cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma Amino Acids of Infants Consuming Soybean Proteins with and without Added Methionine

Fasting plasma free amino acids were determined in 54 convalescent malnourished infants: seven infants while consuming a diet based on isolated soybean protein, containing 4.0% to 5.3% of dietary metabolizable energy (calories) as protein (A), 20 at 6.4% to 6.7% protein calories (B), 23 at 6.4% to 6.7% protein calories with added DL-methionine (C), and four with 8.0% to 12.3% protein calories (D). There were no differences in total amino acid concentration (TAA) among the four groups; the molar fraction of essential amino acids (EAA:TAA) was lower for group A; there were no differences among the four groups in Lys:EAA or 1/2 cystine:EAA ratios or in Met concentration. Met:EAA was higher in C than B, with considerable overlap of individual values. In 10 of 13 infants who were represented in both B and C, Met concentration and Met:EAA ratio were higher in group C. Fasting plasma AA levels are not consistently reliable for field or clinical assessment of dietary Met adequacy. Fasting and postprandial (3- and 4-hour) plasma AA were determined in 29 infants: in 12 the preceding diet and the test meal were both Met-deficient with less than 6.7% protein calories (E), in five the preceding diet was milk-based but the test meal was Met-deficient at less than 6.7% (F), in five the preceding diet and test meal were based on isolated soybean protein at less than 6.7% with DL-Met added (G), and in seven the test meal was soy-based with greater than 9.0% protein calories (H). Plasma Met concentration and Met:EAA fell significantly at 3 and 4 hours in groups E and F, but not in groups G and H, suggesting that a postprandial fall in Met:EAA ratio can be used to identify dietary Met deficiency in field situations.
Family spacing and limitation: acceptable and effective techniques-still in the future?

While the available methods of fertility regulation have a number of drawbacks they do permit family size to be restricted to any desired level. Unfortunately, many family planning programmes only make available an arbitrary selection of methods through a limited number of channels, which are neither culturally appropriate nor geographically accessible to the majority of the population. Yet there is evidence that adequate services can be conducted with available methods. One factor of great importance is the need for realism about the use of elective early abortion and voluntary sterilization. Given these options and an imaginative use of the present reversible methods of contraception, it is concluded that significant demographic changes could be achieved.
Chiral Palladium(0) trans -Stilbene Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Oxidative Addition of Phenyl Iodide

The chiral Pd(0) trans-stilbene complexes Pd(diphos*)(trans-stilbene) (diphos* = (R,R)-Me-Duphos, (R,R)-Et-Duphos, (R,R)-i-Pr-Duphos, (R,R)-Me-BPE, (S,S)-Me-FerroLANE, (S,S)-Me-DuXantphos, (S,S)-Et-FerroTANE, (R,S)-CyPF-t-Bu, (R,S)-PPF-t-Bu, (R,S)-BoPhoz) and Ni((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(trans-stilbene) were prepared by NaBH(OMe)3 reduction of the corresponding M(diphos*)Cl2 compounds in the presence of trans-stilbene. The rate of oxidative addition of phenyl iodide to the stilbene complexes, which gave Pd(diphos*)(Ph)(I), depended on the ligand (larger for increased ligand bite angles and reduced steric bulk) and was markedly faster than oxidative addition to mixtures of Pd(dba)2 and diphos*. The complexes Pd(diphos*)(Ph)(I) were prepared independently by treatment of PdL2(Ph)(I) (L2 = TMEDA, (PPh3)2) with diphos*. Oxidative addition of PhI to the complexes M((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(trans-stilbene) occurred in the rate order Pd > Ni ≫ Pt. The complexes Pd(diphos*)Cl2, Pd(diphos*)(trans-stilbene), and Pd(diphos*)(Ph)(I),...
Convex Polyhedra Realizing Given Face Areas

Given n ! 4 positive real numbers, we prove in this note that they are the face areas of a convex polyhedron if and only if the largest number is not more than the sum of the others.
Exposure of neonatal rats to anti‐androgens induces penile mal‐developments and infertility comparable to those induced by oestrogens

Summary We previously reported that oestrogen exposure in neonatal rats induced permanent infertility and malformed penis characterized by fat accumulation, which replaced most of the smooth muscle cells and cavernous spaces in the body of the penis, structures essential for erection. The objective of this study was to determine if reduced androgen production/action in the neonatal period, in the absence of exogenous oestrogen exposure, induces penile deformities similar to those caused by oestrogen. Male rats were treated from postnatal days 1–6 with GnRH antagonist antide (A, 10 mg/kg) or androgen receptor (AR) antagonist flutamide (F, 50 mg/kg) or F + A, with or without AR agonist dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 20 mg/kg). For comparison, pups received diethylstilbestrol (DES, 0.1 mg/kg), with or without DHT. Tissues were collected at ages 7 and 12 days and at adulthood. Flutamide alone decreased penile length and weight significantly (p < 0.05), but it caused neither fat accumulation, nor affected fertility (80% vs. 87% in controls). Antide alone reduced penile length and weight significantly, and induced fat accumulation in 4/11 rats and infertility in 13/14 rats. Conversely, all 11 F + A-treated rats, similar to all nine DES-treated rats, had fat accumulation and loss of smooth muscle cells and cavernous spaces in the body of the penis and were infertile. In addition, reductions in penile length and weight were higher than in rats treated with F or A alone. DHT co-administration mitigated penile deformities in the DES group, but did not in the F + A group. Testicular testosterone was reduced by 70–95% at 7 or 12 days of age in all treated groups, except in the F group, which had threefold higher testosterone than controls. Collectively, data unequivocally show that reduced androgen production/action in the neonatal period, in the absence of oestrogen exposure, induces permanent infertility and malformed penis similar to that caused by oestrogen.
Microfabricaion and measurement of a sub-millimeterwave beam-scanning antenna array at Y-band

This paper presents the concept, design and fabrication of beam-scanning array antenna operating at Y-band (230–245 GHz) for light-weight collision avoidance applications. The array consists of over 40 radiating sub-arrays, generating a very narrow beam of less than 3° in azimuth and about 10° in elevation with ±25° azimuth steering capability. Slot-coupled cavity-backed patch arrays are used as the radiating elements of the main antenna in order to confine the beam of the antenna in the elevation plane. Silicon micromaching technology is used to microfabricate the prototype of the antenna. To characterize the micromachined antenna, a waveguide-probe near-field measurement setup is utilized. In the approach an open-ended waveguide probe is used along with on-wafer waveguide transitions to effectively feed the antenna. Measurement results are in excellent agreement with the full-wave simulation results of the antenna.
Ergonomics Principles Associated With Laparoscopic Surgeon Injury/Illness

Objective:This study sought to investigate the prevalence of laparoscopic surgeon injury/illness symptoms and evaluate associations between symptoms and operating room ergonomics.Background:Although laparoscopic procedures significantly benefit patients in terms of decreased recovery times and improved outcomes, they contribute to mental fatigue and musculoskeletal problems among surgeons. A variety of ergonomic interventions and applications are implemented by surgeons to reduce health problems. Currently, there is a gap in knowledge regarding a surgeon’s individual assessment of the operating room, an assessment that, in turn, would prompt the implementation of these interventions.Method:A new survey instrument solicited information from surgeons (N = 61) regarding surgeon demographics, perception, frequency of operating room equipment adjustment, and self-reported symptoms. Surgeons responded to questions addressing safety, ergonomics, and fatigue in the operating room, using a 5-point Likert-type scal...
Scalable Exploration of Physical Database Design

Physical database design is critical to the performance of a large-scale DBMS. The corresponding automated design tuning tools need to select the best physical design from a large set of candidate designs quickly. However, for large workloads, evaluating the cost of each query in the workload for every candidate does not scale. To overcome this, we present a novel comparison primitive that only evaluates a fraction of the workload and provides an accurate estimate of the likelihood of selecting correctly. We show how to use this primitive to construct accurate and scalable selection procedures. Furthermore, we address the issue of ensuring that the estimates are conservative, even for highly skewed cost distributions. The proposed techniques are evaluated through a prototype implementation inside a commercial physical design tool.
Diagnostic tests for Alzheimer disease: FDG-PET imaging is a player in search of a role.

![Graphic][1] Imaging with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) offers excellent insights into regional brain dysfunction but fails to deliver tangible benefits in most clinical settings in persons with suspected cognitive impairment. The radiation exposure from a single FDG-PET brain scan is 1.3 rem, equivalent to about 3 chest X-rays or 4 months of background radiation; therefore, while unnecessary exposure to radiation is to be avoided, my view is not driven by risks of PET scanning. It is the realities of clinical diagnostics and the lack of potent interventions for specific dementing illnesses that limit the value of FDG-PET. Diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia are entirely based on information obtained from the history and cognitive examination. Distinguishing abnormal cognition from normal cognition can sometimes be very challenging. As clinicians, we are often confronted with patients who report cognitive complaints that seem discordant with their level of daily functioning. Because there is a wide range of what is considered normal based on education, occupation, and cultural background, and because mood or motivation issues sometimes cloud performance, the distinction between normal and impaired can be very difficult. An FDG-PET scan will not solve this problem. The availability of FDG-PET offers a seductive but flawed logic that goes something like this: “Even though I don't know clinically whether the person has cognitive impairment or not, an abnormal FDG-PET would confirm that the cognitive complaints … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Exchange Rate Volatility and Exports: Regional Differences between Developing and Industrialized Countries

This study uses a large panel of industrialized and developing countries to investigate the link between exchange rate volatility and exports. Although the empirical literature on this relationship is extensive, a clear consensus about its nature and importance is yet to emerge. Using fixed- and random-effects models to capture cross-country differences, pooled export equations are estimated for the entire panel and various subsets of countries. The results, which are robust across different volatility measures, indicate that negative effects exist for LDC exports, especially from Latin America and Africa, but not for exports from Asian LDCs or industrialized countries.
Susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis to ABT-773 compared to their susceptibilities to 11 other agents.

The activity of the ketolide ABT-773 against Haemophilus and Moraxella was compared to those of 11 other agents. Against 210 Haemophilus influenzae strains (39.0% β-lactamase positive), microbroth dilution tests showed that azithromycin and ABT-773 had the lowest MICs (0.5 to 4.0 and 1.0 to 8.0 μg/ml, respectively), followed by clarithromycin and roxithromycin (4.0 to >32.0 μg/ml). Of the β-lactams, ceftriaxone had the lowest MICs (≤0.004 to 0.016 μg/ml), followed by cefixime and cefpodoxime (0.008 to 0.125 and ≤0.125 to 0.25 μg/ml, respectively), amoxicillin-clavulanate (0.125 to 4.0 μg/ml), and cefuroxime (0.25 to 8.0 μg/ml). Amoxicillin was only active against β-lactamase-negative strains, and cefprozil had the highest MICs of all oral cephalosporins tested (0.5 to >32.0 μg/ml). Against 50 Moraxella catarrhalis strains, all of the compounds except amoxicillin and cefprozil were active. Time-kill studies against 10 H. influenzae strains showed that ABT-773, at two times the MIC, was bactericidal against 9 of 10 strains, with 99% killing of all strains at the MIC after 24 h; at 12 h, ABT-773 gave 90% killing of all strains at two times the MIC. At 3 and 6 h, killing by ABT-773 was slower, with 99.9% killing of four strains at two times the MIC after 6 h. Similar results were found for azithromycin, with slightly slower killing by erythromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin, especially at earlier times. β-Lactams were bactericidal against 8 to 10 strains at two times the MIC after 24 h, with slower killing at earlier time periods. Most compounds gave good killing of five M. catarrhalis strains, with β-lactams killing more rapidly than other drugs. ABT-773 and azithromycin gave the longest postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of the ketolide-macrolide-azalide group tested (4.4 to >8.0 h), followed by clarithromycin, erythromycin, and roxithromycin. β-Lactam PAEs were similar and shorter than those of the ketolide-macrolide-azalide group for all strains tested.
A programmable multichannel correlation module for analyzing neutron multiplicities

A CAMAC module for analyzing neutron multiplicities is discussed. Reduction in dead time over previous methods has been made possible by providing independent detector channels. A considerable reduction in circuitry has been achieved by utilizing RAM and PROM integrated circuits in a nonstandard fashion. Along with specially developed algorithms, the module has been able to successfully unfold overlapping multiplicity chains for count rates varying over three orders of magnitude. >
Mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of diastolic heart failure

Diastolic heart failure, in the absence of LV systolic dysfunction, is a common clinical condition that can be demonstrated in as many as one third of patients with congestive heart failure. Diastolic dysfunction caused by abnormalities in LV filling can be a result of many pathologic conditions, including hypertrophy, infiltrative cardiomyopathies, or myocardial ischemia. The major physiologic determinants of LV filling can be divided into cellular mechanisms, hemodynamic characteristics, and hormonal influences. Cellular mechanisms for impaired LV inactivation are determined by the handling of calcium within the myocyte during excitation-contraction-relaxation coupling. The hemodynamic characteristics of LV diastolic filling are determined by loading conditions, the time constant of isovolumic relaxation, heart rate, ventricular nonuniformity, pericardial restraint, myocardial elasticity, chamber compliance, and coronary blood flow. The sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system are important modulators of diastolic filling, directly or indirectly. The diagnosis of heart failure is confirmed by a combination of clinical tests including invasive and noninvasive techniques, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Treatment of medical conditions in which diastolic heart failure is a prominent component include pharmacotherapy with calcium channel antagonists, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, diuretic agents, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. Certain conditions associated with diastolic filling abnormalities such as pericardial disease or severe ischemic heart disease may be best managed by surgical or percutaneous intervention. Future research will include further delineation of the cellular mechanisms of active myocardial relaxation and clinical investigation into treatment directed at improving outcome.
Development of novel liposomal and receptor tyrosine kinase-targeted immunoliposomal vinorelbine formulations with improved drug retention

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 4394 Following the successful clinical development of liposomal anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), vinca alkaloids are the next most likely candidates to join the list of clinically approved liposomal anticancer agents. However, in contrast to anthracyclines, liposome-encapsulated vincas suffer from increased drug leakage rates in vivo due to the inherently higher hydrophilicity of these drugs. We have developed a novel liposome drug loading strategy employing transmembrane gradients of the salts formed by polyalkyl-substituted amines with highly charged anions that allowed for improved loading capacity, loading efficiency, and greatly improved in vivo drug encapsulation stability of anticancer vinca alkaloids. This strategy was applied to vinorelbine, an attractive candidate for liposomal delivery due to its favorable toxicity profile, positive clinical experience in breast and lung carcinomas, and a chemical structure amenable to active loading into liposomes via transmembrane gradient approach. A series of liposomal vinorelbine formulations using various drug loads and intraliposomal drug-stabilizing anions were prepared, with drug-to-lipid ratios of up to 0.5 g/mmol phospholipid, and encapsulation efficiency over 90%. In vivo drug release rates in the blood of rats varies from drug release half-life of 1.8 hours to over 24 hours. These formulations showed prominent antitumor activity in several human and syngeneic tumor models in mice. The most active of these formulations is currently in Phase I clinical trials. The suitability of these novel vinorelbine liposome formulations for antibody-directed targeting (immunotargeting) was also studied. HER2- or EGFR- targeted immunoliposomal vinorelbines formulations were prepared from the amphiphilic PEG-DSPE conjugated of anti-HER2 scFv or anti-EGFR Fab’ and preformed vinorelbine liposomes using a micellar insertion method. The immunoliposomal vinorelbines showed target-specific cytototoxicity in cell cultures and good in vivo stability. Antitumor efficacy of these formulations tested in HER2-overexpressing breast tumor and EGFR-overexpressing brain tumor xenografts in nude mice was target specific and dependent on the rate of drug release from the liposome, with more stable constructs showing greater efficacy. Thus, better anticancer properties of liposomally formulated vinca alkaloids were achieved through improved drug encapsulation stability and cancer cell-specific targeting.
Modal Analysis Applied to Dynamic Reduction of Power System Models

This paper introduces a dynamic reduction strategy that preserves the original interarea modes of oscillation and produces a physical model of the power system. Although the proposed method is designed to be applicable to any multiarea system, a real system of considerable size is used in this paper as a practical example. The strategy is applied to an academic version of the Central American interconnected power system, consisting of 130 machines and six control areas. The result is a more computationally manageable model where all generators are actually present in the real system, allowing a model that is familiar to its users, and can be implemented in a format suitable to any commercial power system analysis software.
Evaluation of [18F]BMS-754807 as a potential IGF-1R PET tracer for cancer imaging

1353 Objectives Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is a growth hormone that functions as a regulator of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, energy metabolism and various organ-specific functions. Overexpression of IGF-1R has been found in many cancers, affecting multiple aspects of malignancy such as tumor growth and metastases. We recently reported the radiosynthesis of [18F]BMS-754807, a potent and reversible small molecule dual inhibitor of IGF-1R/IR, which is currently in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of a variety of human cancers. The overall goal of this study is to evaluate [18F]BMS-754807 as a cancer imaging agent in vitro. Methods [18F]BMS-754807 was obtained by treating corresponding bromo precursor with [18F]TBAF. The proof of concept of IGF-1R imaging with [18F]BMS-754807 was demonstrated by in vitro autoradiography studies using pathologically identified surgically removed breast cancer and pancreatic tumor tissues. Adjacent sections were incubated with known IGF1R inhibitor. The scanned image was analyzed using image analysis software MCID. Results [18F]BMS-754807 was synthesized in 10-15% yield in excellent purities and specific activity. In vitro autoradiography studies show that [18F]BMS-754807 bind to breast cancer and pancreatic cancer tissues. The radioligand binding was displaced with specific IGF1R inhibitor co-incubated with [18F]BMS-754807. Conclusions Our studies indicate that [18F]BMS-754807 has the potential for monitoring IGF-1R in breast cancer and pancreatic tumor in vitro. Further studies are required to establish the in vivo potential of [18F]BMS-754807. The details of in vitro evaluation of the radioligand will be presented.
Measurement of shape and deformation of MEMS at the wafer level

One of the approaches to fabrication of MEMS involves surface micromachining to define dies on single crystal silicon wafers, dicing of the wafers to separate the dies, and electronic packaging of the individual dies. Dicing and packaging of MEMS accounts for a large fraction of the fabrication costs, therefore, nondestructive evaluation at the wafer level, before dicing, can have significant implications on improving production yield and costs. In this paper, advances in development of optoelectronic holography (OEH) techniques for nondestructive, noninvasive, full-field of view evaluation of MEMS at the wafer level are described. With OEH techniques, quantitative measurements of shape and deformation of MEMS, as related to their performance and integrity, are obtained with sub-micrometer spatial resolution and nanometer measuring accuracy. To inspect an entire wafer with OEH techniques, measurements of overlapping regions of interest (ROI) on a wafer are recorded and adjacent ROIs are stitched together through efficient 3D correlation analysis algorithms.
The Importance of Ergonomics in Green Design

In the past decade the green building movement has gathered tremendous momentum. Since 2008 the US Green Building Council has provided an opportunity for ergonomists to actively participate in this...
ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUSPECTED TUBERCULOSIS CASES ON THE FIRSTLY SEEKING DOCTORS OF ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS ORGANIZATION

[Objective] To explore the influencing factors for suspected tuberculosis cases on the firstly seeking health care of anti-tuberculosis organization in Ruoergai county of Sichuan province so as to provide basis for establishing the measure and strategy of tuberculosis control for nationality areas with population decentralization,traffic discommodity and marjority herdsman. [Methods] Rouergai county was selected as the study field. Face-to-face interviewed were adopted to investigate the social-economic and demography characteristics,the knowledge of TB,the status of suspected TB cases seeking health care of suspected TB cases. [Results] 160 cases of suspected tuberculosis seeking health care of anti-tuberculosis organization were investigated by questionnaire. 85.6% of the suspected TB cases firstly sought non-anti-tuberculosis organization such as villages and towns infirmary,private clinic and polyclinic. Only 23.1% of the seekers had known some tuberculosis symptom before suffering from TB. The results of multiple factors non-conditional logistic regression analysis indicated that suspected TB cases firstly seeking anti-tuberculosis doctors are associated with the following factors:living in county city zone(OR = 6.483),mainly the work force in the family(OR = 4.548),and knowing the anti-tuberculosis organization address(OR = 3.012). [Conclusion] The key point to control tuberculosis in Rouergai county is to education of anti-tuberculosis knowledge should be strengthen the propaganda of TB knowledge and provide available health service.
Surveillance of influenza in Xinjiang,2009-2012

Objective The influenza surveillance network system covering every regions has been in established Xinjiang since 2009,by using the data collected through the system,the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Xinjiang from 2009 to 2012 was analyzed.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the proportion of illness like influenza(ILI) cases,the positive rate of pathogen detection,and distribution of influenza outbreaks in Xinjiang during this period.Results The overall median of weekly reported ILI proportion was 2.58%,the median of ILI proportion was 2.35% in summer and autumn and 2.81% in winter and spring.The overall median of influenza virus nucleic acid positive rate was 5.85%,the median of influenza virus nucleic acid positive rate was 0.51% in summer and autumn and 13.60% in winter and spring.The outbreaks mainly occurred in schools during winter and spring.Conclusion The seasonality of influenza epidemic was obvious in Xinjiang.It is necessary to further strengthen influenza surveillance to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of influenza,and the influenza prevention and control in schools during winter and spring should be strengthened too.
Intrinsic lesions of the unenlarged spinal cord: relative utility of spin echo and gradient echo MRI

The relative efficacy of spin echo versus gradient echo T2-weighted MRI examinations in the depiction of intramedullary lesions in the unenlarged spinal cord was evaluated prospectively. Nineteen patients with cervical myelopathy with normal or compressed cords on sagittal T1-weighted images were studied. Using spin echo images as the reference, nine high signal cord lesions in nine patients were observed. Two were better seen with spin echo and one was better seen with gradient echo. No false-positive lesions were noted on gradient echo. T2-weighted gradient echo sagittal images may replace T2-weighted sagittal images in many cases without significant loss of diagnostic accuracy. The simpler examination is especially useful in the uncooperative patient.
The south central center for public health preparedness training system model : A comprehensive approach

The South Central Center for Public Health Preparedness (SCCPHP) is a collaboration among the schools of public health at Tulane University and the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the state health departments in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.1 The mission of the SCCPHP is to prepare the workforce to respond to public health threats and emergencies—biological, chemical, nuclear, radiological, or explosive—whether naturally occurring or due to terrorism and resulting in mass trauma. The SCCPHP provides competency-based training via distant delivery methods to prepare public health workers to plan for and rapidly respond to these public health emergency events. Several program activities are carried out to ensure this workforce development initiative is successful. First, working with state and local health agencies, the SCCPHP identifies training needs in bioterrorism, infectious disease, and other public health threats and emergencies. Next, based on these needs, the SCCPHP develops relevant competency-based training. The SCCPHP also designs common methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the training, including impact on knowledge of specific competencies and increased capacity to respond. The SCCPHP training system model depicted in the Figure highlights the integrated process developed to execute program activities systematically and collaboratively. Figure The South Central Center for Public Health Preparedness (SCCPHP) Training System Model Another important program activity is sharing model development and innovative approaches to increase the effectiveness of other related training initiatives and reduce duplication of effort. Thus, this report presents the SCCPHP training system model, including detailed descriptions of each component and the relationships among the components that ensure a comprehensive approach for emergency preparedness training.
Immunocytochemical organization and sour taste activation in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract of mice.

Sensory inputs from the oropharynx terminate in both the trigeminal brainstem complex and the rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS). Taste information is conveyed via the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, while general mucosal innervation is carried by the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves. In contrast, the caudal nTS receives general visceral information largely from the vagus nerve. Although the caudal nTS shows clear morphological and molecularly delimited subdivisions, the rostral part does not. Thus, linking taste-induced patterns of activity to morphological subdivisions in the nTS is challenging. To test whether molecularly defined features of the rostral nTS correlate with patterns of taste-induced activity, we combined immunohistochemistry for markers of various visceral afferent and efferent systems with c-Fos-based activity maps generated by stimulation with a sour tastant, 30 mM citric acid. We further dissociated taste-related activity from activity arising from acid-sensitive general mucosal innervation by comparing acid-evoked c-Fos in wild-type and "taste blind" P2X2 /P2X3 double knockout (P2X-dbl KO) mice. In wild-type mice, citric acid stimulation evoked significant c-Fos activation in the central part of the rostral nTS-activity that was largely absent in the P2X-dbl KO mice. P2X-dbl KO mice, like wild-type mice, did exhibit acid-induced c-Fos activity in the dorsomedial trigeminal brainstem nucleus situated laterally adjacent to the rostral nTS. This dorsomedial nucleus also showed substantial innervation by trigeminal nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a marker for polymodal nociceptors, suggesting that trigeminal general mucosal innervation carries information about acids in the oral cavity. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:271-290, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SU‐C‐202‐04: Adapting Biologically Optimized Dose Escalation Based On Mid‐Treatment PET/CT for Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: To develop a biological modeling strategy which incorporates the response observed on the mid-treatment PET/CT into a dose escalation design for adaptive radiotherapy of non-small-cell lung cancer. Method: FDG-PET/CT was acquired midway through standard fractionated treatment and registered to pre-treatment planning PET/CT to evaluate radiation response of lung cancer. Each mid-treatment PET voxel was assigned the median SUV inside a concentric 1cm-diameter sphere to account for registration and imaging uncertainties. For each voxel, the planned radiation dose, pre- and mid-treatment SUVs were used to parameterize the linear-quadratic model, which was then utilized to predict the SUV distribution after the full prescribed dose. Voxels with predicted post-treatment SUV≥2 were identified as the resistant target (response arm). An adaptive simultaneous integrated boost was designed to escalate dose to the resistant target as high as possible, while keeping prescription dose to the original target and lung toxicity intact. In contrast, an adaptive target volume was delineated based only on the intensity of mid-treatment PET/CT (intensity arm), and a similar adaptive boost plan was optimized. The dose escalation capability of the two approaches was compared. Result: Images of three patients were used in this planning study. For one patient, SUV prediction indicated complete response and no necessary dose escalation. For the other two, resistant targets defined in the response arm were multifocal, and on average accounted for 25% of the pre-treatment target, compared to 67% in the intensity arm. The smaller response arm targets led to a 6Gy higher mean target dose in the adaptive escalation design. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that adaptive dose escalation to a biologically resistant target predicted from a pre- and mid-treatment PET/CT may be more effective than escalation based on the mid-treatment PET/CT alone. More plans and ultimately clinical protocols are needed to validate this approach. MSKCC has a research agreement with Varian Medical System
The purification and contamination of liquid crystals by means of nanoparticles. The case of weakly ionized species

Abstract This letter reports the effects of nanoparticles on the concentration of mobile ions in liquid crystals with weakly ionized species. Contrary to the case of fully ionized contaminants, the regimes of the purification and contamination achieved in liquid crystal nanocolloids with weakly ionized species depend on the interplay between the ion adsorption/ion desorption and ion generation/ion recombination. The competition between these processes results in the reduction of the magnitude of the purification and contamination levels in liquid crystals with weakly ionized species as compared to similar effects in the case of full ionization of contaminants.
A fully integrated 144 MHz wireless-power-receiver-on-chip with an adaptive buck-boost regulating rectifier and low-loss H-Tree signal distribution

An adaptive buck-boost resonant regulating rectifier (B2R3) with an integrated on-chip coil and low-loss H-Tree power/signal distribution is presented for efficient and robust wireless power transfer (WPT) over a wide range of input and load conditions. The B2R3 integrated on a 9 mm2 chip powers integrated neural interfacing circuits as a load, with a TX-load power conversion efficiency of 2.64 % at 10 mm distance, resulting in a WPT system efficiency FoM of 102.
Modernization of the MK-IX Generator

The design and performance of the MK-IX generator was originally published by Fowler and others in the 1989 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference in Monterey, CA. This was a versatile generator that was used for many experiments during the 1980s and 1990s. During that period, we delivered up to 30 MA current to a 35 nH load, and routinely delivered 21 MA to 72 nH inductive stores (16 MJ) for Procyon tests. New research efforts now need the output of a generator of this size, or larger. Our first step is to fabricate generators and demonstrate that we can reproduce old results. We have shown that we can still deliver 460 kA to the generator (7.2 muH) as before. We intend to modernize the MK-IX after establishing baseline performance. Castable explosives have become an efficient driver for generator armatures, but these explosives have reduced performance. To obtain the same output, we will have to modify the generator armature. For example, an aluminum armature could help compensate for explosive performance, and improve both cost and manufacturability. Calculations can compare the baseline design with more practical ones for future use. In this paper we present proposed changes, the pros and cons, and the status of our baseline fabrication and testing efforts.
Targeting histone deacetylases in T-cell lymphoma

AbstractHistone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are epigenetic modifiers with single-agent activity in patients with cutaneous and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (CTCL, PTCL). The mechanisms for this preferential activity remain unclear, and although some would term this as ‘class effect,’ there are differences in efficacy and safety, likely a result of the varying chemical structures/classes, histone and non-histone targets, potencies, and clinical dosing for each. Three HDACi have single-agent approval in relapsed/refractory TCL in the United States: romidepsin in CTCL and PTCL, vorinostat in CTCL, and belinostat in PTCL. Although comparison of these agents is difficult due to differences in patient populations, through this review we aimed to provide a detailed overview of the clinical data for HDACi in TCL and their use in clinical practice. Despite early concerns, data demonstrate the cardiac safety of HDACi, while highlighting the need to maintain electrolytes in the normal range and monitor QT interval ...
Incubation relative humidity induces renal morphological and physiological remodeling in the embryo of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

The metanephric kidneys of the chicken embryo, along with the chorioallantoic membrane, process water and ions to maintain osmoregulatory homeostasis. We hypothesized that changes in relative humidity (RH) and thus osmotic conditions during embryogenesis would alter the developmental trajectory of embryonic kidney function. White leghorn chicken eggs were incubated at one of 25-30% relative humidity, 55-60% relative humidity, and 85-90% relative humidity. Embryos were sampled at days 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 to examine embryo and kidney mass, glomerular characteristics, body fluid osmolalities, hematological properties, and whole embryo oxygen consumption. Low and especially high RH elevated mortality, which was reflected in a 10-20% lower embryo mass on D18. Low RH altered several glomerular characteristics by day 18, including increased numbers of glomeruli per kidney, increased glomerular perfusion, and increased total glomerular volume, all indicating potentially increased functional kidney capacity. Hematological variables and plasma and amniotic fluid osmolalities remained within normal physiological values. However, the allantoic, amniotic and cloacal fluids had a significant increase in osmolality at most developmental points sampled. Embryonic oxygen consumption increased relative to control at both low and high relative humidities on Day 18, reflecting the increased metabolic costs of osmotic stress. Major differences in both renal structure and performance associated with changes in incubation humidity occurred after establishment of the metanephric kidney and persisted into late development, and likely into the postnatal period. These data indicate that the avian embryo deserves to be further investigated as a promising model for fetal programming of osmoregulatory function, and renal remodeling during osmotic stress.
Hospital-Based Clinical Pharmacy Services to Improve Ambulatory Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: No systematic evaluations of a comprehensive clinical pharmacy process measures currently exist to determine an optimal ambulatory care collaboration model for chronic obstructive pulmo...
Incunable Almanacs and Practica as Practical Knowledge Produced in Trading Zones

This paper traces the development of practical knowledge in early modern astronomy and astrology by considering two literary genres apparently born in the fifteenth-century print shop, the annual broadside almanac and the annual multi-leaved practica. Taken together nearly 1000 editions printed before 1500 are extant, written in Latin or several vernacular languages. These texts combine astronomical, computistic, astrological and medical material. Examination of the term “practica” as an actors’ category, of the social locations of more than one hundred authors named on the imprints, and of the content of these texts suggests that this pragmatic literature arose in sites Pamela O. Long has called trading zones. Exemplified by the early modern arsenal, mine, princely court, or print shop, these zones enabled artisans and scholars to exchange expertise and experience. The resulting almanacs and practica offered readers timely information about the church calendar, astronomical phenomena, and medical and astrological prospects for the coming year.
Successful emergency department interventions that reduce time to antibiotics in febrile pediatric cancer patients.

Children with cancer and fever are at high risk for sepsis related death. Rapid antibiotic delivery ( 38.0 C). A secondary objective was to identify interventions amenable to translation to other centers. We conducted a post project analysis of prospectively collected observational data from children < 18 years visiting these EDs during independently conducted QI projects. Comparisons were made pre to post intervention periods within each institution. All interventions were derived independently using QI methods by each institution. Successful as well as unsuccessful interventions were described and common interventions adopted by all sites identified. A total of 1032 ED patient visits were identified from the three projects. Improvement in median TTA delivery (min) pre to post intervention(s) was 118.5-57.0 at site 1, 163.0-97.5 at site 2, and 188.0-111.5 at site 3 (p<.001 all sites). The eight common interventions were 1) Triage application of topical anesthetic 2) Rapid room placement & triage 3) Resuscitation room placement of ill appearing children 4) Close proximity to central line equipment 5) Antibiotic administration before laboratory analyses 6) Consensus clinical practice guideline establishment 7) Family pre-ED education for fever and 8) Staff project updates. This core set of eight low cost, high yield QI interventions were developed independently by the three ED's which led to substantial reduction in time to antibiotic delivery in children with cancer presenting with fever. These interventions may inform future QI initiatives in other settings caring for febrile pediatric oncology patients.
Laplace Transform Methods for Evolution Equations

The evolution equations considered here are of the form (1) u’(t) = A(t)u(t) + f(t), t > 0 ; u(0) = u0. The given function f and the unknown function u take values in a complex Banach space X, and the initial condition u0 is in X. The A(t) are closed linear operators with domains dense in X. The time independent case is the case A(t) ≡ A. As we shall see, taking Laplace transforms (formally) leads very naturally to considering the resolvent operators Rλ = (λI — A)-1, and what we describe here could as well be titled “resolvent methods for evolution equations.” We shall survey some conditions on the Rλ or Rλ(t) which (a) bear on the existence, uniqueness, or qualitative behavior of solutions and (b) are verifiable for interesting classes of PDEs. We outline how the conditions are derived for PDEs and how they are used to construct solutions of (1), and indicate some further lines of research.
Hepatitis C Genotype 3 Infection: Pathogenesis and Treatment Horizons

Genotype 3 hepatitis C infection is the second most common genotype worldwide and accounts for most infections in Southeast Asia. It is a particularly ominous genotype because it has been linked to increased mortality, specifically increased late-stage liver events, accelerated development of hepatic fibrosis, and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. As new treatment regimens for hepatitis C have been emerging, treatment of genotype 3 often requires longer treatment duration with decreased response rates as compared with other genotypes.
Interactions of gaseous molecules with X-ray photons and photoelectrons in AP-XPS study of solid surface in gas phase

Studies of the surface of a catalyst in the gas phase via photoelectron spectroscopy is an important approach to establish a correlation between the surface of a catalyst under reaction conditions or during catalysis and its corresponding catalytic performance. Unlike the well understood interactions between photoelectrons and the atomic layers of a surface in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and the well-developed method of quantitative analysis of a solid surface in UHV, a fundamental understanding of the interactions between X-ray photons and gaseous molecules and between photoelectrons and molecules of the gas phase in ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) is lacking. Through well designed experiments, here the impact of the interactions between photoelectrons and gaseous molecules and interactions between X-ray photons and gaseous molecules on the intensity of the collected photoelectrons have been explored. How the changes in photoelectron intensity resulting from these interactions influence measurement of the authentic atomic ratio of element M to A of a solid surface has been discussed herein, and methods to correct the measured nominal atomic ratio of two elements of a solid surface upon travelling through a gas phase to its authentic atomic ratio have been developed.
Bench/step training with and without extremity loading. Effects on muscular fitness, body composition profile, and psychological affect.

Background. To study the effect of bench/step group exercise with and without extremity loading on muscular fitness, body composition, and psychological affect. Methods. Experimental design: a prospective training study. Setting: general community fitness center. Participants: 44 healthy adult females (age: 21-51 yrs). Interventions: 12 weeks of bench/ step exercise (3 sessions/week, 50 min/session, 60-90% HR max ). Subjects were randomly assigned to groups that trained with (WT, n=16) and without (NWT, n=16) 0.68 kg/ankle and 1.36 kg/hand weights while 12 subjects served as non-training controls (NTC). Measures: pre- and postintervention muscular strength and endurance for knee and elbow flexion and extension, and for shoulder abduction and adduction were examined by isokinetic dynamometry. Body composition was assessed with hydrostatic weighing and psychological affect by questionnaire. Results. Thirty-two subjects completed the study. ANOVA revealed that pre- to postintervention changes for body fat (2.6%), fat-free weight (+0.7 kg), fat weight (-1.9 kg), and knee flexion peak torque were significantly different in the bench/step exercise trained (WT+NWT) compared to the NTC study group. Specific comparisons of muscle strength and endurance change scores of WT+NWT relative to NTC, and of WT relative to NWT revealed no other significant differences between groups. Positive and negative affective states were similar among study groups before and after the intervention. Conclusions. Participation in bench/step group exercise improved body composition but was of limited or no value as a modality to change muscular fitness and psychological affect in healthy adult females. The use of ankle and hand weights failed to enhance training adaptations.
Assessment of a compact Torsatron reactor, ATFSR

Confinement and engineering issues of a small (average minor radius a-barapprox. =1 m) moderate-aspect-ratio torsatron reactor are evaluated. The Advanced Toroidal Facility design is used as a starting point because of its relatively low aspect ratio and high beta capabilities. The major limitation of the compact size is the lack of space under the helical coils for the blanket and shield. Some combination of lower aspect ratio coils, higher coil current density, thinner coils, and more effective shielding material under the coils should be incorporated into future designs to improve the feasibility of small torsatron reactor concepts. Current neoclassical confinement models for helically trapped particles show that a large radial electric field (in terms of the electric potential, e phi/Tgreater than or equal to3) is necessary to achieve ignition in a device of this size.
8.4 – Pancreatic and Biliary Secretion

This chapter begins with an overview of the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. The four classes of exocrine secretion are listed: proteolytic, lipolytic, amylolytic, and nucleolytic enzymes. The composition of these classes and their activation is discussed, in particular with regard to prevention of the pancreas digesting itself and stimulation of secretion through cholecystokinin and parasympathetic stimulation. The fluid secretion by the pancreatic ducts is then discussed. The importance of the CFTR is emphasized, along with its regulation through secretin. The role of bicarbonate in neutralizing stomach acid is discussed. The conduits of the bile are then discussed. The components of the bile are discussed, with description of the mechanisms through which bile is secreted. Secretion by the biliary ducts is akin to that by the pancreatic ducts. This chapter describes primary bile acids and secondary bile acids and the enterohepatic circulation of the bile salts.