cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability of foliar mono- and sesquiterpenoids of Cupressus bakeri

Mature foliage from 63 trees of seven populations of Cupressus bakeri Jepson was analysed for mono- and sesquiterpenoids by GC. Compositional variability was high with monoterpenoids and moderate with sesquiterpenoids and higher within than between populations in either case. Of the 54 mono- and sesquiterpenoids present, tricyclene, thujene, α-pinene, α-fenchene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, 3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, β-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, trans-p-menth-2-ene-1-ol, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene-8-ol, bornyl acetate, α-cedrene, β-cedrene, thujopsene, α-curcumene, cuparene, calamenene, cedrol, α- and β-acorenol, α-cadinol and cadalene were identified by GC-MS. In canonical discriminant analysis the populations separated into three groups, the separations obtained did not substantiate the existence of the ssp. matthewsii and typica proposed by Wolf.
Capella: Separating the Giants*

Images from the Faint Object Camera (FOC) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) are used to spatially separate the two giants of Capella (α Aurigae; HD 34029) for the first time at ultraviolet wavelengths. The images were obtained with broadband filters that isolate the wavelength regions 2500-3000 A and 1300-1500 A. The cool G8 giant is found to be weaker than the hot G1 giant by factors of around 4 and 17, respectively, in these bands. The latter factor is largely due to the much stronger G1 continuum at short wavelengths. No evidence is found for material lying between the two stars in the images. In addition, the objective prisms of the FOC were used to obtain low-resolution spectra from 1200 to 3000 A, allowing individual emission lines from each star to be spatially separated. Cool-to-hot star ratios for the emission lines H I Lyα, O I λ1305, Si II λ1816, C II λ1335, He II λ1640, and Si IV λ1393 are presented, showing that the cool giant is weaker than the hot giant by factors of 5-10 in these lines. The O I emission is only a factor of 2.5 weaker in the cool giant, most probably resulting from fluorescence in the extended atmosphere of the cool giant. The line ratios are compared with values derived from International Ultraviolet Explorer and HST/Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph spectra, which could separate the stars spectrally but not spatially. Reasonable agreement is found although the FOC ratios generally imply lower contributions from the cool giant.
Measurement of changes in fluorescence resonance energy transfer between gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in response to agonists

Oligomerization of membrane-bound G-protein-coupled receptors has recently emerged as an important step in cellular signaling. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has undergone a revival as the method of choice for demonstrating in vivo protein-protein interactions and receptor dimerization. We have used chimeras of gonadotropin-releasing harmone (GnRH) receptors and various fluorescent proteins to investigate receptor dimerization in relation to receptor activation. Two pairs of FRET-compatible fluorescent proteins were used: sapphire with topaz, and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) with dsRed. Changes in the ratio between acceptor and donor fluorescence were measured after addition of buserelin, a GnRH agonist, and antide, a GnRH antagonist. For both pairs of fluorescent proteins, an increase in the ratio of acceptor to donor intensities was observed immediately after addition of buserelin as would be predicted if FRET occurred due to the microaggregation of receptors conjugated with different fluorescent proteins. No change in FRET was observed in time for cells in medium or after addition of antide. The increase in FRET signal was not uniform throughout a cell.
Using evolutionary techniques to analyze the security of quantum key distribution protocols

In this paper, we describe a new real coded GA which may be used to analyze the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols by estimating the maximally tolerated error rate - an important statistic and, for many newer more complicated protocols, still unknown. Our algorithm takes advantage of several nice features of QKD protocols to simplify the search process and was evaluated on several protocols and can even detect security flaws in a protocol thus showing our algorithm's usefulness in protocol design.
Ion composition in Titan's exosphere via the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer I: T40 encounter

We investigate the complex interaction between Saturn's magnetosphere and Titan's upper ionosphere using ion data acquired by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) during the T40 encounter. Bounds on ion-group abundances at altitudes between ~2733 and ~12,541 km are determined by fitting mass spectra with model functions derived from instrument calibration data. The spectra are dominated by H+, H2+, H3+, and two hydrocarbon groups with mass ranges 12–19 and 24–32 amu, respectively. Notably, this constitutes the first reported observation of H3+ in Titan's exosphere. These measurements are discussed in the context of data from the CAPS electron spectrometer (ELS) and the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS), which fortuitously sampled the ionospheric outflow during the T40 encounter at altitudes between ~2225 and ~3034 km. The CAPS data reveal a composition that is constitutively similar to that sampled by INMS, with hydrocarbon ions first observed as far as ~11,000 km from Titan and increasing in density by more than an order of magnitude along Cassini's inbound trajectory. In addition, we juxtapose the CAPS ion data with numerical results from three different interaction models and show that it is consistent with the location of the field-draping boundary described by Ulusen et al. (2012) and the Saturnward ion tail predicted by Sillanpaa et al. (2006).
Turning the Analysis of Obesity-Mortality Associations Upside Down: Modeling Years of Life Lost Through Conditional Distributions

Objective: We demonstrate the utility of parametric survival analysis. The analysis of longevity as a function of risk factors such as body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), activity levels, and dietary factors is a mainstay of obesity research. Modeling survival through hazard functions, relative risks, or odds of dying with methods such as Cox proportional hazards or logistic regression are the most common approaches and have many advantages. However, they also have disadvantages in terms of the ease of interpretability, especially for non-statisticians; the need for additional data to convert parameter estimates to estimates of years of life lost (YLL); debates about the appropriate time scale in the model; and an inability to estimate median survival time when the censoring rate is too high. Design and Methods: We will conduct parametric survival analyses with multiple distributions, including distributions that are known to be poor fits (Gaussian), as well as a newly discovered “Compressed Gaussian”'' distribution. Results: Parametric survival analysis models were able to accurately estimate median survival times in a population-based data set of 15,703 individuals, even for distributions that were not good fits and the censoring rate was high, due to the central limit theorem. Conclusions: Parametric survival models are able to provide more direct answers, and in our analysis of an obesity-related data set, gave consistent YLL estimates regardless of the distribution used. We recommend increased consideration of parametric survival models in chronic disease and risk factor epidemiology.
Segregation of the Brain into Gray and White Matter: A Design Minimizing Conduction Delays

A ubiquitous feature of the vertebrate anatomy is the segregation of the brain into white and gray matter. Assuming that evolution maximized brain functionality, what is the reason for such segregation? To answer this question, we posit that brain functionality requires high interconnectivity and short conduction delays. Based on this assumption we searched for the optimal brain architecture by comparing different candidate designs. We found that the optimal design depends on the number of neurons, interneuronal connectivity, and axon diameter. In particular, the requirement to connect neurons with many fast axons drives the segregation of the brain into white and gray matter. These results provide a possible explanation for the structure of various regions of the vertebrate brain, such as the mammalian neocortex and neostriatum, the avian telencephalon, and the spinal cord.
Feasibility of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Miniaturized Instrumentation in 50 Consecutive Cases

= NS), and postoperative LOS for the mini-LC and conventional LC were 1.5 ± 0.2 and 1.8 ± 0.4 days (mean ± SD), respectively, (p= NS). Of the 50 mini-LC cases, 5 required conversion to conventional LC. One cystic duct leak was detected and successfully treated conservatively; no common bile duct injuries occurred; and no patients required conversion to open cholecystectomy. This study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of minilaparoscopic instruments for the performance of cholecystectomy. The data reveal that this new technique is comparable to conventional LC.
Leadership: An International Perspective.

The definition of leadership is a complex and constantly changing concept in the global environment. While previous scholarship has focused on leadership values, styles, and experience, research on the definition of leadership from a cultural perspective has drawn little attention. In spite of some of the universal attributes pertaining to outstanding leadership some leaders share, it is difficult and risky to attempt any one universal definition of leadership across cultures. The aim of this article is to examine the differences and similarities among definitions of leadership in different cultures and how in turn these cultures shape the definitions of leadership in their own cultural environments.
Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa: surveillance-containment or herd immunity?

The global eradication of smallpox stands among the most important public health achievements of the last century. However, fears that smallpox bioweapons have fallen into the hands of rogue states or terrorist organizations have rekindled interest in the methods used to control smallpox outbreaks. Surveillance-containment employing ring vaccination, whereby symptomatic smallpox cases were sought and isolated and their surrounding contacts traced and vaccinated, has been widely acknowledged as the key to smallpox eradication, though some have questioned this claim. In the United States, where the interim policy in the event of a smallpox attack is based on ring vaccination, we have argued that localized mass vaccination from the moment an attack is recognized would result in far fewer casualties than ring vaccination, including deaths that result from vaccination itself. In this commentary, we closely examine a figure based on historical data reported by Foege et al documenting smallpox control and eradication in West and Central Africa. This figure has been resurrected as empirical proof of the effectiveness of ring vaccination, and presented in important meetings addressing smallpox response policy in the United States. It is important that data offered to garner support for a policy position stand on their own as presented, and indeed it was the public presentation of this figure that prompted our investigation. Contrary to
6-Mercaptopurine is effective in Crohn's disease without concomitant steroids.

Background: 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) has shown efficacy in the treatment of Crohn's disease when used in conjunction with corticosteroids. Sparse literature to date suggests that 6-MP is effective when used without steroids. We therefore studied the efficacy of 6-MP in corticosteroid-naive Crohn's patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 24 patients who were treated with 6-MP but had never received any form of steroid treatment at any time. 6-MP efficacy was assessed with serial modified Harvey-Bradshaw scores. In addition to overall response, data were also analyzed according to the indication for treating with 6-MP (disease activity, fistulae, or both). The time to relapse and the treatments required were also analyzed. Results: Overall, remission or significant improvement was seen in 20 patients (83% of original group). Seven patients (29%) achieved complete remission; another 13 patients (54%) demonstrated significant clinical improvement. By indication, 89% of patients treated for activity, 50% of patients treated for activity and fistula, and 100% of patients treated for fistula alone showed response. Drug effect required a median of 5.7 months to occur (for all patients: range, 1.7-37.9 months). Thirteen of the twenty patients who improved or remitted on 6-MP eventually relapsed, usually due to stopping 6-MP, at a median of 13.8 months (range, 0.9-57.8). Relapse was less frequent if patients continued 6-MP. Treatment of relapses required only antibiotics, and/or restarting 6-MP (or increasing the dose) in most patients. Conclusions: 6-MP is an effective medication for use in steroid-naive patients and is likely to be effective in patients who have received steroids in the past but are not currently receiving them. Relapses occur despite continued therapy, but are often easily treated, and do not require initiating steroids.
Overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases MKP1, MKP2 in human breast cancer.

Expression and activity of c-Jun N-terminal and p38 protein kinases were explored in malignant and non-malignant tissue samples from patients with primary breast cancer. Differential expression was observed for p38 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK) in samples from 14 patients in whom there were sufficient malignant and non-malignant tissue to perform the entire assays. As previously noted, Erk1,2 expression and activity were increased sharply in the malignant tissue. The p38 kinase expression and activity were increased 3-fold in breast cancer. The expression of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase JNK1, but not JNK2, was increased 2.5-fold in malignant as compared to normal breast tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis in situ with antibodies to JNK1 revealed intense staining in samples of cancerous epithelium. In spite of a 3-fold increase in expression, malignant samples displayed a 35% decrease in the activity of this pro-apoptotic protein kinase. The expression of mitogen and extracellularly-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)2 and MEK3, upstream protein kinases of Erkl,2 and p38, respectively, was elevated 4- to 5-fold. The upstream regulator of JNK (e.g., MEK4), however, displayed normal levels of expression, providing no basis for the reduction in JNK activity observed for breast cancer. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKP)1 and MKP2 were assayed and the expression was found to be increased 5-fold and 3-fold, respectively, in malignant as compared to non-malignant samples. The reduced activity of JNK1, in spite of its overexpression, appears to reflect increased MKP activity associated with primary breast cancer. Suppression of MKP activity therapeutically may enable the expression of the pro-apoptotic signals from JNK in malignant cells.
Transonic flutter simulations using an implicit aeroelastic solver

Flutter computations are presented for the AGARD 445.6 standard aeroelastic wing configuration using a fully implicit, aeroelastic Navier-Stokes solver coupled to a general, linear, second-order structural solver. This solution technique realizes implicit coupling between the fluids and structures using a subiteration approach. Results are presented for two Mach numbers, M∞ = 0.96 and 1.141. The computed flutter predictions are compared with experimental data and with previous Navier-Stokes computations for the same case. Predictions of the flutter point for the M∞ = 0.96 case agree well with experimental data. At the higher Mach number, M∞ = 1.141, the present computations overpredict the flutter point but are consistent with other computations for the same case. The sensitivity of computed solutions to grid resolution, the number of modes used in the structural solver, and transition location is investigated. A comparison of computations using a standard second-order accurate central-difference scheme and a third-order upwind-biased scheme is also made.
Measuring DNA Condensation Driven by Cobalt Hexamine

We investigate the mechanism of DNA condensation mediated by trivalent cobalt hexammine (cohex) in solution, using 3 established experimental techniques. The amount of DNA precipitated out of the solution can be calculated by directly measuring the change of the UV absorption of the supernatant. Inter-DNA attraction is monitored by changes in the low angle region of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles. Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) is also applied to explore shorter length scales. Comparison with simulations reveals details of cohex association to DNA. Our results suggest that inter DNA attraction depends on the length of the helix and the association mode of the ions.
Design at the end of the silicon roadmap

Scaling of silicon integrated technology into the deep sub-100 nm space brings with it a number of formidable challenges to the designer. Issues such as design complexity, power dissipation, process variability and reliability are challenging the traditional design methodologies. In this presentation, it is conjectured that the only viable long-term solution to these challenges is to drastically revise the way we do design, and a road map of potential solutions is presented. Ultimately, these innovative design solutions will help to pave the way to the post-silicon era.
Novel non-arachidonate-mediated, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents

Although corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory agents, they produce numerous serious side effects which prevent them from being widely used in the clinics. The classic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA) are arachidonate-mediated compounds which are less potent than steroids but which have similar side effects. Therefore, major efforts have been made to search for a novel class of NSAIA. Recent advancement in cytokine research reveals that tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and particularly interleukin-1 (IL-1), are responsible for most inflammation symptoms. Further, various inflammatory diseases can be treated by the administration of IL-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1ra). Unfortunately, IL-1ra is a polypeptide which is very unstable in the body and requires continuous infusion for hours to be effective as an anti-inflammatory drug. Obviously, a stable, long-acting IL-1 blocker which can be administered orally would be the ideal one to be used in the clinics. Active resear...
“I'm Mommy and you're Natalie”: Role-reversal and embedded frames in mother-child discourse

This study investigates framing in discourse while considering spontaneous role-play between a young child (age 2 years 11 months) and her mother, wherein the participants reverse roles from real life and reenact shared prior experiences. Data consist of two tape-recorded naturally occurring pretendplay episodes and the real-life interactions on which they are based, all of which took place at home. Analysis of the role-play episodes illustrates how framing occurs from moment to moment in interaction in this context, showing that the participants use both play and non-play utterances collaboratively to evoke, maintain, and embed multiple play frames with increasingly specific, and at times blended, metamessages. By linking the role-play interactions back to their real-life counterparts, I explore the relationship between framing and “prior text.” This analysis adds to our understanding of framing by showing how frames are layered in discourse. Additionally, it links frames theory to the notion of intertextuality by illustrating how prior text can be used as a resource for framing. (Discourse analysis, framing, intertextuality, role-play, mother-child discourse)*
Characterization of a very shallow water acoustic communication channel

Underwater (UW) acoustics are used for communication in a broad range of applications, with increasing numbers near shore in shallow water, including environmental monitoring, disaster prevention, assisted navigation, distributed tactical surveillance, and mine reconnaissance. While considerable efforts have been made to characterize radio frequency (RF) wireless channels, less attention has been given to shallow water acoustic channels. This paper analyzes data gathered in a very shallow estuary and quantifies how the channel's characteristics constrain the design of an acoustic digital communication system. The channel's scattering function, multipath intensity profile, coherence bandwidth, Doppler power spectrum, and coherence time are presented. Amplitude fluctuations over time are displayed, and maximum likelihood estimation is utilized to fit the data to the Rayleigh, Rice, and Nakagami-m distributions often used to model fading channels.
Nitrogen and oxygen nuclear quadrupole and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of NO bonding in pyridine 1‐oxides

"N nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra of the NO functional group in a series of 4-substituted pyridine 1-oxides (R=H, CH,, C,H,, OCH,, OCH,C,H,, CI, CN, NOz) and the natural abundance I7O NQR and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution spectra of a number of selected systems were obtained. The orientations of the principal axes of the '"N electric field gradient tensor (efg) in the NO group were determined using a Townes-Dailey treatment of the NQR results, combined with a -C crosspolarization magic-angle sample-spinning NMR line shape analysis of carbons bonded directly to nitrogen. The major principal axis (Z) is coincident with the N-0 bond. The orientation of the principal (Z) axis of the I7O efg tensor also lies along the N-0 bond, as determined by Townes-Dailey analysis. The N-0 m-bond orders show considerable sensitivity to the nature of the para-substituent, ranging from 0.17 to 0.31. "0 and -N NMR chemical shifts parallel these changes in m-bond order. Aromatic heterocyclic N-oxides have elicited considerable chemical, pharmacological and theoretical interest.14 Fundamental to their chemistry is the dual rr -electron donor-acceptor role of the NO moiety, through resonance with the aromatic ~ystem.~ Thus, the N-0 rr bond is especially sensitive to the nature of ring substituents. Qualitative information concerning the N-0 bond character has been obtained using various spectroscopic techniques, including UV,6 IR,7 photoelectron,' dipole moments,' gas-phase electron diffraction," microwave," x-ray diffraction12-16 and carbonlnitrogen NMR method^.'^,^^ We believe, however, that there remains a need for a more quantitative probe of the electronic environment of the NO moiety, and that nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy of the 14N and 170 nuclei can provide such information, since the quadrupole resonance spectrum is determined by the electric field gradient (efg) tensor at the quadrupolar nucleus, and the field gradient, in turn, is determined mainly by the valence shell p-orbital populations of the atom containing the nucleus in question.
Signaling Reduction in Idle Mode for Inter-Technology Mobility

With the proliferation of air interface technologies, there are increasingly multi-mode user equipment devices (UEs) that can operate in more than one technology, although not at the same time. To save battery life, the UEs will camp in only one technology at any point in time even when there is coverage of multiple technologies. One key requirement is to limit the uplink signaling when UEs capable of operating in multiple radio access technologies perform inter-technology handovers in idle mode. In this paper, we propose a scheme that reduces this signaling by sending an inter-technology update to the network only when the UE loses coverage of the previously used technology. We also analyze the performance benefits of this scheme with that of the approach of camping on the preferred technology whenever coverage of that technology is available.
Medical Malpractice and Facial Nerve Paralysis

Background Iatrogenic facial nerve paralysis is a devastating surgical complication that occasionally results in litigation. Objective To analyze litigation trends to better understand the causes and outcomes of suits involving facial nerve paralysis to prevent future litigation and improve physician education. Design Retrospective review. Setting All US civil trials. Participants All state and federal civil trials alleging malpractice and facial nerve paralysis were reviewed. Methods Jury verdict reviews from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 2000, were obtained from a computerized legal database and analyzed. Reviews compile data on defendants, plaintiffs, allegations of wrongdoing, and expert witness specialties, and provide case summaries. Fifty-three cases from 19 of the 50 states were obtained. Data were entered into a spreadsheet for analysis. Main Outcome Measures Verdicts and indemnity payments. Results Suits reviewed were as follows: cosmetic, 12 (23%); otologic, 13 (25%); nonneoplastic disease of the parotid or other benign conditions of the head and neck, 15 (28%); benign neoplasms of the parotid, 9 (17%); malignant neoplasms of the parotid, 1 (2%); and temporomandibular joint operations, 3 (6%) (percentages do not total 100 because of rounding). Allegations of negligence were frequently multiple and included lack of informed consent (16 [30%] of 53), failure to diagnose (10 [19%] of 53), and surgical misadventures (47 [89%] of 53). Excluding failure to obtain consent or to diagnose, 28 suits still alleged negligence based solely on a surgical misadventure. Of these suits, 12 (63%) resulted in plaintiff awards. Conclusions Surgeons must emphasize and document the likelihood and consequences of this devastating complication to all patients undergoing surgery in this area. Risk management goals include a thorough and timely examination and careful and thoughtful surgical approaches. However, patient rapport and bedside manner may be the only protection the surgeon has from litigation arising from this complication.
Trace element metabolism in adult patients requiring total parenteral nutrition

Clinical expressions of iron, zinc, and copper deficiencies associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) prompted recommendations by the Nutritional Advisory Group of the American Medical Association's Department of Foods and Nutrition for trace element additives for parenteral use. In the 11 years since that conference, home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has gained increasing popularity as a means to support patients with gut failure for many years. Observations in the long-term patients on HPN confirmed the risks of Fe, Zn, and Cu deficiencies and provided new evidence for clinically significant deficiencies of selenium, chromium, and molybdenum.
Paleoindian rock art: establishing the antiquity of Great Basin Carved Abstract petroglyphs in the northern Great Basin

One of the principal ways that researchers date archaeological sites is by using temporally diagnostic projectile points as index fossils; however, this practice has not been widely employed to date rock art sites. We use this approach here to test the hypothesis that the Great Basin Carved Abstract (GBCA) petroglyph style found in the northern Great Basin was produced by Paleoindians. Using frequencies of projectile points at 55 GBCA sites, we demonstrate that Paleoindian points are significantly overrepresented there relative to their occurrence on the general landscape, providing evidence that Great Basin populations produced rock art sometime during the Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene (TP/EH), ∼12,500–8000 radiocarbon years ago. Additionally, we examine several environmental variables at GBCA sites and propose a model of Paleoindian land-use in the northern Great Basin that highlights seasonal visits to uplands to procure geophytes (i.e., root crops).
Identification and characterization of CCAAT/Enhancer Binding proteindelta (C/EBPdelta) target genes in G0 growth arrested mammary epithelial cells

CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteinδ (C/EBPδ) is a member of the highly conserved C/EBP family of leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins. C/EBPδ is highly expressed in G0 growth arrested mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and "loss of function" alterations in C/EBPδ have been associated with impaired contact inhibition, increased genomic instability and increased cell migration. Reduced C/EBPδ expression has also been reported in breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). C/EBPδ functions as a transcriptional activator, however, only a limited number of C/EBPδ target genes have been reported. As a result, the role of C/EBPδ in growth control and the potential mechanisms by which "loss of function" alterations in C/EBPδ contribute to tumorigenesis are poorly understood. The goals of the present study were to identify C/EBPδ target genes using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation coupled with a CpG Island (HCG12K) Array gene chip ("ChIP-chip") assay and to assess the expression and potential functional roles of C/EBPδ target genes in growth control. ChIP-chip assays identified ~100 C/EBPδ target gene loci which were classified by gene ontology (GO) into cell adhesion, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, signal transduction, intermediary metabolism, gene transcription, DNA repair and solute transport categories. Conventional ChIP assays validated the ChIP-chip results and demonstrated that 14/14 C/EBPδ target loci were bound by C/EBPδ in G0 growth arrested MCF-12A MECs. Gene-specific RT-PCR analysis also demonstrated C/EBPδ-inducible expression of 14/14 C/EBPδ target genes in G0 growth arrested MCF-12A MECs. Finally, expression of endogenous C/EBPδ and selected C/EBPδ target genes was also demonstrated in contact-inhibited G0 growth arrested nontransformed human MCF-10A MECs and in mouse HC11 MECs. The results demonstrate consistent activation and downstream function of C/EBPδ in growth arrested human and murine MECs. C/EBPδ target genes were identified by a global gene array approach and classified into functional categories that are consistent with biological contexts in which C/EBPδ is induced, such as contact-mediated G0 growth arrest, apoptosis, metabolism and inflammation. The identification and validation of C/EBPδ target genes provides new insights into the mechanistic role of C/EBPδ in mammary epithelial cell biology and sheds new light on the potential impact of "loss of function" alterations in C/EBPδ in tumorigenesis.
Observations on Surface-Water Temperatures in Limesink Ponds and Evaporation Pans in Southwestern Georgia

In connection with investigations of the physical characteristics of Anopheles quadrimaculatus breeding places, studies were made of surface-water temperatures in limesink ponds. Concurrently, observations were made of surface-water temperatures in evaporation pans and of air temperatures near the ponds and pans. Since aquatic stages of local Anopheles mosquitoes ordinarily develop at the water surface, most observations of water temperature were confined to this zone. Information on natural daily and seasonal temperature changes of the larval environment was needed to serve as a guide in devising physiological experiments to test effects of temperature on larval mosquito development under laboratory conditions. In the process of analyzing the temperature data, relations between air and water temperatures were studied. Results of these studies are presented in this report. The method used for determining these relations may be useful irl approximating antecedent water temperature of ponds in other areas when such records are not available. In most places adequate records of air temperature can be obtained and by using the procedures described here, correlations with water temperature can be made from a limited
Fibrous lesions of bones

A large variety of benign and malignant fibrous lesions occur in the skeleton. Many fibrous bone lesions have characteristic features on plain radiographs and are easy to diagnose; others may pose significant difficulty. Most often, an osteolytic defect is seen associated with a fibrous lesion in the affected bone, although a mixed and sclerotic fibrous bone lesion is not unusual. Many benign fibrous bone lesions are asymptomatic; others become clinically apparent because of associated pathologic fracture or deformity of the involved bone. Malignant fibrous lesions tend to be aggressive, with focal bone destruction and adjacent soft-tissue involvement. The authors describe many fibrous bone lesions with their salient clinical and radiographic features.
Dynamic Assimilation of MODIS-Retrieved Humidity Profiles within a Regional Model for High-Latitude Forecast Applications

A “hot start” technique is applied to the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) to dynamically assimilate cloud properties and humidity profiles retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on board the NASA Earth Observing System polar-orbiting satellites. The assimilation approach has been studied through extensive numerical experimentation for high-latitude rain events to demonstrate the feasibility and the benefit of the approach on the model cloud and precipitation simulation/ forecast. The ingestion of MODIS-retrieved cloud and clear-air humidity information impacts MM5 cloud fields on both a microphysical and macrophysical level. From short-term (6–12 h) forecast experiments conducted for a preliminary test case and 16 extensive summer and winter experiments, the following primary conclusions have been reached. 1) It is feasible to introduce MODIS-retrieved cloud-top properties and humidity profiles into the MM5 model in a hot start mode without disrupting model stability and evolutionary continuity. 2) The introduction of high-resolution MODIS information produced more accurate humidity fields and resulted in increased mesoscale structure in the cloud and precipitation fields. 3) The opportunistic ingestion of MODIS data at its observation time into the model leads to improved 6–12-h model precipitation forecasts with respect to not only the frequency of occurrences, but also the magnitude of precipitation amounts. 4) Verification with three-dimensional analyses indicates some improvement in model forecasts of temperature, wind, pressure perturbation, and sea level pressure as well. 5) Verification with surface station observations indicates that model forecasts of 2-m temperature, 2-m relative humidity, 10-m winds, and sea level pressure are also improved, most notably for the summer cases. The largest improvement in forecast skill is for 2-m relative humidity (12%).
A case study of unanticipated incremental change

Incremental changes add new functionality and properties to software. They are the core of software evolution, maintenance, iterative development, agile development, and similar software processes. This paper presents a technique for unanticipated incremental software change and a case study. The technique uses programming concepts as the foundation, and contains steps of concept location, actualization, incorporation, and change propagation. The case study presents an unanticipated change in the open source software "Drawlets".
Bell's Palsy in an Older Patient with Uncontrolled Hypertension Due to Medication Nonadherence

OBJECTIVE:To describe and inform pharmacists of a rarely reported occurrence of facial palsy in an elderly patient with uncontrolled hypertension resulting from nonadherence to blood pressure medications.CASE SUMMARY:A 62-year-old Hispanic woman presented to the hypertension clinic with left facial weakness, mild eyelid lag, and auricular pain for two days. The patient self-discontinued fosinopril and minoxidil six days and two days prior to developing these symptoms, respectively. A diagnosis of idiopathic peripheral VII cranial nerve lesion was made after ruling out other possible causes. Corticosteroids were not initiated because of this patient's labile hypertension. Palliative therapy was initiated and the left facial paralysis continuously improved during the six months after discharge.DISCUSSION:Patients have rarely presented with facial paralysis as the initial feature of severe hypertension. The relationship between facial paralysis and hypertension has been reported in a small number of cases, i...
The Role of Hypercorrection in the Acquisition of L2 Phonemic Contrasts.

This article reports empirical findings from an ongoing investigation into the acquisition of second-language (L2) phonemic contrasts. Specifically, we consider the status and role of the phenomenon of hypercorrection in the various stages through which L2 learners develop and internalize a target language (TL) contrast. We adopt the prevailing view in both sociolinguistics and second language acquisition studies that hypercorrection results from a certain amount of linguistic insecurity on the part of the speaker. Based on 53 Korean speakers’ production of English target phonemes, we conclude that a series of hypercorrection errors may well represent the final stage in the acquisition of a contrast, and further, that in order for hypercorrection to occur, there must be a formal connection between the TL contrast being acquired and the phonological structure of the learner’s native language.
Electron impact excitation of atomic oxygen: Revised cross sections

Revised cross-section values for the excitation of three O I resonance transitions at 1304, 1027, and 989 A, by electron impact on atomic oxygen are presented from threshold to 300 eV. These results are smaller than the excitation cross sections used in some airglow models by a factor of about 2.8. The revised values are in good agreement with recent quantum-scattering calculations. The downward revision is required by new laboratory studies in which the direct and dissociative cross sections for 1304 A excitation were normalized with small probable error to the O and O2 ionization cross sections. The results also reflect new advances in VUV optical calibration techniques. A number of outstanding airglow problems are simplified by these revisions.
Standoff Pressures and Thermal Characterization of the Peltier-Actuated Microvalve

Experiments were conducted with Peltier-actuated microvalves to determine the maximum stand-off pressures possible with such valves, and to investigate the effect of supercooling on valve operation. Stand-off pressures were found to exceed the limits of measurability at 10 MPa. The experimental data, supported by thermal modeling, indicated that supercooling in linear-junction microvalves was typically about ?15 C, while supercooling in tube-type Peltier valves ranged from ?8 to ?20 C.
Behavioral changes in fish exposed to phytoestrogens.

We investigated the behavioral effects of exposure to waterborne phytoestrogens in male fighting fish, Betta splendens. Adult fish were exposed to a range of concentrations of genistein, equol, β-sitosterol, and the positive control 17β-estradiol. The following behaviors were measured: spontaneous swimming activity, latency to respond to a perceived intruder (mirror reflection), intensity of aggressive response toward a perceived intruder, probability of constructing a nest in the presence of a female, and the size of the nest constructed. We found few changes in spontaneous swimming activity, the latency to respond to the mirror, and nest size, and modest changes in the probability of constructing a nest. There were significant decreases, however, in the intensity of aggressive behavior toward the mirror following exposure to several concentrations, including environmentally relevant ones, of 17β-estradiol, genistein, and equol. This suggests that phytoestrogen contamination has the potential to significantly affect the behavior of free-living fishes.
The Effects of an Induced Pyridoxine and Pantothenic Acid Deficiency on Excretions of Oxalic and Xanthurenic Acids in the Urine

MARGARET A. OuLsoN, PH.D.� ANt) ROBERT E. HODGES, M.D.1� U NTIL RECENTLy, urinary oxalic acid was considered to be almost entirely of exogenous origin. It has now been shown in animals and in man that oxalic acid may be derived endogenously from glycine via glyoxvlic acid. ' -� Although the reconversion of glyoxylic acid to glycine, i.e., glyoxylic acid + glutamic acidglycine + a-ketoglutaric acid, has been shown to be favored over oxalic acid form ' inhibition of this reaction, such as may occur in a lack of pyridoxine, could result in an ac- cumulation of glyoxylic acid with increased oxalic acid production. In support of this postulation are the recent reports that rats and kittens fed pyridoxine-deficient diets had oxaluria and that the addition of glycine and or desoxypyridoxine to the diets resulted in even greater amounts of urinary oxalic acid.6-1' In addition, it has been reported that healthy subjects receiving diets thought to be adequate in pyridoxine, excrete decreased amounts of oxalic acid after the ingestion of 10 to 20 mg. of pyridoxine hydrochloride.'2"3 This experiment was undertaken to study the effects of induced pyridoxine and panto- thenic acid deficiency in man with particular reference to the development of immunity.'4
Malignant Transformation Rate in Patients Presenting Oral Epithelial Dysplasia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective. To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on studies that assess malignant transformation rates (MTR) of oral epithelial dysplasia. Materials and Methods. This review was planned and conducted in accordance with the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were screened to identify observational studies. Quality assessments were completed by two reviewers independently using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Pooled-malignant transformation rate (MTR) in person years, subgroup, sensitivity, and publication bias analysis were calculated using STATA 13.0 and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results. Sixteen observational cohort studies were identified with a total of 3708 participants from Asia, North America, and Europe. Analysis showed a MTR of 10.5% (pooled-MTR: 10.5, 95% CI: 3.7 to 17.3; fixed effect model, %; -value = 2.389; ) among patients with histologically confirmed oral epithelia dysplasia undergoing long-term follow-up. Higher MTR in person year were seen among the sever dysplastic cases (pooled-MTR: 14.4%, 95% CI: 5.3% to 23.5%), studies published in Europe (pooled-MTR: 12.6%, 95% CI: 8.0% to 24.3%), and retrospective studies (pooled-MTR: 11.0%, 95% CI: 2.2% to 19.9%). Conclusion. These studies show that oral epithelial dysplasia has a significant high rate of transformation to cancer.
Interleaved trellis coded spread-spectrum for Rician fading channels

A direct-sequence spread-spectrum communication system which uses a form of trellis coding is considered. The authors analyze the performance of this system for a channel model which includes the effects of multiple-access interference, Gaussian noise and Rician fading. Upper and lower bounds on the probability of occurrence of dominant error events are obtained by modeling the continuous probability density functions of noise and interference as discrete probability mass functions. Bit error rates are reported for coded and uncoded systems with equivalent power, bandwidth and transmission rates. It is found that while coded systems without interleaving yield only modest performance improvements over uncoded systems, coded systems with interleaving perform dramatically better. >
Scientific requirements for ecosystem-based management in the restoration of Chesapeake Bay and Coastal Louisiana

Abstract Ecosystem-based management requires integration of multiple system components and uses, identifying and striving for sustainable outcomes, precaution in avoiding deleterious actions, and adaptation based on experience to achieve effective solutions. Efforts underway or in planning to restore and manage two major coastal ecosystems, the Chesapeake Bay (Chesapeake Bay Program) and coastal Louisiana (Louisiana Coastal Area Plan and Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan), are examined with respect to these four principles. These multifaceted restoration programs represent among the foremost challenges for science and coastal management in the United States and, thereby, have important implications for addressing the coastal environmental crises being experienced throughout the world. Although frameworks exist for integration of management objectives in both regions, the technical ability for the quantitatively integrated assessment of multiple stressors and strategies is still in an early stage of development. Science is also being challenged to identify sustainable futures, but emerging concepts of ecosystem resilience offer some promising approaches. Precautionary management is best conceived with regard to fisheries, but should become a more explicit consideration for managing risks and avoiding unanticipated consequences of restoration activities. Adaptive management is embraced as a central process in coastal Louisiana ecosystem restoration, but has not formally been implemented in the more mature Chesapeake Bay restoration. Based on these experiences, ecosystem-based management could be advanced by: (1) orienting more scientific activity to providing the solutions needed for ecosystem restoration; (2) building bridges crossing scientific and management barriers to more effectively integrate science and management; (3) directing more attention to understanding and predicting achievable restoration outcomes that consider possible state changes and ecosystem resilience; (4) improving the capacity of science to characterize and effectively communicate uncertainty; and (5) fully integrating modeling, observations, and research to facilitate more adaptive management.
Amaya Company: Financial Considerations For Product-Mix LP Models

The Amaya Company case illustrates how financial considerations can be added to product-mix linear programming (LP) models to create a more realistic and robust decision aid. Most managerial/cost accounting or operations management courses introduce product-mix LP models but without financial considerations such as cash flows and its interest expense, debt covenants, or the time value of money. Hence, the initial product-mix solution may not be acceptable when managers scrutinize its impact for related financial requirements. Students completing the Amaya Company case add financial considerations to a product-mix LP problem and examine the resulting change from the misleading initial solution.
EXPLANATION OF THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SPECTRAL LINES OF HYDROGEN IN TERMS OF A VELOCITY-DEPENDENT CORRECTION TO COULOMB'S LAW

Central forces have been productive in describing nature. Newton’s law of gravitational attraction describes to a high degree of accuracy the orbits of the planets; Coulomb’s law of electrical attraction describes to a high degree of accuracy the orbits of the electron in a hydrogen atom. By applying the Theory of Relativity, where space and time are no longer independent and absolute quantities, Einstein extended Newton’s law to describe and explain the anomalous precession of the perihelion of Mercury, and Sommerfeld extended Coulomb’s law to characterize the precession of the electron orbit of hydrogen that gives rise to the 2.7 cm fine structure spectral line. Here I show that the introduction of a tangential velocitydependent force that I have previously used to describe and explain the anomalous precession of the perihelion of Mercury can also be used to explain the fine structure in the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom without robbing the atom of Euclidean space and Newtonian time.