cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of metalinguistic capabilities and reading achievement for children who are becoming bilingual.

This study investigated the developing metalinguistic capabilities of Hispanic primary school children who are becoming bilingual but whose English reading achievement is below average. Two questions were posed: first, do native- and second-language vocabulary and degree of bilingualism contribute to performance on a metalinguistic task (defining words) and, second, do native- and second-language vocabulary and metalinguistic development at the word level significantly predict reading comprehension in the spring? The results showed that performance on the definition task in English and in Spanish was significantly explained by word knowledge in the language of the task; performance on the definition task in the other language (English or Spanish) but not degree of bilingualism contributed significantly, after the effects of vocabulary in the two languages were accounted for. Both native- and second-language vocabulary and phonological awareness independently contributed to achievement in English reading comprehension. The results suggest that, for children with limited native-language development in the early stages of bilingualism, vocabulary development in both the native and second language and metalinguistic development at the word level may be important education priorities because of their effects on second-language reading comprehension.
Volumetric properties of some methyl substituted benzoic acids and their sodium salts in water as a function of temperature

Density data are presented for benzoic, the toluic and 2,6-dimethylbenzoic acids and their sodium salts at temperatures from 5 to 65°C. Apparent and partial molar volumes have been calculated from the experimental data. From the partial molar volume data the volume change on substitution of a methyl group has been calculated as has the volume change on ionization of the acids. It is found that the volume contribution of a methyl group is somewhat dependent on the substituent position and on the temperature. The relation between volume change on ionization and the corresponding entropy change is presented for a range of temperature. The data support the idea that electrostriction is an important feature of these systems and that its importance increases with rising temperature.
The Differential Wage Impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act on Latino Ethnic Subgroups

Objective. This article tests whether employer sanctions for hiring undocumented workers, a provision of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), adversely affected the hourly earnings of Latino workers. Methods. Using the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Files from 1983–1990, a natural experiment framework is developed to assess the differential wage impact of employer sanctions on Latino ethnic subgroups. Results. Estimates of wage changes indicate that workers of Mexican descent saw a sizeable pre-post IRCA decline in their hourly earnings relative to Cuban or Puerto Rican workers. Moreover, this change in wages is not observed among non-Latino white workers. Controlling for the level of enforcement explains part of this decline immediately following the passage of IRCA, and enforcement efforts continue to be a significant factor several years later. Conclusions. The majority of evidence is consistent with the contention that employer sanctions adversely affected the earnings of Mexican workers.
A controlled-feeding feasibility study of the anti-inflammatory diet in insulin-resistant subjects

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and initial effects of the anti-inflammatory (AI) Diet in type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes on inflammatory, cardiovascular risk factors and weight outcomes. Methods A randomized, 6-week, controlled-feeding study of the AI Diet compared with an ADA Control Diet: with 2 weeks of isocaloric followed by 4 weeks of ad lib feeding. The AI Diet was based on the recommendations from the naturopathic community emphasizing foods thought to reduce inflammation (fish, nuts, flaxseed, vegetables, and fruits) and excluding foods considered antigenic (wheat, dairy, corn, soy, eggs, red meat, and citrus) as well as alcohol, caffeine, and refined sugar. The Control Diet was based on guidelines for medical nutrition therapy from the American Diabetes Association (ADA). The two diets were matched on total fat, CHO, protein, and cholesterol, but fatty acids, fiber, and micronutrients differed between the diets. Outcomes included fasting glucose (FG), lipids, hs-crp, cytokines, and weight (Wt), measured repeatedly. Participants had FG≥100 and Results Study population ( n =30) included 65% women (mean age 56 years and mean FG 111.7); 26 individuals completed the protocol. FG, TC LDL, HDL, and Wt were reduced in both diet groups; changes ( r ) for AI Diet vs. ADA Control for isocaloric (2 weeks) and ad lib (4 weeks) phases are as follows (see Table 1 ): Table 1 . Change in measures during isocaloric and ad lib feeding study of AI and ADA Control Diet. Measure: ΔFG (mg/dl) ΔTC (mg/dl) ΔLDL (mg/dl) ΔHDL (mg/dl) ΔWt (kg) Δhs-crp (mg) Diet: AI ADA AI ADA AI ADA AI ADA AI ADA AI ADA Isocaloric a −4.4 −4.2 −22.9 13.5 −30.2 −10 −4.8 −7.4 −1 −0.6 −1.6 0 Ad lib b −9.1 −7.5 −24.9 10.7 −31 −20.7 −7.2 −8.8 −3.7 −2.1 −2.2 0.6 a r =End of 2-week isocaloric minus baseline. b r =End of 4-week ad lib minus isocaloric. Parametric analyses revealed that participants on the AI Diet generally achieved better results than those on the Control Diet for lipids (i.e., greater and faster reductions in total and LDL cholesterol, increased HDL/LDL ratios), fasting glucose, and both BMI and weight (all greater and faster reductions). Non-parametric analyses found AI Diet participants more likely to achieve clinical targets (e.g., total cholesterol 0.4, fasting glucose Conclusions Data from this exploratory study show that both the AI Diet and the diabetic Control Diet have beneficial effects on glucose, lipids and weight. Neither diet affected IL6 or TNFa markers of inflammation, however significant decrease in hs-crp was seen in the AI Diet compared with control diet. The AI Diet tended to have a larger effect on weight-loss than the Control Diet. Limitations include: the control diet, which for ethical considerations reflected current guidelines for diabetes treatment rather than a comparison with the “usual American diet”, the short duration of feeding and small sample size.
Transition to First Marriage in Reform-Era Urban China: The Persistent Effect of Education in a Period of Rapid Social Change

The negative association between education and marriage timing is often explained by an economic independence theory: education provides women with independent economic resources to reject the caregiver role in marriage. However, cross-national evidence shows the importance of cultural and historical continuity in marriage formation. This article examines the relationship between educational attainment and the timing of first marriage in reform-era urban China since the 1980s. Reform-era urban China provides a strong case to examine both theories: it has a strong marriage norm, but it has also experienced a rapid increase in gender inequality in the labor market during the economic reform. Using detailed education and work histories of 3,808 respondents from two waves of the Chinese General Social Survey, this article uses discrete-time hazard regressions to contrast the marriage experience between two cohorts that faced different labor market constraints. The evidence fits better with a path dependence theory. Specifically, the effect of education on marriage timing, for both women and men, is not significantly different between these two cohorts. The results encourage attention to local institutions and local culture in understanding the relationship between conditions in the labor market and marriage formation.
Gender Based Violence: Correlates of Physical and Sexual Wife Abuse in Kenya

This study explored factors associated with physical and sexual wife abuse on a sample of 4,876 married women aged 15–49 years in the 2003 Kenya Demographic Health Survey. Results indicate that 40% of married women reported at least one type of violence; 36% were physical and 13% were sexual. Multivariate analysis showed that living in poorer households, being Christian, being in a polygamous marriage, having a husband who drinks alcohol, and being in sales, agricultural, or unskilled jobs significantly increased the wife’s risk of physical and sexual abuse. Wife’s education had significant effect on both physical and sexual abuse, but the relationships were not linear. Wife’s age and number of children were significantly associated only with physical abuse; husband’s education had a marginal but significant effect only on sexual abuse. Research implications are discussed.
Generic rugged landscapes under strain and the possibility of rejuvenation in glasses.

A strain-dependent random landscape model shows that many aspects of the mechanical response of disordered materials are universal, and arise from the rugged nature of the energy landscape. Simulations with this model demonstrate that states produced by mechanical deformation will generally be distinct from the states traversed during thermal aging. This behavior is a generic consequence of a rugged energy landscape, and is independent of any specific microstructure of the material. Thus, mechanical deformation does not literally ``rejuvenate'' a material, although the states produced by mechanical deformation may in some ways resemble less aged systems.
Diffusion of phosphorus in silicon oxide film

The system P2O5 (vapor), SiO2 (thin film) and single-crystal silicon has been investigated by solid-state-diffusion techniques. The p-type silicon underneath the silicon oxide film was used as a “phosphorus detector”. A rapid and complete chemical reaction apparently takes place between the SiO2 and the diffusant, phosphorus or phosphorus oxide, forming a glass (or compound) of unknown composition PxSiyOz at the glass/silicon interface. A sharp boundary is found between the glass and unreacted SiO2. The results indicate that the growth of the glass is limited by the diffusion of the phosphorus species in the glass with very little or no diffusant left to diffuse in the unreacted silicon dioxide after the complete reaction at the glass/silicon dioxide interface. The growth of this compound or glass follows the parabolic law and is experimentally given by xm2tm = 1.7 × 10−7exp(−l.46kTm) cm2/sec or xm√ (tm)= 250 exp(−l.462kTm) μ√ (hr) over the temperature range 900–1250°C. Here xm is the thickness of the glass, tm the diffusion time and Tm the diffus ion temperature (°K). The subscript m denotes the condition of complete masking of the silicon oxide against phosphorus, i.e. no n−p junction is formed. Diffusion experiments in which the silicon oxide film failed to mask or only partially masked against P2O5, i.e. x02td was smaller than the value given for xm2tm, where x0 is the original oxide thickness and td is the diffusion time, were also performed and could be interpreted by using a two-boundary diffusion model. In this case, a species of phosphorus or phosphorus oxide apparently diffuses through the glass with a diffusion coefficient, D1, followed by the diffusion of phosphorus in thep-type silicon with a higher diffusion coefficient, D2, to form a n−pjunction underneath the glass. The segregation coefficient of phosphorus at the boundary between the glass and the silicon is apparently small. The transition region between complete masking and partial masking is well defined and occurs at a silicon oxide layer thickness < 500 A. Such a rapid change represents the transition between the models discussed above : the model for the growth law of the glass in silicon oxide and the two-boundary diffusion model for partial masking.
Molecular Markers of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Are Associated with Tumor Aggressiveness in Breast Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a transient process occurring during developmental stages and carcinogenesis, characterized by phenotypic and molecular alterations, resulting in increased invasive and metastatic capabilities of cancer cells and drug resistance. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that EMT is associated with increased enrichment of cancer stem-like cells in neoplastic tissues. We interrogated the molecular alterations occurring in breast cancer using proposed EMT markers such as E-cadherin, vimentin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) D, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) to decipher their roles in the EMT and breast cancer progression. METHODS: Fifty-seven invasive ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast were assessed for the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, EGFR, NF-κB, and PDGF-D using immunohistochemical analysis. Tumors were categorized into three groups: A (ER+, and/or PR+, HER-2/neu-), B (ER+, and/or PR+, HER-2/neu+), and C (triple-negative: ER-, PR-, and HER-2/neu-). Immunostained slides were microscopically evaluated and scored using intensity (0, 1+, 2+, and 3+) and percentage of positive cells, and data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Membranous E-cadherin was positive in all 57 cases (100%), whereas cytoplasmic E-cadherin was predominantly positive in groups B and C compared with group A (21%, 7%, and 0%, respectively). All group A cases were negative for vimentin and EGFR. There was statistically significant increased expression of vimentin (P < .0002), EGFR (P < .0001), and NF-κB (P < .02) in triple-negative cases when compared with groups A and B. CONCLUSIONS: Vimentin, EGFR, and NF-κB were significantly increased in triple-negative tumors, which is consistent with the aggressiveness of these tumors. These markers could be useful as markers for EMT in breast cancers and may serve as predictive markers for designing customized therapy in the future.
Isolation of τ-phosphohistidine from a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate of human prostatic acid phosphatase

Abstract The carbethoxylation of prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoricmonoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) was accompanied by modification of histidine residues and the inactivation of the enzyme. These findings are consistent with photoinactivation experiments described earlier (Rybarska, J. and Ostrowski, W. (1974) Acta Biochim. Polon. 21, 377–390). Prostatic acid phosphatase was phosphorylated at alkaline pH using p-nitrophenyl [32P]phosphate as substrate. Phosphoryl enzyme is stable solutions and undergoes dephosphorylation at acidic pH. After hydrolysis of phosphoryl enzyme in strong alkaline solution, a single phosphoryl amino acid was isolated from hydrolyzate and identified as the τ-phosphohistidine.
RPTPζ/phosphacan is abnormally glycosylated in a model of muscle-eye-brain disease lacking functional POMGnT1.

Abstract Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) with associated brain abnormalities are a group of disorders characterized by muscular dystrophy and brain and eye abnormalities that are frequently caused by mutations in known or putative glycotransferases involved in protein O-mannosyl glycosylation. Previous work identified α-dystroglycan as the major substrate for O-mannosylation and its altered glycosylation the major cause of these disorders. However, work from several labs indicated that other proteins in the brain are also O-mannosylated and therefore could contribute to CMD pathology in patients with mutations in the protein O-mannosylation pathway, however few of these proteins have been identified and fully characterized in CMDs. In this study we identify receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ) and its secreted variant, phosphacan, as another potentially important substrate for protein O-mannosylation in the brain. Using a mouse model of muscle–eye–brain disease lacking functional protein O-mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (POMGnT1), we show that RPTPζ/phosphacan is shifted to a lower molecular weight and distinct carbohydrate epitopes normally detected on the protein are either absent or substantially reduced, including Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) reactivity. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of these O-mannosylated forms of RPTPζ/phosphacan and its hypoglycosylation and loss of HNK-1 glycan epitopes in POMGnT1 knockouts are suggestive of a role in the neural phenotypes observed in patients and animal models of CMDs.
Development of a ceramic waste form for high-level waste disposal.

A ceramic waste form is being developed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) as part of the demonstration of the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. The halide, alkaline earth, alkali, transuranic, and rare earth fission products are stabilized in zeolite which is combined with glass and processed in a hot isostatic press (HIP) to form a ceramic composite. The mineral sodalite is formed in the HIP from the zeolite precursor. The process, from starting materials to final product, is relatively simple. An overview of the processing operations is given. The metrics that have been developed to measure the success or completion of processing operations are developed and discussed. The impact of variability in processing metrics on the durability of the final product is presented.
Cognitive neuropsychophysiology of thought imagery versus imagination imagery.

The present study was designed to measure patterns of cortical activation during two types of mental imagery: “thought imagery” and “imagination imagery.” Topographic cortical power spectrum (CPS) analyses were conducted for 10 subjects during four experimental conditions. EEG was recorded from right and left hemispheres at frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital leads. Subjects gave rating of visual vividness and quasisensory subjective experience after each imagery condition. Examination of subjects' ratings revealed that they reported significantly greater visual vividness and quasisensory experiences during the imagination imagery condition, as compared to the thought imagery condition. Topographic CPS analyses showed significant individual differences in patterns of brain activation, which were reliable across conditions. Individual differences in lateralization of brain activity were found in terms of an anterior-posterior gradient. Within-subject analyses showed CPS changes as a function of cond...
Relationships between Scores on the standard Progressive Matrices (1938) and on the D. 48 Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence and Three Measures of Academic Achievement

THE STANDARD Progressive Matrices (1938)l and The D. 48 Test^ have been designed to measure an individuar s underlying intellectual capacity, ir respective of specific training. The study was un dertaken to consider the following questions about the two tests: (a) How valid are the Progressive Matrices (1938) and TheD. 48 Test as indicators of academic achievement? (b) Do the Progressive Ma trices (1938) and The D. 48 Test seem to be meas uring the same aspects of intellectual capacity? (c) Do the Progressive Matrices (1938) and The D. 48 Test discriminate among a population of test?es in terms of progressive levels of item difficulty?
What the first 10,000 patients with chronic urticaria have taught me: A personal journey

Chronic urticaria remains one of the disorders treated by allergists with which there is (and has been throughout my lifetime) associated myths regarding the cause of the disorder and its treatment that are extremely difficult to dispel. In this brief article I would like to address some of these beliefs, review the literature where it exists, point out where there are gaps in our understanding, and convey some of my own conclusions that will, hopefully, become hypotheses for future investigation. Table I lists the beliefs that I think are false and potentially detrimental to the care of patients. I will expand on each of these. I became board certified in allergy and clinical immunology in 1974, and that was a period in which chronic urticaria was seriously considered by many to be an emotional disorder. The idea remains prominent within the public at large, leading to questions asked by many new patients, such as ‘‘Is it my nerves?’’ Factitious urticaria is another term for dermatographism, which implies that the skin reaction is not real or that the patient self-inflicts the rash and has only himself or herself to blame. It does not acknowledge the severe pruritus associated with a functional skin abnormality (yet to be defined) of cutaneous mast cells as the underlying problem. Angioneurotic edema is now just angioedema as we move away from a psychic cause of these things. The discovery of C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency as the defect in hereditary angio(neurotic)edema was particularly helpful. Foods and food additives as a putative cause of chronic urticaria date almost as far back as ‘‘nerves’’ as a cause. I will mention one in particular. James and Warin described exacerbations of urticaria after challenge with food yeasts and Candida albicans extracts; 69% of patients with a positive skin prick test response to C albicans had a positive challenge result to food yeast, and a ‘‘large percentage’’ responded to a low-yeast diet. At the National Institutes of Health (1978-1987), some of our first observations disproved this thesis by limiting foods to a diet of
Contemporary presentation and management of a spectrum of mastoid abscesses

Background: The incidence of complications resulting from suppurative otitis media has significantly decreased since the introduction of antibiotics. At the start of the 20th century 50% of all cases of otitis media developed a coalescent mastoiditis. By 1959, the incidence had fallen to 0.4%. Recent studies suggest a current incidence of only 0.24%. Additionally, during the time of Friedrich Bezold (1824-1908), 20% of patients with mastoiditis developed subperiosteal abscess. Interestingly, this has incidence increased; today nearly 50% of patients diagnosed with coalescent mastoiditis have subperiosteal abscess. Objective : To review the contemporary presentation, diagnosis, and management of a spectrum of mastoid abscesses. Design: Retrospective case series. Setting: Hospitals associated with the Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco. Patients: Three patients with mastoid abscesses are reported. One patient displayed classic Bezold's abscess, with pus escaping the mastoid near the incisura digastrica and tracking along the digastric and sternocleidomastoid muscles into the neck. The second and third patients exhibited temporoparietal swelling secondary to mastoid abscess eroding the root of the zygomatic process, a complication noted by Bezold in 1908 as occurring in only very rare cases. Results and Conclusions: Since only one third of patients show pathologic tympanic membrane changes, and since complaints of otalgia, fever, and tenderness are inconstant, subperiosteal mastoid abscess is frequently a delayed diagnosis. The clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and routes of abscess spread are presented with photographic and radiographic illustration. Medical and surgical management is reviewed, and methods for accurate diagnosis are emphasized.
Lipoplasty in the bulimic patient

Recent cases in our Eating Disorders Clinic suggest that patients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa seeking surgical fat removal may be exhibiting a variant of the purging behavior seen in bulimic patients. These same patients exhibit historical or concurrent abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics or self-induced vomiting in a pathologic attempt to obtain or maintain an idealized body image. This paper presents two case studies that illustrate the bulimic patient's compulsive quest for lipectomy with unrealistic expectations that surgical alteration of the body will be an emotional and physical panacea. Plastic surgeons must be cautioned regarding this potential manifestation of bulimia nervosa and the dangers inherent in colluding with the patient in a pathologic request for surgery. It is important for plastic surgeons to recognize appropriate use of lipectomy as an alternative to traditional purging behavior in the bulimic patient.
Soybean Growth and Development in Various Management Systems and Planting Dates

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has the ability to produce similar yields across a broad range of management systems and planting dates. Our objective was to better understand growth factors affecting yield component compensation in the upper Midwest under different management systems. An older cultivar, Hardin, and two newer cultivars, DeKalb CX232 and Spansoy 250, were grown in five management systems during four growing seasons from 1997 to 2000. Four of the five management systems were located near Arlington, WI, on a silt loam soil consisting of conventional and no-tillage systems with and without irrigation. The fifth management system was located near Hancock, WI, on a conventionally tilled, irrigated sandy loam soil. Yield component compensations gave similar grain yield among cultivars, planting dates, and management systems. At R6, CX232 and Spansoy 250 averaged greater dry matter (DM) accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), and crop growth rate (CGR) than Hardin. Early planted soybean had more total DM than the late-planted soybean. No-tillage systems produced more total DM, LAI, and CGR after R3 than the two conventional tillage systems at Arlington. Irrigated systems had higher LAI than the nonirrigated systems. These results indicate that the compensatory growth and alterations in plant development among cultivars, management systems, and planting dates had no impact on soybean yield.
Fragrance material review on cis-2-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cis-2-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
How Credible Are Psychological Researchers to College Students

Summary Two studies investigated the effect of exposure to psychology on male and female college students' pcrceptions of the truthfulness of psychologists as researchers. Study I (N # 72) compared the perceptions of freshmen in general psychology courses at the beginning and the end of the semester. Study II (N # 70) compared the perceptions of upperclassmen who had had no psychology courses with upperclassmen who had had at least five psychology courses. Both studies found that students with training in psychology perceived psychologists to be significantly less truthful than students with no training in psychology.
Adrenal cholesterol utilization

There are multiple systems for cellular cholesterol delivery for steroidogenesis, including uptake of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol via LDL receptor mediated endocytic pathways and SR-BI mediated "selective" pathways, as well as from endogenous cholesterol synthesis and the mobilization of stored cholesteryl esters. The vast majority of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol utilized for murine adrenal steroidogenesis is obtained via SR-BI mediated "selective" uptake of cholesteryl esters. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is responsible for neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity in the adrenal and is critical for hydrolyzing stored cholesteryl esters, as well as cholesteryl esters that are selectively delivered from lipoproteins via SR-BI. Marked defects in steroid production are observed in adrenal cells from HSL knockout mice, due to an inability to process and utilize cholesteryl esters selectively derived from lipoproteins. Although the LDL receptor is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytic delivery of cholesteryl esters, adrenal steroid hormone production is normal in mice lacking LDL receptors.
Review: Vitamin K antagonists increase risk for subdural hematoma compared with other antithrombotics

Source Citation Connolly BJ, Pearce LA, Hart RG. Vitamin K antagonists and risk of subdural hematoma: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Stroke. 2014;45:1672-8. 24876259
Levels of Os188

Abstract Forty-one hour Ir188 has been produced by Re187 (α,3n)Ir188 and studied in the Gerholm electron-electron coincidence spectrometer and a conventional gamma-gamma spectrometer, both with fast-slow electronics. Seventeen hour Re188 and 21 minute Re188m were produced by Re187 (n,γ)Re188 and examined with fast-slow gamma-gamma coincidence equipment. The weak positon spectrum of Ir188 has been analysed and found to consist of branches with end points at (1656±10) keV and (121±45) keV, yielding Qβ=(1811±10) keV. Coincidence relations and conversion electron energies, while confirming the main features of previously proposed decay schemes, suggest additional or adjusted states at2225, 2106, 1846, 1732, and 1461 keV, all populated in the decay of Ir188. Tentative levels have been suggested at 788, 1941 and 2343 keV. The proposed scheme is compared with the models of Bohr and Mottelson and of Davydov et al.; these comparisons confirm the previous classification of Os188 as a transitional or intermediate-coupling nucleus, in agreement with its location in the nuclear periodic table between strongly deformed and spherical nuclei.
Differential Laser Heterodyne Micrometrology

Heterodyne techniques have proved to be a very sensitive tool for measuring minute dynamic phase changes imposed on an optical beam. In this paper, we review the application of this powerful tool to the area of micrometrology. By using a differential geometry that measures the phase difference of reflected or transmitted light from two adjacent points on a sample, it is possible to achieve a sensitivity of 0.35 A (or 0.75 X1 0-3 rad). Results of the surface studies on several samples are presented that clearly show the ability of the technique to image monomolecular layers and other minute surface perturbations.
Bromide Content of Hay Bales Fumigated with Methyl Bromide

A study was made to determine the inorganic bromide content in methyl bromide-fumigated hay bales. Bales were, fumigated with methyl bromide to kill the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), in accordance with recommended treatment schedules to comply with quarantine regulations in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mary]and, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. The total bromide in the treated baks ranged from less than 2.0 to 34.0 ppm which was less than the established 50 ppm tolerance. Untreated bales showed a natural bromide content of 2.0-20.0 ppm. Test results showed that the bromide content associated with hay fumigations decreased as the commodity temperature was lowered.
Physical dependence produced by central morphine infusions: An anatomical mapping study

Morphine sulfate (1.5 nmoles/h) was chronically infused into various brain regions in rats. After 72 h of continuous infusions, an intraperitoneal injection of naloxone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) was given to determine if physical dependence had developed. Various withdrawal signs were present following the naloxone challenge in rats chronically infused with morphine into the periventricular gray region. These withdrawal signs included escape behavior, wet-dog shakes, and teeth chattering. Several other brain regions (e.g., amygdala, caudate nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, thalamus) were also tested, but morphine infusions into these areas produced only slight physical dependence. The magnitude of physical dependence produced by morphine infusions into the rostral aspect of the periventricular gray was comparable to that seen following repeated systemic morphine injections, while the physical dependence produced by caudal infusions into the vicinity of the locus coeruleus was considerably less. These data confirm the importance of the periventricular gray region in the development of physical dependence on morphine and reveal that a drug action in the more rostral aspect of this brain region produces the strongest signs of physical dependence.
Low-altitude hypersonic flow simulation by means of a supersonic compressor.

The feasibility of using a supersonic compressor as a means of simulating a hypervelocity, low-altitude flight environment is parametrically investigated. The effects of the important parameters are examined for both singleand multistage compressors, and the optimum operating conditions are determined. The analysis suggests the possibility of designing a supersonic compressor capable of providing true-temperature, sea-level flight duplication at Mach numbers near nine. Such simulation is obtained with a three-stage compressor having blade turning angles of 90°, a rotor tip speed of 2000 fps, an inlet Mach number near 2, and a supply temperature of 600 °K. Duplication of this environment is limited primarily by structural restrictions on the rotor tip speed and heat transfer to the rotor blade leading edges. Even though at present this limits the device to Mach numbers below 10, the supersonic compressor remains the only projected facility capable of providing a flight environment requiring high pressures at moderate to high enthalpy levels.
Tangible benefits of the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum genome sequencing for aphid proteomics: Enhancements in protein identification and data validation for homology-based proteomics.

Abstract Homology-driven proteomics promises to reveal functional biology in insects with sparse genome sequence information. A proteomics study comparing plant virus transmission competent and refractive genotypes of the aphid Schizaphis graminum isolated numerous candidate proteins involved in virus transmission, but limited genome sequence information hampered their identification. The complete genome of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, released in 2008, enabled us to double the number of protein identifications beyond what was possible using available EST libraries and other insect sequences. This was concomitant with a dramatic increase of the number of MS and MS/MS peptide spectra matching the genome-derived protein sequence. LC–MS/MS proved to be the most robust method of peptide detection. Cross-matching spectral data to multiple EST sequences and error tolerant searching to identify amino acid substitutions enhanced the percent coverage of the Schizaphis graminum proteins. 2-D electrophoresis provided the protein pI and MW which enabled the refinement of the candidate protein selection and provided a measure of protein abundance when coupled to the spectral data. Thus, the homology-based proteomics pipeline for insects should include efforts to maximize the number of peptide matches to the protein to increase certainty in protein identification and relative protein abundance.
Balancing macromineral composition of fresh-pack cucumber pickles to improve nutritional quality and maintain flavor

The macromineral nutritional balance of fresh-pack dill cucumber pickles was improved without loss of flavor quality. A product with flavor acceptability equal to the original product was obtained if NaCl was reduced by 40%, from 2. 0% to 1.2%. To replace the 0.8% reduction in NaCl 0.8% KCI was added. CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 were added proportionately to match the daily value (DV) of the added KCl. In addition to changes in mineral composition, low levels of both citric acid and hot pepper sauce were added to improve flavor acceptability. The flavor acceptability of dill pickles was rated higher (P <0.05) than the 2.0% NaCl control when the NaCl concentration was reduced 20% from 2. 0 to 1.6%, and 0.4% KCI was added to replace the NaCl. Again, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 were added at a level which gave the same proportion of the DVs of these minerals as 0.4% KCI. The highest flavor acceptability in the product with 20% less NaCl was obtained when only citric acid was added as aflavor modifier.
Comparisons of deformable-mirror models and influence functions

Modeling of deformable mirror (DM) surfaces is reviewed and two different types of DM models are compared. The first model creates the DM surface through the superposition of an influence function over the extended actuators. The second model uses a two-dimensional cubic spline fit over the extended actuators to create the DM surface. The ability of the predicted DM surface to correct for different spatial frequencies was investigated. It is shown that correctability may vary in both magnitude and shape over the applicable range of frequencies. Results indicate that the bi-cubic spline model is the easiest and fastest to use and it may be extended to incorporate more advanced features.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New approaches to shoulder surgery: editorial comment.

The shoulder is a fascinating joint. The combination of mobility and stability of the shoulder allows us to position the upper extremity in space so that we may accomplish a large variety of functions. A wide array of pathological entities affect the shoulder, ranging from arthritis to instability and including the rotator cuff, scapular muscles and other joints in addition to the glenohumeral articulation. This symposium reviews many of these challenging aspects of shoulder surgery. Many of the advances from the past 10 to 20 years have been highlighted in this Symposium. For example, throwing athletes whose careers would have been ended due to shoulder problems can now return to play following surgery when no other options were previously available. On the other end of the spectrum, patients with cuff tear arthropathy with incapacitating pain and limited function may also be improved by reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. This Symposium highlights an example where advances in regional anesthesia and ambulatory surgery have been applied to joint replacement surgery, allowing shoulder arthroplasty patients to go home the day of their surgery in a safe and effective manner. We have also included an example of our transition towards more arthroscopic-based procedures where a technique for arthroscopic coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction is described. Despite the advances in our field, there remain many challenges. We include examples of these, including tendon to bone healing in rotator cuff surgery, difficulties associated with shoulder arthroplasty revision, challenges related to the technique of reverse shoulder arthroplasty, and complications related to shoulder surgery. While we have come a long way, there remains much room for progress, and hopefully this Symposium will contribute to further our knowledge and improve the care of our patients.
Distribution of attained service in time-shared systems

A number of time-shared systems have recently been analyzed in the literature with methods from queueing theory. The quantity usually solved for is the average time spent in the system, conditioned on the total service time required (and also conditional on the priority class, if priority distinctions are considered). In this paper we consider a large class of time-shared systems and solve for the distribution of attained service for any member of this class. The attained service for an incompletely serviced costomer is the number of seconds that he has so far spent in the service facility. The results are simply expressed in terms of the average conditional waiting time mentioned above. Examples of the application of this general result are also given.
IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEM TRANSFER CAPABILITY FOR CONTINGENCY CONSTRAINED CASES

ABSTRACT As power systems become more heavily loaded, system operation will be increasingly constrained by contingent cases where the power flow equations have no real solutions. Since such cases often represent the most severe threat to viable operation of the transmission system infrastructure, it is critical that a computationally efficient method be developed to provide practical control recommendations to mitigate these cases. Such an algorithm is developed in this paper. The degree of unsolvability is quantified using the distance in parameter space between the desired operating point and the closest solvable operating point. The sensitivity of this measure to different system controls, including FACTS devices, is then calculated. These sensitivities are then used to determine the optimal way to mitigate the contingency. Additionally, the dynamic consequences of loss of solution are also discussed. The method is demonstrated on systems of up to 118 buses.
Is virtue its own reward? Self-sacrificial decisions for the sake of fairness

Abstract We investigate the ways in which concern for fairness influences decision-making. We use a paradigm previously shown to illustrate circumstances under which a decision maker sacrifices some of his or her own potential for financial gain to punish or reward someone who has demonstrated a prior intent to be either unfair or fair to another person. By ruling out alternative hypotheses related to the original finding, we obtain evidence that “virtue is its own reward”: Decision makers make self-sacrificing allocations, despite the absence of short- or long-term benefits for doing so. Extending the generality of this effect, we also identify circumstances under which the desire for virtuous fairness produces decisions that are not self-sacrificial and do reward someone whose motives seemingly include a willingness to exploit others. These special circumstances apparently indicate the decision maker's belief that “two wrongs don't make a right.” Thus, these studies show that the fairness motive and moral concerns can influence decisions that have economic impact. We extend the range of effects in other studies to include condemnation of interactional injustice and we discuss implications of the overall set of studies in terms of three new foci for attention: A focus on the perpetrator, a focus on the victim, and a focus on the offensiveness of the act itself.
Terraces on a rising coast

It is unlikely that terraces along a rising coast, whether submerged or exposed, can be assigned to certain sealevel positions in the past. Instead, the terraces probably represent functions of histograms of sums of positions through time, on a vertically moving background.
Norepinephrine and dopamine content of hypothalamic nuclei of the rat

Abstract The concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine of 27 isolated rat hypothalamic nuclei or nuclear subdivisions have been determined using an enzymatic-isotopic assay. The hypothalamic nuclei contain 3–20 times more NE and DA than is measured in the cortex. They are distributed unevenly throughout the hypothalamus and individual hypothalamic nuclei are heterogenous as regards their content of the amines. The dopamine content of the median eminence is among the highest measured in the brain (65 ng/mg protein). The norepinephrine content is about half that of dopamine. All of the hypothalamic nuclei contain dopamine. It is highly concentrated in the rostral subdivisions of the arcuate nucleus, the paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei, the retrochiasmatic area, the medial posterior subdivision of the ventromedial nucleus and in the medial forebrain bundle at the posterior hypothalamic level. The highest concentrations of norepinephrine were found in the paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei and in the retrochiasmatic area. The rostal subdivision of the arcuate nucleus and the periventricular and preoptic suprachiasmatic nuclei are also rich in norepinephrine. The posterior hypothalamus (premammillary nuclei, caudal subdivision of the arcurate nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus) contains norepinephrine and dopamine in relatively low concentrations.
"'The Law’s the Law, Right?' Sexual Minority Mothers Navigating Legal Inequities and Inconsistencies.”

LGB parents face a number of legal inequities and confront a legal landscape that not only varies drastically by state but also quickly changes. Research has shown that some LGB parents and prospective parents have inaccurate knowledge about the laws relating to parenting. Drawing on data from 21 interviews, I ask how sexual minority mothers gain knowledge about the law. I found that people were very aware of the legal inequities they face and sought to become knowledgeable about the law before they had children. Sexual minority mothers reported using four primary methods to learn about the law: doing independent research, relying on friends, relying on LGBT organizations, and hiring an attorney. The method upon which they relied was shaped by class. Notably, people received conflicting and at times inaccurate legal information depending on the method upon which they relied. Throughout the process of learning about the law, parents experienced anger, stress, and fear. These findings shed light on some of the inequities that sexual minority parents face insofar as they must expend added effort to gain knowledge about the law. The findings can also help efforts to ensure that legal knowledge is disseminated effectively, which is especially important given how quickly the legal landscape for LGB parents is changing.
How to Teach Biology Using the Movie Science of Cloning People, Resurrecting the Dead, and Combining Flies and Humans

While popular culture is generally acknowledged to have some impact on public opinion of science, attempts to evaluate this relationship have focused largely on how the public perceives science, rather than how well they understand it. Movies, television, and literature are usually argued to foster a negative perception of science and scientists among the viewing and reading public. What has been left out of this analysis, however, is the degree to which popular culture informs or misinforms the public about how science is done. Does the scientific accuracy and plausibility of a movie’s story line really affect the public’s understanding of the related science? As a science researcher, I am biased in my belief that realistic movies provide more engaging and thought-provoking entertainment than ones that violate obvious and well-understood scientific principles. However, whether realistic movies actually stimulate public inquiry into real science remains to be demonstrated. As a science teacher, I am also ...
The structural phase transition in the RECu6 compounds (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd)

Abstract The structure of the RECu 6 compounds (where RE = La, Ce, Pr and Nd) has been studied using time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction at temperatures ranging from 10 to 573 K. The compounds exhibit a temperature-dependent distortion of the high-temperature orthorhombic cell to a monoclinic one with transition temperatures between 151 and 455 K depending on the rare earth ion. The space groups and the temperature dependence of the monoclinic strain are consistent with a second-order transition driven by a soft acoustic phonon mode. Since the lanthanum compound with no 4 f electron also exhibits the same transition, it is unlikely that electronic effects involving the 4 f shell are responsible for the transition observed in these materials.
Negotiating difference: Constructing selves and others in a transnational apparel manufacturing firm

Research on immigrant women workers in the United States and Third World women employed by multinational corporations in export-enclaves has highlighted how global movements of capital and labor are expressed in changing labor processes, working conditions, and ethnic relations in the workplace. Notably absent from this body of literature are the ways in which rural, white American women respond to the new work environments offered by direct foreign investments in the United States. Using in-depth interviews with workers and observations of the workplace and the community the authors explore how the Japanese purchase of an apparel manufacturing firm in upstate New York reconstituted factory floor relations. In so doing, they extend interpretations of the social construction of the labor process by recognizing the racialized and ethnicized character of rural white women. They also show how both workers and managers construct stereotypic expectations of the other that are manipulated on the shop floor in the struggle for control, recognition, and appreciation.