cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On acoustic radiation from a vibrating panel

An experimental and numerical study of the response and radiation from an acoustically loaded aircraft panel is presented. In the experiment, the panel is excited by a normally incident, harmonic wave. Measurements of the panel response and the resulting transmitted pressure are made in both the near- and acoustic far-fields. The numerical computations model the experiment and in particular account for the full coupling between the panel and the surrounding three dimensional acoustic fluid. The results demonstrate that for a sufficiently high excitation level, the panel response becomes nonlinear. The nonlinearity is characterized by the appearance of harmonics and subharmonics in the power spectral densities of the panel motion and consequently in the resulting acoustic radiation. The primary characteristic of the far-field acoustic radiation is the increase in harmonic content relative to the fundamental and subharmonics with increasing distance from the panel. This is shown to be a result of linear and weakly nonlinear wave propagation effects. The numerical results show that the radiated far-field pressure is strongly dependent on the position of the measurement point with respect to the panel center. The experimental and numerical results are in good qualitative agreement.
Contextual vocabulary acquisition as computational philosophy and as philosophical computation

Contextual vocabulary acquisition (CVA) is the active, deliberate acquisition of a meaning for an unknown word in a text by reasoning from textual clues, prior knowledge, and hypotheses developed from prior encounters with the word, but without external sources of help such as dictionaries or people. Published strategies for CVA vaguely and unhelpfully tell the reader to 'guess'. Artificial intelligence algorithms for CVA can fill in the details that replace 'guessing' by 'computing'; these details can then be converted to a curriculum that can be taught to students to improve their reading comprehension. Such algorithms also suggest a way out of the Chinese Room and show how holistic semantics can withstand certain objections.
An Evaluation of Alternative Functional Models of Narrative Schemata

This paper evaluates several models of how people encode and retrieve information from short narrative texts. The models differ in their assumptions on four issues: (1) whether or not propositions are encoded with differential probability as a function of their importance in a narrative structure, (2) whether the representation of the text in memory is hierarchical or heterarchical, (3) whether memory retrieval depends primarily on direct access or on a top-down search process, and (4) whether or not lexical information is retained in memory. Specific assumptions are combined to form 12 alternative memory models. These models are evaluated in an experiment in which subjects attempted to learn four narrative texts. Memory for the texts was tested by both recall and recognition either immediately or after a 1-hour delay. Propositional recall, but not recognition, varied as a function of importance. On the recognition test subjects were able to distinguish statements that had occurred in the texts from meaning-preserving paraphrases of these statements. These data suggest that (1) subjects retain lexical information in memory, (2) narrative schemata provide a frame work for encoding all text propositions, (3) these schemata are hierarchically organized, and (4) the schemata are used for top-down retrieval of information at output time.
EFFECT OF POLYCYTHEMIC HYPERVISCOSITY ON GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) BLOOD FLOW AND O 2 CONSUMPTION IN PIGLETS

EFFECT OF POLYCYTHEMIC HYPERVISCOSITY ON GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) BLOOD FLOW AND O 2 CONSUMPTION IN PIGLETS
North Pacific Subtropical–Tropical Gyre Exchanges in the Thermocline: Simulations with Two Isopycnic OGCMs

Abstract This study considers the advective transport in the thermocline between the subtropical and tropical Pacific using two different models: MICOM (fully isopycnal) and Poseidon (quasi-isopycnal). The annually averaged model climatologies are comparable to other model and observational results, with Poseidon showing relatively greater western boundary current exchange and MICOM having a more significant basin interior pathway. This difference is related to the different representations of the thermocline ridge associated with the ITCZ, and of the zonal current systems at 8°–10°N. In both models, the interior exchange pathway is highly seasonal, with pulsed southward flow occurring during the fall and early winter as the thermocline thickens. This is the time period when the thermocline is shallowest in the central Pacific associated with the maximum North Equatorial Countercurrent transport and when the Ekman pumping associated with positive wind stress curl is shifted northward in the Tropics. Ideal...
Aversiveness of oral methadone in rats.

Palatability gradients were determined between quinine sulfate (0.08 mg/ml, Q) and methadone hydrochloride (0.0625, 0.125, and 0.250 mg/ml, M) in naltrexone (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and saline-treated rats presented continuously with these solutions as their only drinking fluids. Saline-treated and antagonist-treated rats chose 0.08 mg/ml Q over 0.250 mg/ml M and 0.0625 mg/ml M over 0.08 mg/ml Q. However, at 0.08 mg/ml Q vs. 0.125 mg/ml M, although both groups drank approximately equivalently on day 1 (75–80% M out of total fluid intake), by day 7 the saline-treated rats inhibited their consumption (20% M), while for naltrexone-treated rats the relative fluid intake did not significantly change. This decrease in consumption of saline-treated rats is postulated as due to an aversive property of methadone and is furthermore hypothesized to be a specific narcotic effect on the basis of its reversibility by naltrexone. There was no alteration of this aversive effect of methadone in rats preexposed to 0.5, 0.25, or 0.125 mg/ml M as their only drinking solutions continuously available for 7 days prior to the presentation of the choice solutions (0.08 mg/ml Q vs. 0.125 mg/ml M). However, the methadone-induced aversive effect was substantially reduced in rats made dependent on morphine immediately before being exposed to the choice solutions. This was hypothesized to be a function of cross tolerance. In addition, this latter group of rats did not appear methadone-dependent after 21 days of drinking more than 50% M as evidenced by the failure of naltrexone (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.) to precipitate abstinence or to alter methadone consumption.
Repair of complete atrioventricular septal defects “single patch” technique

The first repair of a complete atrioventricular septal defect was performed in 1954 by Lillehei using a single patch technique and controlled cross circulation. Initial results were disappointing with a very high operative mortality and postoperative complications including complete heart block, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and persistent or recurrent mitral regurgitation. The single patch technique continues to be frequently utilized with the assistance of cardiopulmonary bypass, moderate hypothermia, and cold blood cardioplegia for myocardial protection. Transesophageal echocardiography is extremely important in assessing the anatomy preoperatively and immediately after the operation is completed. In the single patch technique the common atrioventricular valve is divided into mitral and tricuspid components, and the ventricular septal defect (and subsequently the atrial septal defect) are repaired with a bovine pericardial patch. The leaflets of the newly created left (mitral) and right (tricuspid) valve are resuspended to the pericardial patch, and the "cleft" in the left AV valve is closed with interrupted sutures. Meticulous attention is paid to assuring left AV valve competence. Utilization of these techniques have resulted in a current operative mortality of 2–4% and markedly decreased incidences of LVOT obstruction and complete heart block. Persistent/recurrent mitral regurgitation continues to be a problem in approximately 5–10% of survivors. It is hoped that further refinements of operative technique will result in a decrease in such mitral regurgitation.
Uptake of trace metals by the clam Macoma inquinata from clean and oil-contaminated detritus.

In recent years there has been increasing concern about the entry of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) into the marine environment and the effects of such entry on the composition and functioning of the marine ecosystem. Few reports have been published on the possible effect of oil on the uptake of metals from water or sediments by animals. The possibility of such effects is indicated by the work of Fletcher et al. (1979), who showed that crude oil causes a reduction in blood plasma copper concentrations in fish, and Payne et al. (1978) who reported that petroleum affected chloride regulation in fish. Luoma and Jenne (1977) have shown that the availability of sediment-bound metals to a deposit-feeding clam depended on the metal-sediment associated and sediment-to-water desorption rate. We exposed a detritivorous clam, Macoma inquinata, to clean and oil-contaminated detritus to determine the effects of the oil on metal accumulation. To measure the uptake of metals, clams were exposed to neutron activated detritus and the uptake of several isotopes (/sup 51/Cr, /sup 60/Co, /sup 152/Eu, /sup 59/Fe, /sup 46/Sc, and /sup 65/Zn) measured in the clams.
Matrix isolation and theoretical study of the reaction of HSiCl3 and CH3OH: infrared spectroscopic characterization of Cl2HSiOCH3

Abstract The matrix isolation technique has been employed to investigate the reactions of SiCl 4 and HSiCl 3 with CH 3 OH. For the reaction of HSiCl 3 with CH 3 OH, twin jet deposition and merged jet deposition led to the same products, although with a much higher yield in the merged jet experiments. This product was identified as HCl 2 SiOCH 3 , and was conclusively identified by use of extensive isotopic labeling, the observation of HCl (or DCl) as an additional reaction product, and by comparison to density functional calculations. Most of the fundamental vibrational modes of this species that lie above 400 cm −1 were observed, some with very high intensities. Surprisingly, SiCl 4 and CH 3 OH did not show similar reactivity.
Rural nonpoint source pollution control in Wisconsin : the limits of a voluntary program ?

: This paper examines the relationship between best-management practices, institutional needs, and improved water quality within the watersheds of Wisconsin's program for controlling rural nonpoint source pollution. The first section describes the federal requirements for state nonpoint source programs and the legislative and management methods the state of Wisconsin uses to put those requirements into practice. The emphasis of the paper, described in the second section, is the institutional difficulty in evaluating the success of a large, integrated water quality program. Measurements which are investigated include (1) watershed water quality before and after implementation of BMPs; (2) program participation as measured by eligible vs. participating landowners, BMPs considered necessary vs. BMPs implemented, or dollars allocated to the NPS program vs. dollars expended; and (3) institutional goal coordination and management effectiveness. It is found that, despite the size and sophistication of Wisconsin's NPS program, there is little if any improvement in ambient water quality in these watersheds, probably because of a general lack of adequate participation in this voluntary program.
Resource regulation of an invasive tree by a classical biological control agent

Abstract The invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia experienced substantial declines in growth and reproduction in response to chronic herbivory by the defoliating weevil Oxyops vitiosa . Plants subjected to unrestricted defoliation replaced leaves that were more suitable for feeding by the next generation, a process envisioned by the Resource Regulation Hypothesis which posits that attack by one generation increases the amount of the preferred host resources for the next, resulting in a positive feedback loop for the herbivore. The production of juvenile replacement leaves stimulated additional bouts of oviposition and feeding by O. vitiosa , which ultimately produced positive effects for the herbivore with negative consequences for the plant. The addition of water resources to the plant prolonged the positive feedback loop such that more than twice as many insects were produced on irrigated versus non-irrigated trees. In a more simple, reassembled food web on M. quinquenervia , the lack of biotic constraints like parasitoids may have prevented the earlier termination of the feedback loop and thus increased the impact of the biological control agent on the target. The overall effectiveness of this classical biological control program can be attributed, in part, to the phenomenon of the target plant’s induced susceptible response to a herbivore.
The S-Shaped Utility Function

The results generated by experimentalists in psychology and economics haveled to numerous advances in the study of human decision making under risk.Camerer (1995) and Rabin (1998) provide excellent reviews of the relevantliterature. These results clearly display the gap between normative theoriesof ideal behavior and descriptive theories of observed behavior. The mostprominent result is loss aversion – the observation that a loss is given greatervalue than a gain of an equal size – and the resulting S-shaped utility function. Rabin puts the key point as follows: ``Researchers have identified a pervasive feature of reference dependence: In a wide variety of domains, people are significantly more averse to losses than they are attracted to same size gains''(Rabin 1998, 13–14). In what follows, I will show that the ``wide variety of domains'' is wide indeed. In particular, I will review the effects of the S-shaped utility function on the resolution of the decision to commit a crime, to decision to violate professional ethics, and the decision to participate in a rebellion.
Rasch Analysis of the Community Integration Measure in Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Objective To examine the measurement properties of the Community Integration Measure (CIM) in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Rasch analysis was used to retrospectively evaluate the CIM. Setting Rehabilitation hospital. Participants Persons (N=279) 1 to 15 years after a TBI. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure CIM. Results The CIM met Rasch expectations of unidimensionality and reliability (person separation ratio=2.01, item separation ratio=4.52). However, item endorsibility was poorly targeted to the participants' level of community integration. A ceiling effect was found with this sample. Conclusions The CIM is a relatively reliable and unidimensional scale. Future iterations might benefit from the addition of items that are more difficult to endorse (ie, improved targeting).
Cheating, Lying, and Moral Reasoning by Religious and Secular High School Students

The incidence of cheating and lying on an experimental measure was examined from a sample of high school students who attended either a religious or a secular (public) school. The Defining Issues Test was used to measure moral reasoning level. Religious and secular school students did not differ in moral reasoning level, and the groups evidenced similar levels of cheating and lying; 70% of the religious school students versus 79% of the secular school students cheated and/or lied on the measure. Level of moral reasoning was not correlated with behavior.
Measurement of 2 s and 3 s electron-spin densities in iron metal and Fe 2 O 3

The $2s$ and $3s$ electron-spin densities at the nuclear site of the $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ nucleus in iron metal and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ were measured by a new technique combining the M\"ossbauer effect with electron spectroscopy. The ratios of wave functions at the nucleus $\frac{{|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{\mathrm{ns}}^{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}(0)|}^{2}}{{|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{\mathrm{ns}}^{\ensuremath{\downarrow}}(0)|}^{2}}$ for $2s$ and $3s$ electrons were measured for iron metal and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and were found to agree in sign and order of magnitude with theoretical calculations of the core-polarization contributions to the magnetic hyperfine interactions.
Goodness of Fit: A Relational Approach to Field Instruction

This article uses the metaphor of “goodness of fit” to highlight the core features of a relational approach to field instruction. The distinctive attributes of this approach are contrasted with a traditional model of field instruction. The “teach or treat” dilemma is discussed to demonstrate the necessity for field instructors to maintain the delicate balance between a therapeutic and an educational stance in their work with students. The most compelling contribution of a relational approach to field instruction is when the fit between a field instructor and a student is problematic. At these difficult moments, a relational approach offers alternatives that might not be possible in other approaches to supervision. Vignettes are offered throughout the article to illustrate these points.
Lack of vesicular zinc in mossy fibers does not affect synaptic excitability of CA3 pyramidal cells in zinc transporter 3 knockout mice

Abstract Zinc is found throughout the CNS in synaptic vesicles of glutamatergic neurons and has been suggested to have a modulatory role in the brain because of its interaction with voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels. We took advantage of zinc transporter 3 knockout mice, which lack vesicular zinc, to study the possible physiological role of this heavy metal in hippocampal mossy fiber neurotransmission. We examined postsynaptic responses evoked by mossy fiber activation, recorded in CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices prepared from zinc transporter 3 knockout and wild-type mice. Field-potential response threshold and amplitude, input-output curves, and paired-pulse evoked responses were the same in slices from zinc transporter 3 knockout and wild-type mice. Furthermore, neither amplitude nor duration of pharmacologically isolated N -methyl- d -aspartate, non- N -methyl- d -aspartate, GABA A , and GABA B receptor-mediated postsynaptic potentials differed between zinc transporter 3 knockout and wild-type mice. There was no difference in the magnitude of epileptiform discharges evoked by repetitive stimulation or kainic acid application. However, in slices from zinc transporter 3 knockout mice, there was greater attenuation of GABA A -mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials during tetanic stimulation compared with slices from wild-type animals. We conclude that lack of vesicular zinc in mossy fibers does not significantly affect the mossy fiber-associated synaptic excitability of CA3 pyramidal cells; however, zinc may modulate GABAergic synaptic transmission under conditions of intensive activation.
Personality Correlates of Accuracy in a Social Perception Task

This study examined which aspects of personality were related to accuracy of social judgments. 45 individuals assessed rapport in a series of videotaped dyadic interactions and completed an extensi...
Electronic-Structure Studies of Solids. II. "Exact" Hartree-Fock Calculations for Cubic Atomic-Hydrogen Crystals

A comprehensive description is given of rigorous Hartree-Fock calculations for cubic atomic-hydrogen crystals. All energy and overlap integrals are reduced to reciprocal-lattice sums. The exchange effects are treated exactly. The Bloch functions and Fermi surfaces are optimized. The near-Hartree-Fock results indicate essentially spherical Fermi surfaces and strong atomic-orbital behavior of the Bloch functions. The energetic effect associated with the atomlike inhomogeneities is about 15%. Good agreement is found between Kohn-Sham and Slater local-exchange potentials and exchange potentials deduced from our Hartree-Fock results.
Determination of the Formation Constant of the Copper Chelate of β-Cyclodextrin by Spectrophotometric Titration with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Using Window Factor Analysis

Copper(II) is known to form a 2:1 complex with β-cyclodextrin in alkaline solution (pH ≥ 12), but its formation constant has not been determined. The present investigation involves the determination of the formation constant of the complex by spectrophotometric titration with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) using window factor analysis (WFA). WFA is a self-modeling chemometric technique that extracts the concentration profiles of individual species from evolutionary processes such as complexometric titration. The visible absorption spectra of eleven aqueous solutions, at pH 12, containing fixed amounts of copper and cyclodextrin and different amounts of EDTA, were recorded. Principal factor analysis (PFA) of the absorbances gave evidence that three components were responsible for the spectral data. The concentration profiles of the components formed were extracted by WFA. Applying stoichiometric balance to the concentration profiles, the titration complex was determined to be (Cu2HO2CD·EDTA)-7, and the logarithm of its formation constant was calculated to be 8.51 ± 0.21. Using this information and the solubility product constant of Cu(OH)2 as well as the formation constant of (CuOH·EDTA)-3, the logarithm of formation constant of (Cu2HO2CD)-3 was detemined to be 35.78 ± 0.38.
Measurement of atomic oscillator strengths using pulsed single frequency dye lasers

We have used two methods to measure the oscillator strength of the transition between the ground and 17992 cm -1 level in 174Yb. The first technique involves exciting the transition with a laser pulse that is nearly time-bandwidth limited, of uniform intensity, and has a reproducible shape from shot to shot. The population left in the excited state after the pulse varies sinusoidally with a period that depends on the integral over time of the electric field amplitude and the transition oscillator strength. These are the Rabi oscillations that are predicted by application of the Schrodinger equation to the two-level atom. The excited-state population is probed using a two-step photoionization to the continuum. The electric field amplitude is determined from the temporal profile and the intensity of the laser pulse. The second method involves observation of the polarization rotation of a set of degenerate sublevels brought about by a time-bandwidth limited light-shift laser. One sublevel (mj = 0) of the J = 1 level at 17992 cm -1 is populated by a linearly polarized laser. A second copropagating light-shift laser, which is linearly polarized at an angle to the first laser, is tuned between 7.5 and 30 GHz off-resonance with the transition. The light-shift laser causes population to be promoted into the mi = ±1 levels by a virtual transition through the ground J = 0, = 0 level. Two linearly polarized photoionizing lasers photoionize the population only from the mi = ±1 levels. The photoion signal oscillates sinusoidally with a period that depends only on the integrated pulse intensity, the laser detuning, and the transition oscillator strength.
Cyclic voltammetric and spectrophotometric investigation of the catalytic reduction of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) by electrogenerated cobalt(I) salen in dimethylformamide saturated with carbon dioxide

Abstract A comparative study of the cobalt(I) salen-catalyzed electrochemical reduction of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) in both carbon dioxide- and argon-saturated dimethylformamide (DMF) containing tetra- n -butylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF 4 ) has been carried out by means of cyclic voltammetry with a glassy carbon electrode. Catalytic reduction of CFC-113 by cobalt(I) salen appears to be more efficient in a carbon dioxide-saturated medium. Chlorotrifluoroethene (a degradation product of CFC-113) is also more efficiently reduced by electrogenerated cobalt(I) salen in the presence of carbon dioxide. No evidence for the cobalt(I) salen-catalyzed reduction of trifluoroethene (another degradation product of CFC-113) has been seen. Preliminary bulk electrolyses of cobalt(II) salen–CFC-113 mixtures in a carbon dioxide-saturated medium have indicated the formation of chlorotrifluoroethene, trifluoroethene, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. However, these three compounds do not account for all of the original CFC-113; therefore, future work will focus on the possible production of 3,3-dichloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropanoic acid and 2,3,3-trifluoroacrylic acid that might arise via carboxylation of anionic intermediates derived from the reduction of CFC-113. Furthermore, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry has confirmed that cobalt(I) salen and carbon dioxide interact to preserve the fidelity of the catalyst.
Archaeology. Life with the artificial Anasazi.

How can the complex dynamics of human societies — such as population rise and fall, and movement — be explained? Combining masses of data with computer modelling is a fresh way forward.
Relationship of Mechanical Characteristics and Microstructural Features to the Time-Dependent Edge-Notch Sensitivity of Inconel 718 Sheet

Time-dependent notch sensitivity of Inconel 718 sheet was observed at 900 F to 1200 F (482 - 649 C). It occurred when edge-notched specimens were loaded below the yield strength and smooth specimen tests showed that small amounts of creep consumed large rupture life fractions. The severity of the notch sensitivity was reduced by decreasing the solution temperature, increasing the time and/or temperature of aging and increasing the test temperature to 1400 F (760 C). Elimination of time-dependent notch sensitivity correlated with a change in dislocation motion mechanism from shearing to by-passing precipitate particles.
Sodium Salicylate Reduced Insulin Resistance in the Retina of a Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model

Sodium salicylate has been reported to reduce markers of diabetic retinopathy in a type 1 rat model. Because rates of type 2 diabetes are on the rise, we wanted to determine whether salicylate could improve insulin resistance in a type 2 rat model, as well as improve retinal function. We treated lean and obese BBZDR/Wor type 2 diabetic rats with salicylate in their chow for 2 months. Prior to salicylate treatment, rats underwent an electroretinogram to measure retinal function. After 2 months of treatment, rats underwent an additional electroretinogram prior to sacrifice. In addition to the animal model, we also treated retinal endothelial cells (REC) and rat Muller cells with salicylate and performed the same analyses as done for the rat retinal lysates. To investigate the role of salicylate in insulin signaling, we measured TNFα and caspase 3 levels by ELISA, as well as performed Western blotting for insulin receptor substrate 1, insulin receptor, SOCS3, and pro- and anti-apoptotic markers. Data demonstrated that salicylate significantly improved retinal function, as well as reduced TNFα and SOCS3-induced insulin resistance in all samples. Overall, results suggest that salicylate is effective in reducing insulin resistance in the retina of type 2 diabetic rat models.
Z(N) topological excitations in Yang-Mills theories: duality and confinement

We investigate the properties of Z(N) topological excitations in Wilson's lattice formulation of SU(N) Yang-Mills theories. We exhibit the Z(N) topological excitations as exact classical solutions on the lattice. After giving detailed qualitative discussions about the Z(N) excitations and their relevance to confinement, we investigate the Z(N) lattice gauge theories with the Wilson action and show that Z(2), Z(3) and Z(4) models are self-dual systems. (The self-duality of the Z(2) case has been known previously.) This property enables us to locate the critical points exactly in those systems under the assumption that the phase transition occurs at only one point in the coupling constant space. We then derive the effective action for the Z(N) topological excitations in the lattice SU(N) Yang-Mills theories in the steepest descent approximation. The critical coupling constants in the SU(N) models corresponding to the phase transition caused by the Z(N) excitations are estimated by using the information on the Z(N) models with the Wilson action. It is quite probable that the estimated value gr2/4π2 ∼ 131 (for SU(3)) is an upper bound. This indicates that the Wilson model of the SU(3) gauge field can be effective action of the QCD gluons which exhibit permanent quark confinement and, at the same time, freedom up to the distance characterized by the energy, at least, ∼1 TeV.
Fluorescence energy transfer indicates similar transient and equilibrium intermediates in staphylococcal nuclease folding.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is one of the few methods available to measure the rate at which a folding protein collapses. Using staphylococcal nuclease in which a cysteine residue was engineered in place of Lys64, permitted FRET measurements of the distance between the donor tryptophan 140 and 5-[[2-[(iodoacetyl)-amino]ethyl]amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-labeled Cys64. These measurements were undertaken on both equilibrium partially folded intermediates at low pH (A states), as well as transient intermediates during stopped-flow refolding. The results indicate that there is an initial collapse of the protein in the deadtime of the stopped-flow instrument, corresponding to a regain of approximately 60% of the native signal, followed by three slower transients. This is in contrast to circular dichroism measurements which show only 20-25% regain of the native secondary structure in the burst phase. Thus hydrophobic collapse precedes the formation of substantial secondary structure. The first two detected transient intermediate species have FRET properties essentially identical with those of the previously characterized equilibrium A state intermediates, suggesting similar structures between the equilibrium and transient intermediates. The effects of anions on the folding of acid-unfolded staphylococcal nuclease, and urea on the unfolding of the resulting A states, indicates that in folding the protein becomes compact prior to formation of major secondary structure, whereas in unfolding the protein expands prior to major loss of secondary structure. Comparison of the kinetics of refolding of staphylococcal nuclease, monitored by FRET, and for a proline-free variant, indicate that folding occurs via two partially folded intermediates leading to a native-like species with one (or more) proline residues in a non-native conformation. For the A states an excellent correlation between compactness measured by FRET, and compactness determined from small-angle X-ray scattering, was observed. Further, a linear relationship between compactness and free energy of unfolding was noted. Formation of soluble aggregates of the A states led to dramatic enhancement of the FRET, consistent with intermolecular fluorescence energy transfer.
The Globular Domain of the Proα1(I) N-Propeptide Is Not Required for Secretion, Processing by Procollagen N-Proteinase, or Fibrillogenesis of Type I Collagen in Mice

The globular domain in the NH2-terminal propeptide (N-propeptide) of the proα1(I) chain is largely encoded by exon 2 of the Col1a1gene and has been implicated in a number of processes that are involved in the biogenesis, maturation, and function of type I collagen. These include intracellular chain association, transcellular transport and secretion, proteolytic processing of the precursor, feedback regulation of synthesis, and control of fibrillogenesis. However, none of these proposed functions has been firmly established. To evaluate the function of this procollagen domain we have used a targeted mutagenesis approach to generate mice that lack exon 2 in the Col1a1gene. Mouse lines were established on both a mixed 129 OlaHsd/Sv and C57BL/6 background and a pure 129 OlaHsd/Sv background. Adult mice on the mixed background are normal in appearance and are fertile. To the extent that they have been studied, procollagen synthesis, secretion, and proteolytic processing are normal in these mice, and collagen fibrillogenesis is only slightly altered. However, breeding of heterozygous mutant mice on the 129 background generated homozygous mutants at only 64% of the expected frequency. These findings suggest that although the N-propeptide is not essential for collagen biogenesis in mice it may play some essential role during embryonic development.
The problem of strategy and hyperresolution

This article is the thirty-first of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research asks one to find a strategy that can be coupled with the inference rule hyperresolution to control the behavior of an automated reasoning program as effectively as does paramodulation.
Stormwater input of pyrethroid insecticides to an urban river

The American River flows for nearly 50 km through highly urbanized lands surrounding Sacramento, California, USA. Twenty-three streams, drainage canals, or pumping stations discharge urban runoff to the river, with the cumulative effect of nearly doubling the river's flow during rain events. During winter storms, the water column in the most downstream 13-km reach of the river exhibited toxicity to the standard testing species, Hyalella azteca, in 52% of samples, likely because of the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin. The compound is heavily used by professional pest controllers, either as a liquid perimeter treatment around homes or as granules broadcast over landscaped areas. It was found in 11 of 12 runoff sources examined, at concentrations averaging five times the H. azteca 96-h EC50. Quantified inputs of bifenthrin should have been sufficient to attain peak concentrations in the river twice those actually observed, suggesting loss by sedimentation of particulates and pesticide adsorption to the substrate and/or vegetation. Nevertheless, observed bifenthrin concentrations in the river were sufficient to cause water column toxicity, demonstrated during six storms studied over three successive winters. Toxicity and bifenthrin concentrations were greatest when river flow was low (<23 m3/s) but persisted even at atypically high flows (585 m3/s). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1579–1586. © 2012 SETAC
Integrated HIV Care: HIV Risk Outcomes of Pregnant Substance Abusers

Identifying contextual factors that may influence the effects of HIV risk-reduction strategies aimed at inner-city, minority female populations may be critical to interrupting the alarming trends in seroprevalence in the United States, especially among pregnant women with substance use–related problems. The objective of this Phase I, NIDA-funded project was to determine which contextual and cognitive factors were most predictive of HIV outcomes in this population. Eighty-one HIV-negative women were enrolled in a maternal addiction program with a cognitive-behavioral HIV risk-reduction component. Measures were administered between 1996 and 1998, one week post-admission, and follow-up assessments were conducted on 69 participants at 6 months post-discharge Paired t-tests were conducted to assess changes in sex risk behaviors, HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, and HIV risk–related attitudes/behaviors. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between attitudes/knowledge with c...
An Inverse Method to Measure the Complex Dynamic Moduli of Elastomers

The dynamic moduli of elastomers are estimated from measurements of the surface velocity of a 3D sample. The measured values are matched with predictions from a finite element model in which the material properties are adjustable parameters. The sensitivity of the inversion technique to the locations of the measurements is discussed. Numerical simulations indicate that the method might be used to determine the moduli of two isotropic layers bonded together. Results also indicate the possibility of detecting the presence of a large defect in the sample.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An Interactive Web-based HPC Reservation System

For years, while the vast majority of users at the DoD HPCMP MSRC's and DCs were serviced well by batch job queuing systems, a small minority of users, because their computing needs did not mesh well with the batch queuing system paradigm, kept asking for interactive access to the HPC machines. To address this need, in May 2005, the 256 processor ARL MSRC Linux Networx cluster, Powell, was transitioned to interactive use. Since no large HPCMP machine had operated this way before, a new approach that would regulate interactive usage in an automated fashion was needed. In response to that, the ARL MSRC has developed a Web-based reservation tool so that users may make advance reservations for nodes on Powell. This type of reservation system is new and quite different from any other queuing system model currently in use within the HPCMP. With just a batch queuing system, users submit jobs without having any predictable way to know when the jobs will actually run. But since a reservation system provides a means to reserve a specific number of processors at a specified time, users are able to easily plan for demonstrations, exercises or time-sensitive calculations. The reservation tool works in combination with the grid engine queuing system so that users have all the conveniences of a queuing system, provided they have made a reservation on the Web to acquire nodes. Using the queuing system has several benefits, such as starting the job, or jobs, when the reservation starts, generating the machine file for MPI jobs, and providing accounting services. Development of the reservation system has been a learning process for all involved. The objective of this paper is to provide a technical overview of this HPC reservation system. In addition, there will also be a discussion on how the system may be used to meet the demands of various types of research. The development cycle of the reservation system will be discussed, specifically giving a timeline as to when and why various features were added. There will also be a discussion on the operational policies governing the system and the rationale for those policies. The data collected from the system, has been in production for a full year, will be analyzed to show various metrics related to utilization. This data will help to gauge the success of this program thus far
Spectroscopic study of lanthanide(III) complexes with carboxylic acids

Abstract The complexation of trivalent lanthanides with aromatic (mellitic, pyromellitic, hemimellitic, trimellitic, trimesic, phthalic, isophthalic, terephthalic and benzoic) carboxylic acids was studied by luminescence and absorption spectroscopic methods and luminescence lifetime measurements. Stability constants with these carboxylate ligands were calculated from the 7 F 0 – 5 D 0 excitation spectra of Eu(III). The stability constant of the 1:1 complexes showed linear correlation with the basicity of the ligand. The luminescence decay constants indicate that the ligands with carboxylates in the ortho position are bidentate, replacing two water molecules from the metal upon complexation. Benzoate and terephthalate are unidentate. Isophthalate and trimesate replace approximately 1.5 water molecules, suggesting greater binding capability of these ligands due to the contribution from the non-binding carboxylate group(s). The oscillator strengths in the hypersensitive transition range of Nd(III) and Ho(III) complexed with these ligands were non-linearly proportional to the effective ligand basicity. Ligand polarizability, along with other factors, are proposed as responsible for the variation in oscillator strength in these complexes.
All-Optical Coherent Receiver with Feedback and Sampling

To obtain higher linearity in an analog photonic link, a novel coherent receiver design with feedback is proposed and demonstrated, where the linearity and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) tradeoff associated with a traditional phase demodulator can be eliminated. The local phase modulator in the feedback loop of the receiver tracks the phase change of the incoming signal and reduces the effective swing of the phase demodulator, leading to better linearity without reducing the strength of the transmitted signal. Thus, the SNR of the demodulated signal can be preserved while the linearity is improved. Up to 22.8 dB increase in spur free dynamic range (SFDR) is demonstrated. This novel receiver design is all-optical in the sense that no electrical loop amplifier is necessary. In order to operate the link at carrier frequencies beyond the loop bandwidth, an optical sampling technique is employed to downconvert the signal to the baseband. With feedback in the receiver, 14.1 dB of SFDR improvement is obtained experimentally in the sampled operation.
Pre-menarche Pubertal Development Following Unique Form of Immigration: The Case of Girls Adopted from China

Our study tested the hypothesis that drastic social-cultural change has an impact on girls’ pre-menarche pubertal development. We focused on a unique group of Chinese immigrants who migrated out of China in infancy through international adoption. Our sample included 298 Chinese girls who were 7.3–11.1 years in 2011 (Mean = 8.8, SD = 0.9) and were adopted at 7–24 months (Mean = 12.6, SD = 3.4). We found that 34 % showed at least one of four signs of pubertal development: Growth spurt, body fat increase, breast development, and body hair. Logistic regression analyses showed that the odds of growth spurt was raised by the girls’ age in 2011, behavior problems in 2005, but lowered by the adoptive families’ household income; the odds of body fat increase in 2011 was raised by the adopted Chinese girls’ weight in 2007 and behavior problems in 2005, but was lowered by the adoptive mother’s education level; the odds for breast development in 2011 was raised by the girls’ age in 2011, weight in 2007, and behavior problems in 2009. For body hair, none of the factors predicted the odds. Prevalence of precocious puberty, based on the criterion of breast development before 8 years, was 3.5 %. Overall, our study suggests that the pre-menarche pubertal development of adopted Chinese girls may be slightly advanced but also is affected by factors that affect non-adopted girls’ pubertal development.
Gas source molecular beam epitaxy growth of SrS:Ce for flat panel displays

SrS:Ce thin films have been grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE). The growth conditions have been systematically investigated as a function of growth temperature, sulfur to strontium flux ratio, and cerium flux. Single crystal SrS and high quality SrS:Ce were successfully grown on GaAs and glass substrates, respectively, without post-annealing process at temperature as low as 600°C. It was found that the electroluminescence (EL) performance was greatly improved by addition of ZnS during the growth.
CaV3.2 T-type calcium channels in peripheral sensory neurons are important for mibefradil-induced reversal of hyperalgesia and allodynia in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy

We recently showed that streptozotocin (STZ) injections in rats lead to the development of painful peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) accompanied by enhancement of CaV3.2 T-type calcium currents (T-currents) and hyperexcitability in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Here we used the classical peripherally acting T-channel blocker mibefradil to examine the role of CaV3.2 T-channels as pharmacological targets for treatment of painful PDN. When administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), at clinically relevant doses, mibefradil effectively alleviated heat, cold and mechanical hypersensitivities in STZ-treated diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that CaV3.2 antisense (AS)-treated diabetic rats exhibit a significant decrease in painful PDN compared with mismatch antisense (MIS)-treated diabetic rats. Co-treatment with mibefradil (9 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in reversal of heat, cold and mechanical hypersensitivity in MIS-treated but not in AS-treated diabetic rats, suggesting that mibefradil and CaV3.2 AS share the same cellular target. Using patch-clamp recordings from acutely dissociated DRG neurons, we demonstrated that mibefradil similarly blocked T-currents in diabetic and healthy rats in a voltage-dependent manner by stabilizing inactive states of T-channels. We conclude that antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects of mibefradil in PDN are at least partly mediated by inhibition of CaV3.2 channels in peripheral nociceptors. Hence, peripherally acting voltage-dependent T-channel blockers could be very useful in the treatment of painful symptoms of PDN.
DSM-IV Major Depressive Episode criteria: An evaluation of reliability and validity across three different rating methods.

This study examined the reliability and validity of the DSM-IV Major Depressive Episode (MDE) symptoms in a sample of outpatients based on clinician ratings of assessment interviews, videotape of these interviews, and chart information. A group of 44 patients admitted to a university based outpatient community clinic were rated by trained clinicians on the nine MDE symptom criteria (A1-A9). Patients also completed a self-report measure of depressive symptomatology. Interrater reliability was found to be highest between the interview and videotape ratings. Conversely, when comparing chart ratings with those made from either interview or videotape, reliability for many of the individual criteria were found to be in the poor range of reliability. Good internal consistency was found for both the interview and videotape ratings, while internal consistency was less adequate for chart-based ratings. However, the three MDE ratings converge on a single dimension in a similar manner regardless of which source (i.e....
Hyperthermic treatment of cutaneous malignancies

Malignant cells are susceptible to high temperatures, and recent technical advances have allowed heat to be concentrated at the site of the neoplasm in vivo. The mechanism(s) of hyperthermic cytotoxicity is(are) unclear but may involve cellular accumulation of nuclear proteins, plasma membrane damage, and/or lysosomal effects. Three methods of localized hyperthermia delivery have been described: ultrasound, radiofrequency, and microwave. All involve production of high-energy wave forms which are produced by passing electrical energy through an oscillator that produces heat of sufficient magnitude to cause tumor necrosis. Temperatures of at least 42° C are necessary, but other factors, such as tissue pH, metabolic depletion, tissue hypoxia, and tumor vascularity, also influence cell killing. Hyperthermic treatment of cutaneous neoplasms may have great potential usefulness. Animal studies show high cure rates for squamous cell carcinoma with the use of radiofrequency hyperthermia. Human trials are needed before this technic can be considered suitable for clinical use.
Production of recombinant murine-human chimeric IgM and IgG anti-Jsb for use in the clinical laboratory

BACKGROUND: Directly agglutinating MoAbs are more useful than IgG MoAbs of murine origin for typing RBCs from donors and patients. The molecular manipulation and conversion of a murine IgG MoAb into mouse- human chimeric IgM and IgG antibodies are described. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: cDNA encoding the variable heavy- and light-chain genes of a murine hybridoma anti-Jsb cell line (MIMA-8) were cloned into human IgM or IgG expression vectors, which were then separately stably transfected into SP2/0-Ag14 B-cells. The secreted antibodies were screened by ELISA and analyzed by flow cytometry and hemagglutination. RESULTS: Forty percent (16 of 40) of the stable clones secreted IgM and 66 percent (12 of 18) of the stable clones secreted IgG. The chimeric IgM from the highest expressing clone reacted 4+ in LISS at room temperature. The chimeric IgG from one clone reacted 4+ by the IAT, resembling the specificity of the original murine antibody. Both manipulated MoAbs reacted specifically with RBCs as assessed by flow cytometry. CONCLUSION: Human-mouse chimeric IgM and IgG from a murine IgG MoAb anti-Jsb has been successfully engineered for use in the clinical laboratory. This approach can potentially be used to manipulate other murine MoAbs to blood group antigens into more clinically useful human isotypes.