cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progression of Renal Insufficiency in Children and Adolescents With Neuropathic Bladder is Not Accelerated by Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction

Purpose: Children with chronic renal insufficiency and neuropathic bladder resistant to medical management may require lower urinary tract reconstruction before renal transplantation. A low pressure urinary reservoir optimizes the chance of graft survival and may slow native kidney death. We evaluated whether the renal deterioration rate is affected by augmentation cystoplasty.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study in children who presented to our institution with chronic renal insufficiency and neuropathic bladders from 2005 to 2009. Chronic renal insufficiency was defined as a glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml per minute. As a surrogate for renal function change, we used the inverse creatinine trend with respect to time to determine the progression rate of renal insufficiency before and after augmentation.Results: A total of 11 patients with a mean glomerular filtration rate of 34 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, mean bladder capacity 168 ml and mean compliance 3.5 ml/cm ...
Neuronal Control of Acetylcholine Receptor Turnover Rate at a Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction

The turnover rate of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions in mice increases progressively after denervation and, after 15 days, reaches a half-time of 30 z 5 hours. Denervation thus causes the clustered junctional acetylcholine receptors to assume the rapid turnover characteristic of extrajunctional receptors before innervation.
Vasospasm Contributes to Monosodium Glutamate-lnduced Headache

Consumption of monosodium glutamate has long been considered to precipitate headaches in susceptible patients. In this study the direct effects of glutamate and its metabolite, glutamine, on arterial contractility were examined using rings of rabbit aorta. In a high concentration glutamate caused significant concentration-dependent contractions (EC50, 10(-1)M; maximum tension, 188.4 +/- 33.3 mg wt tension/mg tissue). Agonists and antagonists for alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, and GABA-nergic receptors as well as inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis failed to influence glutamate contractions. At high concentrations (10(-5)M) the calcium channel blocker, verapamil, inhibited the glutamate response. Glutamate and glutamine both exhibited concentration dependent relaxation of norepinephrine (NE), phenylephrine (PE), histamine, serotonin (5-HT), and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha)-induced contractions. Kainic acid (10(-4)M), an agonist of one subpopulation of central glutamate receptor, potentiated glutamate-induced vasoconstriction; a higher concentration (10(-3)M) produced an irreversible inhibition of glutamate contractility. Only the central glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine (10(-4)-10(-2)M), induced a reversible, concentration dependent inhibition of glutamate-induced contractions. Glutamate contractility was not dependent on extracellular calcium, an intact endothelium or neuronal function. These results demonstrate a direct effect of glutamate on peripheral arterial tone. Dietary consumption of large quantities of MSG may represent a serious health hazard to certain individuals with pre-existing vascular disease.
Endoscopic inspection and measurement

The design of a panoramic viewing system and its application to cavity inspection and measurement are discussed, along with the general properties of a special panoramic annular lens (PAL). Various examples are described, showing how the PAL can be used for simple inspection or for precision contouring of interior walls of cavities using techniques such as moire, holointerferometry, and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI).
Comparison in the Coating of Mg(OH)2 on Micron-Sized and Nanometer-Sized Nb2O5 Particles

Using Mg(OH)2 coating on Nb2O5 particles as a model system, the effects of core particle size and that of aging on coating in an aqueous environment were investigated. Specifically, two Nb2O5 particle sizes were used in this study: micron-sized commercial Nb2O5 powder and 17-nm synthesized Nb2O5 particles. Coating of Mg(OH)2 on Nb2O5 was carried out by precipitating Mg(OH)2 from magnesium nitrate in an aqueous Nb2O5 suspension. The coating behavior of Mg(OH)2 on Nb2O5 was examined with optical microscopy, zeta-potential measurement, and local chemical analysis by energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the size of Nb2O5 plays an important role in the coating behavior of Mg(OH)2. Optical micrographs, zeta-potential measurements, as well as local EDS analysis all indicated that coating Mg(OH)2 on micron-sized Nb2O5 particles was easier than on nanometer-sized Nb2O5 particles. We attribute the difficulty in coating Mg(OH)2 on nanometer-sized Nb2O5 to the enhanced dissolution of Mg(OH)2 by the nanometer particle size as a result of the Kelvin effect. Aging improved the coating on micron-sized Nb2O5 but did not exhibit significant improvement in the Mg(OH)2 coating on nanometer-sized Nb2O5 particles. It is likely that aging modified the coating behavior of Mg(OH)2 on Nb2O5 via a dissolution-re-precipitation mechanism.
Respiratory Bronchiolitis Associated With Severe Dyspnea, Exertional Hypoxemia, and Clubbing

Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease(RBILD) is a distinct clinicopathologic disease described almostexclusively in cigarette smokers. 1,2 The disease usuallypresents with mild symptoms and is associated with a goodprognosis. 2 Severe lung dysfunction has not been reportedwith RBILD, which is often confused clinically and radiographicallywith desquamative interstitial lung disease or idiopathic pulmonaryfibrosis (IPF). Two patients with RBILD who developed severe dyspnea, hypoxemia, and clubbing are described. Initially, IPF was diagnosed inboth patients. The severity of symptoms was such that the firstpatient's room air saturation was 85% and the second patient hadsevere impairment of lung function, with FEV 1 of 39% andFVC of 40%. Advanced lung disease required supplemental home oxygentherapy in the first patient and referral for lung transplantevaluation in the second patient. After a detailed review of histologyrevealed a diagnosis of RBILD, both patients were encouraged to stopsmoking; smoking cessation led to considerable improvement in symptomsand lung function tests. We conclude that advanced lung dysfunctionoccurs in some patients with RBILD and should not dissuade thatdiagnosis.
Avoiding Zeno's paradox in impulse-based rigid body simulation

Treating “resting” contacts (i.e., contacts with zero normal relative velocity), using forces is problematic due to inconsistent configurations. For this reason, treating resting contacts with impulses instead of forces has become common, but this approach also suffers from a significant problem: applying impulses at the time-of-contact can keep the simulation from advancing. This scenario is analogous to one of the paradoxes devised by the philosopher Zeno, and has been referred to as a Zeno point in the simulation community. I describe how to avoid Zeno points without violating the theoretical dynamic behavior of the simulated bodies and without permitting interpenetration. Two experiments demonstrate that the method works as desired where alternative approaches that required accepting interpenetration or longer running times were previously required.
THE BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL BEHAVIOUR OF PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMAS OF THE OPTIC PATHWAYS

The clinical and pathological findings in thirty patients with pilocytic astrocytomas of the anterior visual pathways were analysed. Our cases and those in the literature did not show positive correlation between the extent of surgical resection or irradiation or the presence of residual tumour, and the length of survival or degree of residual disability. Most of these tumours may be considered hamartoma-like growths, akin to developmental malformations, among which aggressive behaviour is exceptional. Their inherently benign nature, associated with long periods of dormancy and spontaneous regression, indicate that treatment should be conservative, and that a surprisingly favourable outcome can often be anticipated.
Performance evaluation of a reservation random access scheme for packetized wireless systems with call control

A method for design and analysis of wireless cells using reservation random access (RRA) schemes for packet access control integrated with a call admission control procedure is presented. The state process of the system is modeled as a vector Markov chain. The transition probability function for this process is derived, and its steady-state distribution is computed. This result is used to calculate the packet dropping probability and the call blocking probability. By setting limits on their maximum attained levels, one can derive the Erlang capacity of the system. For a specific RRA scheme, the Erlang capacity of the system is about twice the Erlang capacity attained by a comparable fixed assigned TDMA scheme. It is shown that an optimal level for the call admission threshold can be selected to yield the highest call throughput level. >
Considerations in the development of an intelligent design associative

The authors present a simple single-input, single-output, linear, time-invariant, analog control system design example, using an expert system that acts as the design associate. It analyzes the present system, requests the computer-aided control system design (CACSD) package to perform specific computational tasks, looks at the results, decides what type of compensator (in any) need be added to the system, and applies the appropriate compensation heuristic. In addition, the expert system asks for the designer's approval of its intended action and allows the designer to modify its suggested design plan. >
Techniques for producing low-noise, improved efficiency holograms.

Photographic processing techniques for producing high efficiency, low noise phase holograms on silver halide emulsions have been investigated. Control of the emulsion and maintenance of the integrity of the holographic record throughout all processing were identified as prime requisites for high quality holographic reconstructions. Holograms have been obtained which yield approximately 30% diffraction efficiency and signal to scattered noise (S/N) in excess of 50:1 in the reconstruction of a diffuse wavefront. Holographic interferometry and ghost imaging with diffuse subjects has also been achieved with these techniques.
Prostate carcinoma presenting with bulky mediastinal and cervical lymphadenopathy

A 65-year-old Caucasian man with a high-risk prostatic carcinoma metastatic to the bones and regional pelvic nodes received palliative radiotherapy followed by combined hormonal therapy with leuprolide and bicalutamide only to rapidly progress in a bulky left-sided cervical and mediastinal adenopathy (figures 1⇓–3). Cervical node biopsy was positive for a metastatic prostate carcinoma. He was offered docetaxel and prednisone and experienced a significant decrease in all areas of lymphadenopathy after …
Professional employees' preference for upward mobility: An extension.

Abstract In a recent article Harlow (1973) provided some empirical data regarding the upward mobility aspirations of professional employees. In partial support of Presthus' accomodation theory 1962 she found a positive correlation between preference for promotion (PP) and job satisfaction (JS). She also reported conflicting findings relating ambiguity tolerance (AT) and PP. The results reported here test the two hypotheses she investigated and a third hypothesis, suggested by Presthus, relating organizational commitment (OC) and PP. The analyses confirmed Harlow's findings concerned with the relationship between PP and JS, failed to find any relationship between AT and PP, and showed a positive association between OC and PP.
Safety and efficacy of radiofrequency wire recanalization of chronic central venous occlusions

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of using a radiofrequency wire (RF) for central venous occlusion (CVO) recanalization after failure using conventional techni...
Multiple Signaling Pathways Regulating Steroidogenesis and Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression: More Complicated than We Thought

Steroid hormone biosynthesis in steroidogenic cells is regulated through trophic hormone activation of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways. However, many examples of the regulation of steroid synthesis via pathways other than the PKA pathway have been documented. In some cases these pathways act independently of PKA activation whereas in other cases, they act synergistically with it. The current understanding of additional signaling pathways and factors, such as the protein kinase C pathway, arachidonic acid metabolites, growth factors, chloride ion, the calcium messenger system, and others capable of regulating/modulating steroid hormone biosynthesis, and in many cases steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, are discussed in this review.
The microstructures of social tagging: a rational model

This article presents a rational model developed under the distributed cognition framework that explains how social tags influence knowledge acquisition and adaptation in exploratory ill-defined information tasks. The model provides integrated predictions on the interactions among link selections, use and creation of tags, and the formation of mental categories. The model shows that the quality of tags not only influences search efficiency, but also the quality of mental categories formed during exploratory search. In addition, the model shows that aggregate regularities can be explained by microstructures of behavior that emerged from the adaptive assimilation of concepts and categories of multiple users through the social tagging system. The model has important implications on how collaborative systems could influence higher-level cognitive activities.
Simplified Thermal Parameters: A Model of the Dynamic Performance of Walls

In situ measurement of wall thermal performance entails two problems: (1) selecting a technique for measuring time-varying surface temperatures and heat fluxes on both sides of the test wall, and (2) reducing this data set into a small number of parameters that characterize the wall. The first problem is addressed by the Envelope Thermal Test Unit (ETTU), consisting of two 1.2 by 1.2 m (4 by 4 ft) blankets placed on either side of the test wall that are used to both measure and control the surface heat fluxes and temperatures of the wall. Dynamic measurements always require specifying a driving cycle to get the dynamic characteristics from the test wall. The choice of a preferred dynamic cycle is addressed, and a pink-noise driving cycle is chosen to maximize the amount of information from a given test. To analyze the data gathered by ETTU, a simplified dynamic model was developed that describes the thermal performance of a wall by a small number of parameters: a steady-state conductance, a time constant, and some storage terms; the authors call these parameters Simplified Thermal Parameters (STPs). The ability of this model to simulate actual wall performance is demonstrated by comparison to results generatedmore » with conventional response-factor methods. The model is used to analyze the behavior of a theoretical multilayer wall whose properties have been specified by a response-factor calculation.« less
The role of filament length, finite-extensibility and motor force dispersity in stress relaxation and buckling mechanisms in non-sarcomeric active gels

After relaxing some assumptions we apply a single-chain mean-field mathematical model recently introduced [RSC Adv. (2014)] to describe the role of molecular motors in the mechanical properties of active gels. The model allows physics that are not available in models postulated on coarser levels of description. Moreover it proposes a level of description that allows the prediction of observables at time scales too difficult to achieve in multi-chain simulations for realistic filament lengths and densities. We model the semiflexible filaments that compose the active gel as bead-spring chains; molecular motors are accounted for by using a mean-field approach, in which filaments undergo transitions of one motor attachment state depending on the state of the probe filament. The level of description includes the end-to-end distance and attachment state of the filaments, and the motor-generated forces, as stochastic state variables which evolve according to a proposed differential Chapman–Kolmogorov equation. The motor-generated forces are drawn from a stationary distribution of motor stall forces. We consider bead-spring chains with multiple beads, explore the effect of finite-extensibility of the strands and incorporate into the model motor force distributions that have been measured experimentally. The model can no longer be solved analytically but is amenable to numerical simulation. This version of the model allows a more quantitative description of buckling dynamics [Lenz et. al. PRL, 2012, 108, 238107] and the dynamic modulus of active gels. The effect of finite extensibility of the filament strands on the dynamic modulus was also found to be in agreement with the microrheology experiments of Mizuno et. al., [Science, 2007, 315, 370–373].
Transforming camera geometry to a virtual downward-looking camera: robust ego-motion estimation and ground-layer detection

This paper presents a robust method to solve two coupled problems, ground-layer detection and vehicle ego-motion estimation, which appear in visual navigation. We virtually rotate the camera to the downward-looking pose in order to exploit the fact that the vehicle motion is roughly constrained to be planar motion on the ground. This camera geometry transformation together with the planar motion constraint will: 1) eliminate the ambiguity between rotational and translation ego-motion parameters, and 2) improve the Hessian matrix condition in the direct motion estimation process. The virtual downward-looking camera enables us to estimate the planar ego-motions even for small image patches. Such local measurements are then combined together, by a robust weighting scheme based on both ground plane geometry and motion compensated intensity residuals, for a global ego-motion estimation and ground plane detection. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by experiments on both synthetic and real data.
Multifunctional Fiber Solar Cell Based on TiO 2 Composite Materials

The paper present a multimode optical fiber based solar lighting and photovoltaic multifunctional device. TiO2, PbS and conducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were coated on the optical core surface as active photovoltaic layers, with ITO and LiF/Al electrodes. The guided sunlight in the multi-moded fiber was totally internal reflected depending on the incident angle and the evanescent light mode from scattered radiation of light was absorbed by the active layer to generate the electric current. The optical-electrical behaviors such as the short circuit current, filling factor, and open circuit voltage were studied. Furthermore, optical loss and the evanescent field at the interface between the optical fiber core and ITO electrode thin layer was discussed in relation to the coupling light from the guiding medium to the devices. Comparison studies of chemical and physical thin film coating on optical fibers are discussed. In particular, we obtained in situ growth of quantum dot, composite electrolyte and plasmonic enhancement on TiO 2 . We have demonstrated waveguide like fiber device with photo current measurements and I-V characterizations. Furthermore, we have optimized the device transmission of visible light through total internal reflection, and PV conversion of evanescent light absorbed by solar active composite materials fabricated around optical fibers.
Adenosine attenuates C-terminal but not N-terminal proteolysis of cTnI during cardioplegic arrest

Background Specific site proteolysis and loss of troponin I (TnI) during myocardial ischemic events can contribute to myocardial dysfunction. Adenosine supplementation of cardioplegic solutions results in improved functional preservation of the heart. We investigated the effect of adenosine on N-terminal and C-terminal proteolysis of TnI in the heart. Materials and methods Hearts from male Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated and perfused at a constant pressure. Cardioplegic arrest (St. Thomas #2 ± 100 μ m adenosine) was induced and hearts frozen at various times during the arrest. Antibodies directed against specific regions of TnI were used to visualize TnI in whole heart homogentates, as well as from cellular fractions, using western blot analysis. Results Cardioplegic arrest alone resulted in early N-terminal proteolysis of TnI, followed by later loss of sequences from the C-terminal end of the molecule. In addition, secondary protein bands that were immunoreactive to amino acid sequences centrally located on the TnI molecule were observed. There was also evidence of dissociation of TnI from the other myofibrillar proteins. The supplementation of cardioplegic solution with adenosine significantly attenuated the late C-terminal proteolytic degradation of TnI and its apparent dissociation from myofibrils proteins but had no effect on the early N-terminal proteolysis associated with cardioplegic arrest. Conclusions These data may provide an explanation for partial protection against postarrest myocardial dysfunction provided by adenosine.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by delayed mastectomy and reconstruction.

Abstract Background The role of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy with total mastectomy is evolving. In patients who desire mastectomy with immediate reconstruction, the final pathologic results of the SLN may create unique problems. Specifically, if the SLN is found to be positive on final pathology, the reconstructed patient would generally require a potentially difficult re-operation on the remaining axillary nodes. The purpose of this study was to review the results of patients who underwent an initial SNL biopsy followed by a planned mastectomy and reconstruction. Methods A chart review of patients who underwent staged SLN biopsy with subsequent definitive procedure between 1997 and 2001 was conducted. These were evaluated with regard to type of tumor, status of sentinel node, and design of subsequent operation. Results There were 40 patients who underwent an initial SLN biopsy followed by a staged mastectomy with reconstruction. Tumors included high-grade carcinoma in situ (n = 4), infiltrating ductal carcinoma (n = 28), invasive lobular carcinoma (n = 4), mucinous carcinoma (n = 1), adenoid cystic carcinoma (n = 1), and mixed ductal and lobular carcinoma (n = 2). Tissue biopsy was obtained by either open (n = 9) or needle (n = 31) technique. Twenty-five patients had a negative SLN biopsy and a delayed total mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. Positive SLNs were identified in 15 patients (37%). Eight patients had macroscopic nodal metastases and underwent a delayed modified radical mastectomy and immediate reconstruction. Seven patients had microscopic nodal metastases and 3 declined further axillary dissection. They proceeded with total mastectomy and immediate reconstruction. Conclusions These data suggest that a substantial proportion of patients treated with SLN biopsy, simple mastectomy, and reconstruction will have positive sentinel lymph nodes. Thus, the ideal approach for patients who wish to have reconstruction should involve an initial SLN biopsy as a separate procedure. If the SLN is benign, the patient may undergo a total mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. However, a patient with a positive SLN may proceed to a modified radical mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. This treatment algorithm eliminates a potentially difficult reoperation on the axilla following reconstruction.
Treatment of ALS with high dose pulse cyclophosphamide

Abstract Autoimmune abnormalities have been described in sporadically acquired amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but ALS patients do not benefit from conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Because Multifocal Motor Neuropathy causes a syndrome mimicking the lower motor neuron involvement in ALS and responds to high dose cyclophosphamide, we tested whether ALS patients would respond to the same treatment. Eighteen patients with classical ALS initially received a high loading dose of intravenous cyclophosphamide (3 g/m2) followed by 6-monthly injections of 750–1000 mg/m2. We monitored isometric strength, fine motor coordination and pulmonary function monthly for 3 months prior to the study, during the treatment phase, and for 6 months after treatment. Treatment subjects were matched to control subjects from the WALS natural history data base and compared on the basis of decline rate (megaslopes). Treatment did not alter the course of ALS.
High-Q tunable bandstop filters with adaptable bandwidth and pole allocation

Tunable bandstop filters are demonstrated with wide tuning ranges, tunable bandwidth, and a variable number of dynamically allocated poles. The number of poles can be dynamically applied at different frequencies to maximize isolation for a given interference scenario. These filters are made with evanescent-mode cavities which use a new loading post geometry that results in greater external coupling for a given physical coupling aperture size. This geometry concentrates the magnetic field within the cavity structure near the coupling aperture, allowing for a smaller coupling aperture and reducing perturbation to the feeding transmission line. The design allows for wider bandwidth bandstop filter responses compared to previously reported geometries. Relatively low external Q values are achieved with minimal perturbation to the passband response. A relatively high Q (450 @ 3 GHz) allows for deep notches and good selectivity.
Estimation of long-term vital status of patients after myocardial infarction using a neural network based on the Alopex algorithm

A large database (Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System, or MIDAS) including all 49,250 myocardial infarctions that occurred in the state of New Jersey in 1986 and 1987 with follow-up as long as five years was used in the development and testing of the neural networks. Since the information included in the database was not sufficient to allow the exact prediction of vital status in all patients with 100% accuracy, a neural network able to categorize patients according to the probability of dying within a given period of time rather than predicting categorically whether a given patient will be dead or alive at a given time in the future was developed. An algorithm to accommodate cases where identical input vectors were associated with different outputs (vital status) and a method of linear output adjustment to describe the degree of confidence of each prediction were also developed. The neural network was able to learn and was successful in predicting vital status at six months. >
Chapter 11 the Influence of H2O and CO2 on Melt Migration in Two Silicate Liquid-Olivine Systems

Experiments were conducted on a synthetic melt plus olivine and a natural melt plus olivine system to determine the influence of H2O and CO2 on the kinetics of melt migration via porous flow. For each experiment, a melt migration couple was formed between a disk of polycrystalline San Carlos olivine and a disk of fully dense glass, which was saturated with either H2O or CO2 and was in chemical equilibrium with San Carlos olivine. For comparison, 'volatile-free' glasses were also used. The melt migration experiments were conducted at a temperature of 1300°C and a confining pressure of 300 MPa for times of 6 and 7 hours for couples involving the synthetic and the natural glasses, respectively. Melt migrated into the dunite during the course of the experiment, in order to decrease the interfacial free energy of the system. Melt migration profiles indicate that the amount of volatiles dissolved in the liquids investigated here has only a modest influence on (i) the rate of melt infiltration and (ii) the volume of melt that a rock can absorb.
The Antecedents of Anger: A Developmental Approach

The present paper is addressed to the antecedents of anger and to the developmental changes that occur in these antecedents in children during their early and middle elementary school years. The data on which this report is based were obtained in the context of the investigation of developmental changes in the antecedents of the major affects (N. Feshbach & Hoffman, 1978). The goals of this present investigation of anger are both descriptive and theoretical. There is surprisingly little data available on the situations that evoke anger in children, and basic descriptive information concerning developmental changes and constancies in the nature of these situations are clearly needed. Secondly, an analysis of developmental shifts in anger eliciting stimuli, and how these changes vary with sex and social class, could augment our understanding of both the processes mediating the affect of anger, and the developmental tasks and challenges that confront the child during this age period.
Impact of Articulated Vehicles

Presentation d'un modele mathematique permettant de calculer les changements de la vitesse des vehicules impliques dans une collision ou soit un soit les deux vehicules sont articules
Making Sense of Institutions as a Factor Shaping Economic Performance (Spanish Version)

There has recently been a resurgence of interest in how institutions affect economic performance. A review of this literature reveals that the concept of an 'institution' means different things to different scholars, both within economics and across the social sciences. This paper discusses what factors unify the different definitions of institutions, and develops a concept of institutions useful for the analysis of economic performance, and economic growth in particular. Specifically, it develops the notion of institutions as standard 'social technologies'. Economic growth results from the co-evolution of physical and social technologies.
Middle East respiratory syndrome vaccines

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected over 1600 individuals with nearly 600 deaths since it was first identified in human populations in 2012. No antiviral therapies or vaccines are available for its treatment or prophylaxis. Approaches to the development of MERS vaccines are discussed herein, including a summary of previous efforts to develop vaccines useful against human and non-human coronaviruses. A striking feature of MERS is the important role that camels have in transmission. Camel vaccination may be a novel approach to preventing human infection.
Duty to Properly Instruct

(1993). Duty to Properly Instruct. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 22-23.
Auto-Disinfecting Power of the Human Skin

The skin was cleaned with soap and warm water. Broth cultures of B. prodigiosus, B. pyocyaneus, B. coli, B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus, B. enteritides, Staphylococcus aureus and albus have been used as test micro-organisms. Roughly 90 to 95% of the number of bacteria applied to clean skin are rendered non-viable within 10 minutes. The coli-typhoid group are destroyed more rapidly than other bacteria. The endogenous Staphylococcus epidermis albus is removed slower than the air strains of the Staphylococcus albus.When dirty or fatty skin is exposed to the same bacteria under similar conditions they are destroyed slowly, depending among other things, upon the thickness and impermeability of foreign fatty layer covering the skin. Viable bacteria can be determined several hours after being applied to such fat covered skin.The finger-nail region is an exception to the self-disinfecting power of other skin area. The region under the finger-nail at the tips of the fingers always contains a large number of Staphylo...
A humanized monoclonal antibody neutralizes yellow fever virus strain 17D-204 in vitro but does not protect a mouse model from disease.

The yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine 17D-204 is considered safe and effective, yet rare severe adverse events (SAEs), some resulting in death, have been documented following vaccination. Individuals exhibiting post-vaccinal SAEs are ideal candidates for antiviral monoclonal antibody (MAb) therapy; the time until appearance of clinical signs post-exposure is usually short and patients are quickly hospitalized. We previously developed a murine-human chimeric monoclonal antibody (cMAb), 2C9-cIgG, reactive with both virulent YFV and 17D-204, and demonstrated its ability to prevent and treat YF disease in both AG129 mouse and hamster models of infection. To counteract possible selection of 17D-204 variants that escape neutralization by treatment with a single MAb (2C9-cIgG), we developed a second cMAb, 864-cIgG, for use in combination with 2C9-cIgG in post-vaccinal therapy. MAb 864-cIgG recognizes/neutralizes only YFV 17D-204 vaccine substrain and binds to domain III (DIII) of the viral envelope protein, which is different from the YFV type-specific binding site of 2C9-cIgG in DII. Although it neutralized 17D-204 in vitro, administration of 864-cIgG had no protective capacity in the interferon receptor-deficient AG129 mouse model of 17D-204 infection. The data presented here show that although DIII-specific 864-cIgG neutralizes virus infectivity in vitro, it does not have the ability to abrogate disease in vivo. Therefore, combination of 864-cIgG with 2C9-cIgG for treatment of YF vaccination SAEs does not appear to provide an improvement on 2C9-cIgG therapy alone.
Automobile Corrode and Case

Automobile corrosion mechanism and corrosion type,list the corrosion case and improvement scheme,provide the basis for the design of the product and process quality control,and anticorrosive Suggestions are put forward.
Defining Safety in the Nursing Home Setting: Implications for Future Research

Currently, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Common Format for nursing homes (NHs) accommodates voluntary reporting for 4 adverse events: falls with injury, pressure ulcers, medication errors, and infections. In 2015, AHRQ funded a technical brief to describe the state of the science related to safety in the NH setting to inform a research agenda. Thirty-six recent systematic reviews evaluated NH safety-related interventions to address these 4 adverse events and reported mostly mixed evidence about effective approaches to ameliorate them. Furthermore, these 4 events are likely inadequate to capture safety issues that are unique to the NH setting and encompass other domains related to residents' quality of care and quality of life. Future research needs include expanding our definition of safety in the NH setting, which differs considerably from that of hospitals, to include contributing factors to adverse events as well as more resident-centered care measures. Second, future research should reflect more rigorous implementation science to include objective measures of care processes related to adverse events, intervention fidelity, and staffing resources for intervention implementation to inform broader uptake of efficacious interventions. Weaknesses in implementation contribute to the current inconclusive and mixed evidence base as well as remaining questions about what outcomes are even achievable in the NH setting, given the complexity of most resident populations. Also related to implementation, future research should determine the effects of specific staffing models on care processes related to safety outcomes. Last, future efforts should explore the potential for safety issues in other care settings for older adults, most notably dementia care within assisted living.
Wildlife as Indicators of Enzootic Selenium Deficiency

The objective of this review was to assess the usefulness of selenium analyses of tissues from wild animals in defining regional selenium differences, particularly where commercial agriculture is not commonly practiced.
Grain-Size-Limited Mobility in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Films

We report a systematic study of the gigahertz-frequency charge carrier mobility found in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films as a function of average grain size using time-resolved microwave conductivity and a single processing chemistry. Our measurements are in good agreement with the Kubo formula for the AC mobility of charges confined within finite grains, suggesting (1) that the surface grains imaged via scanning electron microscopy are representative of the true electronic domain size and not substantially subdivided by twinning or other defects not visible by microscopy and (2) that the time scale of diffusive transport across grain boundaries is much slower than the period of the microwave field in this measurement (∼100 ps). The intrinsic (infinite grain size) minimum mobility extracted form the model is 29 ± 6 cm2 V–1 s–1 at the probe frequency (8.9 GHz).
Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: Variation in Income, Race, Payer, and Charges Across Five States.

Objectives/Hypothesis Our objectives were to investigate pediatric cochlear implantation (PCI) across representative states within the United States and analyze any geographical differences in age, median household income, race, insurance, and total medical charges. Study Design Cross-sectional. Methods Data from children (aged 0.5–18 years) who received cochlear implantation surgery were collected from the 2011 State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases from California (CA), Florida (FL), Maryland (MD), New York (NY), and Kentucky (KY) as a part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We performed data analysis using a combination of Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests, as well as nominal logistic regression. Results Five hundred twelve cases of PCI were performed during 2011 across the five states. The overall mean and median age of implantation were 5.6 years and 4 years, respectively. There was no statistical difference in age of implantation across states (P = .85). However, there were statistical differences in primary payer (P < .001), median household income quartiles of patients who received an implant (P < .006), race (P < .001), and total median hospital charges for four of the states, with the exception of CA (P < .001). Conclusions Age of PCI appears to be similar across the five states in cross-sectional analysis. Geographic variations in charges, payer, race, and median household income occur with statistical significance in PCI. Further analysis of contributing factors at each state level may help elucidate the root cause of these disparities and improve and justify a uniform approach to healthcare delivery and standards of care. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2017
Direct and indirect effects of exercise on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A longitudinal study.

Abstract Objective Emerging evidence suggests that exercise may have beneficial effects on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that this relationship may be indirectly affected by sleep, pain, and alcohol/substance use. The present study examined the longitudinal direct and indirect effects of exercise on PTSD symptoms. Method A national sample of 182 individuals, screening positive for PTSD, completed online assessments of PTSD symptoms, exercise behavior, psychological distress, sleep quality, and alcohol/substance use at baseline and three-month follow-up. Results There were direct effects of strenuous intensity exercise on avoidance/numbing (b = − 2.18, SE = 1.12, p = 0.05) and hyperarousal symptoms (b = − 1.87, SE = 0.82, p = 0.03); and direct effects of total exercise on avoidance/numbing symptoms (b = − 1.76, SE = 0.94, p = 0.05). Strenuous intensity exercise was indirectly associated with total PTSD symptoms (ab = − 2.53, 95% CI: − 5.72 to − 0.38), avoidance/numbing (ab = − 0.99, 95% CI: − 2.43 to − 0.05), and hyperarousal symptoms (ab = − 0.78, 95% CI: − 1.88 to − 0.07) through sleep, while total exercise was indirectly associated with total PTSD symptoms through alcohol use (ab = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.18–1.42). Conclusion Findings suggest that exercise has a complex, longitudinal, and beneficial association with PTSD symptoms. Future studies should continue to examine this relationship and any direct and indirect effects exercise may have on PTSD and its related conditions.
Polypharmacy and Medication Management in Older Adults

Polypharmacy in older adults is a global problem that has recently worsened. Approximately 30% of adults aged 65 years and older in developed countries take 5 or more medications. Although prescribed and over-the-counter medications may improve a wide range of health problems, they also may cause or contribute to harm, especially in older adults. Polypharmacy in older adults is associated with worsening of geriatric syndromes and adverse drug events. Given the risks and burdens of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications, nurses must use patient-centered approaches and nonpharmacologic strategies to treat common symptoms and to optimize patient function and quality of life.
Empathy’s Translations: Three Paths from Einfühlung into Anglo-American Psychology

The term “empathy” appeared as a translation of the German Einfuhlung in Anglophone psychology in the first decade of the twentieth century. Contrary to popular understanding, Edward B. Titchener was not the only one to introduce the term. James Ward also offered the translation, and J. Mark Baldwin suggested “semblance” as a better translation for Einfuhlung than empathy. These divergent translations demonstrate the polysemic character of the term: Ward saw empathy as a means to personify nature and objects in line with his panpsychism; Baldwin viewed semblance as part of play activity; and Titchener defined empathy as a kinaesthetic mental image projected into an object. Lanzoni explores these multiple translations of Einfuhlung and reflects on their significance for contemporary notions of empathy in social neuroscience.
Contempt as the absence of appraisal, not recognition, respect

Gervais & Fessler's defense of a sentiment construct for contempt captures features distinguishing the phenomenon from basic emotions and highlights the fact that it comprises a coordinated syndrome of responses. However, their conceptualization of contempt as the absence of respect equivocates. Consequently, a "dignity" culture that prescribes respect does not thereby limit legitimate contempt in the manner the authors claim.
Pulse Shape Analysis and Discrimination for Silicon-Photomultipliers in Helium-4 Gas Scintillation Neutron Detector

Using natural helium (helium-4), the Arktis 180-bar pressurized gas scintillator is capable of detecting and distinguishing fast neutrons and gammas. The detector has a unique design of three optically separated segments in which 12 silicon-photomultiplier (SiPM) pairs are positioned equilaterally across the detector to allow for them to be fully immersed in the helium-4 gas volume; consequently, no additional optical interfaces are necessary. The SiPM signals were amplified, shaped, and readout by an analog board; a 250 MHz, 14-bit digitizer was used to examine the output pulses from each SiPMpair channel. The SiPM over-voltage had to be adjusted in order to reduce pulse clipping and negative overshoot, which was observed for events with high scintillation production. Pulse shaped discrimination (PSD) was conducted by evaluating three different parameters: time over threshold (TOT), pulse amplitude, and pulse integral. In order to differentiate high and low energy events, a 30ns gate window was implemented to group pulses from two SiPM channels or more for the calculation of TOT. It was demonstrated that pulses from a single SiPM channel within the 30ns window corresponded to low-energy gamma events while groups of pulses from two-channels or more were most likely neutron events. Due to gamma pulses having lower pulse amplitude, the percentage of measured gamma also depends on the threshold value in TOT calculations. Similarly, the threshold values were varied for the optimal PSD methods of using pulse amplitude and pulse area parameters. Helium-4 detectors equipped with SiPMs are excellent for in-the-field radiation measurement of nuclear spent fuel casks. With optimized PSD methods, the goal of developing a fuel cask content monitoring and inspection system based on these helium-4 detectors will be achieved.
Association of Substance Use With Hospitalization and Virologic Suppression in a Southern Academic HIV Clinic.

Abstract Background Persons with HIV infection who do not achieve virologic suppression contribute significantly to the ongoing HIV epidemic and have an increased risk of clinical sequelae related to immunosuppression. The extent to which substance use and mental health diagnoses affect HIV outcomes and the care continuum has not been previously assessed at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), a large academic HIV clinic. Methods To address this knowledge gap and identify targets for intervention, we performed a retrospective chart review to examine associations of substance use and mental health diagnoses with hospitalization and virologic suppression. Results Patients with substance use or mental health diagnoses had increased rates of hospitalization and lower rates of sustained longitudinal HIV suppression. Prevalence of distinct substance-related disorders differed by race and sex. Although cocaine, alcohol and cannabis use were common, documented opiate use disorder was surprisingly infrequent given the ongoing opioid epidemic in South Carolina. Conclusions These data suggest effective assessment and treatment of substance use disorders will help improve the HIV care continuum in South Carolina.
Carbon and nitrogen in the topsoils of Inceptisols and Mollisols under native sage scrub and non-native grasslands in southern California

Abstract Understanding how invasive plants influence terrestrial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets is important in the context of global climate change. In southern California, type-conversion, a process in which native California sage scrub is type-converted to non-native grassland, is thought to negatively impact total C and N storage in surface soil horizons. To better understand the extent to which type-conversion influences regional nutrient storage, we examined C and N concentration (%) and quantity (g/m2), key soil properties, and microbial abundances and assemblages in sage scrub and non-native grassland habitats at three sites that represent varying environmental conditions. Type-conversion decreased soil C concentration, but did not influence C quantity. Differences between these two metrics were driven by a higher aggregate soil density in the non-native grassland habitat compared to the sage scrub habitat at one site. Contrary to previous studies, we found that type-conversion did not impact total N storage, even in a site previously found to have increased soil N quantities under sage scrub. Sage scrub habitats contained more active fungi, and differences in microbial assemblages were found between habitat types. Despite the vast number of microbial OTUs, habitats harbored unique communities of microbial taxa with some species consistently more abundant in one habitat type across sites. Our results demonstrate that type-conversion negatively impacts topsoil C concentrations, but accurate modeling of nutrient stocks requires consideration of the links between vegetation structure, soil properties such as soil density, and microbial communities that vary significantly across small spatial scales. Collectively, we demonstrate that invasive grasses alter microbial communities and reduce soil C storage capacity in the region.