cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to the commentary on: ‘The clinical relevance of phenomenology in today’s evidence-based world’

I appreciate the chance to reply to the commentary 1 on my article 2 in Physical Therapy Reviews by Jill D. Black, PT, DPT, EdD and Robin L. Dole, PT, DPT, EdD, PCS. The conceptual work that I laid out in that article was well received by Black and Dole and I appreciate their practice-focused review. In this brief reply, I want to clarify what the promise of phenomenologically-informed inquiry can offer. It is important to be clear about what a phenomenologically-informed methodology can offer researchers and scholars in the fields of rehabilitation and disability. It offers a way of seeing that systematically attempts to expose, avoid, and go beyond preconceived categories of understanding as well as challenge theoretical taken-for-granted assumptions regarding our fields of study. It does not offer a definitive or singular truth about the fields of study. Therefore, simply put, phenomenologically-informed inquiry posits that there is no objective, singular truth, or reality that can be ‘found’. Realities are multiple, ever changing, and contextual. This point can make many researchers and practitioners uneasy. I wrote this article with the pedagogical intention to show interested researchers in rehabilitation and disability what this approach might offer them. Practitioners may benefit from such an approach, but I did not direct this work specifically to them. Practitioners in rehabilitation (like the PT mentioned in the vignette) may find it useful to use phenomenologically-informed approaches to solicit patients’ and their own understandings and life experiences. The authors suggest such usages and find them to be potentially fruitful in providers’ attempts to be more client-centered. This possible way of using phenomenology goes beyond being reflexive, however. Because this way of seeing could open up new interpretations of clients’ life experiences and thus allow for new perceptions of ‘hard-to-work-with’ patients, it can be transformative. But I caution that we do not assume that such inquiry or use can be used to offer a more complete picture of situations. When Black and Dole 1 suggested that incorporating an interview with the client would have provided a ‘balance for analysis’, I was concerned that they were implying the promise of complete interpretation. I am not clear what a balanced analysis looks like, and who would be judging it as such. The inquiry I suggest in my article does not promote such promise. I find this to be an important and often misunderstood point.
Altered expression of ligands for the NKG2D and DNAM-1 activating receptors during HIV-1 infection.

Background Human cells may respond to viral infection or other stress by expressing on their membrane ligands for activating receptors present on cytotoxic NK and T cells, such as NKG2D and DNAM-1 receptors, thus eliciting recognition and elimination by the immune system. Work from our laboratory has shown that, upon infection with HIV-1, CD4 T cells over-express ligands for NKG2D (MICA/B and ULBP2) and DNAM-1 (PVR), hence becoming susceptible to NKG2D-and DNAM-1-mediated lysis by NK cells. The cell-surface expression of activating ligands, however, is down-regulated by the HIV-1 Nef and Vpu proteins, a phenomenon that protects infected cells from cytotoxic responses to some extent. Here we further investigated the dual regulation of activating ligands by HIV-1 focusing on viral and cellular factors involved in up-regulation of ligands expression and on the capacity of HIV-infected cells to release soluble ligands in the extracellular environment.
Allergie und Überempfindlichkeit

Der Ausdruck „Allergie“ bezeichnet eine veranderte Reaktivitat von Geweben gegen spezifische Substanzen, d. h. eine Reaktivitat, die sich von jener unterscheidet, die das gleiche Individuum fruher gegen diese spezifischen Substanzen besas und die andere Individuen der gleichen Species zeigen. Genaugenommen handelt es sich dabei entweder um eine verstarkte (Hyperergie), um eine verminderte (Hypoergie) oder um eine fehlende Reaktivitat (Anergie). Gewohnlich bezeichnet „Allergie“ eine Hyperreaktivitat. In diesem Kapitel wird der Ausdruck „Allergie“ synonym mit „Uberempfindlichkeit“ benutzt. Idiosynkrasie, eine angeborene, qualitativ abnorme Reaktivitat gegen physiologisch wirksame Substanzen, wird in diesem Zusammenhang nicht behandelt.
Virtual Money in Electronic Markets and Communities

Money is an information system to value, record, and track economic transactions. It is an information system with minimal semantics and centralized control. Consequently, the monetary system fails to support many transactions directly, but requires intermediaries such as banks, brokers, insurance companies, credit card companies, and investment firms, increasing transaction costs greatly. Semantics of money can be increased, and the management of money can be decentralized by creating virtual money. Management can be decentralized by issuing private currencies and creating an automated peer-to-peer network of currency exchange systems to support complex transactions. Semantics can be increased by incorporating transaction information in the money, and building semantic hierarchies of money types by aggregating underlying privately issued currencies. Resulting virtual money can disintermediate many financial institutions, possibly leading to drastic reductions in transaction costs.
Integration or Assimilation? Locating Qualitative Research in Psychology

Though the debate over the validity of qualitative research and its existence within the field of psychology has somewhat diminished over the years, negotiations over its location and form continue. This article examines the pressure on qualitative researchers to acculturate and adapt in order to gain legitimacy and acceptance in a field dominated by quantitative research. We treat the emergence of qualitative methods as a form of contact between differing (research) cultures, with the concomitant adjustments and accommodations, and we utilize Berry's (1980, 2005) typology of acculturation as a lens through which to examine these intercultural interactions. We examine, in particular detail, the experiences of qualitative researchers within counseling psychology, as that is the subdiscipline which has most explicitly defined itself as welcoming qualitative research. It is our view that qualitative researchers, within psychology in general, have adopted an acculturation strategy of assimilation rather than ...
Percutaneous Absorption of Drugs

The skin is an evolutionary masterpiece of living tissue which is the final control unit for determining the local and systemic availability of any drug which must pass into and through it. In vivo in humans, many factors will affect the absorption of drugs. These include individual biological variation and may be influenced by race. The skin site of the body will also influence percutaneous absorption. Generally, those body parts exposed to the open environment (and to cosmetics, drugs and hazardous toxic substances) are most affected. Treating patients may involve single daily drug treatment or multiple daily administration. Finally, the body will be washed (normal daily process or when there is concern about skin decontamination) and this will influence percutaneous absorption. The vehicle of a drug will affect release of drug to skin. On skin, the interrelationships of this form of administration involve drug concentration, surface area exposed, frequency and time of exposure. These interrelationships determine percutaneous absorption. Accounting for all the drug administered is desirable in controlled studies. The bioavailability of the drug then is assessed in relationship to its efficacy and toxicity in drug development. There are methods, both quantitative and qualitative, in vitro and in vivo, for studying percutaneous absorption of drugs. Animal models are substituted for humans to determine percutaneous absorption. Each of these methods thus becomes a factor in determining percutaneous absorption because they predict absorption in humans. The relevance of these predictions to humans in vivo is of intense research interest. The most relevant determination of percutaneous absorption of a drug in humans is when the drug in its approved formulation is applied in vivo to humans in the intended clinical situation. Deviation from this scenario involves the introduction of variables which may alter percutaneous absorption.
Wind-tunnel simulation of field dispersion tests (by the U.K. health and safety executive) of water-spray curtains

Field trials of water-spray curtain tests performed by the (British) Health and Safety Executive and designated by HSE 41 and HSE 46 were modeled at a scale ratio of 1:28.9 in an atmospheric boundary-layer wind tunnel. The tests confirmed that dense clouds of carbon dioxide gas were significantly diluted by additional air entrained by the water curtain. Linear and logarithmic scatter diagrams of concentrations measured at equivalent scaled points produced correlations of 0.87 and 0.97, respectively. Results confirm the use of Froude-number modeling of both the dense gas cloud and water spray droplet fluid dynamics.
Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Corn Drying Profiles Within a Cross-Flow Column Dryer

This study compared the drying characteristics of corn within a continuous flow dryer under a variety of operating conditions. The tests were completed on a pilot scale cross flow corn dryer with variable fan speed and column thickness. The dryer column has a height of 3.35 m (132 in.), width of 0.61 m (24 in.) and variable thicknesses ranging from 0.30–0.36 m (12–14 in.). In addition, the drying air temperature and air flow rate per volume of grain were varied. An array of thermocouples measured the thermal profile of the corn bed within the dryer. The dryer exhaust was divided into four zones, each 0.83 m (33 in.) tall. Each zone measured incoming air velocity and exhaust temperature and relative humidity. Using these measured values in conjunction with the known ambient conditions, the theoretical amount of moisture removed from each zone was calculated. Corn dryer efficiency and throughput are becoming increasingly important, as it is the second largest cost associated with corn production. Improved farming practices, in conjunction with improved corn genetics, have resulted in increased yields and the ability to grow corn in locations not possible two decades prior. The overarching goal of this research is to help determine the key factors which help to dry corn more efficiently.© 2013 ASME
How different variants of orbit diagrams influence student explanations of the seasons

The cause of the seasons is often associated with a very particular alternative conception: That the earth's orbit around the sun is highly elongated, and the differences in distance result in variations in temperature. It has been suggested that the standard diagrams used to depict the earth's orbit may be in some way responsible for the initial appearance and overall maintenance of this incorrect conceptualization; the elongated shape of the orbit is thought of as a conceptualization cue that invites a fairly predictable way of reasoning. To test whether that is indeed the case, six variants of diagrams depicting differently shaped earth orbits around the sun were presented to 652 ninth-grade students in the United States. From responses to a written assessment, students' ideas about what caused the seasons were identified and analyzed. Elongation of orbit did not appear to have an effect, and there was no reinforcement effect for students who initially believed in an elongated orbit. Additional analyses show instead that other features in the diagrams can instead be more influential as conceptualization cues, such as shading or overlapping shapes, but these cues' influence on student reasoning depend on which other cues accompany them. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:985–1007, 2010
New methods for strategic analysis: Automating the wargame

A new method for automating political-military games as a means of analyzing strategic forces was recently developed and demonstrated by The Rand Corporation. Interest in this technique sprang from dissatisfaction with the dominant methods of analyzing strategic forces: manual political-military games and force exchange models. While each brings important capabilities to the analysis of strategic forces, neither method can independently handle all of the variables required to satisfy the current demands placed on strategic analysis. Rand drew upon the discipline used to develop models and the flexibility inherent in gaming to develop its automated wargame. The method promises significant improvement over the traditional methods of strategic analysis in breadth of input and flexibility of application.
Using alice in CS1: a quantitative experiment

We present the results of a 2-semester study of using the 3-D graphical programming environment Alice to introduce programming fundamentals during the first two weeks of CS1.One cohort of students was taught basic programming constructs via traditional pseudocode, while a second group used Alice. A student survey was collected, along with performance metrics on a common quiz and first exam.Students using Alice scored lower than those taught with pseudocode on common performance metrics and responded less-favorably to Alice in a survey. Anecdotal evidence of using Alice with younger students was more positive.
Connecting the non-traditional user-community to the national CyberInfrastructure

This paper reports on a hands-on workshop that was organized to promote the usage of the national CyberInfrastructure (CI) amongst non-traditional High Performance Computing (HPC) users. The majority of the workshop participants were students and professionals who had never used the CI before but were interested in leveraging it for conducting computationally-intensive Big Data management activities. With the support from the National Science Foundation (NSF), students from underrepresented groups were also funded to participate in the workshop, where they learnt about both the CI and Big Data management. The workshop itself was an outcome of an XSEDE Extended Collaborative Support Service (ECSS) project that involved non-traditional HPC users from the archaeology domain.
Experience with a model of sequential diagnosis

Abstract A physician must have available two different classes of information when he attempts to deal with a diagnostic problem: the presenting signs and symptoms of the patient, and the pertinent medical knowledge about the disease state. The physician must then use this information in arriving at certain decisions: what additional information about the condition of the patient should be collected; what disease states are most probable; what are the potential consequences of misdiagnosis; what are the therapeutic and prognostic implications of the particular clinical situation. The possibility of significant errors in a diagnostic problem coupled with the decision-making activities involved have motivated the development of a wide range of tools to improve the performance of the diagnostician. This paper reports on an effort to exploit computer technology as such a tool for assistance in the diagnostic activity.
Acute monocytic leucemia

Abstract In presenting this case report, it is our intention to invite attention to the clinical symptoms and laboratory findings which indicate the course of this disease. The patient may consult a dentist before going to a physician. These cases usually manifest early oral symptoms which are liable to be treated as periodontal disease or Vincent's stomatitis. Local treatment is contraindicated as it may precipitate rapid degeneration or even fatal hemorrhage. The early oral manifestations are sudden marginal hypertrophy of the gingivae, foul odor, ulceration, and devitalization and loosening of teeth deeply submerged in gingival tissues. These symptoms are considered as typical of acute monocytic leucemia. The possibilities of acute septic infections, agranulocytosis, purpura hemorrhagica, or infectious mononucleosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis. The clinical diagnosis of acute monocytic leucemia cannot be determined from oral symptoms alone, since oral symptoms occur in other types of acute leucemia, but where suspected, study of the differential blood count and the determining of the predominance of immature blood cells in the peripheral blood conclusively establishes the diagnosis. Unfortunately, to date, there is no effective treatment of this condition, but early diagnosis and hospitalization will spare the patient much unnecessary suffering and place the responsibility where it belongs.
Evaluation of the role of exogenous estrogen in postoperative progress after laser skin resurfacing.

BACKGROUND. Recent studies indicate that exogenous estrogens may promote wound healing. Many laser skin resurfacing (LSR) patients use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the effect of exogenous estrogen on LSR postoperative healing. METHODS. This is a retrospective case control study of 44 female patients who underwent combination CO2/Er:YAG full-face LSR. Sixteen postmenopausal patients using oral HRT during procedure and follow-up were compared with 16 controls. Six premenopausal patients on estrogen-containing OCPs during the procedure and follow-up were compared with six controls. Case and control groups were matched by age, skin type, and treatment technique. Premenopausal and postmenopausal groups were compared. The variables evaluated included erythema, swelling, crusting, purpura, pain, pruritus, reepithelialization, complications, and patient assessment of outcome. RESULTS. For premenopausal and postmenopausal women, there were no significant differences in outcome measures of postoperative morbidity between groups receiving and not receiving estrogen. The incidence of complications, time until re-epithelialization, and patient assessment of outcome were similar between groups. CONCLUSION. Our findings suggest that exogenous estrogen in the form of HRT or OCPs does not clinically alter postoperative progress in combination CO2/Er:YAG LSR patients. Premenopausal women heal comparably to postmenopausal women after LSR.
Couple Interactions as Portrayed in Television Comedy Series

Couple interactions in Emmy award-winning comedy series were analyzed to investigate whether healthy (positive) or unhealthy (negative) couple communication is portrayed in this type of television programming. John Gottman's extensive research on couples’ interactions as described in the popular book, The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work (Gottman & Silver, 1999) guided this content analysis. Findings indicate that positive interactions were shown more often than negative interactions, and those individuals who were in a committed relationship had significantly more occurrences of negative interactions than individuals who were in a dating or ambiguous relationship. Implications for training therapists and for teaching clients to recognize major Gottman communication principles are discussed.
On the Covariance Between the Sample Mean and Variance

Dodge and Rousson (1999) and Zhang (2007) gave an expression for Cov( , S 2) based upon independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) observations not necessarily normal. In this note, we derive the expression (Theorem 2.1) for Cov( , S 2) based upon non-independent and/or nonidentically distributed observations and move away from the i.i.d. scenario. Some illustrations are included.
Jacquet modules of locally analytic representations of p-adic reductive groups I. Construction and first properties

Abstract Let G be a reductive group defined over a p -adic local field L , let P be a parabolic subgroup of G with Levi quotient M , and write G : = G ( L ) , P : = P ( L ) , and M : = M ( L ) . In this paper we construct a functor J P from the category of essentially admissible locally analytic G -representations to the category of essentially admissible locally analytic M -representations, which we call the Jacquet module functor attached to P , and which coincides with the usual Jacquet module functor of [Casselman W., Introduction to the theory of admissible representations of p -adic reductive groups, unpublished notes distributed by P. Sally, draft dated May 7, 1993. Available electronically at http://www.math.ubc.ca/people/faculty/cass/research.html . [5] ] on the subcategory of admissible smooth G -representations. We establish several important properties of this functor.
Medical-School Partnership in Guiding Return to School Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Youth:

Mild traumatic brain injury is recognized as a prevalent and significant risk concern for youth. Appropriate school return is particularly challenging. The medical and school systems must be prepared partners to support the school return of the student with mild traumatic brain injury. Medical providers must be trained in assessment and management skills with a focused understanding of school demands. Schools must develop policies and procedures to prepare staff to support a gradual return process with the necessary academic accommodations. Ongoing communication between the family, student, school, and medical provider is essential to supporting recovery. A systematic gradual return to school process is proposed including levels of recommended activity and criteria for advancement. Targets for intervention are described with associated strategies for supporting recovery. A 10-element Progressive Activities of Controlled Exertion (PACE) model for activity-exertion management is introduced to manage symptom exacerbation. A strong medical-school partnership will maximize outcomes for students with mild traumatic brain injury.
Catalytic oxidation: VI. Oxidation of labeled olefins over silver

Abstract The oxidation of ethylene and propylene labeled with deuterium in various positions and the cooxidation of unlabeled olefins with the corresponding 14C-labeled epoxides have been studied over a silver catalyst. The latter measurements showed that, in both systems at 200 to 220 °C, a portion of the CO2 was produced by destruction of the product epoxide, but that the oxygen exchange between olefin and epoxide was nil. Oxidation of either cis- or trans-ethylene-d2 yielded a mixture of the cis- and trans-d2 epoxides which was about 92% equilibrated. Relative rate measurements showed that substitution of deuterium for hydrogen in ethylene increased the yield of epoxide substantially. Such kinetic isotope effects were even more pronounced with propylene for which the oxidation of CD3CHCH2 and CD3CDCD2 gave a 10 to 14% selectivity to the corresponding epoxides compared with 2 to 5% for CH3CHCH2, CH3CDCH2, and CH3CHCD2. The kinetic isotope effects can be qualitatively explained in terms of a normal primary effect in the further oxidation of an intermediate which is common to both epoxide formation and total oxidation. The significance of these findings to previous suggestions regarding surface intermediates and the mechanism of these oxidations is discussed.
Computer simulation of gas generation and transport in landfills—I: quasi-steady-state condition

We develop a comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) model of gas generation and transport in landfills. The model, which is developed for a four-component gas mixture, takes into account the effect of heterogeneity in the distributions of the permeability and porosity in the landfill, as well as that of the soil that surrounds it. It also takes into account the presence of an arbitrary number of gas extraction wells with an arbitrary spatial distribution. The governing non-linear equations of mass transport and reaction are solved by a novel iterative method that bypasses the non-linearity without making any approximation. The model is utilized for investigating gas generation and transport in a model landfill, and the effect of various parameters that control these phenomena.
The vaccinia virus E6 protein influences virion protein localization during virus assembly

Vaccinia virus mutants in which expression of the virion core protein gene E6R is repressed are defective in virion morphogenesis. E6 deficient infections fail to properly package viroplasm into viral membranes, resulting in an accumulation of empty immature virions and large aggregates of viroplasm. We have used immunogold electron microscopy and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to assess the intracellular localization of several virion structural proteins and enzymes during E6R mutant infections. We find that during E6R mutant infections virion membrane proteins and virion transcription enzymes maintain a normal localization within viral factories while several major core and lateral body proteins accumulate in aggregated virosomes. The results support a model in which vaccinia virions are assembled from at least three substructures, the membrane, the viroplasm and a “pre-nucleocapsid”, and that the E6 protein is essential for maintaining proper localization of the seven-protein complex and the viroplasm during assembly.
Work of the heart under the effect of induced arterial pressure oscillations studied in intact anesthetized dogs.

The arterial system of intact anesthetized dogs and a physical model, which consisted of a "heart," an elastic "arterial" reservoir, and a "peripheral resistance," have both been studied in comparison. In both systems, the volume contained in the arterial reservoir was rhythmically altered by means of a slow sinusoidal piston pump which resulted in slow oscillations of the mean arterial pressure with the arterial pressure pulsations superimposed. It was found that in the physical model, the systolic pressure pulse was larger during the phase of rising pressure (increasing volume) than during the phase of falling pressure (decreasing volume), while in the animal the systolic pressure pulses were equal in either phase. The aortic pressure pulse of the animal was a linear function of the presystolic aortic pressure during pressure oscillation and independent of the induced volume alteration. Recordings of the stroke output of the heart revealed that the heart of the animal adjusted its output in such a manner that the induced systolic changes of the arterial contents were quantitatively compensated. The mechanism by which this is accomplished is of particular interest, since it would also enable the heart to compensate instantaneously for physiological alterations of the volume in the arterial system as caused by changes in peripheral runoff. This mechanism of instantaneous adjustment of the stroke output can be explained on the basis of Starling's Law of the Heart if the procedure of the calculation of the external work is modified.
A NOTE UPON THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND STREPTOCOCCI IN BLOOD SERUM

During the investigations described in another paper defibrinated blood and blood serum were frequently used, either alone or mixed with agar, as media upon which to grow pneumoeocci and streptococci. It was immediately noted that the organisms grew very differently in serum obtained from different individuals. The variations were so marked and the results obtained so striking that it was decided to study the matter more carefully. To this end the growth of pneumococci and streptococci was studied in the blood serum of thirty-two individuals. Besides the human sera, horse's serum, calf's serum, and rabbit's serum were used. In the researches conducted by Besangon and Griffon, 1 Huber, 2 Neufeld, 3 and Wadsworth 4 upon the agglutination of pneumococci by the serum of pneumonia patients and of immunized animals, certain changes besides the actual agglutination were noted in the bacteria and serum. Huber in particular calls attention to the heavy precipitate formed by growing pneumococci in pneumonic serum, a phenomenon which did not occur in the serum from normal individuals, when used as a culture medium for pneumococci. Neufeld describes swelling of the capsules of the pneumococci when treated with the serum from cases of pneumonia or from immunized animals. Wadsworth has confirmed these observations. Recently Rosenow s has called attention to another very interesting result of the
Ion-assisted doping of CdTe

Abstract The possibility of using ion-assisted doping during growth of p-CdTe films for solar cells has been investigated, to obtain higher doping densities than previously obtained wtih conventional film deposition processes. For the first time, controlled doping has been demonstrated with low-energy phosphorus ions to obtain hole densities of up to 2 × 10 17 cm −3 in homo-epitaxial films deposited by vacuum evaporation on single-crystal CdTe. Solar cells made with these films suggest that ion damage reduces the diffusion length in the most highly doped films and that the active region of such cells must be made with considerably lower doping densities. For polycrystalline films on alumina, preliminary results indicate that the hole densities obtained are not sufficient to overcome grain boundary barrier limited conductivity.
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage associated with mitral stenosis: Report of a case with surgical correction of both lesions

Abstract 1.1. A case of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the left innominate vein associated with mitral stenosis is reported. 2.2. Mitral commissurotomy and transplantation of the anomalous vein into the left atrial appendage were successfully performed at one operation. 3.3. A follow-up of one year is presented.
Interferon-γ suppresses the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts through starvation for tryptophan

The effect of human recombinant interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on Toxoplasma gondii in cultured human fibroblasts is predominantly parasitostatic. This effect is dependent upon the induction in the host cell of a potent indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase that converts tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine. This product is, in turn, degraded to kynurenine by a formamidase. Within 24 h of treatment with IFN-γ most of the tryptophan originally present in the medium is converted to these products together with some minor metabolites. When added to the medium of infected cultures at concentrations equimolar to the tryptophan content, neither N-formylkynurenine nor kynurenine suppresses the growth of T. gondii, although at higher concentrations they are effective. The medium of uninfected cultures treated with IFN-γ for 24 h has no effect on the growth of T. gondii, when transferred to fresh cultures provided that the residual IFN-γ is first removed by ultrafiltration or neutralized with a specific monoclonal antibody. Thus minor metabolites produced from tryptophan in response to IFN-γ and excreted into the medium are not parasitostatic. When cultures treated with IFN-γ for 24 h are incubated with medium that contains [3H]tryptophan, the radioactive amino acid is converted to N-formylkynurenine and kynurenine as rapidly as it enters the cell. This degradation not only results in a very low intracellular concentration of tryptophan but also produces intracellular concentrations of tryptophan metabolites that are significantly higher than the tryptophan concentration in control cells. However, it is unlikely that either metabolite reaches intracellular concentrations that are sufficient to suppress the growth of the parasite. The parasitostatic effect of IFN-γ is most likely to result from the starvation of T. gondii for tryptophan.
High-pressure synchrotron infrared spectroscopy at the National Synchrotron Light Source

We describe a synchrotron infrared facility for high-pressure spectroscopy and microspectroscopy at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). Located at beamline U2B on the VUV ring of the NSLS, the facility utilizes a commercial FT-IR together with custom-built microscope optics designed for a variety of diamond anvil cell experiments, including low- and high-temperature studies. The system contains an integrated laser optical/grating spectrometer for concurrent optical experiments. The facility has been used to characterize a growing number of materials to ultrahigh pressure and has been instrumental in the identification of new high-pressure phenomena. Experiments on dense hydrogen to > 200 GPa have led to the discovery of numerous unexpected properties of this fundamental system. The theoretically predicted molecular-atomic transition of H2O ice to the symmetric hydrogen-bonded structure has been identified, and new classes of high-density clathrates and molecular compounds have been characterized. Experiments on natural and synthetic mineral samples have been performed to study hydrogen speciation, phase transformations, and microscopic inclusions in multiphase assemblages. Detailed information on the behavior of new materials, including novel high-pressure glasses and ceramics, has also been obtained.
Solvent concentration measurement for spin coating

Planarization of spin-coated polymer films is of great importance for the lithographic process in the microelectronic industry. Solvent retention is an important factor for determining the coating profile during spinning. In this research, solutions of polystyrene in toluene are spin-coated. The coating concentration during spinning is measured on-line using a laser interferometry technique. The optical measurement is evaluated by an off-line gel permeation chromatograph technique. The experiments indicate that a smooth coating surface is required to use the optical method for concentration measurement. The optical technique also provides information regarding the coating surface structure during spinning. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slow Proton Transfer through the Pathways for Pumped Protons in Cytochrome c Oxidase Induces Suicide Inactivation of the Enzyme

In the absence of subunit III the aa(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase exhibits a shortened catalytic life span (total number of turnovers) due to an increased probability of undergoing irreversible inactivation during steady-state turnover. Inactivation results from structural alteration of the heme a(3)-Cu(B) active site in subunit I [Hosler (2004) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1655, 332-339]. The absence of subunit III also dramatically slows proton uptake to the active site via the D proton pathway, as well as inhibiting the proton backflow/exit pathway that connects the active site/proton pump with the outer surface of the oxidase complex. Here we demonstrate that these phenomena are linked: slow proton delivery to the active site through these pathways induces suicide inactivation, thus shortening the catalytic life span of the enzyme. Mutations that inhibit the D pathway, but not the K pathway, increase the probability of suicide inactivation. Strong inhibition of the D pathway allows suicide inactivation to occur even in the presence of subunit III. Arachidonic acid, which stimulates proton uptake by the D pathway, retards suicide inactivation. Steady-state turnover in the presence of DeltaPsi and DeltapH, which inhibits proton uptake from the inner surface of the protein, enhances suicide inactivation. Simultaneous inhibition of proton uptake from both sides of the protein by a double mutation affecting the D pathway and the proton backflow/exit pathway greatly shortens the catalytic life span of the oxidase even in the presence of subunit III. Thus, maintenance of rapid proton transfer through the D pathway and the backflow/exit pathway is one mechanism by which subunit III normally functions to prevent suicide inactivation of cytochrome c oxidase. The experiments suggest that increased lifetimes of the heme a(3) oxoferryl intermediates as well as the anionic form of Glu286 of the D pathway cause suicide inactivation in the active site.
Erratum to: Web-Traveler Policies for Images on Social Networks

Images are one of the most popular types of contents shared on these sites. Most of these networks offer some rudimentary forms of access controls such as allowing the users to choose who can view their profiles or the images uploaded by them. These controls however apply only in the perimeter of the users’ direct control such as desktops, profiles etc. Users have no control over their content once it is downloaded by others. In order to enable a user to truly maintain control over his content, new access control mechanisms must be designed so as to enable users to control their content even when managed by others. Towards fulfilling this gap, in this paper we propose the concept of “web-traveler policies”. Web-traveler policies allow the user to specify who can view, upload or download a given image within a social network. The unique, innovative feature of web-traveler policies is that they travel with the image, as long as it is hosted on the given social networking site. Additionally, we explore the possibility of extending these controls across different sites, by using the concept of mashups. In the paper we prove the feasibility of this approach, by implementing a working prototype of our approach on a real open source social network platform. We test the performance and scalability of such architecture under heavy user loads and also its resilience towards naive attacks. This work is a first innovative step toward scalable systems for providing each user with a centralized system for his/her own content’s protection all over the web. World Wide Web (2010) 13:389 DOI 10.1007/s11280-010-0085-1 The online version of the original article can be found under http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11280-009-0070-8. A. C. Squicciarini (*) : S. Sundareswaran College of Information Science and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA e-mail: acs20@psu.edu S. Sundareswaran e-mail: sus263@psu.edu
High-sensitivity real-time microwave holography and imaging

A method is proposed for improving the sensitivity of inertialess scanning and readout of the microwave signal over an aperture. The improvement is obtained by the application of pulse compression concepts. Potential applications include microwave imaging and microwave holography in near realtime.
Intermediate filaments and steroidogenesis in adrenal Y-1 cells: acrylamide stimulation of steroid production

The possible role of intermediate filaments in steroidogenesis was investigated in Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells by treatment with acrylamide, which is thought to disrupt intermediate filaments without directly affecting microtubules or microfilaments. Treatment of cells with 5 mM acrylamide increases steroidogenesis after a lag period of 4-6 h and induces rounding of the cells at approximately the same time. The effect of acrylamide on steroidogenesis is not cAMP mediated and occurs before pregnenolone formation. DNA synthesis is inhibited, while protein synthesis is not. Acrylamide does not affect polymerization/depolymerization of microtubules in vitro. Acrylamide stimulation of steroidogenesis is additive with that produced by either colchicine or ACTH, implying that acrylamide, ACTH, and colchicine act at different rate-limiting steps in steroidogenesis. In addition, acrylamide stimulation is additive with that of forskolin. Pretreatment of cells with taxol, an agent that specifically promotes microt...
The emerging debate over the shape of informed consent: can the doctrine bear the weight?

Informed consent has traditionally focused on treatment-related issues. However, since the mid-1990s, courts have debated whether informed consent should be stretched to accommodate other concerns. For example, some courts have considered whether economic limitations on treatment availability must be made known to a patient as part of the informed consent process. Other courts have considered whether characteristics of the treatment provider (e.g., experience with a particular procedure) should be disclosed as part of informed consent. Consideration of these issues turns in large part on whether the information in question would be considered “material” to a decision to accept or reject treatment. This article discusses these developments, and suggests that expanding informed consent beyond treatment-related issues in some circumstances may erode trust in the clinical relationship, thus undermining one of the central values of the informed consent doctrine. It concludes with some suggestions on how research could inform this debate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time Integrating Digital Correlator

Abstract This paper introduces "Interlaced Counter Propagating (ICP) Systolic Array ", a new architecturefor high speed systolic digital correlator operation. The interlaced arrangement ofMultiply /Accumulate Units (MAUs) allow the processor to achieve 100% efficiency in MAU usagewithout need for complicated clocking scheme. It also shows a pipelined multiply and accumulatehardware combined with ICP architecture which allows the throughput to exceed the one with anarray of conventional MAUs.IntroductionCorrelation is one of the most fundamental operations needed for radar and sonar signalprocessing. In general, the processing gain improves proportionally to the square root of thetime -bandwidth product, therefore, a correlator would require the capability to repeatedly evalutethe inner product of vectors with large number of elements to achieve a large gain.In the past many high speed correlators were developed using both SAW devices and acousto -opticBragg cells. An optical approach, called "Time Integration ",2,3,4 is an especially suitableapproach to generate correlation functions with large time - bandwidth products. It can calculatethe correlation function at high speed, taking advantage of its inherant parallel processingcapability of optical processors.The introduction of systolic array concept1,6,7,8,9 enabled signal processor designers todesign a parallel processing digital correlator with considerable simplification. There has beenreported a specific architecture that happens to be a digital counterpart of the optical timeintegration architecture, which is called a "Counter -Propagating" systolic array in the rest ofthe paper. In the following sections we will briefly review the optical time integrationtechnique and the digital counter propagating systolic array, we will point out the similaritiesand will introduce new architectures to improve the performance.Optical Time IntegrationThe correlation function (y) of the signal fl(t) and f2(t) is defined as
Decay of the fluorescence anisotropy from isolated stilbene molecules

Abstract The fluorescence anisotropy of trans-stilbene molecules, free from collisions, decays on the picosecond timescale. This result is direct evidence for the occurrence of extensive vibration-rotation interactions in a spectral regime where no spectral structure is observable. The anisotropy at time zero of 0.1 ± 0.01 decays in approximately 18 ps to a value of 0.05 ± 0.01. We suggest this is caused in part by redistribution of the initially created vibronic excitation. The calculated value of the anisotropy for stilbene, considered a regular rotor, is 0.078 - significantly less than the measured value.
The photoelectrochemical response of the lanthanides of chromium, rhodium, vanadium and gold on a titanium base

Abstract A number of active photo-anodes, involving lanthanum-containing compounds with chromium oxides and similar perovskitic transition metal oxides—namely, compounds involving gold, nickel, rhodium and vanadium - on a titanium base, have been studied. The electrodes were made by heating a paste of lanthanum oxide, La 2 O 3 , with the individual oxides of Cr 2 O 3 , Au 2 O 3 Rh 2 O 3 , V 2 O 3 , on a titanium base. The anodic photocurrents observed were found to be 2–6 times higher than those obtained with a TiO 2 single crystal for the same intensity of the solar spectrum. The LaCrO 3 TiO 2 electrode, coupled with GaP, was found to have and efficiency (overall solar spectrum) of about 2% for hydrogen evolution. This is one order of magnitude better than that for the previously examined photo-fuel cell, TiO 2 GaP, and somewhat better than the for the average of the efficiencies of the values observed in natural photosynthesis. The absolute efficiency for the biased cells of LaCrO 3 , LaAuO 3 , LaRhO 3 and LaVaO 3 varies between 5–8% for the solar spectrum, as compared with about 1.5% for TiO 2 .
Integrated Optical Pattern Recognition Device

A dynamically programmable real-time integrated optical matched spatial filter and correlating device for pattern recognition applications is proposed. Both one and two dimensional signal processing capabilities are considered and extensions to pattern generation are discussed.
Academic Motivation and Self-Regulation: A Comparative Analysis of Undergraduate and Graduate Students Learning Online

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 3 February 2009 To succeed in autonomous online learning environments, it helps to be a highly motivated, self-regulated learner. The present study explored potential differences between undergraduate (n=87) and graduate students (n=107) in their levels of academic motivation and self-regulation while learning online. In particular, this study provides a comparative analysis of undergraduate and graduate students' motivational beliefs (task value and self-efficacy), use of deep processing strategies (elaboration and critical thinking), and motivational engagement (procrastination and choice behaviors). As hypothesized, graduate students learning online reported higher levels of critical thinking than undergraduates. Moreover, after controlling for experiential differences, a logistic regression analysis indicated that graduate student membership was predicted by higher levels of critical thinking and lower levels of procrastination. On the other hand, undergraduate membership was predicted, somewhat paradoxically, by greater task value beliefs and greater intentions to enroll in future online courses. Implications for online instructors and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Matrix Stability of Multiquadric Radial Basis Function Methods for Hyperbolic Equations with Uniform Centers

The fully discretized multiquadric radial basis function methods for hyperbolic equations are considered. We use the matrix stability analysis for various methods, including the single and multi-domain method and the local radial basis function method, to find the stability condition. The CFL condition for each method is obtained numerically. It is explained that the obtained CFL condition is only a necessary condition. That is, the numerical solution may grow for a finite time. It is also explained that the boundary condition is crucial for stability; however, it may degrade accuracy if it is imposed.
Effect of cataract surgery on the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract Purpose: To study the effect of cataract surgery and other factors on the progression of diabetic retinopathy using the nonoperated contralateral eye as a control. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University Medical College, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Methods: Monocular cataract surgery was performed in 75 patients who had the same degree of retinopathy or no retinopathy in both eyes preoperatively. Patients were assigned to 1 of 2 groups as follows: Group A, progression of retinopathy in the operated eye caused by cataract surgery; Group B, no progression of retinopathy bilaterally, comparable level of progression in both eyes, or more progression of retinopathy in the nonoperated eye than in the operated eye. The differences between the 2 groups in age, duration of and treatment methods for diabetes, renal function, and presence of preoperative macular edema were compared. The 1-year follow-up included evaluation of the progression of retinopathy. Results: Surgery caused the retinopathy to progress in 23 patients (30.6%, Group A); 52 patients (69.4%, Group B) had no progression of retinopathy or a comparable level of retinopathy postoperatively. The operated eye had more progression of retinopathy than the nonoperated contralateral eye ( P P Conclusions: Diabetic retinopathy progressed after cataract surgery. The presence of preoperative macular edema and poor renal function increased the progression of retinopathy postoperatively.