cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolving Ideation Paradoxes: Seeing Apples as Oranges through the Clarity of ThinkLets

Ideation literature enjoys a rich and varied past. This past is also filled with a great deal of controversy and ambiguity. Until the advent of the microcomputer, the vast majority of studies focused on the use of verbally interactive groups and examined the performance differences between nominal groups and interactive groups. A very robust and consistent finding in the literature is that nominal groups are more productive (generate a larger quantity of unique ideas) than are interactive groups in a verbal environment. Since the advent of the microcomputer and electronic brainstorming, the comparison of nominal and interactive groups has shed a great deal of light on why the findings from the verbally interactive groups occur. Dennis and Valacich have even proposed that new brainstorming rules are needed in order to maximize the potential benefits of using electronic brainstorming (EBS). Despite the advances in this field over the past decade, a debate rages on concerning the performance of idea generating groups. This paper examines previous research through the lens of ThinkLets and shows how each of the results obtained in previous research can easily be accounted for, bringing clarity and order to these apparent conflicts.
Assortative Mating in the Jewel Wasp: 2. Sequential Canonical Analysis as an Exploratory form of Path Analysis

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the conceptual and mathematical relationships between three statistical models: 1) traditional, or “Simultaneous”, Canonical Analysis, 2) hierarchical, or “Sequential”, Canonical Analysis, and 3) Structural Equations Modeling, or confirmatory path analysis. The advantages of Sequential over Simultaneous Canonical Analysis are reviewed. The relationships between Sequential Canonical Analysis and Path Analysis are explored. The need for a legitimate exploratory form of path analysis, analogous to existing exploratory forms of both multiple regression and factor analysis, is discussed. A logical extension of Sequential Canonical Analysis is proposed as adequately serving the function of an exploratory path analysis. Empirical data from psychological research is used to illustrate and qualitatively compare and contrast the results of these three approaches.
Statistical analyses of electricity use during the hottest and coolest days of summer for groups of residences with and without air-conditioning

Abstract Residential air-conditioning demand is a significant contributor to electric utility peaks which typically occur on very hot summer afternoons. Shaving or shifting air-conditioning use to off-peak periods in the day could reduce utility problems associated with high peak demand. As a prerequisite to searching for means of peak reduction, it is necessary to gain a better physical understanding and to acquire quantitative estimates of how whole-house electricity consumption, both daily and hourly, varies for individual as well as groups of residences during the hottest days. The present study specifically deals with these issues by first creating, from a load-experiment data base gathered by a New York-New Jersey utility, four subsets of data on hourly electricity use during a number of the hottest and coolest days in summer corresponding to those residences with and without air-conditioning. Differences in daily total consumption between these groups are investigated. We present and discuss results of regressing diurnal electricity use aggregated group-wise with lagged values of ambient dry-bulb temperature. We also define appropriate stochastic variables to account for day-to-day and resident-to-resident behavior within each group, present the probability distributions of these random variables, and discuss the physical parameters which influence them.
Recycling, Channeling and Heterogeneous Protein Turnover Estimation Using a Model of Whole-Body Protein Turnover Based on Leucine Kinetics in Rodents

In the companion paper, a whole-body, mechanistic model of protein turnover in a rodent was described and evaluated with independent data sets that used the flooding dose method. On the basis of fitted fluxes, the model was able to predict specific radioactivity changes in the protein and free leucine pools and whole-body protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR). In this paper, results of model simulations of specific radioactivity changes in the flooding dose, pulse dose and continuous infusion methods were compared and the influence of recycling, channeling and multiple protein pools on model behavior were analyzed. For all methods, the percentage of channeling must be estimated to determine whether the extracellular or intracellular pool specific radioactivities better approximate the aminoacyl tRNA pool specific radioactivity. Recycling also affects the specific radioactivity of the aminoacyl-tRNA pool and therefore must be estimated. An analysis of fits of the flooding dose data indicated that 100% channeling was occurring, but the percentage of recycling could not be determined. Multiple protein pools turning over at different rates overestimated FSR by 2-3% at early time points (5 min) and underestimated FSR by 3-6% at 60 min in the flooding dose method. For the pulse dose method, FSR was underestimated by 40-50% at 5 min and underestimated by 9-10% at 60 min. An increase in time to measure FSR caused a decrease in the estimate of FSR (18% over 3 h) for the flooding dose method and an increase in the estimate of FSR (144% over 3 h) for the pulse dose method.
Waveform estimation with jitter noise by finding percentile using stochastic up and down method

Jitter noise exists, especially, when sampling high-frequency waveforms. The authors address this problem through a stochastic method. By studying the stochastic up and down method in detail, they propose a ratio indicator, which can supplement the basic stochastic up and down method. Simulation results show that the proposed method can save time, give high-accuracy results and provide upper and lower error bounds. >
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Convective Eddy Momentum Tendencies in Long Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations

Abstract Domain-average momentum budgets are examined in several multiday cloud-resolving model simulations of deep tropical convection in realistic shears. The convective eddy momentum tendency F, neglected in many global circulation models, looks broadly similar in two- and three-dimensional simulations. It has a large component in quadrature with the mean wind profile, tending to cause momentum profile features to descend. This component opposes, and exceeds in magnitude, the corresponding large-scale vertical advective tendency, which would tend to make features ascend in convecting regions. The portion of F in phase with the mean wind is isolated by vertically integrating F · u, yielding a kinetic energy tendency that is overwhelmingly negative. The variation of this energy damping with shear flow kinetic energy and convection intensity (measured by rain rate) gives a “cumulus friction” coefficient around −40% to −80% per centimeter of rain in 3D runs. Large scatter reflects the effects of varying co...
Dictatorships and Authoritarian Regimes, Insurrections against

Dictatorships and authoritarian regimes are ancient forms of governance and people have been resisting them wherever they have existed. This article examines some of the ways insurrections against dictators and authoritarian regimes can, and have been, waged. It begins with a brief introduction and history of dictatorships and authoritarian regimes, followed by an examination of the most common violent means of insurrection. Finally, the last section of the paper is dedicated to an exploration of nonviolent means of resistance and insurrection against dictatorial and authoritarian regimes.
Adsorption-based thermal rectifier

Controlling thermal energy transport (thermal diode) for the desired direction is crucial to improve the efficiency of thermal energy transport, conversion, and storage systems as electrical diodes significantly impact on modern electronic systems. The degree of thermal rectification is measured by the difference between the heat transfer rate in favorable and unfavorable directions to the heat transfer rate in the unfavorable direction. A gas-filled, nano-gap structure with two different surface coatings is considered to design the thermal rectifier. In such a structure where the characteristic length scale is similar to the order of the mean free path of the fluid particles (Knudsen flow regime), the effective thermal conductivity is dominantly controlled by the gas-surface interaction, i.e., thermal accommodation coefficient. For the thermal rectification, the adsorption-based, nonlinear thermal accommodation coefficient change is a key design parameter. Here, these are examined using the kinetic theory for various pressure and temperature ranges. Optimal material selections are also discussed.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Passage Retrieval for Information Extraction using Distant Supervision

In this paper, we propose a keyword-based passage retrieval algorithm for information extraction, trained by distant supervision. Our goal is to be able to extract attributes of people and organizations more quickly and accurately by first ranking all the potentially relevant passages according to their likelihood of containing the answer and then performing a traditional deeper, slower analysis of individual passages. Using Freebase as our source of known relation instances and Wikipedia as our text source, we collected a weighted set of
Condensin and Hmo1 Mediate a Starvation-Induced Transcriptional Position Effect within the Ribosomal DNA Array

Repetitive DNA arrays are important structural features of eukaryotic genomes that are often heterochromatinized to suppress repeat instability. It is unclear, however, whether all repeats within an array are equally subject to heterochromatin formation and gene silencing. Here, we show that in starving Saccharomyces cerevisiae, silencing of reporter genes within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array is less pronounced in outer repeats compared with inner repeats. This position effect is linked to the starvation-induced contraction of the nucleolus. We show that the chromatin regulators condensin and Hmo1 redistribute within the rDNA upon starvation; that Hmo1, like condensin, is required for nucleolar contraction; and that the position effect partially depends on both proteins. Starvation-induced nucleolar contraction and differential desilencing of the outer rDNA repeats may provide a mechanism to activate rDNA-encoded RNAPII transcription units without causing general rDNA instability.
Performance and robustness in adaptive control of linear stochastic systems

We provide an account of some recent results concerning performance and robustness of adaptive controllers for linear stochastic systems. By performance is meant such properties as self-tuning and self-optimization when the system under control satisfies some assumed properties such as being of known order, with a certain spectrum for the noisy disturbance, etc. Under the topic of robustness we analyze the consequences when such idealized properties fail to be met.
Selenium Content and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity of Milk from Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Women

The concentration of selenium (Se) in milk samples obtained from 26 lacto-ovo-vegetarian (vegetarian) women was significantly greater (22.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) than from 12 nonvegetarian women (16.8 +/- 1.3). Mean GSH-Px activity (EC 1.11.1.9) in milk from vegetarians was 146% of that in milk from nonvegetarians. A significant correlation between GSH-Px activity and Se concentration was observed (r = 0.76). Likewise a significant correlation was observed between milk linoleic acid content and GSH-Px activity (r = 0.68). In undialyzed samples from vegetarian women, most of the increased content of Se was found in fractions containing proteins of 100 kdaltons (kD) or more. The high glutathione peroxidase activity in milk from vegetarians was associated with selenoproteins in the 90 to 100 kD range. A distinct 40 kD Se peak was also detected in milk from vegetarians. There was no difference in Se intake between the two groups of women. Therefore, although data from the present study show that both the quantity and distribution of Se in human milk can be modified by the maternal diet, the increased Se content and GSH-Px activity in milk from vegetarians cannot be explained by an increased Se intake.
Urinary LRRK2 phosphorylation predicts parkinsonian phenotypes in G2019S LRRK2 carriers

Objective: To test whether phosphorylated Ser-1292 LRRK2 levels in urine exosomes predicts LRRK2 mutation carriers ( LRRK2 +) and noncarriers ( LRRK2 −) with Parkinson disease (PD+) and without Parkinson disease (PD−). Methods: LRRK2 protein was purified from urinary exosomes collected from participants in 2 independent cohorts. The first cohort included 14 men ( LRRK2 +/PD+, n = 7; LRRK2− /PD+, n = 4; LRRK2− /PD−, n = 3). The second cohort included 62 men ( LRRK2− /PD−, n = 16; LRRK2+ /PD−, n = 16; LRRK2 +/PD+, n = 14; LRRK2− /PD+, n = 16). The ratio of Ser(P)-1292 LRRK2 to total LRRK2 was compared between LRRK2 +/PD+ and LRRK2− in the first cohort and between LRRK2 G2019S carriers with and without PD in the second cohort. Results: LRRK2 +/PD+ had higher ratios of Ser(P)-1292 LRRK2 to total LRRK2 than LRRK2− /PD− (4.8-fold, p LRRK2− /PD+ (4.6-fold, p p Conclusion: Elevated ratio of phosphorylated Ser-1292 LRRK2 to total LRRK2 in urine exosomes predicted LRRK2 mutation status and PD risk among LRRK2 mutation carriers. Future studies may explore whether interventions that reduce this ratio may also reduce PD risk.
Fine-scale vertical distribution of macroplankton and micronekton in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific in association with an oxygen minimum zone

The 0to 1000-m vertical distribution patterns of micronekton and macrozooplankton were determined in the Costa Rica Dome region (98 N; 908 W) of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific in October–November 2007 and December 2008–January 2009. The area has a pronounced oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that impacts the distribution of both migrating and mesopelagic species. Sampling was conducted at a relatively fine scale (mesopelagic depth intervals as small as 25 m) within ecologically relevant strata to assess how this hydrographic environment influenced the structure of these groups. Zooplankton were collected in vertically stratified Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System tows during the day and the night, and abundances were analyzed in association with variations in oxygen concentration, temperature and depth. Each vertical stratum of the water column was a unique ecological zone with a specific community makeup. The upper and midwater column (0–550 m) was strongly influenced by diel vertical migration patterns, particularly the daytime descent of euphausiids and myctophid fish into the core of the OMZ. Distinctly different communities occurred below the OMZ core. The lower oxycline (LO) ( 500–700 m depth range) was dominated by Cyclothone spp. fish as well as a diverse population of other taxa, often aggregated into a discrete layer (25 m thick), particularly in 2008. In the suboxycline (.700 m depth range), the community shifted to
The Adjuvant Arthritic Rat: Inflammatory Parameters during Development and Regression of Gross Lesions

SummaryInflammatory parameters were followed during the prearthritic stage of adjuvant-injected rats. Plasma inflammation units, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and plasma sialic acid, glycoprotein and copper concentrations were raised 3 days post-dose and continued to increase up to 13 days, when gross lesions appeared. A prearthritic lymphoid hyperplasia occurred in the same manner. All these lesions regressed with dexamethasone treatment. It was concluded that none of the parameters investigated showed a unique sensitivity to the inflammatory state of the animal.
Descartes' Rule of Signs Revisited

(1998). Descartes' Rule of Signs Revisited. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 447-451.
Cardiovascular pathobiology of inflammasomes: inflammatory machinery and beyond.

Abstract Significance: In response to infection or cellular stress, inflammasomes are assembled and activated to mediate host defense and to initiate or promote the development of different diseases, in particular, autoinflammatory diseases and chronic degenerative diseases. Understanding of inflammasomes and related physiological and pathological relevance to the cardiovascular system will open a new chapter on the pathogenesis of inflammation and related diseases and will help develop novel therapeutic strategies for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Recent Advances: The inflammasome, in particular the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, has been recently recognized as a fundamental mechanism to mediate or promote the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. Some important mechanisms responsible for NLRP3 inflammasome activation have been proposed and many molecular targets associated with this inflammasome activation are shown ...
Using a Simultaneous Prompting Procedure with an iPad to Teach the Pythagorean Theorem to Adolescents with Moderate Intellectual Disability.

Providing standards-based instruction in core content areas for individuals with moderate and severe disabilities is a hot topic in the field of special education, and teachers struggle to find the...
Associations Between Different Sedatives and Ventilator-Associated Events, Length of Stay, and Mortality in Patients Who Were Mechanically Ventilated

Background Current sedation guidelines recommend avoiding benzodiazepines but express no preference for propofol vs dexmedetomidine. In addition, few data exist on whether randomized controlled trials of sedatives can be successfully generalized to routine practice, in which conditions tend to be more varied and complex. Methods Data regarding daily sedative exposure were gathered from all patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for ≥ 3 days over a 7-year period in a large academic medical center. Hazard ratios (HRs) were compared for ventilator-associated events (VAEs), extubation, hospital discharge, and hospital death among patients receiving benzodiazepines, propofol, and dexmedetomidine. Proportional subdistribution hazard models with competing risks were used for analysis. All analyses were adjusted for ICU type, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, procedures, severity of illness, hypotension, oxygenation, renal function, opioids, neuroleptic agents, neuromuscular blockers, awakening and breathing trials, and calendar year. Results A total of 9,603 consecutive episodes of mechanical ventilation were evaluated. Benzodiazepines and propofol were associated with increased VAE risk, whereas dexmedetomidine was not. Propofol was associated with less time to extubation compared with benzodiazepines (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.5). Dexmedetomidine was associated with less time to extubation compared with benzodiazepines (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0-2.7) and propofol (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.0), but relatively few dexmedetomidine exposures were available for analysis. There were no differences between any two agents in HRs for hospital discharge or mortality. Conclusions In this large, real-world cohort, propofol and dexmedetomidine were associated with less time to extubation compared with benzodiazepines, but dexmedetomidine was also associated with less time to extubation vs propofol. These possible differences merit further study.
Hayyuj, Judah (10th Century)

Judah Ben David Hayyuj (c. 940–c. 1010) was the first Hebrew grammarian to demonstrate that Hebrew was analyzable as having a system of triconsonantal roots. Writing almost entirely in Judeo-Arabic, he was able to establish the principle of root triconsonantality because he had an excellent knowledge of Arabic, in which this phenomenon is more conspicuous. Hayyuj's works were studied throughout the Middle Ages in the Sefer Hayyuj (The book of Hayyuj), which consisted of the The book of geminated verbs and the The book of hollow verbs.
Governance is where you find it

The concept of governance is used frequently and in a variety of different ways. This article discusses Mark Bevir’s use of an interpretative approach to governance and its implications for underst...
Graph Coloring and Conditional Graph Entropy

We consider the remote computation of a function of two sources where one is receiver side information. Specifically, given side information Y , we wish to compute f(X, Y) based on information transmitted by X over a noise-less channel. The goal is to characterize the minimal rate at which X must transmit information to enable the computation of the function f. Recently, Orlitsky and Roche (2001) established that the conditional graph entropy of the characteristic graph of the function is a solution to this problem. Their achievability scheme does not separate "functional coding" from the well understood distributed source coding problem. In this paper, we seek a separation between the functional coding and the coding for correlation. In other words, we want to preprocess X (with respect to f), and then transmit the preprocessed data using a standard Slepian-Wolf coding scheme at the Orlitsky-Roche rate. We establish that a minimum (conditional) entropy coloring of the product of characteristic graphs is asymptotically equal to the conditional graph entropy. This can be seen as a generalization of a result of Korner (1973) which shows that the minimum entropy coloring of product graphs is asymptotically equal to the graph entropy. Thus, graph coloring provides a modular technique to achieve coding gains when the receiver is interested in decoding some function of the source.
Catalyzing Technology Development Through University Research

Research universities have traditionally been catalysts for technological innovation, particularly in new and emerging industries. Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that some of the most promising new technologies relating to climate change are being developed at research universities. In this chapter, we first summarize several modes of university technology development and licensing. Next we describe the evolution of university technology commercialization and the Bayh-Dole Act of 198'8 which is widely credited with establishing the intellectual property structure of current university licensing and technology transfer. We then discuss some important legal and intellectual property considerations relevant to the development, commercialization and licensing of university technology.
Mindbot: A Social-Based Medical Virtual Assistant

Psychotherapy is beneficial for mental illness sufferers, but to find proper and affordable professional to conduct therapy is hard. To solve the problem, we propose an interactive virtual agent to build connection with human users. We will evaluate the mental health level affected by the virtual agent.
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for determination of Direct Acting Antiviral drugs in human liver fine needle aspirates.

Abstract An ultra-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of direct acting antiviral drug concentrations in human liver fine needle aspirates. Liver fine needle aspirate (FNA) biopsy samples were homogenized in acetonitrile to stabilize the analytes and precipitate protein. The acetonitrile supernatants were diluted with internal standards and mobile phase. Separation was achieved with a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 um) with a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The total run time was 4.25 min. Detection of analytes was achieved using electrospray ionization (positive mode) and triple quadrupole selected reaction monitoring. Standard curve concentrations ranged from 12.5 to 5000 ng/mL for dasabuvir and the m1 metabolite of dasabuvir, 1.25 to 2500 ng/mL for ombitasvir and ritonavir, and 5.00 to 5000 ng/mL for paritaprevir. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were less than 13.7% in low, medium, and high quality control samples. The validated method was applied to the analysis of a liver fine needle aspirate of a patient undergoing direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus.
Use of rescaled exponential models for boundary-dominated liquid-rich gas flow analysis under variable bottomhole pressure conditions

Abstract The analysis of production data from natural gas reservoirs can serve as one of the most powerful tools to estimate remaining reserves and provide a forecast of its future performance. While fundamentals of decline for dry gas reservoirs are well described in literature, those for liquid-rich gas reservoirs are yet to be well-understood. Any predictive model used to analyze these reservoirs must account for the inherent changes in reservoir fluid composition during their producing life due to condensate dropout within the reservoir, once reservoir pressure falls below dew point pressure. This study presents a mathematical model capable of predicting non-linear flow behavior in multiphase gas-condensate reservoirs using rescaled exponential models applicable to boundary-dominated flow regimes under variable bottomhole pressure conditions. We develop a set of analytical solutions for surface oil and total hydrocarbon flowrates, for wells producing under variable bottomhole pressure. We model hydrocarbon production from gas-condensate reservoirs by employing a material balance over produced condensate and total hydrocarbons. In this material balance approach, we use equivalent fluid molar densities in multiphase systems, resulting in analytical equations for the different flowing phases. The developed set of analytical solutions aims at providing an accurate estimate of reservoir behavior and available reserves, which can be used to inform critical economic decisions for further development of the reservoir. The proposed rescaled models minimize assumptions and stay true to the physics of multiphase flow. We demonstrate that the developed analytical model closely predicts the numerical simulation results for the hydrocarbon flowrates as well as the estimated reserves where a wide range of gas-condensate reservoirs, from lean to liquid-rich, is considered.
Variation in Generational Perceptions of Child Health and Well-being

Abstract Objective To assess adults' perceptions regarding the health and well-being of children today relative to their own health and well-being as youth and the potential for intergenerational differences in those perceptions. Methods A cross-sectional, Internet-based survey of a nationally representative household sample was conducted using GfK Custom Research's Web-enabled KnowledgePanel, a probability-based panel representative of the US population. We assessed perceptions of children's health and well-being today compared to when respondents were growing up, including physical and mental health; and children's education, exercise, diet, health care, safety of communities, and emotional support from families, groups, and organizations. Results Overall, 1330 (65%) of 2047 adult respondents completed the survey. Only 26% of respondents believed that the current physical health of children, and 14% that the current mental health of children, is better today than when they were growing up. There was a significant trend among generations, with a greater proportion of older generations perceiving the physical health of children to be better today. Only 15% of respondents reported the chances for a child to grow up with good mental health in the future are "better" now than when they were growing up. Conclusions Adults across all generations in the United States today view children's health as unlikely to meet the goals of the American Dream of continuous improvement. Although demographic changes require continued focus on our aging population, we must equally recognize the importance of advancing a healthy future for our nation's children, who will assume the mantle of our future.
Combining active and metric learning for hyperspectral image classification

Classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images is affected by two main problems: high dimensionality of the acquired signatures and scarce availability of labeled samples. Learning a low dimensional manifold and active learning represent two approaches that have been investigated in the literature to mitigate these effects. However they are usually applied independently from each other. In this paper we propose a method in which feature extraction and active learning are combined. In particular, a new reduced feature space is learned by large margin nearest neighbor (LMNN), a metric learning strategy that takes advantage of labeled information. The method is applied in conjunction with k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classification, for which a new sample selection strategy is proposed. Experiments on a real hyperspectral dataset confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Social Justice Advocacy and Innovation: The Wisconsin Center for Public Representation 1974-Present

Social justice practice is undergoing a revival. In a period of renewed energy we often look forward. But careful study of the existing structure and paths taken in the past is essential for successful initiatives. The history of the Center for Public Representation (CPR), a mid-western public interest law firm founded in 1974, contributes to the study. The CPR experience offers numerous lessons for those who seek to reinvent social justice lawyering: the importance of experimentation, the need for coordination of the local and national, and recognition of the potential law schools can play in the revival. The 40-year history was driven by a mixture of local politics and legal culture, individual passion and energy, and national movements and resources. There is continuity but it is possible to show three distinct periods in the life of the firm. The founding moment took place from 1974-84. The founders chose a non-profit tax-exempt format that was a hybrid of a free-standing public interest law firm and a University of Wisconsin law school clinic. With long-term funding unavailable, CPR developed innovative funding strategies and explored multiple arenas and modalities. The second moment embraces the late 1980s and 90s. CPR paid more attention to poverty and opened a community law office while the school added a course on poverty law. The state of Wisconsin privatized some health and welfare services forcing the lawyers and students to develop new ways to voice the concerns of the affected people. The CPR hybrid was under stress as support for clinics grew and for public interest law waned. In the third moment, 2002-present, CPR reinvented itself as the Economic Justice Center (EJC). The redesign was prompted by financial difficulties, shifts in legal and political atmosphere, and the success of clinical teaching. The free-standing public interest law firm was cut back. The history highlights the choices facing today's practitioners; how to develop long-term strategies, initiate networks and scale up practices, utilize law school resources, and exploit available technology.
33 Examples of termination

A graded sequence of examples—presented in a uniform framework—spotlights stages in the development of methods for proving termination of rewrite systems.
In-silico model of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor activities using analog very-large-scale integrated circuits.

Computational modeling is a useful analytical tool that (with valid data) may help to explain how complex brain systems work. In respiratory control, various neural network models have been proposed to explore the possible mechanisms of respiratory rhythmogenesis based on intrinsic neuronal properties as well as interactions at the network level1,2. However, the large parameter space that must be tested for such neuromorphic models makes it rather cumbersome and time consuming to simulate even a modest size network with discrete respiratory neurons. For large-scale neural network models involving multiple populations of respiratory neurons, such simulations become computationally prohibitive on general-purpose digital computers.
A META-ANALYSIS OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE PROSTAGLANDIN FOR CERVICAL RIPENING AND LABOUR INDUCTION.

OBJECTIVES: to examine the effectiveness and safety of controlled-release prostaglandin for cervical ripening. DATA SOURCES: we conducted a computerized search of Medline using the keywords "Cervidil"; or "Propess"; or "prostaglandin/dinoprostone" and "pessary"; or "prostaglandin/dinoprostone" and "controlled" and "release"; or "prostaglandin/dinoprostone" and "vaginal" and "insert"; identifying studies in the English literature published between January 1980 and December 1999. STUDY SELECTION: we included all randomized trials that compared controlled-release vaginal prostaglandin with a retrieval string with any other method of cervical ripening or with a placebo. Nine studies were identified.TABULATION, INTERACTION, AND RESULTS: the two coauthors independently abstracted the data and evaluated the studies for methodologic quality, blinded to each other's results. Homogeneity of results was evaluated, and if present, the summary odds ratio and 95 percent confidence intervals were determined. Compared with placebo, controlled-release prostaglandin resulted in cervical change (summary odds ratio [OR] = 3.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.71-5.86), a higher rate of vaginal delivery in 12 hours (OR = 29.01, 95% CI = 7.08-118.87), less need for oxytocin (OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.06-0.32), but a higher incidence of excessive uterine activity (P<0.0001) and hyperstimulation (P = 0.004). When compared with Prepidil, there was a higher rate of excessive uterine activity with controlled-release prostaglandin (P = 0.03), but less need for oxytocin (OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01-0.53). When compared with Prepidil/immediate oxytocin, there was a lower rate of active labour in 12 hours with controlled-release prostaglandin (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.10-0.72). There was a lower rate of vaginal delivery in 12 hours and higher incidence of oxytocin use with controlled-release prostaglandin as compared with misoprostol (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.34-0.83 and OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.08-2.32 respectively). The induction to delivery interval was shorter with controlled-release prostaglandin than with placebo or Prepidil, but longer than with Prepidil/immediate oxytocin, or misoprostol. Although no differences were seen with maternal morbidity (such as Caesarean delivery) or neonatal outcomes, the sample size was not adequate to evaluate these outcomes. CONCLUSION: controlled-release prostaglandin appears to be an effective cervical ripening agent as compared with Prepidil, but may result in an increased incidence of excessive uterine activity. Controlled-release prostaglandin may not be as effective as misoprostol or Prepidil/immediate oxytocin. Further randomized trials with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate maternal morbidity and neonatal outcomes.
A framework for selecting between knowledge-based and traditional systems design

Extensive coverage of knowledge-based languages has appeared in the recent literature. However, there has been no discussion of the criteria to be used in selecting between a knowledge-based approach and a traditional, that is, non- knowledge-based, approach for a particular application. This paper presents a framework of application-based criteria to assist in this selection. It also applies this decision framework to a number of real and hypothetical applications.
Pascal’s Triangle and the Pell Family

Recall from Chapter 1 that Fibonacci and Lucas numbers are given by the explicit formulas $$\displaystyle{F_{n} =\sum_{ j=0}^{\lfloor (n-1)/2\rfloor }\binom{n - j - 1}{j}\ \ \ \mathrm{and}\ \ \ L_{ n} =\sum_{ j=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor } \frac{n} {n - j}\binom{n - j}{j},}$$ where n ≥ 1. Furthermore, both families can be extracted from Pascal’s triangle.
Finite-Element Method for Framed Structures

Matrix analysis of framed structures may be considered as a subset of the more general method of finite elements [1–4]. Any continuum can be partitioned into subregions called finite elements. These subregions are of finite size and usually have simpler geometries than the boundaries of the original continuum. Such a partitioning serves to convert a problem involving an infinite number of degrees of freedom to one with a finite number in order to simplify the solution process. Applications in solid mechanics consist of framed structures, two-and three-dimensional solids, plates, shells, and so on. One-, two-, and three-dimensional finite elements may be required for such analyses. However, the members of framed structures are relatively long compared to their cross-sectional dimensions, so only one-dimensional finite elements are needed to model them.
Functional intraepithelial lymphocyte changes in inflammatory bowel disease and spondyloarthritis have disease specific correlations with intestinal microbiota

Dysbiosis occurs in spondyloarthritis (SpA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is subdivided into Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The immunologic consequences of alterations in microbiota, however, have not been defined. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are T cells within the intestinal epithelium that are in close contact with bacteria and are likely to be modulated by changes in microbiota. We examined differences in human gut-associated bacteria and tested correlation with functional changes in IELs in patients with axial SpA (axSpA), CD, or UC, and in controls. We conducted a case-control study to evaluate IELs from pinch biopsies of grossly normal colonic tissue from subjects with biopsy-proven CD or UC, axSpA fulfilling Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria and from controls during endoscopy. IELs were harvested and characterized by flow cytometry for cell surface markers. Secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA. Microbiome analysis was by 16S rRNA gene sequencing from rectal swabs. Statistical analyses were performed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman’s rank tests. The total number of IELs was significantly decreased in subjects with axSpA compared to those with IBD and controls, likely due to a decrease in TCRβ+ IELs. We found strong, significant negative correlation between peripheral lymphocyte count and IEL number. IELs secreted significantly increased IL-1β in patients with UC, significantly increased IL-17A and IFN-γ in patients with CD, and significantly increased TNF-α in patients with CD and axSpA as compared to other cohorts. For each disease subtype, IELs and IEL-produced cytokines were positively and negatively correlated with the relative abundance of multiple bacterial taxa. Our data indicate differences in IEL function among subjects with axSpA, CD, and UC compared to healthy controls. We propose that the observed correlation between altered microbiota and IEL function in these populations are relevant to the pathogenesis of axSpA and IBD, and discuss possible mechanisms. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02389075 . Registered on 17 March 2015.
The unreasonable rigidity of Ulam sequences

Abstract An Ulam sequence U ( a , b ) is defined as a sequence starting with integers a , b such that 0 a b , and such that every subsequent term is the smallest integer that can be written as the sum of distinct previous terms in exactly one way. We investigate a new rigidity phenomenon for families U ( a , b ) , where a is fixed and we allow b to increase, centering around a result proved using a novel model theoretic argument. For the specific case U ( 1 , n ) , we provide an algorithm for computing relevant coefficients, together with a proof of correctness.
Impact of Leadership on Digital Transformation

The purpose of this study was to identify leadership styles that impacted the digital transformation of an organization. Six information technology leaders from healthcare organizations were chosen to lead and participate in a digital transformation effort across several organizations in the Midwest (USA). The information collected was transcribed for clarity and to identify patterns in leadership styles that were evident. A qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews was established to determine this impact and how leadership style influenced an organization’s direction regarding its digital transformation. Specific research literature in this area was addressed and provided a framework for this issue, including the types of leadership styles which were commonly used. These styles influenced large-scale decisions within an organization. In addition, the success of this transformation was evaluated in the context of leadership styles occurring naturally within an organization. The research findings indicated that leadership style was highly impactful in transforming organizations and employee-based involvement and input played a critical role in the success of the change effort. In addition, organizational leaders lacked some of the technical knowledge required to lead this project. Leadership styles are influential in organizations and can implement norms, expectations, and desirable outcomes during large-scale transformative projects.
Opioid prescription patterns for pediatric orthopaedic fracture patients.

Abstract Background While hospitalizations attributed to opioid poisonings are increasing in the pediatric population, the patterns of prescribing behaviors of health care providers remains unclear. The aims of this study were to identify the opioid prescribing patterns of an orthopaedic team for post-surgical pediatric orthopaedic fracture patients, and to examine whether patient demographics, injury type, and type of providers were associated with the opioid prescribing patterns at discharge. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed among all patients aged 0–18 years undergoing surgery for elbow, forearm, wrist, femur, tibia and ankle fractures between 2014 and 2016 at a large children's hospital. Inclusion criteria were patients with isolated operative fractures involving the elbow, forearm, wrist, femur, tibia or ankle who received an opioid prescription at discharge prescribed by a member of the orthopaedic team. Exclusion criteria included patients discharged without opioids or patients discharged with opioid prescriptions from another medical team. Response 1000 unique patients (546 male) were identified, with average age of 7.9 years. The most common fracture was elbow (67.2%), followed by femur (12.4%), ankle (9.4%), forearm (5.8%), wrist (4.6%), and tibia (1.6%). Average dose of opioids prescribed was 28.4 (SD = 11.5) per patient. All prescriptions followed recommended guidelines for each medication. Patients who were older (p Conclusions Pediatric orthopaedic trauma patients appear to be receiving generic numbers of opioid pain medication doses after fracture surgery due to universal rather than injury-specific prescribing patterns. Further study is required to determine the appropriate number of doses per injury type.
Barriers to healthy food access: Associations with household income and cooking behavior.

Abstract To examine how barriers to healthy food access and household income are associated with cooking and eating behaviors we fielded a nationally representative survey among 1112 adults in the United States in 2015. The survey included measures of barriers to accessing healthy food, household income, and frequency of cooking and eating meals, cooking practices, and other eating behaviors. We used multivariable poisson regression to examine the association of household income and barriers to healthy food access with cooking and eating behavior outcomes. We find that low income was associated with higher barriers to accessing healthy food (barriers) and that both income and barriers were associated with differences in cooking frequency/practices, and consumption behaviors. In interaction models, cooking and eating behaviors did not vary based on barriers for the lowest income level (
The effect of zinc(II) on the formation of 2,2′- and 2,3′-bipyridine complexes of [Ru2II(ttha)]2−(ttha6−=triethylenetetraminehexaacetate)

Ru2II(ttha)(H2O)2]2− (ttha6−= triethylene tetramine hexa-acetate), prepared by the reduction of the ruthenium(III) precursor, reacts with 2,2′-bipyridine (2,2′-bpy) in a multi-step fashion. The first 2,2′-bpy equivalent (1:1) adds with bidentate chelation at one ruthenium(II) site as revealed by separate ruthenium(II)/(III) waves at 0.03 and 0.54V vs. n.h.e. A second equivalent of 2,2′-bpy (1:2) is initially stored and retained as the [Zn(2,2′-bpy)]2+ complex. Further addition of 2,2′-bpy initiates coordination at the second ruthenium(II) site. [Ru2(ttha)-(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]2− forms a strong ion-pair with zinc(II) that is in rapid equilibrium with the Zn(H2O)62+/Zn(2,2′-bpy)]2+ pool. The solubility of the ion-pair is low. The ion-pair exhibits a shifted ruthenium(II)/(III) wave at 0.60V. Higher amounts of 2,2′-bpy recomplex the zinc(II), solubilizing the complex and returning the E1/2 value to 0.54V. Other ligands which either have a higher affinity for ruthenium(II) centres than for zinc(II) as bidentate donors (1,10-phenanthroline), or ligands that cannot form bidentate zinc(II) complexes [(2-methylpyrazine, 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bpy), and 2,3′-bipyridine (2,3′-bpy)] do not exhibit the unusual competition by zinc(II). These ligands all add statistically to the ruthenium(II) centres forming 1:2 complexes with 1:2 stoichiometries. 1H-n.m.r. studies of the Ru(II)polyaminopolycarboxylate complexes [RuII(hedta)(H2O)]− complex, and [Ru2(ttha)(H2O)2]2− itself, reveal that substitution of 2,3′-bpy at ruthenium(II) sites occurs with an initial kinetic split between the pyridyl rings of the 3′- less-hindered and 2-more-hindered ring. A slower rearrangement occurs, producing the isomer of the more-hindered 2-substituted ring. A process is driven by forming a more π-accepting system when ruthenium(II) binds to the 2-ring of 2,3′-bpy. Understanding the unusual influence of zinc(II) on the substitution of 2,2′-bpy with [Ru2(ttha)(H2O)2]2− clarifies the nature of the 1:1 complex – namely that the 2,2′-bpy becomes bidentate at one ruthenium(II) centre rather than serving as a trans-bridging ligand between both ruthenium(II) centres within one [Ru2(ttha)]2− unit.
Relations between Characteristics of Collaborative and Oppositional Mother–Child Conflict

Objective. Oppositional parent–child conflict interactions and inconsistent parenting practices have each been associated with more negative socioemotional outcomes for children. The current study ...
Adaptive and Fast State of Health Estimation Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Using Online Complex Impedance and Artificial Neural Network

This paper presents an adaptive state-of-health (SOH) estimation method that utilizes artificial neural network (ANN) and online AC complex impedance. The zero crossing frequency of battery impedance phase can reflect the aging status of battery based on the observation from the aging data. However, the relationship between the zero crossing frequency and SOH is nonlinear. In order to model this nonlinear relationship for SOH prediction, ANN as a powerful nonlinear fitting tool or method is explored in this paper in order to characterize this relationship. The designed ANN can update its parameters based on the feedback data from the operation of the system. This feature makes the proposed method be able to adapt to the changes in the operation conditions and aging conditions of the battery, which enables better SOH prediction accuracy compared with the static SOH model methods when the operation conditions or battery conditions are different from the ones that the static SOH models are derived from. The proposed SOH estimation method also allows for fast prediction compared with the conventional capacity fading methods. This is mainly because the parameter used for SOH prediction, i.e. battery impedance phase, can be obtained within a short time during the online operation of the system. A preliminary experimental prototype is built in the laboratory to verify the proposed method.