cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Limited Millimeter Wave Mixers and Detectors

We report operation of superconductor-insulator-superconductor quasiparticle tunnel junctions as mixers and detectors at millimeter wavelengths. The voltage scale of the nonlinearity in the I-V curve of such junctions can be small enough that classical device theory breaks down. Calculations based on photon assisted tunneling theory are then necessary to understand the observed performance. The performance predicted in this novel regime is sufficiently good that practical applications appear very promising. The best mixer result observed at 36 GHz is a double side-band mixer noise temperature T m ≤ 7 K which is about 4 times the photon noise limited value of hv/k. When operated as a direct detector, a current responsivity of 3,500 A/W was observed. This is half the quantum limited value e/hv, which corresponds to one tunneling electron for each incident microwave photon. The best observed NEP was 3 \times 10^{-16}\mathrm{W}\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}} .
Enhancing Student Self-reflection in College-level Diversity Courses

Diversity-centered courses may prompt student biases and misconceptions in unique ways. Studies have illustrated that developing an understanding of why value-laden content is difficult for student...
Novel application of a discrete time‐to‐event model for randomized oral immunotherapy clinical trials with repeat food challenges

The evaluation of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) generally focuses on a participant passing a challenge at a predetermined dose, and does not consider the dose of reaction for those who fail or are censored due to study discontinuation. Further, a number of food allergy trials have incorporated multiple DBPCFCs throughout the duration of the study in order to evaluate changes in reaction over time including sustained unresponsiveness from treatment. Outcomes arising from these trials are commonly modeled using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests at each time point. We propose applying time-to-event methodology to food allergy trials in order to exploit the inherent granularity of challenge outcomes that additionally accommodates repeated DBPCFCs. Specifically, we consider dose-to-failure for each study challenge and extend the cumulative tolerated dose across challenges to result in a dose-time axis. A discrete time-to-event framework is applied to the dose-time outcome to assess the efficacy of treatment across the entire study period. We illustrate ideas with data from the Peanut Oral Immunotherapy Study: Safety, Efficacy and Discovery (POISED) trial, conducted at Stanford University, which evaluated the efficacy of oral immunotherapy on desensitization and sustained unresponsiveness in peanut allergic children and adults. We demonstrate the advantages of time-to-event approaches for assessing the efficacy of treatment over time and incorporating information for those who failed or were lost to follow up. Further, we introduce a dose-time outcome that is interpretable to clinicians and allows for examination of such outcomes over time.
High Bandwidth Power Electronics and Magnetic Nanoparticles for Multichannel Magnetogenetic Neurostimulation

Objective: We present a power electronic system and magnetic nanoparticles for multiplexed magnetogenetic neurostimulation with three channels spanning a wide frequency range and rapid channel switching capability. This enables selective heating of magnetic nanoparticles with different coercivity using various frequency-amplitude combinations of the magnetic field. Such multiplexed operation could provide the technical means for selective magnetogenetic neurostimulation beyond its spatial focality limits. Approach: The electronic system uses a hybrid of silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor and gallium-nitride field-effect transistors, which generate the required high-amplitude current up to 500 A in the sub-MHz range and the high-frequency current in the MHz range, respectively. Via three discrete resonance capacitor banks, the system generates an alternating magnetic field in the same liquid-cooled field coil at three distinct frequency channels spanning 50 kHz to 4 MHz. Fast switching between channels is achieved with high-voltage contactors connecting the coil to different capacitor banks. We characterized the system by the output channels9 frequencies, field strength, and switching time, as well as the system9s overall operation stability. Three types of iron oxide nanoparticles with different coercivity are developed to form three magnetothermal channels. Specific absorption rate and infrared thermal imaging measurements are performed with the nanoparticles to characterize their heating and demonstrate selective actuation for all three channels. Main results: The system achieved the desired target field strengths for three frequency channels (70 kA/m at 50 kHz, 10 kA/m at 500 kHz, and 1 kA/m at more than 2 MHz), with rapid switching speed between channels on the order of milliseconds. The system can operate continuously for at least two hours at 30% duty cycle with 125 Arms load in the coil, corresponding to a stimulation protocol of cycling the three channels at target strength with 3 s pulses and 7 s interpulse intervals. The nanoparticles were heated with selectivity between 2.3 and 9 times for their respective frequency channel. The system9s intended use was thus validated with three distinct channels available for magnetothermal heating. Significance: We describe the first combination of a power electronic system and magnetic nanoparticles that achieves three stimulation channels. Selective actuation of nanoparticles is demonstrated for each channel using the same field coil, including a novel composition responding to magnetic fields in the MHz range. This approach could improve the speed and flexibility of frequency-multiplexed magnetogenetic neural stimulation.
Vascular regeneration and tissue engineering: Progress, clinical impact, and future challenges

Abstract Vascular pathologies including atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular and arterial diseases due to lumen obstruction lead to clinical manifestations such as ischemia, stroke, and gangrene. These pathologies are the principal cause of death in the western world, caused by occlusive arterial diseases in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm are surgical emergencies needing urgent vessel repair or replacement. Although the pathogenesis of these pathologies has been discussed a lot in the literature, no definitive treatment has yet been determined. In case of vascular emergencies needing urgent vessel replacement, autologous and allogenic endarterectomy is the only treatment available. However, this option is delimited by the scarcity of the donor. In this scenario, replacement of the injured vessels by tissue-engineered vascular graft is the treatment of choice. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine provide exciting new perspectives and offer an immediate cure and fast recovery with a normal functioning organ. In this chapter, we have emphasized on the role of stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and various aspects of regenerative medicine and tissue-engineered based vascular grafts. Further, the advantages and drawbacks with limitations and advanced techniques to address the present challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have also been discussed.
Investigation of Bacterial Infections Among Patients Treated With Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Products Marketed as Stem Cell Therapies.

Importance The number of clinics marketing stem cell products for joint diseases, chronic pain, and most recently, COVID-19, has increased despite warnings from the US Food and Drug Administration that stem cell products for these and other indications have not been proven safe or effective. Objective To examine bacterial infections in 20 patients who received umbilical cord blood-derived products marketed as stem cell treatment. Design, setting, and participants This case series is a national public health investigation including case-finding, medical record review and abstraction, and laboratory investigation, including sterility testing of products and whole-genome sequencing of patient and product isolates. Participants included patients who developed bacterial infections following administration of umbilical cord blood-derived products marketed as stem cell treatment during August 2017 to September 2018. Data analysis was performed from March 2019 to September 2021. Exposures Umbilical cord blood-derived products marketed as stem cell treatment. Main outcomes and measures Data were collected on patient infections and exposures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention performed sterility testing on undistributed and distributed vials of product marketed as stem cell treatment and performed whole-genome sequencing to compare patient and product bacterial isolates. Results Culture-confirmed bacterial infections were identified in 20 patients (median [range] age, 63 [2-89] years; 13 male patients [65%]) from 8 US states who sought stem cell treatment for conditions including pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and injury; all but 1 required hospitalization. The most frequently isolated bacteria from patients with infections were common enteric species, including Escherichia coli (14 patients) and Enterobacter cloacae (7 patients). Of unopened, undistributed products sampled for testing, 65% (22 of 34 vials) were contaminated with at least 1 of 16 bacterial species, mostly enteric. A patient isolate from Arizona matched isolates obtained from products administered to patients in Florida, and patient isolates from Texas matched undistributed product sent from the company in California. Conclusions and relevance Unapproved stem cell products can expose patients to serious risks without proven benefit. Sequencing results suggest a common source of extensive contamination, likely occurring during the processing of cord blood into product. Patients and health care practitioners who are considering the use of unapproved products marketed as stem cell treatment should be aware of their unproven benefits and potential risks, including serious infections.
Fibroblast-derived HGF integrates muscle and nerve development during morphogenesis of the mammalian diaphragm

Abstract The diaphragm is a domed muscle between the thorax and abdomen essential for breathing in mammals. Diaphragm development requires the coordinated development of muscle, connective tissue, and nerve, which are derived from different embryonic sources. Defects in diaphragm development cause the common and often lethal birth defect, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias (CDH). HGF/MET signaling is required for diaphragm muscularization, but the source of HGF and the specific functions of this pathway in muscle progenitors or potentially the phrenic nerve have not been explicitly tested. Using conditional mutagenesis and pharmacological inhibition of MET, we demonstrate that the pleuroperitoneal folds (PPFs), transient embryonic structures that give rise to the connective tissue, are the source of HGF critical for diaphragm muscularization and phrenic nerve primary branching. HGF not only is required for recruitment of muscle progenitors to the diaphragm, but is continuously required for maintenance and motility of the pool of progenitors to enable full muscularization. Thus, the connective tissue fibroblasts and HGF coordinately regulate diaphragm muscularization and innervation. Defects in PPF-derived HGF result in muscleless regions that are susceptible to CDH. Summary Statement Fibroblast-derived HGF signals to Met+ muscle progenitors and nerve to control the expansion of diaphragm muscle and primary branching of phrenic nerve axons - structures critical for breathing in mammals.
Topology and markets

Applications of dynamical systems to deterministic and stochastic economic models by M. W. Hirsch A unified perspective on resource allocation: Limited arbitrage is necessary and sufficient for the existence of a competitive equilibrium, the core and social choice by G. Chichilnisky American options on dividend-paying assets by M. Broadie and J. Detemple Intergenerational choice: A paradox and a solution by Y. Baryshnikov and G. Chichilnisky.
The Phenomenon of the Voice: A Comparison

Let me begin with an anecdote. A dear friend, who is a fine instrumentalist, recently recounted to me the following experience. He was working with some instrumentalists and some singers. At one point in the rehearsal, he said something like, "Let's begin with the musicians and then we'll have the singers ... " Too late, he recognized his mistake and had to spend the rest of the rehearsal trying to make the singers believe that he had meant to say "instrumentalists" rather than "musicians." It is to all of us singers who have had similar experiences that I dedicate this paper. To paraphrase another, the human singing voice is, in several important respects, (a) like all other musical instruments, (b) like some other musical instruments, and (c) like no other musical instrument on earth (Reimer, 1995). In this paper Iwill compare and contrast the complexities of the voice with other musical instruments from these three vantage points, concentrating on the characteristics that make the singing voice a unique phenomenon.
Modeling /spl Delta/m curves using the complete-moving-hysteresis model

Using the complete-moving-hysteresis model it is shown that /spl Delta/m curves do not give a direct indication of the type of interaction but rather a combination of effects. An experimental analysis of commercial recording media shows that the model accurately computes various types of observed /spl Delta/m curves. It is shown that the measured asymmetry in /spl Delta/m curves can be attributed the reversible component of the magnetization. >
An evaluation of the Sebia capillarys Neonat Haemoglobin FAST™ system for routine newborn screening for sickle cell disease.

The West Midlands Newborn Screening Laboratory (NBSL) at Birmingham Children's Hospital (BCH), UK, screens approximately 71 000 babies per annum using the Bio-Rad automated VARIANT™ nbs (Vnbs) high-pressure liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Any abnormal haemoglobins detected, including S, C, D-Punjab, E and O-Arab as directed by the NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Screening Programme (NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Screening Programme Website, http://sct.screening.nhs.uk), are then confirmed using Resolve® isoelectric electric focusing (IEF) kits supplied by Perkin-Elmer. The Sebia capillarys Neonat Haemoglobin FAST™ system was evaluated as a possible replacement for the first- or second-line methods used. Both the Sebia and Bio-Rad methods were compared using anonymized blood spots with known haemoglobin patterns. These results were then confirmed when necessary by IEF. The Sebia-recommended sample preparation was also modified to enable testing to be more comparable with our current processes. Percentages of haemoglobins calculated from integration of areas under the peaks were compared between the Bio-Rad Vnbs HPLC and Sebia capillarys Neonat Haemoglobin FAST™ system. Of the 347 blood spots tested by both HPLC and capillary electrophoresis, there were no significant differences. The Sebia capillarys Neonat Haemoglobin FAST™ system can be used to successfully screen newborns for sickle cell disease in blood spots collected for newborn screening with full positive sample identification and traceability.
Digital droplet ELOHA for nucleic acid molecule counting and analysis

We present a droplet digital Enzyme-Linked Oligonucleotide Hybridization Assay (droplet digital ELOHA) for reference-free absolute quantification of nucleic acids. Droplet digital ELOHA is able to accurately quantify as few as several hundred copies of nucleic acids in a large, mL-sized sample volume (equivalent to 1 aM or lower) without molecular replication. Droplet digital ELOHA provides a linear response to the number of copies present in a sample to allow for detecting a small fold change unattainable by real time quantitative PCR. Its capability to cope with a large sample volume benefits from the use of magnetic beads to streamline capturing of nucleic acids from the sample and subsequent surface hybridization reactions in droplets. Droplet digital ELOHA is particularly attractive for RNA quantification since it does not require reverse transcription. The absolute quantification ability of droplet digital ELOHA is demonstrated with the analysis of clinical Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 16S rRNA to show its potential diagnostic value.
View Synthesis for Recognizing Unseen Poses of Object Classes

An important task in object recognition is to enable algorithms to categorize objects under arbitrary poses in a cluttered 3D world. A recent paper by Savarese & Fei-Fei [1] has proposed a novel representation to model 3D object classes. In this representation stable parts of objects from one class are linked together to capture both the appearance and shape properties of the object class. We propose to extend this framework and improve the ability of the model to recognize poses that have not been seen in training. Inspired by works in single object view synthesis (e.g., Seitz & Dyer [2]), our new representation allows the model to synthesize novel views of an object class at recognition time. This mechanism is incorporated in a novel two-step algorithm that is able to classify objects under arbitrary and/or unseen poses. We compare our results on pose categorization with the model and dataset presented in [1]. In a second experiment, we collect a new, more challenging dataset of 8 object classes from crawling the web. In both experiments, our model shows competitive performances compared to [1] for classifying objects in unseen poses.
An integrity verification scheme for DNS zone file based on security impact analysis

The domain name system (DNS) is the world's largest distributed computing system that performs the key function of translating user-friendly domain names to IP addresses through a process called name resolution. After looking at the protection measures for securing the DNS transactions, we discover that the trust in the name resolution process ultimately depends upon the integrity of the data repository that authoritative name servers of DNS use. This data repository is called a zone file. Hence we analyze in detail the data content relationships in a zone file that have security impacts. We then develop a taxonomy and associated population of constraints. We also have developed a platform-independent framework using XML, XML schema and XSLT for encoding those constraints and verifying them against the XML encoded zone file data to detect integrity violations
Solid state linear transformer driver (LTD) development for HPM sources

The Marx pulse generator topology has been widely used in pulsed power applications1,2. Another pulse generator topology, the linear transformer driver (LTD), has been developed3 that may serve as a viable alternative to the Marx generator. LTDs utilize inductively added stages to achieve high voltages and currents. Unlike a Marx generator, each stage in an LTD features multiple bricks, all of which are ground referenced and allow current to be distributed amongst an arbitrary number of switches. This allows for LTDs that utilize solid-state switches, potentially resulting in more compact and reliable pulse generators. A solid-state, >10 kA peak current, multiple-stage LTD is developed. The generator's performance will be analyzed for viability as a replacement for driving a high power microwave generator.
Condom promotion in Belize: self-efficacy of Belizean nurses.

BACKGROUND: Outside of abstinence correct and consistent condom use is the single most effective tool to prevent the transmission human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is particularly true in countries such as Belize where incidence rates remain high. Women are physiologically at higher risk for HIV and many feel powerless to insist on condom use. Although nurses are in a position to promote condom use variables that influence this decision are not clearly understood. In this study we examined variables that influence a nurses self-efficacy to promote and teach condom use to women specifically to reduce their HIV risk. METHODS: Data related to self-efficacy vicarious experience related to condom use promotion and a nurses sexual relationship power were collected from nurses practising in Belize (n = 60). These data were cross-sectional and collected at the annual nurses conference. RESULTS: Both years of nursing education and positive vicarious experience promoting and teaching condom use to women were positively correlated to their self-efficacy to do so. Vicarious experience was significantly correlated to self-efficacy in a subgroup of nurses with lower sexual relationship power but not in those with higher sexual relationship power. CONCLUSIONS: When designing HIV continuing education programmes for nurses in Belize it is important to consider level of nursing education and access to vicarious experience such as mentoring and role modelling. An additional factor to consider is the influence that a nurses power in her own primary sexual relationship may play in the formation of her self-efficacy. (c) 2011 The Author. International Nursing Review (c) 2011 International Council of Nurses.
Softening Rates of Fermented Cucumber Tissue: Effects of pH, Calcium, and Temperature

First-order softening rates for cucumber mesocarp tissue were determined as a function of pH (2.6-3.8), calcium (0-72 mM), and temperature (25-65°C). Fermented tissue, unlike blanched, nonfermented tissue, often showed two softening rates in first-order plots. A five-variable, empirical equation was derived (R 2 = 0.913) which predicted softening rates as a function of pH, calcium concentration, and temperature. Comparison of softening rates in tissue fermented with and without 18 mM added calcium indicated the softening rate depended upon the concentration of calcium present during the period of measurement and not upon previous history of calcium exposure.
Automatic 3D image registration using voxel similarity measurements based on a genetic algorithm

An automatic 3D non-rigid body registration system based upon the genetic algorithm (GA) process is presented. The system has been successfully applied to 2D and 3D situations using both rigid-body and affine transformations. Conventional optimization techniques and gradient search strategies generally require a good initial start location. The GA approach avoids the local minima/maxima traps of conventional optimization techniques. Based on the principles of Darwinian natural selection (survival of the fittest), the genetic algorithm has two basic steps: 1. Randomly generate an initial population. 2. Repeated application of the natural selection operation until a termination measure is satisfied. The natural selection process selects individuals based on their fitness to participate in the genetic operations; and it creates new individuals by inheritance from both parents, genetic recombination (crossover) and mutation. Once the termination criteria are satisfied, the optimum is selected from the population. The algorithm was applied on 2D and 3D magnetic resonance images (MRI). It does not require any preprocessing such as threshold, smoothing, segmentation, or definition of base points or edges. To evaluate the performance of the GA registration, the results were compared with results of the Automatic Image Registration technique (AIR) and manual registration which was used as the gold standard. Results showed that our GA implementation was a robust algorithm and gives very close results to the gold standard. A pre-cropping strategy was also discussed as an efficient preprocessing step to enhance the registration accuracy.
Adhesion of Activated Platelets to Endothelial Cells: Evidence for a GPIIbIIIa-dependent Bridging Mechanism and Novel Roles for Endothelial Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), αvβ3 Integrin, and GPIbα

Although it has been reported that activated platelets can adhere to intact endothelium, the receptors involved have not been fully characterized. Also, it is not clear whether activated platelets bind primarily to matrix proteins at sites of endothelial cell denudation or directly to endothelial cells. Thus, this study was designed to further clarify the mechanisms of activated platelet adhesion to endothelium. Unstimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were incubated with washed, stained, and thrombin-activated human platelets. To exclude matrix involvement, HUVEC were harvested mechanically and platelet binding was measured by flow cytometry. Before the adhesion assay, platelets or HUVEC were treated with different receptor antagonists. Whereas blockade of platelet β1 integrins, GPIbα, GPIV, P-selectin, and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 did not reduce platelet adhesion to HUVEC, blockade of platelet GPIIbIIIa by antibodies or Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides markedly decreased adhesion. Moreover, when platelets were treated with blocking antibodies to GPIIbIIIa-binding adhesive proteins, including fibrinogen and fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), platelet binding was also reduced markedly. Addition of fibrinogen, fibronectin, or vWF further increased platelet adhesion, indicating that both endogenous platelet-exposed and exogenous adhesive proteins can participate in the binding process. Evaluation of the HUVEC receptors revealed predominant involvement of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and αvβ3 integrin. Blockade of these two receptors by antibodies decreased platelet binding significantly. Also, there was evidence that a component of platelet adhesion was mediated by endothelial GPIbα. Blockade of β1 integrins, E-selectin, P-selectin, PECAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and different matrix proteins on HUVEC did not affect platelet adhesion. In conclusion, we show that activated platelet binding to HUVEC monolayers is mediated by a GPIIbIIIa-dependent bridging mechanism involving platelet-bound adhesive proteins and the endothelial cell receptors ICAM-1, αvβ3 integrin, and, to a lesser extent, GPIbα.
An Overview of the Nuclear Electric Xenon Ion System (NEXIS) Activity

The Nuclear Electric Xenon Ion System (NEXIS) research and development activity within NASA's Project Prometheus, was one of three proposals selected by NASA to develop thruster technologies for long life, high power, high specific impulse nuclear electric propulsion systems that would enable more robust and ambitious science exploration missions to the outer solar system. NEXIS technology represents a dramatic improvement in the state-of-the-art for ion propulsion and is designed to achieve propellant throughput capabilities >= 2000 kg and efficiencies >= 78% while increasing the thruster power to >= 20 kW and specific impulse to >= 6000 s. The NEXIS technology uses erosion resistant carbon-carbon grids, a graphite keeper, a new reservoir hollow cathode, a 65-cm diameter chamber masked to produce a 57-cm diameter ion beam, and a shared neutralizer architecture to achieve these goals. The accomplishments of the NEXIS activity so far include performance testing of a laboratory model thruster, successful completion of a proof of concept reservoir cathode 2000 hour wear test, structural and thermal analysis of a completed development model thruster design, fabrication of most of the development model piece parts, and the nearly complete vacuum facility modifications to allow long duration wear testing of high power ion thrusters.
The Psychology of Black Women: Studying Women’s Lives in Context:

This article provides a critical analysis of a distinctive psychology of Black women, discusses the relevant epistemologies and conceptual framework that can inform such a perspective, and suggests a set of guiding principles for advancing theory and research on Black women within a historically and contextually relevant framework. A discussion of who is best suited to study the lives of Black women is also provided. The article concludes with a charge for a psychology of Black women that will examine previously ignored issues, formulate and test of new (and old) hypotheses, and develop alternative theoretical paradigms that are sensitive to the realities and contextualized lives of this population.
Healthcare Informatics Research: From Data to Evidence-Based Management

Healthcare informatics research is a scientific endeavor that applies information science, computer technology, and statistical modeling techniques to develop decision support systems for improving both health service organizations' performance and patient care outcomes. The analytical strategies include (1) the formulation of a data warehouse for exploration, (2) data mining, (3) the application of confirmatory statistical analysis, (4) simulation via an interface with computer and information system technologies, and (5) translational research. Healthcare informatics research will help to direct evidence-based strategic management.
Effects of detergents on acne

A cne vulgaris is a disease that affects more than 17 million people, all of whom can benefit from medical care.* Over the past several years, excellent progress has been made in developing effective topical and oral preparations to treat acne; nevertheless, advice regarding skin hygiene and care is a mandatory component to any effective acne therapeutic regimen. The goals of such counseling for the acne patient are:
Characteristics of high frequency ELM precursors and edge stability in the PBX-M tokamak

H-mode plasmas with high poloidal beta values in the PBX-M tokamak often exhibit periods of edge localized mode (ELM) activity, with each ELM preceded by a short duration (≤ 350 μs) burst of high frequency (200-250 kHz) magnetic activity. The burst grows on a time-scale of 10 μs and disappears just before the rapid increase in the Dα emission that is characteristic of the ELM. The burst of activity is observed at all poloidal locations, with the largest amplitudes at coils on the inner major radius side, indicating that the mode is not outward ballooning in character. Stability calculations indicate that this high frequency ELM precursor is probably the pressure driven ideal kink mode.
Generalized Network Sharing Outer Bound and the Two-Unicast Problem

We describe a simple improvement over the Network Sharing outer bound for the multiple unicast problem. We call this the Generalized Network Sharing (GNS) outer bound. We note two properties of this bound with regard to the two-unicast problem: a) it is the tightest bound that can be realized using only edge-cut bounds and b) it is tight in the special case when all edges except those from a so-called minimal GNS set have sufficiently large capacities. Finally, we present an example showing that the GNS outer bound is not tight for the two-unicast problem.
The role of contextual threat in predicting self-reported distress among siblings of children with cancer

Each year, 14,000 children are diagnosed with cancer in the United States. Prolonged, intensive treatment regimens disrupt the entire family system, but effects on siblings are poorly understood. In this preliminary investigation, we employed a risk and resistance framework to study adjustment among 30 siblings (aged 10–17) of children undergoing cancer treatment. We examined whether or not objective stress associated with the cancer experience (contextual threat) predicted sibling distress and explored demographic and disease-related predictors of sibling adjustment. Contextual threat was positively associated with sibling-reported distress, independent of sibling age, gender, birth order relative to the child with cancer, and cancer treatment intensity. From among the demographic and disease-related factors, only younger birth order relative to the child with cancer was independently associated with sibling distress. These results suggest that a subset of siblings may be at increased risk for elevated distress in the face of their brother’s or sister’s illness.
Kant and the Myth of the Given

Sellars and McDowell, among others, attribute a prominent role to the Myth of the Given. In this paper, I suggest that they have in mind two different versions of the Myth of the Given and I argue that Kant is not the target of one version and, though explicitly under attack from the other, has resources sufficient to mount a satisfactory response. What is essential to this response is a proper understanding of (empirical) concepts as involving unifying functions that can take sensations as input and deliver normative representations as outputs. By understanding concepts in this way, one need not, as the second version of the Myth of the Given maintains, take sensations to be both natural and normative. Instead, they can be understood as the natural effects of external objects on us, but natural effects that can nonetheless play a role in a normative process because the concepts that are responsible for the normativity of the results can require that such natural effects be present as inputs into the process.
Tutorial: Psychophysical methods in haptic research

Haptics research is by definition a very interdisciplinary field, with scientists and engineers building and evaluating tactile and haptic displays and exploring the domains in which the technology developed can be most optimally used. Central to this process are human user studies in which the displays are evaluated in terms of their capacity to present information to users and the sensitivity of the user to changes in display parameters. A variety of psychophysical procedures are employed for this purpose, most of which have been adapted from research on the visual and auditory systems. The sensory systems involved in processing haptic information present unique challenges due to the active nature of sensory exploration and these need to be taken into account in designing psychophysical experiments with tactile and haptic displays. In this half-day tutorial we will give an overview of psychophysical methods that can be used to analyze haptic perception, including those associated with measuring thresholds, information transfer and multi-dimensional scaling. We will also consider how these methods should be employed in the context of studying novel tactile and haptic illusions.
Fertility after implementation of long- and short-term progesterone-based ovulation synchronization protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination in beef heifers

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term (LT; a 14-day controlled internal drug release insert [CIDR]–PGF2α [PGF]–GnRH) and short-term (ST; 5-day CO-Synch + CIDR) progesterone-based protocols on pregnancy rate to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in beef heifers. In experiment 1, Angus cross beef heifers (N = 1887) at nine locations received a body condition score and a reproductive tract score (RTS). Within the herd, heifers were randomly assigned to LT-72 and ST-56 protocol groups. Heifers in the LT-72 group received a CIDR from Days 0 to 14, followed by 25 mg of PGF 16 days later (Day 30). Heifers in the ST-56 group received a CIDR and 100 μg of gonadorelin hydrochloride (GnRH) on Day 25 followed by 25 mg of PGF at CIDR removal on Day 30 and a second dose of PGF 6 hours later (Day 30). Artificial insemination was performed at 56 hours (Day 32) after CIDR removal for the ST-56 group and at 72 hours (Day 33) after CIDR removal for the LT-72 group, and all heifers were given GnRH (100 μg, intramuscular) at the time of AI. In experiment 2, Angus cross beef heifers (N = 718) at four locations received a body condition score and an RTS. Within the herd, heifers were randomly assigned to LT-72 and ST-72 protocol groups. The protocol was similar to experiment 1 except that AI was performed at 72 hours after CIDR removal for both LT-72 and ST-72 groups. In experiment 1, no difference in AI pregnancy rates between the LT-72 and ST-56 groups was observed (54.5% [489 of 897] and 55.5% [549 of 990], respectively; P = 0.92) after accounting for the RTS. The AI pregnancy rates for heifers with RTS 3 or less, 4, and 5 were 52.6%, 53.6%, and 59.9%, respectively (P
Comparative study of the charge distribution in tetravalent carbonyl transients and organophosphorus adducts of trypsin

Abstract A comparative study was carried out using various computational methods for phosphate and phosphonate esters as probes of the catalytic potentials and strategies of serine hydrolase enzymes. The semiempirical method MNDO, as implemented in MOPAC 5.0, was used for the generation of partial atomic charges for phosphate and phosphonate ester structures and the corresponding hemiester anions of trypsin adducts with R = methyl and 2-propyl, and R'=2-propyl and 4-nitro-phenyl. Analogous calculations were also performed for the tetrahedral intermediate formed between acyl derivatives and the active site Ser-195 of trypsin. The MNDO calculations compare well with a quantum-chemical calculation carried out at the STO-3G level for methoxy methyl-phosphonate hemiester anion. The charge distributions of corresponding acyl, phosphoryl and phosphonyl structures in the adducts are similar and justify the quest for catalysis of the dealkylation in organophosphorus adducts by the protonated His-57, by analogy with the elimination of the leaving group in the natural substrates. On the basis of charge distribution, the negatively charged methylphosphonate hemiester anion adduct seems to be the best analog of transients formed along the reaction coordinate in deacylation. The enzyme-catalyzed dealkylation (dearylation) of adducts, (R(R'O)P(O)OE→R(O − )P(O)OE+R'O − ), is driven by the generation of the negative charge in the course of catalysis which the protein envolved to stabilize.
PROBING THE GRAPHITE BAND STRUCTURE WITH RESONANT SOFT-X-RAY FLUORESCENCE

Soft x-ray fluorescence (SXF) spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation offers several advantages over surface sensitive spectroscopies for probing the electronic structure of complex multi-elemental materials. Due to the long mean free path of photons in solids ({approximately}1000 {angstrom}), SXF is a bulk-sensitive probe. Also, since core levels are involved in absorption and emission, SXF is both element- and angular-momentum-selective. SXF measures the local partial density of states (DOS) projected onto each constituent element of the material. The chief limitation of SXF has been the low fluorescence yield for photon emission, particularly for light elements. However, third generation light sources, such as the Advanced Light Source (ALS), offer the high brightness that makes high-resolution SXF experiments practical. In the following the authors utilize this high brightness to demonstrate the capability of SXF to probe the band structure of a polycrystalline sample. In SXF, a valence emission spectrum results from transitions from valence band states to the core hole produced by the incident photons. In the non-resonant energy regime, the excitation energy is far above the core binding energy, and the absorption and emission events are uncoupled. The fluorescence spectrum resembles emission spectra acquired using energetic electrons, and is insensitive to the incidentmore » photon`s energy. In the resonant excitation energy regime, core electrons are excited by photons to unoccupied states just above the Fermi level (EF). The absorption and emission events are coupled, and this coupling manifests itself in several ways, depending in part on the localization of the empty electronic states in the material. Here the authors report spectral measurements from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.« less
Sociomedical models and the epistemology of risk: the shortcomings of medical decision-making research

Sociomedical decision-making models have provided the framework for understanding individual choice regarding health risks and have had an enormous impact on the practice of health education. Recently, some scholars have questioned the usefulness of these models and have called for a new perspective. While some newer decision-making models appear to be unique, it will be shown here that these new approaches remain firmly grounded in value-expectancy tradition. By examining sociomedical decision-making models with regard to their underlying theory of human action and epistemological assumptions, the similarity of various models will be exposed. The intent of this analysis is to illuminate the inherent limitations of traditional medical decision-making models and to provide a framework for developing a new approach.
An example of trondhjemite petrogenesis: the Blakes Ferry pluton, Alabama, U.S.A.

Abstract The Blakes Ferry pluton is a calc-alkaline pluton that is exposed in southwestern Randolph County, Alabama, U.S.A. The petrogenesis of the Blakes Ferry pluton has been a controversy for almost 15 years. A petrogenetically coherent model is presented, however, as a result of new mineral analyses and the examination of previous analytical data. Crystal fractionation of plagioclase has been substantiated based on mass-balance calculations. Assimilation-crystal fractionation modelling and mixing calculations suggest that the biotite-muscovite-sphene-rich schlieren observed within the Blakes Ferry pluton are remnants of partially assimilated metasedimentary rock. Furthermore, the biotite chemistry of the Blakes Ferry pluton is quite similar to that of the biotites in the Wedowee schists which are the host rock to the Blakes Ferry intrusion. The above indicates the assimilation-mixing of the Wedowee metasediments occurred toward the end of plagioclase fractionation. The Blakes Ferry pluton has both l-and S-type characteristics interpreted as inherited from the source melting of an igneous rock with subsequent assimilation of the metasediments surrounding the pluton. The Elkahatchee Quartz Diorite, a large older tonalitic intrusive near the Blakes Ferry pluton, has been ruled out as a potential source rock contrary to previous interpretations. Crystal fractionation of a more mafic magma (e.g., gabbro) to generate the Blakes Ferry melt also does not seem plausible because the associated sequence of differentiated products are not observed in the region. Based on REE modelling and experimental work, the only plausible source is the partial melting of a MORB with a hornblende-quartz eclogite residual. The most likely source for the partial melting of a MORB is in a subduction related environment. Several researchers have proposed an arc setting for associated rocks within the same structural and metamorphic block that the Blakes Ferry poluton is situated. This suggests that the necessary setting for the partial melting of MORB was present in the region. The partial melting of approximately 28% MORB coupled with the generation of 72% hornblende-quartz eclogite residual in a subduction zone is envisioned. The density differences between the trondhjemitic melt and the surrounding mantle generated the ascent of the magma. Plagioclase fractionation via filter pressing probably occurred during ascent. The magma stalled in the Wedowee metasediments because the density contrasts no longer existed between melt and surrounding rocks. Assimilation and further fractional crystallization took place as the magma cooled to become the trondhjemitic schlieren-rich body observed in the field today.
Preparation of Azepinones.

The Diels—Alder Reaction of aziridine (I) with dienes (II) affords bicyclo[4.1.0]azaheptenes of type (III).
A Study on the Influences of Processing Parameters on the Growth of Oxide Nanorod Arrays by Sol Electrophoretic Deposition

Template-based sol electrophoretic deposition has been demonstrated as an attractive method for the synthesis of oxide nanorod arrays, including simple and complex oxides in the forms of amorphous, polycrystalline, and single crystal. This paper systematically studied a number of processing parameters to control nanorod growth by sol electrophoretic deposition. The influences of particle and template zeta potentials, condensation rate, deposition rate (or externally applied electric field), the presence of organic additives, and sol concentration on the growth of nanorod arrays were studied. It was found that higher zeta potential or electric field resulted in higher growth rates but less dense packing. Templates with charge opposite to that of the sol particles prevented formation of dense nanorods, sometimes resulting in nanotubes, depending on the field strength during electrophoresis. In addition, the pH of the sol and chelating additives were also varied and likely affected the deposition process by affecting the condensation reactions.
GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors in the striatum are involved in the sedation produced by a moderate, but not an intoxicating ethanol dose in outbred Wistar rats.

Abstract The role of the dorsal striatum in mediating the sedation produced by a moderate (0.75 g/kg) and an intoxicating (1.25 g/kg) EtOH dose was investigated in the open field by determining the capacity of direct intrastriatal injections of RY 008, a partial inverse agonist of the benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor, to antagonize EtOH's effects. SR 95531, the competitive high-affinity GABA A antagonist was used as a reference compound. Intrastriatal RY 008 (50, 500 ng) and SR 95531 (50 ng) antagonized the sedation produced by the 0.75 g/kg EtOH dose. However, RY 008 did not alter the sedation produced by the 1.25 g/kg dose. RY 008 alone was without effect. RY 008 also failed to negatively modulate GABAergic function at α 1 β 2 γ 2 or α 6 β 2 γ 2 receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes . Intrastriatal modulation of the moderate EtOH dose was site specific: no antagonism by RY 008 after intraaccumbens infusions was observed. The results suggest that central GABA A -BDZ receptors in the dorsal striatum play an important role in mediating the sedation produced by a moderate EtOH dose in the open field.
Attributing Evil to the Subject, Not the Situation Student Reaction to Milgram's Film on Obedience

After seeing Milgram's Obedience film, students apparently conclude that people are evil and would harm a stranger if given the opportunity. Students overestimate the shock level which subjects deliver when uncoerced by the experimenter.
A Comparison of Three-Dimensional Velocity Models for Flanged Rectangular Hoods

Abstract Air velocity measurements are used to evaluate the accuracy of three models presently available to predict the three-dimensional velocity field into flanged rectangular exhaust hoods. Measured velocity vectors into flanged rectangular hoods are in closest agreement with a potential flow solution developed by Tyaglo and Shepelev. Three flanged rectangular hoods with aspect ratios of 1, 2, and 5 were operated at flows of 112, 131, and 143 cfm. Measurements of the air velocity magnitude and direction were made with a thermoanemometer and smoke tubes in both planes of symmetry that contain the hood centerune. The velocities ranged from 80 percent to 5 percent of the face velocity.