cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Trouble with Iconic Images: Historical Timelines and Public Memory

The growth of digital archives gives visual communicators the opportunity to construct alternative historical narratives that go beyond traditional, hegemonic “great men” discourse. This digital revolution in archival media opens up access to previously unknown images and provides the possibility that these images could broaden and transform collective memory. Interactive timelines are one way to utilize such archival material to create more democratic, bottom-up histories, and make them widely available through the web. The author critically describes the development of one interactive timeline that taps into more than 20 photographic archives to visually articulate and synthesize public memories of modern Hungarian history, with the goal of enriching and expanding collective memory.
Pelvic vein thrombosis as a cause of acute pelvic pain

Abstract BACKGROUND: Pelvic vein thrombosis may occur in nonpuerperal patients with hypercoagulable conditions and have significant sequelae. The purpose of this report is to describe a nonpuerperal woman with factor V Leiden mutation who developed acute pelvic pain secondary to pelvic varix thrombosis. CASE: A multiparous woman, status post-bilateral tubal interruption, presented with acute onset of severe left-sided pelvic pain 5–6 weeks from the onset of her last menstrual period. A pelvic computed tomography scan showed left pelvic varix thrombosis. Hematologic studies were consistent with heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation. The patient was treated with heparin and warfarin, and had complete resolution of her pain. CONCLUSION: Pelvic vein thrombosis may cause acute pelvic pain in nonpuerperal women, especially those with primary hypercoagulopathies. This should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute pelvic pain in reproductive-age women.
Repair of Mycotic Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Following BCG Treatment

reattach the ribs and manubrium to the elevated sternum. After the manubrium was elevated to a more anterior position, a significant deficiency in clavicle length was present, especially on the left side. Bilateral autologous semitendinosus grafting of clavicles to manubrium was performed (Fig). Postoperatively, the patient had an uneventful recovery and remains well 7 months later. Conclusions: Although acute central vein obstruction warrants urgent intervention, treatment of chronic occlusions remain less descript. Despite reported equivocal results between operative intervention and repeated angioplasty, open brachiocephalic vein bypass is suggested for longer term relief in patients with any etiologic anatomic compression.
LENGTH EFFECT IN THE HEAT TRANSPORT IN HELIUM II

ABS>A length effect in heat transport in helium II in small channels was observed. Measurements were made using a column of packed jeweller's rouge for lengths of 3.179, 5.166, and 8.156 cm in the temperature range 1.70 to 2.17 EK. The channel size was approximately 0.1 micron. The results verified the linear dependence of the heat current density on temperature difference and showed a decrease in the heat transport by approximately a factor of 2 as the rouge length was increased from 3.179 to 8.156 cm. (auth)
SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 Are Phosphate-Linked, Glucose-6-Phosphate Antiporters

Blood glucose homeostasis between meals depends upon production of glucose within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the liver and kidney by hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into glucose and phosphate (Pi). This reaction depends on coupling the G6P transporter (G6PT) with glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α). Only one G6PT, also known as SLC37A4, has been characterized, and it acts as a Pi-linked G6P antiporter. The other three SLC37 family members, predicted to be sugar-phosphate:Pi exchangers, have not been characterized functionally. Using reconstituted proteoliposomes, we examine the antiporter activity of the other SLC37 members along with their ability to couple with G6Pase-α. G6PT- and mock-proteoliposomes are used as positive and negative controls, respectively. We show that SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 are ER-associated, Pi-linked antiporters, that can transport G6P. Unlike G6PT, neither is sensitive to chlorogenic acid, a competitive inhibitor of physiological ER G6P transport, and neither couples to G6Pase-α. We conclude that three of the four SLC37 family members are functional sugar-phosphate antiporters. However, only G6PT/SLC37A4 matches the characteristics of the physiological ER G6P transporter, suggesting the other SLC37 proteins have roles independent of blood glucose homeostasis.
X-Ray structure of Tyr-D-Tic-Phe-Phe-NH2 (D-TIPP-NH2), a highly potent μ-receptor selective opioid agonist. Comparisons with proposed model structures

Tyr-D-Tic-Phe-Phe-NH2 (D-TIPP), a linear tetrapeptide containing the conformationally restricted Tic residue (tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), is an opioid agonist which exhibits high affinity and selectivity for the mu-receptor. Its conformational features have been studied using a combination, a solid-state (X-ray) and modeling (molecular mechanics and Monte Carlo simulations) methods. The results of the X-ray study showed two distinct conformers for D-TIPP, with the main differences lying in the orientation of the Tyr side-chain and the presence of both D-Tic(+) and D-Tic(-) conformations for the D-Tic residue. The peptide backbone is folded and stabilized by the formation of one intramolecular hydrogen bond. The modeling results also indicated a folded backbone for the peptide and both cis and trans conformers for the D-Tic residue are found in the lowest-energy structures. Comparison of the X-ray and modeling results shows many similarities especially around the D-Tic residue.
Transitioning into a digital world: Time for providers to recommend Internet health information?

It is no secret that patients in developed countries have reasonable concern that some patients are not equipped to virtually unlimited access to information via the Internet. A simple search of any medical condition will reveal hundreds of Web sites that patients can turn to in times of uncertainty. The combination of being granted limited face time with providers, the desire for a better understanding of an illness, and the convenience of Internet health information leads patients to initiate their own inquiries. In 2012, the Pew Internet & American Life Project reported that 81% of United States adults use the Internet, with 72% of those responders acknowledging the use of online health information in the past 12 months. A more recent study using the National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey data found that 68% of responders sought information on the Internet as their first source. Comparatively, only 16% used a physician or health care provider as their first source of health information. Ethical frameworks promoting theprinciple of autonomy and patient-centered care praise the availability of information and support patients in their desire to become both informed of their illness and active in medical decisions. However, translating this ethical framework into routine clinical practice and sound medical decision making is not so simple. Embracing this change toward increased patient autonomy necessitates a proportional increase in patient responsibility. The challenge in providing patients with the knowledge required to adequately participate in decision making delivers additional strain to health care professionals. On the surface, it seems like Internet education could be the perfect solution to help ease the transition to patientdirected care in a world of limited resources. Unfortunately, Internet information is essentially unregulated and highly variable in quality. Not surprisingly, the medical literature is filled with mixed messages on the utility of Internet education. This uncertainty places providers in a difficult position. With no clear guidelines on appropriate use of Internet health information, providers are left to decide for themselves whether to endorse outside education. There is
Meniscus and viscous forces during separation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces with liquid-mediated contacts

Adhesion due to the formation of meniscus bridges has been of interest since the early 20th century. Extensive studies have been carried out analytically and numerically. Adhesive or repulsive forces contributed by meniscus and adhesive viscous forces can be significant and become one of the main reliability issues when the contacting surfaces are smooth and/or when the normal load is small, as is common for micro/nanodevices. Previous numerical studies mainly focus on static meniscus analysis for hydrophilic surfaces. More recently, analysis of meniscus and viscous forces during separation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces with symmetric and asymmetric contact angles have been carried out. These studies are useful to understand the relative roles of meniscus and viscous forces during the separation process. In this paper, a comprehensive review of analytical and numerical modeling of the meniscus and viscous forces are presented. The analyses for both forces during normal and tangential separation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic smooth or rough surfaces with symmetric and asymmetric contact angles, and viscous forces during tangential separation are presented. The analyses provide a fundamental understanding of the physics of the separation process and insight into the relationships between meniscus and viscous forces. Implications of these analyses in macro/micro/nanotechnologies are discussed.
Dietary protein intake is associated with maximal and explosive strength of the leg flexors in young and older blue collar workers

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary protein (PRO) intake and maximal and rapid strength of the leg flexors in blue collar (BC) working men. Twenty-four young (age, 23.2 ± 2.1 years) and 19 older (age, 52.8 ± 5.2 years) men employed in BC occupations completed a 3-day dietary record and isometric strength testing of the leg flexors. Food logs were analyzed for total PRO (TPRO) and essential amino acid (EAA) intake. Rapid and maximal strength capacities were examined from the rate of torque development at 50 milliseconds and peak torque of the torque-time curves, respectively. Pearson correlations and partial correlations were used to examine the relationships between TPRO and EAA intake on strength variables. Peak torque was positively correlated to TPRO and EAA intake in the young ( r = 0.439 and r = 0.431; P r = 0.636 and r = 0.605; P r = 0.512 and r = 0.310; P = .01) and older (r = 0.662 and r = 0.665; P P > .05) between TPRO and strength variables when controlling for EAA intake. Total PRO intake explained 20 to 44% of the variance in rapid and maximal strength for both age groups. Essential amino acid intake was largely responsible for the positive relationship between PRO intake and strength. Across young and older BC working male populations, PRO consumption was associated with both maximal and explosive strength capacities of the leg flexors muscle group.
Locus of Control, Self-Esteem, and Field Independence as Predictors of School Achievement Among Anglo American and Mexican American Children

The relation of measures of locus of control, self-esteem, and field independence to the reading and math achievement of 170 Mexican American and Anglo American children is explored. The Anglo American-Mexican American school achievement gap was confirmed, but no significant cultural difference on any personality variable was observed. The intercorrelations among the personality variables and between the personality variables and school achievement were greater among Mexican American children compared to Anglo American children, and the per sonality variables were also more highly related to school achievement for Mexican American children. This pattern of results is discussed as possibly due to (a) a greater impact of school achievement on personality for Mexican Americans; (b) personality differences as more important precursors of school achievement among Mexican Americans; (c) lack of cultural equivalence of meaning of the personality variables; and (d) grade as a mediating variable. Implications of t...
The Influence of Culture on Pension Plans

Abstract It is widely recognized that culture is a dimension affecting a vast array of management and social choices. However, we know little about the effect of culture on choices that combine both business and social issues in an accounting setting. Employee benefit choices by managers reflect both the business choices of a firm in the selection and retention of employees and social choices in the type and extent of benefits provided to employees. The objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which culture affects employee benefits as manifested in pension plans. In a comparison of plans that differ according to the home country of the parent firm and are offered in the regulated environment of the United States, results indicate an effect of culture on pension plan choices. In particular, culture plays a role in determining the funding level percentage of the plan, employer contributions receivable, and revenues received or receivable from employers.
Revisiting emotional geographies: Implications for family engagement and education policy in the United States

From 2000 to 2001, Andy Hargreaves produced a series of publications introducing the concept of distinctive emotional geographies of teaching. The concept addressed how teacher emotions are situated within the context of their work and influence interactions with students, colleagues, administrators, and families. Hargreaves contended that understanding the emotional geographies of teachers would help build stronger relationships among stakeholders. He also predicted that educational policies centered on accountability that fail to develop commitments from families and communities threatened to exacerbate preexisting tensions. Ten years later, Hargreaves’ prescient observations provide important insights on the challenges encountered by the No Child Left Behind Act and implications for policy proposals being entertained during the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in the United States. This article revisits the concept of emotional geographies, utilizes its conceptual framework to examine policy efforts focused on the issue of family engagement, and offers recommendations for new directions in educational policy.
SIMULATION OF ENERGETIC CLUSTER IMPACTS ON METALLIC TARGETS

We review recent progress in the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the energetic collisions of cluster ions with metallic surfaces. MD simulations have been used to predict the energy, number-density, and confinement-time properties of the highly nonlinear collision cascades initiated by cluster impacts; as well as to predict the yields, energy-distributions, and angle-distributions of ejected cluster-atoms and target-atoms.
Rural Population Decline in the 1980s: Impacts of Farm Structure and Federal Farm Programs

Federal farm program benefits accrue disproportionately to large-scale farm operators, and continue largely because of the political influence of their beneficiaries. Some writers argue that these payments stem the movement of labor out of agriculture, ultimately reducing the pace of rural depopulation. Here, a theoretical model linking farm program payments to population loss is presented and empirically estimated for the years 1980–90. Larger farm program payments as a share of total cash marketing receipts were associated with greater population losses from rural counties. This result holds after controlling for other economic variables affecting population migration from rural areas.
A spectral approach to compute performance measures in a correlated single server queue

The coupling matrix was introduced in [8] to compute the performance measures of a PH/PH/1 single server queue. This matrix was extended in [1, 2] to include arrival and service processes that are possibly serially correlated processes, although the service process remains independent of the arrival process and all marginal distributions are matrix exponential, and this current paper is an extended abstract of [2]. The coupling matrix is constructed from the arrival and the service distributions without any computational effort, and the performance measures (such as waiting times and queue length distributions) are derived directly from its spectrum.
ASCORBIC ACID AND RIBOFLAVIN CONTENT OF ASPARAGUS DURING MARKETING

California-grown asparagus purchased from wholesale markets and retail stores in the greater New York area 6 to 9 days after harvest, and California asparagus purchased at retail stores in the greater New York area then stored 3 days at 5.5 °C and 90–95% relative humidity to simulate consumer holding were analyzed for total ascorbic acid (AA), L-ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) and riboflavin content. Asparagus from wholesale markets, retail stores and storage averaged 15, 10, and 9mg AA/100g freshweight, respectively. The average was 77% less than reported in freshly harvested California asparagus. Samples of asparagus from wholesale markets contained significantly more AA than were found in retail or stored samples. Riboflavin content in asparagus from wholesale, retail and storage levels were .030, .029, and .033 mg/100g freshweight, respectively. These values were not statistically different, and were on the average 79% less than those reported for fresh California asparagus. DHAA ranged from 1.5 mg/100g freshweight in asparagus purchased from wholesale markets to 3.0 mg/100g freshweight in stored asparagus. Sixteen percent of the total AA in samples of wholesale, retail and stored asparagus was oxidized to DHAA. Thus it is questionable whether or not L-ascorbic acid is a good indication of the total vitamin C in asparagus purchased at terminal markets.
Primitive Atmosphere of the Earth

Calculation of exospheric temperature in model of primitive atmosphere and relation to abiogenesis
Interaction of Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on Serum Amyloid A3 Expression in Mouse Granulosa Cells: Dependence on CCAAT-Enhancing Binding Protein-β Isoform

TNFalpha is an inflammatory-related cytokine that has inhibitory effects on gonadotropin- and cAMP-stimulated steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis. Because ovulation is an inflammatory reaction and TNF specifically induces serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) in mouse granulosa cells, the effect of cAMP on TNF-induced SAA3 promoter activity, mRNA and protein was investigated. Granulosa cells from immature mice were cultured with TNF and/or cAMP. TNF increased SAA3 promoter activity, mRNA, and protein, which were further increased by cAMP. cAMP alone increased SAA3 promoter activity, but SAA3 mRNA and protein remained undetectable. Thus, there appeared to be different mechanisms by which TNF and cAMP regulated SAA3 expression. SAA3 promoters lacking a nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-like site or containing its mutant were not responsive to TNF but were responsive to cAMP. Among four CCAAT-enhancing binding protein (C/EBP) sites in the SAA3 promoter, the C/EBP site nearest the NF-kappaB-like site was required for TNF-induced SAA3. The C/EBP site at -75/-67 was necessary for responsiveness to cAMP. Dominant-negative C/EBP and cAMP response element-binding protein or short interfering RNA of C/EBPbeta blocked TNF- or cAMP-induced SAA3 promoter activity. The combination of TNF and cAMP increased C/EBPbeta protein above that induced by TNF or cAMP alone. Thus, cAMP in combination with TNF specifically induced C/EBPbeta protein, leading to enhanced SAA3 expression but requiring NF-kappaB in mouse granulose cells. In addition, like TNF, SAA inhibited cAMP-induced estradiol accumulation and CYP19 levels. These data indicate SAA may play a role in events occurring during the ovulation process.
Nebulin Interacts with CapZ and Regulates Thin Filament Architecture within the Z-Disc

The barbed ends of actin filaments in striated muscle are anchored within the Z-disc and capped by CapZ; this protein blocks actin polymerization and depolymerization in vitro. The mature lengths of the thin filaments are likely specified by the giant "molecular ruler" nebulin, which spans the length of the thin filament. Here, we report that CapZ specifically interacts with the C terminus of nebulin (modules 160-164) in blot overlay, solid-phase binding, tryptophan fluorescence, and SPOTs membrane assays. Binding of nebulin modules 160-164 to CapZ does not affect the ability of CapZ to cap actin filaments in vitro, consistent with our observation that neither of the two C-terminal actin binding regions of CapZ is necessary for its interaction with nebulin. Knockdown of nebulin in chick skeletal myotubes using small interfering RNA results in a reduction of assembled CapZ, and, strikingly, a loss of the uniform alignment of the barbed ends of the actin filaments. These data suggest that nebulin restricts the position of thin filament barbed ends to the Z-disc via a direct interaction with CapZ. We propose a novel molecular model of Z-disc architecture in which nebulin interacts with CapZ from a thin filament of an adjacent sarcomere, thus providing a structural link between sarcomeres.
Effects of Hypothermia on the Rate of Excitatory Amino Acid Release After Ischemic Depolarization

Background and Purpose Hypothermia slows the increase in extracellular excitatory amino acid (EAA) concentrations during temporary cerebral ischemia. However, it is unclear whether hypothermia slows the rate of EAA release or just delays the time until the first sharp increase (which occurs coincident with terminal depolarization). Methods Pericranial temperatures were adjusted to 38°C, 34°C, 31°C, or 25°C in halothane-anesthetized rats. The cortical DC voltage was recorded from a glass microelectrode while the cortical concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured by microdialysis. A cardiac arrest was induced with intravenous KCl, and the times until electroencephalograph isoelectricity and terminal depolarization were recorded. Dialysate concentrations of the four compounds were measured at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after depolarization. Results The times to isoelectricity and depolarization varied inversely with temperature; depolarization time increased from 70±9 seconds at 38°C (mean±SD) to 294±34 seconds at 25°C. The dialysate concentrations of all four compounds increased during ischemia, and the rate of increase was inhibited by cooling. After 30 minutes of ischemia, glutamate concentration in 38°C animals was 58.4±31.8 μmol/L; this decreased to 15.9±8.4 μmol/L at 25°C. The magnitude of the effects of temperature on amino acid release differed with the compound measured. For glutamate, the calculated Q10 was 3.63. Corresponding values for aspartate and glycine were 3.68 and 1.95, respectively. By contrast, Q10 for GABA release was 6.31, indicating greater sensitivity to cooling. Conclusions These results suggest that effects of hypothermia on EAA concentrations during cerebral ischemia may be the result of both a delay until initial EAA release as well as a direct effect of temperature on the rate of amino acid release. The observed temperature effects are more consistent with carrier-mediated processes controlling EAA release.
Optimal Deployment of Alternative Fueling Stations on Transportation Networks Considering Deviation Paths

The lack of sufficient public fueling stations for Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) has greatly hindered their adoption. In this paper, we describe a novel Alternative Fueling Station (AFS) location model by considering the behaviors of AFV users who are willing to deviate slightly from their most preferred routes to ensure that their AFVs with limited travel ranges can be refueled en route to their destinations. The model considers multiple deviation paths between each of the origin–destination (O-D) pairs. It relaxes the commonly adopted assumption that travelers only take a shortest path between any O-D pairs. The model provides the most cost-effective deployment strategy of siting AFSs that are needed on the network to satisfy AFV demand between all O-D pairs. We examine the model on two test networks, the Sioux Falls network and a 25-node network, and draw insights into the numerical tradeoffs between station deployment, vehicle ranges, and route deviations. The results show that deviation paths can greatly reduce the cost of establishing AFSs on networks without compromising user convenience much. In addition, an “elbow point” rule is used to identify the most cost-effective AFV travel range in terms of the total cost of building AFSs.
REACTION PATH AND FREE ENERGY CALCULATIONS OF THE TRANSITION BETWEEN ALTERNATE CONFORMATIONS OF HIV-1 PROTEASE

Two different structures of ligand-free HIV protease have been determined by X-ray crystallography. These structures differ in the position of two 12 residue, β-hairpin regions (or “flaps”) which cap the active site. The movements of the flaps must be involved in the binding of substrates since, in either conformation, the flaps block the binding site. One of these structures is similar to structures of the ligand-bound enzyme; however, the importance of both structures to enzyme function is unclear. This transformation takes place on a time scale too long for conventional molecular dynamics simulations, so the process was studied by first identifying a reaction path between the two structures and then calculating the free energy along this path using umbrella sampling. For the ligand-free enzyme, it is found that the two structures are nearly equally stable, with the ligand-bound-type structure being less stable, consistent with X-ray crystallography data. The more stable open structure does not have a lower potential energy, but is stabilized by entropy. The transition occurs through a collapse and reformation of the β-sheet structure of the conformationally flexible, glycine-rich flap ends. Additionally, some problems in studying conformational changes in proteins through the use of a single reaction path are addressed. Proteins 32:7–16, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Jealousy

Abstract Jealousy is a multidimensional cognitive, emotional, behavioral and interpersonal phenomenon. Jealousy can be a destructive and often dangerous emotional and interpersonal response to threats to a valued relationship. Despite the importance of jealousy as an issue for couples, there has been relatively little attention to this problem. Jealousy is aformof angry, agitated worry, whose goal is to anticipate and avoid surprise and betrayal. A meta–emotional model is described, emphasizing the normalization of jealous emotion, distinguishing between “feeling” and “acting on” jealousy and linking jealousy to emotional processing, intolerance of uncertainty and thought fusion. Mindfulness and acceptance based approaches can be used that emphasize cultivating a capacity to distance and de–center from disturbing thoughts and feelings, overcoming attempts at experiential avoidance that may amplify jealousy, disrupting thought–reality fusion, and establishing a non–judgmental observing stance, from which a...
Alcohol, aging, and cognitive performance in a cohort of Japanese Americans aged 65 and older: the Kame project.

Objective: To investigate the effects of light to moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive performance. Design and Setting: A cross-sectional analysis including older Japanese Americans in King County, WA, enrolled in the Kame Project, a population-based study of cognition, dementia, and aging. Participants: 1,836 cognitively intact participants aged 65 and older who participated in the baseline (1992-1994) examination. Measurement: Cognitive performance was measured using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument, reaction time (simple and choice), and a measure of vocabulary (North American Adult Reading Test). Results: Multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship between cognitive performance and alcohol consumption at baseline with men and women together and then separately controlling for age, education, smoking, history of stroke, angina, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. Findings showed lower cognitive test scores were observed for men who were either abstainers or in the heavy drinking group. For women, a linear relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance was seen on two of the four measures of cognitive functioning. No significant difference in the association of drinking and cognitive function was identified within the different Japanese American subgroups. Conclusion: Results suggest a possible positive relationship between light to moderate drinking and cognitive performance in an aging Japanese American population. Additional long-term prospective and cross-cultural studies are needed to determine the generalizability of these findings to other aging cohorts.
Leucine Stimulates Translation Initiation in Skeletal Muscle of Postabsorptive Rats via a Rapamycin-Sensitive Pathway

The objectives of the present study were twofold: 1) to determine whether leucine is unique among the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in its ability to stimulate protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of food-deprived rats; and 2) to investigate whether changes in muscle protein synthesis after leucine administration involve a signaling pathway that includes the protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In the first set of experiments, food-deprived (18 h) male rats (200 g) were orally administered saline or 270 mg valine, isoleucine or leucine. In the second set of experiments, food-deprived rats were injected intravenously with rapamycin (0.75 mg/kg), a specific inhibitor of mTOR, before leucine administration. Only leucine stimulated protein synthesis in skeletal muscle above saline-treated controls (P: < 0.05). Furthermore, leucine was most effective among the BCAA at enhancing phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF), 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and the 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1). Leucine-dependent hyperphosphorylation of 4E-BP1 increased the availability of eIF4E to form the active eIF4G.eIF4E complex. To a lesser extent, isoleucine also enhanced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6K1. Rapamycin inhibited protein synthesis in both leucine-treated and food-deprived rats. Additionally, rapamycin prevented the stimulatory effects of leucine on eIF4E availability for binding eIF4G and inhibited leucine-dependent phosphorylation of S6K1. The data demonstrate that leucine is unique among the BCAA in its ability to stimulate protein synthesis in muscle of food-deprived rats. We show for the first time that leucine-dependent stimulation of translation initiation in vivo occurs via a rapamycin-sensitive pathway.
MARKET EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN THE STANDARD & POOR'S 500 INDEX

This paper examines the impact on stock returns of changes in the Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500 index. S&P states that firms are not added to or deleted from the index for valuation reasons but rather to maintain or improve the index's representative character. Results from market response tests indicate that stocks added to (deleted from) the index since 1975 experience a significant positive (negative) announcement day excess return. No announcement effect occurs in S&P changes prior to 1976. These announcement effects may be explained by a price-pressure hypothesis or by an information effect. Results of tests conducted to isolate which of these phenomena is present are reported.
Naturally Occurring Lethal Parvovirus Infection of Juvenile and Young-Adult Rats:

A lethal disease characterized by hemorrhage and necrosis of the brain, testes, and epididymides developed in young adult rats housed in specific pathogen free quarters. Morphological, virological, and serological investigations of the outbreak indicated that the probable causative agent was rat virus (Kilham), a common parvovirus of rats that usually induces persistent, asymptomatic infection in adult rats.
The consequences of enhanced cell-autonomous glucose metabolism

The intake and metabolism of carbohydrates for the generation of energy and biomass is evolutionarily conserved, down to the most primitive of cells. Although a basal rate of glucose metabolism occurs in all cells, the processing rates of glucose can become dramatically enhanced when cells acquire malignant properties, or remain undifferentiated. This article investigates the consequences of how increased glucose metabolism affects cellular physiology by altering the physicochemical properties of the whole metabolic network. As a result, enhanced lactate production in the presence of oxygen (the Warburg effect) is required, and metabolism is consequently reconfigured, through multiple mechanisms, to confer numerous physiological and possibly regulatory properties to cells.
Flexibility of the exportins Cse1p and Xpot depicted by elastic network model

Nucleocytoplasmic transport in eukaryotic cells involves many interactions between macromolecules, and has been an active area for many researchers. However, the precise mechanism still evades us and more efforts are needed to better understand it. In this study, the authors investigated exportins (Cse1p and Xpot) by elastic network interpolation (ENI) and elastic network based normal mode analysis (EN-NMA). Results of the study on Cse1p were in good agreement with the results obtained by molecular dynamics simulation in another study but with the benefit of time-efficiency. First, a formation of ring closure obtained by ENI was observed. Second, HEAT 1 to 3 and HEAT 14 to 17 had the largest values of root mean square deviation (RMSD) which indicated the flexibility of Cse1p during the transition. In the case of Xpot, a possible pathway from nuclear state to cytoplasmic state was shown, and the predicted pathway was also quantitatively analyzed in terms of RMSD. The results suggested two flexible regions of Xpot that might be important to the transporting mechanism. Moreover, the dominant mode of Xpot in the nuclear state obtained by EN-NMA not only showed the tendency to match the predicted pathway to the cytoplasmic state of Xpot, but also displayed the flexible regions of Xpot. A time-efficient computational approach was presented in this paper and the results indicated that the flexibility of tested exportins might be required to perform the biological function of transporting cargos.
SENTIMENTALIST PLURALISM: MORAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS*

∗When making moral judgments, people are typically guided by a plurality of moral rules. These rules owe their existence to human emotions but are not simply equivalent to those emotions. And people’s moral judgments ought to be guided by a plurality of emotion-based rules. The view just stated combines three positions on moral judgment: [1] moral sentimentalism, which holds that sentiments play an essential role in moral judgment, 1 [2] descriptive moral pluralism, which holds that commonsense moral judgment is guided by a plurality of moral rules, 2 and [3] prescriptive moral pluralism, which holds that moral judgment ought to be guided by a plurality of moral rules. In what follows, we will argue for all three positions. We will not present a comprehensive case for these positions nor address many of the arguments philosophers have developed against them. What we will try to show is that recent psychological work supports sentimentalist pluralism in both its descriptive and prescriptive forms.
The non-destructive and nano-microstructural characterization of thermal-barrier coatings

The durability of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) plays an important role in the service reliability and maintainability of hot-section components in advanced turbine engines for aerospace and utility applications. Photostimulated luminescence spectroscopy (PSLS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are being concurrently developed as complimentary nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for quality control and liferemain assessment of TBCs. This paper discusses recent achievements in understanding the residual stress, phase constituents, and electrochemical resistance (or capacitance) of TBC constituents—with an emphasis on the thermally grown oxide. Results from NDE by PSLS and EIS are correlated to the nano- and microstructural development of TBCs.
Dim Nighttime Light Impairs Cognition and Provokes Depressive-Like Responses in a Diurnal Rodent

Circadian disruption is a common by-product of modern life. Although jet lag and shift work are well-documented challenges to circadian organization, many more subtle environmental changes cause circadian disruption. For example, frequent fluctuations in the timing of the sleep/wake schedule, as well as exposure to nighttime lighting, likely affect the circadian system. Most studies of these effects have focused on nocturnal rodents, which are very different from diurnal species with respect to their patterns of light exposure and the effects that light can have on their activity. Thus, the authors investigated the effect of nighttime light on behavior and the brain of a diurnal rodent, the Nile grass rat. Following 3 weeks of exposure to standard light/dark (LD; 14:10 light [~150 lux] /dark [0 lux]) or dim light at night (dLAN; 14:10 light [~150 lux] /dim [5 lux]), rats underwent behavioral testing, and hippocampal neurons within CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) were examined. Three behavioral effects of dLAN were observed: (1) decreased preference for a sucrose solution, (2) increased latency to float in a forced swim test, and (3) impaired learning and memory in the Barnes maze. Light at night also reduced dendritic length in DG and basilar CA1 dendrites. Dendritic length in the DG positively correlated with sucrose consumption in the sucrose anhedonia task. Nighttime light exposure did not disrupt the pattern of circadian locomotor activity, and all grass rats maintained a diurnal activity pattern. Together, these data suggest that exposure to dLAN can alter affective responses and impair cognition in a diurnal animal.
Low blood mononuclear cell magnesium in intensive cardiac care unit patients.

Magnesium deficiency may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias, and coronary spasm. Because less than 1% of magnesium (Mg) is extracellular, the serum magnesium (sMg) does not always accurately reflect intracellular Mg stores. To determine the frequency of Mg deficiency in patients with cardiovascular disease, we measured blood mononuclear cell Mg content (mMg) and sMg concentrations in 104 unselected patients admitted to our intensive cardiac care unit (CCU). Twenty-seven normal healthy controls and 33 hypomagnesemic patients with chronic alcoholism and/or malabsorption syndrome served as reference groups. The sMg concentration in the CCU patients was 2.05 +/- 0.03 mg/dl (mean +/- SEM), and did not differ from normal controls (mean 2.01 +/- 0.03 mg/dl). Only 8 of 104 CCU patients were hypomagnesemic (7.7%). mMg in the CCU patients, however, was significantly lower than in the normal controls (1.15 +/- 0.02 micrograms/mg protein and 1.34 +/- 0.02 micrograms/mg protein respectively, p less than 0.001). Fifty-three percent (55 of 104) of CCU patients had mMg contents less than 1.119 micrograms/mg protein, i.e., below that of the lowest normal control. mMg was significantly lower in those patients with congestive heart failure (mMg = 1.08 +/- 0.03 micrograms/mg protein) when compared to those patients without congestive heart failure (1.23 +/- 0.02 micrograms/mg protein, p less than 0.001). We conclude that the incidence of intracellular Mg deficiency in patients with cardiovascular disease is much higher than the sMg would lead one to suspect, and may contribute to clinical cardiovascular morbidity.
Evaluation of the use of clinical decision support and online resources for pharmacogenomics education

Aim: To assess impact and value of using clinical decision support (CDS) to drive providers toward online pharmacogenomics education. Materials & methods: CDS was used to target prescribers of codeine/tramadol, send an educational email, display alert/inbox and provide links to an online resource. Providers were surveyed to assess impact. Results: Of the methods used to target providers, educational email was more effective (7.2%). Survey response rate was 29.2% (n = 528/1817). Of respondents, 57.4% reported opening the email and 27.1% accessed the online resource. Of those accessing the resource, 89% found it useful and learned something new about pharmacogenomics. Conclusion: The impact of using CDS to target pharmacogenomics education was limited. However, providers accessing the online resource found it useful and educational.
Systematics of HII Rotation Curves

Systematic rotational properties of field spiral galaxies are presented, as a function of Hubble type and of luminosity. Within a Hubble type, radius, nuclear velocity gradient, rotation velocity, mass, and mass density increase with luminosity, while M/L is constant. At fixed luminosity, V (max) , mass, density, and M/L decrease from Sa through Sc. These variations are so systematic that it is possible to display them on a single diagram.
Renal tubular lesions in mice produced by group A streptococci grown in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers.

It has been pointed out by Rammelkamp and associates (1952, 1953) that acute hemorrhagic glomerulonephritis is associated with a few serologic types of group A streptococci, including types 12, 4 and 25. Streptococcal strains of these types, which were epidemiologically related to outbreaks of acute nephritis, were termed by these investigators "nephritogenic." These observations have been confirmed by many other workers (Wertheim et al, 1953; Reed, 1953; Wilmers et al, 1954; and Stetson et al, 1955). The factor or factors which determine the association of these serologic types with nephritogenic properties are not understood. More recently Kelly and Winn (1958) described renal lesions in mice exposed to streptococci grown in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers. The lesions con-
Selective Methods for Managing Insect Pests of Cotton

In replicated tests in small field plots of cotton, applications of a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (BT) (1121 g/ha) did not adequately suppress heavy populations of Heliothis spp. larvae. When chlordimeform (140 g/ha) was applied in conjunction with this same dose, the level of control increased but did not exceed that provided by chlordimeform alone. Direct comparisons of the efficacy of the BT formulation (561 g/ha) and a commercial formulation of Baculovirus heliothis (BH) (148 g/ha) against Heliothis spp. indicated that the materials provided comparable levels of control against moderate populations of larvae. When the BH formulation (148 g/ha) or the BT formulation (560 g/ha) was applied in conjunction with releases of Trichogramma (110,000/ha) in test plots oversprayed with diflubenzuron (70 g + 4.7 liter crop oil/ha) to control boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, the 2 microbial pesticides caused a similar and significant reduction (compared with the check) in the numbers of both small and large Heliothis spp. larvae. Numbers of undamaged bolls were also significantly greater in microbial-treated plots.
Prostate specific antigen density: a means of distinguishing benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer.

AbstractIsolated prostate specific antigen (PSA) determinations in asymptomatic individuals have not demonstrated sufficient sensitivity and specificity to be useful in the routine evaluation of prostate disease. To enhance the accuracy of serum PSA we have used a quotient of serum PSA and prostate volume, which we refer to as prostate specific antigen density (PSAD). Prostate volume in this study was calculated from magnetic resonance imaging determinations of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) or from the dimensions of the surgical specimen of cancer using the formula, length × width × depth × 0.5 = volume. A total of 61 patients with prostatic disease clinically confined to the prostate glands (41 with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy and 20 with BPH) was evaluated. The mean PSAD for prostate cancer was 0.581 while that for BPH was 0.044 (p <0.002). No patient with BPH had a PSAD of greater than 0.117 and only 1 patient had a density of 0.1 or greater. Of 34 patients with a PSAD of 0.1 ...
THE STABILITY OF THE REPRODUCTION SCHEME: THEORETICAL DISCUSSION AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1948-1980.

The schemes of reproduction presented by Marx in Volume II of Capital are generally held to be the ancestors of more modern linear models of production and growth. By their very simplicity the schemes of reproduction allow for a basic discussion of the problems of this type of model.
Campylobacter/Helicobacter Bacteraemia in Cape Town, South Africa, 1977–1995

Campylobacter spp. are firmly established as causative agents of gastroenteritis in man, particularly in children under the age of two years. Campylobacter spp. have also been implicated in bacteraemia in young children2,3,7. Just beginning to be appreciated is the role of Helicobacter spp. in gastroenteritis and bacteraemia. Other than a few reports on a limited number of strains, there is little information on C/H bacteraemia in paediatric patients. This present study contributes microbiological and epidemiological findings on bacteraemia in children and adults in an African setting.
Hybrid Experimental-Analytical Approach for Controlling Distortion and Residual Stresses in Weldments

The authors believe that it is possible to solve some complex, practical problems related to distortion and residual stresses in weldments through proper combinations of experimental and analytical techniques. The paper then discusses how to reduce mismatch of a butt weld through real-time sensing and control.
Evidence--an Input, Not an Answer.

Evidence-based medicine can help guide a physician in the clinical encounter but should not replace physician judgment or experience. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.