cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Induction by Ultraviolet Radiation and the Photoreactivation of Heritable Respiratory Deficiency in Polyploid Saccharomyces

The kinetics of the induction by ultraviolet radiation of extrachromosomally inherited respiratory deficiency in Saccharomyces is determined by the ploidy level of the cells. The fraction of the inducing radiation damage which is photoreactivatable is similarly ploidy dependent. These findings are taken to indicate that the primary radiation events which result in inactivation or loss of the extrachromosomal genetic determinants of cellular respiration are nuclear in nature.
Measuring the electron fluence of clinical accelerators

Fluence of clinical electron beams enter into most dosimetry models, and it is an important quantity for evaluating the perturbation of beams by treatment accessories and collimation devices. Furthermore, electron beam dose calculation algorithms require incident fluence data as input. The magnitude of the electron fluence for patient treatments is very low and a specially designed fluence-meter is required. An ion-implanted semiconductor detector with an ultra-thin depletion layer is the most suitable instrument for this purpose. The energy deposited in a thin detector, with no window, is directly proportional to the incident number fluence of clinical electron beams. Such a detector was calibrated against a flat Faraday cup in vacuum and provided a measure of true electron fluence, with almost no energy and directional dependence. The precision of the calibrations is better than 2%. The accuracy of the results was verified against Monte Carlo calculations and clinical dose expectations. Fluence output and profiles, and angular fluence resulting from the use of a variety of cones and blocks were measured.
Heteroepitaxial Self-Assembly of Higher-Complexity Structures By Combining Growth Control with Nanopatterning

We provide an overview of a novel self-assembly process that occurrs during GeSi/Si(001) strain-layer heteroepitaxy under conditions of limited adatom mobility. Suppression of copious surface diffusion leads to limited three-dimensional roughening in the form of pits that partially consume a thick, metastable wetting layer. The material ejected from the pits accumulates alongside, eventually forming a symmetric quantum dot molecule consisting of four islands bound to a {105}-faceted pit. These structures, which are of interest in nanologic applications, appear to arise from an intrinsic strain-relief mechanism in a relatively narrow regime of deposition conditions. An additional degree of morphological control is obtained by annealing films containing pits, before they evolve to full quantum dot molecules. Annealing promotes a one-dimensional growth instability leading to the formation of highly anisotropic grooves, bounded by long, wire-like islands. Finally, we show that patterns created in the Si substrate using a focused ion beam can control the location of quantum dot molecules, which is an additional critical step towards being able to use these structures for computing.
Resonant surface waves and chaotic phenomena

Surface waves in a rectangular container subjected to vertical oscillations are studied. Effects of energy dissipation along the lines of Miles (1967) and the effect of surface tension are included. Sufficient conditions, for two modes to dominate the motion, are given. The analysis is along the lines of Miles (1984a) and Holmes (1986). A complete bifurcation analysis is performed, and the modal amplitudes and phases are shown to have chaotic behaviour. This result is obtained under assumptions different from those of Holmes (1986). The conclusions regarding chaotic motions are based on a theorem of silnikov (1970).
Influence of incubation temperature on the hatchability of eggs, post-natal growth and survival of turkeys

The exposure of turkey eggs during the latter part of incubation, to temperatures (uniform around the egg) ranging from 30–5 to 41–5° C, in intervals of one degree, showed that:1. The hatchability was best at temperatures of from 36 to 38° C.; then it declined with a greater slope towards high than towards low temperature.(2) The time of hatching was progressively delayed, from 1 to 3 days, towards high and low temperatures.(3) The weight of birds at hatching from eggs exposed to various temperatures was fairly uniform.
Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis: reassessing the risk for subsequent pulmonary embolism.

Background Although the incidence of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) diagnoses has increased, anticoagulation therapy for UEDVT remains inconsistent and of variable duration. This study sought to analyze our institution’s current treatment practices for UEDVT and assess the risk for subsequent pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods Between April 2005 and July 2007, 200 consecutively encountered patients with UEDVTs were identified in the Peripheral Vascular Laboratory. Then, UEDVT location and sonographic characteristics, patient demographics, anticoagulation treatment, and PE incidence and mortality were examined. Results Among the 200 patients with UEDVT, 156 (78%) had UEDVTs identified as clearly acute or acute on chronic, based on sonographic appearance. In all, 85% of the patients were symptomatic ( n = 171). Among the patients, 71 (36%) had documented malignancy, 58 (29%) were postoperative or suffering from trauma, and 52 (26%) were obese (body mass index: >30). In addition, 153 (76%) had associated current or previous indwelling lines or leads. A total of 73 patients (36%) were put on anticoagulation therapy for variable periods. Younger age of the patient, duplex evidence of an acute deep venous thrombosis, and involvement of multiple named upper extremity venous segments were independent predictors of the decision to initiate anticoagulation therapy for patients with UEDVT. Two patients (1%) suffered PE, most likely the consequence of their UEDVTs. An additional two patients with UEDVT treated with coumadin died months after hospital discharge from intracranial bleedings after minor falls. Conclusion Currently, the clinical decision to initiate anticoagulation therapy for patients with UEDVT is most associated with the documented acute nature of the deep venous thrombosis by duplex ultrasonography, involvement of multiple venous segments, and younger age of the patient. The incidence of PE attributable to previously documented UEDVT is very small (1%), regardless of anticoagulant therapy. Anticoagulation therapy for UEDVT is most likely to be best suited to address the symptoms of UEDVT; its proposed use to decrease the very small risk of PE may be rarely indicated, and must be carefully weighed with the risks associated with therapeutic anticoagulation in this patient population.
Effects of Soil Rehydration on the Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Abstract The work presented examines the effects of soil moisture on the virulence of selected entomopathogenic nematode isolates in the laboratory and has broad implications for managing soil-dwelling insects in all production systems. Two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Oswego and Tuscarora strains) and Steinernema glaseri (NC1 strain), were applied to sandy loam soils ranging from below the permanent wilting point of plants to near saturation. Fluctuations in soil moisture were created by simulating a rainfall or irrigation event (i.e., rehydration), or by allowing soil to dry. Nematode virulence was evaluated by measuring insect mortality in Galleria mellonella larvae bioassays. Soils prepared at four moisture contents were inoculated with nematodes and subsequently bioassayed at their original moisture contents and after rehydration, over an 18-mo period. Insect mortality increased with soil moisture content for both H. bacteriophora isolates but was highest in r...
The energy-storage frontier: Lithium-ion batteries and beyond

Materials play a critical enabling role in many energy technologies, but their development and commercialization often follow an unpredictable and circuitous path. In this article, we illustrate this concept with the history of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which have enabled unprecedented personalization of our lifestyles through portable information and communication technology. These remarkable batteries enable the widespread use of laptop and tablet computers, access to entertainment on portable devices such as hand-held music players and video game consoles, and enhanced communication and networking on personal devices such as cellular telephones and watches. A similar transformation of transportation to electric cars and of the electricity grid to widespread deployment of variable renewable solar and wind generation, effortless time-shifting of energy generation and demand, and a transition from central to distributed energy services requires next-generation energy storage that delivers much higher performance at lower cost. The path to these next-generation batteries is likely to be as circuitous and unpredictable as the path to today’s Li-ion batteries. We analyze the performance and cost improvements needed to transform transportation and the electricity grid, and we evaluate the outlook for meeting these needs with next-generation beyond Li-ion batteries.
Thermal effects on surface structures and properties of Bacillus anthracis spores on nanometer scales.

Bacterial spores, one of the hardiest forms of life known, can survive severe environmental stresses such as high temperature. Using thermal atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show that the surface structures and properties of Bacillus anthracis spores when exposed to elevated temperatures undergo substantial changes on nanometer scales. Thermal-blister-like nanostructures, which grow in size with increasing temperature, are formed on the spore surface when it is heated by a thermal tip. Although thermal damage to the spore surface is persistent upon cooling heat-treated spores to room temperature, thermal effects on surface properties of the spores are complex. The thermally induced nanostructures show a lower surface–tip adhesion and a higher modulus than the surrounding spore surface. The overall trend is for the adhesion to decrease with increasing temperature. However, the adhesion of heat-treated spores may be smaller than, equal to, or larger than that of untreated spores, depending upon the degree ...
Clients' Experiences of Obstructive Silence: Integrating Conscious Reports and Analytic Theories

The psychodynamic literature has associated clients' silences in psychotherapy sessions with a variety of processes. These processes include wishes to merge with the therapist, to gain control in session, to communicate the unsayable, to express helplessness and, most frequently, the intertwined processes of resistance and regression. Experiences of obstructive silence—that is, moments in which clients detached from the process of therapeutic inquiry—were examined in this study. A grounded theory analysis was used to explore clients' experiences of silences in psychotherapy across psychotherapeutic modalities. Two types of obstructive pausing processes, Disengaged pauses and Interactional pauses, were identified. The implications of delineating conscious aspects of these complex experiences are stressed and techniques are suggested for therapeutic intervention in moments of experienced threat.
Neural networks as optimal nonlinear controllers - Concepts and flight control applications

Current neural network controllers are designed relative to specific plant models and performance criteria with the intent of completely replacing conventional control designs. While some progress is being made towards this goal, we believe that a meaningful, and perhaps more achievable, intermediate goal is to augment conventional linear control designs with the nonlinear capabilities of neural networks to improve overall system performance. To this end we introduce the concept of parametrized neurocontrollers (PNCs), neurocontrollers with inputs that are used t o adjust control system performance and to provide information about the plant dynamics. PNCs are optimized in simulation over spaces of plant models and performance criteria; no application-specific training is needed. This structure circumvents one of the main drawbacks of traditional neurocontrollers; the need for individual training for different plants and retraining for any plant variations or changes in control objectives. A particular instance of the PNC concept, the NeuroPID controller where the external parameters are the well-known PID control gains, is presented. An application of the PNC concept t o flight control design is described.
The Schemes Based on EPON for TV Signal Accessing

This paper introduces three schemes based on EPON for TV signal accessing,in order to achieve the reliable transmission of TV signal in the smart district.This paper also analyzes the bandwidth demand from different applications.It then proposes three schemes for TV signal accessing,considering the field project situation.Each scheme can satisfy the demand from various kinds of applications,and reduce the whole cost of the equipment and the construction.It is proved by practice that the three schemes mentioned in this paper can effectually guide the construction of TV signal accessing in the intelligent community.
Influences of BRAF Inhibitors on the Immune Microenvironment and the Rationale for Combined Molecular and Immune Targeted Therapy

The identification of key driver mutations in melanoma has led to the development of targeted therapies aimed at BRAF and MEK, but responses are often limited in duration. There is growing evidence that MAPK pathway activation impairs antitumor immunity and that targeting this pathway may enhance responses to immunotherapies. There is also evidence that immune mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy exist, providing the rationale for combining targeted therapy with immunotherapy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated synergy in combining these strategies, and combination clinical trials are ongoing. It is, however, becoming clear that additional translational studies are needed to better understand toxicity, proper timing, and sequence of therapy, as well as the utility of multidrug regimens and effects of other targeted agents on antitumor immunity. Insights gained through translational research in preclinical models and clinical studies will provide mechanistic insight into therapeutic response and resistance and help devise rational strategies to enhance therapeutic responses.
Self-Driving Vehicles: Can Legal and Regulatory Change Keep Up With New Technology?

Automotive travel in the United States will change dramatically in the next decades as technological advances shift more driver functions to computers, cameras, and sensors. Fully self-driving automation may be distant, but rapidly approaching is limited self-driving automation, which involves giving automation control of all safety-critical functions under certain traffic or environmental conditions, with the expectation that human drivers will resume control as needed. Emphasis has been placed on the technological changes and capabilities, and their attendant benefits, rather than on driver capabilities and necessary driver training. To secure the benefits of automation, driver training is essential. Anecdotal evidence suggests that drivers don’t understand existing technologies, let alone emerging technology required for autonomous vehicle operation. State legislative activity regarding autonomous vehicles is just beginning, but accelerating. Now is the time to develop uniform standards and frameworks for manufacturers and drivers to ensure an effective and efficient transition to autonomous vehicles.
Anthropology from a Kantian Point of View

Kant's anthropological works represent a very different side of his philosophy, one that stands in sharp contrast to the critical philosophy of the three Critiques. For the most part, Kantian anthropology is an empirical, popular, and, above all, pragmatic enterprise. After tracing its origins both within his own writings and within Enlightenment culture, the Element turns next to an analysis of the structure and several key themes of Kantian anthropology, followed by a discussion of two longstanding contested features - viz., moral anthropology and transcendental anthropology. The Element concludes with a defense of the value and importance of Kantian anthropology, along with replies to a variety of criticisms that have been levelled at it over the years. Kantian anthropology, the author argues, is 'the eye of true philosophy'.
Risk assessment of the crack propagation and delamination of the Cu-to-Cu direct bonded (CuDB) interface

Abstract Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology with micro joint has been identified as the 3D package technology to overcome the limitations of I/O density and enhances the system performance compared to that of the conventional flip chip packages. One of the challenges of the reliable 3D TSV packages is stacking and joining of thin wafers or dies. The conventional micro joining methods, such as use of solder bumps, cause many reliability problems, such as intermetallic compound (IMC) formation, electromigration, delamination, creep, and fatigue problems. As an alternative, copper-to-copper direct bonding (CuDB) has been proposed. CuDB enables reduction in fabrication process steps, can obtain higher interconnect density and enhanced thermal conductivity. However, the CuDB interface has potential reliability risk since the bonding is typically performed by compression at high temperature. Several prior studies have reported formation of small voids between the bonding interfaces of the CuDB that can lead to crack initiation, propagation and thereby delamination of the entire interface. The defect can result in failure of the entire package during its fabrication process or operation. This study is risk assessment of possibility of crack propagation at the CuDB interface using fracture mechanics approach. Finite element (FE) analysis and design of experiments (DOE) are used. A crack is assigned at the interface of the CuDB to mimic a small void. Initial crack location and dimensional variables (Initial crack length, Cu pad diameter and pitch, and TSV diameter and pitch) are varied to quantify the risk. The strain energy release rate (SERR) around the crack tip is calculated and compared with the critical SERR, obtained by experiments, to judge the possibility of crack propagation. Sensitivity analysis of design parameters is conducted. As a result, this study provides design recommendations that can minimize interfacial failure of the CuDB. In addition, this study explores various numerical modeling methodologies that can be implemented for efficient failure prediction of the interfaces.
A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial of the Positive Prevention PLUS Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program.

Objectives. To determine the impact of Positive Prevention PLUS, a school-based adolescent pregnancy prevention program on delaying sexual intercourse, birth control use, and pregnancy.Methods. I randomly assigned a diverse sample of ninth grade students in 21 suburban public high schools in California into treatment (n = 2483) and control (n = 1784) groups that participated in a clustered randomized controlled trial. Between October 2013 and May 2014, participants completed baseline and 6-month follow-up surveys regarding sexual behavior and pregnancy. Participants in the treatment group were offered Positive Prevention PLUS, an 11-lesson adolescent pregnancy prevention program.Results. The program had statistically significant impacts on delaying sexual intercourse and increasing the use of birth control. However, I detected no program effect on pregnancy rates at 6-month follow-up.Conclusions. The Positive Prevention PLUS program demonstrated positive impacts on adolescent sexual behavior. This suggest...
Pulmonary Vascular Disorders

A wide spectrum of disorders can affect the large and small pulmonary arteries. These can lead to obstruction of blood flow as in thromboembolic disease, chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension, and intrapulmonary bleeding. The diagnosis in many cases rests on a combination of radiographic and biopsy findings together with the determination of pulmonary artery and right heart function.
A 3D Printing Vending Machine and its Impact on the Democratization of 3D Printing on a College Campus

The Innovation Station is a 3D printing vending machine that provides on-demand, internet-enabled 3D printing to all students on The University of Texas at Austin campus. It was designed and built by the authors, who also operate the machine throughout the academic year. This paper introduces the Innovation Station and describes insights and lessons learned from operating the machine for its first academic semester. User statistics and common user mistakes are described, and a designer’s guide is provided to make it easier for first-time users to 3D print successfully.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Studies on the actions of pyrazolopyrimidines in microorganisms: II. 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine

Summary The actions of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine (APP), an analog of adenine, have been studied in two bacterial systems. At a concentration of 1.1 mM, APP inhibited the growth of exponentially multiplying E. coli B and B. cereus by about 30 per cent. The addition of adenine or hypoxanthine, but not vitamins, partially relieved the drug-induced inhibition. On the other hand, combination of APP with guanine resulted in potentiation of growth inhibition. No major specific effects of APP on protein, lipid, cell wall, or nucleic acid biosynthesis were uncovered. Incorporation of tritiated APP into nucleic acids of E. coli could not be detected. The formation of 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide by an E. coli mutant, B-96, was decreased by APP. Since this microorganism normally accumulates this intermediate for the synthesis of purines under non-growing conditions, the drug had depressed de novo purine synthesis. APP stimulated the conversion of 14 C-8-guanine to adenosine and ribonucleic acid adenine in E. coli , while in B. cereus the conversion of 14 C-guanine to RNA adenine was depressed by the drug. The analog also affected the radioactive labeling of several as yet unidentified purine-containing compounds. The possible role of APP during nucleic acid synthesis has been discussed.
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae: a collaborative study

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was assessed among a total of 3,356 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae obtained from 22 medical centers distributed throughout the United States during the period July, 1983 through June, 1984. All strains were examined for beta-lactamase production with a rapid acidometric assay and for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, cefamandole, cefaclor, tetracycline, and erythromycin with a standardized disk diffusion procedure. The overall rate of beta-lactamase production was 15.2%, although results of disk diffusion tests suggested that the overall rate of ampicillin resistance was 19.5%. Twenty-one percent of encapsulated type b strains produced beta-lactamase; 12.1% of non-type b strains were beta-lactamase positive. Specific rates of beta-lactamase production obtained at individual study centers varied widely with no evidence of geographic clustering. The highest rates of beta-lactamase production were observed with isolates of H. influenzae recovered from infants and young children, and from blood and cerebrospinal fluid specimens. The overall rate of chloramphenicol resistance was 0.6%. The prevalence of cephalothin, cefamandole, cefaclor, tetracycline, and erythromycin resistance was 9.9%, 2.4%, 2.8%, 6.4%, and 64.2%, respectively. beta-Lactamase positive isolates of H. influenzae had higher rates of resistance to all of the cephalosporins than did strains that lacked beta-lactamase.
By Air or by Sea

An OEM motor manufacturer is deciding where to locate a new manufacturing line for one of its customers. The options are China, Eastern Europe, Mexico and the U.S. Information is given to begin an initial location analysis. The decision focus of the case concerns transferring the line (after a 6-month to 2 year start-up phase) by either airfreight or sea freight. Students must calculate the freight cost, the inventory build-up and its associated cost and the overtime labor necessary to transfer the line. Excerpt UVA-OM-1314 By Air or By Sea? Like clockwork, a passing late-afternoon thunderstorm pounded the roof of Montalto's Poplar facility, preventing the first shift from reaching the parking lot and, ultimately, their families and homes. With only two weeks remaining until he needed to submit his summer-internship report, Bill Small was in his office finalizing the critical pieces of the data analysis for his final manufacturing-strategy recommendation. Small's main project required him to assess the merits of producing a new motor program for Cosway, a Western European global industrial OEM (original equipment manufacturer), at one or more Poplar manufacturing facilities in China, Eastern Europe, Mexico, and the southeastern United States, where he was spending the summer. Management had already determined that the manufacturing line would be designed and started in the U.S. facility in order to leverage its engineering talent to establish an efficient process and a high-quality product as quickly as possible. Once stabilized, the production location would be optimized and most likely relocated to a low-cost region (LCR) or, possibly, multiple LCR sites. Montalto relied on data analysis to drive most decisions, particularly major ones, and the manufacturing recommendation for the Cosway program was no exception. The assessment involved a rigorous analysis of the cost and investment at each factory stemming from the new program's required labor, overhead, inventory (both upstream from suppliers and downstream to customers), equipment and tooling, supply-chain and customer-delivery logistics, and import taxes. Throughout the summer, Small had met with associates from various functional groups to ensure that he was capturing all the financial implications of establishing production at the various sites. The latest component, however, had him puzzled. Should his analysis assume that the manufacturing line would be relocated by airfreight or by sea freight? Montalto's regional logistics specialist assured him that airfreight was not worth wasting time on, especially for 75,000 kg of equipment and tooling. Could the economics be more complex than comparing the obviously low-cost ocean transport with a high-priced air shipment? If so, what aspects was he missing and how should he quantify them? Montalto's History . . .
The Identification of Calcified Coronary Plaque Is Associated With Initiation and Continuation of Pharmacological and Lifestyle Preventive Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the odds of initiation or continuation of pharmacological and lifestyle preventive therapies in patients with nonzero versus zero coronary artery calcium (CAC) score detected on cardiac computed tomography. Background Detection of calcified coronary plaque could serve as a motivational tool for physicians and patients to intensify preventive therapies. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE (Excerpta Medica database), Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL (Cochrane central register of controlled trials), ClinicalTrials.gov, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for studies evaluating the association of CAC scores with downstream pharmacological or lifestyle interventions for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) of downstream interventions were obtained using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model. Results After a review of 6,256 citations and 54 full-text papers, 6 studies (11,256 participants, mean follow-up time: 1.6 to 6.0 years) were included. Pooled estimates of the odds of aspirin initiation (OR: 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8 to 3.8), lipid-lowering medication initiation (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.9 to 4.4), blood pressure–lowering medication initiation (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.6 to 2.3), lipid-lowering medication continuation (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.6 to 3.3), increase in exercise (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.4), and dietary change (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5 to 2.5) were higher in individuals with nonzero CAC versus zero CAC scores, but not for aspirin or blood pressure–lowering medication continuation. When assessed within individual studies, these findings remained significant after adjustment for baseline patient characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that nonzero CAC score, identifying calcified coronary plaque, significantly increases the likelihood of initiation or continuation of pharmacological and lifestyle therapies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Time and Area Optimization in Processor Architecture

For specified program behavior and clocking overhead, there is an optimum cycle time. This can be improved somewhat by using wave pipelining, but program unpredictability ultimately limits performance by restricting both cycle time and instruction level parallelism. Algorithm and application implementation should be based on understanding of program behavior, CAD tools, and technology. System on a chip can be realized as die potential increases. This system die then consists of collecting a variety of functional implementations and chip. These include core processor, floating point unit signal processors, cache, message compression and encryption, etc. Functional implementations involve selecting particular algorithms so that total application execution time is minimized under the constraints of fixed die area. Underlying all improvements in processor architecture are fundamental notions of the optimum use of time and space. In silicon CMOS technologies, the notion of optimum cost– performance is translated into performance–area optimality, as chip area largely determines chip cost (with the other major determinant being manufacturing volume). In the process of optimizing time and space, we deal with a complex set of tradeoffs involving a number of technology sub-disciplines. Time optimization requires control over VLSI fab processing, state of the art CAD tools and an understanding of physical constraints such as power and heat dissipation. An understanding of algorithms allows the user to select the best design choices within area–time restrictions. Selecting good algorithms also requires a broad understanding of available technology, behavior of user applications, and available software [4]. Finally, there is die area itself. This is a primary determinant of marginal production cost. In an era of increasing availability of chip area through improved technology (reduced feature size), the issue becomes one of selecting functions that make optimum use of marginally available area. Table 1 shows the projected performance area improvement for silicon die over the next ten years. Silicon die that in 1997 have 10 million transistors will be replaced in ten years by die that have more than 25 times that number of active devices. Cycle time is also on a similar curve, so that gigahertz or subgigahertz cycle times are expected in the same time frame. This work has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant MIP-9313701.
Case 4: A Lack of Communication Leads to a Bad Outcome

You have just started your new job as an anesthesiologist. It is Saturday morning, and a 76-year-old man is scheduled for pinning of his fractured left hip. He is an inpatient having been admitted the evening before. You meet the patient (5 ft 11 in. and 75 kg) in the preoperative area. He fell down some stairs the previous afternoon, was taken to the hospital and admitted for surgery this morning. The patient is accompanied by his daughter-in-law and his son. His past medical history tells you that he is being treated for high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. He has occasional heartburn for which he takes Mylanta. His vital signs are stable. You exam him and find no other injuries and his chest is clear. He has not eaten since lunchtime the previous day. You review the hospitalist note who informs you that he has been vomiting in the night but this was thought to be due to meperidine that had been given to him in the ER. He had been prescribed an antiemetic with good result. The patient says that he does not feel nauseous now and that he has not vomited for hours. His Hct is 36% and the basic metabolic panel is normal. You give him an ASA 2 rating.
Exogenous Insulin Infusion Can Decrease Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Rodents by Improving Lipids, Inflammation, and Endothelial Function

Objective— The objective of this study is to evaluate whether exogenously induced hyperinsulinemia may increase the development of atherosclerosis. Approach and Results— Hyperinsulinemia, induced by exogenous insulin implantation in high-fat fed (60% fat HFD) apolipoprotein E–deficient mice (ApoE −/− ) mice, exhibited insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Atherosclerosis was measured by the accumulation of fat, macrophage, and extracellular matrix in the aorta. After 8 weeks on HFD, ApoE −/− mice were subcutaneously implanted with control (sham) or insulin pellet, and phlorizin, a sodium glucose cotransporters inhibitor (1/2)inhibitor, for additional 8 weeks. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test showed that plasma glucose levels were lower and insulin and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) levels were 5.3- and 3.3-fold higher, respectively, in insulin-implanted compared with sham-treated ApoE −/− mice. Plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and lipoprotein levels were decreased in mice with insulin implant, in parallel with increased lipoprotein lipase activities. Atherosclerotic plaque by en face and complexity staining showed significant reductions of fat deposits and expressions of vascular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and macrophages in arterial wall while exhibiting increased activation of pAKT and endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( P −/− mice. No differences were observed in atherosclerotic plaques between phlorizin-treated and sham HFD ApoE −/− mice, except phlorizin significantly lowered plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels while increased glucosuria. Endothelial function was improved only by insulin treatment through endothelial nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide activations and reduced proinflammatory (M1) and increased anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, which were inhibited by endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Conclusions— Exogenous insulin decreased atherosclerosis by lowering inflammatory cytokines, macrophages, and plasma lipids in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, insulin resistant and mildly diabetic ApoE −/− mice.
Early hemodynamic changes after fetal aortic stenosis valvuloplasty predict biventricular circulation at birth.

OBJECTIVE To describe the early hemodynamic changes after fetal aortic valvuloplasty (FAV) for evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome due to mid-gestational aortic stenosis and to assess whether these early changes predict biventricular (BiV) circulation at neonatal discharge. METHOD We retrospectively reviewed all technically successful FAV cases resulting in live birth between 2000 and 2015 (n = 93, 45% BiV circulation at neonatal discharge). Paired testing methods were used to compare pre-intervention and post-intervention measures of left ventricular hemodynamics. Logistic regression was used to determine whether these changes were predictive of post-natal outcome. RESULTS Measures of left heart physiology were markedly abnormal pre-FAV and improved significantly post-FAV. No subjects had systolic antegrade transverse aortic arch flow pre-FAV and 65% of subjects had antegrade flow post-FAV. The number of subjects with abnormal left-to-right patent foramen ovale flow decreased, and the number with biphasic mitral valve inflow increased. The median left ventricular ejection fraction improved after intervention. Amongst the pre-post changes, gaining partially or exclusively antegrade systolic arch flow was the most significant independent predictor of BiV circulation (OR 9.80 and 19.83, respectively, both P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Technically successful FAV is associated with immediate improvements in left heart physiology that are predictive of BiV circulation at neonatal discharge.
Probabilistic Assessment and Mapping of Liquefaction Hazard: From Site-Specific Analysis to Regional Mapping

Probabilistic methods have been increasingly used in liquefaction hazard assessments for purposes of considering the substantial uncertainties in both the liquefaction case histories and the model development process, and for the risk assessment and performance-based earthquake engineering. In this paper, a review on the probabilistic methods of site-specific liquefaction assessment, including logistic regression, the Bayesian method and various performance-based methods, is first undertaken. Another important topic in the liquefaction hazard assessment is to understand its spatial extent, leading to mapping of liquefaction hazard over a region. The regional liquefaction hazard maps are being employed as planning tools and provide guidance to assess the need for site-specific evaluations. The second focus of this paper details a review of methods for regional liquefaction hazard mapping, including geology-based, geotechnical data-driven and geostatistical methods as well as multiscale methods. The review of the site-specific probabilistic methods and regional mapping methods involves a discussion of their formulations, key assumptions, advantages and applications in liquefaction assessment. The challenges and the need for further research in these areas are also mentioned.
HEMOLYMPH AS A DYNAMIC TISSUE

Publisher Summary This chapter explains hemolymph—or blood—as a fluid that bathes the tissues of insects and demonstrates the dynamic, in contrast to the static, nature of insect hemolymph. The turnover in hemolymph of trehalose, amino acids, and ecdysone are discussed in the context that hemolymph is not a reservoir or sink that serves as an extra-cellular reserve for the cells and tissues. The conclusion is drawn that despite the presence of open circulatory systems, insect hemolymph compares favorably with mammalian blood as a dynamic tissue. Homeostasis presumably explains why basal levels change only gradually in response to accelerated changes in input or output. During homeostasis, changes in input are normally accompanied by corresponding and equal changes in output or storage. Thus, the content of a system is said to be constant.
Foreign Body Induced Sarcomas

Several reviews on foreign body (FB) induced tumors have been published in recent years, notably those of Bischoff and Bryson (1964), who proposed the term “solid state carcinogenesis,” Bryson and Bischoff (1969), Ott (1970), and Bischoff (1972). The reader is referred to these monographs, which, taken together, provide a complete bibliography on this subject up to early 1972. There are some differences in the selection of references since the reviewers concentrated on diverse aspects of FB tumorigenesis such as histopathology, chemical and physical properties of implant materials, biocompatibility, methodology of safety testing, or historical accounts. Most of the references listed there have been omitted from the reference section of this chapter because it was not intended to create an updated all-encompassing version of earlier reviews. Instead, the emphasis is on etiological aspects, in accordance with the general orientation of this volume. By elaboration of this perspective, the scope of preceding reviews is extended and a new spectrum of relevant literature is drawn into the discussion.
Evaluation of Anemia and Nutritional Status on Children Undergoing Resection of Primary Liver Tumors

Abstract Introduction Complete tumor resection of primary malignant liver tumors offers the best chance of survival. However, many of these children may experience anemia and failure to thrive. This study analyzes the association of preoperative anemia and nutritional support with outcomes in children undergoing major resection of primary malignant liver tumors. Methods Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric database from 2012 to 2015, children undergoing major liver resections for primary malignant hepatic tumors were selected. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and 30-d outcomes were compared with respect to the presence of preoperative anemia and the need for nutritional support. Outcomes included 30-d postoperative complications, perioperative blood transfusions, and hospital readmissions. Propensity score matching was performed to control for significant confounders. Results One hundred ten children were included, 76 (69.1%) with preoperative anemia, and 36 (32.7%) receiving nutritional support. Anemia was associated with preoperative chemotherapy (P = 0.02) and steroids (P = 0.03). Nutritional support was associated with cardiac (P = 0.01), respiratory (P Conclusions The need for nutritional support is common in children undergoing resection of primary malignant hepatic tumors. Anemia was not significantly associated with postoperative complications. In this study, nutritional support was associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. The need for nutritional support may warrant special attention to the patient's overall conditioning during operative planning.
Efficacy of Contextually Tailored Suggestions for Physical Activity: A Micro-randomized Optimization Trial of HeartSteps.

BACKGROUND HeartSteps is an mHealth intervention that encourages regular walking via activity suggestions tailored to the individuals' current context. PURPOSE We conducted a micro-randomized trial (MRT) to evaluate the efficacy of HeartSteps' activity suggestions to optimize the intervention. METHODS We conducted a 6-week MRT with 44 adults. Contextually tailored suggestions could be delivered up to five times per day at user-selected times. At each of these five times, for each participant on each day of the study, HeartSteps randomized whether to provide an activity suggestion, and, if so, whether to provide a walking or an antisedentary suggestion. We used a centered and weighted least squares method to analyze the effect of suggestions on the 30-min step count following suggestion randomization. RESULTS Averaging over study days and types of activity suggestions, delivering a suggestion versus no suggestion increased the 30-min step count by 14% (p = .06), 35 additional steps over the 253-step average. The effect was not evenly distributed in time. Providing any type of suggestion versus no suggestion initially increased the step count by 66% (167 steps; p < .01), but this effect diminished over time. Averaging over study days, delivering a walking suggestion versus no suggestion increased the average step count by 24% (59 steps; p = .02). This increase was greater at the start of study (107% or 271 additional steps; p < .01), but decreased over time. Antisedentary suggestions had no detectable effect on the 30-min step count. CONCLUSION Contextually tailored walking suggestions are a promising way of initiating bouts of walking throughout the day. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03225521.
Effect of reactive oxygen species on biomass structure in different oxidative processes

Abstract Understanding the depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass with reactive oxygen species provides insight to develop new technologies for the conversion of biomass to fermentable sugars used to produce biofuels. In this study, the effects of four oxidative pretreatment techniques on sugar recovery and lignin degradation of wheat straw were investigated, including potassium superoxide (PS), sodium persulfate (SP), sodium perborate (PB), and iron sulfate-hydrogen peroxide (FE). The pretreated biomass was then characterized in terms of lignin/ash removal, polysaccharide content, sugar recovery, functional group transformations, pyrolysis products, structural modification, and thermal behaviors as compared to untreated biomass. Among the different oxidative pretreatment methods, PS treatment appeared to be the most promising method by increasing glucan recovery from 12.7% (untreated) to 68.9% (treated) and resulting in a 27% decrease of lignin content in the residual wheat straw. FTIR and Py-GC/MS in PS and PB methods confirmed degradation of lignin via oxidative side chain cleavage and syringyl ring oxidation, whereas SP and FE methods only caused oxidative side chain cleavage. Solid-state NMR showed changes in lignin and hemicellulose/cellulose resonances correlating to aliphatic, carbonyl functionality, acetyl groups, and crystalline regions. The thermal behavior of PS-treated wheat straw revealed an increase in cellulose degradation temperature and decreases in activation energy from 259 to 223 kJ/mol compared to raw material. Following PS method (68.9% sugar recovery), SP, PB, and FE methods resulted in recovered sugar of 43.8%, 30.8%, and 28.8%, respectively as compared to 12.7% in the untreated sample. Overall, the results indicate that the aromatic ring side chains and hemicellulose acetyl groups removed by radical fragmentation, polar hydrolysis, and C C bond cleavage play a more important role in sugar recovery than side-chain oxidation.
High-pressure catalytic reactions over single-crystal metal surfaces

Abstract Studies dealing with high-pressure catalytic reactions over single-crystal surfaces are reviewed. The coupling of an apparatus for the measurement of reaction kinetics at elevated pressures with an ultrahigh vacuum system for surface analysis allows detailed study of structure sensitivity, the effects of promoters and inhibitors on catalytic activity, and, in certain cases, identification of reaction intermediates by post-reaction surface analysis. Examples are provided which demonstrate the relevance of single-crystal studies for modeling the behaviour of high-surface-area supported catalysts. Studies of CO methanation and CO oxidation over single-crystal surfaces provide convincing evidence that these reactions are structure insensitive. For structure-sensitive reactions (ammonia synthesis, alkane hydrogenolysis, alkane isomerization, water-gas shift reaction, etc.) model single-crystal studies allow correlations to be established between surface structure and catalytic activity. The effects of both electronegative (S and P) and electropositive (alkali metals) impurities upon the catalytic activity of metal single crystals for ammonia synthesis, CO methanation, alkane hydrogenolysis, ethylene epoxidation and water-gas shift are discussed. The roles of “ensemble” and “ligand” effects in bimetallic catalysts are examined in light of data obtained using surfaces prepared by vapor-depositing one metal onto a crystal face of a dissimilar metal.