cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic approaches to haematological malignancies in adolescents and young adults.

Summary Tremendous strides have been made in improving the outcomes of haematological malignancies (HM) over the last three decades, but adolescents and young adult (AYA) patients have not benefitted equally compared to younger and older patients. Excellent outcomes in Hodgkin lymphoma have allowed tailoring of highly effective regimens that limit the incidence of late effects. Early successes in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia set the stage for a series of studies in young adults utilizing a paediatric-type treatment strategy. These studies have determined that AYAs benefit from paediatric-type chemotherapy regimens. Despite the increased incidence of acute myeloid leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the AYA age group, optimal strategies for these patients have not been systematically pursued. There is renewed interest in improving HM outcomes in AYA patients and this will rely on the development of clinical trials that specifically target these patients. Understanding and addressing the unique psychosocial challenges of this population will be critical in supporting this endeavor.
Impaired cochlear function correlates with the presence of tinnitus and its estimated spectral profile.

The presence of tinnitus often coincides with hearing loss. It has been argued that reduced peripheral input leads to frequency-specific increase in neuronal gains resulting in tinnitus-related hyper-activity. Following this gain-adaptation hypothesis, impaired cochlear function should be predictive of the presence and spectral characteristics of tinnitus. To assess cochlear function, perceptual thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were measured with high frequency resolution for subjects with tinnitus and non-tinnitus control subjects (N ¼ 29 and N ¼ 18) with and without hearing loss. Subjects with tinnitus also provided a ‘tinnitus likeness spectrum’ by rating the similarity of their tinnitus to tones at various frequencies. On average, subjects with tinnitus had elevated thresholds, reduced DPOAE, and increased slope of the DPOAE input-output function in the range from 4 to 10 kHz. These measures were strongly correlated and were equally predictive of the presence of tinnitus. Subjects with a pronounced edge to their hearing loss profile were very likely to have tinnitus. In the group average, the tinnitus likeness spectrum was correlated with perceptual thresholds (r ¼ 0.98, p < 0.01), confirming previous reports. For 19 of 29 of subjects, perceptual thresholds were correlated with the tinnitus likeness ratings across frequencies and this correlation was significantly improved when low input-level DPOAE were included as an additional variable (r ¼ 0.83 � 0.09, N ¼ 19). Thus, cochlear function is strongly associated with the tinnitus percept and measures of cochlear function using DPOAEs provide additional diagnostic information over perceptual thresholds alone. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Layout driven technology mapping

Recent studies indicate that interconnections occupy more than half the total chip area and account for a significant part of the chip delay. In spite of this, most logic synthesis systems do not explicitly take the wiring into account during the optimization phase. Our work is a first step towards including wiring into the logic synthesis process. In this paper, we present Lily, a technology mapper integrated with MIS, which considers layout area and wire delay during the technology dependent phase of logic synthesis. Lily estimates the interconnection dependent contributions to circuit area and delay by referring to a dynamically updated global placement of the Boolean network. The update does not restrict the dynamic programming approach adopted in technology mappers such as DAGON and MIS. Our algorithm has been implemented and preliminary results are encouraging.
Results of the activation analysis of the stellarator power plant study

Detailed activation analysis is performed as a part of the Stellarator Power Plant Study (SPPS). The reactor is assumed to operate for 30 full power years (FPY). The activity induced in the blanket at the end of its lifetime is lower than the activity induced in the shield after 30 FPY. At shutdown, the blanket and shield activities are 683 MCi and 3908 MCi, respectively. One year after shutdown the blanket activity drops to 22.3 MCi compared to 505 MCi for the shield. The total decay heat generated in the blanket at shutdown is 7.9 MW and drops to only 0.2 MW within one week. At shutdown, 46.6 MW of decay heat are generated in the shield. The shield's decay heat drops to only 1.71 MW within a day and 0.77 MW within the first year. One week after shutdown, the values of the integrated decay heat are 333 GJ for the blanket and 1605 GJ for the shield. The total Biological Hazard Potential (BHP) produced in the blanket and shield at shutdown are 469/spl times/10/sup 9/ and 492/spl times/10/sup 9/ m/sup 3/ air, respectively. The rad-waste classification of the reactor structure is evaluated according to both the NRC 10CFR61 and Fetter waste disposal concentration limits. The first wall and blanket will only qualify for Class C low level waste according to both limits. The high-temperature shield can only qualify as Class C waste if the 10CFR61 limits are used. The low-temperature shield will have no difficulty qualifying for a Class A or Class C rating according to both limits. Assuming a 25 /spl mu/Sv/h limit for hands-on maintenance, only remote maintenance may be allowed at any location inside the containment building.
Event Attention, Environmental Sensemaking, and Change in Institutional Logics: An Inductive Analysis of the Effects of Public Attention to Clinton's Health Care Reform Initiative

We explore attention to Clinton's health care reform proposal, ongoing debates, and its political demise to develop theory that explains how events create opportunities for cognitive realignment and transformation in institutional logics. Our case analysis illustrates how a bottom-up process of environmental sensemaking led to the emergence and adoption of a logic of managed care, which provided new organizing principles in the hospitals' organizational field. In addition to theorization, highlighted by prior research, we propose a second mechanism of environmental sensemaking: representation of change through exemplars and environmental features. The interplay between theorization, representation, and ongoing event attention can lead to change in institutional logics over an event's life course. We found that the managed care logic did not emerge in a fully formed fashion, but that actors theorized individual dimensions of the logic consistent with changing representations of hospitals' relationships with other actors in the field. As the event unfolded, the individual dimensions came to be theorized as part of an overall managed care logic. The label “managed care,” previously understood as a specific organizational form, took on a new meaning to symbolize the organizing principles for hospitals' relationships with a variety of institutional actors as alternative models not congruent with the changing organizational field were abandoned.
Broad-Band Activatable White-Opsin

Currently, the use of optogenetic sensitization of retinal cells combined with activation/inhibition has the potential to be an alternative to retinal implants that would require electrodes inside every single neuron for high visual resolution. However, clinical translation of optogenetic activation for restoration of vision suffers from the drawback that the narrow spectral sensitivity of an opsin requires active stimulation by a blue laser or a light emitting diode with much higher intensities than ambient light. In order to allow an ambient light-based stimulation paradigm, we report the development of a ‘white-opsin’ that has broad spectral excitability in the visible spectrum. The cells sensitized with white-opsin showed excitability at an order of magnitude higher with white light compared to using only narrow-band light components. Further, cells sensitized with white-opsin produced a photocurrent that was five times higher than Channelrhodopsin-2 under similar photo-excitation conditions. The use of fast white-opsin may allow opsin-sensitized neurons in a degenerated retina to exhibit a higher sensitivity to ambient white light. This property, therefore, significantly lowers the activation threshold in contrast to conventional approaches that use intense narrow-band opsins and light to activate cellular stimulation.
Ventilatory modes and mechanics of the hedgehog skate (Leucoraja erinacea): Testing the continuous flow model

The movement of water across the gills of non-ram-ventilating fishes involves the action of two pumps: a pressure pump that pushes water across the gills from the oropharyngeal to the parabranchial cavity, and a suction pump that draws water across the gills from the oropharyngeal into the parabranchial cavity. Together, the two are thought to keep water flowing continuously anteroposteriorly through the head of the respiring animal. However, there is evidence that the pressure and suction pumps do not always work in perfect phase in elasmobranch fishes, leading to periods of higher pressure in the parabranchial than in the oropharyngeal cavity. We investigated the existence and consequence of such pressure reversals in the hedgehog skate Leucoraja erinacea using pressure transducers, sonomicrometry and flow visualization including internal visualization using endoscopy. We noted four patterns of respiration in the experimental skates distinguished by the flow pattern at the three openings into the respiratory system: (1) in through the spiracle only, (2) in through the mouth + spiracle, (3) in through the mouth only, and (4) the mouth held open throughout the respiratory cycle. The first two were by far the dominant modes recorded from experimental animals. We determined that pressure reversals exist in the hedgehog skate, and that the gill bars adducted during such pressure reversals. Direct observation confirmed that these pressure reversals do correspond to pulsatile flow across the gills. During mouth+spiracle ventilation the flow completely reversed direction, flowing from the parabranchial chambers back across the gills and into the oropharyngeal cavity. Finally, we addressed the utility of sonomicrometry as a technique for determining kinematics in aquatic animals. Despite some problems involving errors inherent to the system design, we found the technique useful for complementing such techniques as pressure measurements and endoscopy.
Advanced Research Integrated Avionics (ARIA) System for Fault-Tolerant Flight Research

This paper describes the development of an Advanced Research Integrated Avionics (ARIA) system for a research effort at West Virginia University (WVU) focusing on the design of fault-tolerant control systems toward improving aviation safety. The system seeks to improve upon WVU’s existing avionics system by incorporating more functionality, flexibility, and computational performance while imposing more stringent constraints with respect to size, weight, and power consumption. The system features nine independently controllable/”fault-able” channels making it ideal for use in test-beds for fault-tolerant flight controls research. Furthermore, the design incorporates a novel dual Remote Control (R/C) receiver configuration that aims to decrease potential failures due to R/C signal loss. The hardware architecture is comprised of a network of logic gates and multiplexers, an embedded microprocessor, a general purpose Single Board Computer (SBC), as well as, a complex sensor suite featuring a Global Positioning System / Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) navigation solution.
Child Care and Cortisol Across Infancy and Toddlerhood: Poverty, Peers, and Developmental Timing

Evidence suggests that relations between child care and children's development-behaviorally and physiologically-likely differ between children from high-versus low-risk contexts. Using data from the Family Life Project (N = 1,155), the authors tested (a) whether within- and between-child differences in children's child care experiences (i.e., quantity, type, caregiver responsivity, and peer exposure) were predictive of their cortisol levels across infancy and toddlerhood and (b) whether these relations differed for children experiencing different levels of environmental risk. They found some evidence of such interactive effects. For children from high-risk contexts, within-child increases in child care hours were predictive of cortisol decreases. The inverse was evident for children from low-risk contexts. This relation grew across toddlerhood. Whereas a history of greater center-based child care was predictive of heightened cortisol levels for low-risk families, this was not the case for children from high-risk families. Irrespective of risk, greater peer exposure (between children) was associated with lower cortisol levels.
The economy and the consumer

By all indications, the Soviet economy is in serious trouble—more serious, in several critical respects, than is the case in Western Europe or the United States. The problems of low industrial productivity, relative technological backwardness, and insufficient or sub-standard housing have been referred to in previous contributions to this series (see articles by Loren Graham and William Brumfield in the February and March issues of the Bulletin) Soviet difficulties in agriculture—the result, apparently, of inadequate investment and poor organization as well as bad weather—are common knowledge. Here, Marshall Goldman points to the painful consequences for Soviet consumers of economic developments and related policies going back to Stalin's time.A standard textbook in the field is Alec Nove, The Soviet Economic System, second ed. (London and Winchester, Mass.: Allen & Unwin, 1980). Or readers might want to begin with James R. Millar's new book, written expressly for the layperson, The ABCs of Soviet Sociali...
FantasyLaw 2009: The Season, the Stars, and the Statistics

A few weeks ago we wrapped up the first season of FantasyLaw, which was held during the first session of the 111th Congress of the United States. What follows below is a summary of the statistical performances of each member of Congress during that season, plus comments on a few highlights. We would like to think that this report will prove useful not only to people who are trying to win in FantasyLaw in 2010, but also to people who are trying to understand the behavior of legislators and the worlds in which they work. More realistically, perhaps, we hope that as ever-more-complete-and-comprehensive sequels to this report follow in the years to come, the resulting pile of information will eventually reach some kind of critical mass. Then, students of Congress will be able to find some useful insights into the ways and means of our national legislature and the people who work in it.
Punitive Damages: Punishment of an Insured Defendant?, Carroway v. Johnson

The plaintiff sued the defendant for injuries sustained in an automobile collision and was awarded a judgment in the amount of $5,000 actual damages and $1,500 punitive damages. The defendant's insurance company had refused to defend her in that action or to pay the judgment obtained, relying upon an employee exclusion clause in the policy. The plaintiff thereupon sued the defendant on the judgment, this time joining the insurer as a co-defendant, and won a verdict to recover against the insurer the aforesaid amount. The insurance company appealed, questioning its liability for punitive damages.
Developing a rule change trading system for the futures market using rough set analysis

This study proposes a unique rule change trading system for the futures market.Rough set analysis is adopted for generating trading rules.A genetic algorithm is used to optimize the thresholds for buying and selling signals.To verify the proposed system, a sliding window method is applied. Many technical indicators have been selected as input variables in order to develop an automated trading system that determines buying and selling trading decision using optimal trading rules within the futures market. However, optimal technical trading rules alone may not be sufficient for real-world application given the endlessly changing futures market. In this study, a rule change trading system (RCTS) that consists of numerous trading rules generated using rough set analysis is developed in order to cover diverse market conditions. To change the trading rules, a rule change mechanism based on previous trading results is proposed. Simultaneously, a genetic algorithm is employed with the objective function of maximizing the payoff ratio to determine the thresholds of market timing for both buying and selling in the futures market. An empirical study of the proposed system was conducted in the Korea Composite Stock Price Index 200 (KOSPI 200) futures market. The proposed trading system yields profitable results as compared to both the buy-and-hold strategy, and a system not utilizing a genetic algorithm for maximizing the payoff ratio.
Humoral and cellular immunity following severe head injury: review and current investigations‡

AbstractInfection is a common and serious complication of severe head injury. Immunocompetence in 25 severely head injured patients was investigated by measuring: (1) delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test responses to common antigens; (2) phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL): blastogenesis, phenotype expression, and lymphokine production; (3) lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cytotoxicity, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity; and (4) immunoglobulin and complement levels. The incidence of anergy to DTH skin testing was 100%. There was a decrease in PHA stimulated: PBL blastogenesis (p = 0.002), T-cell expression (p = 0.018), helper T-cell expression (p < 0.001), interleukin-2 receptor expression (p < 0.001), interleukin-2 production (p = 0.035) and gamma-interferon production (p < 0.001). LAK cytotoxicity was depressed following incubation with IL-2 (p < 0.001). There was no significant decrease in immunoglobulin lev...
Motor Neuron Differentiation from Pluripotent Stem Cells: Development of the Technique, Synopsis of Protocols, and Summary of Current Applications

Motor neurons conduct electrical signals to the musculature via synapses in the central nervous system (CNS). This communication guarantees proper performance of movements and vital functions including: standing, walking, and breathing. Motor neurons can be divided in two subgroups: cortical motor neurons (also known as upper motor neurons) and spinal cord motor neurons (also known as lower motor neurons). Lower motor neurons are responsible for the contraction of more than 500 different skeletal muscles. A defect that affects either upper motor neurons or lower motor neurons (or both) will lead to different types of motor neuron disease. Before the advent of pluripotent stem cells, motor neuron disease could only be studied using transformed cell lines, animal models, or postmortem tissues, which even when utilized together do not fully recapitulate the motor neuron disease phenotypes. Over the last decade, the motor neuron disease field has made incredible strides by establishing efficient and reliable protocols for generating motor neurons in vitro from pluripotent stem cells. In this chapter, we will consider the biology of motor neuron development, describe protocols for generating motor neurons and enriching derived cell populations for motor neurons, and summarize key advances in the motor neuron disease field achieved through the use of stem cell model systems.
Exploring API embedding for API usages and applications

Word2Vec is a class of neural network models that as being trained from a large corpus of texts, they can produce for each unique word a corresponding vector in a continuous space in which linguistic contexts of words can be observed. In this work, we study the characteristics of Word2Vec vectors, called api2vec or API embeddings, for the API elements within the API sequences in source code. Our empirical study shows that the close proximity of the api2vec vectors for API elements reflects the similar usage contexts containing the surrounding APIs of those API elements. Moreover, api2vec can capture several similar semantic relations between API elements in API usages via vector offsets. We demonstrate the usefulness of api2vec vectors for API elements in three applications. First, we build a tool that mines the pairs of API elements that share the same usage relations among them. The other applications are in the code migration domain. We develop api2api, a tool to automatically learn the API mappings between Java and C# using a characteristic of the api2vec vectors for API elements in the two languages: semantic relations among API elements in their usages are observed in the two vector spaces for the two languages as similar geometric arrangements among their api2vec vectors. Our empirical evaluation shows that api2api relatively improves 22.6% and 40.1% top-1 and top-5 accuracy over a state-of-the-art mining approach for API mappings. Finally, as another application in code migration, we are able to migrate equivalent API usages from Java to C# with up to 90.6% recall and 87.2% precision.
The association between psychological distress and concussion history in college athletes

Objective To examine how baseline measures of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and somatization, in college athletes are affected by concussion history. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting A National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university. Subjects Division I college athletes (age=20.6±1.4 years) with a self-reported history of 1 or more concussions (n=128; 52 (41%) females; 76 (59%) males) and with no self-reported concussion history (n=286; 100 (35%) females; 186 (65%) males). An additional 67 student-athletes were excluded due to incomplete demographic information. Intervention Athletes self-reported concussion history on a questionnaire completed during pre-season baseline testing. Outcome measures All participants completed the Brief Symptom Inventory18 (BSI-18) during the same pre-season baseline assessment. Results There were no significant differences in total BSI-18 scores ( P =0.47) between participants with a concussion history (median BSI-18 score=0, IQR=0–2) and those with no concussion history (median BSI-18 score=0, IQR=0–3). Additionally, there were no significant differences found between groups for any BSI-18 subset score (Depression: P =0.99; Anxiety: P =0.53, Somatization: P =0.07). Conclusions A history of 1 or more concussions does not influence baseline psychological distress measures in college athletes. While associations between concussion history and increased risk of clinical depression in retired professional athletes have been reported, our data do not support this association at the college level. Our results may underscore the need to develop more sensitive questionnaires to assess psychological distress among otherwise young healthy emerging adults. Future research should explore more diverse samples, and explore the utility of psychological distress measures during post-injury recovery. Competing interests None.
The Consequences (and Nonconsequences) of Ownership Change: The Case of Major League Baseball

Although ultimate responsibility for a professional sports team lies with the owner, little is known about the repercussions of having a new owner at the helm. This article investigates ownership c...
Analyzing energy technologies and policies using DOSCOE

Low-carbon electricity technologies are often evaluated by their Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). However, LCOE cannot model the impact of one electricity source on the value of others. In previous work, System LCOE was proposed to estimate the costs of integrating an intermittent source into a grid consisting of multiple dispatchable electricity sources. Using a new DOSCOE (Dispatch-optimized system cost of electricity) model, we generalize System LCOE. DOSCOE can handle any mixture of dispatchable and non-dispatchable sources. It can analyze systems which contain storage, have legacy infrastructure, or have imposed policies. DOSCOE thus updates System LCOE to be applicable to more realistic electricity grid models. DOSCOE uses a linear program to find the capacity and generation mix which yields minimum LCOE. Running this linear program multiple times yields System LCOE curves. DOSCOE shows that to cost-effectively remove the last 10-20% of fossil fuels requires a moderate price on carbon and either low-cost nuclear power or carbon capture and sequestration. Alternatively, a hypothetical zero-carbon source needs to have a net present cost less than $2200/kW (with a 100% capacity factor) to displace existing fossil-fuel plants.
New Venture Milestones and the First Female Board Member

We explore the antecedents of the addition of the first woman to the boards of directors of entrepreneurial ventures. Building on research on resource dependency, we propose that new ventures are m...
The Integrated Pain Team: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of the Impact of an Embedded Interdisciplinary Pain Care Intervention on Primary Care Team Satisfaction, Confidence, and Perceptions of Care Effectiveness

Objective To evaluate the impact of the Integrated Pain Team (IPT)-an interdisciplinary chronic pain care intervention embedded in primary care at a large Veterans Affairs health care system. Outcomes evaluated included IPT's impact on the perceived effectiveness of chronic pain care; provider self-confidence; and primary care team satisfaction, stress, and burnout. Method This mixed-methods quality-improvement study employed: 1) qualitative semistructured interviews of 61 primary care providers, other primary care team members, and organizational stakeholders; and 2) a supplementary quantitative survey of 65 providers, comparing those who had referred patients to IPT with those who had not. Results Most interview participants reported that IPT improved chronic pain care by providing patients with a comprehensive pain treatment plan, educating them about opioid risks, and introducing multimodal treatment options. Interviewed care team members reported improved patient education and fewer emotionally charged contacts from patients. Interviewed providers felt that IPT allowed them to focus their time on health concerns other than pain. However, our supplemental survey found that IPT-utilizing providers were no more confident than other providers in their own pain care skills or in their relationships with chronic pain patients. Conclusions Integrating an interdisciplinary chronic pain care intervention into primary care can provide needed support to care teams and may improve chronic pain care. Elements of the IPT model identified as important to its effectiveness include its interdisciplinary biopsychosocial approach and attentive patient follow-up. However, enhancing providers' confidence and self-efficacy in chronic pain care may require educational and support resources beyond the current IPT model.
Design, validation and trade-offs of non-foster circuits

Non-Foster networks are those whose reactance has a negative slope with frequency, and can thus overcome bandwidth limitations of many passive systems using their unique impedance and phase properties. The design parameters of a negative impedance convertor circuit (circuit configuration, transistor bias) used to generate non-Foster impedances will depend on the load impedance at the output of the non-Foster circuit, the frequencies of operation and requirements pertaining to a specific application (such as low noise or high linearity). Insights into the design, simulation, implementation and stability analysis of non-Foster circuits will be presented through measured results of a non-Foster matched cylindrical slot antenna. Simulation techniques that can accurately predict measurements will also be detailed. Further, noise and linearity measurements that match simulations will be shown for the same non-Foster matched antenna. A discussion of the trade-offs between bandwidth, loss, stability, noise and linearity of a non-Foster circuit will be helpful in optimizing non-Foster circuits for specific applications.
Considerations for Low-cost Reader Design and Label Selection for Lateral Flow Assays

We present a low-cost fluorescence and colorimetry label detection platform for point-of-care (POC) applications. Our platform is designed to deliver clinical level diagnostic sensitivity. It improves the performance of the traditional lateral flow assay (LFA) by decreasing the detection limit by 3 orders of magnitude and enabling quantitative detection of analytes. In this work, we characterize the fluorescence detection platform and detail the effects of label selection on the overall system performance. The effects of optoelectronic configuration, brightness, and spectral matching are presented. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our platform for colorimetric detection and compare its performance to a standard central laboratory microplate reader. The limit-of-detection (LOD) for our point-of-care platform was determined to be the same as the microplate reader, detecting 2 × 104 0.5 µm microspheres without the use of focusing or transfer optics.
Going Dark: A Retrospective on the North American Blackout of 2038

From March 29, 2038, to April 6, 2038, the world observed the North American Blackout of 2038. The blackout left upwards of 300 million people without power, ravaged the world economy, and devastated the global internet. By many accounts, it was the most devastating blackout ever witnessed. That said, its occurrence should not be surprising. While pundits harp on the technical sophistication of the adversary, debate the merits of a kinetic response, and politicize the blackout, the sad reality is that we have, for years, known we were susceptible to such an event. Moreover, we have had the requisite knowledge and tools to avert the blackout, but failed to use them. Plenty has been written on the wide-reaching societal effects of the blackout; our focus will be on the blackout itself.The Blackout of 2038 had two major phases. In the first phase, an active adversary exploited a vulnerability in the implementation of the Wireless Access in SCADA Environment (WASE) protocol suite that supports the grid. Grid operators acted swiftly and switched to a fallback system to restore power. Unfortunately, the adversary then subverted the fallback system by exploiting a well-known vulnerability in DNP3, a popular industrial control system protocol. The led to the second blackout. Eventually, a patched implementation of the WASE protocol suite was developed and deployed, which restored power.In hindsight, this blackout stemmed from two erroneous assumptions. First, immediately following the Texas Brownout of 2020, academics, industry professionals, regulators, and other stakeholders advocated for the adoption of a protocol that was formally verified to protect against race conditions (i.e., the cause of the brownout). However, it was wrong to equate formal verification with perfect security; we should have heeded the adage from Donald Knuth, "[b]eware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it." Second, we wrongly assumed a known-to-be-insecure fallback system would be an adequate stopgap until the primary system was back online.This paper serves as a postmortem to the North American Blackout of 2038. We analyze how the failures came to pass and the assumptions that underlie them. Moreover, we offer a complete and simple solution to prevent these conditions from ever arising again: the adoption of Language-theoretic Security (LangSec) principles. To this end, we provide and evaluate a preliminary implementation of a LangSec parser for the WASE Short Message Protocol format (WSMP). Additionally, we urge lawmakers and regulatory agencies to mandate the verification of fallback protocols.
Geographic Diversification and Bhc Return and Risk Performance

We construct a unique dataset from several databases including CRSP, FDIC's Summary of Deposits, and BHC database to investigate the impact of geographic diversification on return, risk, and firm value of large publicly traded BHCs. The deposit dispersion employed here as a measure of geographic diversification has some advantages over those used in the extant literature; it accounts for both the number of locations in which a BHC operates, and the level of activity in each location, it is continuous, and it is limited to a zero-unity range facilitating comparison of geographic diversification across BHCs. Our empirical results show that geographic diversification is associated with a significant decline in BHC total, firm-specific, and systematic market risks, and insignificant return and firm value effects. These results provide a rationale for the BHC diversification, and mergers and acquisitions witnessed in the recent decades, in spite of the zero return and value effects. Moreover, we investigate how the distance between the parent BHC and subsidiary banks affects BHC return, risk, and firm value. We find that BHC-subsidiary distance raises BHC total and firm-specific risks, while leaving the BHC return unaffected and reducing BHC value. The first result supports the internal monitoring hypothesis. The value effect is inconsistent with studies in corporate finance, suggesting that the findings on corporate firms do not necessarily extend to BHCs.
A New Annotation Scheme for the Sejong Part-of-speech Tagged Corpus

In this paper we present a new annotation scheme for the Sejong part-of-speech tagged corpus based on Universal Dependencies style annotation. By using a new annotation scheme, we can produce Sejong-style morphological analysis and part-of-speech tagging results which have been the de facto standard for Korean language processing. We also explore the possibility of doing named-entity recognition and semantic-role labelling for Korean using the new annotation scheme.
Embryogenesis, polyembryony, and settlement in the gorgonian Plexaura homomalla

Understanding the ontogeny and reproductive biology of reef-building organisms can shed light on patterns of population biology and community structure. This knowledge is particularly important for Caribbean octocorals, which seem to be more resilient to long-term environmental change than scleractinian corals and provide some of the same ecological services. We monitored the development of the black sea rod Plexaura homomalla, a common, widely distributed octocoral on shallow Caribbean reefs, from eggs to 3-polyp colonies over the course of 73 days. In aquaria on St John, U.S. Virgin Islands, gametes were released in spawning events three to six days after the July full moon. Cleavage started 3 hours after fertilization and was holoblastic, equal, and radial. Embryos were positively buoyant until becoming planulae. Planulae were competent after 4 days. Symbiodiniaceae began infecting polyps at around 8 days post fertilization. Development was typical for Caribbean octocorals, except for the occurrence of a novel form of asexual reproduction in octocorals: polyembryony. Fragmentation of embryos during development may represent a temporally varied tradeoff between number and size of propagules, in which large eggs have higher fertilization rates followed by polyembryony, which maximizes the number of surviving recruits by generating more, albeit smaller, larvae. Polyembryony may contribute to the success of some gorgonians on Caribbean reefs as other anthozoans are in decline.
Association of Antibiotic Exposure With Survival and Toxicity in Patients With Melanoma Receiving Immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND Gut microbial diversity is associated with improved response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Based on the known detrimental impact that antibiotics have on microbiome diversity, we hypothesized that antibiotic receipt prior to ICI would be associated with decreased survival. METHODS Patients with stage III and IV melanoma treated with ICI between 2008 and 2019 were selected from an institutional database. A window of antibiotic receipt within 3 months prior to the first infusion of ICI was prespecified. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), and secondary outcomes were melanoma-specific mortality and immune-mediated colitis requiring intravenous steroids. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS There were 568 patients in our database of which 114 received antibiotics prior to ICI. Of the patients, 35.9% had stage III disease. On multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis of patients with stage IV disease, the antibiotic-exposed group had statistically significantly worse OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27 to 2.57; P <.001). The same effect was observed among antibiotic-exposed patients with stage III disease (HR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.31 to 5.87; P =.007). When limited to only patients who received adjuvant ICI (n = 89), antibiotic-exposed patients also had statistically significantly worse OS (HR = 4.84, 95% CI = 1.09 to 21.50; P =.04). The antibiotic group had a greater incidence of colitis (HR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.02 to 4.52; P =.046). CONCLUSION Patients with stage III and IV melanoma exposed to antibiotics prior to ICI had statistically significantly worse OS than unexposed patients. Antibiotic exposure was associated with greater incidence of moderate to severe immune-mediated colitis. Given the large number of antibiotics prescribed annually, physicians should be judicious with their use in cancer populations likely to receive ICI.
14 – One-Dimensional Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the one-dimensional heat transfer problem. It describes the derivation of the governing differential equation for one-dimensional heat transfer problem under boundary conditions. A fin is a common example of a one-dimensional heat transfer problem. One end of the fin is connected to a heat source (whose temperature is known) and heat is lost to the surroundings through the perimeter surface and the end. The chapter presents the analysis of uniform and tapered fins. The straight uniform fin analysis is a five step procedure. The first step is to idealize the rod into several finite elements. The second step is to assume a linear temperature variation inside any element. The third step involves the derivation of element matrices. The element matrices are then assembled in fourth step to obtain the overall equations and finally, the assembled equations are solved after incorporating the boundary conditions to find the nodal temperatures. A subroutine computer program called HEAT1 is developed for the solution of one-dimensional heat transfer problems. The solution of uniform one-dimensional heat transfer problems is explained by using a quadratic model for the variation of temperature in the element. Time-dependent or unsteady state problems are very common in heat transfer. The chapter also describes the finite element solution of time-dependent heat transfer problems.
Understanding the Aging Process Using Epidemiologic Approaches

Recent research has identified that aging and disease are not synonymous and that aging can be optimized. This has been demonstrated in animal models with genetic manipulation and caloric restriction that delay aging, morbidity and mortality. In these systems, mortality rate has been the primary marker of aging, but in vivo markers of aging are needed for human studies. Specifically, biomarkers of primary aging are needed as intermediate outcomes to understand the aging process and potential early benefits of preventive interventions. A useful approach for identifying and testing biomarkers of aging in epidemiologic studies includes demonstrating biologic plausibility that the marker describes a basic aging process, demonstrating the potential for translation from bench to bedside and to population, and subsequently assessing associations with important aging outcomes using optimal epidemiologic study designs and in accord with key statistical considerations. Biomarkers that putatively measure aspects of aging include interleukin-6, leukocyte telomere length, advanced glycation end products, insulin-like growth factor-1, dihydroepiandrostenedione sulfate and klotho. With these tools, epidemiologists will help uncover the secrets to living a healthy, long life and be integral to the design, implementation and assessment of interventions to promote healthy aging.
Ipswich: Founding a Town in New England

One of the most important things John Winthrop, Jr., did for New England was to found new towns. His first venture was a fishing village near Salem on Cape Ann, Agawam (later Ipswich). The land needed to be cleared, surveyed, parceled and houses built. Winthrop did his part, both in manual labor and in detailed planning and in political organization. His next big task was to recruit more Englishmen to immigrate to New England. He traveled end back to England and met many Puritan leaders. A successful recruiting trip included many figures that were to play a decisive role in Massachusetts and Connecticut history. John Winthrop, Jr., also made great progress in his desire to become an alchemical physician. Upon his return he founded the fort at Saybrook, Connecticut. He then returned to Ipswich and founded a saltworks for New England. During this time period he met a highly educated and wealthy alchemical physician named Robert Child during his tour of the Americas in search of opportunities. They remained good friends and he played an important part in the history of New England.
Knowledge Does Not Correspond to Adherence of Renal Diet Restrictions in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3-5

Objectives Nutrition plays a critical role in delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, adherence to nutrition recommendation in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) has been underexplored. The objective of this research is to determine patients with NDD-CKD adherence to nutrition recommendation, and whether knowledge of dietary recommendations impacts adherence. Design and Methods Patients with NDD-CKD and a glomerular filtration rate Results A total of 63 patients completed both the Food Frequency Questionnaire and CKD Knowledge Questionnaire. Patients were consuming excess protein (average intake of 1.16 g/kg; 65-81% of patients' intake above goal), sodium (average intake of 3,117 mg, 67-91% of patients' intake above goal), and phosphorus (average intake of 1,153 mg, 59-70% of patients' intake above goal). In patients without hyperkalemia, only 32-43% of patients consumed adequate potassium. People with hyperkalemia did not consume less potassium than those without hyperkalemia (2,327 vs. 2,564 mg, P = .36). Awareness of diet restriction was not associated with reduced intake of phosphorus (785 vs. 907 mg, P = .21), protein (54.4 vs. 57.0 g, P = .71), or potassium (1,793 vs. 2,076 mg, P = .27). Greater knowledge of nutrient food sources did not correlate to reduced intake of sodium (r = −0.078, P = .54) or phosphorus (r = −0.053, P = .68), or potassium in people with hyperkalemia (r = 0.025, P = .92). Conclusions Patients with NDD-CKD consume excess sodium, phosphorus, and protein, whereas potassium intake is inadequate in people without hyperkalemia. Greater knowledge of the renal diet was not associated with increased adherence to dietary restrictions. Instruction efforts should go beyond providing nutrient-based diet information, and instead emphasize healthy food patterns and incorporate counseling to promote behavior change.
Semi insulating N-gallium nitride (GaN) on sapphire surface reflection dataset obtained at millimeter wave frequencies 107.35–165 GHz

Abstract A systematic collection of voltage reflection data for semi-insulating N-GaN wafer surface along with the reference reflection voltages are accomplished using a very stable continuous wave (CW) frequency stable probe source. The 2″ diameter direct-bandgap 5 µm silicon doped 105 Ω-cm GaN on 434 µm sapphire is a commercial sample and was mounted in the path of collimated BWO generated millimeter wave beam with spot size ∼3 mm and rotated 64.5° to millimeter wave reflected energy into an antenna fed zero-bias Schottky barrier diode (ZBD), a negative polarity detector with responsivity 3.6 V/mW. Data obtained pertain to photon energies between 400 and 700 µeV (107.35–165 GHz). Data contains the 30-sample average and respective standard deviations for reference (mirror) and N-GaN reflected voltages. Anomalies in d.c. reflection coefficients (based on the raw data) are identified for users.
Exploring the equality of accessing urban green spaces: A comparative study of 341 Chinese cities

Abstract Despite multiple benefits of green space for urban residents, the investigations on equality of access to green space are scarce. Most focused on individual cities and the results were inconsistent due to the varying definitions, scales, and evaluation methods employed within each. This study intends to address this gap by developing two indexes based on the Gini Coefficient to compare the inequality of access to urban green spaces across all 341 prefecture-level cities of China. An urban green space equality index (UGSE) measures the distribution of overall urban vegetation within a city. A park green space equality index (PGSE) focuses on the equality level of public access to parks. The UGSE and PGSE at the national scale are 0.490 and 0.848. Strong disparities have been found in both UGSE and PGSE across the country using the local indicator of spatial autocorrelation (LISA). Regression analysis shows equality of green space is significantly related to GDP per capita, population density, and urban land area. Urban greening related policies are not significantly associated with equality, suggesting that a lack of concern might exist among Chinese cities for the spatial equality of urban green space implementation. These findings can help decision makers evaluate regional disparities in urban green space equality, thereby providing location-specific interventions for more inclusive and equal provisioning of urban green spaces.
AMI Based Communication Scheme for Decentralized Volt/VAR Control

With the recent introduction of smart inverters to provide reactive power (VAR) support, the number of voltage support devices on the distribution system is expected to increase. However, integrating these devices with current centralized volt/var schemes is challenging due to increased real-time data requirements. This paper investigates the use of two communication schemes for implementing a decentralized volt-var control scheme that can manage smart inverters along with traditional voltage regulation devices using the existing automatic metering infrastructure (AMI). A design guide is proposed to help with the placement of additional collectors needed for Volt/VAR, and the latency in communication is utilized to assess the performance of the two schemes using the IEEE 123 Node prototype system.