cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperation of Adhesin Alleles in Salmonella-Host Tropism.

ABSTRACT Allelic combinations and host specificities for three fimbrial adhesins, FimH, BcfD, and StfH, were compared for 262 strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport, a frequent human and livestock pathogen. Like FimH, BcfD had two major alleles (designated A and B), whereas StfH had two allelic groups, each with two alleles (subgroup A1 and A2 and subgroup B1 and B2). The most prevalent combinations of FimH/BcfD/StfH alleles in S. Newport were A/A/A1 and B/B/B1. The former set was most frequently found in bovine and porcine strains, whereas the latter combination was most frequently found in environmental and human isolates. Bacteria genetically engineered to express Fim, Bcf, or Stf fimbriae on their surface were tested with the different alleles for binding to human, porcine, and bovine intestinal epithelial cells. The major allelic combinations with bovine and porcine strains (A/A/A1) or with human isolates (B/B/B1) provided at least two alleles capable of binding significantly better than the other alleles to an intestinal epithelial cell line from the respective host(s). However, each combination of alleles kept at least one allele mediating binding to an intestinal epithelial cell from another host. These findings indicated that allelic variation in multiple adhesins of S. Newport contributes to bacterial adaptation to certain preferential hosts without losing the capacity to maintain a broad host range. IMPORTANCESalmonella enterica remains a leading foodborne bacterial pathogen in the United States; infected livestock serve often as the source of contaminated food products. A study estimated that over a billion Salmonella gastroenteritis cases and up to 33 million typhoid cases occur annually worldwide, with 3.5 million deaths. Although many Salmonella strains with a broad host range present preferential associations with certain host species, it is not clear what determines the various levels of host adaptation. Here, causal properties of host associations were determined with allelic variants of three colonization factors of S. enterica serovar Newport, a most frequent zoonotic serovar. This is the first study that related not only individual but also a small group of host-associated gene variants with functional properties that cooperate to determine the level of host-adapted virulence. The detected associations should help to identify sources of Salmonella infections in both humans and animals.
Biogeochemical Cycles of Carbon on a Hierarchy of Time Scales

The carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere affects life, climate, and the chemistry of oceans and sedimentary rocks. The processes that control atmospheric carbon dioxide can be analyzed in terms of biogeochemical cycles that transfer carbon between reservoirs. The small atmospheric reservoir is closely linked to other small reservoirs, shallow sea and biota. Transfer of carbon between these small reservoirs is rapid; residence times are short. The small reservoirs are connected by slower transfers to a much larger deep sea reservoir, and the coupled reservoirs of ocean, atmosphere, and biota are coupled, in turn, to very much larger reservoirs in sedimentary rocks. The exogenic reservoirs of sedimentary rocks, ocean, atmosphere, and life are coupled, in turn, by the very slow exchange of carbon with a large mantle reservoir. This hierarchy of interacting reservoirs controls atmospheric carbon dioxide on all time scales. Particular problems with restricted time scales can be analyzed in terms of a subset of the total system. Observations that illustrate interactions on different levels of the hierarchy include the seasonal change of carbon dioxide partial pressure, the glacial to interglacial change, and the evolving distribution of carbonate sediments.
Comprehensive computational model for combining fluid hydrodynamics, light transport and biomass growth in a Taylor vortex algal photobioreactor: Eulerian approach

Abstract A comprehensive Eulerian approach for integrating a three-phase CFD model, a sophisticated detailed model for radiation transport, and a transport equation for algal growth kinetics is developed and utilized to predict the performance of a Taylor vortex algal photobioreactor. Simulation predictions are compared with corresponding experimental data and with simulation predictions obtained using the more commonly employed Lagrangian particle tracking method. The Eulerian simulations correctly predict the experimental trend that biomass productivity increases with increased rates of mixing, and they also suggest that there are limits to these productivity increases as the mixing rate becomes very large. Simulation over-prediction of biomass productivity at high azimuthal Reynolds numbers can be attributed to the fact that at high biomass loadings most radiation is absorbed near illuminated reactor surfaces, and it becomes increasingly important, but also more difficult, to properly resolve the thinning hydrodynamic and radiative boundary layers.
A calorimetric study of oxygen-storage in Pd/ceria and Pd/ceria–zirconia catalysts

Heats of adsorption were measured calorimetrically for O2 adsorption on reduced Pd/alumina, Pd/ceria, and Pd/ceria–zirconia catalysts, all with 1 wt% Pd. Significantly more O2 adsorbed on the ceria-containing catalysts due to oxidation of the support. For Pd/alumina, the heats were found to be between 180 and 220 kJ/mol, only slightly higher in magnitude than the heat of reaction for bulk oxidation of Pd. However, the heats of adsorption for both ceria and ceria–zirconia were also ∼200 kJ/mol, much lower than the heat of reaction for Ce2O3 oxidation to CeO2, but in reasonable agreement with estimates from O2 desorption studies on model ceria films. The implications of these results for understanding oxygen-storage properties on ceria-based catalysts are discussed.
Aggregate Demand and the Top 1 Percent

There has been a large rise in US top income inequality since the 1980s. We merge a widely studied model of the Pareto tail of labor incomes with a canonical model of consumption and savings to study the consequences of this increase for aggregate demand. Our model suggests that the rise of the top 1 percent may have led to a large increase in desired savings and can explain a 0.45pp to 0.85pp decline in long-run real interest rates. This effect arises from both a wealth effect at the top and increased precautionary savings from declines lower in the income distribution.
IDENTIFICATION OF COEFFICIENTS IN DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER MODELS

Abstract A partial differential equation model of a cantilevered beam with a tip mass at its free end is used to study damping in a composite. Four separate damping mechanisms consisting of air damping, strain rate damping, spatial hysteresis and time hysteresis are considered experimentally. Dynamic tests were performed to produce time histories. The time history data is then used along with an approximate model to form a sequence of least squares problems. The solution of the least squares problem yields the estimated damping coefficients. The resulting experimentally determined analytical model is compared with the time histories via numerical simulation of the dynamic response. The procedure suggested here is compared with a standard modal damping ratio model commonly used in experimental modal analysis.
Stochastically pumped adaptation and directional motion of molecular machines

Recent developments in synthetic molecular motors and pumps have sprung from a remarkable confluence of experiment and theory. Synthetic accomplishments have facilitated the ability to design and create molecules, many of them featuring mechanically bonded components, to carry out specific functions in their environment—walking along a polymeric track, unidirectional circling of one ring about another, synthesizing stereoisomers according to an external protocol, or pumping rings onto a long rod-like molecule to form and maintain high-energy, complex, nonequilibrium structures from simpler antecedents. Progress in the theory of nanoscale stochastic thermodynamics, specifically the generalization and extension of the principle of microscopic reversibility to the single-molecule regime, has enhanced the understanding of the design requirements for achieving strong unidirectional motion and high efficiency of these synthetic molecular machines for harnessing energy from external fluctuations to carry out mechanical and/or chemical functions in their environment. A key insight is that the interaction between the fluctuations and the transition state energies plays a central role in determining the steady-state concentrations. Kinetic asymmetry, a requirement for stochastic adaptation, occurs when there is an imbalance in the effect of the fluctuations on the forward and reverse rate constants. Because of strong viscosity, the motions of the machine can be viewed as mechanical equilibrium processes where mechanical resonances are simply impossible but where the probability distributions for the state occupancies and trajectories are very different from those that would be expected at thermodynamic equilibrium.
Society of Family Planning clinical guidelines pain control in surgical abortion part 1 - local anesthesia and minimal sedation.

Abstract Satisfactory pain control for women undergoing surgical abortion is important for patient comfort and satisfaction. Clinicians ought to be aware of the safety and efficacy of different pain control regimens. This document will focus on nonpharmacologic modalities to reduce pain and pharmacologic interventions up to the level of minimal sedation. For surgical abortion without intravenous medications, a multimodal approach to pain control may combine a dedicated emotional-support person, visual or auditory distraction, administration of local anesthesia to the cervix with buffered lidocaine and a preoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oral opioids do not decrease procedural pain. Oral anxiolytics decrease anxiety but not the experience of pain. Further research is needed on alternative options to control pain short of moderate or deep sedation.
Opioid and Drug Prevalence in Top 40's Music: A 30 Year Review

Objectives/Hypothesis: Our objective was to identify current trends in the prose of popular music and, specifically, to identify if a relationship exists between the mention of opioid narcotics in Top 409s music and a rising prevalence of opioid use disorder in the United States. Methods: A list of Billboard9s top 100 songs for each year of the past 30 years (1986 to 2016) was collected. Lyrics from the 40 most popular songs of each year were queried for reference to drugs and alcohol. χ2 analysis was used to identify statistically significant relationships with a level of significance set at P Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the lyrical mention to opioids (0.0% to 5.0% of songs, P = .004), marijuana (0.6% to 17.2% of songs, P Conclusion: There is increasing prevalence in the lyrical mention of opioids, among other drugs, in Top 409s music. Nearly 50% of 2016 Top 409s songs reference drugs or alcohol. Further inquiry may be warranted to evaluate the societal impact and persuasive abilities of popular culture, including Top 409s music, on American drug and alcohol use.
Factors Associated with Requesting Magnetic Resonance Imaging during the Management of Glomus Tumors.

Background: The characteristic clinical presentation of glomus tumors and the low negative predictive value of themagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) raise the question whether MRI improves their management. Therefore, this studyaimed to investigate whether MRI improved the management of glomus tumors.Methods: In total, 87 patients with a histologically confirmed glomus tumor were treated over a 25-year period andanalyzed retrospectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent predictors ofan MRI request during the management of glomus tumors.Results: According to the results, the patients who were treated by orthopaedic surgeons were more likely to have anMRI during the management of a glomus tumor.Conclusion: The role of an MRI during the management of a glomus tumor is unclear. Orthopaedic surgeons aremore likely to request an MRI. Furthermore, visible lesions with characteristic symptoms probably do not benefitfrom MRI. However, it may help to be sure that the highest-quality MRI is used with the best possible coil for thefinger.Level of evidence: IV
Bisphenol AF promotes inflammation in human white adipocytes

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals interact with transcription factors essential for adipocyte differentiation. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals corresponds with elevated risks of obesity, bu...
Distribution Network Voltage Profile Optimization via Multi-Stage Flexible Optimal Power Flow

With distributed energy resources in distribution systems being installed at a rapid pace, controlling the voltage profile across a distribution system is becoming a critical task. This paper proposes a multi-stage flexible optimal power flow (F-OPF) to optimize the voltage profile across distribution networks. The multi-stage F-OPF formulation starts from modeling individual devices and forming the network. A standard syntax is used to achieve object orientation in modeling. Then, with the number of stages defined, the multi-stage F-OPF problem is formulated. A sequential linear programming algorithm that combines the improved move limit method with the costate method is proposed to solve the problem. The most violated constraints are identified and the solution is steered to feasibility accordingly. In addition, the move limits are adjusted based on the gradient of the objective function with respect to controls. Performance of the proposed method is demonstrated on a network that comes from an actual distribution feeder.
Local Glaucomatous Defects of the Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Show a Variety of Patterns of Progression.

Precis The region of glaucomatous progression, seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL), increases in width and depth in all eyes, but shows a variety of different patterns of loss across eyes. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of cRNFL loss secondary to glaucomatous progression in a region associated with the superior hemifield of the 24-2/30-2 visual field (VF). Methods Twenty-four eyes (20 patients) with a diagnosis of glaucoma and evidence of progression on OCT had OCT disc cube scans on at least 3 separate visits (mean follow-up 7.4 y; range: 3.9 to 11.4). Circumpapillary b-scans were derived after enface images were aligned to assure that the study region (ie, 0 to -135 degrees, where 0 degree is 9 o'clock, on a right eye) coincided. Within this region, a region of progression (ROP) was defined based on the loss in cRNFL thickness between the first and subsequent visits. The width of the ROP was determined, along with the locations of its leading (close to fixation) and trailing edges. In addition, for each ROP, the location and depth at the point of maximal loss, total loss, and average remaining retinal nerve fiber layer were measured. Results The ROP proceeded both toward and away from fixation. Across eyes, the ROP varied widely in width (32 to 131 degrees, mean 82.7 degrees), location, and loss at point of deepest loss (22 to 99 μm, mean 52.9 μm), as well as total cRNFL loss. Conclusions All eyes showed a widening and deepening of the ROP, but a variety of different patterns of progressive cRNFL loss. Thus, one should expect considerable variation in patterns of VF loss. Furthermore, conventional metrics (global or quadrant cRNFL thickness) do not fully depict the progressive changes that can be appreciated by inspecting OCT images.
Impacts of Spatial Patterns of Rural and Exurban Residential Development on Agricultural Trends in the Intermountain West

In recent years, counties in the Intermountain West (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah) have experienced rapid population growth and housing development, and much of this growth is occurr...
Intracellular escape strategies of Staphylococcus aureus in persistent cutaneous infections.

Pathogenic invasion of Staphylococcus aureus is a major concern in patients with chronic skin diseases like atopic dermatitis (AD), epidermolysis bullosa (EB), or chronic diabetic foot and venous leg ulcers, and can result in persistent and life-threatening chronic non-healing wounds. Staphylococcus aureus is generally recognized as extracellular pathogens. However, S. aureus can also invade, hide and persist in skin cells to contribute to wound chronicity. The intracellular life cycle of S. aureus is currently incompletely understood, although published studies indicate that its intracellular escape strategies play an important role in persistent cutaneous infections. This review provides current scientific knowledge about the intracellular life cycle of S. aureus in skin cells, which can be classified into professional and non-professional antigen-presenting cells, and its strategies to escape adaptive defense mechanisms. First, we discuss phenotypic switch of S. aureus, which affects intracellular routing and degradation. This review also evaluates potential intracellular escape mechanism of S. aureus to avoid intracellular degradation and antigen presentation, preventing an immune response. Furthermore, we discuss potential drug targets that can interfere with the intracellular life cycle of S. aureus. Taken together, this review aimed to increase scientific understanding about the intracellular life cycle of S. aureus into skin cells and its strategies to evade the host immune response, information that is crucial to reduce pathogenic invasion and life-threatening persistence of S. aureus in chronic cutaneous infections.
Anti-racist interventions to transform ecology, evolution and conservation biology departments

Racial and ethnic discrimination persist in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields, including ecology, evolution and conservation biology (EECB) and related disciplines. Marginalization and oppression as a result of institutional and structural racism continue to create barriers to inclusion for Black people, Indigenous people and people of colour (BIPOC), and remnants of historic racist policies and pseudoscientific theories continue to plague these fields. Many academic EECB departments seek concrete ways to improve the climate and implement anti-racist policies in their teaching, training and research activities. We present a toolkit of evidence-based interventions for academic EECB departments to foster anti-racism in three areas: in the classroom; within research laboratories; and department wide. To spark restorative discussion and action in these areas, we summarize EECB's racist and ethnocentric histories, as well as current systemic problems that marginalize non-white groups. Finally, we present ways that EECB departments can collectively address shortcomings in equity and inclusion by implementing anti-racism, and provide a positive model for other departments and disciplines.
Prebiotic Inulin Supplementation and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in adults at Elevated Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Prediabetes affects 84.1 million adults, and many will progress to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this proof-of-concept trial was to determine the efficacy of inulin supplementation to improve glucose metabolism and reduce T2D risk. Adults (n = 24; BMI: 31.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2; age: 54.4 ± 8.3 years) at risk for T2D were enrolled in this controlled feeding trial and consumed either inulin (10 g/day) or placebo (maltodextrin, 10 g/day) for six weeks. Assessments included peripheral insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose, and insulin, HOMA-IR, in vivo skeletal muscle substrate preference, Bifidobacteria copy number, intestinal permeability, and endotoxin concentrations. Participant retention was 92%. There were no baseline group differences except for fasting insulin (p = 0.003). The magnitude of reduction in fasting insulin concentrations with inulin (p = 0.003, inulin = Δ-2.9, placebo = Δ2.3) was attenuated after adjustment for baseline concentrations (p = 0.04). After adjusting for baseline values, reduction in HOMA-IR with inulin (inulin = Δ-0.40, placebo=Δ0.27; p = 0.004) remained significant. Bifidobacteria 16s increased (p = 0.04; inulin = Δ3.1e9, placebo = Δ-8.9e8) with inulin supplementation. Despite increases in gut Bifidobacteria, inulin supplementation did not improve peripheral insulin sensitivity. These findings question the need for larger investigations of inulin and insulin sensitivity in this population.
Impact of AVX-512 Instructions on Graph Partitioning Problems.

Graph analysis now percolates society with applications ranging from advertising and transportation to medical research. The structure of graphs is becoming more complex every day while they are getting larger. The increasing size of graph networks has made many of the classical algorithms reasonably slow. Fortunately, CPU architectures have evolved to adjust to new and more complex problems in terms of core-level parallelism and vector-level parallelism (SIMD-level). In this paper, we are exploring how the modern vector architecture of CPUs can help with community detection, partitioning, and coloring kernels by studying two representatives algorithms. We consider the Intel SkylakeX and Cascade Lake architectures, which support gather and scatter instructions on 512-bit vectors. The existing vectorized graph algorithms of classic graph problems, such as BFS and PageRank, do not apply well to community detection; we show the support of gather and scatter are necessary. In particular for the implementation of the reduce-scatter patterns. We evaluate the performances achieved on the two architectures and conclude that good hardware support for scatter instructions is necessary to fully leverage the vector processing for graph partitioning problems.
Random Coding Union Bounds for LDPC Coded MIMO Systems

Under the assumption of random coding, we derive a closed-form union bound on the error performance of MIMO systems. The distance spectrum of random block codes, instead of that of LDPC or Turbo codes, is used in this paper for the purpose of closed-form derivation. As compared with the simulation results, the bound is useful as a performance benchmark for a concatenated coding scheme over MIMO systems in which the LDPC or Turbo code serves as the outer code to drive an inner space-time modulation block. In addition, the derived closed-form error exponent and cutoff rate are consistent with Gallager's random coding exponent and the information-theoretic channel capacity in a variety of modulation and channel scenarios.
Radio and Optical Interferometry

This lecture will cover the basics of astronomical interferometers as imaging devices. The basic response of such an instrument to celestial signals is covered as well as the relationships between what can be measured and what is desired, i.e. the brightness distribution on the sky. This topic is covered in much detail in [11], [10]. Both radio and optical/IR techniques will be covered, although the emphasis will be on the radio since that is the main topic of this school. The physical realizations of radio and optical/IR interferometers are quite different as are many of the detailed technical problems, but the underlying physical principles are the same. This lecture primarily covers these underlying physical principles so a distinction is usually not needed. There is a section at the end of this lecture that discusses some of the special issues for optical/IR interferometers. For a recent review of developments in optical interferometry see [6].
A Form of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Cytochrome b5 Reductase Containing Both the Catalytic Site and an Additional Hydrophobic Membrane-binding Segment

Cytochrome b5 reductase from calf liver has been purified by a nonhydrolytic procedure which involves Triton X-100 extraction of microsomes and DEAE-chromatography in the presence of Triton X-100 and deoxycholate. The reductase obtained in this manner has a monomeric molecular weight of 43,000 as compared to a molecular weight of 33,000 for reductase obtained by lysosomal extraction of microsomes. The additional mass present in the new preparation is due to an additional 99 amino acid residues, about 65% of which are hydrophobic and most of which occur in a single amino acid sequence. This hydrophobic amino acid sequence confers upon the reductase a marked tendency to polymerize in aqueous media and permits it to bind to microsomal membranes. The detergent-extracted reductase is catalytically similar to lysosomal-extracted reductase with ferricyanide as an electron acceptor, but its reaction with cytochrome b5 is slowed by polymerization. Chymotryptic cleavage of detergent-extracted reductase releases a core enzyme, which is chromatographically indistinguishable from lysosomal-extracted reductase, and polymers of hydrophobic peptides, the largest of which has a monomeric molecular weight of about 10,000. This is similar to our earlier studies with detergent-extracted cytochrome b5 and constitutes the second example of a membrane protein which has a distinctly amphipathic structure.
Palmoplantar Peeling Secondary to Sirolimus Therapy

Sirolimus (rapamycin) is an immunosuppressive agent commonly used in transplant recipients. Although sirolimus has less renal toxicity than calcineurin inhibitors, its use has been limited by its side effects. The most common cutaneous pathologies associated with sirolimus are inflammatory acneiform eruptions, lymphedema and aphthous ulcers. We present a novel cutaneous manifestation of sirolimus therapy that limited its use in at least one transplant recipient. Upon commencing sirolimus therapy, four solid organ transplant recipients developed tender, nonpruritic palmoplantar peeling within the first month of therapy. The peeling clinically resembled a mild form of hand-foot syndrome, yet none of the patients had been treated with chemotherapeutics. Desquamation presented on the palms and soles with dry vesicles and minor peeling extending to the dorsal aspects of the hands and feet. Histologically, the lesions were noninflammatory; the epidermis showed subtle separation between keratinocytes, suggesting either spongiosis or a defect in intercellular adhesion. One patient opted to discontinue treatment because of the tenderness associated with the palmoplantar peeling, which resulted in complete resolution within 2 weeks.
IL-13Rα1 is a surface marker for M2 macrophages influencing their differentiation and function.

In this study, we examined the role IL-13 receptor alpha 1 (IL-13Rα1) plays in macrophage differentiation and function. The findings indicate that IL-13Rα1 is expressed on the M2 but not on the M1 subset of macrophages and specifically heterodimerizes with the IL-4Rα chain to form a type II receptor, which controls the differentiation and function of these cells. Indeed, BM cells from IL-13Rα1(+/+) and IL-13Rα1(-/-) mice yield equivalent numbers of macrophages when cultured under M2 polarizing conditions. However, IL-13Rα1(-/-) BM cells yield a much higher number of macrophages than IL-13Rα1(+/+) BM cells when the differentiation is carried out under M1-polarizing conditions. Further analyses indicated that macrophages that express IL-13Rα1 also display surface markers associated with an M2 phenotype. In addition, the IL-13Rα1(+) macrophages were highly efficient in phagocytizing zymosan bioparticles both in vitro and in vivo, and supported differentiation of naive T cells to a Th2 phenotype. Finally, when stimulated by IL-13, a cytokine that uses the heteroreceptor, the cells were able to phosphorylate STAT6 efficiently. These previously unrecognized findings indicate that IL-13Rα1 serves as a marker for M2 macrophages and the resulting heteroreceptor influences both their differentiation and function.
Partial Adrenalectomy—Why Should it be Considered?

Abstract Introduction When a biochemically active adrenal mass is found, surgery is usually recommended. While partial adrenalectomy is increasing in popularity for small adrenal masses, it is not clear which patients will benefit from adrenal sparing to preserve adrenal function in case of contralateral adrenal pathology. We reviewed the available literature to evaluate the frequency of bilaterality of adrenal involvement with most common primary adrenal tumors and the frequency of other pathologies potentially threatening the health of the adrenal gland. Methods We reviewed the available PubMed® literature to evaluate the reported bilaterality of primary adrenal tumors, including hereditary and nonhereditary pheochromocytomas, aldosterone producing adenomas and cortisol producing adenomas, and identified 25 articles describing the frequency of bilaterality of adrenal masses. We also reviewed the literature to assess the etiologies of adrenal damage due to other pathological processes that may affect the adrenal gland in the life span of a patient and calculated the combined probability for adrenal damage. Results Bilaterality of adrenal tumors in hereditary and nonhereditary diseases ranged from 4.25% to 80%. Hereditary pheochromocytomas were bilateral in up to 80% of cases while nonhereditary pheochromocytomas were bilateral in up to 25%. Aldosterone producing adenomas were bilateral in about 4% of cases while only case reports reported bilaterality in cortisol producing tumors. Additionally, review of other processes, such as infections, infiltrative etiologies, adrenal metastasis and others accounted for about a 1% chance of adrenal damage from all possible causes. Conclusions Partial adrenalectomy may be a valid option for patients with hereditary syndromes as there is an increased likelihood of disease in the contralateral gland. Pheochromocytomas followed by aldosterone producing adenomas appear to have the highest rate of bilateral involvement. Coupled with the possibility that an additional 1% of the population may have adrenals affected by various pathological processes, partial adrenalectomy in patients with metabolically active adrenal tumors should be considered.
Newborn Screening for Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Views of Genetic Healthcare Providers.

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), lysosomal enzyme deficiencies causing multi-system organ damage, have come to the forefront in newborn screening (NBS) initiatives due to new screening technologies and emerging treatments. We developed a qualitative discussion tool to explore opinions of genetic healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding population-based NBS for MPS types 1 and 2, Pompe, Gaucher, Fabry, and Krabbe diseases. Thirty-eight telephone interviews conducted by a single researcher were analyzed and coded for thematic trends. Six major themes emerged: 1) treatment availability and efficacy is crucial; 2) early age of disease onset is important; 3) ambiguity regarding prognosis is undesirable; 4) parents’ ability to make reproductive decisions is seen by some as a benefit of NBS; 5) paucity of resources for follow-up exists; and 6) the decision-making process for adding conditions to mandated NBS is concerning to HCPs. Among the LSDs discussed, Pompe was considered most appropriate, and Krabbe least appropriate, for NBS. MPS1 and MPS2 were overall considered favorably for screening, but MPS1 ranked higher, due to a perception of better efficacy of therapeutic options. Fabry and Gaucher diseases were viewed less favorably due to later age of onset. The themes identified in this study must be addressed by decision-makers in expanding NBS for LSDs and may be applied to many diseases being considered for NBS in the future.
Nonverbal Communication from Superiors and Peers Perceived Impact

Increased awareness of nonverbal communication in organizations raises the issue of how subordinates integrate the various components of superiors' messages. The double-bind theory and other research suggest that a dependent relationship such as that between organizational subordinate and superior might alter the relative importance of verbal and nonverbal information. Responses to hypothetical messages composed of verbal, vocal, and facial information from an organizational superior were compared with responses to messages from a peer. In the superior condition, subjects gave greatest weight to verbal content in judgments of overall supportiveness, while messages from peers were judged more by facial expression. In both conditions negative information had more impact than positive information. No significant differences between conditions were found in perception of sincerity. Inconsistency between any two channels caused the message to be perceived as insincere.
Airborne imaging spectrometer-2 - Radiometric spectral characteristics and comparison of ways to compensate for the atmosphere

The reduction of AIS data to spectral radiance utilizing the detector responsivity equations developed by a laboratory calibration of the instrument with a BaSO4-coated integrating sphere is described. Estimates of the signal-to-noise ratio for laboratory and flight conditions are obtained. In addition, the effective in-flight instrumental spectral sampling interval is estimated by using atmospheric CO2 absorption lines generated from LOWTRAN simulations.
Effects of list length on short-term memory

A memory experiment has been performed with the following procedure. On each trial of the experiment a display of items was presented in a serial order. At the conclusion of each display S was tested for recall on one of the items. The length of the displays varied from 3 to 14 items. Plotted as serial position curves, the results showed an S-shaped recency effect and a smaller primacy effect. A specific version of a memory model formulated by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1965) was presented and applied to the data. The model assumes two memory states: a temporary storage state, called the buffer, from which retrieval is perfect; and a long-term storage state called LTS, from which retrieval is imperfect. Both response data and confidence ratings were accurately fit by the model.
An Introduction to the Implant Crown with an Esthetic Adhesive Margin (ICEAM)

This article describes a novel technique with the addition of a pressed porcelain abutment margin capable of bonding to the porcelain margin of an implant crown restoration.This allows for supragingival margin placement, reduces the potential effect of excess cement-induced peri-implant disease, and provides a controlled environment for the bonding process. Another advantage is the matching esthetics of the crown and supporting abutment, which in the event gingival recession occurs, the restoration appears as a longer tooth without the risk of exposing an underlying abutment margin with different esthetic properties.
Pointwise Angle Minimization: A Method for Guiding Wheeled Robots Based on Constrained Directions

In this paper we consider the point-to-point steering of a two wheeled differential drive mobile robot subject to constrained control inputs where the robot is expected to follow a given path between initial and final points. Formulation of this steering task as a constrained optimal control problem leads to nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. To avoid dealing with boundary value problems while alleviating the complications in analysis of systems with holonomic/non-holonomic constraints, we tackle the problem from a different perspective. This paper proposes a general framework for guiding wheeled robots using constrained direction method. The proposed scheme is equipped with pointwise angle minimization, a search algorithm useful in devising control strategies for steering problems. In addition to computational efficiency, one of the main advantages of the proposed scheme is that it does not impose any restrictive assumptions on the robot’s model. In this paper, kinematics of the robot under the assumption of rolling without slipping has been used as the model of the system and the efficiency of the proposed navigation scheme is illustrated through simulation results. However, the proposed scheme can be applied to more complicated models representing the two wheeled differential robots such as dynamics under slip occurrence.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Accelerated radiotherapy regimen for malignant gliomas using stereotactic concomitant boosts for dose escalation

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility and toxicities of an accelerated treatment program by using a concomitant stereotactic radiotherapy boost given weekly during a course of standard external-beam irradiation (EBXRT) in patients with malignant gliomas. Twelve patients underwent biopsy or subtotal resection of a malignant glioma and were enrolled on the protocol, which delivered 44 Gy-EBXRT and a 12-Gy stereotactic radiotherapy boost given on 3 consecutive weeks of treatment for a total dose of 80 Gy over 33 days. Three patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and nine patients with glioblastoma multiforme had median survival times of 33 months and 16 months, respectively. All of the tumor recurrences were within or were closely adjacent to the region of high-dose irradiation. None of the patients required a treatment break, and there were no acute complications. Two patients developed seizures in the follow-up period, and four patients were diagnosed with radionecrosis at the time of the second operation. The treatment program was found to be feasible and was well tolerated, and it resulted in a rate of late complications similar to those of radiosurgery or interstitial brachytherapy. Radiat. Oncol. Invest. 6:175–181, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamical gate-tunable supercurrents in topological Josephson junctions

Josephson junctions made of closely spaced conventional superconductors on the surface of three-dimensional topological insulators have been proposed to host Andreev bound states (ABSs), which can include Majorana fermions. Here, we present an extensive study of the supercurrent carried by low-energy ABSs in $\mathrm{Nb}/{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}/\mathrm{Nb}$ Josephson junctions in various superconducting quantum interference devices as we modulate the carrier density in the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ barriers through electrostatic top gates. As previously reported, we find a precipitous drop in the Josephson current at a critical value of the voltage applied to the top gate. This drop has been attributed to a transition where the topologically trivial two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the surface is nearly depleted, causing a shift in the spatial location and a change in nature of the helical surface states. We present measurements that support this picture by revealing qualitative changes in the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the critical current across this transition. In particular, we observe pronounced fluctuations in the critical current near total depletion of the 2DEG that demonstrate the dynamical nature of the supercurrent transport through topological low-energy ABSs.
Geometric details and modeling accuracy requirements for shipboard impressed current cathodic protection system modeling

In any computational approach it is necessary to idealize the structure modeled to some extent. In much of the work completed to date using boundary element methods to model shipboard impressed current cathodic protection systems (ICCP) propellers have been idealized as solid disks. While this simplified geometry may capture the shadowing nature of the component it may not capture essential features of the near hull potential field in the vicinity of the propeller. Earlier work utilized the disk representation of propellers as a required compromise between modeling and problem size limitations. Advances in computing power coupled with advances in model generation programs have resulted in the ability to readily create complex geometries without significant concerns related to mesh size. In this work three different representations of propellers are evaluated. The first method for modeling the propellers is the disk model used in past analyses. In the second case, the propeller is modeled in detail including individual blades. In the third detailed approach, a propeller is modeled as a solid that is shaped to simulate the complex geometry of a rotating assembly. Calculated potential fields for these two advanced geometric representations are compared with results based on the solid disk representation. The hull geometry used in all cases is that of the US Navy CVN aircraft carrier class.
ΔFosB induction correlates inversely with CB1 receptor desensitization in a brain region- dependent manner following repeated Δ9-THC administration

Repeated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration produces desensitization and downregulation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) in the brain, but the magnitude of these adaptations varies among regions. CB1Rs in the striatum and its output regions exhibit the least magnitude and slowest development of desensitization and downregulation. The molecular mechanisms that confer these region-dependent differences are not known. The stable transcription factor, ΔFosB, is induced in the striatum following repeated THC administration and could regulate CB1Rs. To directly compare the regional profile of ΔFosB induction and CB1R desensitization and downregulation, mice were treated with THC (10 mg/kg) or vehicle for 13.5 days. CP55,940-stimulated [35S]GTPγS autoradiography and immunohistochemistry were performed to measure CB1R desensitization and downregulation, respectively, and ΔFosB expression was measured by immunoblot. Significant CB1R desensitization and downregulation occurred in the prefrontal cortex, lateral amygdala and hippocampus; desensitization was found in the basomedial amygdala and no changes were seen in remaining regions. ΔFosB was induced in the prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and lateral amygdala. An inverse regional relationship between ΔFosB expression and CB1R desensitization was found, such that regions with the greatest ΔFosB induction did not exhibit CB1R desensitization and areas without ΔFosB induction had the greatest desensitization, with remaining regions exhibiting intermediate levels of both. Dual immunohistochemistry in the striatum showed both CB1R co-localization with ΔFosB in cells and CB1R puncta surrounding ΔFosB-positive cells. THC-induced expression of ΔFosB was absent in the striatum of CB1R knockout mice. These data suggest that transcriptional targets of ΔFosB might inhibit CB1R desensitization and/or that ΔFosB induction could be limited by CB1R desensitization.
Business‐IT alignment: productivity paradox payoff?

Strategic alignment remains a key area of focus among business executives. Methods exist with which to determine the type of alignment a firm is following and there has even been research into the factors which aid and hinder the achievement of alignment. What is currently lacking is a financial performance metric with which a firm can benchmark itself against its competition controlling for industry classification or similar alignment perspective. This paper explores the financial performance and alignment of over 500 firms over the past five years. From these data, a regression equation to measure performance controlling for alignment perspective and industry classification is proposed. Such an equation provides firms with an idea of where they stand, on average, within their respective industry and among firms following the same alignment perspective. Implications for managers are also discussed as well as general strategies for managers to facilitate and enhance information technology investment.
Individualizing treatment of vaginal candidiasis

Clinicians have a vast array of effective antimycotics for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Multiple topical formulations are available, yet there is little evidence to suggest that formulation per se influences outcome. A growing number of highly effective oral systemic antimycotic agents provide the practitioner with additional options. Treatment regimens have also changed with the introduction of shorter, often single-day/single-dose courses of therapy. Not all therapeutic agents have the same activity against vaginal fungal pathogens in that topical azoles tend to be more active than nystatin. Differences in patient characteristics, however, are more important than the differences between antimycotic agents and therapeutic regimens in determining selection of the appropriate antimycotic. Patients with vaginal candidiasis vary with regard to duration and severity of symptoms and past frequency of attacks, distribution of inflammation, and pregnancy status. The clinician should consider all these variables both in selecting the appropriate antimycotic agent and the route of administration and in planning the duration of therapy. Individualized therapy offers additional benefits to patients, who may then enjoy the maximum advantages of antimycotics now available.
Inhibition by propofol of [3H]-batrachotoxinin-A 20-α-benzoate binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels in rat cortical synaptosomes

1. Propofol (2,6 di-isopropylphenol), an intravenous general anaesthetic, blocks voltage-dependent Na+ channels (Na+ channels). In this study the interaction between propofol and Na+ channels was analysed by examining its effects on neurotoxin binding to various receptor sites of the Na+ channel in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. 2. Propofol (10-200 microM) exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of equilibrium binding of [3H]-batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate ([3H]-BTX-B) to receptor site 2 of the Na+ channel (mean IC50 = 26 microM; 6.5 microM free). Scatchard analysis revealed that propofol significantly increased the KD without affecting the Bmax for [3H]-BTX-B binding. 3. Kinetic studies of [3H]-BTX-B binding in the presence of various concentrations (25-200 microM) of propofol showed no significant changes in the association rate of [3H]-BTX-B. However, propofol at 200 microM significantly increased the rate of dissociation of [3H]-BTX-B, consistent with an indirect allosteric competitive mechanism of inhibition. 4. [3H]-saxitoxin binding to receptor site 1 and [3H]-brevetoxin-3 binding to receptor site 5 of the Na+ channel were not inhibited by propofol (10-200 microM). 5. Propofol (10-100 microM) exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of veratridine-evoked Na+ influx either in the absence or presence of scorpion toxin with IC50 values of 46 microM (8.8 microM free) and 44 microM (8.5 microM free), respectively. 6. These results suggest that propofol inhibits voltage-dependent Na+ channels due to a preferential interaction with the inactivated state of the channel. Blockade of Na+ channels by propofol, which is known to inhibit glutamate release from synaptosomes, may contribute to its anaesthetic, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties.
Complete genome sequence of Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413

Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 is a filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium that has served as a model organism, with an extensive literature extending over 40 years. The strain has three distinct nitrogenases that function under different environmental conditions and is capable of photoautotrophic growth in the light and true heterotrophic growth in the dark using fructose as both carbon and energy source. While this strain was first isolated in 1964 in Mississippi and named Anabaena flos-aquae MSU A-37, it clusters phylogenetically with cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc. The strain is a moderate thermophile, growing well at approximately 40° C. Here we provide some additional characteristics of the strain, and an analysis of the complete genome sequence.