cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where There Is (No) Smoke, There Is Still Fire: a Review of Trends, Reasons for Use, Preferences and Harm Perceptions of Adolescent and Young Adult Electronic Cigarette Use

To review the current prevalence, trends, perceptions, and effects of e-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI) on e-cigarette use among US adolescents and young adults. COVID-19 diagnosis was more likely among the current/ever dual cigarette and e-cigarettes users, as well as ever e-cigarette only users. Additionally, the EVALI outbreak may have influenced harm perceptions, as daily nicotine vaping declined significantly from 2019 to 2020, and more youth and young adults perceived vaping as harmful. The prevalence of e-cigarette use, specifically flavored use, remains high among adolescents and young adults, which is concerning due to the short-term and unknown long-term effects of e-cigarettes and their association with future cigarette and other substance use.
BCG inhibition of murine leudemia: local suppression and systemic tumor immunity require different doses.

The quantitative relationship between bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and tumor cells which are optimal for suppressing the growth of tumor cells in BCG-tumor cell mixtures are detrimental to the development of a sustained, systemic tumor rejection immunity in the LSTRA murine leukemia.
On Exploiting Logical Dependencies for Minimizing Additive Cost Metrics in Resource-Limited Crowdsensing

We develop data retrieval algorithms for crowd-sensing applications that reduce the underlying network bandwidth consumption or any additive cost metric by exploiting logical dependencies among data items, while maintaining the level of service to the client applications. Crowd sensing applications refer to those where local measurements are performed by humans or devices in their possession for subsequent aggregation and sharing purposes. In this paper, we focus on resource-limited crowd sensing, such as disaster response and recovery scenarios. The key challenge in those scenarios is to cope with resource constraints. Unlike the traditional application design, where measurements are sent to a central aggregator, in resource limited scenarios, data will typically reside at the source until requested to prevent needless transmission. Many applications exhibit dependencies among data items. For example, parts of a city might tend to get flooded together because of a correlated low elevation, and some roads might become useless for evacuation if a bridge they lead to fails. Such dependencies can be encoded as logic expressions that obviate retrieval of some data items based on values of others. Our algorithm takes logical data dependencies into consideration such that application queries are answered at the central aggregation node, while network bandwidth usage is minimized. The algorithms consider multiple concurrent queries and accommodate retrieval latency constraints. Simulation results show that our algorithm outperforms several baselines by significant margins, maintaining the level of service perceived by applications in the presence of resource-constraints.
Impact of donor and recipient hepatitis C status in lung transplantation

Background Studies of lung transplantation in the setting of donors or recipients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been limited but have raised concerns about outcomes associated with this infection. Methods Lung transplant cases in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from 1994 to 2011 were analyzed for the HCV status of both donor and recipient. First, among HCV-negative recipients, those who received a lung from an HCV-positive donor (HCV(+) D) were compared with those who received an HCV-negative lung (HCV(-) D). Donor, recipient and operative characteristics as well as outcomes were compared between groups, and overall survival was compared after adjustment for confounders. In a second analysis, HCV-positive recipients (HCV(+) R) were compared with HCV-negative recipients (HCV(-) R). The analysis was stratified by era (1994 to 1999 and 2000 to 2011) and long-term survival was compared. Results Of 16,604 HCV-negative patients in the UNOS database, 28 (0.2%) received a lung from an HCV(+) D, with use of HCV(+) D decreasing significantly over time. Overall survival (OS) was shorter in the HCV(+) D group (median survival: 1.3 vs 5.1 years; p = 0.002). Results were confirmed in adjusted analyses. After inclusion criteria were met, 289 (1.7%) of the lung transplant recipients were HCV(+) R. These patients appeared similar to their HCV(-) R counterparts, except they were older and had more limited functional status. OS was significantly lower in HCV-positive individuals during the early era (median survival: 1.7 vs 4.5 years; p = 0.004), but not the recent era (median survival: 4.4 vs 5.4 years; p = 0.100). Again, results were confirmed by adjusted analysis. Conclusions HCV-positive status is a rare problem when considering both lung recipients and donors. Current data demonstrate significantly worse outcomes for HCV-negative patients receiving an HCV(+) lung; however, since 2000, HCV(+) recipients undergoing lung transplantation appear to have survival approximating that of HCV(-) recipients, an improvement from previous years. Recent medical advances in treatment for HCV may further improve outcomes in these groups.
Goal Setting: An Integral Component of Effective Diabetes Care

Goal setting is a widely used behavior change tool in diabetes education and training. Prior research found specific relatively difficult but attainable goals set within a specific timeframe improved performance in sports and at the workplace. However, the impact of goal setting in diabetes self-care has not received extensive attention. This review examined the mechanisms underlying behavioral change according to goal setting theory and evaluated the impact of goal setting in diabetes intervention studies. Eight studies were identified, which incorporated goal setting as the primary strategy to promote behavioral change in individual, group-based, and primary care settings among patients with type 2 diabetes. Improvements in diabetes-related self-efficacy, dietary intake, physical activity, and A1c were observed in some but not all studies. More systematic research is needed to determine the conditions and behaviors for which goal setting is most effective. Initial recommendations for using goal setting in diabetes patient encounters are offered.
Knowledge technology and the arts: A personal view

Abstract In this paper, I examine the effect of knowledge technology on the creative arts. I will draw on my decades of computer music experience to draw some conclusions about the interaction of technology, people, and the arts.
Lithographic performance of a positive photoresist for thick-film applications

The process capability of a commercially available positive diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ) photoresist, SJR 3000 series from Shipley, was evaluated. This photoresist at a film thickness of 7 - 8 microns was found to have a large process latitude and focus budget while maintaining nearly vertical wall profiles. The high contrast found with this thick film photoresist was due to a low loading of a monofunctional DNQ sensitizer which also has a high dissolution inhibition. The photoresist formulation was compatible with both AZ 400K and Microposit (MP) 2401 developers when using either a stepper or scanner exposure system. SJR photoresist was shown to provide an effective photoresist frame for electroplating metals such as copper and permalloy.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adolescent suicide, gender, and culture: A rate and risk factor analysis

The current paper provides a comprehensive research review of gender differences in rates of and risk factors for adolescent suicidal behavior in four main U.S cultural subgroups: African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Latino Americans. The paper highlights substantial findings from the most recent literature and provides direction for future research and clinical work. The data presented suggest that clinicians and interventionists relying on nonfatal expressions of suicide will continue to fail to identify adolescent males at risk for suicide, as females are more likely to report suicide ideation and attempts across all cultural groups reviewed. We conclude that researchers and clinicians should utilize indirect, broad measures of suicide proneness, as opposed to the traditional direct self-report tools. Although past research has examined cultural and gender differences in risk factors for suicidal behavior, these investigations have been primarily isolated from each other. Therefore, we sought to examine adolescent suicidal behavior and how it operates as a function of both gender and culture.
Postmortem and imaging based analyses reveal CNS decreased myelination in restless legs syndrome

Abstract Background Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by a strong urge to move the legs and has been shown in many studies with abnormally low brain iron. Iron deficiency is associated with hypomyelination in brains of animals. Therefore we hypothesized that a myelin deficit should be present in the brains of patients with RLS. Methods We performed Western blot analysis on myelin isolated from RLS ( n =11) and control ( n =11) brain tissue obtained at autopsy for the expression of the integral myelin proteins, myelin basic protein (MBP), and proteolipid protein (PLP) and the oligodendrocyte specific enzyme 3′5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNPase). To expand the postmortem findings to in vivo , we analyzed the brains of RLS patients ( n =23) and controls ( n =23) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Results The expression of MBP, PLP and CNPase in the myelin from RLS was decreased by approximately 25% ( p Conclusion A decrease in myelin similar to that reported in animal models of iron deficiency was found in the brains of individuals with RLS. The evidence for less myelin and loss of myelin integrity in RLS brains, coupled with decreased ferritin and transferrin in the myelin fractions, is a compelling argument for brain iron insufficiency in RLS. These data also indicate the need to look beyond the sensorimotor symptoms that typically define the syndrome and its assumed relation to the dopaminergic system. Understanding the full range of RLS pathology may help us better understand the complex, intermittent nature and diversity of the clinical features of RLS and expand our consideration of treatment options for RLS.
Red-Cell Survival and Ashby Curves

Callender, Powell and Witts1 gave an expression for the determination of the fraction of red cells surviving to age τ, or ϕ = ϕ(τ), from the Ashby curve2 of Y = Y (t), which is the number of transfused red cells surviving in the recipient at time t. Their equation is, with average red-cell life where Y0 is the number of red cells transfused (these are assumed to be a representative steady-state population). The importance of this result has not previously been fully realized.
Energy levels of 82Kr populated by 82Br decay

The γ-rays following the β-decay of 82Br have been investigated using a 220 mm3 Ge(Li) detector, an anti-Compton NaI(Tl) spectrometer and a two-dimensional coincidence arrangement. The 82Br was produced by thermal neutron activation of ammonium bromide. The presence of eight, well-known and 11 weak γ-rays has been established. It has been shown through half-life measurements that the newly identified γ-rays belong to 82Br decay and that the high-energy peaks are not to summing effects. All the reported transitions have been incorporated in a level scheme of 82Kr by introducing levels at 0, 776, 1474, 1820, 1953, 2093, 2426, 2554, 2647 and 2828 keV. Limits on probable spin and parity values for the newly-introduced levels have been established. The level introduced at 2828 keV on the basis of a 1008–1043 keV γγ-coincidence must be fed by a weak β-branch of 82Br with an end-point energy of 263 keV and log ft of approximately 6.1.
Sensory responses in motor cortex neurons during precise motor control

Precentral neurons whose activity changed with precisely controlled small supination-pronation movements almost invariably showed sensory responses to small perturbations which pronated or supinated the forearm in conscious monkeys. Conversely, most units failing to show changes with small movements but being recruited with large ballistic movements were unaffected by these kinesthetic inputs. Moreover, perturbations which yielded intense short-latency unit responses when delivered during postural stability usually failed to modify unit activity when delivered during a ballistic movement. It is suggested that sensory feedback continuously modulates motor cortex neuron discharge during accurate positioning and precise fine movement, whereas during ballistic movements such modulation is greatly attenuated.
Diagnostics on gaseous emissions from waste incinerators

Abstract The current status and long-term research and development needs relating to diagnostics on gaseous emissions from waste incinerators are summarized. The discussion includes an overview of regulatory and policy issues. The diagnostic techniques discussed in this paper are generally applicable to all fossil-fuel-utilization technologies.
The Effect of Indexing Exhaustivity on Retrieval Performance.

Abstract The effect of variations in indexing exhaustivity on retrieval performance in a vector space retrieval system was investigated by using a term weight threshold to construct different document representations for a test collection. Retrieval results showed that retrieval performance, as measured by the mean optimal E measure for all queries at a term weight threshold, was highest at the most exhaustive representation, and decreased slightly as terms were eliminated and the indexing representation became less exhaustive. These findings, coupled with those of Shaw for a retrieval system based on single-link clustering, suggest that the vector space model is more robust against variations in indexing exhaustivity than is the single-link clustering model.
Hydrodynamic Design Considerations for Hydroacoustic Facilities: Part I—Flow Quality

Design studies are described for two recently completed large scale hydroacoustic test facilities (one of which is the worlds largest). These recirculating water tunnels have a different configuration than conventional tunnels, and special hydrodynamic design studies were required to evaluate and optimize the performance of some critical components. We consider the flow quality in the test section as influenced by the design of the contraction and the turbulence management system. Numerical modeling and experimental work were used to arrive at an acceptable nonsymmetrical nozzle design. Studies were also made of a turbulence management system using honeycombs rather than screens as typically used
An algorithm for scheduling a chemical processing tank line

Abstract This paper presents a model and an algorithm for scheduling a system in which parts are processed through a chemical processing tank line. The tank line is equipped with one piece of material-handling equipment. The tank line is modelled with a mixed integer linear programming formulation. The formulation is then used to develop a heuristic algorithm. The algorithm generates the optimum or near optimum schedule and is easy to apply in practice where no defectives are permitted.
Effect of organic carbon and pH on soil sorption of sulfamethazine

Abstract Batch sorption of sulfamethazine was conducted using five soils with organic carbon (OC) contents ranging from 0.1% to 3.8% and solution pHs ranging from 5.5 to 9. Sorption of sulfamethazine was found to be impacted by OC, soil surface area and soil solution pH, with higher K d values for soils with higher OC and lower K d values as the pH increased. However, OC was found to be the more dominant parameter. Linear partition coefficients at pH 5.5 were found to be 0.58 ± 0.17 L kg −1 for soil with 0.1% OC and 3.91 ± 0.36 L kg −1 for soil with 3.8% OC. At pH 9, the K d values were found to decrease by more than 50% to 0.23 ± 0.06 L kg −1 (soil with 0.1% OC) and 1.16 ± 0.05 L kg −1 (soil with 3.8% OC). Hydrophobic sorption was probably involved for pH K a,2 = 7.4 for sulfamethazine) due to the non-ionized form of sulfamethazine while surface sorption was probably involved for pH > 7.4 due to the ionized form of sulfamethazine. This was confirmed by regressing the estimated sorption coefficients of cationic, uncharged, and anionic species against the soil properties. A stepwise linear regression model incorporating the anionic fraction of sulfamethazine ionization and soil properties were developed and were found to estimate the K d values of other studies using soils of different pH and soil properties.
Flow patterns in the dilated ischemic left ventricle studied by MR imaging with velocity vector mapping

Magnetic resonance velocity vector mapping was used to study flow patterns in dilated and healthy left ventricles. Eleven patients (age mean +/- SD, 57 +/- 12 years) with dilated left ventricle resulting from coronary artery disease and 10 healthy volunteers (age 50 +/- 9) were studied. Cine gradient echo images were acquired in the left ventricle vertical and horizontal long axes. Vertical and horizontal velocity components in the horizontal long axis plane of the left ventricle were encoded simultaneously. Maps of velocity components were then processed into multiple computer generated streaks whose orientation and length corresponded to velocity vectors. The following parameters (mean +/- SD) differed significantly between the two groups: The heart rate (patients 70 +/- 11 beat/min. controls 57 +/- 8, P < .001), end-diastolic volume (patients 264 +/- 83 ml, controls 143 +/- 25 ml, P < .001), ejection fraction (patients 31% +/- 7, controls 61% +/- 5, P < .001), diameter of the inflow stream (patients 1.7 +/- 0.6 cm, controls 3.2 +/- 0.3 cm, P < .001). In normal subjects the predominant direction of diastolic flow through the mitral valve was toward the apex, with short-lived vortices curling back behind each mitral leaflet. The vortex beneath the anterior leaflet tended to be larger and more dominant. In patients with dilated left ventricle, the inflow was directed toward the free wall, giving rise to a well developed circular flow pattern turning back toward the septum and outflow tract and persisting through diastole. Magnetic resonance velocity vector mapping is an excellent method for studying left ventricular flow patterns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Determination of sin2 θW from neutrino-nucleon scattering at NuTeV

We report the determination of sin2 θW in ν − N deep inelastic scattering from the NuTeV experiment. Using separate neutrino and anti-neutrino beams, NuTeV is able to extract sin2 θW with low systematic errors from the Paschos-Wolfenstein variable R−, a ratio of differences of neutrino and anti-neutrino neutral-current and charged-current cross-sections. NuTeV measures sin2 θW(on-shell) = 0.2253 ± 0.0019(stat) ± 0.0010(syst), which implies MW = 80.26 ± 0.11 GeV.
Does anterior shoulder balance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correlate with posterior shoulder balance clinically and radiographically

Purpose Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) often present with a disfiguring shoulder imbalance. Shoulder balance (Sh.B) is of significant importance to the patient’s self-perception. Previous studies have correlated Sh.B with respect to only the clinical posterior view correlated with radiographs. It is important, however, to address Sh.B with respect to anterior view of the patients’ shoulders as if patients were viewing in a mirror. In this study, we evaluated the anterior Sh.B and correlated it with posterior Sh.B clinically and radiographically in Lenke type 1 and 2 curves.
Studies on the spinal cord and medulla of cyclostomes with special refernce to the formation and expansion of the roof plate and the flattening of the spinal cord

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. February 1916. Major: Anatomy. 1 computer file (PDF); 76 pages.
Race, slavery, and liberalism in nineteenth-century American literature

Introduction: the figure a 'person'makes 1. Slaves and persons 2. Family values and racial essentialism in Uncle Tom's Cabin 3. Eva's hair and the sentiments of race 4. A is for anything: US liberalism and the making of The Scarlet Letter 5. The art of discrimination: The Marble Faun, 'Chiefly About War Matters', and the aesthetics of anti-black racism Conclusion.
Influence of Fracture Anisotropy on Ground Water Ages and Chemistry, Valley and Ridge Province, Pennsylvania

Model ground water ages based on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He) data were obtained from two arrays of nested piezometers located on the north limb of an anticline in fractured sedimentary rocks in the Valley and Ridge geologic province of Pennsylvania. The fracture geometry of the gently east plunging fold is very regular and consists predominately of south dipping to subhorizontal to north dipping bedding-plane parting and east striking, steeply dipping axial-plane spaced cleavage. In the area of the piezometer arrays, which trend north-south on the north limb of the fold, north dipping bedding-plane parting is a more dominant fracture set than is steeply south dipping axial-plane cleavage. The dating of ground water from the piezometer arrays reveals that ground water traveling along paths parallel to the dip direction of bedding-plane parting has younger 3H/3He and CFC model ages, or a greater component of young water, than does ground water traveling along paths opposite to the dip direction. In predominantly unmixed samples there is a strong positive correlation between age of the young fraction of water and dissolved sodium concentration. The travel times inferred from the model ages are significantly longer than those previously calculated by a ground water flow model, which assumed isotropically fractured layers parallel to topography. A revised model factors in the directional anisotropy to produce longer travel times. Ground water travel times in the watershed therefore appear to be more influenced by anisotropic fracture geometry than previously realized. This could have significant implications for ground water models in other areas underlain by similarly tilted or folded sedimentary rock, such as elsewhere in the Valley and Ridge or the early Mesozoic basins.
Epidemiology and evolution of rotaviruses and noroviruses from an archival WHO Global Study in Children (1976-79) with implications for vaccine design

Prompted by the discovery of new gastrointestinal viruses, the NIH, NIAID and WHO investigated the etiology of acute diarrhea that occurred from 1976–1979 in a global cohort of infants and young children. Rotaviruses were found to be major pathogens worldwide, whereas the Norwalk virus could not be detected using a radioimmunoassay. The aim of this study is to re-evaluate the role and diversity of rotaviruses and noroviruses in the original cohort using more sensitive current technologies. Stools collected from Asia, Africa, and South America (n = 485) were evaluated for viral genotypes by RT-PCR and sequencing. Rotaviruses were detected in 28.9% and noroviruses in 9.7% of the specimens, with G1 rotaviruses and GII noroviruses accounting for the majority of each respective virus. Various strains in this study predated the currently assigned dates of discovery for their particular genotype, and in addition, two noroviruses (KL45 and T091) could not be assigned to current genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a relative constancy in circulating rotavirus genotypes over time, with several genotypes from this study becoming established in the current repertoire of viral species. Similarly, GII noroviruses have maintained dominance, with GII.4 noroviruses continuing as a predominant genotype over time. Taken together, the complex molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses and noroviruses circulating in the 1970’s is consistent with current patterns, an important consideration in the design of multivalent vaccines to control these viruses.
An Arginine Histochemical Method Using Sakaguchi's New Reagent

A mounted paraffin section of material fixed in Bouin's, Carnoy's or 10% formalin is allowed to stand 15 minutes at room temperature in a 0.3% solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 30% ethanol. The slide, with adhering solution, is placed in 0.15 N hypochlorite (with enough KOH added to make the solution 0.015 N KOH) for 60 seconds, then (without draining) into a solution containing: 10 ml. of 0.15 N KOH; 15 g. of urea; 70 ml. of tertiary butyl alcohol, and water to make 100 ml. Here it is gently agitated for 10 sec. and then kept in a second change of the same solution for 2 min. Two changes of pure tertiary butyl alcohol, 10 sec. and 4 min.; one in aniline, 3 min.; and one of 10 sec. in xylene, complete the procedure. Permount containing 0.02% aniline is used as a mounting medium.
Conduction Equivalency Ratios: A Means for Comparing the Frequency Response of Bone and Air Conduction Auditory Displays:

Soldiers in today’s military operate in environments where noise can make verbal communication and auditory awareness of incoming danger very difficult. Due to advances in technology and the development of bone-conduction (BC) communication systems, soldiers are now able to communicate via two-way radio without surrendering their ability to perceive surrounding events. However, despite rapid advancements in the application of BC systems, very little is known in regards to the perceived equivalency between the two modes of hearing. To better understand how BC technology can be utilized, this study sought to determine the relationship between spectral content of bone and air conducted sound using conduction equivalency ratios (CERs), whereby CER is defined as the difference in sound intensity levels between equally loud signals transmitted in both conduction modes.
Predicting fracture from the tensile properties of a composite biomaterial

Abstract Fracture and tensile tests were conducted on a composite biomaterial consisting of polycarbonate matrix and calcium phosphate fibers. The fibers were short and randomly oriented. Test results were compared for composites with and without a surface treatment of the fibers. A nonlinear finite element method was used to predict the maximum loads on pre-cracked panels. The method used the unnotched stress–strain behavior to predict the failure process in notched panels. A cohesive stress zone near the crack tip was used to model damage, stable crack growth, and failure. As in the experiments, the predicted loads were lower for the composite with coated fibers. For both materials, the predicted maximum loads were within the 6% of the experimental loads.
Significance-prevalence index number: a reinterpretation and enhancement of data from the North American contact dermatitis group.

Background: The North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) periodically reports allergen reaction rates and clinical significance. These results are not formally interpreted combining both components into one index. Objective: The purpose of this study is to introduce the Significance-Prevalence Index Number (SPIN), which is a parameter that assesses the relative importance of different allergens. Methods: Data was collected from published studies reported by NACDG from 1984 through 1996. The SPIN for each tested allergen was calculated as the product of the proportion of the population allergic by the weighted clinician-assessed likelihood of relevance of the reaction. Results: In the studies done in 1992 through 1996, fragrance mix, quaternium-15, balsam Peru, formaldehyde, thiuram mix, nickel sulfate, neomycin, bacitracin, carba mix, and paraphenylenediamine were the 10 leading allergens in clinical importance as measured by SPIN. Our SPIN calculations suggest that ethylenediamine and benzocaine have markedly decreased in clinical importance over the past decade, whereas methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone has become a leading allergen. A number of allergens demonstrate high to intermediate SPIN, yet are not included in the T.R.U.E. test. These clinically important allergens include bacitracin, diazolidinyl urea, glyceryl thioglycate, ethyleneurea melamineformaldehyde, and imidazolidinyl urea. Conclusion: SPIN allows clinicians to incorporate both the allergenicity and the relevance of the allergen into one measure.
Plant neighborhood control of arbuscular mycorrhizal community composition

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important root symbionts that can provide benefits to plant hosts, yet we understand little about how neighboring hosts in a plant community contribute to the composition of the AMF community. We hypothesized that the composition of the plant neighborhood, including the identities of both host and neighbor, would alter AMF community composition. We tested this in a glasshouse experiment in which a native perennial grass (Nassella pulchra) and three annual grasses (Avena barbata, Bromus hordeaceaous and Vulpia microstachys) were grown in two neighborhoods: conspecific monocultures and heterospecific perennial-annual mixtures. To identify AMF taxa colonizing plant roots, we used a combination of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and cloning. Both host and neighbor were important in structuring AMF communities. Unique AMF communities were associated with each plant host in monoculture. In heterospecific neighborhoods, the annual neighbors V. microstachys, A. barbata, and B. hordeaceus influenced N. pulchra AMF in different ways (synergistic, controlling, or neutral) and the reciprocal effect was not always symmetric. Our findings support a community approach to AMF studies, which can be used to increase our understanding of processes such as invasion and succession.
Using Hypermedia to Improve the Preparation of Elementary Teachers

Expert/novice research suggests that prospective teachers' preparation needs improvement in four areas: pedagogical content knowledge, knowledge of the learner, organization and manage ment skills, and planning and improvisation in instruction. A description is provided of how hypermedia teachnology is being used in content methods courses in Vanderbilt University's elementary teacher education program to achieve these improvements in preservice teacher edu cation. Evaluation data indicate that use of video examples in the mathematics methods courses influenced the way preservice teachers taught mathematics.
On complemented subspaces of simplex spaces

Jellett's theorem about the resolution of the space, A(X) of continuous affine functions on a compact ahoquet simplex X into a direct sum is generalized to simplex spaces. A new characteristic property of the space A(X), dual tol1(Γ), is given.
Thermal stability of folic acid

Abstract This study attempts to identify the degradative process which folic acid undergoes under thermal stress. In order to facilitate the process, the various pieces of the chemical structure, namely, p -amino benzoic acid (PABA), pterin and glutamic acid as both its d - and l -isomers were investigated as separate entities. These structured pieces were then compared to the composite folic acid degradative thermogram in order to identify the peaks seen and provide direction for the interpolation of the degradative mechanism [Thermal stability of folic acid and associated excipients, M.Sc. thesis, 2001]. It was observed that none of the structural pieces could be superimposed as assumed earlier, and hence, an attempt was made to identify the decomposition products using various analytical techniques such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) which suggested that the glutamic acid fragment is lost first as evidenced by acid loss and amide enhancement in the IR spectra. The vitamin was ultimately degraded to carbon fragments and that further identification was not necessary.
Data-driven fault tolerance for work stealing computations

Work stealing is a promising technique to dynamically tolerate variations in the execution environment, including faults, system noise, and energy constraints. In this paper, we present fault tolerance mechanisms for task parallel computations, a popular computation idiom, employing work stealing. The computation is organized as a collection of tasks with data in a global address space. The completion of data operations, rather than the actual messages, is tracked to derive an idempotent data store. This information is also used to accurately identify the tasks to be re-executed in the presence of random work stealing. We consider three recovery schemes that present distinct trade-offs --- lazy recovery with potentially increased re-execution cost, immediate collective recovery with associated synchronization overheads, and noncollective recovery enabled by additional communication. We employ distributed-memory work stealing to dynamically rebalance the tasks onto the live processes and evaluate the three schemes using candidate application benchmarks. We demonstrate that the overheads (space and time) of the fault tolerance mechanism are low, the costs incurred due to failures are small, and the overheads decrease with per-process work at scale.
Progress Versus Precision: Challenges in Clinical Trial Design for Left Ventricular Assist Devices

New left ventricular assist devices promise fewer adverse events but, currently, only minor improvements in survival. Small (survival) treatment effects, limited patient populations, and the increasing number of left ventricular assist devices in development challenge the efficient conduct of premarketing trials (especially in destination therapy) and, maybe more importantly, hamper innovation. Novel trial designs would facilitate this process. Among a range of trial designs, we opt for small randomized trials, which would preserve the advantages of randomization and also allow for a shorter enrollment period. We also advocate an evidence shift toward postmarketing studies, with the Interagency Registry of Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support providing a robust infrastructure.
Significance of epitrochlear lymph node involvement in Hodgkin disease.

BACKGROUND Epitrochlear involvement in Hodgkin disease (HD) is a rare event, with only limited data available describing this unique presentation, its treatment, and long term outcome. METHODS Between 1968 and 1997, 1180 patients with clinical stage (CS) IA–IIB HD were treated at the Harvard Longwood Area Hospitals, among whom 11 were identified to have presented with epitrochlear lymphadenopathy (1%). Together with 6 CS III–IV patients also with clinically involved epitrochlear lymph nodes at diagnosis, these 17 patients form the basis of the current study. The clinical characteristics, histopathologic distribution, and treatment details are described. Two radiation therapy techniques were used: the “single field” and “separate-field” techniques. The median dose to the epitrochlear region was 3600 centigrays. Survival outcome was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method. The median follow-up was 17 years. RESULTS The actuarial 15-year freedom from recurrence, cause specific survival, and overall survival (OS) rates for the 17 patients were 70%, 88%, and 70%, respectively. Among the CS IA–IIB patients, the 15-year OS rates of the 1169 patients and 11 patients without and with epitrochlear involvement were 80% and 90%, respectively. Two of the 11 CS IA–IIB and 3 of the 6 CS III–IV patients experienced recurrence. None of the recurrences involved the epitrochlear or ipsilateral brachial region regardless of the treatment technique, and no complications from the local radiation therapy were observed. CONCLUSIONS Feasible and effective radiation therapy techniques are available for patients with HD with epitrochlear involvement. If appropriately treated, the prognosis of patients with this unique presentation appears to be similar to that of other HD patients. Cancer 2001;91:1213–8. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
The International Olympic Academy—Sociocultural Perspectives

(1988). The International Olympic Academy—Sociocultural Perspectives. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 59, Show Guide 1988, pp. 77-94.
Bringing Community Psychology Home: The Leadership, Community and Values Initiative

Workplaces are amongst the most influential settings in the lives of adults and community psychologists have long been interested how to foster environments that are empowering, provide a sense of community, and support diversity. Yet, despite the fact that many community psychologists work in academic settings, there is a dearth of research that examines universities as work environments, both for faculty and staff members. This paper presents a case study of an initiative at the University of Washington, the Leadership, Community, and Values Initiative that is used a collaborative process to assess the workplace environment and effect positive changes. It is hoped that a description of key aspects of the assessment and efforts toward workplace improvement will serve as a call to community psychologists to turn more of their attention to an important setting that affects many of us, and virtually all of our students.
Child and Adolescent Traumatic Brain Injury: Academic, Behavioural, and Social Consequences in the Classroom.

More than five million children suffer from brain injuries each year. While the majority of these children are treated and released without permanent consequences, many children return to the classroom with lasting effects. Symptoms of brain injury can be misconstrued as common behaviour or academic problems. Therefore, teachers need to recognize how traumatic brain injury can be manifested in the classroom. This paper presents information regarding the nature of brain injury for the educational professional. It describes types of brain injuries, introduces the con sequences of brain injuries in school-age children and adolescents, and provides examples of common cognitive, physical, psycho-social, behavioural, and emotional manifestations.
Evaluation of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Matrices in a Flat Braid Process.

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of blending thermoplastic filament fibers with carbon filament fibers in varying yarn forms to study the efficiency of matrix wetting and infiltration into a laminate. Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) and poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) were studied in commingled, DREF, and powder form, as a flat triaxial braid. The as-braided and laminated specimens were both subjected to tensile testing and optical microscopy to establish the efficiency of the impregnation process. It was observed that both thermoplastic matrices commingled with carbon yarn maximized the tensile properties and produced the best quality laminate. To impart the best translational properties of the thermoplastic matrix to the carbon/thermoplastic composite, improvements are necessary in the commingling and powder infiltration processes.
Women's right to choose rationally: genetic information, embryo selection, and genetic manipulation

Margaret Brazier has argued that, in the literature on reproductive technology, women's “right” to reproduce is privileged, pushed, and subordinated to patriarchal values in such a way that it amounts to women's old “duty” to reproduce, dressed up in modern guise. I agree that there are patriarchal assumptions made in discussions of whether women have a right to select which embryos to implant or which fetuses to carry to term. Forcing ourselves to see women as active, rational decisionmakers tends to counteract any lingering patriarchal assumptions. But rational decisionmaking requires information. Voting wisely requires information about the candidates. Taking women's reproductive rights seriously means taking seriously women's need for relevant information to make rational decisions, including decisions about which embryos to implant or alter. I argue that preimplantation genetic profiles and prenatal test information should be made available to prospective parents, especially prospective mothers, unless doing so threatens to harm the resulting child or the larger society in specifiable and important ways.
Optimal trajectory, guidance, and conjugate points*

Two interesting and important properties of the conjugate points have been discussed and illustrated by means of examples. These properties are shown to have significant implications for trajectory and guidance optimization problems. The conjugate point nearest to the initial time determines the maximum duration of an optimal control for a linear process with a quadratic cost functional and for a certain nonlinear process. If there is a conjugate point to the terminal time, then it is not possible to construct the linear, optimal guidance system in a neighborhood of the nominal trajectory.
A Low-Temperature Amorphous Phase in a Fragile Glass-Forming Substance

We have observed what appears to be a first-order phase change from deeply supercooled liquid triphenyl phosphite at 1 atm to a rigid, “apparently” amorphous phase which we denote as the “glacial phase”. This is a new, crisper, and rather different addition to the examples of polyamorphism that have recently been studied. In order to “deeply” supercool the liquid, it must be quick-quenched to a low temperature: if heated slowly, but immediately, it crystallizes; if allowed to stand for several hours at low temperature, it transforms to the glacial phase; and if subsequently heated it, too, crystallizes, but at a higher temperature than that for liquid crystallization. The glacial phase can be clearly distinguished from both the normal crystal and the ordinary glass. We propose a model for the formation of this “apparently” amorphous glacial phase.
Role of sirtuin histone deacetylase SIRT1 in prostate cancer. A target for prostate cancer management via its inhibition

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major age-related malignancy, and according to estimates from the American Cancer Society, a man's chance of developing this cancer significantly increases with increasing age, from 1 in 10,149 by age 39 to 1 in 38 by age 59 to 1 in 7 by age 70. Therefore, it is important to identify the causal connection between mechanisms of aging and PCa. Employing in vitro and in vivo approaches, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that SIRT1, which belongs to the Sir2 (silent information regulator 2) family of sirtuin class III histone deacetylases, is overexpressed in PCa, and its inhibition will have antiproliferative effects in human PCa cells. Our data demonstrated that SIRT1 was significantly overexpressed in human PCa cells (DU145, LNCaP, 22Rν1, and PC3) compared with normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) at protein, mRNA, and enzymatic activity levels. SIRT1 was also found to be overexpressed in human PCa tissues compared with adjacent normal prostate tissue. Interestingly, our data demonstrated that SIRT1 inhibition via nicotinamide and sirtinol (at the activity level) as well as via short hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference (at the genetic level) resulted in a significant inhibition in the growth and viability of human PCa cells while having no effect on normal prostate epithelial cells. Further, we found that inhibition of SIRT1 caused an increase in FOXO1 acetylation and transcriptional activation in PCa cells. Our data suggested that SIRT1, via inhibiting FOXO1 activation, could contribute to the development of PCa. We suggest that SIRT1 could serve as a target toward developing novel strategies for PCa management.
SnCl4-catalyzed isomerization/dehydration of xylose and glucose to furanics in water

A number of Lewis acid catalysts were screened for their effectiveness in converting both xylose and glucose in aqueous media to furfural and 5-HMF, respectively. While other catalysts were found to be more active, SnCl4 was identified as the most selective Lewis acid. Hydrolysis of SnCl4 was observed at various concentrations and temperatures resulting in the production of Bronsted acidic protons in a 3.5 : 1 ratio to Sn4+ at all SnCl4 concentrations above 60 °C. As a consequence, there was no need to add a Bronsted acid in order to promote the dehydration of either xylose or glucose. SnCl4-promoted isomerization/dehydration of xylose and glucose at 140 °C in water resulted in conversions of 55% and 33%, respectively, after 2 h of reaction, and furfural and 5-HMF selectivities of up to 58% and 27%, respectively. Significant conversion of sugars to humins was observed in both cases, and in the case of glucose, degradation of 5-HMF to levulinic and formic acids was also noted. The effects of secondary reactions could be greatly suppressed by extraction of the furanic product as it was produced. Using n-butanol as the extracting agent, xylose and glucose conversions of 90% and 75%, respectively, were observed after 5 h of reaction, and the selectivities to furfural and 5-HMF increased to 85% and 69%, respectively. Small additional increases in the furfural and 5-HMF selectivities were obtained by adding LiCl to the aqueous phase without much effect on the conversion of either sugar. In this case, the selectivities to furfural and 5-HMF were 88% and 72%, respectively, after 5 h of reaction at 140 °C.
Gastric H-K-ATPase and acid-resistant surface proteins.

Despite the fact that mucus and bicarbonate are important macroscopic components of the gastric mucosal barrier, severe acidic and peptic conditions surely exist at the apical membrane of gastric g...
Network reliability - the state of the art foreword

This Special Section is an outgrowth of a workshop on Network Reliability sponsored by the US National Science Foundation, and held at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 1983 August 24-26. This workshop was a sequel to a previous NSF-sponsored workshop on Large-Scale Networks, held at Northwestern University in 1974 April. One of the most important areas identified for further research at that time was that of network reliability. Since almost a decade had passed since then, it was deemed necessary to hold another meeting.
Design of the Axial Injection System for the NSCL Cyclotrons

The NSCL is designing an Electron Cyclotron Resonance source to be used in conjunction with its two superconducting cyclotrons, the K500 (in operation) and the K800 (under construction). The ECR beam will be injected through an axial hole. The high magnetic field in the cyclotron center (30 - 50 kG) limits the first orbit radius of curvature imposing strict limitations on the size of the deflection element used to bend the beam into the median plane. We have studied two different schemes to deflect the beam: electrostatic mirrors and spiral inflectors. The former are mechanically simpler, but the spiral inflectors give more freedom on the positioning of the first injected orbit. Results of these calculations as well as central region design and complementary focussing elements in the axial line are presented.
Hypothetical average structures of two coal liquid asphaltenes from solid state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance data

Abstract The hypothetical average structures of two coal liquid asphaltenes were determined using solid state 13 C NMR and 1 H NMR data. From the 1 H NMR data average molecular structural parameters were obtained using the Brown-Ladner method to get a general average structure. From the solid state 13 C NMR data, estimations of percentages of tertiary and quaternary aromatic carbons and secondary/tertiary and primary/quaternary aliphatic carbons were made. The hypothetical average molecules obtained agreed closely with experimental results.