cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term clinicopathological characteristics of alpacas naturally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type Ib.

Background: Substantial bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-related production losses in North American alpaca herds have been associated with BVDV type Ib infection. Objectives: To classify and differentiate the long-term clinicopathological characteristics of BVDV type Ib infection of alpaca crias, after natural virus exposure. We hypothesized that persistently infected (PI) alpacas specifically demonstrate growth retardation, clinicopathological evidence of opportunistic infections, and early mortality. Animals: Thirty-five crias naturally exposed to BVDV (18 acute, 3 chronic, 14 PIs), and 19 healthy cohort controls of 5 northeastern alpaca farms were prospectively evaluated over 2 years (September 2005–September 2008). Methods: Observational cohort-control study. Results: Chronically (viremia >3 weeks) and PI crias demonstrated significantly lower birth weights, decreased growth rates, anemia, and monocytosis compared with control animals. Common clinical problems of PI alpacas included chronic wasting, diarrhea, and respiratory disease. Median survival of PI alpacas that died was 177 days (interquartile range, 555) with a case fatality rate of 50% within 6 months of life. Transplacental infection was confirmed in 82% (9/11) of pregnant females on 1 farm, resulting in the birth of 7 PI crias (7/10 deliveries; 1 animal was aborted). Mean gestation at the beginning and end of BVDV exposure was 64 and 114 days, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Natural BVDV type 1b infection during early pregnancy resulted in a high incidence of PI offspring. Although PI alpacas may have distinct clinical characteristics, verification of persistent viremia in the absence of endogenous, neutralizing antibodies is essential to differentiate persistent from chronic infection.
Veiled Submission: Gender, Power, and Identity Among Evangelical and Muslim Women in the United States

The past decade has witnessed a proliferation of studies that illuminate devout women's affiliation with conservative religious communities. Despite the increasingly multicultural character of contemporary social and religious life, few studies to date have compared the experiences of conservative religious women across faith traditions. Guided by insights from cultural theory, this study begins by comparing elite gender discourses within evangelical Protestantism and Islam. Elite evangelical gender debates hinge on biblical references to women's submission. Similarly, Muslims dispute the meaning of the veil to Islamic womanhood. After outlining the contours of these debates, we draw on in-depth interview data with evangelical and Muslim women to demonstrate how these two groups of respondents negotiate gender in light of their distinctive religious commitments. In the end, we reveal that the unique cultural repertoires within these two religious communities enable women to affirm traditional religious values while refashioning such convictions to fit their post-traditional lifestyles.
Induction of immunity and specific unresponsiveness in vitro by cell-bound antigen. I. Symmetry in enhancement of both responses.

Abstract Pulse treatment of lymphoid cells from rabbits with solubilized antigens from T2 phage results in the firm binding of small but highly active amounts of antigen. Binding of phage antigens to viable, nonviable, or disrupted cells enhances their ability to evoke antibody formation or specific unresponsiveness in the primary in vitro response of rabbit spleen cells. Transfer of sonicate containing the equivalent of 102 to 103 antigen-pulsed cells carrying 10−8 to 10−7 μg phage protein nitrogen into spleen cell cultures regularly evokes antibody formation, while introduction to such cultures of 10−3 μg phage protein nitrogen in cell-bound form evokes unresponsiveness. These findings indicate a 10- to 100-fold amplification of tolerogenic and immunogenic activities of cell-bound over soluble T2 antigen.
The clinical significance of tumor necrosis factor-α plasma level in patients having chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine possessing pleiotropic biological activities, is produced by leukemic lymphocytes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acts as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor in this disease. In this study, TNF-alpha levels were determined in 150 patients with CLL and correlated with disease characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival. The mean TNF-alpha plasma concentration in the patients with CLL was significantly higher than in the healthy control population (16.4 versus 8.7 pg/mL; P <.0001). Patients having an elevated TNF-alpha level had more advanced Rai and Binet stage disease, higher serum beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)M) levels, a greater percentage of cells expressing CD38, and lower hemoglobin and platelet levels. Patients having chromosomal abnormalities such as 11q deletion, trisomy 12, and chromosome 17 aberrations had a higher mean TNF-alpha level (27.5 pg/mL) than patients having a diploid karyotype or other miscellaneous cytogenetic abnormalities (14.2 pg/mL; P <.001). The TNF-alpha level was a predictor of survival when the Cox proportional hazards model was used with TNF-alpha entered as a continuous variable (P =.0001). Also, patients having a TNF-alpha level above the mean value of 14 pg/mL had significantly shorter survival duration (P =.00001). The TNF-alpha level remained predictive of survival in Cox multivariate analysis independent of Rai staging and beta(2)M, hemoglobin, prior therapy, white cell count, and platelet level (P =.005). We conclude that the TNF-alpha level serves as a prognostic factor in patients with CLL and that inhibition of TNF-alpha in these patients could have therapeutic importance.
Sodium Consumption Among Hypertensive Adults Advised to Reduce Their Intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:447–454. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The authors estimated the prevalence of taking action to reduce intake related to actual sodium consumption among 2970 nonpregnant US adults 18 years and older with self-reported hypertension by using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. Adjusted multiple linear regression assessed differences in mean sodium intake by action status. A total of 60.5% of hypertensive adults received advice to reduce sodium intake. Of this group, 83.7% took action to reduce sodium. Action to reduce sodium intake differed significantly by age, race/ethnicity, and use of an antihypertensive. The mean (±standard error) sodium intake among hypertensive adults was 3341±37 mg and differed by sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and body mass index (P<.05), with the lowest intake among adults aged 65 years and older (2780±48 mg). Mean intake did not differ significantly by action status either overall or by subgroup except for one age category: among patients 65 years and older, mean intake was significantly lower among those who took action (2715±63 mg) than among those who did not (3401±206 mg; P=.0124). Regardless of action, mean intake was well above 1999–2004 recommendations for daily sodium intake and about twice as high as the current recommendation for hypertensive adults (1500 mg).
On the connection between the existence of zeros and the asymptotic behavior of resolvents of maximal monotone operators in reflexive Banach spaces

A more systematic approach is introduced in the theory of zeros of maximal monotone operators T: X D D(T) -2X, where X is a real Banach space. A basic pair of necessary and sufficient boundary conditions is given for the existence of a zero of such an operator T. These conditions are then shown to be equivalent to a certain asymptotic behavior of the resolvents or the Yosida resolvents of T. Furthermore, several interesting corollaries are given, a]nd the extendability of the necessary and sufficient conditions to the existence of zeros of locally defined, demicontinuous, monotone mappings is demonstrated. A result of Guan, about a pathwise connected set lying in the range of a morlotone operator, is improved by including non-convex domains. A partial answer to Nirenberg's problem is also given. Namely, it; is shown that a continzuous, expansive mapping T on a real Hilbert space 1t is surjective if there exists a constant ae G (0, 1) such that KTx Ty, x y) > -caX y 112, x, y E H. The methods for these results do not involve explicit use of any degree theory.
A Review of “Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times”

Jasbir Puar's Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times has two primary purposes: first, to trace the emergence of homonationalism, and second, to rethink intersectionality and identity...
HUMAN MODIFICATION OF THE SHORELINE OF JAPAN

The ability of man to alter the landscape has been receiving increasing amounts of attention in recent years. In few environments is this ability better exemplified than along the world's shorelines and in few countries is it more in evidence than in Japan. Japan, with a highly varied and dynamic coast, now supports some 8,000 km of dikes and seawalls, 4,000 harbors, 10,000 groins and jetties, and 3,000 detached breakwaters. More than one-fourth of its over 32,000 km long shoreline is now considered artificial and another one-eighth as only seminatural. A series of case studies show that the way in which, and the extent to which, coastal materials, processes, and forms have been altered depend on human objective and execution as well as preexisting natural conditions.
Effect of temperature on blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in lake mendota.

The temperature optimum for photosynthesis of natural populations of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) from Lake Mendota was determined during the period of June to November 1976. In the spring, when temperatures ranged from 0 to 20°C, there were insignificant amounts of blue-green algae in the lake (less than 1% of the biomass). During the summer and fall, when the dominant phytoplankton was blue-green algae, the optimum temperature for photosynthesis was usually between 20 and 30°C, whereas the environmental temperatures during this period ranged from 24°C in August to 12°C in November. In general, the optimum temperature for photosynthesis was higher than the environmental temperature. More importantly, significant photosynthesis also occurred at low temperature in these samples, which suggests that the low temperature alone is not responsible for the absence of blue-green algae in Lake Mendota during the spring. Temperature optima for growth and photosynthesis of laboratory cultures of the three dominant blue-green algae in Lake Mendota were determined. The responses of the two parameters to changes in temperature were similar; thus, photosynthesis appears to be a valid index of growth. However, there was little photosynthesis by laboratory cultures at low temperatures, in contrast to the natural samples. Evidence for an interaction between temperature and low light intensities in their effect on photosynthesis of natural samples is presented.
Percutaneous management of benign biliary disease.

Thiry-two patients had percutaneous drainage for benign disease of the biliary system, and in 81% of the patients the catheter could be removed. The patients' conditions were of 3 types: choledocholithiasis, biliary strictures, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Fourteen patients had balloon dilatation of strictures in the biliary tract. As in malignant disease, many patients may be managed entirely by percutaneous methods and surgery avoided, but the results with percutaneous drainage are more gratifying.
Rhetorical Strategies in Union Organizing A Case of Labor Versus Management

This study examines a union organizing campaign to assess the rhetorical strategies used by both union organizers and management. Bowers and Ochs’s typology of agitation and control rhetoric is used to analyze these strategies. The union organizers relied on promulgation (e.g., sarcasm, co-opting company messages, and straightforward explanation), polarization, and solidification to gain worker support and later added specific forms of focusing on the issue, visualizing the future, making personal testimonials, using repetition, and having the last word. Management relied on counter persuasion, which included diversion of attention, drawbacks of change, images of a negative future, education, sarcasm, and polarization to resist the organizing effort. The analysis underscored the importance of examining labor organizing campaigns from a rhetorical perspective. Future studies concerning organizing campaigns are discussed.
Win Friends and Influence Faculty: Methods for Citation Analysis

Citation analysis is a way to analyze references cited in scholarly publications. It is common for academic organiza‐ tions to evaluate faculty research and publication records, especially for hiring, pay, promotion and tenure deci‐ sions, by comparing the quality and quantity of a candidate’s research with that of their peers. One of the ways for a faculty member to demonstrate the impact of their work in a field is to conduct a citation analysis. This paper examines the capabilities and problems associated with various commercial products that can be used to conduct a citation analysis and looks at the strengths and limitations of using Google Scholar as a citation tool. The paper concludes that since all sources miss some citations the best practice is not to rely solely on one source given that the most comprehensive results are achieved by consulting multiple sources.
Chemotherapy trials in recurrent primary intracranial germ cell tumors.

Gonadal germ cell tumors respond favorably to chemotherapy either at diagnosis or when they recur. Histologically similar tumors may arise in the CNS usually in the pineal or suprasellar regions. Although radiation therapy may produce a 5 year disease-free survival in excess of 60% in localized pure germinoma, gern cell tumors of other histology tend to recur. We have conducted 14 chemotherapy trials in 8 patients with recurrent CNS germ cell tumors using 3 different single agent and 2 multi-agent chemotherapy regimens. The histologic diagnoses of the patients were germinoma (4), endodermal sinus tumor (2), embryonal carcinoma (1), and mixed tumor — germinoma plus choriocarcinoma (1). There were 7 males and 1 female with a median age of 13 years. The primary tumor arose in the pineal region in 6 and was multicentric in 2. Seven patients had local recurrences and one developed an initial recurrence in the spinal canal. Three patients had CNS metastases at relapse and 2 had systemic metastases. Objective responses were documented in 7 of 14 trials (50%). Responses were observed with cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg) in 3 of 4 patients for 2+, 3, and 5 mos, cisplatin (120 mg/m2) in 1 of 2 patients for 2+ mos, and the VAB 6 protocol (vinblastine, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin-d, cisplatin) in 3 of 5 patients for 5, 8, and 18 mos. The median duration of response was 5 mos. (21-18). High doses of single chemotherapy agents such as cyclophosphamide and cisplatin as well the VAB6 regimen have definite activity in recurrent CNS germ cell tumors, especially germinoma. Good palliation may be achieved with chemotherapy alone with acceptable morbidity. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in patients with newly diagnosed primary intracranial germ cell tumors whose tumors are considered unlikely to be permanently controlled with radiation alone.
An Analysis of the Estimation of Reservoir Properties from Waterflooding Data

The estimation of porosity, absolute permeability and relative permeabilities from pressure drop and production data is considered for water-oil flow in a linear reservoir. The authors examine some of the related fundamental questions associated with this history matching problem, namely which of the above properties can be estimated, in principle, from pressure data, water-oil ratio data, or both, and how accurately can they be estimated. Analytical expressions derived by extension of Welge's method to heterogeneous reservoirs are used to study the estimation of porosity and absolute permeability distributions. A sensitivity analysis and an error covariance analysis are employed to study the feasibility and accuracy of estimating relative permeability parameters. 7 refs.
The hazards of tank ships and barges transporting petroleum products on the great lakes

Abstract A coastal management issue in the Great Lakes is the risk of oil spills from tank vessels operating during a proposed extended navigation season. A description of a tanker trip, analysis of oil spill statistics, and vessel casualty records reveal the nature of hazards faced by vessels engaged in the Great Lakes petroleum trade. Required use of Loran‐C and fathometers, more frequent maintenance dredging, preparation of equipment and crews for winter operations, and a closer look at the hazards and benefits of barge transport are measures which could improve the safety of petroleum transport on the lakes. The reduced size of the fleet should make regulations, inspection, and introduction of safety improvements easier.
The genetics of triploid formation and its relationship to endosperm balance number in potato.

The ability of Solanum tuberosum Group Andigena clones to produce triploids (2n = 3x = 36) in 4x(4 endosperm balance number (EBN)) × 2x(2EBN) crosses was investigated. The difference in triploid production among the clones tested, though large, appears to be the result of low heritability. The triploids produced in the 4x × 2x crosses did not seem to bear heritable factors that improved triploid production in 2x and 4x populations derived from them. Yet, the seeds/fruit data from a similar 4x × 2x cross fit a Poisson distribution. It was argued that the low probability nonheritable random events responsible for the triploids from 4x × 2x and 2x × 4x crosses were misfertilizations, mitotic abnormalities in the gametophyte, and (or) mitotic misdivisions in the endosperm.Key words: Solanum, endosperm, triploid block, fertilization.
Assessing public participation techniques for comfort, convenience, satisfaction, and deliberation

Public participatory techniques have been the focus of a large and growing body of environmental literature. There is some consensus among those who study these techniques that there is a need to develop and implement new techniques that meet certain criteria. These include that the techniques be comfortable, convenient, and satisfying to participants. Authors have also frequently called for the use of deliberative techniques, which allow participants to express and listen to a variety of perspectives regarding the issue at hand. However, the literature on public participation lacks a set of widely applicable evaluation methods to determine whether participants in techniques find them comfortable, convenient, satisfying, or deliberative. This paper reports on the implementation of two different techniques that participants scored fairly high on all of these factors, as well as the scale-based survey questions developed to measure these factors.
Human Parasitism by the Brown Dog Tick

Out of 643 collections of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), from the United States only 13 were from humans and only 4 of these were biting records. A host-preference study for this species of tick showed 3.5% of the larvae tested, 2% of the nymphs, and 5% of the adults were induced to attach to humans after 24 hours. These figures are in contrast to 25% of the larvae, 57.7% of the nymphs, and 59.5% of the adults that attached to guinea pigs and 21.3% of the larvae, 61.1% of the nymphs, and 38.1% of the adults that attached to dogs over the same period of time. These observations indicate that R. sanguineus is not a major human parasite.
State-insensitive bichromatic optical trapping

We study a scheme for state-insensitive trapping of neutral atoms by using light with two independent wavelengths. In particular, we describe the use of trapping and control lasers to minimize the variance of the potential experienced by a trapped Rb atom in ground and excited states. We present calculated values of wavelength pairs for which the $5s$ and $5{p}_{3/2}$ levels have the same ac Stark shifts in the presence of two laser fields.
Left atrial volume and index by multi-detector computed tomography: Comprehensive analysis from predictors of enlargement to predictive value for acute coronary syndrome (ROMICAT study)

Objectives We aimed to identify the predictors of left atrial (LA) enlargement by multi-detector computed tomography (CT) and determine its association and predictive value for acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
An Open Source Approach to Developing Software in a Small Organization

The software development approach that developers at Kitware use borrows techniques from agile development and extreme programming and emphasizes long-term, ongoing projects. The company has used this approach on open source and closed-source projects in a wide range of sizes
Karyotype evolution in a transformed rat cerebral endothelial cell line

Primary cultures of rat microvascular endothelial cells were transformed, in vitro, by exposure to Rous sarcoma virus. Transformed cells were followed and evaluated cytogenetically through numerous passages. Highly specific karyotypic changes in karyotype (both structural and numerical) were documented. These changes became established and intimately involved in further "karyotypic evolution". The findings were reproducible, and when considered in the light of the literature suggest regular patterns of karyotypic change in rat tumors. The in vitro methodology utilized promises to be of practical value in the study of the early stages of malignancy.
Subgroup identification from randomized clinical trial data

We consider the problem of identifying a subgroup of patients who may have an enhanced treatment effect in a randomized clinical trial, and it is desirable that the subgroup be defined by a limited number of covariates. For this problem, the development of a standard, pre-determined strategy may help to avoid the well-known dangers of subgroup analysis. We present a method developed to find subgroups of enhanced treatment effect. This method, referred to as 'Virtual Twins', involves predicting response probabilities for treatment and control 'twins' for each subject. The difference in these probabilities is then used as the outcome in a classification or regression tree, which can potentially include any set of the covariates. We define a measure Q(Â) to be the difference between the treatment effect in estimated subgroup Â and the marginal treatment effect. We present several methods developed to obtain an estimate of Q(Â), including estimation of Q(Â) using estimated probabilities in the original data, using estimated probabilities in newly simulated data, two cross-validation-based approaches, and a bootstrap-based bias-corrected approach. Results of a simulation study indicate that the Virtual Twins method noticeably outperforms logistic regression with forward selection when a true subgroup of enhanced treatment effect exists. Generally, large sample sizes or strong enhanced treatment effects are needed for subgroup estimation. As an illustration, we apply the proposed methods to data from a randomized clinical trial.
Homogeneous oxidative coupling catalysts. Solid products from the oxidative coupling initiator obtained from ther reaction of copper(I) chloride with oxygen in pyridine

Solid products have been obtained from the “CuO” species from reaction 1 2CuCl + 12O2 py CuCl2 + “CuO” by treatment with sodium tetraphenylborate, sodium carbonate and lithium perchlorate in aqueous pyridine. All solids lacked the catalytic activity of the homogeneous product mixture from (1) in the absence of these added solutes. The solid obtained in the presence of sodium tetraphenylborate or sodium carbonate was shown by analysis to be inactive CuO, whereas analytical and spectral data indicate that lithium perchlorate causes the “CuO” initiator fraction of reaction I to disproportionate to an insoluble mixture of CuO and Cupy4(ClO4)2. These results are compared with previous investigations with CHCl3 as the precipitating agent. The implications for synthetic strategies in the isolation of stable, solid copper-oxygen initiator complexes for oxidative coupling are discussed.
Bone regeneration using an alpha 2 beta 1 integrin-specific hydrogel as a BMP-2 delivery vehicle

Non-healing bone defects present tremendous socioeconomic costs. Although successful in some clinical settings, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) therapies require supraphysiological dose delivery for bone repair, raising treatment costs and risks of complications. We engineered a protease-degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) synthetic hydrogel functionalized with a triple helical, α2β1 integrin-specific peptide (GFOGER) as a BMP-2 delivery vehicle. GFOGER-functionalized hydrogels lacking BMP-2 directed human stem cell differentiation and produced significant enhancements in bone repair within a critical-sized bone defect compared to RGD hydrogels or empty defects. GFOGER functionalization was crucial to the BMP-2-dependent healing response. Importantly, these engineered hydrogels outperformed the current clinical carrier in repairing non-healing bone defects at low BMP-2 doses. GFOGER hydrogels provided sustained in vivo release of encapsulated BMP-2, increased osteoprogenitor localization in the defect site, enhanced bone formation and induced defect bridging and mechanically robust healing at low BMP-2 doses which stimulated almost no bone regeneration when delivered from collagen sponges. These findings demonstrate that GFOGER hydrogels promote bone regeneration in challenging defects with low delivered BMP-2 doses and represent an effective delivery vehicle for protein therapeutics with translational potential.
PIP5KIβ Selectively Modulates Apical Endocytosis in Polarized Renal Epithelial Cells

Localized synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] at clathrin coated pits (CCPs) is crucial for the recruitment of adaptors and other components of the internalization machinery, as well as for regulating actin dynamics during endocytosis. PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is synthesized from phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate by any of three phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase type I (PIP5KI) isoforms (α, β or γ). PIP5KIβ localizes almost exclusively to the apical surface in polarized mouse cortical collecting duct cells, whereas the other isoforms have a less polarized membrane distribution. We therefore investigated the role of PIP5KI isoforms in endocytosis at the apical and basolateral domains. Endocytosis at the apical surface is known to occur more slowly than at the basolateral surface. Apical endocytosis was selectively stimulated by overexpression of PIP5KIβ whereas the other isoforms had no effect on either apical or basolateral internalization. We found no difference in the affinity for PtdIns(4,5)P(2)-containing liposomes of the PtdIns(4,5)P(2) binding domains of epsin and Dab2, consistent with a generic effect of elevated PtdIns(4,5)P(2) on apical endocytosis. Additionally, using apical total internal reflection fluorescence imaging and electron microscopy we found that cells overexpressing PIP5KIβ have fewer apical CCPs but more internalized coated structures than control cells, consistent with enhanced maturation of apical CCPs. Together, our results suggest that synthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) mediated by PIP5KIβ is rate limiting for apical but not basolateral endocytosis in polarized kidney cells. PtdIns(4,5)P(2) may be required to overcome specific structural constraints that limit the efficiency of apical endocytosis.
Manganese Crusts of the Atlantis Fracture Zone

Summaries of the transition element chemistry of oceanic ferro-manganese deposits report compositional trends related to water depth and to geographic proximity to continental margins1–4. Explanations of compositional variations include continental source influence3, 5, 6, diagenetic environmental control of manganese mineralogy that regulates the trace metal composition1, 3, 7, ionic mobility in interstitial solutions during diagenesis3, 8–10, and volcanic or hydrothermal influence3, 11–14. Glasby15 rejects a significant pressure control on manganese oxide mineralogy on thermodynamic grounds.
Comparison of cocurrent and countercurrent flow-related enhancement in MR imaging.

Patterns of flow-related signal loss and enhancement have been observed in fluid moving perpendicular to the imaging plane on multi-section-acquisition magnetic resonance images. These patterns depend on whether the flow is in the same direction (cocurrent) or opposite (countercurrent) to the direction of sequential section excitation. For a given velocity, flow-related enhancement penetrates deeper into the imaging volume with countercurrent flow than with cocurrent flow. The signal intensity of inner sections is generally greater with countercurrent flow than with cocurrent flow and depends on the velocity. These effects were investigated quantitatively with phantom studies and correlated with theoretical predictions. It was found that the limited penetration of flow-related enhancement with cocurrent flow is a consequence of recently saturated upstream protons flowing into the section to be excited. The flow-related enhancement penetrates farther with countercurrent flow, because inflowing spins have h...
Cultivation Studies of the Solanaceous Drugs. I. Post-Harvest Alkaloid Movement in Belladonna and Datura Species†

A series of experiments was carried on over a period from 1942 to 1947 involving belladonna and three species of Datura to determine the value of curing leaves while intact with the rest of the plant. The significance of the results was tested statistically. The tests showed that the drying of leaves intact on the plant increases their alkaloidal assay over the leaves which were dried separately; that the effect is not due to the position of the plant during drying or to gravity; that the enriching of the leaf with alkaloids is accompanied by a decrease in the alkaloids of the root or stem, which suggests relocation; and that the effect occurs in at least four species of solanaceous plants.
Prenatal Pesticide and PCB Exposures and Birth Outcomes

Evidence is inconsistent or poorly understood for links between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1,1′-dichloro-2,2′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides and adverse pregnancy outcomes, although they are known developmental toxicants. We measured biomarkers of maternal exposure to DDE, PCB, and OP metabolites in the third trimester of pregnancy among 404 mothers in a multiethnic cohort in New York City. We also determined maternal paraoxonase (PON1), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChe), and PON1Q192R gene variant. Higher multivariate-adjusted DDE levels (but not PCB) were associated with lower birth weight (–98 g/log10 DDE, p = 0.096) and head circumference (–0.54 cm/log10 DDE, p = 0.030). DDE and PCB levels were not related to birth length, Ponderal index, or gestational age. Birth length was shorter for mothers with PON192RR slow genotype compared with PON192QQ (p = 0.026), and head circumference was inversely associated with maternal PON1 activity (p = 0.004). With slow-activity PON1 or PON192, urinary diethylphosphates (ΣDEPs) were associated with lower birth weight and dimethylphosphates (ΣDMPs) with shorter birth length. No associations were found between birth outcomes and BuChe. In summary, we found suggestive relationships between prenatal environmental biomarkers and birth outcomes in this population. Maternal susceptibility factors including PON1 and maternal weight contributed to the observed effects.
This is where we live: queering poor urban spaces in literature of black gay men

This article critiques the exclusion of working-class and impoverished gays and lesbians of color by drawing on popular and academic theories of the development of gay and queer urban spaces. Through an analysis of black gay men's literature of the 1980s and 1990s, it explores the factors that tie black gay men to and ostracize them from their home neighborhoods. It is argued that black gay writers use textual strategies to question their invisibility in their communities of origin and in white gay neighborhoods, show their positions and roles in the home and neighborhood, and queer these spaces.
Evolution of beam-foil-excited Rydberg states on femtosecond time scales.

Traditional beam-foil methods for measuring lifetimes of low-lying atomic levels are generally impractical beyond Z-35 because of the correspondingly shorter flight times when lifetimes become less than a few tens of picoseconds. We recently reported the results of an experiment using a novel two-foil method to measure the 9.5-psec lifetime of the 2 {sup 3}P{sub 2} level in helium-like krypton. We describe here the results of an extension of that work in which we measured the time evolution of the N>{approx}2 excited state population between the foils by observing the dependence upon foil separation of the charge-state distributions emerging from the second foil. The results are consistent with the well-known power-law dependence of Rydberg-fed atomic transitions observed in beam-foil studies, but probe a much shorter time scale than has hitherto been accessible.
Managing Dermatologic Toxicities of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors

There is considerable evidence that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in non–small-cell lung cancer tumor growth and proliferation. Clinical experience with EGFR inhibitors, such as erlotinib, gefitinib, and cetuximab, has suggested that there are subgroups of patients with non–small-cell lung cancer that demonstrate dramatic responses to these agents. Researchers have sought to determine whether molecular or clinical characteristics correlate with therapeutic outcomes. Rash, the most commonly reported adverse effect of anti-EGFR therapy, has also been examined as a potential marker of response. Several trials evaluating anti-EGFR therapies have reported a positive correlation between rash and response and even rash and survival. If rash is truly a predictor of outcome, it becomes imperative that clinicians identify effective methods for managing this toxicity to avoid unwanted dose reduction, therapy interruption, delay, or discontinuation in patients experiencing a therapeutic benefit. Unfortunately, because of a lack of well-defined rash etiology, variability of use, and interpretation of rash grading scales, as well as a lack of clinical trials evaluating approaches to rash management, we are left without systematic, evidence-based guidelines for treatment. Preliminary results of a prospective study evaluating a rash treatment algorithm developed at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center have been positive, and there is universal agreement that initiation of more prospective trials to evaluate EGFR-inhibitor rash management is needed.
The effect of different exposure conditions on the biofilm/copper interface

The effects of the different exposure conditions on the electrochemical behavior of copper were evaluated in a growth medium containing Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Impedance spectra were recorded at the corrosion potential (Ecorr) in three different cells for one week of exposure followed by cyclic voltammetry. A second time constant was observed in the impedance spectra of copper that was partially immersed in the test cell, where the electrode was in contact with an air/liquid interface (cell B). These spectra resembled those usually observed for metals covered with a polymer coating. Complete immersion of copper in the electrolyte (no air/liquid interface) or deaeration of cell B resulted in one-time-constant spectra that are typical of those found for passive metals. Excellent corrosion protection was provided by MR-1 regardless of exposure condition. Ecorr increased with time for the partially immersed Cu electrode exposed to the aerated solution in cell B, while it decreased for the other two exposure conditions. Cathodic polarization curves recorded after exposure for 7 days showed two reduction peaks for copper tested in cell B, while no reduction peaks were observed for the other cases. Similar results were obtained using cyclic voltammetry.
Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A cultural history

(1991). Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A cultural history. History of European Ideas: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 463-464.
Oral lactoferrin protects against experimental candidiasis in mice

Aims To determine the role of human lactoferrin (hLF) in protecting the oral cavities of mice against Candida albicans infection in lactoferrin knockout (LFKO−/−) mice was compared to wild-type (WT) mice. We also aim to determine the protective role of hLF in LFKO−/− mice. Methods and Results Antibiotic-treated immunosuppressed mice were inoculated with C. albicans (or sham infection) by oral swab and evaluated for the severity of infection after 7 days of infection. To determine the protective role of hLF, we added 0·3% solution of hLF to the drinking water given to some of the mice. CFU count, scoring of lesions and microscopic observations were carried out to determine the severity of infection. LFKO−/−I mice showed a 2 log (P = 0·001) higher CFUs of C. albicans in the oral cavity compared to the WT mice infected with C. albicans (WTI). LFKO−/−I mice given hLF had a 3 log (P = 0·001) reduction in CFUs in the oral cavity compared to untreated LFKO−/−I mice. The severity of infection, observed by light microscopy, revealed that the tongue of the LFKO−/−I mice showed more white patches compared to WTI and LFKO−/−I + hLF mice. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that more filiform papillae were destroyed in LFKO−/−I mice when compared to WTI or LFKO−/−I + hLF mice. Conclusions Human LF is important in protecting mice from oral C. albicans infection. Administered hLF may be used to prevent C. albicans infection. Significance and Impact of the Study Human LF, a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein can be used as a therapeutic active ingredient in oral healthcare products against C. albicans.
Materials for 3D Memory Devices

The physical properties of the write and read forms of materials which may be used for permanent storage of information in 3D memory devices have been evaluated by means of picosecond and nanosecond spectroscopy. The writing and reading speed has also been determined.
Anomalous chlorofluorocarbons in the Southern California Borderland Basins

[1] During the past two decades, unexpectedly high concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been observed in the bottom waters of the Southern California Borderland Basins (SCBB), with relatively constant spatial distribution patterns. In contrast to offshore waters in this region, CFC concentrations below the oxygen minimum layer (OML) in the deep SCBB increase with depth. The uniformity of the bottom-enhanced CFC signals and the near-zero levels of tritium suggest that this feature is likely maintained by release of CFCs from sediments and vertical mixing, and not by dumped CFC-bearing materials or an intrusion of recently ventilated waters. We hypothesize that CFC scavenging processes, either on particulate organic matter or hydrocarbon residues from the adjacent natural seeps, occur in these high-productivity near-surface coastal waters. The subsequent release of CFCs at the bottom boundary layer during the degradation of particulate material may cause the anomalous CFC distributions in the SCBB.
Repeated and Time-Correlated Morphological Convergence in Cave-Dwelling Harvestmen (Opiliones, Laniatores) from Montane Western North America

Background Many cave-dwelling animal species display similar morphologies (troglomorphism) that have evolved convergent within and among lineages under the similar selective pressures imposed by cave habitats. Here we study such ecomorphological evolution in cave-dwelling Sclerobuninae harvestmen (Opiliones) from the western United States, providing general insights into morphological homoplasy, rates of morphological change, and the temporal context of cave evolution.
Perceptual and Motor Inhibition in Adolescents/Young Adults with Childhood-Diagnosed ADHD

Objective: This study examined perceptual and motor inhibition in a longitudinal sample of adolescents/young adults who were diagnosed with ADHD in childhood, and as a function of the relative persistence of ADHD. Method: Ninety-eight participants diagnosed with ADHD in childhood were reevaluated approximately 10 years later. Eighty-five never-ADHD controls similar in age, IQ, sociodemographic background, and gender distribution served as a comparison group. Participants were administered a psychiatric interview and the Stimulus and Response Conflict Tasks (Nassauer & Halperin, 2003). Results: Participants with childhood ADHD demonstrated slower and less accurate responses to both control and conflict conditions relative to the comparison group, as well as more variable responses in both conditions of the motor inhibition task; there was no specific effect of childhood ADHD on perceptual or motor inhibition. ADHD persisters and partial remitters did not differ in overall accuracy, speed or variability in responding, but relative to partial remitters, persisters demonstrated greater slowing in response to perceptual conflict. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with theories positing state regulation, but not inhibitory control deficits in the etiology of ADHD, and suggest that improved perceptual inhibition may be associated with better outcome for ADHD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA WITH GYNECOMASTIA: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

THE development of gynecomastia is an uncommon result of excessive steroid hormone production by adrenocortical tumors. The present report concerns the thirty-fourth occurrence of this phenomenon recorded in the world literature (1–16). The findings of relative adrenocortical insufficiency, increased excretion of estrogen-like materials in the urine and the successful isolation of steroids from the tumor (17) are of special interest in this patient. CASE REPORT A 28-year-old radio announcer noted the onset of intermittently tender nipples in March 1953 and of bilateral breast enlargement in September 1953. There was progressive increase in size during the next twelve months. The patient was sufficiently embarrassed by this cosmetic defect to request admission to the Salt Lake Veterans Administration Hospital in March 1955 for evaluation and treatment. He had noted a veiy gradual decline in libido and potency during the two years prior to admission. There were no other symptoms and no fluctuations in weigh...
TU-FF-A1-03: Dosimetric Effect of Target Degradation On Helical TomoTherapy Treatment Plans

Purpose: On a TomoTherapy HiArt system, x‐ray target replacement is required every 9–12 months due to target degradation. Near the end of target life, the target thins and causes a softening of the beam profile at the lateral edges of the beam. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dosimetric effects of this target degradation on recalculated helical tomotherapy treatment plans. Method and Materials: A measured beam profile near the end of target life was used to create a modified beam profile model. The model was then incorporated into the treatment plan sinograms for recalculation. The plans were calculated using a research version of the planned adaptive treatment planning software from TomoTherapy, Inc. Three plans were evaluated in this study: prostate, partial breast, and head and neck. The D50 of organs at risk (OARs), the D95 for planning target volumes (PTVs), and the local dose difference were used to evaluate the changes in the modified treatment plans. Results: For the prostate and head neck treatment plans, the D50s for OARs and the D95s for PTVs were within 1% for the original and recalculated treatment plans. The largest differences were found for the partial breast plan. The D95 for the breast PTV decreased by 1.8 % for the recalculated treatment plan. The maximum local dose difference inside the PTV was 6 cGy (3% of the prescription dose of 200 cGy). The absolute difference in the D50s for the heart and the ipsilateral lung were less than 0.5 cGy. Conclusion: The dosimetric effects of target degradation on calculated helical tomotherapy treatment plans were found to be small, less than 2% for DVH changes and less than 3% for local dose differences. Conflict of Interest: M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando holds a research grant from TomoTherapy, Inc.
The genetic locus controlling supernodulation in soybean (Glycine max L.) co-segregates tightly with a cloned molecular marker.

The genetic locus (nts) controlling nitrate-tolerant nodulation, supernodulation, and diminished autoregulation of nodulation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) was mapped tightly to the pA-132 molecular marker using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) detected by subclone pUTG-132a. The nts (nitrate-tolerant symbiotic) locus of soybean was previously detected after its inactivation by chemical mutagenesis. Mutant plant lines were characterized by abundant nodulation (supernodulation) and tolerance to the inhibitory effects of nitrate on nodule cell proliferation and nitrogen fixation. The large number of RFLPs between G. max line nts382 (homozygous for the recessive nts allele) and the more primitive soybean G. soja (P1468.397) allowed the detection of co-segregation of several diagnostic markers with the supernodulation locus in F2 families. We located the nts locus on the tentative RFLP linkage group E about 10 cM distal to pA-36 and directly next to marker pA-132. This very close linkage of the molecular marker and the nts locus may allow the application of this clone as a diagnostic probe in breeding programs as well as an entry point for the isolation of the nts gene.
Genetic differences in susceptibility of rats to the immobility reflex ("animal hypnosis").

Several lines of evidence suggested that genetic factors influenced immobility reflex (IR) behavior, known commonly as “animal hypnosis,” a relatively unresponsive state of reversible immobility. Genetic influence was tested by comparing the susceptibility of two well-established strains of rats (Tryon) that had been developed for “maze brightness” (TMB) and “maze dullness” (TMD). The spontaneous durations of IR in TMB rats averaged approximately double those of TMD rats, and the time required to induce the state in TMB rats was significantly shorter. Correlated with the high IR susceptibility of the TMB rats was a pronounced lack of exploration in a novel environment. As another test of the hypothesis, selective inbreeding of Wistar rats led to the development of two strains, one highly susceptible and the other relatively insusceptible in the third and fourth generations. Testing revealed statistically significant differences between the two strains in terms of average duration of IR, average induction time, the percentage of susceptibility, the percentage which met the criteria for a high degree of susceptibility, and the percentage in each strain which were insusceptible.