cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refocusing plenoptic images using depth-adaptive splatting

In this paper, we propose a simple, novel plane sweep technique for refocusing plenoptic images. Rays are projected directly from the raw plenoptic image captured on the sensor into the output image plane, without computing intermediate representations such as subaperture views or epipolar images. Interpolation is performed in the output image plane using splatting. The splat kernel for each ray is adjusted adaptively, based on the refocus depth and an estimate of the depth at which that ray intersects the scene. This adaptive interpolation method antialiases out-of-focus regions, while keeping in-focus regions sharp. We test the proposed method on images from a Lytro camera and compare our results with those from the Lytro SDK. Additionally, we provide a thorough discussion of our calibration and preprocessing pipeline for this camera.
The case for virtual teaming systems

Virtual teaming systems (VTS) can provide your organization with new capabilities that will enhance its competitiveness. Our company, Ventana Corp., markets GroupSystems, the first virtual teaming system. The ideas behind GroupSystems came from years of rigorous academic research into the ways people collaborate. A VTS applies computing technology to team work, using automation to accelerate collaborative thinking, consensus building, decision making, and planning. It also provides the seed for a knowledge base of organizational expertise.
Prediction of amorphous alloy formation by ion beam mixing

Abstract In order to predict the glass forming ability of binary alloys produced by ion beam mixing, a two dimensional map is constructed. The two coordinates of this map are the ratio of atomic radii rA/rB, and the heat of formation ΔH of an equiatomic compound, calculated using Miedema's model. In this map, binary systems which form in the amorphous phase are clearly separated from the others. The same map is valid both for metal-metal and metal-semiconductor binaries.
Racial differences in the discussion and treatment of depressive symptoms accompanying type 2 diabetes

Abstract Objective To compare rates of discussion of and treatment for depression among African Americans and Whites with diabetes. Methods Measures of diabetes status, depressive symptoms, and history of discussing and being treated for depression were collected from 56 adults with elevated depressive symptoms accompanying diabetes who were drawn from a larger study of type 2 diabetes. Results Analyses adjusted for confounders and multiple tests indicated that relative to Whites, African Americans were 6–12 times less likely to have ever: discussed depression with anyone ( p =.007), discussed depression with their primary care physician ( p =.008), been prescribed an antidepressant ( p =.002), and they were 25 times less likely to have seen a psychiatrist ( p =.003). There were no significant differences in discussing depression with clergypersons, or family members/friends. Conclusions Compared to their White counterparts, African Americans with depressive symptoms accompanying diabetes are unlikely to discuss depression with healthcare professionals, be prescribed antidepressant medication, or be seen by a psychiatrist. Minority diabetes patients' medical and psychiatric outcomes may improve if healthcare providers more actively initiate these discussions, provide culturally tailored education about the nature of depression and its management, incorporate patient preferences into treatment plans, and establish relationships with persons more likely to learn about African American patient symptoms.
Investigations of child abuse/neglect allegations in religious cults: A case study in Vermont

State investigations into allegations of child abuse and/or neglect are made particularly difficult when the adults involved refuse to cooperate with the investigation. Attempts by state agencies to investigate allegations of child abus/neglect made against noncooperative religious cults have proved particularly challenging, since the nature of these groups makes identification of and access to child and adult members problematic. Such cases prove especially difficult when religious beliefs held by cult members justify and even endorse physical discipline of children that many states would define as abusive. An illustration of these problems is provided by an in-depth description of a recent case in which state officials in Vermont attempted to investigate child abuse allegations against members of a religious cult. Social policy issues are discussed, and suggested statutory revisions are presented. Language: en
Chronic infusion of angiotensin II into the olfactory bulb elicits an increase in water intake

Chronic infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the olfactory bulb (OB) elicited a moderate dipsogenesis which occurred only during the dark phase, essentially doubling the water-to-food intake ratio. Removal of the food from the ANG II-OB group reduced water consumption to the level of the saline-infused/food-deprived controls. These experiments suggest that ANG II may interact with the OB to alter the normal water/food relationship.
Extrahepatic biliary stricture associated with cytomegalovirus in a liver transplant recipient

We describe a patient who developed a stricture in the distal common bile duct 6 weeks after orthotopic liver transplantation. Histopathologic examination of the bile duct epithelium in the region of the stricture showed characteristic cytomegalovirus (CMV) inclusions. CMV was also identified in pulmonary alveoli and in the duodenum. Although CMV has been demonstrated in the biliary epithelium of AIDS patients with extrahepatic biliary strictures and biliary obstruction, this entity has not, to our knowledge, been described in liver transplant recipients. This report confirms that CMV infection should be included as a probable cause of extrahepatic biliary strictures and bile duct obstruction in liver transplant patients.
Intermolecular force mapping of platelet surfaces on collagen substrata

The interactions between plasma proteins and platelets are responsible for surface adsorption and activation of platelets, which leads to initiation of platelet-mediated thrombotic events at biomaterial surfaces. We are seeking to gain a fundamental understanding of these interactions. The atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to create force maps across platelets adsorbed onto collagen substrata using peptide-modified probes. Combining the imaging and force-measuring capabilities of AFM, the force-mapping mode has been used to measure interactions of peptide-modified AFM probes with the surface. Observed differences in the force of adhesion are clearly evident in the platelet samples fixed in air, proving the ability of the AFM system to map adhesion. When this system is changed to a fluid environment we are no longer able to see such evident adhesion because of the membrane flexibility; instead the deformability of the surface is mapped. The specific interaction between the peptide sequence RGD and platelets was measured in a non-mapping mode of the AFM. Although this does not provide a force map, we can see significant differences between the forces measured on the substrate and those measured with a control hexapeptide.
AIRBORNE SPREAD OF BRUCELLOSIS

review of epidemic and endemic brucellosis at six abattoirs demonstrates a correlation between case distribution and flow of air from the kill department (stage II) to other areas within an abattoir. Air from the kill department disseminated to nearby departments led to abnormally high brucellosis attack rates for persons who worked in these areas at two abattoirs. Complete physical separation or maintaining negative air pressure in the kill department was associated with reduced risk for workers in other areas at four abattoirs. Cases in persons who had exposure to kill department air but no contact with animal tissues provide strong evidence for airborne transmission of infection. Brucellosis is also contracted through skin contact with infectious animal tissues, but this route of transmission appears less important than formerly believed.
Patterns of Language Behavior in Children with Developmental Language Disorders

Tests to measure comprehension, formulation, and repetition of certain phonologic, syntactic, and semantic aspects of language were administered to 47 children who had developmental language disord...
The effect of tri-junction conditions in droplet solidification

Abstract We carry out numerical simulations of solidification of a two-dimensional liquid droplet cooled at a point with different conditions at the tri-junctions where the solid, liquid, and gas phases meet. The velocity of the advancing solidification front is determined from the quasi-steady heat conduction equations in both solid and liquid phases. The singularity in heat flux at the tri-junction encountered in the previous studies is shown to disappear when kinetic undercooling and the Gibbs–Thomson effect at the solid–liquid interface are taken into account. Locally regular solutions can be obtained for arbitrary values of the contact angles at the tri-junction. The solidification rate and shapes of solid particles are studied as functions of the surface tension, the contact angles, and the thermal conductivities of the two phases. Higher solidification rates are found for lower surface tensions and larger solid-to-liquid conductivity ratios. In the final stages of solidification, a corner or cusp is formed in the shape of the solid in agreement with related experimental observations. The corner angle is found to decrease when the solid-to-liquid density ratio is decreased. More elongated particles are obtained for higher surface tensions and lower ratios of densities, solid to liquid.
Effects of temperature on the solid phase epitaxy of silicon

Abstract We studied the thin film system consisting of a palladium silicide layer on a 〈100〉Si single-crystal substrate covered by an overlying film of amorphous Si. After annealing at temperatures between 440 and 520°C, we observed the nucleation of Si islands on the 〈100〉Si surface, with a corresponding erosion of the amorphous Si film. At constant temperature the islands grow in size but not in number. For various temperatures the observed density of islands varies as a thermally activated quantity with an activation energy of 1.8 eV. The islands finally develop into a uniform layer of epitaxial Si. Some residual palladium silicide in the grown Si layers was detected by Rutherford backscattering. The temperature dependence of the amount of residual palladium silicide also has an activation energy of 1.8 eV. We propose a simple model in which the residual palladium silicide is a consequence of the island growth.
Cardiovascular Effects of the Beta-Carboline FG 7142 in Borderline Hypertensive Rats

Abstract Soltis, R. P., V. A. M c Gee and M. L. Smith. Cardiovascular effects of the beta-carboline FG 7142 in borderline hypertensive rats. PHYSIOL BEHAV 63(3) 407–412, 1998.—The hypothesis that acute and chronic administration of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG 7142 ( N -methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide) produces cardiovascular changes similar to those seen during acute and chronic episodes of stress was studied using conscious, unrestrained borderline hypertensive rats (BHR). Chronic intraperitoneal administration of FG 7142 (10 mg/kg; 5 days/week for 8 weeks) failed to alter resting mean arterial pressure or heart rate compared to maturation and vehicle controls. However, chronic administration of FG 7142 prevented the hypertension associated with a high salt diet. Similarly, acute intravenous (I.V.) administration of FG 7142 (10 mg/kg) in BHR rendered hypertensive with a high-salt diet produced a significant reduction in resting mean arterial pressure as well as marked increases in heart rate. Pretreatment with the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil (RO 15-1788, 10 mg/kg, i.v.) blocked the tachycardic response but had no effect on the hypotensive effect of FG 7142 administered i.v. in BHR with salt-induced hypertension. Acute administration of FG 7142 (0.1–10 mg/kg, i.v.) in normal BHR produced no significant changes in resting mean arterial pressure and dose-related increases in heart rate. These experiments indicate that, in conscious unrestrained BHR, FG 7142 can elicit changes in heart rate but not the changes in arterial pressure typically associated with stress or anxiety. Therefore, it appears that FG 7142 is of limited use as a pharmacological tool for investigating the cardiovascular effects of acute or chronic stress in BHR.
Supporting participation in communities of practice by scientists from developing countries — The case of high energy physics

Over the last decade, researchers have hypothesized that a new form of scientific organization, the “collaboratory” holds promise to greatly benefit scientists from developing countries by allowing them to reach remotely located experts, instruments, and databases. However, there have been no empirical studies to prove or disprove this hypothesis. Adopting a qualitative approach, this study examines how collaboratories affect one of the factors that purportedly lead to scientific productivity—communities of practice. Results of data analysis indicate that collaboratories bring about new opportunities for scientists from developing countries to access scientists from developed countries and their practices, but barriers also exist. The full value of collaboratories can be achieved only after the technologies themselves and the social practices surrounding the use of technologies are improved.
271 Detection of Fetal Exposure to Environmental Pesticides: A Comparison of Various Matrices

271 Detection of Fetal Exposure to Environmental Pesticides: A Comparison of Various Matrices
Pancreatic ductal and interstitial pressures in cats with chronic pancreatitis

We investigated the etiology of interstitial hypertension in chronic pancreatitis by examining the relationship between pancreatic ductal and interstitial pressures in cats. The main pancreatic duct was cannulated in the tail of the gland and perfused at 1, 2, or 5 ml/hr, to simulate pancreatic secretion. Intraductal and interstitial pressures were measured in four groups of animals: (1) normal cats; (2) normal cats after acutely narrowing the main duct to 25% of its original diameter; (3) normal cats after encasing the body and tail in a rigid latex capsule; and (4) cats with chronic pancreatitis created by narrowing the main duct five weeks earlier. Duct perfusion increased intraductal pressure in all of the cats, but significantly more in groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to group 1. Pancreatic interstitial pressure was unchanged by duct perfusion in groups 1 and 2, but increased in groups 3 and 4. We concluded that the compliant tissue of the normal pancreas expanded to effectively dissipate the increase in duct pressure associated with duct perfusion. In chronic pancreatitis, the inelastic parenchyma and capsule limited the distensibility of the gland, which resulted in elevated interstitial pressures during duct perfusion.
Nucleotide Excision Repair Is Not Required for the Antiapoptotic Function of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1

The expression of ERCC1, a member of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) family, is enhanced in cells transfected with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptors. Of interest, an excellent concordance between ERCC1 expression and NER-mediated cell survival has been demonstrated. The two aims of the present study were to determine the signaling pathways used by IGF-1 to confer protection against apoptotic cell death in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and to assess the role of NER in this IGF-1 action. Experiments with pharmacological inhibitors indicated that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) but not mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/ERK2) mediates IGF-1 antiapoptotic activity. Using two series of CHO cells that have altered expression of ERCC1 or XPB/ERCC3, we examined IGF-1's ability to delay apoptotic death and reduction of mitochondrial oxidative function mediated by growth factor withdrawal. IGF-1 effectively blocked apoptosis, concomitant with increased MTT activity, in a pair of CHO cell lines expressing inactive ERCC1 (43-3B cells) and the transfected line of the mutant carrying the expressed human ERCC1 gene (83-G5 cells). Similarly, repair-deficient UV24 cells, which lack XPB/ERCC3, and their parental line AA8 were also responsive to the IGF-1's antiapoptotic capacity. In the presence of IGF-1, these cell lines became resistant to the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a key player in DNA damage recognition and DNA repair. These results suggest that PI 3-kinase activation plays a determinant role in the antiapoptotic function of IGF-1, but that functional NER does not play a critical part in mediating this IGF-1 response.
Theoretical versus practical results of an advanced power model used in communications of wireless sensor networks

In this paper we present an advanced model for power consumption in communications. The new model for power consumed in communications takes into consideration parameters power consumption for the active mode, power consumption for the sleep mode, power consumption for the transient mode, transmission period, transient mode duration, sleep mode duration, and active mode duration. The new model for power consumption in communications has been tested versus a network of Micaz sensors and it shows results within 5% difference between theoretical and practical results. The results obtained in this paper are more accurate than those previously published.
Regulation of class III (Vps34) PI3Ks

The class III PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), Vps34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34), was first identified as a regulator of vacuolar hydrolase sorting in yeast. Unlike other PI3Ks, the Vps34 lipid kinase specifically utilizes phosphatidylinositol as a substrate, producing the single lipid product PtdIns3P. While Vps34 has been studied for some time in the context of endocytosis and vesicular trafficking, it has more recently been implicated as an important regulator of autophagy, trimeric G-protein signalling, and the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) nutrient-sensing pathway. The present paper will focus on studies that describe the regulation of hVps34 (human Vps34) intracellular targeting and enzymatic activity in yeast and mammalian cells.
Frameshift mutations in Salmonella induced by the extracts of medicinal herbs Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl. and Monotes glaber Sprague.

Lannea edulis an(d Monotes glaber have been prescribed for various affectations in the traditional medical practice of Zimbabwe and other parts of Africa. Mutagenicity testing using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, and TA100, indicated that the aqueous extracts of these plants induced frameshift mutations in Salmonella. The extract of L. edulis displayed marginal mutagenicity in strain TA97a while that of M. glaber showed a significant dose-dependent mutagenicity in both strains TA97a and TA98. There was no mutagenic effect observed in strain TA100. Two other plant extracts, those of Lannea discolor and Dolichos kilimandscharicus, were nonmutagenic in all three strains. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 5,5-Diphenyl-4-penten-2-one: A Variation on a Classic Organic Synthesis Laboratory

The Grignard reaction and the addition of protecting groups are standard reactions in an organic chemistry course. Organic students learn about the “quench” step of the Grignard reaction using acid and water and the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to remove the protecting group, yet in the lecture students find these two reactions to be confusing in their similarity. Although there are published syntheses that explore multistep synthesis utilizing a Grignard reaction and protecting groups, we have had limited success with these procedures in the lab. The multistep synthesis of 5,5-diphenyl-4-penten-2-one from ethyl levulinate includes these reactions. Ethyl levulinate, a γ-ketoester, undergoes protection with ethylene glycol to provide an acetal ester. The acetal ester is then treated with phenylmagnesium bromide, which is prepared prior to use, followed by an aqueous acid quench to produce a tertiary alcohol that can be purified by recrystallization. Finally, the acetal is removed and the tertiary alcohol unde...
Pharmacogenetics in the treatment of breast cancer

sion. 3 While the clinical importance of a large number of pharmacogenetic variants is becoming more clear, the significance of the majority remains speculative while we await larger trials. This review is written in this context of a large amount of research that is rapidly maturing towards a point where testing in clinical populations will become common. Pharmacogenetics may play a significant role in several aspects of breast cancer including prognosis at the time of diagnosis, response to specific treatments, and likelihood of adverse events to specific treatments. While a large amount of research has examined details of genetic predisposition to breast cancer, a relative paucity of work has been done to identify genetic variants that might predict a women’s prognosis and response to treatment once breast cancer is diagnosed. Indeed, once breast cancer is diagnosed, a woman may be more interested in her chances of response to treatment than her risk of carrying a genetic variant that puts her at higher risk of developing the disease. 4
Improvements to On-Wafer Noise Parameter Measurements

A new system for measuring noise parameters on-wafer has been developed that incorporates three main new features: (1) the source can be tuned to any impedance including Zopt rather than pre-calibrated settings, (2) the system corrects for drift in second stage gain, and (3) calibration is simplified with an on-wafer noise source. This cold-noise measurement system uses a HP8510B network analyzer with a custom test-set that incorporates the input reflectometer between the DUT and tuner, and the output reflectometer between the DUT and the second stage. The noise figure of 0.25 mm pseudomorphic MODFETs were measured versus source impedance with the system. The standard four-parameter equation for modeling the dependence of noise figure on impedance was fitted to every measured data point (e.g., 32) including Fmin to better than 0.02 dB.
Competitive online scheduling for server systems

Our goal here is to illustrate the competitive online scheduling research community's approach to online server scheduling problems by enumerating some of the results obtained for problems related to response and slowdown, and by explaining some of the standard analysis techniques.
Protecting the Herd from H1N1

Herd immunity—the concept that high vaccination coverage can provide partial or even complete protection to those not vaccinated—has been a component of vaccination policy for more than 50 years ([ 1 ][1], [ 2 ][2]). J. Medlock and A. P. Galvani (“Optimizing influenza vaccine distribution,”
Formation of Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoprotein by Myeloperoxidase

Recent studies identify the presence of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in patients with cardiovascular disease, which are "dysfunctional," lacking in typical atheroprotective properties, and promoting proinflammatory effects. The mechanisms for generating dysfunctional HDL have been unclear. New evidence points to a role for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-generated oxidants as participants in rendering HDL dysfunctional within human atherosclerotic plaque. Myeloperoxidase was recently shown to bind to HDL within human atherosclerotic lesions, and biophysical studies reveal MPO binding occurs via specific interactions with apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, the predominant protein of HDL. This likely facilitates the observed selective targeting of apoA-I for site-specific chlorination and nitration by MPO-generated reactive oxidants in vivo. One apparent consequence of MPO-catalyzed apoA-I oxidation includes the functional impairment of the ability of HDL to promote cellular cholesterol efflux via the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette-1 transport system. Myeloperoxidase-mediated loss of the atheroprotective functional properties of HDL may thus provide a novel mechanism linking inflammation and oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
REDLINING AND MORTGAGE LENDING IN SACRAMENTO

ABSTRACT Neighborhoods throughout the Sacramento, California, metropolitan area did not receive equal amounts of mortgage loans during 1976. Mortgage lending by banks and savings and loan associations varies with the social status, ethnicity, and age of neighborhoods. Individual lenders differ greatly in their activity in minority areas. The pattern of lending offices does not strongly influence lending patterns.
Information storage capacity of synaptic connectivity patterns

How much information can be encoded in synaptic connectivity patterns through formation and elimination of dendritic spines? To answer this question, we perform geometrical analysis and derive an expression for the number of potential synapses, i.e. the number of axons that pass within a spine length of a given dendrite. We evaluate this expression by using our measurements and existing anatomical data, and find that the ratio of actual to potential synapses is 0.26 in mouse neocortex, 0.18 in rat hippocampus, and 0.12–0.23 in macaque visual cortex. Consequently, mammalian synaptic connectivity patterns may encode up to 3–5 bits per synapse.
Twinning of potassium bromide

Abstract Large numbers of [211] penetration twins were formed when KBr reagent from one supplier was crystallized from water by evaporation. Most of these were butterfly twins while a few were interpenetrating cubes. Some lots of reagent from another supplier also produced twins while other lots did not. The non- twinning KBr was of an overall higher purity than that which produced twins. Twin formation appeared to be stimulated by Na + , Cl - , and Thiazine Red R. Trace amounts of PbCl 2 prevented twinning. The maximum yield of twins was obtained at intermediate growth rates. The interface surface was not a twin plane but varied widely in orientation. A model showed that the twin intersection forms a step much like that of a screw dislocation at the tip of the butterflies. Experimentally it was found that growth layers originated from this tip and later coalesced to form large waves which trapped tubular inclusions.
Optimization of CBD CdS process in high-efficiency Cu(In, Ga)Se2-based solar cells

Abstract We present an optimization of the CdS chemical bath deposition process as applied to high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 photovoltaic thin-film absorber materials. Specifically, we investigated deposition time (thickness), bath temperature (65, 80 and 90°C) and a Cd2+ partial-electrolyte treatment of the chalcopyrite absorber prior to CdS deposition. We found that thinner CdS layers (grown on as-deposited absorbers) allowing more light to reach the junction are not necessarily conducive to higher short-circuit current density. Device performance was found to be dependent on the CdS layer thickness, but rather independent of the growth temperature. On the other hand, devices prepared from absorbers subjected to a Cd2+ partial electrolyte treatment show that the device performance dependence on CdS thickness is somewhat alleviated, and devices incorporating thinner CdS layers are possible without loss of parameters, such as open-circuit voltage and fill factor.
Electrochemical tuning and investigations on actuator mechanism of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Abstract Electrochemical tuning of single-wall carbon nanotubes has been investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy. We built a linear actuator from single-wall carbon nanotube mat and studied in several alkali metal (Li, Na, and K) and alkaline earth (Ca) halide solutions. The variation of bonding with electrochemical biasing was monitored using in situ Raman. This is since Raman can detect changes in C–C bond length: the radial breathing mode (RBM) at ∼190 cm − 1 varies inversely with the nanotube diameter and the G band at ∼1590 cm − 1 varies with the axial bond length. In addition, the intensities of both the modes vary significantly in a non-monotonic manner pointing at the emptying/depleting or filling of the bonding and anti-bonding states—electrochemical charge injection. We discuss the variation of spectroscopic observables (intensity/frequency) of these modes providing valuable information on the charge transfer dynamics on the single-wall carbon nanotubes mat surface. We found the in-plane compressive strain (∼− 0.25%) and the charge transfer per carbon atom ( f c ∼− 0.005) as an upper bound for the electrolytes used i.e. CaCl 2 . These results can be quantitatively understood in terms of the changes in the energy gaps between the one-dimensional van Hove singularities in the electron density of states arising possibly due to the alterations in the overlap integral of π bonds between the p orbitals of the adjacent carbon atoms. Moreover, the extent of variation of the absolute potential of the Fermi level or alternatively modification of band gap is estimated from modeling Raman intensity to be around 0.1 eV as an upper bound for CaCl 2 .
poky/chuk/ikk1 is required for differentiation of the zebrafish embryonic epidermis

An epidermis surrounds all vertebrates, forming a water barrier between the external environment and the internal space of the organism. In the zebrafish, the embryonic epidermis consists of an outer enveloping layer (EVL) and an inner basal layer that have distinct embryonic origins. Differentiation of the EVL requires the maternal effect gene poky/ikk1 in EVL cells prior to establishment of the basal layer. This requirement is transient and maternal Ikk1 is sufficient to allow establishment of the EVL and formation of normal skin in adults. Similar to the requirement for Ikk1 in mouse epidermis, EVL cells in poky mutants fail to exit the cell cycle or express specific markers of differentiation. In spite of the similarity in phenotype, the molecular requirement for Ikk1 is different between mouse and zebrafish. Unlike the mouse, EVL differentiation requires functioning Poky/Ikk1 kinase activity but does not require the HLH domain. Previous work suggested that the EVL was a transient embryonic structure, and that maturation of the epidermis required replacement of the EVL with cells from the basal layer. We show here that the EVL is not lost during embryogenesis but persists to larval stages. Our results show that while the requirement for poky/ikk1 is conserved, the differences in molecular activity indicate that diversification of an epithelial differentiation program has allowed at least two developmental modes of establishing a multilayered epidermis in vertebrates.
Crystallographic Textures Resulting from Severe Shear Deformation in Machining

Evolution of textures on surfaces created using plane strain machining (PSM) under machining-relevant thermomechanical conditions is studied and compared against that in the chips. By analyzing orientation distribution functions, it is shown that the texture on the surface is comprised of prominent and distinct fibers. By analyzing the pole figures of chips and the surface, it is shown that the two textures have features distinct from one other, even though the scale of the microstructure on the surface and the chips are traditionally considered to be comparable. In situ characterization using high speed imaging of PSM is coupled with a visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model and is used to predict the pole figures in the chip and the surface. A finite element model of PSM is generated and coupled with the VPSC model to create a fully computational route for predicting textures from machining.
Autoradiography of gentamicin uptake by the rat proximal tubule cell

Autoradiography of gentamicin uptake by rat proximal tubule cells. Rats were injected with 25 µCi (14.2 µg) of tritiated gentamicin and were killed 10min, 1 hour, or 24 hours after the injection. Renal tissue was preserved by intravascular perfusion of a glutaraldehyde-containing solution. In a preliminary experiment, glutaraldehyde was found to fix gentamicin to bovine serum albumin, and this property probably accounted for the negligible loss of label during specimen preparation. By light microscopy, gentamicin appeared to be confined almost entirely to the proximal tubules. Autoradiographic grains appeared initially over the apical cytoplasm of the proximal tubule cells and, with time, moved progressively into the interior of the cell. Electron-microscopy revealed that the grains were associated with apical vesicles at 10min and lysosomes at 1 and 24 hours. The specificity of labeling was confirmed by quantitative grain analysis. These results indicate that gentamicin is transported into the proximal tubule cell by pinocytosis and becomes sequestered in lysosomes. This process may account for the accumulation of myeloid bodies in the proximal tubule lysosomes of gentamicin-treated rats, but whether this mechanism contributes the nephrotoxicity of this drug cannot be ascertained at this time. Etude autoradiographique de la captation de gentamycine par les cellules tubulaires proximales du rat. Des rats ont recu 25 µCi (14, 2 µg) de 3 H-gentamycine et ont ete sacrifies 10min, 1 heure, ou 24 heures apres. Le tissu renal a ete fixe par le perfusion intravasculaire d'une solution contenant de la glutaraldehyde. Au cours d'experiences preliminaires il a ete constate que la glutaraldehyde fixe la gentamycine a la serum albumine bovine et cette propriete rend compte de la perte negligeable de traceur au cours de la preparation de l'echantillon. En microscopie photonique la gentamycine parait etre confinee au tube proximal. Les grains, en autoradiographie, apparaissent initialement sur le cytoplasme apical des cellules tubulaires proximales et ensuite se deplacent progressivement vers l'interieur de la cellule. La microscopie electronique montre que les grains sont associes aux vesicules apicales a 10min et aux lysozomes a 1 et 24 heures. La specificite du marquage a ete confirmee par l'analyse quantitative des grains. Ces resultats indiquent que la gentamycine est transportee dans le tube proximal par pinocytose, puis est sequestree dans les lysozomes. Ce processus fourrait rendre compte de l'accumulation de corps myeloides dans les lysozomes du tube proximal de rats traites pas la gentamycine. Cependant la contribution eventuelle de ce mecanisme a la nephrotoxicite de la drogue ne peut pas etre etablie pour le moment.
Making eggs: is it now or later?

Although it has been thought that female mammals develop all the eggs they will ever have by the time they are born, new research suggesting otherwise has now sparked a debate.
Free lateral oscillations of a supported grillage

Abstract The free oscillations of a uniform grillage are investigated by use of finite difference calculus. The theory is approximate in that the mass of the beams is supposed concentrated at the nodes. The torsional rigidity of the beams is taken into consideration, leading to a sixth order partial difference equation which requires the satisfaction of three boundary conditions at each support. Solutions are developed for a grillage simply supported on all sides and simply supported on two opposite sides and clamped on the other two.
The Interactive Effects of Job Insecurity and Organizational Cynicism on Work Effort Following a Layoff

The widespread layoffs of the past 25 years have caused unparalleled levels of distrust and frustration in organizations. Organizational cynicism, which is frequently a manifestation of this pervas...
Applications of complementary tri-stimulus colorimetry—III: The determination of indicator constants and their use in the calculation of screening conditions

Abstract It is shown that the indicator constants of acid-base indicators can be calculated from complementary tri-stimulus data. It is pointed out that this approach is applicable to the study and evaluation of similar equilibria. From complementary tri-stimulus data for an acid-base indicator and for a screening dye (or dyes) and the calculated indicator constant, the composition of a satisfactorily screened indicator stock solution can be calculated. Examples are given and derived values are compared with experimental results.
Interaction of nuclear environment with MNOS memory device

This paper reports on the results of an investigation of the interaction of a nuclear environment with a metal-gate, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon-on-sapphire memory device. The test device was a 63-bit (7 words by 9 bits) three-terminal device. The tests were as follows: (1) transient photocurrent, (2) transient annealing, (3) total dose, (4) survivability, and (5) neutron tests. Facilities at AFCRL were used in the first four tests and at the Aberdeen Pulse Reactor for the last test. Samples were irradiated under power. Both interrogated and passive words containing “1” and “0” states were investigated. Transient photocurrent and annealing data were obtained with the Linac operating in the electron mode. Electron energy was 10 MeV and pulse widths of 20 nanoseconds and 4. 5 microseconds were used. Total dose data was obtained with a cobalt-60 source as well as the reactor. A Flash X-ray generator operating in the electron mode (20-nanosecond pulse) was used to determine survivability rates.
Diet of the invasive lizard Chamaeleo Jacksonii (squamata: Chamaeleonidae) at a wet-forest site in Hawai'i

Abstract: We assessed diet from a sample of Jackson's chameleons inhabiting wet forest in Volcano Village, Hawai‘i Island, Hawai‘i. Most lizards contained food in their gastrointestinal tract, diet was broad, and large numbers of invertebrates, mostly insects, were consumed. Native insects composed the largest component of dietary items, and these spanned most of the body-size range found in the native invertebrate community. Taxonomic composition of diets does not conform to expectations for iguanian lizards inasmuch as hymenopterans form only a small portion of consumed items. Insect chemical or stinging defenses did not preclude consumption by lizards. The study site is a mixture of native and alien vegetation. Chameleons collected from alien plants contained larger numbers of native prey items than did those lizards removed from native plants, suggesting that lizard residency on non-native plants will not reduce their predation impact on native invertebrates in mixed forest. Our results confirm the fi...
Oral contraceptives in polycystic ovarian syndrome: the long and short of it.

Case 1: A 19-year-old attended for irregular menses, hirsutism and acne since puberty. Her menarche was at age 12 and she was never regular, with menses that were up to 10 weeks apart. Family histo...
Water use trade‐offs and optimal adaptations to pulse‐driven arid ecosystems

Summary 1 We introduce a hydraulic soil-plant model with water uptake from two soil layers; one a pulse-dominated shallow soil layer, the other a deeper soil layer with continuous, but generally less than saturated soil moisture. Water uptake is linked to photosynthetic carbon assimilation through a photosynthesis model for C3 plants. 2 A genetic algorithm is used to identify character suites that maximize photosynthetic carbon gain for plants that experience a particular soil moisture pattern. The character suites include allocation fraction to stem, leaves and shallow root, stem capacitance and stem water storage capacity, maximal leaf conductance and sensitivity of leaf conductance to plant water potential, and a critical soil water potential at which shallow roots cease to transfer water. 3 We find that if pulse water is a more important water source than deeper soil water in the environment, optimal phenotypes lean towards adaptations that maximize pulse water use (small root : shoot ratio, predominantly shallow root system, high leaf conductance with high stomatal sensitivity to plant water status). If deeper soil water is more important, phenotypes lean towards adaptations that maximize deeper soil water use (large root : shoot ratio, predominantly deep root system, lower leaf conductance with low stomatal sensitivity). Stem succulence is adaptive only when deeper soil water is unavailable. 4 From among the continuum of derived phenotypes, four phenotypes are selected that resemble the character suites of winter annuals, drought-deciduous perennials, evergreen perennials and stem succulents. Under common conditions, these phenotypes reproduce many of the responses to drought and water pulse observed in their respective life-form counterparts. The comparison also highlights the differences in plant life-form sensitivity to summer and winter drought conditions. 5 Based on these results, we discuss the possible role of annual precipitation patterns in shaping plant adaptations and determining the plant composition of arid and semi-arid environments.
Treatment of Hazardous Substances in Wastewater Treatment Plants

For many types of hazardous wastes, particularly those contained in high volume, low concentration wastewaters, biological treatment in existing facilities, perhaps in selected publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), may be a better alternative. The motivation for using existing biological facilities to treat hazardous wastes is very high since there is insufficient hazardous waste treatment capacity. This problem will become exacerbated in the future unless the current hazardous waste facility problems are resolved.
Altered Cerebral Blood Flow in a Patient with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is characterized by inadequate respiration during sleep and a lack of responsiveness to CO2 and O2. Many autonomic deficits, however, are also present in the syndrome, and both anecdotal and indirect evidence suggests impaired cerebral autoregulation, including syncope and abnormal cerebral blood oxygenation and volume changes to CO2 and O2 challenges [1]. Inadequate cerebral perfusion could contribute to neural injury and functional deficits present in the syndrome [2, 3]. We took advantage of a recent magnetic resonance imaging technique, arterial spin labeling (ASL [4]), to quantify cerebral blood flow (CBF) throughout the brain in a CCHS and an age- and gender-matched control subject.
Studies on the Subsite Specificity of Rat Nardilysin (N-Arginine Dibasic Convertase)

Abstract The subsite specificity of rat nardilysin was investigated using fluorogenic substrates of the type 2-aminobenzoyl-GGX 1 X 2RKX 3GQ-ethylenediamine-2,4-dinitrophenyl, where P2, P2′, and P3 residues were varied. (The nomenclature of Schechter and Berger (Schechter, I., and Berger, A. (1967) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 27, 157–162) is used where cleavage of a peptide occurs between the P1 and P1′ residues, and adjacent residues are designated P2, P3, P2′, P3′, etc.) There was little effect onK m among different residues at any of these positions. In contrast, residues at each position affectedk cat, with P2 residues having the greatest effect. The S3, S2, and S2′ subsites differed in their amino acid preference. Tryptophan and serine, which produced poor substrates at the P2 position, were among the best P2′ residues. The specificity at P3 was generally opposite that of P2. Residues at P2, and to a lesser extent at P3, influenced the cleavage site. At the P2position, His, Phe, Tyr, Asn, or Trp produced cleavage at the amino side of the first basic residue. In contrast, a P2 Ile or Val produced cleavage between the dibasic pair. Other residues produced intermediate effects. The pH dependence for substrate binding showed that the enzyme prefers to bind a protonated histidine. A comparison of the effect of arginine or lysine at the P1′ or P1 position showed that there is a tendency to cleave on the amino side of arginine and that this cleavage produces the highestk cat values.
Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease The Lyon Diet Heart Study

This issue of Circulation contains an article1 that I believe deserves special attention from cardiologists and physicians. It reports the 46-month mean follow-up findings on the original report of the study on “Mediterranean α-linolenic acid–rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease,” the so-called Lyon Diet Heart Study. This study was undertaken because of the interest of the investigators in explaining the very much lower mortality from cardiovascular disease, mainly coronary heart disease, in the countries bordering the Mediterranean compared with that in northern Europe. The initial report2 was published in Lancet in 1994 after the study was terminated by its Scientific and Ethics Committee at 27 months mean follow-up time of what had been planned as a 5-year study, because the benefits in the experimental group at that time were so favorable. Despite the striking findings in the first report of a 70% reduction in all-cause mortality due to a reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality and comparable large reductions in nonfatal sequelae, I have encountered few cardiologists here who are aware of that study. It is much to the credit of Dr de Lorgeril and associates that they persisted in following the original enrollees despite the official termination of the study and publication of the initial findings so that they are now able to report their more extended observations. With the mean follow-up time of 46 months per patient, the initial remarkably beneficial effects of the experimental dietary program persisted compared with the control group consuming the “prudent Western-type diet.” Let me list the several important messages I believe are inherent in the results that are clearly and modestly presented in this article. 1. At a time when health professionals, the pharmaceutical industries, and the research funding and regulatory agencies are almost totally focused …
Evidence of surface water oligotrophy during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Nannofossil assemblage data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 690, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea

[1] Nannoplankton assemblages at Ocean Drilling Program Site 690 (Maud Rise, Weddell Sea) experienced an abrupt and dramatic transformation at the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at ∼55 m.y. The major assemblage shift suggests a change from colder, more productive surface waters to warmer, more oligotrophic conditions. Significant restructuring of assemblages during the later part of the PETM indicates that nannoplankton communities were not stable and that surface water conditions changed, although they remained warm and oligotrophic. Combined with benthic foraminiferal assemblage data, nannoplankton assemblage results suggest increased sequestration of nutrients in shelf environments and starvation of the open ocean. Although the PETM was a short-lived event, it appears to have had long-term effects on nannoplankton, leading to the extinction of Fasciculithus, a dominant Paleocene genus.
Clearance of Influenza Virus Respiratory Infection in Mice Lacking Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex-restricted CD8 + T Cells

Transgenic mice homozygous for a beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) gene disruption and normal mice that had been treated with a CD8-specific mAb were infected intranasally with an H3N2 influenza A virus. Both groups of CD8T cell-deficient mice eliminated the virus from the infected respiratory tract. Potent CTL activity was detected in lung lavage populations taken from mice with intact CD8+ T cell function, with minimal levels of cytotoxicity being found for inflammatory cells obtained from the antibody-treated and beta 2-m mutant mice. We therefore conclude that cells infected with an influenza A virus can be cleared from the respiratory tract of mice lacking both functional class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins and class I MHC-restricted, CD8+ effector T cells.