cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implicit algorithm for finite deformation hypoelastic–viscoplasticity in fcc metals

An implicit objective stress update algorithm is proposed for a hypoelastic–viscoplastic model. A thermal/dynamic yield function, which is derived based on the thermal activation analysis and dislocation interaction mechanisms, is used, along with the Consistency approach and the framework of additive viscoplasticity, in deriving the proposed model for fcc metals. The corotational formulation approach is utilized in developing the proposed model in the finite deformation field. For the case of the Newton–Raphson iteration method, a new expression for the consistent (algorithmic) tangent stiffness matrix of rate-dependent metals is derived by direct linearization of the stress update algorithm. Finite element simulations are performed by implementing the proposed viscoplasticity constitutive models in the commercial finite element program ABAQUS. Numerical implementation for a simple tensile problem is used for validating the material parameters of the OFHC Copper under low and high strain rates and temperatures. The numerical results of the adiabatic true stress–true strain curves compare very well with the experimental data. The effectiveness of the present approach is tested by studying strain localization in a simple plane strain problem. Results indicate excellent performance of the present framework in describing the strain localization problem and in obtaining mesh-independent results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
O2 A-band line parameters to support atmospheric remote sensing

Numerous satellite and ground-based remote sensing measurements rely on the ability to calculate O_2 A-band [b^1Σ_g^+←X^3Σ_g^−(0,0)] spectra from line parameters, with combined relative uncertainties below 0.5% required for the most demanding applications. In this work, we combine new ^(16)O_2 A-band R-branch measurements with our previous P-branch observations, both of which are based upon frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The combined set of data spans angular momentum quantum number, J′ up to 46. For these measurements, we quantify a J-dependent quadratic deviation from a standard model of the rotational distribution of the line intensities. We provide calculated transition wave numbers, and intensities for J′ up to 60. The calculated line intensities are derived from a weighted fit of the generalized model to an ensemble of data and agree with our measured values to within 0.1% on average, with a relative standard deviation of ≈0.3%. We identify an error in the calculated frequency dependence of the O_2 A-band line intensities in existing spectroscopic databases. Other reported lineshape parameters include a revised set of ground-state energies, self- and air-pressure-broadening coefficients and self- and air-Dicke-narrowing coefficients. We also report a band-integrated intensity at 296 K of 2.231(7)×10^(−22) cm molec^(−1) and Einstein-A coefficient of 0.0869(3) s^(−1).
RING OPENING OF CYCLOPROPYLIDENE AND INTERNAL ROTATION OF ALLENE

Density functional theory and ab initio quantum mechanical techniques were employed to study the ring opening of singlet cyclopropylidene 1-S and the internal rotation of singlet allene 2-S. The B3LYP, CISD, and CASSCF(4,4) geometry optimizations used a TZP basis set. Single-point TZ2P energies were evaluated at CCSD(T) and multireference configuration interaction with single and double excitations (MR-CISD) levels. Employing the four most important configurations at the MR-CISD/TZ2P//UB3LYP/TZP level gave singlet-triplet separations for 1 of 11.1 kcal mol-1 and for 2 48.9 kcal mol-1. Asymmetric transition structures for the ring opening of 1-S were obtained at B3LYP/TZP and CISD/TZP. The barriers are 4.2−4.5 kcal mol-1 at CCSD(T)/TZ2P with these geometries. In contrast, only one Cs symmetric TS was located at CASSCF(4,4), and the ring opening barrier is only 3.6 and 3.1 kcal mol-1 at CCSD(T)/TZ2P and MR-CISD/TZ2P, respectively. At CCSD(T)/6-31G* an asymmetric structure for the TS results confirming the p...
Ontogeny of the stress response in the rat: role of the pituitary and the hypothalamus.

The neonatal rat shows a period of decreased responsiveness to noxious stimuli during the first 3 weeks of life, but the nature of this impairment is still controversial. To test the functionality of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during this period, we studied pituitary and adrenal responsiveness to exogenous ovine CRF and the ability of various stressors (ether vapors, electroshocks, and hypoxia) to elicit ACTH and corticosterone secretion. We also measured hypothalamic CRF content and pituitary ACTH content as well as CRF-binding sites in the anterior pituitary. From days 3–10, small elevations in plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels were observed after a 3-min exposure to ether vapors or electroshocks. In contrast, during this period, a 20- min exposure to hypoxia (5% O2 in N2) was unable to trigger measurable ACTH secretion, while corticosterone was significantly elevated. From days 14–21, plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels increased significantly after exposure to ether stress, hypoxia,...
Urban Pre-service K-6 Teachers’ Conceptions of Citizenship and Civic Education: Weighing the Risks and Rewards

To effectively help urban pre-service teachers to provide civic education opportunities in their future classrooms, teacher educators should know how urban pre-service teachers themselves conceptualize citizenship and civic engagement. Through the research question—how do urban K-6 pre-service teachers currently enrolled in an urban education teacher certification program at a 4-year university construct key concepts and ideologies about citizenship and civic education?—we examined how 15 pre-service teachers understood these concepts. Using three conceptions of citizenship—personally responsible citizen, participatory citizen, and justice-oriented citizen (Westheimer and Kahne in Am Educ Res J 41(2):237–269, 2004)—our analysis demonstrated that urban pre-service teachers’ conceptions of their students’ lives significantly influenced their ideas about civic education in elementary schools. Although the participating pre-service teachers overwhelmingly promoted personally responsible citizenship, we found the participants to heavily weigh developmentally appropriate practice and classroom context when considering the risks and rewards of promoting justice-oriented citizenship in elementary classrooms.
A specific increase in chloroplast gene mutations following growth of Chlamydomonas in 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.

Growth of Chlamydomonas in the thymidine analog 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) leads to a reduction in the amount of chloroplast DNA and also alters the pattern of chloroplast gene transmission in crosses (Wurtz et al., 1977). We have now found that growth of Chlamydomonas in FdUrd also increases at least 10 to 20 fold the frequency of cells expressing antibiotic resistant or non-photosynthetic mutations in the chloroplast genome with no concomitant increase in nuclear gene mutations with similar phenotypes. Clearly this effect is not locus specific since the non-photosynthetic chloroplast mutations thus far isolated comprise 9 recombinationally separate loci in the chloroplast genome (Shepherd et al., 1977, 1979). Only with the use of FdUrd has isolation of this important class of non-photosynthetic mutations been possible. The efficiency of recovery of chloroplast gene mutations rises as FdUrd concentration increases from 0.1 to 1.0 mM. At higher concentrations of FdUrd, growth rates and mutant yields are reduced. We propose the analog increases the yield of chloroplast mutations by a two-step process in which mutations are first induced as a result of thymidine starvation and then become expressed because the chloroplast DNA has been greatly reduced in ploidy and possibly damaged. FdUrd has its maximal effect on both recovery of chloroplast gene mutations and chloroplast gene transmission in crosses after cells grown in the presence of the analog for several generations remain at stationary phase for about 24 h. These observations suggest that chloroplast DNA metabolism is very active in non-dividing stationary phase cells of Chlamydomonas.
Prison staff and work stress: The role of organizational and emotional influences

Previous research has well established the influence of demographics and work environment variables on the experience of job stress for correctional officers. However, the literature examining this phenomenon for other correctional staff is just beginning to emerge. Scant attention has also been previously devoted to the potential role of emotional issues, such as emotional dissonance, work environment variables of perceived organizational fairness, and feedback regarding job performance. The present research adds to this emerging literature through use of survey data from a sample of correctional staff employed in two prisons in Kentucky. Bivariate and multivariate analyses reveal that influences on perceived work stress are primarily organizational issues, including role conflict, emotional dissonance, and task control. Contrary to popular belief, the percent of one’s work time spent in contact with inmates reduces the experience of work stress.
Electron-Transfer Dynamics in DTDCI/MoS2 and DTDCI/WS2 Nanoclusters

The kinetics of forward and reverse electron transfer (ET) between an organic cyanine dye and semiconductor nanoclusters have been studied. The systems studied are MoS{sub 2}/DTDCI and WS{sub 2}/DTDCI (DTDCI = diethylthiodicarbocyanine iodide). The static spectroscopy of these systems indicates that the dye adsorbs on the nanoclusters as monomers. The vast majority of excited-state dye molecules are quenched by rapid ( 10 ns time scales. These components are assigned to reverse ET from shallow (tens to hundreds of picoseconds) and deep (>10 ns) trap states. The shorter time scale component is nonexponential and is fit with distributed kinetics model, in which the Bohr radius of the trapped electron is about 2.2 nm. This value of the Bohr radius is comparable to that obtained from electron/hole recombination studies.
Factors Responsible for Impaired Fibrinolysis in Obese Subjects and NIDDM Patients

Accelerated atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Impaired endogenous fibrinolytic activity may accelerate atherosclerosis by exposing vascular luminal wall surfaces to persistent and recurrent thrombi and clot-associated mitogens. This study was conducted to further characterize endogenous fibrinolysis in lean and obese nondiabetic subjects and in NIDDM patients and to identify mechanisms responsible for the alterations identified. Obese and diabetic subjects had threefold elevations of plasma concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) compared with values in lean control subjects. Despite the lack of significant differences in plasma concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator in the obese and diabetic subjects, both basal and stimulated endogenous fibrinolytic activities were decreased. The decreases were associated with increased activity of PAI-1 in plasma, in turn correlated with increased concentrations of immunoreactive insulin and C-peptide. These results are consistent with our previous observations demonstrating direct stimulatory effects of insulin and its precursors on cellular expression of PAI-1 in vitro and observations by others demonstrating decreased basal fibrinolytic activity in NIDDM patients. Impaired endogenous fibrinolytic activity could lead to prolonged or recurrent exposure of luminal surfaces of vessel walls to microthrombi and clot-associated mitogens that may accelerate atherosclerosis in hyperinsulinemic subjects.
Reactivity of subpopulations of mouse spleen cells to concanavalin a in vitro

Subpopulations of spleen cells of mice bearing virus-induced mammary tumors were assessed for responsiveness to Concanavalin A (Con A) under in vitro xenogeneic and syngeneic culture conditions. When cultured with human A+ plasma (xenogeneic), spleen cells of normal, nontumor-bearing BALB/c mice exhibited a high degree of synthesis as compared to unstimulated cells in response to Con A. Spleen cells of mice inoculated with tumor exhibited response exceeding that of their normal counterparts by 59%. When normal BALB/c sera (syngeneic) was used as the supplement, no response of normal spleen cells was observed upon stimulation by Con A; however, spleen cells from tumour bearing individuals demonstrated heightened activity. Tumor-bearer spleen cell response to Con A of mice inoculated with 1 X 10(6) viable cells was biphasic. The peak of the first phase appeared as early as 10 days postinoculation and declined within 3 days after its appearance. The peak of the second phase appeared within 6 days following decline of the first and declined drastically within 3 days after its appearance. Coincidental with the onset of the second phase, the tumor became ulcerated, purulent, and necrotic. Both phases were predominantly T-cell mediated.
Correlation of Infectivity and Hemagglutinins of Reoviruses

SummaryAll three reovirus prototypes were grown in MKTC; the infected cultures were maintained at 37° for up to 42 days. During this time period infectivity and HA of the reoviruses were periodically determined. The infectivity of all three types steadily declined to less than 1% of the maximal titer after 30 days. The HA of types 1 and 2 remained unchanged over a period of 28 days; type 3 HA increased over this time interval and titers of 128 HA units were reached. The infectious and noninfectious HA moiety of the periodic harvests were separated in a CsCl gradient. The changes (type 3) or stability of HA (types 1 and 2) were equally reflected in both moieties; no accumulation of noninfectious HA was found which would account for the persistence of HA and concurrent loss of infectivity.
Coupled channel analysis of JPC = 0++and 2++ isoscalar mesons with masses below 2.0 GeV

Abstract A coupled channel analysis of the JPC = 0++and 2++ channels below 2 GeV has been performed using Breit-Wigners considering ππ scattering amplitudes, J ψ radiative decay, and K K → K K . The main conclusions were that a good fit wi minimum number of meson poles (four) was obtained in the 0++ channel. In our fit the f0 (1720) was used to describe the first discovered S∗′ (1720) and the θ(1720) both of which have the same quantum numbersand parameters to a high probability. Unitarity effects which require a long-term effort were not included, however they are expected to have important effects primarily near thresholds and thus not affect the major conclusions of this paper.
Relative fluorescent efficiency of sodium salicylate between 90 and 800 eV

The relative fluorescent quantum efficiency of sodium salicylate was measured between 90 and 800 eV (138 -15 A) by the use of synchrotron radiation. A general increase in efficiency was observed in this spectral range except for abrupt decreases in efficiency at the carbon and oxygen K-edges. Beyond the oxygen K-edge (532 eV) the efficiency increased linearly with the incident photon energy to the limit of the present observations.
A genetical study of the mutation ‘fused’ in the house mouse, with evidence concerning its allelism with a similar mutation ‘kink’

The mutation Fused, which produces shortening and thickening of the tail, together with ankyloses of contiguous vertebrae and other abnormalities, has been studied for twenty -five generations in inbred homozygous lines and in crosses. The homozygotes show a variable expression from taillessness (in 3.4%) to normal tail (in 1.1%), which was not changed by inbreeding or selection. The normal overlaps proved to beFu/Fu, hence not recombinations. In outcrosses to normal it segregated normally as a dominant. When crossed with the similar mutant Kink(Ki) the combinationFu/Ki has a shorter tail thanFu/ +.Fu/Ki x + + gave 933Fu orKi and 52 normal. All of the latter which were tested proved to beFu/ + (orKi/ +), and the probability of recombination between Ful/Ki was shown to bep ≤0.003 with 95 % confidence coefficient. HenceFu andFuKiare assumed to be alleles.
Models of downdip frictional coupling for the Cascadia Megathrust

We have developed models of downdip frictional coupling along two transects across the Cascadia subduction zone in northern Washington and central Oregon. The models involve complicated downdip coupling profiles. Although not unique, our models closely predict available GPS shortening rates and vertical uplift data. We are able to explain relatively low horizontal shortening rates along the Washington coast and small vertical uplift rates in central Oregon. Our models depart from previous models by inclusion of a deeply coupled region assumed to be related to mafic rocks in both the upper and lower plates of the thrust.
“You Jealous or Something? Huh? Oh, I Bet You're So Jealous Sweetheart”: Vindicating Nancy Spungen from Patriarchal Historical Revisionism

“It's about time Nancy [Spungen] was put in the same mystic pantheon as Sid [Vicious]” (Cox and Wool 9). Despite Alex Cox's best cinematic intentions, the Nancy Spungen encapsulated in the 1986 fil...
Gap junctions and Bystander effects: Good Samaritans and executioners

The "Bystander" and "Good Samaritan" effects involve the transfer of toxic or beneficial compounds from one cell to a generally adjacent other through gap junction channels and through extracellular routes. The variety of injuries in which bystander cell killing or protection occurs has greatly expanded in the last decade to include infectious agents and therapeutic compounds, radiation injury, chaperones in cell therapy and apoptosis in development. This has been accompanied by the appreciation that both gap junction mediated and paracrine routes are used for the signaling of the "kiss of life" and the "kiss of death" and that manipulations of these pathways and the molecules that use them may find therapeutic utility in treatment of a variety of pathological conditions.
Fast approximation for peak power driven voltage partitioning in almost linear time

Voltage partitioning on functional units/blocks targeting peak power minimization has been demonstrated to be effective for energy reduction considering voltage island shutdown impact. However, the existing technique can only solve this NP-hard problem efficiently on small designs. In this paper, a much faster linear time approximation scheme is proposed, which can approximate the optimal voltage partitioning solution within a factor 1+ ∊, for any 0 < ∊ < 1, and runs in O(n + 1/∊O(1)) time, where n is the number of functional units. There are multiple ingredients in such a surprisingly low time complexity algorithm. It first categorizes all the functional units into big functional units and small functional units using an ∊ related threshold. Subsequently, a rounding based dynamic programming procedure is performed to handle big functional units and a linear programming based algorithm is performed to handle small functional units, which is followed by the discretization of the continuous linear programming solution. Moreover, through the exploration of the unique nature of our problem, a greedy algorithm is proposed to optimally solve the linear programming formulation in a combinatorial fashion. Further, since patching a salient partitioning solution of big functional units with that of small functional units could lead to a much worse combined solution, a highly efficient enumeration process running in time independent of n is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm runs very fast. It needs only 0.3 second to partition a testcase with 5000 functional units which is more than 10000 X faster than the existing algorithm while still reducing the peak power by 7.4%.
Autonomic innervation and plasma estradiol-17beta and progesterone levels in rats with subcutaneous ovarian autografts.

Ovaries were removed from female rats and immediately autografted into a subcutaneous pouch in the flank in order to quantitate the relationship of graft re-innervation, steroid secretion and vaginal smear pattern. Animals were killed at three time periods: three days after grafting, on the first day a cornified vaginal smear appeared and at the first metestrus. In addition, control animals were killed at metestrus. Plasma samples were obtained from all rats and analyzed for estradiol-17β and progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay.
Nutritional Status Outcomes for Children: Ethnic, Cultural, and Environmental Contexts

Abstract The objective of this literature review was to explore the relationship between nutritional status outcomes among ethnically diverse children and cultural and environmental contexts. Articles from the literature on anthropometric/body composition measures, diet, and physiologic outcomes among ethnically diverse children were identified through on-line literature searches and references from articles reviewed. These studies were critically reviewed and selected if they reported findings resulting from use of accepted methodologies. Explanations consistent with evaluation of results from the studies and reports were developed by synthesis of the findings. Children from underserved, ethnically diverse population groups were at increased risk for obesity, increased serum lipid levels, and dietary consumption patterns that do not meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. More than 80% of all US children consume more than the recommended amount of total fat and saturated fat. These factors, which were noted during childhood, may track into adolescence, placing these children at increased risk for the early onset of chronic diseases such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and some forms of cancer. Although federally funded food assistance programs are changing rapidly, currently they provide foods that, when eaten as recommended, exceed the Dietary Guidelines for these children. Future interventions to improve the health and nutritional status of our nation's children, especially those from underserved, ethnically diverse groups, should be culturally appropriate and implemented at the levels of individuals, families, and communities. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:891-900,903.
Pulse optimization criteria for the microcavity hollow cathode discharge emission source

Criteria are presented that are important for optimizing the emission intensity in a microcavity hollow cathode (MCHC) discharge source operated in the pulsed mode. The d.c. component must be sufficiently large to ensure a continuous discharge inside the HC. It is shown that the pulse parameters that result in maximum light output for the spectral lines of the cathode material do not result in maximum light output from sodium as an analytical sample which has been mounted inside the HC. This lack of correlation may be due to either the physical and chemical properties of the species or to the manner in which the species enters the HC discharge plasma. Voltage–current characteristics are presented for the MCHC to illustrate the role of the d.c. component during pulsed mode operation. The d.c. current of the discharge must be >5 mA in order to maintain a discharge in the HC. At currents <5 mA for this system the discharge is restricted to the planar surface of the cathode and will not participate in the excitation of analytes thrown into the hollow space during the pulse.
Transient Tumor-Fibroblast Interactions Increase Tumor Cell Malignancy by a TGF-β Mediated Mechanism in a Mouse Xenograft Model of Breast Cancer

Carcinoma are complex societies of mutually interacting cells in which there is a progressive failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms, causing the parenchymal component to expand inappropriately and ultimately to disseminate to distant sites. When a cancer cell metastasizes, it first will be exposed to cancer associated fibroblasts in the immediate tumor microenvironment and then to normal fibroblasts as it traverses the underlying connective tissue towards the bloodstream. The interaction of tumor cells with stromal fibroblasts influences tumor biology by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Here, we report a role for normal stroma fibroblasts in the progression of invasive tumors to metastatic tumors. Using a coculture system of human metastatic breast cancer cells (MCF10CA1a) and normal murine dermal fibroblasts, we found that medium conditioned by cocultures of the two cell types (CoCM) increased migration and scattering of MCF10CA1a cells in vitro, whereas medium conditioned by homotypic cultures had little effect. Transient treatment of MCF10CA1a cells with CoCM in vitro accelerated tumor growth at orthotopic sites in vivo, and resulted in an expanded pattern of metastatic engraftment. The effects of CoCM on MCF10CA1a cells were dependent on small amounts of active TGF-β1 secreted by fibroblasts under the influence of the tumor cells, and required intact ALK5-, p38-, and JNK signaling in the tumor cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that transient interactions between tumor cells and normal fibroblasts can modify the acellular component of the local microenvironment such that it induces long-lasting increases in tumorigenicity and alters the metastatic pattern of the cancer cells in vivo. TGF-β appears to be a key player in this process, providing further rationale for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics that target the TGF-β pathway.
Function, mechanism and evolution of the moubatin-clade of soft tick lipocalins

The "moubatin-clade" of soft tick lipocalins, although monophyletic, shows clear signs of paralogy as indicated by the various functions associated with this protein family. This includes anti-platelet (moubatin), anti-complement (OMCI) and toxic (TSGP2) activities in the vertebrate host. In order to understand the evolution of function and how it relates to the various paralogs in this clade, we characterized a number of different proteins in regard to undefined function and mechanism. By utilizing gain-of-function for TSGP2 and loss-of-function for TSGP3, we show that inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by moubatin and TSGP3 is due to scavenging of thromboxane A2. Moubatin, TSGP2 and TSGP3 are also able to bind leukotriene B4 with high affinity. TSGP2 and TSGP3, but not moubatin, binds complement C5, with kinetics that indicates that conformation change occurs during interaction. A conserved loop and histidine residue in the sequences of OMCI, TSGP2 and TSGP3 are implicated in the interaction with complement C5. The data presented suggest that the ancestral function evolved in this clade was aimed at inhibition of vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and neutrophil aggregation, primarily by scavenging of thromboxane A2 and leukotriene B4. C5 complement targeting activity evolved within this clade, probably within the Old World Ornithodorinae. The moubatin-clade itself most probably derived from the related histamine and serotonin-binding lipocalin sub-family that is conserved within the Argasidae.
Anatomical reasoning in the informatics age: Principles, ontologies, and agendas

Reasoning about anatomy shares historical scientific roots with formal logic and artificial intelligence. With advances in computer-based intelligent programming, high-level biological structural knowledge may be exploited directly for biomedical research, clinical tasks, and educational applications. We consider the special nature of anatomical domain knowledge, emphasizing the complex concepts and semantics that must be represented in the development of ontologies, formally structured databases of biological information. We review the evolution of the fundamental scientific principles of logic and artificial intelligence needed for building machines that can make use of anatomical knowledge. We look at methods for compiling ontologies and compare the structural designs of the Foundational Model of Anatomy and Open GALEN ontologies. We further consider issues related to mapping developing anatomy resources with other biological ontologies in genomics, proteomics, and physiology. Although early results are promising, considerable resources and continuing effort must be committed to completing and extending anatomical ontologies for the ultimate success of computer-based anatomical reasoning. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:72–84, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Specifying and evaluating the performance of computed tomography (CT) scanners

Specifying and evaluating the performance of a computed tomographic (CT) scanner is necessary in order to ensure that a "typical" level of performance is achieved as well as providing baseline values for a program of quality assurance. Performance to be specified and tested include parameters related to: (a) slice geometry, (b) patient dosage, (c) artifactual behavior and (d) contrast--detail performance. Measures of performance are defined and specified. Tests which provide for performance evaluation in these four areas are detailed and discussed.
Methods of single fiber evaluation

Research and development directed at improved fibers and fibrous materials normally utilizes relatively conventional apparatus for fiber, yarn, and fabric characterization. When desired, material properties are dictated by end-use requirements which represent extremes in temperature resistance, strength-to-weight ratio, high impact velocities, etc.; novel equipment and techniques are likely to be necessary for such research. This is the case with the Air Force's effort in the area of materials evaluation. Techniques now in use are, for the most part, suitable for materials being researched, but improvements must be made for the next generation of fibrous materials. New methods of characterization will be needed to overcome shortcomings of present techniques and to adapt to an ever-increasing requirement for the properties of all types of materials. For example, evaluation of thermally stable abrasion-resistant finishes will require long-term, high temperature flex testing. The laboratory equipment herein described represents a small fraction of the total in-house capability of the Air Force Materials Laboratory for conducting exploratory research and development on advanced fibrous materials for aerospace systems.
Basigin-2 Is a Cell Surface Receptor for Soluble Basigin Ligand *

The metastatic spread of a tumor is dependent upon the ability of the tumor to stimulate surrounding stromal cells to express enzymes required for tissue remodeling. The immunoglobulin superfamily protein basigin (EMMPRIN/CD147) is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by tumor cells that stimulates matrix metalloproteinase and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in stromal cells. The ability of basigin to stimulate expression of molecules involved in tissue remodeling and angiogenesis makes basigin a potential target for the development of strategies to block metastasis. However, the identity of the cell surface receptor for basigin remains controversial. The goal of this study was to determine the identity of the receptor for basigin. Using a novel recombinant basigin protein (rBSG) corresponding to the extracellular domain of basigin, it was demonstrated that the native, nonglycosylated rBSG protein forms dimers in solution. Furthermore, rBSG binds to the surface of uterine fibroblasts, activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and induces expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3. Proteins that interact with rBSG were isolated using a biotin label transfer technique and sequenced by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrophotometry. The results demonstrate that rBSG interacts with basigin expressed on the surface of fibroblasts and is subsequently internalized. During internalization, rBSG associates with a novel form of human basigin (basigin-3). It was concluded that cell surface basigin functions as a membrane receptor for soluble basigin and this homophilic interaction is not dependent upon glycosylation of the basigin ligand.
Results of urine cytology testing and cystoscopy in women with irritative voiding symptoms

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess rates of urinary cytologic abnormalities and cystoscopic outcomes in women with irritative voiding symptoms who were examined at a urogynecology clinic. Study design All urinary cytology studies results that were sent between January 1, 2000, and July 31, 2003, for the evaluation of irritative voiding symptoms were reviewed. Data were then extracted from the charts of a subset of these patients to evaluate cystoscopic outcomes. Demographics, risk factors for urothelial cancer, laboratory results, and radiology imaging results were then analyzed and compared between patients with and without abnormal cytology and cystoscopic results. Results Of the 1783 total urinary cytology that were reviewed, 1661 test results were read as normal (93.2%); 112 test results (6.3%) were read as atypical, and 3 test results (0.2%) were read as unsatisfactory. Seven cytologic test results were categorized as suspicious or malignant, which accounts for only 0.4% of all cytologic test results that were sent. Of the 564 consecutive women whose cases were chosen for subanalysis, cytology was normal in 91.5% and atypical in 8.5% of cases. No cytology were suspicious or malignant. Cystoscopic findings were normal in 548 patients (97.2%). Only 1 patient (0.2%) received a diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. Conclusion Urinary cytology and cystoscopy are low yield tests and should not be used routinely in the initial evaluation of women with irritative voiding symptoms.
Critical Pedagogy in the `New Paradigm'

This article argues for the adoption of critical pedagogy by management educators. This change not only recognizes the Profound shifts in competitiveness that have already occurred in the business environment, but would also equip students as independent learners. Students become capable of a complicated understanding of the historical, social, political, and philosophical traditions underlying contemporary conceptions of organizations and management. Truly critical pedagogy necessitates changes in educational roles, curricular content, and classroom practices to create a learning space that supports and encourages students to engage in critical commentary. This space emerges when power in the classroom is de-centered, disciplinary borders become permeable, and issues are problematized. Two examples of implementing critical pedagogy in content (text selection) and process (paradoxical thinking) are presented to illustrate the potential for the transformation of organizational arrangements. Critical pedago...
Thermal‐mechanical Processing and Repairability Observations for FR‐4, Cyanate Ester and Cyanate Ester/Epoxy Blend PCB Substrates

Thermal cycling tests and failure modelling were conducted on FR‐4 and cyanate ester printed circuit board (PCB) substrate materials to evaluate reliability limits tor solder and repair processes, particularly for high pin count, through‐ hole devices. The boards used were double‐sided, 0.125 in. thick with 0.029 in. diameter plated‐through holes (PTHs). Thermal cycling was accomplished using hot oil immersion at 240°C and 260°C followed by forced room‐temperature air. The average number of thermal cycles‐to‐failure was 10 for FR‐4, 20 for cyanate ester epoxy blend, and 50 for cyanate ester. Weibull statistics were used to predict failure rates for various pin count devices. Failure analysis was used to identify the mechanism of failure, and modelling was used to predict cycles‐to‐failure based on typical material properties. The primary failure mechanism was corner cracking in FR‐4 and a combination of corner cracking and barrel cracking in the cyanate ester materials. The modelling used a modified pad tilt geometry combined with Coffin‐Manson low cycle fatigue theory, which resulted in predictions of the same order as those for the cycling tests. Key material properties and process parameters were identified that controlled the failure response of the plated‐through hole and board substrate combinations.
d-α-Tocopherol prevents the hyperglycemia induced activation of diacylglycerol (DAG)-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway in vascular smooth muscle cell by an increase of DAG kinase activity

We have reported that d-alpha-tocopherol can prevent hyperglycemia-induced activation of DAG and PKC levels in vascular tissues as well as normalizing retinal blood flow and renal hyperfiltration. The mechanism of this effect, however, is not clear. Aside from alpha-tocopherol's principal role as an antioxidant agent, it has also been shown to act as a membrane stabilizer. Another possibility is that the effect of alpha-tocopherol is focused on the activation of DAG kinase, which is a key enzyme in the metabolism of DAG. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of alpha-tocopherol on the DAG kinase activity in vascular smooth muscle cell. We have also examined the effect of alpha-tocopherol, its analogues, and probucol on DAG kinase activities and expression. The present study showed that d-alpha-tocopherol's inhibitory effect on DAG-PKC pathway is by increasing DAG kinase activity in rat and human vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Total DAG level was increased by 40 +/- 10% (mean +/- S.E.) (P < 0.05) in human VSMC, after exposure to 22 vs 5 mM glucose. This increase was normalized by d-alpha-tocopherol treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. In parallel, DAG kinase activation by d-alpha-tocopherol was also induced in a time- and dose-dependent manner. DAG kinase activity was increased by 57 +/- 19% (P < 0.05) in human VSMC and 112 +/- 35% (P < 0.05) in rat VSMC after 24 h of incubation with d-alpha-tocopherol (100 microg/ml). Another lipophilic antioxidant, probucol, also increased DAG kinase activity by 124 +/- 34%, but other vitamin E analogues with much less antioxidant potencies were ineffective. Western blots of various DAG kinase isoforms were not changed by d-alpha-tocopherol treatment. These results provide strong and detailed evidence that d-alpha-tocopherol can prevent hyperglycemia induced DAG-PKC activation by enhancing DAG kinase activity, probably through an antioxidant effect.
The characterization of a mosquito iridescent virus. II. Physicochemical characterization.

A procedure for the purification of the R type of a mosquito iridescent virus is presented. The amino acid composition and ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the purified virus are also presented. The E2801% for the virus was determined to be 100 and the E7001% was determined to be 10.8. The S20,w was 4458, and the density, determined by equilibrium ultracentrifugation in CsCl, was 1.354 g/cm3. The average diameter was determined to be 180 mμ by electron-micrograph measurements. The particle weight, calculated from density and diameter measurements, was 2.486 × 109 daltons and the particle contained 15.97% DNA. The RMIV was distinctly different from the other iridescent viruses in terms of several physical parameters, and it would be difficult to justify considering it as a strain of these viruses. There was, however, a striking similarity in amino acid composition, indicating that they have a common phylogeny.
Three-dimensional carpal kinematics of trotting horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Descriptions of 3D kinematics assist in understanding joint function and dysfunction, and are an essential step toward 3D inverse dynamic analysis. Objectives: To measure 3D carpal joint motion during trotting. Methods: Three-dimensional trajectories of bone-fixed markers on the radius and third metacarpus of the right forelimb of 3 healthy horses were recorded at 120 Hz using a 6-camera analysis system. Joint kinematics were calculated in terms of helical angles between the 2 segments using a spatial attitude method. Results: All horses showed carpal extension and internal rotation of the metacarpus relative to the radius as the carpus assumed the close-packed position. In late stance, the carpus began a cycle of flexion that continued through midswing, accompanied by a small cycle of internal rotation. The direction of abduction/adduction varied between horses. The predominant rotational movement was flexion/extension, which showed a range of motion of 15 ± 6° in stance and 76 ± 13° in swing. Conclusions: Carpal motions were generally similar between horses with the exception of abduction/adduction. Potential relevance: Knowledge of carpal joint motion should assist in understanding the pathogenesis of carpal injuries. However, it seems probable that real differences exist between individuals; therefore, further investigations of the effect of conformation on carpal motion should be performed in a much larger population of horses.
Five Challenges to Legalizing Economic and Social Rights

In recent years, dozens of human rights non-governmental organizations (NGOs) across the globe have begun to advocate for economic and social rights, which represents a significant expansion of the human rights movement. This article investigates a central strategy that NGOs have pursued to realize these rights: legalization. Legalization involves specifying rights as valid legal rules and enforcing them through judicial or quasi-judicial processes. After documenting some of the progress made toward legalization, the article analyzes five unique challenges involved in legalizing economic and social rights. It is important to identify these challenges because they must be overcome if the human rights movement wishes to refute the notion that economic and social rights are inherently non-justiciable (and therefore, to some, invalid as rights). These challenges also point to the possibility that legalization is not the only, or even the best, strategic pathway to realize economic and social rights effectively.
PluMwOOd, PROPERTy, SElfHOOd aNd SuSTaINabIlITy

In her final book, Environmental Culture as well as elsewhere, Val Plumwood advances the view that sustainability should properly be seen as emergent from an ecofeminist partnership ethic of nourishment and support between humans and nonhuman nature, and that such an ethic must replace the characteristic institutional structures and dominant conceptions of rationality found in capitalist modernity. In making this case, Plumwood impressively charts the impact and significance of the expansionist, exclusionary models of the disembodied but appropriative self found in Cartesian and Lockean thought along with the impact of private property doctrines derived from this source. However, whilst making reference to ecosocialist alternatives at the broader political level, Plumwood offers no systematic account of property that might dovetail with her wider philosophical concerns. In this paper I attempt to generate the start of such an account, drawing on Plumwood's own canon and bringing it into relationship with (1) reflections on ideas of belonging and culture drawn from a range of thinkers including Erazim Kohak, Erich Fromm, and William James, and (2) the contemporary debate over the relationship between green political thought and the liberal democratic tradition.
On the absolute stability of imprecise large-scale singularly perturbed systems

UDC 531.36 We study an imprecise large-scale singularly perturbed system of differential equations. By using matrixvalued Lyapunov functions for subsystems, we construct a scalar-valued Lyapunov function that enables us to establish the absolute parametric stability of the original system. We estimate the set of values of the parameters for which the system possesses this property. 1. Statement of the Problem Consider an imprecise singularly perturbed large-scale system of differential equations of the form
Post-Communist Mandates

The fulfillment of electoral mandates is a fundamental link between voters and their representatives. The absence of this link in newly democratizing countries may be a sign of poorly functioning democracies. This paper investigates this relationship in ten new democracies in Eastern Europe. I argue that governments are fulfilling their campaign promises, but they are doing so in a manner different from what has been found in established democracies. When testing my theory across economic reform, I find that the policies governments implement correspond with the dominant division between political parties. Unlike some previous research that finds new democracies do not follow through on their campaign promises, I conclude that governments are fulfilling their mandates. El cumplimiento de los mandatos electorales es un vinculo fundamental entre los votantes y sus representantes. La ausencia de dicho vinculo en los paises con nuevas democracias podria ser una senal del pobre funcionamiento de la misma. Este articulo investiga dicha relacion en diez nuevas democracias de Europa del Este. Sostengo que los gobiernos estan cumpliendo sus promesas de campana, pero lo estan haciendo de diferente manera a lo que puede ser observado en democracias establecidas. Cuando confronto mi teoria ante el periodo de reforma economica, encuentro que las politicas que el gobierno implementa corresponden a las divisiones dominantes entre los partidos politicos. A diferencia de trabajos de investigacion previos que encuentran que las nuevas democracias no llevan a cabo las promesas de campana, concluyo que los gobiernos estan concretandolas durante sus mandatos.
Pre-exposure to nitrite in the absence of ammonium strongly inhibits anammox

Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (Anammox) are known to be inhibited by their substrate, nitrite. However, the mechanism of inhibition and the physiological conditions under which nitrite impacts the performance of anammox bioreactors are still unknown. This study investigates the role of pre-exposing anammox bacteria to nitrite alone on their subsequent activity and metabolism after ammonium has been added. Batch experiments were carried out with anammox granular biofilm pre-exposed to nitrite over a range of concentrations and durations in the absence of ammonium. The effect of pre-exposure to nitrite alone compared to nitrite simultaneously fed with ammonium was evaluated by measuring the anammox activity and the accumulation of the intermediate, nitric oxide. The results show that the inhibitory effect was more dramatic when bacteria were pre-exposed to nitrite in absence of ammonium, as revealed by the lower activity and the higher accumulation of nitric oxide. The nitrite concentration causing 50% inhibition was 53 and 384 mg N L(-1) in the absence or the presence of ammonium, respectively. The nitrite inhibition was thus 7.2-fold more severe in the absence of ammonium. Biomass exposure to nitrite (25 mg N L(-1)), in absence of ammonium, led to accumulation of nitric oxide. On the other hand when the biomass was exposed to nitrite in presence of ammonium, accumulation of nitric oxide was only observed at much higher nitrite concentrations (500 mg N L(-1)). The inhibitory effect of nitrite in the absence of ammonium was very rapid. The rate of decay of the anammox activity was equivalent to the diffusion rate of nitrite up to 46% of activity loss. The results taken as a whole suggest that nitrite inhibition is more acute when anammox cells are not actively metabolizing. Accumulation of nitric oxide in the headspace most likely indicates disruption of the anammox biochemistry by nitrite inhibition, caused by an interruption of the hydrazine synthesis step.