cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skin and bones. II

Skin disorders in which a radiograph may detect associated bony changes or abnormalities of calcification are discussed. They are grouped into eight categories: (1) inherited diseases (e.g., alkaptonuria, neurofibromatosis); (2) congenital disorders (e.g., Sturge-Weber and Proteus syndromes); (3) inflammatory conditions (e.g., dermatomyositis, sarcoidosis); (4) infections (e.g., dental sinus, syphilis); (5) neoplasias (e.g., histiocytosis, mastocytosis); (6) drug- and environment-induced (e.g., acroosteolysis, retinoid toxicity); (7) calcinosis cutis; and (8) osteoma cutis. The first part of this review, published in the August 1991 issue of this JOURNAL, dealt with the first two categories; part II discusses categories 3 through 8.
Coronary artery surgery in diabetics: 261 consecutive patients followed four to seven years

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a well established risk factor for coronary artery disease, but its effect on the conduct and results of bypass surgery (CABG) are not well documented. We identified 261 (11.9%) diabetics among 2192 patients operated August 1972, through December 1977. All patients were surveyed, in identical manner, during January 1981. There were 51 (19.5%) dead, seven (3.3%) lost, and seven (3.3%) residing in foreign countries whom we did not attempt to follow. We divided the 261 patients into three groups by severity of diabetes: drug therapy 106 (40.6%), diet therapy 60 (23.0%), and borderline 95 (36.4%). Severity of diabetes had no effect on any of the factors we investigated. Compared with nondiabetics, diabetics had the same average age, a higher proportion of women, the same number of grafts per patient, slightly more bad ventricles, and a higher surgical and late mortality. Frequency of preoperative angina was slightly higher in diabetics. Relief of angina was essentially the same in both groups. There were 54 serious complications which occurred in 45 (17.2%) patients; of these, 20 (7.7%) were hospital mortalities. The only factors reaching statistical significance were the proportion of women and the surgical mortality in good ventricles. We conclude that the presence of diabetes does increase the morbidity and mortality associated with bypass surgery, but only to a relatively small degree and that controlled diabetes is not sufficient reason to avoid bypass surgery.
Cacoxenite in Miocene Sediments of the Maryland Coastal Plain

Cacoxenite having the composition (A14.0Fe22.507.~(OH)14.3(PO4)17(H20)23.7)" 50.3H20 was iden- tified in a bed of mature quartz sand in the Miocene Calvert Formation near Popes Creek, Maryland. This is the first reported occurrence of this mineral in Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments north of Florida. The cacoxenite occurs as silt-size to sand-size grains, both as irregularly shaped aggregates and as radiating arrays of delicate acicular crystals. The presence of discrete cores and overgrowths in some grains indicates at least two generations of crystal growth. Electron microprobe analyses reveal excess Si and A1 (relative to the ideal composition), which is believed to reflect ultra-fine clay particles within the cacoxenite grains. Admixed clays probably served as a substrate for the formation of ferric oxyhydroxides, which were subsequently converted to cacoxenite through the addition of dissolved phosphorus.
A Runx2 threshold for the cleidocranial dysplasia phenotype

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) in humans is an autosomal-dominant skeletal disease that results from mutations in the bone-specific transcription factor RUNX2 (CBFA1/AML3). However, distinct RUNX2 mutations in CCD do not correlate with the severity of the disease. Here we generated a new mouse model with a hypomorphic Runx2 mutant allele (Runx2 neo7 ), in which only part of the transcript is processed to full-length (wild-type) Runx2 mRNA. Homozygous Runx2 neo7/neo7 mice express a reduced level of wild-type Runx2 mRNA (55‐70%) and protein. This mouse model allowed us to establish the minimal requirement of functional Runx2 for normal bone development. Runx2 neo7/neo7 mice have grossly normal skeletons with no abnormalities observed in the growth plate, but do exhibit developmental defects in calvaria and clavicles that persist through post-natal growth. Clavicle defects are caused by disrupted endochondral bone formation during embryogenesis. These hypomorphic mice have altered calvarial bone volume, as observed by histology and microCT imaging, and decreased expression of osteoblast marker genes. The bone phenotype of the heterozygous mice, which have 79‐84% of wild-type Runx2 mRNA, is normal. These results show there is a critical gene dosage requirement of functional Runx2 for the formation of intramembranous bone tissues during embryogenesis. A decrease to 70% of wild-type Runx2 levels results in the CCD syndrome, whereas levels >79% produce a normal skeleton. Our findings suggest that the range of bone phenotypes in CCD patients is attributable to quantitative reduction in the functional activity of RUNX2.
Quantitative indicators for evaluation of basic research programs/projects

Examination of quantitative indicators of the publishing activity of researchers enables managers to assess basic research projects and programs in their organizations along the dimensions of quantity, quality, interdisciplinarity, internationally, degree of collaboration, etc. Combined with other indicators (e.g. professional and chronological ages of researchers, highest degree, degree conferring institution), they give management a good quantitative snapshot of some of the measurable aspects of their projects and programs. These literature indicators must be used very carefully in evaluation. For example, since they are statistical indicators, they are more valid when applied to groups of researchers than to an individual researcher. This paper illustrates the use of quantitative indicators in the evaluation of actual projects/programs of federal agencies that support basic research. It also contains `field norm' tables that describe a number of statistical characteristics of randomly selected academic researchers working in six different R&D areas. These tables enable the R&D manager to compare his staff and its publication performance with a baseline measure of academic research performance.
Laboratory and field experiments identify sources of variation in phenotypes and survival of hatchling lizards

To understand the process of natural selection, relationships between phenotype and fitness and sources of phenotypic variation must be known. We examined the importance of incubation moisture conditions, maternal yolk investment, and clutch (genotype) to phenotypic variation in hatchlings of the lizard Sceloporus undulatus. Eggs were distributed among two moisture treatments and a third treatment in which yolk was removed. After hatching, mass, snout‐vent length, tail length, body shape, thermal preference, running speed, desiccation rate, and growth rate were measured for each hatchling in the laboratory. Hatchlings were then released at a field site in order to monitor growth and survival under natural conditions. Hatchlings from the dry and yolk-removed treatments were significantly smaller than those from the wet treatment. However, neither performance nor survival were affected by moisture or yolk removal. All phenotypes were affected by clutch. Clutches that produced relatively large hatchlings had higher survival than clutches that produced relatively small hatchlings. Furthermore, clutches that produced relatively slow growing individuals and fast runners had higher survival rates than clutches that produced relatively rapid growing individuals and slow runners. Our results emphasize the overriding importance of clutch (genotype) to variation in phenotypes and survival in hatchling S. undulatus. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 76, 105‐124.
Alcohol dependence and withdrawal: a genetic animal model.

Using the techniques of selective breeding, mouse lines have been developed that express severe (Withdrawal Seizure Prone: WSP) or mild (Withdrawal Seizure Resistant: WSR) handling induced convulsions after cessation of chronic ethanol exposure. These lines differ at least ten-fold in severity of withdrawal after identical ethanol treatment. One feature of the genetic model is that other traits which distinguish these lines are presumably influenced by those genes determining ethanol withdrawal severity. WSP and WSR mice do not differ markedly in the metabolism of ethanol. In addition to handling induced convulsions, they also differ in other withdrawal signs: for example, WSP mice show more pronounced tremor. WSP and WSR mice do not differ in sensitivity to ethanol's hypothermic, anesthetic, or locomotor stimulant effects, nor in the magnitude of tolerance development to these responses. This suggests that sensitivity, tolerance and dependence are distinct genetic entities. WSP mice also display more sev...
Gastrointestinal CMV in an Elderly, Immunocompetent Patient

An 83-year-old male with a history of diabetes but with an otherwise intact immune system presented with melena. Upper endoscopy showed gastric and duodenal ulcers. Colonoscopy showed colonic ulcers. Biopsies revealed cytomegalovirus (CMV). Therapy with an antiviral such as ganciclovir should be considered even in an immunocompetent patient if male and over the age of 55, or if they have chronic diseases such as diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
Black Like Who?: The Class of 2014 Considers Race in "Dear White People".

Modern educational institutions were associated with the separation of children from ordinary people and of the schoolhouse from the ordinary world, creating an educational subculture and a minority population of schoolchildren. Passage through this subculture became a universal shared experience. Higher education grew at the same time into an experience that separated those who went to college from those who did not, becoming a basis for the modern class system. Popular culture reflects this split as the college movie, a genre that addresses only part of the movie audience. As in other American institutions, there is also a split between the worlds of Black and White colleges. Only the mainstream White version of college appeared in movies until recently. The African-American-themed college movie was pioneered in School Daze. Dear White People followed that lead. The movie concerns a generation of Black college students whose perspectives rest on a familiarity with more than a half century of ideas about...
Debt-Equity Ratios of Firms and Interest Rate Policy: Macroeconomic Effects of High Leverage in Developing Countries

En este trabajo se analizan las consecuencias macroeconomicas derivadas de que las empresas financien sus inversiones con una proporcion elevada de deuda en relacion con los recursos propios. Se construye un modelo de ahorro, inversion, ajuste de la cartera del ahorrista y ajuste de la estructura financiera de las empresas para paises en desarrollo que se caracterizan por mercados financieros segmentados, controles del sistema bancario y planificacion economica basada sustancialmente en la deuda, incluida la deuda externa. El modelo se usa para analizar el impacto de la politica de tipo de interes en la estabilidad y los incentivos a la inversion. Las principales conclusiones son las siguientes. Las razones deuda/capital de las empresas hacen variar considerablemente el impacto de las politicas de estabilizacion nacional, en especial, las de tipo de interes. Cuando las empresas utilizan elevados coeficientes de endeudamiento, la aplicacion por las autoridades de una politica pasiva de tipo de interes–o sea, el mantenimiento de un tipo de interes controlado invariable cuando la inflacion varia – puede conducir a la inestabilidad macroeconomica, caracterizada por efectos perversos de la politica monetaria y aceleracion de la inflacion o la deflacion. De modo que en las economias cuyas empresas tienen un elevado coeficiente de endeudamiento es necesario ajustar en forma apropiada el tipo de interes real administrado para que haya estabilidad macroeconomica. Un aumento del tipo de interes real con ese fin, sin embargo, reduce el ahorro y la inversion cuando la razon deuda/capital de las empresas en conjunto supera un limite de seguridad. Este limite depende principalmente de la sensibilidad del ahorro respecto al tipo de interes, pero tambien de varias otras consideraciones, tales como las condiciones iniciales de los mercados financieros nacionales, los ajustes inducidos del coeficiente de deuda, la estructura de vencimientos de los prestamos en moneda nacional y extranjera y la politica de tipo de cambio. Dadas estas repercusiones de los coeficientes de endeudamiento elevados de las empresas no financieras, es importante evaluar la estructura financiera de las empresas y el marco institucional basico del sistema financiero para determinar adecuadamente el impacto de las politicas de estabilizacion. Muchas veces es posible acrecentar la eficacia de las politicas de estabilizacion, especialmente las de tipo de interes, aplicando medidas adecuadas de reforma financiera entre las cuales figuren medidas para reducir las razones deuda/capital de las empresas (por ejemplo, la promocion del ahorro empresarial o la adopcion de normas sobre las razones deuda/capital), para disminuir la segmentacion de los mercados financieros y para minimizar las subvenciones de intereses. Esas politicas ademas de coadyuvar a la estabilidad macroeconomica, tambien pueden en definitiva reducir el costo en perdida de crecimiento de las politicas de estabilizacion.
Men, cohesion, and battle : the Inniskilling Regiment at Waterloo.

MEN, COHESION, AND BATTLE: THE INNISKILLING REGIMENT AT WATERLOO Mark Richard Bois December 8, 2006 Advisor: Dr. Wayne E. Lee This thesis is a social and military history of the First Battalion of the 27 Foot, the Inniskilling Regiment, at the Battle of Waterloo. Crucial to success in battle is the cohesion of units and their ability to withstand punishment and keep fighting. This paper offers an examination of the constituent elements of unit cohesion as manifested in the demonstrable staying power of the Inniskillings. The Inniskillings’ battlefield experience is a case study in cohesion: by understanding the devastating battlefield experience of the
76 A nanomechanical device that operates in a 3D crystal

The central goals of structural DNA nanotechnology include both the self-assembly of matter in crystalline arrays and the construction of nano-scale devices. We have previously reported the constru...
Theoretical and Experimental Characterization of Polyamine/DNA Interactions

For several years, work in our laboratory has been directed toward an understanding of the interactions of polyamines and nucleic acids. The initial impetus to this research was the finding that the cytotoxicity of antineoplastic agents such as cis-platinum and the 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas are altered in tumor cells in which intracellular levels of polyamines had been depleted by pretreatment with α-difluoromethylornithine (1, 2). It is thought that these agents kill cells by forming DNA interstrand crosslinks that prevent replication and lead to cell death. One possible explanation for the effects of polyamine depletion on cytotoxicity is that the conformation of intracellular DNA is altered, which would affect the mechanism of crosslink formation.
A Standardized Method for Pollen Air Analysis.

Summary1. The present methods of making pollen counts were found to be inadequate. 2. An instrument was devised and is here presented which gives a better conception of pollen abundance in the air. 3. The importance of the pollen count on the vertical slides is emphasized. 4. The buoyancy index is presented as a graphic means of determining the relative buoyancy of the various pollens.
CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS OF INTERACTIVITY ON CORPORATE WEB SITES: The United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and South Korea

This study is a cross-cultural examination of interactivity on U.S., U.K., Japanese, and South Korean corporate Web sites. Each Web site was content-analyzed for use of various interactivity functions. Using cultural difference criteria of high versus low context, power distance, and individualism-collectivism, this study compares three dimensions of interactivity on the Web sites of each country's top 50 advertisers. Twenty-five interactivity functions/indicators, classified into three interactivity dimensions, were used in the final data analysis to test three research hypotheses. Our findings indicate that Western Web sites tend to emphasize consumer-message (H1) and consumer-marketer interactivity (H2), whereas Eastern Web sites highlight consumer-consumer interactivity (H3). Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Study of Rosin Joint of Frame Key Welding Spot based on Technological Parameter Optimization

The paper elaborates industrial applications of the spot welding by the match of hot rolled plate and cold rolled plate and the problems that are easy to occur.By optimizing technological parameter,the rosin joint and loose welding can be solved.
Characteristics analysis on death among elderly people aged 60 years and above in Shanghai in 2014

[Objective] To discuss the characteristics of death among elderly people aged 60 years and above in Shanghai,who were classified into different age groups,and to provide a basis for making public health policy. [Methods] On the basis of the data covering whole population death registry system in Shanghai,data on the elders aged 60-plus was collected and classified into 3 age groups according to WHO standards for descriptive analysis. [Results] The crude death rate among the elders aged 60-plus in shanghai in 2014 was 3 001. 76 /105,accounting for 88. 37% of the total mortality. The crude death rate of male was higher than that of female in each age group. The main causes of death in 60-74 age-group were cancer and coronary heart disease( CHD) which had shorter course of disease with worse prognosis.The main causes of death in 75-89 age-group were cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease( COPD) which had longer course. The main causes of death in 90-pluse group included functional degradation and accidental fall,apart from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and COPD. And 54. 35% of the elders aged 60-plus died in hospital,while 34. 12% at home,and6. 63% at nursing home. The proportion of death at home was higher in non-central urban area than in central urban area. And the proportion of death in hospital decreased with increasing age. [Conclusion]The proportion of the elderly death was large in total mortality. As the characteristics of death varied in different age groups,government should adopt different prevention and control measures. Rational allocation of medical and rehabilitation resources,as well as terminal care,need more attention and exploration by all institutions concerned.
Insulin secretory capacity in endurance-trained and untrained young men.

Insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation is reduced in endurance-trained humans. In this study, a modified hyperglycemic clamp, with a superimposed arginine infusion and fat meal, was p...
Blister Aneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery: Microsurgical Results and Management Strategy.

Abstract Blister aneurysms of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) are challenging lesions with high intraoperative rupture rates and significant morbidity. An optimal treatment strategy for these aneurysms has not been established. To analyze treatment strategy, operative techniques, and outcomes in a consecutive 17-year series of ICA blister aneurysms treated microsurgically. Seventeen patients underwent blister aneurysm treatment with direct clipping, bypass and trapping, or clip-reinforced wrapping. Twelve aneurysms (71%) were treated with direct surgical clipping. Three patients required bypass: 1 superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, 1 external carotid artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, and 1 ICA to middle cerebral artery bypass. One patient was treated with clip-reinforced wrapping. Initial treatment strategy was enacted 71% of the time. Intraoperative rupture occurred in 7 patients (41%), doubling the rate of a poor outcome (57% vs 30% for patients with and without intraoperative rupture, respectively). Severe vasospasm developed in 9 of 16 patients (56%). Twelve patients (65%) were improved or unchanged after treatment, and 10 patients (59%) had good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale scores of 1 or 2). ICA blister aneurysms can be cautiously explored and treated with direct clipping as the first-line technique in the majority of cases. Complete trapping of the parent artery with temporary clips and placing permanent clip blades along normal arterial walls enables clipping that avoids intraoperative aneurysm rupture. Trapping/bypass is used as the second-line treatment, maintaining a low threshold for bypass with extensive or friable pathology of the carotid wall and in patients with incomplete circles of Willis. AChA, anterior choroidal arteryICA, internal carotid arteryMCA, middle cerebral arteryPCoA, posterior communicating arterySAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage.
NHC-CAAC Heterodimers with Three Stable Oxidation States.

The synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)–cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC) heterodimers is presented. As the free carbenes do not react together in solution, the synthetic approach involves the addition of a free NHC to a cyclic iminium salt, which results in the formation of the protonated heterodimer. Subsequent deprotonation leads to the isolation of the corresponding mixed Wanzlick dimers. One- and two-electron oxidations of these triazaolefins result in the formation of stable cationic radicals and bis(cations), respectively, which have been isolated and fully characterized. Cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, spin density, and DFT calculations suggest that these heterodimers feature complementary electronic properties to tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs).
Growth of Selected Bacteria in Processed Human Milks1

Survival and/or growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens , Micrococcus luteus , Micrococcus sp. 102 and Staphylococcus aureus was studied in raw, frozen, pasteurized or heat-sterilized pooled human skim milks. Growth response of P. fluorescens at 25°C was essentially the same in the untreated and treated milks with an increase in count/ml of 4 log cycles during a 24-h incubation period. Counts (per ml) of S. aureus in raw, pasteurized and frozen milks increased approximately 3 log cycles. Growth of S. aureus in heat-sterilized milk was somewhat less. Micrococcus sp. 102 could not be recovered from raw and frozen milk after incubation at 37°C for 14 and 24 h, respectively. The count (per ml) of this organism in pasteurized milk decreased approximately 2 log cycles during the 24-h incubation period, whereas counts in sterilized milk increased approximately 2 log cycles. In no instance did M. luteus survive in raw, pasteurized or frozen milks at 37°C even for short periods after inoculation. The organism survived in heat-sterilized milk for 14 h at 37°C, but then decreased in numbers until the organism could be recovered from only 1 of 5 pools after 48 h of incubation.
MOJAVE: Monitoring of jets in active galactic nuclei with VLBA experiments. II. First-epoch 15 GHz circular polarization results

We report first-epoch circular polarization results for 133 active galactic nuclei in the MOJAVE program to monitor the structure and polarization of a flux-limited sample of extragalactic radio jets with the VLBA at 15 GHz. We found strong circular polarization (≥0.3%) in approximately 15% of our sample. The circular polarization was usually associated with jet cores; however, we did find a few strong jet components to be circularly polarized. The levels of circular polarization were typically in the range of 0.3%-0.5% of the local Stokes I value. We found no strong correlations between fractional circular polarization of jet cores and source type, redshift, EGRET detections, linear polarization, or other observed parsec-scale jet properties. There were differences between the circular-to-linear polarization ratios of two nearby galaxies versus more distant quasars and BL Lac objects. We suggest this is because the more distant sources have either (1) less depolarization of their linear polarization, and/or (2) poorer effective linear resolution, and therefore, their VLBA cores apparently contain a larger amount of linearly polarized jet emission. The jet of 3C 84 shows a complex circular polarization structure, similar to observations by Homan & Wardle 5 years earlier; however, much of the circular polarization seems to have moved, consistent with a proper motion of 0.06c. The jet of 3C 273 also has several circularly polarized components, and we find that their fractional circular polarization decreases with distance from the core.
Frozen sections in patients undergoing breast conserving surgery at a single ambulatory surgical center: 5 year experience.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate outcomes of our breast frozen section (FS) practice in its first 5 years, including our specialized FS of margins (FSM) procedure for breast conserving therapy (BCT) patients. Methods One thousand two hundred and forty eight patients undergoing 1303 breast FSM and/or sentinel lymph node (SLN) FS were included. Clinicopathologic features were assessed by chart review. Results Use of SLN FS declined, from 43.5% of FS cases before to 19.2% of FS cases after 2012. FSM patients had a decline in overall reexcision to 12.3% in 2013–2014 (p = 0.063). There was also decline in reexcision for focally close margins (p Conclusions Despite changing surgical practices, FSM remains a valuable service that reduces reexcision in BCT patients.
Our synthetic moment

"It is at times hard to distill that which unites the people and projects that travel under the name 9synthetic biology,9" Sophia Roosth notes in Synthetic: How Life Got Made , but that doesn9t stop her from following the field in flux, tracking "brave new organisms" (and those who make them) through classrooms and industrial laboratories from Boston to the Bay Area and from neighborhood bars to far-flung conferences. A chimera of anthropology bred with a dash of history, Synthetic reads synthetic biology9s constructs both as "materialized theories" and as "postcards from a particular cultural moment."
Stress, Mindful Parenting, and the Transition to Adulthood

In our time, families are often wound up in social, professional, and occupational pursuits that inhibit the potential for establishing secure emotional bonds (Elkind 1994; Brazelton and Greenspan 2000; and Gottman 1997). This inhibition is serious under any circumstances, but it becomes even more conspicuous and damaging at moments when members of a family face new challenges and developmental transitions (Elkind 1994; Wallerstein 2003). These transitions are prompted by a variety of stressful life events that tend to arise at different points in the family life cycle. For parents, these events may include divorce, remarriage, loss of job, relocation of job, or care-giving responsibilities for aging parents. For children, these events are often associated with developmental challenges that give rise to a new set of emotional needs. During such transitions, a nurturing social environment that the child experiences as occurring for his/her sake is the optimal context for healthy development (Elkind 1994, 2008; Garbarino 1992; and Devereux et al. 1969).
Full-field measurement of contact-point and crack-tip deformations in soda-lime glass. Part-I: Quasi-static Loading

Transparent brittle ceramics such as soda-lime glass pose unique challenges for performing full-field optical measurement of deformations and stresses to characterize fracture and failure behaviors. Low fracture toughness coupled with high stiffness and elastic wave speeds are among the factors responsible for some of these challenges as deformations tend to be confined to an extremely small region near an almost mathematically sharp growing crack. Need for strong birefringence, elaborate optics, or lack of sufficient measurement sensitivity are some of the factors against legacy techniques such as photoelasticity, optical interferometry, and speckle methods, respectively, to study soda-lime glass. Motivated by these factors, the feasibility of digital gradient sensing (DGS) method to measure impact induced deformations near a contact-point and a dynamically growing crack-tip in soda-lime glass are demonstrated in this work. This second of a two-part paper demonstrates the applicability of DGS for the problems under stress wave loading conditions. Ultrahigh-speed photography (1 million frames per sec) in conjunction with DGS and a Hopkinson pressure bar to load soda-lime glass specimens are employed. The optical measurements are postprocessed to obtain relevant engineering parameters and stress field σx+σy near dynamically loaded crack-tip, both while stationary and during propagation.
Helpfulness as Journalism's Normative Anchor: Addressing blind spots and going back to basics

This article addresses two blind spots related to normativity in journalism studies. First, the digital journalism literature has led the field too far away from what journalism does for people and...
Level of Evidence in the Archivs of Bone and Joint Surgery Journal.

Introduction: In the field of orthopedic surgery, highly impact journals like Journal of Bone and Surgery (JBJS-Am) and Clinical orthopedics and Related Research (CORR) publishing the LOE for their manuscript. JBJS-Am started to publish the level of evidence (LOE) for all manuscript since 2013. Results:310 articles were reviewed. Country of origin for these, were twelve different countries including Iran. International articles consistently increased from 23 % of all published articles in 2013 to 47% in 2016. Overall one- third of articles came from USA and Europe in this period and at the last year, this proportion exceeds 41 %. Discussion: Publishing LOE and the study type helps the reader to imagine the estimated quality of the research presented before starting to read . The aim of this study was to determine the level of contribution of international researchers and also detect any possible progress in LOE of publications over the past four years in ABJS.
Visual Continuous Recognition Reveals Widespread Cortical Contributions to Scene Memory

Humans have a remarkably high capacity and long duration memory for complex scenes. Previous research documents the neural substrates that allow for efficient categorization of scenes from other complex stimuli like objects and faces, but the spatiotemporal neural dynamics underlying scene memory are less well understood. In the present study, we used high density EEG during a visual continuous recognition task in which new, old, and scrambled scenes consisting of color outdoor photographs were presented at an average rate 0.26 Hz. Old scenes were single repeated presentations occurring within either a short-term (
Friends and family vs. government: who does the public rely on more to prepare for natural disasters?

This paper examines what organizations and groups individuals rely on to help prepare for natural disasters and how reliance differs vis-a-vis demographic characteristics. Using data gathered from ...
A national research agenda for the transition of youth with autism

In this article, we outline a national research agenda to improve the transition to adulthood among youth with autism. We synthesized the results from 5 interconnected sets of activities: (1) a scoping review of published autism research and research priority statements, (2) a series of key informant interviews with stakeholders, (3) a 2-day National Research Agenda meeting, (4) a modified Delphi survey of stakeholders, and (5) 2 formal reviews of published literature on autism and transition. We identified 2 overarching priorities to advance research about autism and transition: (1) increased focus on community- and systems-level factors that influence outcomes with population-level approaches to measuring outcomes and (2) greater involvement of people with autism in establishing research priorities, designing research studies, and producing study findings and recommendations. We discuss how the life course framework can guide future inquiry that addresses gaps in extant research.
Interaction of α-Thymidine Inhibitors with Thymidylate Kinase from Plasmodium falciparum.

Plasmodium falciparum thymidylate kinase (PfTMK) is a critical enzyme in the de novo biosynthesis pathway of pyrimidine nucleotides. N-(5′-Deoxy-α-thymidin-5′-yl)-N′-[4-(2-chlorobenzyloxy)phenyl]urea was developed as an inhibitor of PfTMK and has been reported as an effective inhibitor of P. falciparum growth with an EC50 of 28 nM [Cui, H., et al. (2012) J. Med. Chem. 55, 10948–10957]. Using this compound as a scaffold, a number of derivatives were developed and, along with the original compound, were characterized in terms of their enzyme inhibition (Ki) and binding affinity (KD). Furthermore, the binding site of the synthesized compounds was investigated by a combination of mutagenesis and docking simulations. Although the reported compound is indicated to be highly effective in its inhibition of parasite growth, we observed significantly lower binding affinity and weaker inhibition of PfTMK than expected from the reported EC50. This suggests that significant structural optimization will be required for...
Reversible Cold Inactivation of Microsomal 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase from Rat Liver

Abstract Soluble 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) from rat liver microsomes has been shown to be inactivated reversibly by cold temperature whereas microsomal enzyme did not show any cold sensitivity. At 0° the soluble enzyme lost 80 % of its activity within 30 min and warming at 37° for 20 min restored all the lost activity. Active enzyme preparations did not lose activity if quick frozen at -80°. The simplest explanation of these observations is the hypothesis that the enzyme can exist in two forms, i.e. a cold-inactivated and a heat-activated form. The enzyme had minimum activity between 0 and 19° and the specific activity was less than 0.1 nmole per min per mg. A 10-fold increase in activity was obtained by incubation at 37° for 20 min, but activity was destroyed at 42°. The original assay method employed for this solubilized enzyme involved incubation at 37° which does not differentiate between the two reactions (a) inactive enzyme → active enzyme and (b) substrate → product. However, more readily interpretable results were obtained either by activating the enzyme at 37° prior to assay or by conducting the assay at a temperature at which activation does not occur, i.e. between 16 and 19°. The Arrhenius plot of the activation of the enzyme by heat (log Vmax versus 1/T) showed apparent changes in slope at 19 and 28°. The rate of activation was found to be strongly protein concentration-dependent indicating an intermolecular reaction. The enzyme was stable in 40 to 120 mm buffer concentrations for at least 5 hours, but addition of 4 m KCl caused an irreversible loss in activity of cold-inactivated enzyme and did not prevent the cold inactivation of activated enzyme. Km for substrate d-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA of the active soluble enzyme was estimated to be 2.2 x 10-5 m, similar to that of the microsome-bound enzyme. HMG-CoA reductase is the first example of a microsomal enzyme that is reversibly cold-sensitive.
Maternal and Neonatal Behavior

Maternal and neonatal behavior differs among food-producing mammals, and our management must reflect these differences. Sows will show more elaborate preparturient behavior than the other species as they attempt to build a nest that will last for several days. Because the nest is the focal point of maternal behavior for several days, the sow does not need to recognize her piglets until they are about 1 week of age. Although this facilitates the fostering of piglets between litters, the teat order developed by piglets during the first day or two makes it difficult for alien piglets to suckle when first fostered. Piglets are weaned at a relatively early age, and this results in conflict as neonatal behavior persists in an environment that requires better developed feeding patterns. Restrictions placed on ewes and cows by confinement at the time of parturition may result in their being unable to select an appropriate birth site. Our management must accommodate these needs by providing sites that are protected from the harsh environment and also allow separation from the rest of the flock. This is particularly important for ewes bearing multiple young, for lambs frequently become separated from the ewe while she is caring for another lamb. Both cows and ewes must be allowed to bond to their offspring soon after birth if they are to provide adequate maternal care. Fostering in these species involves manipulation of identifying stimuli to overcome the dam's ability to recognize her own young shortly after birth. Suckling problems, due to pendulous udders on cows and multiple lambs in sheep, may require attention by the stockman shortly after birth. Weaning does not result in major behavioral problems in sheep or beef cattle that are weaned after the young are consuming solid feed on a regular basis. Dairy calves, which are initially weaned onto milk replacer at a very early age, may develop inappropriate sucking behaviors that persist beyond weaning onto a solid diet. Despite our growing knowledge of maternal and neonatal behavior, mortality among piglets, lambs, and calves is still high. However, many of the most recent findings have yet to be incorporated into management procedures or standard practice. As this occurs, we should be able to reduce losses of young animals.
4.17 Kinesin Structure and Biochemistry

Kinesins are microtubule-based molecular motors that convert chemical energy from ATP turnover to mechanical force. These kinesins can pull a cellular cargo along a microtubule, slide one microtubule relative to another, or even remodel the microtubule cytoskeleton through regulation of microtubule dynamics. While kinesins share common structural motifs, key amino acid residue changes confer unique mechanochemical properties to each kinesin, which optimizes motor activity for its cellular function. This chapter examines our current understanding of conventional kinesin, Eg5/KLP61F, CENP-E, and NOD to relate the ATPase cycle to distinctive properties and cellular function.
Integration of an expert teaching assistant with distance learning software

The Remote Teaching Assistant (RTA) software currently under development at UC Davis allows students and Teaching Assistants (TA`s) to interact through multimedia communication via the Internet. To resolve the problem of TA unavailability and limited knowledge, an Expert Teaching Assistant (ETA) module is being developed. When TA`s are not on-line, students in need of help consult ETA. The focus of this research is the development and integration of ETA with RTA, the establishment of an architecture suitable for use with education (the domain) in any sub-domain (course), and the creation of a mechanism usable by non-technical personnel to maintain knowledge bases.
Resilience and Positive Psychology

Since its introduction to the scientific literature in the mid-1990s, developmental science has seen incremental refinements in research on resilience, which is a process or phenomenon reflecting positive child adjustment despite conditions of risk. In this chapter, we describe accumulated evidence on this construct in the field of developmental psychopathology and appraise critical directions for future work. We begin by briefly describing the history of work in this area through contemporary times, defining core constructs, and summarizing major findings on factors associated with resilience. In the second half of the chapter, we examine commonalities and differences between the resilience framework and a related, relatively new area of scientific inquiry: positive psychology. Our objective is to elucidate ways in which progress in each of these areas might most usefully inform efforts in the other, collectively maximizing the promotion of well-being among individuals, families, and society.
On the relationship between dialogic communication and corporate social performance: advancing dialogic theory and research

This study aims to advance our understanding of the implicit relationship between dialogic communication and corporate social performance (CSP). The study builds and tests a theoretical model that ...
Dissociative protonation and long-range proton migration: The chemistry of singly- and doubly-protonated tigecycline

Abstract Tigecycline is an antibacterial drug in the tetracycline class. In electrospray mass spectrometry both singly-protonated (MH+) and doubly-protonated molecules (MH22+) are formed in abundance. The major fragmentation reactions of the molecular ions in both charge states take place around the amido group at the C2-position on the A-ring and the t-butylamino group of the side chain at the C9-position on the D-ring. Deuterium labeling reveals that losses of ammonia from C2 and isobutene from C9 from both MH+ and MH22+ take place in a consecutive fashion, and elimination of the constitutive t-butylamine as a distinct neutral species does not occur as suggested intuitively. In addition, it is found that the elimination of isobutene from MH22+ is more than 10-fold as much as that from MH+ relative to the ammonia loss. This suggests that in the “double engine” molecular ion (MH22+), the first protonation occurs on the N,N-dimethylamino substituent on the A-ring, responsible for the loss of ammonia from the adjacent C2-amido group, and the second protonation occurs on the t-butylamino moiety on the D-ring to initiate the removal of isobutene. Since these two reactions are also observed with the “single engine” molecular ion (MH+), it is clear that upon the first neutral loss (either ammonia or isobutene), a proton is required to travel across the tetracycline core to trigger the second neutral loss. Multistage mass spectrometry confirms that the structure of the final product ion is the same regardless of the order in which the two neutral species are eliminated, supporting the requirement for a long-range proton migration.
IMPACT OF TREATMENT STRATEGY OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ON DISCHARGE MEDICATIONS

In patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), use of evidence-based medicines after discharge is important. The impact of treatment strategy (percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) vs. medical management) on prescription of specific classes of medication has not been well
Impact of Radiology Report Wording on Care of Patients With Acute Epiploic Appendagitis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the diagnostic certainty expressed by the wording of CT report impressions and subsequent use of standard treatment with...
Abstract 244: Identifying Differences in Demographics, Management, and Outcomes Between Type 1 and Type 2 NSTEMI Patients

Background: A type 2 NSTEMI (T2) is defined as ischemia secondary to another condition resulting in either an increase in myocardial oxygen demand or decrease in oxygen supply. Little is known abou...
MSCT Imaging of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) has improved evaluation in a variety of abdominal applications over the older single slice era. Multi-slice technology allows for large volumetric acquisition of data which in turn leads to faster imaging with thinner collimation during optimal contrast enhancement. Regarding the pancreas, it has allowed improved depiction of this gland and the various processes that can affect it. For example, whereas the development of pancreatic necrosis complicating acute pancreatitis may have been less apparent with single slice scanner protocols, MSCT can more accurately detect this important complication for confident diagnosis by the interpreting radiologist. This chapter discusses the current capabilities and role of MSCT imaging in the evaluation of acute and chronic pancreatitis. In particular, the manner in which MSCT integrates within the clinical evaluation to affect management for acute pancreatitis will be stressed. In addition, autoimmune pancreatitis and the evolving views of this disease process will be covered.
A power scaled diode cladding pumped 2.8 µm Er:ZBLAN fiber laser (Conference Presentation)

Recent progress in development of Mid–IR lasers at ~2.8 µm and ~3.5 µm based on commercial Er:ZBLAN fibers has enabled variety of environmental sensing, defense and medical applications. This development faces a few major challenges, among which are relatively low laser efficiency (stemming from the naturally high quantum defect of laser operation) and power scaling limitation due to output self-pulsing (perceived to be coming from presence of clustering or ion pairs in a highly doped fiber, which act as saturable absorbers).We report on a study of the power scaling of a 976 nm diode-pumped double-clad Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at the ~2.8 µm, 4I11/2-4I13/2 transition. The passively cooled 7% Er-doped fluoride fiber laser was shown to achieve slope efficiency over 25% and 50 W with respect to launched pump power in both CW and Quasi-CW regimes of free-running operation. Laser power scaling was found to be limited by available 976 nm diode pump power.
Using DNA Metabarcoding To Evaluate the Plant Component of Human Diets: a Proof of Concept

Dietary intake is difficult to measure reliably in humans because approaches typically rely on self-reporting, which can be incomplete and biased. In field studies of animals, DNA sequencing-based approaches such as metabarcoding have been developed to characterize diets, but such approaches have not previously been widely applied to humans. Here, we present data derived from sequencing of a chloroplast DNA marker (the P6 loop of the trnL [UAA] intron) in stool samples collected from 11 individuals consuming both controlled and freely selected diets. The DNA metabarcoding strategy resulted in successful PCR amplification in about 50% of samples, which increased to a 70% success rate in samples from individuals eating a controlled plant-rich diet. Detection of plant taxa among sequenced samples yielded a recall of 0.86 and a precision of 0.55 compared to a written diet record during controlled feeding of plant-based foods. The majority of sequenced plant DNA matched common human food plants, including grains, vegetables, fruits, and herbs prepared both cooked and uncooked. Moreover, DNA metabarcoding data were sufficient to distinguish between baseline and treatment diet arms of the study. Still, the relatively high PCR failure rate and an inability to distinguish some dietary plants at the sequence level using the trnL-P6 marker suggest that future methodological refinements are necessary. Overall, our results suggest that DNA metabarcoding provides a promising new method for tracking human plant intake and that similar approaches could be used to characterize the animal and fungal components of our omnivorous diets.IMPORTANCE Current methods for capturing human dietary patterns typically rely on individual recall and as such are subject to the limitations of human memory. DNA sequencing-based approaches, frequently used for profiling nonhuman diets, do not suffer from the same limitations. Here, we used metabarcoding to broadly characterize the plant portion of human diets for the first time. The majority of sequences corresponded to known human foods, including all but one foodstuff included in an experimental plant-rich diet. Metabarcoding could distinguish between experimental diets and matched individual diet records from controlled settings with high accuracy. Because this method is independent of survey language and timing, it could also be applied to geographically and culturally disparate human populations, as well as in retrospective studies involving banked human stool.