cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between physical activity and aerobic fitness.

AIM Physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are indicators of cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortality. Many health advocates use PA and CRF interchangeably. However, quantification of the relationship between objectively measured PA and CRF is rarely found. METHODS The association between objectively measured PA volume (PAv), intensity (PAi), and CRF indexed by V.O(2max) was assessed in a cross-sectional study; 275 women (40.1+/-3.0 years) wore accelerometers at the hip for seven days. They performed a graded maximal treadmill test to measure CRF and had their percent body fat (%BF) assessed. RESULTS PAv (F=12.33, P<0.0001) and PAi (F=48.5, P<0.0001) were both significant predictors of CRF, together accounting for 26.9% of the variance (P<0.0001). However, with PAi controlled, PAv was not related to CRF. Yet, with PAv controlled, PAi remained a strong predictor. %BF explained 47% (P<0.0001) of the variance in CRF. CONCLUSIONS CRF is more a function of PAi than PAv in middle-aged women. More than 70% of the variance in CRF can be explained by factors other than PA, particularly %BF, suggesting that CRF may not be an appropriate surrogate for PA.
The Element Bending Group Method

In-plane tension and out-of-plane bending are characteristic deformation patterns in sheet metal forming processes. The sheet geometry, with one very small dimension, allows profitable approximations to be made in the simulation of stamping processes. There are three basic approaches which appear in the literature with regard to how the bending deformation in numerical modeling is handled: membrane, shell, and solid.
Freedom of Thought as a Basic Liberty

Freedom of thought has been lauded in political theory and celebrated in human rights discourse. But what kind of freedom is it? I propose that freedom of thought deserves status as a basic liberty...
SGX-Log: Securing System Logs With SGX

System logs are the greatest forensics assets that capture how an operating system or a program behaves. System logs are often the next immediate attack target once a system is compromised, and it is thus paramount to protect them. This paper introduces SGX-Log, a new logging system that ensures the integrity and confidentiality of log data. The key idea is to redesign a logging system by leveraging a recent hardware extension, called Intel SGX, which provides a secure enclave with sealing and unsealing primitives to protect program code and data in both memory and disk from being modified in an unauthorized manner even from high privilege code. We have implemented SGX-Log atop the recent Ubuntu 14.04 for secure logging using real SGX hardware. Our evaluation shows that SGX-Log introduces no observable performance overhead to the programs that generate the log requests, and it also imposes very small overhead to the log daemons.
What Do Nonprofit Hospitals Maximize? Medical Service Provision and Market Ownership Mix

Conflicting theories of the nonprofit firm have existed for several decades yet empirical research has not resolved these debates, partly because the theories are not easily testable but also because empirical research generally considers organizations in isolation rather than in markets. Here we examine three types of hospitals - nonprofit, for-profit, and government - and their spillover effects. We look at the effect of for-profit ownership share within markets in two ways, on the provision of medical services and on operating margins at the three types of hospitals. We find that nonprofit hospitals' medical service provision systematically varies by market mix. We find no significant effect of for-profit market share on the operating margins of nonprofit hospitals. These results fit best with theories in which hospitals maximize their own output.
The Limits of Public Justification

In the previous chapter, I spelled out how an exclusive principle of public reason differs from a laissez-faire principle and Rawls's more inclusive principle and showed how it requires people to exercise as much self-restraint as possible when they offer reasons to those who are likely to reasonably disagree with them. I also stressed that following an exclusive principle of public reason is more likely to produce reasons that are more easily understood in a society like our own. In this chapter, I want to shift my focus from those who try to publicly justify public laws and constitutional decisions to those who are asked to accept the public justification in question. Public justification has two sides, and those who care about justifying the most important laws not only give reasons but also receive them. I then explain how a reasonable person should go about determining whether the justification that someone else has offered is good enough to legitimize the decision at issue. This approach also requires good faith and competence. Just because someone sincerely believes a reason to be sufficiently public does not make it so. At the same time, that belief ought to prompt others to scrutinize their own reasons more carefully and be willing to revise them when necessary. The more complicated the case, the more likely reasonable persons will dispute whether particular reasons have met the standard of public justification, and the burden of proof is on those who seek to restrict the freedom of others or treat them unequally.
Simple and Efficient Fabrication of Mayenite Electrides from a Solution-Derived Precursor

Mayenite (12CaO·7Al2O3, C12A7) electride with an anti-zeolite nanoporous structure has attracted intense attention due to its versatile promising application potentials. However, the synthesis difficulty because of extremely harsh conditions (e.g., reduction in sealed calcium or titanium vapor) significantly obstructs its realistic applications. In this work, we employed a simple, efficient, and cost-effective route for synthesizing mayenite electrides (C12A7:e–) in both powder and dense ceramic. C12A7:e– powders with efficient electron doping (3.5 × 1020 cm–3) were obtained via simple graphite reduction of a novel mixture precursor of CaAl2O4 (CA) and Ca3Al2O6 (C3A) derived from a modified Pechini method. The structural evolution during the electride formation was investigated, and it was found that reduction below 1300 °C induced the formation of Ca5Al6O14 (C5A3), while reduction above 1400 °C helped retain the mayenite structure. Fully dense C12A7:e– ceramics were also fabricated via graphite reduction...
Impact of Receiving Secondary Results from Genomic Research: A 12‐Month Longitudinal Study

The impact of returning secondary results from exome sequencing (ES) on patients/participants is important to understand as ES is increasingly utilized in clinical care and research. Participants were recruited from studies using ES and were separated into two arms: 107 who had ES and were offered the choice to learn secondary results (ES group) and 85 who had not yet had ES (No ES group). Questionnaires were administered at baseline and 1 and 12 months, following results disclosure (ES group) or enrollment (No ES group). While the majority (65%) elected to learn all results following pre-test counseling, it was reduced from the 76% who indicated a desire for all results at baseline. Thirty-seven percent received results associated with an increased personal disease risk. There were no differences in changes in any of the psychological and social measures from baseline to post-results disclosure between the ES and No ES groups. Receiving a wide range of secondary findings appeared to have little measurable impact on most participants. The experience of learning secondary results may be related to participants' previous experiences with genetics, as well as the genetic counseling provided. Future research with a more diverse, genetically naive group, as well as scalable methods of delivery, is needed.
Grating-coupled oscillator experiments at submillimeter/FIR wavelengths

The grating-coupled oscillator (GCO) as configured at Dartmouth has produced coherent, tunable radiation over the wavelength range of 1 cm to 400 microns. This device utilizes a periodic metal grating in conjunction with a mildly relativistic electron beam (15- 130 keV) to produce Smith-Purcell radiation. Confocal mirrors placed at each end of the grating structure form a resonant cavity that allows for the growth of the radiation field to occur, thus enhancing the radiative process. In the past, a TM interaction model has been used to determine operational aspects of the device such as dispersion, electronic tuning, and start oscillation current. Experimental results have been compared in detail to theoretical predictions and excellent agreement has been found. Correlating the TM formalism with the dipole radiation viewpoint of Smith and Purcell has resulted in a deeper understanding of how these devices operate. The Smith-Purcell model suggests that the use of new resonator designs may result in the extension of the wavelength of the device to the 10 micron region.
Enhanced neuronal and blunted hemodynamic reactivity to cocaine in the prefrontal cortex following extended cocaine access: optical imaging study in anesthetized rats.

Cocaine addiction is associated with dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which facilitates relapse and compulsive drug taking. To assess if cocaine's effects on both neuronal and vascular activity contribute to PFC dysfunction, we used optical coherence tomography and multi-wavelength laser speckle to measure vascularization and hemodynamics and used GCaMP6f to monitor intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+ ]in ) as a marker of neuronal activity. Rats were given short (1 hour; ShA) or long (6 hours; LgA) access cocaine self-administration. As expected, LgA but not ShA rats escalated cocaine intake. In naive rats, acute cocaine decreased oxygenated hemoglobin, increased deoxygenated hemoglobin and reduced cerebral blood flow in PFC, likely due to cocaine-induced vasoconstriction. ShA rats showed enhanced hemodynamic response and slower recovery after cocaine, versus naive. LgA rats showed a blunted hemodynamic response, but an enhanced PFC neuronal [Ca2+ ]in increase after cocaine challenge associated with drug intake. Both ShA and LgA groups had higher vessel density, indicative of angiogenesis, presumably to compensate for cocaine's vasoconstricting effects. Cocaine self-administration modified the PFC cerebrovascular responses enhancing it in ShA and attenuating it in LgA animals. In contrast, LgA but not ShA animals showed sensitized neuronal reactivity to acute cocaine in the PFC. The opposite changes in hemodynamics (decreased) and neuronal responses (enhanced) in LgA rats indicate that these constitute distinct effects and suggest that the neuronal and not the vascular effects are associated with escalation of cocaine intake in addiction whereas its vascular effect in PFC might contribute to cognitive deficits that increase vulnerability to relapse.
White matter tract network disruption explains reduced conscientiousness in multiple sclerosis

Quantifying white matter (WM) tract disruption in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) provides a novel means for investigating the relationship between defective network connectivity and clinical markers. PwMS exhibit perturbations in personality, where decreased Conscientiousness is particularly prominent. This trait deficit influences disease trajectory and functional outcomes such as work capacity. We aimed to identify patterns of WM tract disruption related to decreased Conscientiousness in PwMS. Personality assessment and brain MRI were obtained in 133 PwMS and 49 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Lesion maps were applied to determine the severity of WM tract disruption between pairs of gray matter regions. Next, the Network-Based-Statistics tool was applied to identify structural networks whose disruption negatively correlates with Conscientiousness. Finally, to determine whether these networks explain unique variance above conventional MRI measures and cognition, regression models were applied controlling for age, sex, brain volume, T2-lesion volume, and cognition. Relative to HCs, PwMS exhibited lower Conscientiousness and slowed cognitive processing speed (p = .025, p = .006). Lower Conscientiousness in PwMS was significantly associated with WM tract disruption between frontal, frontal-parietal, and frontal-cingulate pathways in the left (p = .02) and right (p = .01) hemisphere. The mean disruption of these pathways explained unique additive variance in Conscientiousness, after accounting for conventional MRI markers of pathology and cognition (ΔR2 = .049, p = .029). Damage to WM tracts between frontal, frontal-parietal, and frontal-cingulate cortical regions is significantly correlated with reduced Conscientiousness in PwMS. Tract disruption within these networks explains decreased Conscientiousness observed in PwMS as compared with HCs.
Current Readings: Single vs Bilateral Internal Mammary Artery in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

There is strong retrospective data demonstrating that bilateral internal mammary artery (BIMA) grafting leads to better long-term survival as compared to left internal mammary artery grafting. However, this survival advantage was not corroborated by the interim results of the Arterial Revascularization Trial. Today, there are barriers to widespread adoption of BIMA grafting. One of the main disadvantages of the use of BIMA grafts is the higher risk of deep sternal wound infection. Deep sternal wound infections can be minimized by skeletonized harvesting of the internal mammary artery grafts, which preserve blood flow to the sternum. Also, utilizing the BIMA graft as a "Y" graft may lead to more complete revascularization compared to its in situ use. BIMA grafting on average takes 25 minutes longer operating time with a higher in-hospital costs. We eagerly await the 10-year results of the Arterial Revascularization Trial to determine the truly unbiased randomized long-term effectiveness of BIMA grafting.
Regularisation in Coded-Aperture Spect

In pinhole-coded-aperture medical imaging the linear system of equations to be inverted for an object reconstruction is often vastly underdetermined (up to 90%, say). Our interest is in a comparison of object reconstructions based on maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates where the prior probability densities are members of exponential families. Preliminary results indicate that, for standard diagnostic tasks, a maximum entropy regulariser performs comparably to a positivity-norm regulariser.
Tribochemistry in contact recording

Even though the flying height is approaching molecular dimensions, it is expected to decrease as the areal recording density is increased. This study employs a new low-velocity test to obtain ultralow flying height with sustained intermittent asperity contacts and random seek accessing in a region near the middle diameter of the disk. Sensitive surface analytical tools are employed to follow tribochemical changes. Profiles are periodically measured across the disk surface using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for lubricant thickness and scanning-imaging micro-ellipsometry. Zdol lubricant is removed from the tested region through evaporation of low molecular weight scission fragments. The removal rate increased with increasing chemisorbed fraction and decreasing relative humidity. The increased removal rate is attributed to increases in the Zdol relaxation time. A longer relaxation time allows more time for bond dissociation following asperity contacts. Chemisorption sites in the tested region were occupied by chemisorbed scission fragments with a carboxylic acid end group. Amine and sodium salts of the carboxylic acid were detected on the tested regions of Zdol lubricated, and unlubricated, overcoats. The presence of tribochemically generated carboxylic acid groups on Zdol and overcoat carbon explain the increased water adsorption measured on the tested regions.