cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scannerless imaging ladar using a laser diode illuminator and FM/cw radar principles

We describe the research and development of a scannerless three- dimensional (3-D) imaging laser radar (ladar) performed at the Army Research Laboratory for reconnaissance applications. Range information is obtained by a frequency modulation/continuous wave (FM/cw) radar technique implemented by amplitude modulation of a near-IR diode laser with an rf subcarrier that is linearly frequency modulated. The diode's output is projected to floodlight the downrange image area. The returned signal is focused onto the cathode of an image intensifier tube (IIT) where it is mixed with a delayed replica of the laser modulation applied to the cathode bias to modulate the tube gain. The output image of the IIT is modulated at an intermediate frequency (IF) that is sampled in time by a conventional charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Image frames over one period of the frequency modulation are collected and stored. A discrete Fourier transform is calculated over the IF waveform to establish the ranges to all scatterers in a pixel. This processing scheme yields a scannerless ladar possessing high range resolution with no range ambiguities. We constructed a breadboard version of this ladar and used it to collect 256 X 256 pixel images of targets at 1-km ranges with 0.375-m range resolution. We present imagery collected during field experiments and discuss the direction of future research to enhance the ladar's performance.
Power-law and exponential segregation in two-dimensional silos of granular mixtures.

When a binary mixture of granular materials, differing in shape or size, is poured into a quasi-two-dimensional silo, segregation of the mixture is observed. Depending on the size ratio ${d}_{2}∕{d}_{1}$ of the species, the mixture segregates completely or partially into the pure species. To study the partial-segregation effect we propose a theoretical model based on the work of Boutreux and de Gennes [J. Phys. I 6, 1295 (1996)] but we introduce more realistic collision functions. To compare the partial- and complete-segregation effects, we also discuss calculations for the complete-segregation model proposed by Makse [Phys. Rev. E 56, 7008 (1997)]. Our experiments confirm the analytical solutions for both types of segregation. We find that the transition from complete segregation to partial segregation appears as the size ratio of the species is decreased below a critical value, which is found to be ${d}_{2}∕{d}_{1}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.4$ for our system. Our experimental and analytical studies predict the regime for applicability of both partial- and complete-segregation models in terms of the size ratio of the species and the respective model parameters.
Disruption of PDGFRα-initiated PI3K activation and migration of somite derivatives leads to spina bifida

Spina bifida, or failure of the vertebrae to close at the midline, is a common congenital malformation in humans that is often synonymous with neural tube defects (NTDs). However, it is likely that other etiologies exist. Genetic disruption of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) α results in spina bifida, but the underlying mechanism has not been identified. To elucidate the cause of this birth defect in PDGFRα mutant embryos, we examined the developmental processes involved in vertebrae formation. Exposure of chick embryos to the PDGFR inhibitor imatinib mesylate resulted in spina bifida in the absence of NTDs. We next examined embryos with a tissue-specific deletion of the receptor. We found that loss of the receptor from chondrocytes did not recapitulate the spina bifida phenotype. By contrast, loss of the receptor from all sclerotome and dermatome derivatives or disruption of PDGFRα-driven phosphatidyl-inositol 3′ kinase (PI3K) activity resulted in spina bifida. Furthermore, we identified a migration defect in the sclerotome as the cause of the abnormal vertebral development. We found that primary cells from these mice exhibited defects in PAK1 activation and paxillin localization. Taken together, these results indicate that PDGFRα downstream effectors, especially PI3K, are essential for cell migration of a somite-derived dorsal mesenchyme and disruption of receptor signaling in these cells leads to spina bifida.
A comparitive performance analysis of reliable group rekey transport protocols for secure multicast

In this paper, we present a new scalable and reliable key distribution protocol for group key management schemes that use logical key hierarchies (LKH) for scalable group rekeying. Our protocol called WKA-BKR is based upon two ideas--weighted key assignment and batched key retransmission--both of which exploit the special properties of LKH and the group rekey transport payload to reduce the bandwidth overhead of the reliable key delivery protocol. Using both analytic modeling and simulation, we compare the performance of WKA-BKR with that of other rekey transport protocols, including a recently proposed protocol based on proactive FEC. Our results show that for most network loss scenarios, the bandwidth used by WKA-BKR is lower than that of the other protocols.
Photoaffinity Labeling of Rat Type I Iodothyronine Deiodinase

The photoreactive compound p-nitrophenyl-2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate (PAL) was coupled to [125I]rT3) T4, or T3 and incubated with liver and kidney microsomes of hypo-, hyper-, or euthyroid rats to identify the type I iodothyronine deiodinase. Various substrates or inhibitors of the en- zyme, including rT3, T4, T3, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PTU), and iopanoic acid, were used as competitors to establish the specificity of protein labeling. The PAL derivatization enhanced the behavior of T4 and T3 as substrates for the type I enzyme. No specific labeling of microsomal proteins was observed with either rT3 or T4-PAL, presumably due to deiodination of the labeled compound. In contrast, T3-PAL labeled a 27-kDa band, the presence of which paralleled thyroid status. The labeling of only this protein was blocked by either substrates or enzyme inhibitors in a dose-dependent fashion, with a rank order of potency predicted by the activity of such compounds in type I enzyme assays. The specific nature of these compe...
CORPORATE CONTROL AND RISK

Previous empirical research examining the link between firm risk and the type of stockholder control has yielded conflicting results. These studies have sorted firms into two categories, owner-controlled firms and manager-controlled firms, even though the theoretical discussion implies behavior associated with three distinct groups. This paper argues both theoretically and empirically that an owner-manager has more incentive and more opportunity to take risks than a hired manager. Moreover, a hired manager under the control of a dominant stockholder has less opportunity and less incentive to take risks than managers in firms without a dominant stockholding interest.
Pressure effects on the ultraviolet absorption spectra of some aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract There is presented a study of the dependence of the frequency of an electronic absorption band of a chromophore on change in the surrounding medium. Changes in the medium have been affected not by choosing different solvents, but by varying the density of one solvent, n -pentane, through the application of pressures up to 5500 bars. Several transitions could be observed in each of the aromatic hydrocarbons chosen as chromophores. Thus several important parameters could be maintained constant. The observations are discussed in terms of the London formula for dispersion forces.
The unusual pKa of the rhodopsin chromophore: Is this how nature minimizes photoreceptor noise?

The active site of the visual pigment, rhodopsin, contains a retinyl polyene chromophore that is bound to the protein backbone via a protonated Schiffbase linkage to lysine 296 (Fig. 1). When this chromophore absorbs light, it undergoes photochemistry (from an 11 -cis to an 11-trans conformation) and initiates a complex series of dark reactions which ultimately generate a nerve impulse (for a recent review see reference 1). The efficiency of this process is quite high (the quantum yield for converting a photon of light into a nerve impulse is about 67%). This high efficiency contrasts with the extremely low rate of thermal activation of the protein, which in the human visual system, generates a false (dark) signal every 0.01 s for each photoreceptor cell. Because each photoreceptor cell contains lIO rhodopsin molecules, the dark noise rate is impressively low, 1O-1" events rhodopsin' s-'. This characteristic is in part responsible for the ten log units of operating range that is achieved by the eye. The question ofhow nature controls dark noise is a subject of active debate ( 1, 8-14). An article by Steinberg et al. ( 15) in this issue presents a detailed study of the PKa of the Schiff base proton on the chromophore within the binding site of the visual pigment, rhodopsin. By using a series of model retinal chromophores with electron-withdrawing substituents, these authors concluded that the apparent PKa of the protonated Schiff base is 16 or greater. This PKa value is significantly larger than corresponding values in model compounds or related proteins (see below). Although it was not possible to definitively rule out the possibility that the Schiff base linkage is not accessible for titration from the aqueous bulk medium, more recent studies of proton exchange rates in rhodopsin suggest that this linkage is accessible (R. Callender et al., manuscript in preparation). In this article we explore the potential relevance of a high PKa value on photoreceptor noise. There is growing evidence that the mechanism for thermal activation of rhodopsin is a two step process ( 1, 14). The first step is deprotonation ofthe 11 -cis protonated Schiff base chromophore. The second step is thermal 11 -cis to 11-trans isomerization of the chromophore.
Application of polarimetry and interferometry to liquid crystal-film research

Abstract The use of polarimetry and interferometry to study the optical properties of nematic liquid crystal films is discussed. Theoretical formulation of the amplitudes, intensities and phase shifts of monochromatic light reflected or transmitted from multilayer films and experimental methods of determining the refractive indices and orientation order parameters of nematic liquid crystal films are presented.
Neuroscience, the Food of Musical Culture?

Music has received enough recent attention from researchers seeking to understand the brain to be called "the food of neuroscience" (R. J. Zatorre & J. McGill, 2005). The dissemination of research on the neuroscience of music, through both popular and academic channels, has the potential to shape the cultural conceptualization of music. This paper considers the impact of neuroscientific approaches to music on the ways that music is practiced and thought about.
Single-Dose Intravenous Toxicity Study of IRDye 800CW in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Objective Fluorophore-labeled contrast imaging agents are moving toward clinical use for a number of applications. The near-infrared dye IRDye 800CW is frequently used in its N-hydroxysuccinamide (NHS) ester form for labeling these agents. Following conjugation or breakdown of a labeled ligand, excess NHS ester is converted to the carboxylate form. To prepare for clinical use as a near-infrared fluorophore, a toxicity study was conducted on IRDye 800CW carboxylate.
The effect of fabrication variables on chromium thin film resistors

Abstract The process of vapor deposition has long been appreciated and employed for a wide range of applications. However, today's needs of microminiaturization require a more stringent evaluation of the process. This paper describes the effect of various process variables on the electrical properties of chromium thin films. The effects of deposition rate, stabilization heat treatment, substrate composition, topography and cleanliness are among the parameters discussed. Also considered is the reproducibility of fabricated films.
Nuclear matter properties in the relativistic random phase approximation

Abstract Nuclear matter properties at zero temperature are studied in terms of the relativistic σ-ω model, including the random phase approximation (RPA) contribution. At normal density, the medium polarization adds about −35 MeV of binding energy to the mean field result. The scalar and vector effective interaction strengths are fitted to the nuclear matter saturation conditions under various approximations for the energy functional including the RPA term. The effective mass and bulk modulus are calculated with these parameters. The relative importance of different contributions to the binding energy is analyzed.
Analysis of Anisotropic Plates II

The energy formulation presented earlier is extended to include the analysis of plane anisotropic rectangular plates with non-uniform plate properties and non-uniform in-plane and distributed normal loadings. The formulation includes linear theory stability analysis, the calculation of natural frequencies and mode shapes, and analysis of displacement due to lateral loads. The extension presented in the present paper is formulated in a manner such that the non-uniform properties and loadings can be handled with no appreciable increase in difficulty over the formulations previously presented except for the evaluation of certain more general integrals. An easily automated method of evaluating these more general integrals is presented.
Toxicity associated with boronophenylalanine and cranial neutron irradiation

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) involves administration of a tumor selective boron compound followed by neutron irradiation directed at the target organ. Several studies have shown antitumor activity in animal models with BNCT using the amino acid analog boronophenylalanine (BPA). This study investigates the pharmacological toxicity of BPA in rabbits and the acute (14 days) and subacute (100 days) radiotoxicity of cranial BNCT with BPA in normal mice. To assess the toxicity of BPA alone the drug was administered orally in either a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg or 5 divided doses of 1,000 mg/kg/day to rabbits which were subsequently sacrificed at 2.5 or 4.5 weeks. To study the radiotoxic effects of BNCT mice were given BPA orally followed by cranial irradiation with a thermal neutron beam 3 hr later, with resulting brain doses ranging from 1,100 to 2,750 cGy-Eq [compound-relative biological effectiveness (C-RBE) of 1.3 for 10B, 3.2 for neutrons, and 1.0 for gammas]. Mice were sacrificed 14 or 100 days after irradiation to study acute and subacute radiation toxicity, respectively. BPA alone demonstrated no discernible toxicity at the doses and schedules administered. BNCT resulted in a dose-independent acute dilatation of the cerebral ventricles and mild cerebral atrophy. No neurologic deterioration could be detected in animals exposed to 2,200 cGy-Eq or lower but acute clinical morbidity was evident at 2,750 cGy-Eq, possibly related to non-neural toxicity. Mice exposed to a dose of 2,750 cGy-Eq to the brain also presented with moderately severe gastrointestinal toxicity consisting of epithelial hyperplasia or atrophy and necrosis. Animals exposed to lower doses showed no significant gastrointestinal radiotoxicity. All animals sacrificed at 100 days that received 2,200 cGy-Eq developed bilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts. Lower doses had a minimal ocular toxic effect. It is concluded that there was no discernible toxicity from BPA administration at daily doses 10 times higher than those required for proposed therapeutic applications. Single-fraction BNCT irradiations to the head showed significant ocular toxicity with a threshold between 1,650 and 2,200 cGy-Eq; gastrointestinal toxicity with a threshold between 2,200 and 2,750 cGy-Eq; and neural toxicity with a threshold ≦l,100 cGy-Eq for histopathologic lesions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Eggs, beans, and crumpets: NSF's broader impact criterion and the National Science Digital Library's PI "club"

The National Science Digital Library was a decade-long National Science Foundation initiative that was designed not only to enhance access to high quality science, technology, engineering, and mathematics teaching and learning resources but also to create a diverse community of digital library developers who would work together to continually improve access to these resources. It was sunset in early 2011 because evaluators found that it failed to achieve Broad Impact as defined by the National Science Foundation. A network analysis of Principal Investigators reveals that the relationships fall into three distinct sub-networks that illustrate the National Science Digital Library's success in attracting new grant recipients and strengthening partnerships, two aspects of Broader Impact. These findings may have implications for the study, design, and evaluation of collaborative research.
Polarized positron annihilation in a (110) nickel crystal

Abstract In addition to presenting the data it is shown that at each angle two planes through the Fermi sea contribute to the counting rates for the (100) and (110) directions while three contribute for the (111).
Fast distributed EM computation for PET image reconstruction using ordered subsets

An embedded system for fast two-dimensional image reconstruction of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) data on high performance loosely coupled processor networks is described. The distributed algorithm is based on Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximisation (ML-EM) and includes message-passing performance optimisations derived from the Ordered Subset (OS-EM) algorithm. Results obtained from simulations on a workstation network confirms the algorithm performance and now allows the development of low cost and scaleable processor networks for the rapid image reconstruction of clinical PET data. An outline processor network architecture for PET image reconstruction is described. (9 pages)
UPGRADING: THAT IS THE QUESTION

Upgrading, moving to a new edition of a software program, is usually a decision based on how intensely you use a program. If you use a program a lot, you will probably upgrade unless you decide to move to a competing product. If you don't use a program often, you probably shouldn't and won't upgrade unless it is a major revision of the product and that revision has features that might make you use the program more than you now do.
Immigrants and the Spread of Tuberculosis in the United States: A Hidden Cost of Immigration

This panel-data study concerns the incidence of newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) in specific U.S. metropolitan areas among immigrants and, in turn, the possible transmission of the disease to the native-born population of these same metropolitan areas. The study includes 50 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas as annual observations, 1993–2007. We find that a 10% increase in the number of high-incidence immigrants results in a 2.87% increase in TB among the foreign-born population, and that a 10% increase in the number of foreign-born TB cases increases the number of new TB cases among the native-born by 1.11%. The study concludes with a benefit/cost analysis of the societal cost of TB and suggests that testing all immigrants for TB would be a cost-effective method to limit the amount of TB that enters U.S. from abroad, thus limiting the transmission to both the foreign- and native-born populations.
Thermoregulation in mice treated with parathion, carbaryl, or DDT

Abstract The rectal temperatures of mice held at 1, 27, and 38°C were determined immediately before and at several intervals following injection (ip) with parathion, carbaryl, and DDT. Whereas the rectal temperature was unchanged by DDT, there was a slight decrease in temperature of parathion-treated mice held at 1°C and a decrease in temperature of carbaryl-treated mice at all temperatures tested. A correlation was shown between cholinesterase inhibition and temperature decrease. Loss of thermoregulation in carbaryl-inhibited mice could be reduced by atropine at both low and high ambient temperatures. The LD 50 values of mice injected with parathion and carbaryl were significantly less at 1 and 38°C than at 27°C, whereas the LD50 of DDT-injected mice was unaltered by temperature.
[3H]kainate localization in goldfish brain: receptor autoradiography and membrane binding.

Abstract The anatomical distribution of specific [3H]kainate binding in goldfish brain was investigated by membrane binding and autoradiographical techniques. Saturation binding of the radioligand was determined in 8 anatomically defined regions and demonstrated a single class of high affinity sites with Kd values ranging from 290 to 650 nM. Kainate receptor densities, however, varied significantly. The cerebellum contained the highest concentration of binding sites (964 pmol/mg prot., while the optic tectum had the lowest (96 pmol/mg prot). Binding site distributions determined by autoradiographic studies demonstrated the same regional variation and allowed more specific localization of the binding sites. Within the cerebellum, the molecular layers of the corpus, valvula and lobus caudalis displayed a uniform and highly intense image while the granule cell layers (except for the medial granule cell mass of the lobus caudalis) did not. Other areas of intense binding were the posterior tubercle of the diencephalon, inferior lobes of the hypothalamus and layers 1 and 2 of the optic tectum (deep to the periventricular granule cells).
Health Status and Quality of Life in Patients With Early-Stage Hodgkin’s Disease Treated on Southwest Oncology Group Study 9133

Purpose: We describe the short and intermediate-term quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes in patients treated on a randomized clinical trial in early-stage Hodgkin’s disease (Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG] 9133) comparing subtotal lymphoid irradiation (STLI) with combined-modality treatment (CMT). Patients and Methods: Two hundred forty-seven patients participated in the QOL study (SWOG 9208), completing several standardized instruments (Symptom Distress Scale; Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System – Short Form; Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey Vitality Scale; and a health perception item), as well as questions about work, marital status, and concerns about having children. This article reports on results from baseline before random assignment, at 6 months, and at 1 and 2 years after random assignment. Results: Patients receiving CMT experienced significantly greater symptom distress (P < .0001), fatigue (P = .001), and poorer QOL (P = .015) at 6 months than the STLI patients, reflecti...
HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION OF HUMAN EXTRACTION SOCKETS TREATED WITH DEMINERALIZED FREEZE-DRIED BONE ALLOGRAFT (DFDBA) AND CELL OCCLUSIVE MEMBRANE

This study evaluated new bone formation in human extraction sockets treated with demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts (DFDBA) and cell occlusive membranes. Hard tissue biopsies of 7 sites in 6 patients were obtained 14 weeks to 13 months following extraction and grafting. Histologic analysis revealed that individual particles of DFDBA were discernible up to 13 months in situ. In all samples, all particles of DFDBA were well incorporated within new bone, which exhibited osteocyte-containing lacunae. Distinct cement lines clearly demarcated the DFDBA particles from the surrounding, intimately-apposed woven and lamellar bone. The marrow demonstrated a mild degree of fibrosis without signs of inflammatory reaction. There was also a notable lack of fibrous encapsulation of the allograft, and little osteoclasis was observed. Our findings demonstrate that commercially available DFDBA has the potential to function physically as a nidus for appositional new bone growth in alveolar sockets following tooth ext...
Impact of endothelin A receptor antagonist selectivity in chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition-induced fetal growth restriction in the rat.

Objective: Endothelin receptor A (ETA) antagonism improves fetal and placental growth and placental perfusion on days 1 and 4, but not day 7 of a 7-day infusion of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Our purpose was to evaluate the significance of the degree of ETA antagonist selectivity on uteroplacental perfusion and fetal growth on day 7 of chronic NOS inhibition. Methods: Timed-pregnant rats were treated with the NOS inhibitor nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 2.5 mg/kg/h) with and without one of the following ETA antagonists or their respective vehicles for 7 days beginning on day 14 of gestation: A-127722 (2,000-fold selective for ETA over ETB), FR139317 (8,000-fold ETA-selective), or ABT-546 (28,000-fold ETA-selective). Uterine and placental perfusion, as well as fetal and placental weight, was evaluated at the 7th day of treatment (gestation day 21). Results: L-NAME administration resulted in a significant reduction in uterine and placental perfusion as well as fetal and placental growth...
Surface Electronic Properties of Tungsten, Tungsten Carbide, and Platinum

The local electronic structures of the surface regions of tungsten, tungsten carbide, and platinum have been compared. Contrary to the hypothesis that the platinum-like catalytic activity of tungsten carbide results from the contribution of carbon valence electrons to the 5d band of tungsten, the width of the unfilled portion of the d band increases on going from tungsten to tungsten carbide.
Procedures for Calibrating Hourly Simulation Models to Measured Building Energy and Environmental Data

This paper discusses procedures for creating calibrated building energy simulation programs. It begins with reviews of the calibration techniques that have been reported in the previous literature and presents new hourly calibration methods including a temperature bin analysis to improve hourly x-y scatter plots, a 24-hour weather-daytype bin analysis to allow for the evaluation of hourly temperature and schedule dependent comparisons, and a 52-week bin analysis to facilitate the evaluation of long-term trends. In addition, architectural rendering is reviewed as a means of verifying the dimensions of the building envelope and external shading placement that provide goodness-of-fit indicators, including percent difference calculations, mean bias error (MBE), and the coefficient of variation of the root mean squared error (CV(RMSE)). The procedures are applied to a case study building located in Washington, DC, where nine months of hourly whole-building electricity data and site-specific weather data were measured and used with the DOE-2.1D building energy simulation program to test the new techniques. Simulations that used the new calibration procedures were able to produce an hourly MBE of {minus}0.7% and a CV(RMSE) of 23.1% which compare favorably with the most accurate hourly neural network models (Kreider and Haberl, 1944a, b).
Experimental heat transfer studies of laminar and transition flows of water in a vertical annulus

Abstract Heat transfer data was collected and correlated for developing transition flow and for natural and combined laminar flows of water in a vertical annulus, ( e = 1.17) , with isoflux inner wall and an adiabatic outer wall. For Ra 5 , the values of Nu were independent of Ra; beyond that Nu increased proportionally to Ra0.25. For 1,000 Re , the values of Nu for bouyancy opposing flow were about 25 percent lower than those for bouyancy assisted flow. Transition flow was correlated for 4,000 Re .
Preparation and structural characterization of a stibido-indium dimer

Abstract The interaction of InCl3 with tBu2SbSiMe3 affords the partially substituted compound, [(tBu2Sb)(Cl)In(μ-SbtBu2)]2 (1). The dimeric nature of 1 was established by X-ray crystallography.
Enrichment of severely and moderately heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes cells

Recovery of injured cells of a 90% heat kill of Listeria monocytogenes strain Lm82 in Trypticase soy yeast extract broth (TSBYE) at 30C was determined in enrichment broth and modified enrichment broth. Although the surviving population was heterogeneous with respect to degree of damage, two fractions of surviving cells defined as moderately and severely damaged were considered. Progeny of moderately damaged survivors (NaCl-sensitive but not enrichment medium-sensitive) increased about 100-fold in 5 h; severely damaged cells (enrichment medium- and NaCl-sensitive) did not grow in this time period. Most of the severely damaged cells required 20 h or longer to recover in TSBYE and even longer in TSBYE plus selective agents. Recovery was accelerated either by adding sodium pyruvate or by reducing the oxygen level. The results were used to design a Mark I preenrichment/enrichment protocol based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's selective enrichment broth.
Administration of Propionate to Day-Old Turkeys

Abstract The effects of salts of propionic acid on newly hatched turkeys were examined. In Experiment 1, poults were injected with .25 mL of 1 M solutions of either sodium propionate or calcium propionate. After a 24-h holding period, the poults were killed and assayed for blood glucose, liver weight, and liver glycogen. Sodium propionate increased blood glucose concentration but did not alter liver weight or liver glycogen compared with controls. Calcium propionate had no effect on blood glucose but increased liver weight and liver glycogen compared with controls. There was no mortality in saline-injected controls or sodium propionate poults; 4 of 10 poults injected with calcium propionate died. In Experiment 2, poults were administered 0 or 4% sodium propionate in the feed or 0 or 2% sodium propionate in the drinking water in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Propionate depressed feed intake and body weight by both routes of administration. Propionate in the feed, but not drinking water, depressed liver weight and liver glycogen. Plasma uric acid was increased by propionate in either the feed or the water but was not above control amounts when propionate was given in both the feed and water at the same time. Plasma propionic acid was increased by propionate in the water but not by propionate in the feed. We conclude that the use of propionate in injectibles, drinking water, or feed of newly hatched turkeys is contraindicated.
Reducing embedded software radiation-induced failures through cache memories

Cache memories are traditionally disabled in space-level and safety-critical applications, since it was believed that the sensitive area they introduce would compromise the system reliability. As technology has evolved, the speed gap between logic and main memory has increased in such a way that disabling caches slows the code much more than in the past. As a result, the processor is exposed for a much longer time in order to compute the same workload. In this paper we demonstrate that, on modern embedded processors, enabling caches may bring benefits to critical systems: the larger exposed area may be compensated by the shorter exposure time, leading to an overall improved reliability. We describe the Mean Workload Between Failures, an intuitive metric to evaluate the impact of enabling caches for a given generic application error rate. The proposed metric is experimentally validated through an extensive radiation test campaign using a 28 nm off-the-shelf ARM-based SoC as a case study. The failure probability of the bare-metal application is decreased when the L1 cache is enabled but increased when L2 is also enabled. We also discuss when L2 caches could make the device more reliable.
Computational classification of cellular automata

We discuss attempts at the classification of cellular automata, in particular with a view towards decidability. We will see that a large variety of properties relating to the short-term evolution of configurations are decidable in principle, but questions relating to the long-term evolution are typically undecidable. Even in the decidable case, computational hardness poses a major obstacle for the automatic analysis of cellular automata.
A DECISION ANALYSIS APPROACH TO BUSINESS STATISTICS

The general area of business statistics includes the coverage of three distinct subject areas: descriptive statistics, classical inference, and the more recently developed Bayesian decision procedures. Attempts at teaching these subjects has often produced confusion and a lack of confidence in statistical tools for many students. This article describes a unique way of teaching and presenting these three areas so that a student is given a framework for organizing and applying the different subject areas. The vehicle used to gain this framework is a simple decision model in which the various stages of the model provide excellent vantage points for introducing statistical tools. The key to the approach is to keep a student in a decision-making environment. The tools and methods of the three areas are only introduced as they aid the analysis of the decision. This immediate application in a decision context motivates a student to learn the tool and visualize its use.
Gene expression in hypothalamic neurons: Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone

In situ hybridization allows the detection and measurement of specific messenger RNAs in individual hypothalamic neurons, and has shown, among magnocellular neurons, not only which cells express the genes for oxytocin and vasopressin but also how they change with physiological stimulation. With this technique, neurons expressing a gene for luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-like messenger RNA have been discovered in the preoptic area and diagonal bands of the rat forebrain. Seven days of estrogen treatment of ovariectomized female rats increases the LHRH-like messenger RNA in this neuronal system.
Random Mutagenesis of the cAMP Chemoattractant Receptor, cAR1, of Dictyostelium EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE STATES OF ACTIVATION

cAMP receptor 1 (cAR1) of Dictyostelium couples to the G protein G2 to mediate activation of adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases, chemotaxis, and cell aggregation. Other cAR1-dependent events, including receptor phosphorylation and influx of extracellular Ca2+, do not require G proteins. To further characterize signal transduction through cAR1, we performed random mutagenesis of the third intracellular loop (24 amino acids), since the corresponding region of other seven helix receptors has been implicated in the coupling to G proteins. Mutant receptors were expressed in car1(-) cells and were characterized for G protein-dependent and -independent signal transduction. Our results demonstrate that cAR1 is remarkably tolerant to amino acid substitutions in the third intracellular loop. Of the 21 positions where amino acid substitutions were observed, one or more replacements were found that retained full biological function. However, certain alterations resulted in receptors with reduced ability to bind cAMP and/or transduce signals. There were specific signal transduction mutants that could undergo cAMP-dependent cAR1 phosphorylation but were impaired either in coupling to G proteins, in G protein-independent Ca2+ influx, or in both pathways. In addition, there were general activation mutants that failed to restore aggregation to car1(-) cells and displayed severe defects in all signal transduction events, including the most robust response, cAMP-dependent cAR1 phosphorylation. Certain of these mutant phenotypes were obtained in a complementary study, where the entire region of cAR1 from the third to the seventh transmembrane helices was randomly mutagenized. Considered together, these studies indicate that the activation cycle of cAR1 may involve a number of distinct receptor intermediates. A model of G protein-dependent and -independent signal transduction through cAR1 is discussed.
Intracavity adaptive correction of a high-average-power solid state heat-capacity laser

The Solid-State, Heat-Capacity Laser (SSHCL) program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a multigeneration laser development effort scalable to the megawatt power levels. Wavefront quality is a driving metric of its performance. A deformable mirror with over 100 degrees of freedom situated within the cavity is used to correct both the static and dynamic aberrations sensed with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The laser geometry is an unstable, confocal resonator with a clear aperture of 10 cm x 10 cm. It operates in a pulsed mode at a high repetition rate (up to 200 Hz) with a correction being applied before each pulse. Wavefront information is gathered in real-time from a low-power pick-off of the high-power beam. It is combined with historical trends of aberration growth to calculate a correction that is both feedback and feed-forward driven. The overall system design, measurement techniques and correction algorithms are discussed. Experimental results are presented.
Characterization of microbial communities in anaerobic bioreactors using molecular probes

The microbial community structure of twenty-one single-phase and one two-phase full-scale anaerobic sewage sludge digesters was evaluated using oligonucleotide probes complementary to conserved tracts of the 16S rRNAs of phylogenetically defined groups of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria. These probe results were interpreted in combination with results from traditional chemical analyses and metabolic activity assays. It was determined that methanogens in “healthy” mesophilic, single-phase sewage sludge digesters accounted for approximately 8–12% of the total community and thatMethanosarcinales andMethanomicrobiales constituted the majority of the total methanogen population.Methanobacteriales andMethanococcales played a relatively minor role in the digesters. Phylogenetic groups of mesophilic, Gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria were consistently present at significant levels:Desulfovibrio andDesulfobulbus spp. were the dominant sulfate-reducing populations,Desulfobacter andDesulfobacterium spp. were present at lower levels, andDesulfosarcina, Desulfococcus, andDesulfobotulus spp. were absent. Sulfate reduction by one or more of these populations played a significant role in all digesters evaluated in this study. In addition, sulfate-reducing bacteria played a role in favoring methanogenesis by providing their substrates. The analysis of the two-phase digester indicated that true phase separation was not accomplished: significant levels of active methanogens were present in the first phase. It was determined that the dominant populations in the second phase were different from those in the single-phase digesters.
Steroid dehydrations in porcine subcellular fractions.

Abstract Ultracentrifugation separation of porcine ovary and testis into subcellular fractions have shown that a dehydratase enzyme system is localized in the soluble cell fraction (105,000 x g.). It was further demonstrated that ovarian tissue preparations without corpora lutea were enzymatically more active than preparations from corpora lutea alone. A pyridine cofactor and an oxygen atmosphere have been shown to be necessary for these dehydration reactions. Dehydration reactions with testosterone-4- 14 C has led to the formation of androsta-4,16-diene-3-one and 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-16-ene in testes, while androst-4, 16-dien-3-one and 3α-hydroxy-5α-androst-16-ene was formed in ovarian tissue. Other hydroxylated steroids also have been found to react with this dehydratase enzyme.
Role of protein kinase C in desensitization of spinal δ-opioid-mediated antinociception in the mouse

1. Receptor phosphorylation and down-regulation by protein kinases may be a key event initiating desensitization. The present studies were designed to investigate the effect of a potent protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), on antinociception induced by intrathecal (i.t.) administration of a selective delta-opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala2] deltorphin II in the male ICR mouse and on the specific binding of [3H]-[D-Ser2, Leu5]enkephalin-Thr6 (DSLET), a delta-opioid receptor ligand, in the crude synaptic membrane of the spinal cord. 2. Intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with PDBu at low doses, which injected alone did not affect the basal tail-flick latency, dose-dependently attenuated the antinociception induced by i.t. administration of [D-Ala2]deltorphin II. The attenuation of i.t.-administered [D-Ala2] deltorphin II-induced antinociception by PDBu was reversed in a dose-dependent manner by i.t. concomitant pretreatment with a specific PKC inhibitor, calphostin C. 3. In the binding experiment, incubation of the crude synaptic membrane of the spinal cord for 2 h at 25 degrees C with PDBu (0.03 to 10 microM) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the [3H]-DSLET binding. Scatchard analysis of [3H]-DSLET binding revealed that PDBu at 10 microM displayed a 30.7% reduction in the number of [3H]-DSLET binding sites with no significant change in affinity, compared with the non-treatment control, indicating that the activation of membrane-bound PKC by PDBu causes a decrease in the number of specific delta-opioid agonist binding sites. 4. An i.t. injection of [D-Ala2]deltorphin II produced an acute antinociceptive tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of a subsequent i.t. challenge of [D-Ala2]deltorphin II. Concomitant pretreatment with calphostin C markedly prevented the development of acute tolerance to the i.t.-administered [D-Ala2]deltorphin II-induced antinociception. On the other hand, a highly selective protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, KT5720, did not have any effect on the development of acute tolerance to [D-Ala2]deltorphin II antinociception. 5. These findings suggest that a loss of specific delta-agonist binding by the activation of PKC by PDBu is involved in the PDBu-induced antinociceptive unresponsiveness to delta-opioid receptor agonist in the mouse spinal cord. Based on the acute tolerance studies, we propose that PKC, but not PKA, plays an important role in the process of homologous desensitization of the spinal delta-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception.
Effects of proton irradiation on thermal stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes mat

Abstract We report effects of proton irradiation on thermal oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Following 400 keV proton irradiation to doses of 1013–1017 cm−2, thermal oxidation of SWNTs was conducted at temperatures 200–700 °C. The mass of SWNTs during oxidation was monitored with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and ion-beam-induced structural modifications in nanotubes were characterized with Raman spectroscopy. Proton irradiation leads to enhanced thermal stability of nanotubes, as indicated by increased values of the temperature (Tmax) for maximum oxidation rate, e.g. Tmax ∼ 495 °C for pristine SWNTs and Tmax ∼ 525 °C for SWNTs irradiated to the dose of 1 × 1015 cm−2. The activation energy for oxidation increases gradually from 1.13 ± 0.01 eV for pristine SWNTs, to ∼1.25 ± 0.02 eV for the largest dose of 5 × 1016 cm−2. Based on the correlation between TGA and Raman data, we discuss possible mechanisms for the observed effects of proton irradiation on SWNT thermal oxidation.
Development of a cold hardiness model for deciduous woody plants

The objective of the present study was to develop an empirical cold hardines model applicable to several taxa of decideous trees. Cold hardiness expressed as lowest survival temperature of Acer rubrum, Betula nigre, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Prunus serotina and Quercus alba was evaluated at approximately weekly intervals during the winters of three consecutive years. Plant samples and meteorological data were collected from Georgia Experiment Station, Griffin, Georgia
Lagged order flows and returns: A longer-term perspective

Abstract In this paper, we consider the large-sample relation between returns and lagged order flows over horizons of up to 2 months. The analysis is motivated by work in market microstructure which suggests that the effects of inventory control on stock returns should be discernible over horizons longer than those considered in the literature. We begin our analysis by developing a simple model of inventory effects in the presence of public information. Using mid-quote return data, we then find some evidence of return predictability using order flows, even after controlling for lagged returns, which is consistent with our theoretical setting. The relation is present only for negative imbalances and is stronger in large firms rather than small ones. Overall, the analysis is consistent with the notion that inventory control effects span several weeks.
Mapping melancholia: the continuing typological challenge for major depression.

The DSM's symptom-based diagnostic criteria for major depression ignore the context in which the symptoms occur, except for a limited bereavement exclusion. Thus, virtually any depressive episode of 5 symptoms lasting 2 weeks is classified as a mental disorder, even if the symptoms occur after a major stressful event (e.g., romantic betrayal, financial reversal, or medical diagnosis) and are common and proportional responses when coping with such loss and stress—such as sadness, insomnia, fatigue, decreased appetite, and difficulty concentrating on usual activities. The DSM's decontextualized symptom-based approach deviates sharply from 2400 years of diagnostic tradition in which the symptoms of intense normal sadness and depressive disorder were considered quite similar, and the context (i.e., whether circumstances provide adequate grounds for a normal-range emotional explanation of the symptoms) was thought to be essential for telling them apart. Horwitz and Wakefield (2007) argued that the DSM's descriptive approach todiagnosis ofmajor depression,whatever its scientific merits, greatly inflates the prevalence of major depressionwith “false positives”—mistaken diagnosis of normal intense sadness reactions as mental disorders. This flaw, they argued, has potentially problematic consequences for prognosis, treatment choice, informed consent, outcome research, community epidemiological surveys, screening, and policy.
Diffraction control of Bessel beams generated in fiber

LP 0, m fiber cladding modes propagate as Bessel beams in free space. We show that selecting the mode order with a long period grating enables tuning of the propagation distance and width of the center spot.
Dhurrin synthesis in excised shoots and roots of sorghum seedlings

Abstract Roots and shoots excised from sorghum seedlings incorporated the label of p -hydroxymandelonitrile-1- 14 C but not the label of p -hydroxybenzaldehyde-7- 14 C into the cyanogenic glucoside, dhurrin. Tyrosine-U- 14 C significantly labelled the glucoside only in shoots. Both tissues glucosylated p -hydroxybenzaldehyde-7- 14 C to form p -glucosyloxybenzaldehyde.
Role of the c-myc proto-oncogene in the proliferation of hereditary gingival fibromatosis fibroblasts

Background: Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is a fibrotic gingival enlargement. In previous work, HGF fibroblasts grew faster and produced more collagen and fibronectin (FN) than normal gingival (GN) fibroblasts. HGF FN and collagen production, but not proliferation, were under autocrine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β control, suggesting other means of activation of HGF proliferation. Elevated/prolonged expression of the protooncogene c-myc is implicated in disregulation of cell growth. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine if c-myc expression is abnormal in quiescent and serum-stimulated HGF and GN fibroblasts and 2) determine the relationship between c-myc expression and fibroblast proliferation using a c-myc antisense oligonucleotide (ODN). Methods: Proliferation was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), measuring incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA. Expression of c-myc was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using incorporation...
Nanoscale structure in AgSbTe2 determined by diffuse elastic neutron scattering

Diffuse elastic neutron scattering measurements have confirmed that AgSbTe2 has a hierarchical structure, with defects on length scales from nanometers to microns. While scattering from this mesoscale structure is consistent with previously proposed structures in which Ag and Sb order on a NaCl lattice, more diffuse scattering from nanoscale structures suggests a structural rearrangement in which hexagonal layers form a combination of (ABC), (ABA), and (AAB) polytypes. Consequently, the AgCrSe2 structure is the best-fitting model for the local atomic arrangements.