cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vegetative Techniques for Reducing Water Erosion of Cropland in the Southeastern United States

Publisher Summary This chapter evaluates new cover cropping technology for limiting soil erosion and summarizes the literature since McCalla and Army's review, works that quantify the effect of these practices on measured amounts of erosion in the Southeastern United States. Mild winters and prevalence of soil hardpans have required specific management to overcome the disease, pest, weed, and root penetration problems that result from these regional characteristics. A cover crop helps recharge soil profiles on sloping land during the cool winter months when precipitation exceeds potential evapotranspiration. Cover crops can remove water needed by the primary spring-planted crop if the cover crop is not controlled several weeks before planting. The yield advantages of conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage dissipate with reduction of slope. Erosion studies have been conducted on natural watersheds and on rainulator plots. They have confirmed the beneficial effect of maintaining crop residues or a living mulch crop on the soil surface to reduce erosion. Erosion is reduced through dissipation of raindrop kinetic energy by surface residues or growing vegetation. Lower raindrop kinetic energy results in less dislodging of soil particles. The higher infiltration rates in the presence of mulch allow more efficient profile recharge when rainfall exceeds potential evapotranspiration.
Patterns of fetal lamb regional cerebral blood flow during and after prolonged hypoxia: Studies during the posthypoxic recovery period

Abstract In an effort to determine to what extent cerebral blood flow (CBF) varies in different parts of the brain after prolonged fetal hypoxia, we measured flow to 34 regions. In seven chronically catheterized fetal lambs at 130 to 140 days' gestation, flow was measured by means of radioactive labeled microspheres during a control period, during hypoxia, and at 4, 24, and 48 hours after hypoxia. Control blood flow to cortical, subcortical, and brain stem structures respectively equaled 221, 237 and 275 ml · min −1 · 100 gm −1 . After 90 minutes of hypoxia, flows respectively increased 67%, 93%, and 160% to these areas, suggesting preferential shunting of flow to critical brain stem regions. By 4, 24, and 48 hours after hypoxia the regional flows had returned to values not significantly different from control values. We conclude that: (1) significant fetal regional cerebral blood flow differences occurred in utero, with brain stem and subcortical flows being greater than flows to other regions of the brain; (2) during prolonged intrauterine hypoxia, total cerebral blood flow increased about 95%, with evidence of preferential shunting to critical brain stem regions; (3) during the posthypoxic recovery period at 4, 24, and 48 hours, flows returned to normal, indicating no evidence of a post-ischemic hypoperfusion syndrome or impairment of the microcirculation.
Observation of a rapid amorphization reaction

We have observed a rapid amorphization reaction at ambient temperature in the Gd/Co system by employing grazing incidence x-ray scattering. We find that a 135 A crystalline Gd film is amorphized in less than 30 min by deposition of Co. We postulate that the rapidity of the reaction is due to surface diffusion of Co atoms after deposition to fast diffusion sites such as grain boundaries in the Gd film. Once the interfacial region has been amorphized these fast diffusion paths are sealed off from the surface, rapid diffusion of Co into the Gd crystalline layer is prevented, and the amorphization reaction stops.
Potential energy surfaces of image potential states

Methods for calculating potential energy surfaces of image potential states are presented. The methods cover metal–vacuum interfaces, metal–dielectric medium interfaces, and metal–dielectric medium–vacuum interfaces. The metal is approximated as a perfect conductor or as a Fermi–Thomas metal. Potential energy surfaces and the induced charge densities are presented as functions of the properties of the dielectric medium, the metal and the thickness of the absorbed material.
Various Approaches to Compute Fluid Residence Time in Mixing Systems

Residence time including mean residence time and residence time distribution (RTD) is a very important parameter to characterize a mixing system. In practice, tracer study has been widely used in experiments to obtain residence time distribution. There are several numerical approaches available to compute the average residence time and the residence time distribution of a system. This paper attempts to summarize those available approaches through an example.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Computer renormalization-group calculation of surface states of Si (111)

The computer renormalization-group technique is tested by calculating the surface states of the unreconstructed, unrelaxed, and relaxed (111) surface of Si in the tight-binding approximation. We found a factor of 10 improvement in the speed with the maximum error less than 0.02 eV when compared with conventional calculations. Furthermore, our calculation enables us to deal with much thicker slabs than is otherwise possible.
Point defects in reduced strontium titanate

Strontium titanate single crystals have been carefully reduced at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1400°C in oxygen partial pressures of 10−7−10−12 atm and quenched to room temperature where optical absorption coefficients, Hall coefficients, mass densities and lattice parameters were measured. (Optical absorption coefficients and Hall coefficients were also measured at 77 K). The predominant defects at room temperature were found to be doubly ionized oxygen vacancies and conduction band electrons. No evidence was found for singly ionized oxygen vacancies as has been suggested by some workers. Optical absorption in the visible and ultraviolet frequency region was found to be dependent upon the concentration of free carriers. For photon energies of 0.5 eV to about 1 eV, a free carrier absorption effect occurs which may be due to intraband transitions. Three peaks occur at photon energies of 1.66, 2.44, and 2.95 eV and may be due to phonon assisted interband transitions among the titanium d-like conduction bands.
The interface between computers and psychology: Toward a psychology of computerization

Abstract The computer has made itself felt virtually everywhere in modern life, including psychology. In fact, the literature that is concerned with computer-related issues indicates that there are four areas where the computing and psychological sciences have come to interact with each other on a consistent basis. The major dimensions of this computer-psychology interface are: artificial intelligence, human-computer interaction, clinical/educational applications, and the question of the impact of computers on human identity. A phenomenology of the computer-related psychological literature indicates that each of these four areas includes a specific group of core issues, key research studies, and leading authors. This article describes the major issue that characterizes each dimension of the computer-psychology interface, and argues that it is time for psychology to formally recognize the importance of this emerging psychology of computerization.
Measuring bystander attitudes and behavior to prevent sexual violence.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study is to further investigate the factor structure and strength of the Bystander Attitude Scale—Revised and Bystander Behavior Scale—Revised (BAS-R and BBS-R). Participants: First-year students (N = 4,054) at a large public university in the Northeast completed a survey in 2010 as part of a larger longitudinal study of a sexual violence bystander education intervention program on campus. Methods: Exploratory structural equation modeling was used to analyze survey responses to the BAS-R and BBS-R. Results: For BAS-R, the best fit was a 4-factor model: (1) high-risk situations, (2) postassault support for victims, (3) postassault reporting of perpetrators, and (4) proactive opportunities. BBS-R was a 2-factor model: (1) intervention opportunities before, during, or after an assault, and (2) proactive opportunities. Conclusion: The BAS-R and BBS-R provide reliable tools that can be utilized to evaluate sexual violence bystander programs.
Differences in regional blood volume during a 28-day period of abstinence in chronic cannabis smokers

Cerebral blood volume (CBV) studies have provided important insight into the effects of illicit substances such as cannabis. The present study examined changes in regional blood volume in the frontal and temporal lobe, and the cerebellum during 28 days of supervised abstinence from cannabis. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI (DSCMRI) data were collected on 15 current, long-term cannabis users between 6 and 36 h after the subjects' last reported cannabis use (Day 0), and again after 7 and 28 days of abstinence. Resting state CBV images were also acquired on 17 healthy comparison subjects. The present findings demonstrate that at Day 7, cannabis users continued to display increased blood volumes in the right frontal region, the left and right temporal regions, and the cerebellum. However, after 28 days of abstinence, only the left temporal area and cerebellum showed significantly increased CBV values in cannabis users. These findings suggest that while CBV levels begin to normalize with continued abstinence from cannabis, specifically in frontal areas, other temporal and cerebellar brain regions show slower CBV decreases.
Relative abundance and species composition of mosquito populations (Diptera:Culicidae) in a La Crosse virus-endemic area in western North Carolina.

Container surveys were conducted in 5 communities on the Cherokee Indian Reservation, an area of western North Carolina endemic for transmission of La Crosse (LAC) virus, to determine the potential for peridomestic mosquito breeding, the relative abundance of mosquito species, and the standing crop of mosquitoes per residence. Eleven species of mosquitoes were collected, but 80.9% of all mosquitoes reared from containers were Aedes triseriatus (Say). All communities averaged >6 containers per residence, indicating that the potential for mosquito production was high. The Breteau index and mean standing crop of adults per residence in the 5 communities were highly concordant. LAC virus was isolated from 2 pools of 56 female and 36 male Ae. triseriatus adults that were reared from eggs collected by ovitraps. The minimum field infection rate was 0.26 per 1,000 adults tested. Aedes triseriatus , the most frequently collected blood-fed mosquito (98/112 blood-engorged specimens), fed predominantly on dogs (40.4%), rabbits (26.6%), and turtles (22.3%). Only 7.5% of the bloodfed mosquitoes had fed on eastern chipmunks. Peridomestic conditions on the Reservation appear to contribute to the maintenance of LAC virus transmission. Production of Ae. triseriatus occurs in artificial containers discarded around residences, and wooded areas immediately adjacent to residences provide resting cover for mosquitoes as well as suitable habitat for LAC virus reservoir hosts.
Mutations altering a structurally conserved loop-helix-loop region of a viral packaging motor change DNA translocation velocity and processivity

Many double-stranded DNA viruses employ ATP-driven motors to translocate their genomes into small, preformed viral capsids against large forces resisting confinement. Here, we show via direct single-molecule measurements that a mutation T194M downstream of the Walker B motif in the phage λ gpA packaging motor causes an 8-fold reduction in translocation velocity without substantially changing processivity or force dependence, whereas the mutation G212S in the putative C (coupling) motif causes a 3-fold reduction in velocity and a 6-fold reduction in processivity. Meanwhile a T194M pseudorevertant (T194V) showed a near restoration of the wild-type dynamics. Structural comparisons and modeling show that these mutations are in a loop-helix-loop region that positions the key residues of the catalytic motifs, Walker B and C, in the ATPase center and is structurally homologous with analogous regions in chromosome transporters and SF2 RNA helicases. Together with recently published studies of SpoIIIE chromosome transporter and Ded1 RNA helicase mutants, these findings suggest the presence of a structurally conserved region that may be a part of the mechanism that determines motor velocity and processivity in several different types of nucleic acid translocases.
Who Are the Spellbinders? Identifying Personal Attributes of Charismatic Leaders

While much is known about what charismatic leaders do, where they emerge, and what their followers' reactions are, relatively little systematic empirical research has been conducted to assess who charismatic leaders are, and how we differentiate charismatic from noncharismatic leaders. To address this gap in the literature, multi-source field data were collected in five technology-driven organizations to examine the relationship between five personal attributes of leaders (i.e., self-monitoring, self actualization, motive to attain social power, self-enhancement, and openness to change), ratings of charismatic leadership, and follower (i.e., extra effort, self-actualization, collectivistic work motivation, organizational citizenship behavior) and managerial performance outcomes. Two hundred and eighteen managers provided self-reports of their personal attributes and 945 subordinates provided ratings of follower outcomes and their manager's charismatic leadership. Superiors of the managers provided ratings...
“You can't miss it!”: Judging the clarity of directions

Recently there has been some very interesting AI work done on the representation of knowledge of large scale maps and their use in the construction of routes through some space (Kuipers, 1978; McDermott, 1980). The stress in this work has been on how spatial information is best represented and how reasoning is performed with the assumed representation. In this paper I would like to address the natural language processing of texts giving directions and make a claim that during a casual first reading, there actually does not need to be much spatial reasoning going on at all. When I read a written set of directions, I am primarily interested whether the directions seem clear and sensible+not in constructing a map or program specifying all the turns, distances, and locales that will be involved. Certainly there are times when I have to make some kind of route or map structure, such as when I am the subject in a spatial reasoning experiment, or when I am lost and ask someone on the street for directions. But I do not need to work so hard when I am given a piece of paper with a set of directions, and I know that I will have this piece of paper with me when I actually make the trip. I know that I can always read the directions again to figure out what to do, when I actually set out on the trip.
Fragmentation mechanisms of oligonucleotides in MALDI mass spectrometry

Early matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) studies of oligonucleotides elucidated many issues inherent to the analysis of nucleic acids. These studies demonstrated that fragmentation is an important issue and is responsible for some of the current limitations associated with the technique. Results in our laboratory and in others confirm that fragmentation is dependent on both oligonucleotide sequence and matrix composition. The proposed fragmentation pathway consists of nucleobase protonation inducing base loss followed by backbone cleavage at the 3' C-O bond on the corresponding deoxyribose. Using theoretical calculations, we explain why the four nucleobases display different fragmentation propensities. Additionally, if nucleobase protonation initiates fragmentation, then differences in fragmentation amounts when different matrices are used must be related to the various matrices' abilities to protonate the nucleobase. Currently, we are investigating the relationship between fragmentation propensity and matrix properties. Proton affinities of five common MALDI matrices have been measured and compared to fragmentation probabilities. By deepening our understanding of the fundamental chemistry of DNA fragmentation, we hope to be able to develop the MALDI technique into a powerful robust and versatile methodology for nucleic acid analysis.
Underemployment, Underpayment, Attributions, and Self-Esteem among Working Black Men

This study examines the relationship between underemployment, underpayment, attributions, and self-esteem among Black men. The data for the study were available from Black males sampled in the Nati...
Stereopsis without image segregation

Abstract A stereogram was presented so that one eye saw the two half-fields superimposed. The superimposed half-fields were equally bright. The other eye also saw both half-fields but they contributed different proportions of the total field brightness. The resulting stereoscopic depth magnitude was a function of the proportions contributed by the mixed half-fields. The shape of the function relating depth magnitude to proportions of half-field intensity varied with binocular disparity in the displays.
Consuming Diversity: Analysis of Seasonal Catch Patterns in Multispecies Artisanal Reef Fisheries in North Sulawesi, Eastern Indonesia

Abstract: Despite the socioeconomic as well as ecological importance of smallscale fisheries in developing countries, there is a dearth of information on the state of artisanal fisheries in different regions of the tropical Indo-Pacific. In this study, catch patterns in small-scale artisanal fisheries within an area of high marine biodiversity in the western Pacific were analyzed using data gathered directly from the main fish market in Manado, North Sulawesi, eastern Indonesia. Of a total of 350 species identified among harvested fishes, the majority of species (ca. 90%) were closely associated with shallow reef habitats (<50 m), and open/deep-water species constituted a small proportion. There was a clear preponderance of relatively small (<50 cm) fish species among marketed fishes, with a steep decline in abundance of larger species, suggesting the possibility of overfishing. Faunal complementarity or distinctness between wet (November—March) and dry (April—October) season was lower for reef-associated...
Femtosecond Laser-Driven Photodisruption to Induce Single Venule Occlusions in Rodent Brain

High-energy femtosecond laser pulses are used to occlude single cortical venules in live, anesthetized rats. Two-photon excited fluorescence imaging of blood flow shows significant reduction in blood flow four branches upstream of the clot.
Brain histamine N-methyltransferase purification, mechanism of action, and inhibition by drugs.

Abstract Histamine N -methyltransferase (E.C., 2.1.1.8; HMT) has been purified approximately 200-fold with about 20 per cent yield from guinea pig brain. The purification steps involved centrifugation at 225,000 g for 12hr, calcium phosphate gel adsorption, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and final chromatography on hydroxylapatite. The enzyme obtained is the most highly purified brain HMT so far prepared. It is specific for histamine with a K m of (4.30 ± 0.14) × 10 −5 M; it fails to methylate norepinephrine, serotonin and betazole. a histamine analogue. The kinetics and mechanism of action of histamine N -methyltransferase were investigated. Initial velocity studies at low substrate concentrations suggested that this methyltransferase action proceeded through two half-reactions in a ping pong mechanism with the intermediate formation of a methylated enzyme. This type of mechanism was also supported by results of product inhibition studies, in which methylhistamine was found to inhibit the enzyme competitively with respect to S -adenosylmethionine and noncompetitively with respect to histamine. Several drugs and chemicals were found to inhibit the enzyme; they included mercurial diuretics, antimalarials, antihistaminics, local anesthetics and ethylamine derivatives. The inhibition by each of these compounds, usually at a concentration of 10 −4 M or lower, was competitive with respect to histamine and appeared to be mixed with respect to S -adenosylmethionine. These patterns of inhibition also have a strong support for the ping pong mechanism.
Sodium selenite induces apoptosis by generation of superoxide via the mitochondrial-dependent pathway in human prostate cancer cells.

Purpose Studies have demonstrated that selenium supplementation reduces the incidence of cancer, particularly prostate cancer. Evidence from experimental studies suggests that apoptosis is a key event in cancer chemoprevention by selenium and reactive oxygen species play a role in induction of apoptosis by selenium compounds. The current study was designed to investigate the role of superoxide and mitochondria in selenite-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells.
Partial characterization of glyceroglucolipids from human saliva

Abstract Glycolipids of human saliva have been isolated and partially characterized. The neutral glycolipids consisted of six compounds, composed of glucose, glyceryl ethers and fatty acids, and differed from each other primarily with respect to the number of glucose residues. The major acidic glycolipid contained glucose, glyceryl ethers, fatty acids and sulfate. Based on the data of chemical analyses we propose that the acidic glycolipid is a 1-0-alkyl-2-0-acylglycerol triglucoside sulfate and that the neutral glycolipids are mono-, di-, tri-, hexa- and octaglucoside derivatives of 1-0-alkyl-2-0-acylglycerol.
Multiply charged metal ion beams

Abstract The metal vapor vacuum arc is a prolific generator of highly ionized metal plasma in which the ions are in general multiply stripped. We have utilized this plasma production mechanism to make a high current metal ion source. The metal vapor vacuum arc ion source is thus a laboratory tool for providing high quality, high current beams of a wide range of metal ion species. Charge state spectra have been measured using a time-of-flight diagnostic. In this paper we review the ion source development program, describe the various embodiments of the concept that have been made, and summarize those experimental results relating to the ion charge states that can be produced.
Lipid peroxidation and benzo(a)pyrene derivative co-oxygenation by environmental pollutants

Etude in vitro des effets de polluants majeurs de l'environnement (bisulfite, vanadyl et fibres asbestos) sur la peroxydation de l'acide linoleique. Les radicaux peroxyl produits sont pieges avec des derives du benzo-(a) pyrene conduisant a leur cooxygenation
Pattern formation and developmental mechanisms. Converging views of diverging pathways

One of the great themes in modern developmental biology is the underlying unity of developmental mechanisms that govern pattern formation in all animals. Superficially, many classical paradigms of developmental patterning appear to be quite different. In the last decade, these classical experimental systems have been found to be based upon similar signaling pathways and regulatory hierarchies. For example, anterior/posterior patterning in all animals are governed by the genes in the Hox cluster(s), and axis formation in the frog egg, limb development and pattern formation in insect wings are established by common signaling pathways. There has been great joy in discovering the unity in mechanisms for developmental patterning and there is also great power in knowing that similar types of genetic pathways regulate patterning in all animals.
Overshooting Thunderstorm Cloud Top Dynamics as Approximated by a Linear Lagrangian Parcel Model with Analytic Exact Solutions

Results are presented from a linear Lagrangian entraining parcel model of an overshooting thunderstorm cloud top. The model, which is similar to that of Adler and Mack (1986), gives analytic exact solutions for vertical velocity and temperature by representing mixing with Rayleigh damping instead of nonlinearly. Model results are presented for various combinations of stratospheric lapse rate, drag intensity, and mixing strength. The results are compared to those of Adler and Mack.
Spanning subgraphs of k-connected digraphs☆

Abstract It is shown that every k-edge-connected digraph with m edges and n vertices contains a spanning connected subgraph having at most 2m + 6(k −1)(n − 1)) (5k − 3) edges. When k = 2 the bound is improved to (3m + 8(n − 1)) 10 , which implies that a 2-edge-connected digraph is connected by less than 70% of its edges. Examples are given which require almost two-thirds of the edges to connect all vertices.
Trimuon events due to neutrino- and antineutrino-induced production of vector mesons and Higgs bosons

We calculate the charged-current neutrino production of the vector bosons $\ensuremath{\rho}$, $\frac{J}{\ensuremath{\psi}}$, $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ via their electromagnetic couplings. We also consider the production of a Higgs boson $H$. We add the decay of these particles into ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs and calculate the event rates and distributions for these trimuon events. We also discuss the antineutrino production of these particles and their decays resulting in ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ events.
High voltage AC resistive current measurements using a computer based digital watts technique

A computer-based technique is described which can accurately determine high-voltage AC resistive currents by obtaining the watts loss of the test specimen and dividing by the true r.m.s. (t.r.m.s.) value of the applied voltage Therefore, the normal concern for guarding against stray capacitive currents and for the exact repetition of test setup geometry on successive testing are not required for accurate measurements of AC resistive current. The watts loss calculation is based on the general formula for average watts so that the resistive current can be measured accurately with some harmonics of the fundamental present in both the test current and the supply voltage. A digital oscilloscope is used to acquire the test voltage and current so that special-purpose amplifiers are not required. The overall system accuracy is verified to less than +or-1.21% of full-scale current. A microprocessor was used to compute the following parameters: average power, t.r.m.s. voltage, t.r.m.s. resistive current, t.r.m.s. capacitive current, total t.r.m.s. current, and the magnitude of calculated measurement error. The waveforms displayed are volt-ampere, voltage, and total current. An EHV aerial lift boom, a 115 kV station post insulator, and a metal-oxide surge arrester are evaluated using this technique to illustrate the measurement advantages. >
Steroidal inhibitors as chemical probes of the active site of aromatase.

Androstenedione analogs containing 7 alpha-substituents have proven to be potent inhibitors of aromatase in human placental microsomes, in MCF-7 mammary cell cultures, and in JAr choriocarcinoma cells. Recent investigations have focused on the use of mechanism-based inhibitors, such as 7 alpha-substituted 1,4-androstadienediones, to biochemically probe the active site of aromatase. Inhibition kinetics were determined under initial velocity conditions using purified human placental cytochrome P450arom protein in a reconstituted system. Derivatives of 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione and 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione exhibited high affinity in the purified enzyme system. 7 alpha-(4'-Amino)phenylthio-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, abbreviated 7 alpha-APTADD, demonstrated rapid time-dependent, first-order inactivation of reconstituted aromatase activity only in the presence of NADPH. The apparent Kinact for 7 alpha-APTADD is 11.8 nM, the first-order rate of inactivation is 2.72 x 10(-3) sec-1, and the half-time of inactivation at infinite inhibitor concentration is 4.25 min. The values for the rate constant and half-time of inactivation are similar to those observed in the placental microsomal assay system. Further studies were performed with radioiodinated 7 alpha-(4'-iodo)phenylthio-1,4-androstadienedione, 7 alpha-IPTADD, and the reconstituted aromatase system. Incubations with [125I] 7 alpha-IPTADD were followed by protein precipitation, solvent extraction, and column chromatography. Analysis of the isolated cytochrome P450arom by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography demonstrated the presence of only one radioactive band, which corresponded to the protein staining band for cytochrome P450arom. HPLC radiochromatographic analysis of the isolated cytochrome P450aroM confirmed the presence of only one radioactive peak coeluting with the u.v. peak for cytochrome P450arom. Peptide mapping analysis by reverse-phase HPLC of digested inhibitor-cytochrome P450arom complex demonstrates that the radioactive inhibitor is covalently bound to a lipophilic fragment. In summary, these inhibitors produced enzyme-catalyzed inactivation of reconstituted aromatase activity, and radioiodinated 7 alpha-IP-TADD binds covalently to the cytochrome P450arom.
A singular non-local problem at resonance

Abstract We study a second order non-local problem using the coincidence degree theory. We show the existence of a solution whose derivative is singular at the right end-point of the interval, which is a new result for any resonant non-local problem. Under the non-local condition, we find a general way to ensure that the differential operator is a Fredholm operator of index zero.
High-dose heparin suppresses platelet alpha granule secretion

Abstract Platelet degranulation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute arterial thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and atherogenesis. Most previous studies that examined the effect of heparin on platelet function have used platelet aggregometry. These studies have resulted in contradictory data and, by the nature of the assay, reveal no information with regard to platelet degranulation. In contrast, flow cytometry allows accurate quantification of the extent of platelet degranulation by measurement of the platelet surface binding of a GMP-140 specific monoclonal antibody (S12). GMP-140 is only expressed on the platelet surface after platelet α granule release. In the present study increasing concentrations of heparin were added to whole blood anticoagulated with sodium citrate. Platelets were activated with a panel of agonists, and the extent of platelet degranulation was quantified by whole blood flow cytometry. Heparin concentrations as high as 100 units/ml were found to suppress platelet α granule release induced by either a thromboxane A 2 analog (U46619) or a combination of adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine. Heparin suppressed α granule release induced by thrombin both in whole blood and in washed platelets. The addition of heparin after platelet activation had no effect on S12 binding. In summary, heparin in high concentrations is a potent inhibitor of platelet degranulation, an action that is unrelated to its effect on the coagulation cascade. Although the heparin concentrations used in this study exceed those used clinically by a factor of 10 or more, future studies of heparin fractions may allow the separation of the anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties of the molecule and allow the administration of an agent that selectively suppresses platelet degranulation without the humoral anticoagulant effect. (J Vasc Surg 1992;15:1000–9.)
The high resolution infrared spectrum of the 2ν2 + ν3 and ν1 + ν2 + ν3 bands of 14N16O2

Abstract The A -type bands, 2 ν 2 + ν 3 and ν 1 + ν 2 + ν 3 , with band centers at 3092 and 3638 cm −1 , respectively, of 14 N 16 O 2 have been measured with resolution of 0.03 cm −1 or better. Spectroscopic constants have been derived for the upper states of both bands. Infrared determined band constants have been combined with laser-excited resonance fluorescence data to obtain a set of vibration and vibration-rotation constants for the ground state of 14 N 16 O 2 .
NF-κB protects neurons from ischemic injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice

Abstract Knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of neuronal survival following ischemia is crucial to the development of therapeutic interventions for victims of stroke. Previous research in our laboratory has implicated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) as contributing to neuronal survival in response to toxic or ischemic brain insult, with in vivo models having focused on the rat. To take advantage of genetic alterations available in the mouse, we utilized a murine transient endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to examine the influence of NF-κB on neuronal survival. When brains were immunostained for the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of the p50 subunit of NF-κB, a unilateral increase in immunoreactivity was seen, especially in pyramidal cell layers of the ipsilateral (stroked) hippocampus. When transgenic mice lacking p50 were compared with non-transgenic counterparts using Fluoro-Jade, a marker for neurodegeneration, both the hippocampus and striatum showed enhanced neurodegeneration at various survival times after 1 h of MCAO. In the hippocampus specifically, there was an eightfold increase in Fluoro-jade staining in the p50 knockout group vs. the non-transgenic group. Sections double stained for Fluoro-Jade and NF-κB activity (using a mouse engineered with a NF-κB responsive promoter driving a LacZ gene to produce beta galactosidase) demonstrated neuronal degeneration only in regions sparsely showing NF-κB activity, and those demonstrating NF-κB activity failed to degenerate. These data provide evidence that NF-κB participates in survival signaling following temporary focal ischemia, and thus may represent an attractive target for pharmacologic activation in the treatment of stroke.
Reality Television as a Model for Online Behavior: Blogging, Photo, and Video Sharing

This research explores traditional mass media as an antecedent to nondirected self-disclosure online. New Internet-based tools allow users to communicate with global audiences, and to make intimate personal information available to this audience. At the same time, a culture that rewards the public performance of private thoughts and emotions is increasingly evident in ‘‘reality’’ television (RTV) programming. This study used survey data to examine RTV consumption, authoritarianism, and users’ offline social context as potential antecedents for nondirected self-disclosure via blogs, online photo sharing, and online video sharing. RTV consumption correlated with blogging and video sharing, but not photo sharing. Social support network size was a significant correlate of photo sharing, indicating that photo sharing may be a more relational activity.
A Transdisciplinary Approach to Conservation Land Acquisition

: Land acquisition is one of the keys to biodiversity conservation, and it is a transdisciplinary endeavor requiring consideration of natural and social phenomena. I integrated principles of conservation biology, ecological economics, and political science to outline an approach to conservation land acquisition in the United States. American political economy, especially, has profound implications for conservation land acquisition, yet these implications have been largely neglected by public land conservation agencies. I derived three general recommendations for the conservation of biodiversity via land acquisition: (1) relatively inexpensive lands in relatively intact ecosystems should be prioritized for acquisition, (2) fee-title acquisition should be favored over easement acquisition, and (3) low-lying coastal properties should receive lower priority. These recommendations contribute to an ecologically macroeconomic approach to conservation land acquisition, and each will become more appropriate as the sizes of the U.S. and global economies increase. Ultimately, however, the conservation of biodiversity will require a new political economy predicated on sustainability rather than growth. Resumen: La adquisicion de tierras es uno de los aspectos claves para la conservacion de la biodiversidad y es una empresa transdisciplinaria que requiere de la consideracion de fenomenos sociales y naturales. Integre los principios de la biologia de la conservacion, la economia ecologica y las ciencias politicas para desarrollar una metodologia de adquisicion de tierras para la conservacion en los Estados Unidos. La economia politica norteamericana, especialmente tiene implicancias profundas sobre la adquisicion de tierras para la conservacion, sin embargo, estas aplicaciones han sido negadas ampliamente por las agencias de conservacion de tierras publicas. Derive tres recomendaciones generales para la conservacion de la biodiversidad mediante la adquisicion de tierras: 1) tierras relativamente baratas en ecosistemas relativamente intactos deben ser priorizadas para la adquisicion, 2) los titulos de adquisicion honoraria deben ser favorecidos sobre las adquisiciones forzadas y 3) las propiedades costeras bajas deberan recibir la prioridad mas baja. Estas recomendaciones contribuyen a una aproximacion ecologicamente macroeconomica para la adquisicion de tierras para la conservacion y cada una de ellas sera mas apropiada en tanto que los bienes de los Estados Unidos y la economia global incremente. Sin embargo, a fin de cuentas, la conservacion de la biodiversidad requerira de una nueva economia politica predicada en la sustentabilidad mas que en el crecimiento.
Resource Competition and Reproduction in Karo Batak Villages

When wealth is heritable, parents may manipulate family size to optimize the trade-off between more relatively poor offspring and fewer relatively rich ones, and channel less care into offspring that compete with siblings. These hypotheses were tested with quantitative ethnographic data collected among the Karo Batak—patrilineal agriculturalists from North Sumatra, Indonesia, among whom land is bequeathed equally to sons. It was predicted that landholding would moderate the relationship between reproductive rate and parental investment on one hand, and the number of same-sex siblings on the other, among boys but not girls. The predicted interaction effect was observed in interbirth intervals and immunizations, but only a trace of the effect was detected in age-five mortality. The study raises questions about the coevolution of human behavior and social structure.
Exercise training augments flow-dependent dilation in rat skeletal muscle arterioles. Role of endothelial nitric oxide and prostaglandins.

We aimed to test the hypothesis that as a consequence of short-term daily exercise, flow (shear stress)-dependent dilation and its mediation by the endothelium are altered in skeletal muscle arterioles. After initial familiarization with the protocol, rats ran on a treadmill once a day (with gradually increasing intensity up to 40 minutes and 28 m/min) for approximately 3 weeks (EX group); a control group remained sedentary (SED group). The active (internal) diameters of isolated gracilis muscle arterioles of SED and EX rats at 80 mm Hg were significantly different (55.2 +/- 2.1 and 49.3 +/- 2.0 microns, P < .05), and their passive diameters (in Ca(2+)-free solution) were 105.3 +/- 3.1 and 111.2 +/- 2.4 microns (not significantly different), respectively. Increases in flow of the perfusion solution from 0 to 12 microL/min elicited a significantly greater increase in diameter of EX arterioles (by 83.5% at maximum flow). This enhanced sensitivity maintained a lower shear stress in EX arterioles (15 to 20 dyne/cm2) compared with SED arterioles (25 to 35 dyne/cm2). In both SED and EX arterioles, flow-dependent dilation was eliminated after removal of the endothelium. Either N omega-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, or indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, shifted the flow-diameter and calculated wall shear stress-diameter curves significantly to the right. Each of the inhibitors reduced flow-dependent dilation to a similar degree (approximately 40% to 45%); their combined administration nearly completely eliminated the dilation of arterioles of both SED and EX rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY PLUS ORCHIECTOMY VERSUS ORCHIECTOMY ALONE FOR pTxN+ PROSTATE CANCER: A MATCHED COMPARISON

AbstractPurpose: Untreated stage pTxN+ prostate cancer is associated with a poor outcome. Monotherapy (surgery, radiation, hormonal therapy) alone is associated with a high progression rate. We evaluate whether radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy plus early adjuvant orchiectomy impart a survival advantage compared to pelvic lymphadenectomy and orchiectomy alone in a matched cohort of patients.Materials and Methods: Between 1966 and 1995, 382 and 79 patients with stage pTxN+ prostate cancer underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy plus early adjuvant orchiectomy (within 3 months of prostatectomy), and pelvic lymphadenectomy and orchiectomy only, respectively. We selected 79 matched controls from the prostatectomy plus orchiectomy group for the orchiectomy group. Patients were matched according to the number of positive nodes, clinical grade, clinical stage, age, year of surgery and preoperative prostate specific antigen (after 1987). The Kaplan-Meier method and stratified Cox...
Adaptive Flight Control Design with Optimal Control Modification on an F-18 Aircraft Model

In the presence of large uncertainties, a control system needs to be able to adapt rapidly to regain performance. Fast adaptation is referred to as the implementation of adaptive control with a large adaptive gain to reduce the tracking error rapidly; however, a large adaptive gain can lead to high-frequency oscillations which can adversely affect the robustness of an adaptive control law. A new adaptive control modification is presented that can achieve robust adaptation with a large adaptive gain without incurring high-frequency oscillations as with the standard model-reference adaptive control. The modification is based on the minimization of the Y2 norm of the tracking error, which is formulated as an optimal control problem. The optimality condition is used to derive the modification using the gradient method. The optimal control modification results in a stable adaptation and allows a large adaptive gain to be used for better tracking while providing sufficient robustness. A damping term (v) is added in the modification to increase damping as needed. Simulations were conducted on a damaged F-18 aircraft (McDonnell Douglas, now The Boeing Company, Chicago, Illinois) with both the standard baseline dynamic inversion controller and the adaptive optimal control modification technique. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modification in tracking a reference model.
Connected: Exploring the Extraordinary Demand for Telecoms Services in Post-collapse Somalia

Abstract In this article, I examine the extraordinary demand for telecoms services that lies behind the emergence of Somalia’s telecoms industry in the wake of state collapse. I argue that this demand is not only driven by the size of the collapse‐induced Somali diaspora and the astounding amount of money they remit each year, but is a reflection of an ethno‐national logic that has shaped the ways in which Somalis at home and abroad have dealt with unpredictability in the wake of state collapse – by staying mobile and staying connected. In turn, I conclude that this created an extraordinary demand for telecoms services in post‐collapse Somalia for the very reason that telecoms were necessary to adapt and use these culturally and historically informed strategies on a global scale.
A phase-plate mode transducer for TE1n gyrotron modes

Abstract A means is described to increase the on-axis component of the far-field energy pattern of radiation emitted from the open end of a circular waveguide containing a high order TE1n gyrotron mode. While the sidelobe power is higher than that of some other approaches, this technique is relatively broadband and compact, and should be easy to fabricate. The method uses a phase-plate at the output of the waveguide to rectify the negative portion(s) of the electric field of the circular TE mode in the waveguide.
Relationship of geodetic velocities to velocities in the mantle

[1] We examine the relationship of the velocities at the surface (i.e., geodetic velocities) to the velocities in the upper-most mantle throughout a seismic cycle. We model the rheology of the lower crust and mantle as linear viscoelastic, and vary the relative viscosities between the lower crust and mantle, as well as the distribution of viscosities and secular velocities in the mantle. We find that the geodetic velocities are related to the transient velocities at depth; the strength of the relationship decreases as the contrast between the lower crust and mantle viscosity increases. In these models we find that the geodetic velocities are not related to the secular velocities at depth.
p21ras farnesyltransferase α- and β-subunits are phosphorylated in PC-12 cells: TGF-β signaling pathway independent phosphorylation

Farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl isoprenoid to the conserved carboxyl-terminal cysteine residue of proteins terminating with the CAAX sequence. Rat brain FTase is a heterodimer consisting of a 49 kDa alpha-subunit and a 46 kDa beta-subunit. In this report, we show, for the first time, that the beta-subunit of FTase is phosphorylated in vivo and the FTase heterodimer contains phosphorylated alpha/beta-subunits in rat adrenal medulla pheocytochroma PC-12 cells. The presence of the phosphorylated FTase subunits as heterodimer in PC-12 cells which are known to be deficient in TGF-beta signaling pathways argues against the involvement of this pathway in their phosphorylation and heterodimerization.
RUNAWAY BUREAUCRACY AND CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT: WHY REFORMS FAIL

Attempts to reign-in runaway regulatory bureaucracy fail because the bureaucracy has all the important resources. The bureaucracy also holds the upper hand in policy-making because Congress has neither the time nor inclination to effect legislative control and oversight. The authors examine the travails of the Federal Trade Commission during the 1970s to show the blurred distinction between bureaucratic autonomy and legislative control.
Productivity of Microalgae in Antarctic Sea Ice

Midsummer productivity of Antarctic microalgae, commonly occurring in brown sea ice along the west coast of the Palmer Peninsula, averaged more than 900 milligrams of carbon per cubic meter per hour, with an assimilation number of about 2.6. The rate of photosynthesis increased with light intensity to a maximum of about 18,000 lux, above which some inhibition was observed. The floral composition, genesis, and physiological properties of these ice communities are different from the epontic under-ice diatoms previously studied by other investigators in McMurdo Sound.