cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Decoupling of Water Electrolysis for Dual-Use Grid Energy Storage and Hydrogen Generation

Summary The implementation of electrolysis systems for electrochemical hydrogen production has continued to grow as the paradigm shift toward renewable energy and fuels progresses. However, issues regarding conventional polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers remain; their performance can be affected when operated with intermittent energy sources due to gas crossover, while the high cost of electricity continues to hinder large-scale adoption of the technology. To make electrochemical hydrogen production more competitive, renewable energy sources need to be used with new strategies for electrochemical hydrogen production. Here, we show a cerium-mediated decoupled electrolysis system that produces hydrogen and stores energy in the redox couples. We present electrochemical studies to observe the effects of diffusive transport, convective transport, and thermal effects. Following this, a technoeconomic analysis is done, focusing on the optimization of the system operation and the identification of target operation parameters to achieve hydrogen production at a competitive price.
Characterization of bacterial biofilm infections with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: a review

Bacterial biofilms play a role in a majority of chronic infections. Such infections are the result of bacterial colonization and matrix construction, which yield protective structures that are much...
Alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults with chronic kidney disease in North America

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to describe substance use (SU) among adolescents and young adults (AYA) with chronic kidney disease, compare these findings with the general population, and identify associated risk factors. Methods: 708 AYA participants contributing 2475 person-visits from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study were used to estimate prevalence rates of past year and 30-day alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette and marijuana use, and were compared with national surveys. Repeated measures logistic regression estimated the association between SU and participant characteristics. Results: There was nearly no SU among those 12 to 14 years, but use increased with age, and past year alcohol use was about 80% for those greater than or equal to 22 years. Rates of use among males were constant or increased with age, while rates of use among females were lower after age 22 compared to ages 18 to 22. Associated risk factors included non-Black and non-Hispanic identity, older age, and worse disease severity. Participants were less likely to use substances compared to the general population, especially those 14–18 years. Conclusions: SU was less common in AYA with chronic kidney disease than the general population, but differences were attenuated among those greater than or equal to 18 years. Ages 12–14 appear to be the ideal time for prevention efforts. As the landscape of e-cigarette and marijuana policies change, these results underscore the need to understand how similar high-risk populations engage in SU.
Accelerating College Remediation: Examining the Effects of Math Course Redesign on Student Academic Success

American colleges are redesigning the ways in which they offer remedial courses, including mainstreaming students into college-level courses and making greater use of learning-technology to tailor ...
Editor’s Introduction: The Promise and Peril of Ranked Choice Voting

Dissatisfaction with two-party politics is at an all-time high in the US. As extreme polarization and minority rule persist, a possibility of an electoral reform becomes increasingly more likely. This editor’s introduction discusses the ranked choice voting (RCV) as an alternative to the current single-member geographic districts with winner-take-all plurality elections in the US. The articles for this thematic issue critically evaluate whether RCV lives up to its promise in improving democracy in the US. Like any rule or institutional change, it has benefits and drawbacks. The empirical and historical research presented here focuses on the implementation and use of RCV in the US compared to other countries. This thematic issue offers new insights into the promise and perils of RCV as a way to aggregate votes in elections that ensure that the winning candidate receives a majority of the votes cast.
Simple algebras and involutions

In this chapter, we examine further connections between quaternion algebras, simple algebras, and involutions.
Characterizing division closed lattice-ordered rings

In this paper, we characterize various division closed lattice-ordered rings with the identity.
Efficacy of a penile variable tension loop for improving climacturia after radical prostatectomy.

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Climacturia is present in ∼20–40% of men after radical prostatectomy, and adversely affects sexual satisfaction. Although several strategies have been proposed for the treatment of climacturia, none have been systematically studied to date. This observational study shows that use of a penile variable tension loop can significantly reduce the degree and frequency of orgasm-associated incontinence, and the associated distress experienced by patients and partners. Climacturia resolves completely in half the patients, and occurs occasionally or rarely in the remainder. Objective To define the impact of the use of a penile variable tension loop on climacturia and on the distress level experienced by patients and their partners as a result of climacturia. Patients and Methods All patients presenting for sexual function assessment after radical prostatectomy (RP) were questioned regarding climacturia. The study population consisted of men who had undergone RP < 6 months before initial evaluation, had reported having climacturia on ≥25% attempts where orgasm was achieved, had agreed to use the variable tension loop consistently, and continued to have climacturia when not using the loop at follow-up. Patients were interviewed regarding the frequency and degree of climacturia, and their own and their partner's distress levels secondary to climacturia, both with and without the use of the variable tension loop. Results The study population comprised 124 men. At baseline, the degree of climacturia was small, moderate, and large in 16%, 72%, 12% of patients, respectively, and 28%, 26% and 0%, respectively, at follow-up (all P < 0.01). Climacturia occurred rarely, occasionally, most of the time, or always in 15%, 48%, 16% and 21% of cases, respectively, at baseline, and 48% of patients experienced no climacturia with use of the variable tension loop. Distress was experienced by 14% and 61% of patients and partners at baseline, and 2% and 11% of patients and partners at follow up (P < 0.01). Severity of distress was significantly lower at follow-up for both partners and patients (P < 0.01). Conclusions Climacturia is a common complication of radical prostatectomy. Application of the variable tension loop can result in a significant decrease in the frequency and volume of climacturia. Use of the variable tension loop is a simple and non-invasive strategy for relieving the distress associated with climacturia in patients who have undergone RP and their partners.
On the size of a radial set

Let G be a finite set in the plane. A point x ∉ G is called a radial point of G, if every line through x and a point from G includes at least two points of G. In this paper we show that for any line l not passing through the convex hull of G there are at most \((\frac{9}{10}+o(1))|G|\) radial points separated from G by l. As a consequence we prove two nice geometric applications in the plane.
Superconducting High Resolution Fast-Neutron Spectrometers

Superconducting high resolution fast-neutron calorimetric spectrometers based on {sup 6}LiF and TiB{sub 2} absorbers have been developed. These novel cryogenic spectrometers measure the temperature rise produced in exothermal (n, {alpha}) reactions with fast neutrons in {sup 6}Li and {sup 10}B-loaded materials with heat capacity C operating at temperatures T close to 0.1 K. Temperature variations on the order of 0.5 mK are measured with a Mo/Cu thin film multilayer operated in the transition region between its superconducting and its normal state. The advantage of calorimetry for high resolution spectroscopy is due to the small phonon excitation energies k{sub B}T on the order of {mu}eV that serve as signal carriers, resulting in an energy resolution {Delta}E {approx} (k{sub B}T{sup 2}C){sup 1/2}, which can be well below 10 keV. An energy resolution of 5.5 keV has been obtained with a Mo/Cu superconducting sensor and a TiB{sub 2} absorber using thermal neutrons from a {sup 252}Cf neutron source. This resolution is sufficient to observe the effect of recoil nuclei broadening in neutron spectra, which has been related to the lifetime of the first excited state in {sup 7}Li. Fast-neutron spectra obtained with a {sup 6}Li-enriched LiF absorber show an energy resolution of 16more » keV FWHM, and a response in agreement with the {sup 6}Li(n, {alpha}){sup 3}H reaction cross section and Monte Carlo simulations for energies up to several MeV. The energy resolution of order of a few keV makes this novel instrument applicable to fast-neutron transmission spectroscopy based on the unique elemental signature provided by the neutron absorption and scattering resonances. The optimization of the energy resolution based on analytical and numerical models of the detector response is discussed in the context of these applications.« less
Proceedings of 2nd Workshop on General Purpose Processing on Graphics Processing Units

Graphics cards have long been used to accelerate gaming and 3D graphics applications. More recently, they have begun to be used to accelerate more general purpose and high performance applications. GPUs are beginning to be used to accelerate a wide range of remote sensing, environmental monitoring, business forecasting and medical imaging applications, though have relied on programming interfaces that utilized graphics primitives and libraries. Only recently have general purpose programming environments become available that allow these platforms to be used to accelerate a wider class of applications. We are pleased to present these 12 high quality papers that were selected for the final program of GPGPU-2. The goal of this workshop is to provide a forum to discuss these general purpose programming environments and platforms, as well as describe successful applications that have leveraged this new approach to acceleration. This year's workshop focuses on a range of applications, though also presents new work in GPU languages and optimization techniques, as well as GPU reliability
AERODYNAMIC DRAG REDUCTION OF INTERCITY BUSES

An experimental program was conducted to verify the reduction in fuel consumption achievable with aerodynamic improvements to intercity buses. Wind tunnel model tests were used to develop effective aerodynamic improvements and full-scale road tests to validate the results. Greyhound Lines coach models MC-7 and MC-8 were tested with head- and crosswinds.
Restatements: Investor Response and Firm Reporting Choices

This paper examines accounting restatements from two perspectives. First, we examine the market reaction to restatement filings, using both returns and volume measures. We document that the earnings impact and whether a firm discloses the restatement through an 8K filing provides the most consistent explanatory power in our models. Second, we explore whether attributes of the restatement or of the firm are associated with whether a firm files and 8K or not. Our findings suggest that firms are strategic in their decision to employ an 8K; however it is unclear that the decision to file or not file an 8K is related to an attempt by firms to diminish investors' awareness of the restatement.
Membrane-bound selenoproteins.

Abstract Significance: Selenoproteins employ selenium to supplement the chemistry available through the common 20 amino acids. These powerful enzymes are affiliated with redox biology, often in connection with the detection, management, and signaling of oxidative stress. Among them, membrane-bound selenoproteins play prominent roles in signaling pathways, Ca2+ regulation, membrane complexes integrity, and biosynthesis of lipophilic molecules. Recent Advances: The number of selenoproteins whose physiological roles, protein partners, expression, evolution, and biosynthesis are characterized is steadily increasing, thus offering a more nuanced view of this specialized family. This review focuses on human membrane selenoproteins, particularly the five least characterized ones: selenoproteins I, K, N, S, and T. Critical Issues: Membrane-bound selenoproteins are the least understood, as it is challenging to provide the membrane-like environment required for their biochemical and biophysical characterization. He...
The ocean's productive deserts

The loss of photosynthetically generated carbon from the ocean's surface waters is a central mechanism in the global carbon cycle. Analyses of the results from three independent techniques give us the best estimate yet of the scale of this ‘export’ process.
Characterization of the heat shock response and identification of heat shock protein antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi.

Abstract The heat shock response of Borrelia burgdorferi B31 cells was characterized with regard to the heat shock proteins (Hsps) produced. Five to seven Hsps were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and fluorography of proteins from cells labeled with [35S]methionine after shifts from 33 degrees C to 37 or 40 degrees C or from 20 degrees C to 33, 37, or 40 degrees C. Analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled Hsps by two-dimensional electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed 12 Hsps. Western immunoblot analysis with antisera to highly conserved Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsps revealed a single 72-kilodalton (kDa) protein band that reacted with antibodies to E. coli DnaK and with antibodies to the M. tuberculosis 71-kDa Hsp homolog of E. coli DnaK. Two proteins with apparent molecular masses of 66 and 60 kDa reacted with antibodies against the M. tuberculosis 65-kDa Hsp homolog of E. coli GroEL. Human immune sera collected from patients with Lyme disease reacted with both the 66-kDa Hsp and the 60-kDa Hsp but failed to react with the 72-kDa Hsp. These data are discussed with regard to the possibility that host recognition of highly conserved epitopes of GroEL homologs of B. burgdorferi may result in autoimmune reactions causing arthritis and other pathologies.
Designing Nutritional Menus Using Case-Based and Rule-Based Reasoning

Case-based reasoning (CBR) and rule-based reasoning (RBR) are two paradigms for building knowledge-based systems. They represent both distinct approaches to knowledge-based systems development and distinct cognitive models of human problem solving. They are usually viewed as competing, rather than complementary, paradigms. However, our investigation shows that in combination, they can provide both a stronger approach to knowledge-based systems development and a broader cognitive model. The domain of our investigation is the design of nutritious, yet appetizing, menus. Both logic and experience play roles in this domain. Our approach is to construct two expert systems, one case-based and one rule-based, to perform the same task. We compare and contrast our two systems, to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Lentivirus-induced immune dysregulation

FIV/HIV infections are associated with an early robust humoral and cellular anti-viral immune response followed by a progressive immune suppression that eventually results in AIDS. Several mechanisms responsible for this immune dysfunction have been proposed including cytokine dysregulation, immunologic anergy and apoptosis, and inappropriate activation of immune regulatory cells. Studies on FIV infection provide evidence for all three. Cytokine alterations include decreases in IL2 and IL12 production and increases in IFNgamma and IL10 in FIV(+) cats compared to normal cats. The elevated IL10:IL12 ratio is associated with the inability of FIV(+) cats to mount a successful immune response to secondary pathogens. Additionally, chronic antigenic (FIV) stimulation results in an increase in the percent of activated T cells expressing B7 and CTLA4 co-stimulatory molecules in infected cats. The expression of these molecules is associated with T cells that are undergoing apoptosis in the lymph nodes. As ligation of CTLA4 by B7 transduces a signal for induction of anergy, one can speculate that the activated T cells are capable of T cell-T cell interactions resulting in anergy and apoptosis. The inability of CD4(+) cells from FIV(+) cats to produce IL2 in response to recall antigens and the gradual loss of CD4(+) cell numbers could be due to B7-CTLA4 interactions. The chronic antigenemia may also lead to activation of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells. Treg cells from FIV(+) cats are chronically activated and inhibit the mitogen-induced proliferative response of CD4(+)CD25(-) by down-regulating IL2 production. Although Treg cell activation can be antigen-specific, the suppressor function is not, and thus activated Treg cells would suppress responses to secondary pathogens as well as to FIV. Concomitant with the well-known virus-induced immune suppression is a progressive immune hyper-activation. Evidence for immune hyper-activation includes polyclonal B cell responses, gradual replacement of naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell phenotypes with activation phenotypes (CD62L(-), B7(+), CTLA4(+)), and the chronic activation of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells. Thus lentivirus infections lead to severe immune dysregulation manifested as both chronic immune suppression and chronic immune activation. FIV infection of cats provides a number of advantages over other lentivirus infections as a model to study this immune dysregulation. It is a natural infection that has existed in balance with the cat's immune system for thousands of years. As such, the natural history and pathogenesis provides an excellent model to study the long-term relationships between AIDS lentivirus and host immune system function/dysregulation.
Generalized Multivariable Gain Scheduling With Robust Stability Analysis

In this work we introduce a methodology for the design of multivariable gain-scheduled controllers for nonlinear systems and an approach for determining the local stability of a nonlinear closed loop system. The gain-scheduled global control is designed by scheduling different local controllers using a Local Controller Network. The individual local controllers are assumed to be LTI MIMO controllers that can be designed via some user-specified multivariable method. In this paper, different portions of outputs from different local controllers are combined into the total control by using interpolation-weighting functions. The variation in the control behavior as a result of the scheduling variable is posed in a robust control framework. The dynamics of the scheduling variables are incorporated into the global control framework as an unstructured uncertainty. This allows the use of computational tools to analyze the stability of the overall global system and verify whether or not a given gain-scheduled approach will remain stable locally. To demonstrate the practical significance of the method, a multivariable electrohydraulic earthmoving powertrain problem is solved using the approach. The nonlinear power train was locally modeled as an LTI MIMO system and a local LTI MIMO controller was designed at each operating point using an H∞ algorithm. The analysis approach introduced is utilized to verify system stability and is supported closely by experimental results.
Healthy User and Related Biases in Observational Studies of Preventive Interventions: A Primer for Physicians

The current emphasis on comparative effectiveness research will provide practicing physicians with increasing volumes of observational evidence about preventive care. However, numerous highly publicized observational studies of the effect of prevention on health outcomes have reported exaggerated relationships that were later contradicted by randomized controlled trials. A growing body of research has identified sources of bias in observational studies that are related to patient behaviors or underlying patient characteristics, known as the healthy user effect, the healthy adherer effect, confounding by functional status or cognitive impairment, and confounding by selective prescribing. In this manuscript we briefly review observational studies of prevention that have appeared to reach incorrect conclusions. We then describe potential sources of bias in these studies and discuss study designs, analytical methods, and sensitivity analyses that may mitigate bias or increase confidence in the results reported. More careful consideration of these sources of bias and study designs by providers can enhance evidence-based decision-making.
Characteristics of microsomal enzyme controls in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

Abstract Cytochrome P -450, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, biphenyl hydroxylase, and epoxide hydratase have been compared in intact rat liver and in primary hepatocyte cultures. After 10 days in culture, microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and epoxide hydratase activities declined to a third of the liver value, while cytochrome P -450 decreased to less than a tenth. Differences in the products of benzo[ a ]pyrene metabolism and gel electrophoresis of the microsomes indicated a change in the dominant form(s) of cytochrome P -450 in the cultured hepatocytes. Exposure of the cultured cells to phenobarbital for 5 days resulted in a threefold induction in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and epoxide hydratase activities which was typical of liver induction of these enzymes. Exposure of the cells to 3-methylcholanthrene did not affect these activities. Cytochrome P -450 was induced over two times by phenobarbital and three to four times by 3-methylcholanthrene. The λ max of the reduced carbon monoxide complex (450.7 nm) and analysis of microsomes by gel electrophoresis showed that the phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P -450 was different from the species induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (reduced carbon monoxide λ max = 447.9 nm). However, metabolism of benzo[ a ]pyrene (specific activity and product distribution) was similar in microsomes of control and phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholan-threne-induced hepatocytes and the specific activity per nmole of cytochrome P -450 was higher than in liver microsomes. The activities for 2- and 4-hydroxylation of biphenyl were undetectable in all hepatocyte microsomes even though both activities were induced by 3-methylcholanthrene in the liver. Substrate-induced difference spectra and gel electrophoresis indicated an absence in phenobarbital-induced hepatocytes of most forms of cytochrome P -450 which were present in phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomes. It is concluded that the control of cytochrome P -450 synthesis in these hepatocytes is considerably different from that found in whole liver, while other microsomal enzymes may be near to normal. Hormonal deficiencies in the culture medium and differential hormonal control of the various microsomal enzymes provide a likely explanation of these effects.
A scalable pattern mining approach to web graph compression with communities

A link server is a system designed to support efficient implementations of graph computations on the web graph. In this work, we present a compression scheme for the web graph specifically designed to accommodate community queries and other random access algorithms on link servers. We use a frequent pattern mining approach to extract meaningful connectivity formations. Our Virtual Node Miner achieves graph compression without sacrificing random access by generating virtual nodes from frequent itemsets in vertex adjacency lists. The mining phase guarantees scalability by bounding the pattern mining complexity to O(E log E). We facilitate global mining, relaxing the requirement for the graph to be sorted by URL, enabling discovery for both inter-domain as well as intra-domain patterns. As a consequence, the approach allows incremental graph updates. Further, it not only facilitates but can also expedite graph computations such as PageRank and local random walks by implementing them directly on the compressed graph. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on several publicly available large web graph data sets. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm achieves a 10- to 15-fold compression on most real word web graph data sets
EEG correlates of mescaline-induced pathological aggression in rats

Electroencephalographic changes in limbic and cortical structures in freely moving male rats were examined before and after the delivery of footshock, the presentation of a sedated opponent, and the administration of mescaline hydrochloride (50mg/kg ip). These stimuli presented separately did not produce significantly abnormal EEG activity. However, all three presented together produced epileptiform spike and wave activity in the basolateral amygdala of all the subjects. This activity was associated with biting of the sedated opponent, who generally remained passive and never attempted aggressive retaliation. Epileptiform activity was never seen in the ventral hippocampus or cerebral cortex. These results suggest an association between mescaline-induced pathological aggression and abnormal electrical activity in the amygdala. A possible mechanism for this association is discussed.
Convergence of spectroscopic and kinetic electron transfer parameters for mixed-valence binuclear dipyridylamide ruthenium ammine complexes

Abstract A series of binuclear ruthenium(II,III) pentaammine complexes bridged by 4-pyridyl isonicotinamide ( iso -apy) and methyl,4-pyridyl isonicotinamide ( iso -mapy), and their mononuclear congeners, were studied by spectroscopic and kinetic techniques. The amide functionality provides asymmetry between the electronic environments of the metal ions bound to the aminopyridine (apy) and pyridine carbonyl ( iso ) ends. The resulting difference is observed in the charge transfer spectra and the electrochemical properties of the mononuclear and binuclear complexes. The mixed-valence binuclear ruthenium(II,III) complexes exhibit bands in the NIR region assigned to intervalence charge transfer transitions between the metal centers (MMCT). The MMCT band for [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru- iso -apy-Ru(NH 3 ) 5 ] 5+ has λ max = 809 nm and ɛ max = 50 M −1 cm −1 and [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru- iso -mapy-Ru(NH 3 ) 5 ] 5+ has λ max = 743 nm and ɛ max = 20 M −1 cm −1 . Methylation of the amide nitrogen increases the energy of the MMCT transition while decreasing the electronic coupling between the two metal centers. The electronic coupling constants ( H MM′ ) for the mixed-valence complexes were evaluated from the metal-to-ligand and metal-to-metal charge transfer spectra using both Hush's model and the CNS method. The spectroscopy shows that electronic coupling is more efficient when the bridging ligand can adopt a more planar configuration. The kinetics of the spontaneous (thermal) intramolecular ET reactions in the binuclear ruthenium pentaammine systems of iso -mapy and iso -apy were studied using pulse radiolysis transient absorption spectroscopy. An ET rate constant of 2.7 × 10 6 s −1 was obtained for [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru- iso -mapy-Ru(NH 3 ) 5 ] 5+ , while only a lower limit for the thermal reaction rate constant could be obtained for [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru- iso -apy-Ru(NH 3 ) 5 ] 5+ . The estimated ET rate constants calculated by Hush's model are slightly faster than those directly obtained through kinetic measurements.
Electronic ratchet: A non-equilibrium, low power switch

In this paper, we present a novel computing paradigm using a non-equilibrium electronic ratchet which is capable of driving current in the absence of an applied drain bias. By using a time varying, spatially asymmetric potential, we demonstrate that it is possible to create a net current from drift-diffusion processes of charge carriers. This is especially useful in reducing static dissipation encountered in conventional logic circuits. In addition, since the electronic ratchet acts as voltage-controlled current source, we find that the dynamic dissipation associated with charging/discharging of load capacitors is also decreased. Furthermore, we show that the ratchet device is naturally amenable to a dissipation reduction technique known as adiabatic clocking. Because of the unique charging mechanism of the ratchet, timing constraints on logic inputs—an important drawback of conventional adiabatic circuits—are not needed to achieve adiabatic computation.
Interactive visualization of complex dynamic virtual environments for industrial assemblies

Interactive visualization of assemblies in a virtual environment is important to the industrial applications like design verification and maintenance processes training. In general, the difficulty and the complication of the interactive visualization of industrial assemblies arise from the facts that an assembly model generally has a large number of primitives and high depth complexity; furthermore, dynamic environments are required for simulating assembly manipulations. In this paper, a dynamic data model for visualization of industrial assemblies is proposed. The data model integrates a spatial data set of hierarchical model representation and a dynamic transformation mechanism for runtime adaptation to the changes and movements of the assembly structures. Based on the dynamic spatial database, a visibility optimization approach that can efficiently reduce the overall geometry is presented. The complexity reduction is accomplished through view frustum culling, non-conservative occlusion culling, and geometry simplification. By which, significant speedup in user interaction rates has been achieved. Since all the techniques developed here are supported by mainstream graphics hardware, thus the solution is able to provide users with practical real-time visualization of complex dynamic virtual assembly environments with affordable graphics hardware.
Perfect and limit admissible perfect equilibria in discontinuous games

Abstract We compare the properties of several notions of trembling-hand perfection within classes of compact, metric, and possibly discontinuous games, and show that in the presence of payoff discontinuities, standard notions of trembling-hand perfection fail a weakening of admissibility termed limit admissibility. We also provide conditions ensuring the existence of a limit admissible perfect equilibrium.
On the Darling-Mandelbrot probability density and the zeros of some incomplete gamma functions

Recently, Mandelbrot has encountered and numerically investigated a probability densityp d (t) on the nonnegative reals, where, 0<D<1. This density has Fourier transform 1/f d (-is), wheref d (z)=−Dz d γ(−D, z) and γ(·.·) is an incomplete gamma function. Previously, Darling had met this density, but had not studied its form. We expressf d (z) as a confluent hypergeometric function, then locate and approximate its zeros, thereby improving some results of Buchholz. Via properties of Laplace transforms, we approximatep d (t) asymptotically ast→0+ and +∞, then note some implications asD→0+ and 1−.
Victim Impact Evidence in Capital Cases: Does the Victim's Character Matter?

Victim impact evidence is introduced by the prosecution during the penalty phase of a capital case to describe the character of the victim and the emotional, financial, and physical impact of the victim's murder on survivors. In 1987, the Supreme Court voiced concern that this evidence would permit the capital sentencing decision to turn on jurors' perceptions of the victim's respectability. This study assesses that concern. Mock jurors watched a reenactment of the penalty phase in the case of Booth v. Maryland. We manipulated the respectability of the victim described in the victim impact evidence and found that jurors' judgments of the victims, victims' survivors, and severity of the crime were all affected by this description. We speculate on the way that these moderating variables could, in turn, influence the capital sentencing decision.
A Monte Carlo study of tests for non-nested models estimated by generalized method of moments

Finite sample properties of two robust tests based on the Cox and encompassing principles are investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. The tests are constructed from generalized method of moments estimators and are robust to heteroskedastic and serially correlated errors of unknown form. Non-nested linear regression models that are estimated by the method of instrumental variables are used in the simulation. Size and power of the tests are found with control parameters which include the degree of serial correlation and heteroskedasticity, the degree of correlation between regressors across models, the degree of correlation between regressors and instrumental variables within models, the error distribution, the sample size and the number of regressors.
Fossil hominid femora and the evolution of walking.

THE evolutionary origins of human bipedalisms are still poorly understood, but recent discoveries of fossil hominid femora in Africa reveal some interesting details. Especially important are several new fossils discovered by the expedition led by R. E. F. Leakey to East Rudolf, Kenya1–9. The purpose of this paper is to find the morphological and functional affinities among higher primates of these and other fossil femora in the hope of revealing more about the nature of early hominid locomotion.
CT localization of occult secretory tumors in children

Three seemingly occult secretory tumors in children (pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuroblastoma and islet cell carcinoma) were localized within the abdomen by computed tomography after other diagnostic imaging procedures had failed. The superb density resolution and tomographic formating of CT images make CT uniquely suited for the demonstration of small abdominal lesions. CT is recommended as a primary imaging modality for secretory tumors in children.
Socializing New Chairs

This chapter, which focuses on the socialization process for new chairs, offers suggestions and recommendations for practice.
Multidiscontinuity algorithm for world-line Monte Carlo simulations.

We introduce a multidiscontinuity algorithm for the efficient global update of world-line configurations in Monte Carlo simulations of interacting quantum systems. This algorithm is a generalization of the two-discontinuity algorithms introduced in Refs. [N. Prokof'ev, B. Svistunov, and I. Tupitsyn, Phys. Lett. A 238, 253 (1998)] and [O. F. Sylju\aa{}sen and A. W. Sandvik, Phys. Rev. E 66, 046701 (2002)]. This generalization is particularly effective for studying Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of composite particles. In particular, we demonstrate the utility of the generalized algorithm by simulating a Hamiltonian for an $S=1$ antiferromagnet with strong uniaxial single-ion anisotropy. The multidiscontinuity algorithm not only solves the freezing problem that arises in this limit, but also allows the efficient computing of the off-diagonal correlator that characterizes a BEC of composite particles.
The effect of self-esteem on romantic liking.

Abstract It was proposed that a person's momentary self-esteem affects his receptivity to the affection offered by another. People whose self-esteem was temporarily low were expected to like an affectionate, accepting other more than those whose self-esteem was momentarily high. An experimental study was conducted to test this proposal. The selfesteem of one half of the Ss was raised by giving them false personality information; the self-esteem of the other half of the Ss was lowered by the same technique. Women then rated a male confederate, who had earlier asked them for a date. The Ss in the low self-esteem condition expressed significantly more liking for the confederate than did Ss in the high self-esteem condition. The relationship between “stable” (or measured) self-esteem and liking for others was also discussed.
Quantum simulation of materials at micron scales and beyond

We present a multiscale modeling approach that can simulate multimillion atoms effectively via densityfunctional theory. The method is based on the framework of the quasicontinuum QC approach with orbitalfree density-functional theory OFDFT as its sole energetics formulation. The local QC part is formulated by the Cauchy-Born hypothesis with OFDFT calculations for strain energy and stress. The nonlocal QC part is treated by an OFDFT-based embedding approach, which couples OFDFT nonlocal atoms to local region atoms. The method—QCDFT—is applied to a nanoindentation study of an Al thin film, and the results are compared to a conventional QC approach. The results suggest that QCDFT represents a new direction for the quantum simulation of materials at length scales that are relevant to experiments.
Abstract 1200: Characterization of a novel radiation-induced sarcoma cell line

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Radiation-induced sarcoma (RIS) is a potential complication of cancer treatment. No widely available cell line models currently exist to facilitate studies of RIS. Methods: We derived a primary human cell line, UACC-SARC1, from a RIS. Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping was used to confirm that this cell line was propagated from the tumor. Further characterization of this cell line involved comparing 24 markers using immunocytochemistry (ICC) to immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the tumor, a Matrigel invasion assay, karyotyping of the cell line, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), DNA sequencing using the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer panel and in vivo mouse xenografts after subcutaneous injection of UACC-SARC1 in immunodeficient mice. Results: STR profiling of UACC-SARC1 was virtually identical to its parental tumor. IHC analysis of the tumor and ICC analysis of UACC-SARC1 revealed shared expression of vimentin, osteonectin, CD68, Ki67 and PTEN but tumor-restricted expression of the histiocyte markers α1-antitrypsin and α1-antichymotrypsin. Karyotyping of the tumor demonstrated aneuploidy. CGH provided direct genetic comparison between the tumor and UACC-SARC1. Sequencing of 740 mutation hotspots revealed no mutations in UACC-SARC1 nor in the tumor. SCID mice xenografts exhibited tumor formation but resulting tumors failed to metastasize. Further xenografts with NOD SCID gamma (NSG) mice are planned. The doubling time of UACC-SARC1 was 28.3 hours. Conclusion: Our novel RIS strain constitutes a useful tool for pre-clinical studies of this rare, aggressive disease. Citation Format: Julie E. Lang, Brandon Nokes, Grishma Sheth, Petr Novak, Laura Fuchs, George S. Watts, Bernard W. Futscher, Neal Mineyev, Weizhu Zhu, Lauren LeBeau, Ray Nagle, Lee Cranmer. Characterization of a novel radiation-induced sarcoma cell line. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1200. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1200
Carotid-subclavian bypass grafting with polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for symptomatic subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion: a 20-year experience.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Since the advent of subclavian artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting, several authorities advocate it as the treatment of choice for patients with subclavian artery disease, claiming results equal to or better than those of reconstructive vascular surgery. However, most of their quoted surgical series included patients who may have other brachiocephalic disease who were treated nonuniformly by means of various bypass grafts with different grafts in the same series (eg, Dacron, polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE], or vein). In this study, we analyze the long-term results of a large series of carotid-subclavian bypass grafts for subclavian artery disease in which PTFE was uniformly used; the study can be used as a future reference to compare the results of subclavian artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting. Patient Population and Methods: Fifty-one patients with symptomatic subclavian artery disease (40 occlusions and 11 stenoses) who were treated with carotid-subclavian bypass grafts (PTFE [Goretex]) during a 20-year period were analyzed. Graft patency was determined clinically and confirmed with Doppler scanning pressures and duplex ultrasound scanning. The cumulative patency, overall survival, and symptom-free survival rates were calculated with the life table method. Results: Indications for surgery were arm ischemia in 34 patients (67%), vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) in 27 (53%), and symptomatic subclavian steal in 7 (14%). A combination of arm ischemia and VBI occurred in 17 (33%) of these patients. The mean follow-up was 7.7 years with a median of 7.0 years (range, 1-19 years). The 30-day morbidity rate was 6%, with no perioperative stroke or mortality. Immediate relief of symptoms was achieved in 100% of patients; however, four patients (8%) had late recurrent symptoms (three with VBI). The primary patency and secondary patency rates at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years were 100%, 98%, 96%, and 92% and 100%, 98%, 98%, and 95%, respectively. The symptom-free survival rates at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years were 100%, 96%, 82%, and 47%, respectively. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years were 100%, 98%, 86%, and 57%. The mean hospital stay was 3.5 days in the late 70s and 80s and 2.1 days in the 90s ( P Conclusions: Carotid-subclavian bypass grafts with PTFE grafts for subclavian artery disease are safe, effective, and durable and should remain the procedure of choice, particularly in good-risk patients. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:411-9.)
Anaesthesia and the developing brain

Increasing concern about the effect of anaesthesia on the infant and young child is being raised by healthcare practitioners, as well as the public. Immature neurons exposed to anaesthesia may lead to apoptosis and long-term neurobehavioural deficits in animals. The majority of anaesthetic agents work by influencing the gamma-aminobutyric acid or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and may induce animal neuroapoptosis. The search for neuroprotective strategies to reverse or counteract the effect of anaesthesia has not been very successful so far. Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenergic receptor and may have neuroprotective effects. Available human studies have failed to prove any long-term neurobehavioural deficiencies caused by anaesthetic exposure. Large international prospective studies are currently underway that may change the practice of paediatric and obstetric anaesthesiologists in the future.
To Fumble Flutter or Tackle “Tach”? Toward Updated Classifiers for Atrial Tachyarrhythmias

Aristotle proposed in his short work, The Categories, that a definition is a statement of a thing's essential nature, and the essence of a thing are those of its properties that cannot change without losing its identity. But Aristotle was not faced with the flux of new information that confronts modern medicine. Nowadays, the argot of a discipline arises organically at the intersection of a given state of empiric knowledge and the exigencies of present scientific discourse. Thus, when the only treatment for a regular, narrow QRS complex tachycardia was digitalis glycosides or vasopressor infusion, the term "PAT" ("paroxysmal atrial tachycardia") seemed adequate, at least to distinguish it from ventricular tachycardia. We now prefer the term "PSVT" (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia) because we understand that most such tachycardias are not in truth "atrial" but involve the AV node and/or an accessory AV connection, and because we wish to report on the results of treatment specific to each of the subcategories of "PSVT." Similarly, as our knowledge of atrial arrhythmias has grown and especially as we need to describe the outcome of new interventional approaches to therapy, it may be prudent to use a nomenclature for atrial tachyarrhythmias that is based on the geometry of the tachycardia substrate, the relationship of that substrate to atrial anatomy, and the type of atrial lesions required to abolish that substrate.
Identification of a LNCaP-Specific Binding Peptide Using Phage Display

Purpose To identify a LNCaP-specific peptide using a phage display library and evaluate its potential applications in targeted drug delivery.
The Perception of Individual and Group Stability

Summary One hundred and four male and female subjects predicted the likelihood that groups or individuals would act in a manner consistent with their past actions. Predictions were made for 20 hypothetical situations. With both within-subject and between-subject analyses, the hypothesis that more stability would be attributed to groups than to individuals was confirmed. Social learning, attributional, and balance theory explanations were proposed. Unexpectedly, females perceived less stability in either groups or individuals than did males in three separate analyses.
Urbanization on the US landscape: looking ahead in the 21st century

Abstract Conversion of rural lands to urban and other built-up uses affects the mix of commodities and services produced from the global land base. In the United States, there was a 34% increase in the amount of land devoted to urban and built-up uses between 1982 and 1997. This increase came predominantly from the conversion of croplands and forestland, with the largest increases in developed area happening in the southern region of the country. In an analysis of drivers influencing developed land uses in the US, we found results that were consistent with hypothesized relationships, including significant increases in development as a result of increases in population density and personal income. From these results, we projected changes in potential future urbanization and development by 2025 given estimated increases in population and real personal income. The projections suggest continued urban expansion over the next 25 years, with the magnitude of increase varying by region. US developed area is projected to increase by 79%, raising the proportion of the total land base that is developed from 5.2 to 9.2%. Because much of the growth is expected in areas relatively stressed with respect to human–environment interactions, such as some coastal counties, implications for landscape and urban planning include potential impacts on sensitive watersheds, riparian areas, wildlife habitat, and water supplies.
Changing Perceptions of the Late Archaic: An Example from the Southern Southwest:

This article examines new evidence on the Late Archaic occupation of southern Arizona and the relationship between Late Archaic and early ceramic period groups in this region. New data point to similar adaptations resulting in the presence of agricultural villages dispersed along desert waterways. The impact these data have on our interpretation of the Late Archaic and their role in subsequent ceramic period developments are discussed.
Continued studies on a historical metal contaminated area in Southwest Louisiana

Abstract A continued study of lead, chromium, cadmium, iron, copper, and zinc in sediments in a historical contaminated site in Southwest Louisiana was performed in November 2011 and May 2012. The results of the 2011 study were compared to a previous study in 1995. Results showed that the surface core of sediments contained the highest concentrations and there was a decrease from 1995 to 2011 (and 2012) in metal concentrations.