cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtual Reality: History, Applications, and Challenges for Human Factors Research:

Research into the viability of virtual reality (VR) systems goes back nearly five decades. Even so, Human Factors researchers utilizing this type of technology are by most estimates still relativel...
The role of neuraminidase 1 (NEU1) in cytokine release by primary mouse mesangial cells and disease outcomes in murine lupus nephritis

The importance of altered glycosphingolipid (GSL) metabolism is increasingly gaining attention as a characteristic of multiple chronic kidney diseases. Previously, we reported elevated levels of GS...
Hierarchical Power Flow Control in Smart Grids: Enhancing Rotor Angle and Frequency Stability with Demand-Side Flexibility

Large-scale integration of renewables in power systems gives rise to new challenges for keeping synchronization and frequency stability in volatile and uncertain power flow states. To ensure the safety of operation, the system must maintain adequate disturbance rejection capability at the time scales of both rotor angle and system frequency dynamics. This calls for flexibility to be exploited on both the generation and demand sides, compensating volatility and ensuring stability at the two separate time scales. This article proposes a hierarchical power flow control architecture that involves both transmission and distribution networks as well as individual buildings to enhance both small-signal rotor angle stability and frequency stability of the transmission network. The proposed architecture consists of a transmission-level optimizer enhancing system damping ratios, a distribution-level controller following transmission commands and providing frequency support, and a building-level scheduler accounting for quality of service and following the distribution-level targets. We validate the feasibility and performance of the whole control architecture through real-time hardware-in-loop tests involving real-world transmission and distribution network models along with real devices at the Stone Edge Farm Microgrid.
Humidity mediated performance and material properties of orb weaving spider adhesive droplets.

Abstract Capture thread glue droplets retain insects that strike an orb web and are key to the success of over 4,600 described spider species. Each droplet is a self-assembling adhesive system whose emergent biomechanical properties are centered on its viscoelastic, protein core. This bioadhesive is dependent on its surrounding hygroscopic aqueous layer for hydration and chemical conditioning. Consequently, a droplet's water content and adhesive performance track environmental humidity. We tested the hypothesis that natural selection has tuned a droplet's adhesive performance and material properties to a species’ foraging humidity. At 55% relative humidity (RH) the adhesive properties of 12 species ranged from that of PEG-based hydrogels to that of silicone rubber, exhibiting a 1088-fold inter-specific difference in stiffness (0.02-21.76 MPa) and a 147-fold difference in toughness (0.14-20.51 MJ/m3). When tested over a 70% RH range, droplet extension lengths per protein core volume peaked at lower humidities in species from exposed, low humidity habitats, and at higher humidities in nocturnal species and those found in humid habitats. However, at the RH's where these species’ maximum extension per protein volume indices were observed, the stiffness of most species’ adhesive did not differ, documenting that selection has tuned elastic modulus by adjusting droplet hygroscopicity. This inverse relationship between droplet hygroscopicity and a species’ foraging humidity ensures optimal adhesive stiffness. By characterizing the humidity responsiveness and properties of orb spider glue droplets, our study also profiles the range of its biomimetic potential. Statement of significance Over 4,600 described species of orb weaving spider rely on tiny glue droplets in their webs to retain insect that the web intercepts. The aqueous layer that covers each droplet's core allows this adhesive to remain pliable and to stretch as an insect struggles to escape. The aqueous solution also attracts water from the air, causing the glue droplet's performance to change with humidity. By characterizing the droplet extensions and adhesive material properties of twelve species at relative humidities between of 20 and 90%, this study examined how this unique adhesive system responds to its environment and how it is tuned to the humidity of a species’ habitat.
Muddy Waters: Congressional Consent and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Resources Compact

After nearly a century of negotiations among the Great Lakes states, tribes, and provinces, a promising new agreement was recently ratified by the parties and recognized by Congress, this is the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact ("GLC"). Interstate compacts, like the GLC, may serve as a particularly useful tool for solving regional environmental problems which the federal government lacks the interest to resolve. However, due to constitutional strictures, interstate compacts are not binding unless Congress grants consent to the compact. This Note will focus on the GLC as a means to examine the current state of the law surrounding the Compact Clause of the United States Constitution. Part I briefly describes the necessary background information to understand the GLC and the 2000 amendment to the Water Resources Development Act ("2000 WRDA"). Part II introduces the Compact Clause. Part III will examine why it is an agreement that is subject to the consent requirement of the Compact Clause. Part IV will discuss whether Congress explicitly or implicitly granted prior consent to the compact, when it passed the 2000 WRDA or the Weeks Act of 1911.
Certification Game for the Safety Analysis of AI-Based CPS

Current certification procedures aim at establishing trust in manufacturers of artificial intelligence/machine learning based cyber-physical systems. The certification process usually requires the manufacturer to demonstrate excellence in following safety engineering standards and regulations throughout the holistic system’s engineering process. This paper touches on the need for real-world performance monitoring performed by the certifier to ensure that the operational system does not deviate from the specifications. We propose an interactive cooperative process between the manufacturer and certifier which aims at verifying conformance and consistency between the specifications and the operational model while preserving the manufacturer’s competitive advantage.
Use of a 2 Dimensional Vessel Navigator Roadmap Decreases Patient Radiation Dose Compared to Standard 3D Mapping for Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair.

Objective For fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR), the implementation of the VesselNavigator (Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands) to provide a 3-dimensional vessel roadmap has been shown to reduce patient radiation exposure. Unfortunately, FEVAR radiation doses remain substantial despite utilization of this technology. Traditionally, registration of the live fluoroscopy with the pre-operative CTA is performed via the acquisition of a low-dose cone-beam CT scan. However, this registration can also be accomplished with the acquisition of 2D X-rays using the c-arm in 2 different projection angles. We hypothesized that the 2D image acquisition for vessel roadmap development would result in a significant reduction in patient radiation dose in comparison to the 3D CT registration without compromising image quality or increasing procedural length. Methods This single-center, retrospective study included FEVARs performed from January 2015 to May 2019. For patient data, the cumulative reference air kerma (RAK) was presented as geometric mean and standard deviation. A general linear model with log-normal distribution was used to test the difference in patient RAK between 2D X-ray and 3D CT VesselNavigator registration after adjusting for BMI and the number of vessel fenestrations (1 to 2 vs. 3 to 4). Fluoroscopy time was recorded and used as a surrogate for case complexity. All analyses were done in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). Results One hundred and sixty four FEVARs were performed on a Philips Allura Xper FD 20 fluoroscopy system equipped with clarity technology. The VesselNavigator registration was completed using 3D CT mapping in 99 cases and 2D X-rays in 65 procedures. On average, utilization of 2D mapping versus 3D mapping for the VesselNavigator resulted in a 20.4% reduction in patient RAK after controlling for BMI and number of vessel fenestrations, P = 0.0135. There was no significant difference in fluoroscopy time between the 2 study groups (P= 0.81) suggesting that image quality was not compromised by the use of 2D mapping leading to the need for additional fluoroscopy. Conclusion Acquisition of 2D films rather than a 3D CT scan for VesselNavigator registration allows for a significant reduction in patient radiation dose during FEVAR without increasing the case complexity or compromising image quality.
The long-term prognostic value of the Q wave criteria for prior myocardial infarction recommended in the universal definition of myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background We sought to characterize the prognostic value of the third universal definition of myocardial infarction (UDMI) and ≥ 40 msec Q wave criteria. Methods We evaluated hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cardiovascular (CV) death for computerized Q wave measurements from the electrocardiograms of 43,661 patients collected from 1987 to 1999 at the Palo Alto VA. There were 3929 (9.0%) CV deaths over a mean follow-up of 7.6 (± 3.8) years. Results The risk of CV death for Q waves ≥ 40 msec in any two contiguous leads in any lead group was equivalent to or higher than that for contiguous UDMI Q waves, with HR 2.44 (95% CI 2.15–4.11) and HR 2.42 (95% CI (2.18–3.42), respectively. Conclusions The UDMI Q wave criteria do not provide an advantage over ≥ 40 msec Q waves at predicting CV death.
Chlorinated Organic Contaminants in the Atmosphere

Scientists have studied atmospheric pollutants for a long time. Beginning in the 18th century, English physicians were concerned with high levels of soot in the atmosphere. Gradually, interest shifted from visible atmospheric pollutants to invisible pollutants, such as the sulfur and nitrogen oxides. The environmental effects of these ‘classic’ pollutants were often obvious. Pea soup fogs in London and vegetation kills around SO2 smelters were common. Gradually, interest shifted from pollutants present in the atmosphere at part per million levels to those present at lower levels. For example, chlorofluorocarbons, although present at only a few hundred parts per trillion by volume (10-12 parts, abbreviated as pptv), cause ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Other organic compounds are present in the atmosphere at even lower levels. Poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), for example, are present at levels of 0·1–1 pptv. Nevertheless, even these levels result in the contamination of fish and water fowl.
Domain Knowledge and Hindsight Bias among Poker Players

Hindsight bias occurs when individuals believe that events were more predictable after they have occurred than they actually were before they occurred. Although hindsight bias is a well-studied phenomenon, few studies have examined the role of expertise in this bias. Two experiments investigated the relation between the magnitude of hindsight bias and self-reported poker expertise (Experiment 1) and assessed poker knowledge (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, self-rated poker expertise was negatively correlated with hindsight bias. Experiment 2 employed memory and hypothetical hindsight conditions and found that poker knowledge was negatively correlated with hindsight bias in the memory condition, but unrelated to hindsight bias in the hypothetical condition. These results help elucidate the role of expertise in hindsight bias and provide additional support for the separate components view, which claims there are different forms of hindsight bias that are differentially affected by certain factors. Domain knowledge appears to be one of such factors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Consecration of the Affections (Often Misnamed Sex Hygiene)

(1911). The Consecration of the Affections (Often Misnamed Sex Hygiene) American Physical Education Review: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 247-253.
An analysis of team checklists in physician signout notes.

Teams of physicians in the hospital collaboratively maintain checklists in informal “signout” documents to help organize, manage, and hand off critical patient-based tasks. We created an application within our commercial EHR that supports basic management of these checklists at two urban, academic medical centers. We collected and analyzed over 400,000 checklist tasks created in the application. We calculated the frequencies of terms and term-combinations (n-grams) in these lists, and compared these data with a previously described clinical task model. Our findings provide evidence for the generalizability of the original clinical task model, and provide the foundation for a more sophisticated physician checklist utility. This could contribute to improved efficiency and safety in patient care.
Culture as a Determinant of Mental Health

This article investigates the cultural determinants of mental health for ethnic minorities (i.e., African Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans) within the USA. The existing literature indicates that different cultures encourage different worldviews, which can either predispose its members to certain disorders or buffer their immediate effects. In addition, these cultures can shape the interaction between the mental health provider and their clients through symptom presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. This article concludes that, given the complexity of human behavior, it is futile for mental health practitioners to attempt an understanding of ethnic minorities without adequate exploration of each client's individual historical background, societal treatment, subcultural values, and unique conflicts.
Doris Lessing's Modern Alice in Wonderland: The Good Terrorist as Fantasy

Early in Doris Lessing's novel The Good Terrorist, one of the characters refers to the protagonish, Alice Mellings, as "Alice the Wonder, the wondrous Alice"; and in Lewis Carroll's, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Alice says of herself, 'There ought to be a book written about me, that there ought! And when I grow up, I'll write one." This only slightly guarded opening reference to Carroll's work leads the reader to examine Alice Mellings as an extension of the early fanciful character. Even the similar spellings of Lessing and Mellings (Double consonants in the middle, movement of "s" to end of name and "m" follows "1" in the alphabet) implies the possibility of an autobiographical tie, but that discussion requires further study before serious comment can be made. Lessing's portrayal in this novel of a grown up Alice with her group of political revolutionaries can be seen as a serious fantasy which has striking parallels to Lewis Carroll's Alice.
Secondary Activation of a Cation Conductance Is Responsible for NMDA Toxicity in Acutely Isolated Hippocampal Neurons

One of the key questions concerning glutamate toxicity is how a transient NMDA exposure can lead to a delayed death of neurons. To address this issue, we performed whole-cell recording on acutely isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons to monitor the membrane response after NMDA exposure. Transient NMDA exposure (100 μm, 10 min) induced an inward current (postexposure current; I pe) which was associated with a Ca2+- and Na+-permeable cation conductance. I pe continuously increased (in the absence of NMDA) until death of the neuron occurred. Application of NMDA in the absence of extracellular calcium failed to trigger I pe and neuronal death. Postexposure suppression of I pe protected against NMDA toxicity. These results indicate that a cation current, which is induced by an increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and is itself partly carried by Ca2+, links the initial NMDA exposure to neuronal death.
Room-temperature spin filtering in a Co Fe 2 O 4 ∕ Mg Al 2 O 4 ∕ Fe 3 O 4 magnetic tunnel barrier

By growing ultrathin and high quality $\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}∕\mathrm{Mg}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}∕{\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ epitaxial multilayers, we have demonstrated a room temperature spin filter junction, which could open the way for highly polarized spin injection, single-qubit spintronic measurements, magnetic field sensing, and other applications. In these devices the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ layer functions as a source of spin polarized electrons while the $\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}∕\mathrm{Mg}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ double barrier functions as a spin filter. The current-voltage curves depend on the relative orientation of the magnetization of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ layers and display a large magnetoresistive effect. The inferred net spin polarizations produced by the junctions typically exceeded 70%.
Science Education in U.S. Natural History Museums: A Historical Perspective.

The role of education in United States natural historymuseums has a long andchanging history. The past century and a half has broughtchanges not only inhow the role of education in museums is viewed, but in therelevance it playsin overarching institutional decisions. As the educationalrole of natural historymuseums evolves, so do the ways in which education of thepublic on suchconcepts as the very nature of science is carried out inthese institutions. Lookingat past trends and future challenges will assist with theidentification of the role ofeducation in the natural history museum of the new millennium.
Some Analytic Expressions for the Capacitance and Profiles of the Electric Double Layer Formed by Ions Near an Electrode

The electric double layer, which is of practical importance, is described. Two theories that yield analytic results, the venerable Poisson-Boltzmann or Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory and the more recent mean spherical approximation, are discussed. The Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory fails to account for the size of the ions nor for correlations amoung the ions. The mean spherical approximation overcomes, to some extent, these deficiencies but is applicable only for small electrode charge. A hybrid description that overcomes some of these problems is presented. While not perfect, it gives results for the differential capacitance that are typical of those of an ionic liquid. In particular, the differential capacitance can pass from having a double hump at low concentrations to a single hump at high concentrations.
Effector T Cell Egress via Afferent Lymph Modulates Local Tissue Inflammation

Memory/effector T cells recirculate through extralymphoid tissues by entering from blood and egressing via afferent lymph. Although T cell entry into effector sites is key to inflammation, the relevance of T cell egress to this process is unknown. In this study, we found that Ag recognition at the effector site reduced the tissue egress of proinflammatory Th1 cells in a mouse model of delayed hypersensitivity. Transgenic expression of "tissue exit receptor" CCR7 enhanced lymphatic egress of Ag-sequestered Th1 cells from the inflamed site and alleviated inflammation. In contrast, lack of CCR7 on Th1 cells diminished their tissue egress while enhancing inflammation. Lymph-borne Th1 and Th17 cells draining the inflamed skin of sheep migrated toward the CCR7 ligand CCL21, suggesting the CCR7-CCL21 axis as a physiological target in regulating inflammation. In conclusion, exit receptors can be targeted to modulate T cell dwell time and inflammation at effector sites, revealing T cell tissue egress as a novel control point of inflammation.
Intrinsic microcrystalline silicon deposited by remote PECVD: a new thin-film photovoltaic material

Remote plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (remote PECVD) was used to deposit photovoltaic (PV)-grade intrinsic and n- and p-type a-Si:H, heavily doped n- and p-type mu c-Si thin films, and a photovoltaic material, a highly photoconductive intrinsic mu c-Si material. This material is deposited by compensating the native defects in the as-deposited, undoped materials with a relatively small amount of boron. The dark conductivity of this compensated intrinsic material is reduced significantly with respect to the undoped mu c-Si, and the films display a level of photoconductivity comparable to that of PV-grade intrinsic a-Si:H. In addition, the material shows no degradation in photoconductivity after long-term exposure to intense illumination ( approximately 50 mW/cm/sup 2/ for 6 h). >
Radiologic Science Educator Stress and Burnout

Purpose To examine the perceived level of occupational stress and burnout of radiologic science educators. Methods The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) with health status and demographic survey was sent by e-mail to 241 members of the Association of Educators in Imaging and Radiologic Sciences Inc. The survey yielded a 62% response rate. Independent sample t-tests, regression analysis and one-way ANOVAs were used to compare data. Results Results indicated average levels for radiologic science educator feelings of emotional exhaustion, low levels for their feelings of depersonalization and average levels for their feelings of personal accomplishment. A statistically significant result was found between all 3 subscales of the MBI and the reported health status. Conclusion This research study may help raise awareness of stress and burnout and their relationship to the health of radiologic science educators.
Action of venom from the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) on human neutrophils.

Abstract Loxosceles reclusa venom has an inhibitory effect in vitro on human neutrophil chemotaxis toward complement-derived chemotaxins. Inhibition could be due either to interference with complement activation by endotoxin or a direct effect on neutrophils. The same levels of toxin had no effect on the uptake and killing of bacteria by neutrophils. Therefore, any direct inhibitory effect on the neutrophils is not a general paralysis, but limited to the chemotactic response.
Supraspinal projections to the ventromedial lumbar spinal cord in adult male rats.

In the present study, the fluorescent tract tracing compound Fluorogold was used to study the afferents of the SNB (spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus), which is found in the ventromedial spinal grey and innervates penile muscles of the male rat. Fluorogold was iontophoretically injected into the SNB, which was located by recording antidromic activation of the motoneurons after stimulating the bulbocavernosus muscle, Retrogradely labeled cells were found in laminae I, V–IX, and area X of the lumbar spinal cord, suggesting segmental input to the SNB. Supraspinally, the greatest number of labeled cells were in the medulla oblongata, particularly in the lateral vestibular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and ventral and alpha divisions of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus. Labeled cells were also observed in the medullary raphe nuclei, the ventral medullary nucleus, and the spinal vestibular nucleus. In the pons, labeled cells were observed in the nucleus locus coeruleus, nucleus subcoeruleus, and caudal pontine reticular nucleus. No labeled cells were present in the cerebellum, rostral pons, mesencephalon, and cerebral cortex. The most rostral occurrence of labeled cells was in the medial parvicellular division of the hypothalamic para ventricular nucleus. These potential afferents to the SNB identified in male rats imply that the inputs to motoneurons that innervate sex-specific muscles involved in male reproductive behavior may be similar to the inputs to lumbar motoneurons described in the female rat that innervate muscles involved in female sexual behavior.
Health advisory values for drinking water contaminants and the methodology for determining acute exposure values.

Abstract The Health Advisory (HA) Program of the Office of Water provides informal technical guidance to Federal, State and local officials responsible for protecting health when emergency spills or contamination situations occur. Under this program, first initiated in 1985, HA values are developed for 1-day, 10-day, longer-term (approx. 7 years) and lifetime exposures based on data describing non- cancer endpoints of toxicity. For substances that are known or probable human carcinogens, lifetime HAs are not recommended. In these situations, the HA document provides an estimate of the drinking water concentration that is equivalent to a 10 −4 –10 −6 cancer risk. US EPA has HA documents for over 175 chemicals dating from 1987 to 1998. A tabular summary of HA values can be accessed through the EPA Office of Science and Technology (OST) web page. The HA support documents provide a concise technical summary of and references for information on chemical, physical and toxicological properties, analytical methods, and treatment technologies. Some of the lifetime HA and cancer values in the HA documents may no longer agree with the most recent Agency assessment for Reference Dose (RfD) and cancer effects. However, the lifetime HA and cancer values presented in the HA tables have been updated to correspond with agency consensus values as presented in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database.
The strategic use of complex computer systems

Several studies show that despite experience, many users with basic command knowledge do not progress to an efficient use of complex computer applications. These studies suggest that knowledge of tasks and knowledge of tools are insufficient to lead users to become efficient. To address this problem, we argue that users also need to learn strategies in the intermediate layers of knowledge lying between tasks and tools. These strategies are (a) efficient because they exploit specific powers of computers, (b) difficult to acquire because they are suggested by neither tasks nor tools, and (c) general in nature having wide applicability. The above characteristics are first demonstrated in the context of aggregation strategies that exploit the iterative power of computers. A cognitive analysis of a real-world task reveals that even though such aggregation strategies can have large effects on task time, errors, and on the quality of the final product, they are not often used by even experienced users. We identify other strategies beyond aggregation that can be efficient and useful across computer applications and show how they were used to develop a new approach to training with promising results. We conclude by suggesting that a systematic analysis of strategies in the intermediate layers of knowledge can lead not only to more effective ways to design training but also to more principled approaches to design systems. These advances should lead users to make more efficient use of complex computer systems.
Delayed presentation of bowel obstruction in a patient with Trisomy 21: A novel method for addressing intestinal webs

Abstract Congenital duodenal anomalies, such as atresia, stricture, or webs, are a common finding in patients with Trisomy 21. We present the case of a 23 year old female with a history of Trisomy 21 and feeding intolerance who was found to have multiple duodenal and jejunal webs in the clinical setting of complete duodenal obstruction. Nine congenital webs were encountered from the proximal duodenum to the mid-jejunum, all of which were distal to a complete duodenal obstructing lesion. In this communication, we describe a novel treatment technique for addressing multiple intestinal webs without additional bowel enterotomies or resections.
How many kinds of reading disability are there

This paper reviews the recent research bearing on the single cause/multiple cause controversy in regard to reading disabilities. The inadequacy of the common practice of comparing a group of disabled readers with a control group is noted. A number of single-factor theories are reviewed, including those of Orton, Levinson, Delacato, Bender, Frostig, and Vellutino. Recent research pointing to multiple causation is summarized, including clinically based studies and those employing statistical techniques such as cluster analysis and Q technique. There seem to be at least three main types of reading disability and possibly several less common ones, with great individual variations in constitutional, environmental, and motivational handicaps.
The tyramine pressor test may have limited sensitivity, especially in the presence of dual serotonin/norepinephrine uptake inhibition.

The Tyramine Pressor Test May Have Limited Sensitivity, Especially in the Presence of Dual Serotonin/Norepinephrine Uptake Inhibition ★
Reduction in extracellular Ca2+ attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation more than nitroprusside-induced relaxation.

Reduction in extracellular Ca 2+ attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation more than nitroprusside-induced relaxation
Strobilation in the chesapeake bay sea nettle, Chrysaora quinquecirrha--IV. Tissue levels of iodinated high molecular weight component and NIF in relation to temperature change-induced behavior.

Abstract 1. 1. Chrysaora quinquecirrha polyps must be exposed to winter-like conditions to be potentiated to strobilate. Transfer of polyps from 26 to 20°C evokes a large, transient increase in the concentration of the iodinated high molecular weight component and a slight, transient increase in neck-inducing factor (NIF)-active material in homogenized polyp tissues. 2. 2. Sufficiently chilled C. quinquecirrha polyps will strobilate soon after they are warmed. Transfer of chilled polyps from 20 to 26°C evokes a large, transient increase in the concentrations of both iodinated high molecular weight component and NIF-active material in homogenates of polyp tissues. 3. 3. The data suggest that polyps are enabled to strobilate when tissue levels ofiodinated high molecular weight component and NIF are high. These substances appear to exert their influence close to the time at which strobilation is initiated.
Integrating reverse logistics into the strategic planning of a supply chain

This paper proposes a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model for the strategic production and distribution planning of a supply chain (SC) integrating reverse logistics system. Such reverse logistics planning addresses the collection, recovery and marketing of recovered products, in addition to returned components and packing/wrapping materials. The model includes an approach that uses retail outlets as a two-way channel for marketing new products, collecting used/returned products and remarketing recovered products as a way of promoting an effective product recovery system in SC operation and optimising costs. The recovery of products/components is planned through a pool of recovery service providers (RSPs), so that maximum recovery can be ensured through combining the expertise of RSPs within optimum costs. The model follows a two-step process that addresses strategic decisions about product recovery in the first step, and the integration of the recovery process into overall SC decisions in the final ste...
Association of host cell intermediate filaments with Toxoplasma gondii cysts in murine astrocytes in vitro

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that is a common opportunistic infection of AIDS patients where it causes a severe and often fatal encephalitis. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients results from a reactivation of the cyst stage of Toxoplasma gondii in the brain. A previous study found an association of host cell intermediate filaments with parasitophorous vacuoles and some studies have suggested the host cell cytoskeletal elements are incorporated into the cyst wall. In this study, the interaction of glial filaments with Toxoplasma gondii cysts was studied in cysts derived in vitro in mouse astrocytes and in cysts isolated from mouse brains. Glial filaments, detected by immunostaining of the glial fibrillary acidic protein, were found to accumulate around the perimeter of the cysts as they developed in mouse astrocytes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a layer of glial filaments was wrapped around the cytoplasmic side of the cyst. The glial filaments were present in close apposition to the cyst wall and arranged around the cysts in a concentric layer, measuring 5–10 μ m in thickness. The layer of glial filaments excluded host cell mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum from the cytoplasmic surface of the cyst. Colocalisation of glial fibrillary acidic protein and the cyst wall via confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, confirmed that there was no glial fibrillary acidic protein present within the cyst wall. The cyst wall of cysts isolated from mouse brains were also found to be negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein. In conclusion, we found no evidence of structural integration of the host cell intermediate filaments in the cyst wall, but glial filaments were found to encase the cysts in the host cell during cyst development in host cells in vitro. The glial filaments wrapping of cysts may play a role in bradyzoite differentiation and/or cyst stabilisation in the host cell cytoplasm.
ZnO Schottky ultraviolet photodetectors

Abstract We present the results of Schottky UV photodetectors fabricated on n-type ZnO epitaxial films. The ZnO films were grown on R-plane sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetectors were fabricated by using Ag as Schottky contact metal. For comparison, ZnO photoconductive detectors were also fabricated by using Al as ohmic contact metal. I–V characteristics of these devices were analyzed. At a reverse bias of 1 V, the circular Schottky photodiode exhibits a leakage current approximately 5 orders of magnitude smaller than that of its photoconductive counterpart. The photoresponsivity of the ZnO Schottky type MSM UV detector is 1.5 A/W and the leakage current is about 1 nA at 5 V bias. The detector shows a fast photoresponse component with a rise time of 12 ns and a fall time of 50 ns.
Acidic calcium stores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fungi and animals constitute sister kingdoms in the eukaryotic domain of life. The major classes of transporters, channels, sensors, and effectors that move and respond to calcium ions were already highly networked in the common ancestor of fungi and animals. Since that time, some key components of the network have been moved, altered, relocalized, lost, or duplicated in the fungal and animal lineages and at the same time some of the regulatory circuitry has been dramatically rewired. Today the calcium transport and signaling networks in fungi provide a fresh perspective on the scene that has emerged from studies of the network in animal cells. This review provides an overview of calcium signaling networks in fungi, particularly the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with special attention to the dominant roles of acidic calcium stores in fungal cell physiology.
A Service Oriented Framework to Assess the Quality of Electronic Health Data for Clinical Research

Retrospective/observational clinical research studies are dependent on the secondary use of electronic health record (EHR) data for obtaining important results about the effectiveness of different medical interventions. In contrast to traditional clinical trials these studies provide results from real-world clinical settings, but suffer from data quality issues. Therefore, it is important to take into account the nature and quality of data when designing these studies in order to differentiate between true and artifactual variations [1]. We are developing a service-oriented framework to assess the quality of EHR data.
Properties of partially purified saccharopine dehydrogenase from human placenta.

Abstract Saccharopine dehydrogenase was previously purified 380-fold from human placenta. The enzyme was shown to catalyze the formation of α-aminoadipic-δ-semialdehyde and glutamate from saccharopine, to have a molecular weight of 480,000 on gel filtration, and not to be separable from l -lysine-α-ketoglutarate reductase. Additional properties of the saccharopine dehydrogenase are now described. The pH optimum for the conversion of saccharopine to glutamate and α-aminoadipic-δ-semialdehyde is 8.5 in Tris-HCl buffer and 8.9 in 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol buffer. The specificity of the enzyme for Saccharopine and NAD and the inhibition by glutamate and product analogs were tested. It was found the NADP was the only cofactor that could replace NAD in the enzyme reaction and that several NAD analogs were reaction inhibitors. Glutamate was found to be only moderately effective as an inhibitor. Initial velocity studies revealed that the enzyme has an ordered reaction mechanism. The true K m values for saccharopine and NAD are 1.15 m m and 0.0645 m m , respectively.
Molecules versus morphology? Not for the human cranium.

Summary Evolutionary investigations of human crania typically takealimitedviewofcranialdiversityastheydiscountthe possibility that human cranial variation could simply be due to the effects of random genetic drift, gene flow and mutation in favor of natural selection and developmental changes. Natural selection alone cannot explain similarities between patterns of cranial and molecular diversity observed in humans. It appears that the amount of phenotypic variance in the human cranium decreases at the population level as a function of distance from Sub-Saharan Africa much in the same way as observed forhumanmoleculardata. (1) BioEssays29:1185‐1188, 2007. ! 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The study of human cranial form The study of human cranial form has a poor reputation in academic and popular circles. (2) The 19 th and early 20 th century obsession with racial typologies produced a large number of baroque racial classifications. (3) The neoDarwinian synthesis and a steadily growing fossil record refocused the discussion of human cranial form, as it became an important sourceofcomparativematerialfor useininterpretingthefossil record. (4,5) Initial proponents of neoDarwinian anthropology emphasized the role of natural selection above all other forcesinthegenerationofdifferencesseenbetweengroupsof humans living today and in the fossil record. (6) Historically, evolutionary accounts devised to explain correlations between various aspects of skeletal morphology and putative selective pressures rely on appeal to natural selection. (7‐10) Thealternativesinmodernpaleoanthropology to adaptationist approaches tend to appeal to developmental formalist or structuralist explanations for changes in morphology. (11‐13) The unifying feature of these different approaches
Growth of Sobolev Norms in Linear Schrödinger Equations with Quasi-Periodic Potential

In this paper, we consider the following problem. Let iu t +Δu+V(x,t)u= 0 be a linear Schrodinger equation ( periodic boundary conditions) where V is a real, bounded, real analytic potential which is periodic in x and quasi periodic in t with diophantine frequency vector λ. Denote S(t) the corresponding flow map. Thus S(t) preserves the L 2-norm and our aim is to study its behaviour on H s (T D ), s> 0. Our main result is the growth in time is at most logarithmic; thus if φ∈H s , then More precisely, (*) is proven in 1D and 2D when V is small. We also exhibit examples showing that a growth of higher Sobolev norms may occur in this context and (*) is thus essentially best possible.
A global positioning measurement system for regional geodesy in the caribbean

Abstract Low cost, portable receivers using signals from satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) will enable precision geodetic observations to be made on a large scale. A number of important geophysical questions relating to plate-motion kinematics and dynamics can be addressed with this measurement capability. We describe a plan to design and validate a GPS-based geodetic system, and to demonstrate its capability in California, Mexico and the Caribbean region. The Caribbean program is a prototype for a number of regional geodetic networks to be globally distributed. In 1985, efforts will be concentrated on understanding and minimizing error sources. Two dominant sources of error are uncertainties in the orbit ephemeris of the GPS satellites, and uncertainties in the correction for signal delay due to variable tropospheric water vapor. Orbit ephemeris uncertainties can be minimized by performing simultaneous satellite observations with GPS receivers at known (fiducial) points. Water vapor corrections can be made by performing simultaneous line-of-sight measurements of integrated water vapor content with ground-based water vapor radiometers. Specific experiments to validate both concepts are outlined. Caribbean measurements will begin in late 1985 or early 1986. Key areas of measurement are the northern strike-slip boundary, and the western convergent boundary. Specific measurement plans in both regions are described.
Logic characterization vehicle design for maximal information extraction for yield learning

A new type of logic characterization vehicle (LCV) that optimizes design, test, and diagnosis for yield learning is described. The Carnegie-Mellon LCV (CM-LCV) uses constant-testability theory and logic/layout regularity to create a parameterized design that exhibits both front- and back-end characteristics of a product-like, customer design. Design and test analysis of various CM-LCV designs (one of which has >4M gates) demonstrates that design time and density, test and diagnosis can all be simultaneously improved. For example, conventional ATPG produces test sets that are 2X larger, produce significantly poorer fault-detection and diagnostic characteristics for standard and advanced fault models, and require runtimes that are several orders of magnitude larger than the simple approach used to generate the constant test set for the CM-LCV. On the design side, a fully designed custom layout is 25% smaller than its synthesized, place-and-routed counterpart.
Radar interferometric imaging using the maximum entropy method for the case of point targets

Summary form only given. The radar interferometry technique was first used at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory by Woodman (1971) for measuring the inclination of geomagnetic field. Since then, this technique has been successfully developed for imaging ionospheric plasma irregularities phenomena (Farley 1981; Kudeki 1987; Hysell 1996; etc.). With this technique, we can obtain the spatial and temporal (image) information of objects at the same time. We explore practical methods to achieve both fine spatial and temporary resolutions for radar imaging of meteor (point target) events. The basic mathematical description of radar interferometric imaging is the linear Fourier transform relationship (Woodman 1997). The complex visibility measurement from one interferometer baseline is a Fourier component of the objects brightness distribution. However, since the observed visibility data (the Fourier coefficients) from radar interfereometry is necessarily incomplete and noisy, in most cases the directly linear inversion is not sufficient to obtain the desired resolution of objects. We need non-linear inversion techniques to remove “ringing” effects and obtain details that are not revealed using linear inversion techniques. Among the non-linear inversion techniques, the maximum entropy method has been widely used in many fields (e.g., radio astronomy, etc.) to reconstruct images of objects. According to the comparisons between maximum entropy method and other conventional inversion methods (CLEAN, etc.) from many papers, we believe maximum entropy method is an optimal choice to achieve satisfactory reconstructions from incomplete and noisy data. Therefore, for meteor head-echoes modeling purposes, a discrete linear radar interferometric signal model is derived, and a maximum entropy image reconstruction method based on Newton-Raphson technique is applied to point targets. Its advantages and limitations are discussed.
The Feynman path integral for constrained systems

Abstract I describe how to construct the Feynman path integral for a constrained system. Given a classical Hamiltonian one constructs a quantum Hamiltonian by the usual procedure of promoting the position and momentum functions to quantum operators. In a constrained system the quantum Hamiltonian acts on a restricted Hilbert space, which I describe. One must reexpress the Hamiltonian in terms of canonical position and momentum operators appropriate to the restricted Hilbert space. Finally, one must make a correspondence between these canonical operators and the classical functions which appear in the path integral. The naive procedure of simply demoting the quantum operators to functions is incorrect.
Guidance and Control for Spacecraft Autonomous Chasing and Close Proximity Maneuvers

Abstract Autonomous rendezvous and proximity operations between a chaser (or pursuer) spacecraft and a target space object consist of autonomous controlled approach and controlled docking with or controlled capture of the target by the chaser. Guidance, navigation and control problems during autonomous rendezvous and proximity maneuvers between spacecraft are challenging, particularly when the target spacecraft or space object is not cooperating with the chaser spacecraft. In this work, we present a guidance scheme and a control scheme for a chaser spacecraft that is tasked to synchronize its motion with a target space object during close proximity maneuvers. The guidance scheme generates a desired state trajectory based on remote measurements of the motion states of the target from the chaser and motion prediction of the target. The tracking control scheme for the chaser results in asymptotic tracking of the desired state trajectory with an almost global domain of convergence on the state space. These schemes are applied to the situation where the chaser spacecraft synchronizes its attitude motion with the target, while maintaining a constant relative position with respect to the target at the end of the maneuver. Numerical simulation results are presented to show the performance of these guidance and tracking control schemes.
Synthesis and magnetic behavior of the tetrahedral cage complex [(cyclen)4V4(CN)6]6+.

Reaction of [(cyclen)V(CF3SO3)2](CF3SO3) with 4 equiv. of Et4N(CN) in DMF generates the seven-coordinate complex [(cyclen)V(CN)3], while a reaction employing just 1.5 equiv. produces a tetrahedral cage complex, [(cyclen)4V4(CN)6]6+, in which antiferromagnetic coupling leads to an S = 0 ground state.
Slant-Path Photon Buildup Factors in Dual-Layer Radiation Shields Comprising Polyethylene and Lead

Photon buildup factors provide a convenient method for radiation protection professionals to calculate dose and exposure behind various shielding configurations. Examination of buildup factors can ...
SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC MODELING OF ORIGIN-DESTINATION FLOWS*

ABSTRACT Standard spatial autoregressive models rely on spatial weight structures constructed to model dependence among n regions. Ways of parsimoniously modeling the connectivity among the sample of N=n2 origin-destination (OD) pairs that arise in a closed system of interregional flows has remained a stumbling block. We overcome this problem by proposing spatial weight structures that model dependence among the N OD pairs in a fashion consistent with standard spatial autoregressive models. This results in a family of spatial OD models introduced here that represent an extension of the spatial regression models described in Anselin (1988).