cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grizzly Bear and Black Bear Marking Behavior

Marking activity is common among ursids but little information has been quantified about this behavior. We describe marking behavior of sympatric grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and black bear (U. americanus) populations in a 31,400-km2 area in northwestern Montana. We found marking activity in all areas occupied by bears regardless of bear density and land use. Based on examination of > 5000 bear marking sites, rubbing was the most common behavior at these sites. We used genetic analysis of hair collected at rubs to identify species, sex, and individual identity of bears using them and remotely-triggered cameras to observe bear behavior. Both grizzly bears and black bears rubbed; 58 percent of rubs had black bear hair, 25 percent grizzly hair, and 11 percent hair from both species. Bears typically marked standing trees (86%) but sign posts on hiking trails and forest roads, and power poles were also used. Only males rubbed May-June but female use increased substantially by late summer. Although cubs were detected at lower rates than older bears, all grizzly bear sex and age classes participated in rubbing. Many sites were rubbed repeatedly within and between years but there was also continual turnover. One function of rubbing appears to be chemical communication among bears, although this behavior is different from marking behavior observed in territorial species such as canids. With the high frequency of rubbing activity in these sympatric bear populations, hair from bear rubs provides a reliable and efficient way to concurrently sample both species to monitor population trends.
Glycosylation Analysis of Engineered H3N2 Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins with Sequentially Added Historically Relevant Glycosylation Sites

The influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is the major target of host neutralizing antibodies. The oligosaccharides of HA can contribute to HA’s antigenic characteristics. After a leap to humans from a zoonotic host, influenza can gain N-glycosylation sequons over time as part of its fitness strategy. This glycosylation expansion has not been studied at the structural level. Here we examine HA N-glycosylation of H3N2 virus strains that we have engineered to closely mimic glycosylation sites gained between 1968 through 2002 starting with pandemic A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2: HK68). HAs studied include HK68 and engineered forms with 1, 2, and 4 added sites. We have used: nano-LC–MSE for glycopeptide composition, sequence and site occupancy analysis, and MALDI-TOF MS permethylation profiling for characterization of released glycans. Our study reveals that 1) the majority of N-sequons are occupied at ≥90%, 2) the class and complexity of the glycans varies by region over the landscape of the prote...
Neopentane reactions over bimetallic PtSn/AI2O3 and PtAu/SiO2 catalysts

The reaction of 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane) with hydrogen was studied over two series of supported bimetallic catalysts containing platinum as the primary group VIII metal and either gold or tin as the second metallic component. In both catalyst series the platinum nominal loading was maintained constant at 1 wt%. The loading of the second metal component was varied. An effort has been made to better understand the reactivity trends in these catalysts, by bringing the neopentane reactivity data into context with previously obtained n-hexane reaction results and extensive catalyst characterization data. Smail amounts of tin (1.0 Pt-0.1 Sn/AI203) caused the neopentane isomerization selectivity to drop in comparison to monometallic 1.0 Pt/AI203 . However, further addition of tin up to 1.0 wt% caused the neopentane isomerization selectivity to increase above that of the monometallic 1.0 Pt/A1203 sample. On adding excess tin (5.0 wt%) the activity of the catalyst became prohibitively low. Hence, there seemed to be an optimum loading of tin giving desirable selectivity characteristics at reasonable activity levels. The differences in isomerization selectivity in the case of the Pt-Au/SiO2 catalysts were not as significant as those observed for the Pt-Sn/A1203 catalysts. The trends in catalytic behavior were consistent with previously measured n-hexane reaction trends and could be interpreted on the basis of microstructural differences between the bimetallic catalysts. The effect of gold appeared to be mainly a geometric one, disrupting larger Pt ensembles. On the other hand, the role of tin appeared to go beyond a simple geometric effect. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Registration-Based Morphometry for Shape Analysis of the Bones of the Human Wrist

We present a method that quantifies point-wise changes in surface morphology of the bones of the human wrist. The proposed method, referred to as Registration-based Bone Morphometry (RBM), consists of two steps: an atlas selection step and an atlas warping step. The atlas for individual wrist bones was selected based on the shortest $l^{2}$ distance to the ensemble of wrist bones from a database of a healthy population of subjects. The selected atlas was then warped to the corresponding bones of individuals in the population using a non-linear registration method based on regularized $l^{2}$ distance minimization. The displacement field thus calculated showed local differences in bone shape that then were used for the analysis of group differences. Our results indicate that RBM has potential to provide a standardized approach to shape analysis of bones of the human wrist. We demonstrate the performance of RBM for examining group differences in wrist bone shapes based on sex and between those of the right and left wrists in healthy individuals. We also present data to show the application of RBM for tracking bone erosion status in rheumatoid arthritis.
Cardiac Function Evaluation with Cine MRI of the Heart

This unit describes how to determine hemodynamic parameters of cardiac function such as ejection fraction (EF), end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac mass, based on experience using a Siemens 1.5 T Sonata scanner. Briefly, cine loops are acquired over several heartbeats, synchronized with the heart cycle by gating of the encoding steps with the patients electrocardiogram (ECG). Recently, it has become feasible to acquire cine loops in real time, although the temporal resolution is not optimal. Options discussed in this unit include breath hold versus free breathing, prospective triggering versus retrospective gating, and volumetric data sets versus biplanar approaches. Patient parameters such as heart rate or rhythm, degree of functional impairment, the presence of valvular disease, and the need to assess for jets from shunts or valve dysfunction are also treated. Keywords: cardiac function; cine loop; hemodynamic parameters
Doping induced spinless collective excitations of charge 2e in doped Mott insulators

Based on the Hubbard model description of the doped Mott insulator, we prove that there must exist a spinless collective excitation of charge $2e$ and of energy $U-2\mu$ peaked at momentum $(\pi/a,\pi/a)$ in the non-superconducting state due to doping. Such a collective excitation arises from the electron pair correlation. Its existence is related to the breakdown of an approximate SU(2) particle-hole symmetry, from which an effective field theory of the new excitations is constructed.
Mechanical Aspects of Cardiac Performance

Monitoring of hemodynamic and mechanical parameters of the heart are reviewed. Clinical methodologies are discussed along with tools used in a research setting. Specifically, these include: arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation, cardiac output, pressure–volume loops, flow monitoring, and Frank–Starling curves. These parameters are monitored using technology such as pressure transducers, Swan–Ganz catheters, thermodilution, sonomicrometry crystals, conductance catheters, ultrasound transducers, and loop recorders.
Ethnic return migration and the nation-state: encouraging the diaspora to return ‘home’

ABSTRACT. Countries of immigration are generally faced with a dilemma: they wish to accept immigrants for economic purposes, but also to restrict immigration for ethnonational reasons. This is especially true in ethnic nation-states, where immigration is seen as a threat to ethnonational unity more than in civic nation-states. However, in recent decades, various ethnic nation-states have adopted immigration policies that have encouraged their diasporic descendants born and raised abroad to return to their ethnic homeland. Ethnic return migration apparently solves the immigration dilemma by providing ethnic nation-states with a much-needed unskilled labour force without causing ethnonational disruption because the immigrants are co-ethnic descendants. After comparing ethnic return migration policies in European and East Asian countries, this article analyses the development of such policies in Japan and their eventual failure to solve the country's immigration dilemma. As a result, Japan (and other ethnic nation-states) have imposed restrictions on ethnic return migration.
Whole genome analysis of expressed genes and loss of heterozygosity in rhabdomyosarcoma identifies molecular classes with prognostic significance

4708 Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas of childhood. Two major histological subtypes, embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS), have dramatically different survival rates of 80% and 40%, respectively. Recent advances in molecular cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry have been useful in the differential diagnosis however, as many as a third of patients are incorrectly managed on treatment protocols due to inconsistency and uncertainty in diagnosis. Here we report our genomic analysis of the initial diagnostic biopsies of 163 cases of presumed rhabdomyosarcoma using 22,000 gene expression and 10, 000 SNP arrays, corroborated by analysis of experimental rhabdomyosarcoma cell line models, quantitative real time PCR, and immunohistochemistry of primary tumor material. We have identified homogeneous, biologically based molecular classes of this tumor that differ markedly from current convention, they appear to be superior to present methods of diagnosis and outcome prediction, and may be useful in optimizing risk-based therapy.
RLIP76, a non-ABC transporter, and drug resistance in epilepsy

Background Permeability of the blood-brain barrier is one of the factors determining the bioavailability of therapeutic drugs and resistance to chemically different antiepileptic drugs is a consequence of decreased intracerebral accumulation. The ABC transporters, particularly P-glycoprotein, are known to play a role in antiepileptic drug extrusion, but are not by themselves sufficient to fully explain the phenomenon of drug-resistant epilepsy. Proteomic analyses of membrane protein differentially expressed in epileptic foci brain tissue revealed the frequently increased expression of RLIP76/RALBP1, a recently described non-ABC multi-specific transporter. Because of a significant overlap in substrates between P-glycoprotein and RLIP76, present studies were carried out to determine the potential role of RLIP76 in AED transport in the brain.
System Dynamics and Dysfunctionalities: Levers for Overcoming Emergency Department Overcrowding

Overcrowding of U.S. emergency departments (EDs) is a widely recognized and growing problem. This presentation offers the perspectives of a primary care physician (PCP) examining the problem at three levels: global health policy, quality process improvement, and more intimate clinical caring. It posits that ED overcrowding is actually a symptom of 10 more fundamental problems in U.S. health care and EDs: variations/supply-demand mismatch; primary care provider shortfalls; limited after-hours access; admission throughput challenges; clinical challenges related to discontinuity patients; clinical challenges related to those with special needs; interruptions; testing logistical challenges; suboptimal information systems; and fragmented/dysfunctional health insurance system, leaving many un- and underinsured.
The treatment of cerebral origin spasticity in children

As in adults, spasticity of cerebral origin in children can interfere with function, cares, positioning, and comfort. Reducing spasticity may improve overall function. Many treatment modalities have been developed to treat spasticity in children. This article reviews some of these treatment options including bracing, physical and occupational therapy, oral medications, neurolytic blocks, neurosurgical procedures, and orthopaedic surgery. Specific characteristics of children which influence treatment will also be discussed. Most children benefit from a combination of treatments and not just a single treatment modality. The optimal treatment combination usually changes over time as a child grows and develops. Once the special characteristics of children and the various treatment options are understood, the treatment of cerebral origin spasticity in children can be optimized.
American Finance and American Democracy: Towards an Institutionalist "Law and Economics"

This article reconsiders the financial and economic crisis of 2007-2009 and the present debate about the regulation of finance in the light of a vision of how finance can better serve the American economy and American democracy. The central claim is that regulation as conventionally understood cannot adequately redress the problems, and seize the opportunities, revealed by the crisis. We should approach financial regulation as the first step in a series of institutional innovations designed to put finance more effectively at the service of the real economy (financial deepening) while broadening economic opportunity in the country (financial democratization). I develop and defend this thesis by arguing for four subsidiary claims. A first subsidiary claim is that a major part of the causal background to the crisis was an inconclusive hollowing out of the New Deal regime for the governance of finance. That regime failed to be replaced by an alternative coherent scheme. Instead, it gave way to a ramshackle compromise -- powerful, opaque, recalcitrant, and damaging. Such a situation -- I argue -- represents the rule rather than the exception in the history of law and institutions. The outcome of the hollowing out in the United States was a weakening of the links of finance to the real economy, paradoxically accompanied by the hypertrophy of the financial sector. A second subsidiary claim is that the New Deal critics and reformers of finance, such as Louis Brandeis and William Douglas, were right in their intuition that a strong link exists between the legal and institutional requirements of financial deepening and of financial democratization. A third subsidiary claim is that to make good on this intuition in today's circumstances we need a new agenda of reform with an explicit and ambitious institutional content. Such an agenda includes the transfer of sophisticated financial capabilities to the country's remarkable network of local banks as well as a vast expansion and popularization of financial services, channeling long-term saving into long-term productive investment. A fourth subsidiary claim is that law and legal thought provide the chief storehouse of the ideas and methods needed to conceive and to implement such innovations. Prevailing styles of economic theory, including those underlying the dominant practice of “law and economics,” remain largely bereft of institutional imagination. This article illustrates how a revised practice of legal and institutional analysis can help fill this lacuna. In so doing, this piece takes "law and economics" in another direction.
WHO AM I NOW? THE REIFICATION OF SELF IN A NURSING HOME

Threats to the self and its constituent reifications are examined in the context of the phenomenology of Alfred Schultz. It is argued that self-restications serve to limit the world openness of the human condition and that nursing home placement threatens these reifications and therefore the ability of residents to "think as usual." Thirty-eight case studies from nursing homes in both Kansas and Oregon are examined and are used to illustrate how reminiscence serves as a means to re-reify the self in a manner in which taken-forgrantedness can be regained.
Adenosine restores the hepatic artery buffer response and improves survival in a porcine model of small-for-size syndrome

The aim of the study is to define the role of the HABR in the pathophysiology of the SFS liver graft and to demonstrate that restoration of hepatic artery flow (HAF) has a significant impact on outcome and improves survival. Nine pigs received partial liver allografts of 60% liver volume, Group 1; 8 animals received 20% LV grafts, Group 2; 9 animals received 20% LV grafts with adenosine infusion, Group 3. HAF and portal vein flow (PVF) were recorded at 10 min, 60 min and 90 min post reperfusion, on POD 3 and POD 7 in Group 1, and daily in Group 2 and 3 up to POD 14. Baseline HAF and PVF (ml/100 g/min) were 29 +/- 12 (mean +/- SD) and 74 +/- 8 respectively, with 28% of total liver blood flow (TLBF) from the HA and 72% from the PV. PVF peaked at 10 mins in all groups, increasing by a factor of 3.8 in the 20% group compared to an increase of 1.9 in the 60% group. By POD 7-14 PVF rates approached baseline values in all groups. The HABR was intact immediately following reperfusion in all groups with a reciprocal decrease in HAF corresponding to the peak PVF at 10 min. However in the 20% group HAF decreased to 12 +/- 8 ml/100 g/min at 90 min and remained low out to POD 7-14 despite restoration of normal PVF rates. Histopathology confirmed evidence of HA vasospasm and its consequences, cholestasis, centrilobular necrosis and biliary ischemia in Group 2. HA infusion of adenosine significantly improved HAF (p < .0001), reversed pathological changes and significantly improved survival (p = .05). An impaired HABR is important in the pathophysiology of the SFSS. Reversal of the vasospasm significantly improves outcome.
The Delphi technique: an untapped approach of participatory research

In this article, we describe ways that the Delphi technique can be extended from its more traditional approaches and processes in order to make it a tool for scholars using participatory methods. This innovative proposed approach is called the change-oriented Delphi. We describe this innovative approach using an example from our own work to create solutions to the growth of non-tenure-track faculty in higher education institutions, which is negatively impacting student outcomes.
Power Efficient User Pairing for Multicasting in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Heterogeneous wireless networks have been widely studied recently for the potential to accommodate the rapidly growing data demand in wireless networks. In addition to achieving a higher data rate, power efficient transmission is also critical in providing a stable and lasting wireless access. In this work, we study the power efficient user pairing for multicasting in heterogeneous wireless networks. A combination of intelligent cell association and cooperative communications is proposed to minimize the maximum power consumption among the mobile users. Through analysis and simulation, we demonstrate the benefits of efficient cell association as well as the incorporation of cooperative communications. It shows that our proposed power efficient user pairing scheme achieves a near-optimal performance with a low complexity.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a thermostable endonuclease IV from Thermotoga maritima

The DNA repair enzyme Endonuclease IV from the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga Maritima MSB8 (reference sequence: NC_000853) has been expressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized for X ray analysis. Thermotoga maritima Endonuclease IV is a 287 amino acid protein with 32% sequence identity to the Escherichia coli Endonuclease IV. The protein was purified to homogeneity and was crystallized using the sitting drop vapor diffusion method. The protein crystallized in the space group P61, with a composition of one biological molecule in the asymmetric unit corresponding to a Mathew s coefficient of 2.39 and a 47% solvent fraction. The unit cell parameters for the crystals are a = 123.23 , b = 123.23 , c = 35.34 , = = 90 , = 120 . Microseeding and further optimization yielded crystals with an X ray diffraction limit of 2.4 . A single 70 data set was collected and processed resulting in an overall Rmerge and completeness of 9.5% and 99.3% respectively.
Voice onset time, frication, and aspiration in word-initial consonant clusters.

The voice onset time (VOT) and the duration of the burst of frication noise at the release of a plosive consonant were measured from spectrograms of word-initial consonant clusters. Mean data from ...
Trimming the cast in the construction of immediate dentures.

Abstract Trimming of the cast in the construction of an immediate denture is based on anatomic factors and the positional changes that take place in gingival tissues when teeth are extracted. Considerations must be given to existing alveolar bore levels as well as the relative levels of the overlying soft tissue structures.
Geochemical Features of Two-Phase Hydrocarbon-Pool Formation in Northern West Siberia

Gas-condensate pools that have oil rings occur widely in West Siberia, and much attention has been given to their formation and occurrence. Virtually all possible processes producing such pools have been found to occur here, from the single entry of saturated fluid into a trap followed by differentiation as the formation pressure falls to separate entry in different sequences for the oil and gas. The authors use the content of aromatic hydrocarbons as an index of the migration of oil and gas. Arene distributions in the light fractions of oils and condensates from the Neocomian beds in West Siberia are largely related to features of fluid generation and migration. Two-phase pools containing primary condensates occur in these beds, which is explained by a model based on different forms of fluid migration. They are controlled not only by fluid generation features (different ratios of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon) but also by the relationships in time and space between the clayey and sandy rocks, which give rise to qualitative differences in consolidation and thus to differences in fluid migration in zones adjoining the reservoirs and in zones farther away.
Generation X: Anthropology in a Media-Saturated World

My problem for the present article concerns the relationship between "public culture" on the one hand, and ethnographic inquiry on the other, in the contemporary United States. By "public culture" I mean all the bodies of images, claims, and representations created to speak to and about the actual people who live in the United States: all of the products of art and entertainment (film, television, books, and so on), as well as all of the texts of information and analysis (all forms of journalism and academic production). "Public culture" includes all the products of what is commonly called the "media," but much more as well. Public culture in this sense stands in a very complex relationship to "ethnography." First, public culture is both subject and object vis-a-vis the ethnographer. It claims, and the ethnographer must grant, that it stands as a competing subject, a competing author(ity): many journalists, as well as academics in many other fields, are jostling with ethnographers to tell "the truth" about U.S. culture. As we shall see when we turn to the public representations concerning Generation X, journalists and academics are constantly trying to subsume one another, to claim the position of subject and to turn one another into objects, data. Journalists quote both native informants and academic experts to weave a story about the here and now; academics do the same with journalists, as I will do in this article. Ethnographers' "data" are part of the journalists' stories; journalists' reporting is part of the public culture and thus part of the ethnographic data. In trying to think through this relationship, several temptations need to be avoided. The first is the unmodified "cultural studies" or "media studies" temptation-the fantasy that one can understand the workings of public cultural
Geoscience research in U.S. national parks

Characterizing volcanic rock alteration in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park to better understand Martian data; developing a groundwater flow model for a Grand Canyon National Park karst aquifer to enhance understanding of the area's drinking water; investigating sand waves on Fire Island National Seashore to help with the interpretation and management of dynamic coast-lines: Each of these projects has benefited from recent U.S. National Park Service (NPS) research procedure revisions that streamline the NPS's Research Permit and Reporting System. Geology, which forms the foundation of park ecosystems as well as many spectacular views within the national parks, and frames the natural and historic heritage of the United States, is central to the national park concept. The NPS has identified more than 160 national parks with significant geologic resources, including important fossil deposits, dynamic shorelines, karst formations, geothermal systems, and volcanic features. Park museum collections contain over 270,000 geologic and paleontological specimens. Although good management decisions demand understanding the underlying science, about 90% of U.S. national parks and most regional NPS offices lack a geoscientist.
A Schizophrenia Risk Gene, ZNF804A, Influences Neuroanatomical and Neurocognitive Phenotypes

ZNF804A is one of the strongest candidate genes for schizophrenia (SZ), yet its function and role in disease pathophysiology are largely unknown. The only in vivo endophenotype study of the SZ-associated SNP (rs1344706) pointed towards effects on brain functional connectivity. We examined the relationship of this SNP to neuroanatomical and neurocognitive phenotypes that were assessed in healthy individuals. Volunteers with no history of psychiatric illness were assessed with structural magnetic resonance imaging (1.5T GE scanner, standard gradient-echo acquisition). Carriers of the minor allele were compared with homozygotes for the T (SZ-associated) allele on measures of total volume of the white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebrospinal fluid compartments, as well as on voxel-wise measurements of regional brain volumes. After examining the correlation between genotype-associated regions of interest and neurocognitive performance measures, the effects of rs1344706 genotype on a measure of visuomotor performance speed (trails A) were examined in an independent cohort of volunteers. Among healthy subjects, risk allele homozygotes showed larger total WM volumes than carriers of the other allele. Controlling for WM volumes, these same subjects showed reduced GM volumes in several regions comprising the ‘default mode network,' including angular gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and medial orbitofrontal gyrus/gyrus rectus (FDR-corrected p<0.05). The risk allele dosage also predicted impairments on a timed visuomotor performance task (trails A). Results support a role of ZNF804A in phenotypes reflecting altered neural connectivity.
High-Performance Computing Acquisitions Based on the Factors that Matter

The US Department of Defense high performance computing modernization program has developed an evaluation process that combines qualitative usability factors with quantitative performance and price-per-performance factors to determine which HPC systems to acquire in its annual modernization process.
Anisotropic properties of the canine carotid artery in vitro

Abstract The anisotropic elastic properties of intact cylindrical segments of canine carotid arteries were studied in vitro . Segments were mounted in a temperature controlled tissue bath (37°C) under conditions of (a) constant axial length, or (b) constant axial force. Internal pressure, external diameter and axial force (a) or length (b) were continuously recorded and used to determine values of principal wall stresses. Computed wall stresses and measured wall strains were used to determine the strain energy density function from which values of anisotropic elastic properties were computed. The effects of variations in the initial axial prestress (length or force) were studied. The tangential and radial elastic moduli were nearly independent of initial axial prestress, while the axial modulus varied significantly with prestress. The Poisson ratio μ θx relating tangential and axial deformation was initially small but increased with prestress. These results suggest that the wall architecture at in vivo prestress is such that changes in axial prestress do not affect tangential properties of the wall. When prestress increases, however, wall elements become reoriented, taking on a more axial direction and increasing directional interactions. The effects of vascular smooth muscle activation by norepinephrine (NE) on anisotropic properties were assessed. NE increased values of all three elastic moduli at equivalent values of wall strain.
A Threshold Dose-Response Model with Random Effects in Teratological Experiments

Abstract Teratological experiments are controlled dose-response studies in which impregnated animals are randomly assigned to various exposure levels of a toxic substance. Subsequently, both continuous and discrete responses are recorded on the litters of fetuses that these animals produce. Discrete responses are usually binary in nature, such as the presence or absence of some fetal anomaly. This clustered binary data usually exhibits over-dispersion (or under-dispersion), which can be interpreted as either variation between litter response probabilities or intralitter correlation. To model the correlation and/or variation, the beta-binomial distribution has been assumed for the number of positive fetal responses within a litter. Although the mean of the beta-binomial model has been linked to dose-response functions, in terms of measuring over-dispersion, it may be a restrictive method in modeling data from teratological studies. Also for certain toxins, a threshold effect has been observed in the dose-r...
Insolvency Reform and the Indonesian Financial Crisis

Treatments of Indonesia's financial crisis customarily focus on exchange rate collapse, neglecting the question of why enterprises were so highly leveraged beforehand. This article reviews controlling shareholder-debtor behaviour both before and during the crisis. It then examines Indonesia's emergency bankruptcy legislation effective August 1998—which enjoys a mixed record in implementation—and articulates bankruptcy policy principles for the replacement legislation now being drafted. Progress on the insolvency front has been limited to a relatively small number of voluntary debt reorganisations. Early indications are that such restructurings largely take the form of debt rescheduling rather than debt-equity swaps, loan write-offs, or other approaches that would lessen enterprises' heavy leveraging. This outcome reflects problems in creditor as well as debtor preferences. What began as a private sector insolvency problem increasingly overlaps with efforts to address general banking sector difficulties. F...
Microstructural modification of austenitic stainless steels by rapid solidification

The microstructural modifications in three austenitic stainless steels (types 308, 310, and 312) were evaluated after rapid solidification. These three steels are commonly used weld filler metals. Two methods of rapid solidification were investigated, autogenous laser welding and arc-hammer splat quenching. The structure of 310 stainless steel was found to be 100 pct austenite, and did not vary over the range of conditions studied. On the contrary, the structures of types 308 and 312 steels were very sensitive to the cooling rates and solidification conditions. With the highest cooling rates, the type 308 structure was fully austenitic while the type 312 structure was fully ferritic. At lower cooling rates, the structures were duplex ferrite plus austenite. The results were interpreted in terms of faster kinetics of solidification of austenite compared to ferrite under the conditions examined. A comparison of the structures produced by the two rapid solidification techniques indicated the cooling rates are comparable.
Sequential search with a budget constraint

Abstract For a buyer who searches sequentially for the lowest price from a known distribution but subject to a budget constraint, the optimal policy will no longer have the reservation price property.
Reducing phosphorus discharge from flow-through aquaculture I: facility and effluent characterization

Abstract Phosphorus (P) discharged from flow-through (FT) fish culture operations has caused environmental concerns linked to the role of P in the eutrophication process. Physical dimensions and flow rates of five rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) FT farms in Southern, Idaho, USA, and the effluent of two of those farms were characterized to identify and quantify factors affecting P discharge. The results indicated that the mean water current velocities in raceways were of an order of magnitude below the 0.1–0.6 m/s range recommended to prevent solids settlement [Boersen, G., Westers, H., 1986. Waste solids control in hatchery raceways. Prog. Fish Cult.; Alley, E.R., 2000. Water Quality Control Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York] and thus lead to waste settlement in the rearing areas of raceways. The average measured solids settling velocities were 0.16 and 2.31 cm/s for particles smaller and larger than 814 μm, respectively. The mean particulate P discharge was 0.04 mg/L, composing 3.4% by mass of the discharged suspended solids and representing 40% of total P discharge. The mean dissolved P discharge was 0.06 mg/L representing 60% of the total P discharge. No significant statistical difference was found in P contents associated with different particle sizes ( P > 0.11). The average concentrations of suspended solids that were greater than 10, 53, and 105 μm were 1.93, 1.34, and 1.01 mg/L, respectively; suggesting that 69% of discharged solids mass was greater than 53 μm and 52% was greater than 105 μm. Laser diffraction particle size analysis revealed a volumetrically weighted median effluent particle size of 250.1 μm; with 89% of the discharged particles larger than 53 μm and 76% greater than 105 μm. The results suggested that the removal of particles over 100 μm from the effluent would result in approximate total P discharge reductions of 20%. Overall, the results confirmed that transport and removal are important factors affecting P discharge. The information obtained from this work can be used to design processes and systems to reduce P discharge from these operations.
Compliance with the ANSI Z133.1 - 2006 safety standard among arborists in New England

Abstract Introduction Arboriculture is hazardous work. A consensus safety standard exists, but little is known about compliance with it. This study aimed to determine whether accreditation and certification are associated with safety practices and to identify specific safety practices adhered to most and least. Method Sixty-three tree care companies in southern New England were directly observed on job sites. Adherence to the American National Standards for Arboricultural Operations (ANSI Z133.1 — 2006) was compared across companies that were accredited, non-accredited with certified arborists on staff, and non-accredited without certified arborists on staff. Results Companies with accreditation or certified arborists demonstrated greater safety compliance than those without. However, low compliance was found across all company types for personal protective equipment (PPE) use, chain saw safety, and chipper safety. Conclusions Greater attention to PPE, chain saw, and chipper practices is warranted across the industry. Safety in non-accredited companies without certified arborists especially needs improvement. Practical Application Only partial compliance was found among accredited companies and companies with certified arborists. Intervention strategies are needed for all company types for the use of PPE and safer use of chain saws and chippers.
Determining Cell Seeding Dosages for Tissue Engineering Human Pulmonary Valves

Background This study examines in vitro seeding of decellularized human pulmonary valves (hPVs) with human valve interstitial cells (hVICs) isolated from unrelated donor aortic valve leaflets. An assay was developed to assess seeding using precut uniform sized biopsies from whole hPVs for sequential evaluation of seeding efficiency, proliferation, and migration. Materials and Methods Scaffolds for seeding were created from decellularized hPVs using a reciprocating osmolality, double detergent, enzyme, multiple solvent protocol. hVICs seeded decellularized leaflet and sinus wall scaffolds were incubated in either static or cyclic pressure bioreactors. Low, medium, and high initial cell seeding “dosing” densities were assayed at subsequent three time points, using eight replicates each ( n = 576 biopsies including manufactured scaffold controls). Metabolically viable seeded cells were quantified by MTT assay. Histology defined cell locations and morphology. Results After 24 h of static seeding with 2.5 × 10 5 cells (medium dose), 100 ± 13 cells/mm 2 (2.5%) attached to leaflets, compared with 193 ± 21 cells/mm 2 (8%) for sinuses. Subsequent 4 d in static culture yielded 894 ± 84 and 838 ± 50 cells/mm 2 versus pulsatile culture yielding 80 ± 12 and 79 ± 12 cells/mm 2 for leaflet and sinus, respectively. However, 76.0% ± 12.2% of cells in leaflets in the pulsatile bioreactor were subsurface as compared to 21.4% ± 3.9% in statically cultured leaflets ( P Conclusion Different seeding modes suggest a tradeoff between surface proliferation resulting in higher absolute cell numbers for static seeding versus fewer cells in a cyclic pressure bioreactor but with a greater percentage having migrated into the matrix. The medium seeding dose determined to be optimal is actually feasible for tissue engineering heart valves, and can be achieved by fairly traditional cell amplification methods.
High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying sulfonylurea herbicides in human urine: reconsidering the validation process

We have developed a method for measuring 17 sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides in human urine. Urine samples were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE), pre-concentrated, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using turboionspray atmospheric pressure ionization. Carbon 13-labeled ethametsulfuron methyl was used as an internal standard. Chromatographic retention times were under 7 minutes. Total throughput was estimated as >100 samples per day. Because only one labeled internal standard was available for the analysis, we were forced to reconsider and restructure the validation process to include stringent stability tests and analyses of urine matrices of differing compositions. We describe our restructured validation process and the critical evaluation it provides for the method developed. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.05 microg/L to 0.10 microg/L with an average LOD of 0.06 microg/L. Average total relative standard deviations were 17%, 12% and 8% at 0.1 microg/L, 3.0 microg/L and 10 microg/L, respectively. Average extraction efficiencies of the SPE cartridges were 87% and 86% at 2.5 microg/L and 25 microg/L, respectively. Chemical degradation in acetonitrile and urine was monitored over 250 days. Estimated days for 10% and 50% degradation in urine and acetonitrile ranged from 0.7 days to >318 days. The influence of matrix effects on precision and accuracy was also explored.
Determination of cytochrome P450 3A4/5 activity in vivo with dextromethorphan N‐demethylation

Dextromethorphan is used widely in vivo to phenotype the polymorphically expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6. Dextromethorphan is N-demethylated in vitro to 3-methoxymorphinan by human CYP3A4/5. We examined whether the dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan urinary metabolic ratio (MR) could be used as an in vivo probe of CYP3A. Urinary excretion of 3-methoxymorphinan was excretion rate-limited in extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6, which necessitated a longer urine collection, 0 to 72 hours, to obtain true MR values for CYP3A. The urine excretion of dextromethorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan was delayed in poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 but appeared to be formation rate-limited. The delayed excretion in poor metabolizers necessitated longer urine collection intervals, 0 to 11 days, to estimate the true CYP3A MR and 0 to 8 days to estimate the true CYP2D6 MR. However, a 72-hour collection in poor metabolizers was used as an index of the true dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan MR. Rifampin (300 mg b.i.d. for 7 days) significantly reduced the 0- to 72-hour dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan MR consistent with an 830% (+/- 1808%) induction of CYP3A activity (n = 8), whereas erythromycin (250 mg q.i.d. for 7 days) significantly increased the dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan MR, corresponding to a 34% +/- 44% inhibition of activity (n = 7) in extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers. The changes in CYP3A activity were independent of CYP2D6 phenotype and were also observed after 24- and 48-hour urine collections in extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers. In addition, MRs reflecting CYP2D6 and CYP3A were not significantly correlated. We conclude that the commonly used antitussive dextromethorphan can be used as an in vivo marker of CYP3A and CYP2D6 activity.
Predicting Sobriety From the Employment Status of Dually Diagnosed Clients Who Are Opiate Dependent

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (E. S. Neukrug & R. C. Fawcett, 2006) profiles and employment status for clients who are opiate dependent. A discriminant function analysis indicated that employment was a predictor in maintaining sobriety after 6 months.
Borehole Breakouts in Berea Sandstone Reveal a New Fracture Mechanism

Vertical drilling experiments in high-porosity (22% and 25%) Berea sandstone subjected to critical true triaxial far-field stresses, in which ay (maximum horizontal stress) > a, (vertical stress) > ah (least horizontal stress), revealed a new and non-dilatant failure mechanism that results in thin and very long tabular borehole breakouts that have the appearance of fractures, and which counterintuitively develop orthogonally to a y .These breakouts are fundamentally different from those induced in crystalline rocks, as well as limestones and medium-porosity Berea sandstone. Breakouts in these rocks are typically dog-eared in shape, a result of dilatant multi-cracking tangential to the hole and subparallel to the maximum far-field horizontal stress a y , followed by progressive buckling and shearing of detached rock flakes created by the cracks. In the high-porosity sandstone a narrow layer of grains compacted normal to a n is observed just ahead of the breakout tip. This layer is nearly identical to “compaction bands” observed in the field. It is suggested that when a critical tangential stress concentration is reached along the a y , spring line at the borehole wall, grain bonding breaks down and a compaction band is formed normal to ay Debonded loose grains are expelled into the borehole, assisted by the circulating drilling fluid. As the breakout tip advances, the stress concentration ahead of it persists or may even increase, extending the compaction band, which in turn leads to breakout lengthening
Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009.

AND FULL-TEXT SCREENING To identify studies which were a) relevant to one or more key questions b) primary analytic research, systematic review or meta-analysis and c) written in English DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data abstracted into evidence tables; study quality assessed DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS Strength of evidence graded; summaries and recommendations drafted FINALIZE RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations finalized; guideline published
Distribution of 18+28S ribosomal genes in mammalian genomes.

In situ hybridization with 3H 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA from Xenopus laevis has been used to study the distribution of DNA sequences coding for these RNAs (the nucleolus organizing regions) in the genomes of six mammals. Several patterns of distribution have been found: 1) A single major site (rat kangaroo, Seba's fruit bat), 2) Two major sites (Indian muntjac), 3) Multiple sites in centromeric heterochromatin (field vole), 4) Multiple sites in heterochromatic short arms (Peromyscus eremicus), 5) Multiple sites in telomeric regions (Chinese hamster). — The chromosomal sites which bind 3H 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA correspond closely to the sites of secondary constrictions where these are known. However, the correlation is not absolute. Some secondary constrictions do not appear to bind 3H ribosomal RNA. Some regions which bind ribosomal RNA do not appear as secondary constrictions in metaphase chromosomes. — Although the nucleolus organizing regions of most mammalian karyotypes are found on the autosomes, the X chromosomes in Carollia perspicillata and C. castanea carry large clusters of sequences complementary to ribosomal RNA. In situ hybridization shows that the Y chromosome in C. castanea also has a large nucleolus organizing region.
The problem of other minds

That there are sensations of pain, that pain occurs, that people have pains is a matter of fact. We know that we ourselves have pains and we know that others have pains. No speculation about the nature of sensations can be convincing, in the last analysis, if it is incompatible with this fact. This is not to say, of course, that it may not be interesting to restrict ourselves to possible internal inconsistencies or other similar weaknesses of such a view. Also, pains are felt and exist only in being felt; this is not a fact but a piece of grammar. Still, pains are felt, that is, people have pains; and this is a fact, the very same fact with which we began. These are simple, but important, matters. I wish to consider them more closely, with a view to canvassing the most prominent philosophical alternatives regarding our knowledge of other minds. For one thing, the items mentioned rule out solipsism; not because solipsism is a false or untenable belief but because it would disallow all possible beliefs we may hold regarding the sensations felt by others which are otherwise eligible within the game of facts sanctioned by our grammar. If solipsism were regarded as a belief, in the same sense in which I may believe you are in pain now, it would be upset by the fact of your pain. This would be too easy a victory; also, it would commit the solipsist to holding that it is not meaningless to speak of another's pain. If, on the other hand, solipsism is a philosophical thesis of another sort any other sort but a belief about the facts it would be irrelevant to insist that, as a matter of fact, people do have pains ; still, it would be crushing to insist that, as a matter of grammar, people may have pains and, in fact, do. What is baffling about solipsism is what it may be sup posed to have established. Having discarded a portion of our grammar and, therefore, all hope of investigating an entire sector of otherwise eligible factual questions, the solipsist disingenuously asks us to show him where he is mistaken. If he allowed the investigation, his beliefs would soon be shown to be mistaken ; but by a grammatical innovation alone, he disqualifies certain possible factual beliefs that we know perfectly well
Big Five Personality Factors and Leader Emergence in Virtual Teams: Relationships With Team Trustworthiness, Member Performance Contributions, and Team Performance

Using a sample of 243 undergraduate business students assigned to 71 virtual teams, this study explored the relationships between the Big Five personality factors, leader emergence, team trustworth...