cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite size effects in massive field theory

Abstract The exponentially small, leading finite size correction to zero momentum, 1PI, propagator amputated, n point vertex functions in a massive field theory is shown to be fixed by two volume independent parameters. The subleading correction is further exponentially suppressed. In contrast, the finite volume constrained effective potential approaches its infinite volume limit with power law corrections.
Life in the Fast Lane: Viewed from the Confluence Lens

The most striking ideas in systems are abstractions such as virtual memory, sockets, or packet scheduling. Algorithmics is the servant of abstraction, allowing the performance of the system to approach that of the underlying hardware. I survey the trajectory of network algorithmics, starting with a focus on speed and scale in the 1990s to measurement and security in the 2000s, using what I call the confluence lens.Confluence sees interdisciplinary work as a merger of two or more disciplines made compelling by an inflection point in the real world, while also producing genuinely transformed ideas. I attempt to show that Network Algorithmics represented a confluence in the 1990s between computer systems, algorithms, and networking. I suggest confluence diagrams as a means to identify future interdisciplinary opportunities, and describe the emerging field of network verification as a new confluence between networking and programming languages.
N-Acetylbenzidine-DNA adduct formation by phorbol 12-myristate-stimulated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

N‘-(3‘-Monophosphodeoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-acetylbenzidine (dGp-ABZ) is the major adduct in exfoliated urothelial cells and in peripheral white blood cells of workers exposed to benzidine. This study was designed to assess the metabolic pathways leading to dGp-ABZ formation in human peripheral white blood cells. [3H]-N-Acetylbenzidine (ABZ) transformation was assessed using myeloperoxidase (MPO), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and human peripheral white blood cells in the absence and presence of DNA or dGp. MPO metabolism required H2O2, but not NaCl. While transformation by HOCl was completely inhibited by 10 mM taurine, the level of metabolism of ABZ by MPO was only reduced 56%. Transformation by either MPO or HOCl was inhibited by 100 mM DMPO, 1 mM glutathione, and 1 mM ascorbic acid. Glutathione formed a new product with MPO, but not with HOCl. Previously identified oxidation products of ABZ, N‘-hydroxy-N-acetylbenzidine or 4‘-nitro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl, were not detected. With DNA or dGp present, a new produ...
Flight investigation of the influence of turbulence on lateral-directional flying qualities

Variable stability aircraft lateral directional flying qualities, investigating turbulence effects
Radiation–oxidation mechanisms: Volatile organic degradation products from polypropylene having selective C-13 labeling studied by GC/MS

Abstract PP samples, in which the three unique carbon atom positions along the chain were selectively labeled with C-13, have been subjected to γ-irradiation in the presence of oxygen, and the resulting organic volatile products analyzed by GC/MS. The isotopic labeling patterns in 33 organic degradation compounds have been assigned by comparison of the four mass spectra for each compound (from unlabeled PP, and from the three labeled PP materials). The volatile products have been “mapped” onto their positions of origin from the PP macromolecule, and insights have been gained into the chemistry through which these compounds must have formed. Most products show high specificity of isotopic labeling, indicating a single dominant reaction pathway. Oxidation chemistry occurred heavily at the C(2) tertiary carbon, with chemistry also at C(1) methylene. Methyl ketones are in abundance, along with alcohols, some aliphatic hydrocarbons, and other compound types. The C(3) methyl carbon remained attached to its original C(2) position in all catenated degradation products, and underwent no chemistry. However, products containing “non-catenated” carbons (i.e., not bonded to any other carbon atom) consisted entirely of a mix of C(3) and C(1). By examination of the labeling patterns, many products could be assigned to two successive chain scission events in close proximity, while others are clearly seen to arise from cleavage, followed by radical–radical recombination reactions. Interestingly, the former products (two chain scissions) are all found to have an odd number of carbon atoms along their chain, while the latter (scission followed by radical–radical reaction) all have an even number of carbons. An explanation of this odd/even phenomenon is provided in terms of the symmetry of the PP macromolecule.
Non-premixed ignition, laminar flame propagation, and mechanism reduction of n-butanol, iso-butanol, and methyl butanoate

The non-premixed ignition temperature of n-butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH), iso-butanol ((CH3)2CHCH2OH) and methyl butanoate (CH3CH2CH2COOCH3) was measured in a liquid pool assembly by heated oxidizer in a stagnation flow for system pressures of 1 and 3 atm. In addition, the stretch-corrected laminar flame speeds of mixtures of air–n-butanol/iso-butanol/methyl butanoate were determined from the outwardly propagating spherical flame at initial pressures of up to 2 atm, for an extensive range of equivalence ratio. The ignition temperature and laminar flame speeds of n-butanol and methyl butanoate were computationally simulated with three recently developed kinetic mechanisms in the literature. Dominant reaction pathways to ignition and flame propagation were identified and discussed through a chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) and sensitivity analysis. The detailed models were further reduced through a series of systematic strategies. The reduced mechanisms provided excellent agreement in both homogeneous and diffusive combustion environments and greatly improved the computation efficiency.
Use of models in identification and prediction of physiology in critically ill surgical patients.

Background: With higher-throughput data acquisition and processing, increasing computational power, and advancing computer and mathematical techniques, modelling of clinical and biological data is advancing rapidly. Although exciting, the goal of recreating or surpassing in silico the clinical insight of the experienced clinician remains difficult. Advances toward this goal and a brief overview of various modelling and statistical techniques constitute the purpose of this review. Methods: A review of the literature and experience with models and physiological state representation and prediction after injury was undertaken. Results: A brief overview of models and the thinking behind their use for surgeons new to the field is presented, including an introduction to visualization and modelling work in surgical care, discussion of state identification and prediction, discussion of causal inference statistical approaches, and a brief introduction to new vital signs and waveform analysis. Conclusion: Modelling in surgical critical care can provide a useful adjunct to traditional reductionist biological and clinical analysis. Ultimately the goal is to model computationally the clinical acumen of the experienced clinician. Copyright © 2012 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Particle sizing in concentrated suspensions by use of steady-state, continuous-wave photon-migration techniques

We demonstrate a new approach for determining particle-size distribution in concentrated suspensions from spectral measurement of isotropic scattering coefficients by use of steady-state, continuous-wave photon-migration techniques. Successful recovery of particle-size distribution for TiO_2 suspensions in the form of log-normal functions is achieved through a regularized inverse algorithm, into which a synthesized scheme of Marquardt and Tikhonov regularizations has been incorporated. Our results for dense TiO_2 suspensions with three different particle concentrations are in excellent agreement with the size distribution as measured with x-ray sedimentation.
Utility of liver function tests including aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index in monitoring liver dysfunction in short-gut infants of varying ages and intestinal lengths

Abstract Background/Purpose Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) has good correlation with liver fibrosis progression in the infant and toddler short-gut population. This study applies laboratory liver function testing, including APRI, to monitor liver dysfunction over time for short-gut infants, with further analysis of at-risk subpopulations. Methods Study inclusion criteria included infants younger than 1 year at initial intestinal resection with subsequent continuous parenteral nutrition dependence of 3 months minimum. Bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, APRI, and biopsies were collected for 26 weeks postresection. Subgroup analysis was stratified by (1) estimated gestational age, (2) age at intestinal resection (AGE), and (3) remaining intestinal length. Results Thirty-one children were included, all with AGE younger than 2 months at initial intestinal resection (mean, 13 days). Aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index was the only marker associated with fibrosis progression (median, APRI by METAVIR grade: F0/F1/F2, 1.9; F3, 5.7; F4, 14.7 [ P = .02]). At 8 and 18 weeks postresection, there are separations seen within study subgroups, indicating the onset and progression of liver dysfunction. Conclusion Aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index is associated with liver fibrosis progression in this population. There are marked changes in liver dysfunction at 8 and 18 weeks postresection, with subgroup differences within estimated gestational age, AGE, and remaining intestinal length.
Geometric Invariants of the Hofer Norm

This note discusses some geometrically defined seminorms on the group Ham(M, !) of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of a closed symplectic manifold (M, !), giving conditions under which they are nondegenerate and explaining their relation to the Hofer norm. As a consequence we show that if an element in Ham(M, !) is sufficiently close to the identity in theC 2 -topology then it may be joined to the identity by a path whose Hofer length is minimal among all paths, not just among paths in the same homotopy class relative to endpoints. Thus, true geodesics always exist for the Hofer norm. The main step in the proof is to show that a “weighted” version of the nonsqueezing theorem holds for all fibrations over S 2 generated by sufficiently short loops. Further, an example isgiven showing that the Hofer norm may differ from the sum of the one sided seminorms.
Growth Hormone Therapy in Children: When to Stop?

There is currently no consensus on when to start or stop growth hormone (GH) treatment for short stature. Observed height velocity and/or remaining growth potential are the usual guidelines for the efficacy of continued treatment, and the decision to stop GH therapy will thus vary with the underlying disease and individual circumstances, within the limitations of the social and financial environment. The consequences of discontinuing treatment must also be considered. In GH deficiency a chronologically differential progression of developmental events is likely, and while normal height may be attained GH-dependent gonadal or bone structure/function may be retarded. The decision to stop GH treatment can only be made with reference to the expanding knowledge of its complex biological role rather than adhering to convention.
Duration and cessation of antimicrobial treatment

Shortening the duration of antimicrobial therapy is an important strategy for optimizing patient care and reducing the spread of antimicrobial resistance. It is best used in the context of an overall approach to infection management that includes a focus on selecting the right initial drug and dosing regimen for empiric therapy, and de-escalation to a more narrowly focused drug regimen (or termination) based on subsequent culture results and clinical data. In addition to reducing resistance, other potential benefits of shorter antimicrobial courses include lowered antimicrobial costs, reduced risk of superinfections (including Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea), reduced risk of antimicrobial-related organ toxicity, and improved drug compliance. There have been relatively few randomized clinical trials that study the optimal treatment durations for such serious infections as pneumonia (community- and healthcare/hospital-acquired), complicated intra-abdominal infection, and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). Nonetheless, a growing number of studies have explored the possibilities of reducing the duration of antimicrobial therapy for at least certain patients with these infections, under certain circumstances. Professional organizations have compiled these data and used them to develop clinical practice guidelines to aid clinicians in choosing optimal treatment durations for individual patients. Many patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, or healthcare-associated pneumonia can be treated for 7-8 days, while 4-7 days and 14-day treatment durations may suffice for many patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections and uncomplicated CRBSI, respectively. This article first provides a general background on the rationale and data supporting shortened courses of antimicrobial therapy, before using 3 case studies to explore the practical implications of current knowledge and treatment guidelines when making decisions about treatment duration for individual patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia, complicated intra-abdominal infection, and CRBSI.
An Abscisic Acid-AtNAP Transcription Factor-SAG113 Protein Phosphatase 2C Regulatory Chain for Controlling Dehydration in Senescing Arabidopsis Leaves

AtNAP is a NAC family transcription factor gene that plays a key role in leaf senescence but its underlying mechanisms are not known. SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE113 (SAG113), a gene encoding a Golgi-localized protein phosphatase 2C family protein phosphatase, mediates abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated stomatal movement and water loss specifically during leaf senescence. Here we report that SAG113 is a direct target gene of the AtNAP transcription factor. We found that both AtNAP and SAG113 were induced by leaf senescence and ABA. When AtNAP was chemically induced, SAG113 was also induced whereas when AtNAP was knocked out, the ABA- and senescence-induced expression of SAG113 was reduced. These data suggest that the expression of SAG113 is predominantly dependent on AtNAP. Functionally, overexpression of SAG113 restored the markedly delayed leaf senescence phenotype in atnap knockouts to wild type. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) one-hybrid experiments and electrophoresis mobility shift assays showed that AtNAP could physically bind to the SAG113 promoter in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that AtNAP binds to a 9-bp core sequence of the SAG113 promoter, 5'CACGTAAGT3'. These results indicate that there is a unique regulatory chain, ABA-AtNAP-SAG113 protein phosphastase 2C, which controls stomatal movement and water loss during leaf senescence.
A four megabit Dynamic Systolic Associative Memory chip

A Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chip is to be modified to associatively search data in it as it is being refreshed in the chip and to communicate in a linear systolic array. In a preliminary logic design of a (1024×4096) associative memory chip based on a 4 Mbit DRAM, the ~6 transistors per sense amplifier in a DRAM are expanded by ~9 transistors per sense amplifier in the modified chip. The chip size is only slightly increased, and it is manufactured using the same processes, in the same plant, as a DRAM chip; thus should cost about the same as a DRAM. A large array of such modified DRAMs could store a terabit database and search all of it every 60 microseconds. Bit pattern searching and search-rewrite algorithms could be economically performed over very large amounts of data. The concepts and the design of the simple modified DRAM will be discussed in the paper.
Factors and Forces Affecting EHR System Adoption: Report of a 2004 ACMI Discussion

After the first session of the American College of Medical Informatics 2004 retreat, during which the history of electronic health records was reviewed, the second session served as a forum for discussion about the state of the art of EHR adoption. Adoption and diffusion rates for both inpatient and outpatient EHRs are low for a myriad of reasons ranging from personal physician concerns about workflow to broad environmental issues. Initial recommendations for addressing these issues include providing communication and education to both providers and consumers and alignment of incentives for clinicians.
Innovative Ways to Use Modern Technology to Enhance, Rather than Hinder, Physical Activity among Youth

It is recommended that each day youth get 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity that includes aerobic, muscle, and bone strengthening activities. The majority of youth, however, do not meet these physical activity guidelines. Children and adolescents spend on average seven hours engaging in sedentary “screen-based” activity each day. Lowered levels of youth leisure-time physical activity can be attributed at least in part to advancements in modern technology, most specifically video games, which have been shown to reduce energy expenditure throughout the day. Active video games, which offer easy “at home” access, fun and social interaction qualities, as well as goal-achievement feedback could serve as a suitable alternative to sedentary leisure-time activities. Youth cite several physical activity participation needs including skill development, fun, affiliation, excitement, fitness, and success. Interventions that consider these needs have the potential to decrease the risk of sede...
Overcoming the tendency to lie to dying patients

A meaningful death can be fostered for a patient and his or her family with the aid of medical treatment, specifically through the alleviation of the patient’s suffering and pain. To recognize the ...
Modularity and predictability in cell signaling and decision making

Cells make decisions to differentiate, divide, or apoptose based on multiple signals of internal and external origin. These decisions are discrete outputs from dynamic networks comprised of signaling pathways. Yet the validity of this decomposition of regulatory proteins into distinct pathways is unclear because many regulatory proteins are pleiotropic and interact through cross-talk with components of other pathways. In addition to the deterministic complexity of interconnected networks, there is stochastic complexity arising from the fluctuations in concentrations of regulatory molecules. Even within a genetically identical population of cells grown in the same environment, cell-to-cell variations in mRNA and protein concentrations can be as high as 50% in yeast and even higher in mammalian cells. Thus, if everything is connected and stochastic, what hope could we have for a quantitative understanding of cellular decisions? Here we discuss the implications of recent advances in genomics, single-cell, and single-cell genomics technology for network modularity and cellular decisions. On the basis of these recent advances, we argue that most gene expression stochasticity and pathway interconnectivity is nonfunctional and that cellular decisions are likely much more predictable than previously expected.
PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone reverses increased cerebral venous hydraulic conductivity during hypertension

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists have been shown to protect the cerebral vasculature, including the blood-brain barrier. In the present study, we investigated the effe...
Geochronologic and stratigraphic constraints on the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic Pahrump Group, Death Valley, California: A record of the assembly, stability, and breakup of Rodinia

The Pahrump Group in the Death Valley region of eastern California records a rich history of Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic tectonic, climatic, and biotic events. These include the formation, stability, and onset of rifting of the Rodinia supercontinent, two potentially low-latitude glaciations correlative with global "snowball Earth" glacial intervals, and the onset of complex microbiota (e.g., testate amoebae). Poor direct age control, however, has significantly hindered the progress of understanding of these important stratigraphic units. New LA-ICPMS (laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) detrital zircon data from clastic units directly overlying a major unconformity within the Mesoproterozoic Crystal Spring Formation provide a maximum depositional age of 787 ± 11 Ma for the upper member of the Crystal Spring Formation. This unconformity, representing a duration of ≥300 Ma, is now recognized in sedimentary successions across southwestern Laurentia. These new age data, in addition to the distinct stratigraphic style above and below the unconformity, result in the proposed formal stratigraphic revision to elevate the upper member of the Crystal Spring Formation to the Neoproterozoic Horse Thief Springs Formation and separate it from the remainder of the underlying Mesoproterozoic Crystal Spring Formation (ca. 1100 Ma). New age relations and revised stratigraphic nomenclature significantly clarify stratigraphic and tectonic correlations and imply ca. 1250–1070 Ma assembly, 1070–780 Ma stability, and 780–600 Ma breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia along the southwestern Laurentian margin.
Time Dependent Recording Of Images Transmitted Over Optical Fibers

A system is being developed to record temporally and spatially resolved data after transmission through 1 km of optical fiber. Wavelength multiplexing techniques are used to transmit many spatial points over each 62 1m fiber. Light from the output end of each fiber is de-multiplexed back into a spatial line. Four lines of data are focused sequentially across the input face of an RCA streak tube. System sensitivity is increas-ed by coupling a microchannel plate image intensifier to the streak camera output. The image intensifier output is recorded on film. The streak camera gives 200 spatial points at a 25% CTF over a dynamic range of 20 db. The total usable streak length is 120 ns with a resolution of 600 ps.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The nucleation and propagation of deformation twins

Abstract The stress required for the nucleation of deformation twins in f.c.c. crystals is calculated in terms of the stacking fault energy of the crystals. Mechanisms hindering the growth of these twins are considered and it is shown that the twins can never grow catastrophically on a static argument. An approximate model of the dynamics of twin propagation is given which is capable of explaining the behavior described in the previous paper.
Specification techniques for object-oriented software (abstract)

There are many techniques for specifying software. However, they are not usually presented in a way that is directly applicable to object-oriented software. This tutorial surveys both operational and descriptive specification techniques, shows how to use them in several popular object-oriented software engineering methods, and provides case studies of developing useful, formal specification mechanisms that are appropriate for object-oriented software engineering.The tutorial first describes criteria for choosing specification mechanisms from both a theoretical (syntax and semantics, specifying properties, reasoning about properties, verification) and practical (ease of use, modularity, applicability, supporting tools) perspective. These criteria are then used to survey several popular operational (data flow diagrams, finite state machines, and petri nets) and descriptive (entity-relationship models, logic, and algebraic specifications) specification mechanisms. Finally it shows how to extend two of these techniques (algebraic specifications and finite state machines) so that they are suitable for object-oriented software engineering.
The behavioral foundations of Austrian economics

Behavioral and experimental economics present challenges to the neoclassical theory of individual behavior, which is based on individuals making choices within the framework of utility functions that are assumed to have certain well-defined characteristics. Results in behavioral and experimental economics have shown that it is common for individual behavior to systematically deviate from the neoclassical axioms of utility maximization. Austrian economics is also based on axiomatic theories of utility maximization, but the assumptions underlying utility-maximizing behavior are much weaker in the Austrian approach. As a result, they have more solid behavioral foundations and are less subject to challenge by the empirical findings of behavioral and experimental economics. Neoclassical policy conclusions are often overly strong because of its behavioral foundations which are challenged by behavioral and experimental economics and are often misleading because of the comparative static nature of neoclassical welfare economics. For purposes of policy analysis, the Austrian approach provides better insights because of its more realistic behavioral foundations.
Whole mouse blood microRNA as biomarkers for exposure to γ-rays and (56)Fe ion.

Purpose: Biomarkers of ionising radiation exposure are useful in a variety of scenarios, such as medical diagnostic imaging, occupational exposures, and spaceflight. This study investigates to what extent microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures in mouse peripheral blood can be used as biomarkers for exposures to radiation with low and high linear energy transfers.Materials and methods: Mice were irradiated with doses of 0.5, 1.5, or 5.0 Gy γ-rays (dose rate of 0.0136 Gy/s) or with doses of 0.1 or 0.5 Gy 56Fe ions (dose rate of 0.00208 Gy/s). Total RNA was isolated from whole blood at 6 h or 24 h after irradiation. Three animals per irradiation condition were used. Differentially expressed miRNA were determined by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: miRNA expression signatures were radiation type-specific and dose- and time-dependent. The differentially expressed miRNA were expressed in either one condition (71%) or multiple conditions (29%). Classifiers based on the different...
EPR studies of Gd3+-doped Ce2(SO4)3.8H2O and La2(SO4)3.9H2O single crystals

Abstract EPR spectra of Gd3+-doped Ce2(SO4)3.8H2O and La2(SO4)3.9H2O single crystals have been measured with an X-band spectrometer at room and low temperatures. The absolute signs of spin Hamiltonian parameters have been determined for the La2(SO4)3.9H2O host from intensities of lines at liquid helium temperature; for the Ce2(SO4).8H2O host the lines broaden considerably below 60 K, not permitting the determination of absolute signs of spin Hamiltonian parameters. The data are analysed using a rigourous least-squares procedure, fitting simultaneously all lines obtained for several orientations of the external magnetic field. The zero-field splittings have been computed for both the hosts. The characteristics of EPR spectra of Gd3+ in these hosts are compared with those obtained in other rare-earth trisulphate octahydrate hosts.
Arterial shear stress frequency regulates the mechanosensitive discrimination of endothelial responsiveness

Endothelial cells (ECs) possess the ability to sense biomechanical forces as well as discriminate among distinct features of shear stress functions, such as temporal and spatial gradients. Recently, we have developed an arterial shear stress model to evaluate the responsiveness of ECs to shear forces, similar those in the human arterial circulation, and to identify mechanisms and signaling pathways sensitive by arterial flow characteristics. To test EC responsiveness to arterial frequency, human umbilical vein ECs were exposed to 3 or 6 hours of arterial flow at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 Hz or an equivalent time average shear stress (7.5 dyn/cm/sup 2/). Here we show that arterial frequency modulates cell migratory properties and regulates the expression of four mechanically responsive genes; eNOS, matrix gla protein, MMP-1 and CTGF. Further investigation using microarray technology demonstrated a unique subset of genes regulated by the frequency component. These genes code for proteins functioning in proximal signaling, activators of transcription, metabolism, and those associated with the cytoskeleton, for example. These data demonstrate that ECs are capable of discriminating mechanical variations in arterial frequency and provide insight into mechanotrasduction mechanisms and signaling pathways utilized to sense these differences.
Induction kinetics of human suppressor cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and influence of prednisolone on their genesis.

Abstract The induction kinetics of human suppressor cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and the influence of prednisolone on the genesis of these suppressor cells is reported. We induced over 1 to 6 days suppressor cells in one-way MLC (MLC-1), the inhibitory activity of which was tested on a secondary MLC (MLC-2), and on responder cells alone, where lymphocytes were obtained from the same lymphocyte donors as for the MLC-1. In four experiments the degree of inhibition ( x ± SE ) when suppressor cells were induced for 2, 4, or 6 days was 38.5 ± 11.8, 79.5 ± 7, and 85 ± 6%, respectively, compared to 50.5 ± 9.4, 83.3 ± 7.8, and 85.3 ± 9.8% when 500 ng/ml prednisolone was added to the MLC-1. A similar inhibition pattern was observed when the generated suppressor cells were incubated with responder cells only. The inhibitory activity of these MLC-induced suppressor cells was abrogated by irradiation with 3000 R. Suppressor cells apparently are generated in MLCs between Days 1 and 4; furthermore, their genesis is not affected by usual therapeutic concentrations of prednisolone.
Requirements Management Using SLATE

After 10 years of automating the electrical design process at Texas Instruments, we could design and build a printed wiring board in 30 days, a 6x cycle time improvement. However, each design was still being built 5.75 times. Further analysis disclosed that the problem was the lack of requirements analysis and poorly written (or not written) specifications. Recent systems engineering surveys found that the management and documentation of requirements comprises over 75% of the tasks performed by systems engineering. These findings led to the development of a System Level Automation Tool for Engineers (SLATE) to improve the productivity of systems engineers. SLATE is a multi-user, multi-dimensional, concurrent engineering design tool for managing system design from product definition through design, development, manufacturing, deployment, maintenance, and the disposal of a product. This paper focuses on the approach taken to implement Requirements Management in SLATE.
Group B streptococcal sacroilitis in an illicit drug abuser

Introduction: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a usual neonatal pathogen, but the incidence in adult populations has risen recently. Pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing this infection. Invasive GBS is increasingly being recognized as one of the major pathogens in periprosthetic joint infections, but native joint infections are still rare. Serious invasive GBS disease can occur in adults with significant underlying medical conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus and active intravenous illicit drug use, as seen in our patient. Case presentation: We report the case of a 31‐year‐old man who presented with pain and decreased mobility of the right hip joint. He was human immunodeficiency virus positive and was actively abusing illicit drugs via the intravenous route. He was directly injecting into the groin, which contributed to setting up a focus of infection in the immediate vicinity, resulting in the development of bacteraemia and seeding the region by haematogenous spread. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed severe right‐sided sacroilitis and an iliopsoas abscess from direct contiguous spread. Culture of blood and pus from the iliopsoas abscess revealed GBS. The iliopsoas abscess was drained, and the patient was started on penicillin G therapy. The patient’s symptoms improved dramatically after just 2 weeks of therapy. Conclusion: We present this unusual clinical setting and site of infection, to highlight the increasing incidence of GBS native joint infections in susceptible non‐pregnant adults. The focus of GBS infection in this patient was unique and atypical, probably representing a contiguous spread of infection from the site of illicit drug injections. With an increasing incidence of GBS infections in non‐pregnant adults, it must be considered among the differential diagnoses of patients presenting with septic arthritis. Early recognition of GBS septic arthritis and prompt institution of treatment might prevent long‐term and often debilitating sequelae.
Assessing and treating child anxiety in schools

Anxiety disorders in youth are common and, if left untreated, can lead to a variety of negative sequelae. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an efficacious treatment for anxiety disorders in youth with preliminary evidence showing that CBT can be successfully transported into schools. The present article provides (a) a discussion of the inherent challenges and advantages of implementing CBT in the school setting, (b) methods used to identify anxious youth, and (c) key components of CBT for anxious youth with an emphasis on adaptation and application in the school environment. Future research directions are discussed. The successful integration of a flexible CBT approach into the domain of school mental health would be a favorable step toward effective dissemination and would ensure the enduring provision of evidence-based practice to children and adolescents struggling with anxiety.
Incremental component implementation selection: enabling ECO in compositional system synthesis

The component implementation selection problem (CISP) is to select the appropriate implementation for components of a design, such that the timing constraint is met and some global design objective is optimized. CISP is a generic problem that implicitly or explicitly appears in many stages of CAD flow. In this paper, we present, a methodology for quick and efficient updating of CISP solutions in face of incremental engineering changes. For a commonly-used formulation, we discuss necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality of a CISP solution based on which, we develop an algorithm that maintains both validity and optimality of a solution subject to incremental changes. We implemented our approach to incrementally update the threshold voltage assignment solution for a netlist going through engineering changes. On average, our method ran over 300 times faster than the "from-scratch" solver, while delivering the same results.
Development of Layers in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus in the Tree Shrew

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the features of lamination in the mature dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), development of layers in LGN, and the role of retinogeniculate fibers in the development of individual features of lamination. In the absence of cytoarchitectural and cytological features of lamination, most mammals exhibit laminar segregation of retinal input to the LGN. The evaluation of the effect of bilateral enucleation on cytological development is based solely on Nissl-stained material. The formation of spaces between cell layers in the LGN can be compared to the formation of other cytoarchitectural features in different systems. The retinogeniculate fibers have a “trophic” effect on the LGN cells, stimulating dendritic growth, and perhaps other features of differentiation. The combination of dendritic growth of cells in adjacent layers and the dense projection of the corticogeniculate fibers on the distal LGN cell dendrites thus result in the formation of the interlaminar spaces and the laminar projection pattern of the corticogeniculate fibers. The development of cytological features characteristic of individual layers, in the absence of retinogeniculate fibers, is presumably due to a combination of intrinsic cellular differentiation independent of afferent input and, perhaps to some degree of “trophic” stimulation by intact afferent systems such as the late-arriving corticogeniculate projection.
Indeterminancy in Canon Law: The Refusal of Holy Communion to Catholic Public Officials

As a Chapter in a book project, this paper discusses indeterminacy in canon law. Specifically, it considers the question of the refusal of Holy Communion to Catholic public officials pursuant to Canon 915 of the CIC-1983. The Chapter is not intended as an argument about whether or not Catholic public officials ought to be excluded from Holy Communion. Rather, it is an examination of the application of a particular canonical provision and what the disagreement among the bishops over the application tells us about canon law. The Chapter consists of three parts. First, the Chapter identifies the controversy about the application Canon 915 during the 2004 United States electoral campaign and discusses this controversy in reference to the indeterminacy claim. Second, the Chapter relies on two features of H.L.A. Hart's legal theory - the rule of recognition and internal aspect of the law - to explore the validity of Canon 915 in the legal system of canon law. Third, the Chapter discusses indeterminacy and Canon 915 in light of another prominent feature of Hart's theory - the law's open texture. In this regard, the Chapter asks whether the application of Canon 915 is a clear or hard case in light of traditional aspects of Catholic doctrine such as objective truth, individual conscience, and cooperation in evil. Finally, it also considers the possibility of antinomianism and legalism in the bishops' approach to Canon 915.
High-resolution mapping of the folding transition state of a WW domain

Fast-folding WW domains are among the best-characterized systems for comparing experiments and simulations of protein folding. Recent microsecond-resolution experiments and long duration (totaling milliseconds) single-trajectory modeling have shown that even mechanistic changes in folding kinetics due to mutation can now be analyzed. Thus, a comprehensive set of experimental data would be helpful to benchmark the predictions made by simulations. Here, we use T-jump relaxation in conjunction with protein engineering and report mutational Φ-values (Φ(M)) as indicators for folding transition-state structure of 65 side chain, 7 backbone hydrogen bond, and 6 deletion and /or insertion mutants within loop 1 of the 34-residue hPin1 WW domain. Forty-five cross-validated consensus mutants could be identified that provide structural constraints for transition-state structure within all substructures of the WW domain fold (hydrophobic core, loop 1, loop 2, β-sheet). We probe the robustness of the two hydrophobic clusters in the folding transition state, discuss how local backbone disorder in the native-state can lead to non-classical Φ(M)-values (Φ(M) > 1) in the rate-determining loop 1 substructure, and conclusively identify mutations and positions along the sequence that perturb the folding mechanism from loop 1-limited toward loop 2-limited folding.
An Isolate of Saprolegnia Australis From Southeastern North Carolina

There are no known reports of the occurrence of Saprolegnia australis Elliott since its initial isolation (Elliott, 1968). Saprolegnia australis is prevalent, however, in small streams feeding Bradley Creek, Wilmington, North Carolina. The most striking dissimiliarity of the present isolate (UNC-W No. WlOb, ATCC No. 32940) from the type species is sporangium size (FIGS. 1-4). Elliott reported the median primary sporangium length to be 40-80 tm, while those of W-lOb are 189-243 t/m (median 70%). Secondary sporangia in W-lOb, like the type species, usually are short and arise by internal proliferation; but in W-lOb secondary sporangia up to 600 tm in length are not uncommon at the tips of robust hyphae (FIG. 5). In 6-da-old cultures several sporangia exhibited dictyoid spore discharge, a characteristic not noted by Elliott. Although W-lOb is clearly an isolate of S. australis several aspects of its sexual morphology serve to broaden the species concept. Neither the antheridial branches no antheridia are persistent (FIGS. 6-7) while the reverse was true in Elliott's isolates. Fertilization tubes were found in three cases in W-lOb, (e.g., FIG. 8), but none were noted by Seymour (1970) in preserved slides of the type culture. O6spheres are variable in size as in Elliott's isolates, the smaller ones being produced by budding of large o6spheres (FIGS. 9-12). Mature subcentric o6spores of greatly varying sizes thus can be found in the same o6gonium (FIG. 7), but
The Decline and Fall of Virgil in Eighteenth-Century Germany: The Repressed Muse

In the early modern period, the culture of Rome, with Virgil as its greatest figure, was the model for emulation. The age of Louis XIV compared itself to the Augustan age, and Dryden hailed Virgil as 'my Divine Master.' But in 18th-century Europe, a general shift occurred in favor of Greece, a trend that was most pronounced in Germany. Winckelmann, the spokesman for philhellenism, extolled Greek art and dismissed all Roman art as derivative and Virgil as second rate and incapable of understanding true beauty. Yet he nonetheless remained indebted to Virgil for his view of Greek art, although he failed to recognize it. The export of Winckelmann's new view of Virgil and more generally Roman culture - shared to varying extents by Lessing, Herder, Goethe, and the brothers Schlegel - to the rest of Europe in the 19th century, particularly to the English-speaking world via Coleridge and Matthew Arnold] soon made it the reigning dogma: indeed it formed the point of departure for Virgil scholarship in the 20th century. This, however, did not prevent German poets from using Virgil, although neither they nor later scholars called attention to it. Virgil became a repressed muse, and has a continued, unexamined presence in the epic and idyll of Klopstock, Wieland, Goethe, and Novalis. Geoffrey Atherton's comparative investigation of the relation of modernity to antiquity through Virgil and his twofold reception represents a new perspective on this issue. Geoffrey Atherton is assistant professor in the Department of German Studies at Connecticut College.
Anglo-American Conference on Sexually Transmitted Diseases

One hundred eighty scientists and physicians from the United States, the United Kingdom, and many other parts of the world attended the AngloAmerican Conference on Sexually Transmitted Diseases; the conference was held on June 23-25, 1975 at the Royal Society of Medicine in London. The meeting was sponsored jointly by the Royal Society of Medicine and the Royal Society of Medicine Foundation, and was supported also by a number of business organizations and foundations, as well as by a contract from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health.
Channel estimation in an over-water air-ground channel using low complexity OFDM-OQAM modulations

Demands for very reliable and robust communications systems are becoming commonplace, and this is true for air-to-ground (AG) systems, which are seeing increased usage, particularly for unmanned aircraft. Available spectrum exists for AG communications systems in the L-band (960–1164 MHz). Two robust L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communication Systems (L-DACS) were recently defined, LDACS1 and LDACS2. The L-DACS1 scheme employs a fairly broadband (0.5 MHz) transmission using Cyclic-Prefix Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) together with adaptive coding and modulation. In this paper we propose a new AG communication system based on OFDM-OQAM filter bank modulation, using features similar to those of the L-DACS1 physical layer, and show how better subcarrier filtering can improve spectrum efficiency in AG channels. Channel estimation (CE) in OFDM-OQAM systems must employ a pilot method completely different from classical pilot-based CP-OFDM systems, since in OFDM-OQAM the pilots should remove pilot subcarrier interference from neighboring subcarriers. We employ a low complexity pilot-based CE on the OFDM-OQAM signal, and show BER results for L-DACS1 and for comparable OFDM-OQAM based systems in an example AG channel. The AG channel we employ is one based upon a recent extensive measurement campaign. We also estimate channel throughput and mean square error (MSE) for these two systems, and show that for similar BER performance, both channel estimation and throughput of the new system are better than that for L-DACS1.
Religion and Attitudes toward Redistributive Policies among Americans

Scholars have devoted considerable attention to understanding how individuals’ political and economic attitudes shape their views toward government policies designed to alleviate growing income ine...
Study on characteristics and risk factors of indoor falls in elderly adults

Objective The aims of the study were to explore the characteristics and the potential risk factors of indoor falls in community-dwelling elderly adults.Methods A retrospective investigation was conducted among 2 250 adults aged 60 years old and above with stratified random sampling in Changning District,Shanghai.The information about the indoor falls and potential risk factors were collected by a structured questionnaire.Results A total of 207 adults had indoor falls at least once out of 2 250 elderly adults(involving 1 075 males and 1 175 females) in the last year.The indoor fall injury incidence was 9.2%.The multivariate unconditional Logistic analysis showed that the balance ability,home-living environment,and residential status were risk factors of indoor falls.Elderly adults living alone,with poor balance ability,living in unsafe home-living environment were prone to have indoor falls.Conclusions Multidimensional factors were associated with indoor falls for community-dwelling elderly adults.Improvement of elder's balance ability,reducing the risk factors of indoor environment,as well as care of elderly living along seem to be prioritized for the intervention strategy.
Deployable Pipe-Z

This chapter presents a concept of deployable Pipe-Z (dPZ). dPZ is a modular structural system taking advantage of the robustness of rigid-panel mechanisms. It supports creation of free-form connectors which are reconfigurable and deployable. The folding mechanisms of: the single foldable Pipe-Z module (fPZM), and entire dPZ are explained. Folding mechanism of dPZ is illustrated with asynchronous folding of a relatively complex spatial Unknot. A low-fidelity prototype of a six-module octagonal dPZ is presented; several folding schemes including concentric toric rings are demonstrated. “Outside-in” and “inside-out” deployment schemes are demonstrated and discussed in the context of packing. Low-fidelity prototype is presented.