cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Transactional Perspective on Mental Retardation

Publisher Summary This chapter proposes a “transactional perspective on human ability” to understand variability in behavior and development in general and applies that perspective to the phenomena of mental retardation. The transactional perspective rests on the three constructs: intelligence, cognitive processes, and motivation, principally task‐intrinsic motivation. Intelligence and cognitive processes are sharply distinguished from each other. Implications of the transactional perspective on human ability are drawn for developmental intervention in the lives of individuals with mental retardation. The transactional perspective fulfills the requirements for new conceptions of intelligence and of mental retardation. The tripartite conception encompasses phenomena that intelligence alone cannot explain, and integrates those phenomena into a comprehensive scheme. Although cognition and motivation are not themselves directly observable, they are no less so than is intelligence. In fact, all three must be inferred from their presumed effects upon other, more directly observable, phenomena, especially the behavior of persons who are thought to vary in intelligence, cognition, and/or motivation. All three concepts are developmental ones, and it is possible to construct and to test models for their ontogenesis, not only separately but also, more importantly, with respect to their transactional effects upon each other and upon developing persons. All three are important individual differences variables that are both dynamic and transactional.
Transcending Dementia through the TTAP Method: A New Psychology of ART, BRAIN, and Cognition by Linda Levine Madori

In Transcending dementia through the TTAP method: A new psychology of art, brain, and cognition, Linda Levine Madori builds on her previous work with the Therapeutic Thematic Arts Programming (TTAP...
Cardinal sine series: Oversampling and non-existence

Growth conditions are given on the samples f(n), n = 0, ±1, ±2, …, of an entire function f(z) of exponential type less than π that imply that the corresponding cardinal sine series converges. These conditions are the least restrictive of their kind that are possible. Furthermore, an example is provided of an entire function f(z) of exponential type π that is bounded on the real axis and whose corresponding cardinal sine series fails to converge.
Separation of Function Between the Domains of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST1) is a superantigenic exotoxin produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus . Structurally, TSST1 is composed of two domains: residues determined by crystallography to directly interact with MHC II molecules reside within the N-terminal domain, while TSST1 residues critical for superantigenicity are within the C-terminal domain. In this study, we expressed the individual N- and C-terminal domains of TSST1 in Escherichia coli and studied their biologic activities. The TSST1 N-terminal domain (TSST(1–87)) did not induce proliferation of human PBLs or release of TNF-β, but did induce TNF-α release. However, TSST1-elicited proliferation and release of both TNF isoforms were inhibited by a molar excess of TSST(1–87). The TSST1 C-terminal domain (TSST(88–194)) did not bind MHC II molecules, yet it elicited production of TNF-α and TNF-β, and induced TCR Vβ-specific proliferation similarly to intact TSST1. When covalently cross-linked to tumor cells, TSST(88–194) elicited a local in vivo antitumor response indistinguishable from TSST1. Although intact TSST1 causes lethal shock in vivo, the individual domains of this molecule may have therapeutic potential: the N-terminal domain to antagonize lymphocyte activation and TNF release during acute TSST1-precipitated toxic shock syndrome, and the C-terminal domain to stimulate antitumor responses without MHC II binding.
Human-Style Theorem Proving Using PVS

A major barrier to more common use of mechanical theorem provers in verifying software designs is the significant distance between proof styles natural to humans and proof styles supported by mechanical provers. To make mechanical provers useful to software designers with some mathematical sophistication but without expertise in mechanical provers, the distance between hand proofs and their mechanized versions must be reduced. To achieve this, we are developing a mechanical prover called TAME on top of PVS. TAME is designed to process proof steps that resemble in style and size the typical steps in hand proofs. TAME's support of more natural proof steps should not only facilitate mechanized checking of hand proofs, but in addition should provide assurance that theorems proved mechanically are true for the reasons expected and also provide a basis for conceptual level feedback when a mechanized proof fails. While infeasible for all applications, designing a prover that can process a set of high-level, natural proof steps for restricted domains should be achievable. In developing TAME, we have had moderate success in defining specialized proof strategies to validate hand proofs of properties of Lynch-Vaandrager timed automata. This paper reports on our successes, the services provided by PVS that support these successes, and some desired enhancements to PVS that would permit us to improve and extend TAME.
Investigation of the effect of trapped modes in circular waveguide mode converters

TE/sub 0n/-TE/sub 0q/ circular waveguide mode converters such as the TE/sub 02/-TE/sub 01/ type typically have radius variations which increase and then decrease again. This provides the possibility for trapped higher order modes which can exist between the uptaper and the downtaper, but cannot escape the region of enlarged radius. Trapped modes can sometimes have a catastrophic effect on device transmission at certain resonant frequencies. The effect of trapped modes are considered in a few simple cases in this paper using the computer simulation programs HFSS and Cascade.
Cell Senescence in the Dock

Cells, Aging, and Human Disease . By Michael B. Fossel . Oxford University Press, New York, 2004. 503 pp. $69.95, £43. ISBN 0-19-514035-4. Approaching aging from the perspective of senescence at the levels of cells and organs, the author discusses aging diseases in the context of the tissues that they impact.
Pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter manometry in humans

Manometric studies of pharyngeal-upper esophageal sphincter (UES) coordination during swallowing have proven difficult. Asymmetry of the UES makes pressure measurements with a single, unoriented transducer suspect. Perfused systems lack the necessary response rate for measuring peak pharyngeal contraction pressures. Precise quantification of the coordination of pharyngeal contractions and UES relaxations during swallowing is difficult because of rapid pressure changes. We tested a modified solid-state transducer that measures pressures over 360 degrees. This transducer was placed in the proximal UES with a second, single transducer 5 cm proximal. Data were collected and analyzed with an Apple IIe microcomputer. A computer program was developed to measure nine timing sequences, UES resting pressure, nadir of UES relaxation, and pharyngeal contraction pressures. We studied 21 volunteers with six swallows each for dry, 5, 10, and 20 ml of water. Dry swallows differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from wet (5 ml). All timing sequences became progressively longer with increasing bolus size. Residual pressures were unchanged. Timing sequences were also measured for wet (5 ml) and dry swallows in seven volunteers using a Dent sleeve and single perfused orifice in the UES; no differences were seen.
Distributed Inference in Tree Networks Using Coding Theory

In this paper, we consider the problem of distributed inference in tree based networks. In the framework considered in this paper, distributed nodes make a 1-bit local decision regarding a phenomenon before sending it to the fusion center (FC) via intermediate nodes. We propose the use of coding theory based techniques to solve this distributed inference problem in such structures. Data is progressively compressed as it moves towards the FC. The FC makes the global inference after receiving data from intermediate nodes. Data fusion at nodes as well as at the FC is implemented via error correcting codes. In this context, we analyze the performance for a given code matrix and also design the optimal code matrices at every level of the tree. We address the problems of distributed classification and distributed estimation separately and develop schemes to perform these tasks in tree networks. The proposed schemes are of practical significance due to their simple structure. We study the asymptotic inference performance of our schemes for two different classes of tree networks: fixed height tree networks, and fixed degree tree networks. We derive the sufficient conditions under which the proposed schemes are asymptotically optimal.
A Simplified Analysis of Two-Well Tracer Tests in Stratified Aquifers

This paper illustrates several interesting effects of aquifer stratification on the results of two-well tracer tests by means of a simplified computer model. In the model, it is assumed that the aquifer is horizontal, confined, of constant thickness and porosity, and perfectly stratified in the vicinity of the test wells. The nonuniform advection pattern is taken into account in detail by the model, but the local hydrodynamic dispersion is completely neglected. This simplified model has been verified in part by comparisons with available analytical solutions valid for homogeneous aquifers and in part by comparisons with the results of a two-well field experiment of Pickens and Grisak (1981a) which was performed in a locally stratified aquifer. The applications of the model to several field situations with assumed values of the relevant parameters show that the concentration versus time breakthrough curve measured at the withdrawal well during a standard two-well test would be very sensitive to variations of the hydraulic conductivity in the vertical. Without the use of supplementary observation wells with isolated multilevel sampling points, the standard test would give little useful information about the hydraulic and dispersive characteristics of an aquifer. Factors such as the length of the tracer injection period, the use of recirculation and the physical size of the experiment all have a strong effect on the breakthrough curve measured at the withdrawal well, making the interpretation of field results difficult unless aquifer stratification is measured and properly taken into account.
Construction of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Dosimetry in the Developing Rabbit Brain

Abstract A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes the kinetics of organic anions by using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a representative compound was constructed for the developing rabbit brain at near-term pregnancy (Gestation Day 30). The model consisted of brain, body, and venous and arterial compartments for the mother which were linked to the fetus by a placenta. Maternal brain compartments in the model were brain plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue including hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, forebrain, brainstem, and cerebellum. The fetus consisted of brain, body, amniotic fluid, and venous and arterial compartments. The maternal body had both a central and a deep compartment; the fetal body had only one compartment. Maternal blood flow to the fetus was modeled as blood flowing to the placenta, where it was equilibrated before it reached the fetus. The brain uptake was membrane-limited by the blood–brain barrier, with saturable clearance from the CSF into the venous blood by the choroid plexus in both fetus and mother. The model was used to compare concentrations of 2,4-D in maternal and fetal brain, maternal and fetal plasma, and amniotic fluid over time with experimental data from pregnant rabbits given 2,4-D intravenously (1, 10, or 40 mg/kg). The model adequately simulated the 2-hr time course of 2,4-D concentrations in both mother and fetus. With continued development, this generic PBPK model should be a useful tool for evaluating the safety of organic acid neurotoxicants in the developing brain.
Investigating and facilitating children's graphic, geographic, and spatial development: An illustration of Rodney R. Cocking's legacy

Presented here is a case history of an interdisciplinary program of research on children's graphic, geographic, and spatial development that integrates approaches from developmental psychology, geography, and education. Some of the theoretical and historical roots of this work are discussed, with a particular emphasis on the roles that Rodney R. Cocking played in the evolution of this work. Described are findings from basic research on children's developing understanding of place representations, such as maps, educational interventions designed for public television and elementary school classrooms, and efforts aimed at national educational reform. Taken together, the work illustrates Rodney Cocking's profound, diverse, and continuing legacy to the scholarship of the academy and to the lives of children.
Electrochemistry and complexation of Josiphos ligands

Abstract The oxidative electrochemistry of 11 chiral bis-phosphinoferrocene ligands, all within the Josiphos class of ligands, was examined in methylene chloride. The oxidation of these ligands displays multiple waves of varying chemical reversibility. Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with the general formula [MCl2(P–P)] (M = Pd or Pt; P–P = Josiphos) were prepared, characterized by NMR and cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemistry simplifies greatly upon coordination of the Josiphos ligands. The X-ray structures of a palladium(II) and platinum(II) complex of the same Josiphos ligand are reported.
Maximizing children's opportunities with inclusive play: considerations for interactive technology design

Inclusive play, defined as play among children with and without disabilities, provides learning opportunities that challenge stereotypes, foster strong friendships, and help children develop empathy and other social and emotional skills. Designing technologies to support inclusive play are understudied in Human-Computer Interaction. We synthesized literature, conducted design ethnography in an inclusive classroom, and interviewed and surveyed parents and teachers to explore this problem. Our research contributes an empirical understanding of the current state of inclusive play and a characterization of the design space for interactive technologies that can support children and adults with inclusive play. We identify key facilitators of inclusive play: direct and embedded supports, transparency, adjustability, emphasis on children's interests and strengths, and current technology use. We also describe significant barriers to inclusive play: effort required to facilitate inclusive play, children's preferences, parental inexperience, and inappropriate technology. Through our discussion, we conclude that interactive technologies should be designed to harness the facilitators and help overcome the barriers in order to maximize children's opportunities with inclusive play.
Coping with Anomalies in Parallel Branch-and-Bound Algorithms

A general technique that can be used to solve a wide variety of discrete optimization problems is the branch-and-bound algorithm. We have adapted and extended branch-and-bound algorithms for parallel processing. The computational efficiency of these algorithms depends on the allowance function, the data structure, and the search strategies. Anomalies owing to parallelism may occur. In this correspondence, anomalies of parallel branch-and-bound algorithms using the same search strategy as the corresponding serial algorithms are studied. Sufficient conditions to guarantee no degradation in performance due to parallelism and necessary conditions for allowing parallelism to have a speedup greater than the number of processors are presented.
Purmorphamine activates the Hedgehog pathway by targeting Smoothened

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an important regulator of embryonic patterning, tissue regeneration, stem cell renewal and cancer growth. A purine derivative named purmorphamine was previously found to activate the Hh pathway and affect osteoblast differentiation through an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate here that purmorphamine directly targets Smoothened, a critical component of the Hh signaling pathway.
Packing geometry of human cone photoreceptors: variations with eccentricity and evidence for local anisotropy

Disorder in the packing geometry of the human cone mosaic is believed to help alleviate spatial aliasing effects. In order to characterize cone packing geometry we gathered positions of cone inner segments at 7 locations along 4 primary and 2 oblique meridians in an adult human retina. We generated statistical descriptors based on the distribution of distances and angles to Voronoi neighbors. Parameters of a compressed-jittered model were fit to the actual mosaic. Local anisotropies were investigated using correlograms. We find that: (1) median distance between Voronoi neighbors increases with eccentricity, but the minimum distance is constant (6-8 micrometers ) across peripheral retina; (2) the cone mosaic is most orderly at the edge of the foveal rod-free zone; (3) in periphery, cone spacing is 10-15% less in one direction than in the orthogonal direction; (4) cone spacing is minimal perpendicular to meridians emanating from the foveal center. The nearly constant minimum distance implies that high spatial frequencies may be sampled even in peripheral retina. Local anisotropy of the cone mosaic is qualitatively consistent with the meridional resolution effect previously described for the discrimination of gratings.
Addition of Lithiated 9-Deazapurine Derivatives to a Carbohydrate Cyclic Imine: Convergent Synthesis of the Aza-C-nucleoside Immucillins

Means have been developed for the synthesis and addition of 9-deaza-9-lithiopurine derivatives to the carbohydrate-derived cyclic imine 6 in facile convergent syntheses of biologically active aza-C-nucleosides.
Imaging and dosing in radioimmunotherapy with yttrium 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin).

Abstract Yttrium 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan consists of the murine monoclonal antibody ibritumomab securely bound to the second-generation chelator tiuxetan, which attaches the high-energy pure β emitter 90 Y, for therapy, or the γ emitter indium 111, for imaging. The biodistribution of the therapeutic dose of 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan can be predicted by using an imaging dose of the antibody labeled with 111 In. Calculation of the therapeutic dose is simple and is based on patient weight and baseline platelet count: for patients with a platelet count of 150 × 10 9 /L or greater the dose of is 0.4 mCi/kg; for patients with mild thrombocytopenia (platelet count 100 × 10 9 /L to 149 × 10 9 /L) the dose is reduced to 0.3 mCi/kg; and the total dose should not exceed 32 mCi. Patients with platelet counts of less than 100 × 10 9 /L should not be treated with 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan. Imaging with 111 In ibritumomab tiuxetan is performed only to assess biodistribution of the radioimmunoconjugate. Uptake in sites of pathologic adenopathy, as well as other areas of lymphomatous involvement, is frequently seen on the images, but visualization of tumor uptake is not required to proceed with the therapeutic dose of 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan.
Conflicting Side of Building Information Modeling Implementation in the Construction Industry

AbstractBuilding information modeling (BIM) has changed the face of the construction industry as it has affected not only the nature of interactions between the multiple stakeholders involved in projects, but also the framework of the working environment and its boundaries. BIM has been widely recognized to have benefits ranging from enhancing cost and schedule performance to reducing safety risk. Despite the industry enthusiasm about BIM and its benefits, its implementation has been relatively challenging. Considering the characteristics of this technology combined with the very diverse nature of the construction industry working environment and contracting strategies, BIM implementation presents a set of challenges ranging from technical to contractual and personal challenges that extend beyond the design and construction phases to the postdelivery phase. This paper aims to present through literature review and expert interviews evidence of those challenges with a focus on BIM-related contractual challe...
Processing multiple recognition probes in short- and long-term memory

On each trial in a recognition memory task either one or two test probes were presented. If one probe was presented, subjects were to respond yes if it was a member of a well learned long-term memory set or a member of a short-term memory set that was changed on each trial; subjects were to give a no response if the probe was not a member of either memory set. If two probes were presented, subjects were to give a yes response only if both were memory set members and were to give a no response otherwise. Several aspects of the results indicate that multiple probes are processed sequentially in this task.
How far, and how fast? Population, culture, and carrying capacity in Aruba

Abstract Our paper outlines the preparation of a Framework for Sustainable Tourism on the Caribbean Island of Aruba from the standpoint of futurists involved in public policy. Despite remarkable success with tourism over nearly half-a century, Arubans have become periodically concerned about the long-run sustainability of their major industry, their culture, and their Island. The paper explains the historic industrial epochs that have led to the demographic layering and cultural division of labor, the development of tourism from its beginnings in the 1950s, and to present-day concerns about over-development and migration behind the setting up of a National Tourism Council (NTC) in 2001. The basic issues confronted by the NTC were set within the overarching question of “how far and how fast” tourism in Aruba could or should expand. Following on from three exploratory scenarios, the Framework prepared by the authors makes proposals for expansion of tourism in distinctive culture regions and corresponding tourism products over the next two generations of Arubans at a pace that matches emerging needs, but below the carrying capacity of the Island. The paper explains the historic context, pragmatic assumptions made, empirical evidence used, and connects the approach to other papers in this issue.
A model of the role of free drug samples in physicians’ prescription decisions

Pharmaceutical companies distribute billions of dollars worth of free prescription drug samples every year giving rise to several concerns about their role in physicians’ prescription decisions including: (1) making physicians view drugs with samples “gifted” to them more favorably than those without samples even though this is not justified on medical grounds; (2) inducing physicians to prescribe the sampled drug simply to garner the goodwill of their patients “happy to go home with free samples”; and (3) overly influencing less-experienced doctors. Interestingly, however, these popular concerns are not supported by findings of extant empirical studies in the medical literature. A review of these findings leads the authors to propose that rather than undermining objective prescription decision-making, free drug samples assist physicians find the best patient-drug match in settings characterized by diagnostic uncertainty. Based on a model of a competitive therapeutic category consisting of two differentiated brands and a physician who is focused on successfully treating his/her patients while minimizing associated costs, the authors show that samples can facilitate a prescription trial to resolve the attendant diagnostic uncertainty. The proposed model of the role of samples yields insights consistent with the findings in the empirical medical literature and also offers several implications for a firm’s optimal allocation of free samples across physicians with varying levels of experience.
Diapirlike Features Offshore Honduras: Implications Regarding Tectonic Evolution of Cayman Trough and Central America

A seismic-reflection survey along the continental margin of Honduras has uncovered an assemblage of diapirlike bodies. Features such as disrupted and upturned flank reflectors as well as a domed and faulted overburden suggest that the bodies are truly piercement structures. Although unequivocal evidence is lacking, the diapirs are probably salt. The bodies are shallow and corroboration could be obtained by drilling (Fig. 1). The Cayman Trough is a locus of intense tectonism along which the Caribbean plate is considered to be decoupled from the North America plate. Salt offshore Honduras (Caribbean plate) may have been displaced eastward by about 1,000 km relative to presumably equivalent salt deposits in Guatemala (North America plate). Hence, slip rates for the lithospheric plates in the northwestern Caribbean can be estimated to lie between 1 and 2 cm/yr, depending on whether the transcurrent motions were initiated in the mid-Mesozoic or the mid-Cenozoic. The bulk of the data available from this and other studies convinces one that the Cayman Trough is a strike-slip feature. Consequently, a sphenochasm model for the structural evolution of the Gulf of Honduras that delegates strike-slip faulting to a subordinate role is improbable. A model involving the relative clockwise rotation of Honduras from Yucatan in the mid-Mesozoic followed in the mid-Tertiary by roughly 300 km of sinistral, strike-slip displacement localized along the Cayman Trough is conceivable but unlikely. Additional magnetic surveying will probably be needed to test this model.
Electron Cryotomography of Postsynaptic Densities During Development Reveals a Mechanism of Assembly

Postsynaptic densities (PSDs) are responsible for organizing receptors and signaling proteins that regulate excitatory transmission in the mammalian brain. To better understand the assembly and 3D organization of this synaptic structure, we employed electron cryotomography to visualize general and fine structural details of PSDs isolated from P2, P14, P21 and adult forebrain in the absence of fixatives and stains. PSDs at P2 are a loose mesh of filamentous and globular proteins and during development additional protein complexes are recruited onto the mesh. Quantitative analysis reveals that while the surface area of PSDs is relatively constant, the thickness and protein occupancy of the PSD volume increase dramatically between P14 and adult. One striking morphological feature is the appearance of lipid raft-like structures, first evident in PSDs from 14 day old animals. These detergent-resistant membranes stain for GM1 ganglioside and their terminations can be clearly seen embedded in protein "bowls" within the PSD complex. In total, these results lead to the conclusion that the PSD is assembled by the gradual recruitment and stabilization of proteins within an initial mesh that systematically adds complexity to the structure.
Pulsed electromagnetic acceleration of metal plasmas

Design criteria are discussed for a novel pulsed plasma accelerator that excludes weak features of other types of electric propulsion devices Experiments are described which demonstrated proof-of-principle for each of the thrustor components during the evolution of the accelerator Material requirements for successful operation of the complete accelerator package are presented, together with observed operational characteristics of the thrustor Unique features of the unit are the quasi-planar thin-film propellant that is stored in solid bulk form and the vapor deposition technique by which it is introduced into the accelerator A propellant alloy composed of cadmium and zinc was found to deposit on, and scavenge effectively from, a Pyrex glass propellant transport Opeiation at moderate pulse frequencies is routine Materials for high-pulse frequency operation remain to be identified
Measuring the Aqueous Henry’s Law Constant at Elevated Temperatures Using an Extended EPICS Technique

Experimental data for Henry’s law constant of organic solutes at temperatures between (313.15 and 363.15) K are unavailable or scarce. A method is presented to measure Henry’s law constant of organic solutes in water at these temperatures known as extended Equilibrium Partitioning in Closed Systems (extended EPICS). Extended EPICS rely upon liquid concentration sampling rather than the gas-phase headspace analyses required by the basic EPICS method. The results for four selected organic chemicals (benzene, methylbenzene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene) agree well with values calculated from literature solute vapor pressure and solubility data and from correlations.
Stereophotographic Models of Electron Motion in Stark Effect

By means of multiple exposures with a stereoscopic camera of a rotating wire frame representing the curved quadrangle formed by the intersection of the parabolic coordinates of the Epstein-Schwarzchild treatment of the Stark effect, within which quadrangle the electron is progressively advanced along a properly curved wire, the orbital motion within the anchor-ring is very clearly brought out. The pictures when viewed with a stereoscope show the anchor-ring as a wire cage within which the precessing orbit appears as a white dotted line. The change in orientation and eccentricity of the orbit, with the constancy of the distance of the electric center from the $\mathrm{YZ}$ plane (field parallel to $X$) is easily seen. Photographs are shown illustrating various assignments of the quantum numbers ${n}_{1}$ and ${n}_{2}$.
The gender gap in the wages of illegal aliens

Abstract Illegal aliens are an important component of U.S. labor markets. While studies seem to indicate that the wages are set for undocumented workers in a way quite similar to that for citizens and legal aliens, almost all such studies sample only men. In contrast, this article analyzes a sample of 546 undocumented workers of both sexes to measure the gender difference in wages and to identify the extent to which this difference is the result of sex discrimination. It finds that while the relative wage gap between male and female undocumented workers is smaller than for the citizen labor force, a relatively large proportion of the gap is not explained by gender.
Pancreatic secretions as a clue to the presence of pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic secretory function is abnormal in at least 90% of patients with pancreatic cancer. These abnormalities may be due to direct involvement of the secretory cells by the malignant process and/or the effects of pancreatic duct obstruction. There is no specific stimulus (secretin and/or cholecystokinin, CCK, or CCK-like hormones) of pancreatic secretion that is clearly superior to any other as a test of pancreatic function. Pancreatic secretion is abnormal in animal models of pancreatic cancer and secretory abnormalities antedate the histologicc appearance of the cancer. A pancreatic cancer and secretory abnormalities antedate the histologic appearance of the cancer. A decrease in protein secretion after CCK stimulation is the most significant finding in experimental partial pancreatic duct obstruction (the condition most commonly seen in pancreatic cancer). In the absence of any identifiable high-risk group within the population, it is unlikely that the testing of pancreatic function provides a mean for the earlier diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
Sensation Magnitude Scales for Vibrotactile Stimulation of the Tongue and Thenar Eminence

This study represents the first attempt to generate magnitude-estimation and magnitude-balance functions for the human tongue. Vibrotactile magnitude scales for the tongue and thenar eminence of the hand were investigated for nine adult subjects. The methods of magnitude estimation and magnitude production were used to obtain magnitude-balance functions for both structures. The magnitude-estimation task resulted in magnitude functions for the tongue which were similar in slope value to those found for the thenar eminence. The magnitude-production task also gave magnitude functions which were similar in slope value for the two structures.
A Measure of Scientific Reasoning: The Springs Task.

There is evidence of increasing interest in formal thought (Neimark, 1975; Levine & Linn, 1977), with most researchers using tasks first reported by Inhelder and Piaget (1958) to measure formal reasoning. A problem arises since these tasks have not been standardized and translations by specific researchers result in tests that measure different abilities (see task analysis in Linn, 1977). Researchers could generalize findings more easily if they employed the same tasks. Evaluators also frequently need to assess formal reasoning; it would be useful to them to have a variety of tasks available. Finally, psychologists do not agree on a definition of the formal thought construct (Neimark, 1978; Linn, 1978a). Development of a new test provides another operational definition of formal thought and would allow more comprehensive validity studies. The purpose of this paper is to describe an individually administered, apparatus-based task developed at Lawrence Hall of Science to measure one aspect of formal thought, the ability to employ the controlling variables schema. A complete description of the task is available from ERIC.1 The Springs task includes questions similar to those in Inhelder and Piaget's (1958) Bending Rods task, as well as one new question suggested by previous research (Levine & Linn, 1977). The Springs task has been used in several studies in conjunction with other measures of formal thought. Subjects ranging in age from 10 to adult can be tested with the instrument.
Inhibition and inactivation of liver aldolase

Abstract Substrate analogs xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate, glucitol 1,6-bisphosphate, α-2,5-anhydroglucitol 1,6-bisphosphate, α-, β-methyl fructofuranoside 1,6-bisphosphate, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, ribulose 5-phosphate, and ribose 5-phosphate and inactivating agents 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene, 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and pyridoxal phosphate were examined for their effects on liver aldolase. These studies support the use of the β-anomer and acyclic form as substrate. They also suggest that the liver enzyme active site is similar to the muscle enzyme but with a much weaker 6-phosphate binding site.
Modeling the Reduction of Vapor Phase Emissions from Surface Soils Due to Soil Matrix Effects: Porosity/Tortuosity Concepts.

A major route for transport of volatile organic compounds within porous media is vapor phase diffusion. The diffusion rate through a porous medium is less than that through free-air due to the decreased cross-sectional area available for gas movement and the increased path length due to pore tortuosity. Numerous empirical expressions have been published that relate the diffusion coefficient in porous media to the diffusion coefficient in free-air (unobstructed gas phase). Published measurements of relative diffusivity and air-filled porosity were combined into a database. Empirical expressions available in the literature, including the popular Millington-Quirk equation, were evaluated along with a fourth-degree polynomial expression developed by the authors to determine the best type of equation to predict relative diffusivity as a function of air-filled porosity over the domain of values for porosity ranging from 0.071 to 1 for different types of materials. Mean square deviations were used as the statistical test to compare equations. The polynomial expression developed in this project produced a significantly different effective diffusion coefficient (1.3 x 10-6 m2/sec) compared to values of 9.2 x 10-6 m2/sec and 3.1 x 10-6 m2/ sec predicted by forms of the Millington-Quirk equation for a specific case.
Different (Painful¡) Strokes for Different Folks: A General Overview of Sexual Sadomasochism (SM) and its Diversity

This article, written primarily for clinicians, draws from a variety of sources and provides a basic overview of sexual sadomasochism (SM). SM represents a wide range of behaviors and practices often associated with sexuality, yet it may also refer to a specific lifestyle or subculture composed of participants who regularly engage in such practices. Although large numbers of individuals are likely to participate in SM practices in various possible forms, many professionals may be unfamiliar with the diversity, terminology, possible motivations, and issues surrounding SM. Given that SM is easily misunderstood, it is important for professionals working in the area of human sexuality to become familiar with alternative expressions of eroticism, creative stimulation, and intimacy. It is suggested that SM potentially may be enriching and beneficial to many who safely participate, or it sometimes may be considered pathological and destructive. Insights are provided herein to raise awareness of issues and to hel...
PEAR: a hardware based protocol authentication system

As users have to manage an increasing number of accounts, they have to balance password security and password usability. As such, many users use insecure passwords resulting in their accounts and data being vulnerable to unauthorized accesses. In this paper, we present Physically Enhanced Authentication Ring, or PEAR, a system that alleviates this problem. We leverage Physically Unclonable Functions (PUF) to create unclonable hardware devices, which users use to authenticate. Using a hardware device, our system uses zero-knowledge proofs, which provide better security than traditional passwords, yet users must only enter a simple PIN. As such, our system is very usable and imposes little to no burden on end users and service providers. We present transaction levels on top of PEAR of as an extension and then discuss some other work that could be done in the future.
Ecological Systems Theory: The Person in the Center of the Circles

Simplistic presentations of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory focus on its attention to context. Although this accurately represents the first phase of Bronfenbrenner's work, it is argued that the core feature of Bronfenbrenner's later work is its attention to the patterning and interrelationship of multiple determinants of development and on the active role of the developing person. After a review of key elements of the development of Bronfenbrenner's work, current research on parental monitoring and knowledge is discussed as embodying many of the core elements of systems theory.
Characterization of T4D virus by sedimentation field-flow fractionation

Abstract Sedimentation field-flow fractionation (a non-destructive separation method) has been used to measure the molecular weight and density of T4D virus. The molecular weight was obtained under experimental conditions in which the major parameters governing retention in field-flow fractionation were varied to examine their effect on the calculated result. The parameters varied are (1) carrier density, (2) carrier velocity, (3) field strength, (4) injected sample volume and (5) column volume. Retention was not affected by flow-rate or sample volume injected. Effective molecular weights, calculated from a large number of experiments run under different conditions, had a mean and standard deviation of (100 ± 1)·10 6 . The actual molecular weight, subject to greater uncertainty, was determined to be 317·10 6 . The density calculated for the virus was 1.47 g/ml. A study of whether the sedimentation field-flow fractionation technique is destructive or not showed that the infectivity of the virus is affected very little by passage through the channel and detector system.
Development of biodegradable and injectable macromers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and diacid monomers

Novel biodegradable injectable poly(ethylene glycol)-(PEG) based macromers were synthesized by reacting low-molecular weight PEG (MW: 200) and dicarboxylic acids such as sebacic acid or terephthalic acid. Chemical structures of the resulting polymers were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy characterizations. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that these polymers were completely amorphous above room temperature. After photopolymerization, dynamic elastic shear modulus of the crosslinked polymers was up to 1.5 MPa and compressive modulus was up to 2.2 MPa depending on the polymer composition. The in vitro degradation study showed that mass losses of these polymers were gradually decreased over 23 weeks of period in simulated body fluid. By incorporating up to 30 wt % of 2-hydroxyethyl methylmethacrylate (HEMA) into the crosslinking network, the dynamic elastic modulus and compressive modulus was significantly increased up to 7.2 and 3.2 MPa, respectively. HEMA incorporation also accelerated the degradation as indicated by substantially higher mass loss of up to 27% after 20 weeks of incubation. Cytocompatability studies using osteoblasts and neural cells revealed that cell metabolic activity on these polymers with or without HEMA was close to the control tissue culture polystyrene. The PEG-based macromers developed in this study may be useful as scaffolds or cell carriers for tissue engineering applications.
Standardization of an antihemorrhagic potency test of antivenoms prepared from two different Agkistrodon halys venoms

To establish Korea National Standards for venoms and antivenoms, it is necessary to have standardized assay methods. In this study, we standardized a method to evaluate the antihemorrhagic potency of two horse-derived antivenoms using rabbit intracutaneous injection. We expressed the capability of these antivenoms to neutralize the hemorrhagic activities triggered by the venoms of Agkistrodon halys from Japan and Jiangzhe Agkistrodon halys from China as Minimum Hemorrhagic Dose (MHD). We also performed cross-neutralization tests employing the parallel line assay on different pairings of venoms and antivenoms to check the possibility of using Jiangzhe Agkistrodon halys venom as a substitute for the standard Agkistrodon halys venom in measurements of the antihemorrhagic activity, since A. halys venom is not easily available. Slope function ratio (S.R.) was 0.957 for Agkistrodon halys venom either with Agkistrodon halys antivenom or with Jiangzhe Agkistrodon halys antivenom (p>0.05). Similarly, S.R. was 0.348 for Jiangzhe Agkistrodon halys venom either with Agkistrodon halys antivenom or with Jiangzhe Agkistrodon halys antivenom (p>0.05). Thus, in this study we established antihemorrhagic potency test methods for both Agkistrodon halys and Jiangzhe Agkistrodon halys antivenoms and we could also show it is possible to use Jiangzhe Agkistrodon halys venom as a standard.
Refining Computer-Based Invention through Computer-Aided Evaluation and “State-of-the-Art” Tutorial Design

The result of utilizing state-of-the-art tutorial research and of making maximum use of the hardware potential of even a microcomputer moves a CAI program far beyond “ad hoc frame-oriented CAI.” Such a system can effectively utilize the potentials inherent in the synthesis of computer technology and sound instructional design in producing a beneficial prewriting experience for the composition student that is not far removed from a similar experience guided by a human tutor. The present article presents the results of a comparison between the effectiveness of two methodologies of eliciting prewriting composition. Method one consisted of CBI that was based upon recent studies in tutoring and CAE techniques; method two consisted of the same methodology with only a different medium employed, that of personal tutoring. The principle question raised was whether or not the CBI method was as good a means of prewriting instruction as that resulting from human tutoring in stimulating prewriting composition.
RAPE AND SEDUCTION SCRIPTS

Previous research has shown that rape judgments can be influenced by several variables; however, it is not known whether these variables appear in rape scripts. Moreover, although the script concept has been applied to sexual behavior (e.g., Gagnon & Simon, 1973; Laws & Schwartz, 1977), researchers have only just begun to explore the content of sexual scripts. The present study explored college students' rape and seduction scripts. Twenty introductory psychology students were asked to write about the “typical” rape and the “typical” seduction. These scripts were coded on 20 common dimensions. Results showed that the rape and seduction scripts were very different. Most subjects described a blitz rape: a woman who was outdoors was attacked by a male stranger who was mentally or socially unfit. The assailant was very angry and aggressive and the victim, very afraid. In contrast, the seduction was more frequently indoors and often involved alcohol. The participants were sometimes strangers and both sexes coul...
Ensouled bodies: the continuity of the theme of 'the body as instrument'.

Abstract This paper deals squarely with the concept of instrument, specifically, a music instrument, as a unifying agent. The topic occupied writers from Plato, through Plotinus (3rd century, CE), writers within the period known as the European Latin-based Middle Ages, and, as we will see, beyond. Seen from a historical perspective as it recurs, the topic of “body as instrument” is evidence that mind–body interactive reciprocity is not by any means solely a recent multifaceted biochemical, neurological, psychological, and cognitive, subject of inquiry; but, rather, constituted a carefully-articulated topic of discussion in the past – and, that the results of this encounter of various points of view are indeed useful for us today. Further, that alternative modes of knowledge transmission exist, for example, the allegorical mode.
Addiction, Adolescence, and Innate Immune Gene Induction

Repeated drug use/abuse amplifies psychopathology, progressively reducing frontal lobe behavioral control and cognitive flexibility while simultaneously increasing limbic temporal lobe negative emotionality. The period of adolescence is a neurodevelopmental stage characterized by poor behavioral control as well as strong limbic reward and thrill seeking. Repeated drug abuse and/or stress during this stage increase the risk of addiction and elevate activator innate immune signaling in the brain. Nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a key glial transcription factor that regulates proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, oxidases, proteases, and other innate immune genes. Induction of innate brain immune gene expression (e.g., NF-κB) facilitates negative affect, depression-like behaviors, and inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, innate immune gene induction alters cortical neurotransmission consistent with loss of behavioral control. Studies with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-depressant drugs as well as opiate antagonists link persistent innate immune gene expression to key behavioral components of addiction, e.g. negative affect-anxiety and loss of frontal cortical behavioral control. This review suggests that persistent and progressive changes in innate immune gene expression contribute to the development of addiction. Innate immune genes may represent a novel new target for addiction therapy.