cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural convection in porous media—I. Nonfreezing

Abstract The Christiansen filter concept is used to visualize natural convection in porous media. Studies are conducted with both permeable and impermeable upper boundaries. The experimental results agree well with the numerical calculations which are based upon Darcy's law. Three different permeabilities as well as different test section aspect ratios (width/height) are examined. It is found that the aspect ratio of the cells does not vary with modified Rayleigh number for the impermeable upper boundary but this ratio increases significantly with modified Rayleigh number for the permeable upper boundary.
John locke and liberal nationalism

De quelle maniere le liberalisme facilite-t-il la naissance du nationalisme moderne? En pronant la souverainete populaire et en reconceptualisant la signification et la justification des droits politiques, Locke formule hypotheses et arguments qui ebranlent la theorie politique monarchique traditionnelle. L'A. explore l'argumentation du droit a l'autodetermination nationale et envisage une solution au probleme de l'identite nationale et de la citoyennete lockiennes
Optimal Fiber Orientation in Locally Transversely Isotropic Creeping Structures

An approximate method is developed for comparing various fiber configurations in a composite structure with the objective of achieving optimal resistance to creep failure. The class of composite structures addressed has a single family of long or continuous strong fibers embedded in a creeping matrix material, e.g., a polymer, metal, etc. Thus, the structure is locally transversely isotropic with the fiber orientation generally varying throughout the structure. The proposed method, intended as an early design tool, is based on an upper bound on creep rupture time and an associated representative failure stress. The latter is evaluated and compared for different fiber configurations, thereby identifying that with optimal creep rupture resistance, This approach allows a substantial saving in computational time by avoiding a detailed analysis of the actual failure process. Application is made to a fiber-reinforced thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessel.
OFFSHORE WIND FARM MACRO AND MICRO SITING PROTOCOL APPLICATION TO RHODE ISLAND

Since 2008, the Rhode Island (RI) Coastal Resources Management Council has been leading the development of an Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP), in partnership with the University of Rhode Island, resulting in an extensive multidisciplinary analysis of the Rhode Island offshore environment and its suitability to site offshore wind farms. As part of SAMP, a comprehensive macro-siting optimization tool: the Wind Farm Siting Index (WIFSI), integrating technical, societal, and ecological constraints, was developed within the conceptual framework of ecosystem services. WIFSI uses multivariate statistical analyses (principal component and k-means cluster analyses) to define homogeneous regions, which integrate and balance ecological and societal constraints as part of a Cost/Benefit tool. More recently, a Wind Farm micro-Siting Optimization Tool was developed (WIFSO), which uses a genetic algorithm to derive the optimal layout of a wind farm sited within one of the macro-siting selected regions. In this work, we present an overview of the current state of development of the integrated macro- and micro- siting tools.
MOTHERS' DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND THEIR CHILDREN'S ACQUISITION OF READING AND MATH SKILLS: A NATIONAL LONGITUDINAL STUDY

MOTHERS' DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND THEIR CHILDREN'S ACQUISITION OF READING AND MATH SKILLS: A NATIONAL LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Assessing the predictive capabilities of isotropic, eddy viscosity Reynolds-averaged turbulence models in a natural-like meandering channel

[1] The predictive capabilities of an isotropic, eddy viscosity turbulence model for closing the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are systematically investigated by simulating turbulent flow through a field-scale meandering channel and comparing the computed results with the large-eddy simulation (LES) of the same flow recently reported by Kang and Sotiropoulos (2011). To facilitate the comparison of the two turbulence models, both RANS simulation and LES are carried on exactly the same grid with the same numerical method. The comparisons show that while the RANS model captures the curvature-driven secondary flow within the bend, it fails completely to predict other key flow features in the channel, which are predicted by the LES and also observed in flow visualization experiments. These features include the inner and outer bank shear layers, the outer bank secondary cell, and the inner bank horizontal recirculation zone. By analyzing the results of the LES, we conclusively show that flow features not predicted by the RANS calculation are located in regions of the flow with high levels of turbulence anisotropy. The extent of these regions and, consequently, the degree of disagreement between the RANS and LES predictions are shown to depend on the stream geometry and the flow rate. Our results underscore the major challenges confronting the computationally expedient, isotropic RANS models, which are widely used today in three-dimensional hydrodynamic and morphodynamic simulations.
Relaxing factors in muscle.

ACCORDING to Szent-Gyorgyi1, muscle in the relaxed state is characterized by the dissociation of actomyosin into actin and myosin.
On the Picard group of Enriques surfaces

An Enriques surface over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic 4:2 is a non-singular projective surface S with H ~ (S, d~s)= H2(S, Cs)= 0 and 2Ks = 0. The unramitied double cover defined by Ks is a K3 surface R, a non-singular projective surface with Hi(R, d~R)=0 , KR =0. Illusie has shown, [I], that the group of divisors modulo numerical equivalence is isomorphic to the Enriques lattice U ~ E 8 ( 1) where U and E s ( 1) denote, respectively, the unique even unimodular lattices of index of inertia (1,1) and (0, 8). The purpose of this note is to use this isomorphism to study the Picard group of S. We prove the existence of certain configurations of irreducible curves of arithmetic genus 0 or 1 and deduce from them the existence of certain projective models for S and R. For example, we prove the following results:
Standard position for objects in hyperbolic space

It is shown that, by applying hyperbolic isometries, one may arrangen points in hyperbolic (n−1)-space in a certain standard position. Similar results are developed for complex hyperbolic space, as well as hyperbolic spaces defined over nearly arbitrary fields. The algebraic basis of the paper is the determination of the structure of a double coset space which occurs in representation theory.
Effect of nuclear motion on Mössbauer relaxation spectra

Relaxation effects in M\"ossbauer line shape are studied when the nucleus jumps from one position to another. Relaxation arises from the fact that the nucleus interacts differently with its surroundings at different sites. At the same time, an additional broadening is observed because of nuclear motion. The effect of surroundings on the nucleus is treated classically in a stochastic-theory model in which it is assumed that the surroundings act like a heat bath and drive thermal fluctuations into the system which cause the nucleus to jump from time to time, from one site to another. But as it jumps to a new site it finds itself in a different quantum-mechanical enviornment. This gives rise to relaxation effects. It is found that nuclear motion precludes the occurrence of motional narrowing of lines which is typical of a pure-relaxation spectrum in the fast-relaxation-rate limit. The Singwi-Sj\"olander diffusion broadening and the Blume result for pure-relaxation effects are obtained as two limiting cases of the theory. Application of the model to experiment is discussed.
Incidental discovery of a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in the surgical critical care unit

Routine chest roentgenogram to confirm catheter placement in a postsurgical patient showed a left-sided internal jugular central venous catheter that did not appear to cross the midline. Arterial blood gas samples showed greater oxygenation from the central catheter as compared with the peripheral arterial sample. However, a transduced waveform showed a venous tracing and pressure. Computed tomographic scan of the thorax without intravenous contrast showed a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with drainage of the left upper lobe pulmonary vein into the innominate vein.
Molybdenite in calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite

The first observations of molybdenite in a meteorite have been made in two Ca-Al-rich inclusions in the Allende chondrite. The mineral occurs as single individuals completely enclosed in high Ni metal (62-64.5 wt. % Ni). The association with refractories is consistent with thermodynamic calculations which predict that Mo is a high temperature condensate even when nucleation constraints are imposed on the formation of a metal phase. Kinetic factors (including nucleation constraints) appear to have played an important role in the formation of molybdenite and the associated sulfides, magnetite and high nickel metal.
Laser Processing of Net-Shape NiTi Shape Memory Alloy

Fabrication of bulk NiTi alloy parts by conventional processing contains undesirable intermetallic phases in varying proportions depending on the composition and requires postfabrication heat treatments, which necessitate development of new processing routes. We have fabricated net-shape samples, with and without designed porosity, from equiatomic NiTi alloy powders using laser engineered net shaping (LENS), a commercially available rapid prototyping technique. Laser-processed NiTi samples retained the desired phases of initial powder and showed higher hardness due to the retention of high-temperature cubic B2 phase. Thermally induced stresses and defects, due to high cooling rate in laser processing, increased the reverse transformation temperatures of laser-processed samples. LENS-processed samples also showed high compressive strengths (plastic flow stress) in the range of 890 to 1,050 MPa due to finer grain size. This article discusses the influence of laser parameters on microstructure, mechanical properties, and phase transformation behavior of fully dense NiTi parts produced via LENS.
Effects of cement, cement space, marginal design, seating aid materials, and seating force on crown cementation

An evaluation of the effects of a die spacer, the seating force, the marginal design, seating aid materials, and the cement type during cementation was conducted. Two stainless steel dies were used: one with a 1 mm shoulder and the other with a shoulder and a 65-degree bevel. Ten stone dies were produced from each metal die and half were painted with four layers of die spacer. The crowns were waxed on the dies and cast in a nonprecious alloy, and the seating of crowns was measured with a micrometer before and after cementation. Comparisons were made between zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements under two seating forces of 5 and 30 lb using an orangewood stick or E-Z-bite seating aid. ANOVA and the Newman-Keuls test revealed that the use of a die spacer, a heavier force of 30 lb, and glass ionomer cement significantly improved crown seating. The beveled preparation led to superior crown seating when the heavier force or glass ionomer cement was used. The orangewood stick and bite device had a similar effect on crown seating.
Immune responses against PSMA after gene-based vaccination for immunotherapy – A: results from immunizations in animals

Two plasmid DNA vaccines, encoding either products that are retained in the cytosol and degraded in the proteasome (tVacs; hPSMAt), or secreted proteins (sVacs; hPSMAs) were evaluated for stimulation of cytotoxic cell or antibody responses. Immunization with both vectors led to generation of cell cytotoxicity providing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was administered with the vaccine. Spleen cells from animals immunized with hPSMAt demonstrated stronger cytotoxicity to the target cells. Priming with a vector that encoded a xenogeneic protein (hPSMAt; ‘xenogeneic’ construct) and boosting with a vector that encoded an autologous protein (rPSMAt; ‘autologous’ construct) gave the best protection against tumor challenge. Immunization with tVacs did not lead to formation of antibodies to the target protein as detected by Western blot or ELISA, while immunization with sVacs or with the protein did. Antibodies were of mixed Th1–Th2 isotype. Priming with tVacs and boosting with protein also resulted in antibody formation, but in this case the antibodies were from the cytotoxic, Th1 isotype. The best strategy to obtain a strong cellular cytotoxic response, therefore, seems to be gene-based vaccinations with tVacs, priming with the ‘xenogeneic’ and boosting with the ‘autologous’ constructs. When cytotoxic antibody production is the goal, priming should be performed with the tVacs while boosting with the protein.
SMN in spinal muscular atrophy and snRNP biogenesis

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes function in nearly every facet of cellular activity. The spliceosome is an essential RNP that accurately identifies introns and catalytically removes the intervening sequences, providing exquisite control of spatial, temporal, and developmental gene expressions. U-snRNPs are the building blocks for the spliceosome. A significant amount of insight into the molecular assembly of these essential particles has recently come from a seemingly unexpected area of research: neurodegeneration. Survival motor neuron (SMN) performs an essential role in the maturation of snRNPs, while the homozygous loss of SMN1 results in the development of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. In this review, the function of SMN is examined within the context of snRNP biogenesis and evidence is examined which suggests that the SMN functional defects in snRNP biogenesis may account for the motor neuron pathology observed in SMA. WIREs RNA 2011 2 546–564 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.76 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
From “Hell No!” to “¿Que Pasó?”: Interrogating a Hispanic-Serving Institution Possibility

Some Hispanic students are making it through the Eurocentric, United Statesian education pipeline, but exponentially more are failing. Meanwhile, poor Chican@ communities are disproportionately suffering from unemployment, low levels of education, chronic illness, pollution, and myriad social ills. At this historical crossroads, it behooves Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) and surrounding communities to establish and nurture true partnerships from a grassroots approach rather than an already-attempted institutional approach. “We” need to connect today's educational “crisis” to a historical, assimilationist trajectory that undermined and deteriorated our communities and our gente with a purposeful, racist backdrop. We call for a reinvigorated HSI mandate.
A Market Discovery Algorithm to Estimate a General Class of Nonparametric Choice Models

We propose an approach for estimating customer preferences for a set of substitutable products using only sales transactions and product availability data. The underlying demand framework combines a general, nonparametric discrete choice model with a Bernoulli process of arrivals over time. The choice model is defined by a discrete probability mass function pmf on a set of possible preference rankings of alternatives, and it is compatible with any random utility model. An arriving customer is assumed to purchase the available option that ranks highest in her preference list. The problem we address is how to jointly estimate the arrival rate and the pmf of the rank-based choice model under a maximum likelihood criterion. Since the potential number of customer types is factorial, we propose a market discovery algorithm that starts with a parsimonious set of types and enlarge it by automatically generating new types that increase the likelihood value. Numerical experiments confirm the potential of our proposal. For a realistic data set in the hospitality industry, our approach improves the root mean square errors between predicted and observed purchases computed under independent demand model estimates by 67% to 93%. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Localization of type I human skin collagenase in developing embryonic and fetal skin

Type I human skin collagenase (HSC-1) was localized in developing embryonic and fetal skin ranging from 6 to 20 weeks estimated gestational age using an antigen-specific, affinity-purified, polyclonal antiserum to HSC-1 and an avidin-biotin alkaline phosphatase procedure. Double immunolabeling with monoclonal antibodies for Factor VIII-related antigen, type IV collagen, and the 68-kilodalton neurofilament subunit was performed using a direct peroxidase procedure. By 8 weeks estimated gestational age, HSC-1 localized to the periderm, the basal cell epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and surrounding extracellular matrix. At 12 weeks estimated gestational age, HSC-1 immunolabeling showed a continued association with the epidermis and dermis. Dermal and subcutaneous blood vessels and the surrounding extracellular matrix were positive for HSC-1 labeling. HSC-1 staining was also found around developing nerves and in association with dermal fibroblasts. In the developing hair follicle, HSC-1 was present in keratinocytes of the pre-germ, germ, hair peg, and bulbous hair peg. HSC-1 immunoreactivity was also found in association with the hair canal, the bulge, and the dermal papillae, but was absent from the fetal sebaceous gland. These data demonstrate the association of HSC-1 with the development of interfollicular epidermis, the dermal collagenous matrix, the process of angiogenesis, the development of nerves, and hair follicle morphogenesis.
A Continuous Version of the Littlewood–Richardson Rule and Its Application to Invariant Subspaces☆

LetTbe an operator of classC0and M be an invariant subspace forT. We find a relationship that must hold for the Jordan models ofT,T ∣ M andT* ∣ M⊥. This relationship reduces to a theorem of Green whenTis algebraic, and it involves a continuous extension of Littlewood–Richardson sequences.
The crystal structure of crassin p-iodobenzoate

The crystal structure of crassin p-iodobenzoate has been determined by the heavy-atom technique and refined by the least-squares method using three dimensional intensity data. The crystal is monoclinic with cell dimensions: a = 6.492 ± 0.002, b = 18.098 ± 0.006, c = 11.209 ± 0.004 A, β = 97.1° ± 0.1°, with Z = 2; space group P21. The absolute configuration of the crassin molecule has been determined by using the anomalous dispersion of the iodine atom and the stereochemistry of the molecule has been confirmed. The molecule is found to consist of a 14-membered cembrane ring fused with a δ-lactone.
Buckling induced stresses in martensitic stainless steels for magnetic fusion reactors

Abstract Samples of martensitic stainless steel, (Sandvik HT-9) in the form of beams and plates, exhibited a buckling type of structural instability when placed in a uniform magnetic field. Post buckling stresses of up to 497 MPa (72000 psi) were observed for a cantilevered plate placed in a one tesla magnetic field normal to the plate surface. Buckling phenomena were observed for both cantilevered circular rods and flat plates of magnetic stainless steel. The buckling magnetic field was geometry dependent with values as low as 0.25 T for a plate with length to thickness ratio of 90. Above the buckling field the cantilevered structure exhibited two stable equilibrium positions with a tip displacement of as much as 8–10 times the plate thickness. These results suggest that further study be given to the structural design implications of using magnetic steels in magnetic fusion reactors.
A study of the nature of information needed by women with multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease with an unpredictable course and no known cause or cure. Coping strategies of people with MS may yield insights into their information needs and information-seeking behaviors. This study of information needs was based on Miller's theory of information seeking, which states that some people (monitors) cope by actively seeking information, while others (blunters) reject information. Ninety-three women were classified through the Miller Behavioral Style Scale as either monitors or blunters and also by the length of time since diagnosis. They were asked to assess a general or a specific pamphlet on one of two topics (fatigue or treatment for acute attacks). More monitors than blunters rated the pamphlet they had received as relevant, regardless of the nature of the information. This study contributes to the development of a methodology for studying information needs and information-seeking behaviors and suggests a new area of research for those in library and information science.
An interlocked dimer of the protelomerase TelK distorts DNA structure for the formation of hairpin telomeres.

Summary The termini of linear chromosomes are protected by specialized DNA structures known as telomeres that also facilitate the complete replication of DNA ends. The simplest type of telomere is a covalently closed DNA hairpin structure found in linear chromosomes of prokaryotes and viruses. Bidirectional replication of a chromosome with hairpin telomeres produces a catenated circular dimer that is subsequently resolved into unit-length chromosomes by a dedicated DNA cleavage-rejoining enzyme known as a hairpin telomere resolvase (protelomerase). Here we report a crystal structure of the protelomerase TelK from Klebsiella oxytoca phage ϕKO2, in complex with the palindromic target DNA. The structure shows the TelK dimer destabilizes base pairing interactions to promote the refolding of cleaved DNA ends into two hairpin ends. We propose that the hairpinning reaction is made effectively irreversible by a unique protein-induced distortion of the DNA substrate that prevents religation of the cleaved DNA substrate.
Teledentistry: A key component in access to care

Abstract Teledentistry has the potential to address the oral care needs of those who have limited access to care. More research is needed to establish the evidence base to support teledentistry practice. Background and Purpose Enormous potential exists to improve oral health services throughout the world by using information and communication technologies, such as teledentistry to expand access to primary, secondary and tertiary care. Comparison of teledentistry procedures with standard clinical procedures can demonstrate the relative effectiveness and cost of each approach. However, due to insufficient evidence, it is unclear how these strategies compare for improving and maintaining oral health, quality of life, and reducing health care costs. This review discusses the merits of teledentistry for the delivery of oral care. Methods This article summarizes the available literature related to the efficacy and effectiveness of teledentistry and presents possible barriers to its broader adoption. Conclusions Teledentistry seems to be a promising path for providing oral health services where there is a shortage of oral health care providers.
OGlcNAcylation and Phosphorylation Have Opposing Structural Effects in tau: Phosphothreonine Induces Particular Conformational Order

Phosphorylation and OGlcNAcylation are dynamic intracellular protein post-translational modifications that frequently are alternatively observed on the same serine and threonine residues. Phosphorylation and OGlcNAcylation commonly occur in natively disordered regions of proteins, and often have opposing functional effects. In the microtubule-associated protein tau, hyperphosphorylation is associated with protein misfolding and aggregation as the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer’s disease, whereas OGlcNAcylation stabilizes the soluble form of tau. A series of peptides derived from the proline-rich domain (residues 174–251) of tau was synthesized, with free Ser/Thr hydroxyls, phosphorylated Ser/Thr (pSer/pThr), OGlcNAcylated Ser/Thr, and diethylphosphorylated Ser/Thr. Phosphorylation and OGlcNAcylation were found by CD and NMR to have opposing structural effects on polyproline helix (PPII) formation, with phosphorylation favoring PPII, OGlcNAcylation opposing PPII, and the free hydroxyls intermediate i...
Neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants

BACKGROUND: Extremely preterm infants are at risk for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Early cranial ultrasound (CUS) is usual practice, but near-term brain MRI has been reported to better predict outcomes. We prospectively evaluated MRI white matter abnormality (WMA) and cerebellar lesions, and serial CUS adverse findings as predictors of outcomes at 18 to 22 months’ corrected age. METHODS: Early and late CUS, and brain MRI were read by masked central readers, in a large cohort ( n = 480) of infants <28 weeks’ gestation surviving to near term in the Neonatal Research Network. Outcomes included NDI or death after neuroimaging, and significant gross motor impairment or death, with NDI defined as cognitive composite score <70, significant gross motor impairment, and severe hearing or visual impairment. Multivariable models evaluated the relative predictive value of neuroimaging while controlling for other factors. RESULTS: Of 480 infants, 15 died and 20 were lost. Increasing severity of WMA and significant cerebellar lesions on MRI were associated with adverse outcomes. Cerebellar lesions were rarely identified by CUS. In full multivariable models, both late CUS and MRI, but not early CUS, remained independently associated with NDI or death (MRI cerebellar lesions: odds ratio, 3.0 [95% confidence interval: 1.3–6.8]; late CUS: odds ratio, 9.8 [95% confidence interval: 2.8–35]), and significant gross motor impairment or death. In models that did not include late CUS, MRI moderate-severe WMA was independently associated with adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Both late CUS and near-term MRI abnormalities were associated with outcomes, independent of early CUS and other factors, underscoring the relative prognostic value of near-term neuroimaging.
Spectrophotometric determination of urea-ammonia in the urea degradation pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods demonstrate a modified Berhelot reaction to be a quantitative spectrophotometric method specific for NH 3 -N. The indophenol chromophore has optimal absorbance at 630 nm (pH 11, pK a 8). Spectrophotometric data for urea amidolyase were collected using a Titertek microplate scanning plate reader and apparent K M values for urea and CO 2 are in excellent agreement with data obtained with a method employing [ 14 C]urea. The assay is rapid, sensitive, stable and inexpensive, with a lower limit of detection of at least 1 μM NH 3 (14.1 ng NH 3 -N·ml −1 ). The assay detects physiological changes as a function of imposed environmental conditions and tests large numbers of samples which yield quantitative results with a microplate scanning spectrophotometer.
Stress Testing in the Prognosis and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease

Stress testing is by no means perfect as far diagnosing coronary artery disease, but at this time it is the single best noninvasive method for establishing the presence of ischemic heart disease. From the data shown here, one can see that it adds some important prognostic features as well. The American Heart Association has published a "Coronary Risk Handbook" which can be used to predict the likelihood of a future coronary event by means of accepted risk factors such as hypertension, cholesterol level, and smoking. If we include a positive stress test as a risk factor and compare it to the others, it is clear that a positive stress test has a much higher correlation with future coronary events than any of the other risk factors alone or in combination (Figure 12). Physicians should pay close attention to all of the mentioned factors while carrying out a stress test rather than just looking for ST depression alone. The occurrence of anginal pain, the time of onset, the degree of ST depression, and the patient's pulse and blood pressure response are all useful in assessing the degree of coronary involvement and in predicting an individual's chances of suffering some form of coronary event.
Burnout and Secondary Trauma Among Forensic Interviewers of Abused Children

This study examined factors associated with burnout and secondary trauma among forensic interviewers of abused children. Sixty-six forensic interviewers who are affiliated with advocacy centers across the United States completed an online survey. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale were used to measure burnout and secondary trauma, respectively. Results indicate that organizational satisfaction has a moderate inverse relationship with burnout and a slight inverse relationship with secondary trauma. The number of forensic interviews conducted or length of employment in forensic interviewing did not have a strong relationship with either burnout or secondary trauma.
Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Childhood

Nephrotic syndrome is defined as proteinuria sufficiently severe to result in hypoalbuminaemia, oedema and hyperlipidaemia. The early modern history of this illness was characterised by the serendipitous development of renal biopsy technique at approximately the same time as the use of corticosteroids for nephrotic syndrome. The coincidence of these events set the stage for evaluating therapeutic response to corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents in relation to renal histology and ultimate clinical outcome. The International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC) was initiated in the 1960s as a multicentre study examining these relationships in children. Over the next decade this study, as well as contributions from other investigators, helped define optimum therapy for these children. It was determined that a child with nephrotic syndrome under the age of 6 years, who did not present with hypertension, azotaemia, hypocomplementaemia or signs of systemic illness, had an approximately 85% chance of responding to corticosteroid therapy. If only those children who had minimal change histology on biopsy were considered, 94% responded. The original regimen which is still used today, was 60 mg/m2 bsa/day prednisone administered on a 3 times per day dosage schedule for 4 weeks, followed by an additional 4 weeks of therapy at a dose of 40 mg/m2 bsa given as a single oral dose every other day. Of those who respond roughly one-third will have no relapses, while almost half will have frequent relapses (greater than or equal to 2 in 6 months) and the rest will have infrequent relapses. Patients in relapse are treated as at presentation but are usually converted to the 40 mg/m2 bsa dose when the urine has been free of protein for 3 days, and are then tapered off or maintained on this dose for several weeks, depending on the individual's history of relapses and incidence of side effects from corticosteroids. For those children who are suffering frequent relapses and severe corticosteroid side effects (e.g. growth failure, morbid obesity, aseptic necrosis of bone), cytotoxic agents were identified as providing long term remission. After inducing remission with conventional corticosteroid dosages, cyclophosphamide is administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day given as a single dose for 8 weeks. This regimen was shown to lead to approximately 70% of patients being in remission 2 years after completion of this course of therapy. Chlorambucil given at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day as a single oral dose has been equally efficacious.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A model for initiation at origins of DNA replication

Many prokaryotic origins resemble E. coli oriC in possessing essential AT-rich sequences, tandemly repeated. The role of these repeats may be in the initial opening of the duplex by the initiator protein, as has been found for the 13-mers in oriC and is implied for the 11-mers of the lambda origin. Regulatory influences on the effective action of the initiator protein of E. coli (dnaA protein) include transcriptional activation of the origin, nucleotide binding and membrane attachment of the protein, and interactions leading to the introduction of helicases to start replication forks.
Novel Electronic Properties of Solids Revealed by Auger-Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy (APECS)

The basic principles and practical considerations of Auger-Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy (APECS) are discussed. In this technique, core photoelectrons and their associated Auger elecrtons are detected in time coincidence. For true coincidence counts, both electrons originate from the same photoexcitation event enabling one to prove local electronic structure and excitation phenomena with unprecedented discrimination. Originally developed by Haak, Sawatzky and Thomas [1, 2] using a conventional x-ray source, we have adapted APECS to a synchrotron radiation source [3], making it a practical probe of electronic structure. We discuss the results of APECS experiments performed on TaC(111) and Cu(100). In the former study, the self convolution of the density of states from a single atomic layer was determined and a novel off site Auger decay mode revealed. In the latter case, coincidence spectroscopy narrowed the photoemission line width so that the lifetime of the two hole final state could be measured. The implications of these results and other applications of APECS to probe the electronic properties of solids are discussed.
Office hysteroscopic sterilization compared with laparoscopic sterilization: A critical cost analysis

Abstract Study objective To evaluate the actual cost difference in performing Essure hysteroscopic sterilization in the office compared with ambulatory surgery using laparoscopic sterilization in the operating room. Design Cost-comparison analysis (Canadian Task Force classification III). Setting University hospital and affiliated outpatient office. Interventions Hysteroscopic placement of Essure device in an office setting and laparoscopic tubal ligation for permanent sterilization. Measurements and main results The various costs associated with the two procedures at our institution were compiled, and a direct cost comparison was made. We used actual institutional costs of the procedures, not billing or reimbursement. We found laparoscopic tubal ligations to cost $3449 compared with hysteroscopic placement of the Essure device that costs $1374 yielding a $2075 difference between the procedures. Conclusion In our institution and in our experience, office-hysteroscopic placement of the Essure device is a more cost-effective method than laparoscopic tubal ligation.
The attraction of Trypanosoma cruzi to vertebrate cells in vitro.

SYNOPSIS. A video technic is described that permits a quantification of the degree of attraction of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes to vertebrate cells in vitro. Bovine embryo skeletal muscle cells (BESM), HeLa cells and Vero cells all attract a myotropic strain of T. cruzi trypomastigotes. BESM cells, however, are 2-fold more attractive to trypomastigotes than HeLa cells and 10-fold more attractive than Vero cells. Heat-inactivation of BESM cells abolishes their ability to respire and also to attract T. cruzi trypomastigotes. As there is no difference in the endogenous oxygen consumption between BESM, HeLa, and Vero cells, it is unlikely that differences in the attraction of trypomastigotes to the 3 cell types are due to variations in the magnitude of pO2 or pCO2 gradients in the milieu around the cells.
Hyaenodontidae of the Upper Eocene of California.

Since the announcement(1) of the discovery of upper Eocene mammals in the Sespe deposits north of the Simi Valley, California, excavations have been continued in these beds, particularly at Locality 150 C. I. T. Vert. Pale., by field parties of the California Institute. Recently an opportunity has been afforded the writer to compare a number of the mammalian types found here with related forms known from the late Eocene and Oligocene. This has permitted a more precise determination of the genera and species than was attempted in the original statement. It is planned therefore to present in this and in subsequent papers brief descriptions of individual types, reserving a fuller discussion for a monographic treatment of the Sespe faunas.
Autotomy in Arachnida

On the basis of experimental study and observations on the morphology of the legs of spiders, P. Friedrich described a cutting device within the trochanter which would sever that appendage from the body when the leg was stimulated by injury. A reinvestigation of the problem yielded entirely contrary results. Experiments calculated to induce spontaneous amputation through an automatic reflex in the leg were negative on scorpions, harvestmen, and more than a dozen species of spiders. A detailed morphological study of the skeleton and musculature of the arachnid leg showed that no autotomizing device exists, either in the skeleton or in the arrangement of muscles (as is usually supposed). In all species studied, except the scorpion, severance of the leg from the body occurs most readily at some given point. The point at which severance readily occurs is directly correlated with a definite structural weakness in the skeleton and musculature. The spider itself removes an injured leg by grasping the stump with its mouth-parts. No such injured stump falls off spontaneously or without the application of tension. Scorpions do not autotomize appendages under any stimulation, nor do they show any anatomical weakness in the leg skeleton or musculature. Autotomy as an automatic reflex does not exist in the Arachnida.
Image-Guided Procedures of the Head and Neck: The Radiologist's Arsenal

This article discusses the rationale and indications for image-guided fine needle aspiration and biopsy of a spectrum of head and neck masses, with an emphasis on CT-guided procedures in the suprahyoid neck. Preparation of patients before their appointment in the radiology department, obtaining informed consent, the technique and approaches, and postprocedural care are reviewed.
Isolation and characterization of cytochrome c from the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus.

Abstract Mitochondrial energy production requires complex interactions among proteins encoded in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The intergenomic coevolution of interacting gene products has been previously suggested based on interspecific comparisons of cytochrome c (encoded by the nuclear CYC gene) and cytochrome c oxidase (partly encoded in the mitochondrial DNA by the COX1 , COX2 and COX3 genes). In the intertidal copepod, Tigriopus californicus , non-synonymous substitutions in the COX1 gene have previously been found in interpopulation comparisons. In order to determine if CYC also shows interpopulation variation, this gene was isolated from a cDNA library using a degenerate primer/polymerase chain reaction approach. Characterization of a cDNA sequence and 25 genomic DNA sequences derived from four T. californicus populations yielded the following results: (1) the T. californicus CYC gene is interrupted by an intron that occurs at the same position as the intron found in vertebrate CYC genes; (2) there is extensive sequence variation within both the coding region and intron of this gene and the vast majority of this variation occurs between sequences drawn from geographically distinct populations; (3) the coding sequence variation includes a minimum of five amino acid replacement substitutions; (4) segregation of length variants among offspring in an interpopulation cross revealed genotypic ratios consistent with the proposed allelic nature of the CYC variants. These results demonstrate that the requisite genetic variation required for intergenomic coevolution exists in the CYC – COX system in T. californicus .
A stomatin and a degenerin interact in lipid rafts of the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans

In Caenorhabditis elegans, the gene unc-1 controls anesthetic sensitivity and normal locomotion. The protein UNC-1 is a close homolog of the mammalian protein stomatin and is expressed primarily in the nervous system. Genetic studies in C. elegans have shown that the UNC-1 protein interacts with a sodium channel subunit, UNC-8. In humans, absence of stomatin is associated with abnormal sodium and potassium levels in red blood cells. Stomatin also has been postulated to participate in the formation of lipid rafts, which are membrane microdomains associated with protein complexes, cholesterol, and sphingolipids. In this study, we isolated a low-density, detergent-resistant fraction from cell membranes of C. elegans. This fraction contains cholesterol, sphingolipids, and protein consistent with their identification as lipid rafts. We then probed Western blots of protein from the rafts and found that the UNC-1 protein is almost totally restricted to this fraction. The UNC-8 protein is also found in rafts and coimmunoprecipitates UNC-1. A second stomatin-like protein, UNC-24, also affects anesthetic sensitivity, is found in lipid rafts, and regulates UNC-1 distribution. Mutations in the unc-24 gene alter the distribution of UNC-1 in lipid rafts. Each of these mutations alters anesthetic sensitivity in C. elegans. Because lipid rafts contain many of the putative targets of volatile anesthetics, they may represent a novel class of targets for volatile anesthetics.
Pharmacokinetics of single, oral-dose voriconazole in peritoneal dialysis patients

Background: Voriconazole is a new triazole antifungal drug. Its pharmacokinetics and transfer to peritoneal dialysate in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients have not been studied. Methods: Five patients with end-stage renal disease requiring support by PD were administered a single dose of 200 mg of voriconazole orally. Plasma and peritoneal dialysate were collected for measurement of voriconazole concentrations at times 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours. Results: Voriconazole was absorbed and achieved maximum concentration (Cmax) in plasma at mean time 2.4 ± 0.7 (SE) hours. Time to Cmax in dialysate was 2.8 ± 0.5 hours. Mean Cmax for plasma was 0.55 ± 0.20 μg/mL, and for dialysate, approximately half that of plasma (0.25 ± 0.09 μg/mL). The dialysate to plasma ratio of voriconazole was 0.66 ± 0.11. Less than 1% of the administered voriconazole dose (1.3 ± 0.2 mg) was recovered in dialysate 24 hours after dosing. Conclusion: Voriconazole penetrates well into peritoneal fluid. There is minimal peritoneal clearance of voriconazole; therefore, no dosage adjustment is needed for patients on PD therapy.
STAT3 and Importins Are Novel Mediators of Early Molecular and Cellular Responses in Experimental Duodenal Ulceration

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that directly upregulates VEGF, Ref-1, p21, and anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl-xL. In this study, we hypothesized that STAT3 signaling is activated and provides a critical protective role that is required for enterocyte survival during the early phases of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers. We studied the effect of inhibition of STAT3 activity on cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats and egr-1 knockout mice using STAT3/DNA binding assay, immunohistochemistry, immunoblot, and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analyses. We found that G-quartet oligodeoxynucleotides T40214, a specific inhibitor of STAT3/DNA binding, aggravated cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats 2.8-fold (p < 0.05). In the pre-ulcerogenic stage, cysteamine induced STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, its translocation to nuclei, an increased expression and nuclear translocation of importin α and β in the rat duodenal mucosa. Cysteamine enhanced the binding of STAT3 to its DNA consensus sequences at 6, 12, and 24 h after cysteamine by 1.5-, 1.8-, and 3.5-fold, respectively, and activated the expression of STAT3 target genes such as VEGF, Bcl-xL, Ref-1, and STAT3-induced feedback inhibitor, a suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. We also demonstrated that egr-1 knockout mice, which are more susceptible to cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers, had lower levels of STAT3 expression, its phosphorylation, expression of importin α or β, and STAT3/DNA binding than wild-type mice in response to cysteamine. Thus, STAT3 represents an important new molecular mechanism in experimental duodenal ulceration.
Minimum dissipation rate flow with given flux

Flow of a viscous incompressible fluid through a conduit with rigid walls is considered, with the flux given at the entrance and exit. The velocity distribution which minimizes the rate of energy dissipation is characterized. It is a Stokes flow with the surface stress equal to a constant pressure at the entrance and another constant pressure at the exit
TWO-POINT CORRELATIONS OF THE NEAR AND FAR-FIELD PRESSURE IN A TRANSONIC JET

To better understand the relationship between the near-field pressure and the acoustic far-field, multi-point measurements of the near-field pressure around the periphery of a cold Mach 0.85 round jet are compared to simultaneous multi-point farfield acoustic pressure measurements. The results indicate that the near-field pressure is low dimensional and the instantaneous contribution from both azimuthal mode 0 and 1 is sufficient to accurately recover the dynamics of the near-field pressure. Correlations of the acoustic far-field with the contribution of each azimuthal mode to the near field pressure, however, indicate that only azimuthal mode 0 is well correlated with the far-field pressure, suggesting that the acoustic source in the jet is predominantly axisymmetric. The correlation of the higher azimuthal pressure modes with the far-field acoustic pressure is extremely poor suggesting that the axisymmetric source is weakened by the presence of higher azimuthal modes in the near field of the jet.
Gastric bypass combined with reversal of intestinal bypass for morbid obesity

Many of the estimated 100,000 patients in the United States who have had jejunoileal bypass (JIB) for morbid obesity will develop lifethreatening complications which require that the JIB be reversed. To avoid the nearly certain recurrence of morbid obesity after reversal of JIB, gastric bypass (GB) was done at the time of the reversal in 19 patients. All patients are alive and healthy. There were no immediate serious postoperative complications. The arthritis, electrolyte imbalance, and multiple gastrointestinal symptoms (bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence) caused by JIB were immediately relieved. Patient acceptance of GB has been gratifying, and most patients continue to maintain a satisfactory weight reduction. The most significant late complication has been disruption of the gastric staple line, which was diagnosed in 4 patients 2 to 21 months after operation. All 4 patients were reoperated upon because of rapid gain in weight following the disruption. The staple line disruption is probably due to repeated overeating and, therefore, overdistention of the small gastric pouch. It is safe and prudent to perform GB in most patients when the JIB must be reversed.