cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residence lifetimes of 1.79- to 2.15-MeV protons in the equatorial region of the Jovian magnetosphere

The magnitude of the strong flow of 1.79-2.15 MeV protons away from the Jovian magnetic equator is used to estimate the residence lifetimes of these protons in the equatorial source region. The lifetime is approximately 1.2 x 10 to the 5th/(R - 5.8)-squared sec, where R is distance in Jovian radii from Jupiter's center to the equatorial region of interest. At Europa and Ganymede (but not at Io) this lifetime is 1-2 orders of magnitude shorter than sweepup lifetimes by the moons. The fluxes of these protons, integrated over the observed range from 6 to 40 Jovian radii, amount to 3 x 10 to the 23rd particles per second, per degree of longitude and carry away about 9 x 10 to the 17th ergs per second per degree.
Ohmic contact and transport properties of II-VI green/blue laser diodes

The employment of the Zn(Se,Te) pseudo-graded contacting scheme to p-type ZnSe-based alloys contributes directly to the recent demonstration of room temperature continuous-wave operation of II– VI green-blue laser diodes. Contact ohmicity is maintained down to cryogenic temperatures which enabled the investigation of electrical transport properties associated with the p-type nitrogen-doped ZnSe, Zn(S,Se), and (Zn,Mg)(S,Se). The observation of both persistent photoconductivity and a metastable population of holes which are in thermodynamic equilibrium with hydrogenic acceptors having reduced activation energy suggests the presence of a DX-like behavior for holes in p-type (Zn,Mg)(S,Se).
Infant exposure to fine particulate matter and traffic and risk of hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis in a region with lower ambient air pollution

Few studies investigate the impact of air pollution on the leading cause of infant morbidity, acute bronchiolitis. We investigated the influence of PM(2.5) and other metrics of traffic-derived air pollution exposure using a matched case-control dataset derived from 1997 to 2003 birth and infant hospitalization records from the Puget Sound Region, Washington State. Mean daily PM(2.5) exposure for 7, 30, 60 and lifetime days before case bronchiolitis hospitalization date were derived from community monitors. A regional land use regression model of NO(2) was applied to characterize subject's exposure in the month prior to case hospitalization and lifetime average before hospitalization. Subject's residential proximity within 150 m of highways, major roadways, and truck routes was also assigned. We evaluated 2604 (83%) cases and 23,354 (85%) controls with information allowing adjustment for mother's education, mother's smoking during pregnancy, and infant race/ethnicity. Effect estimates derived from conditional logistic regression revealed very modest increased risk and were not statistically significant for any of the exposure metrics in fully adjusted models. Overall, risk estimates were stronger when restricted to bronchiolitis cases attributed to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) versus unspecified and for longer exposure windows. The adjusted odds ratio (OR(adj)) and 95% confidence interval per 10 mcg/m(3) increase in lifetime PM(2.5) was 1.14, 0.88-1.46 for RSV bronchiolitis hospitalization. This risk was also elevated for infants who resided within 150 m of a highway (OR(adj) 1.17, 0.95-1.44). This study supports a developing hypothesis that there may be a modest increased risk of bronchiolitis attributable to chronic traffic-derived particulate matter exposure particularly for infants born just before or during peak RSV season. Future studies are needed that can investigate threshold effects and capture larger variability in spatial contrasts among populations of infants.
Kinetics for the tensile strength degradation of nylon and kevlar yarns

The tensile strength degradation of nylon 66 and Kevlar 29 yarns was studied at elevated temperatures and over a broad range of relative humidities. The degradation rates for nylon are initially slow but increase rapidly, suggesting the depletion of an inhibitor. Kevlar showed no evidence for similar inhibitor action. The effect of relative humidity on degradation can be very large, especially at values in the 90–100% range and at elevated temperatures. Degradation is governed by thermal-oxidative and moisture-induced mechanisms. At the very high humidities and elevated temperatures, the moisture-induced degradation predominates. Rate relationships were developed in which contributions from each mechanism were considered. Calculated degradation from these relationships agrees well with observed degradation over a broad range of temperatures and humidities.
Perineal transanal colonic resection: An experimental study

Experimental data have led to the conclusion that a transanal partial or subtotal colonic resection can safely be performed in the dog without entering the peritoneal cavity. The techniques of intussusception of the colon at the anus and resection of the colon at the perineum with modified use of the EEATM stapler are presented.
Non-cryogenic ultra-low field MRI of wrist-forearm area

Ultra-low field (ULF) MRI as an alternative to high field MRI can find some niche applications where high field is a liability. Previously we demonstrated hand images with a non-cryogenic ULF MRI system, but such a system was restrictive to the size of the imaging objects. We have modified the previous setup to increase the imaging volume and demonstrate the image of human hand near the wrist area. One goal for the demonstration is the evaluation of quality of larger bone structure to project image quality to other parts of extremities, such as elbows, shoulders, and knees. We found that after 12 min of acquisition, the image quality was quite satisfactory. To achieve this image quality, several problems were solved that appeared in the new system. The increase in the imaging volume size led to an increase in transient time and various measures were taken to reduce this time. We also explored a method of overcoming the artifacts and image quality reduction arising from field drifts present in the system due to heating of the coils. We believe that our results can be useful for evaluation of diagnostic capability of non-cryogenic ULF MRI of extremities and other parts of the body. The system can be also applied to image animals and tissues.
Morphologies of Gypsum on a Modern Sabkha: Clues to Depositional Conditions: ABSTRACT

Gypsum is the dominant evaporite mineral across the Holocene marine sabkha of the northwest Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico. This sabkha is a complex of mud flats and saline pans in which gypsum occurs as layers and isolated intrasediment crystals. Six distinct morphologies of gypsum were found: flat plates, acicular prisms, bladed prisms, blocky prisms, blocky hemipyramids, discoidal hemipyramids. Flat plates (< 0.5 mm wide) and acicular prisms (< 1 mm long), in the form of radiating clusters and interpenetrating twins, crystallize at the brine-air interface during the temporary saline lake stage of the pan. These tiny crystals settle out on the bottom of the pan as a cumulate layer. Bladed prisms (0.5-1.5 mm long) nucleate on this cumulate layer and gr w upward as vertically oriented prisms (commonly swallowtail twins) making a "grass-like" layer. Blocky prisms (up to 2 cm long), barrel-like in shape with swallowtail twin terminations, are found as pendant cements in shelter vugs formed by buckling of the gypsum layers of the pan. Blocky hemipyramids (up to 1 cm across) are found as a loose mush making a diapir-like mound beneath m-scale polygonal cracks in the layered gypsum of the pan. These clear, blocky hemipyramids grow diagenetically in the vadose zone during the dry stage of the pan when evaporative pumping draws subsurface brine up along the polygonal cracks. Discoidal hemipyramids (up to 2 cm long) occur as isolated crystals. clusters of crystals, and rosettes within the siliciclastic sediment of the mud flats surrounding the an. They are of vadose and phreatic origin. Gypsum morphologies clearly vary with depositional conditions across this sabkha and this finding should allow us to use morphological variation in gypsum as a sensitive interpretative tool for ancient evaporites and evaporitive sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 460------------
Left ventricular volume determined echocardiographically by assuming a constant left ventricular epicardial long-axis/short-axis dimension ratio throughout the cardiac cycle.

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a simplified echocardiographic method to calculate left ventricular volume. Background. This method was based on the assumption that the ratio of the left ventricular epicardial long-axis dimension to the epicardial short-axis dimension was constant throughout the cardiac cycle. With use of this constant ratio, the method developed to calculate left ventricular volume at a given point in the cardiac cycle required the left ventricular endocardial long-axis dimension to be measured at only one point in the cardiac cycle. Methods. Studies were performed in 13 normal dogs, 8 normal puppies, 9 normal pigs, 12 dogs with aortic stenosis, 13 dogs with acute mitral regurgitation, 12 dogs with chronic mitral regurgitation, 7 dogs that had undergone mitral valve replacement and 6 pigs that had had chronic supraventricular tachycardia. Animals with aortic stenosis developed left ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy with a 60% increase in left ventricular mass; chronic mitral regurgitation caused left ventricular volume overload hypertrophy with a 46% increase in left ventricular volume; supraventricular tachycardia caused a dilated cardiomyopathy with a 55% decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction. Results. The left ventricular epicardial long-axis/short-axis dimension ratio remained constant throughout the cardiac cycle in each animal group. End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes calculated with the simplified edhocardiographic method correlated closely with angiographically measured volumes; for end-diastolic volume, echocardiographic end-diastolic volume = 1.0 (angiographie end-diastolic volume) −1.8 ml, r = 0.96; for end-systolic volume, echocardiographic end-systolic volume = 0.98 (angiographic end-systolic volume) −0.7 ml, r = 0.95. Conclusions. Thus the left ventricular epicardial long-axis/ short-axis dimension ratio was constant throughout the cardiac cycle in a variety of animal species and age groups and in the presence of cardiac diseases that significantly altered left ventricular geometry and function. The simplified echocardiographic method examined provided an accurate determination of left ventricular volumes.
Abstract 1545: Sensitivity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus

Introduction: Oncolytic M protein mutant vesicular stomatitis virus (M51R-VSV) has potent oncolytic activity in a variety of cancer cells due to its ability to kill malignant cells with acquired defects in interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral defenses. Herein we explore the sensitivity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells to recombinant wild-type virus (rwt-VSV) and M51R-VSV. Methods: Cell viability after VSV infection in Panc 1, MiaPaCa2, BxPC3, Panc 03.27, and Panc 10.05 cells was measured by MTS assay. Viral infectability was determined by flow cytometry using GFP labeled M51R-VSV. Responsiveness to extrinsic α-IFN in the setting of VSV infection was assessed by MTS assay. Xenografts were established in athymic nude mice and treated with intratumoral M51R-VSV. Results: Panc 1, MiaPaCa2, and BxPC3 were very sensitive to both rwt-VSV and M51R-VSV, displaying less than 20% cell viability at 48 hours after single-cycle infection (MOI 10 pfu/cell). Panc 10.05 cells remained moderately resistant at 48 hours but by 72 hours were completely sensitive to VSV under all conditions tested. In contrast, Panc 03.27 cells remained relatively resistant at 72 hours, displaying cell viabilities of 36±15 and 26±14% after rwt-VSV and M51R-VSV infection (MOI 10 pfu/cell) respectively. Similarly, sensitive Panc 1, MiaPaCa2, BxPC3, and Panc 10.05 cells permitted high levels of viral infectability by 24 hours post-infection even under multi-cycle infection conditions (MOI 0.1 pfu/cell) indicating that VSV replication and spread are feasible in these cell lines. Panc 03.27 cells, however, continue to resist M51R-VSV infection 24 hours after infection, even at extremely high MOIs (6.4±5.1% infectivity at MOI of 50 pfu/cell). Pre-treatment with α-IFN in sensitive pancreatic cancer cells demonstrated dose-dependent protection from VSV, suggesting that these cells possess defects in IFN-signaling which can be overcome by high doses of α-IFN. In contrast, the effect of high-dose α-IFN had a pro-apoptotic effect in resistant Panc 03.27 cells. M51R-VSV intratumoral treatment of established xenografts resulted in significantly reduced tumor growth relative to controls after 30 days in sensitive MiaPaCa2 tumors (1423±345% vs 164±136%, p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1545. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1545
Backward uniqueness of the s.c. semigroup arising in parabolic–hyperbolic fluid–structure interaction

A 2-d or 3-d fluid–structure interaction model in its linear form is considered, for which semigroup well-posedness (with explicit generator) was recently established in [G. Avalos, R. Triggiani, The coupled PDE-system arising in fluid–structure interaction. Part I: Explicit semigroup generator and its spectral properties, in: Fluids and Waves, in: Contemp. Math., vol. 440, Amer. Math. Soc., 2007, pp. 15–55; G. Avalos, R. Triggiani, The coupled PDE-system arising in fluid–structure interaction. Part II: Uniform stabilization with boundary dissipation at the interface, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., in press]. This is a system which couples at the interface the linear version of the Navier–Stokes equations with the equations of linear elasticity (wave-like). In this paper, we establish a backward uniqueness theorem for such a parabolic–hyperbolic coupled PDE system. If {eAt}t⩾0 is the (contraction) s.c. semigroup describing its evolution on the finite energy space H, then eATy0=0 for some T>0 and y0∈H, implies y0=0. This property has implications in establishing unique continuation and controllability properties, as in the case of thermoelastic equations [M. Eller, I. Lasiecka, R. Triggiani, Simultaneous exact/approximate boundary controllability of thermoelastic plates with variable coefficient, in: Marcel Dekker Lect. Notes Pure Appl. Math., vol. 216, February 2001, pp. 109–230, invited paper for the special volume entitled Shape Optimization and Optimal Designs, J. Cagnol, J.P. Zolesio (Eds). (Preliminary version is in invited paper in: A.V. Balakrishnan (Ed.), Semigroup of Operators and Applications, Birkhauser, 2000, pp. 335–351.); M. Eller, I. Lasiecka, R. Triggiani, Simultaneous exact/approximate boundary controllability of thermoelastic plates with variable thermal coefficient and moment control, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 251 (2000) 452–478; M. Eller, I. Lasiecka, R. Triggiani, Simultaneous exact/approximate boundary controllability of thermoelastic plates with variable thermal coefficient and clamped controls, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 7 (2) (2001) 283–301].
Neurotransmitter Precursors and Brain Function

Brain function can be affected by the availability of dietary precursors of neurotransmitters. This occurs because the rate-limiting synthetic enzymes are not "saturated" with substrate under normal circumstances. Tyrosine affects catecholaminergic neurons that fire rapidly, whether in the brain stem to decrease blood pressure in hypertension or in the adrenal gland to increase blood pressure in hypotension, and has been used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and depression. Choline forms acetylcholine and has been used successfully in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and memory disorders. Tryptophan, which forms serotonin, has been used for chronic pain therapy, sleep disorders, depression, and appetite control. Although these substances may lack the potency of traditionally used agonists, they offer an increase in specificity because the enzymes necessary to convert them to neurotransmitters are found only in neurons. Precursors are also "physiological"; they are consumed as foods and, therefore, should be relatively safe therapeutic agents.
Protecting the privacy of third-party information: recommendations for social and behavioral health researchers.

Abstract In psychosocial and health-behavioral research, we often request that research participants provide information on significant individuals in their lives, so-called “third parties”. Recently there has been a greater recognition of privacy issues and risks in research pertaining to third parties. Reaction on the part of USA federal regulatory authorities to one study [Amber, D. (2000). Case at vcu bring ethics to forefront. , 14, 1], which attempted to collect survey data about the psychiatric history of respondents’ parents, has generated such concern and caution that longstanding practices for the collection of social determinants of health data are being questioned and are at risk of being disallowed by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). In this paper, we consider third party research rights and risks from the perspective of social and behavioral scientists. Focusing on research about health and quality of life, we first discuss the rationale for research methods that elicit contextual information about family members, friends, co-workers, and other social contacts. Second, we discuss the matter of ‘privacy’ and its central role in the current third party rights and risks dialogue. Next, we describe ways to effectively manage third-party information, building upon current recommendations by the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) and Botkin's [(2001). Protecting the privacy of family members in survey and pedigree research. Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 (2), 207–211] treatment of the matter for survey and pedigree research. Lastly, we discuss the implications of applying these data collection and management strategies in social and behavioral research. We assert that these recommendations protect the rights of, and minimize the risks to, third parties without impeding social and behavioral health research.
Introduction: The Poetics of the Eruv

Abstract The eruv is a talmudic provision that permits orthodox Jews to carry small objects outside of their homes on the Sabbath, a practice that would otherwise be forbidden on that day. Often intended to be visible, it is marked in a variety of ways with a range of materials, and frequently serves as a metaphor for relations within a community, as suggested in the articles and works of art included in the symposium and portfolio to which this essay serves as an introduction.
BARLEY β‐AMYLASE HYDROLYSIS of STARCH DURING TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION

Effect of moisture content, screw rpm and β-amylase dose on the rate of maltose production in a Baker-Perkins twin screw food extruder has been studied. Fifteen experiments were conducted using a fixed screw configuration at a fixed mass flow rate of 15 kg/h, under isothermal conditions (t=57°C) and a pH of 5.5. Each of the three variables was found to have a significant effect (P<. 05) on maltose production. Using response surface regression analysis on the experimental data, a quadratic objective function was derived. the function was optimized, subjecting it to three explicit boundary conditions, using the adaptive complex method. the optimization process yielded a maximum maltose production of 34% at 54% moisture content, 30 rpm screw speed and 157 units of enzyme/g of starch. the extent of saccharification was about 30%.
Use of an aqueous soluble tetrazolium/formazan assay to measure viability and proliferation of lymphokine-dependent cell lines

A new tetrazolium compound, MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3- carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt), has recently been described which in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS) is reduced by living cells to yield a formazan product that can be assayed colorimetrically. An important advantage of MTS/PMS over other tetrazolium dyes (e.g., MTT) is the aqueous solubility of the reduced formazan product which eliminates the need for detergent solubilization or organic solvent extraction steps. Its advantages over XTT/PMS, another tetrazolium which yields a water-soluble formazan product, include the absorbance range of color produced (515-580 nm as opposed to 450 nm), the rapidity of color development, and the storage stability of the MTS/PMS reagent solution. In the present study, MTS/PMS was used to assay viability and proliferation of the IL-2-dependent HT-2 and CTLL-2 cell lines and the IL-3-dependent FDC-P1 and FL5.12 cell lines. With each cell line, the amount of formazan product was time-dependent and proportional to the number of viable cells. Furthermore, with both HT-2 and CTLL-2 cells it was found that cultures could be simultaneously labeled with MTS/PMS and [3H]thymidine, with relatively little effect of the dye on uptake of the latter. This feature was further capitalized upon in studies with FDC-P1 cells, in which the co-addition of MTS/PMS and [3H]thymidine was used to distinguish between cell viability and proliferation.
Simultaneous mapping of the velocity and deformation field at a free surface

The oblique interaction of a turbulent vortex ring with a clean water surface is experimentally investigated during the transition stage using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) and the shadowgraph technique to map the surface velocity and deformation field simultaneously. The transitional vortex-ring/free-surface interaction leads to the formation of a trifurcation pattern at the free surface. Similar to the laminar flow case, the vortex ring initially bifurcates into two symmetric and separately connected vortex loops. The turbulent break-up of those vortex loops results in the formation of longitudinal wake vortices that symmetrically connect to the surface and eventually lead to a trifurcation pattern. In the absence of large-deformation surface waves, the simultaneous DPIV and shadowgraph measurements reveal good agreement between the surface vorticity and deformation field for small- and large-scale vortical structures. The simultaneous measurement technique is not restricted to the qualitative shadowgraph visualization, but can be easily extended to quantitative methods such as grating-imaging techniques, Color Schlieren, or Color Surface Mapping (CSM) techniques.
Pararenal pseudocyst (urinoma) as complication of percutaneous nephrostomy

Percutaneous nephrostomy is a well-recognized procedure utilized by the radiologist both as a temporary drainage method for urinary tract obstruction and as the elective therapeutic modality in selected pathologies of the urinary tract. We report a complication not previously mentioned in the literature, urinoma formation.
Globalization of intellectual property rights: Implications of the TRIPs agreement for access to HIV/AIDS drugs in Africa

During the past few decades, western countries have pushed for strengthening intellectual property (IP) rights, as well as enforcing them uniformly across the globe. This push came to a climax when the IP was removed from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to become a trade issue under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Western countries were instrumental to crafting the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) as an item in world trade negotiations and agreements through WTO in 1995. Although many of the TRIPs requirements seemed favored producers as opposed to consumers of IP, developing countries have nevertheless been obliged to enact domestic legislation to implement the requirements of TRIPs. This paper examines the implications of the TRIPs Agreement on access to HIV/AIDS drugs in African countries, and offers a framework for analyzing the international and domestic factors which offer constraints and opportunities for relevant public health policy development and implementation in Africa.
Education and family planning among black american women.

1074 black women between the ages of 15 and 45 living in either Charlotte North Carolina or Philadelphia Pennsylvania were interviewed to evaluate the importance of level of education age and region in predicting certain fertility-related variables: knowledge of attitudes toward and usage of various family planning methods; desired ideal and actual family size; and fears of race genocide. Education emerged as the most powerful and the only consistent predictor. Educated women were more likely to know about family planning techniques and more likely to have used them less likely to express genocide fears and more likely to report a lower ideal number of children and to have fewer children. Only desired number of children was unrelated to educational level. Findings provide support for the contention that black fertility levels would be the same as that among whites if access to equal educational opportunity were available.
Maternal infection and immune involvement in autism.

Recent studies have highlighted a connection between infection during pregnancy and the increased risk of autism in the offspring. Parallel studies of cerebral spinal fluid, blood and postmortem brains reveal an ongoing, hyper-responsive inflammatory-like state in many young as well as adult autism subjects. There are also indications of gastrointestinal problems in at least a subset of autistic children. Work on the maternal infection risk factor using animal models indicates that aspects of brain and peripheral immune dysregulation can begin during fetal development and continue through adulthood. The offspring of infected or immune-activated dams also display cardinal behavioral features of autism, as well as neuropathology consistent with that seen in human autism. These rodent models are proving useful for the study of pathogenesis and gene–environment interactions as well as for the exploration of potential therapeutic strategies.
A generalized criterion for rubber toughening: The critical matrix ligament thickness

The thickness of matrix ligament is shown to be the single parameter determining whether a polymer/rubber blend will be tough or brittle. The matrix ligament is defined as the region of the matrix between two neighboring rubber particles. Specifically, the ligament thickness is the surface-to-surface interparticle distance. When the average ligament thickness is smaller than a critical value, a blend will be tough; when greater, it will be brittle. In other words, a sharp brittle–tough transition occurs at the critical ligament thickness. This critical parameter is independent of rubber volume fraction and particle size, and is characteristic of the matrix for a given mode, temperature and rate of deformation. What is important is the matrix ligament, not rubber particles. The single matrix parameter explains the effects of phase morphology, rubber volume fraction, particle size, particle-size polydispersity, and particle flocculation on toughness.
Systemic inflammatory load in humans is suppressed by consumption of two formulations of dried, encapsulated juice concentrate

Chronic inflammation contributes to an increased risk for developing chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. A high "inflammatory load" is defined as elevated inflammation markers in blood or other tissues. We evaluated several markers of systemic inflammation from healthy adults and tested the hypothesis that two formulations of encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrate with added berry powders (FVB) or without (FV) could impact markers of inflammatory load. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled approach, 117 subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo, FV, or FVB capsules. Blood was drawn at baseline and after 60 d of capsule consumption. We measured inflammatory markers (high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1-β, and Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted), superoxide dismutase, and micronutrients (β-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E). Results showed Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1-β, and RANTES levels were significantly reduced and superoxide dismutase and micronutrient levels were significantly increased in subjects consuming both FV and FVB, relative to placebo. Data suggest a potential health benefit by consuming either formulation of the encapsulated juice concentrates through their anti-inflammatory properties.
Atlas facility fabrication and assembly

Summary form only given. Atlas is a pulsed-power facility recently completed at Los Alamos National Laboratory to drive hydrodynamic experiments. This new generation pulsed-power machine consists of a radial array of 24, 240-kV Marx modules and transmission lines supplying current to the load region at the machine center. The transmission lines, powered by the Marx modules, consist of cable headers, load protection switches and tri-plates interfacing to the center transition section through detachable current joints. A conical power-flow-channel attaches to the transition section providing an elevated interface to attach the experimental loads for diagnostic access. Fabrication and assembly of all components for the Atlas machine was completed in August 2000. The machine has also progressed through a test phase where the Marx module/transmission line units were fired, individually, into a test load. Progression continued with eight and sixteen lines being fired. Subsequently, an overall machine test was conducted where all 24 transmission lines were fired simultaneously, delivering 28.6 MA into the test load. The machine assembly went smoothly with very few problem areas developing during all phases of installation of the structure, oil tanks, transmission lines and center transition section. The target chamber and vacuum system have also been installed. All components are performing as designed at the voltage and current levels expected at this point in the diagnostic testing. The machine was designed, fabricated, assembled and tested within the original budget and on schedule and is meeting the specified performance goals.
What is the role of S-nitrosation of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the heart? (698.9)

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) produces cGMP when it is stimulated by NO. Association of the α and β sub...
Appropriateness of gastric antisecretory therapy in hospital practice.

Background Recent data indicate an exponential increase in proton pump inhibitor (PPI) prescribing, and concerns are raised regarding the appropriateness of these prescriptions and the financial implications.
Effects of combined photochemical internalization and hyperthermia are sensitively dependent on radiant exposure

Combination therapies of photochemical internalization (PCI) and hyperthermia (HT) were investigated in an in vitro system consisting of human glioma spheroids. Spheroids (350-400 μm dia.) were irradiated with 670 nm laser light in an incubator at temperatures ranging from 37 to 50 °C. For each temperature investigated (45 min. heating time), spheroids were divided into 5 groups: control, dark control, bleomycin-only, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and PCI. PDT and PCI spheroids were exposed to radiant exposures ranging from 0.5-3.0 J cm -2 using an irradiance of 5 mW cm -2 . Toxicity was evaluated from spheroid growth kinetics. The combination of PCI and HT resulted in growth delays over a very narrow range of radiant exposures (1.5 – 2.5 J cm -2 ) and temperatures (40 – 42 °C).
MZZ-HVS: Multiple Sleep Modes Zig-Zag Horizontal and Vertical Sleep Transistor Sharing to Reduce Leakage Power in On-Chip SRAM Peripheral Circuits

Recent studies show that peripheral circuit (including decoders, wordline drivers, input and output drivers) constitutes a large portion of the cache leakage. In addition, as technology migrates to smaller geometries, leakage contribution to total power consumption increases faster than dynamic power, indicating that leakage will be a major contributor to overall power consumption. This paper presents zig-zag share, a circuit technique to reduce leakage in SRAM peripherals by putting them into low-leakage power sleep mode. The zig-zag share circuit is further extended to enable multiple sleep modes for cache peripherals. Each mode represents a trade-off between leakage reduction and the wakeup delay. Using architectural control of multiple sleep modes, an integrated technique called MSleep-Share is proposed and applied in L1 and L2 caches. MSleep-share relies on cache miss information to guide leakage control mechanism and switch peripheral circuit's power mode. The results show leakage reduction by up to 40× in deeply pipelined SRAM peripheral circuits, with small area overhead and small additional delay. This noticeable leakage reduction translates to up to 85% overall leakage reduction in on-chip memories.
A human parietal face area contains aligned head-centered visual and tactile maps

Visually guided eating, biting and kissing, and avoiding objects moving toward the face and toward which the face moves require prompt, coordinated processing of spatial visual and somatosensory information in order to protect the face and the brain. Single-cell recordings in parietal cortex have identified multisensory neurons with spatially restricted, aligned visual and somatosensory receptive fields, but so far, there has been no evidence for a topographic map in this area. Here we mapped the organization of a multisensory parietal face area in humans by acquiring functional magnetic resonance images while varying the polar angle of facial air puffs and close-up visual stimuli. We found aligned maps of tactile and near-face visual stimuli at the highest level of human association cortex-namely, in the superior part of the postcentral sulcus. We show that this area may code the location of visual stimuli with respect to the face, not with respect to the retina.
The Diabetes Prevention Program and Its Global Implications

Type 2 diabetes affects over 150 million adults worldwide and this figure is expected to double over the next 25 yr. This increase will be accompanied by a marked increase in the number of patients with ESRD due to diabetes. We hypothesized that a lifestyle-intervention program or the administration of metformin would prevent or delay the development of diabetes We randomly assigned 3234 nondiabetic persons with elevated fasting and postload plasma glucose concentrations to placebo, metformin (850 mg twice daily), or a lifestyle-modification program with the goals of at least a 7% weight loss and at least 150 min of physical activity per week. The mean age of the participants was 51 yr, and the mean body mass index was 34.0 kg/m(2); 68% were women, and 45% were members of non-Caucasian racial/ethnic groups. The average follow-up was 2.8 yr. The incidence of diabetes was 11.0, 7.8, and 4.8 cases per 100 person-years in the placebo, metformin, and lifestyle groups, respectively. The lifestyle intervention reduced the incidence of diabetes by 58% (95% CI: 48 to 66%) and metformin by 31% (95% CI: 17 to 43%), compared with placebo; the lifestyle intervention was significantly more effective than metformin. In conclusion, lifestyle changes and treatment with metformin both reduced the incidence of diabetes in persons at high risk and the lifestyle intervention was more effective than metformin. Because the lifestyle changes worked equally in all racial/ethnic groups in the Diabetes Prevention Program, they should be applicable to high-risk populations worldwide and may be able to reduce the projected progressive rise in the incidence of diabetes and the expected increase in ESRD.
Chromatic dispersion monitoring technique using sideband optical filtering and clock phase-shift detection

We propose and demonstrate a novel technique for 40- and 10-Gb/s chromatic dispersion monitoring that uses an optical filter to select the upper and lower vestigial-sideband (VSB) signals in the transmitted optical data and determine the relative clock phase shift caused by dispersion. Without modification of transmitters, this technique provides low cost chromatic dispersion monitoring for WDM systems, <3 ps/nm dispersion resolution for 40-Gb/s data, and greatly reduced sensitivity to the influence of polarization mode dispersion.
Comparing the effects of a photograph versus artistic renditions of a beach scene in a direct-response print ad for a Caribbean resort island: A mental imagery perspective

This study compared the effects of a photograph versus two artistic renditions of a beach scene contained in a direct-response print ad for a fictional Caribbean resort island. The two impressionis...
A reservation-based multicasting protocol for WDM local lightwave networks

A wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) based multicasting protocol for a single-hop broadcast-and-select local lightwave network is proposed. The approach employs a control-channel-based media-access protocol that schedules multicast packets while incorporating arbitrary transceiver tuning times and propagation delays. An arbitrary number of data channels (W) supply communication bandwidth to N nodes, where N/spl ges/W. An additional control channel is used for synchronization and scheduling. Each node is equipped with one fixed transmitter and one fixed receiver on the control channel, as well as one tunable (wavelength-agile) transmitter and one or more tunable receivers for data channel access. Results suggest the WDM single-hop multicasting experiences very good performance when multicast size is either small or very large, or when nodes are equipped with multiple receivers.
Diversity-oriented synthesis of cyclic acyldepsipeptides leads to the discovery of a potent antibacterial agent

A class of cyclic acyldepsipeptide antibiotics collectively known as the enopeptins has recently attracted much attention because of their activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. These antibiotics are further distinguished by their novel mechanism of action in which they bind and deregulate the tightly controlled activity of the cytoplasmic protease ClpP. Although the natural products have poor pharmacological properties, a synthetic derivative called acyldepsipeptide 4 (ADEP 4) showed remarkable antibacterial activity both in vitro and in mouse models of bacterial infections. A novel route to the ADEP 4 peptidolactone core structure, featuring the Joullie-Ugi three-component reaction, was developed. This multicomponent reaction and a related multicomponent reaction, the Ugi four-component reaction, were used to prepare analogs that were designed using the principles of conformational analysis. These cyclic acyldepsipeptides were tested for their activity against drug-resistant, clinical isolates of Staphylococci and Enterococci. One ADEP 4 analog in which the pipecolate was replaced by 4-methyl pipecolate exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against Enterococci that was fourfold higher than the parent compound.
Interorganizational transfer of knowledge: an analysis of patent citations of a defense firm

Although technology is considered to be a strategic asset for an organization, interplay in technology among organizations is necessary. Technology may be considered to be a bank to which organizations both contribute and draw. Such interactions among organizations in technology follow different patterns. The authors present some preliminary results from a study addressing this issue. By using patent citation data, they show how the benefits to participating firms change with industry type, organization class, country of origin, etc. By observing who has been cited by McDonnell Douglas and who has cited patents assigned to McDonnell Douglas, the authors have quantified the flow of technical knowledge. The analytical method considered has yielded some interesting results in quantifying the knowledge exchange process between a defense contractor and other firms. >
Modules, theories, or islands of expertise? Domain specificity in socialization.

The domain-specific approach to socialization processes presented by J. E. Grusec and M. Davidov (this issue) provides a compelling framework for integrating and interpreting a large and disparate body of research findings, and it generates a wealth of testable new hypotheses. At the same time, it introduces core theoretical questions regarding the nature of social interactions, from the perspective of both children and their caregivers. This commentary draws on the literature regarding domain specificity in cognitive development, applauds what is innovative and exciting about applying a domain-specific approach to socialization processes, and points to questions for future research. Foremost among these is what is meant by “domain specificity.”
Living Arrangements of Minority Elders

We used 1990 census data to examine differences in the current living arrangements of minority elderly. We found that differences among the minority populations in age, sex, and marital status account for only a small part of the observed differences in living arrangements. However, while minority groups as a whole differ substantially from the White population, national ethnic patterns within groups appear to be relatively small. Hispanic ethnic groups vary little once differences in marriage patterns are taken into account, although differences are greater within the Asian population.
Control of light-matter interaction using organic-inorganic hybrid excitons (Presentation Recording)

In this talk we will discuss our recent work on the formation of organic-inorganic hybrid excitons in microcavities as well as the nonlinear optical response of hybrid excitonic systems. Using thin film 3,4,7,8-napthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) and ZnO nanocrystals/nanowires we demonstrate enhanced Rabi splitting of hybrid polaritons and improved third order nonlinear optical response. In the former case, the hybrid materials are embedded in an optical microcavity.
Mariner 9 Television Limb Observations of Dust and Ice Hazes on Mars

Results are presented for a statistical analysis of over 3000 Mariner 9 television reflectance profiles of the planetary limb of Mars for the period from the decaying phase of a global dust storm (southern summer) to southern winter solstice. It is shown that during the decaying phase of the storm, the dust is maintained aloft to high elevations by vertical mixing primarily in the equatorial zone, apparently by the direct or indirect action of the diurnal tide; the result is that the dust decay is much faster in high-latitude regions than near the equator. Significant dust remains aloft in Martian equatorial regions long after the major dust storms have subsided. At the top of the dusty atmosphere, a region exists where temperatures relax toward values expected for a dust-free CO2 atmosphere; this is therefore a region of convective overturning topped by thin condensation hazes resembling terrestrial noctilucent clouds, thereby showing occasionally gravity wave structures.
The Rise of a New Senegalese Exceptionalism

In this paper I will consider the Y’en a Marre movement within the context of two previously distinct continuums that intertwine within this collective – Senegalese cultural politics and African hip-hop activism. After a brief survey of the recent forms of hip-hop engagement with social issues in other African countries, I will argue that Y’en a Marre has articulated a social identity, a collective movement, and a cultural/musical form that are distinct from these other examples of hip-hop activism because they are continuations of a specifically Senegalese hybrid of art and social engagement. I will present this argument through historically- and socially-contextualized analyses of the movement, as well as close readings of the lyrics and music of Y’en a Marre. I will emphasize the exceptionalism of the collective and its social models by concluding with a view of the on-going relevance of the movement in Senegal, as compared to the status of activist rappers in other African countries. Ultimately, I will claim that Y’en a Marre combatted the threat to Senegal’s prized political exceptionalism by reconfiguring, but also confirming, that exceptionalism to fit the current climate of the country.
Cyber-physical systems for temporary structure monitoring

Abstract Information technology-based methods, such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), play an important role in industrial transformation and evolution. However, while significant efforts have been made towards CPS application in several other industry sectors, the exploration of CPS benefits and applicability to the construction industry is at the initial stage. While CPS has been identified as a promising solution to address problems in the construction industry, few explorations have been made on CPS application to temporary structures, which have significant safety issues that urgently need to be addressed. With a focus on the enhanced monitoring of temporary structures to prevent potential structural failures, this study proposed a CPS-based temporary structures monitoring (TSM) system that integrates the virtual model of a temporary structure and the physical structure on the construction jobsite. In doing this, the applicability of CPS to temporary structures monitoring is investigated, and end user requirements and system requirements are identified for system design. In addition, a system architecture and a description of the issues surrounding the choice of a system development environment are presented. For better understanding of how the TSM works, aspects of the developed CPS-based TSM are presented with system workflow and simulated examples of the structural monitoring of a scaffolding system. The potential benefits and barriers to CPS implementation in temporary structures, along with future research based on this study, are highlighted.