cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychology of Working Narratives of STEM Career Exploration for Non-dominant Youth

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is a domain of knowledge, skills, and practices that is pervasive and of critical importance in our highly technological, rapidly advancing, and increasingly connected world; however, non-dominant youth, namely from non-White, lower-income, non-English-speaking, and immigrant backgrounds, are disproportionately underrepresented in STEM careers in the USA. Professional STEM career participation can be especially valuable for non-dominant populations as these careers are high quality, in-demand, and can afford one social mobility and economic stability. It is, therefore, important that we understand the ways in which non-dominant youth explore STEM careers such that we can further support and expand these. As such, this exploratory study has applied a career development perspective known as a Psychology of Working (PoW; Blustein in The psychology of working: a new perspective for career development, counseling, and public policy, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 2006) which is aptly suited to interpreting the career narratives of diverse, non-dominant populations in order to understand the unique STEM career exploration experiences of a group of non-dominant youth. The PoW framework has been modified in response to the developmental context of the youth, specifically, a focus on career expectations as opposed to career experiences, as well as their formal and informal educational experiences, including a National Science Foundation grant-funded STEM program, in which all of the participants were involved. From this study, an understanding has been gained of a number of different universal human needs that, when addressed, were influential on these youth’s STEM career exploration. In particular, social connectedness via STEM career mentorship was identified as most impactful for these youth.
The Coleman Report at Fifty: Its Legacy and Implications for Future Research on Equality of Opportunity

July 2016 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the release of Equality of Educational Opportunity (hereafter EEO), commonly known as the Coleman Report after the lead investigator of the research team, James S. Coleman (Coleman et al. [1966][1]). The Coleman Report and Educational Inequality Fifty
Online News Coverage of Preexposure Prophylaxis

Human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV continues to be a serious issue, especially for men who have sex with men (MSM). A new means of HIV prevention, called preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), significantly reduces the chance of HIV infection. However, adoption of the drug has been slow. In this study, a content analysis of 234 online news articles about PrEP from popular U.S. news Web sites was conducted, focusing on how articles were framed in terms of benefits to PrEP, barriers to PrEP, the severity of HIV, and the susceptibility of MSM to HIV. Results showed that coverage contained conflicting information about PrEP and failed to cast HIV as a serious problem.
Incidence of brain metastasis from esophageal cancer.

165Background: Distant metastases are common in primary esophageal cancer, but data conflict regarding the rates of brain metastases (BM) ranging from 0% to 13%. We sought to investigate whether the incidence of BM from esophageal malignancies is increasing in the modern era. Methods: After IRB approval, a single institution retrospective review identified 583 patients (pts) treated between 1/1997 and 1/2016 for stage I-IV cancer of the esophagus/esophagogastric junction with at least 3 months follow-up. Data collected included demographic information, primary diagnosis date and staging, histologic subtype, treatment regimens for primary and BM, date of BM diagnosis, status of neurologic symptoms and extracranial disease at BM diagnosis, and date of death. Data were analyzed by Fischer’s exact test and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: The overall cohort was comprised of 495 pts (85%) with adenocarcinoma and 82 pts (14%) with squamous cell carcinoma. 492 pts (84%) were male; the median age was 68 years (ran...
Resection of Carcinoma of Hepatic Duct Bifurcation

Carcinoma of the hepatic duct bifurcation is also known as Klatskin tumor. Although cholangiocarcinoma can be found anywhere along the biliary tract, more than 50 % of cases are found at the hepatic duct bifurcation. The tumor is surgically resected with a left/right trisegmentectomy and hepatoduodenal lymphadenectomy. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Abstract 3781: Expression of neuroendocrine markers in circulating tumor cells from patients with prostate cancer visceral metastases

Purpose: Therapeutic resistance to Androgen Receptor (AR) targeted therapies in patients with Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is complex and originates from a wide range of molecular alterations including AR point mutations, gene rearrangements and splice variant expression. An aggressive subtype of CRPC involves neuroendocrine de-differentiation that is often found in patients with visceral metastases. To evaluate neuroendocrine signatures in patients progressing on AR targeted therapies, we measured gene expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a minimally-invasive approach to examine putative resistance mechanisms to AR targeted therapies. Methods: We utilized the VERSA platform, an integrated CTC capture and analysis technology, to capture CTCs using antibodies for EpCAM or TROP2 in parallel. mRNA was extracted on chip from live cells for comparison of gene expression profiles for markers of neuroendocrine de-differentiation (SYP, CHGA, GHGB, MYCN, NCAM) and the AR signaling pathway. Fixed PBMC were stained and imaged with fluorescence microscopy and CTCs were enumerated by defining CTCs as EpCAM or TROP2 captured, intact nuclei, negative for CD45/CD11b/CD14/CD34 and cytokeratin positive. Synaptophysin or Chromogranin A protein expression was quantified in individual CTCs and compared to tumor biopsy results where available. Results: Expression of the Synaptophysin (SYP) gene was found in 39% of the patients in our initial 18 patient cohort. These patients could be split into two groups. Group 1 patients had low AR expression with minimal detection of AR target genes. Of these four patients, three had visceral metastases. Group 2 patients had high levels of AR expression including expression of the splice variants ARV7 and ARV9, and robust expression of KLK3 (PSA) and PSMA. Of these three patients, two had visceral metastases. Subsets of the patients in both groups also exhibited expression of genes identified in neuroendocrine prostate cancer including Chromogranin B, MYCN, and NCAM. A subset of the patients tested for gene expression are being screened for CTC detection of protein markers of neuroendocrine phenotypes including Chromogranin A and Synaptophysin. Conclusions: We report the first identification of neuroendocrine gene expression signatures in CTCs from patients with CRPC experiencing disease progression on advanced AR targeted therapies. These signatures may serve as predictive biomarkers of resistance to AR targeted therapies. Future studies will evaluate these signatures in prospective clinical trials. Citation Format: Jamie M. Sperger, Anupama Singh, David Niles, Charlotte N. Stahlfeld, David J. Beebe, Joshua M. Lang. Expression of neuroendocrine markers in circulating tumor cells from patients with prostate cancer visceral metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3781. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3781
Radiographic measurement of intestinal length among children with short bowel syndrome: Retrospective determination remains problematic

Abstract Purpose Small bowel length is the most reliable predictor of enteral independence in pediatric short bowel syndrome. Retrospectively measured bowel lengths on upper GI with small bowel follow-through (UGI/SBFT) were compared to operative measurements. Methods A pediatric radiologist and surgical trainees blinded to operative measurements retrospectively analyzed UGI/SBFT studies using the digital radiography curved measurement tool. Children with SBS and severe intestinal failure (parenteral nutrition >90days) at a multidisciplinary intestinal failure program 2002–2015 were included. Data were expressed as median (Q1, Q3). Results Thirty-six children aged 0.8 (0.4, 3.7) years were analyzed. Fifty-six percent had intestinal malrotation, and 58% had prior serial transverse enteroplasty. Studies were conducted within 10 (7, 20) days of surgery. Intraoperative bowel length was 90cm (45, 142), while UGI/SBFT measurement by radiologist was 45cm (28, 63), with a mean difference of 47cm (SD 58cm, p Conclusion Bowel length measured retrospectively from upper GI with small bowel follow-through studies usually underestimated intraoperative bowel length. The limits of agreement were too wide for this technique to be clinically useful. Operative measurement remains necessary to assess intestinal length and rehabilitation potential. Type of study Study of Diagnostic Test. Level of evidence Level III.
Computational Problems in Multi-tissue Models of Health and Disease

A modern development at the interface of computer science and systems biology is being fostered by high-dimensional molecular data emerging on multiple tissues of the same individual collected across large groups of healthy/diseased individuals. We review computational and statistical problems that arise in analyzing such multi-tissue genomic datasets, specifically problems posing new challenges compared to their single-tissue counterparts, such as ones related to missing data imputation, statistical learning of high-dimensional network models capturing gene–gene correlations within/across tissues, and graph algorithms to identify genes clustering across many tissue networks. A recurring research theme is the potential to integrate or pool information from across tissues to enhance power of detecting signals shared across tissues while also accounting for tissue-specific differences. We show how methods harnessing this integrative potential to address multi-tissue problems ranging from correlation/causal network inference to graph algorithms are ushering in an era of integrated, whole-system modeling of life processes.
Atmospheric Frontal Dynamics

Atmospheric Frontal Dynamics is the first book to present a self-contained and comprehensive coverage of the ubiquitous surface and upper-level fronts, which are boundaries separating two air masses of different densities. Atmospheric fronts are a product of interaction between planetary, synoptic, meso and small scales of motions. They are uniquely important in weather forecasting since many meteorological phenomena are closely associated with them. The discussions of the multifaceted aspects of basic frontal dynamics are based on illustrative analyses of a hierarchy of semi-geostrophic frontal models performed in physical, as opposed to geostrophic, coordinates. Such analyses enable us to systematically and quantitatively delineate the physical nature of different types of fronts in a relatively straightforward manner. They are further supplemented by two illustrative analyses using a state-of-the-art model. 'Learning-by-doing' is the guiding principle behind the book, making it an asset to both students and instructors in atmospheric science and meteorology.
Progressive Failure of Composite Materials Under Dynamic Loading

Polymer-based composite materials are widely used in applications subjected to a variety of loading types, including fluid shock loading in the range of hundreds of strain per second. The behavior of such composite laminates loaded at those rates is typically nonlinear, and may involve rather large strains to failure. For example, Figure 1 shows the tensile stress strain behavior of a plain-weave vinyl ester material for different angles of loading relative to the principal material directions, at a strain rate of 0.002/s.
Postharvest heat treatment of red ginger flowers as a possible alternative to chemical insecticidal dip: [Postharvest. Biol. Technol. 7 (1996) 137–144]

Abstract A postharvest treatment in hot water at 49 °C for 12 to 15 min eliminated > 95% of ants, banana aphids and mealybugs infesting red ginger flowers, Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. In a ‘systems-approach’ to quarantine security, preharvest chlorpyrifos applications combined with either a postharvest hot-water immersion at 49 °C for 12 min or 5-min insecticidal dip in a combination of fluvalinate 2.0 flowable (F) and insecticidal soap eliminated all pests, including aphids, mealybugs, thrips, soft scales, and ants. Phytotoxicity resulting from hot-water treatment was characterized by bract necrosis and shortened vase life. Flowers were more susceptible to heat injury if harvested during periods of high rainfall. Conditioning flowers in hot air at 39 °C for 2 h before hot-water treatment eliminated phytotoxicity.
Transverse Stability Problems of Small Autonomous Sailing Vessels

Long term robotic sailboats will be required to withstand extreme weather conditions. However, typical small sail power autonomous sailing vessels (SP-ASVs) fall far outside the range of typical nautical stability experience. In this paper, I analyze three problems related to the stability of SP-ASVs. In the first I show that in general smaller boats will need proportionally greater stability, calling for deeper keels with heavier bulbs. In the second problem, I show that a vessel will be unstable while completely inverted if the inverted metacenter is below the center of gravity. In the last problem, I analyze the roll behavior of a SP-ASV in beam waves. I present a number of methods for estimating the roll parameters of SP-ASVs, and show that Olin College’s Blackbody Radiation, a typical small sail power autonomous surface vessel, has a great deal of wave stability in roll motions.
The course of maturation of rod-mediated visual thresholds in infants.

Purpose To measure the developmental course of infants' rod-mediated thresholds. Methods Thresholds for detecting stimuli (2 degrees diameter, 50 msec duration) presented at 10 degrees (parafoveal site) or 30 degrees (peripheral site) from a central fixation target were estimated using a preferential-looking method. Nine infants were tested at both stimulus positions at ages 10, 18, and 26 weeks. Results At 10 weeks, infants' thresholds at both sites were significantly higher than those of adults. The infants' average threshold at 10 degrees was 0.5 log unit higher than the infants' average threshold at 30 degrees. Adults' thresholds at the two sites were equal. Thresholds of all infants decreased with age until by age 26 weeks the parafoveal and peripheral thresholds were equal and were the same as those of adults. The rate of change of parafoveal thresholds was significantly faster than the rate of change of peripheral thresholds. Conclusions Although postreceptoral factors cannot be ruled out, the results suggest that developmental increases in rod outer segment length and rhodopsin density account for most of the threshold changes during infancy.
Stabilization of enzymes against thermal inactivation.

Publisher Summary In order to be suitable for technological applications, catalysts should be stable under operational conditions for weeks or months. With continuous research it is found that enzymes can be stabilized against thermal inactivation. There are three methods that can be employed in the attempt to make enzymes more thermostable: immobilization, chemical modification, and inclusion of additives. Using these methods, rate constants of thermo inactivation of many enzymes have been reduced by as much as 103–105 times; there are enzymes that even without any stabilization display remarkable thermal resistance. For example, Bacillus stearothemphilus a-amylase retains 90% of its activity after 1 hour at 90°C. It is found that at 100°C in 0.1 N HCI, the halflife of adenylate kinase exceeds 30 minutes. Bacillus lichenifomnis amylase continuously operates at 100–115°C. The aforementioned enzymes are made of the same building blocks as other, far less thermostable enzymes. Developments in protein chemistry and the understanding of thermophily, along with sensible analyses of enzyme thermoinactivation and use of common sense, will undoubtedly lead to many new approaches to stabilization of enzymes at high temperatures.
Developing a scale for using Facebook as a learning tool

This study investigates the development of an instrument to explore the views of student teachers in Turkey towards using Facebook as a tool for teaching and learning. A five-point Likert-type scale was developed for a sample of 687 student teachers from various fields in Adiyaman, Mustafa Kemal, and Inonu Universities. The sample included 445 participants in the first application and 242 participants in the second. A literature review, students’ comments, and relevant Facebook research results were considered in order to establish the items for the scale. A comparative analysis of previous studies and instruments yielded an original 33-item pool, and experts’ judgments were consulted to confirm the content validity of the scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine the factor structure of the scale, revealing 17 items that could be grouped under three general factors. A Cronbach’s coefficient (α) was employed to determine the internal consistency coefficients for the whole scale and its subscales. Results indicate that this learning scale (FLTS) is a valid and reliable instrument to investigate the use of Facebook as a learning tool.
Convincing the Public to Kill: Asian Carp and the Proximization of Invasive Species Threat

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the mediation of the threat of Asian carp as an invasive species in American waterways based on analysis of 43 articles published in local and national periodicals from ...
Jurassic stem-mammal perinates and the origin of mammalian reproduction and growth.

Transformations in morphology, physiology and behaviour along the mammalian stem lineage were accompanied by profound modifications to reproduction and growth, including the emergence of a reproductive strategy characterized by high maternal investment in a small number of offspring1,2 and heterochronic changes in early cranial development associated with the enlargement of the brain3. Because direct fossil evidence of these transitions is lacking, the timing and sequence of these modifications are unknown. Here we present what is, to our knowledge, the first fossil record of pre- or near-hatching young of any non-mammalian synapsid. A large clutch of well-preserved perinates of the tritylodontid Kayentatherium wellesi (Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) was found with a presumed maternal skeleton in Early Jurassic sediments of the Kayenta Formation. The single clutch comprises at least 38 individuals, well outside the range of litter sizes documented in extant mammals. This discovery confirms that production of high numbers of offspring represents the ancestral condition for amniotes, and also constrains the timing of a reduction in clutch size along the mammalian stem. Although tiny, the perinates have an overall skull shape that is similar to that of adults, with no allometric lengthening of the face during ontogeny. The only positive allometries are associated with the bones that support the masticatory musculature. Kayentatherium diverged just before a hypothesized pulse of brain expansion that reorganized cranial architecture at the base of Mammaliaformes4–6. The association of a high number of offspring and largely isometric cranial growth in Kayentatherium is consistent with a scenario in which encephalization—and attendant shifts in metabolism and development7,8—drove later changes to mammalian reproduction. A well-preserved clutch of Kayentatherium wellesi perinates sheds light on the timing of the evolution of mammalian traits, including reduced clutch sizes and the allometric lengthening of the face during ontogeny.
FNET/GridEye for Future High Renewable Power Grids — Applications Overview

Integration of renewable generation sets high requirements for real-time situational awareness of power systems. FNET/GridEye, a synchrophasor measurement network for wide-area power system monitoring has been assisting realtime situational awareness and helping improve reliability in many power grids for 14 years. To aid operators confronting challenges from growing renewables, FNET/GridEye continues increasing its measurement accuracy and enhancing its functionalities. This paper provides an overview on the mostrecent FNET/GridEye application improvements that help power grid operation with high renewable penetration. The real-time applications presented in this paper include event location, oscillation monitoring, inertia estimation, and islanding detection.
Insights from Computer Modeling: Analysis of Physical Characteristics of Glioblastoma in Patients Treated with Tumor-Treating Fields

The clinical efficacy of tumor-treating fields (TTFields) against glioblastoma has been established by randomized phase III clinical trials. TTFields work by disrupting intracellular macromolecules that have high dipole moments whose functions are critical for tumor cells progressing through mitosis. However, the distribution of electric fields and the deposition of energies within the brain are poorly understood. Using finite element computer modeling, the electric fields and specific absorption rate can be mapped and represented graphically in volume histograms. Factors that influence the electric field penetration into the gross tumor volume include the amount of cerebrospinal fluid on the convexity of the brain and the presence or absence of a necrotic core within the glioblastoma. The utilization of the electric field-volume histograms and specific absorption rate-volume histograms can help to quantify the adminstered TTFields to the tumor and potentially guide the development of personalized treatments for glioblastoma patients.
Social Justice and International Competencies: Positioning Counseling Psychologists for the Global Era:

In this article, we attempt to draw a connection between social justice and international competencies within counseling psychology. Built on Constantine et al.’s general social justice competencie...
The Analytical Validation of Prostate Specific Mrna Detection in Whole Blood by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) as a Prognostic Biomarker for Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC)

ABSTRACT Background To estimate the association between molecular biomarkers and outcomes, robust assays are needed before qualification in prospective trials. Although tumor specific transcripts detected in blood by PCR have been associated with clinical outcome, an analytically validated PCR platform enabling detection of CTC-associated transcripts in clinical settings remains to be identified. Here we explore the efficacy of detecting a panel of prostate specific transcripts in conjunction with conventional markers in CRPC. Method Blood was collected from 97 patients with progressive CRPC in PAXgene tubes (2.5 ml) for total RNA extraction using PAXgene Blood RNA Kit. Five genes expressed in prostate but not in nucleated blood cells were analyzed by primer-specific RT-PCR. We used a Fluidigm Dynamic Array platform to analytically validate RT-PCR assays for KLK3, KLK2, HOXB13, GHRL2 and FOXA1 transcripts. Each PCR-reaction was run in 6 replicates, detection thresholds for each gene were chosen by ROC analysis of an independent set of 56 CRPC patients versus 51 healthy volunteers, and results were reported as transcripts present or absent. CellSearch reported CTC number/7.5 ml of blood drawn into CellSave tube. Result Prostate specific transcripts were detected in 70/97 (72%, 95% CI 62-80%) of patients with progressive CRPC studied with a median survival time of 17 months (95% CI: 13.8, 23.5). 42/45 CRPC-patients with ≥5 CTC and 28/52 CRPC patients with Factor log Rel Risk se(log Rel Risk) p-value LDH (≥300) 1.460 0.345 Any prostate specific transcript present -0.850 0.318 0.008 The predictive accuracy (CPE) of transcript detection + LDH was 0.756 (SE 0.043), comparable to CTC-enumeration + LDH (0.796, SE 0.035). Conclusion The detection of prostate specific transcripts in whole blood using validated RT-PCR assays, applicable to larger CRPC cohorts, is prognostic for overall survival. The clinical utility of this test in monitoring treatment will be explored prospectively. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Optimization in Computational Graphs

A computational graph is a network of connected nodes, in which each node is a unit of computation and stores a variable. Each edge joining two nodes indicates a relationship between the corresponding variables. The graph may be either directed or undirected. In a directed graph, a node computes its associated variable as a function of the variables in the nodes that have edges incoming to it. In an undirected graph, the functional relationship works in both directions. Most practical computational graphs (e.g., conventional neural networks) are directed acyclic graphs, although many undirected probabilistic models in machine learning can be implicitly considered computational graphs with cycles. Similarly, the variables at the nodes might be continuous, discrete, or probabilistic, although most real-world computational graphs work with continuous variables.
Community Radio at the Beginning of the 21st Century

AbstractThis article charts the historical development of community radio in the United States, and makes comparisons with the development of stations in Europe. Parallels are noted and illustrated from both the author’s personal experience and academic analysis. Two typologies are proposed for understanding this development in which key aspects of stations are used for comparing stations in the mid-1970s to those in the late 1990s. The article ends with formulation of a number of issues which should be placed high on the research agenda, and a plea for consideration of the US model of listener-sponsorship as a viable “third way” for community radio initiatives in the 21st century.
Does environmental message framing impact proportional reach and sample representativeness related to motivational characteristics

Physical activity (PA) promotion messages are commonly used to engage target populations in PA programs. However, little is known about how recruitment messages impact program reach. Evidence suggests that framing messages to be congruent with individuals' motivational orientation can maximize effectiveness. This congruency effect has not been tested in the context of brief PA promotion messages used in a recruitment environment. It is plausible that framed messages attract certain individuals, while deterring others. The purpose of this study was to determine whether message framing influences representativeness of a sample recruited for a PA program with regards to motivational factors. Three messaging conditions (gain-framed, neutral, loss-framed) were counterbalanced across days of data collection in a primary care waiting room. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire including surveys on personality and PA, and basic demographic questions. Respondents were offered the chance to participate in a low-burden PA program. Interested respondents were instructed to provide contact information. The proportion and representativeness, with respect to motivational orientation, of individuals volunteering for program participation was assessed using chi-squared tests, and two-way (condition × group) ANOVAs, respectively. After controlling for demographic and behavioral covariates, there was no effect of message framing on the motivational orientation of the resultant samples. Results did not support a congruency effect of a covert message-framing manipulation. More work should aim to understand how recruitment materials and strategies influence motivational characteristics of the resulting sample to maximize intervention outcomes, and target individuals who are more likely to engage in risky health behaviors.
Asking the Wrong Questions About American Science Education: Insights from a Longitudinal Study of High School Biotechnology Lab Instruction

The discussion of American science education is often framed by the questions: Why do American precollege students do poorly on international science assessments and what we are doing wrong? Rather we need to ask: Why do so many international students come to US universities for science, what are we doing right in science, and how do we stay ahead in science education? Poor scores on international assessments belie the fact that the U.S. has the best science education system in the world. Our study of 6,200 high school teachers in 1998 and 2018 documented striking success in retooling classrooms for lab-based instruction in biotechnology and provided a pre-COVID-19 snapshot of what is right with American biology education. However, it also highlights the need revitalize our precollege teaching resource with a renewed National Science Foundation commitment to in-service training.
Attack Densities of Tomicus piniperda and Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Scotch Pine Logs in Michigan in Relation to Felling Date1

Established populations of an exotic bark beetle, the larger pine shoot beetle [Tomicus piniperda (L.)], were first reported in Ohio in July 1992. Subsequent surveys through July 1994 have found T. piniperda in six states in the United States and in one Canadian Province in the Great Lakes region. One-meter-long trunk sections were cut from Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees felled from February through July 1993 in a forested site in southern Michigan, laid horizontally, allowed to undergo natural attack by bark beetles and associates, and later dissected. In southern Michigan in 1993, T. piniperda initiated spring flight in late March; the pine engraver [Ips pini (Say)], a native pine bark beetle, initiated spring flight about one month later in late April. Tomicus piniperda attacks (galleries) were found in logs cut during February through May. Attack densities of T. piniperda were highest in February-cut logs, and declined with subsequent felling dates. The highest T. piniperda attack density recorded for an entire log section was 263 attacks/m 2 of bark area on one of the February-cut logs. Ips pini attack densities tended to increase with later felling dates. When I. pini attacked logs that had already been colonized by T. piniperda, I. pini galleries were mostly found on the upper log surface. When I. pini attacked logs with few or no T. piniperda, I. pini galleries were found on all log surfaces. By initiating spring flight several weeks before I. pini, T. piniperda is able to colonize much of the susceptible pine material and thereby may lower I. pini populations.
Treatment of Nonopiate Dependency

It has been widely recognized that the accelerated efforts to deal with drug abuse that marked the early 1970s were weighted heavily toward a concern with heroin use. Jaffe (1979) has reported that this focus on heroin in the development of a United States treatment program was associated with the public concern about the relationship between heroin use and crime, and with the belief that “new ‘technologies’for treating heroin users” could help to reduce that criminal activity. Nonopiate drug abuse, by comparison, was seen as being of a different order of magnitude, at least in terms of its capacity to constitute a threat to public safety, and did not initially attract the resources available to heroin addiction treatment. By 1973, however, a relatively short time after the initial expansion of the American treatment effort, there came to be a focus on polydrug abuse: the abuse of drugs other than the opiates or alcohol (Benvenuto and Bourne, 1975; Wesson and Smith, 1979; DuPont, 1978).
Cholesterol Synthesis in Bypassed Segments of the Small Intestine in Hyperphagic Rays

Previous studies have demonstrated that a variety of conditions that result in an increase in food intake lead to an increase in small-intestinal cholesterol synthesis. In the present study, it was determined whether hyperphagia induces an increase in cholesterol synthesis in segments of the small intestine excluded from contact with the food stream and whether this increase would occur in bypassed segments of the proximal or mid-small intestine. In hyperphagic diabetic rats, cholesterol synthesis is increased 91% in the proximal portion of the small intestine excluded from contact with nutrients. In lactating rats, another model of hyperphagia, cholesterol synthesis is increased 2.4-fold in midintestinal segments excluded from contact with the food stream and 2.9-fold in segments of the proximal intestine that have been bypassed. These observations demonstrate that the hyperphagia-induced increase in small-intestinal cholesterol synthesis will occur in portions of the small intestine, even if contact with the food stream is prevented. In addition, this data demonstrated that the mass of the bypassed portion of the small intestine is increased in hyperphagic animals. In diabetic animals, the weight of the bypassed proximal intestine is increased 2.1-fold, whereas in lactating animals the mass is increased 50% in the bypassed midintestine and 74% in the bypassed proximal small intestine. In conclusion, the present study suggests that circulating or neurologic factors, or both, play a role in stimulating intestinal cholesterol synthesis in hyperphagic animals. These findings also suggest that indirect factors play a role in the increase in intestinal mass associated with hyperphagia.
Georgraphic Base Files: Application in the Integration and Extraction of Data from Diverse Sources

This paper addresses the development of integrated municipal data bases, with consideration given to political realities and to the sources of data now available in municipalities. First, the potential users and potential uses of a municipal data base are discussed, and an information system which would serve these users and uses is considered. Next, the "current" status of data bases in municipalities is reviewed and it is concluded that there is a large quantity of data available in many municipalities, but that integrated data bases for supporting an information system are not usually a reality. The problem of building an integrated data base from the variety of data sources presented by local agencies is then addressed. A central ingredient for an integrated data base is the Geographic Base File (GBF) which permits the construction of extracted data files from these multiple sources to support information system applications. The concept of extraction, for the integration of diverse source files via geographic references, is developed (and a prototype implementation is described in the Appendix). Using the GBF, and source data from various municipal functions, extracted data bases can be rapidly built to serve a variety of applications of an information system in the decision-making situations of municipalities.
The Grameen Bank and Poverty alleviation in Bangladesh

Abstract. The Grameen (grameen means rural) Bank of Bangladesh has innovated a mechanism under which credit can be provided to the poorest of the poor on a group liability basis instead of any collateral. Based on this principle, over the last decade, the bank has been successfully operating with an unprecedented loan recovery rate. Although from the point of view of profits, the Grameen Bank is not yet a viable institution, empirical evidence suggests that the bank's credit program has significantly improved the socioeconomic conditions of its borrowers. The Grameen Bank's success story in the alleviation of poverty in Bangladesh has resulted in widespread attempts of its replication in many other countries including the United States and Canada. The spread of the Grameen Bank idea around the world has drawn keen attention from researchers, policy makers and agencies interested in rural development.
The CBC at the Turn of the Millennium: An Overview

This review offers a birds-eye view of the state of automated hematology at the turn of the millennium. Despite its shortcomings (mainly flaggings and labor-intensive demands for confirmation), instrument-driven hematology provides much accurate and precise data to clinicians. Advances in technology over the next few decades will undoubtedly improve on the categorization of currently ambiguous mononuclear cells and even introduce channels for the detection and subclassification of poikilocytes. Until then, familiarity with the morphology of blood cell variants will be mandatory for technologists attending to the demands of flagging.
On the Theoretical Equivalence of Differently Proposed Ensemble 3DVAR Hybrid Analysis Schemes

Abstract Hybrid ensemble–three-dimensional variational analysis schemes incorporate flow-dependent, ensemble-estimated background-error covariances into the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) framework. Typically the 3DVAR background-error covariance estimate is assumed to be stationary, nearly homogeneous, and isotropic. A hybrid scheme can be achieved by 1) directly replacing the background-error covariance term in the cost function by a linear combination of the original background-error covariance with the ensemble covariance or 2) through augmenting the state vector with another set of control variables preconditioned upon the square root of the ensemble covariance. These differently proposed hybrid schemes are proven to be equivalent. The latter framework may be a simpler way to incorporate ensemble information into operational 3DVAR schemes, where the preconditioning is performed with respect to the background term.
Calculation of Dynamical Surface Properties of Noble-Gas Crystals. II. Molecular Dynamics

Various surface properties have been calculated for the (100), (111), and (110) surfaces of noble-gas crystals through the method of molecular dynamics. This method takes complete account of anharmonic effects and mean displacements, both of which are found to be important for surface calculations at high temperatures. The results are compared with those obtained through lattice dynamics in the quasiharmonic approximation. The results for the displacements of the mean atomic positions (from the positions in the bulk) are in good agreement with these found through lattice dynamics. The results for the mean-square amplitudes are in good agreement for atoms a few layers beneath the surface, but indicate that anharmonicity causes a substantial increase in these quantities near the surface at about half the melting temperature (the temperature for which most of the calculations were performed). The Fourier transform of the velocity autocorrelation function is compared with the density-of-states function determined in the quasiharmonic approximation, and the presence of anharmonic effects is again indicated. The static displacements, determined by damping the motion of the atoms, are found to be the same for all atoms in a given plane, thus justifying the usual assumption made in calculating these quantities.
Neutron-Electron Interaction

An electromagnetic interaction between the neutron and electron which is both spin- and velocity-independent is expected to exist if there is a separation of electrical charges in the neutron so that while neutral as a whole, it contains regions of nonvanishing charge density. There will then exist electric flelds inside the neutron, and electrons penetrating this extended charge distribution will be subjected to electrostatic forces. This spin- and velocity- independent interaction is reviewed. (W.D.M.)
Multilevel temperature-controlled radiofrequency for obstructive sleep apnea: extended follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term effectiveness of multilevel (tongue and palate) temperature-controlled radiofrequency tissue ablation (TCRFTA) for patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, 2-institution case series. Twenty-nine subjects with mild to moderate OSAS and who were at least 1 year from completion of multilevel TCRFTA were included, representing a subset of subjects who were enrolled in a previously published controlled trial. Exclusion criteria for this extended follow-up study included any additional treatment for OSAS after completion of TCRFTA. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 23 months. Daytime sleepiness and OSAS-related quality of life were significantly improved at extended follow-up (both P < 0.001). Median reaction time testing and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) were also significantly improved at long-term follow-up (P 0.03 and 0.01). Body mass index was unchanged (P 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Multilevel TCRFTA treatment of mild to moderate OSAS resulted in prolonged improvement in daytime somnolence, OSAS-related quality of life, psychomotor vigilance, and AHI in this group of subjects at extended follow-up. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132:630-635.) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is thought to affect between 2% and 4% of adults, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. 1 Morbidity results primarily from cardiovascular disease; quality of life deficits; and performance deficits caused by loss of alertness and daytime somnolence, increasing risk for motor vehicle accidents. 2 However, successful treatment of OSAS with mechanical devices or surgery has been shown to ameliorate these risks of OSAS. 3,4 Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), a mechanical device, is an efficacious treatment for severe OSAS. However, long-term effectiveness is limited by inadequate treatment adherence in many patients, especially those with milder OSAS. 5 Other devices such as oral appliances are less efficacious than CPAP, and effectiveness is also dependent upon nightly adherence. 6 Surgical management of OSAS has the advantage of not being dependent upon nightly use of a device but often produces incomplete correction or relapse of symptoms over time. 7 Further, traditional operations are associated with significant perioperative morbidity. Temperature-controlled radiofrequency tissue ablation (TCRFTA) of the tongue base and palate has been shown to improve OSAS in a randomized sham-placebo‐ controlled trial with minimal morbidity. 8 Extended follow-up of patients undergoing tongue base TCRFTA for OSAS demonstrated persistent improvements in measures of general health status (short form36) and daytime sleepiness. 9 This study was designed to assess the long-term effectiveness of multilevel (tongue and palate) TCRFTA to improve quality of life, symptoms, reaction time, and physiology for patients with mild to moderate OSAS. Our hypothesis is that TCRFTA treatment provides long-term improvements in these outcomes, using validated measures.
Marijuana Use Among Daily Tobacco Smokers: Relationship to Anxiety-Related Factors

The present investigation evaluated the incremental validity of regular marijuana use and frequency of such use in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms and perceived health among young adult tobacco smokers (n = 202). Approximately 72% of the sample were current marijuana smokers, using this drug on an average of 7.6 (SD = 9.2) times per week. As expected, after controlling for theoretically-relevant smoking (cigarettes per day), alcohol use, and affect factors (i.e., negative affectivity and anxiety sensitivity), marijuana use predicted anxiety symptoms and perceived general health, whereas frequency of marijuana use predicted only anxiety symptoms. These results are discussed in relation to better understanding the role of regular marijuana use in terms of anxiety-relevant emotional vulnerability and beliefs about physical health among regular smokers.
Malignant melanoma: specific immunity induced by bacillus Calmette-Guérin in BALB-c mice.

Previous treatment of BALB/c mice with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) will significantly protect them against intramuscular challenge of S-91 melanoma but not against a mammary carcinoma or a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity studies correlate with in vivo data in showing that BCG-immune lymphocytes are specifically cytotoxic to S-91 melanoma target cells but not to the carcinoma or sarcoma target cells.
The affective dimension of pain as a risk factor for drug and alcohol addiction

Addiction, or substance use disorder (SUD), is a devastating psychiatric disease composed of multiple elemental features. As a biobehavioral disorder, escalation of drug and/or alcohol intake is both a cause and consequence of molecular neuroadaptations in central brain reinforcement circuitry. Multiple mesolimbic areas mediate a host of negative affective and motivational symptoms that appear to be central to the addiction process. Brain stress- and reinforcement-related regions such as the central amygdala (CeA), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) also serve as central processors of ascending nociceptive input. We hypothesize that a sensitization of brain mechanisms underlying the processing of persistent and maladaptive pain contributes to a composite negative affective state to drive the enduring, relapsing nature of addiction, particularly in the case of alcohol and opioid use disorder. At the neurochemical level, pain activates central stress-related neuropeptide signaling, including the dynorphin and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems, and by this process may facilitate negative affect and escalated drug and alcohol use over time. Importantly, the widespread prevalence of unresolved pain and associated affective dysregulation in clinical populations highlights the need for more effective analgesic medications with reduced potential for tolerance and dependence. The burgeoning epidemic of prescription opioid abuse also demands a closer investigation into the neurobiological mechanisms of how pain treatment could potentially represent a significant risk factor for addiction in vulnerable populations. Finally, the continuing convergence of sensory and affective neuroscience fields is expected to generate insight into the critical balance between pain relief and addiction liability, as well as provide more effective therapeutic strategies for chronic pain and addiction.
Nerve growth factor and the neurotrophic factor hypothesis

The discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) over 40 years ago led to the formulation of the "Neurotrophic Factor Hypothesis". This hypothesis states that developing neurons compete with each other for a limited supply of a neurotrophic factor (NTF) provided by the target tissue. Successful competitors survive; unsuccessful ones die. Subsequent research on NTFs has shown that NTF expression and actions are considerably more complex and diverse than initially predicted. Even for NGF, different regulatory patterns are seen for different neuronal populations. As would be predicted by the "Neurotrophic Factor Hypothesis", NGF levels critically regulate basal forebrain cholinergic neuron size and neurochemical differentiation. In contrast, the level of trkA, the NGF receptor, regulates these properties in caudate-putamen cholinergic neurons. Understanding NTF regulation and actions on neurons has led to their use in clinical trials of human neurological diseases. NTFs may emerge as important therapies to prevent neuronal dysfunction and death.