cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What we can learn from analyzing the teacher’s role in collective argumentation

Abstract In this paper, I use analyses of collective argumentation in a variety of classroom settings, from elementary school to a university-level differential equations class to illustrate various roles the teacher plays. These include initiating the negotiation of classroom norms that foster argumentation as the core of students’ mathematical activity, providing support for students as they interact with each other to develop arguments, and supplying argumentative supports (data, warrants, and backing) that are either omitted or left implicit. We gain two important insights from these analyses. First, an emphasis on argumentation can be used productively to provide openings in mathematical discussions for new mathematical concepts and tools to emerge. Second, the analyses demonstrate that teachers need to have both an in-depth understanding of students’ mathematical conceptual development and a sophisticated understanding of the mathematical concepts that underlie the instructional activities being used.
Enhanced stability and bioconjugation of photo-cross-linked polystyrene-shell, Au-core nanoparticles.

Encapsulating Au nanoparticles within a shell of photo-cross-linked block copolymer surfactant dramatically improves the physical and chemical stability of the nanoparticles, particularly when they are applied as bioconjugates. Photo-cross-linkable block copolymer amphiphiles [polystyrene-co-poly(4-vinyl benzophenone)]-block-poly(acrylic acid) [(PS-co-PVBP)-b-PAA] and [poly(styrene)-co-poly(4-vinyl benzophenone)]-block-poly(ethylene oxide) [(PS-co-PVBP)-b-PEO] were assembled around Au nanoparticles ranging from 12 to 108 nm in diameter. UV irradiation cross-linked the PVBP groups on the polymer to yield particles that withstood extremes of temperature, ionic strength, and chemical etching. Streptavidin was attached to [PS-co-PVBP]-b-PAA-coated particles using the same noncovalent and covalent conjugation protocols used to bind biomolecules to divinylbenzene-cross-linked PS microspheres. We expect that these particles will be useful as plasmonic, highly light-scattering and light-absorbing analogs to fluor...
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

For over 100 years obstructive sleep apnea has been recognized as a clinical entity in adults and more recently in children. A comprehensive review of the literature of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea was conducted using a PubMed search for original research articles. Bibliographies of these articles were reviewed for additional relevant articles not identified by the initial PubMed search. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis and risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children. All physicians who provide care for children should be aware of the unique features of obstructive sleep apnea in children and the appropriate management.
Glyoxylic acid production using immobilized glycolate oxidase and catalase.

Abstract A variety of methods for the immobilization of glycolate oxidase have been examined for the preparation of a catalyst for the oxidation of glycolic acid to glyoxylic acid. The co-immobilization of glycolate oxidase and catalase on oxirane acrylic beads produced a catalyst which was stable to the reaction conditions used for the oxidation, where glycolic acid and oxygen are reacted in aqueous solution in the presence of the immobilized enzyme catalyst and ethylenediamine. Under optimum reaction conditions, 99 % yields of glyoxylic acid were obtained at greater than 99 % conversion of glycolic acid, and the recovery and reuse of the co-immobilized enzyme catalyst was demonstrated.
Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 2: Use of Wax Control Polymers

The effect of asphaltenes on the effectiveness of wax control polymers was studied using a model waxy oil and a set of polymers with controlled crystalline and polar/aromatic content. The effect of crystalline content was examined with a set of maleic anhydride copolymers with alkyl appendages of different lengths. Different polar and/or aromatic functionalities were incorporated into the maleic anhydride copolymers (MAC) and poly(ethylene butene) polymers to probe potential interactions with the asphaltenes. The performance of the polymers was measured by testing their effect upon precipitation temperature, gelation temperature, and yield stress. Some polymers provided little or no benefit. Others had significant effects, reducing precipitation temperatures up to 1.9 °C, gelation temperatures up to 37 °C, and yield stresses up to 2200-fold for solutions of 8 wt % wax. Polymer efficacy was almost entirely determined by the crystalline functionality incorporated into the polymer rather than the presence of...
Biological invasions: What's worth fighting and what can be won?

Recent critics of the effort to control biological invasions argue that the extent of the damage they cause is overblown or that, whatever the damage, the effort to control them is largely futile. The best-known invasion impacts – predation, herbivory, competition, parasitism, and hybridization – are at the population level and are joined by myriad other, more idiosyncratic impacts. Many of these impose staggering ecological, economic, and public health costs and are surely worth combating. Although major effects are not yet known for the majority of established introduced species, three facts suggest that many more impacts will ultimately be detected. First, only a small minority of introduced populations have been studied in detail. Second, some substantial impacts are subtle and have become evident only after intensive research, often at the ecosystem level. Third, an invasion debt exists, such that some introduced populations remain innocuous for an extended period before rapidly growing and spreading to become highly invasive. Many invasive populations have been eradicated or successfully managed at low levels, and technological advances have increased the range of invasions that can be attacked successfully. An effective early-warning, rapid-response system would greatly facilitate eradication of invaders and could be aided by organizing citizen volunteers and publicizing standard reporting procedures. For all these reasons, permitting new introductions should be done with great caution, and introductions detected quickly, before the species has spread widely, should be targeted for eradication if a feasible method can be identified. In the absence of eradication, maintenance of many invasive populations at low levels has proven possible by biological control, chemical control, and physical or mechanical control. New approaches from allied fields promise an even wider range of management possibilities. However, managing long-established invaders should be considered on a case-by-case basis, and in some cases ecological or social concerns may argue against management.
Ultrasound Diagnosis of Evolving Pyloric Stenosis

Two infants with recurrent episodes of vomiting had upper gastrointestinal barium studies that did not show radiographic features of pyloric stenosis. However, follow-up abdominal sonograms done 1–2 weeks later documented hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which led to surgery. This entity is not congenital, but an evolving acquired lesion. Therefore, ultrasound is an excellent modality to evaluate and monitor patients clinically suspected of developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis despite their initially negative imaging studies.
Preventing Sexual Abuse of Children in the Twenty-First Century: Preparing for Challenges and Opportunities

Child sexual abuse is a widespread social problem that negatively affects victims, families, communities, and society. This article briefly describes the scope and consequences of child sexual abuse and briefly critiques child-focused personal safety educational programs designed to prevent sexual victimization. The final section offers suggestions for expanding the focus of child-directed efforts and also includes recommendations for alternative approaches to primary prevention.
Sintered Ohmic Contacts to GaAs

The formation of reliable low resistance ohmic contacts to GaAs and other III-IV compound semiconductors is essential for useful device and circuit fabrication. We have modified the standard AuGe ohmic contact process by using rapid thermal annealing at temperatures less than the AuGe eutectic temperature to form contacts based on sintering rather than alloying. Compared with alloyed contacts, sintered contacts have similar electrical performance, superior morphology, and improved reliability. Results from secondary mass spectroscopy analysis of sintered and alloyed contacts will be discussed.
Sub-Bandgap Light-Induced Carrier Generation at Room Temperature in Silicon Carbide MOS Capacitors

Carrier generation characteristics in n-type substrate SiC MOS capacitors induced by sub-bandgap energy light are reported. The generation rate is high enough to create an inversion layer in ~20 minutes with monochromatic light (front side illumination) of energy 2.1 eV in 4H-SiC for electric fields smaller than 1 MV/cm. Generation and recovery results strongly indicate involvement of a metastable defect whose efficiency as a generation center increases under hole-rich and decreases under electron-rich conditions. The generation dependence on bias history and light energy shows the defect to have properties consistent with the metastable silicon vacancy / carbon vacancy-antisite complex (VSi / Vc - CSi).
Unpredictable Drug Shortages: An Ethical Framework for Short-Term Rationing in Hospitals

Periodic and unexpected shortages of drugs, biologics, and even medical devices have become commonplace in the United States. When shortages occur, hospitals and clinics need to decide how to ration their available stock. When such situations arise, institutions can choose from several different allocation schemes, such as first-come, first-served, a lottery, or a more rational and calculated approach. While the first two approaches sound reasonable at first glance, there are a number of problems associated with them, including the inability to make fine, individual patient-centered decisions. They also do not discriminate between what kinds of patients and what types of uses may be more deserving or reasonable than others. In this article I outline an ethically acceptable procedure for rationing drugs during a shortage in which demand outstrips supply.
Modulation of the Expression of CD5 Antigen on the Surface of Human Peripheral B Lymphocytes

In this study, we investigated the expression of CD5 molecules on the surface of mature human peripheral B lymphocytes. Human CD5+ B cells were isolated from tonsils and peripheral blood. Their terminal differentiation into plasma cells was induced with IL-2. In the presence of this lymphokine, a subset of CD5+ B cells ceased to express CD5 proteins on their surface. When CD5+ B cells and non-B cells were removed from the suspension. CD5 antigens were spontaneously reexpressed on the surface of CD5- B cells. This suggests that the CD5- phenotype of a subset of B cells in these suspensions resulted from pressure(s) exerted on them by the other cellular components of the suspensions. B cells which have reexpressed membrane CD5 in the absence of CD5+ B cells and non-B cells retained their ability to reprogress to CD5- phenotype and to undergo terminal differentiation into plasma cells when stimulated with IL-2. A short exposure (4 hr) of CD5- B cells to 5 nM IL-2 resulted in the loss of their capability to spontaneously reexpress surface CD5 in the absence of other lymphoid cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the expression of CD5 antigens on B cell membrane is governed by a network-type balance between all cellular compartments within the suspension. Fluctuations of this equilibrium results in the shuttling of B cells between CD5+ and CD5+ phenotypes until they become irreversibly engaged in the terminal differentiation pathway. The interconversion CD5+ CD5- on B cell membrane does not argue for CD5 molecule as the marker of a distinct B cell lineage.
Influential factors for liquid acquisition device screen selection for cryogenic propulsion systems

Abstract This paper presents the influential factors which govern screen selection for liquid acquisition devices (LADs) operating in microgravity conditions for future in-space cryogenic propulsion engines and cryogenic propellant depots. Space flight requirements, which include mass flow rate, acceleration level and direction, and thermal environment, dictate screen selection for a particular mission. The five influential factors include bubble point pressure, flow-through-screen pressure drop, wicking rate, screen compliance, and material compatibility. Governing equations and analytical models for these parameters are developed from first principles. A comprehensive survey of the historical data on coarser LAD meshes over four decades of work is conducted, and liquid hydrogen data for finer Dutch Twill meshes (325 × 2300, 450 × 2750, 510 × 3600) from recently concluded experiments is also presented to validate analytical models. Each of these parameters is measurable from ground based tests, making it facile to predict flight system performance. Therefore analytical models in this paper will be valuable for future LAD designs for both cryogenic and storable propulsion systems. Additionally, analysis will be given on the impact of the factors on liquid hydrogen systems.
Operating Experience of the General Electric LM2500 Gas Turbines in Navy Ships: Second Report

LM2500 Engines have been in operation in U. S. Navy ships since September, 1975. Included in this paper will be the reliability achieved thus far plus the improvements that are projected from the ongoing component improvement program. The application of the engine to a wide spectrum of ships in 11 foreign navies is also covered.
Effect of Buoyancy, Susceptor Motion, and Conjugate Transport in Chemical Vapor Deposition Systems

The fluid flow and heat transfer in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) manufacturing process are studied numerically. Several crucial aspects such as thermal buoyancy, continuous processing, and conjugate transport are considered. For each aspect, the predicted heat transfer rate and the susceptor temperature are computed and qualitatively linked with the rate and uniformity of film deposition. It is shown that buoyancy effects in helium carrier gas commonly used in diffusion-limited CVD has a negligible effect on deposition rates. Susceptor motion is shown as a feasible alternative to improving the productivity. Conjugate heat transfer effects that arise demonstrate that reactor wall thickness and material may be judiciously chosen to improve temperature uniformity and enhance heat transfer rates, thereby improving deposition rate, film uniformity, and quality.
Abiotic and biotic degradation of dithiopyr in golf course greens.

Results of previous research have indicated that only a small fraction of dithiopyr [S,S-dimethyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarbothioate] is lost in the surface water or by infiltration in soil leachate following application to golf course greens. The purpose of this research was to investigate the abiotic and biotic agents for dithiopyr loss from golf course greens. Growth chamber and laboratory studies were conducted to determine dithiopyr loss in response to volatilization, photodegradation, chemical transformation, and biological degradation in sterile and nonsterile rooting media (RM) and RM leachate collected from established golf course greens maintained in the greenhouse. Following application to RM, dithiopyr was lost primarily by volatilization which increased with increasing treatment period and temperature. The estimated half-life for dithiopyr in RM ranged from 68.8 days (sterile RM, dark, 20 °C) to 39.2 days (nonsterile RM, dark, 35 °C). Dithiopy...
Three California annual forbs show little response to neighbor removal

Abstract In semi-arid systems, competition among plants has limited effects on performance compared to facilitative interactions and abiotic factors. However, the balance between competition and facilitation can change over the course of plant development. Determining when each interaction is important for plant productivity allows us to identify factors limiting plant growth. In this field study, neighbor removal mid-way through the growing season did not result in a size change for any species (Clarkia purpurea, Plantago erecta, and Micropus californicus) in the first year. In the second year, two species had greater biomass when neighbors were removed very early in the growing season, indicating a competitive effect. The third species neither benefited nor suffered from neighbor removal. In some years, P. erecta and M. californicus may be negatively affected by competition at early growth stages and are later unable to capitalize on newly-available resources after removals of competitors. This study shows that early-stage competition can drive biomass production in some annual plants, even in semi-arid systems.
Auxiliary pattern-based optical proximity correction for better printability, timing, and leakage control

Optical proximity correction OPC is a mandatory resolution enhancement technique RET to ensure the printability of layout fea- tures in silicon. The most prominent OPC method, model-based OPC, alters the layout data for the photomask that enables drawn layout fea- tures to be accurately reproduced by lithography and etch processes onto the wafer. This technique in various forms has now become stan- dard in integrated circuit IC manufacturing at 0.18 m and below. How- ever, model-based OPC is computationally expensive and its runtime increases with technology scaling. The cell-based OPC approach im- proves runtime by performing OPC once per cell definition, as opposed to once per cell instantiation in the layout. However, cell-based OPC does not comprehend intercell optical interactions that affect feature printability in a layout context. This leads to printability, and conse- quently, performance and leakage, degradation. In this work, we propose auxiliary pattern-enabled cell-based OPC to improve printability of cell- based OPC, while retaining its runtime advantage. Auxiliary patterns AP are nonfunctional poly features that are added around a standard cell to "shield" it from optical proximity effects. We present the AP-based OPC approach and demonstrate its advantages over cell-based and model-based OPC in terms of printability as well as timing and leakage variabilities. AP-based OPC improves the edge placement error over cell-based OPC by 68%. To enable effective insertion of AP in cell in- stances at a full-chip layout level, we propose a dynamic programming DP-based method for perturbation of detailed placement. Our approach modifies the detailed placement to allow opportunistic insertion of AP around cell instances in the design layout. By perturbing placement, we achieve 100% AP applicability in designs with placement utilization less than 70%. AP-based OPC also reduces leakage and timing variability compared to conventional cell-based OPC. We further demonstrate that AP insertion achieves timing and leakage variability comparable to that of model-based OPC. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Comparison of X-ray detectors for a diffraction enhanced imaging system

Abstract Three digital detector systems—a Fuji BAS2500 Image Plate Reader, a prototype charge-coupled device (CCD) from Mar USA and the MicroPhotonics XQUIS 1000 were compared with respect to format, dynamic range, dark noise, and spatial resolution. Experiments were conducted using highly collimated monochromatic X-rays at 20 keV, produced at the National Synchrotron Light Source. This study characterized digital detectors being considered for integration into a synchrotron-based diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) apparatus used for medical imaging research, particularly mammography. These detectors are also being considered for integration into a proposed clinical prototype for DEI-based mammography. While all three systems had comparable image quality, the CCDs had faster readout time than the image plate system. However, the Fuji system had the largest dynamic range (∼10 5 compared to 10 4 for CCDs) and the largest active area. The MicroPhotonics XQUIS 1000 had the best spatial resolution as characterized by the point spread function.
Occurrence of severe drought conditions in coastal southern California during the medieval climate anomaly inferred from pollen deposited in the Santa Barbara Basin since ̃AD 800

Pollen analyses of the upper 3.95 m from ODP Site 893B from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) provide proxy evidence for major climate-driven changes in the vegetation onshore between wAD 800 and AD 1800. Dominance of plant communities adapted to drought conditions of hot, dry southern California summers (chamise chaparral and coastal sage scrub) corresponds with increases in the duration and severity of western U.S. drought identified by Stine (1994) and Cook et al. (2004) and with MacDonald and Case's (2005) interpretation of more negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation variability during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Extreme drought conditions occur during a period of multi-decadal drought recorded by the high resolution-Ti record between AD 1000-1100 (14C corrected) (Hendy et al., 2011). The shift toward wetter, cooler conditions atwAD 1400 (an increase inmoremesic oak and pine communities such as scrub oak and pine woodland chaparral, or more open grass woodland) coincides with temperature changes in the waters offshore. Correlative diatom and planktonic foraminifera deposited in the SBB during the Little Ice Age suggest increased seasonal sea surface temperature changes with cooler winters and warmer springs, respectively (Barron et al., 2010; Fisler and Hendy, 2008). The distinctive signature of the 19th and 20th century pollen assemblages reflects agricultural and residential impact on the natural vegetation of southern coastal California following European settlement.
Large scale separation of protease inhibitors from malignant human breast tissue.

α1-Antitrypsin was isolated as an electrophoretically homogeneous protein in preparative quantities from malignant human breast tissue by a two-step procedure of affinity chromatography on Sepharose-chymotrypsin, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Additionally, α2-macroglobulin and α1-antichymotrypsin were bound to, and subsequently eluted from the column. Antithrombin III and α1-acid glycoprotein, which were also components of the tissue extracts, were not bound, and appeared in the breakthrough peak. α1-Antitrypsin appeared to be partially modified immunologically by Sepharose-chymotryppin chromatography. However, α2-macroglobulin remained immunologically unaltered. Upon subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the α1-antitrypsin regained its capacity to give an immunological reaction of complete identity. Inhibitory activity toward proteases is also observed in filtrates of 1000 molecular weight cut-off membrane filters. Endogenous caseinolytic activity was observed in several eluate fractions. However, only N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine-ethyl ester, of the model compounds tested, was cleaved. The esterase activity is attributed to a breast tissue component since the column was free from dissociable chymotrypsin. Affinity chromatography on Sepharose-chymotrypsin represents a means of rapidly separating 37.5% of the total antichymotryptic activity from breast tissue extracts in high purity, in a single step.
Efficacy of automated telephone continuing care following outpatient therapy for alcohol dependence

Abstract Background Relapse rates following cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for alcohol dependence are high. Continuing care programs can prolong therapeutic effects but are underutilized. Thus, there is need to explore options having greater accessibility. Methods This randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of a novel, fully automated continuing care program, Alcohol Therapeutic Interactive Voice Response (ATIVR). ATIVR enables daily monitoring of alcohol consumption and associated variables, offers targeted feedback, and facilitates use of coping skills. Upon completing 12 weeks of group CBT for alcohol dependence, participants were randomly assigned to either four months of ATIVR (n = 81) or usual care (n = 77). Drinking behavior was assessed pre- and post-CBT, then at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, and 12 months post-randomization. Results Drinking days per week increased over time for the control group but not the intervention group. There were no significant differences between groups on the other alcohol-related outcome measures. Comparisons on the subset of participants abstinent at the end of CBT (n = 72) showed higher rates of continuous abstinence in the experimental group. Effect sizes for the other outcome variables were moderate but not significant in this subgroup. Conclusions For continuing care, ATIVR shows some promise as a tool that may help clients maintain gains achieved during outpatient treatment. However, ATIVR may not be adequate for clients who have not achieved treatment goals at the time of discharge.
High field strength element ratios in Archean basalts: a window to evolving sources of mantle plumes?

Abstract In terms of high field strength element ratios Nb/Th, Zr/Nb, Nb/Y and Zr/Y, most basalts from non-arc type Archean greenstones are similar to oceanic plateau basalts, suggestive of mantle plume sources. A large number of these basalts have ratios similar to primitive mantle composition. Perhaps the Archean mantle was less fractionated than at present and “primitive mantle” comprised much of the deep mantle and made a significant contribution to mantle plumes. The near absence of Archean greenstone basalts similar to NMORB in composition is also consistent with a relatively unfractionated mantle in which a shallow depleted source (DM) was volumetrically insignificant. The element ratios in basalts also indicate the existence of recycled components (HIMU, EM1, EM2) in the mantle by the Late Archean. This suggests that oceanic lithosphere was recycled into the deep mantle and became incorporated in some mantle plumes by the Late Archean. High field strength element ratios also indicate an important contribution of continental crust or/and subcontinental lithosphere to some non-arc Archean greenstone basalts. This implies that at least thin continental lithosphere was relatively widespread in the Archean.
On the Evolutionary Foundations of Language

New data on the cognitive capacities of other primates requires a reevaluation of our position on the nature of human language and the factors that led to its development. Pressures on the limited display system of the social primates may have made changes in the vocal tract anatomy of man associated with the development of upright posture of great selective importance. Human vocal tract anatomy may be at least as important as brain capacity in accounting for the origins of human language. An apparent upper age limit on efficient language acquisition in man leads to the “foreign accent” phenomenon. This may have been adoptively significant as a device which helped in the maintenance of a population structure in which rapid genetic change was possible. Embedding in language may represent a cognitive ability that is also reflected in the capacity for cultural variation, and may be extremely important in maintaining efficient population structure and in selecting for increasing intelligence.
Prehospital advanced trauma life support: How should we manage the airway, and who should do it?

Adequate oxygenation at all times is of paramount importance to the critically injured patient to avoid secondary damage. The role of endotracheal intubation in out-of-hospital advanced trauma life support, however, remains controversial. Initiated by a recent observational study, this commentary discusses risks and benefits associated with prehospital intubation, the required personnel and training, and ethical implications. Recent evidence suggests that comprehensive ventilatory care already initiated in the field and maintained during transport may require the presence of a physician or another adequately skilled person at the scene. Benefits of such as service need to be balanced against increased costs.
Facile one-pot synthesis of polymer–phospholipid composite microbubbles with enhanced drug loading capacity for ultrasound-triggered therapy

This paper reports the one-pot synthesis of perfluorocarbon microbubbles with crosslinked shells of poly(acrylic acid) and phospholipid that boast excellent ultrasound contrast enhancement, enhanced loading capacity, and the ability to retain or release their contents through variation in the level of ultrasound exposure.
Artifact usefulness and usage in sensemaking handoffs

The complexities of sensemaking suggest that collaboration should be difficult, requiring a rich ecology of collaboration support. This can be a problem for handoff sensemaking, where one person must continue where another has left off, sometimes with only material artifacts as the basis of the handoff. A detailed analysis of essential attributes of sensemaking tasks, and elements identified in the computer supported collaborative work literature were combined to yield insight into handoff sensemaking and guide empirical work. A lab-study showed that handoffs relying only on artifacts from previous sensemaking could be successful. The lab studies also indicated timing and quality affects on the sensemaking handoffs, with different quality materials used differently, and early efforts possibly being particularly difficult to hand off. Design of support for sensemaking handoffs will have to take such effects into account.
Automated discrimination of polymerase chain reaction products with closely related sequences by software‐based detection of characteristic peaks in product ion spectra

A computer-based method is described for automated detection of peaks in product ion spectra that allows discrimination of structurally related polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. PCR products of K-ras mutants having single nucleotide substitutions and isomeric sequence changes in positions 1 and 2 of codon 12 (e.g. TGT and GTT) were used as a model system. SpecDiff, a tool for differentiating pairs of mass spectra by identifying peaks that either differ in relative intensity between spectra or only appear in one of a pair of spectra, was created to help automate detection. This program was demonstrated to have great utility in detection of mutations and could also be useful as a general tool for differentiating other molecules of closely related structure.
The Wealth Accumulation of Antebellum European Immigrants to the U.S., 1840–60

This article explores wealth accumulation among European immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1840 and 1850. It uses a new sample of immigrants linked from passenger-ship records to the 1850 and 1860 federal census manuscripts. These immigrants rapidly accumulated real and personal wealth. Their real wealth grew 10 percent with each year≈s residence in the United States. This was not because immigrants arriving in the early 1840s were wealthier at arrival than later arrivals, nor was the rapid accumulation of wealth confined to one nationality or occupation. Rather, it reflects these immigrants≈ abilities to adapt to new circumstances after their arrival.
Class, Status, and Support for Government Aid to Disadvantaged Groups

The literature describing ideological orientations of Americans is complex and enigmatic. It is largely organized around two, seemingly incompatible theories. Much of the controversy pertains to people in the highest stratum. The "class polarization" thesis describes them as economically conservative. The "class inversion" thesis maintains they are liberal. The debate is highly influenced by the choice of definitions and indicators. Most prior research fails to distinguish between types of strata (class and status) and between different types of liberal-conservative beliefs. This paper shows seemingly contradictory theories can be made compatible by basing one theory on class and the other on status. Pooled data from the 1976, 1980, and 1984 NES surveys is used to estimate the effects of class and status on attitudes toward general welfare and aid to minorities. Controls are provided for race, party identification, and type of occupation. Together class and status provide a more comprehensive explanation ...
New methods of image enhancement

In this paper, applications of the tensor and paired representations of an image are presented for image enhancement. The proposed methods are based on the fact that the 2-D image can be represented by a set of 1-D "independent" signals that split the 2-D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the image into different groups of frequencies. Each splitting-signal carries information of the spectrum in a specific group. Rather than enhance the image by traditional methods of the Fourier transform (or other transforms), splitting-signals can be processed separately and the 2-D DFT of the processed image can be defined by 1-D DFTs of new splitting-signals. The process of splitting-signals related to the paired representation is very effective, because of no redundancy of spectral information carrying by ifferent splitting-signals. The effectiveness of such approach is illustrated through processing the image by the a-rooting method of enhancement. Images can be enhanced by processing only a few splitting-signals, to achieve enhancement that in many cases exceeds the enhancement by the α-rooting method and other known methods. The selection of such splitting-signals is described.
Digoxin and Risk of Death in Adults With Atrial Fibrillation The ATRIA-CVRN Study

Background—Digoxin remains commonly used for rate control in atrial fibrillation, but limited data exist supporting this practice and some studies have shown an association with adverse outcomes. W...
Effects of chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition on cerebral arterioles in rats

Abstract We examined the effects of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition on the structure and mechanics of cerebral arterioles. We measured pressure, diameter, and cross-sectional area of the vessel wall (histologically) in maximally dilated cerebral arterioles in Sprague-Dawley rats that were untreated or treated for 3 months with the NO synthase inhibitor N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10 mg/kg per day). Treatment with L-NAME increased cerebral arteriolar mean (87±6 versus 42±2 mm Hg, P <.05) and pulse (25±2 versus 13±2 mm Hg, P <.05) pressures, as well as cross-sectional area of the vessel wall (1839±70 versus 1019±58 μm2, P <.05) and external diameter (101±4 versus 87±2 μm, P <.05). These findings suggest that hypertension induced by NO synthase inhibition is accompanied by hypertrophy of the vessel wall and enlargement of cerebral arterioles in rats. To determine the role of cerebral arteriolar pulse pressure in hypertrophy of cerebral arterioles during inhibition of NO synthase, we measured the cross-sectional area of the vessel wall in rats treated with L-NAME that underwent unilateral carotid clipping. Unilateral carotid clipping failed to prevent increases in cross-sectional area of the vessel wall (1507±173 and 1613±148 μm2 in the clip and sham sides, respectively) in rats treated with L-NAME, even though increases in pulse pressure were prevented (16±1 and 27±1 mm Hg in the clip and sham sides, respectively, P <.05). These findings suggest that inhibition of NO synthase may promote hypertrophy of cerebral arterioles independently of increases in arteriolar pulse pressure.
Finding Fault Versus Attributing Responsibility Using Facts Differently

To clarify the processes underlying attribution of responsibility and assignment of fault to a victim, female undergraduates read one of four descriptions of a rape perpetrated b, an assailant who had followed the victim home on previous occasions (assault premeditated) or had not (assault not premeditated), against a victim who attempted to take precautions (precautions attempted) or failed to do so (precautions not attempted). More fault was assigned to the victim who failed to take precautions than to the victim who attempted to take precautions. In addition, an interaction was obtained on the responsibility measure such that the maximum responsibility was attributed to the victim who failed to take precautions when the assailant's behavior suggested that his assault was not premeditated. Thus, in judging a rape victim women use information about the victim to assign fault, but they use information about actions of both victim and assailant to attribute responsibility.
Raman response function for silica fibers

The commonly used Lorentzian form of the Raman response function for studying propagation of ultrashort pulses in silica fibers does not properly account for the shoulder in the Raman gain spectrum originating from the Boson peak. We propose a more accurate form of this response function and show that its predictions for the Raman-induced frequency shift should be in better agreement with experiments.
Afferent regulation of cytochrome-c and active caspase-9 in the avian cochlear nucleus.

During development, a subpopulation (approximately 30%) of neurons in the avian cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), dies following removal of the cochlea. It is clear that neuronal activity coming from the auditory nerve provides trophic support critical for cell survival in the NM. Several aspects of the intracellular signaling cascades that regulate apoptosis have been defined for naturally occurring, or programmed cell death, in neurons. These intracellular cascades involve the extrusion of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria into the cytosol and the subsequent activation of proteolytic caspase cascades, which ultimately act on substrates that lead to the death of the cell. In contrast, the intracellular signaling cascades responsible for deafferentation-induced cell death are not fully understood. In the present series of experiments, the potential extrusion of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria into the cytosol, and the activation of caspases were examined in the NM following deafferentation. Cytochrome-c immunoreactivity increased within 6 h following deafferentation and persisted for at least 3–5 days following surgery. However, cytochrome-c was not detectable within immunoprecipitates obtained from cytosolic fractions of deafferented NM neurons. This suggests that the increased immunoreactivity of cytochrome-c is related to mitochondrial proliferation. As a positive control, cytochrome-c was detected in cytosolic fractions of deafferented NM neurons treated with kainic acid, a substance known to cause cytochrome-c release into the cytosol. In addition, immunoreactivity for downstream active caspase-9 did increase following cochlea ablation. This increase was observed within 3 h following cochlea removal, but was not observed 4 days following surgery, a time point after the dying population of NM neurons have already degenerated. Together, these findings suggest that deafferentation of NM neurons results in caspase activation, but this activation may be cytochrome-c independent.
Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on Growth of and Toxin Production by Clostridium difficile in the Cecal Contents of Mice

In mice, subcutaneous administration of antibiotics that disrupt the anaerobic microflora (i.e., clindamycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftriaxone) facilitated in vitro growth of and toxin production by Clostridium difficile in cecal contents, whereas antibiotics that cause minimal disruption of the anaerobic microflora (i.e., levofloxacin, cefepime, and aztreonam) did not.
Nitrogen fixation by rhizosphere and free-living bacteria in salt marsh sediments1

The rates of nitrogen fixation by rhizosphere and free-living bacteria are highest near the surface of a variety of salt marsh sediments and in the warm part of the year. The highest rates were found in vegetated habitats, reaching up to about 500 ng N.cm/sup -2/.h/sup -1/. Bacterial N/sub 2/ fixation for the entire marsh is more than 10 times larger than algal fixation and less than a third of the N required to support growth of the vegetation.
Predicting single-vehicle fatal crashes for two-lane rural highways in Southeastern United States.

The rural two-lane highway in the southeastern United States is frequently associated with a disproportionate number of serious and fatal crashes and as such remains a focus of considerable safety research. The Georgia Department of Transportation spearheaded a regional fatal crash analysis to identify various safety performances of two-lane rural highways and to offer guidance for identifying suitable countermeasures with which to mitigate fatal crashes. The fatal crash data used in this study were compiled from Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina. The database, developed for an earlier study, included 557 randomly selected fatal crashes from 1997 or 1998 or both (this varied by state). Each participating state identified the candidate crashes and performed physical or video site visits to construct crash databases with enhance site-specific information. Motivated by the hypothesis that single- and multiple-vehicle crashes arise from fundamentally different circumstances, the research team applied binary logit models to predict the probability that a fatal crash is a single-vehicle run-off-road fatal crash given roadway design characteristics, roadside environment features, and traffic conditions proximal to the crash site. A wide variety of factors appears to influence or be associated with single-vehicle fatal crashes. In a model transferability assessment, the authors determined that lane width, horizontal curvature, and ambient lighting are the only three significant variables that are consistent for single-vehicle run-off-road crashes for all study locations.
On a fourth-order envelope equation for deep-water waves

The ordinary nonlinear Schrodinger equation for deep-water waves (found by a perturbation analysis to O(e^3) in the wave steepness e) compares unfavourably with the exact calculations of Longuet-Higgins (1978) for e > 0·10. Dysthe (1979) showed that a significant improvement is found by taking the perturbation analysis one step further to O(e^4). One of the dominant new effects is the wave-induced mean flow. We elaborate the Dysthe approach by investigating the effect of the wave-induced flow on the long-time behaviour of the Benjamin–Feir instability. The occurrence of a wave-induced flow may give rise to a Doppler shift in the frequency of the carrier wave and therefore could explain the observed down-shift in experiment (Lake et al. 1977). However, we present arguments why this is not a proper explanation. Finally, we apply the Dysthe equations to a homogeneous random field of gravity waves and obtain the nonlinear energy-transfer function recently found by Dungey & Hui (1979).
Relationships between radiographic alveolar bone height and probing attachment level: data from healthy post-menopausal women.

Abstract Objective: To determine the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between radiographic alveolar bone height and probing attachment level in a population of healthy postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: The 81 patients in this report were part of a prospective estrogen replacement interventional study. All patients were in good oral health at entry and received annual oral prophylaxis as part of the study. Standard probing measurements were made with a pressure sensitive probe at 6 sites on each tooth. Vertical bitewing radiographs were digitized, and 6 linear measurements corresponding to probing-site measurements were made from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar crest. These procedures were performed at baseline and at annual intervals for three years. Data were analyzed both by site and by patient. Results: Moderately strong correlations were found between cross-sectional measurements of probing attachment height and radiographic bone height. Correlations were stronger for patient data (r=0.44–0.61) than for site data (r=0.19–0.36). No relationships were found between longitudinal changes in alveolar bone height and attachment level in either the site data (r=−0.10–0.04), or the patient data (r=−0.005–0.10). Conclusion: Healthy patients may experience sporadic, temporary changes in attachment level or alveolar bone height which are resolved without one affecting the other.
Multiple turbo codes

We introduce multiple turbo codes and a suitable decoder structure derived from an approximation to the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decision rule, which is substantially different from the decoder for two-code-based encoders. We developed new rate 1/3 and 2/3 constituent codes to be used in the turbo encoder structure. These codes, for 2 to 32 states, are designed by using primitive polynomials. The resulting turbo codes have rates b/n, b=1, 2 and n=3, 4, and include random interleavers for better asymptotic performance. A rate 2/4 code with 16QAM modulation was used to realize a turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM) scheme at 2 bit/sec/Hz throughput, whose performance is within 1 dB from the Shannon limit at a BER=10/sup -5/.
Quantitative study of exfoliation corrosion: Exfoliation of slices in humidity technique

A new technique, exfoliation of slices in humidity (ESH), was developed for the determination of exfoliation corrosion (EFC) susceptibility and quantification of EFC kinetics. Two AA7178 plates taken from the wingskin of a retired KC135 airplane were used as test samples. Slices of the plate were pretreated by potentiostatic polarization in chloride solution to develop localized corrosion sites. Subsequent exposure to high humidity after pretreatment of properly oriented and unconstrained samples resulted in the development of EFC at the edges of the slices. The EFC kinetics were determined by measuring the width of the central unattacked region of the samples. The ESH results were representative of the different EFC behavior of the two plates during outdoor exposure. These results show the capability of the ESH test to discriminate between plates of varying susceptibility and to determine EFC rates quantitatively. The different susceptibility of the two plates to EFC was attributed to differences in microstructure and grain boundary chemistry.
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Presenting with a Left Flank Mass

We present a case of a patient with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) presenting with a large (18 × 12 cm) left-sided flank mass with worsening left flank pain. CT abdomen/pelvis demonstrated a left kidney with parenchyma replaced by multiple large hypodense collections containing fluid and gas, a left staghorn calculus, and a communication between the kidney and large flank collection. About 4.5 weeks after initial presentation, the patient underwent operative intervention. Pathology revealed an end-stage kidney with scar consistent with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
Epigallocatechin gallate incorporation into lignin enhances the alkaline delignification and enzymatic saccharification of cell walls.

Background Lignin is an integral component of the plant cell wall matrix but impedes the conversion of biomass into biofuels. The plasticity of lignin biosynthesis should permit the inclusion of new compatible phenolic monomers such as flavonoids into cell wall lignins that are consequently less recalcitrant to biomass processing. In the present study, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was evaluated as a potential lignin bioengineering target for rendering biomass more amenable to processing for biofuel production.