cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Big impacts and big data: Addressing the challenges of managing DebriSat's characterization data

DebriSat is an ongoing project that will address the orbital debris dilemma by providing new data to update existing orbital impact breakup models. Currently, the project is in the post-impact phase. During this phase, debris generated from the hypervelocity impact phase of the project will be extracted, measured, logged, and characterized. The amount of data generated by the characterization of this data is massive and will only continue to increase. To address the challenge of managing this overwhelming amount of data, a data management infrastructure is created, consisting of a back-end data management service and a front-end user interface. This paper will discuss the process of designing and developing this data management infrastructure. This paper will also describe some of the challenges encountered during and after development of the infrastructure and how these challenges were approached and eventually solved. This paper aims to use the design of this data management system and the pitfalls encountered during its development to provide the community with a precedence and framework for addressing big data challenges similar to those posed by DebriSat.
Organometallic chemistry of pentaruthenium-gold carbonyl cluster complexes

Abstract The reaction of Ru5(μ5-C)(CO)15, 1 with MeAu(PPh3) yielded two major products: Ru5(μ5-C)(CO)14(μ-η2-O=CMe)[μ-Au(PPh3)], 5 (30% yield) and Ru5(μ5-C)(CO)13(μ-η2-O=CMe)(Me)[μ-Au2(PPh3)2], 6 (31% yield) and one minor product Ru5(μ5-C)(CO)14(μ-η2-O=CMe)(η1-O=CMe)[μ-Au2(PPh3)2], 7 (2% yield). Compound 6 was also obtained independently in 39% yield by the addition of MeAu(PPh3) to 5. Compound 7 was also obtained independently in 63% yield by the addition of CO to 6. The PPh3 derivative of 5, Ru5(μ5-C)(CO)13(PPh3)(μ-η2-O=CMe)[μ-Au(PPh3)], 8 was obtained in 76% yield by the reaction of 5 with PPh3. Compound 6 eliminates acetone when heated to yield the digold complex Ru5(μ5-C)(CO)11(μ-CO)2[μ-Au(PPh3)]2, 9. Compound 9 reacts with MeAu(PPh3) to yield the tetragold compound Ru5(μ5-C)(CO)11(μ-CO)2[μ-Au(PPh3)]4 10. All products have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compounds 5 and 6 contain a bridging acetyl ligand formed by the combination of the methyl group with a CO ligand in opened Ru5 clusters. Compound 7 contains both a bridging acetyl ligand and a terminally-coordinated acetyl ligand.
Asian-American women engineering faculty: A literature review using an intersectional framework of race, class, and gender

This literature review describes the current landscape for research around Asian-American female engineering faculty using an intersectionality framework of race, class, and gender. Analysis of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) database on engineering programs is coupled with a systematic search for scholarly articles in several literature databases using a combination of the key terms “Asian,” “Asian-American,” “faculty,” and “engineering.” Findings reveal that while racial stereotypes like ‘model minority’ may apply to multiple Asian-American ethnicities, more research on issues pertaining to socioeconomic class and gender should be investigated within each ethnicity. Findings contribute to furthering the research on Asian-Americans in engineering, as well as provide important information to stakeholders to develop potential interventions to increase retention of Asian Americans in engineering faculty positions.
THE USE OF INTERPOLATORY POLYNOMIALS FOR A FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION OF THE MULTIGROUP DIFFUSION EQUATION

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of a particular class of high-order approximation procedures for the numerical solution of the multigroup neutron diffusion equation for a realistic two-dimensional reactor configuration. The procedures are based on the use of variational principles and subspaces generated by the finite element method. In particular, the chapter uses Lagrange-type interpolatory polynomials of degree two through five. The efficiency of high-order versus low-order approximation is reviewed for a mockup, in Cartesian geometry, of current designs of oxide-fueled liquid metal fast breeder reactors. The study is based on numerical results obtained with two computer programs—DARC2D, low-order finite difference approximation, and HOD, high-order approximation—on the Argonne National Laboratory IBM system 360 model 50/75. DARC2D is the production program for the two-dimensional multigroup diffusion module in the argonne reactor computation (ARC) system, and the algorithms are similar to those used throughout the reactor community for fast reactor analyses.
The Impact of Feedback Frequency on Performance in a Novel Speech Motor Learning Task

Purpose This study investigated whether whole nonword accuracy, phoneme accuracy, and acoustic duration measures were influenced by the amount of feedback speakers without impairment received durin...
Moth Eyes: A New Vision for Light-Harnessing Efficiency

Moths have compound eyes, meaning they are faceted and consist of many repeated, anatomically identical unites called ommatidia (Stavenga et al., Proc Biol Sci 273(1587):661–667, 2005). Every ommatidium detects signals that are neurologically processed to form a whole image and is composed of retinula cells, a rhabdom, a crystalline cone, and a corneal lens covered in nano-scale structures called corneal nipples (Lee and Erb, Beilstein J Nanotechnol 4:292–299, 2013). Corneal nipples are covered in protuberances that are responsible for the antireflective property of moth eyes (Parker, Am Sci 87(3):248–255, 1999). This optical mechanism relies on the fact that the wavelength range of incident light is less than the dimensions of the corneal nipples. The antireflective surface of moth eyes is critical to their survival, because they allow moths to camouflage with their surroundings at night and impart superhydrophobic properties, lending anti-adhesive, anti-fogging, and self-cleaning abilities (Boden and Bagnall, Moth-eye antireflective structures. In: Bhushan B (ed) Encyclopedia of nanotechnology. Springer, Netherlands, pp 1467–1477, 2012). Moth-eye antireflective (AR) structures have been produced by engineers to enhance the surfaces of materials such as glass and silicon to an extent that surpasses the antireflective properties provided by traditional antireflection coatings, or ARCs (Boden, Biomimetic nanostructured surfaces for antireflection in photovoltaics. PhD thesis, University of Southampton, School of Electronics & Computer Science, p 18, 2009). Researchers in the solar energy field have taken particular interest in the antireflective properties of moth eyes in hopes of applying them to photovoltaic (PV) systems to increase light-efficiency and minimize energy waste (Yamada et al., Prog Photovolt Res Appl 19(2):134–140, 2010). Perhaps one of the most exciting, up-and-coming applications of the moth-eye nano-structure is an X-ray enhanced with a film of protuberances modeled after corneal nipples. Using a moth-eye based film in addition to a traditional scintillator could allow a decrease in radiation dosage and offer higher-resolution imaging—both things that would be a huge step forward for medical care and, best of all, patient treatment (The Optical Society, Insects inspire X-ray improvements: nanostructures modeled after moth eyes may enhance medical imaging, http://www.osa.org/en-us/about_osa/newsroom/newsreleases/2012/insects_inspire_x-ray_improvements_nanostructures/, 2012). Though tiny, moth eyes have the potential to contribute enormously to engineering endeavors, serving as a reminder of the infinite amount of knowledge hidden even among nature’s smallest creations.
A Pentadic Interrogation of Yahya Jammeh's Economic Rhetoric of Antiretroviral Drugs: Rhetorical Motives and Implications

After claiming to have a cure for HIV/AIDS, the president of the Gambia, Yahya Jammeh, accused the West of engineering antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for the exploitation of Africans. Using Kenneth Bu...
Fluid Origins, Thermal Regimes, and Fluid and Solute Fluxes in the Forearc of Subduction Zones

Abstract In this paper we present an in-depth analysis and synthesis of published and newly acquired data on the chemical and isotopic composition of forearc fluids, fluid fluxes, and the associated thermal regimes in well-studied, representative erosional and accretionary subduction zone (SZ) forearcs. Evidence of large-scale fluid flow, primarily focused along faults, is manifested by widespread seafloor venting, associated biological communities, extensive authigenic carbonate formation, chemical and isotopic anomalies in pore-fluid depth-profiles, and thermal anomalies. The nature of fluid venting seems to differ at the two types of SZs. At both, fluid and gas venting sites are primarily associated with faults. The decollement and coarser-grained stratigraphic horizons are the main fluid conduits at accretionary SZs, whereas at non-accreting and erosive margins, the fluids from compaction and dehydration reactions are to a great extent partitioned between the decollement and focused conduits through the prism, respectively. The measured fluid output fluxes at seeps are high, ∼15–40 times the amount that can be produced through local steady-state compaction, suggesting that in addition, other fluid sources or non-steady-state fluid flow must be involved. Recirculation of seawater must be an important component of the overall forearc output fluid flux in SZs. The most significant chemical and isotopic characteristics of the expelled fluids relative to seawater are: Cl dilution; sulfate, Ca, and Mg depletions; and enrichments in Li, B, Si, Sr, alkalinity, and hydrocarbon concentrations, often distinctive δ 18 O, δD, δ 7 Li, δ 11 B, and δ 37 Cl values, and variable Sr isotope ratios. These characteristics provide key insights on the source of the fluid and the temperature at the source. Based on the fluid chemistry, the most often reported source temperatures reported are 120–150 °C. We estimate a residence time of the global ocean in SZs of ∼100 Myr, about five times faster than the previous estimate of ∼500 Myr by Moore and Vrolijk, similar to the residence time of ∼90 Myr for fluids in the global ridge crest estimated by Elderfield and Schultz, and ∼3 times longer than the 20–36 Myr estimate by German and von Damm and Mottl. Based on this extrapolated fluid reflux to the global ocean, subduction zones are an important source and sink for several elements and isotopic ratios, in particular an important sink for seawater sulfate, Ca and Mg, and an important source of Li and B.
Robust and Fragile Quantum Effects in the Transfer Kinetics of Delocalized Excitons between B850 Units of LH2 Complexes.

Aggregates of light harvesting 2 (LH2) complexes form the major exciton-relaying domain in the photosynthetic unit of purple bacteria. Application of a generalized master equation to pairs of the B850 units of LH2 complexes, where excitons predominantly reside, provides quantitative information on how the inter-LH2 exciton transfer depends on the distance, relative rotational angle, and the relative energies of the two LH2s. The distance dependence demonstrates significant enhancement of the rate due to quantum delocalization of excitons, the qualitative nature of which remains robust against the disorder. The angle dependence reflects isotropic nature of exciton transfer, which remains similar for the ensemble of disorder. The variation of the rate on relative excitation energies of LH2 exhibits resonance peaks, which, however, is fragile as the disorder becomes significant. Overall, the average transfer times between two LH2s are estimated to be in the range of 4–25 ps for physically plausible inter-LH2...
Antibiotic prophylaxis: current recommendations in plastic surgery

Guidelines for prophylactic antibiotics in surgery have long been established; however, few have focused on recommendations in plastic surgery. Surgical site infection rates remain low, yet the use of prophylactic antibiotics has surged in the past 30 years. This article summarizes current recommendations of prophylactic antibiotic use to produce consensus guidelines in plastic surgery. A literature review was conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane, and Ovid databases and studies were included if randomized controlled trials indicated a statistically significant decrease in surgical site infections. Surveys conducted by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons regarding prophylactic antibiotic use from 1975, 1985, 2000, and 2010 were compiled and analyzed. Of 143 articles found, nine randomized controlled trials showed a reduction in surgical site infections after antibiotic prophylaxis for specific plastic surgery procedures. There are evidence-based recommendations for prophylactic antibiotics in breast surgery, abdominoplasty, contaminated hand or face surgery, prosthetic surgery, rhinoplasty, microsurgery, and acute and burn reconstruction cases. The proportion of plastic surgeons using prophylactic antibiotics has steadily increased from 1975 to 2010 with a significant increase from 2000 to 2010. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for use in breast surgery, abdominoplasty, contaminated hand or face surgery, prosthetic surgery, rhinoplasty, microsurgery, and acute and burn reconstruction cases. Recent surveys indicate that the majority of plastic surgeons continue to use prophylactic antibiotics in clean cases of the hand, face, and body despite recommendations. Additional procedure-specific randomized controlled trials are necessary to provide evidence-based recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis in plastic surgery. Level of Evidence: Level IV, risk / prognostic study
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Limiting Life-Sustaining Treatment in Trauma Patients:

Introduction:Differences in health care between racial and ethnic groups exist. The literature suggests that African Americans and Hispanics prefer more aggressive treatment at the end of life. The...
The Effect of Tropomyosin Mutations on Actin-Tropomyosin Binding: In Search of Lost Time

Abstract The initial binding of tropomyosin onto actin filaments and then its polymerization into continuous cables on the filament surface must be precisely tuned to overall thin-filament structure, function, and performance. Low-affinity interaction of tropomyosin with actin has to be sufficiently strong to localize the tropomyosin on actin, yet not so tight that regulatory movement on filaments is curtailed. Likewise, head-to-tail association of tropomyosin molecules must be favorable enough to promote tropomyosin cable formation but not so tenacious that polymerization precedes filament binding. Arguably, little molecular detail on early tropomyosin binding steps has been revealed since Wegner’s seminal studies on filament assembly almost 40 years ago. Thus, interpretation of mutation-based actin-tropomyosin binding anomalies leading to cardiomyopathies cannot be described fully. In vitro, tropomyosin binding is masked by explosive tropomyosin polymerization once cable formation is initiated on actin filaments. In contrast, in silico analysis, characterizing molecular dynamics simulations of single wild-type and mutant tropomyosin molecules on F-actin, is not complicated by tropomyosin polymerization at all. In fact, molecular dynamics performed here demonstrates that a midpiece tropomyosin domain is essential for normal actin-tropomyosin interaction and that this interaction is strictly conserved in a number of tropomyosin mutant species. Elsewhere along these mutant molecules, twisting and bending corrupts the tropomyosin superhelices as they “lose their grip” on F-actin. We propose that residual interactions displayed by these mutant tropomyosin structures with actin mimic ones that occur in early stages of thin-filament generation, as if the mutants are recapitulating the assembly process but in reverse. We conclude therefore that an initial binding step in tropomyosin assembly onto actin involves interaction of the essential centrally located domain.
Danmaku: A New Paradigm of Social Interaction via Online Videos

Danmaku is a new commentary design for online videos. Unlike traditional forums where comments are displayed asynchronously below a video screen in order of when the comments are posted, danmaku comments are overlaid on the screen and displayed along with the video. This new design creates a pseudo-synchronous effect by displaying asynchronous comments with certain video segments in a synchronous fashion, and the links between danmaku comments and the video segments are defined by users. Danmaku is gaining popularity; however, little is known, compared to the traditional forum design, regarding how effective the new danmaku design is in promoting social interactions among online users. In this work, we collected 38,399 danmaku comments and 16,414 forum comments posted in 2017 on 30 popular videos on Bilibili.com. We compared user participation from different perspectives, e.g., number of comments, sentiment of the comments, language patterns, and ways of knowledge sharing. Our results showed that compared to the traditional linear design, the danmaku design significantly promoted user participation, i.e., there were more users and more comments in danmaku. Additionally, active users posted more positive comments, though they were anonymous; more linguistic memes were used in danmaku, suggesting that it was used to facilitate community-building. In addition to its effectiveness in promoting social interactions, our results also show that danmaku and forum designs play complementary roles in knowledge sharing, where danmaku comments involved more explicit (know-what) knowledge sharing, and forum comments exhibited more tacit (know-how) knowledge sharing. Our findings contribute to the development of social presence theory and have design implications for better social interaction via online videos.
Eigenvalue dynamics in the presence of non-uniform gain and loss

We introduce a general set of conditions for observing reverse pump dependence in lasers and other counterintuitive phenomena, which demonstrate that any irreducible system with patterned gain and loss can exhibit such exotic behaviors.
Portal Placement and Biomechanical Performance of Endoscopic Proximal Hamstring Repair.

Background:Proximal hamstring tendon avulsions are debilitating and commonly cause pain, weakness, and functional limitations. Open surgical repair has been the standard, but improved endoscopic te...
Electron transfer in extended systems: characterization by periodic density functional theory including the electronic coupling.

We describe a new computer implementation of electron transfer (ET) theory in extended systems treated by periodic density functional theory (DFT), including the calculation of the electronic coupling transition element VAB. In particular, the development opens up the full characterization of electron transfer in the solid state. The approach is valid for any single-determinant wavefunction with localized character representing the electronic structure of the system, from Hartree–Fock (HF) theory, to density functional theory (DFT), hybrid DFT theory, DFT+U theory, and constrained DFT (cDFT) theory. The implementation in CP2K reuses the high-performance functions of the code. The computational cost is equivalent to only one iteration of an HF calculation. We present test calculations for electron transfer in a number of systems, including a 1D-model of ferric oxide, hematite Fe2O3, rutile TiO2, and finally bismuth vanadate BiVO4.
A Secure IoT-Fag-Cloud Framework Using Blockchain Based on DAT for Mobile IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are becoming important and familiar products in our everyday lives. Yet, many of these IoT devices have a multitude of vulnerabilities that create a security risk, despite being products that bring a lot of convenience to our lives. Blockchain (BC) technology is gaining popularity these days due to the importance of data security. However, this BC technology is not suitable for IoT devices, because it requires a lot of computing power also IoT devices uses a limited amount of memory and has a lower performing CPU for cost reasons. Also, IoT devices collect a large amount of data and transmit that data every hour and every day to a cloud system to analyze or process the collected data. For this reason, network latency is an important factor in a cloud computing system. In this paper, we propose a secure and distributed 10T-Fog-Cloud Framework using BC to compensate for the security weaknesses of IoT nodes, the delay aware tree construction (DATC) algorithm that considers the service delay for fog-cloud computing, and the mobility of mobile IoT nodes for BC to deal with the triangular routing problem. To verify this proposed framework, we performed security analysis and experiments for the effectiveness of the algorithm through simulation and confirmed that the overall service delay was reduced by choosing the minimum delay path by the DATC algorithm.
The use of indexicals to co-construct common ground on the continuum of intra- and intercultural communicative contexts

Abstract This paper examines the roles of indexicals in explicating speakers’ intentions and constructing common ground (CG) in the context of a continuum with two extreme endpoints, the intracultural at one end, and the intercultural at the other, within the framework of the socio-cognitive approach proposed and developed by Kecskes (2008, 2010, 2014) and Kecskes and Zhang (2009). Thirteen participants from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds were recruited to represent varying degrees on the intra- and intercultural continuum. They were divided into three groups: American English speakers, speakers from Asian countries (Korea, China, and Vietnam), and a group of speakers (China, Vietnam, Brazil, and America), each of whom represents linguistically and culturally different countries. Eight extracts were drawn from the data of up to three hours of recordings, including discussions on one topic, and retrospective interviews retrieving the speakers’ intentions for using deixis. The results reveal that the closer the interlocutors were towards the intercultural communicative context endpoint on the continuum, the more they employed four types of indexicals (person, location or spatial, temporal, and discourse deixis) as common ground construction strategies. Those strategies included the explicit manifestation of intentions, clarification, and confirmation of referent identification in actual situational context, elicitation of information, disambiguation and explanation of similar salient specifics in their home culture in an effort to sustain cooperative communication. This study enhances our understanding of different functions of indexicals in interactions on the intra- and intercultural continuum, which resulted from different levels of context interpretation and common ground.
Explanations of anisotropic strength and fabric evolution in granular soils by DEM simulations and buckling failure theory

This research aims to discover a micro explanation of anisotropic strength of granular soils caused by different inherent fabrics based on the discrete element method (DEM) simulations. Soil partic...
Freud and the Non-European

In this chapter, I concentrate on Freud and the Non-European, which is Said’s (2003) final book before losing his life to leukemia. The book is a transcription of a talk Said gave at the Freud Museum London in 2001. The talk was incidentally banned (disavowed?) by the Sigmund Freud Museum Vienna. In the book, Said (2003) pays close attention to Freud’s (1939/1967) final book, Moses and Monotheism. The crux of the book is that identity, something which most of us strongly cling to, is based upon non-identity. This is the point that Freud makes when he argues that Moses was an Egyptian; in other words, the first Jew was a non-Jew. By extension, Said argues that Freud is a non-European—and Said a non-American? In the spirit of praxis, Said elaborates this powerful theoretical reflection in an effort to apply it to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. For Said, Freud’s insight has the potential for helping us envision a world not divided along the lines of identity politics—something that Freud theorized but could not himself avoid. Finally, it is worth noting the obvious: that Said’s final book deals with Freud’s final book—not mentioning that both men battled cancer. What is the significance of their late styles for both psychoanalysis and postcolonialism/decoloniality?
Byproducts formed During Thiol-Acrylate Reactions Promoted by Nucleophilic Aprotic Amines: Persistent or Reactive?

The nucleophile-initiated mechanism of thiol-Michael reactions naturally leads to the formation of undesired nucleophile byproducts. Three aza-Michael compounds representing nucleophile byproducts of thiol-acrylate reactions initiated by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-methylimidazole (MIM), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) have been synthesized and their reactivity in the presence of thiolate has been investigated. Spectroscopic analysis shows that each nucleophile byproduct reacts with thiolate to produce a desired thiol-acrylate product along with liberated aprotic amines DMAP, MIM, or DBU, thus demonstrating that these byproducts are reactive rather than persistent. Density functional theoretical computations support experimental observations and predict that a β-elimination mechanism is favored for converting each nucleophile byproduct into a desired thiol-acrylate product, though an SN 2 process can be competitive (i. e. within <2.5 kcal/mol) in less polar solvents.
Real-time prediction of 1H and 13C chemical shifts with DFT accuracy using a 3D graph neural network

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the primary techniques used to elucidate the chemical structure, bonding, stereochemistry, and conformation of organic compounds. The distinct chemical shifts in an NMR spectrum depend upon each atom's local chemical environment and are influenced by both through-bond and through-space interactions with other atoms and functional groups. The in silico prediction of NMR chemical shifts using quantum mechanical (QM) calculations is now commonplace in aiding organic structural assignment since spectra can be computed for several candidate structures and then compared with experimental values to find the best possible match. However, the computational demands of calculating multiple structural- and stereo-isomers, each of which may typically exist as an ensemble of rapidly-interconverting conformations, are expensive. Additionally, the QM predictions themselves may lack sufficient accuracy to identify a correct structure. In this work, we address both of these shortcomings by developing a rapid machine learning (ML) protocol to predict 1H and 13C chemical shifts through an efficient graph neural network (GNN) using 3D structures as input. Transfer learning with experimental data is used to improve the final prediction accuracy of a model trained using QM calculations. When tested on the CHESHIRE dataset, the proposed model predicts observed 13C chemical shifts with comparable accuracy to the best-performing DFT functionals (1.5 ppm) in around 1/6000 of the CPU time. An automated prediction webserver and graphical interface are accessible online at http://nova.chem.colostate.edu/cascade/. We further demonstrate the model in three applications: first, we use the model to decide the correct organic structure from candidates through experimental spectra, including complex stereoisomers; second, we automatically detect and revise incorrect chemical shift assignments in a popular NMR database, the NMRShiftDB; and third, we use NMR chemical shifts as descriptors for determination of the sites of electrophilic aromatic substitution.
What is Cybersecurity? Explorations in Automated Knowledge Generation

This paper addresses a serious impediment to theory and policy for cybersecurity: Trivial as it might appear on the surface, there is no agreed upon understanding of the issue, no formal definition, and not even a consensus on the mere spelling of the terms –– so that efforts to develop policies and postures, or capture relevant knowledge are seriously hampered. In this context, we present a “proof of concept” for a new research strategy based on a close examination of a large corpus of scholarly knowledge, and the extent to which it enables us to generate new knowledge about cybersecurity of relevance to international relations and to national security relevant to the nation’s security and to international relations. Given the new cyber realities, this paper is also a “proof” of how to create new knowledge through automated investigations of the record to date.
A New Paradigm for Computer-Based Nursing Information Systems Twenty Care Components

The Twenty Care Components provide a new paradigm for computer-based nursing information systems. They provide the structure for documenting the nursing process. They are used to assess, cost, evaluate, and statistically analyze as well as link the documenting of the nursing process phases. The Twenty Care Components were derived from empirical data from a recently completed home care classification study [2]. The purpose of the study was to develop a method to assess and classify home health Medicare patients to predict the resource requirements and determine their care needs for nursing and all other home care services; it also measured their outcomes of care [5].
Right atrlal myxoma: A cause of septic pulmonary emboli in an adolescent female

An adolescent girl presented with fever, headache, and mental status changes. Blood cultures 12 hours after admission were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The initial evaluation did not reveal a source of the patient's sepsis. Forty-eight hours after admission a cardiac ejection click was detected. The chest radiograph showed ill-defined opacities compatible with pulmonary emboli in the right lung and a calcific density in the region of the right atrium. Echocardiogram confirmed the presence of a right atrial mass, which at surgery and upon histologic examination was a myxoma. Atrial myxomas are rare tumors in adolescents but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of suspected septic pulmonary emboli.
Independent invention during the rise of the corporate economy in Britain and Japan1

Independent inventors accounted for approximately half of all patents in Britain and Japan by 1930, despite the rise of the corporate economy and the spread of industrial R&D. A mixture of patent renewal and historical citations data reveals that the quality of independent invention was high. Active markets for inventions created incentives for independents, especially in large cities like London and Tokyo, which dominated spatially. Alongside evidence for the US, the findings show that in countries with different patent systems and at varying stages of economic development, a key component of overall inventive activity originated from outside the boundaries of firms.
A Prognosis for Continued Disarray in Electronic Scholarly Communication

Abstract: Activities scholars undertake to be viewed as productive and tenurable (publication in traditional media) are out of sync with the activities they must engage it to be well informed and well connected (participation in electronic communication forums). This work examines the challenges and provides a time line for the legitimization, codification, organization, and general maturation of electronic scholarly publishing. It is anticipated that the role of relatively unstructured, uncontrolled, and informal electronic scholarly communication will be of continued importance, yet will largely remain independent of efforts to create standards and protocols for electronic books, journals, and other transformed traditional media. Resume: Les activites propices a faire avancer la carriere de chercheurs (a savoir la publication dans les medias traditionnels) ne sont pas les memes que celles leur permettant d'etre bien informes et apparentes (a savoir la participation aux forums de communication electronique). Cet article examine les defis que presentent la legitimation, la codification, l'organisation et le developpement general de l'edition savante electronique, et propose un calendrier pour surmonter ces defis. Il prevoit qu'une communication electronique relativement non-structuree, non-controlee et informelle continuera a avoir un role important, tout en echappant en grande partie aux efforts d'etablir des standards et des protocoles pour livres et journaux electroniques ainsi que pour d'autres medias traditionnels transformes.
Optimal low power interconnect networks

Because interconnect capacitance represents the dominant load capacitance in CMOS VLSI systems, dynamic power dissipation is largely determined by multilevel wiring requirements. Using a newly derived stochastic interconnect distribution, a model for total on-chip power dissipation is developed. With this new model, the optimal interconnect dimensions for a multilevel network can be determined that minimize chip size and power drain.
Pathogenesis and autointerference in a virus disease of crabs.

The course of an infection apparently caused by a filterable virus of the blood of the shore crab. Carcinus maenas , has been experimentally studied in this host both at Roscoff, France. where it was originally found, and at Woods Hole, Mass., where the local species was also found susceptible. Although a portion of the infected animals die with the symptoms of inadequate blood clotting, recovery of this function occurred promptly in about two-thirds of the animals. Half of the animals that recovered this function did so within 4 to 6 days. Recovery was not accompanied by disappearance of the virus from the whole blood. In tests done as late as 40 days after recovery, virus was still present. Autointerference was demonstrated after acute infection. It was found in the serum of animals with manifest disease on all days tested and in whole blood of animals taken more than 2 days after the clotting defect appeared. It was not demonstrable within the whole blood within the first 2 days of disease. The role of this in the recovery phenomenon is discussed.
Loading and Design Parameter Uncertainty in the Dynamics and Performance of High-Speed-Parallel-Helical Stage of a Wind Turbine Gearbox

In operation, wind turbine gearboxes (WTGs) are subjected to variable torsional and nontorsional loads. In addition, the manufacturing and assembly process of these devices results in uncertainty in the design parameters of the system. WTGs are reported to fail in their early life of operation within 3–7 years as opposed to the expected 20 years of operation. Their downtime and maintenance process is the most costly of the failures of any subassembly of wind turbines (WTs). The objective of this work is to perform a probabilistic multibody dynamic analysis (PMBDA) of the high-speed-parallel-helical-stage (HSPHS) of a WTG that considers the uncertainties of generator-side torque-loading and input-shaft speed as well as assembly and design parameter uncertainties. Component reliability (Rc) or probability of failure (Pf) and probabilistic sensitivities of all the input variables toward five performance functions have been measured and conclusions have been drawn. As opposed to the traditional deterministic approach, PMBDA has demonstrated a new aspect of design and installation of WTGs. In addition to revealing Rc or system reliability or underperformance through Pf, the method will also help designers to critically consider certain variables through the probabilistic sensitivity results.
HistoChoice® as an alternative to formalin fixation of undecalcified bone specimens

We compared histochemical and immunohistochemical staining as well as fluorochrome labeling in murine bone specimens that were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin to those fixed with HistoChoice. We showed that sections from undecalcified tibiae fixed for 4 h in HistoChoice resulted in enhanced toluidine blue and Von Kossa histochemical staining compared to formalin fixation. HistoChoice produced comparable or improved staining for alkaline phosphatase. Acid phosphatase localization was better in formalin fixed specimens, but osteoclasts were visualized more easily in HistoChoice fixed specimens. As expected, immunohistochemical labeling was antibody dependent; some antibodies labeled better in HistoChoice fixed specimens while others were better in formalin fixed specimens. Toluidine blue, Von Kossa, and alkaline phosphatase staining of sections fixed for 12 h produced sections that were similar to 4 h fixed sections. Fixation for 12 h preserved acid phosphatase activity better. Increasing fixation to 12 h affected immunolocalization differentially. Bone sialoprotein labeling in HistoChoice fixed specimens was comparable to formalin fixed samples. On the other hand, after 12 h formalin fixation, osteocalcin labeling was comparable to HistoChoice. For most histochemical applications, fixing murine bone specimens for 4 h with HistoChoice yielded superior staining compared to formalin fixation. If immunohistochemical localization is desired, however, individual antibodies must be tested to determine which fixation process retains antigenicity better. In addition, there was no detectable difference in the intensity of fluorochrome labeling using either fixative. Finally, fixation duration did not alter the intensity of labeling.
Heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide: from metabolism to molecular therapy.

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a ubiquitous inducible stress-response protein, serves a major metabolic function in heme turnover. HO activity cleaves heme to form biliverdin-IXα, carbon monoxide (CO), and iron. Genetic experiments have revealed a central role for HO-1 in tissue homeostasis, protection against oxidative stress, and in the pathogenesis of disease. Four decades of research have witnessed not only progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation and function of this illustrious enzyme, but also have opened remarkable translational applications for HO-1 and its reaction products. CO, once regarded as a metabolic waste, can act as an endogenous mediator of cellular signaling and vascular function. Exogenous application of CO by inhalation or pharmacologic delivery can confer cytoprotection in preclinical models of lung/vascular injury and disease, based on anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties. The bile pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin, end products of heme degradation, have also shown potential as therapeutics in vascular disease based on anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. Further translational and clinical trials research will unveil whether the HO-1 system or any of its reaction products can be successfully applied as molecular medicine in human disease.
John Bardeen and the Theory of Superconductivity: A Study of Insight, Confidence, Perseverance, and Collaboration

A biographical narrative of John Bardeen’s study of superconductivity from the 1930s through 1957, when he and his postdoc Leon Cooper and his graduate student J. Robert Schrieffer put forth BCS theory.
With the Greatest Respect and Fidelity:' A Cherokee Vision of the `Trust' Doctrine

Abstract The trust relationship is the conceptual/philosophical framework against which all relations between the federal government and indigenous groups are conducted. Yet despite the centrality of this concept, federal policymakers have no consistent or agreed upon definition of what the trust relationship actually entails (Wilkins, 1997). And, more importantly, indigenous conceptions of trust have rarely been assessed. This article analyzes and advances one tribe's—the Cherokee—perspective on trust. In focusing on how the Cherokee perceive trust, this section emphasizes that from an indigenous viewpoint the trust relationship embodies a complex and sophisticated understanding that both the tribe and the United States have reciprocal responsibilities to maintain positive relations towards one another. The leaders of the Cherokee people—one of the more diverse indigenous groups— understood in the federal government's actions, whether these were expressed in treaties, policy statements, congressional laws, or court decisions, that the federal government was pledged to protect Cherokee property and sovereignty, would act with utmost integrity in its legal and political dealings with the people, and would insure that the United States political and judicial representatives would act in a moral manner regarding the tribe's rights. Notwithstanding the federal government's tremendous variety of treaty and trust violations, the Cherokee conception of trust is regenerative from generation to generation. This breathes new life into a seasoned concept and offers hope for the often difficult political/legal relations between the federal, state, and tribal governments. And here we beg leave to ask of our father that, in future transactions of a public nature between the United States and our nation, the American Government will not require of our nation any thing which, as our protectors and guardians, they will not, after due deliberation, advise us to comply with; and having no doubt of the magnanimity and benignity of the Government, we shall return home satisfied, and report to our nation the result of our mission to this. With the greatest respect and fidelity, we subscribe our names (Going Snake, et al., 1817, p. 147)
Horizontal and vertical structure of the major sporadic sodium layer events observed during ALOHA‐90

Sporadic Na (Nas) layers have been observed frequently at low- and high-altitude sites primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. Nas layers are very dense and very thin (∼1 km FWHM) and can form over periods ranging from a few minutes to several hours. Radar and lidar observations by our group at Arecibo have shown conclusively that Nas layers are linked to the formation of sporadic E (Es) layers. Large Nas events were observed on several flights during ALOHA-90 to extend over horizontal distances of approximately 1800 km. Atmospheric tides and gravity waves were observed to have an effect on the vertical motion of these layers. We describe the 22 March event which was observed from Maui (21°N) to near the equator (5°N) and the 27 March event which was observed from Maui (156°W) to almost the International Date Line (∼172°W).
Dynamics of anemia progression and recovery in Babesia bigemina infection is unrelated to initiating parasite burden

To be informative, immunization-and-challenge experiments in support of vaccine development rely on host responses that enable distinctions to be made in the responses of immunized and non-immunized animals to infectious challenge. It is therefore important that animals be challenged with standardized infectious doses that allow such distinctions to be made. We report here the results of a challenge titration experiment in which cattle were challenged with Babesia bigemina, at dosages ranging over six orders of magnitude. No significant dose-dependent differences were observed in the maximum fever attained, duration of fever, minimum hematocrit reached, kinetics with which anemia developed or was resolved, or animal weight gain. Significant differences were noted only in the length of time post-infection required to initiate fever, reach maximum fever, and attain maximum reduction in hematocrit. These results suggest that, in the absence of further supporting evidence, it is not possible to conclude any direct anti-parasite effects from reductions in maximum fever or hematocrit drop during B. bigemina immunization-and-challenge experiments. However, lengthening of the time to reduction in hematocrit may be a useful indicator of overt suppression of the challenge inoculum.
Food intake and body weight modifications following medial hypothalamic hormone implants in female rats.

Abstract Two groups of female rats had crystalline estradiol benzoate, progesterone and cholesterol implanted in the medial hypothalamus. One group was ovariectomized (OVX) and weighed approximately 300 g. The second group was adrenalectomized and ovariectomized (ADX-OVX) and weighed approximately 250 g. EB placed in the ventromedial hypothalamus significantly reduced feeding in the OVX animals; progesterone and cholesterol had no effect. In contrast, progesterone increased feeding in the lean ADX-OVX animals; EB and cholesterol were without effect. The most effective progesterone placements were in the dorsal medial hypothalamic nuclei. The data are discussed in terms of EB and progesterone influencing a hypothalamic set point for body weight.
Literal versus nonliteral reminders for proverbs

Previous research has indicated a relationship between the degree of figurative understanding and the effectiveness of different kinds of recall prompts for proverbs. In this study, subjects wrote interpretations of unfamiliar proverbs. On a subsequent reminding task, the subjects were presented several different types of prompts for recall of the proverbs; the prompts exhibited different kinds of similarity relationships with the proverbs. Although it was expected that higher levels of understanding, as indexed by subjects’ interpretations, would make the more abstract prompts more effective, this was not found. It was suggested that subjects who did not have a good understanding of the proverbs were able to use the abstract prompts to recall the proverbs via a compensatory recall strategy.
An international survey of the energy service company (ESCO) industry

Abstract Energy service companies (ESCOs) are expected to play an important role in promoting energy efficiency in countries outside of the US. However, there have been no studies examining the current level of ESCO activity internationally. To correct for this deficiency, a survey was conducted in the Fall of 2002 to collect information on the following key topics for selected countries: (1) the number of ESCOs; (2) the key sectors targeted by ESCOs; (3) the four most important barriers facing the ESCO industry; (4) the approximate value of projects conducted by ESCOs in 2001; and (5) the future of the ESCO industry in that particular country. Information was collected on ESCO activity in 38 countries outside of the United States. Based on the survey data, we calculate the total amount of ESCO activity outside the US in 2001 to be between $560 million and $620 million. This is approximately one-half to one-third of the ESCO revenues in the US for 2001.
The Dyson–Feynman conjectures

In this article, we survey recent work on a suggestion by Freeman J. Dyson in his famous “Missed Opportunities” Gibbs Lecture at the annual AMS meeting in 1972. There he offered the open problem of providing mathematical foundations for Feynman’s sum over histories (world-view) description of relativistic quantum field theory. In this view, space–time is laid out as a film, in which one becomes more and more aware of the future as more of the film unfolds. The actual physical path traveled between any two space–time points is seen as an average over all possible paths with the same beginning and end point (path integral). Feynman later developed his time-ordered operator calculus, in which the time index determines when operators operate (rather than their position on paper). In this approach, operators acting at different times commute. Feynman conjectured that the operator calculus included the sum over histories (path integral), while use of the operator calculus led Dyson to make four conjectures concerning quantum electrodynamics. We also discuss recent proofs of the Feynman conjecture and the last two remaining Dyson conjectures.