cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel method for purification of inner cell mass and trophectoderm cells from blastocysts using magnetic activated cell sorting

Objective: To develop a simple method to purify blastomeres of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) lineage using magnetic activated cell sorting. Design: Prospective laboratory study. Setting: Embryology research laboratory. Patient(s): None. Intervention(s): Trophectoderm cells of zona-free blastocysts were labeled with concanavalin A conjugated to FITC, and every nucleus in the blastocyst was labeled with Hoechst 33342. The labeled blastocyst was disaggregated to single cells by trypsin treatment followed by pipetting using a finely drawn, flame-polished micropipet. Disaggregated blastomeres were incubated with anti-FITC antibody conjugated to magnetic microbeads and subjected to magnetic cell sorting to separate cells into FITC-positive and -negative fractions. Main Outcome Measure(s): Purity and gene expression. Result(s): In the FITC-positive fraction, an average of 91.2% of cells was dual-labeled with FITC and Hoechst, whereas only 7.8% of FITC negative fractions were labeled with FITC. Expression of CDX2, a trophectoderm marker, was significantly higher in the FITC-positive fraction, whereas expression of NANOG, an inner cell mass marker, was significantly higher in the FITC-negative fraction. Conclusion(s): Highly purified trophectoderm cells or inner cell mass cells can be collected using magnetic activated cell sorting. This method can be useful for understanding differentiation and function of cell lineages in the blastocyst. (Fertil Steril� 2011;95:799‐802. � 2011 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.)
Interfacial adhesion of nanoporous zeolite thin films

Nanoporous silica zeolite thin films are promising candidates for future generation low-dielectric constant (low-k) materials. During the integration with metal interconnects, residual stresses resulting from the packaging processes may cause the low-k thin films to fracture or delaminate from the substrates. To achieve high-quality low-k zeolite thin films, it is important to carefully evaluate their adhesion performance. In this paper, a previously reported laser spallation technique is modified to investigate the interfacial adhesion of zeolite thin film-Si substrate interfaces fabricated using three different methods: spin-on, seeded growth, and in situ growth. The experimental results reported here show that seeded growth generates films with the highest measured adhesion strength (801 Â± 68 MPa), followed by the in situ growth (324 Â± 17 MPa), then by the spin-on (111 Â± 29 MPa). The influence of the deposition method on filmâ€“substrate adhesion is discussed. This is the first time that the interfacial strength of zeolite thin films-Si substrates has been quantitatively evaluated. This paper is of great significance for the future applications of low-k zeolite thin film materials.
Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions of 2-Pyrones with a Bifunctional Organic Catalyst

The reactions of 2-pyrones with electron-deficient dienophiles constitute a synthetically useful class of Diels−Alder reaction. By exploring cinchona alkaloid-derived organic molecules as acid−base bifunctional catalysts, we successfully developed the first highly enantioselective and diastereoselective catalytic Diels−Alder reaction with 2-pyrones. Furthermore, we demonstrated the possibility of using such catalysts to control the endo/exo selectivity in a Diels−Alder reaction.
Calibration of stochastic volatility models on a multi-core CPU cluster

Low-latency real-time option analytics feeds provide tick-by-tick implied volatilities and greeks based on exchange data. In order for the Black-Scholes implied volatility surface to exhibit the empirically observed skew or smile, a stochastic volatility model can be used to compute the option greeks. Because the European price under many stochastic volatility models only exists in semi-analytic form, frequent robust calibration of the model is computationally prohibitive. This paper explores three parallelization approaches for calibrating stochastic volatility models deployed on a multicore CPU cluster.The contribution of this paper is to provide benchmarks demonstrating hybrid shared and distributed memory parallelization techniques using Python packages for robust calibration of stochastic volatility models. The focus here will be on the Heston and Bates models, but the results in this paper generalize to any of the exponential Levy models incorporating stochastic volatility and jumps and whose characteristic function can be expressed in closed form. We evaluated the performance for our implementation on a cluster of 32 dual socket Dell PowerEdge R410 nodes providing 256 cores in total. Using distributed memory parallelization, we obtain a speedup of up to 139x against the sequential version of the calibration error function evaluation and reduce the overall time taken to calibrate a chain of 1024 SPX options by a factor of 37x.
Critical momenta of lattice chiral fermions

Abstract We determine the critical momenta for chiral fermions in the domain wall model recently suggested by Kaplan. For a wide range of domain wall masses m and Wilson couplings r we explicitly exhibit the regions in momentum space where the fermions are chiral. We compare the critical momenta for the infinitely large system with those obtained on a finite lattice.
Studying millisecond pulsars in X-rays

Millisecond pulsars represent an evolutionarily distinct group among rotation-powered pulsars. Outside the radio band, the soft X-ray range (∼0.1–10 keV) is most suitable for studying radiative mechanisms operating in these fascinating objects. X-ray observations revealed diverse properties of emission from millisecond pulsars. For the most of them, the bulk of radiation is of a thermal origin, emitted from small spots (polar caps) on the neutron star surface heated by relativistic particles produced in pulsar acceleration zones. On the other hand, a few other very fast rotating pulsars exhibit almost pure nonthermal emission generated, most probably, in pulsar magnetospheres. There are also examples of nonthermal emission detected from X-ray nebulae powered by millisecond pulsars, as well as from pulsar winds shocked in binary systems with millisecond pulsars as companions. These and other most important results obtained from X-ray observations of millisecond pulsars are reviewed in this paper, as well as results from the search for millisecond pulsations in X-ray flux of the radio-quite neutron star RX J1856.5-3754.
TMT: A TLB Tag Management Framework for Virtualized Platforms

Virtualization is a convenient way to efficiently utilize the numerous on-chip resources in modern physical platforms. However, it is important to ensure a high performance for the workloads running on such virtualized platforms. One factor which reduces the performance of these virtualized workloads is the frequent flushing of hardware-managed Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLBs). To avoid these flushes and reduce the TLB miss rate, we propose the Tag Manager Table (TMT), a hardware architecture for generating and managing process-specific TLB tags. Since the TMT approach is software-transparent, it is equally applicable for virtualized and non-virtualized environments. Using a full-system simulation approach, we investigate the reduction in the TLB miss rate achieved by using the TMT. We also analyze the variation of this reduction with factors like the size of the TMT, the TLB architecture and the workload characteristics and estimate the relative importance of these factors in determining this reduction.
Lattice point methods for combinatorial games

We encode arbitrary finite impartial combinatorial games in terms of lattice points in rational convex polyhedra. Encodings provided by these lattice games can be made particularly efficient for octal games, which we generalize to squarefree games. These encompass all heap games in a natural setting where the Sprague-Grundy theorem for normal play manifests itself geometrically. We provide an algorithm to compute normal play strategies.The setting of lattice games naturally allows for misere play, where 0 is declared a losing position. Lattice games also allow situations where larger finite sets of positions are declared losing. Generating functions for sets of winning positions provide data structures for strategies of lattice games. We conjecture that every lattice game has a rational strategy: a rational generating function for its winning positions. Additionally, we conjecture that every lattice game has an affine stratification: a partition of its set of winning positions into a finite disjoint union of finitely generated modules for affine semigroups. This conjecture is true for normal-play squarefree games and every lattice game with finite misere quotient.
Asymmetric allylic alkylation catalyzed by palladium complexes with atropisomeric quinazolinone phosphine ligands

Abstract Asymmetric inductions up to 52% ee and 87% ee have been achieved with palladium catalyzed allylic alkylation reactions using a new class of atropisomeric monodentate (( R )- 1b ) and chelate ( 2 ) quinazolinone phosphine ligands, respectively.
Short-term and long-term performance of IPOs and SEOs traded as American depository receipts: Does timing matter?

This paper examines the short-term and long-term returns of a sample of foreign equities traded on the New York Stock Exchange as American Depository Receipts (ADRs) issued between 1st January, 1987, and 30th September, 2000. Distinctions are made between those ADRs issued as initial public offerings (IPOs) and as seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) and those before and after 1st June, 1998. The results suggest that, on average, ADR IPOs and SEOs issued prior to 1st June, 1998, underperform the S&P500 in both short-term and long-term holding periods. Conversely, ADR IPOs and SEOs issued after 1st June, 1998, either perform equally or outperform the S&P500 in both short-term and long-term holding periods. Overall, the results suggest that non-negative and even positive significant cumulative wealth effects associated with stock market timing may exist for ADR IPOs and SEOs trading during holding periods in bear markets.
Metastability in a Stochastic Neural Network Modeled as a Velocity Jump Markov Process

One of the major challenges in neuroscience is to determine how noise that is present at the molecular and cellular levels affects dynamics and information processing at the macroscopic level of synapti- cally coupled neuronal populations. Often noise is incorporated into deterministic network models using extrinsic noise sources. An alternative approach is to assume that noise arises intrinsically as a collective population effect, which has led to a master equation formulation of stochastic neural networks. In this paper we extend the master equation formulation by introducing a stochastic model of neural population dynamics in the form of a velocity jump Markov process. The latter has the advantage of keeping track of synaptic processing as well as spiking activity, and reduces to the neural master equation in a particular limit. The population synaptic variables evolve ac- cording to piecewise deterministic dynamics, which depends on population spiking activity. The latter is characterized by a set of discrete stochastic variables evolving according to a jump Markov process, with transition rates that depend on the synaptic variables. We consider the particular problem of rare transitions between metastable states of a network operating in a bistable regime in the deterministic limit. Assuming that the synaptic dynamics is much slower than the transitions between discrete spiking states, we use a WKB approximation and singular perturbation theory to determine the mean first passage time to cross the separatrix between the two metastable states. Such an analysis can also be applied to other velocity jump Markov processes, including stochastic voltage-gated ion channels and stochastic gene networks.
Taming the tachyon in cubic string field theory

We give evidence based on level-truncation computations that the rolling tachyon in cubic open string field theory (CSFT) has a well-defined but wildly oscillatory time-dependent solution which goes as et for t???. We show that a field redefinition taking the CSFT effective tachyon action to the analogous boundary string field theory (BSFT) action takes the oscillatory CSFT solution to the pure exponential solution et of the BSFT action.
zobov: a parameter-free void-finding algorithm

zobov (ZOnes Bordering On Voidness) is an algorithm that finds density depressions in a set of points, without any free parameters, or assumptions about shape. It uses the Voronoi tessellation to estimate densities, which it uses to find both voids and subvoids. It also measures probabilities that each void or subvoid arises from Poisson fluctuations. This paper describes the zobov algorithm, and the results from its application to the dark matter particles in a region of the Millennium simulation. Additionally, the paper points out an interesting high-density peak in the probability distribution of dark matter particle densities.
Path loss exponent estimation in large wireless networks

In wireless channels, the path loss exponent (PLE) has a strong impact on the quality of the links, and hence, it needs to be accurately estimated for the efficient design and operation of wireless networks. This paper addresses the problem of PLE estimation in large wireless networks, which is relevant to several important issues in communications such as localization, energy-efficient routing, and channel access. We consider a large ad hoc network where nodes are distributed as a homogeneous planar Poisson point process and the channels are subject to Nakagami-m fading. Under these settings, we propose and study three distributed algorithms for estimating the PLE at each node, which explicitly take into account the interference in the network. Additionally, we provide simulation results to demonstrate the performance of the algorithms and quantify the estimation errors.
Relationship between evapotranspiration and precipitation pulses in a semiarid rangeland estimated by moisture flux towers and MODIS vegetation indices

Abstract We used moisture Bowen ratio flux tower data and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite to measure and scale evapotranspiration (ET) over sparsely vegetated grassland and shrubland sites in a semiarid watershed in southeastern Arizona from 2000 to 2004. The grassland tower site had higher mean annual ET (336 mm yr−1) than the shrubland tower site (266 mm yr−1) (P r 2 = 0.74 ) by a single multiple regression equation. The regression equation relating ET to EVI and P was used to scale ET over 25 km2 areas of grassland and shrubland around each tower site. Over the study, ratios of T to ET ranged from 0.75 to 1.0. Winter rains stimulated spring ET, and a large rain event in fall, 2000, stimulated ET above T through the following year, indicating that winter rain stored in the soil profile can be an important component of the plants’ water budget during the warm season in this ecosystem. We conclude that remotely sensed vegetation indices can be used to scale ground measurements of ET over larger landscape units in semiarid ranglelands, and that the vegetation communities in this landscape effectively harvest the available precipitation over a period of years, even though precipitation patterns are variably seasonally and interannually.
An Application of the Phosphine-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation in Indole Alkaloid Synthesis: Formal Syntheses of (±)-Alstonerine and (±)-Macroline

An application of the phosphine-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulation in the formal synthesis of alstonerine and macroline is reported. A phosphine-catalyzed [4 + 2] reaction between imine 7a and allene 8 formed the D ring of the target indole alkaloids. A subsequent intramolecular Friedel−Crafts acylation provided the C ring of the bridged tetracycle. Deprotection, followed by methylation of the bridged nitrogen, deoxygenation of the C6 ketone, and reduction of the C16 carbethoxy group provided the previously known intermediate 3.
Strong test modules and multiplier ideals

We introduce the notion of strong test module and show that a large number of such modules appear in the tight closure theory of complete domains: the test ideal (this has already been known), the parameter test module, and the module of relative test elements. They also appear as certain multiplier ideals, a concept of interest in algebraic geometry.
Design considerations for residential solar heating and cooling systems utilizing evacuated tube solar collectors

Abstract As solar heating systems become a commercial reality, greater efforts are now being employed to incorporate solar cooling components in order to obtain a complete solar heating and cooling system and thus take advantage of the cost-effectiveness of year-round use of the solar equipment. Because of the exceptional performance and high efficiency of evacuated tube solar collectors, these advanced collectors are receiving considerable attention for use in solar heating and cooling systems. While improved performance is readily obtained with these sophisticated solar collectors, there are also numerous difficulties and problems associated with their use in a solar system. This paper addresses many of the design considerations which must be included in any realistic solar system design. Most of the considerations presented here are based on the experience gained in the design and performance of the solar heating and cooling systems for CSU Solar Houses I-IV.
Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric α-Arylation and Heteroarylation of Ketones with Chloroarenes: Effect of Halide on Selectivity, Oxidation State, and Room-Temperature Reactions

We report the α-arylation of ketones with a range of aryl chlorides with enantioselectivities from 90 to 99% ee catalyzed by the combination of Ni(COD)2 and (R)-BINAP and the coupling of ketones with a range of heteroaryl chlorides with enantioselectivities up to 99% ee catalyzed by Ni(COD)2 and (R)-DIFLUORPHOS. The analogous reactions of bromoarenes occur with much lower enantioselectivities. Mechanistic studies showed that the difference in the rates of decomposition of the arylnickel(II) halide intermediates to {[(R)-BINAP]NiX}2 likely accounts for the difference in the enantioselectivities of the reactions of bromoarenes and chloroarenes. This catalyst decomposition can be overcome by conducting the reactions with [(R)-BINAP]Ni(η2-NC-Ph) (4), which undergoes oxidative addition to haloarenes at room temperature.
RESIDUAL STRESSES IN AN INCONEL-718-CLAD TUNGSTEN TUBE PROCESSED BY HOT ISO-STATIC PRESSING

We have completed a comparative X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) study of Inconel 718 clad Tungsten tubes, of relevance to the Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Because the Inconel cladding must be in intimate contact with the tungsten at operating temperatures, the materials are diffusion bonded by Hot Iso-static Pressing (HIP) at 1080°C. However, the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of inconel 718 and tungsten produce large residual stresses upon cooling. The classical XRD (d vs. sin 2 ψ) technique was used to determine the stresses in the outer layer of inconel 718. These results are used to benchmark Finite Element Analysis (FEA) calculations, and a direct comparison is made in this paper.
Metal Colloids in Oxides

A method, based upon subtractive coloration or high-temperature reduction, was developed to produce metal precipitates or colloids in oxides. The structure, symmetry, morphology and composition of precipitates were analyzed by analytical electron microscopy and neutron scattering techniques. In the MgO:Ni system, the colloids were coherent nickel precipitates having a fcc structure (ao = 3.52 A), and occasionally a bcc structure (ao = 2.88 A). The coherent precipitates were analyzed to have either m, ∣∣ p or m ∣∣ p matrix-precipitate orientation relationship depending upon the high-temperature reduction treatment. The optical absorption spectra of these materials were characterized by broad optical bands centered near 2.2 and 5.0 eV. By changing the size distribution of the precipitates, it was possible to obtain optical spectra of these materials suited for solar selective absorber applications. The dislocations and sub-boundaries provided nucleation sites for the formation of precipitates, and decreased the temperature of reduction. By providing sources of dislocations, the precipitates enhance the ductility and inhibit the propagation of cracks.
Measuring the three-point correlation function of the cosmic microwave background

We present a new method to estimate three-point correlations in cosmic microwave background maps. Our fast Fourier transform-based implementation estimates three-point functions using all possible configurations (triangles) at a controlled resolution. The speed of the technique depends on both the resolution and the total number of pixels N. The resulting N log N scaling is substantially faster than naive methods with prohibitive N3 scaling. As an initial application, we measure three-point correlation functions in the first-year data release of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). We estimate 336 cross-correlations of any triplet of maps from the eight differential assemblies, scanning altogether 2.6 million triangular configurations. Using Gaussian signal plus realistic noise simulations, we perform a null hypothesis testing with regards to the Gaussianity of the cosmic microwave background. Our main result is that at the three-point level, WMAP is fully consistent with Gaussianity. To quantify the level of possible deviations, we introduce false discovery rate analysis, a novel statistical technique to analyze three-point measurements. This confirms that the data are consistent with Gaussianity at better than the 1 σ level when jointly considering all configurations. We constrain a specific non-Gaussian model using a quadratic expansion of the temperature field in terms of the fNLT parameter, ΔT/T = (ΔT/T)L + fNLT[(ΔT/T) - (ΔT/T)], for which we construct an estimator from the three-point function. We find that using the skewness alone is more constraining than a heuristic suboptimal combination of all our results; our best estimate is fNLT = -110 ± 150, assuming a ΛCDM concordance model.
RADIO CONTINUUM OBSERVATIONS OF LOCAL STAR-FORMING GALAXIES USING THE CALTECH CONTINUUM BACKEND ON THE GREEN BANK TELESCOPE

We observed radio continuum emission in 27 local (D < 70?Mpc) star-forming galaxies with the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope between 26?GHz and 40?GHz using the Caltech Continuum Backend. We obtained detections for 22 of these galaxies at all four sub-bands and four more marginal detections by taking the average flux across the entire bandwidth. This is the first detection (full or marginal) at these frequencies for 22 of these galaxies. We fit spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for all of the four sub-band detections. For 14 of the galaxies, SEDs were best fit by a combination of thermal free-free and nonthermal synchrotron components. Eight galaxies with four sub-band detections had steep spectra that were only fit by a single nonthermal component. Using these fits, we calculated supernova rates, total number of equivalent O stars, and star formation rates within each ~23'' beam. For unresolved galaxies, these physical properties characterize the galaxies' recent star formation on a global scale. We confirm that the radio-far-infrared correlation holds for the unresolved galaxies' total 33?GHz flux regardless of their thermal fractions, though the scatter on this correlation is larger than that at 1.4?GHz. In addition, we found that for the unresolved galaxies, there is an inverse relationship between the ratio of 33?GHz flux to total far-infrared flux and the steepness of the galaxy's spectral index between 1.4?GHz and 33?GHz. This relationship could be an indicator of the timescale of the observed episode of star formation.
Inferring gene regulatory networks from asynchronous microarray data with AIRnet.

Background Modern approaches to treating genetic disorders, cancers and even epidemics rely on a detailed understanding of the underlying gene signaling network. Previous work has used time series microarray data to infer gene signaling networks given a large number of accurate time series samples. Microarray data available for many biological experiments is limited to a small number of arrays with little or no time series guarantees. When several samples are averaged to examine differences in mean value between a diseased and normal state, information from individual samples that could indicate a gene relationship can be lost.
Nuclear particle track identification in inorganic solids

The unique feature of track-recording plastics which allows them to be used to identify particles is that the chemical rate of attack ${V}_{T}$ along a track is an increasing function of ionization rate. This same characteristic is shown to extend to inorganic dielectric solids. The relation between ${V}_{T}$ and ionization rate has been measured for five different glasses, using fission fragments of different energies. The variation of ${V}_{T}$ is least for ordinary lime glass and much the greatest for a phosphate glass, suggesting that the latter should be useful in resolving atomic numbers and energies of fission fragments and other very heavy, energetic nuclei. Equations are derived that allow the shapes of etched tracks to be calculated as a function of etching time and particle ionization rate. The calculations agree well with recent experimental results.
Ground-state properties of hard-core bosons in one-dimensional harmonic traps

The one-particle density matrices for hard-core bosons in a one-dimensional harmonic trap are computed numerically for systems with up to 160 bosons. Diagonalization of the density matrix shows that the many-body ground state is not Bose-Einstein condensed. The ground-state occupation, the amplitude of the lowest natural orbital, and the zero momentum peak height scale as powers of the particle number, and the corresponding exponents are related to each other. Close to its diagonal, the density matrix for hard-core bosons is similar to that of noninteracting fermions.
Weakly Nonlinear Interactions and Wave-Trapping.

When the flow over a submerged, round, upright cylinder, situated in a large ocean, is forced by a train of plane waves, linear theory (Yamamuro 1981) shows that the response can be abnormally large for certain forcing frequencies. The aim of this paper is to present a weakly nonlinear theory, where wave interactions, arising from the quadratic terms in the free-surface boundary conditions, can yield abnormally large responses. A specific interaction will be considered between a flow at a subharmonic frequency and a flow at the driving frequency. The reason for considering such an interaction derived from a consideration of some experimental results of Barnard, Pritchard & Provis (1981).
Carbamidocyclophanes F and G with Anti- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activity from the Cultured Freshwater Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp.

Two new (1 and 2) and three known (3-5) carbamidocyclophanes were isolated from a cultured freshwater cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. (UIC 10274) obtained from a sample collected at Des Plaines, Illinois. Their planar structures and stereoconfigurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D/2D NMR experiments, HRESIMS as well as CD spectroscopy. Carbamidocyclophane F (1) showed potent anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity in the microplate Alamar blue assay and low-oxygen-recovery assay with MIC values of 0.8 and 5.4 µM, respectively. Carbamidocyclophane F (1) also displayed antimicrobial activities against the gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis with MIC values of 0.1 and 0.2 µM, respectively. Carbamidocyclophane F (1) and Carbamidocyclophane G (2) both showed antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-435 and HT-29 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range from 0.5 to 0.7 µM.
Classification of Semisimple Hopf Algebras of Dimension 16

Abstract In this paper we completely classify nontrivial semisimple Hopf algebras of dimension 16. We also compute all the possible structures of the Grothendieck ring of semisimple non-commutative Hopf algebras of dimension 16. Moreover, we prove that non-commutative semisimple Hopf algebras of dimension pn, p-prime, cannot have a cyclic group of grouplikes.
Strong nonnegativity and sums of squares on real varieties

Motivated by scheme theory, we introduce strong nonnegativity on real varieties, which has the property that a sum of squares is strongly nonnegative. We show that this algebraic property is equivalent to nonnegativity for nonsingular real varieties. Moreover, for singular varieties, we re-prove and generalize obstructions of Gouveia and Netzer to the convergence of the theta body hierarchy of convex bodies approximating the convex hull of a real variety.
Optimal prediction and the Klein-Gordon equation.

The method of optimal prediction is applied to calculate the future means of solutions to the Klein–Gordon equation. It is shown that, in an appropriate probability space, the difference between the average of all solutions that satisfy certain constraints at time t = 0 and the average computed by an approximate method is small with high probability.
Quarkonia measurements with STAR

We report results on quarkonium production from the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). J/ψ spectra in p+p and Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathit{NN}}}=200$ GeV with transverse momenta in the range of 0.5–14 GeV/c and 5–8 GeV/c, respectively, are presented. We find that for p T >5 GeV/c yields in p+p collisions are consistent with those in minimum-bias Cu+Cu collisions scaled with the respective number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. In this range the nuclear modification factor, R AA , is measured to be 0.9±0.2 (stat). For the first time at RHIC, high-p T J/ψ-hadron correlations were studied in p+p collisions. Implications from our measurements on J/ψ production mechanisms, constraints on open bottom yields, and J/ψ dissociation mechanisms at high-p T are discussed. In addition, we give a brief status of measurements of ϒ production in p+p and Au+Au collisions and present projections of future quarkonia measurements based on an upgrades to the STAR detector and increased luminosity achieved through stochastic cooling of RHIC.
On the path to the next generation of light sources

Abstract At the Fourth Generation Light Source Workshop in January 1996, storage-ring-based FELs and linac-based FELs were considered for VUV/soft X-ray and hard X-ray ( λ ∼ 1 A ) photon production, respectively. The general requirements of a diffraction-limited source-bunch lengths less than 1 ps (100 fs in case of the linac-based source), coherence, and a brightness at several orders of magnitude higher than the third-generation sources-were among the features discussed. Examples of progress in demonstrations, measurements, or calculations that support research towards these areas are cited. These range from the 50 fs bunch length measurement at low current in a linac to few-μrad divergence measurements on a 7 GeV storage ring. The possible extension of transition radiation-beam characterization techniques to nonintercepting diffraction radiation is briefly addressed as well.
Preparation and characterization of novel inorganic-organic hybrid materials containing rare, mixed-halide anions of Bismuth(III)

Three new hybrid inorganic−organic salts containing novel mixed haloanions of bismuth were synthesized by the solvothermal reaction of bismuth iodide with a haloacid, HX (X = Cl or Br), and the alkylamine 4,4‘-trimethylenedipiperidine (TMDP). All three compounds were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Reaction of TMDP and BiI3 with HCl yielded two crystalline products: [H2TMDP]2[(Bi2I9)(BiCl2I2)] (1, major yield) and [H2TMDP]2[Bi2Cl10-xIx] (2, x = 3.83, minor yield). Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc (a = 22.8586(11) A, b = 15.5878(7) A, c = 17.6793(9) A, β = 118.7010(10)°, Z = 4) and contains the mononuclear mixed-halide anion BiCl2I2- in addition to a face-sharing bioctahedral Bi2I93- anion and two independent H2TMDP2+ cations. The BiCl2I2- anion has a sawhorse geometry (equatorially vacant trigonal bipyramidal geometry) that is not commonly observed in bismuth chemistry. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (a = 14.9471(7) A, b...
The TICOM model: a network data base approach to review and evaluation of internal control systems

EDP based accounting information systems have grown in complexity and size. This growth has partially been the result of new and advanced software techniques introduced by computer scientists. This paper is one in a series of papers which provide a new perspective for auditors of EDP based AIS's facilitated by new software development methodologies which address development of "reliable" software systems. In another paper we asserted reliable software would eliminate the need to verify computer programs except for an authenticity check; thus, facilitating a more thorough examination of the total internal control system. We describe a model which facilitates review and evaluation of internal control systems from a "total" systems perspective.
Heat transport and spin-charge separation in the normal state of high temperature superconductors

Abstract Hill et al. have recently measured both the thermal and charge conductivities in the normal state of a high temperature superconductor. Based on the vanishing of the Wiedemann–Franz ratio in the extrapolated zero temperature limit, they conclude that the charge carriers in this material are not fermionic. Here I make a simple observation that the prefactor in the temperature dependence of the measured thermal conductivity is unusually large, corresponding to an extremely small energy scale T 0 ≈0.15 K. I argue that T 0 should be interpreted as a collective scale. Based on model-independent considerations, I also argue that the experiment leads to two possibilities: (1) the charge-carrying excitations are non-fermionic. And much of the heat current is in fact carried by distinctive charge-neutral excitations; (2) the charge-carrying excitations are fermionic, but a subtle ordering transition occurs at T 0 .
Enantioselective synthesis of vinylcyclopropanes by rhodium(II) catalyzed decomposition of vinyldiazomethanes in the presence of alkenes

Abstract Rhodium(II) N-(arenesulfonyl)prolinate catalyzed decomposition of vinyldiazomethanes in the presence of alkenes resulted in highly diastereoselective and enantioselective cyclopropanations.
Efficient division of profits from complementary innovations

Abstract Many products—including microprocessors, telecommunications devices, computer software, and on-line auction services—make use of multiple technologies, each of which is essential to make or sell the product. The owner of one technology benefits from the existence of complementary technologies. We show that, despite this externality, the structure of payoffs that support efficient R&D investment by duopolists racing to discover a single innovation generalizes to the structure that supports efficient investment for complementary innovations. The paper also examines how alternative intellectual property regimes and legal institutions affect R&D investment in complementary technologies. The results have policy implications for the organization of R&D, the assessment of damages for patent infringement, and allocations of value in patent pools.
Odd-Frequency Density Waves: Non-Fermi-Liquid Metals with an Order Parameter

We consider states with a charge- or spin-density wave order parameter which is odd in frequency so that the order parameter vanishes at zero frequency and there is a conventional Fermi surface. Such states break translational symmetry and, therefore, are not conventional Fermi liquids. In the odd-frequency spin-density wave case, there are Goldstone bosons and the low-energy spectrum is manifestly different from that of a Fermi liquid. We discuss a simple model that gives rise to such ordered states. The frequency dependence of the gap leads to an unusual temperature dependence for various thermodynamic and transport properties, notably the resistivity.
Financial development, institutions and banks

Abstract This paper presents a framework for understanding the interactions between political and legal institutions, property rights protection, and their implications for financial development. Whereas the literature has answered questions on why some countries lag behind in terms of financial and economic development, the current study suggests how to get around some institutional attributes to spearhead financial intermediation and economic growth through a set of institutional, information, and banking reforms. It finds little support that common law legal heritage is more suitable than French civil law for some key features of financial development. It concludes that types of institutional and market reforms are more relevant to financial intermediation than legal systems. It proposes some ways forward to increase financial intermediation; and expects, over the long run, the proposed approach to financial development to be beneficial for a number of developing countries.
How do nonprofit hospitals manage earnings

We hypothesize that, unlike for-profit firms, nonprofit hospitals have incentives to manage earnings to a range just above zero. We consider two ways managers can achieve this. They can adjust discretionary spending [Hoerger, T.J., 1991. 'Profit' variability in for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals. Journal of Health Economics 10, 259-289.] and/or they can adjust accounting accruals using the flexibility inherent in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). To test our hypothesis we use regressions as well as tests of the distribution of earnings by Burgstahler and Dichev [Burgstahler, D., Dichev, I., 1997. Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 24, 99-126.] on a sample of 1,204 hospitals and 8,179 hospital-year observations. Our tests support the use of discretionary spending and accounting accrual management. Like Hoerger (1991), we find evidence that nonprofit hospitals adjust discretionary spending to manage earnings. However, we also find significant use of discretionary accruals (e.g., adjustments to the third-party-allowance, and allowance for doubtful accounts) to meet earnings objectives. These findings have two important implications. First, the previous evidence by Hoerger that nonprofit hospitals show less variation in income may at least partly be explained by an accounting phenomenon. Second, our findings provide guidance to users of these financial statements in predicting the direction of likely bias in reported earnings.
A convenient synthetic entry into aldehydes with extended conjugation

Abstract Variable-length donor-acceptor polyenes 1–18 were synthesized. In the key step, a polyenal was appended to an aromatic donor through nucleophilic attack of an organolithium reagent on a vinylogous amide. Yields of aldehydes and dialdehydes in the one-pot process ranged from 12–64% and depended upon number of repeat units (n=1–3) in the polyene chain.
GENERALIZED COMPTONIZATION MODELS AND APPLICATION TO THE RECENT HIGH-ENERGY OBSERVATIONS

The theory of spectral formation in thermal X-ray sources, where the effects of Comptonization and Klein-Nishina corrections are important, is presented. Analytical expressions are obtained for the produced spectrum as a function of such input parameters as the plasma temperature, the optical depth of the plasma cloud and the injected soft photon spectrum. The analytical theory developed here takes into account the dependence of the scattering opacity on the photon energy. It is shown that the plasma temperature as well as the asymptotic rate of photon escape from the plasma cloud determine the shape of the upscattered hard tail in the emergent spectra, even in the case of very small optical depths. The escape distributions of photons are given for any optical depth of the plasma cloud and their asymptotic dependence for very small and large optical depths are examined. It is shown that this new generalized approach can fit spectra for a large variety of hard X-ray sources and determine the plasma temperature in the region of main energy release in Cyg X-1 and the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151.
Wall boundary conditions for high-order finite-difference schemes in computational aeroacoustics

High-order finite-difference schemes are less dispersive and dissipative but, at the same time, more isotropic than low-order schemes. They are well suited for solving computational acoustics problems. High-order finite-difference equations, however, support extraneous wave solutions which bear no resemblance to the exact solution of the original partial differential equations. These extraneous wave solutions, which invariably degrade the quality of the numerical solutions, are usually generated when solid-wall boundary conditions are imposed. A set of numerical boundary conditions simulating the presence of a solid wall for high-order finite-difference schemes using a minimum number of ghost values is proposed. The effectiveness of the numerical boundary conditions in producing quality solutions is analyzed and demonstrated by comparing the results of direct numerical simulations and exact solutions.
High-resolution simulation and characterization of density-driven flow in CO2 storage in saline aquifers

Simulations are routinely used to study the process of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in saline aquifers. In this paper, we describe the modeling and simulation of the dissolution–diffusion–convection process based on a total velocity splitting formulation for a variable-density incompressible single-phase model. A second-order accurate sequential algorithm, implemented within a block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) framework, is used to perform high-resolution studies of the process. We study both the short-term and long-term behaviors of the process. It is found that the onset time of convection follows closely the prediction of linear stability analysis. In addition, the CO2 flux at the top boundary, which gives the rate at which CO2 gas dissolves into a negatively buoyant aqueous phase, will reach a stabilized state at the space and time scales we are interested in. This flux is found to be proportional to permeability, and independent of porosity and effective diffusivity, indicative of a convection-dominated flow. A 3D simulation further shows that the added degrees of freedom shorten the onset time and increase the magnitude of the stabilized CO2 flux by about 25%. Finally, our results are found to be comparable to results obtained from TOUGH2-MP.
Torsional vestibulo-ocular reflex measurements for identifying otolith asymmetries possibly related to space motion sickness susceptibility

Recent studies by Diamond and Markham have identified significant correlations between space motion sickness susceptibility and measures of disconjugate torsional eye movements recorded during parabolic flights. These results support an earlier proposal by von Baumgarten and Thumler which hypothesized that an asymmetry of otolith function between the two ears is the cause of space motion sickness. It may be possible to devise experiments that can be performed in the 1 g environment on earth that could identify and quantify the presence of asymmetric otolith function. This paper summarizes the known physiological and anatomical properties of the otolith organs and the properties of the torsional vestibulo-ocular reflex which are relevant to the design of a stimulus to identify otolith asymmetries. A specific stimulus which takes advantage of these properties is proposed.
Dismantling Statist East Asian Agricultures? Global Pressures and National Responses

Abstract Recent analyses of the extension of the GATT-WTO trade regime to agriculture and other sectors emphasize the secular decline of nation–state power. New forms of global regulation, it is argued, make it difficult for the state to intervene effectively to counter sectoral displacement threats. Recent agricultural adjustment problems in East Asia, where state intervention has been pronounced, cast doubt on this argument. While the type of state intervention has changed somewhat, both the Japanese and South Korean states remain heavily involved in agricultural restructuring, making neoliberal patterns of reorganization an unlikely result.
Hyperbolicity of arborescent tangles and arborescent links

Abstract In this paper, we study the hyperbolicity of arborescent tangles and arborescent links. We will explicitly determine all essential surfaces in arborescent tangle complements with non-negative Euler characteristic, and show that given an arborescent tangle T, the complement X ( T ) is non-hyperbolic if and only if T is a rational tangle, T = Q m * T ′ for some m ⩾ 1 , or T contains Q n for some n ⩾ 2 . We use these results to prove a theorem of Bonahon and Siebenmann which says that a large arborescent link L is non-hyperbolic if and only if it contains Q 2 .
Aperture efficiency of integrated-circuit horn antennas

The aperture efficiency of silicon integrated-circuit horn antennas has been improved by optimizing the length of the dipole probes and by coating the entire horn walls with gold. To make these measurements, a new thin-film power-density meter was developed for measuring power density with accuracies better than 5 percent. The measured aperture efficiency improved from 44 percent to 72 percent at 93 GHz. This is sufficient for use in many applications which now use machined waveguide horns.
SPECTRAL STATES OF XTE J1701 – 462: LINK BETWEEN Z AND ATOLL SOURCES

We have analyzed 866 Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observations of the 2006-2007 outburst of the accreting neutron star XTE J1701 –462, during which the source evolves from super-Eddington luminosities to quiescence. The X-ray color evolution first resembles the Cyg X-2 subgroup of Z sources, with frequent excursions on the horizontal and normal branches (HB/NB). The source then decays and evolves to the Sco X-1 subgroup, with increasing focus on the flaring branch (FB) and the lower vertex of the "Z." Finally, the FB subsides, and the source transforms into an atoll source, with the lower vertex evolving to the atoll soft state. Spectral analyses suggest that the atoll stage is characterized by a constant inner disk radius, while the Z stages exhibit a luminosity-dependent expansion of the inner disk, which we interpret as effects related to the local Eddington limit. Contrary to the view that the mass accretion rate changes along the Z, we find that changes in are instead responsible for the secular evolution of the Z and the subclasses. Motion along the Z branches appears to be caused by three different mechanisms that may operate at roughly constant . For the Sco X-1-like Z stage, we find that the FB is an instability track that proceeds off the lower vertex when the inner disk radius shrinks from the value set by the X-ray luminosity toward the value measured for the atoll soft state. Excursions up the NB occur when the apparent size of the boundary layer increases while the disk exhibits little change. The HB is associated with Comptonization of the disk emission. The Z branches for the Cyg X-2-like stage are more complicated, and their origin is unclear. Finally, our spectral results lead us to hypothesize that the lower and upper Z vertices correspond to a standard thin disk and a slim disk, respectively.