cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment upon morphological organization of the posteromedial barrel subfield in mouse somatosensory cortex

Abstract While recent studies indicate that proposed regulation of visual cortex plasticity by norepinephrine (NE) probably involves 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) effects other than NE depletion, reports of diminished neuronal maturation and reduced postweaning sensitivity to environmental conditions in animals treated with anti-adrenergic compounds continue to suggest a role for NE in neocortical development. To assess its possible role in development of a highly organized neocortical structure, the effects of postnatal 6-OHDA administration upon development of the somatosensory cortical posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF), which subserves the large facial whiskers, were observed in mice with whiskers in the middle row of the face removed unilaterally. Treatment with 6-OHDA caused 96–98% depletion of NE in parietal cortex. There were no effects of (or lesion interactions with) 6-OHDA treatment on barrel size in measures of Nissl-stained neurons, and 6-OHDA effects on numerical measures of dendritic branching of Golgi-impregnated non-pyramidal neurons in PMBSF were negligible. There were, however, effect of 6-OHDA treatment upon the highly ordered arrangement of dendrites within barrels. In 6-OHDA-treated animals, the class I (spiny and sparsely spined) cell dendrites were less attracted to the barrel hollow. In controls, for class I cells with their somata within the barrel wall, there was a high correlation between the distance from the soma to the hollow and the amount of dendrite in the wall, reflecting the distance the dendrite traverses to the hollow. In 6-OHDA-treated animals, this correlation was absent, i.e., cells at any distance from the hollow tended to have a high percentage of dendrite in the wall. For cells in the hollow, in controls, a relatively constant majority of dendrite stayed in the hollow. In 6-OHDA-treated animals, the amount of dendrite that hollow cells extended into the wall increased as the somata became closer to the wall, suggesting a loss of systematic governance of the orientation of dendrites by the overall pattern of the barrel. Thus the effect of 6-OHDA administration was to reduce enforcement of the normal rules of barrel organization. Two other findings related to the spread of dendrites into septa and neighboring barrels. It was found that 6-OHDA treatment increased the frequency of class II cells (smooth cells) having significant amounts of their dendrites extending outside the original barrel. Similarly, the drug treatment increased the number of class I cells extending their dendrites into adjacent denervation-induced barreloids. Given evidence that afferent activity is involved in postnatal organization of the PMBSF, all 3 findings accord with the proposal that the physiological effects of NE are to suppress background activity and to potentiate specific afferent activity, which might attract or selectively retain dendrites growing in regions of highest thalamic afferent density.
Uptake of bromacil by isolated barley roots.

A study of bromacil uptake by excised barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots was used to evaluate this procedure as a tool to learn the uptake characteristics of toxic organic chemicals. Bromacil uptake was shown to be a passive process with an uptake rate (at 0.8 mg l-1) of 0.64 μg bromacil g-1 fresh root hr-1. A Q10 for the process was determined to be 1.5 and living roots were required for bromacil uptake. This procedure was judged to be a quick and inexpensive method to screen plant uptake of toxic chemicals.
The Arabidopsis ATRIP ortholog is required for a programmed response to replication inhibitors

The programmed response to replication inhibitors in eukaryotic cells requires the protein kinase ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3-related), which is activated primarily through the persistence of replication protein A (RPA)-bound single-stranded DNA at stalled replication forks and sites of DNA damage undergoing excision repair. Once activated, ATR initiates a cascade of events, including cell-cycle arrest and induction of DNA repair, to mitigate the mutagenic effects of DNA replication in the presence of damage and/or blockage. While many of the molecular regulators of ATR have been determined in yeast and animal cells, little is known about ATR regulation in plants. To genetically define ATR regulatory pathways in Arabidopsis, we describe here a genetic screen for identifying mutants that display a characteristic phenotype of Arabidopsis atr null mutants - hypersensitivity to the replication blocking agent hydroxyurea (HU). Employing this screen, we isolated a novel mutant, termed hus2 (hydroxyurea-sensitive), that displays hypersensitivity to HU, aphidicolin and ionizing radiation, similar to atr mutants. In addition, cell-cycle progression in response to replication blocks and ionizing radiation is defective in hus2, displaying a nearly identical phenotype to atr mutants. Positional cloning of hus2 reveals a gene sequence similar to yeast Rad26/Ddc2 and ATRIP (ATR interacting protein), suggesting that hus2 encodes an Arabidopsis ATRIP ortholog.
Rethinking the Education of Cultural Minorities to and from Assimilation: A Perspective from Jewish Education

Education and assimilation seem intimatelyconnected; education either supports assimilation or thwarts it. But these paradigms assume a model of cultural vitality that depends on what one scholar aptly terms “tenacious adherence,” over time, to an unchanging cultural or religious tradition. Taking the example of the Jewish community and Jewish education and drawing on Jewish history and contemporary sociology of the Jews as well as other scholarship, this article presents the argument that this model is untenable. Instead, the goals of Jewish education ought to be reconceptualized, and the aim should instead be for “responsible assimilation,” that is, the cultivation of the capacity to creatively and responsibly assimilate external norms and practices in the service of the growth and vitality of Jewish culture.
TH-C-224C-05: Analysis of Radiation-Induced Pneumonitis in Lung Cancer Patients

Purpose: To study clinical, physiological, biological and dose‐volume factors in lungcancer patients who developed symptomatic radiation‐ induced pneumonitis (RP). Method and Materials: Data from two‐hundred patients with non‐small cell lungcancer who received 3D conformal radiotherapy (RT) treatment were analyzed using an in‐house developed MATLAB‐based analysis tool, EUCLID. The effect of 52 clinical, physiological and biological factors, as well as dosimetric variables extracted from the lungdose‐volume histogram (DVH) was analyzed using univariate and multivariate approaches. Results: Thirty nine patients (19%) developed RP. In the univariate analysis, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) post‐treatment, normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), mean lungdose, history of smoking, level of TGF‐β post‐treatment and nodal stage were associated with RP (p‐range 0.001–0.033). When considering the percentage of volume of lung receiving more than a specified dose, we found that 60 Gy (V60) yields the strongest correlation with RP (p=0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, a logistic regression analysis was performed using different sets of uncorrelated variables. The predictive power of the model was quantified using the area under the Receiver‐Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The best result was obtained with V30, FEV1, age, time of chemotherapy (before, after or concurrent with RT) and Lobe (location of tumor inside the lung). The area under the curve for these variables was 0.85. While only the regression coefficients of V30 and FEV 1 determined a correlation with RP with a p‐value less than 0.05, the exclusion of the other three variables led to a lower area under the curve. Conclusion: V30 and FEV 1 were the best predictors of symptomatic RP after external beam RT for lungcancer.Multivariate analysis showed that other clinical factors that are not individually strongly associated with RT can be included in a regression model to increase the predictive power of that model.
The NIF ignition program : progress and planning

The first experimental campaign for ignition, beginning in 2010 after NIF construction and commissioning are completed, will include experiments to measure and optimize key laser and target conditions necessary for ignition. These 'tuning campaigns' will precede the first ignition shots. Ignition requires acceptable target performance in several key areas: energetics, symmetry, shock timing and capsule hydrodynamics. Detailed planning and simulations for 'tuning campaigns' in each of these areas is currently underway, as part of the National Ignition Campaign (NIC) Program. Tuning and diagnostic methods are being developed and tested on present facilities, including the OMEGA laser at the Laboratory for Energetics (LLE), the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and the Trident laser at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Target fabrication development is underway at General Atomics (GA), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and LANL.
Identification of the cDNA for xlcaax-1, a membrane associated Xenopus maternal protein

xlcaax-1 is a cDNA coding for a CAAX box containing protein in Xenopus laevis that undergoes isoprenylation and palmitoylation. Here we report on the confirmation that this clone (formerly xlgv7) codes for a 110 kDa membrane associated protein and not an 80 kDa nuclear protein as originally believed (1). The reason for the misidentification was the presence of a common epitope on these two proteins recognized by the monoclonal antibody 37-1A9. We clarified the discrepancy by raising polyclonal antibodies against the xlcaax-1 protein produced in a bacterial expression system and demonstrating that these antibodies only recognize the 110 kDa protein on western blots of oocyte extracts. During early development xlcaax-1 protein starts reaccumulating from the neurula stage. In the adult frog both the xlcaax-1 protein and its cognate mRNA are highly enriched in the kidney. Consistent with the presence of CAAX box at the C-terminus this protein is associated with the membranes in Xenopus tissue culture cells (XTC).
Abstract C162: MET oncogen inhibition as a potentitial target for therapy of uveal melanoma

Purpose: Uveal melanomas (UM), including choroidal, iris and ciliary body melanomas, are the most common intraocular malignancy in adult. The tumor spreads through a hematogenous route mostly to the liver in about 50% of the patients. Once metastatic, UMs are highly fatal and currently there is no available therapy for these tumors. Identifying novel therapy is crucial to improve the survival of these patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the utility of MET inhibition as a potential therapy for UM. Methods: The frequency of MET activation (phospho‐MET expression) in UM was studied using immunohistochemistry in 46 tumors. The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of selective MET inhibitor SU11274 was assessed on the five UM cell lines using cell proliferation assay. Inhibition of MET activation in UM cells treated with the SU11274 was confirmed using Western blot analysis. Effect of MET inhibition on cell migration was also studied. Results: Our results showed that the majority (82.5%) of the 46 UM studied showed strong to moderate expression of phospho‐MET. Selective MET blocking showed inhibition of tumor cell proliferation at an IC50 ranging from 2∼ 10 µM. In addition significant inhibition UM cell line migration was observed. Conclusions: Our results indicate that MET is activated in a significant number of uveal melanomas. Our results also indicate the potential utility of MET inhibition as a target for therapy of UM. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C162.
Cytochrome P450-Dependent Hydroxylation of Prosulfuron (CGA 152005) by Wheat Seedling Microsomes†

Microsomes isolated from shoot tissues of etiolated wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. var. Olaf) oxidized the sulfonylurea herbicide prosulfuron (CGA 152005). One major and two minor enzymatic oxidation products were isolated and identified by negative ion FAB/MS and cochromatography (TLC and HPLC) with reference standards. Identification of the major oxidation product (I) as 1-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-3-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-5-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl]urea was confirmed by proton NMR spectroscopy. Minor oxidation products were tentatively identified as 1-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)phenylsulfonyl]urea (II) and an intermediate oxidation product 1-[4-[(hydroxymethyl)oxy]-6-methyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)phenylsulfonyl]urea (III) that degraded to 1-(4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-3-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)phenylsulfonyl]urea (IV). Microsomal oxidation of prosulfuron required NADPH and molecular oxygen. C...
A qualitative investigation of early childhood teachers’ experiences of rhythm as pedagogy

Rhythm has been found to enhance not only biological functioning (e.g. balance, timing and coordination), but also to facilitate learning across sociocultural contexts. That is, rhythm may be a method of supporting child development and well-being. Hence, to the extent that children are not exposed to or engaged with rhythm, their development or the realization of their full potential may be limited. However, little research has explored the use of rhythm in early childhood education—a major context (in terms of time and importance) of children’s lives—or teachers’ experiences with rhythm in their pedagogy. Therefore, we conducted a qualitative study to investigate elementary teachers’ experiences of rhythm in their classroom teaching specifically, and in the teaching–learning process generally. A phenomenological approach that assumes that peoples’ perceptions present us with evidence of the world not as the world is thought to be but as it is lived was employed. Our goal was to understand the everyday p...
An Interlocking Panethnicity: The Negotiation of Multiple Identities among Asian American Social Movement Leaders:

Existing frameworks in social movement research fall short when examining movements that require a simultaneous exercise of multiple identities. In this study, the author investigates Asian America...
Conditioning cotton for increased response to defoliant chemicals

Abstract Chemical defoliants frequently cause varying amounts of abscission when applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and almost always become less effective as the temperature is lowered to near 16°C. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of TD 1123 (potassium 3,4-dichloroisothiazole-5-carboxylate) in altering leaf abscission response of cotton to the defoliant chemicals DEF (S,S,S,-tributyl phophorotrithioate), dimethipin (2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-dithiin 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide), and thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea) in relatively low temperature environments. The tests were conducted in one temperature-controlled greenhouse experiment and two field experiments (early and late season). Measurements of leaf abscission, regrowth, seedcotton yield, and various boll properties were made and the data analyzed statistically. Defoliation response to each of the three defoliant chemicals was significantly enhanced in both the low and high temperature regimes when TD 1123 was applied ten days before the defoliant treatment. The enhancement, however, was more pronounced in the low temperature environment. In addition, regrowth was reduced on the TD 1123-treated plants in both temperature regimes. Seedcotton yield, lint percent, and boll components were not significantly affected by any chemical treatment. The research indicates that TD 1123 can be an effective harvest-aid chemical on cotton when plant and environmental conditions are not conductive to easy defoliation.
Generalized Latin squares II

Abstract This paper is a continuation of a study on a new class of combinatorial structures called generalized Latin squares or 〈k,l〉-Latin squares. Here, we study the existence question of perfect 〈k,l〉-Latin squares. The main result is an existence theorem for the case M = 2, where M is the multiplicity of the generalized Latin squares. Specifically, we show that for given positive integers N, k = ip, l = iq, where i = gcd(k,l), there exists a perfect 〈k,l〉-Latin square of order N with M = 2 if and only if (i) N = 4k, (ii) pq(p + q)| N, and (iii) q|2.
217 - Bioelectrochemical Studies of Implantable Bone Stimulation Electrodes

Abstract Electrically stimulated osteogenesis by implanted cathodes is known to occur with a variety of electrode conditions and materials and is being used clinically world-wide. In an attempt to study the mechanism(s), mouse bone marrow cells were exposed to several metal cathodes in vitro . Specific population shifts were seen, among them a decrease in neutrophils and an increase in eosinophils, especially with platinum. Fibroblast cultures, exposed to the same cathodes, showed little damage or change. The current-potential behavior was measured for a number of implantable metals and alloys in a biological medium. The conditions reported to induce osteogenesis fell into a wide, but defined region over which the reduction of oxygen occurs. The relationship of this and other faradaic reactions to electrical osteogenesis needs further elaboration.
Framingham equations overestimate risk of coronary heart disease mortality in British males

Abstract Question What is the predictive accuracy of the Framingham risk score for coronary heart disease in a UK population? Study Design Prospective cohort study. Main results The Framingham equation significantly over-predicted 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (predicted mortality 4.1% vs. observed mortality 2.8%; over-prediction of risk 47%; P Authors’ conclusions The Framingham equations over-predict risk of CHD mortality and all fatal and non-fatal CHD events in a representative sample of British men. The disparity seen is likely to represent actual differences in the levels of CHD risk in the Framingham population and the British male population.
Variation in motivations by running ability: using the theory of reasoned action to predict attitudes about running 5K races

In the past several years, the 5K race has become the most prevalent distance run in the USA. Though 5K races are so prevalent in society, there is a lack of understanding about the motivation of the participants in these events. This study aims to fill the gap by examining the motivations of 5K runners. Using Fishbein and Ajzen's (2010) theory of reasoned action as a conceptual framework, the researchers assess whether variances existed in the attitudinal motivations of running 5K races by levels of ability. The current study sampled 512 runners of 5K races in Pennsylvania. The results show that altruism, competition, and past participation influenced the attitudes of runners with high ability. Altruism, social affiliation, competition, and health influenced the attitudes of runners with medium ability. Similarly, health, social affiliation, and altruism influenced the attitudes of runners with low ability. Finally, results show that runners with higher ability are more likely to participate in 5Ks. The ...
Subwavelength semiconductor nanocavity laser

We report the smallest metallo-dielectric cavity semiconductor laser to our knowledge operating at near-infrared frequencies. The laser consists of an InGaAsP patch sandwiched by gold. We observe lasing in electric and magnetic dipole modes.
Low serum sodium level during cardiopulmonary bypass predicts increased risk of postoperative stroke after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Objective Rapid decreases in serum sodium levels are associated with altered mental status, seizures, and coma. During cardiac surgery, serum sodium levels decrease rapidly when cardiopulmonary bypass is initiated because cardiopulmonary bypass causes hemodilution. However, whether this decrease influences neurologic outcome after cardiac surgery remains unclear. We investigated whether the average serum sodium level during cardiopulmonary bypass is independently predictive of postoperative stroke or 30-day all-cause mortality in patients who undergo primary coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods In a single-institution, retrospective cohort of 2348 consecutive patients who underwent primary, isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, sequential multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the threshold below which the average serum sodium level during cardiopulmonary bypass independently predicts postoperative stroke or early death. To further test the validity of this threshold and to control for selection bias, stepwise multivariate logistic regression was also performed on propensity score–matched patients (n = 924). Results An average serum sodium level less than 130 mEq/L during cardiopulmonary bypass was independently predictive of stroke, both in the entire study cohort (1.44% vs 2.92%; odds ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.1; P = .03) and in the propensity-matched patients (0.9% vs 3.0%; odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-13.0; P = .02). The average serum sodium level during cardiopulmonary bypass was not independently associated with early death, regardless of what threshold value was used. Conclusions An average serum sodium level of less than 130 mEq/L during cardiopulmonary bypass is independently associated with an increased risk of postoperative stroke in patients who undergo primary coronary artery bypass grafting.
Dissolved carbohydrates in seawater. I, A precise spectrophotometric analysis for monosaccharides

A relatively precise and rapid method for the analysis of total dissolved monosaccharides at the concentrations that occur in seawater is described which uses 1-ml quantities for each analytical and control replicate. The alditols remain unchanged while the pentoses and hexoses are reduced to the alditol form by borohydride. The total alditols are then oxidized with periodate to form two moles of formaldehyde per mole of monosaccharide and the formaldehyde is determined spectrophotometrically with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH). Unlike other spectrophotometric methods, similar curves are obtained for equimolar concentrations of different carbohydrates while the differences on a weight basis are only due to the small difference in molecular weight between pentoses and hexoses. Winter—Spring samples from surface waters of lower Narragansett Bay ranged from 122 to 226 μg l−1 with a mean of 159 μg l−1.
ASSESSING SUBSTANCE ABUSE QUESTIONS IN CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS

Substance use is rampant in contemporary society, but little attention has been paid to it in the context of child custody evaluations (CCEs). This article provides concrete suggestions for integrating issues about substance abuse into a more overarching CCE and discusses specific assessment strategies.
Solution Control of Radiative and Nonradiative Lifetimes: A Novel Contribution to Quantum Dot Blinking Suppression

Time-correlated single photon counting methods are used with confocal microscopy and maximum likelihood estimation analysis to obtain fluorescence lifetime trajectories for single quantum dots with KHz update rates. This technique reveals that control of the solution environment can influence both radiative (krad) and nonradiative (knonrad) pathways for electron−hole recombination emission in a single quantum dot and provides a novel contribution mechanism to nearly complete suppression of quantum dot blinking, specifically by an increase in krad.
Histological and fine structural changes during chondrogenesis in micromelia induced by 6-aminonicotinamide.

Abstract Investigations of drug-induced congenital deformity can lead to better understanding of developmental mechanisms. An analog of nicotinamide, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), given in a dose of 10 μg to chick embryos on day 4 of incubation, resulted in micromelia as diagnosed by reduced cartilage and bone in 100% of embryos. Histologically, chondrogenic cells at day 5 were compactly arranged and the extracellular matrix showed reduced metachromatic staining with toluidine blue. Electron microscopy of these cells showed a deficiency of rough endoplasmic reticulum on days 5 and 6 with dilated cisternae by day 8. In the Golgi apparatus at day 5, vacuoles, which normally collect and transport mucopolysaccharides to the extracellular matrix, were small or absent. Degenerative changes occurred in the core of the chondrogenic rudiment on days 5 to 8, whereas cells and matrix subjacent to the developing perichondrium by day 7 appeared normal in staining and ultrastructural properties. The Golgi apparatus of chondrogenic cells was atypical by virtue of reduced numbers of collecting vacuoles. Necrosis of the central region of the chondrogenic rudiment was transitory; the damage to the rudiment was incompletely repaired by synthesis of matrix by cells near the perichondrial layer. These observations suggest that the limb malformation induced by 6-AN is brought about by inhibition of special synthesis of matrix by chondrogenic cells in addition to necrosis of core cells of the chondrogenic rudiment.
Lupus Autoantigen Ku Protein Binds HIV-1 TAR RNA in Vitro

Abstract The control of HIV-1 gene expression depends upon interaction of Tat with the trans-activation responsive (TAR) element present at the 5′ end of all HIV-1 transcripts. The TAR sequence forms a stable hair-pin structure that binds Tat and several cellular factors in vitro. In the absence of Tat, TAR acts as a transcription terminator. Tat in conjunction with a cellular factor(s) acts to increase the elongation capacity of the transcription complex. Here we report that Ku protein, the autoantigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, binds TAR RNA in vitro with high affinity and specificity forming a single protein-RNA complex. Ku, a heterodimer of Ku72 and Ku86 that non-specifically binds the ends of DNA fragments, appears to recognize the terminal loop of TAR RNA. UV-crosslinking showed that both subunits of Ku are in proximity to the RNA. Further, Ku shows a 5-fold higher affinity for TAR RNA than for the ends of dsDNA. As Ku is involved in the stimulation of the elongation property of the RNA polymerase II and activation of several transcription factors, the specific interaction of Ku with TAR raises intriguing possibilities for its function in HIV-1 gene expression.
Lectin-bound alcohol and lactic dehydrogenases as a reagent for the visual detection of glycoproteins

Abstract Alcohol and lactic dehydrogenases were covalently bound to concanavalin A. The conjugates obtained retained their ability to bind glycoprotein as well as to carry out NAD + -oxidoreduction in the presence of the appropriate substrates. The dual capacity renders these protein conjugates as a useful reagent for the location of glycoprotein bands on polyacrylamide gels. Visualization of the conjugates absorbed to the glycoprotein is made by precipitation of formazan dye produced as the result of dehydrogenase activity. It is suggested that the present method and its variations may provide a useful analytical tool for histochemical and other detection procedures for glycoconjugates.
Pharmacogenetics of morphine: Potential implications in sickle cell disease

Morphine is frequently used to treat painful episodes associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) but may fail to provide adequate analgesia in many patients. This concise review focuses on unique disease related changes in physiologic variables associated with SCD that impacts pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine and may contribute to the variability in analgesia. Emerging evidence suggests that the allelic variants in the genes involving the opioid (UGT2B7, OPRM1, and ABCB1 genes) and nonopioid system (COMT gene) can alter the efficacy of morphine.
Surface-Initiated Thermal Radical Polymerization on Gold

We report surface-initiated thermal radical polymerization from cross-linked monolayers of azo-initiators on Au. Initial attempts to graft polymer layers from initiators attached to alkanethiol monolayers yielded polymer films with thicknesses less than 5 nm. Efficient grafting from such surfaces is not possible because initiator-containing monolayers are somewhat unstable under thermal radical polymerization conditions, and desorbed thiols may serve as efficient chain-transfer reagents that inhibit radical polymerization. In addition, reactive radicals can attack the Au−S bonds that link the initiator monolayer to the surface. To overcome these problems, we employed mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilanes to form an adhesion layer for initiator attachment. Cross-linked poly(siloxane) layers apparently stabilize the initiator layer, allowing well-defined surface radical polymerization to occur from Au substrates. We characterized the grafted polymer layers with ellipsometry, reflectance Fourier transform infrared...
WOMEN AND DEPRESSION : A DURKHEIMIAN PERSPECTIVE

Abstract Sex differences in mental disorder rates have been examined from two opposing perspectives. One of these suggests that women have higher rates due to sex role related stress [1. Am. J. Sociol.78, 812, 1972; 2. Gender and Disordered Behavior, p. 23. Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1979]. The other holds that women do not have generally higher rates than men but rather that they manifest different types of psychiatric disorders [3. A. Rev. Psychiat.25, 417, 1974; 4. Am. J. Sociol.81, 1447, 1976]. This paper develops a theoretical paradigm to clarify and extend the latter position thereby facilitating an empirical test of the two opposing positions. Psychiatric disorder rates are examined for women living in two communities with contrasting sex role norms, the traditional Orthodox Jewish community with traditional sex role norms and the modern Orthodox Jewish community with changing sex role norms. The sex role stress perspective and the theoretical paradigm developed here lead to different predictions regarding the comparative disorder rates among these women. The observed rates of disorder are not consistent with the role stress theory.
Linear Response of a Metal to an External Charge Distribution

The linear response of a metal to an external-charge distribution is computed in the random-phase approximation (RPA). The surface is assumed to be perfectly reflecting and the boundary-value problem is solved by a symmetric continuation of the metal. The linear response of the metal to an external point charge is found to be described by a function $\ensuremath{\nu}$ which depends only on the properties of the surface and the metal. From $\ensuremath{\nu}$, we compute a surface function $S$ which fully describes the electrical properties outside the metal. Graphs of $S$ as a function of the parallel momentum $K$ are given for the quantum-mechanical RPA and for the quasiclassical RPA which is obtained by neglecting interference effects. The potential and normal fields outside the metal are well approximated by the analytic expressions which are obtained when $S(K)$ is replaced by ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\lambda}K}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ has the physical meaning of a screening length.
The linolenic acid content of peanut oil

Oils prepared from eight peanut cultivars grown in four locations were analyzed for linolenic acid (18:3) content by gas liquid chromatography. Columns packed with either OV 225 or butanediol succinate provided excellent separation of 18:3 from major fatty acids and from trace constituents exhibiting retention times suggestive of 19:0 and 19:1. Average linolenic acid values for cultivars ranged between 0.03 and 0.13 weight percent of total fatty acids.
Kinetics of Elimination of Optical Isomers of Mandelic Acid and Effect of Probenecid on Their Elimination Kinetics in Humans

Abstract Kinetics of metabolism and urinary excretion of the optical isomers of mandelic acid have been studied in three human subjects, and the rate constants have been determined for a model consisting of parallel apparent first-order processes for excretion of intact mandelic acid and metabolism to benzoylformic acid.The kinetic studies revealed no significant difference in the rate of urinary excretion of L-(+)- and D-(−)-mandelic acid, but there was a difference in the rate of metabolism of these two isomers in the subjects.The rate constant for metabolism of L-(+)-mandelic acid was approximately twice that for the metabolism of D-(−)-mandelic acid.The inhibitory effect of probenecid on urinary excretion of the optical isomers of mandelic acid suggests that both isomers are involved in active renal tubular secretion.
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein enhances osteogenesis by directly binding and activating bone morphogenetic protein-2

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are effective for bone regeneration, and are used clinically. However, supraphysiological doses are required, which limits their use. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein is an extracellular matrix protein, which we have previously shown can bind to growth factors of the TGFs family, suggesting that COMP may also bind to BMP-2. Rather than being a passive component of the matrix, COMP may serve as an “instructive matrix” component capable of increasing local growth factor concentration, slowing the diffusion of growth factors, and promoting their biological activity. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether COMP binds to BMP-2, and whether it promotes the biological activity of BMP-2 with respect to osteogenesis. We found that COMP binds BMP-2, and characterized the biochemical nature of the binding interaction. COMP binding enhanced BMP-2-induced intracellular signaling through Smad proteins, increased the levels of BMP receptors, and up-regulated the luciferase activity from a BMP-2-responsive reporter construct. COMP binding enhanced BMP-2-dependent osteogenesis in vitro, in the C2C12 cell line and in primary human bone mesenchymal stem cells, as measured by alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, and gene expression. Finally, we found that COMP enhanced BMP-2-dependent ectopic bone formation in a rat model assessed histologically, by alkaline phosphatase activity, gene expression, and micro-CT. In summary, this study demonstrates that COMP enhances the osteogenic activity of BMP-2, both in-vitro and in-vivo.
Estimation of the squared cross-validity coefficient in the context of best subset regression

A monte carlo study was conducted to examine the performance of several strategies for estimating the squared cross-validity coefficient of a sample regres sion equation in the context of best subset regression. Data were simulated for populations and experimental designs likely to be encountered in practice. The re sults indicated that a formula presented by Stein (1960) could be expected to yield estimates as good as or better than cross-validation, or several other for mula estimators, for the populations considered. Fur ther, the results suggest that sample size may play a much greater role in validity estimation in subset se lection than is true in situations where selection has not occurred. Index terms: Best subset regression, Cross-validity coefficient, Multiple regression, Predic tive validity, Variable selection.
Observation of Kilohertz Quasi-periodic Oscillations from the Atoll Source 4U 1702–429 by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer

We present results of Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer observations of the atoll source 4U 1702-429 in the middle of its luminosity range. Kilohertz-range quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) were observed first as a narrow (FWHM~7 Hz) peak near 900 Hz and later as a pair consisting of a narrow peak in the range of 625-825 Hz and a faint, broad (FWHM=91 Hz) peak. When the two peaks appeared simultaneously, the separation was 333±5 Hz. Six type I thermonuclear bursts were detected, of which five exhibited almost coherent oscillations near 330 Hz, which makes 4U 1702-429 only the second source to show burst oscillations very close to the kilohertz QPO separation frequency. The energy spectrum and color-color diagram indicate that the source executed variations in the range between the island and lower banana atoll states. In addition to the kilohertz variability, oscillations at ~10, ~35, and 80 Hz were also detected at various times, superposed on a red noise continuum. The centroid of the ~35 Hz QPO tracks the frequency of the kilohertz oscillation when they were both present. A Lense-Thirring gravitomagnetic precession interpretation appears more plausible in this case, compared with other atoll sources with low-frequency QPOs.
Focal or Subtotal Therapy for Early Stage Prostate Cancer

Focal treatment for prostate cancer is highly intriguing, but poorly supported by the published literature. Further studies, preferably randomized controlled trials, are needed before this can be considered standard therapy. Focal treatment should be reserved for patients with focal disease. Even “clinically insignificant” synchronous tumors are malignant, and carry risk of progression if not treated with the index lesion. Whether these are likely to progress in this setting compared to those managed with active surveillance is unknown. The limited data regarding subtotal or focal cryotherapy suggest that patients properly evaluated for presence of satellite tumors have a low risk of having large unknown satellite tumors. The author requires office-based saturation biopsy prior to considering focal cryotherapy. Observation of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), atypical findings (ASAP), or cancer on the contralateral biopsy cores excludes the patient from consideration of subtotal therapy. MRI offers a potential additional ability to detect occult contralateral tumors. Younger men paradoxically seem to have greater interest in focal therapy while having a higher risk of future malignancy in the untreated areas based on the years of potential risk. However, no age cutoff is established. Without published data to support its use, lumpectomy or freezing only the focus where cancer is believed to exist, will remain limited. Hemispheric or subtotal treatment decreases the amount of untreated tissue. As a result, the local failure rate would be predicted to be lower but is unknown. When performing subtotal treatment, the author freezes almost the entire gland, sparing only the aspect adjacent to the contralateral neurovascular bundle, and has found this practice to be of highly limited utility based on the issues described. Biopsy should be performed following any treatment that fails to target the entire gland. A positive biopsy should be dealt with based on clinical factors as if the patient had not been treated, and a positive biopsy should not preclude active surveillance if deemed appropriate.
Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ether exposures and health risks associated with consumption of southern Mississippi catfish.

Despite the growing public interest in polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), there are relatively few studies in the published literature which characterize and quantify human intake of these compounds. In this study, PBDE concentrations were measured in southern Mississippi catfish to determine background levels, daily intake, and risk associated with the consumption of these chemicals from a primary food source for residents in this region of the United States. A total of 33 wild catfish samples were collected from five sites, and 28 farm-raised catfish samples were purchased, all of which were from locations in southern Mississippi. All samples were analyzed for 43 PBDEs (mono- through deca-congeners) using high-resolution gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. Both PBDE concentrations (∑PBDE ranged from 0.3 to 23.3 ng/g wet weight) and congener profiles varied by fish type and location; however, BDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 were the dominant contributors in all samples. The estimated daily...
Fast arbitrary waveform generation by using digital micro-mirror arrays

We demonstrate fast optical arbitrary waveform generation by using MEMS digital micro-mirror arrays. Experimentally, we obtain ∼120MHz waveforms that can be controlled by using 1024×768 mirror arrays. 1GHz waveforms reconfigurable in 1µs are also achievable.
Ordering dynamics in type-II superconductors

We use analytic and numerical methods to analyze the dynamics of vortices following the quench of a type-II superconductor under the application of an external magnetic field. In three dimensions, in the absence of a field, the spacing between vortices scales with time t with an exponent phi=0.414+/-0.01, in a thin sheet of a superconductor, the scaling exponent is phi=0.294+/-0.01. When an external magnetic field h is applied, the vortices are confined with respect to the length scale of the Abrikosov lattice, leading to a crossover between the power-law scaling length scale and the lattice length scale. From this we suggest a one-parameter scaling of r with h and r that is consistent with numerical data.
Greening Tenant/Landlord Processes: Demonstrating Transformation in the Industry

In owner-occupied facilities, it is easy to justify the incorporation of high-performance building features because commonly recognized hard and soft benefits (cost savings, productivity gains and improved occupant health, etc.) are directly recovered by the investment entity. Developers or owners of multi-tenant office buildings and retail developments, on the other hand, encounter both perceived and real barriers that often prevent the inclusion of high-performance, climactic responsive features in new or retrofit projects. Good design, proper lease formulations, market education and intelligent operation will help overcome these barriers and allow the benefits of high-performance buildings to be realized and shared amongst various stakeholders. To demonstrate this process, strategies were analyzed for a multi-tenant building in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. The Alpine Professional Building (APB) is a three-story, 18,537 gross square foot building that was originally built in 1950 and was remodeled in 1981. The building has fifteen tenants, ranging from 143 SF of leased space to an entire floor. The HVAC systems are in need of upgrading and little has been done to the building beyond typical maintenance to keep systems in operation. This is a fairly typical scenario across the industry, which enables this analysis to be widely applicable and adaptable. Building walkthroughs, surveys, utility bill analysis and energy analysis concluded that an upgrade was needed consisting of the following package of measures: improved occupant control (thought tenant education and digital thermostats), upgrading the light fixtures in the common areas and tenant spaces, and replacing the boiler. This package has a payback period under nine years would enable the building to achieve the ENERGY STAR label and can be profitable for both tenants and the landlord. The financial analysis evaluated four different methods of financing the upgrades so that both the tenant and landlord would benefit financially from the upgrades. The financial method recommended is the ‘CAM Adjustment method’ in which the landlord would provide the initial capital for the upgrades and recover those costs (plus interest) through adjustments to the Common Area Maintenance (CAM) fees. This method would have minimal tenant disruption and enable the landlord to bridge costs and savings across tenants during turnover. This paper also compares the four financing mechanisms and demonstrates their industry applicability through commonly applied energy conservation measures.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Tularemia: Report of three cases occurring in children of the same family

Summary Three cases of tularemia occurring in three children of the same family are presented. These cases serve well to illustrate the very infectious nature of tularemia.
Ontogenetic patterns of concentration indicate lagoon nurseries are essential to common grunts stocks in a Puerto Rican bay

Abstract Estimates of abundance and size of three commercially exploited grunt species indicate ontogenetic changes in habitat utilization concentrate their juveniles within the lagoon of the Bay of La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Eleven biotopes, defined by four benthic structures (reef, mangrove, vegetation beds and unconsolidated sediments) and three geographic zones (inner lagoon, outer lagoon and bank shelf) were sampled randomly by visual surveys. French, bluestriped and white grunt ( Haemulon flavolineatum , Haemulon sciurus and Haemulon plumeri) were common in the bay and appeared to exhibit similar life history patterns of cross-shelf migration and habitat selection. Recently settled grunts were dispersed over vegetated and unconsolidated soft-bottom sediments of the bay. The juvenile stage occurred in highest densities in shallow lagoon biotopes among the submerged prop-roots of mangrove stands and on inshore reefs. Length data indicates that grunts migrate offshore to adult habitat via increasingly deep reefs. Indices of biotope nursery function based on standing stock estimates of juveniles identified three biotopes, all within the inner lagoon as essential habitat for juveniles of 5–10 cm length interval. This concentration of juveniles within biotopes of the lagoon could represent a bottleneck to recruitment for grunt stocks. Evidence that quantity and quality of lagoon nurseries may limit recruitment indicates that these areas represent a key component of a marine protected area designed to restore fisheries within the bay.
“I Just Thought I Would Be the School Counselor”: Vision as a Reflective Practice

This article presents findings from a two-year exploratory case study that examined how elementary school counselors responded to a professional development (PD) series that highlighted vision as a leadership practice. Findings speak to vision as a reflective practice that attends to examination of counselor role. Implications address vision as a reflective process to guide practice and suggestions for future research.
Prediction for the ultrahigh energy neutrino-nucleon cross section from new structure function data at small x.

New structure function data at small Bjorken $x$ from HERA are used along with next-to-leading order QCD evolution to predict a cross section for charged-current interactions of ultrahigh energy neutrinos with nucleons. This new result is over twice the size of previous estimates and has important implications for cosmic ray experiments now underway as well as for KM3 arrays (cubic kilometer-scale neutrino telescopes) now in the planning stages.
Strain, sex and developmental profiles of cocaine metabolizing enzymes in mice

Abstract Cocaine is a potent hepatotoxin in laboratory mice, although the cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity (CIH) is due to the action of a metabolite of cocaine. Cocaine can be hydrolyzed by serum cholinesterase (ChE) to inactive products, or be oxidized by hepatic cytochrome P-450 and FAD-containing monooxygenase (FADM). The oxidative pathway is thought to be responsible for production of the hepatotoxic metabolite of cocaine, presumably norcocaine nitroxide. Female mice are much more resistant to CIH than males of the same strain. We have found that immature male mice are as resistant as females to the development of CIH. Males did not show any CIH until the onset of puberty (30 days of age), indicating that the development of CIH in males was under hormonal control. To determine if the major cocaine-metabolizing enzymes were responsible for the regulation of CIH, we measured the activities of ChE, cocaine N-demethylation (CND) and FADM as a function of sex in C57BL/6Ibg and DBA/2Ibg mice 20–21, 30 ± 1 and 65 ± 5 days of age. There was a significant sex difference in ChE activity (females higher than males) but no effect of age. Cocaine N-demethylation increased in both males and females with age, but there was no consistent sex difference. Activity of FADM declined in males as a function of age, but remained constant in females. The lack of a consistent correlation between enzyme activities and sex-, strain-, and age-dependent differences in susceptibility to CIH, do not support a regulatory role for ChE, CND or FADM in mediating the hepatotoxic response.