cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divergent Evolution of E1A CR3 in Human Adenovirus Species D

Adenovirus E1A is the first viral protein expressed during infection. E1A controls critical aspects of downstream viral gene expression and cell cycle deregulation, and its function is thought to be highly conserved among adenoviruses. Various bioinformatics analyses of E1A from 38 human adenoviruses of species D (HAdV-D), including likelihood clade model partitioning, provided highly significant evidence of divergence of HAdV-Ds into two distinct groups for the conserved region 3 (CR3), present only in the E1A 13S isoform. This variance within E1A 13S of HAdV-Ds was not found in any other human adenovirus (HAdV) species. By protein sequence and structural analysis, the zinc finger motif of E1A CR3, previously shown as critical for transcriptional activation, showed the greatest differences. Subsequent codon usage bias analysis revealed substantial divergence in E1A 13S between the two groups of HAdV-Ds, suggesting that these two sub-groups of HAdV-D evolved under different cellular conditions. Hence, HAdV-D E1A embodies a previously unappreciated evolutionary divergence among HAdVs.
Backbone resonance assignments and secondary structure of the apo-Drosophila melanogaster frataxin homolog (Dfh)

Friedreich’s ataxia, the most prevalent hereditary ataxia, is caused by a patient’s inability to produce a viable form of the protein frataxin. Frataxin plays an essential role in cellular iron regulation and has been shown to participate in the assembly of iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters under a variety of roles, including modulating persulfide production and directing Fe(II) delivery to the assembly scaffold protein. While the activity and structure of multiple eukaryotic frataxin orthologs have been characterized, the fly ortholog has numerous advantages over other orthologs with regards to protein stability, its activity towards Fe–S cluster assembly and its stability for forming stable proteins partner assemblies. Given the obvious advantages for studying the Drosophila melanogaster frataxin homolog (Dfh) over its orthologs, we have undertaken a structural characterization of apo-Dfh as the first step towards solving the solution structure of the protein alone and in complex with protein partners within the Fe–S cluster assembly pathway.
Structuring clinical pathways: Creating common language where there is none.

303Background: Clinical pathways (PW) consist of Decision Criteria (DC) such as patient and disease characteristics, prior therapy, and genetic tests. Historical Dana-Farber Pathways (DFP) content ...
Expectations of cancer patients about clinical trials in multidisciplinary clinics

e17563 Background: Progress in cancer treatment is very much dependent on the effective interaction of several specialties. To facilitate the process, more and more multidisciplinary clinics have b...
Using Online Grading to Stagger Midterm Exam Feedback and Create Space for Meaningful Student Reflection

Exams have the potential to provide powerful, formative feedback, but this use requires the highly engaged (Carini, Kuh, and Klein 2006) or persistent (Duckworth et al. 2007) behaviors which resear...
Hispanic Transgender Individuals: A Forgotten Diaspora:

This article addresses gaps and warrants further investigation among Hispanic transgender individuals.
Exploration of Christian Women’s Vocational Ministry Leadership and Identity Formation in Evangelical Churches on the West Coast:

This empirical research explores adult identity formation through work experiences, gaining insight into structures and practices which allow women to thrive in leadership within the evangelical ch...
Homeostasis and Disorder of Musculoskeletal System.Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Musculoskeletal Diseases.

Congenital skeletal dysplasias have been considered to be fundamentally untreatable diseases. However, molecular diagnosis by genetic testing has become more prevalent, and efforts are being made to develop novel therapies based on the pathogenesis. As treatments for osteogenesis imperfecta, in addition to anti-resorptive agents, neutralizing antibodies against sclerostin and transforming growth factor(TGF)-β and chemical chaperones can be beneficial. Enzyme replacement therapy using bone-targeting recombinant alkaline phosphatase has been recently developed to treat hypophosphatasia and has much improved the prognosis of the patients affected with severe forms of the disease. To treat the severe short stature in achondroplasia, drugs targeting the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3(FGFR3)-mediated signal are in development for clinical use.
Lake water level response to drought in a lake-rich region explained by lake and landscape characteristics

Climate change is altering hydrologic regimes, with implications for lake water levels. While lakes within lake districts experience the same climate, lakes may exhibit differential climate vulnera...
UEFI Firmware Fuzzing with Simics Virtual Platform

This paper presents a fuzzing framework for Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) BIOS with the Simics virtual platform. Firmware has increasingly become an attack target as operating systems are getting more and more secure. Due to its special execution environment and the extensive interaction with hardware, UEFI firmware is difficult to test compared to user-level applications running on operating systems. Fortunately, virtual platforms are widely used to enable early software and firmware development by modeling the target hardware platform in its virtual environment before silicon arrives. Virtual platforms play a critical role in left shifting UEFI firmware validation to pre-silicon phase. We integrated the fuzzing capability into Simics virtual platform to allow users to fuzz UEFI firmware code with high-fidelity hardware models provided by Simics. We demonstrated the ability to automatically detect previously unknown bugs, and issues found only by human experts.
High resolution phase imaging with transport of intensity equation and sinusoidal illumination

Transport of Intensity equation(TIE) is a non-interferometric method used for quantitative phase imaging. By reformulating the TIE using Contrast Transfer Function, it can be determined that the spatial resolution of the phase retrieved using TIE is limited by the product of imaging system transfer function and a sinc function. In this work, we apply the principles of structured illumination fluorescent microscopy to develop a TIE based super resolved phase imaging technique. The sinusoidal intensity pattern down modulates high frequency spectrum of the phase into the system pass band thereby providing a convenient approach to synthetically enlarge the numerical aperture of the system. Resolution enhancement by two folds is demonstrated using simulations.
A Deep Learning Approach to Diagnostic Classification of Prostate Cancer Using Pathology-Radiology Fusion.

Background A definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer requires a biopsy to obtain tissue for pathologic analysis, but this is an invasive procedure and is associated with complications. Purpose To develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model (named AI-biopsy) for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer using magnetic resonance (MR) images labeled with histopathology information. Study type Retrospective. Population Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets from 400 patients with suspected prostate cancer and with histological data (228 acquired in-house and 172 from external publicly available databases). Field strength/sequence 1.5 to 3.0 Tesla, T2-weighted image pulse sequences. Assessment MR images reviewed and selected by two radiologists (with 6 and 17 years of experience). The patient images were labeled with prostate biopsy including Gleason Score (6 to 10) or Grade Group (1 to 5) and reviewed by one pathologist (with 15 years of experience). Deep learning models were developed to distinguish 1) benign from cancerous tumor and 2) high-risk tumor from low-risk tumor. Statistical tests To evaluate our models, we calculated negative predictive value, positive predictive value, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. We also calculated areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs) and Cohen's kappa. Results Our computational method (https://github.com/ih-lab/AI-biopsy) achieved AUCs of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.86-0.92]) and 0.78 (95% CI: [0.74-0.82]) to classify cancer vs. benign and high- vs. low-risk of prostate disease, respectively. Data conclusion AI-biopsy provided a data-driven and reproducible way to assess cancer risk from MR images and a personalized strategy to potentially reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies. AI-biopsy highlighted the regions of MR images that contained the predictive features the algorithm used for diagnosis using the class activation map method. It is a fully automatic method with a drag-and-drop web interface (https://ai-biopsy.eipm-research.org) that allows radiologists to review AI-assessed MR images in real time. Level of evidence 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
Seasonal Distribution of Cyanobacteria in Three Urban Eutrophic Lakes Results from an Epidemic-like Response to Environmental Conditions

Cyanobacterial communities of three co-located eutrophic sandpit lakes were surveyed during 2016 and 2017 over season and depth using high-throughput DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. All three lakes were stratified except during April 2017 when the lakes were recovering from a strong mixing event. 16S rRNA gene V4 sequences were parsed into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 99% sequence identity. After rarefaction of 139 samples to 25,000 sequences per sample, a combined total of 921,529 partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were identified as cyanobacteria. They were binned into 19,588 unique cyanobacterial OTUs. Of these OTUs, 11,303 were Cyanobium. Filamentous Planktothrix contributed 1537 and colonial Microcystis contributed 265. The remaining 6482 OTUs were considered unclassified. For Planktothrix and Microcystis one OTU accounted for greater than 95% of the total sequences for each genus. However, in both cases the non-dominant OTUs clustered with the dominant OTUs by date, lake, and depth. All Planktothrix OTUs and a single Cyanobium OTU were detected below the oxycline. All other Cyanobium and Microcystis OTUs were detected above the oxycline. The distribution of Cyanobium OTUs between lakes and seasons can be explained by an epidemic-like response where individual OTUs clonally rise from a diverse hypolimnion population when conditions are appropriate. The importance of using 99% identity over the more commonly used 97% is discussed with respect to cyanobacterial community structure. The approach described here can provide another valuable tool for assessing cyanobacterial populations and provide greater insight into the controls of cyanobacterial blooms.
Downsizing the Deportation State

The contemporary deportation state – referring to the federal administrative infrastructure for enforcing the immigration laws through deportation and detention –has grown significantly over the past several presidential administrations. During the Trump era, the deportation state engaged in spectacles of cruelty against immigrants and received encouragement from blatantly anti-immigrant rhetoric from the president. However, its overall growth also reflected an extension of past practice from prior administrations. In this Essay, I argue that the Biden Administration should not only pursue an immigration agenda that seeks to reverse Trump-era immigration policies and enact legislative immigration reform—which it has expressed a commitment to doing—but should also seek to downsize the deportation state. To do so, it should place particular attention on how agency funding, management of the bureaucracy, and relationships with subfederal and private entities might impact successive presidents’ capacity to engage in mass deportation and detention.
Schematic capture MicroSim PSpice: for Windows 95/98/NT

1. Editing a Basic Schematic. 2. Introduction to Probe. 3. DC Nodal Analysis. 4. DC Sweep. 5. AC Sweep. 6. Transient Analysis. 7. Creating and Modifying Models Using Schematics. 8. Digital Simulations. 9. Monte Carlo Analyses. Appendix A. Installing Schematics Version 8.0. Appendix B. Scale Multipliers for PSpice and Schematics. Appendix C. Functions Available with Probe. Appendix D. Schematic Errors. Appendix E. Listing of Class.Lib Library.
Large Deviations in Ergodic Theory

The classical example of a large deviation result is Cramer’s theorem. It tells us, in a contemporary formulation, that if Y1, Y2,… is a sequence of independent real valued random variables with identical distribution function F such that $$ f(\theta ) = E[\exp \{ \theta Y_1 \} [ = \smallint \exp \{ \theta y\} F(dy)$$ is finite for all finite θ,and if Zn = (Y1) + Y2 + … Yn/n then $$ \text{k}(\text{x})\, = \,\mathop {\sup }\limits_\theta \,[\theta x\, - \,\log \,f(\theta )] $$ satisfies (0.1) \( \overline {_{n \to \infty }^{\lim } } \frac{1} {\text{n}}\,\log \,\text{P}[z_n \, \in \text{A}]\, \leqslant \text{ } - \inf \text{ }k(a):a \in \text{A} \) A closed
Catalysis for Motor Vehicle Emissions

Publisher Summary Catalytic reactors have worked to the benefit of the chemical and petroleum industries for many decades, under the watchful eyes of plant engineers and batteries of monitor and control instruments. The automotive catalytic converter will be the first mass produced catalytic reactor placed directly in the hands of the public, who can provide little more than benign neglect. Air pollution is principally a problem in urban and heavily industrialized areas, where the flow of clean air from surrounding areas is insufficient to disperse the accumulation. Nature produces much more pollutants than all man-made sources, but natural emissions are widely dispersed and do not contribute heavily to urban pollution problems. The catalyst companies were encouraged to resume their research activities in automotive catalysis as further tightening of automotive emissions standards became imminent, and it appeared that mere engine modifications might be inadequate to meet the new standards. Critics of catalytic converters have complained about their cost and the adverse effect on the fuel economy and about the need to remove lead from gasoline.
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields with Emphasis on Health and Safety

This article will focus on biological effects of electromagnetic fields with emphasis on potential hazards (i.e, effects that a person would perceive as adverse to health and safety). The frequency range to be covered is from DC through microwaves (0–300 GHz). Excluded from this review are hazards resulting from contact of the body with external conductors, such as electric shock and burns. Moreover, its approach is tutorial rather than comprehensive. Readers are referred to the sources in the annotated bibliography for additional information. Keywords: electromagnetic field; biological effects; hazards; exposure; interaction; specific absorption rate SAR
Ms. Imengel Mad Palau Community College imengelm@palau.edu

We describe a collaboration project between the Palau Community College (PCC) Library and the Belau National Museum (BNM). The project, funded by a two-year U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) National Leadership Grant, enhances access to the BNM Media Collection. The Media Collection is in great demand, and the pressures of human use exacerbate an already tenuous situation for the long-term preservation of the images. While digitization is not viewed as the preservation solution, it assists the Museum to lessen the impact of human handling. By making the Media Collection more accessible through integration of the PCC Library's online catalog, a much wider audience is reached, and mishandling of the original image is significantly reduced. The PCC Website links the Library WebCollection Plus, which contains digitized images selected from the extensive photo archives, as well as digitized images of the ethnographic and other objects in the Museum's collection, including contemporary art.
Systems Thinking for the Enterprise: A Thought Piece

This paper suggests a way of managing the acquisition of capabilities for large-scale government enterprises that is different from traditional “specify and build” approaches commonly employed by U.S. government agencies in acquiring individual systems or systems of systems (SoS). Enterprise capabilities evolve through the emergence and convergence of information and other technologies and their integration into social, institutional and operational organizations and processes. Enterprise capabilities evolve whether or not the enterprise has processes in place to actively manage them. Thus the critical role of enterprise system engineering (ESE) processes should be to shape, enhance and accelerate the “natural” evolution of enterprise capabilities. ESE processes do not replace or add a layer to traditional system engineering (TSE) processes used in developing individual systems or SoS. ESE processes should complement TSE processes by shaping outcome spaces and stimulating interactions among enterprise participants through marketlike mechanisms to reward those that create innovation which moves and accelerates the evolution of the enterprise.
Electronic medical records, genetics, and childhood obesity: A new direction for scientific discovery?

Childhood obesity is a public health disorder of global concern, in part because of its medical comorbidities, which include lipid disorders. A challenge to obesity prevention and treatment is the complex etiology of childhood obesity, which includes the interplay of genetic and environmental factors [1,2]. Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m) is highly heritable, however the search for specific genes driving elevated BMI has been challenging. As with other complex traits, only a handful of genes have shown associations, most notably polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity associated genes [3,4] and melanocortin 4 receptor [5,6] genes. Yet, many other findings do not replicate, and effect sizes generally are small. A challenge for the field is the required sample sizes to detect genotype-phenotype associations, which is daunting. Innovative methodologies that can help overcome these challenges may have huge implications for discovering the etiology of obesity and its comorbities. The study by Wang et al. [7] in this issue of the Journal of Pediatric Genetics is an impressive one. It demonstrates the potential of electronic medical records (EMR) as a methodology to drive insights into the genetics of pediatric childhood obesity and its comorbities. Using a genetic bank of over 300,000 children enrolled in the health care network of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, the investigators identified a number of genes associated with highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Associations previously discovered with adults were replicated in children, and new findings were reported as well. The results build up prior reports using this cohort to identify genes influencing child BMI [8,9]. The “marriage” of genetic information with EMR technology is neither simple nor inexpensive, however it deserves the attention it is increasingly receiving [10,11]. Developments are still unfolding, yet one can imagine potential scientific innovations beyond establishing initial genotype-phenotype associations for obesity. First, because EMRs capture weight and height data prospectively (i.e., across childhood and adolescence), the influence of genes on dynamic changes in BMI could be tested [2]. This is important because emerging evidence suggests that there are different subgroups or clusters of BMI trajectories *Address for correspondence: Myles S. Faith, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill. 2204 McGavran Greenberg Hall, CB 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA. Tel.: +1 919 966 7230; Fax: +1 919 966 7216; E-mail: mfaith@unc.edu. Journal of Pediatric Genetics 2 (2012) 69–70 DOI 10.3233/PGE-2012-013 IOS Press 69
The Impact of Deuteration on the Infrared Spectra of Interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

In this paper, we present the results of a computational study of the effects of a low absolute level of deuteration (~5%) on the observed mid-IR spectrum of the interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) population. The analyses are based on a global average spectrum, including all the possible singly deuterated isomers of an ensemble of partially superhydrogenated PAH species (i.e., Hn-PAHs) in both neutral and cationic forms. The distinctive spectroscopic properties considered in this paper include three classes of D-involved vibrational modes: (1) C–D in-plane bending features in the 9.5-12 μm region, (2) C–D out-of-plane bending features in the 14.5-17.9 μm region, and (3) aromatic and aliphatic C–D stretching features in the 4.4-4.7 μm region. In addition, D substitution also has the potential to alter the appearance of the C–H out-of-plane bending features in the 11-14 μm region by disrupting the adjacency of the H atoms on the PAH edge rings. The spectroscopic impacts of a low level of deuteration in the interstellar PAH population are considered, and their implications for the detailed appearance of the astronomical mid-IR PAH emission spectrum is explored. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the C–D stretching features offer the greatest prospects for the detection of deuterated interstellar PAHs. Since these features are effectively obscured by telluric CO2 absorptions, the information presented herein should be useful in the planning and design of future space-based IR observing platforms.
Classifying traveling salesman problems

Abstract When should two traveling salesman problems be equivalent? This paper contains an answer which is motivated by an example. The equivalence relation is applied to 0,1 symmetric traveling salesman problems. Open questions are indicated.
Small-molecule inhibition of oncogenic eukaryotic protein translation in mesothelioma cells

Deranged cap-mediated translation is implicated in the genesis, maintenance and progression of many human cancers including mesothelioma. In this study, disrupting the eIF4F complex by antagonizing the eIF4E-mRNA-cap interaction is assessed as a therapy for mesothelioma. Mesothelioma cells were treated with 4Ei-1, a membrane permeable prodrug that when converted to the active drug, 7-benzyl guanosine monophosphate (7Bn-GMP) displaces capped mRNAs from the eIF4F complex. Colony formation was measured in mesothelioma treated with 4Ei-1 alone or combined with pemetrexed. Proliferation was examined in cells treated with 4Ei-1. Binding to a synthetic cap-analogue was used to study the strength of eIF4F complex activation in lysates exposed to 4Ei-1. 4Ei-1 treatment resulted in a dose dependent decrease in colony formation and cell viability. Combination therapy of 4Ei-1 with pemetrexed further reduced colony number. Formation of eIF4F cap-complex decreased in response to 4Ei-1 exposure. 4Ei-1 is a novel prodrug that reduces proliferation, represses colony formation, diminishes association of eIF4F with the mRNA cap, and sensitizes mesothelioma cells to pemetrexed.
Stand, yield, weed biomass, and surface residue cover comparisons between three cropping/tillage systems on a well-drained silt loam soil in Ohio, USA

Systems research is a departure from traditional, controlled factor experiments. Whole system experiments provide information about interactions that affect the success of the system. The objectives of this study were to compare corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] productivity, surface residue cover after planting, corn plant establishment, and weed biomass under three cropping/tillage systems. The systems were continuous corn (CC) (chisel plowed), corn/soybean (CS) rotation (no-tillage for corn/chisel plowed for soybeans), and corn/soybean/wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) (C/S/W) rotation (ridge tillage). All phases of each rotation were established in triplicate on 0.4 ha plots on a Huntington silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic fluventic Hapludoll) soil at Piketon, Ohio, USA. The study was conducted for 5 years, from 1991–1995. No differences in yields between systems were detected, except for the first year soybeans on ridges. The 5-year average corn yield was 7815 kg ha−1, which was 315 kg ha−1 above the historical regional average. The 5-year average soybean yield was 2969 kg ha−1, which was 269 kg ha−1 above the historical regional average. The no-till corn (CS) had significantly higher residue cover (average of 44.4%) at planting than the other two systems (average of 21.1% for CC and 33.2% for C/S/W), however all systems had surface residue cover ≥ 30% in at least half of the years studied. In the soybean phases the average surface residue was 23.8% in the CS treatment and 35.8% in the C/S/W treatment. Differences in plant emergence were only detected in 1995 for corn, with the CC treatment having the highest plant establishment ratio (95.7%). The CS corn plant establishment was 83% and the C/S/W was the lowest at 60%. Note that this difference in stand did not result in a detectable difference in yield. No differences between systems were detected for early season and end of season weed biomasses. Based on 5 years of field data, any of the three cropping/tillage systems can be adopted on a well-drained silt loam soil without yield reductions in corn or soybean.
Progression to AIDS, a clinical AIDS condition and mortality: psychosocial and physiological predictors.

Background. The primary aim of this study is to examine prospectively the association of stressful life events, social support, depressive symptoms, anger, serum cortisol and lymphocyte subsets with changes in multiple measures of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression.Methods. Ninety-six HIV-infected gay men without symptoms or anti-retroviral medication use at baseline were studied every 6 months for up to 9 years. Disease progression was defined in three ways using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classifications (e.g. AIDS, clinical AIDS condition and mortality). Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were used, adjusting for control variables (e.g. race, age, baseline, CD4 T cells and viral load, number of anti-retroviral medications).Results. Higher cumulative average stressful life events and lower cumulative average social support predicted faster progression to both the CDC AIDS classification and a clinical AIDS condition. Higher anger scores and CD8 T cells were associated with faster progression to AIDS, and depressive symptoms were associated with faster development of an AIDS clinical condition. Higher levels of serum cortisol predicted all three measures of disease progression.Conclusions. These results suggest that stressful life events, dysphoric mood and limited social support are associated with more rapid clinical progression in HIV infection, with serum cortisol also exerting an independent effect on disease progression.
THE PENDULOUS INTEGRATING GYROSCOPE ACCELEROMETER (PICA) FROM THE V-2 TO TRIDENT D5, THE STRATEGIC INSTRUMENT OF CHOICE

For over 50 years, the inertial guidance industry has developed successive generations of increasingly accurate guidance navigation and control (GN&C) systems for Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) and Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBM). The comparatively short time of guided flight and high acceleration levels characteristic of the ballistic missile application place a premium on accelerometer performance to achieve desired weapon system accuracy. To date, the accelerometer design of choice for strategic missiles has been the Pendulous Integrating Gyroscopic Accelerometer (PICA) style instrument, an accelerometer whose origins trace back to the German V-2 rocket, and has been refined through several generations of development to achieve unsurpassed performance. This article will trace the evolution of the PIGA, starting with its initial development for the V-2, through its early adaptation by the U.S. GN&C industry for the pioneering Titan and Polaris ICBM/SLBM systems, to its current state-of-the-art incarnation: the 10-PIGA, which is employed in the Trident II D5 missile. Some of the specialized technologies of PIGA accelerometers, such as gas bearing wheels, ultra-stable ball bearings, precision electromagnetic components, and "designer chemical" flotation fluids will be discussed. Finally, this article will conclude with a brief discussion of new trends in inertial instrument design, and offer some unexpected similarities and contrasts between the new generation of solid-state instruments and the PIGA.
Detecting target elements in multielement arrays: A confusability model

A “reductive coding” model for the detection of critical elements in multielement arrays originally applied to auditory data is shown to provide an interpretation of “set size” and “redundant critical element” effects in visual letter detection data.
Overwhelming neonatal infection with ECHO 19 virus.

Overwhelming neonatal infection has been associated with a variety of viruses. Of the enteroviruses, Coxsackie infections have been recognized for several years, but ECHO viruses have largely been associated with benign infection. The present report describes three neonates who died with overwhelming infection due to ECHO virus type 19, which resulted in hepatic necrosis and massive terminal hemorrhage.
Leg exerciser for training of paralysed muscle by closed-loop control.

An exercise device which can be used to stimulate either paralysed or nonparalysed muscles is described. The device uses sequential activation of muscles to elicit either isometric or isotonic contractions. Feedback sensors provide the relative position of the joints of the leg to a computer-controlled two-channel sequential stimulatior which regulates the activity of the muscles. The computer can be programmed to preprogram workouts so that the muscle can move throught patterns of activity requiring either isometric exeroise, isokinetic exercise or isotonic exercise. In all cases the computer controls the entire exercise program and automatically terminates when the muscle is fatigued. THis device could be used for any type of physical therapy involving active stimulation of muscle.
Intron-encoded small nucleolar RNAs: new RNA sequence variants and genomic loci☆

Abstract Three small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) whose 5′ termini are monophosphorylated, termed E1, E2 and E3, were reported earlier, and E1 and E3 are encoded in pre-mRNA gene introns. In the present work, the ends of these snoRNAs were identified by analysis of terminal mononucleotides, and heterogeneity was observed at the 3′ ends of E1 and E2 RNAs. Two new E1 RNA species were detected in HeLa cells by cDNA cloning. Four novel human genomic loci were identified that have E1 or E3 sequence homology. The sequence CTAGAGCACYSAATCTGGAT (where S = C or G and Y = C or T), that is present three nucleotides downstream from the coding region of an E1 RNA-encoding gene, lies in the same location in a different human genomic locus (which has a E1-homology sequence whose expression has not been detected yet), suggesting that this sequence may be functional.
Leader Preparation Special Issue: Implications for Policy, Practice, and Research

Findings: This article briefly summarizes the nature and findings of the studies presented in this EAQ Special Issue on Leadership Preparation. Conclusions: Implications for future leader preparation practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Efficient Algorithms for the Multiconstraint General Knapsack Problem

Abstract This paper presents efficient algorithms for the multiconstraint general knapsack problem. This version of the knapsack problem considers multiple resource constraints and permits multiple (rather than single) units of each item to be placed in the knapsack to maximize the total value of items chosen. Various relaxations of this problem are suggested and the bounds derived from these relaxations are compared. Heuristic procedures for obtaining good feasible solutions are described and computational results with these procedures are reported. Rules for reducing problem size are suggested. An efficient branch and bound code is developed, tested and compared with a state of the art commercial integer programming package. Solution times with this new code are found to be significantly lower than solution times with the commercial code.
Solute segregation and coherent nucleation and growth near a dislocation: a phase-field model integrating defect and phase microstructures

Abstract A diffuse-interface field model is proposed for describing diffusional processes in coherent systems with arbitrary microstructures and arbitrary spatial distribution of structural defects such as dislocations. It takes into account the effect of both the coherency elastic energy of a microstructure and the elastic coupling between the coherency strains and defect strains. In this model, any arbitrary spatial distribution of defects is described using the micromechanics concept of space-dependent “stress-free” or “eigen” strains. As examples, the solute segregation as well as the nucleation and diffusional growth of a coherent precipitate around an edge dislocation are considered. It is shown that coherent nucleation may become barrierless under the influence of the local elastic field of a dislocation.
Nationalism and Municipal Savings Banks in Bohemia before 1914

Bohemia was the most industrialized province of the Habsburg Monarchy in the late nineteenth century. It was also the site of what was, arguably, the decisive nationality conflict of late nineteenth-century Habsburg history-that between the Czechs and the Germans. National competition found its expression in cultural activities and associations, in the political arena, and in the economic sphere. Economic competition between Czechs and Germans focused on several areas, among them the ownership of property and its attendant voting rights; control of certain sectors of industry, for example, the sugar industry; and control of financial assets. The national affiliation of financial institutions became an issue during the second half of the nineteenth century. Czechs and other nationalities sometimes found it difficult to obtain credit from, or to influence the financial policies of, the Austrian National Bank or the large commercial banks located in the provincial capitals or in the imperial capital, Vienna. These large banks tended to be dominated by German financiers, and they generally restricted their loans to well-established businessmen, large landowners, and wealthy home-owners. The large banks therefore bypassed the small businessman, farmer, or homeowner, especially those living in the smaller provincial towns who formed the basis of the Czech national movement in its early years. As the Bohemian economy expanded in the nineteenth century, the need for financial services in the small towns of the provinces grew. To a large extent this demand was met by a secondary credit sector, made up of several new types of financial institution, including credit cooperatives, agricultural cooperatives, and municipal savings banks. These smaller banks were often deliberately allied with one national group or another. They formed the basis for financial self-help. Municipal savings banks, in particular, provided special services to support small-town business and to help modernize urban life in Bohemia.
Evaluation of high-performance liquid and capillary gas chromatography for analysis of sesquiterpene lactones of the Melampodiinae

Abstract The capacity of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography (GC) to separate 37 sesquiterpene lactones of the Melampodiinae has been investigated. The HPLC system employed a Hypersil ODS column and methanol-water as eluent for isocratic and gradient separations. The GC system utilized a RSL-150 bonded phase capillary column with flame ionization detection. The previously characterized melampolide melnerin B was determined by both HPLC and GC to be a mixture of two isomers, containing a 2-methylbutanoate (melnerin B) or a 3-methylbutanoate (melnerin B′) substituent at C-8. The HPLC and GC methods developed have been applied to the analysis of a crude extract ofMelampodium cinereum.
Clindamycin in treatment of chronic recurrent suppurative otitis media in children.

Tympanocentesis was performed in 28 pediatric patients with chronic recurrent suppurative otitis media. The purulent aspirate was cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Aerobes only were isolated from 4(14·3 per cent) patients; five (17·9 per cent) had only anaerobes and 19 (67·8 per cent) had both aerobes and anaerobes. There were 36 aerobic isolates. P. aeruginosa was recovered in 16 patients. Other aerobes commonly recovered included Proteus sp. and S. aureus. There were 38 anaerobes isolated. Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were isolated in 23 instances. Eleven Bacteroides sp. were recovered, including 4 B. fragilis group and 5 B. melaninogenicus. All of the patients were treated with clindamycin in a dose of 30 to 40 mg per kilogram per day divided into 3 dosages for a total period of 14 to 21 days (average 17 days). When Gram-negative enteric aerobic rods were also recovered in substantial numbers, an aminoglycoside (gentamicin) was added to the therapy (in 12 patients) and administered parenterally for 7 to 10 days. The patients' response to the therapy was excellent in 7 cases, good in 9, fair in 3 and poor in 9. There were no diarrhea episodes or colitis noted and there were no other sideeffects due to the therapy. The above findings demonstrate the polymicrobial etiology of chronic recurrent suppurative otitis media and suggest that medical treatment directed against the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from the patients' ear aspirates could eradicate the infection completely in more than half of the cases.
Binding of Selected Phenol Derivatives to Human Serum Proteins

The binding of phenol and four of its derivatives to whole human serum and several human serum proteins was investigated. 14C-labeled derivatives were utilized and binding was studied by either equilibrium or dynamic dialysis. Phenol itself was bound least to most of the serum proteins as compared to the derivatives and albumin, and whole human serum exhibited the highest percent binding of the proteins used. Percent binding to albumin and serum paralleled molecular weights of the derivatives, but not definite pattern was observed in ranking the percent binding of the other derivatives to the other serum proteins. Binding constants (K1, K2, n1 and n2) were determined from Scatchard plots for all the derivatives except p-chloro-m-xylenol. Phenol was found to have the highest association constant (K1) and p-tert-amylphenol, the lowest. For the entire group of five derivatives and albumin as the protein, a direct, statistically significant correlations was found between percent binding and Hansch pi values. No correlation was found with Hammett sigma values. It is concluded that binding of the phenol derivatives to albumin involves primarily hydrophobic bonds.
Angle dependent effects in polarized specular reflection infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Polarized specular reflection infrared spectra of crystalline NaNO 3 were measured in the ν 3 region at angles of incidence from 75° to 10°. In addition to the LO component, the TO component of ν 3 appeared in the 65° spectrum, and the intensity of ν 3 (TO) increased relative to ν 3 (LO) with decreasing angle. The frequency of ν 3 (LO) shifted from 1460 cm −1 at 75° to 1448 cm −1 at 10° angle of incidence.
Strategies to affect bone remodeling: Osteointegration

Osteointegration was defined as a "direct structural and functional connection between ordered living bone and the surface of a load-carrying implant." Although osteointegration was meant originally to describe a biologic fixation of the titanium dental implants, it is now used to describe the attachment of other materials used for dental and orthopedic applications as well. Analyses of material-bone interface showed that osteointegrated implants can have an intervening fibrous layer or direct bone apposition characterized by bone-bonding depending on the composition and surface properties of the biomaterial. This article reviews biologic (host tissue properties and response), biomechanical, and biomaterial factors affecting osteointegration. Biologic factors include the quality of bone. Biomaterial factors include the effect of material composition on the bone-material interface. Suggested areas for future research include determining the correlation between oral bone status and osteoporosis, the effect of gender, age, and endocrine status (e.g., osteoporosis) on implant success or failure, the effect of calcium phosphate coating composition and crystallinity on in vivo performance of implants, the factors contributing to accelerated osteointegration, and development of osteoinductive implants.
Testing residual normality in the ANOVA model

The use of single group skewness and kurtosis critical values for the assessment of residual normality in the ANOVA model is examined. Using single group critical values gives a conservative test of residual normality in multiple group designs. As the sample size per group increases, the empirical Type I error rates for the skewness and kurtosis tests of residual normality approach a. These results supplement previous work which has focused on testing residual normality in the linear regression model.
Androgen receptor messenger RNA and protein in adult rat sciatic nerve: implications for site of androgen action.

Gonadal androgens exert a wide variety of effects on several neuromuscular systems, including controlling the developmental fate of motoneurons and neuromuscular synapses and promoting the growth of adult dendrites and axons. Paramount in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind androgen action is determining where androgen acts; does androgen act directly or indirectly on cells to change their fate and function? One step toward answering this question has been to determine which cells express androgen receptors (ARs). Motoneurons and skeletal muscles both have ARs and are, therefore, potential sites of androgen action. Recent evidence indicates that the sciatic nerve in rats also contains AR mRNA (Magnaghi et al. [1999] Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 70:36–44), although which cell type expresses ARs remains unanswered. In this study, we explored the question of which cell populations in the rat sciatic nerve express ARs. Using immunocytochemistry and reverse transcriptase-PCR, we confirmed the presence of AR protein and mRNA in sciatic nerve from adult rats and found a sex difference, favoring males, in the number of cell nuclei immunopositive for AR. This difference was not due to a sex difference in the overall number of cell nuclei. We also found a difference favoring males in AR mRNA, evidence also suggesting that AR expression is higher in males than in females. Results from double-immmunolabeling experiments in sciatic nerve from adult males suggest that, within the endoneurial compartment, endoneurial fibroblasts stain prominently for AR, with some endothelial cells also AR+. Although Schwann cells showed light AR immunostaining, this staining is apparently nonspecific. We conclude that cells within peripheral nerve have ARs and may, therefore, mediate some of the effects of androgens on neuromuscular systems. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monitoring the erosion of hydrolytically-degradable nanogels via multiangle light scattering coupled to asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation.

We describe the synthesis and characterization of degradable nanogels that display bulk erosion under physiologic conditions (pH = 7.4, 37 °C). Erodible poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) nanogels were synthesized by copolymerization with N,O-(dimethacryloyl) hydroxylamine, a cross-linker previously used in the preparation of nontoxic and biodegradable bulk hydrogels. To monitor particle degradation, we employed multiangle light scattering and differential refractometry detection following asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. This approach allowed the detection of changes in nanogel molar mass and topology as a function of both temperature and pH. Particle erosion was evident from both an increase in nanogel swelling and a decrease in scattering intensity as a function of time. Following these analyses, the samples were recovered for subsequent characterization by direct particle tracking, which yields hydrodynamic size measurements and enables number density determination. Additionally, we confirmed ...
A proposed mechanism for implementation of non-discretionary access controls in a network environment

Abstract This paper investigates moving Lampson's reference monitor abstraction from the single system environment to a range of networked distributed systems which include interconnected office information systems. It suggests modifying our implementation of the abstraction from the traditional security kernel to a dual approach using a basic, node level reference monitor and a system level reference monitor that we choose to call a sentinel. An argument is presented that the sentinel meets the requirements of a reference monitor in that it provides separation, mediation, and can be formally verified. The approach to installing a sentinel is viewed as top down with great emphasis on the security mode implemented at each participating node.
Estimating the Prevalence of Disability within the U.S. Farm and Ranch Population

A review of literature was conducted on farm and ranch population estimates, the prevalence of disability in that group, and the effect of disease and injury on that disability rate. Methods used by various entities (primarily governmental) to estimate the population and disability prevalence among farmers, ranchers, family members, and other agricultural workers are summarized. A systematic methodology was developed to combine results from the most recent surveys and censuses and was used to make best estimates of the agricultural population impacted by disability. The findings show that estimates of the disability population in the farm, ranch, and agricultural labor sector, ranges from 1.04 million to 2.23 million individuals depending upon which surveys and censuses are used. Primary reasons identified for the inability to provide a more precise population size include lack of consistent survey methodologies and definitions. A strong argument can be made for additional efforts to determine a more accurate value for the number of individuals in the farm and ranch population who would benefit from disability services, as well as a more accurate estimate of the total population directly involved in agricultural production. Without such data, calculation of more reliable exposure levels to injury and disability is not possible.