cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the dilute approximation for the prediction of combined heat and mass transfer rates in multi-component systems

Use of the Fick’s law of diffusion is inappropriate in multi-component systems comprised of more than two species since it results in local violation of overall mass conservation. One approach that is often used to circumvent this problem is the dilute approximation, in which the conservation of the diluent is not enforced. It is generally believed that if the mass fraction of the diluent is “large” and it is a non-reacting species, the dilute approximation yields accurate results. In this study, the accuracy of the dilute approximation is quantitatively assessed by comparing its predictions against a rigorous multi-component diffusion formulation, derived from the Stefan–Maxwell equation. Both mass and heat flux errors are computed for a 1D pure diffusion problem. It is found that even for quite dilute mixtures with mass fraction of the diluent exceeding 70%, the errors are ∼15% for mass fluxes and as high as 35% for heat fluxes. In addition, the errors are found to be strongly dependent on the type of species in the mixture, implying that the validity of the dilute approximation cannot be judged a priori. Additional results are presented to show that in systems with combined heat and mass diffusion, net heat transfer can occur against the imposed temperature gradient. A Second Law analysis is presented and performed to corroborate these non-intuitive results.
Failure to Use Seat Belts in the United States: The 1981-1983 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys

Although seat belt use could prevent thousands of highway deaths and save billions of dollars annually, most Americans do not routinely buckle up. To understand better this phenomenon and other health-related behaviors, 28 states, the District of Columbia, and the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, surveyed over 22,000 US adults from 1981 through 1983. Overall, 76% of US adults reported not using seat belts. Blacks, 18- to 24-year-olds, persons with no more than a high school education, and persons with other risk behaviors (especially drunk driving) were least likely to use seat belts. Legislation by the states and education by physicians can increase seat belt use and reduce morbidity and mortality due to motor vehicle collisions.
Forward calibration of closed-loop jointed manipulators

A method for performing forward kinematic calibration of manipulators with one or more closed-loop actuated joints is presented. The technique is an extension of algorithms designed for open-loop jointed manipulators and is equivalent to minimizing a constrained objective function. The constraints arise from the closed-loop mechanisms in the manipulator. The objective function is taken as the integral of end effector position and orientation error and is optimized using the method of Lagrange multipliers.
The Effect of Added Al2O3 on the Propagation Behavior of an Al/CuO Nanoscale Thermite

Three types of experiments were performed on an Al/CuO nanoscale thermite to understand the effect of adding a diluent (40 nm Al2O3 particles) to the mixture: the constant volume pressure cell, the unconfined burn tray, and the instrumented burn tube. The addition of Al2O3 decreased the pressure output and reaction velocity in all three experiments. Burn tube measurements showed three reaction velocity regimes: constant velocity observed when 0% (633 m/s) and 5% (570 m/s) of the total weight is Al2O3, constant acceleration observed at 10% (146 m/s to 544 m/s over a distance of 6 cm) and 15% (69 m/s to 112 m/s over a distance of 6 cm) Al2O3, and an unstable, spiraling combustion wave at 20% Al2O3. The pressure measurements correlated to these three regimes showing a dropoff in peak pressure as Al2O3 was added to the system, with relatively no pressure increase observed when 20% of the total weight was Al2O3. Equilibrium calculations showed that the addition of Al2O3 to an Al/CuO mixture lowered the flame t...
Novel ligands lacking a positive charge for the δ- and μ-opioid receptors

Recently we reported using minilibraries to replace Lys9 [somatostatin (SRIF) numbering] of the potent somatostatin agonist L-363,301 (c[-Pro-Phe-d-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-]) to generate the potent neuroki...
The interferon-inducible murine p48 (ISGF3γ) gene is regulated by protooncogene c-myc

p48 protein is an integral component of the multimeric interferon (IFN)-regulated transcription factor, ISGF3. We have shown earlier that this gene is regulated by a novel IFN-γ-regulated element. In addition to the IFN-regulated element, a myc–max binding site is also present in this promoter. In this investigation we have studied the role of this site in the regulation of the p48 gene. In serum-induced quiescent cells Myc up-regulated the expression of p48 mRNA. We show that the protooncogene Myc regulates the expression of p48 through the element CACGTG. Mutations in this motif abolish Myc-inducibility of the reporter genes carrying p48 promoter elements. Purified Myc and Max proteins interact with the Myc-stimulated element of the p48 promoter. We also show that cells lacking p48 expression are highly susceptible to the cytocidal action of anticancer drugs. Taken together these data suggest that p48 may function as an anti-stress cell survival factor.
The implicit construction of multiplicity lists for classes of trees and verification of some conjectures

Abstract For the problem of understanding what multiplicities are possible for eigenvalues among real symmetric matrices with a given graph, constructing matrices with conjectured multiplicities is generally more difficult than finding constraining conditions. Here, the implicit function theorem method for constructing matrices with a given graph and given multiplicity list is refined and extended. In particular, the breadth of known circumstances in which the Jacobian is nonsingular is increased. This allows characterization of all multiplicity lists for binary, diametric, depth one trees. In addition the degree conjecture and a conjecture about the minimum number of multiplicities equal to 1 is proven for diametric trees. Finally, an intriguing conjecture about the eigenvalues of a matrix whose graph is a path and its submatrices is given, along with a discussion of some ides that would support a proof of the degree conjecture and the minimum number of 1’s conjecture, in general.
The crystal and molecular structures of formyl-, cyano-, and amino-cyclopentadienyldicarbonylnitrosylchromium

The x-ray crystallographic structures of (η5-C5H4CHO)Cr(CO)2NO (I), (η5-C5H4CN)Cr(CO)2NO (II), and (η5-C5H4NH2)Cr(CO)2NO (III) are described. The formyl and amino derivatives were obtained from a literature preparation (Macomber and Rausch, 1983). The cyano derivative (II) was obtained by conversion of (η5-C5H4COOH)Cr(CO)2NO into [(η5-C5H4C(O)NH2]Cr(CO)2NO, followed by dehydration of the amide in acetic anhydride. (I) crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/n witha=8.028(3),b=11.605(4),c=9.730(3)A,β=90.04(2)°, andDcalc=1.69 g cm−3 forZ=4. Refinement led to anR value of 0.031 based on 1279 observed reflections ([I>-3σ(I)]). (II) belongs to the triclinicP¯1 witha=6.838(3),b=6.879(3),c=10.130(3)A,α=92.23(2),β=92.98(2), γ=107.65(3)°, andDcalc=1.67 g cm−3 forZ=2. Refinement gaveR=0.042 for 1543 observed reflections. (III) was found to be orthorhombicPbca witha=7.259(3),b=13.449(3),c=18.090(5)A, andDcalc=1.64 g cmsu−3 forZ=8. Refinement producedR=0.026 for 767 observed reflections. In (I) the electron-withdrawing formyl group is foundtrans to the nitrosyl. The same holds for the cyano group in (II), but the amino function in (III) is nottrans to any of the tripod ligands.
Growth of GaN by ECR-assisted MBE

Abstract High-quality GaN films have been grown on a variety of substrates by electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (ECR-MBE). The films were grown in two steps. First, a GaN-buffer was grown at low temperature and then the rest of the film was grown at higher temperatures. We found that this method of growth leads to a relatively small two-dimensional nucleation rate (∼20 nuclei/μm2 h) and high lateral growth rate (100 times faster than the vertical growth rate). This type of quasi-layer-by-layer growth results in a smooth surface morphology to within 100 A. Growth on Si(1 0 0) leads to single-crystalline GaN films having the zinc-blende structure. Growth on Si(1 1 1) leads to GaN films having the wurtzitic structure with a large concentration of stacking faults. The crystallographic orientation and the surface morphology of GaN films on sapphire depends on the orientation of sapphire. To this date, the best films were grown on the basal plane of sapphire.
A Molecular Ferromagnet with a Curie Temperature of 6.2 Kelvin: [Mn(C5(CH3)5)2]+[TCNQ]-.

The study of magnetic phase transitions in insulating molecular solids provides new insights into mechanisms of magnetic coupling in the solid state and into critical phenomena associated with these transitions. Only a few such materials are known to display cooperative magnetic properties. The use of high-spin molecular components would enhance intermolecular spin-spin interactions and thus a series of chargetransfer (CT) salts have been synthesized that utilize the spin S = 1 molecular cation, [Mn(C5(CH3)5)2]+ (decamethylmanganocenium). The structure and cooperative magnetic behavior of [Mn(C5(CH3)5)2]+[TCNQ- (decamethylmanganocenium 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethanide) are reported. This salt is a bulk molecular ferromagnet with the highest critical (Curie) temperature (Tc = 6.2 K) and coercive field (3.6 x 103 gauss), yet reported for such a material.
Attributional processes in distressed and nondistressed married couples

The present study compared the tendencies on the part of distressed and nondistressed couples to attribute their partners' positive and negative behavior to internal versus external factors. The prediction was that, compared to nondistressed spouses, distressed spouses would be inclined to attribute their partners' positive behavior to external factors, and their negative behavior to internal factors. Forty-nine nondistressed and 23 distressed couples were randomly assigned to one of two instructional manipulations, delivered to one spouse unbeknownst to the other. One set of instructions was to “act positive” during a subsequent conflict resolution interaction; the other was to “act negative.” Following the conflict resolution task, the uninstructed spouse was given the opportunity to explain his/her partner's behavior by completing a questionnaire consisting of a series of internal and external causal attributions. The findings supported the following hypothesis: Distressed couples were particularly likely to attribute their partners' negative behavior to internal factors; nondistressed couples, on the other hand, were particularly likely to attribute their partners' positive behavior to internal factors. Moreover, there was an overall tendency to favor internal attributions, regardless of distress level or valence of the behavior being interpreted. Discussion centered both on the implications of these findings and on directions for future research.
A 40-kDa polypeptide from papain digestion of the rabbit intestinal Na+/phosphate cotransporter retains Na+ and phosphate cotransport.

The rabbit intestinal brush border membrane Na+/phosphate cotransporter was digested with a variety of proteolytic enzymes. Limited papain digestion generated a 40-kDa polypeptide (P40) which retained putative substrate site markers, fluorescein isothiocyanatophenyl glyoxal and eosin n-acetyl imidazole. P40 retained Na+- and phosphate-selective tryptophan fluorescence quenching, pH sensitivity of ion-induced conformational changes, and tight Na+ and H(2)PO(4)(-) binding. Reconstituted into proteoliposomes, P40 catalyzed Na+-dependent phosphate uptake. The N-terminus of P40 was blocked. An internal sequence of P40 demonstrated that it was derived from NaPi II b. These results suggest that P40 may be a useful model system for studies of the molecular mechanism of Na+-dependent phosphate cotransport and a starting point for structural studies.
Detectors for X-ray diffraction and scattering: a user's overview

An overview of the applications of X-ray detectors to material research is given. Four experimental techniques and their specific detector requirements are described. Detector types are classified and critical parameters described in the framework of X-ray diffraction and X-ray scattering experiments. The article aims at building a bridge between detector end-users and detector developers. It gives limits of critical detector parameters, like angular resolution, energy resolution, dynamic range, and active area.
The Network Architecture of Cortical Processing in Visuo-spatial Reasoning

Reasoning processes have been closely associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC), but specifically emerge from interactions among networks of brain regions. Yet it remains a challenge to integrate these brain-wide interactions in identifying the flow of processing emerging from sensory brain regions to abstract processing regions, particularly within PFC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected while participants performed a visuo-spatial reasoning task. We found increasing involvement of occipital and parietal regions together with caudal-rostral recruitment of PFC as stimulus dimensions increased. Brain-wide connectivity analysis revealed that interactions between primary visual and parietal regions predominantly influenced activity in frontal lobes. Caudal-to-rostral influences were found within left-PFC. Right-PFC showed evidence of rostral-to-caudal connectivity in addition to relatively independent influences from occipito-parietal cortices. In the context of hierarchical views of PFC organization, our results suggest that a caudal-to-rostral flow of processing may emerge within PFC in reasoning tasks with minimal top-down deductive requirements.
On higher order gradient continuum theories in 1-D nonlinear elasticity. Derivation from and comparison to the corresponding discrete models

Higher order gradient continuum theories have often been proposed as models for solids that exhibit localization of deformation (in the form of shear bands) at sufficiently high levels of strain. These models incorporate a length scale for the localized deformation zone and are either postulated or justified from micromechanical considerations. Of interest here is the consistent derivation of such models from a given microstructure and the subsequent comparison of the solution to a boundary value problem using both the exact microscopic model and the corresponding approximate higher order gradient macroscopic model.
Lidocaine Prevents Referred Hyperalgesia Associated with Cystitis

Aims Lidocaine produces analgesia by inhibiting excitation of nerve endings or blocking impulse conduction in peripheral nerves. This study was performed to determine whether intrathecal or intravesical administration of lidocaine prior, or subsequent, to induction of chemical cystitis in rats would block referred mechanical hyperalgesia. Methods Intrathecal or intravesical lidocaine was administered 15 (intrathecal) or 30 (intravesical) min before intravesical instillation of saline or 1 mM acrolein (400 µl) or 4 hr after saline or acrolein instillation in female Wistar rats. Mechanical sensitivity of hind paws was determined at 24 hr prior to any treatment (baseline) and, 4, 24, and 48 hr after intravesical instillation of acrolein or saline. Also, nerve growth factor (NGF) content was measured in bladder and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Results Pre-treatment with intrathecal or intravesical lidocaine attenuated acrolein-induced referred mechanical hyperalgesia of the hind paws. Lidocaine administered after acrolein instillation did not alter referred hyperalgesia. Lidocaine treatment prior to or after induction of cystitis reduced NGF content in the bladder. Conclusions These results indicate that pre-treatment with lidocaine attenuates referred hyperalgesia associated with cystitis. Lidocaine treatment 4 hr after induction of cystitis failed to prevent referred hyperalgesia despite a similar decrease in bladder NGF. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-α blockade on metabolic syndrome components in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and additional lessons learned from rheumatoid arthritis.

Psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases that manifest not only in the skin and joints but also in the form of cardiometabolic disturbances, which include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Thus, PsO and PsA patients are predisposed to metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In recent years, the introduction of targeted therapy in the form of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antagonists, such as infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab has been an important and effective addition to the treatment armamentarium for PsO and PsA. Although TNF-alpha antagonists have produced promising results clinically in reducing cutaneous and joint manifestations of PsO and PsA, their effects on MetS components in these patients are presently unclear. This review summarizes the current limited evidence on the effects of TNF-alpha antagonists on MetS components in PsO and PsA patients and extrapolates from related literature in rheumatoid arthritis, which is also a T cell-mediated inflammatory disease, for additional information.
How I know what I know

A series of images illustrate how a collective of people and events contribute to the formation of our knowledge of breast feeding. The work aims to demonstrate how we are inherently influenced by others in our life, organised learning, and life events. The viewer is challenged to consider the depth of his/her own knowledge and skills and how he/she shares that with others. This concept of deep knowledge and wide experience is respected as amasterful resource, however, this artist/midwife believes that when we have known something for a long time, we have little concept that others do not know anything of that topic. This begs the questions: How do we know? How do we teach? What understanding can we expect somone to have following our brief contact?
Direct neural induction and selective inhibition of mesoderm and epidermis inducers by Xnr3.

During gastrulation in amphibians, secreted factors from Spemann’s organizer act on dorsal ectoderm to induce the central nervous system. A number of secreted factors produced by Spemann’s organizer have recently been identified. The TGFβ family member Xnr3 is similar in amino acid sequence to the mouse factor nodal and is expressed in a restricted group of cells in the superficial layer of Spemann’s organizer. Xnr3, unlike the related factors nodal, Xnr1 and Xnr2, lacks mesoderm-inducing activity. We report here that Xnr3 can directly induce neural tissue in Xenopus ectoderm explants (animal caps). Injection of animal caps with either Xnr3 RNA or plasmids induces the expression of the pan-neural genes NCAM and nrp1, as well as the anterior neural marker Cpl1. A growing body of evidence suggests that neural induction in Xenopus proceeds as the default in the absence of epidermis inducers. The best candidates for the endogenous epidermis inducers are BMP-4 and BMP-7. The neural inducing activity of Xnr3 can be inhibited by overexpression of BMP-4, as has been observed with the neural inducers noggin, chordin and follistatin. Furthermore, Xnr3 can block mesoderm induction by BMP-4 and activin, but not by Xnr2. The structural basis underlying the divergent activities of Xnr2 and Xnr3 was analyzed using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutations introduced to the conserved cysteine residues characteristic of the TGFβ family were found to inactivate Xnr2, but not Xnr3. The most unique feature of Xnr3 is the absence of a conserved cysteine at the C terminus of the protein. This feature distinguishes Xnr3 from other TGFβ family members, including Xnr2. However, we observed that changing the C terminus of Xnr3 to more closely resemble other TGFβ family members did not significantly alter its activity, suggesting that other structural features of Xnr3 distinguish its biological activity from Xnr2. SUMMARY
Dexamethasone inhibits the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis and PHAS-I and p70 S6-kinase phosphorylation.

Glucocorticoids inhibit protein synthesis in muscle. In contrast, insulin and amino acids exert anabolic actions that arise in part from their ability to phosphorylate ribosomal p70 S6-kinase (p70S...
Analytic Evaluation of Collocation Integrals for the Radiosity Equation

In this work, we consider solving the radiosity equation using the collocation method. We develop analytic evaluation of the integrations which are needed to setup the linear system in solving the radiosity equation using the collocation method. These integrations are over triangular elements in R 3 . Our approach is to use affine transformations to convert integrations over elements in R 3 to integrations over elements in R 2 and then to use a change of variables. For this, we introduce functions Hm;n;k for m; n; k 2 N0 and use these to give our analytic formulas. The analytic evaluations of Hm;n;4 and other relevant integrations are given in detail for some values of m and n. Finally, a performance comparison of the analytic evaluation integration with that of other well-known numerical integration schemes is given.
Effective theory of Dirac dark matter

A stable Dirac fermion with four-fermion interactions to leptons suppressed by a scale {lambda}{approx}1 TeV is shown to provide a viable candidate for dark matter. The thermal relic abundance matches cosmology, while nuclear recoil direct detection bounds are automatically avoided in the absence of (large) couplings to quarks. The annihilation cross section in the early Universe is the same as the annihilation in our Galactic neighborhood. This allows Dirac fermion dark matter to naturally explain the positron ratio excess observed by PAMELA with a minimal boost factor, given present astrophysical uncertainties. We use the Galprop program for propagation of signal and background; we discuss in detail the uncertainties resulting from the propagation parameters and, more importantly, the injected spectra. Fermi/GLAST has an opportunity to see a feature in the gamma-ray spectrum at the mass of the Dirac fermion. The excess observed by ATIC/PPB-BETS may also be explained with Dirac dark matter that is heavy. A supersymmetric model with a Dirac bino provides a viable UV model of the effective theory. The dominance of the leptonic operators, and thus the observation of an excess in positrons and not in antiprotons, is naturally explained by the large hypercharge and low mass ofmore » sleptons as compared with squarks. Minimizing the boost factor implies the right-handed selectron is the lightest slepton, which is characteristic of our model. Selectrons (or sleptons) with mass less than a few hundred GeV are an inescapable consequence awaiting discovery at the LHC.« less
Hyperspectral and multispectral bioluminescence optical tomography for small animal imaging

For bioluminescence imaging studies in small animals, it is important to be able to accurately localize the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the underlying bioluminescent source. The spectrum of light produced by the source that escapes the subject varies with the depth of the emission source because of the wavelength-dependence of the optical properties of tissue. Consequently, multispectral or hyperspectral data acquisition should help in the 3D localization of deep sources. In this paper, we describe a framework for fully 3D bioluminescence tomographic image acquisition and reconstruction that exploits spectral information. We describe regularized tomographic reconstruction techniques that use semi-infinite slab or FEM-based diffusion approximations of photon transport through turbid media. Singular value decomposition analysis was used for data dimensionality reduction and to illustrate the advantage of using hyperspectral rather than achromatic data. Simulation studies in an atlas-mouse geometry indicated that sub-millimeter resolution may be attainable given accurate knowledge of the optical properties of the animal. A fixed arrangement of mirrors and a single CCD camera were used for simultaneous acquisition of multispectral imaging data over most of the surface of the animal. Phantom studies conducted using this system demonstrated our ability to accurately localize deep point-like sources and show that a resolution of 1.5 to 2.2 mm for depths up to 6 mm can be achieved. We also include an in vivo study of a mouse with a brain tumour expressing firefly luciferase. Co-registration of the reconstructed 3D bioluminescent image with magnetic resonance images indicated good anatomical localization of the tumour.
Associations of Gait Speed and Other Measures of Physical Function With Cognition in a Healthy Cohort of Elderly Persons

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that physical decline and slower gait may be associated with early signs of dementia, but more information on healthy older adults is needed. METHODS: We determined associations between cognitive function, gait speed, and self-reported measures of physical function in 3035 healthy mobile participants of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study evaluated in 2000-2001. Gait speed was measured over a 15-foot course with participants walking at both their usual and rapid pace. Self-reported difficulties with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and other physical function tasks were also collected. Results of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) determined cognitive function. RESULTS: The average age of the cohort was 78.6 years (standard deviation [SD] 3.3), and 53.9% of participants were men. Mean gait speed was 0.95 (SD 0.23) m/s at a usual pace and 1.35 (SD 0.58) m/s at a rapid pace. More than three-fourths of participants had 3MSE scores > 90. In multiple logistic models adjusted for demographics and comorbidities, risk of low cognition (defined as 3MSE score of 80-85) was almost twice as great for participants in the slowest quartile of the rapid-paced walking task than for the fastest walkers (odds ratio: 1.96, 95% confidence interval, 1.25-3.08). Associations between cognition and usual-paced walking were borderline, and no relationships were found with self-reported measures of physical function, including ADLs. CONCLUSIONS: In very healthy older adults, performance-based measures better predict early cognitive decline than do subjective measures, and tasks requiring greater functional reserve, such as fast-paced walking, appear to be the most sensitive in assessing these relationships. Language: en
Signaling through Purinergic Receptors for ATP Induces Human Cutaneous Innate and Adaptive Th17 Responses: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

Human cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs) have the ability to prime and bias Th17 lymphocytes. However, the factors that stimulate cutaneous DCs to induce Th17 responses are not well known. Alarmins, such as ATP, likely play a pivotal role in the induction and maintenance of cutaneous immune responses by stimulating DC maturation, chemotaxis, and secretion of IL-1β and IL-6, Th17-biasing cytokines. In this study, using a well-established human skin model, we have demonstrated that signaling purinergic receptors, predominantly the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), via an ATP analog initiate innate proinflammatory inflammation, DC17 differentiation, and the subsequent induction of Th17-biased immunity. Moreover, our results suggest a potential role for P2X7R signaling in the initiation of psoriasis pathogenesis, a Th17-dependent autoimmune disease. In support of this, we observed the increased presence of P2X7R in nonlesional and lesional psoriatic skin compared with normal healthy tissues. Interestingly, there was also a P2X7R variant that was highly expressed in lesional psoriatic skin compared with nonlesional psoriatic and normal healthy skin. Furthermore, we demonstrated that psoriatic responses could be initiated via P2X7R signaling in nonlesional skin following treatment with a P2X7R agonist. Mechanistic studies revealed a P2X7R-dependent mir-21 angiogenesis pathway that leads to the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and IL-6 and that may be involved in the development of psoriatic lesions. In conclusion, we have established that purinergic signaling in the skin induces innate inflammation, leading to the differentiation of human Th17 responses, which have implications in the pathogenesis and potential treatment of psoriasis.
Heteronchoineans (Monogenoidea) from the Gills of Crevalle Jack, Caranx hippos (Perciformes, Carangidae), from Everglades National Park, Florida, with a Redescription of Protomicrocotyle mirabilis (Gastrocotylinea, Protomicrocotylidae)

Examination of the gills of 10 crevalle jack, Caranx hippos (Linnaeus) (Carangidae), from the northeastern portion of Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, Florida revealed 3 species of Heteronchoinea (Monogenoidea): Protomicrocotyle mirabilis (MacCallum, 1918) Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 (Gastrocotylinea, Protomicrocotylidae) (prevalence 5 80%; intensity 5 2-16 parasites/host; mean intensity 5 7 parasites/host); Allopyragraphorus hippos (Hargis, 1956) Yamaguti, 1963 (Microcotylinea, Allopyragraphoridae) (80%; 1-8; 3.5); and Cemocotyle noveboracensis Price, 1962 (Microcotylinea, Cemocotylidae) (80%; 1-100; 35.3). Two crevalle jack (standard length 139-140 mm) were uninfected; 3 (standard length 154-183 mm) had mean intensities (all parasite species) of 14.3 (intensity 5 5-20) parasites per host; 5 larger hosts (standard length 5 312-395 mm) were more heavily infected with the 3 parasite species (mean intensity 5 63.8 (intensity 5 16-109) parasites per host). Protomicrocotyle mirabilis is redescribed and figured; A. hippos is considered a valid species and distinct from Allopyragraphorus incomparabilis (MacCallum, 1917) Yamaguti, 1963 (previously considered synonyms); and C. noveboracensis is distinguished from congenerics in part by lacking a haptoral lappet.
The effects of target distance on pivot hip, trunk, pelvis, and kicking leg kinematics in Taekwondo roundhouse kicks

The study purpose was to investigate the effects of target distance on pivot hip, trunk, pelvis, and kicking leg movements in Taekwondo roundhouse kick. Twelve male black-belt holders executed roundhouse kicks for three target distances (Normal, Short, and Long). Linear displacements of the pivot hip and orientation angles of the pelvis, trunk, right thigh, and right shank were obtained through a three-dimensional video motion analysis. Select displacements, distances, peak orientation angles, and angle ranges were compared among the conditions using one-way repeated measure ANOVA (p < 0.05). Several orientation angle variables (posterior tilt range, peak right-tilted position, peak right-rotated position, peak left-rotated position, and left rotation range of the pelvis; peak hyperextended position and peak right-flexed position of the trunk; peak flexed position, flexion range and peak internal-rotated position of the hip) as well as the linear displacements of the pivot hip and the reach significantly changed in response to different target distances. It was concluded that the adjustment to different target distances was mainly accomplished through the pivot hip displacements, hip flexion, and pelvis left rotation. Target distance mainly affected the reach control function of the pelvis and the linear balance function of the trunk.
What hath biopolitics wrought

Although the about biopolitics the there exact movement date, may I be think was some it launched safe disagreement to say in that the about the exact date, I think it safe to say that the biopolitics movem nt was launched i the 1960s. Now, a half century later, it may be appropriate to pose the rather obvious, if somewhat delicate, question: What has biopolitics contributed to political science? Here, I will try to persuade you that a biopolitical approach may have yielded answers to a couple of the most debated issues in political philosophy one, the granddady of them all, is "What is the nature of political man?" The other, much more recent, but steadily increasing in importance, is "Why are democracies so rare and so fragile?" Granted, I am not altogether a disinterested party on either of these questions but I will do my best to be reasonably objective.
Randomized Nonlinear Projections Uncover High-Dimensional Structure

We consider the problem of investigating the “structure” of a set of points in high-dimensional space (npoints ind-dimensional Euclidean space) whenn?d. The analysis of such data sets is a notoriously difficult problem in both combinatorial optimization and statistics due to an exponential explosion ind. A randomized nonlinear projection method is presented that maps these observations to a low-dimensional space, while approximately preserving salient features of the original data. Classical statistical analyses can then be applied, and results from the multiple lower-dimensional projected spaces are combined to yield information about the high-dimensional structure. We apply our dimension reduction techniques to a pattern recognition problem involving PET scan brain volumes.
Inhibition of micro-RNA-induced RNA silencing by 2′-O-methyl oligonucleotides in Drosophila S2 cells

Abstract More than 90 different micro–ribonucleic acid (miRNA) encoding genes have been identified in Drosophila, yet the function of only two of these, bantam and DmiR-14, has been elucidated. In an effort to develop a general strategy for the analysis of miRNA function in Drosophila, two procedures were developed, in a Schneider line 2 cell culture system, which may be adapted to that end. First, we show that endogenous miRNAs can partially inhibit the expression of a transiently transfected reporter gene that has been modified to contain sequences complementary to that miRNA in the 3′ UTR of a target messenger RNA (mRNA). Inhibition occurs by RNA interference (RNAi), which involves mRNA degradation. Second, we demonstrate that this miRNA-induced RNAi can be partially rescued with 2′-O-methyl oligonucleotides that contain sequences complementary to the cognate miRNA. We discuss how these techniques may be used, in vivo, both for localizing the tissue distribution of endogenous miRNAs during Drosophila d...
Three Dimensions Simulation of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Stratospheric Hydrogen Chloride

Spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric HCl columns are calculated for January 1979 using a three-dimensional chemistry-transport model designed to provide the best possible representation of stratospheric transport. Large spatial and temporal variability of the HCl columns is shown to be correlated with lower stratospheric potential vorticity and thus to be of dynamical origin. Systematic longitudinal structure is correlated with planetary wave structure. These results can help place spatially and temporally isolated column and profile measurements in a regional and/or global perspective.
Examining teacher instructional leadership within the small group dynamics of collegial groups

Abstract For schools to succeed with students who historically have never graduated from high school, teachers will be instructional leaders. The purposes of this qualitative case study were to: (a) assess the instructional leadership of two teachers as collegial group facilitators, and (b) examine teacher mediation effects upon this leadership. Jessie, framing her leadership in guiding and supporting teacher collegiality and recruited by the principal, provided an instructional orientation within her group. Teacher mediation effects were analyzed as collegial and supportive. Danielle, interpreting her leadership in teacher–administrator dynamics and apparently not recruited by the principal, was miscast for the role of group facilitator: She exhibited little instructional leadership. Mediation effects were neutralized, largely because Danielle did not focus group interactions around instruction. Whereas previous researchers found that teacher mediation effects often countered teacher leadership, this study uncovered little evidence for this phenomenon. Facilitator practical knowledge and principal support emerged as factors influencing teacher leadership development.
Reality Television and the Metapragmatics of Racism

In the contemporary United States, racism is commonly thought to be located in the hearts and minds of a particular negatively valorized social figure: the “racist.” Racist discourse is often implicit and indexical, and interracial interactions may be overdetermined by mutual “racial paranoia” (Jackson 2008) about interlocutors' true thoughts. In this paper I argue that the reality television genre has a unique engagement with tropes of authenticity and intentionality that exploits this dynamic of suspicion. I take as an example a conflict that occurred on an episode of Survivor around comments made by a White southern man to an African American woman. In the scenes analyzed, racial paranoia is itself mobilized as a narrative hook. Participants prod each other to reveal the indexical meaning that they suspect is underlying each other's utterances, showing a perceived incongruence between language and intention. Casting, production, and editorial practices contribute to the dramatization of racism as interpersonal conflict. I show that interventions like sound mixing, the use of testimonial interviews, and the editorial placement of reaction shots reinscribe broader cultural oppositions between “authentic” mental states and “false” performed identities.
Regulation of TLR2-Mediated Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance through IRAK4 Modulation by miR-132 and miR-212

Innate immune response is the first defense against pathogens via recognition by various conserved pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs, to initiate a rapid and strong cytokine alarm. TLR signaling-mediated cytokine production must be properly regulated to prevent pathological conditions deriving from overproduction of cytokines. In this study, the role of specific microRNAs in TLR-signaling pathway was investigated to reveal the cross-interaction and -regulation in the MyD88 pathway. In peptidoglycan (PGN)/TLR2-stimulated THP-1 monocytes, PBMCs, and primary macrophages showed rapid and dramatic miR-132 and miR-212 (miR-132/-212) upregulation. This newly identified response appeared earlier in time than the characteristic miR-146a response in LPS-TLR4 stimulation. The rapid induction of miR-132/-212 was transcription factor CREB dependent, and the sustained expression of miR-132/-212 was responsible for inducing tolerance to subsequent PGN challenge. Cross-tolerance was observed by TLR5 ligand flagellin and heat-killed or live bacteria resulting from miR-132/-212 upregulation. Mechanistically, IRAK4 was identified and validated as a target of miR-132/-212 by luciferase reporter assay and seed-sequence mutagenesis of the reporter. Transfection of miR-132 or miR-212 alone mimicked PGN tolerance in monocytes, whereas transfected specific miRNA inhibitors tampered the tolerance effect. During bacterial infection, PGN-mediated TLR2 signaling induces miR-132/-212 to downregulate IRAK4, an early component in the MyD88-dependent pathway, whereas LPS/TLR4-induced miR-146a downregulates downstream components of the same MyD88-dependent pathway. The identification of miR-132/-212 and miR-146a together to prevent damaging consequences from the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines by targeting a common signaling pathway is significant and will provide insights into future design and development of therapeutics.
Non-frontal view facial expression recognition based on ergodic hidden Markov model supervectors

Automatic facial expression recognition from non-frontal views is a challenging research topic which has recently started to attract the attention of the research community. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to tackling this problem based on the ergodic hidden Markov model (EHMM) supervector representation of facial images. First, the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) feature vectors are extracted from a dense grid of every facial images. Next, an EHMM is trained over all facial images in the training set and is referred to as the universal background model (UBM). The UBM is then maximum a posteriori adapted to each facial image in the training and test sets to produce the image-specific EHMMs. Based on these EHMMs, we derive a supervector representation of the facial images by means of an upper bound approximation of the Kullback-Leibler divergence rate between two EHMMs. Finally, facial expression recognition is performed in the linear discriminant subspace of the EHMM supervectors using the k-nearest-neighbor classification algorithm. Our experiments of recognizing six universal facial expressions over extensive multiview facial images with seven pan angles (−45° ∼ +45°) and five tilt angles (−30° ∼ +30°), which are synthesized from the BU-3DFE facial expression database, show promising results compared to the state of the arts recently reported.
Inverse mapping of continuous functions using local and global information

This paper presents a method for solving inverse mapping of a continuous function learned by a multilayer feedforward mapping network. The method is based on the iterative update of input vector toward a solution, while escaping from local minima. The input vector update is determined by the pseudo-inverse of the gradient of Lyapunov function, and, should an optimal solution be searched for, the projection of the gradient of a performance index on the null space of the gradient of Lyapunov function. The update rule is allowed to detect an input vector approaching local minima through a phenomenon called "update explosion". At or near local minima, the input vector is guided by an escape trajectory generated based on "global information", where global information is referred to here as predefined or known information on forward mapping; or the input vector is relocated to a new position based on the probability density function (PDF) constructed over the input vector space by Parzen estimate. The constructed PDF reflects the history of local minima detected during the search process, and represents the probability that a particular input vector can lead to a solution based on the update rule. The proposed method has a substantial advantage in computational complexity as well as convergence property over the conventional methods based on Jacobian pseudo-inverse or Jacobian transpose. >
Traumatic Brain Injury as a Chronic Health Condition

Growing evidence indicates that multiple types of brain injury, including traumatic brain injury, are dynamic conditions that continue to change years after onset. For a subset of individuals who incur these injuries, decline occurs over time and is likely due to progressive neurodegenerative processes, comorbid conditions, aging, behavioral choices, and/or psychosocial factors. Deterioration, whether directly or indirectly associated with the original brain injury, necessitates a clinical approach as a chronic health condition, including identification of risk and protective factors, protocols for early identification, evidence-based preventive and ameliorative treatment, and training in self-management. We propose that the acknowledgment of chronic brain injury will facilitate the research necessary to provide a disease management approach.
Cyclic Motion of the Soft Palate in Feeding

The soft palate moves rhythmically during feeding, but the timing and frequency of this motion are not known. We tested the hypothesis that cyclic soft palate motion is temporally linked to cyclic jaw movement. Nine healthy, asymptomatic human subjects with normal dentition ate solid food coated with barium. Videofluorographic recordings showed that rhythmic motions of the soft palate during mastication were linked temporally to jaw motion. Soft palate motion occurred in every recording but not in every jaw cycle. The soft palate moved upward as the jaw opened, but the nasopharynx was not sealed. During swallowing, however, the soft palate invariably elevated during the intercuspal phase of jaw motion, sealing the nasopharynx. The frequency of soft palate cycles was lowest early in a feeding sequence and gradually increased as the sequence progressed from ingestion to swallowing. We conclude that cyclic movement of the soft palate in feeding is temporally linked to jaw motion.
Evaluating the impact of problem-based learning on learning styles of master's students in nursing administration.

Problem-based learning (PBL) was adopted in 1999 as the major teaching strategy in the four core courses of the master of science in nursing (MSN) program in Nursing Administration. Three standardized tests were used to assess the impact of PBL on student learning and performance. This article reports a study designed to assess the impact of a PBL curriculum on master's students' Learning Style Inventory (LSI-IIa). Experiential learning theory is used in this descriptive comparative design to compare LSI scores of 29 MSN students before and after two consecutive semesters of using PBL in Nursing Administration core courses. The post-PBL findings suggest that, in the learning cycle, students' preference increased for the conceptualizing–experiencing pole. Prior to PBL, 38% of the students selected the accommodator learning style and 34% selected the converger learning style. In post-PBL, 11 students changed their learning style, fewer students were in the accommodator group, and the converger group was unchanged. Differences in LSI scores are compared with those of post-RN students and medical students experiencing PBL curriculum changes. Assessing student outcomes in Nursing Administration MSN curriculum is possible with standardized tests designed by management and psychology educators. Experiential learning theory is a useful perspective from which to study PBL.