cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identity and the Workplace: An Assessment of Contextualist and Discursive Approaches

Organizational scholars who study processes of employee identity but operating from a variety of otherwise disparate theoretical perspectives tend to agree on one thing: an employee‘s level of ―identification‖ with workplace-related entities is a powerful concept in understanding their experiences and behavior at work. As Albert et al. (2000) note, ―whether an organization, a group, or person, each entity needs at least a preliminary answer to the question ―Who are we?‖ or ―Who am I?‖ in order to interact effectively with other entities‖ (p. 13). This is particularly true for the critical organizational studies community in general and the Labour Process tradition in particular. Within the latter, an interest in employee identity traces all the way back to Marxian notions of ―class consciousness‖ (Marx, 1864), ―false consciousness‖ (cf. Burawoy, 1979), and ―subjectivity‖ (cf. Willmott, 1990). Thompson (1990) argued that the articulation of the ―missing subject‖, how participation in the labour process influences an employee‘s sense-of-self and capacity for agency at work, was the biggest theoretical issue yet to be satisfactorily addressed by labour process theory (LPT). Thompson‘s view reflected, and to a large extent still reflects, the LPT notion that workplace identity is a nexus which links dynamics of power, control, resistance, gender, and skills (Jaros, 2001). Nevertheless, or perhaps because of its import, theoretical disagreement about the nature of workplace identity persists. I argue that within the critical/LPT tradition, two important perspectives on this topic have emerged. The first is what I call a ―contextualist‖ approach, exemplified by the work of Taylor, Bain, Marks,
Neuropsychological Sequelae of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) or insulin-dependent diabetes is an endocrine disorder of insulin deficiency secondary to pancreatic β-cell destruction. Exogenous insulin replacement is imperfect and results in variable blood glucose levels with risk of glucose excess or hyperglycemia, and glucose insufficiency or hypoglycemia. The American Diabetes Association reports an incidence of 17.9 million cases of diabetes diagnosed among children and adults in the United States in 2007. An additional 5.7 million cases are undiagnosed [1]. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5–10% of all diagnosed diabetes patients [2].
LOOPS: Localizing Object Outlines using Probabilistic Shape

Discriminative tasks, including object categorization and detection, are central components of high-level computer vision. However, sometimes we are interested in more refined aspects of the object in an image, such as pose or articulation. In this paper we develop a method (LOOPS) for learning a shape and image feature model that can be trained on a particular image class, and used to outline instances of the class in novel images. Furthermore, while the training data consists of uncorresponded outlines, the resulting LOOPS model contains semantically consistent landmark points that can be localized in an image. This localization facilitates a second round of classification along any descriptive axis, in which a small number of training instances are labeled. For example, we might distinguish between cheetahs that are running and those standing still. From this small number of labeled instances, we can use our localized outlines together with a simple nearest neighbor classifier to label novel test images with the label of interest. We show that across a range of classes with varying degrees of difficulty, the LOOPS approach can consistently and accurately localize the semantically consistent landmarks in test images. Furthermore, we show that the nearest neighbor classifier on the outlines localized by LOOPS allows for effective classification on several shape-based classification tasks.
Unconscionable Contracting for Indigent Defense: Using Contract Theory to Invalidate Conflict of Interest Clauses in Fixed-Fee Contracts

Indigent defense remains in crisis and yet constitutional challenges to promote systemic change have met with mixed success. This Article explores the new strategy of applying contract theury and principles to challenge indigent defense contracts that violate the canons of professional responsibility. This Article begins by discussing the author's experience working on cases of indigent defendants whose convictions were overturned through the efforts of the Innocence Project Northwest. The erroneous convictions were facilitated by the indigent defense contract in place at the time of the convictions. Pursuant to this contract, the indigent defense contractor agreed to provide representation in all criminal cases in the county for a fixed price, and to hire and pay for conflict counsel out of the lump-sum fee. This Article discusses why such a contract creates multifaceted conflicts of interest between the contracting attorney, conflict counsel, and their clients. Since these conflicts are too grave to waive through the process of informed consent, the provisions of the contract are unconscionable, and violate the public policy encompassed in the canons of professional responsibility. This Article suggests that bar associations are uniquely situated to use the principles of contract law to challenge indigent defense contracts that violate the rules of ethics by their very terms.
Bilateral laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal repair without mesh fixation.

Background and objectives Mesh fixation during laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal repair is thought to be necessary to prevent recurrence. However, mesh fixation may increase postoperative chronic pain. This study aimed to describe the experience of a single surgeon at our institution performing this operation. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of all patients who underwent bilateral laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal repair without mesh fixation for inguinal hernia from January 2005 to December 2011. Demographic, operative, and postoperative data were obtained for analysis. Results A total of 343 patients underwent simultaneous bilateral laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal repair of 686 primary and recurrent inguinal hernias from January 2005 to December 2011. The mean operative time was 33 minutes. One patient was converted to an open approach (0.3%), and 1 patient had intraoperative bladder injury. Postoperative hematoma/seroma occurred in 5 patients (1.5%), wound infection in 1 (0.3%), hematuria in 2 (0.6%), and acute myocardial infarction in 1 (0.3%). Chronic pain developed postoperatively in 9 patients (2.6%); 3 of them underwent re-exploration. All patients were discharged home a few hours after surgery except for 3 patients. Among the 686 hernia repairs, there were a total of 20 recurrences (2.9%) in 18 patients (5.2%). Two patients had bilateral recurrences, whereas 16 had unilateral recurrences. Twelve of the recurrences occurred after 1 year (60%). Fourteen recurrences occurred among direct hernias (70%). Conclusion Compared with the literature, our patients had fewer intraoperative and postoperative complications, less chronic pain, and no increase in operative time or length of hospital stay but had a slight increase in recurrence rate.
COMBINED CLASSIFIERS FOR TIME SERIES SHAPELETS

Time-series classification is widely used approach for classification. Recent development known as time-series shapelets, based on local patterns from the time-series, shows potential as highly predictive and accurate method for data mining. On the other hand, the slow training time remains an acute problem of this method. In recent years there was a significant improvement of training time performance, reducing the training time in several orders of magnitude. This work tries to maintain low training time- in the range from several second to several minutes for datasets from the popular UCR database, achieving accuracies up to 20% higher than the fastest known up to date method. The goal is achieved by training small 2,3-nodes decision trees and combining their decisions in pattern that uniquely identifies incoming time-series.
Comment on “Estimates of the Ground Accelerations at Point Reyes Station during the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake” by A. Anooshehpoor, T. H. Heaton, B. Shi, and J. N. Brune

The above-titled article presented response-time histories and spectra for the minimum acceleration amplitude of a full sine pulse that is needed to overturn a rigid, rectangular, free-standing block. The construction of the overturning spectra is achieved with the analytical solution of the linearized equations of motion of a rocking block which is pieced together at the instant when the rotation reverses and at the instant when the block enters the free-vibration regime. While some segments of the methodology presented are correct the article contains several logical, algebraic, and typographical errors which are reflected in nearly every result presented. This discussion addresses systematically these errors and oversights. The same notation used in the original article is adopted herein. The noun article refers to the article under discussion by Anooshehpoor et al.; the noun comment refers to this discussion. With reference to its Figure 3, the article investigates the rocking response of a rigid block subjected to a horizontal backwards displacement (motion from the right to the left of the page) with acceleration history \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\ a(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}-\mathrm{A}\mathrm{sin}({\omega}t+{\psi})&-{\psi}{/}{\omega}{\leq}t{\leq}(2{\pi}-{\psi}){/}{\omega}\\0o Spanos and Koh, 1984; Hogan, 1989; Makris and Roussos, 1998, among others). The sign of the last term that contains the horizontal ground acceleration is negative. Unfortunately, equation (3) of the article which corresponds to equation …
Survival of dogs with bilateral phrenectomy and extensive transection of intercostal nerves.

SummarySeven dogs were kept in good health and without respiratory distress for periods varying between 9 and 67 days after bilateral phrenectomy. All of the animals were eventually sacrificed, none died as a result of paralyzing the diaphragm. Electrical stimulation and microscopic examination proved that the phrenectomies were complete in all cases. It was established that following paralysis of the diaphragm at least half of the intercostal nerves, either upper or lower, may be sectioned without loss of the animal. The conclusion drawn is that reports or statements to the effect that the diaphragm is essential for life in otherwise intact grown dogs are erroneous.
T Cells Through the Age(s)

Most studies of healthy human immune cells, including T cells, are based on peripheral blood samples; however, immune cells are known to reside in or traffic to the bone marrow, lymph node basins, and tissues such as the lungs, gut, and skin. T cells in particular are complex cells which have
The success of a clinical librarian program in an academic autopsy pathology service

Residents in pathology must acquire a broad base of knowledge in all areas of medicine and the basic medical sciences. We report our experience with the first Clinical Medical Librarian (CL) program used to aid resident training in anatomic pathology. This program was developed by the Lister Hill Library of Health Sciences (LHL) of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) to test the value of a CL program in filling the clinical needs of medical students and residents by providing key recent references to the wide variety of diseases seen in a busy autopsy service. Use of a CL was accepted completely by both faculty and residents as a method of increasing their efficiency in evaluating the recent literature on diseases seen in the autopsy service. Our use of this program broadened the scope and extent of specific case-oriented medical literature read by both residents and faculty.
Oppositional Girlhoods and the Challenge of Relational Politics

Over the last five years, scholars from a wide variety of disciplines have problematized the discourse of “adolescent female exceptionalism” (Switzer in Fem Theory 14(3):345–360, 2013, p. 4) popularized by the NIKE Foundation’s Girl Effect. Arriving at similar conclusions, scholars point to the artificial neocolonial divisions between ‘the West’ and ‘the rest’ of the world animated by an ‘invest in girls’ logic. This paper endeavors to move beyond the “oppositional girlhoods” (Bent in Sociol Stud Child Youth 16(1):3–20, 2013a, p. 7) bind of girl effects discourse to propose that differentially positioned and experienced girlhoods might be better understood as transnational, relational cultural formations. Drawing from our empirical research with girls in North America and Sub-Saharan Africa, we consider the implications of girls’ increasing global visibility as the ‘saviors of humanity’ from different geopolitical contexts. We then go further to suggest the oppositional girlhoods frame assumes reductive, apolitical, and ahistorical claims of divergence between girlhoods in the Global North and Global South “with highly unequal effects” (Gonick et al. in Girlhood Stud 2(3):1–9, 2009, p. 3). By countering the normative construction of global girlhoods as mutually exclusive forms of personhood and historical experience, our project authorizes a new understanding of girlhoods as mutually constituted and relationally contingent. It is from within this relational framework that we propose new directions for thinking about girlhoods transnationally.
What’s to be done?

All of culture, philosophy included, is a huge trick on nature, and nature will eventually catch on and reassert itself. But for right now, if one lives in a free society, it's a wonderful time to be a philosopher: so much to read, so much to think and write about.
Appliance of crushing to release cercariae method to detect infected snails

Objective To analyze the effect of CRC method(crushing to release cercariae method) to detect infected snails.Methods Comparative study on CRC method and simple crushing method(SC) were made to detect infected snails.SC method was performed according to the national standard technique,snails were dissected by conventional method.In the village,each of the snail environment where infected snails were found would be estimated as an infected snail point.CRC method was also performed according to the national standard technique,every site where snails were found,CRC method would be used to detect infected snails,when cercariae were found,it would be estimated as an infected snail point.The detection rate of infected villages and the average number of infected areas with snails were compared and analyzed.Results In the spring of 2011,1210 villages with snails were found,327 were infected villages,the detection rate of infected villages was 27.02%.In the villages of JIngzhou city,among the villages(class 3) with snails,the proportion of infected snail was 31.04%.The detection rate was compared,there was no statistical significance between the two methods(CRC method and SC method)(χ2=1.929 1,P0.05).When CRC method was performed,422 infected areas were found,the average number of infected area with snail was 2.197 9.while the SC method was applied,190 infected areas were found,the average number of infected areas with snail was 1.407 4.Comparing the two average numbers of infected area with snail,obvious statistical significance was found.Simple crushing method was more efficient for the detection of infected villages.Conclusions The CRC method could promote the detection efficiency,it was feasible for the rapid detection of infected area.However,the number of detecting infectious snails was less than the simple crushing method,and was not feasible for quantitative research.
Establishment and Application of Real-time RT-PCR Method for Detection of Enteroviruses of Hand,Foot and Mouth Disease

Objective To establish the Real-time RT-PCR method for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and to provide a quick and accurate testing way for HMFD.Methods According to recommendation from the Guidelines of Hand-foot-and-mouth Disease Prevention (2009),Real-time RT-PCR method was used to detect human enterovirus,coxsackievirus A16,and enterovirus 71 in 82 HFMD cases clinically diagnosed from March to August,2009 in Zhuzhou.In addition,Real-time Quantitative RT-PCR was used to retest the cases.The results of the two tests were compared,and the accuracy and sensitivity of Real-time RT-PCT were analyzed.Results There were statistically significant differences in detection of human enterovirus,coxsackievirus A16,and enterovirus 71 in 82 HFMD cases between Real-time RT-PCT and RT-PCT (λ=4.09,P0.05).Real-time RT-PCR was more sensitive than RT-PCR.Conclusions This study has established a sensitive,easy and quick Real-time RT-PCR method for the detection of HFMD which provides a new way for quick test of HFMD.
Anatomy and pathology of HIV-1 peptidase

The peptidase of the HIV type 1 (HIV PR) is required for the replication of and further infection by the virus. A concerted effort has taken place in the past 15 years to understand the properties of this enzyme, as it serves as an excellent drug target for control of the virus. Owing to drug pressure, many mutations arise during turnover of the virus and some of these lead to resistance to the effects of the inhibitors. Recent advances in the understanding of the changes these mutations cause to the enzyme and its interaction with substrates and inhibitors have been described. In addition, studies of closely related retroviral enzymes from simian immunodeficiency virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and HIV-2 have expanded the structure-function paradigm. The role of the flexibility of ligands and of the enzyme in active-site interactions is discussed.
TU-H-CAMPUS-JeP1-05: Dose Deformation Error Associated with Deformable Image Registration Pathways.

Purpose: To evaluate errors associated with using different deformable image registration (DIR) pathways to deform dose from planning CT (pCT) to cone-beam CT (CBCT). Methods: Deforming dose is controversial because of the lack of quality assurance tools. We previously proposed a novel metric to evaluate dose deformation error (DDE) by warping dose information using two methods, via dose and contour deformation. First, isodose lines of the pCT were converted into structures and then deformed to the CBCT using an image based deformation map (dose/structure/deform). Alternatively, the dose matrix from the pCT was deformed to CBCT using the same deformation map, and then the same isodose lines of the deformed dose were converted into structures (dose/deform/structure). The doses corresponding to each structure were queried from the deformed dose and full-width-half-maximums were used to evaluate the dose dispersion. The difference between the FWHM of each isodose level structure is defined as the DDE. Three head-and-neck cancer patients were identified. For each patient, two DIRs were performed between the pCT and CBCT, either deforming pCT-to-CBCT or CBCT-to-pCT. We evaluated the errors associated by using either of these pathways to deform dose. A commercially available, Demons based DIR was used for this study, and 10 isodose levels (20% to 105%) were used to evaluate the errors in various dose levels. Results: The prescription dose for all patients was 70 Gy. The mean DDE for CT-to-CBCT deformation was 1.0 Gy (range: 0.3–2.0 Gy) and this was increased to 4.3 Gy (range: 1.5–6.4 Gy) for CBCT-to-CT deformation. The mean increase in DDE between the two deformations was 3.3 Gy (range: 1.0–5.4 Gy). Conclusion: The proposed DDF was used to quantitatively estimate dose deformation errors caused by different pathways to perform DIR. Deforming dose using CBCT-to-CT deformation produced greater error than CT-to-CBCT deformation.
Rumination, Excessive Reassurance Seeking, and Stress Generation among Early Adolescent Girls.

Nolen-Hoeksema proposed that rumination increases stressful events and circumstances; however, few studies have examined this question. Thus, we explored whether (a) rumination predicted increases in the generation of chronic and acute stress, (b) excessive reassurance seeking (ERS) mediated links between rumination and stress generation, (c) rumination increased exposure to acute independent (uncontrollable) stress, and (d) rumination predicted chronic stress generation in certain domains, but not others. These questions were examined in a 1-year study of 126 early adolescent girls ( M age = 12.39 years) using contextual objective stress interviews. Findings indicated that rumination predicted increases in acute dependent interpersonal stress and chronic interpersonal stress, and ERS mediated these associations. Moreover, rumination was not associated with acute independent stress. Finally, the effect of rumination on chronic stress generation was most salient in adolescents' romantic lives and in parent-adolescent relationships. These findings suggest that ruminators create stressful interpersonal environments.
Managing fluid and electrolyte disorders in kidney disease

Because of the role of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis in the body, kidney disease leads to derangements of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. The most effective therapy of a uremic crisis is careful management of fluid balance, which involves thoughtful assessment of hydration, a fluid treatment plan personalized for the specific patient, and repeated and frequent reassessment of fluid and electrolyte balance. Disorders of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus are commonly encountered in kidney disease and some may be life-threatening. Treatment of metabolic acidosis and nutritional support is frequently needed.
Pathophysiology of Overactive Bladder: Current Understanding

Purpose of Review To describe leading hypotheses surrounding the pathophysiology of overactive bladder (OAB), as well as describe the mechanisms of action of current treatment options for OAB.
Effects of 12 Weeks of Physical Training on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Military Recruits.

The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological and functional changes in military recruits after twelve weeks of physical training. The sample consisted of 130 volunteer recruits aged 18-19 years. Anthropometric variables were assessed (body weight, height, body mass index, arm, waist, and hip circumference, waist/hip ratio, skinfold thickness of the triceps, suprailiac, and abdomen, and body fat percentage) and the sit-up test (1 minute), push-up test, and 12-minute running test. The physical training protocol involved running workouts, strength, agility, and flexibility. Descriptive statistical procedures were performed with mean, standard deviation, variance, and percentage and the comparison between the two moments was performed using the Student t test for dependent samples. The significance level was set at p <0.05. The results demonstrated a decrease in the sum of the three skinfolds (42.7±25.2mm to 33.9±17.7mm), a decrease in fat percentage (14.1±7.3% to 11.8±6.1%), an increase in lean mass (57.6±6.0kg to 58.6±8.0kg), and decreased fat mass (10.1±6.4kg to 8.3±5.2kg). They also showed improvements in push-up test (21.3±9.0 to 33.5±8.9), sit-up test (35.2±8.3 to 49.8±7.4), the 12 minute test (2212±316m to 2760±214m), and VO2max (35.2±8.3ml.kg-1.min-1 to 49.8±7.4 ml.kg-1.min-1). No differences were observed in body mass, height, body mass index, or hip circumference. According to the above, it was found that the methodology adopted in the physical training was effective in reducing the percentage of fat and increasing cardiorespiratory fitness, improving the physical capacity and health of the military recruits.
Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of the Actively Controlled Thermal Environment in a Cryogenic Hohlraum

We investigate the actively controlled thermal environment of a National Ignition Facility (NIF) cryogenic hohlraum using measurements and calculations of hydrogen ice equilibrium. Thermal modeling of the hohlraum temperature field is shown to be consistent with measurements of the ice distribution. These results demonstrate the ability to accurately model and control the thermal environment in an NIF hohlraum.
Ethical, moral, and theological insights into advances in male pediatric and adolescent fertility preservation

Summary The successful treatment of boys with cancer has led to increasing attention to preserving their quality of life after completing cancer therapy. One of the top priorities for living a full life is keeping open the opportunity to have children. While sperm banking for males facing sterilizing cancer treatment can be effective, this approach requires subsequent use of reproductive procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intrauterine insemination (IUI) to achieve a pregnancy. Advances in fertility preservation techniques may allow pre-pubertal boys to conceive using advanced stem cell technologies and stem cell transplantation in the future. This review summarizes the ethical positions of leading medical societies and explores the religious and moral stances of major religious institutions regarding these options.
Antitumoral action of melatonin in Ewing Sarcoma cells: possible EWS-FLI1 implication

3757 Background: The Ewing’s Sarcoma Family Tumours (ESFT) is an aggressive group of poorly differentiated pedriatic and young adult cancers of bone and soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of a chromosomal translocation that produces a fusion protein. The 85 % of this tumours have the fusion protein EWS-FLI-1 t(11;22)(q24;q12), that acts as an aberrant transcription factor and modulate specific genes involved in oncogenesis. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an endogenous indoleamine derived from the tryptophan that has been know to exerts wide range of physiological and pathophysiological effects including antitumoral actions. Methods: cell lines used were: Ewing Sarcoma SK-N-MC, TC-71, TC-32, A673 (EWS-FLI1 type 1), SK-ES1 (type 2), A4573 (type 3); neuroblastoma SK-N-SH, SH-SY5Y, SK-N-AS and EWS-FLI1 transformed murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity was measured by MTT and LDH assays. Apoptosis was evaluated using DAPI staining and caspase-3 activity. The direct interaction of melatonin with recombinant EWS-FLI1 was measured using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) (Biacore T100, GE) on the surface of a dextran coated surface (CM5 chip) and levels of phospho and total proteins were evaluated by western blot. Results: Melatonin induces apoptotic cell death in all the Ewing Sarcoma cell lines in spite of the primary origin or the type of the fusion protein present, with the same efficiency as we had previously shown in SK-N-MC cells. During the apoptotic process we also observed an associated decrease of the intracellular glucogen accumulations that do not correspond with an activation of the GSK3B, furthermore, there is an increase of the inactive form of the enzyme (P-GSK3B). On the other hand, melatonin doesn’t induce apoptosis in the neuroblastoma cells but inhibits the cellular growth in a significant way. The analysis of the direct interaction between EWS-FLI1 and melatonin by the SPR technology shows a specific binding affinity between EWS-FLI1 and melatonin with a Kd around 85 µM, very close to the melatonin’s range of action (100µM-1mM). Unfortunately melatonin was not able to kill EWS-FLI1 transformed MEF cells, even at the highest concentration (1mM), and only inhibits cell growth. Conclusions: The present work extends our previous observations in the human SK-N-MC cell line and demonstrated a specific pro-apoptotic effect of melatonin in the ESFT that is not shared in other similar cancer types like neuroblastoma. Despite that melatonin don’t induces apoptosis in transformed fibroblast, probably due to a not suitable cellular model, the protein interaction data between melatonin and EWS-FLI1 led us to think that melatonin could target the fusion protein in some critical way that leads to a cellular disbalance and induction of the apoptotic process.
Communist Legacies and Opposition Churches: Religious Behavior in Post-Communist Europe

The interaction between religion and the state in post-Communist countries has naturally received a great deal of scholarly attention. The situation provides an almost natural experiment to examine the influence that government policies can have on religious behavior and organization. The bulk of research has attempted to explain religious behavior in post-Communist countries using either the secularization approach or the supply-side approach. Both of these models were developed with respect to non-Communist countries and have not been able to fully explain religious behavior patterns. The current study suggests that two key factors are crucial to account for religious behavior in post-Communist countries: the strength of the Communist legacy and the role of religious organizations in opposition movements. A most similar systems design is employed by analyzing religious behavior in Estonia and Latvia. Some support is found through the analysis. Latvia, where the Lutheran Church was involved in opposition and displays a slightly weaker Communist legacy, has greater religious participation and belief than Estonia. By grounding expectations of post-Communist religious behavior in characteristics of the transition the current study makes a valuable contribution to the existing literature.
To Dine Splendidly

This paper looks at the classic polychrome vessels associated with the imperial Inca state in terms of their functional significance and considers the role of these objects in the broader context of elite identity and empire building. The focus is on several dimensions of the ceramic assemblage not normally discussed in studies of Inca pottery including their significance from a culinary standpoint and the gendered associations of this category of material culture. Based on an empire-wide analysis of the imperial assemblage, I suggest that viewing Inca pottery as culinary equipment offers a window into the ways in which food, feasting, and gender figured in the negotiation of state power and imperial expansion.
Recognition mechanisms in infectious disease.

Recent studies have begun to elucidate the nature of pathogen-host recognition mechanisms. Not only is our understanding of the nature of infection thereby growing, but there is promise of an entirely new approach to treatment—by inhibiting or preventing the contact between pathogen and target cell, the first step in the infectious process. Models have largely been elucidated for shigella infections and cholera.
Regulation of competence development in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The number of cells in a population of Bacillus subtilis which become ompetent can be either enhanced or reduced by several amino acids which includes arginine, histidine or lysine. Which effect is observed, depends upon the time of addition and the concentration. Inhibitors of protein synthesis block competence development at low concentrations during the early stages but become less effective when cells are committed to competence. These results indicate de novo protein synthesis occurs during competence development and that it is subject to regulation. Monofluoroacetate, which specifically inhibits aconitase activity also blocks competence development during these early stages. Since it prevents sporulation but has no effect on vegetative growth, some relationship between competence and sporulation through the tricarboxylic acid cycle seems to exist.
Up-and-Down Unweighting

An analytical understanding of the forces involved in the process of unweighting skis through up-and-down body motion should help skiers appreciate what professional ski instructors mean when they advise skiers to make an “up-turn-down” or, as is more likely with modern ski instruction, a “down-turn-up” sequence through a carved turn. For the purposes of our discussion, we will assume that the vertical displacement of a skier’s center of mass caused by the up-and-down body motion is 14 in. The actual range of possible vertical displacements is probably from about 1–2 ft.
The Malnourished Patient With Obesity: A Unique Paradox in Bariatric Surgery.

Abstract Background Hypoalbuminemia is a known risk factor for poor outcomes following surgery. Obesity can be associated with modest to severe malnutrition. We evaluated the impact of hypoalbuminemia on surgical outcomes in patients with obesity undergoing elective bariatric surgical procedures. Materials and methods The 2015 metabolic and bariatric surgery accreditation and quality improvement program database was queried. Patients ≥ 18 y with body mass index ≥35 undergoing bariatric surgery were included. Revision procedures were excluded. Patients were classified by albumin level (albumin ≥3.5 g/dL [normal], 3.49-3.0 g/dL [mild], 2.99-2.5 g/dL [moderate], and 10% weight loss was examined. Results A total of 106,577 patients were included in the study. Over 6% of patients had hypoalbuminemia. Fifty-five percent of complications were severe as categorized by the Clavien-Dindo classification. Patients with mild hypoalbuminemia had 20% increased odds of DSM (95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.4). There was increasing likelihood of DSM with severe hypoalbuminemia. Patients with mild hypoalbuminemia had 20% increased odds of 30-d readmission (confidence interval: 1.1-1.3). A >10% weight loss modified the effect of moderate to severe hypoalbuminemia on DSM. Conclusions More than 6% of patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery are malnourished. Hypoalbuminemia is an important and modifiable risk factor for postoperative adverse outcomes following bariatric surgery. Preoperative weight loss >10% combined with moderate to severe hypoalbuminemia is synergistic for high rates of DSM and should be addressed before proceeding with bariatric surgery.
Numerical Modeling of Surface Effects in RF Switching PIN Diodes

Surface conditions of PIN diodes influence the overall carrier lifetime of the device and hence its microwave and RF resistance, and are becoming more important with the creation of new applications of PIN diodes for 5G reconfigurable antenna structures and reconfigurable electronics. This paper builds on previous work and uses a discretized version of the PIN diode with each element containing a SPICE-compatible PIN diode model. Each element in this discretized model has a carrier lifetime that can be varied, allowing both bulk and surface effects to be modeled. Simulations of a PIN diode suitable for microwave and RF switching are performed, with the results showing the variation of resistance and effective carrier lifetime as a function of the surface carrier lifetime. The model is then applied to a series reflective PIN diode switch; the model shows that the insertion loss of the switch may vary by several tenths of a dB depending on surface conditions. Simulations also show the core region of the PIN diode experiencing a higher temperature than the surface due to increased current density in this region.
Differential NOVA2-Mediated Splicing in Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons Regulates Cortical Development and Cerebellar Function.

Summary RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate genetic diversity, but the degree to which they do so in individual cell types in vivo is unknown. We developed NOVA2 cTag-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) to generate functional RBP-RNA maps from different neuronal populations in the mouse brain. Combining cell type datasets from Nova2-cTag and Nova2 conditional knockout mice revealed differential NOVA2 regulatory actions on alternative splicing (AS) on the same transcripts expressed in different neurons. This includes functional differences in transcripts expressed in cortical and cerebellar excitatory versus inhibitory neurons, where we find NOVA2 is required for, respectively, development of laminar structure, motor coordination, and synapse formation. We also find that NOVA2-regulated AS is coupled to NOVA2 regulation of intron retention in hundreds of transcripts, which can sequester the trans-acting splicing factor PTBP2. In summary, cTag-CLIP complements single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) studies by providing a means for understanding RNA regulation of functional cell diversity.
Solid Stress in Brain Tumors.

A solid brain tumor mass places compressive forces on adjacent normal brain tissue, and clinically presents as impaired motor performance in cancer patients, ultimately limiting their quality of life. In a recent article by Jain and colleagues (Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2019;3:230–245), the biological consequences of mechanical forces imparted by a growing tumor mass are explored in both mouse models and human brain tumors, revealing a novel opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
β-Lactoglobulin As A Model of Subunit Enzymes†

Summary The states of association of the β-lactoglobulins are discussed, with particular emphasis on the mechanism of the pH 4–5 low temperature octamer formation. The bell-shaped pH dependence of this reaction is explained, linking it to a small conformational change observed in the same pH range. The physico-chemical properties of this protein are examined in terms of the allosteric model and it is proposed that β-lactoglobulin is a good model of subunit allosteric enzyme systems.
Thalamic and extra-thalamic connections of the Globus Pallidus in the human brain: The ultradirect pathway

Abstract A dominant framework for understanding loss and recovery of consciousness, particularly in the context of severe brain injury, focuses on cortico-subcortical recurrent interactions, with a strong emphasis on excitatory thalamofugal projections. Recent work in healthy volunteers and patients, however, suggests a previously unappreciated role for the globus pallidus pars externa in maintaining a state of consciousness – a finding that is consistent with non-human animal work demonstrating the existence of direct (i.e., extrathalamic) pallido-cortical projections as well as their involvement in modulating electrocortical arousal and sleep. Leveraging on the high-quality Human Connectome Project dataset, we report for the first time in humans, in vivo evidence of (direct) pallido-cortical and pallido-thalamic projections, distinguishing between internal and external pallidal regions. Our data confirm, in humans, the existence of an “ultradirect” extra-thalamic pallido-cortical pathway, with the pars externa connecting preferentially, and extensively, to prefrontal cortex and the pars interna primarily connecting to sensorimotor cortical areas. Furthermore, we also report, for the first time in humans, the likely existence of a direct pathway uniting the globus pallidus pars externa and the medio-dorsal areas of thalamus often implicated in maintenance and recovery of consciousness. Consistent with the pallido-cortical connectivity results, the pars interna appeared to predominantly connect with the sensorimotor areas of thalamus. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the existence in humans of an extra-thalamic “ultradirect” pallido-cortical pathway and suggest a central role of the external segment of the globus pallidum in supporting consciousness.
Investigation of substrate specificity of sialidases with membrane mimetic glycoconjugates

Sialidases or neuraminidases play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes by cleaving terminal sialic acids (Sias) (desialylation) from the glycans of both glycoproteins and glycolipids. To understand the biological significance of desialylation by sialidases, it is important to investigate enzyme specificity with native substrate in biological membrane of cells. Herein, we report a membrane-mimicking system with liposome ganglioside conjugates containing different lipids for evaluating substrate specificity of sialidase and the lipid effect on the enzyme activity. Briefly, liposomes of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol with ganglioside (GM3 or GM1) along with different percentage of phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were prepared and characterized. Their desialylation profiles with Arthrobacter ureafaciens (bacterial) sialidase and H1N1 (influenza viral) sialidase were quantified by HPLC method. A diversity of substrate preference was found for both bacterial and viral sialidase to the liposome ganglioside conjugate platform. The apparent Km and Vmax were dependent on the type of lipid. These results indicate that the intrinsic characteristics of the membrane-like system affect the sialidase specificity and activity. This biomimetic substrate provides a better tool for unravelling the substrate specificity and the biological function of sialidases and for screening of functional sialidase inhibitors as well.
小鸟的述说：推特如何正在颠覆股东积极主义 (A Little Birdie Said: How Twitter Is Disrupting Shareholder Activism)

Chinese Abstract: 译者按: 股东正在像推特这样的新社会媒体上进行组织和调动。这改变了股东委托书争夺中的态势，其方式更有利于股东而非管理层。至少从股东财富最大化这一视角看，颠覆性的技术可能会带来股东革命，尽管这可能不符合股东最佳利益，同样也可能对公司社会责任的未来产生重大影响。 English Abstract: Shareholders are organizing and mobilizing on new social media platforms like Twitter. This changes the dynamics of shareholder proxy contests in ways that favor shareholders over management. Disruptive technology may bring about a shareholder revolution, which may not be in shareholders’ best interests, at least from the perspective of shareholder wealth maximization, and it also has powerful implications for the future of corporate social responsibility.
Global Gene Expression Analysis of the Brainstem in EV71- and CVA16-Infected Gerbils

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are the two most important pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). However, the neuropathogenesis of EV71 and CVA16 has not been elucidated. In our previous study, we established gerbils as a useful model for both EV71 and CVA16 infection. In this work, we used RNA-seq technology to analyze the global gene expression of the brainstem of EV71- and CVA16-infected gerbils. We found that 3434 genes were upregulated while 916 genes were downregulated in EV71-infected gerbils. In CVA16-infected gerbils, 1039 genes were upregulated, and 299 genes were downregulated. We also found significant dysregulation of cytokines, such as IP-10 and CXCL9, in the brainstem of gerbils. The expression levels of 10 of the most upregulated genes were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, and the upregulated tendency of most genes was in accordance with the differential gene expression (DGE) results. Our work provided global gene expression analysis of virus-infected gerbils and laid a solid foundation for elucidating the neuropathogenesis mechanisms of EV71 and CVA16.
Treatment-Resistant Depression: Deep Brain Stimulation

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is an ongoing area of concern in public health, with increasing interest in the psychiatric scientific community, carrying great personal and societal costs. Patients are left with few options after failing psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches, other than neuromodulation (electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) and novel treatments such as ketamine. These patients undergo more medication trials and hospitalizations, have higher rates of disability, and have higher rates of suicide. The use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for this disorder has the potential of providing a new treatment to address this serious condition once less invasive strategies failed. A number of different targets involving modulation of mood neurocircuitry have been investigated in the last 15 years. This chapter will review the history and current evidence of DBS at various targets for the treatment of affective disorders and provide insights into the field.
Have a Personal Mission and Vision [The Way Ahead]

Do you have a vision? This issue of IEEE Potentials is about medical technology. I want to consider vision as a concept that encompasses more than just the physical ability to see or technology that helps with physical vision. Most organizations have mission and vision statements. A mission statement defines the organization’s business, its objectives, and its approach to reaching those objectives, whereas a vision statement describes the desired future position of the organization. The mission statement describes what you want to do now, and the vision statement outlines what you want to be in the future. The IEEE’s mission statement is “IEEE’s core purpose is to foster technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity.”
CHAPTER SIXTEEN – Descriptive Statistics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics deals with the gathering, recording, organizing, and measuring of data. The chapter describes the way by which recorded data can be organized and reported in a statistical table called a frequency distribution. The advantage of a frequency distribution is that it displays the data in a clearer, more organized manner. The disadvantage of a frequency distribution is that the accuracy of the raw data is lost. A histogram is a special type of bar graph in which the bars are not separated. A line graph can be drawn from a frequency distribution by plotting a point at a height equal to the frequency for the category or class and then connecting the plotted points with line segments. An advantage of a line graph is that two sets of data can be easily compared. A pie chart is an effective way of showing the distribution of a total budget to departments. It visually shows what part of the pie each department is getting.
Resident perception of standardization and credentialing for high‐risk bedside procedures in cardiothoracic surgery: Results from an institutional pilot study

Objectives Though clear-guidelines are set by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS) for the operative cases that cardiothoracic surgery residents must perform to be board-eligible, no such recommendations exist to assess competency for the wide range of high-risk bedside procedures. Our department created and implemented a multidisciplinary course designed to standardize common high-risk bedside procedures and credential our trainees. The aim of this study was to survey the attitudes of residents towards and query the efficacy of such a course. Methods The course was designed with the goal of standardizing endotracheal intubation, arterial line insertion (radial and femoral), central venous line insertion, pigtail tube thoracostomy, thoracentesis and nasogastric tube placement. The course consisted of an online module followed by a 4-hour hands-on simulation session. Knowledge-based pre- and post-evaluations were administered as well as a Likert-based survey regarding multiple aspects of the residents' perceptions of the course and the procedures. Results Twenty-three (7 traditional and 16 integrated) cardiothoracic surgical residents participated in the course. Residents reported that 48% of the time, bedside procedures were historically taught by other trainees rather than by faculty. All residents endorsed increased standardization of all procedures after the course. Likewise, residents showed increased confidence in all procedures except for pigtail tube thoracostomy, thoracentesis as well as nasogastric tube placement. 43.5% of the participants demonstrated improvement in the pretest and posttest knowledge-based evaluations. Conclusion Cardiothoracic residents have favorable attitudes towards standardization and credentialing for high-risk bedside procedures and utilizing such courses may help standardize procedural techniques.
TIL in Melanoma-Similar Approaches, Different Results, Unanswered Questions.

Prior treatment with anti-PD-1 and/or BRAF-targeted therapies was associated with limited activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in metastatic melanoma. Recent insights into mechanisms of action for TIL and anti-PD-1 provide the foundation for understanding differences in outcomes in different trials or populations, and a roadmap for developing improved products.See related article by Seitter et al. p. XXXX.