cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of turbulence and transport in Alcator C-Mod ohmic plasmas with phase contrast imaging and comparisons with gyrokinetic simulations

Recent advances in gyrokinetic simulation have allowed for quantitative predictions of core turbulence and associated transport. However, numerical codes must be tested against experimental results in both turbulence and transport. In this paper, we present recent results from ohmic plasmas in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak using phase contrast imaging (PCI) diagnostic, which is capable of measuring density fluctuations with wave numbers up to 55 cm −1 . The experiments were carried out over the range of densities covering the ‘neo-Alcator’ (linear confinement time scaling with density, electron transport dominates) to the ‘saturated ohmic’ regime. We have also simulated these plasmas with the gyrokinetic code GYRO and compared numerical predictions with experimentally measured turbulence through a synthetic PCI diagnostic method. The key role played by the ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence has been verified, including measurements of turbulent wave propagation in the ion diamagnetic direction. It is found that the intensity of density fluctuations increases with density, in agreement between simulation and experiments. The absolute fluctuation intensity agrees with the simulation within experimental error (±60%). In the saturated ohmic regime, the simulated ion and electron thermal diffusivities also agree with experiments after varying the ion temperature gradient within experimental uncertainty. However, in the linear ohmic regime, GYRO does not agree well with experiments, showing significantly larger ion thermal transport and smaller electron thermal transport. Our study shows that although the short wavelength turbulence in the electron temperature gradient (ETG) range is unstable in the linear ohmic regime, the nonlinear simulation with kθ ρs up to 4 does not raise the electron thermal diffusivity to the experimental level, where kθ is the poloidal wavenumber and
Direct measurement of protein osmotic second virial cross coefficients by cross-interaction chromatography.

The importance of weak protein interactions, such as protein self-association, is widely recognized in a variety of biological and technological processes. Although protein self-association has been studied extensively, much less attention has been devoted to weak protein cross-association, mainly due to the difficulties in measuring weak interactions between different proteins in solution. Here a framework is presented for quantifying the osmotic second virial cross coefficient directly using a modified form of self-interaction chromatography called cross-interaction chromatography. A theoretical relationship is developed between the virial cross coefficient and the chromatographic retention using statistical mechanics. Measurements of bovine serum albumin (BSA)/lysozyme cross-association using cross-interaction chromatography agree well with the few osmometry measurements available in the literature. Lysozyme/α-chymotrypsinogen interactions were also measured over a wide range of solution conditions, and some counterintuitive trends were observed that may provide new insight into the molecular origins of weak protein interactions. The virial cross coefficients presented in this work may also provide insight into separation processes that are influenced by protein cross-interactions, such as crystallization, precipitation, and ultrafiltration.
Mechanism and Consequences of Anaerobic Respiration of Cobalt by Shewanella oneidensis Strain MR-1

Bacteria from the genus Shewanella are the most diverse respiratory organisms studied to date and can utilize a variety of metals and metal(loid)s as terminal electron acceptors. These bacteria can potentially be used in bioremediation applications since the redox state of metals often influences both solubility and toxicity. Understanding molecular mechanisms by which metal transformations occur and the consequences of by-products that may be toxic to the organism and thus inhibitory to the overall process is significant to future applications for bioremediation. Here, we examine the ability of Shewanella oneidensis to catalyze the reduction of chelated cobalt. We describe an unexpected ramification of [Co(III)-EDTA]− reduction by S. oneidensis: the formation of a toxic by-product. We found that [Co(II)-EDTA]2−, the product of [Co(III)-EDTA]− respiration, inhibited the growth of S. oneidensis strain MR-1 and that this toxicity was partially abolished by the addition of MgSO4. We demonstrate that [Co(III)-EDTA]− reduction by S. oneidensis requires the Mtr extracellular respiratory pathway and associated pathways required to develop functional Mtr enzymes (the c-type cytochrome maturation pathway) and ensure proper localization (type II secretion). The Mtr pathway is known to be required for a variety of substrates, including some chelated and insoluble metals and organic compounds. Understanding the full substrate range for the Mtr pathway is crucial for developing S. oneidensis strains as a tool for bioremediation.
Normal Values of Right Ventricular Size and Function by Real-time 3-Dimensional Echocardiography: Comparison with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background Assessment of right ventricular function by 2-dimensional echocardiography (2DECHO) is difficult because of its complex shape. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DECHO) may be superior. Methods End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction obtained by 2DECHO, RT3DECHO short-axis disk summation (DS), and RT3DECHO apical rotation were compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in 71 healthy individuals. Results RT3DECHO DS showed less volume underestimation compared with 2DECHO and RT3DECHO apical rotation. Test-retest variability for RT3DECHO DS end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were 3.3%, 8.7%, 10%, and 10.3%, respectively. Normal reference ranges of indexed volumes (mean ± 2SD) for right ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were 38.6 to 92.2 mL/m 2 , 7.8 to 50.6 mL/m 2 , 22.5 to 42.9 mL/m 2 , and 38.0% to 65.3%, respectively, for women and 47.0 to 100 mL/m 2 , 23.0 to 52.6 mL/m 2 , 14.2 to 48.4 mL/m 2 , and 29.9% to 58.4%, respectively, for men. Conclusions RT3DECHO DS is superior to RT3DECHO apical rotation and 2DECHO for right ventricular quantification, and performs acceptably when compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in healthy individuals.
Oxidative Stress-induced Phospholipase C-γ1 Activation Enhances Cell Survival

Phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) is rapidly activated in response to growth factor stimulation and plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation through the generation of the second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, leading to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and increased levels of intracellular calcium, respectively. Given the existing overlap between signaling pathways that are activated in response to oxidant injury and those involved in responding to proliferative stimuli, we investigated the role of PLC-gamma1 during the cellular response to oxidative stress. Treatment of normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) with H2O2 resulted in time- and concentration-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma1. Phosphorylation could be blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of Src family tyrosine kinases or the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, but not by inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. To investigate the physiologic relevance of H2O2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma1, we compared survival of normal MEF and PLC-gamma1-deficient MEF following exposure to H2O2. Treatment of PLC-gamma1-deficient MEF with H2O2 resulted in rapid cell death, whereas normal MEF were resistant to the stress. Pretreatment of normal MEF with a selective pharmacological inhibitor of PLC-gamma1, or inhibitors of inositol trisphosphate receptors and PKC, increased their sensitivity to H2O2, whereas treatment of PLC-gamma1-deficient MEF with agents capable of directly activating PKC and enhancing calcium mobilization significantly improved their survival. Finally, reconstitution of PLC-gamma1 protein expression in PLC-gamma1-deficient MEF restored cell survival following H2O2 treatment. These findings suggest an important protective function for PLC-gamma1 activation during the cellular response to oxidative stress.
Modifications of Quine's ML and inclusive quantification systems

In a paper that was written some time ago but appeared only recently [1], I indicated that Quine's system of quantification in [2], as well as his inclusive system of [3] can be modified so as to make it possible to prove *119 of [2] by another method than the one discovered by Berry. The reason originally given in [1, p. 136] for preferring the modified systems was wrong. (See [1, p. 158] for correction of previous remark.) But, at the cost of a slight complication of one of the axiom schemata, a considerable simplification of the proof of *119 is achieved in the modified systems, by dispensing with the use of *115 and *117 as intermediaries.
Accuracy of memory reference traces of parallel computations in trace-drive simulation

For given input the global trace generated by a parallel program in a shared memory multiprocessing environment may change as the memory architecture, and management policies change. A method is proposed for ensuring that a correct global trace is generated in the new environment. This method involves a new characterization of a parallel program that identifies its address change points and address affecting points. An extension of traditional process traces, called the intrinsic trace of each process, is developed. The intrinsic traces maximize the decoupling of program execution from simulation by describing the address flow graph and path expressions of each process program. At each point where an address is issued, the trace-driven simulator uses the intrinsic traces and the sequence of loads and stores before the current cycle, to determine the next address. The mapping between load and store sequences and next addresses to issue, sometimes, requires partial program reexecution. Programs that do not require partial program reexecution are called graph-traceable. >
Determinants of state-to-state flows of elderly migrants.

By capitalizing on the age detail available in interstate migration data, models have been designed to explain variation in migration streams as well as in areal variation in the volume or rate of migration. These models may be divided into three general classes: (1) gravity models; (2) intervening opportunities models; (3) aggregate ecological models incorporating "push-pull" mechanisms. This article reports efforts to analyze specific state-to-state flows of all older (55+) interstate migrants during the 1965-1970 period using a combination of these approaches.
A unified framework for monitoring data streams in real time

Online monitoring of data streams poses a challenge in many data-centric applications, such as telecommunications networks, traffic management, trend-related analysis, Web-click streams, intrusion detection, and sensor networks. Mining techniques employed in these applications have to be efficient in terms of space usage and per-item processing time while providing a high quality of answers to (1) aggregate monitoring queries, such as finding surprising levels of a data stream, detecting bursts, and to (2) similarity queries, such as detecting correlations and finding interesting patterns. The most important aspect of these tasks is their need for flexible query lengths, i.e., it is difficult to set the appropriate lengths a priori. For example, bursts of events can occur at variable temporal modalities from hours to days to weeks. Correlated trends can occur at various temporal scales. The system has to discover "interesting" behavior online and monitor over flexible window sizes. In this paper, we propose a multi-resolution indexing scheme, which handles variable length queries efficiently. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework over existing techniques through an extensive set of experiments.
Systems behavior: of male courtship, the nervous system and beyond in Drosophila.

Male courtship in fruit flies is regulated by the same major regulatory genes that also determine general sexual differentiation of the animal. Elaborate genetics has given us insight into the roles of these master genes. These findings have suggested two separate and independent pathways for the regulation of sexual behavior and other aspects of sexual differentiation. Only recently have molecular studies started to look at the downstream effector genes and how they might control sex-specific behavior. These studies have confirmed the essential role of the previously identified male specific products of the fruitless gene in the neuronal circuits in which it is expressed. But there is increasing evidence that a num- ber of non-neuronal tissues and pathways play a pivotal role in modulating this circuit and assuring efficient courtship.
Invasibility of a reservoir to exotic Daphnia lumholtzi: experimental assessment of diet selection and life history responses to cyanobacteria

SUMMARY 1. In reservoirs of the south-central United States, the exotic cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi is common during warm midsummer conditions, when cyanobacteria are abundant and native Daphnia are rare. In the current study, we employed surveys, field experiments, and a life table experiment to investigate the role of food quality in explaining the distribution and phenology of D. lumholtzi, relative to two native species (Daphnia parvula and Daphnia mendotae). 2. During May–September 2000 in eutrophic McDaniel Lake, Missouri U.S.A., cyanobacteria (primarily Oscillatoria) first appeared at 6-m depth and then became abundant throughout the epilimnion. 3. During the May field experiment, D. lumholtzi, D. parvula and D. mendotae all consumed a similar diet of algae, showing positive selection for small greens (chlorophytes and cryptophytes <20 μm). During the July experiment, when the epilimnion exceeded 25 °C and cyanobacteria were common in the lake, D. lumholtzi consumed significantly more total algae and more cyanobacteria than the two native species. Although the Daphnia selected against cyanobacteria, all three species consumed about 25% of this food in their diet. 4. A life table experiment compared the responses of D. lumholtzi and D. parvula with variation in density of high-quality food (Ankistrodesmus) and concentration of a toxic strain of cyanobacteria (Anabaena flos-aquae). Both Daphnia species showed reduced survivorship, fertility and intrinsic rates of increase in response to elevated concentrations of cyanobacteria, particularly at the higher food level. 5. The results suggest that D. lumholtzi shows similar inhibition from cyanobacteria as does the native Daphnia. However, their continued high in situ feeding rates imply that D. lumholtzi is less affected by midsummer conditions in warm-water reservoirs than are native Daphnia.
Preexposure to CpG Protects against the Delayed Effects of Neonatal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Severe respiratory viral infection in early life is associated with recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. Neonatal immune responses tend to be skewed toward T helper 2 (Th2) responses, which may contribute to the development of a pathogenic recall response to respiratory infection. Since neonatal Th2 skewing can be modified by stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, we investigated the effect of exposure to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (TLR9 ligands) prior to neonatal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in mice. CpG preexposure was protective against enhanced disease during secondary adult RSV challenge, with a reduction in viral load and an increase in Th1 responses. A similar Th1 switch and reduction in disease were observed if CpG was administered in the interval between neonatal infection and challenge. In neonates, CpG pretreatment led to a transient increase in expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) and CD80 on CD11c-positive cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by NK cells after RSV infection, suggesting that the protective effects may be mediated by antigen-presenting cells (APC) and NK cells. We conclude that the adverse effects of early-life respiratory viral infection on later lung health might be mitigated by conditions that promote TLR activation in the infant lung.
Using Anurans as Bioindicators of PCB Contaminated Streams

Because polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) persist in the environment and are lipophilic they can accumulate in wildlife. Little is known about accumulation or effects of PCBs in anurans; therefore, we chose them for study at a PCB contaminated Superfund site. We wanted to determine which anuran species and life stages were the best indicators of PCB accumulation in outfalls (drainage ditches) flowing from the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP), Paducah, Kentucky, and how PCB accumulation might affect individuals. We measured PCBs (Aroclor 1260) in captured adult anurans of various species. A total of 60 adults of six different species were captured among all study sites. Juvenile anurans had greater concentrations of PCBs than adults (P < 0.001); however, there were no differences in PCB accumulation among species in either adults (P = 0.103) or juveniles (P = 0.584). The results of this study indicate that juvenile anurans accumulated greater concentrations of PCBs compared to adults collected from the same stream locations and that juveniles appear to be useful indicators of PCB contamination in aquatic systems. No adverse effects were observed in captured anurans.
Why Be Rational

Normativity involves two kinds of relation. On the one hand, there is the relation of being a reason for. This is a relation between a fact and an attitude. On the other hand, there are relations specified by requirements of rationality. These are relations among a person’s attitudes, viewed in abstraction from the reasons for them. I ask how the normativity of rationality—the sense in which we ‘ought’ to comply with requirements of rationality—is related to the normativity of reasons—the sense in which we ‘ought’ to have the attitudes what we have conclusive reason to have. The normativity of rationality is not straightforwardly that of reasons, I argue; there are no reasons to comply with rational requirements in general. First, this would lead to ‘bootstrapping’, because, contrary to the claims of John Broome, not all rational requirements have ‘wide scope’. Second, it is unclear what such reasons to be rational might be. Finally, we typically do not, and in many cases could not, treat rational requirements as reasons. Instead, I suggest, rationality is only apparently normative, and the normativity that it appears to have is that of reasons. According to this ‘Transparency Account’, rational requirements govern our responses to our beliefs about reasons. The normative ‘pressure’ that we feel, when rational requirements apply to us, derives from these beliefs: from the reasons that, as it seems to us, we have.
Peripheral Blood or Marrow: Is One Better Than the Other?

A study by Bertz et al. [1] in this issue of Biology of Blood andMarrow Transplantation shows that the results of unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplant for adults with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome are better with transplantation of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) compared to bone marrow (BM). Overall mortality risks were lower after transplantation of PBPC compared to BM. With a median follow-up of 10 years, event-free survival rate after PBPC transplants was 55% and significantly higher compared to 28% after BM transplants. This is in contrast to the findings of a randomized multicenter trial of unrelated donor PBPC vs BM for hematologic malignancies in North America [2]. That trial randomized 273 patients to receive PBPC and 278 patients to receive BM. With a median follow-up of 3 years, event-free survival rates were not significantly different after PBPC and BM transplants, 47% and 44%, respectively [2]. However, the incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) was more after transplantation of PBPC compared to BM grafts (53% vs 40%; P 5 .02) and without significant differences in non-relapse mortality rates between the 2 treatment groups [2]. Bertz et al. [1] also report more cGVHD after PBPC compared to BM transplants, but the observed difference was not statistically significant (52% vs 33%; P 5 .11). The probability estimates reported by Bertz et al. [1] and Anasetti et al. [2] are similar. Relatively few events in the small patient population in the report by Bertz et al. [1] are the most likely explanation for their inability to detect statistically significant differences in cGVHD rates between the 2 graft sources. The reported higher event-free survival rate in the PBPC group with a median follow-up of 10 years is intriguing. Several groups have reported on the
Design patterns approach for usage analysis in re-engineering process of learning systems

In the context of distance learning and teaching, it is important to have feedback on the learners' usage of the learning system. The feedback is given by log files in the majority of systems. In our research activities around the re-engineering of e-learning systems driven by models, we think that it is interesting to capitalise knowledge from computer tracks by defining a structured set of design patterns. In this paper, we show that such an approach is interesting. We focus on analysing usage of learning systems more particularly analysing learner's behavior during learning sessions to capture and define our design patterns.
Wetting characteristics of Pb-free solder alloys and PWB finishes

For a successful transition to Pb-free manufacturing in electronics assembly, it is critical to understand the behavior of Pb-free solders (in bulk and paste form) and their interaction with the Pb-free printed wiring board (PWB) finishes. This paper presents the results obtained from solder paste spread tests and wetting balance experiments with several Pb-free solder alloys and Pb-free PWB finishes. The solder alloys studied were Sn3.4Ag4.8Bi, Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu, Sn3.5Ag and Sn0.7Cu. Eutectic Sn37Pb was used as a reference. The PWB surface finishes were Sn, NiAu, Ag and OSP. Wetting balance experiments were conducted in air while the spread tests were performed in air and nitrogen to understand the effect of reflow atmosphere on the spreading. Surface analysis techniques such as Nomarski phase contrast microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the as-received PWB finishes. Sequential electrochemical reduction analysis (SERA) was also performed on the as-received PWB test coupons and on the Sn test coupons after multiple reflow cycles. The effect of multiple reflow cycles on the wetting performance, spreading and the surface composition of the PWB finishes was studied.
Disclosure Of EVA Use In Corporate Financial Reports: A Descriptive Analysis

This descriptive study examines a sample of 269 firms that mentioned EVA in their public disclosures. The key findings of our study are: (1) the use of EVA is found in a cross-section of the industries; (2) the most commonly used source of disclosure is the proxy statement; (3) a majority of the firms use only EVA rather than EVA in combination with other traditional measures; (4) a majority of the sample firms apply EVA at the corporate level alone; (5) three-fourths of the sample firms use EVA as an incentive compensation tool; (6) most firms apply EVA and other metrics only at the executive level for compensation and performance evaluation; and (7) two common modes of compensation using EVA determination are bonus plans and stock options. The results of our study indicate that firms are steadily adopting EVA as one component of their value management system. In a related decision context, investors estimate the cost of equity capital to arrive at the intrinsic value of the firm. Firms can help investors reduce this estimation error by reporting their own estimate of the cost of equity capital, in turn, reducing the valuation error. Our findings have implications for the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Financial Accounting Standards Board in that they should recognize the need to address this issue thereby enhancing the decision usefulness of public reporting.
Semantic information assurance for secure distributed knowledge management: a business process perspective

Secure knowledge management for eBusiness processes that span multiple organizations requires intraorganizational and interorganizational perspectives on security and access control issues. There is paucity in research on information assurance of distributed interorganizational eBusiness processes from a business process perspective. This paper presents a framework for secure semantic eBusiness processes integrating three streams of research, namely: 1) eBusiness processes; 2) information assurance; and 3) semantic technology. This paper presents the conceptualization and analysis of a secure semantic eBusiness process framework and architecture, and provides a holistic view of a secure interorganizational semantic eBusiness process. This paper fills a gap in the existing literature by extending role-based access control models for eBusiness processes that are done by using ontological analysis and semantic Web technologies to develop a framework for computationally feasible secure eBusiness process knowledge representations. An integrated secure eBusiness process approach is needed to provide a unifying conceptual framework to understand the issues surrounding access control over distributed information and knowledge resources
Depressive Symptoms in a Trial Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of Change

OBJECTIVE The objective was to test whether Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes (BFST-D), an evidence-based family therapy, produces individual changes in depressive symptoms for adolescents with type 1 diabetes in suboptimal glycemic control (HbA1c ≥9.0% [≥74.9 mmol/mol]). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing two modes of BFST-D delivery: in clinic versus Internet videoconferencing. There were no significant differences between groups in the RCT, so groups were collapsed into a within-group prepost design for secondary analyses. A multiple regression analysis was performed to test for mediation of treatment outcomes by changes in family processes. RESULTS Significant improvements in glycemic control, depressive symptoms, and family functioning were found from pre- to posttreatment. A multiple regression analysis for within-subject mediation indicated that improvements in depressive symptoms were partially mediated by improvements in parent-youth conflict; however, family process changes did not mediate diabetes health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In addition to improving treatment adherence and glycemic control, BFST-D has collateral benefits on depressive symptoms.
ON THE APPLICABILITY OF PRODUCT VARIETY DESIGN CONCEPTS TO AUTOMOTIVE PLATFORM COMMONALITY

The issue of moving from a mass production operating mode to mass customization, or even limited customization, has many companies struggling to reorganize their product architectures. Enabling the production of several related products for different market segments, from a common base, is the focus of the product variety design research area. In this paper, the applicability of product variety design concepts to the design of automotive platforms is explored. Many automotive companies are reducing the number of platforms they utilize across their entire range of cars and trucks in an attempt to reduce development times and costs. To what extent can research on product variety design apply to the problem of platform commonization? This question is explored by comparing product variety design concepts (standardization, modularity, mutability, etc.) to platform structures and requirements. After assessing the applicability of these concepts, a platform representation and methods for measuring platform commonality are proposed that incorporate key characteristics of these concepts. An application to two platforms is included. Although preliminary, this work has led to insight as to why automotive platform commonization is difficult and how product design variety research can potentially aid commonization. The findings are potentially applicable to product platforms in general.
Phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product is modulated during the cell cycle and cellular differentiation.

Introduction of an exogenous retinoblastoma (RB) gene in RB-deficient retinoblastoma or osteosarcoma cells has been shown to suppress their neoplastic phenotype. In experiments designed to explore the potential mechanism of RB tumor suppression, we report here that the phosphorylation state of RB protein is modulated during normal cellular events. In resting cells, RB protein is present in its least phosphorylated form; in rapidly proliferating cells, RB protein is highly phosphorylated. Maximal phosphorylation is associated with S phase of the cell cycle. Induction of differentiation in several human leukemia cell lines by treatment with phorbol ester or retinoic acid leads to dephosphorylation of RB. Time course studies indicate that RB dephosphorylation precedes the total arrest of cell growth during differentiation. These observations strongly suggest that the function of RB protein is modulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism during cell proliferation and differentiation.
Quantifying 20th Century Glacier Change in the Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract Numerous small alpine glaciers occupy the high elevation regions of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, California. An inventory based on 1∶24,000 topographic maps revealed 1719 glaciers and perennial snowfields for a total area of 39.15 ± 0.13 km2. The number of ‘true’ glaciers, versus non-moving ice, is estimated to be 122 covering 14.89 ± 0.08 km2 or 38% of the ice-covered area. Historic photographs, geologic evidence, and field mapping were used to determine the magnitude of area change over the past century at 14 glaciers. The area change between 1903 and 2004 ranged from −31% to −78%, averaging −55%. Based on these values rough estimates of volume change suggest an ice volume loss from 1903 (1.09 km3) to 2004 (0.43 km3) of 0.66 km3 (0.59 km3 water). Rapid retreat occurred over the first half of the 20th century beginning in the 1920s and continued through the 1960s after which recession ceased by the early 1980s and some glaciers advanced. Since the late 1980s glaciers resumed retreat w...
Mechanisms influencing changes in lake area in Alaskan boreal forest

During the past � 50 years, the number and area of lakes have declined in several regions in boreal forests. However, there has been substantial finer-scale heterogeneity; some lakes decreased in area, some showed no trend, and others increased. The objective of this study was to identify the primary mechanisms underlying heterogeneous trends in closed-basin lake area. Eight lake characteristics (d 18 O, electrical conductivity, surface:volum ei ndex, bank slope, fl oating mat width, peat depth, thaw depth at shoreline, and thaw depth at the forest boundary) were compared for 15 lake pairs in Alaskan boreal forest where one lake had decreased in area since � 1950, and the other had not. Mean differences in characteristics between paired lakes were used to identify the most likely of nine mechanistic scenarios that combined three potential mechanisms for decreasing lake area (talik drainage, surface water evaporation, and terrestrialization) with three potential mechanisms for nondecreasing lake area (subpermafrost groundwater recharge through an open talik, stable permafrost, and thermokarst). Ap rioriexpectations of the direction of mean differences between decreasing and nondecreasing paired lakes were generated for each scenario. Decreasing lakes had significantly greater electrical conductivity, greater surface:volume indices, shallower bank slopes, wider floating mats, greater peat depths, and shallower thaw depths at the forest boundary. These results indicated that the most likely scenario was terrestrialization as the mechanism for lake area reduction combined with thermokarst as the mechanism for nondecreasing lake area. Terrestrialization and thermokarst may have been enhanced by recent warming which has both accelerated permafrost thawing and lengthened the growing season, thereby increasing plant growth,floating mat encroachment, transpiration rates, and the accumulation of organic matter in lake basins. The transition to peatlands associated with terrestrialization may provide a transient increase in carbon storage enhancing the role of northern ecosystems as major stores of global carbon.
Nitric oxide inhibits transcription of the Na+-K+-ATPase α1-subunit gene in an MTAL cell line

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as an autocrine modulator of active sodium transport. To determine whether tonic exposure to NO influences active sodium transport in epithelial cells, we esta...
Chapter 8 – The organization of the human circadian timing system

This chapter discusses the functional organization of the human circadian timing system (CTS) and the data available on the most intensively studied species––rodents––and then that on nonhuman primates to place the human data into an appropriate context. Mammalian CTS has three principal components: (1) photoreceptors and visual pathways mediating entrainment, (2) a pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and (3) efferent pathways coupling the suprachiasmatic nucleus to effector systems exhibiting circadian function. Although much less information is available on the human CTS than on that of other animals, it seems clear that the human conforms to the general animal pattern in most features; however, there are significant differences also. The function of the CTS is to coordinate the activities of a series of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms with the control of behavioral state in a temporal pattern that facilitates adaptive behavior, including reproduction. The function of this system, then, is to provide the appropriate physiological and behavioral background to facilitate adaptation and survival.
Reinforcing Concepts of Transient Heat Conduction and Convection with Simple Experiments and COMSOL Simulations.

To help students make the connection between the concepts of heat conduction and convection to real world phenomenon, we developed a combined experimental and computational module that can be incorporated into lecture or lab courses. The experimental system we present requires materials and apparatus that are readily accessible, and the procedure is simple. In addition, we utilized commercially available, user-friendly computer software, COMSOL Multiphysics, for three-dimensional modeling. We measured temperature versus time profiles from cylindrical and spherical shaped objects with free and forced convective heat transfer. We found that COMSOL can reasonably simulate the experimental data. In addition, our student assessment determined that this module can improve student understanding of transient heat transfer due to experiential, hands-on measurements and computer simulations.
Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite-mediated pulmonary cell death

Nitric oxide (⋅ NO) can be produced within the lung, and recently inhaled nitric oxide has been used as a therapeutic agent. Peroxynitrite1(ONOO−), the product of the nearly diffusion-limited react...
X-Ray Optical Instruments Employing Layered Synthetic Microstructures

Materials which will diffract x-rays efficiently and which are available as large samples (~2×5 cm) are of continuing interest in x-ray spectroscopy. Early spectrometers employed natural crystals, Large perfect samples of materials such as calcite were prized. Around the mid-point of this century, large crystals grown from solutions became available. Thermal techniques were also developed and refined until, about 20 years ago, outstanding silicon and germanium crystals became readily available due to work in the electronics arena. Now a wide range of materials can be obtained as large single crystals.
Abstract 2834: Genetic variants in TGFβ pathway genes and ovarian cancer risk

The transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production and other cellular functions. Dysregulation and genetic variations of major genes in this pathway may be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. In this study, 218 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 21 major genes of TGFβ pathway were genotyped in 339 Caucasian ovarian cancer cases and 349 age, gender, and ethnicity matched controls. We analyzed the association between these SNPs and the risk as well as clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer. In the risk analysis, 16 SNPs were found significantly associated with ovarian risk, among these SNPs, a dose-response effect of increased risk for ovarian cancer with increased unfavorable genotype (UFG: defined as the allele related with increased ovarian risk) was observed (P for trend Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2834.
Alertness-Support Activities for Control Room Operators in Automated Industrial Plants

A survey of control room operators in a nuclear power plant identified practical activities for maintaining alertness during the early morning hours. Nine on-duty operators rated 16 activities they were allowed to do on shift. Activities most effective for alertness were splashing cool water on the face, drinking coffee, and doing things that used muscles. The least effective activities were passive monitoring and studying for exams. The large range of ratings indicates that activity has a major role in operator alertness during the early morning hours.
Thermal Assessment of Swift Instrument Module Thermal Control System and Mini Heater Controllers after 5+ Years in Flight

From Day 325, 2004 (launch) through Day 101, 2010, there is a total of 3 anomalies on the Swift Instrument Module (IM) Thermal Control System (TCS). Two are concerned with the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) loop heat pipe (LHP) heater circuits. On Day 90, 2010, the primary heater circuit of the BAT LHP #0 compensation chamber (CC) failed to power on by the Power Converter Box (PCB). It caused a rapid decrease in the CC temperature and activated its secondary heater circuit which had a 2oC lower heater controller set point. The 2oC difference in temperature set points between the LHP #0 CC and LHP #1 CC led to thermal instability in the entire LHP thermal system and Blocks. After the LHP #0 CC secondary heater controller set point was increased to that of LHP #1, thermal stability has been restored and the temperatures of the LHP thermal system and Blocks are nominal. On Day 97, 2005, a failure in temperature controllability of the BAT LHP #1 CC primary heater circuit caused temperature excursions that led to a LHP #1 shut down. It had no impact on Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) detection because LHP #0 was nominal. After LHP #1 was started up and its primary heat controller was disabled on Day 98, both LHPs had been nominal until Day 90, 2010. On Day 337, 2004, the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) thermo-electric cooler (TEC) power supply (PS) suffered a single point failure. The charge-coupled device (CCD) has been cooled by the radiator passively to -50oC or colder most of the time. The CCD temperature meets the main objective of pinpointing GRB afterglow positions. With these 3 anomalies overcome, the IM TCS is nominal after more than 5 years in flight. Redundancy in thermal control hardware and electronics boxes that supply power to thermal control hardware is highly recommended to prevent a mission single point failure.
A TRAGÉDIA DE JONESTOWN: UMA BREVE ANÁLISE DAS TÉCNICAS MANIPULATIVAS DOS DISCURSOS DE JIM JONES

RESUMO Neste artigo, propoe-se analisar o discurso religioso para explicar o que da aqueles que o proferem poder de persuasao e dominio sobre a sua audiencia. Para embasar os argumentos apresentados, o primeiro e principal elemento abordado e a ilusao da reversibilidade, a qual, segundo Eni Orlandi, e a propriedade do discurso religioso que possibilita a relacao entre o homem e a divindade. Essa relacao se manifesta de varias formas, dentre elas, os sacramentos, os quais somente podem ser praticados por aqueles munidos de uma autoridade outorgada por um poder instituido. Devido a esse aspecto, no percurso desse trabalho, sao discutidas, a partir dos estudos feitos pelo filosofo John Langshaw Austin, as condicoes exigidas para a outorga dessa autoridade. Palavras-chave: Discurso religioso. Ilusao da reversibilidade. Autoridade.
Maturing Justice: Integrating the Convention of the Rights of the Child into the Judgments and Processes of the International Criminal Court

Meaningful global protection of the rights of the child during peace and conflict implicates not only human rights law, but also humanitarian law, comparative juvenile justice, and international criminal law. The CRC itself, created in 1989, is quite an extraordinary instance of universal acceptance of a treaty. It went into effect in 1990, in a very short period of time — a lightning-quick period of time in terms of international law development. The global community recognized that protections for the most vulnerable members in any civil society were long overdue and in need of immediate implementation. With such universal acceptance the next question that necessarily arises is which provisions of the treaty there can be no exception, as customary international law, and perhaps even jus cogens. The good news is that the Rome Statute, the policy and planning initiatives in the ICC Office of the Prosecutor, and the ICC Prosecutor’s dedication to protecting women and children are all very positive steps down a very challenging, but invaluable path to child friendly justice.
Synchrotron x-Ray Spectroscopic Analysis

This chapter focuses on the use of the high-energy (> 3 keV), synchrotron x-ray sources, radiation whose penetrating power permits studies in near-natural conditions such as in the presence of water and within environmental chambers such as high-pressure cells. It provides an overview of the nature of synchrotrons, the devices that generate synchrotron radiation, and the characteristics of the radiation they produce. It gives descriptions of several analytical methods that are commonly applied in geochemical studies, techniques which are really only feasible because of the availability of synchrotron radiation. A brief description of other synchrotron radiation methods relevant to geochemical analysis is also provided.
Hiddenness, holiness, and impurity

John Schellenberg has advanced the hiddenness argument against God's existence, based on the idea that an all-loving God would seek personal relationships. This article develops a reply to Schellenberg's argument by examining the notion of moral impurity, as understood by Paul the Apostle. Paul conceptualized moral impurity as a causal state that transfers from person to person, like a contagious disease. He also believed that moral impurity precludes divine–human relationship. The goal of this article is to develop these ideas into a problem for one of Schellenberg's key premises.
Alternative Governance Structures for Natural Monopoly

The previous chapters have primarily pursued a neoclassical framework for evaluating alternative approaches to regulating natural monopoly. For neoclassical economics, scale economies provide the basic justification for monopoly, with regulation a sometimes necessary evil to control monopoly’s inherent allocative inefficiency. Neoclassical economics, however, says little about the variety of regulatory solutions devised for the natural monopoly problem. The new institutional economics, on the other hand, is concerned with questions such as the choice of one regulatory mode over another and the comparative efficiency of various hierarchical forms of organisation).1 By utilising a comparative institutional assessment, the new institutional economics has a means, at least qualitatively, of evaluating the variety of regulatory solutions that exist. In this chapter we illustrate such a comparative institutional assessment for several alternative governance structures for natural monopolies.
The Rise of Scholastic Legal Philosophy

The main sources for medieval philosophy and theology fall into two groups: those which were in use by the twelfth century and, in most cases, had been available since 800 or earlier (I shall call these the “old sources”), and those which became available in the years from approximately 1130 to 1280 (I shall call these the “new sources”).
Development of materials integration for photonic materials and applications

A study of the fundamental issues of materials integration for wafer bonding offers new pathways for achieving photonic materials with unique properties. First, the bonding of single crystal oxide crystals (YAG and yttria, for example) with different compositions and even different orientations is shown to critically depend upon several important parameters. A detectable level of subsurface damage usually accompanies the polishing of these crystals. We studied chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of these oxide crystals to provide surfaces which exhibit sub-nm roughness, and the absence of subsurface damage. These surfaces are then activated and we use XPS and other surface sensitive techniques to assess the state of the surface after different processes. Next, we demonstrate that we can significantly reduce the bonding time and temperature to attach two single crystal pieces based on these improved polishing techniques. These techniques also apply to polycrystalline (ceramic) materials as well. Second, a controlled variation in laser gain media can be achieved using a combination of wafer bonding and dopant ion implantation. We demonstrate the steps necessary to bond, for example, thin slabs of ZnSe which have been implanted with different doses of Cr. Upon bonding (after the appropriate CMP of the ZnSe surfaces) and subsequent annealing, these structures can exhibit controlled levels for example, Cr+ without the excessive annealing associated with transition metal doping of bulk substrates. These examples shed light on new directions in the use of materials integration for photonic crystals. Mark S. Goorsky, J Phys Chem Biophys 2013, 3:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.S1.002