cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Presbyterians, Freedmen's Missions, and the Nile Valley: Missionary History, Racial Orders, and Church Politics on the World Stage

In the second half of the nineteenth century, American Presbyterian "home" and "foreign" missions developed parallel and mutually reinforcing policies towards freed slaves in Egypt, Sudan, and the U.S.A. as well as towards Egypt's indigenous Christians, the Copts. Yet the racial ideologies and social hierarchies of these three countries reflected distinct historical trajectories of migration and conquest. In the Nile Valley, American missionaries struggled to understand, address, and sometimes revise Egyptian and Sudanese social hierarchies, which they found alternately idiosyncratic or unjust. This essay conjectures that these interactions, in the long run, induced the Nile Valley missionaries to confront the lingering injustices and incongruities in American social hierarchies, particularly in the mid- to late twentieth century. In this way, the "foreign" mission experience had a backflow for missionaries and their church by raising questions about American racial orders and by strengthening a commitment to civil rights and social justice agendas.
Comparing Social Work and Non-Social Work Students' Attitudes About Aging

Abstract This paper presents the results from a comprehensive study of aging attitudes among 97 social work students and 80 non-social work students at a mid-sized university in south central Pennsylvania. Overall, students had moderately negative views of aging and expressed little desire to work with older adults. Non-social work students possessed significantly higher knowledge about aging; no other group differences were found. Demographic, individual, mental health, and professional characteristics were significantly related to attitudes about aging and desire to work with older adults. Implications for curricular changes and out-of-class volunteer experiences to improve students' perceptions of aging and older adults are discussed.
Theory of Distributions: A Non-Technical Introduction

Preface 1. Introduction 2. The elements of distribution theory: Section 1. Basic Definitions and Facts Section 2. Convolutions 3. Examples of distributions 4. Fourier transforms 5. Tempered distributions 6. Extension to higher dimensions 7. A general definition of multiplication and convolution for distributions Appendices Bibliography Index.
Pollen Morphology of Embothrieae (Proteaceae)

Abstract This is the first of two papers detailing pollen morphology and evolution with the tribe Embothrieae comprising eight genera and ca. 56 spp. The present paper examines pollen of subtribes Buckinghaminae (Buckinghamia; 2 spp., Opislhiolepis; 1 sp.), Stenocarpinae (Strangea; 3 spp.), Stenocarpus (ca. 27 spp.) and Lomatiinae (Lomatia; ca. 12 spp.) in the light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Pollen is medium-sized, oblate, foveolate to microreticulate to reticulate, and predominantly columellate with a complex modified postvestibulate aperture morphology. Pollen data indicate ties between Lomatia and Stenocarpus on the one hand and Stenocarpus and Strangea on the other. Though Buckinghamia and Opislhiolepis have been placed in the same subtribe, the unique combination of pollen features in each suggests only a remote relationship to each other as well as to remaining Embothrieae. Comparisons to the remaining genera of Embothriae (Embothrium, Oreocallis, Telopea) and ov...
Study of the N to Delta Transition via p($\vec{e}$, e'$\vec{p}$)π0 reaction

A precise measurement of the p({rvec e}, e'{rvec p}){pi}{sup 0} reaction at the {Delta}(1232) resonance with Q{sup 2} = 0.9, 1.1(GeV/c){sup 2} was conducted in experimental Hall A at the Jefferson Lab. The angular distributions of the coincidence cross section and recoil polarization in the pion electro-production process were used for the extraction of both the unpolarized and polarized response functions. By including the recoil polarization observables, a large number of response functions are obtained for a model-independent multipole analysis to extract both the dominant and small amplitudes in the p(e, e'p){pi}{sup 0} reaction, which are important for understanding nucleon structure and the N{yields}{Delta} transition mechanism. This thesis describes the experimental setup and the details of the absolute cross section analysis. A data-defined R-Function method was developed for the precise analysis of the small acceptance of the Hall A spectrometer. A simple and efficient analysis procedure for absolute cross section extraction with extensive use of simulation was designed and used. The extracted cross section results were parameterized for the extraction of polarized response functions from recoil polarizations. The cross section results and preliminary polarization and multipole results are presented. The N {yields} {Delta} quadrupole transition ratios R{sub EM} and R{submore » SM} extracted from the differential cross sections are compared with those from the preliminary multipole analysis results.« less
The Americans with Disabilities Act and Higher Education 25 Years Later: An Update on the History and Current Disability Discrimination Issues for Higher Education

This article highlights the critical and most important issues to which college and university counsel and administrators should be giving attention at this time. The discussion in this article is based on issues arising within higher education, statutory changes and regulations, recent regulatory guidance (including opinion letters, agency decisions, commentary and compliance), judicial decisions, and significant settlement agreements.While the primary focus of the article is on student issues, there are other important areas addressed as well. These include employment issues relating to faculty and staff and overarching issues that affect students, faculty, staff, and the public. The crosscutting issues affecting all of these groups include technology, architectural barriers, service and emotional support animals, and food. These are also addressed.
X-rays From Magnetic Flares In Cygnus X-1: A Unified Model With Seyfert Galaxies

Some recent work has shown that the spectrum of Seyfert 1 Galaxies is very similar to that of several Galactic Black Hole Candidates (GBHCs) in their hard state. However, the smallness of the observed reflection component in Cygnus X-1, in addition to other constraints, seem to rule out the two-phase model (otherwise successful in the case of Seyfert Galaxies) for GBHCs. Here, we show that the latter conclusion is based on a number of key assumptions that probably are not valid when the overlying corona is patchy, e.g., when it is comprised of localized magnetic flares above the disk. We show that in GBHCs the energy deposited by the X-rays cannot be re-radiated fast enough to maintain equilibrium, unless the X-ray skin heats up to the Compton temperature, at which point the gas is mostly ionized. This leads to a substantially reduced cooling rate for the active regions due to the correspondingly smaller number of re-injected low-energy photons. We model this effect by introducing a transition layer situated between the corona and the cold disk, and find that the resulting spectrum is harder than that obtained with the standard (and unrealistic) two-phase model. We apply this model to Cygnus X-1 and show that it can account for its observed spectrum. This analysis therefore seems to provide a consistentpicture for both Seyfert Galaxies and GBHCs within the same framework, with differences arising due to the changing physical conditionsin the two categories of sources, rather than due to an ad hoc variation of the model parameters.
Least squares: once again, with feeling

Summary form only given. Describes how the apparently radically novel subjects of H/sub /spl infin//-control and estimation that have gathered so much attention in the last decade can be fitted into the now-classical Wiener and Kalman setting by making a simple change in the basic framework, but one with deep consequences: working in a particular kind of indefinite metric space (Krein space) rather than in Hilbert space.
Captivity affects immune redistribution to skin in a wild bird

Summary 1. Effects of stressors on immune functions have long been studied, but most have focused on chronic stressors, which tend to be immunosuppressive. More recently, an emphasis has been placed on identifying and understanding effects of transient, unpredictable stressors, especially whether and how they affect movement of immune cells to body areas in need of rapid protection. These latter effects have been termed, immunoredistribution. 2. In this study, we surgically implanted small gelatin sponges subcutaneously to measure leucocyte infiltration to skin in house sparrows, Passer domesticus. First, we evaluated whether wild birds exhibit leucocyte infiltration to skin in response to a transient stressor (restraint) as seen in laboratory rodents. Secondly, we examined effects of captivity on leucocyte infiltration of wild sparrows, expecting long-duration captivity to impose chronic stress and thus reduce leucocyte infiltrations. In particular, we expected continuous elevation of the avian stress hormone, corticosterone (CORT), to dampen skin infiltration of leucocytes in birds kept in captivity for short-term (1–2 days) and more so long-term (1 month) periods compared with wild-caught individuals. 3. As in lab rodents, house sparrows exhibited cutaneous leucocyte infiltration, but 1 h of restraint prior to surgery did not influence the magnitude of cellular infiltration. The leucocyte infiltration response was influenced by captivity, however, with short-term captive birds (1–2 days) exhibiting less leucocyte influx than long-term (30 days) and wild individuals. Interestingly, the profile of cellular infiltrates changed with time in captivity with a dramatic shift away from lymphocytes and towards heterophils in long-term captive birds. Placement in captivity did not affect total circulating leucocytes, however, lymphocytes decreased in numbers in wild birds in short-term captivity. CORT followed the expected pattern with the highest baseline levels in short-term captives, intermediate levels in long-term captives and lowest levels in wild-caught birds. Stress responses were not affected by time in captivity. 4. These results indicate that an integral aspect of immunoredistribution occurs in wild birds but future efforts to understand the ecological and evolutionary forces that have shaped this immune response must account for the confounding effects of captivity and attempt to understand the proximate and ultimate basis for heterophilia and lymphopenia with chronic stress.
Criteria for evaluating revenue options: a comprehensive view

We identify twenty-nine criteria that are proposed for decision makers to use when they consider revenue measures and classify these criteria into four categories: adequacy, neutrality, consent and fairness. This discussion offers the decision maker help in deciding how to select revenue measures.
From Archi Torture to architecture: Undergraduate students design and implement computers using the Multimedia Logic emulator

Students learn better when they both hear and do. In computer architecture courses “doing” can be difficult in small schools without hardware laboratories hosted by computer engineering, electrical engineering, or similar departments. Software solutions exist. Our success with George Mills' Multimedia Logic (MML) is the focus of this paper. MML provides a graphical computer architecture solution with convenient I/O support and the ability to build and emulate a variety of computer designs. It has proven highly motivational to upper division computer science students designing and constructing emulated computers. Student projects resulted in excellent student understanding of the detailed inner workings of computers. Students also developed better teamwork skills and produced useful training aids for the lower division computer organization class. Designs implemented include 8 bit and 16 bit von Neumann and Harvard architectures, from single cycle to 12 cycle instructions. Issues resolved during the learni...
Visual cortical receptive fields in monkey and cat: spatial and temporal phase transfer function.

Abstract The responseamplitude of simple cortical cells to spatiotemporal sine-wave patterns has been thoroughly documented in both cat and monkey. However, comparable measurements of responsephase are not available even though phase measurements are essential for estimating the complete transfer function of a cell, and thus its spatiotemporal receptive field. This report describes a simple procedure for measuring both the amplitude and the phase transfer functions of striate cells. This technique was applied to 15 monkey and 27 cat simple cells. The spatiotemporal phase response functions were found to be adequately described by linear equations in four parameters. Both the amplitude and phase responses were found to satisfy several strong constraints implied by the class of linear quadrature models proposed recently in theories of biological motion sensitivity. Because the data satisfied these constraints, it was possible to determine four important receptive field properties from the phase data: the spatial symmetry, the temporal symmetry, the response latency, and the spatial position. The receptive fields were found to have a wide range of spatial symmetries, but a more narrow range of temporal symmetries. Spatiotemporal receptive fields reconstructed from complete transfer functions are used to illustrate some of the differences between direction selective and nondirection selective cells. Finally, the effects of linear and nonlinear mechanisms on amplitude, phase, and direction selective responses are considered.
Static magnetic properties and critical behavior of V(TCNE)x·y(C4H8O), a high Tc molecular-based disordered magnet

Abstract Magnetic studies of a high Tc molecular-based disordered magnet V(TCNE)x·y(C4H8O) is reported. Equation of state analysis of isotherms near Tc, low temperature magnetization and electron spin resonance linewidth reflect strong fluctuation of local magnetization and give unusual values of critical exponents. These results are interpreted in terms of the central role of random magnetic anisotropy.
A Quasi-steady-state analysis of the dynamics of two-species heterogeneous catalytic reactions

Abstract This study demonstrates how low-order algebraic non-linearities that exist in a simple two-component Langmuir-Hinshelwood type reaction kinetics (CO oxidation) are sufficient to produce rate multiplicities and oscillatory steady states (periodic solutions). A singular perturbation analysis is employed wherein certain quasi-steady-state considerations are made which lead to the definition of system manifolds and invariants along which the large-time dynamics of the system can be discerned without recourse to numerical integration. New results, confirmed by simulation, include an explanation for such experimentally observed pathological phenomena as the coexistence of oscillatory and stationary steady states and multi-peak oscillations. It is shown how the existence of oscillatory states and a plausible “buffering” physisorption surface reaction mechanism causing a periodic switching between these states and coexisting stationary ones can give rise to these multi-peak oscillations.
Biomechanical comparison of two-level cervical locking posterior screw/rod and hook/rod techniques.

Abstract Background context Locking posterior instrumentation in the cervical spine can be attached using 1) pedicle screws, 2) lateral mass screws, or 3) laminar hooks. This order of options is in order of decreasing technical difficulty and decreasing depth of fixation, and is thought to be in order of decreasing stability. Purpose We sought to determine whether substantially different biomechanical stability can be achieved in a two-level construct using pedicle screws, lateral mass screws, or laminar hooks. Secondarily, we sought to quantify the differential and additional stability provided by an anterior plate. Study design In vitro biomechanical flexibility experiment comparing three different posterior constructs for stabilizing the cervical spine after three-column injury. Methods Twenty-one human cadaveric cervical spines were divided into three groups. Group 1 received lateral mass screws at C5 and C6 and pedicle screws at C7; Group 2 received lateral mass screws at C5 and C6 and laminar hooks at C7; Group 3 received pedicle screws at C5, C6, and C7. Specimens were nondestructively tested intact, after a three-column two-level injury, after posterior C5–C7 rod fixation, after two-level discectomy and anterior plating, and after removing posterior fixation. Angular motion was recorded during flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Posterior hardware was subsequently failed by dorsal loading. Results Laminar hooks performed well in resisting flexion and extension but were less effective in resisting lateral bending and axial rotation, allowing greater range of motion (ROM) than screw constructs and allowing a significantly greater percentage of the two-level ROM to occur across the hook level than the screw level (p Conclusions Individual pedicle screws are known to outperform lateral mass screws in terms of pullout resistance, but they offered no apparent advantage in terms of construct stability or failure of whole constructs. Larger standard deviations in anterior fixation imply more variability in the quality of fixation. In most loading modes, laminar hooks provided similar stability to lateral mass screws or pedicle screws; caudal laminar hooks are therefore an acceptable alternative posteriorly. Posterior two-level fixation is less variable and slightly more stable than anterior fixation. Combined instrumentation is significantly more stable than either anterior or posterior alone.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling and in vitro simulation of dynamic voriconazole–Candida interactions

Abstract Using dynamic time–kill experiments with changing voriconazole concentrations, it was demonstrated that Candida albicans ATCC 90029 as well as Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis clinical isolates (two each) were significantly inhibited by starting concentrations of 4× and 16× the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) but not 1× MIC. Time–kill data were accurately fitted using a sigmoidal E max model. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from human data sets were used in the model to simulate kill curves for typical treatment regimens. Simulated curves predicted that voriconazole would exert prolonged fungistatic activity against all five isolates. For three isolates, reductions from starting inocula over 60h were predicted to exceed 2 log. Combining in vitro time–kill data with existing in vivo PK data might serve as an alternative to animal studies in defining optimal antifungal regimens.
Stealth dendrimers for antiarrhythmic quinidine delivery

Dendrimers have been attracting growing attention because of their unique well-defined globular nanoscale architecture and numerous functional groups on the surface. Attachment of PEG to the dendrimer generates stealth dendrimers, which have promising structural advantages for drug delivery. In this study, synthetic methods were explored to deliver antiarrhythmic quinidine by stealth dendrimers. In particular, quinidine was covalently attached to anionic G2.5 and cationic G3.0 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers via a glycine spacer, respectively. The resulting quinidine-PAMAM-PEG conjugates were characterized and confirmed by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. In vitro hydrolysis was carried out in pH 7.4 PBS buffer at 37 °C to confirm the bioavailability of the conjugated quinidine.
Complex Landau-Ginzburg theory of the hidden order in URu2Si2

We develop a Landau-Ginzburg theory of the hidden-order phase and the local moment antiferromagnetic phase of URu2Si2. We unify the two broken symmetries in a common complex-order parameter and derive many experimentally relevant consequences such as the topology of the phase diagram in magnetic field and pressure. The theory accounts for the appearance of a moment under application of stress and the thermal expansion anomaly across the phase transitions. It identifies the low-energy mode which is seen in the hidden-order phase near the commensurate wave vector (0, 0, 1) as the pseudo-Goldstone mode of the approximate U(1) symmetry.
Hallucinations during Voriconazole Therapy

As part of a prospective natural history cohort study of voriconazole toxicity, we describe the characteristics of 12 of 72 voriconazole-treated patients who experienced hallucinations from March 2006 through November 2007. Hallucinations associated with voriconazole use are not uncommon. Doctors should be aware of this complication, and the recipients of the drug should be reassured that the hallucinations are an effect of the drug.
Motivational enhancement and coping skills training for cocaine abusers: effects on substance use outcomes

Aims This clinical trial investigated effects of motivational enhancement treatment (MET) and group coping-skills training (CST) tailored for cocaine dependence. Effects of MET were hypothesized to be greater with CST and for less motivated patients. Design and interventions A 2 × 2 design investigated two individual sessions of MET compared to meditation–relaxation (MRT), followed by four group sessions of CST versus drug education (ED), as daily adjuncts to intensive treatment. Setting The substance abuse program provided full-day treatment with a learning-theory and 12-Step orientation. Participants Cocaine-dependent patients were recruited. Measurements Assessment included treatment retention; change in cocaine-related urge, self-efficacy, pros and cons, and motivation; substance use and problems during 12-month follow-up. Findings Of 165 patients, follow-up status is known for 90% (n = 149). Patients in MET with low initial motivation to change reported less cocaine and alcohol relapse and use days and fewer alcohol problems than MET patients with higher initial motivation. MET produced more employment improvement than MRT, with no other significant benefit for MET. Patients with higher motivation had more cocaine use and alcohol problems after MET than MRT. Group CST reduced cocaine and alcohol use during follow-up for women only and reduced alcohol relapse for men and women. Conclusions MET is more beneficial for patients with lower initial motivation than for patients with high initial motivation. CST reduced cocaine and alcohol use for women only and reduced alcohol relapses, in contrast to results with lengthier individual CST.
Biometrics Intelligence Information Systems and Applications

This cutting-edge research lecture deals with some fundamental aspects of biometrics and its applications. It basically includes the following subtopics: (1) overview of biometric technology and applications (2) importance of security: a scenario of terrorists attack, (3) what are biometric technologies?, (4) biometrics: analysis vs. synthesis. (5)analysis: pattern recognition concept, (6) how it works: fingerprint extraction and matching, iris, and facial analysis, (7) authentication applications, (8)thermal Imaging: (9) emotion recognition. (10) synthesis in biometrics, (11) modeling and simulation. (12) examples and applications. The cutting-edge research lecture will also show broad methodology developments and applications in bioinformatics.
Toward a Deeper Understanding of the Diversity Rationale

How did “diversity” come to occupy such a key position in public discourse, particularly concerning education policy? Given the widespread recognition of diversity, is there an intellectual tradition or philosophical orientation that informs its application to education? And, based on the traditions examined, what is gained and lost by focusing on the diversity rationale? This article examines the legal history of using the diversity rationale to justify affirmative action and the philosophical foundation of the ideal of diversity. This foundational analysis not only adds a new direction to the scholarship on the educational benefits of diversity but also illuminates the tensions associated with affirmative action in general and with this rationale in particular. The authors aim to influence educational practice in a direction that well serves a multi-racial/ethnic democratic society
Effects of Phenotypic Characteristics on the Length of Stay of Dogs at Two No Kill Animal Shelters

Adoption records from 2 no kill shelters in New York State were examined to determine how age, sex, size, breed group, and coat color influenced the length of stay (LOS) of dogs at these shelters. Young puppies had the shortest length of stay; LOS among dogs increased linearly as age increased. Neither coat color nor sex influenced LOS. Considering only size classifications, medium-size dogs had the greatest LOS, and extra small dogs and puppies remained in shelters for the least amount of time. Considering only breed groupings, dogs in the guard group had the greatest LOS and those in the giant group had the shortest LOS. The lack of effect of coat color was not expected, nor was the shorter LOS among "fighting" breeds compared with other breed groups. Coat color and breed may have only local effects on LOS that do not generalize to all shelters, including traditional shelters. Understanding the traits of dogs in a specific shelter and the characteristics of these nonhuman animals desired by adopters are critical to improving the welfare of animals served by that shelter.
Cytochrome P-450-mediated oxidation of 2-hydroxyestrogens to reactive intermediates

2-Hydroxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxy-17α-ethynylestradiol, oxidation products of naturally occurring estrogens and synthetic estrogens in some oral contraceptives were found to be converted by rat liver microsomes to reactive metabolites that become irreversibly bound to microsomal protein. The irreversible binding required microsomes, oxygen and NADPH. The NADPH could be replaced by a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system which is known to generate superoxide anions. The irreversible binding was substantially inhibited by superoxide dismutase, 30% in those incubations containing NADPH and 98% in those incubations containing the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Further studies with 2-hydroxyestradiol showed that microsomal cytochrome P-450 was rate limiting in the NADPH-dependent irreversible binding, because the binding was inhibited 62% by an antibody against NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and 70% in an atmosphere of CO:O2 (9:1) when compared to an atmosphere of N2:O2 (9:1). Phenobarbital, a known inducer of cytochrome P-450, had no effect on the irreversible binding of 2-hydroxyestradiol, whereas another inducer of P-450, pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, markedly increased the irreversible binding. In contrast, cobaltous chloride, an inhibitor of the synthesis of cytochrome P-450, decreased both P-450 and the irreversible binding. These results are consistent with a mechanism for irreversible binding of estrogens and 2-hydroxyestrogens to microsomes that requires oxidation of the catechol nucleus by cytochrome P-450-generated superoxide anion.
Current profile regulates iontophoretic delivery of amino acids across the skin

Abstract In most of the reported studies of iontophoresis, direct current (DC), continuously applied for a defined period, has been used. However, this current profile can result in skin polarization and irritation. Therefore, the impact of alternative current profiles in regulating the permeation of two charged amino acids, lysine and glutamic acid, has been studied. The current profiles considered were: (1) none (passive control); (2) DC; (3) square-wave alternating current (AC) with different bipolar duty cycles (i.e., +/- ratios); (4) sine-wave AC; and (5) pulsed DC with different on/off ratios. Drug flux (nmol/cm 2 per h), cumulative drug permeation (%), and amount of the drug in the skin after iontophoresis were determined in vitro using hairless mouse skin. The principal findings were: (1) Iontophoretic transport can be significantly modified and regulated by the use of different current profiles. (2) In terms of total transmembrane drug delivery, constant DC is most efficient; pulsed DC, even at comparable charge, may not deliver as much drug as uninterrupted DC. (3) Square-wave and sine-wave AC profiles (again, at comparable total charge) result in comparable transport rates. (4) Lysine and glutamic acid fluxes are directly proportional to the unipolar square-wave (positive) duty cycle; with bipolar AC (positive and negative), measurable drug delivery requires a threshold of 50% positive duty cycle, whereafter amino acid delivery is linear to 100%. (5) The frequency (2.5-2500 Hz) does not significantly effect the delivery of these small molecules. Pulsed iontophoresis, bipolar or unipolar, may be used as an effective and, potentially, better tolerated means of transdermal drug delivery relative to constant DC. The iontophoretic delivery of charged species can be controlled over a wide range, therefore, by appropriate regulation of the current profile and/or duty cycle.
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS OF A HARD-SPHERE FERMI GAS.

The singlet and pair distribution functions of a Fermi gas are evaluated for low temperatures. It is assumed that the particles interact with a hard-sphere potential and have an arbitrary spin, and the evaluation is made to first order in the hard-sphere diameter. The binary-kernel method developed by Siegert, Lee, and Yang is used and the cluster-expansion theory given recently by Isihara and Yee for the distribution functions is applied. The pair distribution function is determined by a dimensionless variable $\frac{r}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, with $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ being the thermal de Broglie wavelength. Thus, changing the distance corresponds to varying the temperature. Moreover, the pair distribution function depends on the density. Therefore, its asymptotic expression for $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ depends on the ways to approach the limit. If we keep the density finite and reduce the temperature, the gas will be degenerate when $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is of order of ${n}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$, where $n$ is the number density. The pair distribution function for this case is an oscillating function of the Fermi momentum. On the other hand, if we reduce the density first and then decrease the temperature, the pair distribution function decays as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, and the free-particle diagrams give a contribution of the same decay.
The Accuracy of Portable Ultrasonography to Diagnose Fractures in an Austere Environment

Background. Previous literature has shown the ability of ultrasonography technology to accurately assess orthopedic pathology. Over the past two decades, the use of ultrasound in the prehospital setting has become an important tool for triage, diagnosis, and treatment, especially in austere and remote environments that lack appropriate radiography capability and logistical support. The purpose of our study was to assess the accuracy of ultrasound in the austere, combat environment for diagnosis of orthopedic fracture. Methods. We conducted a longitudinal, prospective, observational study on patients presenting with suspected closed fractures using a digital handheld ultrasound device. All patients presenting with suspected fracture underwent an ultrasound examination by a board-certified emergency medicine physician credentialed in emergency ultrasonography. Patients were then categorized into ultrasound-positive and ultrasound-negative groups. Results. A total of 44 subjects underwent ultrasound examinat...
Is dairy product consumption associated with the incidence of CHD

OBJECTIVE Studies examining the association of dairy consumption with incident CHD have yielded inconsistent results. The current prospective study examined the association between dairy consumption and CHD in a population-based sample of older community-dwelling adults. DESIGN Baseline CHD risk factors were assessed and an FFQ was self-administered. Participants were followed for morbidity and mortality with periodic clinic visits and annual mailed questionnaires for an average of 16?2 years, with a 96% follow-up rate for fatal and non-fatal CHD. SETTING Community. SUBJECTS Participants were 751 men and 1008 women aged 50–93 years who attended a clinic visit in 1984–1987. RESULTS At baseline the mean age was 70.6 (SD 9.8) years for men and 70.1 (SD 9.3) years for women. Participants who developed CHD during follow-up were significantly older (P < 0.001), had higher BMI (P = 0.035) and higher total cholesterol (P = 0.050), and were more likely to be male (P < 0.001), diabetic (P = 0.011) and hypertensive (P < 0.001), than those who did not develop CHD. Multivariate regression analyses adjusting for age, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, LDL-cholesterol and oestrogen use (in women) indicated that women who consumed low-fat cheese ‘sometimes/often’ and women who consumed non-fat milk ‘sometimes/often’ had an increased risk of incident CHD (hazard ratio 52.32; 95% CI 1.57, 3.41) and CHD (hazard ratio 51.48; 95% CI 1.02, 2.16) compared with women who ‘never/rarely’ ate these dairy products. CONCLUSIONS Woman with higher intake of low-fat cheese and non-fat milk seem to have a higher risk of incident CHD. This needs further investigation considering recent evidence of cardiovascular benefits from certain dairy fat.
Characterization of the Organic Component of Low-Molecular-Weight Chromium-Binding Substance and Its Binding of Chromium

Chromium was proposed to be an essential element over 50 y ago and was shown to have therapeutic potential in treating the symptoms of type 2 diabetes; however, its mechanism of action at a molecular level is unknown. One chromium-binding biomolecule, low-molecular weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr or chromodulin), has been found to be biologically active in in vitro assays and proposed as a potential candidate for the in vivo biologically active form of chromium. Characterization of the organic component of LMWCr has proven difficult. Treating bovine LMWCr with trifluoroacetic acid followed by purification on a graphite powder micro-column generates a heptapeptide fragment of LMWCr. The peptide sequence of the fragment was analyzed by MS and tandem MS (MS/MS and MS/MS/MS) using collision-induced dissociation and post-source decay. Two candidate sequences, pEEEEGDD and pEEEGEDD (where pE is pyroglutamate), were identified from the MS/MS experiments; additional tandem MS suggests the sequence is pEEEEGDD. The N-terminal glutamate residues explain the inability to sequence LMWCr by the Edman method. Langmuir isotherms and Hill plots were used to analyze the binding constants of chromic ions to synthetic peptides similar in composition to apoLMWCr. The sequence pEEEEGDD was found to bind 4 chromic ions per peptide with nearly identical cooperativity and binding constants to those of apoLMWCr. This work should lead to further studies elucidating or eliminating a potential role for LMWCr in treating the symptoms of type 2 diabetes and other conditions resulting from improper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Broadband characterization of on-chip RF spiral inductor using multi-line TRL calibration

We demonstrate characterization of an on-chip spiral inductor up to 40 GHz based on a one-tier multi-line TRL method and compare it with a conventional two-tier method. We provide details of the calibration standard design. Monte-Carlo based uncertainty analyses demonstrate the repeatability of the measurement results. A comparison of the measurement results with full-wave simulation results shows good agreement.
Ethnoarchaeology among the Efe pygmies, Zaire: Spatial organization of campsites

This paper examines the physical structure of present-day Efe Pygmy campsites through study of the relationships between behavior patterns and their material residues. Campsites consist of five main components: the perimeter, huts, fireplaces, trash heaps, and the central open area enclosed within the arrangement of huts. Most campsite activities are performed within the perimeter, and exterior fireplaces associated with huts are the focus of a variety of daily activities. Refuse is regularly discarded onto trash heaps. Hut size does not correlate with either the number of occupants or their stature. Site population can be estimated using a count of huts, although reoccupation of a recently abandoned camp or a family's moving from one hut to a new one during a single occupation can inflate the count of huts relative to the number of families that lived at the camp at any one time. The spatial organization of campsites is influenced by environment, physical factors (such as human body size), and sociocultural phenomena.
MODIFIED HYPERNETTED-CHAIN EQUATION FOR THE SCREENED COULOMB POTENTIAL.

A modified form of the hypernetted-chain (HNC) equation is found that is suitable for the calculation of the pair-correlation function of a classical plasma. The changed equation involves only the short-range screened Coulomb potential and uses no further approximations than are involved in the ordinary HNC equation. The pair-correlation function is computed for a variety of one-component classical plasmas in the region of a dense fluid.
Illumination controls differentiation of dopamine neurons regulating behaviour

Specification of the appropriate neurotransmitter is a crucial step in neuronal differentiation because it enables signalling among populations of neurons. Experimental manipulations demonstrate that both autonomous and activity-dependent genetic programs contribute to this process during development, but whether natural environmental stimuli specify transmitter expression in a neuronal population is unknown. We investigated neurons of the ventral suprachiasmatic nucleus that regulate neuroendocrine pituitary function in response to light in teleosts, amphibia and primates. Here we show that altering light exposure, which changes the sensory input to the circuit controlling adaptation of skin pigmentation to background, changes the number of neurons expressing dopamine in larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis in a circuit-specific and activity-dependent manner. Neurons newly expressing dopamine then regulate changes in camouflage colouration in response to illumination. Thus, physiological activity alters the numbers of behaviourally relevant amine-transmitter-expressing neurons in the brain at postembryonic stages of development. The results may be pertinent to changes in cognitive states that are regulated by biogenic amines.
SPECIES RICHNESS, LATITUDE, AND SCALE-SENSITIVITY

The latitudinal gradient of species richness is well documented for a variety of taxa in both terrestrial and aquatic environs. Moreover, a number of recent attempts to assess the effects of scale on the relationship have concluded that the latitudinal pattern is scale-invariant. Nonetheless, the power of those approaches is predicated on precise knowledge of the forms of the latitudinal gradient, the area relationship, and their interaction. We used a model developed by J. Pastor, A. Downing, and H. E. Erickson for assessing the effects of scale on the productivity–diversity gradient to avoid such complications. More specifically, for 253 sets of nested quadrats (1000–25 000 km2) located throughout the New World, we parameterized the power function and determined whether those parameters varied in a systematic fashion with latitude. Significant latitude-induced monotonic variation in the rate of species accumulation with area (z parameter) documented scale-sensitivity for both bats and marsupials, with z decreasing toward tropical latitudes. Variation in the intercept parameter (C) reflected the latitudinal gradient in richness after adjustment for the latitude-specific effects of area. Both bats and marsupials exhibited strong gradients of richness, with modal values in the tropics. Mechanisms affecting species richness, or the size of ranges and the juxtapositioning of their boundaries, may initiate scale-sensitivity in many systems. A number of mechanistic or phenomenological models (environmental, geometric constraint, and Rapoport-rescue hypotheses) thought to produce the latitudinal gradient also enhance the likelihood of scale-sensitivity. Consequently, investigations of other macroecological gradients of richness (e.g., elevation, depth, and productivity) that should be affected by such factors are probably also scale-sensitive.
Variational boundary conditions for molecular dynamics simulations: Treatment of the loading condition

This paper aims to extend the variational boundary conditions for molecular dynamics simulation [X. Li, W. E, Variational boundary conditions for molecular dynamics simulations of solids at low temperature, Commun. Comp. Phys. 1 (2006) 136-176; X. Li, W. E, Boundary conditions for molecular dynamics simulations at finite temperature: treatment of the heat bath, Phys. Rev. B 76 (2007) 104107], to take into account external loading conditions. Two derivations of the exact boundary conditions are presented, one with Mori-Zwanzig projection procedure, and the other using lattice Green's functions. Approximate boundary conditions, which are more efficient in practice, are then discussed. Finally several numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods.
Genetic diversity among clonal isolates of Karenia brevis as measured with microsatellite markers

Abstract Karenia brevis is the major harmful bloom-forming dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico yet little is known about the intraspecific genetic diversity of this species. Here we describe nine new microsatellite markers and, combined with nine previously described microsatellites, use them to genotype 40 cultured isolates of K. brevis. Genetic diversity identified from cultured isolates was compared with the genetic diversity identified from two field samples to assess how well the current cultures represent the field population. Thirty-nine unique haplotypes were identified from 40 cultured isolates of K. brevis using 18 microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity was similar between cultured isolates and the two field samples. The success of 18 microsatellite markers to distinguish individual isolates supports the use of microsatellites as a genetic tool for diagnostic identification of cultured isolates of K. brevis.
Fatal central venous air embolism: a rare complication of esophageal dilation by rendezvous.

Background. Esophageal dilation by rendezvous is a useful technique for the treatment of complicated esophageal strictures. Methods and Results. We present a case of a 74-year-old man with chronic dysphagia caused by a complete cervical esophageal stricture that developed after external beam radiotherapy for treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma. During attempted dilation using the rendezvous technique, the patient suffered a fatal pulmonary air embolism. The technique of esophageal dilation by rendezvous, complications, and risk factors for development of venous air embolism are discussed. Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of fatal venous air embolism after dilation by rendezvous. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
More investigations into elemental fractionation resulting from laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry on glass samples

Abstract Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) experiments have been performed to determine if any portion of the observed elemental fractionation from 532 nm ablation of glass samples occurs in the ICP. A tubing insert has been made to remove the larger sized particles from the transfer tubing before they reach the ICP–MS and particles counter. The advantages of the tubing insert is that the ablation parameters can be held constant while the particles size distribution is changed. The data suggest that indeed the ICP may contribute to elemental fractionation. It also suggest that the composition of the particles may vary with size. Evidence for a change in the ablation process at 109 W/cm2 is also noted. The particle size distribution shifts, the slope of the analytes' MS response changes, and less elemental fractionation is observed beyond this irradiance threshold.
Optimization of shallow arches against instability using sensitivity derivatives

The author discusses the problem of optimization of shallow frame structures which involve a coupling of axial and bending responses. A shallow arch of a given shape and of given weight is optimized such that its limit point load is maximized. The cross-sectional area, A(x) and the moment of inertia, I(x) of the arch obey the relationship I(x) = rho A(x) sup n, n = 1,2,3 and rho is a specified constant. Analysis of the arch for its limit point calculation involves a geometric nonlinear analysis which is performed using a corotational formulation. The optimization is carried out using a second-order projected Lagrangian algorithm and the sensitivity derivatives of the critical load parameter with respect to the areas of the finite elements of the arch are calculated using implicit differentation. Results are presented for an arch of a specified rise to span ratio under two different loadings and the limitations of the approach for the intermediate rise arches are addressed.
Application of a Fuzzy Feasibility Bayesian Probabilistic Estimation of supply chain backorder aging, unfilled backorders, and customer wait time using stochastic simulation with Markov blankets

Because supply chains are complex systems prone to uncertainty, statistical analysis is a useful tool for capturing their dynamics. Using data on acquisition history and data from case study reports, we used regression analysis to predict backorder aging using National Item Identification Numbers (NIINs) as unique identifiers. More than 56,000 NIINs were identified and used in the analysis. Bayesian analysis was then used to further investigate the NIIN component variables. The results indicated that it is statistically feasible to predict whether an individual NIIN has the propensity to become a backordered item. This paper describes the structure of a Bayesian network from a real-world supply chain data set and then determines a posterior probability distribution for backorders using a stochastic simulation based on Markov blankets. Fuzzy clustering was used to produce a funnel diagram that demonstrates that the Acquisition Advice Code, Acquisition Method Suffix Code, Acquisition Method Code, and Controlled Inventory Item Code backorder performance metric of a trigger group dimension may change dramatically with variations in administrative lead time, production lead time, unit price, quantity ordered, and stock. Triggers must be updated regularly and smoothly to keep up with the changing state of the supply chain backorder trigger clusters of market sensitiveness, collaborative process integration, information drivers, and flexibility.
TRANS-MEMBRANE LOCALIZATION OF REACTION CENTER PROTEINS IN RHODOPSEUDOMONAS SPHAEROIDES CHROMATOPHORES

—Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides NCIB 8253 chromatophores were treated with trypsin and pronase to determine which of the three reaction center subunits was exposed at the outer surface and susceptible to digestion. Trypsin (37°C, 60min) produced no detectable digestion of any subunit, based on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Pronase (37°C, 60min) digested the H (28 kdalton) subunit but left the M (22 kdalton) and L (19 kdalton) subunits intact. We conclude that the H subunit is significantly exposed at the outer chromatophore surface but that the M and L subunits are probably not externally exposed. Chromatophores which had been pronase-treated were fully photochemically active, as measured by light-induced carotenoid bandshift at 522 nm. The H subunit is apparently unnecessary for primary photochemistry in situ.