cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distal convoluted tubule Cl- concentration is modulated via K+ channels and transporters

Cl--sensitive with-no-lysine kinase (WNK) plays a key role in regulating the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Cl- enters DCT cells through NCC and leaves the cell across the basolateral membrane via the Cl- channel ClC-K2 or K+-Cl- cotransporter (KCC). While KCC is electroneutral, Cl- exit via ClC-K2 is electrogenic. Therefore, an alteration in DCT basolateral K+ channel activity is expected to influence Cl- movement across the basolateral membrane. Although a role for intracellular Cl- in the regulation of WNK and NCC has been established, intracellular Cl- concentrations ([Cl-]i) have not been directly measured in the mammalian DCT. Therefore, to measure [Cl-]i in DCT cells, we generated a transgenic mouse model expressing an optogenetic kidney-specific Cl-Sensor and measured Cl- fluorescent imaging in the isolated DCT. Basal measurements indicated that the mean [Cl-]i was ~7 mM. Stimulation of Cl- exit with low-Cl- hypotonic solutions decreased [Cl-]i, whereas inhibition of KCC by DIOA or inhibition of ClC-K2 by NPPB increased [Cl-]i, suggesting roles for both KCC and ClC-K2 in the modulation of [Cl-]i . Blockade of basolateral K+ channels (Kir4.1/5.1) with barium significantly increased [Cl-]i. Finally, a decrease in extracellular K+ concentration transiently decreased [Cl-]i, whereas raising extracellular K+ transiently increased [Cl-]i, further suggesting a role for Kir4.1/5.1 in the regulation of [Cl-]i. We conclude that the alteration in ClC-K2, KCC, and Kir4.1/5.1 activity influences [Cl-]i in the DCT.
Cognitive, Psychiatric, and Quality of Life Outcomes in Adult Survivors of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

Objectives To perform a scoping literature review of cognitive, psychiatric, and quality of life outcomes in adults undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for any indication. Data sources We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO from inception to June 2019. Study selection Observational studies, clinical trials, qualitative studies, and case series with at least 10 adult subjects were included for analysis. Outcomes of interest consisted of general or domain-specific cognition, psychiatric illness, and quality of life measures that included both mental and physical health. Data extraction Study selection, data quality assessment, and interpretation of results were performed by two independent investigators in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Data synthesis Twenty-two articles were included in this review. Six described cognitive outcomes, 12 described psychiatric outcomes of which two were qualitative studies, and 16 described quality of life outcomes. Cognitive impairment was detected in varying degrees in every study that measured it. Three studies examined neuroimaging results and found neurologic injury to be more frequent in venoarterial versus venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, but described a variable correlation with cognitive impairment. Rates of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder were similar to other critically ill populations and were related to physical disability after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors' physical quality of life was worse than population norms but tended to improve with time, while mental quality of life did not differ significantly from the general population. Most studies did not include matched controls and instead compared outcomes to previously published values. Conclusions Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors experience cognitive impairment, psychiatric morbidity, and worse quality of life compared with the general population and similar to other survivors of critical illness. Physical disability in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients plays a significant role in psychiatric morbidity. However, it remains unclear if structural brain injury plays a role in these outcomes and whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation causes secondary brain injury.
Opioid prescription by gynecologic oncologists: An analysis of Medicare Part D claims.

Abstract The use of opioids across all specialties has increased greatly over the last 2 decades and along with it, opioid misuse, overdose and death. The contribution of opioids prescribed for gynecologic cancers to this problem is unknown. Data from other surgical specialties show prescriber factors including gender, geographic location, board certification, experience, and fellowship training influence opioid prescribing. To characterize national-level opioid prescription patterns among gynecologic oncologists treating Medicare beneficiaries. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services database was used to access Medicare Part D opioid claims prescribed by gynecologic oncologists in 2016. Prescription and prescriber characteristics were recorded including medication type, prescription length, number of claims, and total day supply. Region of practice was determined according to the US Census Bureau Regions. Board certification data were obtained from American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology website. Bivariate statistical analysis and linear regression modeling were performed using Stata version 14.2. In 2016, 494 board-certified US gynecologic oncologists wrote 24,716 opioid prescriptions for a total 267,824 days of treatment (median 8 [interquartile range {IQR} 6, 11] prescribed days per claim). Gynecologic oncologists had a median of 33 opioid claims (IQR 18, 64). Male physicians had significantly more opioid prescription claims than females (P 15 years had a greater number of median opioid claims (28 IQR 16, 50) than those with
Mössbauer and LC-ICP-MS investigation of iron trafficking between vacuoles and mitochondria in vma2Δ Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Vacuoles are acidic organelles that store FeIII polyphosphate, participate in iron homeostasis, and have been proposed to deliver iron to mitochondria for iron–sulfur cluster (ISC) and heme biosynthesis. Vma2Δ cells have dysfunctional V-ATPases, rendering their vacuoles nonacidic. These cells have mitochondria that are iron-dysregulated, suggesting disruption of a putative vacuole-to-mitochondria iron trafficking pathway. To investigate this potential pathway, we examined the iron content of a vma2Δ mutant derived from W303 cells using Mossbauer and EPR spectroscopies and liquid chromatography interfaced with inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry. Relative to WT cells, vma2Δ cells contained WT concentrations of iron but nonheme FeII dominated the iron content of fermenting and respiring vma2Δ cells, indicating that the vacuolar FeIII ions present in WT cells had been reduced. However, vma2Δ cells synthesized WT levels of ISCs/hemes and had normal aconitase activity. The iron content of vma2Δ mitochondria was similar to WT, all suggesting that iron delivery to mitochondria was not disrupted. Chromatograms of cytosolic flow–through solutions exhibited iron species with apparent masses of 600 and 800 Da for WT and vma2∆, respectively. Mutant cells contained high copper concentrations and high concentrations of a species assigned to metallothionein, indicating copper dysregulation. vma2Δ cells from previously studied strain BY4741 exhibited iron-associated properties more consistent with prior studies, suggesting subtle strain differences. Vacuoles with functional V-ATPases appear unnecessary in W303 cells for iron to enter mitochondria and be used in ISC/heme biosynthesis; thus, there appears to be no direct or dedicated vacuole-to-mitochondria iron trafficking pathway. The vma2Δ phenotype may arise from alterations in trafficking of iron directly from cytosol to mitochondria.
Effects of Power Training on Gait, Power, and Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Aims This scoping review aims to: 1) examine available literature regarding the effects of power training on gait speed, power, and function in ambulatory children with CP and 2) identify the variations in exercise dosage and rehabilitation recommendations for power training and plyometrics in children with CP. Methods Four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched for papers including power or plyometric training with outcome measures for gait, power or functional performance. ES was calculated for RCTs. Cohorts and case series/studies were evaluated qualitatively. Results Ten articles fit search criteria: four RCTs, three cohort studies, one case series, and two case studies. Power training consistently demonstrated improvements in muscle power compared to its effects on gait and function. ES of mean MPST (W) ranged from 0.36-1.13. 1 MWT and SSGS ES were 1.31 and 1.15, respectively. TUG ES ranged from -0.33 to -2.42. ES for GMFM-66 was 0.13 and 1.11 for Dimension D and Dimension E, respectively. Conclusions There is limited, but promising evidence to support that power training may improve gait speed, power, and function in children with CP. Future, more robust research is required to examine effects in a larger, diverse population, to determine long-term effects and exercise prescription.
Reconstitution of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity with resolved components of the enzyme.

Abstract Adenylate cyclase can be resolved into at least two proteins, a thermolabile, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive component and a second protein (or proteins) that is more stable to either of these treatments. Neither component by itself catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP using MgATP as substrate. However, mixture of the two reconstitutes MgATP-dependent fluoride- and guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p)-stimulatable adenylate cyclase activity. The more stable component can be resolved from the first in various tissues or cultured cells by treatment of membrnes or detergent extracts with heat or N-ethylmaleimide. The two proteins have also been resolved genetically in two clonal cell lines that are deficient in adenylate cyclase activity. An adenylate cyclase-deficient variant of the S49 lymphoma cell (AC-) contains only the thermolabile activity, while the activity of the more stable protein is found in a complementary hepatoma cell line (HC-1). In addition, AC-S49 cell plasma membranes contain MnATP-dependent adenylate cyclase activity. The protein that catalyzes this reaction appears to be the same as that which can combine with the thermostable component to reconstitute Mg2+-dependent enzyme activity because both activities co-fractionate by gel exclusion chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, both activities have identical denaturation kinetics at 30 degrees C, and both activities are stabilized at 30 degrees C and labilized at 0 degree C by various nucleotides and divalent cations with similar specificity. It is thus hypothesized that the thermolabile factor is the catalytic subunit of the physiological adenylate cyclase and that the Mn2+-dependent activity is a nonphysiological expression of the catalytic protein. The thermostable moiety of the enzyme, which is proposed to serve a regulatory function, appears to consist of two functional components, based upon differential thermal lability of its ability to reconstitute hormone-, NaF-, or Gpp(NH)p-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. These components have not, however, been physically separated. The thermolabile and thermostable components can interact in detergent solution or in a suitable membrane. Mixing of the detergent-solubilized regulatory component with AC-membranes that contain only the catalytic protein and beta-adrenergic receptors reconstitutes catecholamine-stimulatable adenylate cyclase activity; however, addition of the catalytic protein to membranes that contain receptor and the regulatory component yields MgATP-dependent enzymatic activity that is unresponsive to hormone.
In vivo evidence for long-term potentiation in older adults. (I10-1F)

Objective: To investigate whether long-term potentiation (LTP) in the visual pathway persists in older adults. Background: LTP is a process by which synaptic strength is augmented. It is believed to serve as a critical mechanism underlying learning, memory and neuroplasticity. In-vitro work on LTP has been done on hippocampal slices using high frequency stimulation. However, it has been difficult to demonstrate LTP in vivo. Recently, LTP was reported in young adults by measuring visual evoked potentials (VEPs) before and after tetanic visual stimulation (TVS). Methods: Seventeen healthy adults, 65 years and older, were recruited from the community. Subjects had a mean age of 77.4 yo, mean MMSE of 29.1, and demonstrated normal visual acuity and performance on neuropsychological tests. VEPs in response to 1 Hz alternating checkerboard stimulation to one hemi-field were recorded before and after 2 minutes of TVS at 9Hz to the same hemi-field. The N1 component was measured at occipital electrode sites in the hemisphere contralateral to tetanic stimulation. Results: The amplitude of the N1 component in response to 1 Hz stimulation was larger after TVS than before TVS [-6.6 (6.5) µV vs. -5.7 (6) µV, p = 0.023 (paired t-test)], indicating a reliable increase in N1 amplitude in response to TVS. Conclusions: High frequency visual stimulation can enhance the N1 response in cognitively normal older adults. This finding suggests that LTP in visual pathways may persist into late life. Future studies should compare the magnitude of this effect in young vs. old subjects, and determine the extent to which this marker of neural plasticity is reduced in neurodegenerative disease. Disclosure: Dr. Porto has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fox has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tusch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sorond has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mohammed has nothing to disclose. Dr. Daffner has nothing to disclose.
Survival of Microorganisms in a Simulated Martian Environment: I. Bacillus subtilis var. globigii

Survival of Bacillus subtilis var. globigii in a simulated Martian environment was demonstrated. Previous contact with the simulated Martian soil or atmosphere reduced germination or outgrowth of unheated spores, or both. Inoculation into simulated Martian soil and then flushing with a simulated Martian atmosphere were lethal to both vegetative cells and spores. After one diurnal temperature cycle (26 to -60 C), the majority of of cells present were spores. No further effect of the diurnal cycle on survival was noted in any of the experimental samples.
Implementation of an Audio/Video Conferencing Application over Native ATM

Distributed Multimedia Applications have high Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements regarding throughput, delay, and delay jitter. Current communication systems do not provide QoS to the applications even in the cases where the network technology may provide QoS guarantees. This paper describes a Internet audio/video conferencing application on top of a native ATM communication system. The UDP/IP communication system has been substituted by AAL5/ATM. The paper describes how the applications can now benefit from the QoS capabilities of ATM and the required modifications of the audio/video conferencing applications in order to use the native ATM service.
Relationships between Investments in Science and Scientific Output: Evidence from Cross-National Panel Data

Economists have long emphasized the important role that new ideas play in promoting economic growth. Since formal scientific discovery is an important source of new ideas, it plays a potentially foundational role in the growth process. Due to its importance, a literature on the determinants of scientific output and productivity has emerged. Most of this literature focuses on the individual researcher or institution as the unit of analysis. Very little attention has been paid to the determinants of scientific output at the country-level. Toward a better understanding of the country-level relationship between investment in science and scientific output, this paper uses panel data from the World Bank and OECD to estimate the elasticity of scientific output with respect to investment in science. Our estimates range from 0.25 to 0.71. In addition to these contemporaneous estimates, we present evidence that past investment is also related to output. We conclude that there is an economically significant positive association between investment in science and scientific output. A sensitivity analysis reveals that this conclusion is quite robust. However, we make no attempt to establish causality, and problems with the data and econometric difficulties dictate that our estimates should be interpreted with caution. I am very grateful to Bruce Weinberg, whose encouragement and guidance made this project possible. Also, thanks to Masanori Hashimoto and Craig Boardman for serving on my thesis committee and offering useful comments. Finally, thanks to the OSU Arts and Sciences and OSU College of Social and Behavioral Sciences for financial support of my work. I am solely responsible for all errors.
Novel artificial reactive impedance surface for miniaturized wideband planar antenna design: concept and characterization

The concept of a novel substrate for planar antennas, that can miniaturize the size and significantly enhance both the bandwidth and the radiation characteristics of a printed antenna on such substrate, is introduced. Using the exact image formulation for the fields of elementary sources above impedance surfaces, it is shown that a purely reactive impedance surface (RIS) with a specific surface reactance can minimize the interaction between the elementary source and its image (the RIS substrate). A RIS can be tuned anywhere between perfectly electric and magnetic surfaces (PEC and PMC) offering the unique property to achieve the optimal bandwidth and miniaturization factor. This artificial surface is designed utilizing two-dimensional periodic square patches printed on a metal-backed dielectric substrate. A simplified circuit model describing the physical phenomenon of the periodic surface representing the RIS is developed for simple analysis and design of the proposed artificial surface. Also an FDTD full-wave analysis in conjunction with the periodic boundary conditions and perfectly matched layer walls is applied to provide a comprehensive study and analysis of complex antennas on such surfaces. An example including a dipole antenna over an RIS substrate is studied and its performance is compared with those of the same antenna over PEC and PMC surfaces.
Where no interface has gone before: what can the phaser teach us about label usage in hci?

Most research on how people represent procedures suggests that control labels are central. However, our data suggest that even moderately-experienced users do not rely on labels to locate interface elements.
A proposal for creating a land market in Albania

Abstract This paper reviews the land situation in Albania, and the need for the establishment of a land market, following the distribution of ex-cooperative land to 360,000 farm families. For a land market to be established, a number of institutional modifications have to be introduced, among them the creation of a Property Records System (PRS), with supporting legislation and institutional innovations. The Albanian approach to the distribution of land previously owned by the State and organized into collective farms has been to have village land distribution commissions divide up the land on a per capita basis for all residents of villages within the boundaries of the ex-cooperatives. This has resulted in a high degree of fragmentation, but at the same time, has met the demands of the population for access to land on a family basis. What remains to be done is the establishment of the institutional framework for assuring secure rights to land over the long term. The paper describes a project to achieve these objectives, the first phase being now underway, under funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development.
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Associated With Thermal Activation of Type ii Aδ Mechanoheat Nociceptive Afferents

We evaluated evoked potentials (EPs) to noxious contact heat pulses delivered to hairy skin of healthy adults. Heat pulses from an adapting temperature of 34°C to a target temperature of 52°C. produced two scalp positive waves. The first peaked at 44° to 45°C (~ 500ms following stimulus onset), while the second peaked ~ 300ms following the 52°C heat pulse (~ 1 s after stimulus onset). The first positive wave was absent from an adapting temperature of 39°C, suggesting loss of synchronized activation of warm and, or low threshold mechanothermal afferents. The second EP was observed following stimulation from both adapting temperatures and was associated with subjective report of first pain. Latency difference of the pain EP from arm and leg were consistent with conduction in A$dL nociceptive afferents (~ 10 ms). EPs to painful contact thermal stimuli may be of value in the evaluation of small fiber peripheral neuropathies and assessment of altered pain states.
Mechanism of Ca2+ resistance in adult heart cells isolated with trypsin plus Ca2+.

Abstract Ca2+-resistant heart cells prepared with trypsin and Ca2+ leak Na+ and K+ more slowly than Ca2+-susceptible cells prepared without trypsin and Ca2+. The two preparations show similar leak rates for amino acids and nucleotides. Cells prepared with Ca2+ alone show low ion leak rates, but the yield of rod-shaped cells is less than half that when trypsin is present. Cells prepared with trypsin alone show high ion leak rates. The Na+-K+ ATPase activity of Ca2+-susceptible cells appears to be approximately three-fold greater than that of Ca2+-resistant cells. Imposing a Na+-K+ leak by the addition of gramicidin D causes no stimulation of Na+-K+ ATPase in Ca2+-susceptible cells, but stimulates the activity of Ca2+-resistant cells up to that of the Ca2+-susceptible cells. Ca2+-resistant cells appear to contain more K+ and less Na+ than Ca2+-susceptible cells. Treatment of Ca2+-resistant cells with ouabain (1 m m ) for 5 min changes the Na + K + balance to approximately that of the Ca2+-susceptible cells, and induces a similar degree of Ca2+ susceptibility. We therefore conclude that treatment with trypsin plus Ca2+ confers Ca2+ resistance by keeping the permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ and K+ sufficiently low to allow the Na+-K+ ATPase and Na + Ca + exchanger to maintain normal gradients of Na+, K+ and Ca2+. The agent responsible for maintaining low ion permeability appears to be Ca2+ itself, while trypsin increases the yield and purity of the Ca2+-resistant cells.
Delayed erosion of intraperitoneal chemotherapy catheters into the bowel. Report of two cases

Erosion of a silastic catheter into the small bowel occurred in two patients who previously had received multiple courses of uncomplicated intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy. Although bowel perforation is a recognized complication at the time of Tenckhoff catheter insertion, late erosion of the catheter into the bowel after its use for IP chemotherapy has not been previously reported. Catheter injection with radiographic contrast confirmed the diagnosis, evidence for which included nonspecific clinical findings of intraabdominal infection and pain during chemotherapy infusion.
Annexin‐I as a potential target for green tea extract induced actin remodeling

Using a multistep human urothelial model, we previously showed that green tea extract (GTE) selectively modulates actin remodeling in transformed cells (MC-T11), which resulted in increased cell adhesion and reduced cell motility (Lu et al., Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:1675-83). This study further analyzed which actin binding proteins (ABPs) might be involved in this process. Proteomic profiles of GTE treated and untreated MC-T11 cells using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) identified 20 GTE-induced proteins. Among them, 3 were ABPs (tropomodulin, cofilin and annexin-I), and only annexin-I showed a dose- and time-dependent expression. The increased annexin-I correlated with actin remodeling, and was the result of transcription level up-regulation, as determined by RT-PCR, pull-down immunoblot and siRNA analyses. 5-Azacytidine, a DNA methylation inhibitor, exhibited no effect on annexin-I expression when used alone, but had an additive effect for GTE-induced annexin-I expression. Immunohistochemistry of bladder cancer tissue array showed a decrease of annexin-I expression in carcinoma in situ and low grade papillary carcinoma (n = 32, 0% positive) compared to nontumor urothelium (n = 18, 89% positive) (p < 0.001 by Fisher exact test), but increased in some (6 of 15, 40%) high-grade tumors. Together, GTE induced annexin-I expression plays a role in regulating actin remodeling and decreased annexin-I expression is a common event in early stage of bladder cancer development.
Pneumocephalus Associated with Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in a Patient with Sleep Apnea Syndrome

We report a new potentially dangerous complication of nasal continuous positive airway pressure applied for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A middle-aged woman had cerebrospinal fluid leak after using nasal CPAP, with generalized seizures and pneumocephalus. She did fine with conservative therapy for the CSF leak and discontinuation of nasal CPAP.
Characterization of the nuclear targeting signal of REST/NRSF.

Abstract RE-1 silencer transcription factor (REST), also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), contains nine Cys 2 -His 2 type zinc finger domains (ZFDs). REST/NRSF is localized to the nucleus, where it represses the transcriptional activity of a large number of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells. It has been suggested that REST/NRSF contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) corresponding to amino acids (512–522). However, our studies showed that REST4, a REST/NRSF splicing isoform, which contains the N-terminal 5 of 9 ZFDs, efficiently localized to the nucleus. On the other hand REST1, another REST/NRSF splicing isoform, which contains 4 of the 9 ZFDs, localized to the cytosol. In this study REST-ΔC, which contains 8 ZFDs with the NLS (512–522) deleted, was found to localize to the nucleus in HeLa, COS and PC12 cells. Complete deletion or mutation of NLS (512–522) still permitted REST/NRSF to be localized to the nucleus in HeLa, COS and PC12 cells. In contrast REST/NRSF constructs which contain a deletion of ZFD-5 mislocalized to the cytosol. A point mutation in the zinc finger structure that disrupts its conformation remains nuclear. These data suggest that REST/NRSF contains a NLS around ZFD-5, while the putative NLS at residues 512–522 is non-functional.
Variations in DNA aneuploid cell content during tumor dissociation in human colon and head and neck cancers analyzed by flow cytometry

Experimental research involving human solid tumors often requires single cell suspensions of high yield that are representative of the tissue of origin and in which the cellular property of interest is preserved. This is particularly necessary for the determination of DNA ploidy by flow cytometry. Mechanical dissaggregation and proteolytic enzyme digestion are the most commonly employed dissociation techniques for solid tumors. Comparative testing of techniques is often not performed. Mechanical and proteolytic enzyme dissociation techniques were comparatively tested in 77 human squamous cell cancers of the head and neck (SCCHN) and 25 human colon cancers for cellular yield, dye exclusion viability, quality, and morphology of DNA histograms, and the presence and proportion of DNA aneuploid subpopulations. Significant and consistent DNA aneuploid subpopulation losses were noted in mechanical preparations of SCCHN and enzymatic preparations of colon cancers. The frequency of SCCHN specimens with DNA aneuploid subpopulations was underestimated by 52% in mechanical cell suspensions, and the proportion of DNA aneuploid cells was diminished in an additional 30% of the specimens. Conversely, the frequency of specimens with DNA aneuploid subpopulations was underestimated by 38% in cell suspensions from enzymatically dissociated human colon cancer and their proportion diminished in an additional 50% of the specimens. Incubations of human colon cancers with three commonly employed proteolytic enzymes demonstrated a progressive loss of DNA aneuploid subpopulations as a function of enzyme concentration and incubation time. This is a serious potential source of error in the flow cytometric determination of DNA ploidy in human solid tumors, and may contribute to the diversity of results obtained and occasional contradictory conclusions reached in such studies. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Management of hepatitis C in the setting of liver transplantation.

Each year, 5000 to 6000 liver transplantations are performed in the United States, 40% of which are for hepatitis C-related end-stage liver disease. Infection of the liver allograft is universal and is associated with an accelerated rate of disease progression. Unfortunately, antiviral therapy after transplantation is less effective and often is beset with complications. This article reviews antiviral therapies and the factors that may influence the response in patients who have HCV infection both immediately before and after liver transplantation.
Constructing k-Connected m-Dominating Sets in Wireless Sensor Networks

A k-Connected m-Dominating Set (kmCDS) working as a virtual backbone in a wireless sensor network is necessary for fault tolerance and routing flexibility. In order to construct a kmCDS with the minimum size, some approximation algorithms have been proposed in the literature. However, all of those algorithms only consider some special cases where k = 1,2 or k = m. In this paper, we propose one centralized heuristic algorithm CGA and one distributed algorithms, DDA which is deterministic, to construct a kmCDS for general k and m. Simulation results are also presented to evaluate our algorithms and the results show that our algorithms have better performances than the exiting other algorithms.
Coffin Nails and Corporate Strategies

This article presents a review of the book “Coffin Nails and Corporate Strategies,” by Robert H. Miles in collaboration with Kim S. Cameron.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE COURT AND THE ROLES OF THE ARTIST AND POET UNDER CHARLES I

This is the twelfth in a series of articles on the ways in which courts used creative artists and were used and represented by them.
Mechanism of the Escherichia coli ADP-Ribose Pyrophosphatase, a Nudix Hydrolase†,‡

Escherichia coli ADP-ribose (ADPR) pyrophosphatase (ADPRase), a Nudix enzyme, catalyzes the Mg2+-dependent hydrolysis of ADP-ribose to AMP and ribose 5-phosphate. ADPR hydrolysis experiments conducted in the presence of H218O and analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry showed that the ADPRase-catalyzed reaction takes place through nucleophilic attack at the adenosyl phosphate. The structure of ADPRase in complex with Mg2+ and a nonhydrolyzable ADPR analogue, α,β-methylene ADP-ribose, reveals an active site water molecule poised for nucleophilic attack on the adenosyl phosphate. This water molecule is activated by two magnesium ions, and its oxygen contacts the target phosphorus (P−O distance of 3.0 A) and forms an angle of 177° with the scissile bond, suggesting an associative mechanism. A third Mg2+ ion bridges the two phosphates and could stabilize the negative charge of the leaving group, ribose 5-phosphate. The structure of the ternary complex also shows that loop L9 moves fully 10 A from its posit...
THE PRESENCE OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN FRACTIONATED NORMAL HUMAN SERA.

A substance which reacts and precipitates with pneumococcal C polysaccharide has been detected in the sera of individuals with a variety of clinical conditions (Hedlund, 1961). The presence of this nonantibody serum factor, C-reactive protein (CRP), has been accepted as one of several nonspecific indicators of disease. Little is known concerning the origin of this substance which in acute infections appears during the febrile phase and subsequently disappears upon clinical recovery. The data obtained by Fishel et al (1960) suggested that fractionated "normal', human serum contained material which reacted with pneumococcal polysaccharide and C-reactive protein antiserum (CRPA). The present investigations were designed to extend these observations with electrophoretic and chemical fractionation procedures. These methods were effective in separating various serum components which would precipitate with C polysaccharide and CRPA. In addition, evidence suggests that the polysaccharide and CRPA react and precipitate with substances which differ in chemical solubility and electrophoretic mobility. METHODS
Solvolysis of allenylcarbinyl chloride and its cyclopropanated homologs

Abstract Allenylcarbinyl, cyclopropylideneethyl, methylenecyclopropylcarbinyl, and spiropentylcarbinyl chloride were prepared and their solvolysis reactions in aqueous ethanol or aqueous dioxane or both were studied. Consideration of the solvolytic reactivity of these compounds and their products in aqueous dioxane indicate that all react, at least in part, via positive charge-delocalized transition states.
Bulk Memory Processor for Data Acquisition

To meet the diverse needs and data rate requirements at the Van de Graaff and Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) facilities, a bulk memory system has been implemented which includes a fast and flexible processor This bulk memory processor (BMP) utilizes bit slice and microcode techniques and features a 24 bit wide internal architecture allowing direct addressing of up to 16 megawords of memory and histogramming up to 16 million counts per channel without overflow. The BMP is interfaced to the MOSTEK MK 8000 bulk memory system and to the standard MODCOMP computer I/O bus. Coding for the BMP both at the microcode level and with macro instructions is supported. The generalized data acquisition system has been extended to support the BMP in a manner transparent to the user.
Renal functional effects of multiple-tract percutaneous access.

Abstract Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) can involve establishing more than one access into the urinary collecting system. The present study examined whether multiple percutaneous...
The robustness of chronosequences

Abstract Chronosequences are a fundamental tool for studying and representing change in Earth surface systems. Increasingly, chronosequences are understood to be much more complex than a simple monotonic progression from a starting point to a stable end-state. The concept of path stability is introduced here as a measure of chronosequence robustness; i.e., the degree to which developmental trajectories are sensitive to disturbances or change. Path stability is assessed on the basis of the largest Lyapunov exponent (λ1) of an interaction matrix consisting of positive, negative, or zero entries based on whether existence of a given system state or stage promotes or facilitates (positive), prevents or inhibits (negative), or has no significant effect on transitions to another state. Analysis of several generic chronosequence structures represented as signed, directed, unweighted graphs indicates five general cases: Path-stable reversible progressions (λ1 1). Path stability is probably relatively rare in chronosequences due to the directionality inherent in most of them. A complex soil chronosequence on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina was analyzed as described above, yielding λ1 = 0.843, indicating very low divergence. This outcome is consistent with pedological interpretations, and derives largely from the presence of self-limiting early stages, and a few highly developed states that inhibit retrogression back to many of the earlier stages. This kind of structure is likely to be common in pedological and hydrological sequences, but this suggestion requires further testing.
Recent trends in cultural theories

Abstract Multiculturalism is probably the most important and most misunderstood psychological construct of this decade. This article identifies specific and uniquely valuable contributions of a multicultural perspective and demonstrates the importance of multicultural awareness training as a primary prevention strategy, directed toward preventing multicultural misunderstandings before they happen by training mental health providers to become more aware of their culturally learned assumptions and the contrasting cultural contexts of their clients. The development of recent multicultural theories will be reviewed to demonstrate how the definition of cultural theories have changed over time toward a broader and more complicated perspective. Finally practical applications of culture-centered theories will be reviewed through the presentation of a Cultural Grid for separating behaviors from expectations in each cultural context.
Covalent immobilization of L-asparaginase with a photochemical reagent

A thermochemical–photochemical bifunctional reagent was used to immobilize asparaginase under very mild reaction conditions. Stability and specificity tests indicated that the photochemically immobilized enzyme products were unique only in their high speific catalytic activities.
Effects of Phosphate and other Ionic Compounds on the Activity of Crystalline Beef Liver Glutamate Dehydrogenase

At pH 9.0 the activity of crystalline glutamate dehydrogenase was increased by the addition to the incubation mixture of various electrolytes including sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, Tris, 2-amino-2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol and methionine. Potassium phosphate was most stimulatory and, at an optimum concentration, increased activity three to four-fold. No stimulation was obtained at pH 7.6. Potassium phosphate and the other electrolytes abolished activation by high concentrations of NAD or NADP and altered the inhibitory effects obtained by compounds which presumably do not interact at the NAD binding site. These electrolytes also overcame the inhibition by GTP, a ligand which binds at the same site as NAD, but they did not suppress the reactivity with ADP. It is proposed that at pH 9.0 potassium phosphate and other electrolytes alter glutamate dehydrogenase so that the regulatory site which binds NAD or GTP is no longer available to these ligands.
Total Cross Sections for Multiple Electron Stripping in Atomic Collisions at Energies to 100 kev

Total cross sections have been measured for electron capture and stripping of ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{A}}^{+}$ ions in single collisions of ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ on He, Ne, and A; ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ on Ne and A; and ${\mathrm{A}}^{+}$ on A. Where ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions are incident, the cross sections are given for electron capture, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{10}$; for electron loss, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{12}$; and for "elastic" scattering in excess of one degree, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{11}g1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Where ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{A}}^{+}$ are incident, the cross sections for multiple stripping ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{13}, \ensuremath{\cdots}, {\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{17}$ are given also. The measurements were made at 25, 50, and 100 kev and at additional energies in two cases where a maximum in the electron capture cross section was observed. Each total cross section was compiled by adding the contributions from the various angular regions into which the incident particle may be scattered. The contribution from the particles scattered between 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} was measured directly, while that for regions in excess of 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} was obtained by integrating the measured differential cross sections. In the region between 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} the differential cross section for each process was measured with high resolution and these data are presented here separately. These differential measurements supplement data previously published for angles in excess of 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Tables are presented showing the contribution of each of the angular regions to the various total cross sections. Large-angle scattering is found to make a significant contribution to the total cross sections for the production of the more highly ionized particles.
Detecting gravitational waves from highly eccentric compact binaries

In dense stellar regions, highly eccentric binaries of black holes and neutron stars can form through various $n$-body interactions. Such a binary could emit a significant fraction of its binding energy in a sequence of largely isolated gravitational-wave bursts prior to merger. Given expected black hole and neutron star masses, many such systems will emit these repeated bursts at frequencies within the sensitive band of contemporary ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. Unfortunately, existing gravitational-wave searches are ill suited to detect these signals. In this work, we adapt a ``power stacking'' method to the detection of gravitational-wave signals from highly eccentric binaries. We implement this method as an extension of the $Q$ transform, a projection onto a multiresolution basis of windowed complex exponentials that has previously been used to analyze data from the network of LIGO/Virgo detectors. Our method searches for excess power over an ensemble of time-frequency tiles. We characterize the performance of our method using Monte Carlo experiments with signals injected in simulated detector noise. Our results indicate that the power stacking method achieves substantially better sensitivity to eccentric binary signals than existing localized burst searches.
Hymenial area of agaric fruit bodies consumed by Collembola

On the gill surfaces of agaric fruit bodies fed on by Collembola, the hymenium layer was consumed and many fecal pellets containing many basidiospores were observed. The hymenial area consumed by a collembolan (=Hypogatsrura denisana) varied from 1% to 92%, correlating with the density of collembolans on each fruit body among 11 agaric species. In Lactarius quietus, the hymenial area consumed by collembolans varied from 30% to 69% during the 5 days during which sampling took place. A weak correlation was found between the ratio of the hymenial area and the density of collembolans on the fruit bodies, and this fact suggested that other factors influenced the ratio of the hymenial area consumed by collembolans.
An Argument for a Dynamic Interrelated View of Occupational Experience

This paper provides an argument for a more dynamic, interrelated understanding of occupational experience through the simultaneous examination of Pierce's three dimensions: pleasure, productivity and restoration. Limited attention has been given to Pierce's notion in part due to a lack of continued exploration of the interrelation of the three dimensions. However a body of new evidence strongly supports the theoretical assumptions of the importance of examining the relationship among pleasure, productivity and restoration to help understand occupational experience. This paper reviews several current theoretical ideas of occupational experience and subsequently argues for the advantage of using a dynamic interrelated view of occupational experience that allows for a deeper understanding of its complexity and idiosyncratic nature within and across people. The implications and limitations of this view of occupational experience, along with future directions for exploration, are presented for occupational sci...
Synthesis and characterization of two new Cu(III) compounds: Ba4LiCuO4(CO3)2 and Ba4NaCuO4(CO3)2

Abstract Large single crystals of a new oxide-carbonate, Ba4NaCuO4(CO3)2, were grown in a Ba(OH)2BaCl2 flux. Through the use of single crystal X-ray methods, it was found that the compound has I4 mmm Laue symmetry. The structure was refined in the space group I 4 2m : a = 5.8322(6) A , c = 15.3712(9) A , Z = 2, R = 2.96% , and Rw = 3.45%. The copper is present in the compound in isolated CuO4 square planar units with short CuO distances of 1.85 A. The stoichiometry, as determined from the crystal structure, and the short CuO distances suggest a formal oxidation state of Cu(III). Confirmation of this assignment was obtained by magnetic measurements which indicate that the compound is diamagnetic. Ba4LiCuO4(CO3)2 was prepared also and found to be isomorphous: a = 5.7612(9) A , and c = 15.271(1) A .
Increased reactivity of single wall carbon nanotubes at carbon ad-dimer defect sites.

Abstract A quantum chemical study of the reactivity of the 7-5-5-7 topological defect, corresponding to a carbon ad-dimer, on a (5, 5) armchair nanotube is reported. The energies indicate that the defect is more reactive by 46–70 kcal/mol towards adsorbates containing π-bonds, such as C 2 H 4 , O 2 , and O 3 , than are pristine nanotubes or the Stone–Wales 5-7-7-5 defect. The enhanced reactivity of this defect was also obtained for other sizes and types of carbon nanotubes.
Relationship power, acculturation, and sexual risk behavior among low-income Latinas of Mexican or Puerto Rican ethnicity.

Young adult Latinas are disproportionately overrepresented among HIV/AIDS incidence cases in the United States, and heterosexual contact has been identified as the primary mode of HIV transmission. This study examined sexual risk behavior among 40 low-income native-born and foreignborn Latinas of Mexican or Puerto Rican ethnicity seeking services at a community-based family planning clinic in a large Midwestern city. Participants were unmarried, noncohabiting Latinas ages 18–29 who were involved in primary heterosexual relationships. Survey data that were collected from participants included sociodemographics, relationship power, acculturation, and unprotected sex with primary and extradyadic partners. After statistically controlling for age and ethnic identity, the authors found that Latinas with less relationship power were significantly more likely to report having unprotected sex with primary partners. These findings suggest that HIV-prevention intervention efforts that focus on relationship power among young heterosexual Latinas in the United States may be effective in reducing sexual risk behavior.
Early risk factors for serious antisocial behavior at age 21: A longitudinal community study.

Data collected over a period of 18 years were analyzed vis-a-vis risk factors for serious antisocial behavior in 375 young adults living in the community. Early aggression and hostility, acting-out behavior, academic difficulties, and negative family environment were identified as precursors of later deviance, and different patterns were found for males and females.
Ozone depletion estimates lowered

Human activities deplete stratospheric ozone to a lesser degree than had previously been reported, according to a National Research Council (NRC) committee. The committee updated earlier NRC studies by reviewing recent research on the whether increased chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and various trace gases would figuratively chip away at the envelope of stratospheric ozone that shields the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The new estimates stem from improved mathematical models and from better measurements fed into the models. Two different types of models were incorporated into the update. One considered only CFC, the other accounted for changes in a variety of trace gases. Both types suggest less change in total stratospheric ozone than had been previously estimated.
Recurrent bilateral renal agenesis

Bilateral renal agenesis is usually a sporadic occurrence; recurrence in the same family is rare. A case of recurrent bilateral renal agenesis is presented.