cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hybrid continuum-discrete modelling approach to predict and control angiogenesis: analysis of combinatorial growth factor and matrix effects on vessel-sprouting morphology.

Angiogenesis is crucial during many physiological processes and is influenced by various biochemical and biomechanical factors. Models have proved useful in understanding the mechanisms of angiogenesis and also the characteristics of the capillaries formed as part of the process. We have developed a three-dimensional hybrid, agent–field model where individual cells are modelled as sprout-forming agents in a matrix field. Cell independence, cell–cell communication and stochastic cell response are integral parts of the model. The model simulations incorporate probabilities of an individual cell to transition into one of four stages—quiescence, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. We demonstrate that several features, such as continuous sprouts, cell clustering and branching, that are observed in microfluidic experiments conducted under controlled conditions using few angiogenic factors can be reproduced by this model. We also identify the transition probabilities that result in specific sprout characteristics such as long continuous sprouts and specific branching patterns. Thus, this model can be used to cluster sprout morphology as a function of various influencing factors.
Flexible numerical integration for efficient representation of switching in real time electromagnetic transients Simulation

In real time digital simulation of electromagnetic transients for equipment testing, solution output is provided at equidistantly spaced time points in order to synchronize the data exchange with external equipment. Switching events, which can occur in between these time points of solution output, are pinpointed by backward interpolation. To recuperate the time interval lost through interpolation, the simulation must be resynchronized with the real time clock. For this purpose, the use of a flexible time step size is desirable. However, in EM transients simulators based on nodal analysis techniques, time step size changes have so far involved changes of the nodal admittance matrix and, thus, imposed a large computational burden. This is avoided through the method flexible integration for readjustment in simulation of transients (FIRST), presented in this paper. Through this method, the characteristics of numerical integration are modulated such that time step size changes are achieved in a computationally very efficient manner and without modifying the nodal admittance matrix.
Segmentation of the striatum using data fusion

Proposes a new segmentation scheme to detect cerebral structures in MRI acquisitions using numerical information contained in the image and expert knowledge brought by a specialist. This process is divided in three steps: first, information contained in the MR image is extracted using a fuzzy clustering algorithm, and theoretical information concerning the structure to segment is modeled using possibility theory. Information fusion is then processed, followed by a decision step ending the structure segmentation. Heads of caudate nuclei and putamens are segmented using this method. Results are promising and validation is performed using both numerical indexes and assessment by an expert. This method can be applied to any cerebral structure in an MR image, provided that it can be described in terms of shape, direction and distance by an expert and that the contrast and resolution of the MRI are sufficient.
Spatiotemporal Uptake Characteristics of [18]F-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose in a Rat Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model

Background and Purpose— Alterations of cerebral glucose metabolism are well anticipated during cerebral ischemia. However, detailed spatiotemporal characteristics of disturbed cerebral glucose metabolism during acute ischemia remain largely elusive. This study aims to delineate spatiotemporal distributions of [ 18 ]F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) uptake using positron emission tomography imaging, particularly at the peri-ischemic zone, and its correlation with tissue outcome. Methods— The intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion model was used to induce focal cerebral ischemia in rats (n=48). All animals underwent sequential MRI and FDG positron emission tomography imaging at different times (30–150 minutes) after middle cerebral artery occlusion. MR and positron emission tomography images were coregistered. FDG uptake in the peri-ischemic zone was assessed in relation to middle cerebral artery occlusion duration, cerebral blood flow, apparent diffusion coefficient, and 24-hour T2 lesions. Results— Elevated FDG uptake was consistently observed at the peri-ischemic zone surrounding the presumed ischemic core with low FDG uptake. Both the spatial volume and the uptake level of the hyper-uptake region were inversely correlated with the duration of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The hyper-uptake regions exhibited a mild reduction of cerebral blood flow (28.2±3.2%) and apparent diffusion coefficient (9.1±1.4%) when compared with that in the contralateral hemisphere. Colocalization analysis revealed that, with reperfusion, an average of 12.1±1.7% of the hyper-uptake volume was recruited into final infarction. Conclusions— Elevated FDG uptake at the peri-ischemic zone is consistently observed during acute cerebral ischemia. The region with elevated FDG uptake likely reflects viable tissues that can be salvaged with reperfusion. Therefore, acute FDG positron emission tomography imaging might hold promise in the management of patients with acute stroke.
On the performance effects of unbiased module encapsulation

A recent theoretical investigation of modular representations shows that certain modularizations can introduce a distance bias into a landscape. This was a static analysis, and empirical investigations were used to connect formal results to performance. Here we replace this experimentation with an introductory runtime analysis of performance. We study a base-line, unbiased modularization that makes use of a complete module set (CMS), with special focus on strings that grow logarithmically with the problem size. We learn that even unbiased modularizations can have profound effects on problem performance. Our (1+1) CMS-EA optimizes a generalized OneMax problem in Ω(n2) time, provably worse than a (1+1) EA. More generally, our (1+1) CMS-EA optimizes a particular class of concatenated functions in O(2lm k n) time, where lm is the length of module strings and k is the number of module positions, when the modularization is aligned with the problem separability. We compare our results to known results for traditional EAs, and develop new intuition about modular encapsulation. We observe that search in the CMS-EA is essentially conducted at two levels (intra- and extra-module) and use this observation to construct a module trap, requiring super-polynomial time for our CMS-EA and O(n ln n) for the analogous EA.
AVATS: Audio-video and textual synchronization

In this paper, we explain the architecture and provide implementation details of a synchronous collaborative tool we created using a lightweight Web 2.0 mash-up development methodology. This approach allowed us to put together a client interface with reasonable capabilities, scalability, and robustness rapidly. The rapid development of this tool also allowed us to perform thorough testing and incorporation of the system in a live, production environment in a relatively short amount of time.
A comparison of input shaping and time-optimal flexible-body control

Abstract Input shaping is a method of reducing residual vibrations in computer-controlled machines. Shaped command profiles are generated by convolving a sequence of impulses, an input shaper, with the desired command signal. The shaped command profile will move the system without residual vibration. The performance of several types of input shapers is compared to the time-optimal flexible-body control in terms of maneuver speed, amplitude of transient deflection, robustness to modeling errors, excitation of unmodeled high modes, and ease of implementation. To facilitate the comparison, time-optimal flexible-body control is treated as a special case of input shaping.
Performing Allegiance: An Adolescent Refugee's Construction of Patriotism in JROCT.

Drawing on a year-long qualitative study, this article examines how one refugee student from the Vietnamese Central Highlands negotiated social and cultural constructions of patriotism and citizenship in a Junior Reserves Officer Training Corps (JROTC) class at an urban high school. Data are analyzed using Butler's (1990) the theory of performativity, and illustrate how this student appropriated and transformed language and ritualized action to assert individuality in an otherwise rule- and routine-driven classroom context. I conclude by theorizing cultural practices of citizenship as they relate to the education of refugee and immigrant youth, and argue that researchers and practitioners must acknowledge the pedagogical and social impact of peripheral spaces in school, such as the JROTC classroom, in shaping many students’ trajectories in and beyond school.
Normalizers, Weyl Groups

We saw in Chapter X that Sp(1) ≅ Spin(3) and Sp(2) ≅ Spin(5) (also that Spin(6) ≅ SU(4)). The only remaining question in our isomorphism puzzle is whether Sp(k) and Spin(2k+1) are isomorphic for k ≥ 3. In this chapter, we will use normalizers and Weyl groups to show that they are not.
Refugee higher education: contextual challenges and implications for program design, delivery, and accompaniment

Refugees experience limited access to adequate education at all levels but opportunities for higher education are especially lacking. This study explores the perspectives of 122 students involved in a pilot program of higher education in two refugee camps and one urban setting. Students reported gratitude for the experience but uncertainty about the future, and widely different contextual challenges to pursuing education. In a forced migration context, higher education may constitute a psychosocial intervention as much as an educational program. This unique dynamic begs the need for systemic thinking, with implications for program planning and delivery as a means of accompaniment.
Use of a Vacuum Cup Electrode for Spark Emission Spectrographic Analysis of Plant Tissue

Emission spectrographers have used many different methods to get a homogeneous sample into the analytical gap [1-9], Many other works could be cited, but these should suffice to show the great number of techniques that are or have been used for this purpose.
Ultrafast Two-Photon Free Induction Decay

Direct optical analogs of (two-dimensional) NMR experiments require detection of the phase of a coherence induced by a (series of) laser pulses, which is difficult [1]. Recently it was demonstrated that by using a phase coherent pulse pair created by an acousto optic pulse shaper (AOPS), this phase information can be detected conveniently and fast. [2, 3] This technique was demonstrated on the one-photon transitions in Rubidium [3]. The same technique can be used to detect a coherence that is induced by two photons simultaneously [4], as we demonstrate experimentally by detecting the two-photon free induction decay (TPFID) of Rb and coumarin. Since the two-photon transition in Rb is resonance enhanced, several types of coherences are induced in the two-photon process. An AOPS allows a separation of these types of coherences, and has potential advantages for suppressing scattered light.
On the least significant 2-adic and ternary digits of certain Stirling numbers

Our main goal is to effectively calculate the p-ary digits of certain Stirling numbers of the second kind. We base our study on an observation regarding these numbers: as m increases, more and more p-adic digits match in S(i(p− 1)pm, k) with integer i ≥ 1.
Simultaneous analysis of atrazine and its degradation products in water by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

Objective:To establish a method for simultaneous analysis of atrazine(ATR) and its degradation products in water sample by solid-phase extraction(SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography.Methods:After water was enriched by OasisHLB SPE cartridges,the samples were separated on a Gemini C18 column(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d.,5 μm)by using the mobile phase of water/acetonitrile in gradient elution.Detection was performed by a diode array detector(DAD) at 220 nm with an external standard method.Results:Calibration curves were linear within the range of 1.0~50.0 μg/L,the extraction recoveries 98.2%~106.8%,the RSD less than 6%,and the limits of quantification 0.10~0.25 μg/L for the target compounds of ATR,deisopropylatrazine(DIA),hydroxyatrazine(HA),and deethylatrazine(DEA).Conclusion:This method is simple,rapid,sensitive,and accurate and it can accomodate demand for the real water sample analysis.
Complexity in structure-directed prebiotic chemistry. Unexpected compositional richness from competing reactants in tetrapyrrole formation

Robustness is a key feature of any credible prebiotic reaction process. Two studies are presented concerning the role of analogous yet defective reactants (spanning a range of reactivity) in a model for the prebiogenesis of tetrapyrrole macrocycles in aqueous solution under mild conditions. The reaction entails condensation of an α-aminoketone (e.g., δ-aminolevulinic acid) with a 1,5-dimethoxypentan-2,4-dione bearing a 3-acetic acid unit (β-diketone 1-AcOH) to form a porphobilinogen analogue, which self-condenses to form a mixture of porphyrinogens. Here, the inclusion of an analogous β-diketone lacking the acetic acid substituent (1,5-dimethoxypentan-2,4-dione, 1-H) formed a partially defective (weakly reactive) pyrrole, which upon combinatorial reaction with the normal pyrrole (derived from 1-AcOH) severely crimped the yield of the latter yet all porphyrinogens derivable from both β-diketones 1-H and 1-AcOH were observed upon mass spectrometric analysis. Detection of the porphyrinogens by mass spectrometry revealed a compositional richness beneath the limits of detection by routine absorption spectroscopy. A similar reaction of 1-amino-2-butanone and 1,5-dimethoxy-3-methylpentan-2,4-dione in aqueous micelles leading to etioporphyrinogens was examined in the presence of four β-diketones. Linear offsets of yield as well as combinatorial inhibition were observed depending on the dione structure. Taken together, the results provide a nuanced, quantitative view of the effects of reactant analogues in a chemical model of a structure-directed prebiotic process. The adverse effects of such reactant analogues provide a cautionary tale about the viability of structure-directed processes as a sole means for creation of architecturally complex molecules in a primordial broth.
Fast methods for estimating the numerical rank of large matrices

We present two computationally inexpensive techniques for estimating the numerical rank of a matrix, combining powerful tools from computational linear algebra. These techniques exploit three key ingredients. The first is to approximate the projector on the non-null invariant subspace of the matrix by using a polynomial filter. Two types of filters are discussed, one based on Hermite interpolation and the other based on Chebyshev expansions. The second ingredient employs stochastic trace estimators to compute the rank of this wanted eigen-projector, which yields the desired rank of the matrix. In order to obtain a good filter, it is necessary to detect a gap between the eigenvalues that correspond to noise and the relevant eigenvalues that correspond to the nonnull invariant subspace. The third ingredient of the proposed approaches exploits the idea of spectral density, popular in physics, and the Lanczos spectroscopic method to locate this gap.
Is the Sequence of SuperAlarm Triggers More Predictive Than Sequence of the Currently Utilized Patient Monitor Alarms

Objective: Our previous studies have shown that “code blue” events can be predicted by SuperAlarm patterns that are multivariate combinations of monitor alarms and laboratory test results cooccurring frequently preceding the events but rarely among control patients. Deploying these patterns to the monitor data streams can generate SuperAlarm sequences. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that SuperAlarm sequences may contain more predictive sequential patterns than monitor alarms sequences. Methods: Monitor alarms and laboratory test results are extracted from a total of 254 adult coded and 2213 control patients. The training dataset is composed of subsequences that are sampled from complete sequences and then further represented as fixed-dimensional vectors by the term frequency inverse document frequency method. The information gain technique and weighted support vector machine are adopted to select the most relevant features and train a classifier to differentiate sequences between coded patients and control patients. Performances are assessed based on an independent dataset using three metrics: sensitivity of lead time (Sen $^L$ @T), alarm frequency reduction rate (AFRR), and work-up to detection ratio (WDR). Results: The performance of 12-h-long sequences of SuperAlarm can yield a Sen $^L$ @2 of 93.33%, an AFRR of 87.28%, and a WDR of 3.01. At an AFRR = 87.28%, Sen $^L$ @2 for raw alarm sequences and discretized alarm sequences are 73.33% and 70.19%, respectively. At a WDR = 3.01, Sen $^L$ @2 are 49.88% and 43.33%. Conclusion and Significance: The results demonstrate that SuperAlarm sequences indeed outperform monitor alarm sequences and suggest that one can focus on sequential patterns from SuperAlarm sequences to develop more precise patient monitoring solutions.
The role of interpersonal sensitivity, social support, and quality of life in rural older adults.

The mental health of elderly individuals in rural areas is increasingly relevant as populations age and social structures change. While social support satisfaction is a well-established predictor of quality of life, interpersonal sensitivity symptoms may diminish this relation. The current study extends the findings of Scogin et al by investigating the relationship among interpersonal sensitivity, social support satisfaction, and quality of life among rural older adults and exploring the mediating role of social support in the relation between interpersonal sensitivity and quality of life (N = 128). Hierarchical regression revealed that interpersonal sensitivity and social support satisfaction predicted quality of life. In addition, bootstrapping resampling supported the role of social support satisfaction as a mediator between interpersonal sensitivity symptoms and quality of life. These results underscore the importance of nurses and allied health providers in assessing and attending to negative self-perceptions of clients, as well as the perceived quality of their social networks.
Towards wafer scale monolayer MoS 2 based flexible low-power RF electronics for IoT systems

There is a growing interest in the design of novel flexible electronics for future internet of things (IoT) systems [1]. IoT requires design of low power RF electronics operating at GHz frequency range. Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is the prototypical transitional metal dichalcogenide (TMD) affording a large semiconducting bandgap (1.8eV), high saturation velocity, good mechanical strength, high mobility (> 50cm2/Vs), high on/off ratio (> 106), good current saturation and GHz RF performance [2]. In this work, we demonstrate wafer scale monolayer MoS 2 based flexible RF nanoelectronics that can be used for low power nanoelectronics and flexible IoT systems.
Smooth Representations of Reductive p-adic Groups

The purpose of this paper is to report on recent joint work with C.J. Bushnell which forms part of our ongoing program of understanding the category of smooth (complex) representations of a p-adic group in terms of certain irreducible representations of compact, open subgroups. Motivation for this program comes from two special cases which may be viewed as extreme examples of what one hopes is a general phenomenon.
Success Factors of Organizational Change in Software Process Improvement: A Systematic Literature Review

Software Process Improvement (SPI) is acknowledged as an essential part of the software development life cycle. Software development process for successful organizational change asserted to have convincing effect on the software process. This paper investigates the selection criteria for successful software process in the context of organizational change factors. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been used to identify 40 studies published during 2009 to 2016. Consequently, 7 organizational factors and 3 software models have been identified. Furthermore, 5 SPI approaches have also been presented. The organizational factors, software models and SPI approaches, investigated in this paper, are highly valuable for the students, practitioners and researchers of the domain.
Identifying environmental barriers to participation: Usability of a health-literacy informed problem-identification approach for parents of young children with developmental disabilities.

Background Parents of very young children recently diagnosed with developmental disabilities (DD) need to identify environmental barriers to their children's participation and adopt an adaptive orientation to solving these problems. Given the health service disparities for diverse families, parents may benefit from easy to use problem-identification approaches that address environmental barriers stemming from community and policy contexts. This feasibility study evaluated the usability of a health literacy-informed, structured, environment-focused problem-identification approach for parents of young children with DD. Methods We used purposeful, convenience sampling to enrol 9 mothers of children ages 1-3 with DD (4 racial/ethnic minorities, 3 high school education, 4 annual household income Results Parents identified 121 environmental barriers without the approach. When using the approach and prompted to consider home, community, and policy barriers, parents identified an additional 222 environmental barriers; the greatest number of barriers were aligned with International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-Children and Youth environment Chapter 5 "Services, systems, and policies." Using the approach, parents with a postgraduate education and annual household income >$80,000 identified the most environmental barriers, and parents reporting the lowest annual household incomes identified the fewest environmental barriers. When parents attributed participation challenges to an environmental barrier, ~57% of solutions required parents to interact with individuals at the community or policy level. Conclusions This study suggests that parents with a range of background characteristics can use a structured, environment-focused problem-identification approach. With the approach, parents are more likely to attribute participation challenges to environmental barriers and adopt a problem-solving orientation focused on changes to the community and policy context.
Approcci farmacologici per migliorare il risultato chirurgico dopo riaccollamento retinico

Il trattamento farmacologico rimane un potenziale adiuvante al successo del trattamento del distacco di retina. In aggiunta alle strategie convenzionali, tra cui una buona dilatazione pupillare, il controllo della flogosi con agenti anti-infiammatori, e dell’ipertono con agenti ipotonizzanti, la terapia farmacologica puo fornire un aiuto ulteriore, inibendo altre complicazioni a lungo termine, tra cui la proliferazione e l’edema maculare. Gli steroidi, le fluoropirimidine e le sostanze eparino-simili, in particolare quelle a basso peso molecolare, sembrano tutti potenzialmente utili, sia singolarmente, sia in associazione tra loro. La capacita di combinare tra loro agenti a diverso meccanismo d’azione, sia con un’unica iniezione intravitreale sia, piu recentemente, mediante l’infusione o dispositivi a rilascio prolungato, ci apre nuove vie terapeutiche. Le problematiche inerenti la biodisponibilita, particolarmente in occhi con tamponamento a lungo termine, sia esso gas o olio di silicone, rappresentano una difficile sfida, tuttavia affascinante. La disponibilita dei moderni polimeri biodegradabili e dei dispositivi a rilascio prolungato, potrebbe favorire l’utilizzo di questi agenti farmacologici. In futuro altre possibilita, come l’uso degli steroidi intravitreali per il controllo dell’edema maculare, e delle citochine per il recupero dei fotorecettori, potrebbero migliorare ulteriormente il risultato funzionale, al di la di cio che si potrebbe attendere quando il risultato anatomico raggiunge un plateau. Una conoscenza piu approfondita della biologia cellulare del riaccollamento retinico e del funzionamento maculare, portera, senz’ombra di dubbio, a progressi terapeutici.
Equipment and Clinical Practice: Aids to Localization of Peripheral Nerves

Identifying nerve location begins by identifying standard anatomical landmarks, which are used as a basis for subsequent invasive needle exploration. The successful endpoint used may be anatomical (transarterial axillary block), ultrasonographic (real-time imaging), or functional [a sensory paresthesia or a motor response to electrical nerve stimulation (NS)].
Emergent magnetic ordering and topological frustration in quasicrystal artificial spin ices

Artificial spin ices (ASIs) are nanoscale geometrically engineered arrays of magnetic bars or islands that display magnetic frustration and provide a fertile system for modeling and testing many complex statistical mechanics theories and emergent phenomena. Aperiodic ASIs display spatially varying magnetic frustration as a result of the aperiodicity. We have explored the magnetization reversal of quasicrystalline ASIs (QC-ASIs) patterned on P2 and P3 Penrose tilings, using a statistical graph-theory approach that enables quantitative comparison between the two tilings. Our approach offers insight into the QC-ASIs. We show that the P2 tiling leads to enhanced topological frustration compared to the P3 tiling, and we elucidate the emergence of local antiferromagnetic ordering as well as disordered states in these ferromagnetic aperiodic lattices. Our method enables quantitative exploration of frustration behavior on any periodic or aperiodic lattice, thereby opening pathways to study collective behavior in various topologically frustrated systems.
Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world in people over 50 years of age (Gehrs et al. 2006). Worldwide, age-related macular degeneration is projected to affect around 196 million people by 2020, increasing to 288 million in 2040 (Wong et al. 2014).
Aeroelastic response of an airfoil to gusts: Prediction and control strategies from computed energy maps

Abstract A method to predict the aeroelastic pitch response of an airfoil to gusts is presented. The prediction is based on energy maps generated by high-fidelity fluid dynamic simulations of the airfoil with prescribed pitch oscillations. The energy maps quantify the exchange of energy between the pitching airfoil and the flow, and serve as manifolds over which the dynamical states of aeroelastic airfoil system grow, decay and attain stationary states. This method allows us to study the full nonlinear response of the system to large gusts, and predict the growth and saturation of aeroelastic pitch instabilities. We also show that the manifold topology in these maps can be used to make informed modifications to the system parameters in order to control the response to gusts.
Healthy Eating Index of Living Donor Renal Transplantation Recipients During the First Year Posttransplant.

Background:The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between diet quality and weight gain in kidney transplant recipients from pretransplant baseline through posttransplant at 3 months ...
Video Game Genres and Advancing Quantitative Video Game Research with the Genre Diversity Score

Quantitative research on video games often reduces participants’ gaming experience to how much time they spend playing video games. Although appropriate in some instances, it often fails to capture aspects of the video game experience. Studies that only use time as a means of establishing expertise in gaming fail to capture how much a player is involved in different types of video storytelling, game rules and mechanics, social experiences online and/or offline, and many other aspects. Only using time as a measurement also introduces a bias against women, as they typically have less leisure time overall, reducing the time they might spend playing video games. The current study proposes and tests a novel measure for gauging participants’ experience with video games that includes their experience with various game genres in addition to time dedicated to playing games. The “genre diversity score” presented in this paper provides a better understanding of an individual’s experience with gaming as a whole while still providing a metric that can be used in quantitative research. To demonstrate the usefulness of this measure it is compared to measures of time spent playing, the use of a PC for gaming, and casual/non-casual gaming. The analyses indicate that the genre diversity score outperforms other gaming measures in various tests of predictive power making a case for it to be used in future quantitative or mixed methods studies on gaming.
Extensive recombination-driven coronavirus diversification expands the pool of potential pandemic pathogens

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the third zoonotic coronavirus identified in the last twenty years. Enzootic and epizootic coronaviruses of diverse lineages also pose a significant threat to livestock, as most recently observed for virulent strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and swine acute diarrhea-associated coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Unique to RNA viruses, coronaviruses encode a proofreading exonuclease (ExoN) that lowers point mutation rates to increase the viability of large RNA virus genomes, which comes with the cost of limiting virus adaptation via point mutation. This limitation can be overcome by high rates of recombination that facilitate rapid increases in genetic diversification. To compare dynamics of recombination between related sequences, we developed an open-source computational workflow (IDPlot) to measure nucleotide identity, locate recombination breakpoints, and infer phylogenetic relationships. We analyzed recombination dynamics among three groups of coronaviruses with noteworthy impacts on human health and agriculture: SARSr-CoV, Betacoronavirus-1, and SADSr-CoV. We found that all three groups undergo recombination with highly diverged viruses from sparsely sampled or undescribed lineages, which can disrupt the inference of phylogenetic relationships. In most cases, no parental origin of recombinant regions could be found in genetic databases, suggesting that much coronavirus diversity remains unknown. These patterns of recombination expand the genetic pool that may contribute to future zoonotic events. Our results also illustrate the limitations of current sampling approaches for anticipating zoonotic threats to human and animal health.
Anxious attachment is associated with heightened responsivity of a parietofrontal cortical network that monitors peri-personal space.

Abstract Background Attachment, or affiliative bonding among conspecifics, is thought to involve neural mechanisms underlying behavioral responses to threat and reward-related social signals. However, attachment-oriented responses may also rely on basic sensorimotor processes. One sensorimotor system that may play a role in attachment is the parietofrontal cortical network that responds to stimuli that are near or approaching the body, the peripersonal space (PPS) monitoring system. We hypothesized that this network may vary in responsivity to such potentially harmful stimuli, particularly those with social salience, based on individual differences in attachment styles. Methods Young adults viewed images of human faces or cars that appeared to move towards or away from them, while functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected. Correlations between each of four adult attachment styles, measured using the Relationship Questionnaire, and responses of the PPS network to approaching (versus withdrawing) stimuli were measured. Results A region-of-interest (ROI) analysis, focused on six cortical regions of the PPS network that showed significant responses to approaching versus withdrawing face stimuli in an independent sample (n = 80), revealed that anxious attachment style (but not the other 3 attachment styles) was significantly positively correlated with responses to faces (but not to cars) in all six ROIs (r = 0.33–0.49, p = 0.01–0.0001, n = 50). Conclusions These findings suggest that anxious attachment is associated with over-responsivity of a sensorimotor network involved in attending to social stimuli near the body.
663 Improved Sleep After a Brief Intervention for Insomnia Mediates Improvements in Depression Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The COVID-19 Pandemic and mitigation efforts have led to drastic increases in acute insomnia symptoms, which left untreated may contribute to increased risk for other negative mental health outcomes, including depression. However, the impact of treating acute insomnia symptoms on future depression outcomes remains unknown. Moreover, whether sleep improvements as a result of an insomnia treatment mediate subsequent reduction of depression symptoms similarly remains unknown. Methods: At this writing, 44 individuals experiencing insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index;ISI ≥ 10) that began during the COVID-19 pandemic have been randomized to receive a brief, telehealth Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) waitlist control. Treatment was delivered in 4 sessions over a 5-week period. CBTI is the gold-standard behavioral intervention for chronic insomnia and has been applied successfully via telemedicine. Outcome measures were depressive symptoms as measured by the Patient Health Questionnare-9 (PHQ-9) minus the sleep item and insomnia symptom severity as measured by the ISI. Both outcome measures were collected at baseline (week 0), throughout treatment phase (weeks 2-6), and at the post-treatment (week 7). Linear mixed models determined the impact of treatment on depression and insomnia symptom severity. Mediation was tested using the MacArthur framework. Results: There was a significant Group x Time interaction, with CBTI leading to a greater rate of improvement in ISI (b = -1.14, p < 0.001) and PHQ-9 (b = -0.61, p = 0.002) than the control. Critically, the rate of improvement in insomnia symptoms to the last session of treatment, was associated with the subsequent improvement in depressive symptoms post-treatment (b = 2.06, p = 0.017). In contrast, depressive symptom improvement was not associated with insomnia symptom improvement (b = 4.28, p = 0.102). Conclusion: This preliminary data suggests that brief CBTI can reduce pandemic onset insomnia and other depressive symptoms. The preliminary mediation results further suggest that sleep may be an important treatment target for reducing situational depressive symptoms and supports the need to examine the physiological mechanisms of sleep using high-density EEG in a larger sample.
Trends in health-related quality of life of female breast cancer survivors using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), 2008–2016

In recent years, breast cancer detection and treatment have advanced. As a result, increased attention to breast cancer survivorship should have improved their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Our aim was to examine the trends in the HRQoL of female breast cancer survivors between 2008 and 2016, to determine whether or not the increased focus on survivorship has translated into improved HRQoL. Furthermore, stratified analyses were conducted by race/ethnicity and age group and these were compared to a similar group of women without a breast cancer history. Repeated cross-sectional analyses using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey between 2008 and 2016 were conducted. Pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to examine the trends in physical component scores (PCS-12) and mental component scores (MCS-12) among breast cancer survivors and a similar population of women without a breast cancer history. Analyses stratified by race/ethnicity and age group were also conducted. Among breast cancer survivors, after adjusting for confounders, there was no change in PCS-12 scores over time, but the MCS-12 scores increased by 0.27 points (95% CI 0.09–0.45). Those without a history of breast cancer had mean PCS-12 scores that were 0.13 points greater each year (95% CI 0.02–0.24) while their mean MCS-12 scores were 0.10 (95% CI 0.00–0.21) points greater each year. After stratifying by race/ethnicity, Hispanic breast cancer survivors had a small increase in PCS-12 (β: 0.65; 95% CI 0.01–1.29), and MCS-12 scores (β: 0.70; 95% CI 0.06–1.33) over time. Similar small effects were found when stratified by age group, both among breast cancer survivors and those without a history of breast cancer. The younger age group (< 50 years) reported poorer MCS-12 than the older population (age 50 years and above). Our study generated findings showing the trends in the HRQoL of breast cancer survivors and compared these to a similar population of women without a history of breast cancer. This paper highlights the importance of focusing on the mental health of young breast cancer survivors to improve their prospects at a good quality of life post-breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Parslo: A Gradient Descent-based Approach for Near-optimal Partial SLO Allotment in Microservices

Modern cloud services are implemented as graphs of loosely-coupled microservices to improve programmability, reliability, and scalability. Service Level Objectives (SLOs) define end-to-end latency targets for the entire service to ensure user satisfaction. In such environments, each microservice is independently deployed and (auto-)scaled. However, it is unclear how to optimally scale individual microservices when end-to-end SLOs are violated or underutilized, and how to size each microservice to meet the end-to-end SLO at minimal total cost. In this paper, we propose Parslo---a Gradient Descent-based approach to assign partial SLOs among nodes in a microservice graph under an end-to-end latency SLO. At a high level, the Parslo algorithm breaks the end-to-end SLO budget into small incremental "SLO units", and iteratively allocates one marginal SLO unit to the best candidate microservice to achieve the highest total cost savings until the entire end-to-end SLO budget is exhausted. Parslo achieves a near-optimal solution, seeking to minimize the total cost for the entire service deployment, and is applicable to general microservice graphs that comprise patterns like dynamic branching, parallel fan-out, and microservice dependencies. Parslo reduces service deployment costs by more than 6x in real microservice-based applications, compared to a state-of-the-art partial SLO assignment scheme.
Pharmacological Studies with New Liposome-Entrapped Cisplatin Derivatives

Therapy for disseminated human cancer is limited by the low degree of tumor selectivity with the antitumor agents currently available. The development of succesful ways to target cytotoxic agents to tumor sites is, therefore, important but, as yet, the approach is still in its infancy. Different types of drug carriers have been considered for that purpose and, among those, liposomes continue to attract significant attention. During the last few years, there has been steady progress in the liposome field, mainly in trying to solve some of the well recognized limitations of lipid vesicles as drug carriers in general, and as carriers of antitumor agents in particular: formulation, scaling up, and tumor targeting properties.
The computation of contingency in classical conditioning

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a unified framework, which encompasses the computations, algorithms, and neurobiological implementations underlying classical conditioning. It presents an extensive mathematical analysis of the constraints on classical conditioning—that is, the precise contingency conditions under which mammals may and may not learn a particular association between two events in a classical conditioning situation. In classical conditioning, an unconditional stimulus (US)—that is, a cue, which is inherently biologically salient to an animal (such as an electric shock), is repeatedly paired with a conditional stimulus (CS), a cue that initially has no special significance to the animal over repeated trials, the animal can learn that the CS is predictive of or associated with the US. This phenomenon of associative learning is subject to laws and constraints: An association is learned to some extent in some conditions and to a lesser extent in others.
Negative Existentials in Metaphysical Debate

There are statements of the form “There are no Fs” that we would like to count as true, yet it is hard to see how they could be true (at least, operating within the semantic framework of structured propositions). The relevant Fs are general terms that we take to be semantically fundamental or primitive, especially those native to metaphysical discourse. A case can be made the problem is no less difficult than the corresponding problem for singular terms.
PREVENTION OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA OF PREMATURITY BY PHOTOTHERAPY

The ideal treatment for hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity would be a safe and simple method for preventing its occurrence. In 1958 it was first demonstrated that serum bilirubin concentrations of newborn infants can be reduced by exposure to light. This treatment has not been widely used because of doubts as to its effectiveness and concern for the possible toxicity of the photochemical decomposition products of bilirubin. Recent experimental evidence indicates that these products are non-toxic. A controlled clinical trial has been carried out among 111 premature infants to test the effectiveness of artificial blue light in preventing hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity. Treated infants were placed in light from 12 to 144 hours of age and serial bilirubin determinations were carried out. The control (58 infants) and treated (53 infants) groups were comparable with respect to birth weight, gestational age, fluid intake, and weight loss. The results indicate a statistically significant difference between the groups. By taking advantage of this alternate route of elimination of bilirubin in the newborn infant, it should be possible to greatly reduce the need for exchange transfusion for hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity.
Justice through Apologies: Remorse, Reform, and Punishment

In this follow up to I Was Wrong: The Meanings of Apologies, Nick Smith expands his ambitious theories of categorical apologies to civil and criminal law. After rejecting court-ordered apologies as unjustifiable humiliation, this book explains that penitentiaries were originally designed to bring about penance - something like apology - and that this tradition has been lost in the assembly line of mass incarceration. Smith argues that the state should modernize these principles and techniques to reduce punishments for offenders who demonstrate moral transformation through apologizing. Smith also explains the counterintuitive situation whereby apologies come to have considerable financial worth in civil cases because victims associate them with priceless matters of the soul. Such confusions allow powerful wrongdoers to manipulate perceptions to disastrous effect, such as when corporations or governments assert that apologies do not equate to accepting blame or require reform or redress.
Hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, and severity of suicidal ideation among emergency psychiatry patients.

Aims: This study investigated relative relationships between auditory hallucinations and nonpsychotic hallucinations (pseudohallucinations), and suicidal risk. Methods: A sample of 206 consecutive patients seen in an emergency psychiatric service was evaluated for the presence and intensity of hallucinatory experiences (the hallucination item of the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale), suicidal intensity (the suicide item of the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale), and cumulative suicide risk (the total number of risk factors). Results: Individuals with nonpsychotic hallucinations experienced greater intensity of suicidal ideation versus subjects with no hallucinations or subjects with psychotic hallucinations (p = .0001). Conclusions: Pseudohallucinosis is associated with higher intensity of suicidal ideation compared with psychotic hallucinations or no hallucinations.
The Physiological Control of Motoneuron Activity

The sections in this article are: 1 Patterns of Motor Output 1.1 Orderly Recruitment of Motor Units 1.2 Rate Modulation of Motor Units 2 Motoneuron Properties 2.1 The Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential 2.2 Determinants of Input Resistance 2.3 Threshold Behavior 2.4 Repetitive Discharge Behavior 2.5 Effects of Neuromodulators on Motoneuron Behavior 2.6 Motoneuron Models 3 Organization of Synaptic Inputs to the Motoneuron Pool 3.1 Transfer of Synaptic Current to the Soma 3.2 Effective Synaptic Currents 3.3 Distribution of Effective Synaptic Current from Identified Input Systems 3.4 Effects of Synaptic Inputs on Motoneuron Discharge 3.5 Summation of Synaptic Inputs 4 The Motoneuron Pool and its Muscle as a Neural System 4.1 Mechanical Properties of Motor Units 4.2 Single Motor Unit Input-Output Function 4.3 Input-Output Function of the Motoneuron Pool 4.4 Mechanisms Controlling Motor Outflow 5 Summary
Exact properties of the Pauli potential for the square root of the electron density and the kinetic energy functional

It is known that the square root of the electron density satisfies {-(1/2${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}$+${v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$([n];r) +${v}_{s}$([n];r)}${n}^{1/2}$(r) =${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{M}$${n}^{1/2}$(r), where ${v}_{s}$ is the Kohn-Sham potential and ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{M}$ is its highest-occupied orbital energy. The Pauli potential ${v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ is defined as the functional derivative of the difference between the noninteracting kinetic energy ${T}_{s}$[n] and the full von Weizs\"acker kinetic energy. It has already been proven that ${v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$([n];r)\ensuremath{\ge}0 for all r. By starting primarily with a slightly modified version of an equation of Bartolotti and Acharya, new exact properties of ${v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$([n];r) are derived for the purpose of approximating it. The gradient expansion for ${T}_{s}$[n] gives a ${v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$([n];r) that is found to violate several of the exact conditions. For instance, ${v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$\ensuremath{\ge}0 is violated unless the full von Weizs\"acker term is employed. A new approximate form for ${v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$([n];r) is proposed.
An analytical study of single particle char gasification

The gasification of a single particle of porous char surrounded by a boundary layer with oxygen and water vapor in its environment, taking into consideration the six main reactions along with the appropriate heat and mass transport effects, is considered using a shell-progressive model. Much can be done analytically, and the numerical treatment of the model equations for a variety of parameters elucidates the structure of the problem which is much more complicated than anticipated, in spite of the fact that the model is a relatively simple one. The flame front of burning hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be at the core surface, in the ash layer, or in the boundary layer depending upon the ambient conditions of temperature and oxygen concentration.