cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancer Associated Long Non-coding RNA Transcription and Gene Regulation in Experimental Models of Rickettsial Infection

Recent discovery that much of the mammalian genome does not encode protein-coding genes (PCGs) has brought widespread attention to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as a novel layer of biological regulation. Enhancer lnc (elnc) RNAs from the enhancer regions of the genome carry the capacity to regulate PCGs in cis or in trans. Spotted fever rickettsioses represent the consequence of host infection with Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria in the Genus Rickettsia. Despite being implicated in the pathways of infection and inflammation, the roles of lncRNAs in host response to Rickettsia species have remained a mystery. We have profiled the expression of host lncRNAs during infection of susceptible mice with R. conorii as a model closely mimicking the pathogenesis of human spotted fever rickettsioses. RNA sequencing on the lungs of infected hosts yielded reads mapping to 74,964 non-coding RNAs, 206 and 277 of which were determined to be significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, in comparison to uninfected controls. Following removal of short non-coding RNAs and ambiguous transcripts, remaining transcripts underwent in-depth analysis of mouse lung epigenetic signatures H3K4Me1 and H3K4Me3, active transcript markers (POLR2A, p300, CTCF), and DNaseI hypersensitivity sites to identify two potentially active and highly up-regulated elncRNAs NONMMUT013718 and NONMMUT024103. Using Hi-3C sequencing resource, we further determined that genomic loci of NONMMUT013718 and NONMMUT024103 might interact with and regulate the expression of nearby PCGs, namely Id2 (inhibitor of DNA binding 2) and Apol10b (apolipoprotein 10b), respectively. Heterologous reporter assays confirmed the activity of elncRNAs as the inducers of their predicted PCGs. In the lungs of infected mice, expression of both elncRNAs and their targets was significantly higher than mock-infected controls. Induced expression of NONMMUT013718/Id2 in murine macrophages and NONMMUT024103/Apol10b in endothelial cells was also clearly evident during R. conorii infection in vitro. Finally, shRNA mediated knock-down of NONMMUT013718 and NONMMUT024103 elncRNAs resulted in reduced expression of endogenous Id2 and Apl10b, demonstrating the regulatory roles of these elncRNAs on their target PCGs. Our results provide very first experimental evidence suggesting altered expression of pulmonary lncRNAs and elncRNA-mediated regulation of PCGs involved in immunity and during host interactions with pathogenic rickettsiae.
Weakly supervised multi-needle detection in 3D ultrasound images with bidirectional convolutional sparse coding

Accurate and automatic multi-needle detection in three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) is a key step of treatment planning for US-guided prostate high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy. In this paper, we propose a workflow for multineedle detection in 3D ultrasound (US) images with corresponding CT images used for supervision. Since the CT images do not exactly match US images, we propose a novel sparse model, dubbed Bidirectional Convolutional Sparse Coding (BiCSC), to tackle this weakly supervised problem. BiCSC aims to extract the latent features from US and CT and then formulate a relationship between them where the learned features from US yield to the features from CT. Resultant images allow for clear visualization of the needle while reducing image noise and artifacts. On the reconstructed US images, a clustering algorithm is employed to find the cluster centers which correspond to the true needle position. Finally, the random sample consensus algorithm (RANSAC) is used to model a needle per ROI. Experiments are conducted on prostate image datasets from 10 patients. Visualization and quantitative results show the efficacy of our proposed workflow. This learning-based technique could provide accurate needle detection for US-guided high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy, and further enhance the clinical workflow for prostate HDR brachytherapy.
Depression, Pessimism, and Health

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C.S. Carver, volume 5, pp. 3516–3522, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Normalization Proof for Derivations in PA after P. Cohen

P. Cohen (unpublished) gave a new normalization proof for derivations in PA. We present it here as a simplification of Gentzen’s second consistency proof.
A note on a positivity preserving nonstandard finite difference scheme for a modified parabolic reaction–advection–diffusion PDE

Using the nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) scheme methodology, we construct a discretization for a parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) having linear advection and diffusion, but with ...
Screening for Young Adults for Illicit Drug Use: A Good Idea Although Evidence Is Lacking

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics USPSTF — : US Preventive Services Task Force In the latest review, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concluded that the evidence is “insufficient to assess the balance and benefits and harms of screening for illicit drug use in adolescents” and of “primary care-based behavioral counseling interventions to prevent or reduce illicit drug use” in adolescents and young adults (defined as ages 12–17 and 18–25, respectively).1–3 In these statements, illicit drugs are substances that are illegal drugs or medications used non-medically but do not include alcohol or nicotine. These recommendations were based on 2 new evidence reviews.2,3 The USPSTF had previously concluded the evidence was insufficient for screening and brief intervention for unhealthy alcohol use among adolescents.4,5 These statements notwithstanding, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 2016 policy statement on substance use screening and brief intervention recommends that pediatricians “increase their capacity in substance use detection, assessment, and intervention; and become familiar with adolescent” screening, intervention, and referral practices and “their potential to be incorporated into universal screening and comprehensive care.”6 The AAP also advocates for brief intervention research and for insurers to pay for screening and brief intervention. More importantly, the AAP, in its recommendations for preventive pediatric health care, recommends “tobacco, alcohol or other drug use assessment…with appropriate action to follow, if positive” for adolescents.6 Herein we report how the USPSTF has summarized the … Address correspondence to Richard Saitz, MD, MPH, Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Boston University, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Crosstown 4th Floor, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: rsaitz{at}bu.edu
Seroprevalence, Neutralizing Antibody Titers Following Infection, and COVID-19 Disease Severity Differ Among People With and Without HIV

Background: Most cohorts show similar or lower COVID-19 incidence among people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to the general population. However, incidence may be impacted by lower testing rates among vulnerable populations. We compared SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence, disease severity, and neutralizing antibody activity after infection among people with and without HIV receiving care within a county hospital system over a three-month period. Methods: From August through October 2020, remnant serum samples were collected from all PLWH who underwent routine outpatient laboratory testing in a municipal healthcare system which houses a large HIV clinic. Patients with HIV were date-of-collection and age-matched (same day, +/- 5 years respectively) to adults without HIV. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibody titers were measured in serum. Severe disease was assessed by chart review. Findings: Overall, 2,256 samples from 955 PLWH and 1062 people without HIV were tested. Among PLWH, the seroprevalence was 3.7% as compared to 7.4% among people without HIV (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0·48; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0·34; 0·71). Among those with evidence of prior infection (IgG or PCR), the odds of severe disease were more than 5-fold higher among PLWH (OR 5·13 95% CI: 1·05; 38·9). Among those with past infection, SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were 45% lower among PLWH vs. those without HIV (95% CI: 22%; 61%); neutralizing antibody titers were 63% lower among PLWH (2%-78%). Interpretation: Among PLWH, there were approximately 50% lower odds of past SARS-CoV-2 infection, possibly due to greater non-pharmaceutical intervention adherence among a population with experience of the HIV epidemic. However, in spite of fewer infections, PLWH experienced more cases of severe disease. Among PLWH with past SARS-CoV-2 infection, lower neutralizing antibody titers were observed and may lead to increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease or reinfection. PLWH should be followed after vaccination to ensure they mount and maintain sufficient responses. Funding Statement: This work was funded by NIH/NIAID R01AI158013. Declaration of Interests: MAS, DVG, TJH, MG, and LBB report funding from the NIH during conduct of the study. DVG reports personal fees from Gilead Sciences outside the submitted work. All other authors have nothing to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: As only remnant samples were used, the University of California, San Francisco IRB did not require informed consent for study participation.The UCSF IRB # is 20-30387.
Generation of a Mouse Model to Study the Noonan Syndrome Gene Lztr1 in the Telencephalon

The leucine zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 (Lztr1) is a BTB-Kelch domain protein involved in RAS/MAPK pathway regulation. Mutations in LZTR1 are associated with cancers and Noonan syndrome, the most common RASopathy. The expression and function of Lztr1 in the developing brain remains poorly understood. Here we show that Lztr1 is expressed in distinct regions of the telencephalon, the most anterior region of the forebrain. Lztr1 expression was robust in the cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and oligodendrocytes in the white matter. To gain insight into the impact of Lztr1 deficiency, we generated a conditional knockout (cKO) restricted to the telencephalon using Foxg1 IREScre/+. Lztr1 cKOs are viable to postnatal stages and show reduced Lztr1 expression in the telencephalon. Interestingly, Lztr1 cKOs exhibit an increase in MAPK pathway activation in white matter regions and subsequently show an altered expression of stage-specific markers in the oligodendrocyte lineage with increased oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and decreased markers of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Moreover, Lztr1 cKOs also exhibit an increased expression of the astrocyte marker GFAP. These results highlight the generation of a new mouse model to study Lztr1 deficiency in the brain and reveal a novel role for Lztr1 in normal oligodendrocyte and astrocyte development in the telencephalon.
The Spillover Effects of Underwriting Relationships on Firm Value

I investigate how a firm’s underwriting relationship affects its value. Firms that rely on underwriters’ reputation for equity issuance could damage themselves when the reputation is contaminated. Using firms with class action lawsuits, I demonstrate that disclosed misconduct of an underwriting client could cause investors to distrust its underwriter’s due diligence and thus decrease value of the underwriter’s other clients as well – underwriting spillover effect. The spillover effect is more severe for relatively opaque, cheap, and well-performed firms. It also increases the propensity of a firm to be sued, suggesting that the spillover effect is driven partially by investors’ anticipation of lawsuits.
Are regulations the answer for emerging stock markets? Evidence from the Czech Republic and Poland

Abstract Does the emergence of a stock market require a well-developed legal and/or regulatory system? Although historical work by Neal and Davis [Neal, L., & Davis, L. (2005). The evolution of the rules and regulations of the first emerging markets: The London, New York, and Paris stock exchanges, 1792–1914. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance , 45 , 296–311] and Stringham [Stringham, E. (2003). The extralegal development of securities trading in seventeenth century Amsterdam. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance , 43 , 321–344] suggests that securities markets have successfully developed with little government oversight, numerous authors [including Black, B. (2001). The legal and institutional preconditions for strong securities markets. University of California Law Angeles Law Review , 48 , 781–855; Coffee, J. (1999). Privatization and corporate governance: The lessons from securities market failure. Journal of Corporation Law , 25 , 1–39; Frye, T. (2000). Brokers and bureaucrats: Building market institutions in Russia . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; Glaeser, E., Johnson, S., & Shleifer, A. (2001). Coase versus the Coasians. Quarterly Journal of Economics , 116 , 853–899; Mlcoch, L. (2000). Restructuring of property rights: An institutional view. In L. Mlcoch et al. (Eds.), Economic and Social Changes in Czech Society After 1989 . Prague: The Karolinum Press; Pistor, K. (2001). Law as a determinant for equity market development – the experience of transition economies. In Peter Murrell (Ed.), The Value of Law in Transition Economies (pp. 249–287). Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press; Stiglitz, J. (1999). Whither reform. Ten years of the transition . Keynote Address, Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington, DC, April 28–30, 1999; Zhang, X. (2006). Financial market governance in developing countries: Getting the political underpinnings right. Journal of Developing Societies , 2 , 169–196] argue that the Czech Republic and other Eastern European governments need more regulation for their newly created stock markets. They maintain that the Warsaw Stock Exchange, which is seen as more regulated, has outperformed the Prague Stock Exchange which is seen as largely unregulated. Thus increased regulations are a key to increased performance. This article, however, maintains that the evidence from the Czech experience has been misinterpreted. This article provides an in depth case study of the Czech stock market and finds that (a) Czech capital markets have been hindered by government intervention from their beginning, (b) that the evidence on Poland's superior performance is not as strong as suggested, and (c) that Czech regulators seem to be unqualified, lack the proper incentives, and are unlikely to benefit the market. Under these circumstances it appears that Neal and Davis (2005:311) are correct that increased government involvement is unlikely to improve the situation.
Social Studies as a Means for the Preparation of Teachers: A Look Back at the Foundations of Social Foundations Courses

AbstractThis document‐based historical study looks back at the early years of the social foundations of education program that originated at Teachers College, Columbia University, in the 1930s–1940s, and focuses on the sociopolitical, intellectual, and educational currents that helped bring it about. Drawing on archival materials and published monographs by the field’s original practitioners and later observers, this study situates the emergence of social foundations at Teachers College on the heels of the development of social studies in secondary schools. The study suggests that many of the same rationales that undergirded social studies were applied to social foundations, with the belief that future citizens should be endowed with the capacity to solve contemporary social problems based on the wisdom of the ages, the realities of present‐day circumstances, and the tools of critical analysis. Consequently, foundations courses such as Teachers College’s pathbreaking Ed.200F were broad, synthetic, and int...
Distributed and adaptive TDMA algorithms for multiple-hop mobile networks

Time-division multiple-access (TDMA) protocols can support contention-free link-level broadcast transmissions in mobile, multiple-hop wireless networks. However, it is typically difficult to adapt TDMA assignments to dynamic topologies. The paper defines and discusses two algorithms for adjusting TDMA slot assignments to the dynamic changes of a mobile network. Our new protocols offer three significant advantages: (1) the information required by the protocols is gathered exclusively from a terminal's local neighborhood; (2) global coordination is not required; (3) changes to the state information at a terminal do not need to be distributed to all terminals in the network. The operation of the algorithms is evaluated with an extensive simulation study using a large number of randomly generated networks in which the diameters, degrees, and number of nodes are varied. Results show that the efficiency of the algorithms, determined as the average number of transmission slots assigned per terminal, is better under static conditions than two cases chosen for reference; the efficiency does not degrade significantly under dynamic conditions for which the algorithms continually adjust to added and deleted links. For the networks considered, the algorithms typically converge in times on the order of several hundred slots and a convergence bound approximately four times larger is established. Convergence time is shown to increase in almost a linear fashion with terminal radius and it is relatively insensitive to the number of terminals.
The 'Most Important and Fundamental' Distinction in Logic

In this paper I argue that the debate over the purported distinction between deductive and inductive arguments can be bypassed because making the distinction is unnecessary for successfully evaluating arguments. I provide a foundation for doing logic that makes no appeal to the distinction and still performs all the relevant tasks required of an analysis of arguments. I also reply to objections to the view that we can dispense with the distinction. Finally, I conclude that the distinction between inductive and deductive arguments is not one of the most important and fundamental ideas in logic, but rather is unnecessary.
Erisa Preemption: A Move Towards Defederalizing Claims for Patients' Rights

... There is no national health policy. ... But the Supreme Court may never have intended for ER-ISA to preempt health care claims in most instances, and recently reiterated: "in the field of health care, a subject of traditional state regulation, there is no ERISA preemption without clear manifesta-tion of congressional purpose. ... If an employee wants to bring a claim against the physician or the managed health care organization, the employee must consider whether the claim will fall under state law, or whether the state cause of action will be preempted by ERISA. ... The district court dismissed both vicarious and direct liability claims, stating that they were "related to" the employee benefit plan and were therefore preempted by ERISA. ... In 2003, in Cicio v. Vytra Healthcare, the Second Circuit ruled HMOs and their medial directors could be sued for medical malpractice when authorization is refused for medically necessary treatment, recommended by the treating physician. ... In Kentucky Association of Health Plans, Inc. v. Miller, the petitioner health maintenance or-ganizations (HMOs) maintained exclusive "provider networks" with selected doctors, hospitals, and other health-care providers. ...
Design of demodulators using time-varying adaptive digital filters

A discussion is presented of the design of time-varying adaptive digital filters used for amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phase-shift keying (PSK) demodulation in communication systems. It is shown that these time-varying time domain algorithms require less computations and hence are more efficient than frequency domain algorithms. An efficient inversion technique is exploited in these time domain formulations. Simulations are presented and discussed. >
Readability of Information Related to the Parenting of a Child With a Cleft

Background: Many parents look to various sources for information about parenting when their child has a cleft lip and/or palate. More than 8 million Americans perform health-related searches every day on the World Wide Web. Furthermore, a significant number of them report feeling “overwhelmed” by the language and content of the information. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the readability of information related to parenting a child with cleft lip and/or palate. It was hypothesized that the readability of such materials would be at a level higher than 6th grade. Methods: In February of 2012, a Web-based search was conducted using the search engine Google for the terms “parenting cleft lip and palate.” Results: A total of 15 websites, 7 books, and 8 booklets/factsheets (N=30) entered the readability analysis. Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Fog Scale Level, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) index scores were calculated. The reading level of the websites and books ranged from 8th to 9th and 9th to10th grade, respectively. The average reading level of the booklets/factsheets was 10th grade. Overall, the mean readability of the media resources analyzed was considered “hard to read.” No statistically significant mean difference was found for the readability level across websites, books, and booklets/factsheets (Kruskal-Wallis test, significance level .05). Conclusions: When considering websites, books, booklets, and factsheets analyzed, the average readability level was between 8th and 10th grade. With the US national reading level average at 8th grade and the general recommendation that health-related information be written at a 6th grade level, many parents may find the text they are reading too difficult to comprehend. Therefore, many families might be missing out on the opportunity to learn parenting practices that foster optimal psychosocial development of their children. [Interact J Med Res 2015;4(3):e14]
Degree of Multinationality and Financial Performance: A Study of U.S.-Based Multinational Corporations

This paper examines the marginal benefits that accrue to U.S.-based multinational corporations through increased international investment. Specifically, the study seeks to determine if increased degrees of multinationality produce additional benefits for multinational firms in terms of excess returns and/or reduced risk. The results indicate that during the period studied, the degree of multinationality did not have a significant influence on the risk and return performance of the sample firms. Thus, the study supports the findings of Qian (1996) and Siegel et al. (1995, 1995A) who report that the advantages enjoyed by multinational corporations may be going away.
From Gates to Engagement: A Ten-Year Retrospective of Widener University's Journey to Reclaim Its Soul and Fulfill Its Mission as a Leading Metropolitan University.

In this reflective essay, we describe Widener University’s 10-yeartransformation from a disengaged institution to an institution thathas a metropolitan-focused mission vested in civic leadership, communityengagement, and service-learning. We describe our journey toembed an expansive civic frame that includes concrete practices ofpedagogy, institutional engagement, and community partnerships.We discuss the rewards and challenges of engaging in long-term,democratic, collaborative work, offering a unique insight about therole of a private, mid-size university in anchor-based engagement.We conclude that Widener’s strategy for achieving comprehensivecommunity and economic development is responsible
Organic photoconductors Part VI. The nature of the conductive excited states

Abstract By means of measurements of the work function and electron affinity of solid dye films, it is shown that the energy of an electron in the conductive excited state is very nearly equal to that of one in the first singlet excited state of the dye molecule. This substantiates the feature of the writer's model for photoconduction in dyes which postulates a close relationship between the two states. It is also shown that the values of the energy levels associated with photoconduction in cationic dyes are affected only slightly by the choice of the anion.
Hybridization gap insulating behavior of Ce3Bi4Pt3.

We have calculated the temperature dependence of various thermodynamic and transport properties for the [ital N]=2 single-band insulating phase of the Anderson lattice Hamiltonian using a slave-boson approach. The conduction band was assumed to be parabolic with a spherical Brillouin-zone boundary. The transport properties were calculated assuming an impurity scattering mechanism and using a relaxation-time approximation. Our calculations demonstrate how many-body effects (on-site Coulomb repulsion) cause an otherwise wide-gap material to behave as a very-narrow-gap material with temperature dependence in qualitative agreement with the experimental data for Ce[sub 3]Bi[sub 4]Pt[sub 3]. This calculation supports the view that this material is an indirect-gap semiconductor.
The role of experience in the ASC’s commitment to engage those outside the cybernetics community in learning cybernetics

Purpose – The key ideas of cybernetics have remained unknown or misunderstood by contemporary technological societies. The purpose of this paper is to consider how best to assist individuals outside the cybernetics and systems communities in learning key concepts of cybernetics. Design/methodology/approach – The main approach used to make this case is consideration of how individuals can come to understand circular systems and circular causality. The paper makes a case that if we want to assist interested others in learning cybernetics, we can best do so either by identifying where interested others already have experiences that they can reinterpret in terms of causality through investigation, analysis, and conversation or by designing experiences such as interactive models and simulations that become the basis of each user’s inventing an understanding of circular causality, and then, through analysis and conversation, refining that understanding. It provides examples, in particular, the example of how le...
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Factors that affect this frequently performed test are described, and a table of normal values is presented and explained. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is still considered to be a useful test in many circumstances.
Early and Late Outcomes After Complete Aortic Replacement.

Background The purpose of this report was to analyze our experience with total aortic replacement during a 20-year period. Methods Between 1991 and 2013, 3,012 repairs of the aortic root, ascending, transverse arch, and thoracoabdominal aorta were performed. Of these, we treated 39 patients with complete aortic replacement. Staged repair of the aortic root/ascending/arch and thoracoabdominal segments was used when feasible. Procedures were categorized according to the aorta replaced, whether proximal or distal to the left subclavian artery. Results We performed 87 operations (41 ascending and 48 thoracoabdominal repairs) in 39 patients; 2 had combined proximal and distal repairs. Mean age was 52.5 ± 15.9 years, and 17 patients (44%) were women. In addition, 39% (14 of 39) had a history of a connective tissue, and 74% (29 of 39) had a history of aortic dissection. Of the 39 patients, 21 (54%) required two stages for complete replacement, 12 (31%) required three stages, 3 (8%) required four stages, and 3 (8%) required more than five stages. The median time to completion of total aortic repair was 8.7 months (interquartile range, 2 to 71.2 months). No early deaths occurred. No stroke occurred after the proximal repair, and 3 patients (6%) suffered paraplegia after the distal repair. Survival at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years was 70.7%, 57.7%, 54%, and 30%, respectively. Conclusions Complete aortic replacement can be performed with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality. Most of these patients were younger, had associated dissection, and required multiple stages for completion. As endovascular techniques advance proximally into the ascending aorta and complete endovascular aortic repair comes closer to reality, studies like this will allow comparison.
Growth in NICs in Asia: Some tests of new growth theory

New growth theory has revitalised the existing theory of long run growth by focusing on such determinants as investment in human capital, increasing returns to scale and the impact of openness in international trade. This article provides some empirical tests of this new growth theory in terms of the remarkable episodes of growth experienced by the NICs in the Asian Pacific Rim in general and by Korea in particular. The estimates appear to be strongly favourable to the basic premises of the new growth theory.
Estimation of random model parameters via linear systems with granulometric inputs

Morphological granulometries have been used to successfully discriminate textures in the context of classical feature-based classification. The features are typically the granulometric moments resulting from the pattern spectrum of the random image. This paper takes a different approach and uses the granulometric moments as inputs to a linear system that has been derived by classical optimization techniques for linear filters. The output of the system in a set of estimators that estimate the parameters of the model governing the distribution of the random set. These model parameters are assumed to be random variables possessing a prior distribution, so that the linear filter estimates these random variables based on granulometric moments. The methodology is applied to estimating the primary grain and intensity of a random Boolean model.
Energy balance for large thrust sheets and fault-bend folds

Abstract Thrust sheet movement over ramps requires energy because of the frictional resistance and deformation within the fault zone, fault-bend folding at the base and top of the ramp, and changes in the gravitational potential energy because of uplift. To model the energy usage, a kinematic model of a foreland thrust sheet is constructed assuming: (1) the ramp is planar and the flats are parallel to bedding; (2) the fault-bend folds are concentric; (3) thickness is preserved for beds that enter the folds parallel to the basal thrust fault and (4) cross-sectional area is preserved for rocks deformed by folding. Equations for the work done within the fault zone, and during uplift and fault-bend folding are derived by combining the kinematic model with stresses that increase in proportion to depth. The relative amounts of energy consumed by friction along the fault, uplift and fault-bend folding are estimated to be 2.7:1.0.25 for a ramp angle of 30°. The energy balance for the movement of large thrust sheets thus depends principally upon friction in the fault zone and changes in the gravitational energy.
Human Hyolaryngeal Movements Show Adaptive Motor Learning During Swallowing

The hyoid bone and larynx elevate to protect the airway during swallowing. However, it is unknown whether hyolaryngeal movements during swallowing can adjust and adapt to predict the presence of a persistent perturbation in a feed-forward manner (adaptive motor learning). We investigated adaptive motor learning in nine healthy adults. Electrical stimulation was administered to the anterior neck to reduce hyolaryngeal elevation, requiring more strength to swallow during the perturbation period of this study. We assessed peak hyoid bone and laryngeal movements using videofluoroscopy across thirty-five 5-ml water swallows. Evidence of adaptive motor learning of hyolaryngeal movements was found when (1) participants showed systematic gradual increases in elevation against the force of electrical stimulation and (2) hyolaryngeal elevation overshot the baseline (preperturbation) range of motion, showing behavioral aftereffects, when the perturbation was unexpectedly removed. Hyolaryngeal kinematics demonstrates adaptive, error-reducing movements in the presence of changing and unexpected demands. This is significant because individuals with dysphagia often aspirate due to disordered hyolaryngeal movements. Thus, if rapid motor learning is accessible during swallowing in healthy adults, patients may be taught to predict the presence of perturbations and reduce errors in swallowing before they occur.
Oleoresin Capsicum Spray and TASERs: A Comparison of Factors Predicting Use and Effectiveness

In the last few decades, several less lethal forms of force have been introduced, adopted, and deployed by police agencies. Oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray is now used in nearly every department acro...
Neutrons, Markets, Cities, and Empires: A 1000-Year Perspective on Ceramic Production and Distribution in the Postclassic Basin of Mexico

We use instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of ceramics from three centers, Cerro Portezuelo, Chalco, and Xaltocan, in the Basin of Mexico, whose occupations span the Postclassic to examine the changing role of markets and evaluate models of political economy. Our results suggest that production and distribution of Epiclassic serving wares was highly localized conforming closely to a solar market model. Ceramic exchange within the Basin increased during the Early and Middle Postclassic, in some cases paralleling political alliance networks. The Late Postclassic marketing pattern incorporated both increased regionalism and increased exchange between hinterlands and imperial cities. These patterns are probably not unique to the Basin of Mexico. INAA is a fruitful means to explore the development of preindustrial markets related to fluctuating economic, demographic, and political processes.
Expected repair cost under doubly stochastic damage processes

Abstract There are a number of instances where the problems of non-stationarity, Poisson compounding and double stochasticity arise. In the theory of space-charge limited shot-noise, the number of beats that occur in a given interval of time obey a doubly stochastic process since the Poisson's parameter λ changes randomly due to individual beats. This paper puts forward a doubly stochastic non-stationary compound Poisson process as a model describing damage sustained by military equipment, solar collectors, … etc., due to hailstones. The expected repair cost due to such damage is formulated.
Androgen receptor is essential for sexual differentiation of responses to olfactory cues in mice

During sexual differentiation males and females are exposed to different levels of testosterone, which promotes sex differences in the adult brain and in behavior. Testosterone can act after aromatization or reduction via a number of steroid hormone receptors. Here we provide new evidence that the androgen receptor (AR) is essential for sexual differentiation in mice. We used mice carrying the testicular feminization (Tfm) mutation of the AR. Adult Tfm males, wild-type male and female littermates were gonadectomized and given subcutaneous estradiol implants. In all sexually dimorphic traits, Tfm males had responses equivalent to females and different from males. In simultaneous choice tests, males spent significantly more time investigating female-soiled bedding, whereas females and Tfm males preferred to investigate male-soiled bedding. Tfm males and females did not have a partner preference in tests with awake stimulus animals, whereas males showed a preference for females over males. Exposure to male-soiled, but not clean, bedding produced a significant increase in c-Fos-immunoreactive cells in the medial preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in Tfm males and females, no increase was noted in males. Masculine sexual behavior (mounting and thrusting) was not sexually dimorphic, and all groups displayed these behaviors. Our results support data collected in humans suggesting a role for the androgen receptor in sexual differentiation of social preferences and neural responses to pheromones.
A model for pattern perception with musical applications part II: The information content of pitch structures

This is the second paper of a series which begins by treating the perception of pitch relations in musical contexts and the perception of timbre and speech. The first paper discusses in some detail those properties of musical scales required in order for them to function as “reference frames” which provide for the “measurement” of intervals such that ([1], p. 270),Every melodic phrase, every chord, which can be executed at any pitch, can be also executed at any other pitch in such a way that we immediately perceive the characteristic marks of their similarity. Here we continue this discussion by developing quantitative measures of the degree to which different scales possess the above properties. Then that property of musical scales which permits a listener to code the pitches of which it is constituted into “degrees” is examined and a corresponding quantitative measure developed. Musical scales are shown to be optimal choices with respect to both the former and latter measures, and a theory limiting those scales which are musically useful to a small fraction of possible sets of pitches is proposed. Existing scales which have been examined fall within the theory, which links the techniques of composition which may be used (i.e., those which produce perceptible relations between musical segments) to the above properties of the scale structures. This paper is not self-contained—reading of the previous paper in this series is required.
Quasicrystals: when all pieces fit together.

The complete atomic distribution of a binary natural quasicrystal has been achieved by complementing X-ray diffraction patterns with the structure of closely related crystals. The result represents an essential starting point to find the atomic structure of more complex quasicrystals.
The Political Economy of Agriculture in France's Fifth Republic

Abstract Agricultural activity, agricultural politics, and agricultural policy are interrelated. In this article, I discuss some of the linkages in the context of France's Fifth Republic. I demonstrate that the geographic relationship inside France between agricultural product mix and voting behavior helps to explain French governmental conduct during three major episodes of international agricultural policymaking. Two of these episodes involve the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, the other involves the Uruguay Round of reforms to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Pulmonary Artery Banding in Infants: A Physiological Intraoperative Method of Determining the Effectiveness of the Procedure

Abstract A physiological method has been devised to evaluate the degree of intraoperative pulmonary artery constriction during operations for the palliation of infants with severe congestive heart failure. This approach depends on precisely determining the degree of shunting between the right and left sides of the heart by serial determinations of arterial oxygen saturation. Two patients are cited who illustrate the advantages of this technique.
Yttrium-89 NMR. A possible spin relaxation probe for studying metal ion interactions with organic ligands

Abstract The spin-lattice relaxation mechanisms for aqueous and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of Y(NO3)3 have been found to be mainly spin-rotation and dipolar relaxation with solvent protons, unlike most heavy spin = 1 2 metal ions which are relaxed mainly by spin-rotation and chemical shift anisotropy. The theoretical maximum 89Y{1H} NOEF value of -10.2 was observed when τc for the ion was lengthened by lowering the temperature of the aqueous salt solution to 5°C, or when yttrium was complexed to an organic ligand. Since 89Y has a sensitivity of 0.67 relative to that of 13C, the relative importance of dipolar relaxation and the large theoretical maximum NOEF make 89Y a possible valuable NOE structure probe. Such studies can complement relaxation and shift data obtained from other diamagnetic and paramagnetic lanthanide ions.
Monoaminergic and cholinergic modulation of REM-sleep timing in rats

Abstract The effects on sleep structure of systemic administration of benchmark cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic antagonists (QNB, ritanserin, metergoline, and prazosin) were characterized in rats using a new technique for identifying transitions (NRTs) from non-REM (NREM) sleep to REM sleep. In agreement with previous studies, all agents tested reduced REM-sleep expression (by 36–86%). In addition, the serotonergic and noradrenergic antagonists reduced NRT frequency (by 58–81%). The cholinergic antagonist QNB had no effect on NRT frequency. These findings suggest that blockade of serotonergic or noradrenergic receptors increases the interval between REM-sleep episodes, perhaps reducing the rate of accumulation of REM-sleep propensity. Blockade of cholinergic receptors, by contrast, decreases REM-sleep-expression by interfering with REM-sleep maintenance, not by modulating REM-sleep timing. These conclusions are contrary to the predictions of a number of published models of REM-sleep timing.
A Spectral Clustering Approach to MS/MS Identification of Post-Translational Modifications

Unidentified tandem mass spectra typically represent 50−90% of the spectra acquired in proteomics studies. This manuscript describes a novel algorithm, “Bonanza”, for clustering spectra without knowledge of peptide or protein identifications. Further analysis leverages existing peptide identifications to infer related, likely valid identifications. Significantly more spectra can be identified with this approach, including spectra with unexpected potential modifications or amino-acid substitutions.
Ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic syndromes in the weanling rat: Is the “center” concept really outmoded?

Abstract This report juxtaposes findings from weanling rats with precise lesions in the Ventromedial (VMNL rats) to data of weanling rats with lesions in the dorsomedial (DMNL) hypothalamic nuclei. Despite the proximity of the two nuclei their destruction produces opposite effects in most cases but similar responses in other parameters. Absolute and relative food intake are normal in VMNL rats yet they become obese in the face of normal body weight gains. DMNL rats show both reduced absolute food intake and body weight but normal relative food intake and body composition. Both VMNL and DMNL cause reduced linear growth and running wheel activity. DMNL rats defend their lower body weight set point against various challenges and maintain normal body composition. Organ growth in both absolute and relative terms is reduced in VMNL rats. In DMNL rats relative organ growth is normal. Pancreatic growth, protein/pancreas and content and concentrations of several pancreatic enzymes are normal in DMNL but reduced in VMNL rats. Mean 24-hour plasma growth hormone (GH) and corticosterone (B) levels are reduced and insulin levels are greatly elevated in VMNL rats; prolactin (PRL) levels are normal. In DMNL rats. GH, B, insulin and somatomedin activity are normal but PRL is elevated. Circadian rhythms of GH, insulin and triiodothyronine are normal in DMNL rats but B levels are disrupted, as they are in VMNL rats. Glucose incorporation and oxidation in adipose tissue of VMNL rats are enhanced in VMNL rats but normal in DMNL rats. Gluconeogenesis in VMNL rats is enhanced as early as 4 hours post-operatively; in DMNL rats it is normal at this time and several weeks thereafter. Basal lipolysis in epididymal fat pads is elevated in both VMNL and DMNL rats but epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis is elevated in VMNL and decreased in DMNL rats. Both VMNL and DMNL rats show normal basal and epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis in interscapular brown adipose tissue. Several hepatic enzymes are normal in DMNL and depressed in VMNL rats. The above data suggest that the DMN and its circuitry are part of an “organismic” set point system with a “true” body weight and not fat set point, as seems to be the case in the VMNL rat.
Acid-base properties of α-ribazole and the thermodynamics of dimethylbenzimidazole association in alkylcobalamins

Preparation de l'α-ribazole et caracterisation par analyse elementaire RMN de H 1 et C 13 , spectre UV-visible, valeurs du pKa. Preparation de 7 alkylcobalamines et determination de leurs pKa a la meme temperature que pour l'α-ribazole. On determine les constantes de stabilite apparentes et on calcule pour cette substitution de coordinat les changements d'enthalpie et d'entropie
Dissolving Borders: Reframing Risk, Delinquent Peers, and Youth Violence.

Although “association with delinquent peers” is commonly identified as “a risk factor for youth violence,” this framework leads us to blame individuals and ignore the complex lives of youth who face state, symbolic, and interpersonal violence. This study is based on interviews with young adults about their adolescence in a low-income immigrant gateway neighborhood of Oakland, California. Most of the interviewees have peer networks that are racially/ethnically diverse and also include both delinquent and conforming peers. We show that having these “doubly diverse” friendship networks helps youth move through their neighborhood safely and feel anchored to their community even when they leave to attend college. Even successful youth in our study do not erect borders between themselves and “delinquent peers.” It is easy to assign blame to youth for their friendships, their violent behavior, their lack of education, their unstable and low-paying jobs, but this calculus ignores both the structural factors that constrain youth choices and the benefits that seem to be linked to diverse friendships, even with delinquent peers. Growing up in a site of global capital accumulation and disinvestment in the era of neoliberalism, our interviewees challenge us to reframe risk.
Looking back, looking forward: A historical reflection on psychotherapy process research

In 1983, a group of 14 prominent psychotherapy process researchers attended a workshop sponsored by the US National Institute of Mental Health. Although the previous decade had seen a marked emphasis on psychotherapy outcome research, there had also been several major advances in the field of process research. The goals of the workshop were to review the current state of the field, address methodological and conceptual issues, and provide recommendations to advance scholarship in this area. In this paper, we summarize the major themes of the workshop and consider the degree to which its recommendations have come to fruition via subsequent developments in the field. Although 30 years have passed since the workshop was held, its insights remain highly relevant to psychotherapy process research today.
Signal transduction. An alternative to destruction.

The traditional view is that, when a cellular protein becomes linked to a modifying group known as ubiquitin, it's curtains for that protein. But non-destructive functions for ubiquitin are now emerging.
Can psychotherapists transcend the shackles of their training and superstitions

Formal courses and training in psychological diagnosis and treatment often undermine the talents and skills with which many trainees are endowed naturally. Too many seem to acquire a stylized professionalism replete with general labels, questionable theories, and unfortunate proscriptions. Despite lip service paid to prescriptive eclecticism, most graduate programs socialize their students into delimited schools of thought. Meanwhile, hundreds of psychotherapeutic systems have proliferated. Unsubstantiated claims abound. Nevertheless, there are data that show that specific treatments of choice exist for many disorders. It is argued that a multimodal, systematic, technically eclectic model can point the way to a genuinely scientific approach to psychotherapy.