cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘I Like How You Think’: Similarity as an Interaction Bias in the Investor–Entrepreneur Dyad

Investigating the factors that influence venture capital decision-making has a long tradition in the management and entrepreneurship literatures. However, few studies have considered the factors that might bias an investment decision in a way that is idiosyncratic to a given investor–entrepreneur dyad. We do so in this study. Specifically, we build from the literature on the ‘similarity effect’ to investigate the extent to which decision-making process similarity (shared between the investor and the entrepreneur) might bias or otherwise impact the investor's evaluation of a new venture investment opportunity. Our findings suggest venture capitalists evaluate more favourably opportunities represented by entrepreneurs who ‘think’ in ways similar to their own. Moreover, in the presence of decision-making process similarity, the impacts of other factors that inform the investment decision actually change in counter-intuitive ways.
Design for Manufacturing of 3D Heterogeneous Objects With Processing Time Consideration

Rapid prototyping (RP) technology, such as Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENS® ), can be used to fabricate heterogeneous objects with various levels of gradient variations in material composition. These objects are engineered to achieve a potentially enhanced functional performance. Past research on the design of such objects has focused on representation, modeling, and desired functional performance. However, the inherent constraints in RP processes, such as system capability and processing time, lead to heterogeneous objects that may not meet the designer’s original intent. To overcome this situation, the research presented in this paper focuses on the identification and implementation of manufacturing constraints into the design process. Previous work on a 2D disk brake rotor design has shown that processing time is one of the critical factors that affect manufacturability. This paper focuses on incorporating the processing time into the optimization design for manufacturing of 3D heterogeneous objects. A node-based finite element modeling technique is used for the representation and analysis. The multi-criteria design problem corresponds to finding the nodal material compositions with minimized structural weight, maximized structural stiffness, and minimized extra processing time used to deposit the multi-material subjected to stress constraints. The optimizer used in this research is a self-adaptive, real-valued Evolutionary Strategy (ES), which is well suited for this type of multi-modal problem. A 3D I-beam made of two materials, aluminum for lightweight and steel for better strength characteristics, is used to illustrate the tradeoff between manufacturability and functionality.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Protein Kinase C-θ Is Required for Efficient Positive Selection

Protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) is critical for TCR-initiated signaling in mature T cells, but initial reports found no requirement for PKCθ in thymocyte development. Thymocytes and peripheral T cells utilize many of the same signaling components and, given the significant role of PKCθ in peripheral T cells, it was surprising that it was not involved at all in TCR signaling in thymocytes. We decided to re-evaluate the role of PKCθ in thymocyte development using the well-characterized class II-restricted n3.L2 TCR-transgenic TCR model. Analysis of n3.L2 PKCθ −/− mice revealed a defect in thymocyte-positive selection, resulting in a 50% reduction in the generation of n3.L2 CD4 single-positive thymocytes and n3.L2 CD4 mature T cells. Competition between n3.L2 WT and n3.L2 PKCθ −/− thymocytes in bone marrow chimeras revealed a more dramatic defect, with a >80% reduction in generation of n3.L2 CD4 single-positive thymocytes derived from PKCθ −/− mice. Inefficient positive selection of n3.L2 PKCθ −/− CD4 single-positive cells resulted from “weaker” signaling through the TCR and correlated with diminished ERK activation. The defect in positive selection was not complete in the PKCθ −/− mice, most likely accounted for by compensation by other PKC isoforms not evident in peripheral cells. Similar decreased positive selection of both CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes was also seen in nontransgenic PKCθ −/− mice. These findings now place PKCθ as a key signaling molecule in the positive selection of thymocytes as well as in the activation of mature T cells.
Digital Surgery: Current Trends and Techniques

Hammer toes, claw toes, and mallet toes are the predominant digital deformities encountered by most foot and ankle surgeons. In recent years, increased emphasis has been placed on developing fixation for small bone and joint surgeries, especially in the foot and ankle. Specifically, the number of fixation options for the correction of digital deformities continues to expand. Although digital surgery can be rewarding for patients and surgeons alike, traditional Kirschner-wire fixation is associated with complications, often leaving the surgeon looking for better options. This article reviews the current trends in fixation of these deformities while highlighting pertinent aspects of the physical examination, radiographic examination, and surgical technique. The authors also discuss the considerations of adjunctive procedures which, when combined with these newer fixation techniques, can produce improved patient outcomes.
Parents’ views on sexual debut among pre-teen children in Washington, DC

Objective: Present US parents' perceptions about factors leading to early intercourse and strategies for overcoming them. Methods: Conducted analysis of eight focus groups with 78 male and female African‐American and Hispanic caregivers of fifth‐graders and sixth‐graders (ages 10–12). Results: Participants gave the following primary reasons for early sexual activity: lack of structured activities, adult supervision, and communication; and influence of peers, society, and media. They suggested strategies targeting these reasons, and the need for parents, schools, and the community to work together. Conclusion: Incorporating parents' perspectives would help tailor interventions to the needs of the target population and increase parental support.
Multi-stage optimization for periodic inspection planning of geo-distributed infrastructure systems

Abstract This paper develops a multi-stage optimization framework for determining periodic inspection intervals for geo-distributed infrastructure systems subject to hidden failures. We assume that the unit’s failure can only be rectified at periodic inspection when a perfect repair is carried out to restore the unit to as-good-as-new condition. For large-scale systems such as fire hydrants in a city, water supply and power transformer distribution networks in urban areas, firstly, we partition the units of a system into groups based on their pre-specified features by a clustering algorithm; then compute an optimal periodic inspection interval for each group based on the expected cost per cycle; and finally, we find the inspection schedule for the whole system that not only minimizes the total inspection and maintenance cost but also satisfies the workforce and budget resource constraints. An integer nonlinear programming formulation and a heuristics are introduced to determine the inspection schedule. The proposed approach is applied to scheduling periodic inspection of large amounts of fire hydrants in a major U.S. city.
A Distributed Memory Implementation of SISAL

SISAL is a general-purpose applicative 11 anguage intended for use on both conventional aiid novel multiprocessor systems. In this paper we describe the port of a shared memory implemeni,ation to a distributed memory environment. A ni mber of issues are specifically addressed: the e~~aluation strategy, memory management, schedulinp , stream handling, and task synchronization.
Transfer of nuclear proteins to mitochondria — a role in mitochondrial disease

Of the hundreds of proteins localized to mitochondria, only thirteen (in man) are encoded by the mitochondrial genome and synthesized within the mitochondria. All of the rest are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes and must be translocated into mitochondria before they can carry out their structural and catalytic functions. Most of these are synthesized as larger precursor proteins with amino-terminal extensions called leader peptides that target them to mitochondria; the leader peptides are then proteolytically removed after translocation is complete. The details of this pathway have been worked out in yeast, Neurospora, and mammals and are remarkably conserved across this range of organisms. Our current understanding of this process can be summarized as in the diagram below:
Learned recognition of novel predator odour by zebra danios, Danio rerio, following time-shifted presentation of alarm cue and predator odour

Fishes in the superorder ostariophysi possess specialized epidermal cells that contain an alarm cue. Fish associate novel odours, such as the odour of a predator, with predation risk after a single, simultaneous exposure to the novel odour and alarm cue. Thereafter, the novel cue is recognized as an indicator of risk and its presence induces antipredator behaviour. Two common antipredator behaviours are reduction in activity and movement to the bottom. This phenomenon has been demonstrated many times in the laboratory setting for a variety of aquatic taxa. In nature however, the detection of novel predator odour may be time-shifted with respect to the detection of alarm cues. Is there a critical period immediately upon the detection of alarm cue in which associative learning can occur? We presented zebra danios, Danio rerio, with the odour of northern pike, Esox lucius, 5 min after presenting them with either alarm cue or water (control). During a predation event, 5 min is a long time. When later retested with pike odour alone, zebra fish conditioned with alarm cue significantly increased antipredator behaviour in terms of decreased activity and movement towards the bottom. Control fish did not recognize pike odour as dangerous when retested. These data show that learned recognition of predation risk is sufficiently robust to accommodate ecologically realistic temporal shifts in stimulus presentation.
A Web-based technical assistance center

The Web-based technical assistance center presented in this paper offers an efficient solution to ensure a consistently high level of technical service to the end-users or customers, thereby increasing the productivity of support center staff. The Web-based technical assistance center tracks and manages technical service calls. It allows users to enter and track the status of service requests at their own workstation. Requests are categorized based on the application systems and the type of fixes, for more useful reporting. For convenience and efficiency, the service displays automatically any known information, and prompts lists of predefined values in appropriate boxes, for quick selection. For each application, the system administrator can set up an escalation path and a required response time for each level of support.
Recovering the Nation's Body: Cultural Memory, Medicine and the Politics of Redemption

Recovering the Nation's Body: Cultural Memory, Medicine and the Politics of Redemption. Linda F. Hogle. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999. 242 pp.
A pipelined clock-delayed domino carry-lookahead adder

Clock-delayed (CD) domino is a dynamic logic family developed to provide both inverting and non-inverting logic on single-rail gates. It is self-timed and can be easily pipelined for superior speed performance which makes it an attractive option in high-speed logic implementation. This paper presents the design of two different high-speed pipeline configurations of a 32-bit carry look-ahead adder using CD domino gates utilizing efficient clocking methodology to reduce the overall critical path delay.
Fear of Setting in the American Cultural Imaginary or “You Are Never Alone with a Clone”

Recently the New York Times reported that scientists had “cloned” a human embryo. The alarmed response of journalists, bioethicists, and the general public focused a spotlight on the ethics of human embryo research. The popular debate reiterated the critiques of cultural theorists that humans not be figured as (marketable) products. But the debate's attribution of an unproblematic value for individual personhood illustrates the importance of a more powerful engagement by anthropology.
Sensation seeking, impulsive decision-making, and risky sex: implications for risk-taking and design of interventions

In an HIV prevention study, 2949 ninth-grade students in 17 high schools in two Midwestern U.S. cities were administered scales measuring sensation seeking and impulsive decision-making and their separate and combined relationships to a number of indicators of sexual risk-taking. Measures of sexual risk-taking included intentions to have sex, ever had sex, number of lifetime sexual partners, been pregnant or caused a pregnancy, used a condom, used marijuana, had unwanted sex when drunk, had unwanted sex under pressure, said no to sex, used alcohol or partner used alcohol before sex. Strong associations were observed between each of the measures and sexual risk-taking for most of the indicators. Strongest associations were found among sexually active students high on both sensation seeking and impulsive decision-making and weakest associations among students low on both measures. Implications for design of interventions in health campaigns are discussed.
On the Intrinsic Estimator and Constrained Estimators in Age-Period-Cohort Models

In studying temporally ordered rates of events, epidemiologists, demographers, and social scientists often find it useful to distinguish three different temporal dimensions, namely, age (age of the...
AGE, GROWTH, AND LIFE HISTORY COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE INVASIVE WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONI) AND NATIVE RIO GRANDE SUCKER (C. PLEBEIUS)

Abstract I compared the life histories of the invading Catostomus commersoni and the declining native C. plebeius in the upper Rio Grande of northern New Mexico to illuminate the mechanisms by which C. commersoni attains higher abundance than C. plebeius. In the first year of life, the 2 species did not differ in length, but C. plebeius reached greater individual mass. Catostomus plebeius achieved a higher intrinsic reproductive rate by maturing earlier, but C. commersoni attained approximately twice the net reproductive output by living longer, growing larger, and attaining 15-fold higher fecundity. While other factors undoubtedly facilitate the invasion of C. commersoni, I suggest that the high fecundity achieved by large C. commersoni contributes to its dominance in the upper Rio Grande system.
Obesity and Outcome of Crohn’s Associated Perianal Fistula Surgery: A Case-Control Study

Background: Evidence suggests that obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m 2 ) adversely affects several outcomes in Crohn’s disease (CD). CD-associated perianal fistula (CDPF) represents a debilitating phenotype with a clinical course that may be affected by obesity. We hypothesized that obese CD patients would be more likely to have poor outcomes following CDPF surgery. Methods: We designed a case-control study of CD patients who underwent surgery for CDPF between 2000 and 2013 with documented pre-operative BMI and post-operative outcome. Cases and controls were defined based on the outcome of CDPF surgery. Poor outcomes were designated as cases. Results: Of the 317 patients diagnosed with CDPF, 73 patients underwent 120 surgeries for CDPF. Eighty-nine (74%) of the surgeries comprised fistulotomy with or without Seton placement, whereas 31 (26%) were mucosal flap procedures. Twenty-five (21%) cases and 95 (79%) controls were identified. Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for the association between obesity and outcome demonstrated a trend towards a poor surgical outcome among obese patients that did not reach statistical significance (OR: 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58 - 5.98; P = 0.295). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated an even stronger trend towards a poor outcome among obese CD patients, albeit without reaching statistical significance (OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 0.64 - 12.49; P = 0.169). Conclusion: In patients undergoing Seton placement, fistulotomy or mucosal flap procedure for CDPF, there is a trend towards poor outcomes in the obese; however, as this trend did not reach statistical significance, this association should be examined further. Gastroenterol Res. 2015;8(6):291-295 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/gr698e
Successful pregnancy following myomectomy for uterine smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential: A case report and review of the literature

•STUMPs are rare smooth muscle tumors with an overall favorable prognosis.•Pregnancy is possible after diagnosis of STUMP treated with myomectomy•Management of patients desiring fertility with STUMPs requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Cyberlaw 2.0

In the early days of the Internet, Judge Frank Easterbrook famously dismissed the idea of an emerging field of cyberspace law as akin to a “law of the horse”— a pastiche of unrelated legal principles tied together only by virtue of applying to the Internet, having no unifying principles that would teach us anything meaningful. This article revisits Easterbrook’s assertions with the benefit of hindsight. It suggests that subsequent case law and legislative developments in fact do support a distinct cyberlaw field. It introduces the novel argument that cyberlaw is a global “law of the intermediated information exchange.” In other words, online law is unified by the fact that everything that occurs in cyberspace is an information exchange intermediated by one or more third parties search engines, social networks, Internet Services Providers etc. Thus, cyberlaw is essentially about regulating communications amongst individuals, and apportioning liability between communicators and those who facilitate communication. Accepting this premise, one can identify a foundation – and set of unifying principles for the field. This article advocates building up from this foundation to facilitate the development of a more cohesive, systematic and predictable set of rules for online governance.
Race, Gender, and Class Distinctions Among Aging Middle Class Black and White Women: Implications for Feminist Interventions

Although Black1For the sake of simplicity, the generic terms Black and White are used to denote differences between the two groups of women. and White women’s relationships have received considerable attention, the important questions of how and if these relationships change with age and social class have received less attention. This article using the metaphor of intersectionality, and grounding women’s relationships in historically and contextually relevant frameworks, provides an understanding of the social and cultural tensions that continue to influence the standpoints of aging middle class Black and White women. The authors pose many probing questions about whether or not aging middle class Black and White women are capable of developing genuine friendships rather than superficial acquaintanceships. The article concludes with implications for Black and White feminist therapists, which highlight the necessity for personal reflections about issues of power and oppression and how they permeate interact...
Combatant eye protection: an introduction to the blue light hazard

Emerging evidence of metabolic vulnerability to visible blue light is vitally important, as it is indicative of a scalable threshold effect. Added stressors (e.g., increased altitude or contact lens wear) could shift the wavelength effects toward a more damaging clinical picture. Recent reports have indicated rod photo-pigment damage resulting from solar blue-light exposures, adversely affecting unaided night vision, a militarily important performance decrement. The activation wavelength for the daily synchronous setting of the Circadian Clock, which regulates the synchronization of all hormonal and organ systems throughout the body, falls within this blue light perceptual range.
Chorionic Gonadotropins in the Treatment of the Subfertile Male

Sixty-four men with idiopathic subfertility were given human chorionic gonadotropin, 50,000 units in 10 divided doses. Sixty-nine per cent of the men demonstrated significant improvement in semen quality in response to the medication, and thirty-six per cent achieved a pregnancy. Eight patients have achieved a second pregnancy without additional therapy.
Surgical immune interventions for solid malignancies

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to systematically review clinically translatable immunotherapeutic agents that are delivered regionally for solid malignancies. Data Sources PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for published and registered clinical trials, respectively. The search yielded 334 relevant publications, of which 116 articles were included for review after exclusion criteria were applied. Conclusions There has been an increase in the regional administration of cell-based and viral vector–based clinical trials over the last 5 years. Surgical interventions have been developed for intrapleural, intracranial, intraperitoneal, and intratumoral routes of access to enhance the local delivery of these therapies. Multimodality therapies that combine regional immunotherapy with other local and systemic therapies are demonstrating continued growth as the field of immunotherapy continues to expand.
Strategic Director Appointments and Board Voting Patterns

In this paper we present a systematic equilibrium analysis of board voting patterns. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that even when a board consists entirely of well-intentioned independent directors, rubberstamping and abstaining can arise as equilibrium behaviors. We also find that when we allow shareholders and managers the discretion to appoint directors to their boards, shareholders may not always prefer the strongest boards, and managers with divergent incentives may not always prefer the weakest boards. Finally, we also offer insight into the relation between board size and its efficacy.
Human-Swarm Interaction as Shared Control: Achieving Flexible Fault-Tolerant Systems

Robot swarms modeled after hub-based colonies, such as ants and bees, potentially offer fault-tolerant capabilities at very favorable cost margins. However, relatively little is known about how to harness the potential of these swarms through command-and-control systems. In this paper, we study how to merge operator input with the underlying swarm behavior to maintain the fault-tolerant attributes of robot swarms while providing the operator with enough control to ensure that mission objectives are accomplished. We advocate that an effective mechanism for achieving this is shared control, wherein decision-making is shared between the human operator and the underlying swarm dynamics. We lay out characteristics of human-swarm systems that provide an effective balance between fault-tolerance and control, and we discuss preliminary designs of human-swarm systems for hub-based colonies based on these principles.
Co-registered Geochemistry and Metatranscriptomics Reveal Unexpected Distributions of Microbial Activity within a Hydrothermal Vent Field.

Despite years of research into microbial activity at diffuse flow hydrothermal vents, the extent of microbial niche diversity in these settings is not known. To better understand the relationship between microbial activity and the associated physical and geochemical conditions, we obtained co-registered metatranscriptomic and geochemical data from a variety of different fluid regimes within the ASHES vent field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Microbial activity in the majority of the cool and warm fluids sampled was dominated by a population of Gammaproteobacteria (likely sulfur oxidizers) that appear to thrive in a variety of chemically distinct fluids. Only the warmest, most hydrothermally-influenced flows were dominated by active populations of canonically vent-endemic Epsilonproteobacteria. These data suggest that the Gammaproteobacteria collected during this study may be generalists, capable of thriving over a broader range of geochemical conditions than the Epsilonproteobacteria. Notably, the apparent metabolic activity of the Gammaproteobacteria—particularly carbon fixation—in the seawater found between discrete fluid flows (the intra-field water) suggests that this area within the Axial caldera is a highly productive, and previously overlooked, habitat. By extension, our findings suggest that analogous, diffuse flow fields may be similarly productive and thus constitute a very important and underappreciated aspect of deep-sea biogeochemical cycling that is occurring at the global scale.
Development of an easily adaptable, high sensitivity source for inlet ionization

An unexpected ionization process was recently discovered for use in mass spectrometry in which no added energy is required to convert condensed-phase molecules to ESI-like gas-phase ions. This process offers the opportunity to greatly simplify ionization and reduce energy requirements for use with portable mass spectrometers. Here we designed and constructed minimal ion sources specifically for the new ionization methods, and demonstrate conversion of compounds directly to gas-phase ions with high sensitivity using matrix-assisted ionization without a laser, voltage, or heat. A variety of inlets and sample supports were tested for sample introduction with this minimalistic source, include a contactless ‘vacuum cleaner’ approach for analyzing samples as well as laser ablation for high spatial resolution. The analysis is astonishingly simple and the mass spectra surprisingly free of background ions. Analytes tested range from small molecules (e.g. drugs) to nonvolatile compounds (e.g. proteins). These developments are potentially useful in a variety of vendor-independent applications, especially where simplicity, miniaturization, or automation are desirable attributes.
Conceptions of Global Citizenship Education in East and Southeast Asia

This chapter focuses on several case studies that represent a range of historical, political, economic, and social contexts found in East and Southeast Asia and it highlights some of the significant exogenous and endogenous conditions that help shape these countries’ responses to globalization. Research studies indicate that global economic pressures have resulted in the governments utilizing the discourse of globalization to serve nationalistic economic goals and to define an exclusive national identity. The review of literature also shows how the state plays a central role in the inclusion and framing of particular discourses of global citizenship in school curricula.
Time-resolved electron ( e , 2 e ) momentum spectroscopy: Application to laser-driven electron population transfer in atoms

Owing to its ability to provide unique information on electron dynamics, time-resolved electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) is used to study theoretically a laser-driven electronic motion in atoms. Specifically, a chirped laser pulse is used to adiabatically transfer the populations of lithium atoms from the ground state to the first excited state. During this process, impact ionization near the Bethe ridge by time-delayed ultrashort, high-energy electron pulses is used to image the instantaneous momentum density of this electronic population transfer. Simulations with 100 fs and 1 fs pulse durations demonstrate the capability of EMS to image the time-varying momentum density, including its change of symmetry as the population transfer progresses. Moreover, the spectra corresponding to different pulse durations reveal different kinds of electronic motion. We discuss how to properly interpret these time-resolved EMS spectra, which represent a generalization of time-independent EMS.
Iran’s 1907 constitution and its sources: a critical comparison

Scholars of Iranian constitutional history have long recognized the influence of the Belgian and Bulgarian constitutions on the Iranian 1907 constitution. The exact character and extent of these an...
Modeling environmentally mediated rotavirus transmission: The role of temperature and hydrologic factors

Rotavirus is considered a directly transmitted disease due to its high infectivity. Environmental pathways have, therefore, largely been ignored. Rotavirus, however, persists in water sources, and both its surface water concentrations and infection incidence vary with temperature. Here, we examine the potential for waterborne rotavirus transmission. We use a mechanistic model that incorporates both direct and waterborne transmission pathways, coupled with a hydrological model, and we simulate rotavirus transmission between two communities with interconnected water sources. To parameterize temperature dependency, we estimated temperature-dependent decay rates in water through a meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis suggests that rotavirus decay rates are positively associated with temperature (n = 39, P [Formula: see text] 0.001). This association is stronger at higher temperatures (over 20 °C), consistent with tropical climate conditions. Our model analysis demonstrates that water could disseminate rotavirus between the two communities for all modeled temperatures. While direct transmission was important for disease amplification within communities, waterborne transmission could also amplify transmission. In standing-water systems, the modeled increase in decay led to decreased disease, with every 1 °C increase in temperature leading to up to a 2.4% decrease in incidence. These effect sizes are consistent with prior meta-analyses, suggesting that environmental transmission through water sources may partially explain the observed associations between temperature and rotavirus incidence. Waterborne rotavirus transmission is likely most important in cooler seasons and in communities that use slow-moving or stagnant water sources. Even when indirect transmission through water cannot sustain outbreaks, it can seed outbreaks that are maintained by high direct transmission rates.
Neurophysiological indices of the effect of cognates on vowel perception in late Spanish-English bilinguals

Abstract It is well established that acquiring a second language (L2) later in life results in less accurate production and perception of speech sounds in the L2. An interesting question is to what extent phonological similarity of translation equivalents across the first language (L1) and L2 affects speech-sound processing and lexical access in an L2. The present study examined this question by comparing processing of Spanish-English translation equivalents that either were phonologically similar (cognates) or dissimilar (non-cognates) in fifteen monolingual English-speakers and 15 late Spanish-English bilinguals. Event related potentials (ERP) were used to examine whether late L2-learners had more difficulty discriminating mispronunciations of vowels in English words that have Spanish cognates compared to words that do not have cognates. Behavioral results indicated effects of language background and cognate status on discrimination, with bilinguals showing poorer discrimination of English vowel mispronunciations than the American-English monolingual control group. ERP results revealed that cognate words facilitated L2 phonological processing as evidenced by a larger frontal positive component (P400) ERP effect, similar in amplitude to the P400 from monolinguals. Results suggest that cognate words facilitate speech processing in adult L2 learners, and, thus, may also be useful as a tool for perceptual learning of L2 phonology.
Dental calcification stages of the permanent M1 and M2 in U.S. children of African-American and European-American ancestry born in the 1990s

Reported here are the preliminary results of an ongoing study undertaken to determine if there are significant changes from the results obtained in the middle of the 20th Century in the range of variation in dental development in American children of European and African ancestry. Several thousand orthopanoramic radiographs, available from the Dental Clinics of Temple University and the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania will eventually be incorporated into this study. The 170 radiographs that have thus far been analyzed document significant changes in the maturation and development of the first and second permanent lower molars. Children in this study have dentitions that are maturing earlier than those in the samples published by Moorrees et al.(1963)and (1973). If the results of this preliminary analysis are confirmed by the incorporation of additional teeth and a larger sample of children, as has been reported elsewhere, it will be necessary to reconsider the characterization of dental development in living humans. Confirmation would also require re-evaluation of the range of inherent plasticity in human dental development. These preliminary results, along with the work by zihlman et.al (2004), suggest that current concepts of what constitutes ‘‘normal’’ dental development in living humans and chimpanzees may have to be reconsidered; there are also marked implications for the way in which the developing dentition in fossil hominins is characterized.
Performance Comparison of Some Classes of Flexible Flow Shops and Job Shops

Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) for two-stage production may possess a variety of operating flexibilities in the form of tooling capabilities for the machines and alternative routings for each operation. In this paper, we compare the throughput performance of several flexible flow shop and job shop designs. We consider two-stage assembly flow shops with m parallel machines in stage 1 and a single assembly facility in stage 2. Every upstream operation can be processed by any one of the machines in stage 1 prior to the assembly stage. We also study a similar design where every stage 1 operation is processed by a predetermined machine. For both designs, we present heuristic algorithms with good worst-case error bounds and show that the average performance of these algorithms is near optimal. The algorithms presented are used to compare the performance of the two designs with each other and other related flexible flow shop designs. It is shown, both analytically and experimentally, that the mode of flexibility possessed by a design has implications on the throughput performance of the production system.
Signals, Symbols, and Socialization

As Tomkins (1962) observed, the human adult, and especially the male of the species, rarely displays intense emotional feelings publicly. When we think about the intense volatility of young children’s feelings and displays and compare it with adult behavior we are naturally struck by the contrast. The motivations to control affective display are powerful and varied. In adults, Tomkins (1962) suggested, the facial display of affect is brought under strict social control in order to prevent affect contagion and escalation and in order to prohibit others from achieving control through knowledge of one’s otherwise private feelings. According to the work of Saarni (1979, 1981, 1982), the motivations of children are equally commanding and involve defense of self-esteem, avoidance of punishment and disapproval for revealing unregulated negative expressive behavior, concern over hurting other people’s feelings, and gaining advantage in interpersonal situations. Gradually, of course, chil-dren acquire the skills that are necessary for the regulation of emotion, and they adopt culturally specific conventions of expression. What is not so readily understood, however, is how children learn to regulate their expressive behavior and their underlying feelings. In this chapter, we take on the task of framing a working model of affect socialization in an attempt to answer this question. We start with certain premises about the nature of emotion as a motivational system and about the nature of emotional expression.
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN MATERIALS PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING

During the last decade, thermal design and simulation of a wide range of materials processing and manufacturing (MPM) operations has taken a more prominent role. Careful consideration of transport phenomena has been driven by the desire to improve product quality, decrease production costs, reduce energy requirements, decrease adverse environmental effects, increase product functionality and reduce time to market. Many materials processing and fabrication operations involve heating using either directed (laser, concentrator) or diffuse (high temperature fossil fuel-fired furnaces, electrical resistance, fossil fuel-fired heaters, etc.) sources. The choice of the heating method is usually dictated by the process, temperature level, economic and other considerations. For example, the type of material (i.e., opaque or semitransparent) and its spectral and directional radiation characteristics influence the process and requires careful matching of the radiation characteristics of the “source” and the “target.
“Dig if you will the Picture: Prince’s Subversion of Hegemonic Black Masculinity, and the Fallacy of Racial Transcendence”

Representations of Blackness are often limited to a narrow selection of archetypes despite the everyday experience of Blackness being immeasurably varied. Its intersectionality with class, gender, ...
A Rydberg atom-based mixer: Measuring the phase of a radio frequency wave

Rydberg atoms have been shown to be very useful in performing absolute measurements of the magnitude of a radio frequency (RF) field using electromagnetically induced transparency. However, there has been less success in using Rydberg atoms for the measurement of the phase of an RF field. Measuring the phase of a RF field is a necessary component for many important applications, including antenna metrology, communications, and radar. We demonstrate a scheme for measuring the phase of an RF field by using Rydberg atoms as a mixer to down-convert an RF field at 20 GHz to an intermediate frequency on the order of kHz. The phase of the intermediate frequency corresponds directly to the phase of the RF field. We use this approach to measure the phase shift on an electromagnetic wave from a horn antenna as the antenna is placed at different distances from the Rydberg atom sensor. The atom-based RF phase measurements allow us to measure the propagation constant of the RF wave to within 0.1% of the theoretical value.
Terra: Scalable Cross-Layer GDA Optimizations.

Geo-distributed analytics (GDA) frameworks transfer large datasets over the wide-area network (WAN). Yet existing frameworks often ignore the WAN topology. This disconnect between WAN-bound applications and the WAN itself results in missed opportunities for cross-layer optimizations. In this paper, we present Terra to bridge this gap. Instead of decoupled WAN routing and GDA transfer scheduling, Terra applies scalable cross-layer optimizations to minimize WAN transfer times for GDA jobs. We present a two-pronged approach: (i) a scalable algorithm for joint routing and scheduling to make fast decisions; and (ii) a scalable, overlay-based enforcement mechanism that avoids expensive switch rule updates in the WAN. Together, they enable Terra to quickly react to WAN uncertainties such as large bandwidth fluctuations and failures in an application-aware manner as well. Integration with the FloodLight SDN controller and Apache YARN, and evaluation on 4 workloads and 3 WAN topologies show that Terra improves the average completion times of GDA jobs by 1.55x-3.43x. GDA jobs running with Terra meets 2.82x-4.29x more deadlines and can quickly react to WAN-level events in an application-aware manner.
Love and Death in the Great War

In the 2018 film, They Shall Not Grow Old, director Peter Jackson constructs a chronicle of the British soldier on the Western Front in the First World War by interlacing veterans’s oral histories ...
Assessment of Aortic Root Size in Donor Heart Predicts Short and Long Term Recipient Outcomes after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Purpose Orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) donor selection has broadened due to increased demand for suitable donor hearts. The gold standards for matching donor and recipient remain height and weight. Studies for donor-recipient matching are over 20 years old, indicating a need for a modern review of current matching criteria. We aim to evaluate the outcomes relationship in transplant donor-recipient selection based on aortic root diameter (ARD). Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients from 2014 to 2019 who underwent OHT (n = 120). Patients were excluded if donor records were not available. A total of 108 charts were analyzed. Donor and recipient ARD and index, height, weight, gender, age, and BSA were recorded. Endpoints were all cause mortality and primary graft failure. Single and multi-variate Cox proportional hazard models were utilized to identify predictors of survival. Kaplan Meir curves were utilized to illustrate recipient outcomes. Results Our cohort included 85 (78%) male and 23 (21%) female patients. Donor weight (P=0.03), donor height (P=0.005), and ARD size (P=0.015) were significantly associated with increased mortality. 7 (6.5%) patients had primary graft failure. Difference in recipient and donor BSA was significant when evaluating graft failure (p=0.044), hazard ratio of 3.42 (95% CI 1.03, 11.38). Multivariate analysis demonstrated increasing ARD was associated with mortality (Fig 1). When controlling for difference among donor-recipient pairs, ARD remained significant despite BSA (P=0.02), height (P=0.04), or weight (P=0.018). Conclusion Donor ARD is associated with recipient survival in this single center study. Compared to standard donor-recipient evaluation parameters, donor ARD remained significant when evaluating death in multivariate analysis. Further multi-center assessment is warranted.
Personalized Graduate Medical Education and the Global Surgeon: Training for Resource-Limited Settings.

Problem The World Health Organization and the World Bank have identified improvement in access to surgical care as an urgent global health challenge and a cost-effective investment in public health. However, trainees in standard U.S. general surgery programs do not have adequate exposure to the procedures, technical skills, and foundational knowledge essential for providing surgical care in resource-limited settings. Approach The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) created a 7-year global surgery track within its general surgery residency in 2014. Individualized rotations equip residents with the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience to operate in regions with low surgeon density and develop sustainable surgical infrastructures. BCM provides a formal, integrated global surgery curriculum-including 2 years dedicated to global surgery-with surgical specialty rotations in domestic and international settings. Residents tailor their individual experience to the needs of their future clinical practice, region of interest, and surgical specialty. Outcomes There have been 4 major outcomes of the BCM global surgery track: (1) increased exposure for trainees to a broad range of surgeries critical in resource-limited settings, (2) meaningful international partnerships, (3) contributions to global surgery scholarship, and (4) establishment of sustainable global surgery activities. Next steps To better facilitate access to safe, timely, and affordable surgical care worldwide, global surgeons should pursue expertise in topics not currently included in U.S. general surgical curricula, such as setting-specific technical skills, capacity building, and organizational collaboration. Future evaluations of the BCM global surgery track will assess the effect of individualized education on trainees' professional identities, clinical practices, academic pursuits, global surgery leadership preparedness, and comfort with technical skills not encompassed in general surgery programs. Increasing availability of quality global surgery training programs would provide a critical next step toward contributing to the delivery of safe surgical care worldwide.
Molecular docking analysis of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus 2 ligands against spike glycoprotein and the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome-like disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disastrous global pandemic with 16,288,490 infected cases and 649,884 deaths. Until now, no effective treatments are found. Methods: The virus uses the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease for inducing the activity of the viral polyproteins and the spike (S) glycoprotein for human cell entry through the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Blocking the active binding sites of these molecules might be beneficial for decreasing the activity of the virus and suppressing the viral entry to the human cells. Here, docking methods were used to identify a group of ligands may perform the blocking operations. Results: The results revealed the strongest binding affinities, sorted high to low, for tadalafil (Cialis) (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, tirofiban (antiplatelet), paraxanthine (central nervous system stimulant), dexamethasone, gentian violet cation (triphenylmethane), salbutamol, and amlodipine (calcium channel blocker). Conclusion: These substances may provide vital help for further clinical investigation in fighting against the current global pandemic of the COVID-19.
Describing heart rate variability in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation during hospitalization for COVID-19

Abstract Introduction Myriad cardiovascular manifestations have been reported with COVID-19. We previously reported that failure of PR interval shortening with increasing heart rate (HR) in patients with COVID-19 is associated with adverse outcomes. Here, we report on heart rate variability (HRV) and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (cAF) hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods A retrospective review of admitted COVID-19 patients with cAF between 1 March 2020 to 30 June 2020 was performed. HRV in cAF was compared during pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 admissions;we selected pre-COVID-19 ECGs with HRs that were within 10 beats per minute of the COVID-19 ECGs. Mean HR and each RR interval were recorded. Time-domain measurements of HR variability were then calculated (SDSD, RMSSD, pNN50). Clinical outcomes during COVID-19 were correlated to indices of HRV. Results A total of 184 ECGs (95 pre-COVID-19, 89 COVID-19) from 38 cAF in-patients were included. Mean age 78.6 ± 11.4 years, male 44.7%. The mean number of ECGs analyzed per patient pre-COVID-19 was 2.50 and during COVID-19 was 2.34. Comparing pre-COVID-19 versus COVID-19 ECGs showed: mean HR (95.9 ± 24.3 vs. 101.6 ± 22.8 BPM;P = .10), SDSD (109.0 ± 50.6 vs. 90.3 ± 37.2 ms;P < .01), RMSSD (184.1 ± 80.4 vs. 147.3 ± 59.8 ms;P < .01), pNN50 (73.8 ± 16.3 vs. 65.6 ± 16.6%;P < .01). Patients who had a smaller pNN50 during a COVID-19 admission had increased mortality (50.0% vs. 14.3%;log-rank test P = .02). Conclusion In patients with cAF, the HRV was reduced during COVID-19 compared with prior illnesses at similar average heart rates. Patients with the most depressed HRV as measured by pNN50 had an associated increase in mortality compared with patients whose HRV was preserved.