cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corn Fiber: Structure, Composition, and Response to Enzymes for Fermentable Sugars and Coproducts

Corn (Zea mays L.) fiber, which is the seed coat and residual endosperm left after grain processing, is a low-value residue that contains carbohydrates and aromatic compounds that could provide value-added coproducts. Treatment of corn fiber with NaOH and assessment by gas chromatography indicated a prevalence of ferulic acid, with about 90% ester-linked in the cell walls. p-Coumaric acid was much lower at about 10% of the amount of ferulic acid. Histochemical reactions employing acid phloroglucinol and diazotized sulfanilic acid indicated the presence of phenolic acids in cell walls of the pericarp and aleurone layer. Various protocols were tested using milled corn fiber and pretreatment with commercial ferulic acid esterases before cellulase treatment, and dry weight loss and sugars and phenolic acids released into the filtrate were evaluated. Ferulic acid esterases effectively degraded corn fiber and released substantial amounts of ferulic acid and sugars (e.g., glucose and xylose) in the incubation medium. Light microscopy showed that ferulic acid esterase substantially disrupted the aleurone layer but caused little visible damage to the lignified pericarp cell walls. Amounts of compounds released varied with protocols, and one study with various milling methods showed that esterase pretreatment followed by cellulase released about 2.8 to 4.4 and 1.5 to 2.9 times more ferulic acid and glucose, respectively, than cellulase alone. The highest levels for one lot of corn fiber with esterase pretreatment followed by cellulase were 3.9 and 218 mg/g of ferulic acid and glucose, respectively.
Differential development of cholinergic-like neurons in the superior olive: a light microscopic study

To better understand the development of cholinergic-like neurons within the superior olivary complex, we investigated the onset and distribution of two well-known markers of cholinergic-like neurons in hamsters: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). From embryonic day (E) 14 through postnatal day (P) 0, olivary cells immunopositive for ChAT were restricted to the rostral periolivary (RPO) area. Between P0 and P3, ChAT-positive cells are found in progressively more caudal and ventral periolivary locations. Although rostral and ventral periolivary cells exhibited an early onset of ChAT expression, stable numbers were not reached until P4. In contrast, ChAT expression within the lateral superior olive (LSO) is not visible until after P0 and higher numbers of ChAT-positive cells are obtained by P5. The AChE expression lags several days but follows roughly the same pattern of onset as for ChAT. Additionally in rostral and ventral periolivary regions as well as in the LSO, there were fewer AChE-labeled cells than ChAT-labeled cells. The observed temporal relationships in cholinergic-like expression within olivary cells suggest that different cholinergic-like populations may be defined on the basis of the onset of neurotransmitter-related enzymes: RPO cells are first, cells in ventral periolivary regions are second, and cells associated with the LSO are last. The differences observed in the onset of ChAT and AChE expression may reflect differences in the timing of target innervation as well as differences in synaptogenesis.
Aspergillus pneumonia in chronic granulomatous disease: recurrence and long-term outcome.

ABSTRACT. Four of 13 patients followed with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) developed biopsy-proven Aspergillus pneumonia. Two patients died of disseminated aspergillosis despite intensive treatment; delays in diagnosis appear to have been a major contributing cause. Two patients survived two episodes each of Aspergillus pneumonia, three and six years apart. At 12 and 18 years of age, both are well and active, although their chest X-rays show residual scarring and pulmonary function tests indicate obstructive lung disease. These cases demonstrate that in patients with CGD, 1) multiple episodes of Aspergillus pneumonia can occur; 2) effective immunity to the organism does not develop after infection; and 3) some survivors of Aspergillus pneumonia experience only minimal morbidity.
Heuristic Strategies for Using Computers to Enrich Education.

Computers differ from other technology in an important way—they are part and parcel of a growing body of insights about human problem-solvers. The accomplishments of young students, in particular, suggest that certain aspects of computing are directly related to a deep view of education. This paper examines the basis for such a relationship, and proposes a heuristic methodology for bringing it about. The methodology is derived from the view that the primary function of education is to liberate human potential. Four heuristic strategies for using student-controlled computing to support this view are given. The relation of such a use of technology to the role of human teachers, and to the technology of CAI are also discussed. An example of how the heuristic methodology has been used to design a new approach to math education (Soloworks) is described.
Revitalizing Teacher Education by Revisiting Our Assumptions about Teaching.

The state of teaching and teacher education is the result of more than a century of compromises and adjustments demanded by the exigencies of another era. During the late 19th and early 20th centur...
Observations of the Coastal Upwelling Region near 34°30′N of California: Spring 1981

Abstract Coordinated meteorological and oceanographic (CTD) measurements were made near Point Conception, California, during March–April 1981. The goal of the observations was to study coastal upwelling and the local characteristics of the assumed wind driving. Results showed substantial topographically-induced spatial structure in the near-surface winds, with weaker winds generally occurring within the Santa Barbara Channel. The 1981 “spring transition” event was monitored by mews of hydrographic and sea level measurements. The details of the event suggest that it was not entirely driven by lead wind stress. The mean sea surface temperature pattern suggests the existence of an upwelling center between Points Arguello and Conception. The individual sea surface temperature charts are all dominated by patchiness on a scale of 5–15 km. The nature of these structures is not well understood, but on the one occasion when a patch was isolated by a CTD survey, its structure penetrated to at 1east 50 db.
Thin Basement Membranes and Alport Syndrome

Classical Alport syndrome is an X-linked disease and is the most common form of Alport syndrome (90 % of patients), with an overall incidence of Alport syndrome in the United States of 1:5,000 to 1:10,000 [1–4]. Hematuria develops in early childhood in all male patients with X-linked Alport and in 95 % of female carriers of X-linked Alport and in nearly all autosomal recessive carriers. Affected males with X-linked Alport develop progressive hearing loss in one third and ocular defects and progression to renal failure in 30–40 % by early adulthood with more than 90 % with end-stage renal disease by age 40. Eye defects develop in 20–30 % of males with X-linked Alport, among which anterior lenticonus is the most common lesion. A large study of heterozygous female carriers of X-linked Alport syndrome demonstrated development of proteinuria in about 75 and 30–40 % with end-stage renal disease after age 60.
Development and application of time-division multiplexing telemetering equipment for data transmission on an electric power system

In the fall of 1957 the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) began preliminary work toward increasing the number of telemeter readings by use of existing telemeter circuits with a minimum of modifications and additions. The additional channels were used to provide the power-system dispatchers with data that were normally received by telephone. The initial objective was to transmit the load readings of five hydroelectric plants and their total from the Nashville Load Dispatching Office to the Chattanooga Load Dispatching Office. High-speed data transmission was not a requirement in this case, since no automatic controls were involved and the readings were to be used for informative purposes. In view of the foregoing requirement, studies indicated that distant readings could be transmitted to a remote central location, from which time-division multiplexing telemetering equipment could be employed for data transmission, thus reducing the cost of communication channel facilities. Investigations indicated that no suitable equipment was available for this purpose that would work with existing facilities and that would provide the necessary functions. TVA devised experimental equipment to transmit six hydro plant readings over one impulse channel from the Nashville Load Dispatching Office to the Chattanooga Load Dispatching Office. Later the hydro plant readings were replaced by six substation load readings that are used in a computer for system economic loading purposes. This equipment has operated over a 1-tone channel of a microwave system about 130 miles in length for more than 1 1/2 years and the operation has been satisfactory.
Transient dynamics and food–web complexity in the Lotka–Volterra cascade model

How does the long-term behaviour near equilibrium of model food webs correlate with their short-term transient dynamics? Here, simulations of the Lotka -Volterra cascade model of food webs provide the first evidence to answer this question. Transient behaviour is measured by resilience, reactivity, the maximum amplification of a perturbation and the time at which the maximum amplification occurs. Model food webs with a higher probability of local asymptotic stability may be less resilient and may have a larger transient growth of perturbations. Given a fixed connectance, the sizes and durations of transient responses to perturbations increase with the number of species. Given a fixed number of species, as connectance increases, the sizes and durations of transient responses to perturbations may increase or decrease depending on the type of link that is varied. Reactivity is more sensitive to changes in the number of donor-controlled links than to changes in the number of recipient-controlled links, while resilience is more sensitive to changes in the number of recipient-controlled links than to changes in the number of donor-controlled links. Transient behaviour is likely to be one of the important factors affecting the persistence of ecological communities.
Chemotherapie von Viruskrankheiten

In diesem Aufsatz soll nach der Beschreibung der von uns verwendeten Screening-Methode ein Uberblick uber die wichtigsten Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der viralen Chemotherapie gegeben werden. Die Darstellung wird sich auf Arzneimittel beschranken, die zur Zeit in Gebrauch sind, sowie auf Arzneimittel, deren Wirksamkeit gegen wichtige pathogene Viren nachgewiesen worden ist und die nun am Menschen erprobt werden.
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

The management of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection requires understanding the natural history of the disease as well as the risks, benefits, and limitations of the therapeutic options. This article covers the principles governing when to start antiviral therapy, discusses recent advances using hepatitis B surface antigen quantification to better define various phases of infection, describes the use of HBV core, precore, and viral genotyping as well as host IL28B genotyping to predict response to interferon therapy, and reports on the management of HBV in 3 special populations (pregnancy, postliver transplantation, and in the setting of chemotherapy or immunosuppression).
ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY OF CHROMIUM FROM A SPECIFIC SITE

Analysis of soil from a specific site in New Jersey indicated a low level of sodium and chromium present as a calcium compound. Chromium was then administered orally to young, mature male rats at a level of 240 micrograms/kg for 14 days as chromium-contaminated soil, as CaCrO4, and as an equimolar mixture of the soil and calcium salts for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed 24 hr after the last dosing, and tissues were taken immediately for chromium analysis. Blood, muscle, and liver contained the highest levels of chromium in these animals, although kidney contained the highest concentration per gram of tissue. The total amount of chromium in the tissues was less than 2% of the administered chromium. In a study of the excretion of chromium, the animals were dosed orally for 8 days (with CaCrO4 or contaminated soil, each at the level of 240 mumole Cr/kg), and the chromium in feces and urine was determined on days 1, 2, 7, and 8. After cessation of dosing for 27 days, the same rats were dosed for 2 days at the same level, and chromium in urine and feces was determined for the 2 days. The animals administered the chromium in soil had higher levels of chromium in both urine and feces on all days compared to the group fed the CaCrO4. The total recovery of chromium in any of the 2-day periods was less than 50% of the chromium administered during that period.
Reproductive strategies in the freshwater sphaeriid clam,Musculium partumeium (say), from a permanent and a temporary pond.

Reproduction was studied in two populations ofMusculium partumeium from temporary and permanent ponds. Adults of the single annual generation from the ephemeral pond have an annual selection ratio of 25:1 with 37.03 μgC per newborn, and an intrinsic rate of increase (r) of 0.0084 day-1. Fall-born adults from the permanent pond have an annual selection ratio of 38:1, 21.82 μgC per newborn and anr of 0.0115 day-1; springborn adults have an annual selection ratio of 136:1 (107:1 for their contribution to fall birth and 29:1 for the spring birth period) with newborns of 24.21 μgC and anr of 0.0304. The trade off between quantity and quality of young is discussed in terms of adaptive strategies.
THE NEW MYTH OF CLASS AND CRIME

On the basis of a reanalysis of the empirical evidence. Tittle et al. (1978) concluded that the presumed inverse relationship between class and crime is a myth. We discuss six problems in their evaluation: paucity of evidence; lack of specification of theoretical relationships; faulty specification and measures of class; inadequate operational definitions of “crime”; faulty analysis of evidence; and failure to examine all evidence. We conclude that the empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that low class position is a source of serious crimes against persons and property.
Infrared Spectra and Structures of Anionic Complexes of Cobalt with Carbon Dioxide Ligands

We present infrared photodissociation spectra of [Co(CO2)n]− ions (n = 3–11) in the wavenumber region 1000–2400 cm–1, interpreted with the aid of density functional theory calculations. The spectra are dominated by the signatures of a core ion showing bidentate interaction of two CO2 ligands with the Co atom, each forming C–Co and O–Co bonds. This structural motif is very robust and is only weakly affected by solvation with additional CO2 solvent molecules. The Co atom is in oxidation state +1, and both CO2 ligands carry a negative charge.
Interpretation of cardiac pathophysiology from pressure waveform analysis: The left-sided v wave

The left-sided V wave is dependent on both left atrial and ventricular pressure/volume filling relationship. The cardiac rhythm and timing of atrial systole also influences the V wave. The morphology of the V wave can reflect the severity of mitral regurgitation with stenosis, but valve areas in this setting may be better assessed by a pressure half-time method. Finally, as queried in our first patient example, V wave alternans is a reflection of left ventricular pressure alternans in a failing heart. Other signs of poor left ventricular function in Figure 1 also included an elevated minimal diastolic pressure and markedly elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Hemodynamic findings of poor left ventricular function will be addressed in detail in a later "Rounds."
High-pressure HgTiO3 and HgPbO3: Preparation, characterization, and structure

Two new ternary oxides of mercury, HgTiO 3 and HgPbO 3 , have been prepared at high pressure. Both compounds possess rhombohedral structures which probably are similar to the high-temperature LiNbO 3 structure. The hexagonal cell dimensions for HgTiO 3 are a = 5.3781 A and c = 13.604 A; for HgPbO 3 , a = 5.7515 A and c = 14.534 A. The structure of HgTiO 3 has been studied from “single” crystal X-ray data.
On the O(1D) + HX reactions (X=Cl, Br): a density functional theory analysis

Abstract The singlet potential energy surface of the O( 1 D) + HX → OH + X, and the O( 1 D) + HX →H+XO reactions, (X=Cl, Br) were explored with the B3LYP and B1LYP hybrid density functional theory methods. When these methods are coupled to the 6-311++G (3df, 3pd) basis set, very reliable information about the relative energies can be obtained (i.e., barrier heights, dissociation energies, etc.). We have examined the above-mentioned reactions, the HOX → HXO isomerization, and multiple dissociation pathways for both HOX and HXO (X=Cl, Br). The results of our calculations are presented.
Bilingual Education: Portraits of Success

This article examines the Portraits of Success project, a database that collects and disseminates information about schools that host successful bilingual education programs. Two programs are highlighted; implications are discussed.
Local stability and dynamics of apocytochrome b562 examined by the dependence of hydrogen exchange on hydrostatic pressure.

Hydrostatic pressure is used to perturb the manifold of states available to apocytochrome b562 and to examine the energetics and dynamics of the protein using hydrogen exchange monitored in real-time by heteronuclear spectroscopy at pressures ranging up to 1.1 kbar. An analytical framework for interpreting the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the physical events leading to protein hydrogen exchange is presented. The protein is found to have three regions of subglobal cooperative stability. The most stable region, or core, is composed of the central two helices of the bundle. The dependence of the global unfolding free energy upon pressure is first order and associated with a negative volume change of −102 mL mol-1. Two additional regions of cooperative structure are identified, and both also have negative volume changes associated with their unfolding at high pressure. Surprisingly, one of the subglobal unfolding units shows a significant positive volume change at low pressures (<200 bar) suggesting the...
Electric vehicle charging: Transformer impacts and smart, decentralized solutions

This paper compares distribution transformer aging impacts resulting from plug-in electric vehicles charging under AC Level 1 versus AC Level 2 charging conditions. Additionally, we propose an algorithm for PEV smart charging and evaluate its effectiveness on transformer aging. We use a Monte Carlo simulation of a 25kVA distribution transformer, with ambient temperature data from Burlington, VT and Phoenix, AZ, to calculate transformer aging under both uncoordinated and smart charging conditions. The results indicate more substantial aging as a result of AC Level 2 charging compared to AC Level 1. Smart charging can significantly mitigate these effects. We also present a more decentralized approach to smart charging and compare two distributed automaton-based charge management strategies, which both prevent the transformer from becoming overloaded. These methods give vehicle owners the ability to select among charging priorities in an environment in which the vehicles manage their charging autonomously.
Amplification primers for the mitochondrial control region and sixth intron of the nuclear-encoded lactate dehydrogenase A gene in elasmobranch fishes

D.S. Stoner1,3, J.M. Grady2, K.A. Priede1 & J.M. Quattro1,∗ 1Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Science Program, and School of the Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208; 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148; 3Present address: 513 Thornewood Court, Columbia, South Carolina 29212 (∗Author for correspondence: Phone: 803-777-3240; Fax: 803-777-4002; E-mail: quattro@mail.biol.sc.edu)
Effect of local administration of transdermal fentanyl on peripheral opioid analgesia.

Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA ABSTRACT Objective. Transdermal fentanyl is a commonly used analgesic for the treatment of severe chronic pain. Recent investigations have shown the presence of mu-opioid receptors in the skin and opioid analgesic efficacy with alternative routes of administration of narcotics. This placebo-controlled, double-blind prospective study assessed whether transdermal fentanyl administration produces local peripheral opioid analgesia at the site of application. Design. Baseline pain threshold and supra-threshold pain intensity assessments were measured using Quantitative Sensory Testing in 12 healthy volunteers. Placebo and fentanyl containing patches (Duragesic ® , 25 µ g/h) were applied to opposite forearms for 2 h. After patch removal, pain threshold, supra-threshold pain response, and the area of secondary hyperalgesia were evaluated for both forearms. Results. No statistically significant differences in pain threshold, supra-threshold pain intensity, or area of hyperalgesia in fentanyl- versus placebo-treated forearms were detected in the study subjects. Conclusion. These results suggest that the application of transdermal fentanyl patch for a period of 2 h does not produce local peripheral opioid analgesia at the site of patch application.
Identification of self-incompatibility groups in Hatiora and Schlumbergera (Cactaceae)

The Cactaceae, a family of about 1,800 species of succulent perennials, contains numerous species that exhibit self-incompatibility (SI). The objective of the current study was to determine the number of incompatibility groups present among diploid (2n=2x=22) cultivars of the genera Schlumbergera Lem. (Christmas cacti) and Hatiora Britton & Rose (Easter cacti). Two partial diallel crosses were performed, one with 19 cultivars of Christmas cacti [= S. truncata (Haworth) Moran and S. × buckleyi (Buckley) Tjaden] and the other with 10 cultivars of Easter cacti [= H. gaertneri (Regel) Barthlott, H. rosea (Lagerheim) Barthlott, and H. × graeseri Barthlott ex D. Hunt]. The compatibility/incompatibility status of crosses was determined by percent fruit set and presence of seed in mature fruit. None of the cultivars set fruit when selfed or crossed with a cultivar in the same incompatibility group, but fruit set ranged from 35% to 100% following compatible crosses. For the Christmas cacti, eight intra-incompatible but reciprocally compatible groups were identified, with 13 of the 19 cultivars assigned to three incompatibility groups (68%). The ten cultivars of Easter cacti yielded nine intra-incompatible but reciprocally compatible groups, with two cultivars in one incompatibility group and the other eight cultivars each assigned to a unique group. One cultivar of Christmas cactus ('Abendroth 6') was incompatible when crossed as a male with cultivars in incompatibility group 2 but was compatible in reciprocal crosses, results that suggest that this cultivar is an S-allele homozygote. The crossing relationships are consistent with a one-locus, gametophytic SI system with multiple alleles. Allozyme locus Lap-1, shown previously to be linked with the S locus (recombination frequency 7%) in Schlumbergera, exhibited insufficient allelic diversity for determining the S genotypes of the 19 cultivars of Christmas cacti. Based on the number of incompatibility groups in each diallel, at least five S-alleles occur in the 19 Christmas cacti and the 10 Easter cacti.
Effects of AC modulation frequency and amplitude on kerr electro-optic field mapping measurements in transformer oil

Kerr electro-optic field mapping technique with ac modulation is used in this work to measure the electric field distributions between parallel plate copper electrodes in transformer oil. The ac modulation method maximizes measurement sensitivity for small Kerr constant material like transformer oil. The measurements are conducted with ac peak-to-peak voltages set to various percentages of the dc voltages 1 kV–18 kV, with modulation frequencies in the range of 10 Hz–10 kHz, and at 3 different positions between the parallel plate electrodes with 2 mm spacing. When the dc voltage is low, there exist a wide range of modulation frequencies and amplitudes that ensure the accuracy of the measured results. When there is insignificant space charge effect a modulation frequency as low as 10 Hz and ac peak-to-peak voltage comparable to the dc voltage can still yield data of high accuracy. Some unreliable measurements occur at relatively low modulation frequencies and high ratios of ac to dc voltages when higher dc high voltage is applied, which establishes a space charge distribution in the gap which is disturbed by the ac modulation voltage. To increase the accuracy and reliability of the measurements the modulation frequency is increased and the applied ac voltage is made as small as possible. It is shown that an increasingly limited range of modulation frequencies and ac voltages is allowed for accurate measurements as the dc high voltage is increased. Although a photo diode and a lock-in amplifier are used in the measurements as light detector, this work identifies the requirements on key parameters, such as maximum frame rate and sensitivity, when upgrading to modern CCD cameras in the future work.
High order FDTD methods for transverse magnetic modes with dispersive interfaces

A new finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm is introduced to solve two dimensional (2D) transverse magnetic (TM) modes with a straight dispersive interface. Driven by the consideration of simplifying interface jump conditions, the auxiliary differential equation of the Debye constitution model is rewritten to form a new Debye-Maxwell TM system. Interface auxiliary differential equations are utilized to describe the transient changes in the regularities of electromagnetic fields across a dispersive interface. The resulting time dependent jump conditions are rigorously enforced in the FDTD discretization by means of a matched interface and boundary scheme. Higher order convergences are numerically achieved for the first time in the literature in 2D FDTD simulations of dispersive inhomogeneous media.
A Bayesian Model for Measurement Errors in Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

We discuss effects of measurement error in the study of rheumatoid arthritis. The measurement error comes from two major sources: disease-specific Berkson error due to variations in the case definition, and individual specific classical error due to uncertainty in self-reported survey data. A mixture of classical and Berkson measurement error suggests an unobserved intermediate latent variable between true and observed diagnosis. We take a Bayesian approach using the Monte Carlo Markov Chain method to eliminate the missing latent variables. We then evaluate effect of measurement errors in modeling association between rheumatic arthritis and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
Guanine and adenine-amino acids interactions: An ab initio study

Ab initio calculations using an STO-3G Gaussian basis set are performed in order to obtain the binding energy to the 06 and N7 of guanine of such amino acid models as the guanidinium ion for arginine, the ammonium ion for lysine, the methanol for serine, and the formamide for glutamic acid. The binding of formamide to adenine is also investigated. The charged ions exhibit a much higher binding energy to the bases, as expected, than the uncharged molecules. The order of binding strength is NH > guanidinium+ > formamide > methanol, and for formamide, guanine > adenine.
Lossy data compression for next-generation imager data

In the next decade, the volume of data produced by satellite-based remote sensing instruments will increase dramatically. The success of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments validates the decisions of government agencies to seek higher spectral and spatial resolution in the next generation of polar-orbiting and geosynchronous imagers, but transmitting the resulting high amounts of data to the Earth within constraints of available bandwidth will require new approaches to onboard data compression. In particular, the limitations of bandwidth will force greater use of lossy data compression, particularly in spectral channels with high spatial resolution, such as the reflective channels proposed for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), which will fly on GOES-R in 2012. In this study, we present analyses of the trade between two candidate lossy data compression algorithms, JPEG and JPEG-2000, for the encoding of reflective channel data from the ABI. These analyses include application to two types of real data: MODIS imagery and MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) imagery. The MODIS images are processed directly; the 50-m resolution MAS images are first run through a basic simulation of ABI spatial and radiometric response. In both cases, spectral channels corresponding to those that will be lossily compressed on ABI are available to support the performance trades between JPEG and JPEG-2000. The performance results are expressed in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and correlated noise, and they are placed in context with an assessment of the current technology readiness level (TRL) of the two standards.
Rate of pulmonary excretion of paraldehyde in man.

Abstract Subjects given oral doses of paraldehyde exhale about 7% of the administered dose within 4 hours. Paraldehyde itself is the only detectable exhaled excretion product. The excreted percentages do not depend on dose. The concentrations of paraldehyde in the exhaled air are unaffected by changes in ventilatory minute volume; the amounts excreted per time unit, however, are proportional to the volume of respiration. Dead space analyses showed that paraldehyde is excreted across alveolar membranes in a fashion similar to CO 2 . These findings lend an experimental basis to the clinical practice of hyperventilation in patients who have ingested toxic amounts of paraldehyde.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND PHONON SOFTENING.

A new formula is derived which relates changes in electron-phonon coupling strength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ to shifts in phonon frequencies. Using this formula, the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ is discussed for bcc transition metals and rock-salt-structure transition-metal carbides.
Comparison of free and 80S RNA-associated RNAs of mouse L cell virions.

PREVIOUS reports on the characterization of virions produced by chronically infected mouse L cells have shown that they are morphologically and biochemically closely related to the RNA tumour viruses1–5. The L cell virion (LCV) is, however, defective in that it does not induce tumours in animals or transform normal mouse cells in vitro2. The nature of the defect might be related to the fact that LCV has been found to have only a negligible DNA polymerase (“reverse transcriptase”) activity5.
Atomistic model of helium bubbles in gallium-stabilized plutonium alloys

The varying thermodynamic stability of gallium- (Ga-) stabilized plutonium (Pu) alloys with temperature affords a unique setting for the development of self-irradiation damage. Here, fundamental characteristics of helium (He) bubbles in these alloys with respect to temperature, gallium concentration, and He-to-vacancy ratio are modeled at the atomistic level with a modified embedded atom potential that takes account of this varying stability. Aside from the bubbles themselves, the surrounding matrix material is single-crystal metal or alloy. As a function of temperature, with a 2:1 He-to-vacancy ratio in a $5--\mathrm{at}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ Ga fcc lattice, a 1.25-nm bubble is very stable up to about $1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. At $1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, the bubble distorts the surrounding lattice and precipitates a liquid zone, as is consistent with the phase diagram for the model material. Between 300 and $500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, this same bubble relaxes slightly through interstitial emission. At $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, with a 2:1 He-to-vacancy ratio in a $2.5--\mathrm{at}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ Ga fcc lattice, the Ga stabilization is less effective in the model to the point where the bubble distorts the local lattice and expands significantly. Similarly, at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, if the He-to-vacancy ratio is increased to 3:1, there is significant local lattice distortion, as well as ejection of some He atoms into the lattice. The formation of new bubbles is not observed, because those events take place on a longer time scale than can be simulated with the present approach.
Magnetic force and force gradient microscopy utilizing an ultrasensitive vertical cantilever geometry

We have developed a novel Magnetic Force Microscope (MFM) utilizing a vertically cantilevered microprobe tip. This new geometry provides maximum sensitivity while inhibiting uncontrolled vertical deflections. We demonstrate the capability of our MFM by imaging domain structure in pre-recorded magnetic tape and domain walls in single-crystal iron whiskers. Good agreement is obtained between the observed magnetic contrast and predictions of a micromagnetic model.
Explicit solution of a Kolmogorov equation

Ever since the technique of the Kalman-Bucy filter was popularized, there has been an intense interest in finding new classes of finite-dimensional recursive filters. In the late seventies, the concept of the estimation algebra of a filtering system was introduced. It has been the major tool in studying the Duncan-Mortensen-Zakai equation. Recently the second author has constructed general finite-dimensional filters which contain both Kalman-Bucy filters and Benes filter as special cases. In this paper we consider a filtering system with arbitrary nonlinear driftf(x) which satisfies some regularity assumption at infinity. This is a natural assumption in view of Theorem 10 of [DTWY] in a special case. Under the assumption on the observation h(x)=constant, we propose writing down the solution of the Duncan-Mortensen-Zakai equation explicitly.
OGO-4 observations of the ultraviolet auroral spectrum

Auroral ultraviolet spectra in the range from 1200 to 3200 A have been obtained by the spectrometer on board the OGO-4 satellite. Emissions of N2, H, O, and N are readily identified. Atomic and molecular intensities are deduced from the comparison with a synthetic spectrum and compare reasonably well with some previous measurements and calculations. A feature at 2150 A is assigned to the (1-0) NO gamma band. Taking into consideration the various excitation mechanisms of NO(A2 Sigma), it is proposed that energy transfer from N2 metastable molecules to oxygen accounts for the excitation of the NO gamma bands. In particular, it is suggested that the resonant reaction between O2 and highly metastable N2 molecules may be a major source of NO(A2 Sigma).
Metered dose inhaler: Past, present, and future

Background The metered dose inhaler (MDI) to treat respiratory diseases was introduced many years ago. Due to the recently proposed ban on chloroflurocarbon (Freon) production, the survival of the conventional MDI is uncertain. It is therefore incumbent on asthma caretakers to familiarize themselves with newer versions of the inhaler. Objective To review the different modalities of aerosolized treatment employed in the management of asthma. This article is specifically focused on issues related to MDIs, the propellants, and the modifications since its introduction. Data source The MEDLINE database was used to review MDI related literature in the English language. Conclusion Dry powder inhalers (especially the multi-dose type) and Freon-free pressurized MDIs appear promising and probably will replace conventional freonpropelled pressurized MDIs when Freon is no longer available.
Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock ‘n’ Roll

In some ways Larry Birnbaum seems like an unlikely candidate to explore the roots of rock and roll. This prolific journalist has reviewed classical music and jazz performances for Stereophile and D...
Regulation of orthopoxvirus gene expression.

Poxviruses differ from the other major groups of DNA viruses with regard to their use of the cytoplasm, rather than the nucleus, as the site of transcription. Consistent with this strategy, poxviruses encode their own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase as well as many—if not all—of the additional enzymes and factors needed to synthesize functional capped, methylated, and polyadenylated mRNA. Furthermore, all of the factors necessary for transcription of the early class of genes are packaged within the virus particle allowing viral mRNA to form within minutes after infection. A cascade of events follows involving DNA replication and the synthesis of an assortment of trans-acting factors and leading to the expression of successive classes of viral genes.
Saharan mineral dust transport into the Caribbean: Observed atmospheric controls and trends

[1]Each summer large amounts of mineral dust from the Sahara are transported across the Atlantic and arrive at the Caribbean with far-reaching implications for climate in this region. In this paper we analyze summer season interannual variability of North African mineral dust over the Caribbean using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)/Nimbus 7 (1979‐1992) and TOMS/Earth Probe (1998‐2000) satellite aerosol data. We apply the ‘‘centers of action’’ approach to gain insight into the atmospheric controls on Saharan dust transport into the Caribbean and identify longitudinal displacement and pressure fluctuation of the Hawaiian High as well as longitudinal displacement of the Azores High as key players. In contrast, traditional indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation are not correlated with the mineral dust variations over the Caribbean region. We utilize National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis to investigate the underlying physical mechanisms and to identify meteorological conditions that correspond to high and low dust loads. Our analysis shows that two different transport routes from distinct source regions are responsible for transporting mineral dust into the Caribbean: a northern mode in which dust mobilized from the Sahara travels westward controlled primarily by the Azores High and a southern mode in which intense dust clouds originating in the Sahel region travel over the Gulf of Guinea to reach the Caribbean. The latter is controlled primarily by teleconnections with the Hawaiian High.
Anti-Consumption In East Germany: Consumer Resistance To Hyperconsumption

A common ideology of consumption is that more things translate to a higher quality of life. This paper challenges this ideology. We explore the consumption resistance (anti-consumption) of ‘‘cheap and low-quality’’ goods experienced by consumers living in former East Germany. We interviewed men and women who lived in East Germany about their consumption experiences before, during, and after Reunification. We present three emergent themes: ‘‘consumer resistance – emergence of anti-consumption,’’ ‘‘continued frugality – resistance to contemporary throwawayism?,’’ and ‘‘Western Brand Resistance.’’ Our research reveals a deep aversion among East Germans to the modern, bureaucratic and obligatory practice of throwawayism and hyperconsumption. We find feelings of resentment and betrayal and discover a much deeper issue with consumption: the fact that consumption is often a disillusioning experience and that material possessions and abundance are actually driving East Germans apart – making them feel less socially connected. As East Germans are swept up in the global economic juggernaut of capitalism, they find that their collective identity and sense of community is also swallowed up. Upon this realization, dialogism appears, and we uncover this as resistance to Western practices of hyperconsumption, frugality-as-an-ethic and an aversion to low quality throwaway-type products. Based on our findings, we make suggestions for marketing practice and for future research.
Correspondence Arguments for High-Energy Collisions

We assume that in deep-inelastic processes such as ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{hadrons}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{hadrons}$, ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}$, or $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}$ of high transverse momentum, the dynamics is continuously and smoothly connected to their limiting cases. For example, the process $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}$ is a limit of ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{hadrons}$, exclusive channels are limiting cases of inclusive spectra, and $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{low}\ensuremath{-}{p}_{T}$ hadrons is a limiting case of $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{high}\ensuremath{-}{p}_{T}$ hadrons. The demand that these limits be smooth we call correspondence (with apologies to Bohr). Correspondence evidently is closely related to the concept of duality, although much cruder at least in the way we practice it. We first apply the correspondence method to some familiar examples. However, the main applications are to the processes ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{hadrons}$, $\ensuremath{\nu}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}+\mathrm{hadrons}$, and ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{hadrons}$. We find several properties of hadron inclusive distributions and exclusive channels to be roughly independent of ${Q}^{2}$, in particular (a) the scaled inclusive momentum distribution in colliding-beam processes, (b) hadron inclusive distributions (and therefore multiplicity) at a given $s$ in electroproduction, (c) the ratio of nondiffractive exclusive electroproduction cross sections (such as ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n$) to total electroproduction cross sections at fixed $s$, and (d) the ratio of the cross section for coherent electroproduction of all vector states to the total electroproduction cross section. Some semiquantitative estimates are given.
Do Private Equity Sponsor Returns Result from Wealth Transfers and Short-Termism?Evidence from a Comprehensive Sample of Large Buyouts and Exit Outcomes

We test whether the well-documented high returns of private equity sponsors result from wealth transfers from other financial claimants and counterparties and from a focus on short-term profits at the expense of long-term value. Debt investors who finance buyouts, as well as buyers of private equity portfolio companies, represent the two potential sources of wealth transfers. Yet, we find that on average, public companies benefit when they buy financial sponsors’ portfolio companies, experiencing positive abnormal returns upon the announcement of the acquisition and long-run post-transaction abnormal returns indistinguishable from zero. We further find that large portfolio company payouts to private equity on average have no relation to future portfolio company distress, suggesting that debt investors are not suffering systematic wealth losses, either. However, we find some evidence of wealth transfers from both strategic buyers and debt investors in some special situations. Finally, we find that portfolio companies invest no differently than a matched sample of public control firms, even when they are not profitable, an observation inconsistent with short-termism.
Intensity of Salt Taste and Prevalence of Hypertension Are Not Related in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study

Standard clinical advice for the prevention and treatment of hypertension includes limitation of salt intake. Previous studies of the association between perception of salt taste and hypertension prevalence have not reported consistent results and have usually been conducted in small study populations. The aim of this study is to determine the cross-sectional relationship among the intensity of salt taste, discretionary salt use, and hypertension. Subjects (n = 2,371, mean age = 48.8 years) were participants in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study, an investigation of sensory loss and aging conducted in 2005–2008. Salt taste intensity was measured using a filter paper disk impregnated with 1.0 M sodium chloride and a general Labeled Magnitude Scale. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or use of high blood pressure medication. Nearly 32% of the participants rated the salt disk as weak or having no taste, while approximately 10% considered it to be very strong or stronger. The intensity was reported to be less strong by men (P < 0.001) and college graduates (P = 0.02), and was inversely associated with frequency of adding salt to foods (P = 0.02). There was no significant association between hypertension and the intensity of salt taste, before and after adjustment for covariates. Exclusion of subjects with a history of physician diagnosed hypertension did not appreciably alter these findings. The perception of salt taste was related to the frequency of discretionary salt use but not to hypertension status or mean blood pressure.
Cytokines and plasma factors in sickle cell disease

Purpose of reviewPlasma cytokines and related factors represent a burgeoning area of inquiry related to the pathogenesis in sickle cell disease. Cytokines derived from platelets, white blood cells and endothelial cells have all been implicated in the development of several sequelae of this disease.
Tu1378 Clinical and Procedural Predictors of Refractory Anastomotic and Radiation-Induced Strictures

more routinely. Perforation caused by endoscopic removal of foreign bodies is much rarer than has been described in the historical literature.
Estimation for Continuous Branching Processes

The maximum-likelihood estimator for the curved exponential family given by continuous branching processes with immigration is investigated. These processes originated from population biology but also model the dynamics of interest rates and development of the state of technology in economics. It is proved that in contrast to branching processes with discrete space and/or time the MLE gives a unified approach to the inference. In order to include singular subdomains of the parameter space we modify the MLE slightly. Consis- tency and asymptotic normality for the MLE are considered. Concerning the asymptotic theory of the experiments, all three properties LAQ, LAN, and LAMN occur for different submodels.
Enhanced random noise removal by inversion

Noise attenuation by prediction filtering breaks down in the presence of high-amplitude noise when the prediction filter is corrupted by noise and the filter response to the noise overwhelms the signal. Spurious events are generated and the amplitude of the signal is reduced by prediction filtering under these circumstances. To reduce these undesired effects, the separation of signal and noise is posed as an inversion problem. The inversion process preserves signal amplitudes and attenuates spurious events.