cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis of Contaminant Transport in the Unsaturated Zone

A two-dimensional probabilistic transport model is developed by coupling a reliability algorithm to a two-dimensional unsaturated flow and transport model. The goal is to determine the significance of the uncertainty of each variable to the probability outcome. Model input includes the mean, standard deviation, and probability distribution of each uncertain variable. The uncertain variables are assumed to be uncorrelated to each other. The uncertain variables are saturated water content, residual water content, van Genuchten model parameters alpha {alpha} and n, saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, coefficient of distribution, molecular diffusion coefficient, and dispersivity. Coefficient of variation is used as the measure of uncertainty for each uncertain variable. Three soil samples are considered for model simulations. One half of the flow surface area is the source of a generic contaminant spill. The reliability analysis determines the probability of exceeding a specific target concentration value and also provides a sensitivity value that measures the relative significance of each uncertain transport variable to the probability outcome. Generally, saturated water content tends to be the most significant uncertain variable for transport in the unsaturated zone. Bulk density and coefficient of distribution also are significant for reactive transport. Molecular diffusion and van Genuchten model parametermore » n are significant in fine-grained soils and also at locations far from the contaminant source area. The uncertainty of saturated hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity have no significant influence on the probability outcome and can be considered as deterministic input variables.« less
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of polyamine binding to a defined DNA sequence.

Abstract The binding of spermine to the self-complementary DNA sequence d(C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G) has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Free spermine gives narrow resonance lines and positive nuclear overhauser effects are observed between the spermine protons, as expected for a small molecule rotating freely in solution. In the spermine-DNA complex, there was no broadening of the spermine spectrum and very weak positive nuclear overhauser effects were observed, indicating that the spermine still has a remarkably short rotational correlation time. Spermine induced no changes in the DNA spectrum beyond those found upon addition of other salts. Although spermine interacts with DNA with a binding constant of approximately 106 at the low ionic strength under which these experiments were performed, it appears that the nature of the complex and the lifetime of the ligand on the DNA are such that the mobility of the spermine molecule is effectively independent of that of the DNA molecule.
Effect of Ambient Sound Masking on the Accuracy of Computerized Speech Recognition

The presence of low-level sound masking was associated with a slight but not significantly different improvement in speech recognition; higher levels of sound masking were associated with significantly decreased accuracy (P < .01).
Time dependence of lung mechanics in preterm lambs.

ABSTRACT: The passive exhalation flow-volume plots of preterm lambs exhibit curvature. To explain this curvature, we proposed two mathematical models that could predict the measured passive exhalation flow-volume data well. One model takes into account the flow and volume dependence of resistance and compliance. The second model emphasizes the time dependence of lung mechanics and considers the respiratory system viscoelastic properties and the analogy of the lung to two electronic resistor-capacitor circuits connected in parallel. We attempted to determine which of the two models is more valid by analyzing passive exhalation flow-volume data that were obtained while briefly obstructing flow midway through deflation. In 14 preterm lambs (130 d gestation), the flow of exhaled gas increased from 76 ± 35 mL/s when measured just before obstruction to 90 + 30 mL/s when measured immediately after release of the obstruction (p < 0.0001). This finding suggests that a time-dependent phenomenon was taking place during obstruction and is inconsistent with the model based upon the flow and volume dependence of resistance and compliance. We made similar measurements in four near-term (143–146 d gestation) and four full-term lambs (9–12 d of age). Their flow-volume curves were relatively linear, and they showed no increases in flow after removal of the obstruction. The results of this study strongly suggest that time-dependent phenomena caused the curvilin earity in the passive exhalation flow-volume plots of preterm lambs. We suspect that the time-dependent phenomena is associated with the premature lung and with parenchymal lung disease. The models of viscoelastance and of parallel inhomogeneities in the lung are consistent with our observations.
Cooperative upconversion and energy transfer of new high Er 3+ - and Yb 3+ –Er 3+ -doped phosphate glasses

Systematic studies of cooperative upconversion and Yb3+–Er3+ energy transfer in newly developed phosphate glasses were performed by a rate-equation formalism. The cooperative-upconversion coefficients of the 4I13/2 level for different Er3+ concentrations were determined from the luminescence-decay curves for high pump intensities. A small cooperative-upconversion coefficient of 1.1×10-18 cm3/s was obtained for a high Er3+ concentration of 4×1020 ions/cm3.Yb3+–Er3+ energy-transfer coefficients for an Er3+ concentration of 2×1020 ions/cm3 codoped with different Yb3+ concentrations were calculated from the lifetime measurements of the 2F5/2 level of Yb3+ ions. For Er3+ codoped with an Yb3+ concentration of 6×1020 ions/cm3, an energy-transfer coefficient of 1.1×10-16 cm3/s and an energy-transfer efficiency higher than 95% were determined from our measurements under weak excitation. The cooperative-upconversion coefficients of Yb3+–Er3+-doped samples were found to be consistent with that of an Er3+-doped sample with the same Er3+ concentration. The weak cooperative-upconversion effect of high Er3+ concentrations and efficient Yb3+–Er3+ energy transfer indicate that these newly developed Er3+- and Yb3+–Er3+-doped phosphate glasses are excellent for active device applications.
Combined passive and active microrheology study of protein-layer formation at an air-water interface.

We investigate the mechanical properties of layers of the protein β-lactoglobulin during their formation at the air−water interface using a combination of passive and active microrheological techniques. The passive microrheology, which employs multiple particle tracking measurements using spherical colloids, indicates that the interfacial rheology evolves over time through three stages as protein adsorbs at the interface: (i) an increase in viscosity, (ii) a period of spatial heterogeneity in which the interface contains elastic and viscous regions, and (iii) the development of a uniformly rigid elastic film. Varying solution pH between pH = 5.2, the isoelectric point of β-lactoglobulin, and pH = 7.0 has no qualitative effect on this mechanical evolution. The active microrheology, which employs ferromagnetic nanowires rotating in response to magnetic torques, similarly shows an increasing interfacial viscosity at early times and evidence of mechanical heterogeneity at intermediate times. However, at late ...
Potentiometric and solubility studies of association quotients of aluminum malonate complexation in NaCl media to 75°C

Abstract A potentiometric method was used to determine the formation quotients for aluminum-malonate (Al(Ma)y3−2y, Ma ≡ CH2(CO2)22−) complexes from 5 to 75°C at four ionic strengths from 0.1 to 1.0 molal in aqueous NaCl media. Two mononuclear aluminum-malonate species, Al(Ma)+ and Al(Ma)2−, were identified, and the formation quotients for these species were modeled by empirical equations to describe their temperature and ionic strength dependencies. Differentiation of the two empirical equations with respect to temperature provided thermodynamic quantities for the Al-malonate complexes. The thermodynamic quantities obtained for Al(Ma)+ at 25°C and infinite dilution are: log K1 = 7.49 ± 0.18, ΔH°1 = 19 ± 5 kJ · mol−1, ΔS°1 = 208 ± 18 J · K−1 · mol−1 and ΔC°p1 = 331 ± 120 J · K−1 · mol−1; whereas the values for Al(Ma)2− are: log K2 = 12.62 ± 0.40, ΔH°2 = 29 ± 10 kJ · mol−1, ΔS°2 = 340 ± 36 J · K−1 mol−1 and ΔC°p2 = 575 ± 230 J · K−1 mol−1. These thermodynamic values indicate that Al(Ma)+, a chelate complex, is much more stable than the equivalent monodentate Al-diacetate complex (Al(Ac)2+) (Palmer and Bell, 1994) . A solubility study, which was undertaken to verify the 50°C potentiometric data, was performed by reacting powdered gibbsite (Al(OH)3) with malonic acid solutions at 0.1 molal ionic strength in aqueous NaCl media. The results of the solubility study are in excellent agreement with the potentiometric data.
Soil spectral effects on 4-space vegetation discrimination

Abstract The influence of soil background on vegetation discrimination in four-band reflectance space was examined. Dry and wet reflectance data were obtained for 20 soils covering a wide range in spectral properties with a hand-held radiometer. Principal components analysis was used to study the distribution of soil spectra in 4-space and to define a mean soil line. Soil-specific background lines were similarly derived and used to examine the overall cloud of soil spectra in individual soil form. Reflectance data from a full-canopy wheat plot were used to compute unit vector coefficients in the greenness direction from the mean soil line and from the individual soil lines. Analysis of the mean soil line showed that it was not possible to discriminate bare soil from low vegetation densities. Greenness measurements were shown to be sensitive to both soil type and soil moisture condition. In contrast, the use of individual soil lines as a base to measure greenness minimized soil background influence and improved vegetation assessment, particularly at low green plant canopy covers.
CSI–FID: High throughput label-free detection of DNA binding molecules

Determining the sequence specifity of DNA binding molecules is a non-trivial task. Here we describe the development of a platform for assaying the sequence specificity of DNA ligands using label free detection on high density DNA microarrays. This is achieved by combining Cognate Site Identification (CSI) with Fluorescence Intercalation Displacement (FID) to create CSI-FID. We use the well-studied small molecule DNA ligand netropsin to develop this high throughput platform. Analysis of the DNA binding properties of protein- and small molecule-based libraries with CSI-FID will advance the development of genome-anchored molecules for therapeutic purposes.
The design and implementation of a software development environment for an embedded system

Abstract The Accelerator Division of Fermilab has recently built a cross-development environment that creates code for Motorola 68020 processors and runs on a VAX/VMS host. This environment is based upon the MTOS kernel and uses the Microtec Development tools for code development and the Probe/ x debugging tools from MictoCase for code debugging. This paper presents the technical considerations that guided the selection of these tools, describes the effort required to integrate the tools into a working system, and reviews our experiences with the resulting environment.
STUDIES WITH MURINE LPC-1 PLASMACYTOMA USING [6-14C]ARGININE

[16-14C]Arginine ([6-14C]Arg) was used as an in vivo pulse label to study BALB/c murine LPC-1 plasmacytoma synthesis and secretion of its tumour-associated M component (IgG2a, kappa). With this isotope, an eight- to ten-fold enhancement in the labelling of the gamma globulin region and ten-fold reduction in the albumin labelling were observed. Production and secretion of the M component was detected (within 30 min) after cell transfer. Only mice which received tumour cells showed significant labelling in the gamma globulin region 24 hr after isotope injection. The labelling behaviour of the tumour M component correlated with the administered cell dose. The peak heights of radioactivity in the gamma region increased with increments in cell number. When the percentage radioactivity diverted into M component was plotted as a function of cell dose, a linear relationship was noted. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using [6-14C]Arg as a tool to follow the newly synthesized tumour-associated protein, and provides a means of estimating tumour cell number.
A comparison of the chi2 and likelihood ratio tests for composite alternatives1

(1972). A comparison of the chi2 and likelihood ratio tests for composite alternatives1. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-33.
Science and Religion: Original Unity and the Courage to Create

Paul Tillich noted the emergence of science by “demythologization” from its original unity with religion in antiquity. Demythologization can lead to conflict with accepted paradigms and therefore requires the “courage to create,” as exemplified by Galileo. Tillich's “God above God” as the ground of creativity and courage can, in this new millennium, enable religion to be reconciled with science. Religion is a source of the “courage to create,” which is essential for progress in scientific knowledge. Religion and science working together as complementary dimensions of the human spirit can lead us into a wider world and greater wisdom. Reconciliation and reunion characterize the New Being and Creation.
Critical examination of the radial functions in the Hansen–Coppens multipole model through topological analysis of primary and refined theoretical densities

A double-zeta (DZ) multipolar model has been applied to theoretical structure factors of four organic molecular crystals as a test of the ability of the multipole model to faithfully retrieve a theoretical charge density. The DZ model leads to significant improvement in the agreement with the theoretical charge density along the covalent bonds and its topological parameters, and eliminates some of the bias introduced by the limited flexibility of the radial functions when a theoretical density is projected into the conventional multipole formalism. The DZ model may be too detailed for analysis of experimental data sets of the accuracy and resolution typically achieved at present, but provides guidance for the type of algorithms to be adapted in future studies.
Coupled CFD/GN&C Modeling for a Smart Material Canard Actuator

Abstract : The performance of a smart material canard actuator has been investigated using coupled computational fluid dynamics, guidance navigation and control, and structural models. The predictions show that the open-loop response of the smart material actuator does not produce the commanded deflection due to the interaction of the externally applied aerodynamic hinge moment with the flexible actuator structure. A closed-loop feedback control law with integral control is applied in order for the canard to attain the commanded deflection. However, the predictions show that the gain for the integral controller must be correctly selected to obtain the proper response of the canard. The selected gain is dependent on both the structural characteristics of the actuator and the applied aerodynamics.
Factors associated with the risk of second primary breast cancer: An analysis of data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry

To examine further the epidemiology of contralateral primary breast cancer, a case-control analysis, utilizing information available from the Connecticut Tumor Registry, was conducted. Recent cases of second primary breast cancer were compared to control women who had survived a first breast cancer but had not developed a second. Three hundred and thirty eight incident cases of contralateral breast cancer diagnosed between 1979 and 1982 were identified and compared with an equal number of randomly selected controls and 336 controls frequency matched to the cases on the basis of age at initial cancer diagnosis and the calendar time elapsing since that diagnosis. Risk of second primary breast cancer was found to be significantly elevated among women whose initial cancer was lobular carcinoma and during the first year following diagnosis of the initial primary. Additionally, for women initially treated with radiotherapy, risk of a contralateral primary increased for 10-14 years following treatment, after which it declined. Among young women, having never married was protective whereas the opposite was found among older women. These findings and the methods used are discussed in the context of the epidemiology of both contralateral and initial breast primaries.
Temporal Experience: A Two Component Model

The experience of time, or temporal experience, has been postulated to be derived from an interrelation of two components, succession and duration. These components are represented in the literatur...
THE EVALUATION OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MEASURING ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY

This research describes a new approach to the measurement and enhancement of organizational productivity entitled the Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System (ProMES). Various conceptual issues regarding productivity are briefly reviewed and the system is described. Research is reported in which productivity measures using this approach were developed and evaluated in five organizational units. The measures from the system were then used to give group-level feedback, followed by group goal setting and group incentives. Results indicated that unit personnel were cooperative in developing and using the system and that the system had good psychometric characteristics. Feedback increased productivity 50%, and feedback with the addition of goal setting and incentives increased productivity 75% and 76%, respectively. The approach to measuring productivity has several unique features. For example, it combines all the functions of a unit into a single index of productivity that reflects
The MRI-measured arterial input function resulting from a bolus injection of Gd-DTPA in a rat model of stroke slightly underestimates that of Gd-[14C]DTPA and marginally overestimates the blood-to-brain influx rate constant determined by Patlak plots

The hypothesis that the arterial input function (AIF) of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid injected by intravenous bolus and measured by the change in the T1-relaxation rate (ΔR1; R1 = 1/T1) of superior sagittal sinus blood (AIF-I) approximates the AIF of 14C-labeled gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid measured in arterial blood (reference AIF) was tested in a rat stroke model (n = 13). Contrary to the hypothesis, the initial part of the ΔR1-time curve was underestimated, and the area under the normalized curve for AIF-I was about 15% lower than that for the reference AIF. Hypothetical AIFs for gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were derived from the reference AIF values and averaged to obtain a cohort-averaged AIF. Influx rate constants (Ki) and proton distribution volumes at zero time (Vp + Vo) were estimated with Patlak plots of AIF-I, hypothetical AIFs, and cohort-averaged AIFs and tissue ΔR1 data. For the regions of interest, the Kis estimated with AIF-I were slightly but not significantly higher than those obtained with hypothetical AIFs and cohort-averaged AIF. In contrast, Vp + Vo was significantly higher when calculated with AIF-I. Similar estimates of Ki and Vp + Vo were obtained with hypothetical AIFs and cohort-averaged AIF. In summary, AIF-I underestimated the reference AIF; this shortcoming had little effect on the Ki calculated by Patlak plot but produced a significant overestimation of Vp + Vo. Magn Reson Med 63:1502–1509, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improved Preparation of (E)-3-Trimethylsilyl-2-Buten-1-OL

Abstract An improved preparation of (E)-3-trimethylsilyl-2-buten-1-ol is described. The two-step process entails stereo-selective addition of (TMS)2 CuLi-LiCN to ethyl tetrolate followed by reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride and proceeds in 90% overall yield.
Delivery room resuscitation decisions for extremely low birthweight infants in California.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize physician–parent counseling and delivery room resuscitation of extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of 473 California neonatologists detailing counseling patterns, resuscitation thresholds, and acceptance of parental decision making. RESULTS: The response rate was 61%. After 23 weeks' gestation, >80% of neonatologists counseled parents expecting ELBW infants. All (>99%) counseled parents about mortality; >25% reported not discussing limiting resuscitation or death despite resuscitation. Decisions to limit resuscitation were affected by congenital anomalies, parents' wishes, or perceptions of pain, suffering, and quality of life. Nearly 70% of neonatologists supported parental decision making at 22 to 23 weeks, whereas 66% to 74% responded that parents should not be allowed to make nonresuscitation decisions after 26 weeks. Median resuscitation thresholds were 23 weeks (range 20–28) and 500 g (range 350–1000). CONCLUSIONS: Neonatologists' failure to discuss nonresuscitation options, variations in resuscitation thresholds, and unwillingness to accept nonresuscitation decisions for more mature ELBW infants may restrict parental decision making.
On the selection of efficient record segmentations and backup strategies for large shared databases

In recent years the information processing requirements of business organizations have expanded tremendously. With this expansion, the design of databases to efficiently manage and protect business information has become critical. We analyze the impacts of record segmentation (the assignment of data items to segments defining subfiles), an efficiency-oriented design technique, and of backup and recovery strategies, a data protection technique, on the overall process of database design. A combined record segmentation/backup and recovery procedure is presented and an application of the procedure is discussed. Results in which problem characteristics are varied along three dimensions: update frequencies, available types of access paths, and the predominant type of data retrieval that must be supported by the database, are presented.
Response strategies in the radial arm maze: Running around in circles

The effects of the size of the central arena on the use of response strategies by rats on an eight-arm elevated maze were examined. The size of the central arena had no effect on accuracy, but the use of adjacent arms increased significantly with a larger central arena, regardless of the size of arena to which rats were first exposed. These results are interpreted in terms of foraging efficiency.
Neuropathological differences between rats and mice after spinal cord injury

Purpose To investigate the utility of noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols to demonstrate pathological differences between rats and mice after spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats and mice are commonly used to model SCI; however, histology and immunohistochemistry have shown differences in neuropathology between the two species, including cavity formation and scar/inflammatory responses. Materials and Methods Moderate contusion SCI was performed on adult male rats and mice. At 28 days postinjury, animals underwent T1-weighted (T1W), with or without gadolinium contrast, or T2-weighted (T2W) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to be compared with histology at the same timepoint. Results In both species, all MRI methods demonstrated changes in spinal cord anatomy. Immunohistochemistry indicated that T2W accurately reflected areas of inflammation and glial scar formation in rats and mice. Quantitation of lesion volume by histology and functional performance correlated best with T2W measurements in both species. Gadolinium contrast accurately reflected the blood-spinal cord-barrier permeability in both species, which appeared greater in rats than in mice. Conclusion These data demonstrate that MRI, with either a T1W or T2W protocol, can effectively distinguish pathological differences between rats and mice. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:836–846. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C incidence--a comparison between injection and noninjection drug users in New York City.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) burdens injection drug users (IDUs) with prevalence estimated from 60–100% compared to around 5% among noninjection drug users (non-IDUs). We present preliminary data comparing the risk for HCV among IDUs and non-IDUs to inform new avenues of HCV prevention and intervention planning. Two cohorts, new IDUs (injecting ≤3 years) and non-IDUs (smoke/sniff heroine, crack or cocaine ≤10 years) ages 15–40, were street-recruited in New York City. Participants underwent risk surveys and HCV serology at baseline and 6-month follow-up visits. Person-time analysis was used to estimate annual HCV incidence. Of 683 non-IDUs, 653 were HCV seronegative, 422 returned for at least 1 follow-up visit, and 1 became HCV seropositive. Non-IDUs contributed 246.3 person-years (PY) yielding an annual incident rate of 0.4/100 PY (95% Confidence Interval [CI]=0.0–1.2). Of 260 IDUs, 114 were HCV seronegative, 62 returned for at least 1 follow-up visit, and 13 became HCV seropositive. IDUs contributed 36.3 PY yielding an annual incidence rate of 35.9/100 PY (95% CI=19.1–61.2). Among IDUs, HCV seroconverters tended to be younger (median age 25 vs. 28, respectively), and inject more frequently (61.5% vs. 34.7%, respectively) than nonseroconverters. These interim data suggest that IDUs may have engaged in high-risk practices prior to being identified for prevention services. Preventing or at least delaying transition into injection could increase opportunity to intervene. Identifying risk factors for transition into injection could inform early prevention to reduce onset of injection and risk of HCV.
Effects of high-temperature annealing on defects and impurities in as-grown semi-insulating 4H SiC

This work investigates the thermal stability of point defects in high-purity SiC. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements made after Ar annealing between 600°C and 1700°C reveal changes in at least two defects, a carbon vacancy related center (VC) and the shallow boron acceptor. Between 1000°C and 1400°C, the number of carbon vacancies decreased and the number of boron acceptors increased in about the same proportion. Above 1400°C, the concentration of B continued to grow, while the number of carbon vacancies fell below the detection limit. After the highest temperature anneal, the initial preannealed concentration of VC was restored by illumination with sub-bandgap 578-nm light. The effects of heat treatment between 1000°C and 1400°C are interpreted in terms of the charge exchange between a compensated B acceptor and VC. The observation of optically induced carbon vacancies after the final anneal suggests that they are thermally stable in these samples up to 1700°C.
Imaging of 1-nm-thick films with 193-nm microscopy.

We have implemented a reflected-light microscope operating in the deep ultraviolet at 193 nm. Many materials absorb strongly at this wavelength, providing greatly enhanced contrast compared with visible and near-ultraviolet microscopes. Polymer films as thin as 1 nm and SiO2 films as thin as 3 nm have been imaged with this nonoptimized instrument. We have also calculated image contrast for several thin-film materials that are important in semiconductor processing, and we show that 193-nm light provides 60–485× better contrast than visible light (500 nm) and 4–95× better contrast than near-ultraviolet light (315 nm) for these materials.
Properties of the three cell types in sixteen-cell sea urchin embryos: RNA synthesis.

RNA synthesis was studied in 16-cell stage embryos, separated cells from that stage, and reaggregates of the cells. At the 16-cell stage synthesis of nuclear RNA predominates: mRNAs are also synthesized. tRNA and rRNA are not made at detectable levels. All cell types incorporate 5- 3 H-uridine into RNA at the same rate, and the size classes of newly made RNA are the same in all three cell types. After separation, the incorporation of radioactive precursors is reduced but all cells are alive and incorporate precursors into DNA, RNA, and protein. This reduction in incorporation is probably due to changes in precursor pools and/or permeability. The pattern of RNA synthesis is not measurably changed by separation. After culture for 15–20 hours, all three cell types show an activation of synthesis of rRNA and tRNA, as do normal embryos. This activation is not dependent on aggregation, since it occurs both in aggregates and cells which are cultured without aggregation.
Effects of a silicon substrate on surface plasmon spectra in silver island films

Description de la procedure utilisee pour preparer et caracteriser les echantillons et comparaison des mesures optiques avec les donnees calculees en utilisant l'expression theorique de l'absorbance presentee dans d'autres articles
Ultrarapid opioid detoxification of two children with congenital heart disease.

Abstract The cases of two children with congenital heart disease and severe opioid dependency who underwent ultrarapid opioid detoxification are presented. This technique entails rapid opioid reversal with the opioid antagonist; naloxone while under general anesthesia. The procedures were not technically difficult to perform and both children were successfully detoxified at the end of the procedure. In the weeks following the procedure, the first child exhibited accelerated neurode-velopment. Ultrarapid opioid detoxification is possible in children and may have a neurodevelopmental advantage over a prolonged wean.
Effect of Testosterone on Sperm Maturation in vitro

SPERMATOZOA mature while passing through the epididymis. In rabbit, fertilizing ability is acquired when spermatozoa pass through the corpus epididymidis1,2. Spermatozoa retained by ligatures in the proximal corpus develop a normal fertilizing ability in 24 h in intact males3,4, but not in castrated males5 or when the proximal corpus is maintained for 24 h in vitro in organ culture6. Spermatozoa from a ligated proximal corpus of a castrated male become fertile only when exogenous testosterone is given5. This indicates that rabbit sperm maturation is testosterone dependent. A technique for maintaining viable spermatozoa in epididymal segments in organ culture in vitro has been described6. Here we report the effect on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa from the rabbit proximal corpus of adding testosterone to the culture medium.
Achieving employee safety-lessons from the railroad

The history of the first comprehensive employee railroad safety law in 1893 is discussed. Some of the occupational hazards that existed on both steamboats and railroads. and the economic concerns of management, are examined. The problem posed by inadequate freight train brakes, the development of air brakes, and the provisions of the legislation ultimately passed by Congress are discussed. >
A concurrent engineering system to support flexible automation in furniture production

Abstract Concurrent Engineering (CE) is the consideration of the factors associated with the life-cycle of a product during the design phase. CE is important because it is at the design stage that such aspects as product quality and cost are specified. In the case of flexibly automated production CE is especially important since some designs may be difficult or impossible to manufacture using automated equipment. This paper presents an approach to CE systems for flexible automation that uses constraint networks to represent the constraining influences of the automation process. The approach is illustrated by considering furniture production (in particular wood furniture production). Furniture has been selected as an example because of its inherent complexity both in terms of product geometry and in terms of the furniture manufacturing process. CE Systems and constraint networks are reviewed. The background of both CE and automation for furniture is described. The architecture of CESFAM (Concurrent Engineering System for Flexible Automated Manufacturing), a CE system for flexibly automated furniture production is then detailed. Finally, a description of an example CESFAM session is provided. CESFAM is a system that advises designers, product developers and process planners on improvements that can be made to the design so as to improve product quality and manufacturing efficiency. It has a number of operational advantages over other potential approaches. These advantages include the fact that CESFAM allows the designer to take a pro-active part in the design function by giving straightforward advice , in real-time, for design improvement. Additionally, the system is bidirectional in that the designs can be analyzed during initial development or backtracked from a final design concept.
Trypsin inhibitor in wholewheat flour.

PRELIMINARY work on a trypsin inhibitor in wholewheat flour was reported by Shyamala1. A crude concentrate containing the trypsin inhibitor was prepared by the ‘ammonium sulphate’ method of Borchers et al.2 modified by Lyman3 as follows:
Poultry litter effects on unmanaged pasture yield, nitrogen and phosphorus uptakes, and botanical composition

Abstract The poultry industry must dispose vast amounts of waste, mainly litter (PL), generated during production processes. This study was conducted to investigate the short‐term effects of various rates of PL application, i.e., cumulative 2‐year totals of 9.9, 19.4, 29.3, 39.0, and 48.9 mt ha‐1, to unmanaged pasture on a Starr clay loam (fine‐loamy mixed thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts). Dry matter yield, N and P concentrations, and changes in botanical composition were measured on a mixed species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) pasture. Dry matter yields (r2 = 0.99*), N uptake (r2 = 0.99*), and P uptake (r2 = 0.99*) increased curvilinearly with rate of PL application in both years. Yield increase was attributed to correction of N deficiency in pasture by the PL application. Lower levels of PL increased forage yields in 1992 compared with 1991, due to the residual effect of unmineralized N from PL applied in 1991. Nitrogen concentration in tissue increased wit...
Opioidergic consequences of dietary-induced binge eating

Endogenous opioids are involved in the hedonic aspects of eating. Opioid impairments and alterations have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Specific contributions by Bartley G. Hoebel have furthered the understanding how cyclical caloric restriction and intermittent optional access to sugar solutions result in opioid-like forebrain neural alterations and dependency in rodents. The present study sought to investigate caudal brainstem and nodose ganglion mu-opioid receptor mRNA alterations in a rodent model of dietary-induced binge eating of sweetened fat (vegetable shortening blended with 10% sucrose). Five groups (n=7 or 8) of adult female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to various dietary conditions for 6 weeks. As measured by in situ hybridization, there was reduced (approximately 25% from naive) mu-opioid receptor mRNA in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the binge access group, which had intermittent calorie restriction and optional limited access to the sweetened fat. A similar reduction in expression was demonstrated in the continuous access group, which has unlimited optional sweetened fat and an obese phenotype. In the nodose ganglion, mu-opioid receptor mRNA was increased (approximately 30% from groups with sweetened fat access) in rats with intermittent caloric restriction alone. Our findings and the body of work from the Hoebel laboratory suggest that dietary-induced binge eating can consequentially alter opioidergic forebrain and hindbrain feeding-related neural pathways. Future work is needed to determine whether similar alterations are involved in the maintenance and progression of binge eating and other related eating pathologies.
Eikonal models for diffraction dissociation on nuclei

An upper bound to the cross section for diffraction dissociation on a nucleus is derived by combining the fundamental viewpoint of Good and Walker with the eikonal model. The bound is consistent with measurements of $\ensuremath{\pi}A\ensuremath{-}(3\ensuremath{\pi})A$ in the coherent region. A number of the observed features of diffractive production are shown to be understandable by assuming the existence of a complete set of states which are diagonal in nuclear matter, and which are absorbed approximately equally, as would be expected according to a naive quark model. A possible explanation for the apparent smallness of the absorption of $3\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $5\ensuremath{\pi}$ sytems in nuclei is given. Finally, speculations are made on how these results might apply to diffractive production on proton targets.
On graph-based characteristics of optimal overlay topologies

In this paper, we address the challenge of overlay topology design by considering which overlay topology best minimizes cost function, taking into account overlay link creation cost and routing cost. First, we formulate the problem as Integer Linear Programming (ILP) given a traffic matrix and assuming cooperative behavior of nodes. Then, we propose some heuristics to find near-optimal overlay topologies with a reduced complexity. The solutions to the ILP problem on real network topologies have been analyzed, showing that the traffic demands between the nodes affect the decision to create new overlay links. Next, the obtained optimal and near-optimal overlay topologies are thoroughly analyzed and the heuristics are compared through extensive numerical evaluations. Finally guidelines for the selection of the best heuristic as a function of the cost parameters are also provided.
Verbal and perceptual analogical reasoning and proportional metaphor comprehension in young children.

In contrast to the common assumption that young children have little or no ability to reason by analogy or to comprehend proportional metaphors, the present study demonstrated that children as youn...
TWO PHASE MODELS OF BARYONS AND THE CHIRAL CASIMIR EFFECT

Abstract Sea quark contributions to the energy and the axial vector current are calculated in the framework of the chiral bag model. Logarithmic divergences in these quantities are eliminated by the requirement that the axial vector current remain finite in the limit as the bag radius, R , goes to zero and the chiral angle, θ ( R ), goes to π. This requirement permits the smooth joining of the quark phase inside the bag to a solitonic meson phase outside the bag and leads to a pure solitonic description of baryons in the R →0 limit.
Design and Evaluation of the AIMS Combustor

This paper describes a reduced NOx and CO, partially premixed flame combustor that has been developed for the 175 kW Advanced Integrated Microturbine System (AIMS) recuperated cycle gas micro-turbine. The AIMS turbine is equipped with a recuperated silo combustor. The new, reduced emissions combustor retains key features of the conventional Dry Low NOx (DLN) combustors; the differences are the arrangement of the premixers, the novel head-end assembly design, and the liner cooling and dilution features. The combustion system was designed and tested at the GE Global Research facilities in Niskayuna, NY and leverages technology developed by GE Power Systems (GEPS) and GE Aircraft Engines (GEAE). Laboratory tests show that when firing with natural gas, without water or steam injection, NOx and CO emissions from the new combustor are in single digits at full-speed, full-load conditions. CO emissions show a strong pressure effect, increasing at base load (when compared to similar conditions in commercial combustors running at higher pressures). The standard combustor on the AIMS gas turbine is a reversed flow cylindrical can. An array of 4 fuel nozzles is located at the head end of the can and produces a swirl stabilized premixed flame. The liner contains an array of cooling and dilution holes that provide the air needed to dilute the burned gas to the desired turbine inlet temperature.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Antithrombotic Pharmacotherapy in the Elderly: General Issues and Clinical Conundrums

Antithrombotic pharmacotherapy is an essential component in the pharmacologic arsenal of physicians dealing with diseases at high thromboembolic potential, such as coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation. Age has a non-negligible impact on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of antithrombotic medications. Although the benefits of antithrombotic pharmacotherapy in the elderly are well established, the elderly are generally more vulnerable to the adverse effects of antithrombotic drugs, particularly bleeding. Factors that may affect therapeutic agents in general (e.g., renal function, hepatic metabolism, body mass distribution) as well as factors more specific to thrombosis and hemostasis (e.g., platelet dysfunction, coagulation disorders) may partially account for such higher vulnerability, demanding careful consideration. The lack of studies performed specifically in the elderly and their under-representation in many large-scale clinical trials often lead guidelines to give neutral recommendations or even arbitrary assumptions. The development of novel antithrombotic agents with a more favorable safety profile may have a promising role in the ever-growing population of elderly individuals.
Dose-dependency of 2-acetylaminofluorene binding to liver DNA and hemoglobin in mice and rats

Abstract The carcinogenic activity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in mice and rats has been accurately described so that it is a suitable archetypical chemical for investigations of parameters of cross-species variation. The binding of orally administered [9- 14 C]2-AAF to liver DNA in mice and rats was dose related in a linear manner between 1 to 100 μmol/kg body wt. By Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, it was determined that the formation of 2-AAF adducts over the dose range studied was both qualitatively and quantitatively similar. Hepatic DNA binding was greater in rats compared to mice. No sex difference was observed in the DNA binding in rats so that the higher incidence of liver cancer in male compared to female rats could not be explained by a greater amount of DNA binding in males. The binding of orally administerd [9- 14 C]2-AAF to hemoglobin in mice and rats was dose related in a linear manner between 0.1 to 100 μmol/kg. The results of 2-AAF binding to DNA and hemoglobin would indicate that for an oral dose of 2-AAF, the rate of formation of reactive metabolites was similar between 0.1 and 100 μmol/kg body wt. However, the sevenfold greater DNA binding and 2.5-fold greater hemoglobin binding in rats compared to mice were more than an order of magnitude less than 246-fold greater carcinogenicity of 2-AAF in rat liver. The results of the study supported a pharmacokinetic model that related the metabolism of 2-AAF to reactive metabolites to the binding of the metabolites to DNA and hemoglobin. The results did not support a relationship of macromolecular binding to carcinogenic potency.
Highlights from ASA panels on anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery: Anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery: postanaesthesia care unit issues

Abstract Physicians involved in the care of the outpatient have recognized that the level of medical services rendered in the postoperative period impact on patient outcome and must be addressed with the same level of intensity as preoperative and intraoperative management. The Panel on Ambulatory Surgery: Postanaesthesia Care Unit Issues highlighted concerns related to malignant hyperpyrexia, postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain management and regional techniques, discharge criteria and patient outcome following ambulatory surgery.
Plasma lipoprotein (a) protein concentration and coronary artery disease in black patients compared with white patients

Abstract purpose: This study examines the relation between lipoprotein (a) protein levels and other lipid parameters and coronary artery disease in white and black patients. patients and methods: Plasma lipoprotein (a) protein levels were measured prior to coronary angiography in a population of 127 white and 111 black patients. Each angiogram was given a total coronary artery disease score based on the number and severity of atherosclerotic coronary lesions. results: White and black patients exhibited no differences in total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Black patients had higher lipoprotein (a) protein levels than white patients (8.6 versus 4.0 mg/dL, p conclusion: Lipoprotein (a) is higher in patients with coronary artery disease. Black patients have higher plasma lipoprotein (a) protein levels than white patients and a comparable degree of coronary artery disease. It follows that the cardiovascular pathogenicity of lipoprotein (a) is not significantly greater in black patients despite higher lipoprotein (a) levels.
A model of time-limited group therapy for men: its use with recovering addicts

An array of men's issues from a newly emerging paradigm is reviewed—problems such as the dysfunctional development of masculine identity, “fatherlessness,” and gender role strain. The effects of social and psychological pressures on men are documented, and the need for gender-specific treatment is advocated. A brief evaluation of other group approaches to therapy for men is offered. An argument is made in favor of a more directive model of treating men in group for gender issues. The phases, components, and techniques of a new model of therapy for men are described in detail. The model focuses on the treatment of four primary emotions—grief, anger, fear, and shame—the socialization of which have caused great harm to men.
A Modest Proposal on Method

AbstractThis paper offers a diagnosis as to why NAASR’s identity has become more ambiguous over the past decade (i.e., the appropriation of postmodernism to authorize polemical positions) and offers a proposal on how the more precise definition of this journal’s key terms—method and theory—might assist the association to provide a hospitable home for two different groups of scholars who are equally alienated from the field’s dominant form.
Lithium stimulates the binding of GTP to the membranes of PC12 cells cultured with nerve growth factor

The mechanism of action of lithium regarding its therapeutic effects has not yet been established, despite many years of clinical use and scientific investigations. We recently reported that lithium stimulates the phospholipase C of NGF differentiated PC12 cells membranes. In view of the coupling between growth factor receptors, G proteins and phospholipase C, we investigated the effects of lithium on the binding of GTP to the membranes of PC12 cells cultured with NGF. Lithium (1.1 mM) increased 4-5-fold the Bmax of the binding of [3H]GTP to the PC12 membranes. NaF did not induce a similar stimulation.
The antiquity and importance of long‐distance trade relationships in the moist tropics of pre‐Columbian South America

Abstract Elsewhere the author has argued that Tropical Forest Culture, as it is conventionally defined, is both older than, and ancestral to the ‘Formative Cultures’ of Mesoamerica and the central Andes. Here an argument is developed that: (1) the wide range of task‐specific vegetable materials basic to ‘Tropical Forest’ technology implies long‐distance trade relations ; (2) the intensification of manioc processing demonstrable in northern South America by 2000 B.C. can only be explained in terms of the intensification of such trade relations. Specific items suggesting trade networks centred in the tropical lowlands of South America are examined in relation to the two preceding propositions.