cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifting Fan Noise Studies

The paper reviews the results of an experimental investigation of noise radiated from a VTOL lifting fan inlet under static inflow conditions. The results are discussed in the light of recent theoretical and experimental conclusions on compressor noise radiation, combined with relevant data on the aerodynamic characteristics of the fan. The presence of high level discrete tones, up to four harmonics of the blade passing frequency superimposed over a broadband noise extending from 200 to 15,000 cps, is attributed to close spacing between rotor and stator blades, Low levels of broadband noise were observed to be caused by low levels of turbulence at the intake. Analysis of the limited results shows the variation of broadband noise as the sixth power of the velocity of the flow relative to the blade.Copyright © 1969 by ASME
Ongoing increase in measles cases following importations, Japan, March 2014: times of challenge and opportunity.

WPSAR Vol 5, No 2, 2014 | doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2014.5.2.001 www.wpro.who.int/wpsar 1 a Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. b Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. Submitted: 1 April 2014; Published: 16 May 2014 doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2014.5.2.001 Ongoing increase in measles cases following importations, Japan, March 2014: times of challenge and opportunity
A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs. V: Using Pie Graphs to Make Comparisons:

Research and models of graph reading suggest that the reader's task is an important determinant of the perceptual and cognitive processing components that the reader uses. When people read a pie graph to determine the proportional size of a segment, they apply three processing components: selecting the appropriate mental anchor to which to compare the segment (25%, 50%, or 75%), mentally aligning the anchor to the angular position of the segment around the pie, and mentally adjusting the anchor to match the pie segment size. When a pie graph reader faces a different task, e.g., estimating the ratio of two segments or the difference between two segments, does she use the same processing components to estimate the proportions of A and of B (and then divide one estimate into the other) or does she use a more direct method of mentally aligning the two segments to be compared, then mentally overlaying one on the other (for a ratio) or estimating the spatial difference between the pie segments (for a difference...
T = 3 2 Levels in B 11 from the Be 10 ( p , γ 0 ) B 11 Reaction

The differential cross section for the $^{10}\mathrm{Be}(p, {\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0})^{11}\mathrm{B}$ reaction has been measured at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for $0.6\ensuremath{\le}{E}_{p}\ensuremath{\le}6.3$ MeV. Compound resonances in $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ have been located at (12.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04)-, 12.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03-, 12.91\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02-, 14.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02-, and 15.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1-MeV excitation energy. The last four are probably analogs to the lowest four levels in $^{11}\mathrm{Be}$. Total widths and ground-state $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray widths of these levels are presented. The spins of the 12.55- and 14.33-MeV levels are shown to be ${\frac{1}{2}}^{+}({\frac{3}{2}}^{+})$ and ${\frac{5}{2}}^{(+)}({\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$, respectively.
Damage Identification for Carbon/Epoxy Laminated Composite Structures Based on Wave Propagation Analysis

*† , ‡ This paper presents experimental results of a proposed damage identification candidate based on Lamb wave propagation analysis. The wave is transmitted and received by using piezoelectric transducers (PZTs). Based on the measured time history data of the propagated wave, the traveling time, speed reduction and wave attenuation parameters are extracted and used as the damage identification variables. Post-processing of the recorded signals using wavelet transform allows better isolation of the interested propagation mode and extraction of the traveling time, which enhance the accuracy of damage localization. Carbon/epoxy laminated composite specimens with various damage, i.e., beams with delaminations, saw cut and impact damage, and plates with delamination are evaluated. The classification of damage types in the composite structures will be recognized and deduced from the examination of the wave propagation profile after interaction with damages. This study will provide the location and experimental propagation profiles of three different damages in composite structures (i.e., delaminations, saw cut and impact damage).
THE EVOLUTION OF CLUTCH SIZE AND REPRODUCTIVE RATES IN PARASITIC CUCKOOS.

The ultimate causes of the evolution of reproductive rates in birds have been debated through the century. Many biologists have thought that high mortality rates in short-lived animals favor high reproductive rates to insure that parents replace themselves. In contrast, Lack (1954) and Williams (1966a) reasoned that the individuals producing more offspring will have their genes represented in increasing frequency in later generations regardless of mortality rate. Lack (1954) proposed that mean clutch size is precisely adjusted within each species by natural selection to match some certain maximum number of young in a brood that the parents can feed. Williams (1966a: 164) "would interpret the increased mortality as an ecologically inevitable consequence of the increased fecundity." Individual fitness rather than "keeping the race from extinction" explains the evolution of reproductive rates. Comparisons of the ecology of different populations of a single species have been made to determine the selective history of reproductive rates, especially of clutch size, but many of the results may be explained in more than one way (Lack, 1954; Skutch, 1967; Hussell, 1972). To understand the evolution of reproductive biology it would be desirable to compare not only variation within a species but also related species with divergent breeding ecologies. In several families of birds there are some species that rear their own young, and others, the brood parasites, that lay in the nests of unrelated species, the fosterers or hosts, which gather all the food for the young. Because brood parasites have evolved independently (Makatsch, 1955), the differences in clutch size between the parasites and their nesting relatives are unlikely to be phylogenetic sampling errors. Rather, natural selection will lead to differences in clutch size between the birds that provide food for their own young and those that do not. Because the main difference in the breeding of nesting and parasitic birds is the presence or absence of parental care of their own offspring, one might expect that the brood parasites would have larger clutches or some other measure of higher reproductive rates than their nesting relatives, if foodgathering and parental care determine reproductive rates. This hypothesis was tested on cuckoos (Cuculidae), a family in which brood parasitism has apparently evolved more than once and on a
Overburden, Stigma, and Perceived Agency: Teachers as HIV Prevention Educators in Urban Zambia

Sub-Saharan Africa is home to more than 70% of the global HIV-positive population. In Zambia, as well as in other parts of Africa, deaths from AIDS and associated infections have created a generation of households headed by children, a situation that negatively affects the chances for economic and health improvements in the region. In contemplating possible public health interventions around HIV prevention, we found that a growing body of research advocates for school-based HIV programs as an effective strategy to stop the spread of the disease. This work is critical because it explores schoolteachers' perspectives on their potential roles as HIV prevention educators. Semi-structured interviews (n = 12) were conducted among schoolteachers in the Lusaka province of Zambia to collect qualitative data. Analysis of qualitative data revealed three broad and interconnected themes related to the roles and concerns of the participating teachers: 1) the role of overburden; 2) fear of stigma; and 3) perceived lack of agency. These themes are further discussed in the context of the results that focused on the teachers and the adoption of HIV education. Little is known about teachers' perceptions of themselves as HIV educators. Our study suggests that understanding teachers' perceptions and the contextual factors is crucial to the adoption of school-based HIV programs.
SYNTHESIS AND SCALE INHIBITION PROPERTY OF ACRYLIC ACID AND SODIUM ALLYL SULFONATE COPOLYMER

Acrylic acid (AA) and sodium allyl-sulfonate (SAS) have been used to synthesize a solid scale inhibitor. The relationships between the inhibition function and monomer ratio, initiator concentration, copolymer amount added, Ca (2+) concentration, temperature and time of the solution have been studied in laboratory. Results have shown that the scale inhibitor has a good effect on reducing scale of CaCO_3.
Ca2+ sources mobilized by alpha 1-receptor activation in vascular smooth muscle.

1. We propose the following model of Ca 2+ mobilization by noradrenaline in vascular smooth muscle. Upon receptor occupation Ca 2+ from a labile small intracellular store on the inner plasmalemma is released. This Ca 2+ does not function as activator Ca 2+ but triggers Ca 2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release). 2. Simultaneously Ca 2+ from an extracellularly bound store (on the external surface of the plasmalemma) is dislodged, which enters the cell through receptor linked channels. 3. These processes are responsible for the early ‘phasic’ component of the noradrenaline contraction. In addition, Ca 2+ from the free extracellular Ca 2+ pool enters through receptor operated channels, supporting the maintained tension development.
Synaptic Mechanisms of a Dual Channel Contrast Detection System in the Crayfish Optic Lobe

The sustaining and dimming fibers (SF, DF) of the crayfish optic lobe constitute a dual channel contrast detection system and mediate the dorsal light reflex. The receptive fields and dynamic properties of SFs and DFs are shaped by dendritic geometry and interactions among presynaptic columnar and multicolumnar neurons (amacrine and tangential cells) of the laminaand medulla externa. The visual response of each multicolumnar neuron reflects the antagonistic interaction of two postsynaptically acting neurotransmitters. These transmitters (Ach, GABA, Glutamate) are contained in columnar interneurons.
Managing patients with cryosurgical ablation of the prostate and liver

Cryosurgery is an important alternate treatment for some patients diagnosed with prostate and liver metastasis cancer. The procedure, its benefits and side effects, and implications for nurses are discussed.
Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Macroeconomic Management

The evolution of central-local fiscal relations has been the most important element of China’s decentralization process over the past 15 years. It is widely agreed that fiscal decentralization has provided local governments with enormous incentives and fiscal powers to develop local economies and regional competition under the decentralized system has encouraged policy innovations at the local level. This chapter, however, will focus on the impact of fiscal decentralization on the central government’s ability to achieve macroeconomic objectives, an area that has been paid insufficient attention but that is of extreme importance.
Separated solutions of logistic equation with nonperiodic harvesting

Abstract In this paper, we study Logistic equations with non-periodic harvesting. We introduce the notion of separated solutions and then show the existence of upper and lower solutions that are separated. We further show that the lower solution is unique and all solutions that start above the lower solution tend to each other, while solutions that start below the lower solution blow up in finite time.
Filtration of sub-100 nm particles using a bulk-micromachined, direct-bonded silicon filter.

For successful size separation in biomedical applications, the filter used must meet several strict criteria. Not only must it have precisely-machined sub-100 nm pores ( 104). In this paper, we will present a bulk-micromachined, direct-bonded silicon nanofilter that can remove particles as small as 44 nm. In doing so, we will describe the fabrication, the gas and liquid characterization, and the filtrations studies done on 44 nm and 100 nm beads.
Acoustic Response of a Layer of Spherical Inclusions with a Random or Periodic Arrangement

Starting with the classic work of Ying and Truell [1], the scattering of a plane elastic wave by an isolated elastic sphere embedded in an unbounded medium has been studied in great detail. Similarly, the propagation of an effective elastic wave in an elastic matrix containing a random or periodic distribution of inclusions has received considerable attention. By comparison, an intermediate level of microstructure — a single layer of inclusions in an elastic matrix — has received very little attention. Apart from the fact that this problem is worth studying in its own right because of its inherent value as a canonical problem in elastodynamics of materials with a microstructure, it has applications in geophysics and quantitative nondestructive evaluation.
Impact of adverse effects of bevacizumab on survival outcomes of patients with recurrent glioblastoma.

2075 Background: Bevacizumab (bev) is widely used for treatment of patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GB). Adverse effects (AEs) to bev or bev-containing regimens can cause discontinuation of tr...
Speed-sensorless drive for induction machines using a novel hybrid observer

This paper proposes a hybrid state observer which combines a Luenberger observer and a sliding mode observer for speed-sensorless motor drives of induction machines. The stator current and rotor flux linkage is estimated following a Luenberger observer approach. The rotor speed is estimated using a sliding mode observer. The combination of two observers take advantage of both. Luenberger observer is easy to accomplished and the computation burden is small. Sliding mode observer is know for its robustness with respect to model parameter errors and it will also provide a fast convergence rate. The chattering of the sliding mode observer is addressed by applying a boundary layer. Simulation results show the performance of the proposed observer. Hardware validation results are also presented and discussed.
Taming the Costs of Trustworthy Provenance through Policy Reduction

Provenance is an increasingly important tool for understanding and even actively preventing system intrusion, but the excessive storage burden imposed by automatic provenance collection threatens to undermine its value in practice. This situation is made worse by the fact that the majority of this metadata is unlikely to be of interest to an administrator, instead describing system noise or other background activities that are not germane to the forensic investigation. To date, storing data provenance in perpetuity was a necessary concession in even the most advanced provenance tracking systems in order to ensure the completeness of the provenance record for future analyses. In this work, we overcome this obstacle by proposing a policy-based approach to provenance filtering, leveraging the confinement properties provided by Mandatory Access Control (MAC) systems in order to identify and isolate subdomains of system activity for which to collect provenance. We introduce the notion of minimal completeness for provenance graphs, and design and implement a system that provides this property by exclusively collecting provenance for the trusted computing base of a target application. In evaluation, we discover that, while the efficacy of our approach is domain dependent, storage costs can be reduced by as much as 89% in critical scenarios such as provenance tracking in cloud computing data centers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first policy-based provenance monitor to appear in the literature.
Abstract 13548: Full Prescription Coverage versus Usual Prescription Coverage after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery for Recent Myocardial Infarction: Analysis from the MI FREEE Randomized Trial

Background: Patients recovering from coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) have poor adherence to postoperative medical therapy. Eliminating out-of-pocket costs increases medication adherence after myocardial infarction (MI). We sought to evaluate the relative effectiveness of full prescription coverage versus usual formulary coverage for patients treated with or without CABG after recent MI. Methods: The MI FREEE (Free Rx Event and Economic Evaluation) Trial randomly assigned 5855 MI patients to full prescription coverage or usual prescription coverage for all statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE), or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB). We assessed the impact of full prescription coverage on the cost, adherence, and clinical outcomes among the 1052 CABG and 4803 non-CABG patients using adjusted Cox proportion models and generalized estimating equations. Results: CABG patients were significantly older and had a greater incidence of co-morbid illness (P Conclusion: As compared with usual prescription coverage,providing full prescription drug coverage after CABG significantly increased adherence to secondary preventative therapy, reduced patient out-of-pocket costs, and was associated with a trend towards improved clinical outcomes.
An IRT Analysis of the Growth Mindset Scale

Growth mindset has gained popularity in the fields of psychology and education, yet there is surprisingly little research on the psychometric properties of the Growth Mindset Scale. This research presents an item response theory analysis of the Growth Mindset Scale when used among college students in the United States. Growth Mindset is the belief that success comes through hard work and effort rather than fixed intelligence. Having a growth mindset is believed to be important for academic success among historically marginalized groups; therefore it is important to know if the Growth Mindset Scale functions well among first generation college students. The sample consists of 1260 individuals who completed the Growth Mindset Scale on one of 5 surveys. The Growth Mindset Scale consists of 8 items, with responses ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). IRT analysis is used to assess item fit, scale dimensionality, local dependence, and differential item functioning (DIF). Due to local dependence within the 8-item scale, the final IRT model fit 4 items to a unidimensional model. The 4-item scale did not exhibit any local dependence or DIF among known groups within the sample. The 4-item scale also had high marginal reliability (0.90) and high total information. Cronbach’s alpha for the 4-item scale was α = 0.89. Discussion of the local dependence issues within the 8-item scale is provided.
Neurodegeneration in Psychiatric Illness

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression are common, chronic psychiatric disorders that cause substantial disability worldwide and tremendous socioeconomic problems. The disorders provoke mental pain and suffering not only in patients but also in their family members and acquaintances. Furthermore, these disorders are associated with a high rate of suicide. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these serious illnesses remain largely unknown. Family and adoption studies show a clear genetic component to their etiologies, but genetics cannot explain the pathology without taking into account an environmental component. Particularly, the patients’ psychosocial environment and stress have been shown to play a role in the course of illness. A number of modalities have been used to research the mechanism of the disorders, including animal models, in vivo brain imaging, genetics, and postmortem research. To date, no one explanation of the disorders’ pathophysiology has been accepted beyond a doubt. The biological mechanisms underlying the disorders have been described in terms of several competing ideas, emphasizing pathophysiological concepts such as dysfunctions in neurotransmitter systems, neurodegenerative processes, and developmental abnormalities. This article discusses the evidence for the role of neurodegenerative processes in the pathophysiology of these devastating conditions.
Customer Service, Satisfaction, and Success

The strategic benefit of customer-success initiatives is that they move the firm closer to the position of indispensability. The critical component of these efforts is a knowledge of the entire supply chain, which can be used to help key customers improve their competitive position. For example, one manager pointed out that a particular supplier was practically indispensable because of the tremendous value provided by the supplier. The manager noted that the supplier knew more about the industry than his firm, and more importantly, actively shared that knowledge to help his firm be more successful. By promoting state-of-the-art strategic initiatives, sharing operational tools, and facilitating new merchandising techniques, the supplier had helped its customer compete more effectively against larger rivals. Loyalty to the supplier was a natural result. Customer-success strategies recognize the importance of knowledge, and they use knowledge to increase switching costs through unique product/service offerings.
Charge storage mechanism and degradation of P2-type sodium transition metal oxides in aqueous electrolytes

Few transition metal oxides exhibit sufficient stability for aqueous ion intercalation from neutral pH electrolytes for low-cost aqueous Na+ batteries and battery-type desalinators. P2 layered Na+ manganese-rich oxides have high theoretical capacities and voltages for Na+ storage and are extensively investigated for non-aqueous Na+ batteries. However, the charge storage mechanism and factors controlling interlayer chemistry and redox behavior of these materials in aqueous electrolytes have not been determined. Here, we take a significant step in establishing their aqueous electrochemical behavior by investigating a series of P2 oxides that exhibit a range of stability in water and ambient air: Na0.62Ni0.22Mn0.66Fe0.10O2 (NaNMFe), Na0.61Ni0.22Mn0.66Co0.10O2 (NaNMCo), Na0.64Ni0.22Mn0.66Cu0.11O2 (NaNMCu), and Na0.64Mn0.62Cu0.31O2 (NaMCu). Depending on the transition metal composition and potential, all materials exhibit significant irreversible Na+ loss during the first anodic cycle followed by water intercalation into the interlayer. The presence of water causes conversion into birnessite-like phases and microscopic exfoliation of the particles. The interlayer affinity for water is primarily driven by the Na+ content, which can be tuned by the transition metal composition and the maximum anodic potential during electrochemical cycling. The interlayer water affects the reversible capacity and cycling stability of the oxides, with the highest reversible capacity (∼40 mA h g−1 delivered in ∼30 minutes) obtained with NaNMCo. These results present the first studies on the structural effects of aqueous electrochemistry in P2 oxides, highlight the significant differences in the electrochemical behavior of P2 oxides in aqueous vs. non-aqueous electrolytes, and provide guidance on how to use the transition metal chemistry to tune their aqueous charge storage behavior.
Using deep learning to automatically detect talk moves in teachers'mathematics lessons

Currently, providing teachers with detailed feedback about their classroom discourse strategies requires highly trained observers to hand code transcripts of classroom recordings to identify talk moves and/or one-on-one expert coaching. Both approaches are time-consuming and expensive, require considerable human expertise, and do not scale to large numbers of teachers. We are currently developing an innovative application, the TalkBack application, a new type of teacher learning environment based on the automated analysis of classroom recordings. The TalkBack application will utilize a big data infrastructure for managing and analyzing classroom recordings, including an embedded automated talk move classifier. The application will provide teachers with a detailed record of the discourse strategies used in their lessons. A central premise of our research is that this type of personalized, automated feedback can dramatically enhance teacher learning and support improvements in their instruction.The project will exemplify how next-generation repositories of classroom recordings can be architected to support large-scale research by enabling automated analyses based on machine learning models.
Evaluation of a mouse gallbladder cancer cell line for tumorigenicity and preclinical therapeutic efficacy studies

2949 The prognosis of patients with biliary tract cancer is poor despite recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. The establishment of a mouse biliary tract cancer cell line could be an important tool for investigating the mechanisms of the development of these tumors and for exploring novel therapeutic strategies. We previously reported that overexpression of erbB2 in gallbladder epithelial cells in BK5.erbB2 transgenic mice leads to development of gallbladder adenocarcinoma in homozygous transgenic mice. Recently, we established a cell line (A2), derived from a gallbladder carcinoma taken from a BK5.erbB2 mouse. This is the first mouse gallbladder cancer cell line reported. The tumor cells, cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, grew as monolayers showing epithelial-like morphology with a population doubling time of 26.4 hr during exponential growth. Western blot analyses showed that both total and phosphorylated forms of EGFR and Akt and total erbB2 were upregulated in these cells compared to and control mouse gallbladder tissue. The upregulation and activation of these molecules have been frequently reported in human biliary tract cancer including gallbladder carcinomas. A2 cells were tumorigenic when transplanted into the kidney capsule of SCID mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of these xenografted tumors showed that the lesions formed ductal structures, with cytokeratin-positive staining. These lesions included highly proliferating cells as determined by Ki67 staining. In addition, our preliminary data indicate that the growth of A2 cells was inhibited by rapamycin (an inhibitor of mTOR) and by GW2974 (an inhibitor of both EGFR and ErbB2) both at concentrations of 10 nM. The effect of small molecule inhibitors, including rapamycin and GW2974, on xenograft and orthograft implantation of A2 cells in the gallbladder of SCID mice is currently being investigated. This new gallbladder cancer cell line will provide serve a valuable resource to explore novel therapeutic strategies for treating GBCa.
Pathology of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a novel viral infectious disease with high case fatality rate (CFR). SFTS is caused by a novel phlebovirus, SFTS virus (SFTSV). SFTS, a tick-borne viral infection, was reported to be endemic to central and northeastern China and is also endemic to South Korea and western Japan. Patients with SFTS show symptoms of fever, general fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, whereas those severely ill with SFTS usually show gastrointestinal hemorrhage and deteriorated consciousness. The CFR of SFTS patients ranges from 5 to 40%. Because the time from the discovery of SFTS is short, pathological studies on SFTS remain limited. However, the existing pathological studies revealed that SFTSV replicated mainly in the lymphoreticular organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Furthermore, SFTSV antigen-positive cells showed multi-organ infiltration, including to central nervous cells, kidneys, and lungs. Virus infection-related hemophagocytic syndrome associated with cytokine storm is also seen in most severe SFTS patients, suggesting that the mechanisms behind the high CFR may be multi-organ failure induced by hemophagocytic syndrome and coagulopathy due to disseminated intravascular coagulation causing bleeding tendency. To reduce the morbidity and mortality of SFTS, understanding of the pathophysiology of SFTS is required.
Preoperative Chest Radiography in Elective Surgery: Review and Update.

Introduction The preoperative evaluation is designed to identify factors that may predispose a patient to perioperative complications in an effort to ensure patient safety. The use of chest radiography in the preoperative evaluation has progressed from routine testing to a more selective approach based on evidence that routine testing is low yield. However, preoperative chest radiography (POCR) may still be utilized more frequently than necessary as guidelines provide varying recommendations and providers continue to order the test by convention. The literature is reviewed to update providers on the indications for POCR and encourage more selective use. Methods Articles related to POCR were retrieved via PubMed search and subsequent cited reference search. Effort was made to analyze primarily meta-analysis, systematic reviews and current guidelines and secondarily larger observational studies. No randomized controlled trials related to use of POCR were identified. Findings POCR frequently detects abnormalities; however, a majority of abnormalities detected are in patients with a history of cardiopulmonary disease or signs and symptoms indicative of cardiopulmonary disease. The frequency with which detected abnormalities influence perioperative management is low and evidence suggests that the clinical examination alone provides sufficient information to dictate any necessary changes in management in a majority of cases. Current evidence does not support the ability of POCR to reliably predict postoperative pulmonary complications. Conclusions Selective use of POCR is recommended. Emphasis on a thorough preoperative clinical examination is usually sufficient to make decisions on perioperative management as POCR rarely provides significant additional information. POCR is generally indicated in patients with signs or symptoms of acute or unstable cardiopulmonary disease. The relationship between POCR and patient outcomes, morbidity and mortality is not known.
Effects of feed removal on thermoregulation and intestinal morphology in pigs recovering from acute hyperthermia.

Feed consumption increases body temperature and may delay a return to euthermia and exacerbate intestinal injury following acute hyperthermia recovery in pigs. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate the effects of feed removal on body temperature and intestinal morphology in pigs exposed to acute hyperthermia and then rapidly cooled. Twenty-four gilts (78.53 ± 5.46 kg) were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 12 pigs; 21.21 ± 0.31 °C; 61.88 ± 6.93% RH) conditions for 6 h, or heat stress (HS; 38.51 ± 0.60 °C; 36.38 ± 3.40% RH) conditions for 3 h followed by a 3-h recovery period of rapid cooling (HSC;n = 12 pigs; TN conditions and cold water dousing). Within each recovery treatment, one-half of the pigs were provided feed ad libitum (AF; n = 6 pigs per recovery treatment) and one-half of the pigs were not provided feed (NF; n = 6 pigs per recovery treatment). Gastrointestinal (TGI), vaginal (TV), and skin (TSK) temperatures and respiration rate (RR) were recorded every 15 min. Pigs were video-recorded to assess feeding and drinking attempts. Immediately following the 6-h thermal stress period, pigs were euthanized, and intestinal samples were collected to assess morphology. During the HS period, Tv, TGI, TSK, and RR were increased (P 0.05). A decrease (P < 0.01) in jejunum and ileum villus height (24.72% and 26.11%, respectively) and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (24.03% and 25.29%, respectively) was observed in HSC vs. TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. Ileum goblet cells were reduced (P = 0.01; 37.87%) in HSC vs. TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. In summary, TGI decreased more rapidly following acute hyperthermia when the feed was removed, and this may have implications toward using feed removal as a strategy to promote acute hyperthermia recovery in pigs.
Acclimatization in the physiological performance of an introduced ectotherm

Phenotypic flexibility may facilitate range expansion by allowing organisms to maintain high levels of performance when introduced to novel environments. Phenotypic flexibility, such as reversible acclimatization, permits organisms to achieve high performance over a wide range of environmental conditions, without the costly allocation or acquisition tradeoffs associated with behavioral thermoregulation, which may expedite range expansions in introduced species. The northern curly-tailed lizard, Leiocephalus carinatus, was introduced to the United States in the 1940s and is now established in southern Florida. We measured bite force and the thermal sensitivity of sprinting of L. carinatus during the winter and spring to determine how morphology and performance varied seasonally. We found evidence of seasonal variation in several aspects of physiological performance. Lizards sampled in spring sprinted faster and tolerated higher temperatures, while lizards sampled in winter had high performance over a wider range of temperatures. Furthermore, seasonal differences in physiology were only detected after generating thermal reaction norms. Both sprint and bite force performance did not differ seasonally when solely comparing performance at a common temperature. No seasonal relationships between morphology and performance were detected. Our results suggest that L. carinatus may use reversible acclimatization to maintain high levels of performance across seasons not typically experienced within their native range. Thermal physiology plasticity may ameliorate the impacts of sub-optimal temperatures on performance without the cost of behavioral thermoregulation. Our work highlights the importance of utilizing reaction norms when evaluating performance and the potential ecological impacts of introduced species.
Comparison of Autologous vs Homologous Costal Cartilage Grafts in Dorsal Augmentation Rhinoplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance Augmentation rhinoplasty requires adding cartilage to provide enhanced support to the structure of the nose. Autologous costal cartilage and irradiated homologous costal cartilage (IHCC) are well-accepted rhinoplasty options. Tutoplast is another alternative cartilage source. No studies, to our knowledge, have definitively demonstrated a higher rate of complications with IHCC grafts compared with autologous costal cartilage grafts. Objective To compare rates of outcomes in the published literature for patients undergoing septorhinoplasty with autologous costal cartilage vs IHCC grafts vs Tutoplast grafts. Data Sources For this systematic review and meta-analysis, the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for articles published from database inception to February 2019 using the following keywords:septorhinoplasty, rhinoplasty, autologous costal cartilage graft, cadaveric cartilage graft,andrib graft. Study Selection Abstracts and full texts were reviewed in duplicate, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Only patients who underwent an en bloc dorsal onlay graft were included for comparison to ensure a homogenous study sample. A total of 1308 results were found. After duplicate records were removed, 576 unique citations remained. Studies were published worldwide between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2017. Data Extraction and Synthesis Independent extraction by 2 authors was performed. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Main Outcomes and Measures All reported outcomes after septorhinoplasty and rates of graft warping, resorption, infection, contour irregularity, and revision surgery among patients receiving autologous grafts vs IHCC vs Tutoplast cartilage grafts. Results Of 576 unique citations, 54 studies were included in our systematic review; 28 studies were included after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our search captured 1041 patients of whom 741 received autologous grafts and 293 received IHCC grafts (regardless of type). When autologous cartilage (n = 748) vs IHCC (n = 153) vs Tutoplast cartilage (n = 140) grafts were compared, no difference in warping (5%; 95% CI, 3%-9%), resorption (2%; 95% CI, 0%-2%), contour irregularity (1%; 95% CI, 0%-3%), infection (2%; 95% CI, 0%-4%), or revision surgery (5%; 95% CI, 2%-9%) was found. Conclusions and Relevance No difference was found in outcomes between autologous and homologous costal cartilage grafts, including rates of warping, resorption, infection, contour irregularity, or revisions, in patients undergoing dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty. En bloc dorsal onlay grafts are commonly used in augmentation rhinoplasty to provide contour and structure to the nasal dorsum.
Nature of Terminating Hydroxyl Groups and Intercalating Water in Ti3C2Tx MXenes: A Study by 1H Solid-State NMR and DFT Calculations

Since the discovery of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, referred to as MXenes, research efforts have targeted their applications in energy storage, as lithium-ion batteries and supercapac...
What Is the Long-Term Impact of an Implant Stewardship Program on Orthopaedic Trauma Implant Pricing?

Objectives To analyze the effectiveness of an implant stewardship program on implant cost containment and to estimate surgeon responsiveness to implant price changes. Design Interrupted time series. Setting Level I trauma center. Patients/participants Monitored usage of 5 trauma constructs by 10 surgeons over a 5-year period. Intervention Red-Yellow-Green (RYG) implant pricing comparison chart. Main outcome measurements Primary outcomes were changes in the mean price, minimum price, and the number of price changes. The secondary outcome was surgeon responsiveness to RYG/cost changes. Results The study consisted of 2468 procedures. A mean construct price decrease of $66 per year (95% confidence interval [CI], $-170 to $-151), with distal femoral plates demonstrating the largest mean annual price decline ($486; 95% CI, $-540 to $-432). The minimum construct price decreased by $131 per year (95% CI, $-155 to $-111), with the largest reductions observed for distal femoral plates (-$436 per year; 95% CI, $-516 to $-354) and external fixators (-$122 per year; 95% CI, $-258 to $-136). The median price decrease was $407 (range: $6 to $2491), or 12.5% of the previous price. Positive changes in RYG levels increased surgeon usage of tibial nails by 115%, femoral nails by 106%, and external fixators by 104%. Surgeon implant selection was insensitive to RYG changes for distal femoral plates (RYG elasticity [ERYG]: -0.74) and proximal tibia plates (ERYG: -0.21). Conclusions The implant stewardship program was associated with substantial implant price reductions. Surgeon implant selection was especially sensitive to price changes for intramedullary nails and external fixators. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Regional Variations in Diagnostic Radiology Residency Stipends Are Accentuated When Correlated With Cost of Living.

Abstract Objectives To determine and compare the relative value of diagnostic radiology resident stipends when adjusted for regional cost of living. Methods The ACGME database was queried for a list of accredited allopathic diagnostic radiology residency programs for academic year 2017-2018. Stipend information for R1 positions (post-graduate year 2) was identified through each program's website. Data was grouped and analyzed by city, state, and geographical region. Stipends were then correlated with the 2017 annual region-specific average cost of living index (COLI). Results There were 194 programs identified, of which 118 (60.8%) were analyzed after exclusions for lack of stipend or corresponding COLI data. The average annual stipend was $57,161±$4,242 (range, $49,547-$72,000). The COLI-adjusted value was $51,357±$9,927 (range, $26,915-$68,827). The average difference between stipend and cost-ofliving adjusted value was -$5,804±$12,610 (range, -$40,953-$10,958), corresponding to an average -9.1% stipend value loss (range, -58.1%-21.7%, P = .00000004). Value loss in large metropolitan cities was as high as 53.8%. Discussion Financial issues are one of the biggest challenges faced by trainees and have been correlated with increased stress as well as poor academic performance. The pressures of debt can also play a significant role in ultimate subspecialty career choice. Discrepancies between resident stipends, which are not adjusted based on the local COLI, are exacerbated by large regional variations in cost of living. Residency applicants should not discount regional cost of living when deciding where to train, and training programs should consider cost of living when setting stipend levels for their trainees.
A New Era in Pharmacovigilance: Toward Real-World Data and Digital Monitoring

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major concern for patients, clinicians, and regulatory agencies. The discovery of serious ADRs leading to substantial morbidity and mortality has resulted in mandatory phase IV clinical trials, black box warnings, and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Real-world data, data collected during routine clinical care, is being adopted by innovators, regulators, payors, and providers to inform decision making throughout the product life cycle. We outline several different approaches to modern pharmacovigilance, including spontaneous reporting databases, electronic health record monitoring and research frameworks, social media surveillance, and the use of digital devices. Some of these platforms are well-established while others are still emerging or experimental. We highlight both the potential opportunity, as well as the existing challenges within these pharmacovigilance systems that have already begun to impact the drug development process, as well as the landscape of postmarket drug safety monitoring. Further research and investment into different and complementary pharmacovigilance systems is needed to ensure the continued safety of pharmacotherapy.
Impact of Cultural and Individual Factors on Customer Choice Strategies in China and South Korea: A Study in the Mobile Phone

Understanding customers’ choice strategies is important in order for marketing managers to develop and implement marketing programs directed at improving customer satisfaction. Prior research on customer choice strategies has mainly focused on decisions related to different product attributes or purchasing situations in Western cultures. Little research, however, has focused on how cultural and individual factors affect customer choice strategies within an East Asian context. This research fills this gap by investigating the adoption of choice strategies in China and South Korea. It examines the extent to which ethnocentrism, emotion, purchasing experience, imitation, and patience influence which choice strategies customers adopt: lexicographic, elimination-by-aspects, or weighted additive. Results provide practical implications on how multi-national companies might adjust their strategies in Chinese and South Korean cultures.
Investigating the operational performance of connected and autonomous vehicles on signalized superstreets

With the development of artificial intelligence and wireless communication technology, connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) have been treated as a promising strategy to increase road capacity a...
Justice without Fear or Favour? The Uncertain Future of the International Criminal Court

This essay traces the history of the International Criminal Court from its establishment in 1998 until the current day. It briefly surveys the history of the Court’s founding and evokes many of its current challenges and innovative aspects of its jurisprudence, particularly regarding jurisdiction, immunities, and admissibility, including decisions relating to the Situations in Afghanistan, Bangladesh/Myanmar, Libya, Palestine, and Sudan. As the essay notes, although many challenges have emerged from internal difficulties the Court has faced or design elements of the Statute, external challenges arising from the geopolitical environment within which it operates exist as well. Despite these problems, which included the imposition of harsh sanctions by the U.S. government in 2020, the ICC has persevered because its power derives from its Member States and its activities and operations are firmly grounded in principles of general international law. The essay concludes that the pressing social problems for which the ICC was established remain urgent today. Hence, the international community should “lean in” and embrace targeted reforms of the Court that can strengthen it and continue to work for universal ratification of the Statute.
An update on the rockets for extended-source X-ray spectroscopy

The Rockets for Extended-source X-ray Spectroscopy (tREXS) are a funded series of sounding rocket instruments to detect diffuse soft X-ray emission from astrophysical sources. The first launch of tREXS is scheduled for Q4 2021, with a goal to observe the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant. tREXS house a four-channel grating spectrometer that uses passive, mechanical focusers, arrays of reflection gratings, and an extended focal plane based around Teledyne CIS 113 CMOS sensors. We present here an update on the instrument design, build, and calibrations in advance of the launch later this year.
Formation Flying in Earth, Libration, and Distant Retrograde Orbits

This slide presentation examines the current and future state of formation flying, LEO formations, control strategies for flight in the vicinity of the libration points, and distant retrograde orbit formations. This discussion of LEO formations includes background on perturbation theory/accelerations and LEO formation flying. The discussion of strategies for formation flight in the vicinity of the libration points includes libration missions and natural and controlled libration orbit formations. A reference list is included.