cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of a Perplexing Sinus Lift Complication

Background: This case report describes a dilemma that occurred after a maxillary right lateral window sinus lift was performed. The patient developed a gnawing pain in the sinus region but manifested no signs of sinusitis, and the subjacent teeth were asymptomatic. Differentiating between a pain that could be originating in the maxillary sinus or adjacent premolars was problematic.Methods: After several weeks, a CT scan revealed no signs of sinusitis, despite the patient's belief that her discomfort was caused by her sinus lift. By the process of elimination, the decision was made to extract subjacent, asymptomatic premolars that had 50% bone loss and were previously endodontically treated.Results: Extraction of asymptomatic premolars resulted in total elimination of her pain.Conclusions: A differential diagnosis with regard to the source of the patient's pain had to be arrived at by the process of elimination rather than by validation. Confirmation that there was no sinus infection facilitated making the...
Species determination of selenium in natural waters

Abstract A method is described for the determination in natural waters of selenite, selenate, dimethyl selenide, and dimethyl diselenide. The detection limits are in the parts per trillion range. The volatile methyl species are removed from the sample with a stripping gas. The inorganic forms are selectively reduced to the hydride, and also stripped from the sample. A liquid nitrogen trap is used to collect both the selenides and the generated hydrides. Separation of the methyl species is accomplished by gas chromatography. All the species are detected by an atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a quartz tube furnace.
Asbestos-induced epithelial changes in organ cultures of hamster trachea: inhibition by retinyl methyl ether

The epithelium of the hamster trachea in organ culture undergoes hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia after exposure to the amphibole types of asbestos, crocidolite and amosite. These changes are inhibited when the synthetic vitamin A analog, retinyl methyl ether, is incorporated into the culture medium. These findings suggest a possible use for retinoids in the prevention and treatment of respiratory tract disease associated with environmental exposure to asbestos.
Thermal conductivity in the stripe-ordered phase of cuprates and nickelates

The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity \ensuremath{\kappa} and the resistivity \ensuremath{\rho} have been measured on well-characterized crystals ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.60\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ $(x=0.12,$ 0.15, and 0.20), ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\ensuremath{\delta}},$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{NiO}}_{4}$ $(x=0,$ 0.33, 0.50). In ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\ensuremath{\delta}},$ the phonon component of $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ decreases sharply with increasing \ensuremath{\delta}. The charge ordering at ${T}_{\mathrm{CO}}$ in ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{NiO}}_{4}$ enhances $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T).$ Similarly in the ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.60\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ system, ordering of the mobile holes into stripes within the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ sheets on cooling through a low-temperature tetragonal/orthorhombic (LTT/LTO) transition at ${T}_{t}$ gives a jump \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\kappa} in $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T).$ In contrast to a previous report on ceramic samples, the superconductive crystals $x=0.15$ and 0.20 of the ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.60\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ system show a clear low-temperature peak in the normal state $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ below ${T}_{t}$ that shows phonons are the dominant carriers of heat in the LTT phase. Restoring phonons in the LTT phase is thus seen to be compatible with superconductivity in the copper oxides, albeit with a lower ${T}_{c}$ than is found in the LTO phase where the phonon component of $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ is suppressed in the normal state by the bond-length fluctuations.
The Many Worlds of Ida

The early primate fossil that forms the type specimen of Darwinius masillae, known informally as Ida, was first announced in a spectacular media blitz in May 2009, including a publication in the journal PLoS ONE, a public unveiling at the American Museum of Natural History, massive coverage by television and newspapers, a documentary program on the History Channel, and a book. However, reaction to the fossil by other scientists was largely critical of its purported significance, and later publications have reached very different conclusions than those promoted in the original announcements. Moreover, there are inconsistencies in the information provided by the scientific paper, the book, and the public announcements. What is the source of these discrepancies, and what is the relationship between scientific progress and media coverage?
Optimizing the Topologies of Compliant Mechanisms Using the Improved Modified Quadrilateral Discretization Model

The improved modified quadrilateral discretization model for the topology optimization of compliant mechanisms is introduced in this paper. The design domain is discretized into quadrilateral design cells and each quadrilateral design cell is further subdivided into 16 triangular analysis cells. All kinds of dangling full and half quadrilateral design cells and sharp-corner triangular analysis cells are removed in the improved modified quadrilateral discretization model to enhance the material utilization. Every quadrilateral design cell or triangular analysis cell is either solid or void to implement the discrete topology optimization and eradicate topology uncertainty caused by intermediate material states. The local stress constraint is directly imposed on each triangular analysis cell to make the synthesized compliant mechanism safe. The binary bit-array genetic algorithm is used to search for the optimal topology to circumvent the geometrical bias against the vertical design cells. Two topology optimization examples of compliant mechanisms are solved based on the proposed improved modified quadrilateral discretization model to verify its effectiveness.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Prolongation of survival after circumflex artery ligation by treatment with massive doses of insulin.

Insulin was administered to dogs with ligation of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Large doses (1) suppressed premature ventricular contractions, paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation, (2) reduced electrocardiographic evidence of early myocardial damage, and (3) prolonged survival considerably. The massive doses of insulin did no apparent harm; blood glucose was easily kept at the normal level by continuous infusion of 10% glucose solution.
Uveal melanoma cell growth is inhibited by aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) partially through activation of AMP-dependent kinase.

Purpose To evaluate the effects and mechanism of aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) activator, on the growth of uveal melanoma cell lines. Methods Four different cell lines were treated with AICAR (1-4 mM). Cell growth was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. Cell cycle analysis was conducted by flow cytometry; additionally, expression of cell-cycle control proteins, cell growth transcription factors, and downstream effectors of AMPK were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide inhibited cell growth, induced S-phase arrest, and led to AMPK activation. Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide treatment was associated with inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, a marker of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity. Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide treatment was also associated with downregulation of cyclins A and D, but had minimal effects on the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 or levels of the macroautophagy marker LC3B. The effects of AICAR were abolished by treatment with dipyridamole, an adenosine transporter inhibitor that blocks the entry of AICAR into cells. Treatment with adenosine kinase inhibitor 5-iodotubericidin, which inhibits the conversion of AICAR to its 5'-phosphorylated ribotide 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-D-ribofuranosyl-5'-monophosphate (ZMP; the direct activator of AMPK), reversed most of the growth-inhibitory effects, indicating that some of AICAR's antiproliferative effects are mediated at least partially through AMPK activation. Conclusions Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide inhibited uveal melanoma cell proliferation partially through activation of the AMPK pathway and downregulation of cyclins A1 and D1.
A model for the behavior of β-hCG after evacuation of hydatidiform moles

Abstract Objectives. The objective of this study is to develop a physical model of the behavior of β-hCG following the complete evacuation of a hydatidiform mole. Because hCG is an excellent marker for continued trophoblastic activity, the model can be used for early detection of persistent sites. Method. The model was developed from analysis of the post surgical hCG decrease in a patient with Stage III gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. As found in previous molar pregnancy studies, hCG follows a log-linear decrease after resolution. In contrast to those studies, however, we assume that the decrease can be explained by the dilution of the residual hCG from two different tissue reservoirs, a tissue reservoir with a half-life of ∼4 days and a reservoir with a longer half-life, in this case ∼18 days. Results. Simple dilution of two tissue reservoirs explains behavior of hCG following tumor removal. The model also explains the hCG decrease in a larger study of Japanese and Dutch women following the evacuation of uneventful hydatidiform moles. Conclusions. Following an initial rapid drop in hCG after resolution of the mole, the patient should experience a slower drop associated with the dilution of residual hCG in the deep tissue reservoir. This is normal. The physical model suggests that even earlier detection of chemotherapy resistant persistent trophoblastic disease is possible if the patient's decrease in hCG is slower than a log-linear fit to the patient's previous data. The results also suggest an alternative approach to processing patient statistics in analysis of carcinomas with large variations in the tumor marker concentrations.
1021-55 Is There Incremental Value of Echocardiography Over Clinical Information in Unselected Patients with Suspected Endocarditis? A Prospective Study

Although both transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echo can detect vegetations in patients with bacterial endocarditis (BE), their incremental value over the available clinical information has not been examined. Accordingly, we performed a prospective study in 105 patients (59 men, 46 women, age range of 16–88 yrs) with suspected BE in whom TIE had been requested. Thirty-four of these patients had known valvular disease, 19 had prosthetic valves, and 53 had other sources of infection. In addition to TTE, TEE was also performed in all patients. Twelve patients (11%) had technically inadequate TTE. Predefined clinical variables were used to classify the patients into low, medium, or high probability of having BE on clinical grounds. TTE and TEE studies were read separately without any clinical information and the patients were again classified into low, medium, or high probability of BE based on the echo findings alone. Also, of the 67 patients with low clinical probability of BE, the majority (79% by TTE and 87% by TEE) were also considered to have low probability by echo; only 6% were considered high probability. In patients with medium clinical probability of BE, the majority (83% by TTE and 100% by TEE) were reclassified based on echo findings. In patients with high clinical probability of BE, a significant portion (63% by TTE and 50% by TEE) were also reclassified based on echo findings. There was concordance between TTE and TEE in 86% of cases. The greatest difference was noted when TTE showed medium probability of BE: 8 of these 10 studies (80%) were reclassified based on TEE. We conclude that in patients with low clinical probability of BE, echo offers no incremental value, In patients with medium to high clinical probability of BE, echo offers incremental value. In addition, TEE is indicated in the diagnostic work-up only in patients with technically inadequate TTE studies and in those who show medium probability of BE after TTE; these constitute l10% of patients with suspected BE in whom echo is requested.
Developing competence for nurses and social workers.

(2008). DEVELOPING COMPETENCE FOR NURSES AND SOCIAL WORKERS. Journal of Social Work Education: Vol. 44, No. sup3, pp. 27-37.
Matrix cracking with bonded interfaces in unidirectional fibre-reinforced composites

Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6119, USA The mechanical properties of a material can be significantly improved by incorporating strong fibres aligned with the loading direction [1-6]. The initial damage in unidirectional fibre-reinforced composites is often in the form of a crack (or cracks) extending through the matrix with unbroken fibres bridging the crack surfaces. Several models have been proposed to analyse the critical loading stress on the composite for matrix cracking [7-14]. Depending upon the bonding strength between the fibre and the matrix, the interface either remains bonded [8, 9] or becomes debonded [7, 9-14] during the matrix cracking and fibre bridging processes. For the case of debonded interfaces, the analysis has been performed in a companion work [14] and compared with other existing analyses [7, 9]. Hence, the analysis of the present study is limited to the case of bonded interfaces. Firstly, the existing models [8, 9] are summarized, then a new model is proposed. Finally, comparison is made between the present solution and the existing solutions. The steady-state matrix cracking stress with bonded interfaces was first analysed by Aveston and Kelly [8]. A fibre surrounded by a hexagonal matrix was adopted as a representative volume element of the composite. A shear lag model [15] was used to analyse the stress transfer between the fibre and the matrix in the presence of matrix cracking. The stress-transfer solutions were based on the assumption that the average displacement in the matrix could be represented by the displacement in the matrix at a radial distance R from the centre of the fibre. The solutions were then used to calculate the work done by the applied stress during matrix cracking. Finally, the energy balance condition was used to derive the matrix cracking stress, and the result was [8]:
Realism without absolutes

L'A. traite de son propre ouvrage «Reason, Truth and History», ou il developpe une argumentation proche de celle de Quine concernant la relativite ontologique du langage, mais parvient a des conclusions opposees qui refutent le realisme metaphysique
White-tailed Deer Management Strategies and Domestication Processes

Today, people in the U.S. commonly engage in mutual relationships with white-tailed deer (WTD) in manners consistent with those that ultimately resulted in the domestication of animals in the past. Using a wide range of media depicting perspectives of sport hunters, biologists, ecologists, and game managers this paper explores: 1) the influence of anthropogenic environments on WTD behavior, 2) ‘game’ management and the ability to create valued demographics, and 3) the selection for increased antler size in farmed WTD. This study demonstrates that in order to gain a more accurate understanding of domestication, analyses should focus on the evolution of mutualisms between people and animals. Insights gleamed from this analysis also contribute toward our archaeological understanding of prehistoric animal domestication.
Enhanced field emission from diamond coated molybdenum emitters

The field emission characteristics of individual Mo emitters were measured before and after diamond deposition, as well as before and after annealing. After coating without annealing, the emission current increased dramatically. Subsequent annealing resulted in further increases in emission and improved current stability. After coating, the energy distribution of the emitted electrons was found to shift with applied field. Annealing reduced the peak shift but resulted in the appearance of a second peak, coincident with the formation of Mo 2 C at the diamond-molybdenum interface. These changes in the emission spectra in conjunction with I-V data are discussed in terms of possible changes in emission mechanism.
Glass and β transitions of atactic polystyrenes monitored by volume dilatometry

Abstract Volume recovery in the temperature range of above Tg to below T β has been studied for two atactic polystyrene specimens (M w = 210,000 and 300,000 g/mol). Observations clearly disclose the collapse of free volume even at temperatures well below Tβ. In an excess free volume sufficient environment, as the aging temperature is lowered through Tβ, the retardation of the initial volume recovery becomes progressively longer, forming a variation in the nonlinearity of the isotherms. Indeed, it is this variation that leads to the observation of the β transition in the V-T plot. The β transition is time dependent, but molecular weight independent. On the other hand, in addition to well-known molecular weight and time dependence, the glass transition has another important feature: The difference in thermal expansion coefficients above and below Tg increases slightly with aging time. Thus, time cannot alter the existence of Tg. Consequently, this study favors thermodynamic theories for the formation of Tg.
Regions as Loci of Conflict and Change: The Contributions of Ben Harrison to Regional Economic Development

By 1970, the civil rights and anti-Vietnam War legacies had provoked new forms of scholarship and novel approaches to regional and industrial planning. Bennett Harrison was a key figure in the shift from regional science toward a politically committed scholarship that incorporated new radical and institutionalist theories with creative empirical analyses and links to real world practice in economic development. Harrison, I argue, saw regions as loci of capitalist conflict and change, not as the rarified analytical units of regional science or as the faceless regional actors of the “new regionalism.” The actions of corporations and labor unions and the conflict between firms and between capital and labor were central to his interpretation of regions, which he approached in an unabashedly inductive manner. In this article, I review Harrison’s regional writings and make the case for the durability of his insights and his path-making contributions to the field.
Sex preselection: High-speed flow cytometric sorting of X and Y sperm for maximum efficiency

Sex preselection that is based on flow-cytometric measurement of sperm DNA content to enable sorting of X- from Y-chromosome-bearing sperm has proven reproducible at various locations and with many species at greater than 90% purity. Offspring of the predetermined sex in both domestic animals and human beings have been born using this technology since its introduction in 1989. The method involves treating sperm with the fluorescent dye, Hoechst 33342, which binds to the DNA and then sorting them into X- and Y-bearing-sperm populations with a flow cytometer/cell sorter modified specifically for sperm. Sexed sperm are then used with differing semen delivery routes such as intra-uterine, intra-tubal, artificial insemination (deep-uterine and cervical), in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Offspring produced at all locations using the technology have been morphologically normal and reproductively capable in succeeding generations. With the advent of high-speed cell sorting technology and improved efficiency of sorting by a new sperm orienting nozzle, the efficiency of sexed sperm production is significantly enhanced. This paper describes development of the these technological improvements in the Beltsville Sexing Technology that has brought sexed sperm to a new level of application. Under typical conditions the high-speed sperm sorter with the orienting nozzle (HiSON) results in purities of 90% of X- and Y-bearing sperm at 6 million sperm per h for each population. Taken to its highest performance level, the HiSON has produced X-bearing-sperm populations at 85 to 90% purity in the production of up to 11 million X-bearing-sperm per h of sorting. In addition if one accepts a lower purity (75 to 80%) of X, nearly 20 million sperm can be sorted per h. The latter represents a 30 to 60-fold improvement over the 1989 sorting technology using rabbit sperm. It is anticipated that with instrument refinements the production capacity can be improved even further. The application of the current technology has led to much wider potential for practical usage through conventional and deep-uterine artificial insemination of many species, especially cattle. It also opens the possibility of utilizing sexed sperm for artificial insemination in swine once low-sperm-dose methods are perfected. Sexed sperm on demand has become a reality through the development of the HiSON system.
Transport Diagnostics of GCMs and Implications for 2D Chemistry-Transport Model of Troposphere and Stratosphere

Abstract The middle atmosphere version of NCAR Community Climate Model (MACCM2) and the GEOS-STRATAN data assimilation system (DAS) of NASA/GSFC have been used to generate a zonally averaged set of transport parameters (meridional circulation and resolved eddy mixing) for use in two-dimensional (2D) chemistry transport models (CTMs). This was done by performing 3D transport numerical experiments with two orthogonal tracers. Some transport diagnostics from the MACCM2 and DAS are compared with each other, and with other approaches and estimates of horizontal mixing (Kyy) obtained from satellite data and GCMs. Some differences in the derived Kyy values for these passive tracer experiments and using the potential vorticity (PV) methods are discussed, as well as the annual and interannual variations, and the interhemispherical asymmetries in Kyy structures. The set of 2D parameters obtained from the MACCM2 transport diagnostics has been used in a 2D CTM to simulate the distribution of CH4, N2O, O3, and the age...
Understanding Public Policy Development as a Technological Process

This article discusses public policy writing as a genre of technical communication and, specifically, public policy development as a technological process. It cites DeGregori’s theory of technology to demonstrate the shared invention processes of technology and public policy, the work of public policy scholars to describe the policy-development process, and the work of human—computer interaction scholars to identify cognitive models of public policy development as a technological process. The article concludes with a discussion of e-rulemaking Web sites and the role of technical communicators in creating these blended spaces.
Calculation of the optimal clip dimensioning to minimize the influence of fabrication imperfections on the acceleration sensitivity of SC-cut quartz resonators with stiffened rectangular support systems

Recent work on the determination of optimal orientations and aspect ratios of SC-cut quartz resonators stiffened by rectangular quartz plates has shown that the influence of fabrication imperfections is minimized when two clips of reasonable size are used on each of the large sides. In this work existing computer programs are used in the calculation of the influence of the spacing between the two clips and the stiffnesses of the clips on the sensitivity to fabrication imperfections in order to find optimal conditions. Both contoured and flat plate trapped energy are treated. The smaller dimension of the support rectangle is determined by a criterion associated with the energy in the mode shape for each particular harmonic. A summary of recommendations based on all the calculations is presented. >
Adaptation by change of passive membrane resistance

Summary form only given, as follows. Membrane resistance is modeled in short-term memory equations of neural networks as a self-relaxation parameter which ensures exponential decay to zero when the input stimulus is removed. Several models were examined, and it was shown that steady-state network response and sensitivity is dependent on the (passive) membrane resistance. Change of membrane resistance thus provides a mechanism for post-sensory adaptation. The results were examined through analog hardware implementation and simulation of one of the neural network models, and agreement with theoretical analysis was observed. A simple mechanism for tuning the operating point and sensitivity was implemented and demonstrated. The implementation has direct technological application while the tuning mechanism itself explains some of the short-term adaptive behavior of biological systems. >
Regulation of Hermissenda K+ channels by cytoplasmic and membrane-associated C-kinase.

Pharmacologic activation of endogenous protein kinase C (PKC) together with elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ level was previously shown to cause reduction of two voltage-dependent K+ currents (IA and ICa2+-K+) across the soma membrane of the type B photoreceptor within the eye of the mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis. Similar effects were also found to persist for days after acquisition of a classically conditioned response. Also, the state of phosphorylation of a low-molecular-weight protein was changed only within the eyes of conditioned Hermissenda. To examine the role of PKC in causing K+ current changes as well as changes of phosphorylation during conditioning (and possibly other physiologic contexts), we studied here the effects of endogenous PKC activation and exogenous PKC injection on phosphorylation and K+ channel function. Several phosphoproteins (20, 25, 56, and 165 kilodaltons) showed differences in phosphorylation in response to PKC activators applied to intact nervous systems or to isolated eyes. Specific differences were observed for membrane and cytosolic fractions in response to both the phorbol ester 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate 20-acetate (DPBA) or exogenous PKC in the presence of Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine/diacylglycerol. Type B cells pretreated with DPBA responded to PKC injection with a persistent reduction of K+ currents. In the absence of DPBA, PKC injection also caused K+ current reduction only following Ca2+ loading conditions. However, the direct effect of PKC injection in the absence of DPBA was only to increase ICa2+-K+. According to a proposed model, the amplitude of the K+ currents would depend on the steady-state balance of effects mediated by PKC within the cytoplasm and membrane-associated PKC. The model further specifies that the effects on K+ currents of cytoplasmic PKC require an intervening proteolytic step. Such a model predicts that increasing the concentration of cytoplasmic protease, e.g., with trypsin, will increase K+ currents, whereas blocking endogenous protease, e.g., with leupeptin, will decrease K+ currents. These effects should be opposed by preexposure of the cells to DPBA. Furthermore, prior injection of leupeptin should block or reverse the effects of subsequent injection of PKC into the type B cell. All of these predictions were confirmed by results reported here. Taken together, the results of this and previous studies suggest that PKC regulation of membrane excitability critically depends on its cellular locus. The implications of such function for long-term physiologic transformations are discussed.
Tiger Mother: Popular and Psychological Scientific Perspectives on Asian Culture and Parenting

B attle Hymn of the Tiger Mother by Amy Chua is a memoir of a mother’s selfdescribed parenting efforts and experiences to ensure the “success” of her two daughters—defined primarily by their musical talents and academic accomplishments. Since its release in the United States (and at least 20 more versions internationally), the book has attracted a great deal of attention and generated excited discussions in the popular media because of the author’s invocation of culture as the basis of her approach to raising her children. Specifically, much of the controversy generated among the lay public—and behavioral scientists—has concerned strict adherence to what author Chua describes as traditional Chinese values and parenting practices (including minimal leisure or nonacademic socializing, sanctions for any grades less than excellent, and classical music lessons) and the accurate representation of traditional Asian cultural values and behaviors. Surprisingly, what has been missing from these discourses has been social science: Many investigators have moved well beyond anecdotes to uncover relevant evidence in areas of child development, family studies, and cross-cultural and ethnic minority psychology. Setting aside the controversial account of the author’s personal experiences as a tiger mother and the popular desires to uncover the “secrets” of Asian Americans’ success, the impact of the book necessitates a scholarly examination of relevant data behind the Asian model minority myth, and their relationship to the activation of stereotypes and to the transmission of cultural values in a dynamic multicultural society. Such a critical view suggests very different implications than Chua seems to have implied for parents, mental health professionals, and social scientists.
The elimination of contraceptive acceptor targets and the evolution of population policy in India.

In 1996 the government of India announced a new national population policy that eliminated numerical targets for new contraceptive acceptors. This paper examines the history of target setting in India and factors that led to the elimination of targets. The analysis is based on published and unpublished reports on India's population policy and the family planning programme and interviews with senior Indian and foreign officials and population specialists. Five factors are identified as playing a role in the evolution from target setting to a target-free policy: (1) the research of India's academics; (2) the work of women's health advocates; (3) the support of officials in the state bureaucracy who approved the target-free approach; (4) the influence of the donors to India's family planning programme, especially the World Bank; and (5) the International Conference on Population and Development.
Soft Tissue Reconstructive Options for the Ulcerated or Gangrenous Diabetic Foot

Diabetic foot and ankle wounds usually occur because of acute or repetitive trauma in an insensate and biomechanically unstable foot. The body is unable to heal the wound owing to persistent trauma, biomechanical abnormality, infection, inadequate blood flow, ineffective immune system, or poor nutrition and the acute wound converts into a chronic wound. The goal is to transform the chronic wound into an acute healing wound with healthy granulation tissue, neoepithelialization, and wrinkled skin edges. The steps to achieve a healthy healing wound include establishing a correct diagnosis, ensuring a good local blood supply, debriding the wound to a clean base, correcting the biomechanical abnormality, and nurturing the wound until it shows signs of healing. The subsequent reconstruction can then usually be accomplished by simple techniques 90% of the time and complex flap reconstruction in 10% of cases. It may involve partial foot amputation to develop a sufficient tissue envelope to close the wound or to stabilize the foot biomechanically.
Saliency-based decision support

A model of visual saliency is often used to highlight interesting or perceptually significant features in an image. If a specific task is imposed upon the viewer, then the image features that disambiguate task-related objects from non-task-related locations should be incorporated into the saliency determination as top-down information. For this study, viewers were given the task of locating potentially cancerous lesions in synthetically-generated medical images. An ensemble of saliency maps was created to model the target versus error features that attract attention. For MRI images, lesions are most reliably modeled by luminance features and errors are mostly modeled by color features, depending upon the type of error (search, recognition, or decision). Other imaging modalities showed similar differences between the target and error features that contribute to top-down saliency. This study provides evidence that image-derived saliency is task-dependent and may be used to predict target or error locations in complex images.
Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white LED spectra

White LED spectra for general lighting should be designed for high luminous efficacy as well as good color rendering. Multi-chip and phosphor-type white LED models were analyzed by simulation on their color characteristics and luminous efficacy of radiation, compared with those of conventional light sources for general lighting. Color rendering characteristics were evaluated based on the CIE Color Rendering Index (CRI), using not only Ra but also the special color rendering indices Ri as well as the CIELAB color difference ΔE*ab for the 14 color samples defined in CIE 13.3. Several models of 3-chip and 4-chip white LEDs as well as phosphor-type LEDs are optimized for various parameters, and some guidance is given for designing these white LEDs. The simulation analysis also demonstrated several problems with the current CIE Color Rendering Index (CRI), and the need for improvements is discussed.
Event detection and modeling of engine pressure data: An integrated approach

It is crucial to detect, characterize and model eve nts of interest in a new propulsion system. In this paper, a novel framework is establi shed within which an adaptive clustering approach that uses fuzzy techniques and hierarchical methodologies is proposed to characterize specific events of interest using the measured and processed features. Raw engine measurement data is first analyzed using the wavelet transform to provide localization of frequency information before they a re fed to the classification system. A method combining hierarchical clustering and fuzzy k-mean clustering in an adaptive learning manner is then applied to find the events of interest during the operation of engine, thus addressing two major issues associated with co nventional partitional clustering: sensitivity to initialization and difficulty in det ermining the optimal number of clusters. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is computationally feasible and effective in learning, and detecting and classifyin g events of interest.
Does anxiety sensitivity correlate with startle habituation? An examination in two independent samples

Individuals with anxiety disorders have previously demonstrated abnormal habituation to aversiveness over time. As anxiety sensitivity (AS), or an individuals' propensity to fear of anxiety-related sensations, has been shown to be a risk factor for anxiety disorders (particularly panic disorder), the present study examined whether AS was also associated with abnormal habituation. This association was examined in two independent samples of undergraduates (Ntotal=178). Habituation was operationalised as the reduction in startle response to multiple startle probes presented over 2.5 minutes and three definitions of this reduction were employed. Results indicated that individuals with higher levels of AS evidenced deficits in startle habituation, but the strength of this relationship was somewhat dependent on the definition of startle habituation, with the most robust definition being an analysis of participants' individual slopes across all nine blinks. The present findings suggest that startle habituation is a key mechanism underlying AS, and may help elucidate the role this risk factor plays in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders.
Benign MRI findings and their pathologic mimics

Summary Otherwise benign MRI findings (so-called “incidentalomas”) are a frequent cause of worry on the part of both clinician and patient. Knowledge of the imaging characteristics of incidentalomas, their (typically slight) pathologic significance, and how to distinguish these from less benign pathologic mimics can help avoid unnecessary worry, expense, and workup.
Cell Structure Controls Endothelial Cell Migration under Fluid Shear Stress

Cobblestone-shaped endothelial cells in confluent monolayers undergo triphasic mechanotaxis in response to steady unidirectional shear stress, but cells that are elongated and aligned on micropatterned substrates do not change their migration behavior in response to either perpendicular or parallel flow. Whether mechanotaxis of micropatterned endothelial cell layers is suppressed by elongated cytoskeletal structure or limited availability of adhesion area remains unknown. In this study, cells were examined on wide (100–200 μm) micropatterned lines after onset of shear stress. Cells in center regions of the lines exhibited cobblestone morphology and triphasic mechanotaxis behavior similar to that in unpatterned monolayers, whereas cells along the edges migrated parallel to the line axis regardless of the flow direction. When scratch wounds were created perpendicular to the micropatterned lines, the cells became less elongated before migrating into the denuded area. In sparsely populated lines oriented perpendicular to the flow direction, elongated cells along the upstream edge migrated parallel to the edge for 7 h before migrating parallel to the shear stress direction, even though adhesion area existed in the downstream direction. Thus, cytoskeletal structure and not available adhesion area serves as the dominant factor in determining whether endothelial mechanotaxis occurs in response to shear stress.
Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) reproduction and interference in transplanted plasticulture tomato

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effect of in-row eastern black nightshade establishment and removal timings in plasticulture tomato on tomato yield loss and nightshade berry production and seed viability. Eastern black nightshade was transplanted at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 wk after tomato planting (WAP) and remained until tomato harvest, or was established at tomato planting and removed at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 WAP to determine the critical weed-free periods. Eastern black nightshade seed viability increased with berry size and with length of establishment or removal time. The critical weed-free period to avoid viable nightshade seed production was 3–6 WAP. Tomato yield decreased with early weed establishment or with delayed time of weed removal. The critical weed-free period to avoid greater than 20% tomato yield loss for the sum weight of extra large and jumbo grades was 28 to 50 d after tomato transplanting. Nomenclature: Eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum Dun. SOLPT; tom...
RIPARIAN BIRD COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN PORTLAND, OREGON: HABITAT, URBANIZATION, AND SPATIAL SCALE PATTERNS

Abstract In 1999, we surveyed breeding bird and plant communities along 54 streams in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan region to link bird community metrics with structural and spatial characteristics of urban riparian areas. Canonical correspondence analysis produced two explanatory axes relating to vegetation and road density. Total and non-native bird abundance was higher in narrow forests. Native bird abundance was greater in narrow forests surrounded by undeveloped lands; native species richness and diversity were greater in less-developed areas. Native resident and short-distance-migrant abundance was higher in narrow forests, and diversity was positively associated with developed lands. Neotropical migrant abundance, richness, and diversity were greater in open-canopied areas with fewer roads. We examined spatial relationships by regressing bird variables on satellite-derived forest canopy cover, area of undeveloped lands, and street density in a series of 50-m buffers within a 500-m radius aroun...
Ventricular function in aortic stenosis: how low can you go?

In 1980, we reported that patients with aortic stenosis (AS) who had a low mean gradient (<30 mm Hg) and low ejection fraction (<0.30) fared poorly following aortic valve replacement (AVR) [(1)][1]. We also demonstrated that while ejection fraction may be reduced in AS either because of afterload
Augmentation of angiotensinogen expression in the proximal tubule by intracellular angiotensin II via AT1a/MAPK/NF-кB signaling pathways

Long-term angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion significantly increases ANG II levels in the kidney through two major mechanisms: AT1 receptor-mediated augmentation of angiotensinogen (AGT) expression and uptake of circulating ANG II by the proximal tubules. However, it is not known whether intracellular ANG II stimulates AGT expression in the proximal tubule. In the present study, we overexpressed an intracellular cyan fluorescent ANG II fusion protein (Ad-sglt2-ECFP/ANG II) selectively in the proximal tubule of rats and mice using the sodium and glucose cotransporter 2 (sglt2) promoter. AGT mRNA and protein expression in the renal cortex and 24-h urinary AGT excretion were determined 4 wk following overexpression of ECFP/ANG II in the proximal tubule. Systolic blood pressure was significantly increased with a small antinatriuretic effect in rats and mice with proximal tubule-selective expression of ECFP/ANG II (P 1.5-fold and 61 ± 16% (P < 0.05), whereas urinary AGT excretion was increased from 48.7 ± 5.7 (n = 13) to 102 ± 13.5 (n = 13) ng/24 h (P < 0.05). However, plasma AGT, renin activity, and ANG II levels remained unaltered by ECFP/ANG II. The increased AGT mRNA and protein expressions in the cortex by ECFP/ANG II were blocked in AT1a-knockout (KO) mice. Studies in cultured mouse proximal tubule cells demonstrated involvement of AT1a receptor/MAP kinases/NF-кB signaling pathways. These results indicate that intracellular ANG II stimulates AGT expression in the proximal tubules, leading to increased AGT formation and secretion into the tubular fluid, which contributes to ANG II-dependent hypertension.
Doubled Haploid Inbred Lines USVL048 and USVL131 of Heading Broccoli

Two inbred lines of heading broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), designated USVL048 and USVL131, were released by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2012. Both of the released lines are doubled haploids originally derived from anther cultures. As doubled haploid broccolis, both USVL048 and USVL131 are uniform, homozygous, truebreeding inbred lines. In addition, they both produce heads with high-quality characteristics. USVL048 and USVL131 can be readily crossed with other broccoli inbreds to make new hybrid combinations for direct use or for generating new segregating populations.
Sample Sizes in Chi-Square Tests for Measuring Advertising Effectiveness:

The concepts of alpha error, beta error, power and alternative hypotheses are first developed for a simple percentage problem in market research. These concepts are then used to explain the method ...
Race, Management Citizenship Behavior, and Employees’ Commitment and Well-Being

Previous research, building on Hodson’s concept of management citizenship behavior (MCB), has shown that managers’ operational and relational competence are positively related to important employee outcomes. In this article, we suggest and show how such behaviors vary by the race-specific character of manager–subordinate dyads. Drawing on organizational demography literature (that emphasizes ascriptive differences between superiors and subordinates) and literatures on racial stereotyping (that suggest ways in which minority supervisors are viewed as less competent than White supervisors), we test hypotheses that minority and White employees have different responses to minority and White managers’ MCBs. Analyses of the 2002 National Survey of the Changing Workforce reveal that in cross-race dyads managers’ relational competence significantly increases subordinates’ commitment and job satisfaction. Managers’ technical competence, in contrast, increases subordinates’ commitment, satisfaction, and (to a lesse...
Preoperative stoma site marking in the general surgery population.

Purpose Preoperative teaching and stoma site marking are supported by research and professional organizations as interventions that can reduce the incidence of problematic stomas and improve patient outcomes. This study investigated the translation of this research into practice in the acute care surgery population. Subjects and setting A retrospective chart review using convenience sampling was conducted at a large urban hospital in the Midwestern United States. Methods Thirty patients underwent a surgical procedure that resulted in the creation of a fecal ostomy over a 5-month period. Descriptive statistical analysis examined the reason for surgery, preoperative length of stay (LOS), the percentage of patients who received preoperative teaching and stoma marking and the relationship between preoperative LOS and the use of preoperative teaching and stoma marking. Results Twenty-one of 30 patients were admitted to hospital 24 hours or more before surgery. No participants were admitted urgently. Three (14%) of those admitted for more than 24 hours received preoperative marking or teaching. There was no significant relationship between preoperative LOS and preoperative teaching and stoma marking. Conclusions The opportunity exists to promote successful adaptation in this surgical population through the implementation of the evidence-based interventions of preoperative teaching and stoma marking. Additional study is needed to determine barriers to their use as well as to develop effective implementation strategies.
Safflower Oil Meal in Rations for Chicks

Abstract THE production of safflower in this country has increased enormously in the last few years. The oil may be removed from the safflower seed commercially and the residue which is left is available for animal and poultry feeding. The undecorticated safflower cake contains 20.2 percent protein and 33.0 percent fiber (Woodman, 1945) and is of little interest to the poultry industry because of its high fiber content. However, by a decortication process it is possible to produce a meal with much higher protein and lower fiber content which compares favorably in gross analysis to other vegetable oil seed products commonly used in poultry rations. Previous work (Kratzer and Williams, 1947) showed that slight deficiencies of arginine, lysine, methionine, and either or both glycine and cystine were produced when safflower protein was fed as the only protein source in a chick ration. The safflower meals used in this work were samples . . .
Interlaboratory assay reproducibility study for loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 18 (18q LOH) in colon cancer

4052 Background: 18q LOH may be a useful marker in stage II colon carcinoma to assess who needs adjuvant chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of an assay for 18q LOH that is similar to the integral assay used in E5202, the current Intergroup phase III stage II colon carcinoma clinical trial. Methods: Specimens from 130 stage II/III colon cancer patients were obtained from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network and evaluated at three different laboratories. Samples were divided into subsamples, coded and distributed. Each laboratory used similar equipment in an established PCR protocol with 5 dinucleotide repeats. Starting materials used both histologic sections and extracted DNA samples of tumor and non-neoplastic tissue obtained only by scalpel microdissection. LOH was defined as tumor/normal peak ratio that was >1.35 or <0.67 without microsatellite instability (MSI). Tumors were categorized as either MSI+, LOH + or -, uninformative/monoa...