cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliable discrimination of mortar launch/impact events using acoustics

Feature extraction methods based on the discrete wavelet transform and multiresolution analysis facilitate the development of a robust classification algorithm that reliably discriminates between launch and impact mortar events via acoustic signals produced during these events. Distinct characteristics arise within the different explosive events because impact events emphasize concussive and shrapnel effects, while launch events result from blasts that expel and propel a mortar round from a gun. The ensuing blast waves are readily characterized by variations in the corresponding peak pressure and rise time of the waveform, differences in the ratio of positive pressure amplitude to the negative amplitude, variations in the prominent frequencies associated with the varying blast events and variations in the overall duration of the resulting waveform. Unique attributes can also be identified that depend upon the properties of the gun tube, projectile speed at the muzzle, and the explosive/concussive properties associated with the events. In this work, the discrete wavelet transform is used to extract the predominant components of these characteristics from the acoustic signatures of the event at ranges of 1km. Highly reliable discrimination is achieved with a feedforward neural network classifier trained on a feature space derived from the distribution of wavelet coefficients and higher frequency details found within different levels of the multiresolution decomposition. We show that the algorithms provide a reliable discrimination (>97%) between launch and impact events using data collecting during several separate field test experiments.
Exclusive Use of High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of the Complete Amino Acid Sequence of the 12K Fragment of Avian Sarcoma Virus Structural Protein p27

Abstract Using exclusively high pressure liquid chromatography for the protein and peptide separation complete primary structure of the 12,000 molecular weight (12K) amino terminal (1–87 residues) fragment obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of p27 (Avian Sarcoma Virus structural protein) has been determined. The sequence was established by direct degradation of the native molecule and its (12K) peptides isolated by molecular exclusion and reverse phase HPLC.
Noise transmission - Turboprop problem

An analytical model is presented to predict low frequency (1000 Hz and below) noise transmission into aircraft. Noise transmission is determined by solving the acoustic wave equation for the interior noise field, the equivalent 'smeared' monocoque shell equation for overall fuselage vibrations and skin-stringer panel equation for local vibrations of panels and stringers. The solution to this system of equations is obtained by using a Galerkin-like procedure. The modes and frequencies for skin-stringer panels are determined by a transfer matrix method. Results include noise transmission through discretely stiffened panels and cabin noise due to turbulent boundary layer and propeller passage harmonics for a turboprop type aircraft.
Serpentinization of cumulate ultramafic rocks from the North Arm Mountain massif of the Bay of Islands ophiolite

Abstract Partially serpentinized dunites and wehrlites comprise the bulk of the cumulate ultramafic unit at the North Arm Mountain massif of the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex, Newfoundland. In a suite of 59 dunites and werhlites from the base of the unit, the serpentinized portions consist of lizardite + chrysotile + brucite + (accessory) magnetite. The ratio of ( lizardite + chrysotile ) to brucite = ~8:2 ( weight percent ) . Petrographic observations show that most serpentinization occurred at the expense of olivine; only limited amounts of clinopyroxene were serpentized. An estimated volume increase of 32% accompanied serpentinization of the peridotites. Reconstructions of the primary modal proportions of wehrlites (made taking this volume increase into account) contain an average of 6% more clinopyroxene and 6% less olivine than do modal reconstructions that ignore the volume increase. Mass balance calculations provide no clear evidence for appreciable metasomatism of Al2O3, CaO, FeO, MgO, or SiO2 during Serpentinization. The presence of brucite, the evidence that most serpentinization occurred at the expense of olivine, and the lack of appreciable metasomatism, suggest that the primary reaction that controlled serpentinization of the peridotites is: 2Mg 2 SiO 2 + 3H 2 O ⇌ Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + Mg(OH) 2 . olivine added serpentine brucite
Partial graphitization of activated carbon by surface acidification

The microstructure of three activated carbons showed direct dependence with the concentration of particular surface oxygen groups (SOGs), as implemented by dilute, sequential nitric acid treatments (10% v/v). Previous work concerning one of the three carbons displayed a SOG/π-bond structure relationship. Herein, this relationship is expanded by examining the impact of SOG implementation on crystallite structure. Progressive oxidation revealed proportional changes in microstructure for activated carbons that originally contained a low density of total acidity (DTA). Increasing total surface acidity was associated with fewer but elongated single graphene layers (↑R-value, ↑La), increased stacking height (↑Lc) due to assembly of the elongated single graphene layers, and increased graphite-like order (↓Raman I(D):I(G) ratios). The re-mobilization of π-bond density and proportional enhancement of crystallite dimensions failed when DTA was excessive on the carbon surface, with additional SOG concentration promoting graphite-like disorder. The dominant SOG proposed to be responsible for structure change was carboxylic acids for granulated carbons and pyrones for more amorphous powered carbon as supported by corroborating DRIFTs and Raman trends. Dominant SOGs were determined to conjugate the surface and basal plane bulk, as attaching SOGs transform aromatic π-density into olefin-type bonding, enabling the respective crystallite changes.
Photon-By-Photon Analysis of Single Molecule Fluorescence Trajectories Determines an Upper Bound for the Transition Path Time in Protein Folding

The transition path (TP) is the tiny fraction of an equilibrium molecular trajectory that connects two states of a system, and contains all mechanistic details of the barrier-crossing process. It is a uniquely single-molecule property, and has not yet been observed for any system. In the case of protein folding, the theoretically-predicted duration of the TP is so short (∼1 microsecond) that measurement of just the average TP time is challenging for single molecule experiments. We previously estimated an upper bound for the TP time of ∼200 microsecond for folding of the two-state, protein G using single molecule Forster-resonance-energy-transfer (FRET) spectroscopy. This time is 10,000 times shorter than the average waiting time in the unfolded state of ∼2 seconds (the reciprocal of the rate coefficient). However, there is still a large gap between this experimental value and theoretical predictions. The biggest obstacle to measuring the TP time is that there is an insufficient number of photons emitted during a single TP. To address this problem, we have used a fully-automated data acquisition system to measure a very large number (46,932) of photon trajectories for protein G at high illumination intensities, and carried out a collective photon-by-photon analysis on 151 transitions between folded and unfolded states (the average trajectory lifetime prior to bleaching is ∼10 ms). The newly developed method rigorously compares the likelihoods of models with instantaneous and finite TP times to yield an upper bound of ∼10 microseconds, significantly narrowing the gap with the theoretically predicted value. The result strongly suggests that protein G folds slowly because of a high free-energy barrier, and not due to slow diffusion over the barrier caused by a “rough” underlying energy landscape.
Identification and characterization of an unusual double serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2C in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

We have cloned a gene from Plasmodium falciparum with homology to the Mg2+-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family. The predicted coding region is 920 amino acids long, twice the size of other members of this family. We show that this protein can be divided into two halves (Pf2C-1 and Pf2C-2), each a complete phosphatase unit with homology to other phosphatases of this class. To study the function of this PP2C, we have tested the ability of different constructs to complement conditional null mutants of yeast. Our results show that expression of the full-length protein, the first half alone, the second half alone, or a hybrid with the N terminus of the first half and the C terminus of the second half was able to complement the heat shock response defect of aSchizosaccharomyces pombe strain with a PP2C (PTC1) deletion. Recombinant P. falciparum PP2C expressed in Escherichia coli was active in dephosphorylating 32P-labeled casein in an Mg2+- or Mn2+-dependent reaction. Each half alone was also active in recombinant form. Using the two-hybrid system, we have shown that the two halves can interact. Gel filtration assay of P. falciparum protein extracts suggests that full-length PfPP2C is a dimer, and phosphatase activity competition experiments indicate that dimerization of PfPP2C is required for its optimal activity. This unusual phosphatase molecule appears to be composed of four catalytic units on two polypeptide chains.
Band structure of ZnO using the LMTO method

Abstract The electronic band structure of ZnO is calculated using the LMTO-ASA method. The Zn 3 d states are treated self-consistently with the rest of the valence electrons. The effect of the mixing of the Zn 3 d states with the O 2 s and 2 p states are discussed. The resulting band structure is in good agreement with experimental results.
Surface tension and surface entropy of superfluid /sup 4/He

We present measurements of the surface tension sigma (T) and surface entropy-dsigma/dT of superfluid helium in the temperature range from 0.3 to 2.1 K. The data were obtained by a method in which changes in the capillary rise of the liquid in a parallel plate capacitor are balanced by an electric field which keeps the meniscus stationary. The method is capable of high precision since it does not suffer from many of the errors introduced by imperfections in the capacitor plates. The data show that, even at the lowest temperatures, there are systematic deviations from the Atkins theory of the temperature dependence of sigma, although the theory appears to be correct in the limit that the temperature goes to zero. A new version of the theory, which includes the effects of compressibility and the curvature dependence of the surface tension, is in much better agreement with the data for temperature up to approx. 1 K.
Statistical model in tests for eye irritants.

Abstract A test used to classify substances for eye irritancy, as required by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, is performed on 1–3 groups of 6 albino rabbits in a sequential manner. When the statistical implications of the test are realized, it is possible for a substance to be classified as an irritant with fewer reactions than the number required for it to be classified as not an irritant. A procedure is given for correcting the inconsistency in the current test, and an alternative test, which considerably reduces the number of animals required, is proposed. Probability models and expected sample size calculations have been derived.
Shear damping function measurements for branched polymers

We present results for step-strain experiments and the resulting damping functions of polyethylene blends of different structures, including solutions of linear, star and comb polymers. Remarkably, an entangled melt of combs exhibits a damping function close to that for entangled linear chains. Diluting the combs with faster- relaxing material leads to a more nearly constant damping function. We find similar behavior for blends of commercial low density polyethylene LDPE. Our results sug- gest a simple picture: on timescales relevant to typical damping-function experi- ments, the rheologically active portions of our PE combs as well as commercial LDPE are essentially chain backbones. When strongly entangled, these exhibit the Doi- Edwards damping function; when diluted, the damping function tends toward the result for unentangled chains described by the Rouse model - namely, no damp-
Pain as a predictor of depression treatment outcomes in women with childhood sexual abuse.

Abstract Objectives Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) increases risk for both depression and pain in women. Pain is associated with worse depression treatment response. The contribution of pain to depression treatment outcomes in women with histories of CSA is unknown. This study examined whether clinically significant pain would be associated with worse depression and functioning outcomes among women with CSA histories treated with interpersonal psychotherapy. Method Participants were 66 women with major depression and CSA who presented to a community mental health center. An interpersonal psychotherapy protocol planned for 14 weekly sessions followed by 2 biweekly sessions. Patients were classified as experiencing high pain or low pain based on reported pain severity and interference with functioning. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess change over time in intent-to-treat analyses. Results High pain patients entered treatment with greater depression symptom severity than low pain patients. Although both high and low pain patients demonstrated improvement in mood, high-pain patients continued to report more depressive symptoms posttreatment. Furthermore, high pain patients demonstrated less change in their emotion-related role functioning over the course of treatment than low pain patients. Limitations Small sample size, secondary analyses, lack of a control group, and limited assessment of pain all limit confidence in the findings of this study. Conclusion Findings support the evidence that depression is particularly severe and difficult to treat in patients with CSA and pain. Clinicians should evaluate pain in depressed patients with CSA histories. Role functioning may prove to be a particularly important target in the treatment of patients with pain.
ORDER PARAMETERS AND PHASE TRANSITIONS IN ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS

The ground state of an induced electrorheological (ER) solid is a body-centered tetragonal (bct) lattice with conventional Bravais vectors , , and where a is the radius of dielectric spheres and is the field direction. The reciprocal lattice vectors are , , and . Three order parameters are defined as , (j = 1, 2, 3), where N is the total number of particles. Among them, ρ3 characterizes the formation of chains in the z direction, while ρ1 and ρ2 characterize the structure in the x-y plane. Monte Carlo simulations of canonical ensemble have shown that three different phases and two phase transitions exist in the ER fluid. At a fixed temperature, there are two critical electric fields Ec2 < Ec1. When the applied electric field E < Ec2, ρj (j = 1, 2, 3) are all vanishing and the ER fluid is a liquid. When Ec2 < E < Ec1, ρ1 = ρ2 = 0, but ρ3 is not vanishing, indicating that the ER fluid begins to form chains between two electrodes, but the distribution of these chains is random. This state is similar to nematic liquid crystal. The second phase transition occurs as E exceeds Ec1. Then ρ1, ρ2, and ρ3 are all non-vanishing, indicating that the chains aggregate together to form thick columns which have the bct lattice structure. These two phase transitions can also be realized at a fixed field by lowering the temperature.
Are Adult Businesses Crime Hotspots? Comparing Adult Businesses to Other Locations in Three Cities

This study addresses three questions pertinent to the debate concerning the secondary crime effects of adult businesses. (1) Are adult businesses hotspots for crime? (2) How do adult businesses compare with controls with regard to crime? (3) What subclasses of adult business are most likely to be associated with crime? A study of three cities reveals that adult businesses tended to fall outside the heaviest concentrations of criminal activity. Further, adult bookstores were less related to crime than both cabarets and on-site liquor-serving establishments. While adult cabarets were associated with ambient crime, crime was generally equivalent to nonadult liquor-serving establishments. A weighted intensity value analyses revealed that crime generally was more “intense” around liquor-serving establishments than around adult cabarets across the municipalities. These findings suggest that the relationship between cabarets and crime is not due to the presence of adult entertainment per se but rather due to the presence of liquor service. This finding is consistent with central precept of routine activities theory that areas that contain public establishments that serve alcohol facilitate crime.
Effect of strain history on craze microstructure

Crazes formed under a constant tensile strain in polystyrene (PS) have a dense network of fibrils with an extension ratio λ ⋍ 4, but a midrib of higher λ forms by drawing fibrils from the craze-matrix interface in the high stress region just behind the craze tip. Stepwise increases in tensile strain during craze growth should thus produce layers of fibrils of different λ, which can be revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of crazes in stepwise strained PS films. When the time interval between strain increments of 0.5–1% is one minute, TEM images show ‘ridges’ of lower λ fibrils, corresponding to the position of the craze-matrix interface at the time of the strain increments. The ridges appear to be the analogue of the bulge remaining on a macroscopic fibre which has been allowed to stress age by stress relaxation before resuming drawing and imply that rapid stress ageing must occur near rthe craze-matrix interface so that more material is drawn into the craze in preference to increasing the λ of the existing fibrils.
A Rational Approach to Developing and Assessing the Construct Validity of a Student Learning Style Scales Instrument

Summary An instrument, the Grasha-Riechmann Student Learning Style Scales (GRSLSS), was developed to assess six student learning styles. These styles are Independent, Dependent, Avoidant, Participant, Collaborative, and Competitive. A “rational approach” was used to develop the GRSLSS and evaluate its construct validity. The process included professional and student inputs in special procedures for selecting scale items and designing criterion items. The utility of this approach is considered and problems critiqued. The rational approach yielded relatively high temporal reliability coefficients (range across scales r = .76 to r = .83; N = 269) and numerous meaningful correlations between criterion items and scale scores.
Changes in phytic acid and acid-soluble phosphorus in maturing Pinto beans.

Changes in the content of phytic acid and total acid-soluble phosphorus were measured in Pinto beans at several levels of seed maturity. Phytic acid content in bean seeds increased rapidly with advancing maturity, while total acid-soluble phosphorus decreased. Mature dry beans contained about 1% phytic acid which accounted for half the total acid-soluble seed phosphorus. the most immature beans studied contained about 0.13% phytic acid which represents only 4% of the total acid-soluble phosphorus in these ovules. Little phytic acid was found in pods at any level of maturity.
Scheduling physical operations in a quantum information processor

Irrespective of the underlying technology used to implement a large-scale quantum architecture system, one of the central challenges of accurately modeling the architecture is the ability to map and schedule a quantum application onto a physical grid while taking into account the cost of communication, the classical resources, and the maximum exploitable parallelism. In this paper we introduce and evaluate a physical operations scheduler for arbitrary quantum circuits. Our scheduler accepts a description of a circuit together with a description of a specific physical layout and outputs a sequence of operations that expose the required communication and available parallelism in the circuit. The output of the scheduler is a quantum assembly language file that can directly be simulated on a set of available tools.
Effects of nutrition on tumor growth and tolerance to chemotherapy.

Abstract 1. 1. A favorable state of nutrition can be maintained in rats with an actively growing tumor by intravenous hyperalimentation. 2. 2. Dietary amino acids influence the rate of tumor growth. 3. 3. Positive nitrogen balance and weight gain can be achieved in rats receiving large-dose chemotherapy by intravenous nutritional support. 4. 4. Large-dose chemotherapy can modify the degree of positive nitrogen balance achieved by total intravenous feeding.
Interpretational Confounding or Confounded Interpretations of Causal Indicators

In measurement theory causal indicators are controversial and little-understood. Methodological disagreement concerning causal indicators has centered on the question of whether causal indicators are inherently sensitive to interpretational confounding, which occurs when the empirical meaning of a latent construct departs from the meaning intended by a researcher. This article questions the validity of evidence used to claim that causal indicators are inherently susceptible to interpretational confounding. Further, a simulation study demonstrates that causal indicator coefficients are stable across correctly-specified models. Determining the suitability of causal indicators has implications for the way we conceptualize measurement and build and evaluate measurement models.
Induction of large DNA deletions by persistent nicks : a new hypothesis

Abstract DNA deletions of more than one or two base pairs are induced frequently enough so that these form a reasonable fraction of mutations for only a few mutagens. Of these agents, some such as ionizing radiations form DNA double-strand breaks, and very large deletions are thought to result from a DNA end from one break ligating with a second break on the same DNA molecule. However, deletions of kilobase pairs and more are sometimes induced by ionizing radiation at a higher rate than can be accounted for by the numbers of double-strand breaks. Published data on induced deletions in particular Escherichia coli strains suggest a process involving a single lesion that could explain several features of large deletions: frequent occurrence in mammalian cells and scarcity in prokaryotes, nonrandom location which is perhaps associated with locations of origins of replication, and differences in the fraction of deletions among mutations in various genes. Some agents inducing deletions make single-strand nicks, not double-strand breaks, and the proposed mechanism hypothesizes that the inducing lesion is a persistent nick in one DNA strand — for example, a radiation-induced single-strand break with associated damage on the complementary strand that interferes with repair.
2 $'$ -Carboxy-3-Keto-D-Arabinitol 1,5-Bisphosphate, the Six-Carbon Intermediate of the Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Reaction

The six-carbon intermediate of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase reaction, 2 $'$ -carboxy-3-keto-D-arabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate (CKABP), was prepared enzymatically by quenching the reaction with acid after a short time (ca 12 ms). Over a wide pH range (4-11), CKABP undergoes a slow (t ${\_1/2}$ = 1 h), pH-independent decarboxylation. No detectable decomposition of CKABP occurs over a six-week period at -80 $^\circ$ C. The decarboxylation of CKABP is acid-catalysed and is also catalysed by deactivated enzyme lacking the activator carbamate-divalent metal ion complex. Decarboxylation is accompanied by $\beta$ -elimination of the C-1 phosphate from the 2,3-enediolate. Under alkaline conditions (pH > 11) CKABP undergoes hydrolysis. Non-enzymatic hydrolysis of the intermediate is also accompanied by $\beta$ -elimination of the C-1 phosphate (presumably from the aci-acid of the upper glycerate 3-phosphate) and the formation of pyruvate. Fully activated enzyme catalyses the complete hydrolysis of CKABP to glycerate 3-phosphate, although enzymic hydrolysis of CKABP is limited by an event not on the direct path of carboxylation. Carbon-13 NMR analysis of $\[$ 2 $'$ ,3- $^{13}$ C $\]$ CKABP indicates that it exists in solution predominantly (> 85%) as the C-3 ketone. In contrast, borohydride trapping of CKABP formed from $\[$ 3- $^18$ O $\]$ RuBP indicates that the intermediate exists on the enzyme predominantly (> 94%) as the hydrated C-3 gem-diol. In solution, the hydration of the C-3 ketone of CKABP proceeds slowly (k = 2.5 x 10 $^{-3}$ s $^{-1}$ ). The enzymatic hydration of CKABP must proceed at least as fast as k $\_{cat}$ (ca. 5 s $^{-1}$ ) or at least 2000 times faster than the hydration of CKABP in solution.
Evaluating ten years of energy performance of HERS-rated homes in Alachua County, Florida

This paper evaluates the performance of 1,346 homes in Alachua County, Florida that were Home Energy Rating System (HERS)-rated between February 1998 and December 2009 for participation in various energy-efficiency programs for new residential construction. The primary analysis objective is to measure the energy-efficiency performance of these HERS-rated homes against conventionally built homes using metered energy consumption data for calendar years 2000–2010. A secondary objective is to assess performance of the four major builders of HERS-rated homes. In calendar year 2000, average energy savings for all HERS-rated homes was 18 %. However, over the following decade average savings degraded steadily, stabilizing around 7 % in the last 5 years of the analysis. We conclude that, while HERS-rated homes in the study area are performing better than similar conventionally built homes, the average HERS-rated home is not achieving the level of savings anticipated based on its HERS score and related energy-efficiency program participation. Differences in savings among builders of HERS-rated homes suggest that variations in program implementation and construction practices can yield significantly different energy performance results. Of the four builders tested, the least efficient averaged 3 % less energy consumed than conventionally built homes, while the most efficient averaged 21 % less. Overall, findings of this study indicate the need for re-examination of the HERS-rating process as a primary benchmark and for increased emphasis on direct measurement and verification of performance using historical energy consumption data.
Modification of Precipitation from Warm Clouds—A Review

Abstract This review is begun with a brief summary of the current status of our understanding of the physics of precipitation in warm clouds. The impact of warm-cloud precipitation processes on the evolution of the ice phase in supercooled clouds also is discussed. This is followed by a review of experimental attempts to modify the microstructure of warm clouds. Modeling studies of warm cloud modification and observational studies of inadvertent warm cloud modification also are drawn upon to further elucidate the physics of warm cloud modification. The hypotheses, and evidence, for dynamic modification of warm clouds are then discussed. A few brief comments an modeling of warm cloud processes also are given. These comments are intended to serve as a warning to the non-modeler to be very cautious in taking the results of the modeling studies at face value. Finally, the review is concluded with specific recommendations regarding the current status of warm cloud modification, and future directions for the sc...
Association of elevation, urbanization and ambient temperature with obesity prevalence in the United States

Association of elevation, urbanization and ambient temperature with obesity prevalence in the United States
The epistemic virtues of consistency

The lottery paradox has been discussed widely. The standard solution to the lottery paradox is that a ticket holder is justified in believing each ticket will lose but the ticket holder is also justified in believing not all of the tickets will lose. If the standard solution is true, then we get the paradoxical result that it is possible for a person to have a justified set of beliefs that she knows is inconsistent. In this paper, I argue that the best solution to the paradox is that a ticket holder is not justified in believing any of the tickets are losers. My solution avoids the paradoxical result of the standard solution. The solution I defend has been hastily rejected by other philosophers because it appears to lead to skepticism. I defend my solution from the threat of skepticism and give two arguments in favor of my conclusion that the ticket holder in the original lottery case is not justified in believing that his ticket will lose.
Species and Geographic Differences in the Transferrin Polymorphism of Macaques

Eleven molecular forms and 34 phenotypes of transferrin have been detected in 372 serums from six macaque species. The tendency to polymorphism varies from species to species and from one local population to another. The most extensive polymorphism was observed in Macaca mulatta, which showed at least ten transferrins and 24 phenotypes. Transferrins present in stump-tail macaques (M. speciosa) from Thailand were also found in crab-eating macaques (M. irus) from Thailand, but not in crab-eating macaques from the Philippines. The results suggest that macaque species are semispecies rather than complete species.
On the Wigner Ville distribution of finite duration signals

Abstract For computational reasons, the pseudo Wigner Ville distribution (WVD) has been popularly used instead of the true WVD. For short durationed signals, however, the true WVD can be computed directly, provided the signal is extended beyond the observation interval. We considered two common extensions, namely the zero extension and the periodic extension. Due to the nonlinear nature of the WVD, the corresponding WVD spectra have a nontrivial relationship, which we derive in this paper. The results are illustrated with a chirp and an ECG signal examples.
Employee Perceptions of the Fairness of Work Group Incentive Pay Plans

A field study investigated 368 employees’ perceptions of the fair-ness of work group incentive pay plans. In particular, we studied therelationships between six antecedent variables (understanding of thepay plan, satisfaction with base pay, organizational commitment, beliefsin the pay plan eflectiveness, plan payout amount, and group identijication) and outcome variables, including fairness judgments of both theprocesses associated with the pay plan as well as the earned payoutamounts. The setting for this study was a major nonunion production facility of a Fortune 500 company that is involved in chemical produc-tion. The findings indicate that understanding of the pay plan, belief inthe pay plan effectiveness, and organizational commitment were relatedto perceptions of procedural justice. Moreover, pay satisfaction, under-standing, belief in the pay plan effectiveness, and organizational commitment were associated with perceptions of distributive justice.Further, we found significant effects of two contr...
Conducting neuroscience to guide the development of AI

Study of the human brain through fMRI can potentially benefit the pursuit of artificial intelligence. Four examples are presented. First, fMRI decoding of the brain activity of subjects watching video clips yields higher accuracy than state-of-the-art computer-vision approaches to activity recognition. Second, novel methods are presented that decode aggregate representations of complex visual stimuli by decoding their independent constituents. Third, cross-modal studies demonstrate the ability to decode the brain activity induced in subjects watching video stimuli when trained on the brain activity induced in subjects seeing text or hearing speech stimuli and vice versa. Fourth, the time course of brain processing while watching video stimuli is probed with scanning that trades off the amount of the brain scanned for the frequency at which it is scanned. Techniques like these can be used to study how the human brain grounds language in visual perception and may motivate development of novel approaches in AI.
Recent developments in RF front ends based upon active antenna concepts

Several developments in RF front end technology based upon the active antenna concept are presented. RF front ends utilizing active antenna concepts have shown improvements in such areas as power added efficiency, compactness, low noise figure, and increased functionality. These improvements are illustrated with a Class F power amplifier transmitter with an integrated circular patch antenna, a circularly polarized patch antenna with integrated LNAs, a 60 GHz quasi-optics self oscillating mixer, and two designs implementing the recently developed broadband quasi-Yagi antenna.
Mechanism of Phase Propagation During Lithiation in Carbon‐Free Li4Ti5O12 Battery Electrodes

Functional electrodes for batteries share a common design rule by which high electronic and ionic conductivity pathways must exist throughout the electrode in its pristine state. Notable amounts of conductive carbon additive in the composite electrode are usually included to form an electronically conductive matrix. However, excellent high rate cycling performance has been achieved in electrodes composed of the insulating Li4Ti5O12 without any conductive additives. This behavior opens the possibility of a new paradigm for designing functional electrodes by which high electronic conductivity in the pristine electrode is not required. The mechanism of operation that enables such unexpected electrochemical behavior is evaluated and discussed. Electronically conductive pathways due to the reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ form and percolate throughout the Li4Ti5O12 electrode in the early stage of Li insertion, eliminating the need for conductive additives. This work highlights the importance of the mass and charge transport properties of the intermediate states during cycling and of good interparticle ohmic contact in the electrode. This physical behavior can lead to novel system designs with improved battery utilization and energy density.
2D MFIE solution improvement by regularization

Moment method solutions to the MFIE are often less accurate for a given mesh than corresponding solutions to the EFIE. We use the variational property of the method of moments to argue that the slower MFIE convergence is caused by the identity operator associated with the MFIE. A regularization is given that improves the convergence rate of moment method solutions to the 2D MFIE by three orders of magnitude.
Influenza entry pathways in polarized MDCK cells.

In non-polarized cell culture models, influenza virus has been shown to enter host cells via multiple endocytic pathways, including classical clathrin-mediated endocytic routes (CME), clathrin- and caveolae-independent routes and macropinocytosis. However, little is known about the entry route of influenza virus in differentiated epithelia, in vivo site of infection for influenza virus. Here, we show that in polarized Madin–Darby canine kidney type II (MDCK II) cells, influenza virus has a specific utilization of the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway and requires Eps15 for host cell entry.
The Movement to Change Scholarly Communication Has Come a Long Way – How Far Might It Go?

Librarians envision a future where they are firmly aligned with the health of scholarship and scholarly communications. To reflect the progress that is already being made—and to continue to move toward this future—it is especially appropriate and timely to welcome the Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication to our profession’s literature.
Enantioenriched Formation of Synthons of 1,5-Hexadiene Bis-Epoxides for Construction of Nonracemic cis- and trans-2,5-Disubstituted Tetrahydrofurans.

The pathway to the enantioenriched bis-epoxides includes the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of heptadienol and the mild epoxidation of the resulting epoxy alkenes (I) as the key step via high asymmetric induction by using the Katsuki titanium salalen catalyst.
Effects of ionic liquids on the survival, movement, and feeding behavior of the freshwater snail, Physa acuta.

Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are being promoted as environmentally friendly alternatives to volatile organic solvents currently used by industry. Because ILs are novel and not yet in widespread use, their potential impact on aquatic organisms is unclear. We studied the effects of several ILs on the survivorship and behavior (movement and feeding rates) of the freshwater pulmonate snail, Physa acuta. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of ILs with imidazolium- and pyridinium-based cations and Br 2 and as anions ranged from 1 to 325 mg/L. Toxicity was greatest for ILs with eight-carbon alkyl chains attached to both 2 PF6 imidazolium and pyridinium rings and declined with shorter alkyl chains, indicating a positive relationship between alkyl chain length and toxicity. Compared to controls, snails moved more slowly when exposed to butyl- and hexyl-cation ILs at 1 to 3% of LC50 concentrations but were not affected at higher IL concentrations (4-10% of LC50), which is characteristic of U-shaped dose- response curves. Snail movement was not affected by ILs with octyl alkyl groups. Grazing patterns, however, indicated that snails grazed less at higher IL concentrations. Physa acuta egestion rates were reduced in the presence of ILs at 3 to 10% of LC50 concentrations. Thus, nonlethal IL concentrations affected P. acuta behaviors, potentially impacting individual fitness and food web interactions. These results provide initial information needed to assess the potential hazards of ILs should they reach freshwater ecosystems.
Toxicity of l-Tryptophan Photoproduct on Recombinationless (rec) Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium

l-Tryptophan after exposure to black light becomes toxic for recombinationless (rec) mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Fifty-six radiation-sensitive mutants were screened for sensitivity to the tryptophan photoproduct; the rec and exr (X-ray sensitive) mutants are sensitive, whereas the uvr, hcr, and wild-type strains are resistant. A number of catabolic products of tryptophan and compounds related to tryptophan were screened for toxicity to rec strain; these are nontoxic or far less toxic for rec strains than irradiated l-tryptophan. The toxic photoproduct is relatively stable to drying and basic hydrolysis at 90 C, indicating that it is a stable organic compound, eliminating peroxide as the toxic component. It was also observed that the toxic product is a photooxidation product since it is formed only when l-tryptophan is irradiated in the presence of air.
Geology and Occurrence of Natural Gas in Amarillo District, Texas

Natural gas is found throughout an almost continuous belt extending from central Beckham County, Oklahoma, northwestward to northern Moore County, Texas, and thence northward to and including Morton and Stevens counties, Kansas. This belt of productive gas territory is more than 200 miles in length and ranges from 5 miles to 40 miles in width and embraces an area of proved and semi-proved gas territory of more than 2 million acres, one of the largest and most important gas areas in the world. Gas is produced from beds of Permian and Pennsylvanian age. Accumulation of gas is closely associated with deposition and folding of these beds in relation to a buried mountain range known as the Amarillo Mountains. Natural gas has been known to exist in this area since 1918. From th t time it has developed in economic importance until to-day it occupies first place in production of natural gasoline and carbon black and is rapidly becoming the largest producer of natural gas for domestic and industrial use. Natural gas is now being transported from this district by pipe lines to such distant points as Chicago, Indianapolis, Denver, and Fort Worth. The writers discuss the geologic occurrence of the gas and set forth production data in connection with its utilization.
Economic lessons from control efforts for an invasive species : Miconia calvescens in Hawaii

Once established, invasive species can rapidly and irreversibly alter ecosystems and degrade the value of ecosystem services. Optimal control of an unwanted species solves for a trajectory of removals that minimizes the present value of removal costs and residual damages from the remaining population. The shrubby tree, Miconia calvescens, is used to illustrate dynamic policy options for a forest invader. Potential damages to Hawaii's forest ecosystems are related to decreased aquifer recharge, biodiversity, and other ecosystem values. We find that population reduction is the optimal management policy for the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. On the island of Kauai, where tree density is lower and search costs higher, optimal policy calls for deferring removal expenditures until the steady state population is reached.
Is That a Rhetorical Question? Ambiguity and Power in Medical Discourse

Rhetorical questions in medical encounters functioned to mitigate doctors' use of structural power, such as their necessary abrogation of patients' right to control over the viewing and touching of their bodies. Patients, lacking structural power, used functionally ambiguous rhetorical questions to mitigate their true questions and other face-threatening acts, such as sexual overtures or challenging the physician's competence.
Interfacial Cracks in Ceramic‐to‐Metal Bonds under Transient Thermal Loads

The effect of a transient thermal load on an interfacial edge crack and center crack between a ceramic-to-metal bond was analyzed with the use of fracture mechanics. The deformations of the crack and the strain energy release rate were calculated for the case of a ceramic layer of equal thickness to the metal, one with one-tenth the thickness of the metal, and one with 10 times the thickness of the metal. It was determined that for an edge crack, under slow cooling conditions, the steady-state value of G is the largest, and G is largest for equal thicknesses of ceramic and metal. For a center crack, a maximum transient G occurs which is larger than the steady-state value and the strain energy release rate is smallest for equal thicknesses of ceramic and metal.
Ipsilateral pedicle TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction: are they as safe as contralateral techniques?

Summary Introduction Many surgeons are using the ipsilateral rotation of the TRAM flap because of easier flap insetting and improved aesthetic outcomes; however studies evaluating these techniques are limited to case series without groups for comparison. Our purpose was to evaluate the safety of the ipsilateral technique through a retrospective cohort study. Methods We retrospectively evaluated consecutive contralateral and ipsilateral TRAM flaps for mastectomy breast reconstruction. The incidence of ischemia-related flap complications and the incidence of major and minor complications were compared between the two groups. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the effect of rotation type on complication rates, while controlling for potential confounding variables. Results Comparing 58 ipsilateral to 32 contralateral pedicle TRAM patients, the rate of a major complication was 20.7% and 28.1%, respectively, p =0.425; a minor complication was 50.0% vs. 34.4%, respectively, p =0.153; and total ischemic-related flap complications were 22.4% and 25.0% respectively, p =0.781. When controlling for potential confounders, the type of pedicle TRAM flap did not have a significant effect on the above complications. Advanced patient age was significantly correlated with an increased incidence of major complications ( OR =1.09, p =0.031) and ischemic flap complications ( OR =1.11, p =0.016). Conclusion The ipsilateral pedicle TRAM flap appears as safe as the contralateral technique for breast reconstruction. Given the increased pedicle length and preservation of both the medial inframammary fold and xiphoid subunit, we believe that the ipsilateral technique is preferred over the contralateral rotation.
Hemispheric differences in language processing in autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.

Language impairments, a hallmark feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), have been related to neuroanatomical and functional abnormalities. Abnormal lateralization of the functional language network, increased reliance on visual processing areas, and increased posterior brain activation have all been reported in ASD and proposed as explanatory models of language difficulties. Nevertheless, inconsistent findings across studies have prevented a comprehensive characterization of the functional language network in ASD. The aim of this study was to quantify common and consistent patterns of brain activation during language processing in ASD and typically developing control (TD) participants using a meta-analytic approach. Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was used to examine 22 previously published functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)/positron emission tomography studies of language processing (ASD: N = 328; TD: N = 324). Tasks included in this study addressed semantic processing, sentence comprehension, processing figurative language, and speech production. Within-group analysis showed largely overlapping patterns of language-related activation in ASD and TD groups. However, the ASD participants, relative to TD participants, showed: (1) more right hemisphere activity in core language areas (i.e., superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus), particularly in tasks where they had poorer performance accuracy; (2) bilateral MTG hypo-activation across many different paradigms; and (3) increased activation of the left lingual gyrus in tasks where they had intact performance. These findings show that the hypotheses reviewed here address the neural and cognitive aspects of language difficulties in ASD across all tasks only in a limited way. Instead, our findings suggest the nuances of language and brain in ASD in terms of its context-dependency. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1046-1057. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Non-fouling hyaluronic acid coatings for improved sandwich ELISA measurements in plasma

Nonspecific protein adsorption can interfere with blood diagnostics, especially in point-of-care tests for which minimal sample processing is required. Here we report a non-fouling coating material for presenting capture antibodies in ELISA that significantly increased precision and accuracy compared to a commercial ELISA microplates in human plasma and model solutions containing plasma proteins. The coating was prepared by functionalizing the hydrophilic polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) with a thermoresponsive polymer, poly(di(ethylene glycol)) methyl ether methacrylate (PMEO2MA). Previous studies demonstrated that these coatings were resistant to adsorption of major blood proteins, and we demonstrate that functionalization of the coatings with a monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) provided enhanced detection accuracy for this pro-inflammatory cytokine in ELISA. Three plasma-type solutions were explored in this work based either on buffer containing known concentrations of albumin, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin at sub-physiological and physiological concentrations, and non-diluted human plasma. In model solutions of plasma, even sub-physiological concentrations of plasma proteins resulted in a 20% overestimate of TNF-α concentration in the commercial ELISA kit but a 4% overestimate in HA-coated microwells. However, in human plasma, the commercial ELISA kit underestimated the analyte concentration by up to 95% while the HA-coated microwells did so by only 15% at an analyte concentration of 12.5 pg mL−1. The improvements in precision and accuracy provided by HA coatings suggests they could be used to enhance ELISA measurements in a broad range of complex biological media.