cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics and Values in Psychotherapy

Ethics and Values in Psychotherapy is an examination of the role of the therapist as ethicist and the ways in which the ethical convictions of both therapist and client contribute to the practical process of psychotherapy. As Psychotherapy strives to establish itself as a 'Profession', practitioners are increasinly focusing on the issue of ethics as they attempt to agree on guidelines and standards for professional practice. Alan Tjeltveit argues that any discussion of professional and ethical practice in psychotherapy is inadequate if carried out in ignorance of or in isolation from traditional ethical theories. He applies this approach to issues such as: * the role of therapy in society * the goals and outcomes of psychotherapy * techniques and practices * the existence and operation of values * the intellectual and social context in which therapy takes place. In the second part of the book, he uses clinical examples and case studies to relate this theoretical discussion to clinical practice. Ethics and Values in Psychotherapy will be welcomed by the growing number of experienced Psychotherapists and post-graduate students who are interested in the increasingly contentious issue of professional ethics.
Role of phospholipase A2 and membrane-derived lipid second messengers in membrane function and transcriptional activation of genes: implications in cerebral ischemia and neuronal excitability.

Publisher Summary The membrane phospholipids of brain and retina are highly enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially arachidonate and docosahexaenoate. Release of free arachidonic acid is the rate-limiting step in the cascade that results in the formation of the biologically active eicosanoids. Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) also leads to the synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF), an alkyl–ether phospholipid that is a potent mediator of inflammatory and immune processes. The chapter discusses the nature of the changes in membrane phospholipid-derived second messenger generation elicited by ischemia and convulsions; describes synaptosome-specific activation of phospholipases A 2 , A 1 and C and the arachidonic acid cascade; and examines a hypothesis on how PAF might, in addition to its short-term effects, be involved in long-term changes in neuronal phenotype via activation of nuclear proto-oncogenes. These latter effects may link selective membrane phospholipid hydrolysis with synaptic remodeling and plasticity changes through the modulation of gene expression.
The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is up-regulated in metastatic melanoma, and XIAP cleavage by Phenoxodiol is associated with Carboplatin sensitization

XIAP up-regulation is associated with chemotherapy resistance. Phenoxodiol causes XIAP degradation and chemotherapy sensitization in ovarian cancer. Here we assessed XIAP expression in melanomas, using tissue microarrays containing 436 melanomas and 336 nevi by a novel method of automated, quantitative analysis (AQUA). We used S100 to define pixels as melanoma (tumor mask) within the array spot, and measured XIAP expression using Cy5-conjugated antibodies within the mask. XIAP expression was significantly higher in melanomas than nevi (P < 0.0001), and higher in metastatic than primary lesions (P < 0.0001). We then assessed a panel of melanoma cell lines for XIAP expression, and found high expression in all cell lines. Three of the cell lines were assessed for Phenoxodiol and Carboplatin sensitivity; all were resistant to Carboplatin and showed variable sensitivity to Phenoxodiol. Pre-treating Phenoxodiol sensitive cells with Phenoxodiol prior to Carboplatin resulted in XIAP degradation, associated with Carboplatin sensitization and apoptosis, whereas exposing Phenoxodiol resistant cells to Phenoxodiol resulted in less XIAP degradation and minimal Carboplatin sensitization. We conclude that XIAP levels in clinical specimens are significantly higher in melanomas than their benign counterparts, and higher in metastatic than in primary specimens, suggesting an association with malignant progression and disease aggression. Melanoma resistance to Carboplatin is possibly due to XIAP over-expression. Phenoxodiol can sensitize melanoma cells to Carboplatin in vitro with corresponding XIAP degradation, although the precise target and mechanism of action of Phenoxodiol are subject to further assessment. Targeting XIAP warrants additional investigation as a therapeutic approach for metastatic melanoma.
A Pedagogical Approach to Engaging Social Work Students in Research

Attitudes of US-based students in graduate-level social work master's in social work (MSW) toward required research courses often appear ambivalent, but developing an effective pedagogical approach to research could have lasting implications on students, educators, and the field. This article uses Bandura's social learning theory (SLT) to provide a framework for successfully engaging MSW students in the content of an introductory research class. This article outlines the thinking behind and the strategies used to engage students in the course content.
Fermi Surface Effects in Terbium Alloys.

Work is reported which was conducted to test of the relation of the generalized susceptibility (and therefore, the ordering properties) for Tb to the Fermi energy of Tb. In order to properly analyze the data a simple theory was developed to account for the effects on band structure which accompany alloying and attendant lattice size changes. Using this simple theory, the alloys of Tb with Mg are understood as a combination of Fermi energy lowering and of lattice contraction. The tendency of Th to promote the ferromagnetic structure in Th is understood as a combination of the Fermi energy being raised and of the lattice being expanded. The theory was also useful in explaining the interesting behavior of the Tb with Yb alloys which upon preliminary analysis did not seem to follow the theoretical predictions. After consideration of the volume effect, indeed the Tb with Yb alloys showed promotion of the helical structure as predicted. The complicated behavior of the Tb with Yb alloys is a case where the volume and valence effects compete. Results show that the magnetic ordering properties of the rare earths are intimately related to the Fermi surface geometry through the generalized susceptibility.
Nutritional profile of older adults with chronic venous leg ulcers: a pilot study.

Abstract The purpose of this cross-sectional descriptive pilot study was to describe daily intake of select nutrients important for efficient wound healing and general health in a sample of older adults (64.25 ± 9.49 years of age) with chronic venous leg ulcers (CVLUs; N = 12), compared to recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Anthropometric data were also collected. Compared to RDA, participants on average consumed lower vitamin C (60.03 ± 49.73 mg/d) and higher sodium (3197.07 ± 1455.04 mg/d), sugar (181.21 ± 115.45 g/d), and saturated fat (33.75 ± 1.06 g/d). They also demonstrated a relatively high plasma n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio, a biomarker of inflammation (11.25 ± 1.99). The mean body mass index indicated extreme obesity (41.48 ± 11.47). A multidisciplinary treatment approach that includes routine dietary assessments followed by tailored dietary interventions may improve wound healing and long-term health outcomes in this population.
Non-Invasive Assessment of the Interrelationships of Diet, Pregnancy Rate, Group Composition, and Physiological and Nutritional Stress of Barren-Ground Caribou in Late Winter.

The winter diet of barren-ground caribou may affect adult survival, timing of parturition, neonatal survival, and postpartum mass. We used microhistological analyses and hormone levels in feces to determine sex-specific late-winter diets, pregnancy rates, group composition, and endocrine-based measures of physiological and nutritional stress. Lichens, which are highly digestible but contain little protein, dominated the diet (> 68%) but were less prevalent in the diets of pregnant females as compared to non-pregnant females and males. The amount of lichens in the diets of pregnant females decreased at higher latitudes and as winter progressed. Pregnancy rates (82.1%, 95% CI = 76.0 – 88.1%) of adult cows were within the expected range for a declining herd, while pregnancy status was not associated with lichen abundance in the diet. Most groups (80%) were of mixed sex. Male: female ratios (62:100) were not skewed enough to affect the decline. Levels of hormones indicating nutritional stress were detected in areas of low habitat quality and at higher latitudes. Levels of hormones indicated that physiological stress was greatest for pregnant cows, which faced the increasing demands of gestation in late winter. These fecal-based measures of diet and stress provided contextual information for the potential mechanisms of the ongoing decline. Non-invasive techniques, such as monitoring diets, pregnancy rates, sex ratios and stress levels from fecal samples, will become increasingly important as monitoring tools as the industrial footprint continues to expand in the Arctic.
Spectroscopic evidence for hydrogen diffusion through a several-nanometers-thick titanium carbonitride layer on silicon.

Multiple internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, together with other analytical techniques, was used to follow the diffusion of atomic hydrogen through a 10-nm-thick titanium c...
The double dual-slope multiplier: Elimination of offset

The double dual-slope multiplier is a multiplying analog-to-digital converter based on the dual-slope integrating converter. The ratio of the product of two unknown voltages to the square of a reference voltage is obtained in terms of the ratio of a measured time interval to a known time interval. Offset errors, which are the main source of error, are described and a modification which greatly reduces the error is proposed. The errors consist of scale factor, output, and linear feedthrough errors. The scale factor and output errors can be measured by a cycle consisting of two dual-slope measurements that use the reference voltage only. The feedthrough errors can be eliminated if the multiplying cycle is repeated with the order of the inputs reversed. The operation of the multiplier when the inputs are less than the offset is considered in detail. Since the decision making, memory, and calculations necessary for the control of the multiplier and the correction of the offset are considerable, the method is mainly applicable to precision instruments equipped with a microprocessor.
Inhibition of motility of bovine, canine and equine spermatozoa by artificial vagina lubricants.

Abstract The effects of four vaginal lubricants on progressive spermatozoal motility were evaluated. Neat semen was exposed to 0, 5, or 10% (w/v) of H-R, sterile K-Y, nonsterile K-Y or Maxilube lubricating jellies for 10 min at 37°C and then extended to 10×10 6 spermatozoa/ml. Spermatozoal motility was evaluated after 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 or 8 h of incubation at 37°C. For bovine spermatozoa, sterile K-Y jelly at 10% suppressed motility (P
Synthesis and crystal and molecular structures of diisopropyl N,N-diethylcarbamylmethylenephosphonate samarium nitrate and erbium nitrate complexes

Abstract Bis[diisopropylN,N-diethylcarbamylmethylenephosphonate] samarium(III) nitrate, Sm[(i-C3H7O)2P(O)CH2C(O)N(C2H5)2]2(NO3)3 3 and bis[diisopropyl N,N-diethylcarbamylmethylenephosphonatel]- erbium(III) nitrate monohydrate, Er[(i-C3H7O)2P(O)CH2C(O)N(C2H5)2]2(NO3)·(H2O) 4 have been prepared from the combination of an ethanolic solution of Sm(NO3)3·5H2O or Er(NO3)3·5H2O with phosphonate ligand. The resulting complexes were isolated and characterized by infrared and 1H, 13C1H and 31P1H NMR Spectroscopies. In addition, single crystal X-ray analyses of 3 and 4 have been completed. The structure of 3 was determined at −17°C from 7634 independent reflections obtained with a computer automated diffractometer. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 25.672(10) A, b = 11.431(5) A, c = 18.731(5) A, β = 133.73(2)°, Z = 4, V = 3971.5 A3 and ϱcalcd = 1.50 g cm−3. The structure was solved with standard heavy atom methods and blocked least squares refinement of the structure converged with RF = 5.6% and RwF = 5.7%. The crystal contains monomeric units of 3 which have crystallographic C2 symmetry. The samarium atom is bonded to both carbonyl and phosphoryl oxygen atoms of two phosphonate ligands and the oxygen atoms of three bidentate nitrate ions. The overall coordination number of the samarium atom is ten. Several important bond distances include SmO (carbonyl) 2.433(2) A, SmO (phosphoryl) 2.418(3) A, SmO (nitrate)avg 2.589(5) A, PO (phosphoryl) 1.480(2) A and CO (carbonyl) 1.261(3) A. The structure of 4 was determined at 25°C from 8432 independent reflections. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a = 11.590(2) A, b = 12.321(2) A, c = 14.840(4) A, α = 97.40(2)°, β = 91.85(2)°, λ = 95.17(1)°, Z = 2, V = 2090.9 A3 and ϱcalcd = 1.48 g cm−3. The structure was solved by standard heavy atom methods and final discrepancy indices RF = 7.7% and RwF = 7.6% were obtained. The erbium atom is bonded to the phosphoryl oxygen atoms of two phosphonate ligands, the oxygen atoms of three bidentate nitrate ions and the oxygen atom of a water molecule. The carbonyl oxygen atoms are hydrogen bonded to the hydrogen atoms of the coordinated water and the erbium atom coordination number is nine. Several important bond distances include ErO (phosphoryl)aug 2.275(6) A, ErO (nitrate)aug 2.435(8) A, ErO (water) 2.302(7) A, PO (phosphoryl) 1.479(6) and 1.452(7) A and CO (carbonyl) 1.240(11) and 1.239(11) A.
Deception and the Death of Ilyusha: Truth and the Best Interest of a Dying Child in The Brothers Karamazov

For centuries, many physicians and parents assumed that it was ethically justifiable to lie to a dying child. The reasoning was clear. Because the lie would likely eliminate or prevent a concrete harm (the child's fear), and the lie is about a harm that is unavoidable anyway, a lie appeared to be the morally desirable thing to do. Today, the ethical consensus has shifted. Many doctors and other health professionals now argue that we have an obligation to tell children the cold, hard truth. In this article, I argue that "the cold, hard truth" (assuming we can know it with certainty) might not always be in the best interest of the patient. To illustrate the point, I analyze an episode in Dostoevsky's novel, The Brothers Karamazov, in which a child is dying, his father lies to him about it, and 2 doctors take very different approaches to the truth. Each of these individuals has a particular interest when it comes to the question of "the truth" about the death of Ilyusha. I use this story to ask whether it is ethically permissible to lie to a dying child and, if so, who has the moral authority to tell that lie.
An improved branch and bound algorithm for feature selection

Feature selection plays an important role in pattern classification. In this paper, we present an improved branch and bound algorithm for Optimal feature subset selection. This algorithm searches for an optimal solution in a large solution tree in an efficient manner by cutting unnecessary paths which are guaranteed not to contain the optimal solution. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithm.
Relationship between biodegradation rate and percentage of a compound that becomes sequestered in soil

A study was conducted to determine whether the rate of biodegradation of phenanthrene determines the extent of its sequestration. Samples of a single soil type with different biodegradative activities were used. Various rates of biodegradation were obtained by use of different incubation temperatures, adding a bacterial culture or both. Much of the compound became biologically unavailable (sequestered) when the initial rates of biodegradation were slow, and little remained if the soil had high degradative activity. A portion of the compound remaining in soils with previously low activity was degraded if the soil samples were reinoculated and incubated under favorable conditions, but a significant amount of the compound was still microbiologically unavailable. The data show that the percentage of a compound that will be sequestered in a microbiologically unavailable form is determined by the initial rate of its biodegradation in soil.
Recent developments in the molecular imprinting of proteins

Abstract Molecular imprinting is an inexpensive method for the rapid fabrication of organic polymeric and inorganic network-structured materials that selectively bind a template molecule—in other words, materials that function as artificial antibodies. Imprints against small-molecule templates have been generated for decades, but attempts to prepare imprints against proteins have, until recently, been far less successful. The field has progressed rapidly, however, and a number of molecular imprints selective for protein ligands have now been reported. Given the enormous potential of replacing the antibodies used in a host of immunoassays with robust and inexpensive receptors, efforts in this area continue to intensify. This review begins with a brief analysis of two naturally occurring protein–ligand complexes, each of which illustrates the specific interactions essential for precise molecular recognition. Key developments—all appearing in 2006 and 2007—in the molecular imprinting of proteins, including many impressive advances, are then discussed.
Properties of Silicon Nanoparticles: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Constant energy molecular dynamics simulations of silicon cluster growth have been conducted for clusters up to 480 atoms using the Stillinger−Weber empirical interatomic potential. It is found that the interior atoms of the 480-atom clusters, at the temperatures used, show bulklike characteristics. The cluster binding energy has been fit to an expression that separates the surface and bulk contributions to the energy over wide temperatures and size ranges. The average surface energy of an atom was found to be independent of cluster size and of a magnitude relative to the bulk, such that all cluster sizes were stable under the conditions studied here (600 < T < 2000 K). The photon density of states is similar to bulk silicon and does not show a strong cluster size dependence. Atomic self-diffusion coefficients have been calculated and compare quite well with experimental data on self-diffusion coefficient measurements of silicon surfaces.
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. experiments on external doping of tunnel junctions by an infusion technique

Abstract Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) makes use of thin film tunnel junctions of the form metal-metal oxide-metal to measure the vibrational energy spectra of monolayer amounts of molecules adsorbed on the oxide layer. Application of IETS has heretofore required introducing the organic molecules as a step intermediate in the fabrication of the tunnel junction. Recently we reported a method whereby the organic layer can be introduced into the completed tunnel junction by an infusion technique. Junctions can be made and stored until needed for IETS application. We describe here further experiments with this doping method. These were designed to learn more about the mechanism of infusion, the variety of molecules that can be infused and possible applications of the technique. A number of molecular species have been infused including acids, bases and solvents with molecules as large as napthanol (≈12 A). Simple masking experiments have shown that the molecules pass through the top metal film. Examples have been found whereby a dopant can be infused, removed and another dopant reinfused. Infusion from vapor, liquid, and solid phases have all been observed. Also diffusion through plastic membrane layers has been studied by this technique. Other experiments are also described. Although more experimentation is necessary to understand the details of the infusion process, a number of possible uses for this type of IETS are proposed.
Electromagnetic excitations of baryon resonances

Abstract I will discuss recent results on the electromagnetic excitation of non-strange baryon resonances obtained with the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS). Preliminary data on the N Δ transition multipoles at small and at large photon virtualities are presented, showing the importance of the nucleon pion cloud. In the second nucleon resonance region, new results on the transition amplitudes for the Roper P 11 ( 1440 ) , the S 11 ( 1535 ) , and the D 13 ( 1520 ) states are presented. The transverse Roper photocoupling amplitude shows a strong Q 2 dependence that is best described in terms of large meson cloud contributions. The helicity amplitudes for the S 11 ( 1535 ) are extracted from both single pion production as well as eta production, giving consistent results. In contrast to the Roper resonance, a nearly Q 2 -independent behavior is observed at small Q 2 values supporting the interpretation of this state as a nearly pure three-quark resonance. The D 13 ( 1520 ) amplitudes show the rapid change of the helicity structure predicted by non-relativistic quark models. Searches for new baryon states in two-pion photoproduction and electroproduction show consistently a need for a new state near 1.72 GeV with J P = 3 2 + . Finally, the search for the Θ + ( 1540 ) and other pentaquark baryon states with CLAS is presented.
The structure of coflowing, laminar C2 hydrocarbon-air diffusion flames

An experimental study of the chemical kinetic processes which lead to soot formation in laminar, coflowing, diffusion flames burning diluted C 2 hydrocarbon fuels in air is outlined here. The fuels tested were ethane, ethylene and acetylene. The measurements made are concentration profiles of stable major species, profiles of stable minor and trace species, and temperature profiles. The fuels are diluted with nitrogen and the flowrate is adjusted such that a flame 2 cm high with an orange tip is established. The flames at these conditions can be viewed as having reached a similar stage with reference to soot formation. The structure of these flames is compared. Acetylene is observed to form soot at a lower temperature than ethane or ethylene. The profile for hydrogen in the acetylene flame suggests that young soot particles react with acetylene to form soot and hydrogen. The profiles suggest that 1,3,butadiene, 1-butene and benzene are not important precursors to soot in these C 2 flames. The presence of ethane and ethylene in the acetylene flame suggests that ethylene may be formed due to a reaction between molecular hydrogen and acetylene, and ethane may be formed due to reaction between molecular hydrogen and ethylene. Vinylacetylene detected in the flame may be formed due to reaction between vinyl radicals and acetylene. The data suggest that vinylacetylene decomposes to diacetylene and hydrogen.
Effect of temperature on ionic volumes and heat capacities in methanol

A flow densimeter and flow heat capacity calorimeter have been employed to measure precision densities and specific heats of selected electrolytes and nonelectrolytes in methanol at 20, 25, and 40°C. Apparent molar volumes and heat capacities have been calculated and the corresponding standard state functions, V ϕ o and C p,ϕ o , evaluated. The data have been used, along with known volumes and heat capacity data at 25°C for numerous alkanes, to generate volumes and heat capacities of model compounds for organic electrolytes. Comparison of the thermodynamic functions for the model compounds with those of the corresponding electrolytes at the respective temperatures has made it possible to assign single ion values and to establish the temperature effects of ionic charges on the volumes and heat capacities of solutes.
Packaging of heterologous RNAs by a minimal bovine leukemia virus RNA packaging signal into virus particles.

A minimal bovine leukemia virus (BLV) RNA packaging sequence (E) required for heterologous RNAs to be packaged into BLV particles was analyzed. The BLV E was inserted into a non-viral vector, pLacZ, in order to determine if packaging of the non-viral vector RNA would occur. The construct was transfected into cells chronically infected with BLV in order to produce virus particles. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of viral RNA from virus particles revealed that non-viral RNA containing the BLV E was packaged into BLV particles, indicating that the BLV E is necessary and sufficient to allow for packaging of a non-viral vector RNA. We also analyzed the ability of a chimeric murine leukemia virus (MLV) retroviral vector (pLN) containing BLV E to be packaged into BLV particles. Interestingly, it was found that pLNΔ (which does not possess ψ+) could be packaged into BLV particles. This indicates that a MLV RNA region outside of ψ+ allows for packaging of the MLV RNA into BLV particles.
Surface composition of nickel-gold alloys

Abstract Nickel-gold alloy foil surfaces were analyzed with Auger electron spectroscopy. The gold atom fraction, x s , at a clean surface is higher than that in the bulk, x b . Thus, for an alloy with x b = 0.005, the clean surface showed x s = 0.5. This alloy chemisorbed oxygen at room temperature, after which gold was not detected at the surface. However, oxygen was not chemisorbed at room temperature on alloys with x s = 0.7 or 0.86 and these values of x s corresponding to the clean surface did not change after 3 × 10 −4 Torr/sec oxygen exposures. The gold enrichment at the clean surface can be explained quantitatively by a simple thermodynamic argument. The change in x s due to oxygen is understood qualitatively. The lack of chemisorption of oxygen on surfaces containing as much as 30% nickel suggests electronic effects due to alloying.
Effect of phytic acid on zinc availability.

SummaryZinc in isolated soy protein is less available than that in casein. Zinc in a casein-phytic acid complex, which contains an amount of phytic acid comparable to that found in isolated soy pro...
Effect of pinealectomy and the light/dark cycle on 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding in the chick optic tectum.

1. These studies investigated the regulation of melatonin receptor sites within the chick brain by the light/dark cycle and by endogenous melatonin using quantitative autoradiography. Saturation analyses performed in coronal brain sections of the optic tectum revealed a single class of high-affinity binding sites. 2. For diurnal rhythm studies, chicks were maintained on a 14:10 L:D cycle (light on 0400) and sacrificed at 4-h intervals. No significant variation was observed in either the affinity (KD = 67.8−76.4 pM) or the density (BMAX = 88.9−118.9 fmol/mg protein) of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites as a function of time of day. 3. In pinealectomized or age-matched sham-operated chicks, no changes were found in either the affinity (KD = 66.7−89.1 pM) or the density (BMAX = 112.8−180.4 fmol/mg protein) of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites at either 1, 7, or 14 days following surgery. These data suggest that endogenous pineal melatonin may not play a role in the regulation of melatonin receptor site affinity or density in the chick optic tectum.
Detecting border intrusion using wireless sensor network and artificial neural network

Monitoring movement across national borders is a challenging problem due to several economic and technical issues. Due to the vast size, remoteness and other geographical confines of border regions, technical solutions are necessary to complement the limitations of manpower. In this paper we discuss our research in developing a system for detecting border intrusion activity by combining wireless sensor networks with artificial neural networks (ANNs). The key idea is to use ANN models to discover distinct patterns that describe an intrusion activity and use these patterns to train the ANN model which will then recognize intrusions and other abnormalities. We present a border intrusion detection system in which light and sound data from low-cost sensor motes spread out on the field is used to help ANNs make automated decisions and report intrusion activity. Our experimental results show that our border intrusion detection system can be used to monitor the borders without constant human supervision1.
Plastic vortex creep above the second magnetization peak in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ single crystals

Abstract The analysis of the activation energy in the magnetization relaxation of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ δ (BSCCO) single crystals reveals plastic vortex creep above the second magnetization peak (SMP). Above the peak field, the magnetic field dependence of the activation energy U ( B ) is very close to the form U ( B )∝ B −1/2 and the intrinsic variation of U with the current density is weak. The existence of a crossover from elastic to plastic vortex creep across the SMP of high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) seems to be a general behavior, and may have important consequences on the nature of the thermally induced vortex solid–vortex fluid transition at high magnetic fields.
A procedure for rapid evaluation of carbon stripper foils

Lifetime measurements on carbon foils can become prohibitively time consuming and expensive with conventional particle accelerator beams. Therefore, a method has been developed which utilizes a beam of low energy (20 keV) nitrogen ions which allows tests to be conducted on relatively inexpensive equipment at very high damage rates. The beam is obtained from a General Ionex Model 1080 Sputterbell. Beam currents of the order of 1 μA cm−2 lead to failure of glow-discharge type foils on a time scale of, typically, 5–10 min. Lifetime ratios for glow-discharge versus evaporated foils obtained with this technique are in good agreement with those obtained with higher energy beams. Relative lifetimes for high energy and low energy bombardments are also found to be in good agreement with those predicted by damage energy calculations. The technique is currently being applied to the testing of glow discharge foils made with different feed gases and discharge conditions.
Changing assumptions and contingent solutions: The costs and benefits of women working full- and part-time

Women in occupations traditionally dominated by males are seeking part-time work schedules and they are sometimes regarded as being on the “mommy track.” A survey was conducted of 315 predominantly white women working part- or full-time in male-dominated professions (law, executives), female-dominated professions (nursing, elementary education), and nonprofessional jobs (clerical, retail sales). Part-time working women reported exclusion from organizational, interpersonal, and skill enhancement opportunities and part-time professionals reported a greater risk of layoff than full-time colleagues. However, they also reported greater happiness at home and work, greater satisfaction with their jobs and children, and comparable marriage satisfaction and personal satisfaction with work compared with full-time working women. Women working part-time did not report lower role conflict and role overload than full-time working women. Consideration is given to the benefits, limits, and consequences of part-time work for women, including questions concerning the ability to get back on track.
External matrix field problem and new multicriticalities in (−2)-dimensional random surfaces☆

An external matrix field problem generalizing a discretized bosonic string field theory in (−2) dimensions is solved and analyzed in the double scaling limit. By an appropriate choice of the external field one can reach new multicritical regimes. A remarkable feature of a pth multicritical point is the absence of the conbributions to the main singularity for the genera which are not multiples of p.
Part and appearance sharing: Recursive Compositional Models for multi-view

We propose Recursive Compositional Models (RCMs) for simultaneous multi-view multi-object detection and parsing (e.g. view estimation and determining the positions of the object subparts). We represent the set of objects by a family of RCMs where each RCM is a probability distribution defined over a hierarchical graph which corresponds to a specific object and viewpoint. An RCM is constructed from a hierarchy of subparts/subgraphs which are learnt from training data. Part-sharing is used so that different RCMs are encouraged to share subparts/subgraphs which yields a compact representation for the set of objects and which enables efficient inference and learning from a limited number of training samples. In addition, we use appearance-sharing so that RCMs for the same object, but different viewpoints, share similar appearance cues which also helps efficient learning. RCMs lead to a multi-view multi-object detection system. We illustrate RCMs on four public datasets and achieve state-of-the-art performance.
Doppler Radar Observation of a Land-Breeze Cold Front

Abstract During the early morning hours of Ii January 1981, a very narrow, intense band of snow which had formed along the leading edge of a land-breeze cold front was viewed by CP-4 radar near Muskegon, Michigan. The front formed well inland and moved through the area from the northeast shortly after dawn. The driving force for the land breeze was the large temperature contrast that existed between radiationally-cooled air over the Northern Highlands of Lower Michigan, and the relatively warm, lake-modified air near the shore of Lake Michigan. The possibility that the observed snowband was associated with a mesoscale feature other than the land breeze is investigated. An analysis of minimum temperatures in the Great Lakes Region for 11 January 1981 shows that a strong temperature gradient existed over western Lower Michigan.This gradient reached a maximum value well inland rather than at the lake shore. Radar observations show the band to be over 80 km long and only 4 km wide, oriented roughly parallel t...
Two-meron configurations in the transverse gauge

The de Alfaro-Fubini-Furlan meron-antimeron and meron-meron configurations in SU(2) Yang-Mills gauge theory have been studied in the Coulomb gauge. The transverse meron-antimeron configurations, which have net topological charge zero, have been demonstrated to connect Gribov vacuums with topological charges \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\textonehalf{} at Euclidean time $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$ to Gribov vacuums with topological charges \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\textonehalf{}, respectively, at Euclidean time $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+\ensuremath{\infty}$. On the other hand, the transverse meron-meron (antimeron-antimeron) configuration, with net topological charge 1 (- 1), has been argued to connect Gribov vacuum with topological charge -\textonehalf{} (+\textonehalf{}) to Gribov vacuum with charge +\textonehalf{} (-\textonehalf{}) as Euclidean time goes from $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty} \mathrm{to} +\ensuremath{\infty}$.
Where does your coffee dollar go?: The division of income and surplus along the coffee commodity chain

This article analyzes the division of the total income and surplus generated along the coffee commodity chain during the period 1971–1995. Until the late 1980s, coffee growers and producing states retained over a third of the total income and about half of the total surplus that was available. This was due in part to the collective actions of coffee-producing states, which led to the imposition of a regulatory regime involving export quotas, creating rents for the producing countries. By the late 1980s, coffee TNCs had consolidated their control over core markets, and began to use their market power to increase their shares of both income and surplus. This shift was greatly accelerated by the breakdown of the export quota regime in 1989. The article concludes that these results necessitate a reformulation of commodity chain analysis.
Regulation of brain adenylate cyclase and the termination of silkmoth diapause

Abstract Factors which could account for increased levels of brain cycle AMP during the initiation of pupal-adult metamorphosis were examined in silkmoths. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity of whole brain homogenates was not depressed after the initiation of adult development. Adenylate cyclase activity was assayed in brain homogenates and in a partially purified membrane particle preparation. Parallel agonist and antagonist studies suggest that a substance with an active site resembling 5-hydroxytryptamine may be the natural activator of brain cyclase.
Monitoring Intravenous Fat Emulsions in Neonates with the Fatty Acid/Serum Albumin Molar Ratio

Weekly determinations of the fatty acid/albumin molar ratio (FA/SA) were obtained 136 times on 50 neonates (birthweight range, 675-4300 grams; median, 1360 grams) to determine if our use of intravenous fat (IVF) was putting these newborns at risk for kernicterus. The FA/SA was measured using a convenient spectrophotometric technique which we have previously described (Berde CB, Kerner JA, Johnson JD: Clin Chem 26:1173-1177, 1980). Twenty-nine infants received IVF with doses from 0.5 to 3.3 gram/kilogram/day (mean 1.5 gram/kilogram/day), given over 24 hours whenever possible, most commonly begun in the second week of life when the bilirubin level was less than one half of the potential exchange level. Twenty-one infants received no IVF. Previous studies show that fatty acids do not begin to displace bilirubin from albumin until the FA/SA is greater than 6 in vivo, and greater than 4 in vitro. All our infants had safe values with mean FA/SA values of approximately 1.0. Continuous IVF as we administer it does not place neonates at risk for kernicterus. Centers administering IVF in the first week of life or by bolus should consider close monitoring of their infants with the FA/SA.
Geminivirus nomenclature: the need to set taxonomic standards

The geminiviruses are plant viruses of significant economic impact. Different nomenclature has been used in various studies in descriptions of their genomes. We propose in this communication a uniform nomenclature to be used in future studies.
Potential Effects of Information Technologies on the Economic Performance of Agricultural and Food Markets

The structural characteristics of a perfectly competitive market are well known: many buyers and sellers, homogeneous product, perfect information, and no barriers to entry. It is widely believed that economic welfare is improved the closer a market approximates perfect competition. Many studies have shown that agricultural and food marketing systems in the United States and throughout the world are not perfectly competitive (e.g., Connor et al.). Deviations from perfect competition result in measurable welfare and consumer losses (Parker and Connor, Peterson and Connor). Information technologies such as the Internet have the potential to improve the economic performance of agricultural and food marketing systems by affecting almost every structural characteristic of these markets. According to a survey presented by Linda Mayhew of the TeleCommons Development Group (http:// www.tdg.ca/) at the First North American Agricultural Internet Marketing Conference, the Internet is already the most valuable source of information for farmers and agribusinesses with Internet access (http://www.agribiz.net/resources/surveys/use/). Of the agribusinesses surveyed, 45% maintain a web site, and 76% who did not said they intended to develop a site in the future. In this paper we will outline some of the ways in which information technologies may affect the structure of agriculture and food markets and will draw implications for market performance. Transactions Costs, Market Thinness, and the Role of Arbitrage
State Legislative Casework and State Administrative Performance

Based upon extended semistructured interviews with samples of state legislators and administrators in Kentucky and Minnesota, this comparative case study examines the consequences of legislative casework for state administrative performance. Although it is found that casework clearly does "humanize" the bureaucratic process, it does so at some not inconsiderable cost for the administrative values of universalism and affective neutrality. Casework appears to provide administrators with some useful feedback on agency operations and programs. In addition, casework-handling presents agencies with an opportunity to enhance legislative and citizen understanding of, and support for, agency activities. Although the overall judgment must be that positive consequences outweigh negative consequences, the study also finds more negative consequences than have sometimes been attributed to casework as far as effective administrative performance is concerned
Io: The near-infrared monitoring program, 1979–1981

The results of a program to monitor the brightness of Io in the near infrared are reported. While Io's 2.2 micron flux can be explained very well by conventional albedo analysis, at 3.8 and 4.8 microns Io has large intrinsic variations presumably associated with volcanism. At the latter two wavelengths, Io appears brighter and more active on its trailing hemisphere. These wavelengths also have possibly significant terms at the Jupiter corotational periods of 13 and 6.5 hr. These are particularly significant for observations of the trailing hemisphere and have a marked peak when Io is in the active sector. The data also show that the variability occurs in outbursts. Eight of these were observed and four were studied, deriving color temperatures near 700 K which decayed to about 300 K after several hours. It is argued that the apparent peak and the significance of the corotational terms may be fortuitous.
Evaluation of an improved automated carbonateprocedure for serum urate

Summary o 1. An automated method for the determination of serum urate has been adapted from a manual carbonate-phosphotungstic acid method. The method has been evaluated by simultaneously comparing it with a uricase method and the Archibald method. It is sufficiently sensitive, precise and accurate to be used routinely in the clinical laboratory. 2. The importance of avoiding the use of formaldehyde as a preservative in the standard uric acid solution, is emphasized. 3. A significant decrease in non-urate chromogens has been achieved by means of alkali incubation in a time delay coil. 4. An alternative automated uricase procedure is presented for use whenadded specificity is required. 5. The mean serum urate value for 200 male blood bank donors was 5.94(S.D:1.30) mg/100 ml and for 19 female blood donors 4.60 (S.D:1.10) mg/100 ml.
Psychological reactance and the attractiveness of unobtainable objects: Sex differences in children's responses to an elimination of freedom

This study examined possible sex and age differences in children's perceptions of the attractiveness of unobtainable and obtained objects. Using an experimental paradigm developed by Hammock and J. Brehm (1966), half of the male and female first-grade and sixth-grade subjects were led to expect to choose between two objects; the other half were told they would be given one of two objects, but were not led to expect to choose between these objects. After subjects ranked an array of 10 objects, all subjects were given their third-ranked object and denied their fourth-ranked object. No subject was given any opportunity to indicate a preference or make a choice between these two alternatives. As predicted, subjects' subsequent rankings of the objects differed according to sex. Male subjects behaved in accordance with theoretical predictions based on J. Brehm's theory of psychological reactance and, thus, replicated the results obtained by Hammock and Brehm. The behavior of female subjects did not conform to the reactance theory model. No age differences were predicted and none were obtained. The implications of these results for predicting whether an unobtainable object will become more or less attractive, and for the nature and extent of sex differences in children's responses to the loss of behavioral freedoms, are discussed.
Murine monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody (α) as a probe to detect human monoclonal antibody bound to human tumor tissues

A new immunohistochemical assay was developed for the detection of human monoclonal antibody (HuMAb) bound to human biopsied tumor tissues. A murine anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody, α type, 18C6 (IgGl), was raised against an IgM HuMAb, L612, defining a tumor-associated ganglioside antigen (GM3) and used as a probe in a three step cell-binding assay (HuMAb + biotinylated anti-mouse Ig). Anti-id 18C6 has an exclusive binding specificity for HuMAb L612, but does not interfere with the binding of L612 to antigen positive melanoma cell lines or to a purified antigen, GM3. The applicability of 18C6 in the three step cell-binding assay was tested first using a melanoma cell line, UCLASO-M12. L612 bound to M12 cells was specifically detected by 18C6 without any background reactivity in ELISA. When this assay was compared with the standard two-step cell-binding assay (HuMAb + peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgM) using various cultured tumor cell lines, parallel reactivity was observed. The three-step cell-binding assay was then applied to various fresh-frozen human tumor sections. Positive reactivity was demonstrated on various histologic types of human tumor tissues: primary melanoma (1010), metastatic melanoma (44), nevus (1010), lung cancer (3/6), breast cancer (26), and colon cancer (11). Adjacent normal tissues were unstained. Control experiments included the cell-binding assay with L612 alone, 18C6 alone, L612 + unrelated mouse IgG, and unrelated IgM HuMAb (L72) + 18C6; but biotinylated anti-mouse IgG did not react with these control preparations. The results indicate that anti-id 18C6 is a highly specific probe to assess the expression of the ganglioside antigenic epitope recognized by the L612 HuMAb on biopsied human tumor tissues.
Prospective Evaluation of Short-Term Impact and Recovery of Health Related Quality of Life in Men Undergoing Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: In the last few years there have been increasing claims that robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy decreases short-term morbidity in patients undergoing surgical treatment for prostate cancer. However, there is surprisingly little objective evidence to support this point, which is often used to market the procedure to patients. To address this issue we prospectively evaluated patients undergoing open and robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy at baseline and weekly through the postoperative period using a validated questionnaire.Materials and Methods: A total of 162 men undergoing radical prostatectomy, including open radical prostatectomy in 120 and robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in 42, for clinically localized prostate cancer completed the SF-12™, version 2 Physical and Mental Health Survey Acute Form preoperatively and each week postoperatively for 6 weeks. Physical and Mental Component Scores were calculated from the questionnaires at each time ...
Aberrations in confocal spectroscopy of polymeric materials: Erroneous thicknesses and intensities, and loss of resolution

Confocal fluorescence and Raman microscopy are becoming important characterization methods in polymers, especially for blends and films. However, caution must be used in analyzing the data because of the spherical aberration introduced into the illumination and collection of light caused by a mismatch in the indices of refraction of the sample and the design of the microscope objective. In many cases, the measured shape of the region under examination and the measured intensities are rendered invalid because of this aberration. Simultaneously, the axial resolution is degraded because the central light rays and the extreme rays have different focal points. It is shown that the loss of axial resolution can be minimized and the loss in intensity can be either reduced or accounted for. The error in location within the sample and, hence, the shape can be easily corrected. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1662–1669, 2001