cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steelhead return rates and relative costs: A synthesis of three long-term stocking programs in two Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior

Abstract Hatchery augmentation of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss was evaluated over 20 years in Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior using three approaches — stocking fry or yearlings of a naturalized strain (STT), and yearlings of a domesticated strain (KAM). The STT strain was introduced over 100 years ago and became naturalized to Lake Superior and its tributaries, unlike KAM, which has not been shown to reproduce successfully in streams. We compared smolt–adult return rates to anglers and in-river traps, and production costs per adult for these three programs in the French and Knife rivers. STT smolts derived from stocked fry in the French River resulted in the highest smolt–adult return rates to traps and anglers (13.3%), and lowest cost per returning adult ($46). STT stocked as yearling smolts produced the lowest return rate (1.5%) and highest cost per returning adult ($192) for both rivers combined. KAM stocked as yearling smolts were intermediate in return rate (2.6%) and cost per adult ($90). Differences in return rates of the three strains were attributable to the extent of domestication selection, size at stocking, season of stocking, and summer lake temperatures. Smolts derived from fry-stocked STT were strongly influenced by summer lake temperatures in their first lake year. Yearling-stocked STT were influenced by size at stocking and summer lake temperatures. KAM yearlings benefitted from summer stocking at larger sizes. Based on poor survival and fiscal constraints, the STT yearling program was discontinued. Stocking programs will continue to evolve according to changing biological, financial, social, and political pressures.
Large-angle exotropia corrected by intraoperative botulinum toxin A and monocular recession resection surgery.

Abstract Purpose: Surgical correction of large-angle exotropia, greater than 70 PD, traditionally requires operating on three or four horizontal muscles. However, in secondary exotropia from monocular visual loss, it is advisable to operate only on the eye with poor vision. We used intraoperative botulinum toxin as an adjunct to the monocular recession-resection procedure for large-angle sensory exotropia, therefore operating only on the visually impaired eye. Methods: Three patients underwent monocular recession (10 mm) and resection (10 mm) along with intraoperative botulinum toxin A injection of 10 units into the recessed muscle. All had desired cosmetic repair of long-standing large-angle exotropia (range 100 to 110 PD) with amblyopia and vision worse than 20200 in the deviated eye. Results: Within 4 days after operation all patients demonstrated maximal paresis of the lateral rectus muscle. This lasted 8 to 12 weeks and resulted in stable orthotropia at 2.5 years in case 1 and stable 8 PD exotropia at 4 years in case 2. The third case demonstrated a stable 18 PD exotropia by 7 months with a satisfactory cosmetic result. Conclusion: This technique provides an alternative for the surgical correction of large-angle exotropia by operating only on two horizontal muscles. In sensory exotropia it also avoids subjecting a normal eye to an operative risk.
Recasting Border Crossing Politics and Pedagogies to Combat Educational Inequity: Experiences, Identities, and Perceptions of Latino/a Immigrant Youth

Educational borderlands are the physical and/or conceptual landscapes where one must negotiate notions of cultural difference as she or he lives and learns—landscapes that envelop an array of pedagogical and cultural spaces, yet are typically guarded by exclusionary tactics. In this article, we examine how US immigrant youth navigate three educational borderlands: the geopolitical, institutional, and home community. We also discuss how educators’ biased ideologies and actions towards these youth solidify borders and increase inequity. Data from studies of California and North Carolina school communities allow us to extend border crossing theories and address how many immigrant youth confront and resist inequities, negotiate their cultural identities, and enact agency. While emphasizing that borderlands are sites of risk and transformation, we also suggest how educators can draw upon their relative power and privilege to cross borders too, advocate for immigrant youth, and ultimately improve education.
Combined vehicle control, status check and high-resolution acoustic images retrieval using a high-frequency acoustic modem on a hovering AUV

Hermes is a two-way half-duplex underwater acoustic modem developed to transfer large amounts of information from an underwater asset to a surface operator, while being able to send command-and-control information to the underwater asset. In addition, this communication system must operate in very challenging environments such as busy ports and very shallow waters. Hermes must also provide the ability to transfer data from multiple sources simultaneously, without any impact on the source of information. To do so, the communication system uses a specific pipe architecture tailored for wireless underwater applications, combined with a multi-scale, parallel decision-feedback-equalizer technique. The authors show that Hermes can relay simultaneously and reliably high-resolution scan sonar images with target recognition, mosaics and vehicle status in various port environments, at a range of up to 130 m using high-frequency, omni-directional transducers. The fastest data rate tested is 87,768 bps. The main platform is the Bluefin Robotics HULS3. Experimental results are also presented using the WHOI Remus-100 Gudgeon.
When power users attack: assessing impacts in collaborative recommender systems

Power users, in a Collaborative Filtering (CF) Recommender System (RS) context, are those who can exert considerable influence over the recommendation outcomes presented to other users. RS operators encourage the existence of power user communities and leverage them to help fellow users make informed purchase decisions. Thus, RS research in this area has focused on power user identification and utilization to address challenges such as rating sparsity for new items or users. But, as ever, there remains the potential for corruption of power. Alongside accuracy and efficiency measures, RS robustness to manipulation or 'attack' has been studied using injection of false user profiles. Our research is investigating the impact on RS predictions and top-N recommendation lists when simulated power users provide biased ratings for new items. In this study, we introduce the notion of a 'Power User Attack' for RS robustness analysis, as well as a novel use of social networking degree centrality concepts for identifying RS power users. Initial results show that power users identified using in-degree centrality, compared to other techniques, can be more influential as reflected by accuracy and robustness impacts before and after power user attacks.
Conditions for the occurrence of large near-wall excesses of small particles during blood flow

Abstract Prior work showed that the near-wall concentration of platelet-sized latex beads (2.38 μm diam) in flowing blood suspensions can be greater than three times the concentration in the central region of the flow. Similar methods were used to explore the dependence of the near-wall excess (NWE) of beads on the channel height and suspension composition. The bead diameter, suspending fluid viscosity, and red blood cell deformability were varied; the hematocrit was fixed at 15%. Results showed that NWEs ⩾ three times the central concentration were associated with shear stress, rather than with strain rate, required red cell deformability, and occurred with bead diameters of 2.2 μm or larger. The amplitude of NWEs observed in the 30- and 50-μm channels changed sharply from small to large as the wall shear rate (WSR) was increased, while those observed in 100-μm channels exhibited a more gradual dependence on WSR.
Recognition and recall of high frequency words following serial learning

A set of 50 words relatively devoid of sequential dependencies (in random order) were administered with degree of training varied for independent groups of Ss. A single test of recall or recognition followed. For most of the range of training, recognition was superior to recall;but with a sufficiently large number of trials, recall surpassed recognition. The results, taken together with previous data, suggest that studies comparing different retention measures by simple ordering are likely to become exercises in futility. Implications were briefly examined for the hypothesis of a unitary construct underlying recognition and recall.
AN UNEXPECTED PACKING OF FLUORINATED N-ALKANE THIOLS ON AU(111) : A COMBINED ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing incidence x‐ray diffraction (GIXD) have been used to study the structure of self‐assembled monolayers of CF3(CF2)n(CH2)2SH (n=11, 7, and 5) on the Au(111) surface. Surprisingly, although the nearest‐neighbor fluorinated alkane thiol distance is very close to the lattice constant of a commensurate p(2×2) structure, the close‐packed rows of molecules are rotated ∼30° with respect to the underlying gold lattice. That packing is incommensurate or at most only close to the high‐order commensurate c(7×7) structure. The relative orientation of the organic monolayer and the Au(111) substrate has been determined unambiguously both with GIXD, and by AFM, taking advantage of an earlier finding (Ref. ) that AFM tips can reversibly displace the thiol molecules under high loads. In addition, we demonstrate that the two techniques provide complementary information on the order and the domain structures of these monolayers.
Robust unconstrained predictive control design with guranteed nominal performance

A systematic and complete method to design robust predictive controllers for unconstrained linear systems is proposed. The synthesis procedure is based on rigorous theoretical foundations, without resorting to approximations or ad hoc design guidelines, yet it remains a viable tool for practical application. A significant feature is that the robust predictive controller retains the servo performance of a nominal predictive controller designed using conventional methods. In addition, the robust predictive controller can be designed to guarantee perfect steady-state rejection of asymptotically constant disturbances. The robust design method is developed for systems affected by unmodeled dynamics and is based on solving a discrete-time model-matching problem. It is shown that the robust controller can be classified legitimately as a predictive controller because it minimizes the same performance functional as the nominal predictive controller. An illustrative design example is given.
Transcription and translation in E. coli of hybrid plasmids containing the catabolic dehydroquinase gene from Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Two hybrid plasmids which carry the gene for Neurospora crassa catabolic dehydroquinase (C-DHQase) and complement an aroD6 (dehydroquinase-deficient) auxotroph of Escherichia coli have been analyzed. One of these contains a 2.9 kilobase (kb) fragment cloned in pBR322 (pVK57) and the other contains a 6.8 kb fragment cloned in the Pst I site (pVK88). Restriction enzyme mapping of these plasmids has demonstrated that the 2.9 kb fragment is totally contained within the 6.8 kb fragment. When the polarity of either the Hin dIII fragment or Pst I fragment was reversed with respect to pBR322 no effect was observed on either the ability of the hybrid to complement an aroD − auxotroph or on the level of C-DHQase activity. In vivo transcription of plasmid pVK88 in both orientations was analyzed by RNA-DNA hybridization and by the techniques developed by Southern (1975). Approx. 40% of the plasmid-directed transcription occurred from the cloned Pst I fragment and 60–70% of these N. crassa transcripts were encoded by the 2.9 kb Hin dIII fragment. The Southern technique allowed a further localization of the region of most extensive transcription to a 1.8 kb Hin dIII- Eco RI fragment. Biochemical analysis revealed that the C-DHQase protein produced by strains harboring pVK57 and pVK88 in either orientation was identical to the N. crassa enzyme. Furthermore, when these plasmids were segregated into minicells and labeled with 14 C amino acids, the C-DHQase protein was synthesized at a level comparable to other plasmid-encoded proteins.
Ba2CoO4 : Crystal growth, structure refinement, and physical properties (

Single-crystalline Ba{sub 2}CoO{sub 4} was grown using the floating-zone technique. Single-crystal refinement of x-ray diffraction data indicates that Ba{sub 2}CoO{sub 4} has a monoclinic structure with a = 5.9176(13) {angstrom}, b = 7.6192(16) {angstrom}, c = 10.3790(22) {angstrom}, and {beta} = 91.734(4){sup o} at room temperature. Magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and thermal conductivity show anomalies at T{sub N} = 25 K, due to antiferromagnetic ordering. However, the magnitude of the Neel temperature T{sub N} is significantly lower than the Curie-Weiss temperature (|{Theta}| {approx} 110 K), suggesting either reduced-dimensional magnetic interactions and/or the existence of magnetic frustration. The latter may be induced by disorder evident from the variable-range-hopping behavior in the electrical resistivity, nonzero T term in the specific heat, and T{sup 2} dependence in the thermal conductivity at low temperatures.
METHADONE WITHDRAWAL IN NEONATES

Recently methadone has been used extensively for the treatment of heroin addiction. In adults, methadone produces a withdrawal syndrome similar to heroin. However, until very recently neonatal addiction to methadone was not recognized.
Building Covert Channels over the Packet Reordering Phenomenon

New modes of communication have shown themselves to be needed for more secure and private types of data. Steganography or data-hiding through covert channels can be highly motivated by today's security requirements and various needs of applications. Moreover, the amount of information in the Internet traffic is not bounded by what is contained in packets payload; there is considerable hidden capacity within packets and flows characteristics to build robust and stealthy covert channels. In this paper, we propose using the packet reordering phenomenon as the media to carry a hidden channel. As a naturally occurring behavior of packets traveling the Internet, it can as well be induced to send a signal to the receiving end. Specific permutations are selected to enhance the reliability of the channel, while their distribution was selected to imitate real traffic and increase stealthiness. The robustness of such channel is analyzed, and its bandwidth is calculated. A simple tool is implemented to communicate over the natural phenomenon of packet reordering. Reliability and capacity of the techniques are evaluated and promising results show the potential of the proposed approach.
Thermal-aware Steiner routing for 3D stacked ICs

In this paper, we present the first work on the Steiner routing for 3D stacked ICs. In the 3D Steiner routing problem, the pins are located in multiple device layers, which makes it more general than its 2D counterpart. Our algorithm consists of two steps: tree construction and tree refinement. Our tree construction algorithm builds a delay-oriented Steiner tree under a given thermal profile. We show that thermal-aware 3D tree construction involves the minimization of two-variable Elmore delay function. In our tree refinement algorithm, we reposition the through-vias while preserving the original routing topology for further thermal optimization under performance constraint. We employ a novel scheme to relax the initial NLP formulation to ILP and consider all through-vias from all nets simultaneously. Our related experiments show the effectiveness of our proposed solutions.
Control mechanisms of sphincter of Oddi contraction rate in the opossum

Our aim in this study is to determine whether extrinsic autonomic nerves regulated spike-burst rate in the opossum sphincter of Oddi (SO) during fasting or after feeding. We implanted electrodes on the distal SO, proximal SO, gastric antrum, duodenum, and jejunum of 20 animals. A cut transection and reanastomosis was done at different levels of the SO to interrupt putative extrinsic or intrinsic nerves, or the SO was painted with phenol to impair extrinsic nerves. Like controls, animals with a cut and reanastomosis at the proximal SO or at the SO-duodenal junction showed a normal fasting pattern of cyclic changes in SO spike-burst rate. In contrast, animals treated by a distal SO cut or phenol treatment at the distal SO lost the normal cyclic pattern of SO spike bursts and had a constant rate of approximately 4/min. A cut through the middle SO uncoupled the spike bursts in the proximal and distal SO. After feeding, all animals developed an SO spike-burst rate of 5-6/min that lasted for several hours. We conclude that the normal fasting pattern of SO spike bursts is regulated by extrinsic nerves that ascend cephalad along the sphincter segment, whereas the sustained increase in SO spike-burst rate after feeding is at least in part hormonal.
AWARDS, REWARDS, AND EXCELLENCE: KEEPING GEOGRAPHY ALIVE AND WELL

(1988). AWARDS, REWARDS, AND EXCELLENCE: KEEPING GEOGRAPHY ALIVE AND WELL. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 135-140.
Effects of symmetry breaking on the strong and electroweak interactions of the vector nonet.

Starting from a chiral-invariant and quark-line-rule-conserving Lagrangian of pseudoscalar and vector nonets we introduce first- and second-order symmetry breaking as well as quark-line-rule-violating terms and fit the parameters, at the tree level, to many strong and electroweak processes. A number of predictions are made. The electroweak interactions are included in a manifestly gauge-invariant manner. The resulting symmetry-breaking pattern is discussed in detail. Specifically, for the {open_quote}{open_quote}strong{close_quote}{close_quote} interactions, we study all the vector meson masses and {ital V}{r_arrow}{phi}{phi} decays, including isotopic spin violations. In the electroweak sector we study the {l_brace}{rho}{sup 0},{omega},{phi}{r_brace}{r_arrow}{ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}} decays, {l_brace}{pi}{sup +},{ital K}{sup +},{ital K}{sup 0}{r_brace} {open_quote}{open_quote}charge radii,{close_quote}{close_quote} {ital K}{sub {ital l}3} {open_quote}{open_quote}slope factor,{close_quote}{close_quote} and the overall {ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} process. It is hoped that the resulting model may be useful as a reasonable description of low energy physics in the range up to about 1 GeV. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Multi level high capacity data hiding technique for stereo audio

This novel multi level encoding technique is using psychoacoustical principles of binaural hearing in the phase spectrum of stereo signals. A frequency-dependent threshold of the interaural phase difference is computed, and then used to determine locations suitable for data insertion. Once established, the threshold is divided into several sublevels, each carrying few bits of data. The disturbance in the phase is done in a fashion that mimics the original signal thus introducing little noise. Listening tests have been performed to confirm that using this method results in a signal indistinguishable from the original audio. This technique provides payload of over 105 kb/s for CD-quality audio.
Confidence intervals on measures of variability in an unbalanced two-fold nested design with equal subsampling

This paper considers the unbalanced two-fold nested design with equal subsampling represented by the model with the variance components . Methods for constructing approximate confidence intervals are presented for several important functions of the variance components. In particular, intervals are constructed on , and for the proportions of total variability . Computer simulations indicate that intervals based on an unweighted sums of squares estimator generally provide confidence coefficients that are at least as great as the stated level.
The conceptual focus of ultimism: an object of religious concern for the nones and somes

In his recent trilogy, J. L. Schellenberg presents a new religious option: to have beliefless faith in a general object of religious concern that he thinks is referenced at the core of most sectarian religions – the axiological, soteriological, and metaphysical ultimate, which I call ‘UUU’. After explaining what UUU is more fully, I argue that the claim that UUU exists should not be, as Schellenberg says, the only focus for philosophy of religion. Still, I argue that such a claim is a good basis for a new form of religion, especially if it is modified in a couple of ways.
Space-efficient implementation of nested parallelism

Many of today's high level parallel languages support dynamic, fine-grained parallelism. These languages allow the user to expose all the parallelism in the program, which is typically of a much higher degree than the number of processors. Hence an efficient scheduling algorithm is required to assign computations to processors at runtime. Besides having low overheads and good load balancing, it is important for the scheduling algorithm to minimize the space usage of the parallel program. This paper presents a scheduling algorithm that is provably space-efficient and time-efficient for nested parallel languages. In addition to proving the space and time bounds of the parallel schedule generated by the algorithm, we demonstrate that it is efficient in practice. We have implemented a runtime system that uses our algorithm to schedule parallel threads. The results of executing parallel programs on this system show that our scheduling algorithm significantly reduces memory usage compared to previous techniques, without compromising performance.
Persistent holes in a fluid.

We observe stable holes in a vertically oscillated 0.5 cm deep aqueous suspension of cornstarch. Holes appear only if a finite perturbation is applied to the layer for accelerations $a$ above $10g$. Holes are circular and approximately 0.5 cm wide, and can persist for more than ${10}^{6}$ cycles. Above $a\ensuremath{\simeq}17g$ the rim of the hole becomes unstable, producing fingerlike protrusions or hole division. At higher acceleration, the hole delocalizes, growing to cover the entire surface with erratic undulations. We find similar behavior in an aqueous suspension of glass microspheres.
Balanced contributions and fairness in exchange economies

This paper presents a new way to fairly distribute welfare gains derived from trade in exchange economies. The imposed fairness condition is based on the balanced marginal contributions condition satisfied by the Shapley value in transferable utility games. The solution is defined for cardinal finite exchange economies. Then, we point out that solutions for ordinal economies can be created by mapping finite ordinal exchange economies onto cardinal economies and then applying the original solution.
Alterations of Systolic Time Intervals During Pregnancy

Systolic time interval measurements were made sequentially throughout pregnancy and during the postpartum period. Recordings were made in the supine and lateral positions. Although the greatest deviations from predicted values were present in the third trimester, changes were evident as early as the first trimester. During the first two trimesters the pre-ejection period (PEP) was significantly shortened. The left ventricular ejection time (LVET) remained normal while the PEP/LVET decreased. The third trimester was characterized by a markedly shortened LVET, a prolonged PEP, and an increased PEP/LVET, all more apparent in the supine than in the lateral position. These findings are consistent with impaired left ventricular performance and are probably due to decreased left ventricular preload resulting from diminished venous return secondary to inferior vena caval obstruction by the gravid uterus. In the postpartum period, the PEP/LVET remained elevated in both positions; the PEP was prolonged and the LVET shortened in the lateral posture. It is concluded that alterations in systolic time interval measurements occur normally during the course of uncomplicated pregnancy and persist into the postpartum period. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Loss of a Conserved N-Linked Glycosylation Site in the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein V2 Region Enhances Macrophage Tropism by Increasing CD4-Independent Cell-to-Cell Transmission

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains differ in their capacity to replicate in macrophages, but mechanisms underlying these differences are not fully understood. Here, we identify a highly conserved N-linked glycosylation site (N173 in SIV, corresponding to N160 in HIV) in the V2 region of the SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) as a novel determinant of macrophage tropism and characterize mechanisms underlying this phenotype. Loss of the N173 glycosylation site in the non-macrophage-tropic SIVmac239 by introducing an N173Q mutation enhanced viral replication and multinucleated giant cell formation upon infection of rhesus macrophages, while the addition of N173 to SIVmac251 had the opposite effect. The removal of N173 in SIVmac239 enhanced CD4-independent cell-to-cell transmission to CCR5-expressing cells. SIVmac239 with N173Q mediated CD4-independent cell-cell fusion but could not infect CD4-negative cells in single-round infections. Thus, CD4-independent phenotypes were detected only in the context of cell-to-cell contact. Similar results were obtained in SIVmac251 with and without N173. N173 decreased the neutralization sensitivity of SIVmac251 but had no effect on the neutralization sensitivity of SIVmac239. The N173Q mutation had no effect on SIVmac239 binding to CD4 in Biacore assays, coimmunoprecipitation assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). These findings suggest that the loss of the N173 N-linked glycosylation site increases SIVmac239 replication in macrophages by enhancing CD4-independent cell-to-cell virus transmission through CCR5-mediated fusion. This mechanism may facilitate the escape of macrophage-tropic viruses from neutralizing antibodies while promoting spreading infection by these viruses in vivo. IMPORTANCE In this study, we identify a genetic determinant in the viral envelope (N173) that increases replication and spreading infection of SIV strains in macrophages by enhancing cell-to-cell virus transmission. This effect is explained by a novel mechanism involving increased cell-to-cell fusion in the absence of CD4, the primary receptor that normally mediates virus entry. The same genetic determinant also affects the sensitivity of these viruses to inhibition by neutralizing antibodies. Most macrophage-tropic HIV/SIV strains are known to be neutralization sensitive. Together, these findings suggest that this efficient mode of virus transmission may facilitate the escape of macrophage-tropic viruses from neutralizing antibodies while promoting spreading infection by these viruses to cells expressing little or no CD4 in vivo.
Manufacturing of bioreactive nanofibers for bioremediation

Recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells were successfully encapsulated in reactive membranes comprised of electrospun nanofibers that have biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based cores entrapping the E. coli and silica- based, mechanically sturdy porous shells. The reactive membranes were produced in a continuous fashion using a coaxial electrospinning system coupled to a microfluidic timer that mixed and regulated the reaction time of the silica precursor and the PVA solution streams. A factorial design method was employed to investigate the effects of the three critical design parameters of the system (the flow rate of the core solution, protrusion of the core needle, and the viscosity of the core solution) and to optimize these parameters for reproducibly and continuously producing high-quality core/ shell nanofibers. The feasibility of using the reactive membranes manufactured in this fashion for bioremediation of atrazine, a herbicide, was also investigated. The atrazine degradation rate (0.24mmol/g of E. coli/min) of the encapsulated E. coli cells expressing the atrazine-dechlorinat- ing enzyme AtzA was measured to be relatively close to that measured with the free cells in solution (0.64mmol/g of E. coli/min). We show here that the low cost, high flexibility, water insolubility, and high degradation efficiency of the bioreactive membranes manufactured with electrospinning makes it feasible for their wide-spread use in industrial scale bioremediation of contaminated waters. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1483-1493. 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gas-chromatographic simultaneous analysis for glutethimide and an active hydroxylated metabolite in tissues, plasma, and urine.

We report a gas-chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of both glutethimide and 4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide (4- HG), an active metabolite of glutethimide, in tissues, plasma, and urine. The method, applied to postmortem tissues from cases of fatal glutethimide overdose and to plasma samples obtained from a patient in coma from acute glutethimide intoxication, proved to be accurate, sensitive, and specific. Results of the analysis confirm that 4-HG accumulates in plasma and tissues during glutethimide intoxication. Because 4-HG has been shown previously to be at least as potent as glutethimide itself, its accumulation may play an important role in the acute toxicity of glutethimide.
Impact of Strain Rate on the Shear Strength and Pore Water Pressure Generation of Saturated and Unsaturated Compacted Clay

A series of consolidated-undrained (constant water content) triaxial compression tests were performed on compacted low plasticity clay under saturated and unsaturated conditions. The purpose of the test series was to evaluate the impact of strain rate and initial suction on the undrained shear strength of the clay. Consistent with trends in the literature, the shear strength of saturated clay increased at approximately 13% per log cycle of decreasing time to 15% axial strain. The excess pore water pressure at failure measured at the bottom boundary of the specimen was found to decrease with increasing strain rates for saturated specimens but increase for unsaturated specimens. The rate of increase in the shear strength of unsaturated clays having suction values up to 140 kPa (degrees of saturation greater than 85%) was found to be greater than that of the clay under saturated conditions.
Ultrawide-band photonic time-stretch a/D converter employing phase diversity

The performance of analog-to-digital converters can be greatly enhanced by preprocessing the analog signal using the photonic time-stretch technique. The analog bandwidth of a time-stretch preprocessor is limited by dispersion-induced frequency fading. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a new implementation of the time-stretch analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion system that overcomes the bandwidth limitation. It is shown that the fading phenomenon can be mitigated by using phase diversity, and the maximum ratio combining algorithm is identified as a potential technique for maximizing the signal-to-noise-ratio. Real-time A/D conversion at 480 Gsample/s is demonstrated.
Moisture Loss as a Prerequisite for Seedling Growth in Soybean Seeds (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Rosenberg, L. A. and Rinne, R. W. 1986. Moisture loss as a prerequisite for seedling growth in soybean seeds (Glycine max L. Merr.).—J. exp. Bot. 37: 1663-1674. As soybean seeds [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] develop, they undergo a change in seed moisture. When excised prematurely from the pod and planted, seeds do not exhibit seedling growth until 63 d after flowering (DAF) when the seed moisture has fallen below 60%. In contrast, seed germination (radicle protrusion) can occur when seeds as young as 35 DAF (68-79% moisture) are excised, but this germination does not lead to comparable seedling growth frequencies unless seeds are first given a moisture loss treatment to artificially reduce their moisture below 60%. A moisture loss treatment applied at 35 DAF thus enables seed to undergo the transition from germination (cell expansion) to seedling growth (cell division and expansion) to the extent that treated immature seed have a vigour index comparable to seeds matured on the plant (100%). The pattern of protein synthesis in vivo was examined in 35 DAF seed using [35S]-methionine incorporation. When moisture loss treatment was applied for 24 h to 35 DAF seeds, seeds synthesized several new polypeptides when compared with untreated seeds at the same developmental stage. The same seed samples showed 0% seedling growth in the absence of moisture loss treatment and 80% seedling growth when the treatment had been applied. Moisture loss from soybean seeds appears to be a prerequisite for the synthesis of new proteins which may be part of the metabolic process or processes that allow the soybean seed to undergo the transition from seed germination to seedling growth.
Crossover to equivalent-neighbor multicritical behavior in arbitrary dimensions

Spin models subject to both nearest-neighbor and equivalent-neighbor interactions are studied. The free energy of these models is related to the free energy of the nearest-neighbor spin models in a magnetic field. The scaling exponent for equivalent-neighbor interactions is calculated, and crossover from Ising to mean-field criticality is described in arbitrary dimensions. Interesting multicritical behavior is observed for antiferromagnetic nearest-neighbor interactions.
Noise standards, measurements, and receiver noise definitions

This paper consists of four sections covering 1) basic principles of noise measurement, 2) the switching radiometer, 3) a survey of noise sources, and 4) concepts of noise factor and noise temperature. The first section presents basic formulas used in analyzing radiometers. The second discusses the switching radiometer, briefly tracing its development and usage in the standards field. The third section surveys the development of hot and cold thermal noise sources, noise diodes, and gas-discharge noise generators. The last section presents and discusses the basic definitions of receiver noise performance.
The influence of renal functional changes on the intrarenal distribution and urinary kinetics of amdinocillin.

The maintenance of effective therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics within the renal parenchyma is an important issue in the management of acute and chronic pyelonephritis. Available clinical data indicate that an important clinical-therapeutic correlation exists between the physiologic state of the kidney and the antibiotic concentrations that can be achieved in the medulla and papilla. Using a healthy canine model, we evaluated the influence of hydration and the state of acid-base balance upon the intrarenal distribution and urinary clearance of the semisynthetic penicillin amdinocillin. Renal physiologic activity significantly modulates the intrarenal distribution pattern of this compound. During the production of maximally acid and concentrated urine, the highest renal parenchyma levels of amdinocillin are achieved. During the latter circumstances the antibiotic undergoes distal tubular nonionic diffusion, which appears to be an important contributing factor to the high medullary and papillary conc...
Acute toxicity of Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod‐S) and Niclosamide to snails, Schistosoma mansoni cercaria, Tilapia fish, and soil microorganisms

The acute toxicity of two molluscicides, the extract of the plant Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod-S) and Niclosamide, was determined using the following test species: The snails Biomphalaria glabrata (albino) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Schistosoma mansoni cercaria, and Tilapia nilotica fish. Endod-S showed a 24-h LC50 of 2.57 and 5.37 mg/L for B. glabrata (albino) and B. pfeifferi respectively. Niclosamide produced a 24-h LC50 of 0.063 mg/L and 0.049 mg/L for B. glabrata (albino) and B. pfeifferi, respectively. The 4-h LC50 for S. mansoni cercaria was 2.92 mg/L for Endod-S and 0.0008 mg/L for Niclosamide. The 24-h LC50 for Tilapia nilotica was 1.82 mg/L for Endod-S and 0.21 mg/L for Niclosamide. The toxicity of Endod-S and Niclosamide to a mixed population of soil microorganisms was measured using oxygen uptake and growth as measured by turbidity. Endod-S was not toxic to the microorganisms. The average Niclosamide toxic end point (IC50) for these bacteria was 450 mg/L.
Estimating the Bayes Risk from Sample Data

A new nearest-neighbor method is described for estimating the Bayes risk of a multiclass pattern classification problem from sample data (e.g., a classified training set). Although it is assumed that the classification problem can be accurately described by sufficiently smooth class-conditional distributions, neither these distributions, nor the corresponding prior probabilities of the classes are required. Thus this method can be applied to practical problems where the underlying probabilities are not known. This method is illustrated using two different pattern recognition problems.
Socioeconomic Status and Mental Illness: Tests of the Social Causation and Selection Hypotheses

This study tests several hypotheses about the underlying causal structure of the inverse correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) and mental illness. It does this through the analysis of a longitudinal statewide database on acute psychiatric hospitalization in Massachusetts for the fiscal years 1994-2000 as well as supplemental census data. The modeling strategy used techniques of structural equation modeling and found that SES impacted directly on rates of mental illness as well as indirectly through the impact of economic hardship on low and middle income groups.
Cloning and sequencing of the ompA gene of Enterobacter sakazakii and development of an ompA-targeted PCR for rapid detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula.

Enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging, infant formula-borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis, meningoencephalitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants, with a high fatality rate. Traditional detection methods take up to 7 days to identify E. sakazakii. The outer membrane protein A gene (ompA), along with its flanking sequences from E. sakazakii (ATCC 51329), was cloned in the pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced. Comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the ompA gene with other sequences available in the GenBank database revealed a high degree of homology with ompA genes of other gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae. Based on regions of the ompA gene unique to E. sakazakii, two primers were synthesized to develop and optimize an E. sakazakii-specific PCR. The PCR amplified a 469-bp DNA product from all E. sakazakii strains tested but not from other bacteria. Experiments to determine the sensitivity of the PCR indicated that it could detect as few as 103 CFU/ml of E. sakazakii bacteria in infant formula directly and 10−1 CFU/ml after an 8-h enrichment step. We conclude that this PCR, combined with enrichment culturing, has the potential to be used as a rapid tool for detecting the presence of E. sakazakii in infant formula.
Adding to the Armamentarium: Antibiotic Dosing in Extended Dialysis

The dismal survival rates for critically ill patients with AKI have not improved much over the past few decades despite many advances in renal replacement therapies (RRTs). Some of the continued poor outcomes can be attributed to the fact that the demographics of patients treated in the intensive
The Fundamental Contributions of Alfred Blalock to the Pathogenesis of Shock

WHEN ALFRED Blalock joined the faculty at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn, in 1925, he rapidly became interested in the pathogenesis of shock. In that era the status of shock was in total disarray. He was later to write in his well-known monograph entitled Principles of Surgical Care: Shock and Other Problems that there had been many theories advanced to explain shock, including suprarenal hyperactivity and hypoactivity, acidosis, acapnia, basal motor exhaustion, vasoconstriction, loss of blood and fluids, nociceptive nervous stimuli, and toxemia. Since there was little agreement, Blalock began a series of thoughtful and well-planned experiments designed to determine the causes of shock. He conducted laboratory experiments to demonstrate the experimental production of shock and to document the hemodynamic and metabolic changes that occurred. The early experiments were described in an article entitled "Shock Following Hemorrhage" in 1927, which was the first of a series published
Basal ganglia control of sleep-wake behavior and cortical activation

The basal ganglia (BG) are involved in numerous neurobiological processes that operate on the basis of wakefulness, including motor function, learning, emotion and addictive behaviors. We hypothesized that the BG might play an important role in the regulation of wakefulness. To test this prediction, we made cell body-specific lesions in the striatum and globus pallidus (GP) using ibotenic acid. We found that rats with striatal (caudoputamen) lesions exhibited a 14.95% reduction in wakefulness and robust fragmentation of sleep-wake behavior, i.e. an increased number of state transitions and loss of ultra-long wake bouts (> 120 min). These lesions also resulted in a reduction in the diurnal variation of sleep-wakefulness. On the other hand, lesions of the accumbens core resulted in a 26.72% increase in wakefulness and a reduction in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep bout duration. In addition, rats with accumbens core lesions exhibited excessive digging and scratching. GP lesions also produced a robust increase in wakefulness (45.52%), and frequent sleep-wake transitions and a concomitant decrease in NREM sleep bout duration. Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus or the substantia nigra reticular nucleus produced only minor changes in the amount of sleep-wakefulness and did not alter sleep architecture. Finally, power spectral analysis revealed that lesions of the striatum, accumbens and GP slowed down the cortical electroencephalogram. Collectively, our results suggest that the BG, via a cortico-striato-pallidal loop, are important neural circuitry regulating sleep-wake behaviors and cortical activation.
Fas activates the JNK pathway in human colonic epithelial cells: lack of a direct role in apoptosis

Fas is expressed constitutively by colonic epithelial cells, and its ligand is expressed by intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes. Fas ligation induces apoptosis in colonic epithelial cell...
Diesel Particulate Trap Regeneration Using Ceramic Wall-Flow Traps, Fuel Additives, and Supplemental Electrical Igniters

Regeneration d'un filtre a particules pour moteur diesel; utilisation de filtres en ceramique a ecoulement de paroi, d'additifs pour carburants et de systemes d'allumage electrique supplementaires
The Okinawan (Uchinānchu) Indigenous Movement and Its Implications for Intentional/International Action

This article provides a thorough genealogy of Okinawan (Uchinanchu) self-determination movements. It explores Okinawan self-definition as indigenous people through United Nations protocols as well as international activist networks.
Bargaining for More Trials

The criminal justice system is built around the jury trial, but almost all defendants plead guilty. This essay suggests that defense lawyers should employ the mechanism that killed jury trials – bargaining – to revitalize the jury trial. Specifically, lawyers ought to negotiate limited trial waivers in exchange for limited leniency. Trial bargaining offers a tool that will mitigate the harms of plea bargaining and generate more, and sometimes better, options for clients. Why would a prosecutor want to bargain for a trial? What trial rights may defense counsel agree to waive? The essay offers three examples of trial bargains as well as a sample agreement the parties can present to the court.This short essay appeared in The Champion, the monthly magazine for the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. It builds on the ideas more fully developed in Trial Bargaining, 101 Iowa L. Rev. 609 (2016).
The internal loads, moments, and stresses in rod-like particles in a low-speed, vertical axis mixer

Abstract A discrete element method (DEM) model is used to predict the internal load and moment distribution within rod-like particles in a low-speed, vertical axis mixer. The internal loads and moments are combined with small deformation beam bending theory to determine the internal stress distributions. Parametric studies using the model examined the influence of particle aspect ratio, blade rotational speed, and material properties. The spatial distributions of loads and moments, averaged over all particles and time steps, are symmetric about the particle center-plane with a maximum at the particle center-plane. In addition, the largest average maximum absolute principal stress is observed to occur along the particle circumference at the center-plane of the particle. These results indicate that particle failure is not only most likely to occur at the center-plane of the particle, but the failure will begin at the particle’s circumference. The largest average loads, moments, and maximum absolute principal stress increase with particle aspect ratio. The frequency distributions of maximum absolute principal stress at the high stress range are fit well with a Weibull distribution. Increasing blade speed, bed height and particle–particle friction coefficient generally lead to an increase in internal loads, moments, and stresses. The largest maximum absolute principal stresses occur at the base of the mixer and in front of the blades near the mixer circumference where the bed depth is the greatest.
B1-3: Member Engagement in Patient-Centered Research

Background/Aims Meaningful patient-centered research requires the engagement of patients at multiple stages of the research process. The process and degree of patient engagement may differ depending on study design, methodology, and research question. However, there are few tools and guidelines on how to engage end-users in the research process. The goal of this project was to develop operational infrastructure, processes, and research designs and methods that facilitate the systematic engagement of members from the Kaiser Permanente Colorado (KPCO) region throughout the entire life cycle of research.
Vortex Scattering Effects on Acoustic Wave Propagation

In this paper, the Euler equation model is used to investigate sound wave propagation over subsonic vortices. The cases of a single vortex, a pair of counter-rotating stationary vortices, and the moving vortex pair under the mutual induction velocity are studied. The numerical scheme uses a high-order WENO scheme to accommodate the highly convective background flow at high Mach numbers. The simulation results are compared with the analytical solutions and literature data with good agreement achieved. The scattering effects of the vortices and the related scaling laws are discussed..
A Force Field for the Interaction of Water with TiO2 Surfaces

We develop a force field for the interaction of molecularly and dissociatively adsorbed water with surfaces of TiO2 by modifying the potential proposed by Bandura and Kubicki (J. Phys. Chem.2003, 107, 11072). We test the force field by computing binding energies and conformations for molecular adsorption on the (101) and (112) surfaces of anatase and the (110) surface of rutile and dissociative adsorption on the bulk-terminated (001) surface of anatase and the (110) surface of rutile for various water surface coverages. These quantities exhibit good agreement with results from first-principles density functional theory and experiment. We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to obtain density profiles and statistics of hydrogen bonding for water monolayers and bilayers adsorbed on anatase (101) and these results are in good agreement with ab initio MD. The potential is suitable for large-scale MD simulations of TiO2 in aqueous environments.