cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decentration of a toric intraocular lens implant in a patient with simple megalocornea

Abstract Purpose To describe a patient who developed radial displacement of the capsular bag and toric intraocular lens implant within approximately 5 weeks after surgery. Observations A patient underwent uncomplicated cataract extraction and implantation of a toric IOL for 2.5 diopters (D) of preoperative corneal astigmatism. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) on postoperative day 1 was 20/20. Blurriness developed 5 weeks after surgery when UCVA was 20/70 but corrected to 20/20 with 2 D of cylinder in a new axis. The IOL was in the proper axis, but it and the capsular bag were radially displaced. Dilated examination revealed posterior capsular opacification superotemporally, outside the visual axis. The patient's biometry revealed axial myopia and megalocornea (white-to-white measurement of 13.44 mm), suggesting a larger than average capsular bag. Surgery was performed at postoperative week 6 to expand the capsular bag using a capsular tension ring and to re-center the IOL keeping the same axis. The patient recovered UCVA of 20/25 after the IOL was recentered. Conclusions and Importance It is important to review biometry for large white-to-white measurements. Eyes with megalocornea may require capsular tension rings at time of toric IOL implantation so as to maintain IOL centration and good UCVA.
Flavor, Tenderness, and Related Chemical Changes of Aged Beef Strip Loins

Varying aging times and methods were evaluated for their effect on flavor, tenderness, and related changes involatile compounds and flavor precursors. Strip loin sections from USDA Choice beef carcasses (n = 38) were randomly assigned to treatments: (1) 3 d wet-aged, (2) 14 d wet-aged, (3) 28 d wet-aged, (4) 35 d wet-aged, (5) 49 d wet-aged, (6) 63 d wet-aged, (7) 21 d dry-aged, and (8) 14 d wet-aged followed by 21 d dry-aged. Samples were analyzed for trained sensory attributes, shear force, volatile compounds, and flavor precursors (fatty acids, free amino acids, and sugars). Discriminant function analysis was used to identify sensory attributes contributing the greatest to treatment differences. Flavor notes were not differentiated in beef aged up to 35 d, regardless of aging method. A shift in flavor occurred between 35 d and 49 d of wet-aging time that was characterized by more intense sour and musty/earthy notes. Both shear force assessment and trained panelists agreed that tenderness was not affected (P > 0.05) by additional aging beyond 28 d. Volatile compound production and liberation of amino acids and sugars increased (P 0.05) in fatty acid composition, which may be a result of metabolic processes like microbial metabolism. Chemical properties shared strong positive relationships (r > 0.50, P < 0.001) with sour, musty/earthy, and overall tenderness. These results substantiate the deteriorative effect of extended aging times of 49 d or greater on flavor of beef strip loins without tenderness improvement.
In Vitro to In Vivo Concordance of Toxicity Using the Human Proximal Tubule Cell Line HK-2:

The renal proximal tubule cell line, human kidney 2 (HK-2), recapitulates many of the functional cellular and molecular characteristics of differentiated primary proximal tubule cells. These features include anchorage dependence, gluconeogenesis capability, and sodium-dependent sugar transport. In order to ascertain how well HK-2 cells can reliably reveal the toxicological profile of compounds having a potential to cause proximal tubule injury in vivo, we sought to evaluate the effects of known proximal tubule toxicants using the HK-2 cell line. We selected 20 pure nephrotoxic compounds that included chemotherapeutic drugs, antibiotics, and heavy metal-containing compounds and evaluated their ability to induce HK-2 cell injury relative to 10 innocuous pure compounds or cell culture media alone. We performed a comprehensive set of in vitro cellular toxicological assays to evaluate cell viability, oxidative stress, mitochondrial integrity, and a specific biomarker of renal injury, Kidney Injury Molecule 1. For each of our selected compounds, we were able to establish a reproducible profile of toxicological outcomes. We compared our results to those described in peer-reviewed publications to understand how well the HK-2 cellular model agrees with overall in vivo rat or human toxicological outcomes. This study begins to address the question of how well in vitro data generated with HK-2 cells can mirror in vivo animal and human outcomes.
Non-Hermitian Hamiltonian Treatment of Stark Effect in Quantum Mechanics

The Non-Hermitian aspect of Quantum Mechanics has been of great interest recently. There have been numerous studies on non-Hermitian Hamiltonians written for natural processes. Some studies have even expressed the hydrogen atom in a non-Hermitian basis. In this paper the principles of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics is applied to both the time independent perturbation theory and to the time dependant theory to calculate the Stark effect. The principles of spherical harmonics has also been used to describe the development in the non-Hermitian case. Finally, the non-Hermitian aspect has been introduced to the well known Stark effect in quantum mechanics to find a condition in which the Stark effect will still be true even if a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian is used. This study completes the understanding at a fundamental level to understand the well known Stark effect. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2020-01242 Full Text: PDF
Organizational Transparency: A New Perspective on Managing Trust in Organization-Stakeholder Relationships

Transparency is often cited as essential to the trust stakeholders place in organizations. However, a clear understanding of the meaning and significance of transparency has yet to emerge in the stakeholder literature. We synthesize prior research to advance a conceptual definition of transparency and articulate its dimensions, and posit how transparency contributes to trust in organization-stakeholder relationships. We draw from this analysis to explicate the mechanisms organizations can employ that influence transparency perceptions.
A New Design of Z-Source Capacitors to Ensure SCR's Turn-Off for the Practical Applications of ZCBs in Realistic DC Network Protection

The installed capacity of renewable energy resources in dc format is increasing in modern power systems, and thus, the protection of high-power dc power delivery from fault is critical in HVdc transmission and MVdc distribution networks. Based on thyristors, Z-source circuit breaker (ZCB) is a promising device for high-power protection, with the capabilities of bidirectional power flow and automatic/controllable turn- off function. In this article, a new specific method for calculating Z-source capacitances is developed based on the reverse-recovery characteristics of SCR, which was not considered in the prior-art solution properly. The proposed method can ensure the turn- off action of SCR in ZCB's practice for realistic dc network protection. At first, it is revealed that the problem in the prior-art solution of ZCB parameter identification, which does not handle the SCR's reverse recovery well, and thus, could result in a failure of tripping action. To solve the problem, the specific method is proposed to adjust the Z-source capacitances, in order to accumulate enough electrons for the postfault depletion region buildup in SCR, and thus, guarantee the SCR's turn- off for a successful dc circuit protection. In the specific derivation, the required tripping time of ZCB is also considered and can remain unaltered after Z-source capacitance adjustment. Finally, experimental tests have verified the problem solving by comparing the proposed to the prior-art solution and proven its accuracy. The proposed method can be added as a supplement to the prior-art solution for the practical design of ZCB. This research article helps to increase the technology readiness level of ZCB solution and practice in realistic dc network protection.
Estrogen exacerbates the nociceptive effects of peripheral serotonin on rat trigeminal sensory neurons

Abstract Orofacial pain disorders involving trigeminal sensory neurons disproportionately affect women and can be modulated by hormones, especially estrogen (E2). Proinflammatory mediators, like serotonin (5HT), can act on sensory neurons expressing the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel, resulting in peripheral sensitization. We previously reported peripheral 5HT evokes greater pain behaviors in the hindpaw of female rats during proestrus and estrus, stages when E2 fluctuates. It is unknown if this interaction is comparable in the trigeminal system. We hypothesized that E2 exacerbates 5HT-evoked nocifensive pain behaviors and pain signaling in female trigeminal sensory neurons. We report 5HT-evoked nocifensive behaviors are significantly higher during estrus and proestrus, which is attenuated by blocking the 5HT2A receptor. The comparable dose of 5HT was not nociceptive in males unless capsaicin was also administered. When administered with capsaicin, a lower dose of 5HT evoked trigeminal pain behaviors in females during proestrus. Further, basal 5HT content in the vibrissal pad was higher in cycling females compared to males. Ex vivo, E2 enhanced 5HT-potentiated CGRP release from trigeminal neurons, which was not significantly reduced by blocking the 5HT2A receptor. Our data indicates that estrogen fluctuation influences the pronociceptive effects of 5HT on trigeminal sensory neurons.
"Parenting Beyond the Veil": The Continued Parenting Relationship After a Child's Death Due to Cancer.

Background: Childhood cancer is the leading cause of illness-related death, leaving thousands of parents to experience bereavement. This article presents select findings about the nature of the con...
A Case of Multiple Posterior Intercostal Artery Common Trunks in Conjunction with Additional Arterial Variations

Several thoracic vasculature variations were observed in an 81-year-old male cadaver during routine dissection. These included 5 common trunks of posterior intercostal arteries, a descending branch of the right vertebral artery, and atypical neurovascular relationships within intercostal spaces. On the right side, two common trunks of posterior intercostal arteries were observed supplying the 4th-7th intercostal spaces and 9th-11th intercostal spaces, respectively. There was also a small accessary branch supplying the 9th intercostal space. The first three posterior intercostal spaces on the right were supplied by a descending branch of the vertebral artery. On the left side, three common trunks of posterior intercostal arteries were encountered, supplying intercostal spaces 3-5, 6-7, and 11 plus the subcostal space. An atypical neurovascular relationship was observed in the right 6th intercostal space, as well as the left 2nd, 3rd, and 6th intercostal spaces. This is the first case report that presents 5 common trunks of posterior intercostal arteries, as well as common trunks in conjunction with other arterial variation in the posterior thoracic wall. These variations carry a high level of clinical significance and may be helpful in guiding decision-making related to surgical procedures related to the posterior thoracic cavity and spine.
MOTIONS OF A SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE DRILLING PLATFORM IN HEAD SEAS

A new method of predicting motions of a semisubmersible drilling platform in head seas is presented. A strip method is appropriately employed for the estimation of the hydrodynamic forces and moments on each member of the immersed structure oscillating in head seas. All hydrodynamic interactions among the immersed component members are assumed to be negligible. Predicted motions for a catamaran-type semi-submersible drilling platform in head seas are compared with corresponding results of scale model tests. Conclusions are drawn from this comparison and recommendations for future study are given. (Author)
Advanced Sensors for NASA's Exploration Missions

This paper presents a variety of advanced sensors needed for NASA's space exploration. The topics include: 1) The vision of the President of the United States of America for Space Exploration; 2) The report of the President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy; 3) Exploration Systems Interim Report; 4) Major areas of sensor needs; 5) Classes of material; and 6) Variety of Sensors for Space Exploration.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: Interaction of the enzyme with coenzymes and coenzyme analogs 1

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides utilizes either NAD+ or NADP+ as coenzyme. Kinetic studies showed that NAD+ and NADP+ interact with different enzyme forms (Olive, C., Geroch, M. E., and Levy, H. R. (1971) J. Biol. Chem.246, 2047–2057) . In the present study the techniques of fluorescence quenching and fluorescence enhancement were used to investigate the interaction between Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and coenzymes. In addition, kinetic studies were performed to examine interaction between the enzyme and various coenzyme analogs. The maximum quenching of protein fluorescence is 5% for NADP+ and 50% for NAD+. The dissociation constant for NADP+, determined from fluorescence quenching measurements, is 3 μ m , which is similar to the previously determined Km of 5.7 μ m and Ki of 5 μ m . The dissociation constant for NAD+ is 2.5 m m , which is 24 times larger than the previously determined Km of 0.106 m m . Glucose 1-phosphate, a substrate-competitive inhibitor, lowers the dissociation constant and maximum fluorescence quenching for NAD+ but not for NADP+. This suggests that glucose 6-phosphate may act similarly and thus play a role in enabling the enzyme to utilize NAD+ under physiological conditions. When NADPH binds to the enzyme its fluorescence is enhanced 2.3-fold. The enzyme was titrated with NADPH in the absence and presence of NAD+; binding of these two coenzymes is competitive. The dissociation constant for NADPH from these measurements is 24 μ m ; the previously determined Ki is 37.6 μ m . The dissociation constant for NAD′ is 2.8 m m , in satisfactory agreement with the value obtained from protein fluorescence quenching measurements. Various compounds which resemble either the adenosine or the nicotinamide portion of the coenzyme structure are coenzyme-competitive inhibitors; 2′,5′-ADP, the most inhibitory analog tested, gives NADP+-competitive and NAD+-noncompetitive inhibition, consistent with the kinetic mechanism previously proposed. By using pairs of coenzyme-competitive inhibitors it was shown in kinetic studies that the two portions of the NAD+ structure cannot be accommodated on the enzyme simultaneously unies they are covalently linked. Fluorescence studies showed that there are both “buried” and “exposed” tryptophan residues in the enzyme structure.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Jsb.

Jsbnegative antigen occurs in about 1 per cent of Negroes and has not been reported in Caucasians. This report presents what appears to be the first published case of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Jsb. The disease was mild and no exchange transfusions were required despite a fairly high maternal anti-Jsb titer. Potential transfusion problems are discussed.
Delaware's Choice: A Brief Reply to Commentators

I am grateful to the six commentators on my Delaware's Choice article –– they bring a range of perspectives and backgrounds to the question of Section 203's constitutionality, and what if anything should be done about it. Stephen Shapiro, who writes with his co-author Dorothy Shapiro, served as Deputy Solicitor General in the Reagan Administration, argued Edgar v. MITE before the U.S. Supreme Court, and now runs one of the most prominent appellate litigation practices in the country. If there is anyone who understands the substantive constitutional law issue regarding Section 203, it is he. Joe Grundfest was a Commissioner at the SEC in the 1980s, was heavily involved in the debates leading to the enactment of Section 203, and has been a longtime professor at Stanford Law School. He brings an invaluable combination of historical perspective, academic analysis, and practicality to the table. Vice Chancellor J. Travis Laster sits on the Delaware Court of Chancery, which plays referee to many of the takeover contests in which Section 203 is a relevant factor. His perspective from the bench is a welcome addition to the mix. Professor Larry Hamermesh of Widener University School of Law and Norm Monhait of Rosenthal, Monhait & Goddess, P.A. are (respectively) the past and current chairs of the Council of the Corporation Law Section of the Delaware bar. They are the choosers, and thus the intended audience for the amendments proposed in Delaware's Choice. I am grateful to all of these commentators for their thoughtful insights.
Teaching and Learning Los Angeles through Engagement with UCLA Library Special Collections

This article presents a case study of how library services and special collections, in particular, can be integrated into undergraduate education by engaging strategically with a high-impact area of the curriculum and concentrating on courses related thematically to collection strengths. The goals of such engagement include enhancing student academic success and increasing the visibility and use of library services and collections. During the academic year 2012-2013, the UCLA Library's Teaching and Learning Services and Library Special Collections partnered with the Division of Undergraduate Education's Freshman Cluster Program to experiment with embedding librarians into instructional teams in order to improve students' research skills. In “Los Angeles: The Cluster,” a year-long, interdisciplinary course focused on the history, architecture, and culture of Los Angeles, librarians collaborated with faculty and graduate student teaching assistants to incorporate primary sources, especially rare and unique cultural heritage materials, into the undergraduate curriculum. In this article, Kelly Miller provides an overview of the library’s partnership with the Freshman Cluster Program, and Robert Montoya describes his experience as an embedded librarian in the LA Cluster.
Characterization of the Murine Platelet IIb Gene and Encoded cDNA

The IIb/β3 receptor is central to platelet aggregation. Biological studies of this receptor have been limited by the inability to reproduce IIb/β3 function in a cell system. Increasingly, efforts are being directed at studies of this receptor in mice models. The structure of murine (m) β3 has been reported. We now have sequenced the mIIb gene and found that it has the same size and organization as the human gene. The exon/intron borders are reported here, as are the distances between exons. mIIb protein is 1,033 amino acids (aa), 7 and 5 aa shorter than human (h) and rodent (r) IIb, respectively, with 79% and 90% homology, respectively. As part of the comparative analysis of the 3 known IIb chains included in this report, we found that a particular region of the IIb N-terminal β-propeller is highly conserved and speculate that it directly participates in ligand binding.
Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects

Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects. Dru C. Gladney. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. 414 pp.
Persistent nonproductive infection of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B lymphocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

We have studied the interaction of different strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B-lymphocyte line, X50-7. Previously we found that some HIV-1 strains replicated rapidly and were exclusively cytolytic; others induced persistent noncytopathic infection associated with continued shedding of extracellular virus (K. Dahl, K. Martin, and G. Miller, J. Virol. 61:1602-1608, 1987). We now describe a third form of cell-virus relationship in which infection by strain IIIB is maintained in a highly cell-associated state in a small subpopulation (less than 2%) of X50-7 cells. Neither viral subcomponents nor infectious virus was detectable in culture supernatants; however, the carrier lines were fusogenic and HIV-1 could be recovered following prolonged cocultivation with susceptible cells. In these chronic carrier cultures, virions were not seen budding at the cell surface, but a few were found within cytoplasmic vesicles. HIV-1 infection of first- and second-generation cell subclones of the carrier cell line rapidly evolved from a productive to a cell-associated state. There were low levels of HIV DNA, and RNA in the fusogenic secondary clones, but most clones lacked HIV-1 DNA, failed to express HIV-1 RNA, and exhibited no properties associated with HIV-1 infection. The experiments indicate that HIV-1 can be sequestered in human B lymphocytes. The cell cloning experiments introduce the possibility that the HIV-1 provirus may be lost from some lymphocytes. Images
A Middleware Architecture for Personalized Communities of Devices

This position paper outlines our vision for a world of user devices not continuously connected to the Internet. Our first concern is to ease the usage of these devices by adapting their services to the user with data from a local profile. Maintaining the privacy of these user data is a major requirement that impacts all the work we do around collecting and exploiting these data. A major problem is to ensure the visibility of these data in a volatile environment.
From Architecture to Function (and Back) in Bio-networks

Living organisms exhibit systemic or emergent behavior due in large part to the combinatorial interdependencies among the components in the complex molecular systems that comprise them. Biological networks encode these interdependencies into convenient structural representations, enabling their analysis and understanding. Examples include: synergistic behavior of transcription factors during gene regulation, where several of them act together atomically to elicit gene expression response; the modular architecture of biological networks and its relation to function; and the enrichment or certain small topological features in the networks, e.g. triangles, called network motifs. Studying the connection between biological network architecture and function is made possible by novel methods enabling correct statistical and combinatorial accounting of topological features in the network systems. My focus in the past few years has been on characterizing biological networks in terms of the underlying local topologies or building blocks, and linking those building blocks to observable function in living organisms. Here I describe a set of tools and techniques that help us do that, together with results and insights from our studies. The techniques described come from various scientific disciplines that have had to deal with networked systems for some time, like social sciences, statistical mechanics, and complex network theory among others. In all case we have adapted these tools to biological network analysis and either extended or improved upon them.
General systems performance theory and its application to understanding complex system performance

General Systems Performance Theory GSPT is relatively new and was motivated by attempts to obtain a quantitative understanding of the interface of human systems to tasks. However, the general nature of this work is emphasized in that it is applicable to any system human or artificial at any hierarchical level. Most experimental investigations of GSPT have involved the human system, which is argued to be representative of a circumstance that includes great complexity in itself. The need for GSPT, key constructs of it, and experimental work are summarized. GSPT concepts are used retrospectively with focus on several other systems to explain common errors made in design and other circumstances that often lead to unforeseen consequences. Relatively simple approaches to demonstrate how GSPT methods could minimize or prevent such errors are delineated. To emphasize the broad applicability of GSPT, several speculative new, contemporary problem contexts are discussed with preliminary guidance regarding recommended measurements and assessment processes. Thus, to realize predictable change in a complex system, it is asserted that one must first have a reasonable understanding of the relationship between key components that form a system at any instant in time. It is ultimately argued in this chapter that: 1 performance is an omnipresent and ultimate concern, 2 performance variables are special and a quantitative understanding of the threshold-based and not correlation-based, resource economic relationship between performance attributes across hierarchical levels is essential, and 3 assessment of the notion of ``change'' i.e., in the evolution of complex systems and our understanding of this process depends, in many situations, first upon valid characterization and understanding of systems from a performance perspective.
Emerging Business Strategies for US Companies in Russia

Analyses business opportunities and strategies for US companies in Russia based on the changing business environment in both countries. International competition and domestic economic pressures in the USA, along with market transition taking place in Russia, create new business perspectives for US firms. These are based on relatively low competition, large market potential, abundance of natural resources and an educated labour force. Many industries and industrial regions in the Russian economy vary in long‐ and short‐term business value for US companies. Different entry strategies should be used by large and small US companies to succeed in Russia. Certain industrial sectors and regions must be considered as priorities by US companies in Russia with regard to the existing and rapidly changing business environment.
Aldrin and Dieldrin: Loss under Sterile Conditions

After their application to sterile nutrient agar, both aldrin and dieldrin disappeared rather rapidly from the agar in glass-covered petri dishes. In most instances this disappearance was considerably retarded from agar inoculated with either fungi or bacteria. In the presence of microorganisms, aldrin was also epoxidized into dieldrin. Half of the applied aldrin volatilized from the agar during the first day of incubation; dieldrin volatilized more slowly and at a constant rate.
Thermal Lagging in Random Media

The lagging behavior of heat transport in amorphous materials is studied by the use of temperature formulation along with surface heating. The percolating network is alternatively viewed as the physical mechanism causing delayed responses between the heat flux vector and temperature gradient in transporting heat. Experimental results of microsecond responses in rough carbon samples and submillisecond responses in weakly bonded copper spheres are re-examined with emphasis on the possible thermal lagging. Picosecond anomalous diffusion predicted by the fractal and fracton models are compared for silica aerogels and silicon dioxides. It has been shown that the fractal behavior in space can be interpreted in terms of the lagging behavior in time. Nomenclature
TWISTED KNOT POLYNOMIALS: INVERSION, MUTATION AND CONCORDANCE

Abstract The twisted Alexander polynomial of a knot is applied in three areas of knot theory: invertibility of knots, mutation, and concordance. Three examples are used to illustrate the utility of this invariant. First, a simple proof that the knot 8 17 is non-invertible is given. It is then proved that 8 17 is not even concordant to its inverse. Finally, the twisted polynomial is shown to distinguish the concordance class of the pretzel knot P (−3,5,7,2) from that of its positive mutant, P (5,−3,7,2). This last example completes the solution to problem 1.53 of Kirby (1984, 1997) asking for a relation between mutation and concordance.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 4-alkynyloxy phenyl sulfanyl, sulfinyl, and sulfonyl alkyl hydroxamates as tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors

A series of 4-alkynyloxy phenyl sulfanyl, sulfinyl and sulfony alkyl and piperidine-4-carboxylic acid hydroxamides were synthesized. Their structure-activity relationships, against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TACE) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor activities, are presented by investigating the oxidation state on sulfur and altering the P1' substituent. The sulfonyl derivatives 20-24 carrying a 4-butynyloxy moiety were selective TACE inhibitors over the MMPs tested. The sulfinyl derivatives showed a preference for a specific oxidation on sulfur as in compounds 25-28. The selectivity over MMPs was also demonstrated in the sulfonyl series. The enhanced cellular activity was achieved upon incorporating a butynyloxy substituent in the piperidene series. Compounds 64 and 65 were potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha release in the mouse at 100 mg/kg po.
Single Phase Polycrystalline Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 Grown by Vertical Gradient Freeze Technique

Abstract We report on the growth of high quality single phase Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) solar absorber material grown by the vertical gradient freeze (VGF) method for the first time. Polycrystalline CZTS ingot was grown in a vacuum sealed quartz ampoule. Structural and compositional analysis of the grown ingot was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD pattern revealed a highly crystalline tetragonal structure with lattice parameters of a =5.429 A and c =10.847 A corresponding to kesterite CZTS crystal. Raman spectra confirmed the existence of single phase CZTS without any secondary phases. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and EDS mapping were performed over a large area of the ingot to evaluate the elemental distribution on multiple polycrystals. The grown crystal was nearly stoichiometric with an atomic ratio of Zn/Sn=1.03 and Cu/(Zn+Sn)=0.964. EDS mapping showed a uniform elemental distribution over the polycrystals and a slight Cu-rich and Zn-poor composition at the grain boundaries.
The Origin of the Name “Onion’s Fusible Alloy”

In response to a reader query, this article traces the history of fusible alloys, including Newton’s metal, D’Arcet’s metal, Rose’s metal, Onion’s fusible alloy, and Wood’s metal.
Model for photorefractive keratectomy with a scanning beam

The optimal values of the parameters of a scanning system for laser corneal surgery are determined by using a computer model. The correction of myopia is simulated. The accuracy of the correction, the smoothness of the corneal surface after ablation, and the time needed for surgery are computed. With a beam diameter of 0.5 mm, an overlap of 60% to 80%, and a 5 mm diameter treatment zone, the simulated error is less than 0.1 Diopter for a correction of 6 Diopters or less; the roughness is less than 7% of the central ablation depth; the number of pulses per Diopter of correction is 2500 if the beam intensity distribution is Gaussian and 580 if the beam intensity distribution is uniform.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Technique for Identifying Problem Downgrades

A simple technique for identifying downgrades prone to runaway truck accidents has been developed and applied to several downgrades in West Virginia. Using geometric, environmental and accident data from 15 downgrades, an heuristic technique was formulated and tested. Plots of cumulative degree of curve versus cumulative distance from crest of grade appeared to be a useful tool in identifying problem downgrades. Concave upward curves were good predictors of high runaway truck accident rates. Irregular plots with frequency or sharp discontinuities could be used to identify runaway truck accident locations since trucks usually encounter problems at points of sharp horizontal curvature. Conversely, convex upward curves, or smooth curves with few discontinuities, generally had a smaller number of runaway truck accidents. There was good correlation between runaway truck accident rate and slope of the cumulative degree of curvature plot.
Verification of a class of self-timed computational networks

A mathematical model for systolic networks is generalized and applied to a class of VLSI cellular networks which is defined to include both systolic and self-timed networks. The general model is kept simple by assuming that a computation does not deadlock, that is by separating the verification of liveness from the the verification of the results. The main contribution of this paper concerns the study of deadlock in self-timed computational networks. More specifically, an algebra of events is developed and used to prove that the liveness of any self-timed network is determined uniquely by its initial state. Moreover, a method is presented for the verification of liveness in networks preset to given initial states.
The Theory and Practice of Foreign Policy Decision Making

Central to Alex George's work was a concern with the psychology of presidential decision making. Our analysis focuses on George's work at the intersection of leadership psychology and the psychology of judgment in the making of consequential foreign policy decisions, specifically those dealing with issues of war and peace. We begin with a review of the fundamental dilemmas of political decision making, focusing on the various factors that present challenges to leaders seeking to make high-quality decisions. We then move to an analysis of the nature of judgment and the ways in which it both shapes and is shaped by cognitive dynamics and conclude by examining a number of steps designed to help leaders avoid the most damaging blind spots of their own psychologies and cognitive biases.
Physical and Mechanical Properties and Enthalpy Relaxation Behavior of Polyphenylenesulfidesulfone(PPSS).

Physical and mechanical properties of polyphenylenesulfidesulfone (PPSS) were measured and compared with those of other high performance sulfur containing amorphous polymers such as polyethersulfone (PES) and polysulfone (PSF). PPSS showed poorer toughness than PES and PSF, and the enthalpy relaxation behavior of PPSS was investigated using DSC in order to understand the brittle nature of PPSS. The rate of enthalpy relaxation of PPSS was found to be very high and the fast relaxation is probably responsible for the brittle nature of PPSS. Dynamic mechanical spectra of PPSS were also measured to supplement the understanding of the relaxation behavior.
It is unclear if adjusting cortical thickness for changes in gray/white matter intensity ratio improves discrimination between normal aging, MCI, and AD.

The contrast between gray and white matter in MRI is critical for accurately measuring cortical thickness. The gray/white matter intensity ratio (GWIR) has been proposed to be an important adjustment factor for cortical thickness measures in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study examined the GWIR and its influence on cortical thickness in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD. The ability for GWIR to discriminate between these groups was assessed on its own and as an adjustment factor for cortical thickness. Minimal age- and AD-related changes in GWIR were observed. GWIR was not able to differentiate between normal aging, MCI, and AD. However, adjusting cortical thickness for GWIR slightly improved the ability to discriminate between groups and the effect size of cortical thickness increased after adjusting for GWIR. This work demonstrates the ambiguity in adjusting cortical thickness measures for GWIR, particularly when attempting to discriminate between normal aging, MCI, and AD groups.
The Rapid Transformation of Intergovernmental Energy Relations

In a classic article Wright suggests intergovernmental relations (IGR) have gone through five distinct phases. Aron applied Wright's conceptual matrix to electric energy relations in the early 1970s and found them in the pre-1937 conflict phase. This article reexamines these relations after passage of the 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) and the energy crisis of the late 1970s. Although some IGR conflict occurred after PURPA expanded federal electric energy authority, there is considerable evidence that the perceived seriousness of the nation's energy problem encouraged greater IGR cooperation. Accordingly, this article suggests that IGR electric energy relations in the early 1980s demonstrate patterns of what Wright calls conflict and cooperation. In addition, this article suggests there are similarities beteen IGR electric energy relations in the 1980s, and IGR energy relations in the 1930s. 42 references.
Sex-Dependent Cognitive Performance in Baboon Offspring Following Maternal Caloric Restriction in Pregnancy and Lactation

In humans a suboptimal diet during development has negative outcomes in offspring. We investigated the behavioral outcomes in baboons born to mothers undergoing moderate maternal nutrient restriction (MNR). Maternal nutrient restriction mothers (n = 7) were fed 70% of food eaten by controls (CTR, n = 12) fed ad libitum throughout gestation and lactation. At 3.3 ± 0.2 (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM]) years of age offspring (controls: female [FC, n = 8], male [MC, n = 4]; nutrient restricted: female [FR, n = 3] and male [MR, n = 4]) were administered progressive ratio, simple discrimination, intra-/extra-dimension set shift and delayed matching to sample tasks to assess motivation, learning, attention, and working memory, respectively. A treatment effect was observed in MNR offspring who demonstrated less motivation and impaired working memory. Nutrient-restricted female offspring showed improved learning, while MR offspring showed impaired learning and attentional set shifting and increased impulsivity. In summary, 30% restriction in maternal caloric intake has long lasting neurobehavioral outcomes in adolescent male baboon offspring.
An Integrated Structural/Strategic Approach To Family Therapy

While the structural and strategic family approaches have many similarities, their espoused differences have sometimes left therapists in a position of having to choose between them. However, they may be more compatible than has commonly been believed. This paper reviews their basic concepts and operations and presents a model for integrating both approaches in a concurrent and contrapuntal fashion, drawing on the best and most appropriate features of each. Case examples are used to clarify points. Special attention is given to the technique of “strategic disengagement.” A set of rules is provided for decision-making as to when one approach or the other might be applied.
Rapidly thiol-responsive degradable block copolymer nanocarriers with facile bioconjugation

Degradation of amphiphilic block copolymer (ABP) micelles in response to external stimuli (stimuli-responsive degradation) is a desired property in the design of controlled delivery vehicles. Here, a versatile methodology that combines facile carbodiimide coupling polycondensation with controlled radical polymerization to synthesize thiol-responsive degradable ABP micelles is described. These smart micelles consist of a hydrophobic degradable polyester block with disulfide linkages labeled repeatedly along the main chain; more importantly, in response to thiols they exhibit rapid and controlled degradation, thereby leading to enhanced release of encapsulated model drugs. Moreover, the proposed method allows for a facile bioconjugation of hydrophilic coronas using cell-targeting biomolecules during polymerization.
A micromechanical analysis of crack propagation in an elastoplastic composite material

Abstract The mathematical theory of plasticity, incorporating the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule and an octahedral shear stress-plastic octahedral shear strain yield and failure criterion, has been combined with a finite element numerical analysis to model the initiation and subsequent propagation of a crack in a filament-reinforced composite material. An applied loading transverse to the unidirectional reinforcement is assumed, the goal being to develop a better understanding of the failure mechanisms influencing off-axis strength, in terms of the governing micromechanical parameters.
Evaluation of Tillage and Poultry Litter Applications on Peanut

Detrimental levels of poultry litter (mixture of manure and bedding material) and concurrent effects of tillage need to be determined for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Two field trials with 'Georgia Green' peanut were conducted in 2001 and 2002. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the influence of seven tillage treatments (chisel, conventional, disk, fall moldboard plow, moldboard plow + chiselvator, ripper bedder, and strip-till) and three poultry litter applications (0, 4.5, and 9.0 Mg ha -1 ) before tillage. The objective of the second study was to evaluate four application timings (0, 1, 2, and 3 wk before planting) of high poultry litter rate (13.4 Mg ha -1 ) on peanut. In the first experiment, the application of 4.5 and 9.0 Mg ha -1 poultry litter decreased peanut yields in disk and moldboard plow + chiselvator treatments in both years. However, no detrimental effect of poultry litter was noted with 4.5 Mg ha -1 on treatment with fall moldboard plow or strip-till. Due to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus severity, peanut yields were less with the application of 4.5 and 9.0 Mg ha -1 (1844 and 1643 kg ha -1 , respectively) compared with treatment without poultry litter application (2037 kg ha -1 ) in 2002. In the second experiment, the least yield decrease was observed with high litter application at 1 wk before planting peanut (1059 kg ha -1 ) compared with control (1669 kg ha -1 ). These studies indicate that the detrimental effect of poultry litter may be reduced with less poultry litter (up to 4.5 Mg ha -1 ) applied to strip-tilled peanut.
MECHANISM OF PRODUCTION OF PULMONARY LESIONS IN MICE BY NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS (NDV)

Infectious NDV particles produce extensive pulmonary consolidation in the mouse in the absence of demonstrable virus multiplication. The lesions are indistinguishable from those of influenza A virus infection. This effect of NDV was blocked by intranasal injection of RDE or immune serum before virus inoculation, but not by immune serum injected 5 minutes or more after NDV. Influenza A virus infection did not diminish fixation of NDV in excised lungs but did interfere with the injurious action of this agent in the living mouse. The analogy between these reactions and those which take place in a progressive virus infection is pointed out, and the mechanism of production of lesions in virus pneumonias discussed.
Systemic and localized reversible regulation of transgene expression by tetracycline with tetR-mediated transcription repression switch.

Background We recently developed a new tetracycline-inducible gene switch employing the tetracycline operator-containing hCMV major immediate-early promoter and the tetracycline repressor, tetR, rather than the previously used tetR-mammalian cell transcription factor fusion derivatives. Materials and methods The present study demonstrates that this tetR-mediated transcription repression system can function as a powerful gene switch for On-and-Off regulation of therapeutic gene expression in ex vivo gene transfer protocols. Firstly, for achieving regulated gene expression in a localized tissue environment, R11/OEGF cells, a stable line that expresses hEGF under the control of the tetR-mediated transcription repression switch, were transplanted into porcine full-thickness wounds enclosed by wound chambers. Results By topically applying tetracycline in wound chambers at various concentrations or at different time points post-transplantation, the levels and timing of hEGF expression in transplanted wounds could be reversibly regulated by tetracycline. Over 3000-fold induction in hEGF expression was achieved in the local wound microenvironment. Secondly, R11/OEGF cells were intramuscularly injected into NCr outbread nude mice to test the efficacy of intermittent systemic gene delivery of a soluble peptide(s). Conclusions Basal circulating hEGF was undetectable and induced up to at least 1,500-fold after administration of tetracycline. Furthermore, the timing and duration of hEGF expression could be finely adjusted by the presence or the absence of tetracycline in the drinking water.
Pattern of lymphatic spread in pharyngeal cancer.

A survey was done on the histologic findings on cleared neck dissection specimens in a group of 42 patients who underwent resection for pharyngeal cancer. Positive nodes were found in 69% of the specimens, with upper deep jugular nodes being most frequently involved and with multiple levels of involvement being found in one quarter of the patients.
Characterization of cardiorespiratory events following gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants

Characterization of cardiorespiratory events following gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants
Distribution of disulfiram in brain after carotid ligation in gerbils

Aiming whether intraperitoneal administration of disulfiram (tetraethyl thiuram disulfide, DS) achieves potentially therapeutic drug concentrations in brain tissue, the behaviour of blood-brain barrier (BBB) to 14C-labelled DS in cerebral ischemia with and without simultaneous adminisration of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was studied in Mongolian gerbils subjected to left common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion. The results indicated that: (a) the permeability of DS through the BBB was significantly enhanced in the ischemic brain during the initial 30 min duration after DS administration; (b) administration of DMSO increased the entry of DS into the ischemic brain five-fold during the first 30 min and it was significantly higher even at the 60 min sampling period; (c) in general, the content of DS in the brain was quickly reduced with time.
INSULIN AUTOANTIBODIES (IAA) IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE (SCD) PREDICT GROWTH DELAY AND DISEASE SEVERITY. † 900

INSULIN AUTOANTIBODIES (IAA) IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE (SCD) PREDICT GROWTH DELAY AND DISEASE SEVERITY. † 900
Aging effects in GaAs electroluminescent diodes

Abstract It has been reported that radiation from GaAs electroluminescent diodes operated under forward bias conditions gradually decreases with time. This paper, which is a more comprehensive study of the effect, describes the results of a large-scale, systematic aging study (800 diodes, aged from 1600 to 8000 hr) for a wide range of fabrication parameters and stress conditions. The fabrication variables encompass junction formation, surface preparation, encapsulation, and crystal types. The stress conditions include current densities from 0 to 500 A/cm 2 at room temperature and from 0 to 130 A/cm 2 at 65°C. The effect of the above parameters on the rate of decay of the light output is presented. A marked decrease in the light decay rate is found for diodes which had the junction prepared by solution growth techniques.
CCK receptor polymorphisms: an illustration of emerging themes in pharmacogenomics

Polymorphisms in G-protein-coupled receptors can alter drug affinity and/or activity. In addition, genetic differences in amino acid sequences can induce ligand-independent signaling, which in turn can lead to disease. With growing efforts in the field of pharmacogenomics, it is anticipated that polymorphism-induced alterations in drug and/or receptor function will be a focus of increasing concern during the course of future drug-development efforts. In this review, the spectrum of pharmacological consequences that result from polymorphisms in the cholecystokinin CCK2 receptor will be discussed, thereby illustrating emerging themes in pharmacogenomics.