cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic effects of coinfection in lambs with parainfluenza-3 virus and Pasteurella haemolytica

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute lesions induced in young lambs by coinfection with parainfluenza type 3 (PI-3) virus and Pasteurella haemolytica, would persist until slaughter age (5–6 months) and resemble those of chronic enzootic pneumonia. To do this, 16 colostrum-deprived lambs were sequentially inoculated intratracheally at 1–2-weeks of age. All lambs became pyretic, anorectic, hyperpneic, and lethargic 1–2-days post-inoculation (DPI) of PI-3 virus and one died 3 DPI of the virus. The remaining lambs were given P. haemolytica 4 DPI of PI-3 virus causing exacerbated signs of illness but all recovered within 2–3 days. Five lambs, killed 7 DPI of PI-3 virus, had extensive interstitial pneumonitis and three of these five lambs had multiple necrotic pulmonary foci with purulent to fibrinopurulent inflammation and hyperplasia of alveolar epithelium. None of the ten lambs that were killed 75 DPI of PI-3 virus were ill or had pulmonary lesions. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from the lungs of two lambs killed 7 DPI of PI-3 virus and from one lamb killed 75 DPI of PI-3 virus but no virus was isolated. Control lambs did not have signs or lesions of disease. We concluded that resolution of acute lesions in the lungs was complete by 75 DPI and that coinfection with PI-3 virus and P. haemolytica, without other factors, is unimportant as a cause of chronic enzootic pneumonia of lambs.
A New Synthesis of 3-Aryl-5-Arylmethylene-2(5H)-Furanones

Abstract A recent report about the synthesis of di and tri-substituted 2 (5H)-furanones starting from bromoaldehydes and potassium phenyl-acetate1 prompts us to report our own studies on the preparation of 3-aryl-5-arylmethylene-2 (5H)-furanones (or butenolides) 1. We have earlier reported2 a general method for the synthesis of 1 from phenylpropargyl aldehyde, 2 and arylacetic acids. Although several methods have been reported for the synthesis of the parent compound 1 (R = R1 = Ph)3–6, these methods have not been extended to other substituted furanones. Saikachi and Taniguchi7 prepared 1 (R = 5-nitro-2-thenyl, R1 = 2-thenyl and 2-furyl) in 16–17% yields.
Eating between the lines: functional feeding response of bonnetheads (Sphyrna tiburo)

Mobile mesopredators can have strong influences in the structuring of marine food webs in shallow coastal ecosystems. Few quantitative estimates of the effects of predation on prey populations by highly mobile mesopredators exist, yet they are necessary to evaluate the impact mesopredators have on prey resources. Quantifying a predator’s functional response provides valuable information on how a predator’s per capita consumption rate of prey can influence community structure and prey populations. We examined the functional response of bonnetheads (Sphyrna tiburo) to one of its few natural prey items brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) to determine if per capita feeding rates would increase with increases in prey density. We simulated natural conditions in outdoor mesocosms and offered live prey at varying densities. The functional response of a predator can take one of three forms: linear (type I), rise to an asymptote (type II), and a sigmoid shape (type III). Bonnetheads consumed prey proportional to prey density and demonstrated a response that was in between a type I (R 2 = 0.847, p < 0.01) and type II (R 2 = 0.877, p < 0.01) functional response. Bonnetheads showed an increased rate of consumption with initial low prey densities but high densities of available prey did not consistently result in increased consumption rates. At the maximum prey density offered, bonnetheads consumed less prey than at intermediate densities. Bonnetheads may not have as strong of an influence on prey populations at high prey densities compared to predation impacts at low densities. Bonnethead per capita feeding rates did not conform to a type I, type II, or type III functional response and our results suggest that bonnetheads follow a functional response continuum more closely. This study highlights the importance and difficulty in understanding the feeding ecology of highly mobile mesopredators.
Processing and characterization of cobalt-stabilized YBa2Cu3Oy as a substrate for bulk superconductors

Abstract The physical properties of ceramic YBa2Cu(3−x)CoxOy were investigated to evaluate its usefulness as a substrate material for bulk YBa2Cu3Oy superconductors. YBa2Cu(3−x)CoxOy is thermally and chemically compatible with YBa2Cu3Oy and displays adequate electrical properties for a substrate material. An intensive investigation of materials with the nomial composition of YBa2Cu2.2Co0.8Oy revealed semiconductor-like behavior, with a room-temperature resistivity of 70 mωcm and a 77 K resistivity of 4 × 106 mωcm. Measured mechanical properties YBa2Cu(3−x)CoxOy indicated that its flexural strength is low (60 MPa) and highly dependent on sintering conditions. YBa2Cu(3−xCoxOy was found to be a good substrate material for bulk YBa2Cu3Oy superconductors. Coils with a continuous superconducting path, made from superconductor/substrate composites, were characterized, and Co diffusion into the superconducting layer was investigated. Optimal processing conditions are discussed.
The Process of Retrieval from Very Long‐Term Memory

In this paper we argue that the protocols of subjects recalling the names of their high school classmates, as well as an array of traditional memory phenomena, can be understood from an information-processing analysis which interprets retrieval as a problem-solving process. This characterization of retrieval focuses on the reconstructive and recursive nature of the process of remembering. Retrieval is viewed as a process in which some information about a target item is used to construct a description of the item and this description is used in attempts to recover new fragments of information. A new description is formed and the process continues recursively. Three subprocesses are identified: FIND A CONTEXT, in which a proper environment for conducting a search is established; SEARCH, in which bits and pieces of information appropriate to the context are recovered until an adequate description can be formed within the search context; and VERIFY, in which recovery information is checked for consistency. From the perspective of this characterization, we examine the protocols of subjects asked to think aloud while recalling the names of their classmates. Subjects' retrievals continued for a surprisingly long period and were characterized by the phenomena of overshoot, systematic hypothesizing, fabrications, establishment of search contexts, self-corrections, and the use of a number of basic search strategies. The view of memory as a problem-solving process not only leads us to the identification of these phenomena but also to a framework for a coherent interpretation for them.
The bacterial symbiont from the hydrothermal vent tubewormRiftia pachyptila is a sulfide specialist

We have investigated the metabolic adaptations of the chemolithotrophic bacterial symbionts ofRiftia pachyptila. Specimens of the tubeworm were collected by submersible from depths of 2600 m at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise in 1987, and 2450 m at the Galapagos Rift in 1988. Isolated bacteria utilize sulfide, but not thiosulfate or sulfite, as their sole reduced-sulfur energy source. The bacteria rapidly oxidize a wide range of sulfide concentrations (5µM to 2 mM), with maximal respiration rates at concentrations >1 mM, and unlike many sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, show no inhibition in oxygen consumption at sulfide concentrations up to 2 mM. Incubations of freshly homogenized trophosome tissue or isolated bacteria with sodium [35S] sulfide and subsequent analysis of sulfur products by high-performance liquid chromatography and flow-through scintillation counting showed that sulfide disappeared almost completely within 1 min. Both soluble and insoluble products of sulfide oxidation were produced. The soluble fraction contained sulfate and polysulfides, with no thiosulfate produced. However, the majority of the radioactivity was in the water-insoluble fraction, mostly as elemental sulfur. Whole-worm experiments under pressure showed a rapid removal of35S-sulfide from the incubation water, with sulfide, sulfate, and polysulfides appearing in the blood within 4 h. There was no utilization of thiosulfate by the whole worms, freshly homogenized trophosome tissue, or isolated bacteria.
High-Field Magnetization of Thulium Single Crystals

The magnetization of thulium has been measured along the $〈10\overline{1}0〉$ ($b$ axis) and $〈0001〉$ ($c$ axis) directions from 4.2 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in magnetic fields up to 100 kOe. The measurements were taken using a vibrating-sample magnetometer designed and constructed to operate in a 100-kOe superconducting solenoid. The data indicate a N\'eel temperature of 58\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with large anisotropy favoring the $c$ axis. They suggest that the antiferromagnetic structure below 58\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is an axial structure oriented along the $c$ axis. The low-field isofields for the $c$ axis show that at about 42\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the antiferromagnetic structure begins to square up, and at about 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the moments assume ferrimagnetic structure with a net moment along the $c$ axis at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of $1.0{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per atom. The ferrimagnetic coupling can be overcome by magnetic fields above 28 kOe, yielding a ferromagnetic structure with a saturation magnetization of $7.14{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per atom. The $b$-axis sample, however, remained magnetically hard to the highest fields used; at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the moment reached $0.75{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per atom at 93 kOe. The data in the paramagnetic region gave a value for ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ of $7.61{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, with paramagnetic Curie temperatures of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{11}=41\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=\ensuremath{-}17\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, where ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{11}$ is for fields applied along the $c$ axis and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ is for fields applied perpendicularly to the $c$ axis.
A study of common beliefs and misconceptions in physical science

The Science Belief Test is an online instrument comprised of 47 statements that require true or fals responses and request written explanations to accompany these responses. It targets topics in chemistry, physics, biology, earth science, and astronomy and was initially designed to assess preservice elementary teachers’ beliefs about general science content. A set of responses for six of the physical science items targeting force/ gravity and physical/chemical change was selected for analysis from 305 respondents. Written explanations were coded into three general categories: (1) correct explanation, Written explanations were coded into three general categories: (1) correct explanation, (2) incorrect explanation, (3) guess or uninterpretable. The correct response rates for the explanations were compared to the correct response rates that were based on the accompanying true or flase answers. The explanations were further analyzed and coded into specific categories that included alternative and naive conceptions. Correct response rates, when analyzed from the true/false or written explanations, were low (<60%) for five of the six items. Naive beliefs and/or misconceptions were prevalent for each of these five items, and understanding that students may hold these beliefs prior to instruction may provide teachers with useful information for the purpose of improving instruction.
Periodic Fermentor Yield and Enhanced Product Enrichment from Autonomous Oscillations

Four decades of work have clearly established the existence of autonomous oscillations in budding yeast culture across a range of operational parameters and in a few strains. Autonomous oscillations impact substrate conversion to biomass and products. Relatively little work has been done to quantify yield in this case. We have analyzed the yield of autonomously oscillating systems, grown under different conditions, and demonstrate that it too oscillates. Using experimental data and mathematical models of yeast growth and division, we demonstrate strategies to increase the efficient recovery of products. The analysis makes advantage of the population structure and synchrony of the system and our ability to target production within the cell cycle. While oscillatory phenomena in culture have generally been regarded with trepidation in the engineering art of bioprocess control, our results provide further evidence that autonomously oscillating systems can be a powerful tool, rather than an obstruction.
Tautomeric equilibria of 2-pyridone/2-hydroxypyridine. Ab initio coupled cluster calculations with first-order correlation orbitals

Abstract Tautomeric equilibria of the 2-pyridone/2-hydroxypyridine are studied using the coupled-cluster method with single, double, and triple excitations. The 0 K total energy difference is estimated to be 3.5 kcal/mol in favor of the hydroxy form.
Supersymmetric model with Dirac neutrino masses

New models have recently been proposed in which a second Higgs doublet couples only to the lepton doublets and right-handed neutrinos, yielding Dirac neutrino masses. The vacuum value of this second 'nu-Higgs' doublet is made very small by means of a very softly-broken Z{sub 2} or U(1) symmetry. The latter is technically natural and avoids fine-tuning and very light scalars. We consider a supersymmetric version of this model, in which two additional doublets are added to the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). If kinematically allowed, the decay of the heavy MSSM scalar into charged nu-Higgs scalars will yield dilepton events which can be separated from the W-pair background. In addition, the nu-Higgsinos can lead to very dramatic tetralepton, pentalepton, and hexalepton events which have negligible background and can be detected at the LHC and the Tevatron.
Impact of postmastectomy radiotherapy in T3N0 invasive carcinoma of the breast: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database analysis.

BACKGROUND. Randomized trials provide evidence for improved outcomes with postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in high-risk patients. It has been suggested that patients with T3N0 breast cancer represent a favorable subgroup for which PMRT renders little benefit. In the current study, the authors used a United States population database to evaluate PMRT in this subgroup. METHODS. The cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) of women with T3N0M0 breast cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database after mastectomy and axillary staging from 1988 to 2002 were analyzed. Univariate analysis was performed to relate CSS with PMRT (yes vs no), tumor size (≤7 cm vs >7 cm), grade (1 vs 2 or 3), patient age (≤50 years vs >50 years), the number of lymph nodes dissected (≤13 vs >13), and the era treated (1988-1997 vs 1998-2002). Multivariate analyses for CSS and OS were also performed. RESULTS. In total, 1865 women met the analysis criteria for OS; CSS data were available for 98.8% of those women. Of the women who were diagnosed during the era from 1988 to 1997, 22% received PMRT, and that rate increased to 41% during the era from 1998 to 2002. The actuarial 10-year CSS for those who received PMRT versus those who did not receive PMRT was 81.6% versus 79.8%, respectively (P = .38). PMRT was not associated with a CSS benefit in any subgroup, a finding that persisted in multivariate analyses. Women who received PMRT had an increased 10-year OS rate (70.7% vs 58.4%; P 50 years in a subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS. This retrospective, population-based analysis demonstrated no increase in CSS with PMRT for women with T3N0 breast cancer, lending further support to the hypothesis that T3N0 disease postmastectomy represents a favorable subset of locally advanced breast cancer. Theincreased OS associated with PMRT in the absence of improved CSS likely reflects patient selection in this nonrandomized dataset. Prospective evaluation of PMRT in this population subset is warranted. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Speech-Reinforcement System Evaluation

Speech-reinforcement systems in six large auditoriums were evaluated, using subjective rating tests, word-articulation tests, and, in two cases, a new test method. This method, called the "terminal-word test," makes possible the quantitative measurement of speech intelligibility for a sound system in actual use. A graphical method is presented for calculating the performance of a sound system in which account is taken of the frequency response of the system, the reverberation time of the room, the directivity index of the loudspeaker, and the room noise. Test results indicate that a flat frequency response in the range between 400 and 4,000 cps is required for good intelligibility. The graphical method indicates that little further increase in intelligibility would result from extending this range upward or downward. If the loudspeaker system is sufficiently directive in this frequency range and properly located in the room, room reverberation has little effect on speech intelligibility.
A Changing Time for Pain Medicine

This represents my final column as the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) President. It has been an honor to serve in this position as well as quite a journey. As I have mentioned in previous columns, this has been a most eventful year. My overarching goal for the year was to continue the trend of AAPM serving its members and elevating its stature as the premiere organization that represents Pain Medicine. While this is an ongoing process of development, AAPM is advancing step for step with our rapidly growing field of Pain Medicine. My year began in full force almost on the first day of my term, during the AAPM annual meeting in Palm Springs this past February 2005. On opening day of the 2005 meeting, TIME Magazine appeared with a cover story on pain that led to an invitation to spend a week with the TODAY Show on NBC in New York City. This exposure for AAPM was only the start of things to come. During that week in New York City, I was asked to stop over at the ABC network offices to discuss their plans also to cover pain in depth through a series they were planning to run 6 weeks later. The ABC stories involved coverage of Pain Medicine every night for a week on the ABC network news and the Good Morning America program as well as stories on Nightline and Sunday Morning News Program. Simultaneously, USA Today ran daily stories on the crisis in pain care in the United States. Several AAPM members were covered in this media blitz. Following this coverage, commentaries from the AAPM were published in both USA Today and The Wall Street Journal . Indeed, this has been an unprecedented year of national exposure. While many saw that AAPM …
Room temperature oxygen isotope exchange between liquid CO2 and H2O

Abstract The equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factor for liquid carbon dioxide and water at 25.3°C is 41.94 ° 0.27%. as determined by direct exchange. Oxygen isotope exchange between the two phases is initially very rapid with over 50% of the exchange occurring in the first half hour. Complete exchange is only achieved after ~3 days. Both the speed of reaction between liquid carbon dioxide and water and the magnitude of the fractionation at room temperature have important implications for oxygen isotope exchange experiments involving carbon dioxide where trace quantities of water may be present. Reaction between the carbon dioxide and water will enrich the carbon dioxide in 18 O, modifying its initial composition in a predictable way.
The nature of ecological complexity: A protocol for building the narrative

Abstract We show that a realist view of ecology does not pay sufficient attention to the role of the observer dealing with complex systems. Complexity after Rosen [Rosen, R., 2000. Essays on Life Itself. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 257] is something that cannot be modeled. Conventional properties ascribed to complex systems are in fact prescriptions for what it takes to make a complex system yield to a model structure, to make it a simple system, albeit a complicated one. Complexity is not a material property, but turns rather on the question that is posed. It is normative to the degree that complexity arises from the lack of a paradigm, lack of an accepted set of modeling assertions. We develop a scheme for making complexity tractable. Our protocol arises from Pattee [Pattee, H., 1978. The complementarity principle in biological and social structures. J. Soc. Biol. Struct. 1, 191–200] laws and rules, Allen and Hoekstra [Allen, T.F.H., Hoekstra, T.W., 1992. Toward a Unified Ecology. University of Columbia Press, New York] scale versus type, observation protocol versus observed structure and Rosen [Rosen, R. 2000. Essays on Life Itself. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 257] essence versus realization. In a pair of cycles, one reinforces patterns of model building, and the cycle of the other deals with the changes that appear in the essence of that which is modeled. We use narrative to rise above the local constraints of models. In the end, we give an application in a salmon fishery as we build a narrative from a set of separate models.
Neonatal desipramine treatment alters free-running circadian drinking rhythms in rats

Neonatal treatment with monoamine reuptake inhibitors results in a constellation of neurobehavioral alterations in adult rats that may model human depression. Since alterations in circadian rhythmicity have been reported in both depressed patients and in animal depression models, the present study examined the effects of neonatal desipramine treatment (5.0 mg/kg SC from postnatal day 7 through 22) on free-running circadian drinking rhythms. Rhythmicity was examined in constant darkness (DD), constant light (LL), and during adult desipramine treatment (0.25 mg/ml via the drinking water). Compared with saline-treated controls, neonatal desipramine lengthened free-running period in DD, blunted the period-altering effect of LL, and potentiated the period-altering effect of adult desipramine treatment. Neonatal desipramine treatment also increased circadian amplitude and spectral magnitude, but did not modify the effects of light or adult desipramine on these parameters. These results provide further evidence that behavioral depression is associated with alterations in circadian rhythmicity, and are consistent with the hypothesis that such relationships are mediated by brain monoaminergic systems.
κ-Lindelöf κ-stratifiable spaces are κ-metrizable

Abstract A (locally) κ-Lindelof κ-stratifiable space is shown to be κ-metrizable. Since the (local) κ-Lindelof property is a weaker condition than compactness, the result generalizes Ceder's and Vaughan's theorems that compact stratifiable and compact linearly stratifiable spaces are metrizable.
ALGEBRAIC CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS WHOSE ZEROS LIE IN CERTAIN ALGEBRAIC DOMAINS

A new algebraic criterion is given for a polynomial φ with complex coefficients to have all its zeros in a certain type of algebraic region T of the complex plane. In particular, T may be any circle or half plane. The criterion is effectively computable from the coefficients of the polynomial φ. The classical results of Hermite, Hurwitz, Lyapunov, Schur-Cohn, and others appear as special cases of the new criterion.
Synthesis and photoinitiated cationic polymerization of monomers with the silsesquioxane core

A synthetic scheme was developed to prepare cationically polymerizable octafunctional monomers with silsesquioxane (T8) cores. Epoxy and 1-propenoxy functional groups were attached to the core by the hydrosilation of T with an appropriate precursor. The steric constraints and the requirements for the hydrosilation reaction are discussed. The monomers were fully characterized and then polymerized by exposure to ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of onium salt photoinitiators. The polymerization conditions for the monomers were optimized and compared with each other using real-time infrared spectroscopy. Thermal analysis was also performed on the resulting crosslinked polymers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Hierarchy of Reflective Practice in Physical Education: a Decision Map for Technical Reflection‐in‐Action

The Hierarchy of Reflective Practice in Physical Education has been developed to provide a framework for reflective practice in physical education teacher education. Reflective practice literature points to the need for teacher candidates to develop an internal voice to help guide the reflective process, during and after instruction. The Decision Map for Technical Reflection‐in‐Action is an outgrowth of the lowest level of this Hierarchy. This Decision Map can be used by physical education teacher educators when introducing and reinforcing reflective practice to teacher candidates in the beginning of an initial preparation program. The Decision Map should guide inexperienced candidates both in prioritizing technical concerns as well as in selection of the best action to take in routine instructional episodes. Ideally, the Decision Map for Technical Reflection‐in‐Action will become reflexive in nature, allowing candidates to focus on broader tasks such as deliberative or personalistic reflection earlier in...
Effect of Available Tonality and Pitch Options on Children's Compositional Processes and Products

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that different melodic configurations on an Orff xylophone have on the ways children compose and on the musical characteristics of their compositions. Subjects were 48 fourth graders with no formal instruction in composition. They were individually asked to compose a song on a xylophone that was configured in one of four ways: (1) pentatonic with 5 bars, (2) pentatonic with 10 bars, (3) melodic minor with 5 bars, and (4) melodic minor with 10 bars. Two pairs of independent judges rated various aspects of the subjects' use of compositional processes and products. Results indicated that subjects composing with 10 bars spent more time in exploration while composing, composed longer songs, and were less able to replicate those songs as compared to subjects composing with 5 bars. Subjects composing in harmonic minor were more likely to end their songs on the starting pitch than were subjects composing in pentatonic.
Design Of The Keck Observatory Alignment Camera

The alignment camera for the Keck Observatory uses a modified Shack-Hartmann test to phase the 36 segments of the primary mirror. The camera also has the capability to do direct imaging (and therefore image stacking), and to perform simple image quality measurements on individual segments. In this paper we motivate several of the design considerations for the alignment camera and describe the overall design.
Evidence for dimer formation by an amphiphilic heptapeptide that mediates chloride and carboxyfluorescein release from liposomes

Heptapeptides having dioctadecyl, N-terminal hydrocarbon chains insert in phospholipid bilayer membranes and form pores through which at least chloride ions pass. Although amphiphilic, these compounds do not typically form vesicles themselves. They insert in the bilayers of phospholipid vesicles and mediate the release of carboxyfluorescein. Hill analysis indicates that at least two molecules of the amphiphile are involved in pore formation. In CD2Cl2, dimer formation is detected by NMR chemical shift changes. The anion release activity of individual anion transporters is increased by linking them covalently at the C-terminus or, even more, by linking them at the N-terminus. Evidence is presented that either linked molecule releases chloride from liposomes more effectively and rapidly than the individual transporter molecule at a comparable concentration.
Determination of trace metals in estuarine sediments by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract A simple and rapid acid digestion method for the decomposition of estuarine sediments is described. Quantitative recovery of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, Be and Co is demonstrated. Sensitive, precise and accurate determination of these trace metals by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in combination with the L'vov Platform provides an interference-free technique that permits calibration with simple aqueous solutions of metal standards. The accuracy of the method has been confirmed by analysis of two marine sediment reference materials, MESS-1 and BCSS-1.
A case study of fluent Korean-English bilingual speakers: Group membership and code choices

Abstract This paper presents a case study of code choices for six first generation Korean-English ‘full-bilinguals’. The study was designed to explore factors that would account for the code choices in specific situations (i.e. conversations with first generation ingroup and outgroup members, and second generation ingroup and outgroup members) by these Korean-English bilinguals. A review of linguistic characteristics ingrained in Korean and American English languages and cultures leads to a hypothesis that code choice and switching has to do with the type of social relationship between interlocutors. The results of the study reveal that the group membership is an important factor which determines the degree of use of one language or the other; the more distant the conversation partners are, the more they use Korean language during conversation. Conversely, the closer or more intimate the relationship they have, the more they use English. Furthermore, the results imply that the association of each language with each group membership has to do with two aspects of politeness (i.e. discernment and volition). The more distant the bilingual speakers are, the more they show the discernment aspect of politeness by producing more small-size switches respecting the Korean morpho-syntactic patterns. On the other hand, the closer or more intimate the relationship they have, the more they show the volition aspect of politeness by using more large-size switches involving English clauses.
Impaired motor activity and motor learning function in rat with middle cerebral artery occlusion

The poor quality of life after a stroke is largely attributed to deficits in cognitive-motor functioning. The goals of this study were to detect if damaged motor learning function were attributed to motor deficits in rats following a transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Stroke was induced by a 2-h occlusion of the MCA using an intraluminal filament. Motor functions were evaluated from 5 up to 28 days after reperfusion in ischemic and control rats. Motor function was detected by a series of motor tests (runway traversing and beam balancing, as well as foot fault placing, parallel bar crossing, rope and ladder climbing), and motor learning behavior was determined by analyzing the rate of improvement of impaired function during performance of the motor tasks. Significant (P<0.001) motor deficits were detected in the stroke group (n=10) while performing motor tasks that involve extensive coordination, in comparison to the controls (n=12). Although motor behavior was improved with repeated behavior testing, unparalleled rate of improvement of motor performance on rope and ladder climbing tests was found between the two groups, suggesting an impaired motor learning function. Brain tissue damage was detected in the ischemic animals 28 days after surgery, demonstrated by 40% infarct volume of contralateral hemisphere. Both motor learning and motor function were impaired in ischemic rats. The motor tests used in this study are sensitive, semi-quantitative, and reproducible measurements of functional impairment in rats following an ischemic stroke.
Relationship between thermal conductivity and framework architecture in MOF-5

Abstract Metal–organic-framework materials (MOFs) are the most porous materials known to humanity and thus are promising materials for gas storage and absorption refrigerators—reducing the overall size of the absorption bed. Central to the performance of the MOF is its ability to withdraw heat from the absorbed working gas. Here we use a suite of molecular dynamics simulations to relate structural features of the MOF-5 framework to its thermal transport properties. These were performed for the purpose of establishing design principles that can be used in the development of new MOFs with tailored thermal conductivity. The last part of the paper examines thermal transport in MOF-5 when loaded with hydrogen and deuterium which increases thermal conductivity.
Distribution of effectively unpaired electrons

Abstract The density of effectively unpaired electrons employed recently by the authors [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 186] is identical with the distribution D( r ) of `odd' electrons proposed much earlier by Takatsuka, Fueno, and Yamaguchi [Theor. Chim. Acta 48 (1978) 175]. The function D( r | r ′ ) is also implicitly present in several definitions of the free valence index. Basic properties of D( r | r ′ ) are reviewed and a number of new results are reported. The distribution D( r ) is advocated as a rigorous criterion of the radical character in molecules of any spin. Numerical examples deal with the dissociation of N2 and O2 molecules.
Professional Satisfaction in Dentistry

This longitudinal study sought to determine whether there were any characteristics of the dentist or his practice that could account for differences in levels of satisfaction.
Phytosiderophore release in relation to micronutrient metal deficiencies in barley

Phytosiderophore release occurs under both iron and zinc deficiencies in representative Poaceae and has been speculated to be a general adaptive response to enhance the acquisition of micronutrient metals. To test this hypothesis, phytosiderophore (PS) release rates from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. CM72) subjected to deficiencies of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were compared using chelator-buffered nutrient solutions. PS release rates were determined at two day intervals during onset and development of deficiency symptoms. Plant dry matter yields and nutrient concentrations, measured at three time points were used to construct growth curves for calculation of PS release per unit root mass and estimation of critical internal nutrient levels associated with PS release. In comparison to trace metal-sufficient control plants, dry matter production was markedly reduced in the Zn, Mn, and Cu deficiency treatments, with final relative yields of 49, 61, and 34%, respectively. Relative yields for Fe-deficient plants grown at three suboptimal Fe levels ranged from 95 to 33% of control, and provided a basis for comparison of PS release rates by Zn-, Mn-, and Cu-deficient plants at similar levels of growth inhibition. Under Fe deficiency, PS release increased with severity of the deficiency as measured by foliar Fe concentration, yield reduction, and chlorosis. Changes in PS release rates over time suggested a cyclical pattern that may be regulated by Fe concentration in the plant shoot. The highest rate of PS release (35 μmol g−1 root dw 2 h−1) was measured after 10 days of growth at pFe 19, whereas control plants adapted for growth at pFe 17 released only 2 to 3 μmol g−1 root dw 2 h−1. In a second experiment, maximum PS release rates for barley subjected to Zn, Mn, and Cu deficiencies were only 2.6, 2.5 and 1 μmol g−1 2 h−1, respectively and were only slightly elevated over those of the control plants (ca. 1 μmol g−1 root dw 2 h−1) grown at pFe 16.5. Moreover, enhanced PS release under Zn deficiency occurred much later, after the deficiency had already caused severely reduced growth. The results suggest that phytosiderophore release in this barley cultivar is a specific response to Fe deficiency and is not significantly induced in response to deficiencies of other trace metals.
The French connection Mythologies of La Nouvelle Orléans in French discourse on jazz

In the 20th century, jazz music spread throughout global culture like few other musical forms. Over the 40-year period in which jazz was assimilated into French culture, myths about the origin of jazz played an important role in the discourse surrounding the music. By examining both how these myths functioned in the discourse and examining how they changed over time depending on cultural circumstances, this article shows how writers increasingly used jazz etiologies and writing on the importance of New Orleans to the history of jazz to bridge the cultural gap and to make a French connection with jazz music, so that the enjoyment of it could be experienced as authentically French. From early abstract expressivist origins, to the latter strategic deployment of these myths as a feature of New Orleans revivalism, this discourse played an important role in the integration of jazz into French cultural identity.
Acute effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on spinal reflexes

Abstract The acute effects of single intravenous doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (30, 60, or 90 mg/kg) on segmental spinal cord function were examined by stimulating the triceps surae nerves and recording the monosynaptic (2N) and polysynaptic discharges at ventral root L7. Five to ten seconds after injection, an intense but short-lived, spontaneous discharge concomitant with a dose-related reduction in the stimulus-evoked 2N response occurred. This was rapidly followed by enhancement in the 2N discharge amplitude which peaked by 45 s after administration. The duration of the 2N increase was 10 to 60 min. Polysynaptic discharge was augmented to a lesser extent and for a shorter time. The reflex enhancement was reproducible in preparations in which the distally transected dorsal roots were stimulated. All drug-induced responses were prevented by preadministration of 2.5 to 10.0 mg/kg Na pentobarbital i.v. These results indicate that i.v. glucocorticoid enhances mainly monosynaptic transmission perhaps by an action on the primary afferent terminals which augments their spontaneous and evoked transmitter release. Furthermore, they provide additional support for the view that the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids in central nervous system trauma and stroke may in part reflect an improved synaptic function.
Theory of the Solubility of Protein Crystals

We present a theory describing the solubility of protein crystals as a function of pH, salt concentration, and temperature. There are four terms in the model. The neutral terms arise from 1) the translational entropy of the soluble proteins, and 2) H-bond and hydrophobic attractive interactions which we obtain from a fitting procedure. The two electrostatic terms are a result of counterions confined in the crystal to satisfy charge neutrality. These counterions contribute 3) an entropic penalty from the trapping of ions in the crystal, and 4) a favorable enthalpy from the interaction of each protein with its counterion cloud. This theory quantitatively describes the solubility of tetragonal and orthorhombic lysozyme crystals as determined by Pusey et al. According to the theory, the reduced solubility at high salt concentrations comes, not from increased screening, but from a reduced entropy of counterion confinement. The theory correctly describes the weak pH dependence of the solubility, which is a result of the compensating effects of the two electrostatic terms. We discuss the implications of this theory for crystal nucleation and the success of the “crystallization slot”.
Wait-n-GoTM: improving HTM performance by serializing cyclic dependencies

Transactional memory (TM) has been proposed to alleviate some key programmability problems in chip multiprocessors. Most TMs optimistically allow concurrent transactions, detecting read-write or write-write conflicts. Upon conflicts, existing hardware TMs (HTMs) use one of three conflict-resolution policies: (1) always-abort, (2) always-wait for some conflicting transactions to complete, or (3) always-go past conflicts and resolve acyclic conflicts at commit or abort upon cyclic dependencies. While each policy has advantages, the policies degrade performance under contention by limiting concurrency (always-abort, always-wait) or incurring late aborts due to cyclic dependencies (always-go). Thus, while always-go avoids acyclic aborts, no policy avoids cyclic aborts. We propose Wait-n-GoTM (WnGTM) to increase concurrency while avoiding cyclic aborts. We observe that most cyclic dependencies are caused by threads interleaving multiple accesses to a few heavily-read-write-shared delinquent data cache blocks. These accesses occur in code sections called cycle inducer sections (CISTs). Accordingly, we propose Wait-n-Go (WnG) conflict-resolution to avoid many cyclic aborts by predicting and serializing the CISTs. To support the WnG policy, we extend previous HTMs to (1) allow multiple readers and writers, (2) scalably identify dependencies, and (3) detect cyclic dependencies via new mechanisms, namely, conflict transactional state, order-capture, and hardware timestamps, respectively. In 16-core simulations of STAMP, WnGTM achieves average speedups of 46% for higher-contention benchmarks and 28% for all benchmarks over always-abort (TokenTM) with low-contention benchmarks remaining unchanged, compared to always-go (DATM) and always-wait (LogTM-SE), which perform worse than and 6% better than TokenTM, respectively.
Got Issues? Do New Features and Code Improvements Affect Defects?

There is a perception that when new features are added to a system that those added and modified parts of the source-code are more fault prone. Many have argued that new code and new features are defect prone due to immaturity, lack of testing, as well unstable requirements. Unfortunately most previous work does not investigate the link between a concrete requirement or new feature and the defects it causes, in particular the feature, the changed code and the subsequent defects are rarely investigated. In this paper we investigate the relationship between improvements, new features and defects recorded within an issue tracker. A manual case study is performed to validate the accuracy of these issue types. We combine defect issues and new feature issues with the code from version-control systems that introduces these features, we then explore the relationship of new features with the fault-proneness of their implementations. We describe properties and produce models of the relationship between new features and fault proneness, based on the analysis of issue trackers and version-control systems. We find, surprisingly, that neither improvements nor new features have any significant effect on later defect counts, when controlling for size and total number of changes.
Genome-wide regulatory dynamics of translation in the Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages

The characterization of the transcriptome and proteome of Plasmodium falciparum has been a tremendous resource for the understanding of the molecular physiology of this parasite. However, the translational dynamics that link steady-state mRNA with protein levels are not well understood. In this study, we bridge this disconnect by measuring genome-wide translation using ribosome profiling, through five stages of the P. falciparum blood phase developmental cycle. Our findings show that transcription and translation are tightly coupled, with overt translational control occurring for less than 10% of the transcriptome. Translationally regulated genes are predominantly associated with merozoite egress functions. We systematically define mRNA 5' leader sequences, and 3' UTRs, as well as antisense transcripts, along with ribosome occupancy for each, and establish that accumulation of ribosomes on 5' leaders is a common transcript feature. This work represents the highest resolution and broadest portrait of gene expression and translation to date for this medically important parasite.
Short- and long-term mortality after an acute illness for elderly whites and blacks.

The 2001 Institute of Medicine report Unequal Treatment declared definitively that quality of health care is often very different between white and minority populations in the United States (Smedley, Stith, and Nelson 2003). Among hospitalized patients, blacks have lower treatment rates than whites across a wide range of conditions, with particularly strong evidence for cardiovascular diseases (Meehan et al. 1995; O'Conner et al. 1999; Shen, Wan, and Perlin 2001; Barnato et al. 2005; Cromwell et al. 2005). To better understand where in the process of care delivery health differences might arise, we described mortality differences by race following hospital admissions. National efforts to improve hospital care, such as public reporting of standard quality indicators, provide an expectation of health improvements for those populations most vulnerable to poor quality of care such as hospitalized elderly and minority populations (Jha et al. 2005). However, how care received in hospitals or after discharge might relate to observed racial disparities in health is poorly understood (National Center for Health Statistics 2005). Examining how outcomes differ for blacks and whites over longer periods after hospital admission can help us assess at what point in the care process racial differences in observed outcomes are most pronounced. This will allow for more targeted and effective health care system reforms addressing health care disparities. We estimated racial differences in 30-day mortality following a hospital admission for the medical conditions for which this outcome is endorsed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) as a hospital quality indicator: acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, hip fracture, congestive heart failure (CHF), gastrointestinal bleeding (GI Bleed), and pneumonia. We also examined changes in mortality up to 2 years after admission to determine the trajectory of the difference in mortality for blacks and whites. Finally, to suggest how health systems may influence patterns of racial differences in mortality, we compared the patterns of racial differences in short- and long-term mortality following hospitalizations occurring in private acute-care hospitals with those occurring in the integrated and federally financed Veterans Administration health care system (VA).
Pirfenidone: A Novel Agent for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the published clinical literature on the role of pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).DATA SOURCESA systematic literature search was performed using the key words pirfenidone or Esbriet, alone and in combination, with IPF or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (expanded using MESH terminology). MEDLINE (1948-September 2012) was the primary database used for search purposes. In addition, all available articles and abstracts referenced by the articles identified via literature search were included.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONThe search was limited to English-language publications. All available clinical trials of pirfenidone pertinent to its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety were included.DATA SYNTHESISPirfenidone is the first agent specifically developed for the treatment of IPF. It has been approved for use in Europe and Japan, but not in the US. Although Phase 3 trials have shown pirfenidone to improve certain clinical (6-minute wal...
THE FATE OF VACCINIA VIRUS ON CULTIVATION IN VITRO WITH KUPFFER CELLS (RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL CELLS)

The pathogenic activity of vaccinia virus is in large part suppressed when it is mixed with living Kupffer cells or clasmatocytes in the test-tube and injected intradermally. Vaccinia increases in quantity when introduced into cultures of Kupffer cells in vitro, and survives in immediate association with these elements. No antiviral principle is elaborated by them under such conditions.