cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The intensity-dependent refractive index of chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin

Abstract The intensity-dependent refractive index of a chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin film is shown to be composed of two components. The first arises from the shift in absorption band accompanying the bR → M phototransformation and follows the predictions made by the Kramers-Kronig transformation. An additional modulation is observed at high laser intensities and is the likely result of a thermal lensing effect induced by laser heating. This study provides for the first time new insight and quantitative descriptions of the regimes of the refractive index modulation in bacteriorhodopsin and is helpful in understanding the potential use of the BR refractive index modulation in optical applications.
Detecting semantic cloaking on the web

By supplying different versions of a web page to search engines and to browsers, a content provider attempts to cloak the real content from the view of the search engine. Semantic cloaking refers to differences in meaning between pages which have the effect of deceiving search engine ranking algorithms. In this paper, we propose an automated two-step method to detect semantic cloaking pages based on different copies of the same page downloaded by a web crawler and a web browser. The first step is a filtering step, which generates a candidate list of semantic cloaking pages. In the second step, a classifier is used to detect semantic cloaking pages from the candidates generated by the filtering step. Experiments on manually labeled data sets show that we can generate a classifier with a precision of 93% and a recall of 85%. We apply our approach to links from the dmoz Open Directory Project and estimate that more than 50,000 of these pages employ semantic cloaking.
Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone activity

[1] Recent historical Northern Hemisphere (NH) tropical cyclone (TC) inactivity is compared with strikingly large observed variability during the past three decades. Yearly totals of the combined active-basin NH accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) are highly correlated with boreal spring sea-surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific Ocean and are representative of an evolving dual-gyre, trans-hemispheric correlation pattern throughout the calendar year. The observed offsetting nature of Eastern Pacific and North Atlantic basin ACE during the past three decades and a strong dependence of combined Pacific TC activity upon the El Nino-Southern Oscillation reflect the interrelated modulation of overall NH integrated TC energy by large-scale modes of climate variability. Thus, the quiescent period of overall integrated NH TC ACE continuing throughout 2008 is not unexpected in the context of previous periods of colder Pacific SSTs.
An integrated environment for knowledge acquisition

This paper describes an integrated acquisition interface that includes several techniques previously developed to support users in various ways as they add new knowledge to an intelligent system. As a result of this integration, the individual techniques can take better advantage of the context in which they are invoked and provide stronger guidance to users. We describe the current implementation using examples from a travel planning domain, and demonstrate how users can add complex knowledge to the system.
Probabilistic Model Based on the Effective Range and Vehicle Speed to Determine Bluetooth MAC Address Matches from Roadside Traffic Monitoring

The use of Bluetooth technology to determine vehicle travel times offers several benefits over traditional methods—most notably, an increased amount of data points. An understanding of the Bluetooth device discovery procedure provides insight on the impacts of vehicle speed and device effective range on the number of in-range scan intervals, allowing the data collection setup to be modified to improve the probability of device detection. It is determined that the number of in-range scan intervals increases as vehicle speed decreases and that vehicle speed has a greater influence when the device effective range is decreased. Our match probability is defined as the probability that a single vehicle containing a discoverable Bluetooth radio will be detected by two different scanning radios, not a sampling rate produced by the ratio of MAC detections to total number of passing vehicles. The probability of device detection escalates for roadways with lower functional classification, slower posted speed limits,...
Counting MSTD Sets in Finite Abelian Groups

In an abelian group G, a more sums than dierences (MSTD) set is a subset A G such thatjA +Aj >jA Aj. We provide asymptotics for the number of MSTD sets in nite abelian groups, extending previous results of Nathanson. The proof contains an application of a recently resolved conjecture of Alon and Kahn on the number of independent sets in a regular graph.
A unifying theory for general multigenic heterosis: energy efficiency, protein metabolism, and implications for molecular breeding

Hybrids between genetically diverse varieties display enhanced growth, and increased total biomass, stress resistance and grain yield. Gene expression and metabolic studies in maize, rice and other species suggest that protein metabolism plays a role in the growth differences between hybrids and inbreds. Single trait heterosis can be explained by the existing theories of dominance, overdominance and epistasis. General multigenic heterosis is observed in a wide variety of different species and is likely to share a common underlying biological mechanism. This review presents a model to explain differences in growth and yield caused by general multigenic heterosis. The model describes multigenic heterosis in terms of energy-use efficiency and faster cell cycle progression where hybrids have more efficient growth than inbreds because of differences in protein metabolism. The proposed model is consistent with the observed variation of gene expression in different pairs of inbred lines and hybrid offspring as well as growth differences in polyploids and aneuploids. It also suggests an approach to enhance yield gains in both hybrid and inbred crops via the creation of an appropriate computational analysis pipeline coupled to an efficient molecular breeding program.
Acknowledging Dependence: a MacIntyrean perspective on relationships involving Alzheimer’s Disease:

As people living with Alzheimer's disease experience their lifetime of memories slowly slipping away, they become dependent on society's independent practical reasoners family, health care professionals and society. Many people grow accustomed to the cognitive decline and begin to view the person with dementia as less than a person. In Dependent rational animals, Alasdair MacIntyre emphasized a moral framework that encompasses two sets of virtues needed for human beings to flourish in society and to achieve genuine common goods--the virtues of independent practical reasoners and the virtues of acknowledged dependence. Virtues of acknowledged dependence are discussed ethically in terms of benevolence towards those who are disabled or dependent upon people who are strong and independent. The authors propose that using MacIntyre's perspective of the two sets of virtues is valuable in the care of persons with Alzheimer's disease. According to MacIntyre, independent reasoners who understand and practice these two sets of virtues will help those people in communities who are dependent and vulnerable, and, subsequently, human flourishing can occur.
Experimental Campylobacter jejuni Infection in Humans

Two strains of Campylobacter jejuni ingested by 111 adult volunteers, in doses ranging from 8 x 10(2) to 2 x 10(9) organisms, caused diarrheal illnesses. Rates of infection increased with dose, but development of illness did not show a clear dose relation. Resulting illnesses with strain A3249 ranged from a few loose stools to dysentery, with an average of five diarrheal stools and a volume of 509 mL. Infection with strain 81-176 was more likely to cause illness, and these illnesses were more severe, with an average of 15 stools and 1484 mL of total stool volume. All patients had fecal leukocytes. The dysenteric nature of the illness indicates that the pathogenesis of C. jejuni infection includes tissue inflammation. Ill volunteers developed a serum antibody response to the C. jejuni group antigen and were protected from subsequent illness but not infection with the same strain.
Differential binding of Escherichia coli McrA protein to DNA sequences that contain the dinucleotide m5CpG

The Escherichia coli McrA protein, a putative C5-methylcytosine/C5-hydroxyl methylcytosine-specific nuclease, binds DNA with symmetrically methylated HpaII sequences (Cm5CGG), but its precise recognition sequence remains undefined. To determine McrA’s binding specificity, we cloned and expressed recombinant McrA with a C-terminal StrepII tag (rMcrA-S) to facilitate protein purification and affinity capture of human DNA fragments with m5C residues. Sequence analysis of a subset of these fragments and electrophoretic mobility shift assays with model methylated and unmethylated oligonucleotides suggest that N(Y > R) m5CGR is the canonical binding site for rMcrA-S. In addition to binding HpaII-methylated double-stranded DNA, rMcrA-S binds DNA containing a single, hemimethylated HpaII site; however, it does not bind if A, C, T or U is placed across from the m5C residue, but does if I is opposite the m5C. These results provide the first systematic analysis of McrA’s in vitro binding specificity.
Rationale of Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Wall Stress and Midwall Mechanics in Hypertensive Heart Disease

Active reduction of left ventricular chamber size during systole is the final effect of complex interaction mechanisms involving layers of differently oriented myocardial fibres, the shortening of which is less than the one measured as shortening of the left ventricular diameter at the level of the endocardium. This biological phenomenon is particularly evident in conditions such as arterial hypertension in which left ventricular geometry is altered. Due to the double effect of contraction on both the longitudinal (shortening) and transverse (thickening) axes of the myocardial fibres, the shortening of single myocardial fibres is amplified at the level of the endocardium and this amplification is a function of wall thickness. Increased wall thickness can enhance at the endocardial level the effect of myocardial fibres with reduced shortening, allowing preservation of ejection fraction despite depressed midwall shortening, through a 'contractile gradient' proceeding from epicardium to endocardium. This is detectable using tagged MRI or even quantitative echocardiography. This discrepancy between chamber and wall mechanics, seen in arterial hypertension and in other clinical conditions characterized by alteration of left ventricular geometry, is at the basis of the better prediction of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients by measures of left ventricular wall mechanics than by measures of left ventricular chamber function.
Analysis of cell membrane aminophospholipids as isotope-tagged derivatives

Glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPEtn) and glycerophosphoserine (GPSer) lipids were reacted with a multiplexed set of differentially isotopically enriched N-methylpiperazine acetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester reagents, which place isobaric mass labels at a primary amino group. The resulting derivatized aminophospholipids were isobaric and chromatographically indistinguishable but yielded positive reporter ions (m/z 114 or 117) after collisional activation that could be used to identify and quantify individual members of the multiplex set. The chromatographic and mass spectrometric response of N-methylpiperazine amide-tagged aminophospholipids was probed using glycerophosphoethanolamine and glycerophosphoserine lipid standards. The [M+H]+ of each tagged aminophospholipid shifted 144 Da, and during collision-induced dissociation the major fragmentation ion was either m/z 114 or 117. This mode of detecting aminophospholipids was useful for an unbiased analysis of plasmalogen GPEtn lipids. Molecular species information on the esterified fatty acyl substituents was obtained by collisional activation of the [M-H]− ions. The isotope-tagged reagents were used to assess changes in the distribution of GPEtn lipids after exposure of liposomes made from phospholipids extracted from RAW 264.7 cells to Cu2+/H2O2 to illustrate the ability of these reagents to aid in the mass spectrometric identification of aminophospholipid changes that occur during biological stimuli.
Processing in the hepatitis C virus E2-NS2 region : identification of p7 and two distinct E2-specific products with different C termini

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) H strain polyprotein is cleaved to produce at least nine distinct products: NH2-C-E1-E2-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-CO OH. In this report, a series of C-terminal truncations and fusion with a human c-myc epitope tag allowed identification of a tenth HCV-encoded cleavage product, p7, which is located between the E2 and NS2 proteins. As determined by N-terminal sequence analysis, p7 begins with position 747 of the HCV H strain polyprotein. p7 is preceded by a hydrophobic sequence at the C terminus of E2 which may direct its translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing cleavage at the E2/p7 site by host signal peptidase. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that cleavage at the E2/p7 and p7/NS2 sites in cell-free translation studies was dependent upon the addition of microsomal membranes. However, unlike typical cotranslational signal peptidase cleavages, pulse-chase experiments indicate that cleavage at the E2/p7 site is incomplete, leading to the production of two E2-specific species, E2 and E2-p7. Possible roles of p7 and E2-p7 in the HCV life cycle are discussed.
Advances in electric drive control

Advances in electric drive control which have shown significant practical advantages over the previously existing technology include physics-based state variable controls design, state observer design for sensor replacement, disturbance input decoupling design, self-sensing (sensorless) control, region-based fuzzy logic and structured neural networks. This paper discusses the design methods underlying their use.
Incremental Universalism for the United States: The States Move First?

Astandard health policy joke goes like this: Health policy expert X dies and goes to heaven. God himself greets X, and the Lord says that the health expert can ask one question before entering heaven. The health expert asks: “Will we ever have universal health insurance coverage in the United States”? God answers: “Yes, but not in my lifetime.” This joke summarizes the prospects that policy experts have typically seen for universal health insurance coverage in the United States. For senior policymakers, this perspective reflects past battle scars, most recently with the Clinton administration’s proposed Health Security Act in 1994. There has been no serious national attempt at universal coverage since that time. In the run-up to the November 2008 election, the tone of the discussion shifted. Politicians running for office at the national level talked freely about spending tens of billions of dollars on expanding health insurance coverage. But perhaps the most intriguing practical developments occurred at the state level. Most notable has been the health reform plan enacted by Massachusetts in April 2006. This sweeping bill altered insurance markets, subsidized insurance coverage for a large swath of the population, introduced a new health insurance purchasing mechanism (the “Connector”), and mandated insurance coverage for almost all citizens. The Massachusetts experience has led to similar proposals in a number of states, including a major (but ultimately failed) effort in California. This new wave of health care proposals and laws is marked by what I call
Protein-Lipid Interactions and Lipid Dynamics in Rat Enterocyte Plasma Membranes

The luminal (brush border and microvillus) and contraluminal (basolateral) plasma membranes of the rat enterocyte, the predominant cell type lining the small intestine, are highly differentiated to perform a variety of digestive and transport functions. These antipodal membranes have been previously demonstrated to differ from each other in ultrastructure (Oda 1976), electrophysiologic properties (Rose and Schultz 1971, Okada et al. 1977), enzyme and transport activities (Douglas et al. 1972, Lewis et al. 1975, Murer et al. 1974), protein components (Fujita et al. 1973), and lipid composition (Forstner et al. 1968, Douglas et al. 1972, Kawai et al. 1974, Lewis et al. 1975, Brasitus and Schachter 1980a). While protein-lipid interaction has previously been studied in a number of other plasma membranes (Fox 1975, Lee 1975), until recently, these interactions had not been examined in the plasma membranes of the rat enterocyte. The functional interaction between protein and lipids of these membranes, using steady state fluorescence polarization (SSFP) and differential scanning calormetry (DSC), have now been studied and the results serve as the basis for this review.
Social media and healthcare quality improvement: a nascent field

Two articles1 ,2 describe the use of social media to describe or potentiate healthcare quality improvement. Taken together, these articles point to an exciting—but still nascent—trend. We hope that these two pilot studies will be taken as a call to future research rather than as definitive reports. The first article1 describes the proportion of emergency department (ED) patients who consent for researchers to download their Facebook and Twitter data. The novelty of this study lies in its underlying premise: accessing patients’ social media data could, in theory, permit better awareness of patients’ health status and risks, and thereby permit real-time interventions and improved patient engagement. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show the acceptability, feasibility and limitations of accessing patients’ social media data. It thereby gives hope that incorporating social feeds into healthcare may be possible. This study had three important, and surprising, findings. First, the authors report that 52% of ED patients reported using Twitter or Facebook. This fraction is much lower than found in other urban EDs (eg, 67% of ED patients in a 2012 manuscript)3 or in national surveys (62% of all US adults, according to recent Pew data4). Second, of those patients using social media, 53% agreed to participate in the study, and approximately two-thirds of those agreed to have data downloaded. These statistics could be interpreted as encouraging—representing a higher-than-expected proportion of ED patients who are willing to share their social media feeds with researchers. …
Keys of Japanese prosody and didactical - technical analysis of OJAD (Online Japanese Accent Dictionary)

La mayoria de los estudios sobre el acento en la ensenanza de las lenguas extranjeras indican que se presta una escasa atencion a los aspectos prosodicos tanto en materiales didacticos como en procesos de ensenanza-aprendizaje (Martinsen, Avord, & Tanner, 2014). En este contexto y a lo largo del presente articulo, se lleva a cabo un analisis de las dimensiones didactica y tecnica de OJAD (Online Japanese Accent Dictionary), vinculado a un proyecto del Instituto Nacional para el Lenguaje y la Linguistica Japonesa liderado por Minematsu (Universidad de Tokio). Con la recogida de datos e informaciones a traves de una adaptacion del CEETP Cuestionario para la Evaluacion de aspectos Didacticos, Tecnicos y Pedagogicos de Webs Didacticas de Cabello, Martinez-Segura y Garcia Sanchez (2013) y apoyado en estudios e investigaciones de los equipos responsables, se lleva a cabo un analisis de la web que permite destacar sus aspectos positivos y a revisar desde un punto de vista educativo. En lineas generales, OJAD es una herramienta vinculada a la didactica de la lengua japonesa, accesible, sistematica, con grandes posibilidades en cuanto a criterios de busqueda y adaptacion al usuario.
Covalent Tethering of Fragments For Covalent Probe Discovery

Covalent probes and drugs have found widespread use as research tools and clinical agents. Covalent probes are useful because of their increased intracellular potency and because covalent labeling of cellular proteins can be tracked using click chemistry. Covalent drugs, on the other hand, can overcome drug resistance toward their reversible counterparts. The discovery of covalent probes and drugs usually follows two trajectories: covalent natural products and their analogues are used directly as covalent probes or drugs; or alternatively, a non-covalent probe is equipped with a reactive group and converted into a covalent probe. In both cases, there is a need to either have a natural product or a potent non-covalent scaffold. The alternative approach to discover covalent probes is to start with a drug-like fragment that already has an electrophile, and then grow the fragment into a potent lead compound. In this approach, the electrophilic fragment will react covalently with the target protein, and therefore the initial weak binding of the fragment can be amplified over time and detected using mass spectrometry. With this approach the surface of the protein can be interrogated with a library of covalent fragments to identify covalent drug binding sites. One challenge with this approach is the danger of non-specific covalent labeling of proteins with covalent fragments. The second challenge is the risk of selecting the most reactive fragment rather than the best binder if the covalent fragments are screened in mixtures. This review will highlight how covalent tethering was developed, its current state, and its future.
Strength and Related Properties of Brick Masonry

Sixteen important controllable variables in the strength of conventional brick masonry are related in 10 equations for strength in compression, flexure, and shear. Axial compressive strength of standard brick masonry prisms is a function of the compressive strengths of brick and mortar and quality of workmanship. The compressive strength of brick is a function of unit size and shape, raw material, manufacturing process and degree of burning. Compressive strength of mortar is a function of cement, lime, water and air content, curing condition and batch life. Flexural strength of brick masonry is a function of brick-mortar bond, joint thickness, and mortar cement content. Bond strength of brick to mortar is a function of mortar flow, air content, and exposure time, and brick suction and surface condition. Shear strength of brick masonry is a function of brick-mortar bond strength, compressive stress and coefficient of internal friction.
Li zoning in zircon as a potential geospeedometer and peak temperature indicator

Zircon Li concentrations and δ7Li values may potentially trace crustal recycling because continental and mantle-derived zircons yield distinct values. The usefulness of these differences may depend upon the retentivity of zircon to Li concentrations and isotopic ratios. Given the relatively high Li diffusivities measured by Cherniak and Watson (Contrib Mineral Petrol 160: 383–390, 2010), we sought to discover the scenarios under which Li mobility might be inhibited by charge-compensating cations. Toward this end, we conducted “in” diffusion experiments in which Li depth profiles of synthetic Lu-doped, P-doped, and undoped zircon were determined by nuclear reaction analysis. In separate experiments, Li was ion-implanted at depth within polished natural zircon slabs to form a Gaussian Li concentration profile. Diffusively relaxed concentration profiles were measured after heating the slabs to determine diffusivities. In all experiments, which ranged from 920 to 650 °C, calculated diffusivities are in agreement with a previously established Arrhenius relationship calibrated on trace-element-poor Mud Tank zircon. Our revised Arrhenius relationship that includes both datasets is: $$D_{\text{Li}} = 9.60 \times 10^{ - 7} \exp \left[ {\frac{{ - 278 \pm 8\;{\text{kJ}}\;{\text{mol}}^{ - 1} }}{\text{RT}}} \right]{\text{m}}^{ 2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}$$ We also observed that synthetic sector-zoned zircon exhibits near-step-function Li concentration profiles across sectors that correlate with changes in the rare earth element (REE) and P concentrations. This allowed us to examine how Li diffusion might couple with REE diffusion in a manner different than that described above. In particular, re-heating these grains revealed significant Li migration, but no detectable migration of the rare earth elements. Thus, unlike most elements in zircon which are not mobile at the micrometer scale under most time–temperature paths in the crust, Li zoning, relaxation of zoning, or lack of zoning altogether could be used to reveal time–temperature information. Discrete ~10 μm concentration zones of Li within zircon may be partially preserved at 700 °C for tens to hundreds of years, and at 450 °C for millions of years. In this regard, Li zoning in zircon holds significant potential as a geospeedometer, and in some instances as a qualitative indicator of the maximum temperature experienced by the zircon.
Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Host Plant on Larval Survival of the Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachan varivestis Mulsant

A comparison of mortality, developmental time, and pupal weight was made for Mexican bean beetle larvae reared on three stages of soybeans and reproductive stage lima beans in 12 constant temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. At high humidities and favorable temperatures (17, 22, and 27° C) there were no significant differences in survival to the pupal stage on the various host plants. On lima bean foliage, larval survival was not significantly influenced by moisture stress. However, survival decreased on all soybean hosts as temperature increased, or as RH decreased, and was inversely proportional to vapor pressure deficit. These stresses are also reflected in larger development times and lower pupal weights. Survival at 32° C in all cases was low. Female larvae appear to be more capable of enduring conditions of moisture stress than males. Stress due to adaptation to change in RH was also observed.
Abstract 4949: Combined immunochemotherapy for poor prognosis breast cancer.

Using preclinical mouse models of luminal B-type mammary adenocarcinoma (e.g., MMTV-PyMT mice), we, and others have reported that immune microenvironments of mammary tumors can be therapeutically manipulated to enhance responses to chemotherapy (CTX)(1). To determine the degree to which other subtypes of mammary carcinoma are similarly susceptible to immune reprogramming, we evaluated transgenic models of basal-like/triple negative (TN), e.g., C3(1)-Tag (2), and erbB2-amplified, e.g., Erbb2f/f/MMTV-Cre (3), mammary adenocarcinoma, with clinical/preclinical agents acting to either deplete or re-educate tumor-associated macrophages, in combination with taxol-based CTX, e.g., paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or eribulin mesylate. Our preliminary studies reveal similar complexity of immune cells infiltrating basal-like/TN tumors as what we previously reported for luminal B-type tumors where macrophages, as opposed to monocytes, are the predominate myeloid cells present. Significantly, mammary tumors in C3(1)-TAg mice exhibit improved responses to taxol-based CTX when given in combination with either colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) or CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) antagonists, as compared to either therapy alone, with no evident liver (ALT, AST, ALP) or kidney (Cre, BUN, CPK) toxicity. These studies reveal a synergistic benefit of combination macrophage-targeting immunotherapy with standard-of-care CTX regardless of mammary tumor subtype or form of taxol-based CTX. Thus, macrophage-targeting immunotherapy remains as an encouraging new neo-adjuvant strategy for slowing primary tumors and minimizing early metastasis. It remains to be determined if similar results will be realized with this class of agents in the metastatic setting. 1. DeNardo D, et al. Cancer Discov 1, 54-67 (2011) 2. Maroulakou I, et al., PNAS 91, 11236-11240 (1994) 3. Andrechek E, et al. PNAS 97, 3444-3449 (2000) Support provided from the NCI/NIH (R01CA15531), the DoD (W81XWH-11-1-0702) and the Susan G Komen Foundation (KG110560, KG111084). Citation Format: Anna Wasiuk, Hope Rugo, Lisa M. Coussens. Combined immunochemotherapy for poor prognosis breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4949. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4949
Low-cost, highly-adaptable, retrofitted laser scanning module for real-time reflectance and confocal fluorescence microscopy

We present a low-cost, high-speed, retrofitted laser scanning module for microscopy. This fiber-coupled source, cage-mounted system offers a real-time imaging alternative to costly commercial systems and can be easily adapted for confocal and fluorescence applications.
Thimet Soil Treatments for Control of Leaf Miners, Galls, and Lace Bugs

Application of Thimet® ( O,O -diethyl S -(ethylthio)methyl phosphorodithioate) granules to the soil around birch, holly, and boxwood in 1957 controlled all season the birch leaf miner ( Fenusa pusilla (Lep)), the holly leaf miner ( Phytomyza ilicis (Curt.)), and the boxwood leaf miner ( Monarthropalpus buxi (Lab.)) on the treated trees. In 1958 the higher dosages used in each experiment continued to control leaf miners. Treatments of Thimet on soil gave good control of the first brood of honey locust pod gall maker ( Dasyneura gleditschiae (O.S)), but were ineffective for later broods. Similar treatments of andromeda and azalea plants controlled lace bugs.
Alongshore sediment bypassing as a control on river mouth morphodynamics

River mouths, shoreline locations where fluvial and coastal sediments are partitioned via erosion, trapping, and redistribution, are responsible for the ultimate sedimentary architecture of deltas and, because of their dynamic nature, also pose great management and engineering challenges. To investigate the interaction between fluvial and littoral processes at wave-dominated river mouths, we modeled their morphologic evolution using the coupled hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model Delft3D-SWAN. Model experiments replicate alongshore migration of river mouths, river mouth spit development, and eventual spit breaching, suggesting that these are emergent phenomena that can develop even under constant fluvial and wave conditions. Furthermore, we find that sediment bypassing of a river mouth develops though feedbacks between waves and river mouth morphology, resulting in either continuous bypassing pathways or episodic bar bypassing pathways. Model results demonstrate that waves refracting into the river mouth bar create a zone of low alongshore sediment transport updrift of the river mouth, which reduces sediment bypassing. Sediment bypassing, in turn, controls the river mouth migration rate and the size of the river mouth spit. As a result, an intermediate amount of river discharge maximizes river mouth migration. The fraction of alongshore sediment bypassing can be predicted from the balance between the jet and the wave momentum flux. Quantitative comparisons show a match between our modeled predictions of river mouth bypassing and migration rates observed in natural settings.
Verbal Sexual Coercion among a US College Sample: Patterns of Sexual Boundary Violations and Predictive Factors

The present study examined verbal sexual coercion. The behaviors which fall under the general label verbal sexual coercion are examined in more depth and categorized in seven behaviors named sexual boundary violations (SBVs). We aimed to explore patterns of SBVs and hypothesized that impulsivity and psychopathy predict SBVs. We analyzed secondary data gathered from a 2009 online survey of sexual behaviors. The participants were 430 sophomores (296 females and 134 males) from an urban south-western university in the US. We ran three stages of analysis: factor analyses to detect patterns of SBVs; hierarchical regression models to determine the predictive value of the hypothesized traits; and t-tests to explore sex differences. The results showed that men used SBVs more often than women. Two factors emerged, labelled “Disguised” and “Undisguised” SBVs. Male sex, sensitivity to temptation, and poorer executive functioning predicted undisguised SBVs. We discuss how these findings can inform future interventions.
Model of TGF-proximal tubule interactions in renal autoregulation

Previous models, assuming constant reabsorption in the proximal tubule, have shown that tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) can explain only a fraction of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow autoregulation. Increased arterial pressure inhibits proximal tubule fluid reabsorption, an effect that should increase the efficacy of TGF because of the resulting increased flow rate in the loop of Henle. Models describing pressure and flow in a glomerulus and a nephron were derived to test this prediction. The models were coupled by a TGF function with tubular flow rate at the end of the proximal tubule (superficial nephron) or at the macula densa (juxtamedullary nephron) as input and with afferent arteriolar resistance as output. In agreement withd others, the model predicted that TGF alone could account for about one-half of autoregulation. Pressure-dependent inhibition of proximal reabsorption increased the ability of TGF to account for autoregulation, providing compensation for increases in arteri...
The contested status of cosmetic and reconstructive plastic surgery.

Introduction to the May 2010 Virtual Mentor issue on the topic of ethics in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
High-Turnover Aromatic C–H Borylation Catalyzed by POCOP-Type Pincer Complexes of Iridium

The catalytic C–H borylation of arenes with HBpin (pin = pinacolate) using POCOP-type pincer complexes of Ir has been demonstrated, with turnover numbers exceeding 10 000 in some cases. The selectivity of C–H activation was based on steric preferences and largely mirrored that found in other Ir borylation catalysts. Catalysis in the (POCOP)Ir system depends on the presence of stoichiometric quantities of sacrificial olefin, which is hydrogenated to consume the H2 equivalents generated in the borylation of C–H bonds with HBpin. Smaller olefins such as ethylene or 1-hexene were more advantageous to catalysis than sterically encumbered tert-butylethylene (TBE). Olefin hydroboration is a competing side reaction. The synthesis and isolation of multiple complexes potentially relevant to catalysis permitted examination of several key elementary reactions. These experiments indicate that the C–H activation step in catalysis ostensibly involves oxidative addition of an aromatic C–H bond to the three-coordinate (PO...
Cybersecurity in National Security and International Relations

This chapter focuses on the significance of CS in the context of broader national security and international relations issues facing nations. It first provides a review of initiatives and measures introduced by the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime as well as by other international and regional organizations and relevant bodies and fora for reducing cyber-threats and promoting greater cyber peace. It then argues that despite these encouraging attempts, the widespread allegations and counter-allegations involving the cyberspace among major economies and some nations’ engagement in the cyberwar arms race point to the fact that the current legal regimes, institutional frameworks and instruments are insufficient, inappropriate and ineffective to address cyber-threats. We draw on the literatures in international organization, white collar crimes, security studies, cybersecurity and other areas to explore the nature, sources, and consequences of cyber-threats and specify possible actions that nations can take to deal with various deficiencies of the current regimes, frameworks and instruments.
Anxiety and Atopic Disease: Comorbidity in a Youth Mental Health Setting

Anxiety frequently co-occurs with atopic diseases (e.g., allergies) in community samples, although data are limited to community and pediatric medical samples. Little work has examined atopy rates among mental health treatment seeking youth or whether youth with comorbid anxiety and atopy present similarly to non-comorbid youth. Using initial intake data from a University-based specialty youth clinic for anxiety and depressive disorders (n = 189), rates of atopic comorbidity were benchmarked against lifetime prevalence estimates in epidemiological samples. Anxiety severity and parental stress were compared between youth with and without atopy. Results indicated high rates of atopy in the clinical sample (51.3 %) relative to population atopy estimates (34.5 %). Anxious youth with atopy exhibited more overall and generalized anxiety symptoms relative to non-atopic youth (ps < .05); parental stress was comparable between atopic and non-atopic anxious youth. This suggests potentially heightened clinical severity for youth with co-occurring anxiety and atopy.
Defining Team Effort Involved in Patient Care from the Primary Care Physician's Perspective.

A better understanding of the attributes of patients who require more effort to manage may improve risk adjustment approaches and lead to more efficient resource allocation, improved patient care and health outcomes, and reduced burnout in primary care clinicians. To identify and characterize high-effort patients from the physician’s perspective. Cohort study. Ninety-nine primary care physicians in an academic primary care network. From a list of 100 randomly selected patients in their panels, PCPs identified patients who required a high level of team-based effort and patients they considered complex. For high-effort patients, PCPs indicated which factors influenced their decision: medical/care coordination, behavioral health, and/or socioeconomic factors. We examined differences in patient characteristics based on PCP-defined effort and complexity. Among 9594 eligible patients, PCPs classified 2277 (23.7 %) as high-effort and 2676 (27.9 %) as complex. Behavioral health issues were the major driver of effort in younger patients, while medical/care coordination issues predominated in older patients. Compared to low-effort patients, high-effort patients were significantly (P < 0.01 for all) more likely to have higher rates of medical (e.g. 23.2 % vs. 6.3 % for diabetes) and behavioral health problems (e.g. 9.8 % vs. 2.9 % for substance use disorder), more frequent primary care visits (10.9 vs. 6.0 visits), and higher acute care utilization rates (25.8 % vs. 7.7 % for emergency department [ED] visits and 15.0 % vs. 3.9 % for hospitalization). Almost one in five (18 %) patients who were considered high-effort were not deemed complex by the same PCPs. Patients defined as high-effort by their primary care physicians, not all of whom were medically complex, appear to have a high burden of psychosocial issues that may not be accounted for in current chronic disease-focused risk adjustment approaches.
Duplex Ultrasound Protocol and Findings in Common Carotid Artery Dissection Extending from the Aortic Arch

IntroductionAortic dissection can extend into the brachiocephalic arteries. We analyzed carotid duplex ultrasound (CDU) in DeBakey I acute aortic dissection to identify characteristics and establis...
Simultaneous Analysis of 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP in Asian Style Sauces Using QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.

Acid hydrolyzed vegetable protein (aHVP) is used for flavoring a wide variety of foods and also in the production of nonfermented soy sauce. During the production of aHVP, chloropropanols including 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 1,3 dichloropropane-2-ol (1,3-DCP) can be formed through the reaction of the hydrochloric acid catalyst and residual fat and the reaction of 3-MCPD with acetic acid, respectively. 3-MCPD is a carcinogen, and 1,3-DCP has been classified as a genotoxic carcinogen. The European Union (EU) has set a maximum concentration of 0.02 mg/kg of 3-MCPD in aHVP, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) set a guidance limit of 1 mg/kg of 3-MCPD in aHVP. 1,3-DCP is not an approved food additive, and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JEFCA) has set a limit at 0.005 mg/kg, which is close to the estimated method detection limit. Currently there are few analytical methods for the simultaneous determination of 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP without derivatization due to differenc...
The Modes of Participation: A Revised Frame for Identifying and Analyzing Participatory Budgeting Practices:

Participatory budgeting is a democratic process through which citizens make decisions about budgeting. It has received attention in public administration literature. Many scholars apply “participat...
Patterns, relevance and predictors of heart failure dyadic symptom appraisal:

Background:Caregivers are thought to play a major role in helping patients first appraise and then respond to heart failure (HF) symptoms.Aims:The aims of this study were to: (a) characterise disti...
New Rh2(II,II) Complexes for Solar Energy Applications: Panchromatic Absorption and Excited-State Reactivity.

The new heteroleptic paddlewheel complexes cis-[Rh2(μ-form)2(μ-np)2][BF4]2, where form = p-ditolylformamidinate (DTolF) or p-difluorobenzylformamidinate (F-form) and np = 1,8-napthyridyine, and cis-Rh2(μ-form)2(μ-npCOO)2 (npCOO– = 1,8-naphthyridine-2-carboxylate), were synthesized and characterized. The complexes absorb strongly throughout the ultraviolet (λmax = 300 nm, e = 20 300 M–1 cm–1) and visible regions (λmax = 640 nm e = 3500 M–1 cm–1), making them potentially useful new dyes with panchromatic light absorption for solar energy conversion applications. Ultrafast and nanosecond transient absorption and time-resolved infrared spectroscopies were used to characterize the identity and dynamics of the excited states, where singlet and triplet Rh2/form-to-naphthyridine, metal/ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (ML-LCT) excited states were observed in all four complexes. The npCOO– complexes exhibit red-shifted absorption profiles extending into the near-IR and undergo photoinitiated electron transfer to g...
Computation of time-domain impulse-response from band-limited ship power distribution models using wavelet transformation

The impulse response of components and network interconnections within the power distribution system of an all-electric ship can be a useful tool for investigating certain fault conditions as well as common-mode current effects. Due to the large size of the ship compared to the wavelengths of the frequency of interest, time-domain measurement or simulation is a time-consuming process. Therefore, behavioral models described in the frequency domain, such as “Scattering” or S parameters, are often used to calculate the time domain impulse response. As simulated or measured scattering parameters are missing the DC and/or close to DC components, the calculated time domain response is an incomplete reconstruction and thus inaccurate. This paper addresses a novel recursive algorithm which is used to apply a continuous wavelet transform to the frequency data for calculating the time-domain impulse response of the ship power system precisely. The results show good agreement between the calculated impulse response using the S-parameter model reconstructed with the wavelet transform and a reference time-domain simulation.
A role for caspase-2 in sphingosine kinase 1 proteolysis in response to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells - implications for the CHK1-suppressed pathway

Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) is a lipid kinase whose activity produces sphingosine 1-phosphate, a prosurvival lipid associated with proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. SK1 overexpression has been observed in numerous cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that SK1 proteolysis occurs downstream of the tumor suppressor p53 in response to several DNA-damaging agents. Moreover, loss of SK1 in p53-knockout mice resulted in complete protection from thymic lymphoma, providing evidence that regulation of SK1 constitutes a major tumor suppressor function of p53. Given this profound phenotype, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which wild-type p53 regulates proteolysis of SK1 in response to the DNA-damaging agent doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. We find that p53-mediated activation of caspase-2 was required for SK1 proteolysis and that caspase-2 activity significantly alters the levels of endogenous sphingolipids. As p53 is mutated in 50% of all cancers, we extended our studies to investigate whether SK1 is deregulated in the context of triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) harboring a mutation in p53. Indeed, caspase-2 was not activated in these cells and SK1 was not degraded. Moreover, caspase-2 activation was recently shown to be downstream of the CHK1-suppressed pathway in p53-mutant cells, whereby inhibition of the cell cycle kinase CHK1 leads to caspase-2 activation and apoptosis. Indeed, knockdown and inhibition of CHK1 led to the loss of SK1 in p53-mutant TNBC cells, providing evidence that SK1 may be the first identified effector of the CHK1-suppressed pathway.
Embryonic skin development and repair

Fetal cutaneous wounds have the unique ability to completely regenerate wounded skin and heal without scarring. However, adult cutaneous wounds heal via a fibroproliferative response which results in the formation of a scar. Understanding the mechanism(s) of scarless wound healing leads to enormous clinical potential in facilitating an environment conducive to scarless healing in adult cutaneous wounds. This article reviews the embryonic development of the skin and outlines the structural and functional differences in adult and fetal wound healing phenotypes. A review of current developments made towards applying this clinical knowledge to promote scarless healing in adult wounds is addressed.
Development of a high-throughput assay for rapid screening of butanologenic strains.

We report a Thermotoga hypogea (Th) alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-dependent spectrophotometric assay for quantifying the amount of butanol in growth media, an advance that will facilitate rapid high-throughput screening of hypo- and hyper-butanol-producing strains of solventogenic Clostridium species. While a colorimetric nitroblue tetrazolium chloride-based assay for quantitating butanol in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth has been described previously, we determined that Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) ADH used in this earlier study exhibits approximately 13-fold lower catalytic efficiency towards butanol than ethanol. Any Sc ADH-dependent assay for primary quantitation of butanol in an ethanol-butanol mixture is therefore subject to “ethanol interference”. To circumvent this limitation and better facilitate identification of hyper-butanol-producing Clostridia, we searched the literature for native ADHs that preferentially utilize butanol over ethanol and identified Th ADH as a candidate. Indeed, recombinant Th ADH exhibited a 6-fold higher catalytic efficiency with butanol than ethanol, as measured using the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH that accompanies alcohol oxidation. Moreover, the assay sensitivity was not affected by the presence of acetone, acetic acid or butyric acid (typical ABE fermentation products). We broadened the utility of our assay by adapting it to a high-throughput microtiter plate-based format, and piloted it successfully in an ongoing metabolic engineering initiative.