cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topological Hochschild homology of maximal orders in central simple Q-algebras

We calculate the topological Hochschild homology groups of a maximal order in a central simple algebra over the rationals. Since the positive-dimensional THH groups consist only of torsion, we do this one prime at a time. This allows us to reduce the problem to studying the THH groups of maximal orders O in central simple algebras over Q_p. We show that the topological Hochschild homology of O/(p) splits as the tensor product of its Hochschild homology and the topological Hochschild homology of F_p. We use this result in Brun's spectral sequence to calculate THH(O; O/(p)), and then we analyze the torsion to get THH(O).
Abstract 492: Resolvin D2 Inhibits Murine Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Increases M2 Macrophage Differentiation

Objectives: Macrophages are critical to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation; however, the role of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages is not known. Resolvins have been shown to play a protective role in neointimal hyperplasia; however, their role in AAA has not been established. We hypothesized that treatment with Resolvin D2 (RvD2) attenuates murine AAA formation through alterations in macrophage polarization and cytokine expression. Methods: Male C57/B6 mice (n=9/group) of 8-12 weeks of age received RvD2 (100 ng/kg/treatment) or vehicle only every third day beginning three days prior to abdominal aortic perfusion with elastase. Aortas were harvested 14 days following elastase perfusion. Cytokine analysis (n=5/group) or confocal microscopy (n=4/group) was performed. Cytokine profiles were analyzed using a murine antibody array. To determine the effect of RvD2 on macrophage polarization, confocal staining for macrophages (Mac2), M1 (MCP-1) and M2 (Arg-1) macrophage subtypes, α-actin and 4',6-diamidino-...
A Primer on International Parental Abduction

In recent years, family relationships have become global. When these international family relationships work well, children in these households benefit from growing up in a bilingual and multicultural households. However, when these relationships fail, the children may become the object of international parental abduction. This article is intended to serve as a primer on handling international parental abduction cases. Its objective is to provide an initial overview and understanding of the law in this very critical area, focusing on legal action parents can take when international child custody disputes arise and one parent removes the child or children to another country.
Potential Mobility in Agriculture: Some Reasons for the Existence of a Labor-Transfer Problem

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among selected economic, social-psychological, and personal variables affecting potential mobility in agriculture. Potential mobility was regarded as an attitude, and was defined as the subject's degree of readiness to leave farming. Potential mobility was measured by means of an attitude scale. The influence of the independent variables was examined through the use of association techniques, including a controlled analysis. The statistical analysis supported the hypothesis that potential mobility among farmers is influenced by both economic and noneconomic factors. The most important of these proved to be age, income, and nonfarm work experience. Potential mobility declined with age, was related inversely to income among younger farmers, and increased with nonfarm work experience irrespective of age. It is concluded that improved opportunities for farmers to acquire off-farm work experience may contribute to the solution of the labor-transfer problem in agriculture. problems of surplus production and low farm prices and incomes, has long been a concern of agricultural economists and rural sociologists. During recent years, a conviction has grown among these researchers that the declining economic position of agriculture is closely associated with an inadequate rate of migration from farming. This judgment is succinctly expressed in Schultz's statement, ". . . the hard core of the United States farm problem is a labor-transfer problem."' While millions of persons have left the farms in response to attractive employment opportunities in the city and to the growing cost-price squeeze in agriculture, such migration has been selective and has for the most part tapped young people at a crucial stage in their lives when they entered a career. Other farm people, in different circumstances, have tended to remain in agriculture, unresponsive to the push-pull forces of
Bioelectrical impedance analysis as an assessment of diuresis in congestive heart failure.

Objective:To compare changes in bioimpedance parameters and calculated total body water (TBW) with conventional measurements used to assess the efficacy of diuretic therapy in the treatment of heart failure.Setting:A Veterans Affairs tertiary care, teaching hospital.Subjects:Twelve patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class HI congestive heart failure (CHF).Design:Prospective, consecutive sample, cohort, open label.Interventions:Parenterally administered furosemide; clinically dictated, outcome-oriented, adjunctive therapy of CHF.Outcomes:Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters, measured volume of diuresis and changes in body weight, defined clinical endpoints (NYHA criteria).Results:Three days of diuretic therapy with furosemide (oral and/or intravenous) for CHF was associated with a measured weight loss of 4.1 ± 0.6 kg and statistically significant increases in resistance and reactance of 20.8% ± 2.7% and 22.7% ± 6.1%, respectively (p < 0.005). Calculated TBW using BIA parameters an...
Anesthetic and obstetric management of diabetic pregnant women.

Anesthesia for the pregnant diabetic patient should be based on an understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes. This article reviews the metabolic and hormonal adjustments in normal and diabetic pregnancy; discusses maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications; and presents modern modalities of treatment.
The role of the school psychologist in K-12 online & blended learning

With the appropriate preparation and training, school psychologists are uniquely suited to provide support within the K-12 online learning environment for students, teachers, administrators, and families. The preparation and training needs at the level of graduate training and professional development are highlighted. Specific emphasis is placed on the adaptation of the school psychologist's functions in the areas of consultation, intervention, assessment, and counseling. Additionally, the development of better credentialing models for interstate service delivery and the need for empirical research related to school safety are discussed.
Defensive Tactics and Optimal Search: A Simulation Approach

The appropriate division of authority between a company’s board and its shareholders has been the central issue in the corporate governance debate for decades. This issue presents most vividly for defensive tactics: the extent to which the board of a potential acquisition target is allowed to prevent the shareholders from responding directly to a hostile bid. In the US today, the board’s power is extensive; control largely lies with the board. Normative evaluations of current law face two obstacles. First, defensive tactics raise the social welfare question whether, or to what extent, these tactics deter ex ante efficient takeovers. This question cannot be answered empirically because the econometrician can observe bids but cannot observe deterred bids. The social welfare issue is also difficult to resolve using current analytical techniques because the market for corporate control is unusually complex: in it, financial and strategic buyers search for mismanaged companies or synergy targets; and some synergy targets search for acquirers. Turning to targets, the question which defensive tactics level maximizes shareholder welfare also is difficult to answer because of the qualitative nature of defensive tactics: Is a poison pill more or less privately efficient than a staggered board? What are the welfare consequences of combining a pill with a staggered board or a supermajority voting requirement? In this paper, we write a search equilibrium model of the market for corporate control and solve it by simulating plausible parameters for the variables of interest. Because we specify the number of ex ante efficient acquisitions that could be made, we can estimate market efficiency – the ratio of made matches to good matches – under legal regimes that are more or less friendly to defensive tactics. Also, we argue that the common metric among defensive tactics is time: the ability of various tactics to delay bid completion and thus reduce bidder, and thereby increase target, returns. We have two important results: First, strong defensive tactics reduce market efficiency significantly. Our simulations suggest that approximately a $100 billion in deal value is lost each year in consequence of these tactics. Simulations are only suggestive and our simulated model likely overstates the welfare loss. Nevertheless, the result that defensive tactics cause economically significant welfare losses would stand even if our magnitude estimate is halved. Second, the defensive tactics level that maximizes target shareholder welfare is materially higher than the level that maximizes social welfare. These results also support a methodological claim: equilibrium analysis can illuminate regulatory issues regarding the market for corporate control.
Enhanced rhizobial symbiotic capacity in an allopolyploid species of Glycine (Leguminosae)

Premise of the study Previous studies have shown that polyploidy can alter biotic interactions, and it has been suggested that these effects may contribute to the increased ability for colonization of new habitats shown by many allopolyploids. Little is known, however, about the effects of allopolyploidy, which combines hybridity and genome doubling, on symbiotic interactions with rhizobial bacteria. Methods We examined interactions of the allopolyploid Glycine dolichocarpa (designated T2) with novel rhizobial partners, such as might occur in a context of colonization, and compared these with the responses of its diploid progenitors, G. tomentella (D3) and G. syndetika (D4). We assessed root hair response, nodule formation, nodule mass, nodule number, and plant biomass. Key results The allopolyploid (T2) showed a greater root hair deformation response when exposed to rhizobia, compared with either diploid. T2 had a greater probability of forming nodules with NGR234 compared with diploid D4, and greater total nodule mass per nodulated plant compared with diploid D3. T2 also had greater plant biomass responses to nitrogen and when exposed to NGR234. Conclusions The allopolyploid is characterized by transgressive responses to rhizobia for some variables, while also combining certain parental diploid responses such that its capacity for interactions with rhizobia appears to be greater than for either diploid progenitor. This overall enhanced nodulation capacity and the ability to make greater gains from exposure to both rhizobia and additional nitrogen indicate a greater potential of the allopolyploid to benefit from these factors both generally and in a context of colonization.
“It’s Good to Learn about the Plants”: promoting social justice and community health through the development of a Maya environmental and cultural heritage curriculum in southern Belize

Indigenous communities have the need to respond rapidly as development processes continue to change global environments. This paper argues that the health of communities, broadly defined, is linked to traditional ecological practices and that this linkage should be considered toward the goal of promoting social justice through education. Using data gathered using multiple methods in and around Mopan and Q’eqchi’ Maya villages in southern Belize, the paper outlines how ecological practices related to land use are valued and valuable in several, interlinked ways: through their contribution to what makes a “healthy life,” through their part in defining what it means to be “Maya” and have Maya heritage, and through their distinct role in the learning of skills as part of the informal education process. Informed by this research and the data collected through the implementation of the lessons themselves, this paper identifies how formalizing these ecological practices as part of an environmental and cultural heritage curriculum for primary schools, while not without challenges, has potential to positively impact well-being in indigenous communities, thereby promoting social justice through the maintenance of the ability to live healthy, valued lives.
Weekly versus every-three-weeks platinum-based chemoradiation regimens for head and neck cancer.

The majority of chemoradiation (CRT) trials for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have relied on platinum-based chemotherapy regimens administered every-3-weeks. However, given the increased utilization of weekly platinum regimens, it remains unclear how different chemotherapy schedules compare regarding efficacy and toxicity. We retrospectively identified 212 patients with HNSCC who were treated at a single academic medical center with concurrent platinum-based CRT given weekly (N = 68) or every-three-weeks (N = 144). JMP version 10 (SAS Institute) was used for statistical analysis. Discrete variables were compared with the chi-square test and differences in the medians were assessed using the Wilcoxon test. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method and significance was assessed using the log rank test. For univariate analysis and multivariate analysis, we used Cox proportional hazard or logistic regression models to compare differences in survival or differences in categorical variables, respectively. Patients receiving weekly platinum regimens were more likely to be older (median age 61.4 vs. 55.5 y; P < .001), have high or very high Charlson comorbidity index (45.6% vs. 27.8%; P = .01), and receive carboplatin-based chemotherapy (6.3% vs. 76.5%; P < .001). Weekly and every-3-week platinum regimens had similar locoregional control (HR 1.10; 95% CI 0.63–1.88; P = .72), progression-free survival (HR 1.13; 95% CI 0.75–1.69; P = .55), and overall survival (HR 1.11; 95% CI 0.64–1.86; P = .71). Every-3-weeks platinum regimens were associated with increased days of hospitalization (median: 3 days vs. 0 days; P = .03) and acute kidney injury (AKI) during radiotherapy (50.0% vs. 22.1%; P < .001). On multivariate analysis, AKI was significantly associated with every-3-weeks regimens (OR: 24.38; 95% CI 3.00–198.03; P = .003) and high comorbidity scores (OR: 2.74; 95% CI 2.15–5.99; P = .01). Our results suggest that every-3-weeks and weekly platinum-containing CRT regimens have similar disease control but weekly platinum regimens are associated with less acute toxicity.
Synthesis and structural characterization of stoichiometric Li-Ga-Ge Sulfo-selenide glasses

Abstract Homogeneous glasses in the mixed-chalcogen pseudo-ternary system Li2S-Ga2Se3-GeSe2 are synthesized and their structure is characterized using Raman and one– and two-dimensional 6Li, 77Se, and 71Ga nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structure of these glasses can be described as a charge-compensated network predominantly consisting of corner sharing (Ga/Ge) (Se,S)4/2 tetrahedra. The compositional evolution of the atomic structure is heavily influenced by the Li2S:Ga2Se3 ratio R where charge compensation is accommodated by the formation of different structural units and preferential chemical ordering for S atoms. Glasses with R 1 are characterized by the formation of non-bridging Se (NBSe) and S (NBS) sites. The Se atoms show a preference over S for these non-bridging sites and form Ge-NBSe linkages, while the S atoms preferentially bond to Ga, resulting in the formation of GaS4/2 tetrahedra. This structural scenario is shown to be consistent with the corresponding changes in the glass transition temperature.
Tangling with Masculinity: Butchness, Trans, and Feminism

This chapter examines relatively new theoretical work on female masculinity in conversation with ethnographic work on butches and transpeople. I argue here that new queer forms of masculinity need to be seen in closer relation to gender bias and that the project of new masculinity ought to consider its ambivalent relationship to the disparaged feminine. Interviews and observations of the harassment that butch girls and trans young men face in public schools help illuminate the role of anti-female sexism in maintaining a hostile environment for students engaged in practices of queer masculinity. By examining this link between the derogation of femininity and the reconstitution of masculinity, I hope to show that there is more to undoing a binary than displacing it. Rather, the tangle of masculinity and femininity remains in the tension of innovation and response.
Evaluation of foliar fungicide programs in mid-Atlantic winter wheat production systems

Abstract Foliar fungicides are commonly used to manage foliar fungal diseases of soft-red winter wheat (SRWW) grown in the mid-Atlantic region, but data on the overall performance and utility of various products and application timings on yield and quality is lacking. Eight replicated experiments were conducted in Delaware and Maryland in 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effects of 13 fungicide programs, consisting of five commercially-available fungicides applied at flag leaf emergence ([Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 37], anthesis (ZGS 60), or in two-pass programs with the first application at green-up (ZGS 30) followed by applications at either ZGS 37 or ZGS 60, for utility on naturally occurring foliar diseases on the flag leaf and head, yield, and test weight compared to an untreated check. All fungicide programs reduced disease severity on the flag leaf and resulted in higher test weight and yield compared to the untreated check. Foliar disease on the flag leaf and glume blotch were best managed with ZGS 60 applications. Two-pass programs (ZGS 30 + ZGS 37 or ZGS 30 + ZGS 60) did not result in significantly lower disease severity compared to single applications at ZGS 37 or ZGS 60. Yield was highest within the ZGS 30 + ZGS 60 timing, and while significant, increases were small, ranging from 111 to 198 kg ha −1 . Within a given application timing, Priaxor ® (ZGS 37), Quilt Xcel ® (ZGS 30 + ZGS 37), and Quilt Xcel ® (ZGS 30) + Prosaro ® (ZGS 60) provided the greatest yields. This information will help guide Integrated Disease Management (IDM) systems in the mid-Atlantic region and assist growers in avoiding unnecessary fungicide applications in SRWW.
Comprehension monitoring strategy intervention in children with hearing loss: a single case design study

The objective of this single case design study was to examine the effectiveness of teaching comprehension monitoring strategy on strategy use as well as on reading comprehension performance. Four c...
Global Health Disparities in High-Resource Settings

Living in a high resource country or continent does not render one immune to pathology. There is no doubt that the burden of poor health falls on low and middle income countries. According to the WHO the average life expectancy in low income countries is 62 years while in high income countries it is 81 years (World Health Organization 2016). A child from Sierra Leone has a life expectancy of 50 years, while a baby born in Japan on average, will live to 84 years of age (World Health Organization 2016).
Over time, the right results will emerge

Scientific research involves going beyond the well-trodden and well-tested ideas and theories that form the core of scientific knowledge. During the time scientists are working things out, some results will be right, and others will be wrong. Over time, the right results will emerge. Lisa Randall (Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science, Physics Department, Harvard University) We are grateful to all the commentators for the important and thoughtful comments raised in response to the Geskin and Behrmann (G & B) literature survey. The issues raised in the introduction to this Special Issue and in these commentaries not only address and challenge aspects of the G & B literature review, but contribute perspectives and extensions that go well beyond the scope of the review. As is evident from G & B and from the 13 commentaries, many aspects of congenital prosopagnosia (CP) remain controversial. Adopting the language of the quote above, the intention of the G & B survey, along with the commentaries and this response, is to establish a collaborative process from which the right results (and right theory) will emerge in time. We are grateful to the editor of this Special Issue, Dr. Brad Mahon, for his support and for facilitating this collaborative exchange in Cognitive Neuropsychology.
Examining the driverless future: An analysis of human-caused vehicle accidents and development of an autonomous vehicle communication testbed

This design study examines the trade-offs that occur in autonomous vehicle hardware and software design. Through this research process, the creation of a research testbed allows for more in-depth and holistic understanding of the design and construction process of scaled autonomous vehicles. The two current industry approaches to autonomous driving are the “Google Car Paradigm,” where vehicles rely on sensing of the physical world to act accordingly, and the “V2X Paradigm,” which additionally enables inter-vehicle communication. The latter approach has the potential to provide increased safety, mobility, and environmental sustainability, however, these claims have limited verification to date. Construction of a scaled autonomous vehicle testbed provides the necessary foundation for future teams to analyze the trade-offs between the two communication protocol in a variety of experimental designs to test environmental impact and traffic flow, among other research questions. Analysis of historical Virginia crash data was conducted to determine the conditions under which automation will reduce crash severity. Historical data from the years of 2011 to 2017 were utilized and segmented into categories inclusive of geographical region and details surrounding the accident such as the number of casualties, collision type, distractions, etc. Results yielded that crashes caused by human-error were found to be higher in severity, as well as a higher number of casualties, when alcohol was involved and when drivers self-reported drowsiness during the accident, both of which are crashes caused by human factors. These are situations in which autonomous vehicles would be able to minimize the likelihood of a crash, reduce the overall crash severity, and decrease human casualties. The design of the scaled vehicle testbed was designed with the capability to properly test metrics in areas of environmental impact, traffic flow, crash safety, and cyber-security to properly evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the two communication paradigms, as well as other metrics future experimenters develop. The vehicle design has the ability to answer important communication questions without the need for expensive equipment and substantial human risk. Additionally, this framework can be easily duplicated by other organizations and educational institutions to increase the collective knowledge of communication protocol and increase intercollegiate research.
How to Prepare a Scientific Paper

The scientific paper is the vehicle that reports what research problem was studied, why it was studied, what was found, and how these findings should be interpreted, particularly within the context of related work in the field. Its publication, making the data available to the scientific community, is the final step in the research process. The scientific paper is a communications tool. Clarity and precision of expression are critically important. The best aid to crafting a useful scientific paper is a well-organized, well-planned, and clearly written research proposal or protocol. The results (not the discussion or authors’ interpretation) are the new knowledge; their evaluation by the reader requires clear exposition of the methods. The discussion is not a mystery novel—state the conclusions in order of their importance. Remember that less usually is more.
Structure, Functional Assessment, and Blood Flow of the Liver

The liver is a truly remarkable organ when one considers the diversity of its many functions. This organ has a central role in nutrient (carbohydrate, protein and lipid) and vitamin metabolism and serves as an intermediary between dietary sources of energy and the extrahepatic tissues, which utilize such energy. Another major function is the detoxification and elimination of xenobiotic toxins and drugs, as well as endogenous metabolites, such as bilirubin. The liver is responsible for the synthesis of biologically important proteins (i.e., albumin, transferrin, clotting factors, complement factors, apolipoproteins, etc.). The liver synthesizes and secretes the components of bile, including bile acids, which are important for the intestinal solubilization and absorption of the products of lipid digestion. Finally, the liver has an important role in immune function, due primarily to its resident macrophage, the Kupffer cell.
Goal specification, non-determinism and quantifying over policies

One important aspect in directing cognitive robots or agents is to formally specify what is expected of them. This is often referred to as goal specification. Temporal logics such as LTL, and CTL* have been used to specify goals of cognitive robots and agents when their actions have deterministic consequences. It has been suggested that in domains where actions have non-deterministic effects, temporal logics may not be able to express many intuitive and useful goals. In this paper we first show that this is indeed true with respect to existing temporal logics such as LTL, CTL*, and π-CTL*. We then propose the language, P-CTL*, which includes the quantifiers, exist a policy and for all policies. We show that this language allows for the specification of richer goals, including many intuitive and useful goals mentioned in the literature which cannot be expressed in existing temporal languages. We generalize our approach of showing the limitations of π-CTL* to develop a framework to compare expressiveness of goal languages.
Poe in Philadelphia

This chapter explores Poe’s life and productive literary career in the city of Philadelphia, the place he lived the longest except for his childhood in Richmond. The chapter discusses the many ways in which the city shaped Poe’s tales. It specifically examines the places in Philadelphia that may have piqued his interest while writing some of his most famous horror stories, including Eastern State Penitentiary, Wills Hospital for the Lame and Blind, the Jefferson Medical College, the Pennsylvania Hospital, and the Philadelphia Exchange. It also notes Poe’s intention to found Penn Magazine and his early aspirations to become the owner and editor of a major literary magazine.
Primer hallazgo de Macrochiron sargassi G. O. Sars, 1916 (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Macrochironidae) en el Golfo de México/First finding of Macrochiron sargassi G. O. Sars, 1916 (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Macrochironidae) in the Gulf of Mexico

Se registra por primera vez para el Golfo de Mexico un representante de la familia Macrochironidae. La especie Macrochiron sargassi fue hallada luego de lavados de Sargassum sp. colectado en la costa oeste de La Florida, USA. Abstract: For the first time, one species from the family Macrochironidae, is recorded from the Gulf of Mexico. The species, Macrochiron sargassi, was found on the west coast of Florida, USA, while performing Sargassum washes. Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida, Macrochironidae, Macrochiron sargassi, Gulf of Mexico
OxyContin and the McDonaldization of chronic pain therapy in the USA.

Principles and practices gleaned from successful business enterprises have been used to transform the practice of medicine for decades. McDonaldization is the process in which principles which govern fast-food businesses, are applied to the practice of medicine. When left unchecked, the application of these principles can have devastating consequences, as in the treatment of chronic, non-malignant pain with OxyContin. At a time when there was growing concern about the under treatment of pain, Purdue Pharma introduced OxyContin, providing an efficient, predictable way of treating chronic pain. The liberal prescription of this drug contributed, and continues to contribute, to the opioid epidemic we see today. So, in confronting this epidemic, we must first understand the process of McDonaldization that has brought us here and then provide safe and effective chronic pain therapies even if they are expensive, time-consuming to deliver, difficult to measure, and unpredictable in their outcomes—all things we’ve grown to detest in our McDonaldized healthcare system.
The Beccari series of precipitation in Bologna, Italy, from 1723 to 1765

The precipitation record taken by J.B. Beccari in Bologna from 1723 to 1765, with three observations a day, has been recovered from the original Logs and analysed. Although metadata are scarce or even missing, a thorough investigation of the contemporary sources, the interactions between Beccari, his colleagues in Padua, and the Royal Society London, as well as the record analysis, have allowed reconstruction of most of the information concerning the instrument, its location and exposure, the measuring protocol and units. Daily, monthly and yearly amounts and frequencies, as well as extreme events, have been analysed. The first decade (i.e. 1723–1733) was drier than the 1961–1990 reference period and the subsequent decades wetter. During the calendar year, summer was dryer and October was characterized by a stronger activity of Atlantic perturbations.
Pregnancy alters innate immune responses to Zika virus infection in the genital tract

Abstract Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) have been associated with birth defects, including microcephaly and neurological impairment. However, the mechanisms which confer increased susceptibility to ZIKV during pregnancy remain unclear. We hypothesized that poor outcomes from ZIKV infection during pregnancy are due in part to pregnancy-induced alteration of innate immune cell frequencies and cytokine expression. To examine the impact of pregnancy on innate immune responses, we inoculated pregnant and non-pregnant female C57BL/6 mice with 5×105 FFU of ZIKV intravaginally. Innate immune cell frequencies and cytokine expression were measured by flow cytometry at day 3 post infection. Compared to non-pregnant mice, pregnant mice exhibited higher frequencies of uterine macrophages (CD68+) and tolerogenic dendritic cells (CD11c+ CD103+ and CD11c+ CD11b+). Additionally, ZIKV-infected pregnant mice had lower frequencies of CD45+ IL-12+ and CD11b+ IL-12+ cells in the uterus and spleen. These data show that pregnancy results in an altered innate immune response to ZIKV infection in the genital tract of mice and that pregnancy-associated immune modulation may play an important role in the severity of acute ZIKV infection. Importance Pregnant females longer duration that viremia following infection with Zika virus but the mechanism of this is not established. Innate immune cellular responses are important for controlling virus infection and are important for development and maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the acute immune response to Zika virus during pregnancy may be altered so that the pregnancy can be maintained. To examine this interaction, we utilized a mouse model of Zika virus infection during pregnancy using intravaginal inoculation. We found that following Zika virus infection, pregnant mice exhibited increased expression of tolerant or non-inflammatory dendritic cells. Additionally, we found that pregnant mice have significantly depressed ability to secrete the cytokine IL-12 from innate immune cells in the uterus and the spleen while maintaining MHCII expression. These findings show that pregnancy-induced changes in the innate immune cells are biased towards tolerance and can result in decreased antigen-dependent stimulation of immune responses.
Azimuthal Asymmetry and Transverse Momentum in Deep Inelastic Muon Scattering

The azimuthal asymmetry and the transverse momentum of forward produced charged hadrons in deep inelastic muon scattering have been studied as a function of the event kinematics and of the hadron variables. Primordial $k_T$ of the struck parton and O($\alpha_s$) corrections to the cross-section are expected to contribute to the transverse momentum and the azimuthal asymmetry of hadrons. The data show some unexpected dependences not present in a Monte Carlo simulation which includes the theoretical parton-level azimuthal asymmetry.
Control of Region-Specific Intestinal Metabolism and Maintenance by PRDM16

Distinct metabolic programs regulate intestinal stem cell renewal and differentiation. However, the mechanisms that rewire metabolism during differentiation are poorly defined. It is also unclear whether progenitors in different intestinal regions utilize specialized metabolic programs. Here, we identify the transcription factor PRDM16 as a critical region-specific regulator of small intestinal metabolism and progenitor differentiation. Acute deletion of Prdm16 in mice causes severe intestinal atrophy, apoptosis, and an accumulation of poorly differentiated cells. Genomic and metabolic studies show that PRDM16 controls the levels of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) within the stem cell niche. Notably, PRDM16 levels and FAO are highest in the upper small intestine and decline distally. Accordingly, deletion of Prdm16 or inhibition of FAO selectively impairs the differentiation of upper-intestinal enteroid cultures. Collectively, these data reveal that PRDM16 specifies a region-specific FAO metabolic switch in intestinal progenitor cells to maintain tissue homeostasis.
Impact of Intracranial Pressure Monitor–Guided Therapy on Neurologic Outcome After Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage

Abstract Objectives: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors have been used in some patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) to provide information to guide treatment without clear evidence for its use in this population. We assessed the impact of ICP monitor placement, including external ventricular drains and intraparenchymal monitors, on neurologic outcome in this population. Materials and Methods In this secondary analysis of the Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation III trial, the primary outcome was poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 4-6) and the secondary outcome was death, at 1 year from onset. We compared outcomes in patients with or without an ICP monitor using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models. The analyses were repeated in a balanced cohort created with propensity score matching. Results Seventy patients underwent ICP monitor placement and 424 did not. Poor outcome was seen in 77.1% of patients in the ICP-monitor subgroup compared with 53.8% in the no-monitor subgroup (p 2-fold greater risk of poor outcome (odds ratio 2.76, 95% CI 1.30–5.85, p=0.008), but not with death (p=0.652). Our findings remained consistent in the propensity score-matched cohort. Conclusion These results question whether ICP monitor–guided therapy in patients with spontaneous nontraumatic ICH improves outcome. Further work is required to define the causal pathway and improve identification of patients that might benefit from invasive ICP monitoring.
Improving On-Screen Sound Separation for Open Domain Videos with Audio-Visual Self-attention.

We introduce a state-of-the-art audio-visual on-screen sound separation system which is capable of learning to separate sounds and associate them with on-screen objects by looking at in-the-wild videos. We identify limitations of previous work on audiovisual on-screen sound separation, including the simplicity and coarse resolution of spatio-temporal attention, and poor convergence of the audio separation model. Our proposed model addresses these issues using cross-modal and self-attention modules that capture audio-visual dependencies at a finer resolution over time, and by unsupervised pre-training of audio separation model. These improvements allow the model to generalize to a much wider set of unseen videos. For evaluation and semi-supervised training, we collected human annotations of on-screen audio from a large database of in-the-wild videos (YFCC100M). Our results show marked improvements in on-screen separation performance, in more general conditions than previous methods.
Monitoring New Symptoms After COVID-19 Infection Among Primary Care Patients in New York City.

Introduction: COVID-19 affects multiple organ systems causing substantial long-term morbidity. The implications of the Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly for primary care, remain unknown. This cross-sectional study examines new symptoms reported at primary care encounters during three post-acute follow-up intervals after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: Electronic health record data from the NYU Langone COVID Deidentified Dataset were queried for adults with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test, and then restricted to those with a new ICD-10-CM code documented at a post-acute COVID-related primary care follow-up >14 days after testing positive. New diagnoses and the corresponding Clinical Classifications Software Refined categories were assessed at the following intervals: 0.5–3 months (“subacute”), 3–6 months (“prolonged”), and 6–9 months (“persistent”). Results: Out of 3,154 patients, a new ICD-10-CM code was documented among 499 patients (∼16%). Respiratory complaints, including cough, shortness of breath, dyspnea, and hypoxemia, were most common. Malaise and fatigue were reported consistently among 10–13% of patients at all three time-intervals. Musculoskeletal pain, circulatory symptoms, and sleep-wake disorders were also observed at primary care follow-up. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study provides support of a post-acute COVID syndrome, demonstrating that patients continue to experience symptoms after the acute infection period. Extensive follow-up data allowed for examining new symptoms up to 9 months after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding of the course of multi-organ post-acute sequelae is restricted by cross-sectional study design limitations. Standardized, sequelae-related ICD-10-CM codes to specify the type and duration of post-acute COVID-related symptoms would enable better monitoring of the growing number of SARS-CoV-2 infection survivors.
Demonstration of the B4C/NaIO4/PTFE Delay in the U.S. Army Hand-Held Signal

A pyrotechnic time delay based on boron carbide has been demonstrated as a viable replacement for the perchlorate- and chromate-containing formulation currently used in U.S. Army hand-held signals. Tests involving fully assembled hand-held signal rockets were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the B4C/NaIO4/PTFE delay system in an operational configuration. The delay times observed in such dynamic tests were substantially shorter than those expected from prior static testing, necessitating the use of very slow-burning compositions to achieve the desired 5–6 s dynamic delay time. The behavior of the system at extreme temperatures (−54 and +71 °C) was also evaluated, confirming its reliability and safety. Impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge tests have shown that the boron carbide-based delay is insensitive to unintended ignition. TGA/DSC analysis indicated an ignition temperature of 475 °C, well above the decomposition temperature of NaIO4 and above the melting points of NaIO3 and PTFE.
Direct Energy Conversion Beam Dump for a 1.6-Mev Neutral Beam for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

A beam direct converter of the Kyoto type, which uses magnetic separation of the D[sup +] and D[sup [minus]] leaving the neutralizer, is adapted to a Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory concept of a neutral-beam injector for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, which used electrostatic separation of the D[sup +] and D[sup [minus]]. Among the advantages of a direct converter over an ordinary beam dump for the residual D[sup +] and D[sup [minus]] beam leaving the neutralizer is that the power density on the beam dump is reduced by a large factor, making heat removal easier. Further, [open quotes]soft landing[close quotes] virtually eliminates deuterium-deuterium neutron production on the dump electrodes, a particular advantage in the development stage. In addition, the total power consumed is less. This paper addresses the technological obstacle to feasibility, which is holding the large voltage (+1.6 and -1.6 MV for a 1.6-MeV neutral beam). The electrode system in the present design uses 15 grading electrodes around each 1.6 MV collector with 100 kV between them. Each grading electrode is subdivided into two. The total stored energy is 260 J (4 J per electrode) and an average of 10 kV/cm on the insulators. The calculated efficiency is 92%. 13more » refs., 10 figs.« less
Preventing Prescription Drug Diversion.

THE FACTS In 2013, more than 43,900 Americans died from drug overdose. Prescription drugs contributed to most of those deaths. Opioid pain relievers like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone were involved in more than 16,000 of those deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Approximately 46 Americans die every day from drug overdoses (Jones, Mack, & Paulozzi, 2013). Opioid overdose is now the second leading cause of unintentional deaths in the United States, second only to motor vehicle collisions. The scope and urgency of this problem has reached such a level that the CDC labeled prescription drug overdose an epidemic (CDC, 2012). Americans are 4.6% of the world population and consume 80% of the global opioid supply, 99% of the hydrocodone supply, and two thirds of the world’s illegal drugs (Lev, 2012). Prescription medications are the second most abused drug after marijuana. Enough prescription painkillers were prescribed in 2010 to medicate every American adult around-the-clock for a month (CDC, 2011). Although most of these pills were prescribed for a medical purpose, many ended up in the hands of people who misused or abused them. Nearly 53% of people misusing prescription pain relievers report getting them from a friend or relative the last time they misused these drugs. This is how many new nonmedical users of prescription medications initially obtain these drugs (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014). In 2013, nearly two million Americans aged 12 years or older either abused or was dependent on opioids (CDC, 2011). Twenty-three percent of teens report having abused prescription medications at least once in their lifetime thinking that these medications are safer than illegal drugs because they are obtained by prescription (Partnership for Drug Free Kids and MetLife Foundation, 2014).
ARRAY ELEMENT LOCALISATION OF RAPIDLY DEPLOYED SYSTEMS

Array processing techniques such as beamforming or matched field processing require accurate knowledge of the location of individual elements in the array. For horizontal arrays laid on the ocean floor, relative arrival times measured across the array from nearby implosive sources are often used to aid in estimating the sensor positions. However, the inverse problem of determining the sensor positions from the relative arrival times is both nonunique and ill-conditioned. Standard grid search techniques rely on very accurate measurements of the source locations and some knowledge of the array. This paper shows how simulated annealing can be used to solve the inverse problem with limited knowledge of the array or source locations. Synthetic studies show that relative sensor locations can be exactly found while tests with real data show an improvement in array gain comparable to the theoretical limit obtained from a perfectly known array.
Chapter 6 Apoptosis and prostate cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses apoptosis and prostate cancer (PCa). Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is characterized by distinct morphological (cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, pyknosis, chromatin margination, cytoplasm contraction, and condensation) and biochemical features. Although apoptosis is considered a genetically regulated process as seen in physiologic events such as the involution of the mammary gland, it can be triggered, especially in in-vitro cultured cells, by physical and toxic exposures, cellular effects of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, viral infection, and immunologic mechanisms. Example of an apoptosis regulator is p53, a phosphoprotein known to modulate gene transcription, police cell-cycle checkpoints, control DNA replication and repair, and maintain genomic stability. Wild-type p53 also positively regulates apoptosis. As apoptosis plays a critical role in the multiple steps (transformation, progression, and survival of metastases) of tumorigenesis, many chemoprevention and therapeutic regimens attempting to manipulate the apoptotic process have been proposed to aid in the clinical treatment of cancer patients. Apoptosis is closely involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of human PCa. The prostate, as an organ, is very similar to the breast of females in that both organs depend on circulating hormones for their growth. Therefore, androgens play a paramount role in regulating the growth of normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells.
Current status of a coupled-channel partial wave analysis using data from CLAS at Jefferson Lab

The non-strange baryon spectrum has been mapped out predominantly by studying N π elastic scattering with phase-shift analysis as the tool of choice. While there has been much success with these experimental techniques, the results have fueled debates in the community, most notably regarding the missing baryons problem. Theoretical solutions to this discrepancy appeal to a diquark-system within the baryons or a coupling to states other than N π. The CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab has turned out high-statistics, photoproduction datasets which are optimal for resolving these issues. However, new analytical techniques may be required to deal with this rich physics sector. The baryon resonances are photoproduced off liquid hydrogen and the CLAS detector allows us to measure a variety of final states. We will have access to nπ +, pπ 0, pπ + π −, pω,pη, pη′, ΛK + and ΣK + final states. A robust software package has been developed that allows for the fitting of these states individually and in a coupled-channel mode. We make use of flexible C++ based tools that allow fast and general calculations of amplitudes based on a covariant tensor formalism. New techniques have been applied to background subtraction which brings an added level of consistency to the analysis. Polarization information from other experiments is incorporated at fit time to help distinguish potentially ambiguous physics processes by using information outside of the CLAS datasets. Some of these channels have more mature analysis (pω,ΛK +) and the preliminary measuremen will be shown as well as an overview of the analysis tools.
Connectivity and fault tolerance of multiple-bus systems

We study multiple-bus computer systems that are fault tolerant in the sense that processors remain connected in the presence of component faults such as faulty processors and buses, and faulty links between processors and buses which may represent partial bus failures. We propose several graph-theoretic models for this purpose. A processor-bus-link (PBL) graph is introduced to represent a multiple-bus system component adjacency graphs derived from the PBL graph exhibit the connectivity of the system's components, We then transform the problem of analyzing fault tolerance of multiple-bus systems into the simpler problem of finding the node connectivity of component adjacency graphs. Minimum critical fault sets, each of which is a minimum set of faulty components whose removal disconnects processors, are also characterized. >