cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification of Chemically Modified Proteins

Protein chemists have long been interested in changing the chemical, physical, and biological properties of proteins by chemically altering their structure. In recent years, the application of modern knowledge of proteins and the uses of new chemical reagents and more sophisticated analytical techniques have made chemical modifications of proteins a major tool in protein chemistry (Hirs and Timasheff, 1972a; Means and Feeney, 1971). But, even with the availability of modern procedures, purification and analysis of the chemically modified products still remain as formidable tasks in using chemical modification in protein chemistry.
Lipid Metabolism by Phagocytic Cells

Although the physicochemical, and hence functional, properties of biological membranes result from the interaction of all major membrane constituents, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, lipids are the components that determine most of the properties considered to be characteristic of cell membranes. It is, in fact, the intense preoccupation with membrane structure and function of the past two decades that has led to many of the concomitant advances in the knowledge of lipid chemistry and metabolism.
g J Values of the 5 d [ 7 2 ] 4 , 3 and 5 d [ 3 2 ] 2 States in Xe and Hyperfine Structure of the 5 d [ 7 2 ] 4 State in Xe 129

A magnetic-resonance technique has been used to make an accurate measurement of the ${g}_{J}$ values of the $5d{[\frac{7}{2}]}_{4}$, $5d{[\frac{7}{2}]}_{3}$, and $5d{[\frac{3}{2}]}_{2}$ states in xenon and of the hyperfine structure of the $5d{[\frac{7}{2}]}_{4}$ state in $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$. The $5d$ states are excited and aligned by unidirectional electron impact in a hot-cathode discharge tube containing Xe at a pressure of about 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ Torr. Induced transitions between magnetic sublevels of the aligned $5d$ state are detected by monitoring the intensity of linearly polarized light emitted during the second step in the cascade $5d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6s$. The ${g}_{J}$ values were measured by determining the Zeeman transition frequency of a particular $5d$ state in a magnetic field of about 20 G which had been locked to the Zeeman resonance in the $6s{[\frac{3}{2}]}_{2}$ metastable state. The results are ${g}_{J}=1.2506(3)$ for $5d{[\frac{7}{2}]}_{4}$, ${g}_{J}=1.0749(4)$ for $5d{[\frac{7}{2}]}_{3}$, and ${g}_{J}=1.3750(3)$ for $5d{[\frac{3}{2}]}_{2}$. The hyperfine structure was measured by placing the tube in a T${\mathrm{E}}_{102}$ microwave cavity and observing direct ($\ensuremath{\Delta}F=1$) hyperfine transitions in a magnetic field of a few gauss. The result for $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ in the $5d{[\frac{7}{2}]}_{4}$ state is $a=\ensuremath{-}583.571(2)$ MHz. The error for both the ${g}_{J}$ values and the hyperfine structure arises from the magnetic field measurement and corresponds to about one-tenth of the linewidth. Our results are improvements of previous optical measurements.
Kinetics and mechanism of water cluster equilibria.

We combine hybrid density functional and transition state theory to investigate dynamical and mechanistic features of important aggregation, isomerization, and exchange pathways for cluster constituents of liquid water, building on the general concepts of quantum cluster equilibrium (QCE) theory. Such calculations confirm the extreme dynamical volatility of leading water cluster structural motifs, consistent with known ultrafast relaxation properties of liquid water and contrary to the superficial static imagery often associated with thermodynamic-level description. We identify low-barrier mechanistic pathways and associated donor–acceptor orbital interactions that lead to facile scrambling of covalent and H-bond cluster motifs with remarkably small energetic barriers, significantly less than required to break even a single covalent or H-bond in isolation.
A Comment on Curhan's "The Relationship Between Shelf Space and Unit Sales in Supermarkets"

In a recent article [1] Curhan reports that 11 variables commonly believed to affect shelf space elasticities explained only about 1% of the variation observed in his carefully chosen sample. He suggests that more "discriminating independent variables might be proposed to explain space elasticity . . . ," but doubts that their inclusion will "materially improve explanation." He concludes, on the basis of his findings, that "simulation of the merchandising effects of shelf space reallocations on sales and profits is likely to remain impractical." Curhan's rather disappointing empirical results could, of course, be caused by failure to include some important independent variables (which he doubts) or to a misspecification of the functional form of the estimating equation (e.g., the true equation could be nonlinear). I will suggest here, however, that the problem is a more basic one, familar to economists, known as simultaneous equation bias [2,3]. The problem, briefly stated, is that the store managers and/or COSMOS make shelf space allocation decisions to increase gross store profits. The attempt to maximize gross store profits will obscure whatever relationship originally existed between unit sales, shelf space, and other variables in Curhan's regression equation. I will show that gross profit maximization implies that the product of the gross profit per square foot of shelf space and the shelf space elasticity must be equal for all items in the same store. Put in other terms, gross profit maximization implies a perfect negative correlation between item gross profit per square foot and item shelf space elasticity in the same store. It is obvious that if the manager or the COSMOS program attempts to equalize or nearly equalize gross profit per square foot, then all shelf space elasticities will also be nearly the same. Thus, in the extreme case, unit sales could be affected by each of his independent variables in precisely the manner expected by Curhan and yet the regression equation fail completely because of lack of variability in the dependent variable. The theory given below is rich enough to enable us to put crude bounds on the shelf space elasticities, given information on gross profit per square foot and on the cost of space expansion. The results bracket the observed range of shelf space elasticities reported by Curhan and, at the same time, provide an explanation of the absolute size of these (roughly .2) and for the rather small variability observed (the range is from .201 to .244). This finding must be qualified by pointing out that the theory refers to elasticities at the store level, whereas Curhan reports averages for his four test stores. It would be interesting to know how much worse the theory does in explaining results at the store level.
The Reluctant Rise of an Urban Regime: The Exercise of Power in Fargo, North Dakota

While most research on urban regimes examines cities with effective coalitions between business and government, there is growing recognition that such coalitions are not universal. Rast has suggested taking a multidimensional approach towards power, whereby the social-production model is best suited for understanding cities with strong regimes and the social-control model is more fitting for cities with weak or nonexistent regimes. This study illustrates how such an approach can be used to understand the postwar politics of Fargo, North Dakota. Fargo seemed to have all the components necessary for the creation of an urban regime, yet a coherent governing coalition was slow in forming despite the perceived need for downtown redevelopment. It took the prospect of federal urban renewal funds to change the power relationships within Fargo and allow regime formation. However, implementation of the urban renewal projects proved difficult and ultimately led to the regime’s collapse.
Species of Synchytrium in Louisiana. VI. Two New Species on Impatiens and Smilax

The galls are found on stems, petioles and leaves of Impatiens pallida Nutt. and I. biflora Walt. They are most abundant at base of plant, often closely crowded and sometimes one on another (fig. 1). They occur on any part of the stem but are usually most abundant just below the nodes, especially near the base of the plant. When abundant they cause swellings of the infected parts and a dwarfing of the plants. They are few and scattered on petioles and leaves. The infections occur on small, young plants growing in low lands that are flooded for short periods in the late winter or early spring. The zoospores penetrate the epidermal cells when very young and before there is any differentiation into palisade and mesophyll tissues. The galls are variable in size and shape. Those on the stems range from hemispherical to elongated. Those on the leaves and petioles are usually smaller than those on the stems and those on the leaves are mostly on the under surface and spherical or nearly spherical. They are composed mostly of very loose meso? phyll tissue. Those on the stems range from 320 X 400 to 560 X 960 fi. Those on the leaves range from 480 X 480 to 700 X 800 /x. They vary from green to pink and are composed of parenchyma tissue. The epidermal cells are small. The cavities in the galls vary in size and shape. They are formed by the enlargement of the infected epidermal cells which become covered by growths of the surrounding cells. The opening to the cavity (infected cell) closes but is distinct (fig. 3). The cavity may become spherical
A study on patients' negative emotional reactions and its influencing factors at the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

Objective To investigate patients' negative emotional reactions and its influencing factors when pulmonary tuberculosis( PTB) was diagnosed,and to provide evidence for health education and intervention. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 440 PTB patients who were treated at the designated clinics of two counties in Zhejiang Province. Twenty patients at one clinic were randomly selected for a semi-structured interview. Results A total of 437 qualified questionnaires were collected and 19 patients were successfully interviewed. When they were told the result of diagnosis,58. 58% patients felt worried,29. 75% were shocked,20. 37% tended to blame themselves,10. 98% felt helpless and 35. 70% had a sense of shame. In the semi-structured interview,the main reasons for negative emotions told by the patients were disbelieving the fact of getting the disease and misunderstanding TB was incurable. Old people felt more shocked( 40. 26%),worried( 58. 44%) and self-blaming( 38. 96%) about the diagnosis of TB. The divorced and widowed expressed more reactions of worry( 95. 24%),shock( 61. 09%),self-blame( 61. 09%),helpless( 42. 86%). Farmers had higher rate of shock( 48. 89%),worry( 70. 37%),and self-blame( 43. 70%). Conclusion Negative emotions or feelings were popular among TB patients when the disease was diagnosed. The elders,divorced or widowed people and farmers need to be attached more importance during the process of health education or intervention.
Construction of Phytoene Synthase (PSY2) Expressed Vector with Its Tomato Fruit Specific Promoter

Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a key enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pat hway. The target gene PSY2 andthe sequence of fruits pecific promoter E8 were acquired by PCR,and linked to pBI101.2 vector respectively.PCR,restricted enzyme map,and sequence analysis were used to identify this reconstructed plasmid, the results showed that thereconstructed plasmid carried PSY2 gene and its promoter E8 is succeed.then we transformed to it into AtumefaciensLBA4404、EHA105.This experiment will build up a foundation for further study of expressing protein PSY2 in the tomatofruit.
The pathophysiology of diarrhea.

Studies during the past 15 years have established that most diarrheal illnesses are associated with changes in intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport. Focus of intense investigation is on the cellular events associated with active electrolyte secretion and the role of different intracellular mechanisms in initiating the secretory process.
Model-Driven Automated Error Recovery in Cloud Computing

With the increasing complexity of software and systems, domain analysis and modeling are becoming more important for software development and system applications. Applying domain-specific modeling languages and transformation engines is an effective approach to address platform complexity and the inability of third-generation languages to express domain concepts clearly [1]. Building correct models for a specific domain can often simplify many complex tasks, particularly for distributed applications based on cloud computing [2] that offer several opportunities for customization and variability.
Cartographic Evidence for Historical Geomorphological Change and Wetland Formation in Jamaica Bay, New York

Abstract The apparent stability of urbanized portions of the coast of the northeastern US belies a much longer history of intertwined geomorphological and ecological change. Herein, I compare and contrast a set of 100 maps and charts from 1501 to 1844 of Jamaica Bay, a coastal lagoon located on the southeastern side of New York City. These documents, while requiring careful interpretation and appreciation for historical context, appear to suggest in series that Jamaica Bay was formerly much more open, without the marsh islands that are today the subject of intense scrutiny and restoration. I present a hypothesis regarding the east-to-west progression of the Rockaway Peninsula that in turn led to salt marsh formation in the interior of the bay approximately 200–230 years ago. This cartographic-driven hypothesis is supported by discussion of independent observations from soil cores taken in Jamaica Bay marsh islands. The paper concludes with brief remarks on the relevance of a long-term historical perspecti...
Bilateral Urrets-Zavalia Syndrome after Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty

Purpose To report a case of bilateral Urrets-Zavalia syndrome (UZS) after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Methods Case report. Results A 61-year-old patient with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy initially developed UZS in the left eye after DSAEK. Thirteen months later, she underwent combined cataract surgery and DSAEK in the right eye, and postoperatively she was noted to have elevated intraocular pressure and a fixed and dilated pupil on the first postoperative day. Both pupils showed partial improvement in reactivity over the course of weeks to months. This is the first case of bilateral UZS after DSAEK surgery and in a patient with Fuchs dystrophy. Conclusions UZS may occur bilaterally after DSAEK. Because elevated intraocular pressure has been shown to be a risk factor for this condition, this should be monitored closely during the postoperative period.
Self feeding aerial robots, methods for detection and localization of standard wall outlets

This work describes computer vision methods developed for autonomous recharging of a quadrotor from a standard wall outlet. Specifically, this work encompasses two algorithms for detecting and tracking an outlet in a video stream acquired by a low cost quadrotor platform. Two different algorithms were developed for assumptions and requirements associated with different distances between the quadrotor and an outlet. The close-range algorithm achieves higher processing frequency and greater accuracy, but is effective within a limited distance to the outlet. The longrange detection algorithm requires greater processing time, but imposes fewer assumptions and can detect outlets at greater distances (lower resolution). The algorithms overlap in their effective ranges and therefore allow the system to continuously track from over 6 feet to within several inches of an outlet. The close-range algorithm has achieves a processing frequency greater than 15 Hz. The long-range detector accomplishes scale invariant hole detection with automatic outlet scale selection.
Severe NDE1-mediated microcephaly results from neural progenitor cell cycle arrests at multiple specific stages.

Human mutations in the NDE1 gene have been associated with cortical malformations and severe microcephaly. Here, the authors show in embryonic rat brains that NDE1-depleted neural progenitors arrest at three specific cell cycle stages before mitosis, resulting in a severe decrease in neurogenesis.
The Vertical Infra-Areolar Approach to Nipple Skin-Sparing or Total Skin-Sparing Mastectomy

The total skin-sparing mastectomy has become routinely offered to patients in our practice as the mastectomy has evolved from the radical, to modified radical, to simple mastectomy, then skin-sparing, and now total skin-sparing or nipple skin-sparing mastectomy. The current literature suggests that the total skin-sparing mastectomy is an oncologically safe procedure for patients, excluding those with involvement of the nipple-areola complex and those with skin involvement or inflammatory breast cancer. Throughout our experience with the total skin-sparing mastectomy, our techniques and inclusion criteria for the procedure have evolved as more data has become available.
Orientational Analysis of Interfacial Molecular Groups of a 2-Methoxyethyl Methacrylate Monomer Using Femtosecond Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy

This study employs femtosecond sum frequency generation (FS-SFG) spectroscopy to identify the functional groups at the air–liquid interface of the 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate (MEMA) monomer. Based on the collected spectra, the methoxy group (−OCH3), the methylene (−CH2) group from the ethyl side chain of MEMA, the α-methyl group (α-CH3), and the alkene-methylene (═CH2) groups are present at the interface. Tilt angle was determined by calculating the intensity ratio values from the fitting results, and then the ratios are compared to the simulated SFG curves. The results derived from the conventional polarization combination (SSP, PPP, and PSS) approach show average tilt angles of 60° for −OCH3 symmetric stretch vibration dipoles. Using the polarization mapping method, the tilt angle for the symmetric stretch of the −OCH3 group was 48° with an intensity ratio (SSP/PPP) of 17. The orientation distribution of the functional groups was also obtained from the amplitude ratios using the two methods. In conclusi...
Language and political economy: An afterword

This brief commentary sketches some of the historical context and motivations of the writings on language and political economy in the 1980s–90s, comparing and highlighting the distinctly different contributions of this special issue. Included are observations made at the roundtable discussion that closed the conference at which the papers gathered in this special issue were first presented.
Ins and Outs in Environmental and Occupational Safety Studies of Asthma and Engineered Nanomaterials

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 25 million Americans suffer from asthma. The disease total annual cost is about $56 billion and includes both the direct and indirect costs of medications, hospital stays, missed work, and decreased productivity. Air pollution with xenobiotics, bacterial agents, and industrial nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, contribute to the exacerbation of this condition and are a point of particular attention in environmental toxicology as well as in occupational health and safety research. Mast cell degranulation and activation of Th2 cells triggered either by allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) or by alternative mechanisms, such as locally produced neurotransmitters, underlie the pathophysiological process of airway constriction during an asthma attack. Other immune and non-immune cell types, including basophils, eosinophils, Th1, Th17, Th9, macrophages, dendritic cells, and smooth muscle cells, are involved in the inflammatory a...
Multi-objective reinforcement learning-based deep neural networks for cognitive space communications

Future communication subsystems of space exploration missions can potentially benefit from software-defined radios (SDRs) controlled by machine learning algorithms. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid radio resource allocation management control algorithm that integrates multi-objective reinforcement learning and deep artificial neural networks. The objective is to efficiently manage communications system resources by monitoring performance functions with common dependent variables that result in conflicting goals. The uncertainty in the performance of thousands of different possible combinations of radio parameters makes the trade-off between exploration and exploitation in reinforcement learning (RL) much more challenging for future critical space-based missions. Thus, the system should spend as little time as possible on exploring actions, and whenever it explores an action, it should perform at acceptable levels most of the time. The proposed approach enables on-line learning by interactions with the environment and restricts poor resource allocation performance through ‘virtual environment exploration’. Improvements in the multi-objective performance can be achieved via transmitter parameter adaptation on a packet-basis, with poorly predicted performance promptly resulting in rejected decisions. Simulations presented in this work considered the DVB-S2 standard adaptive transmitter parameters and additional ones expected to be present in future adaptive radio systems. Performance results are provided by analysis of the proposed hybrid algorithm when operating across a satellite communication channel from Earth to GEO orbit during clear sky conditions. The proposed approach constitutes part of the core cognitive engine proof-of-concept to be delivered to the NASA Glenn Research Center SCaN Testbed located on-board the International Space Station.
Identifying crash risk factors and high risk locations on an interstate network

Highway safety improvement projects are identified by using either (i) a site-specific or (ii) a systemic approach. In the site-specific approach, locations for improvements are ranked according to...
FPGA demonstration of spiking support vector networks based on growth transform neurons

Growth transform neuron models provide a neuromorphic approach for implementing well established machine learning algorithms while producing neural and population dynamics similar to what have been observed in biology, for example, spiking, bursting and noise-shaping [1]. In this demonstration, we will show some of these dynamics in real-time using an FPGA based acceleration platform that implements a network of growth transform neurons. The demonstration setup (Fig 1) will consist of a custom printed circuit board (PCB) that will interface to a laptop display for real-time display. The PCB will host a USB module, a Spartan 6 field programmable gate array (FPGA), and a VGA adaptor such that it will be possible to output the VGA signal to an external monitor. The FPGA will implement the spiking support vector machine (SVM) using growth transform neuron models in the same manner as described in the appended paper. The inputs to the FPGA will include the network interconnection (synaptic) matrix and will correspond to a SVM kernel matrix. These parameters can be programmed using a laptop as shown in Fig.1.
Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on cognitive functioning in older adults with HIV: A pilot study

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to examine combination speed of processing (SOP) cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) and transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) as neurorehabilitation in old...
Black-white disparity in physical performance among older women with newly diagnosed non-metastatic breast cancer: Exploring the role of inflammation and physical activity.

Abstract Objective To examine racial differences in physical performance among older women with newly diagnosed non-metastatic breast cancer and identify clinical, behavioral and biological factors that might contribute to such disparities. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of women aged ≥65 years with newly diagnosed stage I–III breast cancer recruited from ambulatory oncology clinics at an academic center, between September 2010 and August 2015. Participants completed a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and laboratory testing for biomarkers of inflammation [interleukin-6 (IL6)] prior to receiving systemic treatment for cancer. The primary outcome was poor physical performance, defined as scoring ≤7 on the Short Physical Performance Battery, Yes or No. Logistic regression analyses were undertaken. Results Among 135 women with mean age of 74.8 years (SD = 6.9), 31% were African-American (AA), and 33% had poor physical performance. Controlling for age, education, comorbidities and geriatric syndromes, participants with poor physical performance were more likely to be AA [versus (vs.) Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW)], odds ratio (OR) = 3.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18–8.15. Controlling further for physical activity (PA) attenuated the racial disparity in physical performance (OR = 2.50, CI = 0.91–6.84). Lastly, controlling for IL6 further diminished the racial disparity in physical performance (OR = 1.93, CI = 0.67–5.56). In adjusted models, PA and IL6 explained 29% and 38%, respectively, of the racial disparity in poor physical performance. Conclusion Among older women with newly diagnosed non-metastatic breast cancer, poor physical performance was prevalent and AA were disproportionately affected. Less engagement in physical activity and subclinical inflammation partly contributed to this disparity.
Reaching Out: Expanding your library’s online presence using online tools

The article offers information on expanding the online presence of a library, with examples from the law library at the University of Louisville. Topics discussed include using social media to reach the target audience, generating content, and developing a brand.
Diverse developmental pathways of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes

The intestinal epithelial barrier is patrolled by resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that are involved in host defence against pathogens, wound repair and homeostatic interactions with the epithelium, microbiota and nutrients. Intestinal IELs are one of the largest populations of lymphocytes in the body and comprise several distinct subsets, the identity and lineage relationships of which have long remained elusive. Here, we review advances in unravelling the complexity of intestinal IEL populations, which comprise conventional αβ T cell receptor (TCRαβ)+ subsets, unconventional TCRαβ+ and TCRγδ+ subsets, group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) and ILC1-like cells. Although these intestinal IEL lineages have partially overlapping effector programmes and recognition properties, they have strikingly different developmental pathways. We suggest that evolutionary pressure has driven the recurrent generation of cytolytic effector lymphocytes to protect the intestinal epithelial layer, but they may also precipitate intestinal inflammatory disorders, such as coeliac disease.
Imaging Considerations for a Technetium-99m Myocardial Perfusion Agent

Myocardial perfusion imaging with /sup 201/Tl chloride suffers from a number of physical, geometric, and dosimetric constraints that could be diminished if an agent labeled with /sup 99m/Tc were available. The cationic complex /sup 99m/Tc hexakis-(t-butylisonitrile)technetium(I) ((/sup 99m/Tc)TBI) has been shown to concentrate in the myocardial tissue of both animals and humans, with preliminary clinical studies demonstrating a number of technical attributes not possible with /sup 201/Tl. Technetium-99m-TBI is a promising myocardial imaging agent that may permit high quality planar, gated, and tomographic imaging of both myocardial ischemia and infarction with reduced imaging times and improved resolution.
Secure End-to-End Communication with Optimal Throughput and Resilience against Malicious Adversary

We demonstrate the feasibility of end-to-end communication in highly unreliable networks. Modeling a network as a graph with vertices representing nodes and edges representing the links between them, we consider two forms of unreliability: unpredictable edge-failures, and deliberate deviation from protocol specifications by corrupt and maliciously controlled nodes. We present a routing protocol for end-to-end communication that is simultaneously resilient to both forms of unreliability. In particular, we prove that our protocol is secure against arbitrary actions of the corrupt nodes controlled by a polynomial-time adversary, achieves correctness Receiver gets all of the messages from Sender, in-order and without modification, and enjoys provably optimal throughput performance, as measured using competitive analysis. Competitive analysis is utilized to provide protocol guarantees again malicious behavior without placing limits on the number of the corrupted nodes in the network. Furthermore, our protocol does not incur any asymptotic memory overhead as compared to other protocols that are unable to handle malicious interference of corrupt nodes. In particular, our protocol requires On 2 memory per processor, where n is the size of the network. This represents an On 2 improvement over all existing protocols that have been designed for this network model.
Making professional referrals.

Lamaze Certified Childbirth Educators have a duty to their clients to make referrals to qualified professionals—in this case, to an expert in nutrition, a dietician. A reasonable way to assure a quality referral is to contact the appropriate professional organization.
Treatment of keloids by single intraoperative perilesional injection of repository steroid.

ABSTRACT:Keloid management remains controversial, and recurrence and untoward side effects limit the use of many techniques. During a seven-year period, I surgically treated 19 children, aged 3 to 17 (mean 10.5 years), with a total of 28 keloids. After aseptic skin preparation, the interface between
Evolutionary Theory and Economic Theory

The earlier chapters addressed the importance of viewing the human economy as a subset of larger environmental processes. The economy depends on those processes for its continued existence and in turn directly helps to shape the characteristics of that larger system. Throughout human history the economy and the environment have been bound together in a coevolving system. In simpler societies it is easy to see the relationship between ecosystems and socio-economic systems. When humans depended directly on daily flows from the environment they had, by necessity, rules which ensured that the subsistence base remained intact. In modern market economies with roundabout production and layer upon layer of social stratification it is much harder to see the role of the environment in perpetuating the economic system Just as recent advances in our knowledge of human evolutionary history can help us understand current environmental crises, so can modern evolutionary theory help us understand the workings of modern economic systems. The discovery of processes such as punctuated equilibrium, coevolution, and self-organization has led to a new understanding of how complex systems work. From this new understanding we can gain insights which can help us address the conflict between the environment and the industrial economy and to find the path to a sustainable relationship between humans and the rest of the natural world.
Another proof of the four squares theorem

The goal of this chapter is to give a second proof of the Four Squares Theorem. This proof uses the theory of quaternions, which we will briefly discuss. The proof of the Four Squares Theorem in this chapter is in the spirit of the argument for the Two Squares Theorem we presented in Chapter 5 using Gaussian integers.
Q-Wave and Non-Q-Wave Myocardial Infarctions Through the Eyes of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging*

It is worth contemplating how information from evolving technologies alters our understanding of established methodologies. As we have redefined the very definitions of myocardial infarction (MI) in the past several years ([1][1]), the cardiology community has strived to unify our understandings of
Rules and Statements of Reinforcer Loss in Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

Providing a rule regarding consequences for behavior can increase the efficacy of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) procedures in the treatment of severe problem behavior (Watts, Wilder, Gregory, Leon, and Ditzian, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46, 680-684, 2013). The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend the literature on DRO procedures by evaluating the efficacy of rules and statements of reinforcer loss (SRL) in the treatment of severe problem behavior. Conditions included baseline, no rule DRO, rule DRO, and rule DRO with SRL. For 2 of 3 participants, neither the no rule DRO nor the rule DRO condition reduced problem behavior. The rule DRO with SRL condition produced a substantial decrease in problem behavior for all participants, suggesting that a consequent rule enhances the efficacy of DRO. The current study extends the literature on DRO procedures by providing data on nontargeted ("other") behavior. An increase in other behavior was observed for 2 participants.
Batch Codes from Hamming and Reed-Muller Codes

Batch codes, introduced by Ishai \textit{et al.}, encode a string $x \in \Sigma^{k}$ into an $m$-tuple of strings, called buckets. In this paper we consider multiset batch codes wherein a set of $t$-users wish to access one bit of information each from the original string. We introduce a concept of optimal batch codes. We first show that binary Hamming codes are optimal batch codes. The main body of this work provides batch properties of Reed-Muller codes. We look at locality and availability properties of first order Reed-Muller codes over any finite field. We then show that binary first order Reed-Muller codes are optimal batch codes when the number of users is 4 and generalize our study to the family of binary Reed-Muller codes which have order less than half their length.
Analysis of Discourse about a Homeland Disaster and Ethnic Identity at a Korean-American Digital Diaspora

This study examines how a diaspora of Korean Americans connected online perceived the homeland disaster of the sinking of the Sewol ferry, which took 304 lives, and to what extent their perceptions...
Technical Note: A novel dosimeter improves total skin electron therapy surface dosimetry workflow

Purpose The novel scintillator-based system described in this study is capable of accurately and remotely measuring surface dose during Total Skin Electron Therapy (TSET); this dosimeter does not require post-exposure processing or annealing and has been shown to be re-usable, resistant to radiation damage, have minimal impact on surface dose, and reduce chances of operator error compared to existing technologies e.g. optically stimulated luminescence detector (OSLD). The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the workflow required to measure surface dose using this new scintillator dosimeter and compare it to that of standard OSLDs. Methods Disc-shaped scintillators were attached to a flat-faced phantom and a patient undergoing TSET. Light emission from these plastic discs was captured using a time-gated, intensified, camera during irradiation and converted to dose using an external calibration factor. Time required to complete each step (daily QA, dosimeter preparation, attachment, removal, registration, and readout) of the scintillator and OSLD surface dosimetry workflows was tracked. Results In phantoms, scintillators and OSLDs surface doses agreed within 3% for all data points. During patient imaging it was found that surface dose measured by OSLD and scintillator agreed within 5% and 3% for 35/35 and 32/35 dosimetry sites, respectively. The end-to-end time required to measure surface dose during phantom experiments for a single dosimeter was 78 and 202 sec for scintillator and OSL dosimeters, respectively. During patient treatment, surface dose was assessed at 7 different body locations by scintillator and OSL dosimeters in 386 and 754 sec, respectively. Conclusion Scintillators have been shown to report dose nearly twice as fast as OSLDs with substantially less manual work and reduced chances of human error. Scintillator dose measurements are automatically saved to an electronic patient file and images contain a permanent record of the dose delivered during treatment.
Unified matrix representation for spin and orbital angular momentum in partially coherent beams

In this paper, the authors introduce and study a matrix formalism that allows describing the interplay between coherence and orbital angular momentum in partially coherent light beams. The matrix is an analog of the known coherence-polarization matrix, and can be combined with the latter to yield a general characterization of second-order correlations in stationary light fields of arbitrary polarization and orbital angular momentum.
Investigation of Interlayer Interface Strength and Print Morphology Effects in Fused Deposition Modeling 3D-Printed PLA

Fused deposition modeling polymer 3D printing has become a popular versatile additive manufacturing technology. However, there are limitations to the mechanical properties due to the layer-by-layer...
The GBP1 microcapsule interferes with IcsA-dependent septin cage assembly around Shigella flexneri

Many cytosolic bacterial pathogens hijack the host actin polymerization machinery to form actin tails that promote direct cell-to-cell spread, enabling these pathogens to avoid extracellular immune defenses. However, these pathogens are still susceptible to intracellular cell-autonomous immune responses that restrict bacterial actin-based motility. Two classes of cytosolic antimotility factors, septins and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), have recently been established to block actin tail formation by the human-adapted bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri. Both septin cages and GBP1 microcapsules restrict S. flexneri cell-to-cell spread by blocking S. flexneri actin-based motility. While septins assemble into cage-like structures around immobile S. flexneri, GBP1 forms microcapsules around both motile and immobile bacteria. The interplay between these two defense programs remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that GBP1 microcapsules block septin cage assembly, likely by interfering with the function of S. flexneri IcsA, the outer membrane protein that promotes actin-based motility, as this protein is required for septin cage formation. However, S. flexneri that escape from GBP1 microcapsules via the activity of IpaH9.8, a type III secreted effector that promotes the degradation of GBPs, are often captured within septin cages. Thus, our studies reveal how septin cages and GBP1 microcapsules represent complementary host cell antimotility strategies.
Pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons assimilation by plants growing in contaminated soils

Abstract Remediation of sites contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often involves the use of vascular plants for phytoremediation or restoring ecosystem functions. Because PAHs are potentially carcinogenic, minimizing the quantity of PAHs entering vegetation is critical to reducing risk associated with food-chain contamination. For many years, the general consensus considered the soil-root-shoot pathway to be of minor importance compared to mechanisms involving deposition from the atmosphere. However, more recent studies often attribute greater importance to the soil-root-shoot pathway. The objective of this paper is to review the scientific literature and determine, if possible, the most likely mechanism(s) of PAH assimilation in plant shoots. Studies of plant PAH uptake, direct spectroscopic observations, rigorous numerical modeling, and detailed statistical inference were examined. Some exceptions exist, but the consistent conclusion from mechanistic studies of PAH uptake is that the soil-root-shoot pathway is of minor importance compared to atmosphere-based mechanisms including soil-air-shoot and soil-airborne particle-shoot.
Weight-Based Aspirin Dosing May Further Reduce the Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism Following Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Obesity poses a challenge to thromboembolic prophylaxis following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The purpose of this study is to evaluate a weight-based aspirin dosing regimen for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following TJA. Methods This is a retrospective observational study of 2403 patients who underwent primary total hip or knee arthroplasty at one institution. A weight-based aspirin dosing regimen for VTE prophylaxis was administered to 1247 patients: patients weighing ≥120 kg received 325 mg aspirin twice daily (BID) and those weighing Results The weight-based aspirin cohort had a significantly lesser incidence of VTE at 42 days (P = .03, relative risk [RR] 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.82) and 6 months (P = .03, RR 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.18-0.80). There was no difference in VTE incidence between total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty cases (P = .8). There was no difference in gastrointestinal bleeding events between the cohorts at 42 days (P = .69) or 6 months (P = .92). Subanalysis of patients weighing ≥120 kg demonstrated a significant difference between the cohorts with a VTE incidence of 3.48% and 0% in the 81 mg and weight-based cohorts, respectively (P = .02). Conclusion Patients prescribed a weight-based aspirin regimen had significantly fewer VTEs after TJA compared to historical controls with an RR reduction of 69% at 6 weeks and 62% at 6 months postoperatively. This suggests the need to factor patient weight when determining postoperative VTE prophylaxis with aspirin.
Rethinking the Definition of High Risk in Pediatric Salivary Gland Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE Indications for adjuvant radiation in pediatric salivary gland carcinoma rely on high-risk criteria extrapolated from adult data. We sought to determine whether adult-derived high-risk criteria were prognostic in children aged ≤21 years or young adults aged 22 to 39 years. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of a hospital-based national registry. SETTING Patients were identified from the National Cancer Database between 2004 and 2015. METHODS High-risk criteria were defined as adenoid cystic histology, intermediate/high grade, T3/T4, positive margins, and/or lymph node involvement. Exact matching was used to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics between pediatric and young adult patients. RESULTS We identified 215 pediatric patients aged ≤21 years, 317 patients aged 22 to 30 years, and 466 patients aged 31 to 39 years. Within the pediatric cohort, there was no significant difference in overall survival (OS) between low- and high-risk groups (5-year OS, 100% vs 98.5%; P = .29). In contrast, within the young adult cohorts, there was a significant difference in OS between low- and high-risk groups in patients aged 22 to 30 years (5-year OS, 100% vs 96.1%; P = .01) and 31 to 39 years (5-year OS, 100% vs 88.5%; P < .001). When high-risk patients were matched 1:1 on high-risk criteria and race, pediatric patients were associated with better OS than those aged 22 to 30 years (P = .044) and those aged 31 to 39 years (P = .005). CONCLUSION Children have excellent OS, irrespective of adult-derived high-risk status. These findings underscore the need to understand how age modifies clinicopathologic risk factors.
Phosphate solubilization of Bacillus megaterium isolated from non-saline soils under salt stressed conditions

Phosphate solubilizing Bacillus megaterium was isolated from non rhizospheric soils Five isolates were identified by s rDNA sequencing According to sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis these five isolates were in high similarity with B megaterium Abiotic stresses such as temperature pH and salt tolerance of five strains were examined for the application for abiotic stressed agricultural soils All five strains could grow well above ordm C For pH five strains demonstrated their growth on minimal media at pH but the growth rates were decreased Among abiotic stress factors to obtain salt tolerance phosphate solubilizing B megaterium was the main objective of this research work So salt tolerance of isolates were screened preliminary all five strains had the ability to grow on minimal media containing NaCl concentration but the growth rates were not in high rates Preliminary screening results enhanced to continue for quantative determination of phosphate solubilization under salt stressed conditions In detection of phosphate solubilization by the method of Olsen P all five strains could solubilize insoluble phosphate Tricalcium phosphate under NaCl stressed conditions Among and NaCl concentrations soluble phosphate concentrations released by five strains were decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations but it was not obviously different
Microfracture Augmentation Options for Cartilage Repair

Historically, microfracture was a commonly utilized procedure for treating small focal chondral defects of the knee. However, studies have demonstrated that microfracture lacks long-term durability. Despite this, microfracture remains the most commonly performed cartilage repair treatment due to its technical ease, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to be performed as a one-stage procedure. Over the last decade, novel techniques for augmenting microfracture to improve long-term outcomes have emerged. These approaches fall into two main categories: scaffolds and orthobiologics. The goal of both of these augmentations is to improve cartilage fill and durability, thereby improving long-term outcomes. Scaffolds provide a structure for cell proliferation and can be applied with a sealant to inhibit extravasation of bone marrow elements into the joint after marrow stimulation. The goal of orthobiologics is to increase the availability of cytokines and cells necessary for cartilage development. This chapter will explore the current landscape of microfracture augmentation with a focus on scaffold and orthobiologic augmentation.
Optimal Stopping in the NBA: An Empirical Model of the Miami Heat

We study how highly experienced agents, professional basketball players, solve an optimal stopping problem. By rule, teams must shoot within 24 seconds of the start of a possession. The decision of when to shoot requires weighing the current shooting opportunity against the continuation value of the possession. At each second of the "shot clock," optimal play requires that a lineup's reservation shot value equals the continuation value of the possession. We empirically test this prediction with a structural stopping model. Most lineups adopt a reservation threshold that matches the continuation value function very closely. These lineups tend to be those with more shared playing experience. Mistakes we do observe come in the form too low a threshold and excess steepness. Overall, the lineups we study capture 84% of the gains of a dynamic threshold vs. an optimal fixed threshold, with only a single lineup estimated to capture less than 66%.
Time Curve Analysis Techniques for Dynamic Contrast MRI Studies

Clinical magnetic resonance imaging of regional myocardial perfusion has recently become possible with the use of rapid acquisitions to track the kinetics of an intravenous injection of contrast. A great deal of processing is then needed to obtain clinical parameters. In particular, methods to automatically group alike regions for an increased signalto-noise ratio and improved parameter estimates are needed. This work explores two types of time curve analysis techniques for MRI perfusion imaging: factor analysis and clustering. Both methods are shown to work for extraction of the blood input function, with the clustering method appearing to be more robust. The availability of an accurate blood input function then enables more complex approaches to automatically fitting all of the relevant data to appropriate models. These more complex approaches are formulated here and tested in a preliminary fashion.