cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measured properties of turbulent premixed flames for model assessment, including burning velocities, stretch rates, and surface densities

Abstract Several previously unreported properties of turbulent premixed flames were measured because they are especially useful for the future assessment of direct numerical simulations and models. These new properties include local stretch rates, a wrinkling parameter, the degree of flamelet extinction, and the reaction layer thickness, which were quantified using simultaneous CH planar laser-induced fluorescence/particle image velocimetry (CH PLIF-PIV) diagnostics. Other reported properties that are useful for model assessment are flame surface density ( Σ ) and global consumption speed, which is one type of turbulent burning velocity. Also measured was the Meneveau–Poinsot stretch efficiency function ( Γ K ) , which plays a central role in the coherent flamelet model. Some images of the flame–eddy interactions show how eddies exert strain and how flamelets “merge.” A highly wrinkled (corrugated) flame with well-defined boundary conditions was stabilized on a large two-dimensional slot Bunsen burner. It was found that the turbulent burning velocity of Bunsen flames depends on the mean velocity U ¯ , which was varied independently of turbulence intensity. It is concluded that conventional relations for the turbulent burning velocity of Bunsen flames are inadequate because they should include two additional parameters: mean velocity U ¯ and burner width W . These parameters affect the residence times of the flame–eddy interactions. A scaling analysis is presented to explain the observed trends. It indicates that if the burner width is sufficiently large, the long flame will experience significant flamelet merging, which is one factor leading to the “bending” (nonlinear behavior) of the burning velocity curve. Images of CH layers show that flame surface area is lost by flamelet merging, but is not lost due to local extinction, as no extinction was observed. The stretch efficiency function increases with increasing integral scale, indicating that large eddies are more efficient in exerting flame stretch than small eddies.
A PROGRAM FOR HONORS COURSES IN GERMAN

Author's Summary.— Suggestions for honors courses in German, which the author recommends as a desirable basis for all senior college work.)
Addendum to 'Autoionization states in He and H/-/ by the stabilization method'

The positions of the resonances calculated by the stabilization method can be improved by inclusion of the shift as given by Hazi and Fels. It is also indicated that the phase shifts calculated by the Harris method at incident energies corresponding to the stabilized roots give the positions and the widths of the resonances reasonably well.
Influence of Gamma Radiation on Electrical Conduction of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) at Ambient Temperature

The electrical conduction in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) exposed to a gamma radiation dose of 150 kGy was investigated in the applied field range from 4 to 36 kV/mm. Samples were irradiated in air at room temperature by means of a 60Co gamma source at a dose rate of approximately 42 Gy/min. The electrical properties of virgin and irradiated materials were examined by charging and discharging current measurements. The current decays with time can be represented according to an inverse power law. The changes of dielectric behavior after irradiation were attributed to scission effects.
Recent developments in plant diseases in the United States

The present summary of information regarding certain diseases in the United States through the season of 1940 is in large part a continuation of one published earlier in this journal (23) which contained information up to and including 1935. As in the earlier paper, the choice of diseases to be included has been determined by the present interest of the disease due to its recent appearance in this country or to marked fluctuations in extent or severity, and by the completeness or reliability of available information regarding its incidence. Miss Jessie I. Wood, who collaborated in the preparation of the earlier paper, has aided in this one with numerous valuable suggestions. Much of the material here summarized is, of course, taken from the Plant Disease Reporter. For economy and convenience, references to this publication are made merely by volume and page, italicized, in parentheses inserted in the text.
Mechatronic system of dielectric elastomer actuators addressed by thin film photoconductors on plastic

We demonstrate the first mechatronic device made of an electro-active polymer (EAP) based actuator driven by a thin film photoconductive high voltage switch of amorphous silicon fabricated on a plastic film. The actuator is made of an elastomer dielectric that deforms and expands under high voltage. Its geometry is designed to linearly translate a lightweight rectangular block by the electrostatic expansion of the elastomer. The power supply is connected to the EAP through a photoconductor switch which is addressed and closed by illumination. We describe the configuration of the EAP actuator and the fabrication of the thin film photoconductor, and the electrical parameters and responses of the EAP/photoconductor system.
Oxygen Carriers - What is Behind Us? What is Ahead?

SUMMARY Is there a need for blood substitutes? Five years ago, that question would have met with a nearly universal answer of “yes” as the HIV crisis was front-page news in every major news publication in the developed world. Today, a number of advances in blood banking have given us the safest blood supply that has ever existed. Therefore, some clinicians have taken that claim (the safest blood supply) and have questioned the need for a “blood substitute”. Although the incidence of viral disease transmission by blood products has drastically declined in the last 10 years and HIV and hepatitis C transmission are now almost vanishingly rare, the other risks of blood transfusion remain. Allergic reaction occurs in approximately 1/100 units transfused and although sometimes dismissed as minor in certain cases, an allergic reaction may be life threatening (e.g. immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass). Graft-versus-host reaction, sepsis, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and incompatibility are now coming more into focus as the viral transmission issues fade.
Low Weight-for-Age Z-Score and Infection Risk After the Fontan Procedure

Background Poor growth is common in infants with a single ventricle. Lower weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) is associated with worse short-term outcome after bidirectional Glenn procedure. We sought to assess growth status at the time of the Fontan procedure and the effect of poor growth status on surgical outcomes. Methods This retrospective case series examined children who underwent Fontan at our institution between January 2003 and December 2008. Weight and height were obtained at the time of admission for Fontan. Data from preoperative echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization were abstracted to document cardiac function and hemodynamic measurements. Outcome variables included ventilator time, chest tube duration, postoperative infections (bacteremia, mediastinitis, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis, or culture-positive pneumonia), and length of hospital stay. Results Fifty-five patients were included for analysis. The median age at Fontan was 46 months (range, 18 to 72); median WAZ was −1.0 (−3.8 to +2.0), and height for age z-score was −1.1 (−3.7 to +1.5). The WAZ was less than −2.0 in 19% of patients. Multivariable modeling revealed that patients with a WAZ less than −2.0 ( p = 0.006) had a greater incidence of serious postoperative infections. The only factor predicting longer length of hospital stay was presence of a serious postoperative infection ( p p = 0.01). No factors were associated with longer chest tube duration. Conclusions Growth failure in children with a single ventricle persists through presentation for Fontan. A WAZ less than −2.0 at Fontan is associated with a higher rate of serious postoperative infections, which are associated with longer length of hospital stay.
SU-GG-T-371: Monte Carlo Neutron Shielding Evaluation of Treatment Vaults Built to NCRP 49 Or NCRP 151 Recommendations

Purpose: To use MCNP5 to compare and contrast the recommendations found in NCRP 49 and NCRP 151 pertaining to neutron shielding. Method and Materials: An Elekta SL25 accelerator head with nominal peak energy of 18MV was modeled in MCNP5 and verified against known measured beam characteristics.Neutron angular and energy distributions produced by the Elekta SL25 were calculated using the photoneutron production feature of MCNP5. These neutron distributions were then used as source terms for shielding calculations in simulated treatment vaults designed to either NCRP 49 or NCRP 151 standards. Results: The neutron penetration calculations indicate that shielding for megavoltage teletherapy units, i.e. those with energies greater than 10MV, should include materials designed to prevent neutron leakage. A quantitative assessment of neutron dose contributions to personnel outside of the treatment vaults will be presented. Conclusion: Although the phenomenon of photoneutron production has been well known for some time recommendations for shielding these neutrons in megavoltage teletherapy settings are relatively recent. This study may be used by those institutions considering upgrading existing units to ones with higher energies or by new sites to justify the added expense of incorporating shielding aimed at preventing neutron leakage.
Problems and Pit-Falls in Testing for G × E and Epistasis in Candidate Gene Studies of Human Behavior

Conclusions about the genetic architecture of a phenotype relating to the contributions of genetic additivity, dominance, epistasis or genotype × environment interaction, depend upon the statistical and distributional properties of the measured trait. This dependence is frequently ignored in contemporary genetic studies and can radically change the conclusions that may be drawn from the data. The interdependence of the conclusions about genetic architecture and instruments used for behavioral measurement is explored by simulated studies of the interaction between candidate genes and measured environment in psychiatric genetics. Trait values are simulated (N = 100,000) under several commonly encountered scenarios and subjected to two simulated 20-item psychological tests each comprising items with different patterns of difficulty and sensitivity to variation (discriminating power) in the latent trait. Test scores are generated for each test by summing the binary responses across all items. The full model for digenic additive and non-additive genetic effects and G × E is fitted to the trait values and test scores under a range of different simulated genetic architectures. Untransformed test scores show complex patterns of epistasis and G × E even when the underlying effects of genes and environment are purely additive and the transformation of symptom counts does not fully recover the simulated underlying genetic architecture. Accordingly, failing to allow for the theory of measurement when analyzing details of genetic architecture may frequently lead to replicable over-reporting of interactions and mislead potential investigators and funding agencies.
Evidence that dopamine regulates norepinephrine synthesis in the rat superior cervical ganglion during hypoxic stress

Electrical stimulation of preganglionic nerves is known to increase norepinephrine synthesis in the rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro, an effect which appears to be partially regulated by a non-cholinergic transmitter. In the present study, we sought to determine whether sympathetic stimulation also increases norepinephrine synthesis in the rat ganglion in vivo, and whether dopamine released from ganglionic interneurons might regulate this response. To tackle these questions, rats were pretreated with spiroperidol, a selective dopamine-receptor blocker, and then were sympathetically stimulated by exposure to severe hypoxic stress. Other rats were pretreated with vehicle alone before the hypoxic exposure. Norepinephrine synthesis in ganglia was assessed by measuring endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase activity and norepinephrine turnover. We found that hypoxic stress increased both of these indices of norepinephrine synthesis, but only in rats pretreated with spiroperidol. No such response was detected in rats pretreated with vehicle. These results indicate that sympathetic stimulation increases norepinephrine synthesis in the rat superior cervical ganglion in vivo, and that dopamine released from interneurons might regulate this response.
Three New Siderites from Kentucky: Campbellsville, Clark County, and Providence*

On June 3, 1929, the seventeenth Kentucky meteorite (Campbellsville) was ploughed from a field by Mr. E. B. Watson on the farm of Edgar Cox, near Campbellsville, Taylor County, Kentucky. The original weight of the iron was 34 pounds, about one-half of which has been distributed. It is classed as a coarse octahedrite (Og) and has the following chemical composition: iron, 88.99%; nickel, 10.27%; cobalt, 0.26%; and traces of carbon, silica, manganese, copper, and titanium. The eighteenth meteorite from Kentucky (Clark County) was found in 1937. It was purchased by Mr. J. D. Figgins of the Bernheim Museum, who exchanged most of it with the American Meteorite Laboratory, where it will be described. The original weight was 26 pounds. The latest identification of a siderite in Kentucky (Providence) was made in July, 1938, although the specimen was found 35 years before. Mr. W. T. Yeager, owner of a farm located about one mile southwest of Providence, Trimble County, Kentucky, found the iron in 1903 in an orchard where it was exposed at the surface of the ground. Unaware of its true character, but interested because of its weight, he kept the specimen as a curiosity until it became known to the writer. The weight is 15 pounds, and although badly oxidized, the coarse octahedral crystallization is well defined. The meteorite is classed as a coarse octahedrite (Og) and contains 88.54% iron, 10.30% nickel, 0.30% cobalt, etc.
Closed-Packed Colloidal Assemblies from Icosahedral Plant Virus and Polymer

A practical process to synthesize bio-colloidal composites was developed on the basis of the noncovalent interactions of icosahedral plant virus turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) and poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP). TYMV particles fully covered the surface of a P4VP ball with a hexagon-like packing. The raspberry-like morphology of TYMV-P4VP colloids and the packing pattern of TYMV were revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The size of TYMV-P4VP colloids was controlled readily by varying the mass ratio of virus and polymer. A simplified model was established to explain the experimental data.
Visual information processing in the left and right hemispheres.

Abstract The effect of verbal vs nonverbal center fixation stimuli on visual half-field (VHF) asymmetry was investigated using both verbal and nonverbal VHF stimuli. Twenty adult subjects were administered word, face, and random shape VHF stimuli under both unilateral and bilateral viewing conditions. The results showed that VHF asymmetry was determined primarily by type of VHF stimuli under all viewing conditions. Words were recognized more often from the right VHF, faces were recognized more often from the left VHF, and random shapes showed no significant VHF difference. The results indicate that VHF asymmetry reflects differences in information processing capacity between the left and right hemispheres.
Ferrite formation in neutron-irradiated type 304L stainless steel☆

Abstract Austenitic (γ) to ferrite (α) transformation was observed using transmission electron microscopy in type 304L stainless steel that had been irradiated at ~500°C to fast-neutron ( E > 0.1 MeV ) fluences greater than ~ 3 × 10 22 n / cm 2 . Previous studies on similar unirradiated stainless steels found no such transformation, indicating that the γ → α transformation was irradiation-induced. The α phase appeared to nucleate on stacking faults, indicating that the presence of large Frank loops was the critical step in the transformation. After an entire grain of austenite had transformed, the only remaining γ phase existed as shells around voids. Coincidence of rapid swelling behavior with γ → α transformation indicated that the two were related, perhaps by reaction of both phenomena to the effects of irradiation and temperature on microchemical segregation. A volume expansion of about 2.5% was found to be associated with the transformation. Inferences are drawn relating this behavior in type 304L steel to the effects of radiation on other reactor structural materials such as type 316 stainless steel, which is also a metastable austenitic composition.
Temperature dependence of critical current density for Nb 3 Sn and Nb + 60 wt% Ti superconducting alloys

The J-H-T critical surface has been measured at temperatures near 4.2 K for diffusion-processed Nb 3 Sn and for Nb+60 wt % Ti superconducting alloys. The apparatus used for these measurements consists of a split Nb 3 Sn superconducting solenoid capable of fields up to 65 kOe, a 4-probe potentiometric sample holder capable of carrying currents up to 1000 A, and an enclosed cryostat which allowed one to vary the temperature of the coil and the sample from 3.4 to 4.8 K by varying the pressure over the liquid helium. Data are presented for the critical current density J c and for the temperature dependence of critical current density ( \partialJ_{c}/\partialT ) observed at 4.2 K. From these data, the values for the two stability parameters of interest, the fractional temperature dependence of critical current density [ -(1/J_{c}) (\partialJ_{c}/\partialT) ] and the stability parameter J_{c}^{2} [-(1/J_{c})(\partialJ_{c}/\partialT)] , were calculated and are presented along with an estimate of the wire diameter required for adiabatic stabilization.
Sternal elevation before passing bars: a technique for improving visualization and facilitating minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair in adult patients.

Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) is performed by placement of substernal metal bars. Visualization across the mediastinum is compromised in severe defects, and cardiac puncture and aortic injury have been described. In adults with less chest wall flexibility, the bars require more force to rotate and intercostal muscle stripping may result, leading to bar malpositioning. We present a technique to elevate the sternum and facilitate adult MIRPE.
Variation in part-lactation and whole-lactation feed efficiency of Holstein cows.

Abstract Data from 1,004 lactations of Holsteins in the Beltsville herd were studied to characterize variation in whole- and part-lactation measures of feed efficiency, kilograms fat-corrected milk per therm. Efficiency steadily decreased throughout lactation. Efficiency ratios in the early part of lactation were abnormally high, due to catabolism of body fat. Least-squares analyses were carried out for 31- to 60-day, 121- to 150-day, and 181- to 210-day part-lactation efficiency, as well as for the total lactation. Generally, weight change during lactation, barns, weight, and parity had large effects on efficiency of production. The barn difference was found to be due to a bias in estimating forage consumption in one barn. The influences of days open, seasons, and years were relatively minor. Season effects were confounded with those due to weight change. It was concluded that heavier cows are less efficient in a biological sense, although this may be counteracted by their greater economies of scale in the use of labor and capital.
Application of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Analysis to Listeria monocytogenes: A Review of Methodology and Results

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses have been found to be powerful molecular methods for differentiating isolates of a given bacterial speci...
Energy-Band Structure and Optical Spectrum of Grey Tin

A first-principles relativistic orthogonalized-plane-wave calculation has been used to determine the energy eigenvalues of grey tin at seven key points of the reduced zone. An extended zone $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}$ method has been used as an interpolation scheme to map out the band structure in the remainder of the zone. Optical constants and derivative optical constants have been calculated from the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}$ parameters. The calculated normal incidence reflectivity is compared to experiment. A detailed critical-point analysis of the calculated optical spectra is presented. Valence-band mass parameters, effective masses, and $g$ factors at several points in the zone have been obtained and are compared to available experimental data.
Fine structure of rat incisor enamel organ during late pigmentation and regression stages.

The head regions of adult rats were perfused with glutaraldehyde. The enamel organ was separated from hard tissues, postosmicated, and embedded in Araldite. Sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. At late pigmentation stage, pigment vesicles in ameloblasts are largest and most numerous. Vesicles with granular material, but no apical labyrinth, are found in the apex. Half-desmosomes, associated with tonofibrils and a terminal web, attach ameloblasts to the enamel, while prominent lateral desmosomes attach the apices of ameloblasts to each other. Tonofibrils extend lengthwise through ameloblasts from the terminal web to the basal desmosomes which attach ameloblasts to the papillary layer. Numerous microvilli and large areas of five-layered junctions are present between ameloblasts. In pigment release stage, pigment vesicles are depleted of ferritin granules, apparently by a digestion process. Granular material in the apex of ameloblasts disappears during postsecretion stage. Ameloblasts dedifferentiate during postpigmentation and regression stages. No cuticle seems to be formed in rat incisors. In the papillary layer at regression stage, the amount of organelles and microvilli and the extent of five-layered junctions are much reduced from earlier stages. Digestive vesicles are frequent. Occasional “light cells” and degenerating cells are seen. Two uncommon forms of mitochondria are present in the late enamel organ: the basal mitochondria of ameloblasts which reach a very large diameter, and the mitochondria in cells close to the basement membrane which acquire an electron dense precipitate within their intercristal spaces. The possible functional significance of these findings is discussed.
Enzyme patterns in isolated mitochondria from embryonic and larval tissues of Xenopus

Abstract The specific activities of cytochrome oxidase, ATPase, acid phosphatase, and cathepsin in homogenates of embryonic and larval tissues of Xenopus and in mitochondria derived from them have been determined. In all cases, determinations of enzyme activity were made on homogenates and mitochondria from early whole embryos, from tissue primordia, and from the fully differentiated end products of the primordia. The mitochondria from each embryonic or larval tissue studied have distinctive characteristics which appear as significant quantitative differences in specific activity of each of the four enzymes tested. During development, the changes in activity of each enzyme in the mitochondria from a given tissue follow an individual pattern which is independent of the pattern of other enzymes in the same mitochondria. In the case of cytochrome oxidase, a correlation has been found between the fine structure of the mitochondria and the level of enzymatic activity. Liver mitochondria have few cristae and relatively low specific activity of cytochrome oxidase; muscle mitochondria have numerous cristae and a high specific activity of cytochrome oxidase.
A geometric mixed norm approach to shallow water acoustic channel estimation and tracking

Abstract The shallow water acoustic channel is challenging to estimate and track due to rapid temporal fluctuations of its large delay spread. However, the impulse response and representations of its time-variability often exhibit a sparse structure that can be exploited to improve estimator performance. We propose a sparse reconstruction of the shallow water acoustic channel that employs a novel optimization metric combining the complex square root of the channel coefficients and a non-convex complex function based on the L 2 estimation error. Our mixed norm formulation is mathematically equivalent to conventional L 2 constrained L 1 minimization, but fundamentally different in the non-convex topology we employ to solve for and track the optimal coefficients in real time directly over the complex field. Our estimation and tracking algorithm is designed for robustness with respect to the ill-conditioned nature of the data matrix, can smoothly handle different levels of sparsity, and is modeled to include delays due to multi-path and the Doppler spread induced by the channel. We present numerical evidence over simulated as well as field data to compare the performance of our method to conventional sparse reconstruction techniques.
The palaeozoology of Cyprus: a preliminary report on recently analysed sites

Abstract This preliminary report reviews the fauna of recently analysed sites in Cyprus and discusses the dietary and cultural significance. Red deer, roe deer and gazelle (previously unidentified for the Neolithic) are tentatively reported for the island, as is the appearance of Equus. In the light of a recent report that the Mediterranean was a salt desert from 6 to 5.5 million years ago, a hypothesis is presented which examines the possible mechanisms by which various animal species reached the island.
Resilience in Black Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: A Critical Review of the Literature

Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals are more likely to experience violence than LGBT individuals of other ethnoracial backgrounds or heterosexuals of any ethnoracial background. While the literature has thoroughly described the challenges faced by Black LGBT individuals, their resilience capacity is given much less attention. An examination of the strengths and resilience outcomes of these populations is warranted given their ability to successfully adapt and thrive in the face of racism, sexism, transphobia, and homophobia, as well as racialized sexual orientation and gender identity health disparities. This paper examines resilience and LGBT social science literatures, focusing on factors that may lead to resilience in Black LGBT individuals, and offers recommendations for research and clinical practice.
Transient analysis of triplet exciton dynamics in amorphous organic semiconductor thin films

Abstract We study triplet exciton diffusion in the archetype organic material 4,4′-bis( N -carbazolyl)biphenyl (CBP) commonly used as a conductive host in the emissive zone of organic light emitting devices. Using time-resolved spectral decay ensuing from the diffusion of an initially localized triplet population to a spatially separated phosphor doped region, we model the delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence decays based on non-dispersive triplet transport. Fits to the model yield a diffusion coefficient of D = (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10 −8 cm 2 /s, and a triplet–triplet bimolecular quenching rate constant of K TT = (1.6 ± 0.4) × 10 −14 cm 3 /s. The results are extended by doping a wide energy-gap molecule into CBP that serves to frustrate triplet transport, lowering both the diffusion coefficient and annihilation rate. These results are used to model a recently demonstrated white organic light emitting device that depends on triplet diffusion in CBP to excite spatially separate fluorescent and phosphorescent doped regions of the emissive layer. We determine the extent to which diffusion contributes to light emission in this structure, and predict its performance based on ideal lumophores with unity quantum yield.
Understanding Cancer-Based Networks in Twitter Using Social Network Analysis

Web-based social media networks have an increasing frequency of health-related information, resources, and networks (both support and professional). Although we are aware of the presence of these health networks, we do not yet know their ability to (1) influence the flow of health-related behaviors, attitudes, and information and (2) what resources have the most influence in shaping particular health outcomes. Lastly, the health research community lacks easy-to-use data gathering tools to conduct applied research using data from social media websites. In this position paper we discuss and sketch our current work on addressing fundamental questions about information flow in cancer-related social media networks by visualizing and understanding authority, trust, and cohesion. We discuss the development of methods to visualize these networks and information flow on them using real-time data from the social media website Twitter and how these networks influence health outcomes by examining responses to specific health messages.
Reliability of Vaccination Cards and Parent-Derived Information for Determining Immunization Status: Lessons from the 1994 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Provider Record Check (PRC) Study. |[diams]| 592

Background. Certain interventions to improve preschool vaccination coverage rely on parent recall or use of hand-held vaccination cards to determine whether a child is in need of vaccination.
Alley section effects of magnitude of partial reward after extensive acquisition training

Rats were given either a small or a large magnitude of partial reward (100 trials) in a runway and 50 extinction trials. The initial trial acquisition superiority associated with the larger magnitude of partial reward maintained itself throughout acquisitions in the start section of the runway but disappeared by the last block of 25 trials in the run section and following the first block of 25 trials in the goal section. In extinction there was a marginal tendency, totally absent in the start and goal sections, for resistance to extinction to increase as magnitude of partial reward increased. These results suggest that the early trial acquisition and extinction superiority associated with larger magnitudes of partial reward are reduced by late trial inhibitory effects which increase toward the goal section and as magnitude of partial reward increases.
Influence of organized media on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of Auramine-O dye.

Abstract The spectral characteristics of the aqueous solutions of Auramine O dye in the presence of organized media have been examined. The absorbance and fluorescence of the dye are significantly enhanced in cyclodextrins and surfactants. The dye forms a predominant 1:1 complex with β-CD, whereas a 1:2 complex is formed with α-CD. The dissociation constants of the complexes have been determined by use of a non-linear regression method. Premicellar solutions of the sodium dodecyl sulphate exert maximum influence on the fluorescence and absorbance spectra of the dye. The microviscosity in cyclodextrins and micelles of SDS and Brij-78 have been estimated from fluorescence measurements.
Evaluation of volcanic gas analysis from surtsey volcano, iceland 1964–1967☆

Abstract Methods developed in previous studies have been used to evaluate volcanic gas collections from eruptions of Surtsey between 1964 and 1967. The reported analyses for eight high-temperature (1125° C) samples taken at or very near the crater closely approach a state of chemical equilibrium. They have been only slightly affected by atmosphere contamination and by reduction processes resulting from interactions with stainless steel collection tubes. After corrections for these alterations, all resulting compositions are relatively water-rich; they contain 80–90% H 2 O, 1–10% CO 2 , 2–4% SO 2 , 1.5–3% H 2 0.1–0.7% CO, 0.1–0.9% H 2 S and 0.01–0.25% S 2 . O 2 fugacities are approximately on the quartz-magnetite-fayahte buffer at the collection temperature. CO 2 appears to decrease over the period 1964 to 1967, suggesting a progressive decrease in the CO 2 concentration of the erupting melt. The water-rich gas compositions are consistent with the observed degassing patterns of submarine basalts from progressively shallower depths along the Reykyanes Ridges.
Incomplete specialty referral among children in community health centers.

Objective To assess rates of incomplete specialty referral (referral not resulting in a specialist visit) and risk factors for incomplete referral in pediatric community health care centers. Study design In this cross-sectional study, we used referral records and electronic health records to calculate rate of incomplete referral in 577 children referred from two health care centers in underserved communities to any of 19 pediatric specialties at an affiliated tertiary care center, over 7 months in 2008–2009. We used logistic regression to test the association of incomplete referral with child/family sociodemographic and health care system factors. Results Of the children, 30.2% had an incomplete referral. Incomplete referral rates were similar at the two health care centers, but varied from 10% to 73% according to specialty clinic type. In multivariate analysis, sociodemographic factors of older child age, public insurance status, and no chronic health conditions correlated with incomplete referral, as did health care system factors of surgical specialty clinic type, low patient volume, longer wait for visit, and appointment rescheduling. Conclusion Almost one-third of children referred to specialists were unable to complete the referral in a timely manner. To improve specialty access, health care organizations and policymakers should target support to families with high-risk children and remediate problematic health care system features.
Utilization of primary care physicians in borderline personality

Objective: Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) consistently demonstrate high patterns of utilization in both mental health and non-psychiatric settings. However, utilization of primary care physicians by these individuals has not been examined. In this study, we examined physician use patterns and hypothesized that primary care outpatients with BPD features would evidence higher numbers of primary care physicians seen, primary care treatment settings experienced, and specialists seen. Method: Using a cross-sectional consecutive sample of 389 internal medicine outpatients and a self-report survey methodology, we examined the number of primary care physicians seen, primary care treatment settings experienced, and specialists seen by participants during the past 5 years in relationship to two self-report measures for BPD, the BPD scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 and the Self-Harm Inventory. Results: There were statistically significant between-group differences in the number of primary care physicians and specialists seen (not the number of primary care treatment settings) over 5 years, and BPD status according to both measures of BPD, with BPD patients reporting higher rates. Conclusions: Patients with borderline personality symptomatology appear to see a greater number of primary care physicians and specialists than patients without these Axis II symptoms. These findings may reflect the underlying psychological processes of the disorder as well as a general pattern of over-utilization of healthcare services by these types of patients.
Statistical Considerations in Element Value Solutions

This paper presents a method of fault isolation in electrical networks by determination of circuit element values from a sufficient set of measurements at the available or partly available terminals. The method requires that the circuit configuration be known; the measurements taken are voltage and current responses to sinusoidal stimuli of specified frequencies. The method presented is an iteration one using maximum likelihood estimation techniques at each stage, the iteration accounting for the nonlinearity of equations used with respect to the element value unknowns. A specific computational procedure is evolved. An example of a sample two-terminal passive circuit with 3 elements is given in detail, complete with computer flow charts, and numerical results.
Violence against women symptom reporting and treatment for reproductive tract infections in Kerala State southern India.

In this article we examine factors associated with women's self-reports of reproductive ill health symptoms and factors associated with seeking and receiving treatment for the symptoms. We focus on indicators of women's societal position, especially empowerment (indicated by experience of and attitudes toward violence against women), autonomy, and education. We used data from the National Family Health Survey-2 from Kerala state in Southern India. Based on our results we suggest that violence against women, whether actually experienced or internalized as acceptance of its justification, is associated with increased ill health symptoms, and the acceptance of violence is associated with decreased chance of treatment. Women's higher formal education appeared to reduce treatment seeking for reproductive ill health, perhaps due to the stigma associated with sexually transmitted disease (STD) in this cultural setting. Women's work participation had no significant impact, nor did indicators of women's economic and personal autonomy.
Do Anomalous Cosmic Rays Modify the Termination Shock

This work extends our previous two-dimensional self-consistent model of the cosmic rays interacting with the solar wind to include anomalous cosmic rays. As before, energetic particles are described kinetically using a Parker equation. The model includes diffusion, convection, and drift effects, as well as shock and compression acceleration and expansion cooling by nonuniform solar wind flow. A new numerical model has been developed featuring an adaptive-mesh refinement algorithm to accommodate small diffusive length scales of low-energy shock-accelerated particles. We show that anomalous cosmic rays have only a minor effect on the termination shock during the time near solar minima. Specifically, cosmic-ray gradients cause the subshock to move away from the Sun by about 1 AU with its compression ratio decreasing by about 5% compared to the reference case without cosmic-ray effects. We also study the effect of solar wind slowdown by charge exchange downstream of the termination shock, producing compressive flow in this region and resulting in additional acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays in the heliosheath. For the first time, spectra calculated with our self-consistent model show a good agreement with the cosmic-ray data from the two Voyager spacecraft, giving more confidence in the model predictions than the previous parametric studies.
MAGNETIC DIFFUSION AND FLARE ENERGY BUILDUP

Photospheric motion shears or twists solar magnetic fields to increase magnetic energy in the corona, because this process may change a current-free state of a coronal field to force-free states which carry electric current. This paper analyzes both linear and nonlinear two-dimensional force-free magnetic field models and derives relations of magnetic energy buildup with photospheric velocity field. When realistic data of solar magnetic field (B0 almost-equal-to 10(3) G) and photospheric velocity field (V(max) almost-equal-to 1 km s-1) are used, it is found that 3-4 hours are needed to create an amount of free magnetic energy which is of the order of the current-free field energy. Furthermore, the paper studies situations in which finite magnetic diffusivities in photospheric plasma are introduced. The shearing motion increases coronal region, while the photospheric diffusion reduces the energy. The variation of magnetic energy in the coronal region, then, depends on which process dominates.
Validation of the Kerley Soil Model in CTH

Recently Kerley has developed a soil model suitable for implementation in Eulerian hydrocodes. The model has been installed into CTH [1]. While basic features of the model suggest it may be suitable for modeling ground shock and cratering problems, it has not been extensively validated. As such, in order to provide more confidence in the use the model, a series of calculations was conducted to compare Kerley’s model to the Hybrid Elastic-Plastic (HEP) model.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Partitioning ozone fluxes to sparse grass and soil and the inferred resistances to dry deposition

Abstract A two-source (Penman-Monteith type) model, used in a preceding companion study as a diagnostic tool to partition objectively half-hourly measurements of evapotranspiration into bare soil and plant components and to derive in situ estimates of the bulk plant and soil resistances to evaporation, is extended to include ozone deposition. At the time this study was performed, the total leaf area index (LAI) of the site varied between 0.5 and 0.8. Live plant material accounted for 60–75% of the LAI while the remaining LAI was dead plant material. For present purposes this two-source model augments measurements of the major components of the surface energy balance and other micrometeorological measurements with measurements of the ambient ozone concentration and eddy correlation measurements of the total dry depositional flux of ozone. This study employs the bulk canopy resistances estimated previously with this model along with additional ozone measurements: (1) to partition the ozone dry deposition flux into bare soil and plant components in a region of partial canopy cover and (2) to estimate the intrinsic soil resistance to ozone destruction. The results of this study suggest: (a) that the plant component probably receives no more than 25% of the total ozone depositional flux and this percentage decreases as the soil water available to the plants decreases and (b) that the soil resistance to ozone destruction has a near-surface boundary layer component of about 0.7 s cm −1 and an intrinsic component of about 1.0 s cm −1 .
Identification of Phase II Metabolites of Thiol-conjugated [6]-Shogaol in Mouse Urine Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Ginger is frequently consumed as a spice and has numerous medicinal properties. Extensive research has characterized the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of ginger. Previously, we reported the mercapturic acid pathway as a major metabolic route of [6]-shogaol in mice and the thiol conjugates of [6]-shogaol existed in the glucuronidated and sulfated forms in mouse urine. However, their structures are still unknown. In the present study, we further investigated the phase II metabolism of thiol-conjugated [6]-shogaol in mouse urine, in which we identified sixteen phase II metabolites of thiol-conjugated [6]-shogaol: 5-cysteinyl-[6]-shogaol glucuronide (9), 5-N-acetylcysteinyl-[6]-shogaol glucuronide (10), 5-cysteinylglycinyl-[6]-shogaol glucuronide (11), 5-methylthio-[6]-shogaol glucuronide (12), 5-cysteinyl-M6 glucuronide (13 and 14), 5-cysteinyl-M6 sulfate (15 and 16), 5-N-acetylcysteinyl-M6 glucuronide (17 and 18), 5-cysteinylglycinyl-M6 glucuronide (19 and 20), 5-cysteinylglycinyl-M6 sulfate (21 and 22), and 5-methylthio-M6 glucuronide (23 and 24) using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of these metabolites were confirmed by analyzing their MS(n) (n=1-4) spectra as well as comparing with the tandem mass spectra of authentic standards. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report involving identification of phase II urinary metabolites of [6]-shogaol in mice.
Thermal response of normal and superfluid helium to an AC heat flux

Abstract Measurements of the thermal response, ΔT(ω), across a layer of helium in its normal and superfluid phases have been made for an AC heat source, Q(t)=Qoexp(iωt). Previous DC measurements below Tλ have indicated a dependence on the layer thickness, d, for κeff at low concentrations, X, suggesting an intrinsic length scale within the fluid. A ΔT(ω) profile is ideally suited to reveal any internal length scales of the fluid. The apparatus also permits d to be varied continuously and in situ from zero to 3mm.
Lymphocyte homeostasis and the antitumor immune response.

Lymphocyte homeostasis is regulated by proliferation of antigen-responsive T-cells in the peripheral circulation and their apoptosis. Patients with cancer have altered lymphocyte homeostasis. Spontaneous apoptosis of circulating CD8+ antigen-responding effector T-cells contributes to rapid lymphocyte turnover and depressed absolute numbers of T-cell subsets observed in patients with cancer. A rapid transit of naive CD8+ T-cells to the expanded memory pool and enhanced apoptosis of antitumor effector T-cells in the peripheral circulation of patients with cancer are partly responsible for this rapid lymphocyte turnover. Future strategies for restoration of normal lymphocyte homeostasis in cancer will involve therapies with survival cytokines and factors selected for extending survival of antitumor effector cells and establishing long-term immunologic memory.
Separation of absorption and scattering profiles in spectroscopic optical coherence tomography using a least-squares algorithm

In spectroscopic optical coherence tomography, it is important and useful to separately estimate the absorption and the scattering properties of tissue. In this paper, we propose a least-squares fitting algorithm to separate absorption and scattering profiles when near-infrared absorbing dyes are used. The algorithm utilizes the broadband Ti:sapphire laser spectrum together with joint time-frequency analysis. Noise contribution to the final estimation was analyzed using simulation. The validity of our algorithm was demonstrated using both single-layer and multi-layer tissue phantoms.
Hole Transport in MOS Oxides

Hole and electron transport are reported for three different kinds of MOS oxides: wet, dry, and ion-implanted. The electron-hole pairs are generated in the bulk of the oxide by a 3 ns x-ray pulse and the separation of the electron and hole photocurrents is made possible by the large difference in mobility. The electrons are so mobile that they are swept from the oxide (or trapped in a heavily ion-implanted region) during the x-ray pulse. The holes, on the other hand, have much lower mobilities which depend strongly on the preparation of the oxide. In the dry oxide the nominal mobility at room temperature is several orders of magnitude higher than in the wet oxide. The mobility is strongly activated by temperature in the oxides, and at liquid N$sub 2$ temperature no hole motion could be detected even though the electrons are still swept out. The low temperature charging of oxides can be understood in terms of the bulk trapped holes, but room temperature charging seems to be dominated by trapping close to the Si/SiO$sub 2$ interface rather than the transport of the holes from the bulk to the interface. Ion implantation provides electron traps which seem to be associatedmore » with the lattice damage rather than the ion. The electron traps can be successfully annealed out at 900$sup 0$C in 20 minutes. (auth)« less