cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biologic Dose and Imaging Changes in Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients Receiving Spot Scanning Proton Therapy.

Purpose To evaluate the incidence of imaging changes in our pediatric brain tumor population treated with spot-scanning proton therapy and analyze the spatial correlation of imaging changes with a novel biologic dose model. Methods and Materials All pediatric patients treated during the first year of our institution's experience who received a minimum treatment planning dose (TPD) of 5040 cGyE with available follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans were selected for analysis. Posttreatment magnetic resonance imaging scans were fused with the treatment planning computed tomography. All T1 post–gadolinium enhancement, T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery changes, TPD, and biologic dose (BD) volumes outside of the original gross tumor volume were contoured for analysis. Results Thirty patients were included in the analysis, 7 of whom developed posttreatment radiologic changes. The volumetric overlap of the T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery changes and BD volumes was significantly greater than the overlap with the TPD volumes. Median volumetric overlaps of 85%, 18%, and 0% were observed with the BD105%, BD110%, and TPD105%, respectively. A nonsignificant increase in the volumetric overlap of the T1C+ changes and BD volumes was also observed. No correlation was observed between the total volume of BD110%, BD105%, or physical dose 105% and the development of imaging changes. Conclusions Within our pediatric brain tumor population treated with spot-scanning proton therapy, our BD model demonstrated superior volumetric overlap with posttreatment T2 changes compared with the TPD model. Using a BD model in treatment planning for spot-scanning proton therapy may help avoid delivery of excessive BD to critical structures and may help minimize the risk of radiation-related late effects.
Chapter 98 – Neisseria meningitidis

In many ways, Neisseria meningitidis represents the prototypical pathogen for which molecular techniques have transformed in parallel the scope of basic, translational and clinical laboratory work. Fundamental biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and vaccinology – meningococcal research in each of these areas has intensified in recent years with the availability of novel molecular technologies. Overall, this multidisciplined approach has revolutionized the management of meningococcal infection, making the prospect of worldwide disease control a very real possibility. At the same time, the wealth of emergent information on N. meningitidis makes it a challenging topic for clinicians and medical microbiologists to appreciate in its entirety. The goal of the current review, therefore, is to synthesize the broad molecular knowledge on this organism and present it in a manner that ties together the various sub-disciplines. It is our hope that this work can offer a detailed overview for clinical laboratorians and infectious disease physicians (the primary intended audience), integrating broad perspectives on this important pathogen.
How and why are educators using Instagram

Social media are commonplace in many educators' lives, but their Instagram activities have received no prior attention in the empirical literature. We therefore created and disseminated a survey regarding educators' Instagram use. Analyses of 841 responses suggested participants were generally intensive users of Instagram who engaged in the exchange of both professional knowledge and wisdom, as well as affective support. In addition to identifying benefits to Instagram use, some participants offered critiques of Instagram's professional utility. We discuss the implications of these findings for educators' work in a digital era and the future of research on educators' social media activities.
Incorporating Equity into Pedestrian Master Plans

This research provides a framework for addressing inequities through municipalities’ transportation plans, which have no federal equity requirements and have been given little guidance for incorpor...
Influenza epidemics: The role of allergists-immunologists

Abstract Objective To review influenza epidemics and pandemics for practicing allergists-immunologists. Data Sources English-language articles published in PubMed from 1990 to present with relevance to allergic disorders and articles cited by or similar to these articles. Study Selections A total of 472 articles were identified from PubMed. Two independent reviewers appraised the titles for relevance. Results A total of 212 relevant articles were selected. Additional articles and government websites increased the number to 295 relevant citations. Conclusion Influenza epidemics and pandemics have recurred throughout history. Patients with asthma and immunodeficiency are at an increased risk. Nonpharmaceutical interventions, vaccination, and neuraminidase inhibitors are key strategies for the prevention and treatment of influenza epidemics/pandemics. Allergists play a vital role in protecting high-risk groups and increasing influenza vaccination coverage.
Searching for theoretical agency: Towards a black African immigrant standpoint epistemology

This article describes the theoretical construction of a Black African Immigrant Standpoint Epistemology (BAISE). BAISE is an emerging system of thought that seeks and locates the souls of Black African immigrants, re-centers their conceptions of knowledge, and describes their theory of action. Such an epistemology is critical as a tool for Black African immigrants to more effectively express their theoretical agency and construct an alternative form of knowledge that accounts for the totality of their experiences and their social realities. The article first describes the key tenets of several conceptual frameworks that have been appropriated and reconfigured to provide the conceptual foundations of BAISE. These core components are interwoven together to capture the complexity of the experiences and the realities of Black African immigrants and create a tapestry of concepts and knowledges providing the epistemological context for BAISE. Among the many coeval and complementary theories of knowledge available, theories that focus on agency and the construction of realities, on the valorization of previously discredited and discounted epistemological alternatives, as well as on the deconstruction of the positionality of Black African immigrants on the racialized checkerboard and on the re-centering of the marginalized and oppressed lives have seeded the emergence of BAISE. The second major section of this article presents the initial theoretical development of BAISE. The conceptualization process describes how the marginalized status of Black African immigrants shapes their identities and perspectives on the world.
Human imprint of water withdrawals in the wet environment: A case study of declining groundwater in Georgia, USA

Abstract Study region Georgia in the Southeast USA. Study focus The ‘water-rich’ Southeast USA has long been thought to be immune to climate change effects, leading to unsustainable water withdrawals practices. This study analyzed the impact of climate change and human activities, e.g., irrigation on groundwater trends at 43 monitoring wells from 1981 to 2017 in four distinct hydrogeologic provinces of Georgia, USA. We have corroborated the groundwater trend analysis with the surface water and climate trend analysis. New hydrological insights The deep confined Coastal Plain and Floridan aquifer systems show statistically significant declines in groundwater level. By contrast, the Surficial aquifer system shows relatively neutral trends over the same period. The water table in the shallower aquifers corresponds closely to the changes in the precipitation and streamflow trends. A declining secular trend in the deeper confined aquifer is potentially attributable to the irrigation water withdrawals in Georgia.
Depression: Screening, Assessment, and Interventions in Oncology Nursing.

Background A high prevalence of depression exists among individuals with cancer, which negatively affects their health outcomes, quality of life, and adherence to cancer treatment. Objectives This article provides an overview and synthesis of depression screening, assessment, and nonpharmacologic treatments to help oncology nurses in their practices. Methods Key insights are presented from a synthesized literature review regarding patients with cancer with depression. Resources for patient treatment and nurse training are also provided. Findings To improve patient outcomes, nurses need to understand and follow a process that addresses the screening, assessment, and nonpharmacologic treatment of depression in patients with cancer.
Neuro-Oncologic Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has shocked health-care systems around the world necessitating profound shifts in resources and alterations to standard therapies. The pandemic’s impact on delivering care to people with cancer is regionally specific and the resultant changes in disease outcomes are not yet known. Neuro-oncologic conditions are often rare diseases with few effective therapies that require coordinated care by a team of specialists organized through a multidisciplinary cancer conference. During this pandemic, additional factors need to be considered such as COVID-19 exposure and therapy-related risks in the setting of a COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in dramatic changes to therapeutic clinical trials which are a preferred path of care in neuro-oncology due to dismal outcomes and few effective standard therapies. Herein, we discuss plans of care for neuro-oncologic conditions in a pandemic environment where every health-care exposure is considered a risk and standard approaches may not be possible due to limited access to resources such as intensive care units and surgical suites.
Access to Palliative Care Consultation for Hospitalized Adults with COVID-19 in an Urban Health System: Were There Disparities at the Peak of the Pandemic?

Background: Palliative care (PC) services expanded rapidly to meet the needs of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, yet little is known about which patients were referred for PC consultation during the pandemic. Objective: Examine factors predictive of PC consultation for COVID-19 patients. Design: Retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients discharged from four hospitals (March 1-June 30, 2020). Exposures: Patient demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors and hospital-level characteristics. Outcome Measurement: Inpatient PC consultation. Results: Of 4319 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 581 (14%) received PC consultation. Increasing age, serious illness (cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and dementia), greater illness severity, and admission to the quaternary hospital were associated with receipt of PC consultation. There was no association between PC consultation and race/ethnicity, household crowding, insurance status, or hospital-factors, including inpatient, emergency department, and intensive care unit census. Conclusions: Although site variation existed, the highest acuity patients were most likely to receive PC consultation without racial/ethnic or socioeconomic disparities.
On Measures of Stability Robustness for Linear Uncertain Systems

This paper addresses the aspect of developing “measures of stability robustness” for linear uncertain systems with state space description. A brief overview of the current research as well as a new result on this topic are presented.
People, Arthropods, Weather and Citrus Diseases

Citrus trees are grown all over the world. The important diseases of citrus are categorized as soil-borne, foliar, postharvest, insect-borne, and graft-transmissible. Some diseases are developed and/or intensified as a result of weather-related factors. Graft-transmissible diseases are mainly distributed by humans when contaminated plant material is used for new tree propagation in nurseries. Therefore, establishing a virus-free budwood program would reduce the spread of all graft-transmissible pathogens. Government agencies with statutory authority to take action to limit the spread of graft-transmissible viruses should use quarantines to regulate the movement of vectors and infected plant material. An education program to inform the public of the rules and regulations restricting importation of plant materials, and enlisting public help in identifying new vectors and diseases would help prevent certain diseases. Similarly, soil-borne problem such as citrus nematode is distributed in commercial orchards when trees from nematode contaminated nurseries are used for planting. Some diseases are found only in certain geographic locations, e.g. citrus greening is found mainly in Asia and Africa and the citrus variegated chlorosis in South America. However, exotic diseases can get established when people import plant materials illegally. Eradication is the most important strategy that needs to be adopted should an exotic disease or vector ever be detected for the first time in a citrus growing area. However, there are several obstacles such as cost, personnel, and time that play a major role in the success of an eradication program. Root feeding insects such as the sugarcane root stalk borer weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus), can compound the effect of tree decline as a result of Phytophthora infection. Moreover, these insects may produce thousands of offspring. Cultural practices like leaving old stumps of a dead tree in soil can introduce infection by fungus Ganoderma that can kill small replants. Hurricanes can result in extensive diseases of citrus. Disease such as melanose is commonly associated with the presence of dead twigs, especially on trees with mild freeze damage. The role of humans is significant in spreading numerous graft-transmissible diseases of citrus.
Nucleic Acid Crystallography via Direct Selenium Derivatization: RNAs Modified with Se-Nucleobases.

Abstract Selenium-derivatized RNAs are powerful tools for structure and function studies of RNAs and their protein complexes. By taking the advantage of selenium modifications, researchers can determine novel RNA structures via convenient SAD and MAD phasing. As one of the naturally occurring tRNA modifications, 2-seleno-uridine, which presents almost exclusively at the wobble position of anticodon loop in various bacterial tRNAs (Ching et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:347, 1985; Dunin-Horkawicz et al., Nucleic Acids Res 34:D145-D149, 2006), becomes one of the most promising modifications for crystallographic studies. Our previous studies have demonstrated many unique properties of 2-seleno-uridine, including stability (Sun et al., RNA 19:1309-1314, 2013), minimal structural perturbation (Sun et al., Nucleic Acids Res 40:5171-5179, 2012), and enhanced base-pairing fidelity (Sun et al., Nucleic Acids Res 40:5171-5179, 2012). In this protocol, we present the efficient chemical synthesis of 2-seleno-uridine triphosphate ((Se)UTP) and the facile transcription and purification of (Se)U-containing RNAs ((Se)U-RNA).
Fermi-level electronic structure of a topological-insulator/cuprate-superconductor based heterostructure in the superconducting proximity effect regime

We probe the near Fermi-level electronic structure of tunable topological-insulator $({\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3})$/cuprate-superconductor ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ $({T}_{\mathrm{c}}\ensuremath{\simeq}91\mathrm{K})$ heterostructures in their proximity-induced superconductivity regime. Our careful momentum space imaging provides clear evidence for a two-phase coexistence and a striking lack of any strong $d$-wave proximity effect expected in this system. Our Fermi surface imaging data identify key contributors in reducing the proximity-induced gap below the 5 meV or to a lower energy range $(\ensuremath{\ll}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{BSCCO}})$. These results correlate with our observation of momentum space separation between the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ Fermi surface topologies and mismatch of lattice symmetries in addition to the presence of a small coherence length. These studies not only provide critical momentum space insights into the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$/${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ heterostructures, but also set an upper bound on the proximity-induced gap for realizing a much sought out Majorana fermion condition in this system.
The use of intramuscular oxytocin for the elective induction of labor

Abstract A study has been made of the efficiency of the use of intramuscular Pitocin for the elective induction of labor in a community hospital. This study is based upon the work of 26 Board-certified obstetricians and gynecologists. The patients, while in labor, are cared for by trained obstetrical nurses. In comparing our results, where the use of Pitocin is by the intramuscular route, with those by the intravenous route, there seems to be essentially no difference except for a higher incidence of postpartum hemorrhage.
Local Government Incorporation of Immigrants in Community Economic Development Strategies

Past literature on the Renewal Community, Empowerment Zone & Enterprise Community (RC/EZ/EC) programs focused on the application process and impact. Less is known about how participating local governments engaged immigration in the revitalization of these neighborhoods. This study analyzes strategic plans and annual reports from 117 RC/EZ/ECs submitted to the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Places with increasing immigration and smaller African-American populations, relative to Asian and Hispanic populations, had increased odds of including immigrant communities in strategic plans and reports. The study describes examples of immigrant strategies for workforce development, entrepreneurship and housing.
The English vs. the American Rule on Attorneys Fees: An Empirical Study of Attorney Fee Clauses in Publicly-Held Companies’ Contracts

We study attorney fee clauses in a data set of 2,350 contracts contained as exhibits in Form 8-K filings by reporting corporations. Because 8-K filings are required only for material events, these contracts likely are negotiated by sophisticated parties and, therefore, provide evidence of efficient ex ante solutions to contracting problems. The American Rule for compensating attorneys requires each party to pay its own attorney, win or lose; the English Rule (applicable rule in most of the world) requires the losing party to pay the winner’s reasonable fees. Adoption of the English Rule or other loser-pays arrangements has frequently been proposed as a solution to perceived U.S. litigation problems. But the vast theoretical modeling literature on fees has reached no consensus. Empirical reality should help assess the models and provide new insights. Because contracting parties can opt out of the American Rule and into a loser-pays rule at low cost, we expect such opt-outs to occur frequently if the English Rule more efficiently compensates counsel. Our data show, however, that the American Rule is preferred about as often as the English Rule (or similar loser-pays rules). Choosing the American Rule is associated with the following contractual features: specific kinds of contracts, the presence of a non-U.S. party, the absence of arbitration clauses and jury trial waivers, selection of New York law in contracts other than underwriting contracts, and a likely long-term relation between the parties. It is inversely associated with an increasing degree of contract standardization. Sophisticated parties thus often perceive the American Rule to be value-enhancing compared to loser-pays systems but contracting parties that opt out of U.S. courts through arbitration clauses, or eliminate jury trials through jury waiver clauses tend to reject the American Rule. The findings suggest that theoretical models should resist the assumption that a single attorney fee rule is most efficient in all contexts and that models should strive to account for real-world factors associated with fee clauses.
Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Before initiation of the rotavirus vaccination program in the United States in 2006, approximately 80% of U.S. children had rotavirus gastroenteritis by age 5 years. Each year during the 1990s and early 2000s, rotavirus resulted in approximately 410,000 physician visits, 205,000272,000 emergency department visits, and 55,00070,000 hospitalizations among U.S. infants and children, with total annual direct and indirect costs of approximately $1 billion. In February 2006, a live, oral, human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq(R) [RV5]) was licensed as a 3-dose series for use among U.S. infants for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine use of RV5 among U.S. infants (CDC. Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 2006;55[No. RR-12]). In April 2008, a live, oral, human attenuated rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix(R) [RV1]) was licensed as a 2-dose series for use among U.S. infants, and in June 2008, ACIP updated its rotavirus vaccine recommendations to include use of RV1. This report updates and replaces the 2006 ACIP statement for prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis. ACIP recommends routine vaccination of U.S. infants with rotavirus vaccine. RV5 and RV1 differ in composition and schedule of administration. RV5 is to be administered orally in a 3-dose series, with doses administered at ages 2, 4, and 6 months. RV1 is to be administered orally in a 2-dose series, with doses administered at ages 2 and 4 months. ACIP does not express a preference for either RV5 or RV1. The recommendations in this report also address the maximum ages for doses, contraindications, precautions, and special situations for the administration of rotavirus vaccine.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism influences postprandial retinyl palmitate but not triglyceride concentrations

To quantify the effect of the apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism on the magnitude of postprandial lipemia, we have defined its role in determining the response to a single high-fat meal in a large sample of (N = 474) individuals taking part in the biethnic Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. The profile of postprandial response in plasma was monitored over 8 h by triglyceride, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL)-triglyceride, apo B-48/apo B-100 ratio, and retinyl palmitate concentrations, and the apo E polymorphism was determined by DNA amplification and digestion. The frequency of the apo E alleles and their effects on fasting lipid levels in this sample were similar to those reported elsewhere. Postprandial plasma retinyl palmitate response to a high-fat meal with vitamin A was significantly different among apo E genotypes, with delayed clearance in individuals with an epsilon 2 allele, compared with epsilon 3/3 and epsilon 3/4 individuals. In the sample of 397 Caucasians, average retinyl palmitate response was 1,489 micrograms/dl in epsilon 2/3 individuals, compared with 1,037 micrograms/dl in epsilon 3/3 individuals and 1,108 micrograms/dl in epsilon 3/4 individuals. The apo E polymorphism accounted for 7.1% of the interindividual variation in postprandial retinyl palmitate response, a contribution proportionally greater than its well-known effect on fasting LDL-cholesterol. However, despite this effect on postprandial retinyl palmitate, the profile of postprandial triglyceride response was not significantly different among apo E genotypes. The profile of postprandial response was consistent between the sample of Caucasians and a smaller sample of black subjects. While these data indicate that the removal of remnant particles from circulation is delayed in subjects with the epsilon 2/3 genotype, there is no reported evidence that the epsilon 2 allele predisposes to coronary artery disease (CAD). The results of this study provide not only a reliable estimate of the magnitude of the effect of the apo E polymorphism on various measurements commonly used to characterize postprandial lipemia, but also provide mechanistic insight into the effects of the apo E gene polymorphism on postprandial lipemia and CAD.
Activation analysis for the LIBRA light ion beam fusion conceptual design

Activation calculations have been performed for the LIBRA reactor. Replacing HT-9 with low-activation modified HT-9 increases the activity by a factor of 2.5 at shutdown while the long-term activity drops by a factor of 25. The reflector is classified as Class-C low-level waste when modified HT-9 is used. Using HT-9 will require deep geological burial for the LIBRA radiation waste. The activity produced in the Li/sub 17/Pb/sub 83/ coolant has been determined. The major contributor to the coolant biological hazard potential (BHP) between a week and a year after shutdown is /sup 210/Po. During this period, the /sup 210/Po BHP values change from 7*10/sup 5/ to 1.2*10/sup 5/ km/sup 3/ of air. >
Cooperative control of two active spacecraft during proximity operations

A cooperative autopilot is developed for the control of the relative attitude, relative position and absolute attitude of two maneuvering spacecraft during on orbit proximity operations. The autopilot consists of an open-loop trajectory solver which computes a nine dimensional linearized nominal state trajectory at the beginning of each maneuver and a phase space regulator which maintains the two spacecraft on the nominal trajectory during coast phases of the maneuver. A linear programming algorithm is used to perform jet selection. Simulation tests using a system of two space shuttle vehicles are performed to verify the performance of the cooperative controller and comparisons are made to a traditional passive target/active pursuit vehicle approach to proximity operations. The cooperative autopilot is shown to be able to control the two vehicle system when both the would be pursuit vehicle and the target vehicle are not completely controllable in six degrees of freedom. The cooperative controller is also shown to use as much as 37 percent less fuel and 57 percent fewer jet firings than a single pursuit vehicle during a simple docking approach maneuver.
Empowering Students in a Graduate-Level Social Work Course

A fundamental responsibility of social workers is to empower clients to participate in decisions that affect their lives. Social work educators can best teach this concept by empowering their students. This article describes the results of a quasi-experimental study that compared students' perceptions of empowerment in two sections of a graduate social work course at a large public university in Spring 1997. One section was taught through a traditional format of lectures, exams, and papers; the other through techniques intended to empower students: learning contracts, formative evaluations, and narrative evaluations. The authors conclude that student perception of empowerment is positively affected by these teaching techniques.
Once More and for the Last Time Ernest Gellner’s Later Thoughts on Nations and Empires

Gellner is mostly known for his theory of nationalism, which he saw as antithetical to the principle of the multinational, hierarchical, empire. But like his LSE colleague Elie Kedourie, Gellner was fascinated by empire. In his last, posthumously published work, Language and Solitude, Gellner returned to the region of his childhood, the former Habsburg Empire, to explore its impact on the work of Malinowski and Wittgenstein. This essay will reflect on Gellner’s thoughts about empire, and the way in which he assessed their necessary disappearance – as he thought – in the modern world.
A Methodology for Generating Efficient Disk-Based Algorithms from Tensor Product Formulas

In this paper, we address the issue of automatic generation of disk-based algorithms from tensor product formulas. Disk-based algorithms are required in scientific applications which work with large data sets that do not fit entirely into main memory. Tensor products have been used for designing and implementing block recursive algorithms on shared-memory, vector and distributed-memory multiprocessors. We extend this theory to generate disk-based code from tensor product formulas. The methodology is based on generating algebraically equivalent tensor product formulas which have better disk performance. We demonstrate this methodology by generating disk-based code for the fast Fourier transform.
Does “Feminist” Plus “Therapist” Equal “Feminist Therapist”?: An Empirical Investigation of the Link Between Self-Labeling and Behaviors

This research examined the therapy behaviors self-identified feminist therapists engaged in. Practicing therapists (N = 101) were asked to endorse various feminist self-labels and to indicate how often they engaged in a variety of feminist (as assessed by the Feminist Therapy Behaviors-Revised [FTB-R] scale; and other therapy behaviors with both women and men clients. The following results were found. First, incrementally specific feminist self-labeling by therapists improved the prediction of therapy behaviors reflecting the notion that the personal is political. Second, the most strongly identified feminist therapists were distinguished from other therapists by their attention to issues of oppression (e.g., sexism, racism, heterosexism) and socialization. Third, therapists reported engaging in FTB-R behaviors with men clients almost as much as with women clients. And finally, FTB-R and other therapy behaviors emerged as distinct, both in terms of the underlying structure of therapists' responses and in ...
Russell's New Riddle of Induction

The most innovative and important parts of Bertrand Russell's Human Knowledge were the result of his first attempt in three decades to come to grips with the problem of induction, or, more generally, ‘non-demonstrative inference’. My purpose here is to argue that that work constituted giant progress on the problem; if I succeed, something will have been done to restore this work to its proper place in the history of philosophy and, correlatively, to rearrange that history.
Leaping the norovirus hurdle

Noroviruses are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide with over 1 million hospitalizations and more than 200,000 deaths per year ( 1 ). Outbreaks have been on the rise, particularly in hospitals, dormatories, and cruise ships. A major hurdle to understanding norovirus biology is the inability to culture human strains in the laboratory since the first human norovirus was identified over 40 years ago ( 2 ). On page 755 of this issue, Jones et al. ( 3 ) solve this problem. In discovering that human norovirus can infect B cells in vitro, the authors find that bacteria promote viral replication and may have been the missing factor.
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents: potential hot spots for natural products discovery?

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are among the most extreme and dynamic environments on Earth. However, islands of highly dense and biologically diverse communities exist in the immediate vicinity of hydrothermal vent flows, in stark contrast to the surrounding bare seafloor. These communities comprise organisms with distinct metabolisms based on chemosynthesis and growth rates comparable to those from shallow water tropical environments, which have been rich sources of biologically active natural products. The geological setting and geochemical nature of deep-sea vents that impact the biogeography of vent organisms, chemosynthesis, and the known biological and metabolic diversity of Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea, including the handful of natural products isolated to date from deep-sea vent organisms, are considered here in an assessment of deep-sea hydrothermal vents as potential hot spots for natural products investigations. Of critical importance too are the logistics of collecting deep vent organisms, opp...
Caught in the Act: Direct Measurement of Protein Translocation across Membranes using Droplet Interface Bilayers

We introduce a new method for monitoring and quantitating the transport of materials across a model cell membrane. As a proof-of-concept, the cell-penetrating peptide, Pep-1, was used to carry horseradish peroxidase (HRP) across droplet-interface bilayers (DIBs). Two sub-microliter, lipid-encased aqueous droplets form a membrane at the contacting interface, through which enzyme-peptide complexes pass during transport. Following transport, the droplets are separated and the captured enzymes are assayed by a fluorogenic reaction. The DIB method recapitulates the findings of earlier studies involving Pep-1, including the dependence of protein transport on voltage and membrane charge, while also contributing new insights. Specifically, we found that leaflet charge symmetry may play a role in Pep-1-mediated protein translocation. We anticipate that the DIB method may be useful for a variety of transport-based studies, in particular those which must make use of tiny quantities of purified species.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Controlling the growth of vertically oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes by varying the density of CoMo catalyst particles

Abstract A simple method to grow vertically aligned arrays of various forms of single-walled carbon nanotubes (V-SWNT) is reported. CO disproportionation on Co Mo bimetallic catalysts has been used in the synthesis. Resonant Raman and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were employed to characterize the as-produced SWNTs, which display a high purity and very low concentration of other carbon forms. Combination of AFM and SEM gives evidence for the crucial role of the surface distribution of the bimetallic (Co/Mo) catalyst particles on the substrate during the growth of SWNT. A novel growth mechanism is discussed.
Colectomie droite sous anesthésie péridurale et hypnosédation chez une patiente ASA 3

In high-risk anaesthetic patients, the choice of a preoperative anaesthesia remains a difficult challenge before performing a heavy surgery such as colon excision. Nowadays, hypnosedation may be considered as an additional anaesthetic technique given to be associated with local or regional anaesthesia, in order to permit more surgery possibilities in high risk patients.
An IC for cost-optimized, hysteresis-free triac phase controls

A low-cost integrated circuit developed for Triac trigger circuits will be described. The IC provides wide-range phase control without the snap-on effect.
Searching for new targets for treatment of pediatric epilepsy

The highest incidence of seizures in humans occurs during the first year of life. The high susceptibility to seizures in neonates and infants is paralleled by animal studies showing a high propensity to seizures during early life. The immature brain is highly susceptible to seizures because of an imbalance of excitation and inhibition. While the primary outcome determinant of early-life seizures is etiology, there is evidence that seizures which are frequent or prolonged can result in long-term adverse consequences, and there is a consensus that recurrent early-life seizures should be treated. Unfortunately, seizures in many neonates and children remain refractory to therapy. There is therefore a pressing need for new seizure drugs as well as antiepileptic targets in children. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of early-life seizures, such as hypoxia-ischemia, and novel molecular targets, including the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.
Effects of amphetamine on locomotor activity in adult and juvenile alcohol-preferring and -nonpreferring rats

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether functional differences exist in amphetamine-induced locomotor activity between alcohol-naive alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rats during postnatal development and during adulthood. Using a between-subjects design, 20- and 28-day-old P and NP rats (male and female counterbalanced, n =11–16/line) were habituated for 30 min in a photocell activity field. Each rat received subcutaneous injections of saline or 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg d -amphetamine (AMPH) and were then tested for an additional 30 min. Because of age and line differences in basal locomotor activity, total activity counts during the 30-min postdrug period were standardized using Z -score transformations. In the 20- and 28-day-old rats, dose-dependent locomotor activity increases after AMPH injections were obtained at both ages, although activity levels were greater in the 20-day-old pups. The 20-day-old female NP rats showed greater AMPH-induced increases in locomotor activity than P rats, whereas at 28 days of age, male NP rats showed greater activity levels than P rats to AMPH. For the adult P and NP rats ( n =8/line/gender), a within-subject design was used. In the adults, the NP line had higher locomotor activity than the P line following AMPH injection, and male rats were activated more by AMPH than female rats. The results suggest that functioning of the DA system in the adult P line is reduced compared to the adult NP line, and this line difference is also observed to some degree at an early postweaning developmental period.
SET-ting the Stage for Life and Death

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes release granzymes (Gzm) A and B to induce apoptosis or programmed cell death of virally infected or tumor cells. In this issue of Cell, Fan et al. identify the tumor metastasis suppressor NM23-H1 as a GzmA-activated, apoptosis-inducing DNase and the oncoprotein SET as its inhibitor. Work from the Lieberman and Wang groups indicates a surprising role for a group of acidic nucleo-cytoplasmic proteins in regulating apoptosis.
Symmetric cerebral calcification which followed post-operative parathyroid insufficiency; report of a case.

THREE communications pertaining to symmetric cerebral calcification were publishedby Camp, Love, Eaton and Haines (2, 3, 5) in 1938 and 1939, and a thesis on this subject was prepared by one of us (Eaton (1)). In these communications were described some of the roentgenographic (Fig. 1a and b) observations in seven cases and the data obtained at necropsy in one of these cases. The point was emphasized that symmetric cerebral calcification was often associated with spontaneous parathyroid insufficiency, and it was our opinion that the changes in the brain resulted from parathyroid insufficiency. This hypothesis could, of course, be somewhat strengthened by the finding of symmetric cerebral calcification in a case of postoperative parathyroid insufficiency, but this we had been unable to do at the time of our last publication. Failure to find such an occurrence may have been due in part to failure in earlier years to make roentgenograms of the skull in our cases in which parathyroid insufficiency followed th...
THE USE OF MODAL TAILORING TO MINIMIZE THE RADIATED SOUND POWER OF VIBRATING SHELLS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT

Abstract A numerical design tool is presented for minimizing radiated sound power from a vibrating shell structure using a material tailoring approach. A finite element method using shell elements is used to predict the vibration response of the shell. The sound power generated by the shell under a harmonic force input is computed with a lumped parameter/wave superposition method. A simulated annealing algorithm is used to find optimal point mass distributions for minimum sound power. It is shown that optimal designs are achieved through converting certain mode shapes of the shell into “weak radiators”, i.e., modes with low net volume velocities. Close agreement is found between predicted noise levels and experimental measurements, thus providing initial validation of the method as an effective means of finding optimal structural designs for minimum sound power.
Osmotic Regulation of Toad Bladder Responsiveness to Neurohypophyseal Hormones

The effect of dilution of the interstitial fluids on the responsiveness of the toad urinary bladder to antidiuretic hormones has been examined in vivo and in vitro. Toads were given periodic injections with vasopressin while in water so that their plasma osmolality fell below 190 mosmoles/kg H2O. The hydraulic conductivity of bladders which had been removed from the animal and fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde was 10-fold less in overhydrated toads than in normally hydrated controls. A similar inhibitory phenomenon was observed in in vitro studies, when the tonicity of Ringer's fluid in which the bladders were suspended was lowered from its isotonic value. Mannitol, but not urea, could be effectively substituted for one-half of the NaCl content of Ringer's fluid. In other experiments it has been shown that the responsiveness of the bladder to vasotocin is depressed during bulk water movement across the tissue. This "flux inhibition" was found to depend upon the velocity and the duration of water flow from mucosa to the serosa. It is suggested that the responsiveness of the toad bladder to antidiuretic hormones diminishes as the effective osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluids declines.
CHRONIC ECTOPIC TACHYCARDIA IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD.

Abstract Since 1943, 16 patients, 10 boys and 6 girls, with chronic ectopic tachycardia, have been seen at the Children's Hospital Medical Center and have been followed for periods ranging from 3 to 22 years (median, 10 years). One boy patient with evidence of cardiomegaly, mitral regurgitation, and elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, died suddenly at age 21. Fifteen patients are alive, 13 being asymptomatic; one experiences chest pain and dizziness associated with runs of tachycardia and another has brief light-headedness during short attacks. One patient has a left hemiparesis which appeared at age 6 years during a sustained episode of tachycardia. One asymptomatic patient has mild mitral regurgitation, with cardiac catheterization evidence of impaired left ventricular function. Analysis of the ECG's showed the arrhythmia to be of supraventricular origin in 15 patients. The sixteeth patient was felt to have a nodal tachycardia with aberrant ventricular conduction. The arrhythmia in 10 patients was suspected to be a reciprocating rhythm. Therapy on the whole was rather unsatisfactory. Among the wide variety of antiarrhythmic agents employed, the most useful was digitalis.
Ecomorphology of the Mississippian fishes of the Bear Gulch Limestone (Heath formation, Montana, USA)

The 323 million year old Bear Gulch Lens is recognized for the preservational quality and diversity of its fauna. Here we capitalize on these factors and 45 years of field data collection to test and evaluate the relationship between functional morphology and habitat in this Upper Mississippian marine fish fauna. The fishes are members of the Coelacanthiformes, Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and Acanthodii. Fish were scored for 12 size-free morphological characters of functional significance that reflect habitat preference and resource utilization among extant fishes. Based on similarities in eco-coding, taxa are grouped into 13 ecomorphotypes, only one of which contained both actinopterygian and chondrichthyan taxa. Chondrichthyansarepartitionedintoninehighlydiverse ecomorphotypes, spanning a spectrum of grossly differ- ent feeding, propulsive, and sexually dimorphic adapta- tions. These ecomorphotypes exhibit strong distribu- tional trends relative to bay habitats. In contrast, Bear Gulch actinopterygians display few ecologically sensi- tive morphological deviations from a fusiform body plan and generalized feeding mechanism at this scale of analysis. The relative distribution of actinopterygian ecomorphotypesvarieslittleacrossthebayhabitats.The coelacanth ecomorphotype is restricted to lower bay habitats. These analyses lend new insight into the adap- tive radiations of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes sub- sequent to the Upper Devonian mass extinctions.
A Vote for Health Care Reform

Health care reform legislation has languished in political purgatory for the past 2 months, teetering between historic enactment and epic collapse. The House of Representatives and the Senate both passed health care legislation at the end of 2009. After a year of tumultuous debate, agreement seemed near on a final compromise bill that would represent both a substantial advance in health care coverage and a major political triumph for the Obama administration. But the stunning victory of Republican Scott Brown in Massachusetts' special Senate election in January sent health care reform into a tailspin. Democrats lost their 60-vote, filibuster-proof Senate . . .
Time-Dependent Ultrasound Echo Changes Occur in Tendon During Viscoelastic Testing

The viscoelastic behavior of tendons has been extensively studied in vitro. A noninvasive method by which to acquire mechanical data would be highly beneficial, as it could lead to the collection of viscoelastic data in vivo. Our lab has previously presented acoustoelasticity as an alternative ultrasound-based method of measuring tendon stress and strain by reporting a relationship between ultrasonic echo intensity (B mode ultrasound image brightness) and mechanical behavior of tendon under pseudoelastic in vitro conditions [Duenwald, S., Kobayashi, H., Frisch, K., Lakes, R., and Vanderby Jr, R., 2011, “Ultrasound Echo is Related to Stress and Strain in Tendon,” J. Biomech., 44(3), pp. 424–429]. Viscoelastic properties of the tendons were not examined in that study, so the presence of time-dependent echo intensity changes has not been verified. In this study, porcine flexor tendons were subjected to relaxation and cyclic testing while ultrasonic echo response was recorded. We report that time- and strain history-dependent mechanical properties during viscoelastic testing are manifested in ultrasonic echo intensity changes. We also report that the patterns of the echo intensity changes do not directly mimic the patterns of viscoelastic load changes, but the intensity changed in a repeatable (and therefore predictable) fashion. Although mechanisms need further elucidation, viscoelastic behavior can be anticipated from echo intensity changes. This phenomenon could potentially lead to a more extensive characterization of in vivo tissue behavior.
Using Transaction Logs to Study the Effectiveness of Librarian Behaviors on User Satisfaction in a Virtual Setting: A Mixed-Method Approach

Chat reference is becoming more common and it is important to be able to effectively judge user satisfaction with the results they receive. The behaviors the reference librarian should use to ensure that users are satisfied with chat reference sessions must also be determined. In this paper, the authors indicate that many of these behaviors could be mapped to the virtual environment with great success. The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the methodology, which is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods, to allow others to adapt this methodology to their own situations.
Regiospecific Copolyanilines from Substituted Oligoanilines: Electrochemical Comparisons with Random Copolyanilines

Regiospecific substituted polyanilines have been assembled via electropolymerization of methoxy-substituted dimeric and trimeric oligoanilines. The oligoaniline monomers were synthesized utilizing ...