cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Rating Scale Format on Rater Accuracy: An Evaluation of the Mixed Standard Scale

Participants used either a behaviorally anchored rating scale format or a mixed standard scale format in evaluating seven dimensions of interviewer performance as exhibited in videotapes of eight different managers. Based on the correlation between observed ratings and a set of known true or target scores, overall accuracy scores were calculatedfor each subject. In Study 1, subjects (undergraduate students) who used behaviorally anchored rating scales were significantly more accurate than subjects who used mixed standard scales in overall rating accuracy. In Study 2, subjects (MBA students with a minimum of 2 years supervisory experience) who used behaviorally anchored rating scales were significantly more accurate than subjects who used mixed standard scales in overall rating accuracy. This suggests that use of the behaviorally anchored rating scaleformat results in more accurate ratings of performance than does use of the mixed standard scale format. Results are discussed in terms of implicationsfor met...
Flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid between intersecting planes

Abstract We have studied the non-radial flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid between intersecting planes. The effects of the Reynolds number Re and the elastic number σ are carefully delineated. Our results agree with the results of Strauss (Acta Mechanica, 21 (1975) 141) when σ = 0. In addition to studying the problem when σ ≠ 0, we carried out studies for values of Reynolds number which are two orders of magnitude larger than in previous studies. We find that there is an interesting structural change in the streamline patterns with changes in the Reynolds and Weissenberg numbers which was not observed in the earlier studies, and this has been documented for the first time.
A 70GHz Manufacturable Complementary LC-VCO with 6.14GHz Tuning Range in 65nm SOI CMOS

A complementary LC-VCO is integrated in a 65nm SOI process and is statistically characterized on a 300mm wafer. Average center frequency is 67.9GHz and frequency tuning range is 6.14GHz or 9.05%. It achieves a phase noise of -106dBc/Hz at 10MHz offset and consumes 5.37mW from a 1.2V supply. The VCO yield is 94.7% for 70GHz operation.
Sigma competition: the contest between bacteriophage T4 middle and late transcription.

In bacterial transcription, diverse σ-family promoter recognition proteins compete for a common RNA polymerase core. Bacteriophage T4 infection ultimately reduces this competition to a duel between activated viral middle and enhanced late transcription, involving two σ proteins, two phage-encoded activator proteins and two phage-specific co-activators. This competition has been analyzed in vitro, and the relative abundances in T4-infected Escherichia coli of the participating proteins have been measured. Activated late transcription holds an advantage over activated middle transcription, especially at higher ionic strength. This advantage is further compounded by ADP-ribosylation of the RNA polymerase α subunits, and by the phage-specific, RNA polymerase core-bound RpbA subunit. The largest contribution to the middle-late competition is made by gp55, the late σ factor, but not enough of gp55 is produced during T4 infection to shut off middle transcription by direct competition with σ70. AsiA, the originally identified anti-σ protein is not a major determinant of middle-late competition.
Limits on Economic Development Policy: State-supported Gambling in Iowa

Like other states, Iowa has recently looked to gambling as source of economic development. The turmoil surrounding Prairie Meadows racetrack in Iowa suggests that all gambling ventures are not risk free and that taxpayers may have to assume additional burdens derived from unsuccessful public sector ventures that are initiated in the name of economic development. Principles of participatory governance as well as fiscal prudence seem to have been violated in the rush to construct the first track for horse racing in the state of Iowa.
Discontinuous respiration in insects—V. Pressure and volume changes in the tracheal system of silkworm pupae

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that intratracheal barometric pressure is a significant parameter of respiration which may prove useful in the analysis of insect respiration in general and discontinuous respiration, in particular ( Buck , 1958; Levy and Schneiderman , 1958, 1966c). The present report introduces the use of electronic transducers to record, continuously and simultaneously, changes in intratracheal pressure, tracheal volume, and gas exchange over periods of many hours with good time resolution. The paper also describes a technique of applying pressure pulses to the tracheal system during specific phases of the intratracheal pressure cycle and deducing the functional state of the spiracular valves from the effects of these pulses. This technique permits us to measure the ‘leakiness’ of the spiracular valves and provides information about both the kinetics of gas exchange and the movements of the spiracles. The methods described are applicable to many sorts of insects, but in the present study were applied only to diapausing pupae of Hyalophora cecropia which have discontinuous respiration. The disparate rates of O 2 and CO 2 exchange which characterize the respiration of these pupae has been attributed to the existence of partial vacuums within the tracheal system which cause a ‘sucking in’ of gas. The experiments reported here confirm the existence of these partial vacuums and demonstrate their impact on gas exchange. The experiments also reveal the existence of heretofore unsuspected respiratory movements in these pupae. These movements are passive and not under muscular control and result from volume changes in the tracheal system caused by changes in intratracheal pressure. These volume changes considerably damp intratracheal pressure changes. The functional significance of these volume changes in discontinuous respiration is analysed.
The effects of maternal employment on child injuries and infectious disease

This article presents estimates of effects of maternal paid work and nonmaternal child care on injuries and infectious disease for children aged 12 to 36 months. Mother-child fixed-effects estimates are obtained by using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Estimates indicate that maternal employment itself has no statistically significant adverse effects on the incidence of infectious disease and injury. However, greater time spent by children in center-based care is associated with increased rates of respiratory problems for children aged 12 to 36 months and increased rates of ear infections for children aged 12 to 24 months.
Excess electron attachment induces barrier-free proton transfer in anionic complexes of thymine and uracil with formic acid

The anionic complexes of formic acid with uracil and thymine reveal broad features in photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) experiments with maxima at 1.7 and 1.1 eV, respectively. The results of quantum chemical calculations suggest that electron vertical detachment energies (VDE) of 1.6−1.9 eV correspond to anionic structures in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxylic group of the formic acid to the O8 atom of uracil or thymine. Smaller values of VDE (0.8 to 1.3 eV) correspond to chemically untransformed complexes, in which anionic uracil or thymine interacts through two hydrogen bonds with the carboxylic group of the intact formic acid. The recorded spectra and the results of quantum chemical calculations suggest that both nucleic acid bases undergo barrier-free proton transfer in anionic complexes with formic acid. The difference in experimental spectra of UF- and TF- provides an indication that the methyl group of thymine could make a difference in the intermolecular proton transfer.
Microscopic spectral imaging using mid-infrared semiconductor lasers

Infrared micro-spectroscopy is a useful tool for basic research and biomedical applications. Conventional microspectroscopic imaging apparatuses use thermal sources for sample illumination, which have low brightness, low optical spectral intensity, and high noise. This work evaluates the system engineering advantages of using mid-infrared semiconductor lasers that offer orders-of magnitude higher brightness, spectral intensity, and lower noise. A laser-based microscopic spectral imaging system with focal plane array detectors demonstrated a high signal-to-noise ratio (>20 dB) at video frame rate for a large illuminated area. Microscopic spectral imaging with fixed-wavelength and tunable lasers of 4.6, 6, and 9.3-μm wavelength was applied to a number of representative samples that consist of biological tissues (plant and animal) and solid material (a stack of laminated polymers). Transmission spectral images with ~30-dB dynamic range were obtained with clear evidence of spectral features for different samples. The potential of more advanced systems with a wide coverage of spectral bands is discussed.
A monolithic programmable Ultra-HD video codec engine

With advances in video coding standards like H.264 and HEVC coupled with those in the display technology, Ultra HD contents have started taking the mainstream. This is driving the need for high computation and memory bandwidth in current multi-media SOCs. In this paper, we present a monolithic multi-format video codec engine which achieves Ultra HD performance for H.264 High Profile, reduces the external memory bandwidth requirement by 2X as compared to its predecessor and takes only 5.9 mm 2 of silicon area in a low power 28nm process.
Dynamic volume holography and optical information processing by Raman scattering

A method of producing holograms of three-dimensional (3D) optical pulses is proposed. It is shown that both the amplitude and the phase profile of 3D optical pulse can be stored in dynamic perturbations of a Raman medium, such as plasma. By employing Raman scattering in a nonlinear medium, information carried by a laser pulse can be captured in the form of a slowly propagating low-frequency wave that persists for a time large compared with the pulse duration. If such a hologram is then probed with a short laser pulse, the information stored in the medium can be retrieved in a second scattered electromagnetic wave. The recording and retrieving processes can conserve robustly the pulse shape, thus enabling the recording and retrieving with fidelity of information stored in optical signals. While storing or reading the pulse structure, the optical information can be processed as an analog or digital signal, which allows simultaneous transformation of 3D continuous images or computing discrete arrays of binary data. By adjusting the phase fronts of the reference pulses, one can also perform focusing, redirecting, and other types of transformation of the output pulses.
An efficient large-scale synthesis of 1H-indazole-[3-14C]carboxylic acid

An efficient large-scale carbon-14 synthesis of 1H-indazole-[3-14C]carboxylic acid starting from [14C]potassium cyanide is reported. Key transformations encountered during the synthesis include aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 2-nitrofluorobenzene by ethyl [14C]cyanoacetate, a mild decarbethoxylation and an aniline nitrosation/cyclization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Arg100 in the Active Site of Adenosylcobalamin-Dependent Glutamate Mutase†

Arginine-100 is involved in recognizing the gamma carboxylate of the substrate in glutamate mutase. To investigate its role in substrate binding and catalysis, this residue was mutated to lysine, tyrosine, and methionine.The effect of these mutations was to reduce k c a t by 120-320-fold and to increase K m ( a p p a r e n t ) for glutamate by 13-22-fold; K m ( a p p a r e n t ) for adenosylcobalamin is little changed by these mutations. Even at saturating substrate concentrations, no cob(II)alamin could be detected in the UV-visible spectra of the ArglOOTyr and Arg100Met mutants. However, in the Arg100Lys mutant cob(II)-alamin accumulated to concentrations similar to wild-type enzyme, which allowed the pre-steady-state kinetics of adenosylcobalamin homolysis to be investigated by stopped-flow spectroscopy. It was found that homolysis of the coenzyme is slower by an order of magnitude, compared with wild-type enzyme. Furthermore, glutamate binding is significantly weakened, so much so that the reaction exhibits second-order kinetics over the range of substrate concentrations used. The Arg100Lys mutant does not exhibit the very large deuterium isotope effects that are observed for homolysis of the coenzyme when the wild-type enzyme is reacted with deuterated substrates; this suggests that homolysis is slowed relative to hydrogen ion by this mutation.
Estimation of colored plant noise using Kalman filter based deconvolution

In many deconvolution problems, the signal to be estimated is modeled as the input to a known plant and assumed white. There are, however, situations in which this signal is not white. A simple iterative scheme for estimating colored sequences is presented. In this scheme, the colored plant noise is modeled as the output of a shaping filter excited by white noise. The shaping filter is considered as part of the plant while applying Mendel's minimum variance deconvolution (MVD) algorithm based on the Kalman filter to estimate the plant noise. To begin with, the shaping filter is just an identity filter. The estimated plant noise is then used to update its coefficients iteratively until the change in the coefficient values is small. The iterative scheme has been tested using simulated data under different conditions, and is found to perform quite well under certain situations. >
A condition for diagonalization modulo arbitrary norm ideals

Abstract We give a spectral condition which is sufficient for the simultaneous diagonalization of a commuting tuple of self-adjoint operators modulo a given norm ideal. For diagonalization modulo certain norm ideals this condition is also necessary, while for other norm ideals this condition seems to be close to being necessary. Moreover, this condition is easy to verify in applications.
The Effects of Polymer Solution Preparation and Injection on Drag Reduction

The understanding of drag reduction by injection of polymer solutions requires an adequate and accurate polymer solution preparation process as well as a thorough understanding of the effects that the delivery system might have on the polymer flow. Mass production of polymer solutions for engineering applications could be more cost effective if large batches of highly concentrated polymer solutions are prepared and then diluted to the final concentrations of interest. However, as shown in this study, depending on the type of polymer used this procedure might be more or less adequate. This study also corroborates that the presence of macro-molecular polymer structures induced by injecting highly concentrated polymer solutions into a shear flow translates into a drag increase and substantial degradation endurance especially at high Reynolds numbers in comparison to homogeneous polymer solutions.
Animistic thinking in psychotic versus conduct-disordered hospitalized adolescents

25 adolescents showing a Psychotic-spectrum Disorder were compared with 24 adolescents showing Conduct Disorder on a task eliciting reasons for attributing life to an ambiguous pictorial stimulus (dough on a beach). Consistent with expectations from earlier research, the psychotic adolescents showed greater modes of animistic thinking (attributions of life to nonlife forms) than conduct-disordered youth, associated with theorized merging between self and the nonhuman environment. Implications are discussed.
Late Paleozoic Clastic Wedges in Appalachian Province: ABSTRACT

Late Paleozoic clastic wedges, arrayed from north to south along the western edge of the Appalachian tectonic welt, differ in age as well as spatial relations. The northern, Catskill, wedge is the oldest and apparently was derived from the north, whereas the succeeding Warrior-Arkoma wedge was apparently derived from a southern or Ouachita source. The youngest, Pocahontas and Dunkard, wedges are located between the older two and were derived from only a relatively small area in the central Appalachian Blue Ridge and Piedmont. Although the style of sedimentation differs among these large sedimentary prisms, all were governed by similar tectonic controls of differential subsidence and growth faulting. Significantly, the trend of tectonic complexes from which the sediments w re derived is nearly at right angles to most of the present structures and suggests predrift tectonic connection. End_of_Article - Last_Page 778------------
Maintenance Costs, Outside Options and Optimal Ownership of a Public Good

There has been much attention recently to public-private partnerships and the involvement of NGOs in public good provision. This paper re-examines the effect of ownership of a public good on investment incentives when contracts are incomplete. In the presence of maintenance costs, it is shown that the leading result in the literature by Besley and Ghatak (2001) does not carry through. In some circumstances, project ownership should be allocated to the party that values the project relatively less. The model is applied to the case of environmental conservation and investigates the advantages of Payments for Environmental Services from the point of view of investment incentives in conservation.
Chronic selective activation of excitatory opioid receptor functions in sensory neurons results in opioid 'dependence' without tolerance

We previously showed that mouse sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons chronically exposed to 1 microM D-ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) or morphine for > 2-3 days in culture become tolerant to the usual opioid inhibitory receptor-mediated effects, i.e. shortening of the duration of the calcium-dependent component of the action potential (APD), and supersensitive to opioid excitatory APD-prolonging effects elicited by low opioid concentrations. Whereas nanomolar concentrations of dynorphin(1-13) or morphine are generally required to prolong the APD of naive DRG neurons (by activating excitatory opioid receptors), femtomolar levels become effective after chronic opioid treatment. Whereas 1-30 nM naloxone or diprenorphine prevent both excitatory and inhibitory opioid effects but do not alter the APD of native DRG neurons, both opioid antagonists unexpectedly prolong the APD of most of the chronic opioid-treated cells. In the present study, chronic exposure of DRG neurons to 1 microM DADLE together with cholera toxin-B subunit (which selectively blocks GM1 ganglioside-regulated opioid excitatory, but not inhibitory, receptor functions) prevented the development of opioid excitatory supersensitivity and markedly attenuated tolerance to opioid inhibitory effects. Conversely, sustained exposure of DRG neurons to 1 nM DADLE, which selectively activates excitatory opioid receptor functions, resulted in characteristic opioid excitatory supersensitivity but no tolerance. These results suggest that 'dependence'-like properties can be induced in chronic opioid-treated sensory neurons in the absence of tolerance. On the other hand, development of some components of tolerance in these cells may require sustained activation of both excitatory, as well as inhibitory, opioid receptor functions.
Bedding-plane slip in initial stages of fault-related folding

Abstract Frictional slip along bedding planes contributes to fault-related folding of layered rocks. We use numerical experiments to investigate the deformation of frictional bedding planes near dipping faults under layerparallel contraction and extension. Within the numerical experiments, contraction boundary conditions produce asymmetric anticlines and extension produces asymmetric synclines. The fold shape may be used to infer dip of the underlying fault in situations where the fault may not be observable. Additionally, sense of slip along bedding planes may indicate proximity to the fault tip. Under uniform remote tectonic strain, fault slip induces deformation in both the hangingwall and the footwall. At depths as shallow as 1 km there is no significant difference between fold amplitudes in the hangingwall and the footwall; this result is contrary to many kinematic models currently in use. Kinematic models of fault-related folds commonly include the development of flat-ramp and flat-ramp-flat fault geometries which may be attributed to initial ramp thrusting and later flat development. Our mechanical models show that fault flats may be produced from fault ramps due to slip along frictional bedding planes near the thrust fault tips. Our numerical experiments also evaluate joint initiation; joints perpendicular to bedding are promoted in extensional environments. We compare the results of the mechanical model to kinematic models of fault-propagation folds and conclude that mechanical models offer important insights to better understand the folding process.
Contribution of Potassium Channels and Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels to Neuronal Signaling

In a long-term collaboration with Yuh Nung Jan, we have taken the approach of starting our ion channel studies with molecular identification so that we can study one type of ion channel at a time. Recent studies of the contribution of potassium channels and calcium-activated chloride channels to neuronal signaling will be presented.
Improving Quality and Creating Democracy in the Classroom: Student Management Teams

Can the idea of democracy be turned into practice in the classroom? If we hope students will practice democracy outside of the classroom, including encouraging more citizen participation, we need to model the processes of democracy—deliberative discourse, active participation, empowerment, and so on—in the classroom. The model of democracy envisioned here is par-ticipatory, deliberative, and extra-formal (Barber, 1984; Bogason, Kensen, & Miller, 2004)—that is, a democracy that includes a high level of interaction among citizens and between citizens and government, not necessarily part of the formal electoral process, what Barber (1984) describes as “strong democracy.”Our classes are testing grounds for action in broader society—the class is a case (Feldman & Khademian, 1999). But, how does one practice democracy in the classroom? In classrooms where teachers must assign grades, for example, there will always be a power differential between students and instructors that may be impossible to overcome. Yet, this is reflective of society more generally—there are always power differentials in democratic society, so the classroom actually is a good experimental testing ground for democracy in action.
Defect Clustering and Nanostructure Formation in PbTe-based Bulk Thermoelectrics

In recent years, LAST- m (AgPb m SbTe m +2 ) and related materials have emerged as potential high performance high temperature thermoelectrics. One example is LAST-18. When optimally doped, this compound has thermoelectric figure of merit ZT =1.7 at 700K. This large ZT is most likely due to the low lattice thermal conductivity, caused by phonon scattering from nanostructures. These nanostructures involve clustering and ordering of Ag, Sb, and Pb ions. The origin of these nanostructures has been studied using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of an ionic model and ab initio studies of pair interaction energies. Effects of these substitutions on the band structure near the gap and their implications on transport properties are briefly discussed.
Influence of fore-arc structure on the extent of great subduction zone earthquakes

[1] Structural features associated with fore-arc basins appear to strongly influence the rupture processes of large subduction zone earthquakes. Recent studies demonstrated that a significant percentage of the global seismic moment release on subduction zone thrust faults is concentrated beneath the gravity lows resulting from fore-arc basins. To better determine the nature of this correlation and to examine its effect on rupture directivity and termination, we estimated the rupture areas of a set of Mw 7.5–8.7 earthquakes that occurred in circum-Pacific subduction zones. We compare synthetic and observed seismograms by measuring frequency-dependent amplitude and arrival time differences of the first orbit Rayleigh waves. At low frequencies, the amplitude anomalies primarily result from the spatial and temporal extent of the rupture. We then invert the amplitude and arrival time measurements to estimate the second moments of the slip distribution which describe the rupture length, width, duration, and propagation velocity of each earthquake. Comparing the rupture areas to the trench-parallel gravity anomaly (TPGA) above each rupture, we find that in 11 of the 15 events considered in this study the TPGA increases between the centroid and the limits of the rupture. Thus local increases in TPGA appear to be related to the physical conditions along the plate interface that favor rupture termination. Owing to the inherently long timescales required for forearc basin formation, the correlation between the TPGA field and rupture termination regions indicates that long-lived material heterogeneity rather than short timescale stress heterogeneities are responsible for arresting most great subduction zone ruptures.
Models of Culture and School Counselors: The Predicament of Black Youth.

During the 1960s many blacks criticized the counseling profession for an alleged insensitivity to cultural differences among client groups. Responding to this criticism the profession initiated various programs designed to familiarize counselors with Afro-American culture. However, most persons in the field conceived of Afro-American culture as if it were a homogeneous and static entity. The article suggests serious limitations to this conceptualization, which Anthony Wallace calls the “replication of conformity” approach to culture, and advocates that counselors try to understand Afro-American culture as an organization of diverse elements.
A semiconserved residue inhibits complex formation by stabilizing interactions in the free state of a theophylline-binding RNA.

The theophylline-binding RNA aptamer contains a 15 nucleotide motif that is required for high-affinity ligand binding. One residue within this RNA motif is only semiconserved and can be an A or C. This residue, C27, was disordered in the previously determined three-dimensional structure of the complex, suggesting that it is dynamic in solution. 13C Relaxation measurements are reported here, demonstrating that C27 is highly dynamic in the otherwise well-ordered RNA−theophylline complex. A synthetic complex with an abasic residue at position 27 was found to exhibit wild-type binding affinity (Kd ∼ 0.2 μM), indicating that the base of residue 27 is not directly involved with theophylline binding. Surprisingly, the U27 and G27 RNAs were found to bind theophylline with low affinity (Kd values > 4 μM). NMR spectroscopy on the U27 RNA revealed the presence of an A7-U27 base pair in the free RNA that prevents formation of a critical base-platform structural motif and therefore blocks theophylline binding. Similar...
Growth of the subclavian artery and the anastomosis in Blalock-Taussig shunt: absorbable versus nonabsorbable suture.

Abstract Background . We evaluated the growth of Blalock-Taussig shunts placed with absorbable suture by cineangiographic findings and long-term results and compared them with those in an earlier group of patients in whom we used nonabsorbable suture. Methods . Eighty-one patients had postoperative cineangiography 1 year or more after a Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure. From September 1985 to December 1994, 40 patients (group I) underwent a Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure with the use of absorbable polydioxanone suture, and from January 1980 to August 1989, 41 (group II) underwent the same operation with nonabsorbable polypropylene suture. Cineangiograms were reviewed to assess shunt patency and growth of the subclavian arteries and the subclavian artery–pulmonary artery anastomoses. Results . At the Blalock-Taussig shunt operation, mean outer diameters of the subclavian artery and the anastomosis in group I were 3.8 ± 0.1 mm and 4.1 ± 0.1 mm, respectively and 3.9 ± 0.1 mm and 4.0 ± 0.1 mm in group II. The mean inner diameters of the subclavian artery and the anastomosis measured in postoperative cineangiograms were 7.9 ± 0.5 mm and 4.6 ± 0.2 mm, respectively in group I and 6.6 ± 0.4 mm and 3.1 ± 0.2 mm in group II. The diameters of both the subclavian artery ( p p Conclusions . The use of absorbable polydioxanone suture has an advantage in terms of growth of the diameters of the subclavian artery and the anastomosis in a Blalock-Taussig shunt and may improve the long-term results after this shunt operation in infancy.
The vapor pressure and boiling point of hydridocobalt tetracarbonyl, hco(co)4

Abstract From vapor partial presure measurements of HCo(CO) 4 swept out of decane solution with CO, the normal boiling poing of HCo(CO) 4 is estimated to be 47 ± 3°C.
THE CURSE OF MEROZ AND THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

This article attempts to uncover the political significance of the Old Testament verse Judges 5:23, ‘the curse of Meroz’, during the English Civil War. Historians who have commented on the printed text of Meroz have done so primarily in reference to a single edition of the parliamentarian fast-day preacher Stephen Marshall's 1642 Meroz cursed sermon. Usage of the curse, however, as shown in more than seventy unique sermons, tracts, histories, libels, and songs considered here, demonstrates that the verse was far more widespread and politically significant than has been previously assumed. Analysing Meroz in its political and polemical roles, from the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion in 1641 and through the Restoration of Charles II in the 1660s, sheds new light on the ways in which providentialism functioned during the Civil Wars, and serves, more specifically, to illustrate some of the important means by which ministers and polemicists sought to mobilize citizens and construct party identities.
Phylogeny‐based species delimitations and the evolution of host associations in symbiotic zoanthids (Anthozoa, Zoanthidea) of the wider Caribbean region

Zoanthids are marine cnidarians with simple morphologies that challenge our ability to delineate species. Phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences are consistent with six morphologically described species from the wider Caribbean region, and reveal four additional species that were not previously recognized. Histological examinations of unidentified species reveal cryptic Isozoanthus and Edwardsiidae (Actiniaria) species. Observations of zoanthids in situ reveal geographic distributions that range from regional to trans-Atlantic. ITS and 16S data are consistent with hypotheses of paraphyly in some higher taxa of zoanthids; however, the clades of zoanthids recovered in both analyses can largely be defined by their host associations, thereby supporting phylogenetic conservatism in zoanthid–host association evolution. The single clear example of a zoanthid switching hosts was accompanied by a compensatory loss of endosymbiosis, which maintained the match in photosynthetic symbioses between zoanthids and sponge hosts. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 156, 223–238.
High-Frequency Modeling of Poly-Si Thin-Film Transistors for Low-Cost RF Applications

In this paper, we present high-frequency characteristics of transistors and inductors in low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistor (LTPS TFT) technology for low-cost radio frequency applications. From 2-D device simulations, we show that the linearity of LTPS TFTs is independent of the channel length due to the presence of grain boundaries. Furthermore, since LTPS TFTs can be fabricated on insulating substrates, on-chip spiral inductors on such substrates have negligible substrate loss, leading to high quality ( $Q$ ) factor. From electromagnetic simulations, we observe that spiral inductors in LTPS TFT technology show lower parasitics, higher $Q$ factor, and higher self-resonance frequency $(f_{\rm RES})$ compared to typical bulk CMOS inductors having similar inductance. Such high $Q$ of inductors allows compensating for low $g_{m}$ of LTPS TFTs.
Factors Having an Effect on the Maximal Walking Speed of Hemiplegic Patients

脳卒中片麻痺患者を対象とし，最大歩行速度と患側立ち直り開始時間との関連性を患側膝伸展力比，安静立位時の患側荷重率，及び患側下肢Brunnstrom stage (Stage)とともに検討した。その結果，最大歩行速度は患側膝伸展力比，患側荷重率，及びStageと相関関係が認められ，さらに最大歩行速度を目的変数とし，他の因子を説明変数とした逐次重回帰分析では患側膝伸展力比と患側荷重率の重要性が示された。しかしながら患側立ち直り開始時間は最大歩行速度，及び他の因子すべてと関連性が認められなかった。この結果より，起立板移動刺激による異常環境下での動作制御と，歩行という規則的動作制御とでは姿勢制御機構の異なることが推測された。
Potential of legislative histories in federal resource management: Case study of the New River Gorge National River

The use of legislative histories to determine legislative intent is a tool in administrative policy implementation. This article examines the potential of legislative histories in the management of federal resource lands. The New River Gorge National River, a unit of the National Park Service (NPS), is used as a case study. Statements of legislative intent are derived from the legislative history materials. These statements are not mandates, but they reveal information about water flow, facility development, land use management techniques, and recreation. Although the New River Gorge example does not fully resolve the debate about the usefulness of legislative history investigations, it lends support to their potential as a source of information that may lead to more enlightened management decisions.
Toxicity of Vertical Sediments in the Trenton Channel, Detroit River, Michigan, to Chironomus Tentans (Insecta: Chironomidae)

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sediment from various sediment core depths on survival and weight gain of larvae of the dipteran midge, Chironomus tentans, during 10-d laboratory exposures. Sediment cores were collected from 12 sites in the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River in 1987 and sectioned into 5-cm intervals to a depth of 25 cm. Percent reductions in larval weight gain, relative to that in control sediment, were calculated for each interval. Two sites were classified as very toxic, three sites as toxic, three sites as slightly toxic, and four sites as good quality benthic habitat. The utility of sediment core toxicity profiling and the C. tentans bioassay for three-dimensional sediment quality assessment are discussed, as well as comparisons between the results of laboratory assays and field surveys of benthic macroinvertebrates. The assay results are used to estimate the volume of toxic sediment at eight sites and determine the costs of dredging and disposal of the toxic sediments. Preliminary estimates of remedial actions were developed to achieve several levels of mitigation of the toxicity of sediment to macrozoobenthic populations in the Trenton Channel.
Using measures of treatment strength and integrity in planning research

Strength and integrity issues are central to the planning and interpretation of evaluative studies. In the absence of actual data from previous studies, estimates of strength and integrity can often be derived in other ways. These issues of strength and integrity are described in the context of resource allocation in evaluation research.
ESSAY: Educating the Public About “Climate Change”

Three years ago, following retirement from my academic career, including 30 years of teaching and research on climate dynamics, I began to take my concern for climate change and its implications for the future of the Earth to public groups. My goal is to raise audience interest and attention to the issue of climate change. Most of all, I want them to know that it is an issue that is both real and complex. From my first presentation (for a county-wide United Nations Association meeting), it became apparent that people are hungry for information in a setting and format that is tailored to them. Th us, I was motivated to continue such public presentations and have talked to church groups, high school and university classes, and community service organizations. In addition, I have been interviewed by reporters for radio and TV stations, and have given lectures to scientifi c groups in the United States, China, Korea, and at a WMO training seminar in Argentina. In each of these community presentations, I overview the subject, including its complexity, the uncertainties surrounding it, and the large range of its potential impacts. I avoid equations and specialized terminologies or pursuing my own personal agenda for action. Also, I use visual aids whenever possible, including handouts, transparencies, or PowerPoint, depending on the setting, and allow ample time for questions. I note the extensive discussion and debate about climate change and how this can be confusing for people. I begin each presentation with acknowledgement of the skeptics and even give examples of EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ABOUT “CLIMATE CHANGE”
Future terrain following radars

After examining current terrain following radars (TFRs) as well as factors forcing change in TFR systems, the author describes the projected characteristics of future TFRs. He predicts that future TFRs will be multipurpose and short-range systems, transmit low-power pulses and a complex waveform, have an electronically scanned antenna and an irregular scan pattern, operate intermittently, and process large amounts of data. Each of these features is examined. >
A new species of Xestomyza Wiedemann, 1820 from South Africa, with a key to the genera of Xestomyzinae (Diptera: Therevidae)

A new species, Xestomyza stuckenbergi sp. n., is described from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The new species differs from the only previously described species of this genus, Xestomyza lugubris Wiedemann, 1820, being smaller and entirely covered in white pubescence and also having differences in the male terminalia. A third species of this genus is briefly described, but because there is only one female specimen available it is not formally named. Identification keys are provided to genera of the subfamily Xestomyzinae and to species of Xestomyza Wiedemann.
The Hilliness of U.S. Cities

What is a hilly city, and which cities are hilliest? This study outlines a basket of methods for quantifying the differential hilliness of U.S. cities. We rank the 100 largest cities in the contigu...
Sustained Bmp signaling is essential for cloaca development in zebrafish

Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling has long been known to be important for the early development of the ventral mesoderm, including blood, vasculature and kidney cells. Although Bmp genes are continually expressed in the ventral cells throughout gastrulation and somitogenesis, previous studies in zebrafish have not addressed how the role of Bmp signaling changes over time to regulate ventral mesoderm development. Here, we describe the use of a transgenic inducible dominant-negative Bmp receptor line to examine the temporal roles of Bmp signaling in ventral mesoderm patterning. Surprisingly, we find that Bmp signaling from the mid-gastrula stage through early somitogenesis is important for excluding blood and vascular precursors from the extreme ventral mesoderm, and we show that this domain is normally required for development of the cloaca (the common gut and urogenital opening). Using a novel assay for cloacal function, we find that larvae with reduced mid-gastrula Bmp signaling cannot properly excrete waste. We show that the cloacal defects result from alterations in the morphogenesis of the cloaca and from changes in the expression of genes marking the excretory system. Finally, we show that HrT, a T-box transcription factor, is a Bmp-regulated gene that has an essential function in cloacal development. We conclude that sustained Bmp signaling plays an important role in specification of the zebrafish cloaca by maintaining the fate of extreme ventral cells during the course of gastrulation and early somitogenesis. Furthermore, our data suggest that alterations in Bmp signaling are one possible cause of anorectal malformations during human embryogenesis.
Addition of highly sensitive troponin T and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide to electrocardiography for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: results from the Dallas Heart Study.

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent, modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, current screening strategies are limited. In 2478 participants without clinical disease from the Dallas Heart Study, we evaluated a multimarker screening strategy that complements electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for LVH with 2 biomarkers, amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and highly sensitive cardiac troponin T. An integer LVH risk score from 0 to 3 was determined as the sum of the following: (1) LVH by Sokolow-Lyon ECG; (2) amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the highest sex-specific quartile; and (3) detectable cardiac troponin T. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging–determined LVH served as the primary outcome. The probability of LVH increased from 2% with an LVH risk score of 0 to 50% with a score of 3 ( P P =0.0012), consistent with modest improvement in overall discrimination. Better screening for LVH may be achieved by combining simple tests, which collectively provide additional information compared with ECG alone. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact and cost-effectiveness of a multimarker screening strategy.
Improvements in vascular health by a low-fat diet, but not a high-fat diet, are mediated by changes in adipocyte biology

Background: Low-fat (LF) and high-fat (HF) weight loss diets improve brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in obese individuals, although results are conflicting. Moreover, the role that adipose tissue plays in mediating these diet-related effects are unknown. Objective: This study examined how modulations in FMD by HF and LF diets relate to changes in adipocyte parameters. Design: Obese subjects (n = 17) were randomized to a HF diet (60% kcal as fat) or a LF diet (25% kcal as fat) for 6 weeks. Both groups were restricted by 25% of energy needs. Results: Body weight decreased ( P< 0.05) in both groups (HF: -6.6 ± 0.5 kg, LF: -4.7 ± 0.6 kg). Fat mass and waist circumference were reduced ( P< 0.05) in the LF group only (-4.4 ± 0.3 kg; -3.6 ± 0.8 cm, respectively). FMD improved ( P< 0.05) in the LF group (7.4 ± 0.8% to 9.8 ± 0.8; 32% increase) and was impaired in the HF group (8.5 ± 0.6% to 6.9 ± 0.7; 19% reduction). Increases in plasma adiponectin ( P< 0.05, 16 ± 5%), and decreases in resistin ( P< 0.05, -26 ± 11%), were shown by the LF diet only. Greater decreases in leptin were observed with LF (-48 ± 9%) versus HF (-28 ± 12%) ( P< 0.05, diet × time). Increased FMD by the LF diet was associated with increased adiponectin, and decreased fat mass, waist circumference, leptin, and resistin. Conclusion: Beneficial modulations in vascular health by LF diets may be mediated by improvements in adipocyte parameters.
Baryogenesis and heavy quarks.

We consider the implications of the nonequilibrium condition for baryogenesis on quark masses. We show that quarks heavier than about 75 GeV can be excluded in models with a minimal low-energy particle content. Heavy fourth-generation quarks or a heavy top quark near the fixed point ${m}_{q}$\ensuremath{\simeq}200 GeV would require a unification scale of ${10}^{17}$ GeV or more.
Role of Fructose-Containing Sugars in the Epidemics of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

There is controversy concerning the role of sugar in the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome. There is less controversy concerning the effects of fructose on components of metabolic syndrome; consumption of fructose has been shown to increase visceral adipose deposition and de novo lipogenesis (DNL), produce dyslipidemia, and decrease insulin sensitivity in older, overweight/obese subjects. This review examines the potential mechanisms of these effects of fructose and considers whether these mechanisms are relevant to the effects of consuming sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup. Evidence demonstrating that the commonly consumed sugars increase visceral adipose deposition, DNL, and insulin insensitivity is limited or inconclusive. Evidence that sugar consumption promotes development of an unfavorable lipid profile is strong and suggests that the upper added sugar consumption limit of 25% of energy or less, suggested in the Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010, may merit re-evaluation.
Inferring the Mode of Speciation From Genomic Data: A Study of the Great Apes

The strictly allopatric model of speciation makes definable predictions on the pattern of divergence, one of which is the uniformity in the divergence time across genomic regions. Using 345 coding and 143 intergenic sequences from the African great apes, we were able to reject the null hypothesis that the divergence time in the coding sequences (CDSs) and intergenic sequences (IGSs) is the same between human and chimpanzee. The conclusion is further supported by the analysis of whole-genome sequences between these species. The difference suggests a prolonged period of genetic exchange during the formation of these two species. Because the analysis should be generally applicable, collecting DNA sequence data from many genomic regions between closely related species should help to settle the debate over the prevalence of the allopatric mode of speciation.
Radical Chic? Subaltern Realism: A Rejoinder

Mohammed Ayoob offers his subaltern realism as a defense against the theoretical imperialism of the “mainstream” and as a superior theory of international order and Third World security. There is much to like about this approach, especially its insistence on taking seriously international history and that the Third World is prime territory for theory building. I raise four concerns. First, Ayoob needs to undertake a fuller survey of the discipline, a move that would allow him to reassess the strength of the “mainstream” and to build on the important contributions raised by fellow theoretical travelers. Second, he fails to demonstrate his claim that subaltern realism represents a superior theory for understanding Third World security. Third, he cleaves to a statism that ironically reproduces the very disciplinary boundaries that he aspires to break down. Finally, he champions state sovereignty at all costs and to the point that he defends authoritarian states. I worry that Ayoob's “radical” statement is a prime candidate for the theoretical and political mainstream that he aspires to assail.
Diuretic Resistance versus Adaptation

To the Editors: Ellison (1), in his excellent study of diuretic resistance, does not consider its most common occurrence—the absence of diuresis with continued administration of a diuretic to a per...