cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychopharmacology Decision-Making Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women and Health Providers: Informing Compassionate and Collaborative Care Women's Health

Psychopharmaceutical use by pregnant and postpartum women is complicated by the complexity of prescribing as well as the sociocultural context in which medication-related decisions are made. This study sought to advance understanding of decision-making processes and communication experiences regarding use of psychopharmaceuticals during pregnancy by considering both provider and consumer perspectives. An electronic survey was conducted with health care providers (N = 88) and women consumers (N = 83) from July 2010 through October 2011 regarding the perceived costs and benefits of taking mental health medication during and around the time of pregnancy. Descriptive analysis compared and contrasted experiences between the two groups regarding consumer-provider communication, critical incidents and triggers in decision-making, and response to case scenarios crafted around hypothetical client experiences. Both similarities and differences were evident among health care provider and women consumer responses reg...
Green certificate markets, the risk of over-investment, and the role of long-term contracts

Abstract Several papers have recently analyzed the theory and implementation of renewable energy support schemes. The case for a renewable electricity standard (RES) in tandem with a tradeable green certificate (TGC) market has been largely based on efficiency considerations. Case study evidence is inconclusive, in part due to the short track record, but is not generally favorable. Here we reconsider the efficiency case, both static and dynamic, in light of special characteristics of renewable energy projects. We find that when exclusively high fixed-cost technologies comprise the eligible technology pool, the equilibrium form of contracting obviates the principal efficiency advantages claimed for certificate markets. When low fixed-cost technologies compete alongside high fixed-cost technologies in the certificate market, we show that it is likely that long-term contracts will disappear, and the technological choice will be inefficiently shifted away from the high fixed-cost technology. We consider evidence from three well-developed certificate schemes—in Britain, Sweden, and Texas—and find that it is broadly consistent with the theory here.
Identification of a vitamin D-response element in the rat calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) 24-hydroxylase gene.

Abstract The calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) 24-hydroxylase is one of the key enzymes in the metabolism of vitamin D. This enzyme acts on both calcidiol and calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) to initiate degradation of these potent vitamin D metabolites and is tightly regulated. Calcitriol itself induces this enzyme and acts at the transcriptional level. Transcriptional regulation of genes by calcitriol has been shown to occur via the vitamin D-receptor binding to a vitamin D-response element located upstream of the transcription start site. We now report a vitamin D-response element located between nt -262 and nt -238 of the rat calcidiol 24-hydroxylase gene. This sequence binds the calcitriol receptor and confers vitamin D-dependent transactivation of transcription to its own, as well as heterologous, promoter.
Toward a Comprehensive Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Approach to Fatigue in the Elderly

This article provides primary care physicians with an encompassing approach to fatigue to help generate a comprehensive differential diagnosis. Two-thirds of patients with fatigue will have an identifiable cause that can be elucidated with a careful history and appropriate laboratory tests. Accordingly, a wide range of differential diagnoses is presented.
Charlotte Coté. Spirits of our Whaling Ancestors: Revitalizing Makah & Nuu-chah-nulth Traditions.

In her first book publication, Spirits of Our Whaling Ancestors, Charlotte Cote, explores the “cultural, social, and spiritual significance” of whaling in forming and maintaining the identities of ...
Comparison of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Escherichia coli 16S rRNA gene expression signals.

There are barriers to cross-expression of genes between Bacteroides spp. and Escherichia coli. In this study, a lux-based reporter system was developed for Bacteroides and used to compare the promoter structure and function of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 4001 (BT4001) 16S rRNA promoter with those of E. coli in vivo. Analysis of the BT4001 sequences upstream of the 16S rRNA gene revealed the same overall structure known for E. coli 16S rRNA promoters in that there were two promoters separated by ∼150 bp. However, the BT4001 16S rRNA promoter contains the proposed Bacteroides −7 and −33 consensus sequences instead of the E. coli −10 and −35 consensus sequences. The biological activity of various configurations of the BT4001 16S rRNA promoter was analysed. Experiments pairing the BT4001 16S rRNA promoter with an E. coli RBS, and vice-versa, confirmed that gene expression between the two species is restricted at the level of transcription. In Bacteroides, a difference in translation initiation also appears to limit expression of foreign genes.
Numerical prediction of the boundary layers in the flow around a cylinder using a fixed velocity field

Abstract For the flow around a cylinder of an upper-convected Maxwell or Oldroyd-B fluid, thin stress boundary layers develop close to the cylinder wall and in the wake. Numerical simulations of this flow problem already fail to converge at a Weissenberg number of order unity. For the boundary layer and in the wake, high-Weissenberg number stress scalings, using a given, Newtonian velocity field have been predicted by Renardy (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 90 (2000) 13–23). We develop a purely Lagrangian technique that is able to resolve thin stress boundary layers in an accurate and very efficient manner up to arbitrarily large Weissenberg numbers. This is in sharp contrast with a traditional method which has severe difficulties in predicting the correct solution at relatively low Weissenberg numbers and suffers from long computational times. With the purely Lagrangian technique, we observe numerically the existence of thin regions with large stresses, just outside the boundary layer along the cylinder and birefringent strand in the wake, just as predicted by the asymptotic analysis. All theoretical scalings are observed at larger values of the Weissenberg number than can be reached in the benchmark flow around a cylinder with non-fixed kinematics. Around the cylinder, the asymptotic results already appear to be valid at moderate values of the Weissenberg number. In the wake, very large Weissenberg numbers are necessary to observe stresses that are proportional to W e 5 .
Access Barriers for Persons with Disabilities The Consumer's Perspective

Individuals with disabilities constitute a marginalized group in health services research, and their experiences within the health-care system are not well understood. This article examines the access barriers to primary, specialist, and rehabilitative care, and their consequences for individuals' health, functioning, well-being, and health services utilization. The findings are based on an in-depth analysis of 30 qualitative interviews. Access problems are grouped into environmental, structural, and process barriers. The findings highlight the complex nature of access barriers for people with disabilities and underscore the importance of disability literacy in the health service delivery process.
A read-monitored write circuit for 1T1M multi-level memristor memories

Technology migration into nano and molecular scales has led to the design of several hybrid CMOS/nano logic and memory architectures that aim to achieve high device density with low power consumption. The discovery of the memristor has further enabled the realization of denser nanoscale memory and logic systems by facilitating the implementation of multi-level logic. In this work we propose a sneak-path free memory architecture, the 1T1M (1 transistor per memristor) that provides for 2-bit storage in each data cell (memristor). Robust read and write methodologies for the proposed architecture are also discussed and tradeoffs between faster write speeds and larger read noise margins are also analyzed. Another highlight of this work is the usage of the exponential drift memristor model to further enhance write speeds of these devices which are otherwise much slower.
The measurement of systolic time intervals by echocardiography.

A study was performed in which the systolic time intervals of 46 patients were measured directly from echocardiograms of their aortic valve motion. These intervals were compared with those obtained from the same patients by the conventional technique of simultaneously recording the carotid pulse, phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram. Several of the measurements were made simultaneously by the two techniques in order to compare the timing of the systolic cycle. The values obtained by the two techniques were in close agreement, with average deviations of 11% or less. This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring systolic time intervals directly from echocardiograms.
Correlated Noise: How it Breaks NMF, and What to Do About it

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a problem of decomposing multivariate data into a set of features and their corresponding activations. When applied to experimental data, NMF has to cope with noise, which is often highly correlated. We show that correlated noise can break the Donoho and Stodden separability conditions of a dataset and a regular NMF algorithm will fail to decompose it, even when given freedom to be able to represent the noise as a separate feature. To cope with this issue, we present an algorithm for NMF with a generalized least squares objective function (glsNMF) and derive multiplicative updates for the method together with proving their convergence. The new algorithm successfully recovers the true representation from the noisy data. Robust performance can make glsNMF a valuable tool for analyzing empirical data.
Predictable path establishment in multimedia communication networks

Deadline-driven packet scheduling policies provide highly flexible methods for real-time communication support of distributed multimedia applications. This paper presents a probabilistic approach for analyzing admission control and communication establishment for the general class of non-preemptive deadline-oriented packet scheduling policies. The prediction method can be used for communication and scheduling policy evaluation, routing for multimedia traffic and capacity planning. A large-scale simulation study demonstrates that our method provides highly accurate predictions of acceptance rates for multiple types of multimedia connection requests.
A Central Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Hamilton-Jacobi Equations

In this paper, a central discontinuous Galerkin method is proposed to solve for the viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Central discontinuous Galerkin methods were originally introduced for hyperbolic conservation laws. They combine the central scheme and the discontinuous Galerkin method and therefore carry many features of both methods. Since Hamilton-Jacobi equations in general are not in the divergence form, it is not straightforward to design a discontinuous Galerkin method to directly solve such equations. By recognizing and following a "weighted-residual" or "stabilization-based" formulation of central discontinuous Galerkin methods when applied to hyperbolic conservation laws, we design a high order numerical method for Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The L 2 stability and the error estimate are established for the proposed method when the Hamiltonians are linear. The overall performance of the method in approximating the viscosity solutions of general Hamilton-Jacobi equations are demonstrated through extensive numerical experiments, which involve linear, nonlinear, smooth, nonsmooth, convex, or nonconvex Hamiltonians.
Drivers of E-business activity in developed and emerging markets

This paper presents the results of an empirical analysis of the determinants of e-business activity across a sample of 26 developed countries and 52 emerging markets. Several "e-readiness" indicators predict actual e-business activity, including Internet infrastructure, computer infrastructure, affordable telephone service, literacy rates, English language capabilities, and logistics infrastructure. No support was found for a linkage between e-business and institutional factors (i.e., country risk, economic freedom, and transparency) or payment infrastructure. Moreover, evidence of path dependence suggests that sustainable first-mover advantages are conveyed upon early adopters of Internet technologies. Important regional differences also exist, with Asia leading other emerging markets and Eastern Europe lagging. Finally, analysis of a subsample of countries suggests that entrepreneurship rates drive e-business activity. The results document the persistence of the global digital divide and support a broad view of e-readiness, whereby a country's e-business activity depends not only upon information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure but also upon human capital and logistics infrastructure. The absence of a link between institutional factors and e-business suggests that e-business arises not only when supporting economic institutions exist but also as a means of overcoming inadequate institutional conditions.
Monte Carlo study of the relationship between atom density and absorbance in electrothermal atomizers

This work attempts to evaluate the generalized assumption that the electrothermal atomization absorbance signal is proportional to the gas-phase density throughout the transient profile. Spectral line shape considerations (i.e., Voigt profile and hyperfine structure) are introduced into a Monte Carlo simulation model to exploit the time and spatial density and temperature information made available from the simulation. The absorbance is found to be nearly proportional to gas-phase density at low analyte densities—in agreement with generalized assumptions. At higher concentrations the similar linewidths for the absorption and emission profiles reduce the absorbance signal and linear dynamic range. In general, furnace nonisothermality does not produce spectral results noticeably different from those observed with isothermality heated tubes. The temperature-dependent spectral changes for a nonisothermally heated furnace can be closely approximated in most cases by considering only the temperature at the center of the tube.
Testing Self-Similar Networks

Abstract A hard problem in network testing is verifying the correctness of a class of networks, as well as the actual networks under test. In practice, at most a few networks (sometimes only one) are actually tested. Thus an important question is how to select one or more networks that are sufficiently representative to apply the results to a class of networks. We present a model-based technique for selecting a representative network. The central theorem establishes that the representative network displays any faults present in any network of the class. This paper introduces the concept of “self-similarity,” which is used to select the network, and presents the results of an experiment in testing one class of networks.
Poly(ethylene glycol) cross-linked hemoglobin with antioxidant enzymes protects pancreatic islets from hypoxic and free radical stress and extends islet functionality

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of multifunctional PEG-based hemoglobin conjugates crosslinked with antioxidant enzymes for their ability to protect an oxygen carrier (hemoglobin) and insulin secreting islets from the combination of hypoxic and free radical stress under simulated transplantation conditions. In this study, RINm5F cells and isolated pancreatic islets were challenged with oxidants (H2O2 or xanthine and xanthine oxidase) and incubated with conjugates (Hb-Hb or Hb-SOD-CAT) in normoxia (21% oxygen) or hypoxia (6% or 1% oxygen). Hemoglobin protection, intracellular free radical activity and cell viability in RINm5F cells measured by methemoglobin, DCF-DA and MTT assay respectively showed that cells were better protected by conjugates containing antioxidant enzymes. Insulin secretion from islets and qualitative confocal evaluation of viability showed beta cells were protected by conjugates containing antioxidant enzymes when exposed to induced stress. Our study suggested that antioxidant enzymes play a significant role in hemoglobin protection and thus extended cell protection.
Two separate continually online trained neurocontrollers for a unified power flow controller

The crucial factor affecting the modern power systems today is load flow control. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) provides an effective means for controlling the power flow and improving the transient stability in a power network. The UPFC has fast complex dynamics and its conventional control is based on a linearized model of the power system. This paper presents the design of neurocontrollers to provide better damping during transient and dynamic control. Two separate neurocontrollers are used for controlling the UPFC, one neurocontroller for the shunt inverter and the other for the series inverter. Simulation studies carried out in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment is described and results show the successful control of the UPFC and the power system with two neurocontrollers. Performances of the neurocontrollers are compared with the conventional proportional plus integral controllers for system oscillation damping under different operating conditions for large disturbances.
The Association Between -Market Risk Disclosure Reporting And Firm Risk: The Impact Of SEC FRR No. 48

SEC FRR No. 48 requires that all firms report their market risk exposures using one or more of three alternative formats for disclosure: tabular format, sensitivity analysis, or Value at Risk (VaR). In this paper we examine how the method chosen affects a firm’s risk as measured by total risk, the cost of equity, and firm specific risk. We find that firms using VaR have higher total risk and firm specific risk than firms using sensitivity analysis. Conversely, firms employing tabular disclosure generally have lower but not statistically significant lower total risk, cost of equity, and firm specific risk than firms using sensitivity.
A phase I study of idarubicin dose escalation with amifostine and high-dose cytarabine in patients with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Early studies have suggested that increasing doses of anthracycline improve outcome in younger patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), but dose escalation has been precluded by the acute and chronic toxicities of these agents. Amifostine is a cytoprotective compound that has been shown to protect against the acute cytotoxicities of anthracyclines in animal models. We report the results of a phase I study of dose escalation of idarubicin with amifostine and high-dose ara-C in patients with relapsed or refractory AML or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). DESIGN AND METHODS: The continuous reassessment method was used to predict the probability of toxicity. RESULTS: Five patients were treated at an idarubicin dose of 18 mg/m2/day x 3, three of whom developed grade 3 diarrhea or mucositis. Subsequently, three additional patients were treated at a dose of 15 mg/m2 x 3 days, all of whom experienced grade 3 diarrhea or mucositis. One patient achieved complete remission (CR rate 12.5%, 95% CI 0-0.52%). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: The addition of amifostine does not allow dose escalation of idarubicin when combined with high-dose ara-C.
Social Media, Love, and Sartre’s Look of the Other: Why Online Communication Is Not Fulfilling

We live in a world which is more connected than ever before. We can now send messages to a friend or colleague with a touch of a button, can learn about other’s interests before we even meet them, and now leave a digital trail behind us—whether we intend to or not. One question which, in proportion to its importance, has been asked quite infrequently since the dawn of the Internet era involves exactly how meaningful all of these connections are. To what extent can we love another if we only communicate via social technology? What value does visiting a friend have which e-mailing him or texting him does not? “Social Media, Love, and the Look of the Other” attempts to answer these questions by applying the framework of social communication established by Jean-Paul Sartre to the realm of social media. Sartre writes that in all communications with the other, we face the look of the other—or our own perception of how the other judges us. The direction in which the look points determines, to a large degree, the character of any interaction with others. How does social media affect the nature of this look? Particularly, this inquiry seeks to discover the nature of the object to which this look points—and what implications, in cases where the look is not directed at ourselves, this has on our ability to develop and share concern for others.
Spin valve with non-collinear magnetization configuration imprinted by a static magnetic field

To control the angle between magnetizations in two adjacent ferromagnetic layers without using a rotator, a novel spin valve was designed and fabricated. A key element of the design is a replacement of a pinned ferromagnetic layer by a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF). The predefined non-collinear magnetization configurations are produced by cooling the valve in different magnetic fields. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) measurements allowed mapping of the angle between the magnetizations in the SAF and the free layer depending on the magnitude of the cooling field.
A technic for cross-transfusion of blood in embryonic chicks and its effect upon hatchability.

SummaryA method is described by which .04-0.4 ml of blood may be cross-transfused in 9-18-day-old chick embryos with almost no increase in mortality over untreated control eggs. Of the 567 eggs tested, 82% hatched, as compared to 87% of the control eggs.
Arthroscopic suture bridge rotator cuff repair: functional outcome, repair integrity, and preoperative factors related to postoperative outcome

ABSTRACTObjectives: To assess the retear rate, retear size and location, the clinical impact of a retear, and preoperative patient factors related to postoperative outcome after arthroscopic suture bridge rotator cuff repair.Methods: Fifty six patients with an isolated, full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tear who underwent arthroscopic suture bridge rotator cuff repair were retrospectively identified. Patients were evaluated and rotator cuff integrity was assessed using ultrasonography. Visual analog score (VAS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon (ASES) score, shoulder range of motion and strength were used for clinical evaluation. Retears were assessed for size and location on ultrasonography.Results: Forty two patients (75%) aged a mean 59.7 ± 8.6 years (range 41–79 years) were available for follow-up at a mean 13.5 months. Postoperative evaluation indicated significant improvements in ASES score (49.76 ± 18.2 to 86.57 ± 13.4, P < 0.001), VAS pain score (4.69 ± 2.17 to 0.63 ± 1.29, P < 0.001), fo...
State-dependent changes in cortical gain control as measured by auditory evoked responses to varying intensity stimuli.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Auditory evoked potential (AEP) components correspond to sequential activation of brain structures within the auditory pathway and reveal neural activity during sensory processing. To investigate state-dependent modulation of stimulus intensity response profiles within different brain structures, we assessed AEP components across both stimulus intensity and state. DESIGN We implanted adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 6) with electrodes to measure EEG, EKG, and EMG. Intermittent auditory stimuli (6-12 s) varying from 50 to 75 dBa were delivered over a 24-h period. Data were parsed into 2-s epochs and scored for wake/sleep state. RESULTS All AEP components increased in amplitude with increased stimulus intensity during wake. During quiet sleep, however, only the early latency response (ELR) showed this relationship, while the middle latency response (MLR) increased at the highest 75 dBa intensity, and the late latency response (LLR) showed no significant change across the stimulus intensities tested. During rapid eye movement sleep (REM), both ELR and LLR increased, similar to wake, but MLR was severely attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Stimulation intensity and the corresponding AEP response profile were dependent on both brain structure and sleep state. Lower brain structures maintained stimulus intensity and neural response relationships during sleep. This relationship was not observed in the cortex, implying state-dependent modification of stimulus intensity coding. Since AEP amplitude is not modulated by stimulus intensity during sleep, differences between paired 75/50 dBa stimuli could be used to determine state better than individual intensities.
Scientific Basis for Efficient Extraction of Uranium from Seawater, II: Fundamental Thermodynamic and Structural Studies

The development of an efficient and economical system for extracting uranium from seawater could lead to an essentially limitless source of fuel for nuclear reactors. Currently, the most promising technology for recovering uranium from seawater involves the use of polymeric sorbents functionalized with the amidoxime moiety. However, competition of amidoxime sorbents with carbonate for uranium, indiscriminate sorption of other seawater cations, seawater temperature, and sorbent durability affect the efficiency and cost of this technology. Insights from thermodynamic and structural studies have proved to be powerful tools for addressing these issues and aiding the development of more effective sorbents for uranium. We summarize herein the results of these studies and discuss their implications for the extraction of uranium from seawater.
Topological structure prediction in binary nanoparticle superlattices

Systems of spherical nanoparticles with capping ligands have been shown to self-assemble into beautiful superlattices of fascinating structure and complexity. In this paper, I show that the spherical geometry of the nanoparticle imposes constraints on the nature of the topological defects associated with the capping ligand and that such topological defects control the structure and stability of the superlattices that can be assembled. All these considerations form the basis for the orbifold topological model (OTM) described in this paper. The model quantitatively predicts the structure of super-lattices where capping ligands are hydrocarbon chains in excellent agreement with experimental results, explains the appearance of low packing fraction lattices as equilibrium, why certain similar structures are more stable (bccAB6vs. CaB6, AuCu vs. CsCl, etc.) and many other experimental observations.
Wear Performance of Ground Nanostructured Ceramic Coatings

This study investigates the wear performance of ground nanostructured ceramic coatings.In this study,nanostructured Al2O3/13TiO2 coatings were ground under various conditions and subjected to wear tests under given speed and loading conditions.In the wear tests,a ground sample of cylindrical shape was mounted onto the spindle head of a vertical milling machine.The sample was rotated and slid/rolled against a flat Si3N4 ceramic wear bar that traveled back and forth.Wear tracks of the nanostructured ceramic coatings on the cylindrical surface were observed and measured with a scanning electron microscope and a surface profilometer.The result of wear performance of the nanostructured Al2O3/13TiO2 coatings was compared with that of their conventional counterparts.To further investigate wear mechanisms of the coatings,finite element method was used to model the stress fields in the sliding/rolling contact.The information on the stress fields should provide a clue to wear crack initiation and propagation within the coating.Discussion is provided on how the wear performance of the coatings is related to the grinding process parameters and to the grain size of the coating.
The Fractal Dynamics of Early Childhood Play Development and Nonlinear Teaching and Learning

This chapter discusses the generative role of early childhood play in human development. A complex dynamical systems theory perspective can help to better understand this generative process. The sensitive dependence on initial conditions; the equivalence of different surface manifestations with underlying processes; and dynamic phase transitions become a template for apprehending young children’s play and learning, and their interface with relevantly dynamic systems of educational implementation. Connections are drawn with a dynamic themes curriculum approach.
A technique for interactive image-guided neurosurgical intervention in primary brain tumors.

Interactive image-guided neurosurgical techniques allow safer and more complete cy tor eduction of gliomas. This is most significant for low-grade tumors, whose configurations and margins are perhaps better appreciated by reference to registered MR images rather than by reliance on direct visualization using microscopic illumination. Spatially registered electro-physiologic recordings of intraoperative cortical stimulation to map language and motor function can increase the margin of safety for performing radical resections. By individualizing approaches and optimizing results, these technologies promise a new degree of standardization of outcome after resective surgery for all glial tumors.
Automated Adaptive Mobile Learning System using the Semantic Web

ELearning (Electronic Learning) and m-learning (Mobile Learning) systems are online learning platforms. In our research we are modeling them as a weighted directed graph where each node represents a course unit. A directed graph represents an accurate picture of course descriptions for online courses through the computer-based implementation of various educational systems. The Learning Path Graph (LPG) represents and describes the structure of domain knowledge, including the learning goals, and all other available learning paths. In this paper, we propose an adaptive m-learning system architecture and a conceptual framework that uses the Semantic Web to obtain the students' data from other educational institutions. This process will enable the educational institutions to communicate and exchange students' data, and then use this information to adjust the students' profiles and modify their learning paths. The Semantic Web will create a more personalized dynamic course for individual students according to their ability, educational level, and experience.
Childhood leukemia incidence in California: High and rising in the Hispanic population

Background High rates of childhood leukemia incidence have been reported in Latin America and among Hispanic children in the United States. California's large Hispanic population affords an important opportunity to perform a detailed analysis of the leukemia burden among Hispanic children. Methods Leukemias diagnosed among non-Hispanic white (NHW), Hispanic, African American (AA), and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) children aged birth to 19 years between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2012 were obtained from the California Cancer Registry (11,084 cases). Age-adjusted incidence rates, standardized rate ratios (SRRs), and secular trends in incidence (annual percent change [APC]) were analyzed by subtype, race/ethnicity, sex, and age. Results Compared with NHW children, the incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was higher among Hispanic (SRR, 1.32) and lower among AA (SRR, 0.55) and API (SRR, 0.91) children. From 1990 to 2012, the incidence of ALL increased overall (APC, 1.1%) and among males (APC, 1.0%), females (APC, 1.3%), Hispanics (APC, 1.1%), AAs (APC, 1.9%), AA males (APC, 2.8%), API males (APC, 1.9%), and Hispanic females (APC, 1.5%). The incidence of ALL increased among Hispanic males aged 15 to 19 years (APC, 2.5%) and Hispanic females aged birth to 4 years and 15 to 19 years (APCs of 2.2% and 1.9%, respectively). The incidence of acute myeloid leukemia did not appear to differ among racial/ethnic groups. From 1990 to 2012, the overall incidence of acute myeloid leukemia remained stable but increased among Hispanics (APC, 1.2%), females (APC, 1.0%), Hispanic females (APC, 2.3%), and Hispanic females aged 15 to 19 years (APC, 3.4%). Conclusions Notable differences in the incidence of childhood leukemia were observed among 4 racial/ethnic groups in California. Factors that may contribute to these differences include differential exposure to carcinogens and/or genetic susceptibility. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2867-2875. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Use of Nonlinear Kernel Analysis to Evaluate “Badness-of-Fit” of the Transformation of PET Images into Stereotactic Space: Application to Alzheimer's Disease

Transformation of images into a standard stereotactic space is often used in intersubject positron emission tomography (PET) studies. The normalization process may be less successful if the image being normalized is significantly different from the stereotactic template, e.g., as a result of atrophy or functional change in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A method that allows quantitative evaluation of a stereotactic normalization using the Volterra model of nonlinear systems has been developed. This model considers the output at a point to be dependent on interactions among points in a region of the input known as the system memory. Volterra kernels for the transformation between a PET template in stereotactic space and FDG-PET images from six AD patients [Mini-Mental Status (MMS) score 0–26] and nine matched controls were calculated. A 7*7 pixel system memory modeled the transformation for controls better than AD patients, as assessed by the difference between the model's predicted output and the template image. There was also a significant correlation between model error and disease severity as measured by the MMS score. Areas of greater error in the model fit included parietal, temporal, and dorsal occipital cortex, as well as parts of the cingulate gyrus, which are regions significantly affected in AD. These results demonstrate that spatial normalization algorithms may not perform as well in patients with AD, especially for those with severe disease.
Andreas Gryphius’ Sonnet “Menschliches Elende”: Original and Final Form

(1968). Andreas Gryphius’ Sonnet “Menschliches Elende”: Original and Final Form. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 5-14.
A Resource of Resources for STEM Educators

This is a review of Teaching and Learning STEM: A Practical Guide, which goes beyond active-learning techniques into the realms of course design, facilitating skill development, and assessment. Thi...
The Bohr paradox

In his book Niels Bohr's Times, the physicist Abraham Pais captures a paradox in his subject's legacy by quoting three conflicting assessments. Pais cites Max Born, of the first generation of quantum physics, and Werner Heisenberg, of the second, as saying that Bohr had a greater influence on physics and physicists than any other scientist. Yet Pais also reports a distinguished younger colleague asking with puzzlement and scepticism "What did Bohr really do?".
Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Cobalt Foil Model Catalyst under CO, H2, and Their Mixtures

Ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to investigate the reactions of CO, H2, and their mixtures on Co foils. We found that CO adsorbs molecularly on the clean Co surface and desorbs intact in vacuum with increasing rate until ∼90 °C where all CO desorbs in seconds. In equilibrium with 100 mTorr gas, CO dissociates above 120 °C, leaving carbide species on the surface but no oxides, because CO efficiently reduces the oxides at temperatures ∼100 °C lower than H2. Water as impurities or produced by reaction of CO and H2 efficiently oxidizes Co even at room temperature. Under 97:3 CO/H2 mixture and with increasing temperatures, the Co surface becomes more oxidized and covered by hydroxyl groups until ∼150 °C where surface starts to get reduced, accompanied by carbide accumulation indicative of CO dissociation. A similar trend was observed for 9:1 and 1:1 mixtures, but surface reduction begins at higher temperatures.
Hurting the Host: The Dynamics of Refugee-Related Violence in South Asia

This paper assesses the proclivity towards refugee-related violence in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, using an original dataset. I show that the hostâ€™s attitude towards refugees depend on local factors such as how long refugees are expected to stay, the rate of inflow, its control of camps, as well as on international factors such as alliances with the sending country and the presence of international organizations. If the host is aggressive, refugees will retaliate, depending on whether the camps are militarized whereby refugees will have access to weapons and arms. Camp militarization, in turn, depends on factors such as rebel infiltration and the location of camps. Furthermore, the paper finds that alliances between host and sending countries have a pacifying effect. On the hand, while international organizations are able to shape host behavior to a certain extent, they are unable to prevent camp militarization. Such findings have policy implications for hosts, sending states and international organizations.
An Echocardiography Training Program for Improving the Left Ventricular Function Interpretation in Emergency Department; a Brief Report.

Introduction: Focused training in transthoracic echocardiography enables emergency physicians (EPs) to accurately estimate the left ventricular function. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a brief training program utilizing standardized echocardiography video clips in this regard. Methods: A before and after design was used to determine the efficacy of a 1 hour echocardiography training program using PowerPoint presentation and standardized echocardiography video clips illustrating normal and abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as well as video clips emphasizing the measurement of mitral valve E-point septal separation (EPSS). Pre- and post-test evaluation used unique video clips and asked trainees to estimate LVEF and EPSS based on the viewed video clips. Results: 21 EPs with no prior experience with the echocardiographic technical methods completed this study. The EPs had very limited prior echocardiographic training. The mean score on the categorization of LVEF estimation improved from 4.9 (95% CI: 4.1-5.6) to 7.6 (95%CI: 7-8.3) out of a possible 10 score (p
A Polygonal Spline Method for General Second-Order Elliptic Equations and Its Applications

We explain how to use polygonal splines to numerically solve second-order elliptic partial differential equations. The convergence of the polygonal spline method will be studied. Also, we will use this approach to numerically study the solution of some mixed parabolic and hyperbolic partial differential equations. Comparison with standard bivariate spline method will be given to demonstrate that our polygonal splines have some better numerical performance.
Stiff-man syndrome : Results of interviews and psychologic testing

Thirteen patients with stiff-man syndrome (SMS) were studied with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) profiles, and by telephone interviews. The mean MMPI, SAAST, and STAI were within normal limits; however, several patients had abnormal profiles. The results of telephone interviews revealed that 8 patients (62%) had been given at least 1 psychiatric diagnosis and 4 (31%) abused alcohol or were dependent on it. Two patients had a psychiatric diagnosis that preceded the onset of symptoms of SMS. The authors hypothesize that SMS patients have a γ-aminobutyric acid deficiency or GABAergic neuron dysfunction that leads to psychiatric symptoms, including depression and chemical abuse. Clinicians treating patients with SMS must be alert to the possible presence of comorbid psychiatric illnesses in this patient population.
Probe microrheology without particle tracking by differential dynamic microscopy

We present a new method for performing passive probe microrheology. Using a simple theoretical framework, we show how probes’ mean-squared displacements can be extracted by analyzing intensity fluctuations in optical microscopy videos via differential dynamic microscopy (DDM). Applying the method to optically dilute probes in Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids quantitatively reproduces mean-squared displacements extracted from multiple particle tracking (MPT), and exposes the relative strengths and weakness of DDM. Furthermore, DDM can be used to measure the mean-squared displcement in optically dense fluids where MPT fails, demonstrating that DDM can extend the range of microrheology experiments while circumventing many of the drawbacks of MPT.
Messengers and Messages for Tweets That Used #thinspo and #fitspo Hashtags in 2016.

Introduction Twitter is widely used by young adults and is popular for seeking and sharing health information. The hashtags #thinspo and #fitspo provide a way to identify tweets designed to inspire thinness (thinspiration, thinspo) or fitness (fitspiration, fitspo). However, despite having different purposes, both terms may be associated with content that promotes eating disorders. We sought to 1) examine and compare the characteristics of senders and the content of tweets using these hashtags and 2) identify characteristics associated with engagement with a #thinspo or #fitspo tweet. Methods In May 2016 we collected 1,035 tweets with #thinspo and #fitspo hashtags by using a constructed week sampling procedure. Using consensus coding, pairs of raters assessed each tweet's topic and associated images and videos. We used descriptive statistics to examine topics and user characteristics and inferential models to determine topics and characteristics associated with retweets, likes, and replies to tweets. Results Of the 1,035 tweets, 696 (67.2%) were relevant to body image, fitness, food, dieting, or eating disorders. Fitspo tweets came from organizations or businesses, were promotional, and focused on nutrition and exercise, whereas #thinspo tweets came from individuals, focused on thinness and disordered eating behaviors, and contained images of extremely thin women. Rates of retweeting and liking were significantly higher for #thinspo than for #fitspo. Conclusion Characteristics of messages and messengers differed between #thinspo and #fitspo tweets; #thinspo tweets were used for messages about disordered eating. Public health professionals should consider using the #thinspo hashtag to reach the #thinspo group.
Outcomes of Universal Perinatal Mood Screening in the Obstetric and Pediatric Setting

Universal mood screening for pregnant women in the perinatal period has been recommended for both obstetric and pediatric settings. This review summarizes the body of evidence that supports universal mood screening in the perinatal period. Screening has been shown to increase detection of depression, especially in the inpatient setting. When implemented with immediate referral systems or brief counseling sessions, universal screening can increase rates of referral and treatment and lower rates of depression in the postpartum period. Immediate assessment systems can be used by midlevel health-care clinicians in the home visit, obstetric, and pediatric outpatient settings.
Forum Editor’s Note: Symposium on Public Engagement

The affordances of the contemporary media environment have animated major advances in political communication scholarship while simultaneously providing a forum (pardon the pun) for scholars to sha...
Detection of melanoma metastases with the sentinel node biopsy: the legacy of Donald L. Morton, MD (1934–2014)

Dr. Donald L. Morton was clearly the pioneer of the sentinel node biopsy, which was a major advance in oncology that has improved the management of cancer patients worldwide. He conducted a series of practice-changing clinical trials to validate the important staging role of the sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma, and also spawned other studies that demonstrated its staging value in multiple other cancer types, most notably in breast cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. His many contributions in this field have provided a unique opportunity to study host/tumor relationships, since the sentinel lymph node is the first location were the host immune defenses are confronted with metastasis arising from the primary cancer.
Label and Distance-Constraint Reachability Queries in Uncertain Graphs

A fundamental research problem concerning edge-labeled uncertain graphs is called label and distance-constraint reachability query (LDCR): Given two vertices u and v, query the probability that u can reach v through paths whose labels and lengths are constrained by a label set and a distance threshold separately. Considering LDCR is not tractable as a #P-complete problem, we aim to propose effective and efficient approximate solutions for it. We first introduce a subpath-based filtering strategy which combines divide-conquer algorithm and branch path pruning to compress the original graph and reduce the scale of DC-tree. Then to approximate LDCR, several estimators are presented based on different sampling mechanisms and a path/cut bound is proposed to prune large-deviation values. An extensive experimental evaluation on both real and synthetic datasets demonstrates that our approaches exhibit prominent performance in term of query time and accuracy.
Applied Logic: A Manifesto

This paper presents applied logic as a general research area, situating it in the broader intellectual world. It proposes a characterization of applied logic and attempts to say why the subject is interesting. It discusses the relation of applied logic with other trends in logic, computer science, and mathematics. Rather than present any technical results, it aims for a “big picture”’ view of this emerging subject.