cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID).

Objective To investigate the concurrent validity and reliability of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID), a short structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Method Participants were 226 children and adolescents (190 outpatients and 36 controls) aged 6 to 17 years. To assess the concurrent validity of the MINI-KID, participants were administered the MINI-KID and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) by blinded interviewers in a counterbalanced order on the same day. Participants also completed a self-rated measure of disability. In addition, interrater (n = 57) and test-retest (n = 83) reliability data (retest interval, 1-5 days) were collected, and agreement between the parent version of the MINI-KID and the standard MINI-KID (n = 140) was assessed. Data were collected between March 2004 and January 2008. Results Substantial to excellent MINI-KID to K-SADS-PL concordance was found for syndromal diagnoses of any mood disorder, any anxiety disorder, any substance use disorder, any ADHD or behavioral disorder, and any eating disorder (area under curve [AUC] = 0.81-0.96, kappa = 0.56-0.87). Results were more variable for psychotic disorder (AUC = 0.94, kappa = 0.41). Sensitivity was substantial (0.61-1.00) for 15/20 individual DSM-IV disorders. Specificity was excellent (0.81-1.00) for 18 disorders and substantial (> 0.73) for the remaining 2. The MINI-KID identified a median of 3 disorders per subject compared to 2 on the K-SADS-PL and took two-thirds less time to administer (34 vs 103 minutes). Interrater and test-retest kappas were substantial to almost perfect (0.64-1.00) for all individual MINI-KID disorders except dysthymia. Concordance of the parent version (MINI-KID-P) with the standard MINI-KID was good. Conclusions The MINI-KID generates reliable and valid psychiatric diagnoses for children and adolescents and does so in a third of the time as the K-SADS-PL.
Phonon-assisted transport of a reactive atom in the lattice of a solid metal catalyst

The transport of a reactive atom on the surface, or dissolved in the bulk, of a metal catalyst occurs by motion of the atom between occupied and unoccupied sites in the host lattice. The energy required to surmount the potential barrier separating two such sites is obtained by the annihilation of a phonon at the Debye frequency of the lattice. We consider the Hamiltonian perturbation that stimulates this motion to involve either (1) anharmonic coupling of the reactive atom to the lattice, or (2) strain energy associated with the reactive atom entering the lattice as a hard sphere. In either case, the atomic jump rate depends upon the temperature, the mass of the metal atom, the Debye temperature of the metal, and the mass, binding energy, and local mode temperature of the reactive atom in an occupied site. Although the temperature dependence of the jump rate is the same in both cases, there is in the case of the anharmonic model an extra dependence on the binding energy, which does not appear in the case ...
Electroretinograms reveal no evidence for centrifugal modulation of retinal inputs during selective attention in man.

Eason, Oakley, and Flowers (1983, Physiological Psychology, 11, 18–28) have recently described changes in the B-wave and after-potential of the human electroretinogram (ERG) during spatial selective attention. These results suggested that centrifugal modulation of retinal input may play a role in visual attention. We investigated this effect in two experiments in which subjects attended to sequences of flashes in one visual half-field while ignoring similar flashes in the opposite half-field. Visual event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from electrodes placed at periorbital and scalp sites, while the ERG was simultaneously recorded using a gold-foil electrode contacting the cornealscleral surface of the right eye. Selective visual attention was evident in an enhancement of the scalp-recorded N150 component of the visual ERP to flashes in the attended half-field. However, no effect of attention was observed on the B-wave or after-potential of the ERG. Long-latency positive shifts related to attention were demonstrated in the corneal-scleral recording and are discussed with respect to volume-conducted brain activity.
R & D expenditures and import competition: Some evidence for the U.S.

F & E-Ausgaben und Importkonkurrenz. Einige Befunde fur die USA. - Die Verfasser untersuchen den Einflus der Importkonkurrenz auf die F & E-Aktivitaten der amerikanischen Industrie. Die theoretische Diskussion deutet daraufhin, das eine verstarkte Importkonkurrenz die F & E-Ausgaben nur in hochtechnologischen Industriezweigen erhoht, wahrend Industrien mit geringerer Technologie wahrscheinlich als Antwort andere Strategien wahlen. Der empirische Befund fur die Jahre 1972-87 scheint diese Annahme zu bestatigen. Des depenses pour la R & D et la concurrence de l’importation: Quelques preuves pour les Etats Unis. - Dans cette etude les auteurs examinent l’effet de la concurrence de l’importation sur l’activite de R & D dans l’industrie americaine. La discussion theorique propose qu’une intensification de la concurrence de l’importation augmenterait les depenses pour la R & D seulement dans les industries d’une technologie superieure tandis que les industries d’une technologie inferieure probablement choisiraient une reaction differente. Les preuves empiriques pour les annees 1972 a 1987 semblent confirmer cette proposition. Gasto en I & D e importaciones competitivas: alguna evidencia para los EE UU. - En este trabajo se investiga el impacto de importaciones competitivas sobre la actividad de I & D en la industria de los EE UU. La discusion teorica sugiere que un aumento de la competencia por parte de las importaciones podria elevar el gasto en I & D de las industrias de tecnologia avanzada, mientras que en las industrias de menor nivel tecnologico la respuesta podria ser diferente. La evidencia empirica para los anos 1972–1987 parece confirmar esta proposition.
Sparsity of the Density Matrix in Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory and an Assessment of Linear System-Size Scaling Methods

The range and sparsity of the one-electron density matrix (DM) in density functional theory is studied for large systems using the analytical properties of its Chebyshev expansion. General estimates of the range of the DM are derived, showing that the range is inversely proportional to the square root of an insulator band gap and inversely proportional to the square root of the temperature. These findings support ``principle of nearsightedness'' introduced recently by W. Kohn [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3168 (1996)]. These estimates are used to study the complexity of several linear system-size scaling electronic structure algorithms which differ in their dependence on the geometric dimensionality of the system.
Equal incidence of adult-onset diabetes among ancestors of juvenile diabetics and nondiabetics.

The families of 118 ketosis-prone, insulin-requiring diabetic children who were diagnosed before age sixteen years and the families of 108 nondiabetic children with a family history of no individuals diagnosed as diabetic prior to age thirty years were interviewed. The incidence of individuals diagnosed as diabetic after age forty-five among 423 grandparents of the diabetic children (0.078) was not significantly different from that among 395 grandparents of the children in whose families there were no childhood diabetics (0.071). This is interpreted as evidence that juvenile and adult-onset diabetes are under different genetic control. More families of diabetic children agreed to participate in the survey and they reported twice the incidence of adult-onset diabetes among non-relatives than did families of nondiabetic children. It is hypothesized that the results of a diabetes interview survey can depend on the participants' awareness of diabetes and willingness to cooperate with the investigator.
What's the use: William King Gregory and the functional morphology of fossil vertebrates

In 1918 William King Gregory, professor of vertebrate paleontology at Columbia University, responded to a letter from Samuel Wendell Williston pertaining to the latter's retirement. Williston and Gregory were among the country's leading students of fossil reptiles, and Williston particularly desired Gregory as his successor at the University of Chicago. Gregory, however, noted that his specialized interests made him an inadequate candidate for the position: "The evolution of the locomotor apparatus, of food capturing apparatus, and functional and structural differences among classes, orders, etc," he claimed, "have so preoccupied me that I am largely ignorant of the daily work of paleontologists, the work in stratigraphy, correlation, migration, systematics, and field collecting." 1 Questions of functional morphology indeed dominated Gregory's work, and he turned down Williston's request. More important, a concern with such problems distinguished Gregory's interests from those of many of his colleagues, and led him to develop a dynamic program of research on the functional morphology of fossil vertebrates. On the basis of that research he offered important new interpretations and considerably expanded the domain of questions, methods, and insights within the field of vertebrate paleontology. Traditionally, vertebrate paleontologists had demonstrated little concern with questions of habit, use, or the relationship between form and function. Georges Cuvier, Vladimir Kovalevsky, and Louis Dollo had, of course, examined problems of functional morphology, and many others no doubt considered questions pertaining to the use and adaptation of parts.2 Nevertheless, most
The definition of academic merit

Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 417 recommendations for merit salary awards, this article examines how faculty and administrators at an American university define merit. Particular attention is paid to how the academic characteristics of a writer or recipient affect the type of case made and the relative weight given teaching, research, and service in the letters. The assessment of what determined merit varied by discipline and rank. It was also found that teaching is less valued than administrative service and research.
Deliberative Policy Analysis and Policy-making in Urban Stormwater Management

AbstractThe Philadelphia Water Department is the first US water utility to propose a ‘green stormwater infrastructure’ (GSI) approach to managing urban stormwater. Given that many actors individually make decisions regarding the surface texture of urban watersheds, planning and installing an urban-scale GSI programme is both complex and uncertain. Whether and how water utility officials interact with watershed stakeholders introduces important questions about methodologies for participation, both in the policy process and the analysis thereof. We critically examine a participatory process employed in a Philadelphia neighbourhood in terms of Deliberative Policy Analysis (DPA). Informed by interpretive methodology, our analysis is two-fold: (1) we examine the potential as well as the challenges of using DPA in the analysis and practice of policy-making and, at the same time, (2) we consider the use of DPA under adverse circumstances, including extreme inequality and distrust. We outline some ways in which D...
Mean lives of the 2p21D level in F VI and O V

Abstract The mean life of the ls 2 2p 2 D level in F VI is measured to be (2.3 ± 0.1) nsec. A re-measurement of the mean life for the same level in O V was made yielding (3.0 ± 0.1) nsec for the mean life.
Ocular complications following I-125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma

Uveal melanoma has traditionally been treated with enucleation, plaque brachytherapy, or external beam radiation. Following the results of the multicenter Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS), which established no significant difference in mortality rates between enucleation and brachytherapy, plaque brachytherapy has become the favoured modality given its potential for preservation of vision and the eye. Among the radioisotopes that have been used, iodine-125 (I-125) has become the increasingly popular choice in the United States. However, I-125 brachytherapy is associated with complications, including keratitis, iris neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma, radiation retinopathy, and optic neuropathy. The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of complications related to I-125 plaque brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma.
XI. An abstract of the results obtained in a recalculation of the atomic weights

(1881). XI. An abstract of the results obtained in a recalculation of the atomic weights. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 12, No. 73, pp. 101-112.
Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration in children

Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration (CAVH) was used in 7 critically ill children: a premature neonate with hypervolaemia secondary to hydrops foetalis and six children aged 9 days to 7 years with acute oliguric renal failure. Biospal 0.5 m2, Renaflo 0.25 m2, Gambro 0.15 m2 and Amicon 0.015 m2 filters were used according to the weights and ages of the patients. Adequate removal of water and solutes was obtained in 6 patients. One of the patients with the smallest filter needed a change to a filter with a larger surface area to improve water and solute removal. Haemofiltration was maintained for between 17 hours and 31 days and was well tolerated. CAVH was discontinued because of recovery of renal function in three patients, improvement of the hypervolaemic state in one, death in three, and transfer to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis because of chronic renal failure in one patient. CAVH is a useful technique for the treatment of acute renal failure and hypervolaemia in critically ill children.
Alpha wave biofeedback training therapy in alcoholics

This investigation evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of alpha-wave biofeedback treatment for alcoholics. Twenty-five Ss were compared to a matched control group before and after administration of a 3-week alpha-wave biofeedback regimen on a wide variety of criteria that included State-Trait Anxiety, the MMPI, Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, Watson's Anhedonia Scale, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and baseline alpha. The experimental Ss received 10 hour-long alpha training sessions. The experimentals showed more improvement than did controls on alpha production and two anxiety measures. Contradictory results appeared on two suspicion/paranoia measures. Alpha training appeared useful in the treatment of anxiety, but not other problems. However, the absence of significant correlations between amount of change on alpha and the anxiety measures suggests that the improvement may be due to a placebo effect.
Canard configured aircraft with 2-D nozzle

A closely-coupled canard fighter with vectorable two-dimensional nozzle was designed for enhanced transonic maneuvering. The HiMAT maneuver goal of a sustained 8g turn at a free-stream Mach number of 0.9 and 30,000 feet was the primary design consideration. The aerodynamic design process was initiated with a linear theory optimization minimizing the zero percent suction drag including jet effects and refined with three-dimensional nonlinear potential flow techniques. Allowances were made for mutual interference and viscous effects. The design process to arrive at the resultant configuration is described, and the design of a powered 2-D nozzle model to be tested in the LRC 16-foot Propulsion Wind Tunnel is shown.
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Evaluation Of A Digital Viewing Station For Radiologists

We compared the diagnostic decision making accuracy of readers using a digital viewing station (DVS) with their accuracy using a conventional film alternator. The measure of accuracy was Az, the area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Five readers viewed 100 images of which 50 contained exactly one simulated nodule randomly located in the lungfield of a lung-chest phantom, and none of the other 50 contained any nodule. Each of the 100 images was seen in random order in each of three conditions: Conventional film (FLM), low-resolution DVS (LRD) 512 x 512 pixels, and high-resolution DVS (HRD) 1024 x 1024 pixels. ROC tests were based on a 6-point rating scale. Analysis of variance showed that there was no effect of readers on A, and a highly significant effect ofz viewing condition on A . Orthogonal comparisons showed that mean Azs of both FLM and HRD (1024) were significantly greater than mean A of LRD (512). However, mean Azs of film and HRD (1024) were not statistically different, a result which has important implications for the designing of diagnostic viewing facilities.
Block Transform Image Compression By Power Spectrum Fitting

A new approach to the quantization of discrete cosine transformed subimage data is discussed. It is shown that physical modeling of the sensor in combination with a power spectrum model of the scene leads to a direct means of generating the bit and variance maps necessary for coefficient quantization. Preliminary results indicate that good image quality can be maintained down to 1/4 bit-per-pixel, depending upon the Optical Transfer Function (OTF) and scene information content involved. A unique feature of this approach is that algorithm training is unnecessary since the bit and variance maps are computed directly from subimage data.
Tunneling time, the Hartman effect, and superluminality: A proposed resolution of an old paradox

The issue of tunneling time is replete with controversy and paradoxes. The controversy stems from the fact that many tunneling time definitions seem to predict superluminal tunneling velocities. One prediction, termed the Hartman effect, states that the tunneling time becomes independent of barrier length for thick enough barriers, ultimately resulting in unbounded tunneling velocities. Experiments done with “single photons”, classical light waves, and microwaves all show this apparent superluminality. The origin of these paradoxical effects has been a mystery for decades. In this article, we review the history of tunneling times starting with the early work of MacColl, Hartman, and Wigner. We discuss some of the tunneling time definitions, with particular emphasis on the phase time (also known as the group delay or Wigner time) and the dwell time. The key experiments are reviewed. We then discuss our recent work, which suggests that the group delay in tunneling is not a transit time as has been assumed for decades. It is, in reality, a lifetime and hence should not be used to assign a speed of barrier traversal. We show how this new understanding along with the concept of energy storage and release resolves all the outstanding tunneling time paradoxes.
Partial Hindlimb Occlusion Reduced the Susceptibility to Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Conscious Rats

Remote conditioning induced by ischemia in distant organs protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury; however, its effect on ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias is unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that partial hindlimb occlusion during coronary artery occlusion increases the ventricular arrhythmia threshold (VAT) induced by coronary artery occlusion. Rats (n = 7) were instrumented with a radio-telemetry device for recording arterial pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and body temperature. A Doppler ultrasonic flow probe and vascular occluder were placed around the terminal aorta. Finally, a snare was placed around the left main coronary artery. The VAT was determined without and, on an alternate day, during partial hindlimb occlusion (remote conditioning) in conscious rats. Without remote conditioning, the VAT was 4.56 + 0.15 minutes. Importantly, remote conditioning significantly increased the VAT (6.29 + 0.49 minutes), suggesting that ischemia in a distant organ may delay the development of ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias.
Refining the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale: An Alternative Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Barriers to adopting evidence-based practices into real-world mental health organizations have received considerable attention and study. One particular attempt is Aarons's Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS), which measures a worker's attitudes toward adopting new treatments, interventions, and practices. This study follows Aarons's work by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis of the EBPAS administered in a large child and family human service agency in New York state (N = 1,273). Replicating Aarons et al.'s four-factor model of the EBPAS, the authors found that, within the model, the pattern of factor loadings that was apparent in previous investigations held for their data as well. That is, the factor loadings of items within the Divergence subscale were larger for items 5 and 7 and smaller for items 3 and 6. The authors found that both of their alternative models, one that added a residual covariance to items in the Divergence factor and a five-factor model that divided the Divergence factor into two factors, fit their data better than Aarons et al.'s model. They also investigated measurement and structural invariance for workers in community-based and in residential programs using a multiple group analysis. Measurement invariance was supported but factor means and correlations differed.
Catheter drainage: seldinger technique.

[A]n object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. —Newton's First Law of Motion Long and curvy, bad. Short and straight, good. —George Zaleski's advice on catheter insertion Catheter drainage is among the most fundamental procedures in interventional radiology. Whether you enjoy this procedure or not, there is no disputing the fact that it may be the single most successful and long-lived procedure we perform. When we treat an abscess, we expect to cure the patient. Compare that to stenting a superficial femoral artery or inserting a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or declotting a dialysis graft. Nearly all nonvascular visceral interventions from nephrostomy to biliary drainage are variations of abscess drainage. Most fluid collections are treated percutaneously using either the trocar method or the Seldinger technique. For the purposes of this article, the discussion will be limited to the Seldinger technique of drainage catheter insertion. However, the trocar method should not be forgotten and presents a viable and arguably better option for many collections, particularly large ones located superficially.
Absorption and defocusing of electromagnetic radiation by a Schwarzschild black hole

Abstract A comparison of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a black hole and that emitted at infinity is made for selected circular orbits of a charged particle in a Schwarzschild geometry. Radiation intensity and beaming processes for geodesic as well as ultra-relativistic unbound orbits are compared and contrasted with the special relativistic results of classical electrodynamics.
Similitude study of a moving bed granular filter

The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of a moving bed granular filter designed for hot gas clean up. This study used similitude theory to devise experiments that were conducted at near-ambient conditions while simulating the performance of filters operated at elevated temperatures and pressures (850 °C and 1000 kPa). These experiments revealed that the proposed moving bed granular filter can operate at high collection efficiencies, typically exceeding 99%, and low pressure drops without the need for periodic regeneration through the use of a continuous flow of fresh granular filter media in the filter. In addition, important design constraints were discovered for the successful operation of the proposed moving bed granular filter.
A foliicolous alga of eocene age

Abstract An ascomycete with an anamorphic state was described from Eocene age material from Henry County, Tennessee, U.S.A., as Pelicothallus villosus Dilcher. This organism is reinterpreted as an alga.
Parallel kinetic resolution of 4-alkynals catalyzed by Rh(I)/Tol-BINAP: synthesis of enantioenriched cyclobutanones and cyclopentenones.

A Rh(I)/(R)-Tol-BINAP catalyst reacts with a racemic mixture of 4-alkynals to selectively furnish a cyclobutanone from the (R)-substrate and a cyclopentenone from the (S)-substrate. This method is noteworthy from several standpoints, including the scarcity of parallel kinetic resolutions (especially those that are catalyzed or that involve carbon−carbon bond formation) and the dearth of catalytic processes that generate enantioenriched cyclobutanones.
The study of archaeological artifacts using proton induced X-rays

Abstract The Bartol-Delaware proton probe has been used extensively in the study of archaeological artifacts. An AN 2000 Van de Graaff accelerator provides the energetic protons which are brought out into the atmosphere through a small hole in a graphite tip. The induced characteristic X-rays are observed in a Si(Li) detector. For the elements from Na up to Fe or Cu a helium atmosphere and a proton energy of 1.3 MeV are used. For the observation of elements from Fe or Cu upward the proton energy is raised to 2.0 MeV, with air or nitrogen as the atmosphere, and selective filters are placed between the sample under study and the Si(Li) diode. The data displaying the capabilities of this technique were taken from selected samples from India (bronze), Jordan (glass beads) and Crete (potsherds). The importance of proper data analysis is also referred to with specific examples.
Effects of Propranolol and Isosorbide Dinitrate on Exercise Performance and Adrenergic Activity in Patients with Angina Pectoris

Twelve patients with angina pectoris were evaluated in a single blind crossover study with respect to objective changes in exercise performance on the treadmill and subjective, clinical improvement on oral administration of propranolol, isosorbide dinitrate (ISD), and a combination of propranolol and ISD. Combined objective and subjective evaluations showed that nine of 12 patients improved on propranolol, seven of 10 on ISD, and all 10 on the combination of drugs. The differences in objective improvement between the various drug regimens were not significant. However, subjectively all patients on the combination of drugs improved markedly. The patients on propranolol or the combination had a decrease in pressure-rate index of about 30% both at rest and during exercise, while these values did not change on ISD. A significant reduction in exercise-induced S-T depression was observed with propranolol alone and in combination with ISD at grade 3+ pain. Adrenergic activity, estimated from plasma and urinary catecholamines, appeared to be increased in these patients before drug treatment and was not altered during treatment. It is concluded that propranolol, ISD, and the combination of these drugs all improve exercise performance in patients with angina. Although the combination of drugs could not be shown to produce a greater increase in exercise performance than either drug alone, the combination effected a greater overall clinical improvement.
sulfur dioxide flux measurements over the western Atlantic Ocean

Aircraft measurements of SO2 were made along the U.S. East Coast and in the vicinity of the Bermuda Islands during the period 2 March–11 April, 1985. SO2 was detected in all samples taken inside the boundary layer 100 km off shore. The maximum 1.0-min average concentration observed was 9.9 ppb (on the East Coast), and the average for the duration of the study was 2.1 ppb. The SO2 concentration in the free troposphere at the same location ranged from < 0.1 ppb to a maximum of 4.2 ppb. The air parcel sampled during the maximum event was back-tracked across the Ohio Valley region. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the vicinity of the Bermuda Islands, inside and above the boundary layer, were less than the detection limit (0.1 ppb) during most of the time. On one event elevated SO2 levels were recorded, however they could not be traced to a source in N America. On the basis of the concentration and wind speed data, an altitude profile of SO2 flux was constructed for a portion of the U.S. East Coast. Integration of the analytical function describing the profile provided an estimate of SO2 flux eastbound of ~ 1 Tg (S)a−1.
Community Mental Health Services: Research in Evaluation

In 1953, a research program was initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of the preventive community mental health service program in St. Louis County, a program which had developed in part because of the experiences just described The program has as one of its aims the modification of maternal attitudes toward child care through contacts with mothers. It is hypothesized that changes in these attitudes will be accompanied by reduced frequency and intensity of disturbances in school-age children, although this aspect of the mental health program (4) has no direct contact with the children. The professional workers in the program-psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers-in a series of interviews and conferences with the research staff indicated rhat their efforts were directed toward modifying behavior in interpersonal relationships. These relationships were characterized as follows: Number: many, moderate, few Intensity: intense, moderate, superficial Extent of demands on others: many, moderate, few Emotional tone: euphoric-depressed Objects: adults, peers Emotional control: loose, flexible, rigid Achievement in school tasks: high, moderate, low The methods of description of these behaviors, and the directions and significance of change have been detailed in an earlier report (4). In evalu
Pre-aldersonian antecedents to macromarketing: Insights from the textual literature

The article examines the major antecedents to the systemic perspective of macromarketing from the 1920s to the period before Alderson's work. Major developments are presented and evaluated in an approach advocated by Kuhn. The paper draws on the textual literature.
Kaolinite, Halloysite, and Iron Oxide Influence on Physical Behavior of Formulated Soils

Soils of some tropical regions have low bulk density, high permeability, and resistance to erosion even under high rainfall. Soils with this combination of characteristics frequently contain halloysite and Fe oxides. We hypothesized that platy kaolinite particles form a more compact mass than tubular halloysite particles, and that Fe oxides promote porous aggregation. To test this hypothesis the settling densities were determined for soil analogs constructed of kaolinite and halloysite clays with ferrihydrite and nonionic, anionic, and cationic organic surfactants as organic matter proxies. The samples were mixed in water and compacted by centrifugation. The hydraulic conductivity of each kaolinite- and halloysite-based mixture was determined with a falling head permeameter. Halloysite samples had lower bulk densities than kaolinite samples with the same centrifugation. The addition of ferrihydrite decreased bulk density of sets of both mineral mixtures. Numerous small particles of ferrihydrite adhered to halloysite tubes in contrast to larger oxide masses formed among clean kaolinite plates, as shown in transmission electron micrographs. The greater frequency of ferrihydrite particles associated with halloysite than kaolinite crystals provided more sites for inter-particle bonding and clay aggregation. Cationic and neutral organic polymers decreased the bulk density of halloysite soil analogs. The kaolinite analog response to polymer treatment varied. Anionic polymers appeared to increase the bulk density of both mineral mixtures that is attributed to increased particle dispersion. These results support the hypothesis that clay morphology and bonding agents influence soil bulk density and hydraulic conductivity of fabricated clay soils.
Executable system architecting using systems modeling language in conjunction with colored Petri nets in a model-driven systems development process

This work proposes an executable system architecting paradigm for discrete-event system modeling and analysis through integration of a set of modeling tools, executable formalisms, analytical tools, and animation tools. The essential step is converting SysML-based specifications into colored Petri nets through a conversion scheme proposed here. Such a paradigm permits rigorous static and dynamic system analysis, as well as formal verification of the behavior and functionality of the SysML-based design. This paper also compares the capabilities of the proposed executable system architecting paradigm with other executable formalisms. Further, it discusses the basic principles of executable architecture specification and analysis for discrete-event system modeling. The model-driven architecture approach developed from the software engineering field is also studied here and applied in a systems engineering context to create a SysML-based modeling process that maintains a close relationships among all the SysML diagrams and indicates which diagrams to build and how to build them. This executable architecting paradigm is then integrated into the model-driven systems development process to create a structured architecture design process. This methodology is aimed at general system design. Its feasibility is demonstrated using the example of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems, which is modeled as a distributed, parallel information processing system. The simulation results are used to check the overall integrity and internal consistency of the architecture models, to refine the architecture design, and finally, to verify the behavior and functionality of the system modeled. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Age on the Ability to Hear Telephone Ringers of Different Spectral Content

The failure to detect a telephone ringer signal can prove frustrating or even hazardous in certain situations, especially for older individuals who rely heavily on telephone access. This study was ...
Enhancement of precipitation data for small storm hydrologic prediction

Hydrologic simulation and prediction of runoff resulting from small to moderate storm events may be hampered by the resolution at which precipitation data are available. For example, since about the early 1970s, many of the precipitation data archived by the US National Climatic Data Center have been measured and reported at a resolution of 2.5 mm. This resolution is generally adequate for large storm runoff prediction where the precipitation depths of interest may be several inches or more, but it may introduce biases into runoff predictions (or into calibrated runoff model parameters) when the precipitation depths of interest are small or moderate. This paper presents a method whereby the resolution of an archived time series of incremental precipitation depths may be enhanced for small storm hydrologic prediction. Enhancement is achieved by perturbing cumulative totals of the coarsely resolved archival data to represent them at a finer degree of resolution, followed by differencing of the enhanced cumulative totals to obtain enhanced incremental precipitation depths. It is demonstrated that the enhanced precipitation depths are a much less biased representation of true depths than are the coarsely resolved data, and that the enhanced values also have a lower mean squared error than do the coarsely resolved depths.
A new approach to the analysis of analgesic drug trials, illustrated with bromfenac data

A clinical trial of an analgesic agent compares pain relief scores (ordered categorical responses) over time among groups of patients, each subject to a painful procedure and given various doses of active agent (including zero, i.e., placebo) on demand. Patients may elect to remedicate with an active agent if their pain relief is insufficient, so the sample of patients at any given time is biased toward those with better relief. Standard analyses usually (1) fill in the missing data but make no correction for so doing and (2) treat the ordered categorical variable as continuous. Both of these create problems in interpretation and inference, but the former is more serious than the latter. An alternative analysis has been recently proposed that deals with these problems. This article presents that method for a nonstatistical audience and illustrates its use on some data from the analgesic bromfenac. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 56, 309–322; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.142
Infrared wavelength-selective micromachined microbolometers

Numerical simulation of the affect of a micromachined tunable Fabry-Perot cavity on the performance of microbolometer is conducted. In particular, the ability of such a tuning structure to allow the determination of effective temperature of an object is studied. Assuming incoming infrared radiation from a blackbody source has a certain distribution of wavelengths for a specific temperature, and scanning over different Fabry-Perot gaps while using a total power detector such as a microbolometer, it is possible to predict the original blackbody spectrum. Comparing the original blackbody spectrum with the predicted spectrum, the optimum interval over which the gaps must be scanned can be determined.
Mapping Cancer Origins

Cancer comprises a bewildering assortment of diseases that kill 7.5 million people each year. Poor understanding of cancer's diversity currently thwarts our goal of a cure for every patient, but recent integration of genomic and stem cell technologies promises a route through this impasse.
Movement accuracy constraints in Parkinson's disease patients.

Abstract This study examined the hypothesis that the kinematics of movements performed by PD (Parkinson’s disease) patients are differentially affected depending on whether or not the aiming movement has an accuracy constraint. The aiming movements required elbow extension in the horizontal plane on a digitizer. There were two movement conditions: (1) one having a spatial accuracy requirement in which the subjects moved to the defined target and stopped on it; and (2) one requiring the subjects to move toward the defined target without stopping precisely on it. Subjects were instructed to make their movements as fast and as accurate as possible in response to the auditory imperative signal. PD patients modified the movement speed and kinematics depending on the two accuracy conditions. However, when the accuracy constraint was imposed, movement slowness observed in the patients was much more pronounced. The most revealing result was localized to the deceleration phase, particularly as the target was approached. The patients also were found to make a higher number of acceleration zero crossings from negative to positive to reach the target, indicating that the movements were more irregular. For the patients, the first acceleration zero crossing from negative to positive occurred much earlier in the movement than that for the controls. In addition, when movement accuracy was constrained, the number of zero crossings was accentuated. These data show that when PD patients make aiming movements to a target, their deceleration phase becomes longer and more variable.
Distortion lower bounds for line embeddings

In this paper, we show how we can derive lower bounds and also compute the exact distortion for the line embeddings of some special metrics, especially trees and graphs with certain structure. Using linear programming to formulate a simpler version of the problem gives an interesting intuition and direction concerning the computation of general lower bounds for distortion into the line. We also show that our lower bounds on special cases of metrics are a lot better than previous lower bounds.
Dose-response effects of ethanol on appetitive behaviors

A dose-response analysis of systemic injections of ethanol on appetitive behaviors indicated that low doses facilitated responding in food-motivated fixed ratio and DRL tasks without parallel increases in food consumption or general activity. Higher doses of ethanol produced the expected depression of all behaviors examined. The results were discussed in terms of the possible differential sensitivity of different behavioral processes and/or brain areas to the effects of the drug.
A population-based comparison of BMI percentiles and waist-to-height ratio for identifying cardiovascular risk in youth.

Objective Determine whether waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) or sex- and age-specific percentiles of body mass index (BMI) better identifies cardiovascular risk. Study design The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) provided measurements on 7657 participants statistically weighted to represent 50.05 million youth 4 to 17 years of age. We estimated the subpopulations corresponding to BMI strata that were normal ( Results 726 participants (representing 3.69 million youth) were identified as having WHtR stratum >BMI stratum. Compared with the 603 participants (representing 3.70 million youth) who were discordant in the opposite direction, weighted analyses showed they had higher mean levels of heart rate, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, and total cholesterol ( P Conclusion WHtR, a simpler anthropometric index than sex- and age-specific BMI percentiles, better identifies youth with adverse cardiovascular risk factors.
Measuring venous insufficiency objectively in the clinical setting

The purpose of this article is to propose a screening procedure to assess venous insufficiency with a hand-held photoplethysmography (PPG) instrument in the clinical setting. PPG is noninvasive technology that is used as part of venous assessment of the lower extremities. Although duplex ultrasound remains the industry gold standard for assessment, there are many situations in which access or expertise is not available. The measurement of venous refill time with PPG, one measure of venous insufficiency, is becoming increasingly more prevalent in research settings; however, PPG is underused in clinical settings. Rapid venous refill time ≤ 20 seconds is associated with chronic venous disorders, and its measurement in clinical settings as a screening mechanism may provide useful data to augment diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. Future research is needed to establish a best-practice guideline for venous assessment in clinical settings to validate using PPG.
Internet-activated multimedia as a distance learning alternative

The potential for Web applications to bring educational multimedia to remote learner locations is sometimes limited by the realities of hardware and networking. In trying to weigh these pragmatic issues against the value of live communication and interactive tools for stimulating learning, the authors have developed a series of networked multimedia CD-ROMs to support virtual classroom settings. This format allows delivery of rich interactive activities containing animation as well as real-time information and communication. Additionally this format allows users to use archived information in the event their network connection is unavailable. The Internet-activated CD-ROM provides: Internet access to current information as prescribed by the authoring content expert; the ability to provide elaborate interactive multimedia activities with no wait for download and to modify, the behavior of those activities with simple commands from Internet servers; the capacity to couple the CD-ROM based multimedia with a server database to provide a personalized learning environment; and communication of usage statistics directly to research database. This approach offers new opportunities for educational research and is an accessible medium for development of educational multimedia.
Carbonate in igneous and metamorphic fluorapatite: Two type A and two type B substitutions

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy of igneous and metamorphic fluorapatites shows measurable carbonate in all specimens. All specimens show the presence of the type A1 and A2 (carbonate for columnar anion, Fleet et al. 2004) and the type B (carbonate for phosphate) substitutions in the carbonate ν 3 domain (1400–1600 cm −1 ). This is the first report of the type A2 substitution in naturally occurring apatites. Spectra also show ν 3 carbonate peaks that have not been unambiguously assigned. In some spectra, two doublets can be resolved, indicating two different B-type substitutions. The presence of multiple B-type substitutions in infrared spectra is in accord with the recognition of different mechanisms of substitution of the carbonate for the phosphate tetrahedron and explains the scatter observed in published data. Consideration of crystal structural details shows site symmetry of the carbonate group to be C s rather than C 2v as has been previously assumed. Decent of C s symmetry from D 3h through C 2v lifts degeneracy and preserves orthogonality of ν 3 doublets. Extra type B peaks are not due to lower site symmetry, and Davydov splitting can be ruled out. Results demonstrate that carbonate contents of apatites from pegmatites and cumulate mafic magmas are well within analytical capability, opening another line of inquiry into CO 2 behavior in igneous and metamorphic rocks. The type A1 substitution shows the most promise for thermodynamic calculations that would allow extraction of CO 2 activities. Analyses show similar ratios of water to carbon dioxide activities recorded in pegmatite apatites.
Spike Sorting Using non Parametric Clustering VIA Cauchy Schwartz PDF Divergence

We propose a new method of clustering neural spike waveforms for spike sorting. After detecting the spikes using a threshold detector, we use principal component analysis (PCA) to get the first few PCA components of the data. Clustering on these PCA components is achieved by maximizing the Cauchy Schwartz PDF divergence measure which uses the Parzen window method to non parametrically estimate the pdf of the clusters. Comparison with other clustering techniques in spike sorting like k-means and Gaussian mixture elucidates the superiority of our method in terms of classification results and computational complexity.
Whatever Happened to the Wreckfish Fishery? An Evaluation of the Oldest Finfish ITQ Program in the United States

ABSTRACT The wreckfish individual transferable quota (ITQ) program started in 1992 and is the oldest finfish ITQ program in the United States. Initially, the program appeared to be a success, bringing order to the previous years' derbies. Ex-vessel prices rose, harvest stabilized, and there was an orderly shrinking of the fleet to an economically appropriate size. The subsequent history of the fishery is more complex. ITQ sales dwindled in 1995, then ceased for 13 years. Harvest plummeted to barely a tenth of the eligible quota, and in 2010 the fleet's quota was reduced 88%. Was the wreckfish ITQ program a failure? We provide the first published analysis of the program in two decades. We examine the decisions of former participants to leave the fishery. We also examine the program's current economic, biological, and regulatory performance compared to the program's original stated goals and the goals associated with ITQs in the literature. JEL Codes: D72, D73, D78, N52, Q22, Q28, Q58.