cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-Erroneous Outlier Detection of Cyber Attacks in a Smart Grid State Estimation System

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are designed to provide observation and control of processes, designed for high operation, reliability, and safety performance levels. CPS were historically developed void of contact with the Internet or other cyber-attack threat vectors. The integration of the Internet, Internet of Things, and Industrial Internet of Things exposed the cybersecurity resource limited programmable logic controllers, intelligent electronic devices, sensors, and actuators to an expanded range of threats. The need for increased cyber security in this environment requires improvement in controls against vulnerabilities in CPS. Many CPS operate with the incorporation of a state estimation system. State estimation systems provide insight into the typically unobservable system state given observable measurements and relations of those measurements to the system state. Measurements outside of 3-sigma are discarded as bad measurements. Current methods establish the accepted boundary of measurements. The potential inclusion of cyber-attack data within accepted boundary define a set of sub-erroneous outliers which are within normal operations yet below current outliers. Outlier algorithms may be implemented to detect sub-erroneous outliers. A cyber-aware state estimator can accommodate for the attack and provide a correct state estimate given the implementation of a Cyber Attack Matrix constructed from sub-erroneous outlier detection. The sub-erroneous outlier detections evaluated found that a Grubb’s test or Mahalanobis distance provided good performance.
VeloSim: Simulating single cell gene-expression and RNA velocity

ABSTRACT The availability of high throughput single-cell RNA-Sequencing data allows researchers to study the molecular mechanisms that drive the temporal dynamics of cells during differentiation or development. Recent computational methods that build upon single-cell sequencing technology, such as trajectory inference or RNA-velocity estimation, provide a way for researchers to analyze the state of each cell during a continuous dynamic process. However, with the surge of such computational methods, there is still a lack of simulators that can model the cell temporal dynamics, and provide ground truth data to benchmark the computational methods. Hereby we present VeloSim, a simulation software that can simulate the gene-expression kinetics in cells along continuous trajectories. VeloSim is able to take any trajectory structure composed of basic elements including “linear” and “cycle” as input, and outputs unspliced mRNA count matrix, spliced mRNA count matrix, cell pseudo-time and true RNA velocity of the cells. We demonstrate how VeloSim can be used to benchmark trajectory inference and RNA-velocity estimation methods with different amounts of biological and technical variation within the datasets. VeloSim is implemented into an R package available at https://github.com/PeterZZQ/VeloSim.
Sensitive Physiological Indices of Pain Based on Differential Characteristics of Electrodermal Activity

Objective: Electrodermal activity (EDA) has been widely used to assess human response to stressful stimuli, including pain. Recently, spectral analysis of EDA has been found to be more sensitive and reproducible for assessment of sympathetic arousal than traditional indices (e.g., tonic and phasic components). However, none of the aforementioned analyses incorporate the differential characteristics of EDA, which could be more sensitive to capturing fast-changing dynamics associated with pain responses. Methods: We have tested the feasibility of using the derivative of phasic EDA and the modified time-varying spectral analysis of EDA. Sixteen subjects underwent four levels of pain stimulation using electric stimulation. Five-second segments of EDA were used for each level of stimulation, and pre-stimulation segments were considered stimulation level 0. We used support vector machines with the radial basis function kernel and multi-layer perceptron for three different scenarios of stimulation-level classification tasks: five stimulation levels (four levels of stimulation plus no stimulation); low, medium, and high pain stimulation (stimulation levels 0-1, 2, and 3-4, respectively); and high stimulation levels (stimulation levels 3-4) vs. no stimulation. Results: The maximum balanced accuracies were 44% (five stimulation levels), 63% (for low, medium, and high pain stimulation), and 87% (sensitivity 83% and specificity 89%, for high stimulation vs. no stimulation). Conclusion: The differential characteristics of EDA contributed highly to the accuracy of pain stimulation level detection of the classifiers. The external validity dataset was not considered in the study. Significance: Our approach has the potential for accurate pain quantification using EDA.
Activists in Red Capes: Women's Use of The Handmaid's Tale to Fight for Reproductive Justice

This paper examines women’s use of the notable red and white handmaid costume from Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale at political demonstrations following the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Drawing on ten in-depth ethnographic interviews with women who participated in handmaid chapters, my study finds that interviewees began to wear the handmaid costume at political protests because they increasingly saw parallels between the United States and Gilead—the totalitarian society in Atwood’s novel—as a result of the 2016 election. Participants viewed the costume as a feminist symbol that enabled them to increase awareness about women’s issues, particularly related to reproductive justice. Additionally, interviewees saw the anonymity of the costume as a way to represent all women, especially those who were unable to participate in such protests. This study extends existing scholarship on social movements and women’s activism in the United States by exploring women’s reasons for involvement in this new form of protest and their use of dystopian popular culture as the basis of their performance activism.
The Negligible Effect of BCAA Supplements in Adolescent Nutrition

An adolescent athlete's nutrition is driven psychologically by the desire to build new muscle and better himself, overcoming the limitations of predisposed traits. This often entails the use of supplements, specifically branched-chain amino acids, which vary in effectiveness. As Sarkie Sowers (2009) explains in her "Primer on Branched Chain Amino Acids," the science supporting such products appears sound, offering a quick delivery of nutrients to prevent muscle catabolism, given that BCAAs catalyze protein synthesis. Nevertheless, supplement testing by incentivized, for-profit corporations raises questions of legitimacy. An impartial study conducted by Philip Atherton and his colleagues (2010) found that the effect of BCAA supplements does not differ from that of a high-protein diet due to the time needed to use certain amino acid concentrations. This suggests BCAAs are best applied in regulating the weight of older adults, while providing no benefit for adolescents with high metabolic rates. Although one might argue BCAAs could be used to balance a poor adolescent diet, the intrinsic motivation observed in teens who consume BCAA supplements almost always spurs good nutritional decisions, as supported by Mathilde Touvier's correlative findings (2007). Although BCAAs could produce a psychological placebo effect eliciting a physiological response, the strictly physical effect of BCAAs is negligible for adolescents.
Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina: The Gray Zone of State Power

Close to three hundred stores and supermarkets were looted during week-long food riots in Argentina in December 2001. Thirty-four people were reported dead and hundreds were injured. Among the looting crowds, activists from the Peronist party (the main political party in the country) were quite prominent. During the lootings, police officers were conspicuously absent - particularly when small stores were sacked. Through a combination of archival research, statistical analysis, multi-sited fieldwork, and taking heed of the perspective of contentious politics, this book provides an analytic description of the origins, course, meanings, and outcomes of the December 2001 wave of lootings in Argentina.
Building and Facilitating a Harm Reduction Team

An effective team is the heart of the harm reduction (HR) approach. As such, there is no more important goal than to build a flexible, collaborative, and caring HR team and keep it going so long as the client is at risk. This chapter describes characteristics of effective HR team members, such as members who are patient, have useful skills, and have low-conflict relationships with team members and with the client who hoards. The chapter describes the process of inviting people to join the harm reduction team and the use of motivational interviewing to engage and re-engage team members in the harm reduction process. The chapter concludes with guidelines to plan and structure effective HR team meetings, such as setting the agenda for meetings, prioritizing agenda items, and managing time.
Dynamic strategic and tactical air traffic flow control

The authors consider the problem of dynamically controlling the flow of aircraft heading toward an airport for which a reduction in capacity is expected due to unfavorable weather conditions. They use a stochastic programming formulation corresponding to a minimization of delay costs based on a probabilistic forecast of the capacity of the destination airport. Two types of control actions are considered: (1) ground-holds to be imposed on aircraft at their airport of origin beyond their scheduled departure time, to avoid costlier airborne delays; and (2) airborne delays to meter the arrival to aircraft at the destination airport. Together, these actions amount to a delay policy with a strategic as well as a tactical component. The purpose of the model is to find policies that strike an optimal balance between the strategic actions and the costlier tactical actions. Numerical examples are based on demand and capacity data for Boston Logan Airport. >
Optimization of IMC-PID Tuning Parameters for Adaptive Control: Part 1

Abstract This paper describes Part 1 of a two-part strategy for robust certainty equivalence adaptive PID control. In Part 1 we develop the strategy for simple PID controller tuning which maximizes the bandwidth subject to gain and phase margin constraints. An implementation of the non-adaptive strategy in a real time environment using model estimation based on non-convex optimization is described. The test shows the potential of the tuning method. In the next part, which due to space limitations could not be included here, we describe adaptive implementation.
Marine Fishery Research

Marine fishery research had its origin in man’s reactions to a universal natural phenomenon, fluctuations in abundance. From the earliest days of fishing it has been known that catches of particular species are variable. We now know that these fluctuations were caused by annual changes in the success of spawning, or by changes in environmental conditions which altered patterns of migration or geographic distribution, or by both. The natural inclination then, as today, was to blame decreased catches upon one or more activities of man. When fishing was responsible for the decline, the nature of the effect was misunderstood, as it often is today. In a fully developed, but still healthy fishery, the catch-per-unit-of-effort is much less than it was when the virgin stock was first fished, the average size and age of the fish are considerably less, and the stock and its biology may be altered in various other ways. Fishery research began because people wanted to know the reasons for these changes, and if possible how to correct the situation.
Intergenerational Relations with In-Laws in the Context of the Social Convoy: Theoretical and Practical Implications

Intergenerational relations among in-laws are involuntary ties emerging as a consequence of marriage. As such, these relations provide a window through which the dynamics involved in restructuring social networks following life transitions may be observed. A questionnaire, based on the social convoy model, was given to an ethnically diverse sample of adults with living in-laws (N = 170), married 2–15 years. About half of the respondents included in-laws in a concentric circle network diagram of persons close and important to them. The strongest unique predictors of convoy placement for the mother-in-law were support, frequency of contact, relationship quality, and length of marriage, and for the father-in-law were support, relationship quality, and value similarity. This study sheds light on the dynamics of an intergenerational relationship that has been largely ignored in the literature, laying the groundwork for conceptualizing ways to foster positive in-law relationships as a necessary tool in managing the care of the growing numbers of elderly in the new millennium.
Treating explosive kids : the collaborative problem-solving approach

Explosive Children and Adolescents: The Need for a Different Paradigm. Identifying Pathways and Triggers. Options for Handling Problems: Three Plans. Plan B Basics. Beyond the Basics. Skills Trained with Plan B. Collaborative Problem Solving in Schools. Collaborative Problem Solving in Therapeutic / Restrictive Settings. Last Call. Epilogue: Beyond Explosive Kids.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering Studies of the Phonon Spectra of Chevrel Phase Superconductors

Phonon spectra are obtained using inelastic neutron scattering by polycrystals of the Chevrel-phase superconductors SnMo6S8, PbMo6S8, Mo6Se8, and Pb1. 2Mo6Se8. Modes associated primarily with Sn (or Pb) atomic displacements are clearly identified. Acoustic softening on cooling is noted for SnMo6S8. Anharmonicity and the superconductivity are discussed utilizing the molecular-crystal concept.
Foraging in a heterogeneous environment: intake and diet choice

Resource heterogeneity and its effects on consumers are crucial in the dynamics of landscapes with large herbivores. Although all elements necessary for a general quantitative theory of resource heterogeneity and foraging behaviour across spatial scales are available, such a theory has not been put forth yet. We need to learn what scales, what resources and what types of heterogeneity are relevant to conserve and manage landscapes with large herbivores. More specifically, what scales, variables and heterogeneity are important in determining intake and diet selection by large herbivores? Large herbivores interact with their resources through a series of nested processes such as ingestion, searching, digestion and resting, which define relevant scales. Empirical relationships between animal performance and average resource abundance are scale-specific. Extrapolations should be based on explicit models to change scale, and will benefit by using concepts and techniques from geostatistics. Heterogeneity and average herbage mass are frequently related, so that measured effects on intake cannot be unequivocally attributed to total herbage mass. Resource heterogeneity can affect intake and behaviour through nonlinearity of responses to local conditions, selectivity and changes of local functional response due to global conditions. In general, coarser resolution of heterogeneity allows a greater selectivity. These points are illustrated with examples from the literature and reinterpretation of published and unpublished data
Nosology and Pathology of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

The classification of the histiocytoses has evolved based on new understanding of the cell of origin as a bone marrow precursor. Although the pathologic features of the histiocytoses have not changed per se, molecular genetic information now needs to be integrated into the diagnosis. The basic lesions of the most common histiocytoses, their patterns in different sites, and ancillary diagnostics are now just one part of the classification. As more is understood about the cell of origin and molecular biology of the histiocytoses, future classifications will be refined.
Staffing Needs of the Reference Desk at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga: A Statistical Approach

This study grew out of a need to assess reference desk data and determine two items: the number of questions handled for the last three years and the times when the desk should be double staffed. Analysis of the data by chi-square standardized residuals identified the days of the week, and the times during the day of heavy and light use. Data sort identified the heavy/light use weeks, months, and semesters. Descriptive analysis also established the variability and the range of data. When comparing data from week to week for the random sample years with the data collected by every hour for every day of the week for the non-random sample years, this revealed a very similar pattern. Heavy days, weeks, hours, and months fell into a similar pattern from semester to semester and from year to year. Other academic libraries can follow this model and apply it to their work environment after adjusting for their academic calendar and user behavior.
Contextualism: From Modernist Method to Post-analytic Historicism?

Journal of the Philosophy of History 3 (2009) 211–224 brill.nl/jph Contextualism: From Modernist Method to Post-analytic Historicism? 1 Mark Bevir University of California, Berkeley mbevir@berkeley.edu Abstract This article provides a critical history of the Cambridge School of intellectual his- tory. Laslett’s work on Locke appeared to vindicate modernist historicism. Laslett shunned the broad narratives of romantic developmental historicists. He relied on bibliographies, unpublished manuscripts, and other evidence to establish atom- ized facts and thus textual interpretations. Pocock and Skinner’s theories defended modernist historicism. They argued historians should situate texts in contexts and prove interpretations correct by using modernist methods to establish empirical facts. They attacked approaches that read authors as contributing to perennial debates or aiming at a coherent metaphysics. I argue we should reject modernist historicism with its methodological focus; we should adopt a post-analytic his- toricism focused on philosophical issues arising from analyses of the human sci- ences as studying actions by attributing meanings to actors and showing how these meanings ﬁt into larger webs of belief. Keywords Cambridge School, contextualism, historicism, modernism, Pocock, Skinner “During the last ten years”, wrote J. G. A. Pocock in 1972, “scholars inter- ested in the study of systems of political thought have had the experience Most of the papers in this special issue were originally presented under the auspices of the Society for the Philosophy of History at the American Philosophical Association (Paciﬁc Division) in Pasadena in 2008. For a more detailed version of my arguments in this paper see M. Bevir, “The Contextual Approach” in G. Klosko, ed., The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming). DOI: 10.1163/187226309X461506 © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2009
Fast mixed-mode simulation for accurate MOS bridging fault detection

A dynamic mixed-mode approach for the simulation of physical faults in MOS VLSI circuits is described, with emphasis on bridging faults. Bridging faults in digital circuits could cause the affected gates or subcircuits, and possibly their immediate fanouts, to behave as analog subcircuits in a localized region within a design. Mixed digital gate-level and switch-level simulation with dynamic localized analog simulation, depending on the location of a fault, provides a robust and fast way to perform digital fault simulation accurately and fast enough for practical fault simulation. >
DNA Hybridization-Mediated Liposome Fusion at the Aqueous Liquid Crystal Interface

The prominence of receptor-mediated bilayer fusion in cellular biology motivates development of biomimetic strategies for studying fusogenic mechanisms. An approach is reported here for monitoring receptor-mediated fusion that exploits the unique physical and optical properties of liquid crystals (LC). PEG-functionalized lipids are used to create an interfacial environment capable of inhibiting spontaneous liposome fusion with an aqueous/LC interface. Then, DNA hybridization between oligonucleotides within bulk phase liposomes and a PEG-lipid monolayer at an aqueous/LC interface is exploited to induce receptor-mediated liposome fusion. These hybridization events induce strain within the liposome bilayer, promote lipid mixing with the LC interface, and consequently create an interfacial environment favoring re-orientation of the LC to a homeotropic (perpendicular) state. Furthermore, the bi-functionality of aptamers is exploited to modulate DNA hybridization-mediated liposome fusion by regulating the availability of the appropriate ligand (i.e., thrombin). Here, a LC-based approach for monitoring receptor (i.e., DNA hybridization)-mediated liposome fusion is demonstrated, liposome properties that dictate fusion dynamics are explored, and an example of how this approach may be used in a biosensing scheme is provided.
Novel CYP11B1 Mutations in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to Steroid 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency

The second most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder. We performed genetic analysis of CYP11B1, the gene encoding steroid 11β-hydroxylase, in three patients with classic 11β-hydroxylase deficiency. Herein we describe the first splice donor site mutation, a new nonsense mutation, and a new missense mutation in this disorder. An African-American patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for a codon 318+1G→A substitution at the 5′-splice donor site of intron 5, in combination with Q356X, a nonsense mutation previously reported in an African-American patient. A Caucasian patient was found to be a compound heterozygote with a novel missense mutation, T318R, in combination with a previously reported 28-bp deletion in exon 2. A different mutation at codon 318 (T318M) has been described previously. A Caucasian patient was heterozygous for a novel nonsense mutation (Q19X) in exon 2. The second mutation was not identified in this patient...
Evaluating Alternatives for Better Deaf Accessibility to Selected Web-Based Multimedia

The proliferation of video and audio media on the Internet has created a distinct disadvantage for deaf Internet users. Despite technological and legislative milestones in recent decades in making television and movies more accessible, there has been less progress with online access. A major obstacle to providing captions for Internet media is the high cost of captioning and transcribing services. This paper reports on two studies that focused on multimedia accessibility for Internet users who were born deaf or became deaf at an early age. An initial study attempted to identify priorities for deaf accessibility improvement. A total of 20 deaf and hard-of-hearing participants were interviewed via videophone about their Internet usage and the issues that were the most frustrating. The most common theme was concern over a lack of accessibility for online news. In the second study, a total of 95 deaf and hard-of-hearing participants evaluated different caption styles, some of which were generated through automatic speech recognition.Results from the second study confirm that captioning online videos makes the Internet more accessible to the deaf users, even when the captions are automatically generated. However color-coded captions used to highlight confidence levels were found neither to be beneficial nor detrimental; yet when asked directly about the benefit of color-coding, participants strongly favored the concept.
Tetrazole amino acids as competitive NMDA antagonists

We describe here the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of two novel series of acidic amino acids (tetrazole-substituted acyclic amino acids and piperazine-2-carboxylic acids) as potential NMDA receptor antagonists. Potent, systemically active NMDA antagonists were discovered in the series of tetrazole-substituted piperazine-2-carboxylic acids.
Pseudo-fovea formation after gene therapy for RPE65-LCA.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate fixation location and oculomotor characteristics of 15 patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) caused by RPE65 mutations (RPE65-LCA) who underwent retinal gene therapy. METHODS Eye movements were quantified under infrared imaging of the retina while the subject fixated on a stationary target. In a subset of patients, letter recognition under retinal imaging was performed. Cortical responses to visual stimulation were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in two patients before and after therapy. RESULTS All patients were able to fixate on a 1° diameter visible target in the dark. The preferred retinal locus of fixation was either at the anatomical fovea or at an extrafoveal locus. There were a wide range of oculomotor abnormalities. Natural history showed little change in oculomotor abnormalities if target illuminance was increased to maintain target visibility as the disease progressed. Eleven of 15 study eyes treated with gene therapy showed no differences from baseline fixation locations or instability over an average of follow-up of 3.5 years. Four of 15 eyes developed new pseudo-foveas in the treated retinal regions 9 to 12 months after therapy that persisted for up to 6 years; patients used their pseudo-foveas for letter identification. fMRI studies demonstrated that preservation of light sensitivity was restricted to the cortical projection zone of the pseudo-foveas. CONCLUSIONS The slow emergence of pseudo-foveas many months after the initial increases in light sensitivity points to a substantial plasticity of the adult visual system and a complex interaction between it and the progression of underlying retinal disease. The visual significance of pseudo-foveas suggests careful consideration of treatment zones for future gene therapy trials. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00481546.).
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature and Magazine Index: A Comparison

Since 1901 the public has relied on H.W. Wilson's Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature to locate articles of general interest related to its information needs. For nearly seventy years, the Readers' Guide (RG) was virtually unchallenged by other general indexing tools. In its long years of service, RG earned a respected place in the library and became the index most known to the public. Bill Katz described it as the “closest thing to mom in the library — soft, all embracing, ready to educate us for anything.”
Epicardial pacemaker implantation and follow-up in patients with a single ventricle after the Fontan operation☆

Abstract Objectives: There is an increasing incidence of sinus node dysfunction after the Fontan procedure. Inability to maintain atrioventricular synchrony after the Fontan operation has been associated with an adverse late outcome. Although pacing may be helpful as a primary or adjunct modality after the Fontan procedure, the effects of performing a late thoracotomy or sternotomy for epicardial pacemaker implantation are unknown. In addition, little is known about the long-term effectiveness of epicardial leads in patients with single ventricles. The purpose of this study was to compare the hospital course and follow-up of epicardial pacing lead implantation in patients with Fontan physiology and patients with 2-ventricle physiology. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all isolated epicardial pacemaker implantations and outpatient evaluations performed between January 1983 and June 2000. Results: There was no difference in the perioperative course for the 31 Fontan patients (27 atrial and 41 ventricular leads [68 total]) compared with the 56 non-Fontan subjects (9 atrial and 61 ventricular leads [70 total]). The median length of stay in Fontan and non-Fontan patients was 3 and 4 days, respectively. There was no early mortality in either group. Pleural drainage for 5 days or longer was reported in 4% of the Fontan cohort and 3% of the non-Fontan group. Late pleural effusions were identified in only 2 patients in the Fontan group and 2 patients in the non-Fontan group. There was no significant difference in epicardial lead survival between the Fontan group and the non-Fontan group (1 year, 96%; 2 years, 90%; 5 years, 70%). The overall incidence of lead failure was 17% (24/138). Conclusions: Epicardial leads can be safely placed in Fontan patients at no additional risk compared to patients with biventricular physiology. Sensing and pacing qualities were relatively constant in both the Fontan and non-Fontan groups over the first 2 years after implantation. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:804-11)
Theory for the binding energies of the first-row, deep donors in GaP and Si☆

Abstract Substitutional oxygen in GaP is known to be a very deep, non-effective-mass-like donor, capable of binding one or two electrons. No conclusive experiment exists for substitutional N in Si. In this paper, the recently developed Pseudo Impurity Theory is applied to these cases. Without employing any adjustable parameters, the two levels of GaP:O P are predicted in good agreement with experiment. Si:N is predicted to behave in a similar way. The implications of these results are discussed.
Nanoparticles Formed in Picosecond Laser Argon Crystal Interaction

In this work, Molecular Dynamics simulations are conducted to attain thermal and mechanical characteristics of nanoparticles formed in laser materials interaction. It reveals that nanoparticles originate from intense vapor phase explosion. A gas-like structure is observed in nanoparticles in the iinitial stage of formation. After a short time of evolution, a typical liquid structure is revealed in particles. As a direct consequence of atoms escaping from the particle surface, the temperature of nanoparticles reduces to an under-cooling point from the initial super-heating state. Furthermore, it indicates that movements of nanoparticles are dominated by those normal to the target surface.
The human accessory parotid gland: Its incidence, nature, and significance

Observations on ninety-six dissections of human parotid glands have been presented, with the incidence, size, location, and histologic features of accessory parotid glands noted. Twenty-one per cent of the dissections revealed clearly detached accessory glands at variable distances from the main gland. There were no appreciable histopathologic differences between the accessory gland and the main gland in the same facial half. Aging changes, such as decreased glandular elements, increased fat, and increased fibrous connective tissue, were not more extensive in the accessory gland than in the main gland. Because of the histologic similarity, pathoses of the main gland could also involve the accessory parotid gland. Failure to remove a distantly separated accessory gland during parotidectomy could be a cause of tumor recurrence. X-ray films and sialograms were examined for visualization of accessory parotid glands and their ducts. Whereas routine diagnostic x-ray films were limited in their usefulness, sialograms provided visualization of accessory glands for diagnostic purposes.
Optical & Environmental Performance of Durable Silver Mirror Coatings Fabricated at LLNL

A Family of Durable Silver Mirror Designs has been fabricated at LLNL. We report here on the optical and environmental performance of the basic design, which can be cleaned with standard glass cleaner and cloth after months of exposure to outside atmosphere.
Caution in the interpretation of safety and efficacy differences in clinical trials comparing aminosalicylates for ulcerative colitis.

Caution in the Interpretation of Safety and Efficacy Differences in Clinical Trials Comparing Aminosalicylates for Ulcerative Colitis
Tumor angiogenesis: molecular pathways and therapeutic targets

As angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis, controlling tumor-associated angiogenesis is a promising tactic in limiting cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment comprises numerous signaling molecules and pathways that influence the angiogenic response. Understanding how these components functionally interact as angiogenic stimuli or as repressors and how mechanisms of resistance arise is required for the identification of new therapeutic strategies. Achieving a durable and efficient antiangiogenic response will require approaches to simultaneously or sequentially target multiple aspects of the tumor microenvironment.
Testing the spectral diversity hypothesis using spectroscopy data in a simulated wetland community

Abstract The spectral diversity hypothesis proposes that as the number of plant species increases for a given area, the diversity of spectra observed from that area should also increase. This approach could be very useful as an assessment and monitoring tool to help ecologists understand the spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity without relying on consistently detecting individual species. While the spectral diversity hypothesis has been examined for a wide range of ecosystems using a variety of remote sensing data, it has not been tested using spectroscopy (i.e. hyperspectral) data for wetlands. Previous studies have not explicitly considered the impact that flowers may have on spectral diversity and how this may impact the spectral diversity hypothesis. To test the spectral diversity hypothesis and the potential impact on flowers, we used a simulation approach to combine leaf and flower spectra collected from a diverse prairie fen wetland ecosystem into datasets of virtual plots with varying levels of species diversity and different combination of species. To address the high dimensionality of the data, we compared spectral diversity and floristic diversity using partial least squares regression. Our results found that defining floristic diversity using the Shannon's diversity index, which accounts for plant abundance in each plot, produced the best predictive models where the predicted values had a RMSE less than 40% of the mean observed value. We also found that the inclusion of flower spectra with leaf spectra did increase the RMSE of the best model, but across all models, correlation increased. Our results indicate that spectral diversity could be used as an initial biodiversity assessment tool for wetlands, especially with on-going advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle technology that can provide a low altitude platform for imaging spectroscopy.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Bis-[Triethoxysilypropyl]Tetrasulfide on Al 2024-T3 Substrates

Abstract Thin films of the hydrolyzed silane bis-[triethoxysilylpropyl]-tetrasulfide (sulfane) were deposited on alkaline-cleaned Al 2024-T3 panels and investigated by electrochemical impedance spe...
Helix Propensities Are Identical in Proteins and Peptides

Our understanding of the factors stabilizing α-helical structure has been greatly enhanced by the study of model α-helical peptides. However, the relationship of these results to the folding of hel...
Hepatic Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme and Transporter Gene Expression through the Life Stages of the Mouse

Background Differences in responses to environmental chemicals and drugs between life stages are likely due in part to differences in the expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and transporters (XMETs). No comprehensive analysis of the mRNA expression of XMETs has been carried out through life stages in any species.
Rotation and inversion barriers in 2-lithio-2-phenyl-1,3-dithianes

The barriers to phenyl rotation in 2-lithio-2-phenyl-cis-4,6-dimethyl-, 2-lithio-2-phenyl-4,4,6-trimethyl- and 2-lithio-2-phenyl-trans-4,6-dimethyl-1,3-dithiane are compared in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and hexamethylphosphortriamide (HMPA). In the first two cases, the barriers in THF are lower than those in HMPA, presumably because the lithio compound exists as a tight ion pair in THF but as a solvent-separated ion pair (with more delocalization of charge into the phenyl ring) in HMPA. However, in the trans-4,6-dimethyl compound the barriers are the same in the two solvents and nearly equal to the barriers for ring reversal. It is concluded that in this compound the rate-determining step for phenyl rotation may actually be ring reversal, at least in solvent HMPA.
Exclusion of nuclear forces in heavy-ion Coulomb excitation and Coulomb fission experiments

A simple prescription for estimating the energy at which nuclear forces begin to play a role in heavy-ion Coulomb excitation and Coulomb fission experiments is presented. The method differs from most commonly used recipes in accounting for projectile and target nucleus deformation effects. Using a single adjustable parameter the formula reproduces the energy for the onset of Coulomb-nuclear interference effects for a broad range of heavy-ion systems. It is suggested that most Coulomb fission experiments which have been done involve both Coulomb and nuclear excitation processes and should more properly be termed Coulomb-nuclear fission experiments.
The design of a BASIC language calculator computer

This paper describes a calculator type computer on which algorithms can be programmed in a subset of Dartmouth BASIC. The computer hardware consists of a scientific calculator chip where all arithmetic and math functions are performed and a microprocessor which controls BASIC statement interpretation and input/output functions. Input to the computer is by means of a calculator type keyboard which contains letters, numbers, BASIC keywords, math functions, special symbols, and control keys. Output is through an alphanumeric LED array which is controlled by the microprocessor or manually, to pause after every line of output. An audio cassette tape mass storage device is provided for the storage of programs and data.
Field-reversed configuration simulations using the full two-fluid plasma model

Summary form only given. Simulations of field-reversed configurations (FRC) are presented within the full two-fluid plasma model. The model takes into account electron inertia effects, charge separation and the full electromagnetic field equations and allows for electron and ion demagnetization. Two-fluid models are particularly suited to FRC simulations as typical FRC separatrix radii are on the order of the ion-gyroradius, at which spatial scales two fluid effect become dominant. The simulations were performed using a shock-capturing finite-volume algorithm, based on the solution of Riemann problems at cell interfaces. The study is divided into two parts. In the first, FRC stability is studied. The simulation is initialized with various FRC equilibria and perturbed. The growth rates are calculated and compared with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) results. It is shown that the FRCs are indeed more stable within the two-fluid model than the MHD model. In the second part formation of FRCs is studied. In this set of simulations a cylindrical column of plasma is initialized with a uniform axial magnetic field. The field is reversed at the walls. Via the process of magnetic reconnection FRC formation is observed. The effects of rotating magnetic field (RMF) drive on the formation of FRC are also presented. Here, a set of current carrying coils apply a RMF at the plasma boundary, causing an electron flow in the R-Z plane leading to field reversal. The strong azimuthal electron flow causes lower-hybrid drift instabilities (LHDI), which can be captured if the ion gyroradius is well resolved. The LHDI is known to be a possible source of anomalous resistivity in many plasma configurations. The study is concluded with a discussion of possible effects of anisotropic stress tensor on FRC equilibrium and formation
Rayleigh–Taylor instability simulations with CRASH

Abstract CRASH is a code package developed for the predictive study of radiative shocks. It is based on the BATSRUS MHD code used extensively for space-weather research. We desire to extend the applications of this code to the study of hydrodynamically unstable systems. We report here the results of Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) simulations with CRASH, as a necessary step toward the study of such systems. Our goal, motivated by the previous comparison of simulations and experiment, is to be able to simulate the magnetic RTI with self-generated magnetic fields produced by the Biermann Battery effect. Here we show results for hydrodynamic RTI, comparing the effects of different solvers and numerical parameters. We find that the early-time behavior converges to the analytical result of the linear theory. We observe that the late-time morphology is sensitive to the numerical scheme and limiter beta. At low-resolution limit, the growth of RTI is highly dependent on the setup and resolution, which we attribute to the large numerical viscosity at low resolution.
Time-symmetric initial data for multibody solutions in three dimensions.

Time-symmetric initial data for two-body solutions in three-dimensional anti-de Sitter gravity are found. The spatial geometry has a constant negative curvature and is constructed as a quotient of two-dimensional hyperbolic space. Apparent horizons correspond to closed geodesics. In an open universe, it is shown that two black holes cannot exist separately, but are necessarily enclosed by a third horizon. In a closed universe, two separate black holes can exist provided there is an additional image mass.
Pubertas Precox in A Six-Year-Old Boy Produced by a Tumor of the Testis, Probably of Interstitial Cell Origin

Gonadal hyperfunction may be divided into two general types, a), primary and b), secondary. There has been some doubt that such an entity as primary hypergonadism exists, provided the gonads are situated normally, especially with our newer knowledge of the essentiality of the anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormone or hormones for gonadal development and function. However, this conception does not take into consideration the possibility of tumors, interstitial cell or adrenocortical, the Secretions of which may have androgenic activity. Pubertas precox may be due to four known factors, a), anterior pituitary hyperfunction, b), pineal disturbance, c), certain adrenal cortex tumors or disturbances and d), interstitial cell tumor of the testis. There are frequent instances of precocious puberty produced by anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones, especially in girls, as evidenced by secondary sexual development, early epiphyseal closure and onset of menstruation.
Teaching Psychomotor Skills to Beginning Nursing Students Using a Web-Enhanced Approach: A Quasi-Experimental Study

To begin to address the problem of psychomotor skills deficiencies observed in many new graduate nurses, a skills laboratory course was developed using a web-enhanced approach. In this quasi-experimental study, the control group attended weekly lectures, observed skill demonstrations by faculty, practiced skills, and were evaluated on skill performance. The experimental group learned course content using a web-enhanced approach. This allowed students to learn course material outside of class at times convenient for them, thus they had more time during class to perfect psychomotor skills. The experimental group performed better on the final cognitive examination. Students in the traditional sections were more satisfied with the course, however. It was concluded that a web-enhanced approach for teaching psychomotor skills can provide a valid alternative to traditional skills laboratory formats.
Rescue of the En-1 mutant phenotype by replacement of En-1 with En-2

The related mouse Engrailed genes En-1 and En-2 are expressed from the one- and approximately five-somite stages, respectively, in a similar presumptive mid-hindbrain domain. However, mutations in En-1 and En-2 produce different phenotypes. En-1 mutant mice die at birth with a large mid-hindbrain deletion, whereas En-2 mutants are viable, with cerebellar defects. To determine whether these contrasting phenotypes reflect differences in temporal expression or biochemical activity of the En proteins, En-1 coding sequences were replaced with En-2 sequences by gene targeting. This rescued all En-1 mutant defects, demonstrating that the difference between En-1 and En-2 stems from their divergent expression patterns.
Two α-dicarbonyls downregulate migration, invasion, and adhesion of liver cancer cells in a p53-dependent manner

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for more than 600,000 deaths per year due to it being a highly invasive tumor. The α-dicarbonyl, methylglyoxal demonstrates efficacy at reducing tumor burden, however the anti-cancerous activities of 3-deoxyglucosone, have never been studied. Aims To determine the anti-cancerous potential of methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone on liver tumor cells. Methods The in vitro effects of methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone were studied by investigating migration, invasion, and adhesion of Huh-7, HepG2, and Hep3B cells. Results 3-Deoxyglucosone inhibited migration of Huh-7 and HepG2 cells. Methylglyoxal decreased migration of HepG2 cells. Additionally, 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal impaired invasion, and adhesion of Huh-7 and HepG2 cells. In Hep3B cells, a p53 null cell line, 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal had no effect on migration, invasion, or adhesion. However, both compounds inhibited invasion of wild-type p53 transfected Hep3B cells. Silencing of p53 in Huh-7 and HepG2 cells abrogated the effects of the α-dicarbonyls on cell invasion. 3DG and MG did not alter p53 total protein but promoted nuclear translocation of p53. Conclusions These studies suggest that 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal impair invasion, migration, and adhesion of hepatocellular carcinoma. The effects of both compounds on cell invasion are dependent on p53 and imply that α-dicarbonyls could be efficacious in the treatment of p53-expressing invasive liver tumors.
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 protease inhibitors: therapeutic successes and failures, suppression and resistance

The retroviral protease (PR) is responsible for cleaving precursor proteins that contain the virion structural proteins and enzymes. Highly potent inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 PR have been developed, and to date, five of these inhibitors have been approved for clinical use. These inhibitors bind to the active site of the dimeric PR and represent transition state analogs. Combination therapy in which a potent protease inhibitor is combined with inhibitors of the viral DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase can result in the apparent complete suppression of virus replication. Low virus loads associated with suppressed replication are resulting in dramatic reductions in the rate of disease progression. However, incomplete suppression of virus replication results in the selection of resistant variants. Resistance to protease inhibitors is the result of mutations within the PR coding domain, and most of these mutations are able to contribute to cross-resistance among this class of inhibitors.
Syntheses and configurational assignments of the diastereomers of the 4-nitrophenyl esters of thymidine 3′-(N-phenyl phosphoramidate) and thymidine 5′-(N-phenyl phosphoramidate)

Abstract The separated diastereomers of 3′-(4-nitrophenyl N-phenyl phosphoramidate)-5′-monomethoxytrityl thymidine and 3′-monomethoxytrityl-5′-(4-nitrophenyl N-phenyl phosphoramidate) thymidine have been prepared and their absolute configurations at phosphorus have been determined.