cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic Management of Awake Craniotomy for Resection of the Language and Motor Cortex Vascular Malformations.

Background Although the safety and feasibility of awake craniotomy are well established for epilepsy and brain tumor surgery, its application for resection of vascular lesions, including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and cavernomas, is still limited. Apart from the usual challenges of awake craniotomy, vascular lesions pose several additional problems. Our goal is to determine the safety and practicality of awake craniotomy in patients with cerebral vascular malformations located near the eloquent areas, using a refined anesthetic protocol. Methods A retrospective case series was performed on 7 patients who underwent awake craniotomy for resection of AVMs or cavernomas located in the eloquent language and motor areas. Our protocol consisted of achieving deep sedation, without a definitive airway, using a combination of propofol, dexmedetomidine, and remifentanil/fentanyl during scalp block placement and surgical exposure, then transitioning to a wakeful state during the resection. Results Six patients had intracranial AVMs, and 1 patient had a cavernoma. Six patients had complete resection; however, 1 patient underwent repeat awake craniotomy for residual AVM nidus. The patients tolerated the resection under continuous awake neurologic and neurophysiologic testing without significant perioperative complications or the need to convert to general anesthesia with a definitive airway. Conclusions Awake craniotomy for excision of intracranial vascular malformations located near the eloquent areas, in carefully selected patients, can facilitate resection by allowing close neuromonitoring and direct functional assessment. A balanced combination of sedative and analgesic medications can provide both adequate sedation and rapid wakeup, facilitating the necessary patient interaction and tolerance of the procedure.
Roads to modernity

Within the seemingly incessant flood of texts that ponder the origins of our (post-) modernity, a trio of prolific scholars has produced three significant books. Each of them finds a key to our pol...
Challenges in chronic transfusion for patients with thalassemia.

The introduction of regular red cell transfusions 60 years ago transformed β-thalassemia major from a fatal childhood illness into a chronic disorder. Further advances in the prevention of transfusion-transmitted infections and management of iron overload have allowed survival and quality of life to approach normal. However, transfusion therapy for some other thalassemia syndromes continues to challenge clinical decision-making. Nearly one-half of the patients with E s thalassemia are transfusion-dependent, yet the criteria for initiating transfusions or hemoglobin targets are not well defined. Patients with thalassemia intermedia who begin transfusions as adults are at very high risk for developing red cell alloimmunization and serious hemolytic transfusion reactions. In the growing number of survivors of Bart hydrops fetalis, the approach to transfusion therapy and iron chelation is rapidly evolving. A collaboration between hematology and transfusion medicine specialists will be essential to improving patient care and developing evidence-based guidelines.
The Myth of Buick Aspirin: An Empirical Study of Trademark Dilution by Product and Trade Names

Trademark dilution is a highly controversial cause of action that has been the subject of hundreds of law review articles, but no significant scientific work. We analyze 60 years of telephone white pages, corporate & LLC naming data, advertisements from the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post, state and federal trademark databases, and all recorded dilution litigation. Our data suggest strongly that famous trademarks are frequently borrowed for use as trade names in services, but almost never as trade marks on products. Given that Congress based anti-dilution legislation on the assumption that uses like “Buick Aspirin” were common, our conclusions are significant. Our data also show that state federal anti-dilution laws likely have had some effect in the significant decline in brand sharing that we chart. We conclude by examining the still-widespread phenomenon of brand sharing and find that recent psychological studies help explain way the harm allegedly caused by unauthorized sharing (denominated “dilution” by Congress) is unlikely ever to occur.
Galactic orbital effects on pulsar timing

In the currently accepted paradigm, dark matter is hypothesized as an explanation of the flat rotation curves of galaxies under the assumption of virialized orbits. The use of millisecond pulsar timing as a probe of Galactic dark matter content is explored as a means of relaxing this assumption. A method of inference of the Galactic potential using the frequency derivative $\dot{\nu}$ is produced, and an estimate for a virialized Galactic rotation curve is given through direct observation of acceleration. The data set used includes 210 pulsars with known $\dot{\nu}$ and astrometric properties, a subset of which also have measured $\ddot{\nu}$. In principle, this enables the exploration of kinematic effects, but in practice, $\ddot{\nu}$ values are found to be too imprecise at present to adequately constrain radial velocities of pulsars. Additionally, surface magnetic field strengths are inferred from $\dot{\nu}$ and the magnetic spin-down contribution to $\ddot{\nu}$ is estimated. For several pulsars the radial velocity is known, and the kinematic contribution to $\ddot{\nu}$ is estimated accordingly. The binary orbital periods of PSR J1713+0747 and other binary pulsars are also used to constrain Galactic mass density models.
Social Darwinism, Feminism, and Performative Identity in Wharton’s “The Last Asset”

This chapter reads Wharton’s story, “The Last Asset,” from the perspectives of literary naturalism and social Darwinism, feminism, and performativity. The chapter highlights the use of close reading, especially for figurative language of predation, the military, business, and the theater. The close reading shows that the story raises questions about social predation and manipulation, about women’s limited career options at the beginning of the twentieth century, and about identity. As very little scholarship exists on “The Last Asset,” one of the innovations of this chapter is to draw attention to the story by demonstrating its appropriateness for inclusion in a variety of literature courses. The chapter also provides an insightful interpretation of the story that helps to make the case for greater attention to “The Last Asset” by relating it to Wharton’s better-known novels and stories. Another innovation is in the section that examines identity, which relies on Judith Butler’s theory of performativity.
Degenerative Diseases of the CNS

Structural and metabolic neuroimaging techniques have made substantial contributions in the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and provide essential biomarkers for developing new treatments. Presented in this chapter are the most prevalent primary neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Lewy body, and Parkinson diseases, as well as frontotemporal lobar degeneration, other tauopathies and alpha-synucleinopathies, motor system degeneration, and prion diseases. Secondary neuronal degeneration is frequently recognized in association with prevalent destructive brain conditions such as stroke, and is presented thereafter with emphasis on the DWI findings.
Isolationism: A History of America’s Efforts to Shield Itself from the World: by Charles A. Kupchan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020), 446 pages

With this well-written and interesting book on a traditionally important subject—isolationism in American history and as an ongoing issue—Prof. Kupchan has made a significant contribution to the li...
Passive muscle heating attenuates the decline in vascular function caused by limb disuse.

Limb disuse has profound negative consequences on both vascular and skeletal muscle health. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether repeated application of passive heat, applied to the knee extensor muscles, could mitigate the detrimental effects of limb disuse on vascular function. This was a randomized, single-blinded placebo controlled trial. Twenty-one healthy volunteers (10 women, 11 men) underwent 10 days of unilateral lower limb immobilization and were randomized to receive either a daily 2 h sham (Imm) or heat treatment (Imm+H) using pulsed shortwave diathermy. Vascular function was assessed with Doppler ultrasound of the femoral artery and the passive leg movement technique. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were also collected before and after the intervention. In Imm, femoral artery diameter (FAD) and PLM-induced hyperaemia (HYP) were reduced by 7.3% and 34.3%, respectively. Changes in both FAD (4% decrease; P = 0.0006) and HYP (7.8% increase; P = 0.003) were significantly attenuated in Imm+H. Vastus lateralis capillary density was not altered in either group. Immobilization significantly decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (P = 0.006) and Akt (P = 0.001), and increased expression of angiopoietin 2 (P = 0.0004) over time, with no differences found between groups. Immobilization also upregulated elements associated with remodelling of the extracellular matrix, including matrix metalloproteinase 2 (P = 0.0046) and fibronectin (P = 0.0163), with no differences found between groups. In conclusion, limb immobilization impairs vascular endothelial function, but daily muscle heating via diathermy is sufficient to counteract this adverse effect. These are the first data to indicate that passive muscle heating mitigates disuse-induced vascular dysfunction. KEY POINTS: Limb disuse can be unavoidable for many of reasons (i.e. injury, bed rest, post-surgery), and can have significant adverse consequences for muscular and vascular health. We tested the hypothesis that declines in vascular function that result from lower limb immobilization could be mitigated by application of passive heat therapy. This report shows that 10 days of limb immobilization significantly decreases resistance artery diameter and vascular function, and that application of passive heat to the knee extensor muscle group each day for 2 h per day is sufficient to attenuate these declines. Additionally, muscle biopsy analyses showed that 10 days of heat therapy does not alter capillary density of the muscle, but upregulates multiple factors indicative of a vascular remodelling response. Our data demonstrate the utility of passive heat as a therapeutic tool to mitigate losses in lower limb vascular function that occur from disuse.
Effects Of Neurotoxic Excitatory Amino Acids On Neuroendocrine Regulation

This report summarizes the available literature concerning the effects of glutamate and related excitatory amino acids on neuroendocrine function. The majority of investigators in this field have pursued two lines of inquiry: (1) evaluation of the effect of administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and related excitotoxic amino acids to neonatal rodents on endocrine regulation in adulthood and (2) assessment of the acute neuroendocrine effects of MSG and related compounds in adult rodents. The use of these compounds as tools in neuroendocrine research is described.
Human cervical cancer: retinoids, interferon and human papillomavirus.

Cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer in women in the United States and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in third world countries (1,2). Although the pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood, human papillomavirus (HPV) is present in over 90% of all high grade cervical lesions and is strongly implicated in the process of cancer development. A common feature of these tumors is expression of the E6 and E7 viral reading frames (3,4,5). These viral genes encode factors, E6 and E7, that interact with the p53 and pRB tumor suppressor genes (6,7,8,9,10). E6 promotes the degradation of p53 via a ubiquitin-dependent pathway (10,11) and E7 interferes with pRB function (8,9,10). Expression of E6 and E7 is sufficient for immortalization of cultured epidermal keratinocytes and cultured cervical epithelial cells (12,13,14,15).
Pattern of Failure Analysis in Metastatic EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer Treated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Identify Candidates for Consolidation Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Introduction The role of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with metastatic lung cancer harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations is not defined. We evaluated the pattern of failure in patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy to identify candidates for consolidation SBRT. Methods Computed tomography scans were reviewed in a cohort of EGFR-mutant patients enrolled on prospective TKI trials. Initial progression in sites of original disease (primary/metastatic) or new sites was classified as original site failure (OF) or distant site failure (DF), respectively. Simultaneous OF/DF was labeled ODF. Disease characteristics were analyzed for associations with patterns of failure using actuarial competing risks methodology. Results Complete serial imaging was available in 49 patients with measurable disease. Median time to any progression was 8.3 months. The majority failed initially in original disease sites with OF, ODF, and DF frequencies being 47.0%, 32.6%, and 20.4%, respectively. Primary tumor size was the most significant predictor of OF in univariate and multivariate analysis (p = 0.004). Median time to progression was 3 months shorter in patients with OF compared with DF. Ten patients (20%) were retroactively classified as consolidation SBRT candidates based on the extent of disease at time of best response to TKI therapy, and in seven of these, initial progression occurred in original tumor sites. Conclusion Initial progression of TKI-treated cancers occurred predominantly in original disease sites. Consolidation SBRT was judged feasible in a subset of patients following maximum TKI response and may have prevented oligoprogression in most of these. In addition, we hypothesize that consolidation SBRT for residual disease could delay subsequent metastatic reseeding.
Perceptions of Organizational Culture and Women's Advancement in Organizations: A Cross-Cultural Examination.

This study is a cross-cultural examination of the relationship between organizational culture and women's advancement to management in organizations. The source of data for this study was the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Project, a cross-cultural study of societal culture, organizational culture, and leadership. The results of this study indicate that aspects of organizational culture typically associated with women are related to women's progress. In organizations in which organization members reported shared values of high humane orientation and high gender equity, organization members also reported high percentages of women in management relative to other organizations in their society. In addition, organizational cultural practices that emphasized high humane orientation, high gender equity, high performance orientation, and low power distance were also related to reports of high percentages of women in management relative to societal norms. Results of regression analysis predicting the percentage of women in management from the dimensions of organizational culture indicated that gender equity practices and values emphasizing humane orientation contributed significantly to the prediction of the percentage of women in management. Organizational cultural practices related to gender equity were found to be the most important predictor of the percentage of women in management. This study adds to the literature on women's progress in organizations by further extending the focus from individual and structural characteristics to characteristics of organizational culture. The findings suggest that change agents focused on increasing opportunities for women in management should attend to organizational culture, particularly aspects of culture related to gender equity practices.
When Criminal and Tort Law Incentives Run Into Tight Budgets and Regulatory Discretion

Eight-year-old Greyson Yoe was electrocuted while waiting to get on the "Scooters" bumper car ride at the Lake County Fair in northeastern Ohio. The failure to ground the ride structure and damage to a light fixture on the ride caused his death. The day before the electrocution, two inspectors from the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) inspected the ride and passed it as "safe to operate." That inspection was superficial and grossly inadequate, and the completed inspection form had serious misrepresentations. Indeed, the inspectors later admitted that they never reviewed the key electrical items that they checked off on the inspection form. The post-electrocution review not only showed that the electrical system had gross safety problems but also that the ride's management and operators knew of and ignored these problems. This Article is about the response of the responsible authority, the ODA, to the civil and criminal actions brought or promised against it and its employees. The ODA appears to have chosen to protect itself and its employees by getting out of the business of protecting the public from similar electrical hazards. Such actions, under a prominent theory regarding the foundations of tort and criminal law, are predictable and unsurprising. Further, the ODA's acts should call into question certain assumptions about the incentives created by criminal and tort law. Traditional tort and criminal law jurisprudence assume that the potential for, and reality of, civil or criminal liability changes behavior. In particular, many scholars contend that liability makes the injuries or harms caused by a violation of tort or criminal law standards less likely to occur in the future by way of what is sometimes called "specific deterrence" in the case of the individual defendant or "general deterrence" in the case of others. This Article explores one instance of what may be a broader problem for such deterrence theory: a defendant who controls the standards by which it is judged, in an age of tight budgets and financial pressures, where government is expected to operate "like a business." In that scenario, incentives can combine to make the situation post-litigation more dangerous rather than less dangerous.
Normal-incidence intersubband hole absorption in In 0.5 Ga 0.5 As/Al 0.45 Ga 0.55 As quantum wells

Normal incidence absorption between valence band states is demonstrated in high indium content InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (QWs) grown on GaAs. We report absorption at energies up to 300 meV (4.13 micrometers ) and integrated absorption fractions as high as 56 mAbs-meV per QW. The dependence of the absorption strength and peak energy on well width, barrier width, doping concentration, and doping profile is explored. It is found that a stronger absorption is obtained with the same sheet doping density for structures where the doping is in the barriers. We also discuss the differences observed between transverse magnetic and transverse electric incident polarizations in the absorption spectra.
Analysis of the 3'-hydroxyl group in Drosophila siRNA function

Members of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene family have been shown to be essential for dsRNA-mediated gene silencing based on genetic screens in a variety of organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis, Neurospora, and Dictyostelium. A hallmark of this process is the formation of small 21- to 25-bp dsRNAs, termed siRNAs for small interfering RNAs, which are derived from the dsRNA that initiates gene silencing. We have developed methods to demonstrate that these siRNAs produced in Drosophila embryo extract can be uniformly incorporated into dsRNA in a template-specific manner that is subsequently degraded by RNase III-related enzyme activity to create a second generation of siRNAs. SiRNA function in dsRNA synthesis and mRNA degradation depends upon the integrity of the 3'-hydroxyl of the siRNA, consistent with the interpretation that siRNAs serve as primers for RdRP activity in the formation of dsRNA. This process of siRNA incorporation into dsRNA followed by degradation and the formation of new siRNAs has been termed "degradative PCR" and the proposed mechanism is consistent with the genetic and biochemical data derived from studies in C. elegans, Arabidopsis, Drosophila, and Dictyostelium. The methods used to study the function of both natural and synthetic siRNAs in RNA interference in Drosophila embryo extracts are detailed. The importance of the 3'-hydroxyl group for siRNA function and its incorporation into dsRNA is emphasized and the results support a model that places RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a key mediator in the RNA interference mechanism in Drosophila.
Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) metric to characterize solar absorber coatings for the CSP industry

The contribution of each component of a power generation plant to the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) can be estimated and used to increase the power output while reducing system operation and maintenance costs. The LCOE is used in order to quantify solar receiver coating influence on the LCOE of solar power towers. Two new parameters are introduced: the absolute levelized cost of coating (LCOC) and the LCOC efficiency. Depending on the material properties, aging, costs, and temperature, the absolute LCOC enables quantifying the cost-effectiveness of absorber coatings, as well as finding optimal operating conditions. The absolute LCOC is investigated for different hypothetic coatings and is demonstrated on Pyromark 2500 paint. Results show that absorber coatings yield lower LCOE values in most cases, even at significant costs. Optimal reapplication intervals range from one to five years. At receiver temperatures greater than 700 °C, non-selective coatings are not always worthwhile while durable selective coatings consistently reduce the LCOE—up to 12% of the value obtained for an uncoated receiver. The absolute LCOC is a powerful tool to characterize and compare different coatings, not only considering their initial efficiencies but also including their durability.
Piroxicam 0.5% topical gel compared to placebo in the treatment of acute soft tissue injuries : a double-blind study comparing efficacy and safety

Piroxicam 0.5% gel, administered as 5 mg q.i.d. was compared to placebo gel in a double-blind study of the treatment of selected acute soft tissue injuries (ankle or acromioclavicular sprains, supraspinatus, or achilles tendinitis). A total of 200 patients (100 per treatment) were evaluated. Six patients (6%) in the piroxicam group discontinued treatment due to inefficacy, compared to 42/100 in the placebo group (p less than 0.001). Significantly greater reduction in pain (spontaneous and on movement), degree of joint restriction, pressure threshold and tenderness of the affected site were observed with piroxicam gel compared to placebo gel. The time to improvement was significantly less with the piroxicam gel. The overall evaluation of efficacy and of benefit to injury favoured piroxicam over placebo (p less than 0.0001). Both piroxicam and placebo gels were well tolerated, with 7 piroxicam and 15 placebo patients reporting primarily skin-related adverse effects. This study indicates that piroxicam 0.5% gel, administered as 5 mg q.i.d. is an effective treatment of musculoskeletal injuries (sprains and tendinitis), is significantly more effective than placebo, and is well tolerated.
Battle against RNA oxidation: molecular mechanisms for reducing oxidized RNA to protect cells

Oxidation is probably the most common type of damage that occurs in cellular RNA. Oxidized RNA may be dysfunctional and is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related human diseases. Cellular mechanisms controlling oxidized RNA have begun to be revealed. Currently, a number of ribonucleases and RNA-binding proteins have been shown to reduce oxidized RNA and to protect cells under oxidative stress. Although information about how these factors work is still very limited, we suggest several mechanisms that can be used to minimize oxidized RNA in various organisms.
Streptomycin in tuberculous meningitis; report of a case.

A case of a man with proven tuberculous meningitis is presented. After initial streptomycin therapy was instituted, he showed marked clinical improvement. When the drug was discontinued he suffered a severe relapse. Renewal of streptomycin therapy was barely able to stave off a fatal termination but after four additional months of treatment he slowly progressed to a point where it was deemed feasible to discontinue the drug. He received about 160 grams of streptomycin in seven and one-half months by the intramuscular and intrathecal routes. His course after treatment was marred by one relatively short, self-limited episode of ascites and an attack of acute appendicitis for which an appendectomy was performed. Symptomatic therapy played a large part in combating his disease. Certain findings which persisted for several months after therapy but which eventually disappeared completely, were headache and haziness of vision. Other findings which improved after therapy but which still persist are slight ataxia and high tone deafness. The patient seems to be adequately compensating for his vestibular dysfunction. All during his illness and up to the present time he has been receiving pneumothorax refills. The chest lesion shows no change and the sputum is still negative. Twenty-two months have passed since the onset of his disease, the last six of which he has spent at home with no ill effects. Considering the percentage of fatality in tuberculous meningitis, even since the advent of streptomycin, it is felt that this patient has progressed remarkably, possibly further than any that have been treated with this drug, and it is hoped that as time goes on the possibility of a relapse will become even more remote. October 15, 1948, still well clinically.
'Frankie the Frog': the total transformation of a river basin as 'totalitarian' technology (Spain, 1946-1961).

After the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Francisco Franco's emphasis on dam building became so intense that it is still today associated with his dictatorial rule. Rather than being purely a personal obsession, however, this intensive period of reservoir construction was the result of the influential political role played by engineers from the early years of the regime. During the years 1946–1961 some of these engineers undertook the ‘total transformation’ of the Noguera Ribagorzana river basin in the Catalonian Pyrenees. But this explicitly ‘totalitarian’ project encountered important limitations posed both by competing state agencies and by the basin's geology. Analysing the efforts of these engineers allows for new understandings of the Francoist regime and of the place of science, technology, and the landscape within it.
A paleopedologic and ichnologic perspective of the terrestrial Pennsylvanian landscape in the distal Appalachian Basin, U.S.A.

Abstract The Conemaugh Group of southeastern Ohio contains numerous ichnofossil-bearing paleosols in both the lower Glenshaw and upper Casselman formations, which were deposited during the Kasimovian and Gzhelian (305–301 Ma) along the distal edge of the Appalachian basin. This study examined the small-scale ( Twenty four stratigraphic sections were measured from ten sites in Athens County, Ohio from which thirty paleosols were identified and described. Detailed field descriptions allowed differentiation of four distinct pedotypes; one in the Glenshaw Formation and three in the Casselman Formation. The Glenshaw Pedotype (GPT) is a Vertisol that formed on a proximal to distal floodplain. The three Casselman pedotypes represent Entisols/Inceptisols (CPTI) Alfisols (CPTII) and Vertisols (CPTIII). All four types contain evidence of alteration by post-pedogenic processes such as ‘drowning’ by migrating river channels or rising sea level or a gradual transition from one alluvial subenvironment to another as a result of channel migration. Eight morphologically distinct ichnofossils were observed in the Conemaugh Group paleosols including three types of rhizoliths, lined and unlined, vertical to subhorizontal shafts, chambers, sinuous burrows with and without bioglyphs, and general burrow mottling. These ichnofossils occur in distinct assemblages that form unique ichnocoenoses within each of the four pedotypes. They were produced by various plants, arthropod detritivores, carnivores, and herbivores as well as amphibians and early reptiles as temporary to permanent members of complex soil ecosystems. Pedogenic properties combined with ichnofossil diversity, abundance, and distribution increase the understanding of the complexity of Late Pennsylvanian soil ecosystems and provide details on the small-scale variations in paleosols due to short-term autogenic changes in alluvial environments. Although broad, regional studies across 10 2 –10 3 of kilometers are important, small scale variations over less than 1 km are needed to understand the effects of localized changes in hydrology, topography, organisms, and sedimentary processes on soil formation and soil biodiversity. Consideration of these types of localized studies is also vital when attempting to interpret regional to global-scale aspects of environment such as climate from paleosols.
Initial stage of underpotential deposition of Pb on reconstructed and unreconstructed Au(111)

Abstract We have studied the initial stage of Pb nucleation and growth on both reconstructed and unreconstructed Au(111) from 5.7mM Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + 50mM HClO 4 using scanning tunneling microscopy. We have found that Pb clusters grow preferentially along the 23 × √3 reconstruction of Au(111), a result that is similar to studies of metal deposition on reconstructed Au(111) in ultrahigh vacuum. A superperiodic structure of monolayer Pb was also observed and can be explained as a result of the rotation of the hexagonal-close packed Pb monolayer relative to the Au lattice. The coverage and average diameter of the growing Pb clusters were found to increase in two steps which correlate with the double peak in the voltammogram from underpotential deposition.
A hierarchical model of data locality

In POPL 2002, Petrank and Rawitz showed a universal result---finding optimal data placement is not only NP-hard but also impossible to approximate within a constant factor if P ≠ NP. Here we study a recently published concept called reference affinity, which characterizes a group of data that are always accessed together in computation. On the theoretical side, we give the complexity for finding reference affinity in program traces, using a novel reduction that converts the notion of distance into satisfiability. We also prove that reference affinity automatically captures the hierarchical locality in divide-and-conquer computations including matrix solvers and N-body simulation. The proof establishes formal links between computation patterns in time and locality relations in space.On the practical side, we show that efficient heuristics exist. In particular, we present a sampling method and show that it is more effective than the previously published technique, especially for data that are often but not always accessed together. We show the effect on generated and real traces. These theoretical and empirical results demonstrate that effective data placement is still attainable in general-purpose programs because common (albeit not all) locality patterns can be precisely modeled and efficiently analyzed.
Important considerations in the analysis of generation means

The weighted least squares (WLS) procedure has been widely used in the analysis of generation means in biometrical genetics. Two methods to carry out the analysis have been presented in the literature (Mather & Jinks, 1971; Rowe & Alexander, 1980). Neither method identified the factors that need to be taken into account when deciding which procedure to use. This paper examines the fitting of the additive-dominance model using the general principles of least squares analysis and presents the statistical basis of each procedure. Mather & Jink's method, which is more realistic according to genetic theory, is based on the assumption that the populations have nonhomogeneous variances. Rowe & Alexander's method is based on the assumption that the populations have homogeneous variances. In the latter case, there is actually no need to do a WLS analysis. The ordinary least square analysis using the original observations rather than the means, will produce the regression parameter estimates.
Numerical simulation of a non-linear feedback controller for a wind tunnel model involving a time delay

This paper describes a non-linear, S-minimum time, feedback controller for a wind tunnel model and a numerical simulation of its performance. The model is a linear third-order system with delay and a state-variable constraint; it represents the dynamics of a Mach number control loop in a cryogenic wind tunnel. The design method involves a singular perturbation technique, an impulse control and a compensation of delay. Peformance of linear and non-linear S-minimum time control is compared in various operating conditions. The closed-loop dynamics of the non-linear system is examined by numerical simulations which exhibit the boundary-layer phenomena in the control and the effects of various changes in parameters.
Twiddler's Syndrome Variants in ICD Patients

Abstract Three cases of twiddler's syndrome in patients with an abdominally implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and an endocardial lead system are reported. The condition was detected when an increase in pacing threshold or lead impedance was noted at routine follow-up. Successful revision was possible in all patients; however, a recurrence in one patient necessitated removal of the device. Elderly female patients with some degree of obesity appear most susceptible. Minimizing pocket size and suturing of the device to the fascia should decrease the chance of developing this problem.
Simultaneous determination of protein backbone structure and dynamics from residual dipolar couplings.

Determination of protein structure classically results in a single average configuration that takes no account of conformational fluctuation. Dynamics are, however, inherently linked to structure and crucial to our understanding of biological function. In this study we have used analytical descriptions of dynamic averaging of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) to simultaneously determine the backbone structure and dynamics of protein GB3. RDCs alone are used to determine an ultrahigh-resolution structure that compares very closely with a refined X-ray structure (rmsd of 0.34 A overall backbone residues). Dynamic amplitudes reporting on motions up to the millisecond time scale reproduce the main characteristics of dynamics previously determined in conjunction with the crystal structure. The use of RDCs alone allows a bias-free comparison with a purely static approach to structure determination. Extensive cross validation clearly demonstrates that the dynamic description is superior to the static approximati...
A complex variable technique for the stress field around an elliptic underground inhomogeneity

The techniques of complex variables are used to obtain the solution for the two dimensional elastostatic problem of an elliptic inclusion, subject to an uniform stress field at infinity. It is required that the displacements are continuous and the stresses balance each other across the interface between the inclusion and the surrounding medium. The solution is general in that it can be used for any required shape of the ellipse representing the inclusion and for any arbitrary choice of the elastic parameters of the inclusion and the medium.
Phasic coronary blood flow patterns as related to the balance between oxygen demand and supply in the myocardium.

To explore possible relationship between changing coronary arterial flow patterns and states of coronary circulation, the left circumflex arterial flow (mean and phasic) was measured simultaneously with the oxygen saturation of the great cardiac vein blood (SGCVO2, ) in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Coronary vasomotion was altered either with administration of drugs or with mechanical interventions. The "intermittent"flow pattern observed in the resting state persisted as far as SGCVO2 remained unchanged or lowered regardless of changes in coronary flow, aortic pressure or heart rate. On the other hand, when increase in circumflex flow occurred simultaneously with elevation of SGCVO2, a "continuous" flow pattern of the circumflex flow was noticed. We suggest that (1) the "intermittent" flow pattern would indicate that efficient O2 uptake from the supplied arterial blood is taking place in the myocardium and (2) the "continuous" flow pattern would indicate presence of arterial flow excess to the myocardial requirement, rendering the increased coronary blood flow less effective for its amount in terms of O2 supply to the myocardium.
Coordinate control of rat liver lipogenic enzymes by insulin.

Abstract Recent evidence has established that insulin is required for the dietary induction of rat liver fatty acid synthetase [ Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69 , 3516 (1972)]. Since other hepatic lipogenic enzymes as well as fatty acid synthetase exhibit coordinate adaptation to nutritional changes [ Advan. Enzyme Regul. 10 , 187(1972)], the role of insulin in the dietary induction of these enzymes has been investigated. When a high-carbohydrate, fat-free diet was fed to diabetic rats previously fasted for 48 hr, insulin was shown to be required for the dietary induction of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, citrate cleavage enzyme, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthetase, and glucokinase. Activity of serine dehydrase, selected as a model gluconeogenic enzyme, was increased in diabetic rats, whereas insulin treatment reduced the activity of this enzyme during the course of refeeding. The behavior of serine dehydrase was consistent with its gluconeogenic role. The activity of the cytosol isocitrate dehydrogenase did not change during refeeding in the diabetic or insulin-treated diabetic rat. Glucagon, the physiological antagonist of insulin, inhibited the increase in activity of each of the lipogenic enzymes requiring insulin for induction. Our results indicate that insulin is required for the coordinate regulation of the lipogenic enzymes of mammalian liver.
The effects of alloying elements on the susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking of martensitic steels in salt water

The effects of a number of elements (C, Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, Co, P, and S) on the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance in salt water of some quenched-and-tempered steels were investigated. Values of the threshold stress intensity for crack growth in salt water (K Iscc) were measured using the cantilever beam test and precracked specimens. Values of the fracture toughness parameterK Ix (an approximation ofK Ic) were also determined. The steels were either Fe-C alloys to which alloying elements were added, or basically of AISI 4340-type composition in which alloying elements were varied. All steels in a series to show the effects of a given element were heat treated to the same yield strength, and generally the effects of an element were determined at two yield strength levels. The results show that only carbon and manganese are definitely harmful to SCC resistance.
Initial Interactions of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens with Plant Host Cells

Infections of wounded dicotyledonous plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens result in the formation of crown gall tumors. The initial step in tumor formation is the site-specific attachment of the bacteria to the host cells. The mechanism of recognition and attachment in this interaction has been studied in detail. Current information on the nature of the bacterial binding sites, the nature of the host receptors, the role of bacterial cellulose fibrils, and the genetics of bacterial attachment will be summarized, and a model for the attachment of Agrobacterium to host cells will be presented.
Radiative lifetimes for singly and doubly ionized boron

Abstract The ion-beam method has been used with a helium gas target to obtain the mean radiative lifetimes of the 2p 2 1 D and 4f 3 F levels of B II and of the 2p 2 P 0 levels of B III. The wavelengths of the transitions used were, respectively, 3451 A, 4122 A and 2066 A. The lifetimes measured were 16.6±0.5 ns, 4.4±0.5 ns and 4.7±0.1 ns, respectively. Our measurements are in relatively good agreement with the averages of all measurements known and available to the authors. Those averages are 14.7±1.5, 4.3±0.5 and 5.0±0.8 ns. The agreement with the available theoretical calculations is fair for the 4f 3 F levels of B II and for the 2p 2 P 0 levels of B III. The theoretical values for the 2p 2 1 D levels of B II, however, are off by factors of 2 to 3, depending on the calculation used.
Misconceptions or P-Prims: How May Alternative Perspectives of Cognitive Structure Influence Instructional Perceptions and Intentions

The notion that students come to science courses with misconceptions has become quite widely accepted by those who follow or participate in education research. DiSessa and his colleagues (diSessa, 1988, 1993; Smith, diSessa, & Roschelle, 1993/1994) have challenged the theoretical and empirical validity of this perspective and offered an alternative account of cognitive structure in phenomenological primitives or p-prims. The purpose of this article is to further clarify and contrast the two accounts: in particular, to consider their utility and generativity as conceptual tools for teachers. How may each perspective influence instructional perceptions and intentions? The article recounts a discussion about forces and motion from a high-school physics class, analyzes how a teacher may perceive students' participation in that discussion from either perspective, and considers what, based on those perceptions, the teacher may see as tasks for instruction.
Characterization of the dominant molecular step orientations on hydroxyapatite (100) surfaces.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is the major inorganic component of bones and teeth. The characterization of HAP surfaces on the molecular level is important for achieving a fundamenatal understanding of bone remodeling and dental caries processes. On the microscopic level, hydroxyapatite growth and dissolution reactions mainly occur at steps. Therefore, this study focuses on individual molecular steps on HAP (100) facets under both static conditions and dynamic dissolution conditions using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found that molecular steps parallel to the elongated axes of HAP crystals and those angled approximately 54° against the elongated axis are not only energetically favorable but also kinetically dominant under dissolution conditions.
Calibration of Distributions of Commercial Motor Vehicles in CORSIM

One of the most critical aspects of effective microscopic traffic simulation models is proper calibration for accurate replication of both supply and demand characteristics, as well as their interaction. Recent research has begun automating the calibration process by using intelligent transportation system data. This research, however, has targeted automobile traffic and has not generally included commercial motor vehicle (CMV) impacts. Because CMVs are a significant part of the traffic stream and tend to have a disproportionate effect on the transportation system, it is theorized that these vehicles should be included in the calibration process. The objective of this research, therefore, is (a) to outline calibration parameters and network properties available (including site-specific vehicle distributions with weigh-in-motion and automatic vehicle classification data) for a freeway simulation of both passenger cars and CMVs and (b) to apply these parameters and network properties on an urban freeway sys...
Highly efficient indacenodithiophene-based polymeric solar cells in conventional and inverted device configurations

Highly efficient bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells based on two indacenodithiophene-containing low bandgap, high mobility polymers in both of their conventional and inverted device configurations are demonstrated. The highest power conversion efficiency obtained from the conventional structure device is 6.3%, while the PCE of the inverted device reaches 4.9%. These results are very encouraging for further material and device optimization.
Tracking Cultural Differences in News Video Creation

Many videos on the Web are created in different countries about the same international event. Their specialized video content, as well as their viewing and reposting rates, reflect different cultural interests. Effectively tracking cross-cultural visual memes of the same event, in online video repositories of different cultures, can provide users with a more comprehensive understanding of an international event. We propose a new way to use the PageRank algorithm to model cross-cultural visual meme influence, which more accurately captures the rates at which visual memes are re-posted in a specified time period in a specified culture.
Effect of Russell's viper venom (stypven) on Stuart clotting defect.

SummaryIt is shown that Russell's viper venom (Stypven) does not correct the prolonged one-stage prothrombin time of patient with a congenital hemorrhagic diathesis previously thought to be deficient in factor VII. The factor deficient in this patient which is referred to as the Stuart factor, is readily distinguishable from both the Prower factor and factor VII since the prolonged prothrombin times of plasma deficient in either of these two factors are completely corrected by Stypven. The finding that Stypven does not correct the clotting defect of Stuart factor deficient plasma implies that certain modified one-stage “specific” assay methods for prothrombin using Stypven as a source of factor VII are not, in fact, specific, and measure both prothrombin and Stuart factor.
When UV Meets Fresh Water

Ultraviolet radiation (UV)—the shortest-wavelength, highest-energy solar radiation that passes through the atmosphere—is a potent force affecting life on Earth. Exposure to UV, which reaches Earth's surface at wavelengths between 290 and 400 nm, can damage DNA and impair an organism's ability to reproduce, sense its environment, and resist disease. Ozone concentrated in the stratosphere shields living organisms from the most damaging wavelengths of UV, known as UV-B (280 to 320 nm). In the 1980s and 1990s, observations that this protective layer was becoming depleted, and that a seasonal ozone “hole” over the Antarctic was expanding, generated serious concerns about the potential negative effects of increased UV on aquatic ecosystems ( 1 ). More recently, however, it has become clear that even the shortest-wavelength, highest-energy UV reaching Earth has beneficial as well as detrimental effects on individual organisms and thus on natural ecosystems ( 2 ).
I Know You Are, but What Am I? Adolescents’ Third-Person Perception Regarding Dating Violence

ABSTRACT A survey of adolescents (N = 1,646) documented third-person perception regarding media depictions of dating/relationship violence. It also contributes to the growing literature documenting optimistic bias as a strong predictor of third-person perception and draws from the optimistic bias literature considering new variables including self-esteem, self-efficacy, and experience with violence.