toxicity of sulfate (tested as sodium sulfate) was determined in diluted well water (hardness of 100 mg/L and pH 8.2) with a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia; 2-d and 7-d exposures), a midge (Chironomus dilutus; 4-d and 41-d exposures), a unionid mussel (pink mucket, Lampsilis abrupta; 4-d and 28-d exposures), and a fish (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; 4-d and 34-d exposures). Among the 4 species, the cladoceran and mussel were acutely more sensitive to sulfate than the midge and fathead minnow, whereas the fathead minnow was chronically more sensitive than the other 3 species. Acute-to-chronic ratios ranged from 2.34 to 5.68 for the 3 invertebrates but were as high as 12.69 for the fish. The fathead minnow was highly sensitive to sulfate during the transitional period from embryo development to hatching in the diluted well water, and thus, additional short-term (7- to 14-d) sulfate toxicity tests were conducted starting with embryonic fathead minnow in test waters with different ionic compositions at a water hardness of 100 mg/L. Increasing chloride in test water from 10 mg Cl/L to 25 mg Cl/L did not influence sulfate toxicity to the fish, whereas increasing potassium in test water from 1 mg K/L to 3 mg K/L substantially reduced the toxicity of sulfate. The results indicate that both acute and chronic sulfate toxicity data, and the influence of potassium on sulfate toxicity to fish embryos, need to be considered when environmental guidance values for sulfate are developed or refined. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:115–127. Published 2015 SETAC. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the United States.
Sensing vegetation growth with reflected GPS signals

[1] Estimates of vegetation state are required for hydrometeorological modeling and validation of satellite estimates of land surface conditions. A linkage is described between vegetation growth and ground reflected multipath at GPS stations. Reflections are sensitive to conditions over a ∼1000m2 area, larger than typical in situ observations but smaller than space-based products. At two agricultural test sites, vegetation height and water content are inversely correlated with the magnitude of ground reflected multipath measured by geodetic-quality GPS stations. This relationship was tested further at Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) network GPS sites, using Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) to gauge vegetation status. NDVI is inversely correlated with the magnitude of multipath at nine sites located in grassland, shrubland and cropland. Multipath variations lag NDVI by approximately three weeks. Multipath statistics from existing sites are calculated daily and could be used to estimate biophysical properties in non-forested regions, which represent ∼80% of land area.
Benefits and burdens: Legal and ethical issues raised by veterinary specialization

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the benefits and burdens of the legal and ethical issues raised by veterinary specialization. The increasing influence of specialization in veterinary medicine will bring more improvements in medical care for animals. As the number of specialties and specialists grows, so will legal and ethical responsibilities faced by all veterinarians—both specialists and generalists. The chapter provides an overview of distinctive legal and moral issues presented by veterinary specialization. These issues are of enormous practical importance. Veterinarians who ignore them can face litigation and its potential aggravation, economic cost, or loss of reputation. For the profession as a whole, the legal and ethical implications of specialization pose fundamental questions about how veterinarians want to relate to patients, clients, and colleagues. There are two major kinds of wrongdoing for which veterinarians can be sued in civil lawsuits by clients and others: intentional wrongs and negligence. Intentional wrongs (often referred to by lawyers as “intentional torts”) are actions the law recognizes as justifying a civil suit and are done with knowledge and intent.
Progressive restriction of synaptic vesicle protein to the nerve terminal during development of the neuromuscular junction

Antibodies to synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins and to neurofilament (NF) proteins were used to investigate presynaptic differentiation and its relation to the formation of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters at developing mouse neuromuscular junctions. At all times during development, SV proteins and NF proteins were segregated into neighboring, but separate regions of the presynaptic neurite. At embryonic day (ED) 14 SV proteins were present throughout preterminal neurites but at later ages became progressively restricted to the distal parts of the neurites. NF proteins occupied a more proximal region that extended distally during development until NF proteins occupied the entire axon up to the terminal. The restriction of SV proteins exclusively to the terminal did not occur until the second postnatal week. At the time of their first appearance (ED 14), up to 50% of AChR clusters were not associated with neurites; precise colocalization required 12–36 hr to develop. These findings demonstrate a progressive restriction of both pre- and postsynaptic components to the synapse during development.
Mechanized transport for snow surveying

This paper gives the reasons for increased interest in mechanizedtravel on snow, lists 12 characteristics to be noted in the performance of such a machine, and describes a series of field tests of a particular make of snow vehicle. This vehicle, which is described, met the requirements for performance.
Formal models for some features of programming languages

In this paper we attempt to tighten the connections between classical mathematics, automata theory, and the theory of programming languages. Formal linguistic objects corresponding to programs are defined via sets of functional equations; two interpretations of such an object are given, one in classical mathematics, and one in terms of an abstract machine that executes the program. Within this framework we examine flow charts, recursion, parameterization, and declaration.
Toward Efficient Computation of the Dempster–Shafer Belief Theoretic Conditionals

Dempster-Shafer (DS) belief theory provides a convenient framework for the development of powerful data fusion engines by allowing for a convenient representation of a wide variety of data imperfections. The recent work on the DS theoretic (DST) conditional approach, which is based on the Fagin-Halpern (FH) DST conditionals, appears to demonstrate the suitability of DS theory for incorporating both soft (generated by human-based sensors) and hard (generated by physics-based sources) evidence into the fusion process. However, the computation of the FH conditionals imposes a significant computational burden. One reason for this is the difficulty in identifying the FH conditional core, i.e., the set of propositions receiving nonzero support after conditioning. The conditional core theorem (CCT) in this paper redresses this shortcoming by explicitly identifying the conditional focal elements with no recourse to numerical computations, thereby providing a complete characterization of the conditional core. In addition, we derive explicit results to identify those conditioning propositions that may have generated a given conditional core. This “converse” to the CCT is of significant practical value for studying the sensitivity of the updated knowledge base with respect to the evidence received. Based on the CCT, we also develop an algorithm to efficiently compute the conditional masses (generated by FH conditionals), provide bounds on its computational complexity, and employ extensive simulations to analyze its behavior.
Nuclear Orphan Receptors Control Cholesterol Catabolism

The multiple roles of metabolites and nuclear orphan receptors in regulating cholesterol homeostasis are summarized in Figure 3Figure 3. A complex interplay of intermediates and transcription factors serves to regulate the expression of dozens of genes, all in an attempt to control the levels of potentially toxic but essential hydrophobic molecules.Figure 3Regulatory Loops in Cholesterol MetabolismBlack arrows indicate metabolic pathways involving cholesterol and bile acids. The cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase target gene (Cyp7a) is boxed. Green arrows indicate positive regulation. Red brakes indicate negative regulation.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlidePerhaps the most hotly anticipated experiment in the field will be the characterization of FXR knockout mice. We can only guess at their phenotype. It seems likely that they will suffer unregulated production of bile acids through the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase pathway. Whether this outcome will result from the loss of feedback regulation mediated by FXR, the unopposed positive action of LXRα, or the reduced expression of intestinal IBABP causing a decreased return of bile acids to the liver, will have to be determined. Regardless of the phenotype of FXR−/− mice, this body of work represents a major advance in lipid biology. Like any series of important findings, it raises additional questions and provides the tools with which to answer them.
Improving implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy through better programming.

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is a highly efficient, nonpharmacological treatment option that delivers rapid pacing stimuli, antitachycardia pacing (ATP) or shock to reduce death linked to the development of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation among patients at high-risk for ventricular arrhythmias [1–3]. Despite the significant mortality benefit of ICDs, a high incidence (11.5–17.4%) of inappropriate device activation has been reported owing to supraventricular arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation [4,5]. As presented in a substudy of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II (MADIT-II), inappropriate ICD therapy predominantly occurs in the 170–190 bpm heart rate range [4]. Inappropriate ICD therapies are associated with impaired quality of life [6] and adverse clinical outcome [7,8]. Some studies suggested an increased mortality with inappropriate ICD activation in this patient population [4,7,8].
Internal Infrastructural Impacts on RFID Perceptions and Commitment: Knowledge, Operational Procedures, and Information‐Processing Standards

For many firms, radio frequency identification (RFID) suggests not only a new alternative to existing tracking methods but also a means to a range of previously cost-prohibitive internal control and supply chain coordination innovations. In any event, and even in light of possible external pressures to adopt, the full potential of RFID for an individual firm must ultimately be viewed in consideration with the infrastructural capabilities of that firm. Furthermore, because adoption decisions are fundamentally based on managerial perceptions, it is critical to consider how certain forms of infrastructure provide the necessary transparency into other infrastructural characteristics to augment such decisions. We use multisource survey data in this work to consider several elements that contribute to this infrastructure and subsequently to perceptions of RFID benefit and actual commitment to adoption. Results demonstrate that the complementary effects of these infrastructural capabilities significantly impact both perceptions of and commitments to RFID.
Do Popular Votes on Rights Create Animosity Toward Minorities

We examine whether votes on minority rights make the public less sympathetic to the targeted group. Panel data are used to test whether votes on marriage changed public attitudes about gays and lesbians. We propose the marriage debate had a stigmatizing effect on attitudes about gays and lesbians in states where marriage was on the ballot. Results reveal a conditional relationship. Religious people in states where marriage was voted on had lower affect for gays and lesbians after the campaign. Independent of policy outcomes, subjecting a minority group to public judgment about rights may promote animus toward the group.
Dynamics of atomic and molecular metastable states produced in electron-bombarded superfluid helium

We have studied the production, destruction, and lifetimes of the ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a{^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{\mathrm{u}}}^{+})$ and $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ metastable states of helium that are produced in electron-bombarded superfluid helium. The characteristic lifetime of a metastable molecule in the superfluid is shown to exceed 0.1 sec, while the lifetime of a metastable atom is only about 15 \ensuremath{\mu}sec. The production rates for the ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}(a{^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{\mathrm{u}}}^{+})$ and $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ metastable states are about 500 and 450 per incident 160-keV electron, respectively.
Inflammation-associated depression: From serotonin to kynurenine

In the field of depression, inflammation-associated depression stands up as an exception since its causal factors are obvious and it is easy to mimic in an animal model. In addition, quasi-experimental studies can be carried out in patients who are treated chronically with recombinant cytokines for a medical condition since these patients can be studied longitudinally before, during and after stimulation of the immune system. These clinical studies have revealed that depression is a late phenomenon that develops over a background of early appearing sickness. Incorporation of this feature in animal models of inflammation-associated depression has allowed the demonstration that alterations of brain serotoninergic neurotransmission do not play a major role in the pathogenesis. This is in contrast to the activation of the tryptotphan degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase that generates potentially neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites such as 3-hydroxy kynurenine and quinolinic acid. Although the relative importance of peripherally versus centrally produced kynurenine and the cellular source of production of this compound remain to be determined, these findings provide new targets for the treatment of inflammation-associated depression that could be extended to other psychiatric conditions mediated by activation of neuroimmune mechanisms.
Four-dimensional proton treatment planning for lung tumors

Purpose: In proton radiotherapy, respiration-induced variations in density lead to changes in radiologic path lengths and will possibly result in geometric misses. We compared different treatment planning strategies for lung tumors that compensate for respiratory motion. Methods and Materials: Particle-specific treatment planning margins were applied to standard helical computed tomography (CT) scans as well as to "representative" CT scans. Margins were incorporated beam specific laterally by aperture widening and longitudinally by compensator smearing. Furthermore, treatment plans using full time-resolved 4D-computed tomography data were generated. Results: Four-dimensional treatment planning guaranteed target coverage throughout a respiratory cycle. Use of a standard helical CT data set resulted in underdosing the target volume to 36% of the prescribed dose. For CT data representing average target positions, coverage can be expected but not guaranteed. In comparison to this strategy, 4D planning decreased the mean lung dose by up to 16% and the lung volume receiving 20 Gy (prescribed target dose 72 Gy) by up to 15%. Conclusion: When the three planning strategies are compared, only 4D proton treatment planning guarantees delivery of the prescribed dose throughout a respiratory cycle. Furthermore, the 4D planning approach results in equal or reduced dose to critical structures; even the ipsilateral lung is spared.
Thermochemical studies of twist–twist pi conjugated, sterically crowded stilbenes using simultaneous TG–DTA

Abstract The thermal transformations of three twist–twist pi conjugated, sterically crowded stilbenes were monitored using simultaneous TG–DTA with a rising temperature program. The simplest compound, di- tert -butylstilbene, 1 , was shown to melt and then completely evaporate. Compound 2 , an extended version of 1 with three rings, melted and then partially evaporated, forming an intermediate, which evaporated at a higher temperature. An endothermic peak was observed in both 1 and 2 prior to the main melting point. This peak corresponds to a solid/solid or solid/liquid crystal phase transition. Compound 3 , an extended version of 1 with four rings, completely sublimed. The activation energies and frequency factors were calculated for evaporation or sublimation, using the Arrhenius method.
The importance of being positive in causal statistical fault localization: important properties of baah et al.'s csfl regression model

This paper investigates the performance of Baah et al.'s causal regression model for fault localization when an important precondition for causal inference, called positivity, is violated. Two kinds of positivity violations are considered: structural and random ones. We prove that random, but not structural nonpositivity may harm the performance of Baah et al.'s causal estimator. To address the problem of random nonpositivity, we propose a modification to the way suspiciousness scores are assigned. Empirical results are presented that indicate it improves the performance of Baah et al.'s technique. We also present a probabilistic characterization of Baah et al.'s estimator, which provides a more efficient way to compute it.
An examination of the stability of mothers' ratings of child fearfulness

Abstract The stability of mothers' ratings of child fearfulness was examined in this study. Thirty-one mothers completed the Fear Survey Schedule for Children —Revised on their child. One year later, the mothers completed the fear inventory for a second time. The results revealed that mothers' ratings of their children's fears were relatively stable over a one year period, in terms of their intensity and frequency. However, from year one to year two, there was only 10% overlap in the 10 specific objects or situations that mothers rated as eliciting the most fear in the child.
DETERMINATION OF PARTICIPATION DECISION, HIRING DECISION, AND WAGES IN A DOUBLE SELECTION FRAMEWORK: MALE‐FEMALE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS IN THE U.S. LABOR MARKET REVISITED

The magnitude of the male-female wage differential is known to be highly sensitive to the specification of the wage equations used. An important source of misspecification is the failure to correct the sample selection bias that results from estimating the wage equation obtained through two sequential decisions: the worker's decision to participate in the labor market and the employer's decision to hire. Estimation of the wage equation ignoring this double selection process leads to biased estimates, and consequently the resulting male-female wage differentials are likely to be misleading. Following a double selection approach and using a sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article examines the determinants of not only the wage equation but also the worker's participation and the employer's hiring decisions in both male and female samples. The study further demonstrates that the unexplained male-female wage differential remains underestimated when the roles of both selection decisions are ignored in the estimation of wage equations.
Model specification with respect to analysis

Much potential exists for reducing the costs while also improving the quality of simulation models through the use of Model Development Systems (MDSs). We describe a specification language for discrete event models to be used in a MDS.Our approach is to introduce an intermediate form between a conceptual model (the model as it exists in the mind of the modeler) and an implementation of that model in some programming language.The model specification language described here is intended to be used in conjunction with a model specification generator (a program to assist a modeler or modeling team with the construction of model specifications).A simple example is presented using this specification language. The example is used to illustrate some types of model analyses and documentation.
The role of glutamate and its receptors in autism and the use of glutamate receptor antagonists in treatment

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and may be a key neurotransmitter involved in autism. Literature pertaining to glutamate and autism or related disorders (e.g., Fragile X syndrome) is reviewed in this article. Interest in glutamatergic dysfunction in autism is high due to increasing convergent evidence implicating the system in the disorder from peripheral biomarkers, neuroimaging, protein expression, genetics and animal models. Currently, there are no pharmaceutical interventions approved for autism that address glutamate deficits in the disorder. New treatments related to glutamatergic neurotransmission, however, are emerging. In addition, older glutamate-modulating medications with approved indications for use in other disorders are being investigated for re-tasking as treatments for autism. This review presents evidence in support of glutamate abnormalities in autism and the potential for translation into new treatments for the disorder.
Modeling heterogeneous energetic materials at the mesoscale

Abstract The mesoscopic processes of consolidation, deformation, and reaction of shocked porous energetic materials are studied using shock physics analysis of impact on an ensemble of discrete “crystals”. This work provides a foundation for improving our understanding of the processes at the mesoscale to advance continuum-level models for energetic material performance prediction and safety assessment. Highly resolved, three-dimensional numerical simulations indicate that rapid deformation occurs at material contact points, producing large amplitude fluctuations of stress that persist over several particle diameters. Localization of energy produces “hot-spots” due to shock focusing and plastic work near internal boundaries as material flows into interstitial regions. Numerical simulations indicate that “hot-spots” are strongly influenced by multiple crystal interactions. Chemical reaction processes also induce multiple wave structures associated with particle distribution effects. This study provides new insights into the micromechanical behavior of heterogeneous energetic materials, strongly suggesting that important statistical information associated with initiation and sustained reaction in shocked heterogeneous energetic materials may be embedded in fluctuating states that are distinctly different than the single shock jump descriptions traditionally used in continuum level models.
Implementation of high-speed optical transmitters

A low power 1 X 12 array of VCSEL driver that each runs at 1.32 Gbps has been designed and fabricated in 0.25 micrometers CMOS. The transmitter array operates with minimal crosstalk, and with edge times as low as 59 ps, and power consumption less than 5mW per transmitter. Zero-bias vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers are considered, and the trade-off between speed and power consumption with be discussed. The edge time for this transmitter can be adjusted with a novel speed-up circuit. The application of this speed-up circuit will be discussed for short-haul optical links that uses multimode fibers. The drivers have been successfully integrate on a single chip with temperature compensation circuits, clock generation phase-lock loop (PLL), serializing and 8B10B encoding, and deserializer and 8B10B decoding circuits, and a 1 X 12 receiver post-amplifier array.
Pushing the envelope with SEM/SDD-EDS mapping: X-ray spectrum image mapping in 30 seconds or less, but what are the real limits?

Electron-excited x-ray spectrum image (XSI) elemental mapping can now be performed in remarkably short time, 30 seconds or less, with the silicon drift detector energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (SDD-EDS). Major constituents (concentration, C > 0.1 mass fraction) and minor constituents (0.01 < C < 0.1) can be mapped with such short duration scans, and trace constituents (C < 0.01) can often be mapped in 300 second scans. Constraints imposed by the older Si(Li)-EDS are greatly reduced with the new SDD-EDS technology, enlarging the range of application of elemental mapping. While high speed mapping has numerous applications, mapping times up to 30 minutes duration are useful for higher pixel density that can reveal unexpected fine spatial details, finer than the x-ray interaction volume appears to permit. Longer duration SDD-EDS mapping enables recording a deeper x-ray gray scale, permitting compositional contrast to be observed at much lower values for major, minor, and trace constituents.