cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Educational Success Mitigate the Effect of Child Maltreatment on Later Offending Patterns

Analyses examined offending patterns during adolescence and adulthood and their relation to child maltreatment subtypes and education factors measured during adolescence and adulthood. A total of 356 participants were followed from preschool to adulthood in a prospective longitudinal study. Child maltreatment subtypes include physical-emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. Offending patterns were analyzed as latent classes of (a) chronic offending, (b) desistence, and (c) stable low-level or non-offending. Physical-emotional and sexual abuse were associated with a higher likelihood of chronic offending relative to stable low-level offending. Education variables, including high educational engagement and good academic performance, predicted a higher likelihood of low-level offending relative to desistence, but not desistence relative to chronic offending. Only educational attainment predicted desistence relative to chronic offending. There was no moderating effect of education variables on the association between child maltreatment subtypes and later offending patterns. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Spirituality and the Four Jungian Personality Functions

Throughout history, Christians have expressed their spiritual life in a variety of ways, both corporately and individually. The purpose of this article is to consider ways in which knowledge of the...
Hydrodehalogenation of Polyhalogenated Aromatics Catalyzed by NiPd Nanoparticles Supported on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene

Ni30 Pd70 nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) acts as a catalyst for the hydrodehalogenation of halogenated aromatics under mild reaction conditions. It reduces mono- or dichloroarenes to the corresponding dehalogenated arenes in >90 % yield in 10 % aqueous isopropanol solvent at or below 50 °C within 5 h. Tests on a variety of substrates containing various functional groups show that the catalyst is selective for reduction of C-Cl and C-Br bonds. In addition, this catalyst completely hydrodehalogenates high-concentration solutions of dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls, chloroaromatic constituents of the defoliant agent orange, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in 12 h. The catalyst is reusable and shows no morphological or compositional changes after 5 cycles. This methodology offers a powerful, low-cost, and safe technology for the degradation of polyhalogenated aromatics, and may be useful for preventing proliferation of these toxins in the environment from causing serious health issues.
Mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview and highlights for immunotherapy research

Mouse models are the basis of preclinical and translational research in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multiple methods exist to induce tumour formation in mice, including genetically engineered mouse models, chemotoxic agents, intrahepatic or intrasplenic injection of tumour cells and xenograft approaches. Additionally, as HCC generally develops in the context of diseased liver, methods exist to induce liver disease in mice to mimic viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, fibrosis, alcohol-induced liver disease and cholestasis. Similar to HCC in humans, response to therapy in mouse models is monitored with imaging modalities such as CT or MRI, as well as additional techniques involving bioluminescence. As immunotherapy is increasingly applied to HCC, mouse models for these approaches are required for preclinical data. In studying cancer immunotherapy, it is important to consider aspects of antitumour immune responses and to produce a model that mimics the complexity of the immune system. This Review provides an overview of the different mouse models of HCC, presenting techniques to prepare an HCC mouse model and discussing different approaches to help researchers choose an appropriate model for a specific hypothesis. Specific aspects of immunotherapy research in HCC and the applied mouse models in this field are also highlighted.
Territory and Territoriality

Territory is commonly understood as a sociospatial strategy or technique for simplifying and clarifying the operations of power. But insofar as territory and territoriality implicate the interrelations among space, power, and meaning and these aspects of social life are themselves complex and ambiguous, then the common understanding of territory may be misleading. This article clarifies some of this complexity through and analysis of the ways in which space, power, and meaning are variously combined through territory. Other considerations include questions concerning the naturalness and functionality of territoriality and the relationship of territoriality to aspects of temporality. Illustrations from a range of scales and social contexts are provided.
1952: Ruby Payne-Scott’s Last Experience as a Radio Astronomer at the International Union of Radio Science

Payne-Scott experienced a postscript to her career as a radio astronomer in August 1952—13 months after her resignation and less than a year after the birth of her son, Peter Hall. She attended the 10th URSI (International Union of Radio Science) General Assembly at the University of Sydney from 11 to 21 August 1952. URSI was one of the first international scientific congresses to be held outside the US and Europe. The first international congress to be held in Australia was the Second Pan-Pacific Science Congress in Melbourne and Sydney, more than 30 years earlier in August of 1920.( 1 )
Active Site Metals as Probes of Local Conformation and Function of Enzymes

Metals play roles in catalysis, hormonal, and other regulatory functions and their control, the synthesis and stabilization of the structure of macromolecules, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and transport. Cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, zinc, and yet others are known to be essential, many of them in the mechanism of action of particular enzymes.
Broadside and Endfire Arrays

An array of N = 7 identical dipole antennas, each of half-length h and radius a and separated from its adjacent neighbors by the distance b is shown in Fig. 5.1. Each element is driven by a generator at its center that maintains either specified voltages V i or specified currents I i(0) at the N driving points in the plane z = 0. A useful two-term expression of the current in each element is1–4 $$\begin{matrix}I_i(z) = jA_i \textup{sin} k_0(h-|z|) + B_i(\textup{cos}k_0-\textup{cos}k_0h)\\i = 1, 2,..., N\end{matrix}$$ where $$A_i = c_1V_i,\;\;\;\;c_1 = j2\pi /\zeta _0\Psi _{dR} \textup{cos} k_0h$$ and the complex coefficients B i are related to the A i through the matrix equation $$\left [ \Phi _u \right ]\left \{ B \right \} = \left [ \Phi _v \right ]\left \{ jA \right \}$$
Beyond competencies: Practice standards for emergency nurse practitioners-A model for specialty care clinicians, educators, and employers.

ABSTRACTBackground/purpose:The growth of advanced practice nursing specialties requires additional expertise for practice that goes beyond entry-level competencies, knowledge, skills, and abilities. A practice standards model for specialty nurse practitioners (PSMSNPs) is introduced that differentia
Localized damage identification in plate-like structures using self-powered sensor data: A pattern recognition strategy

Abstract This study presents a novel strategy for localized damage identification in plate-like structures based on the binary data provided by self-powered wireless sensors that use a pulse switching communication architecture. The energy-aware pulse switching communication architecture uses single pulses instead of multi-bit packets for information delivery resulting in discrete binary data. A system employing such an energy-efficient technology requires dealing with power budgets for sensing and communication that leads to unique time delay constraints. This paper presents a new paradigm for localized damage detection using time-delayed and sometimes limited binary data. The binary data from the sensor nodes resembles an image, or pattern. Data analysis using pattern recognition (PR) framework incorporating PR methods and a conditional probability chain is thus presented. Numerous features extracted from cumulative acceleration on dynamically loaded plates are used to determine damage indication parameters. Performance of the proposed damage detection strategy was evaluated through finite element simulations for the case of a simply supported aluminum plate under distributed harmonic loading. Different damage states were considered to calibrate the damage detection algorithm, and an uncertainty analysis was performed by superposing random noise to the input vectors. Results show that the proposed PR framework is capable of identifying damage even in the presence of high noise levels. The findings demonstrate satisfactory performance of the localized damage detection strategy, and the applicability of PR to detect and localize damage in plate-like structures from the time-delayed binary data generated by self-powered sensors.
Slow and fast grouping of cargo velocities in axonal transport due to single versus multi-motor transport

Abstract We have recently been exploring the idea that axonal transport velocity is “track and motor limited.” That is, microtubule length as well as microtubule-associated obstructions interact with the number of motors attached to a specific cargo to determine average cargo velocities. We assert that “slow” and “fast” transport as they are commonly referred to in the literature are really single- versus multi-motor transport along interrupted and obstructed track. To this end, we have recently developed a cargo-level motor model that appears to readily reproduce fast and slow transport simply by altering the number of motors. In the work presented here, we explore the ramifications of this model across a wide range of cargo sizes and motor-motor interactions. We find that categorization of cargo transport into “slow” and “fast” might be a natural consequence of track and motor limited transport as cargo load versus average velocity distribution produced by this model are clearly bi-modal with a curved (roughly square-root) relationship between number of motors and cargo load being the best at reproducing experimental data.
2108 Factors associated with dual use of VA and civilian healthcare among U.S. National Guard and Reserve soldiers

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Approximately 25%–45% of veterans are dual users of VA and civilian healthcare. In order to maximize patient outcomes, understanding factors related to dual use is important. This study examined mental and physical health factors related to dual use of VA and civilian healthcare among U.S. National Guard and Reserve (NG/R) soldiers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: NG/R soldiers and their partners (n=411 couples) participated in an electronic survey assessing health and health behaviors. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between mental health (anxiety, depression, PTSD, anger), general health, and VA disability status at baseline, with usage of both VA and civilian healthcare among male soldiers (n=109) at the second year follow-up, controlling for age and race. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In the final adjusted models, of the mental health conditions, only anxiety was related to dual use (OR: 1.08, 1.01–1.16, p<0.05). Having a VA disability rating (OR: 4.00, 1.22–13.18; p<0.05) was also related to being a dual user. General health was not related to dual use. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: While research has identified demographic characteristics (e.g., rurality, race, income) related to dual healthcare use, our results indicate that mental health, particularly anxiety, may also be related to dual use. Further study is needed to tease out the prime drivers of dual use to identify future care delivery mechanisms that will maximize treatment outcomes and minimize duplicative care.
Computerizing politics

A political proposal for changing our voting procedures by use of computers is presented. Individuals would be able to cast direct votes on laws if they wish, or designate congressmen to cast their votes. Individual congressmen would have different numbers of votes depending on who was backing of them at that particular point in time. The procedure would raise various problems which are discussed at length.
Compassion Satisfaction Among Social Work Practitioners: The Role of Work–Life Balance

Previous research has established that social work practitioners are especially vulnerable to work-related psychological distress and burnout due to the high-stress nature of the profession, yet le...
Bayesian Sensitivity Analysis for Offline Policy Evaluation

On a variety of complex decision-making tasks, from doctors prescribing treatment to judges setting bail, machine learning algorithms have been shown to outperform expert human judgments. One complication, however, is that it is often difficult to anticipate the effects of algorithmic policies prior to deployment, as one generally cannot use historical data to directly observe what would have happened had the actions recommended by the algorithm been taken. A common strategy is to model potential outcomes for alternative decisions assuming that there are no unmeasured confounders (i.e., to assume ignorability). But if this ignorability assumption is violated, the predicted and actual effects of an algorithmic policy can diverge sharply. In this paper we present a flexible Bayesian approach to gauge the sensitivity of predicted policy outcomes to unmeasured confounders. In particular, and in contrast to past work, our modeling framework easily enables confounders to vary with the observed covariates. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on a large dataset of judicial actions, in which one must decide whether defendants awaiting trial should be required to pay bail or can be released without payment.
Nihilism as Life-Denial

In this chapter, I argue that Nietzsche understands the problem of nihilism most basically as a problem of life-denial. On my view, Nietzsche calls life-denying any phenomenon that involves either (1) an explicitly or implicitly negative evaluation of life or (2) results in the weakening or degradation of the will. And indeed, as we will see, in each of nihilism’s incarnations—in its socio-cultural, cognitive, and affective manifestations—life (especially human life) is disparaged, degraded, or preserved only in its weakest forms. By understanding nihilism as life-denial, we can come to see what the wide variety of cognitive, affective, and socio-cultural phenomena Nietzsche calls nihilistic share in common.
You Say that You Want a Molecular Revolution? Changing from the Group A Streptococcus Antigen and Culture Paradigm to Molecular Testing

Abstract Group A Streptococcus (GAS) (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis. Diagnosed cases of GAS pharyngitis should be treated with antibiotics to prevent primary and secondary complications. Commonly, testing for GAS pharyngitis can be done rapidly (in minutes) using rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs), which generally have relatively high specificity (>90%) but lower sensitivity (70 to 90%). The low sensitivity of GAS RADTs requires that culture be performed to maximize sensitivity, which delays the final result by 24 to 48 hours. New molecular GAS assays are on the market and offer relatively rapid (i.e., minutes to tens of minutes) and highly sensitive results so that culture is not required for negative results. We describe our experience with moving from RADT and culture testing for GAS to solely molecular testing, providing quicker results for improved patient care.
A self-tuning filter

Abstract A new method for filtering noise from a process signal is developed, analyzed, and illustrated. The method is computationally simple, and automatically adjusts in response to the noise level on a process variable.
SPaRTAN, a computational framework for linking cell-surface receptors to transcriptional regulators

The developmental pathways and functions of specialized cell types are dependent on the complex interplay between signaling and transcriptional networks. We present SPaRTAN (Single-cell Proteomic and RNA based Transcription factor Activity Network), a computational method to link cell-surface receptors to transcription factors (TFs) by exploiting cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) datasets with cis-regulatory information. SPaRTAN is applied to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to predict the coupling of signaling receptors with cell context-specific TF activities. The predictions are validated by flow cytometry analyses. SPaRTAN is then used to analyze the signaling coupled TF activity states of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells in malignant peritoneal and pleural mesotheliomas. SPaRTAN greatly enhances the utility of CITE-seq datasets to probe signaling coupled TF networks that regulate developmental or functional transitions in cellular states.
Toward a Telescopic Steerable Robotic Needle for Minimally Invasive Tissue Biopsy

This letter presents the design and development of a telescopic steerable robotic needle for minimally invasive tissue biopsy. Definitive diagnosis of many diseases relies on the pathological studies of small pieces of tissue extracted from human using biopsy procedures. However, traditional biopsy procedures using straight needles could miss targets, resulting in multiple insertions and enhanced injury to patients. Thus, the development of robotic needles that can steer inside soft tissue is critical to the improvement of the safety and accuracy of biopsy-based diagnosis. In this letter, a telescopic needle robot consisting of a rigid, straight outer tube and a flexible, tendon-driven inner tube is developed. By translating the tubes, pulling the tendon wire, and rotating the inner tube, the needle robot can perform follow-the-leader motion along curved trajectories in tissue and therefore preserve the integrity of tissue structures. To create a mapping from the tendon wire force to robot shape, a novel mechanic model is developed by investigating the statics of the needle-tendon assembly. Experimental studies are performed to evaluate the robot system, calibrate the mechanic model, and demonstrate the robot motion capabilities.
Gender differences in the risk and protective factors of marijuana use among U.S. College students

Gender differences in the risk and protective factors of marijuana use among college students were explored by analyzing online survey responses from 464 undergraduates. Women perceived higher risk and used marijuana less than men, with no gender difference in peer disapproval. In addition, women had higher objective knowledge regarding the health effects of marijuana, although they exhibited lower confidence in their knowledge. In subsequent regression analyses, health knowledge, confidence in knowledge, perceived risk, and peer disapproval predicted women's marijuana use, whereas only confidence in knowledge and perceived risk predicted men's use. These findings can help devise effective intervention strategies.
Ideals in tensor products, topological dimension zero and the weak ideal property

Abstract For any property (P) of C*-algebras that passes to ideals and admits largest ideals we characterize when the largest ideal in a tensor product of two C*-algebras which has (P) is the tensor product of the largest ideals in the tensor factors which have (P), whenever one of the tensor factors is exact. We prove that we have this equality, for separable C*-algebras, when (P) is topological dimension zero. We give new characterizations of topological dimension zero, the weak ideal property, pure infiniteness and strong pure infiniteness (in fact, we prove a more general result.) Let I be an ideal of A ⊗ B , where A and B are non-zero C*-algebras and A or B is exact. We associate to I two canonical ideals, I A (see also [1] ) and I ( A ) of A, and two canonical ideals, I B and I ( B ) of B. We study the interplay between I and these four ideals, and we characterize (under some mild assumptions) several interesting and natural conditions on I in terms of I A , I ( A ) , I B and I ( B ) .
On Utilizing Prune-able Blockchains for Secure Message Dissemination in VANETs

Blockchain’s use in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) research demonstrates blockchain technology provides useful attributes to allow for the safe and secure operation of VANET applications. Unbounded growth of blockchains poses a threat to the efficient operation of the MANET-like environment found within VANETs. Floating Genesis Blocks (FGB) can be used to preserve the state of the blockchain up to a certain point, and allows for the safe pruning of the chain without information loss. The early work present here compares two pruning techniques by size. A discussion of the results and recommendations for future research conclude the work.
Medical views on the death by crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

The death of Jesus Christ remains a pivotal moment in world history and a symbol of love, mercy, and courage across the globe. Yet for centuries, the manner of Jesus’ death has remained a subject o...
Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury

The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is one of many structures on the lateral aspect of the knee, known as the posterolateral corner. The LCL functions to resist varus forces at the knee and external rotation of the tibia. Athletes who participate in tennis and gymnastics have been shown to have the highest risk of LCL injuries. The most common mechanism of injury is a varus directed force on the anteromedial aspect, with isolated LCL injuries being uncommon. The varus stress test will be positive at 30 ° knee flexion in LCL injuries. A positive varus stress test at full extension and a positive dial test are positive in patients with associated posterolateral corner injuries. MRI is the benchmark imaging study to evaluate LCL and posterolateral corner injuries. Grade I and II injuries to the LCL can be managed non-surgically with early immobilization, while grade III injuries should be treated with either repair or reconstruction.
A Note on Strong Uniform Consistency of Kernel Estimators of Hazard Functions under Random Censorship

Random censored data consist of i.i.d. pairs of observations (X i , δ i ), i = 1,..., n. If δ i = 0, X i denotes a censored observation, and if δ i = 1, X i , denotes a survival time, which is the variable of interest. In this paper, we apply the strong approximation technique to study strong uniform consistency for the kernel estimator of the hazard function of the survival times.
A study on the limits and advantages of using a desktop cutter plotter to fabricate microfluidic networks

In this paper, we focus on characterizing the limits of xurography, or patterning with a razor blade, of a pressure-sensitive double-sided adhesive. This is a rapid, inexpensive technique to fabricate robust microfluidics devices. Straight, curved and square serpentine as well as zigzag channels of different dimensions are studied. General guidelines are provided to assess feasibility of a particular geometry a priori. The mechanics of the cut are explored with the aim at identifying the bottlenecks that limit the maximum resolution achieved in xurography of adhesive films. A number of advantages and disadvantages of this technique compared to other common fabrication techniques are also provided.
STATUS OF QED EXPERIMENTS

I shall try to review the status of tests of quantum electrodynamics (QED) through precision measurements on atoms and elementary particles, with particular emphasis on the experimental side.1,2,3 These tests are the ones most appropriate to our present Conference on Atomic Physics, but it should be remembered that they are complementary to the tests of QED through less precise, but at least equally critical or sensitive, measurements of high energy processes, such as electron or muon pair production, bremsstrahlung, and electron-electron or electron-positron collisions in high energy storage rings. I believe that Professor Kroll will say something about the high energy processes, as well as about recent theoretical advances in QED.4
Government Credit Policy and Industrial Performance (Japanese Machine Tool Producers, 1963-91)

Programs to direct credit to industry can be uniquely beneficial if 1) the purpose of government credit is to relax borrowing constraints on firms, as an end in itself, or (2) other government objectives can best be achieved by relaxing firms' borrowing constraints (in which case, product and factor market externalities motivate government credit programs). According to Japanese officials, government involvement is warranted when: 1) investment risk is too high for a particular activity (because it is too large-scale or high-tech, or needs long gestation and market development); 2) there is a big discrepancy between private and social benefits when industries or parts of industries may save foreign exchange, for example, and thus relieve the balance of payments constraint on other growth industries); 3) information problems discourage lending to small and medium-scale industries; 4) infant industries face large social set-up costs. The authors examine the effect of policy-based finance for the period 1963-91 for Japan's machine tool industry, an industry with high potential spillover effects on technological innovation and learning. They found that directed credit may have helped to promote investment among postwar Japanese machine tool producers. Important components of that credit seem to have spurred growth. The government credit programs did not crowd out private funds and did not succeed by providing a permanent lifeline (credit insurance) to firms. But the authors do not endorse government interventions in credit markets. For one thing, the effective operation of industrial directed credit in Japan seems to be an unrepresentative case. In many countries, such government intervention has produced large costs: inefficient borrowers have been funded and public funds have been captured by special interests. In Japan, directed-credit policy is designed to promote investment, crowd in private funds, and avoid the capture of policy funds by particular firms or industries. The priorities of credit policy are determined as part of a national plan with broad participation (rather than by special-interest lobbying), and once industry-level priorities have been established, firm-level lending decisions by agencies are shielded from political pressure. In political systems that cannot implement such effective plans for distributing industrial credit, government-directed credit programs may create more problems than they solve.
The Underground Corrosion of Selected Type 300 Stainless Steels After 34 Years

Recently, interest in long-term underground corrosion has greatly increased because of the ongoing need to dispose of nuclear waste. Additionally, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 requires disposal of high-level nuclear waste in an underground repository. Current contaminant release and transport models use limited available short-term underground corrosion rates when considering container and waste form degradation. Consequently, the resulting models oversimplify the complex mechanisms of underground metal corrosion. The complexity of stainless steel corrosion mechanisms and the processes by which corrosion products migrate from their source are not well depicted by a corrosion rate based on general attack. The research presented here is the analysis of austenitic stainless steels after 33½ years of burial. In this research, the corrosion specimens were analyzed using applicable ASTM standards as well as microscopic and X-ray examination to determine the mechanisms of underground stainless steel corrosion. As presented, the differences in the corrosion mechanisms vary with the type of stainless steel and the treatment of the samples. The uniqueness of the long sampling time allows for further understanding of the actual stainless steel corrosion mechanisms, and when applied back into predictive models, will assist in reduction of the uncertainty in parameters for predicting long-term fate and transport.
Abstraction by time-scale in qualitative simulation

Qualitative simulation faces an intrinsic problem of scale: the number of limit hypotheses grows exponentially with the number of parameters approaching limits. We present a method called Time-Scale Abstraction for structuring a complex system as a hierarchy of smaller, interacting equilibrium mechanisms. Within this hierarchy, a given mechanism views a slower one as being constant, and a faster one as being instantaneous. A perturbation to a fast mechanism may be seen by a slower mechanism as a displacement of a monotonic function constraint. We demonstrate the time-scale abstraction hierarchy using the interaction between the water and sodium balance mechanisms in medical physiology, an example drawn from a larger, fully implemented, program. Where the structure of a large system permits decomposition by time-scale, this abstraction method permits qualitative simulation of otherwise intractibly complex systems.
On the reaction of the glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger with bisulfite.

Abstract Bisulfite reacts rapidly with glucose oxidase to produce characteristic changes in the absorbance and fluorescence of the enzyme. When the bisulfite-treated enzyme is dialyzed against buffer, the active native enzyme is regenerated. The visible absorption spectrum of the glucose oxidase-bisulfite product is similar to but not identical with that of the reduced enzyme in which the bound flavin is in the fully reduced form (FADH2). A major difference between reduced enzyme and the glucose oxidase-bisulfite product is the failure of the latter compound to react with electron acceptors such as oxygen, ferricyanide, or sulfate. The formation of an addition compound between glucose oxidase and bisulfite has been postulated. The proportion of combined to uncombined enzyme was found to be dependent on the absolute concentration of the reactants (not their ratio), the temperature, and the pH. The presence of 4M urea depressed the amount of complex formed. The complex has been shown to be enzymically inactive by the stopped flow method. Bisulfite reacts with free flavins when very high concentrations are used. A dissociation constant of 4M has been calculated for the flavin mononucleotide-bisulfite complex. The reaction of bisulfite with glucose oxidase brings about shifts and large increases in the blue fluorescence (emission peak, 450 mµ; excitation peaks, 360 and 290 mµ) and also the ultraviolet fluorescence (emission peak, 340 mµ; excitation peak, 290 mµ) of the enzyme. The bound FAD in glucose oxidase does not fluoresce. The blue fluorescence is a property of a component of the enzyme which has not yet been characterized, while the ultraviolet fluorescence is primarily a property of the aromatic amino acid residues of the protein. The fluorescence and absorbance changes correlate during the titration of the enzyme with bisulfite, and are affected by the temperature, pH, and urea concentration in similar ways. It is proposed that both types of change are a function of the formation of an enzyme-bisulfite complex. Active site groups such as the bound FAD and possibly the blue fluorophore are involved. This conclusion is further substantiated by fluorometric and absorbance experiments in which glucose has been shown to displace bisulfite slowly from the complex.
Designing a Secure Programming Language

In this chapter, we will review security issues from the perspective of a language designer. Preventing inexperienced or careless programmers from creating insecure applications by focusing on careful language design is central to this discussion. Many of these concepts are also applicable to framework designers.
Segregation: a global history of divided cities

This is an impressive book that tries to do with the concept of urban segregation what other recent books have done with other “big concepts” in world history. From this perspective, the book is an...
Mcamc: An Advanced Algorithm for Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations from Magnetization Switching to Protein Folding

We present the Monte Carlo with Absorbing Markov Chains (MCAMC) method for extremely long kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The MCAMC algorithm does not modify the system dynamics. It is extremely useful for models with discrete state spaces when low-temperature simulations are desired. To illustrate the strengths and limitations of this algorithm we introduce a simple model involving random walkers on an energy landscape. This simple model has some of the characteristics of protein folding and could also be experimentally realizable in domain motion in nanoscale magnets. We find that even the simplest MCAMC algorithm can speed up calculations by many orders of magnitude. More complicated MCAMC simulations can gain further increases in speed by orders of magnitude.
Sex differences in mathematical abllity: Genes, environment, and evolution

Geary proposes a sociobiological hypothesis of how (and why) sex differences in math and spatial skills might have jointly arisen. His distinction between primary and secondary math skills is noteworthy, and in some ways analogous to the closed versus open systems postulated to exist for language. In this commentary issues concerning how genes might affect complex cognitive skills, the interpretation of heritability estimates, and prior research abilites are discussed.
The Political Work of Leisure: Class, Recreation, and African American Commemoration at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, 1881-1931

The latter decades of the nineteenth century witnessed the rise of historic sites as vacation and excursion destinations. Places such as Gettysburg and Mount Vernon, as other scholars have shown, welcomed steady streams of visitors throughout the summer months. At Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, African Americans similarly sought to fashion their own recreational and commemorative destination befitting a "rising race." Wealthy African Americans from nearby Baltimore and Washington purchased summer cottages in the sleepy village where John Brown waged his heroic assault on slavery. Excursion parties boarded the Baltimore & Ohio railroad to visit the famed federal armory where Brown made his last stand and picnic along the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers' shore. Storer College, an African American Normal School founded after the war, welcomed summer boarders to its dormitories. But hopes of transforming the war-torn town into a "Mecca of the colored American citizen" contended with local whites hostile to the growing numbers of black visitors and African Americans' ambivalence to the role of leisure in the fight for civil rights. As this essay shows, the politics of leisure bore more than an incidental relationship to growing class stratification among African Americans, and broader debates over the struggle against Jim Crow.
Evaluation of mitral annuloplasty for mitral regurgitation. Clinical and hemodynamic status four to forty-one months after surgery.

Eleven patients seriously disabled by mitral regurgitation were re-evaluated 4 to 41 months following mitral annuloplasty (average 19.4 months). Preoperative and postoperative comparative data are presented. One patient was unimproved or worse. The rest were subjectively better. Mean changes were transverse cardiac diameter -17.8 mm. (median 15 mm.) (p < .005); resting stroke index +9 ml./beat/M.2 (median 9 ml./beat/M.2, p < .05); resting cardiac index +0.5 L./min./M.2 (p = .20); mean pulmonary artery pressure -7.2 mm. Hg, or 29 per cent (median 8 mm. Hg, p < .03); and arteriovenous oxygen difference -12 ml./L. (median 13 ml./L., p < .005). Abnormally prolonged mixing, as shown by indicator-dilution curves, was decreased in all patients (p < .05). Exercise testing showed varying degrees of improvement in six of the nine so studied. In six patients mitral regurgitation by angiocardiographic measurements postoperatively represented 0, 0, 21, 24, 35, and 46 per cent of the total left ventricular stroke volum...
The effect of hot gas in early-type galaxies on the cosmic microwave background

The effects on the cosmic microwave background which are due to Compton scattering by the hot gas contained in early-type galaxies (the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect) are computed. Using the known properties of the gas deduced from X-ray observations, it is found that the fractional attenuation DeltaT/T at the center of a gas-rich galaxy is likely to be less than 10 to the -5th, which is just below current limits of detectability. A distribution function is derived for the attenuation which is due to a population of early-type galaxies out to some redshift and the expected rms fluctuations in the background on subarcmin scales are computed. These fluctuations are comparable to those intrinsic to the microwave background in the 'cold dark matter' scenario on these angular scales, but they fall orders of magnitude below the detection limits and below the level of fluctuations expected from nonlinear density perturbations at the epoch of galaxy formation.
Gopher bioturbation: field evidence for non-linear hillslope diffusion.

It has generally been assumed that diffusive sediment transport on soil-mantled hillslopes is linearly dependent on hillslope gradient. Fieldwork was done near Santa Barbara, California, to develop a sediment transport equation for bioturbation by the pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) and to determine whether it supports linear diffusion. The route taken by the sediment is divided into two parts, a subsurface path followed by a surface path. The first is the transport of soil through the burrow to the burrow opening. The second is the discharge of sediment from the burrow opening onto the hillslope surface. The total volumetric sediment flux, as a function of hillslope gradient, is found to be: qs (cm3 cm−1 a−1) = 176(dz/dx)3 − 189(dz/dx)2 + 68(dz/dx) + 34(dz/dx)0·4. This result does not support the use of linear diffusion for hillslopes where gopher bioturbation is the dominant mode of sediment transport. A one-dimensional hillslope evolution program was used to evolve hillslope profiles according to non-linear and linear diffusion and to compare them to a typical hillslope. The non-linear case more closely resembles the actual profile with a convex cap at the divide leading into a straight midslope section. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Termination of Immunologic Tolerance with Tolerated Antigen Complexed with Specific Antibody

Female NTH albino and BALB/c mice were tolerized with chicken egg lysozyme or capsular polysaccharide of Diplococcus pneumoniae type III (SIII). Isolated spleen cells from tolerant mice were incubated in vitro with antigen-antibody complexes formed with the tolerated antigen and specific xenogeneic, allogeneic and syngeneic immune serum. The spleen cells were washed and returned to the individual donor mice and their immune response to the tolerated antigen was assayed. In all cases one or more concentrations of specific antibody when complexed with the tolerated antigen was able to terminate the tolerant state. The successful use of specific antibodies raised in a syngeneic strain of mice (BALB/c) to terminate immunologic tolerance in other BALB/c mice with demonstrated T and B cell tolerance, precludes T cell recognition of a foreign antibody as a mechanism to explain these results.
Involving constituents in agency priority setting: a case study.

Abstract Many government agencies have “constituents” who believe the agencies should hear and consider their needs and desires in establishing program priorities. This article describes how one involves interested constituents (consumers, industry, medical professionals, and state organizations) in the agency's annual priority-setting process. This participation has produced a number of beneficial results—some expected and some unexpected.
Chromosome breakpoint at 17q11.2 and insertion of DNA from three different chromosomes in a glioblastoma with exceptional glial fibrillary acidic protein expression

A glioblastoma that retained glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in culture has a break in the long arm of chromosome 17 at band 17q11.2. DNA inserted at this breakpoint came from chromosome bands 3p21, 3q23, 16q11.2, and 22q11.2. These chromosome fragments were inserted in band 17q11.2 proximal to the neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1) gene and neu (HER2; erbB2) oncogene loci. The glioblastoma also contained a reciprocal translocation between 16p12 and 20p12. These structural abnormalities, previously undescribed in gliomas, were demonstrated by high-resolution chromosome banding, microdissection, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Numerical changes typical of glioblastoma were present: gain of chromosome 7 and losses of chromosomes 10, 13, and 22. The complex chromosome origin of DNA inserted in this glioma chromosome is described. The association of two infrequent events in this single glioblastoma line, this complex insertion and retention of GFAP expression, is not likely to be a chance occurrence. It raises the possibility of an association between the two events.
Comparing measures of parental involvement and their effects on academic achievement

Abstract This study investigated the correspondence among parents, teachers, and children in ratings of parent involvement (PI). Data were collected for 481 seven-year-old, low-income minority children on PI at home and in school through surveys of Year 2 and Year 3 reading and mathematics achievement tests, and several sociodemographic control variables. Correlational analyses revealed a low correspondence between measures of PI by source of report. The relationship between measures of PI and achievement were low to moderate. Teacher reports had the highest correlations; parent and child reports had generally low correlations. LISREL analysis revealed that all sources of PI were significant predictors of Year 2 and Year 3 achievement beyond that accounted for by the control variables. Parent and teacher measures of school involvement, and child measures of home involvement had significant positive influences. Parent measures of home involvement had no detectable influences. The study supports the positive influence of PI in school as well as the advantage of obtaining multiple measures from different sources.
Remembering Barbara Wootton’s contribution to social work education

Barbara Wootton, a prominent British social scientist and educator of social workers, examined the status of social work in the 1950s. Wootton argued iconoclastically that the social work literature presented a profession that was arrogant and far removed from the common concerns of the populations served. In addition, Wootton felt that the social worker–client relationship was emphasized to the extent that other important aspects of social work were gravely overlooked. As a lifelong socialist, Wootton stressed the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the solution of human problems and for people— professionals and clients alike—to bridge the gap between social classes. The continuing relevance of Wootton's writings to current social work is discussed.
Bronchospirometry during Diagnostic Bronchoscopy

A procedure is described whereby expired gas can be selectively collected from each lung during routine diagnostic bronchoscopy, using topical anesthesia. The ease and simplicity of the procedure offer an alternative to conventional bronchospirometry for evaluating respiratory reserve in patients before undergoing pulmonary surgery.
Caloric Requirements in Burned Children: A Simple Formula to Estimate Daily Caloric Requirements

The present study evaluated the efficacy of a surface area formula in estimating the daily caloric requirements of 52 severely burned children who were consecutively admitted to the Shriners Burns Institute in Galveston and who survived their injuries. Their ages ranged from 2 weeks to 15 years (X 6.3 years); their burns ranged from 20% to 82% (X 39%); and their hospital stay ranged from 20 to 120 days (X 55 days). Caloric requirements were calculated according to a standard formula (1,800 Kcalper square meter of body surface per day plus 2,200 Kcal per square meter of body surface area burned per day). Most of the calories were suplied in the form of homogenized milk plus a regular house diet.Using the weight on the 14th day postburn as baseline (dry weight), the patients were divided into two groups. Patients in group 1 (40 patients) received calories as recommended by the formula, gained weight, and appeared well nourished. Patients in group 2 (12 patients) failed to receive the number of calories recommended by the formula and lost weight. On the basis of this study, we propose that the formula is accurate and can be used routinely to estimate the minimum caloric requirements of burned children.
Abstract LB-174: Translation of preclinical predictive sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma to PARP inhibition: Phase II study of olaparib in adult patients with recurrent/metastatic Ewing sarcoma following failure of prior chemotherapy.

Based on preclinical biology (1, 2), this translational trial aimed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, in patients with advanced Ewing sarcoma progressing after prior chemotherapy. In this uncontrolled phase II pilot, adult participants with radiographically measureable disease received 400 mg of olaparib capsules, twice daily, until disease progression or drug intolerance. Tumor measurements were determined by CT or MRI, at 6 and 12 weeks after starting olaparib administration, and then every 8 weeks thereafter. Tumor response determinations were made according to RECIST 1.1, and adverse event determinations were made according to CTCAE, version 4.0. A total of 22 participants were planned to be enrolled using a conventional 2-step phase II study design. If no objective responses were observed after 12 participants had been followed for at least 3 months, further accrual would be stopped. 12 participants were enrolled, and all were evaluable. A single case each of grade 3 anemia and grade 3 thrombocytopenia was observed (see Table One). Otherwise, no significant or unexpected toxicities were observed while participants were receiving study drugs. There were 0 PR/CR, 4 SD (duration 10.9, 11.4, 11.9, and 18.4 wks), and 8 PD as best response. Of the SD, 2 had minor responses (-16.7% and -11.7% by RECIST 1.1). The median time to disease progression was 5.7 weeks. Further enrollment was therefore discontinued. This study is the first report of a prospective phase II trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a PARP inhibitor in patients with Ewing sarcoma. Olaparib tablets were safe and well tolerated when administered to this small cohort at the 400 mg BID dose, although the median duration of dosing was for only 5.7 weeks. However, no significant responses were seen, and the short average interval to disease progression underscores the aggressiveness of this disease. Preclinical modeling supports exquisite in vivo sensitivity of this pathway in combination with chemotherapy, and such a trial of olaparib with temozolomide will begin shortly at our Center. Citation Format: Edwin Choy, James Butrynski, David Harmon, Jeffrey Morgan, Suzanne George, Andrew Wagner, David D9Adamo, Greg Cote, Yael Rubinstein, Cyril Benes, Daniel Haber, Jose Baselga, George Demetri. Translation of preclinical predictive sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma to PARP inhibition: Phase II study of olaparib in adult patients with recurrent/metastatic Ewing sarcoma following failure of prior chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-174. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-174