cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicellular‐vesicle‐promoting polypeptide from Trichoplusia ni: Tissue distribution and N‐terminal sequence

An N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 16.9 kDa hemolymph polypeptide, "Vesicle Promoting Factor" (VPF) from Trichoplusia ni, revealed a high sequence homology (70%) with Manduca sexta apolipophorin-III. A polyclonal antibody developed against VPF, however, was not immunoreactive with either purified M. sexta or T. ni apolipophorin-III. Immunoblots of tissue homogenates of T. ni indicated that VPF was present in imaginal wing discs, central nervous system (CNS), silk glands, midgut and hemocytes from fifth instar larvae, and also in the IAL-TND1 cell line which can grow as either fluid-filled multicellular vesicles or multicellular aggregates. VPF was also detected immunologically in the hemolymph of adults of T. ni, and in hemolymph of adults and larvae of Galleria mellonella and Heliothis virescens. Testes, midgut, hemocytes, and wing discs, but not Malpighian tubules, of T. ni released VPF into tissue culture medium during a 3 h incubation period.
Survival in patients with pancreatic cancer after the diagnosis of malignant ascites or liver metastases by EUS-FNA.

Background The expected survival after the EUS-FNA diagnosis of malignant ascites or liver metastases from pancreatic cancer is not known. Objective To report overall and 1-year survival in these patients. Design Retrospective cohort series. Setting Tertiary referral hospital. Patients Consecutive subjects with newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer from June 1998 and March 2008 in whom EUS-FNA of the liver or ascitic fluid confirmed hepatic metastases or malignant ascites. Interventions Calculation of survival after diagnosis by using the Social Security Death Index. Main Outcome Measurements Survival after EUS-FNA diagnosis of stage IV pancreatic cancer. Results EUS-FNA identified liver metastases and malignant ascites from primary pancreatic cancer in 75 and 13 patients, respectively, and all 88 died during follow-up. For all 88 patients, the 1-year survival rate and median survival were 3.4% (95% CI, 1.1%-10.4%) and 82 days (range 2-754 days), respectively. The 1-year survival rates for those with liver metastases (4.0% [95% CI, 1.3%-12.1%]) and for those with malignant ascites (0% [95% CI, 0-24.7%]) were similar ( P = 1.0). The median survival for patients with liver metastases of 83 days (range 2-754 days) was similar to that for those with malignant ascites (64 days; range 2-153 days) ( P = .13). No clinical variable considered predicted survival of more than, less than, or 3 months. Limitations Retrospective series with variable treatment for malignancy. Conclusions In patients with pancreatic cancer, identification of malignant ascites or liver metastases by EUS-FNA is associated with a very poor prognosis.
Comparison of daily cone-beam computed tomography and kilovoltage planar imaging for target localization in prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Purpose To review our initial clinical experience with image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for prostate bed localization in post-radical prostatectomy (RP) patients and to compare shift and acute toxicity results to our previously published IGRT experience with daily kV planar imaging. Methods and Materials Fifty patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) who had image guidance using either CBCT (n = 23) or kV planar imaging (n = 27) following RP were analyzed. Shifts were recorded in anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and left-right axes. Total error was defined as the shift from initial setup based on skin markings to isocenter. Prostate bed motion (PBM) was defined as the change in prostate bed position relative to bones. Acute toxicity was graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity criteria. Results Total error (TE) was measured in 752 CBCTs and 725 kV planar image pairs. PBM was measured in 585 CBCTs and 384 kV planar image pairs. The average magnitudes of TE and PBM in the anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and left-right axes were greater with kV planar imaging compared to CBCT. Frequencies of acute grade 2 gastrointestinal (13% vs 7%, P = .7) and genitourinary (9% vs 11%, P = 1.0) were similar for CBCT and kV planar imaging patients. No toxicities greater than grade 2 were seen. Conclusions These results suggest that although the magnitudes of TE and PBM were larger with kV planar compared to CBCT, the levels of acute toxicity were acceptable and comparable between the two. The reasons for the differences are unclear, but we postulate that discernment of the prostate bed on the CBCT is more difficult. Further investigation is necessary to determine the reason for the shift differences and to evaluate the benefits and risks of CBCT in this setting.
Criterion-Related Validity of the UNIACT with Special Emphasis on the World of Work Map.

Abstract This study examined the criterion-related validity of the ACT-UNIACT interest inventory which yields both Holland type High Point Codes and World of Work Map (WWM) placements. The scores of 894 college seniors were used in analyses which measured the hit rate (i.e., the match between their UNIACT assignment and their college major). The hit rate for Holland types was found to be significantly higher than the typical average of six category interest inventories. Comparable levels of criterion-related validity were found for the Holland types and the WWM only when the regions adjacent to the appropriate hit region were included for the WWM. To assure adequate validity, users must consider WWM regions adjacent to their assigned region.
MRI-based morphometric topographic parcellation of human neocortex in trichotillomania.

The purpose of the present study, was to test specific hypotheses regarding volumetric changes of the neocortex between 10 female trichotillomania (TTM) subjects and 10 female normal controls. A standard three-dimensional (3-D) brain coordinate system was imposed over each newly acquired native magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan for positional nomialization and 3-D shape/geometric localization analyses were based on the midpoints of anterior and posterior conimissures, and the longitudinal fissure. The brain segmentation method, using well-characterized semiautomated intensity and differential contour algorithms by signal intensity-frequency histograms, was used blind to segment the principal gray and white matter structures. The segmented neocortical ribbon was subdivided into 48 regions (i.e. parcellation units) per hemisphere via a new method of morphometric topographic parcellation. There were no significant volumetric changes of the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, supplementary motor cortex or opercular cortex in TTM patients compared with control subjects. A broader analysis as a hypothesis-generating post-hoc effort showed that TTM subjects exhibited significantly reduced left inferior frontal gyrus volume of 27% (t = 2.21, d.f. = 18, p=0.04) and enlarged right cuneal cortex volume of 40% (t = -2.30, d.f. = 18, P = 0.03) compared to normal controls. This is the first report of a structural neocortex abnormality in TTM. Results are discussed in terms of the behavioral specialization of these two brain neocortical regions and the complex interractions between visual and sensorimotor cortices. The results also showed the feasibility of the MRI-based morphometric topographic parcellation for investigation of the human neocortex in neuroscience research.
Chile's Environmental Assessments: Contested Knowledge in an Emerging Democracy

AbstractIn 1990, Chile transitioned to democracy after 17 years of military rule. The new democracy built the country's first environmental institutions and began efforts to revitalize science, among them attempts to connect scientific expertise to public decision-making. Just over a decade into these efforts, conflicts over the environmental impacts of large industrial projects began to multiply. These environmental conflicts were often also credibility contests, where the authority of science to speak to public issues was contested. Two such conflicts, a gold mine called Pascua Lama and a hydroelectric project called HidroAysen, enrolled several scientific teams, yet in each case the state made its final decision on each project autonomously from science. Though some scientists became central participants in each conflict, carving out for themselves access to needed resources that they used to practice ever-narrower forms of science, their credibility was called into question by many of their scientific...
Hyperfine structure and lifetime measurements of the second-excited D states of rubidium and cesium by cascade fluorescence spectroscopy

The hyperfine structure of the second-excited $D$ states of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$, $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$, and $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ has been measured by the method of cascade-radio-frequency spectroscopy and cascade-level crossing. The sign of the magnetic-dipole coupling constant $A$ is determined by the method of cascade-decoupling and cascade-radio-frequency spectroscopy with narrow-band excitation. Lifetimes $\ensuremath{\tau}$ of some of these states are measured by the cascade-Hanle effect. We find that for $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$, $A(5^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=14.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.23$ MHz, $A(5^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}7.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ MHz, $\ensuremath{\tau}(5^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=205\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40$ nsec; for $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$, $A(5^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=4.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20$ MHz, $A(5^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}2.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20$ MHz; for $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$, $A(6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=16.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15$ MHz, $A(6^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}3.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0$ MHz, $\ensuremath{\tau}(6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15$ nsec.
Photographs of the "Complete Precipitation" of a Cumulus Cloud

It is well known that in higher latitudes the lower parts of cumulonimbus may precipitate completely leaving only the anvil. It is also well known (KOTSCH, 1947) that in tropical latitudes precipitation occurs from clouds which have not reached the freezing level. Finally, it is known, at least to most tropical meteorologists, that quite commonly in the tropics a cumulus cloud will precipitate completely. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951.tb00798.x
The role of health insurance in labor supply decisions of divorced females

Abstract Labor economics literature provides evidence that marital dissolution induces an increase in labor supply of females. This paper explores an explanation for this finding: Marital separation might place wives at risk of losing health insurance or increase the need for expanded health coverage. Thus, wives must increase their labor supply in order to qualify for health benefits. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, results confirm that marital dissolution is associated with increased female labor supply. However, this effect is mostly concentrated among women who were not previously enrolled in their husbands’ health insurance plans. For wives who were dependent on their husbands for coverage, continuing coverage laws appear to mitigate the effect of marital dissolution on female labor supply.
The prognostic significance of angiogenesis in canine mammary tumors.

The purpose of the study was to determine if neovascularization, a measure of angiogenesis, is correlated with metastasis of mammary tumors in dogs. Forty-six paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of benign and malignant canine mammary tumors obtained from 42 clinical cases at the Iowa State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Veterinary Pathology. Of the dogs with malignant tumors, cases with and without lymph node metastasis were chosen. Neovascularization was quantified by light microscopy on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of canine mammary tumors using an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase assay for factor VIII-related antigen. Mean microvessel counts for each group were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance. The mean number of microvessels was highest in the malignant tumors of dogs with lymph node metastasis (44). This number was significantly different from the mean number of microvessels in the benign tumors (28; P= .03) and a trend occurred toward higher microvessel counts in malignant tumors with lymph node metastasis versus malignant tumors of dogs without metastasis (32; P= .1). No significant difference was found between the number of microvessels found in malignant tumors without metastasis versus benign tumors. The trend toward higher microvessel counts in mammary tumors that have metastasized supports the premise that angiogenesis may be an independent and significant prognostic indicator in dogs with malignant mammary tumors, as it is in women with breast cancer.
Carboxypeptidase H-like immunoreactivity in the striatum of cats and monkeys

The enzyme carboxypeptidase H was detected by immunohistochemistry in the striatum of adult cats and monkeys. Specific labelling was observed in the neuropil as well as in both medium-sized and large neuronal cell bodies. The distribution of neurons and neuropil expressing immunoreactivity to carboxypeptidase H was examined in relation to the pattern of immunoreactivity to the neuropeptides enkephalin and substance P. Carboxypeptidase H-like immunoreactivity was found both in zones rich and poor in immunostaining for the two peptides, but was usually denser in those striatal areas in which substance P-positive cell bodies are clustered (striosomes). The results further suggest a role for carboxypeptidase H in the metabolism of multiple neuropeptides in vivo.
Composition of gum turpentines of pines. XVI. A report on Pinus oocarpa and P. pseudostrobus var. oaxacana from Chiapas and P. cooperi from Durango.

The sources, collection, and determination of the chemical composition of gum turpentines from three Mexican species of pine are reported. Conventional methods of fractionation by distillation, determination of physical and chemical characteristics, and the preparation of derivatives for the purpose of identifying the several fractions obtained from each of the three turpentines were employed throughout the investigation.
The market experience

In a period when market economics are widely recognised as the most desirable form of economic organisation, Robert Lane offers evidence that the major premises of market economics are mistaken. Lane shows that work, far from being a disutility, as economic theory would have it, is instead one of two major sources of lifetime satisfaction, and that money income, despite being a source of utility that compensates a person for his or her sacrifices at work, contributes very little to a sense of well-being. This reversal of the premises of market economics suggests a major, axial shift in the way we think about our economies.
Photoactivation in Fluorescence Microscopy

The use of photoactive compounds in microscopy has a long history. Caged compounds have been used for almost forty years, not only to elicit chemical reactions in cells, but also to mark specific cells or regions within cells by photoactivation of fluorescence. During the last seven years, the advent of photoactivatable GFP (PA-GFP) and its successors has opened up a myriad of new applications. All of this work has, of course, been greatly facilitated in live cells through the possibility of genetic labeling that is given by the fluorescent proteins. However, even as more photo-activatable and photo-switchable proteins are discovered, they are still limited in terms of wavelength ranges and photophysical properties. Thus, there has been a resurgence of interest in small organic photoactive molecules for cell biology experiments. In this short introductory overview, we will present the basic concepts of photoactivation and discuss many of the strengths and limitations of various approaches. We will also provide a general description of the kinds of applications for which these probes can be used.
Neighborhood poverty and children's exposure to danger: Examining gender differences in impacts of the Moving to Opportunity experiment

The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) program offered public housing residents in distressed communities a chance to move to low-poverty neighborhoods. The present study examined whether the resulting decline in neighborhood poverty led to lower levels of exposure to danger among children and youth ages 8-19years old (n=4606), and specifically, if there was a gender difference that matched the pattern of more beneficial program effects for girls and more adverse affects for boys. The study goes beyond previous research by using fixed effects to control for family factors that may influence moving behavior and confound estimates of gender differences in program impacts. Results showed that children experienced a decline in exposure to danger, with one key gender difference. Models based on brother-sister comparisons indicated that MTO had a more beneficial impact on exposure to drug activity for females than males. The findings suggest that neighborhood poverty is tied to children's exposure to danger. Moreover, exposure to drug activity may help explain the gender differences in impacts on children's mental health and risky behavior.
LIFE-HISTORY STUDIES ON TWO MOLECULAR STRAINS OF MESOCESTOIDES (CESTODA: MESOCESTOIDIDAE): IDENTIFICATION OF SYLVATIC HOSTS AND INFECTIVITY OF IMMATURE LIFE STAGES

Life-cycle studies were conducted on 2 molecular strains of Mesocestoides tapeworms that represent different evolutionary lineages (clades A and B). Wild carnivores, reptiles, and rodents were examined for tapeworm infections at 2 enzootic sites: (1) San Miguel Island (SMI), a small island off the coast of southern California and (2) Hopland Research and Extension Center (HREC), a field station in northern California. Results indicate that deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) may play an important role in the life cycles of Mesocestoides (clades A and B) in California. Over half the coyotes at HREC and at least a third of the population of island fox (Urocyon littoralis) at SMI were found to harbor clade A adult Mesocestoides spp. One of every 4 Mesocestoides-infected coyotes had tapeworms representing both clades A and B. Experimental inoculations revealed that proglottids (clades A and B) were not directly infectious to rodents, reptiles, or dogs. On the other hand, mice, lizards, and hamsters fed tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides spp. (clades A or B) developed peritoneal tetrathyridial infections. A dog that was fed tetrathyridia (clade B) developed an adult tapeworm infection. Acephalic metacestodes given orally to western fence lizards, laboratory mice, or domestic dogs did not result in metacestode or adult tapeworm infections. Whereas most clade A acephalic metacestodes from dogs were asexually proliferative, clade A tetrathyridia isolated from wild deer mice did not show evidence of asexual replication. Our study supports the hypothesis that a second, as of yet unidentified, intermediate host is necessary to complete the life cycles of Mesocestoides spp., and that acephalic metacestodes represent an aberrant form, incapable of further development.
Aging: effect on ex-vivo benzodiazepine binding after a diazepam injection

Ex vivo [3H]flunitrazepam receptor occupation was determined in the brain of young, mature and old male Fischer 344 rats after a single intravenous injection of a low dose of diazepam. The two benzodiazepine receptor subtypes or conformations (BZ1 and BZ2) were differentiated by the displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam specific binding with the triazolopyridazine, CL 218,872. The acute diazepam injection decreased ex vivo [3H]flunitrazepam binding in only the senescent rats. The [3H]flunitrazepam binding at both the BZ1 and BZ2 receptor or receptor conformation was significantly reduced in the old rats.
3-Hydroxykynurenine-mediated Modification of Human Lens Proteins STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF A MAJOR MODIFICATION USING A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY

Tryptophan can be oxidized in the eye lens by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Oxidation products, such as kynurenines, react with proteins to form yellow-brown pigments and cause covalent cross-linking. We generated a monoclonal antibody against 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKYN)-modified keyhole limpet hemocyanin and characterized it using 3OHKYN-modified amino acids and proteins. This monoclonal antibody reacted with 3OHKYN-modified N(alpha)-acetyl lysine, N(alpha)-acetyl histidine, N(alpha)-acetyl arginine, and N(alpha)-acetyl cysteine. Among the several tryptophan oxidation products tested, 3OHKYN produced the highest concentration of antigen when reacted with human lens proteins. A major antigen from the reaction of 3OHKYN and N(alpha)-acetyl lysine was purified by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography, which was characterized by spectroscopy and identified as 2-amino-3-hydroxyl-alpha-((5S)-5-acetamino-5-carboxypentyl amino)-gamma-oxo-benzene butanoic acid. Enzyme-digested cataractous lens proteins displayed 3OHKYN-derived modifications. Immunohistochemistry revealed 3OHKYN modifications in proteins associated with the lens fiber cell plasma membrane. The low molecular products (<10,000 Da) isolated from normal lenses after reaction with glucosidase followed by incubation with proteins generated 3OHKYN-derived products. Human lens epithelial cells incubated with 3OHKYN showed intense immunoreactivity. We also investigated the effect of glycation on tryptophan oxidation and kynurenine-mediated modification of lens proteins. The results showed that glycation products failed to oxidize tryptophan or generate kynurenine modifications in proteins. Our studies indicate that 3OHKYN modifies lens proteins independent of glycation to form products that may contribute to protein aggregation and browning during cataract formation.
Effect of Single Versus Serial Courses of Antenatal Steroids on Neonatal and Maternal Outcome. † 788

Our approach to the use of antenatal steroids is to treat all mothers in preterm labor, except those with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, ≥ 34 weeks GA, or if delivery is imminent. Steroids are then repeated weekly until delivery. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of one full course (12 mg IM × 2 doses) of betamethasone with those who received an initial course plus serial doses of 12 mg IM weekly (2-12 doses) on incidence of RDS, BPD, PDA, Grade 3 & 4 IVH, sepsis, NEC, and ROP. 163 infants were born to mothers who received one course of steroids (BW = 2255 ± 871 gms, GA = 34.2 ± 4.4 weeks). 211 infants were exposed to serial antenatal steroid treatment (BW = 2087 ± 812 gms, GA = 33.6 ± 3.8 weeks). Chi square for linear trend was used to evaluate the dose response effect for all the infants, and for infants stratified by GA of 24 to 28 weeks(n = 48, BW 856 ± 235 gm SD & 894 ± 215 gm SD), 29 to 32 weeks (n = 77, BW 1688 ± 333 gm SD & 1558 ± 392 gm), and 32 to 36 wks (n = 138, BW 2221 ± 488 gm SD & 2222 ± 514 gm) for single and serial courses of steroids.
Shear flow behavior and oil distribution between phases in thermoplastic vulcanizates

The high rate shear flow behavior and the morphology of five different oil-extended polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) thermoplastic vulcanizate blends were investigated with the melt flow rate (MFR) of the PP varying from 0.7 to 20. The ratio of rubber to PP is 70 : 30 in three of the thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) and 50 : 50 in the other two TPVs. The distribution of the high-temperature oil between the PP melt and the rubber is a key parameter because this will affect the viscosity of the PP/oil medium. The object of this study was to estimate the matrix composition in each of the TPVs at processing temperatures and to compare the shear viscosity of the effective matrix with that of the TPV. To this end, several PP/oil mixtures were prepared and their viscosity curves were correlated with the neat PP melt viscosity curves by means of shift factors varying with oil concentration. The oil distribution between the PP and rubber phases was estimated from TEM micrographs of the TPV blends. The results show that the PPs are mixed with oil to different proportions in the different TPVs and the viscosity curves of these mixtures exhibit the same trends in magnitude as the corresponding TPV viscosity curves. Hence, the shear flow of TPVs can be understood more readily in terms of the effective PP/oil medium flow behavior than in terms of the neat PP melt flow. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 113–121, 2004
Quantitative receptor mapping by autoradiography: some current technical problems

Abstract Localizing receptors at the microscopic level has become as routine as many common histochemical techniques. The main approach that has been used is autoradiography because of the availability of radiolabeled binding ligands which have been well characterized in biochemical and pharmacological studies. Several general reviews have appeared on both theoretical and technical issues for autoradiographic receptor mapping 1–4 . This article deals with two of the most current technical problems which have caused confusion and inaccuracy, even in recent studies — developing an appropriate means for quantitation of autoradiograms, and dealing with varying regional tissue quenching of β-missions from tritium-labeled ligands.
Structural biology: Inside the living cell

Proteins work properly only if they have the correct three-dimensional atomic structure. It is now possible to look at the structures and dynamics of these biological macromolecules as they function inside cells.
Z(3) strings and their interactions

We construct Z_3 vortex solutions in a model in which SU(3) is spontaneously broken to Z_3. The model is truncated to one in which there are only two dimensionless free parameters and the interaction of vortices within this restricted set of models is studied numerically. We find that there is a curve in the two dimensional space of parameters for which the energy of two asymptotically separated vortices equals the energy of the vortices at vanishing separation. This suggests that the inter-vortex potential for Z_3 strings might be flat for these couplings, much like the case of U(1) strings in the Bogomolnyi limit. However, we argue that the intervortex potential is attractive at short distances and repulsive at large separations leading to the possibility of unstable bound states of Z_3 vortices.
Involvement of aeration in carbon source regulation of Cephem antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus

The interference by glycerol and other carbon sources with production of cephem antibiotics by resting cells ofStreptomyces clawligerus was found to be related to aeration conditions. When a low cell density or increased aeration was used, carbon sources did not have any effect on the rate of production.
Do victim impact programs reduce recidivism for operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated? Findings from an outcomes evaluation

In victim impact panels, persons convicted of driving while intoxicated are confronted by survivors of accidents caused by drunk drivers. The objective is to reduce the number of subsequent convictions by increasing empathy with victims and increasing awareness of the seriousness of the consequences of drinking and driving. Participation in a victim impact course was not found to consistently reduce reoffending in a sample of persons convicted of operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated. More specifically, program participants were just as likely to reoffend as non‐participants and sometimes more likely.
Trophic implications of cross-shelf copepod distributions in the Southeastern Bering Sea

Spring distributions of some numerically dominant copepods reflect associations with two distinct water masses separated along the 80- to 100-m isobaths. Seaward of this middle shelf front, the oceanic Bering Sea hosts populations of Calanus cristatus, C. plumchrus, and Eucalanus bungii bungii; Metridia pacifica, Oithona similis, and Pseudocalanus spp. are also present. The large oceanic species are much less abundant in waters shallower than 80 m where the community is seasonally dominated by smaller copepods, O. similis, Acartia longiremis, and Pseudocalanus spp. Experimental and field-derived estimates of carbon ingestion indicate that the oceanic/outer shelf copepods can occasionally graze the equivalent of the daily plant production and probably routinely remove 20–30% of the primary productivity. Conversely, stocks of middle shelf copepods rarely ingest more than 5% of the plant carbon productivity. During 45 d between mid April to late May, 1979, approximately three times more organic matter was ingested m-2 by the outer shelf/oceanic copepod community than by middle shelf species. This imbalance in cross-shelf grazing permits middle shelf phytoplankton stocks to grow rapidly to bloom proportions, and to sink ungrazed to the seabed. Over the outer shelf and particularly along the shelf break, a much closer coupling to phytoplankton supports a large biomass of oceanic grazers. Here, copepod stocks approaching 45 g dry wt m-2 occur in late spring as a narrow band at the shelf break.
A systematic statistical linear modeling approach to oligonucleotide array experiments

We outline and describe steps for a statistically rigorous approach to analyzing probe-level Affymetrix GeneChip data. The approach employs classical linear mixed models and operates on a gene-by-gene basis. Forgoing any attempts at gene presence or absence calls, the method simultaneously considers the data across all chips in an experiment. Primary output includes precise estimates of fold change (some as low as 1.1), their statistical significance, and measures of array and probe variability. The method can accommodate complex experiments involving many kinds of treatments and can test for their effects at the probe level. Furthermore, mismatch probe data can be incorporated in different ways or ignored altogether. Data from an ionizing radiation experiment on human cell lines illustrate the key concepts.
Data transfer: Basic concepts

Abstract Experimental methods often utilize computers to acquire, then transfer data to more convenient facilities for storage, processing, and analysis. Knowledge of the basic concepts of digital data transmission is often essential in the proper set up and operation of microprocessor-based instrumentation. This paper discusses methods of electronically transferring data from laboratory or field facilities to a central computer.
Effect of planting depth on yield and tuber set of potatoes

The results of three years’ depth-of-planting tests with potatoes grown at Shafter on a light sandy soil and of two years’ tests at Davis on a heavy silt loam soil are presented. All comparisons were made when the top of the seed piece was planted 2, 4, 6, and 9 inches below the surface of the ridge.
Dynamic light scattering of polymer/solvent solutions under pressure. Near-critical demixing (0.1 < P/MPa < 200) for polystyrene/cyclohexane and polystyrene/methylcyclohexane

A conveniently sized high-pressure scattering cell used for 90° DLS (dynamic light scattering) measurements on polymer solutions is described (0 < P/MPa < 200; 283 < T/K < 373). DLS parameters are reported for semidilute solutions of polystyrene (PS) of various molecular weight in ϑ-solvents (cyclohexane (CH) and methylcyclohexane (MCH)), above and below Tϑ, and at high enough concentration to ensure that precipitation, when it occurs, follows spinodal decomposition/percolation. In the homogeneous region, close to and above Tϑ, the correlograms, initially monomodal and diffusive, split at high pressure. The intensity and the correlation radius of the diffusive mode diverge as critical demixing is approached during pressure or temperature quenches. That process is described in the (T,P)ψcr plane using a multidimensional reduced scaling formalism developed for the purpose. The analysis of the scattering and the phase equilibrium data for PS/CH is complicated by the pressure dependence of the CH freezing cur...
PASSIVE CUTANEOUS ANAPHYLAXIS INDUCED WITH MAST CELL-SENSITIZING ANTIBODY. THE ROLE OF HISTAMINE AND 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE.

Abstract We have recently shown that immunized rats produce, in addition to the usual serum precipitating antibody, a thermolabile antibody which is able to sensitize rat tissues in such a way that later contact with antigen causes mast cell damage and histamine release (1,2). Because of this property we have termed this antibody “mast cell sensitizing antibody”. In this paper we show that when this antibody is injected into rat skin it produces, on later contact with antigen, a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis that differs from a similar reaction induced with precipitating antibody but resembles the allergic reaction induced in human beings with the so-called reagin or skin-sensitizing antibody.
The orienteering problem with stochastic profits

Given a graph G = (N, E), N representing the set of nodes associated with Normally distributed random profits and E representing the set of edges with associated travel times, we define the Orienteering Problem with Stochastic Profits (OPSP) as the problem of finding a tour that visits a subset of N within a prespecified time limit and maximizes the probability of collecting more than a prespecified target profit level. We develop an exact solution scheme based on a parametric formulation of the problem and present a bi-objective genetic algorithm. We also analyze the characteristics of the problem and test the algorithms computationally. The experimental results identify conditions under which the OPSP results in significant improvements in reaching the target profit when compared with the solution from the deterministic variant of the problem.
Platelet responses in health and disease

This article summarizes recent ultrastructure findings from our laboratory and documents some of the information accumulated primarily since 1975 from many laboratories. Special attention is given to documentation by scanning electron microscopy which affords insight into platelet activation (adhesion, aggregation, release/secretion) and especially platelet-vessel wall interactions. Structural physiology of platelets is considered in some detail as a basis for understanding platelet disorders contributing to clinical problems of thrombosis and hemorrhage. The impaired ability of vonWillebrand platelets to adhere to injured vessel wall is reported using the human umbilical vein perfusion model. Relationships between platelets and blood coagulation factors focus on the exquisite sensitivity of platelets to minute amounts of thrombin. Unmasking of platelet factor 3 sites is identified on activated platelets, after glutaraldehyde fixation, by their reaction to latex bearing anti-platelet factor 3 markers. The basis for platelet-collagen interactions is reviewed. Conditions for and possible mechanisms behind platelet interaction with vessel wall are discussed. Ex vivo flowing blood-vessel wall models offer opportunities for improved understanding of the platelets role(s) in vascular diseases.
EXOZODIACAL DUST LEVELS FOR NEARBY MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS: A SURVEY WITH THE KECK INTERFEROMETER NULLER

The Keck Interferometer Nuller (KIN) was used to survey 25 nearby main-sequence stars in the mid-infrared, in order to assess the prevalence of warm circumstellar (exozodiacal) dust around nearby solar-type stars. The KIN measures circumstellar emission by spatially blocking the star but transmitting the circumstellar flux in a region typically 0.1-4 AU from the star. We find one significant detection (η Crv), two marginal detections (γ Oph and α Aql), and 22 clear non-detections. Using a model of our own solar system's zodiacal cloud, scaled to the luminosity of each target star, we estimate the equivalent number of target zodis needed to match our observations. Our three zodi detections are η Crv (1250 ± 260), γ Oph (200 ± 80), and α Aql (600 ± 200), where the uncertainties are 1σ. The 22 non-detected targets have an ensemble weighted average consistent with zero, with an average individual uncertainty of 160 zodis (1σ). These measurements represent the best limits to date on exozodi levels for a sample of nearby main-sequence stars. A statistical analysis of the population of 23 stars not previously known to contain circumstellar dust (excluding η Crv and γ Oph) suggests that, if the measurement errors are uncorrelated (for which we provide evidence) and if these 23 stars are representative of a single class with respect to the level of exozodi brightness, the mean exozodi level for the class is <150 zodis (3σ upper limit, corresponding to 99% confidence under the additional assumption that the measurement errors are Gaussian). We also demonstrate that this conclusion is largely independent of the shape and mean level of the (unknown) true underlying exozodi distribution.
Triggered star formation: Rotation, magnetic fields and outflows

Abstract Star formation can be triggered by compression from wind or supernova driven shock waves that sweep over molecular clouds. In a previous work we used Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) simulation methods, including sink particles, to simulate the full collapse of a stable Bonnor–Ebert sphere subjected to a passing shock. We tracked the flow of cloud material after a star (a sink particle) had formed. For rotating clouds we observed the formation of disks which then interact with the post-shock flow. In this paper we take the next step forward in complexity, presenting first results of simulations that include a magnetized cloud. Our results show that after a disk is formed a collimated magneto-centrifugal outflow is launched. The outflow is bipolar but asymmetric, due to interactions with the shocked flow. We explore the influence of the outflows on the post-triggering collapse dynamics.
Hypoparathyroidism: Is It Time for Replacement Therapy?

Endocrine diseases caused by hormone deficiencies are commonly treated by replacement of the deficient hormones. For example, Addison’s disease is treated with oral glucocorticoids, autoimmune hypothyroidism with oral thyroxine, and premature ovarian failure with oral estrogen and progesterone. The availability of orally deliverable drugs makes this straightforward. However, when the deficient hormone in question is a protein, oral treatment presents problems because proteins are generally degraded by proteolytic digestive enzymes when delivered orally. This obstacle commonly is circumvented by sc injection of the peptide hormone in question (i.e. GH, insulin, 1-desamino--D-arginine vasopressin). So what is different abouthypoparathyroidism,whichalsoresultsfromdeficiencyof PTH, a protein hormone? Why is this disorder not routinely treated by replacement of PTH? This is the subject of a series of reportsbyWineretal.(1–4),themostrecentofwhichisincluded in this month’s Journal (4). Hypoparathyroidism results from deficiency of PTH (5–9). This may be a congenital abnormality resulting in failure of the parathyroid glands to form, as exemplified by the DiGeorge syndrome, or may result from inactivating mutations in the parathyroid-specific transcription factor, glial-cell missing B. It may result from mutations in the PTH gene itself. A functional, congenital form of hypoparathyroidism results fromactivatingmutationsinthecalcium-sensingreceptorthat
A theory and a model of social change and evolution

Abstract The principal theme is that the seeds of a society's evolution are not contained within it; they are sown in the interface of interdependent societies. In particular, it is contended that evolutionary change is a result of transformations in a society's external economic and political relationships. These alterations occur mostly because of advances in the technology of intersocietal trade and other relations which are intertwined with increased concentrations of political authority. A reconceptualization of culture and habitat and a fourfold definition of social change are offered.
Development of ascites following exploration for biliary atresia

Abstract In infants with biliary atresia, ascites is a common early occurrence following exploration of the hepatoduodenal ligament. A study of 39 infants with biliary atresia operated on at the U.C.L.A. Hospital during the past 12 yr showed the incidence of ascites during the early postoperative period to be approximately four times greater when the structures in the hepatoduodenal ligament were skeletonized than when recognizable lymphatic ducts were preserved or meticulously ligated during the dissection. Postoperative morbidity may be reduced and survival prolonged by retarding the onset of ascites.
Incorporating Relevance and Rigor in a Game Environment: Barracuda Cove Investment Game.

Achieving student learning outcomes in a "gamelike" environment allows students to connect real-world activities to marketing and business concepts presented in a relevant and authentic manner. The innovative game, Barracuda Cove Investment Game, can be incorporated into any marketing-related course that would require a marketing or business plan. Of the students who have taken part in this project (n = 135), the results from the course project survey suggest that students believe the project is relevant, effective, and provides future benefits. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of this authentic "gamelike" project that models the popular reality television program Shark Tank.
Acute postoperative graft phlebitis: A rare cause of saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass failure

Abstract Most graft occlusions occurring early after saphenous vein coronary artery bypass procedures result from technical problems at the graft to coronary artery anastomosis site. This report describes an unusual cause of graft occlusion in a 67-year-old man who died three weeks after operation—a postoperative acute phlebitis of an implanted saphenous vein graft. Infection in the graft wall resulted in isolated graft thrombosis in the setting of a patent anastomosis. Graft phlebitis in this patient was associated with a purulent pericarditis and mediastinitis which failed to respond to surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy. Although mediastinitis is not infrequent, infection of an implanted saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft in association with mediastinitis has never been reported. The findings in our case show that such graft infection may occur, and may result in graft thrombosis and occlusion.
Electromagnetic influences in a hydrogen-oxygen rocket combustor.

Electromagnetic effects on combustion in hydrogen-oxygen rocket combustor noting jet breakup, mixing and flow oscillations
High-resolution measurements of the heat capacity of MnBr2·4H2O near its Néel temperature

The heat capacityCP of the antiferromagnet MnBr2 ·4H2O has been measured for polycrystalline and single-crystal samples nearTN(∼2.123 K) with temperature resolution of ∼ 1×10−6 K. Similar rounding of the lambda anomaly is found in both cases. For e ≡ |1 −T/TN| ≲ 10−1 all data can be well fitted by assuming the samples to consist of many independent subsystems obeying the same power laws but with a Gaussian distribution ofTN's having a width of 1.1×10−3 K. ForT>TN, we findCP ∝ e−0.12, essentially as predicted for three-dimensional Ising models in the critical region. ForT TN and e ≲ 2.5×10−1, CP agrees well with predictions for the classical Heisenberg model. This crossover at e ≈ 10−1 is consistent with the known anisotropy of the salt and with present theory. The data forT>TN in the interval 10−4 ≲ e ≲ 10−3, while not in the range of obvious rounding, appear to be strongly influenced by the mechanism responsible for that rounding.
The Lipschitz continuity of the metric projection

Abstract We investigate the Lipschitz continuity of the best approximation operator from a Hilbert (Banach) space into an approximatively compact subset. We study the notion of directional radius of curvature and show how the Lipschitz continuity of the metric projection depends on it.
Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to antibody microarrays

A photonic crystal surface is utilized for detection of cancer biomarkers in a fluorescent-tagged protein microarray assay. The results indicates that the detection limit of assays are reduced by up to 90% through resonant illumination.
Ground-state and optical properties of Cu 2 O and CuO crystals

The band structures of cubic ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O and monoclinic CuO crystals have been calculated by means of the first-principles orthogonalized linear combination of atomic orbitals method. Using the wave functions obtained, the frequency-dependent interband optical conductivities are also evaluated. The results show ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O to be a direct-gap semiconductor, while CuO is semiconductorlike with an intrinsic hole population at the top of the valence band (VB). By comparing with a variety of existing data, we conclude that band theory works extremely well for ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O, but is less satisfactory for CuO. This could be due to strong correlation effects for states near the top of the VB in CuO. A careful reanalysis of optical data and excitonic spectra in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O in conjunction with our calculations suggests a complete reinterpretation of these data. A clear distinction between the intrinsic gap and the optical gap is argued. We conclude that the intrinsic gap in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O is of the order of 0.8 eV, while the optical gap is of the order 2.0--2.3 eV. The excitonic series in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O is due to the Coulombic attraction of the hole at the top of the VB and the electron in the next-higher conduction band (CB), not the lowest CB, because of the forbidden symmetry associated with angular-momentum conservation. This reinterpretation of the excitonic data is also consistent with a calculated low value for the static dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}$ of order of 4 for ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O.
Involvement of 5-HT1B receptors within the ventral tegmental area in ethanol-induced increases in mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission.

Abstract Evidence suggests that 5-hydroxytriptamine-1B (5-HT1B) receptors play a role in modifying ethanol's reinforcing effects and voluntary intake, and that 5-HT1B receptors within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are involved in regulation of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity. Since increased mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission has been implicated in ethanol's reinforcing properties, this study was designed to assess the involvement of VTA 5-HT1B receptors in mediating the stimulatory effects of ethanol on VTA dopaminergic neurons. Dual-probe microdialysis was performed in freely moving adult Sprague–Dawley rats with one probe within the VTA and the other within the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens (NACC). Dopamine (DA) levels in dialysates from both areas, as the index of the activity of mesolimbic DA neurons, were measured simultaneously. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection of ethanol at the doses of 1 and 2 g/kg increased extracellular DA concentrations in both the VTA and the NACC, suggesting increased DA neuronal activity. These ethanol-induced increases of the DA release in the VTA and the NACC were significantly attenuated by intra-tegmental infusion of SB 216641 (a 5-HT1B receptor antagonist), but not BRL 15572 (a 5-HT1D/1A receptor antagonist) or WAY 100635 (a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist). Administration of ethanol at the same doses did not significantly alter extracellular levels of GABA in the VTA. The results also showed that intra-tegmental infusion of CP 94253, a 5-HT1B receptor agonist, significantly prolonged the effects of ethanol on NACC DA. The results suggest that blockade and activation of VTA 5-HT1B receptors attenuates and potentiates the neurochemical effects of ethanol, respectively, and support the suggestion that VTA 5-HT1B receptors may be involved in part in mediating the activating effects of ethanol on mesolimbic DA neurons.