cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial communities of the Lemon Creek Glacier show subtle structural variation yet stable phylogenetic composition over space and time.

Glaciers are geologically important yet transient ecosystems that support diverse, biogeochemically significant microbial communities. During the melt season glaciers undergo dramatic physical, geochemical and biological changes that exert great influence on downstream biogeochemical cycles. Thus, we sought to understand the temporal melt-season dynamics of microbial communities and associated geochemistry at the terminus of Lemon Creek Glacier (LCG) in coastal southern Alaska. Due to late season snowfall, sampling of LCG occurred in three interconnected areas: proglacial Lake Thomas, the lower glacial outflow stream and the glacier’s terminus. LCG associated microbial communities were phylogenetically diverse and varied by sampling location. However, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated communities at all sampling locations. Strict anaerobic groups such as methanogens, SR1, and OP11 were also recovered from glacier outflows, indicating anoxic conditions in at least some portions of the LCG subglacial environment. Microbial community structure was significantly correlated with sampling location and sodium concentrations. Microbial communities sampled from terminus outflow waters exhibited day-to-day fluctuation in taxonomy and phylogenetic similarity. However, these communities were not significantly different from randomly constructed communities from all three sites. These results indicate that glacial outflows share a large proportion of phylogenetic overlap with downstream environments and that the observed significant shifts in community structure are driven by changes in relative abundance of different taxa, and not complete restructuring of communities. We conclude that LCG glacial discharge hosts a diverse and relatively stable microbiome that shifts at fine taxonomic scales in response to geochemistry and likely water residence time.
Spread Identity: A new dynamic address remapping mechanism for anonymity and DDoS defense

We present and experimentally evaluate Spread Identity SI --a new dynamic network address remapping mechanism that provides anonymity and DDoS defense capabilities for Internet communications. For each session between a source and destination host, the trusted source gateway dynamically and randomly assigns an IP address for the source host from the pool of all routable IP addresses allocated to the source organization. Similarly, in response to a name resolution query from the source gateway, the trusted authoritative DNS server for the destination organization dynamically assigns an IP address for the destination host from the pool of all routable IP addresses allocated to the destination organization. These assignments depend upon the state of the server including load, residual capacity, time of day and policy. Different hosts can share the same IP address when communicating with distinct peers. Each gateway creates a NAT entry, valid for the communication session, based on the dynamic assignment by its organization.An eavesdropper listening to packets flowing through the Internet between the source and destination gateways learns only the source and destination domains; the eavesdropper cannot see the actual complete IP addresses of the source and destination hosts. In addition, SI enhances DDoS defense capabilities by enabling packet filtering based on destination addresses. With multiple IP addresses for the same destination, filtering based on destination addresses can block attackers without necessarily blocking legitimate users. Deploying SI requires changes to organizational gateways and, possibly, to the edge-routers that interface with organizational gateways; but network mechanisms farther upstream, including the core routers in the Internet, remain unchanged. Likewise, the installed base of operating systems running individual hosts in the internal network, together with the end-user application suites they support, remain untouched. SI mechanisms are backward compatible, incrementally deployable, and robustly scalable. A naive implementation of SI can increase the DNS traffic; however, when SI is implemented at both the source and the destination ends, it is possible for SI to reduce DNS traffic.Ns-2 simulations and experiments on the DeterLab test bed corroborate the main hypotheses and demonstrate advantages of the SI paradigm. Ns-2 simulations demonstrate that file transfer success rates for our SI DDoS protection mechanism are similar to those of filter-and capability-based approaches, with lower file transfer times than for filter-based approaches. DeterLab trials demonstrate that SI consumes similar resources connection establishment time, network address translation table size, packet forwarding rate and memory to those of a typical single NAT system, though with higher name resolution times.
Characteristics of the electrochromic materials Au-Wo3 and Pt-Wo3

The electrochromic cermet Au-WO3 is composed of grains of Au, approximately 20-120a in diameter, embedded in a matrix of amorphous WO3. As prepared, the cermet is blue and when electrochemically colored it is red or pink. The matrix must be amorphous in order for the red color to develop. In polycrystalline Au-WO3 films, the colored state is dark blue. We find that the properties of the amorphous WO3 matrix in the presence of Au are different from pure amorphous WO3. In particular, the presence of the Au grains suppresses the high electrical conductivity characteristic of colored WO3. Pt-WO3 cermets are compared and contrasted with Au-WO3. We discuss the optical and electrical properties of the Au-W03 cermets and their possible use in display devices.
Modeling of substrate current in p-MOSFET's

It is shown that the substrate current characterization method and modeling approach used for n-MOSFET's is also applicable to p-MOSFET's. The impact ionization rate extracted for holes is found to be 8 × 106exp (-3.7 × 106/E), where E is the electric field. Based on our measurement and modeling result, roughly twice the channel electric field is required for p-MOSFET's to generate the same amount of substrate current as n-MOSFET's. The hot-carrier-induced breakdown voltage is therefore also about two times larger.
FURTHER TEST OF M1 ADMIXTURES IN THE DECAY OF 2$sup +$' BETA VIBRATIONAL STATES.

The $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ directional correlation of the 692-123 keV, ${2}^{+}$\ensuremath{'} \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${2}^{+}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${0}^{+}$ cascade in $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}$ was remeasured with an improved Ge(Li)-NaI system. The spectra in coincidence with the Compton background and the 123-keV photopeak were simultaneously recorded at each angle. The new results averaged with our earlier work yield ${A}_{2}=\ensuremath{-}0.141\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.022$ and ${A}_{4}=0.311\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.040$. These values are consistent only with the 692-keV transition being essentially pure $E2$.
Integration of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Akt Kinase, and Smad Signaling Pathway in BMP-2-Induced Osterix Expression

Osterix (Osx), a BMP-2-regulated transcription factor, controls expression of genes essential for osteoblast differentiation. Using progressive deletion of the Osx promoter, we characterized a Smad binding element (SBE) between −552 and −839 bp from its transcription start site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed binding and in vivo recruitment of Smads 1 and 5 to the Osx SBE. Inactivation of PI 3-kinase by the pharmacologic inhibitor Ly294002 or by dominant negative (DN) enzyme significantly blocked BMP-2-induced Osx protein and mRNA expression and Osx transcription. Finally, both DN PI 3-kinase and DN Akt significantly attenuated Smad 5-dependent transcription of Osx, demonstrating the first evidence for a concerted action of PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling with BMP-specific Smads for expression of Osx.
Measurable characteristics of reusable Ada software

Use of reusable software is key to significant gains in programmer productivity. However, in order to effectively develop it, measurable characteristics of reusability supported by guidelines for implementing them in source code are necessary. This paper describes an ongoing research project at the Honeywell Computer Sciences Center (CSC) to define these characteristics as well as specific guidelines for implementing them in Ada software.
Hollow-core waveguide characterization by optically induced particle transport

We introduce a method for optical characterization of hollow-core optical waveguides. Radiation pressure exerted by the waveguide modes on dielectric microspheres is used to analyze salient properties such as propagation loss and waveguide mode profiles. These quantities were measured for quasi-single-mode and multimode propagation in on-chip liquid-filled hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides. Excellent agreement with analytical and numerical models is found, demonstrating that optically induced particle transport provides a simple, inexpensive, and nondestructive alternative to other characterization methods.
Successful management of a Jehovah's Witness with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura unwilling to be treated with therapeutic plasma exchange

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening disease treated successfully with plasma exchange. Jehovah's Witnesses whose religious beliefs preclude them from accepting plasma exchange may require alternative forms of therapy. We report a case of one such patient who presented with TTP, whom we successfully managed with vincristine and responded favorably without the need for plasma exchange.
Effect of andrenalectomy on cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate metabolism of rat liver and other tissues.

Abstract Adrenalectomy increased guanyl cyclase and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activities in liver and other rat tissues. Liver guanyl cyclase activities from adrenalectomized rats were increased above those of normal controls according to kinetic analysis, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, discontinuous sucrose gradient fractionation, sulfhydryl inhibition, and secretin activation. The effects of adrenal insufficiency on hepatic guanyl cyclase and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase were prevented by cortisone acetate administration. Immunoassay of liver and skeletal muscle cyclic GMP after adrenalectomy showed markedly decreased levels in liver, but increased levels in skeletal muscle. In liver and other tissues, basal adenyl cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activities were unaffected by adrenalectomy. Hepatic levels of cyclic AMP were also unchanged by adrenalectomy. Hypophysectomy raised guanyl cyclase activity in liver but had no effect on liver cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity. These alterations are discussed in relation to possible glucocorticoid regulation of cyclic GMP metabolism.
Quasicontinuous decay and properties of superdeformed excitations in^{195} Pb

Superdeformed excitations in $^{195}\mathrm{Pb}$ were populated via the $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$($^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$,$5n$) reaction, and \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray spectroscopy measurements were made with Gammasphere. Analysis of the intensities of the discrete transitions between superdeformed states indicates that the decay out occurs from the favored band of the lowest signature pair. The quasicontinuous spectra associated with the decay of superdeformed bands in $^{195}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been extracted for both signatures. The onset of \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray intensity and the normalized \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray intensity of the quasicontinuum decay spectrum are used to set a lower bound of 2.5 MeV at $\ensuremath{\sim}11\ensuremath{\hbar}$ for superdeformed excitation energy relative to normal deformed excitations in $^{195}\mathrm{Pb}$.
Real-time diffusivity measurements in liquids at several temperatures with one sample

Based on the methodology of Codastefano, Di Russo, and Zanza [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1650 (1977)], we have developed a technique for the in situ measurement of diffusivities in liquids at several temperatures with one sample. In this approach, which circumvents solidification of the diffusion sample prior to concentration profiling, the evolution of the concentration distribution of a radiotracer is followed in real time using two pairs of radiation detectors. A detailed description of the experiment setup and its optimization by computer simulations is given. In experiments with ${}^{114m}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}/\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n},$ apparent self-diffusivities were obtained between 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 900 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C with an uncertainty of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5%. By utilizing the different self-absorption characteristics of the 24- and 190-keV photons of ${}^{114m}\mathrm{In},$ transport in the bulk of the sample and near the container wall was investigated independently. No difference was found.
How big is the universe of exons

If genes have been assembled from exon subunits, the frequency with which exons are reused leads to an estimate of the size of the underlying exon universe. An exon database was constructed from available protein sequences, and homologous exons were identified on the basis of amino acid identity; statistically significant matches were determined by Monte Carlo methods. It is estimated that only 1000 to 7000 exons were needed to construct all proteins.
MACROSPOROGENESIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACROGAMETOPHYTE OF LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM

Very little information concerning macrosporogenesis and the development of the embryo sac in the Solanaceae is to be found in the literature, and little indeed concerning the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Hofmeister (I858) made a study of the mature embryo sacs of three Solanaceous plants, Hyoscyamus orientalis, Scopolina atropoides, and Salpiglossis picta, and gave a brief description of them. Jbnsson (i88i), however, was the first to make a study of the development of the embryo sac in this family. In Saracha Jaltomato he found that the macrospore mother cell forms four daughter cells. The inner cell develops into a normal eight-nucleate embryo sac. Cases in which the embryo sac is formed in this manner have been reported by Guignard (I882) for Nicotiana tabacum and Cestrus splendens, by Soueges (1907) for Atropa belladonna, by Palm (I922) for Nicotiana tabacum Deli-tabak, and by Svensson (1926) for Hyoscyamus niger. Nanetti (I9I2) described a modified lily type of embryo sac development for Solanum muricatum, and Young (I923) found the lily type (?) of development in S. tuberosum. Mrs. Lesley (I926) has described certain of the prophase stages of macrosporogenesis in tomato. So far as the writer is aware, no detailed study has been made of the stages between diakinesis and that of the fully mature embryo sac. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Linking Family History in Obstetric and Pediatric Care: Assessing Risk for Genetic Disease and Birth Defects

Family history captures the collective influence of shared genetic susceptibility, shared environmental factors, and common behaviors within families. Throughout the reproductive continuum, pediatricians, obstetricians, family practitioners, genetic counselors, and other clinicians can work with families to elicit relevant family history information and factor it into risk-assessment calculations and, when appropriate, decision-making. Current screening tools have focused on understanding the risk for single-gene disorders, chromosomal conditions, and teratogen exposures during the preconception, prenatal, and interconception periods. More research and data are needed to understand how family history influences risk for a wide variety of complex birth outcomes such as preterm birth, stillbirth, and many birth defects. With a better understanding of the impact of family history on many adverse birth outcomes, tools for the collection of a broader set of pertinent family history information must be developed.
The Fracture Toughness of Various Core Materials

Purpose This study determined the fracture toughness of four core buildup materials. Materials and Methods Single-edge notch, bar-shaped specimens conforming to the American Society for Testing Materials standard E-399 were fabricated for a high copper amalgam alloy, two composite resins, and a glass ionomer buildup material. The specimens were stored in air for 1 week and then tested in three-point bending mode with an Instron Universal Testing Machine (Instron Corporation, Canton, MA). Results Fracture toughness values obtained were as follows: Fluorocore (composite resin; Caulk, Milford, DE), 1.54 MN · m−1.5; Ti-Core (composite resin and titanium; Essential Dental Systems, New York, NY), 1.34 MN · m−1.5; Valiant Ph.D. (amalgam; Caulk), 1.29 MN · m−1.5; and Coreshade Glass lonomer Base Cement (Shofu Inc, Kyota, Japan), 0.55 MN · m−1.5. Conclusions Glass ionomer materials are probably unsuitable as core buildup materials because of their relatively low fracture toughness. Fluorocore, Ti-Core, and amalgam all had fracture toughness values significantly greater than the glass ionomer (P < .01).
Reduced sulfur-terminated silanes to promote the interaction of palladium(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate with dielectric surfaces

Abstract A simple method is proposed here to modify dielectric surfaces using self-assembled chemistry to improve the interaction with highly polarizable metallorganics. In particular, the study here investigates the interaction between palladium(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate with sulfur-terminated SiO2 surfaces. Results show that the palladium metallorganic exhibits little if no interaction with a hydroxylated SiO2 surface at a substrate temperature of 175 °C. However, when the SiO2 surface is functionalized with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane or bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-tetrasulfide silanes via self-assembled chemistry, then favorable interaction is evident with PdII(hfac)2. The surface coverage of PdII(hfac)2 at the modified dielectric surface is proportional to the Pd 3d/Si 2p ratio obtained by the XPS spectra. The largest Pd 3d/Si 2p ratios were obtained when the mercapto-silane was allowed to grow multilayers at the SiO2 surface. Further, elemental chemical vapor deposition experiments also showed little if no growth on the hydroxylated SiO2 surface; but proportional growth on the reduced sulfur-terminated silanes. In all cases, significant fluorine contamination was evident at the dielectric surface after Pd CVD even in the case where no interaction between PdII(hfac)2 and the hydroxylated SiO2 surface took place.
Methodological suggestions from a comparative psychology of knowledge processes

Introductory Abstract Philosophers of science, in the course of making a sharp distinction between the tasks of the philosopher and those of the scientist, have pointed to the possibility of an empirical science of induction. A comparative psychology of knowledge processes is offered as one aspect of this potential enterprise. From fragments of such a psychology, methodological suggestions are drawn relevant to several chronic problems in the social sciences, including the publication of negative results from novel explorations, the operational diagnosis of dispositions, the status of aggregates of persons as social entities, and the validation of psychological tests.
Import and processing of P-450scc and P-45011β precursors by corpus luteal mitochondria: A processing pathway recognizing homologous and heterologous precursors

Maturation of the precursor forms of bovine cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450SCC) and 11 beta-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 (P-450(11)beta) was investigated using mitochondria from bovine corpus luteum. The results show that both precursors, whose synthesis was directed by bovine adrenocortical RNA, can be imported and proteolytically processed to their corresponding mature forms by bovine corpus luteal mitochondria, even though P-450(11)beta is not expressed in this tissue. Furthermore, the efficiency of processing of pre-P-450(11)beta by corpus luteal mitochondria is similar to that of pre-P-450SCC, an endogenous enzyme of these mitochondria. However, the P-450(11)beta precursor is not processed by mitochondria from a nonsteroidogenic tissue (heart), a result observed previously for the P-450SCC precursor (M. F. Matocha and M. R. Waterman (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8672-8678). This discriminatory processing of pre-P-450(11)beta by heterologous mitochondria suggests that the precursor forms of P-450SCC and P-450(11)beta are processed via a common pathway in steroidogenic mitochondria and that this pathway is absent in nonsteroidogenic mitochondria.
Abstinence-related word associations and definitions of abstinence and virginity among missouri high school freshmen.

BACKGROUND The ways in which adolescents define and view sex, abstinence, and virginity impact the efforts of sexuality educators and sexual health professionals. This study examined terminology used by nonsexually active high school students to define abstinence and virginity and identified words students associate with these terms. Purposes included (1) describing words/phrases associated with abstinence; (2) describing phrases for “being abstinent until marriage” and “being a virgin;” (3) assessing concordance between word dyads associated with abstinence; and (4) assessing concordance between phrases defining “abstinent until marriage” and “a virgin.” METHODS In this study, 216 freshmen provided information about beliefs, behaviors, and perceptions. Pearson chi-square tests and Wilcoxon sign-rank tests assessed sex-based differences, definitions, and levels of concordance were conducted. RESULTS Girls' friends took an abstinence pledge (p = .004) and their parents (p = .025) and best friends (p < .001) think they should abstain. Male counterparts reported being dissatisfied with current sex status (p = .002) and high acceptance of sex before marriage (p = .011). Boys were more likely to endorse “negative” words than girls. CONCLUSIONS Professionals need to use relevant materials incorporating terminology that resonates with adolescents and programs that engage coherent participant discussions.
Estimation of cardiac amyloid infiltration with myocardial T1 mapping correlates with severity of cardiac involvement

Background Post-contrast myocardial T1-mapping with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has shown usefulness in the diagnosis of cardiac amyloid. A lower value indicates increase in extracellular volume and thereby amyloid deposition. The aim of this study is to assess the association between the amount of amyloid deposition as estimated by the degree of post-contrast myocardial T1 reduction and the severity of left ventricular (LV) involvement in cardiac amyloidosis. Methods Consecutive patients referred for 3.0 Tesla CMR with a final diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (defined as positive cardiac biopsy and/or typical diffuse, predominantly subendocardial pattern of delayed contrast enhancement) were retrospectively evaluated. The septal E/E’ ratio as an index of LV filling pressures was measured with doppler echocardiography (n=18, 69%). Indexed LV volumes and mass, LV ejection fraction, and LV basal anteroseptal and inferolateral wall thicknesses were determined from cine CMR. Hemodynamic data from cardiac catheterization and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) serum levels were available in 9 (36%) and 14 (54%) patients. respectively. Myocardial, endocardial, blood, and skeletal muscle were quantified after Gd-DTPA administration on a previously validated Look-Locker sequence using dedicated software. Correlations between myocardial T1 values and other indices of cardiac involvement were performed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results We included 26 patients (17 males [65.4%], age 68±13 years) with a final diagnosis of cardiac amyloid. There was an inverse correlation between myocardial/blood T1 ratio and basal anteroseptal (r=-0.519, p=0.008) and inferolateral (r=-0.498, p=0.011) wall thickness. Similarly endocardial/blood T1 ratio was inversely correlated with basal anteroseptal (r=-0.595, p=0.002; Figure) and inferolateral (r=-0.429, p=0.032) wall thickness. No significant associations were noted with LV volumes, ejection fraction, or mass. Otherwise, myocardial and endocardial T1 time showed an inverse correlation with BNP (r=-0.659, p=0.014 and r=-0.610, p=0.027 respectiveley). In addition, myocardial/skeletal muscle T1 ratio showed
Late Pleistocene-Holocene oceanographic changes in the Northeastern Pacific

The distributions of the radiolarian assemblages in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean were determined and correlated with the average summer temperature of the near surface waters of this region. These assemblages were compared with those in three sediment cores taken beneath the Transition Zone waters. This comparison indicates that the assemblage off Oregon at the last maximum cold interval (24,000 yr B.P.) was like that now found off southern Alaska. The correlation of the radiolarian assemblages with temperature gives an estimate of 11°C for the average summer temperature at that time. This is approximately 4°C cooler than present day conditions in the area. Superimposed on the general warming trend that began 24,000 y.a., there are minor oscillations in the assemblages which correspond to estimates of temperature change of about 2°C in the Pleistocene and about 1°C in the Holocene. In the Holocene, these minor warm intervals appear to be approximately synchronous with advances in mountain glaciers.
Fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of plasmacytoma presenting as breast masses in a patient on estrogen therapy for prostate cancer

We describe a 79-yr-old man with a history of androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer treated with exogenous estrogens presenting with bilateral breast masses associated with bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. Although the findings on physical examination with the concomitant history of estrogen therapy for metastatic prostate cancer raised the clinical suspicion of breast cancer, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology identified the lesions as multiple myeloma.
Selective lectin binding of the developing mouse retina.

A battery of eight lectins with different carbohydrate specificities was used to study changes in glycoconjugate expression during cell differentiation in the mouse retina. The lectins tested included concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SB A), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA), Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Limulus polyphemus agglutinin (LPA). Unfixed frozen sections of adult and early postnatal mouse retina were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins and examined by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed selective lectin binding in both cellular and synaptic retinal layers of the adult mouse and throughout postnatal development. In general, an increase in intensity of fluorescent lectin staining during retinal development was observed for Con A, WGA, DBA, LPA, RCA, and PNA. This suggests an increase in the expression or accessibility of carbohydrate moieties during development. SBA and UEA showed little to no binding to adult or neonatal retina. Retinal vasculature was intensely stained by RCA, both during development and in the adult. All lectins binding to adult or neonatal retinal layers showed some degree of reactivity with the inner segment region of photoreceptor cells. However, only Con A, PNA and WGA bound to photoreceptor outer segments, suggesting significant differences in the glycosylated components of inner and outer segment membranes. PNA bound specifically to a subpopulation of photoreceptor cells and to discrete regions within the outer synaptic layer. The pattern of PNA binding suggests that this lectin binds preferentially to cone photoreceptor inner and outer segments and cone synaptic pedicles rather than to rod photoreceptor cells. This marked specificity of PNA binding suggests that it may provide a basis for the physical separation of cone and rod photoreceptor cells.
A model for susceptibility polymorphisms for complex diseases: apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms are associated with variable risk and age of onset distributions for the common form of Alzheimer disease. Clinical genetic applications of APOE genotyping differ from those of family-specific mutations because the APOE genotypes are universally distributed in all populations, with ethnic and racial variations in relative allele frequencies. The association of a common disease affecting millions of people with genetic risk factors provides a new paradigm for understanding disease pathogenesis and an opportunity to focus on relevant genetic mechanisms. Clinical applications of APOE genotype information are based on epidemiological principles, rather than family-specific genetic counseling. At the present time it is not possible to predict when or if any individual will develop AD. Likewise, no APOE genotype provides escape from risk. However, an impending ethical and social dilemma is on the near horizon. When additional susceptibility polymorphisms are found, for example within a recently reported linkage to a chromosome 12 region, disease prediction may be possible for millions of unaffected individuals at a time when preventive therapies are not yet available. This impeding capability should be a wake-up call for anticipating social, ethical, and legal problems. It differs from the current model of family specific mutations because, rather than affecting a relatively small population at risk, millions of people will be capable of receiving favorable or unfavorable prognostic information. The association of common polymorphisms with complex diseases finds its first example in APOE and AD. Just as the linkage search for other susceptibility genes can be modelled after AD, the medical, ethical, social, and legal implications of this paradigm can serve as a template for other complex disease loci being actively sought by industry and in academic laboratories.
World Exports of New and Used Automobiles: A Gravity Model Comparison among the European Union, Japan and the United States

This paper considers new and used automobile exports of the European Union, Japan and the United States within a gravity model framework. This standard framework has similar explanatory power for the new and used automobile exports of the European Union and the United States, as well as for the new automobile exports of Japan, but not for Japan's used automobile exports, a finding the paper associates with the importance of left-hand driving in determining the markets for Japan's used (but not ‘made to order’ new) automobile exports. The paper concludes that, while used automobiles are somewhat more important to lower income markets, controlling for discrimination and other factors, used automobile trade clearly supplements new automobile trade from the prospective of the importing country.
Variations in Balmer-line Stark profiles with atom-ion reduced mass

Calculations of the Stark broadening of hydrogen lines treat the radiating atoms and the perturbing ions as quasistatic. The present experiment represents an attempt to determine whether the possible breakdown of this approximation near the center of the line can account, at least partially, for the existing discrepancies between theoretical and experimental profiles in the core of the Balmer lines. The central regions of ${H}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, ${H}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, ${H}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, and ${H}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ profiles have been measured in a wall-stabilized arc over a range of atom-ion relative velocities by varying the atom-ion reduced mass. The cores of all four lines exhibit a significant dependence on the reduced mass. With increasing reduced mass, the experimental profiles gradually show more structure, but still less than the theories predict. Extrapolation of the results for ${H}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and ${H}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ to infinite reduced mass, i.e., to the static case, gives results that agree quite well with recent calculations.
Platinum-group element constraints on source composition and magma evolution of the Kerguelen Plateau using basalts from ODP Leg 183

Seventeen basalts from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 183 to the Kerguelen Plateau (KP) were analyzed for the platinum-group elements (PGEs: Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd), and 15 were analyzed for trace elements. Relative concentrations of the PGEs ranged from 0.1 (Ir, Ru) to 5 (Pt) times primitive mantle. These relatively high PGE abundances and fractionated patterns are not accounted for by the presence of sulfide minerals; there are only trace sulfides present in thin-section. Sulfur saturation models applied to the KP basalts suggest that the parental magmas may have never reached sulfide saturation, despite large degrees of partial melting (30%) and fractional crystallization (45%). First order approximations of the fractionation required to produce the KP basalts from an 30% partial melt of a spinel peridotite were determined using the PELE program. The model was adapted to better fit the physical and chemical observations from the KP basalts, and requires an initial crystal fractionation stage of at least 30% olivine plus Cr-spinel (49:1), followed by magma replenishment and fractional crystallization (RFC) that included clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and titanomagnetite (15:9:1). The low Pd values ((Pd/Pt)pm 1.7) for these samples are not predicted by currently available Kd values. These Pd values are lowest in samples with relatively higher degrees of alteration as indicated by petrographic observations. Positive anomalies are a function of the behavior of the PGEs; they can be reproduced by Cr-spinel, and titanomag- netite crystallization, followed by titanomagnetite resorption during the final stages of crystallization. Our modeling shows that it is difficult to reproduce the PGE abundances by either depleted upper or even primitive mantle sources. Crustal contamination, while indicated at certain sites by the isotopic compositions of the basalts, appears to have had a minimal affect on the PGEs. The PGE abundances measured in the Kerguelen Plateau basalts are best modeled by melting a primitive mantle source to which was added up to 1% of outer core material, followed by fractional crystallization of the melt produced. This reproduces both the abundances and patterns of the PGEs in the Kerguelen Plateau basalts. An alternative model for outer core PGE abundances requires only 0.3% of outer core material to be mixed into the primitive mantle source. While our results are clearly model dependent, they indicate that an outer core component may be present in the Kerguelen plume source. Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd
3-Nitrocycloalkenones, synthesis and use as reverse affinity cycloalkynone equivalents

Abstract A practical synthesis of 3-nitrocycloalkenones and their utilization as dienophiles in the Diels-Alder reaction are described. The results demonstrate a reverse affinity equivalency between these β-nitro-enones and “cycloalkynones”.
Word associations and the development of lexical memory

Abstract Endel Tulving's distinction between “episodic” and “semantic” memory defines changes with age in word association norms in a more informative and more comprehensive manner than the syntactic classifications normally used. The principal development as subjects mature is an episodic-semantic shift. Young children associate primarily to the stimulus's perceived contexts, older subjects to its abstract semantic content.
The isolation of d-manno-heptulose, perseitol, d-glycero-d-manno-octulose, and other compounds from pichi tops (Fabiana imbricata ruiz & pav.)

Abstract An aqueous extract of Phichi tops (the dried herbage of Fabiana imbricata ) has yielded d - manno -heptulose, the closely related perseitol ( d - glycero - d - galacto -heptitol), and d - glycero - d - manno -octulose; d -arabinitol, d -mannitol, galactitol, myo -inositol, d -xylose, d -galactose, and primeverose (6- O -β- d -xylopyranosyl- d -glucose) were also obtained. A search for d - erythro - d - galacto -octitol in the extract was unsuccessful, as also it had earlier been in Sedum spectabile extracts.
Lipoprotein lipase activities in exercise-trained rats isocalorically fed high or low fat diets

Abstract Influences of exercise and changes in dietary carbohydrate and fat on tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities were studied in 40 female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were trained to run (n=20) on a treadmill 6 days/week, 60 minutes/day at 28 m/min on an 8° incline for 8 wk or remained sedentary (n=20). All rats were fed a control high carbohydrate diet (12% kcals fat) for 5 weeks and then one-half of the trained and nontrained groups were assigned to a high fat (HF) diet. The HF (73% kcals fat) fed rats were pair fed to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the animals receiving the control diet. Animals were fasted 12–14 hours before sacrifice. Feeding the HF diet increased body weight, fat pad weight and plasma TG levels, but had no effect on muscle weight or muscle TG content. Training at least doubled the LPL activivity of the red gastrocnemius muscle. The combination of HF feeding and exercise produced an elevation in the LPL activity of the red (135%) and white (80%) gastrocnemius muscles compared to control feeding and no exercise. The additive effect of the HF diet and exercise training also increased LPL activity of renal adipose tissue (43%) versus control feeding and no exercise. Feeding the HF diet reduced glycogen depletion in liver and skeletal muscle during exercise. This study demonstrates that skeletal muscle LPL activity is sensitive to the individual and combined effects of dietary fat and exercise.
Black strings and p-branes

It is shown that low-energy string theory admits a variety of solutions with the structure of an extended object surrounded by an event horizon. In particular there is a family of black string solutions, labelled by the mass and axion charge per unit length, corresponding to a string in ten dimensions surrounded by an event horizon. The extremal member of this family is the known supersymmetric singular solution corresponding to a macroscopic fundamental string. A similar family of solutions is found describing a fivebrane surrounded by an event horizon, whose extremal member is a previously discovered non-singular supersymmetric fivebrane. Additional charged, extended black hole solutions are presented for each of the antisymmetric tensors that arise in heterotic and type II string theories.
TECHNIQUES FOR COMPUTER RECOGNITION OF SPEECHa

This paper provides a review of the state of the art in speech recognition by machine. Although many speech recognition systems have been demonstrated and several commercial products are currently being used in selected environments, computer speech recognition has still very limited capabilities when compared with human performance. Typical component subsystems at the acoustic, phonetic, syntactic, and semantic level are described. The major problems in developing recognition systems and their performance under various conditions are presented.
The Ancient Word: Rhetoric in Aztec Culture

ernadino de Sahagun, the foremost chronicler of sixteenth-century Mexico, observed that all nations "have looked to the learned and powerful to persuade, and to men eminent in moral virtues." There are examples of such men "among the Greeks and Romans, Spanish, French and Italians." Also among the Aztecs "learned, virtuous, and enterprising rhetoricians were held in high esteem, and they elected high priests, lords, chiefs, and captains from among them, however low their destiny may have been. These ruled over the repubUc and lead the armies, and presided over the temples.'" Sahagun and others dUigently recorded the orations of these "learned, virtuous, and enterprising rhetoricians" providing posterity with a remarkable record of pre-Uterate rhetoric. Historians of Mexico have long recognized that an examination of these speeches provides insights into the thought and culture of the Aztecs unavaUable from other sources. To the historian of rhetoric the orations preserved by Sahagun are equally invaluable for they constitute one of the most complete accounts of the rhetoric of an oral culture. Thus an examination of Aztec oratory is instructive of the role of rhetoric in the life of the early Mexicans as well as indica-
Estimating the number of homeless: The need for mixed methods

Counting or estimating the number of homeless individuals in the United States is difficult. Doing so within sensible cost constraints is almost impossible. This chapter presents a mixed-method approach that appears to offer reasonable estimates of the size of the population.
Specific DNA alkylation damage and its repair in carcinogen-treated rat liver and brain

The in vivo formation and repair of specific DNA lesions produced by alkylating agents of contrasting carcinogenic potencies were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with direct-acting alkylating agents methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) or methylnitrosourea (MNU). The amounts of N-3-methyladenine (3-meA), N-7-methylguanine (7-meG), and methylphosphotriesters (mePTE) in the DNA of liver and brain were determined following selective removal of the methylated bases by enzyme 3-meA N-glycosylase from Micrococcus luteus and thermal depurination at neutral pH. Both enzyme- and heat-induced alkali-labile apurinic sites were converted to single-strand breaks on incubation with 0.1 M NaOH. The number of such sites was quantitated following centrifugation of the DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients, fluorescent detection of unlabeled DNA, and estimation of number-average molecular weight. The results show a carcinogen dose-dependent initial linear increase in the number of enzyme- and heat-induced DNA strand breakage in both liver and brain DNA. With a half-life of approximately 3 h, 3-meA was removed from the tissues, whereas 45 to 55% of 7-meG remained unrepaired at 48 h. The study of the alkylation damage induced by MNU treatment of rats showed that the kinetics of repair for 3-meA and 7-meG was similar to the MMS-treated tissues and that mePTE persisted over a 7-day period. The technique developed does not require the use of radiolabeled reagents of DNA and allows for the selective quantitation of DNA alkylation lesions like 3-meA and 7-meG in the presence of nitrosourea-induced phosphotriesters.
THE USE OF PEYOTE BY THE CARRIZO AND LIPAN APACHE TRIBES

Among the most interesting materials coming out of this effort were those which had to do with the use of peyote, for they involved an account purporting to be a description of a Carrizo peyote meeting which indicated that the use of peyote had diffused from the Carrizo Indians to the Tonkawa and Lipan Apache. In the first half of the nineteenth century, according to Upan informants, their tribe claimed a home in the Texas gulf region around Houston and Galveston. Their neighbors to the east were the Carrizo. In the third quarter of the century, the pressures of warfare and epidemic divided the Lipan, forcing the segments west across the Rio Grande and north, respectively.
Effect of nitrogen bates on iron chlorosis in PI54619–5–1 soybeans

Abstract The Fe inefficient PI54619–5–1 soybean (Glycine max L.) was grown in calcareous Hacienda loam soil with different applied N levels, i.e., 0, 100, 200 and 400 μg/g soil applied as NH4NO3. One set was grown without Fe addition and another with 0.25μg Fe/g soil as the FeEDDHA chelate. When no Fe was applied, the zero N resulted in no Fe chlorosis symptoms and symptoms became more pronounced with increasing N. Leaf analysis indicated a syndrome of true Fe deficiency resulting from the high N which was accompanied with increased P, Cu and Al. When Fe was applied, all the N treatments resulted in green plants with highest vegetative yield at 100 μg N/g soil. Zero N, 200 and 400 μg N/g soil resulted in close to similar yields. Nitrogen promoted increased Fe uptake in this experiment when Fe was added as a chelate. Leaf mineral analyses were unlike those not supplied with Fe.
The Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT) - A unique facility for propulsion system and adverse weather testing

A need has arisen for a new wind tunnel facility with unique capabilities for testing propulsion systems and for conducting research in adverse weather conditions. New propulsion system concepts, new aircraft configurations with an unprecedented degree of propulsion system/aircraft integration, and requirements for aircraft operation in adverse weather dictate the need for a new test facility. Required capabilities include simulation of both altitude pressure and temperature, large size, full subsonic speed range, propulsion system operation, and weather simulation (i.e., icing, heavy rain). A cost effective rehabilitation of the NASA Lewis Research Center's Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT) will provide a facility with all these capabilities.
Amplification of the classical complement pathway by the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus).

Abstract The lytic attack of human red blood cells by complement was enhanced by the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake ( Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ). Lysis, however, of sheep red blood cells by complement was not enhanced by this venom. Western diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus atrox ) venom was anticomplementary. Enhanced lysis of human red blood cells by Mojave venom required that the red blood cells be sensitized with antibodies and that the complement system be intact. Heat inactivation of complement (56°C, 30 min) prevented lysis of red blood cells. Moreover, heating of the Mojave venom (66°C, 60 min) prevented enhanced lysis. Lytic enhancement was time, dose and temperature dependent. It is postulated that membrane active venom components enhance the efficiency of the complete complement cascade for red blood cell lysis to occur, because venom increased the lytic reaction rate.
Laminar boundary-layer flows with small buoyancy effects

Abstract Approximate integral techniques are employed to investigate the effects of small buoyant forces on laminar flow over semi-infinite horizontal and vertical flat plates. Corrections to local shear stress and heat flux are presented for all Prandtl numbers from Pr = 0.01 to Pr = 1000, and are seen to be in good agreement with previously computed “exact” values for Pr > 0–1. The effect of buoyancy on the stability of the boundary layer is also computed.