cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
II. Political Processes and Judgments of Value.

The articles by Messrs. Whyte and Hallowell in this REVIEW in August, 1943, and August, 1944, are valuable, because they document a controversy which, though common enough among social scientists, is more often conducted orally than in writing. Analysis of their articles will, I believe, show that the controversy arises out of incompletely examined methodological and ethical postulates, and that, if these postulates are clarified, the function of the political scientist may become more evident. A central point at issue is found in Whyte's assertion that "political scientists should leave ethics to the philosophers and concern themselves primarily with the description and analysis of political behavior" (p. 697) and Hallowell's rejoinder that the "amoral description of dirty politics . . . encourages in practice the kind of politics that may eventually destroy the very possibility of a scientific and objective study of politics, wholly aside from the injustice and misery such politics brings in its wake to all individuals, whether students of politics or not" (p. 654). Each of these propositions is, in its consequences, self-contradictory. Whyte justifies himself by maintaining that political scientists should devote themselves to the discovery of uniformities (p. 693). Note the word "should." (With the exception of an occasional argument that science is an aesthetic enterprise, which is obviously not Whyte's contention nor that of those who agree with him), the defense of scientific endeavor has usually been in terms of "should," that is, has usually been, remotely or immediately, ethical. Whyte himself quotes the Nichomachean Ethics (p. 692) to the effect that political scientists should be prepared to teach the arts of political success as the painter teaches the arts of painting. He says that "unquestioning acceptance of democratic ideology" handicaps political science research; and he adds that the political scientist must "recognize explicitly that he is dealing with a stratified society and discover some systematic way of dealing with politics" (p. 695, italics mine). Right here is a contradiction. The successful practicing politician in the United States today must explicitly deny the inequality of political strata, even thoughehe implicitly admits it; and thinkers like Hague, Langone, Plunkitt, or even Steffens, Salter, Kent, and Catlin are not systematic in thelsame senseas Hobbes, Lasswell, Locke, Machiavelli, and Merriam. Inwother words, Whyte is not really interested in teaching the arts of practical success, as such; he is concerned with systematic political
The Effects of Early Antibiotic Administration on Bacterial Culture Growth From Hand Abscesses

Background: Traditional management of hand abscesses consists of withholding antibiotics prior to drainage to optimize bacterial culture growth and outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of preoperative empiric antibiotics on the rate of culture growth and rate of adverse events in patients with acute hand abscesses. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data on 88 consecutive hand abscesses that received empiric antibiotics prior to incision and drainage from 2012 to 2013 at an urban academic institution. We analyzed patient demographics, bacteriology, culture growth results, time to surgery, and frequency of adverse events. Results: The overall rate of positive culture growth was 90% (n = 79) despite running the antibiotics for a mean of 31 hours prior to debridement. Furthermore, 96% of the isolates were given a susceptible antibiotic during that time. The mean number of debridements was 1.5 per patient, but 4 re-operations were necessary for wo...
SPE-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry determination of pesticide residues in tea

Objective:With Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques,the establishment and testing of organophosphate,organochlorine,carbamates,pyrethroids four groups of 41 kinds of pesticide residues methods.Methods:Tea samples were acetonitrile extraction,solid-phase extraction purification and concentration,through the HP-5 column temperature programmed separation.Determination of selected ion mode.Results:The limits of detection(LOD) of the method were(0.002～0.1)mg/kg and the limits of quantification(LOQ)(0.007～0.4)mg/kg.Add a level of(0.125～10.0)mg/kg,the determination of 41 kinds of pesticides recoveries is 59.2%～123.8%.The relative standard deviation is 4.8%～23.1%.Conclusion:The method of high sensitivity,satisfactory recovery can be quickly and accurately detect 41 kinds of pesticide residues in tea.
Molecular evidence for a vascular smooth muscle H+-K+-ATPase

Evidence for an H+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase (HKA) in vascular smooth muscle cells has recently been demonstrated in the rat aorta and a rat smooth muscle cell line (A(7)r(5)) by functional studies. Our laboratory has used reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Northern hybridization techniques to define the type of HKA present in canine whole carotid artery and confluent carotid artery cells. PCR primers to detect an HKA message of unknown isoform were designed on the basis of homology to known sequences of gastric, colonic, and toad bladder HKA isoforms and dissimilarity to the Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase isoforms. A PCR product of predicted size was generated from cDNAs of both confluent cells and whole vessel carotid artery that possess 91% nucleotide sequence identity to the canine gastric HKA. Northern hybridization with the PCR product as a probe revealed hybridization to whole vessel carotid artery, cultured confluent carotid artery cell, kidney, and stomach canine total RNA at the known message size for the gastric HKA isoform. These data suggest that vascular smooth muscle cells express an HKA mRNA that may be identical to the gastric isoform.
Characterizing the polymeric immunoglobulin binding region of human secretory component

Secretory component (SC), an integral membrane receptor located on the basolateral face of secretory epithelial cells, transports polymeric immunoglobulins (PIg) into external secretions. The ectoplasmic portion of SC, which binds PIg, contains five Ig-like domains. We have chemically and enzymatically modified SC in order to determine the structural basis for PIg binding. Deglycosylated SC bound to PIg with an affinity similar to native SC, indicating that the N-linked carbohydrate chains on SC are not involved in PIg binding. Since denatured, reduced and alkylated SC did not bind to PIg, we concluded that the Ig-like tertiary structure of the polypeptide backbone of SC is essential for its function. Proteolytic fragments of SC were produced and tested for their ability to bind PIg. The only SC fragments which bound to PIg were those containing domain I of SC. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) recognition of the PIg:SC peptide complexes was restricted to those MAb which recognized the domain I containing fragments. This result indicates that the N- and C-terminal fragments of SC do not bind to one another under physiological conditions. However, one MAb (6G11), which reacts with domain I, did not react with the PIg:SC or PIg:SC peptide complexes. This same antibody was the only one that inhibited the interaction between PIg and SC. We propose that the initial specific binding of PIg to SC is depending on a tertiary polypeptide structure within the first domain of SC. Our MAb 6G11 may help to identify a critical region for this interaction.
Retroviral expression of recombinant p47phox protein by Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes from a patient with autosomal chronic granulomatous disease.

Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have recurrent infections resulting from a failure of phagocytic cells to produce superoxide. One third of CGD patients have an autosomal gene defect resulting in absence of p47phox protein, a cytoplasmic component critical to superoxide production by phagocytic cells. cDNA encoding p47phox has been cloned and recombinant p47phox (rp47phox) restores superoxide-generating activity to a cell-free assay containing cell membranes and cytosol from p47phox-deficient CGD neutrophils. The goal of the present study was to determine the feasibility of retrovirus mediated expression of rp47phox in the HL60 and U937 human hematopoietic cell lines, and in an Epstein-Barr virus transformed B- lymphocyte cell line (EBV-BCL) derived from a p47phox-deficient CGD patient. Normal EBV-BCL contain p47phox and generate small amounts of superoxide, while this CGD EBV-BCL lacks any detectable p47phox protein. Defective amphotropic retrovirus containing p47phox sequence inserted in the LXSN vector in sense and antisense orientations were used to transduce HL60, U937, and CGD EBV-BCL. p47phox mRNA sequence was detected in cells transduced with either sense or antisense retroviral constructs while rp47phox protein was detected only with the sense construct. The amount of rp47phox protein produced within these cells was greater than the native p47phox present in uninduced HL60 or U937 cells, but substantially less than that present in normal neutrophils, induced HL60 cells, or even normal EBV-BCL. Differentiation of transduced HL60 cells and the associated production of native p47phox in response to dimethyl sulfoxide was not affected. These studies demonstrate that retrovirus constructs can be used to mediate stable expression of rp47phox protein in human hematopoietic cell lines and can restore rp47phox protein within the cytosol of p47phox-deficient EBV-BCL from patients with CGD.
Representation of Nasality in Children's Non-Standard Spellings

Recent research has suggested the importance of oral language ability in learning to read. It has been shown that the young child's awareness of phonological structure can greatly influence early reading success. To expand our understanding of this linguistic awareness, children's written spellings of nasality were examined in four distinct contexts: (1) consonant, vowel, nasal, voiceless stop consonant; (2) consonant, vowel, nasal, voiced stop consonant; (3) consonant, vowel, non-homorganic nasal-consonant pair; and, (4) nasals in other positions. The results indicated that the young child's nasal representations reflect a highly developed awareness of phonetic detail, an awareness that becomes quite evident when the child constructs his own written cipher for the sounds that he hears.
Temperature fluctuations in canonical systems: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations of a quasiharmonic solid are conducted to elucidate the meaning of temperature fluctuations in canonical systems and validate a well-known but frequently contested equation predicting the mean square of such fluctuations. The simulations implement two virtual and one physical (natural) thermostat and examine the kinetic, potential, and total energy correlation functions in the time and frequency domains. The results clearly demonstrate the existence of quasiequilibrium states in which the system can be characterized by a well-defined temperature that follows the mentioned fluctuation equation. The emergence of such states is due to the wide separation of time scales between thermal relaxation by phonon scattering and slow energy exchanges with the thermostat. The quasiequilibrium states exist between these two time scales when the system behaves as virtually isolated and equilibrium.
Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Transplantation

Cardiac transplantation is an established modality of treatment for many patients with end-stage heart failure (HF) with severely impaired functional capacity. These patients have a poor quality of life and/or an estimated life expectancy of less than 18 months with medical therapy. Understanding HF pathophysiology, the medical and surgical treatment of HF patients, and perioperative management are essential to optimize the outcomes from this lifesaving procedure.
Systematic Study of Effects of Structural Modifications on the Aqueous Solubility of Drug-like Molecules

Aqueous solubilities and activities have been measured for 17 members of the quinolinyltriazole series of inhibitors of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Systematic variation of a solvent-exposed substituent provided increases in solubility from 2 μg/mL for the parent compound 3a up to 867 μg/mL. The low solubility of 3a results from its near-planar structure and an intermolecular hydrogen bond, as revealed in a small-molecule X-ray structure. Removal of the hydrogen bond yields a 3-fold increase in solubility, but a 7-fold drop in activity. 5b emerges as the most potent MIF inhibitor with a Ki of 14 nM and good solubility, 47 μg/mL, while 4e has both high potency and solubility.
Zen’s Thoughts on Psychopathology and Wellness

Zen’s thoughts on psychopathology and wellness describe how Western conceptualizations of behavioral health, psychological diagnoses, and general wellness can be viewed or reconceptualized in the context of Zen. The authors argue that differences in these perspectives could result in beneficial advancements in behavioral health. The field of behavioral health has integrated mindfulness and Zen practices into its mainstream practice because of their salutary effects found on health. Whereas this effort is generally encouraging, Zen Buddhism practitioners and scholars caution us to practice Zen while being explicit about the purpose of doing so. For Zen Buddhists, the incorporation of Zen practices into mainstream behavioral health care can be problematic only if such integration intends to promote what Zen Buddhism calls “return to the original wholeness” or “pure subjectivity,” the heart of Zen Buddhism. The original wholeness or pure subjectivity is the process of perfecting self with an earnest endeavor for the benefit of mankind and all sentient beings. Epistemological differences between Japanese and Zen cultures and Western cultures are described to help clarify differences in these perspectives.
Open Liver Ablation

Open liver ablation is performed for selected cases of tumor (primary or metastatic) as an alternative to resection or laparoscopic ablation. This chapter lists the indications, essential steps, common technical variations, and complications of this procedure. A detailed template operative dictation note is included.
Taxonomic Revision of Certain Discorbacea and Orbitoidacea (Foraminiferida)

Taxonomic rev ision of genera of rwo superfornilies of Foram iniferida, tht Discorbacea and Orbiroi<lacea, is presemed. The classificarion adoprtd in this paper is based on wall srrucrures, life cycles, and morphology of rhe resc. Descriptions are based on type macerial or living specimens grown under laborarory omdirions. Discorbis vesicularis Lamarck is shown to be monolamellar. The genus Rotorbinella Bandy is reinstated and placed in the Discorbinae and includes Gavelinopsis Hofker, and Biapertorbis Pokorny as synonyms. Rotorbinella campanulata (Galloway and Wissler) includes the following as specific synonyms: Globorotalia campanulata Galloway and Wissler, Rotalia turbinate Cushman and Valentine, R. vesiformis Bandy, R. spp. Walton, R. avalonensis Natland, and Rosalina campanulata Uchio. Trochulina d’Orbigny is bilamellar, removed from Discorbinae and reinstated in the family Eponididae, superfamily Orbitoidacea. Tretomphalus Mobius is a junior synonym of the Rosalina d’Orbigny. R. globularis d’Orbigny is a bilamellar and placed in the family Rosalinidae, of the Orbitoidacea. Synonyms of the R. globularis include: Discorbis columbiensis Cushman, D. monicana Zalesny, Tretomphalus myersi Cushma, T. bulloides (d’Orbigny), Rosalina bulloides d’Orbigny, and Discorbis isabelleana (d’Orbigny) (?) Cushman and Valentine. Rosalina mira are regarded as distinct species. Discorbis floridana Cushman is considered to be a glabratellid.
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Religious Beliefs and Acceptance of One’s Gay or Lesbian Family Member

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that the coming out process can be stressful not only for individuals disclosing their sexual orientation, but also for the family members who receive the news. While research demonstrates that family acceptance of such disclosures is related to one’s religious beliefs, less is known about how religion influences the process of acceptance. There are theoretical reasons to expect that individuals’ religious beliefs interact with their attitudes regarding acceptance in reciprocal ways. Utilizing data from 14 semistructured interviews with family members of lesbian and gay individuals, we offer a preliminary examination of how the process of acceptance is both influenced by and influences a person’s own religious beliefs. Results suggest that the acceptance process involves a complex interaction between an individual’s general proclivity toward acceptance, the degree to which religion promotes or opposes the acceptance of same-sex relationships, and the level of investment one has i...
Is less more, or is it less? The growing evidence on high-intensity hospital care

The evidence seems clear: we spend so much on healthcare, and get so little in return. Despite wide variation in the amount we spend on care, patients’ outcomes are often the same.1 So clearly, we should just do less. Indeed, given the growing problems of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, less is more. As emergency physicians, we deliver a fair amount of high-intensity care. Yes, good care can sometimes be as simple as an astute diagnosis or a kind word. But it can also involve cross-sectional imaging, invasive procedures and hospital admission. At the right time and for the right patient, we believe, this care can be the difference between life and death. And yet this care is coming under increasing scrutiny from payers and policy makers. While emergency care accounts for a small fraction of direct health system costs,2 the decision to admit a patient to the hospital is an expensive one indeed. There are many good reasons to send patients home—reducing crowding, avoiding hospital-acquired infections and more. But the driving force behind efforts to reduce admissions today is simple: to reduce costs. As a result, physicians everywhere face increasing pressure to discharge patients to home. This poses a particular dilemma for emergency physicians. On one hand, the rest of the world seems very certain we should be sending more patients home. On the other, our experience suggests that failures of risk stratification and mistriage to home can have terrible consequences. ### Early death after discharge from the ED Recently my colleagues and I published a study investigating how often generally healthy people sent home from US EDs died in the week after discharge.3 Two of our key findings are relevant to current debates about the value of hospital care. First, death in the week after discharge happens more often than we thought, about 10 000 times per …
Endothelial jagged-2 sustains hematopoietic stem and progenitor reconstitution after myelosuppression

Angiocrine factors, such as Notch ligands, supplied by the specialized endothelial cells (ECs) within the bone marrow and splenic vascular niche play an essential role in modulating the physiology of adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the relative contribution of various Notch ligands, specifically jagged-2, to the homeostasis of HSPCs is unknown. Here, we show that under steady state, jagged-2 is differentially expressed in tissue-specific vascular beds, but its expression is induced in hematopoietic vascular niches after myelosuppressive injury. We used mice with EC-specific deletion of the gene encoding jagged-2 (Jag2) to demonstrate that while EC-derived jagged-2 was dispensable for maintaining the capacity of HSPCs to repopulate under steady-state conditions, by activating Notch2 it did contribute to the recovery of HSPCs in response to myelosuppressive conditions. Engraftment and/or expansion of HSPCs was dependent on the expression of endothelial-derived jagged-2 following myeloablation. Additionally, jagged-2 expressed in bone marrow ECs regulated HSPC cell cycle and quiescence during regeneration. Endothelial-deployed jagged-2 triggered Notch2/Hey1, while tempering Notch2/Hes1 signaling in HSPCs. Collectively, these data demonstrate that EC-derived jagged-2 activates Notch2 signaling in HSPCs to promote hematopoietic recovery and has potential as a therapeutic target to accelerate balanced hematopoietic reconstitution after myelosuppression.
Transdiscal Core Biopsy of Aortocaval Lymph Node: A Case Report

The transdiscal approach has been described for nerve block and neurolysis of the hypogastric and celiac plexuses for chronic pain relief; however, reports utilizing the transdiscal approach for biopsy of aortocaval lymph nodes or other retroperitoneal masses are scarce. Traditional posterior paravertebral, lateral, or anterior approaches are often not technically feasible for core biopsy of aortocaval lesions due to overlying bowel, organs, or vessels. In aortocaval or other retroperitoneal lesions inaccessible by traditional techniques, the transdiscal method is invaluable in providing a linear approach that avoids the major vessels, organs, and bowel and allows for core biopsy. This case report demonstrates the use of transdiscal approach for core biopsy of aortocaval lesions otherwise inaccessible by traditional approaches.
Is Something Missing

Any really close and thorough examination of the psychological research into the origins of anger and emotional aggression must leave the thoughtful reader somewhat dissatisfied. The literature presents us with occasional inconsistencies and unexpected findings that most of the investigators seem not to have noticed and certainly have not addressed as they focus on the more usual research results. In my view any really adequate account of anger and emotional aggression must deal with these apparent exceptions to the general rule and show how they can be explained by the theoretical scheme. Only then, I believe, will we have a truly far-ranging theory. Hoping to assist in the development of this comprehensive formulation, I will first highlight these matters that seem to be almost entirely neglected by most contemporary analyses of anger, and I will then offer a general theoretical model that can accommodate both the seeming exceptions and the much more frequently reported research results.
Development of a Cryo Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscope at the NSLS

We have developed a cryo Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope at the X1A beamline at the NSLS. The system is designed to image hydrated biological objects of a thickness of several micrometers at temperatures of around 110 K at a resolution of ultimately 30 nm or less. A description of the setup of the cryo-STXM is given. We have started to commission the system and present some results, including first images of biological samples.
Diagnostic yield of screening for type 2 diabetes in high-risk patients: a systematic review.

Objective To determine the value of using risk factors to decide which patients should undergo serum screening for type 2 diabetes. Search strategies The MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases were searched for original studies of screening for type 2 diabetes on the basis of risk factors. The reference lists of all reviews, letters, editorials, consensus statements, and guidelines for diabetes screening were searched for additional studies. The Cochrane database was also searched for relevant reviews. Selection criteria All original studies regarding selective serum screening for type 2 diabetes on the basis of risk factors were included. review. Three studies were cross-sectional in design; 3 employed survey data to develop computerized statistical models that used risk factors to identify cases of type 2 diabetes; and 1 used a similar method, but the resulting model was field tested in a separate population. No study describes a risk-factor-based method or instrument that helps substantially in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions Selective screening for type 2 diabetes on the basis of risk factors cannot be recommended. Serum screening can be offered to patients who present with typical symptoms of diabetes.
The “Will You Be My PCP?” Patient

Ms. Bronte is a previously healthy 35 year-old woman, who presents to you as a new patient with sudden-onset generalized plaque-type psoriasis. She also complains of intermittent achy joints and a sensation of chest tightness that typically precedes each flare of psoriasis. She has received a thorough work-up from multiple specialists, including dermatology, rheumatology, and cardiology, at a respected medical institution prior to coming to you. In spite of having previously been diagnosed with psoriasis, she claims that her condition has not been fully diagnosed, and she worries about the risk of a cardiovascular event. Reports from cardiology and rheumatology revealed no obvious causes for her symptoms. The patient is sitting in front of you, appearing very anxious and distressed about her health, and pleads that you help control her psoriasis as well diagnose her heart and joint disease. In other words, she wants you to be her primary care physician (PCP).
Military service and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism: recognizing red flags for rare medical conditions.

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare disorder characterized by normal serum parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphate and skeletal abnormalities (referred to as Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy) that include short stature, short digits, and heterotopic calcifications. Since each military recruit cannot be screened for every medical condition, unusual requests regarding fitness for duty might serve as red flags for rare medical conditions. This point is illustrated by the case history of an infantryman who served 22 years in the U.S. Marine Corps with pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism.
Resection of primary tumor may prolong survival in metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Background Patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors often present with stage IV disease. Primary tumor resection in these patients remains controversial. Herein, we studied the impact of primary tumor removal, identified variables associated with prolonged survival for each neuroendocrine tumor subtype, and determined factors that influence surgeons to perform primary tumor resection. Methods Patients with metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors diagnosed from 2004 to 2014 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Nested Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models were used to assess variables associated with survival and primary resection. Results A total of 14,510 patients met inclusion criteria. On multivariable analysis, resection of the primary tumor and grade 1 or 2 tumors was associated with prolonged survival in all subtypes (P Conclusion This study is the first suggesting that primary tumor resection is associated with prolonged survival for all gastro-entero-pancreatic NETs. Additional variables related to survival for each NET subtype were identified and might help select patients who benefit from primary tumor removal.
Respiratory Viral Infections in Patients With Cancer or Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplant

Survival rates for pediatric cancer have steadily improved over time but it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Infections are a major complication of cancer and its treatment. Community acquired respiratory viral infections (CRV) in these patients increase morbidity, mortality and can lead to delay in chemotherapy. These are the result of infections with a heterogeneous group of viruses including RNA viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), metapneumovirus (HMPV), rhinovirus (RhV), and coronavirus (CoV). These infections maintain a similar seasonal pattern to those of immunocompetent patients. Clinical manifestations vary significantly depending on the type of virus and the type and degree of immunosuppression, ranging from asymptomatic or mild disease to rapidly progressive fatal pneumonia Infections in this population are characterized by a high rate of progression from upper to lower respiratory tract infection and prolonged viral shedding. Use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy are risk factors for severe disease. The clinical course is often difficult to predict, and clinical signs are unreliable. Accurate prognostic viral and immune markers, which have become part of the standard of care for systemic viral infections, are currently lacking; and management of CRV infections remains controversial. Defining effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies is challenging, especially considering, the spectrum of immunocompromised patients, the variety of respiratory viruses, and the presence of other opportunistic infections and medical problems. Prevention remains one of the most important strategies against these viruses. Early diagnosis, supportive care and antivirals at an early stage, when available and indicated, have proven beneficial. However, with the exception of neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza infection, there are no accepted treatments. In high-risk patients, pre-emptive treatment with antivirals for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) to decrease progression to LRTI is a common strategy. In the future, viral load and immune markers may prove beneficial in predicting severe disease, supporting decision making and monitor treatment in this population.
Perspectives on rapid fentanyl test strips as a harm reduction practice among young adults who use drugs: a qualitative study.

In 2016, drug overdose deaths exceeded 64,000 in the United States, driven by a sixfold increase in deaths attributable to illicitly manufactured fentanyl. Rapid fentanyl test strips (FTS), used to detect fentanyl in illicit drugs, may help inform people who use drugs about their risk of fentanyl exposure prior to consumption. This qualitative study assessed perceptions of FTS among young adults. From May to September 2017, we recruited a convenience sample of 93 young adults in Rhode Island (age 18–35 years) with self-reported drug use in the past 30 days to participate in a pilot study aimed at better understanding perspectives of using take-home FTS for personal use. Participants completed a baseline quantitative survey, then completed a training to learn how to use the FTS. Participants then received ten FTS for personal use and were asked to return 2–4 weeks later to complete a brief quantitative and structured qualitative interview. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and double coded in NVivo (Version 11). Of the 81 (87%) participants who returned for follow-up, the majority (n = 62, 77%) used at least one FTS, and of those, a majority found them to be useful and straightforward to use. Positive FTS results led some participants to alter their drug use behaviors, including discarding their drug supply, using with someone else, and keeping naloxone nearby. Participants also reported giving FTS to friends who they felt were at high risk for fentanyl exposure. These findings provide important perspectives on the use of FTS among young adults who use drugs. Given the high level of acceptability and behavioral changes reported by study participants, FTS may be a useful harm reduction intervention to reduce fentanyl overdose risk among this population. The study protocol is registered with the US National Library of Medicine, Identifier NCT03373825, 12/24/2017, registered retrospectively. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03373825?id=NCT03373825&rank=1
Cybersecure Distributed Voltage Control of AC Microgrids

In this paper, the cybersecurity of distributed secondary voltage control of AC microgrids is addressed. A resilient approach is proposed to mitigate the negative impacts of cyberthreats on the voltage and reactive power control of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The proposed secondary voltage control is inspired by the resilient flocking of a mobile robot team. This approach utilizes a virtual time-varying communication graph in which the quality of the communication links is virtualized and determined based on the synchronization behavior of DERs. The utilized control protocols on DERs ensure that the connectivity of the virtual communication graph is above a specific resilience threshold. Once the resilience threshold is satisfied the Weighted Mean Subsequence Reduced (WMSR) algorithm is applied to satisfy voltage restoration in the presence of malicious adversaries. A typical microgrid test system including 6 DERs is simulated to verify the validity of proposed resilient control approach.
Identification and Confirmation of Potentially Actionable Germline Mutations in Tumor-Only Genomic Sequencing.

PURPOSETumor-only genomic profiling (TGP) is increasingly advocated for all patients with cancer given the possible therapeutic implications. It is critical to develop clinical algorithms to identi...
Climate forcing by battered-and-breaded fillets and crab-flavored sticks from Alaska pollock

The food sector is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, contributing 10–32% of global anthropogenic sources. Compared with land-based food production systems, relatively little is known about the climate impact of seafood products. Previous studies have placed an emphasis on fishing activities, overlooking the contribution of the processing phase in the seafood supply chain. Furthermore, other studies have ignored short-lived climate forcing pollutants which can be particularly large for ship fuels. To address these critical knowledge gaps, we conducted a carbon footprint analysis of seafood products from Alaska pollock, one of the world’s largest fisheries. A holistic assessment was made including all components in the supply chain from fishing through retail display case, including a broad suite of climate forcing pollutants (well-mixed greenhouse gases, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, black carbon and organic carbon), for domestic and top importers. We found that in some instances the processing phase contributed nearly twice the climate impact as the fishing phase of the seafood supply chain. For highly fuel-efficient fisheries, such as the Alaska pollock catcher-processor fleet, including the processing phase of the seafood supply chain is essential. Furthermore, the contribution from cooling emissions (sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and organic carbon) offsets a significant portion of the climate forcing from warming emissions. The estimates that include only greenhouse gases are as much as 2.6 times higher than the cases that include short-lived climate forcing pollutants. This study also advances our understanding of the climate impact of seafood distribution with products for the domestic retail market having a climate impact that is as much as 1.6 times higher than export products that undergo transoceanic shipping. A full accounting of the supply chain and of the impact of the pollutants emitted by food production systems is important for climate change mitigation strategies in the near-term.
Shifting Roles in Families of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Recipients and Implications for the Transition to Adulthood

The 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program enabled undocumented immigrant young adults to more freely participate in U.S. society. Guided by family systems theory, which emphasi...
Unsolicited patient complaints among radiation, medical, and surgical oncologists.

BACKGROUND Unsolicited patient complaints (UPCs) about physician practices are nonrandomly associated with malpractice claims and clinical quality. The authors evaluated the distributions and types of UPCs associated with oncologists by specialty and assessed oncologist characteristics associated with UPCs. METHODS This retrospective study reviewed UPCs associated with US radiation oncologists (ROs), medical oncologists (MOs), and surgical oncologists (SOs) from 35 health care systems from 2015 to 2018. Average total UPCs were compared by specialty in addition to sex, medical school graduation year, degree, medical school location, residency location, practice setting, and practice region. For continuous variables, linear regression was used to test for an association with total complaints. RESULTS The study included 1576 physicians: 318 ROs, 1020 MOs, and 238 SOs. The average number of UPCs per physician was different and depended on the oncologic specialty: ROs had significantly fewer complaints (1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.54) than MOs (3.81; 95% CI, 3.52-4.10) and SOs (6.89; 95% CI, 5.99-7.79; P < .0001). In a multivariable analysis, oncologic specialty, recency of graduation, and academic practice were predictive of higher total UPCs (P < .05). UPCs described concerns with care and treatment (42.8%), communication (26.4%), accessibility (17.5%), concern for patient (10.3%), and billing (2.9%). CONCLUSIONS ROs had significantly fewer complaints than MOs and SOs and may have a lower risk of malpractice claims as a group. In addition to oncologic specialty, a more recent year of medical school graduation and working at an academic center were independent risk factors for UPCs. Further research is needed to clarify the reasons underlying these associations and to identify interventions that decrease UPCs and associated risks. LAY SUMMARY This study of 1576 oncologists found that radiation oncologists had significantly fewer complaints than medical oncologists, who in turn had significantly fewer complaints than surgical oncologists. Other characteristics associated with more patient complaints included recency of medical school graduation and practice in an academic setting. Oncologists' patient complaints provide information that may have practical applications for patient safety and risk management. Understanding and addressing the characteristics that increase the risk for complaints could improve patients' experiences and outcomes.
Evaluation of a Low-Toxicity PARP Inhibitor as a Neuroprotective Agent for Parkinson’s Disease

Repurposing PARP-1 inhibitors (PARPi) for non-oncological applications offers an attractive therapeutic strategy for pathological conditions characterized by PARP-1 hyperactivity. In the context of Parkinson's disease (PD), PARP-1 hyperactivity has been linked to neuronal death and disease progression. From a therapy perspective, the evaluation of PARPi as neuroprotective agents may offer a new therapeutic alternative for neurodegenerative disorders. An ideal PARPi needs to inhibit PARP-1 hyperactivity while also limiting downstream DNA damage and cellular toxicity-an effect that is attractive in cancer but far from ideal in neurological disease applications. Consequently, in this study, we set out to evaluate the neuroprotective properties of a previously reported low-toxicity PARPi (10e) using in vitro neuronal models of PD. 10e is a structural analogue of FDA-approved PARPi olaparib, with high PARP-1 affinity and selectivity. Our studies revealed that 10e protects neuronal cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage. In addition, 10e exhibits neuroprotective properties against α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils (αSyn PFF) mediated effects, including reduction in the levels of phosphorylated αSyn and protection against abnormal changes in NAD+ levels. Our in vitro studies with 10e provide support for repurposing high-affinity and low-toxicity PARPi for neurological applications and lay the groundwork for long-term therapeutic studies in animal models of PD.
Structural perspectives on H2S homeostasis.

Abstract The enzymes involved in H2S homeostasis regulate its production from sulfur-containing amino acids and its oxidation to thiosulfate and sulfate. Two gatekeepers in this homeostatic circuit are cystathionine beta-synthase, which commits homocysteine to cysteine, and sulfide quinone oxidoreductase, which commits H2S to oxidation via a mitochondrial pathway. Inborn errors at either locus affect sulfur metabolism, increasing homocysteine-derived H2S synthesis in the case of CBS deficiency and reducing complex IV activity in the case of SQOR deficiency. In this review, we focus on structural perspectives on the reaction mechanisms and regulation of these two enzymes, which are key to understanding H2S homeostasis in health and its dysregulation and potential targeting in disease.
Mechanisms of loading and release of the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp

Abstract 5’ single-stranded/double-stranded DNA serve as loading sites for the checkpoint clamp, 9-1-1, which mediates activation of the apical checkpoint kinase, ATRMec1. However, the basis for 9-1-1’s recruitment to 5’ junctions is unclear. Here, we present structures of the yeast checkpoint clamp loader, Rad24-RFC, in complex with 9-1-1 and a 5’ junction and in a post-ATP-hydrolysis state. Unexpectedly, 9-1-1 adopts both closed and planar open states in the presence of Rad24-RFC and DNA. Moreover, Rad24-RFC associates with the DNA junction in the opposite orientation of processivity clamp loaders with Rad24 exclusively coordinating the double-stranded region. ATP hydrolysis stimulates conformational changes in Rad24-RFC, leading to disengagement of DNA-loaded 9-1-1. Together, these structures explain 9-1-1’s recruitment to 5’ junctions and reveal new principles of sliding clamp loading.
SGK2, 14-3-3, and HUWE1 Cooperate to Control the Localization, Stability, and Function of the Oncoprotein PTOV1.

PTOV1 is an oncogenic protein, initially identified in prostate cancer, that promotes proliferation, cell motility and invasiveness. However, the mechanisms that regulate PTOV1 remain unclear. In an effort to understand these mechanisms, we identify 14-3-3 as a PTOV1 interactor and show that high levels of 14-3-3 expression, like PTOV1, correlate with prostate cancer progression. Further, we discover an SGK2-mediated phosphorylation of PTOV1 at S36, which is required for 14-3-3 binding. Disruption of the PTOV1-14-3-3 interaction results in an accumulation of PTOV1 in the nucleus and a proteasome-dependent reduction in PTOV1 protein levels. To understand the effect of 14-3-3 on PTOV1 stability, we find that loss of 14-3-3 binding leads to an increase in PTOV1 binding to the E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1, which promotes proteasomal degradation of PTOV1. Conversely, our data suggest that 14-3-3 stabilizes PTOV1 protein by sequestering PTOV1 in the cytosol and inhibiting its interaction with HUWE1. Finally, our data suggest that stabilization of the 14-3-3-bound form of PTOV1 promotes PTOV1-mediated expression of cJun, which drives cell cycle progression in cancer. Together, these data provide a first mechanism to understand the regulation of the oncoprotein PTOV1. Implications: These findings identify a potentially targetable mechanism that regulates the oncoprotein PTOV1.
Chemical Changes Associated with Aging of Meat with Emphasis on the Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter attempts to clarify the chemical changes that are responsible for the physical change in the muscle of meat. All skeletal muscles are striated in appearance and make up more than 50% of the weight of the animal. The chapter discusses the nature of these striations and the color of the muscle that is dependent on its myoglobin content. It presents the chemical changes associated with contraction and with onset of rigor mortis and changes associated with relaxation and with resolution of rigor mortis. Five experimental models for contraction and relaxation have been mentioned. The chapter discusses the use of enzymes for tenderizing meats along with some disadvantages. The enzymes that have been investigated for use in tenderizing meats are proteolytic in nature and are divided into three groups depending upon their source. The effect of tenderization in meat is difficult to treat quantitatively because adequate criteria of what constitutes tenderness is lacking.
Response: Creating Spaces of Resistance to Counter Belligerent Citizenship: The Context of Teachers' Work

Sigal Ben Porath has written an interesting and thought-provoking essay, arguing that, given the role schools must play in preserving democracy, educators must deny belligerent citizenship and create spaces of resistance in public schools. While I agree with her assertion, I question whether it is reasonable to expect this and I wonder what import this has for our responsibilities as philosophers of education.
Isolation of GTP-binding proteins from myeloid HL-60 cells. Identification of two pertussis toxin substrates

We have isolated the major GTP-binding proteins from myeloid HL-60 cell plasma membranes. Two pertussis toxin substrates with similar apparent molecular masses of 40 and 41 kDa, respectively, are contained in these preparations, with both proteins being ADP-ribosylated to a similar extent. Partial chymotryptic proteolysis of fractions containing the [32P]ADP-ribosylated 40-kDa GTP-binding protein alpha subunit demonstrated production of 32P-labeled peptides of 28 and 16 kDa which were not observed after partial proteolysis of fractions containing solely the 41-kDa protein. Similarly, mild acid hydrolysis produced an additional 28-kDa fragment only from fractions containing the 40-kDa protein. The results presented here indicate the presence of two distinct pertussis toxin substrates in myeloid cells. The 41-kDa pertussis toxin substrate is likely to represent the alpha subunit of the inhibitory GTP-binding regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase, whereas the 40-kDa substrate may represent the alpha subunit of the GTP-binding protein which is coupled to chemoattractant receptors. In addition to the pertussis toxin substrates, an additional major peak of guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio)triphosphate-binding activity closely corresponded to the appearance of a 23-kDa protein.
The TRC, the NGO and the child: young people and post‐conflict futures in Sierra Leone

This article concerns post-conflict interventions as technologies of future making, and their intersection with children as temporalised figures. Global concepts of childhood undergird a discourse of ‘lost childhoods’ as endangering both children and liberal time itself. After Sierra Leone's civil war, child protection agencies and its Truth and Reconciliation Commission sought to restore children ‘out of sequence’ to a presumed childhood origin and thereby re-set the timeline of both children and nation. A politics of future-making emerged in the unequal encounter through which children and post-conflict interventions each sought to achieve a desired future through the other.
Infections in Neurological Surgery

The incidence of brain abscess could be increasing due to the increased incidence of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts. The bacteriological profile has changed over the past 50 years, with the most significant increase being in anaerobic infections. The infections presented here include cerebral, cranial epidural, subdural empyema, fungal, parasitic and postoperative, each of which depends on a timely diagnosis. The treatment options vary from surgery, i.e. stereotactic and non-surgical (i.e. antibiotic) therapy.
Leveraging Mobile Devices to Develop Intercultural Competency for Digital Students

Mobile devices can help digital students reach out across cultures to develop intercultural competence, improve learning, and provide course support for a variety of course topics. Intercultural competence is expressed through openness, cognitive adaptability, and behavioral flexibility toward unfamiliar cultures. Digital students demonstrate a behavioral flexibility toward technology use that can be leveraged to encourage students to embrace cultures different from their own. This paper explores the feasibility of using mobile devices as viable options for course support by utilizing traditional learning styles and cultural learning styles. From the conducted survey preferred networks are identified for creating a community to support mobile learning.