cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The future of entrepreneurship: the few or the many?

Gazelles (high-growth), unicorns (ventures valued at $1 billion), and decacorns (ventures valued at $10 billion) appear to be dominating the landscape of entrepreneurship. In 2021, there were more than 700 ventures that have been valued at $1 billion or more by venture capitalists, and there seems to be a continued trend in more arising. However, the facts show that small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for over 90% of businesses and 50% of employment of the worldwide population, contributing up to 55% of GDP in developed economies. Thus, it is clear that in developed countries, small firms are the economy. However, the entire realm of entrepreneurship appears to drifting slowly away from the importance of smaller firms and focusing the entire emphasis on the relatively few tech giants. These giant corporations are now viewed through the prism of entrepreneurship. Thus, we ask quo vadis — where will the focus of entrepreneurship be post-COVID-19 — centralization or democratization? For researchers and policy makers, shedding some light on this question may help in the formulation of research agendas and policy directions. Entrepreneurship is at a crossroads. Gazelles and unicorns (high growth ventures) are proliferating at a breathtaking pace yet, the true heartbeat of a vibrant economy is the growth of small and medium sized ventures. We ask the question: quo vadis-where are we going? In doing so we examine the proliferation of the fast growing “blitzscaled” ventures in comparison to the democratization of smaller entrepreneurial ventures. In other words, is the future about the few or the many? We further examine the threat against democracy and entrepreneurship in light of the recent Covid pandemic. One of the potentially powerful allies of the greater democratization of entrepreneurship is the enormous success of crowdfunding as a funding vehicle for even the smallest of startup enterprises. Our article concludes with a set of guiding lights for this crossroads because the vitality of the academic field of entrepreneurship must reflect the full vibrancy and plethora of manifestations of the underlying phenomenon of entrepreneurship.
“The new sun is rising”: Conrad, Women, and Hope

This chapter engages in a reparative reading of Joseph Conrad’s late novels, The Secret Agent and Under Western Eyes, to argue that the central female characters represent the possibility of hope. Sedgwick’s famous critique of paranoid reading enables a new understanding of how Winnie Verloc and Natalia Haldin preserve a queer space of ethics within their otherwise pessimistic novels. By contrast, Chance features an explicit disavowal of feminist or queer alternatives to the status quo, and therefore does not sustain the other novels’ association of women and hope. In conclusion, the chapter suggests that Conrad’s domestic women explore ethical alternatives that are unavailable to the late century “New Women.”
Tangential flow filtration facilitated fractionation and PEGylation of low and high-molecular weight polymerized hemoglobins and their biophysical properties.

Various types of hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been developed as red blood cell substitutes for treating blood loss when blood is not available. Among those HBOCs, glutaraldehyde polymerized Hbs have attracted significant attention due to their facile synthetic route, and ability to expand the blood volume and deliver oxygen. Hemopure®, Oxyglobin®, and PolyHeme® are the most well-known commercially developed glutaraldehyde polymerized Hbs. Unfortunately, only Oxyglobin® was approved by the FDA for veterinary use in the United States, while Hemopure® and PolyHeme® failed phase III clinical trials due to their ability to extravasate from the blood volume into the tissue space which facilitated nitric oxide scavenging and tissue deposition of iron, which elicited vasoconstriction, hypertension and oxidative tissue injury. Fortunately, conjugation of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the surface of Hb is capable of reducing the vasoactivity of Hb by creating a hydration layer surrounding the Hb molecule, which increases its hydrodynamic diameter and reduces tissue extravasation. Several commercial PEGylated Hbs (MP4®, Sanguinate®, Euro-PEG-Hb) have been developed for clinical use with a longer circulatory half-life and improved safety compared to Hb. However, all of these commercial products exhibited relatively high oxygen affinity compared to Hb, which limited their clinical use. To dually address the limitations of prior generations of polymerized and PEGylated Hbs, this current study describes the PEGylation of polymerized bovine Hb (PEG-PolybHb) in both the tense (T) and relaxed (R) quaternary state via thiol-maleimide chemistry to produce an HBOC with low or high oxygen affinity. The biophysical properties of PEG-PolybHb were measured and compared with those of commercial polymerized and PEGylated HBOCs. T-state PEG-PolybHb possessed higher hydrodynamic volume and P50 than previous generations of commercial PEGylated Hbs. Both T- and R-state PEG-PolybHb exhibited significantly lower haptoglobin binding rates than the precursor PolybHb, indicating potentially reduced clearance by CD163 + monocytes and macrophages. Thus, T-state PEG-PolybHb is expected to function as a promising HBOC due to its low oxygen affinity and enhanced stealth properties afforded by the PEG hydration shell.
Examining Cross-Country and Sex Differences on a Comprehensive Assessment of Protective Behavioral Strategies for Alcohol.

OBJECTIVE: Use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) has been associated with reduced alcohol-related harms among college students. However, most of this research has been conducted among U.S. samples. The present study examines the use of PBS in an international context. METHOD: Participants (n = 1512) were recruited from universities in Spain (n = 298), Argentina (n = 439), and the U.S. (n = 775) to determine if there are differences in PBS use across countries and/or across sex. Further, we examined whether the association between PBS use and negative consequences differ across country and sex. RESULTS: We found that U.S. students reported the most frequent use of Stopping/Limiting Drinking PBS (M = 3.32, SD = 1.23) compared to Argentine (M = 2.89, SD = 0.97) and Spanish (M = 2.83, SD = 0.94) students. Argentine students reported the least frequent use of Serious Harm Reduction PBS (M = 4.57, SD = 0.99) compared to U.S. (M = 5.09, SD = 0.98) and Spanish (M = 5.03, SD = 0.78) students. Elastic net regression analyses stratified by country indicated most individual PBS predicted decreased negative alcohol-related consequences, although two items consistently predicted increased consequences and we observed some variability in the most predictive specific strategies in each country. Across each subscale and for 32 of 40 individual items, females reported more frequent use of PBS than males (ps<.05). CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of developing and adapting interventions, we recommend the cultural context in which PBS are used is taken into account. Although future work is needed to delineate cultural factors underlying the country-level differences we found, these findings have implications for the most promising PBS to target for college students in each country.
Low-birth-weight babies

Low-birth-weight babies have one and all the distinction of being heir to the greatest terminological mess in the history of medical science. Half a century ago some delegates from the developed countries of the day decided that 2500g decimal measure, being -2SD from the mean at full term, was awfully convenient in coinciding with 5½lbs imperial measure, so these measures of weight came to define a concept of time (“premature”) (Diagram A). In this euphoric moment there was little heed of determinants such as sex, rank, social class, skeletal structure or other variables.
Three or More Degrees of Freedom

We have seen that resonances between oscillators in two degrees of freedom lead to the formation of a dense set of resonance layers in the action space. Within each layer, stochastic motion exists. However, energy conservation prevents large excursions of the motion along the layer. Only motion across the layer is important. For a near-integrable system with a weak perturbation, the stochastic layers are isolated by KAM surfaces.
The Family Intercom: Developing a Context-Aware Audio Communication System

We are exploring different forms of intra- and inter-home audio communication. Though much technology exists to support this human-human communication, none of them make effective use of the context of the communication partners. We aim to augment a domestic environment with knowledge of the location and activities of its occupants. The Family Intercom provides a test bed to explore how this context supports a variety of lightweight communication opportunities between collocated and remote family members. It is particularly important that context about the status of the callee be communicated to the caller, so that the appropriate social protocol for continuing a conversation can be performed by the caller.
Helping Students Navigate Faith Challenges in the Biblical Studies Classroom.

What happens when students encounter the academic study of the Bible in the seminary or undergraduate classroom? Does a teacher have a responsibility to help students navigate challenges to Christian faith that might arise? What pedagogical problems and opportunities does this encounter present? How does this issue manifest differently in undergraduate compared to theological school classrooms? And how are the issues different for students with a strong personal faith commitment compared to students who have never considered the Bible to be relevant to their understanding of themselves and the world? At the 2010 national conference of the Society of Biblical Literature two theological educators, who recently published introductory textbooks, provided brief presentations on this issue. The audience then broke into ten separate conversations roughly organized by institutional type before reconvening for a plenary discussion. The transcript of the presentations and discussion provided here surfaces and juxtaposes the many varied and rich positions that are possible in this topic.
Texto literario e historia social de la literatura: algunas cuestiones básicas

Es de suponer que se me ha invitado a hablar en este apartado de la seccion «Literatura y sociedad» por ser uno de los autores de un manual titulado, precisamente, Historia social de la literatura espanola. Mucho me honra la invitacion y no podria expresar cuanto ni por que la agradezco al Gobierno Vasco y a los organizadores de este Congreso. Sin embargo, la verdad es que me extrana un tanto encontrarme en esta seccion y en este apartado. Y es que la division de la parte literaria de este II Congreso Mundial Vasco en cinco secciones y mas de veinte apartados, tan necesaria como cualquier otra division para mantener un cierto orden clasificatorio, asi como, seguramente, para acomodar intereses especificos de los investigadores, me resulta arbitraria, ya que, para mi, lo que hacemos al estudiar literatura es siempre, y sencillamente, critica literaria. Entiendo, por tanto, que no puede hablarse de esa literatura cuya historia social pretendemos hacer sin preguntarse, por ejemplo, por la relacion entre «lengua standard» y «lengua literaria»; sin tomar en cuenta que tanto la literatura como los textos literarios particulares son sistemas semioticos; sin atender al fenomeno de la intertextualidad; sin ocuparse de los problemas de la produccion, reproduccion y recepcion de la ideologia; etc. Todo es uno bajo la nocion de critica literaria, y aunque lo que llamamos «Historia social de la literatura» puede como cualquier otra practica convertirse en una especialidad, no es sino un tipo de trabajo que, con mayor o menor acierto, se lleva a cabo desde la critica literaria, cuyo objeto de estudio, aunque en cierto modo nuevo (puesto que antes de finales del siglo XVIII no se hablaba de «literatura» en el sentido en que lo hacemos hoy), se encuentra, en lo esencial, basicamente establecido para Occidente desde, por lo menos, Platon y Aristoteles.
Conversion of 5-Deoxypulchelloside I to Caudatoside A†

The iridoid caudatoside A (2) was synthesized in seven steps from the naturally occurring iridoid 5-deoxypulchelloside I (1) using a straightforward series of protection and deprotection procedures to introduce the requisite C-6 cinnamoyl ester.
Phorbol ester-mediated suppression of cytochrome P450 Cyp1a-1 induction in murine skin: involvement of protein kinase C.

Abstract Epidermal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was elevated > 100-fold within 4 to 7 h of topical treatment of SENCAR mice with 100 nmol dibenz[a,c]anthracene (DB[a,c]A). Treatment of skin with 2 μg of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) 2 to 8 h prior to DB[a,c]A application suppressed induction by 80%. Suppression was dose-dependent over the range of 0.01 to 5 μg TPA (ID 50 ∼ 0.6 nmol). EROD activities in normal and TPA-treated epidermis paralleled steady state P450 CYP1A1 mRNA content. Analogs of TPA incapable of activating or down-regulating protein kinase C (PKC) did not suppress induction. Pretreatment of skin with sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol, an activator of PKC which causes translocation but no down-regulation, did not suppress EROD induction. However, induction was suppressed by chrysarobin, an anthralin analog that causes PKC down-regulation in the absence of prior activation. These studies suggest that PKC participates in the processes associated with Cyp 1a-1 induction and that TPA effects Cyp 1a-1 induction through its down-regulation of PKC.
Effects of carbon dioxide-oxygen inhalation on heart rate, blood pressure, and subjective anxiety

Abstract Single full-capacity inhalations of a mixture of carbon dioxide (65%) and oxygen (35%) were administered to 10 adult-human S s and compressed air was administered to a second group of 10 S s. Immediately before and 2 min after the administration of either gas we determined (a) level of anxiety (measured in terms of the sud scale—subjective units of disturbance), (b) heart rate, and (c) systolic and diastolic blood pressure. After gas inhalation, both groups showed a decrease in anxiety and in heart rate. The carbon dioxide-oxygen group also showed a decrease in diastolic blood pressure, and some idiographic data suggested an increase in systolic blood pressure.
Integrated water resources management: unified process or debate forum?

The concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) has stimulated a productive international dialogue, but is criticized as being ambiguous or a tool of the establishment and unresponsive to important needs. However, its broad scope actually enables it to provide a common language, facilitate policy discussions, catalogue management practices, and support education and capacity building. Similar criticisms can be levelled at integrated paradigms in other sectors, and even the process of water management itself. IWRM faces challenges because water policy is often subordinated to policies of other sectors and because of the unique attributes of water.
Human oculomotor function : reliability and diurnal variation

To provide information on test-retest reliability for seven oculomotor paradigms currently used in studies of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric conditions, we tested eight controls at four weekly intervals, twice in the morning (8–10 am) and twice in the afternoon (3–5 pm). Intraclass correlation coefficients were significant (p
The micropolitical orientation of facilitative school principals and its effects on teachers’ sense of empowerment

Describes the everyday micropolitical facilitative strategies and personal characteristics of exemplary school principals who have influenced and enhanced teachers’ sense of empowerment. The data discussed here were drawn from a qualitative study of teachers in 11 schools affiliated with Glickman’s League of Professional Schools in Georgia. An open‐ended questionnaire designed by the researchers, according to general guidelines for grounded theory inquiry, provided teachers with the opportunity to identify and describe in detail characteristics of principals that enhanced their sense of empowerment. Inductive analyses of the data generated a description of facilitative leadership that includes seven major “facilitative” strategies and one set of facilitative personal characteristics that enhanced teacher empowerment. Focuses on the strategies and characteristics teachers identified as facilitative principal leadership. Discusses findings in terms of the relevant empirical and theoretical literature.
Modeling Coding Performance with Nonideal Channel Estimation for Dynamic System Simulators

Performance of conventional decoders with inaccurate channel estimation input is analyzed to construct an accurate and computationally efficient model for dynamic system simulations. The model abstracts general channel conditions experienced by a codeword into a collection of repetitive states, caused by type-I HARQ or diversity receive antennas, and non-repetitive states, caused by fast fading, type-II HARQ or OFDM transmissions. An effective SNR accounting for losses due to channel estimation errors is derived for the repetitive states. The contribution of all non-repetitive states is summarized in the normalized conditional information rate, which can then used to read off the correct codeword error rate from a look-up table. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified with extensive simulation results.
On the control of the MIT-Skywalker

Walking impairments are a common sequela of neurological injury, severely affecting the quality of life of both adults and children. Gait therapy is the traditional approach to ameliorate the problem by re-training the nervous system and there have been some attempts to mechanize such approach. In this paper, we present a novel device to deliver gait therapy, which, in contrast to previous approaches, takes advantage of the concept of passive walkers and the natural dynamics of the lower extremity in order to deliver more “ecological” therapy. We also discuss the closed-loop control scheme, which enables safe and efficient operation of the device, and present the initial feasibility tests with unimpaired subjects.
Some formal comments on spin projected hartree—fock theory

Antisymmetric projection for no spin-orbit coupling is carried out within the one-electron approximation. A basis set is chosen such that one orbital of the minority spin space uniquely “pairs” with one and only one orbital of the majority spin space. The general expression for the expanded wave function given elsewhere [1] are shown to give rise to a relatively condensed, real expression for the system energy. The energy expressions can be separated into parts which one can argue in order: 1 Produce a strong tendency to minimum total spin and maximum overlap (double occupancy). 2 In the case of degenerate or nearly degenerate one-electron states there is a tendency to maximize the total spin value within this manifold (Hunds rule). However, it is expected that this tendency will be smaller than that calculated using restricted Hartree-Fock theory. 3 There is also a tendency opposing and producing some departure from complete overlap. All of these effects depend on terms whose individual elements can be expected to be equal to or larger than the usual exchange integrals.
Multi-step estimation and forecasting in dynamic models

Abstract We consider the situation in which a researcher uses a misspecified model for forecasting. If the interest is in multi-step forecasting and the accuracy of the forecasts is measured through the sum of squared multi-step forecast errors, then in large samples it is preferable to minimize corresponding sum of squared in-sample multi-step forecast errors. We derive the asymptotic properties of the resulting estimator. To asses the behavior of the estimator in small samples, we perform a Monte Carlo experiment. In most of the cases considered, OLS outperforms the estimator. We conjecture that this occurs because the estimator is still defined on the basis of squared errors.
Capacity for public administration: analysis of meaning and measurement

Public administration researchers and practitioners have placed a heavy emphasis on the theme of programme performance. More recently, there has been a growing sentiment in the literature about the integral role of organisational capacity in achieving performance. While this is often expressed in the (re)iteration of a ‘management matters’ mantra, we see some disarray in the broader capacity literature both in definition and application. As scholars call for more integrated models of governance that link, for example, capacity and performance, we see a growing need for an analysis of the concept of capacity. Using bibliometric and content analyses to explore scholarly treatment of capacity constructs, this article assesses whether the perceived disarray is real, and if so what consequences it might have. We do so by reporting on capacity's meaning and measurement through an analysis of four decades of the private, public and nonprofit management literatures. While specific definitions of capacity are, by nature, context dependent, we conclude by distilling a general, conceptual framework of capacity for public management researchers and practitioners. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The quantum structure of Matter Grand Challenge Project: Large-scale 3-D solutions in relativistic quantum dynamics

The numerical methods used to solve the time-dependent Dirac equation on a three-dimensional Cartesian lattice are described. Efficient algorithms are required for computationally intensive studies of nonperturbative relativistic quantum dynamics. Discretization is achieved through the lattice basis-spline collocation method, in which quantum-state vectors and coordinate-space operators are expressed in terms of basis-spline functions on a spatial lattice. All numerical procedures reduce to a series of matrix-vector operations which are performed on the Intel iPSC/860 hypercube, making full use of parallelism. Solutions to the problems of limited node memory and node-to-node communication overhead inherent in using distributed-memory, multiple-instruction, multiple-data stream parallel computers are discussed.
RH10 provides superior transgene expression in mice when compared with natural AAV serotypes for neonatal gene therapy

Background Neonatal gene therapy is a promising strategy for treating diseases diagnosed before or shortly after birth. Early and long-term expression of therapeutic proteins may limit the consequences of genetic mutations and result in a potential ‘cure’. Adeno-associated viral vectors have shown promise in many areas of adult gene therapy but their properties have not been systematically investigated in the neonate. Methods In these studies, using a constitutive promoter expressing luciferase, animals were administered one of ten serotypes of adeno-associated virus (AAV) on the second day of life. Examination of expression, organ growth and vector distribution, maintenance of expression and copy number were measured. Results All serotypes demonstrated expression and, in general, transduction of all organs within 3 days, albeit with different biodistribution patterns and expression levels. The highest expression was detected with AAVrh10, whereas the lowest was detected with AAV4. Expression and genomes declined with growth over the first 10 weeks of life; thereafter, to day 100, expression and genomes remained relatively stable. With the highest expressing vectors, whole animal expression at 100 days declined to approximately 10% of that detected on the fifth day. AAVrh10 maintained the highest expression level and copy number throughout these studies. Conclusions The impact of tissue and organ growth on the stability of AAV expression will be important if neonatal gene transfer is to be considered as a modality for human gene therapy. Although all vectors did demonstrate expression, rh10 holds the greater promise of the vectors tested to maintain copy number in both mitotic and post-mitotic tissues. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous pressure and flow velocity measurements in the microcirculation.

Abstract Pressure and flow velocity in single microvessels of the mammalian omentum ranging from 20 to 80 μ in diameter were simultaneously recorded by on-line quantitative techniques. Both variables exhibited pulsatile characteristics in arterioles and venules. Phase shifts between pressure and flow wave forms in the microvessels were less than 10°. Intubation with the pressure probe per se did not alter flow characteristics.
Focal κ-opioid receptor-mediated dependence and withdrawal in the nucleus paragigantocellularis

Abstract The nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) has been hypothesized to play an important role in the development of physical dependence on opioids, including the prototype μ-opioid receptor agonist, morphine, and the mixed agonist/antagonist, butorphanol, which shows selective κ-opioid receptor agonist activity, in rats. In confirmation of previous work, electrical stimulation of the PGi in opioid-naive rats induced stimulus-intensity-related, withdrawal-like behaviors similar to those observed during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from dependence upon butorphanol. Novel findings were made in rats surgically implanted with cannulae aimed at the lateral ventricle and the right PGi and made physically dependent by intracerebroventricular infusion of either morphine (26 nmol/μl/h) or butorphanol (26 nmol/μl/h) through an osmotic minipump for 3 days. Two hours following termination of the opioid infusion, microinjections of naloxone (11 nmol/400 nl), a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, or nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (3.84 nmol/400 nl), a selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist, were made into the PGi of morphine-dependent and butorphanol-dependent rats. Discrete PGi injections precipitated withdrawal behaviors, with significant (P
Seismic analysis and assessment of a skew highway bridge

Abstract The seismic response of a skew reinforced concrete box girder bridge—the Foothill Boulevard Undercrossing—is analyzed and studied using finite element models. The effects of superstructure flexibility, substructure boundary conditions, structural skewness and stiffness eccentricity are assessed using spectral analyses. The results show that the internal forces and displacements of the supporting columns as well as the displacement of the deck will be underestimated if one neglects the flexibility of the bridge deck. The study also demonstrates that the seismic response of the bridge is affected quite noticeably by the boundary conditions of the bridge columns and the overall skewness of the bridge. Based on this study, a theory to explain the failure of this bridge is presented.
Rapid separation of gangliosides by high-performance liquid chromatography

We have developed a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the rapid separation of individual ganglioside components on a 5-micron porous silica gel column using a mixture of isopropanol-hexane-water with increasing water content and decreasing hexane content. Total ganglioside mixtures were first fractionated on DEAE-silica gel according to the number of sialic acid residues. Each fraction was then separated into individual ganglioside components by HPLC. Total elution time was less than 2 h. This procedure has been applied for the separation of major ganglioside components of human erythrocytes and beef brain and is highly reproducible.
On the band offsets of AlGaAs/GaAs and beyond

Abstract Recent experimental and theoretical results on band offsets in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures are discussed. A charge transfer dipole stabilization model is proposed to explain the long-range order in AlGaAs alloys. The connection between the large valence band offset of AlAs/GaAs and AlGaAs alloy ordering is pointed out. The role of band symmetry in quantum confinement is discussed.
Gender Stereotyping in Advertisements

Students are not cognizant of gender stereotyping in mass media; consequently, they seldom realize the role of mass media in maintaining stereotypic beliefs. This demonstration, based on work by Goffman (1976), reveals extensive gender stereotyping in advertisements, provides an excellent introduction to the topic of gender roles, and encourages follow-up discussion.
Synthetic and Enhanced Vision Systems (SEVS) for NextGen simulation and flight test performance evaluation

The Synthetic and Enhanced Vision Systems for NextGen (SEVS) simulation and flight tests are jointly sponsored by NASA's Aviation Safety Program, Vehicle Systems Safety Technology project and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The flight tests were conducted by a team of Honeywell, Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation and NASA personnel with the goal of obtaining pilot-in-the-loop test data for flight validation, verification, and demonstration of selected SEVS operational and system-level performance capabilities. Nine test flights (38 flight hours) were conducted over the summer and fall of 2011. The evaluations were flown in Gulfstream's G450 flight test aircraft outfitted with the SEVS technology under very low visibility instrument meteorological conditions. Evaluation pilots flew 108 approaches in low visibility weather conditions (600 ft to 2400 ft visibility) into various airports from Louisiana to Maine. In-situ flight performance and subjective workload and acceptability data were collected in collaboration with ground simulation studies at LaRC's Research Flight Deck simulator.
Visibility related to backscatter at 1.06 [mgr ]m.

A relationship was developed between visibility and backscatter at 1.06-μm wavelength. These results were developed from information derived from eighty-eight height profiles of particle size distributions taken in clouds, fog, and haze. This relationship broke down into two regions, a linear region and a nonlinear region. The linear region, the lower visibility, extends from 750 to 200–300 m. The form of this equation is V = 3.912/[1.2(1/km) + 18B]. This agrees with the theory. The second portion was a curve covering the range from 750 m to 4 km. The form of the curve is V = 3.912/[ln(A + CB2)]. These curves fit the data rather well.
Spatial generalized linear mixed models of electric power outages due to hurricanes and ice storms

Abstract This paper presents new statistical models that predict the number of hurricane- and ice storm-related electric power outages likely to occur in each 3 km×3 km grid cell in a region. The models are based on a large database of recent outages experienced by three major East Coast power companies in six hurricanes and eight ice storms. A spatial generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM) approach was used in which spatial correlation is incorporated through random effects. Models were fitted using a composite likelihood approach and the covariance matrix was estimated empirically. A simulation study was conducted to test the model estimation procedure, and model training, validation, and testing were done to select the best models and assess their predictive power. The final hurricane model includes number of protective devices, maximum gust wind speed, hurricane indicator, and company indicator covariates. The final ice storm model includes number of protective devices, ice thickness, and ice storm indicator covariates. The models should be useful for power companies as they plan for future storms. The statistical modeling approach offers a new way to assess the reliability of electric power and other infrastructure systems in extreme events.
Adrenal corticosteroid involvement in the control of liver glycogen phosphorylase activity.

Abstract Adrenalectomy results in a marked decrease in the hyperglycemic effects of administered epinephrine and cyclic AMP. The absence of an effect with cyclic AMP suggests that the metabolic lesion resides beyond adenyl cyclase, possibly at the level of the liver phosphorylase reaction. Lack of adrenal corticosteroids results in no change in the levels of active liver glycogen phosphorylase. However, the levels of inactive enzyme are greatly diminished. Epinephrine or cyclic AMP administration does not result in activation of available inactive enzyme. Hydrocortisone replacement therapy results in restoration of inactive liver phosphorylase levels and return of the hyperglycemic effects of epinephrine and cyclic AMP. It is proposed that adrenal corticosteroids have a role in maintaining physiological phosphorylase levels and in the conversion of inactive to active phosphorylase, possibly at the level of the phosphorylase kinase kinase reaction.
A role for histamine and histamine H2-receptors in non-opiate footshock-induced analgesia.

Scrambled DC current applied to the hind paws of rats caused an analgesic response that was inhibited by the histamine H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine, ranitidine and oxmetidine, but not by high doses of naloxone (the opiate antagonist), or other transmitter receptor antagonists. In contrast, AC current applied to all paws produced analgesia that was blocked by naloxone, but not cimetidine, showing the independece of these systems. These findings indicate a specific role for histamine and H2-receptors as mediators of endogenous non-opiate analgesia. In addition, a combination of cimetidine and naloxone did not abolish either form of footshock analgesia, implying the existence of a non-opiate, non-H2, endogenous pain-relieving system. These results also suggest that drugs capable of penetrating the brain and stimulating H2-receptors might have analgesic properties.
CHANGES IN SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS DURING THE CELL CYCLE

Synchronized populations of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in confluent culture have been examined by scanning electron microscopy and their surface changes noted as the cells progress through the cycle. During G1 it is characteristic for cells to show large numbers of microvilli, blebs, and ruffles. Except for the ruffles, these tend to diminish in prominence during S and the cells become relatively smooth as they spread thinly over the substrate. During G2 microvilli increase in number and the cells thicken in anticipation of rounding up for mitosis. It appears that the changes observed here reflect the changing capacity of CHO cells during the cycle to respond to contact with other cells in the population, because, as noted in the succeeding paper (Rubin and Everhart), CHO cells in sparse nonconfluent cultures do not show the same wide range of changes during the cell cycle. Normal, nontransformed cells of equivalent type in confluent culture are essentially devoid of microvilli, blebs, and ruffles. The relation of these surface configurations to the internal structure of the cell is discussed.
The adsorption of oxygen on porous Vycor glass by an EPR technique

Abstract Adsorption of oxygen on porous Vycor glass at liquid nitrogen temperature was measured using as a pressure indication the variation in the width of the EPR line of gaseous oxygen (K = 1, J = 1, M = 0 → 1 line observed at 9.410 GHz at 6,416 gauss). In this way the pressure of oxygen in the gas phase within the pore can be observed. The BET plot gives the best theoretical fit over the whole pressure range for the experimental isotherm. The surface area was calculated to be 129.6 m2/gm and the apparent heat of adsorption for the first monolayer, to be 2.3 kcal/mole. At low pressure a better fit for the data was obtained with a Langmuir plot giving a low surface area of 78.4 m2/gm and a heat of adsorption much greater than that calculated from the BET equation.
Effects of ultrasonic radiation in experimental focal epilepsy in the cat

Abstract Experimental focal epilepsy was induced in thirty-seven cats by subcortical injection of 0.1 ml of alumina cream. Fifteen of these were treated by surgical removal of the epileptogenic focus, twelve by irradiation with focused ultrasound and nine with medication. One died before any therapy could be instituted. Ultrasonic irradiation effectively relieved the animals of the seizures and abnormal EEG patterns by eradication of the epileptogenic focus with less untoward effects and postoperative complications than did surgery. Medical therapy was ineffective. Post-mortem examination of the brains showed grossly that ultrasonic irradiation eradicated the epileptogenic focus without destroying extensively the overlying and adjacent brain tissue and without forming corticodural adhesions. Microscopically, irradiated foci could be distinguished from the surgically treated ones by inter alia absence of trabeculated loose vascular scar tissue and paucity of fibroblasts and collagen fibers.
Hope: An empirical study of attitude toward the timing of uncertainty resolution

Hope is experienced when there is enjoyment in delaying the resolution of uncertainty. The main objective of this article is to identify the phenomenon of hope. In addition, we empirically test several axiomatic theories of temporal preferences which have implications for attitudes toward the timing of uncertainty resolution. Overall, the data support the extension of recursive expected utility specification to incorporate a weighted utility model of attitude toward future uncertainty. We find that the instances where hopefulness are more prevalent tend to be associated with a small probability of occurrence of a large gain. Interestingly, the degree of hopefulness is not correlated with risk attitude.
Chemical synthesis of β-arabinofuranosyl containing oligosaccharides derived from plant cell wall extensins.

Extensins are plant-derived glycoproteins that are densely modified by oligo-arabinofuranosides linked to hydroxyproline residues. These glycoproteins have been implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we describe the chemical synthesis of a tetrameric β(1–2)-linked arabinofuranoside that is capped by an α(1–3)-arabinofuranoside and a similar trisaccharide lacking the capping moiety. The challenging β(1–2)-linked arabinofuranosides were installed by using an arabinofuranosyl donor protected with 3,5-O-(di-tert-butylsilane) and a C-2 2-methylnaphthyl (Nap) ether. It was found that the cyclic silane-protecting group of the glycosyl donor greatly increased β-anomeric selectivity. It was, however, imperative to remove the silane-protecting group of an arabinosyl acceptor to achieve optimal anomeric selectivities. The anomeric linker of the synthetic compounds was modified by a biotin moiety for immobilization of the compounds to microtiter plates coated with streptavidine. The resulting microtiter plates were employed to screen for binding against a panel of antibodies elicited against plant cell wall polysaccharides.
Comparison Between Static Training and Various Dynamic Training Programs

Abstract Fifty-seven male college students were trained statically three times weekly for 12 weeks. One hundred and seventy-seven students were trained the same length of time on dynamic training programs which varied in bouts and repetitions. Analysis of covariance showed that the ten groups varied significantly. The mean difference to be significant at the .05 level showed that the statically trained group was not significantly different in strength improvement from seven dynamically trained groups. The group that trained dynamically for three bouts and six repetitions per bout exceeded the static group in improvement and the group that trained dynamically for two bouts and two repetitions per bout was inferior to the static group.
INHIBITION OF THYROIDAL RADIOIODINE UPTAKE BY HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

Thyroidal 24 hour uptake of 131 I declined by 25 per cent or more of the control value following the short-term administration of human growth hormone in 8 of 15 children with hypopituitarism and in 1 of 5 subjects with growth retardation of other etiology, an effect which was reversed by giving exogenous thyrotropin. The plasma concentration of thyrotropin decreased 20 to 40 per cent in 2 boys with acquired hypothyroidism following administration of human growth hormone. It is hypothesized that growth hormone inhibits the pituitary synthesis and/or release of thyrotropin.
Effects of Cultivar and Processing Condition on Physicochemical Properties and Starch Fractions in Parboiled Rice

ABSTRACT Starch can be classified into rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) according to its resistance to amylolytic enzymes. This study investigated the effects of cultivar and feedstock under varying parboiling conditions on the physicochemical properties and starch fractions of parboiled rice. Rice (rough or brown) was soaked, steamed under pressure, dried immediately or stored at room temperature for 24 hr prior to drying, and then treated with or without a repeated steam cycle prior to milling. The storage treatment significantly increased the retrograded amylopectin enthalpy and amylose-lipid complex melting temperature of parboiled rice. Parboiled rice samples prepared from brown rice feedstock had higher peak melting temperatures but lower enthalpy values of retrograded amylopectin than samples prepared from rough rice after the storage treatment. The pasting viscosity of parboiled rice was most affected by the repeated autoclaving treatment a...
Actions of cholera toxin on dispersed Chief cells from guinea pig stomach.

Abstract Although much is known about the actions of cholera toxin on intestinal and extra-gastrointestinal tissues, almost nothing is known about the interaction of this toxin with cells in the stomach. In the present study, we prepared 125I-labeled cholera toxin (1900 Ci/mmol) and examined the binding of this radioligand to dispersed Chief cells from guinea pig stomach. Moreover, we examined the actions of cholera toxin on cellular cAMP and pepsinogen secretion from Chief cells. Binding of 125I-labeled cholera toxin could be detected within 5 min, was maximal by 60 min, and was increased by increasing the radioligand or cell concentrations. Inhibition of binding by unlabeled toxin indicated a dissociation constant of 3 nM and 8.7·105 cholera toxin receptors per Chief cell. In contrast to the rapidity of binding, a cholera toxin-induced increase in cAMP and pepsinogen secretion was not detected until 30–45 min of incubation. A 3 to 6-fold increase in cAMP and pepsinogen secretion was observed with maximal concentrations of cholera toxin. Binding of 125I-labeled cholera toxin and the toxin's actions on cAMP and pepsinogen secretion were inhibited by the B subunit of the toxin. Binding was not altered by other agents that have been shown to stimulate pepsinogen secretion (carbachol, CCK-8, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, prostaglandin E1, or forskolin). These data indicate that Chief cells from guinea pig stomach possess a specific class of cholera toxin receptors. Binding of cholera toxin to these receptors causes an increase in cellular cAMP that stimulates pepsinogen secretion.
Epinephrine-induced changes in serum potassium and cardiac repolarization and effects of pretreatment with propranolol and diltiazem

Although increases in serum epinephrine are known to cause hypokalemia, the epinephrine dosages and concentrations at which this effect occurs, and the electrocardiographic consequences, have not been evaluated. Because epinephrine infusion is now being used to provoke arrhythmias in some patients, we have determined the physiologic effects of a range of dosages of epinephrine. The effects of pretreatment with propranolol and diltiazem on these indexes of epinephrine effect were also evaluated. Epinephrine dose ranging started at 10 ng/kg/min, with doubling of the dose every 10 minutes until a predetermined end point was reached. At the end of each dosage level, serum electrolytes, catecholamines, and an electrocardiogram were recorded. Whereas even the lowest dosage of epinephrine significantly increased heart rate, serum glucose levels increased and serum potassium decreased only when dosages of 160 to 320 ng/kg/min were administered. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine at these dosages were mean +/- SD 1,328 +/- 902 pg/ml, comparable to those observed in these subjects during maximal exercise (1,003 +/- 527 pg/ml). The major electrocardiographic effect of epinephrine infusion was a dose-related increase in QTc, but pretreatment with propranolol blunted this effect and tended to shorten QTc. At an epinephrine dose of 40 ng/kg/min, QTc prolongation persisted and was inhibited by diltiazem. These data suggest that the major electrocardiographic effect of epinephrine infusion is mediated by increased calcium current. At dosages > 80 ng/kg/min, plasma epinephrine concentrations are comparable to those observed with severe stress, and hypokalemia is common. The use of epinephrine as an electrophysiologic provoker at dosages > 80 ng/kg/min results in both a direct effect, as well as an indirect effect due to hypokalemia.
Material Flow-Based Facility Layout Analysis of a Manufactured Housing Production Plant

The layout of an assembly line type production plant can be designed or evaluated based on multiple criteria including, qualitative and/or quantitative aspects according to Mehrotra et al. in 2005. This paper presents the process of quantitative modeling and evaluation of the facility layout alternatives of a manufactured housing plant based on the material flow aspect. Manufactured homes are built on an assembly line similar to other manufactured products. However, production process, facility layout, and material handling system of the manufactured housing industry in the United States are still primitive as compared to automobile or other technologically advanced manufacturing facilities. In many of the manufactured housing factories, the facility layouts are inefficient because the stations are arranged without any prior planning and evaluation. The facility layout technologies in industrial engineering are used to develop an efficient facility layout for a manufactured housing plant. A manufactured housing plant was used as a case study plant. A material-flow based quantitative model was developed and implemented in a facility layout evaluation software program, FACTORYFLOW by EDS in 2002. The software was used to analyze the impact of material-flow on the facility layout of the case study plant and to develop alternatives. These layout alternatives were evaluated based on the feasibility and the projected cost savings. The analysis results indicated that many alternatives will result in cost savings as compared to existing layout. Once the alternatives were generated and evaluated, the comprehensive process steps for evaluating the facility layout alternatives based on the material-flow were developed in the form of a process flow diagram.
Strengthening the dementia care triad: identifying knowledge gaps and linking to resources

This article describes a project to identify the needs of family caregivers and health care providers caring for persons with dementia. Participants included 128 caregivers, who completed a survey, and 27 health care providers, who participated in a focus group and completed a survey. Caregivers reported their primary source of information about the disease was the doctor; however, the majority also reported they were primarily informed of medications and not about needed resources. Health care providers identified limited time with patients and families, and lack of awareness of community services, as their main challenges. Recommendations include strengthening the partnership between physicians, patients, and caregivers (the dementia care triad) through additional support and training for physicians and caregivers, increasing awareness of the Alzheimer's Association, and utilization of technology for families and professionals to track the needs of persons with dementia.