cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of NOx species in dehydrated and hydrated Na- and Ba-Y, FAU zeolites formed in NO2 adsorption

Abstract Adsorbed ionic NO x species formed upon the interaction of NO 2 with dehydrated or hydrated Na- and Ba-Y, FAU zeolites were characterized using FT-IR/TPD, solid state NMR, and XANES techniques. NO 2 disproportionates on both dehydrated catalyst materials forming NO + and NO 3 − species. These ionic species are stabilized by their interactions with the negatively charged zeolite framework and the charge compensating cations (Na + and Ba 2+ ), respectively. Although the nature of the adsorbed NO x species formed on the two catalysts is similar, their thermal stabilities are strongly dependent on the charge compensating cations. In the presence of water in the channels of these zeolite materials new paths open for reactions between NO + and H 2 O, and NO 2 and H 2 O, resulting in significant changes in the adsorbed ionic species observed. These combined spectroscopic investigations afforded the understanding of the interactions between water and NO 2 on these zeolite catalysts.
Relations Between Multizeta Values for

Despite the failure of naive analogs of the sum shuffle or integral shuffle relations, and despite the lack of understanding of analogs of many classical structures that exist in the corresponding theory in the number field case, the multizeta values defined by the author are proved (and conjectured) to satisfy many interesting and combinatorially involved identities. The connections of these multizeta values with iterated extensions of Carlitz-Tate t-motives, analogs of Ihara power series, and Deligne-Soule cocycles, etc., make it an interesting challenge to understand all the identities and discover the other relevant underlying structures.
Effects of α- and β-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones and Other Peptides on the Thyroid in Mice

The effects of various peptides on the thyroid were studied in mice injected with 131I and pretreated with thyroxine. Lysine or arginine vasopressin led to an increase in blood levels of 131I 0. Oxytocin and Val-5- angiotensin II were inactive. The greatest effects on blood levels of 131I were elicited with corticotropin A and natural or synthetic α- and β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). α- and β-MSH also increased the uptake of 131I in mice. Natural and synthetic aand β-MSH were active in hypophysectomized mice, showing that they might act directly on the thyroid gland. The MSH hormones had little if any effect on the uptake of 131I in tadpoles. (Endocrinology 74: 559,1964)
Responses of Bluegills and Crappies to Reduced Abundance of Largemouth Bass in Two Alabama Impoundments

Abstract Marginal poisoning with rotenone and the combination of marginal poisoning and electrofishing were used to reduce the abundance of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in two Alabama impoundments. Marginal poisoning targeted young-of-the-year (age-0) largemouth bass and was intended to reduce recruitment to age 1. Electrofishing was directed at reducing numbers of largemouth bass shorter than 310 mm in total length. Before treatment, abundant small largemouth bass in both impoundments limited recruitment of harvestable-size bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and virtually eliminated recruitment of harvestable-size crappies Pomoxis spp. Following treatment, largemouth bass numbers were reduced, annual numbers of bluegills harvested more than tripled, and a crappie fishery developed in both impoundments. Marginal poisoning requires few personnel and should be considered as a management option for similar waters. Poisoning age-0 largemouth bass may have to be repeated periodically to create a surge in b...
CALCULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT FROM INDICATOR-DILUTION CURVES IN THE PRESENCE OF MITRAL REGURGITATION.

Cardiac output was determined by the indicator-dilution technic with injection of indicator into the ascending aorta, left ventricle, and pulmonary artery in 13 cases of mitral incompetence and in 15 control cases (normal or mild valvular obstruction). The ascending aortic dye curve is not involved in mitral incompetence in its primary circulation and was used for comparison. In normal subjects, there is no significant difference between the cardiac output obtained by injection of indicator into the ascending aorta and the left ventricle. The cardiac output obtained from indicator-dilution curves affected by mitral regurgitation in its primary circulation is underestimated by approximately 20 per cent. The effects of the coronary recirculated indicator particles on the disappearance slope would best explain the discrepancy. Even in the normal circulation, the inclusion of the coronary recirculated particles leads to a small underestimation of the cardiac output when the indicator is injected into the pulmonary artery.
Causes of Death in Acute Leukemia: A Ten-Year Study of 414 Patients From 1954-1963.

Major causes of death in acute leukemia were infection in 70% of patients and hemorrhage in 52%. In 38% of the patients there was more than one cause of death. Striking changes took place during the ten-year-study period. Fatal hemorrhage declined to nearly half the early rate, and fatal staphylococcal infection from 23.5% to 3.1%. At the same time fatal infections due to fungi increased from 8.2% to 23.2%.
Uranium, thorium, and protactinium in a manganese nodule

Abstract Isotopic compositions of uranium, thorium and protactinium have been determined in a manganese nodule dredged from the North Pacific Ocean. Both the230Th and231Pa activities are found to decay exponentially with depth in the nodule. The corresponding accretion rate of the nodule, averaged over the past several hundred thousands of years, is about 4 mm/106 y. The depth distribution of the unsupported234U activities in the nodule indicate that the234U/238U ratio of the oceanic uranium has undergone a rather minor change for the last few hundred thousand years. The fluctuation has been no more than ±2% of the present value of 1.15.
Neural constraints in cognitive science

The paper is an examination of the ways and extent to which neuroscience places constraints on cognitive science. In Part I, I clarify the issue, as well as the notion of levels in cognitive inquiry. I then present and address, in Part II, two arguments designed to show that facts from neuroscience are at a level too low to constrain cognitive theory in any important sense. I argue, to the contrary, that there are several respects in which facts from neurophysiology will constrain cognitive theory. Part III then turns to an examination of Connectionism and Classical Cognitivism to determine which, if either, is in a better position to accomodate neural constraints in the ways suggested in Part II.
Biological Control of Solenopsis Fire Ants by Pseudacteon Parasitoids: Theory and Practice

Pseudacteon parasitoids are potential biocontrol agents of invasive Solenopsis fire ants. Pseudacteon species that parasitize the invasive S. invicta Buren and S. richteri Forel have been introduced to, and naturally dispersed across, the southeastern USA, although there is no evidence yet that Solenopsis host ant populations have decreased. The ability of introduced Pseudacteon species to regulate Solenopsis populations will depend upon the relative importance of top-down effects in the recipient communities. In this paper, I examine the characteristics of the Pseudacteon/Solenopsis parasitoid/host system and evaluate the extent to which research findings are consistent with top-down control. Laboratory and field experiments evaluating Solenopsis population regulation have been equivocal, and overall the available evidence provides little support for strong top-down effects in this system. Competitive exclusion may occur among introduced Pseudacteon species, and future efforts at biological control are likely to be more efficacious if they focus on other types of natural enemies.
An inexpensive vacuum operated tweezer

The construction of an inexpensive vacuum operated tweezer from a modified aquarium air pump and a disposable syringe is described.
Larval fish abundance and physical forcing in the Gulf of Alaska, 1981–2003

Abstract The present study investigates ecological patterns and relationships to environmental variables among a time-series of larval fish species abundance from late spring surveys (1981–2003) in the northwest Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Links between interannual variation in species abundance and the physical environment were explored using generalized additive modeling (GAM). Trends in larval abundance and connections with physical variables displayed patterns that indicate unique and complex responses among species to environmental forcing during the larval period. In particular, the observed patterns suggest that ontogenetic-specific responses, representing sub-intervals of early life, are important. In addition, a notable degree of synchrony in larval abundance trends, and similarity in links with physical variables, were observed among species with common early life history patterns. The deepwater spawners, northern lampfish, arrowtooth flounder, and Pacific halibut, were most abundant in the study area during the 1990s, in association with enhanced wind-driven onshore and alongshore transport. Years of high abundance for Pacific cod, walleye pollock, and northern rock sole were associated with cooler winters and enhanced alongshore winds during spring. High larval abundance for spring–summer spawning rockfish species and southern rock sole seemed to be favored by warmer spring temperatures later in the time-series. This apparent exposure–response coupling seems to be connected to both local-scale and basin-scale environmental signals, to varying degrees depending on specific early life history characteristics. Understanding such ecological connections contributes to the evaluation of vulnerability and resilience among GOA species’ early life history patterns to fluctuating climate and oceanographic conditions. This investigation also provides crucial information for the identification of “environmental indicators” that may have a broad-spectrum effect on multiple species early life history stages, as well as those that may be more species-specific in exerting control on early life history survival. Of particular interest was the emergence of the EP–NP (East Pacific–North Pacific) teleconnection index as the top-ranked variable in the GAM models exploring the connections between late spring larval abundance and the physical environment. The EP–NP index represents an important and often primary mode of spring–summer atmospheric variability in the northeast Pacific, with a strong expression in the GOA, and its connection with species in this study implies that it may be a climate mode of significant ecological importance.
Constrained Regularization Approach to Curvature Estimation

In this paper, we propose a method for boundary smoothing using constrained regularization technique. The smoothed boundary is used to compute a curvature function. Computing a curvature function on a digitized boundary is an ill-posed problem due to the discrete nature of the boundary. Thus, the boundary needs to be smoothed before computing the curvature function. We use a constrained regularization technique to obtain the optimal smooth boundary. The curvature function is computed porn this optimal smooth boundary. This method solves a common critical problem of current curvature estimation methods in determining a unique smoothing factor. Using the above method, we derive a curvature function which is invariant under rotation, scale and translation. Thus, the resulting curvature function can be used to uniquely detect corner points.
Overexpression of nuclear receptor SHP in adipose tissues affects diet-induced obesity and adaptive thermogenesis

The orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) regulates metabolic pathways involved in hepatic bile acid production and both lipid and glucose homeostasis via the transcriptional repression of other nuclear receptors. In the present study, we generated fat-specific SHP-overexpressed transgenic (TG) mice and determined the potential role of SHP activation, specifically in adipocytes, in the regulation of adipose tissue function in response to stressors. We determined in 2 mo-old SHP TG mice body weight, fat mass index, adipose tissues morphology, thermogenic and metabolic gene expression, metabolic rates at baseline and in response to β adrenergic receptor agonists, and brown fat ultrastructural changes in response to cold exposure (6–48 h). Mice were fed a 10-wk high-fat diet (HFD; 42% fat). Weight gain, fat mass index, adipose tissues morphology, glucose tolerance, and metabolic rates were determined at the end of the feeding. Young TG mice had increased body weight and adiposity; however, their energy metabolism was increased and brown fat function was enhanced in response to cold exposure through the activation of thermogenic genes and mitochondrial biogenesis. SHP overexpression exacerbated the diet-induced obesity phenotype as evidence by marked weight gain over time, increased adiposity, and severe glucose intolerance compared with wild-type mice fed a HFD. In addition, SHP-TG mice fed HFD had decreased diet-induced adaptive thermogenesis, increased food intake, and decreased physical activity. In conclusion, SHP activation in adipocytes strongly affects weight gain and diet-induced obesity. Developing a synthetic compound to antagonize the effect of SHP may prove to be useful in treating obesity.
Dynamic control of the p/sub i/-persistent protocol using channel feedback

The p/sub i/-persistent protocol is an excellent candidate for multiaccess communication over very long and very high-speed (unidirectional) fiber-optic bus networks because it does not suffer from the distance and bandwidth limitations of round-robin-type access mechanisms. The authors develop this protocol further to make it easily implementable, by allowing it to be sensitive to changing load conditions. In particular, they provide and study various properties of a simple algorithm which stations execute independently by using channel feedback information. This results in a fully distributed control mechanism that continuously adjusts the station probabilities p/sub i/ at their proper levels as governed by the ordered traffic, where the p/sub i/ are parameters of the p/sub i/-persistent protocol. >
Fast magnetic resonance imaging via frequency domain wavelet transforms

The technique is based on a proper design of the excitation profile. In particular, the excitation profile is chosen to be highly regular along its boundaries. It is shown that the free induction decay (FID) signals that result from such excitations decay much faster than those produced by traditional MRI approaches as long as the underlying magnetization and a number of its derivatives are continuous. The proposed technique exploits this fact together with an exact model of the slowly decaying components of the FID signal (those produced by discontinuities in the magnetization or its derivatives) to produce fast high-quality reconstructions of the underlying magnetization. Experimental results obtained with a 4-T whole body scanner are presented to demonstrate the viability of this approach. >
Sequential two-photon-laser-induced fluorescence: a new method for detecting atmospheric trace levels of NO.

Sequential two-photon-laser-induced fluorescence (TP-LIF) in NO has been achieved by using 226-nm radiation to excite the X2Π → A2Σ transition followed by excitation of the A2Σ → D2Σ transition using the fundamental output of a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. The resulting fluorescence was monitored at wavelengths as low as 187 nm (D2Σ → X2Π transition), thus permitting major discrimination against conventional noise sources as encountered in single-photon-laser-induced fluorescence (SP-LIF) systems. Also, since the 226-nm radiation used in the TP-LIF method is generated in the same manner as in the SP-LIF technique (i.e., the sum-frequency mixing of 288-with 1064-nm radiation), the two-photon sequential-pumping scheme requires no major extra optical hardware. Although the final optimization of the TP-LIF NO method has not yet been completed, extrapolations based on currently measured signal and noise levels suggest a detection sensitivity level of 3 parts in 1013 (0.3 pptv) under atmospheric conditions. This would represent approximately a 25-fold increase in sensitivity over the SP-LIF NO technique.
Ontology-aware classification of tissue and cell-type signals in gene expression profiles across platforms and technologies

Motivation: Leveraging gene expression data through large-scale integrative analyses for multicellular organisms is challenging because most samples are not fully annotated to their tissue/cell-type of origin. A computational method to classify samples using their entire gene expression profiles is needed. Such a method must be applicable across thousands of independent studies, hundreds of gene expression technologies and hundreds of diverse human tissues and cell-types. Results: We present Unveiling RNA Sample Annotation (URSA) that leverages the complex tissue/cell-type relationships and simultaneously estimates the probabilities associated with hundreds of tissues/cell-types for any given gene expression profile. URSA provides accurate and intuitive probability values for expression profiles across independent studies and outperforms other methods, irrespective of data preprocessing techniques. Moreover, without re-training, URSA can be used to classify samples from diverse microarray platforms and even from next-generation sequencing technology. Finally, we provide a molecular interpretation for the tissue and cell-type models as the biological basis for URSA’s classifications. Availability and implementation: An interactive web interface for using URSA for gene expression analysis is available at: ursa.prince ton.edu. The source code is available at https://bitbucket.org/youngl/ ursa_backend.
Impact of the 2009 Influenza Pandemic on Pneumococcal Pneumonia Hospitalizations in the United States

Background. Infection with influenza virus increases the risk for developing pneumococcal disease. The A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in autumn 2009 provided a unique opportunity to evaluate this relationship. Methods. Using weekly age-, state-, and cause-specific hospitalizations from the US State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project 2003‐2009, we quantified the increase in pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalization rates above a seasonal baseline during the pandemic period. Results. We found a significant increase in pneumococcal hospitalizations from late August to mid-December 2009, which corresponded to the timing of highest pandemic influenza activity. Individuals aged 5‐19 years, who have a low baseline level of pneumococcal disease, experienced the largest relative increase in pneumococcal hospitalizations (ratio, 1.6 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.4‐1.7]), whereas the largest absolute increase was observed among individuals aged 40‐64 years. In contrast, there was no excess disease in the elderly. Geographical variation in the timing of excess pneumococcal hospitalizations matched geographical patterns for the fall pandemic influenza wave. Conclusions. The 2009 influenza pandemic had a significant impact on the rate of pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations, with the magnitude of this effect varying between age groups and states, mirroring observed variations in influenza activity.
Stopping sets in codes from designs

The size of the smallest stopping set in LDPC codes helps in analyzing their performance under iterative decoding, just a minimum distance helps in analyzing the performance under maximum likelihood decoding. We study stopping sets in LDPC codes arising from 2-designs, in particular LDPC codes derived from projective and Euclidean geometries. We derive upper and lower bounds on the size of the smallest stopping set in such codes, and provide examples of codes that achieve these bounds.
Complement C5a Receptor Is Essential for the Optimal Generation of Antiviral CD8+ T Cell Responses

The complement system has been long regarded as an important effector of the innate immune response. Furthermore, complement contributes to various aspects of B and T cell immunity. Nevertheless, the role of complement in CD8 + T cell antiviral responses has yet to be fully delineated. We examined the CD8 + T cell response in influenza type A virus-infected mice treated with a peptide antagonist to C5aR to test the potential role of complement components in CD8 + T cell responses. We show that both the frequency and absolute numbers of flu-specific CD8 + T cells are greatly reduced in C5aR antagonist-treated mice compared with untreated mice. This reduction in flu-specific CD8 + T cells is accompanied by attenuated antiviral cytolytic activity in the lungs. These results demonstrate that the binding of the C5a component of complement to the C5a receptor plays an important role in CD8 + T cell responses.
Expression of acidic fibroblast growth factor mRNA in the developing and adult rat brain

We have localized acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) mRNA in the developing and adult rat brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Prenatally, hybridization to aFGF mRNA was observed throughout the brain, with the strongest signal associated with cells of the developing cortical plate. Postnatally, labeling was localized to specific neuronal populations. In the hippocampus, labeling of the pyramidal cell layer and dentate granule cells was observed and became progressively more intense with maturation. Labeling was also observed in both the external and internal granule cell layers of the developing cerebellum. Pyramidal cells of the neocortex as well as neurons of the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus also express aFGF. This pattern persists into adulthood, although the intensity of the labeling is significantly reduced in the adult brain. These patterns of hybridization correlate with specific developmental events and suggest that aFGF plays a significant role in both central nervous system development and neuronal viability in the adult brain.
Derivation of System Matrix From Simulation Data for an Animal SPECT With Slit-Slat Collimator

We developed SPECT imaging capability on an animal PET system. Our goal was to provide animal PET users the SPECT capability at a low cost and facilitate potential PET/SPECT dual modality imaging applications. The SPECT function was enabled with a slit-slat collimator insert and by acquiring data in singles mode. The focus of this paper is to establish a method for deriving the system matrix for the SPECT system from Monte Carlo simulation. With the Monte Carlo package GATE, we simulated a uniform cylinder source which filled the SPECT field of view (FOV). To reduce the size of the original large and sparse system matrix, the detectors that were exposed to individual emission elements were selectively included for system matrix derivation and storage. The axial symmetry of the system was exploited so that only the base-axial volume was used for deriving system response. The system matrix derived was validated with point source measurements at known positions and implemented in an iterative reconstruction algorithm. The imaging performance of the system matrix was evaluated with experimental phantom studies. Reconstructed phantom images were artifact free and demonstrated expected spatial resolution. The method presented in this work is generally applicable to other SPECT imaging systems.
Reanalysis of Murphy et al.?s Data Gives Various Mammalian Phylogenies and Suggests Overcredibility of Bayesian Trees

Murphy and colleagues reported that the mammalian phylogeny was resolved by Bayesian phylogenetics. However, the DNA sequences they used had many alignment gaps and undetermined nucleotide sites. We therefore reanalyzed their data by minimizing unshared nucleotide sites and retaining as many species as possible (13 species). In constructing phylogenetic trees, we used the Bayesian, maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods with different substitution models. These trees were constructed by using both protein and DNA sequences. The results showed that the posterior probabilities for Bayesian trees were generally much higher than the bootstrap values for ML, MP, and NJ trees. Two different Bayesian topologies for the same set of species were sometimes supported by high posterior probabilities, implying that two different topologies can be judged to be correct by Bayesian phylogenetics. This suggests that the posterior probability in Bayesian analysis can be excessively high as an indication of statistical confidence and therefore Murphy et al.'s tree, which largely depends on Bayesian posterior probability, may not be correct.
Book Review: Evolution and Dynamics of the Australian Plate Edited by R. R. Hillis and R. D. Müller (editors), Geological Society of America Special Paper 372, 2003. ISBN 1-8137-2372-8. $72 members; $90 nonmembers

This GSA Special Paper is one of the most interesting and attractive geophysical volumes to appear in the last ten years. It contains a marvelous interdisciplinary compilation of twenty-seven recent studies of the Australian Plate, with a focus on …
Gene set analysis of genome-wide association studies: methodological issues and perspectives

Recent studies have demonstrated that gene set analysis, which tests disease association with genetic variants in a group of functionally related genes, is a promising approach for analyzing and interpreting genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data. These approaches aim to increase power by combining association signals from multiple genes in the same gene set. In addition, gene set analysis can also shed more light on the biological processes underlying complex diseases. However, current approaches for gene set analysis are still in an early stage of development in that analysis results are often prone to sources of bias, including gene set size and gene length, linkage disequilibrium patterns and the presence of overlapping genes. In this paper, we provide an in-depth review of the gene set analysis procedures, along with parameter choices and the particular methodology challenges at each stage. In addition to providing a survey of recently developed tools, we also classify the analysis methods into larger categories and discuss their strengths and limitations. In the last section, we outline several important areas for improving the analytical strategies in gene set analysis.
6-Phenyl-oxane-2,4-dione.

The title compound, C11H10O3, is a phenyl-subsituted dihydro­pyran­dione in which the heterocycle adopts a boat conformation with the phenyl substituent canted 72.14 (5)° relative to the mean plane of the heterocycle.
Separation of fatty acid methyl esters by GC-online hydrogenation × GC.

The separation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) provided by a 200 m × 0.25 mm SLB-IL111 capillary column is enhanced by adding a second dimension of separation (2D) in a GC × GC design. Rather than employing two GC columns of different polarities or using different elution temperatures, the separation in the two-dimensional space is achieved by altering the chemical structure of selected analytes between the two dimensions of separation. A capillary tube coated with palladium is added between the first dimension of separation (1D) column and the cryogenic modulator, providing the reduction of unsaturated FAMEs to their fully saturated forms. The 2D separation is achieved using a 2.5 m × 0.10 mm SLB-IL111 capillary column and separates FAMEs based solely on their carbon skeleton. The two-dimensional separation can be easily interpreted based on the principle that all the saturated FAMEs lie on a straight diagonal line bisecting the separation plane, while the FAMEs with the same carbon skeleton but diffe...
On the upper-air circulation over the Equatorial Americas

In the Equatorial Americas Easterlies prevail in most of the troposphere throughout the year. Conditions in the upper troposphere over the continent are characterized by winds from southerly quadrants originating in the South American anticyclone during Southern summer and by Northerlies associated with an equatorial buffer zone in Northern summer; Westerlies dominate over the Atlantic; and wind directions in the Pacific region vary in relation to a col point.
Recognition Practice Results in a Generalizable Skill in Older Adults: Decreased Intrusion Errors to Novel Objects Belonging to Practiced Categories

Summary Accessing memories is often accompanied by both positive and negative consequences. For example, practice recognizing some visual images held in memory can improve memory for the practiced images and hurt memory for related images (i.e., recognition-induced forgetting). However, visual stimuli have been shown to improve memory for older adults by decreasing false memories. This suggests that older adults may be immune to recognition-induced forgetting and that recognition practice may decrease susceptibility to intrusion errors. We first tested the hypothesis that older adults are immune to recognition-induced forgetting. We found older adults exhibit recognition-induced forgetting. Next, we tested the hypothesis that recognition practice decreases older adult's rates of intrusion errors. We found lower intrusion errors for novel objects from practiced categories. This represents a generalizable learning effect; practice recognizing a target object (e.g., your pill bottle) improves the rejection of new lures (e.g., identifying the pill bottle that is not yours).Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innate Cytokine Responses and Their Functions during Viral Infections

Innate cytokines are soluble mediators produced by a wide range of cells including innate immune and even nonimmune cells. Once engaged, specialized sensors recognizing molecular structures uniquely expressed during infection, stimulate production of innate cytokines and downstream cascade responses. During viral infections, type I interferons (IFNs) play important direct roles in early antiviral defense. Together with other innate cytokines, they also deliver immunoregulatory functions to help orchestrate inflammation, defense delivered by innate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and conditions promoting adaptive immune responses. When production continues through times of overlapping innate and escalating adaptive immunity, innate cytokines regulate CD8 T cell effector responses, and long-term production balances viral clearance as compare to chronic infection with interleukin-6 (IL-6) enhancing but type I IFNs inhibiting clearance. Thus, the complex and sometimes contradictory functions assigned to innate cytokines are context dependent. During acute infections, the biological consequences of NK and CD8 T cell exposure to type I IFNs are shaped by flexibility in use of the signal transducers and activators of transcription, STAT1 and STAT4. Key known and unknown steps regulated by innate cytokines, during evolving immune responses to viral infections, are reviewed in this article.
Fabrication of Elemental Copper by Intense Pulsed Light Processing of a Copper Nitrate Hydroxide Ink.

Printed electronics and renewable energy technologies have shown a growing demand for scalable copper and copper precursor inks. An alternative copper precursor ink of copper nitrate hydroxide, Cu2(OH)3NO3, was aqueously synthesized under ambient conditions with copper nitrate and potassium hydroxide reagents. Films were deposited by screen-printing and subsequently processed with intense pulsed light. The Cu2(OH)3NO3 quickly transformed in less than 100 s using 40 (2 ms, 12.8 J cm–2) pulses into CuO. At higher energy densities, the sintering improved the bulk film quality. The direct formation of Cu from the Cu2(OH)3NO3 requires a reducing agent; therefore, fructose and glucose were added to the inks. Rather than oxidizing, the thermal decomposition of the sugars led to a reducing environment and direct conversion of the films into elemental copper. The chemical and physical transformations were studied with XRD, SEM, FTIR and UV–vis.
Stress-related biobehavioral responses, symptoms, and physical activity among female veterans in the community: An exploratory study.

Abstract Background Female veterans experience multiple stresses during their lifetime. Some of them seek care in the civilian community. Common physical and psychological symptoms among female veterans include pain, fatigue, sleep quality, and depression. Physical activity has the potential to improve their well-being. Objectives This study was guided by the concept of allostasis. The purpose of the study was to determine the associations among stress-related biobehavioral responses and symptoms as well as to determine if physical activity moderated these associations among female veterans. Design/Settings/Participants/Methods A cross-sectional and exploratory design was implemented among 82 female veterans (46 ± 10.57 years old) at a community event. Self-reported questionnaires and blood and hair samples were collected. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were applied in this secondary data analysis. Findings Female veterans experienced moderate perceived stress and greater body mass index, C-reactive protein, and hair cortisol levels at the same time as they reported moderate levels of pain and fatigue, poor sleep quality, and considerable depressive symptoms. The findings showed that greater body mass index was significantly associated with more severe pain and poor sleep quality. Physical activity negatively moderated the relationship between perceived stress and pain. Conclusion Female veterans need services to manage body weight and help them engage in physical activity. Nurse educators are responsible for instructing nurses to properly identify female veterans in the civilian community facility and to provide care in a respectful manner.
HIPAA compliant wireless sensing smartwatch application for the self-management of pediatric asthma

Asthma is the most prevalent chronic disease among pediatrics, as it is the leading cause of student absenteeism and hospitalization for those under the age of 15. To address the significant need to manage this disease in children, the authors present a mobile health (mHealth) system that determines the risk of an asthma attack through physiological and environmental wireless sensors and representational state transfer application program interfaces (RESTful APIs). The data is sent from wireless sensors to a smartwatch application (app) via a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant cryptography framework, which then sends data to a cloud for real-time analytics. The asthma risk is then sent to the smartwatch and provided to the user via simple graphics for easy interpretation by children. After testing the safety and feasibility of the system in an adult with moderate asthma prior to testing in children, it was found that the analytics model is able to determine the overall asthma risk (high, medium, or low risk) with an accuracy of 80.10±14.13%. Furthermore, the features most important for assessing the risk of an asthma attack were multifaceted, highlighting the importance of continuously monitoring different wireless sensors and RESTful APIs. Future testing this asthma attack risk prediction system in pediatric asthma individuals may lead to an effective self-management asthma program.
Focus-related Operations at the Right Edge in Spanish: Subjects and Ellipsis

Syntactic movement is a pervasive phenomenon in natural language and, as such, has played a key role in syntactic theorizing. Nonetheless, an understanding of the mechanism that allows a constituent to appear to the right of its base-generated position has remained elusive. This groundbreaking research monograph aims to address this gap in our knowledge by expanding the inventory of languages and data sets traditionally considered in the literature. Specifically, Ortega-Santos analyzes the interplay between focus, word order and ellipsis in Spanish. A major finding that emerges from the analysis is that the tension between linearization requirements and rightward movement is diminished by ellipsis. Current debates on the syntax of the VOS order and preverbal subjects in Null-Subject Languages also figure prominently in the discussion, as novel empirical evidence for the existence of null expletives is provided: a non-trivial issue for our understanding of the Extended Projection Principle and subjecthood across languages.
Diversity, Distribution and Stability of Symbiodinium in Reef Corals of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) are unique in being the only reef region in the world that has experienced multiple episodes of mass coral bleaching while also being exposed to chronically depressed aragonite saturation states as a result of regional upwelling. These characteristics make them ideal case studies for the continued effects of climate change on coral reefs, and in particular for the responses of reef corals and their dinoflagellate algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.) to combined climate stressors. As a result, the diversity, distribution and stability of Symbiodinium in ETP corals have been studied since the mid-1990s, shortly after contemporary molecular methods to identify Symbiodinium were first developed. ETP reefs have been instrumental in the discovery that certain members of Symbiodinium in clade D impart bleaching resistance to their coral hosts. In the ETP, clade D is represented by a single symbiont type (D1, also referred to as S. glynni), which has been shown to be tolerant of both episodic El Nino-driven high temperature stress (e.g., 1997 in the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama), and low temperature stress during an unusually cold winter (e.g., 2008 in Baja California, Mexico). Virtually all studies in the region have focused on corals in the genus Pocillopora, which is both the dominant reef-building genus and the most symbiotically diverse, being the only coral genus in the ETP that routinely hosts heat tolerant D1 symbionts at high abundance. There is debate over the mechanisms by which D1 becomes dominant on pocilloporid reefs, with evidence for both differential mortality of corals, and dynamic change in symbiont communities in response to thermal history and/or disturbance. The relative importance of these two mechanisms is likely to be critical in determining reef survival trajectories over the coming century, as is the degree to which non-pocilloporid corals in the region can associate with, or become dominated by, D1. Dynamic change in symbiont communities may allow corals to survive recurrent bleaching events if stepwise increases in the abundance of D1 following each bleaching event allow these thermotolerant symbionts to accumulate. However, controlled experiments and continued monitoring are required to resolve the debate over symbiont stability versus lability, and there may be significant differences in coral response across the region. Finally, understanding whether different Symbiodinium can alter coral response to high CO2 or depressed aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) remains a priority research area for the region, especially given the potential for strong interactions between Ωarag, coral growth, and symbiont community structure.
A Developmental Primer

It is particularly important for therapists to understand a few critical junctures in psychological development. The chapter covers the role of shame in obscuring the mix of adult and childlike thoughts typical of humans, how developmental challenges are successfully and unsuccessfully traversed, and how EDPs often bear the stamp of the period at which they are first formed. Early thinking is mixed with more mature thinking, and therapists do well to learn to perceive the difference. Healing of developmental arrest comes from undertaking, at whatever age, the challenges that were previously avoided. From there, the chapter covers 11 major points of challenge in development that are relevant to psychotherapy, starting from the first years of life and ending with old age.
Mechanistic Studies of the N-formylation of Edivoxetine, a Secondary Amine-Containing Drug, in a Solid Oral Dosage Form

Edivoxetine (LY2216684 HCl), although a chemically stable drug substance, has shown the tendency to degrade in the presence of carbohydrates that are commonly used tablet excipients, especially at high excipient:drug ratios. The major degradation product has been identified as N-formyl edivoxetine. Experimental evidence including solution and solid-state investigations, is consistent with the N-formylation degradation pathway resulting from a direct reaction of edivoxetine with (1) formic acid (generated from decomposition of microcrystalline cellulose or residual glucose) and (2) the reducing sugar ends (aldehydic carbons) of either residual glucose or the microcrystalline cellulose polymer. Results of labeling experiments indicate that the primary source of the formyl group is the C1 position from reducing sugars. Presence of water or moisture accelerates this degradation pathway. Investigations in solid and solution states support that the glucose Amadori Rearrangement Product does not appear to be a direct intermediate leading to N-formyl degradation of edivoxetine, and oxygen does not appear to play a significant role. Solution-phase studies, developed to rapidly assess propensity of amines toward Maillard reactivity and formylation, were extended to show comparative behavior with example systems. The cyclic amine systems, such as edivoxetine, showed the highest propensity toward these side reactions.
Conclusion: Implications for Psychiatry and Neuropsychology

The theme of this volume that psychiatry and neuropsychology be systematically aligned with the neurophenotype approach in order to facilitate a systems-level understanding of brain–behavior relationships is reiterated across chapters. This chapter outlines a few conceptual and programmatic adjustments that these disciplines must undertake in order to promote that goal. Firstly, this chapter argues that the historically influential endophenotype concept must be constrained that it has been applied by default to cognitive and neural markers without adequate consideration of the host of variables that modulate neural systems tied to cognition. In this regard, it is also argued that the broader neurophenotype concept has greater utility. Secondly, the need for refinement of cognitive and behavioral constructs is stressed; how ontologies for cognitive and neural processes serve this end is discussed. Thirdly, the imperative that psychiatry and neuropsychology adopt data formats that facilitate data integration in genome–phenome mapping systems is emphasized. And to illustrate the point, a few pioneering examples of knowledge discovery and neuroinformatics platforms that relate to these disciplines are described.
Applications and Limitations of Single-Phase Models to the Description of the Rapid Filling Pipe Problem

The study of the hydraulic behavior of stormwater sewers during intense rain events is motivated by operational problems associated with this rapid filling pro…
Hugoniot and release measurements in diamond shocked up to 26 Mbar

The equation of state (EOS) of carbon in its high-pressure solid and liquid phases is of interest to planetary astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion. Of particular interest are the high-pressure shock and release responses of diamond as these provide rigorous constraints on important paths through the EOS. This paper presents experimental Hugoniot and release data for both single-crystal diamond (SCD) and nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), which is comprised of nanometer-scale diamond grains and is $\ensuremath{\sim}5%$ less dense than SCD. We find that NCD has a stiffer Hugoniot than SCD that can be attributed to porosity. A Gr\"uneisen parameter of $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ was derived from the data, which suggests increased coordination in the high-pressure fluid carbon compared to ambient diamond.
Individualizing Cancer Therapies Using PET Imaging

ED01-02 PET/CT imaging using the radiotracer 18F-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D glucose (FDG) has been established as a clinically useful tool for imaging a wide range of cancers offering quantitative functional and anatomical information. In general, PET imaging is able to detect smaller cancers than detected with anatomic imaging, with greater specificity. It has been shown in a diverse array of neoplasms that effective therapies of a wide variety of types generally rather quickly reduce glucose metabolism in cancers, before tumor shrinkage occurs, and these reductions in glucose metabolism are quite predictive of the ultimate success of the treatments. The use of PET with FDG for the early assessment of treatment response includes a baseline PET scan with a follow up PET scan after 1 or 2 cycles of treatment. Rapid and large declines in tumor glycolysis early after treatment is initiated have been generally associated with a continued response to treatment and a superior progression free survival period than seen in patients who do not have rapid reductions or in whom glycolysis does not decline with treatment. The obvious advantage of imaging this approach is that there is a prompt and direct biological read out of cancer treatment efficacy in the individual tumor of an individual patient. Thus, host, therapeutic and tumor factors contribute to the PET signal observed. This “read out” of treatment effect appears to be rather robust and general predictor of the efficacy of treatment regimens in the diseases in which it has been studied, particularly lymphoma, esophageal and breast cancers. Thus, if this approach were widely adopted, effective treatments can be continued while ineffective treatments can be changed at earlier time points than currently is the case, “response adaptive therapy”. Dose de-intensification might also be possible. This approach using PET with FDG also is potentially applicable using other tracers, such as those for proliferation, protein or membrane synthesis, etc. This early readout of treatment efficacy is also of considerable interest in drug development and may help achieve more quick determinations of which candidate agents to continue development of and which to not pursue. Other PET approaches include “response predictive” therapies which may be able to predict before treatment the receptor status, hypoxic state, etc. for cancers before treatments are started and adjust the treatment appropriately. This lecture will briefly review the available data on monitoring cancer response with PET, response adaptive therapy with PET, and will also address briefly the potential for response predictive PET algorithms.
Support for the existence of invertible maps between electronic densities and non-analytic 1-body external potentials in non-relativistic time-dependent quantum mechanics

Provided the initial state, the Runge-Gross theorem establishes that the time-dependent (TD) external potential of a system of non-relativistic electrons determines uniquely their TD electronic density, and vice versa (up to a constant in the potential). This theorem requires the TD external potential and density to be Taylor-expandable around the initial time of the propagation. This paper presents an extension without this restriction. Given the initial state of the system and evolution of the density due to some TD scalar potential, we show that a perturbative (not necessarily weak) TD potential that induces a non-zero divergence of the external force-density, inside a small spatial subset and immediately after the initial propagation time, will cause a change in the density within that subset, implying that the TD potential uniquely determines the TD density. In this proof, we assume unitary evolution of wavefunctions and first-order differentiability (which does not imply analyticity) in time of the internal and external force-densities, electronic density, current density, and their spatial derivatives over the small spatial subset and short time interval.