cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights into Twinning in Mg AZ31: A Combined EBSD and Machine Learning Study

Abstract To explore the driving forces behind deformation twinning in Mg AZ31, a machine learning framework is utilized to mine data obtained from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) scans in order to extract correlations in physical characteristics that cause twinning. The results are intended to inform physics-based models of twin nucleation and growth. A decision tree learning environment is selected to capture the relationships between microstructure and twin formation; this type of model effectively highlights the more influential characteristics of the local microstructure. Trees are assembled to analyze both twin nucleation in a given grain, and twin propagation across grain boundaries. Each model reveals a unique combination of crystallographic attributes that affect twinning in the Mg. Twin nucleation is found to be mostly controlled by a combination of grain size, basal Schmid factor, and bulk dislocation density while twin propagation is affected most by grain boundary length, basal Schmid factor, angle from grain boundary plane to the RD plane, and grain boundary misorientation. The machine learning framework can be readily adapted to investigate other relationships between microstructure and material response.
Light-Mediated Deep-Tissue Theranostics

This theme issue provides an overview on recent developments of light-mediated imaging and therapy approaches, with an emphasis on those that transcend the shallow tissue penetration dogma.
Cache-Based Application Detection in the Cloud Using Machine Learning

Cross-VM attacks have emerged as a major threat on commercial clouds. These attacks commonly exploit hardware level leakages on shared physical servers. A co-located machine can readily feel the presence of a co-located instance with a heavy computational load through performance degradation due to contention on shared resources. Shared cache architectures such as the last level cache (LLC) have become a popular leakage source to mount cross-VM attack. By exploiting LLC leakages, researchers have already shown that it is possible to recover fine grain information such as cryptographic keys from popular software libraries. This makes it essential to verify implementations that handle sensitive data across the many versions and numerous target platforms, a task too complicated, error prone and costly to be handled by human beings. Here we propose a machine learning based technique to classify applications according to their cache access profiles. We show that with minimal and simple manual processing steps feature vectors can be used to train models using support vector machines to classify the applications with a high degree of success. The profiling and training steps are completely automated and do not require any inspection or study of the code to be classified. In native execution, we achieve a successful classification rate as high as 98% (L1 cache) and 78\% (LLC) over 40 benchmark applications in the Phoronix suite with mild training. In the cross-VM setting on the noisy Amazon EC2 the success rate drops to 60\% for a suite of 25 applications. With this initial study we demonstrate that it is possible to train meaningful models to successfully predict applications running in co-located instances.
Predicting pediatric clinic no-shows: a decision analytic framework using elastic net and Bayesian belief network

No-shows are becoming a major problem in primary care facilities, creating additional costs for the facility while adversely affecting the quality of patient care. Accurately predicting no-shows plays an important role in the overbooking strategy. In this study, a hybrid probabilistic prediction framework based on the elastic net (EN) variable-selection methodology integrated with probabilistic Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) is proposed. The study predicts the “no-show probability of the patient(s)” using demographics, socioeconomic status, current appointment information, and appointment attendance history of the patient and the family. The proposed framework is validated using ten years of local pediatric clinic data. It is shown that this EN-based BBN framework is a comparable prediction methodology regarding the best approaches found in the literature. More importantly, this methodology provides novel information on the interrelations of predictors and the conditional probability of predicting “no-shows.” The output of the model can be applied to the appointment scheduling system for a robust overbooking strategy.
Two observations in dioid based model refinement

Dioid based model refinement is an abstract framework for optimality problems on labelled graphs such as the shortest path problem or the maximum capacity problem. Here we show two facts in this area: first, via a language theoretic approach that models with a binary set of edge labels are refinable, and second, the compatibility of linear fixpoint equations with bisimulations. These equations can be used in an algebraic setting for a certain class of optimality problems. Since bisimulations can simplify the complexity of models, they can also reduce the complexity of certain optimality problems.
Rat Defensive Behavior: Burying an Operandum Associated with Reinforcement

Three experiments investigated the relation between defensive burying and water-reinforced operant responding. In Experiment 1, three rats buried a lever, which had previously been instrumental in delivering water rein-forcement, after receiving a shock through the lever. In Experiment 2, three rats buried a lever following two successive lever shocks delivered while they pressed it for water. Pressing recovered, but when shocks were delivered again eight sessions later, burying persisted longer and lever pressing recovered more slowly than after the initial shock deliveries. In Experiment 3, no burying occurred when lever pressing for water was placed on extinction. It appears that the elicitation of conditioned defensive burying requires the delivery of a discrete aversive stimulus.
STAT4 controls GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 cells during EAE (BA4P.140)

Factors mediating Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cell driven autoimmunity remain unclear. In the mouse model of Multiple Sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), mice genetically deficient in STAT4 are resistant to disease. In contrast, deletion or inhibition of the Th1-associated cytokines IL-12 or IFNγ, which act upstream and downstream of STAT4, respectively, does not ameliorate disease. This highlights a non-canonical role for STAT4 during EAE. Recent reports have indicated that GM-CSF, a cytokine produced by both Th1 and Th17 effector CD4 T cell subsets, is critical for EAE pathogenicity. Importantly, the requirement for STAT4 in mediating GM-CSF production has not yet been investigated. Herein, we demonstrate that STAT4 controls GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cells during EAE, and this is CD4 T cell intrinsic. Furthermore, STAT4 mediates CD4 T cell derived GM-CSF production independently of the cytokines IL-12 and IL-23. Importantly, we show that STAT4 directly interacts with the Csf2 locus in effector CD4 T cells during EAE. Overall, these studies illustrate the previously unrecognized role of STAT4 to regulate GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 effector cell subsets during EAE pathogenesis.
Women in Leadership in China: Past, Present, and Future

This chapter introduces China’s unique transitioning cultural, economic, social, and political contexts in which women’s leadership roles and status are being shaped and developed. The emerging trends of women in leadership in both rural and urban areas and in different generations are discussed. Chinese women’s leadership positions in economic and political activities are examined through a comprehensive review of literature and a comparative analysis of past and present impacts of such leadership at individual, organizational, and national levels. The analysis also delves into implications and suggestions in developing women in leadership in China.
Compartmentalized dendritic signaling in a multitasking retinal interneuron.

The rich diversity of cell types and synaptic motifs in the vertebrate retina provides an excellent platform for uncovering fundamental principles of neural circuit function at the cellular, synaptic, and network levels. In PNAS, Chen et al. (1) report on a remarkable example of compartmentalized dendritic signaling in a retinal neuron despite its small dendritic field. Using two-photon calcium imaging, the authors find that the dendrites of VGluT3-expressing glutamatergic amacrine cells (GACs), which diffusely ramify in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the mouse retina, exhibit depth-dependent activation at light onset and offset in dendritic subregions that matches the general scheme of ON/OFF segregation in the IPL. Distinct patterns of local dendritic activation occur within a mere depth of ∼30 μm in the middle of the IPL, arising from highly localized excitatory inputs that are compartmentalized by synaptic inhibition. Chen et al.’s findings extend our mechanistic understanding of the functional segregation of ON/OFF visual channels at the level of dendritic subdomains. Early in the visual pathway, bright and dark contrasts in the visual scene are separately processed by ON and OFF channels. This segregation first occurs in the IPL (2⇓–4), the second synaptic layer of the retina that harbors neuronal processes of over 70 types of bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells (5, 6). While the plethora of cell types are intricately connected to form multiple circuits that extract a variety of visual features in parallel, they are anatomically partitioned into the inner ON sublayer and the outer OFF sublayer of the IPL. ON bipolar cells terminate their axons in the ON sublayer and release more glutamate at light onset, while OFF bipolar cell axons occupy the OFF sublayer and release more glutamate at light offset (Fig. 1). The amacrine and retinal ganglion cells … [↵][1]1Email: weiw{at}uchicago.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
On wind turbine impedance analysis via different approaches

Lightning is one of the main causes of damage to wind turbines. The continuous increase in the wind turbine heights makes these structures even more vulnerable against lightning. As a result, the design of proper lightning protection system is of high importance. The paper deals with the determination of the transient impedance of wind turbines via different approaches. The analysis is carried out in the frequency domain using a transmission line model and a full wave approach via NEC4 commercial simulation tool. First, a simple tower conguration is considered and then a more complex case including tower with blades is considered. Coupling between blades and tower are taken into account by means of the full wave approach. To evaluate coupling effects, different angles of blades are considered. The approximation of a perfectly conducting (PEC) ground is assumed.
Health Care Professionals, Rurality, and Intimate Femicide:

Research demonstrates that disparities exist in access to quality rural health care. With studies showing that intimate partner violence is more severe and homicide is more prevalent in rural areas...
Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Induces Deficits in Inhibitory Control and May Enhance Substance Abuse Risk

Abstract Although banned in the late 1970s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have a long half-life in the human body. NHANES data (EPA. America’s Children and the Environment (ACE): Biomonitoring—Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). 3rd ed.;January, 2013. Available from: www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-05/documents/biomonitoring-pcbs.pdf ) collected for women ages 16–49 between 2003 and 2004 found detectable amounts of PCB congeners 118, 138, 153, and 180 (congeners found at high levels in the environment) in 100% of the samples analyzed. A wide exposure range exists with certain subpopulations exhibiting exposure levels much higher than the general population. This is of concern because perinatal PCB exposure in an animal model has been shown to produce deficits in inhibitory control, alter the interoceptive and psychomotor effects of psychostimulants, and enhance the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration. Overall, perinatal PCB exposure results in a behavioral profile associated with a higher risk of substance abuse. The reinforcing properties of psychostimulants are typically modulated via the dopaminergic system and developmental exposure to PCBs produces alterations in dopamine neurotransmission. This chapter will review these results and discuss PCB-induced dopamine neurotoxicology, particularly the involvement of dopamine transporters as a potential shared mechanism whereby PCB-induced alterations induce the behavioral changes just described.
Pressure Retarded Osmosis and Reverse Electrodialysis as Power Generation Membrane Systems

Abstract Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) have been studied recently for their potential in salinity gradient energy generation, the Gibbs energy harvestable when solutions of different concentrations are mixed. Polymer-based membranes are key components of these systems and therefore, the properties of these membranes largely determine the performance and applicability of both PRO and RED. In this chapter, we will specifically elaborate on the mechanism, synthesis, and the state-of-the-art progress in the research field. Due to different operational principles, for PRO membranes, supporting layer design and highly functioning active layers are more important, while for RED membranes, ion permselectivity, and ionic conductivity are of greater concern.
Linking People to Coastal Habitats: A meta-analysis of final ecosystem goods and services on the coast.

Abstract Coastal ecosystem goods and services (EGS) have steadily gained traction in the scientific literature over the last few decades, providing a wealth of information about underlying coastal habitat dependencies. This meta-analysis summarizes relationships between coastal habitats and final ecosystem goods and services (FEGS) users. Through a “weight of evidence” approach synthesizing information from published literature, we assessed habitat classes most relevant to coastal users. Approximately 2800 coastal EGS journal articles were identified by online search engines, of which 16% addressed linkages between specific coastal habitats and FEGS users, and were retained for subsequent analysis. Recreational (83%) and industrial (35%) users were most cited in literature, with experiential-users/hikers and commercial fishermen most prominent in each category, respectively. Recreational users were linked to the widest diversity of coastal habitat subclasses (i.e., 22 of 26). Whereas, mangroves and emergent wetlands were most relevant for property owners. We urge EGS studies to continue surveying local users and identifying habitat dependencies, as these steps are important precursors for developing appropriate coastal FEGS metrics and facilitating local valuation. In addition, understanding how habitats contribute to human well-being may assist communities in prioritizing restoration and evaluating development scenarios in the context of future ecosystem service delivery.
Integrative and complementary medicine use in adults with chronic lower back pain, neck pain, and arthritis/musculoskeletal diseases

Abstract This chapter examines complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in persons with chronic musculoskeletal diseases, chronic/rheumatoid arthritis, or disease-related symptoms (e.g., chronic neck or lower back pain). Recent research based on the analysis of patients reporting these conditions in the 2007 National Health Interview Survey and CAM use of any modality within the five National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health domains is summarized. Additional results stratified by levels of body mass index are presented for covariates based on race, region of residence, gender, and educational level.
E-cigarette Use Among Young Adults in the U.S.

Introduction Use of e-cigarettes is increasing among young adults in the U.S. Whether e-cigarette use serves as an aid to smoking reduction or cessation among young adults remains a matter of contention. This analysis examines patterns of e-cigarette use in relation to cigarette smoking in a nationally representative sample of U.S. young adults. Methods Data were analyzed from nationally representative U.S. adults, aged 18 to 35years (N=12,415), in the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Logistic regression assessed associations between e-cigarette use and smoking intensity, continuity, and reduction while controlling for several potential confounding factors. Data were analyzed in 2018. Results Among cigarette smokers, e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of tobacco use disorder (AOR=2.58, 95% CI=1.73, 3.83) and daily cigarette smoking (AOR=1.67, 95% CI=1.73, 3.83). Among adults aged 26–35years, e-cigarette use was also associated with heavy cigarette smoking (AOR=2.01, 95% CI=1.09, 3.74). Among lifetime smokers, e-cigarette use was associated with lower odds of stopping smoking (AOR=0.14, 95% CI=0.08, 0.23) and lower odds of a 50% reduction in cigarettes smoked per day (AOR=0.63, 95% CI=0.43, 0.93). Only 13.1% of young adults who ever used e-cigarettes reported using them to help stop or quit smoking. Conclusions Use of e-cigarettes by U.S. young adults, most of which is not intended to help reduce smoking, is related to more rather than less frequent and intensive cigarette smoking.
A 135-mW 1.70TOPS Sparse Video Sequence Inference SoC for Action Classification

An inference system-on-chip (SoC) is designed to extract spatio-temporal features from videos for action classification. The SoC contains an inference core that implements a recurrent neural network in three processing layers. High sparsity is enforced in each layer of processing, reducing the complexity by two orders of magnitude and allowing multiply accumulates to be replaced by select accumulates. Spatio-temporal kernel and activation compression are applied to reduce memory by 43% and 64%, respectively. The design is demonstrated in a 2.53-mm2 40-nm CMOS chip with an OpenRISC core, providing control and classification. With the inference core extracting spatio-temporal features and a soft-max classifier programmed on the OpenRISC core, the SoC classifies KTH Human Action Data Set at a 76.7% accuracy. At 0.9 V and 250 MHz, the SoC achieves 1.70TOPS, dissipating 135 mW.
Postural Control While Listening in Younger and Middle-Aged Adults.

Objectives The motivation for this research is to determine whether a listening-while-balancing task would be sensitive to quantifying listening effort in middle age. The premise behind this exploratory work is that a decrease in postural control would be demonstrated in challenging acoustic conditions, more so in middle-aged than in younger adults. Design A dual-task paradigm was employed with speech understanding as one task and postural control as the other. For the speech perception task, participants listened to and repeated back sentences in the presence of other sentences or steady-state noise. Targets and maskers were presented in both spatially-coincident and spatially-separated conditions. The postural control task required participants to stand on a force platform either in normal stance (with feet approximately shoulder-width apart) or in tandem stance (with one foot behind the other). Participants also rated their subjective listening effort at the end of each block of trials. Results Postural control was poorer for both groups of participants when the listening task was completed at a more adverse (vs. less adverse) signal-to-noise ratio. When participants were standing normally, postural control in dual-task conditions was negatively associated with degree of high-frequency hearing loss, with individuals who had higher pure-tone thresholds exhibiting poorer balance. Correlation analyses also indicated that reduced speech recognition ability was associated with poorer postural control in both single- and dual-task conditions. Middle-aged participants exhibited larger dual-task costs when the masker was speech, as compared to when it was noise. Individuals who reported expending greater effort on the listening task exhibited larger dual-task costs when in normal stance. Conclusions Listening under challenging acoustic conditions can have a negative impact on postural control, more so in middle-aged than in younger adults. One explanation for this finding is that the increased effort required to successfully listen in adverse environments leaves fewer resources for maintaining balance, particularly as people age. These results provide preliminary support for using this type of ecologically-valid dual-task paradigm to quantify the costs associated with understanding speech in adverse acoustic environments.
Risk factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in children and adolescents in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province: a case-control study

Objective To study the risk factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in children and adolescents in Xi'an City. Methods HFRS laboratory confirmed cases aged under 16 from January 2013-December 2015 were selected, which were reported by "Information System of Disease Prevention and Control of the People's Republic of China". A 1: 1 matched case-control study was adopted to retrospective investigate the risk factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze relationships between various factors and HFRS in single factor analysis, the influence factors in the single factor analysis with statistical significances were further analyzed in the multiple factors analysis. Results Eighty-eight matched pairs were investigated. Single factor Logistic regression analysis found that non-nuclear family [odds ratio (OR)= 20.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.32-76.80], less hand washing frequency before meals (OR= 3.67, 95%CI: 1.40-9.62), the river or pond around the place (OR= 1.55, 95%CI: 1.32-2.94), sit on the hay and play (OR= 1.36, 95%CI: 1.17-1.80), eating in the snack bar (OR= 8.33, 95%CI: 1.78-9.47), do not spray water when sweeping the floor (OR= 2.22, 95%CI: 1.24-4.12), living in the edge of village (OR= 1.55, 95%CI: 1.32-2.94), and keeping pets in the home (OR= 12.00, 95%CI: 1.12-28.84) were associated with HFRS. In multiple factors Logistic regression analysis, risk factors according to the contribution value from high to low in the order were keeping pets in the home (OR= 5.40, 95% CI: 1.78-16.32), less hand washing frequency before meals (OR= 3.96, 95%CI: 1.89-7.23), living in the edge of village (OR= 2.42, 95%CI: 1.82-5.50), and the river or pond around the place (OR= 2.21, 95%CI: 1.86-2.49). Conclusion Risk factors as keeping pets in the home, less hand washing frequency before meals, living in the edge of village, the river or pond around the place are likely risk factors of HFRS. Key words: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; Child; Adolescent; Case-control studies; Risk factors; Logistic regression analysis
Sparse Kernel Ridge Regression Assisted Particle Filter Based Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Cascode GaN FET

This article proposes a novel sparse kernel ridge regression assisted particle filter (SKRR-PF) based remaining useful life (RUL) estimation method to address the reliability of the cascode gallium nitride field-effect transistors in emerging power electronics systems. The proposed method will overcome three main challenges in this area: first, a large variation in the RUL estimation under the severe noise uncertainty; second, sample degeneracy and sample impoverishment; and third, the low capability of tracing the dynamic and abrupt change in the fault precursor trajectory. The state-of-the-art RUL estimation methods require a significant number of samples to address such issues, including particle degeneracy and sample impoverishment. Also, the state-of-the-art methods mostly fail to apply under a system's dynamic condition changes over a switch's lifetime. The proposed method will significantly enhance the estimation accuracy by introducing SKRR in resampling the posterior probability density function estimation, especially under the dynamically varying system's health condition due to the harsh industrial operation. Thus, the proposed method will offer fast tracing the sudden change in the RDS, ON trajectory, leading to a significant accurate RUL estimation. The performance of the proposed method has been rigorously validated through the purposely designed power cycling testbed.
Fibroproliferative disorders and diabetes: Understanding the pathophysiologic relationship between Peyronie's disease, Dupuytren disease and diabetes.

Introduction Fibrosis is characterized by dysregulation and accumulation of extracellular matrix. Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren disease are fibroproliferative disorders of the tunica albuginea of the penis and fascia of the hand, respectively. Chronic hyperglycaemia due to diabetes mellitus can also lead to tissue injury and fibrosis. A meta-analysis has shown a relationship between Dupuytren disease and diabetes (overall odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.7-3.5). This review explores commonalities in the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease, Dupuytren disease and diabetes. Methods A search of the PubMed database was conducted using the search terms "diabetes" AND "Peyronie's disease"; and "diabetes" AND "Dupuytren." Results Genome-wide association and gene expression studies conducted with tissue from people with Peyronie's disease or Dupuytren disease identified signalling pathways associated with wingless-type mammary-tumour virus integration site signalling, extracellular matrix modulation and inflammation. Biochemical studies confirmed the importance of these pathways in the pathogenesis of fibrosis with Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren disease. Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity associated with extracellular matrix breakdown was implicated in fibroproliferative complications of diabetes and in the aetiology of Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren disease. A notable percentage of people with diabetes have comorbid Peyronie's disease and/or Dupuytren disease. Conclusions Studies have not been performed to identify fibroproliferative pathways that all 3 conditions might have in common, but data suggest that common pathways are involved in the fibroproliferative processes of Peyronie's disease, Dupuytren disease, and diabetes.
Phase 1/2a Trial of ISPASM.

Background and Purpose: Microthrombosis could play a role in delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Tirofiban has shown promising results in reducing delayed cerebral i...
Adjuvant Treatments for Fibromyalgia

Current conventional pharmacologic options are occasionally insufficient to provide maximal medical benefit alone in the treatment of some fibromyalgia patients. Therefore, many seek complementary and alternative medical modalities to augment their therapies. Acupuncture, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), biofeedback, massage, balneotherapy (spa therapy), hypnotherapy, and alternative exercise modalities such as yoga and tai qi are among the therapies most commonly used and studied in fibromyalgia patients. Herbs and music therapy are undergoing investigation as well, but the level of evidence is still insufficient to make any recommendations regarding their use. This chapter provides an analysis of the most commonly encountered therapies in the treatment of fibromyalgia and suggests recommendations for their use.
The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement between China and Taiwan and Its Implications for South Korea

In June 2010, the People's Republic of China and Taiwan signed the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), a preferential trade agreement, which is arguably the most important agreement between China and Taiwan. In this paper, we analyze ECFA and investigate its implications for South Korea since China is South Korea's largest trade partner and Taiwan is its sixth largest. We find that ECFA will have significant political and economic implications for South Korea due to China's role in East Asia and South Korea's competition with Taiwan in the China market.
Rebellion Now and Forever: Mayas, Hispanics, and Caste War Violence in Yucatán, 1800–1880 – By Terry Rugeley

More historical ink has been spilled on the Caste War [1847–1902] than on any other topic in Yucatan's storied past. Ever since nineteenth‐century peninsular historians first cast the rebellion as ...
The M 87 Globular Cluster System

We review early and recent photometric studies of the M87 globular cluster system. We also describe recent high quality spectroscopic studies that have been used both to measure the metallicities of M87 globular clusters and to determine the mass of M87’s halo.
Influence Of Country Culture On Bankruptcy And Insolvency Legal Reform Management

Different countries employ different bankruptcy and insolvency approaches when trying to solve their economic problems. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence country culture and legal systems have on bankruptcy management in different countries. Bankruptcy data and information pertaining to legal practices of different countries were obtained from those countries’ websites and various published documents. The data were examined and compared, noting differences in legal structures among the countries studied. It was found that, whereas the aim of bankruptcy laws was to remedy the countries’ economic problems, the approaches taken differed markedly. In many cases, it was difficult to access bankruptcy data mainly because such data were published on Internet and no other reliable documents were available. To the author’s knowledge, it seems very little specific work, if any, has been done in the areas relating to country cultural values, bankruptcy practices and management. In that sense this study is warranted. Furthermore, effective bankruptcy management across nations may benefit from this exposure, leading to more realistic reforms across the globe.
Organizational Behavior Management and Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Abstract Six scholars in applied psychology wrote thoughtful and provocative reactions to a paper written by the author that presented a case for broadening the content and language of organizational behavior management (OBM) in order to enhance appreciation for OBM in organizational settings and among university faculty and students in mainstream psychology programs. This paper summarizes the follow-up commentaries and adds justification for key points made in the target article. Five topics are addressed: (1) critical distinctions between OBM and industrial/organizational psychology, (2) disadvantages of using negative over positive reinforcement to motivate behavior change, (3) the need to after OBM language in order to increase interest and application, (4) the use of unobservable person state vs. personality traits to explain behavior, and (5) the challenge of improving the education and training of students in OBM programs.
Effects of nonionic surfactant addition on populations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in a bioreactor treating contaminated soil.

We studied the effects of two polyethoxylated nonionic surfactants, Brij 30 and C12E8, on populations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- (PAH-) degrading bacteria from a bioreactor treating PAH-contaminated soil. Each surfactant was evaluated at doses that corresponded to aqueous-phase concentrations both above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) after mixing with reactor slurry. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify 16S rRNA (rRNA) gene sequences representing degraders of salicylate, naphthalene, phenanthrene, or pyrene previously identified in the bioreactor community by stable-isotope probing. Sequences representing two groups of organisms associated with degradation of naphthalene and/or salicylate in the bioreactor increased in abundance by more than an order of magnitude after incubation with either surfactant at each dose tested. In contrast, the abundance of a group of uncultivated pyrene-degrading bacteria, whose relative abundance in the soil without surfactant addition...
Translating research into the field: how it started, how it is practised and how we carry out grape powdery mildew research

The idea of providing technical assistance to farmers in the United States had its origins in the mid 19th century as universities became more egalitarian. Some, including Professor Liberty Hyde Bailey at Cornell University, promoted the need for rural development and created the idea of extension — taking the research results to the farmer. Today the Cooperative Extension Service flourishes and there remains a strong demand for mission-oriented research with the accompanying need to translate those findings into practice for agricultural industries. A research program on grapevine powdery mildew is examined as a model for addressing management challenges faced by growers. The research was carried out systematically; each project was designed to answer specific questions and thereby contribute to the overall goal of improved disease management. Engagement with growers occurred through formal extension programs, annual presentations of the research to growers and industry grant review panels, and more general interactions at events, meetings, expositions, and through surveys. Translation of researchfindings is a fundamental component of mission-oriented research programs; it serves to keep the program grounded, allows one to see the big picture, keeps the program focussed on solving problems that are relevant to stakeholders, fosters collaboration, and provides broad training for the next generation of scientists. It is our opinion that it also fosters creativity and excellence in research and education if scientists are sincerely committed to a mission of finding solutions to some of the most difficult disease management problems facing their stakeholders.
Neurotrophin Sensitivity of Prevertebral and Paravertebral Rat Sympathetic Autonomic Ganglia

Prevertebral and paravertebral sympathetic autonomic ganglia respond differently to a large number of experimental and clinical insults. The selective involvement of subpopulations of sympathetic neurons may reflect differences in their response to neurotrophic substances. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the response of prevertebral and paravertebral rat sympathetic ganglia to selected neurotrophic substances in vivo and in vitro and identified the ganglionic distribution of neurons expressing high affinity neurotrophin receptor mRNAs. Dissociated cultures of embryonic prevertebral and paravertebral ganglionic neurons showed comparable responses to NGF deprivation and only small differences in their response to rescue with other trophic substances. In situ hybridization studies of adult rat sympathetic ganglia using probes specific for the high-affinity neurotrophin receptor transcripts trks A, B, and C demonstrated that neurons in both prevertebral and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia express predominantly trkA receptors in vivo. In addition, increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) activity was induced only by doses of neurotrophic substances that activate trkA and showed only small differences between neonatal prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia. Although small differences in the sensitivity of pre- and paravertebral sympathetic neurons to various neurotrophins have been identified in our studies, they are unlikely, in isolation, to explain major differences in the sensitivity of these ganglia to neuropathologic processes.
The over-exaggerated chronic nephrotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors.

Background Late kidney allograft failure remains a major problem in kidney transplantation. While there is no doubt that acute nephrotoxicity from calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) exists, chronic CNI nephrotoxicity has been the subject of much debate in the transplant community.
Investigation of truncated waveguides

The design, fabrication, and performance of truncated circular and square waveguide cross-sections are presented. An emphasis is placed upon numerical and experimental validation of simple analytical formulae that describe the propagation properties of these structures. A test component, a 90-degree phase shifter, was fabricated and tested at 30 GHz. The concepts explored can be directly applied in the design, synthesis and optimization of components in the microwave to sub-millimeter wavebands.
What is New in Planning

Organized labour, once considered to be a key component of democratically managed political systems, was dismissed as a hindrance to economic and political modernization in the neo-liberal economy. As the size and influence of organized formal sector labour diminishes, this paper examines how unionization as an institutional form of labour organization is gaining popularity among informal workers in newly industrializing nations. Counteracting the impression that this unionization is outdated; the paper looks at this return of unionization and its significance for planners and concludes that this trend calls for more, not less planning, albeit of a different kind than used earlier for state-led industrialization.
The isolation of submaxillary gland acini and duct segments.

Abstract The method described permits fractionation of small masses of rabbit submaxillary glands, in 70 per cent glycerol, with recovery of intact acini and of segmented striated ducts. The method is based upon recognition of fragility and density differences for the glandular acini and ducts, as manifested in the differential homogenization and centrifugation techniques employed. Cytochrome oxidase values indicate enzyme survival as well as fraction purity. The procedure permits the recovery of a new type of isolate, in the form of natural or structural aggregates of similar cells, in yields adequate for biochemical studies.
Alienation: a Discrepancy Approach*

A discrepancy measure of job-related alienation, labeled power discrepancy, is introduced. Power discrepancy was measured by the difference between the amount of job-related power workers feel they are able to exercise on their present jobs and the amount of power they feel they should be able to exercise. Three types were derived: workers whose perceived power was less than the amount they felt that they should have (deficit power); workers with as much perceived power as they felt they should have (balanced power); and workers whose perceived power exceeded what they believed they should have (surplus power). It is found that power deficit increases with the degree of functional specialization at work and that power deficit is the most common experience regardless of the extent of functional specialization. Instrumental work orientation and isolation from organizational goals is the most pronounced among workers with deficit power. Workers with surplus job-related power are on a par with those with a balance between perceived and desired power in terms of consummatory work orientation and commitment to organizational goals. Among workers with less job-related power than they feel they should have, instrumental work orientation and isolation from organizational goals are higher among less affluent, younger, and loss educated workers. Introduction of a measure of the importance of work-related power did not help in explaining this last finding.
Embracing Digital Publishing

Efforts undertaken during the past two years have resulted in evolving Computer's content for mobile applications so that readers can access information in a form that's convenient for them.
Judicial independence and democratization: a theoretical and conceptual analysis

Many countries across the globe have begun transitions from authoritarian rule to democracy, marking what has become popularly known as the "third wave" of democratization.1 While there have been some complete and partial failures, this most recent outbreak of democratization has certainly given scholars much hope. As a result, democratization has become a common topic of discussion in the literature, and many studies have attempted to explain preconditions of the transition to democracy, factors influencing its success and failure, and the relationship of particular institutions to society in politically developing countries.2 Not only may the insights provided by these studies be used to understand this phenomenon better, but they may also be applied one day to help foster democratic consolidation in those countries which have initiated transitions from authoritarian rule. Given that democratization is generally defined in the literature as a gradual, evolutionary, and delicate process during which "demo-
Detailed morphology of the TAG Active Hydrothermal Mound: Insights into its formation and growth

The detailed structure and morphology of the TAG active hydrothermal mound (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) are investigated using near-bottom, high-resolution bathymetry data and digital photographic imagery. The mound comprises two distinct circular platforms with one superposed asymmetrically on the other. Areas of hydrothermal discharge and a surface depression are identified that have not been previously described indicating that the hydrogeology of the system is modified on very short time scales (years). We propose a model for the growth of the TAG active mound in which changes in the near-surface permeability of the mound caused by both fissuring and mineral precipitation result in the development of a structure with a surface morphology consistent with that observed.
Bacillary angiomatosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Case report and literature review

We report a case of bacillary angiomatosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, so that dermatologists might become more aware of this easily treatable disease .A brief review of the literature is included .
Polymer-mediated synthesis of highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on carbon black

A new method was developed to prepare highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on carbon black to use as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalysts. This method involves using a polymer, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), to prevent particle aggregation and thereby reduce nanoparticle sizes to achieve high dispersion. It was found that Pt nanoparticles mediated by PVP are smaller than those obtained without PVP and have a narrower size distribution. Well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles with metal loadings from 5 to 35 wt % were obtained on carbon black (Vulcan XC-72R). It was found that well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles on carbon black could be synthesized at a PVP monomers-to-Pt atoms ratio of 0.1 under our experimental conditions. Larger amounts of PVP did not produce smaller nanoparticles, but rather reduced the Pt mass loading on carbon black. The morphology of the Pt nanoparticles that were supported on carbon black was characterized with transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Their active surface areas were determined using cyclic voltammetry in a sulfuric acid solution. High Pt dispersion was obtained for the catalysts synthesized with PVP mediation, even at Pt loadings up to 35 wt %. The catalysts prepared with PVP mediation generally showed larger active specific areas than did those prepared without PVP.
Interactions of radiofrequency radiation on 2-methoxyethanol teratogenicity in rats.

Concurrent exposures to chemical and physical agents occur in the workplace; exposed workers include those involved with microelectronics industry, plastic sealers and electrosurgical units. Previous animal research indicates that hyperthermia induced by an elevation in ambient temperature can potentiate the toxicity and teratogenicity of some chemical agents. We previously demonstrated that combined exposure to radiofrequency (r.f.; 10 MHz) radiation, which also induces hyperthermia and is teratogenic to exposed animals, and the industrial solvent 2-methoxyethanol (2ME) produces enhanced teratogenicity in rats. A subsequent study replicated and extended that research by investigating the interactive dose-related teratogenicity of r.f. radiation (sham exposure or maintaining colonic temperatures at 42.0 degrees C for 0, 10, 20 or 30 min by r.f. radiation absorption) and 2ME (0, 75, 100, 125 or 150 mg/kg) on gestation days 9 or 13 of rats. The purpose of the present research is to determine the effects of r.f. radiation (sufficient to maintain colonic temperatures at 42.0 degrees C for 10 min) on a range of doses of 2ME (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg kg-1) administered on gestation day 13 of rats. Focusing on characterizing the dose-response pattern of interactions, this research seeks to determine the lowest interactive effect level. Day 20 fetuses were examined for external and skeletal malformations. The results are consistent with previous observations. Dose-related developmental toxicity was observed for 2ME both in the presence and absence of r.f. radiation. However, concurrent RF radiation exposure changed the shape of the dose-effect curve of 2ME. These data indicate that combined exposure effects should be considered when developing exposure guidelines and intervention strategies.
Energetics of the Interaction of Molecular Oxygen with Organic Molecules

The interaction of molecular oxygen with electronically excited organic molecules (M) has been examined theoretically and expressions for energies of the states of the [M···O2] complex have been derived. The results indicate that in [M···O2] complexes where the triplet state of the organic molecule, 3M, and the charge‐transfer state of the complex are close in energy, (i) the O2 induced S→T absorption bands may be diffuse and red shifted relative to the positions of unperturbed bands; (ii) the quenching of triplet states by O2 will invariably be diffusion controlled; (iii) the [3M···3O2] complex has a significant binding energy (>300 cm−1); and (iv) complexes between a ground‐state molecule and electronically excited oxygen molecules (either 1Σg+or1Δg) are dissociative.
The ontogeny of oxygen consumption and ventilation in the Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae.

Although both energy metabolism and ventilation parameters are highly size dependent in adult birds, the usual scaling relationships with mass do not hold in hatchlings or in growing chicks. In Adelie penguins, three distinct behavioral phases during growth and development are reflected in the ontogeny of metabolism and ventilation. Metabolic intensity increases in the nestling phase (age 0-11 days), stabilizes during the creche phase (14-40 days), and decreases in fledglings (40-55 days) and adults. Minimal respiratory frequency does not change with mass in nestlings, decreases in creche chicks, and falls abruptly in fledglings and adults. Mass-specific standard tidal volume and mass-specific standard minute volume do not change with mass in nestlings, increase abruptly at 14 days, decline with increasing mass in creche chicks, and are not correlated with mass in fledglings and adults. Oxygen extraction at minimal frequency increases with increasing mass in nestlings and in creche chicks, and it declines with increasing mass in fledglings and adults. At any given age, usually Adelie penguins accommodate changing thermogenic demand primarily by adjusting minute volume rather than oxygen extraction.