cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Aquaporin 4 Protein Expression and Localization in Tissues of the Dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

The role of aquaporin water channels in Elasmobanchs such as the dogfish Squalus acanthias is completely unknown. This investigation determines the expression and cellular and sub-cellular localization of AQP4 protein in dogfish tissues. Two polyclonal antibodies were generated (AQP4/1 and AQP4/2). Western blots using the AQP4/1 antibody showed two bands (35.5kDa and 49.5kDa) in most tissues similar to mammals. Liver and rectal gland showed further bands. However, unlike in mammals, AQP4 protein was expressed in all tissues including respiratory tract and liver. The AQP4/2 antibody appeared much less specific in blots. Both antibodies were used in immunohistochemistry and showed similar cellular localizations, although the AQP4/2 antibody had a more restricted sub-cellular distribution compared to AQP4/1 and therefore appeared to be more specific. In kidney a sub-set of tubules were stained which may represent intermediate tubule segments. AQP4/1 and AQP4/2 antibodies localized to the same tubules segments in serial sections although the intensity and sub-cellular distribution were different. AQP4/2 showed a basal or basolateral membrane distribution whereas AQP4/1 was often distributed throughout the cell including the nucleus. In rectal gland and cardiac stomach AQP4 was localized to secretary tubules but again AQP/1 and AQP/2 showed different sub-cellular distributions. In gill, both antibodies stained large cells in the primary filament and secondary lamellae. Again AQP4/1 antibody stained most or all the cell including the nucleus, whereas AQP4/2 had a plasma membrane and sometimes cytoplasmic distribution. Two types of large mitochondria-rich cells are known to exist in elasmobranches, that express either Na,K ATPase or V-type ATPase. Using Na,K-ATPase and V-type ATPase antibodies, AQP4 was colocalized with these proteins using the AQP4/1 antibody. Results show AQP4 is expressed in both (and all) branchial Na,K ATPase and V-type ATPase expressing cells.
Designing Sensual Spaces: Integration of Spatial Flows Beyond the Visual

Architectural design is an intellectual process which mediates between the hand and the eye to produce visual images for communication of spatial properties. Space and its composition are usually depicted by drafting a geometrically constructed image of material limits. These types of drawings usually do not communicate anything about spatial behavior, performance or experience. They communicate the physical boundaries but not the behavioral content of space, which is air--its movement patterns, temperatures and odors. Spatial continuity is furthermore dissected through orthographic projection, which dismembers a whole into parts. But corners are as essential to spatial experience as is the behavioral qualities of air. With very few exceptions architectural design practices most often still operate within a tradition of pure form and pure space, which are shaped as a balance of aesthetics and function. New computational tools like computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which were developed to simulate spatial behavior of non-visual phenomena, could integrate the knowledge of other sensual experiences and perceptions beyond the visual into the design practice. But various questions arise related to architectural design practices. How close are those abstractions to ‘real’ spatial experiences? And how feasible is the integration of such tools into the design process to date? What alternatives do architects have to integrate the non-visual into architectural representation? This paper will thus address possibilities to restructure the relationship between design practices and environmental forces like heat transfer and air movement, with the goal of developing a better understanding of how to integrate natural air and energy flows into architectural design representation and thus into the design itself. New methods of representation are necessary for a renewed understanding of space that addresses all senses. The design principles which are highlighted are representation, visualization and simulation of space and its boundaries or boundary condition. Using examples from design research and design pedagogy, the paper also contributes to the ongoing debate about sensual culture and challenges a purely visual reception and perception of the world we live in and design for. Reality is also tactile, thermal and olfactory.
Enhanced mesenteric arterial responsiveness to angiotensin II is androgen receptor-dependent in prenatally protein-restricted adult female rat offspring

Gestational protein restriction results in intrauterine growth restriction and hypertension in adult female growth-restricted rats. Enhanced vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II is observed, and blockade of the renin-angiotensin system abolishes hypertension in adult growth-restricted rats, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system contributes to intrauterine growth restriction-induced hypertension. Moreover, growth-restricted adult rats have higher plasma testosterone levels, and antiandrogen treatment abolishes hypertension, indicating an important role for testosterone. We hypothesized that androgens may play a pivotal role in the enhanced responsiveness to Ang II and hypertension. Female offspring of pregnant rats fed 20% protein (control) or 6% protein diet (protein restricted), at 6 mo of age, were studied. Plasma testosterone and mean arterial pressure in protein-restricted offspring were significantly higher compared to controls. Flutamide treatment (10 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for 10 days) reduced mean arterial pressure in protein-restricted offspring but was without significant effect in controls. Vascular Agtr1/Agtr2 ratio was significantly higher in protein-restricted offspring, an effect that was reversed by flutamide. Flutamide treatment did not have any effect on Agtr1/Agtr2 ratio in controls. Enhanced contractile response to angiotensin II in mesenteric arteries was observed in protein-restricted offspring compared with control. Flutamide treatment reversed the enhanced contractile response to angiotensin II in protein-restricted offspring without significant effect in controls. Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine was similar between the control and protein-restricted offspring with and without flutamide treatment, suggesting that enhanced contractile response and flutamide's reversal effect is specific to angiotensin II. These results suggest that prenatally protein-restricted rats exhibit an enhanced responsiveness to angiotensin II that is testosterone-dependent.
Bulk fields in the Randall-Sundrum compactification scenario

Recently, Randall and Sundrum proposed a solution to the hierarchy problem where the background spacetime is five dimensional. There are two 3-branes, and the mass scale for fields that propagate on one of the 3-branes is exponentially suppressed relative to the fundamental scale of the theory, which is taken to be the Planck mass MPl. In this Brief Report we show that bulk fields with a five dimensional mass term of order MPl have, after integrating over the extra dimension, modes with four-dimensional masses that are exponentially suppressed as well. This opens the possibility that in this scenario the standard model matter fields may correspond to degrees of freedom that are not confined to a 3-brane.
Resistance to TRAIL is mediated by DARPP-32 in gastric cancer

Purpose: Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr 32,000 (DARPP-32), is overexpressed during the gastric carcinogenesis cascade. Here, we investigated the role of DARPP-32 in promoting resistance to treatment with TRAIL. Experimental Design: In vitro cell models including stable expression and knockdown of DARPP-32 were used. The role of DARPP-32 in regulating TRAIL-dependent apoptosis was evaluated by clonogenic survival assay, Annexin V staining, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, Western blot, and luciferase reporter assays. Results: Stable expression of DARPP-32 in MKN-28 cells enhanced cell survival and suppressed TRAIL-induced cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3. Conversely, short hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown of endogenous DARPP-32 sensitized the resistant MKN-45 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and enhanced TRAIL-mediated activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3. DARPP-32 induced BCL-xL expression through activation of Src/STAT3 signaling, and treatment with the Src-specific inhibitor PP1 abrogated DARPP-32–dependent BCL-xL upregulation and cell survival in MKN-28 cells. The TRAIL treatment induced caspase-dependent cleavage of NF-κBp65 protein; this cleavage was prevented by DARPP-32, thus maintaining NF-κB activity and the expression of its target, FLIP(S) protein. This suggests that upregulation of BCL-xL could play a possible role in blocking the mitochondria intrinsic apoptosis pathway, whereas the DARPP-32 effect on the NF-κB/FLIP(S) axis could serve as an additional negative feedback loop that blocks TRAIL-induced activation of caspase-8. Conclusion: Our findings uncover a novel mechanism of TRAIL resistance mediated by DARPP-32, whereby it inhibits the intrinsic apoptosis pathway through upregulation of BCL-xL, and the extrinsic apoptosis pathway through the NF-κB/FLIP(S) axis. Clin Cancer Res; 18(14); 3889–900. ©2012 AACR .
Confidence Assessment in Fatigue Damage Prognosis

This paper presents a methodology for assessing the confidence and the predictive capability of prognosis models, using the application of fatigue crack growth analysis. Structures with complicated geometry and multi-axial variable amplitude loading conditions are considered. Several models –finite element model, crack growth model, retardation model, surrogate model, etc. – are efficiently connected through a Bayes network and the parameters of these models are calibrated after collecting inspection data. The results of the calibration are then used to develop a Bayesian confidence metric to assess the confidence of the models used in fatigue crack growth analysis. Three types of uncertainty are included in analysis: (1) natural variability in loading and material properties; (2) data uncertainty, due to crack detection uncertainty, measurement errors, and sparse data; (3) modeling uncertainty and errors in crack growth analysis, and finite element analysis. The proposed methodology is illustrated using a numerical example of surface cracking in a cylindrical structure.
Emerging Spatial and Temporal Discretization Methods in Contact and Impact Mechanics

The focus of this discussion will be the recent evolution of both spatial and temporal discretization techniques in contact and impact mechanics. With regard to spatial discretization, attention will be focused on the movement from traditional “node to surface” methodologies for description of contact interaction, to new “surface to surface” algorithms that in most cases have their motivation in the mortar method. While an anticipated result of this evolution was the increased numerical accuracy produced by integral forms of the contact constraints, it has also been seen that considerable robustness in large sliding applications results from the non-local character of the formulation. In this discussion both of these advantages of the surface to surface framework will be demonstrated, as will recent extensions that enable reliable simulation of self-contact phenomena.
Social Factors: Peer Relationships

Publisher Summary Given the developmental significance of peer relationships during adolescence, the link between peer difficulties and severe emotional distress, including suicidal ideation and behavior, is not surprising. The broad and growing literature on adolescent-peer functioning has identified a number of specific constructs that each offers a unique perspective on adolescents' experiences with peers and uniquely predicts clinically relevant outcomes, including internalizing and externalizing symptoms, academic functioning, and health-risk behaviors. Adolescents' specific relationships with individual peers are also an important domain of peer functioning that is distinct from overall peer reputations. Efforts to establish a link between peer functioning and suicidality have most commonly examined adolescents' perceived social support from peers. These investigations follow a recent trend in the suicide literature to better differentiate the source of social support associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. Therefore, these investigations often examine peer social support in comparison to perceived support from family members.
Singlet exciton fission in polycrystalline thin films of a slip-stacked perylenediimide.

The crystal structure of N,N-bis(n-octyl)-2,5,8,11-tetraphenylperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide), 1, obtained by X-ray diffraction reveals that 1 has a nearly planar perylene core and π–π stacks at a 3.5 A interplanar distance in well-separated slip-stacked columns. Theory predicts that slip-stacked, π–π-stacked structures should enhance interchromophore electronic coupling and thus favor singlet exciton fission. Photoexcitation of vapor-deposited polycrystalline 188 nm thick films of 1 results in a 140 ± 20% yield of triplet excitons (3*1) in τSF = 180 ± 10 ps. These results illustrate a design strategy for producing perylenediimide and related rylene derivatives that have the optimized interchromophore electronic interactions which promote high-yield singlet exciton fission for potentially enhancing organic solar cell performance and charge separation in systems for artificial photosynthesis.
Correlates of resilience in the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE To examine resilience in the context of adjustment to traumatic brain injury (TBI), including the relative roles of demographic and theoretically related constructs such as coping, social support, and positive affectivity on resilience within the first 5 years postinjury. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN This was a cross-sectional, observational study of 67 persons with medically documented mild complicated to severe TBI. Participants completed a battery of measures including cognitive tests; questionnaires assessing self-report of emotional symptoms, perceived social support, and coping style; and a measure of resilience. RESULTS Approximately 60% of the sample endorsed moderate to high levels of resilience during the first 5 years postinjury. Brain injury severity, premorbid intelligence, and cognitive flexibility did not predict resilience, as measured by the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. By contrast, task-oriented coping and perceived social support were strong and unique covariates of resilience. Positive and negative affectivity were related to resilience but were not unique covariates of it in the presence of task-oriented coping and perceived social support. Discriminant validity of resilience as a concept and the means of assessing it was supported by findings that emotion-oriented and avoidance coping were not meaningfully related to resilience. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Overall, the findings indicate that the majority of individuals in this sample reported high levels of resilience after brain injury and that correlates of resilience in adults with TBI is similar to that observed in adults without the history of cognitive impairment. (PsycINFO Database Record
Multidisciplinary Enjoyment and Learning in Simulation & Gaming

Simulation & Gaming S&G remains a valuable source of information for researchers and practitioners throughout the world. Our authors contribute to the literature in numerous ways that show us the value and enjoyment of learning across multiple fields, disciplines, academic settings, and venues.
A First Reading of the Mawangdui Yijing Manuscript

Among the texts discovered in December, 1973, at Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan, was by far the earliest manuscript text (copied about 175 B.C.) of the Zhouyi or Zhou Changes, together with various commentaries, some known—such as the “Xici” or “Appended Statements”— and others —”Ersanzi Wen” or “The Two or Three Disciples Ask,” “Yi zhi Yi” or “The Propriety of the Changes,” and “Yao” or “Essentials”—not heretofore known. Despite the great anticipation with which scholars learned of this discovery, it was not until twenty years later, 1993, that this manuscript was finally published, and even at that only incompletely. In this comte rendu, the author introduces the state and contents of the manuscript, including especially how it varies from the received text, and some of the debate that these variora have already engendered among historians of Chinese thought.
Enzyme-Embedded, Microstructural Reactors for Industrial Biocatalysis

In this project we explored enzyme-catalyzed methane conversion to methanol. Industrial biological approaches to methane conversion using whole organisms are predicted to be more energy efficient than chemical approaches, but are limited by mass transfer of the gas phase reactants, methane and oxygen, to the organisms. We demonstrated that 3D printing the enzyme particulate Methane Mono Oxygenase (pMMO) embedded in a polymer can improve the kinetics of methane to methanol conversion. This improvement was likely due to the ability to increase the surface area of the catalytic material using 3D printing. We also demonstrated the first continuous use of pMMO in a flow-through reactor. In order to understand the fundamental kinetic properties of pMMO, we conducted an in-depth study of pMMO kinetics using analytical tools developed in our lab. Finally, we developed a new copolymer system that allowed tuning of the gas permeability of the biocatalytic material.
What Informs and Inspires the Work of Equity Minded Teachers

This article explores teachers’ reasons for engaging in equity work. Although multiple bodies of literature discuss teaching for equity from different perspectives, little empirical data exists about what informs or motivates people to teach for equity. This study aims to help fill that gap in existing research with the purpose of informing professional development and training for practicing teachers hoping to or attempting to engage in equity work, and for encouraging and motivating other educators in beginning to engage in equity work. Data was gathered through interviews with 15 teachers from three large school boards in Southern Ontario. Findings illustrate that participants were motivated to engage in equity work because of personal experiences with inequity, witnessing other people experience inequities, and learning about inequities in school. Three key findings stand out with regards to their utility for professional development and training: all participants spoke of critical incidents which compelled them to do equity work; emotional struggles were associated with their work, yet they remained hopeful in the possibility of change regardless of what they had experienced; finally, the nature of the equity work that participants chose to undertake was directly related to the nature of their experience with in/equity.
New records and range extensions of several species of native bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Mississippi.

Background The native bee fauna of Mississippi, USA has been historically poorly sampled, but is of particular relevance to determine range limits for species that occur in the southern United States. Currently published literature includes 184 species of bees that occur within the state of Mississippi. Additions to the list of native bees known for Mississippi are reported with notes on range, ecology and resources for identification. New information The geographic ranges of seven additional species are extended into the state of Mississippi: Andrena (Melandrena) obscuripennis Smith, 1853, Anthemurgus passiflorae Robertson, 1902, Dieunomia bolliana (Cockerell 1910), Diadasia (Diadasia) enavata (Cresson 1872), Peponapis crassidentata (Cockerell 1949), Triepeolus subnitens Cockerell and Timberlake, 1929 and Brachynomada nimia (Snelling and Rozen 1987). These records raise the total number of published species known from the state to 191. Anthemurgus and Brachynomada are also genera new to Mississippi.
Technical Principles of Aneurysm Clipping

Abstract While many intracranial aneurysms are candidates for endovascular therapy, mastery of the entire cerebrovascular spectrum requires an understanding of the principles of surgical clipping. Clipping of an intracranial aneurysm is not an individual task but the culmination of surgical approach and microsurgical dissection that results in an understanding and preservation of complex microvascular structures. This chapter will address these components with augmentation through intraoperative images and biomedical illustrations.
A Reassessment of Technical Education in Mexico

The period spanning from the second half of the 1980s until the late 1990s is important for the Mexican economy, as it encompasses a major structural change from a protected, publicsector driven economy to a globally integrated, private-sector led one. For all its merits, this change seems to have produced an increasingly unequal distribution of the fruits of economic growth. The World Bank Report "Earnings Inequality after Mexico's Economic and Educational Reforms" (2000) showed that the most plausible hypothesis for the worsening in earnings inequality in Mexico is the increased rate of skill-biased technological change brought about by trade liberalization. This World Bank Report also found that Mexico is experiencing increasing returns to higher education, and that the skill composition of employment in manufacturing and other export sectors has moved toward demanding a higher proportion of skilled workers, particularly in industries that are most open to international competition.
The Use of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-425 Monoclonal Antibodies Radiolabeled with Iodine-125 in the Adjuvant Treatment of Patients with High Grade Gliomas of the Brain

Astrocytomas with anaplastic foci and glioblastoma multiforme have a poor prognostic outlook despite multiple efforts of aggressive combined integrated multi-modality treatment. In 1994, the American Cancer Society estimates that 17 500 new cases of brain and central nervous system tumors will be diagnosed with a projected death rate of 12600 (Boring et al. 1994). Of these new cases, approximately 7000 or 40% will be malignant astrocytomas and the majority of these will be high grade gliomas of the brain- 4200 to 5560 (Mahaley et al. 1989). Standard treatment is generally surgical resection followed by conventionally fractionated external beam radiotherapy to approximately 60–65 Gy in 6–7 weeks of treatment. However, survival for these patients remains poor, with median survival of 42 weeks in large cooperative trial studies with conventional treatment (Walker et al. 1978). The addition of chemotherapy to the management of high grade gliomas has been of little benefit in altering this bleak outlook for management.
Multisensory Convergence and Integration

In the past two decades there has been considerable work directed toward understanding how the brain is able to synthesize information from different senses to enhance its information about external events. Neurons in a midbrain structure, the superior colliculus, have served as an effective model for understanding the principles underlying this multisensory integration capability and how the resulting enhancement and depression of activity at the level of the single superior colliculus neuron in animals is reflected in overt behavior. This information, as well as related information from studies of multisensory integration in human subjects, are discussed.
Understanding Student Answers In Introductory Physics Courses

Many assigned problems in introductory physics courses require the student to formulate a system of algebraic equations that describe a physical situation. An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) designed to help must be able to identify which physical quantity each student variable represents, and which fundamental laws each of her equations incorporates. Many ITS’s predefine the variables ([4,2]) or require the student to explicitly and precisely specify what each one represents (e. g. ANDES[3]). Our earlier work [1] relaxed this constraint for problems without explicit numerical constants. This paper describes how the technique has been extended to cover problems with numerical constants.
Exploring the Economic, Environmental, and Travel Implications of Changes in Parking Choices due to Driverless Vehicles: An Agent-Based Simulation Approach

AbstractFully driverless automated vehicles (AVs) could considerably alter the proximity value of parking, due to an AV’s ability to drop passengers off at their destination, search for cheaper par...
Playing with and Creating Practice Spaces for Equitable Teaching

In computer science classrooms, the assumptions teachers have about students can significantly shape their interactions. Deeper understandings of the decisions impacting equity offers teacher educators and researchers new leverage in cultivating equitable teaching. Our work uses interactive online practice spaces to focus on specific teaching decisions that may be affected by teachers' assumptions about students. Teacher practice spaces are learning experiences, inspired by games and simulations, that allow teachers to rehearse and reflect on important decisions in teaching. Practice spaces are a potentially powerful approach for encoding equitable teaching strategies because they have the potential to reveal the different assumptions and interpretations which drive different teaching decisions We developed these practice spaces and embedded them within CS teacher preparation programs where they have been used by over 6,000 teachers. In this workshop, we'll use online practice spaces as a novel way to approach discussions about equity in computer science classrooms. We'll have participants try out different variations on these practice spaces, brainstorm ideas for improving existing practice space, and invite reflection about challenges they've observed in training CS teachers in equitable teaching. Participants will leave with links to practice spaces and related curriculum materials they can use in their own work.
Humeral head resurfacing is associated with less pain and clinically equivalent functional outcomes compared with stemmed hemiarthroplasty at mid-term follow-up.

Humeral head resurfacing (HHR) is a less invasive, anatomic alternative to the conventional stemmed hemiarthroplasty in patients in whom isolated humeral head replacement is preferred. It was hypothesized that, in a mid-term cross-sectional subjective outcome analysis, HHR would have equivalent patient-reported and functional outcomes to stemmed hemiarthroplasty (HA). A total of 213 HHR and 153 HA procedures were performed at a single academic institution from 2000 to 2014. Of these, 106 HHR and 47 HA patients corresponding with 120 HHR and 55 HA shoulders responded to a survey that collected patient demographics, surgical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and self-reported range of motion scores using both bespoke and validated metrics. Follow-up was longer in the HA group (9.4 ± 3.4 vs. 5.2 ± 1.8 years, p 0.99). The ASES pain subscore was significantly worse in the HA group (25.2 ± 29.5 vs. 38.5 ± 12.7 after HHR, p < 0.0001), which translated into worse ASES total scores (45.1 ± 14.8 HA vs. 52.2 ± 23.7 HHR, p < 0.05). These findings were equivocal in responses received 2–8 years vs. ≥ 8 years after surgery. Indications should be equivocal; humeral head resurfacing is a viable alternative to hemiarthroplasty, with equivalent patient satisfaction and reduced pain in the mid-term post-operative period. III.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Bacillus spp., with Emphasis on the Dairy Industry

The bacterial species Bacillus cereus accounts for 1.4-12% of foodborne illness outbreaks worldwide, a statistic that is certainly an underestimate. This bacterial genus is capable of contaminating a wide range of food products, including rice, chicken, vegetables, spices, and dairy products. B. cereus endospores are partially resistant to pasteurization, dehydration, gamma radiation, and other physical stresses used in food processing, and their adhesive characteristics promote biofilm-forming capability on a variety of substrates in dairy operations. B. cereus and other closely-related species produce several types of exotoxins, including at least four hemolysins, three phospholipases, a heat/acid stable emetic toxin called cereulide, and three well-studied heat-labile enterotoxins that all cause gastroenteritis following ingestion. While a great deal of information on virulence gene presence and expression is known in B. cereus, very little has been done to explore the virulence potential of thermoduric spore-formers that may be found in ultrahigh temperature (UHT) pasteurized milk, and their ability to produce biofilms. Biofilm production is understood to be under similar regulation as toxins and other extracellular virulence determinants. This chapter describes the current status of knowledge with Bacillus spp. relevant to the dairy industry, virulence potential, and biofilm production from the perspective of food safety.
Wetting Behavior of Iron–Carbon Melt in Silicates at Mid-Mantle Pressures With Implications for Earth’s Deep Carbon Cycle

Metallic melt containing iron (Fe) and carbon (C) may be present at depths greater than 250 km inside the Earth. Depending on its wetting behavior, such dense melt may be trapped locally or drain into deep mantle and core. Here, we report experimental data on the wetting behavior of Fe-C melt in silicates at the conditions of Earth’s mid-mantle between 10 and 23 GPa and 1600 and 1800 ˚C. The measured dihedral angles of Fe-C melt in olivine, ringwoodite or bridgmanite and ferropericlase matrixes are 117±14°, 120±14° and 107±16° respectively, well above the critical value of 60° for complete wetting. The estimated percolation thresholds are at least 7% in volume, far exceeding the amount of metal in the mantle. Consequently, slab-derived Fe-C melt in the mid-mantle is expected to occur as isolated pockets and would not percolate through its silicate matrix.
Advanced-step multistage nonlinear model predictive control: Robustness and stability

Abstract Nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) has been popular in many applications, especially when constraint satisfaction is critical. However, due to plant-model mismatch and disturbances, robust NMPC generally faces three challenges: robust performance, real-time implementation, and stability. In this paper, we propose a parallelizable advanced-step multistage NMPC (as-msNMPC), which provides a non-conservative robust control solution that explicitly addresses two types of uncertainty: model parameters and unmeasured noise. The first type is attended to by incorporating scenario trees and the second by applying nonlinear programming (NLP) sensitivity. In addition, robust stability concepts have been discussed for both ideal multistage NMPC (ideal-msNMPC) and as-msNMPC. Under suitable assumptions, as-msNMPC has demonstrated input-to-state practical stability properties with the presence of two types of uncertainty. Lastly, the as-msNMPC framework has been applied to continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and quad-tank case studies for tracking setpoints to demonstrate its performance in robustness and efficiency.
Neighborhood poverty predicts altered neural and behavioral response inhibition

Socioeconomic disadvantage during childhood is associated with a myriad of negative adult outcomes. One mechanism through which disadvantage undermines positive outcomes may be by disrupting the development of self-control. The goal of the present study was to examine pathways from three key indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage - low family income, low maternal education, and neighborhood poverty - to neural and behavioral measures of response inhibition. We utilized data from a representative cohort of 215 twins (ages 7-18 years, 70% male) oversampled for exposure to disadvantage, who participated in the Michigan Twins Neurogenetics Study (MTwiNS), a study within the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR). Our child-friendly Go/No-Go task activated the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and activation during this task predicted behavioral inhibition performance, extending prior work on adults to youth. Critically, we also found that neighborhood poverty, assessed via geocoding, but not family income or maternal education, was associated with IFG activation, a finding that we replicated in an independent sample of disadvantaged youth. Further, we found that neighborhood poverty predicted response inhibition performance via its effect on IFG activation. These results provide the first mechanistic evidence that disadvantaged contexts may undermine self-control via their effect on the brain. The broader neighborhood, beyond familial contexts, may be critically important for this association, suggesting that contexts beyond the home have profound effects on the developing brain and behaviors critical for future health, wealth, and wellbeing.
Real-Time Decision Making and Aggressive Behavior in Youth: A Heuristic Model of Response Evaluation and Decision (RED)

Considerable scientific and intervention attention has been paid to judgment and decision-making systems associated with aggressive behavior in youth. However, most empirical studies have investigated social-cognitive correlates of stable child and adolescent aggressiveness, and less is known about real-time decision making to engage in aggressive behavior. A model of real-time decision making must incorporate both impulsive actions and rational thought. The present paper advances a process model (response evaluation and decision; RED) of real-time behavioral judgments and decision making in aggressive youths with mathematic representations that may be used to quantify response strength. These components are a heuristic to describe decision making, though it is doubtful that individuals always mentally complete these steps. RED represents an organization of social-cognitive operations believed to be active during the response decision step of social information processing. The model posits that RED processes can be circumvented through impulsive responding. This article provides a description and integration of thoughtful, rational decision making and nonrational impulsivity in aggressive behavioral interactions.
Weighted interpretive structural modelling approach for exploration of performance measures of benchmarking of internal supply chain management

Benchmarking is a versatile tool to improve the existing supply chain performance of the manufacturing industries through continuous use of plan do check action (PDCA) cycle. The regular practice of benchmarking provides a decision support in the performance analysis of internal supply chain of manufacturing Industry. The seven PMs have been identified through the literature review. The brainstorming activity of expert's team from different manufacturing industries is used to identify the importance/weightage/effect of one performance measure as compare to other performance measure. The survey questionnaire tool is used to collect the opinion of experts about benchmarking of internal supply chain management (ISCM). The present work includes, weighted interpretive structural modelling (WISM) approach to develop a structural model, which will represents the interrelationships among identified PMs. WISM model allocates the key PMs at three levels. Such type of model not only helps in understanding the conceptual relationship among the PMs, but it may also use in determining their interdependence to assess the ISCM performance of industries.
Comparison of Preoperative Measurements with Intraoperative Aberrometry in Predicting Need for Correction in Eyes with Low Astigmatism Undergoing Cataract Surgery.

Purpose To determine whether intraoperative aberrometry during cataract surgery measures higher levels of absolute astigmatism than preoperative biometry readings and which method yields a lower, final level of astigmatism if the two do not agree. Patients and Methods Retrospective record review of all patients who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery from February 2015 to May 2019 with planned intraoperative aberrometry. Data analysis included preoperative keratometry, total astigmatism as measured by intraoperative aberrometry, intraocular lens model and power used, and postoperative manifest refraction ≥1 month after surgery. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients requiring astigmatism correction (≥0.5 D) when measured by preoperative keratometry vs intraoperative aberrometry. Secondary outcomes included postoperative residual astigmatism, where adjusted preoperative astigmatism fell below the 0.5 D threshold for treatment but the intraoperative measurement was ≥0.5 D or ≥1.0 D. Results A total of 451 patient records were evaluated. Intraoperative aberrometry measured statistically higher levels of mean astigmatism than keratometry (0.86 D vs 0.79 D, respectively; P 0.5 D.
The Divergence of History and Sociology in Recent Philosophy of History

Publisher Summary Philosophers of history occupy an ambiguous, but often interesting position between historians on the one hand and philosophers of science on the other, trying usually to convince historians that historiography has more logical structure than they care to admit and philosophers of science that it has less than they wish to impute to it. “Sociology” means any view that there are fully general laws by reference to which the changes in social institutions become rationally intelligible. “History” means any genetic account of the coming into being or passing away of actions, institutions, or individual or social states of consciousness, and their presuppositions. In the English-speaking world, most historians have intuitive allegiance to the second of these movements, and a well developed although possibly specious sense of the autonomy of historical understanding. However, because such historians, like more theoretical social scientists, have increasingly lost touch with the grounds of philosophical criticism, they seldom formulate with any clarity the distinction between a conceptually neutral method and a theory of historiography whose adoption carries with it conceptual commitments.
Public Service and Outreach to Faith-Based Organizations

This article describes the changing legal context for community development by faith-based organizations and accordingly encourages public service and outreach by institutions of higher education. Although many colleges and universities already partner with churches and other faith-based organizations to accomplishpublic service goals, recent changes in federal legislation offer new opportunities for collaboration. To take advantage of these opportunities, leadership by institutions of higher education is needed to stimulate and facilitate faith-based community development. Potential roles for institutions of higher education arediscussed and the legal context for involvement is reviewed. With proper guidance, the unrealized potential of collaborations between institutions of higher education and faith-based organizations may be more fully realized.
Managing the Growing Complexity of Administration of Academic Technology in Higher Education

The academic technology units support the process of using technology and pedagogy in teaching and learning and so occupy an important position in higher education, as their functions impact the instructional mission of institutions. Similarly, the administrators who have the important function of overseeing academic technology units, manage the instructional technology resources that their institutions have heavily invested in, and direct the application of the technologies, hold an equally important position as their leadership can contribute to the effective use of instructional technologies, leading to the realization of the potentials of technology in educational institutions. while there have been frequent calls on faculty by institutional administrators to embrace the use of technology in their teaching or to adopt effective pedagogy, the administration of academic technology units is an essential component in the effective use of instructional technologies in higher education. This article examines administration of instructional technology as a support service, the position of directors of academic technology in higher education, and discusses ways institutions can support the position.
IL-33/ST2 regulate innate IL-17 production and viral replication in the cornea following a herpes infection (MUC7P.760)

Poorly controlled infections and inflammation can both be very deleterious to tissues such as the cornea whose function requires clarity, so understanding the mechanisms controlling the balance between protective immunity and immunopathology is critical. Since the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are constitutively expressed in the cornea, we investigated their role in regulating early stages of the immune response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the cornea. HSV-1 replicates in the corneal epithelium and is simultaneously axonally transported to the cornea innervating neuronal cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Compared to wild type controls, corneas of ST2 KO mice exhibited elevated IL-17 production from 4 hrs to at least 48 hrs after infection, which correlated with enhanced viral clearance from the cornea at 48 hrs (infectious virus in eye swabs, and viral genome copies in the cornea). Other anti-viral mediators such as IL-6 and type I interferons were not elevated in corneas of ST2 KO mice. Infected corneas of ST2 KO mice had increased numbers of neutrophils, but not macrophages or dendritic cells 2 days after infection. Surprisingly, viral titers in TG of infected ST2 KO mice were not significantly changed relative to wild type controls. We conclude that IL-33 selectively regulates an innate immune response to HSV-1 in the cornea at the expense of impaired viral clearance.
Recovery from dropout errors in LZ77 compressed text

Summary form only given. A dropout in LZ77 compressed text occurs when a portion of the compressed bitstream has been lost. As an example, a bad sector on a hard disk could create a dropout in a stored compressed file. The file may be properly decompressed up to the start of the dropout but then the decompressor can only place variables where the text has been lost. The problem of recovering the variables is a classical one in cryptanalysis which can be attacked in a variety of ways. One technique is to set the variables by matching partial words against dictionary entries. Each word that matches the partial word template provides possible solutions for the embedded variables. To facilitate looking up words which are partially obscured by variables, a hash table is built which contains entries for words containing as many as three variables. Each partial word is hashed and a pointer to the dictionary entry of the full word is then placed into the hash table. The strategy to recover the variables is simply to pass through the data searching for partial words with three or fewer variables. The partial words are matched against dictionary entries via the hash table and a record is kept of the possible solutions for the variables. After the entire text has been examined, those variables with a solution that scores substantially above its competitors are set. Multiple passes are then made through the data in an attempt to recover more variables after their neighbors have been set.
Biogeochemical processes controlling the fate and transport of arsenic: implications for South and Southeast Asia.

Arsenic is a ubiquitous toxin present in soils and waters resulting from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Within South and Southeast Asia, tens of millions of people are drinking groundwater having arsenic concentrations exceeding the recommended standard of the World Health Organization (10 μg L−1). Arsenic originates within minerals of the Himalaya. During weathering and erosion, arsenic is transported down the large river systems draining the mountains in the sediment load primarily as arsenic-bearing iron oxides and then deposited in the Bengal Basin, and Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red River Deltas. The key biogeochemical step leading to human exposure of arsenic via drinking water is a result of arsenic release from soil/sediment solids into pore water. With the exception of ‘extreme’ pH values (pH 9) or high concentrations of competing anions such as phosphate, arsenic release is predicated on the aeration (or redox) status of the environment. Within aerated soils and sediments, arsenic predominates in the As(V) oxidation state and typically binds strongly to soil solids. Upon a transition to anaerobic conditions, arsenic is reduced to As(III), and while binding appreciably to Fe(III) (hydr)oxides, provided they are present, is labile and thus subject to migration and biological uptake. The transition from As(V) to As(III) is, in fact, an important transformation impacting As within reducing environments (discounting sulfogenic systems). The fate and transport of arsenic under anaerobic conditions, however, is further modified by reactions of and with Fe. Although transformation products of ferrihydrite reduction can lead to transient sequestration of arsenic, iron (hydr)oxide reductive dissolution further promotes dissolved concentration of arsenic. Within the aquifer systems of South and Southeast Asia, organic matter (co-deposited, incorporated, or dissolved) promotes anaerobic conditions in soils/sediments residing below the water table, leading to reductive release of arsenic. Arsenic release is most prominent in environments where organic matter is incorporated into anaerobic systems (such as permanently saturated wetlands), yielding the greatest magnitude of arsenic and iron reduction.
Processing of auditory midbrain interspike intervals by model neurons.

A question central to sensory processing is how signal information is encoded and processed by single neurons. Stimulus features can be represented through rate coding (via firing rate), temporal coding (via firing synchronization to temporal periodicities), or temporal encoding (via intricate patterns of spike trains). Of the three, examples of temporal encoding are the least documented. One region in which temporal encoding is currently being explored is the auditory midbrain. Midbrain neurons in the plainfin midshipman generate different interspike interval (ISI) distributions depending on the frequencies of the concurrent vocal signals. However, these distributions differ only along certain lengths of ISIs, so that any neurons trying to distinguish the distributions would have to respond selectively to specific ISI ranges. We used this empirical observation as a realistic challenge with which to explore the plausibility of ISI-tuned neurons that could validate this form of temporal encoding. The resulting modeled cells—point neurons optimized through multidimensional searching—were successfully tuned to discriminate patterns in specific ranges of ISIs. Achieving this task, particularly with simplified neurons, strengthens the credibility of ISI coding in the brain and lends credence to its role in auditory processing.