cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acyl phosphatidylglycerol. A new phospholipid from Salmonella typhimurium.

A new phospholipid, isolated from extracts of Salmonella typhimurium, has been identified as 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1'-[3'-acyl]-sn-glycerol, or acyl phosphatidylglycerol (acyl-PG). The compound, whose analysis gave the ratios 3:2:1 for ester-glycerol-phosphorus, comprises 2% of the phospholipid of this organism, along with phosphatidylethanolamine (83%), phosphatidylglycerol (11%), and cardiolipin (4%). The designated configurations are inferred from enzymatic analyses showing that the two glycerols of the molecule are of opposite configuration with respect to their attachments to the central phosphate, as in phosphatidylglycerol. Acetolysis of acyl-PG gave equal amounts of diacylglycerol monoacetate and monoacylglycerol diacetate. The location of the third acyl group on the α position of the monoacylglycerol was determined from nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and from comparative rates of triphenylmethylation, and general conditions were determined for the detection of primary hydroxyls in lipids by use of the latter method. The fatty acids of acyl-PG resemble in composition those of the total lipids of the organism. However, the fatty acids of the monoesterified glycerol moiety are much more saturated than those of the diacylglycerol part of the same compound or those of the total lipid. These results are consistent with the observation that fatty acids on the α position of glycerol are generally more saturated than those on the β position in phospholipids, and provide direct support for the conclusion that the substance is not an artifact of chemical transacylation. In vivo incorporation of acetate-14C by S. typhimurium failed to reveal any rapid labeling or "chase" of label in any of the fatty acids of acyl-PG. When the bacteria entered the stationary phase of growth, the mole percentage of this lipid declined to zero, while that of phosphatidylethanolamine increased, apparently because of a time differential in the cessation of biosynthesis of the two compounds.
A systematic analysis of the early transcribed membrane protein family throughout the life cycle of Plasmodium yoelii

The early transcribed membrane proteins (ETRAMPs) are a family of small, highly charged transmembrane proteins unique to malaria parasites. Some members of the ETRAMP family have been localized to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane that separates the intracellular parasite from the host cell and thus presumably have a role in host-parasite interactions. Although it was previously shown that two ETRAMPs are critical for rodent malaria parasite liver-stage development, the importance of most ETRAMPs during the parasite life cycle remains unknown. Here, we comprehensively identify nine new etramps in the genome of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii, and elucidate their conservation in other malaria parasites. etramp expression profiles are diverse throughout the parasite life cycle as measured by RT-PCR. Epitope tagging of two ETRAMPs demonstrates protein expression in blood and liver stages, and reveals differences in both their timing of expression and their subcellular localization. Gene targeting studies of each of the nine uncharacterized etramps show that two are refractory to deletion and thus likely essential for blood-stage replication. Seven etramps are not essential for any life cycle stage. Systematic characterization of the members of the ETRAMP family reveals the diversity in importance of each family member at the interface between host and parasite throughout the developmental cycle of the malaria parasite.
Neuronal acetylcholine receptors that bind alpha-bungarotoxin mediate neurite retraction in a calcium-dependent manner

Neuronal membrane components that bind alpha-bungarotoxin with high affinity have only recently been shown unambiguously to function as nicotinic receptors. Activation of the receptors increases intracellular levels of free calcium in neurons. In the chick ciliary ganglion, where the receptors have been studied in some detail, they have been shown to have a predominantly nonsynaptic location on neurons and may be concentrated on pseudodendrites emerging from the somata. This has raised questions about the physiological significance of the receptors for the neurons. Here we show that activation of the receptors on isolated ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture produces neurite retraction. Focal application of either nicotine or ACh at low concentrations induces the retraction, and alpha-bungarotoxin blocks the effect. The retraction requires external calcium and is confined to the individual neurite stimulated with agonist. Brief exposure to elevated concentrations of K+ also induces neurite retraction, and both the K(+)-induced and the nicotine-induced retractions can be prevented by the calcium channel blocker omega-conotoxin. The results suggest that activation of the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding nicotinic receptors on neurites triggers activation of voltage-gated calcium channels presumably by depolarizing the membrane, and that together they permit sufficient calcium to enter the neurite to prevent further outgrowth and induce retraction.
Games, Learning, and 21st Century Survival Skills

Digital games hold out great potential for human development. There is no reason to think about games simply as “fun”. At the same time, there is no reason to equate learning with being “serious”. Games and learning, at their best, engage humans at a deep level of pleasure (Gee 2005). Play and learning are primordial human urges. Unfortunately we have come to take it for granted that adulthood will kill play and schools will kill learning as a human pleasure. These assumptions are particularly dangerous in the 21st century.
Distinctive upper mantle anisotropy beneath the High Lava Plains and Eastern Snake River Plain, Pacific Northwest, USA

[1] The Pacific Northwest (PNW) has experienced voluminous intraplate volcanism over the past ∼17 Ma, beginning with the Steens/Columbia River flood basalts and continuing with the still-ongoing volcanism in the High Lava Plains (HLP) and eastern Snake River Plain (SRP). Here we present two complementary datasets (SKS splitting and Rayleigh wave phase velocity anisotropy) that place constraints on the anisotropic structure of the upper mantle beneath the HLP and SRP regions. Beneath the HLP, SKS phases reveal dominantly E-W fast splitting directions and large (up to ∼2.7 s) delay times, with pronounced lateral variations in δt. Lateral and depth variability in the strength of anisotropy beneath the HLP is also evident from Rayleigh wave dispersion. Beneath the SRP, SKS splitting delay times are much smaller (∼0.5 s), and surface wave observations suggest a region of upper mantle anisotropy (∼50–150 km depth) with a geometry that deviates significantly from the generally plate motion parallel fast directions observed just outside of the SRP. Beneath the HLP, the geometry of the anomalously strong anisotropy is similar to the anisotropy in the deeper parts of the upper mantle, resulting in constructive interference and large SKS splitting delay times. Beneath the SRP, the geometry of the anomalous anisotropic region in the shallow mantle is different, resulting in destructive interference and reduced SKS splitting delay times. We discuss several possible explanations for these observations, including variations in olivine lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) strength, transitions in olivine fabric type, and a contribution from aligned partial melt.
Gene expression signature discovery with independent component analysis

ABSTRACT With the advent of high throughput DNA microarrays and the large cross section of the gene activity, or expression,that it provides, the potential for the early detection and diagnosis of cancer before morphogenesis has dramaticallyincreased. While many statistical methods, such as cluster analysis, have been developed to tap into this enormousinformation source, a reliable method of early detection and diagnosis has yet to be developed. In this paper wepropose using independent component analysis (ICA) as a first step in a process to identify diseased tissue solelybased on its gene expression profile. In the ICA vernacular, a set of genes can be viewed as the sensors while certainbiological processes, including the manifestation of a given disease, can be viewed as the signals. The goal then is toidentify one or more demixed signals, or signatures, that can be associated with the given disease. The demixingmatrix can then be used to find the biological signals of an unknown sample, which might, in turn, be used fordiagnosis when compared to the previously determined disease signatures. In this paper we explore the use of thistechnique on a previously studied melanoma dataset (Bittner, et. al., 2000).Keywords : Independent Components Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Bio-informatics, Gene expression, Micro-array
Rise of the expert amateur: DIY projects, communities, and cultures

This paper presents a large-scale study of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) communities, cultures and projects. We focus on the adoption and appropriation of human-computer interaction and collaboration technologies and their role in motivating and sustaining communities of builders, crafters and makers. Our survey of over 2600 individuals across a range of DIY communities (Instructables, Dorkbot, Craftster, Ravelry, Etsy, and Adafruit) reveals a unique set of values, emphasizing open sharing, learning, and creativity over profit and social capital. We derive design implications to embed these values into other everyday practices, and hope that our work serves to engage CHI practitioners with DIY expert amateurs.
Biologic Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Gastrointestinal Perspective

For inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, only limited therapeutic agents were available until the approval of infliximab in 1998. Since the introduction of the biological agents, which are antibodies to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha (anti-TNF), the therapeutic options have changed dramatically. Although side effects may occur, their clinical benefit is impressive and has changed the management and the expectations of treating IBD. Currently, 4 drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of IBD, which include infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, and natalizumab. Their side effect profile seems to be safe when the physician follows recommended preventive pathways, including evaluation for hepatitis B and tuberculosis before treatment. There have been few reports about hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in young males on combination therapy with thiopurines and anti-TNFs. The risk for infection and malignancy does not seem to be increased. Natalizumab gained a negative reputation because of cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Tests for risk stratification including John Cunningham virus polymerase chain reaction in blood and antibody against John Cunningham virus may identify patients at higher risk for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Although, improvement of the patient's symptoms used to be the goal of therapy, this has shifted since the availability of anti-TNF therapy to mucosal healing as standard of care. In addition, as monitoring of drug levels and antibodies becomes more available, it will improve safety and efficacy of these agents.
Early Hedgehog signaling from neural to oral epithelium organizes anterior craniofacial development

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays multiple roles in the development of the anterior craniofacial skeleton. We show that the earliest function of Hh is indirect, regulating development of the stomodeum, or oral ectoderm. A subset of post-migratory neural crest cells, that gives rise to the cartilages of the anterior neurocranium and the pterygoid process of the palatoquadrate in the upper jaw, condenses upon the upper or roof layer of the stomodeal ectoderm in the first pharyngeal arch. We observe that in mutants for the Hh co-receptor smoothened ( smo ) the condensation of this specific subset of crest cells fails, and expression of several genes is lost in the stomodeal ectoderm. Genetic mosaic analyses with smo mutants show that for the crest cells to condense the crucial target tissue receiving the Hh signal is the stomodeum, not the crest. Blocking signaling with cyclopamine reveals that the crucial stage, for both crest condensation and stomodeal marker expression, is at the end of gastrulation - some eight to ten hours before crest cells migrate to associate with the stomodeum. Two Hh genes, shh and twhh , are expressed in midline tissue at this stage, and we show using mosaics that for condensation and skeletogenesis only the ventral brain primordium, and not the prechordal plate, is an important Hh source. Thus, we propose that Hh signaling from the brain primordium is required for proper specification of the stomodeum and the stomodeum, in turn, promotes condensation of a subset of neural crest cells that will form the anterior neurocranial and upper jaw cartilage.
Developmental Trends in Semantic Acquisition: Evidence from Over-Extensions in Child Language

Children aged 2 through 6 years and adults were shown a series of pictures including `normal' referents (e.g., cat or car), and unfamiliar combination tokens (e.g., a clock with a telephone handset), which they were asked to identify. There were age-dependent differences in terms of naming (i.e., the number of words and morphemes and linguistic constructions) and criteria for category membership. The older participants used more morphemes and sophisticated linguistic strategies (e.g., descriptive phrases) than the younger participants, and the younger children showed a greater tendency to rely on holistic shape as a category determiner. These disparities suggested that the participants not only employed different strategies by age, but that they also had different criteria for categorization.
Localization of brain endothelial luminal and abluminal transporters with immunogold electron microscopy

Immunogold electron microscopy has identified a variety of blood-brain barrier (BBB) proteins with transporter and regulatory functions. For example, isoforms of the glucose transporter, protein kinase C (PKC), and caveolin-1 are BBB specific. Isoform 1 of the facilitative glucose transporter family (GLUT1) is expressed solely in endothelial (and pericyte) domains, and ∼75% of the protein is membrane-localized in humans. Evidence is presented for a water cotransport function of BBB GLUT1. A shift in transporter polarity characterized by increased luminal membrane GLUT1 is seen when BBB glucose transport is upregulated; but a greater abluminal membrane density is seen in the human BBB when GLUT1 is downregulated. PKC colocalizes with GLUT1 within these endothelial domains during up- and downregulation, suggesting that a PKC-mediated mechanism regulates human BBB glucose transporter expression. Occludin and claudin-5 (like other tight-junctional proteins) exhibit a restricted distribution, and are expressed solely within interendothelial clefts of the BBB. GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) is uniformly expressed throughout the foot-processes and the entire astrocyte. But the microvascular-facing membranes of the glial processes that contact the basal laminae are also polarized, and their transporters may also redistribute within the astrocyte. Monocarboxylic acid transporter and water channel (Aquaporin-4) expression are enriched at the glial foot-process, and both undergo physiological modulation. We suggest that as transcytosis and efflux mechanisms generate interest as potential neurotherapeutic targets, electron microscopic confirmation of their site-specific expression patterns will continue to support the CNS drug discovery process.
Tweet acts: how constituents lobby congress via Twitter

Twitter is increasingly becoming a medium through which constituents can lobby their elected representatives in Congress about issues that matter to them. Past research has focused on how citizens communicate with each other or how members of Congress (MOCs) use social media in general; our research examines how citizens communicate with MOCs. We contribute to existing literature through the careful examination of hundreds of citizen-authored tweets and the development of a categorization scheme to describe common strategies of lobbying on Twitter. Our findings show that contrary to past research that assumed citizens used Twitter to merely shout out their opinions on issues, citizens utilize a variety of sophisticated techniques to impact political outcomes.
From Static Books to Dynamic Knowledge Bases: Software Engineering Education into the 21st Century

Educating students and professionals on the fundamental principles of computer science, and showing how to apply these using advanced, state-of-the-art technologies is major challenge for pedagogy. While the fundamental principles of computer science and software engineering are well established (and evolving relatively slowly), the state-of-the-art of technology and tooling changes daily. This rapid technology change forces educators and software engineers to constantly draw on a diverse collection of unstructured, complex and often contradicting information sources -- books, blog posts, products documentation, online presentations, discussion boards -- to keep up with this pace of change. This paper describes a radically different vision of the future in which software engineering knowledge is widely available from curated, semantically organized, dynamic knowledge bases. These knowledge bases link fundamental principles to supporting technologies and tools, and provide a basis for understanding the approaches that different technologies adopt, and comparing competing approaches. Such a knowledge base is curated by experts as well as populated by algorithms that are able to discover relevant information from the Internet using machine learning. As an example, we describe briefly the QuABaseBD, a knowledge base for designing big data systems that is a first step to demonstrating the feasibility of this vision.
Novel aminopropiophenones as potential antidepressants

The atypical antidepressant drug bupropion and the psychostimulant drug methcathinone are both members of a chemical class known as aminopropiophenones. Differences in the psychoactive effects of these two drugs result from small variations in their chemical structures, but the relationship between chemical structure and psychoactivity has not been characterized. To investigate how structural modifications to aminopropiophenones affect antidepressant or stimulant activity, we synthesized several analogs of bupropion and methcathinone and tested the new compounds for antidepressant-like or psychostimulant effects. The synthesized compounds are 2-(methylamino)-1-(3-bromophenyl)propan-1-one (3-BMAP), 2-(methylamino)-1-(4-bromophenyl)propan-1-one (4-BMAP), 2-(iso-propylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one (i-PAP), and -(tert-butylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one (t-BAP). Bupropion, methcathinone, desipramine, and the newly-synthesized aminopropiophenones were administered to rats for behavioral testing. We used the Porsolt swim test to assess antidepressant-like activity and a locomotor activity assay to test for psychostimulant effects. All of the compounds displayed antidepressant-like effects in the Porsolt swim test. Some compounds, including bupropion, increased locomotor activity at moderate-to-high doses. A halogenated analog of methcathinone, 4-BMAP, increased swim time but did not stimulate locomotor activity, even at the highest dose tested. The data indicate that phenyl ring substitution or branched alkylamines can shift the psychopharmacological profile of aminopropiophenones from stimulant activity to antidepressant-like activity. Several of the new drugs may be effective antidepressants in humans with fewer stimulant-like side effects compared to bupropion. Drug Dev. Res. 60:252–260, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A simply constructable user-oriented computer language using fortran

Abstract One important task of the industrial engineer is to be an interface person—between operations and planning, between workers and their physical environment, between bench level tasks and systems level management, and with growing need, between the computer and the user. The latter has been caused in part by the programming requirement to express how a task is to be done, rather than what is to be done. The IEs role here is to provide the interface to ask the “what” questions. This paper addresses one strategy for constructing the computer-user interface. Using a core set of sixteen short FORTRAN subprograms, a simple procedure for constructing user oriented conversational computer languages has been developed (seven subprograms are directed at the conversational language and nine are list handling routines). This core set has been used successfully to develop user packages for medical doctors doing cell kinetics simulation in cancer research, for energy policy makers to access and manipulate time series energy data, for undergraduates to solve statistical and mathematical programming problems. The procedure is machine independent, only requiring a FORTRAN compiler, and can be used by the IE to bridge the gap between the user with a question, and the solution power of the computer.
Flame retardation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) containing poly(4-bromo styrene), poly(vinyl bromide), and poly(vinylidene bromide)†

The pyrolysis and gaseous combustion of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) incorporating poly(4-bromostyrene), poly(vinyl bromide), and poly(vinylidene bromide) has been studied using thermogravimetry, flammability limit evaluation, and hydrogen bromide (HBr) evolution techniques. The data obtained have been compared with limiting oxygen index (LOI) flammability data to elucidate flame retardation mechanisms. All the organo bromides studied (applied either via topical treatment or radiation grafting) released HBr on pyrolysis which is capable of inhibiting the gas phase combustion reactions. Condensed phase interactions were also detected which were capable of altering the gaseous pyrolysates. Thermal stability considerations suggest that, although the aliphatic bromides are excellent sources of HBr, they are not ideal flame retardants for PET.
Local and systemic effects of peritoneal lavage with high concentrations of adenosine in rats.

Background: Adenosine exerts actions which may be beneficial in treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. However, administered systemically, adenosine causes a ‘stress reaction’ and may adversely affect blood pressure and cardiac and renal function. Aim: To determine whether peritoneal lavage with adenosine provides pharmacological levels of adenosine in the intestines without elevating adenosine levels in the systemic circulation. Methods: Rats received an intramesenteric artery infusion of angiotensin II (30 ng/min) plus methoxamine (3 μg/min) to reduce mesenteric blood flow by approximately 60%, and adenosine solutions were instilled into the abdominal cavity. In a second study, microdialysis probes were placed in the mesenteric vein and aortic arch of rats, and the peritoneal cavity was continuously lavaged with adenosine solutions. Results: High concentrations (10−3 M) of adenosine normalized the mesenteric blood flow without affecting blood pressure or heart rate. High concentrations of adenosine (10−3 M) induced micromolar levels of adenosine and inosine in the mesenteric vein, without affecting adenosine or inosine levels in the aorta. Conclusions: Peritoneal lavage with high concentrations of adenosine provides pharmacological levels of adenosine in the gastrointestinal tract without systemic side-effects. Peritoneal lavage with high concentrations of adenosine may be useful for the treatment of a number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Observation of Dipolar Activity in Amorphous Se and Some of Its As Alloys

A relatively large population of bulk dipoles can be detected in amorphous selenium, a homopolar solid, via the coupling they provide between an applied ac electric field and the large-scale cooperative molecular motion thermally excited at the glass transition temperature. Although the structural-chemical origin of the contributing dipoles is not determined, their presence provides a unique opportunity to study a primary molecular relaxation process in an important class of amorphous semiconductors.
Internet resources for veterinary toxicologists

The informational needs of veterinary toxicologists are diverse due to their involvement in clinical, research and regulatory toxicology. The internet provides an important tool for assessing a wide array of useful toxicologic information that is otherwise not readily available. Internet resources utilized by veterinary toxicologists include governmental, commercial, academic and non-profit websites.
Risks to different aspects of system success

System success is related to many risks associated with information system (IS) development. A common view considers all risks as contributors to a single aspect of success. This view permits controlled research of development complexity. However, some consider system success to be multidimentional with each dimension possibly impacted differently by the various risks. In a survey of 86 IS project managers, the relationship between risk and success is explored. Four IS success measures were found to relate to different risk factors. Project managers can view achievement of a particular success as requiring control of certain risks.
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) acts on the outside of mitochondria to stimulate steroidogenesis

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) facilitates delivery of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membranes. StAR is imported into mitochondria and processed to a mature form by cleavage of the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence. We produced His-tagged (His-tag StAR) constructs lacking the N-terminal 62 amino acids that encode the mitochondrial targeting sequence and examined their steroidogenic activity in intact cells and on isolated mitochondria. His-tag StAR proteins stimulated pregnenolone synthesis to the same extent as wild-type StAR when expressed in COS-1 cells transfected with the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system. His-tag StAR was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm of transfected COS-1 StAR was localized to mitochondria. There was no evidence at the light or electron microscope levels for selective localization of His-tag StAR protein to mitochondrial membranes. We established an assay system using mitochondria isolated from bovine corpora lutea and purified recombi...
Optimism–pessimism and adjustment in college students: Is there support for the utility of a domain-specific approach to studying outcome expectancies?

Over the past 30 years, researchers have increasingly focused on the study of general optimism–pessimism. In this research, we examined the validity and usefulness of a domain-specific model of optimism–pessimism. We examined whether the addition of domain-specific measures of optimism–pessimism would add to the prediction of self-reported GPA, health status, family life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and general life satisfaction. Results of regression analyses indicated that domain-specific optimism–pessimism added significantly, beyond general optimism–pessimism, in predicting each of these outcomes. Some implications for research and practice are discussed.
Index for Estimating Road Vulnerability to Damage from Overweight Vehicles: Data Based on Geographic Information System

One component of North Carolina's motor carrier enforcement program is focused on overweight trucks. The aim of this enforcement program is to protect the state's roadway infrastructure, and as such it is important to identify those facilities and roadway segments that are most susceptible to damage from overweight vehicles. For that purpose, a quantitative road vulnerability index (RVI) was developed. Vulnerability is expressed as a function of truck volume, pavement condition, and bridge condition. By weighting these factors, one can assign vulnerability values to road segments statewide. Vulnerable road segments are then mapped in the same geographic information system (GIS) environment used to capture and display motor carrier enforcement activities for overweight violations. In addition to providing information to aid in the spatial assignment of weight enforcement activities, the RVI uses GIS data as a useful tool for the visual analysis and integration of roadway maintenance and operations concerns...
Effects of soil properties on phosphate sorption 1

Abstract Several factors affect phosphate sorption by soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the chemical and physical properties of surface and subsurface soils of a temperate region on P sorption from solutions containing various concentrations of P. Results showed that Na2S2O4‐extractable Fe and Al of surface soils were significantly correlated with P sorption from a solution containing 10, 15, or 20 ppm P. The relationships between the amounts of P sorbed and the other properties of the surface and subsurface soils studied (e.g., pH, organic C, soluble P, CEC) were influenced by use of 0.01M CaCl2 as an equilibrating solution. The values of P adsorption maxima calculated from soil‐water systems were from 1.2‐ to 2.1‐fold higher than those calculated from soil‐0.01M CaCl2 systems. But the Langmuir adsorption constants calculated from results obtained in the presence of CaCl2 were from 7‐ to 27‐fold higher than those in the absence of salt.
A System-Dynamics-Based Hazard Analysis of Inverted-Pendulum Human Transporters

Best practices in product design require engineers to perform preliminary hazard analyses on the most promising conceptual designs, as well as a more rigorous hazard analysis when the details of the product are being finalized. When the product is a complex dynamic system that interacts directly with a human, the engineers must consider the wide range of possible motions and forces that the device could create. Such an analysis goes beyond a simple thought exercise and requires detailed knowledge about the system dynamics and operating environment. This paper presents such an analysis of an inverted-pendulum human transporter. The list of hazards is constructed by using fundamental knowledge of the dynamics and the mechanical design obtained through simulation and experimentation. However, the dynamics are so complex that the list is augmented with hazards that are revealed by searching through accident videos posted on the Internet. The severity of each hazard is estimated using an energy-based measurement of the hazard onset conditions. While this case study is interesting, it also provides a systematic approach to hazard analysis that can be applied to other complex and dangerous dynamic systems.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Reporting variant hemoglobins discovered during hemoglobin A1c analysis - common practices in clinical laboratories.

Abstract Background Patients with variant hemoglobins may receive inaccurate results by some HbA1c methods. We examined reporting practices of clinical laboratories with respect to variant hemoglobins and limitations of methodology. Methods A survey of reporting practices was published in LabMedicine, and circulated to directors of Clinical Laboratory Sciences programs. Websites of reference laboratories were reviewed. Results One hundred thirty-five laboratories from 42 US states responded. 61.5% of those laboratories report only HbA1c value and reference interval; 5% of laboratories include methodology. 51% of laboratories use IE-HPLC, 47% use immunoassay and 2% use boronate affinity chromatography. Of laboratories using IE-HPLC, 39% routinely report the presence of hemoglobin variants, and 10% report variants only if they cause interference with the test. Of laboratories using immunoassay, only one appends the disclaimer that elevated HbF interferes with test results. All of the major reference laboratories report methodology on their websites; only 2 can detect hemoglobin variants. Six out of 7 reference laboratories state limitations of methodology on their websites. Conclusions There is no standardized reporting format for HbA1c that includes methodology, test limitations or notification of variant hemoglobins. An algorithm for detection and reporting of variant hemoglobins and test methodology is proposed based on best practices.
The Spatial Aspects of Local Public Goods: a Note

This note explores two very basic models of efficient provision of a public good with imperfections stemming from purely spatial costs. The costs are treated as costs of transmission or benefit reduction effects which are a positive function of distance from a public good facility. The conditions for the efficient level of public goods supply and the efficient number of facilities are derived and discussed.
In Young Children's Counting, Procedures Precede Principles

A substantial body of data on young children's counting is now available. Portions of these data can be explained by social context interpretations, such as those advanced by Elbers, but other parts of the data cannot be. The most urgent need is for models that illuminate how primitive conceptual understanding of cardinality and ordinality contributes to learning of counting procedures, and how experience with the counting procedures, in turn, enriches children's conceptual understanding.
Trisomy 18 with biliary atresia

El-trisomy (group 16-18) syndrome, Pediatrics 33: 258, 1964. 3. Oikawa, K., Kochen, J. A., Schoor, J. B., and Hirschhorn, K.: Trisomy-17 syndrome with phocomelia due to complete and partial chromosomal trisomy. Abstract Thirty-third Meeting Society for Pediatric Research, J. PEDIAT. 63: 715, 1963. 4. Voorhess, M. L., Aspillaga, M. J., and Gardner, L. I.: Trisomy 18 syndrome with absent radius, varus deformity of hand, and rudimentary thumb, J. PEDIAT. 65: 130, 1964. 5. Moorhead, P. S., Nowell, P. C., Mellman, W. J., Battips, D. M., and Hungerford, I. A.: Chromosome preparations of leukocytes cultured from human peripheral blood, Exper. Cell Res. 20: 613, 1960. 6. Edwards, J. H., Harnden, D. G., Cameron, A. H., Crosse, V. M., and Wolff, O. H.: A new trisomy syndrome, Lancet 1: 787, 1960. 7. Kohler, H. G.: Congenital transverse defects of limbs and digits, Arch. Dis. Childhood 37: 263, 1962.
Positron annihilation as a probe for impurities trapped by vacancy clusters

The electronic structure of impurity atoms trapped by metal vacancies and vacancy clusters is examined by analyzing the positron annihilation characteristics. It is shown that the binding energies and lifetimes of positrons attached to impurity-vacancy complexes can provide a measure of the spatial character of electrons.
Christopher Alexander's fifteen properties applied to the design of communication

This paper examines Christopher Alexander's Fifteen Fundamental Properties of Living Structures, and their relationship to the design of communication through website development. The Fifteen Properties are found to describe and provide solutions to a number of common quality problems in websites. In the spirit of design patterns, originated by Alexander, each Property is presented as part of a pattern describing a design problem in the website context, and its resolution through appropriate application of the Property.
PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME

Sjogren's syndrome is one of the most common systemic rheumatic diseases. Pulmonary disease is prevalent in Sjogren's syndrome; respiratory manifestations include chronic cough, obstructive airways disease, pulmonary lymphoma, and interstitial lung disease that may progress to severe pulmonary fibrosis.
Stability and error analysis on partially implicit schemes

Subdomain techniques have been widely used for solving elliptic and parabolic equations. For parabolic problems, it is possible to combine subdomain techniques with explicit methods to construct efficient algorithms. In addition, this kind of algorithms is naturally suitable for parallel computing. However, the stability of such schemes has been considered as a very difficult issue. In this article, we use an exact error propagation and discrete scheme smoothing approach to give a posteriori stability and error analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Estimating Diesel Vehicle Emission Factors at Constant and High Speeds for Short Road Segments

Vehicle emission estimates with high spatial and temporal resolution are needed to estimate near-roadway air quality and human exposure to emissions. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) MOBILE6 emission factor model is based on test cycles with transient speeds and durations on the order of 10 min. MOBILE6 does not report emission factors for average speeds higher than 65 mph. However, for near-roadway studies, emission factors are needed for short highway segments that represent only a few seconds of vehicle travel time at approximately constant speed and speeds greater than 65 mph. Constant-speed and high-speed correction factors for nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide were developed on the basis of 59,286 s of EPA dynamometer emissions data for diesel vehicles from which speed-acceleration modal models were derived. The constant speed correction factor is the ratio of the emission factor at constant speed to the emissions factor during transient cycles ...
Postmortem calcium chloride injection alters ultrastructure and improves tenderness of mature chinese yellow cattle longissimus muscle

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that postmortem calcium injection could activate the calpain system in mature Chinese Yellow Cattle muscle, thereby promoting meat tenderization through disruption of the myofibril structure during aging. A 10% (w/w) injection of CaCl 2 (300 mAfl solution lowered the Warner-Bratzler shear values of longissimus muscle by more than 30% (P < 0.05), even with only 24 h postmortem storage when compared with noninjected or water-injected controls. The accelerated meat tenderization by the Ca 2+ treatment paralleled the changes in myofibril fragmentation index and fracture of the myofibril ultrastructure throughout the sarcomere but most notably around the I-bands and the Z-disks. Injection of ZnCl 2 (50 mM) largely inhibited these proteolytic changes. The colorimetric L* and a* values were not affected by CaCl 2 nor by ZnCl 2 injection. The results suggest that postmortem CaCl 2 injection can be used to help resolve the toughness problem of mature Chinese Yellow Cattle meat and shorten the aging time required to achieve adequate tenderness.
Counterflow heptane flame structure

Results are reported for thermocouple and gas-chromatographic measurements of profiles of temperature and of concentrations of C 7 H 16 , C 5 H 10 , C 4 H 8 , C 4 H 6 , C 3 H 6 , C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 2 , CH 4 , CO, and CO 2 in two laminar counterflow n -heptane flames having measured flame temperature of 2100 K, at an oxidizerside potential-flow strain rate of 50 s −1 . One was a diffusion flame, in which a fuel spray was transported by nitrogen, and the oxidizer stream was an oxygen/nitrogen mixture with an oxygen mole fraction of 0.47. The other was a partially premixed flame, in which the spray was transported by air at a fuel stream equivalence ratio of 2.8, und the oxidizer stream was air. The partially premixed system exhibited two-stage combustion: the green planar rich premixed flame separated 3 mm to 4 mm from the blue planar diffusion flame. Both Phase-Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) measurement of droplet size, velocity, and number density and observations of planar laser-sheet scattering confirmed that evaporation was complete at a vaporization plane 2 mm to 3 mm upstream from the first reaction zone in both experiments, so that gaseous fuel entered the flame. Although flame structures computed with a detailed mechanism of 180 steps were in generally good agreement with the measurements, differences for some intermediates in excess of experimental uncertainty for the partially premised flame indicated that the fuel chemistry requires further attention.
PERSONALITY INVENTORY FOR CHILDREN: SELECTED SCALES IN DIFFERENTIATING CONDUCT- DISORDERED AND EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED STUDENTS

Summary.-Analysis of scores on selected scales from the Personality Inventory for Children (Lie, Depression, Delinquency, Withdrawal, Anxiety, Psychosis, Asocial Behavior, and Reality Distortion) which differentiate between students previously identified as "conduct disordered" or "emotionally disturbed" indicated that these scales, with the exception of Anxiety, can signiFicandy differentiate between the two groups at elementary and secondary school levels, and between all conduct-disordered and emotionally disturbed boys across school grades. We most comparisons for girls fell short of significance because their numbers were limited, the relative differences on the various scales were similar to those obtained for the boys' groups. Applications from these results for the diagnostic uses of the Personahty Inventory for Children and for research were suggcsred. While conduct-disordered and emotionally disturbed students have long shared combined placements and programs for the "behaviorally-disordered" in most public school systems (Hewett & Taylol; 1980; Kauffman, 1985), this practice has been severely criticized (Benson, Edwards, Rosell, & White, 1986). Such programs disserve both groups, the emotionally disturbed because shared placements minimize the importance of their perceptions in subsequent treatment considerations (Kavale, Forness, & Alper, 1986; Heshusius, 1986; Rich, Beck, & Coleman, 1982) and the conduct-disordered because the social, ethical, and legal implications of their actions are often ignored (American Psychiatric Association, 1980; Kelly, 1983, 1985). Further, PL 94-142's exclusion of the "socially maladjusted" from the federal definition of emotional disturbance has raised serious legal questions over the retention of possibly nonhandicapped students with conduct problems in special education programs (Doe vs Maher, 1986; National Association of State Directors of Special Education, 1985; Slenkovitch, 1983, 1986). Awareness of these problems has encouraged professional interest in the development of definitions and criteria and related screening instruments capable of effecting clear distinctions between conduct-disordered and emotionally disturbed populations (Clarizio, 1987). To differentiate between these groups the present author, in cooperation with the Clark County School District (comprising Las Vegas, Nevada and surroundmg metropolitan areas, the 19th largest school district in the United States, totaling
Isolation and characterization of abl gene sequences in Calliphora erythrocephala

Screening of genomic DNA libraries with hybridization probes derived from a Drosophila melanogaster c-abl proto-oncogene homologue resulted in the isolation of a set of related sequences from the dipteran Calliphora erythrocephala. Although the region encompassing the c-abl protein kinase domain encodes a polypeptide extremely similar to the Drosophila gene, considerable inter- and intraspecific divergence is found adjacent to this region. Restriction-site heterogeneity and cross-hybridization studies between individual cloned isolates suggest that abl homologues represent a small gene family in the Calliphora genome. As is the case in Drosophila, abl-related transcripts appear to be low in abundance, are synthesized during oogenesis and stored as a maternal mRNA.
Metal-metal bonded diruthenium(II, III) assemblies with the polycyano anionic linkers N(CN)2-, C(CN)3-, and 1,4-dicyanamido-2,5-dimethylbenzene (DM-dicyd2-): syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties.

The new metal−metal bonded diruthenium(II,III) compounds [Ru2(O2CCH3)4(μ-L)]∞ (L = N(CN)2-, 1; C(CN)3-, 2) and [{Ru2(O2CCH3)2(mhp)2}2(μ-DM-Dicyd)] (3) (mhp = 2-oxy-6-methylpyridinate, DM-Dicyd = 1,...
Resonant photoemission in Ti2O3 and V2O3: Hybridization and localization of cation 3d orbitals.

Resonant photoemission from cation 3d and oxygen 2p states in both ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ single crystals has been observed as the photon energy is swept through the cation 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d optical-absorption transition. These nonmaximal valency oxides are excellent materials in which to study the effect of a ligand environment on resonant photoemission from cation d states, due to the existence of partially occupied d states well separated from the O 2p states. This investigation has revealed complex new aspects of the electronic structure of these oxides and the phenomenon of resonant photoemission in them. The cation 3d resonant emission was found to display a strong angular anisotropy which could be related to the molecular-orbital structure of these oxides. The maximum in the cation 3d resonance emission occurs at the same photon energy in both the metals and oxides, indicating a significant degree of localization of the cation resonance. A strong resonance in the O 2p emission from ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is observed as the photon energy is swept through the Ti 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d transition. A much smaller resonance is seen in the O 2p emission from ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at the V 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d transition, despite an increase in d character in the O 2p band in ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Thus caution must be used in extracting information on hybridization from resonant photoemission data.
The Case for mHealth in Developing Countries

exists and how to define it, most people will agree that individuals around the world are using mobile technologies to access health services and information and that health professionals are formally and informally integrating mobile technologies into public health and clinical activities. As mobile phones and other mobile devices become part of everyday life, people become better equipped to respond to emergencies, consult with peers and health professionals about health issues as they arise, and access health services that are increasingly being delivered through mobile phone based systems, such as remote patient monitoring. In developing countries, people frequently acquire mobile phones just in case of emergencies, including a taxi driver I interviewed in Upper Egypt in 2002, who shared the following experience with me:
The non-glyceride saponifiables of shea butter

Triterpene alcohols and sterols were found to be present in a commercial sample of shea butter (the seed fat of Butyrospermum parkii, Sapotaceae) as esters of both cinnamic and fatty acids. These non-glyceride saponifiables represented 6% by weight of the shea butter under study, whereas free triterpene alcohols and sterols accounted for only 1 % by weight. Cinnamic acid was found neither in the free form, nor esterified to glycerol. Saponification of the non-glyceride saponifiables yielded the triterpene alcohols α-amyrin, butyrospermol, lupeol, β-amyrin and germanicol as major components. Other alcohols identified were parked, 24-methylenelanost-9(11)-en-3-ol, dammaradienol, 24-methylenedammarenol and the two sterols α-spinasterol and Δ7-stigmastenol. Esterified to these alcohols were cinnamic (trans and cis), palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidic acids. The fatty acid composition of the non-glyceride saponifiables is different from that of the glycerides. No selectivity was observed in the esterification of these fatty acids by triterpene alcohols and sterols. Investigation of the products from acid catalysed transmethylation has led to two new experimental findings: (i) the difference in reaction rate of fatty acid and cinnamic acid esters and (ii) the formation of methoxylated artifacts from alcohols having unsaturation, in the C17 side chain, between C24 and C25 by the addition of methanol across the double bond. Analysis of the lipids extracted from shea kernels confirmed that the cinnamic acid esters were only present as non-glyceride saponifiables.