cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Achieving Appropriate Gestational Weight Gain: The Role of Healthcare Provider Advice.

Abstract Background: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) revised gestational weight gain recommendations in 2009. We examined associations between healthcare provider advice about gestational weight gain and inadequate or excessive weight gain, stratified by prepregnancy body mass index category. Materials and Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from women delivering full-term (37–42 weeks of gestation), singleton infants from four states that participated in the 2010–2011 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (unweighted n = 7125). Women reported the weight gain range (start and end values) advised by their healthcare provider; advice was categorized as follows: starting below recommendations, starting and ending within recommendations (IOM consistent), ending above recommendations, not remembered, or not received. We examined associations between healthcare provider advice and inadequate or excessive, compared with appropriate, gestational weight gain using adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 9...
The importance and the Difficulty of Doing Research with a Missionary Population

In a recent study, 50 mission boards were contacted and over 300 first-term missionary appointees were asked to participate in research on the predictive validity of the Cross-Cultural Adaptability...
Women's periconceptional diet and risk of biliary atresia in offspring.

INTRODUCTION We examined the association of biliary atresia with maternal dietary intake, using National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) data from 152 cases and 11,112 nonmalformed controls born 1997-2011. METHODS NBDPS is a multisite, population-based case-control study. Exposure data were from maternal telephone interviews, which included a food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were generated from logistic regression models that included nutritional factors as continuous variables and were adjusted for energy intake only or energy intake plus covariates (maternal race-ethnicity, education, age, prepregnancy body mass index, vitamin/mineral supplement intake, conception during summer). Models included a quadratic term for the nutrient if p < 0.10. ORs reflect odds of having biliary atresia for nutrient values at the 75th compared to 25th percentile values of each nutrient, based on distributions among controls. RESULTS ORs for which the 95% CI excluded 1.00 were energy-adjusted ORs for calcium (0.63), protein (0.65), riboflavin (0.71), and diet quality index (0.69), and fully adjusted ORs for calcium (0.68) and vitamin E (0.72). ORs that were fully adjusted for covariates tended to be closer to 1.0 than ORs adjusted only for energy intake. ORs for the other studied nutrients had 95% CIs that included 1.00. CONCLUSIONS NBDPS is the first study to include detailed information on maternal dietary intake and risk of biliary atresia. Our results suggest reduced risks associated with some nutrients, which may provide etiologic clues but should be interpreted with caution given the small number of cases and novelty of the investigation.
Carbohydrate Determination by Phenol-Sulfuric Acid

The carbohydrate content of unknown biologic products can be determined by a very simple and fairly reliable procedure. This method does not include previous hydrolysis of the sample and liberation of the constituting monosaccharides, but uses concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of phenol. Carbohydrates form either furfuraldehyde or its homologs with strong acid. These derivatives of the carbohydrates produce colored compounds by polymerization or condensation with aromatic phenols. This is the basis of the Molisch reaction and also of Bial’s orcinol assay (1902) which was originally designed for pentoses and hexuronic acids. The anthrone reaction is perhaps the best known version. Certain SH-containing molecules also react with the furfural derivatives. The cysteine-sulfuric acid reaction developed and elaborated by Dische (1949 and 1955) was most studied in this group of reactions. A version of the cysteine-sulfuric acid reaction is described in this Manual for quantitative determination of heptoses (Exercise No. 56) in the presence of other carbohydrates.
Tissue Distribution of Atrial Natriuretic Factor and Determination of Its Concentration

to determine the localization and concentration of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in various tissues, we produced antibodies to ANF and determined ANF by the immunohistochemical method and radioimmunoassay. The assay of ANF in plasma required extraction of the peptide either by solid-phase adsorbents or solvents. Plasma ANF values determined in various laboratories vary widely but are beginning to converge to consensus values. Plasma ANF has been found markedly elevated in various hypertensive rats, in the plasma of subjects with essential hypertension, and in advanced states of congestive heart failure. These results coupled with good correlation between cardiac and pulmonary blood pressure and plasma ANF concentration indicate that atrial blood pressure, hence atrial distension, may be the major controlling factor in the stimulation of ANF secretion. In addition to atria, ANF was found in the ventricle, brain, anterior pituitary, thyroid gland, submandibular gland, adrenal medulla, and peripheral nerves. Local functions of these peripherally localized ANF are envisaged. The ANF in circulation was identified as a low-molecular-weight form with 28 amino acid residues, whereas ANF stored in the atrium is mostly proANF with 126 amino acid residues. Conversion seems to take place at the time of secretion. On the other hand, ANF in other tissues such as the ventricle and hypothalamus is the low-molecularweight form. The mechanism involved in the conversion of proANF to the low-molecular-weight form is not known.
Pressure Dependence of Cr3+ Fluorescence in θ-Alumina

The ruby fluorescence has, for many years, been used as a convenient tool for the determination of pressure in diamond-anvil cells. Subsequently, its use was extended to measure stresses in fibers and composites and, even more recently, the stresses in thermally grown oxide scales. This latter application has provided much needed, and technologically important, information on how and why scales debond from their parent alloy. Recent investigations of the early-stage oxidation of Al-containing superalloys18,19 report a transient “ruby-like” doublet (686.5 and 683.7 nm), which was assigned to the θ phase of Al2O3. The pesent work identifies that, as in ruby, Cr is the ion responsible for the fluorescence and also confirms that it stems from θ-Al2O3. The pressure dependence of the frequency of the θ-fluorescence, measured in a diamond-anvil cell, provides an additional tool for the characterization of stresses during early-stage oxidation. a Raman feature at 255 cm−1 is also identified as originating in θ-Al2O3. This feature is also likely to be useful in scale characterization.
A new concept to target the proteasome: disrupting protein-protein interactions in the proteasome super-assembly as a way to stop the growth of cancer cells.

e14113Background: The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is responsible for the most of regulated intracellular protein degradation in human cells. The proteasome, a major protease of the pathway, is a r...
Interfacility Transfer is Associated With Lower Mortality in Undertriaged Gunshot Wound Patients.

Abstract Background Treatment at a Level I trauma center yields better outcomes for patients with moderate-to-severe injury as compared with treatment in nontrauma centers. We examined the association between interfacility transfer to a level I or II trauma center and mortality for gunshot wound patients, among patients initially transported to a lower level or undesignated facility. Materials and methods This retrospective cohort study included all patients from the National Trauma Data Bank (2010-2015) with firearm as the external cause of injury, who met CDC criteria for emergency medical services triage to a higher level (American College of Surgeons [ACS] Level II or above) trauma center. We compared outcomes between patients (a) treated in an ACS level III or below facility and not transferred versus (b) transferred to an ACS level II or above facility, adjusting for confounders using inverse probability of treatment weights. Results Of the total 62,277 patients, 10,968 (17.6%) were transferred to a level II center or above, and 51,309 (82.4%) were treated at a level III or below or undesignated center. In adjusted analysis comparing transferred versus not transferred patients, risk was lower for mortality (risk ratio [RR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70 to 0.95 P = 0.011) but similar for any complication (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.25 P = 0.87) and the five most common complications. Results were consistent when accounting for data missing at random, and when including state trauma center designations in the definition of Level II or greater versus III and below. Conclusions Our study found lower mortality but similar complication risk associated with interfacility transfer for undertriaged gunshot wound patients. This suggests that transfer to a higher level center is warranted among these patients, with improved care potentially outweighing potential harms because of transfer.
Practical Bioinformatic DNA-Sequencing Pipeline for Detecting Oncogene Amplification and EGFRvIII Mutational Status in Clinical Glioblastoma Samples

Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor with dismal prognosis. Oncogenic mutations in glioblastoma frequently affect receptor tyrosine kinase pathway components that are challenging to quantify because of heterogeneous expression. EGFRvIII, a common oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase mutant protein in glioblastoma, potentiates tumor malignancy and is an emerging tumor-specific immunotarget, underlining the need for its more accessible and quantitative detection. We used normalized next-generation sequencing data from 117 brain and 371 reference clinical tumor samples to detect focal gene amplifications across the commercial Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel version 2 and infer EGFRvIII status based on relative coverage dropout of the gene's truncated region within EGFR. In glioblastomas (n = 45), amplification of EGFR [18 (40%)], PDGFRA [3 (7%)], KIT [2 (4%)], MET [1 (2%)], and AKT1 [1 (2%)] was detected. With respect to EGFR and PDGFRA amplification, there was near-complete agreement between next-generation sequencing and in situ hybridization. Consistent with previous reports, this method detected EGFRvIII exclusively in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas [8 (44%)], which was confirmed using long-range PCR. Our study offers a practical method for detecting oncogene amplifications and large intragenic mutations in a clinically implemented hotspot panel that can be quantified using z scores. The validated detection of EGFRvIII using DNA sequencing eliminates problems with transcript degradation, and the provided script facilitates efficient incorporation into a laboratory's bioinformatic pipeline.
Biobank Continuity Management: A Survey of Biobank Professionals

Academic biobanks face challenges that call for continuity and disaster planning. However, current regulations do not require such planning, so it is unclear if and how biobanks have prepared themselves to deal with future crises. This exploratory study used mixed methods to understand the state of continuity planning in U.S. biobanks. It first reviewed the current state of regulatory and implementation requirements that drive and challenge continuity planning. A survey instrument was then developed and critiqued by a focus group of experienced practitioners in biobanking. The refined survey was disseminated to a targeted group of respondents employed at biobanks across the United States. Most respondents were associated with relatively mature biobanks in operation for more than 6 years and these typically had some form of continuity plan in place. More commonly, continuity planning was reported to be focused on countering natural disasters rather than organization- or personnel-related crises. Respondents identified their most common limitation to be financial resources affecting all phases of implementation. Although many respondents appeared to be aware of some guidance documents and standards for continuity planning, many reported that they did not use or reference them when constructing their biobank continuity plans. Furthermore, nearly 25% of surveyed biobanks did not have a continuity plan and 61% indicated concern in having a mandated continuity plan. Results suggested academic organizations would benefit from a continuity plan template and best practice guidelines for plan development and implementation.
Genomic profiling of kinase genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas to identify potentially targetable genetic aberrations in FGFR1/2, DDR2, EPHA2, and PIK3CA.

6010 Background: Development of targeted therapies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been limited due to the lack of validated, oncogenic genetic aberrations. We determined mutat...
The stolen poem of Saint Moling

It’s a truism of copyright scholarship that the modern concept of the author didn’t exist until the modern era. The medieval and Renaissance author was a vehicle for the text, but the modern author is the creator of the text. And in the 18th century, the Romantic movement transformed authorship into self-expression. This individualization of authorship enabled the creation of copyright. While the printing press made commercial publishing possible, the modern concept of the author created “literary property.” But is the truism entirely true? The concept of the author has certainly changed over time, and taken different forms in different places at different times. But is the modern concept of the author truly unique to the modern era, or does it merely reflect a particular literary economy? In other words, did our concept of the author create our literary economy, or did our literary economy shape our concept of the author? Surely, the answer is a bit of both. But a medieval Irish legend at least suggests that the modern concept of the author is only a particular expression of an economic phenomenon.
Endothelial Glycocalyx-Mediated Nitric Oxide Production in Response to Selective AFM Pulling

The inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production due to endothelial damage contributes to cardiovascular disease. The glycocalyx, a thin layer of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans on the ...
Association Between Hyperlipidemia and Mortality After Incident Acute Myocardial Infarction or Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study and a Meta-Analysis

Objective To examine the effect of HLP, defined as having a pre-existing or a new in-hospital diagnosis based on low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level ≥100 mg/dL during index hospitalisation or within the preceding 6 months, on all-cause mortality after hospitalisation for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and to determine whether HLP modifies mortality associations of other competing comorbidities. A systematic review and meta-analysis to place the current findings in the context of published literature. Design Retrospective study, 1:1 propensity-score matching cohorts; a meta-analysis. Setting Large academic centre, 1996–2015. Participants Hospitalised patients with AMI or ADHF. Main outcomes and measures All-cause mortality and meta-analysis of relative risks (RR). Results Unmatched cohorts: 13 680 patients with AMI (age (mean) 68.5 ± (SD) 13.7 years; 7894 (58%) with HLP) and 9717 patients with ADHF (age, 73.1±13.7 years; 3668 (38%) with HLP). In matched cohorts, the mortality was lower in AMI patients (n=4348 pairs) with HLP versus no HLP, 5.9 versus 8.6/100 person-years of follow-up, respectively (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.80). A similar mortality reduction occurred in matched ADHF patients (n=2879 pairs) with or without HLP (12.4 vs 16.3 deaths/100 person-years; HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.86). HRs showed modest reductions when HLP occurred concurrently with other comorbidities. Meta-analyses of nine observational studies showed that HLP was associated with a lower mortality at ≥2 years after incident AMI or ADHF (AMI: RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.76; heart failure (HF): RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.81). Conclusions Among matched AMI and ADHF cohorts, concurrent HLP, compared with no HLP, was associated with a lower mortality and attenuation of mortality associations with other competing comorbidities. These findings were supported by a systematic review and meta-analysis.
OmpC regulation differs between ST131 and non-ST131 Escherichia coli clinical isolates and involves differential expression of the small RNA MicC.

BACKGROUND Virulence genes and the expression of resistance mechanisms undoubtedly play a role in the successful spread of the pandemic clone Escherichia coli ST131. Porin down-regulation is a chromosomal mechanism associated with antibiotic resistance. Translation of porin proteins can be impacted by modifications in mRNA half-life and the interaction among small RNAs (sRNAs), the porin transcript and the sRNA chaperone Hfq. Modifications in the translatability of porin proteins could impact the fitness and therefore the success of E. coli ST131 isolates in the presence of antibiotic. OBJECTIVES To identify differences in the translatability of OmpC and OmpF porins for different STs of E. coli by comparing steady-state RNA levels, mRNA half-life, regulatory sRNA expression and protein production. METHODS RNA expression was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR and OmpC mRNA half-life by northern blotting. OmpC, OmpF and Hfq protein levels were evaluated by immunoblotting. RESULTS Differences between ST131 and non-ST131 isolates included: (i) the level of OmpC RNA and protein produced with mRNA expression higher for ST131 but OmpC protein levels lower compared with non-ST131 isolates; (ii) OmpC mRNA half-life (21-30 min for ST131 isolates compared with <2-23 min for non-ST131 isolates); and (iii) levels of the sRNA MicC (2- to 120-fold for ST131 isolates compared with -4- to 70-fold for non-ST131 isolates). CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms involved in the translatability of porin proteins differed among different STs of E. coli. These differences could provide a selective advantage to ST131 E. coli when confronted with an antibiotic-rich environment.
Children's Language Disorders: What's in a Name?

Purpose This article aims to illuminate the process and results of an international consortium project that considered terms and diagnostic criteria used in the identification of children with lang...
Chapter 11 – Penetrometers

This chapter describes how to measure mechanical impedance of the soil using penetrometers. The two types of penetrometer tests (static or dynamic) are presented. It is pointed out that penetrometer tests depend upon water content and time. They depend upon time because of impulse. A simple dynamic test, in which a metal can is hammered into the ground (first described by Champ Tanner), is explained. The static test is illustrated by the cone penetrometer, which was developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for predicting carrying capacity of land for army vehicles in off-road military operations. Measurements with the cone penetrometer depend upon the cone angle. The units used to document cone penetrometer readings are reviewed, and their physical significance is described. The importance of penetrometer measurements to assess land degradation from heavy farm equipment is pointed out. A biography of Tanner is given in the Appendix.
Paper-based in vitro tissue chip for delivering programmed mechanical stimuli of local compression and shear flow

Mechanical stimuli play important roles on the growth, development, and behavior of tissue. A simple and novel paper-based in vitro tissue chip was developed that can deliver two types of mechanical stimuli—local compression and shear flow—in a programmed manner. Rat vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) were patterned on collagen-coated nitrocellulose paper to create a tissue chip. Localized compression and shear flow were introduced by simply tapping and bending the paper chip in a programmed manner, utilizing an inexpensive servo motor controlled by an Arduino microcontroller and powered by batteries. All electrical compartments and a paper-based tissue chip were enclosed in a single 3D-printed enclosure, allowing the whole device to be independently placed within an incubator. This simple device effectively simulated in vivo conditions and induced successful RVEC migration in as early as 5 h. The developed device provides an inexpensive and flexible alternative for delivering mechanical stimuli to other in vitro tissue models.
AN ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE FRAGMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND YIELD OF THE WHEAT CROP IN GHARBIA

This Research deals with the economic effects of the fragmentation of agricultural land on the productivity and yield of the wheat crop in Gharbia Governorate. This Research was limited to studying these effects on the Gemmiza 11 species in Gharbia Governorate. A sample of 140 farmers was selected, The 78 farmers each with less than 78 acres of land, the second consists of farmers with holdings of less than 2 acres per acre of 43 farmers, and the third holding category includes farmers with holdings of one acre The study aimed to evaluate these possessive categories to reach the best knowledge that achieve the highest rates of productivity and economic efficiency. A comparison was made between the three possessory categories according to the items of production costs, The results of the variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference of 0.01 among the three possessory categories in all production cost items. It was found that the variable production costs amounted to about 4492, 3655 and 3267 pounds per feddan in the first, second, In other words, production costs are reduced when moving from a small storage category to a larger storage category, due to the principle of capacity savings. By measuring the economic efficiency of the most productive elements affecting the production of the wheat crop (Gemmiza 11) in the three possessive categories, it was found to be positive and greater than the correct one for all the productive components of the production function models in the three possessive categories. By increasing the amount of these productive elements when used to the extent that they achieve economic efficiency. A study of the most important problems and obstacles faced by wheat growers in Gharbia Governorate by identifying them through the personal interview with the farmers of the sample of the field study and their survey revealed that there are many problems and obstacles such as productivity problems related to production and other marketing related to marketing. The increase in prices of fertilizers and pesticides, the rise in the prices of new varieties of crops, the decrease in the productivity of feddan and the erosion of covered agricultural banks, or Marketing problems Vtmthelt the most important of these problems in the decline in net feddan yield compared to crop competition, low price ardebs wheat, the difficulty of delivery of the crop to the concerned authorities and finally price fluctuation and control traders in the markets.
Transfer Entropy Analysis of Interactions between Bats Using Position and Echolocation Data.

Many animal species, including many species of bats, exhibit collective behavior where groups of individuals coordinate their motion. Bats are unique among these animals in that they use the active sensing mechanism of echolocation as their primary means of navigation. Due to their use of echolocation in large groups, bats run the risk of signal interference from sonar jamming. However, several species of bats have developed strategies to prevent interference, which may lead to different behavior when flying with conspecifics than when flying alone. This study seeks to explore the role of this acoustic sensing on the behavior of bat pairs flying together. Field data from a maternity colony of gray bats (Myotis grisescens) were collected using an array of cameras and microphones. These data were analyzed using the information theoretic measure of transfer entropy in order to quantify the interaction between pairs of bats and to determine the effect echolocation calls have on this interaction. This study expands on previous work that only computed information theoretic measures on the 3D position of bats without echolocation calls or that looked at the echolocation calls without using information theoretic analyses. Results show that there is evidence of information transfer between bats flying in pairs when time series for the speed of the bats and their turning behavior are used in the analysis. Unidirectional information transfer was found in some subsets of the data which could be evidence of a leader–follower interaction.
A Qualitative Assessment of Mothers' Experience With Pediatric Anemia Care in Arequipa, Peru

Background: Despite national efforts to control pediatric anemia in Peru, each year, 67.4% of all newborns are diagnosed with anemia during their first year of life. The literature on Peruvian mothers' understanding and beliefs of pediatric anemia is limited. In the present study, we aimed to understand mother's perspective of pediatric anemia and explore their perceptions on how to prevent and treat anemia in Peru. Methods: During May-June 2018, we administered a short demographic questionnaire and conducted language-sensitive interviews with mothers of children clinically diagnosed with anemia in three different governmental health centers in Arequipa, Peru. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We used the Framework Analysis approach to analyze qualitative data. Results: A total of 14 Peruvian mothers were interviewed. Across interviews, three main themes emerged: (I) Mothers' Understanding of Pediatric Anemia; (II) Attitudes about Provider Recommendations for Pediatric Anemia Control; and (III) Barriers to Effective Pediatric Anemia Control. Peruvian mothers expressed skepticism toward national pediatric anemia guidelines as they believe recommendations received at health clinics jeopardized their children's overall health. Participants identified several barriers to effective anemia control: limited and confusing health information received during pediatric healthcare appointments, lack of systematic protocols in health clinics, and inconsistent referral processes. Conclusion: We identified factors that limit the acceptance of current pediatric anemia control guidelines followed at governmental health centers in Arequipa, Peru. Understanding maternal beliefs concerning pediatric anemia can guide future anemia control guidelines at the primary care level for pediatric patients in Peru.
Predicting ligand removal energetics in thiolate-protected nanoclusters from molecular complexes

Thiolate-protected metal nanoclusters (TPNCs) have attracted great interest in the last few decades due to their high stability, atomically precise structure, and compelling physicochemical properties. Among their various applications, TPNCs exhibit excellent catalytic activity for numerous reactions; however, recent work revealed that these systems must undergo partial ligand removal in order to generate active sites. Despite the importance of ligand removal in both catalysis and stability of TPNCs, the role of ligands and metal type in the process is not well understood. Herein, we utilize Density Functional Theory to understand the energetic interplay between metal–sulfur and sulfur–ligand bond dissociation in metal–thiolate systems. We first probe 66 metal–thiolate molecular complexes across combinations of M = Ag, Au, and Cu with twenty-two different ligands (R). Our results reveal that the energetics to break the metal–sulfur and sulfur–ligand bonds are strongly correlated and can be connected across all complexes through metal atomic ionization potentials. We then extend our work to the experimentally relevant [M25(SR)18]− TPNC, revealing the same correlations at the nanocluster level. Importantly, we unify our work by introducing a simple methodology to predict TPNC ligand removal energetics solely from calculations performed on metal–ligand molecular complexes. Finally, a computational mechanistic study was performed to investigate the hydrogenation pathways for SCH3-based complexes. The energy barriers for these systems revealed, in addition to thermodynamics, that kinetics favor the break of S–R over the M–S bond in the case of the Au complex. Our computational results rationalize several experimental observations pertinent to ligand effects on TPNCs. Overall, our introduced model provides an accelerated path to predict TPNC ligand removal energies, thus aiding towards targeted design of TPNC catalysts.
Modeling uncertainty to improve personalized recommendations via Bayesian deep learning

Modeling uncertainty has been a major challenge in developing Machine Learning solutions to solve real world problems in various domains. In Recommender Systems, a typical usage of uncertainty is to balance exploration and exploitation, where the uncertainty helps to guide the selection of new options in exploration. Recent advances in combining Bayesian methods with deep learning enable us to express uncertain status in deep learning models. In this paper, we investigate an approach based on Bayesian deep learning to improve personalized recommendations. We first build deep learning architectures to learn useful representation of user and item inputs for predicting their interactions. We then explore multiple embedding components to accommodate different types of user and item inputs. Based on Bayesian deep learning techniques, a key novelty of our approach is to capture the uncertainty associated with the model output and further utilize it to boost exploration in the context of Recommender Systems. We test the proposed approach in both a Collaborative Filtering and a simulated online recommendation setting. Experimental results on publicly available benchmarks demonstrate the benefits of our approach in improving the recommendation performance.
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies

Clinical and histological features of dermatomyositis and polymyositis were described 40 years ago. At that time, these two entities comprised the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Since then, inclusion body myopathy and necrotizing myopathy have been added to this group of myopathic conditions. While these diseases share common clinical features, they differ in their pathogenesis and histological features. The approach to diagnosis has also changed with the availability of better histological techniques, muscle-specific antigens, and magnetic resonance imaging. Each of these clinical conditions is reviewed as far as clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and treatment in the following chapter.
A hard permanent magnet through molecular design

Permanent magnets constructed from metal ions and organic linkers using molecular design principles could bring transformative advances in areas such as energy conversion, transportation, and information storage. This comment highlights the recent discovery of a metal–organic magnet ordering at 242 °C, and discusses future research directions and possible applications involving such materials.
Masculinity's association with the interpersonal theory of suicide among military personnel

Objective Given that the majority of those who die by suicide are male, masculine traits have been examined as a potential link to the development of capability for suicide. However, research has not examined if such traits influence suicidal desire (i.e., thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness). This study examined the influence of stereotypically masculine traits of stoicism, sensation seeking, physical aggression, verbal aggression, and self-reliance on all three components of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide within a sample of male and female service members. Methods A total of 953 service members were recruited as part of a larger study. Results Sensation seeking and stoicism were positively associated with capability for suicide. With regard to suicidal desire, self-reliance and verbal aggression were positively associated with both perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. Stoicism was positively associated with thwarted belongingness. Conclusions Findings suggest that different masculine traits are associated with the three components of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in various ways. Stoicism may be an especially important masculine trait that influences a component of suicidal desire and capability for suicide.
Pareto Navigation Gradient Descent: a First-Order Algorithm for Optimization in Pareto Set.

Many modern machine learning applications, such as multi-task learning, require finding optimal model parameters to trade-off multiple objective functions that may conflict with each other. The notion of the Pareto set allows us to focus on the set of (often infinite number of) models that cannot be strictly improved. But it does not provide an actionable procedure for picking one or a few special models to return to practical users. In this paper, we consider \emph{optimization in Pareto set (OPT-in-Pareto)}, the problem of finding Pareto models that optimize an extra reference criterion function within the Pareto set. This function can either encode a specific preference from the users, or represent a generic diversity measure for obtaining a set of diversified Pareto models that are representative of the whole Pareto set. Unfortunately, despite being a highly useful framework, efficient algorithms for OPT-in-Pareto have been largely missing, especially for large-scale, non-convex, and non-linear objectives in deep learning. A naive approach is to apply Riemannian manifold gradient descent on the Pareto set, which yields a high computational cost due to the need for eigen-calculation of Hessian matrices. We propose a first-order algorithm that approximately solves OPT-in-Pareto using only gradient information, with both high practical efficiency and theoretically guaranteed convergence property. Empirically, we demonstrate that our method works efficiently for a variety of challenging multi-task-related problems.
Patient Chief Complaint and Otolaryngology Referral Rationale: Discordance and Opportunities for Quality Improvement.

OBJECTIVE As medical systems focus on patient satisfaction as an important care outcome, specialty clinics are tasked with continued improvement of patients' experience. When patient expectations for a consultation differ from that of the specialty provider, dissatisfaction with the experience can occur. One source of differing expectations is discordance between the patient's chief complaint and the clinical rationale for the consultation as requested by the referring provider. We sought to better understand when this discordance occurs, as well as factors contributing to this disorientation of patient and provider expectations in a safety net otolaryngology practice. METHODS A retrospective observational study was performed and records were examined from new patient consultations. Patient questionnaires, including self-reported chief concerns, were compared with the electronic referral documentation. A difference between the patient's Chief Complaint (CC) and Referral Reason (RR) was defined as CC-RR Discordance. Medical records, pre-consultation patient communication, and scheduling data were also reviewed to evaluate contributing factors. RESULTS Of the 1155 consultations examined, 952 were included in the analysis. A CC-RR Discordance was found in 175 (18.4%) of new-patient encounters, including 117 (12.3%) that were unable to articulate a CC (unsure of the reason for the appointment), and 58 (6.1%) that stated a CC that was different than the RR. The rate of CC-RR Discordance was higher in patients with female sex (P < .05), older age (P < .001), and longer time intervals between referral and appointment (P < .05). Lack of communication with the patient (instructions or referral notification) by the referring provider was not associated with CC-RR Discordance. CONCLUSIONS Discordance between patient CC and the rationale for a consultation is common in this safety-net otolaryngology practice and may be an important source of patient dissatisfaction. Future opportunities for quality improvement include pre-consultation communication between the specialist and the patient and reducing time intervals between referral and appointment.
Far from the Caliph’s Gaze: Being Ahmadi Muslim in the Holy City of Qadian: Nicholas H.A. Evans, Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2020. 240 pp. $27.95 (Paperback). $ 125 (Hardcover). ISBN: 9781501715693.

Nicholas Evans’s Far from the Caliph’s Gaze challenges the idea that doctrinal certainty amounts to dogmatic thinking. This idea informs certain representations of Muslims in Euro-American literary...
High-Sensitivity Troponin T Testing for Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department

Debate exists on the usefulness of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) testing in pediatric patients due to the perceived low incidence of myocardial injury and lack of data concerning its efficacy. We evaluated the contribution of an increased hs-cTnT above the 99th percentile upper-reference limit (URL) to clinical diagnoses made in pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Retrospective cohort study including patients aged 0–18 years presenting to the ED from 2018 to 2020 where hs-cTnT was measured. Sex-specific 99th percentile URLs of 15 and 10 ng/L for males and females, respectively, were used, with concentrations above these thresholds considered indicative of myocardial injury. Overall, 356 patients were identified in whom hs-cTnT concentrations were measured during ED clinical evaluation. Hs-cTnT was increased above the 99th percentile on presentation in 36 patients (10.1%). Twelve patients (3.4%) had a clinical cardiac diagnosis made. Hs-cTnT was increased in 6 of these (50.0%). Serial hs-cTnT from 106 patients with an initial hs-cTnT < 99th percentile was subsequently elevated in 5 (4.6%); none of whom had a final clinical cardiac diagnosis. Hs-cTnT has high specificity, but low sensitivity when used as a screening tool for myocardial injury when the gold standard is mostly clinical assessment. In present practice, however, they do not appear to track well with clinical diagnoses. Further studies are needed to more clearly define the role of hs-cTnT in this patient population.
A Scalable Model of Cerebellar Adaptive Timing and Sequencing: The Recurrent Slide and Latch (RSL) Model

From the dawn of modern neural network theory, the mammalian cerebellum has been a favored object of mathematical modeling studies. Early studies focused on the fanout, convergence, thresholding, and learned weighting of perceptual-motor signals within the cerebellar cortex. This led in the proposals of Albus (i>Mathematical Biosciences, vol. 10, pp. 25–61, 1971s i>Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, vol. 97, pp. 220–227, 1975) and Marr (i>Journal of Physiology (London), vol. 202, no. 2, pp. 437–470, 1969) to the still viable idea that the granule cell stage in the cerebellar cortex performs a sparse expansive recoding of the time-varying input vector. This recoding reveals and emphasizes combinations (of input state variables) in a distributed representation that serves as a basis for the learned, state-dependent control actions engendered by cerebellar outputs to movement related centers. Although well-grounded as such, this perspective seriously underestimates the intelligence of the cerebellar cortex. Context and state information arises asynchronously due to the heterogeneity of sources that contribute signals to compose the cerebellar input vector. These sources include radically different sensory systems—vision, kinesthesia, touch, balance and audition—as well as many stages of the motor output channel. To make optimal use of available signals, the cerebellum must be able to sift the evolving state representation for the most reliable predictors of the need for control actions, and to use those predictors even if they appear only transiently and well in advance of the optimal time for initiating the control action. Such a i>cerebellar adaptive timing competence has recently been experimentally verified (Perrett, Ruiz, and Mauk, i>Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1708–1718, 1993). This paper proposes a modification to prior, population, models for cerebellar adaptive timing and sequencing. Since it replaces a population with a single element, the proposed Recurrent Slide and Latch (RSL) model is in one sense maximally efficient, and therefore optimal from the perspective of scalability.
Chemical kinetic investigations of neurotransmitter receptors on a cell Surface in the μs time region

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a rapid chemical kinetic technique using laser-pulse photolysis suitable for measuring the kinetic constants of the receptor-mediated reactions, with a μs time resolution. Neurotransmitter receptors are large proteins embedded in the membrane of nerve and muscle cells. Amino-acid sequences suggest that the neurotransmitter receptors are structurally related. Upon binding a specific neurotransmitter, excitatory receptors allow the passage of inorganic cations, and inhibitory receptors the passage of inorganic anions. The resulting voltage change across the membrane of a cell determines whether a signal is transmitted to another cell. A newly developed rapid chemical kinetic technique, laser-pulse photolysis is described, and the usefulness of this technique for investigation of mechanisms of receptor-channel formation and inhibition in the μs-to-ms time region is demonstrated in the chapter. The technique is suitable for kinetic investigations not only of the excitatory acetylcholine and glutamate receptors but also of the inhibitory glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors.
Effects of Glazing and Ventilation Options on Automobile Air Conditioner Size and Performance

The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has performed a preliminary analysis of the effects of glazing and ventilation on automobile cooling loads and air conditioner capacity limits. The study was accomplished as part of the Environmental Protection Agency's efforts to reduce the release of chlorofluorocarbons into the earth's atmosphere from automobile air conditioners. We investigated the characteristics of standard and sports-model sedans using numerical simulations of the heat transfer processes under static-soak conditions. In addition, an annotated bibliography was created that documents other relevant research to both static-soak and highway driving conditions. The studies and our own results suggest that: Glazing is a major contributor to the cooling loads that dictate the size of automobile air conditioners; The use of new glazing technology in conjunction with other design features, e.g., ventilative cooling when parked, provides a viable means of reducing cooling system size in many parts of the counter; and Continuing work is needed to perform additional analytical and experimental investigations under highway driving conditions that will document the magnitude of the cooling unit size reduction possibilities. 15 refs., 16 figs., 4 tabs.
Operation Anaconda America’s First Major Battle in Afghanistan

Smart bombs. Global positioning systems. Satellite communications and imaging. All of these modern technologies, one would assume, should make the execution of modern warfare very smooth; implement...
Drifting Disciplines, Enduring Records: Political Science and the Use of Archives

Archivists' interest in expanding their academic clientele beyond historians has prompted them to consider the informational needs of researchers from other disciplines. Surveys of institutional users and citation studies of publications show that political scientists and public policy specialists have made little use of archival sources; but a careful analysis of political science literature reveals that changes in the discipline may be reversing its long-standing behaviorist antipathy for humanistic and historical inquiry. An understanding of these changes can inform effective archival outreach efforts to encourage research use of archives.
3-D image compression for X-ray CT images using displacement estimation

Summary form only given. The images used in this test are 87 slices of a head from a GE 9800 X-ray CT scanner. A slice is taken every 3 mm. Each slice is 512*512 pixels with 12 bits per pixel data. Objective measures show that the DEI coding scheme yields better compression performance than the 2-D DCT, since it takes advantage of correlation between adjacent slices along the body. >
Some observations concerning alternating Turing machines using small space

Abstract We make some observations concerning alternating Turing machines operating in small space. For example, we show that alternating Turing machines using o(log n) space are more powerful than nondeterministic Turing machines using the same space-bound. In fact, we show that there is a language over a unary alphabet that can be accepted by an on-line alternating Turing machine in log n space, but not by any off-line nondeterministic Turing machine in o(log n) space. We also investigate the weak vs. strong space bounds and on-line vs. off-line machines at these low tape bounds.
Application of the MacCormack Scheme to Atmospheric Nonhydrostatic Models

Abstract In a previous paper, the authors discussed the numerical properties of the MacCormack scheme, a finite-difference technique widely used in aerospace simulations. Here the authors report results of its application to the simulation, in two dimensions, of the development of a fully compressible buoyant bubble. The model uses the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations applied to an inviscid, adiabatic atmosphere. It uses a nonstaggered grid. Both lateral and top boundary conditions are open and essentially reflection-first. The model produced reasonable solutions with no explicit numerical filtering. In regions with locally steep gradients, the MacCormack scheme produces numerical oscillations that locally distort the solution but do not lead to numerical unstability. These results are compared with those of Droegemeier and of Carpenter et al., who show results using a filtered staggered leapfrog scheme. The fields computed by both schemes are very similar, with those, from the filtered leapfrog...
Voluntary stimulus generalization as a three-category judgment process

Human Ss were asked to heft a 150-g weight and were required to identify it in a test series of weights, ranging in value from 100 to 200 g, with 25-g steps. Following each test response, each S was asked to rate the weight he had just lifted on a 7-point scale of heaviness, with 1 being very light, 4 neither light nor heavy, and 7 being very heavy. Results showed that Ss chose the stimulus weight closest to adaptation level (125 g) as the original training stimulus more often than the 150-g weight itself. Support was noted for adaptation-level theory. Further, analysis of rating data yielded information as to why Ss rejected a given stimulus as not the original. Three gradients of response, “too light,” “same,” and “too heavy,” were drawn, showing this voluntary generalization task to be a three-category judgment process.
The Revival of 1857-58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening

This book provides a critical analysis of a revival often overshadowed by earlier "great awakenings". The Revival of 1857-58 was a widespread religious awakening most famous for urban prayer meetings in major metropolitan centres across the United States. The author places this revival within the context of Protestant revival traditions and suggests that it may have been the closest thing to a truly national awakening in American history.