cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organization and Function of a Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic

Although acute pain is useful because it compels patients to seek medical counsel and serves as a useful diagnostic aid to the physician, in its chronic pathologic form it has no biologic value. Rather, chronic pain is a malefic force which often imposes severe emotional, physical, and economic stress on the patient, on his family, and on our society. Although accurate statistics are not available, data from a variety of sources suggest that chronic pain states cost the American people between 50 and 75 billions of dollars annually in hospital and health services and loss of work productivity. Even more important is the cost in terms of human suffering: millions of patients do not get the relief they deserve. Many of these are exposed to a high risk of iatrogenic complication from improper therapy, including narcotic intoxication and multiple, often useless, and at times mutilating operations; a significant number give up medical care and consult quacks who not only deplete the patient’s financial resources but often do harm; some patients with severe intractable pain become so desperate as to commit suicide.
Analysis of T-RFLP data using analysis of variance and ordination methods: A comparative study

ARTICLE I NFO The analysis of T-RFLP data has developed considerably over the last decade, but there remains a lack of consensus about which statistical analyses offer the best means for finding trends in these data. In this study, we empirically tested and theoretically compared ten diverse T-RFLP datasets derived from soil microbial communities using the more common ordination methods in the literature: principal component analysis (PCA), nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) with Sorensen, Jaccard and Euclidean distance measures, correspondence analysis (CA), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and a technique new to T-RFLP data analysis, the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. Our objectives were i) to determine the distribution of variation in T-RFLP datasets using analysis of variance (ANOVA), ii) to determine the more robust and informative multivariate ordination methods for analyzing T-RFLP data, and iii) to compare the methods based on theoretical considerations. For the 10 datasets examined in this study, ANOVA revealed that the variation from Environment main effects was always small, variation from T-RFs main effects was large, and variation from T-RF×Environment (T×E) interactions was intermediate. Larger variation due to T×E indicated larger differences in microbial communities between environments/ treatments and thus demonstrated the utility of ANOVA to provide an objective assessment of community dissimilarity. The comparison of statistical methods typically yielded similar empirical results. AMMI, T-RF- centered PCA, and DCA were the most robust methods in terms of producing ordinations that consistently reached a consensus with other methods. In datasets with high sample heterogeneity, NMS analyses with Sorensen and Jaccard distance were the most sensitive for recovery of complex gradients. The theoretical comparison showed that some methods hold distinct advantages for T-RFLP analysis, such as estimations of variation captured, realistic or minimal assumptions about the data, reduced weight placed on rare T-RFs, and uniqueness of solutions. Our results lead us to recommend that method selection be guided by T-RFLP dataset complexity and the outlined theoretical criteria. Finally, we recommend using binary or relativized peak height data with soil-based T-RFLP data for ordination-based exploratory microbial analyses.
Basal cell, squamous cell, and sebaceous gland carcinomas of the periorbital region

It is important that clinicians suspect malignancy in patients who have persistent or nonhealing periorbital lesions. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelids are frequently misdiagnosed clinically and, in the case of squamous cell and sebaceous gland carcinomas, histologically as well. Prompt and adequate biopsy can facilitate early diagnosis and thus avoid unnecessary metastatic spread in the case of squamous cell carcinoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma, as well as the extensive local destruction that basal cell carcinoma may produce.
Low-complexity Viterbi detection for a family of partial response systems

Viterbi detection combined with class IV partial response (PR) equalization has been used in commercial magnetic disk drive products. The use of PR models of the form (1-D) (1+D)/sup n/ where n>1 could potentially result in even higher storage densities. However, the computational complexity of the corresponding Viterbi decoders has hindered the use of such models in practice. The authors develop a novel decoding algorithm for PR systems of the above form which achieves near-optimal performance but requires less computation than Viterbi detection. >
The Perception of Identity by 6 1/2-Month-Old Infants.

Abstract In Study 1, sixteen 6 1 2 - month-olds were habituated to a Reversible stimulus (an upright face that could be perceived as an entirely different upright face when it was rotated 180°) and to a Nonreversible stimulus (a face that could be perceived as upright in only one orientation). Following habituation for each type of stimulus, test trials paired the habituated face with a novel stimulus (an inversion of the same face). For both Reversible and Nonreversible stimuli, the physical difference between the old and new test stimuli was the same (a 180° rotation); however, infants devoted more visual attention to the 180° rotation only when it was a Reversible face, suggesting that the identity change was detected. Experiment 2 ruled out the explanation that infants might have failed to dishabituate to the inversion of the Nonreversible stimulus because they could not remember it. Results are interpreted as evidence that 6 1 2 - month-old infants are not limited to face recognition based on similarity in pattern arrangement alone, but are capable of processing faces at a representational level.
Generic Processor Modeling for Automatically Generating Very Fast Cycle-Accurate Simulators

Detailed modeling of processors is required for validating processor behavior and evaluating parameters such as performance and power consumption. Fast cycle-accurate simulators are essential in handling today's complex hardware and software designs at a reasonable time. These problems are challenging enough by themselves and have seen many previous research efforts. Addressing both simultaneously is even more challenging, with many existing approaches focusing on one over another. Abstract models in fast simulators do not provide enough information required for different phases of the design. On the other hand, detailed models are very difficult to generate and result in very slow simulators. In this paper, a modeling approach based on reduced colored Petri net (RCPN) is proposed, which has the following three advantages: 1) it is very generic and support a wide range of processor features; 2) it offers a very simple and intuitive yet formal way of modeling pipelined processors; and 3) it can generate high-performance cycle-accurate simulators. RCPN inherits all useful features of colored Petri nets while avoiding their exponential growth in complexity. In this paper, it is shown how this approach is general enough to model features such as very long instruction word out-of-order execution, dynamic scheduling, register renaming, hazard detection, and branch prediction. Furthermore, the results of generating cycle-accurate simulators from RCPN models of XScale and StrongArm processors are shown, where an order of magnitude (~15 times on the average) speedup over the popular SimpleScalar advanced reduced instruction set computing machine simulator is achieved
Patch Size and Landscape Effects on Density and Nesting Success of Grassland Birds

Current management recommendations for grassland birds in North America emphasize providing large patches of grassland habitat within landscapes that have few forest or shrubland areas. These Bird Conservation Areas are being proposed under the assumption that large patches of habitat in treeless landscapes will maintain viable populations of grassland birds. This assumption requires that patch size and landscape features affect density and nesting success of grassland birds, and that these effects are consistent among years and regions and across focal species. However, these assumptions have not yet been validated for grassland birds, and the relative importance of local vegetation structure, patch size, and landscape composition on grassland bird populations is not well known. In addition, factors influencing grassland bird nesting success have been investigated mostly in small-scale and short-duration studies. To develop management guidelines for grassland birds, we tested the spatial and temporal repeatability of the influence of patch size and landscape composition on density and nesting success of 3 grassland passerines, after controlling for local-scale vegetation structure, climate, and—when analyzing nest success—bird density. We conducted our study during 4 years (1998–2001) in 44 study plots that were set up in 3 regions of the northern tallgrass prairie in Minnesota and North Dakota, USA. In these study plots we measured density and nesting success of clay-colored sparrows (Spizella pallida), Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), and bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). Statistical models indicated that density was influenced by patch size, landscape, region, and local vegetation structure more so than by local vegetation structure alone. Both magnitude and direction of the response of density to patch size varied among regions, years, and species. In contrast, the direction of landscape effects was consistent among regions, years, and between Savannah sparrows and bobolinks. In each species, this landscape effect was independent of patch size. Nesting success was not clearly influenced by patch size or landscape composition, and none of the factors that influenced avian density also influenced nesting success in any of the 3 species. General statements on “optimal habitat” for grassland birds should therefore be viewed cautiously. Instead, long-term studies in different regions as well as a deeper understanding of the local system are needed to determine which factors are most important for grassland birds in a particular area.
Eleventh-year response of loblolly pine and competing vegetation to woody and herbaceous plant control on a Georgia flatwoods site

Through 1 I growing seasons, growth of Ioblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) increased after control of herbaceous, woody, or both herbaceous and woody vegetation (total control)for thefirst 3 yr after planting on a bedded site in the Georgia coastal flatwoods. Gains in stand volume index from controlling either herbaceous or woody vegetatkn alone were approximately two-thirds that from controlling both types of vegetation. Pine response throicgh age I1 was approximately equalfor herbaceous control alone and woody control alone, whereas, response through age 5 was greater with control of only herbaceous vegetation. The impact of woody vegetation should continue to have a strong effect on pine growth through midrotation because ofits continued development. This is in contrast to herbaceous weeds that have greatly decreased in abundance
The Place of Race in Conservative and Far-right Movements

This paper explores current understandings and proposes new directions for research on the place of race in rightist social movements in the contemporary United States. We examine two broad categories of rightist movements. The first is white-majority conservative movements that deny their participation in racialized politics but in which race is implicit in their ideologies and agendas, such as the Tea Party. The second is far-right movements that explicitly espouse racist ideologies and agendas, such as neo-Nazi groups. For conservative movements, we examine the extent to which racial factors shape agendas and motivate participants. For far-right movements, we examine how they define race and seek to enact their racial goals. We point to productive possibilities for new research on the racial positionality of scholars of social movements, the relationship between rightist movements and larger social trends, and processual and longitudinal aspects of rightist movements.
Design and Optimization of Short-Range Aluminum-Air Powered Aircraft

Short-range, all-electric regional transport aircraft have been designed in an attempt to explore potential applications for carbon-free aircraft. The particular system of interest uses aluminum-air batteries, which have high specic energy characteristics ( 1300 Wh/kg), but lackluster specic power characteristics ( .2kW/kg). Furthermore, these batteries are non-rechargeable, but have projected costs for both recycling as well as purchase of the consumed aluminum anode; this paper investigates optimization of these aircraft according to both weight and operating cost. Results suggest that these aircraft may be viable using essentially present-day technology, albeit with a signicant weight penalty over comparable turboprop aircraft. Furthermore, at moderate design ranges, there are tradeos between weight, operating cost, as well as eld length. Operating costs are projected to be substantially lower than current aircraft at a variety of design ranges and further study is recommended.
The Meyerhof quotient and the synthesis of glycogen from lactate in frog and rabbit muscle. A reinvestigation

1. The conversion of lactate into glycogen was demonstrated in frog sartorius muscle in oxygen. The rates and amounts are highest when lactate is added to the bathing medium and are dependent on lactate and CO(2) concentration, as well as pH. The glycogen content of a resting muscle can be doubled in 4h at 24 degrees C. 2. Sartorius muscle, recovering aerobically in liquid paraffin from a period of anoxia, converts preformed lactate into glycogen at a lower rate and in smaller amounts than when lactate is added in an aqueous medium. The lower rates are similar to those Meyerhof found under the same conditions, after correction for temperature; they can be attributed partly to low muscle pH and partly to the limited amounts of lactate present. 3. Rabbit psoas muscle also shows the ability to convert added lactate into glycogen under aerobic conditions. The rates are low and similar to those in frog sartorius muscle recovering from anoxia. 4. The present experiments yield a Meyerhof quotient of 6.2, compared with Meyerhof's value of 4-5. However, these values are not significantly different from one another. 5. It is suggested that the glycogen coefficient, i.e. mol of glycogen formed/mol of lactate disappearing, is a more reliable way of assessing the resynthetic mechanism than the original quotient, i.e. mol of lactate disappearing/mol of lactate oxidized. The found coefficient is 0.419+/-0.024.
Flow cytometry: basic concepts and clinical applications in immunodiagnostics.

Objective: To review current and possible future clinical applications of flow cytometry in immunodiagnostic procedures. Data Sources: Recent research and review articles and textbooks on laboratory diagnosis and flow cytometry. Study Selection: Not applicable. Data Extraction: Performed by the author. Data Synthesis: Flow cytometry is the measurement of cellular and fluorescent properties of stained cells in a fluid stream as they move past a set of fixed detectors. The instruments are capable of measuring these properties on thousands of cells in but a few seconds. Many specimen types can be analyzed on the flow cytometer. Conclusion: Flow cytometry is especially useful in monitoring immunodeficiencies, leukemias, and other malignancies, but it has other uses, as well
The Coming of the ‘Horrible Hun’

Positive depictions of Wilhelm II continued to appear in Punch and Judy for many months after his departure from British shores in 1901. As late as October, 1902 (Wilhelm having returned for a shooting holiday with his uncle), George Hebblethwaite could depict a lounge-suited Kaiser enjoying port and cigars with John Bull, and refusing to see a scruffy delegation of refugee Boer statesmen (Figure 16.1). This apparent fondness of Wilhelm for Britain (and Britain for Wilhelm) perturbed Chancellor Bulow and the imperial court when, upon his return to Berlin, the Kaiser continued to wear civilian clothes and affect English manners: a sure sign to his aides of his being infected by ‘Anglo-mania’ and ‘un-German-ness’.1
The Biology of Quiescent CD4 T Cells, Their Role in HIV-1 Infection and Cocaine Drug Abuse

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of quiescent CD4+ T cells is an area of intense investigation. These cells block the early HIV life cycle resulting in a largely inefficient infection. While a series of restrictive factors have been identified to explain this phenomenon, the mechanisms are yet to be determined. Moreover, over the years, a number of immune and non-immune factors including cocaine drug abuse have been shown to lift the restriction and allow resting cells to be productively infected by HIV. In this review, we discuss the above, along with an overview of the biology of quiescent T cells. As resting T cells constitute a major portion of the viral reservoir, understanding the causes of the block to infection and the mechanisms behind alleviating the restriction will have major implications in the treatment of HIV.
High-dose therapy for refractory multiple myeloma: improved prognosis with better supportive care and double transplants

One hundred and thirty-five patients with advanced and refractory myeloma received one of three high-dose therapy regimens: melphalan at doses of 90 to 100 mg/m2 (MEL 100; 47 patients) without autotransplant; total body irradiation (TBI; 850 cGy) with either melphalan 140 mg/m2 or thiotepa 750 mg/m2 and autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) ( or = 43 months; 54 intermediate-risk patients displaying one of the two favorable parameters had EFS and OS durations of 16 and 36 months, respectively; and 52 poor-risk patients with high beta 2M not receiving MEL 200 had a dismal prognosis, with EFS of 3 months and OS of 5 months (all P < .0001). Further analysis that excluded treatment as a variable identified high beta 2M and resistant relapse as the two major adverse prognostic factors, one of which was present in 80% of the 135 patients. Among these 108 high-risk patients, prognosis was improved markedly with MEL 200 because of both better supportive care (PBSC and hematopoietic growth factors) and more intensive therapy using the double-transplant approach. This study supports the concept that safer and potentially more-effective therapies can be developed in the setting of advanced and resistant disease.
Wide Distribution of Genes for Tetrahydromethanopterin/Methanofuran-Linked C1 Transfer Reactions Argues for Their Presence in the Common Ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea

In this opinion article, I wish to highlight the fact that reactions linked to tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) and methanofuran (MF), the ones involved in methanogenesis as well as in methylotrophy, are much more widespread among both Bacteria and Archaea than originally thought. While, over the past two decades, databases of the respective genes have been steadily growing and expanding to include novel, divergent sequences, belonging to a variety of taxa, somehow a view still prevails of the limited distribution of these genes, along with an evolutionary scenario in which genes for the methanogenesis pathway were horizontally transferred from Euryarchaea into Proteobacteria (Graham et al., 2000; Gogarten et al., 2002; Boucher et al., 2003; Braakman and Smith, 2012; Arnold, 2015). The two main arguments originally used to support this scenario were (1) the limited distribution of the H4MPT/MF-dependent pathway in the bacterial domain of life, and (2) the low probability of the respective genes being lost in most bacterial lineages (Boucher et al., 2003). However, these arguments can be easily refuted in the light of the current knowledge. In Figure ​Figure1,1, I utilize the recently constructed universal tree of life (Hug et al., 2016), to map the taxa in which at least some of the genes for the H4MPT/MF-dependent C1 transfers are recognized. Among the Archaea, these include, in addition to the well-characterized methanonogens or methane oxidizers, members of Euryarchaeota not known for a methanogenic life style (Thermoplasmatales, Hadesarchaea; Baker et al., 2016), members of Crenarchaeota (Thermoproteales, Ignisphaera, Ingnispaeroid; Goker et al., 2010; Jay et al., 2016), Bathyarchaeota (Evans et al., 2015; Lazar et al., 2016), and Thorarchaeota (Seitz et al., 2016). Among the Bacteria, genes for the H4MPT/MF-dependent reactions have been identified, beside Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria (Vorholt et al., 1999), in the genomes of Planctomycetes (Chistoserdova et al., 2004; Chistoserdova, 2013), Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinomycetes, Synergistetes, Chloroflexi (Brown et al., 2011 and unpublished genomes available through the NCBI), as well as in the Candidate phylum NC10 (Ettwig et al., 2010). This wide distribution across the tree of life (Figure ​(Figure1),1), along with great sequence divergence for the genes in question (Chistoserdova, 2013; Evans et al., 2015; Spang et al., 2015) support a scenario of a long evolution within both Archaea and Bacteria, and point to the emergence of these reactions in early life, before Bacteria and Archaea have branched apart.
A dislocation-based crystal viscoplasticity model with application to micro-engineered plasma-facing materials

Abstract Materials developed with special surface architecture are shown here to be more resilient to the transient thermomechanical environments imposed by intermittent exposures to high heat flux thermal loading typical of long-pulse plasma transients. In an accompanying article, we present experimental results that show the relaxation of residual thermal stresses in micro-engineered W surfaces. A dislocation-based model is extended here within the framework of large deformation crystal plasticity. The model is applied to the deformation of single crystals, polycrystals, and micro-engineered surfaces composed of a uniform density of micro-pillars. The model is utilized to design tapered surface micro-pillar architecture, composed of a Re core and W coatings. Residual stresses generated by cyclic thermomechanical loading of these architectures show that the surface can be in a compressive stress state, following a short shakedown plasma exposure, thus mitigating surface fracture.
On R&D Capitalization and Value Relevance

In this paper, we respond to the critique of our article (Boone and Raman, 2001) by Ronen (2001). Our position is that Ronen s (2001) criticisms are not well-founded and that our study extends prior research by providing additional evidence about the ex post effects of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 2 (Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 1974, para. 12). Specifically, our study provides evidence consistent with the notion that the extant accounting and reporting for research and development (R&D) spending exacerbates information asymmetry.
Cutting Class in High School: Counsellor-Student Interactions and Negotiations

This paper reports findings from a qualitative study conducted with public high school students and guidance counsellors in the north eastern United States of America to examine how class cutting is understood and addressed. Our findings indicate that interactions between students and guidance counsellors are similar to negotiations. These negotiations, however, are implicit rather than explicit. Explicit negotiations offer guidance counsellors a valuable tool for collaboratively exploring cutting with all relevant parties, including students, teachers, administrators, and parents. Explicit negotiations can examine underlying issues and conflicts precipitating cutting, the social meaning that cutting has for this student, desired outcomes, impediments to these outcomes, and the negotiation process itself. Not only can explicit negotiations aid guidance counsellors learning about and responding to cutting more effectively, but they also can model effective, collaborative problem solving for students and the larger school community.
11‐1: Invited Paper: Towards the Ultimate Mixed Reality Experience: HoloLens Display Architecture Choices

HoloLens by Microsoft Corp. is the world’s first untethered Mixed Reality (MR) Head Mounted Display (HMD) system, released to developers in March 2016 as a Development Kit. We review in this paper the various display requirements and subsequent optical hardware choices we made for HoloLens. Its main achievements go along performance and comfort for the user: it is the first fully untethered MR headset, with the highest angular resolution and the industry’s largest eyebox. It has the first inside-out global sensor fusion system including precise head tracking and 3D mapping all controlled by a fully custom on-board GPU. Based on such achievements, HoloLens came out as the most advanced MR system today. Additional features may be implemented in next generations MR headsets, leading to the ultimate experience for the user, and securing the upcoming fabulous AR/MR market predicted by most analysts.
A library of novel monoclonal antibodies for determining levels of 4-hydroxy cyclophosphamide in biological fluids

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3107 The objective of this work was to develop monoclonal antibodies for a stable form of 4-hydroxy cyclophosphamide (HCY) in order to develop a rapid immunoassay for determining levels of HCY in the plasma of patients undergoing cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment. Cyclophosphamide is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug included in a number of cancer regimens. Cyclophosphamide is actually a pro-drug that becomes clinically active following metabolic conversion to HCY. Studies have shown high pharmacokinetic variability of cyclophosphamide and a relationship between systemic levels of the drug and clinical outcome. Determination of HCY levels in patient samples has been difficult because of the instability of this species. Several methods have been developed to trap HCY in a stable form as a hydrazone or an oxime so quantitative analysis by mass spectroscopic methods can be performed. An immunoassay would provide a rapid, automated method to determine levels of HCY in patient samples. However this is complicated since immunogens used to elicit antibody response to HCY would quickly decompose before an immunological response could be achieved. To circumvent this stability issue an immunogen was prepared to a stabilized form of HCY. The O-methyl oxime of HCY was attached to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or bovine thyroglobulin (BTG) via a hydrocarbon tether bound through the phosphamide nitrogen. These immunogens were successful in eliciting nine highly selective monoclonal antibod ies for the O-methyl oxime of HCY with dose response curves in the range of 50 ng/mL to 3000 ng/mL by ELISA . The Table below lists performance characteristics that are elicited by this type of immunogen. [Table][1]: Monoclonal antibody 2.7B5-11 performance characteristics This library of monoclonal antibodies is the first report of antibodies able to measure HCY by detecting a stabilized derivative. These antibodies will be useful for the rapid and cost effective analysis of HCY in human samples. By monitoring the active form of the drug it should be possible to better adjust dosing of cyclophosphamide to individual patients. ![Figure][2] [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
Enhancing the teaching of linear structural analysis using additive manufacturing

Abstract Structural analysis forms a key component in many courses in civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering. Conventionally, the matrix stiffness method, a subset of finite element analysis, tends to occupy a central position in a typical syllabus, with a special focus on plane frames providing a bridge between basic structural components with pedagogical clarity and real-world structures. Equations of equilibrium are set-up and the full force of linear algebra brought to bear using the capabilities of Matlab or more specialized FEA packages. Such classes have a tendency to become a little dry and suffer from the usual shortcomings of numerical analysis and a black box approach - shortcomings in the sense of conceptual understanding as opposed to usefulness in the hands of experienced practitioners. The relatively recent advent of additive manufacturing is an exciting opportunity to incorporate a practical aspect to structural analysis. This paper describes the use of 3D printing, via the flexural stiffness of plane frames, to develop a structural feel for students, augmenting theoretical analyses. In addition to directly addressing the role of modeling, approximation, applicability of the underlying theory, and measurement uncertainty, it is thoroughly hands-on and initial anecdotal evidence suggests a higher degree of student buy-in.
Embodied Harm: A Phenomenological Engagement with Stereotype Threat

By applying classical and contemporary insights of the phenomenological tradition to key findings within the literature on stereotype threat (ST), this paper considers the embodied effects of everyday exposure to racism and makes a contribution to the growing field of applied phenomenology. In what follows, the paper asks how a phenomenological perspective can both contribute to and enrich discussions of ST in psychology. In answering these questions, the paper uses evidence from social psychology as well as first personal testimonies from members of marginalized groups to argue that subjectively experienced racial oppression is embodied and thus has effects on selfhood that are harmful. More specifically, it makes the case that what are most often considered to be temporary or context-based consequences of ST are in fact more wide reaching and harmful than assumed in that the harms that result from suffering ST become a part of one’s identity, and thus a background lens through which one experiences the world.
Urban Nexus Science for Future Cities: Focus on the Energy-Water-Food-X Nexus

Rapid urban expansion of the world’s cities is placing unprecedented demands on the energy, water, food, and other (X) systems (e.g., mobility) that each offer multiple life-supporting services. Coordination that considers inter-sectoral connections among these urban systems and services remains nascent in practice, yet are critical to the future well-being, resource/operational efficiency, and resilience of urban areas. This paper therefore proposes an applied “urban nexus science” framework to identify integrated and synergistic pathways toward achieving urban sustainability. The design, planning, and operation of urban W-E-F systems can benefit from integrated analyses to accelerate infrastructure, land use, and hazard mitigation planning and decision-making. New knowledge quantifying the key effects of W-E-F systems designed in isolation versus an increasingly integrated systems, especially when exposed to hazards, health risks, or extreme events, are a critical need. Interactive system modeling and participatory technologies are needed to support stakeholder engagement and two-way (and multi-directional) information flow, for exploring outcomes of alternative solutions for integrating W-E-F sectors. To support such important efforts, research is needed to fill critical gaps in data, identify tradeoffs, and develop synergistic solutions that measure sustainability co-benefits based on different levels of urban integration among W-E-F systems and services.
Diverging currents: Continuous innovation in an engineering-based Technical Communication program

Mercer University's Department of Technical Communication has continuously moved away from established currents to create new ones that aid in making learning most effective. This paper presents three approaches to continuous innovation: innovations in teaching freshman writing as a general education course located in engineering, improving teaming strategies through strategic metacommunication, and incorporating open-source software development methods and tools into the curriculum.
The Leadership Ethics of Machiavelli’s Prince

This article examines the place of Machiavelli’s Prince in the history of ethics and the history of leadership philosophy. Close scrutiny indicates that Machiavelli advances an ethical system for leadership that involves uprooting corruption and establishing rule of law. He draws on history and current affairs in order to obtain a realistic understanding of human behavior that forms a basis for a consequentialist ethics. While he claims a good leader might do bad things, this is in situations where necessity constrains a prince to choosing the “least bad” course of action. Furthermore, Machiavelli advocates winning the goodwill of followers through leadership as a source of power. Machiavelli’s leadership ethics has a sophistication not fully enjoyed by his reputation in management scholarship. He would not score as especially “Machiavellian” on the Mach IV. Many of his ideas contain seeds for theories that are now considered important for leadership today.
The role of eveningness in obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Cross-sectional and prospective approaches.

Abstract Background: Eveningness may be defined as the tendency to be most active and alert during the evening. Previous research has linked eveningness with maladaptive psychological outcomes, and recent evidence has highlighted circadian dysregulation as a novel factor in psychopathology, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, limited research has examined the unique relationship between eveningness and OC symptoms. Two studies were conducted to thoroughly examine the links between eveningness and OC symptoms, while also considering the role of depression symptoms and sleep-related factors. Methods: Using a cross-sectional approach, Study 1 examined the association between eveningness and OC symptoms when controlling for depression symptoms. Study 2 then employed a prospective approach to examine the extent to which the relationship between eveningness and change in OC symptoms over 4 months is mediated by change in sleep disturbance and total sleep time when controlling for depression symptoms. Results: Results indicated that depression better accounts for the cross-sectional association between eveningness and OC symptoms. However, eveningness was found to be a more robust prospective predictor of change in OC symptoms in Study 2. Furthermore, sleep disturbance, but not total sleep time, partially mediated the relationship between eveningness and OC symptoms. Limitations: Single-method self-report approach, unselected sample, and lack of experimental manipulation. Conclusions:These findings suggest that eveningness may contribute to the development of OC symptoms over time, in part due to its effect on sleep disturbance. Future research examining the role of circadian dysregulation in OCD may uncover novel physiological mechanisms.
The Impact of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program across Insurance Types in California

Objective Examine 30-day readmission rates for indicator conditions before and after adoption of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP). Data California hospital discharge data, 2005 to 2014. Study design Estimated difference between pre-HRRP trends and post-HRRP rates of hospital readmissions after hospitalization for indicator conditions targeted by the HRRP (heart attack, heart failure, and pneumonia) by payer among insured adults. Principal findings Post-HRRP, reductions occurred for the three conditions among Fee-for-Service (FFS) Medicare. Readmissions decreased for heart attack and heart failure in Medicare Managed Care (MC). No reductions were observed in the younger commercially insured. Conclusions Post-HRRP, greater than expected reductions occurred in rehospitalizations for patients with Medicare FFS and Medicare MC. HRRP incentives may be influencing system-wide changes influencing care outside of traditional Medicare.
The Use of Bowel Interposed Between Proximal and Distal Ureter in Urinary Tract Reconstruction

Abstract The replacement of lost ureter with bowel interposition is a feasible alternative in the reconstruction of the urinary tract. When adequate ureteral length is not present, interposition of a portion of small bowel between the proximal and distal ureteral segments is an option that minimizes the amount of bowel in the urinary tract. This, in turn, reduces mucus production and electrolyte absorption in the reconstructed urinary tract, and allows for more bowel to remain as part of the functioning gastrointestinal tract. This procedure allows use of the antirefluxing function of the normal ureterovesical junction when present.
Alaska Palaeo-Glacier Atlas (Version 2)

Abstract This report is an update of the Alaska PalaeoGlacier Atlas. It includes information published since 2002 and is based on a more detailed map scale. In addition to the all-time maximum extent of former glaciers and the late Wisconsinan extent, this update includes the mapped limit for the penultimate glaciation, which generally occurred during the early Wisconsinan. The update also includes a compilation of cosmogenic exposure ages linked to the geospatial database.
Canine, but not rat bladder contracts to serotonin via activation of 5HT2 receptors.

Abstract Serotonin is a biogenic amine that can exert multiple effects on smooth muscle, including smooth muscle of the genitourinary tract; effects that may be species dependent. The present study using isolated tissues documents potent contractile responses to serotonin in canine bladder smooth muscle. Contractile responses to serotonin in canine bladder could be mimicked by a-methyl serotonin, a selective 5HT2 receptor agonist. In fact, although a-methyl serotonin was slightly less potent as a contractile agonist relative to serotonin, the contractile response to a-methyl serotonin was more persistent as evidenced by a greater recovery time to resting force following washout. In contrast, the 5HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT and the 5HT3 selective agonist, 2-methyl serotonin, did not markedly contract canine bladder. These data establish that contractile responses to serotonin in the canine bladder are mediated by activation of 5HT2 receptors. We further demonstrated that the 5HT2 receptor antagonist, LY53857, potently inhibited the contractile response to both serotonin and a-methyl serotonin in the canine bladder consistent with agonist activation of 5HT2 receptors. In contrast to the potent response to serotonin observed in the canine bladder, rat bladder preparations did not markedly contract in response to serotonin, α-methyl serotonin, 8-OH-DPAT, or 2-methyl serotonin. Thus, these studies reinforce the marked species variability in responsiveness to serotonin and indicate that contraction to serotonin in the canine bladder is mediated by activation of the 5HT2 receptor. (J. Urol, 143: 1037–1040, 1990)
Persistence of fluorescent nanoparticle-labelled bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and after intra-articular injection

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improve the osteoarthritis condition, but the fate of MSCs after intra-articular injection is unclear. We used fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots [QDs]) to track equine MSCs (QD-labelled MSCs [QD-MSCs]) in vivo after intra-articular injection into normal and osteoarthritic joints. One week after injection of QD-MSCs, unlabelled MSCs, or vehicle, we determined the presence of QD-MSCs in synovium and articular cartilage histologically. In vitro, we evaluated the persistence of QDs in MSCs and whether QDs affected proliferation, immunophenotype, or differentiation. In joints injected with QD-MSCs, labelled cells were identified on the synovial membrane and significantly less often on articular cartilage, without differences between normal and osteoarthritic joints. Joints injected with QD-MSCs and MSCs had increased synovial total nucleated cell count and protein compared with vehicle-injected joints. In vitro, QDs persisted in nonproliferating cells for up to 8 weeks (length of the study), but QD fluorescence was essentially absent from proliferating cells within two passages (approximately 3 to 5 days). QD labelling did not affect MSC differentiation into chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteocytes. QD-MSCs had slightly different immunophenotype from control cells, but whether this was due to an effect of the QDs or to drift during culture is unknown. QD-MSCs can be visualized in histological sections 1 week after intra-articular injection and are more frequently found in the synovial membrane versus cartilage in both normal and osteoarthritic joints. QDs do not alter MSC viability and differentiation potential in vitro. However, QDs are not optimal markers for long-term tracking of MSCs, especially under proliferative conditions.
CALCULATION OF INTERACTIVE MINING HOLES WITH THE PURPOSE OF OPTIMIZATION OF CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS AT BUILDING OF WATER INTAKES

Water intake facilities are an integral part of the construction industry. The choice of the water intake scheme, its operational characteristics, depend on the capital costs for the construction of the water intake, as well as the creation of better conditions for the operation of equipment and networks. The cost of these facilities is very high. Therefore, when designing them, it is necessary to choose the optimal design scheme and operating modes during the design life. Operational experience has shown that in order to ensure the most optimal conditions of water intake from an underground source, it is desirable to have a well in one line. In the calculations, the influence of wells on each other is taken into account as in group work, if the distance between them is less than two influence radii. This arrangement of wells allows to reduce the area and capital costs for the construction of water intake, as well as to create the best conditions for the operation of equipment and networks. The calculation of the group of interacting wells is to find the number of tubular wells, the distance between them, flow and levels (static and dynamic). When determining the operation modes of the combined water conduit, it is necessary to take into account the joint operation of clean water tanks and tubular wells. The diameter of the collecting water pipe must be increased, with an increase in the number of wells to be connected, and therefore an increase in the flow rate. The linear scheme of connection of wells on water intake from an underground source of water supply is the most common in the practice of construction and operation of groundwater water intakes, when wells are used as water intake devices and it is necessary to improve the quality of the water extracted from the aquifer before supplying it to the consumer. On water intakes containing a large number of wells located along the river at a certain distance from it, the calculations use a formula that allows the replacement of a real number of wells by a gallery at a rate of 1 m in length.
Statistical characterization of cross terms in snapshot-averaged multiplicative processors

Multiplicative processors generate spatial spectrum estimates for sparse arrays, such as nested and coprime arrays, by multiplying the beamformed outputs of two interleaved subarrays. Nested and coprime arrays achieve significant sensor savings compared to dense Uniform Linear Arrays (ULAs) since one or both subarrays are undersampled. Chavali et al. show that careful design of the subarrays and proper selection of beamformer weights can guarantee power pattern performance (response to single planewave source) comparable to a conventional ULA processor [JASA (2018)]. The multiplicative processors’ response to multiple sources contains cross terms that appear as erroneous sources in the spectral estimate. The height of cross term peaks in the spectrum depends on the subarray design, beamformer weights, and signal powers. Ksienski and Pedinoff show that averaging the multiplicative processor output over snapshots reduces the power of uncorrelated cross terms [IEEE (1962)], though they do not explore how much averaging is required. This talk derives the statistics of the averaged cross terms assuming complex Gaussian planewave signals and noise. The statistical model is used to predict the number of snapshots required to eliminate uncorrelated cross term peaks from the multiplicative spectra. Analytical predictions show excellent agreement with planewave simulations. [Work supported by ONR.]
Conserving the biological diversity of forests: Program and organizational experiences of state governments in the United States

/ Major responsibility for conserving forest biodiversity is often assigned to natural resource agencies. Often unknown is the appropriate administrative context for doing so, especially the organizational location for biodiversity programs in state government, suitable levels of financial and professional investment in biodiversity programs, processes useful for coordinating programs located in different administrative settings, and the effectiveness of biodiversity programs, especially conditions associated with programs judged to be very effective. Focusing on forests, a nationwide survey of 156 forestry agency and biodiversity program administrators in all 50 states was undertaken. Effective forest biodiversity programs were those with a long-range plan, administered as a single organizational unit, located in close organizational proximity to a state's forestry agency, actively providing management practice advice to landowners, administrators, and the public, and firm actions taken to ensure coordination with other natural resource programs.
The Apollo program and amino acids

Apollo lunar sample analyses designed to detect the presence of organic compounds are reviewed, and the results are discussed from the viewpoint of relevance to laboratory experiments on the synthesis of amino acids and to theoretical models of cosmochemical processes resulting in the formation of organic compounds. Glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, and threonine have been found repeatedly in the hydrolyzates of hot aqueous extracts of lunar dust. These compounds represent an early step in the sequence of events leading to the rise of living material and were probably deposited by the solar wind. The results of the Apollo program so far suggest that the pathway from cosmic organic matter to life as it evolved on earth could have been pursued on the moon to the stage of amino acid precursors and then may have been terminated for lack of sufficient water.
The Asylum Era and Moral Therapy

This chapter discusses the era of “moral therapy,” beginning in the eighteenth century, and lays out evidence that this approach had great success in treating even seemingly intractable cases of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. This chapter features my interview with David Healy, Professor of Psychiatry at Bangor University and the author of Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder.