cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Perceptual Models to the Measurement of Pain and Affective Responses to Exercise

Thus far, this laboratory manual has presented the conceptual models, background information, previous literature, and current methodologies for the measurement of perceived exertion responses to exercise. The application of perceptual responses to exercise assessment, prescription and program monitoring has been discussed. The study and development of the perceived exertion knowledge base, however, has expanded over the years to include other perceptual and psychosocial constructs, i.e., naturally occurring muscle pain, affect, and enjoyment. It has been argued that, in addition to an individual’s perception of physical exertion, variables such as pain, affect, and enjoyment may play an important role in determining the level of regular PA participation. Part 4 of this manual is titled Applied Perceptual and Psychosocial Research. This, the first chapter in Part 4, presents a series of power reviews, or brief summaries of the literature, concerning the measurement of naturally occurring muscle pain, affect, and enjoyment during exercise. Each section of this chapter can be linked retroactively to specific content presented previously regarding perceived exertion. Then, the remaining chapters of Part 4 present more extensive literature reviews for topics that are of growing interest concerning perceptual and psychosocial responses to exercise. These topics include the effects of caffeine supplementation, acute carbohydrate feeding, and music on perceptual, affective, and physiological responses to exercise.
Announcing the 2018 Toxins Travel Awards for Post-Doctoral Fellows.

This year we enjoyed a large number of very highy meritorious applications for our annual Toxins Travel Awards.[...]
A Study of Two-Phase Retrieval for Process-Oriented Case-Based Reasoning

Process-Oriented Case-Based Reasoning (PO-CBR) systems often use structured cases, which in turn require effective structure-based retrieval methods, especially when dealing with large processes and/or large case bases. Good retrieval performance can be facilitated by two-phased retrieval methods which first winnow candidate cases with a comparatively inexpensive retrieval phase, and then apply a more expensive strategy to rank the selected cases. Examples of such processes have been shown to provide good retrieval results in limited retrieval time. However, studies of such methods have focused primarily on overall performance, rather than on how the individual contributions of each phase interact to affect overall performance. This misses an opportunity to tune the component algorithms in light of the system task and case base characteristics, for specific task needs. This chapter examines two-phased retrieval as a means of addressing the complexity in many PO-CBR domains, and specifically examines the performance of each phase of two-phased retrieval individually, demonstrating characteristics of the phases’ interaction and providing general lessons for how to design and deploy two-phased retrieval systems.
Weight gain in women with gestational diabetes

Objective To evaluate weight gain during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes, and to determine whether there was a stronger or weaker correlation of maternal weight gain with neonatal birth weight in women with gestational diabetes as compared with a control group. Methods At delivery, 78 women with gestational diabetes and 312 control subjects were evaluated and classified according to pregravid weight for height (underweight, average weight, and overweight). Weight gain during pregnancy and neonatal birth weight in the women with gestational diabetes and in the control group were compared using analysis of covariance, controlling for selected covariables. A weight gain curve for each patient was generated to assess the rate of weight gain during early, middle, and late gestation. Linear regression analysis was used to correlate maternal weight gain and birth weight. Results Weight gain was 2.5 kg less in the women with gestational diabetes as compared with the controls (P = .0006). When adjusted for pregravid weight, maternal age, and gestational age at delivery, only underweight women with gestational diabetes persisted in having significantly less weight gain as compared with the control subjects (P = .035). There were no significant differences in infant birth weight between any gestational diabetes and control weight categories. The rate of weight gain was decreased in over-weight women with gestational diabetes versus control subjects in late pregnancy (P = .05). There was a significant correlation between maternal weight gain and birth weight in underweight (r = 0.46, P = .0001) and average-weight (r = 0.17, P = .02) control women but not in overweight controls or in any patients with gestational diabetes. Conclusion Weight gain in women with gestational diabetes is less than in control patients, primarily because of greater pregravid weight, and does not correlate with neonatal birth weight.
Computational perspectives on social phenomena at global scales

The growth of social media and on-line social networks has opened up a set of fascinating new challenges and directions for researchers in both computing and the social sciences, and an active interface is growing between these areas. We discuss a set of basic questions that arise in the design and analysis of systems supporting on-line social interactions, focusing on two main issues: the role of network structure in the dynamics of social media sites, and the analysis of textual data as a way to study properties of on-line social interaction.
The Role of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Treatment of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) complicates the clinical course of approximately 5–10% of all cancer patients. Anticoagulation of the cancer patient often presents unique challenges as these patients have both a higher risk of recurrent VTE and a higher risk of bleeding than patients without cancer. Although low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are the standard of care for the management of cancer-associated VTE, their use requires once or twice daily subcutaneous injections, which can be a significant burden for many cancer patients who often require a long duration of anticoagulation. The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are attractive options for patients with malignancy. DOACs offer immediate onset of action and short half-lives, properties similar to LMWH, but the oral route of administration is a significant advantage. Given the higher risks of recurrent VTE and bleeding, there has been concern about the efficacy and safety of DOACs in this patient population. Data are now emerging for the use of DOACs in the cancer patient population from dedicated clinical trials. While recently published data suggest that DOACs hold promise for the treatment of cancer associated VTE, additional studies are needed to establish DOACs as the standard-of-care treatment. Many such studies are currently underway. The available data for the use of DOACs in the treatment of cancer-associated VTE will be reviewed, focusing on efficacy, safety, and other considerations relevant to the cancer patient.
Chapter 13 - Solid Waste Disposal

This chapter begins by defining the objective of solid waste disposal as the placement of solid waste so that it no longer impacts the human society or the environment. At one time, this was fairly easy to achieve: Dumping solid waste over city walls was quite adequate. In modern civilization, however, this is no longer possible, and adequate disposal is becoming increasingly difficult. The disposal methods discussed in this chapter are only partial solutions to the solid waste problem. The only two realistic options for disposal are in the oceans and on land. Another solution would be to redefine solid waste as a resource and use it to produce usable goods. The residues of pyrolysis, combustible gas, tar, and charcoal, have economic value but have not yet found acceptance as a raw material. Another method of volume reduction is baling.
Physical Activity In Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Parental Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators

The importance of physical activity in persons with disabilities is well known, yet the prevalence of inactivity remains high. The physical activity behaviors among adults on the autism spectrum ar...
Mitigations to Reduce the Law of Unintended Consequences for Autonomy and Other Technological Advances

The United Nations states that Earth’s population is expected to reach just under 10 billion people (9.7) by the year 2050. To meet the demands of 10 billion people, governments, multinational corporations and global leaders are relying on autonomy and technological advances to augment and/or accommodate human efforts to meet the required needs of daily living. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) gene-edited plants and cloning will be utilized to expand human food supply. Biomimetic implants are expected to improve life expectancy with 3D printed body parts. Human functioning will be extended with wearables and cybernetic implants continuing humanity’s path toward transhumanism. Families will be strengthened with 3 parent households. Disease will surely be eradicated using the CRISPR-CAS9 genetic engineering revolution to design out undesirable human traits and to design in new capabilities. With autonomous cars, trucks and buses on our roads and on-demand autonomous aircraft delivering pizzas, medical prescriptions and groceries in the air and multi-planet vehicles traversing space, utopia will finally arrive! Or will it? All of these powerful, man-made, technological systems will experience unintended consequences with certainty. Instead of over-reacting with hysteria and fear, we should be seeking answers to the following questions - “What skills are required to architect socially-healthy technological systems for 2050?” “What mindsets should we embody to ameliorate hubris syndrome and to build our future technological systems with deliberation, soberness and social responsibility?”
Linear Desferrichrome-Linked Silicon-Rhodamine Antibody Conjugate Enables Targeted Multimodal Imaging of HER2 in Vitro and in Vivo.

We report the nuclear and optical in vitro and in vivo imaging of SKOV-3 cells by targeting HER2 with a bimodal trastuzumab conjugate. Previously, we have shown that desferrichrome derivatives provide a robust and versatile radiolabeling platform for the radioisotope zirconium-89. Here, we appended silicon-rhodamine functionalized linear desferrichrome to trastuzumab. This construct was radiolabeled and used to image cellular binding and antibody uptake in vitro and in vivo. The robust extinction coefficient of the SiR deep-red emissive fluorophore enables direct quantification of the number of appended chelators and fluorophore molecules per antibody. Subsequent radiolabeling of the multifunctional immunoconjugate with 89Zr was achieved with a 64 ± 9% radiochemical yield, while the reference immunoconjugate desferrioxamine (DFO)-trastuzumab exhibited a yield of 84 ± 9%. In vivo PET imaging (24, 48, 72, and 96 h post injection) and biodistribution experiments (96 h post injection) in HER2+ tumor bearing m...
Generalizations of two cardinal inequalities of Hajnal and Juhász

A non-empty subset A of a topological space X is called finitely non-Hausdorff if for every non-empty finite subset F of A and every family {Ux:x∈F}{Ux:x∈F} of open neighborhoods UxUx of x∈Fx∈F, ⋂{Ux:x∈F}≠∅⋂{Ux:x∈F}≠∅ and the non-Hausdorff number nh(X)nh(X)of X is defined as follows: nh(X):=1+sup{|A|:A⊂X is finitelynon-Hausdorff}. Clearly, if X is a Hausdorff space, then nh(X)=2nh(X)=2. We define the non-Hausdorff number of X with respect to singletons , nhs(X)nhs(X), as follows: nhs(X):=1+sup{|clθ({x})|:x∈X}nhs(X):=1+sup{|clθ({x})|:x∈X}. In 1967, Hajnal and Juhasz proved that if X is a Hausdorff space, then: (1) |X|≤2c(X)χ(X)|X|≤2c(X)χ(X) and (2) |X|≤22s(X)|X|≤22s(X), where c(X)c(X) is the cellularity, χ(X)χ(X) is the character and s(X)s(X) is the spread of X. In this paper we generalize (1) by showing that if X is a topological space, then |X|≤nh(X)c(X)χ(X)|X|≤nh(X)c(X)χ(X). Immediate corollary of this result is that (1) holds true for every space X for which nh(X)≤2ωnh(X)≤2ω (and even for spaces with nh(X)≤2c(X)χ(X)nh(X)≤2c(X)χ(X)). This gives an affirmative answer to a question posed by M. Bonanzinga in 2013. A simple example of a T1T1, first countable, ccc-space X is given such that |X|>2ω|X|>2ω and |X|=nh(X)ω=nh(X)|X|=nh(X)ω=nh(X). This example shows that the upper bound in our inequality is exact and that nh(X)nh(X) cannot be omitted (in particular, nh(X)nh(X) cannot always be replaced by 2 even for T1T1-spaces). In this paper we also generalize (2) by showing that if X is a T1T1-space, then |X|≤2nhs(X)⋅2s(X)|X|≤2nhs(X)⋅2s(X). It follows from our result that (2) is true for every T1T1-space for which nhs(X)≤2s(X)nhs(X)≤2s(X). A simple example shows that the presence of the cardinal function nhs(X)nhs(X) in our inequality is essential.
Integration of Pediatric Palliative Care Into Cardiac Intensive Care: A Champion-Based Model

Integration of pediatric palliative care (PPC) into management of children with serious illness and their families is endorsed as the standard of care. Despite this, timely referral to and integration of PPC into the traditionally cure-oriented cardiac ICU (CICU) remains variable. Despite dramatic declines in mortality in pediatric cardiac disease, key challenges confront the CICU community. Given increasing comorbidities, technological dependence, lengthy recurrent hospitalizations, and interventions risking significant morbidity, many patients in the CICU would benefit from PPC involvement across the illness trajectory. Current PPC delivery models have inherent disadvantages, insufficiently address the unique aspects of the CICU setting, place significant burden on subspecialty PPC teams, and fail to use CICU clinician skill sets. We therefore propose a novel conceptual framework for PPC-CICU integration based on literature review and expert interdisciplinary, multi-institutional consensus-building. This model uses interdisciplinary CICU-based champions who receive additional PPC training through courses and subspecialty rotations. PPC champions strengthen CICU PPC provision by (1) leading PPC-specific educational training of CICU staff; (2) liaising between CICU and PPC, improving use of support staff and encouraging earlier subspecialty PPC involvement in complex patients' management; and (3) developing and implementing quality improvement initiatives and CICU-specific PPC protocols. Our PPC-CICU integration model is designed for adaptability within institutional, cultural, financial, and logistic constraints, with potential applications in other pediatric settings, including ICUs. Although the PPC champion framework offers several unique advantages, barriers to implementation are anticipated and additional research is needed to investigate the model's feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy.
THE KINEMATICS OF SHEAR FLOW AND SHEAR-FREE FLOW

This chapter focuses on the definition and treatment of shear flow by retaining the essential feature of a family of material surfaces that move without stretching, to encompass all the types of shear flow that are of practical importance. It is necessary to allow the shearing surfaces and lines of shear to be curved, to allow the shear rate to vary throughout the material, and to allow the shear lines and shear rate to vary with time. Shear flow is a material surface that moves isometrically if it moves without stretching, that is, if the separation of every pair of neighboring particles is independent of time. In particular, a rigidly moving surface moves isometrically. A flow is a shear flow if each material element moves with constant volume and if there exists a one-parameter family of isometric material surfaces that can be used as one family of coordinate surfaces.
Multimodal Data Fusion in Text-Image Heterogeneous Graph for Social Media Recommendation *

Every day, millions of texts, images, audios, videos, and other information with different modalities are posted on social media. These multimodal data provide abundant resources for information recommendation. In this paper, a new method based on multimodal data fusion is proposed for more effective recommendation on social media. Firstly, a heterogeneous graph on texts and images is created effectively to represent the relationship of multimodal data. Then the relationship of multimodal data is fused based on graph clustering to improve the quality of social media recommendation. Finally, the multimodal social media information recommendation is performed as a process of walk on the proposed heterogeneous graph. The experiment on texts and images of microblogs shows social media recommendation using multimodal data fusion is better than that on single modality.
Whole-House Emission Rates and Loss Coefficients of Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds as a Function of the Air Change Rate.

Whole-house emission rates and indoor loss coefficients of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined from continuous measurements inside a net-zero energy home at two...
The Ethical Perspective

“Do no harm,” a cornerstone in the foundation of the patient safety movement, is an ethical norm derived from the principle of nonmaleficence. Yet somehow the discussion of ethics remains largely implicit in the public dialogue about patient safety. This chapter provides a review of the ethical perspective on patient safety in surgery through review of the moral obligations and ethical norms that apply in the patient-surgeon relationship versus public health, and a discussion of how to apply these to patient safety in surgery. The chapter concludes with a discussion about next steps for advancing patient safety from an ethics perspective, which includes: a systematic approach to tracking and reporting; increased transparency; improved integration of the research culture; surgeon support and communication skills training; and integration of ongoing ethics education into surgical practice.
Temporomandibular joint imaging: current clinical applications, biochemical comparison with the intervertebral disc and knee meniscus, and opportunities for advancement

Temporomandibular disorders encompass multiple pathologies of the temporomandibular joint that manifest as middle/inner ear symptoms, headache, and/or localized TMJ symptoms. There is an important although somewhat limited role of imaging in the diagnostic evaluation of temporomandibular disorders. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of TMJ anatomy, outline potentially important features of TMJ disc ultrastructure and biochemistry in comparison with the intervertebral disc and knee meniscus, and provide imaging examples of the TMJ abnormalities currently evaluable with MRI and CT. In addition, we provide an overview of emerging and investigational TMJ imaging techniques in order to encourage further imaging research based on the biomechanical alterations of the TMJ disc.
Reflections From a Pediatrician Who Went Back to Summer Camp

They called me “Dr Beck” the last time I was at summer camp. I was not a doctor, nor did I have any medical training past the requisite premedical courses and a lifeguard certification. Still, medical school was in my future, and for my campers and fellow counselors, that seemed to be enough. Lest you worry, I did not use my faux title aside from providing the random Band-Aid or applying a “needed” ice pack, at least not back then. Fast forward 17 summers, and I had the opportunity to return to camp this past summer as an actual doctor to care for 239 campers and 151 staff members. My experience reinforced the positive effect camp can have on campers and staff; it also showed how that effect can and does extend to the camp doctor. Summer camp can be transformative for children and young adults, with proven, lasting effects on “psychosocial development, … peer relationships, independence, leadership, values, and willingness to try new things.”1 During my last summer at camp (the summer before I started medical school), I was responsible for managing ∼10 of my peers and maintaining the safety and happiness of >40 boys aged 11 to 14 years. I was 22 years old at the time, yet that summer job was among the most challenging and rewarding experiences I have ever had. It was also foundational for my career in pediatrics, as I now find myself responsible for managing multidisciplinary teams and maintaining the well-being of my … Address correspondence to Andrew F. Beck, MD, MPH, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, MLC 7035, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229. E-mail: Andrew.Beck1{at}cchmc.org
Mammalian Soil Disturbance, Plant Cover, and Soil Nitrogen in a Prairie Restoration

Small mammal disturbances in tallgrass prairies are known to influence a variety of ecosystem properties, including plant establishment, plant diversity, and soil nutrient dynamics. We explored direct and indirect effects of mammalian soil disturbance on a newly established grassland restoration site. In 2016–2017, we measured variation in small mammal soil disturbance, plant cover, and total inorganic nitrogen, all within the same plots. Within our site, interior plots had greater disturbance than plots located near site edges. On average, plots with high soil disturbance in 2016 had high disturbance in 2017, and disturbance in the first year was greater than in the second year. Soil disturbance was associated with an overall decline in grass cover and an increase in forb cover (especially Asteraceae). However, there were no associations between soil disturbance and either inorganic nitrogen or plant species richness/diversity on the new restoration site. Our study supports the important link between prairie plant communities and small mammal soil disturbance, potentially creating heterogeneity that is important for tallgrass prairie restoration and conservation.
A data-driven approach to characterize the impact of connected and autonomous vehicles on traffic flow

This study presents a model to characterize changes in network traffic flows as a result of implementing connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technology based on traffic network and built-environ...
Acute Findings on FDG PET/CT: Key Imaging Features and How to Differentiate Them from Malignancy

To review acute findings commonly encountered during routine clinical FDG PET/CT studies and present key imaging features to differentiate them from malignant counterparts. FDG PET/CT is extensively used in routine clinical practice for oncology patients. Incidental acute findings in patients undergoing FDG PET/CT are increasingly common, and awareness of these findings and their mimics are important in delivering a clinically relevant and accurate radiological report for directing further management. This article will review examples of common acute findings encountered during routine FDG PET/CT scans, compare them against examples of FDG-avid malignancy that can mimic these findings and emphasize key imaging findings to differentiate acute findings from their malignant mimics.
Loss of DEK Expression Induces Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes in Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the buildup of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary Tau tangles. This leads to decreased synaptic efficacy, cell death, and, consequently, brain atrophy in patients. Behaviorally, this manifests as memory loss and confusion. Using a gene ontology analysis, we recently identified AD and other age-related dementias as candidate diseases associated with the loss of DEK expression. DEK is a nuclear phosphoprotein with roles in DNA repair, cellular proliferation, and inhibiting apoptosis. Work from our laboratory determined that DEK is highly expressed in the brain, particularly in regions relevant for learning and memory, including the hippocampus. Moreover, we have also determined that DEK is highly expressed in neurons. Consistent with our gene ontology analysis, we recently reported that cortical DEK protein levels are inversely proportional to dementia severity scores in elderly female patients. However, the functional role of DEK in neurons is unknown. Thus, we knocked down DEK in an in vitro neuronal model, differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, hypothesizing that DEK loss would result in cellular and molecular phenotypes consistent with AD. We found that DEK loss resulted in increased neuronal death by apoptosis (i.e., cleaved caspases 3 and 8), decreased β-catenin levels, disrupted neurite development, higher levels of total and phosphorylated Tau at Ser262, and protein aggregates. We have demonstrated that DEK loss in vitro recapitulates cellular and molecular phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
Potential neutron-induced γ -ray background on natural tellurium relevant to Te 130 0 ν β β decay searches at the CUORE and SNO + detectors

Gamma-ray production cross-section data have been obtained for the inelastic neutron scattering reactions $^{126,128,130}\mathrm{Te}(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ at five neutron energies between 3.6 and 10 MeV. We report data for the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energy region relevant to $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ with a ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ value of 2527.515 keV, assuming natural-abundance tellurium, as used at CUORE and $\mathrm{SNO}+$. The natural abundance of $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$, and $^{126}\mathrm{Te}$ is 34%, 32%, and 19%, respectively. For CUORE the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cascades from the excited state in $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ at 2527.06 keV and in $^{126}\mathrm{Te}$ at 2533.85 keV are of concern. For $\mathrm{SNO}+$, accounting for its inferior energy resolution, an additional four levels are important in $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, an additional nine levels in $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$, and an additional eight levels in $^{126}\mathrm{Te}$. Of these, we report neutron-induced $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray production cross sections for the strongest transitions: the 2581.15 keV level in $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, the 2494.20, 2508.06, and 2630.14 keV levels in $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$, and the 2496.83 and 2585.46 keV level in $^{126}\mathrm{Te}$. The largest cross-section values were found for cascade $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transitions to the ground state, while direct transitions to the ground state are very weak and were not observed in the present work. Both the CUORE and $\mathrm{SNO}+$ detectors, however, may not be able to distinguish between cascade transitions and direct transitions to the ground state, making the neutron-induced excitation of the 2527.06 keV state of $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ in particular a potential problem for $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay searches of $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, because it matches its ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ value.
Wideband Laser Linewidth Reduction Using a Hybrid Integrated Phase Noise Filter

The first nanophotonic phase noise filter is demonstrated that reduces laser linewidth from 2.55 MHz to 4 kHz and from 200 kHz to 320 Hz. The electronic and pho-tonic chips occupy 3 mm2 of area. © 2021 The Author(s)
Magnetic field effects on laser energy deposition and filamentation in magneto-inertial fusion relevant plasmas

We report on experimental measurements of how an externally imposed magnetic field affects plasma heating by kJ-class, nanosecond laser pulses. The experiments reported here took place in gas cells analogous to magnetized liner inertial fusion targets. We observed significant changes in laser propagation and energy deposition scale lengths when a 12T external magnetic field was imposed in the gas cell. We find evidence that the axial magnetic field reduces radial electron thermal transport, narrows the width of the heated plasma, and increases the axial plasma length. Reduced thermal conductivity increases radial thermal gradients. This enhances radial hydrodynamic expansion and subsequent thermal self-focusing. Our experiments and supporting 3D simulations in helium demonstrate that magnetization leads to higher thermal gradients, higher peak temperatures, more rapid blast wave development, and beam focusing with an applied field of 12T.
Application of Surface Analysis for Electronic Devices

The principles of Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry are discussed, and their applications in the processing of electronic devices are illustrated. Electronic device processing is divided into five areas: (1) substrate and substrate processing, (2) deposited films, (3) patterning, (4) interconnection, and (5) compatibility. Examples are given in each area in which surface analysis has been used to great advantage in solving processing problems and improving technology.
Calculation of Far Wings of Allowed Spectra: The Water Continuum

A far-wing line shape theory based on the binary collision and quasistatic approximations that is applicable for both the low- and high-frequency wings of allowed vibration-rotational lines has been developed. This theory has been applied in order to calculate the frequency and temperature dependence of the continuous absorption coefficient for frequencies up to 10 000 cm-1 for pure H2O and for H2O-N2 mixtures. The calculations are made assuming an interaction potential consisting of an isotropic Lennard-Jones part and the leading long-range anisotropic part, and utilizing the measured line strengths and transition frequencies. The results compare well with existing data, both in magnitude and in temperature dependence. This leads us to the conclusion that although dimer and collision-induced absorptions are present, the primary mechanism responsible for the observed water continuum is the far-wing absorption of allowed lines. Recent progress on near-wing corrections to the theory and validations with recent laboratory measurements are discussed briefly.
Ontogeny of mouse T-lymphocyte function

The development of lymphocytes within the fetal and neonatal BALB/c mouse thymus is reviewed with particular emphasis on the maturity of immunologic functions. Fetal thymocytes respond by vigorous proliferation to stimulation by allogeneic lymphoid cells or by phytohemagglutinin. Such reactivity is much diminished in neonatal thymus or thymic-derived (T) cells in neonatal spleen. Splenic T cells seem to mature more slowly than immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes in the neonatal spleen, but the finding is confounded by the presence of large numbers of “suppressor” T cells in the neonatal spleen. For example, the in vitro antibody response to the T-independent antigen dinitrophenyl-lysine-Ficoll is optimal by 2 or 3 weeks of age, but the in vitro response to T-dependent sheep erythrocytes does not reach adult levels until 6 weeks of age, suggesting a deficiency in T “helper cells.” The response of neonatal spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes cannot be reconstituted by adult T cells however, unless neonatal splenic T cells are first depleted by anti-Thy 1 serum and complement. The target of this T suppressor cell seems to be only B cells, and not other T cells. The overall sequence of T lymphocyte maturation in the mouse seems to start with large numbers of reactive T cells during intrauterine life, to proceed to an excess of suppressor T cells as well as some functionally active helper or effector T cells in early neonatal life, and finally to achieve a stable equilibrium between T cell subpopulations between 5 and 6 weeks of age.—Mosier, D. E. and P. L. Cohen. Ontogeny of mouse T-lymphocyte function. Federation Proc. 34: 137–140, 1975.
Self-Injurious Behavior

Self-injurious behavior is a relatively common and often clinically significant problem behavior observed most often in people with developmental disabilities. Although there have been few randomized controlled trials of psychological treatments, at least one expert panel and three systematic reviews concur that behavioral interventions are an evidence-based practice for self-injurious behavior. There was no evidence that other psychological treatments, including Snoezelen, sensory integration therapy, social stories, cognitive therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, counseling and psychotherapy, were evidence-based practices. Implications for caregiver training and dissemination are discussed. Keywords: self-injurious behavior; applied behavior analysis; Snoezelen; sensory integration therapy; counseling; psychotherapy; caregiver training
The proper motions of the H 2 O masers near W3(OH).

We describe the results of three-epoch intercontinental VLBI observations of the 22 GHz H2O masers near the compact HII region W3(OH). We have determined the relative proper motions of individual maser components. Assuming a distance to the source of 2.2 kpc, we are able to obtain a full 3-dimensional description of the kinematics of the emitting region, which indicates that the H2O masers are part of bipolar outflow.
The fine structural localization and selective inhibition of nucleosidephosphatases in the rat adrenal cortex.

Fine structural localization of enzymes hydrolyzing nucleoside phosphates in the rat adrenal cortex has been determined, and the selective inhibition of those enzymes exhibiting intracellular localization has been effected. Glutaraldehyde-fixed adrenocortical tissue was incubated in a medium which contained a nucleoside mono-, di- or triphosphate of adenosine, inosine, guanosine, or cytidine as substrate. Intracellular enzymatic activity was exhibited when one of three nucleoside phosphate substrates was employed. When IDP was used, final product of enzymatic activity was found on membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi cisternae and intramitochondrial microvesicles. Final product was localized on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and certain mitochondria when ITP was used. With GTP as substrate, activity was primarily localized on mitochondrial microvesicles and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, with no Golgi involvement noted. The phosphatases for which intracellular localization was determined exhibited four different sites of activity: (a) agranular endoplasmic reticulum, (b) microvesicles within mitochondria, (c) nuclear membrane, and (d) subendothelial and/or intercellular spaces with occasional involvement of the plasma membrane. When nicotinamide was added to the incubation media, intracellular phosphatase activity was inhibited. Extracellular enzymatic activity was unaffected by nicotinamide. The possible mode of action of nicotinamide in enhancing steroidogenesis and inhibiting intracellular phosphatase activity is discussed.
CP asymmetry in B(d)---> phi K(s): Standard model pollution

The difference in the time dependent $\mathrm{CP}$ asymmetries between the modes $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}\ensuremath{\psi}{K}_{S}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}\ensuremath{\varphi}{K}_{S}$ is a clean signal for physics beyond the standard model. This interpretation could fail if there is a large enhancement of the matrix element of the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{b}u\ifmmode \bar{u}\else \={u}\fi{}s$ operator between the ${B}_{d}$ initial state and the $\ensuremath{\varphi}{K}_{S}$ final state. We argue against this possibility and propose some experimental tests that could shed light on the situation.
Transcription of the tryptophan operon in polarity mutants of Escherichia coli. I. Characterization of the tryptophan messenger RNA of polar mutants.

Amber, ochre, and frame-shift polarity mutants of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli were examined in transcription studies to determine whether translational polarity was associated with an alteration of the tryp -mRNA population. Tryp -mRNA was isolated from bacterial cultures following a shift from repression to derepression conditions. The cultures were pulse-labeled with [ 3 H]uridine at some period soon after the initiation of derepression. Total tryp -mRNA and tryp -mRNA regions corresponding to different segments of the operon were measured by hybridizing with DNA from o80 transducing phages carrying different segments of the operon. It was found that strong polarity mutants generally contained less total tryp -mRNA than the identically treated wild-type strain or missense mutant. This result was most evident with strong polarity mutants with alterations in the E gene, but the data obtained are suggestive for strong polarity mutants with alterations in the other genes of the operon. Specific hybridization studies demonstrated that the tryp -mRNA of strong polarity mutants was deficient in the mRNA regions corresponding to the genes of the operon on the operator-distal side of the mutated gene. In agreement with this finding, sucrose gradient sedimentation profiles of the tryp -mRNA of strong polarity mutants indicated that the majority of the tryp -mRNA molecules of each mutant were smaller than normal. It was also shown that the size of the predominant tryp -mRNA species in different mutants increased in relation to the genetic distance from the beginning of the first gene of the operon to the site of the mutation. Estimates of the relative numbers of normal length and smaller-than-normal tryp -mRNA molecules in strong and weak polarity mutants gave values consistent with the conclusion that the extent of translational polarity in any mutant approximates the relative extent of representation of different operon regions in the tryp -mRNA population.
Manual asymmetries in bimanual prehension tasks: Manipulation of object size and object distance

Abstract Two experiments were designed to investigate the temporal and spatial couplings of the transport and grasp components for bimanual movements to both congruent and incongruent targets. We studied conditions where task requirements were largely different for the two hands. Ten participants performed Experiment 1 and were required to reach for, grasp, and lift two small (1 mm) cylinders, two large (70 mm) cylinders, or one small and one large cylinder with the right and left hands. In Experiment 2, 10 participants were required to reach for, grasp, and lift two objects that were positioned either near (50 mm) the start mark, far (maximum comfortable reaching distance) from the start mark, or one near and one far from the start mark. Kinematic measures, relative timing differences between the hands and spatial plots were used to quantify both temporal and spatial couplings of the limbs. For temporal coupling, the results from both experiments indicated that the upper limbs were controlled independently with some execution-level interference occurring for the transport component only. In terms of spatial coupling our results indicated weak coupling of the grasp component regardless of task parameters (i.e., congruent or incongruent movements) and a dependence on task parameters in determining the level of spatial coupling for the transport component. These results can be collectively interpreted as evidence for a functional coupling of the upper limbs. That is, the movements of the hands may be coupled during tasks in which temporal and spatial synchronizations are beneficial for performance. However, if the coupling of the upper limbs is either unimportant or perhaps even detrimental to the coordination of the overall movement, then the upper limbs may perform the desired movements independently of one another.
Stages in Corporate Stability and the Risks of Corporate Failure

Few would deny that the U.S. economy is today dominated by huge corporations. Much recent writing has proposed that these corporations form a stable and monopolistic (or oligopolistic) “core” around which a more competitive “peripheral” sector exists. Firms in the core are said to be “eternal,” while firms in the periphery demonstrate the mortality and high turnover expected in competitive industries. In another context, Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy emphasized the permanence of big corporations when they noted: The real capitalist today is not the individual businessman but the corporation. …The giant corporation of today is an engine for maximizing profits and accumulating capital to at least as great an extent as the individual enterprise of an earlier period. But it is not merely an enlarged and institutionalized version of the personal capitalist. There are major differences between these types of business enterprise, and at least two of them are of key importance to a general theory of monopoly capitalism: the corporation has a longer time horizon than the individual capitalist, and it is a more rational calculator.
Thin-film interference effects for thin resist films on a broadband scanner

The relative benefit of using a broadband illumination system to reduce thin-film interference is impacted when using thinner resist films. For example, with a 1 micrometer resist film, a 43% reduction in swing curve is predicted for broadband vs. monochromatic illumination, while for a 0.5 micrometer film the reduction is only 25%. For a 0.5 micrometer resist film over an organic ARC exposed on a broadband system, such as a SVGL Micrascan-2, both simulations and experimental data show a 10 - 16% swing curve. These are results for an ARC with a relatively low absorbance (k equals .22). Results are given for several approaches that were investigated to reduce this swing curve, including improved ARC materials and resist thickness optimization; e.g., with a CVD ARC, the swing curve can be reduced to less than 10 nm. Resist and ARC thickness optimizations are normally done independently; however, resist and ARC thicknesses may not be independent. Much of the thickness variation is caused by the topography, with the resist and ARC behaving in the same qualitative fashion (e.g., both the ARC and resist tend to planarize over a ridge; thus, both will be thinner over a ridge). A method for optimizing interdependent resist and ARC thicknesses is also presented; it couples modeled linewidth data with ARC and resist planarization data to predict the optimum resist and ARC thickness.
Matrix isolation/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry of laser-desorbed species

Initial results are presented for a novel experimental arrangement which allows the successful study of laser-desorbed neutral species under matrix isolation conditions. In the current work, a pulsed carbon dioxide laser (10.6 μm) is employed for laser desorption. With the combination of a previously described cryogenic trapping technique with coaxial matrix isolation gas (xenon or argon) introduction, laser-desorbed neutrals have been matrix isolated and their Fourier transform infrared spectra recorded. Two different cinnamic acid derivatives (p-coumaric acid and sinapinic acid) typically employed for matrix-assisted laser ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry were utilized to demonstrate this new technique. Experimental conditions were determined for optimal matrix isolation of the laser-desorbed species. Two different desorption geometries were examined with respect to their effectiveness for matrix isolation of desorbed neutrals. A covalent dimer of p-coumaric acid produced in an external UV photoreactor and thought to be a possible photoreaction product in UV MALDI was studied by this technique. Thermal degradation of this dimer is shown to occur above threshold irradiance for laser desorption.
The critical shortage of engineers

Unless drastic action is taken to increase the supply of engineering freshmen and to continue the training programs of World War II, there will be a cumulative shortage of over 40,000 engineering graduates by 1954. On the basis of Dean Hollister's report, the Engineering Manpower Commission of the Engineers Joint Council recommended a 4-point program to the National Security Resources Board (see news item on page 179).
Effect of pretreatment on Pt/Al2O3 and Pt + Re/Al2O3 catalyst deactivation

Abstract A comparative study of the activity and selectivity maintenance of reforming catalysts is presented. The stability of the catalysts is not significantly affected by varying the drying temperature but it is very definitely affected by sulfur pretreatments. The sulfided bimetallic catalyst is fouled by a mechanism that is easily distinguishable from the monometallic catalyst and mixtures of monometallic catalysts included in this study.
Non-Linear Field Theories

This is the first paper in a program concerned with the quantization of field theories which are covariant with respect to general coordinate transformations, like the general theory of relativity. All these theories share the property that the existence and form of the equations of motion is a direct consequence of the covariant character of the equations. It is hoped that in the quantization of theories of this type some of the divergences which are ordinarily encountered in quantum field theories can be avoided. The present paper lays the classical foundation for this program: It examines the formal properties of covariant field equations, derives the form of the conservation laws, the form of the equations of motion, and the properties of the canonical momentum components which can be introduced.
The L1 penalized LAD estimator for high dimensional linear regression

In this paper, the high-dimensional sparse linear regression model is considered, where the overall number of variables is larger than the number of observations. We investigate the L"1 penalized least absolute deviation method. Different from most of the other methods, the L"1 penalized LAD method does not need any knowledge of standard deviation of the noises or any moment assumptions of the noises. Our analysis shows that the method achieves near oracle performance, i.e. with large probability, the L"2 norm of the estimation error is of order O(klogp/n). The result is true for a wide range of noise distributions, even for the Cauchy distribution. Numerical results are also presented.
Classical discrimination conditioning of the rabbit's eyelid response using pontine stimulation as a conditioned stimulus.

Classical discrimination conditioning of the nictitating membrane/eyelid response was performed on seven rabbits using stimulation of the pontine nuclei or middle cerebellar peduncle as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and an air puff as the unconditioned stimulus (US). The rabbits learned to discriminate between a CS paired with a US and delivered to one pontine nucleus (the CS+) and a CS presented alone and delivered to the contralateral pontine nucleus (the CS−). Subsequent reversal of the discrimination was also achieved when the CS + and CS− stimulation sites were interchanged. The results are interpreted as support for the idea that essential plasticity for classical eyelid conditioning occurs efferent to the pontine nuclei, possibly in regions of the cerebellum.
Aeronomy: The word

In his eloquent plea for a more appropriate name for the AGU Solar-Planetary Relationships Section (“SPR: The Right Name?” Eos, August 1, p. 747), Bruce T. Tsurutani, SPR President-Elect, suggests that “aeronomy” might have a place in the name but for two objections: One, it is not acceptable to some aeronomers and, two, it has not been adopted by dictionaries. Regarding the first objection, I have nothing to offer: As Bernard Shaw's Devil points out in Man and Superman, “There is no accounting for tastes.” As for the dictionaries, there isn't a problem, as I shall show. Tsurutani is essentially correct and certainly quotes conventional wisdom when he notes that “aeronomy” was coined by Sydney Chapman. However, Chapman's wife Katharine was a classics scholar and must be regarded as an “unindicted co-conspirator” for introducing “ aeronomy” as well as for extending in 1950 the then current terminology for atmospheric regions (troposphere, tropopause, and stratosphere) to all heights. Chapman (or the Chapmans) defined aeronomy (which literally, from the Greek, is the science of air) as “the science of that part of the upper atmosphere where dissociation and ionization are important.”