cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sources of Walleye Recruitment in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

Abstract Historically, the fishery for walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in Saginaw Bay was among the largest in the Great Lakes, second only to that of Lake Erie, but it collapsed in 1944 because of a series of year-class failures attributed to degradation of spawning habitat and declines in water quality. I determined the condition and use of reef habitat by spawning walleyes (thought to be historically important for reproduction) and the contributions to recruitment by hatchery walleyes, which were stocked as fingerlings beginning in the early 1980s. Reef surveys confirmed that nearly all inner bay reefs were of low quality, apparently degraded by sedimentation. Reef habitat quality in the outer portion of the bay and two marginal reefs in the southeastern portion of the bay was reasonably good, but the reefs were used only sparsely by walleyes. Oxytetracycline-marked hatchery fish composed an average of 79% of the locally produced recruits of the 1997, 1998, and 1999 year-classes. I concluded that the mod...
Sodium nitrite supplementation improves motor function and skeletal muscle inflammatory profile in old male mice

Aging is associated with motor declines that lead to functional limitations and disability, necessitating the development of therapies to slow or reverse these events. We tested the hypothesis that...
The Role of Professional Religious Workers in A State University

(1959). The Role of Professional Religious Workers in A State University. Religious Education: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 122-124.
THIP, a Selective Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Agonist, Alters Flash-Evoked Potentials in Rats

Abstract This study examined the effects of the GABAA agonist THIP on flash-evoked potentials (FEPs) recorded from the primary visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) of chronically implanted hooded rats. Animals were given IP injections of saline, and of 8, 16, and 24 mg THIP/kg body weight on separate days. Evoked potentials were recorded at 5, 20, and 35 min following injection. Animals were tested at a standard (22.5°C) room temperature. Most significant effects were observed at the 20- and 35-min recording intervals for both the 16 and 24 mg/kg doses, with effects at the 24 mg/kg dose the most pronounced. VC P1 amplitude remained unchanged, while N1 was reduced to such an extent that it became positive, ultimately blending into the rising phase of a positive component appearing between N1 and P2. This positive component had a latency of about 6 ms longer than N1, and became larger in amplitude than P1 at the 24 mg/kg dose. P2 amplitude was drastically reduced, becoming negative. In contrast, components N2 and P3 were augmented, while the amplitude of N3 was unchanged. In the SC, P1 was augmented while P3 was reduced in amplitude. A biphasic (increase/decrease) effect was observed in the N4 complex. In both the VC and SC, latencies of most components were increased, with the late components in the VC increased to the greatest extent. A mild hypothermia was observed at 16 and 24 mg/kg. The results suggest that the GABAA receptor plays an important role in the elaboration of the middle (N1–P2) components of FEPs recorded from the rat VC, and that GABAergic mechanisms can influence other components in the VC and SC as well.
Cosolvent Effect on Goethite Surface Protonation

Extensive research has been conducted on the surface acidity of hydrous metal oxides in aqueous solutions. However, little information is available on mineral surface acidities in mixed solvent solutions. The present study examined goethite surface protonation in acetone−water and methanol−water mixtures with potentiometric titrimetry. Surface acidity constants, K+int = [XOH2+]eFΨ/RT/[XOH][H+] and K-int = [H+][XO-]e-FΨ/RT/[XOH], were calculated using constant capacitance and diffuse-layer models. The number of apparent surface sites increased with increasing cosolvent content. Linear log K+int vs 1/(dielectric constant e) was observed. Simple electrostatic correction using a modified Born equation adequately predicted changes of K+int from water to mixed solvents. Changes in K-int were less tractable, however, showing nonlinearity with 1/e.
A Case of Political Underdevelopment

T HE ABUNDANCE OF BOTH DATA and theory in political development today makes it a fascinating field, but the gap between them continues to frustrate its students.1 What follows is an attempt to explore this gap by trying to harness both data and theory to the study of development in the single state. The case selected for examination is Lebanon, but this is unimportant for the main interest here is methodological. The basic object is to employ comparative quantitative data to illuminate the relation between social mobilization and political development.
On the singularity of matrices

If B is a singular complex matrix, there is a singular C whose entries are the same magnitude as those of B, and all but two of Cs entries are real.
Electronic and structural variation among copper(II) complexes with substituted phenanthrolines.

A series of copper(II) complexes with substituted phenanthroline ligands has been synthesized and characterized electronically and structurally. The compounds that have been prepared include the mo...
Concomitant Castleman's Disease Sarcoidosis

Abstract Castleman’s disease (CD) is an atypical lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue that may develop at a single site or throughout the body. This disorder has frequently been associated with several systemic syndromes, including human immunodeficiency virus infection, polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome and various connective tissue diseases. However there have been no previously reported cases of concomitant sarcoidosis and CD. In this report, the authors describe a young woman with an enlarging neck mass, biopsy of which showed histopathological features consistent with the hyaline vascular type of CD along with the presence of non-necrotizing granulomas and was deemed unresectable due to encasement of vital neural and vascular structures. Further studies revealed hypermetabolic generalized lymphadenopathy with pulmonary perilymphatic nodules. Bronchoscopic investigations demonstrated the presence of non-necrotizing granulomas within the lung parenchyma and mediastinal lymph nodes, a CD4 + T-lymphocyte predominant bronchoalveolar lavage and an elevated CD4/CD8 ratio consistent with a concomitant diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Institution of immunosuppression with prednisone and methotrexate led to reduction in size of the neck mass that allowed radical curative resection of the CD.
The remote environmental assessment laboratory's acoustic library: An archive for studying soundscape ecology

Abstract Acoustic signals constitute a source of information that can be used to measure the spatial and temporal distributions of vocal organisms in ecosystems. Measuring and tracking those species that produce sounds can reveal important information about the environment. Acoustic signals have been used for many years to census vocal organisms. Moreover, acoustics can be used to compute indexes for measuring biodiversity and the level of anthropogenic disturbance. We developed the software and system that automate the process of cataloging acoustic sensor observations into the Remote Environmental Assessment Laboratory (REAL) digital library that can be accessed through a website ( http://lib.real.msu.edu ). The REAL digital library enables access and analysis of collected acoustic sensor observations. We report on current library status and the mechanisms that enable the selection, extraction and analysis of acoustic data to support investigations on automating species census as well as measuring diversity and disturbance. We implemented numeric and symbolic search mechanisms and unsupervised learning techniques to ease retrieval of acoustic information, including recordings and processed data, pertinent to visitor goals.
The role of dephasing in some recent theories of quantum localization

We consider the transport of electrons or excitons through a random environment in the presence of constant site off‐diagonal dephasing processes. It is shown that dephasing of this form will always defeat Anderson localization at long times. Some recent theories of quantum localization which depend upon such dephasing processes are, therefore, seen to be inconsistent.
Pharmacoeconomics and medical outcomes in pain managment

M EDICAL OUTCOMES as the measure of quality of medical care dates back to the founding of the American College of Surgeons in the early 1910s. The increased focus on better tracking of outcomes over the last 15 years and the improved ability to collect, monitor, and compare large databases of information are adding momentum to the effort to find the best medical treatments for common symptoms such as pain. The practice of anesthesia continues to face many demands for better technology, lower costs, and improved patient outcomes. The environment is imposing fighter fiscal constraints in our current health care system. Medical outcome studies are required to determine if a new treatment is safer and more effective than established treatments. A new drug must be shown to be either superior in achieving the desired effect or associated with a decreased incidence of side effects compared with the drug it is replacing. No longer can anecdotal experiences or physician preferences be the only determinants of treatment decisions. In addition to establishing the risk, benefits, and effectiveness of anesthesia and pain management by medical outcome studies, the costs and cost determinants must be analyzed in pharmacoeconomic studies because this is an era of unprecedented economic constraints in health care. Most anesthesia and pain control studies have examined the medical advantages of alternate drugs or technologies but have ignored their cost. In a survey of 1991 anesthesia literature, Johnstone I found that only 2% of clinical investigations and 1% of scientific abstracts included any useful cost information. As we undertake the analysis of these costs, intellectual honesty will require that we (1) corn
Putting the puzzle together: apparel professionals' perspectives on creativity

The purpose of this study was to understand the role of creativity within the apparel industry by exploring experiences and perspectives of industry professionals. This research investigated: (1) how the industry insiders understood creativity and (2) how they utilised it in their careers. In-depth, structured interviews were used to collect the data. A total of 28 professionals in diverse positions employed in various apparel-related organisations participated in the study. A phenomenological interpretation of the data resulted in three topical areas that allowed mapping the creativity phenomenon to facilitate a deeper understanding of its nature, manifestation and outcomes. The mapping process resulted in a creativity framework that may be used for developing creative thinking skills and opens up new research venues.
Complete Genome of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Myophage Maynard.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a pathogenic bacterium that has been a major concern for food and public safety. Phages infecting S. Typhimurium may prove to be useful therapeutics against this harmful bacterium. Here, we announce the complete genome of S. Typhimurium T4-like myophage Maynard and describe its features.
The Laplace operator on a hyperbolic manifold I. Spectral and scattering theory

Using techniques of stationary scattering theory for the Schrodinger equation, we show absence of singular spectrum and obtain incoming and outgoing spectral representations for the Laplace-Beltrami operator on manifolds Mn arising as the quotient of hyperbolic n-dimensional space by a geometrically finite, discrete group of hyperbolic isometries. We consider manifolds Mn of infinite volume. In subsequent papers, we will use the techniques developed here to analytically continue Eisenstein series for a large class of discrete groups, including some groups with parabolic elements.
Evaluation of sub-component alternatives in product design processes

Abstract In this paper, a sub-component selection methodology for product design is described. The described technique incorporates the analytic hierarchy process and linear goal programming into the process of evaluating alternatives for sub-components and parts, which enables the design of products by satisfying customer, technical, and financial requirements. Also, an additional comparison technique for comparing sub-component alternatives is developed, called “scoring matrix”. In this technique, pair-wise comparisons are performed within one matrix for all possible criteria to measure the strength of one-to-one relationship between sub-component alternatives. This technique is more appropriate than traditional analytical hierarchy process in addressing problems such as the comparison of sub-component alternatives. An illustrative example demonstrates the application of our methodology to the design of a computer system.
An Evaluation of the Rate of Reproduction of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Reared on Gibberellin-Treated Bean Plants

An investigation was established to determine if populations of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus telarius (L.), were affected when reared on Tendergreen variety of snap beans treated with gibberellin. Five treatments of gibberellin were evaluated utilizing the excised leaf-disc method. Four mite-disc arrangements were included in each treatment. There were significant reductions in mite populations on plants treated with certain gibberellin applications. There appeared to be differences resulting from factors other than direct plant growth. The rate of reproduction of mites was low on treated plants, but rose rapidly and became almost normal when these mites were returned to untreated plants. Mites raised on untreated plants and transferred to treated plants showed a drop in reproduction within one generation.
Enabling autonomic computing on federated advanced cyberinfrastructures

We present a federation model to support the dynamic federation of resources and autonomic management mechanisms that coordinate multiple workflows to use resources based on objectives. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and autonomic mechanisms through the discussion of representative use case application scenarios, and from these experiences, we discuss that such a federation model can support new types of application formulations.
Characterization of the carbohydrate specificity of serum lectins from the scorpion Hadrurus arizonensis Stahnke

1. 1. Hadrurus arizonensis serum lectins were found to be heterogeneous in specificity but all fractions bound sialoconjugates bearing terminal oligosaccharides NANA(NGNA)-α-2-3(6)Gal- and NAN(NGNA)-α-2-6-GalNAc. 2. 2. The oligosaccharide NANA-α-2-8-NANA- from colominic acid was not recognized by any of H. arizonensis lectin fractions. 3. 3. No galactosyl-binding lectins were detected in H. arizonensis, but were earlier observed in scorpions Androctonus australis and Centruroides sculpturatus, from the Buthidae family. 4. 4. In this respect the serological behaviour of H. arizonensis lectin was similar to those from other American Vaejovidae species studied previously: Vaejovis spinigerus and Paruroctonus mesaensis. 5. 5. These results and our former studies suggest that sialic acid-binding serum lectins are ubiquitous within the Chelicerata species studied so far.
Alignment of perceived needs across levels of a community

Abstract Youth-focused comprehensive community initiatives (CCIs) exist to create the conditions so all young people may have the developmental supports needed to thrive. Research shows alignment is a key ingredient for meaningful change in a community. The current study discusses the theoretical basis for the importance of alignment, and provides a method to measure alignment of perceived needs in the community using semi-structured interview data. Our results suggest a method of using the perceptions of multiple stakeholders to reveal that there are alignments and misalignments across the levels of a community. Direct service providers (DSP) and families had the most alignment, while the least alignment was between the CCI leadership and families. Further, DSP and families stressed basic needs (such as needing to pay bills and buy food, or needing transportation), while CCI leadership stressed the need for the creation and/or implementation of academic programmatic efforts to ensure positive developmental outcomes.
Prayer and reverence in naturalistic, aesthetic, and socio-moral contexts predicted fewer complications following coronary artery bypass

This prospective study explores prayer, reverence, and other aspects of faith in postoperative complications and hospital length of stay of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Alongside traditional religiousness measures, we examined sense of reverence in religious and secular contexts. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 177 patients 2 weeks before surgery at a medical center. Medical variables were retrieved from the national Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ Database. Logistic and multiple regression models were performed to predict outcomes. Prayer frequencies were associated with reduced complications but not hospitalization. Sense of reverence in secular contexts predicted fewer complications and shorter hospitalization. Controlling for complications reduced the initial influence of reverence on hospitalization, suggesting the potential mediation of complications. No interaction between demographics and faith factors was evident. The role of faith in medicine is complex and context-dependent. Future studies are needed on mediating factors.
A SURVEY COURSE AND PERIOD COURSES IN SPANISH-AMERICAN LITERATURE

Author's Summary,— Available texts now make possible a modest survey course in Spanish-American literature, plus at least two special courses. Detailed suggestions, especially bibliographical.
An Approach to Data Confidentiality Protection in Cloud Environments

In current cloud computing systems, because users' data is stored and processed by computing systems managed and operated by various service providers, users are concerned with the risks of unauthorized usage of their sensitive data by various entities, including service providers. The current cloud computing systems protect users' data confidentiality from all entities, except service providers. In this paper, an approach is presented for improving the protection of users' data confidentiality in cloud computing systems from all entities, including service providers. The authors' approach has the following features: 1 separation of cloud application providers, data processing service providers and data storage providers, 2 anonymization of users' identities, 3 grouping cloud application components and distributing their execution to distinct cloud infrastructures of data processing service providers, and 4 use of data obfuscation and cryptography for protecting the sensitive data from unauthorized access by all entities, including service providers. The proposed approach ensures that users' sensitive data can be protected from their service providers even if the users do not have full cooperation from their service providers.
Role of a tryptophan anchor in human topoisomerase I structure, function and inhibition

Human topoisomerase I (Top1) relaxes supercoiled DNA during cell division and transcription. Top1 is composed of 765 amino acids (aa) and contains an unstructured N-terminal domain of 200 aa, and a structured functional domain of 565 aa that binds and relaxes supercoiled DNA. Here we examined the region spanning the junction of the N-terminal domain and functional domain (junction region). Analysis of several published Top1 structures [Redinbo, M.R., Stewart, L., Champoux, J. J., Hol, W. G., 1999, J. Mol. Biol. 292, 685-96 and Staker, B. L., Hjerrild, K., Feese, M. D., Behnke, C. A., Burgin, A. B., Jr., Stewart, L., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 15387-92] revealed that three Trp formed a network of aromatic stacking interactions and electrostatic interactions that anchored the N-terminus of the functional domain to sub-domains containing the nose cone and active site. Mutation of the three Trp (203/205/206) to Ala either individually, or together, in silico revealed that the individual Trp's contribution to the Trp “anchor” were additive. When the three Trp were mutated to Ala in vitro, the resulting mutant Top1 differed from wild-type Top1 in that it lacked processivity, exhibited resistance to camptothecin, and was inactivated by urea. The results indicate that the Trp anchor stabilizes the N-terminus of the functional domain and prevents the loss of Top1 structure and function.
On the cephalometrics of skeletal change

This essay introduces the general tensor analysis of skeletal change for landmark data. Consider first a single triangle of landmarks at two times. Joint changes in the lengths of its sides, or in the positions of its vertices according to some coordinate system, may be taken to specify a uniform deformation of the entire interior. The biorthogonal method expresses this by a pair of principal dilatations--maximum and minimum rates of change in length--along directions lying at 90 degrees in some orientation upon the triangle. No analysis of static form is involved in their calculation, which measures shape change without measuring shape. From this basic biorthogonal decomposition, we pass by a suitable averaging to descriptions of mean change in groups of diverse initial form and subsequently to explicit comparison of two mean changes, such as "treatment effect," all in the same parameters: two dilatations and an orientation. Schemes of more than three landmarks may be analyzed by reduction to triangles. I exemplify the method using data from Sheldon Baumrind's study of Angle Class II treatment effects. With respect to the growth observed in a "control" group of untreated Class II cases, both "cervical" (headgear) and "intraoral" (activator) appliances have the effect of compression a facial polygon horizontally (parallel to S-N) by about 1 percent per year and extending it vertically (perpendicular to S-N) by about 1 percent per day. These effects are slightly larger for the cervical treatment, which also causes an increase in the distance from nasion to the line sella-ANS (that is, "rotates the face downward") by some 1 percent per year relative to the growth observed in the controls.
Jet aircraft air pollutant production and dispersion

Air polluting nitric oxide and soot production by jet aircraft, discussing mixing process and atmospheric dispersion
Agrammatic aphasic production and comprehension of unaccusative verbs in sentence contexts

This study examined the Argument Structure Complexity Hypothesis (ASCH, [J. Neuroling. 16 (2003) 151]), by investigating agrammatic aphasic comprehension and elicited production of two types of intransitive verbs (i.e. unergatives and unaccusatives) in sentence contexts. The ASCH attributes production difficulty frequently observed in agrammatic aphasia to the argument structure entries of verbs, stating that verbs with a more complex argument structure (in terms of the number and type of arguments) are more difficult for agrammatic aphasic patients to produce than those with a less complex argument structure. Results showed that eight agrammatic aphasic subjects had production difficulty with unaccusative verb sentences, as compared to unergatives, in the face of near-normal comprehension of both sentence types. These findings support the ASCH that predicts production difficulty with sentences involving unaccusatives with more complex argument structures. Error patterns observed also indicated successful lemma access in that the full array of verb argument structures were produced during sentence attempts, suggesting that complex argument structures hinder appropriate processing after the lemma level.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pelvic Floor Disorders: What’s New and What to Do

New developments in the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic floor disorders have created a need for a concise synopsis for clinicians. Our aim is to critically review new diagnostic and treatment innovations rather than to comprehensively review this field.
Rethinking Allison's Models

The ideas in Graham Allison's Essence of Decision (1971) have had an enormous impact on the study and teaching of bureaucracy and foreign policy making. While Allison's work has received considerable critical attention, there has been surprisingly little examination of the content and internal logic of his models. We subject each of Allison's three models to a systematic critical analysis. Our conclusion is that the models require substantial reformulation.
Distribution Free Estimation of Heteroskedastic Binary Response Models Using Probit/Logit Criterion Functions

Abstract In this paper estimators for distribution free heteroskedastic binary response models are proposed. The estimation procedures are based on relationships between distribution free models with a conditional median restriction and parametric models (such as Probit/Logit) exhibiting (multiplicative) heteroskedasticity. The first proposed estimator is based on the observational equivalence between the two models, and is a semiparametric sieve estimator (see, e.g. Gallant and Nychka (1987) , Ai and Chen (2003) and Chen et al. (2005) ) for the regression coefficients, based on maximizing standard Logit/Probit criterion functions, such as NLLS and MLE. This procedure has the advantage that choice probabilities and regression coefficients are estimated simultaneously. The second proposed procedure is based on the equivalence between existing semiparametric estimators for the conditional median model ( Manski, 1975 , Manski, 1985 , Horowitz, 1992 ) and the standard parametric (Probit/Logit) NLLS estimator. This estimator has the advantage of being implementable with standard software packages such as Stata. Distribution theory is developed for both estimators and a Monte Carlo study indicates they both perform well in finite samples.
Growth of Au Nanowires at the Interface of Air/Water

Au nanowires were produced at the interface of air/water by immersing a Au coated platinum tip into the growth solution containing CTAB, HAuCl4, and ascorbic acid. The Au coating layer is composed of 10−30 nm Au islands and these Au islands initiated the growth of Au crystals, which further produced Au nanowires via the template effect of the aligned cationic surfactant CTAB monolayer at the interface.
Resisting the Unholy Alliance Between a University and a Prison Company: Implications for Faculty Governance in a Neoliberal Context

This critical case study of a decision to name a university’s football stadium after a private prison company is presented from an autoethnographic perspective to discuss individual and group responses to the decision. Highlighted in the analysis are implications for faculty governance. Readers are encouraged to consider how their own institution’s governance structures are equipped to address similar affronts to democratic governance and the moral obligation of a university committed to the public good. It is intended that the analysis of the reaction of one university will facilitate the opportunities for developing proactive agendas for safeguarding the role of universities as public spheres for democratic engagement.
Self-consistent theory of screening in a two dimensional electron gas under strong magnetic field

Abstract The dielectric response of a two dimensional electron gas under a strong transverse magnetic field is obtained within a self-consistent procedure in which the broadening of Landau levels due to collisional damping from the impurities both determines and is determined by the static dielectric function of the system. The dielectric function is evaluated in random phase approximation with the impurity scattering treated in a self-consistent Born approximation. Explicit results are presented for the zero temperature, extreme quantum limit. It is found that this “no parameter” theory is in good qualitative agreement with experimental results for the broadening as extracted from magnetotransport data.
ATF6 and Thrombospondin 4 The Dynamic Duo of the Adaptive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response

Thrombospondins are secreted, nonstructural, extracellular matrix proteins that are upregulated in the heart and other tissues in response to ischemic injury and pathology. Roles for thrombospondins after they are secreted have been examined in a variety of disease models, including myocardial pathology. However, a recent study published in the journal Cell shifts this paradigm by focusing on roles for intracellular thrombospondins; these authors showed that thrombospondin 4 (Thbs4) can function from within cells to protect the heart by enhancing adaptive aspects of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response that are mediated by activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Although this study was performed in the cardiac context, the results add to our understanding of protein folding and quality control in all tissues. Moreover, the findings underscore the potential widespread therapeutic benefit of enhancing adaptive responses that are regulated by ATF6. The study by Lynch et al,1 which was performed in the laboratory of Dr Jeffery Molkentin, used a series of molecular approaches, including in vivo gain-of-function and loss-of-function models in mice, to demonstrate new roles for Thbs4 in the management of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein quality control in the heart. The ER is the site of synthesis and folding of most secreted and membrane proteins, which constitute at least 35% of all proteins.2 Secreted and membrane proteins are synthesized by ER-bound ribosomes, cotranslationally translocated across the ER membrane, and folded in the lumen of the ER, after which they are transported to the Golgi, where they are sorted to their final destinations.3,4 The ER lumen is populated with chaperones, protein disulfide isomerases, protein oxidoreductases, and other proteins that are responsible for the proper protein folding. This elaborate machinery requires an optimal ER environment for efficient protein folding. Conditions such as myocardial ischemia, hypertrophy, and heart failure alter …
Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy Study of Thin Film Diamond

We have demonstrated the applicability of DLTS to semiconducting diamond thin films. This paper includes details on the capacitance-voltage measurements, the DLTS spectrum and the DLTS spectra as a function of bias. Our study was done with an aluminum Schottky contact on polycrystalline diamond film. We found a strong temperature dependence of the Schottky diode capacitance with a reduction of effective dopant concentration from 4 × 1014 cm−3 at 300K to 2 × 1014 cm−3 at 200K. The DLTS signal had a good signal to noise ratio, characteristic line-shape and clear peaks. The trap concentration was 8 × 1013 cm−3 (at 400/s rate window) with an activation energy of 0.31 eV and a capture cross section of 1.15 × 10−18 cm−2. The spectra showed a bias dependence of peak height and position.
Detection Distances to Crosswalk Markings: Transverse Lines, Continental Markings, and Bar Pairs

The objective of this study was to investigate the relative daytime and nighttime visibility of three crosswalk marking patterns (transverse lines, continental markings, and bar pairs). In general, this study collected information on the distance from the crosswalk when the participant verbally indicated its presence. The 78 participants were about evenly divided between male and female groups and between younger (<55 years) and older (≥55 years) groups. The study was conducted with instrumented vehicles on an open road route on the Texas A&M University campus during November 2009. Data were collected during two periods: daytime (sunny and clear or partly cloudy) and nighttime (street lighting on). Markings were installed for this study at nine midblock locations. The detection distances for bar pairs and continental markings were similar, and they were statistically longer than the detection distances for the transverse markings, both day and night.
Runtime Verification for High-Confidence Systems: A Monte Carlo Approach

We present a new approach to runtime verication that utilizes classical statistical techniques such as Monte Carlo simulation, hypothesis testing, and condence interval estimation. Our algorithm, MCM, uses sampling-policy automata to vary its sampling rate dynamically as a function of the current condence it has in the correctness of the deployed system. We implemented MCM within the Aristotle tool environment, an extensible, GCC-based architecture for instrumenting C programs for the purpose of runtime monitoring. For a case study involving the dynamic allocation and deallocation of objects in the Linux kernel, our experimental results show that Aristotle reduces the runtime overhead due to monitoring, which is initially high when condence is low, to levels low enough to be acceptable in the long term as condence in the monitored system grows.
Tackling the Path Explosion Problem in Symbolic Execution-Driven Test Generation for Programs

Symbolic techniques have been shown to be very effective in path-based test generation, however, they fail to scale to large programs due to the exponential number of paths to be explored. In this paper, we focus on tackling this path explosion problem and propose search strategies to achieve quick branch coverage under symbolic execution, while exploring only a fraction of paths in the program. We present a reach ability-guided strategy that makes use of the reach ability graph of the program to explore unvisited portions of the program and a conflict-driven backtracking strategy that utilizes conflict analysis to perform nonchronological backtracking. We present experimental evidence that these strategies can significantly reduce the search space and improve the speed of test generation for programs.
Publicly Funded Clinical Trials and the Future of Cancer Care

Publicly sponsored trials, conducted primarily by cooperative groups sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, and commercially sponsored trials are necessary to create new knowledge, improve the care of oncology patients, and develop new drugs and devices. Commercial sponsors launch clinical trials that will result in drug approval, label extension, expansion of market share, and an increase in shareholder value. Conversely, publicly sponsored trials seek to optimize therapy for a particular disease, create new knowledge, and improve public health; these trials can also result in label extension of a drug and even in initial drug approval. Publicly sponsored trials may combine and/or compare drugs developed by different commercial sponsors, develop multimodality therapies (e.g., the combination of chemotherapy and radiation), or develop novel treatment schedules or routes of drug administration (e.g., intraperitoneal chemotherapy). Publicly sponsored trials are more likely to focus on therapies for rare diseases and to study survivorship and quality of life; these areas may not be a priority for commercial entities. Screening and prevention strategies have been developed almost exclusively by the public sector given the large sample size and long follow-up period needed to complete the trial and, therefore, the lack of short-term commercial gain. Finally, given the public nature of the funding, clinical investigators are expected to publish their results even if the outcomes are unfavorable for the investigational therapy. With the ongoing reorganization of the cooperative groups to form a national clinical trials network, opportunities exist to create a robust platform for biomarker discovery and validation through the expanded collection of well-annotated biospecimens obtained from clinical trial participants. Thus, publicly funded trials are vital to developing and refining new cancer treatments and disseminating results to the medical community and the general public.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XVI. Eponymy in Psychology: Early versus Recent Textbooks

A survey was conducted on the frequency of usage of psychologists' names in early introductory psychology textbooks (1920–1939) and recent introductory psychology textbooks (1968–1971) in order to assess differences between these periods. Using eponymy indexes, such as naming ratios which were derived from frequency of naming divided by textbook pages, a methodology was developed for comparing early and recent textbooks. Results showed that: (1) the average naming ratio for early textbooks was significantly lower than the ratio for recent textbooks; (2) there were significant differences in naming between early and recent textbooks in terms of various chapter headings and subject materials; and (3) there were significant differences in naming particular psychologists, e.g., Freud and Pavlov, with greater frequency occurring in the recent over the early textbooks. Results were discussed within the context of E. G. Boring's writings concerning eponymy and the future state of psychology.
Shifts in bryophyte carbon isotope ratio across an elevation × soil age matrix on Mauna Loa, Hawaii: do bryophytes behave like vascular plants?

The carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of vascular plant leaf tissue is determined by isotope discrimination, primarily mediated by stomatal and mesophyll diffusion resistances and by photosynthetic rate. These effects lead to predictable trends in leaf δ13C across natural gradients of elevation, irradiance and nutrient supply. Less is known about shifts in δ13C for bryophytes at landscape scale, as bryophytes lack stomata in the dominant gametophyte phase, and thus lack active control over CO2 diffusion. Twelve bryophyte species were sampled across a matrix of elevation and soil ages on Mauna Loa, Hawaii Island. We tested hypotheses based on previous findings for vascular plants, which tend to have less negative δ13C at higher elevations or irradiances, and for leaves with higher leaf mass per area (LMA). Across the matrix, bryophytes spanned the range of δ13C values typical of C3 vascular plants. Bryophytes were remarkably similar to vascular plants in exhibiting less negative δ13C with increasing elevation, and with lower overstory cover; additionally δ13C was related to bryophyte canopy projected mass per area, a trait analogous to LMA in vascular plants, also correlated negatively with overstory cover. The similarity of responses of δ13C in bryophytes and vascular plants to environmental factors, despite differing morphologies and diffusion pathways, points to a strong direct role of photosynthetic rate in determining δ13C variation at the landscape scale. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1903-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Interferon-γ-activated STAT-1α suppresses MMP-9 gene transcription by sequestration of the coactivators CBP/p300

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in aspects of immune regulation, cell proliferation, and host defense mechanisms directed toward various cancers. Some of the biological functions of IFN-gamma are achieved through inhibition of gene expression, although the mechanisms by which IFN-gamma suppresses gene transcription are poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate the molecular basis by which IFN-gamma mediates suppression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene. IFN-gamma-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha (STAT-1alpha) suppresses MMP-9 gene transcription, which is dependent on phosphorylation of tyrosine 701 but not phosphorylation of serine 727. The coactivator cyclic AMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) is an important component of induction of MMP-9 gene transcription. IFN-gamma induces the in vivo association of STAT-1alpha and CBP and decreases the association of CBP to the MMP-9 promoter. IFN-gamma does not influence the stability of CBP nor does IFN-gamma affect chromatin-remodeling events on the MMP-9 promoter. IFN-gamma inhibits the assembly of the MMP-9 transcription complex by suppressing H3/H4 acetylation and inhibiting recruitment of Pol II to the MMP-9 promoter. These findings indicate that IFN-gamma/STAT-1alpha exert their inhibitory effects by affecting multiple aspects of MMP-9 gene transcription.
Possible functions of contextual modulations and receptive field nonlinearities: pop-out and texture segmentation

When analyzing a visual image, the brain has to achieve several goals quickly. One crucial goal is to rapidly detect parts of the visual scene that might be behaviorally relevant, while another one is to segment the image into objects, to enable an internal representation of the world. Both of these processes can be driven by local variations in any of several image attributes such as luminance, color, and texture. Here, focusing on texture defined by local orientation, we propose that the two processes are mediated by separate mechanisms that function in parallel. More specifically, differences in orientation can cause an object to “pop out” and attract visual attention, if its orientation differs from that of the surrounding objects. Differences in orientation can also signal a boundary between objects and therefore provide useful information for image segmentation. We propose that contextual response modulations in primary visual cortex (V1) are responsible for orientation pop-out, while a different kind of receptive field nonlinearity in secondary visual cortex (V2) is responsible for orientation-based texture segmentation. We review a recent experiment that led us to put forward this hypothesis along with other research literature relevant to this notion.
Risk factors for gastroschisis

The prevalence at birth of gastroschisis, a rare abnormality of the abdominal wall, appears to have increased over the past decade. To characterize risk factors that might explain this increase, birth certificates for Washington State residents were compared for 62 infants born with gastroschisis during the years 1984 to 1987 and 617 randomly selected unaffected infants matched for birth year. After simultaneously adjusting for 14 potential risk factors, 4 factors stood out. Infants born during January, February, or March were at greater risk than infants born in any other months (odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1, 4.1). Mothers less than 25 years old were at greater risk than mothers 25 years and older, with the highest risk to mothers less than 20 years old (odds ratio 4.1, 95% confidence interval 1.4, 12.0). Women who smoked during pregnancy were at greater risk than women who did not smoke (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.03, 3.8). Finally, mothers receiving inadequate prenatal care were at greater risk than mothers receiving adequate prenatal care (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 0.99, 4.6). Unidentified behavioral and environmental exposures may explain the associations with month of birth, maternal age, and prenatal care. However, smoking during pregnancy is a plausible risk factor that should be examined further as an explanation of the apparently increasing prevalence at birth of gastroschisis in developed nations.
Electrocatalytic Polysulfide Traps for Controlling Redox Shuttle Process of Li-S Batteries.

Stabilizing the polysulfide shuttle while ensuring high sulfur loading holds the key to realizing high theoretical energy of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, we present an electrocatalysis approach to demonstrate preferential adsorption of a soluble polysulfide species, formed during discharge process, toward the catalyst anchored sites of graphene and their efficient transformation to long-chain polysulfides in the subsequent redox process. Uniform dispersion of catalyst nanoparticles on graphene layers has shown a 40% enhancement in the specific capacity over pristine graphene and stability over 100 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.3% at a current rate of 0.2 C. Interaction between electrocatalyst and polysulfides has been evaluated by conducting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron microscopy studies at various electrochemical conditions.
Plaintext side channels in TLS Chiphertex

This paper describes several techniques that can exploit plaintext side-channels, namely the length of ciphertext along with human factors. Those side-channels are explored in this work to recover secret strings such as authentication cookies, and possibly passwords, from Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) traffic protected by Transport Layer Security (TLS). Other applications of those attacks allow for evading the SiteKey anti-fishing mechanism, recovering the answers to user-configured challenge questions, and tracking a user’s operations on the web applications of a web site. Previous research has demonstrated the danger of using data compression in conjunction with encryption. There are highly publicized attacks that exploit compression side-channels to recover authentication cookies from TLS protected HTTP traffic. Since then, data compression is disabled at web servers, and recent versions of web browsers have it disabled by default. TLS version 1.3 has entirely removed support for data compression. With all those countermeasures in place, the techniques that are described in this paper can cause a comparable level of compromise. The overall work was done as an ethical security assessment to analyze and validate the danger of plaintext side-channels without any particular connection to data compression.
High Performance Packet Processing with FlexNIC

The recent surge of network I/O performance has put enormous pressure on memory and software I/O processing sub systems. We argue that the primary reason for high memory and processing overheads is the inefficient use of these resources by current commodity network interface cards (NICs). We propose FlexNIC, a flexible network DMA interface that can be used by operating systems and applications alike to reduce packet processing overheads. FlexNIC allows services to install packet processing rules into the NIC, which then executes simple operations on packets while exchanging them with host memory. Thus, our proposal moves some of the packet processing traditionally done in software to the NIC, where it can be done flexibly and at high speed. We quantify the potential benefits of FlexNIC by emulating the proposed FlexNIC functionality with existing hardware or in software. We show that significant gains in application performance are possible, in terms of both latency and throughput, for several widely used applications, including a key-value store, a stream processing system, and an intrusion detection system.
A CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR CMG ROBUST FLEX FILTER DESIGN

In this paper, a simple and innovative robust flex filter design procedure is proposed. The proposed method converts the design task to a constrained optimization problem. The robust flex filter generated by this constrained optimization approach meets both flex inputoutput stability and robust margin requirements. Even though the proposed approach is demonstrated for the CMG robust flex filter design, it can be used for any other robust filter design with minor modifications.