cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of novel emoji scale to measure patient-reported outcomes in cancer patients.

174Background: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), including physical function and quality of life (QOL), are important outcomes in cancer patients. Emoji are a near-universal, popular form of communication, understandable by diverse populations, including those with low health literacy. We aimed to explore whether emoji could be a valid, reliable scale for assessing PROs in cancer patients. Methods: To develop the emoji scale, 5 emoji faces were selected from the Apple emoji dictionary by study authors. 20 cancer patients participated in a card-sorting exercise to rank the emoji from negative to positive; 19 out of 20 selected the same order, which exceeded Coomb’s criteria for being a valid ordinal scale. Patients were recruited from Mayo Clinic practices. Eligibility included: adult patients with a diagnosis of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, brain, pancreatic, breast, and ovarian cancer within the past 5 years; life expectancy of > 6 months; and own an iPhone version ≥ 5.0. All patients were provided with a...
MEDICAL USES OF ISOZYMES

ABSTRACT. Since isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been more extensively employed in clinical contexts than other isozymes, this review focuses on medical applications of LDH isozymes. Isozymes other than LDH have also been used widely in medicine both for diagnostic and experimental purposes. Analysis of isozymes confers a greater specificity in diagnosis and in the search for pathogenesis of various disease states than does analysis of total, unseparated serum activity of an enzyme. Diagnostic specificity can be further increased by analyzing simultaneously several different isozyme systems in biological fluids or tissues.
The nature of the 5'-linked 5' nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of rabbit globin messenger ribonucleic acid.

Abstract Poly(A)-containing messenger RNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes as estimated by periodate oxidation and condensation with [3H]isoniazid has two oxidizable end groups per molecule of mol. wt. 220000. When the mRNA is subjected to stepwise degradation by beta-elimination, only one oxidizable end-group is found. This indicates that one of the 2',3' hydroxyl end-groups is linked through the normal 3'--5' phosphodiester bond, but that the other is linked in such a way that after stepwise degradation no new 2',3 hydroxyl group is revealed. This structure could be a 5'-linked 5'-phospho di- or tri-ester. On digestion with ribonuclease the isoniazid-labelled RNA produced oligonucleotide hydrazones consistent with a poly(A) sequence at the 3' end plus fragments that are not found after stepwise degradation. These fragments have a charge of --6 and --8 from pancreatic ribonuclease or --7 from ribonuclease T1 digestion. These charges are changed to --3.4 and --4.1 after pancreatic ribonuclease, ribonuclease T2 and alkaline phosphatase digestion. methyl-3H-labelled-poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from late erythroid cells contain a methyl-labelled fragment resistant to endonuclease and phosphodiesterase II digestion. After digestion with phosphodiesterase I this fragment produces methyl-3 H-labelled nucleotides with the electrophoretic mobility of pm7G and pAm. It is concluded that globin mRNA has the 5' sequences m7G(5')ppp'AmpYpGp ... and m7G(5')pppAmpApGpYp.
Adolescent smoking behavior: measures of social norms.

Abstract Background Relatively little research has focused on the social norms of teen smoking. This study examined social norms regarding adolescent smoking and their relationship with smoking behavior. Methods Data were collected in 1998 as part of the follow-up for a randomized trial in 14 rural Minnesota communities. Four aspects of perceived social norms of smoking were measured, and students were classified as nonsmokers, daily smokers, past-week smokers, or past-month smokers. Social norms were compared across four levels of smoking behavior, and multivariate models controlled for personal characteristics and family and peer smoking. Results The sample comprised a total of 3128 girls and 3146 boys in grades 8 to 10. For all four measures, nonsmokers had the most antismoking perceptions of social norms around smoking ( p Conclusions Noticing teens smoking is associated with smoking behavior across three different levels of smoking frequency. The perception that adults care about and disapprove of teen smoking was associated with past-month and past-week smoking. Although perceived prevalence is often used to measure social norms of teen smoking, this measure may have limited utility. Strategies for health promotion and intervention on the issue of youth smoking are discussed.
SOME RESULTS ON THE MULTIPLE GROUP DISCRIMINANT PROBLEM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some results on the multiple group discriminant problem. The problem of assigning an individual to one of two groups on the basis of a set of observations has been extensively studied since the introduction of the linear discriminant function (LDF) by Fisher. The behavior of the LDF has been considered from the point of view of its distribution when samples are used to estimate the coefficients by Anderson and Okamoto; estimation of error rates by Dunn, Hills, Lachenbruch, and Mickey; and robustness to various departures from the assumptions by Gilbert, Lachenbruch and Lachenbruch, and Sneeringer and Revo. Recently, Glick has shown the asymptotic optimality of plug-in estimators of correct classification rates. Relatively little has been done regarding the problem of assigning an observation to one of k > 2 groups. The chapter reviews two different approaches. The first approach assumes that the populations have density functions whose form is known but whose parameters may not be known. The second approach to the multiple group problem is based on an extension of Fisher's original approach to the two-group problem.
Correction to: Sequence and structural variation in the genome of the Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line.

Following publication of the original article [], the authors reported an error in figure 1:
Unexpected patterns of segregation distortion at a selfish supergene in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta

The Sb supergene in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta determines the form of colony social organization, with colonies whose inhabitants bear the element containing multiple reproductive queens and colonies lacking it containing only a single queen. Several features of this supergene — including suppressed recombination, presence of deleterious mutations, association with a large centromere, and “green-beard” behavior — suggest that it may be a selfish genetic element that engages in transmission ratio distortion (TRD), defined as significant departures in progeny allele frequencies from Mendelian inheritance ratios. We tested this possibility by surveying segregation ratios in embryo progenies of 101 queens of the “polygyne” social form (3512 embryos) using three supergene-linked markers and twelve markers outside the supergene. Significant departures from Mendelian ratios were observed at the supergene loci in 3–5 times more progenies than expected in the absence of TRD and than found, on average, among non-supergene loci. Also, supergene loci displayed the greatest mean deviations from Mendelian ratios among all study loci, although these typically were modest. A surprising feature of the observed inter-progeny variation in TRD was that significant deviations involved not only excesses of supergene alleles but also similarly frequent excesses of the alternate alleles on the homologous chromosome. As expected given the common occurrence of such “drive reversal” in this system, alleles associated with the supergene gain no consistent transmission advantage over their alternate alleles at the population level. Finally, we observed low levels of recombination and incomplete gametic disequilibrium across the supergene, including between adjacent markers within a single inversion. Our data confirm the prediction that the Sb supergene is a selfish genetic element capable of biasing its own transmission during reproduction, yet counterselection for suppressor loci evidently has produced an evolutionary stalemate in TRD between the variant homologous haplotypes on the “social chromosome”. Evidence implicates prezygotic segregation distortion as responsible for the TRD we document, with “true” meiotic drive the most likely mechanism. Low levels of recombination and incomplete gametic disequilibrium across the supergene suggest that selection does not preserve a single uniform supergene haplotype responsible for inducing polygyny.
Real-time social stress response and subsequent alcohol use initiation among female adolescents.

Adolescents who are particularly sensitive to social stress may be vulnerable to earlier alcohol consumption and related problems. Although a small literature supports this contention, previous studies mostly relied on retrospective self-report. The current study used discrete-time survival analysis (DTSA) to test whether real-time social stress responding (via laboratory induction) and social anxiety symptoms predicted 12-month alcohol onset in an alcohol-naive sample of young female adolescents. Anxiety elicited by the task was expected to predict greater and earlier rates of alcohol incidence, particularly among girls with higher levels of self-reported social anxiety symptoms. Participants were 104 community-recruited girls (ages 12-15 years) who completed a modified Trier Social Stress Test and questionnaires; follow-up calls were conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the laboratory visit. Self-reported anxiety was assessed in response to the stressor following acclimation (baseline), instruction (anticipation), and speech (posttask). By 12 months, 30.8% of the sample had consumed a full alcoholic beverage. The DTSA revealed that girls with higher levels of social anxiety and greater elevations in anticipatory (but not posttask) anxiety compared to baseline had earlier alcohol initiation. This is the first study to examine the role of both laboratory-induced anxious responding and retrospective reports of social anxiety as prospective predictors of alcohol incidence. These preliminary findings suggest that adolescent girls who are more sensitive to social stress may be at risk for experimenting with alcohol earlier than their peers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
A Cliff Note for Reading My Works

From the response of collegues indicating a contradiction in thought that I am attempting to define reality, and practice answering topical questions in philosophy I have structured a cliff note on my work. I start with a quote from Lewis Carol that looks non sensical..."Never Imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might appear to others that what you were or might have been was not other wise than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise."
AB0880 ACUTE GOUTY ARTHRITIS RELATED EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT VISITS AMONG US VETERANS: CHARACTERISTICS, PREDICTORS AND AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT

Background Gout is quite prevalent among United States veterans and many do not achieve optimal levels of uric acid ( Objectives The objectives of the study were to identify the risk factors for ED visits by veterans for gout flare up. Future remediation of the risk factors would reduce utilization of health care resources. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of veterans diagnosed with gout in the ED at VA Medical Center Memphis TN between January 1st, 2011 and December 31st, 2016 using ICD-9 codes. A rheumatologist reviewed all cases and only confirmed cases of gout were included in the study. There were 2516 veterans seen for acute gout during the study period and of these, random selection of 10% i.e. 250 subjects were considered for the study. Baseline demographics, medical comorbidities, serum uric acid level, medication history, and information whether they were followed by rheumatologist or primary care physician (PCP) were extracted from electronic health record. We used Stat view Version 5.01 (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC) for analysis. We described data with frequency terms, continuous data by mean ± standard deviation, and categorical data by percent. Univariate analysis identified predictors of interest that were later incorporated in the best fit model with logistic regression. A p value of Results The mean age of subjects was 61 +/-11 years, mean BMI was 32 +/- 7 kg/m2, 98% were males and 80% were African Americans. 26% of subjects had history of alcohol use, 89% had hypertension and 88% had chronic kidney disease (CKD stage ≥2). 86% of the subjects were followed by primary care physician (PCP), and 5% of them were followed by rheumatology and rest of the 9% were non- compliant. 30% of subjects were receiving urate-lowering therapy and 23% of patients were on gout prophylactic therapy. 21% of patients had multiple (≥ 2) visits to the ED. The mean uric acid level was 8.5 ± 2.1 mg/dl for subjects with single visit compared to 9.04± 2.1 mg/dl for multiple visits to the ED (P = 0.09). In the univariate analysis, CKD (stage ≥ 2) and higher uric acid level were associated with increased ED visits (P = 0.09) and not being on urate lowering therapy was also associated with increased frequency of ED visits (P = 0.02). On logistic regression analysis, irrespective of the type of physician follow up (PCP vs rheumatologists), being on urate-lowering therapy was associated with reduced frequency of ED visits. (P=0.02). Conclusion Urate-lowering therapy (ULT) was associated with reduced ED visit irrespective of follow up care provided by PCP or rheumatologist. Given that only one third of our patients were on ULT, improving ULT dispensing by the physician and patient compliance with ULT can decrease health care utilization. Reference [1] Hughes JC, Wallace JL, Bryant CL, et al. Monitoring of urate lowering therapy among US veterans. Annals of Pharmacotherapy.2017Apr;51(4):301-306 Disclosure of Interests None declared
Inactivation of bacteria on fresh produce by batch wash ozone sanitation

Abstract An estimated 9.4 million illnesses are due to known foodborne pathogens every year. Consumption of fresh produce can be a risk factor for the transmission of foodborne pathogens with the potential for contamination occurring at any node in the farm to fork food pathway. Retail settings present several opportunities for cross-contamination of fresh produce to occur. Washing with the addition of a sanitizing agent is the primary intervention method or the inactivation of microorganisms potentially present on fresh produce. The present study evaluated the efficacy of a batch wash ozone sanitation system (BWOSS) for the inactivation of microorganisms on the surface of fresh produce. Three microorganisms ( Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua , Salmonella Typhimurium), four types of fresh produce (tomatoes, strawberries, cilantro, romaine head lettuce), and three factors (water temperature, free chlorine, organic load) were utilized in a Central Composite Design to characterize the efficacy of the BWOSS. Multiple comparisons among microorganism type indicate significantly greater log reduction ( P L. innocua across all time points (4.7 logs) when compared to E. coli (4.2 logs) when all produce types were combined. Meanwhile, microbial reduction on cilantro by ozone treatment was generally lower than on all other produce types and significantly lower ( P
Silicon Alley: A Framework for New York City’s Entrepreneurship Ecosystem and its Public Policy Considerations

In the last decade, there has been no dearth of literature seeking to define “innovation.” Literature spans the globe, outlining characteristics that include multi-sector stakeholder engagement, horizontal and lateral collaboration, and the use of different technologies. Yet, in defining and distinguishing innovation ecosystems, experts and actors are often in dialogue to the standard set by Silicon Valley, which is not a sufficiently comprehensive lens through which to look at the innovation ecosystems emerging within urban areas as these are rapidly evolving and changing. Furthermore, it is pertinent to assess not only the use of different technologies but also its disruptive role in the economy, workforce, and skills, which have a large impact in shaping entrepreneurship ecosystems.
Biomechanical risk factors for running-related injury differ by sample population: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background The role of biomechanical variables of running gait in the development of running related injury has not been clearly elucidated. Several systematic reviews have examined running biomechanics and its association with particular running related injuries. However, due to retrospective designs, inferences into the cause of these injuries are limited. Although prospective studies have been completed, no quantitative analysis pooling these results has been completed. Methods A systematic review of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed was completed. Articles included used prospective study designs, human subjects currently completing a regular running program, and a minimum 12-week follow-up period. Excluded articles had no biomechanical data reported, participants who were beginning runners or military recruits, or had an intervention provided. Findings Thirteen studies met these criteria. Pooled analyses were completed if two or more studies were available with samples that investigated the same sex and competition level. A qualitative synthesis was completed when pooled analysis was not possible. Five unique running samples were identified and allowed for pooled analyses of variables in mixed-sex collegiate runners and female recreational runners. Moderate evidence exists for increased hip adduction and reduced peak rearfoot eversion as risk factors for running related injury in female recreational runners. Variables differed in other samples of runners. Interpretation A runner's sex and competition level may affect the relationship between biomechanical factors and the development of running related injury. Hip adduction and rearfoot eversion may be important factors related to running related injury in female recreational runners. Further investigation of biomechanical factors in running injury is warranted.
Perceived Competence, Achievement Goals, and Return-To-Sport Outcomes: A Mediation Analysis

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential mediating effect of achievement goals on perceived competence and return-to-sport outcomes among college athletes sustaining a sport injury. Altogether, 75 male and female college athletes from the United States who returned to sport after having missed competition for an average of 3 weeks due to injury, completed valid and reliable inventories measuring perceived competence, achievement goals, and return-to-sport outcomes. Results indicated that task-approach goals significantly mediated the relationship between perceived competence and a renewed sport perspective. These data suggest the importance of promoting competence beliefs and a task-oriented focus among athletes returning to sport following athletic injury. From a practical standpoint, clinicians can foster competence perceptions by integrating progressive physical tests assessing functionality and sport-specific skills/abilities. Furthermore, these data suggest that coaches, physical therapists, and significant others may do well to use language that orients injured athletes towards attaining success as opposed to avoiding failure, to emphasize effort, task completion, and correct form, and to avoid comments that compare athletes to others or to their preinjury standards of performance. From a theoretical standpoint, our mediation findings extend previous achievement goal research into the sport injury domain, further highlighting the importance of task-approach goals.
Treatment Modalities and Perceived Effectiveness of Treatment Among Adults With Depression.

Patient-reported outcomes of mental health treatment, such as perceived effectiveness, are important. They indicate whether treatment is perceived to reduce symptoms and minimize psychiatric disabi...
A high repetition rate compact 94 GHz free electron laser

The motivation for this work is to operate a practical free electron laser (FEL). The total volume of this device, including the accelerator and its modulator, is only 5 m3. The maximum duty cycle is 0.2% and the predicted peak power is 10 kW. The electron beam accelerator is a simple standing-wave RF-linac driven by a 5 MW. 1.3 GHz magnetron. The linac will accelerate electrons to an energy of up to 2 HeV at a micropul se current of 100 A with an average macropul se current, I, of 1 A. The initial two experiments will be an FEL amplifier and an FEL oscillator at 94 GHz.
Incidence, Distribution, and Lethality of Firearm Injuries in California From 2005 to 2015.

Importance Little is known about nonfatal firearm injuries in the United States, and national estimates based on emergency department samples may not be accurate. Objective To describe the incidence and distribution of nonfatal firearm injuries and estimate case fatality ratios (CFRs) for firearm injuries by external cause of injury code within California overall and by race/ethnicity, including an assessment of trends over time and geographic variation within the state. Design, Setting, and Participants This serial cross-sectional study used complete statewide data for firearm-related mortality, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations among California residents from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2015, to analyze incidence, distribution, and CFRs of firearm injury. Data were analyzed from 2018 to 2019. Exposures All individuals in California with a firearm injury based onInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth RevisionorInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revisioncodes were included. Main Outcomes and Measures Counts and rates of nonfatal firearm injuries overall and stratified by external cause, sex, and race/ethnicity; total and clinical CFRs. Clinical CFR was calculated based on individuals treated in emergency departments or hospitals. Results Over the study period, there were 81 085 firearm-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations among individuals with a mean (SD) age of 27.5 (11.9) years, 72 567 (89.6%) of whom were men. Nonfatal firearm injuries in California decreased by 38.1% between 2005 and 2015, driven by a 46.4% decrease in assaultive injuries. Self-inflicted injuries and unintentional injuries remained relatively stable. The overall CFR for firearm injuries increased from 27.6% in 2005 to 32.2% in 2015 for a relative increase of 20.7%, while the clinical CFR remained stable between 7.0% and 9.0%. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that although the number of firearm injuries has decreased in California, the lethality of these injuries has not. Similar studies from other states could provide more information about these trends nationwide.
Development of a peer review of operative teaching process and assessment tool.

Abstract Background While teaching evaluation systems are common in academia, very little information is available regarding formal coaching and peer review of teaching performance in surgery. This article is a report on the development and implementation of a peer review of operative teaching program. Methods Our process was designed using a multistep sequential model which included developing a peer review of teaching instrument that was piloted to study the efficacy and utility of the tool. Results Thirty-nine peer reviews of teaching were conducted. Among the most frequent challenges that faculty identified were allowing residents to struggle/give autonomy, judging when to take over the case, communicating effectively, being patient, balancing education and patient safety, and giving feedback. Conclusions Our peer review of teaching program is systematic, feasible, and can be adopted by other surgery departments. Faculty’s identified strengths and challenges have been incorporated into our faculty development curricula.
Simple non-perturbative resummation schemes beyond mean-field II: Thermodynamics of scalar ϕ4 theory in 1 + 1 dimensions at arbitrary coupling

Recently, non-perturbative approximate solutions were presented that go beyond the well-known mean-field resummation. In this work, these non-perturbative approximations are used to calculate finit...
Effects of Automated Vehicles on Traffic Operations at Roundabouts

This study evaluates the effects of various market penetration rates of connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) on traffic operations at roundabouts. We have utilized a simulation-and an optimization-based approach for this purpose. The simulation-based approach included calibrated car following models with different driving behavior parameters for a mixed fleet of conventional vehicles and CAVs with various penetration rates ranging from 0% to 100%. We also used an optimization-based approach for the 100% CAV market penetration rate case to evaluate operations while trajectories of CAVs were optimized by a central controller. The simulation results showed that CAVs improved traffic operations in under-and semi-saturated flow conditions. Nevertheless, the optimization of CAV trajectories resulted in significant delay reductions and improvements in the roundabout performance. These results indicate that CAVs have great potentials for improving traffic operations once an effective control algorithm is available.
Drug Safety and Commercial Speech: Television Advertisements and Reprints on Off-Label Uses

This paper examines how the constitutional protections for commercial speech have limited the ability of Congress and FDA to regulate prescription drugs in ways that can affect safety. In Thompson v. Western States, the Supreme Court struck down a Congressional restriction on advertisements for unapproved "compound" drugs because a disclosure that FDA had not approved the compound was considered a constitutionally adequate alternative. While drug compounds are a relatively obscure category, the decision influenced Congress in deciding not to require a moratorium on television advertisements for newly approved drugs until the risks were better known. The paper also provides an overview of the intense dispute about the legal and constitutional protections for manufacturers who distribute reprints to doctors of studies they fund about off-label uses of a drug with a disclosure about the lack of agency approval. At the end of the Bush Administration, FDA issued a Guidance Document that the agency did not intend to consider the non-promotional distribution of reprints about an off-label use by a company with disclosures about the lack of FDA approval as establishing an "intent" that the product be used for an unapproved use. While the agency position is ambiguous on whether it rests on statutory or constitutional grounds, or is an enforcement policy, if the new Administration were to revoke the Guidance, a constitutional challenge could ensue. That litigation could also test the difference between commercial speech and expressive speech that receives the highest First Amendment protections.Justice Breyer, in his dissent in Western States, maintained that a "more lenient application" of the Constitution is needed and warned against "an overly rigid commercial speech doctrine" for Governmental decisions that affect "health and safety." Transforming these decisions into a constitutional decision "would involve a tragic constitutional misunderstanding" as shown by history with respect to the Due Process clause. Instead, for drugs and products that affect health, the test needs to be a "flexible" one that examines the restrictions "proportionality, the relation between restriction and objective, the fit between ends and means." This paper explores how a safety-aware proportionality test would apply to the areas where the commercial speech doctrine has limited FDA's ability to restrict drug promotion.
Can Artificial Intelligence Detect Good (or Bad) Chemistry Between People

In human-human conversation, people spontaneously adjust their verbal and nonverbal behaviors to each other-most of the time without being aware of it. This installment of Computer's series highlighting the work published in IEEE Computer Society journals comes from IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.
Taphonomy and Fish Bones from an Enslaved African American Context at Poplar Forest, Virginia, USA

Abstract: Faunal remains from a subfloor pit at Poplar Forest, Virginia, USA are identified. A fine-screen recovery program resulted in the retrieval of over 35,000 largely modified bones and teeth from less than one-third of a cubic meter of fill. Fish remains from this antebellum enslaved African American feature are analyzed with a focus on taphonomic influences. Fill deposits with pH above 7.0 facilitated excellent bone preservation and the observation of extensive gnawing of fish bone by commensal rats ( Rattus sp.) and mice ( Mus musculus ) that would likely have escaped notice on less well preserved bones. Extensive gnawing on archaeologically recovered fish remains and modern experiments with wild brown rats indicate that a large portion of the fish fauna may have been consumed by rodents. Calculations of allometric relationships between bone dimensions and live fish size show that small, Number 3, Atlantic mackerel ( Scomber scombrus ) and large, poor, Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ) served as provisions for the slaves while the enslaved African Americans themselves likely caught the small freshwater catfish and minnows from local streams. Keywords: Poplar forest, Subfloor pit, Slave diet, Fish bone, Taphonomy Resumen: Se identifican restos faunisticos en el subsuelo de una fosa en Poplar Forest, Virginia, EE.UU. Un programa de recuperacion exhaustivo ha permitido recuperar mas de 35,000 huesos y dientes, en su mayoria alterados, en apenas un tercio de metro cubico de relleno. Los restos de pescado, procedentes de la epoca de esclavitud previa a la Guerra Civil Americana, fueron analizados con especial enfasis en los aspectos tafonomicos. Los depositos de relleno, con pH superiores 7.0, posibilitaron una excelente conservacion de los restos oseos, que permitio detectar huesos de pescado roidos por ratones ( Mus musculus ) y ratas comensales ( Rattus sp.). Estas piezas hubieran pasado desapercibidas en colecciones con peor estado de conservacion. El gran numero de mordiscos en los restos de pescado arqueologico, asi como datos de experimentos realizados con ratas silvestres, indican que una gran parte de la ictiofauna de Poplar Forest pudo haber sido consumida por roedores. Los calculos de las relaciones alometricas entre las tallas de los huesos y de los peces vivos, evidencian que pequenas caballas ( Scomber scombrus ), y arenques ( Clupea harengus ) algo mayores sirvieron de alimento a los esclavos. Es mas probable que los esclavos hayan pescado el pequeno bagre de agua dulce y los pececillos que podrian encontrarse en los arroyos de los alrededores. Palabras clave: Poplar forest, Subsuelo de fosa, Dieta de los esclavos, Huesos de pescado, Tafonomia
Chapter 2 Hyperpolarization of Frog Skeletal Muscle Fibers and of Canine Cardiac Purkinje Fibers during Enhanced Na+-K+ Exchange: Extracellular K+ Depletion or Increased Pump Current?

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews three experimental conditions under which a temporary increase in pump activity causes membrane potential changes, which are in the direction expected from an increase in sodium pump current but are opposite in direction to those observed to result from experimental reduction of the extracellular K + concentration, [K] o . These experiments are carried out in chloride-free solutions, in which isethionate was the major anion, in order to avoid possible complications arising from net KCl movements. Under these conditions, cellular Na + movements can reasonably be assumed to be accompanied by approximately equal but opposite movements of K + . The chapter highlights that these experiments are used for isolated fibers, or small bundles of fibers, from skeletal muscles, or small bundles of cardiac Purkinje cells, suspended in the narrow channel of a modified Hodgkin-Horowicz fast-flow system, so that step changes in the composition or temperature of the fluid at the periphery of the fibers could be made. These step changes were imposed to rapidly alter the level of activation of the sodium pump.
COMPARATIVE ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE (G) AND LACTOSE(L) IN PREMATURES ASSESSED WITH 13 C-SUBSTRATES

COMPARATIVE ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE (G) AND LACTOSE(L) IN PREMATURES ASSESSED WITH 13 C-SUBSTRATES
Evolutionary Trends in Generative Process Planning

Since 1952 when MIT first demonstrated a servopositioning system driven by hole designs punched on paper tapes, numerous developments have occurred resulting in the revolutionized machine shop scene of today; currently almost every other metal forming as well as metal cutting process is numerically controllable. Soon after the beginning of the automation of the machine shop functions followed the automation of the design functions. The workpiece drawing and design operations are increasingly being automated with the aid of cathode-ray tubes. Yet, complete production automation has been elusive until recently when efforts were directed towards the integration of the basic production planning functions, viz.
Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire – By Brendan Simms

In this masterful study of British foreign policy, the author argues for the primacy of continental affairs in eighteenth‐century British history. He suggests that Britain thrived when government m...
Mountford, Carolyn. E.: Spectroscopy in the Clinic Too Good to be True?

The history of the development, in Australia, of one and two dimensional MR spectroscopy to study the chemical changes associated with tumor development and progression in cells, biopsies, and in vivo is discussed. Pathologies not discernable by light microscopy but discernable by MR spectroscopy were recorded in these early studies. The early history of neurospectroscopy applied to chronic pain; preoperative diagnosis of ovarian disease; and the analysis of MR spectroscopy data by pattern recognition methods are described. Keywords: magnetic resonance spectroscopy; pathology; tumor spread; surgery; in vivo spectroscopy
The replication of bacteriophage MS2. VI. Interaction between bacteriophage RNA and cellular components in MS2-infected Escherichia coli.

Almost immediately after infection of Escherichia coli cells with [^(32)P]MS2, parental RNA appears in cell lysates associated with the 30 s ribosome subunit and with polysomes; a small amount is found as unbound, free RNA. At early times after infection (zero to four minutes) no parental RNA is associated with the 70 s monosomes or with the 50 s ribosome subunits. After four to five minutes of infection, the distribution of these components is such that approximately 30% of the total [^(32)P]parental RNA in the cells is associated with the polysomes, 38% is associated with the 30 s ribosome subunit, 15% is free RNA and 16% is residual whole phage. At later times (four to ten minutes), coincident with the time of increase in ribonuclease-resistant parental RNA, a new component containing [^(32)P]parental RNA appears, sedimenting just in front of the 50 s ribosome subunit. The ribonuclease-resistant 12 s RNA (“core” RNA, Fenwick, Erikson & Franklin, 1964) is present in both this 50 s region and in the polysomes: none is present in the 30 s or free RNA regions. The ribonuclease-resistant 12 s RNA probably appears first in the 50 s region and later in the polysome region. The [^(32)P]parental RNA of cells infected for eight minutes can be dissociated, in low Mg^(2+) concentration, from the polysomes (and can also be derived from the 50 s component) as a fast sedimenting component of 40 s.
Molecular signals in B cell activation: II. IL-2-mediated signals are required in late G1 for transition to S phase after lonomycin and PMA treatment

We report that sustained increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration and protein kinase C (PKC) activation maintained throughout the G1 phase of cell cycle do not provide sufficient signals to cause S-phase entry in rabbit B cells, and that additional signals transduced by IL-2 and IL-2 receptor interaction are essential for G1 to S transition. We have shown earlier that rabbit B cells can be activated to produce IL-2 and express functional IL-2 receptors after treatment with ionomycin and PMA. Herein we have compared the response of rabbit PBLs, which contain about 50% T cells, with those of purified B cells. After activation with ionomycin or PMA, comparable numbers of PBLs and B cells entered the cell cycle; but DNA synthesis by the PBL cultures was three to four times higher than that of cultures of purified B cells. Interestingly, IL-2 production by the PBL cultures was also three to four times higher than in B cell cultures, suggesting an involvement of IL-2 in inducing DNA synthesis in these cells. The hypothesis that IL-2, which is produced in early G1, acts in late G1 and is required for G1 to S transition in B cells was supported by the following observations: (i) IL-2 production by B cells was detected as early as 6 hr after activation and preceded DNA synthesis by at least 24 hr. (ii) B cell blasts in G1 (produced by treatment of resting B cells with ionomycin and PMA) showed DNA synthesis in response to IL-2, but showed very little DNA synthesis in response to restimulation with ionomycin and PMA. (iii) A polyclonal rabbit anti-human IL-2 antibody caused nearly complete inhibition of DNA synthesis by B cells activated by ionomycin and PMA. (iv) A PKC inhibitor, K252b, inhibited DNA synthesis in ionomycin and PMA-stimulated cells if added at the beginning of culture but was not inhibitory if added 16 hr later. We conclude that increased [Ca2+]i and PKC activation are not sufficient signals for G1 to S transition in B cells; entry into S is signaled by IL-2, and IL-2-mediated signal transduction probably does not involve increased [Ca2+]i or PKC activation.
Divergent Secretory Behavior of the Opposite Ends of Aggrecan

The proteoglycan, aggrecan has a globular domain, G1, at the N terminus and a different globular domain, G3, at the C terminus. Aggrecan produced by mutant nanomelic chickens is truncated due to a premature stop codon and consequently lacks G3 and a minor portion of its chondroitin sulfate domain (Li, H., Schwartz, N. B., and Vertel, B. M.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 23504-23511). The mutant protein is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and fails to enter the Golgi stacks (Vertel, B. M., Walters, L. M., Grier, B., Maine, N. , and Goetinck, P. F.(1993) J. Cell Sci. 104, 939-948). The homozygous mutant is lethal because of failure of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, while the heterozygous mutant is dwarfed. To further elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying nanomelia and to determine if G1 and G3 are themselves secreted, we expressed them in transfected host cells. Expression was performed in wild type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in mutant CHO cells which are unable to link glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains to core proteins. We compared: (a) secretion of expressed G1 and G3 constructs containing contiguous GAG chain consensus sites and (b) GAG chain modification of the secreted proteins. We find that: 1) G3 is 24-100 times more rapidly secreted than G1; 2) secreted G3 contains contiguous chondroitin sulfate GAG chains, while secreted G1 lacks contiguous GAG chains; 3) G3 secretion is not coupled to xylosylation of contiguous GAG chain consensus sites. These results imply that G1 and G3 intrinsically differ in passage through the cell secretory route.
Atypical Cognitive Development

This chapter reviews current key questions, issues, and findings in the study of atypical cognitive development, as well as the history of earlier research on this topic. Key questions include (1) How general versus specific are the processes of cognitive development and individual differences in cognition? (2) What is the etiology of cognitive development and individual cognitive differences? (3) How do these etiologies act on structural and functional brain development? (4) How malleable are developmental and individual cognitive outcomes? and (5) How similar are the answers to these four questions in youth and aging? A key issue that runs throughout the chapter is the role of nature versus nurture in the development of physical and psychological forms. The resolution to this issue is found in the principles of probabilistic epigenesis, constructivism, and complex systems that self-organize to yield emergent properties. The chapter describes a multilevel, interdisciplinary approach that is needed to understand atypical cognitive development. Besides behavioral and cognitive development, these levels include (a) etiology (genetic and environmental influences and their interplay) and (b) brain mechanisms. Specific examples of atypical cognitive development are described to illustrate these levels of analysis and to address key issues. These examples include (a) amblyopia, (b) orphanage rearing, (c) three genetic syndromes that produce intellectual disability (i.e., Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Williams syndrome; (d) early treated phenylketonuria; and (e) developmental dyslexia. The chapter concludes with a summary of current answers to the five key questions and implications for future research. Keywords: brain connectivity; brain plasticity; complex systems; modularity theory; probabilistic epigenesis; psychometric g
Diffusion tensor imaging in pediatric transverse myelitis: a case study.

Transverse myelitis is diagnosed based on the presence of spinal cord inflammation and the absence of infection to the central nervous system. In support of these criteria, patients undergo lumbar puncture to determine Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) pleocytosis and un-enhanced or Gadolinium-enhanced spinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We present the case of an 11 year-old previously healthy male who underwent a series of lab tests and MRI scans before a definite diagnosis of transverse myelitis four years prior to this study. The patient still shows deficits at the C4 cord level according to International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) examination, however, his MRI results are negative, and his Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) results are close to values reported in healthy subjects.
Worldwide Spread of the Moorish sneaking Ant, Cardiocondyla mauritanica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Cardiocondyla spp. are small, inconspicuous ants, native to the Old World. Until recently, Cardiocondyla mauritanica Forel, 1890 was a little known species recorded almost exclusively from the semi-arid subtropics of North Africa, the Middle East, and neighboring islands. In contrast, Cardiocondyla nuda Mayr, 1866 was considered a cosmopolitan tramp species, spread broadly around the world through human commerce. A recent taxonomic reanalysis by B. Seifert, however, found genuine C. nuda restricted to Australia, New Guinea, and Western Oceania, and that published records of ‘C. nuda’ from outside this region were based on misidentifications of other species, notably C. mauritanica. In addition, Cardiocondyla ectopia, known from North America, was found to be a junior synonym of C. mauritanica. Here, I examine theworldwide spread of C. mauritanica. I compiled published and unpublished C. mauritanica specimen records from >250 sites, documenting the earliest known records for 47 geographic areas (countries, island groups, major islands, and US states), including several for which I found no previously published records: Barbados, Bonaire, Curacao, Grenada, Saba, and Saudi Arabia. Cardiocondyla mauritanica is found primarily in semi-arid and urban environments. Cardiocondyla mauritanica shows an apparently continuous distribution and geographic variation in morphology from northwest Africa to India suggesting that C. mauritanica is native throughout this subtropical expanse. Old World records of C. mauritanica far from this range come from Ascension, Zimbabwe, and several Indo-Pacific islands. The sole temperate record of C. mauritanica comes from Ukraine. Cardiocondyla mauritanica was first found in the New World in 1967, and has spread through the southwestern US, northern Mexico, Florida, and the West Indies. Part of the success of C. mauritanica in exotic locales may relate to its ability to co-exist with dominant invasive ants, such as the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868).
Sea surface temperature related to rain in Ceará, north-eastern Brazil

RAINFALL in Ceara is correlated with sea surface temperature in the south Atlantic Ocean. Knowledge of sea surface temperature makes possible a useful rainfall forecast before the rainy season begins. The mechanism may be that sea temperature affects the height of the trade wind inversion, and thus the height of the moist layer. The data also suggest in association between below normal sea temperatures in the south Atlantic and the E1 Nino in the Pacific.
Facial protection and head injuries in ice hockey: a systematic review

Objective: To summarise the best available evidence to determine if facial protection reduces head injury in ice hockey. Data Sources: MEDLINE and Cochrane databases through January 2009. Review Methods: Utilising terms: “head injuries,” “craniocerebral trauma [MeSH]”, “head injuries, closed [MeSH]”, head injuries, penetrating [MeSH]”, “face mask”, “face shield”, “visor” and “hockey”, 24 articles were identified through our systematic literature search. Of these, six studies met the inclusion criteria. Three independent reviewers reviewed the articles. The study results and generated conclusions were extracted and agreed upon. Results: Studies reviewed suggest that facial protection reduces overall head injuries in ice hockey. Facial protection showed a statistically significant (p Conclusions: There is good evidence that FFP reduces the number and risk of overall head and facial injuries in ice hockey compared with PFP and no facial protection. PFP, while not as protective as FFP, appears to offer more risk reduction than no protection.
Performance analysis of gas-burner equipment of rotary kilns for calcining magnesite

The performance of diffusion-type gas burners of various designs was investigated under comparable conditions in 170-m-long kilns 4.5 m in diameter at the Magnezit Plant.
One Block at a Time: Building a Mobile Site Step by Step

In August 2009, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries launched a mobile web site and catalog designed for use on smartphones. Library users can search for books and view library hours, location branches, and other basic information about the University of North Carolina libraries on their iPhone, Android phone, or other smartphone. An outline of the development process is given in eight major steps that are designed to be replicated by other libraries. Lessons learned during development are also shared, along with recommendations of devices to develop for and tools to use.
Cooperative superfluorescence and time delayed 2nd harmonic generation

Abstract A 10 ps transform limited optical pump pulse two-photon-resonant with the 6 S 1/2 -6 D 32 442 nm transition in Cs vapor generates a coherent state superposition which, after a delay exceeding the pulse width, gives rise to second harmonic emission (when a transverse magnetic field is present) and superfluorescence (SF) directed against the pump on the upper 6 D 3/2 -6 P 1/2 transition, followed by cooperative SF along the pump simultaneously on both the upper and lower 6 P 3/2 − 6 P 1/2 transitions, followed in turn by SF against the pump on the lower transition. Phase locked quantum beats associated with the 1.17 GHz hyperfine splitting of the 6 P 1/2 appear on all SF emissions.