cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Justice Gap with a (Purposeful) Restructuring of Small Claims Courts

Legal services are so expensive that low- and middle-income individuals with access to technology and some education will frequently try to navigate the court system on their own. Accepting (as some of us have) that neither technology nor business models will close the justice gap in the United States, the most efficient way in which to offer access to justice may be to empower the individual to self-represent in the forum most amenable to self-representation — the small claims court system. To that end, this Essay presents a roadmap to both access and justice by reimagining the workings of small claims courts nationwide: framing a proposal that admittedly lacks the empirical evidence to support it because data regarding small claims court claimants and the cases they file is often not tracked or compiled. In an effort to broaden jurisdiction while also carving restrictions to curb abuse, small claims courts may assist with bridging the justice gap by implementing the following changes: (1) simultaneously raising court limits for claims filed by natural persons and lowering (or keeping static) limits for filings by non-natural persons; (2) limiting the number of claims that may be filed by a plaintiff within a twelve-month period of time; (3) providing a small claims advisory service to assist the self-represented; and (4) establishing a framework to assist the self-represented with collection of judgments. Given that small claims cases constitute a significant number of all civil cases filed in state court, expanding the jurisdiction of these courts in a way that speaks to individual access is a workable and pragmatic approach.
Perceived Social Intelligence as Evaluation of Socially Navigation

As Human-Robot Interaction becomes more sophisticated, measuring the performance of a social robot is crucial to gauging the effectiveness of its behavior. However, social behavior does not necessarily have strict performance metrics that other autonomous behavior can have. Indeed, when considering robot navigation, a socially-appropriate action may be one that is sub-optimal, resulting in longer paths, longer times to get to a goal. Instead, we can rely on subjective assessments of the robot's social performance by a participant in a robot interaction or by a bystander. In this paper, we use the newly-validated Perceived Social Intelligence (PSI) scale to examine the perception of non-humanoid robots in non-verbal social scenarios. We show that there are significant differences between the perceived social intelligence of robots exhibiting SAN behavior compared to one using a traditional navigation planner in scenarios such as waiting in a queue and group behavior.
Code Optimization for Fast Chirp FMCW Automotive MIMO Radar

Fast chirp FMCW MIMO radar with inter-chirp coding provides high emission power by utilizing simultaneous antennas transmissions. However, the coding produces high side-lobes in the Doppler and angle dimensions of the radar's ambiguity function. The high side-lobes may cause miss-detection due to masking between targets that are at similar range and have large received power difference, as is often the case in automotive scenarios. In this paper, we develop a novel code optimization method that attenuates the side-lobes of the radar's ambiguity function and hence improves the probability of detection in the case of multiple targets. We formulate an analytical expression for the ambiguity function side-lobes, which takes into account that the targets range difference migrates during the detection interval, and that the migration is proportional to the targets Doppler frequency difference. We then develop an optimization algorithm that finds the code that minimizes the ambiguity function side-lobes average energy. The optimized code attenuates the ambiguity function side-lobes at the Doppler frequencies that are near the main lobe frequency. These frequencies correspond to targets with small speed difference, for which the range difference between the targets does not change significantly during the detection interval, and hence overlapping in range can cause severe interference. We demonstrate by simulation that the optimized code achieves an improvement in the ambiguity function side-lobes attenuation and an improvement in the probability of detection compared to reference codes.
Increased Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Veterans with PTSD Untreated with Antipsychotic Medications.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is not solely a psychiatric disorder; it also includes significant medical morbidity. Although there is evidence of increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS)...
Perceived discrimination and resilience.

On the first day of school, second grader Eduardo's Anglo classmates call him a “dirty Spic” on the playground and won't let him play basketball with them. At a middle school, in a mixed-race classroom, Juanita's teacher, Mr. Smith, yells at her when she does not turn her homework in on time. He tells her she is lazy and irresponsible. Are Eduardo and Juanita likely to perceive these interactions as acts of racial or ethnic discrimination? Is this a common occurrence for these children? Will their feelings of having been discriminated against serve as a risk factor for poor self-esteem or depression? How do racism and discrimination fit in the overall complex development of resilience? The past three decades have seen the study of resilience in development progress from its early conceptions of invulnerable children (Anthony & Cohler, 1987; Pines, 1975) to our present understandings of mediated and moderated paths toward resilience. We have begun to move from the identification of important individual characteristics of the invincibles (Werner & Smith, 1992) to a more systemic approach involving families, schools, and communities; from the identification of risk or protective factors to the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie these factors. Our conception of resilience as a multidimensional construct presently requires that empirical attention be paid not only to adaptational failures but also to positive adjustment, “to forces that are protective in nature as well as those that exacerbate vulnerability” in various groups (Luthar & Cicchetti, 2000, p. 878).
Exploring Antecedents of Performance Differences on Visual and Verbal Test Items: Learning Styles Versus Aptitude

Many educators and researchers have suggested that some students learn more effectively with visual stimuli (e.g., pictures, graphs), whereas others learn more effectively with verbal information (e.g., text) (Felder & Brent, 2005). In two studies, the present research seeks to improve popular self-reported (indirect) learning style measures and explore whether visual or verbal learning styles predict student performance on visual or verbal assessments. The improved self-reported learning style scale was not predictive, although systematic differences in student performance were found. A direct measure of individual differences—mathematical aptitude—was found predictive. Implications for the use of indirect measures of learning style, the development of direct measures of learning style, and educators’ application of visual and verbal performance assessments are discussed.
Doing Hard Time: Is God the Prisoner of the Oldest Dimension?

In this paper I shall consider an objection to divine temporality called "The Prisoner of Time" objection. I shall begin by distinguishing divine timelessness from divine temporality in order to clear up common misunderstandings and caricatures of divine temporality. From there I shall examine the prisoner of time objection and explain why the prisoner of time objection fails to be a problem for the Christian divine temporalist. During the 20 th Century, various Christian philosophers and theologians have rejected divine timelessness. This is not an entirely new phenomena; one can find philosophers and theologians from the Reformation on rejecting divine timelessness. Thinkers like Pierre Gassendi, Isaac Newton, Samuel Clarke, and John Tillotson all rejected the doctrine of divine timelessness long ago for philosophical, theological, scientific, and biblical reasons. 1 For these thinkers, time is a necessary concomitant of God's eternal nature. Despite the efforts of these thinkers, the doctrine of divine timelessness continued to play a central role in Christian theology until the 20 th Century. During the 20 th Century, and the beginning of this century, one can find a more wide spread rejection of divine timelessness amongst Christian philosophers and systematic theologians. Some of these rejections have been quite rigorous, while others have been misguided. The more recent widespread rejection of the atemporal God has led many into the loving arms of the temporal God. However, divine temporality is not without its critics. Divine atemporality refuses to lay down and die. Various criticisms against divine temporality have been offered to the effect that it destroys Christian doctrine and practice. Replies to these critiques have been put forth, yet some objections do not seem to be so easy to bury. One objection in particular seems to keep coming up giving the impression that divine temporalists have not offered a thorough reply. This objection is known as The Prisoner of Time objection. Before examining and refuting this objection it will be helpful to get clear on what the differences are between divine timelessness and divine temporality. It is important to get clear on these differences because many contemporary critics offer 1 (Charleton 1654) (Alexander 1956) (Clarke 1998, 122-3) (Tillotson 1700, 355-60) The Socinians seem to have rejected divine timelessness as well. The Racovian Catechism says that God's eternity consists only in existing without beginning and without end. (Socinus, et al. 1652, 16) (Gorham 2009,
Galaxy evolution: Inhomogeneous halo collapse

In an effort to study the halo globular clusters we perform a simulation of inhomogeneous halo collapse using a SPH/N-body code. We include dark matter particles, (cooling) gas, and stars. Supernova feedback is included as a heat source for the gas in the local environment of star forming regions. We find this model cannot reproduce the age distribution and spatial distribution of halo globular clusters.
Localized mRNA and the egg cytoskeleton.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the evidence for localized mRNAs in eggs and the possibility that mRNA localization may be mediated by the egg cytoskeleton. New methods are developed to determine the spatial distribution of mRNA in cells. The application of these methods can be localized to particular cytoplasmic regions in both somatic cells and eggs. The eggs of diverse groups of animals—including annelids, insects, ascidians, and amphibians—show both general and specific mRNA localizations. Thus, mRNA localization is a widespread phenomenon and may have appeared early during the evolution of metazoans. Some specific localized mRNAs—such as bcd mRNA in Drosophila eggs and Vg-1 mRNA in Xenopus eggs—have an important role in development. Part of the mRNA localization mechanism involves the regional degradation of mRNA. Some egg mRNAs are localized because the proteins they encode are assembled into localized structures during translation. If this is so, it would be expected that inhibiting protein synthesis would disrupt this type of mRNA localization. The egg cytoskeleton is also involved in mRNA localization.
A Generalization of Watts's Theorem: Right Exact Functors on Module Categories

Watts's Theorem says that a right exact functor that commutes with direct sums is isomorphic to − ⊗RB, where B is the R-S-bimodule FR. The main result in this article is the following one: If is a cocomplete category and is a right exact functor commuting with direct sums, then F is isomorphic to − ⊗Rℱ, where ℱ is a suitable R-module in , i.e., a pair (ℱ, ρ) consisting of an object and a ring homomorphism . Part of the point is to give meaning to the notation − ⊗Rℱ. That is done in the article by Artin and Zhang [1] on Abstract Hilbert Schemes. The present article is a natural extension of some of the ideas in the first part of their article.
Separation of Soluble Brucella Antigens by Gel-Filtration Chromatography

Soluble precipitating antigens of Brucella suis have been, in various degrees, purified by filtration on Sephadex gels. The most useful gels employed were Sephadex G-150, Sephadex G-200, and Sepharose 4B. Although not all fractions proved to be immunologically pure, some crude molecular-size estimates of most of the 13 soluble antigens of the Brucella cell could be given. In addition, monospecific antisera to three purified Brucella antigens have been prepared. By using purified preparations, physical and chemical data were obtained on two major antigens, E and 1, and a minor antigen, f. Antigen E is not an agglutinogen and may be toxic. Antigen 1 is of low molecular weight and is neither toxic nor agglutinogenic. The minor antigen f is an agglutinogen as well as a precipitinogen and is found on the cell surface. Both major antigens, when purified, were immunogenic in rabbits.
Phenotypic differences among the alleles of the T4 recombination defective mutants.

The allelic forms of the phage genes T4x and fdsA, as well as T4y and fdsB are compared in terms of their thymidine incorporation in high or low concentrations of thymidine, sensitivity of DNA synthetic capacity to mitomycin C, and sedimentation rates of DNA replicative intermediates. The results show differences among these mutants for the incorporation of thymidine; however all exhibit mitomycin C-sensitive DNA synthesis and have identical aberrant sedimentation rates for their DNA replicative intermediates.
Architecture of the masticatory apparatus in eastern raccoons (Procyon lotor lotor).

The structure and function of the masticatory apparatus of raccoons resemble those found in carnivores. In this study, the architecture of the skull, dentition, and masticatory apparatus is described, and a model is proposed that suggests a mechanism used by raccoons to reduce different foods. The model suggests that (1) jaw movements are similar to those of cats, (2) the posterior regions of the superficial and deep parts of the temporalis and the anterior region of the medial pterygoid generate horizontal jaw movements, and (3) the anterior portions of the superficial and deep temporalis as well as portions of the masseteric complex generate vertical closing movement. The distributions of slow, fast fatigable, and fast fatigue-resistant fibers for the temporalis and masseteric complex are related to the possible actions of these muscles during mastication, as are the regional cross-sectional areas of the masticatory muscles.
Loop dynamics of the extracellular domain of human tissue factor and activation of factor VIIa.

In the crystal structure of the complex between the soluble extracellular domain of tissue factor (sTF) and active-site-inhibited VIIa, residues 91 and 92 in the Pro79-Pro92 loop of sTF interact with the catalytic domain of VIIa. It is not known, however, whether this loop has a role in allosteric activation of VIIa. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements of probes covalently bound to sTF mutants E84C and T121C show that binding uninhibited Factor VIIa affects segmental motions in sTF. Glu84 resides in the Pro79-Pro92 loop, and Thr121 resides in the turn between the first and second antiparallel β-strands of the sTF subdomain that interacts with the Gla and EGF1 domains of VIIa; neither Glu84 nor Thr121 makes direct contact with VIIa. Probes bound to T121C report limited segmental flexibility in free sTF, which is lost after VIIa binding. Probes bound to E84C report substantial segmental flexibility in the Pro79-Pro92 loop in free sTF, which is greatly reduced after VIIa binding. Thus, VIIa binding reduces dynamic motions in sTF. In particular, the decrease in the Pro79-Pro92 loop motions indicates that loop entropy has a role in the thermodynamics of the protein-protein interactions involved in allosteric control of VIIa activation.
INTREPID: an integrated network tool for routing, evaluation of performance, and interactive design

The network design problem discussed is that of selecting nodes and links in a network. This includes deciding where to place network processors and links and what capacity nodes and links to use at each location. At a higher level, these decisions also determine the network architecture. The focus is on a two-level network, backbone and local access. Although the selection of specific equipment or the detailed configuration of devices is not discussed, INTREPID is sufficiently fast and flexible to be of use in making such decisions. The principles used in the development of INTREPID and its components are described. A top-level view of INTREPID is followed by a discussion of the design flow, utility modules, and design algorithms. Experience with the tool is briefly described. >
Designing experiments for optimal reduction of uncertainty in gene regulatory networks

One of the main issues in systems biology is limited resources for conducting biological experiments. Therefore, a strategy for prioritizing the experiments seems to be inevitable. Experimental design is the process of planning experiments in such a way to make experiments as informative as possible. In this work, we propose a novel strategy for designing effective experiments that can optimally reduce the uncertainty in gene regulatory networks, based on the concept of mean objective cost of uncertainty (MOCU).
Experimental models of schizophrenia.

The Kraepelinian subtypes, developed early in the century, recognize the heterogeneity of schizophrenia but do not reliably predict differences in response to classical neuroleptics. The newer distinction of positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia carry promise as an approach to identifying meaningful clinical and neurobiological dimensions. The present review summarizes the supportive evidence from a series of investigations using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and a hypothesis on the pathophysiology of negative and positive symptoms is advanced.Our data suggest that: (a) positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia represent stable, independent dimensions and not co-exclusive subtypes; (b) both are unrelated to the progression of illness; (c) they are differentially related to fundamental aspects of schizophrenia, including premorbid adjustment, cognitive development, family psychiatric history, the cognitive and neuropsychiatric profiles, dopaminergic functions, drug res...
Comparing long-term outcomes between drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in the treatment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the leading cause of death after the first year following heart transplantation. We compared restenosis rates, mortality, and other major adverse cardiac events (MACE) between transplant recipients treated with DES and BMS for CAV. METHODS: All patients from our heart transplant registry undergoing PCI with stenting for CAV were identified. Procedural data, baseline clinical characteristics, yearly coronary angiography, cardiac events and death were prospectively collected. Primary outcome was in-stent restenosis (ISR). Secondary outcomes were in-segment restenosis, target vessel revascularization (TVR), all-cause mortality and combined MACE. RESULTS: 36 lesions in 25 patients treated with DES were compared with 31 BMS-treated lesions in 19 patients. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. 12-month incidence of ISR was 0% with DES vs. 12.9% with BMS, P = 0.03. Over mean (+/-standard error) follow-up of 51.1 +/- 7.5 months this difference was significant for vessels 3 mm P = 0.45. However, there was no difference in overall longterm patency because of similar rates of in-segment restenosis between DES and BMS, HR 1.13 (95% CI 0.43 to 2.97) P = 0.81. Also, the rates of TVR, death from any cause and combined MACE were similar; log rank P 0.88, 0.67, and 0.85, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that after PCI for cardiac allograft vasculopathy, despite a lower in-stent restenosis rate in DES compared with BMS, in-segment restenosis and clinical cardiac endpoints are similar.
Geothermometry from brine analyses : lessons from the Gulf Coast, U.S.A.

Abstract Geothermometers based on mineral-water equilibria are of limited use at temperatures characteristic of hydrocarbon production from sedimentary basins. Metastable detrital phases such as alkali feldspars and plagioclase persist to temperatures characteristic of the deepest wells sasmpled (approaching 200°C), and equilibria involving stable phases such as albite, illite, and quartz are not commonly achieved. Empirical relations, such as that between Mg and Li, are more successful in predicting subsurface formation water temperatures than are equilibrium relations involving quartz, carbonates, or feldspars. The concentrations of most components in saline formation waters seem to be governed by kinetic, rather than by equilibrium considerations.
Roles Conyugales Y Redes de Relaclones Sociales

Roles Conyugales Y Redes de Relaclones Sociales, INGRID ROSENBLUETH, Cuadernos Universitarlos 15, Universidad Autdnoma Metropolitan?Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F., Mexico, 1984. 203pp.,appendix, bibliography. ISBN 968-840-101-3, n.p.
Composition and action of yeast polygalacturonase.

YEAST polygalacturonase is an exo-cellular pectic enzyme produced by Saccharomyces fragilis in a synthetic, protein-free medium. The enzyme is constitutive and is not accompanied by pectinesterase1. When it is allowed to act on pectic acid, the following series of reactions occurs2: (a) Pectic acid → penta- + tetra- + tri- + digalacturonic acids; (b) Pentagalacturonic acid → tetra- + galacturonic acids; Pentagalacturonic acid → tri- + digalacturonic acids; (c) Tetragalacturonic acid → tri- + galacturonic acids; (d) Trigalacturonic acid → di- + galacturonic acids.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Bridgman Growth of a Transparent Material

A combined experimental and numerical study of the horizontal Bridgman growth of pure succinonitrile (SCN) has been performed. The effect of convection on interface propagation and shape is quantified and discussed. Measurements were obtained both under conditions of nogrowth and for a 40 µm/s growth rate. The quantities measured include interface shape and location, melt velocities, and temperature boundary conditions on the ampoule exterior. The melt velocities were measured using a new technique that employed digital cameras to image the locations of seed particles in the melt. The growth front was stable and non-dendritic, but was significantly distorted by the influence of convection in the melt and, for the growth case, by the moving temperature boundary conditions along the ampoule. Both two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations of the growth process were performed. Temperatures throughout the phase change material and ampoule as well as melt velocities were obtained from the simulations. The predicted interface shapes and melt velocities agree well with experimental results. Two different numerical algorithms were used; the utility of each for simulating phase-change problems is discussed. This combined experimental and numerical study provides a database for the validation of phase-change numerical models, in addition to furnishing detailed information about the influence of convection on the Bridgman growth process. In ongoing work, the computer models presented in this study are being used to simulate alloy solidification problems.
Exploring College Students' Family Discussions about Organ and Tissue Donation

One hundred fifty-four (154) undergraduate students were asked to discuss organ and tissue donation (OTD) with their families and then report on the conversations. Ninety-four percent of the students discussed OTD with family members during the study. Students more often reported speaking to their mothers (67%) compared to their fathers (26%) about OTD. Family members typically reacted either positively (60%) or neutrally (27%) to the topic of organ and tissue donation. Students reported initiating the conversation by mentioning their participation in this project (39%) or by asking their family member's intentions (34%). Family conversations lasted a median of 12 minutes, and 33% of students reported the family conversation positively affected their attitudes toward OTD. Twenty-eight percent (28%) of students reported the conversation had a positive impact on family's attitudes toward OTD.
p53 mutations change phosphatidylinositol acyl chain composition.

Phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) second messengers relay extracellular growth cues through the phosphorylation status of the inositol sugar, a signal transduction system that is deregulated in cancer. In stark contrast to PIP inositol head-group phosphorylation, changes in phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipid acyl chains in cancer have remained ill-defined. Here, we apply a mass-spectrometry-based method capable of unbiased high-throughput identification and quantification of cellular PI acyl chain composition. Using this approach, we find that PI lipid chains represent a cell-specific fingerprint and are unperturbed by serum-mediated signaling in contrast to the inositol head group. We find that mutation of Trp53 results in PIs containing reduced-length fatty acid moieties. Our results suggest that the anchoring tails of lipid second messengers form an additional layer of PIP signaling in cancer that operates independently of PTEN/PI3-kinase activity but is instead linked to p53.
Effect of growth hormone replacement on BMD in adult-onset growth hormone deficiency.

To determine if replacement of GH improves BMD in adult-onset GHD, we administered GH in physiologic amounts to men and women with GHD. GH replacement significantly increased spine BMD in the men by 3.8%. Introduction: Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) acquired in adulthood results in diminished BMD; the evidence that replacement of GH improves BMD is not conclusive. We therefore performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether GH replacement would increase lumbar spine BMD in a combined group of men and women with adult-onset GHD. Materials and Methods: We randomized 67 men and women to receive GH (n = 33) or placebo (n = 34) for 2 yr. The GH dose was initially 2 μg/kg body weight/d, increased gradually to a maximum of 12 μg/kg/d and adjusted to maintain a normal IGF-I concentration for age and sex. BMD was assessed before treatment and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo of treatment. Fifty-four subjects completed the protocol. Results: BMD of the lumbar spine in the entire group increased by 2.9 ± 3.9% above baseline in the GH-treated subjects, which was significantly (p = 0.037) greater than the 1.4 ± 4.5% increase in the placebo-treated subjects. In a secondary analysis, spine BMD in GH-treated men increased 3.8 ± 4.3% above baseline, which was significantly (p = 0.001) greater than that in placebo-treated men (0.4 ± 4.7%), but the change in GH-treated women was not significantly different from that in placebo-treated women. Treatment with GH did not increase total hip BMD more than placebo treatment after 2 yr. Conclusions: We conclude that GH replacement in men who have adult-onset GHD improves their spine BMD, but we cannot draw any conclusions about the effect of GH replacement on spine BMD in women with adult-onset GHD.
Androgen deprivation therapy and cataract incidence among elderly prostate cancer patients in the United States.

Purpose The side-effects associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) include weight gain, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. As cataracts have been linked to these metabolic abnormalities, an increased risk of cataract may be another adverse consequence of ADT use. Methods Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database, we estimated risk of cataract associated with ADT among 65,852 prostate-cancer patients. ADT treatment was defined as at least one dose of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or orchiectomy within 6 months after prostate cancer diagnosis. The outcome measure was a first claim of cataract diagnosis identified in Medicare claim files. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for the effects of ADT treatment, controlling for confounders. Results Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist use was associated with a modest increase in cataract incidence (HR 1.09, 95% confidence interval 1.06−1.12). Orchiectomy was also associated with an increased risk of cataract among men with no history of cataract prior to prostate cancer diagnosis (HR 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.07−1.47). Conclusions In the first systematic investigation of the association between ADT and cataract, our results suggest an elevation in the incidence of cataract among ADT users. Further study, preferably prospective in design, is needed to provide additional evidence to support or refute these findings.
Principle of environmental energy matching for estimating potential economic value, a rebuttal

(1979). Principle of environmental energy matching for estimating potential economic value, a rebuttal. Coastal Zone Management Journal: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 239-241.
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) toxicosis: A model for equine laminitis

Twelve light horse geldings developed laminitis within 8 to 12 h of being dosed by nasogastric tube with an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra). Four of the 12 horses developed the severe signs of grade 3 laminitis (lame at a walk, refused to lift feet). Laminitis was accompanied by mild depression and limb oedema. There was no evidence of shock or colic. The horses developed neutropenia by 4 h after dosing with the extract, which shifted to a relative neutrophilia by 8 to 12 h. Minimal increases in plasma epinephrine and cortisol concentrations were suggested in severely affected horses. Severe laminitis was characterized by necrosis of dermal tips of dorsal primary epidermal laminae. A proliferative epithelial response in these laminae was distinguished by numerous mitotic figures and clusters of epithelial cells. This evidence suggests that black walnut toxicosis is not only a consistent clinical model, but is also a reliable clinico-pathological and pathological model for study of the pathogenesis and treatment of laminitis.
Preliminary assessment of the wave-energy resource using observed wave and wind data

Abstract The first step in determining the feasibility of a wave-energy conversion device is to assess the available wave energy in a given area. We show the estimation of wave energy from observational wave and wind data. A total of five different methods of wave-energy estimation are presented. One of these methods, which is introduced for the first time, is the estimation of wave energy from observational wind data using the Weibull distribution. This new method of wave-energy assessment is applied to an area near the Hawaiian Islands and compared with other available results. The comparisons show that the theory based on observational wind data produces results that are in overall agreement with previous calculations based on the measured spectral-density of waves, as well as on observational wave- and wind-data.
Utilizing ultrasound as a surface digitization tool in image guided liver surgery

Intraoperative ultrasound imaging is a commonly used modality for image guided surgery and can be used to monitor changes from pre-operative data in real time. Often a mapping of the liver surface is required to achieve image-tophysical alignment for image guided liver surgery. Laser range scans and tracked optical stylus instruments have both been utilized in the past to create an intraoperative representation of the organ surface. This paper proposes a method to digitize the organ surface utilizing tracked ultrasound and to evaluate a relatively simple correction technique. Surfaces are generated from point clouds obtained from the US transducer face itself during tracked movement. In addition, a surface generated from a laser range scan (LRS) was used as the gold standard for evaluating the accuracy of the US transducer swab surfaces. Two liver phantoms with varying stiffness were tested. The results reflected that the average deformation observed for a 60 second swab of the liver phantom was 3.7 ± 0.9 mm for the more rigid phantom and 4.6 ± 1.2 mm for the less rigid phantom. With respect to tissue targets below the surface, the average error in position due to ultrasound surface digitization was 3.5 ± 0.5 mm and 5.9 ± 0.9 mm for the stiffer and softer phantoms respectively. With the simple correction scheme, the surface error was reduced to 1.1 ± 0.8 mm and 1.7 ± 1.0 mm, respectively; and the subsurface target error was reduced to 2.0 ± 0.9 mm and 4.5 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. These results are encouraging and suggest that the ultrasound probe itself and the acquired images could serve as a comprehensive digitization approach for image guided liver surgery.
Antecedents of flow in online shopping: a test of alternative models

Flow is an optimal state of experience that has been studied in various situations, including online environments. In such environments, it has been found to be positively related to exploratory behaviour, revisit and purchase intention, and positive attitude towards web sites. Based on flow theory, this study tests the complete structure of the flow model as it was originally formulated in an online shopping context. The role of the preconditions of flow is elaborated and the effect of web site complexity, an important interface design variable, on flow is examined. Results show that web site complexity affects flow through the mediating effects of the three preconditions of flow. Theoretical and practical implications of this finding are discussed.
Measurement of the solar electron neutrino flux with the Homestake chlorine detector

The Homestake Solar Neutrino Detector, based on the inverse beta-decay reaction νe +37Cl →37Ar + e-, has been measuring the flux of solar neutrinos since 1970. The experiment has operated in a stable manner throughout this time period. All aspects of this detector are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the determination of the extraction and counting efficiencies, the key experimental parameters that are necessary to convert the measured 37Ar count rate to the solar neutrino production rate. A thorough consideration is also given to the systematics of the detector, including the measurement of the extraction and counting efficiencies and the nonsolar production of 37Ar. The combined result of 108 extractions is a solar neutrino-induced 37Ar production rate of 2.56 ± 0.l6 (statistical) ± 0.16 (systematic) SNU.
To Acquiesce or Rebel: Predicting Citizen Compliance with Police Requests

This article explores a variety of predictors of citizens' compliance with police requests to cease misbehavior. Where possible, the authors attempt to closely replicate the 1996 model formulated by Mastrofski, Snipes, and Supina to explain citizen compliance in Richmond, Virginia. Data on police-citizen encounters (N = 989) are drawn from the Project on Policing Neighbor hoods, conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St. Petersburg, Florida. The analysis indicates that a variety of legitimating factors influence compliance; however, the model's overall explanatory power is weaker than expected.
Comparative ecophysiology of Tamarix ramosissima and native trees in western U.S. riparian zones

Over the past century, the natural flow regimes of the major western U.S. rivers have been altered by dams, flow regulation and diversion of water for human use. As a result, the floodplains of many rivers have become drier and more saline than in the pre-dam era, and riparian water tables have declined. These conditions have favored the replacement of native mesic trees such as Populus spp. (cottonwood) and Salix spp. (willow) by saltcedar, (Tamarix ramosissima), an introduced, stress-tolerant shrub from Eurasia. Saltcedar is now the dominant woody species on many perennial rivers systems in the arid southwestern U.S. and northwest Mexico A review of the research literature shows that saltcedar has greater salt tolerance, drought tolerance, resistance to water stress, and fire tolerance than mesic native trees. On the other hand, under a natural flow regime, native trees are competitive with saltcedar in germination and establishment during a flood year and they have equal or faster growth rates. On rivers that still experience a pulse flood regime or where floods have been reestablished, cottonwood and willow have shown the ability to establish despite the presence of saltcedar. Contrary to previous reviews, the current evidence does not support the conclusion that saltcedar has unusually high evapotranspiration rates or leaf area index that would allow it to dessicate water courses. According to most researchers, an effective management strategy for saltcedar must include the return of a more dynamic hydrological regime to regulated rivers, allowing saltcedar and native trees to coexist to maximize the habitat value of the riparian zone.
Autoradiographic localization of muscimol and baclofen binding sites in rodent cingulate cortex.

The laminar distribution of 3H-muscimol and 3H-baclofen binding was analyzed autoradiographically in areas 29c and 24b of rat cingulate cortex. Muscimol binding was heterogeneous in area 29c with a single peak in layer Ia of 320±26 grains per 2500 μm2. Binding in deeper layers was between 46% and 71% of that in layer Ia. There was a marked diurnal variation in muscimol binding in area 29c such that binding was elevated by 320% in layer Ia of brains perfused at 22∶00–01∶00 versus those perfused at 11∶00–14∶00. Muscimol binding in area 24b was uniform across all layers and was higher than that in area 29c except for in layer Ia. Baclofen binding was homogeneous in both areas, but was 120% greater in area 24b than in area 29c, and showed no diurnal variations. To localize muscimol binding sites at the cellular level, two types of lesion experiments were conducted in area 29c. First, ablation of neurons intrinsic to this cortex with the neurotoxin ibotenic acid reduced muscimol binding to homogeneity with a 70% reduction in layer Ia and a 29–42% reduction in deeper layers. Second, knife cuts, which were placed to isolate cingulate cortex from fiber pathways originating extrinsically, increased muscimol binding in all layers except layer Ia. Conversely, knife cuts which isolated superficial from deep layers yielded a marked drop in muscimol binding in all layers. In conclusion, muscimol binding sites are heterogeneously distributed in area 29c with peak binding in layer Ia at night. Since experimental observations suggest that muscimol binding is located on pyramidal cell apical tuft dendrites, it is possible that excitatory thalamic and intrinsic inhibitory input via GABAA receptors on apical dendrites interact before arriving at the soma.
Use of silicone tubing to sample nitrous oxide in the soil atmosphere

Abstract Although a number of techniques have been developed for sampling gaseous compounds in the soil atmosphere, their performance in saturated soil environments is usually less than satisfactory. We have evaluated the use of silicone tubing materials to sample nitrous oxide (N 2 O), an important component of anoxic soil atmospheres. Sections of regular (wall thickness, 2.4 mm) and reinforced (wall thickness, 4.8 mm) silicone tubing were placed into Mason jars and exposed to three concentrations of N 2 O (30, 45 and 60 μl l −1 ) at three different temperatures (4, 22 and 30°C). The transfer of N 2 O from the jar headspace into the silicone tubing was monitored over 2 to 3 h. The transfer of N 2 O was described by both a polynomial equation and by a first order diffusion model. The regular silicone tubing is more permeable than the reinforced silicone tubing due probably to thickness difference as well as to differences in manufacturing and composition. At 22°C, it was estimated, using a first order model, that N 2 O concentrations inside the regular silicone tubing and the jar headspace would come to equilibrium within 4.4 h contrasting with the 8.2 h needed with the reinforced silicone tubing. The performance of the soil atmosphere samplers made of regular silicone tubing was tested in alternatively saturated and unsaturated soil columns. Results obtained confirmed the suitability of silicone tubing for soil N 2 O sampling and other similar applications.
The Kohn Social Competence Scale and Kohn Symptom Checklist for the preschool child: a follow-up report.

The focus of the present paper is on two research instruments designed to assess the behavior of children in a preschool setting as well as on two factor-analytically derived dimensions of social-emotional functioning which the instruments measure. Previously developed rating scales for the assessment of personality functioning of preschool children (see Koch, 1942; Richards & Simons, 1941; Williams, 1935) have generally been one-time efforts; the results are not embedded in a matrix of related data. We have, to date, used the Social Competence Scale and the Symptom Checklist 3 in research projects involving three different samples of preschool children (ages 3 to 5). We developed the instruments for a sample of 407 youngsters in six New York City public day care centers (for description of study sample, see Kohn & Rosman, 1971). The subjects of the second project, a 5year longitudinal study, were a 20% .random sample (N = 1,232) of all children who were enrolled in New York City public day care centers in the fall of 1967; the youngsters were followed through the fourth grade of elementary school (a full description of subjects and study methods may be found in Kohn, 1977). In the third project, a 2-year longitudinal study, 5-year-old boys (N = 287) were selected from both day care centers and public school kindergartens, and they were followed through the second grade of elementary school (sample and study methods are described in Kohn & Rosman, 1973a). The findings from this in
Wireless Interfaces for Implantable Biomedical Microsystems

Circuit techniques for wireless transmission of power and data to implantable biomedical microsystems are discussed and described. These circuits perform voltage rectification, voltage regulation, data reception using amplitude and frequency shift keying (ASK, FSK) techniques, and data transmission using FSK and analog frequency modulation (FM). Challenges in designing these circuits using standard CMOS technologies and in integrating passive components are discussed.
Compliance and Noncompliance: The Roles of Maternal Control and Child Temperament

This study examined relationships between temperament, maternal control style, and children's styles of compliance and noncompliance. Subjects included 57 30-month-old healthy toddlers and their mothers. Children and mothers visited the laboratory and were involved in two structured procedures-a delay task in which toddlers were asked to refrain from touching an attractive toy, and a clean-up situation. Children's compliant and noncompliant behaviors as well as mothers' guidance and control strategies were rated from each videotaped situation. Results indicate that mothers who rated their children higher in negative reactivity showed less guidance and more control toward their children. Furthermore, children whose mothers were more controlling and less guiding exhibited more aversive styles of noncompliance and less committed compliance. Finally, regression modelling indicated that maternal behaviors mediated the association between temperament and noncompliance, suggesting that the effects of temperament on noncompliance are partially indirect.
Antithetic Sampling with Multivariate Inputs

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis paper extends the “antithetic-variates theorem” to include the case of two or more random variables, each of which is generated by a sampling scheme requiring a fixed-dimension input vector of independent random numbers. Three examples illustrate the application of this result in Monte Carlo work.
Standing Waves in a Two-Dimensional Reaction-Diffusion Model with the Short-Wave Instability

Various patterns of standing waves are found beyond the onset of the short-wave instability in a model reactiondiffusion system. These include plain and modulated stripes, squares, and rhombi in systems with square and rectangular geometry and patterns with rotational symmetry in systems with circular geometry. We also find standing waves consisting of periodic time sequences of stripes and rhombi, stripes and squares, and stripes, rhombi, and hexagons. The short-wave instability can lead to a much greater variety of spatio-temporal patterns than the aperiodic Turing and the long-wave oscillatory instabilities. For instance, a single oscillatory cycle can display all the basic patterns related to the aperiodic Turing instability sstripes, hexagons, and inverted hexagons (honeycomb)sas well as rhombi and modulated stripes.
Maternal BMI and serum leptin concentration of infants in the first year of life.

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between serum leptin concentration in infants and infant and maternal BMI. Methods: 75 healthy term infants aged 0–12 mo, 51 exclusively breastfed (BF) for at least 4 mo and 24 formula fed (FF), were included in a cross-sectional study. Weight, length and cranial circumference of infants and their mothers were measured, body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula weight (kg)/height (m)2 and infant serum leptin concentration was determined. Results: A significant positive correlation between infant serum leptin concentration and maternal BMI was observed in BF infants (r = 0.389, p = 0.005), confirmed in a multiple regression model adjusted for infant age and infant BMI (β = 0.065, p = 0.006), but not in FF infants. As regards the first 4 mo of life, we have already observed a positive correlation between infant serum leptin concentration and maternal BMI in BF infants (β = 0.113, p = 0.005), but not in FF infants. Conclusion: In BF infants, serum leptin concentration correlates positively with maternal BMI. Higher maternal BMI values might increase leptin levels in breast milk, and maternal adiposity could be involved in infant energy balance.
The Public, Taxes, and the Fiscal Cliff

Public opinion will not help Congress decide how to deal with the fiscal cliff—the congressional agreement under the Budget Control Act to raise taxes and cut spending in 2013 that could devastate a weak economy if passed. In their annual assessment of American public opinion, the authors find that Americans only agree that taxes for the wealthy and big business should be raised. As for cutting social programs, they are lukewarm at best. How can we solve the problem?
MOISTURE TRANSFER PROPERTIES of WILD RICE

Working isotherms for processed wild rice and desorption isotherms for unprocessed wild rice were determined at temperatures ranging from 10 to 43.5°C. the constants for the Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer (GAB), Day and Nelson, Chen and Clayton and modified Halsey equations were determined by using a nonlinear optimization technique. the GAB equation showed extremely good fit to the experimental data (less than 5% error). the diffusion coefficients for moisture transport in both broken and whole processed wild rice and for unprocessed wild rice samples were determined at room temperature. the processed broken wild rice kernels had an effective diffusion coefficient of 2.66 × 10−9 m2/h, whereas the effective diffusion coefficient was 7.08 × 10−10m2/h for the processed whole wild rice kernels. Unprocessed wild rice had moderate effective diffusivity (1.4 × 10−9 m2/h). These results predicted quite well the equilibrium water activities and time to equilibrium of wild rice-white rice mixtures using both analytical methods and the finite element method. the transfer of moisture to or from packaged wild rice was also illustrated for different distribution systems.