cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radial Migration of Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex

This chapter provides a comprehensive assessment of the signaling mechanisms that mediate the radial mode of neuronal migration during the formation of the cerebral cortex. In general, glutamatergic projection neurons arising from the ventricular zone of the dorsal telencephalon migrate radially toward their laminar destinations within the developing cerebral wall. The initiation, maintenance, and termination of radial neuronal migration are regulated by a signaling network that ultimately converges onto the neuronal cytoskeleton. These intracellular signals are transmitted to the cytoskeleton from cell surface receptors activated, in large part, by adhesion complexes and secreted guidance or motogenic cues encountered by migrating neurons as they traverse a complex extracellular environment. In humans, genetic mutations of specific migratory signaling or cytoskeletal components modulating selective stages of radial neuronal migration alters the placement and connectivity of cortical neurons in distinctly different ways, leading to a spectrum of brain disorders such as lissencephaly, periventricular heterotopia, and polymicrogyria.
The Real Thing: Beverley and Ralph the Heir

One day when Trollope was in his early twenties, his uncle, Henry Milton, a clerk in the War Office, asked him what he wanted to be. Trollope said that his greatest ambition was to become a member of Parliament. Uncle Henry replied, with more than a touch of sarcasm, that few clerks in the Post Office became Members of Parliament. “It was the remembrance of this jeer which stirred me up to look for a seat as soon as I had made myself capable of holding one by leaving public service,” Trollope writes in the Autobiography (p. 250). Uncle Henry by then was long dead, and clearly Trollope’s motivation was not so frivolous. His passion to stand well in his own eyes — to be more than people, especially relatives, thought him — never deserted him. But much more important was his feeling — as we know, but it will bear repeating — that a seat in Parliament “should be the highest object of ambition to every educated Englishman.”
Product Quality Choices and Competition: Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry

This paper examines how network carriers adjust product quality given the competition from a low cost carrier (LCC). While previous research has shown that product quality (measured by on-time performance) suffers from heightened competition by LCC (Prince and Simon, 2015), our results find the contrary. Network carriers differentiate themselves by offering higher product quality through lower seat density and more first class/business class seating. Network carrier’s product quality response to other LCCs depends on market overlap. When considerable overlap exists, network carriers offer higher product quality by reducing seating density and/or increasing the proportion of first class/business class seats.
Depression in the Pulpit

In this introductory chapter, Wimberley sheds light on the crisis of depression among African American pastors. Her premise is, due to the monumental significance of the black preacher in the African American evangelical religious tradition, from a pastoral theological perspective there exists a type of “cultural sacramentalization” of the black preacher which sets clergy up for depression through isolation, internalized/external expectations, and a loss of self-awareness. Wimberley summons the black church to self-examination and accountability as regards this crisis among black clergy leaders, which she argues has left the African American church and broader community in a vulnerable position.
From New Technological Infrastructures to Curricular Activity Systems: Advanced Designs for Teaching and Learning

We suggest an “advanced design” for teaching and learning should offer a plan for bridging the gap between new technological affordances and what most teachers need and can use. We draw attention to three different foci of design: (a) design of representational and communicative infrastructure (b) design of curricular activity systems, and (c) design of new classroom practices and routines. Two different SimCalc projects are presented to illustrate these design foci; both concern the use of technology to democratize access to conceptually demanding mathematics among adolescents. We particularly emphasize curricular activity systems because we are finding that attention to this focus of design has been critically important in our ability to measure learning outcomes at the scale of hundreds of teachers.
Secondary Syringomyelia due to Spinal Intramedullary Metastasis

This is a condition in which syringomyelia cavity results from an intramedullary metastatic lesion.
Languages in Contact, Areal Linguistics, and the Perfect

Considerable controversy has recently arisen concerning the validity of the notion of the Sprachbund: Campbell (2006: 2) declares that “linguistic areas boil down merely to a study of local linguistic borrowing and its history, and little else”; Stolz (2006: 36; 45) concludes that Sprachbunde are “projections from the minds of linguists.” He excludes geography and culture as criteria to be used for judging the existence of a Sprachbund, and sees the use of the “isogloss-first” method, using the geolinguistic distribution of a feature to assess the extent of a Sprachbund, as uninformative. Should we, then, as Stolz (2006: 46) recommends, “either strip the term of its unwelcome and much too suggestive connotations or abolish it for good”? Or is there still reason to retain the notion as a descriptor of a real phenomenon? This chapter argues that there is, indeed, value in preserving the concept of the linguistic area, but that it will require substantial updating. What is proposed here is a more dynamic, three-dimensional depiction of the linguistic area, as embodied in the concept of a “Stratified Convergence Zone.” This chapter begins with a brief synopsis of earlier work on contact and areal linguistics, followed by an overview of new empirical approaches, including the EUROTYP and ensuing projects. Finally, it presents the model of a new view of the Sprachbund, as a Stratified Convergence Zone. Languages in Contact: Foundations The study of languages in contact, once relegated to the periphery of linguistic inquiry, has recently come to be recognized as a subdiscipline with robust explanatory power, positioned between the disciplines of historical linguistics and sociolinguistics and firmly linked to empirical methodology. Among the earliest linguistic models to represent contact as significant was Johannes Schmidt's (1872) renowned Wellentheorie ‘Wave Theory,’ alongside the work of Hugo Schuchardt (1883, 1884), which helped establish the study of pidgins and creoles. Kristian Sandfeld's (1930) classic Linguistique balkanique accounted for many of the shared innovations in the Balkans as due to the domination of Byzantium and to the influence of the Greek Orthodox Church. In Italy, “Neolinguisti” like Matteo Bartoli (1925) focused on the geographical distribution of innovations, expanding on the explanatory role of centrality and peripherality. In his analysis of the languages of the Pacific Northwest, Boas (1938) showed that innovations could spread across linguistic and cultural borders without impediment.
The Supreme Court's Estate Planning Jurisprudence (Foreword)

This short essay introduces a special issue of the ACTEC Law Journal devoted to the estate planning jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States. The issue includes two invited essays on the role of the court in developing the law in this area, as well as commentaries on seventeen of the most important estate planning-related cases decided by the Supreme Court between 1925 and 2013.
Association of SMAD4 gene mutation with incidence of peritoneal involvement in unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer.

772Background: Dorsophilia protein, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) is involved in TGF- β and Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) signaling pathways. Dysregulation in these signaling p...
Prophylactic antibiotics for third molar surgery: a dissenting opinion.

The use of antibiotic therapy is well established in the treatment of identified infections caused by susceptible microorganisms, and for prophylaxis in cleancontaminated or contaminated surgery, in the prevention of subacute bacterial endocarditis after intraoral procedures, in patients after total joint implantation, and in the prevention of infection in the immunocompromised patient. However, although third molar surgery may usually be considered clean-contaminated and occasionally contaminated surgery, the use of routine antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing such surgery is a controversial topic. It is common practice in oral and maxillofacial surgery to use antibiotics after third molar surgery. In some offices it is a universal practice to prescribe them for all patients having routine removal of impacted third molars. A recent study in Great Britain indicated more than three quarters of the oral and maxillofacial surgeons prescribed antibiotics routinely for patients in such cases. However, the timing and protocol of antibiotic use varied widely.1 Another recent study indicated that general practitioners also use antibiotics after third molar surgery, but they did so at a much lower rate. 2 The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding the appropriateness of the routine use of antibiotics for third molar surgery.
The Physical Structure of Coal

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the physical structure of coal. Coal is a generic term applied to widespread and widely differing natural rocks that consist primarily of organic material, which is admixed with smaller quantities of mineral matter. The mineral matter occurs both as discrete mineral species and mineral phases of extremely various particle size and as species that are chemically complexed by the organic matter. The organic components, derived from complex plant materials by complicated chemical and biochemical reaction processes, are composed of large, polymeric molecules whose chemical structures are variable and nonrepetitive. The physical and chemical structures of these organic components are responsible for the properties of coal. The physical structure of the organic components represents the spatial arrangement of the large, complex molecules—along with a few much smaller ones—in coals and in solid coal products. All physical properties of coals and the complex changes in these properties on heating are, to a considerable degree, consequences of this physical structure.
Immunotherapy With Programmed Cell Death 1 Inhibitors for 5 Patients With Conjunctival Melanoma.

Importance Conjunctival melanoma has the potential for regional lymphatic and distant metastasis. There is an urgent need for effective treatment for patients with metastatic or locally advanced conjunctival melanoma. Objective To describe the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of conjunctival melanoma in 5 adult patients. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of 5 patients with conjunctival melanoma who were treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors from March 6, 2013, to July 7, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Response to treatment and disease-free survival. Results Of the 5 patients (4 women and 1 man) with metastatic conjunctival melanoma, 4 were treated with a programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, nivolumab, and had a complete response to treatment with no evidence of disease at 1, 7, 9, and 36 months after completing treatment. One patient with metastatic conjunctival melanoma was treated with another PD-1 inhibitor, pembrolizumab, and had stable metastases during the first 6 months of treatment. Later disease progression resulted in treatment cessation after 11 months and switching to another therapy. Two patients treated with nivolumab developed autoimmune colitis that necessitated stopping the immunotherapy; these patients subsequently were managed with systemic corticosteroids or infliximab. Conclusions and Relevance This case series report suggests that anti–PD-1 therapy can be used to treat metastatic conjunctival melanoma. Longer follow-up is needed to determine the long-term disease-free survival. Future studies might assess the potential for immune checkpoint inhibitors to obviate the need for orbital exenteration in selected patients with locally advanced disease.
Extratropical Influence on 200-hPa Easterly Acceleration over the Western Indian Ocean Preceding Madden–Julian Oscillation Convective Onset

AbstractThe onset of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) deep convection often occurs over the western Indian Ocean and has upper-tropospheric circulation precursors that consist of eastward-circumnavi...
Examining the Spectrum of Reversibles: Cerebral ischemia in PRES and RCVS (P4.019)

Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of cerebral ischemia in PRES and RCVS. Background: PRES refers to a disorder of reversible vasogenic brain edema causing acute neurologic symptoms. RCVS is a syndrome of thunderclap headache associated with cerebral arterial narrowing. Previous literature has demonstrated comorbid PRES and RCVS at a rate of 15–30%. Previous literature has documented cerebral ischemia as a complication of both PRES and RCVS. Limited data exists regarding the rate of cerebral ischemia in patients with comorbid PRES and RCVS. Design/Methods: A 10 year retrospective review of cases of PRES and RCVS at Mayo Clinic Arizona was performed. Data was collected using diagnosis codes, text retrieval from radiology reports, and physician logs. PRES was defined as (1) clinical history of acute neurologic changes; (2) brain imaging demonstrating focal vasogenic edema; and (3) clinical or radiologic proof of reversibility. RCVS was defined as evidence of reversible cerebral vasospasm without other diagnosis to better account for vasoconstriction. Cerebral ischemia was defined as 1) Diffusion restriction on MRI with ADC correlate; or 2) Evidence of ischemic stroke on CT or MRI within 12 week s of presentation. Results: 5000 charts were reviewed. 70 cases of PRES and 39 cases of RCVS were identified. 16 of these cases had both PRES and RCVS (23%). Cerebral ischemia was identified in 36% of PRES cases, 18.2% of RCVS cases, and 50% with concomitant PRES and RCVS. Conclusions: This is a retrospective review aimed at characterizing the rates of cerebral ischemia in PRES and RCVS. This study confirms that cerebral ischemia is a common complication of PRES and RCVS both in isolation and as comorbid diagnoses. A high level of suspicion for vascular events should be entertained and appropriate vascular imaging should be pursued in these patients. Disclosure: Dr. Pena has nothing to disclose. Dr. O9Carroll has nothing to disclose. Dr. Steenerson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Starling has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alder, Amgen, Eli Lilly & Company, eNeura.
Data and model convergence: a case for software defined architectures

High Performance Computing, data analytics, and machine learning are often considered three separate and different approaches. Applications, software and now hardware stacks are typically designed to only address one of the areas at a time. This creates a false distinction across the three different areas. In reality, domain scientists need to exercise all the three approaches in an integrated way. For example, large scale simulations generate enormous amount of data, to which Big Data Analytics techniques can be applied. Or, as scientist seek to use data analytics as well as simulation for discovery, machine learning can play an important role in making sense of the disparate source's information. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is launching a new Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Initiative to investigate the integration of the three techniques at all level of the high-performance computing stack, the Data-Model Convergence (DMC) Initiative. The DMC Initiative aims to increase scientist productivity by enabling purpose-built software and hardware and domain-aware ML techniques. In this talk, I will present the objectives of PNNL's DMC Initiative, highlighting the research that will be performed to enable the integration of vastly different programming paradigms and mental models. I will then make the case for how reconfigurable architectures could represent a great opportunity to address the challenges of DMC. In principle, the possibility to dynamically modify the architecture during runtime could provide a way to address the requirement of workloads that have significantly diverse behaviors across phases, without losing too much flexibility or programmer productivity, with respect to highly heterogeneous architectures composed by sea of fixed application specific accelerators. Reconfigurable architectures have been explored since long time ago, and arguably new software breakthroughs are required to make them successful. I will thus present the efforts that the DMC initiative is launching to design a productive toolchain for upcoming novel reconfigurable systems.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Infant Toddler Activity Card Sort (ITACS)

Date Presented 04/06/19 While many pediatric assessments are based on developmental milestones, achievement of discrete skills may not truly capture their use in functional contexts. Difficulties in transferring skills to everyday life may manifest in specific activity deficits, creating a need for direct measures of participation. The Infant Toddler Activity Card Sort (ITACS) was created to fill this gap by summarizing occupational development in early childhood. Here, we describe the ITACS test-retest reliability. Primary Author and Speaker: Ashley Chuck Additional Authors and Speakers: Laura Pilney Contributing Authors: Catherine Hoyt, Taniya Varughese, Evelyn Shen, Allison King, Regina Abel, Hannah Manis, Kelly Baker, Emma Grandgeorge, Jianna Fernandez
Understanding Participation in Genetic Research Among Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: The Influences of Ethnicity, Gender, Education, and Age

This study examined reasons for participation in a genetic study of risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). Our sample consisted of 101 patients diagnosed with MS who were approached about enrolling in the Multiple Sclerosis Genetic Susceptibility Study. Participants were predominantly Hispanic (80%), female (80%), and well educated (71%), having at least some level of college education. Of these 101 individuals who were approached, 95 agreed to participate and are the focus of this report. Among enrollees, the most frequently cited reasons for participation were to find a cure for MS (56%), having MS (46%), and helping future generations (37%). Regression models comparing ethnic groups, Hispanics endorsed having MS as a reason to participate significantly more frequently than non-Hispanics (HI 52%, non-HI 19%, p = 0.015) while non-Hispanics endorsed finding new and better treatments significantly more frequently than Hispanics (Hispanic 17%, non-Hispanic 50%, p = 0.003). Among our three age groups, younger individuals endorsed finding a cure for MS significantly more frequently (74% of 18-35-year olds vs. 56% of 36-55 year olds vs. 39% of >55 year olds). Our results suggest that motivations for participation in genetic research vary by ethnicity, and that these influences need to be considered in developing more inclusive programs of disease-related genetic research. Future efforts should focus on development of standard methods for understanding participation in genetic and genomic research, especially among underrepresented groups as a catalyst for engaging all populations.
Lower Genital Tract Cancers

In this chapter, we will cover cancers and precancerous diseases of the lower genital tract including the vulva, vagina, and cervix. One of the highest yield topics of this chapter is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Screening and appropriate management of CIN has significantly contributed to declining trend of cervical cancer worldwide. Recently, availability of human papillomavirus vaccines is anticipated to reduce burden of CIN-related visits and interventions.
Ethics and Racial Equity in Social Welfare Policy: Social Work's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has been particularly overwhelming for communities of color in the United States. In addition to the higher levels of underlying health conditions, circumstances related to a history of oppression and unequal access to opportunities and services are apparent. Social service programs will need to be re-developed to accommodate a new reality, both in terms of how people connect with services and how social work professionals provide them. Professional social work organizations' codes of ethics are analyzed, along with the theoretical framework of structural competency. It is an ethical imperative that social welfare policy and practice advance as culturally competent, racial equity, and empowerment-based programs. Child welfare is portrayed as an example where the pandemic could provide an opportunity to learn from the past to construct a more compassionate, competent, and ethical future.
Tailored music listening intervention to reduce sleep disturbances in older adults with dementia: Research protocol.

Sleep disruption in older adults living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) is debilitating and contributes to increased institutionalization, reduced cognitive function, and accelerated disease progression. Furthermore, sleep disruption is linked to poor health outcomes in caregivers, such as decreased quality of life and increased caregiver burden. Given the potentially harmful side effects of pharmacologic treatment, nonpharmacologic approaches, such as music, may provide a safer alternative to reducing sleep disruption in this vulnerable population. A growing body of literature suggests that calming tailored music may improve sleep quality in older adults with memory loss, but its efficacy has not been demonstrated in older adults with ADRD in the community, where most older adults with ADRD live. If shown to be feasible and acceptable, tailored music interventions can then be tested for efficacy in reducing sleep disruption. This protocol details a wait-list randomized controlled trial (NCT04157244), the purpose of which is to test the feasibility, acceptability, and examine the preliminary efficacy of a tailored music listening intervention in older adults with ADRD who report sleep disruption. Music selections will be tailored to the music genre preferences of older adults with ADRD and account for known sleep-inducing properties. The feasibility of processes that is key to the success of the subsequent study will be examined. Preliminary efficacy of the intervention will be assessed using objective (actigraphy) and subjective (proxy-reported) sleep quality measures. In addition, qualitative data will be solicited, examining the acceptability and satisfaction with the intervention by individuals with ADRD.
Influence of Reynolds number on the motion of settling, bidisperse inertial particles in turbulence

Using direct numerical simulation it is shown that even when bidisperse particles are settling rapidly, intermittent fluctuations allow turbulence to continue to play a key role in their relative motion, an effect increasing with $R\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e$. Low-order statistics relevant to collision rates are found to depend only weakly on $R\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e$.
Age-related changes in the upper respiratory microbiome are associated with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and illness severity

Children are less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and typically have milder illness courses than adults. We studied the nasopharyngeal microbiomes of 274 children, adolescents, and young adults with SARS-CoV-2 exposure using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We find that higher abundances of Corynebacterium species are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2-associated respiratory symptoms, while higher abundances of Dolosigranulum pigrum are present in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without respiratory symptoms. We also demonstrate that the abundances of these bacteria are strongly, and independently, associated with age, suggesting that the nasopharyngeal microbiome may be a potentially modifiable mechanism by which age influences SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity. SummaryEvaluation of nasopharyngeal microbiome profiles in children, adolescents, and young adults with a SARS-CoV-2-infected close contact identified specific bacterial species that vary in abundance with age and are associated with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and the presence of SARS-CoV-2-associated respiratory symptoms.
Coping With Catastrophic Ensiled Forage Losses

Providing cattle the highest quality ensiled forages and grains possible for maximum milk and beef productivity is a goal for most crop growers and cattle feeders. Pre-harvest weather related catastrophes such as flood, drought, wind, hail, and early frost can jeopardize this feeding goal, causing yield losses and reduction of nutrient quality of forages and grains. Harvest delays due to rainy seasons present another reason why quality crops may become less than ideal when fed out of the silo. These situations are out of the manager's control. Post-harvest silage catastrophes within manager control include the ensiling of quality crops with less than ideal ensiling management practices. This includes situations where crops are ensiled with improper moisture, maturity, packing, sealing, and feedout management. Aerobically unstable or Clostridial silages are the most common result when dealing with pre- and post-harvest catastrophes. Managing weather damaged crops prior to harvest and dealing with post-ensiling challenges requires managers to work with the principles of fermentation. 2,5
Currents: The Electrochemical Society and The American Association for the Advancement of Science

The old cliche, "In unity there is strength," has been the motivation for The Electrochemical Society to affiliate with federations of scientific and engineering societies.
Combining Crowd-Sourcing, Census Data, and Public Review Forums for Real-Time, High-Resolution Food Desert Estimation

Objective The metrics for measuring the food environment’s health, called food desert indices, are primarily based on decadal census data, limiting their frequency and geographical resolution to that of the census. This research augments census data with other information sources to create a food desert index that is real-time and geographically more granular. Materials and Methods We started with a tract-level food desert index. We used demographic, geographic, and health data, in addition to real-time data from platforms such as Yelp, Google Maps, and crowd-sourced answers to questionnaires by the Amazon Mechanical Turks. We trained a model that learns the relationship between the baseline food desert index and the more granular or up-to-date information sources. Results We use this real-time, context-aware, and geographically refined index in a concept application that suggests alternative routes with similar ETAs between a source and destination in the Atlanta metropolitan area to expose a traveler to better food environments. The resulting model was sensitive to changes in the environment that occurred after the census data was collected. Discussion Our calculations of 248,000 routes to 28,000 food retailers show that the Atlanta food environment creates a strong bias towards eating out rather than preparing a meal at home when access to vehicles is limited. Conclusions Modern, real-time, and more diverse information sources provide opportunities for researchers to analyze varying food environments. In addition to informing community policymakers more accurately, this approach allows us to measure environmental effects on individuals and suggest personal behavioral changes.
Mitochondria-Related Nuclear Gene Expression in the Nucleus Accumbens and Blood Mitochondrial Copy Number After Developmental Fentanyl Exposure in Adolescent Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice

The potency of the synthetic opioid fentanyl and its increased clinical availability has led to the rapid escalation of use in the general population, increased recreational exposure, and subsequently opioid-related overdoses. The wide-spread use of fentanyl has, consequently, increased the incidence of in utero exposure to the drug, but the long-term effects of this type of developmental exposure are not yet understood. Opioid use has also been linked to reduced blood mitochondrial copy number in clinical populations, but the link between this peripheral biomarker and genetic or functional changes in reward-related brain circuitry is unclear. Additionally, mitochondrial-related gene expression in reward-related brain regions has not been examined in the context of fentanyl exposure, despite the growing literature demonstrating drugs of abuse impact mitochondrial function, which impacts neuronal signaling. The current study exposes offspring to fentanyl via dam access to fentanyl drinking water during gestation and lactation as a model for developmental drug exposure. This perinatal drug-exposure is sufficient to impact mitochondrial copy number in circulating blood leukocytes, as well as mitochondrial-related gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a reward-related brain structure, in a sex-dependent manner in adolescent offspring. Specific NAc gene expression is correlated with both blood mitochondrial copy number and with anxiety-related behaviors dependent on developmental drug exposure and sex. These data indicate that developmental fentanyl exposure impacts mitochondrial function in both the brain and body in ways that can impact neuronal signaling and may prime the brain for altered reward-related behavior in adolescence and later into adulthood.
Measurement of Post–Lens Tear Thickness

RESULTS. The pachometry measurements of the small aqueous reservoir between the model eye and the lens closely matched those obtained by direct microscopic measurement. For human PLTT, the mean values (and 95% confidence intervals) for right eyes on visits 1 and 2 were 11 (8, 13) and 12 (10, 15) mm, respectively, and for left eyes were 12 (10, 15) and 11 mm (8, 14) mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. It is possible to measure the post‐lens tear thickness using optical pachometry. The variability between repeated measurements suggests that with careful sample size planning, the technique is sufficiently precise to be useful in group assessments of PLTT. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:2833‐2839)
Judgments about intimate partner violence: a statewide survey about immigrants.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to: (1) examine judgments about immigrants who are victims of and assailants in intimate partner violence, and (2) assess whether immigrants to the U.S., a diverse and growing population, know that intimate partner violence is illegal in the United States and their judgments about what sanctions, if any, should follow. METHODS: A random-digit-dial telephone survey was conducted in four languages with 3,679 California adults. There were roughly comparable numbers of white, black, Latino, Korean American, Vietnamese American, and other Asian American participants; 60.1% were born outside the U.S. An experimental vignette design was used to vary victim, assailant, and contextual factors about incidents of intimate partner violence and to assess respondents' judgments about the behavior and what should be done about it. Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the independent effect of these predictor variables and characteristics of the respondents. RESULTS: Respondent judgments about whether an incident of intimate partner violence was wrong, illegal, or about what sanctions should follow were not related to nativity of either the victim or the assailant. Immigrant respondents differed from native-born respondents on two outcomes: immigrants were more likely to think that the behavior was illegal and that guns should be removed from the assailant. CONCLUSIONS: Concerns that immigrants do not know that intimate partner violence is illegal in the U.S. are largely misplaced--immigrants know it soon after their arrival in the U.S. In addition, it appears that a cultural defense regarding domestic violence is not likely to sway others. Language: en
Metaheuristic optimisation approach for designing reliable and robust geodetic networks

Robustness analysis is a combination of reliability and geometrical strength analysis using a strain technique. It refers to the ability of a network to resist deformations caused by the largest undetectable blunders. The displacement of each point in the network is computed in order to measure the robustness of the network. This paper tries to optimally design a geodetic network in the sense of high reliability and geometrical strength. For this purpose, a metaheuristic method called the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is used to solve the first order design problem in which the geometric configuration of the network is optimised. Such algorithms have been developed to determine high quality solutions to complex optimisation problems. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated using a synthetic network example. The results show that the displacements can be decreased by maximising the minimum redundancy number in the network. This procedure can yield both reliable and robust networks.
Comparison of Endotrachial Tube and Hookwire Electrodes for Monitoring the Vagus Nerve

Monitoring the vagus nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgical procedures may reduce the probability of significant nerve injury. As such, a number of methods to monitor these nerves have been devised including placing electrodes directly into the vocal cords or recording from surface electrodes. In direct comparison, monitoring the identical muscles, bipolar hookwire electrodes displayed approximately one order of magnitude greater amplitude, of both spontaneously occurring and evoked electrical activity than double wire endotracheal tube electrodes. The enhanced sensitivity of the hookwire electrodes, despite the technical difficulties with placement, suggests their use when maximum sensitivity is required.
Marital Quality and Marital Stability: Resolving a Controversy.

Most family scholars agree that marital quality is related to marital stability. However, a great deal of controversy has surrounded the theoretical influence of alternative attractions to marriage and barriers to divorce as moderator or contingency factors on the marital quality/marital stablilty relationship. Spanier and Lewis (1979, 1980) have proposed one model that has been sharply criticized by Thomas and Kleber (1981). In this analysis of the controversy, we attempt to clarify each position and to explain how both theoretical models are valid under different conidtions but do not represent irreconcilable views of the marital relationship.
"Stay Small and Keep it All": Making a Big Splash in Boutique Game Development

Normal 0 21 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This interview is excerpted from a series we conducted in 2010 with Michael Thornton Wyman, founder and CEO of Big Splash Games ( http://www.bigsplashgames.com/ ). Big Splash Games is a boutique game design and development studio well known for its Chocolatier series of casual games. Before founding Big Splash Games , Wyman worked as a Producer for Electronic Arts and Maxis, and a Project Leader for Lucas Learning, contributing to such titles as SSX On Tour , Def Jam Fight For New York , Star Wars Pit Droids , and SimTunes .
Effects of Thrombopoietin (TPO) on Longitudinal Mouse Hind Limb Crush Injury Model

Approximately 645 people suffer from blunt force trauma injury to the femur every day. The recovery time of such injury can last anywhere from 3-6 months. Thrombopoietin (TPO) was used as a growth factor to induce bone and muscle healing. In this study we utilized 9 separate mouse model groups (10 mice per group) were used: Crush PBS, Crush TPO, Surgery PBS, and Surgery TPO at day 3 and day 17, and controls with no surgery/crush/ treatment. Crush models were introduced to hind limb crush injury by a mechanical-gravity driven Einhorn device. Skeletal muscle was harvested from the following sites: experimental impact, experimental adjacent, and normal contralateral skeletal muscle as a control. The muscles were fixed, processed, sectioned, and stained with H&E and Masson’s Trichrome stains. The slides were reviewed for skeletal muscle injury, muscle necrosis, inflammation, muscle repair, and regeneration. In addition, F4/80, an immunostain for macrophages was performed. On microscopic examination at day 3 the most common histologic changes seen were sporadic muscle fiber vacuolation, focal necrosis of varying sizes, muscle contraction bands, and infiltration of macrophages. On day 17, the skeletal muscle injury was generally healed. The main histologic lesions seen were variable sizes of muscle fibers, early fibroplasia, fat infiltration, some macrophages( less than day 3) , satellite cells, and neovascularization. A follow-up immunostain (CD206 specific for M2 double labeled with F4/80) was performed to characterize the macrophages in and around the lesions at day 3. M2 macrophages were seen around the periphery of the lesion and none in the middle of the lesion. There were very minimal differences in M2 numbers between the PBS and TPO treated groups at day 3. In conclusion, comparing the TPO treated mice versus the PBS control group with F4/80 immunostain showed the lesions at both time points were less in the TPO treated mice.
Cardiovascular reflex responses to ischemia during occlusion of celiac and/or superior mesenteric arteries

Global abdominal visceral ischemia leads to profound cardiovascular reflex adjustments. However, the separate contributions of the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) vascular beds to this reflex are unknown. Accordingly, we compared the effects of single and combined occlusions of these vessels on blood pressure (BP) in anesthetized cats. Tissue mass and pH of selected organs, regional blood gases, pH, and lactate also were measured as potential contributing factors. Occlusion of the SMA or celiac artery produced significantly (P < 0.05) different increments in BP (30 +/- 4 vs. 18 +/- 4 mmHg, respectively). Combined occlusion of the two vessels augmented BP by 53 +/- 12 mmHg, a significantly greater increase than during celiac ligation. Venous lactate levels increased significantly during SMA, but not celiac, occlusion, and the decline in venous pH was significantly greater in the SMA than in the celiac vascular bed (-0.20 +/- 0.03 vs. -0.08 +/- 0.02 pH units, P < 0.05, respectively). The decline in tissue pH of SMA-perfused organs during SMA occlusion was significantly greater than in celiac-perfused organs during celiac occlusion. Conversely, tissue mass subserved by the celiac artery was significantly greater than that subserved by the SMA (182 +/- 27 vs. 131 +/- 17 g, respectively). These data suggest that the larger cardiovascular reflex produced by SMA occlusion compared with celiac occlusion may be related to a greater increase of lactic acid concentration in tissue supplied by the SMA. In addition, the large reflex increase in BP produced by combined occlusion of these vessels is an additive effect, presumably related to larger organ mass and recruitment of more sensory nerve fibers.
Assessment of the Middle Mississippi River Channel Catfish Population

Harvest regulations are important for fishes that are both commercially and recreationally sought after such as Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) throughout the Middle Mississippi River. Monitoring total harvest and understanding Channel catfish population dynamics (i.e., recruitment, growth, and mortality) are crucial for managing a sustainable population. Total commercial harvest and current harvest regulations in the Middle Mississippi River have not recently been evaluated. Thus, we evaluated total commercial harvest reports from 1945–2012 along with commercial fishing effort, population dynamics for the Middle Mississippi River Channel catfish population, and simulated the effects of various length limits on the reproductive potential and yield per recruit of the Channel catfish population. Overall, total commercial harvest has drastically declined from 1990–2012, while commercial effort has remained relatively constant. We speculate overexploitation as a possible cause to the decline in harvest ...
The History of the Countermajoritarian Difficulty, Part Three: The Lesson of Lochner

This project continues the history of the countermajoritarian difficulty, explaining that the long dominant "conventional" story about judicial review was born out of fights that took place at the turn of the century. For most of this century the lesson of the Lochner era has been clear: judges should refrain from imposing their own values on the meaning of the Constitution. From that era come all the conventional lessons about judicial restraint and the countermajoritarian difficulty. Now, convention is challenged by a large (and growing) body of revisionist scholarship. Lochner revisionists argue that the Lochner era decisions can be justified as consistent with doctrinal strains existing at the time. Some revisionists go so far as to argue that the conventional story is "winner's history" concocted by Progressive scholars after the battle over judicial review was won. This article challenges the revisionist project. Experience during the first third of the twentieth century shows that judges will be attacked and judicial review threatened so long as the public views judicial decisions as failing to meet social needs, regardless of whether there is doctrinal support for the challenged decisions. Thus, the conventional story is not "winner's history" but an accurate accounting of what happened at the time. And, for this reason even if the revisionists are correct that there was doctrinal support for Lochner era decisions, this only makes matters worse, for judges were attacked vociferously nonetheless. If there is a lesson to be learned from the Lochner era, it is from the attacks that were in fact leveled at judges at the time, rather than any doctrinal strains that might have supported those decisions. The legitimacy of judicial review inevitably rests in part on public reaction to judicial decisions.
Redistribution of Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow During Partial Liquid Ventilation. |[utrif]| 261

OBJECTIVE: Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) is a novel means for improving gas exchange during which a perfluorocarbon liquid (PFC) is instilled into the lung and tidal gas ventilation is maintained with a conventional ventilator. We examined regional pulmonary blood flow pattern evolution during PLV in a healthy infant animal model.
Repair of γ-Ray-induced Thymine Damage in Micrococcus radiodurans

MOST attempts to correlate the biological effect of ionizing radiation with the damage introduced into DNA have focused on radiation-induced strand breakage. Little is known about the extent of the destruction of the heterocyclic bases in DNA after exposure of cell cultures to ionizing radiation, probably because of the lack of reliable methods for the detecting and auantifying of such damage. We have developed a sensitive radiochemical procedure for the detection and determination of the principal radiolysis product(s) of thymine, 5-hydroperoxy-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine (Ia) and/or 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine (Ib)1–3. (Although Ia is the major radiolysis product of thymine formed in the presence of oxygen, several related dihydrothymine derivatives are also obtained (R. Teoule and J. Cadet, personal communication and ref. 4).) By this method we have studied thymine damage in the DNA of Micrococcus radiodurans caused by exposure to γ-rays of cobalt-60. It seems that Ia and/or Ib are important products formed in DNA by γ-rays in vivo, and that these products are removed from the DNA during incubation after irradiation.
Branched reaction mechanism for the Na/K pump as an alternative explanation for a nonmonotonic current vs. membrane potential response.

Nonmonotonic velocityvs. membrane potential curves are often taken as evidence that two steps involve charge movement through the electric field. However, a branched reaction scheme in which only one step involves charge movement per cycle can lead to a nonmonotonic response. A similar case occurs in enzyme kinetics: nonmonotonic velocityvs. substrate curves are often taken as evidence for two different substratebinding sites. However, a branched reaction scheme in which only one substrate binds per complete cycle can lead to a nonmonotonic response (see Segel, I.H. 1975. Enzyme Kinetics. pp. 657–659. John Wiley & Sons, New York). Some analytical constraints on the relative sizes of the rate constants of a branched reaction mechanism that give rise to nonmonotonic responses are derived. There are two necessary conditions. (i) The rate of at least one step in the branched pathway must be less than the rate of the step after the branch. (ii) The rate of the pathway in which S binds first must be slower than the rate of the other pathway. Analogous cases give rise to nonmonotonic currentvs. membrane potential curves. A branched mechanism for the Na/K pump provides an alternative explanation for a nonmonotonic pump currentvs. membrane potential relationship.
Upper arm arteriovenous bridge grafts for hemodialysis

Upper arm arteriovenous bridge grafts are often required after failure of more distal access grafts. A retrospective review was performed comparing 57 brachioaxillary bridge grafts. A retrospective review was performed comparing 57 brachioaxillary bridge grafts fistulas (BAGF) with 79 brachiosubclavian bridge graft fistulas (BSGF) performed over a twelve-year period. There was no statistical difference in primary or secondary patency rates. There was a statically higher rate of infection in the BSGF group (p<05). while thrombosis was more common in the BAGF group (p<0.5)