cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ski Area Managers: a Profile

(1993). Ski Area Managers: A Profile. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 25-29.
Preoperative Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer

Surprisingly, a higher proportion of patients(22%) received AC. A mere 9% of all patients received cisplatin-based NC. Althoughthe reasons for this practice patternareunclear,renaldysfunction, poorperformancestatus,comorbidities,andagemayberesponsible.Moreover,datadem-onstrate the high prevalence of renal dysfunction in the perioperative setting, and the probability of renal dysfunctionincreaseswithageto>40%ofpatientsaged>70years.
Design teams as learning-systems for complex systems change: Evaluation data and implications for higher education

Summary Systems change in child welfare and cross-systems change involving other service sectors are needed in response to two developments: (1) New policy mandates (e.g., TANF, AS FA) and (2) Research on the co-occurring and interlocking needs of many child welfare families. A four-state initiative was structured in response to these needs. Collaborative learning and action research groups called design teams were structured to identify competencies and to develop new service delivery systems. Faculty facilitators representing social work education programs were assigned to these teams and charged with their development and evaluation. Facilitators served as linkage agents for university-communitystate agency partnerships, and they promoted curriculum change. These study reports two sets of findings related to these design teams: (1) Findings from semi-structured interviews of design team members; and (2) Findings from the participatory action research completed by two faculty facilitators. Key themes re...
Design and analysis of a distributed regenerative frequency divider using distributed mixer

In this paper we present the design and analysis of a distributed regenerative frequency divider (DRFD) based on a distributed single-balanced mixer. Artificial transmission lines are incorporated in the distributed single balanced mixer to absorb the parasitic capacitances. The circuit is realized in a 0.18/spl mu/m standard CMOS process. It shows a division by two for an input frequency of 40GHz, while consuming 10mW from a 1.8V supply.
Interaction of a Simian Papovavirus and Adenoviruses I. Induction of Adenovirus Tumor Antigen During Abortive Infection of Simian Cells

Abstract Feldman, Lawrence A. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), Janet S. Butel, and Fred Rapp. Interaction of a simian papovavirus and adenoviruses. I. Induction of adenovirus tumor antigen during abortive infection of simian cells. J. Bacteriol. 91:813–818. 1966.—Adenovirus types 2, 7, and 12 undergo an abortive growth cycle in green monkey kidney cells; they induce the formation of adenovirus tumor antigen, but synthesis of adeno capsid antigen and infectious adenovirus was observed only when cultures were concomitantly infected with a simian papovavirus (SV40). Several other viruses, including herpes simplex and measles which replicate in monkey cells, and rabbit papilloma and human wart papovaviruses which do not, failed to stimulate adenovirus replication in the monkey cells. Adenovirus tumor antigen was detected 8 to 10 hr postinfection by immunofluorescent techniques. The antigen induced by adenovirus types 2 and 7 appeared as intranuclear masses; adenovirus type 12 tumor antigen also appeared as cytoplasmic and nuclear flecks. Sera from hamsters bearing tumors induced by adenovirus type 12 cross-reacted with tumor antigens induced by types 2 and 7 but not with antigens induced by SV40.
Do the primary and secondary intensions of phenomenal concepts coincide in all worlds

A slew of conceivability arguments have been given against physicalism. Many physicalists try to undermine these arguments by offering accounts of phenomenal concepts that explain how there can be an epistemic gap, but not an ontological gap, between the phenomenal and the physical. Some complain, however, that such accounts fail to do justice to the nature of our introspective grasp of phenomenal properties. A particularly influential version of this complaint comes from David Chalmers (1996; 2003), who claims, in opposition to the accounts of phenomenal concepts described above, that phenomenal concepts have primary and secondary intensions that coincide in all worlds. In this paper, I construct an argument that casts doubt upon Chalmers' claim. At the heart of this argument is an idea that Chalmers shows some affinity for: namely, that introspection doesn't reveal whether phenomenal properties are fundamental properties or whether they are derived from more basic protophenomenal properties. I argue that this claim implies that the primary and secondary intensions of our phenomenal concepts do not coincide in all worlds. In this way, I show that a plausible idea about the powers of introspection – an idea that Chalmers himself is drawn to – is a reason for rejecting the claim that phenomenal concepts have primary and secondary intensions that coincide in all worlds.
Electronic Commerce Fraud: Towards an Understanding of the Phenomenon

The objective of this paper is to determine the factors that contribute to electronic commerce fraud. We present a model that identifies five causes: the incentives of criminals, the characteristics of victims, the role of technology, the role of enforcement, and system related factors. The Internet has lowered the barriers to entry for criminal enterprises. Victims are unable to determine which sites are real and which ones are fraudulent and lack of reporting further facilitates this type of crime. The lack of enforcement, resulting from inadequate resources and laws, contributes to the lowering of entry barriers to fraudulent businesses. An analysis of FTC cases shows that most crimes are not technologically sophisticated and that greater awareness and experience with this type of schemes people will avoid being victimized.
Proceedings of the 38th annual international symposium on Computer architecture

It is a great honor for me to introduce the program of the 38th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. This symposium is the premier forum for new ideas and experimental results in the area of computer architecture. It has a long tradition of attracting the most impactful research results in this area, and this year is no exception. It has been a great pleasure to work with the very talented and professional team of colleagues that accepted to serve in the program committee for this year's edition. Their dedication and high quality work has been key to maintain the high standards of excellence of the conference. I want to thank all of them for their generous effort for reviewing papers and selecting the final program. I also want to thank all the authors who worked very hard to submit their papers to the conference. The high quality of many of the submitted papers made the selection task very intense and difficult. This year we received 208 papers and each of them went through a thorough review process. Each paper was reviewed by at least 4 members of the program committee and 1 external reviewer. This representedmore than 1000 reviews. As an indication of the professionalism of the PC members and external reviewers, I want to highlight that I received all the requested reviews in time, with no exception. After all reviews were submitted, authors were given the opportunity to see them and rebut any issue raised by the reviewers before the PC meeting. As a last step for preparation for the PC meeting, PC members were requested to read all reviews and rebuttals of their assigned papers and re-score them taking into account the opinions of the other reviewers and the response of the authors. The paper selection was done during the PC meeting that was held at the O'Hare airport in Chicago on February 19, 2011. All PC members but one participated in the meeting. The meeting lasted all day, starting at 8:00am and finishing at 7:00pm with just a very short break for lunch. In the meeting, we discussed every paper that any PC member felt we should discuss. At the end, we selected 40 papers for presentation and publication in the proceedings, which represents an acceptance rate of 19%.
THE THEORY OF PATRIARCHY:: A Final Summation, Including Responses to Fifteen Years of Criticism

It is arguable that the central questions requiring explanation by the behavioural and social sciences are those falling under the rubric “nature vs. nurture”. To be sure, the issue is oversimplified when stated so simply; there are both physiological and environmental elements in the causation of behaviour, as well as feedback through which each alters the other. Moreover, discussions of this dichotomy can often be seen to be sterile arguments about definition, rather than answers to the empirical question of what is, in fact, happening. What matters is not “nature” or “nurture” in the abstract, but the roles physiology, environment, and the interaction of the two play in generating specific behaviour.
Commentary on the Revised Vaccine Injury Table

New guidelines for the national Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) have been announced. Several important changes are included in the revised Vaccine Injury Table. First, a new condition of chronic arthritis was added to the Table for vaccines containing the attenuated rubella virus. Second, the time of onset for certain conditions in relation to the time of vaccine administration was altered. For instance, the interval for onset of anaphylaxis after vaccination was shortened from 24 hours to 4 hours. Clarification of definitions of conditions such as encephalopathy were made in the Qualifications and Aids to Interpretation that accompany the Table. Finally, some conditions, such as residual seizure disorder and hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode after diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunization, were removed from the Table.
Teaching (Tropical) Biodiversity with International Field Schools: A Flexible Success Model in a Time of “Wireless” Globalization

Well, in life, motivation can hardly be beat when it comes to achieving things. The same applies to teaching and learning. But being a teacher, the leader of a pack, always has its issues, no matter the setting: You should be better than the rest and “lead” them, 24 h a day, 7 days a week, in and outside of the classroom, before and after class. Practically speaking, a teacher is the mother, the mentor, of the entire class.
Does the Size of the Organization Affect Compensation Strategies? An Empirical Analysis

Little is known about how compensation strategies in sn1all businesses differ from those in large firms. Based on past research involving organizational characteristics and pay strategies, assumptions were initially made that small firms would exhibit more flexible, egalitarian and non-traditional pay strategies, serving to maximize pay-at-risk and minimize pay levels to reduce the fixed costs of employment. Consequently, data on compensation policies were analyzed from 148 successful small and large businesses. Contrary to predictions, there were no differences between small and large organizations in pay level, pay structure, emphasis on market competitiveness or emphasis on paying for performance. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to the small business decision maker.
Wetting Effects on Two-Phase Flow in a Microchannel

In the recent years there has been an increasing interest in the study of two-phase flows in low Bond number systems (where capillary forces are important relative to gravitational forces). Such systems include capillary tubes and microchannels as well as the gas flow channels of a PEM fuel cell. At the capillary scale, surface tension forces play an important role in two-phase flow regime transitions, pointing out the need to take into account the geometry of the cross section and the surface properties (wettability). Surface tension is generally considered in flow transitions, but the wetting properties of the fluid-surface material pairs (contact angle) are rarely given any importance. The researchers investigating two-phase flows should take extreme care when choosing the material of the test sections, as the flow morphology and the the pressure drop accordingly can vary widely with contact angle. In order to show these morphological changes high speed visualization experiments of air-water flow through 500 μm square and round microchannels were conducted. For the round channels, contact angles of less than 20° (wetting) and 105° (non-wetting) were investigated. For the square section, things are complicated by the presence of the corners. According to the Concus-Finn criterion, the liquid will wick into (wet) the corner if the contact angle is less then 45°, or will de-wet the corner if the contact angle is above 45°. A new case not previously mentioned in the literature arises for a contact angle of 45° ≤ θ ≤ 90°, for which the liquid is wetting the walls but dewetting the corners. Three contact angles of less than 20°, 80° and 105° are considered to investigate the possible morphologies in the square geometry. Images aquired with a high speed camera depicting the different flow morphologies that exist at the same air-water flow rates for each of the considered contact angle and geometry are presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Regulating activities with catastrophic environmental effects

Abstract In this paper a catastrophe is an unforeseen event which reduces society's level of consumption to zero. Two types of catastrophe are analyzed. In one case catastrophe results in a temporary reduction in utility; in the other, catastrophe is irreversible and is tantamount to truncating the planning horizon. The first case characterizes certain types of pollution problems such as radioactive pollution produced by a nuclear power plant. An example of an irreversible catastrophe is the inadvertent depletion of a nonrenewable resource for which no substitute is available.
The Evolving Look and Vision of JAMA Pediatrics

Theworld of publishing,whether it ismedical journals or the lay press, is a rapidly evolvingone, andweat JAMAPediatrics and The JAMA Network are dedicated to being at the forefront of this evolution. This month’s issue represents the first major redesign of the print journal inmore than 2 decades. Starting with the table of contents nowappearing on the cover, the entire journal format has been updated to improve the presentation and readability both in print and on the web. Each issuewill leadwithahighlightspage, followedbyopinionpieces includingviewpointsandeditorials.Original investigationswill continue to make up the bulk of the journal. All of the journals in The JAMA Network share the same design, making it easier for you tonavigate and findwhat youwant across these journals. As the oldest pediatric journal in theworld (established in 1911), our vision is that JAMA Pediatrics will be the mostrespected source of information for investigators, health care providers, and policymakers seeking the highest-quality evidence toguidedecisionmaking.Our commitment toour readers is clearly stated in our mission statement: JAMA Pediatrics seeks toprovidestate-of-the-art information to individuals and organizations working to advance the health and wellbeing of infants, children, and adolescents. The journal also provides a forum for discussion of themost important issues and policies affecting child and adolescent health and health care. JAMAPediatricswill use themost current technology to make timely information available to readers wherever and whenever it is needed. Providing this information in as accessible and readable a form as possible will occur through both our print and digital publications. As part of The JAMA Network, we have a redesigned website that through semantic tagging allows readers to search content not only within JAMA Pediatrics but also across the 10 journals ofThe JAMANetwork.Thenewappprovides users with the content of the entire JAMA Network on virtually any device or platform. We will also use social media to foster conversationsabout topics important to thehealth and health care of children both here in theUnited States and abroad. As pediatricians,we revel in observing and are fascinated by the growth and development of the children and adolescents for whom we care. With its name change, more attractive style,newtechnologies, andcloser relationshipwithother journals inTheJAMANetwork, JAMAPediatrics too isanevolving, dynamic entity that generates a similar sense of excitement.
Horizontal Homonymous Sectoral Field Defect After Ischemic Infarction of the Occipital Cortex

visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes. The intraocular pressure was R.E.: 6 mm Hg and L.E.: 8 mm Hg. The left pupil was peaked toward the 10 o'clock meridian. Gonioscopy showed iris incarceration into a linear scleral perforation along the trabecular meshwork from the 10 o'clock to 12 o'clock meridian (Figs. 1 and 2). Repeated physical examinations over a fiveyear period disclosed no systemic illness. This is a case of bilateral indolent loss of tissue at the corneoscleral junction in an otherwise healthy woman. This condition, known as paralimbal scleromalacia perforans or spontaneous scleral intercalary perforation, was first described as a clinical entity by Franceschetti and Bischler in 1950.3 Using the strict criterion of painless, noninflammatory, spontaneous paralimbal thinning in the absence of systemic disease or ocular inflammation, two cases have been reported." This condition appears to be a degenerative process that occurs at the corneoscleral junction in the area of the trabecular meshwork. One report suggests that a small vessel may run through the defect to anastomose with the posterior ciliary circulation. This may be the site of spontaneous perforation." We saw no evidence of anastomosing vessels in our patient. We believe the disease involves a progressive scleral thinning at the trabecular meshwork. Thinning may progress to a linear perforation with incarceration of uveal tissue. This condition is described as entirely benign, nonprogressive, and requiring no treatment.' However, our case demonstrates that paralimbal scleromalacia perforans can cause visual loss from chronic hypotony. 1. Francois. J.: Scleromalacia perforans, arthritis deformans and pemphigus. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U.K. 71:61, 1951. 2. Duke-Elder, S., and Leigh, A. G.: Diseases of the Outer Eye. Cornea and Sclera. In Duke-Elder, S. (ed.): System of Ophthalmology, vol. 8, pt. 2. St. Louis, C. V. Mosby, 1965, pp. 1054-1055. 3. Franceschetti, A., and Bischler, V.: La sclerite nodulaire nicrosante et ses rapports avec la scleromalacia. Ann. Ocul. 183:737, 1950. 4. Sorensen, T. B.: Paralimbal scleromalacia. Acta Ophthalmol. 53:901. 1975. 5. Watson, P.: Diseases of the sclera and episclera. In Duane, T. D. (ed.): Clinical Ophthalmology, vol. 4. Hagerstown, Harper & Row, 1979, p. 36.
Sleep research in the United States of America: A new blueprint for the future

In the past 50 years since the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, there has been a remarkable increase in the amount of public and scientific interest in sleep and sleep disorders. Much of the increase in sleep research in the USA was stimulated by the establishment of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research and the development of a National Sleep Disorders Research Plan (SDRP). In 2003, the USA SDRP has been revised to reflect the accomplishments of recent years and acknowledge gaps that remain in our understanding of sleep and sleep disorders. Although intended to assist sleep researchers in the USA, the new SDRP also should be of interest to Japanese sleep researchers and others worldwide.
Study on Control Parameters in the Acceleration of Axial Flow Blood Pump

Based on the research of dynamic characteristics of axial flow blood pump which is drove by the large gap magnetic drive system, a serial communication between PC and AT89C51 to realize the real-time process of the blood pump acceleration is proposed. The acceleration control parameters are decided by the analysis of blood pump speed control mechanism. As a result, Previous, the previous program which is modified to change the control parameters repeatedly is saluted by building the PC model. At the same time, the control of multiple control parameters could be achieved when a program on the microcontroller is addressed. What’s more, the more experiments will be realized, to provide more conveniences to the system.
The Other Side of the Paradox: The Risk of Low Birth Weight among Infants of Migrant and Nonmigrant Households within Mexico

The main aim of this study is to understand how the international migration process affects the risk of low birth weight among Mexican-born infants using the ENADID 1997 (Encuesta Nacional de la Di...
Immunopathology of acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia gravis.

It is now clear that the muscular weakness and fatigability seen in MG result from an antibody-mediated immune response to AChR. The mechanisms by which antibodies impair transmission are moderately well understood and detection of antibodies in patient's sera is a reliable diagnostic test for the disease. The spectrum of antibody specificities produced in MG is also beginning to be understood, largely through the use of antibodies produced in the experimental model EAMG. Treatment for MG continues to rely heavily on the symptomatic relief afforded by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, the recent recognition of the autoimmune nature of MG has led to increased emphasis on immunosuppression and antibody removal with some beneficial effects. Despite all that has been learned, the level of ignorance has just been pushed back one step -from the neuromuscular junction to the immune system. What initiates the immune response to AChR in MG and how to specifically suppress this aberrant response remain completely unknown.
Approximate Finite-Element Method of Stress Analysis of Non-Axisymmetric Configurations.

Abstract A finite-element method of analysis is developed for structural configurations which are derived from axisymmetric geometries but contain definite non-axisymmetric features in the circumferential direction. The purpose of the present analysis is to develop a method which will take into consideration the fact that the stress and strain conditions in these geometires will be related to the corresponding axisymmetric solution. To analyze these structures, the geometry is divided into several segments in the r - θ plane. The axisymmetric displacements are obtained for each segment by solving a related axisymmetric configuration. A perturbation analysis is then performed to match the solutions at certain points between the segments and obtain the perturbation displacements for the total structure. The total displacement is then the axisymmetric displacement plus the perturbation displacement. The stresses and strains are then calculated at any desired point once the total displacements are known. The method is applied to a number of examples to illustrate the accuracy of the method. The results for these examples are presented and discussed. Some of these examples illustrate the difference between the present approach and the well known substructural analysis and it is shown that the present method is much more accurate.
Optical subnet concept for the NASA Deep Space Network

For NASA deep space missions, an optical subnet can provide significantly increased telecommunications performance (greater than 6 dB above the DSN 70 meter at Ka-Band) and provide full line-of-sight coverage of the ecliptic, 24 hours a day, with high weather availability. This paper describes the results of recent work in defining such a network including the ground terminal and network design, its projected performance as well as a rough order definition of its development, implementation and operations costs.
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in human cerebrospinal fluid: reduced level in patients with multiple sclerosis and evidence of direct synthesis in the brain.

Several studies suggest that apolipoproteins and the low-density lipoprotein receptor are implicated in lipid transport in the brain. Given that cerebrospinal fluid has been reported to contain cholesteryl esterifying enzyme, and that lipid metabolism in the brain is abnormal in subjects with multiple sclerosis, we examined the cerebrospinal fluid from eight control subjects with a normal cerebrospinal fluid IgG index, and without active demyelinating disease, and from eight subjects (6 were diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis) with an increased IgG index and the presence of oligoclonal banding in the cerebrospinal fluid, for the presence of the enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and apolipoprotein(a). None of the subjects demonstrated imapairment of their blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as estimated by the cerebrospinal fluid/serum quotient of albumin. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of all control subjects, being 0.12±0.06 μg/ml (mean±SD) or about 2.2% of that in serum (5.4±1.4 μg/ml). The cerebrospinal fluid lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase index was 5.2±2.5, very similar to the cerebrospinal fluid index of apolipoprotein E, a protein known to be synthesized in the brain. Since lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase mRNA is also expressed in the brain, we can conclude that the protein is synthesized and secreted in the brain. The cerebrospinal fluid concentration of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in the subjects with active demyelinating disease or multiple sclerosis was only about one-half of that found in control subjects (0.06±0.02 μg/ml). Lipoprotein(a) concentration was below the sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassay used for the measurement (<40 ng/ml) in cerebrospinal fluid from both control subjects and those with demyelinating disease or multiple sclerosis.
Hispanic Perspectives on Sexual Harassment and Social Support

Bridging the social support, sexual victimization, and cultural psychology literatures, this study examines social-support processes in the context of sexual harassment and Hispanic American culture. Surveys were administered to a community sample of Hispanic American working women, 249 of whom described some encounter with sexual harassment at work. Regression results provided mixed backing for hypotheses about support-seeking behavior, which appeared largely dependent on the social power of the harassment perpetrator. Additional findings upheld predictions about support-perception patterns; harassed women perceived more supportive social reactions when they turned to informal networks of friends and family, but responses were less positive when they turned to formal, organizational sources. Finally, as expected, perceived support and acculturation interacted to moderate relations between sexual harassment and job satisfaction. The article concludes with implications for research and interventions related to social support and sexual harassment.
Quantitative gas chromatography of adrenal cortical steroids.

Abstract A new gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of submicrogram quantities of 17-deoxy- and 17 α-hydroxycorticosteroids is described. Corticosteroid mixtures are treated with periodate in aqueous dioxane to quantitatively convert reactive steroids to etiocholenic acid derivatives. Acidic steroids are removed from a portion of the reaction mixture by extraction with aqueous alkali. The remaining neutral and untreated portions are separately treated with butyric anhydride in pyridine to acylate 3- and 17α-hydroxyl groups. Finally, carboxyl groups in the portion untreated by alkali are esterified with diazomethane. Chromatography of the corticosteroid derivatives on SE-30 and QF-1 gives peak areas that permit calculation of the composition of the original mixture. The validity and precision of the method are supported by data given for analysis of mixtures of known composition.
Employers' perspectives on it learning outcomes

As part of the assessment process of our BS in Information Technology (IT), we sought the perspective of IT employers on needed skills and knowledge for a career in IT. To this end, we conducted structured interviews with 10 IT employers in the Chicago area. Starting with an open-ended query, we asked for knowledge, skills or competencies that they particularly value when hiring IT graduates. We then asked for feedback on four preselected competencies. All four competencies were framed in technology-independent terms and are consistent with the ACM 2005 IT curricula guidelines. Two of the competencies addressed abstraction and modeling, which directly correspond to learning outcomes in the core IT Fundamentals in the ACM guidelines. A third competency addressed object-based user interface development. A final competency focused on the distinction between interface and implementation. For each competency, we asked about their value with respect to their IT positions and how they assess the competency in a job candidate.One major finding from the interviews is that knowledge specific to a particular language or platform was rarely cited as relevant and often explicitly noted as irrelevant. The competency on abstraction was uniformly rated as needed, often receiving critical ratings. Modeling and ability to distinguish between interface and implementation were also indicated as needed by nearly every interviewee. Object-based user interface development was considered useful knowledge but only needed for specific types of positions. For assessing competencies, a common approach involved asking prospective recruits to present an experience where they applied principles associated with a particular competency. Several interviewees also assess level of understanding by presenting candidates with hypothetical scenarios and observing their problem-solving process. To complement the detailed commentary provided by our interviews, we plan a survey with a large number of respondents for more reliable estimates of how employers value and assess IT competencies.
Redoing the health care quilt. A progress report

About 2 years ago, I reviewed various options proposed for reforming the health care system. 1 These options included further patches for the current problematic system or more sweeping change resulting in a universal program. Assessment of progress during the interval yields an evident conclusion: very little has happened. The buzzword in Washington, DC, this year is gridlock and that term certainly applies to health care reform. Nothing of substance has changed. Most of the proposals have stagnated. Some have been "shot down," eg, the Oregon plan that proposes rationing health care on the basis of cost benefit for various services. (Although down, it may not yet be out.) In part, the lack of action relates to the election year. Both presidential candidates gave high priority and much lip service to health care reform in their campaigns and both described health care plans in fairly general terms. 2,3 In addition,
Regression of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Related Pulmonary Kaposi's Sarcoma After Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common neoplasm affecting people with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The skin is the most common site of disease; however, KS can also involve visceral organs such as the lungs, leading to severe morbidity and contributing to death in almost 30% of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). New antiretroviral strategies incorporating combination nucleoside analogues with a protease inhibitor lead to increased circulating CD4 + lymphocyte counts, decreased plasma levels of HIV, and decreased mortality from AIDS-defining opportunistic infections. The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on AIDS-associated KS remain largely unknown. Herein the case of an antiretroviralnaive man with advanced AIDS (CD4 + helper T-lymphocyte count, 35/mm 3 ; HIV viral RNA quantification, more than 800,000 copies/mL), and symptomatic pulmonary KS is described. After HAART was initiated, his CD4 + cell count increased fourfold, his HIV-viral load decreased to nondetectable levels, and the pulmonary KS regressed dramatically. To my knowledge, this report represents the first documented case of pulmonary KS regression after the initiation of HAART. Although this finding is preliminary, if confirmed by other clinicians, the effect of potent antiretrovirals on KS growth and development will have important implications on the manner in which KS is staged and treated.
Does Drinking Alcohol Prior to Sexual Activity Influence College Students’ Consent?

ABSTRACTObjectives: This study assessed the extent to which consuming alcohol prior to sexual activity influenced college students' verbal/behavior cues utilized to communicate consent (external consent) as well as their feelings associated with consent (internal consent). Methods: Data was collected via paper-and-pencil surveys administered to heterosexual college students (N = 794) in the United States. Results: After controlling for gender, relationship status, rape myth acceptance, and alcohol expectancies, findings indicated that alcohol consumption prior to sexual activity was associated with both internal and external consent. Conclusions: Current findings can help inform sexual assault prevention education programming given the high rates of sexual assault occurring on college campuses that involve alcohol consumption.
Gamma-tubulin at ten: progress and prospects.

The existence of γ-tubulin was first reported approximately ten years ago, and it is appropriate to review the progress that has been made in γ-tubulin research and to discuss some of the unanswered questions about γ-tubulin function. γ-Tubulin is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and is generally quite conserved. Two highly divergent γ-tubulins have been discovered, however, one in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and one in Caenorhabditis elegans. Several organisms have two γ-tubulin genes. In Drosophila melanogaster, the two γ-tubulins differ significantly in sequence and expression pattern. In other organisms the two γ-tubulins are almost identical and expression patterns have not been determined. γ-Tubulin is located at microtubule organizing centers in many organisms, and it is also frequently associated with the mitotic spindle. γ-Tubulin is essential for the formation of functional mitotic spindles in all organisms that have been examined to date. In animal cells, complexes containing γ-tubulin are located at microtubule organizing centers where they nucleate the assembly of microtubles. In spite of the considerable progress that has been made in γ-tubulin research important questions remain to be answered. The exact mechanisms of microtubule nucleation by γ-tubulin complexes remain to be resolved as do the mechanisms by which microtubule nucleation from γ-tubulin complexes is regulated. Finally, there is evidence that γ-tubulin has important functions in addition to microtubule nucleation, and these functions are just beginning to be investigated.
Predicting the decisions to vote and support unions in certification elections: An integrated perspective

This article develops and empirically tests a model of the dual decision-making process employees undergo to guide their behavior during organizing campaigns and elections. The model combines principles of risk-aversion theory with more traditional views that election decisions stem from cost-benefit analyses of union representation. Previous research lacks this integrated approach to the study of election behavior. Regression analyses on a sample of approximately 16,000 certification elections strongly supported the use of risk-aversion theory to predict employees’ willingness to formally participate in elections. Furthermore, we found that time exhibited a statistically significant, negative relationship with voting participation rates, the percentage of union votes, and union victories. The results also indicated that a saturation effect may exist for delays in the election process.
Comparison Between ASME Code-Case N-761, NUREG/CR-6909 and Stainless Steel Component Fatigue Test Results

For Class 1 components, the consideration of the environmental effects on fatigue has been suggested to be evaluated through two different methodologies: either NUREG/CR-6909 from March 2007 or ASME-Code Case N-761 from August 2010. The purpose of this technical paper is to compare these two methods. In addition, the equations from Revision 1 of the NUREG/CR-6909 will be evaluated.For these comparisons, two stainless steel component fatigue test series with documented results are considered. These two fatigue test series are completely different from each other (applied cyclic displacements vs. insurge/outsurge types of transients). Therefore, they are producing an appropriate foundation for these comparisons.In general, the severities of the two methods are compared, where the severity is defined as the actual number of cycles from the fatigue tests, including an evaluation of the scatter, divided by the number of design cycles from the two methods. Also, how stable the methods are is being evaluated through the calculation of the coefficient of variation for each method.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Origin of Lacustrine Rocks of Wilkins Peak Member, Wyoming

Wilkins Peak Member of the Green River Formation, with its interbeds of trona, oil shale, and dolomitic mudstone, contrasts markedly with the predominantly oil-shale and calcitic mudstone sequences of the remainder of the succession. Much discussion has centered on the origin of these lacustrine rocks. A perennial meromictic (stratified) lake model has been replaced in recent years by a playa-lake model. The subsurface stratigraphy, however, was not well known when the models were developed. Paleogeographic reconstruction indicates that the region was subjected to variations in hydrographic conditions mainly in response to climatic fluctuations. During humid subtropical periods, widespread during the deposition of the Tipton Shale Member and Laney Member, the lakes were p edominantly open meromictic systems with rivers entering the basin from the north. These environmental conditions were modified during deposition of the Wilkins Peak Member as the climate became more arid, and along the southern margin of the basin, shallow, saline-alkaline playa lakes formed in response to these changes. The widespread occurrence in the subsurface of fluvial clastic sequences of the Wasatch Formation associated with the Wilkins Peak Member would indicate that the playa lakes were frequently flooded and freshened by southern drainage systems. Therefore, the lakes were continuously undergoing modifications under the influence of climatic and possibly tectonic processes. A composite model is supported that combines aspects of both the meromictic and playa-lake models. Beca se of these complexities, it is unlikely that one modern lake can serve as an analog for ancient Lake Gosiute.
Mutation spectra of chemical fractions of a complex mixture: role of nitroarenes in the mutagenic specificity of municipal waste incinerator emissions

Using an ion-exchange procedure coupled to a microsuspension Salmonella assay, we fractionated the dichloromethane-extractable particulate organics emitted by a municipal waste incinerator. Most (80-95%) of the mutagenic activity resided in the neutral/base fraction; however, the polar neutral fraction accounted for 12% of the direct-acting mutagenic activity. The mutagenic potencies of the whole extract and the various fractions were 4-15 times greater in the absence than in the presence of S9. Results with strains deficient in classical nitroreductase (TA98NR) and transacetylase (TA98/1,8-DNP6) indicated that a majority of the direct-acting mutagenicity was due to nitroarenes. This was confirmed by bioassay-directed subfractionation of the neutral/base faction by a cyanopropyl/HPLC method. The mutations in -3,000 revertants (approximately 400 each induced in TA98 by the whole extract, the neutral/base and polar neutral fractions from the ion-exchange column and 3 of the neural/base subfractions from the HPLC column; along with 200 revertants each induced by the model nitroarene 1-nitropyrene (1NP) in strains TA98, TA1538 and TA100) were analyzed by probe hybridization and PCR/DNA sequence analysis. The results indicated that nitroarenes such as 1NP that eluted in the neutral/base fraction accounted for at least 50% of the direct-acting mutagenicity and induced only a hotspot 2-base deletion in the sequence (CG)4 in TA98. In contrast, most of the complex frameshifts (a frameshift with a flanking base substitution) induced by the whole extract were induced by nitroarenes other than 1NP that were activated by transacetylation and that eluted in the polar neutral fraction. This study (1) identifies nitroarenes as an important contributor to the mutagenic activity of the emissions from municipal waste incinerators; (2) confirms our previous conclusion that the mutation spectrum of a complex mixture reflects the dominance of particular classes of chemical mutagens within the mixture; and (3) demonstrates the possibility of isolating certain chemical fractions of a complex mixture that induce certain classes of mutations produced by the whole, unfractionated mixture.
Saving face, losing life: obeah pregnancy and reproductive impropriety in Southern Belize

References to obeah pregnancy are widespread in southern Belize, where the belief in supernatural forces combines with Catholic teaching to create a conservative reproductive climate in which illegitimate pregnancy, reproductive misfortunes and maternal death are located in a discourse of shame. Obeah pregnancy is said to result when spiritual forces are unleashed through malicious human intent, causing bodily changes that resemble pregnancy. Death of the woman, however, usually occurs before prenatal confirmation; thus it is often unclear if an obeah pregnancy is a viable pregnancy or some other biomedical - or metaphysical - condition. This paper provides a case study of Petrona, whose story is unique in that she does not die from her purported obeah pregnancy; rather, she lives to bear the consequences of her reproductive behaviours that resulted in the stillbirth of a full-term foetus. Petrona was a traditional birth attendant who is trained to uphold biomedical antenatal protocols. Arguing that Petrona was not adequately educated to fulfill her own prenatal obligations, health care personnel sanctioned Petrona's midwifery practice and left her to process her 'shameful' situation. Ultimately, Petrona's story complicates the culturally disengaged narratives of maternal health and highlights the schism between medical knowledge and socioculturally influenced embodied experience.
Experimental techniques for liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor fuel assembly thermal/hydraulic tests

Abstract Sensors and methods of experimental measurement being employed in fast breeder reactor fuel assembly tests are reviewed. Such tests are being carried out in sodium, water and air environments. In sodium tests direct measurement of bundle performance parameters such as temperature, flow, pressure, boiling inception, and void fraction are being performed. Development of improved instrumentation is needed for reliable fast-response, high-temperature pressure detection and small, more readily interpretable, void detectors. Water and air environment tests are being undertaken to measure parameters used in models which predict design behavior in sodium. Parameters being measured are subchannel average velocity, local axial and transverse velocities, wall shear stress, salt and other tracer concentrations, and turbulence parameters. Adequate techniques exist for measurement of each of these parameters.
US TRANSIT MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE: LOCAL AND NATIONAL PRIORITIES AND THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY

Local transit agencies in the United States have expressed reservations about the Urban Mass Transportation Administration's data reporting requirements under Section 15 of the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, as amended. These reservations result from perceived differences between local and national priorities for transit management and performance monitoring. The estimation of total annual passenger miles has been a point of particular concern, because of the cost of collecting passenger mile data and its apparent lack of utility to local transit agencies. An alternative methodology for producing the required passenger miles statistic was developed by the Orange County Transit District in California. Evaluation of this methodology reveals that passenger mile data could be useful in planning local transit services. The ability to produce reliable passenger mile estimates for route level demand analysis is available through modification of existing local data collection and analysis procedures using appropriate information technologies. Coordination between UMTA and local agencies would make the integration of passenger mile data collection and analysis into local transit service planning both feasible and more desirable. The use of passenger miles data in local service evaluation could yield significant improvements in transit productivity, due to the broader range of consumer behavior represented by this measure.
Numerical techniques in matrix mechanics

We present, with numerical examples, several approximation techniques for solving some model problems in quantum mechanics. The emphasis is on matrix representations rather than differential or integral equations. Some of the methods are already known (extensions of the variational principle) and others are believed to be novel.
Tyrosine ligands to iron in hemerythrin

Abstract Tetranitromethane was employed to examine possible tyrosine participation in the iron-binding site of hemerythrin. Modification of the single cysteine per hemerythrin monomer by this reagent caused the native octameric protein to dissociate into subunits. In addition, all five of the tyrosines of hemerythrin reacted with tetranitromethane. Spectral data and chemical analyses of the modified protein showed that one of the two irons per subunit was released during the reaction. This behavior indicates that tyrosine residues provide ligands to iron in hemerythrin.
Plasmodium knowlesi: functional immunity and antimerozoite antibodies in rhesus monkeys after repeated infection.

Abstract Three monkeys, after variable periods of infection with Plasmodium knowlesi , were cured and rechallenged with three strains of P. knowlesi . Functional immunity (a prolonged prepatent period and a modified course of parasitemia) was evident in only one of these monkeys. Sera obtained before each challenge were incubated with a mixture of normal and schizont-infected erythrocytes, and the inhibition of merozoite invasion of erythrocytes was evaluated in vitro . Some sera inhibited invasion. However, there was no correlation between functional immunity and this in vitro test. It appears from this study in monkeys and one in man that hosts with a high degree of functional immunity may not always have antibodies that inhibit merozoite invasion in vitro . Other methods for assessing functional immunity are needed.