cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhetorical Alchemy: American Exceptionalism and the War on Terror

The Bush administration's neoconservative foreign policy for the war on terror competes with two better known models of foreign policy. Detailed in the National Security Strategy of the United States, the policy draws on an eclectic amalgam of realist and liberal international relations theory to justify U.S. primacy at a time when majority mass public opinion favors international cooperation. To build public support for unilateral foreign policy, the administration used a number of appeals that projected an image of the United States as endowed with unique institutional and moral qualities that set it apart from the rest of the world. American exceptionalism proved to be a resonant moral catalyst for elite media support of unilateral U.S. military action. This article analyzes commentary and editorials in the New York Times and the Washington Post prior to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to isolate the mechanism underlying the success of the administration's appeals and the implications of that success ...
Local Swirl Chamber Heat Transfer and Flow Structure at Different Reynolds Numbers

Local flow behavior and heat transfer results are presented from two swirl chambers, which model passages used to cool the leading edges of turbine blades in gas turbine engines. Flow results are obtained in an isothermal swirl chamber. Surface Nusselt number distributions are measured in a second swirl chamber (with a constant wall heat flux boundary condition) using infrared thermography in conjunction with thermocouples, energy balances, and in situ calibration procedures. In both cases, Reynolds numbers Re based on inlet duct characteristics range from 6000 to about 20,000. Bulk helical flow is produced in each chamber by two inlets, which are tangent to the swirl chamber circumference, Important changes to local and globally averaged surface Nusselt numbers, instantaneous flow structure from flow visualizations, and distributions of static pressure, total pressure, and circumferential velocity are observed throughout the swirl chambers as the Reynolds number increases. Of particular importance are increases of local surface Nusselt numbers (as well as ones globally averaged over the entire swirl chamber surface) with increasing Reynolds number. These are tied to increased advection, as well as important changes to vortex characteristics near the concave surfaces of the swirl chambers. Higher Re also give larger axial components of velocity, and increased turning of the flow from each inlet, which gives Gortler vortex pair trajectories greater skewness as they are advected downstream of each inlet.
Indications of the existence of ferroelectric units in excitable-membrane channels.

Previous work in excitability has focused primarily on the mathematical description of the phenomena, while mechanisms postulated to explain these were simple mechanical interpretations of the terms of this description. The problem considered here is that of the physical mechanism underlying excitation. The experimental facts to be explained must be not only the electrical behavior of the membrane, but also its electromechanical, electro-optic and thermoelectric behavior. Previous work on the physically grounded electrodiffusion theory foundered not because of the incorrectness of the electrodiffusion approach, but because the assumed description of the dielectric properties of the membrane was too simple. Extension of the dielectric equation of state to a nonlinear polynomial form converts the classical electrodiffusion system of equations into a ferroelectric electrodiffusion system. The consideration of ferroelectric behavior in excitable channels makes possible straight-forward physical explanation of the phenomena of membrane swelling during action potential, currents induced by temperature changes, transition temperatures, current-voltage hysteresis, nonlinear electrical behavior, voltage-dependent birefringence and rectangular pulses from single channels. The hypothesis is therefore proposed that excitable channels contain ferroelectric transmembrane units. These may be crystals or liquid crystals.
Development and Behavior ofSpodoptera exigua(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae in Choice Tests with Food Substrates Containing Toxins ofBacillus thuringiensis

Developmental time and behavior of Spodoptera ex- igua (Hubner) larvae and their pupal weight were investigated in dual-choice arenas containing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxins. In both artificial diet and cotton leaf-choice tests with Bt formulation MVP (containing delta endotoxins var. Kurstaki), the mean proportion of larvae on Bt-free diets was higher than on Bt-containing diets. Artificial diet tests further showed that larvae were more often found on diets where MVP was applied on the diet surface than on diets where the formulation was mixed in the diet. In leaf-choice tests with the Bt transgenic cotton line 'C 1076' and the nontransgenic 'C 312', more larvae were found on nontransgenic cotton leaves. Also, when feed- ing damage was measured in the leaf experiments, feeding damage was more frequently observed on Bt-free than on Bt-containing leaves in MVP and 'C 1076' choice tests. Leaf-choice tests with the Bt formu- lations Dipel ES (containing B. thuringiensis var. Kurstaki) and Xentari (containing B. thuringiensis var. Aizawai) and the transgenic Bt line 'C 531' showed patterns of larval behavior and feeding damage differ- ent than those obtained in the other leaf tests. The survival rate of larvae on MVP was comparable to the larval survival on control tests containing only Bt-free diets. However, lower pupal weight and longer develop- mental time were observed. Experiments with neonate S. exigua larvae on MVP-treated cotton plants demon- strated that the number of larvae remaining on the plant was negatively correlated with concentration and exposure time. The consequences and opportuni- ties for behavior adaptation to Bt in pest management are discussed. r 1998 Academic Press
Acute effects of walking environment and GSTM1 variants in children with asthma.

Background:Exercise in air polluted by traffic emissions may aggravate airway inflammation in children with asthma, particularly those who produce decreased glutathione-S transferase (GST) as a res...
An application of the maximum principle to the study of essential self‐adjointness of Dirac operators. II

We formulate a theorem saying that the Dirac operator corresponding to a one‐electron atomic ion is essentially self‐adjoint on the usual domain, provided that the nuclear charge Z is less than 118. Furthermore, for such nuclear charges the domains of the closure of the free particle and total Dirac operators are equal. In the present part I of this paper we prove this theorem for the part of the operator over each of the usual reducing subspaces.
Factors Affecting Chironomid Larval Abundances in Three Vertical Aquatic Weed Habitats

Multivariate analyses are used to separate chironomid larval habitats, describe relationships between midge larval populations, and evaluate influences of biotic and abiotic variables on abundances in a lake system. Insect predators of 5 types of chironomid larvae had only a minor to moderate influence on midge densities in all habitats examined. Availability of aquatic weed did not have a major influence on abundance of larval midges. Water quality had greater influence in midwater and bottom habitats than in the surface.
Nuclear Spins of Six Neutron-Deficient Gold Isotopes

The nuclear spins of six neutron-deficient isotopes of gold have been measured by atomic-beam magnetic-resonance methods. The results of these measurements are as follows: ${\mathrm{Au}}^{191}$ (3.0 hr), $I=\frac{3}{2}$; ${\mathrm{Au}}^{192}$ (4.8 hr), $I=1$; ${\mathrm{Au}}^{193}$ (17.5 hr), $I=\frac{3}{2}$; ${\mathrm{Au}}^{194}$ (39 hr), $I=1$; ${\mathrm{Au}}^{195}$ (190 day), $I=\frac{3}{2}$; ${\mathrm{Au}}^{196}$ (5.6 day), $I=2$.
The Growth of Varicella-Zoster Virus in Guinea Pig Embryo Cells

SummaryVaricella-zoster virus was shown to replicate and to cause a cytopathic effect in guinea pig embryo cell culture, characterized by syncytia and intranuclear inclusions. Small amounts of cell-free virus were released from the cells, which also produced CF antigen. Electron microscopy showed herpes-type virus particles in the infected cells.
Spatial Inequality, Foreign Investment, and Economic Transition in Bulgaria*

This study analyzes the possibility of increased regional economic inequality in Bulgaria following the collapse of Soviet-style Communism, which promoted spatial egalitarianism in development policies. Spatial equilibrium (neoclassical) and spatial concentration (cumulative causation) models of regional development in market economies suggest different trends. International investments reported in Business Eastern Europe from 1989 through 1992 are analyzed to test the hypothesis that regional inequalities are increasing as the cumulative causation school suggested they would. Analysis of date, location, type of transaction, and sector variables reveals Sofia's development as a service center and sectoral changes that may have regional implications if the pace of foreign investment quickens. The evidence fails, however, to refute the neoclassical spatial equilibrium model and also fails to dispel the possibility that residual influences of Communist policies are discouraging foreign investment and preventing market-driven spatial adjustments.
Localized attentional interference affects object individuation, not feature detection

Modern theorists conceptualize visual selective attention as a competition between object representations for the control of extrastriate receptive fields, an account supported by the finding that attentional selection of one stimulus can degrade processing of nearby stimuli. In the present study the conditions that produce reciprocal interference between attended stimuli are examined. Each display contained either no, one, or two feature-defined target items among an array of homogeneous distractors. Observers performed two tasks, feature detection and object individuation. The feature-detection task required observers to determine if any targets were present within the display. The object-individuation task required observers to determine if the number of targets was exactly two. Spatially mediated interference between target pairs occurred in the object-individuation task, but had no effect on feature detection. Results suggest that localized interference between attended stimuli occurs only when obser...
MULTI-ORGAN REACTIVITY OF A MONOCLONAL NATURAL AUTOANTIBODY THAT PROMOTES REMYELINATION IN A MOUSE MODEL OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A contemporary view of autoimmunity suggests that self-reactivity is a normal phenomenon, in contrast to the classical association between autoimmunity and immunopathology. We have previously demonstrated that monoclonal antibody SCH94.03, a natural autoantibody with polyreactivity towards several purified protein and hapten antigens, promotes central nervous system remyelination when passively transferred to SJL/J mice chronically infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, an established experimental model of multiple sclerosis. In this study we characterized the autoreactivity of SCH94.03 with endogenous mouse tissue using immunoperoxide and multiple-color immunofluorescence staining techniques on frozen tissue sections. Within the nervous system, SCH94.03 labeled fibrous astrocytes, ependymal cells, ganglion satellite cells, and a sub-population of microglia, oligodendrocytes, and peripheral nervous system neurons. Outside the nervous system, SCH94.03 labeled gastrointestinal tract smooth ...
Quantum entanglement enables low-power optical communication to orbital ranges

The signal intensity as a function of range is considered for optical communication systems that utilize time-coincident pairs (or larger sets) of photons for information encoding. Two systems are examined: one that generates pairs of photons that have an entangled quantum state, and another where the pairs of photons are generated from a pair of pulsed photon sources. The signal intensity as a function of range is analyzed as a qualitative first-order approximation for these two techniques. For the first time, to this author's knowledge, it is shown that pairs of photons that share a quantum state, and hence have highly correlated momenta, can produce communication systems that have a high degree of noise immunity and are useful for ranges significantly beyond the collimated range of the transmitter, which up until now has been considered the maximum range. As an example, it is shown that a transmitter with a 1-m aperture and a pair of pulsed photon sources will be effective for about 200 km, while a transmitter with the same aperture and a quantum-entangled photon source will have an effective range greater than 60,000 km.
Detection of Functional Overlapping Genes: Simulation and Case Studies

As far as protein-coding genes are concerned, there is a non-zero probability that at least one of the five possible overlapping sequences of any gene will contain an open-reading frame (ORF) of a length that may be suitable for coding a functional protein. It is, however, very difficult to determine whether or not such an ORF is functional. Recently, we proposed a method that predicts functionality of an overlapping ORF if it can be shown that it has been subject to purifying selection during its evolution. Here, we use simulation to test this method under several conditions and compare it with the method of Firth and Brown. We found that under most conditions, our method detects functional overlapping genes with higher sensitivity than Firth and Brown’s method, while maintaining high specificity. Further, we tested the hypothesis that the two aminoacyl tRNA synthetase classes have originated from a pair of overlapping genes. A central piece of evidence ostensibly supporting this hypothesis is the assertion that an overlapping ORF of a heat-shock protein-70 gene, which exhibits some similarity to class 2 aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, is functional. We found signature of purifying selection only in highly divergent sequences, suggesting that the method yields false-positives in high sequence divergence and that the overlapping ORF is not a functional gene. Finally, we examined three cases of overlap in the human genome. We find varying signatures of purifying selection acting on these overlaps, raising the possibility that two of the overlapping genes may not be functional.
Tenecteplase for Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE:To describe the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of tenecteplase in reducing mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).DATA SOURCES:Published articles were identified from MEDLINE (from 1966 to December 2000) and Current Contents (all sections) searches.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Dose-ranging and pivotal studies were included for analysis in the clinical trials section.DATA SYNTHESIS:Tenecteplase is a third-generation thrombolytic indicated for the reduction of mortality associated with AMI. Tenecteplase has a longer half-life that allows for single-dose, intravenous bolus administration. Data from clinical trials support that tenecteplase is similar to alteplase in reducing 30-day mortality rates in patients who have had an AMI. In the ASSENT-2 (Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic) trial, patients treated with tenecteplase required fewer blood transfusions and experienced fewer episodes of noncerebral bleeding compared with ...
Alumina/zirconia composites produced from commercial alumina and synthesised hydrous zirconia

Abstract Zirconia hydrate was precipitated from zirconyl chloride onto commercial alumina powder to be used for transformation-toughened alumina composites. Two preparation routes were considered: (1) as-prepared powder was slip cast and sintered directly, or alternatively, (2) the powder was calcined at 500°C and subsequently dry pressed. The second route produced material of a higher strength and density (ZrO 1 > 7·5% vol.). X-ray line broadening and small angle scattering indicated that much of the zirconia prepared by the former route did not coarsen during sintering at 1600°C as long as the ZrO 2 content remained below about 7·5%, although at higher ZrO 2 contents, it did coarsen. This was thought to account for the much lower strengths achieved by the first preparation route.
Constraining the search for structure in the input

Abstract In their first year, infants develop sensitivity to specific phonetic, phonotactic, and prosodie features that are characteristic of their native language. Moreover, they are attuned to potential markers of syntactic organization that are present in the speech signal. Such studies raise questions about the range and nature of the capacities involved in the early stages of language acquisition. As speech researchers have begun to explore how infants learn about specific aspects of native language sound structure, there has been an increasing emphasis on the abilities of infants to pick up information about the structural organization of their language from exposure to the input. However, evidence from some recent investigations suggests that the search for distributional regularities in the input is constrained by both cognitive and linguistic factors.
Inverting abstract unification for set-sharing

This paper presents an inversion of the abstract unification operator for forward set-sharing analysis of logic programs. The inverted operator, called a backward abstract unification operator, computes all maximal pre-conditions for a given equation and its post-condition. It is a key operator in a backward analysis. The maximal preconditions are obtained by first calculating a superset of all preconditions and then generating all maximal pre-conditions from the superset. The latter step is transformed to the problem of finding all maximal models of a Boolean formula.
An experimental study of unstable states in a loop reactor

An adiabatic loop reactor was operated at naturally unstable steady states in experiments employing the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution. The unstable states, the intermediate states in a multiple state regime, were stabilized by manual manipulation of the recycle ratio. Resulting temperature data agreed well with those predicted from a plug-flow model. Observations of the transient response to small disturbances from the intermediate states verified that they were indeed unstable as had previously been predicted theoretically. Cursory attempts to stabilize the system by means of automatic feedback control employing a three-mode controller were unsuccessful.
Numerical simulations of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with reshock

Two-dimensional simulations of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with re-shock are carried out based on the single-mode Mach 1.21 air/SF6 shock tube experiments of Collins and Jacobs. A second-order accurate MUSCL-Hancock scheme and several high-order WENO schemes are used for shock capturing along with a gamma-based model for interface capturing to allow for the stable and accurate representation of fluids of different ratios of specific heats. The present results are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with existing theoretical models, experimental data and computational results. Good quantitative agreement with the observed amplitude growth, interface velocity and time of reshock are achieved. The amount and role of numerical dissipation of different schemes on the physical properties of the flow such as the circulation, enstrophy, mixing and kinetic energy of the small scales are also investigated.
Lateral vertebral assessment: a valuable technique to detect clinically significant vertebral fractures

Although many vertebral fractures are clinically silent, they are associated with increased risk for subsequent osteoporotic fractures. A substantial number of these fractures are demonstrable using instant vertebral assessment with Hologic densitometers. Whether similar recognition is possible using dual-energy lateral vertebral assessment (LVA) with GE Lunar densitometers remains uncertain. Thus, we evaluated the ability of clinicians using LVA to detect prevalent vertebral fractures. Dual-energy LVA and conventional thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs were concurrently obtained in 80 postmenopausal women. Using an established visual semiquantitative system, vertebral fractures were identified individually by two non-radiologist clinicians on LVA images, and the results were compared with spinal radiograph evaluation by an expert radiologist. Using LVA, 95% of vertebral bodies from T7 through L4 were evaluable, but a majority (66%) of vertebrae from T4 to T6 were not adequately visualized. In the LVA-evaluable vertebrae, prevalent fractures were identified in 40 vertebral bodies by radiography. In this regard, the clinicians using LVA detected 17 of 18 radiographically evident vertebral fractures of grade 2 or 3, a false negative rate of 6%. They identified 50% (11/22) of grade 1 fractures. Additionally, the vast majority of evaluable non-fractured vertebrae, (764/794, 96.2%) were correctly classified as normal by LVA. Thus, clinicians utilizing LVA correctly identified the vast majority of grade 2 or 3 vertebral compression fractures and normal vertebral bodies, although detection of grade 1 fractures was less effective. In conclusion, the low-radiation, dual-energy LVA technique provides a rapid and convenient way for clinicians to identify patients with, and without, grade 2 or 3 vertebral fractures, thereby enhancing care of osteoporotic patients.
An electromagnetically actuated microspeaker with fully-integrated wax-bonded Nd-Fe-B micromagnets for hearing aid applications

We present a fully-integrated, electromagnetically actuated microspeaker intended for hearing aid applications. The microspeaker uses the Lorentz force to actuate multi-turn, multi-layer copper coils embedded in a 3-mm-diameter parylene diaphragm. Process-compatible micromachined permanent magnets are employed for size reduction and batch-manufacturability. The permanent magnets are composed of micro-size Nd-Fe-B particles in a wax binder. The microspeaker produces 0.64 µm peak displacement at 1 kHz for a drive current of 88 mA rms (6 Ω coil impedance), corresponding to a 46 mW power consumption.
Memory complaint and memory performance in the elderly: The effects of memory‐skills training and expectancy change

While the incidence of memory complaint has always been high among the elderly, recent research has demonstrated that there is often a discrepancy between subjective memory complaint and actual memory performance in this population. Four experimental groups were established to examine the relationship and the factors that may affect changes in memory complaint and memory performance. The groups consisted of a memory training condition, an expectancy change condition, an art discussion control condition, and an evaluation control condition. It was hypothesized that memory training sessions would be the most effective in increasing memory performance scores, and that the expectancy change sessions would significantly reduce the incidence of memory complaint. The findings provide support for these predictions and indicate that memory training programmes should teach strategies to facilitate memory while addressing older adults' expectations about memory performance.
Nonlinear Forced Vibrations of Unsymmetrically Laminated Plates under Cylindrical Bending

The governing differential equations and the associated boundary conditions (simplysupported at both ends and clamped-clamped) are derived for composite laminates with arbitrary ply orientations using the Von Karman geometrical nonlinearities. A Galerkin approximation is used to discretize the partial differential equations of motion and obtain a set of nonlinearly coupled ordinary differential equations governing the time evolution of the response to transverse harmonic excitations. The resulting Duffing expressions produce cubic and quadratic nonlinearities for the simply-supported case and cubic nonlinearities only for the clamped-clamped case. Finally, the equations are solved with the Method of Multiple of Scales for the primary resonance. Superharmonic and subharmonic analyses are only investigated on the cubic nonlinearities. The Classical Laminated Plate Theory and the First-order Shear Deformation Theory are compared.
Income Tax Discrimination Against International Commerce

Taxation and trade are governed by two very different sets of international agreements. The bilateral tax treaties, which originated in the 1920s, do not, for example, contain the rule-oriented dispute-settlement procedures of the multinational trade treaties, which have developed since World War II. In this article, Professor Warren analyzes the constraints imposed by the two sets of agreements on a country's freedom to use its income tax to discriminate against international commerce. His principal conclusions are that the current distinction between permissible and impermissible discrimination is incoherent and that the pre-World War II international tax regime is in need of fundamental reexamination.
Laboratory Data Analysis System: Section V—Trend Analysis

Trend analysis is presented as the fourth analytic part of a Laboratory Data Analysis System . This package analyzes laboratory results with respect to time and uses a catalog of experimentally defined information for reference. The example presented in this paper is a study of myocardial infarction by means of serum enzymes (total lactate dehydrogenase, heat stable lactate dehydrogenase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, ornithine carbonyl transaminase and creatinine phosphokinase). A specific mathematical model which fits well with the observed and theoretical description of this disease was developed from a prospective patient study. Such a model could be routinely used for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. It is evident that time is an important variable in the study of disease, and only through collecting sequential readings will trends be evident and expressed for clinical evaluation. This example of trend research lends strong support to the value and potential developments which could result from a Medical Information System in which all patient data were stored and retrievable.
Vascular leakage in the kidney and lower urinary tract: effects of histamine, serotonin and bradykinin.

SummaryHistamine, serotonin, brady-kinin and the mast cell damaging enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, when delivered to the kidney by various routes, failed to cause venular leakage of intravenously injected colloidal carbon within the renal parenchyma. This finding was accompanied by typical venular leakage in the peripelvic, periureteral and pericystic fat and submucosa. Failure of parenchymal renal vessels to respond to vasoactive substances is probably the result of some functional or structural peculiarity of the renal microvasculature.
Cause of Laxative Effect of Feeding Bran Pentosan and Cellulose to Man

ConclusionsThe pentosans of bran are not laxative while bran fibre is definitely so. The volatile fatty acids parallel the volume of the stool and are not increased by the breakdown of pentosan.
Development of a CO2-Waveguide Laser with Wide Tuning Range

Design considerations and the actual hardware development of a cw-CO2- waveguide laser with a wide tuning range of about 1.4 GHz are presented. The laser is developed as local oscillator source for the Intersatellite Laser Link ISL2 /1/. However, the laser can be used in many different applications as well, like master-oscillator for injection-locked single-mode TEA-lasers, spectroscopy, or local oscillator in heterodyne radiometers and coherent lidars.
Mystische Ekstase mit Hilfe physischer Mittel

Bei den meisten unzivilisierten wie zivilisierten Volkern werden gewisse ekstatische Zustande als gottliche Besessenheit oder als Einheit mit dem Gottlichen betrachtet. Diese Zustande werden mit Hilfe von Rauschgiften, durch physische Erregung oder durch psychische Mittel herbeigefuhrt. Aber wie sie auch erzeugt werden und auf welchem Kulturniveau man sie auch findet, so besitzen sie gewisse gemeinsame Zuge, die sogar den oberflachlichen Beobachter an irgendeinen tiefen Zusammenhang denken lassen. Diese ekstatischen Erlebnisse, die immer als unaussprechlich herrlich geschildert werden, enden gewohnlich in geistiger Ruhe oder sogar volliger Bewustlosigkeit. Doch sollten gemeinsame Zuge nicht dazu fuhren, Unahnlichkeiten auser acht zu lassen. Die Gegenwart eines ethischen Zwecks z. B. stellt einige dieser Zustande in eine gesonderte und hohere Klasse.
The Cost of Pest Control

Pest control and other resource management actions are ecosystem manipulations designed to maintain resource quality, preserve or improve human health and comfort, or enhance the production of food and fiber. Their employment requires a workforce, materials, energy, and the modification of the environment. Their implementation represents a conscious decision to allocate materials, energy, and people to the production of certain benefits and to forego other possible priorities. As such, these actions have economic, social, and environmental ramifications for all of society. People involved in the design and implementation of resource management programs must necessarily concern themselves with the direct (or private) short-term economic benefits of these programs; but even so, these persons need to be aware of the far-reaching effects of their actions on the general public.
Repeatability study of replicate crash tests: A signal analysis approach.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an objective basis on which to evaluate the repeatability of vehicle crash test methods, a recently developed signal analysis method was used to evaluate correlation of sensor time history data between replicate vehicle crash tests. The goal of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of rollover crash tests performed with the Dynamic Rollover Test System (DRoTS) relative to other vehicle crash test methods. METHODS: Test data from DRoTS tests, Deceleration Rollover Sled (DRS) tests, frontal crash tests, frontal offset crash tests, small overlap crash tests, Small Overlap Impact (SOI) crash tests, and oblique crash tests were obtained from the literature and publicly available databases (the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration vehicle database and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TechData) to examine crash test repeatability. RESULTS: Signal analysis of the DRoTS tests showed that force and deformation time histories had good to excellent repeatability, while vehicle kinematics showed only fair repeatability due to the vehicle mounting method for one pair of tests and slightly dissimilar mass properties (2.2%) in a second pair of tests. Relative to the DRS, the DRoTS tests showed very similar or higher levels of repeatability in nearly all vehicle kinematic data signals with the exception of global X' (road direction of travel) velocity and displacement due to the functionality of the DRoTS fixture. Based on the average overall scoring metric of the dominant acceleration, DRoTS was found to be as repeatable as all other crash tests analyzed. Vertical force measures showed good repeatability and were on par with frontal crash barrier forces. Dynamic deformation measures showed good to excellent repeatability as opposed to poor repeatability seen in SOI and oblique deformation measures. CONCLUSIONS: Using the signal analysis method as outlined in this paper, the DRoTS was shown to have the same or better repeatability of crash test methods used in government regulatory and consumer evaluation test protocols. Language: en
Who's Zoomin' Who?: The Eyes of Donyale Luna

The most iconic image that accompanied the 1996 publication of 20th Century Photography: Museum Ludwig, Cologne —and one that continues to intrigue scholars of black diasporic visual culture—was the German photographer Charlotte March’s black-and-white photograph Donyale Luna with Earrings (1966), shot for twen magazine. March’s subject—the African American fashion model and actress Donyale Luna (1945–79)—is of great historical significance, not only because Luna was the first internationally acclaimed black fashion model, but also because she had an especially arresting, black diasporic visage at a time of European American aesthetic hegemony in high fashion and limited opportunities for black visibility in the mass media. This article tracks the conceptualization of Charlotte March’s singular portrait of Donyale Luna, putting it in its broader historical context and, relatedly, as a pivotal image from a sequence of contiguous photographic statements and counterstatements by several of the leading fashion photographers from the Swinging Sixties. What this account points to is the often undertheorized role of race and gender in modern visual studies and, in particular, this picture’s implicit metanarrative of black female agency and civil rights–era cultural defiance. The social contract between the photographer and “the sitter” is also explored in this article, arguing that when the sitter is an imposing African American artist/performer/observer, the photographer—and by extension, the portrait’s audience—finds herself in the unique, deferential position of being in the sitter’s own metaphorical, critical purview.
Internal Tide Convergence and Mixing in a Submarine Canyon

AbstractObservations from Eel Canyon, located on the north coast of California, show that elevated turbulence in the full water column arises from the convergence of remotely generated internal wave energy. The incoming semidiurnal and bottom-trapped diurnal internal tides generate complex interference patterns. The semidiurnal internal tide sets up a partly standing wave within the canyon due to reflection at the canyon head, dissipating all of its energy within the canyon. Dissipation in the near bottom is associated with the diurnal trapped tide, while midwater isopycnal shear and strain is associated with the semidiurnal tide. Dissipation is elevated up to 600 m off the bottom, in contrast to observations over the flat continental shelf where dissipation occurs closer to the topography. Slope canyons are sinks for internal wave energy and may have important influences on the global distribution of tidally driven mixing.
The Social Construction of Data in the Zone of Proximal Development

Researchers in education, psychology, and related fields have historically been concerned with the extent to which the research methods they employ affect the emergence of the data they collect and analyze. Many publications, for instance, caution researchers about the perils of the Hawthorne effect (Adair et al., 1989), through which the mere fact of being observed for study improves performance. This effect suggests that what would “naturally” occur is altered by the presence of observers, thus invalidating the inevitably inflated results.
Alternative Approaches for Analysis of Complex Data Sets in Flow Cytometry

The field of flow cytometry is rapidly evolving as a result of advancements in sample preparation technology. Automated machinery, multi-channel PMTs, multiplexed assay formats, and mass cytometry introduce new opportunities in fields utilizing flow cytometry by creating very rich, albeit complex, data sets. Advances in cytometric data collection have always been accompanied by advances in analytical techniques. As high-content multi-parametric data sets are generated through new flow cytometry techniques and technologies, it is important to simultaneously develop computers and software with the ability to execute six major functions: manipulate an unlimited number of parameters, compare all data parameters in many different combinations, create and customize a data analysis strategy, see real-time changes in all parameters, offer advanced statistical tools, and rapidly report figures and graphs with endpoint conclusions. This chapter investigates methods of achieving each of these six functions by addressing data-analysis challenges in drug-screen assays, multiplexed cytokine assays, hyperspectral cytometry, and mass cytometry.
Laboratory testing for monoclonal gammopathies: Focus on monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma

Monoclonal gammopathies (MG) are defined by increased proliferation of clonal plasma cells, resulting in a detectable abnormality called monoclonal component or M-protein. Detection of the M-protein as either narrow peaks on protein electrophoresis and discrete bands on immunofixation is the defining feature of MG. MG are classified as low-tumor burden disorders, pre-malignancies and malignancies. Since significant disease can be present at any level, several different tests are employed in order to encompass the inherent diverse nature of the M-proteins. In this review, we discuss the main characteristics and limitations of clinical assays to detect M-proteins: protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, immunoglobulin quantitation, serum free light chains and heavy-light chain assays, as well as the newly developed MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric methods. In addition, the definitions of the pre-malignancies monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), as well as monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) are presented in the context of the 2014 international guidelines for definition of myeloma requiring treatment, and the role of the laboratory in test selection for screening and monitoring these conditions is highlighted.
Micro-Denervation of the Spermatic Cord for Post-Vasectomy Pain Management

Abstract Introduction Post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS) is a challenging problem for the practicing urologist because of its unclear pathophysiology and no clearly established protocol for evaluation or treatment. PVPS is defined as at least 3 months of chronic or intermittent scrotal content pain after a vasectomy procedure once other etiologies for the pain have been ruled out. Aim To systematically review the current literature on the effectiveness of micro-denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC) for PVPS. Methods A systematic literature search using PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases for all reports pertaining to PVPS using the Medical Subject Heading terms post vasectomy pain syndrome and micro-denervation of spermatic cord through February 2017. Main Outcome Measures Scrotal content pain after MDSC for PVPS. Results There were nine retrospective studies evaluating MDSC for chronic testicular pain. After omitting repeated series, there were 213 patients who underwent MDSC for chronic orchialgia. Only one study specifically reviewed the outcomes of patients who underwent MDSC for PVPS. In this study, 17 patients underwent MSDC for PVPS, with 13 (76.5%) reporting complete relief of pain at their first follow-up visit. The other four patients had significant improvement in pain and were satisfied with the results. Long-term follow-up data were not available for this study. Conclusion MDSC remains a valuable approach with high success rates and should be considered for PVPS that is refractory to medical therapy. MDSC appears to have the most success for patients who experience a temporary relief from a cord block and can significantly improve the patient's quality of life and ability to return to daily activities. Tan WP, Levine LA. Micro-Denervation of the Spermatic Cord for Post-Vasectomy Pain Management. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:328–334.
Methanol Oxidation to Formate on ALD-Prepared VOx/θ-Al2O3 Catalysts: A Mechanistic Study

Well-defined supported VOx/θ-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with vanadium coverages of 0.48, 1.20, and 3.40 wt %. In-situ Raman and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy confirm that the monovanadate, VO4, is the predominant vanadium species at low loadings (0.48 and 1.20 wt %), while polyvanadate VO4 is the predominant vanadium species for the 3.40 wt % VOx/θ-Al2O3 catalyst. In-situ FTIR spectroscopy of methanol oxidation to formate, in the absence of gas-phase oxygen, on the 0.48 wt % VOx/θ-Al2O3, identified two different formates. A comparison of the frequencies for the formates adsorbed on just V2O5 and on just θ-Al2O3 demonstrates that one of these formates is located on aluminum sites of VOx/θ-Al2O3 while the other is located on vanadium sites. The oxidation state of vanadium for the VOx/θ-Al2O3 catalyst was determined by XPS after different reaction times. On the basis of the time dependence of the formate absorptions and the change in the oxidation state of vanadi...
Social Network Sites and Digital Word of Mouth: A Social Capital Perspective

This research-in-progress paper investigates the relationship among the use of social networking sites (SNSs), users’ social capital and knowledge sharing through digital Word of Mouth (WOM). The rise of SNSs has changed the way people interact and network. SNSs make it possible for users to keep track of their existing relationships and to build new ones. The SNSs have potential to build social capital which could be utilized for organizational use. However, few studies have examined the relationship among SNSs, social capital, and digital WOM. Specifically, this research examines whether the intensity of use of social network sites is positively related to users’ relational social capital and knowledge sharing through digital WOM. This study provides a theoretical model for researchers to study the utilization of SNSs; and provides rationale for practitioners to utilize SNSs internally for organizational inter-networking and organizational learning, and externally as a marketing tool.
Influence of Advanced Placement of the In-Street Sign Gateway on Distance of Yielding from the Crosswalk:

A multiple-threat accident occurs when a pedestrian attempts to traverse a crosswalk on a multilane road, and the vehicle nearest to the pedestrian yields close to the crosswalk, obscuring the pede...
Methodologies to Study Channel-Mediated Ion Fluxes in Membrane Vesicles

The use of techniques such as voltage clamp or patch clamp has provided a great deal of information about channel properties and about ion movement across ion channels in biological membranes. However, neither of these techniques can be used to study the presence and properties of ion channels in very small cells or in internal membranes such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. A clever technique developed by Miller and Racker (1976) has made it possible to overcome these problems: the membrane of interest, once isolated and purified, is allowed to fuse to an artificial planar lipid bilayer under appropriate conditions. Thus, ion channels and probably other membrane components are incorporated into the artificial membrane (for a review on the technique, see Miller, 1983a,b). Using this approach, various channels have been studied, including a voltage-gated K+ channel from sarcoplasmic reticulum (Miller, 1978), a Cl- channel from Torpedo electroplax (White and Miller, 1979), and a Ca2+-activated K+ channel from skeletal muscle transverse tubule (Latorre et al., 1982). None of these channels was known to exist before these experiments were done.
Theories of cognition in CSCW

There are many theories useful for framing CSCW research and they may in principle be irreducible to a single theory. CSCW research explores questions involving numerous distinct—though interacting—phenomena at multiple levels of description. The useful approach may be to clearly distinguish levels such as individual, small-group and community units of analysis, and to differentiate terminology for discussing these different levels. Theory in general has evolved dramatically over the ages, with a trend to extend the unit of cognition beyond the single idea or even the individual mind. Seminal theoretical works influential within CSCW suggest a post-cognitive approach to group cognition as a complement to analyzing cognition of individuals and of communities of practice.
Who Needs Imaging and What Modality

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease experiencing abdominal pain and gastrointestinal symptoms often seek acute medical care and frequently undergo abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT). Though the yield of CT is fairly high, increases in CT utilization are disproportionate to clinically actionable findings and impacts on disposition. A subset of IBD patients accumulate high levels of ionizing radiation exposure due to multiple imaging, increasing their risk of cancer. Both limited physician awareness and limited availability of alternate imaging modalities may prevent use of strategies that avoid radiation. Details of a patient’s disease may help guide imaging decisions.
Editorial for Weed Science, Volume 63

Weed Science continues to be one of the premier journals in the discipline and in the agronomic sciences. The Editorial Board and the staff strive to improve the efficiency of the publication process and improve the scope of the journal. Weed Science is seeking to publish more reviews and symposium articles. This year, Weed Science will publish a special issue of Weed Science that will serve as a research methods book, and another special issue from the WSSA Herbicide Resistance Summit II is being planned. For the 12 mo preceding September 1, 2014, 207 manuscripts were submitted to Weed Science compared to 211 in the previous 12-mo period. Of the manuscripts accepted, 66% were accepted, compared to 63% the previous year. The time from submission to first decision was 45 d this past year compared to 47 d for the previous year. Table 1 shows the impact factor and article influence score for Weed Science and other related journals for 2012. The impact factor for Weed Science declined slightly from 1.759 to 1.684 from 2011 to 2012, while the 5-yr impact factor increased from 1.770 to 1.835. For the year preceding September 1, 2014, the journal depended on 264 unique reviewers from 30 countries for peer review. The excellent reputation of the journal would not be possible without the cutting edge research submitted by authors, the diligent work of the editorial board, and the hundreds of referred reviews that are submitted annually. I wish to thank the members of the editorial board and reviewers for 2014. Editorial Board 2014
Caring for human trafficking victims: A description and rationale for the Medical Safe Haven model in family medicine residency clinics.

Human trafficking is a growing public health issue. As we understand more about the prevalence of persons experiencing trafficking accessing clinical services and their unique healthcare needs, we ...
Spanning Surfaces for Hyperbolic Knots in the 3-Sphere

We consider results and questions related to both the geometry and topology of surfaces that span hyperbolic knots, including embedded orientable and nonorientable surfaces as well as singular punctured surfaces.