cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlated electron effects in low energy Sr(+) ion scattering.

Resonant charge transfer during low energy ion scattering reveals correlated-electron behavior at high temperature. The valence electron of a singly charged alkaline-earth ion is a magnetic impurity that interacts with the continuum of many-body excitations in the metal, leading to Kondo and mixed valence resonances near the Fermi energy. The occupation of these resonances is acutely sensitive to the surface temperature, which results in a marked temperature dependence of the ion neutralization. We report such a dependence for low energy ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ scattered from polycrystalline gold.
Tropospheric gas at potentially toxic levels in air

Forest fires and emission of air pollutants, such as fumes from vehicles running on diesel and slow burning of coal and charcoal, release isocyanic acid in the troposphere. In 2011, scientists first detected isocyanic acid in the ambient atmosphere at levels toxic to human populations; at concentrations exceeding 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv), human beings could experience tissue decay when exposed to the toxin. For the first time, using a chemical transport model designed to estimate the distribution and budget of isocyanic acid in the troposphere, Young et al. showed that in several parts of the world, local emissions may increase the concentration of isocyanic acid in the ambient atmosphere, thereby exposing large populations to potentially toxic levels of the acid.
Review of Detailed Schedules in Building Construction

AbstractDetailed schedules are essential in the development of project baselines; they are needed for tracking and progress reporting, as well as for the administration of construction disputes. Thus, it is necessary to ensure the fitness for purpose of these schedules. Presented in this paper is a structured method to assist owners or their agents in reviewing and evaluating detailed schedules submitted by contractors. The method is developed making use of related knowledge extracted from the literature and augmented by expert opinions gathered from an online questionnaire survey and structured interviews. A composite index is introduced to evaluate the overall level of schedules’ fitness for purpose, taking into account the level of importance of each evaluation criterion. The method was implemented in a software application to facilitate its use. Schedules of three actual and one hypothetical projects are analyzed to demonstrate the essential features of the developed method and to highlight its capabi...
Construction and characterization of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of Arabidopsis thaliana

We constructed an ordered 3,948-clone arabidopsis BAC library. The library has a combined average insert size of 100 kb (n=54). Assuming a haploid genome size of 100,000 kb, the BAC library contains 3.95 haploid genome equivalents with a 98 percent probability of isolating a specific genomic region. The library was screened with five arabidopsis cDNA probes and one tomato probe; all probes hybridized to at least one (and in most cases three) BAC clones in the library.
Healthy Competition? The Public Interest in International Radiotelegraphy, 1919–1940

This article traces the definition of the public interest from the Navy Department through the FRC, to the FCC, with regard to the right mixture of competition and monopoly in international radiotelegraphy and identifies foreign policy as an important policy area where regulatory autonomy is enhanced. Policymakers defined the public interest independently of industry pressure because of internal divisions in the industry and, more importantly, because the strategic and international dimensions of the policy area brought the Navy Department into the regulatory mix and prompted the Commission to adopt a realist, rather than a liberal, framework.
The social marketing of peace: grassroots movements, US foreign policy and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

This article draws on research from social marketing, psychology, and public opinion to suggest a strategic communications planning process appropriate to this context. It is organized around a case study of Brit Tzedek v'Shalom, an American Jewish organization that successfully built a grassroots movement in support of a negotiated two-state solution. Consistent with a social marketing approach, the case study illustrates how (a) an audience (in this case the American Jewish community) can be described in terms of political opinion segments, (b) how an organization can select one or more of these segments to focus on, and (c) how a tool called the five-box positioning statement can be used to craft a core message for the organization. Part (a) of this case study includes a description of opinion segments within the American Jewish community. This description is based on polling data combined with seven years of semi-formal ethnographic research by the author. Finally, the implications of this case study ...
Conservative management of esophageal perforation after a fall.

INTRODUCTION Esophageal perforation in the setting of blunt trauma is rare, and diagnosis can be difficult due to atypical signs and symptoms accompanied by distracting injury.
New biodegradable polymers for delivery of bioactive agents

Biodegradable, thermosensitive triblock copolymer, PLGA-PEG-PLGA, can be easily fabricated into drug-loaded microspheres or injectable in situ hydrogel system for protein or water-insoluble drugs without use of organic solvent. Aqueous-based microsphere exhibited continuous release of intact insulin in vitro for 3 weeks while the microspheres prepared using dichloromethane showed initial burst and incomplete release. Confocal miscoscopy images of microspheres corroborated the release pattern. Next study with an injectable in situ hydrogel (ReGel ) exhibited zero-order insulin release in vitro and sustained plasma insulin level for 2 weeks in vivo upon single subcutaneous injection in SD rats.
Positron lifetime changes during the fatigue of Cu

Positron lifetime and X-ray particle size measurements were made during cyclic fatigue of each of cold-rolled and variously annealed Cu. Fatigue cycling of initially hard Cu caused the average positron lifetime and X-ray particle size to change in opposite senses, the former decreasing and the latter increasing, indicating decreasing defect density and an increase in the average subgrain size. Fatigue cycling of Cu initially in the annealed condition caused the mean positron lifetime to increase and the X-ray particle size to de-crease, indicating an increase in the defect density and a decrease in the average sub-grain size. Vacancy generation and condensation are verified as early fatigue mecha-nisms during fatigue in the absence of significant change of the dislocation cell structure.
Supply Chain Strategies for the International Interoceanic Mazatlan-Houston Logistic Corridor

Describe the interoceanic Mazatlan-Houston Logistic Corridor (MHLC) as an alternative route to create sustainablecompetitive advantages for Mexican, USA, and international firms competing in an international marketplace. Takinginto account the competitive advantages of utilizing this corridor for international trade, we analyze supply chainstrategies for Mexican and international companies demanding economical logistic solutions in this region. It wasfound that the MHLC benefits efficient industry segments with demand well known in advance. It was also found thatthe potential of both inbound and outbound container traffic to the Asia-Pacific marketplace along this internationalcommerce corridor fluctuates between 39,000 and 761,000 TEU´s.
Engineering more natural interactive programming systems: keynote talk

We are all familiar with computing systems that are used by developers to create interactive computing systems for others. This includes the languages, libraries, and interactive development environments that we use every day. The Natural Programming Project has been working on tools, techniques and methods for designing and developing these systems, using methods from the HCI and Software Engineering fields. We have performed many studies about the barriers developers face performing their tasks, and people's natural expression of algorithms for new applications. We have created a wide variety of languages, tools and techniques that take advantage of this new knowledge. User studies of these techniques often show a dramatic impact in developer productivity. For example, we studied novice and expert programmers debugging their code, and found that they continuously are asking "Why" and "Why Not" questions, so we developed the "WhyLine" debugging tool which allows programmers to directly ask these questions of their programs and get a visualization of the answers. The Whyline increases productivity by about a factor of two. We studied the usability of APIs, such as the Java SDK, and discovered some common patterns that make programmers up to 10 times slower in finding and using the appropriate methods. This talk will provide an overview of our studies and the resulting designs as part of the Natural Programming project.
Role of endogenous opioids in the determination of anginal pain.

Abstract The endogenous opioid nociceptive system, principally β endorphins, may be responsible for an altered pain perception in patients with silent myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris, 1 but the results of studies completed to date are contradictory. 2–7 Because of the complex nature of the nociceptive system, it is unlikely that opioids regulate the absolute presence or absence of pain. To support this theory, there is evidence that endogenous opioids are related to alterations in the timing and severity of pain, 2,8,9 although the specific relations between angina pectoris and endogenous opioids have not been examined.
Photooxidation of crystalline ribonuclease in the presence of methylene blue.

Abstract The photochemical action of methylene blue on ribonuclease resulted in a complete inactivation when 3 moles of oxygen was taken up per mole of enzyme. At this level of oxidation, the only chemical change observed was the photooxidation of 3 moles of histidine out of the total of 4. Up to 50 % inactivation, the decrease of histidine was found to be proportional to the decrease in enzymatic activity, in asmuchas the photooxidation of 0.5 mole of histidine resulted finally in a 52% inactivation. No changes in relative viscosity and optical rotation of ribonuclease could be noted up to 2.5 moles of oxygen uptake per mole of enzyme, whereas the decrease in enzymatic activity at this point amounted to 95%. Changes in ultraviolet absorption spectrum during the photooxidation of ribonuclease were in agreement with the changes observed in amino acid composition. Ribonuclease does not possess any sulfhydryl groups. Addition of reducing agents to the photoinactivated enzyme did not restore its activity. The possible significance of histidine to the catalytic activity of ribonuclease is discussed.
Isochromosome 11q in a case of Ewing's sarcoma

A low passage Ewing's sarcoma cell line established from a metastatic lesion was cytogenetically analyzed. The modal karyotype was 44,X, -8,i(11q), -15, +12. Other cells had random chromosome aneuploidy superimposed on this karyotype. No cell had a structural rearrangement involving 11q24 or 22q12 as described in other patients with Ewing's sarcoma, but all cells had an isochromosome 11q.
Bevacizumab in Advanced NSCLC: Chemotherapy Partners and Duration of Use

Bevacizumab is an effective targeted therapy with demonstrated survival benefits for many patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Some patient populations are at higher risk for bleeding complications and bevacizumab should be avoided, but advanced age should not be used as the sole exclusion criterion for use. Bevacizumab is generally a well-tolerated therapy that can be safely given in combination with multiple chemotherapy agents in the induction and maintenance phases of therapy. The optimal maintenance strategy is yet to be determined and is the focus of ongoing trials, such as ECOG 5508. Early use of bevacizumab in the adjuvant setting and continued use in the second-line setting are being investigated in current clinical trials.
Structural and immunochemical characterization of the O-haptens of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides from strains 19 and 2308.

The O-haptens of the major fraction (f5A) of B. abortus (Strains 2308 and 19) membrane bound smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) were prepared by hydrolysis of f5A native sLPS in 1% acetic acid at 100°C for 2 h. After hydrolysis, O-haptens were separated from Lipid A-protein complex by centrifugation, and from small fragments by ultrafiltration of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 1.0 × 103. These carbohydrate haptens were identified by precipitin-inhibition assay and further fractionated by both membrane filtration and dialysis. The size distributions of carbohydrate haptens of endotoxins (f5A) ranged from oligosaccharides up to polysacchandes of 1.0 × 104 MWCO. Three major fractions of MWCO 8.0 − 10.0 × 103, 3.5 − 5.0 × 103 and < 1.0 × 103 from both strains 2308 and 19 contained more than 85% of the total immunoactive materials. These fractions of haptens were subjected to composition, proton and 13C NMR analysis and were found to be a homopolymer of α1→2 linked, 4,5-dideoxy-4-formamido-D-mannose (N-formylperosamine), which is identical to O-haptens of B. abortus strain 119.3 and Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9 and similar to Vibrio cholerae 569B (INABA). Fractions of these haptens exhibited similar inhibitory reactivities in a precipitin-inhibition assay as expressed as µmoles of monosaccharide of anhydro-N-formyl perosamine. They were about 480 times as active as Me α → DMan or DMan.
SU-FF-T-208: Dose Verification for Total Marrow Irradiation Using HELICAL TOMOTHERAPY Planned Adaptive

Purpose: To perform a dosimetric evaluation of the dose delivered to a Total Marrow Irradiation (TMI; 12Gy in 6 fractions, BID) patient using Planned Adaptive software by Helical Tomotherapy. Methods and Materials: The dose delivered after each fraction to a TMI patient was recomputed on the MVCT used for patient positioning and compared to the original kVCT‐based treatment plan using the Planned Adaptive (PA) software module. Each MVCT scan was merged with the reference planning scan acquired by a CTsim, and new contours on the MVCT scan were drawn. The software then enables the re‐calculation of the dose on the MVCT scan, which can be compared to the original dose as planned on the kVCT images. The DVH and median dose per fraction for the PTV and critical organs were obtained to make dose comparisons. Results and Discussion: The average dose difference per fraction between the delivered and the planned dose was 0.006±0.006 Gy for the PTV. The maximum dose difference per fraction during the entire treatment was 0.0144Gy, which was 0.6% of the planned dose. The average dose difference per fraction for the lung was 0.046 ±0.046 Gy, the maximum dose difference per fraction during the entire treatment was 0.103 Gy, which was 9.84% of the planned dose. Discussion and Conclusion: We used the Planned Adaptive option of the HT system to evaluate the planned dose against the delivered dose, where the latter is a recalculation using the pre‐treatment MVCT acquired during patient setup. The data shows clearly that for mobile structures variations between planned and delivered doses are found, although not significant. Since the PTV is the bone marrow, an organ far less mobile than others, the PTV dose variation was essentially nil. This study adds additional evidence that TMI dose can be delivered as accurately as planned.
Radiation effects in silicon carbide: high energy cascades and damage accumulation at high temperature

Abstract We discuss results of molecular dynamics computer simulation studies of 3 keV and 5 keV displacement cascades in β-SiC, as well as damage accumulation under conditions similar to those in Inertial Fusion environments. The simulations are performed with the Tersoff potential. The cascade lifetime in SiC is found to be extremely short. This, combined with the high melting temperature of SiC, precludes direct lattice amorphization during the cascade. Although large disordered regions result, these retain their basic crystalline structure. The SiC results also show anisotropy in the number of Si and C recoils as well as in the number of replacements in each sublattice. Details of the damage configurations and of the accumulation dynamics obtained will be discussed.
A piezoelectric microvalve for micropropulsion

This paper presents a piezoelectric microvalve technology with a high pressure handling capability for micropropulsion applications.
Deeper Inside PageRank

This paper serves as a companion or extension to the "Inside PageRank" paper by Bianchini et al. [Bianchini et al. 03]. It is a comprehensive survey of all issues associated with PageRank, covering the basic PageRank model, available and recommended solution methods, storage issues, existence, uniqueness, and convergence properties, possible alterations to the basic model, suggested alternatives to the traditional solution methods, sensitivity and conditioning, and finally the updating problem. We introduce a few new results, provide an extensive reference list, and speculate about exciting areas of future research.
Customer lifetime value research in marketing: A review and future directions

As we go through the information revolution, new marketingareas and issues are emerging that warrant in-depth research.New problems present themselves to investigation and old prob-lems can be analyzed in better ways due to the availability ofbetter data. Customer lifetime value (CLV) analysis is one sucharea in marketing that benefits from this new development.The notion of lifetime value of a customer has been well acceptedby both researchers and business practitioners. It is normally be-lieved that long-lifetime customers are more profitable to a firm.Reichheld and Teal (1996) attributed the increase in profits fromloyal customers to the price premium paid by loyal customers, theadded profits from sales through referrals, profit from cost savingsobtained by serving an old customer, and revenue growth from aloyal customer due to increase in sales to that customer. These canbe considered as summary of the commonly held reasons for in-crease in profitability from long-lifetime customers.
Chemoembolization for hepatic metastases

Liver metastases are one of the most difficult therapeutic challenges in modern oncologic practice. Few systemic therapies are effective for solid tumors in the liver. Resection is possible in a minority of patients and usually not curative. Image-guided therapies such as chemoembolization offer substantial intensification of treatment by combining tumor ischemia, increased drug concentrations, prolonged dwell time, and reduced systemic toxicity. Although not a curative therapy, durable responses are seen in most adenocarcinomas, which may contribute to prolongation and preservation of quality of life by delaying liver failure in patients with liver-dominant disease.
The role of DHEA in relation to problem solving and academic performance

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been correlated with lower susceptibility to anxiety and mood disturbance. Since coping styles have been shown to be a critical component of academic achievement, we aimed to assess the relationship between DHEA and coping mechanisms in college students. Participants were recruited and tested twice, one week apart. Cardiovascular measurements and saliva samples were taken for each participant. The behavioral task consisted of a set of anagrams of increasing difficulty (possible to impossible). American College Testing (ACT) scores, number of college courses failed and dropped along with current grade point average (GPA) were recorded. Results indicated that successfully coping with challenging tasks is a function of behavioral flexibility and physiological neuroprotection. When presented with challenging tasks, individuals who vary their behavioral response to fit the task's demands have the lowest probability of failing the task. The same individuals also have higher levels of resiliency hormones, demonstrated by a lower ratio of cortisol versus DHEA levels.
Continuity and Change Revisited

This concluding article summarizes key points about continuity and change in gerontology as described in the four previous articles. Synthesis and discussion is focused on five major areas in which gerontological continuity and change are evidenced: 1) transformation of basic themes over time; 2) gerontology's identity crisis; 3) the social ideology of gerontology; 4) evolution and refinement of gerontological ideas and methods; and 5) temporal frameworks. The author raises questions about unsolved issues and suggests the eventual need to examine the roles of individuals in shaping the field of study called gerontology.
Axion radiation from strings

This paper examines the problem of the string decay contribution to the axion cosmological energy density. We show that this contribution is proportional to the average relative increase when axion strings decay of a certain quantity ${N}_{\mathrm{ax}}$ which we define. We carry out numerical simulations of the evolution and decay of circular and non-circular string loops, of bent strings with ends held fixed, and of vortex-antivortex pairs in two dimensions. In the case of string loops and of vortex-antivortex pairs, ${N}_{\mathrm{ax}}$ decreases by approximately 20%. In the case of bent strings, ${N}_{\mathrm{ax}}$ remains constant or increases slightly. Our results imply that the string decay contribution to the axion energy density is of the same order of magnitude as the well-understood contribution from vacuum realignment.
Configuration of the peptide link and of asparagine in glycyl-l-asparagine.

SINCE the geometrical problem of protein structure is mainly that of the configuration of the polypeptide chains, the geometry of the peptide link itself is a matter of prime importance. However, very few crystal-structure data have yet been published from which precise dimensions of the peptide link may be derived. We have recently carried out a three-dimensional X-ray analysis of the structure of glycyl-L-asparagine which provides an additional source of these data. Our analysis also provides information concerning the molecular configuration of asparagine, an amino-acid the structure of which has recently been discussed in Nature by Steward and Thompson1.
Skin Stem Cells Orchestrate Directional Migration by Regulating Microtubule-ACF7 Connections through GSK3β

Summary Homeostasis and wound healing rely on stem cells (SCs) whose activity and directed migration are often governed by Wnt signaling. In dissecting how this pathway integrates with the necessary downstream cytoskeletal dynamics, we discovered that GSK3β, a kinase inhibited by Wnt signaling, directly phosphorylates ACF7, a > 500 kDa microtubule-actin crosslinking protein abundant in hair follicle stem cells (HF-SCs). We map ACF7's GSK3β sites to the microtubule-binding domain and show that phosphorylation uncouples ACF7 from microtubules. Phosphorylation-refractile ACF7 rescues overall microtubule architecture, but phosphorylation-constitutive mutants do not. Neither mutant rescues polarized movement, revealing that phospho-regulation must be dynamic. This circuitry is physiologically relevant and depends upon polarized GSK3β inhibition at the migrating front of SCs/progeny streaming from HFs during wound repair. Moreover, only ACF7 and not GSKβ-refractile-ACF7 restore polarized microtubule-growth and SC-migration to ACF7 null skin. Our findings provide insights into how this conserved spectraplakin integrates signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, and polarized locomotion of somatic SCs.
Automated test control and data acquisition for servo-controlled materials testing

Abstract The paper presents a viable and efficient method of automating test control and data acquisition functions for servo-controlled fracture testing based on a systems analysis approach and structured design. Using the hardware, which includes (1) a personal computer, (2) a servo-controlled electrohydraulic testing machine equipped with a special type of digital function generator, and (3) a multipurpose A/D, D/A board, an automated test control and data acquisition system for servo-controlled materials testing has been developed. The system allows: automated control of the test; rapid and reliable acquisition of several channels of data (8 differential or 16 single-ended channel capability) from static fracture or fast-rate fatigue tests; and realtime (or nearly so) graphics of the test characteristics in order to allow the operator to monitor the test. The communication and post-processing options allow user-supplied software to be incorporated in the automated system for advanced functions. These include noise filtering, signal averaging, mathematical analyses and processing, report quality graphics, and file transfer features. The system features have been validated through a series of load-controlled direct tension tests on an aluminum specimen.
Repairability of type II glass polyalkenoate (ionomer) cements

Abstract Two Type II glass polyalkenoate (ionomer) cements were evaluated for their repairability by measuring tensile bond strength of new material added to previously placed cement. Variables included time of repair (20 min vs. 24 h) and surface condition prior to repair (smooth and unetched, smooth and etched, rough and unetched, rough and etched). Failures were evaluated using light microscopy and categorized as cohesive, adhesive, or mixed. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to view the cement surfaces following each of the four pretreatments. Surface pretreatment was found to significantly affect both materials when repaired at 20 min ( P P > 0.05). Tensile bond strengths were greater for repairs made at 20 min than for those made at 24 h, but the differences were not always statistically significant.
Electron Delocalization in Atomic and Molecular Systems

Electron delocalization in atomic and molecular systems in terms of the single particle delocalization index (Fulton, R. L. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 7516) is analyzed. The single particle delocalization index is a quantitative measure of the degree of sharing of an electron between two disjoint regions in a many electron system. The overall focus of this paper is the determination of spatial regions in atoms from which electrons are greatly delocalized. The delocalization indices from spherical volumes of various radii centered on the nucleus of interest to the volumes outside those regions show remarkably well-defined shell structure. The delocalization shell structure exhibits spatial regions in atoms, determined by the intershell minima, in which electrons are essentially localized. The delocalization shell structure of the electrons is apparent in all the atoms in the last column of the periodic table of the elements (Ne 1S0, Ar 1S0, Kr 1S0, Xe 1S0, and Rn 1S0), even in heavy atoms such as gold (Au 2S...
Being bullied in childhood, and pain and pain perception in adulthood

BACKGROUND: and AIMS: While a number of negative health outcomes have been associated with bullying in childhood, we are not aware of any studies examining relationships between bullying in childhood, and pain symptoms and pain perception in adulthood - the focus of the present study. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional consecutive sample and a self-report survey methodology, we examined among 243 primary-care outpatients a history of being bullied in childhood (yes/no) in relationship to three pain ratings (now, past month, past year) and catastrophic thoughts and feelings about pain as assessed by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). RESULTS: Being bullied in childhood was statistically significantly associated with present pain ratings (p Language: en
Effects of drilling fluid invasion on hydraulic characterization of low permeability basalt horizons: A field evaluation

Low-permeability basalts at the Hanford Site, in south-central Washington State, are currently being investigated for suitability as repository horizons for the terminal storage of commercial, high-level radioactive wastes As part of on-going Basalt Waste isolation Project (BWIP) studies, a field evaluation was conducted to assess the effect that drilling fluid invasion may have on the hydraulic characterization of low-permeability basalts
The clenched fist syndrome

The clenched fist syndrome is an entity in which the patient keeps one or both hands tightly clenched. It is seen in all age groups; hand dominance or compensation is not a factor. It usually, follows a minor inciting incident and is associated with swelling, pain, and paradoxical stiffness. No organic disease can be found and extension of the fingers is always possible under anesthesia. Psychiatrically the patient is classified as having severe anger and poor defenses. The prognosis is poor.
Size-exclusion chromatography of heparin oligosaccharides at high and low pressure

Recent findings on specific and non-specific interactions of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) accentuate their pivotal role in biology and the call for improved sequencing tools. The present study evaluates size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of heparin oligosaccharides at high and low pressure, requiring amounts as low as 0.2 microgram, using conventional UV detection after depolymerization with heparin lyases. Because of their high charge at physiological pH, SEC elution volumes of heparin oligosaccharides depend on both molecular size and charge repulsion from the matrix. As a consequence, SEC elution volumes of GAGs are smaller than those of globular proteins of similar molecular weight, and this might be exploited. Accordingly, larger heparin oligosaccharides are best separated according to their size at high ionic strength of the mobile phase (>30 mM); in contrast, disaccharides are best separated according to their charge at low ionic strength, compatible with on-line coupling to mass spectrometry. Optimized SEC affords separation of characteristic heparin trisaccharides that contain uronic acid at the reducing end and suggest cellular storage of heparin as a free glycan.
Transcriptional regulation of pyolysin production in the animal pathogen, Arcanobacterium pyogenes☆

Arcanobacterium pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen of a number of important livestock species, and usually infects from an endogenous, commensal source. Thus, as with other normal flora opportunistic pathogens, the regulation of A. pyogenes virulence factors is likely important during both commensal and pathogenic interactions with the host. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of a key A. pyogenes virulence factor, the cholesterol dependent cytolysin, pyolysin (PLO), under in vitro conditions, as a first step to understanding its regulation during the disease process. Analysis of PLO production in broth culture indicated that expression of PLO was induced during early stationary phase, and that this correlated with an increase in plo-specific mRNA. Analysis of a plo-cat transcriptional fusion indicated that transcription of plo was also induced during early stationary phase. Primer extension analysis and 5' RACE suggested that two putative promoter sequences, P1 and P2 were active. Analysis of site-directed mutants of these promoters in the plo-cat fusion indicated that P2 was the major stationary phase promoter. Deletions of the plo promoter region from the plo-cat fusion implicated three direct repeat (DR) sequences as important for plo transcription. Mutagenesis of both DR1 and DR2 resulted in reduction in plo transcription, while the presence of only DR3 in deletions of the plo promoter region repressed transcription from P2. Gel shift experiments indicated that a soluble factor from A. pyogenes binds to the plo promoter region and that the DRs may act as binding sites for a transcriptional regulator.
Grass Roots: African Origins of an American Art

Review of Grass Roots: African Origins of an American Art . Dale Rosengarten, Theodore Rosengarten, and Enid Schildkrout, eds. 2008. Museum for African Art, New York. Distributed by University of Washington Press, Seattle. Pp. 269, copiously illustrated in black-and-white and color. ISBN (cloth) 978-0-945802-50-1, (paper) 978-0-945802-51-8.
Response of status epilepticus induced by lithium and pilocarpine to treatment with diazepam.

Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) was induced in rats by administration of 3 mmol/kg lithium chloride followed 24 h later by injection of 25 mg/kg pilocarpine. Treatment with 20 mg/kg diazepam was initiated at the time each of four EEG patterns was seen: (i) discrete electrographic seizures; (ii) waxing and waning epileptiform activity; (iii) continuous, high-amplitude, rapid spiking; and (iv) periodic epileptiform discharges (PEDs) on a relatively flat background. Success of diazepam in stopping all seizure activity was predicted by the EEG pattern seen at the time of treatment. All rats treated while displaying discrete electrographic seizures had status stopped with diazepam, but only three of six with waxing and waning epileptiform activity and one of six each with continuous spiking and PEDs. Rats which continued to seize had a decrease in spike amplitude of 74.8 ± 18.25% following diazepam injection. These data confirm the clinical impression that the longer the duration of status epilepticus, the more difficult it is to control and suggest that the EEG pattern at the time of treatment predicts the probability of success.
A Method for Static-Field Compression in an Electron-Ring Accelerator

A review of methods for static-field compression of an electron ring is shown to suggest advantages for a method in which there is no axial acceleration or deceleration of the ring. In the method proposed here the static magnetic field itself is of such a character that the electrons are neither focused nor defocused in the axial direction. The integrity and movement of the ring through the compressor is controlled by a small traveling magnetic well. The feasibility of creating such a traveling well is discussed, and an example is presented of a current distribution capable of producing the static magnetic field of the compressor.
The effect of urbanization on stream hydrology in hillslope watersheds in central Texas

This study examined the effect of urbanization on stream hydrology in hillslope watersheds. Ten streams (seven in hillslope and three in gentle slope watersheds) around Austin, Texas were selected for analysis. For each stream, we compared parameters of transfer function (TF) models estimated from daily rainfall and streamflow data collected in two study periods (October 1988–September 1992 and October 2004–September 2008) representing different degrees of watershed urbanization. As expected, the streams became more intermittent as the watersheds were more urbanized in all the study streams. However, the effect of urbanization on peakflow differs between hillslope and gentle slope watersheds. After watershed urbanization, peakflow increased in gentle slope watersheds, but decreased in hillslope watersheds. Based on the results of the TF models, we found that urbanization made stream not flashier but drier in hillslope watersheds. Overpumpage of aquifer has been recognized as a problem that leads to the stream dryness in the study area. However, the overpumpage alone cannot explain the differences in hydrological changes between the two types of watersheds. We attributed the reduced peakflow and stream dryness in the hillslope watersheds to land grading for construction forming stair-stepped or terraced landscape. Compared with natural hillslope, a stair-stepped landscape could infiltrate more stormwater by slowing down surface runoff on tread portions of the stair. Our findings suggest that a watershed management scheme should take into account local hydrogeologic conditions to mitigate the stream dryness resulting from urbanization in hillslope watersheds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of pediatric trauma: Blast victims in a mass casualty incident

Abstract Mass casualty events are increasing both worldwide and domestically. The majority of our national experience with mass casualties has come from our military experience and several notable domestic events, including the Oklahoma City bombing and, more recently, the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks. The objective of this paper is to review the lessons learned from these events and examine the strategies that have been developed to deal with such crises. The paper emphasizes the need for planning at both the regional and local level and stresses the need for effective communication within the trauma system. This paper reviews pediatric emergency center management during a mass casualty event, discusses the physics behind an explosion, and addresses the mechanisms of injury as well as their diagnosis and treatment especially as they relate to children.
Skin Lesions of the Spinal Axis and Spinal Dysraphism: Fifteen Cases and a Review of the Literature

Objective: To catalog the paraspinal skin lesions of early childhood that are associated with occult spinal dysraphism. Research Design: Retrospective review of a series of patients. Setting: Tertiary care referral center. Patients: Fifteen patients who had significant paraspinal skin lesions were identified from the personal files of the authors who saw them. Results: The skin lesions included various combinations of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, hypertrichosis, acrochordons, dimples, lipomas, hemangiomas, or teratomas. Not all lesions were evaluated with the same tests, which included plain roentgenography, ultrasonography, myelography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Of the 15 patients, six had spinal anomalies, eight had no apparent spinal dysraphism, and one had insufficient results of the evaluation to assess the spinal column. Conclusions: Early recognition of paraspinal skin lesions is essential to prevent neurologic damage. Urinary or fecal incontinence, recurrent urinary infections, muscle atrophy, foot deformities, weakness, pain, or decreased sensation in the lower extremities may eventually develop in these patients. Magnetic resonance imaging appears to be the single best screening test for dysraphism. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:740-748)
Late Quaternary glaciation and equilibrium-line altitudes of the Mayan Ice Cap, Guatemala, Central America

Abstract The Sierra los Cuchumatanes (3837 m), Guatemala, supported a plateau ice cap and valley glaciers around Montana San Juan (3784 m) that totaled ∼ 43 km 2 in area during the last local glacial maximum. Former ice limits are defined by sharp-crested lateral and terminal moraines that extend to elevations of ∼ 3450 m along the ice cap margin, and to ca. 3000–3300 m for the valley glaciers. Equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) estimated using the area–altitude balance ratio method for the maximum late Quaternary glaciation reached as low as 3470 m for the valley glaciers and 3670 m for the Mayan Ice Cap. Relative to the modern altitude of the 0°C isotherm of ∼ 4840 m, we determined ELA depressions of 1110–1436 m. If interpreted in terms of a depression of the freezing level during maximal glaciation along the modern lapse rate of − 5.3°C km − 1 , this ΔELA indicates tropical highland cooling of ∼ 5.9 to 7.6 ± 1.2°C. Our data support greater glacial highland cooling than at sea level, implying a high tropical sensitivity to global climate changes. The large magnitude of ELA depression in Guatemala may have been partially forced by enhanced wetness associated with southward excursions of the boreal winter polar air mass.
Accurate computation of the density of states of copper

Abstract The method of Gilat and Raubenheimer has been applied to obtain the density of states from the band calculations of Snow and Waber. The d-bands of copper show much finer structure and much sharper peaks than the usual histograms indicate.
Exports of dissolved ammonium (NH(4)(+)) during storm events across multiple catchments in a glaciated forested watershed.

Storm event exports of dissolved \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) were explored for multiple events in the Point Peter Brook watershed (PPBW), a glaciated, forested watershed located in Western New York, USA. Investigations were performed across four catchments (1.6–696 ha) with varying topography and the extent of surface-saturated areas. While wetland and riparian waters were important sources of \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) during non-storm periods, throughfall and litter leachate were the dominant contributors of \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) during storm events. Ammonium concentrations in catchment discharge displayed a sinusoidal seasonal pattern with a maximum during early spring (March) and a minimum in late summer (August–September). Storm event concentrations of \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) in streamflow were much greater than baseflow values and showed a consistent temporal pattern with an increase in concentrations on the hydrograph rising limb, a peak at or before the discharge peak, followed by a decline in concentrations. Storm event patterns of DON were similar to \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) while the patterns of \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \)differed from \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) for the summer and fall events. The storm event expression of \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) was attributed to throughfall and throughfall-mediated leaching of the litter layer. The reactive behavior of \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) precluded its use in an end member mixing model (EMMA) for predicting streamflow concentrations. While concentrations of \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) in precipitation and streamflow were high for the spring events, exports of \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) in streamflow were highest for the large and intense storm events. Baseflow \( {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} \) concentrations increased with the percent wetland/saturated area in the catchment but the same trend did not hold for storm-event concentrations.
Discriminative stimulus and hypothermic effects of some derivatives of the nAChR agonist epibatidine in mice

Rationale Receptor mechanisms underlying the in vivo effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) drugs need to be determined to better understand possible differences in therapeutic potential.
The effects of vagotomy on the water intake of the white rat

Unilateral, cervical vagotomy was found to reduce significantly the water intake of rats under conditions of ad lib food and water intake and during food deprivation. Vagotomy had no effect on hypovolemic drinking produced by polyethylene glycol injection. In addition, animals with right cervical vagotomies showed a significantly greater urine output than did controls or animals with left cervical vagotomies.
The effect of topical and injected olive oil on knockdown by DDT, dieldrin, methyl parathion, and dimethoate in Musca domestica

Abstract Houseflies were pretreated with olive oil by two methods, topical application or injection, then exposed to residues of DDT, dieldrin, methyl parathion, or dimethoate. Knockdown was recorded for normal and pretreated flies. Knockdown rates of pretreated flies were significantly different (generally lower) from normal flies in practically all cases. Protection against knockdown was positively correlated with olive oil-water partition coefficients of the insecticides. The effect of dosage on the degree of protection was investigated with DDT. These data support the possibility that hemolymph distributes insecticides throughout the body in exposed insects.
An Injection-seeded Narrow Linewidth Singly Resonant ZGP OPO

Injection seeding of a singly resonant ZnGeP2 (ZGP) mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) using a continuous wave 3.39 micrometers laser and a tunable near-infrared laser has been demonstrated. This ZGP OPO utilizes a bow-tie shape cavity with a partially reflective mirror for injection seeding at the signal wavelength. It produces high energy pulses in the mid-IR range from 4-10 micrometers. The injection seeded OPO provides a narrow idler wavelength linewidth of approximately 1 nm, limited by the measurement resolution of the monochromator.
A Novel Method to Decrease Electric Field and SAR Using an External High Dielectric Sleeve at 3 T Head MRI: Numerical and Experimental Results

Materials with high dielectric constant (HDC) have been used in high field MRI to decrease specific absorption rate (SAR), increase magnetic field intensity, and increase signal-to-noise ratio. In previous studies, the HDC materials were placed inside the RF coil decreasing the space available. This study describes an alternative approach that considers an HDC-based sleeve placed outside the RF coil. The effects of an HDC on the electromagnetic (EM) field were studied using numerical simulations with a coil unloaded and loaded with a human head model. In addition, experimental EM measurements at 128 MHz were performed inside a custom-made head coil, fitted with a distilled water sleeve. The numerical simulations showed up to 40% decrease in maximum 10 g-avg. SAR on the surface of the head model with an HDC material of barium titanate. Experimental measurements also showed up to 20% decrease of maximum electric field using an HDC material of distilled water. The proposed method can be incorporated in the design of high field transmit RF coils.
Neural network architectures for rotated character recognition

Explores a neural network (NN) approach that is analogous to the human straightforward pattern matching, where some rotation is taking place in high level neurons close to symbols. The main objective is to develop ideas to simulate the rotation and verify them by using a large number of handwritten characters. The author proposes a feedforward NN where the links between input and hidden units are locally connected and weights are symmetrically shared. In the recognition process the total input values to hidden units are rotated according to the number of possible orientations and the activation values of output units are calculated for each orientation to find the best output. >
FimA, FimF, and FimH Are Necessary for Assembly of Type 1 Fimbriae on Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and is a common cause of bacterial food poisoning in humans. The fimbrial appendages are found on the surface of many enteric bacteria and enable the bacteria to bind to eukaryotic cells. S. Typhimurium type 1 fimbriae are characterized by mannose-sensitive hemagglutination and are assembled via the chaperone/usher pathway. S. Typhimurium type 1 fimbrial proteins are encoded by the fim gene cluster (fimAICDHFZYW), with fimAICDHF expressed as a single transcriptional unit. The structural components of the fimbriae are FimA (major subunit), FimI, FimH (adhesin), and FimF (adaptor). In order to determine which components are required for fimbrial formation in S. Typhimurium, mutations in fimA, fimI, fimH, and fimF were constructed and examined for their ability to produce surface-assembled fimbriae. S. Typhimurium SL1344ΔfimA, -ΔfimH, and -ΔfimF mutants were unable to assemble fimbriae, indicating that these genes are necessary for fimbrial production in S. Typhimurium. However, SL1344ΔfimI was able to assemble fimbriae. In Escherichia coli type 1 and Pap fimbriae, at least two adaptors are expressed in addition to the adhesins. However, E. coli type 1 and Pap fimbriae have been reported to be able to assemble fimbriae in the absence of these proteins. These results suggest differences between the S. Typhimurium type 1 fimbrial system and the E. coli type 1 and Pap fimbrial systems.