cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared dye loaded polymeric nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy and cellular response after laser-induced heating

Background: In the past decade, researchers have focused on developing new biomaterials for cancer therapy that combine imaging and therapeutic agents. In our study, we use a new biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, termed poly(glycerol malate co-dodecanedioate) (PGMD), for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) and loading of near-infrared (NIR) dyes. IR820 was chosen for the purpose of imaging and hyperthermia (HT). HT is currently used in clinical trials for cancer therapy in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One of the potential problems of HT is that it can up-regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) expression and enhance vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Results: We explored cellular response after rapid, short-term and low thermal dose laser-IR820-PGMD NPs (laser/NPs) induced-heating, and compared it to slow, long-term and high thermal dose heating by a cell incubator. The expression levels of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), HIF-1 and VEGF following the two different modes of heating. The cytotoxicity of NPs after laser/NP HT resulted in higher cell killing compared to incubator HT. The ROS level was highly elevated under incubator HT, but remained at the baseline level under the laser/NP HT. Our results show that elevated ROS expression inside the cells could result in the promotion of HIF-1 expression after incubator induced-HT. The VEGF secretion was also significantly enhanced compared to laser/NP HT, possibly due to the promotion of HIF-1. In vitro cell imaging and in vivo healthy mice imaging showed that IR820-PGMD NPs can be used for optical imaging. Conclusion: IR820-PGMD NPs were developed and used for both imaging and therapy purposes. Rapid and short-term laser/NP HT, with a low thermal dose, does not up-regulate HIF-1 and VEGF expression, whereas slow and long term incubator HT, with a high thermal dose, enhances the expression of both transcription factors.
Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse

The brain is remarkably responsive to its interactions with the environment, and its morphology is altered by experience in measurable ways. Histological examination of the brains of animals exposed to either a complex (‘enriched’) environment or learning paradigm, compared with appropriate controls, has illuminated the nature of experience-induced morphological plasticity in the brain. For example, this research reveals that changes in synapse number and morphology are associated with learning and are stable, in that they persist well beyond the period of exposure to the learning experience. In addition, other components of the nervous system also respond to experience: oligodendrocytes and axonal myelination might also be permanently altered, whereas changes in astrocytes and cerebrovasculature are more transient and appear to be activity- rather than learning-driven. Thus, experience induces multiple forms of plasticity in the brain that are apparently regulated, at least in part, by independent mechanisms.
Effect of pendant arm position and length on the structure and properties of nickel aromatic dicarboxylate coordination polymers incorporating a kinked organodiimine

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded three nickel coordination polymers incorporating both aromatic dicarboxylates and the kinked and hydrogen bonding capable organodiimine 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa). These were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. [Ni(1,2-phda)(dpa)(H2O)]n (1,2-phda = 1,2-phenylenediacetate, 1) displays (4,4) rhomboid grid-like 2D layers that aggregate into 3D through O–H⋯O hydrogen bonding. Shortening one of the pendant arms of the dicarboxylate ligand resulted in a shift to (6,3) herringbone style 2D coordination layer motifs in {[Ni(hmph)(dpa)] · 1.33H2O}n (hmph = homophthalate, 2), which stack in an AA′B pattern. [Ni(1,3-phda)(dpa)(μ-H2O)0.5]n (1,3-phda = 1,3-phenylenediacetate, 3) manifests a canted primitive cubic type coordination polymer lattice constructed from dinuclear {Ni2(μ-H2O)} kernels linked into 3D through tethering 1,3-phda and dpa ligands. Analysis of the variable temperature magnetic susceptibility of 3 indicated the presence of antiferromagnetic superexchange within its dinuclear units (g = 2.290(2), J = −4.21(2) cm−1).
The Effects of Liffytime Feeding Studies on Patterns of Sfxile Lesions in Mice and Rats

ABSTRACTData from lifetime feeding studies in mice and rats comparing controls to three doses of Xylitol, to Sorbitol, and to sucrose are examined to illustrate the thesis that the occurrence of some tumors is often confounded with other lesions and even other tumors in lifetime feeding studies. It is suggested that it may be impossible to test whether a treatment is a “carcinogen” in the presence of such biological confounding.
A cognitive-behavioral therapeutic community for substance dependent and homeless veterans: Treatment outcome

This paper presents data regarding a residential rehabilitation program that integrates cognitive-behavioral and therapeutic community techniques to treat homelessness and substance abuse. The study cohort was 110 military veterans admitted to a Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veterans program of the Department of Veterans Affairs. The cohort had multiple psychosocial problems at admission, and all had drug/alcohol abstinence as a treatment goal. Structured interviews conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postdischarge revealed that a substantial proportion had positive outcomes with respect to housing, substance abuse abstinence, employment, and self-rated psychological symptoms. This integrated cognitive-behavioral therapeutic community approach appears to be a viable treatment for this subset of homeless and also may be effective for other populations with similar clinical characteristics.
The metabolism of methionine sulfoximine.

Abstract A single dose of l -methionine sulfoximine-S 35 was injected into rats and the distribution of S 35 determined in the various sulfur fractions of the urine at 24 hour intervals for 5 days. The amount of S 35 as sulfate increased from 5 % the first day to 32 % the fifth. By the fifth day, however, the total excretion of S 35 had dropped to low levels, thus the total amount of l -methionine sulfoximine-S 35 that was oxidized to sulfate was not much greater than 5 to 6 %.
Bending thin lithosphere causes localized “Snapping” and not distributed “crunching”: Implications for Abyssal Hill Formation

Horizontal loads (i.e. pushes or pulls) on the lithosphere are thought to produce significant, localized, dip-slip faults, but vertical loads are generally considered to produce broadly distributed bending or flexure. The same processes of weakening or yielding that lead to localization of deformation on faults during lithospheric stretching or shortening can produce highly localized faulting during lithospheric bending. Localized bending, or “snapping” should occur when the bending moment begins to decrease with increasing plate curvature. If yielding causes a reduction in cohesion then thin brittle layers may respond to bending in the “snapping” mode while thicker layers respond in a more distributed “crunching” mode. For a Mohr-Coulomb layer floating on an invicid substrate it is the ratio of the cohesion to the average shear stress needed to overcome friction that controls the mode of bending. The average horizontal stress on the layer also affects the mode of bending. For estimated rock properties, a brittle layer has to be less than a few, up to perhaps 10 km thick, to break in a localized way. Lithosphere at many mid-ocean ridges is thought to be only a few kilometers thick and also may be a site of vertical loading. The localized snapping mode of bending may produce abyssal hills at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges.
NaKtide, a Na/K-ATPase-derived Peptide Src Inhibitor, Antagonizes Ouabain-activated Signal Transduction in Cultured Cells

We have previously shown that the Na/K-ATPase binds and inhibits Src. Here, we report the molecular mechanism of Na/K-ATPase-mediated Src regulation and the generation of a novel peptide Src inhibitor that targets the Na/K-ATPase/Src receptor complex and antagonizes ouabain-induced protein kinase cascades. First, the Na/K-ATPase inhibits Src kinase through the N terminus of the nucleotide-binding domain of the α1 subunit. Second, detailed mapping leads to the identification of a 20-amino acid peptide (NaKtide) that inhibits Src (IC50 = 70 nm) in an ATP concentration-independent manner. Moreover, NaKtide does not directly affect the ERK and protein kinase C family of kinases. It inhibits Lyn with a much lower potency (IC50 = 2.5 μm). Third, highly positively charged leader peptide conjugates including HIV-Tat-NaKtide (pNaKtide) readily enter cultured cells. Finally, the following functional studies of pNaKtide demonstrate that this conjugate can specifically target the Na/K-ATPase-interacting pool of Src and act as a potent ouabain antagonist in cultured cells: 1) pNaKtide, unlike PP2, resides in the membranes. Consistently, it affects the basal Src activity much less than that of PP2. 2) pNaKtide is effective in disrupting the formation of the Na/K-ATPase/Src receptor complex in a dose-dependent manner. Consequently, it blocks ouabain-induced activation of Src, ERK, and hypertrophic growth in cardiac myocytes. 3) Unlike PP2, pNaKtide does not affect IGF-induced ERK activation in cardiac myocytes. Taken together, we suggest that pNaKtide may be used as a novel antagonist of ouabain for probing the physiological and pathological significance of the newly appreciated signaling function of Na/K-ATPase and cardiotonic steroids.
The Suboptimal Legibility of Prescribing Information in Pharmaceutical Advertisements

To the Editor: The FDA requires that all pharmaceutical advertisements contain “information (on the drug's) side effects, warnings, precautions, contraindications … and effectiveness.”[1][1] Unfortunately, such “prescribing information (PI)” is often in fine print and hard to read, just
Serological evidence of equine influenza infections among persons with horse exposure, Iowa.

Abstract Background Equine influenza virus (EIV) is considered enzootic in North America and experimental studies have documented human EIV infections. Study design This cross-sectional study examined 94 horse-exposed and 34 non-exposed controls for serological evidence of EIV infection. Sera were evaluated for antibodies against three EIV and two human H3N2 viruses using microneutralization (MN), neuraminidase inhibition (NI), enzyme-linked lectin (ELLA), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) serological assays. Risk factor analyses were conducted using logistic regression and proportional odds modeling. Results There was evidence of previous infection by MN assay against A/equine/Ohio/2003(H3N8) but not the other 2 EIVs. Eleven (11.7%, maximum titer 1:320) horse-exposed and 2 (5.9%, maximum titer 1:160) control subjects had MN titers ≥1:80. Among the horse-exposed, 18 (19.1%) were positive by NI assay and 8 (8.5%) had elevated ELLA titers ≥1:10. Logistic regression modeling among horse-exposed revealed that having an elevated MN or ELLA titer (≤1:10) was associated with having a positive NI titer (OR = 4.9; 95% CI = 1.3–18.7, and OR = 53.2; 95% CI = 5.9–478.5, respectively). Upon proportional odds modeling, having worked as an equine veterinarian (OR = 14.0; 95% CI = 2.6–75.9), having a history of smoking (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.2–7.7), and receipt of seasonal influenza vaccine between 2000 and 2005 (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.1–5.0) were important independent risk factors for elevations in MN assay. Conclusions While we cannot rule out confounding exposures, these data support the premise that occupational exposure to EIV may lead to human infection.
Paraoxonase-2 Modulates Stress Response of Endothelial Cells to Oxidized Phospholipids and a Bacterial Quorum–Sensing Molecule

Objective—Chronic infection has long been postulated as a stimulus for atherogenesis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection has been associated with increased atherosclerosis in rats, and these bacteria...
Social Judgment in Multiagent Interactions

Social judgment is a process of social explanation whereby one evaluates which entities deserve credit or blame for multiagent activities. Such explanations are a key aspect of inference in a social environment and a model of this process can advance several design components of multi-agent systems. Social judgment underlies social planning, social learning, natural language pragmatics and computational model of emotion. Based on psychological attribution theory, this paper presents a computational approach to forming social judgment based on an agentýs causal knowledge and communicative interactions with other agents.
Scattering from a rectangular cavity using FDTD

Far zone backscatter from a perfectly conducting rectangular cavity with one open end has been measured. The cavity is 2.5 /spl times/ 2.5 /spl times/ 3.75 inches, with one of the 2.5 /spl times/ 2.5 inch square ends open. Wide-frequency bandwidth backscatter measurements were made at 0/spl deg/ incidence (directly into the opening of the cavity), 33.5/spl deg/, and 53.5/spl deg/ for both polarizations. Calculations of the radar cross section (RCS) of the cavity were made using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) computer code, which uses a scattered field formulation for the FDTD calculations with linear time differencing. Example results are shown, including the time-domain far-zone backscattered electric field, and the corresponding scattering cross section compared with measured results. >
A dual correlating sequential estimator for spread spectrum PN code acquisition

The sequential estimation (SE) technique introduced by R. B. Ward (1965) was designed for the acquisition of pseudonoise (PN) signals. It proves to be an effective model in medium SNRs as long as inverted PN sequences are not encountered. Recognizing that negative data bits invert PN sequences in spread spectrum transmissions, J. H. Chiu and L. S. Lee (1988) developed an improved sequential estimator (ISE) that processes both types of sequences. The drawback of the ISE design, however, is that it erroneously despreads the incoming signal by inverting it during negative bit acquisitions. To remedy this, a dual correlating sequential estimator (DCSE) is proposed which detects modulation errors by gathering correlation measurements from resident SE and ISE subsystems and corrects for them with an inverting mechanism. Key performance parameters such as mean timing and the variance of acquisition for the SE and DCSE designs are determined via the generalized signal flow graph technique and verified through simulation. >
Assessment of fine needle aspiration feasibility and specimen adequacy for molecular diagnostics of benign vocal fold lesions

Objectives/ Hypothesis: The use of molecular testing is becoming more significant for the diagnosis and classification of disease. The application of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy as the means of sampling lesions in union with molecular testing could be a powerful combination in laryngology. The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) if FNA was feasible to sample benign vocal fold lesions; 2) if FNA samples provided sufficient RNA quality for molecular analysis; and 3) if gene expression of FNA samples matched paired surgical excised specimens. Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional. Methods: Fifteen vocal fold specimens were obtained from adult patients undergoing routine surgical removal for benign vocal fold lesions using FNA and surgical excision. Comparisons were made between FNA and excision biopsies for RNA quality. Correlative analysis was completed for RNA expression of nine genes, including decorin (DCN), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), collagen type VI alpha 3 (COL6A3), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione S-transferase (GST2), collagen type I alpha 2 (COL1A2), ATP binding cassette (ABC), and procollagen I alpha 1 (COL1A1). Results: FNA and excision samples demonstrated similar RNA quality (P > 0.05). Per gene expression, four out of nine genes were moderately correlated between the paired samples (P < 0.05). Conclusions: FNA of the vocal fold lamina propria is technically feasible to perform. Further improvement in the FNA technology is desirable to optimize RNA quality for reliable gene expression analysis.
Thermoelectric power factor enhancement in metal/semiconductor nanocomposites by ionized nanoparticle scattering

We present a theoretical investigation of the thermoelectric power factor enhancement in metal/semiconductor nanocomposites by the energy dependent electron scattering from ionized nanoparticles. The metal nanoparticles embedded in semiconductors can be ionized to donate electrons to the matrix, which will result in a Coulomb potential tail around the nanoparticles. Here we show the significant effect of slowly varying potential tails on thermoelectric properties of the nanocomposites. The Coulomb potential is different from that of the conventional ionized impurities due to the finite size of the ionized particles, and the fact that the nanoparticles can give multiple electrons to the matrix. Detailed calculations for scattering rates and thermoelectric coefficients are presented for ErAs semi-metallic nanoparticles in InGaAs semiconductors. The partial wave method is used to consider the exact potential profile around nanoparticles and Boltzmann transport equation is used to calculate the transport coefficients. We find that an increase by 15~30% in power factor can be achieved over a wide temperature range in these material systems in addition to the thermal conductivity reduction to further enhance ZT.
Metagraph transformations and workflow analysis

Although workflow and process management have become important areas of research and development, there are no methods available yet for formal modeling and analysis of workflow systems. Available systems are largely limited to graphical visualization of workflows. The authors have developed an approach to formal analysis of workflows represented using a graph theoretic construct called a metagraph. They show how certain graph-theoretic transformations on a workflow metagraph can be used to derive orthogonal metagraph representations that facilitate analysis of various dependencies between workflow components.
Solid-phase aggregation of proteins under pharmaceutically relevant conditions†

Abstract In order to successfully employ proteins as pharmaceuticals, it is essential to understand mechanistically the stability issues relevant to their formulation and delivery. Various deleterious processes may occur in protein formulations, thereby diminishing their therapeutic value. This review focuses upon one aspect of this problem, namely aggregation of solid proteins under pharmaceutically relevant conditions (elevated temperature and water activity). Strategies to pursue such studies are presented with an emphasis on a mechanistic analysis of aggregate formation. Both covalent and noncovalent aggregation pathways have been elucidated. Proteins that contain disulfide bonds as well as free thiol residues may aggregate via thiol–disulfide interchange. For proteins which contain disulfides but not free thiol residues, intermolecular disulfide bonding may still occur when intact disulfides undergo β‐elimination, yielding free thiols which can catalyze disulfide scrambling. Finally, proteins containing no cysteine/cystine residues may aggregate by other covalent pathways or by noncovalent routes. On the basis of these pathways, some rational stabilization strategies have been proposed and verified. Ultimately, application of this knowledge should lead to more stable and effective pharmaceutical protein formulations.
Using Communication Consultants to Rightsize Successfully.

Successful rightsizing requires that managers preserve the morale and productivity of the remaining employees. A communication consultant can offer invaluable guidance on how to 1) maintain employees morale, 2) help employees perceive the layoffs as fair, 3) take care of employees who have lost their jobs, 4) assist management with layoff decisions, 5) help remaining employees cope with change, and 6) maintain effective communication with workers. On these sensitive topics, management will benefit from advice which is external, expert, and soundly based.
Complete Biceps Brachii Tenotomy to Facilitate Internal Fixation of Supraglenoid Tubercle Fractures in Three Horses

Objective— To describe a method for internal fixation of supraglenoid tubercle fractures in conjunction with complete tenotomy of the biceps brachii tendon. Animals— Three horses, ranging in age from 8 months to 2 years and weighing from 300 to 400 kg. Methods— Fractures were repaired by open reduction-internal fixation using bone screws placed in lag fashion and complete tenotomy of the biceps brachii tendon. Outcome— All three horses were sound for their intended use with a good cosmetic result 6 months after surgery. Conclusions— Complete transection of the biceps brachii tendon facilitates supraglenoid tubercle fracture repair by reducing tensile forces exerted on the supraglenoid tubercle. Complete tenotomy does not appear to preclude return to a successful athletic career.
The Use of Osteogenic Protein-1 for Spinal Applications

The era of using biologic enhancers for augmenting spinal fusion has arrived. Clear understanding of the complex biologic processes involved along with a critical view of the preclinical and clinical data is needed. This article reviews the data to date regarding OP-1 and spinal fusion.
The Genesis of Russian Warlordism: Violence and Governance during the First World War and the Civil War

The article looks at how the collapse of the tsarist regime in Russia and the civil war which followed created the conditions wherein a class of violent paramilitary entrepreneurs, usually veterans of the Great War, were able to operate almost entirely without restraint. The author terms this phenomenon ‘warlordism’, and shows how the rise and eventual fall of warlords was connected to the absence and restoration of state control during 1917–23. The article calls for an interpretation of violence during this period which eschews the reductive dualism of ‘red’ and ‘white’ terror in favour of an analysis which emphasises the role played by individual and largely autonomous warlords.
Effects of Computer Monitor Viewing Angle and Related Factors on Strain, Performance, and Preference Outcomes

A model of visual and musculoskeletal strain associated with computer monitor placement was developed. The main premise of which is that monitor placement decisions must take into consideration development of both visual and musculoskeletal strains. Certain factors in the model that were thought to affect one or both types of strain. or that were considered important to rule out for effect, were tested in a lab setting. These factors were viewing angle (eye level, midlevel, low level), monitor size (14 in., 19 in.), keyboard familiarity (touch typist, nontouch typist), and task (reading, mousing, typing). Outcomes included indicators of visual and musculoskeletal strain, preference, and performance. Muscle activity was generally greater for the low viewing angle, for the standard monitor (14 in.), and for non-touch typists. Participants preferred the midlevel placement. Task performance was slightly diminished with eye-level placement. Results are interpreted in relation to the model and to several hypotheses that were formed to focus the inquiry. Actual or potential applications of this research include monitor placement decisions in the design or modification of computer workstations.
Making a Curricular Commitment to Continuing Professional Development in Doctor of Pharmacy Programs

As outlined in the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Standards 2016, colleges and schools of pharmacy must provide an environment and culture that promotes self-directed lifelong learning. Continuing professional development (CPD) serves as a model that can foster and support self-directed, lifelong learning. The benefits of adopting a CPD model include assistance with attaining Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education (CAPE) 2013 Outcomes, such as self-awareness. This model can also support the individualization of experiential learning and student action on feedback from curricular-level assessments. The major skills involved in CPD, such as reflection and documentation, are frequently addressed in pharmacy curricula. However, these skills may be developed in isolation or exercised for purposes other than learning. The aim of this statement is to aid schools in creating “CPD ready” practitioners by defining the skill sets involved in CPD and making recommendations for advancing CPD in curricula.
Atomistic Simulations of Electronic and Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures

We present a tutorial introduction to atomistic calculations of electronic and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures. The systems of interest, self-assembled quantum dots and colloidal nanocrystals, are composed of thousands to millions of atoms, beyond the applicability of ab initio schemes. Our approach, implemented as the QNANO computational package, consists of (1) atomistic geometry optimization using the valence force-field (VFF) model, (2) calculation of single-particle states confined in a nanostructure using the tight-binding scheme, (3) computation of Coulomb interaction matrix elements using the atomistic wave functions, and (4) calculation of multi-exciton spectra and optical response functions using the configuration interaction approach coupled with Fermi’s Golden Rule. We illustrate this methodology by computing the single-particle states and the exciton fine structure of a self-assembled quantum dot, and by analyzing the multiexciton generation processes in colloidal nanocrystals.
Entrainment of circadian rhythms with 26-h bright light and sleep-wake schedules

Subjects followed a 26-h sleep-wake schedule and were exposed to various light patterns while living at home exposed to the conflicting 24-h zeitgebers. In one protocol, a 26-h light pattern containing evening bright light was compared with a natural-light-only pattern. In another protocol, the evening-light pattern was compared with a morning-light pattern. Rectal temperature was continuously measured. Sleep times were estimated from daily sleep logs. The sleep times of most subjects conformed fairly well to the 26-h sleep-wake schedule, although the evening-light condition produced slightly better results. A larger proportion of subjects had their temperature rhythm entrained to the 26-h schedule during the evening-light condition than during the morning-light or natural-light conditions. Entrainment to the 26-h schedule was achieved in 74% (14/19) of the subjects tested in the evening-light condition. This study shows that non-24-h bright light and sleep-wake schedules can be used to phase shift and entrain human circadian rhythms, despite the presence of the conflicting 24-h zeitgebers.
Cross-sectional imaging following surgical interventions for stress urinary incontinence in females

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a condition in which the weakness of the pelvic floor muscles causes unintentional loss of urine. For patients who are unable to achieve symptomatic improvement from lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy, surgical placement of the pelvic slings or the use of urethral bulking agents has been shown to provide tremendous symptomatic improvement. Learning to recognize the pelvic slings and to identify their complications on imaging is invaluable; however, this is challenging because of the change in the local anatomy after surgical placement of the sling. In this paper, we present CT and MR imaging to demonstrate the surgical and non-surgical treatments of female SUI and their complications. Through this pictorial essay, our goal is to familiarize radiologists with recognizing the various forms of treatment for SUIs, the relevant pelvic anatomy, and complications that may occur secondary to the surgical placement of the pelvic slings.
Causes of molecular convergence and parallelism in protein evolution

To what extent is the convergent evolution of protein function attributable to convergent or parallel changes at the amino acid level? The mutations that contribute to adaptive protein evolution may represent a biased subset of all possible beneficial mutations owing to mutation bias and/or variation in the magnitude of deleterious pleiotropy. A key finding is that the fitness effects of amino acid mutations are often conditional on genetic background. This context dependence (epistasis) can reduce the probability of convergence and parallelism because it reduces the number of possible mutations that are unconditionally acceptable in divergent genetic backgrounds. Here, I review factors that influence the probability of replicated evolution at the molecular level.
Menominee Crack: Bedrock Pop‐Up Event near Menominee, Michigan

ABSTRACT In the early morning of 4 October 2010, a loud noise was heard and shaking was felt in a rural area north of Menominee, Michigan. Within a day, residents discovered what we now identify as a “pop‐up” feature; due to the extensional crack along its crest, it has become known as the Menominee Crack. Within a few days, physical observations were made, and an additional geophysical survey was conducted in 2013 to further investigate the origin of the crack and associated ridge. An autoleveling and seismic refraction survey performed at the site revealed a bedrock layer approximately 2 m underneath the glacial till and also found a significant difference in bedrock velocities observed parallel and perpendicular to the crack. Modeling of a fractured limestone, assuming the seismic raypaths cross fractures in one direction but not in the other, is consistent with these velocities. The origin of the feature remains unknown. Glacial unloading was complete many thousands of years ago, and no significant removal of overburden occurred in recent years, although the occurrence and timing of the removal of a large tree may be more than coincidental.
Volume changes and the technical properties of composites in the spinel-manganese oxide system

The volume changes during the oxidation-reduction process of the manganese oxide in the Mg(Al, Cr)2O4-Mn2O3-Mn3O4 system have been studied. The volume changes of the solid phase in this case are not great and are less than those observed in the formation and decomposition of the solid solutions of spinels and hausmannite. In composites of spinels and manganese oxide, the liberation of oxygen on reduction and the separation of Mn2O3 from the spinel phase on oxidation are important in the redox processes. In this case three factors appear to destroy the refractory: the liberation and absorption of oxygen; the volume changes undergone by the spinel phase; and the separation of the Mn2O3 phase. The effect of manganese oxide on the technical properties of the products of firing the composites based on spinels of the Mg(Al, Cr)2O4 is complex and depends on the concentration of manganese oxide and the firing temperature. At temperatures of 1473 and 1673°K there is a reduction of the ultimate compressive strength and increase in porosity as the concentration of manganese oxide is increased in the composites with x=0, 0.2, and 0.5. Only in the composites with magnesium chromite is the increase in the concentration of manganese oxide accompanied by an increase in the mechanical strength. When the firing temperature is increased to 1873 and 2023°K, only small (5%) additions of manganese oxide have a beneficial effect on the technical properties of the sinters based on high-alumina spinels. During the slow cooling from 2023°K, the oxidation of hausmannite and the separation of Mn2O3 was observed; this causes a sharp reduction in the mechanical strength and microhardness. The most marked oxidation occurs in composites based on magnesium chromite. The factors destroying the refractory caused by the oxidation-reduction processes of the manganese oxides appear in composites containing high-chromite spinels. Therefore this study makes it possible to recommend as refractories to be in contact with manganese-type material those in which the spinel part consists of high-alumina spinels.
Exploring Territorial Differences in the Relationship between Marketing Variables

The parameters of a market share response function are estimated by using time series data separately for several sales territories. In a second stage an attempt is made to explain territorial diff...
Snapshot Lagrangian Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of Cylinder Wake Flow

Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) has proven to be an excellent tool forextracting the energy-containing temporal and/or spatial structures of a given flow field. These structures are portrayed in modes that can be used to describe a flow and significantly reduce the size of time-varying data sets by only retaining those most energetic modes. Unfortunately, many flow fields, such as wakes shedding from cylinders and jet flows, have a dominant mode that is associated with the convection of structures. POD techniques in an Eulerian frame are successful at extracting the convectionof the energy-containing structures, but are unable to identify the next-order phenomena such as vortex growth, bursting, and merging. Herein, a new technique called Lagrangian POD is proposed, in which POD techniques are applied in windows that move so as to track the features; the tracking is done by cross-correlating the various temporal snapshots. Shown here are results that have been obtained with Lagrangian POD on experimental cylinder wake data, where one can clearly identify several physical phenomena of an individual vortex in the wake such as convection, dissipation, and spreading.
Convenient preparative methods for N-aryl-γ-pyridones from γ-pyrones

2-Hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-4-H-pyran-4-one (1) reacts with aniline and six aniline derivatives in very dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid at reflux temperature to give the N-aryl-γ-pyridone. A second procedure utilizes the aromatic amine hydrochloride by reacting it with 1 in aqueous medium at reflux temperature. p-Nitroaniline hydrochloride and 1 give the N-aryl-γ-pyridone in 65% yield, as opposed to 12% from the dilute acid procedure.
Video Games for Neuro-Cognitive Optimization

Sophisticated video games that integrate engaging cognitive training with real-time biosensing and neurostimulation have the potential to optimize cognitive performance in health and disease. We argue that technology development must be paired with rigorous scientific validation and discuss academic and industry opportunities in this field.
Inferior to Subject & Knowledge Creation- - Discussion of Practical Basis of Learning in a Research Way

Giving play the subject plays a positive role in students'constructing an inward structure of knowledge.However,the construction of knowledge is a consistent process of accumulation,trial and error and re- thinking.Therefore,the subject- inspiring,that's to say,the individual independence,enthusiasm and creativity are just limited,namely inferior to subject.In view of this reason,we should used inferior to subject as a factual basis of learning with research attitude,which can stimulate the individual subject bring into play so that the purpose of self- construction of knowledge can be attained.
GMM Estimation Method of Fixed Effect Spatial Error Components Model

In this paper,we study GMM estimation method of fixed effect spatial error components(SEC) model.In order to overcome singularity of error term variance by removing mean value methods,and the operation difficulties in SEC model by maximum likelihood method,we use orthogonal transform method to remove fixed effect,and propose feasible generalized least square method based on generalized moments of methods(GMM-FGLS).Then we examine the consistency of estimators,and study finite sample performances using Monte Carlo simulation experiments.The result shows that,GMM-FGLS estimator is close to ML estimator when error term is normal distributed,while is far superior to ML estimator when error term is non-normal distributed,which is an ideal estimator in empirical research.
In vitro assay for sensitivity to anticancer drugs.

One problem that has long frustrated cancer chemotherapy is the inability to predict which patients with tumors of the same histopathologic type and stage will respond and which will be resistant to identical treatment. The human tumor colony assay is an important new tool that promises to aid both development of anticancer drugs and clinical use of chemotherapy.
POLYADENYLYLATION OF REOVIRUS PROTEINS

The reovirus oligoadenylates exist in two states within the virion: free and bound to viral proteins. Approximately 80% of the adenosine radioactivity in protein is in oligo(A) of chain length ˜1–6 and is bound to viral proteins through the 3′-terminus of the RNA. These adenylylated residues are susceptible to phosphorylation by polynucleotide kinase, resistant to digestion with snake venom exonuclease and susceptible to digestion with spleen phosphodiesterase. Oligo(A) is linked to protein through a bond which is stable to alkali and sensitive to hydrolysis in mild acid or hydroxylamine. These properties are characteristic of phosphoramidates. Approximately 20% of the adenosine radioactivity is present in the nucleotide adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADP-ribose). ADP-ribose is linked through the ribose moiety to protein. Within infected cells, both structural and nonstructural polypeptides are adenylylated. A model for the role of these unique nucleotidyl proteins in facilitating protein-protein crosslinking is presented. If adenylylation and ADP-ribosylation facilitate RNA-protein or protein-protein interactions, they may play important roles in selection of the proper number and class of genome segments during maturation.
Introduction: The Debate on Design Review

Design review is a procedure, like zoning, used by cities and towns to control the aesthetics and design of development projects. Although it is a new phenomena, its adoption by local jurisdictions is growing at a rate that compares to the rapid adoption of zoning in the 1930s. I have recently completed a national survey of planning agencies in more than 370 cities and towns on the topic of their design review processes; 83 percent of the towns surveyed had some form of design review. My initial assumption—that aesthetic review was primarily restricted to historic districts and structures—proved to be wrong. Only twelve respondents reserved design review exclusively for historic structures or districts. Therefore, we can conclude that more than 85 percent of the cities and towns in this country have moved into the arena of design review of ordinary, nonhistoric development projects. This widespread use of design review is also new: 60 percent of the respondents with design review have introduced it in the last twelve years, 10 percent in the last two years.
Statistical Properties of Low Frequency Plasmaspheric Hiss

Plasmaspheric hiss is an important wave mode for the dynamics of inner terrestrial magnetosphere plasma populations. It acts to scatter high energy electrons out of trapped orbits about Earth and into the atmosphere, defining the inner edge of the radiation belts over a range of energies. A low-frequency component of hiss was recently identified and is important for its ability to interact with higher energy electrons compared to typically considered hiss frequencies. This study compares the statistical properties of low and high frequency plasmaspheric hiss in the terrestrial magnetosphere, demonstrating that they are statistically distinct wave populations. Low frequency hiss shows different behavior in frequency space, different spatial localization (in magnetic local time and radial distance), and different amplitude distributions compared to high frequency hiss. The observed statistical properties of low frequency hiss are found to be consistent with recently developed theories for low frequency hiss generation. The results presented here suggest that careful consideration of low frequency hiss properties can be important for accurate inclusion of this wave population in predictive models of inner magnetosphere plasma dynamics.
Abstract 3210: Targeting PTP4A3 phosphatase in ovarian cancer with the potent noncompetitive inhibitor JMS-631-053

PTP4A3 is a highly attractive molecular target for ovarian cancer (OvCa). Elevated levels of PTP4A3 mRNA and protein in human ovarian tumors correlate with disease progression, poor prognosis and poor survival. Genetic depletion of PTP4A3 in OvCa cell lines diminishes their ability to migrate and reduces their in vivo tumorigenicity while PTP4A3 overexpression increases tumor cell migration, invasion, and dissemination. Together, these data suggest PTP4A3 is a novel molecular target for OvCa; however, the lack of potent and selective PTP4A3 small molecule inhibitors has hindered PTP4A3’s definitive validation in OvCa and in other cancers. To drive the pharmacological validation of PTP4A3, we developed JMS-631-053 (7-imino-2-phenylthieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione), a potent (K i =3 nM in vitro), specific, noncompetitive, PTP4A3 inhibitor. JMS-631-053 inhibited cellular migration, invasion, and colony formation in soft agar. Potent OvCa cell-based effects were observed by profiling JMS-631-053 against a panel of 8 OvCa cell lines using a 2D drug susceptibility assay, with EC 50 values as low as 600 nM. Likewise, JMS-631-053 killed OvCa 3D spheroids, including those derived from high grade serous OvCa cell lines, with EC 50 values as low as 300 nM. The OvCa drug resistant cell lines (i.e., A2780CP20 and HeyA8MDR) retained responsiveness to JMS-631-053 (using 2D and 3D culturing conditions) suggesting that inhibition of PTP4A3 may be a viable therapeutic strategy for chemoresistant OvCa. Preliminary data also suggests that JMS-631-053 synergizes with cisplatin when used in combination studies. Hence, JMS-631-053 will be a valuable chemical tool for further validation of PTP4A3 as an OvCa target as well as provide potential leads for future drug discovery. Citation Format: John S. Lazo, Paula Pekic, Alex Cheung, Kelley McQueeney, Joseph Salamoun, Peter Wipf, Charles N. Landen, Elizabeth R. Sharlow. Targeting PTP4A3 phosphatase in ovarian cancer with the potent noncompetitive inhibitor JMS-631-053 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3210. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3210
Optics education in an optometric setting

The first year optics curriculum at the Arizona College of Optometry aims to provide students with an understanding of geometrical, physical, and visual optics principals that will be the foundation of their clinical understanding of the optics of the eye and its correction in advanced courses such as ophthalmic optics and contact lenses. Although the optics of the eye are a fantastic model to use in optics education, the clinical applications may not become apparent until later in the course of study. Successful strategies are needed to engage students and facilitate the understanding of optical principals and the growth of process skills including problem solving, analysis, and critical thinking that will help in their future as health care providers. These include the implementation of ophthalmic applications as early as possible, encouragement of group work including open office hours, and the use of video problem set solutions to supplement traditional static solutions.
Failure modes and effects analysis for ocular brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to identify potential failure modes (FMs) having a high risk and to improve our current quality management (QM) program in Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) ocular brachytherapy by undertaking a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and a fault tree analysis (FTA). Methods and Materials Process mapping and FMEA were performed for COMS ocular brachytherapy. For all FMs identified in FMEA, risk priority numbers (RPNs) were determined by assigning and multiplying occurrence, severity, and lack of detectability values, each ranging from 1 to 10. FTA was performed for the major process that had the highest ranked FM. Results Twelve major processes, 121 sub-process steps, 188 potential FMs, and 209 possible causes were identified. For 188 FMs, RPN scores ranged from 1.0 to 236.1. The plaque assembly process had the highest ranked FM. The majority of FMs were attributable to human failure (85.6%), and medical physicist–related failures were the most numerous (58.9% of all causes). After FMEA, additional QM methods were included for the top 10 FMs and 6 FMs with severity values > 9.0. As a result, for these 16 FMs and the 5 major processes involved, quality control steps were increased from 8 (50%) to 15 (93.8%), and major processes having quality assurance steps were increased from 2 to 4. Conclusions To reduce high risk in current clinical practice, we proposed QM methods. They mainly include a check or verification of procedures/steps and the use of checklists for both ophthalmology and radiation oncology staff, and intraoperative ultrasound-guided plaque positioning for ophthalmology staff.
Cognitive accommodation, language, and social responsibility.

The two studies reported here examine cognitive accommodation in a betting situation where a decision-maker perceives that the person for whom he is making judgments has a legitimate right to have an explanation ofthe judgments. In the first study, it was found that under these conditions of personal responsibility, decision-makers' self reports of their judgment policies were highly similar to mathematically-derived descriptions based on their judgments. Seemingly, decision-makers shift to a form of thinking that is analytic and easily described to another person when they believe that they are personally accountable for their judgments. In contrast, persons making judgments for themselves or for someone not having a legitimate reason to question their thinking were significantly less accurate at describing their judgment policies. These decision-makers evidently shift to aform of thinking that is rapid, "intuitive," and dijficult to describe. Results of the second study further support these conclusions by indicating that reportability of judgments by socially accountable decision-makers is seemingly ensured by their use of language-based thinking. That is, when making judgments for which they are accountable, decision-makers seem to be "talking to themselves" as they would to the person for whom the judgments are being made.
Developmental Evaluator Functional Role Activities and Programmatic Developments: A Case Study Analysis:

This case study examined the functional role activities of developmental evaluators in a school and community partnership employing a collaborative program model to improve an urban underperforming...