cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Shift of the Borderline Concept from a Subschizophrenic Disorder to a Subaffective Disorder

Conditions given the label “borderline,” as the term is currently being used, appear to lie significantly more within the spectrum of primary affective illness than that of schizophrenia. The significant excess of affective over schizophrenic disorders among borderlines and their families, along with the excess of more serious psychiatric disorders in the families of borderlines as compared to those of neurotics, suggest that the current concept of borderline as a subaffective disorder is a valid one.
The direct effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on membrane phospholipid composition and phosphate transport.

Current evidence suggests that the mechanism of action of several hormones may be mediated through alterations in membrane lipid composition1–4. Both the content and the degree of fatty acid unsaturation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in renal proximal tubular and duodenal brush border membranes is increased after 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) administration to animals5,6. In both the intestine5’7 and the kidney8 indirect evidence suggests that these lipid changes may be important in stimulating calcium and phosphate transport. In recent studies performed in this laboratory fluorescent phospholipid derivatives have been used to demonstrate that 1,25(OH)2D3 rapidly and directly stimulates the transfer of PC from liposomes to renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV)9. The following studies were performed to investigate the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 induced membrane phospholipid alterations on phosphate transport.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonias

Ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAP) are the most common complication in the course of intubated patients and are the leading cause of death in critical care settings worldwide, as well as being the first cause of antibiotic prescription in intensive care units (ICUs). As an important cause of increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized pediatric patients, healthcare systems are now required to report VAPs, among other healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) through the CDC National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Here we will review the revised 2013 CDC/NHSN definitions and surveillance guidelines for ventilator-associated events (VAE) in adult inpatient locations and examine how these guidelines can be applied or adapted in pediatric patients. Additionally, this chapter will provide an overview of VAPs by reviewing the recent data describing the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies of VAPs.
Initiating carbenium ions from tetramethylene zwitterions. Cationic polymerizations initiated by 2,2-dicyanovinyl iodide and 2,2-dicyanovinyl p-toluenesulfonate

Two new electrophilic olefins with a β-leaving group, 2,2-dicyanovinyl iodide and 2,2-dicyanovinyl p-toluenesulfonate initiate the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole and p-methoxystyrene. The polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole proceeds in the presence of the proton trap 2,4,6-tri-t-butylpyridine, indicating that the initiation proceeds through the zwitterionic tetramethylene, with subsequent elimination of the leaving group to form the initiating carbenium ion. No living character was observed with the iodide initiator.
Report of the Committee on Chemistry of Natural Waters, 1934–35

The membership of this Committee is as given in the Transactions of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting with the addition of I. A. Denison, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., and with the exception of Messrs. Flynn, Logan, and Sale who have resigned from the Committee. Analyses of a number of highly mineralized waters from Oklahoma and Kansas are given by Case in the paper “Subsurface-water characteristics in Oklahoma and Kansas” published in the August 1934 Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. “All the waters of this region are shown to be of a single type and much alike in concentration from Ordovician to Pennsylvanian. Three localities show marked differences in the water of Ordovician age. These differences may have been caused by dilution from the outcrops. Local variations occur in the waters of all water-bearing formations. The more important of these are shown by analyses and curves.”
Epigenetic mechanisms in Huntington's disease

Abstract Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by a cytosine–adenine–guanine repeat expansion in the HTT gene, which encodes the Huntingtin protein. Although there are several pathways associated with the pathology of HD, transcriptional dysregulation is a primary event that occurs at early neuropathological stages in HD patients and persists throughout disease progression. Epigenetic modifications, such as histone acetylation/methylation and DNA methylation, can induce lasting changes in gene expression, and have therefore been implicated as a causative factor in this phenomenon. Epigenetic modifications have significance for biomarkers in HD, as well as for new treatment approaches. This chapter will review the current information regarding histone and DNA modifications in HD and the potential relevance of targeting the epigenome for therapeutic strategies.
Experimental effects of white-tailed deer and an invasive shrub on forest ant communities

Ungulate browse and invasive plants exert pressure on plant communities and alter the physical and chemical properties of soils, but little is known about their effects on litter-dwelling arthropods. In particular, ants (Formicidae) are ubiquitous in temperate forests and are sensitive to changes in habitat structure and resources. As ants play many functional roles, changes to ant communities may lead to changes in ecosystem processes. We conducted a long-term experiment that controlled white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) access and presence of an invasive understory shrub in deciduous forests located in southwestern Ohio, USA from 2011 to 2017. Several leaf-litter ant community responses and litter biomass were measured in five paired deer access and exclosure plots, each with a split-plot removal of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). Ant abundance and species richness increased with time in deer exclosures, but not in deer access plots. Honeysuckle removal reduced abundance and richness of ants. There were additive effects of deer and honeysuckle on ant richness, and interactive effects of deer and honeysuckle on ant abundance. Deer exclusion reduced variation in ant composition relative to access plots. There was little evidence that treatments directly influenced species diversity of ants. However, all ant measures were positively related to litter biomass, which was greater in deer exclosures relative to access plots. Our results indicate strong indirect effects of herbivores and honeysuckle on litter-dwelling ants, mediated through changes in litter biomass and likely vegetation structure, which may alter ant-mediated ecosystem processes.
Interpretable Run-Time Monitoring and Replanning for Safe Autonomous Systems Operations

Autonomous robots, especially aerial vehicles, when subject to disturbances, uncertainties, and noises may experience variations from their desired states and deviations from the planned trajectory which may lead them into an unsafe state (e.g., a collision). It is thus necessary to monitor their states at run-time when operating in uncertain and cluttered environments and intervene to guarantee their and the surrounding's safety. While Reachability Analysis (RA) has been successfully used to provide safety guarantees, it doesn’t provide explanations on why a system is predicted to be unsafe and what type of corrective actions to perform to change the decision. In this work we propose a novel approach for run-time monitoring that leverages a library of previously observed trajectories together with decision tree theory to predict if the system will be safe/unsafe and provide an explanation to understand the causes of the prediction. We design an interpretable monitor that checks at run-time if the vehicle may become unsafe and plan safe corrective actions if found unsafe. For each prediction, we provide a logical explanation – a decision rule – that includes information about the causes that lead to the predicted safety decision. The explanation also includes a set of counterfactual rules that shows what system variables may bring the system to the opposite safety decision, if changed. We leverage such an explanation to plan corrective actions that always keep the vehicle safe. Our technique is validated both with simulations and experiments on a quadrotor UAV in cluttered environments under the effect of previously untrained disturbances.
Epidemiological Evidence for Dietary Sugars and Colorectal Cancer

High-sugar diets have been hypothesized to promote colorectal cancer development and progression by contributing to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance or through other mechanisms. This review summarizes the available evidence for sugar intake related to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and survival and discusses future research directions. Most of the prospective studies report a null association between sugar intake and CRC risk; the evidence based on ten publications, including a pooling project of 13 studies, is reasonably robust. In contrast, a relatively small number of studies examining sugar intake and CRC survival suggest that consumption of sugars, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages, may negatively impact survival outcomes among CRC patients. Excessive sugar intake may contribute to worse CRC survival. To date, studies do not show a clear association between total sugar intake and CRC risk, but further work is required to isolate effects of added sugar, define risk for potentially susceptible subgroups, and explore interactions with other dietary and lifestyle factors.
Smart Parking for Disabled Parking Improvement Using RFID and Database Authentication

In many populous cities across the world, parking tends to be at the forefront of traffic concerns. Many cities have seen rises in urban population as people move to the cities for job opportunities. The increase in population also means more cars in the city making parking spaces valuable commodities. In many of these cities, parking spaces near venues and other services are reserved for disabled parking. In the United States, federal law sets the requirements for the number of spaces that must be made available along with the size of each area. Requirements for authorization to park in these spaces are also set by federal offices and the authorized person is given a placard designating their legal right to park in these designated parking spaces for the disabled. Our proposed method, which adds RFID and database authentication to the use of ultrasonic sensors, LED, and cloud technology methods, will assist with ensuring that the limited disabled-parking spaces are used by those authorized to do so, and will alert the parking authority when a space is occupied by an unauthenticated person. Our goal is to explain how some of the currently researched smart parking methods can be used for disabled parking management and improved with the addition of authenticating disabled parking authorization.
Embracing Change: A Mindful Medical Center Meets COVID-19

BackgroundHealthcare professional (HCP) burnout transcends clinician job title and role, thus creating a need for interprofessional strategies to address burnout. The organizational framework of of...
Packing the Standard Genetic Code in its box: 3-dimensional late Crick wobble

Minimally-evolved codes are constructed with randomly chosen Standard Genetic Code (SGC) triplets, and completed with completely random triplet assignments. Such "genetic codes" have not evolved, but retain SGC qualities. Retained qualities are inescapable, part of the logic of code evolution. For example, sensitivity of coding to arbitrary assignments, which must be <{approx} 10%, is intrinsic. Such sensitivity comes from elementary combinatorial properties of coding, and constrains any SGC evolution hypothesis. Similarly, evolution of last-evolved functions is difficult, due to late kinetic phenomena, likely common across codes. Census of minimally-evolved code assignments shows that shape and size of wobble domains controls packing into a coding table, shifting the accuracy of codon assignments. Access to the SGC therefore requires a plausible pathway to limited randomness, avoiding difficult completion while packing a highly ordered, degenerate code into a fixed three-dimensional space. Late Crick wobble in a 3-dimensional genetic code previously assembled by lateral transfer satisfies these varied, simultaneous requirements. By allowing parallel evolution of SGC domains, it can yield shortened evolution to SGC-level order, and allow the code to arise in smaller populations. It effectively yields full codes. Less obviously, it unifies well-studied sources for order in amino acid coding, including a minority of stereochemical triplet-amino acid associations. Finally, fusion of its intermediates into the definitive SGC is credible, mirroring broadly-accepted later events in cellular evolution.
Neural network forward model and transfer learning calibration from Monte Carlo to diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

We propose to use neural networks to learn and replace Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Our neural networks are not only convenient to use but also are shown to be extremely time-saving compared to MC simulations with comparable accuracy. Furthermore, we employ the machine learning method called transfer learning to perform calibration between MC simulated diffuse reflectance and that measured by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). The transfer learning model is able to predict DRS measured diffuse reflectance spectrum by training the model using a small amount of DRS data.
Race reporting and representation in onychomycosis clinical trials: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Onychomycosis is the most common nail disease seen in clinical practice. Inclusion of diverse groups in onychomycosis clinical trials subjects is necessary to generalise efficacy data. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review race and ethnicity reporting and representation, as well as, treatment outcomes in onychomycosis clinical trials. METHODS A PubMed search for onychomycosis clinical trials was performed in August 2020. Primary clinical trial data were included and post hoc analyses were excluded. Categorical variables were compared using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Photos in articles were categorised by Fitzpatrick skin type. RESULTS Only 32/182 (17.5%) trials reported on race and/or ethnicity and only one trial compared treatment efficacy in different subgroups. Darker skin colours were infrequently depicted in articles. Topical treatment, location with ≥1 US-based site, industry funding type and publication date after 2000 were significantly associated with reporting of racial/ethnic data (p < .05 for all comparisons). LIMITATIONS Demographics on excluded subjects and methods of recruitment were not available. Assigning Fitzpatrick skin type is inherently subjective. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights a need for consistent reporting of races and ethnicities of onychomycosis clinical trial participants with subgroup analyses of treatment efficacies.
Exploring associations between prenatal exposure to multiple endocrine disruptors and birth weight with exposure continuum mapping.

Abstract Background Improved understanding of how prenatal exposure to environmental mixtures influences birth weight or other adverse outcomes is essential in protecting child health. Objective We illustrate a novel exposure continuum mapping (ECM) framework that combines the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm with generalized additive modeling (GAM) in order to integrate spatially-correlated learning into the study mixtures of environmental chemicals. We demonstrate our method using biomarker data on chemical mixtures collected from a diverse mother-child cohort. Methods We obtained biomarker concentrations for 16 prevalent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) collected in the first-trimester from a large, ethnically/racially diverse cohort of healthy pregnant women (n = 604) during 2009–2012. This included 4 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 4 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 4 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 4 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). We applied a two-stage exposure continuum mapping (ECM) approach to investigate the combined impact of the EDCs on birth weight. First, we analyzed our EDC data with SOM in order to reduce the dimensionality of our exposure matrix into a two-dimensional grid (i.e., map) where nodes depict the types of EDC mixture profiles observed within our data. We define this map as the ‘exposure continuum map’, as the gridded surface reflects a continuous sequence of exposure profiles where adjacent nodes are composed of similar mixtures and profiles at more distal nodes are more distinct. Lastly, we used GAM to estimate a joint-dose response based on the coordinates of our ECM in order to capture the relationship between participant location on the ECM and infant birth weight after adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), education, serum cotinine, total plasma lipids, and infant sex. Single chemical regression models were applied to facilitate comparison. Results We found that an ECM with 36 mixture profiles retained 70% of the total variation in the exposure data. Frequency analysis showed that the most common profiles included relatively low concentrations for most EDCs (~10%) and that profiles with relatively higher concentrations (for single or multiple EDCs) tended to be rarer (~1%) but more distinct. Estimation of a joint-dose response function revealed that lower birth weights mapped to locations where profile compositions were dominated by relatively high PBDEs and select OCPs. Higher birth weights mapped to locations where profiles consisted of higher PCBs. These findings agreed well with results from single chemical models. Conclusions Findings from our study revealed a wide range of prenatal exposure scenarios and found that combinations exhibiting higher levels of PBDEs were associated with lower birth weight and combinations with higher levels of PCBs and PFAS were associated with increased birth weight. Our ECM approach provides a promising framework for supporting studies of other exposure mixtures.
Virulence of Five Phytophthora Species Causing Rhododendron Root Rot in Oregon.

Phytophthora root rot is a destructive disease of rhododendron that causes substantial losses of this nursery crop in infested field and container production areas. Historically, Phytophthora cinna...
Gesamtreflexion der theoretischen und empirischen Erkenntnisse: Satire und Alltagskommunikation

Mediale Satire, so kann nun am Ende dieses Buches festgehalten werden, bietet in (tiefgreifend) mediatisierten Gesellschaften in ihren vielfaltigen Erscheinungsformen – ob zum Beispiel als Meme, Zeitungskarikatur oder YouTube-Video – zahlreiche Anknupfungspunkte fur die Kommunikation mit anderen und wird auf ganz unterschiedliche Weise in die Alltagskommunikation von Menschen eingebunden. Im Rahmen dieses Buches wurde die frei nach bunte weite Welt der sich rund um satirische Medieninhalte entfaltenden Kommunikation in den Blick genommen und die Kontexte, Konstellationen und Funktionen der Kommunikation zu Satire in den alltaglichen Lebenswelten von Menschen ein wenig starker ausgeleuchtet. Ziel war es dabei, den bis dato eher sparlichen Forschungsstand zur zwischenmenschlichen Kommunikation zu Satire zu erweitern und dabei insbesondere in den Blick zu nehmen, wie sich die Kommunikation konkret gestaltet, welche Themen sie behandelt, unter welchen Bedingungen sie vorkommt, in welchen sozialen Kontexten und kommunikativen Konstellationen sie stattfindet, auf welche Medien- und Kommunikationskanale dabei zuruckgegriffen wird und welche Funktionen sie im sozialen Miteinander ubernehmen kann.
Assessing Impacts to National Park Visitation From COVID-19A New Normal for Yosemite?

Yosemite National Park is a popular tourist destination with high visitation levels that have increased throughout the summer season over the past several decades. Like with other protected areas, high visitation levels pose challenges for coordinating resources, infrastructural capacity, and visitor experiences. Use limits, including rationing vehicle entry at gates by reservation, are one possible strategy to manage visitation levels. After an initial full closure, the park chose to operationalize a multiphased permit system for day-use and overnight entry over the course of the pandemic in accordance with local and national guidelines for operational safety. While park closures and other entry restrictions have been common in recent years due to wildland fires and other natural hazards, the pandemicrelated entry limits represent a nearly yearlong experiment. The prolonged entry ration along with restrictions to group activities has limited visitation and potentially reduced transmission of the novel coronavirus. We review the per capita COVID-19 case count in surrounding counties given the flow of tourism from outside the region, assess the changes in access to the park with the novel reservation system, compare monthly visitation during the 2020 use limits with prior decadal averages, detail how high visitation levels and crowding persist, and review the Park's plans for an ongoing day-use permit system. We conclude with the ongoing challenges managers face in light of continued high visitation. Readers will be able to debate the efficacy of use limits and what may be a sustainable level of visitation for the park. © 2021 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Cloning of a rat α1,3-fucosyltransferase gene : a member of the fucosyltransferase IV family

We report the cloning of a rat α1,3-fucosyltransferase gene (rFuc-T), isolated from a rat genomic library by a PCR-cross-hybridization based cloning approach using primers derived from the conserved region of human α1,3-Fuc-T sequences. Comparison of the rFuc-T predicted amino acid sequence with those of previously cloned human and murine fucosyltransferases showed highest degree of homology to murine Fuc-TIV (87% identity) and human Fuc-TIV (78% identity), with lower homology (41–49% identity) to Fuc-TIII, V, VI, and VII. COS-1 cells transfected with the rFuc-T gene expressed a fucosyltransferase activity with type 2 (Galβ1→4GlcNAc)-containing oligosaccharides and the glycolipid acceptor neolactotetraosyl-ceramide but only low activity with sialylated substrates; the SSEA-1/Lex antigen was detected in transfected cells by immunocytochemistry. Based on these results, we surmise that rFuc-T is a member of the fucosyltransferase IV family. Northern blot analysis with a rFuc-T specific probe indicated a major transcript of 4.2 kb most abundantly expressed in rat spleen; minor transcripts of different sizes were detected in several tissues, including rat brain. Abbreviations: Fuc-T, fucosyltransferase; SSEA-1, stage specific embryonic antigen or Lewisx (Lex); ELFT, ELAM-1 ligand fucosyltransferase; ELAM, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule; nLc4Cer, neolactotetraosylceramide (Galβ1→4GlcNAcβ1→3Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1Cer); NEM, N-ethylmaleimide
Whole exome sequencing in extended families with autism spectrum disorder implicates four candidate genes

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by impairment in communication and social interactions, and by repetitive behaviors. ASDs are highly heritable, and estimates of the number of risk loci range from hundreds to >1000. We considered 7 extended families (size 12–47 individuals), each with ≥3 individuals affected by ASD. All individuals were genotyped with dense SNP panels. A small subset of each family was typed with whole exome sequence (WES). We used a 3-step approach for variant identification. First, we used family-specific parametric linkage analysis of the SNP data to identify regions of interest. Second, we filtered variants in these regions based on frequency and function, obtaining exactly 200 candidates. Third, we compared two approaches to narrowing this list further. We used information from the SNP data to impute exome variant dosages into those without WES. We regressed affected status on variant allele dosage, using pedigree-based kinship matrices to account for relationships. The p value for the test of the null hypothesis that variant allele dosage is unrelated to phenotype was used to indicate strength of evidence supporting the variant. A cutoff of p = 0.05 gave 28 variants. As an alternative third filter, we required Mendelian inheritance in those with WES, resulting in 70 variants. The imputation- and association-based approach was effective. We identified four strong candidate genes for ASD (SEZ6L, HISPPD1, FEZF1, SAMD11), all of which have been previously implicated in other studies, or have a strong biological argument for their relevance.
Better student assessing by finding difficulty factors in a fully automated comprehension measure

The multiple choice cloze (MCC) question format is commonly used to assess students' comprehension. It is an especially useful format for ITS because it is fully automatable and can be used on any text. Unfortunately, very little is known about the factors that influence MCC question difficulty and student performance on such questions. In order to better understand student performance on MCC questions, we developed a model of MCC questions. Our model shows that the difficulty of the answer and the student's response time are the most important predictors of student performance. In addition to showing the relative impact of the terms in our model, our model provides evidence of a developmental trend in syntactic awareness beginning around the 2nd grade. Our model also accounts for 10% more variance in students' external test scores compared to the standard scoring method for MCC questions.
Kaede‐Centrin1 Labeling of Mother and Daughter Centrosomes in Mammalian Neocortical Neural Progenitors

The importance of the centrosome in regulating basic cellular processes and cell fate decisions has become increasingly evident from recent studies tracing the etiology of developmental disorders to mutations in genes encoding centrosomal proteins. This unit details a protocol for a fluorescence-based pulse labeling of centrioles of neural progenitor cells in the developing neocortex of mice. In utero electroporation of Kaede-Centrin1 followed by in utero or ex vivo photoconversion allows a direct monitoring of the inheritance of centrosomes containing centrioles of different ages in dividing neocortical neural progenitors (i.e., radial glial cells). This is achieved by combining the irreversible photoconversion capacity of the Kaede protein from green to red fluorescence with the faithful duplication of the centrosome during each cell cycle. After two mitotic divisions following photoconversion, mother centrosomes containing the original labeled centriole appear in both red and green fluorescence, and can be distinguished from daughter centrosomes which appear in green fluorescence only. This facilitates the study of the inheritance and behavior of the mother and daughter centrosomes in asymmetric cell divisions in the developing mammalian neocortex.
Phylogeography of Kloss’s Gibbon ( Hylobates Klossii ) Populations and Implications for Conservation Planning in the Mentawai Islands

The Kloss’s gibbon (Hylobates klossii) has long been recognized as distinct among the members of the genusHylobates due to its small size and completely black pelage with no markings. Unlike most other gibbon species, the male and female do not duet; instead, neighboring males chorus before dawn, while the females sing after dawn. The only other gibbon to share these behavioral characteristics is the closely related Javan silvery gibbon (H. moloch) (Takacs et al. 2005; Geissmann and Nijman 2006; Whittaker et al. 2007). The Kloss’s gibbon is endemic to the Mentawai Islands, located off the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia, and is endangered as a result of continuing deforestation and hunting (Whittaker 2006). Since the 1970s, researchers have advocated increasing protection of this unusual species (McNeely 1978; World Wildlife Fund 1980; Tenaza 1988; Fuentes 1996/1997; Kobold et al. 2003; Paciulli 2004; Whittaker 2005a, 2006), but conservation planning has suffered from a lack of knowledge about intraspecific variation throughout the Mentawais. There are four endemic primates in theMentawai Islands, which have a total landmass of less than 7,000 km. The four Mentawai Islands are not connected to neighboring Sumatra: during the Tertiary period, the force of the subduction of the Indian plate under the Sunda plate pushed up this chain of islands from the ocean floor. The Mentawais have long been isolated from mainland Sundaland by the 1,500-m deep Mentawai Basin, except for brief periods when sea levels were at their lowest, the last occurring between one million and 500,000 years ago (Batchelor 1979; Karig et al. 1980; Moore et al. 1980; Whitten et al. 2000). This long history of isolation likely accounts for the islands’ high level of endemism: 65% of non-volant mammals in the Mentawai Islands are endemic at the genus or species level (World Wildlife Fund 1980).
Gastric and duodenal cutaneous fistulas

Forty-seven patients, 18 with gastric and 29 with duodenal cutaneous fistulas, managed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation between 1956 and 1976 are analyzed. This is done with the intention of defining factors responsible for increased rates of morbidity and mortality. The location and number, output, associated sepsis, and nutritional status are reviewed. Treatment modalities ranged from nonsurgical medical treatment to conservative surgical and radical surgical treatment. Overall mortality rate was 29.8% with a 34.5% mortality rate from duodenal fistulas and 22.2% from gastric fistulas. A review of the literature and guidelines for management of gastric and duodenocutaneous fistulas are presented.
DC-dynamic biasing for >50× switching time improvement in severely underdamped fringing-field electrostatic MEMS actuators

This paper presents the design and experimental validation of dc-dynamic biasing for > 50× switching time improvement in severely underdamped fringing-field electrostatic MEMS actuators. The electrostatic fringing-field actuator is used to demonstrate the concept due to its robust device design and inherently low damping conditions. In order to accurately quantify the gap height versus voltage characteristics, a heuristic model is developed. The difference between the heuristic model and numerical simulation is less than 5.6% for typical MEMS geometries. MEMS fixed–fixed beams are fabricated and measured for experimental validation. Good agreement is observed between the calculated and measured results. For a given voltage, the measured and calculated displacements are typically within 10%. Lastly, the derived model is used to design a dc-dynamic bias waveform to improve the switching time of the underdamped MEMS actuators. With dynamic biasing, the measured up-to-down and down-to-up switching time of the actuator is ∼35 μs. On the other hand, coventional step biasing results in a switching time of ∼2 ms for both up-to-down and down-to-up states.
Half-of-the sites reactivity in the catalytic mechanism of yeast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract A half-of-the-sites effect is observed in yeast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase for the substrate phosphoglyceroyl phosphate, i.e. only two of the four initially identical subunits are acylated. Excess substrate accelerates the hydrolysis of the phosphoglyceroyl enzyme both in the presence and absence of NAD. This acceleration by excess acyl phosphate is not seen with acetyl phosphate or furyl acryloyl phosphate, even though a half-of-the-sites effect is observed with both. Both the triacetyl and trifuryl acryloyl enzymes can be prepared from the nitrophenyl esters and the hydrolysis of the first acyl group is accelerated in these derivatives. Apparently in all three cases, ligand-induced changes cause the rate of acylation of diacyl enzyme to be decreased and the rate of deacylation of triacyl enzyme to be increased. The balance of the two rates with the true substrate leads to accelerated hydrolysis which is absent for the pseudo-substrates. Thus, ligand-induced co-operativity between subunits has an important effect on the catalytic mechanism.
Dielectric responses in disordered systems: From molecules to materials

With many current technologies, non-crystalline materials are required to perform on increasingly limited spatial scales approaching several 10 nm. The dynamics of molecules are an important aspect of disordered materials as they define the glass transition. Dielectric relaxation techniques are capable of observing the dynamics in glass-forming systems across 18 orders of magnitude, but the typical experimental approaches address macroscopic effects in bulk samples. Here, we explore the various possibilities of applying dielectric relaxation and related techniques in order to gain insight into the dynamics on a nanoscopic or even molecular level.
Application of Doppler Global Velocimetry to Supersonic Flows

The design and implementation of Doppler Global Velocimetry (DGV) for testing in the Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel is presented. The discussion begins by outlining the characteristics of the tunnel and the test environment, with potential problem areas highlighted. Modifications to the optical system design to implement solutions for these problems are described. Since this tunnel entry was the first ever use of DGV in a supersonic wind tunnel, the test series was divided into three phases, each with its own goal. Phase I determined if condensation provided sufficient scattered light for DGV applications. Phase II studied particle lag by measuring the flow about an oblique shock above an inclined flat plate. Phase III investigated the supersonic vortical flow field above a 75-degree delta wing at 24-degrees angle of attack. Example results from these tests are presented.
Optimization of phenol extraction procedures for preparation of RNA from mammalian lymphoid organs.

Abstract Methods have been developed to optimize the extraction of RNA from mammalian lymphoid organs (spleen) with respect to both quantity and quality of RNA and with minimal DNA contamination. Nuclease inhibiters, including diethyl pyrocarbonate, polyvinyl suifate, and bentonite were used in the initial disruption of the tissue, which was accomplished by blender. Dounce homogenizer, or preparation of a cell suspension. Seven buffer systems, varying with respect to pH, detergent, and NaCl concentration, were used in the initial extraction with phenol, and the temperature of extraction was also varied. Protocols involving the selective use of naphthaiene 1,5-disulfenic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate were developed to provide an initial RNA extract with minimal DNA content. Dounce homogenization, followed by separate treatment of nuclear and cytosol fractions, was found to be the most effective technique, both in terms of RNA yield (averaging 76%) and the quality of RNA recovered (as judged by gel electrophoresis). RNA from blender preparations contained larger amounts of DNA, and RNA yield was decreased to 54%. RNA extracted from spleen cell suspensions was of poor quality and gave very poor yield (27%).
Effects of single or repeated dermal exposure to methyl parathion on behavior and blood cholinesterase activity in rats.

The effects of a single or repeated dermal administration of methyl paration on motor function, learning and memory were investigated in adult female rats and correlated with blood cholinesterase activity. Exposure to a single dose of 50 mg/kg methyl parathion (75% of the dermal LD50) resulted in an 88% inhibition of blood cholinesterase activity and was associated with severe acute toxicity. Spontaneous locomotor activity and neuromuscular coordination were also depressed. Rats treated with a lower dose of methyl parathion, i.e. 6.25 or 12.5 mg/kg, displayed minimal signs of acute toxicity. Blood cholinesterase activity and motor function, however, were depressed initially but recovered fully within 1–3 weeks. There were no delayed effects of a single dose of methyl parathion on learning acquisition or memory as assessed by a step-down inhibitory avoidance learning task. Repeated treatment with 1 mg/kg/day methyl parathion resulted in a 50% inhibition of blood cholinesterase activity. A decrease in locomotor activity and impairment of memory were also observed after 28 days of repeated treatment. Thus, a single dermal exposure of rats to doses of methyl parathion which are lower than those that elicit acute toxicity can cause decrements in both cholinesterase activity and motor function which are reversible. In contrast, repeated low-dose dermal treatment results in a sustained inhibition of cholinesterase activity and impairment of both motor function and memory.
GEOMETRIC DIRECT MINIMIZATION OF HARTREE–FOCK CALCULATIONS INVOLVING OPEN SHELL WAVEFUNCTIONS WITH SPIN RESTRICTED ORBITALS

Recently, we have introduced a method based on geometric considerations, termed geometric direct minimization (GDM), to achieve robust convergence of self consistent field calculations. GDM was limited to calculations involving either spin-unrestricted orbitals or closed shell systems. We report the extension of the GDM method to treat open shell systems involving spin-restricted orbitals. Open shell systems pose a challenge for achieving robust convergence of the calculation. We compare the convergence using the GDM method to the convergence achieved by the well known direct inversion in the iterative space (DIIS) technique. This comparison demonstrates the ability of the GDM method to achieve robust convergence. Additionally we assess the importance of geometric considerations by comparing against an alternative direct minimization method that is not geometrically correct.
Effect of antiferromagnetic ordering on the resistivity of EuTe

Abstract A large negative magnetoresistance was observed in a EuTe sample both below and above the Neel temperature. Changes in ϖϱ ϖT and ϖϱ 6H were observed at the boundary between the ordered phase (canted or antiferromagnetic) and the paramagnetic phase.
Human chorionic gonadotropin-mediated glycogenolysis in human placental villi: a role of prostaglandins.

Abstract The acute “in vitro” effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and protaglandin E2 on human placental glycogen metabolism have been studied in immature placental villi in short-term culture. HCG elicited within 15 min of culture, an acute glycogenolytic response in placental tissue which included a decrease in placental glycogen, an activation of the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme system and a pronounced elevation in the cyclic AMP concentration of the placenta. The presence of prostaglandin E2 in the culture medium evoked a similar glycogenolytic effect in immature human placental villi including the increase in tissue cyclic AMP levels. These findings suggest a second messenger role of the prostaglandins in HCG action and results are discussed in light of the mechanism of action of HCG on the human placenta.
Factors affecting standardized milk and fat yields in Alpine goats

Records from 499 lactations of 220 Alpine does were evaluated to test lactation year, lactation number, and litter size effects on 305-day adjusted mature equivalent milk and fat yields. Milk yield was greater (P < 0.01) in 1986 (968 kg) than in following years (range 777–845 kg). Fat yield was not influenced by lactation year. Positive (P < 0.01) associations were found when phenotypic merits for lactation yield were regressed on birth year and generation. Lactation number affected (P < 0.01) milk yields with production highest at second lactation (960 kg) and lowest at seventh lactation (634 kg). Does delivering single kids had lower (P < 0.01) milk yields (775 kg) than does delivering twins and triplets (834 and 903 kg, respectively). A positive (P < 0.01) coefficient was computed (17.5 ± 4.5 kg milk kg−1 litter weight) when milk yield was regressed on total litter weight. Fat yield was similarly affected (P < 0.01) by lactation number and litter characteristics. Unique were results showing that litter size and litter weight had positive relationships with lactation yields in does despite the removal of kids at birth.
Weak neutral currents and the anomalous polarization of cosmic OH

Abstract Weak neutral currents mix the even and odd parity states of the ∧-doubled OH transition at 1700 MHz and the OH molecule becomes circularly dichroic.
Commemoration and the Healing of Memories in Alcoholics Anonymous

Alcoholism is an affliction that severely damages human memory and human social relations. The doctrine and practices of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) heal memory damaged by alcoholic drinking. First, meetings and other social interac- tions with other AA members provide the participant with a "therapeutic reminder" of his or her affliction. Second, AA's concept of the affliction of alcoholism coupled with its practice of recounting life stories gives the alcoholic a sense of self-con- tinuity that may have been interrupted by years of heavy drink- ing. Third, AA's program for recovery provides a confessional practice (the Fourth and Fifth Steps) that allows for a life accountingfor the alcoholic, giving the alcoholic's life meaning and coherence. Finally, by placing the alcoholic's experiences and self-understandings in a broader framework, the individ- ual's own story is made part of the larger story of thefellowship and a positive part of a tradition of mutual aid.
Stability of unusual verbalizations on the Rorschach for outpatients with schizophrenia.

Rorschach protocols of 50 outpatients with schizophrenia who had been tested twice with an average interval of 6.4 years between administrations were scored blind by graduate students trained to detect Unusual Verbalizations (UVs). Scoring reliabilities were excellent and ranged from .93 to .99 for the WSUM6. There were no significant differences between mean group UV scores obtained at the first testing (T1) and the second testing (T2), which attests to the persistence of thought disorder in schizophrenia. The correlations between T1 and T2 testings were, however, modest at best. Deviant Verbalizations, the least pathological of the UV categories, showed the highest test-retest relationship at .50. Tentative explanations for these findings were advanced.
The iceberg profile and young competitive swimmers.

Morgan (1979) reported that successful athletes tested on the Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) possessed an "iceberg" profile, while unsuccessful athletes did not. The iceberg profile is so defined because of the six mood states measured, five fall at or below the 50th T score, while the middle one is above, and a graph of the results resembles an iceberg. The iceberg profile has been observed for athletes in a variety of sports including oarsmen (Morgan J Wilson, Morely, & Bird, 1980); however, little research has been conducted with swimmers and virtually no attention has focused on young athletes. The question investigated was do adolescent swimmers also show an iceberg profile? Fifty-two male and female swimmers with an average agc of 11.8 yr. were given the Profile of Mood States and 4 1 swimmers returned usable surveys (79% response rare). The 16 boys and 25 girls had competitive swimming experiences ranging from 6 mo. to 13 yr. The results showed that over-all the swimmers exhibited the iceberg profile. Very similar to the elite wrestlers tested by Morgan (1979), these swimmers showed an elevated Vigor score of 57 and other scores below the 50th T score on TensiodAnxiecy (47), Depression (46), Fatigue (49), and Confusion (46). Similar to Morgan's report (19791, the Anger score was slightly elevated (52). Closer analysis of the subgroups who made up the sample showed that one group (n = 21), who swam for a hard driving, verbally abusive coach, had elevated Anger scores (56). This served to push the total sample above the 50th T score. This study, therefore, shows that (a) the Profile of Mood States can be used with adolescents, (b) that swimmers also show the iceberg profile, and (c) that giving the Profile to various subgroups within a team can help identify problems a specific group may be having.
Optical wavelength-modulation spectroscopy

Abstract Wavelength-modulation spectroscopy of solids is reviewed. The construction of a wavelength-modulation spectrometer is described and several examples on its applications to solids are given. It is shown that the results of Pseudopotential calculations agree well with the experimental observations. The wavelength-modulation spectrometer can also be used to detect with high sensitivity small changes in a spectrum induced by an external perturbation.
The Neural Bases of Placebo Effects in Pain

Placebo effects are beneficial effects of treatment caused not by the biological action of the treatment but by one's response to the treatment process itself. One possible mechanism of placebo treatments is that they create positive expectations, which change one's appraisal of the situation and may thereby shape sensory and emotional processing. Recent brain-imaging evidence suggests that placebo-induced expectations of analgesia increase activity in the prefrontal cortex in anticipation of pain and decrease the brain's response to painful stimulation. These findings suggest that placebo treatments can alter experience, not just alter what participants are willing to report about pain. To the extent that they involve neural systems mediating expectancy and appraisal, placebo effects in pain may share common circuitry with placebo effects in depression, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders.
Water permeability in the pacific hagfish Polistotrema stouti and the staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus

Abstract 1. 1. Water influx constants for Polistotrema stouti and Leptocottus armatus were calculated. a. Polistotrema stouti —3.81 ± 0.70/hr. b. Leptocottus armatus —0.31 ± 0.10/hr. 2. 2. The physiological and evolutionary significance of these values are discussed.
Weight Criterion on Flow Control in Level Flight

F LOW control may potentially offer a tremendous economical benefit, particularly in aviation. Extensive effort has been made to understand the physics of flow control, development of various actuators, control methodology, wind-tunnel tests, and computational fluid dynamics simulations [1,2]. However, the net benefit of a flow control system that adds an extra weight to an aircraft in flight has not been quantitatively evaluated, although people are always aware of the weight penalty. To address this basic problem, this note gives a weight criterion for flow control in level flight by assessing a reduction of the power required for flight by a flow control system. The weight criterion is applied, as an illustrating example, to drag reduction by normal injection, and the benefit margin is given as a function of a number of the parameters such as the mean aircraft weight, relative control systemweight, pressure difference, injection area ratio, and control power density ratio.