cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of genetic variability and depressive symptoms to adverse events after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

OBJECTIVE To assess genetic variability in two serotonin-related gene polymorphisms (MAOA-uVNTR and 5HTTLPR) and their relationships to depression and adverse cardiac events in a sample of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS A total of 427 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients were genotyped for two polymorphisms and assessed for depressive symptoms at three time points, in accordance with the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D): preoperative baseline; 6 months postoperative; and 1 year postoperative. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between depressive symptoms (CES-D = >16), genotype differences, and cardiac events. Because MAOA-uVNTR is sex-linked, males and females were analyzed separately for this polymorphism; sexes were combined for the 5HTTLPR analysis. RESULTS Depressed patients were more likely than nondepressed patients to have a new cardiac event within 2 years of surgery (p < .0001); depressed patients who carry the long (L) allele of the 5HTTLPR polymorphism were more likely than the short/short (S/S carriers to have an event (p = .0002). Genetic associations with 6-month and 1-year postoperative depressive symptoms do not survive adjustment for baseline depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS A serotonin-related gene polymorphism--5HTTLPR--was associated with adverse cardiac events post CABG, in combination with depressive symptoms. Because depressed patients with the L allele of the 5HTTLPR polymorphism were more likely to have an event compared with the S/S carriers, combining genetic and psychiatric profiling may prove useful in identifying patients at the highest risk for adverse outcomes post CABG.
Should the MTHFR 1298A>C polymorphism be considered in the clinical evaluation of patients at risk for thrombotic disease?

Should the MTHFR 1298A>C polymorphism be considered in the clinical evaluation of patients at risk for thrombotic disease?
A dual format communication modem development for the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) program

The LCRD will demonstrate optical communications relay services between a geosynchronous satellite and Earth over an extended period, and thereby gain the knowledge and experience base that will enable NASA to design, procure, and operate cost-effective future optical communications systems and relay networks. LCRD is the next step in NASA eventually providing an optical communications service on the Next Generation Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS). LCRD will demonstrate some optical communications technologies, concepts of operations, and advanced networking technologies applicable to Deep Space missions. In this paper we describe the integrated dual format (PPM/DPSK) modem testbed development and performance.
The myosin filament. X. Observation of nine subfilaments in transverse sections.

Abstract The molecular packing of the subfilaments in muscle thick filaments has been investigated by electron microscopy. Thin (80–100 nm) transverse sections of vertebrate skeletal muscle were cut, and 129 electron microscope images of thick filaments from 15 different areas including seven to ten images in each area were analyzed by computer image processing. The transverse sections were limited to the portion of the filaments between the bare zone and the C-protein bearing region. Of the 129 images, six were discarded because they were structurally disrupted, 17 did not show evidence for the presence of subfilaments from the autocorrelation function, and four did not show evidence for three-fold rotational symmetry from the power spectrum. The remaining 102 filaments all showed evidence for three-fold rotational symmetry, consistent with other available evidence (Pepe, (1982)). From the analysis of these images by rotational filtering, we have found that the vertebrate skeletal myosin filament is made up of nine subfilaments and that the image appears to have trigonal symmetry. Of these subfilaments, six are arranged with a center-to-center spacing of about 4 nm and the other three on the surface of the filament are distorted from this arrangement. Three additional densities, which together with the other nine, correspond to the pattern of 12 densities previously observed in more highly selected images (Stewart et al ., (1981); Pepe and Drucker, (1972)) were observed in 5% of the images. Another pattern of nine subfilaments peripherally arranged around the circumference of the filament was observed occasionally This latter image may represent the organization of the subfilaments in the bare zone region of the filament, resulting from sampling of individual filaments displaced longitudinally relative to the other filaments in the A-band.
Initial measurements of the DIII-D off-axis neutral beams

Two of the eight neutral-beam sources on the DIII-D tokamak were modified to allow injection below the midplane. To validate off-axis beam performance, the various beams are injected sequentially into low-power plasmas that are optimized for accurate neutron, neutral–particle, fast-ion D-alpha and fast-ion pressure measurements. As expected, the fast-ion profile is broader with off-axis injection than with on-axis injection. The driven toroidal rotation also broadens with off-axis injection and the central fast-ion density is several times smaller. The number of trapped ions in the core depends sensitively on the pitch of the magnetic field lines. Comparisons with classical predictions agree with the measurements for some diagnostics but are discrepant for others.
Temperature dependence of the crystal structure of α-AgSCN by powder neutron diffraction

A structural study of α-AgSCN was carried out using the neutron powder diffractometer HIPPO (high-pressure preferred orientation powder) at ten different temperatures between 25 and 275 K. The structure of α-AgSCN was refined using the Rietveld method and the symmetry elements for the material were found to be: space group No. 15, C2/c, a = 8.7210 (8) A, b = 7.9318 (8) A, c = 12.3329 (5) A, β = 138.750 (3)°, volume = 562.497 (9) A3 and Z = 8. The Ag+ cation has tetrahedral coordination and is surrounded by three –SCN thiocyanate ligands and one isothiocyanate –NCS ligand down to 25 K, with no structural changes. The bond lengths at 275 K are Ag—S1 = 2.749 (10), Ag—S2 = 2.995 (11), Ag—S3 = 2.411 (11), Ag—N = 2.150 (5), S—C = 1.783 (11) and C—N = 1.1447 (35) A. The bond lengths at 25 K are Ag—S1 = 2.782 (5), Ag—S2 = 2.941 (5), Ag—S3 = 2.431 (5), Ag—N = 2.1526 (26), S—C = 1.749 (5) and C—N = 1.140 (2) A.
Essential role of P-selectin in the initiation of the inflammatory response induced by hemorrhage and reinfusion.

Resuscitation from hemorrhage induces profound pathophysiologic alterations and activates inflammatory cascades able to initiate neutrophil accumulation in a variety of tissues. This process is accompanied by acute organ damage (e.g., lungs and liver). We have previously demonstrated that significant leukocyte–endothelium interactions occur very early in other forms of ischemia/reperfusion (i.e., splanchnic ischemia/reperfusion and traumatic shock) which are largely mediated by increased expression of the adhesion molecule, P-selectin, on the vascular endothelium. Here we postulated that increased endothelial expression of P-selectin in the microvasculature would play an essential role in initiating the inflammatory signaling of hemorrhagic shock. Using intravital microscopy, we found that hemorrhagic shock significantly increased the number of rolling and adherent leukocytes in the mouse splanchnic microcirculation. In contrast, mice genetically deficient in P-selectin, or wild-type mice given either an anti–P-selectin monoclonal antibody or a recombinant soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL)-1 immunoglobulin, exhibited markedly attenuated leukocyte–endothelium interaction after hemorrhagic shock. Thus, activation of P-selectin protein on the microvascular endothelium is essential for the initial upregulation of the inflammatory response occurring in hemorrhagic shock. Moreover, endogenous levels of PSGL-1 mRNA were significantly increased in the lung, liver, and small intestine of wild-type mice subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Since PSGL-1 promotes adhesive interactions largely through P-selectin expressed on the vascular endothelium, this result further supports the crucial role played by P-selectin in the recruitment of leukocytes during hemorrhagic shock.
Introduction To And Applications Of Optical Phase Conjugation

Optical phase conjugation is concerned with the use of nonlinear optical effects to precisely reverse the direction of propagation of each plane wave in an arbitrary beam of light. This causes the return beam to exactly retrace the path of the incident beam, leading to many applications of automatic pointing and tracking (even in the presence of an inhomogeneous medium). The main goals of this course are familiarization with how each of the many nonlinear optical effects gives rise to a phase conjugate signal, and understanding and appreciation of the many potential applications for optical phase conjugation. Conjugation techniques involving Kerr-like degenerate four-wave mixing, resonant degenerate four-wave mixing, stimulated Brillouin scattering, photorefractive effects, surface phenomena, and others will be carefully reviewed. Applications of particular importance to this course will include distortion correction, pointing, tracking, laser-resonator design, optical information processing, etc. Throughout the course, key references will be identified for those wishing to pursue any topic more vigorously.
A Mechanistic Approach to the Prediction of Material Removal Rates in Rotary Ultrasonic Machining

An approach to modeling the material removal rate (MRR) during rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) of ceramics is proposed and applied to predicting the MRR for the case of magnesia stabilized zirconia. The model, a first attempt at predicting the MRR in RUM, is based on the assumption that brittle fracture is the primary mechanism of material removal. To justify this assumption, a model parameter (which models the ratio of the fractured volume to the indented volume of a single diamond particle) is shown to be invariant for most machining conditions. The model is mechanistic in the sense that this parameter can be observed experimentally from a few experiments for a particular material and then used in prediction of MRR over a wide range of process parameters. This is demonstrated for magnesia stabilized zirconia, where very good predictions are obtained using an estimate of this single parameter. On the basis of this model, relations between the material removal rate and the controllable machining parameters are deduced. These relationships agree well with the trends observed by experimental observations made by other investigators
Oyster reefs in 1878 seascape pattern-winslow revisited

An analysis of Winslow’s 1878 oyster survey data of Tangier Sound relates the Euclidean dimensions of oyster beds to plan-channel morphology, water depths, bottom slopes, and relief. Results show that at a regional scale the Tangier oyster beds followed a benthic seascape density pattern related to the main axial Tangier Sound Channel: its morphology, meanders, and east-west location. The north-south axis of the channel was intersected by estuarine flows into its central-eastern section, where meanders began with a tight meander around a western shoal, followed by wider second and third meanders. The location of the deepest axial depths of the channel’s bottom indicates a lateral, side-to-side switching between opposite beds, and a vertical undulation in a deepening trend to 31 m at the apex of the first meander. The depth then generally shallowed as the channel plan-form meandered southward to the sound’s entrance. Oyster beds flanked the upper sides of the channel, their generally long and narrow linear axes oriented with that of the main channel in width-to-length ratios of <0.4. Bed lengths increased from the north to the second meander, then decreased. The widest (2.3 km), longest (8.3 km), and largest (7 km2) beds laid opposite each other in the channel’s second meander. Eastern beds were generally wider and larger than western beds, and water depths along their channel sides indicate a deepening trend from 3.6 m in the north to 16.5 m in the south, unlike western beds, which reached a maximum depth of 10.4 m north of the meanders. Minimum water depths on the shoal sides of beds varied little, described by mean values of 4.6 m (SD = 1.1) for eastern beds and 3.3 m (SD = 0.56) for western beds. Analysis of profiles indicates that the deeper southeastern beds had variable relief with longer and more gradual slopes into the channel than the shallower northwestern beds with flatter bed-tops and abrupt, steeper transitions into the channel. The profiles indicate variability of a single bed in distributions of oysters and bed morphologies to make analysis at the small scale difficult. However, at the regional scale, a seascape pattern emerges that relates the distributions of oysters to the channel and shoals. This re-examination of the historic database in the context of regional tidal channel patterns provides parameters for considering the interactive role of oysters with hydrodynamics and the structural importance of oyster reefs for land and seascape processes.
Molecular signaling in live cells studied by FRET

Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) enables visualization of signaling events in live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. We have used FRET to assess temporal and spatial characteristics for signaling molecules, including tyrosine kinases Src and FAK, small GTPase Rac, calcium, and a membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP. Activations of Src and Rac by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) led to distinct subcellular patterns during cell migration on micropatterned surface, and these two enzymes interact with each other to form a feedback loop with differential regulations at different subcellular locations. We have developed FRET biosensors to monitor FAK activities at rafts vs. non-raft regions of plasma membrane in live cells. In response to cell adhesion on matrix proteins or stimulation by PDGF, the raft-targeting FAK biosensor showed a stronger FRET response than that at non-rafts. The FAK activation at rafts induced by PDGF is mediated by Src. In contrast, the FAK activation at rafts induced by adhesion is independent of Src activity, but rather is essential for Src activation. Thus, Src is upstream to FAK in response to chemical stimulation (PDGF), but FAK is upstream to Src in response to mechanical stimulation (adhesion). A novel biosensor has been developed to dynamically visualize the activity of membrane type-1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), which proteolytically remodels the extracellular matrix. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) directed active MT1-MMP to the leading edge of migrating live cancer cells with local accumulation of EGF receptor via a process dependent on an intact cytoskeletal network. In summary, FRET-based biosensors enable the elucidation of molecular processes and hierarchies underlying spatiotemporal regulation of biological and pathological processes, thus advancing our knowledge on how cells perceive mechanical/chemical cues in space and time to coordinate molecular/cellular functions.
710 INTRACTABLE DIARRHEA OF INFANCY (IDI): prospective, randomized study of enteral vs. parenteral therapy

710 INTRACTABLE DIARRHEA OF INFANCY (IDI): prospective, randomized study of enteral vs. parenteral therapy
Psychiatric correlates of behavioral indicators of school disengagement in the United States.

The current study examined relations between behavioral indicators of school disengagement and psychiatric disorders. Data was derived from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 43,093). Indicators of school disengagement and diagnoses of personality, substance use, mood, and anxiety disorders were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV-version. Findings from multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that cumulative school disengagement is associated with increased odds of reporting a lifetime psychiatric disorder and general antisociality. Behavioral indicators of school disengagement such as absenteeism and cutting class are potentially important signs of psychiatric distress and conduct problems. In addition to attending to academic achievement outcomes school disengagement prevention strategies should consider targeting these psychiatric conditions in order to reduce school dropout.
The Ankyrin Repeats of TRPV1 Bind Multiple Ligands and Modulate Channel Sensitivity

TRPV1 plays a key role in nociception, as it is activated by heat, low pH, and ligands such as capsaicin, leading to a burning pain sensation. We describe the structure of the cytosolic ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) of TRPV1 and identify a multiligand-binding site important in regulating channel sensitivity within the TRPV1-ARD. The structure reveals a binding site that accommodates triphosphate nucleotides such as ATP, and biochemical studies demonstrate that calmodulin binds the same site. Electrophysiology experiments show that either ATP or PIP2 prevent desensitization to repeated applications of capsaicin, i.e., tachyphylaxis, while calmodulin plays an opposing role and is necessary for tachyphylaxis. Mutations in the TRPV1-ARD binding site eliminate tachyphylaxis. We present a model for the calcium-dependent regulation of TRPV1 via competitive interactions of ATP and calmodulin at the TRPV1-ARD-binding site and discuss its relationship to the C-terminal region previously implicated in interactions with PIP2 and calmodulin.
An Empirical Examination of the Concern for Information Privacy Instrument

The arrival of the ?information age? holds great promise in terms of providing organizations with access to a wealth of information stores. However, the free exchange of electronic information also brings the threat of providing easy, and many times unwanted, access to personal information. Given the potential backlash of consumers, it is imperative that both researchers and practitioners understand the nature of consumers' concern for information privacy and accurately model the construct within evolving research and business contexts. Drawing upon a sample of 355 consumers and working within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis, this study examines the factor structure of the concern for information privacy (CFIP) instrument posited by Smith et al. (1996). Consistent with prior findings, the results suggest that each dimension of this instrument is reliable and distinct. However, the results also suggest that CFIP may be more parsimoniously represented as a higher-order factor structure rather than a correlated set of first-order factors. The implication of these results is that each dimension of CFIP as well as the supra dimension derived from the associations among dimensions are important in capturing CFIP and associating the construct to other important antecedents and consequences.
Formation Of All-Trans Retinol In Mouse Rod Photoreceptors

Light detection destroys the visual pigment of vertebrate rod photoreceptors, rhodopsin, as its retinyl moiety is photoisomerized from 11-cis to all-trans. Rhodopsin is regenerated through a series of reactions that begin in the rod outer segment with the release of the all-trans retinal and its reduction to all-trans retinol. All-trans retinol is then transported to the neighboring retinal pigment epithelial cells where it is used to remake 11-cis retinal. The reduction of all-trans retinal to all-trans retinol is catalyzed by retinol dehydrogenase and requires metabolic input in the form of NADPH. We have used the fluorescence of all-trans retinol to monitor its concentration in isolated mouse rod photoreceptors. After the bleaching of rhodopsin, all-trans retinol formation proceeds with a rate of ∼0.06 min−1, which is faster than the rate of rhodopsin regeneration in whole animals; this would allow recycled chromophore to contribute to the 11-cis retinal used for regeneration. Inner segment metabolic pathways appear to make a significant contribution to the pool of NADPH needed for the reduction of all-trans retinal, as formation of all-trans retinol is suppressed in rod outer segments separated from the cell body. Finally, generation of all-trans retinol is suppressed in the absence of glucose, indicating a critical dependence of all-trans retinol formation on the level of metabolic activity.
Critical care technology - Can't live with it... can't live without it

The proposed Macroergonomics and Patient Safety panel will address the particular challenges of technology in critical care and emergency medicine and patient safety. Critical care technology remains a driving force in American health care facilities, yet little human factors and systems engineering information is available to improve the design and implementation of these technologies. Given the complexity of the clinical technology and the intricacy of modern critical and emergent medical care, human factors (HF) and macroergonomic analysis (MA) are especially important in the design, implementation, and use of the various technologies. HF and MA should be used to better understand the challenge of developing multi-perspective evaluations for this technology. The panel of experts' presentations and the discussion to follow will address current problems and patient safety and integration of critical technologies.
A Decade in the Saddle: Confessions of a Recalcitrant Editor

WHEN JOHN OPIE approached me in 1991 to ask me to pinch-hit for him as editor of Environmental History Review while he was on sabbatical, neither of us imagined that he'd end up being Wally Pipp and I'd do a lame imitation of Lou Gehrig. In retrospect, I should have known better. John winked at me with the roguish charm for which he is renowned and I took it as camaraderie, a shared moment between a venerated elder and an up-and-coming Young Turk. He clearly recognized better than I what a sucker he'd landed. If I'd knocked over a liquor store that day instead of accepting John's offer, I'd have been out of prison and off parole long before now. As it is, I'm hobbling toward the exit of a decade in the saddle. It has been a transformative decade, one in which the field of environmental history and the journal you're holding in your hands have emerged as significant participants in the debate about history and its meaning and purpose and as contributors on the larger stage of environmental policy. In 1992, environmental history remained an immature discipline, still taking baby steps toward a comprehensive approach to the field. While it was no longer accurate to say that environmental history was environmentalist history, the parallels between both sides of this equation remained palpable. Yet the work to transform and broaden the field was well underway, some of it published, and I found myself with a boiling pot, asked to try to keep the lid on. Whether I've succeeded or not, the field is in much better shape, this journal has become an important historical publication, the third most frequently cited after the Journal of American History and the Pacific Historical Review, and the caliber of scholarship in environmental history is daunting and getting better all the time. When I was handed the journal, Opie had already rescued us from our nadir. John had come back to the editorship in 1987, when ASEH numbered less than 200 institutional and individual members and the organization was truly not strong enough to field independent conferences. Environmental history teetered in 1987, full of promise but with few of the institutional mechanisms necessary for academic survival. In the five years of his second stint as editor of the journal he founded in 1976, Opie brought us back from the brink. The journal I inherited was
Coming full circle with factor XIII.

The studies by Smith et al reported in this issue of Blood send us full circle, back to the starting model for the fibrinogen complex with plasma FXIII. 1 These authors report that plasma factor XIII, called FXIII-A2B2, binds to the αC domain of fibrin(ogen) with high affinity, ∼ 30nM.
Comparison of simplex algorithms

Abstract A new modification of the super-modified simplex algorithm is described. The performance of this algorithm is compared with that of the super-modified simplex algorithm and the Nelder-Mead, or modified, simplex algorithm, using both mathematical functions and experimental optimization of an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. The modification added to the super-modified simplex algorithm increases its speed and accuracy over the original super-modified algorithm.
Warranty Policy and Extended Service Contracts: Theory and an Application to Automobiles

This paper characterizes the manufacturer warranty policy and its effect on consumer behavior under the following conditions: consumers are heterogeneous in risk-preferences, consumer actions affecting the probability of warranty redemption are unobservable to the manufacturer, and the product reliability is known. We obtain the "menu" of warranty contracts, and then make connections with its institutional counterpart: the extended service contract. The model's implications for consumer behavior are examined using data obtained from a sample of recent buyers of new cars. The role of risk in consumer behavior with respect to choice of extended service contracts, and the allocation of effort for maintenance are found to be consistent with the model's predictions. The empirical analysis permits quantifying the demand for extended service contracts as a function of the extent of manufacturer warranty. The estimates show that for our sample of buyers a manufacturer warranty of three years is optimal in the sense of overcoming the role of risk-aversion in the choice of extended service contracts.
Synthesis and inactivation of aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases during growth of Escherichia coli.

Abstract A method has been developed to measure the rates of synthesis and of degradation of bacterial enzymes during growth by means of density labeling with deuterium to distinguish pre-existing from newly-made molecules. Use of this method has led to the discovery that some of the aminoacyl-transferRNA synthetases of Eschenchia coli are subject to high rates of irreversible inactivation during growth under amino acid restriction, particularly when such growth is intermittent. This fact explains why derepression of these enzymes during amino acid restricted growth has been difficult to observe. Measurement of the true de novo rate of formation of a number of synthetases reveals that each is regulated by a mechanism that normally maintains synthesis at less than 25 to 30% of its maximum rate, and that is capable of regulating this rate over a 10- to 50-fold range. The regulation bears a superficial resemblance to repression of biosynthetic enzymes since in both cases manipulation of the amino acid supply affects the rate of enzyme formation; nevertheless, there are conditions under which the regulation of synthetase formation is opposite to that of the biosynthetic enzymes.
Stressing Lipid Membranes: Effects of Polymers on Membrane Structural Integrity

Cell membrane dysfunction due to loss of structure integrity is the pathology of tissue death in trauma, muscular dystrophies, reperfusion injuries and some common diseases. It is now established that certain poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based biocompatible polymers, such as Poloxamer 188, Poloxamine 1107, and PEO homopolymers, are effective in sealing of injured cell membranes, and thus prevent acute necrosis. Despite the highly potential application of PEO-based polymers for these medical problems, the fundamental mechanism of how these polymers interact with cell membranes are still under debate. Here, the effects of these polymers on structural integrity of lipid vesicles were explored under osmotic and oxidative stress. Through fluorescence leakage assays, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, dynamic light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry, we identified that the surface-adsorbed hydrophilic polymers efficiently inhibits the loss of structural integrity of lipid vesicles under external stimuli, while the insertion of the hydrophobic polymers increases membrane permeability. To elucidate the mechanism by which hydrophilic polymers help restore membrane integrity while their hydrophobic counterparts disrupt it, 1H Overhauser Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (ODNP)-NMR spectroscopy, a newly developed NMR technique that is highly effective in differentiating weak surface adsorption versus translocation of polymers to membranes, was employed to detect polymer-lipid membrane interactions through the modulation of local hydration dynamics in lipid membranes. Our study shows that P188, the most hydrophilic poloxamer known as a membrane sealant, weakly adsorbs onto the membrane surface, yet effectively retards membrane hydration dynamics. Contrarily, P181, the most hydrophobic poloxamer known as a membrane permeabilizer, initially penetrates past lipid headgroups and enhances intrabilayer water diffusivity. Consequently, our results illustrate that the relative hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio of the polymer dictates its functions.
Array algorithm for recursive identification of wind turbine benchmark model

In this research, array algorithm for wind turbine benchmark model is developed. One of the characteristics of wind turbine is that system dynamics is close to stability boundary. Because of that, recursive identification of wind turbine easily fails while covariance matrix is updated in Riccati form. Due to the fact, more numerically stable algorithm such as array algorithm is developed for recursive update of wind turbine benchmark model. Moreover, wind turbine systems are time-varying in full wind range because dynamics changes as wind speed varies. Hence, the developed array algorithm recursively identifies system dynamics of wind turbine benchmark model in stable manner within full wind range.
A microfluidic approach for protein structure determination at room temperature via on-chip anomalous diffraction

We report a microfluidic approach for de novo protein structure determination via crystallization screening and optimization, as well as on-chip X-ray diffraction data collection. The structure of phosphonoacetate hydrolase (PhnA) has been solved to 2.11 A via on-chip collection of anomalous data that has an order of magnitude lower mosaicity than what is typical for traditional structure determination methods.
A Five-Point Non-Stationary Interpolating Scheme

A five-point non-stationary interpolating scheme is proposed in this paper. The limit curve of the scheme is C1. The scheme can reproduce all original function curves spanned by exactly. Comparison experiments are also given to better demonstrate it.
The health effects of childhood abuse: four pathways by which abuse can influence health.

Objectives: This paper describes four possible pathways by which childhood abuse relates to health problems in adults. Method: Literature on the long-term effects of childhood abuse is organized in a health psychology framework describing behavioral, social, cognitive and emotional pathways. Key studies from the health psychology and behavioral medicine literature are included to demonstrate how these pathways relate to health. Results: Childhood abuse puts people at risk of depression and PTSD, participating in harmful activities, having difficulties in relationships, and having negative beliefs and attitudes towards others. Each of these increases the likelihood of health problems, and they are highly related to each other. Conclusions: Childhood abuse is related to health via a complex matrix of behavioral, emotional, social and cognitive factors. Health outcomes for adult survivors are unlikely to improve until each of these factors is addressed.
A non-invasive spectral reflectance method for mapping blood oxygen saturation in wounds

Reflectance spectroscopy is a common technique used to analyze blood oxygen saturation in biological tissues. This study describes a non-invasive method for mapping blood oxygen saturation in wounds using reflectance measurements obtained from a hyperspectral imaging system. The maps illustrate changes in blood oxygen saturation with high spatial resolution. This allows observation into local blood oxygen supplies of tissue as opposed to common point measurement techniques such as pulse oximetry and optical fiber probing. To demonstrate this, an algorithm designed to calculate the blood oxygen saturation from narrow band reflectance images at 760 and 800 nm was used. The algorithm incorporates the contributions of absorption by oxy-(HbO/sub 2/) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) at the oxygen (O/sub 2/) sensitive and O/sub 2/ insensitive wavelength. Results of the algorithms performance are presented to demonstrate that reflectance measurements can be used to determine the amount of blood O/sub 2/ saturation of a wound.
Interactions of Surfactants with Lipoproteins

The interactions of bentalkonium chloride and sodium lauryl sulfate with α - and β -serum lipoproteins have been studied. Both fractions, below their isoelectric points, form insoluble complexes with the anionic surfactant. At higher concentrations of the surfactant the insoluble complexes are resolubilized completely. Above the isoelectric point, the lipoprotein fractions exhibit the same phenomenon with benzalkonium chloride. The charge and the hydrophilic nature of the macro-molecules are the major factors in these interactions. The formation of insoluble complexes and the resolubilization of these complexes are modified considerably by the addition of urea to the systems.
Silhouettes are Shadows

Sorensen’s celebrated problem about the eclipse of Near and Far is given a solution in which what is seen is Far, silhouetted. Near cannot be seen, as it is in the shadow of Far. A silhouette is a shadow. The so–called “Yale Puzzle” is a linguistic confusion.
Adaptive Spline Networks

A network based on splines is described. It automatically adapts the number of units, unit parameters, and the architecture of the network for each application.
Coercion in the community: Issues for mature treatment systems

Coercion in community-based mental health treatment refers to much more than just court-ordered treatment. Mature systems can address these issues and adopt clinical approaches that decreased the need for coercion.
Ecosystem Concepts: Introduction

Ecology is the study of the interactions among organisms in the context of their environment. The ecosystem concept in ecology provides a framework for understanding the flows of energy and elements between organisms and their abiotic surroundings. Keywords: energy flow; element cycle; biome; ecosystem; ecology
POSTMODERNISM, POSTINDUSTRIALISM, AND THE FUTURE

In order to describe the main features of future American society, the main changes already occurring are discussed, a theory is formulated that explains these changes, and this theory is applied to the future. Three well-known theories are used as a starting point: Habermas's theory of systems, his theory of lifeworlds, and general conflict theory. To account for a variety of systems, a theory of the “organizing” process is proposed. To explain the trans-formation of lifeworlds, a simplified theory of the “communicative” process is outlined. To gain insight into cultural change, the theory of “oppositional” process is presented. The main conclusions are that we are witnessing a shift from “system” to “lifeworld” and that both postindustrial structures and postmodern culture contribute to and are symptoms of this shift. Moreover, future American societies, shaped by this shift, will have many properties of the preindustrial gemeinschafts.
Cranioplasty infections--adding insult to injury.

ranioplasty infections represent a dreaded complication in patientswho have generally already experienced a serious, C usually traumatic event. Craniectomies are frequently performed in an effort to decrease the intracranial hypertension that accompanies a massive cerebral infarct or a serious head injury. Patients considered candidates for a decompressive craniectomy (DC) after a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are those younger in agewith reactive pupils with a good Glasgow Coma Scale score. In contrast, patients with bilateral fixed and dilated pupils or with brain stem involvement, which can include Duret hemorrhages, are usually excluded fromsurgical consideration.A recentCochraneReviewon theutility ofDCconcluded that therewasnoevidence tosupport the routine use of DC to improve mortality and quality of life in braininjured adults with high intracranial pressure (8). Overall, DC does not improve the outcome in good prognosis adult patients but can convert mortality to severe disability in poor prognosis patients. There are 2 ongoing randomized controlled trials of decompressive craniectomy (RescueICP and DECRA) that will hopefully provide further conclusions on the efficacy of DC in adults. Bilateral hemicraniectomy for TBI carries 67% mortality and provides benefit primarily to very young adults (10). In addition, DC may improve survival and neurological outcomes in pediatric patients with raised intracranial pressure froma TBI forwhomothermedical treatments had failed. The results in the pediatric population are based on 1 randomized controlled trial in 27 children.
E-professionalism: a new paradigm for a digital age

Issues related to emerging social web applications have created new questions regarding health professions student professionalism. Some of these questions are philosophically challenging for educators and are difficult to address without an evolving framework. In this paper, the authors define and elaborate on a new construct of e-professionalism. In particular, close attention is directed to how e-professionalism interfaces with and extends the traditional framework of professionalism by including attitudes and behaviors expressed in digital and oftentimes personal settings. The authors conclude by providing health professions educators and administrators with recommendations for addressing these emerging e-professionalism issues.
Feature predictive vector quantization of multispectral images

A compression method for multispectral data sets is proposed where a small subset of image bands is initially vector quantized. The remaining bands are predicted from the quantized images. Two different types of predictors are examined, an affine predictor and a new nonlinear predictor. The residual (error) images are encoded at a second stage based on the magnitude of the errors. This scheme simultaneously exploits both spatial and spectral correlation inherent in multispectral images. Simulation results on an image set from the Thematic Mapper with seven spectral bands provide a comparison of the affine predictor with the nonlinear predictor. It is shown that the nonlinear predictor provides significantly improved performance compared to the affine predictor. Image compression ratios between 15 and 25 are achieved with remarkably good image quality. >
Management of Periocular Cutaneous Melanoma with a Staged Excision Technique and Permanent Sections: The Square Procedure

Objective To evaluate the outcome of the square procedure, a multidisciplinary, staged excision technique using standard formalin-fixed, vertically oriented sections for periocular cutaneous melanoma. Design Observational, retrospective, case series. Participants Forty patients with periocular cutaneous melanoma treated with the square procedure. Methods Demographic features, tumor data, and recurrence rate were reviewed retrospectively for 40 patients with periocular cutaneous melanoma treated with the square procedure. Main Outcome Measure Local recurrence rate. Results Of 40 patients, 26 (65%) had lentigo maligna melanoma in situ (MIS), 12 (30%) had lentigo maligna melanoma, and 2 (5%) had superficial spreading melanoma. Tumor-free margins were reached within a mean margin of 13 mm for patients with MIS and of 16 mm for patients with invasive melanoma. There was no statistical difference for the margin width in patients with MIS and invasive melanoma. The lesion size and margin width were significantly correlated. Recurrence was observed in 1 (2.5%) patient at 8 months after the square procedure, and a Kaplan-Meier survival curve estimated a local recurrence rate of 2.5% at 8 years. Conclusions The square procedure is an effective procedure for management of periocular lentigo maligna melanoma in situ and lentigo maligna melanoma with a low local recurrence rate of 2.5% at 8 years. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Multiplexed virtual torch and distributed-parameter control of automated welding

Although modern sensor technology and control algorithms have enabled in-process regulation of arc welding, classical single-torch actuation methods provide only a few welding conditions that can be modulated in real time to control multiple weld geometry characteristics. To decouple the process dynamics and simultaneously control thermal characteristics of the weld, multiple virtual heat inputs are implemented by rapid periodic reciprocation (time sharing) of the single torch on the weld surface. Dynamic analytical, numerical and linearized experimental process models are developed for the design of adaptive MIMO control systems of both geometrical and thermal characteristics, and their performance is rested in rejecting disturbances and following setpoint changes. To maximize the range of achievable weld features, a continuous heat distribution and temperature monitoring on the entire weld surface is finally adopted. The necessary vector-scanning trajectories of the torch are regulated in real time by a distributed-parameter control strategy, integrated to the weld design software for flexibility in production. >
Unintended Consequences: No Child Left Behind and the Allocation of School Leaders

Relatively little is known about the effect of school accountability on school leadership. This paper investigates the impact of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) on principal mobility and the subsequent distribution of principal quality across schools. Using variation in pre-period student demographics to identify schools that are likely to miss performance targets, I show that NCLB decreases average principal quality at disadvantaged schools by encouraging high ability principals at these schools to migrate to schools less likely to face NCLB sanctions. These results are consistent with a model of principal-school matching in which school districts are unable to compensate principals for the increased likelihood of sanctions at disadvantaged schools.
Lithospheric structure of the Arabian Shield and Platform from complete regional waveform modelling and surface wave group velocities

SUMMARY Regional seismic waveforms reveal significant differences in the structure of the Arabian Shield and the Arabian Platform. We estimate lithospheric velocity structure by modelling regional waveforms recorded by the 1995-1997 Saudi Arabian Temporary Broadband Deployment using a grid search scheme. We employ a new method whereby we narrow the waveform modelling grid search by first fitting the fundamental mode Love and Rayleigh wave group velocities. The group velocities constrain the average crustal thickness and velocities as well as the crustal velocity gradients. Because the group velocity fitting is computationally much faster than the synthetic seismogram calculation this method allows us to determine good average starting models quickly. Waveform fits of the Jon and Sn body wave arrivals constrain the mantle velocities. The resulting lithospheric structures indicate that the Arabian Platform has an average crustal thickness of 40 km, with relatively low crustal velocities (average crustal P- and S-wave velocities of 6.07 and 3.50 km s -1 , respectively) without a strong velocity gradient. The Moho is shallower (36 km) and crustal velocities are 6 per cent higher (with a velocity increase with depth) for the Arabian Shield. Fast crustal velocities of the Arabian Shield result from a predominantly mafic composition in the lower crust. Lower velocities in the Arabian Platform crust indicate a bulk felsic composition, consistent with orogenesis of this former active margin. P- and S-wave velocities immediately below the Moho are slower in the Arabian Shield than in the Arabian Platform (7.9 and 4.30 km s-1, and 8.10 and 4.55 km s_', respectively). This indicates that the Poisson's ratios for the uppermost mantle of the Arabian Shield and Platform are 0.29 and 0.27, respectively. The lower mantle velocities and higher Poisson's ratio beneath the Arabian Shield probably arise from a partially molten mantle associated with Red Sea spreading and continental volcanism, although we cannot constrain the lateral extent of a zone of partially molten mantle.
Review article: promotility drugs in the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease

Prokinetic agents are drugs that increase contractile force and accelerate intraluminal transit. They are often used in treating disorders of gastrointestinal motility including gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The most widely studied agents include bethanechol, metoclopramide, domperidone and cisapride. These drugs act either by enhancing the effect of acetylcholine or by blocking the effect of an inhibitory neurotransmitter such as dopamine. With the exception of cisapride, the clinical efficacy of the various prokinetic agents in treating GERD has not been confirmed consistently. These agents have variable effects on oesophageal and gastric motor function and are fraught with side-effects. They are effective in relieving mild reflux symptoms but do not predictably heal oesophagitis. On the other hand, cisapride is thus far the most effective prokinetic agent studied for the treatment of GERD. It relieves reflux symptoms and promotes healing of grade I-II oesophagitis, with few side-effects or tachyphylaxis. Its most important role may be in the maintenance treatment of GERD either as a single agent or in combination therapy with an H2-antagonist after oesophagitis healing.
Characteristics of a grating-external-cavity semiconductor laser containing intracavity prism beam expanders

A grating tuned external cavity semiconductor laser incorporating a gradient-index rod lens and a pair of intracavity silicon prism beam expanders was constructed using a configuration aimed at simultaneously achieving the following objectives: the ability to operate at any external cavity longitudinal mode without tuning gaps caused by residual resonances of the laser diode cavity, stable feedback coupling between the diode and external cavities, narrow optical linewidth, and a high degree of external cavity longitudinal sidemode suppression. >
Business Telecommunications Demand

Business telecommunications demand was singled out in the 1980 book as one of the areas most in need of attention. This is still the case. While information has accumulated on business usage demand, especially MTS, cross-elasticities between MTS, WATS, and private line remain elusive and knowledge of business access demand remains close to being a void. The biggest problem in modeling business demand is heterogeneity. Compared with households, businesses are an amorphous mass with respect to telecommunications use and attempts to model business telecommunications demand in terms of the generic needs of a generic firm are simply not very useful.
The Way It Was

AbstractReflecting on 50 years as a planning educator, Teitz describes planning education in one institution, the University of California, Berkeley, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, carrying through to the reorganization of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) in the 1980s. How theory and practice engaged him during that time and later is discussed through the lens of his involvement in research, teaching, and planning consultancy and the formative phases of two research institutes.