cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of the hydrophobic environment on proton mobility in perfluorosulfonic acid systems: an ab initio molecular dynamics study

Model systems of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers exhibiting regular shaped and idealized channel morphologies were constructed by functionalizing single walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with –CF2SO3H groups and adding from 1 to 3H2O/SO3H to investigate structural and chemical factors affecting proton dissociation and transport. No a priori assumptions about either the dissociation or hydration of the protons were assumed and extensive ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were performed and subject to analysis. The importance of the hydrophobic environment was assessed by comparing the hydration of the protons both with and without fluorine atoms attached to the CNT walls. The AIMD trajectories showed that dissociation of the acidic proton increased with increasing density of sulfonic acid groups; however, greater densities also brought about trapping of the dissociated proton. The fluorine atoms accepted hydrogen bonds from the water molecules, stabilized hydrogen bonding, and enhanced proton dissociation. The CNT systems without fluorination of the walls exhibited a propensity for the formation of Zundel cations (H5O2+), while the fluorinated systems favoured hydrated structures involving hydronium ions or hydrated H3O+ species depending on the amount of water in the system.
Mechanisms in psychosocial interventions for adults living with cancer: opportunity for integration of theory, research, and practice.

Objective The diagnosis and treatment of cancer are highly stressful experiences that can profoundly affect emotional and physical well-being. Hundreds of longitudinal investigations that identify risk and protective factors for psychological and physical adjustment in adults living with cancer and numerous randomized controlled psychosocial intervention trials constitute the relevant knowledge base on factors that promote quality of life and health in this group. A critical step for the development of maximally effective interventions is to attend to the mechanisms by which interventions achieve their effects. Our goals in this article are to provide a rationale for theoretical and empirical consideration of mediating processes in intervention research, review existing randomized psychosocial intervention trials for adults diagnosed with cancer that include evaluation of mediators, and offer recommendations for research. Method We draw from the existing conceptual and empirical literature regarding examination of mediating processes and review 16 randomized controlled trials that include evaluations of mediators. Results The current conceptual and empirical literature on evaluating mediators of interventions provides robust rationales and procedures for testing mediators of psychosocial interventions for adults diagnosed with cancer. Promising classes of mediators include alterations in cognitions (i.e., expectancies, illness representations), self-efficacy for using coping strategies and other skills targeted by the intervention, psychological and physical symptoms related to cancer (e.g., mood disturbance, pain), and psychosocial resources (e.g., self-esteem). Conclusions Focused attention to mechanisms underlying the efficacy of interventions can help integrate theory, research, and practice to promote the well-being and health of individuals with cancer.
Numerical and experimental investigation of heat transfer phenomena over an electronic module

Summary form only given. In the numerical approach, the time-averaged equations depicting the turbulent flow field were integrated using a commercial finite-difference code (PHOENICS). The card-mounted electronic module was represented as a conducting solid. The resulting heat transfer coefficient data were used as boundary conditions for subsequent conduction analyses of the package. The CAEDS program, a commercially available finite-element simulation system, was used to perform the conduction simulation. Heat-transfer coefficient, surface temperature, pressure drop and overall thermal resistance (external and internal) data are presented as a function of fluid velocity. Experimental data were acquired for individual components surface-mounted to small sections of epoxy circuit card. Custom thermal chips were used to simulate power dissipation and sense bulk chip temperature. The test vehicles were placed in individual rectangular channels and exposed to uniform air flow over a Reynolds number range from 300 to 11000. Component surface temperatures, air temperature, and chip temperature were measured, and the results were compared with those of the simulations. >
Selenium Heterocycles: Reactions of SeX4 (X = Cl, Br) with the Enamine Form of β‐Diketiminato Ligands

Treatment of SeX4 (X = Cl, Br) with either MesnacnacLi(nacnac = [{N(Ar)C(Me)}2CH]–, Ar = Mes = C6H2Me3-2,4,6) or DmpnacnacLi (Ar = Dmp = C6H3Me2-2,6) affords four new SeII six-membered heterocycles, [MesnacnacHCl2SeCl] (2), [MesnacnacH2Se]+Br– (3), [DmpnacnacH2Cl3Se]+Cl– (4), and [MesnacnacH2(O)Br2Se] (5). All have been characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. Each of the four complexes is proposed to have formed from the initial reaction of SeX4 with the C–C double bond that results from the enamine form of the ligand, giving rise to an Se–C single bond. Subsequent nucleophilic attack by either the more distant nitrogen atom or the remaining C–C double bond of the enamine form results in the Se heterocycle. In complexes 2, 4, and 5 varying degrees of halogenation of the newly formed heterocycles was observed.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Ocean Floor Investigations Along Santa Barbara County Coast: ABSTRACT

For the increasing number of oil geologists who are studying the submerged shelves of Southern California in order to unravel the bedrock structure, a knowledge of where to look on the sea floor to find bedrock outcrops is highly desirable in saving exploration time and expense. Knowledge of the topography of the shelves is thus required. The submerged shelf between Point Conception and Santa Barbara is considered. Cross sections of the shelf show that the Recent marine sediment or "overburden" which rests on the bedrock commonly forms a lens-shaped deposit. Within the surf zone, this sediment lens varies from zero to a few feet thick. It thickens offshore to an average of about 40 feet, but in places to more than 100 feet, then usually tapers off to a few feet or less in thickness near the outer edge of the submerged shelf. Isopach charts of overburden aid in conveying the nature of the sediment lens. The bedrock of the shelf is traversed by numerous canyons and gullies probably Late Pleistocene in age. These have subsequently been alluviated by continental sediment and later by marine sediment so that no topographic expression of them is evident on the ocean floor. These features are illustrated on the submarine bedrock contour charts. The common giant kelp which forms the extensive kelp beds along this coast (Macrocystis pyrifera Linnaeus) is commonly considered to be a good criterion for the presence of bedrock outcrops. This is now known to be partly erroneous, and it is shown that the kelp grows equally well in thick overburden of mud and fine sand. However, by observing the plant density from aerial photography, it can be determined whether the algae is growing on bedrock or in thick sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2062------------
Digital restoration using volumetric scanning

In this paper we present a new, nondestructive method for revealing inaccessible text buried within damaged books and scrolls. The method is based on volumetric scanning followed by data modeling and physically-based simulation. We show by experiment that it is possible to recover readable text from objects without physically opening or damaging them. In handling damaged collections, conservators often face a choice between two frustrating alternatives: indefinite preservation without analysis, or irreversible physical harm for the sake of potential discovery. We believe that this work creates a new opportunity that embraces both the need to preserve and the possibility for complete analysis.
Pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide: a novel, specific biomarker for detection of left ventricular dysfunction in the general community

Background Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (ProBNP), from which biologically active BNP and inactive amino-terminal BNP (NT-proBNP) are processed, has recently been reported to be elevated in patients with heart failure (HF). It remains to be shown in a large cohort study whether ProBNP circulates in normals, what factors influence ProBNP, and whether or not it is a sensitive biomarker for left ventricular (LV) dysfunction.
Ethanol Ingestion and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Effects on the Acyl‐CoA Desaturases

The ingestion of ethanol results in altered compositions of the polyenoic fatty acids in a variety of liver and brain membranes. A possible cause for these alterations in hepatic endoplasmic reticulum membranes has been studied by measuring the delta 9, delta 6, and delta 5 acyl-CoA desaturase activities in hepatic microsomes from chronically or acutely treated rats. Chronically, ethanol decreased all three enzyme activities with the following order of sensitivity: delta 6 (65%), delta 9 (54%), and delta 5 (46%). The short-term study indicated that all three desaturase activities were affected after 1 day of ethanol feeding. NADPH- and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities were found to be reduced in chronically treated rats, and the NADH-cytochrome c reductase was decreased in the acutely treated. However, these reduced enzyme activities could not account for the decrease in desaturase activities due to the very marked differences between the specific activities of these enzymes compared to the desaturase. Thus, we conclude that changes in membrane polyenoic fatty acid composition can be result of ethanol-induced decreases in the terminal desaturase enzymes.
Cholesterol accumulation in podocytes: a potential novel targetable pathway in diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Strict glycemic control and renin-angiotensin system inhibition delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy but do not prevent end-stage renal disease. Thus, identification of novel pathogenic mechanisms and targetable pathways is needed to change the outcome of the disease. In this issue, Merscher-Gomez et al. (1) report that cholesterol accumulation in podocytes plays a pathogenic role in diabetic nephropathy and provide evidence of the beneficial effect of targeting this pathway. Using a cell assay, the authors show that serum from patients with diabetic nephropathy (as opposed to that of diabetic patients without nephropathy) induces abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in human podocytes in culture, which is associated with downregulation of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 , increased apoptosis, cell blebbing, and loss of caveolin phosphorylation. Notably, these changes are prevented by exposure to methyl-β-cyclodextrin (methyl-β-CD), an oligosaccharide that mobilizes cholesterol from lipid rafts. Microarray and PCR analysis of human biopsies from a cohort of type 2 diabetic patients confirmed ABCA1 downregulation in diabetic nephropathy. In addition, Merscher-Gomez et al. used a type 2 diabetic mouse model carrying homozygous leptin mutation on insulin-resistant genetic background (BTBR: ob/ob ) (2) to target this pathway, and found that long-term parenteral methyl-β-CD administration improves albuminuria and mesangial expansion, as well as insulin resistance and obesity …
Oral Prednisolone vs. IM Corticotropin and Hypsarrhythmia* in West Syndrome

Investigators at University of Columbo, Sri Lanka, studied the efficacy of oral prednisolone (40-60 mg/day) and intramuscular adrenocorticotrophin hormone (40-60 IU synthetic ACTH every other day) for 14 days in improving hypsarrhythmia in children (age 2 mos-2 yrs) with previously untreated West syndrome.
Making the Cut: An Isolated Filiform Polyp

75-year-old woman with a remote history of sigAmoidectomy for perforated diverticulitis, as well as benign colonic polyps found during colonoscopy 4 years prior, presented for surveillance colonoscopy. During colonoscopy, an isolated, 3 cm in length, pedunculated, worm-like polyp was discovered at 40 cm proximal to the anus (Figure A). Initial hot snare polypectomy, set at 25 W, cut through the outermost layer of stalk tissue but failed to cut through the central fibrous-appearing core. Of note, the stalk of the polyp was noted to contract with application of current. By using the autocut function set at 180 W, the central core was successfully cut (Figure B). The polyp was retrieved, and hemostatic clips were placed to prevent post-polypectomy bleeding. Pathologic examination revealed a finger-like polyp lined by benign reactive colonic epithelium and containing a central fibrovascular core, which was negative for dysplasia (Figure C). There were no post-procedural adverse events. Filiform polyps are most commonly associated with inflammatory bowel disease but may also be seen with diverticulitis and malignancy. Differing from this case, filiform polyps more commonly are found as a group of polyps or even as mass-like agglomerations. Histologic examination of filiform polyps reveals nonspecific inflammation of colonic mucosa with a core that is often fibrovascular but can also contain disordered smooth muscle fascicles and nerves. These muscle fascicles are believed to be the cause of polyp contraction with application of current during this case. Filiform polyps generally are not thought to have malignant potential. However, endoscopists should consider polypectomy or biopsy if the polyp is of uncertain histology. This was an atypical, isolated filiform polyp found during colonoscopy, and thus the endoscopists chose to proceed with polypectomy. A previous report suggested a snare and cautery technique for removal of suspected filiform polyps. However, because of the fibrovascular and muscular core of these polyps, autocut may be more successful for polypectomy of a suspected filiform polyp.
Diagnosis of Cholestasis

The diagnosis of cholestasis often begins with an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level. Imaging of the biliary tree in this setting typically begins with sonographic assessment as this can help identify the source of cholestasis, particularly when involving larger bile ducts. Oftentimes, cholangiography is necessary to diagnose and treat large bile duct obstruction. In the setting of intrahepatic sources of cholestasis, laboratory assessment of autoantibodies and liver biopsy may be necessary to better characterize the underlying biliary tract disease.
Gender and Legal Writing: Law School's Dirty Little Secrets

While great strides have been made by legal writing professors in the past two decades, many law schools - perhaps most accurately, many law school deans - try to avoid the investments needed to provide their students with professional, high-quality instruction in legal research and legal writing. Law professors, including women law professors, have reacted to their deans' decisions to maintain the status quo largely by quiet acquiescence - although in some cases they openly support that stance. Legal writing seems to be just too hard, and too demanding in time and energy, to be taught by doctrinal law professors, most of whom are men who feel they have better things to do. This essay offers an explanation about how law schools arrived at this uncomfortable place. It reveals the depth of the salary differentials between legal writing teachers, their faculty colleagues down the hall, and the students who have just received their degrees. The essay then explains how these gender-based disparities and disdain for law practice have become institutionalized and validated by the American Bar Association's Standards for Approval of Law Schools. It summarizes the recent actions that legal writing teachers have taken to secure for themselves the status, stature, and pay afforded to other law faculty. Finally, we focus on legal research and writing professors' work to create a standard of writing instruction on which students can rely to begin their practice of law successfully.
Planetary Navigation Architecture for Cooperative Autonomous Ground-Air-Space Robots

Future planetary exploration missions will use multiple ground-air-space robots. In this paper, several ground rovers must navigate a previously unknown terrain in sequential fashion. A control architecture is proposed in which ground rovers work with air robots to navigate a previously unknown terrain in such a way that past experiences of one rover can be used to help later rovers. Ground rovers do not communicate navigation information to other rovers. Instead, the air robot acts as an intelligent coordinator and master planner to increase the navigational efficiency of rovers on the ground as experience is built over time. The space robot is used to provide rough map information to the air robot, and to serve as a backup storage device in case of air robot failure. Results from multiple-robot experiments on a limited hardware testbed are shown and lessons learned are outlined.
Inter-study reproducibility of cardiac MRI in free breathing patients at rest for the evaluation of regional myocardial perfusion

Background In the early stages of some cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), myocardial ischemia only occurs in a limited area. Thus, accurate detection of regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities is important for diagnosis. Recently, myocardial perfusion using MRI has become a promising non-invasive method to evaluate myocardial ischemia in CVDs. However, the reproducibility of MRI for assessment of regional perfusion has not been studied. This knowledge gap could affect the use of Cardiac MR in clinical practice. To address this clinical need, we evaluate the reproducibility of MRI perfusion in 12 healthy volunteers.
Mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis resistance associates with defective heat shock protein response in African-American men with prostate cancer.

African–American (AA) patients with prostate cancer (PCa) respond poorly to current therapy compared with Caucasian American (CA) PCa patients. Although underlying mechanisms are not defined, mitochondrial dysfunction is a key reason for this disparity. Cell death, cell cycle, and mitochondrial function/stress were analysed by flow cytometry or by Seahorse XF24 analyzer. Expression of cellular proteins was determined using immunoblotting and real-time PCR analyses. Cell survival/motility was evaluated by clonogenic, cell migration, and gelatin zymography assays. Glycolytic pathway inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) inhibited cell proliferation in both AA PCa cells (AA cells) and CA PCa cells (CA cells). AA cells possess reduced endogenous reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP), and mitochondrial mass compared with CA cells. DCA upregulated mtMP in both cell types, whereas mitochondrial mass was significantly increased in CA cells. DCA enhanced taxol-induced cell death in CA cells while sensitising AA cells to doxorubicin. Reduced expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) was observed in AA cells, whereas DCA induced expression of CHOP, C/EBP, HSP60, and HSP90 in CA cells. AA cells are more aggressive and metastatic than CA cells. Restoration of mitochondrial function may provide new option for reducing PCa health disparity among American men.
The effects of crylAb transgenic rice on the culturable bacterial flora in the rhizospheres

In order to investigate the effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis rice(Bt rice,carrying crylAb gene) on the rhizosphere bacterial flora under paddy field conditions,the community structure and its quantitative variations of bacteria in different rhizosphere areas(root surface,the rhizosphere,inner root) of two Bt rice lines(KMD1 and KMD2) and the parent XiuShui11(XS11) under different developmental stages were compared.For three lines,the average bacteria number reached the peak at shooting stage and the bottom at heading stage.The average bacteria number in the root surface and inner root,but not in the rhizosphere,of KMD1 or KMD2 was significantly higher than that of XS11.Twenty genera were classified from 303 strains.The strains isolated from three lines mostly belonged to same genus,but the bacteria number were different,in which the quantities of Staphylococcus,Corynebacterium and Agromyces of two Bt rice lines were higher than those of XS11,whereas Trichococcus of two Bt rice lines were less than that of XS11.There were no significant differences of Shannon-wiener、Simpson and Pielou indexes for the total bacterial community among three lines.This work demonstrated that Bt rice would lead to the quantitative variations of bacteria in rice soil rhizosphere,dependent on the rice developmental stages and rhizosphere areas.
Design of a Rainfall Infiltration Depth Detector and Its application in Debris Flow Source Area

A debris flow prediction model is often a statistical model which mainly uses the information of rainfall as the single basis,resulting substantial inaccuracy and indeterminacy in the forecast.Debris flows occur when the soil mass lost its stability owing to the pressure of surface runoff and the lubrication of the infiltrated water.The saturated soil depth by infiltrated rainfall can therefore be used as the lower boundary of debris flow source to enhance the physical elements of debris flow forecast.We described the working principles and the structure design of the detector for saturated soil depth.The technique was then employed to obtain the depth of rainfall saturated soil in the source of the debris flow.In addition to the real-time rainfall data,the saturated soil depth was used to forecast the occurrence of debris flow.According to the field experiment and the instrument observations,the accuracy of debris flow forecasting can be improved by monitoring the rainfall infiltration depth in soil of the debris flow source.
Novel educational interventions in residency increase knowledge of chronic liver disease and career interest in hepatology.

There is an increasing burden of chronic liver disease (CLD) in the United States but a significant shortage of hepatologists. Thus, it is necessary to develop new recruitment strategies to the field of hepatology as well as ensure that non-gastroenterology-trained physicians are able to capably assist in the care of CLD. We established a novel, nonelective, inpatient hepatology rotation that uses required modules in the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Curriculum and Training-First Hepatitis B and C curriculums as well as in LiverLearning. A paper-based anonymous assessment was distributed to the inaugural 25 postgraduate years 2 and 3 internal medicine residents before and after the 2-week rotation over the course of 1 year. Both the prerotation and postrotation assessments included validated multiple-choice questions and Likert-type questions, which evaluated self-perceived knowledge and comfort with managing CLD. The mean comfort level (1 = not at all comfortable/strongly disagree, 5 = very comfortable/strongly agree) of managing several common liver diseases increased significantly after completion of the rotation (i.e., cirrhosis 2.8 versus 3.8, P < 0.001; hepatitis B 2.4 versus 3.4, P = 0.001; hepatitis C 2.6 versus 3.7, P = 0.002; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 3.0 versus 4.0, P < 0.001; liver transplant care 2.1 versus 3.4, P < 0.001). There was also a significantly increased interest in hepatology as a career (2.6 versus 3.0, P = 0.03). Finally, the mean percentage of multiple-choice questions answered correctly on the pretest was 62% and posttest was 77% (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Our novel curriculum and nonelective hepatology rotation has effectively demonstrated improvement in internal medicine residents' comfort with and knowledge of CLD, and increased career interest in hepatology was also observed after completion of the curriculum, which suggests that more exposure to CLD could positively impact recruitment to the workforce; larger, multicenter studies are needed to validate these results. (Hepatology 2016;64:2210-2218).
Dynamic Optimization and Control

Dynamic optimization is most fundamental to our understanding of economic behavior analyzed through economic models. This is so for several reasons. For one thing, it includes static optimization as a special case, since a dynamic model in its steady-state equilibrium may represent a static equilibrium model. Second, many economic decisions e.g. investment decisions have long run consequences, so that a policy which is optimal in the sense of maximizing short run profits for a firm may not be optimal in the long run, since it may invite more entry and thereby reduce long run profits. This apparent inconsistency between the short-run or myopic policy and the long run policy may lead to various adjustments in firm behavior, particularly when the future is only incompletely known or imperfectly forecast. Third, the understanding of dynamic or intertemporal or moving equilibrium as an optimum concept, whenever such an interpretation is meaningful in economic models, provides us with a normative yardstick against which actual realized behavior can be compared and tested for correspondence. This is particularly important for differential game models, which are increasingly applied in recent literature, where two or more players seek to reach an intertemporal equilibrium or optimum by appropriately choosing their own strategies over time. Lastly, dynamically optimal policies are most important for applying econometric models over time, since updating of policy may be performed as more data become available over time.
New Insights into Mechanistic Aspects of Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction in Aqueous Electrolytes

Certain aspects of the interpretation of rotating ring-disk electrode, RRDE, data for the oxygen reduction reaction, ORR, in aqueous electrolytes under forced convection have been examined. This presentation will highlight three specific topics: • The correct interpretation of the fraction of the oxygen consumption that generates H2O2(aq), as extracted from the ratio of ring current to disk current denoted as XH2O2 , A plot of this ratio vs ω-1/2, where ω is the rotation rate of the disk, should be linear and, with a slope proportional to k3 /XH2O2 where k3 is the rate constant for the reduction of solution-phase hydrogen peroxide1. • Changes in the electrocatalytic activity of Pt for the oxygen and hydrogen peroxide reduction reactions (ORR, and HPRR, respectively) in an aqueous acidic electrolyte induced by the adsorption of bromide, as a model impurity, have been investigated using chronoamperometric techniques. Significant drops in the diffusion-limited currents for O2 reduction, as well as an increase in the measured H2O2(aq) at the ring were induced by the presence of 10 M KBr, and could only be observed for Br- > 0.25 regardless of Estep. This behavior was found to be consistent with a simple blockage of surface active sites by adsorbed bromide, as predicted by the attenuation model proposed by Levart. • An analysis of O2 - generation at the disk and subsequent oxidation at the ring (see Figure 1) of a RRDE, which undergoes a subsequent second-order dismutation2. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by a grant from NSF: CHE-1412060 References 1. N. S. Georgescu, A. J. J. Jebaraj and D. Scherson, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, 4, F39 (2015). 2. Z. Feng, N. S. Georgescu and D. A. Scherson, Analytical Chemistry, 88, 1088 (2016). Figure 1
On the IVP for the k -Generalized Benjamin–Ono Equation

We shall study special properties of solutions to the IVP associated to the k-generalized Benjamin–Ono equation. We shall compare them with those for the k-generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation and for the k-generalized dispersive Benjamin–Ono equation. Also we shall discuss some open questions appearing in this subject.
Twitter Influenza Surveillance: Quantifying Seasonal Misdiagnosis Patterns

Background: Influenza (flu) surveillance using Twitter data can potentially save lives and increase efficiency by providing governments and healthcare organizations with greater situational awareness. However, research is needed to determine the impact of Twitter users’ misdiagnoses on surveillance accuracy. Objective: This study establishes the importance of Twitter users’ misdiagnoses by showing that Twitter flu surveillance in the United States failed during the 2011-2012 flu season, estimates the extent of misdiagnoses, and tests several methods for reducing the adverse effects of misdiagnoses. Methods: Metrics representing flu prevalence, seasonal misdiagnosis patterns, diagnosis uncertainty, flu symptoms, and noise were produced using Twitter data in conjunction with OpenSextant for geo-inferencing, and a maximum entropy classifier for identifying tweets related to illness. These metrics were tested for correlations with World Health Organization (WHO) positive specimen counts of flu from 2011 to 2014. Results: Twitter flu surveillance erroneously indicated a typical flu season during 2011-2012, even though the flu season peaked three months late, and erroneously indicated plateaus of flu tweets before the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 flu seasons. Enhancements based on estimates of misdiagnoses removed the erroneous plateaus and increased the Pearson correlation coefficients by .04 and .23, but failed to correct the 2011-2012 flu season estimate. A rough estimate indicates that approximately 40% of flu tweets reflected misdiagnoses. Conclusions: Further research into factors affecting Twitter users’ misdiagnoses, in conjunction with data from additional atypical flu seasons, is needed to enable Twitter flu surveillance systems to produce reliable estimates during atypical flu seasons.
Chemoproteomic Profiling of Acetanilide Herbicides Reveals Their Role in Inhibiting Fatty Acid Oxidation

Acetanilide herbicides are among the most widely used pesticides in the United States, but their toxicological potential and mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we have used chemoproteomic platforms to map proteome-wide cysteine reactivity of acetochlor (AC), the most widely used acetanilide herbicide, in vivo in mice. We show that AC directly reacts with >20 protein targets in vivo in mouse liver, including the catalytic cysteines of several thiolase enzymes involved in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. We show that the fatty acids that are not oxidized, due to impaired fatty acid oxidation, are instead diverted into other lipid pathways, resulting in heightened free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and other lipid species in the liver. Our findings show the utility of chemoproteomic approaches for identifying novel mechanisms of toxicity associated with environmental chemicals like acetanilide herbicides.
Institutional racism, segregation, and breast cancer outcomes.

199Background: Racial breast cancer mortality disparities are significant vary in magnitude across the US, indicating that place-specific factors may influence mortality. Racism and segregation are widely considered to contribute to health disparities, and may influence breast cancer outcomes. Several pathways linking racism, segregation and health care outcomes have been proposed, including (1) stressors in the local environment, (2) social resources and opportunities, and (3) knowledge and information. Given these hypothesized pathways, it is possible that racism and segregation may also influence elements of the breast cancer diagnosis, such as stage at diagnosis and tumor characteristics. Methods: We examined the influence of measures of institutional racism (racial bias in mortgage lending) and segregation (the Location Quotient) on 4-year mortality after breast cancer diagnosis, stage at diagnosis, and hormone receptor status among a cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2007 and 2009...
Toward a More Usable Home-Based Video Telemedicine System: A Heuristic Evaluation of the Clinician User Interfaces of Home-Based Video Telemedicine Systems.

Background: Telemedicine is the use of technology to provide and support health care when distance separates the clinical service and the patient. Home-based telemedicine systems involve the use of such technology for medical support and care connecting the patient from the comfort of their homes with the clinician. In order for such a system to be used extensively, it is necessary to understand not only the issues faced by the patients in using them but also the clinician. Objectives: The aim of this study was to conduct a heuristic evaluation of 4 telemedicine software platforms—Doxy.me, Polycom, Vidyo, and VSee—to assess possible problems and limitations that could affect the usability of the system from the clinician’s perspective. Methods: It was found that 5 experts individually evaluated all four systems using Nielsen’s list of heuristics, classifying the issues based on a severity rating scale. Results: A total of 46 unique problems were identified by the experts. The heuristics most frequently violated were visibility of system status and Error prevention amounting to 24% (11/46 issues) each. Esthetic and minimalist design was second contributing to 13% (6/46 issues) of the total errors. Conclusions: Heuristic evaluation coupled with a severity rating scale was found to be an effective method for identifying problems with the systems. Prioritization of these problems based on the rating provides a good starting point for resolving the issues affecting these platforms. There is a need for better transparency and a more streamlined approach for how physicians use telemedicine systems. Visibility of the system status and speaking the users’ language are keys for achieving this. [JMIR Hum Factors 2017;4(2):e11]
Food Law at the Outset of the Trump Administration

In these first few months of the Trump presidency food policy has not been a focus, though the administration’s deregulatory agenda is a priority. The Trump administration’s anti-regulatory stance, lack of attention to important food policy positions, and indifference to food policy in general is itself, of course, a policy choice. Under the Trump administration, subnational policy efforts and this diffuse movement will drive any progress in food policy going forward. Food law is important today for the same reasons that it was before November 8, 2016 — because of food’s effect on health, the environment, and the economy. Food policy remains one of the main levers by which we can work to address some of the most intractable problems of our time, including economic inequality and the effects of climate change. Moreover, a look at food law and policy is a window into potential effects of the new administration’s anti-regulatory stance and the way that state and local regulation will act to fill these gaps. In this essay I discuss what the field may face moving forward.
A survey: Software API and database for emotion recognition

Emotions are fundamental to human lives and their decision-making. Understanding an expression of emotional feeling between people forms an intricate web. There are systems, been developed that attempt to recognize aspects of emotion related behaviors and to respond to these, for example systems designed to improve the user experience or to change user behavior. The emotion recognition through facial images in recent times have proved to be an interesting topic for the researchers. Since two decades, a big research has been addressed to enhance Human Computer Interaction (HCI). There are a lot of applications and API-accessible software online that parallels the human ability to discern emotional behavior. The visual detection market is expanding enormously that can be seen noted from various system developed and described in this paper. This paper discuss various attributes, methods and emotional labels that are considered by various emotion API system. This paper also gives an overview of the databases available for inferring emotion through human facial features. The paper.
Generalized Rewrite Theories and Coherence Completion

A new notion of generalized rewrite theory suitable for symbolic reasoning and generalizing the standard notion in [3] is motivated and defined. Also, new requirements for symbolic executability of generalized rewrite theories that extend those in [8] for standard rewrite theories, including a generalized notion of coherence, are given. Finally, symbolic executability, including coherence, is both ensured and made available for a wide class of such theories by automatable theory transformations.
Global Optimality in Inductive Matrix Completion

Inductive matrix completion (IMC) is a model for incorporating side information in form of “features” of the row and column entities of an unknown matrix in the matrix completion problem. As side information, features can substantially reduce the number of observed entries required for reconstructing an unknown matrix from its given entries. The IMC problem can be formulated as a low-rank matrix recovery problem where the observed entries are seen as measurements of a smaller matrix that models the interaction between the column and row features. We take advantage of this property to study the optimization landscape of the factorized IMC problem. In particular, we show that the critical points of the objective function of this problem are either global minima that correspond to the true solution or are “escapable” saddle points. This result implies that any minimization algorithm with guaranteed convergence to a local minimum can be used for solving the factorized IMC problem.
Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors in the Therapy of AML

Farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) are signal transduction inhibitors that impede critical cell growth and survival signals. Clinical studies in elderly adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), particularly AML evolving from myelodysplastic syndromes, demonstrate modest but definite and reproducible clinical activity that is associated with prolongation of survival. FTI therapy is accompanied by a relatively low toxicity profile, thereby providing an important alternative to traditional cytotoxic approaches for elderly patients who are not likely to tolerate or even benefit from aggressive chemotherapy. One rationale upon which the clinical testing of FTIs in myeloid malignancies was based was the ability of FTIs to interrupt the farnesylation of oncogenic Ras proteins and the significant incidence of activating ras gene mutations in hematological malignancies. Provocatively, responses appear to be independent of ras mutations. Current studies continue to define the determinants of FTI antitumor activity and resistance. Preliminary microarray data suggest that FTIs modulate the activities of genetic networks involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization, and immune reactivity. The full development of FTIs in the therapeutic armamentarium for hematological malignancies will require the design and testing of rational combinations of cytotoxic, biological, and immunomodulatory agents in the laboratory and the clinic.
Positive solutions of semilinear elliptic boundary value problems

The paper is concerned with existence questions for positive solutions (ground states) of boundary value problems for semilinear elliptic partial differential equations. Global continuation and bifurcation results are used to obtain the existence of unbounded solution continua whenever the nonlinear terms depend upon a real parameter. Results are presented for various classes of nonlinear terms which are classified depending on their asymptotic growth, such as linear, superlinear, subcritical, and supercritical growth. Results describing the influence of the geometry, topology and dimension of the domain on the solution structure are also discussed.
Work and the Family in Later Life: The Effects of Role Stressors, Role Enhancement, and Role Conflict on Self-Perceptions on Aging.

The growing aging workforce comprises older workers with a concurrent family role. Guided by life span development and role theories, the primary study hypothesis was that rewards and stressors in ...
Cigarette use and smoking beliefs among older Americans: findings from a nationally representative survey*

Background: Between 2005 and 2015, the prevalence of smoking among US adults has decreased for all age subgroups, except those aged 65 and older.Aim: In order to identify potential correlates of sm...
Complex Impedance Transformers Based on Allowed and Forbidden Regions

Three mapping functions are for the first time derived for allowed and forbidden regions of a complex impedance transformer with only one transmission-line section (TL). The divided sections of the allowed and forbidden regions are six for transforming real into complex impedances, and those for both complex termination impedances are 14, indicating that 20 different areas are possible on a Smith chart. Only one TL can be used for both complex termination impedances, but the restrictions are inevitable. To solve them based on the allowed and forbidden regions, three complex impedances transformers are proposed additionally, connecting one TL, one open stub or one short stub to the original TL. For the verification, three complex impedance transformers, the termination impedances of which are located in forbidden regions, are fabricated and measured at a design frequency of 1 GHz. The measured $\left |{ \mathrm {S}_{11} }\right |$ of one transforming (68 + j42.5) into (85 + j17) $\Omega $ is -45.9 dB at 1 GHz, and the bandwidth with the 15-dB return loss is more than 100 %. One complex impedance transformer with (100-j30) and 50 $\Omega $ is designed to have 280 % bandwidth, as well.
Making a case for the integration of the primary and secondary ticket markets for professional team sports in the United States

Many sports properties have had great success entering into sponsorship deals with secondary ticketing companies. However, additional benefits are possible with a reshaping of the structure of primary and secondary ticketing markets. Specifically, fully integrating both primary and secondary markets can help sports properties reduce ticket fraud, monitor fan behaviour, significantly increase revenue in both markets and improve the overall fan experience. This paper details each of these benefits and provides suggestions for programme development and administration.
Ranking genomic features using an information-theoretic measure of epigenetic discordance

Establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation throughout the genome is an important epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression whose disruption has been implicated in human diseases like cancer. It is therefore crucial to know which genes, or other genomic features of interest, exhibit significant discordance in DNA methylation between two phenotypes. We have previously proposed an approach for ranking genes based on methylation discordance within their promoter regions, determined by centering a window of fixed size at their transcription start sites. However, we cannot use this method to identify statistically significant genomic features and handle features of variable length and with missing data. We present a new approach for computing the statistical significance of methylation discordance within genomic features of interest in single and multiple test/reference studies. We base the proposed method on a well-articulated hypothesis testing problem that produces p- and q-values for each genomic feature, which we then use to identify and rank features based on the statistical significance of their epigenetic dysregulation. We employ the information-theoretic concept of mutual information to derive a novel test statistic, which we can evaluate by computing Jensen-Shannon distances between the probability distributions of methylation in a test and a reference sample. We design the proposed methodology to simultaneously handle biological, statistical, and technical variability in the data, as well as variable feature lengths and missing data, thus enabling its wide-spread use on any list of genomic features. This is accomplished by estimating, from reference data, the null distribution of the test statistic as a function of feature length using generalized additive regression models. Differential assessment, using normal/cancer data from healthy fetal tissue and pediatric high-grade glioma patients, illustrates the potential of our approach to greatly facilitate the exploratory phases of clinically and biologically relevant methylation studies. The proposed approach provides the first computational tool for statistically testing and ranking genomic features of interest based on observed DNA methylation discordance in comparative studies that accounts, in a rigorous manner, for biological, statistical, and technical variability in methylation data, as well as for variability in feature length and for missing data.
Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes.

Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P < .01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P = .03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P < .01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations.
Decomposing the internal faraday rotation of black hole accretion flows

Faraday rotation has been seen at millimeter wavelengths in several low luminosity active galactic nuclei, including Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) targets M87* and Sgr A*. The observed rotation measure (RM) probes the density, magnetic field, and temperature of material integrated along the line of sight. To better understand how accretion disc conditions are reflected in the RM, we perform polarized radiative transfer calculations using a set of general relativistic magneto-hydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations appropriate for M87*. We find that in spatially resolved millimetre wavelength images on event horizon scales, the RM can vary by orders of magnitude and even flip sign. The observational consequences of this spatial structure include significant time-variability, sign-flips, and non-$\lambda^2$ evolution of the polarization plane. For some models, we find that internal rotation measure can cause significant bandwidth depolarization even across the relatively narrow fractional bandwidths observed by the EHT. We decompose the linearly polarized emission in these models based on their RM and find that emission in front of the mid-plane can exhibit orders of magnitude less Faraday rotation than emission originating from behind the mid-plane or within the photon ring. We confirm that the spatially unresolved (i.e., image integrated) RM is a poor predictor of the accretion rate, with substantial scatter stemming from time variability and inclination effects. Models can be constrained with repeated observations to characterise time variability and the degree of non-$\lambda^2$ evolution of the polarization plane.