cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'NON-HYPOTENSIVE' HYPOVOLAEMIA REDUCES ASCENDING AORTIC DIMENSIONS IN HUMANS

1. The notion that small, 'non-hypotensive' reductions of effective blood volume alter neither arterial pressure nor arterial baroreceptor activity is pervasive in the experimental literature. We tested two hypotheses: (a) that minute arterial pressure and cardiac autonomic outflow changes during hypovolaemia induced by lower body suction in humans are masked by alterations in breathing, and (b) that evidence for arterial baroreflex engagement might be obtained from measurements of thoracic aorta dimensions. 2. In two studies, responses to graded lower body suction at 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 mmHg were examined in twelve and ten healthy young men, respectively. In the first, arterial pressure (photoplethysmograph), R-R interval, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia amplitude (complex demodulation) were measured during uncontrolled and controlled breathing (constant breathing frequency and tidal volume). In the second, cross-sectional areas of the ascending thoracic aorta were calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance images. 3. Lower body suction with controlled breathing resulted in an increased arterial pulse pressure at mild levels (5-20 mmHg; ANOVA, P 0.92) or individual subjects (orthogonal polynomials, 12 of 12 subjects) were assessed. 4. Aortic pulse area decreased progressively and significantly during mild lower body suction, with 47% of the total decline occurring by 5 mmHg. 5. These results suggest that small reductions of effective blood volume reduce aortic baroreceptive areas and trigger haemodynamic adjustments which are so efficient that alterations in arterial pressure escape detection by conventional means.
Kids Cause Specialization: Evidence for Becker’s Household Division of Labor Hypothesis

We examine the division of labor within households and marital matching patterns in the USA using both the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We use Becker’s theory of marriage markets by estimating household production functions and using the estimates to test for positive or negative assortive matching. We also construct match matrices, which are used to judge how well our model fits Becker’s theory. We find positive assortative matching on all traits in young marriages and couples without children, and negative assortment along some traits in marriages with children. This suggests that children induce specialization whereas couples without children exploit household public goods.
Single-cell and population NF-κB dynamic responses depend on lipopolysaccharide preparation.

Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, elicits a strong response from the transcription factor family Nuclear factor (NF)-κB via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. The cellular response to lipopolysaccharide varies depending on the source and preparation of the ligand, however. Our goal was to compare single-cell NF-κB dynamics across multiple sources and concentrations of LPS. Methodology/Principal Findings Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we determined the NF-κB activation dynamics of hundreds of single cells expressing a p65-dsRed fusion protein. We used computational image analysis to measure the nuclear localization of the fusion protein in the cells over time. The concentration range spanned up to nine orders of magnitude for three E. coli LPS preparations. We find that the LPS preparations induce markedly different responses, even accounting for potency differences. We also find that the ability of soluble TNF receptor to affect NF-κB dynamics varies strikingly across the three preparations. Conclusions/Significance Our work strongly suggests that the cellular response to LPS is highly sensitive to the source and preparation of the ligand. We therefore caution that conclusions drawn from experiments using one preparation may not be applicable to LPS in general.
Ontogeny of immunoreactive CCK and VIP in pig brain and gut

The concentrations and hormonal forms of CCK and VIP have been determined in extracts of the brain and duodenum of the developing and adult pig. In methanol extracts of the brain cortex, the single hormone form, CCK8, increased from 130 +/- 20 (Mean +/- SEM) pmol/g at birth to an adult level of 300 +/- 50 pmol/g. In acid extracts of brain, the predominant immunoreactive form had N-terminal immunoreactivity and increased from 240 +/- 20 pmol/g at birth to an adult level 490 +/- 30 pmol/g; the C-terminal immunoreactivity was about 10-fold lower. The concentrations and hormonal forms of immunoreactive CCK in duodenal extracts did not appear to be age-related. C-terminal immunoreactivity in methanol extracts averaged 140 +/- 20 pmol/g and in acid extracts 240 +/- 60 pmol/g. The concentration of N-terminal immunoreactivity in acid extracts averaged 490 +/- 70 pmol/g. The VIP concentrations in acid extracts of the brain cortex was 13.5 +/- 2 pmol/g at birth and rose gradually to 30 +/- 9 pmol/g in the adult; in duodenal extracts it was 240 +/- 18 pmol/g at birth and 195 +/- 38 pmol/g in the adult. These results are in marked contrast with the ontogeny of these hormones in the rat in which brain concentrations of CCK and VIP in the neonate are less than 10% of adult levels and in which there are age-related changes in the content of these hormones in the duodenum as well.
Investigation of Optics in the 10–200μm Size Regime

Optical components and systems with dimensions between 10 and 200 mm are discussed with specific examples of testing, simulation, and assembly methods. This size regime, which is conventionally classified with micro-optics, offers attractive possibilities for next-generation micro-optics packaging. However, optics in this regime suffer from few available testing and simulation tools. Several theoretical application examples are described, including a high-index solid immersion lens and a pickup for optical data storage. Challenges and solutions for design and simulation, testing, and assembly of such systems are also discussed.
Anatomic basis of the gastrocnemius perforator-based flap

The gastrocnemius muscle is rarely considered today as a musculocutaneous flap. Yet, the posterior calf skin by itself can still be used to advantage as a source of local or perhaps free flaps. Fascial perforators in this region were reexamined in an anatomic study in 10 fresh cadaveric specimens to investigate the possibility of a gastrocnemius muscle perforator-based flap. At least two substantive perforators were found in all limbs, and there was always one overlying the medial gastrocnemius muscle (overall mean, 4.0 +/- 1.8 perforators; range, 2-7 perforators). The origin of these perforators in any given specimen was most commonly as a secondary branch from the medial or lateral sural arteries alone (60%), from the median sural artery as a direct cutaneous branch alone (10%), or from either of the muscle pedicles and/or the median sural artery (30%). Thus, in 90% of limbs, the potential for elevating a gastrocnemius perforator-based flap exists without the need for any muscle sacrifice. Otherwise, a more traditional posterior calf fasciocutaneous flap was possible. Other deeper intramuscular collaterals were also identified so that sequential use of the muscle as a separate flap does not seem to be compromised.
Combustion synthesis of advanced composite materials

Self-propagating high temperature (combustion) synthesis (SHS), has been investigated as a means of producing both dense and expanded (foamed) ceramic and ceramic-metal composites, ceramic powders and whiskers. Several model exothermic combustion synthesis reactions were used to establish the importance of certain reaction parameters, e.g., stoichiometry, green density, combustion mode, particle size, etc. on the control of the synthesis reaction, product morphology and properties. The use of an in situ liquid infiltration technique and the effect of varying the reactants and their stoichiometry to provide a range of reactant and product species i.e., solids, liquids and gases, with varying physical properties e.g., volatility and thermal conductivity, on the microstructure and morphology of synthesized composite materials is discussed. Conducting the combustion synthesis reaction in a reactive gas environment to take advantage of the synergistic effects of combustion synthesis and vapor phase transport is also examined.
Profitability of shale gas drilling: A case study of the Fayetteville shale play

Abstract Discussion on shale gas production sustainability raises the question of shale gas well profitability. The study presents a well economics model incorporating key geologic and production features of shale gas. The model is used to demonstrate analytically how profitability of a well may change depending on completion and local geology. We show how wells with the same expected production may have different profitability and, vice versa, how wells with different production profiles may appear to be equally attractive. These conclusions are demonstrated with the empirical analysis based on historical data for almost 4000 horizontal wells in the Fayetteville Shale Play, North Central Arkansas. We look at six productivity tiers across the play accounting for drilling cost variability related to the dramatic depth change (from
Recognizing hominoid-modified bones: the taphonomy of colobus bones partially digested by free-ranging chimpanzees in the Kibale Forest, Uganda.

We present a taphonomic study of bones that have passed though the digestive tracts of free-ranging chimpanzees from the Kibale Forest in Uganda. The bone assemblage can be characterized as having a very low species diversity; low number of identifiable specimens (NISP) per scat; bones extremely broken up (very small size range); skeletal part fre- quencies similar in some ways to those resulting from carnivore partial digestion; and sometimes articulated specimens. Modifications to the bones include corrosion, tiny tooth scores and pits, cracking, and fraying of bone edges. Together, these characteristics suggest that hominoid bone digestion may be recognizable, despite some similarities with leopard-, canid-, and eagle-modified bone. Chimpanzees are well-documented hunters of medium- sized vertebrates such as monkeys. This is significant in the study of human evolution if, as it seems, the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans was chimpanzee-like. It suggests there was a pre-stone-tool-using hunting phase in human evolution, perhaps by australopiths or the last common ancestor. Taphonomically, pre-stone tool meat eating has been very difficult to detect in the fossil record. However, if chimpanzees leave a recognizable taphonomic signature on the bones of their prey, we will be able to look for analogous signatures in fossil bones associated with fossil homi- noids and hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 113:217-234, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Active oxygen species involved in the dye-sensitized photoinactivation of mushroom tyrosinase

Mise en evidence, grâce a des chelatants, des formes actives de l'oxygene liberees du cours de la photo-inactivation. Mise en evidence du mecanisme structurelle d'inactivation de l'enzyme
Enantioselective disposition of oral amlodipine in healthy volunteers.

Plasma concentrations of (R)- and (S)-amlodipine were measured after single oral administrations to 18 healthy volunteers of 20 mg amlodipine racemate. The contribution of the pharmacologically active (S)-enantiomer to the concentrations of total amlodipine (sum of enantiomers) was significantly higher than that of the inactive (R)-enantiomer, with mean values of 47% R to 53% S for the Cmax and 41% R to 59% S for the AUC (range between 24% R:76% S and 50% R:50% S). The oral clearance of the active (S)-form was subject to much less intersubject variation (25% CV) than that of the inactive (R)-form (52% CV). (R)-Amlodipine was more rapidly eliminated from plasma than (S)-amlodipine, with mean terminal half-lives of 34.9 h (R) and 49.6 h (S). The terminal half-lives of total amlodipine (mean 44.2 h) were strongly correlated with—and thus highly predictive for—the half-lives of the (S)-enantiomer. It is proposed that the observed enantioselectivity of oral amlodipine is due to differences in the systemic blood clearance of the enantiomers. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetorotational collapse of very massive stars to black holes in full general relativity

We perform axisymmetric simulations of the magnetorotational collapse of very massive stars in full general relativity. Our simulations are applicable to the collapse of supermassive stars with masses $M\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{3}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ and to very massive Population III stars. We model our initial configurations by $n=3$ polytropes, uniformly rotating near the mass-shedding limit and at the onset of radial instability to collapse. The ratio of magnetic to rotational kinetic energy in these configurations is chosen to be small (1% and 10%). We find that such magnetic fields do not affect the initial collapse significantly. The core collapses to a black hole, after which black-hole excision is employed to continue the evolution long enough for the hole to reach a quasistationary state. We find that the black-hole mass is ${M}_{h}=0.95M$ and its spin parameter is ${J}_{h}/{M}_{h}^{2}=0.7$, with the remaining matter forming a torus around the black hole. The subsequent evolution of the torus depends on the strength of the magnetic field. We freeze the spacetime metric (``Cowling approximation'') and continue to follow the evolution of the torus after the black hole has relaxed to quasistationary equilibrium. In the absence of magnetic fields, the torus settles down following ejection of a small amount of matter due to shock heating. When magnetic fields are present, the field lines gradually collimate along the hole's rotation axis. MHD shocks and the magnetorotational instability generate MHD turbulence in the torus and stochastic accretion onto the central black hole. When the magnetic field is strong, a wind is generated in the torus, and the torus undergoes radial oscillations that drive episodic accretion onto the hole. These oscillations produce long-wavelength gravitational waves potentially detectable by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. The final state of the magnetorotational collapse always consists of a central black hole surrounded by a collimated magnetic field and a hot, thick accretion torus. This system is a viable candidate for the central engine of a long-soft gamma-ray burst.
Monte Carlo simulation of solvent effects on vibrational and electronic spectra

Solvent effects on vibrational states are treated in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. A Monte Carlo procedure is devised for simulating a system in which the vibrations are treated as quantum degrees of freedom and all other degrees of freedom are treated classically. The key to this method is the use of a restructured perturbation theory for solving the vibrational Schrodinger equation at each of the solvent configurations sampled. This method also is used to compute Franck–Condon factors. The methods developed are applied to two different problems. First, solvent effects on vibrational transitions in the ground electronic state are considered. It is found that the frequency shift from the gas phase frequency is to the red at low solvent densities, but to blue at high solvent densities. Secondly, the heterogeneous electronic absorption and emission line shapes are simulated in a variety of model solute–solvent systems and the results are discussed in terms of a simple theoretical model.
Glia Maturation Factor Deficiency Suppresses 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Astrocytes

Inflammation is closely intertwined with pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Increasing evidence suggests that inhibition of glia-mediated inflammation might represent a promising therapeutic target for PD. Glia maturation factor (GMF), an inflammatory protein, predominantly localized in astrocytes is previously isolated, sequenced and cloned in our laboratory. In the present investigation, we demonstrate that GMF-deficiency in astrocytes upregulates the antioxidant status and limit the extent of lipid peroxidation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with diminished nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory responses in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced toxicity. Primary astrocytes obtained from wild-type (Wt) and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice were treated with 5, 10, and 20 μM MPP+ for 24, 48, and 72 h in vitro. Our results show decreased release of ROS and increased level of glutathione in astrocytes obtained from GMF-KO mice when compared to astrocytes derived from Wt mice following MPP+ treatment. Additionally, we found decreased activity of NF-κB, and reduced levels of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-17, IL-33, and chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in GMF-KO astrocytes when compared to Wt astrocytes. Our overall results suggest that GMF-KO astrocytes are significantly resistant to MPP+ toxicity when compared to Wt astrocytes.
Super-logarithmic depth lower bounds via direct sum in communication complexity

The question of whether it is easier to solve two communication problems together rather than separately is related to the complexity of the composition of Boolean functions. Based on this relationship, an approach to separating NC/sup 1 /from P is outlined. Furthermore, it is shown that the approach provides a new proof of the separation of monotone NC/sup 1/ from monotone P. >
Reciprocating compressors with labyrinth pistons for helium

Abstract Industrial refrigeration plants operating at very low temperature require reliable compressors. The labyrinth-piston helium compressors described in this paper are both oil and contamination free and frictionless in operation. Units with two and four cylinders are described. Four-stage units can produce a final pressure of 60 bar and above.
Plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels during levo-alpha-acetylmethadol maintenance and withdrawal

Nine male heroin addicts maintained on L-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) for about 5 mo had normal plasma levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone 72 hr after a dose of LAAM and also during 2 wk after abrupt LAAM withdrawal.
The Era of Experimental Satellites: Where to Go from Here

Satellite experiments have ahown us the requirements for meeting development goals—they must now be mude economically viable.
Tuning the Fermi level in Bi2Se3 bulk materials and transport devices

Bi2Se3 has been predicted to be a three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI) with Dirac fermions residing on the two-dimensional (2D) surface. Unique transport properties such as high carrier mobility due to the suppressed backscattering are expected for the Dirac fermions. In order to eliminate the contribution of the bulk carriers, therefore, to place the Fermi level in the band gap of Bi2Se3, we first introduce various amounts of Ca dopants into the crystal to realize the bulk insulating state. Then by avoiding uncontrolled heating and electron beam irradiation in the nanofabrication process, we maintain the insulating state in thin devices. By sweeping the gate voltage, we have observed a conductivity minimum that is expected for the Dirac fermions in the band gap of 3D TIs.
Nesting biology of the stem-nesting wasp Psenulus interstitialis Cameron (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Pemphredoninae) on Magnetic Island, Queensland

Psenulus interstitialis constructed nests of up to 10 cells in bamboo internodes on Magnetic Island, Queensland. Prey represented five families of Auchenorryncha, primarily late-instar nymphs. Fully provisioned cells held 9–13 prey. Development required about 30 days, and the reared sex ratio was male biased at 2:1. There are probably several generations a year at this latitude. The three species of chalcidoid parasitoids reared, Leucospis giraulti Boucek, Eupelmophotismus pulcher (Girault) and Calosota sp., all attacked late-larval or early pupal stages. Additional mortality was caused by a species of Pyemotes mite and an unidentified fungus. This is the first biological information for any Australian species of Psenulus.
Violence victimization experiences of pregnant prisoners

The violence victimization histories of pregnant incarcerated women were studied in relation to those of pregnant health department patients in North Carolina. Prisoners were twice as likely as health department patients to have experienced both physical and sexual violence compared to no violence, and over three times more likely to have experienced both types of violence compared to only one type. Implications for research and program development are noted.
A framework of Voronoi diagram for planning multiple paths in free space

Most of the emphasis in path planning, a topic of much interest in several domains, has been on finding the optimal path or at most k optimal paths. However, in domains such as adversarial planning, one of the agents might deliberately take less optimal paths to confuse the opponent, and by the same token an agent, for inferring opponent's intent, has to consider all possible paths that the opponent might take. We introduce the notion of representative paths in free space (2D) and study the problem of computing all representative paths with different properties, such as all representative paths with at most L loops, among polygonal regions using a framework of Voronoi diagram. We prove three properties: (1) the upper and lower bounds to the number of simple paths in a Voronoi graph (2) given any path, a homotopic path can always be obtained from the Voronoi diagram of the regions and (3) all representative paths with a given property might not be always obtainable from the Voronoi graph even after searchi...
Galvanic interactions on periodically regular heterogeneous surfaces

A heterogeneous electrode surface has been modeled using a regular distribution of circular anodes in a surrounding coplanar cathodic matrix. In the absence of mass transport effects, galvanic currents and potentials have been calculated using finite-element analysis, with nonlinear electrode kinetics. For a fixed ratio of anodic to cathodic areas on a heterogeneous surface, calculated galvanic currents increase linearly with the active perimeter between cathodic and anodic regions. Furthermore, the current is independent of the shapes and distributions of anodic regions in a surrounding cathodic plane provided that the ratio of overall anodic area to active perimeter is conserved. Thus, due to its longer active perimeter, a surface represented by a large number of tiny anodic islands dispersed in a cathodic sea will exhibit much greater galvanic currents than an equivalent surface represented by a small number of large anodic continents.
Design for a recursive parallel multiplier

A network for performing multiplications of two two's complement numbers is proposed. The network can be implemented in a synchronous or an asynchronous way. If the factors to be multiplied have N bits, the area complexity of the network is O(N2) for practical values of N as in the case of cellular multipliers. Due to the design approach based on a recursive algorithm, a time complexity O(log N) is achieved.
Structural diagnosis of interconnects by coloring

This paper presents a new approach for diagnosing shorts in interconnects in which the adjacencies between nets are known. This structural approach exploits different graph coloring techniques to generate a test set with no aliasing and confounding, i.e., full diagnosis (detection and location) is accomplished. Initially, a simple coloring approach based on a greedy condition of the adjacency graph is proposed for fault detection. Then, the conditions for aliasing and confounding are analyzed with respect to the sizes of the possible shorts. These results are used to generate new colors using a process called color mixing. Color mixing guarantees that additional tests, required in order to avoid aliasing/confounding, will use appropriate codes. The characteristics of unbalanced/balanced codes for encoding the colors in the vector-generation process of interconnect diagnosis are discussed and are proved to yield full diagnosis using a novel method. An algorithm for full diagnosis is then presented; this algorithm has an execution complexity of O(max{N2, N×D3}) where N is the number of nets and D is the maximum degree of the nodes in the adjacency graph. Simulation results show that the proposed approach requires a smaller number of test vectors than previous approaches.
CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS (CP) IN CHILDHOOD DUE TO MEDIASTINAL IRRADIATION (I)

The course and prognosis of patients (pts) with CP following I was reviewed. Between 1955 and 1973, 8 pts aged 3 to 18 yrs developed CP after mediastinal I for intrathoracic malignancy. Six of these followed I for Hodgkin's Disease (HD) and represent 7%, of 85 pts receiving I for HD. CP did not occur among the 44 pts radiated by supravoltage technique but occurred in 6/41 (15%) of those treated by orthovoltage technique. Among pts receiving 4000 rad, 4/7 (57%) (P<0.001) developed CP. Symptoms of CP occurred an average of 1 3/12 yrs (4/12 to 3 2/12) after I and were preceeded in 5/8 by acute pericarditis. Catheterizations in 5 pts revealed a mean cardiac index of 2.8 L/min/m2 (1.8 - 4.2) and increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure which was greater than right atrial pressure in each pt. Seven pericardiectomies were performed in 6 pts with immediate but transient symptomatic relief. Death occurred in 6/8 pts(1 5/12 - 6 6/12 yrs after 1) due to cardiac disease in 3, progression of the malignancy in 2 and infection in 1. In addition to CP extensive myocardial fibrosis was demonstrated at necropsy in 4 pts and involvement of the anterolateral papillary muscle and chordae tendinae of the mitral valve in 3 pts. Our findings suggest that post-I CP is related to technique and dosage used and that myocardial damage may explain the clinical deterioration despite initial improvement after pericardiectomy.
Single-Molecule Detection of Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences in Unamplified Genomic DNA

A new technique is described for the rapid detection of specific nucleic acid sequences in unamplified DNA samples. The method consists of using two nucleic acid probes complementary to different sites on a target DNA sequence. The two probes are each labeled with different fluorescent dyes. When mixed with a sample containing the target DNA, the two probes hybridize to their respective binding sites on the same target DNA molecule. The sample is then analyzed by a laser-based ultrasensitive fluorescence system capable of detecting single fluorescent molecules at two different wavelength channels simultaneously. Since the probes are bound to the same target DNA molecule, their signals appear simultaneously. Thus, coincident detection of both dyes provides the necessary specificity to detect an unamplified, single-copy target DNA molecule in a homogeneous assay. If the target is not present, only uncorrelated events originating from free probes will be observed at either channel. Phage lambda DNA in a background of salmon genomic DNA was detected as a two-dye coincident signal at a relative concentration of one lambda molecule per salmon genome. In a control sample, cleavage of the lambda DNA between the two probe binding sites eliminated the coincident signals. In a second experiment, a single-copy transgene was detected in maize. Detection parameters and possible future applications to genetic analysis are discussed.
Effects of Metal Ion Adduction on the Gas-Phase Conformations of Protein Ions

Changes in protein ion conformation as a result of nonspecific adduction of metal ions to the protein during electrospray ionization (ESI) from aqueous solutions were investigated using traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS). For all proteins examined, protein cations (and in most cases anions) with nonspecific metal ion adducts are more compact than the fully protonated (or deprotonated) ions with the same charge state. Compaction of protein cations upon nonspecific metal ion binding is most significant for intermediate charge state ions, and there is a greater reduction in collisional cross section with increasing number of metal ion adducts and increasing ion valency, consistent with an electrostatic interaction between the ions and the protein. Protein cations with the greatest number of adducted metal ions are no more compact than the lowest protonated ions formed from aqueous solutions. These results show that smaller collisional cross sections for metal-attached protein ions are not a good indicator of a specific metal-protein interaction in solution because nonspecific metal ion adduction also results in smaller gaseous protein cation cross sections. In contrast, the collisional cross section of α-lactalbumin, which specifically binds one Ca(2+), is larger for the holo-form compared with the apo-form, in agreement with solution-phase measurements. Because compaction of protein cations occurs when metal ion adduction is nonspecific, elongation of a protein cation may be a more reliable indicator that a specific metal ion-protein interaction occurs in solution.
Measuring the Soret coefficient of nanoparticles in a dilute suspension

Thermophoresis is an efficient process for the manipulation of molecules and nanoparticles due to the strong force it generates on the nanoscale. Thermophoresis is characterized by the Soret coefficient. Conventionally, the Soret coefficient of nanosized species is obtained by fitting the concentration profile under a temperature gradient at the steady state to a continuous phase model. However, when the number density of the target is ultralow and the dispersed species cannot be treated as a continuous phase, the bulk concentration fluctuates spatially, preventing extraction of temperature-gradient-induced concentration profile. The present work demonstrates a strategy to tackle this problem by superimposing snapshots of nanoparticle distribution. The resulting image is suitable for the extraction of the Soret coefficient through the conventional data fitting method. The strategy is first tested through a discrete phase model that illustrates the spatial fluctuation of the nanoparticle concentration in a dilute suspension in response to the temperature gradient. By superimposing snapshots of the stochastic distribution, a thermophoretic depletion profile with low standard error is constructed, indicative of the Soret coefficient. Next, confocal analysis of the nanoparticle distribution in response to a temperature gradient is performed using polystyrene nanobeads down to 1e–5 % (v/v). The experimental results also reveal that superimposing enhances the accuracy of extracted Soret coefficient. The critical particle number density in the superimposed image for predicting the Soret coefficient is hypothesized to depend on the spatial resolution of the image. This study also demonstrates that the discrete phase model is an effective tool to study particle migration under thermophoresis in the liquid phase.
Over-sampled data converters

The papers in this session highlight both emerging applications of over-sampling techniques and newer methods of their implementation in traditional analog-to-digital converters architectures. Performance enhancement techniques for both discrete- and continuous-time oversampled analog-to-digital converters are presented. Application of over-sampling and noise-shaping techniques to the design of high performance speaker drivers is also demonstrated.
The influence of pH on the biological changes induced by ethyleneimine in barley

Abstract Ethyleneimine (EI) in solution exists as a mixture of the imine and immonium cation forms. Compared to the immonium cation, the imine form is considered to be less effective as a mutagen but more effective in cell penetration. The influence of pH on the concentrations of the two forms and on the biological effects induced in Himalaya bareley seeds was investigated. Because the major changes in composition of the chemical take place within one pH unit on either side of the p K a value (about 8), the biological effectiveness of EI was determined over a pH range of 6 to 10. The relative concentration of the imine form increased with increasing pH. Furthermore, the degree of seedling injury and frequencies of chromosome aberrations and mutations were closely correlated with known concentrations of the imine form in the treatment solution. It is concluded that the pH exerted its influence on the biological effects of EI through its control of concentration and penetration of the imine form.
Proximal colonic atresia: is right hemicolectomy inevitable?

Proximal colonic atresia often results in a marked discrepancy of the atretic ends presenting a technical challenge for restoration of bowel continuity. We review our series of colonic atresia patients with particular reference to the techniques for restoring bowel continuity. Case notes of all patients diagnosed with colonic atresia and admitted to our unit between 1997 and 2011 were reviewed. There were 13 patients with a median gestational age of 39 weeks. Location of the atresia was ascending colon (n = 1), hepatic flexure (n = 9), proximal transverse colon (n = 2) and sigmoid colon (n = 1). The primary procedure was: primary anastomosis (n = 1), right hemicolectomy followed by ileo-colic anastomosis (n = 2), right hemicolectomy and stoma formation (n = 3). Six patients underwent stoma formation, of which five subsequently had a right hemicolectomy at a later procedure. In total, 10/12 patients required right hemicolectomy to facilitate restoration of bowel continuity. Median time to full feeds was 11 days (4–46). Median follow up time was 11 months (22 days–5.6 years). A temporising stoma does not reduce the discrepancy in the calibre of the atretic ends in proximal colonic atresia. Right hemicolectomy and ileo-colic anastomosis should therefore be considered at the initial surgery.
9-Β-L (+)Adenosine: a new naturally occurring plant growth substance elicited by triacontanol in rice.

The naturally occurring plant growth substance elicited by triacontanol was found to be 9-β-L(+) adenosine by physical and spectral methods. At picomolar concentrations, 9-β-L(+) adenosine stimulated growth as determined by dry weight measurements of several plant species. Reaction of adenosine deaminase with adenosine from rice showed that small quantities of 9-β-L(+) adenosine exist in plants. We believe this is the first report of 9-β-L(+) adenosine as a natural product.
Self-managing autonomic technology as a strategic business enabler for a smarter planet

You don't have time to waste. You must respond faster than every to customer expectations, industry change and regulatory requirements. Yet, as IT complexity increases, your company can often spend more time managing your infrastructure than unleashing its power for business growth. The repercussions can be enormous decreasing the return on IT investments, diminishing time-to-value, hampering responsiveness, increasing the time and expense of regulatory compliance, and stifling innovation. This presentation will discuss self-managing autonomic technology as a strategic business enabler to becoming an On Demand Business. The speaker will detail how autonomic computing is guiding companies of all sizes in finding innovative IT solutions to business challenges, establishing best practices and methodologies that help companies create a strategic roadmap for building a self-managing environment and furthering their on demand journey, and driving the adoption of standards and technologies to make information technology systems more responsive to business needs. Attendees will learn how to use self-managing technology to:▪ Deliver higher quality of server at a lower cost▪ Achieve the right balance of people, processes and technology▪ Sustain growth for the business and expand into new markets
Feature graphs and abstract data types: a unifying approach

Feature graphs appearing in unification-based grammar formalisms and algebraic specifications of abstract data types (ADTs) are both used for defining a collection of objects together with functions between these object sets. Starting from this observation we define an algebraic semantics for feature graphs by assigning an algebraic specification to each feature graph. This opens the rich world of semantical foundations for abstract data types to the area of feature graphs and thus to unification grammar formalisms. Using results from ADT theory we define a simple and fast syntactic decision procedure testing the usual consistency, constant/complex consistency and acyclicity on the algebraic specification assigned to a feature graph. With this machinery at hand feature graph unification becomes union of feature graph specifications followed by the consistency test.
Differential mRNA expression and protein localization of the SAP90/PSD-95-associated proteins (SAPAPs) in the nervous system of the mouse.

The supramolecular anchoring/signaling complex at the postsynaptic density of glutamatergic synapses has been proposed to play a key role in regulating synaptic function and plasticity. One class of proteins present in the complex is the SAP90/PSD-95-associated protein family (SAPAPs). The SAPAPs, identified by their direct interaction with PSD-95 family proteins, were initially proposed to function in the anchoring/signaling complex as linker proteins between glutamate receptor binding proteins and the cytoskeleton. However, recent studies have indicated that the SAPAPs also bind to signaling molecules and may thus have multiple roles at synapses. Four homologous genes encoding SAPAP proteins have been previously identified. As a first step toward understanding the physiological function of the SAPAPs, we have investigated in detail, at both the mRNA and protein levels, the localization of the individual SAPAP genes in the adult murine nervous system. We find that the SAPAP mRNAs are highly, yet differentially, expressed in many regions of the brain, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. Furthermore, SAPAP3 mRNA is targeted to dendrites, whereas SAPAP1, -2, and -4 mRNAs are detected mainly in cell bodies. The SAPAP proteins are localized at synapses in a manner consistent with mRNA expression. Surprisingly, in addition to glutamatergic synapse localization, antibody staining also reveals that the SAPAP proteins are localized at cholinergic synapses, including neuronal cholinergic synapses and the neuromuscular junction. Together, these results indicate that the SAPAPs are general components of excitatory synapses and that each of these proteins may perform a distinct function. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:24–39, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The tidal-stream energy resource in Passamaquoddy¿Cobscook Bays: A fresh look at an old story

Abstract The Passamaquoddy–Cobscook Bay archipelago, located near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy where the mean tidal range is 5.7 m, has long been regarded a promising site for tidal-power development. Modern low-head turbines allow power extraction primarily from the kinetic energy of the tidal stream, rather than from the potential energy of an impounded basin, eliminating the need for expensive and elaborate systems of dams, locks and gates. Although the available power levels are much less in streaming applications, the resource may still be significant and accessible in areas with strong tidal flows, because the available power follows the cube of the current speed. The much lower costs per installed kilowatt and the relatively minor environmental impacts warrant a fresh look at the tidal-stream resource. Circulation models indicate that the peak power resource in narrow straits such as Letete Passage and Lubec Narrows exceeds 10 kW/m2 of installed turbine aperture. In those locations an installation with the surface “footprint” of a typical aquaculture site could produce peak power levels of 1–2 MW under mean tide conditions, and perhaps twice that during spring tides, using modern turbines. Lower power levels are available in deeper, less restricted regions such as Western and Head Harbor Passages. Regions between islands and near headlands where flow speeds exceed about 2 m s−1 (about 4 knots) offer a modest tidal-power potential that could be tapped at relatively low cost and with minimal impact on the environment, fisheries and navigation.
DIPTERA IN THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND DETERMINED BY FRANCIS WALKER (TEPHRITIDAE AND PLATYSTOMATIDAE)

Twenty-seven specimens in the University of Queensland Tephritidae collection determined by Francis Walker have been restudied and placed in their correct combinations. Eighteen species are represented, all except 2 described by Walker. Only Adrama selecta Walker, Dacus curcubitae Coquillett, Dacus determinatus Walker, Dasyneura zonata Saunders, Sophira punctifera Walker, Strumeta helomyzoides Walker and Trypeta multistriga Walker are Tephritidae. The other 11, originally described as new species of Dacus F., are Platystomatidae.
Na+ channel blockers for the treatment of pain: Context is everything, almost

Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) remain viable targets for the development of novel analgesics for two main reasons. First, because of they underlie the upstroke of the action potential, a block of these channels results in a block of neural activity and therefore a block of pain. Second, functional diversity and selective expression patterns of channel types indicate that it may be possible to selectively block persistent pain associated with peripheral tissue injury. Importantly, this block may be possible with little impact on acute pain or low threshold mechanosensation, and no cardiac or central nervous system side effects.
Protein arrays and pattern recognition: new tools to assist in the identification and management of autoimmune disease.

Abstract The occurrence of antibody patterns in connective tissue diseases has been recognized for thirty years, but the generation of multiple antibody results relied on time-consuming immunodiffusion or electrophoretic techniques. Today it is possible to study the antibody repertoire using rapid multi-analyte technologies, generally referred to as protein arrays. These arrays may use planar surfaces similar to DNA arrays, or use microspheres in suspension (“liquid arrays”). Also, many high quality autoantigens are now commercially available, including recombinant antigens. The vast amount of information that can be generated by measuring multiple antibodies for multiple patients has created demand for data processing. Software programs to aid physicians in reviewing multiple inputs as an aid to disease diagnosis and classification have been available for twenty years. Initial work used the “expert systems” approach; more recently pattern recognition has been widely evaluated because of the improvements in software programs and computational speed. The use of antibody data, generated in protein arrays, may assist in establishing diagnosis, in identifying potentially significant antibody patterns in advance of clinical symptoms, and in classifying patients based on expected disease progression.
Observations of the 1997–98 warm ENSO event at the Manus Island ARM site

The 1997-98 warm ENSO event is one of the strongest on record. There are several signatures of this event which have been observed in at the Manus Island ARM site. These signatures have been observed in several different data streams including the solar radiation, water vapor column and rainfall measurements. These observations are presented along with a look ahead at what can be expected at forthcoming ARM TWP sites.
Generic and type-specific challenges in the strategic legitimation and implementation of mergers and acquisitions

Abstract Both research and practitioner-oriented work on mergers and acquisitions tend to discuss them as if they were a single form of organization, with specific organizational and implementation imperatives and issues. This paper develops a typology of merger and acquisitions, differentiating them in terms of three dimensions: the strategic goal(s); the integration approaches indicated by varying needs for interdependence and autonomy; and alternative forms of governance. The sorts of psycho-social issues and implementation imperatives indicated vary greatly from one type of merger and acquisition to another. Differences in implementation strategies across these three types of mergers and acquisitions are discussed, as are the implications of the typology for advancing managerially relevant research on mergers and acquisitions.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE MITOCHONDRIA OF CEREBELLAR PURKINJE CELLS OF NERVOUS MUTANT MICE

The maturation of cerebellar Purkinje cells of normal and nervous (nr/nr) mutant mice has been studied by light and electron microscopy. In the mutant, 90% of Purkinje cells selectively degenerate between postnatal days 23 and 50. Losses are greater in lateral than medial regions. Other cerebellar neurons appear normal. The first morphological abnormality recognized is the presence of rounded mitochondria in perikarya of some Purkinje cells of the mutant at 9 days after birth. By 15 days, all nr/nr Purkinje cells contain spherical mitochondria and begin to deviate from the normal maturational sequence. Elaboration of the extensive dendritic tree halts midway and newly formed axon collateral fibers degenerate. In the perikaryon, the basal polysomal accumulation and climbing fiber-somatic spine synapses are sometimes abnormally retained. Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum cease to form aligned stacks, and decrease in number, while polysomes dissociate into free ribosomes. These changes are progressive, culminating in cell death. Although every nr/nr Purkinje cell demonstrates spherical mitochondria, some cells survive the critical period, retain a near-normal complement of organelles, and reacquire normal-appearing mitochondria. The disorder appears intrinsic to Purkinje cells since all major classes of synapses were identified before cell death.
Flow-enhanced epitaxial ordering of brush-like macromolecules on graphite.

Long-range orientational order in monolayers of brush-like macromolecules was achieved during spreading of a polymer melt on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The combination of wetting-induced flow and epitaxial adsorption of poly(n-butylacrylate) side chains on graphite led to the formation of large domains of uniaxially oriented rodlike molecules. The domain size varied from ca. 1 to 10 μm which is noticeably larger than the submicrometer-sized mosaic domains typically observed upon adsorption from solution. The increase in the degree of order is attributed to the flow-enhanced diffusion of the macromolecules within spreading monolayers which facilitates the epitaxial alignment of the large macromolecules. The diffusion coefficient was shown to increase linearly with the spreading rate. Even though the ordering occurred during flow, no correlation was observed between the molecular orientation and the flow direction. Thus, the role of the flow was not to induce the molecular orientatio...