cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep, Signification and the Abstract Body of Allopathic Medicine:

This article focuses on the recent production of sleep as a matter of concern in American society. In it, I draw primarily on fieldwork with sleep researchers and clinicians to understand the means by which ideas about sleep are produced and disseminated, and discuss the rise of sleep medicine since the late 1970s and the ways sleep disabilities have been constructed and mobilized in contemporary allopathic research and practice. The article provides a description of modern sleep medicine practices, and analyses clinical encounters between researchers, clinicians and patients, particularly the ways patient cases are produced and interpreted. I follow these ethnographic observations with textual analysis of the National Sleep Foundation's campaigns to promote sleep awareness, and offer the theoretical concepts of medical abstraction and insistence as a means to understand the production of sleep as a matter of concern, and how it might be made to adhere in particular patients' lives and the practices of cl...
A multispecies-based taxonomic microarray reveals interspecies hybridization and introgression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A multispecies-based taxonomic microarray targeting coding sequences of diverged orthologous genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces paradoxus, Saccharomyces mikatae, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, Naumovia castellii, Lachancea kluyveri and Candida glabrata was designed to allow identification of isolates of these species and their interspecies hybrids. Analysis of isolates of several Saccharomyces species and interspecies hybrids demonstrated the ability of the microarray to differentiate these yeasts on the basis of their specific hybridization patterns. Subsequent analysis of 183 supposed S. cerevisiae isolates of various ecological and geographical backgrounds revealed one misclassified S. bayanus or Saccharomyces uvarum isolate and four aneuploid interspecies hybrids, one between S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus and three between S. cerevisiae and S. kudriavzevii. Furthermore, this microarray design allowed the detection of multiple introgressed S. paradoxus DNA fragments in the genomes of three different S. cerevisiae isolates. These results show the power of multispecies-based microarrays as taxonomic tools for the identification of species and interspecies hybrids, and their ability to provide a more detailed characterization of interspecies hybrids and recombinants.
Epithelial Sodium and Chloride Channels and Asthma.

Objective: To focus on the asthmatic pathogenesis and clinical manifestations related to epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)/chlorine ion channel. Data Sources: The data analyzed in this review were the English articles from 1980 to 2015 from journal databases, primarily PubMed and Google Scholar. The terms used in the literature search were: (1) ENaCs; cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR); asthma/asthmatic, (2) ENaC/sodium salt; CF; asthma/asthmatic, (3) CFTR/chlorine ion channels; asthma/asthmatic, (4) ENaC/sodium channel/scnn1a/scnn1b/scnn1g/scnn1d/amiloride-sensitive/amiloride-inhibtable sodium channels/sodium salt; asthma/asthmatic, lung/pulmonary/respiratory/tracheal/alveolar, and (5) CFTR; CF; asthma/asthmatic (ti). Study Selection: These studies included randomized controlled trials or studies covering asthma pathogenesis and clinical manifestations related to ENaC/chlorine ion channels within the last 25 years (from 1990 to 2015). The data involving chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and CF obtained from individual studies were also reviewed by the authors. Results: Airway surface liquid dehydration can cause airway inflammation and obstruction. ENaC and CFTR are closely related to the airway mucociliary clearance. Ion transporters may play a critical role in pathogenesis of asthmatic exacerbations. Conclusions: Ion channels have been the center of many studies aiming to understand asthmatic pathophysiological mechanisms or to identify therapeutic targets for better control of the disease.
Use of high-density tiling microarrays to identify mutations globally and elucidate mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum

The identification of genetic changes that confer drug resistance or other phenotypic changes in pathogens can help optimize treatment strategies, support the development of new therapeutic agents, and provide information about the likely function of genes. Elucidating mechanisms of phenotypic drug resistance can also assist in identifying the mode of action of uncharacterized but potent antimalarial compounds identified in high-throughput chemical screening campaigns against Plasmodium falciparum. Here we show that tiling microarrays can detect de novo a large proportion of the genetic changes that differentiate one genome from another. We show that we detect most single nucleotide polymorphisms or small insertion deletion events and all known copy number variations that distinguish three laboratory isolates using readily accessible methods. We used the approach to discover mutations that occur during the selection process after transfection. We also elucidated a mechanism by which parasites acquire resistance to the antimalarial fosmidomycin, which targets the parasite isoprenoid synthesis pathway. Our microarray-based approach allowed us to attribute in vitro derived fosmidomycin resistance to a copy number variation event in the pfdxr gene, which enables the parasite to overcome fosmidomycin-mediated inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis. We show that newly emerged single nucleotide polymorphisms can readily be detected and that malaria parasites can rapidly acquire gene amplifications in response to in vitro drug pressure. The ability to define comprehensively genetic variability in P. falciparum with a single overnight hybridization creates new opportunities to study parasite evolution and improve the treatment and control of malaria.
Authority and convergence in collaborative learning

Teachers and students have established social roles, norms and conventions when they encounter Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) systems in the classroom. Authority, a major force in the classroom, gives certain people, objects, representations or ideas the power to affect thought and behavior and influences communication and interaction. Effective computer-supported collaborative learning requires students and teachers to change how they understand and assign authority. This paper describes two studies in which students' ideas about authority led them to converge on what they viewed as authoritative representations and styles of representation too early, and the early convergence then hindered their learning. It also describes a third study that illustrates how changes to the CSCL system CAROUSEL (Collaborative Algorithm Representations Of Undergraduates for Self-Enhanced Learning) improved this situation, encouraging students to create representations that were unique, had different styles and emphasized different aspects of algorithms. Based on this research, methods to help students avoid premature convergence during collaborative learning are suggested.
A comparison of the human capital and signaling models: The case of the self-employed and the increase in the schooling premium in the 1980s

This paper utilizes the self-employed to analyze the observed increase in the educational earnings premium in the 1980s. The paper compares the predictions of the signaling and human capital models in response to an exogenous demand shock such as a skill-biased technological change. Since the self-employed have no incentive to invest in a costly signal to show to employers their productivity, a change in the schooling equilibrium should not affect their earnings. Four testable hypotheses are derived. The findings suggest that the signaling model may indeed predict the observed changes in the schooling premium that are not consistent with the predictions of the human capital model.
Liberal Rights in a Pareto-optimal Code

A Millian response is presented to Sen's celebrated Paretian liberal impossibility theorem. It is argued that Millian Paretian liberalism is possible, if the application of Paretian norms is restricted to the selection of an optimal code of liberal justice and rights, as well as to individual choices made in compliance with the rules of the code. Key steps in outlining the Millian response include suitably modifying Sen's social choice formulation of the idea of claim-right to personal liberty, and incorporating within social choice theory the distinction between a right and its direction of exercise. The Millian response is illustrated in the context of Sen's original example of the ‘prude’ and the ‘lewd’. If the argument is successful, coherent and appealing liberal versions of Pareto-inclusive philosophies such as utilitarianism, contractualism and neo-republicanism are feasible in principle.
Progressive Collapse of Rigid-Plastic Circular Foundations

The paper presents an analytical study of the behavior of a rigid-perfectly plastic circular foundation plate indenting an elastic two-parameter soil layer (Vlasov soil) under the action of a statically increasing applied load. Closed-form solutions are obtained for critical Loads, maximum surface settlements, foundation deflections and soil reactions in terms of the load intensity, after the plate has been transformed into a mechanism. Two distinct phases of metaplastic behavior are identified depending on whether or not full contact is maintained between soil and foundation. The results are compared with those obtained for a Winkler space and an elastic continuum halfspace.
Three-Dimensional Structures of Full-Length, Membrane-Embedded Human αIIbβ3 Integrin Complexes

Integrins are bidirectional, allosteric transmembrane receptors that play a central role in hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. Using cryo-electron microscopy, multireference single-particle reconstruction methods, and statistics-based computational fitting approaches, we determined three-dimensional structures of human integrin αIIbβ3 embedded in a lipid bilayer (nanodiscs) while bound to domains of the cytosolic regulator talin and to extracellular ligands. We also determined the conformations of integrin in solution by itself to localize the membrane and the talin-binding site. To our knowledge, our data provide unprecedented three-dimensional information about the conformational states of intact, full-length integrin within membrane bilayers under near-physiological conditions and in the presence of cytosolic activators and extracellular ligands. We show that αIIbβ3 integrins exist in a conformational equilibrium clustered around four main states. These conformations range from a compact bent nodule to two partially extended intermediate conformers and finally to a fully upright state. In the presence of nanodiscs and the two ligands, the equilibrium is significantly shifted toward the upright conformation. In this conformation, the receptor extends ∼20 nm upward from the membrane. There are no observable contacts between the two subunits other than those in the headpiece near the ligand-binding pocket, and the α- and β-subunits are well separated with their cytoplasmic tails ∼8 nm apart. Our results indicate that extension of the ectodomain is possible without separating the legs or extending the hybrid domain, and that the ligand-binding pocket is not occluded by the membrane in any conformations of the equilibrium. Further, they suggest that integrin activation may be influenced by equilibrium shifts.
Lengthening the intersubunit linker of procaspase 3 leads to constitutive activation.

The conformational ensemble of procaspase 3, the primary executioner in apoptosis, contains two major forms, inactive and active, with the inactive state favored in the native ensemble. A region of the protein known as the intersubunit linker (IL) is cleaved during maturation, resulting in movement of the IL out of the dimer interface and subsequent active site formation (activation-by-cleavage mechanism). We examined two models for the role of the IL in maintaining the inactive conformer, an IL-extension model versus a hydrophobic cluster model, and we show that increasing the length of the IL by introducing 3–5 alanines results in constitutively active procaspases. Active site labeling and subsequent analyses by mass spectrometry show that the full-length zymogen is enzymatically active. We also show that minor populations of alternately cleaved procaspase result from processing at D169 when the normal cleavage site, D175, is unavailable. Importantly, the alternately cleaved proteins have little to no a...
Pathogen Detection of Hand,Foot and Mouth Disease in Jiamusi Area from January to August of 2008

[Objective]To conduct pathogen detection of hand,foot and mouth disease in Jiamusi Area from January to August of 2008.[Methods]Totally 357 specimens of pharynx swAbs of clinically diagnosed hand,food and mouth diseases patients were collected. General PE,CA16 and EV71 were used for RT-PCR detection. [Results]The total positive rate of intestinal virus was 18.50%,that for CA16 and EV71 was 4.80% and 5.30%,respectively. High positive rate was found in 2~5 year old children and male patients.[Conclusion]Molecular biological method can be used for pathogen detection of the hand,foot and mouth diseases,subtyping of EV71 and CAl6,which plays an important role in the surveillance and control of the hand,foot and mouth diseases.
Mode of Implanting Culture in English Teaching of International Cooperative Education

Implanted with culture in the process of the curriculum and network resource constructions of English teaching and applied in its every step,international cooperative education can be the new way and mode to improve students' quality and provide some certain useful attempt.
Partial CviJI digestion as an alternative approach to generate cosmid sublibraries for large-scale sequencing projects.

We demonstrate an alternative method for the generation of random subclones for large-scale shotgun human DNA sequencing projects. Miniprep DNA from a human cosmid clone was partially digested with...
The Continuum Limit of the Standard SU(2) Gauge-Higgs Model

It is shown that the continuum limit of the standard model defined around the Gaussian fixed point is a free field theory.
Applications of Reduced-Rank Regression in Financial Economics

In previous chapters, we have developed reduced-rank regression models of various forms, which have wide applications in a variety of contexts in the physical and social sciences. In this chapter we focus on the area of financial economics, where several applications of the reduced-rank regression models arise in a fairly natural way. Thus, the topics that will be examined in this chapter involve consideration of the contexts in which financial models arise from economic theories, the form of the models, and the empirical verification of these models through reduced-rank regression methods. In earlier chapters, the application of reduced-rank regression methods was mainly motivated from an empirical dimension-reduction aspect, whereas the use of reduced-rank models presented in this chapter results from a priori economic theory. With the high volume of financial data that are now routinely becoming available, these theories can be examined through tests of the models. We point out that, for the most part, only the basic reduced-rank methods developed in Chapter 2 are needed for the presentations considered here.
Gas Cylinders and Medical Gases

Medical gases are normally stored, shipped, and supplied in metal containers called gas cylinders. The design and dimensions of gas cylinders, their valve outlets, transportation, testing, and periodic examination are subject to national standards and regulations. These national standards vary, with the exception of the Pin-Index Safety System for flush-type cylinder valves which has been adopted by a great number of countries.
Dr. What-Info II: A universal application interfaces-supported multi-agent system with open data of Taiwan government

An intelligent mobile information consultation and sharing multi-agent system: Dr. What-Info system, i.e. a master multi-agent system on what the information is, had been proposed. The paper continually develops the expanded system Dr. What-Info II, which can intercept suitable corresponding information with the support of OpenData@Taiwan/Taipei and domain ontology according to local GPS location interception and address conversion with the Universal Application Interfaces technology support for upgrading the quality of mobile information consultation and sharing, so as to enhance the correctness, authenticity and integrity of location-based information provision.
Prolonged survival with a longer duration of maintenance lenalidomide after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND Although lenalidomide maintenance therapy has demonstrated improved outcomes after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT) for patients with multiple myeloma (MM), the impact of the duration of this therapy is not clearly known. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed all MM patients who were placed on maintenance lenalidomide after auto-HCT between January 2007 and December 2013. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed in multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models that included the duration of maintenance as a time-dependent covariate. RESULTS Of the 464 patients identified, 46% initiated therapy early ( 2 years versus those on maintenance for ≤2 years. For those on maintenance for >3 versus those on maintenance for ≤3 years, this trend continued with improvements seen in PFS (HR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.00-0.44; P = .012) and OS (HR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.00-0.83; P = .037). The incidence of second primary malignancies (SPMs) in the entire cohort was 3%. No differences were seen in survival between early and late initiators of maintenance lenalidomide. CONCLUSIONS A longer duration of maintenance therapy was associated with longer survival. The incidence of SPMs was low, and they were not associated with the duration of maintenance. The timing of the initiation of maintenance had no effect on survival. Cancer 2016;122:3831–3837. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
New Reconstruction of Cranial Musculature in Ceratopsian Dinosaurs: Implications for Jaw Mechanics and ‘Cheek’ Anatomy

For over a century, researchers have attempted to reconstruct cranial musculature in the horned ceratopsian dinosaurs, like Triceratops, in order to elucidate feeding behavior and mechanics in this...
Physiological Redundancy and the Integrative Responses to Exercise

The biological responses to acute and chronic exercise are marked by a high level of physiological redundancy that operates at various levels of integration, including the molecular, cellular, organ-system, and whole-body scale. During acute exercise, this redundancy protects whole-body homeostasis in the face of 10-fold or more increases in whole-body metabolic rate. In some cases, there are "trade-offs" between optimizing the performance of a given organ or system versus whole-body performance. Physiological redundancy also plays a key role in the adaptive responses to exercise training and high levels of habitual physical activity, including the positive effects of regular exercise on health. Appreciation of the general principles of physiological redundancy is critical to (1) gain an overall understanding of short- and long-term responses to exercise, and (2) place physiological responses occurring at various levels of integration in perspective.
Alcohol-antiretroviral interactive toxicity beliefs as a potential barrier to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men.

Introduction : Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) offers as much as 90% protection against HIV transmission. However, the effectiveness of PrEP depends on uptake and adherence to even intermittent dosing. Along with intoxication leading to unintentional non-adherence, believing that alcohol mixed with pharmaceuticals is harmful (i.e., interactive toxicity beliefs) may lead to poor uptake and intentional non-adherence. Methods : HIV-negative sexually active men who have sex with men ( N = 272) at a large Gay Pride event in Atlanta, GA, completed anonymous surveys of demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour, alcohol use and PrEP-related alcohol interactive toxicity beliefs. Results : A total of 118 (43%) men surveyed had two or more male sex partners and condomless anal sex in the previous six months. Alcohol use was reported by over 90% of men and it was common for participants to believe that mixing alcohol and antiretrovirals is toxic; 75% endorsed at least one interactive toxicity belief. Among the 118 men who had engaged in condomless anal sex and had multiple sex partners, one in three stated that they were not interested in PrEP and men not interested in PrEP were significantly more likely to binge drink and hold interactive toxicity beliefs. Conclusions : These results mirror studies that find interactive toxicity beliefs are a potent predictor of intentional antiretroviral non-adherence among people living with HIV and suggest interactive toxicity beliefs may impede PrEP uptake and adherence. Messages to increase PrEP awareness and adherence may also take steps to counter erroneous beliefs about mixing alcohol with antiretrovirals in the context of PrEP. Keywords HIV prevention; pre-exposure prophylaxis; substance use; men who have sex with men (Published: 17 July 2017) Kalichman SC and Eaton L Journal of the International AIDS Society 2017, 20 :21534 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/21534 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21534
Cross-linking of protein molecules by the reactive metabolite of acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, and related quinoid compounds.

Acetaminophen (4’-hydroxyacetanilide; 4HAA; Fig. 1) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic agent which, while considered to be safe at therapeutic dose levels, has been found to cause acute hepatic centrilobular necrosis in both humans and experimental animals when consumed in large doses (Prescott et al., 1971; Boyd and Bereczky, 1966). Evidence from a variety of animal studies (Mitchell et al., 1975; Dahlin et al., 1984) has indicated that cytochrome P-450 plays an important role in the oxidation of acetaminophen to a chemically-reactive and potentially toxic electrophilic metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI; Fig. 1), which binds covalently to hepatic protein. Recently, we have shown that the major covalent adduct formed between 4HAA and proteins is a 3’-cystein-S-yl conjugate of the drug (Streeter et al., 1984b; Hoffmann et al., 1985a,b). This finding supports the contention that 4HAA is first metabolized to NAPQI, which then arylates proteins by selective reaction with cysteinyl thiol residues.
SDR-Based Experiments for LTE-LAA Based Coexistence Systems with Improved Design

To enhance spectrum efficiency in next generation heterogeneous wireless systems, it is important to improve shared spectrum usage between unlicensed long-term evolution (LTE) systems, such as the license-assisted access (LAA), and legacy systems, such as wireless local area networks (WLANs). LTE-LAA uses listen-before-talk (LBT) schemes to enhance coexistence performance. However, available LAA-LBT schemes may incur several problems, such as a slot-jamming effect and a significant slot boundary tracking error, leading to degraded performance. In this paper, we develop an LBT scheme with improved design and software-defined radio (SDR)-based experimental procedure for a performance validation. We program the improved LBT algorithm in the SDR field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and compare the results with the original LBT algorithm. This work also presents an automated testing technique and new SDR functions that modify the LAA parameters in realtime (such as backoff idle slot durations). The experiment results confirm the predicted slot-jamming effect, and show that our improved design enhances LAA throughput. These results provide not only a more robust LAA-LBT design, but also a new method of SDR programming and testing, and insight into the coexistence performance of heterogeneous systems.
An Abstract Prolog Machine

In 1977 David Warren described an instruction set and execution model for compiled Prolog [63]. This design was later modified and provided as an abstract machine specification which has become know as the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) [57, 64]. The architecture described in this book extends the WAM and provides a description of the resulting machine and its implementation in hardware.
HELP (HpaII tiny fragment enrichment by ligation-mediated pcr) assay for dna methylation profiling of primary normal and malignant b lymphocytes

The role of cytosine methylation in the regulation of gene expression during normal development and malignant transformation is currently under intense investigation. An ever increasing body of evidence demonstrates that carcinogenesis is associated with aberrant DNA methylation of the promoters of tumor suppressor genes (Chin Med J (Engl) 111:1028-1030, 1998; Leukemia 17:2533-2535, 2003), hypomethylation of oncogenes (Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 206:288-298, 2005; Toxicology 50:231-245, 1988), and concurrent loss of methylation in the intergenic areas and gene bodies, which may lead to genomic instability and chromosomal fragility (Cytogenet Cell Genet 89:121-128, 2000). Single locus methylation assays have focused largely on specific known tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes (Chin Med J (Engl) 111:1028-1030, 1998; Cancer Res 57:594-599, 1997; Hum Genet 94:491-496, 1994; Mol Cell Biol 14:4225-4232, 1994; Gastroenterology 116:394-400, 1999). Such approaches, while being useful, have clear limitations. With the advent of genome-wide microarray-based techniques, it has become possible to perform genome-wide exploratory studies to better understand genomic patterning of DNA methylation and also to discover new potential disease-specific epigenetic lesions (J Cell Biochem 88:138-143, 2003; Genome Res 16:1075-1083, 2006). In order to capture this type of information from primary human tissues, we have adopted and optimized the HELP assay (HpaII tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated PCR) to compare and contrast the abundance of cytosine methylation of genomic regions that are relatively enriched for CpG dinucleotides. While we have mainly used a custom NimbleGen-Roche high-density oligonucleotide microarray containing 25,626 HpaII amplifiable fragments, many other microarray platforms or high throughput sequencing strategies can be used with HELP.
Regulation of erythropoiesis. I. Erythropoietin assay as a clinical tool.

Abstract An erythropoietin assay using hypertransfused rats and radioiron utilization has been evaluated in regard to modifying factors and its variability. It is proposed that the dose-response relationship may be regarded as an adsorptive process which suggests new investigative approaches in terms of hormone binding sites and erythropoietin inhibition. Elevated levels of erythropoietin were found in 14 of 16 patients with refractory anemia indicating a basic defect in the response of the erythroid marrow. The two exceptions are of great theoretical interest, but insufficient information limits further conclusions. Patients with hypoxic polycythemia demonstrated increased levels only when their compensatory equilibrium had been modified by phlebotomy. Seven patients with polycythemia vera had erythropoietin levels within the normal range whether or not therapy had modified their red cell mass. This is further evidence that polycythemia vera is a proliferative disorder usurping the normal regulation. The clinical use of erythropoietin assay may provide the most information when correlated with alterations of oxygen-carrying capacity as a functional test of the patient's erythropoietic regulatory mechanism.
ATTACHMENT AND DEPENDENCE: SOME STRATEGIES AND TACTICS IN THE SELECTION AND USE OF INDICES FOR THOSE CONCEPTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some strategies and tactics in the selection and use of indices for attachment and dependence. The qualities of attachment and dependence, or the distinctions between them, have been discussed by some in terms of such behavior attributes as “intensity.” The selection of combinations of response measures employed to characterize the “strength” or some other attribute of stimulus–response systems classified under attachment or dependence often appears to be arbitrary. There are several parameters that could be used, singly or in different combinations, to characterize the strength or intensity of an attachment or dependence pattern, irrespective of the particular number or type of indices employed. A survey of the research done on attachment and of dependence reveals an unusual paucity of data replications among the studies, partly because of differences in indices, in methods of measurement, and in samples studied.
Viscoelastic studies of extracellular matrix interactions in a model native collagen gel system

We describe an in vitro test of the hypothesis that viscoelastic properties of the collagen fiber network of skin are influenced by interactions between the macromolecular components in the extracellular matrix. Native type I collagen gels were investigated as a mechanical analog for connective tissue. A series of gels were formed under physiological conditions via fibril precipitation in the presence of selected matrix macromolecules, including dermatan sulfate (DS), hyaluronic acid (HA), dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (DSPG), fibronectin (FN) and elastin. Viscoelastic measurements and transmission electron microscopy were performed to explore the relationship between mechanical strength and fibril morphology. The results demonstrate that associative interactions of DSPG and HA with collagen fibrils, as well as variations in collagen fibril size distribution and the amount of elastin, can modify the viscoelastic behavior of the model collagen gels. Addition of DSPG, DS and HA increases both storage and loss moduli, G' and G"; morphological examination shows adhesive binding of these species to the collagen fibrils. At 37 degrees C, elastin increases G' by forming elastic coacervate particles. FN has no effect on the gel viscoelasticity. The observed effects are discussed in terms of current clinical observations on age-related changes in the mechanical properties of skin.
Experimental Observations of Particle Emission from Liquid Organic Matrices Bombarded by keV Ions

This article is a compendium of several, recent, partial studies of neutral and ionic particles sputtered from liquid organic matrices during bombardment by fast (10 – 30 keV) ions. Since the primary ion beams used in these studies were produced exclusively by liquid metal ion (LMI) columns, the nature and characteristics of these ion sources are summarized before presenting and discussing the secondary particle data. The reader is referred elsewhere for a more complete introduction to LMI sources [1].
Exploring student-led interprofessional education through a community service project

purpose The purpose of this research was to explore the effectiveness of a student-led interprofessional education (IPE) workshop in improving student attitudes and perceptions toward IPE. Students from four health science programs—Dental Hygiene, Communication Sciences and Disorders/Speech and Hearing, Health Services Administration, and Occupational Therapy—participated in a community service event. Students provided screenings to veteran patients, including a health history intake, hearing test, and sleep screening, while other students observed. Methods Students were asked to attend an orientation, a Vets Day IPE workshop, and a debrief session. This mixed-methods approach study utilized the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) to assess students’ attitudes and perceptions toward IPE. The RIPLS (Likert scale) was used as a pre- and posttest to assess changes in students’ scores. The pretest was administered prior to the IPE workshop, and the posttest was administered following the workshop. Qualitative data was derived from a debrief session where students answered guided questions regarding their experience through group discussion. Results Results indicated a statistically significant difference (p<.05) in participants’ attitudes and perceptions toward IPE using the RIPLS. Statistical significance was found within each RIPLS subscale, where participants showed a positive change in their readiness for interprofessional learning. Qualitative data revealed positive feedback about the workshop and enhanced knowledge about different professions. Conclusion The results of this study show that a student-led approach to IPE through a community service project is beneficial in improving student attitudes and perceptions of IPE.
Democratic Socialism in Chile and Peru: Revisiting the “Chicago Boys” as the Origin of Neoliberalism

In the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. government paid the economics department at the University of Chicago, known for its advocacy of free markets and monetarism, to train Chilean graduate students. These students became known as the “Chicago Boys,” who implemented the first and most famous neoliberal experiment in Chile after 1973. Peruvian, Mexican, and other Latin American economics students followed a similar path and advocated a turn to neoliberal policies in their own countries. The Chicago Boys narrative has become an origin story for global neoliberalism. However, the focus on this narrative has obscured other transnational networks whose ideas possess certain superficial, but misleading, similarities with neoliberalism. I examine Chilean and Peruvian engagements with Yugoslavia's unique form of socialism, its worker self-management socialism, which was part of a worldwide discussion of anti-authoritarian socialism. I first introduce the Yugoslav socialist model that inspired those in Chile and Peru. I then examine socialist discussions in Chile and Peru that called for decentralized, democratic socialism and looked to Yugoslavia for advice. I conclude by examining the 1990s postponement of socialism in the name of a very narrow democracy and realization of neoliberalism. The Chicago Boys story assumes the easy global victory of neoliberalism and erases what was at stake in the 1988–1994 period: radically democratic socialism on a global scale.
Effect of Tariff on Optimal Electric Vehicle Connection to the Grid in Residential Sector

In recent years, integration of renewable energy sources to the traditional power system has attracted the attention of researchers as well as industries. Due to the limited availability of renewable energy sources e.g. solar, considering the energy storage system e.g. battery, is a must in this process. Electric Vehicles (EVs)as a major consumer of batteries, have a considerable influence on the power grids. Therefore, smart charging profiles of the electric vehicles as a battery storage system, play a significant role in the residential sector of energy management. Considering the notable share of the residential sector in the electricity demand market along with renewables growth, potential impacts of residential solar and batteries especially EVs on the stability and operation of the power grid should be taken into account. In this paper, we develop an optimization equation to investigate the effect of the electricity tariff on a residential customer's load profile in the presence of an electric vehicle. To simulate the average EV trip, an imaginary load profile based on EV consumption rate has been defined. Results show that the customer's load profile is highly affected by the electricity tariff and the algorithm of EV connection to the grid.
Modelling the test methods used to determine material compatibility for hydrogen pressure vessel service

Abstract This work aims to create finite element models to simulate the three ISO 11114-4 test methods applicable to hydrogen gas cylinders, coupled with calibrated constitutive models, to predict the deformation response of each. Experimental measurements are used to calibrate a monotonic constitutive model and a constitutive model of cyclic deformation. Six finite element solid models are discussed: monotonic tensile test of dog bone-shaped specimens, strain-controlled fatigue test of dog bone-shaped specimens, ISO test Method A, ISO test Method B, and ISO Method C (from ISO 11114-4), and a gas cylinder. Each finite element solid model is paired with the appropriate constitutive model based upon loading conditions. The modeling results are then combined with a new damage parameter in an attempt to compare each of the test methods to the others, as well as to in-service conditions. It is shown that the proposed damage parameter may be used to correlate all test methods considered (except for ISO Method A, a burst-disc test) as well as in-service conditions. The calibrated damage parameter may be coupled with any geometry, loading condition, and boundary condition modeled within a finite element package to predict the onset of critical damage in the material for which the coupled constitutive model is calibrated to. Parametric modelling study results provide estimated cycles to the onset of crack extension for DOT 3AA cylinders having varying sizes of internal thumbnail-shaped cracks. This work provides the baseline for measurements and models in air, with similar work in hydrogen to follow.
Methods in Molecular Medicine: Angiotensin Protocols. Donna H. Wang, ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001, 530 pp., $135.00, hard cover. ISBN 0-89603-763-0.

Angiotensin Protocols represents a concrescence of two types of book into a single volume. The first function of the book is to serve as a summary of both historical and more recent findings related to the angiotensins, both as a set of hormones and as paracrine factors. Each of the several chapters is written by a different investigator and covers a different aspect of angiotensin research, so that a wide array of topics is presented. The chapters provide insights gained by the genetic manipulation of angiotensin II, assessment of its transcriptional and translational regulation, work …
P844 The burden of HPV and HSV-related anogenital diseases in a southeastern US urban HIV clinic

Background Although HPV– and HSV–related conditions (HPVCs, HSVCs) have increased in PLWH, incidence, racial, and gender disparities of the conditions are unclear. We examined the public health burden of anogenital HPVCs and HSVCs among PLWH from a southeastern US HIV clinic. Methods Electronic health records from the HIV Clinic at University of Alabama, Birmingham (01/2006—03/2018) were reviewed. Patients≥ 18 years at HIV diagnoses with≥ 2 clinical visits were analyzed. Incidence rates of HPVCs (cervical and vaginal/vulvar low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL, HSIL) and cancers in women, penile cancers in men, warts, anal LSIL, HSIL, and cancers in both) and herpetic ulcers were calculated. Each condition was counted only once at its first diagnosis in the period. We used Joinpoint regression to estimate average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). Results There were 1038 HPVCs, 546 HSVCs, and 3191 both condition-free, with mean ages: 38.3, 39.6, and 41.3 years, and median nadir CD4 counts: 243, 283, 323 cells/µL, respectively. Incidence of warts, anal LSIL, HSIL, and cancer were different between men (189, 252, 44, 26 per 10,000 PYs) and women (68, 15, 6, 0 per 10,000 PYs) (p Conclusion HPVCs and HSVCs are common in the southeastern US PLWH, with substantial increases of warts, anal and cervical lesions and cancers. Better screenings are warranted in the high-risk population. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Under-policing and apprehensiveness toward stopping minorities across white and nonwhite officers post-Ferguson

This pilot study examines police patrol activity, specifically engagement in under-policing, and investigatory-apprehensiveness toward minorities across White and nonwhite patrol officers in the co...
SMAD4 loss is associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus hydroxychloroquine in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

SMAD4, a tumor suppressor gene, is lost in up to 60%-90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDAs). Loss of SMAD4 allows tumor progression by upregulating autophagy, a cell survival mechanism that counteracts apoptosis and allows intracellular recycling of macromolecules. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an autophagy inhibitor. We studied whether HCQ treatment in SMAD4 deficient PDA may prevent therapeutic resistance induced by autophagy upregulation. We retrospectively analyzed the SMAD4 status of patients with PDA enrolled in two prospective clinical trials evaluating pre-operative HCQ. The first dose escalation trial demonstrated the safety of preoperative gemcitabine with HCQ (NCT01128296). More recently, a randomized trial of gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel +/- HCQ evaluated Evans Grade histopathologic response (NCT01978184). The effect of SMAD4 loss on response to HCQ and chemotherapy was studied for association with clinical outcome. Fisher's exact test and log-rank test were used to assess response and survival. Fifty-two patients receiving HCQ with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were studied. Twenty-five patients had SMAD4 loss (48%). 76% of HCQ-treated patients with SMAD4 loss obtained a histopathologic response greater than or equal to 2A, compared with only 37% with SMAD4 intact (p = 0.006). Although loss of SMAD4 has been associated with worse outcomes, in the current study, loss of SMAD4 was not associated with a detriment in median overall survival in HCQ-treated patients (34.43 months in SMAD4 loss vs. 27.27 months in SMAD4 intact, p = 0.18). The addition of HCQ to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with PDA may improve treatment response in those with SMAD4 loss. Further study of the relationship among SMAD4, autophagy, and treatment outcomes in PDA is warranted.
Moving average and autoregressive correlation structures under multivariate skew normality

This article explores the parameter space of multivariate skew normal families having identical distributed marginal distributions under a few autoregressive-moving average correlation structures (...
Single-frame optical coherence tomography angiography for the quantification of corneal neovascularization in a mouse model

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a well-established retinal imaging modality that is emerging as a fast, non-invasive alternative to fluorescence angiography for assessment of corneal injury and neovascularization caused by chemical injuries, infections, and other sources of corneal damage. OCTA algorithms typically perform operations on multiple scans, or frames, at the same location to identify flowing vasculature. In this work, we describe a novel singleframe algorithm that relies on common image processing operations, allowing for broad application to various OCT systems, as well as reduced acquisition and computation times. We also show the potential of a multi-frame approach, based on the same principle, that allows for enhanced discrimination between flowing and static anatomical features. To demonstrate the capability of our approach, we processed the same image stack with our single-frame and multi-frame algorithms along with other angiography algorithms, such as phase variance, speckle variance, and complex differential variance and found that our algorithms had higher estimated signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and lower computation times. We applied our algorithms to quantifying corneal neovascularization (CoNV) in a murine model of corneal burn injury through semi-automated measurement of vessel area and compared them to the gold standard of fluorescein angiography. This work provides strong evidence for the power of the single-frame algorithm and its multi-frame variant, as well as the potential of OCTA for quantification of corneal pathology beyond the standard fluorescein angiography approach allowing for more accurate monitoring and staging of corneal injury and wound healing.
Assessing preparation for care transition among adolescents with rheumatologic disease: a single-center assessment with patient survey.

Despite the risk for poor outcomes and gaps in care in the transfer from pediatric to adult care, most pediatric rheumatology centers lack formal transition pathways. As a first step in designing a pathway, we evaluated preparation for transition in a single-center cohort of adolescents and young adults (AYA) with rheumatologic conditions using the ADolescent Assessment of Preparation for Transition (ADAPT) survey. AYA most frequently endorsed receiving counseling on taking charge of their health and remembering to take medications. Less than half reported receiving specific counseling about transferring to an adult provider. AYA with lower education attainment compared with those who had attended some college or higher had lower scores in self-management (1.51 vs 2.52, p = 0.0002), prescription medication counseling (1.96 vs 2.41, p = 0.029), and transfer planning (0.27 vs 1.62, p < 0.001). AYA with a diagnosis of MCTD, Sjogren’s or SLE had higher self-management scores than those with other diagnoses (2.6 vs 1.9; p = 0.048). Non-white youth indicated receiving more thorough medication counseling than white youth (2.71 vs 2.07, p = 0.027). When adjusting for age, educational attainment remained an independent predictor of transfer planning (p = 0.037). AYA with longer duration of seeing their physician had higher transition preparation scores (p = 0.021). Few AYA endorsed receiving comprehensive transition counseling, including discussion of transfer planning. Those who were younger and with lower levels of education had lower preparation scores. A long-term relationship with providers was associated with higher scores. Further research, including longitudinal assessment of transition preparation, is needed to evaluate effective processes to assist vulnerable populations.
B cells and autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory demyelinating diseases.

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The mainstream view is that MS is caused by an autoimmune attack of the CNS myelin by myelin‐specific CD4 T cells, and this perspective is supported by extensive work in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS as well as immunological and genetic studies in humans. However, it is important to keep in mind that other cell populations of the immune system are also essential in the complex series of events leading to MS, as exemplified by the profound clinical efficacy of B cell depletion with Rituximab. This review discusses the mechanisms by which B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and dissects their role as antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) to T cells with matching antigen specificity, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as the secretion of autoantibodies that target structures on the myelin sheath and the axon. Mechanistic dissection of the interplay between T cells and B cells in MS may permit the development of B cell based therapies that do not require depletion of this important cell population.
Offers or Take-up: Explaining Minorities' Lower Health Insurance Coverage

There is considerable evidence that minorities are less likely than whites to be covered under employment-based health insurance. In 2001, rates of Hispanic full-time workers were 21 and 15 percentage points lower than those of non-Hispanic white men and women. For policy purposes, understanding whether these disparities are generated by differences in the likelihood of being in a job offering coverage or in decisions regarding take-up of offered coverage is critical. We find significant effects of race and ethnicity on offers but not on take-up, controlling for job and demographic characteristics including nativity. Magnitudes of these effects differ by gender and household composition. Data are from the 1996 Panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP).