cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PENGETAHUAN DAN PERILAKU KONSUMSI MAHASISWA PUTRA TINGKAT PERSIAPAN BERSAMA IPB TENTANG MONOSODIUM GLUTAMAT DAN KEAMANANNYA

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to analyze the knowledge and consumption behaviour of the first year boy students of IPB on Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and its safety. Data were collected using self administered questionnaire. Questionnaires were given to the students through cooperation with one of internal club in IPB’s Dormitory. There were 1 324 questionnaires that were given, but only 808 questionnaires were collected back and 24 of them not filled out completely. Thus there were 784 questionnaires that qualified to be research data. Knowledge on MSG and its safety was classified into 3 levels of knowledge, such as low ( 80% of total score). The results showed that most students have low level of knowledge on the MSG (81.4%) and it’s safety (94.3%). However, most of them frequently consume foods containing MSG (39—86%). Level of knowledge on MSG is not correlated to consumption behavior of MSG (p>0.05).Key words: consumption behavior, knowledge, Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengetahuan dan perilaku mahasiswa putra Tingkat Persiapan Bersama (TPB) IPB tentang Monosodium Glutamat (MSG) dan keamanannya. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang diisi sendiri oleh mahasiswa putra. Penyebaran kuesioner dilakukan melalui kerjasama dengan salah satu klub internal Asrama Putra TPB. Kuesioner survei diberikan kepada seluruh mahasiswa putra, yaitu sebanyak 1 324 orang. Jumlah mahasiswa yang mengisi kuesioner adalah 808 orang, namun 24 orang diantara- nya tidak mengisi kuesioner dengan lengkap sehingga diperoleh 784 orang sebagai subjek dalam penelitian ini. Tingkat pengetahuan tentang MSG dan keamanannya diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga, yaitu tingkat pengetahuan kurang (skor total 80%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa putra mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan yang rendah tentang MSG (81.4%) dan keamanan MSG (94.3%), namun sebagian besar dari mereka (39—86%) juga sering mengonsumsi makanan yang mengandung MSG. Pengetahuan tentang MSG dan keamanannya tidak berhubungan dengan perilaku konsumsi makanan yang mengandung MSG (p>0.05).Kata kunci: Monosodium Glutamat (MSG), pengetahuan, perilaku konsumsi
Shelf-Edge Delta Regime As A Predictor of Deep-Water Deposition

Abstract Shelf-edge delta depositional style and particularly the presence of river-dominated shelf-edge deltas is a reliable indicator of deep-water sand delivery, as documented by a dataset of some 29 shelf-margin clinoforms. Shelf-edge delta regime, defined as the sum of the effects of fluvial, tidal, wave, and other oceanographic currents impacting deltas as they arrive at the shelf edge is a key predictor for likelihood of sand transport off the shelf edge to deep water. Conventional sequence-stratigraphic concepts assume that delivery of sand to the deep water occurs primarily during falling and lowstand of relative sea level, and that basinward transport is associated with shelf-edge incision and sediment bypass. Recent analysis of outcrop and subsurface datasets has shown that sediment can also be transported to the deep water during rising and highstand of sea level provided sediment flux is high. In addition, some examples with documented shelf-edge entrenchment associated with sea-level fall did not deliver significant sand volumes to the deep water. In contrast to the emphasis given to sea level and supply, the role of the shelf-edge delta itself, and especially its process regime, has received relatively little attention. The data suggest that the behavior and process regime of the delta at the shelf edge is critical, except where shelf width is minimal.
Tourette's Syndrome and Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyper activity: Are They Genetically Related?

Based on a series of 250 consecutive, unselected patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS), all examined in a prospective manner, we address the relationship between TS and attention deficit disorder (ADD) with hyperactivity. ADD with hyperactivity was present in 62% of TS male patients under 21 years of age. Examination of family pedigrees suggested that the TS gene could be expressed as ADD with hyperactivity but without tics. In 91 patients with hyperactivity sufficient information was available to determine the duration from onset of hyperactivity to onset of TS symptoms. The mean was 3.0 years. For 18 patients treated with stimulants before the onset of tics (Group IIA: hyperactivity stimulant medication tics) this duration was 5.3 years. For 35 patients treated with stimulants after the onset of tics (Group IIB: hyperactivity tics stimulant medication) this duration was 1.6 years. The presence of a positive family history for TS was not significantly different in these two groups—72.2% vs. 78.8%. When all patients with a simultaneous onset of hyperactivity and tics were removed from Group IIB, the duration from onset of hyperactivity to tics was 4.0 years, still less than in Group IIA. The combined data suggest that patients with hyperactivity who develop tics after treatment with stimulants had ADD due to a TS gene and probably would have developed tics without stimulant treatment.
Real-time reach planning for animated characters using hardware acceleration

We present a heuristic-based real-time reach planning algorithm for virtual human figures. Given the start and goal positions in a 3D workspace, our problem is to compute a collision-free path that specifies all the configurations for a human arm to move from the start to the goal. Our algorithm consists of three modules: spatial search, inverse kinematics, and collision detection. For the search module, instead of searching in joint configuration space like most existing motion planning methods do, we run a direct search in the workspace, guided by a heuristic distance-to-goal evaluation function. The inverse kinematics module attempts to select natural posture configurations for the arm along the path found in the workspace. During the search, candidate configurations will be checked for collisions taking advantage of the graphics hardware-depth buffer. The algorithm is fast and easy to implement. It allows real-time planning not only in static, structured environments, but also in dynamic, unstructured environments. No preprocessing and prior knowledge about the environment is required. Several examples are shown illustrating the competence of the planner at generating motion plans for a typical human arm model with seven degrees of freedom.
Learning Styles and Learning to Read A Critique

This paper examines the application of learning styles to the teaching of reading. The learning styles approach is based on the premise that learning styles can be assessed and the results can be used to determine instructional methods. Viewed in a historical context, learning style is not a new educational trend, but an extension of the well-worn process approaches that have been largely discredited. The application of learning styles to the teaching of reading is critiqued in light of four factors: (a) inability to adequately assess learning styles, (I$ failure to acknowledge the necessity of phonics instruction for beginning readers, (c) failure to consider the nature of reading disabilities, and (d) lack of convincing research. This critique suggests that the use of learning styles to prescribe methods of reading instruction must be viewed with skebticism.
Mutations Associated with Reduced Surotomycin Susceptibility in Clostridium difficile and Enterococcus Species

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an urgent public health concern causing considerable clinical and economic burdens. CDI can be treated with antibiotics, but recurrence of the disease following successful treatment of the initial episode often occurs. Surotomycin is a rapidly bactericidal cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that is in clinical trials for CDI treatment and that has demonstrated superiority over vancomycin in preventing CDI relapse. Surotomycin is a structural analogue of the membrane-active antibiotic daptomycin. Previously, we utilized in vitro serial passage experiments to derive C. difficile strains with reduced surotomycin susceptibilities. The parent strains used included ATCC 700057 and clinical isolates from the restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) groups BI and K. Serial passage experiments were also performed with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. The goal of this study is to identify mutations associated with reduced surotomycin susceptibility in C. difficile and enterococci. Illumina sequence data generated for the parent strains and serial passage isolates were compared. We identified nonsynonymous mutations in genes coding for cardiolipin synthase in C. difficile ATCC 700057, enoyl-(acyl carrier protein) reductase II (FabK) and cell division protein FtsH2 in C. difficile REA type BI, and a PadR family transcriptional regulator in C. difficile REA type K. Among the 4 enterococcal strain pairs, 20 mutations were identified, and those mutations overlap those associated with daptomycin resistance. These data give insight into the mechanism of action of surotomycin against C. difficile, possible mechanisms for resistance emergence during clinical use, and the potential impacts of surotomycin therapy on intestinal enterococci.
Error-Aware Design

The universal underlying assumption made today is that systems on chip must maintain 100% correctness regardless of the application. This work advocates the concept that some applications - by construction - are inherently error tolerant and therefore do not require this strict bound of 100% correctness. In such cases, it is possible to exploit this tolerance by aggressively reducing the supply voltage, thereby reducing power consumption significantly. This approach is demonstrated on several case studies in imaging, video and wireless communication fields.
Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements of Prescription Medications Over the Internet

This study sought data on the impact of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements and both intentions and frequency to seek more information about the drug being advertised. Data were collected from 498 college students regarding intention to seek and how frequently they obtained more information about prescription medications. For intentions, grocery or pharmacy and radio advertisements were associated with lesser intentions. For frequency, Internet advertisements were associated, while newspaper and spam e-mail advertisements were not. Types of sources associated with seeking additional information were doctor, Internet, and 1-800 information numbers. A significant interaction existed for seeing Internet advertisements for drugs and then seeking additional information from a doctor and not from the Internet. In conclusion, Internet advertising is associated with seeking additional information from a reliable source such as a doctor.
Psychoneuroimmunology: Psychology's Gateway to the Biomedical Future

How do stressful events and negative emotions influence the immune system, and how big are the effects? This broad question has been intensely interesting to psychoneuroimmunology researchers over the last 3 decades. Many promising lines of work underscore the reasons why this question is still so important and pivotal to understanding and other advances. New multidisciplinary permutations provide fresh vistas and emphasize the importance of training psychologists more broadly so that they will be central and essential players in the advancement of biomedical science.
Neuroinformatics: A new tool for studying the brain

Abstract Background Central nervous system diseases constitute a major target for drug development. Genes expressed by the nervous system may represent half or more of the mammalian genome, with literally tens of thousands of gene products. Methods Better methods are therefore required to accelerate the pace of mapping gene expression patterns in the mouse brain and to evaluate the progressive phenotypic changes in genetic models of human brain diseases. Conclusions Recent studies of mouse models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease illustrate how such data could be used for drug development. Since these two diseases – especially Alzheimer's Disease – entail disordered behavior, cognition and emotions, the framework and the methodology described in this article might in the future find applications in research on affective disorders.
WE-A-204B-03: Image Guidance of Focused Ultrasound

Ultrasound can be focused to interact with tissues and deliver drugs deep within the body, without damage to overlying tissues. Image guidance is important for targeting therapy, ensuring treatment and safety, and for assessing therapy. Ultrasound imaging,magnetic resonance imaging,optical imaging, and PET are all being developed and evaluated for these tasks. This presentation will describe some current research areas in the image guidance of focused ultrasound. For tissue ablation, it is critically important to monitor tissue temperature. This is possible with both ultrasound imaging and MRI. A current research area concerns thermal ablations of moving organs, such as the liver and kidneys. We have developed a method for FUS ablation of abdominal organs including real‐time MR thermometry, organ and transducer tracking, and beam steering. There are a number of methods under investigation for the visualization of ablated tissue. Both ultrasound‐based and MR‐based acoustic radiation force imaging (ARFI) methods are potential candidates. ARFI relies on tissue displacement by the ultrasound beam, which is related to the tissue stiffness. Evaluating the change in tissue stiffness provides the spatial extent of the thermal ablation. Other evaluative imaging includes contrast enhanced MRI, which visualizes disruption of perfusion, and diffusion‐weighted MRI, which demonstrates a 30% decrease in ADC in the ablated tissue. The displacement visualized with ARFI is also proportional to the ultrasound intensity. Therefore, visualization of the focal spot can be done without a significant temperature rise. In the MR‐guided neurosurgical applications of focused ultrasound, this could allow the focal spot to be visualized more safely than with a small temperature rise required for MR thermometry visualization. In addition, it provides a means for image feedback when correcting phase aberrations from the skull. For drug delivery,image monitoring of delivery is being developed with MRI, PET, and optical imaging. Blood‐brain barrier opening can be detected with uptake of a gadolinium contrast agent on MR‐images. Investigators at UC Davis have shown that the drug shell can be visualized with PET, while the contents are visualized with optical imaging, to enable visualization of the drug release. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the basis for acoustic radiation force imaging and its applications 2. Understand the current research in the image guidance of focused ultrasound
Design and Fabrication of an Active Multiaxis Probing System for High Speed Atomic Force Microscopy

The design and fabrication of an active multiaxis probing system for high-speed atomic force microscopy is presented. The probing system employs a multiaxis compliant manipulator that is actuated by two magnetic actuators to control the tip position simultaneously along the vertical and the lateral directions. The manipulator is optimally designed to achieve high bandwidth actuation and large scanning range. A novel process to fabricate multiaxis compliant manipulators reliably by using focused ion beam milling is proposed. The fabricated active multiaxis probing system is demonstrated to have high bandwidth of actuation with the lateral and vertical resonance frequencies at 46.4 and 101.5 kHz, respectively. The lateral scanning range is estimated to be ~350 nm at a magnetic field of 20 × 10-4 T. It enables imaging rate of 10 frame/s with pixel resolution of 100 × 100 pixels.
EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF SPIRORCHIID INFECTION IN GREEN TURTLES (CHELONIA MYDAS) IN HAWAII

We describe the epizootiology of spirorchiid trematode infections in Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) by quantifying tissue egg burdens in turtles submitted for necropsy and by assessing antibody response to crude adult worm and egg antigens among a variety of age groups. Hapalotrema sp. and Laeredius sp. predominated in turtles infected with spirorchiids. Tissue egg burdens decreased with increasing size and increased with deteriorating body condition of turtles. No relationship was found between tissue egg burdens and sex or fibropapillomatosis status. Tissue egg burdens increased in turtles from southeast to northwest in the main Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii to Kauai). Hatchling and captive-reared turtles had significantly lower levels of antibodies against crude worm and egg antigens. Based on tissue egg burdens and antibody status, we hypothesize that immature turtles become infected with spirorchiids shortly after recruiting into coastal foraging pastures from the pelagic environment, that infection levels decrease with age, and that spirorchiids detrimentally affect the body condition of sea turtles independent of tumor burden. The low intensity of infection in turtles with the endemic trematode Carettacola hawaiiensis suggests either that turtles are less susceptible to infection with this parasite or that the parasite is outcompeted by species of Hapalotrema and Laeredius. Given that the 2 latter species are found in the Pacific and other oceans, they are not likely endemic and were probably introduced into Hawaii through an undetermined route.
A multiresolution stochastic process for image compression

We define a data structure called a "web" together with an algorithm to choose scale-space atoms for representing an image. The corresponding wavelet coefficients (of the atoms chosen using this method) have useful properties which lead to (i) the definition of a stochastic process for representing images and (ii) an efficient image compression algorithm. The advantage of our image compression algorithm is that the computational requirement is very low. The stochastic process is useful in a theoretical sense because it gives us a framework in which to understand images and certain image compression algorithms.
The neuropathology of sport

The benefits of regular exercise, physical fitness and sports participation on cardiovascular and brain health are undeniable. Physical activity reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and stroke, and produces beneficial effects on cholesterol levels, antioxidant systems, inflammation, and vascular function. Exercise also enhances psychological health, reduces age-related loss of brain volume, improves cognition, reduces the risk of developing dementia, and impedes neurodegeneration. Nonetheless, the play of sports is associated with risks, including a risk for mild TBI (mTBI) and, rarely, catastrophic traumatic injury and death. There is also growing awareness that repetitive mTBIs, such as concussion and subconcussion, can occasionally produce persistent cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric problems as well as lead to the development of a neurodegeneration, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In this review, we summarize the beneficial aspects of sports participation on psychological, emotional, physical and cognitive health, and specifically analyze some of the less common adverse neuropathological outcomes, including concussion, second-impact syndrome, juvenile head trauma syndrome, catastrophic sudden death, and CTE. CTE is a latent neurodegeneration clinically associated with behavioral changes, executive dysfunction and cognitive impairments, and pathologically characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy, neuronal and axonal loss, and abnormal deposits of paired helical filament (PHF)-tau and 43 kDa TAR deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding protein (TDP-43). CTE often occurs as a sole diagnosis, but may be associated with other neurodegenerative disorders, including motor neuron disease (CTE-MND). Although the incidence and prevalence of CTE are not known, CTE has been reported most frequently in American football players and boxers. Other sports associated with CTE include ice hockey, professional wrestling, soccer, rugby, and baseball.
A Quantitative Study of Forum Spamming Using Context-based Analysis.

Forum spamming has become a major means of search engine spamming. To evaluate the impact of forum spamming on search quality, we have conducted a comprehensive study from three perspectives: that of the search user, the spammer, and the forum hosting site. We examine spam blogs and spam comments in both legitimate and honey forums. Our study shows that forum spamming is a widespread problem. Spammed forums, powered by the most popular software, show up in the top 20 search results for all the 189 popular keywords. On two blog sites, more than half (75% and 54% respectively) of the blogs are spam, and even on a major and reputably well maintained blog site, 8.1% of the blogs are spam. The observation on our honey forums confirms that spammers target abandoned pages and that most comment spam is meant to increase page rank rather than generate immediate traffic. We propose contextbased analyses, consisting of redirection and cloaking analysis, to detect spam automatically and to overcome shortcomings of content-based analyses. Our study shows that these analyses are very effective in identifying spam pages.
Visualizing biological shape differences

Recent developments in morphometrics, the measurement of biological shape and shape change, are reviewed. After a roster of named, recognizably corresponding locations, or landmarks, have been located in each of a sample of images, the description of group differences and other effects upon form may usefully proceed in terms of a finite series of components of deformation of those images at different geometric scales. The component of largest scale is the uniform shear; remaining components are vector multiples of principal warps, which are eigenfunctions (with respect to net Euclidean displacement) of a convenient analog to physical bending energy. The mathematics of this decomposition, based in the algebra of thin-plate splines in two dimensions, is discussed. >
On the Optimal Utilization of Experimental Data

A analysis and generalization of the so called ''inverse method is undertaken. The inverse method consists of determining some variables experimentally and in using them in equations to compute other variables. When generalized, this method becomes a procedure to obtain maximum information out of a set of experimental data. It can even be considered a method of investigating physical problems which combines the advantages, and limits the disadvantages of solely experimental or theoretical approaches. The logic of the method is outlined and its properties are listed. An introductory example is given while complete and incomplete examples can be found in the backup paper.
Comparison of two foreign body retrieval devices with adjustable loops in a swine model.

The purpose of the study was to compare two similar foreign body retrieval devices, the Texan™ (TX) and the Texan LONGhorn™ (TX-LG), in a swine model. Both devices feature a ≤30-mm adjustable loop. Capture times and total procedure times for retrieving foreign bodies from the infrarenal aorta, inferior vena cava, and stomach were compared. All attempts with both devices (TX, n = 15; TX-LG, n = 14) were successful. Foreign bodies in the vasculature were captured quickly using both devices (mean ± SD, 88 ± 106 sec for TX vs 67 ± 42 sec for TX-LG) with no significant difference between them. The TX-LG, however, allowed significantly better capture times than the TX in the stomach (p = 0.022), Overall, capture times for the TX-LG were significantly better than for the TX (p = 0.029). There was no significant difference between the total procedure times in any anatomic region. TX-LG performed significantly better than the TX in the stomach and therefore overall. The better torque control and maneuverability of TX-LG resulted in better performance in large anatomic spaces.
196 THE INFLUENCE OF SHORT-TERM, ADENOVIRAL VECTOR AND PROLONGED, LENTIVIRAL VECTOR GENE EXPRESSION ON THE QUALITY OF BONE HEALING IN A RAT FEMORAL DEFECT MODEL.

Introduction Recombinant bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) have shown promise in enhancing in vivo bone formation but have been limited by suboptimal delivery methods. Gene therapy utilizing viral vectors has been proposed as a vehicle for BMP delivery. Previous work has demonstrated the capacity of a BMP-containing lentiviral vector (LV-BMP) to stimulate bone formation in the muscle pouch of a SCID mouse. This study compares the efficacy of BMP-containing adenovirus (Ad-BMP) and LV-BMP vectors in healing a critically sized rat femoral defect. Methods A critically sized femoral defect was created in the hind limb of 20 Lewis rats. Rat bone marrow cells (RBMCs) co-transfected with Ad-BMP and Ad-luciferase (Ad-luc) were seeded onto a collagen sponge and implanted in the femoral defect of 10 animals (group AV). RBMCs co-transfected with LV-BMP and LV-luc were implanted in the hind limb of 10 animals (group LV). Luciferase expression was assessed using cooled charge coupled device (CCCD) imaging at 3 days and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks. Radiographs were taken at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks and their femurs were harvested for histological, histomorphometrical, micro CT, and biomechanical analysis. Results Preliminary data demonstrate that luciferase expression and bone healing were present in both groups. Luciferase expression in group LV was detected at 8 weeks postoperatively while expression in group AV routinely ceased by 3 weeks. Both vectors induced bone union by 8 weeks; however, this healing was more frequent in group LV (10/10 animals) as compared to group AV (7/10 animals). Femurs harvested from group LV demonstrated improved structural properties including energy to failure (LV: 2.018, Ad: 1.343 NΣmΣdeg), stiffness (LV: 0.076, Ad: 0.056 NΣm/deg; p Conclusion RBMCs transfected with LV-BMP are more effective at healing a critical size rat femoral defect than Ad-BMP. Luciferase expression was noted at a later time point for those animals in group LV compared to group AV. Gene therapy using a LV vector is a novel and efficient technique for the delivery of osteoinductive growth factor BMP to a site of significant bone loss associated with trauma, revision joint arthroplasty, pseudoarthrosis of the spine, and tumor resection.
A focus on an emerging Latina/o population: The role of psychological acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping on depression symptoms among central Florida Puerto Ricans.

Research has documented the relationship between acculturation, acculturative stress, coping, and psychological problems among Latinas/os in the United States by using aggregated Latina/o (pan-ethnic) samples. However, the generalizability of these data across specific Latina/o subgroups in different geographic contexts remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine how psychological acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping helped predict depression group membership (high, medium, low) in a sample of Puerto Rican adults (N 113) living in Central Florida. Results from a multinomial logistic regression indicated that individuals in the high depression group were more likely to endorse increased acculturative stress, increased maladaptive coping strategies, and less frequent adaptive coping than individuals in the low depression group. Individuals in the medium depression group were more likely to experience higher acculturative stress and adopt more maladaptive coping than the low depression group. Tests of interaction effects indicated that either acculturative stress or coping strategy helped predict membership into the depression groups. Implications regarding the mental health of Puerto Ricans in the United States mainland are discussed.
Evaluating the effects of image persistence on dynamic target acquisition in low frame rate virtual environments

User performance in virtual environments with degraded visual conditions due to low frame rates is an interesting area of inquiry. Visual content shown in a low frame rate simulation has the quality of the original image, but persists for an extended period until the next frame is displayed (so-called high persistence-HP). An alternative, called low persistence (LP), involves displaying the rendered frame for a single display frame and blanking the screen while waiting for the next frame to be generated. Previous research has evaluated the usefulness of the LP technique in low frame rate simulations during a static target acquisition task. To gain greater knowledge about the LP technique, we have conducted a user study to evaluate user performance and learning during a dynamic target acquisition task. The acquisition task was evaluated under a high frame rate, (60 fps) condition, a traditional low frame rate HP condition (10 fps), and the experimental low frame rate LP technique. The task involved the acquisition of targets moving along several different trajectories, modeled after a shotgun trap shooting task. The results of our study indicate the LP condition approaches high frame rate performance within certain classes of target trajectories. Interestingly we also see that learning is consistent across conditions, indicating that it may not always be necessary to train under a visually high frame rate system to learn a particular task. We discuss implications of using the LP technique to mitigate low frame rate issues as well as its potential usefulness for training in low frame rate virtual environments.
Lack of relationship between opioid-induced changes in fetal breathing and plasma glucose levels

The mechanisms by which opioids increase or decrease fetal breathing remain unclear. Fetal plasma glucose is known to modulate breathing activity, and opioids have been reported to alter glucose regulation in the adult. In this study, we investigated whether alterations in fetal breathing by opioids may be explained by changes in plasma glucose levels. We compared the effects of morphine (nonselective), [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO, mu-selective), and [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE, delta-selective) on fetal breathing and plasma glucose in unanesthetized fetal sheep. Whereas morphine at 1.2 and 5.0 mg/h iv resulted in an increase in breath number (P < 0.01), plasma glucose was decreased after 1.2 mg/h (P = 0.006) but increased after 5.0 mg/h (P = 0.008). DAMGO (100 micrograms/h icv) increased plasma glucose (P = 0.001) but reduced fetal breathing (P < 0.001). In contrast, DPDPE (30 micrograms/h icv) increased fetal breathing (P = 0.026) but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. These data demonstrate that the actions of opioids on fetal glucose regulation and breathing are dependent on dose and receptor selectivity. However, there is no relationship between the effects of opioids on fetal breathing and plasma glucose concentration.
Percent reduction in LDL cholesterol following high-intensity statin therapy: potential implications for guidelines and for the prescription of emerging lipid-lowering agents.

Aims Current statin guidelines in Europe and Canada advocate achieving a fixed LDL target or the attainment of a ≥50% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), while current US guidelines advocate the use of statin therapies that reduce LDLC by <50% (moderate intensity) or ≥50% (high intensity). Data are limited, however, linking the achievement of these % reduction thresholds to subsequent cardiovascular outcomes particularly for contemporary high-intensity regimens. Methods and results In a randomized trial of 17 082 initially healthy men and women with median baseline LDLC of 108 mg/dL (interquartile range 94–119), we (i) used waterfall plots to assess the variability in LDLC response to rosuvastatin 20 mg daily and (ii) evaluated the impact of reaching ≥50% reductions in LDLC on risk of developing the first cardiovascular events. Among rosuvastatin allocated participants, 3640 individuals (46.3%) experienced an LDLC reduction ≥50%; 3365 individuals (42.8%) experienced an LDLC reduction >0 but <50%; and 851 individuals (10.8%) experienced no reduction or an increase in LDLC compared with baseline. These % LDLC reductions directly related to the risks of first cardiovascular events; at trial completion, incidence rates for the primary endpoint were 11.2, 9.2, 6.7, and 4.8 per 1000 person-years for those in the placebo, no LDLC reduction, LDLC reduction <50%, and LDLC reduction ≥50% groups, respectively. Compared with placebo, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for sequentially greater on-treatment per cent reductions in LDLC were 0.91 (95%CI 0.54–1.53), 0.61 (95%CI 0.44–0.83), and 0.43 (95%CI 0.30–0.60) ( P < 0.00001). Similar relationships between % reduction and clinical outcomes were observed in analyses focusing on non-HDLC or apolipoprotein B. Conclusions As documented for low- and moderate-intensity regimens, variability in % LDLC reduction following high-intensity statin therapy is wide yet the magnitude of this % reduction directly relates to efficacy. These data support guideline approaches that incorporate % reduction targets for statin therapy as well as absolute targets, and might provide a structure for the allocation of emerging adjunctive lipid-lowering therapies such as PCSK9 inhibitors should these agents prove broadly effective for cardiovascular event reduction.
Mining large-scale repetitive sequences in a MapReduce setting

Recent research suggests DNA repeats play critical roles in cellular regulatory functions and disease development. The challenge associated with identifying repeats across a collection of genomes arises from the amount of data stored within DNA, and intermediate data generated by alignment-and hash-based approaches are substantial. We present a MapReduce-based method for repeat identification and propose efficient storage and search techniques. Our approach distributes the computation and storage across a cluster of commodity computers, lending a cost-effective, flexible, robust, and scalable solution to the challenge of identifying various types of repetitive sequences across a collection of genomes. In this study, we benchmark our method using a collection of six genomes, totalling approximately 14.2 billion base pairs. We demonstrate a tenfold speedup over previous state-of-the-art approaches and linear scalability. In addition, we conduct a deeper scalability analysis by processing a collection of 39 genomes, approximately 104 billion base pairs.
Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America

Braun, L. C., Gillman, J. H., Hoover, E. E. and Russelle, M. P. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the USA. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 907–918. Hybrids of Corylus avellana, C. americana and C. cornuta are proposed as a new crop for the Upper Midwest. Anecdotal information from midwestern growers suggests that these hybrid hazelnuts have high N requirements, but this has not been confirmed in replicated trials. Current nitrogen (N) recommendations for hazelnut production are based on research from the Pacific Northwest and may not be applicable to these hybrids in the Upper Midwest due to differing soils, climate, genetics, and growing systems. Three years of N rate trials on four plantings, that were 3 to 6 yr old at the start, showed that N responses of hybrid hazelnuts fit patterns for other woody crops: no N responses were found on soils with high organic matter, nor on soils with suspected P or K deficiencies. Where N responses were observed, they s...
Demeter's Compromise: Separation, Loss, and Reconnection in Mothers with Daughters Entering Adulthood

abstractDrawing on contemporary theory of female development that focuses on the dynamics of the mother/daughter relationship regarding issues of separation and individuation, this article examines the treatment of a middle aged mother as she navigates her way through her daughter's adolescence and early adulthood. Psychoanalytic object relations, psychoanalytic relational theory, and feminist theory serve to frame an understanding of the case material in terms of developmental challenges that are uniquely female. Issues around mother/daughter attachment, separation, competition, conflict, and love are explored in the relationships between the patient and her mother, the patient and her daughter, and the patient and the therapist. The therapist's countertransference, intensified by her relationships with her own mother and daughter, suggests the possibility of both pitfalls and opportunities in the treatment. The article attempts to address a gap in psychoanalytic developmental theory, which offers little...
Self-Assembled, Redox-Active Graphene Electrodes for High-Performance Energy Storage Devices.

Graphene-based materials have been utilized as a promising approach in designing high-performance electrodes for energy storage devices. In line with this approach, functionalized graphene electrodes have been self-assembled from the dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) in water at a low temperature of 80 °C using tetrahydroxyl-1,4-benzoquinone (THQ) as both the reducing and redox-active functionalization agent. We correlated the electrochemical performance of the electrode with surface oxygen chemistry, confirming the role of THQ for the reduction and redox-active functionalization process. The assembled graphene electrodes have a 3D hierarchical porous structure, which can facilitate electronic and ionic transport to support fast charge storage reactions. Utilizing the surface redox reactions introduced by THQ, the functionalized graphene electrodes exhibit high gravimetric capacities of ∼165 mA h/g in Li cells and ∼120 mA h/g in Na cells with high redox potentials over ∼3 V versus Li or Na, proposing prom...
Relation between the Quality of Tea and the Places of Production

Investigations were made on the relation between the quality of tea and the places of production in Nara Prefecture and the results were as follows:1) At the same place of production, the first croped tea contained more total nitrogen, molybdenum, magnesium and nickel than the second croped tea, while the latter contained more tannin, Vitamin C, calcium, iron and manganese than the former.Irrespective of the place of production, the difference in the quantity of genuine nitrogen, tannin, Vitamin C, was not so remarkable but calcium, iron, and manganese were found the most in the tea, first and second croped, in Yamazoe district.2) In any place of production, the first croped tea was superior to the second croped one and those produced in Tsukigase district were the most superlative. Further, very close relation was found between the analysis results and green tea test results.3) Concerning to the quantity of the components of tea which dissolves itself, investigations were made, on the tea produced in different places. The dissolving quantity of soluble nitrogen was generally found mote for the tea whose quality was superior. Thus, soluble nitrogen was recognized to have plus correlation with the quality but manganese to have minus corelation, while no clear conclusion was obtained for calcium.
Recent advances in superconducting nanowire single photon detectors for single-photon imaging

We demonstrate a 64-pixel free-space-coupled array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors optimized for high detection efficiency in the near-infrared range. An integrated, readily scalable, multiplexed readout scheme is employed to reduce the number of readout lines to 16. The cryogenic, optical, and electronic packaging to read out the array, as well as characterization measurements are discussed.
Microstructures and properties of 6201 alloy wires manufactured by continuous semisolid forming

6201 aluminum alloy wires were prepared by SCR process and on-line solution, and the microstructures and properties of wires were investigated. The results show that the graphics of T6 treated are composed of Al-matrix, acicular hardening β″ (Mg2Si) and slice Si. The microstructures of the wires are equiaxed grains, and the wires tensile strengths first increase but then decrease with the aging time prolonging, while the elongation and resistivity decrease, meanwhile, their changing tendencies become sharp with increasing the aging temperature. Properties of T6-treated wires achieve that of CHTA process, and the tensile strength of the wires can be improved obviously by cold drawing, while the increased resistivity can be reduced by a suitable aging process.
Improvement of Automatic Control Loop of pH Value of Flue Gas Desulphurization System inYunfu Power Plant

Automatic control loop of pH value of limestone slurry in flue gas desulphurization system of Yunfu power plant employs single loop control mode and there exist problems like long adjustment delay,unstable control and so forth,therefore the previous control scheme is improved.Cascade control,anti-integral saturation,rate limit and what not are adopted to improve control stability and reaction rate,and lead-lag module is used to replace filter module for the purpose of sensitivity enhancement.Besides,prevention and control measures are taken to decrease shock from pH meter wash.The application of improved automatic control loop has achieved good result,automatic control process of pH value is stable,promptly and can satisfy requirements of production.
How Solidarity Works for Welfare: Subnationalism and Social Development in India

Why are some places in the world characterized by better social service provision and welfare outcomes than others? In a world in which millions of people, particularly in developing countries, continue to lead lives plagued by illiteracy and ill-health, understanding the conditions that promote social welfare is of critical importance to political scientists and policy makers alike. Drawing on a multi-method study, from the late-nineteenth century to the present, of the stark variations in educational and health outcomes within a large, federal, multiethnic developing country - India - this book develops an argument for the power of collective identity as an impetus for state prioritization of social welfare. Such an argument not only marks an important break from the dominant negative perceptions of identity politics but also presents a novel theoretical framework to understand welfare provision.
The art of making do in Naples

The art of making do in Naples uses the neomelodica music industry to present an intricately woven analysis revealing the complexity of societal and spatial networks in Naples. This narrative maint...
Topology optimization under uncertainty via non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion

Abstract This paper presents a systematic approach for topology optimization under uncertainty that integrates non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion with design sensitivity analysis for reliability-based and robust topology optimization. Uncertainty is introduced in loading and in geometry to address the manufacturing variability. The manufacturing variability is modeled via a thresholding technique in which the threshold field is represented by a reduced dimensional random field. Response metrics such as compliance and volume are characterized as polynomial chaos expansions of the underlying uncertain parameters thus allowing accurate and efficient estimation of statistical moments, failure probabilities and their sensitivities. The number of simulations is reduced for linear structures under loading uncertainty by means of superposition. Efficiency of the non-intrusive polynomial chaos approach is highlighted by comparison with the Monte Carlo method in terms of the number of simulations. To demonstrate the effect of uncertainty, optimized designs that consider uncertainty are compared to those that do not. Comparisons of polynomial chaos expansion to existing analytical methods on a benchmark numerical example are also provided for reliability-based and worst case designs.
The Forty-Year War on Money in Politics: Watergate, FECA, and the Future of Campaign Finance Reform

This article examines the 40 year history of the post-Watergate campaign finance reforms. Since Watergate, federal campaign finance law has been based on a model of low contribution limits and unlimited expenditures. That long experience provides sufficient evidence to ask and answer a fundamental question: Are we better off today than we were before the Watergate era campaign finance reforms? The thesis of this article is that the answer to that question is no. In fact, in many respects, the current system is worse than that which prevailed before Watergate. This article concludes that contrary to the polarizing rhetoric that surrounds the national debate over campaign finance law, the historical record indicates that both reformers and their opponents offer reasonable policy alternatives to the dysfunctional system that prevails today. For example, twentieth-century political history at the federal level and ongoing experience at the state level demonstrate that a deregulated campaign finance system does not lead inevitably or necessarily to plutocracy. At the same rate, however, Canada’s experience with expenditure caps over the last 40 years shows that robust political debate and high levels of incumbent turnover are possible even within a comprehensively regulated campaign finance environment. Thus, the historical record makes clear that either approach — comprehensive regulation or sweeping deregulation — is preferable to the hybrid campaign finance system that governs American elections today.
A dynamic model for a cyber-physical healthcare delivery system with human agents

The traditional monolithic hospital focused healthcare system organically developed to address acute conditions. In recent years, healthcare needs have shifted from treating acute conditions to meeting an unprecedented chronic disease burden. Chronic disease healthcare is based on continued delivery outside healthcare facilities, deep understanding of individual health state, managing individualized health needs and coordination between many medical specialities. Classic healthcare dynamic models based on production systems and applicable to acute healthcare inadequately address chronic disease. A new dynamic model paradigm is needed to capture the dynamics of providing healthcare for individuals with chronic disease based on clinical need rather than patient throughput. This paper develops a healthcare dynamic model for personalized healthcare delivery and managed individual health outcomes. It utilizes a hetero-functional graph theory rooted in Axiomatic Design for Large Flexible Engineering Systems and Petri nets. The dynamics of the model builds upon a recently developed systems architecture for healthcare delivery which bears several analogies to the architecture of mass-customized production systems. At its essence, the model consists of two synchronized Petri nets; one for the healthcare delivery system and another for individuals' health state evolution. Such a model allows for the transparent description of health outcomes and links them to the evolution of the healthcare delivery system and its associated costs.