cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prolonged Adrenalin Hypertension and Subsequent Circulatory Failure.

ConclusionIn about 50% of our experiments prolonged administration of adrenalin (.00694 to .0398 mg kilo/min.) caused 2-7 hr after cessation of infusion either dynamic evidence of irreversibility or postmortem changes in the upper intestine which resembled those of hemorrhagic hypotension. Adrenalin constriction can lead to shock, but does not unfailingly do so. Our experiments have no bearing on the problems, whether equally intensive generalized constriction occurs in other types of clinical or experimental shock or whether lesser degrees of vasoconstriction can cause similar consequences.
Hepatocyte growth factor upregulation promotes carcinogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma via Akt and COX-2 pathways

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important cause of cancer mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to be an important biological process in cancer progression and metastasis. We have focused on elucidating factors that induce EMT to promote carcinogenesis and subsequent metastasis in HCC using the BNL CL.2 (BNL) and BNL 1ME A. 7R.1 (1MEA) cell lines. BNL cells are normal hepatocytes whereas the 1MEA cells are HCC cells derived from chemical transformation of the BNL cells. Their morphological characteristics were examined. Expression levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), markers of EMT and mediators of HGF signaling were determined and functional characteristics were compared. BNL cells were treated with HGF and effects on EMT-marker and mediators of HGF signaling were analyzed. BNL cells display characteristic epithelial morphology whereas 1MEA cells display mesenchymal characteristics. 1MEA cells express and secrete more HGF than BNL cells. There was significantly decreased expression of E-cadherin, albumin, AAT and increased expression of fibronectin, collagen-1, vimentin, snail and slug in 1MEA cells. There was also increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Akt and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in 1MEA cells. Moreover, 1MEA cells had increased migratory capacity inhibited by inhibition of COX-2 and Akt but not extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). Molecular mesenchymal characteristics of 1MEA cells were reversed by inhibition of COX-2, Akt and ERK. Treatment of BNL cells with HGF led to decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of fibronectin, vimentin, snail, slug, COX-2, Akt, pAkt and increased migration, invasiveness and clonogenicity. We conclude that development of HCC is associated with upregulation of HGF which promotes EMT and carcinogenesis via upregulation of COX-2 and Akt. Consequently, HGF signaling may be targeted for therapy in advanced and metastatic HCC.
The Panel Study on American Religion and Ethnicity: Background, Methods, and Selected Results

Surveying 2,610 respondents, the Panel Study of American Religion and Ethnicity is a nationally representative in-home survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population. The survey is designed to (a) focus primarily on religion and spirituality (with over 200 questions on these topics), (b) include multiple other modules (such as health, family relationships, and social ties), (c) oversample African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics, and (d) follow the same respondents over time. We describe the main design features of the survey, present some characteristics of the sample, and provide basic findings. It is our hope that these data will foster more research and contribute to a better understanding of the role and meaning of religion in the contemporary United States.
Signal processing for optical wavelength interleaver design

In this article, two application examples of signal processing for optical interleaver design are presented. The optical interleaver has become an important building block of the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system. Numerous design diagrams have been proposed for the optical interleaver, and, among these diagrams, the Mach-Zehnder interferometer type interleaver and the Michelson interferometer type interleaver might be the most popular ones. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer is a special case of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter, and the Michelson interferometer belongs to the category of the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. In this article, we demonstrate how signal processing techniques could be applied to design the Mach-Zehnder interferometer type interleaver and the Michelson interferometer type interleaver. Detailed Z-domain transfer functions of these two types of interferometers are presented. The two case studies presented in this article demonstrate how signal processing has become a great enabling technology for optical device design.
Hypoxia elicits broad and systematic changes in protein subcellular localization

Oxygen provides a crucial energy source in eukaryotic cells. Hence, eukaryotes ranging from yeast to humans have developed sophisticated mechanisms to respond to changes in oxygen levels. Regulation of protein localization, like protein modifications, can be an effective mechanism to control protein function and activity. However, the contribution of protein localization in oxygen signaling has not been examined on a genomewide scale. Here, we examine how hypoxia affects protein distribution on a genomewide scale in the model eukaryote, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate, by live cell imaging, that hypoxia alters the cellular distribution of 203 proteins in yeast. These hypoxia-redistributed proteins include an array of proteins with important functions in various organelles. Many of them are nuclear and are components of key regulatory complexes, such as transcriptional regulatory and chromatin remodeling complexes. Under hypoxia, these proteins are synthesized and retained in the cytosol. Upon reoxygenation, they relocalize effectively to their normal cellular compartments, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell periphery. The resumption of the normal cellular locations of many proteins can occur even when protein synthesis is inhibited. Furthermore, we show that the changes in protein distribution induced by hypoxia follow a slower trajectory than those induced by reoxygenation. These results show that the regulation of protein localization is a common and potentially dominant mechanism underlying oxygen signaling and regulation. These results may have broad implications in understanding oxygen signaling and hypoxia responses in higher eukaryotes such as humans.
Physiological and behavioral responses of Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) and Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) to hypersaline conditions at a brine pool cold seep

Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) and Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) are two of the most abundant invertebrates associated with cold-seep mussel beds in the Gulf of Mexico. At the methane seep known as Brine Pool NR-1 (27 °43.415 N, 91 °16.756 W; 650 m depth), which is surrounded by a broad band of mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi), these species have distinctly different patterns of abundance, with the gastropod being found mostly at the outer edge of the mussel bed (average density in November 2003: 817 individuals·m−2 in outer zone, 20·m−2 in inner zone) and the polychaete being found almost exclusively near the inner edge (average density in November 2003: 3155 individuals·m−2 in inner zone, 0·m−2 in outer zone), adjacent to the brine pool itself. The salinity of the brine pool exceeds 120, so we hypothesized that M. dendrobranchiata should be more tolerant of high salinities than B. naticoidea. The opposite proved to be true. The gastropods were capable of withstanding salinities at least as high as 85, whereas the polychaetes died at salinities higher than 75. Both species were osmoconformers over the range of salinities (35–75) tested. Behavioral responses of B. naticoidea to salinities of 50, 60, and 70 were investigated in inverted vertical haloclines. Gastropods generally did not enter water of salinity greater than 60, but tolerated short periods at 60. Behavioral avoidance of brine should limit the vertical distribution of B. naticoidea in the inner zone to the top 2.5–5 cm of the mussel bed. Behavior is also a likely (though unproven) mechanism for controlling horizontal distribution of this species across the mussel bed. Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata can tolerate short excursions into the brine, but probably avoids hypersaline conditions by aggregating on the tops of the mussels.
Japanese Wa in conversational discourse: A Contrast Marker

This study provides evidence to support the claim that a primary function of the postpositional particle wa in Japanese conversational discourse is to mark a contrast. Wa has been widely studied in research on sentence grammar, which has suggested two separate functions of the particle, thematic and contrastive (Kuno 1973a; 1973b; Shibatani 1990). However, no study seems to have been done on conversation. In my study, analysis of 80 tokens of np-wa in conversation has revealed that wa marks a contrast. Furthermore, this study claims that it is the prior discourse that serves to establish the contrastive function of wa.
Impact assessment methodology is too insular

OFFER THREE suggestions on ways to enrich the practice of impact assessment, based on my Rose-Hulman Award presentation at IAIA’2005 in Boston. The presentation was cast as my personal odyssey from: • initial focus on technology assessment, into • other forms of impact assessment (IA), then into • other forms of technology analyses, information mining, and the study of interdisciplinary research processes. My meandering interests suggest a message to the IA community — to reach out and exploit several poten-tially intersecting domains. These have considerable benefits to offer if we draw creatively on information resources and analytical techniques to enrich IA. Fig-ure 1 presents this notion schematically.
A preliminary study of the cognitive and motor skills acquisition of young international adoptees

Abstract A better understanding of a child's developmental changes in the months following international adoption is needed. For the present study, an initial developmental assessment was completed within two months of an international adoption and compared with performance on the same measures six months later to explore the initial rate of developmental change. The children (8 boys and 18 girls) were adopted from six countries and ranged in age from 5 to 36 months at Time 1 (mean age = 14.77 months). Nineteen of the children (15 girls and 4 boys) spent the majority of their pre-adoptive life in an institution/orphanage. While roughly 60–70% of children had developmental scores within the range of mild to significant delay at Time 1, this incidence dropped to about 25–40% by Time 2. Generally, children from foster care (with scores within the normal range at Time 1) maintained their developmental trajectory at Time 2. Children from institutional care (with scores within the range of mild to significant delay at Time 1) improved greatly as a group and their mean developmental scores fell within the expected range of scores for their ages at Time 2. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Creating an asymmetric plasma resistivity with waves

Preferential heating of electrons traveling in one direction can support a current even in the absence of a dc electric field. An immediate implication is that even waves which carry little toriodal momentum, such as electron cyclotron waves, may be attractive as a means for generating steady-state toroidal current in a tokamak. An analytical expression is derived for the current generated per power dissipated, which agrees remarkably well with numerical calculations.
Equilibrium, stability, and deficit financing in a simple nonlinear monetary model under perfect foresight

Abstract This paper shows how the nonlinearities associated with inflation taxes and interest payments give rise to problems of nonexistence and nonuniqueness of equilibria. For any choice of fiscal and monetary policy parameters, two sets of steady state equilibria are identified. One of these is associated with a nonzero rate of inflation and depends upon both the monetary and fiscal policy parameters. The other is associated with a stable price level and is independent of the monetary policy parameter. The stability properties resulting from the interaction between the sign and size of the budget deficit and alternative modes of deficit financing are analyzed. These depend critically upon the associated steady state and a variety of types of behavior may result.
Role of oligomers in the amyloidogenesis of primary cutaneous amyloidosis

Background Primary cutaneous amyloidosis (PCA) describes a heterogeneous group of cutaneous diseases characterized by amyloid deposition; this may manifest as macules, papules, or nodules, depending on the subtype involved. To date, relatively little is known about the process of amyloidogenesis in the skin; however, investigators recently have identified small amyloid species, known as oligomers, which give rise to large amyloid fibrillar aggregates. Objective The purpose of the current study was to identify small oligomers in patients with PCA using novel immunohistochemical techniques and to examine our findings in light of previous hypotheses of amyloid formation in these diseases. Methods Six cases of PCA were analyzed using Congo red, thioflavin S, and hematoxylin-eosin. We also analyzed these samples with the novel oligomer-specific conformational antibody I-11 to detect the small, misfolded protein oligomers. Semiquantitative analysis was performed on these samples to grade the amount of amyloid aggregates and oligomers detected in the skin samples with light and polarized microscopy. Results In the cases examined, we detected intracellular oligomers in the basal cell layer of the epidermis and the surrounding cells in the dermis. We also were able to detect large aggregates of amyloid in our samples and to correlate the relationship of oligomers to amyloid aggregates in accordance with previous studies on cutaneous amyloidosis and other amyloid-related diseases. Limitations Small sample size is a limitation. Conclusions PCA is an amyloid-related disease that likely follows a similar mechanism as other more intensively studied amyloid diseases.
Investigation of Gold−Silver, Gold−Copper, and Gold−Palladium Dimers and Trimers for Hydrogen Peroxide Formation from H2 and O2

Direct synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2 is a reaction of commercial interest. In addition, this reaction is likely to occur in situ during gas-phase propylene epoxidation using H2 and O2 on Au/Ti-based catalysts. To consider the effect of alloying on H2O2 formation on Au-containing clusters, we have performed a B3LYP-based density functional theory analysis of H2O2 formation from H2 and O2 on Ag, Ag−Au, Cu, Cu−Au, Pd, and Pd−Au dimers and trimers. The LANL2DZ pseudopotential and the corresponding double-ζ basis set was used for heavy atoms, while a 6-311+G(3df) basis set was used for O and H. We report kinetic and thermodynamic parameters at standard conditions (298.15 K, 1 atm) for following elementary steps: (1) molecular adsorption of O2, (2) first H2 addition to make the hydroperoxy (OOH) species, and (3) second H2 addition to make H2O2. Formation of the OOH species is thermodynamically (and in some cases kinetically) unfavorable on all the Cu- and Ag-containing dimers. Although the kinetics is favor...
Diglyceride kinase and phosphatidic acid phosphatase in erythrocyte membranes.

WE have recently provided evidence that in the avian salt gland sodium is pumped by a mechanism which we have termed the phosphatidic acid-cycle1,2. In this mechanism phosphatidate functions as a sodium ion carrier in the membrane; the phosphatidic acid-cycle consists of two enzymes—diglyceride kinase, which forms phosphatidate from diglyceride and adenosine triphosphate, and phosphatidic acid phosphatase, which hydrolyses phosphatidate to yield diglyceride and orthophosphate. If the phosphatidic acid-cycle is a general mechanism for active sodium transport one would expect to find the enzymes of this cycle in all membranes which actively pump sodium. This preliminary report is concerned with the presence of these enzymes in erythrocyte membranes.
Creating Change and Staying Connected through Collaboration.

In this column, a childbirth educator describes feeling overwhelmed and alone in her work. Collaboration is presented as a key agent to creating change, staying connected, and “keeping going.” The Cochrane Library, the Coalition for Improving Maternity Services, the ongoing collaboration of Lamaze International with the Maternity Center Association and DONA International, and birth networks are presented as examples of valuable collaborations. Childbirth educators benefit from these collaborative efforts by being able to access and use evidence-based information and to feel connected with like-minded colleagues.
Progress in SiC/SiC Ceramic Composite Development for Gas Turbine Hot-Section Components Under NASA EPM and UEET Programs

The successful application of ceramic matrix composites as hot-section components in advanced gas turbine engines will require the development of constituent materials and processes that can provide the material systems with the key thermostructural properties required for long-term component service. Much initial progress in identifying these materials and processes was made under the former NASA Enabling Propulsion Materials Program using stoichiometric Sylramic (trademark) silicon-carbide (SiC) fibers, 2D (two dimensional)-woven fiber architectures, chemically vapor-infiltrated (CVI) BN fiber coatings (interphases), and SiC-based matrices containing CVI SiC interphase over-coatings, slurry-infiltrated SiC particulate, and melt-infiltrated (MI) silicon. The objective of this paper is to discuss the property benefits of this SiC/SiC composite system for high-temperature engine components and to elaborate on further progress in SiC/SiC development made under the new NASA Ultra Efficient Engine Technology Program. This progress stems from the recent development of advanced constituent materials and manufacturing processes, including specific treatments at NASA that improve the creep, rupture, and environmental resistance of the Sylramic fiber as well as the thermal conductivity and creep resistance of the CVI SiC over-coatings. Also discussed are recent observations concerning the detrimental effects of inadvertent carbon in the fiber-BN interfacial region and the beneficial effects of certain 2D-architectures for thin-walled SiC/SiC panels.
Evaluation of mechanical abuse techniques in lithium ion batteries

Abstract Mechanical tests are a commonly used method for evaluating the safety performance of batteries. The mechanical blunt rod testing method, as well as sharp nail penetration, was performed on commercially available cells. Evaluation was carried out on different cell constructions as well as varying test conditions. Results obtained at ambient conditions were found to differ little from traditional sharp nail penetration testing. When tested at elevated temperatures it was observed that the results became heavily dependent upon the internal construction of the cell. Computed Tomography (CT) imaging confirmed this, showing differences in behavior depending on whether or not a solid core was used in the cylindrical cell construction. Pouch cells were tested as well, showing that a full penetration of the cell was necessary to initiate a failure event within the cell.
Re-imag(in)ing the digital domestic sphere: a critical-creative study of photography and motherhood in the 21st century

My research explores the relationship between photography and motherhood and, more specifically, the cultural construction of motherhood through digital photographs. The methodology of this critical-creative investigation involves two parts: 1) a case study analysis of select images of the author's children from her personal digital photography collections and 2) the development of a digital platform that encourages reflective engagement in domestic photographs and values the ambiguity and complexity of motherhood. Here, I demonstrate how the contextualization and design of visual media can restore historical specificity to domestic images and enable them to reflect personal experiences of motherhood.
Dynamic barefoot plantar pressure in gait and foot type biomechanics

Song et al demonstrated that healthy subjects with planus and neutral foot type exhibited a distinguishable foot posture and dynamic foot function [1]. However, such a relationship has not been demonstrated in a large sample study. Foot structure was categorized into one of three foot types (cavus, neutral, and planus) based on the standing arch height index (AHI) in 1,054 incoming cadets at the US Military Academy (172 female, 18.5±1.1 years, 24.5±3.0 kg/m2) [2]. Five trials of barefoot dynamic planar pressure were obtained for each foot with the Novel emed-x (novel GmbH, Munich) using the two-step method for walking data acquisition. The Center of Pressure Excursion Index (CPEI, %) and the peak pressure (PP, in kiloPascal) were calculated for each trial. Analysis of Variance was performed across the foot type groups on the left foot. The cavus group exhibited the largest CPEI while the planus group demonstrated the smallest CPEI. The neutral group demonstrated the lowest peak pressure, which was significantly lower than the planus group. Results of this study provide additional evidence which support the link between the dynamic plantar pressure in gait and foot type biomechanics. Table 1 The mean Center of Pressure Excursion Index and the Peak Pressure are shown for three foot type groups. The analysis was limited to left foot only.
A Survey of Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Design Practices in North Carolina

BACKGROUND: Parenteral nutrition is an important component of postnatal hospital care for very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBW; birth weight ≤1500 g). Designing and preparing parenteral nutrition for VLBW infants is a complicated process requiring many nutrition decisions and mathematical computations, a process most medical centers have developed independently. The goal of this project was to examine the nutrition design practices and resources of regional neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). METHODS: In depth interviews were conducted with neonatal nutrition health-care providers at eight medium to large NICUs in North Carolina to describe the patient population, the nutrition support staff, nutrition decision-making procedures and resources, the design of parenteral nutrition, and problems with parenteral nutrition design and preparation. RESULTS: The eight centers reported an average of 182 VLBW infant admissions and prepared 4810 parenteral nutrition orders per year. Five centers employed experienced neonatal nutrition staff to offer decision support. Six centers used paper parenteral nutrition order forms, all of which provided some decision guidance such as a recommended ordering dose range. Self-reported medical mistakes included incorrect parenteral nutrition additive dilutions and incorrect supplementation of parenteral nutrition additives. CONCLUSIONS: Most NICUs offered nutrition resource personnel and used paper parenteral nutrition order forms, which offered a wide range of decision guidance. About half the reported medical errors could be addressed using electronic parenteral nutrition design; however, a broader, more general approach to the entire design and administration system would reduce more errors. Last, as development of electronic neonatal nutrition resources in the clinical arena progresses, standards for recording neonatal nutrition content, and evaluating the effect of decision support need to be identified.
MDMA alters emotional processing and facilitates positive social interaction

±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) produces “prosocial” effects, such as feelings of empathy and closeness, thought to be important to its abuse and its value in psychotherapy. However, it is not fully understood how MDMA alters basic emotional processes to produce these effects, or whether it produces corresponding changes in actual social behavior. Here, we examined how MDMA affects perceptions of and responses to emotional expressions, and tested its effects on behavior during a social interaction. We also examined whether MDMA’s prosocial effects related to a measure of abuse liability. Over three sessions, 36 healthy volunteers with previous ecstasy use received MDMA (0.75, 1.5 mg/kg) and placebo under double-blind conditions. We measured (i) mood and cardiovascular effects, (ii) perception of and psychophysiological responses to emotional expressions, (iii) use of positive and negative words in a social interaction, and (iv) perceptions of an interaction partner. We then tested whether these effects predicted desire to take the drug again. MDMA slowed perception of angry expressions, increased psychophysiological responses to happy expressions, and increased positive word use and perceptions of partner empathy and regard in a social interaction. These effects were not strongly related to desire to take the drug again. MDMA alters basic emotional processes by slowing identification of negative emotions and increasing responses to positive emotions in others. Further, it positively affects behavior and perceptions during actual social interaction. These effects may contribute to the efficacy of MDMA in psychotherapy, but appear less closely related to its abuse potential.
IDENTIFYING OVERLAPPED OBJECTS FOR VIDEO INDEXING AND MODELING IN MULTIMEDIA DATABASE SYSTEMS

The identification of the overlapped objects is a great challenge in object tracking and video data indexing. For this purpose, a backtrack-chain-updation split algorithm is proposed to assist an unsupervised video segmentation method called the "simultaneous partition and class parameter estimation" (SPCPE) algorithm to identify the overlapped objects in the video sequence. The backtrack-chain-updation split algorithm can identify the split segment (object) and use the information in the current frame to update the previous frames in a backtrack-chain manner. The split algorithm provides more accurate temporal and spatial information of the semantic objects so that the semantic objects can be indexed and modeled by multimedia input strings and the multimedia augmented transition network (MATN) model. The MATN model is based on the ATN model that has been used in artificial intelligence (AI) areas for natural language understanding systems, and its inputs are modeled by the multimedia input strings. In this paper, we will show that the SPCPE algorithm together with the backtrack-chain-updation split algorithm can significantly enhance the efficiency of spatio-temporal video indexing by improving the accuracy of multimedia database queries related to semantic objects.
Modified T-tube repair of delayed esophageal perforation results in a low mortality rate similar to that seen with acute perforations.

Background Esophageal perforation carries a high mortality and morbidity rate, especially if treatment is delayed more than 24 hours. We present a large series of patients requiring operative treatment of esophageal perforations with attention to an infrequently used method of dealing with delayed intrathoracic perforations. Methods All patients undergoing operative treatment for intrathoracic esophageal perforation at the Brigham and Women's hospital between 1989 and 2003 were reviewed. Mortality, morbidity, length of stay, nature of esophageal injury, type of repair, and outcome were reviewed. Results Forty-three operations for perforation of the thoracic esophagus were performed. Overall 30-day or in-hospital mortality was 7.0%, and overall morbidity was 47%. Most acute thoracic esophageal perforations were treated with primary repair and had a mortality rate of 5%, whereas most delayed perforations were treated with T-tube repair and had a mortality rate of 8.7%. The complication rate in the group repaired within 24 hours was 20%, whereas it was 61% in the group repaired after 24 hours. The complication rate in the group repaired within 72 hours was 42%, and it was 82% in the group repaired after 72 hours. Conclusions Treatment of delayed (more than 24 hours) thoracic esophageal perforations with a controlled fistula through T-tube results in a very low mortality similar to that seen with acute perforations (less than 24 hours). Morbidity and length of stay remain high. Delay in treatment of intrathoracic esophageal perforations beyond 24 and 72 hours results in a doubling of morbidity at each interval.
Variable experiences in immunization of rats against Streptococcus mutans-associated dental caries.

Abstract Studies were conducted to test possible immunization of rats against Streptococcus mutans strain 6715-associated dental caries. Rats were infected with streptomycin-resistant virulent 6715 after formalin-killed cells of 6715 were injected subcutaneously distant from the salivary glands. High humoral agglutinin titres were elicited and a salivary antibody response was observed both by agglutination and by indirect fluorescent antibody techniques. No differences could be detected in the recoveries of Strep. mutans from the teeth or in the amount of dental plaque on the teeth between infected-immunized and infected-un-immunized animals. Smooth surface caries was essentially dependent on infection by 6715. Sulcal caries, while not dependent upon infection by strain 6715, was augmented by it. There was an apparent although variable protection of rats against caries associated with Strep. mutans infection. The immunization regimen was associated not only with reduction of smooth surface caries scores, but also with reduction of sulcal caries scores when the contribution of Strep. mutans to the sulcal disease was most prominent. Absence of weight variations between animal groups suggested that the observed caries reductions could not be ascribed to alteration in food intake resulting from the immunization regimen.
Selection of Receptor Sites for Optimized Acid Rain Control Strategies

A procedure is developed to identify the receptor sites which influence optimized emission abatement strategies. These “influential receptors” are the most critical sites in terms of meeting environmental objectives. Influential receptors represent only a small portion of the modeled region. After their identification, standard optimization techniques may be used. The procedure increases the speed of optimization, decreases memory requirements, and enables the solution of realistic problems using microcomputers. Influential receptors are found for several emission abatement strategies aimed at reducing peak concentrations and surface depositions of sulfur and nitrogen in North America and Europe.
A complex Jacobi iterative method for the indefinite Helmholtz equation

An iterative procedure is described for the solution of the indefinite Helmholtz equation that is a two-step generalization of classic Jacobi iteration using complex iteration parameters. The method converges for well-posed problems at a rate dependent only upon the grid size, wavelength and the effective absorption seen by the field. The use of a simple Jacobi preconditioner allows the solution of 3D problems of interest in waveguide optics in reasonable runtimes on a personal computer with memory usage that scales linearly with the number of grid points. Both the iterative method and the preconditioner are fully parallelizable.
One sense per collocation

Previous work [Gale, Church and Yarowsky, 1992] showed that with high probability a polysemous word has one sense per discourse. In this paper we show that for certain definitions of collocation, a polysemous word exhibits essentially only one sense per collocation. We test this empirical hypothesis for several definitions of sense and collocation, and discover that it holds with 90--99% accuracy for binary ambiguities. We utilize this property in a disambiguation algorithm that achieves precision of 92% using combined models of very local context.
History of recurrent activity along a major fault in northeastern Mexico

Mesozoic and Tertiary faulting within a 280-km-long, west-northwest–trending zone in Coahuila, Mexico, is inferred from stratigraphic and structural evidence. The fault forms the northern boundary of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Coahuila Island. Uplift on the south during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous is indicated by a large detrital lithosome that formed on the northern side of the fault. Clast size within the Early Cretaceous part diminishes northward where the unit is divided into upper and lower parts by a limestone tongue. These two Early Cretaceous detrital units plus two Jurassic conglomerates at Valle San Marcos suggest episodic, pre-Tertiary movement. Deformation of 242 ± 2-m.y.-old granites at Valle San Marcos also reflects several periods of pre-Tertiary movement. Uplift on the north along the same fault zone during the Tertiary (Laramide) raised Permian and Jurassic rocks into juxtaposition with Cretaceous limestones. Extensive left-lateral movement is neither proven nor precluded. Nevertheless, because of the size, orientation, general location, and times of movement of the fault, we suggest that it may either be part of the megashear postulated by several authors for northern Mexico, or a splay of that megashear.
Design, preparation and performance of a phthalide-based chiral stationary phase

Abstract A phthalide structurally optimized to maximize the chromatographic separability of its enantiomers on chiral stationary phases (CSPs) derived from the N-3,5-dinitrobenzamides of ( S )-leucine and ( R )-phenylglycine was prepared, preparatively resolved, and incorporated into a reciprocal phthalide-based CSP. This CSP, derived from 3-(4′,7′-dimethyl-1′-naphthyl)-3-(undec-10′-enyl) phthalide, has proven to be efficient for the separation of the enantiomers of numerous amino ester, amino amide, amino phosphonate, amino alcohol, amine, and alcohol 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl derivatives. Although not exhibiting the remarkably high degree of enantiomeric separation for some of the aforementioned analytes as some other reciprocal CSPs, the phthalide-based CSP is the most effective CSP to date for the separation of the enantiomers of secondary alcohols as their 3,5-dinitrobenzoates. Specific representative resolutions are presented for each of the aforementioned analyte classes. A study of the resolution of homologous series of α-phenylalkylamine and α-phenylalkanol derivatives is included.
Gravitational and rotational effects in quantum interference

The phase shift due to gravitation and rotation in the quantum interference of two coherent beams is obtained relativistically and compared with the recent experiment of Colella, Overhauser, and Werner. A general expression relating the quantum phase shift to the transverse acceleration of a classical particle in the plane of interference for an arbitrary interaction with any external field is given. This can serve as a correspondence principle between quantum physics and classical physics. The phase shift due to the coupling of spin to curvature of space-time is deduced and written explicitly for the special case of a Schwarzschild field. The last result implies that a massless spinning particle can have at most two helicity states and its world line in a gravitational field is a null geodesic. Finally, new experiments are proposed to test the effect of rotation on quantum interference and to obtain direct evidence of the equivalence principle in quantum mechanics.
Inferring mode of inheritance by comparison of lod scores

One usually must assume a mode of inheritance when using lod scores for linkage analysis. In this study, we asked the question, “If one assumed mode of inheritance in a linkage analysis gives a higher lod score than another, does that indicate that the mode of inheritance that led to the higher lod score is more ‘correct’ than the other?” We simulated data under a variety of penetrances, assuming either dominant or recessive inheritance. We then analyzed those simulated data under the correct mode of inheritance, assuming a range of penetrance values, and under the incorrect model, also assuming a range of penetrance values. We found that, if there was enough information for a maximum lod score of at least 3.0, assuming the correct penetrance value or mode of inheritance in the analysis led to a higher lod score than assuming the incorrect penetrance or the incorrect mode of inheritance. These results cannot yet be generalized outside of the specific modes of inheritance and penetrance combinations that we have modeled. Also, penetrance was modeled as “random.” The effect of “reduced penetrance” caused by other genetic factors has not yet been tested. We also tested the effect of non-standard ascertainment on drawing conclusions about mode of inheritance from linkage data. Even when families were ascertained only if the family was multiplex (i.e., more than one affected sib), assuming the correct mode of inheritance gave a higher lod score than assuming the incorrect mode of inheritance. This method has the promise of both simplifying and expanding the application linkage analysis. The explorations reported here are, however, preliminary, and the method should be used with caution.
Analytical MBPT(4) gradients

Abstract We report the initial implementation of analytical gradients for the full MBPT (4) method. Building upon our relaxed density approach, we obtain analytical derivatives for all degrees of freedom in approximately twice the time required for the MBPT (4) energy. Applications to vibrational frequencies of small molecules indicate that MBPT (4) frequencies compare well with experiment and those calculated by other accurate correlated methods.
Effects of drilling conditions, drill material, and point angle on acoustic emission and exit hole delamination in drilling advanced fiber-reinforced composites

A 1/3 fractional factorial design of experiment with four factors at three levels was used to investigate drilling of multi-directional AS4/PEEK composites. The design of experiment was conducted to determine the main effects and two factor interactions of drill point angle, cutting speed, feed rate, and drill material on acoustic emission generated in drilling and drilled hole exit delamination. Drill material, feedrate, cutting speed, and drill point angle were found to have statistically significant effects on total and average acoustic emission energy generated which also depends on the location of the acoustic emission spectra (on the workpiece or on the drilling fixture). Drill material was found to have the most significant effect on exit hold delamination, and accounted for over 50% of the variation in the measured exit hole delamination. Carbide drills were found to produce the least amount of exit hold delamination throughout the range of speeds investigated followed by Polycrystalline Diamond drills, while High Speed Steel Cobalt drills were found to produce holes with the greatest amount of exit hold delamination.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Creating new peptide antigens by slicing and splicing proteins

The proteome universe may be best represented by the peptides caught by major histocompatibility complex proteins. Unusual peptides, such as the post-translationally spliced example seen by the authors of a recent Nature paper, would not be included in a protein world gleaned only from genomics.
Centrifugal mass separation in laser-initiated vacuum arcs

Abstract Mass separation in magnetized, highly ionized,rotating metal plasmas is described. Plasma rotation velocities up to 1.1x10 4 ms −1 in an Al-Ti plasma and up to 7.4x10 3 ms −1 in a Cu-Ni plasma were measured. Centrifugal mass separation in Al-Ti and Cu-Ni plasmas was measured. In the Cu-Ni plasma, up to 60% enrichment of Cu was measured. These measurements are compared with a simple two-fluid model of centrifugal plasma separation.
Transcutaneous theophylline collection in preterm infants

Transcutaneous collection of theophylline and its metabolite, caffeine, was undertaken in 33 preterm infants (2 to 89 days old) who were receiving routine theophylline therapy. Collection was done by means of a novel adhesive transcutaneous collection system. The transcutaneous collection system accumulated substances that migrated from the blood to the skin surface by trapping them in an activated charcoal-gel matrix. On one to three occasions, four transdermal collection systems were applied to the back or abdomen of each infant for 4 to 12 hours. During that time, blood samples were obtained for routine monitoring of plasma theophylline levels. Amounts of theophylline (95 +/- 198 ng) and caffeine (83 +/- 77 ng) in the transcutaneous collection system were significantly correlated with the respective average plasma drug concentration and postconceptional age (p less than 0.01). Skin reactions were limited to mild erythema. We concluded that theophylline and caffeine can be collected on the surface of the skin of preterm infants with a novel transcutaneous collection system. Amounts collected by means of the transcutaneous collection system correlated with plasma concentrations consistent with a diffusion process, but they were poor predictors of individual concentrations.
Novel Precursors for Boron Nanotubes: The Competition of Two-Center and Three-Center Bonding in Boron Sheets

We present a new class of boron sheets, composed of triangular and hexagonal motifs, that are more stable than structures considered to date and thus are likely to be the precursors of boron nanotubes. We describe a simple and clear picture of electronic bonding in boron sheets and highlight the importance of three-center bonding and its competition with two-center bonding, which can also explain the stability of recently discovered boron fullerenes. Our findings call for reconsideration of the literature on boron sheets, nanotubes, and clusters.
Eulerian Simulation of Tracer Distribution during CAPTEX

Abstract We compared observed and model-simulated surface concentration on a spatial wale of 1100 km and a temporal scale of 36 h. The Eulerian tracer model calculated advection by the mean winds and gradient transport for subgrid-scale turbulent transfer. The simulations were evaluated by the maximum concentrations, spatial correlations between concentrations, plume sizes, and trajectory errors. We examined the following inputs and model parameters: 1) different meteorologies, including simulated, observed, and combinations of the two; 2) the spatial and temporal resolution of the observations; 3) the spatial resolution of the meteorological model; and 4) the spatial resolution of the tracer model. The best meteorology was observed horizontal winds, enhanced with additional, nonstandard rawinsondes and model-simulated eddy diffusivities. The spatial resolution of the tracer model was more important than that of the meteorological model. Meteorology from a mesoscale model could be competitive with that fr...
How Law Thinks of Disobedience: Perceiving and Addressing Desertion and Conscientious Objection in Israeli Military Courts

The study transcends the dichotomy “law in the books”/“law in action” by taking law's knowledge-production mechanisms seriously. It examines how the Israeli military justice system perceives and addresses disobedience toward the mandatory military service duty by deserters and conscientious objectors. Both groups resist the military service ethos but differ in the offenders’ demographics and motivations. The findings show how law co-opts the socio-political problems, assimilates them, and transforms them to narrow its framework. The legal system can be cognitively open to external frameworks introduced by powerful and resourceful defendants; it remains, however, normatively closed to alternative rules and perspectives.
Visualisation of acoustic beames using liquid crystals

A sound visualisation technique has been developed using the light-scattering properties of cholesteric liquid crystals. An acoustic wave propagating in these materials produces a local colour change, rendering the sound beam visible to the eye.
Developmental changes in choline uptake and acetylcholine metabolism in the larval brain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract The larval brain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, was maintained in vitro and the uptake of labelled and unlabelled choline as well as their subsequent metabolism were measured by high-voltage paper electrophoresis. Significant levels of choline lipid metabolites, phosphorylcholine and acetylcholine (ACh) were noted. Unbound choline reached equilibrium after 6–8 h of incubation, while ACh accumulation continued to increase after 24 h indicating that the rate of synthesis exceeded the rate of breakdown. An apparent Km could not be determined for these whole-organ studies; however, the Vmax for ACh accumulation for days 5 (70 pmol/brain/h) and 6 (105 pmol/brain/h) of the last larval instar did vary significantly while the level of unbound choline in the brain did not change. The level of choline uptake was dependent upon the presence of Na+ and Ca2+, while the amount of ACh accumulated was affected specifically by the presence of Mg2+, the latter ion activating acetylcholinesterase. The determination of levels of unbound choline and ACh accumulation in the developing brain during the last two larval instars demonstrated increases in acetylcholine accumulation at previously reported times of the release of the hormone that initiates the molting process, prothoracicotropic hormone2. These changes in the patterns of ACh accumulation occur during 4–8 h time intervals; this is the first report of such short-range changes in neurotransmitter metabolism in whole brains. The intensity of the ACh accumulation shift is equivalent to the intensity of the hormone burst. Other fluctuations in the levels of ACh accumulation and free choline correlate with the development of the brain.
Modulation of Vasoconstriction by Clopidogrel and Ticlopidine

Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug which has undergone extensive clinical trials in the management of stroke and other arterial disorders related to platelet activation. This agent is believed to produce the inhibition of ADP mediated direct and indirect actions leading to platelet adhesion/aggregation and other activation processes. Several other observed pharmacologic actions suggest that this drug may have additional sites of action. Ticlopidine also belongs to the same class of ADP receptor inhibitors and is extensively used for stroke prevention. To study the vasomodulatory action of clopidogrel and ticlopidine, the drugs were administered intravenously into canines at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Thirty minutes later femoral and pulmonary arteries were removed and taken for isolated tissue preparations. The intravenous injection of clopidogrel and ticlopidine caused significant vasomodulatory actions in both femoral and pulmonary ring preparations showing a marked desensitization to serotonin, endothelin-1, serum, and platelet rich plasma/arachidonic acid mixtures. In contrast, when the drugs were added directly to the organ bath containing femoral or pulmonary ring preparations from untreated animals, both clopidogrel and ticlopidine did not produce any effect on contractile response induced by serotonin, endothelin-1, serum, and platelet rich plasma/ arachidonic acid mixtures. These data suggest that endogenous transformation of clopidogrel and ticlopidine plays an important role in producing their vasomodulatory actions. Furthermore, these observations indicate that both clopidogrel and ticlopidine also modulate the vascular sites which may be contributory to the observed clinical effects.