cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineered Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Modulating Fate of Breast Cancer Cells Using Stiffness and Morphology Related Cell Adhesion

Goal: Artificially engineering the tumor microenvironment in vitro as a vital tool for understanding the mechanism of tumor progression. In this study, we developed three-dimensional cell scaffold systems with different topographical features and mechanical properties but similar surface chemistry. The cell behavior was modulated by the topography and mechanical properties of the scaffold. Methods: Adenocarcinoma (MCF7), triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) and premalignant (MCF10AneoT) breast cancer cells were seeded on the scaffold systems. The cell viability, cell-cell interaction and cell-matrix interactions were analyzed. The preferential growth and alignment of specific population of cells were demonstrated. Results: Among the different scaffolds, triple-negative breast cancer cells preferred honeycomb scaffolds while adenocarcinoma cells favored mesh scaffolds and premalignant cells preferred the aligned scaffolds. Conclusions: The 3D model system developed here can be used to support growth of only specific cell populations or for the growth of tumors. This model can be used for understanding the topographical and mechanical features affecting tumorigenesis, cancer cell growth and migration behavior of malignant and metastatic cancer cells.
Closed-loop stochastic oilfield optimization for hedging against geologic, development, and operation uncertainty

Development and management of oilfields involve several sources of uncertainty that complicate an already challenging decision-making process. Two main sources of uncertainty are related to geologic description of reservoirs and future development and operation scenarios. While geologic uncertainty has been widely studied and robust optimization methods have been developed to account for it, the uncertainty in future development and operations has not been considered. Traditionally, future development strategies have been included as optimization decision variables. However, in practice, due to unpredictable factors, future plans tend to deviate from the solutions obtained in optimization problems. In a recent publication, we showed that a more prudent and realistic approach toward oilfield optimization is to consider future development plans as uncertain parameters to ensure that the obtained solutions remain robust when future plans change. Here, we develop a closed-loop stochastic field development optimization formulation to account for the uncertainty in geologic description and future development and operation scenarios. The proposed approach optimizes the decision variables for current stage of planning (e.g., well locations and operational settings) while accounting for geologic and future development and operation uncertainties. Geologic uncertainty is represented with several reservoir model realizations, while development uncertainty is incorporated through drilling scenario trees and stochastic well placement. To account for operation uncertainty, future well controls are also described probabilistically. Prior to each development decision-making stage, the reservoir is operated using a closed-loop control approach, including model calibration against dynamic data, subject to geologic and future development and operation uncertainties. After each data assimilation step, a new stochastic optimization is performed to adjust controllable decision variables for the current well configuration (e.g., well rates or BHPs) using the updated models and potentially revised future development scenarios. Using a multistage stochastic optimization workflow, this process is repeated after each decision stage. Several numerical experiments are presented to discuss various aspects of the proposed closed-loop stochastic optimization formulation and to evaluate its robustness.
Investing in Public School Kitchens and Equipment as a Pathway to Healthy Eating and Equitable Access to Healthy Food

Background We gathered baseline data about student need of healthy, free school food, and if current school meal programming serves students in need of healthy free school food, in anticipation of the completion of a district-wide kitchen infrastructure and educational farm project in a high-poverty urban school district. Methods We used mixed methods to assess student hunger, whether the school meal program met student needs, and to determine associations between presence of a cooking kitchen and perceptions of healthy food. Participants included 72 staff, 143 parents, and 6437 K-5 students in the qualitative component, and 9078 parents and 1693 staff in the quantitative component. Results Staff participants stated packaging and reheating food influenced student consumption. During observations, students at seven of nine high poverty sites with packaged reheated food did not eat school meals, but this was not true at four out of four high-poverty sites with unpackaged fresh food. Parents (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.00-1.39) and staff (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.15-2.17) from schools with a cooking kitchen were more likely to perceive school lunch as healthy in adjusted models. Conclusions Food preparation and presentation appears to influence student consumption of school food and adult perception of school meal quality.
Mechanosensitive Vaginal Epithelial Adenosine Triphosphate Release and Pannexin 1 Channels in Healthy, in Type 1 Diabetic, and in Surgically Castrated Female Mice

Abstract Background Distension of hollow organs is known to release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the lining epithelium, which triggers local responses and activates sensory nerves to convey information to the central nervous system. However, little is known regarding participation of ATP and mediators of ATP release, such as Pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels, in mechanisms of vaginal mechanosensory transduction and of changes imposed by diabetes and menopause, conditions associated with vaginal dysfunction and risk for impaired genital arousal. Aim To investigate if intravaginal mechanical stimulation triggers vaginal ATP release and if (a) this response involves Panx1 channels and (b) this response is altered in animal models of diabetes and menopause. Methods Diabetic Akita female mice were used as a type 1 diabetes (T1D) model and surgical castration (ovariectomy [OVX]) as a menopause model. Panx1-null mice were used to evaluate Panx1 participation in mechanosensitive vaginal ATP release. Vaginal washes were collected from anesthetized mice at baseline (non-stimulated) and at 5 minutes after intravaginal stimulation. For the OVX and Sham groups, samples were collected before surgery and at 4, 12, 22, 24, and 28 weeks after surgery. ATP levels in vaginal washes were measured using the luciferin-luciferase assay. Panx1 mRNA levels in vaginal epithelium were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Outcomes The main outcome measures are quantification of mechanosensitive vaginal ATP release and evaluation of impact of Panx1 deletion, OVX, and T1D on this response. Results Intravaginal mechanical stimulation–induced vaginal ATP release was 84% lower in Panx1-null (P Clinical Translation Panx1 downregulation and consequent attenuation of mechanosensitive vaginal responses may be implicated in mechanisms of female genital arousal disorder, thereby providing potential targets for novel therapies to manage this condition. Strengths & Limitations Using animal models, we demonstrated Panx1 involvement in mechanosensitive vaginal ATP release and effects of T1D and menopause on this response and on Panx1 expression. A limitation is that sex steroid hormone levels were not measured, precluding correlations and insights into mechanisms that may regulate Panx1 expression in the vaginal epithelium. Conclusions Panx1 channel is a component of the vaginal epithelial mechanosensory transduction system that is essential for proper vaginal response to mechanical stimulation and is targeted in T1D and menopause. Harroche J, Urban-Maldonado M, Thi MM, et al. Mechanosensitive Vaginal Epithelial Adenosine Triphosphate Release and Pannexin 1 Channels in Healthy, in Type 1 Diabetic, and in Surgically Castrated Female Mice. J Sex Med 2020;17:870–880.
2019 US Forest Service National Silviculture Workshop: Forest Management and Research Partnerships

The 27th US Forest Service National Silviculture Workshop was held May 21–23, 2019 in Bemidji, MN. The theme of the workshop was Forest Management–Research Partnerships. The workshop series began in 1973 and was held annually until 1979, when it went on a biennial schedule. The main purpose of the workshop has been to provide a forum for US Forest Service managers and scientists to come together to share knowledge, approaches, and insights on practical issues facing the National Forests. The workshop location has been near a National Forest to facilitate a field day to review regional management practices, problems, and research on the National Forests. It has been held in 19 states over the years. Beginning in 2007, a concerted effort has been made to invite silviculture professors from university forestry programs across the nation to join in the workshop, as they also are important partners of Forest Service management and research. The objectives of the workshop were to: • Provide a forum to showcase successful partnerships and shared stewardship between forest managers and researchers. • Enhance forest management and research relationships within the US Forest Service and with external partners to meet shared goals and objectives. • Build on the US Forest Service strategic objectives to improve the condition of forests through innovative silviculture and active forest management. • Identify emerging forest-management needs to guide future research investment.
Application of parametric insurance in principle-compliant and innovative ways

There has been a rise of innovative parametric insurance solutions in recent years covering a wide range of risks and serving clients from individuals, to businesses, and to governments. These parametric insurance products cover risks that are otherwise uninsured or underinsured, by simplifying product design and reducing transaction costs. This paper offers a comprehensive review of parametric insurance including a classification of the types of contract and an overview of market practices. We outline the benefits and concerns of parametric insurance in comparison with indemnity insurance, and discuss the legal principle and regulatory compliance matters. We then survey the current global market and identify areas where insurance and reinsurance companies can play important roles in offering or supporting parametric insurance operations. Lastly, we offer a case study on a type of parametric insurance designed to cover earthquake risk in California.
Structural diversity in copper(I) iodide complexes with 6-thioxopiperidin-2-one, piperidine-2,6-di-thione and isoindoline-1,3-di-thione ligands.

Copper(I) iodide complexes are well known for displaying a diverse array of structural features even when only small changes in ligand design are made. This structural diversity is well displayed by five copper(I) iodide compounds reported here with closely related piperidine-2,6-di­thione (SNS), isoindoline-1,3-di­thione (SNS6), and 6-thioxopiperidin-2-one (SNO) ligands: di-μ-iodido-bis­[(aceto­nitrile-κN)(6-sulfanylidenepiperidin-2-one-κS)copper(I)], [Cu2I2(CH3CN)2(C5H7NOS)2] (I), bis­(aceto­nitrile-κN)tetra-μ3-iodido-bis­(6-sulfanylidenepiperidin-2-one-κS)-tetra­hedro-tetra­copper(I), [Cu4I4(CH3CN)4(C5H7NOS)4] (II), catena-poly[[(μ-6-sulfanylidenepiperidin-2-one-κ2O:S)copper(I)]-μ3-iodido], [CuI(C5H7NOS)]n (III), poly[[(piperidine-2,6-di­thione-κS)copper(I)]-μ3-iodido], [CuI(C5H7NS2)]n (IV), and poly[[(μ-isoindoline-1,3-di­thione-κ2S:S)copper(I)]-μ3-iodido], [CuI(C8H5NS2)]n (V). Compounds I and II crystallize as discrete dimeric and tetra­meric complexes, whereas III, IV, and V crystallize as polymeric two-dimensional sheets. To the best of our knowledge, compound III is the first instance of an extended hexa­gonal [Cu3I3] structure that is not supported by bridging ligands. Structures I, II, and IV display weak to moderately strong Cu⋯Cu cuprophilic inter­actions [Cu⋯Cu inter­nuclear distances range between 2.5803 (10) and 2.8485 (14) A]. All structures except III display weak hydrogen-bonding inter­actions between the N—H of the ligand and the μ2 and μ3-I− atoms. Structure III contains classical N–H⋯O inter­actions between the SNO ligands that connect the mol­ecules in a three-dimensional framework. Complex V features π–π stacking inter­actions between the aryl rings of the SNS6 ligands within the same polymeric sheet. In structure IV, there were three partially occupied solvent mol­ecules of di­chloro­methane and one partially occupied mol­ecule of aceto­nitrile present in the asymmetric unit. The SQUEEZE routine [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9–18] was used to correct the diffraction data for diffuse scattering effects and to identify the solvent mol­ecules. The given chemical formula and other crystal data do not take into account the solvent mol­ecules.
Skin tattooing impairs sweating during passive whole body heating.

This study is the first to assess the reflex control of sweating in tattooed skin. The novel findings are twofold. First, attenuated increases in sweat rate were observed in tattooed skin compared ...
Role of Adults in Prevention and Intervention of Peer Victimization

Based on theoretical frameworks and existing literature that highlight parental and teacher influences on the peer ecology and victimization, this chapter addresses how powerful socializing agents such as teachers and parents play critical roles in the experience of peer victimization and defending behaviors. The chapter outlines the mechanisms by which parents and teachers exert their influence, instill prosocial and anti-bullying values and beliefs, and model empathic and caring behaviors. The review points to many practical implications and future research directions. Considering alarming rates of peer victimization among LGBTQ+ youth, the authors highlight the role of teachers and parents and challenges specific to this vulnerable population.
Taking Treay-Implementing Statutes Seriously

Although a critical aspect of the U.S. treatymaking process since the very beginning of the Republic – recall the debate over whether legislation was required to implement the Jay Treaty of 1794– treaty implementing statutes are generally ignored (at least in academic circles), a neglected stepchild of U.S. foreign relations law. This conventional frame of reference gets things backwards: while the treaty spells out our international obligations, the implementing law is the domestic face of the treaty (except in rare cases where the treaty is considered self-executing). Treaty implementing legislation reflects the operative law of the United States with respect to the treaty in question. The implementing statute warrants our focus when discussing the treaty. Instead, there is a general tendency in the literature to overlook the statute in favor of the underlying treaty. This paper seeks to rekindle interest in treaty implementation statutes. For present purposes, Let’s assume we are dealing with non-self-executing treaties and no issue is presented of Congress passing a law in connection with a treaty that would fall outside of its Article I domain. Given these premises, a renewed appreciation of, and focus on, the central role of the implementing statute in the case of non-self-executing treaties is likely to yield several significant benefits, including (1) a better understanding of the precise U.S. law position on a particular issue (as, for example, discussed below on the question of corporate liability for financing terrorism); (2) avoiding the dangers of blanket incorporation of treaty language that fails to adjust for U.S. institutions and legal culture (as, for example, discussed below in the case of U.S. domestic-law treatment of the Chemical Weapons Convention; and (3) providing an opportunity for Congressional expansion of protection beyond the requirements of the treaty (as, for example, discussed below in the case of U.S. asylum legislation).
Targeting RNA with small molecules: from fundamental principles towards the clinic

Recent advances in our understanding of RNA biology have uncovered crucial roles for RNA in multiple disease states, ranging from viral and bacterial infections to cancer and neurological disorders. As a result, multiple laboratories have become interested in developing drug-like small molecules to target RNA. However, this development comes with multiple unique challenges. For example, RNA is inherently dynamic and has limited chemical diversity. In addition, promiscuous RNA-binding ligands are often identified during screening campaigns. This Tutorial Review overviews important considerations and advancements for generating RNA-targeted small molecules, ranging from fundamental chemistry to promising small molecule examples with demonstrated clinical efficacy. Specifically, we begin by exploring RNA functional classes, structural hierarchy, and dynamics. We then discuss fundamental RNA recognition principles along with methods for small molecule screening and RNA structure determination. Finally, we review unique challenges and emerging solutions from both the RNA and small molecule perspectives for generating RNA-targeted ligands before highlighting a selection of the "Greatest Hits" to date. These molecules target RNA in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and viral infection, in cellular and animal model systems. Additionally, we explore the recently FDA-approved small molecule regulator of RNA splicing, risdiplam, for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. Together, this Tutorial Review showcases the fundamental role of chemical and molecular recognition principles in enhancing our understanding of RNA biology and contributing to the rapidly growing number of RNA-targeted probes and therapeutics. In particular, we hope this widely accessible review will serve as inspiration for aspiring small molecule and/or RNA researchers.
Libraries, learning, and porous boundaries: reimagining the library landscape and its inhabitants.

Abstract Learning landscapes have experienced a seismic shift in the who, how, and what of their delivery. Typically this focusses on how academic colleagues deliver their subject content, but now more than ever it is critical for students to be confident and skilled in information literacy in its broadest sense, managing, sharing, and redeveloping current knowledge for a smaller, yet local world. Libraries and librarians must respond with renewed agility and reposition themselves as educators and enablers within porous learning environments. The move to digital library collections is now matched by a need for digital library spaces, services, and librarians. This chapter will explore how librarians need to reconsider their professional identities, relocate from physical to digital library environments, and reshape knowledge creation and exchange within and through porous boundaries.
Tunnel magnetoresistance detection of skyrmions

Abstract Micromagnetic simulations are used to investigate different strategies for tunnel magnetoresistance detection of the Neel skyrmion core direction and Bloch skyrmion chirality. When a Neel skyrmion passes beneath a perpendicularly magnetized dot separated by a tunnel barrier, a peak or dip in the tunnel magnetoresistance as a function of time reveals the core direction. When a Bloch skyrmion travels below a synthetic antiferromagnet, magnetized in-plane with an axis perpendicular to that of the track, the tunnel magnetoresistance as a function of time shows a peak followed by a dip, or vice versa, depending on the chirality. The results are compared with existing detection methods based on the Hall resistance.
UV-B and the Irrigated Rice Ecosystem: Effects and Modeling Research

This project provides data to characterize the risks to the Asian irrigated rice ecosystem from UV-B radiation and global climate change. In terms of UV-B effects, areas investigated so far are: 1) characterization of UV-B climate for Asian rice-producing areas under current conditions with a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration; 2) evaluation of the relative UV-B response for a wide range of cultivars representing major rice types and production areas; 3) determination of the response of rice to enhanced UV-B under field conditions; 4) documentation of the impact of UV-B on the rice-blast disease produced by Pyricularia oryzae.
Understanding the Benefits of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Physiology: Implications for Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

Seminal discoveries in the bariatric surgery field have revealed a remarkable link between gastrointestinal physiology and obesity, a link that extends to remission of many metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and to risk of cardiovascular disease. Much of the beneficial health effects of bariatric surgery can be ascribed to weight loss. However, in the case of type 2 diabetes, resolution is so acute that it appears to be independent of the weight loss. These observations have created the intriguing scenario whereby altering gastrointestinal anatomy creates rapid physiological adaptations that manifest in normalization of glucose homeostasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that produce these favorable health changes are an area of intense scientific investigation. One leading hypothesis suggests that rerouting nutrient flow to the gut alters enteroendocrine signals and bile acid secretion that favors appetite suppression; increased energy expenditure and insulin action; and decreased inflammation, blood lipids, and hypertension. In addition, the gut microbiome has emerged as an area of particular interest with a focus on bacteria and metabolites that interact to influence weight regulation and metabolic health. The collective evidence presented herein provides strong support for an essential role for the gastrointestinal tract as a modulator of obesity-related disease. The gut is now considered a novel endocrine organ and a therapeutic target for prevention and treatment strategies that will benefit human health.
SU-E-J-248: Contributions of Tumor and Stroma Phenotyping in Computer-Aided Diagnosis

Purpose: To gain insight into the role of parenchyma stroma in the characterization of breast tumors by incorporating computerized mammographic parenchyma assessment into breast CADx in the task of distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions. Methods: This study was performed on 182 biopsy-proven breast mass lesions, including 76 benign and 106 malignant lesions. For each full-field digital mammogram (FFDM) case, our quantitative imaging analysis was performed on both the tumor and a region-of-interest (ROI) from the normal contralateral breast. The lesion characterization includes automatic lesion segmentation and feature extraction. Radiographic texture analysis (RTA) was applied on the normal ROIs to assess the mammographic parenchymal patterns of these contralateral normal breasts. Classification performance of both individual computer extracted features and the output from a Bayesian artificial neural network (BANN) were evaluated with a leave-one-lesion-out method using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with area under the curve (AUC) as the figure of merit. Results: Lesion characterization included computer-extracted phenotypes of spiculation, size, shape, and margin. For parenchymal pattern characterization, five texture features were selected, including power law beta, contrast, and edge gradient. Merging of these computer-selected features using BANN classifiers yielded AUC values of 0.79 (SE=0.03) and 0.67 (SE=0.04) in the taskmore » of distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions using only tumor phenotypes and texture features from the contralateral breasts, respectively. Incorporation of tumor phenotypes with parenchyma texture features into the BANN yielded improved classification performance with an AUC value of 0.83 (SE=0.03) in the task of differentiating malignant from benign lesions. Conclusion: Combining computerized tumor and parenchyma phenotyping was found to significantly improve breast cancer diagnostic accuracy highlighting the need to consider both tumor and stroma in decision making. Funding: University of Chicago Dean Bridge Fund, NCI U24-CA143848-05, P50-CA58223 Breast SPORE program, and Breast Cancer Research Foundation. COI: MLG is a stockholder in R2 technology/Hologic and receives royalties from Hologic, GE Medical Systems, MEDIAN Technologies, Riverain Medical, Mitsubishi, and Toshiba. MLG is a cofounder and stockholder in Quantitative Insights.« less
Gender, Race, and Speech Style Stereotypes

Considerable research has shown that people have stereotypical beliefs about the speech and communication style of women and men. There is less research about stereotypes of Black people's speech, and none that jointly or comparably investigates communication stereotypes as a function of both gender and race. In this study, White college students (n = 111) rated a fictional character's speech on 36 pairs of words characteristic of communication style (e.g., emotional–unemotional) and also generated dialogue for the character. Targets' race and sex were varied. Results showed that beliefs about speech style were stronger for race than gender. Black speakers, both women and men, were rated as more direct and emotional, and less socially appropriate and playful, than White speakers. The dialogue generated by participants for Black speakers was less grammatical and more profane than for White speakers. Gender effects were consistent with earlier research but suggest a weakening of stereotypes; women's speech was seen as somewhat less direct and more emotional than men's speech. Beliefs about speech and communication style are important because they may function not only to describe “what is” but to prescribe “what should be” in social interaction.
Effects of soybean oil esters on the performance, lubricating oil, and water of diesel engines

The primary problems associated with straight soybean oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine are due to high fuel viscosity. Transesterification provides a significant reduction in viscosity, thereby enhancing the physical properties of the fuel to improve engine performance. Methyl, ethyl, and butyl esters of sobybean oil revealed fuel properties similar to diesel fuel. Engine wear, deposits, performance, and emissions are reported for each of the ester fuel's and reference diesel fuel's 200-hour engine tests. Analysis of lubricating oil samples are also presented as well as complete fuel injection system test results.
The stability of a first-order phase-locked loop with interfering signal input

This paper is concerned with the stability of a first-order phase-locked loop (PLL) with an input consisting of a desired and an undesired (interfering) sinusoidal signal. This PLL is analyzed for the value of the normalized PLL detuning parameter w/sub /spl Delta//' < 1. This case has been neglected in previous studies. Intuitively, for w/sub /spl Delta//' < 1, phase lock to the desired signal can never be achieved. However, by using numerical methods, the author shows that in some situation, this PLL is stable for a range of w/sub /spl Delta//' < 1, and the difference between the two input sinusoidal signals in the initial phase has no effects on the stability of the PLL. It is concluded that phase lock can possibly be achieved even if w/sub /spl Delta//' < 1.
Goal Setting and Treatment Adherence among Patients with Chronic Illness and Depressive Symptoms: Applying a Patient-Centered Approach

OBJECTIVE: Poor treatment adherence is a major problem among individuals with chronic illness. Research indicates that adherence is worsened when accompanied by depressive symptoms. In this preliminary study, we aimed to describe how a patient-centered approach could be employed to aid patients with depressive symptoms in following their treatment regimens. METHODS: The sample consisted of 14 patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV who reported clinically-significant depressive symptoms. Participant ratings of 23 treatment-related statements were examined using two assessment and analytic techniques. Interviews were conducted with participants to determine their views of information based on the technique. RESULTS: Results indicate that while participants with optimal adherence focused on views of treatment associated with side effects to a greater extent than participants with poor adherence, they tended to relate these side effects to sources of intrinsic motivation. CONCLUSION: The study provides examples of how practitioners could employ the assessment techniques outlined to better understand how patients think about treatment and aid them in effectively framing their health-related goals.
Known-good-die technologies on the horizon

Multichip packaging applications require bare die with high yield and reliability. Die-Level (test &) Burn-In (DLBI) approaches are just emerging. Targeting temporary die carrier development and application. In addition, strategic goals of IC manufacturers are driving development of Wafer-Level (test &) Burn-In (WLBI) to support more rapid reliability learning in manufacturing. This paper provides a critical look at the emerging KGD technology solutions with focus on temporary die carriers. >
Deformation at the limit of elastic stability

Abstract We describe mechanical behavior in a defect-free world and find many familiar features. Among them: (1) in a world governed by elastic stability, the common bcc metals would exhibit “pencil glide” in 〈1 1 1〉 and would cleave on {1 0 0}. They would be “conditionally brittle” at low temperature; (2) the common fcc metals would glide on {1 1 1} and would not cleave under simple tensile loads. They would be ductile at low temperature; (3) the maximum values of the nanohardness of simple metals would be very nearly what they are.
Attachment, decay, and social network

To study decay in attachment to an organization, I analyse data on women who obtained an MBA from the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business (GSB). I measure attachment in terms of network embedding: an alumna is attached to the GSB to the extent that people close to her graduated from the GSB. Behavioral data corroborate the network data in that alumnae measured to be more attached are more likely to have joined an alumni club and made a financial contribution to the school. The hypothesis is that alumnae attachment will decay over time, more slowly when the school is deeply embedded in an alumna's network, more quickly when disruptive events compete for the alumna's time and energy. As expected, attachment declines across the years after graduation (linearly for the first 20 years to about half its initial level), and decay is inhibited when connections with GSB graduates are embedded in stable relations of family, work, or long-term friendship. Decay is remarkably robust to events after graduation (which account for only 2 per cent of explained variance in attachment). In other words, an alumna's attachment today was largely determined while she was in school. The results should be of practical value to people who design programmes to build personal attachment to organizations, and of theoretical interest to scholars who study such connections. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxide-supported atomically precise gold nanocluster for catalyzing Sonogashira cross-coupling

Abstract We report that thiolate-protected Au 25 (SR) 18 (R = CH 2 CH 2 Ph) nanoclusters supported on oxides (such as CeO 2 , TiO 2 , MgO, and SiO 2 ) can catalyze Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between phenylacetylene and p -iodoanisole with high conversion of p -iodoanisole (up to 96.1%) and excellent selectivity (up to 88.1%). The well-defined structure of Au 25 (SR) 18 provides an important clue as to the catalytically active sites: the sterically unhindered facets on the cluster surface allow easy reactant access; each facet comprises three surface gold atoms from three separate “staple”-like –S(R)–Au–S(R)–Au–S(R)– surface-protecting motifs. Density functional theory modeling of the reactant adsorption shows that both reactants prefer to adsorb on the open facet with the phenyl ring facing a surface gold atom. Each reactant has an adsorption energy of −0.40 to −0.48 eV. When they co-adsorb on the catalyst, the total adsorption energy reaches −0.90 eV (a relatively strong adsorption state); more interestingly, at this state the two reactants are well positioned to couple with their Ph–C CH and Ph–I groups pointing toward the third gold atom of the open facet. The combined experimental and DFT results suggest a great potential to correlate the atomic configuration of the active sites to the catalytic performance of an atomically precise nanocluster.
IL-21 is produced by Th17 cells and drives IL-17 production in a STAT3-dependent manner.

CD4+ helper T cells can differentiate into several possible fates including: Th1, Th2, T regulatory, and Th17 cells. Although, cytokine production by non-T cells is an important factor in helper T cell differentiation, a characteristic feature of both Th1 and Th2 lineages is their ability to secrete cytokines that promote their respective differentiation. However, cytokines produced by T cells that help to sustain Th17 cells have not yet been identified. Here we show that IL-21 is a product of Th17 cells, which is induced in a Stat3-dependent manner. Additionally, Stat3 can directly bind the Il21 promoter. IL-21 also induces IL-17 production and expression of the transcription factor, RORγt. Furthermore, generation of Th17 cells in the conventional manner is attenuated by blocking IL-21. IL-21 is known to activate Stat3 and its ability to induce Th17 differentiation is abrogated in the absence of Stat3. These data argue that IL-21 serves as an autocrine factor secreted by Th17 cells that promotes or sustains Th17 lineage commitment.
A Multiplicative Model of Appearance for Visual Tracking

In this paper we introduce a multiplicative, low dimensional model for appearance change in the context of visual tracking. The model is defined by a linear combination of smoothly changing basis functions. Secondly, we show that a small number of cluster centers in this new space can be used to represent the illumination conditions existing in the scene. These cluster centers can be learned from ground truth and are shown to generalize well to other objects of the same class for the scene. Finally we show how this illumination model can be combined with shape in a probabilistic sampling framework to improve tracking robustness under challenging conditions.
Cognitive screening in community-dwelling elders: performance on the clock-in-the-box.

Abstract Background The Clock-in-the-Box is a rapid (2-minute) cognitive screening tool. The purpose of this study was to compare the Clock-in-the-Box with the Mini-Mental State Exam and neuropsychologic tests; to determine Clock-in-the-Box score normative values by age and education group; and to determine if the Clock-in-the-Box score is associated with measures of physical function. Methods Community-dwelling older participants in the Boston area were recruited for a prospective, longitudinal study in which they completed a variety of cognitive and functional assessments. Results At baseline, participants (n=798; mean age [± standard deviation]=78.2 [±5.5] years; 14 [±3] mean years of education) completed in-home assessments of cognition (Clock-in-the-Box and Mini-Mental State Exam), measures of independent function (Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), and measures of physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery). The mean Mini-Mental State Exam score was 27.1 (±1.6; range 0-30 [0 worst]), and the mean Clock-in-the-Box score was 6.2 (±1.6; range 0-8 [0 worst]). Performance on the Clock-in-the-Box was correlated (Spearman) with the Mini-Mental State Exam ( r =0.49, P r =0.37-0.50; P 2 = 39.6, P 2 = 35.5, P P Conclusion The Clock-in-the-Box is a brief cognitive screening test that is correlated with the Mini-Mental State Exam, neuropsychologic tests, and measures of independent and physical function in community-dwelling older adults.
Theory of elastic shells in the reference state

Nonlinear field equations of elastic shell in terms of reference state subjected to strain displacement
Microbial contamination of spices and herbs: A review

The popularity of highly spiced cuisine and consumer demand for more flavorful foods which are also low in sodium and fat have resulted in a continuing interest in the use of spices and herbs in food products. Although such condiments are generally used for the aesthetic properties they contribute to food products, spices and herbs can often be a major source of microbial contamination. Studies investigating bacterial and/or fungal contamination of spices and herbs are reviewed. The high levels of microbial contamination in spices and herbs reported by many of the studies reviewed suggests a need for better control in all aspects of the production, processing and usage of these products to prevent potential food spoilage and food-borne illnesses due to contaminated spices and herbs.
Transcend the Current Debate on Administrative Theory

The article discusses several important aspects of administrative theory, including the traditional approach, behavioral approach, decisional approach, and ecological approach. A discussion is pres...
Reduced Data Communication for Parallel CMA-ES for REACTS

Covariance Matrix Adaptation - Evolutionary Strategy (CMA-ES) is a black-box optimization method useful for applications where no direct inversion is possible. We present the development of a parallel CMA-ES algorithm that reduces the runtime for a specific geophysical data analysis, dipole localization. We compare our parallel algorithm against several other parallel CMA-ES variants on a sample dataset for dipole localization. We improve the performance of CMA-ES for the problem of finding dipoles in a subsurface environment as part of a closed-loop near-real-time wireless bioremediation system, REACTS (near-REal-time Autonomous bioremediation of ConTamination in the Subsurface). The goal of the performance improvement is to enable near-real-time analysis of geophysical data. For this application, our algorithm shows significant performance improvement over the other variants.
Lime and phosphorus influence Kennebec potato yield and chemical composition

An experiment conducted in 1970 and 1971 with Kennebec potatoes on a Typic Cryothod near Willow Creek in Alaska compared the effects of seven P rates, with and without lime, on yields and chemical content of foliage and tubers. Each P increment increased plant vigor, foliage and tuber yields, P percentage in both foliage and tubers, K, Ca, and Sr concentration in the foliage and tubers, K, Ca, and Sr concentration in the foliage, and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake by both foliage and tubers. The higher P rates depressed the A1 and Fe concentration in the foliage and the Ba in the tubers. Additions of high rates of P also tended to increase available P in the soil. Lime application decreased soil acidity, increased plant vigor, practically eliminated physiological leaf necrosis, and increased Ca and depressed Mn and Zn concentrations of both foliage and tubers. Lime further depressed the concentrations of A1, Ba, B, Cu, Fe, and Sr in the foliage and the Ba of the tubers. The uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were also increased with lime applications because yields were greatly increased. Comparison of Ca/Mn and Mn/Fe ratios with those of another researcher (5) suggested a possible Mn toxicity. The concentrations of N and Cr in both foliage and tubers, and the amount of P, K, Na, A1, B, Cu, Fe, and Sr in the tubers were not influenced significantly by lime.
Capsazepine, a vanilloid receptor antagonist, inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat trigeminal ganglia.

Vanilloid receptors are activated by capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in hot pepper. They are also specifically and competitively inhibited by capsazepine (CPZ). To determine whether CPZ is specific to vanilloid receptors, its effects were tested on the currents evoked by nicotine in rat trigeminal ganglia. We found that 10 μM CPZ, a concentration frequently used to inhibit capsaicin's physiological responses attributed to capsaicin, reversibly inhibits (40%) the magnitude of the currents activated by 100 μM nicotine. We conclude that 10 μM capsazepine can alter the effects of channels other than those activated by capsaicin, and thus caution must be used in attributing all the CPZ-sensitive physiological effects to those only produced by blocking of vanilloid receptors.
School library web site terminology

Purpose – This paper aims to look at how varying terminology is used on school library web sites and how that compares to student preferences.Design/methodology/approach – Provides research conduced by surveying practicing school librarians and k‐12 students.Findings – Terminology varies greatly on school library web sites. Further, students prefer common language use.Practical implications – Practicing librarians may consider revising their web sites in order to make them more accessible for their students.Originality/value – This paper provides original research into school library web sites, an area that is lacking.
Listening to Spoken Text: Adult Age Differences as Revealed by Self-paced Listening

An experiment is reported in which young and older adults heard spoken narratives presented in a segment-by-segment fashion using the auditory moving window (AMW) technique. Participants were instructed to initiate the presentation of each segment at their own pace, their goal being to insure good comprehension of the main ideas of the narratives. The pattern of pause times across passages was compared for passages being heard for the first time (novel condition) or after the participants had heard the passages several times before (familiar condition). The analysis of participants' pause durations in pacing through the passages suggests that although young and older adults respond similarly at the textbase level of processing, older adults do not allocate additional resources at the start of a passage in order to develop a mental model of the narrative. This pattern differs from that typically found in reading time studies.
Application of Immunotherapy in Pediatric Leukemia

Despite great progress in the curative treatment of leukemia in pediatrics, current therapies are associated with multiple toxicities and the prognosis after relapse is guarded. Novel approaches are needed to overcome resistance to standard therapy and decrease adverse effects. The efficacy of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and the demonstration of a graft-versus-leukemia effect suggest that immune-based therapies can be effective in the treatment of childhood leukemia. Efforts to apply new immunotherapy approaches to the treatment of leukemia in pediatrics have recently begun. The optimal reagents, methods, and regimens have yet to be fully defined. Ongoing clinical trials offer promise in that regard.
Models and issues in data stream systems

In this overview paper we motivate the need for and research issues arising from a new model of data processing. In this model, data does not take the form of persistent relations, but rather arrives in multiple, continuous, rapid, time-varying data streams. In addition to reviewing past work relevant to data stream systems and current projects in the area, the paper explores topics in stream query languages, new requirements and challenges in query processing, and algorithmic issues.
Cultured autografting for juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia

A case of juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) associated with a chromosomal translocation (1;5) is described. Initial cytoreductive therapy failed to control the disease. In the absence of a matched family or unrelated donor, a Dexter-type long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) was established. The LTBMC showed preferential growth of normal stem cells over the abnormal clone, allowing a cultured autologous stem cell transplantation to be performed. Despite detection of the t(1;5) from 5 months to 7 years following cultured autograft, the patient remained in haematological remission. Currently the patient is alive and well at 10 years in full cytogenetic remission.
A Three Dimensional Assessment of U.S. County e-Government

The research determines the status of counties’ e-government in three dimensions and the factors influencing their success, based on a combination of a county e-government survey and a content anal...
On the optimal selection of motors and transmissions for electromechanical and robotic systems.

With regard to the important role of motors and transmissions in the performance of electromechanical and robotic systems, this paper intends to provide a solution for the problem of selection of these components for a general load case. Appropriate objectives are formulated, and by the use of them, a procedure is suggested to compare the performance of different motors for a specified task. Moreover, considering different limitations, the range for feasible transmission ratios is analytically obtained and suggestions for choosing a transmission ratio from this range, and if available, motor torque constant, are provided. As a case study, the methods are applied to the problem of actuator design for a legged robot.
Regulation of apoptosis in osteoclasts and osteoblastic cells

In postnatal life, the skeleton undergoes continuous remodeling in which osteoclasts resorb aged or damaged bone, leaving space for osteoblasts to make new bone. The balance of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of bone cells determines the size of osteoclast or osteoblast populations at any given time. Bone cells constantly receive signals from adjacent cells, hormones, and bone matrix that regulate their proliferation, activity, and survival. Thus, the amount of bone and its microarchitecture before and after the menopause or following therapeutic intervention with drugs, such as sex hormones, glucocorticoids, parathyroid hormone, and bisphosphonates, is determined in part by effects of these on survival of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Understanding the mechanisms and regulation of bone cell apoptosis will enhance our knowledge of bone cell function and help us to develop better therapeutics for the management of osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
Advantages and limitations of methods to detect, localize, and quantitate intracardiac left-to-right shunting

Theoretic considerations. The oximetric detection and localization of intracardiac left-to-right shunting is based on the principle that oxygenated blood shunted from the left side of the heart to the right side causes an abnormal increase (“step-up”) in the oxygen content or saturation of blood in the chamber into which shunting occurs. The oximetric quantitation of shunting is accomplished by calculating pulmanic (Qp) and systemic (Qs) blood flow with the Fick principle where: Qp = Oxygen consumption (ml/min)/Arteriovenous oxygen content difference across the lungs (ml/L); and Qs = Oxygen consumption (ml/min)/Arteriovenous oxygen content difference across the body (ml/L). Practical considerations. Blood samples are obtained from the pulmonary artery, right ventricle, right atrium, and venae cavae, and the oxygen content or saturation of each sample is evaluated for evidence of a “step-up.” To detect an abnormal increase in oxygen content or saturation, the limits of variability of these measurements in subjects without