cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professional Development in a Culture of Inquiry: PDS Teachers Identify the Benefits of Professional Learning Communities.

Abstract Teacher researchers in a Professional Development School context identify two important shifts in traditional school cultures in order for teacher inquiry to thrive as a means for teacher development: a shift to community and a shift to uncertainty. PDS teachers in this study spoke about their need for supportive learning communities where they may collaborate and engage in dialogue with colleagues and other professionals. Professional learning communities created opportunities for dialogue which also made it safe to ask questions and work in a community where uncertainty was not only valued, but supported. Professional learning communities for teacher development also need to be analyzed for insights they bring to teacher education, professional development, and educational change. Recognizing and understanding tensions in collaboration and dialogue and their connected shifts to community and uncertainty could enhance learning opportunities for teachers as well as the life of a teacher with an inquiry stance.
Hillslope drainage development with time: a physical experiment

Rainfall simulator experiments were structured to develop erosion rill-channel networks for 9° and 5° slopes subject to constant rainfall. Quantitative measurements included measurements of rill-channel width, depth, and width-to-depth ratios aggregated over the slope, and measures of the scaling characteristics and space filling tendencies of the networks. Trends in fractal dimensions and width functions with time are presented and compared to previous qualitative descriptions of network evolution. Our results imply that the equilibrium scaling characteristics of rill-channel networks are similar to those of river networks. For a given slope, the fractal dimension increases with time toward an equilibrium value. This equilibrium value is hypothesized to be a function of the effective storm, the initial hillslope-scale slope, and the geologic properties of the substrate. Results also imply that the rate of increase of the fractal dimension of the developing erosion networks (i.e., the rate at which the erosion networks fill space) may increase with increasing hillslope-scale slope. In addition, the growing rill-channel networks possess width functions whose bifurcation characteristics, as described by the power contained in the high wave numbers of the Fourier series fit, remain constant throughout the evolution of the networks.
Carbon nanotube synthesis in a flame using laser ablation for in situ catalyst generation

Laser ablation of either Ni or Fe is used to create nanoparticles within a reactive flame environment for catalysis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Ablation of Fe in a CO-enriched flame produces single-walled nanotubes, whereas, ablation of Ni in an acetylene-enriched flame produces carbon nanofibers. These results illustrate that the materials for catalyst particle formation and CNT, SWNT or nanofiber, inception and growth in the aerosol phase can be supplied from separate sources; a metal-carbon mixture produced by condensation is not necessary. Both particle formation and CNT inception can begin from molecular species in a laser-ablation approach within the complex chemical environment of a flame. Moreover, SWNTs and nanofibers can be synthesized within very short timescales, of the order of tens of milliseconds. Finally, high-intensity pulsed laser light can destroy CNTs through either vaporization or coalescence induced by melting.
Targeting 11q23 positive acute leukemia cells with high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies

Background Acute leukemia with 11q23 aberrations is associated with a poor outcome with therapy. The lack of efficacy of conventional therapy has stimulated interest in developing novel strategies. Recent studies have shown that 11q23-positive acute leukemia cells express the high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA). This tumor antigen represents a useful target to control growth of human melanoma tumors in patients and in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, utilizing antibody-based immunotherapy. This effect appears to be mediated by inhibition of the HMW-MAA function such as triggering of the focal adhesion kinase/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) pathways. Therefore, in this study we tested whether HMW-MAA-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) could inhibit growth of 11q23-positive leukemia cells in SCID mice.
Perturbation of a resonant cavity by a small bianisotropic sphere

Perturbation of a resonant cavity by the introduction of a small bianisotropic sphere in its interior is analyzed. It is shown that the resonance frequency can be altered merely by rotating the bianisotropic sphere at a fixed location.
Handmade Burnished Ware and Prehistoric Aegean Economics: An Argument for Indigenous Appearance

Attempts to explain the appearance of hand-made coarse ware in the Late Bronze Age Aegean have focused on analysis of decorative or formative elements of decoration or form and not upon mode or locus of production. Furthermore, little emphasis has been placed on locating this ware within the economic context of the Late Helladic world. A reanalysis of this pottery within its context argues strongly that its appearance represents a reaction to increased subsistence difficulties for the Aegean peasant.
GRAPHIC ORGANIZATION AND MEMORY STRUCTURES FOR MAP LEARNING

An investigation of map learning indicates that spatial data are retained in memory as regionalized groups of features (commonly referred to as chunks), which, in turn, provide the units for higher-order regions leading to an hierarchical memory structure. The particular nature of these structures is seen to result from an interaction between two organizational processes in cartographic communication — the operations of human memory and the graphic organization employed by the cartographer to depict the information presented. Graphic organization (the visual/spatial characteristics of map symbols) was found to have a strong impact on the definition of chunks, but not on the hierarchical nature of the memory structure itself — apparently a fundamental characteristic of memory encoding for spatial data. While learning performance was affected by the complexity of the memory structure employed, no apparent effect could be attributed to graphic organization as long as a single, strongly evident organization w...
Multiple structures in a Σ = 27 related boundary in germanium

Abstract An observation consistent with the occurrence of structural multiplicity has been made by high resolution transmission electron microscopy of a 29° 〈110〉 tilt boundary in germanium.
The Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC. Radiological Considerations and Shielding calculations

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC will be the world's first X-ray free electron laser when it becomes operational in 2009. Pulses of X-ray laser light from LCLS will be many orders of magnitude brighter and several orders of magnitude shorter than what can be produced by other X-ray sources available in the world. These characteristics will enable frontier new science in many areas. This paper describes the LCLS beam parameters and its lay-out. Results of the Monte Carlo calculations for the shielding design of the electron dump line, radiation damage to undulator, the residual radiation and the soil activation around the electron dump are presented.
Trace metals in oyster shells.

Measurements using atomic absorption spectrometry have established the prescence of Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Cr in shells of the oyster Crassostrea virginica in amounts considerably higher than their concentration in sea water. Preliminary comparisons of trace elements in shells from widely separated areas do not suggest large differences. The relatively high values obtained for Pb, Cu, and Cd suggest these analyses have a good potential for assessment of man's contribution to global pollution. Comparison of these data with trace element content of ancient shells may be useful in evaluating the importance of pollution induced changes in coastal waters.
Limited contribution of isoflavones to hepatocellular phase II enzyme-inducing activity of soybean (Glycine max) extracts

Abstract Soy flour was successively extracted with ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water and tested for quinone reductase (QR) induction in the Hepa 1c1c7 cell line. The ethanol extract was found to be the most potent, with a CD value (concentration required to double QR specific activity) of 460 μg/ml. Phase separation of the ethanol extract and a phospholipid removal procedure yielded a fraction that doubled QR at 80 μg/ml. Reverse phase medium pressure chromatography of the purified ethanol extract yielded 13 fractions. Constituents of selected fractions were identified using mass spectrometry and NMR analysis. Fractions 2, 8, and 10 contained 47% of the recovered mass and were the least active of the isolates. These three fractions contained isoflavone glycosides. The latest eluting fractions 11–13 were found to be the most potent, and contained the majority of recovered inducing units (IUs), a measure of potency.
Telling Stories about Rosa Parks

Rosa Parks has usually been portrayed as a highly principled but non-political person, not the long-time civil rights activist that she was. Sociologist Michael Schudson finds several factors that ...
Power System Stability

The sections in this article are 1 Power System Stability Problems 2 The Time-Domain Approach 3 Direct Methods 4 Direct Methods for Differential Algebraic Equation Systems 5 BCU Method 6 On-Line Dynamic Security Assessments 7 Voltage Stability 8 Some Further Developments
Evidence-based Assessment, Intervention and Psychosocial Care in Pediatric Oncology: A Blueprint for Comprehensive Services Across Treatment

Objective This paper describes the translation of psychological research into clinical services in pediatric oncology, based on two decades of research and clinical services in the Division of Oncology at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). Method Two models helpful in conceptualizing clinical care underlying intervention work at CHOP are summarized: The Pediatric Psychosocial Preventative Health Model (PPPHM; Kazak, 2006) and the Medical Traumatic Stress Model, specific to pediatric illness and injury (Kazak, Kassam-Adams et al., 2006). Results Integration of these two models offers a ‘‘blueprint’’ for development and evaluation of services to children with cancer and their families relevant for all families across the complete spectrum of disease and treatment. Conclusion The dissemination of evidence-based psychosocial practice in pediatric oncology remains a large and challenging goal. The proposed blueprint may facilitate collaborative work to help assure that children with cancer and their families have access to evidence-based care.
Exploring the Fourth Environment An Examination of the Home Range of City and Suburban Teenagers

In this study of a sample of 148 teenagers from metropolitan Toronto, home range is found to be smaller in the city, in lower social classes, and-in the suburbs only-for girls and younger teenagers. Home range is the spatial manifestation of exploring the "fourth environment," which is globally defined as the environment outside the home, playground, and specifically child-oriented institutions. The significance of this fourth environment in the process of growing up is discussed, and some findings are presented that indicate that home range may be related to use and knowledge of the environment. It is suggested that the local neighbor-hood continues to be an important developmental context for young people, and common interests of other population groups are recognized as enhancing the potential for planning that is responsive to children's needs.
An architecture-based approach for synthesizing and integrating adapters for legacy software

In software organizations there is a very real possibility that a commitment to existing assets will require migration of legacy software towards new environments that use modern technology. One technique that has been suggested for facilitating the migration of existing legacy assets to new platforms is via the use of the adapter design pattern, also known as component wrapping. We describe an approach for facilitating the integration of legacy software into new applications using component wrapping. That is, we demonstrate the use of a software architecture description language as a means for specifying various properties that can be used to assist in the construction of wrappers. In addition, we show how these wrapped components can be used within a distributed object infrastructure as services that are dynamically integrated at runtime.
Regulation of Vascular Tone Role of 20-HETE in the Modulation of Myogenic Reactivity

Bayliss1 first suggested that distention (stretch) of the vascular wall, elicited by increases in intravascular pressure, acts as a facilitating stimulus on the vascular smooth muscle (VSM) to intensify its activity, eliciting constriction of blood vessels. Since this original hypothesis was offered, it has been recognized that this pressure-sensitive response, a constriction to elevation and a dilation to reduction of transmural pressure, originates from the smooth muscle layer of blood vessels and is independent of neural, hormonal, and metabolic influences.2 Although it is most pronounced in arterioles, it can also be demonstrated frequently in all types of blood vessels and lymphatics. The myogenic response contributes to autoregulation of blood flow and is believed to be one of the primary mechanisms responsible for the basal tone of small blood vessels. Consequently, it also influences capillary hydrostatic pressure. Although there is no general agreement as to the nature of the transduction mechanisms mediating the myogenic response, there is a consensus that stretch of the VSM membrane results in membrane depolarization, leading to augmented Ca2+ influx through increased voltage-gated Ca2+ channel activity and contraction of VSM via Ca2+-calmodulin–induced myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation. Among the mediators that have been proposed to be involved in the mechanotransduction of the stretch signal are activation of phospholipase C and A2, the adenylate cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway, protein kinase C– and tyrosine kinase–mediated mechanisms, and a variety of ion …
Novel Paradigms for Dialysis Vascular Access: Downstream Vascular Biology–Is There a Final Common Pathway?

Vascular access dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. The most common cause of vascular access dysfunction is venous stenosis from neointimal hyperplasia within the perianastomotic region of an arteriovenous fistula and at the graft-vein anastomosis of an arteriovenous graft. There have been few, if any, effective treatments for vascular access dysfunction because of the limited understanding of the pathophysiology of venous neointimal hyperplasia formation. This review will (1) describe the histopathologic features of hemodialysis access stenosis; (2) discuss novel concepts in the pathogenesis of neointimal hyperplasia development, focusing on downstream vascular biology; (3) highlight future novel therapies for treating downstream biology; and (4) discuss future research areas to improve our understanding of downstream biology and neointimal hyperplasia development.
A Gender-based Examination of Past-year Recreational Gamblers

Most adults gamble recreationally yet few studies have systematically investigated for gender-related differences in recreational gamblers. Logistic regression analyses were performed on data from a nationally representative sample of respondents from the 1998 Gambling Impact and Behavior Study. Female gamblers versus non-gamblers were more likely to report use of alcohol and drugs. Male gamblers versus non-gamblers were more likely to report alcohol use and abuse/dependence, any substance abuse/dependence, and lifetime incarceration. An analysis of gambling by gender group interaction effects did not identify significant differences in health-related measures. Male as compared with female gamblers reported beginning gambling earlier, experiencing higher past-year maximal losses and wins, and finding favorite and engaging in different types of gambling. Despite heavier gambling in male as compared with female recreational gamblers, similar mental health functioning was observed in female and male past-year recreational gamblers. Types of gambling problematic for men and women are reflected in the gambling preferences of recreational gamblers.
Global and Regional Burden of Isoniazid-Resistant Tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Isoniazid has been the backbone of tuberculosis chemotherapy for 6 decades. Resistance to isoniazid threatens the efficacy of treatment of tuberculosis disease and infection. To inform policies around treatment of tuberculosis disease and infection in children, we sought to estimate both the proportion of child tuberculosis cases with isoniazid resistance and the number of incident isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis cases in children, by region. METHODS: We determined the relationship between rates of isoniazid resistance among child cases and among treatment-naive adult cases through a systematic literature review. We applied this relationship to regional isoniazid resistance estimates to estimate proportions of childhood tuberculosis cases with isoniazid resistance. We applied these proportions to childhood tuberculosis incidence estimates to estimate numbers of children with isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis. RESULTS: We estimated 12.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.8% to 14.8%) of all children with tuberculosis had isoniazid-resistant disease, representing 120 872 (95% CI 96 628 to 149 059) incident cases of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis in children in 2010. The majority of these occurred in the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia regions; the European region had the highest proportion of child tuberculosis cases with isoniazid resistance, 26.1% (95% CI: 20.0% to 33.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The burden of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis in children is substantial, and risk varies considerably by setting. The large number of child cases signals extensive ongoing transmission from adults with isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis. The risk of isoniazid resistance must be considered when evaluating treatment options for children with disease or latent infection to avoid inadequate treatment and consequent poor outcomes.
Interdependent self-construal and neural representations of self and mother

Representations of self are thought to be dynamically influenced by one's surroundings, including the culture one lives in. However, neuroimaging studies of self-representations have either ignored cultural influences or operationalized culture as country of origin. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural correlates of individual differences in interdependent self-construal. Participants rated whether trait adjectives applied to themselves or their mothers, or judged their valence or font. Findings indicated that individual differences in interdependent self-construal correlated positively with increased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulated cortex when making judgments about one-self vs making judgments about one's mother. This suggests that those with greater interdependent self-construals may rely more upon episodic memory, reflected appraisals, or theory of mind to incorporate social information to make judgments about themselves.
Allosteric inhibition through core disruption.

Although inhibitors typically bind pre-formed sites on proteins, it is theoretically possible to inhibit by disrupting the folded structure of a protein or, in the limit, to bind preferentially to the unfolded state. Equilibria defining how such molecules act are well understood, but structural models for such binding are unknown. Two novel inhibitors of {beta}-lactamase were found to destabilize the enzyme at high temperatures, but at lower temperatures showed no preference for destabilized mutant enzymes versus stabilized mutants. X-ray crystal structures showed that both inhibitors bound to a cryptic site in {beta}-lactamase, which the inhibitors themselves created by forcing apart helixes 11 and 12. This opened up a portion of the hydrophobic core of the protein, into which these two inhibitors bind. Although this binding site is 16 {angstrom} from the center of the active site, the conformational changes were transmitted through a sequence of linked motions to a key catalytic residue, Arg244, which in the complex adopts conformations very different from those in catalytically competent enzyme conformations. These structures offer a detailed view of what has heretofore been a theoretical construct, and suggest the possibility for further design against this novel site.
The Importance of Policy Scope to Presidential Success in Congress

The topic of presidential-congressional relations is well studied, with scholars identifying party control as a strong predictor of presidential success in Congress. Although the research recognizes the importance of policy variation to explaining political processes, few have examined its impact on presidential success in Congress. This article holds that policy scope is important to explaining presidential success in Congress in that different policies engender different levels of conflict and participation in the legislative process. Using data on individual policy proposals from 1949 to 2006, I demonstrate that the policy scope of the president’s legislative agenda not only affects the likelihood of presidential success, it also conditions the impact of expected effects on presidential success. The relationship between the president and Congress is a central topic in the scientific study of politics. The literature is clear that a handful of variables strongly influence the likelihood of presidential success on legislation. Of these variables, party control of Congress is most important (Bond and Fleisher 1990), in that conditions of unified government increase, while conditions of divided government decrease presidential success, all else being equal. The president’s approval ratings (Rivers and Rose 1985) and a favorable honeymoon (Dominguez 2005) period may also increase presidential success on legislation. In addition, presidential speeches tend to enhance the president’s legislative success rate (Barrett 2004; Canes-Wrone 2001; Eshbaugh-Soha 2006; Kernell 1997).
Teaching Clinically Relevant Dental Anatomy in the Dental Curriculum: Description and Assessment of an Innovative Module

The primary objective of the preclinical dental anatomy course in the predoctoral dental curriculum is to introduce students to cognitive and psychomotor skills related to the morphology and spatial and functional relationships of human dentition. Traditionally, didactic content for the subject is found in textbooks and course manuals and summarized by the faculty in lectures to the entire class. Psychomotor skills associated with recognition and reproduction of tooth morphology are traditionally learned by examining preserved tooth specimens and their cross-sections, combined with producing two-dimensional line drawings and carving teeth from wax blocks. These activities have little direct clinical application. In most cases, students are passive in the learning process, and assessment of student performance is unilateral and subjective. A recently revised dental anatomy module at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry integrates independent class preparation with active small-group discussion and patient scenario-based wax-up exercises to replace missing tooth structure on manikin teeth. The goal of the revision is to shift emphasis away from decontextualized technical learning toward more active and clinically applicable learning that improves conceptual understanding while contributing to early acquisition of psychomotor skills. This article describes the rationale, components, and advantages of the revised module and presents a pre-post comparison of student learning outcomes for three class cohorts (N=203).
Systems of Differential Equations

In this chapter we will consider simultaneous first-order differential equations in several variables, that is, equations of the form $$\begin{gathered} \frac{{d{x_1}}}{{dt}} = {f_1}\left( {t,{x_1},...,{x_n}} \right), \hfill \\ \frac{{d{x_2}}}{{dt}} = {f_2}\left( {t,{x_1},...,{x_n}} \right), \hfill \\ \vdots \hfill \\ \frac{{d{x_n}}}{{dt}} = {f_n}\left( {t,{x_1},...,{x_n}} \right). \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (1) A solution of (1) is n functions x1(t),..., xn(t) such that dxj(t)/dt = fj(t, x1(t),..., xn(t)), j = 1,2,..., n. For example, x1(t) = t and x2(t) = t2 is a solution of the simultaneous first-order differential equations $$\frac{{d{x_1}}}{{dt}} = 1{\kern 1pt} and{\kern 1pt} \frac{{d{x_2}}}{{dt}} = 2{x_1}$$ since dx1(t)/dt = 1 and dx2(t)/dt = 2t = 2x1(t).
THE USE OF CLAY IN POULTRY FEED

Dietary clay supplements (bentonite and kaolinite) have been used as binding and lubri- cating agents in the production of pelleted feeds for chickens. The high-swelling and water absorbing capacity of some bentonites make them attractive dietrary additives for control of wet droppings in caged layers. In addition, experiments show that layers fed on these diets exhibit significant increases in body weight, egg size, and life expectancy even though their total caloric intake is less than that of the control group. Dietary kaolin improves caloric efficiency even more than bentonite but without ap- parent effect upon growth or carcass quality. Kaolins of smaller particle size are superior to those of larger size in improving caloric efficiency. The effective kaolins are estimated to be worth approxi- mately two calories of metabolizable energy per gram. The major beneficial effect appears to be due to a slowing down of the rate of feed passage through the intestinal tract. Possible uptake of trace elements required for optimum nutrition has not yet been evaluated.
Considering radiation exposure during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for arteriovenous malformations in the setting of pregnancy.

ontroversy exists on the topic of radiation safety in the setting of pregnancy. As exposure can impose C substantial risk to the developing fetus, procedures involving radiation are typically avoided unless medically necessary. Despite uncertainty of the precise incidence rates, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) clearly do rupture during pregnancy. AVM treatment paradigms vary significantly, and are often individualized according to specific lesional angioarchitecture and clinical presentation. Standard AVM management (in patients who are not pregnant) often entails radiation exposure via diagnostic cerebral angiography, embolization, and/or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Selection of a treatment algorithm becomes increasingly complex in the setting of pregnancy. Despite inherent risks, diagnostic and therapeutic endovascular or radiosurgical procedures may warrant consideration in certain cases, particularly ruptured AVMs. Relative risks and benefits to the mother and her pregnancy must be carefully weighed. In evaluating treatment paradigms, it is critical to understand radiation risks in the context of dosage effects and timing of pregnancy.
Über-Middleman: Reshaping the Broken Landscape of Music Copyright

By 1993, the streaming and downloading of music over the Internet was technologically and commercially feasible, yet nearly a decade passed before the music industry took its first serious steps toward addressing the public's demand for online music. Critics explain this lengthy delay either by suggesting that technology has finally outpaced an antiquated Copyright Act or by pointing to the intractable pricing dilemma created by rampant Internet music piracy. Without questioning the accuracy of these observations, this Article suggests that they miss the heart of what the Register of Copyrights recently referred to as a "crisis in music licensing." It is the organization of the music industry itself - an industry in which the administration of music copyrights is splintered into a dizzying array of middlemen - that has thwarted the commercialization of online music. This Article explores the inefficiencies created by the fractured administration of music copyrights and offers a controversial remedy: a regulatory merger of the licensing functions of the various intermediaries.
On the Reciprocal of the Binary Generating Function for the Sum of Divisors

If \(A \) is a set of natural numbers containing \(0 \), then there is a unique nonempty "reciprocal" set \(B \) of natural numbers (containing \(0 \)) such that every positive integer can be written in the form \(a + b \), where \(a \in A \) and \(b \in B \), in an even number of ways. Furthermore, the generating functions for \(A \) and \(B \) over \(\FF_2 \) are reciprocals in \(\FF_2 [[q]] \). We consider the reciprocal set \(B \) for the set \(A \) containing \(0 \) and all integers such that \(\sigma(n) \) is odd, where \(\sigma(n) \) is the sum of all the positive divisors of \(n \). This problem is motivated by Euler's "Pentagonal Number Theorem", a corollary of which is that the set of natural numbers \(n \) so that the number \(p(n) \) of partitions of an integer \(n \) is odd is the reciprocal of the set of generalized pentagonal numbers (integers of the form \(k(3k\pm1)/2 \), where \(k \) is a natural number). An old (1967) conjecture of Parkin and Shanks is that the density of integers \(n \) so that \(p(n) \) is odd (equivalently, even) is \(1/2 \). Euler also found that \(\sigma(n) \) satisfies an almost identical recurrence as that given by the Pentagonal Number Theorem, so we hope to shed light on the Parkin-Shanks conjecture by computing the density of the reciprocal of the set containing the natural numbers with \(\sigma(n) \) odd (\(\sigma(0)=1 \) by convention). We conjecture this particular density is \(1/32 \) and prove that it lies between \(0 \) and \(1/16 \). We finish with a few surprising connections between certain Beatty sequences and the sequence of integers \(n \) for which \(\sigma(n) \) is odd.
Vortex formation and shedding from a cyber-physical pitching plate

We report on the dynamics of the formation and growth of the leading-edge vortex and the corresponding unsteady aerodynamic torque induced by large-scale flow-induced oscillations of an elastically mounted flat plate. All experiments are performed using a high-bandwidth cyber-physical system, which enables the user to access a wide range of structural dynamics using a feedback control system. A series of two-dimensional particle image velocimetry measurements are carried out to characterize the behaviour of the separated flow structures and its relation to the plate kinematics and unsteady aerodynamic torque generation. By modulating the structural properties of the cyber-physical system, we systematically analyse the formation, strength and separation of the leading-edge vortex, and the dependence on kinematic parameters. We demonstrate that the leading-edge vortex growth and strength scale with the characteristic feeding shear-layer velocity and that a potential flow model using the measured vortex circulation and position can, when coupled with the steady moment of the flat plate, accurately predict the net aerodynamic torque on the plate. Connections to previous results on optimal vortex formation time are also discussed.
Infrared Emissivities of Some Arctic Fauna

Heat loss by radiation from a warm surface to its cold environment depends not only upon the temperatures of the surface and the environment but also upon the emissivities of the surface and the environment, as expressed by the Stefan-Boltzman Law for total radiatio ![Formula][1] where H R = radiant heat exchange from a radiator r to the environmental surfaces e , in gm cal./sec. R r and E e = the emissivity of. the radiator surface and the environmental surfaces respectively T r and T e = the absolute temperature of the radiator and its environment S o = Stefan-Boltzman constant = 1.37 × 10−12 gm cal./sec./cm.2 A = the effective radiating area of the radiator Kirchhoff's law states that the ratio of the radiating power (the emissivity) to the absorbing power is a constant for all surfaces at the same temperature, and therefore a surface that absorbs perfectly must radiate perfectly. All real surfaces radiate somewhat less than a perfect black body, the perfect radiator. Polished metal surfaces radiate very little whereas black painted surfaces radiate within a few per cent of the perfect black body. Hardy (1934) has shown that the emissivity of human skin is 100 per cent of the perfect black body. That the human skin radiates and absorbs like a black body regardless of its visible color is understandable in terms … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Anti-Müllerian Hormone Concentrations in Premenopausal Women and Breast Cancer Risk

Laboratory models support an inverse association between anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and breast tumor development. Human studies are lacking; one study (N = 105 cases, 204 controls) with prospectively collected serum reported the opposite-an approximate 10-fold increase in breast cancer risk comparing fourth with first quartile AMH levels. We investigated the relation between serum AMH levels and breast cancer risk in a case-control (N = 452 cases, 902 controls) study nested within the prospective Sister Study cohort of 50,884 women. At enrollment, participants were ages 35 to 54, premenopausal, and completed questionnaires on medical and family history, lifestyle factors, and demographics. AMH (ng/mL) was measured by ultrasensitive ELISA in serum collected at enrollment and log-transformed for analysis. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to account for matching on age and enrollment year. Mean age at enrollment was 46.8 years with an average 2.9 years from blood draw to breast cancer diagnosis (SD = 1.9). AMH concentrations were below the limit of detection (0.003 ng/mL) for approximately 25% of samples. Compared with samples below the LOD, women with AMH >2.84 ng/mL (90th percentile among controls) had a 2-fold increase in breast cancer odds (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.26-4.02). For each 1-unit increase in lnAMH, overall breast cancer odds increased by 8% (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.15) and odds of estrogen receptor-positive, invasive disease increased by 15% (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.25). Our findings demonstrate an overall positive relation between AMH and breast cancer.
Kinematic Design of Manipulators with Seven Revolute Joints Optimized for Fault Tolerance

A local definition of fault tolerance, based on properties of the manipulator Jacobian, is used to generate the kinematics of seven degree-of-freedom (DOF) revolute joint manipulators. The measure of fault tolerance used is the smallest singular value over all possible Jacobians resulting from single locked joint failures. The canonical form for an optimal fault-tolerant Jacobian that maximizes this measure has been previously identified. It has also been known that it is not possible to generate a seven DOF revolute manipulator that corresponds to this theoretically optimal Jacobian. However, in this paper, it is shown how to generate physically realizable Jacobians that are very close to being optimal. It is further shown that there exist 7! different manipulators, from a single Jacobian, that have the same local fault tolerance properties. To evaluate the global properties of these different manipulators, a technique for computing six-dimensional fault-tolerant workspaces is presented. The size of these workspaces vary significantly among these 7! manipulators.
Study on the spatiotemporal pattern and climatic factors of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province

Objective To explore the spatiotemporal pattern of schistosomiasis incidence in Hubei province during2004- 2008,and to identify the underlying climatic factors. Methods Moran scatter plots and spatiotemporal scan statistics based on Poisson model were used to detect the spatiotemporal pattern of schistosomiasis incidence,on the county level. Ordinary Least Square regression,Spatial Lag Model,and Spatial Error Model were applied to identify the significant climatic factors. Results Hotspots of schistosomiasis were located in Jianli,Qiangjiang,Jiangling,Shishou,Gong'an,Jingzhou and Xiantao. The primary spatiotemporal cluster was detected during 2007 to 2008,with Jianli as cluster center,and 117. 32 km as cluster radius( RR = 7. 99,LLR = 474 034. 50,radius = 117. 32 km,P 0. 001). And the secondary spatiotemporal cluster was located in Yangxin during 2006 to 2007( RR = 3. 43,LLR = 14 799. 50,P 0. 001). By fitting Spatial Lag Model,the annual average highest temperature(- 3. 41≤β≤- 1. 66,P = 0. 053) and annual average relative humidity( 0. 18≤β≤0. 24,P = 0. 019) were closely associated with schistosomiasis incidence during 2004- 2008. Conclusions The hotspots of schistosomiasis incidence are clustered in the south-central regions,and the south east regions of Hubei province during 2004- 2008 years. The annual average highest temperature and annual average relative humidity result in the spatiotemporal pattern of schistosomiasis incidence in Hubei province.
Abstract B017: A soluble form of CD80 inhibits PD-L1 immune suppression and stimulates T cells through CD28-specific pathways indicating potential for increased therapeutic activity over checkpoint inhibition alone

Antibodies that block the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have demonstrated therapeutic success against several cancer types, but do not induce a response in the majority of patients. The development of treatments that provide activation signals to T cells by targeting co-stimulatory receptors, in addition to checkpoint inhibition, may increase anti-tumor immunity and the percent of responding patients. CD80/B7-1 is a co-stimulatory molecule that also interacts with PD-L1. CD80 is expressed by antigen presenting cells and ligates to CD28 providing co-stimulation during T cell activation. Furthermore, PD-L1 interacts with T cell CD80 in a reverse signaling pathway that promotes T cell anergy. The ability of CD80 to block inhibitory and promote stimulatory signaling pathways in T cell activation suggests potential therapeutic value. We have shown that soluble CD80 fused to the Fc region of IgG (CD80-Fc) blocks PD-1/PD-L1 interactions thus restoring activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, CD80-Fc was more effective in vitro than PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies at restoring T cell activation, which suggests that CD80-Fc may be stimulating CD28 in addition to blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signaling. Stimulation of T cell CD28 in the absence of other signals induces downstream transcription, and signaling pathway activation. In fact, agonist CD28 antibody can induce functions in T cells in both naive and activated cells, even in the absence of TCR activation. We now demonstrate that CD80-Fc does indeed stimulate T cells via CD28 activation by demonstrating comparable downstream results of CD80-Fc and agonist CD28 antibody treatment of both human and mouse T cells. Therefore, CD80-Fc may provide a novel therapeutic approach to target T cell checkpoint inhibition in addition to providing stimulatory signaling to improve T cell activation and anti-tumor immunity. Citation Format: Tiha M. Long, Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg. A soluble form of CD80 inhibits PD-L1 immune suppression and stimulates T cells through CD28-specific pathways indicating potential for increased therapeutic activity over checkpoint inhibition alone. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B017.
Graun Bilong Mipela: Local Land Courts and the Changing Customary Law of Papua New Guinea

Despite repeated attempts by the colonial administration to change the nature of traditional land tenure, Papua New Guinea attained independence with approximately 97 percent of its land still held by indigenous Papua New Guineans, and the rights to use and transfer that land still governed primarily by customary law. The customary land-tenure rules of each of Papua New Guinea’s more than seven hundred language groups are woven from a complex web of traditional norms, kinship relations, and social obligations. Customary norms about the acquisition and use of land have their roots in precolonial Papua New Guinea, but they have changed over time, in part to meet changing economic and social conditions. The economy of Papua New Guinea was, and is, predominantly agricultural. More than 85 percent of the nation’s adult population lives in rural areas. The precolonial subsistence economy was characterized by slash-and-burn cultivation in which plots of arable land were developed as food gardens for a few years and then left fallow for as much as a generation. Even today, those Papua New Guineans who obtain all or most of their subsistence from traditional gardens significantly outnumber those who depend primarily on cash cropping or urban employment. Although cash crops account for 35 percent of gross domestic product and are the primary focus of the government’s agricultural research and support services, subsistence gardening on customary land continues to be a mainstay of the economy. The myth that every worker has custom-
Effects of Microwave vs. Conventional Methods: Precooking and Reheating of Turkey1

The use of precooked turkey products is increasing. This paper compares the effects of microwave and conventional methods of precooking and heating turkey.
20 The comparative prognosis of medial ankle sprains in high-risk collegiate sports

Background Lateral (LAS) and high ankle sprains (HAS) receive a great deal of recognition in collegiate athletics. Little is known about the prognosis of medial ankle sprains (MAS). RTP timelines for ankle injuries specific to NCAA athletes will assist clinicians in making prognoses of return to participation for MAS injured athletes. Objective To compare the probability of RTP at specified time points following LAS, MAS, and HAS. Design Epidemiological. Setting Collegiate athletics. Participants NCAA male and female athletes participating in sports at high-risk for ankle sprains (football, soccer, basketball, and volleyball) who sustained an ankle sprain during NCAA-sanctioned events. Interventions Ankle sprains that occurred during a school-sponsored practice or competition and subsequently recorded in the NCAA Injury Surveillance System from 2005–09 were analysed and stratified by specific location of injury (LAS, MAS, HAS). Main outcome measures The dependent variable was days lost from participation after ankle sprain injury. Kaplan-Meier estimators were used to determine probabilities of RTP at specified time points. A Mantel-Cox log-rank test was used to contrast RTP probabilities by specific injury location (LAS, MAS, SAS). Alpha level was set a priori at p Results In total, 4,462 ankle sprains were analysed (LAS = 3,336 (75%); SAS = 730 (16%); MAS = 396 (9%)). The median (IQR) days to RTP for LAS = 6 (3, 11); MAS = 7 (3, 13); HAS = 13 (5, 22). HAS had lower RTP probabilities at earlier time frames compared to LAS (p Conclusion This study represents the first prognostic evidence for MAS. Based on the lower prevalence of MAS compared to LAS and HAS, it would seem that MAS would also have a protracted RTP timeframe. Instead, MAS has a fairly similar impact on participation time loss when compared to LAS. While relatively rare, more attention needs to be drawn to the recognition, risk, and treatment of MAS.
Renin Angiotensin Involvement in Transient Hypertension After Renal Injury

AbstractTransient hypertension occurred in 3 patients shortly after blunt injury to the abdomen. Renal trauma was suspected in all 3 patients and radiological evidence for renal injury was present in 2. Plasma renin activity definitely was elevated in 1 patient and probably was elevated in another. There was a decrease in blood pressure in all 3 patients during infusion of the angiotensin II analogue—saralasin—showing that the hypertension in these patients was angiotensin-mediated. Renal function as reflected by the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and electrolytes was not impaired significantly. Thus, acute hypertension after blunt abdominal trauma may be angioten-sinogenic and is not necessarily sustained.
Discovery of Endogenous Ouabain — A New Mammalian Hormone

Cardiac glycosides and their aglycones have been used widely in the therapy of shock and congestive heart failure (13,23). It is generally believed that the therapeutic actions of this class of compounds are secondary to their specific interaction with a conserved receptor site on the Na+/K+-pump. Speculation that there may be an endogenous mammalian counterpart to the cardiac glycosides can be traced back more than a century and has been repeated often (26). However, most of the evidence for the existence of such a factor has been fragmentary and based primarily upon bioassay or other indirect data. Despite the fact that enormous progress has been made in the chromatographic and analytical sciences in the last thirty years, nothing was known about the general class of compounds to which this factor may belong or the manner in which this inhibitor interacts with the Na+/K+-pump. The following is an account of the purification and identification of an Na+/K+-pump inhibitor from human plasma that was carried out in collaboration with The Upjohn Company.
Continued Change in Geringsing Weaving in Tenganan, Bali

Traditional ethnic textiles make the world a more interesting place and a respite from the uniformity of the mass produced textiles of fast fashion. The richness of watching the continuation or revival of traditional textile production in person and the resulting use of apparel and other textile products used in daily, ritual, or ceremonial aspects of life, either sacred or profane, remind us of the beauty and importance of traditional ethnic textiles. As more tourists experience traditional textile cultures first hand, it is not surprising that there is a link between tourism and helping with the continuation of the production of ethnic textiles. The internet sale of textiles has also had a positive effect on the demand for traditional woven textiles. The current popularity of ikat patterned textiles or imitation ones, i.e., printed, is discussed. This chapter documents continued changes in weaving in the village of Tenganan Pegeringsingan in Bali, Indonesia from 1985 to 1999 and 2014. The village has a century’s old tradition of producing difficult to make geringsing double ikat textiles which requires tie-dyeing of both warp and weft yarns in both the warp and weft directions to create a pattern. Reasons for the decline and subsequent partial revival of weaving are explored.
Effects of Banking Development on the Demand for Money

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of banking development on demand for money. The pace of economic growth and development of developing countries is greatly influenced by their monetary conditions. Monetary conditions in these countries, in turn, are affected by the development of the banking sector. While the effects of banking development on the money market have been well recognized, there has been little work done to measure these effects empirically. The chapter also discusses the effects of the development of the banking sector on the demand for money. As banking facilities become more readily available in developing countries, monetary transactions become more attractive than other forms of transactions and the demand for money rises. In this chapter, a theoretical model is developed where the demand for money and the deposit-currency ratio are derived explicitly as functions of the number of bank offices per capita, income per capita, and the rate of interest. These functions are then estimated and tested econometrically for the United States.