cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low latency, area, and energy efficient Hybrid Photonic Plasmonic on-chip Interconnects (HyPPI)

In this paper we benchmark various interconnect technologies including electrical, photonic, and plasmonic options. We contrast them with hybridizations where we consider plasmonics for active manipulation devices, and photonics for passive propagation integrated circuit elements, and further propose another novel hybrid link that utilizes an on chip laser for intrinsic modulation thus bypassing electro-optic modulation. Link benchmarking proves that hybridization can overcome the shortcomings of both pure photonic and plasmonic links. We show superiority in a variety of performance parameters such as point-to-point latency, energy efficiency, capacity, ability to support wavelength division multiplexing, crosstalk coupling length, bit flow density and Capability-to-Latency-Energy-Area Ratio.
Our House: A Resident Perspective

A s a resident, I am always being encouraged to read more. Read this chapter. Read that journal article. Read the new practice bulletin. Rarely is there time to read for fun. Like potential space, the time for nonwork reading isn’t there until you create it. When asked to review Kenneth Ludmerer’s Let Me Heal: The Opportunity to Preserve Excellence in American Medicine, part of me rebelled: Why would I want to read more about medicine— isn’t that what I eat, sleep, and breathe? However, the history major in me triumphed: Wouldn’t it be interesting to learn about my roots, especially as I am personally transitioning from the completion of a graduate medical education program to a subspecialty training program?
All- trans -retinoic acid effects the growth, differentiation and apoptosis of normal human myeloid progenitors derived from purified CD34 + bone marrow cells

We have previously shown that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increases the number of CFU-GM colonies grown from unseparated human bone marrow cells with crude sources of colony stimulating factors. In this study, we further characterized the effect of ATRA on the growth of CFU-GM stimulated by individual cytokines from multiple samples of CD34 + enriched or purified human bone marrow cells. The number of IL-3- or GM-CSF-induced CFU-GM with 3 × 10 -7 M ATRA was 3.25 ± 1.13, and 2.17 ± 0.8-fold greater respectively, compared to controls without ATRA, while G-CSF had no effect and the ratio of colony-induced with or without ATRA was 1.06 ± 0.17 (P = 0.00012). No colonies grew with ATRA + IL-6 or ATRA without a cytokine. Maximum enhancing effect on IL-3-induced CFU-GM occurred when ATRA was added on day 2, gradually diminished when delaying ATRA, and in cultures of day 9 or older adding ATRA had no effect. In 14 days liquid cultures of purified CD34 + cells with IL-3, ATRA increased the number of myeloid differentiated cells to 91-95%, compared to 37-70% with IL-3 alone. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells using the annexin V method increased after 14 days from 5.1% with IL-3 to 17.1% with IL-3 + ATRA and by the TUNEL in situ method from 10-26% to 60-95%, respectively. This study demonstrates that ATRA consistently enhances the growth of myeloid progenitors from CD34 + cells. This effect is dependent on the stimulating cytokine, suggesting the myeloid cells responding to ATRA are the less mature CFU-GMs that are targets of IL-3 and GM-CSF and not the G-CSF-responding mature progenitors. The growth stimulation by ATRA and IL-3 is also associated with granulocyte differentiation and increased apoptosis. These studies further suggest a potential role of pharmacological doses of ATRA on the development of normal human hematopoietic cells.
Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World: The Rise of Transnational Media Systems

The nation-state as unit of analysis underpins the three models of media and politics Hallin and Mancini develop in Comparing Media Systems (2004b). Although they “take the nation-state as [our] primary unit of analysis…and media systems have to a large extent been organized at this level over the past couple of centuries,” the authors recognize that “it is important to keep in mind that this in some ways misleading” (Hallin and Mancini, 2004b: 71). Livingstone similarly argued that “the nation is itself not a proper unit of comparison” and that “any project seeking to conduct cross-national comparisons must surely argue the case for treating the nation as a unit, rather than simply presuming the legitimacy of such a research strategy” (Livingstone, 2003: 479–80). This chapter explores one world region in which the primacy of the nation-state as an analytical category may indeed be misleading; through analyzing the rise of pan-Arab media as a transnational system, I raise questions about the universal applicability of the nation-state and provide significant fodder to Hallin's statement that “media systems do not necessarily coincide neatly with nation-state boundaries” (Hallin, 2009: 101). Since 1990, Arab national broadcasting systems focused on development, propaganda, and national unity have been overshadowed by a pan-Arab satellite television industry whose ownership and agendas converge and compete with nation-state policies. This development encompasses twenty-two nation-states located in one of the world's intractable geopolitical flashpoints. Contemporary Arab media consist of an unevenly integrated regional (pan-Arab) market, superimposed onto national systems and increasingly integrated into the global media market, although in many respects distinct from both: It is a transnational media system.
Influence of Lamotrigine and Valproate on Cognitive Function in Children with Epilepsy

Objective To explore the influence of lamotrigine(LTG)and valproate(VAP)on cognitive function in children with epilepsy.Methods Seventy-six epileptic children firstly diagnosed were chosen,36 cases received LTG monotherapy and 40 cases undwent the treatment of VPA.The intelligence quotient(IQ)value was measured before and after 6 months treatment respectively,and 20 healthy children were selected as healthy control.Results 1.The epileptic children had poor verbal intelligence quotient(VIQ),performance intelligence quotient(PIQ)and full intelligence quotient(FIQ)compared to the control subjects(Pa0.05).2.The mean VIQ,PIQ and FIQ of subjects had no significant difference of the children before and after treatment with LTG and VPA(Pa0.05).But among the subtestings,the know-ledge,wood-graph,coded score of the VPA groups had significant difference(Pa0.05)before and after treatment.Conclusions The cognitive impact may be substantial and not selective in children with epilepsy.LTG has no influence on the cognition in the children with epilepsy after taking for 6 months.The FIQ of the epileptic children has no significant difference after taking VPA for 6 months.Among the subtestings,scores of the wood-graph and coded decrease while scores of the knowledge increase.
Simplified tourniquet for intracavernous pharmacotherapy.

SUMMARY A simplified tourniquet, the Barretta Laso, is described for use during intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs. The advantages of this device over current tourniquet methods include simple application; easy control of the degree of constriction; and quick, single-handed release.
Versatile tests for comparing survival curves based on weighted log-rank statistics

The log-rank test is perhaps the most commonly used nonparametric method for comparing two survival curves and yields maximum power under proportional hazards alternatives. While the assumption of proportional hazards is often reasonable, it need not hold. Several authors have therefore developed versatile tests using combinations of weighted log-rank statistics that are more sensitive to nonproportional hazards. Fleming and Harrington (1991, Counting Processes and Survival Analysis, Wiley) consider the family of (G^{ ho}) statistics and their supremum versions, while Lee (1996, Biometrics 52: 721–725) and Lee (2007, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 51: 6557–6564) propose tests based on the more extended (G^{ ho,gamma}), family. In this article, I consider (Z_m = mathrm{max}(|Z_1|, |Z_2|, |Z_3|)), where (Z_1), (Z_2), and (Z_3) are z statistics obtained from (G^{0,0}), (G^{1,0}), and (G^{0,1}) tests, respectively. (G^{0,0}) corresponds to the log-rank test, while (G^{1,0}) and (G^{0,1}) are more sensitive to early and late-difference alternatives. I conduct a simulation study to compare the performance of (Z_m) with the log-rank test, the more optimally weighted test, and Lee’s (2007) tests, under the null hypothesis, proportional hazards, early difference, and late-difference alternatives. Results indicate that the method based on (Z_m) maintains the type I error rate, provides increased power relative to the log-rank test under early difference and late-difference alternatives, and entails only a small to moderate power loss compared with the more optimally chosen test. I apply the procedure to two datasets reported in the literature, both of which exhibit nonproportional hazards. Versatile tests such as (Z_m) may be useful in clinical trial settings where there is concern that the treatment effect may not conform to the proportional hazards assumption. I also describe the syntax for a Stata command, verswlr, to implement the method.
Rib-to-Pelvis Distraction Techniques in the Growing Spine in Children With Myelomeningocele

Children born with myelomeningocele frequently develop spinal deformity at an early age. Management of these deformities while preserving growth is challenging and associated with a significant incidence of complications related to poor bone quality, multiple comorbidities, and poor skin. This article describes the technique of using rib-to-pelvis distraction to manage spine deformity in these children while preserving growth of the spine.
Forests to buildings: A geography of log home manufacturing

ABSTRACTThe article presents a material-geographic study of contemporary log home manufacturing in the Eastern Woodlands of North America. The study investigated relationships between log conversion (i.e., processing) methods and regional location. Manufacturers were grouped by their conversion methods, using hierarchical cluster analysis; and analyzed for spatial correlation, using standard deviational ellipses (SDEs). Tree species utilization, log treatment, horizontal surface type, and corner notch type were found to be spatially differentiating. These attributes were tested for their ability to predict manufacturers’ culture region using multinomial logistic regression (MLR) models. Tree species utilization was an independent variable in all of the predictive models, suggesting a correspondence between building culture and ecological regions. This is consistent with earlier research. The findings suggest that location drives tree species utilization and, thereby, building methods. Like the eco-region ...
Slice89: A Single Slice Tomography Experiment

Acoustic travel times in the ocean are sensitive both to the mean sound speed field and to high-wavenumber ocean features with wavelengths corresponding to ray loop “wavelengths” and their harmonics (70 km and smaller). The quasi-sinusoidal rays can be thought of as taking a partial Fourier transform of the sound speed field (Cornuelle and Howe, 1987). The SLICE89 experiment was conducted in the northeast Pacific during summer 1989 to determine how well high-wavenumber information can be resolved in practice. A broadband acoustic source near the sound channel axis transmitted to hydrophones 1000 km away. Preliminary travel time data from multiple receivers distributed through the water column are combined to construct time fronts. The measured time fronts are compared with predictions based on the sound speed field as calculated from CTD and XBT data taken concurrently. Although inversions of the measured travel time data are not yet complete, simulations are presented to show the horizontal resolution that can be attained.
Quality of life and psychosocial distress in young women with advanced breast cancer.

e20508 Background: Little is known about the quality of life (QOL), prevalence and predictors of psychosocial distress in young women with advanced breast cancer (ABC). Methods: As part of an ongoi...
A Comprehensive Review of Immunization Practices in Solid Organ Transplant and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Abstract Background Vaccine-preventable diseases, especially influenza, varicella, herpes zoster, and invasive pneumococcal infections, continue to lead to significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Methods We highlight guideline recommendations for the use of key vaccines in SOT and HSCT recipients and to review the latest evidence and developments in the field. Results Physicians should vaccinate individuals with end-stage organ disease, as vaccine seroresponse rates are higher pretransplantation. Most live attenuated vaccines continue to be contraindicated post-transplantation, but there are emerging safety profile and efficacy data to support the use of specific live attenuated vaccines, such as measles, mumps, and rubella in pediatric liver or kidney transplant recipients who are on low-level maintenance immunosuppression and without recent history of allograft rejection. An inactivated subunit varicella zoster virus vaccine is currently awaiting US Food and Drug Administration approval. While we await the safety profile and efficacy data of this subunit vaccine in transplant recipients, it will likely benefit immunocompromised individuals, including transplant recipients, because the live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine is currently contraindicated in transplant recipients and transplantation candidates receiving immunosuppression. Conclusions There is currently no evidence that vaccines lead to allograft rejection in SOT recipients. Household contacts of SOT and HSCT recipients should be vaccinated per the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices schedule and recommendations. Implications Immunizations remain underutilized in transplantation patients. Although efficacy of vaccines in SOT and HSCT may be suboptimal, partial protection is preferred over no protection.
Siegel’s Lemma is sharp

Siegel’s Lemma is concerned with finding a “small” nontrivial integer solution of a large system of homogeneous linear equations with integer coefficients, where the number of variables substantially exceeds the number of equations (for example, n equations and N variables with N ≥ 2n), and “small” means small in the maximum norm. Siegel’s Lemma is a clever application of the Pigeonhole Principle, and it is a pure existence argument. The basically combinatorial Siegel’s Lemma is a key tool in transcendental number theory and diophantine approximation. David Masser (a leading expert in transcendental number theory) asked the question whether or not the Siegel’s Lemma is best possible. Here we prove that the so-called “Third Version of Siegel’s Lemma” is best possible apart from an absolute constant factor. In other words, we show that no other argument can beat the Pigeonhole Principle proof of Siegel’s Lemma (apart from an absolute constant factor). To prove this, we combine a concentration inequality (i.e., Fourier analysis) with combinatorics.
The language of play: developing preschool vocabulary through play following shared book-reading

Abstract Two studies explored the role of play in a vocabulary intervention for low-income preschoolers. Both studies presented new vocabulary through book-readings. Study 1 children (N = 249; Mage = 59.19 months) were also randomly assigned to participate in Free Play, Guided Play, or Directed Play with toys relating to the books. Guided and Directed Play conditions involved different styles of adult support. Although children in all conditions showed significant gains in knowledge of target vocabulary words, children in both adult-supported conditions showed significantly greater gains than children experiencing Free Play. In Study 2, classroom teachers implemented our procedures instead of researchers. All children (N = 101; Mage = 58.65 months) reviewed half the vocabulary words through a hybrid of guided and directed play and half the words through a picture card review activity. Children showed significant pre- to post-test gains on receptive and expressive knowledge for both sets of taught words, but they also showed significantly greater expressive vocabulary gains for words reviewed through play. These results suggest that there are unique benefits of adult-supported play-based activities for early vocabulary growth.
A Simulation Study of the Beam Steering Characteristics for Linear Phased Arrays

Ultrasonic beam steering characteristics for linear phased array transducers are simulated numerically by visualizing the full-field acoustic pressure field of the waves radiated from a linear phased array transducer. The influences of various transducer parameters on the beam steering properties are studied, including number of elements, inter-element spacing, element size, frequency of the transducer and the steering angle. In addition, the effects of these parameters on the near field characteristics are investigated by analyzing the acoustic pressure profile in the steering direction. The simulation results agree well with the analytical solutions which are valid only in the far field. A suggested scheme for optimal transducer design is presented.
Genetic instability of cancer: Why a metastatic tumor is unstable and a benign tumor is stable☆

It is theorized that tumors may be initiated by two methods: by an error affecting one or several oncogenes, or by an error affecting one or several of the genes controlling the stability of the genome. The majority of cells that misexpress an oncogene(s) and that later form a tumor probably form nonevolving benign tumors. A minority of these cells with an activated oncogene(s) (or one of the descendant cells) may also come to misexpress a stability gene(s). A normal cell that misexpresses only a stability gene(s) may form an evolving and genetically unstable cell line that may later misexpress an oncogene(s). A cell or cell line that misexpresses both an oncogene(s) and a stability gene(s) may form a genetically unstable tumor that creates diverse variants, allowing for extensive tumor cell evolution and the acquisition of malignant and metastatic properties.
Production of Nitrous Oxide as a Product of Nitrite Metabolism by Enteric Bacteria

Biological denitrification is part of the global nitrogen cycle in which NO3 − and NO2 − are converted to gaseous products such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and N2 (Payne 1973, and this volume; Delwiche and Bryan, 1976; Knowles, 1978). Several microorganisms are known to denitrify NO2 − only to. nitrous oxide (an environmental pollutant), while in other organisms N2 is the final product of denitrification. Although there is a large body of literature in the area of biological denitrification, very little is known about the organization and the mechanism of regulation of the genes involved in this process (see also Carlson and Ingraham, this volume; Thayer and Huffaker, this volume).
In-Tube Photography of Ram Accelerator Projectiles

Techniques for photographing ram accelerator projectiles operating in a transparent tube section are currently being developed at the University of Washington. The shock waves and intense pressure pulses generated in these flowflelds necessitate relatively thick-walled tubes to allow for the safe observation of accelerating projectiles. Short transparent tube inserts made from polycarbonate and acrylic have sufficient strength for ram accelerator operation in propellant mixtures at reduced fill pressures (< 10 bar) and are transparent enough for direct observation of the projectile. In-tube photographs of strobe-illuminated projectiles in a 38 mm bore facility, taken with image intensifying cameras, have shown that many flow characteristics are discernible.
Identification of two segments of the γ subunit of ATP synthase responsible for the different affinities of the catalytic nucleotide-binding sites

ATP synthase uses a rotary mechanism to couple transmembrane proton translocation to ATP synthesis and hydrolysis, which occur at the catalytic sites in the β subunits. In the presence of Mg2+, the three catalytic sites of ATP synthase have vastly different affinities for nucleotides, and the position of the central γ subunit determines which site has high, medium, or low affinity. Affinity differences and their changes as rotation progresses underpin the ATP synthase catalytic mechanism. Here, we used a series of variants with up to 45- and 60-residue-long truncations of the N- and C-terminal helices of the γ subunit, respectively, to identify the segment(s) responsible for the affinity differences of the catalytic sites. We found that each helix carries an affinity-determining segment of ∼10 residues. Our findings suggest that the affinity regulation by these segments is transmitted to the catalytic sites by the DELSEED loop in the C-terminal domain of the β subunits. For the N-terminal truncation variants, presence of the affinity-determining segment and therefore emergence of a high-affinity binding site resulted in WT-like catalytic activity. At the C terminus, additional residues outside of the affinity-determining segment were required for optimal enzymatic activity. Alanine substitutions revealed that the affinity changes of the catalytic sites required no specific interactions between amino acid side chains in the γ and α3β3 subunits but were caused by the presence of the helices themselves. Our findings help unravel the molecular basis for the affinity changes of the catalytic sites during ATP synthase rotation.
Abstract P141: Association of Type of Antidepressant With Bleeding Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Taking Oral Anticoagulants

Background: Inconsistent evidence suggests that concomitant use of certain antidepressants, particularly Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), in patients using oral anticoagulants (OAC)...
Nephrotoxicity induced by intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors: emerging evidence

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have emerged as powerful tools to treat malignant neoplasms and ocular diseases by virtue of their ability to inhibit angiogenesis. Recent data indicate that intravitreal injections of VEGF inhibitors can lead to significant systemic absorption as well as a measurable reduction of plasma VEGF activity. There is increasing evidence showing that vitreal absorption of these drugs is associated with cases of accelerated hypertension, worsening proteinuria, glomerular disease, thrombotic microangiopathy, and possible chronic renal function decline. In this review, the 3 most commonly used anti-VEGF agents—bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept—are discussed, highlighting their intravitreal absorption and associated effects on the kidney as a target organ system. We provide clinical suggestions for clinicians to both better manage patients receiving anti-VEGF agents intravitreally and detect any putative systemic renal effects of these agents. While acknowledging the risks of aberrant retinal angiogenesis, it is important for clinicians to be aware of the potential for adverse renal risks with use of these agents.
The Role of Source, Headline and Expressive Responding in Political News Evaluation

Studies have observed that readers are more likely to trust news sources that align with their own political leanings. We ask: is the higher reported trust in politically aligned news sources due to perceived institutional trustworthiness or does it merely reflect a preference for the political claims aligned sources publish? Furthermore, do respondents report their actual beliefs about news or do they choose to express their political commitments instead? We conducted a US-based experiment (N=400) using random association of news claims to news sources as well as financial incentives to robustly identify the main drivers of trust in news and to evaluate response bias. We observe a comparatively weak effect of source on news evaluation and find that response differences are largely due to the alignment of the respondents' politics and the news claim. We also find significant evidence for expressive responding, in particular among right-leaning participants.
Fibreoptic Orotracheal Intubation of Obese Patients Using Parker Flex-Tip vs. Standard Endotracheal Tube.

Objective Advancement of the endotracheal tube through a fibreoptic scope can sometimes prove to be challenging in obese patients. The Parker Flex-Tip endotracheal tube was developed with a curved and tapered distal tip to facilitate easier placement in the trachea. This study examined the use of the Parker Flex-Tip tube as compared to standard endotracheal tubes in patients with a body mass index of 30 or greater. Methods Sixty patients undergoing surgery requiring general anaesthesia were randomised into two groups. Using the fibreoptic scope, one group was intubated with the Parker Flex-Tip tube and the other group with a standard polyvinyl Portex tube. The time for intubation and the number of attempts required to place the endotracheal tube were measured and recorded. Results Using the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test, the median time needed for intubation with the two types of endotracheal tubes did not show a significant difference. The chi-square analyses were conducted for the number of attempts needed to place the endotracheal tubes, which also did not demonstrate any significant difference. Conclusions Parker Flex-Tip endotracheal tube was not superior to the standard endotracheal tubes for fibreoptic intubation in obese patients.
David and Goliath: Sensemaking Under Crisis

Although limited research has been conducted on the subject of crisis leadership, increased interest and need exists to understand how leaders and organizations respond to a crisis (Hutchins & Wang, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(3), 310–330, 2008; Johnson, Crisis Leadership: How to Lead in Times of Crisis, Threat and Uncertainty. New York: Bloomsbury, 2018). This investigation of 1 Samuel 17 employed a narrative exegetical analysis to examine David’s response to a crisis provoked by Goliath’s challenge to engage in a battle. The analysis of David’s competencies during pre-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis phases informs the field of crisis leadership by emphasizing that sensemaking competency is critical to all three stages of crisis.
Structural biology of telomeres and telomerase

Telomeres are protein–DNA complexes that protect chromosome ends from illicit ligation and resection. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomeric DNA to counter telomere shortening. Human telomeres are composed of complexes between telomeric DNA and a six-protein complex known as shelterin. The shelterin proteins TRF1 and TRF2 provide the binding affinity and specificity for double-stranded telomeric DNA, while the POT1-TPP1 shelterin subcomplex coats the single-stranded telomeric G-rich overhang that is characteristic of all our chromosome ends. By capping chromosome ends, shelterin protects telomeric DNA from unwanted degradation and end-to-end fusion events. Structures of the human shelterin proteins reveal a network of constitutive and context-specific interactions. The shelterin protein–DNA structures reveal the basis for both the high affinity and DNA sequence specificity of these interactions, and explain how shelterin efficiently protects chromosome ends from genome instability. Several protein–protein interactions, many provided by the shelterin component TIN2, are critical for upholding the end-protection function of shelterin. A survey of these protein–protein interfaces within shelterin reveals a series of “domain–peptide” interactions that allow for efficient binding and adaptability towards new functions. While the modular nature of shelterin has facilitated its part-by-part structural characterization, the interdependence of subunits within telomerase has made its structural solution more challenging. However, the exploitation of several homologs in combination with recent advancements in cryo-EM capabilities has led to an exponential increase in our knowledge of the structural biology underlying telomerase function. Telomerase homologs from a wide range of eukaryotes show a typical retroviral reverse transcriptase-like protein core reinforced with elements that deliver telomerase-specific functions including recruitment to telomeres and high telomere-repeat addition processivity. In addition to providing the template for reverse transcription, the RNA component of telomerase provides a scaffold for the catalytic and accessory protein subunits, defines the limits of the telomeric repeat sequence, and plays a critical role in RNP assembly, stability, and trafficking. While a high-resolution definition of the human telomerase structure is only beginning to emerge, the quick pace of technical progress forecasts imminent breakthroughs in this area. Here, we review the structural biology surrounding telomeres and telomerase to provide a molecular description of mammalian chromosome end protection and end replication.
The mRNA Decay Factor CAR-1/LSM14 Regulates Axon Regeneration via Mitochondrial Calcium Dynamics.

Summary mRNA decay factors regulate mRNA turnover by recruiting non-translating mRNAs and targeting them for translational repression and mRNA degradation. How mRNA decay pathways regulate cellular function in vivo with specificity is poorly understood. Here, we show that C. elegans mRNA decay factors, including the translational repressors CAR-1/LSM14 and CGH-1/DDX6, and the decapping enzymes DCAP-1/DCP1, function in neurons to differentially regulate axon development, maintenance, and regrowth following injury. In neuronal cell bodies, CAR-1 fully colocalizes with CGH-1 and partially colocalizes with DCAP-1, suggesting that mRNA decay components form at least two types of cytoplasmic granules. Following axon injury in adult neurons, loss of CAR-1 or CGH-1 results in increased axon regrowth and growth cone formation, whereas loss of DCAP-1 or DCAP-2 results in reduced regrowth. To determine how CAR-1 inhibits regrowth, we analyzed mRNAs bound to pan-neuronally expressed GFP::CAR-1 using a crosslinking and immunoprecipitation-based approach. Among the putative mRNA targets of CAR-1, we characterized the roles of micu-1, a regulator of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter MCU-1, in axon injury. We show that loss of car-1 results increased MICU-1 protein levels, and that enhanced axon regrowth in car-1 mutants is dependent on micu-1 and mcu-1. Moreover, axon injury induces transient calcium influx into axonal mitochondria, dependent on MCU-1. In car-1 loss-of-function mutants and in micu-1 overexpressing animals, the axonal mitochondrial calcium influx is more sustained, which likely underlies enhanced axon regrowth. Our data uncover a novel pathway that controls axon regrowth through axonal mitochondrial calcium uptake.
Lack of early dislocation for dual mobility vs. fixed bearing total hip arthroplasty: A multi-center analysis of comparable cohorts.

Abstract Background Dislocation is a major cause of morbidity and revision surgery following total hip arthroplasty (THA). To address such issues, dual mobility (DM) bearings were introduced as a more stable alternative to fixed-bearing (FB) prostheses. As such, we compared DM and FB systems in a cohort study in terms of dislocations, readmissions, and revisions. Methods A 27 multi-center retrospective review was performed of 664 DM and 218 FB cases from the same manufacturer with mean follow-up of 2.09 years and 1.83 years, respectively. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) including Harris Hip Score (HHS), SF12, EQ5D, and Lower Extremity Activity Score (LEAS) were evaluated as well as dislocation rates, readmissions, and revisions rates. We also performed a survivorship analysis through Kaplan-Meier estimator. Students t-test was used for normally distributed continuous data and Fisher exact test (P Results There were 0 dislocations in the DM (0%) group and 2 dislocations in the FB (0.92%) group (p = 0.06). Latest follow up HHS revealed a significant difference between groups (91.44 DM and 87.81 FB; p = 0.006). In addition, there was significant difference between DM and FB on SF12 Physical Component Score (PCS) (46.83 and 44.55, respectively, p = 0.015). Also, readmission rates at 30, 60 and 90 days remained lower for DM than for FB at each time point (1.05% vs. 2.75%, 1.81% vs. 2.75%, and 1.81% vs. 2.75, respectively). Overall, DM had a lower revision rate at 1.51% compared to 2.29% for FB (p = 0.24). The revision breakdown for DM revealed 0 (0%) for both Anatomic Dual Mobility (ADM) and Modular Dual Mobility (MDM) due to the acetabular component.) There was a difference, 14 (87.5%) for ADM and 2 (12.5%) due to the femoral component. The survivorship analysis revealed no significance difference between DM and FB at 4 years (97.90% and 97.26%, respectively). Conclusion In comparison to patients who undergo FB THA, DM bearings have improved PROMs and a lower rate of dislocation, readmission, and revision.
Anatomical substrates of symptom remission and persistence in young adults with childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that emerges in childhood and persists into adulthood in a sizeable portion of afflicted individuals. The persistence of ADHD symptoms elevates the risk of adverse outcomes that result in substantial individual and societal burden. The objective of this study was to delineate neuroanatomical substrates associated with the diversity of adult outcomes of childhood ADHD, which may have considerable value for development of novel interventions that target mechanisms associated with recovery. Structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging data from 32 young adults who were diagnosed with ADHD combined-type during childhood and 35 group-matched controls were analyzed. Adults with childhood ADHD were divided into 16 remitters and 16 persisters based on DSM-IV criteria. Compared to the controls, ADHD probands showed significantly reduced gray matter (GM) volume in right putamen and white matter (WM) volume in left parieto-insular fiber tracts. Within the ADHD probands, the remitters, as compared to persisters, showed significantly greater volume of right hippocampo-frontal and right parieto-insular WM fiber tracts, and those connecting caudate with the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insular cortices. Among ADHD probands, increased fractional anisotropy value of left caudate-parietal tract was significantly correlated with reduced hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. These findings suggest that optimal structural development in the WM tracts that connect caudate with cortical areas, especially in the caudate-parietal path, may play an important role in symptom remission in young adults with childhood ADHD.
Incarceration and the Law: Cases and Materials (Table of Contents and Ch. 1 Excerpt)

This posts a table of contents and much of the first chapter to a fully overhauled, updated, and expanded edition of the leading case book on incarceration. The case book examines the complex legal regime that defines prisoners’ rights. Mass incarceration in America creates a host of controversies at the crossroads of constitutional liberty, legislation, public policy, and prison management. It considers those issues from diverse perspectives by presenting an array of materials: Supreme Court and leading lower court caselaw, statutes, litigation materials, professional standards, academic commentary, prisoner writing, and more. (There is also an associated website, http://incarcerationlaw.com, which offers additional open sources, supplementing the book for those who own it and providing a freestanding repository of materials for those who do not. Chapter 1 provides background on American jails and prisons (What’s the difference between a jail and a prison? What is incarceration supposed to accomplish? How do prison abolitionists conceptualize and justify their goals? How did American incarceration develop?) It provides longitudinal and contemporary statistics. Finally, it offers narrative and case law background on the development of the modern conception of prisoners’ rights.
High-Risk Committee for Cardiac Surgery Decision-Making: Results From 110 Consecutive Patients.

Background This study evaluated our institutional experience in forming a surgeon-based committee to discuss and provide consensus opinion on high-risk cardiac surgical cases. Methods The committee consisted of 4 surgeons with at least 1 senior surgeon at any given time with a rotating schedule. Patients with a Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality above specified thresholds were mandated for referral to the committee in addition to patients referred at the discretion of the surgeon. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to model survival. Results A total of 110 consecutive patients were reviewed by the committee. The most common procedure types for referral were isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (47.3%; n = 52) and coronary artery bypass grafting with concomitant aortic valve replacement (19.1%; n = 21). The overall median Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality for referred patients was 5.35% (interquartile range, 4.07%-7.89%). After group discussion, a total of 62 patients were recommended to proceed with surgery (56.4%). Reasons for declining surgery included consensus that an intervention was not indicated (39.6%; n = 19), that an alternative, nonsurgical procedure was recommended (29.2%; n = 14), that there was continued medical management and reevaluation (18.8%; n = 9), and that the patient was deemed at too high a risk for surgery (12.5%; n = 6). Operative mortality in patients proceeding with surgery was 4.6% (n = 2), with an observed-to-expected mortality of 0.86. The 6-month survival after surgery was 92.2%. Conclusions Implementation of a surgeon-based committee to discuss high-risk cases provided a unified voice to referring physicians and facilitated consensus decision-making with acceptable clinical outcomes in a challenging patient cohort.
A Methodology for Seamless Hot-Swap of Converters in DC Microgrids

DC microgrids with paralleled sources require a seamless addition and removal of a converter module without shutting down the system. This replacement of a converter is known as a hot-swap event. In a democratic current sharing scheme, a critical issue is an overshoot in the grid voltage when a converter is suddenly added and an undershoot when a converter is suddenly removed. In this paper, by analyzing the start-up and shut-down operation of a converter module during the hot-swap, the reason for these excursions in the grid voltage is explained using an analytical model. It is shown that by changing the voltage controller's bandwidth, overshoot and undershoot can be reduced, but there's a trade-off between the voltage controller's bandwidth and the stability of the system. To overcome this trade-off, an algorithm that provides an additional degree of freedom is proposed in this paper. This algorithm without disturbing the system's stability prevents the overvoltage and the undervoltage by exponentially changing the current reference of the converter being added or removed. The stability analysis along with the circuit simulation results using the proposed algorithm are shown for a wide range of operating conditions and different system parameters.
Simulation of Dissolved Organic Carbon Flux in the Penobscot Watershed, Maine

Summary Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an important component of the carbon cycle as a measure of the hydrological transport of carbon between terrestrial carbon pools into soil pools and eventually into streams. As a result, changes in DOC in rivers and streams may indicate alterations in the storage of terrestrial carbon. Exploring the complex interactions between biogeochemical cycling and hydrologic processes, as well as the micro-climate variabilities that impact the rate of DOC fluxes, are challenging because the information is not readily available from in-situ measurements or from empirical models alone. This is particularly true of large-scale watersheds. The Penobscot Watershed is the largest watershed of the Gulf of Maine and the second largest in New England. Its typical soils, with high organic matter and a large forested and wetland landscape, result in higher DOC fluxes than what has been observed previously for most rivers in the northern temperate or boreal zones (Hope et al., 1994; Mulholland, 1997; Aitkenhead and McDowell, 2000). In this study, we emphasized the simulation of streamflow and DOC fluxes from the Penobscot Watershed (and several tributaries within the Penobscot Watershed) using the spatially distributed process-based Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) model. Simulated results were evaluated using field measurements (streamflow, DOC fluxes) and remotely sensed products (Net Primary Production (NPP) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The average DOC flux for the Penobscot Watershed during 2004-2012 using the RHESSys model was 69 kg C/ha/year. The RHESSys simulated DOC flux is shown to correlate well with observed values, as well as with results previously reported from the empirical Load Estimator (LOADEST) model (71 kg C/ha/year) for 2004-2007 ( Huntington and Aiken, 2013 ). Our simulated results also show a temporal variation in the amount of DOC flux, indicating that the antecedent DOC concentration from one year can impact the DOC export in following years. Thus, DOC concentration is positively correlated with streamflow and antecedent precipitation, in agreement with previous studies ( Agren et al., 2010 ; Huntington and Aiken, 2013 ; Tian et al., 2013 ). The successful application of the rigorous RHESSys model in the Penobscot Watershed makes it a reasonable platform to test future scenarios impacting the hydrology and biogeochemistry within similar large complex watersheds.
Epidemiology of Non-Malignant Oral Lesions in a Rural Population Attending a Tertiary Care Centre in Lucknow, U.P., India

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of non-malignant oral lesions in a rural population attending a tertiary care centre in Lucknow, India. Method: A total of 340 patients presenting with oral lesions for more than 2 weeks were enrolled in the study. Patients with proven malignancy, white patch in the oral cavity which can be scrapped off, e.g. oral candidiasis and urban patients were excluded from the assessment. Demographic profile, adverse oral habits and dietary habits of patients were noted. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software. Data has been represented as number and percentages. Results: Age of patients enrolled in the study ranged between 18 and 75 years, median age was 32 years and mean age was 33.86±10.65 years. Majority were aged 26-50 years (66.2%), were males (55.3%), were farmers/labourers (58.6%), were illiterate/educated upto primary grade (57.1%). Oral pain and burning sensation was the most common presenting complaint (45%). All the patients have two or more of the following habits – areca nut chewing, tobacco chewing and smoking. A total of 41.5% patients had all the three habits. Alcohol and spicy food consumption were reported by 12.6% and 84.4% patients. On histopathology, a total of 191 (56.18%) cases had premalignant lesions and 149 (43.82%) had benign lesions. Major premalignant types were leukoplakia (n=87; 45.5%), OSMF (n=62; 32.5%) and Erythroplakia (n=18; 9.4%). Aphthous ulcer major (n=74; 49.7%), geographical tongue (n=43; 28.9%) and traumatic ulcer (n=23; 15.4%) were the major benign lesions. Conclusion: In a rural population presenting with non-premalignant oral lesions areca nut, chewing tobacco and smoking were the major etiologies affecting mainly young adults. The high prevalence of premalignant lesions showed a high potential of their transformation to malignant status. Preventive measures with modification of oral habits are recommended.
US Food and Drug Administration regulatory updates in neuro-oncology.

Contemporary management of patients with neuro-oncologic disease requires an understanding of approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) related to nervous system tumors. To summarize FDA updates applicable to neuro-oncology practitioners, we sought to review oncology product approvals and Guidances that were pertinent to the field in the past year. Oncology product approvals between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2020, were reviewed for clinical trial outcomes involving tumors of the nervous system. FDA Guidances relevant to neuro-oncology were also reviewed. Five oncology product approvals described outcomes for nervous system tumors in the year 2020. These included the first regulatory approval for neurofibromatosis type 1: selumetinib for children with symptomatic, inoperable plexiform neurofibromas. Additionally, there were 4 regulatory approvals for non-central nervous system (CNS) cancers that described clinical outcomes for patients with brain metastases. These included the approval of tucatinib for metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer including patients with brain metastases, brigatinib for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and pralsetinib and selpercatinib for RET fusion-positive NSCLC. Finally, two FDA Guidances for Industry, “Cancer Clinical Trial Eligibility Criteria: Brain Metastases” and “Evaluating Cancer Drugs in Patients with Central Nervous System Metastases” were published to facilitate drug development for and inclusion of patients with CNS metastases in clinical trials. Despite the challenges of the past year brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, progress continues to be made in neuro-oncology. These include first-of-their-kind FDA approvals and Guidances that are relevant to the management of patients with nervous system tumors.
Unusual Case of Ischemic Colitis Caused by Low-Dose Sumatriptan Therapy in a Generally Healthy Patient After Strenuous Physical Activity

Ischemic colitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the large bowel caused by ischemia. It usually presents with an acute onset abdominal pain followed by hematochezia. It can occur as a result of arterial occlusion (embolic or thrombotic), venous thrombosis, or hypoperfusion of mesenteric circulation secondary to dehydration, surgery, or medications. Herein, we present an unusual case of sumatriptan-induced ischemic colitis. Sumatriptan succinate is a selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine-1) receptor agonist that is usually prescribed for refractory migraine headaches. This is a 59-year-old female who presented with acute onset abdominal pain followed by bloody diarrhea after vigorous physical activities. She has a past medical history of non-specific colitis (one time, 15 years ago) and chronic migraine for which she was on low-dose sumatriptan therapy (one tab once or twice a week). On the day of the event, the patient took sumatriptan in the morning and had strenuous activities throughout the day, and overnight she developed abdominal pain. It was followed by bouts of bloody diarrhea. The colonoscopy revealed erythematous mucosa with significant ulceration and necrosis involving the distal transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, and proximal colon, suggestive of ischemic colitis. Unlike previously reported cases, this patient was only on low-dose sumatriptan therapy without frequent dosing. So, her risk of ischemic colitis from triptan therapy could have been accelerated by excessive sweating and strenuous physical activities. The patient was treated with intravenous hydration, bowel rest, intravenous antibiotics, and withdrawal of sumatriptan and her condition improved within the next two to three days.
Power optimisation of single phase clocked feedback D flip-flop for CDMA

A low power flip-flop is demanding delay element in digital sigma delta modulator of DAC system. This paper highlights power optimisation of single-phase clocked feedback D flip-flop using various ...