cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ferroelectric/Ferroelastic domain wall motion in dense and porous tetragonal lead zirconate titanate films

Direct evidence of ferroelectric/ferroelastic domain reorientation is shown in Pb(Zr0.30Ti0.70)O3 (PZT30/70) thin films clamped to a rigid silicon substrate using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during application of electric fields. Both dense films and films with 3 to 4 vol% porosity were measured. On application of electric fields exceeding the coercive field, it is shown that the porous films exhibit a greater volume fraction of ferroelastic domain reorientation (approximately 12 vol% of domains reorient at 3 times the coercive field, Ec) relative to the dense films (~3.5 vol% at 3Ec). Furthermore, the volume fraction of domain reorientation significantly exceeded that predicted by linear mixing rules. The high response of domain reorientation in porous films is discussed in the context of two mechanisms: local enhancement of the electric field near the pores and a reduction of substrate clamping resulting from the lowering of the film stiffness as a result of the porosity. Similar measurements during weak-field (subcoercive) amplitudes showed 0.6% volume fraction of domains reoriented for the porous films, which demonstrates that extrinsic effects contribute to the dielectric and piezoelectric properties.
Tissue-specific expression of heat shock proteins 70 and 90: potential implication for differential sensitivity of tissues to glucocorticoids

Heat shock proteins (hsps) and glucocorticoids are key elements of the organism's adaptive response to adverse physiological conditions. Glucocorticoids are pleiotropic hormones acting through receptor-mediated processes and eliciting tissue-specific biologic effects. The inactive form of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the cytoplasm appears to be bound to hsps of the 90K family (hsp90 alpha and hsp90 beta). This interaction facilitates binding of glucocorticoid to its receptor, and depends on the relative amounts of the interacting components, GR and hsp90. To gain insight into the mechanisms of glucocorticoid regulation in a physiological context, the level of the hsp70/90 system in a panel of tissues, including testis, spleen, liver, thymus, pituitary, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain cortex, pineal and adrenal, was examined by Western blotting. The hsp90 component showed greater variation (up to about forty-fold) relative to the less variable (up to about three-fold) hsp70 component of the system. The relative distribution of the hsp90 alpha and beta forms in the various tissues was also examined by a combination of Western and Northern blotting techniques. It was found that the alpha form predominated in the brain and the testis and the beta form predominated in the other peripheral organs. There was no relation between tissue hsp90 content and differential expression of either form. These findings suggest that tissue hsp90 content, an important physiological parameter of cellular homeostasis, may confer tissue specificity and sensitivity to glucocorticoids.
Fatigue behavior of SiC reinforced Ti(6AI-4V) at 650 °C

Axial, low cycle fatigue properties of 25 and 44 fiber vol pct SiC/Ti(6Al-4V) composites, measured at 650 C, were compared with the fatigue properties of unreinforced Ti(6Al-4V) at the same temperature. A prior study of the fatigue behavior of this composite system at room temperature indicated that the SiC fiber reinforcement did not provide the anticipated improvement of fatigue resistance of this alloy. At 650 C, the composite fatigue properties degraded somewhat from those at room temperature. However, these properties degraded more for the unreinforced matrix at 650 C with the result that the composite fatigue strength was two to three times the fatigue strength of the matrix alloy. The reasons for this reversal are discussed in terms of crack initiation at broken fibers and residual matrix stresses.
A design tradeoff study with monolithic 3D integration

This paper studies various design tradeoffs existing in the monolithic 3D integration technology. Different design styles in monolithic 3D ICs are studied, including transistor-level monolithic integration (MI-TR) and gate-level integration (MI-G). GDSII-level layout of monolithic 3D designs are constructed and analyzed. Compared with its 2D counterparts, MI-TR designs have advantages in footprint area, wire-length, timing, and power, because of the smaller footprint. MI-G design style also demonstrate advantages in area, timing and power over TSV-based designs, because of the smaller size and parasitics of inter-tier vias compared with TSVs. To further take the advantage of monolithic 3D technology, several technology improvement options are also explored. Besides, some possible design challenges with monolithic 3D are also studied, including global variation and signal integrity issues.
MOCVD growth of GaN on Si substrates using an ALD-grown Al2O3 interlayer

Device-quality GaN thin films have been grown on Si(111) substrates using an Al 2 O 3 transition layer, and initial devices show performance similar to comparable devices on sapphire. X-ray diffraction rocking curve scans show a linewidth of 378 arcsec for the GaN (0002) reflection. Comparison of these layers to GaN layers grown on bare Si substrates shows a significant reduction in strain with the use of the Al 2 O 3 transition layer. Raman spectroscopy measurements verify this reduction in strain, as shown by the shift of the GaN E 2 (high) with variations in Al 2 O 3 layer thickness. GaN-based devices were also grown and fabricated using this process. Devices on Si showed an IQE of ∼32%, which is comparable to the -37% observed for similar devices on sapphire. The devices on Si also showed better efficiency at high current densities compared to the devices on sapphire, despite the longer peak emission wavelength on Si, which may be due to a difference in thermal conductivity between Si and sapphire. A growth process has been developed for high-quality GaN on Si, and initial device results show that Si is a viable substrate technology for MOCVD growth of GaN-based devices.
Topological Gabor descriptors: exploring a filter bank structure for image feature matching

In this paper, we propose a novel feature descriptor based on Gabor filters, called Topological Gabor Descriptor. We build a filter bank in such a way that the descriptors are invariant to rotation and scale changes. The filter bank topology enables a simple matching scheme based on the circular shift of descriptors. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach to feature description in an object/scene recognition setting. The descriptors were evaluated with synthetic and real images. The performance of the descriptors was measured by computing the average matching rate. Our experiments with synthetic data show a robust invariance property for a high degree of rotation and scale variations. Our experimental results shows a 93.50% matching rate for synthetic images subjected to rotation. The matching rate for a scale variation of up to two times the original scale is 81.11%. The methods discussed in this paper were also tested on three different datasets of real images of buildings where we obtained an average matching rate of 41.33%.
The effects of fluctuations and noise on the neutron monitor diurnal anisotropy

The effects of fluctuations and noise in the interplanetary magnetic field and in the cosmic ray flux on the diffusive streaming direction obtained from the neutron monitor diurnal anisotropy are presented. Cosmic rays are assumed to stream along the instantaneous magnetic field, but the average diurnal flux still differs from the daily average field direction owing to averaging effects and noise. Comparisons with observational data are given, and the results indicate the existence of a daily non-field-aligned anisotropy about one fourth as large as the field-aligned anisotropy. It is suggested that this anisotropy is due to cosmic ray streaming caused by the antisymmetric terms in the diffusion tensor.
Cellular immunity in rheumatic diseases. I. Rheumatoid arthritis.

Cell-mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was assessed by skin testing with 5 common antigens in 84 patients, dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) application in 13, and in Vitro phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of buffy coat cells in 39.Routine skin-test reactions were recorded as the largest diameter of induration present at 48 hours. Controls included normal subjects, family members of patients with rheumatic disorders, and patients with unrelated illnesses. Results revealed two populations of RA patients. Forty-two percent were completely anergic to the 5 antigens and 14% gave a history of herpes zoster. The remainder showed reactivity similar to that seen in patient controls. Most RA subjects demonstrated normal or only minimally diminished PHA responses. The RA patients had normal inflammatory responses to the initial DNCB application, but immune reactions to this agent paralleled skin-test reactivity to the other antigens. The anergic individuals could be separated from the reactive population primarily by the increased duration of disease activity but not by medication taken or the degree of disease activity when tested.
Assessing links between upper atmospheric vorticity patterns and directional changes in hurricane tracks

Links between hurricane track changes and upper atmospheric potential vorticity (PV) anomaly patterns were identified qualitatively and analytically between 1990 and 2005 in the Western Atlantic. Strong track changes of hurricanes, particularly the constellations that triggered northward acceleration of the storm systems, were associated with upper-air PV patterns characterized by strongly positive anomalies to the northeast in combination with weak PV to the north of the system center. Constellations that triggered eventual eastward acceleration were associated with strongly positive PV anomalies to the northwest in combination with weak PV to the northeast of the system center. These results may assist hurricane forecasters and modelers in identifying possible signatures of future tropical cyclone tracks.
Unique uterine localization and regulation may differentiate LPA3 from other lysophospholipid receptors for its role in embryo implantation

Objective To determine factors differentiating LPA3 from other lysophospholipid (LP) receptors for its role in embryo implantation. Design Experimental mouse models. Setting Institute/university research laboratories. Animal(s) Wild-type, Lpar3 (−/−) , Lpar1 (−/−) Lpar2 (−/−) , and S1pr2 (−/−) S1pr3 (−/−) mice. Intervention(s) Ovariectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Blue dye injection for determining implantation sites on gestation day 4.5. Real-time polymerase chain reaction for measuring gene expression in whole uterus and separated uterine layers. In situ hybridization for detecting progesterone (P)–induced Lpar3 expression in the uterine luminal epithelium (LE). Result(s) Normal implantation was observed in Lpar1 (−/−) Lpar2 (−/−) and S1pr2 (−/−) S1pr3 (−/−) females. Temporal expression showed peak expression of Lpar3 in the preimplantation uterus and constitutive expression of the other nine LP receptors in the periimplantation uterus. Spatial localization revealed main expression of Lpar3 in the LE and broad expression of the remaining LP receptors in all three main uterine layers: LE, stromal, and myometrial layers. Hormonal regulation in ovariectomized uterus indicated up-regulation of Lpar3 but down-regulation or no effect of the remaining nine LP receptors by P, and down-regulation of most LP receptors, including Lpar3 , by 17β-estradiol. Conclusion(s) LE localization and up-regulation by P differentiate LPA3 from the other nine LP receptors and may underlie its essential role in embryo implantation.
Lipid-mediated ex vivo gene transfer of viral interleukin 10 in rat lung allotransplantation

Abstract Background: Recent studies suggest that viral interleukin 10 suppresses alloimmune response in transplantation and that cationic lipids are one of the most promising nonviral vehicles for gene therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ex vivo lipid-mediated viral IL10 gene transfer into rat lung allografts on subsequent rejection. Methods: Male F344 rats (RT1lvl) underwent left lung transplantation with allografts from Brown Norway rats (RT1n). Allografts were transvascularly transfected 15 minutes after harvest with 5 mL of 1:20-diluted (group 1, n = 7) or 1:40-diluted (group 2, n = 6) GL67-pCMVievIL-10 complex. Group 3 (n = 7), serving as the control group, received 1:40-diluted GL67-pCF1-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase complex. All allografts were preserved for 3 hours at 10°C before transplantation. In all groups recipients were killed on postoperative day 5. Transgene expression of viral interleukin 10 was assessed by means of both reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Histologic rejection score, allograft gas exchange, exhaled nitric oxide level, and allograft cytokine mRNA expression were also assessed. Results: Dose-dependent transgene expression of viral interleukin 10 was detected by means of both reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Allograft gas exchange (Pa O 2 ) in groups 1 (114.06 ± 61.1 mm Hg) and 2 (108.58 ± 35.7 mm Hg) was significantly better than that in group 3 (66.4 ± 8.22 mm Hg; P =.020 and P =.023, respectively). The vascular rejection score in group 1 was significantly lower than that in group 3 ( P =.032, Kruskal-Wallis test). Exhaled nitric oxide levels in group 2 (5.150 ± 6.38 ppb) were significantly lower than those in group 3 (13.517 ± 10.4 ppb; P =.039). Allograft interleukin 2 mRNA expression levels in group 1 (1.123 ± 0.23 relative units) were significantly lower than those in group 3 (1.753 ± 0.71 relative units; P =.038 vs group 3). Conclusions: Lipid-mediated ex vivo viral IL10 gene transfer into rat lung allografts improved graft gas exchange, reduced histologic rejection scores, downregulated graft interleukin 2 mRNA expression, and reduced exhaled nitric oxide levels by postoperative day 5. These results suggest a therapeutic potential of graft viral IL10 gene transfer as an effective immunosuppressive strategy against lung allograft rejection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:29-38
Calcium decreases transparency of homogenate from lens cortex and has no effect on nucleus

Abstract We studied the effects of calcium on transparency in homogenates of cortical and nuclear cells from calf lenses. Calcium was mixed into samples of homogenate to final concentrations between 0 and 50 m m and the transparency of the calcium-treated homogenates was measured using laser transmittance. In the presence of 10 m m calcium, the transmittance of cortical homogenate decreased 50% while the nuclear homogenate lost less than 4% transmittance after 24 h at 37°C. To better understand the contribution of cytoplasm and membranes to opacity, the nuclear and cortical homogenates were centrifuged to separate membranes from the cytoplasm. When 10 m m calcium was added to cortical homogenate which was then centrifuged, the transmittance of the membrane fraction decreased nearly 60%, while the fraction without membrane decreased only 10%. The strong effect of calcium on the membrane fraction was accompanied by an increase in specific gravity of membranes from 1·23 to 1·32. Ten- and 20 m m calcium had no effect on transparency of membranes or cytoplasm separated from nuclear homogenate, and 50 m m calcium produced only a slight opacity. The results indicate that an effect on membrane-protein interactions may be important in the loss of transparency produced by calcium in cells of lens cortex.
2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels in children with iron deficiency anemia and acute leukemia.

. Red cell organic phosphates and especially 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), lowers the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) and shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right. Because of the importance of 2,3-DPG (as regulator of the oxygen affinity of Hb), determinations were carried out on: 45 normal children, 7 children with iron deficiency anemia and 35 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In normal children with Hb of 12.69±1.60 g/100 ml, 2,3-DPG was 14.90±0.68 μmoles/g Hb. In children with iron deficiency anemia (Hb 7.94±1.20 g/100 ml), 2,3-DPG was 20.87±3.11 μmoles/g Hb. 2,3-DPG was normal (14.11±0.88 μmoles/g Hb), in 16 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had never relapsed, while in 19 patients with a history of one or more relapses, 2,3-DPG levels were increased (22.05 ±2.75 μmoles/g Hb). No good explanation may be offered for the high 2,3-DPG levels in these leukemic children.
Twenty-five-year review of the Magovern-Cromie sutureless aortic valve

We reviewed 25 years (4,798 patient-years) of aortic valve replacement with the Magovern-Cromie sutureless valve. Operative mortality was 11% for isolated aortic valve replacement and 15% for aortic valve replacement with concomitant cardiac procedures. Since 1981, operative mortality has declined to 4.9%. Valve-related morbidity was in the lower expected ranges for prosthetic aortic valves: ball variance, 0.3%/patient-year; paraprosthetic leak, 0.41%/patient-year; valve endocarditis, 0.43%/patient-year; valve thrombosis, 0.04%/patient-year; and embolic events, 3.95%/patient-year. The incidence of aortic valve reoperation was 0.76%/patient-year. The 5-year, 10-year, and 20-year probability of survival corrected for normal mortality was 77%, 64%, and 52% for all discharged patients. This review confirms the Magovern-Cromie valve to be a safe, durable, and efficient prosthetic valve.
The Episcopal Career of Gregory of Elvira

The writings of Gregory of Elvira are among the most important sources for understanding early Latin biblical exegesis as well as the culture and theology of the Spanish Church in the fourth century. The paucity of ancient sources on Gregory's episcopal career, however, renders a proper assessment of these works difficult, and he has not been well served by historians. In this essay, I propose a modified account of Gregory's life and career, arguing that the dates of his birth, ordination and death are fixed later than they should be and that his involvement with the ‘Luciferians’ has been significantly overestimated.
Sensitivity to the proportions of faces that vary in human likeness

Despite the often quoted adage "beauty is in the eye of the beholder," studies indicate people perceive certain facial and bodily proportions as attractive regardless of their culture. This preference, which is present even in infants, may be more hardwired than learned. Designers of computer games, animation, virtual reality, and robots must make choices about how to depict humanlike forms. An understanding of human perception and preferences can lead to design principles for successful interaction. This study measured human responses to varying facial proportions in people, androids, mechanical-looking robots, and two- and three-dimensional characters. Participants showed greater agreement on the best proportions of faces they considered more humanlike and more attractive and less tolerance for deviation from these proportions in more attractive faces.
A lightweight system to authenticate smartphones in the near field without NFC chips

Many smartphone applications use near field communication (NFC) systems to guarantee that two smartphones appear in near field when interactions take place. “Google Wallet” is one such example. This kind of guarantee is called near field authentication, which is to authenticate whether two smartphones stay closely to each other. Using NFC systems is a natural option for near field authentication. However, NFC systems rely on NFC chips, which are not available on many smartphones, especially the low-end smartphones. This obstructs the popularization of NFC applications. In this paper, we propose a simple and lightweight system to perform near field authentication without using NFC chips. The idea is to put two smartphones side by side and let the user slide his finger across the two smartphone screens. The two smartphones then extract correlated feature values from the movement on each screen to authenticate each other. When the two smartphones are in near field, our system generates the same cryptographic key for both. The key can be used by another upper system to carry out confidential communications. Our system is proved to be secure in the random oracle model. We demonstrate its efficiency on Motorola Droid smartphones in our evaluations.
Theory of Planned Behavior explains gender difference in fruit and vegetable consumption

A gender difference in fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) is widely documented, but not well understood. Using data from the National Cancer Institute’s Food Attitudes and Behavior Survey, we assessed the extent to which gender differences in FVI are attributable to gender differences in constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Females reported more favorable attitudes and greater perceived behavior control regarding FVI than males, and these beliefs mediated the observed gender difference. Males reported greater perceived norms for FVI, but norms did not predict FVI. Gender did not moderate the influence of TPB constructs on FVI. Thus, TPB constructs substantially explained the gender difference. Interventions targeted toward adult males may benefit by promoting favorable attitudes and perceived behavioral control over FVI.
Removal of titanium layers in CCT

Abstract The CCT (Continuous Current Tokamak) was used to explore the removal of the titanium layers after gettering. The tianium layers are renewed periodically on the Faraday shields. In CCT the Faraday shields are used as the limiter, the first wall, the heat transfer element, the dynamic particle flux pump, as well as, the major low- Z impurity control surface. The steady state is achieved by water cooling the individual Faraday shield strips (448 × 1 m 2 ). A high current density argon ion sputtering technique is used to erode the titanium and sputter it onto removable anode surfaces.
The gamma-irradiation of nuclear waste glasses

Abstract Gamma irradiation of a simulated nuclear waste storage glass causes the formation of small bubbles in the glass by a process of network decomposition. This behavior is consistent with models previously proposed to account for electron damage in these same glasses. Comparison of the γ-irradiation effects with results of electron irradiations underscores the importance of ionization damage in the formation of microstructural defects and the importance of dose rate on the defect formation efficiency.
Molecular resolution imaging of macromolecular crystals by atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images at the molecular level have been obtained for a number of different protein and virus crystals. They can be utilized in some special cases to obtain information useful to crystal structure analyses by x-ray diffraction. In particular, questions of space group enantiomer, the packing of molecules within a unit cell, the number of molecules per asymmetric unit, and the dispositions of multiple molecules within the asymmetric unit may be resolved. In addition, because of the increasing sensitivity and resolution of the AFM technique, some molecular features of very large asymmetric units may be within reach. We describe here high-resolution studies, using AFM, to visualize individual molecules and viruses in their crystal lattices. These investigations included fungal lipase, lysozyme, thaumatin, canavalin, and satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV).
On the equivalence of different order parameters for Ising ferromagnets

In a recent note Barber showed, for a spin-1/2 Ising system with ferromagnetic pair interactions, that some critical exponents of the “triplet order parameter” 〈σiσjσk〉 are the same as those of the magnetization 〈σi〉. Here we prove such results for all odd correlations and dispense with the requirement of pair interactions. We also prove that the critical temperatureTc, defined as the temperature below which there is a spontaneous magnetization, is for fixed “even” spin interactionsJe independent of the way in which the “odd” interactionsJo approach zero from “above.” This is achieved by using only the “simplest,” Griffiths-Kelley-Sherman (GKS), inequalities, which apply to the most general many-spin, ferromagnetic interactions.
Radiative Properties of Gaas from First Principles Calculations

Spectral reflectance of GaAs from infrared (IR) to ultra-violet (UV) bands is calculated from first principles. We first calculate the spectral dielectric function which is determined by the response of GaAs to external electromagnetic field. Two mechanisms exist for different wavelengths, namely, phonon absorption in the far-IR region and the electronic absorption in the near-IR to UV region. With plane-wave pseudopotential method, we determined the dielectric function of GaAs with the the initial structure as the only input. For the far-IR region, phonon calculations are carried out. By analyzing the phonon modes, low-frequency dielectric constant is calculated. For the near-IR to UV band, the electronic band structure of GaAs is calculated, and the imaginary part of the dielectric function is determined from the band structure using Fermi’s Golden rule. The real part of spectral dielectric function is then derived from Kramer-Kronig transformation. The reflectance is then calculated using Maxwell’s equations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Anti-Hepatitis C Agent Nitazoxanide Induces Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α Via Protein Kinase Activated by Double-Stranded RNA Activation

Background & Aims New therapies are needed to treat patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major worldwide cause of chronic liver disease. Nitazoxanide (NTZ), originally used to treat cryptosporidiosis infection, recently was shown to have unexpected antiviral activity in the HCV replicon system and in chronically infected patients. A pilot clinical study suggested that NTZ can augment the antiviral effect of interferon (IFN), although the molecular basis for its effect was unknown. Methods We analyzed the effects of NTZ on the regulation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) and its IFN-induced kinase, protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA (PKR), in cells that support HCV RNA replication and in vitro biochemical assays. Results NTZ increased eIF2α phosphorylation, a modification known to mediate host cell antiviral defenses. The addition of IFN to cell cultures increased NTZ-induced eIF2α phosphorylation. NTZ also increased PKR phosphorylation. In vitro, NTZ promoted PKR autophosphorylation, a key step in activating PKR's kinase activity for eIF2α. Finally, NTZ-induced eIF2α phosphorylation was reduced in the presence of specific inhibitors of PKR autophosphorylation. Conclusions An important mechanism of NTZ's action involves activation of PKR, a key kinase that regulates the cell's innate antiviral response. These observations could explain the clinical antiviral effect of NTZ. NTZ might represent a new class of small molecules capable of potentiating and recapitulating important antiviral effects of IFN.
Host and parasite interactions during single and concurrent infections with Eimeria nieschulzi and E. separata in the rat.

SYNOPSIS. Some effects of 2 species of Eimeria in the rat were studied in single and concurrent infections. Groups included singly infected E. nieschulzi and E. separata controls (15 rats each) and 4 groups of 5 rats each infected with E. separata (shorter life cycle) at different days of an established E. nieschulzi infection. Experiments were conducted using inoculations of approximately 3,000, 5,000, and 7,000 sporulated oocysts of each species. Hosts showed consistently poor weight gain on day 3 postinoculation (PI) in E. separata infections and usually showed weight loss on days 7 and/or 8 PI in E. nieschulzi infections. Spleen weights indicated that the hosts responded immunologically to both parasites. Small intestine weights increased during E. nieschulzi infections as did cecum-colon weights during E. separata infections. In severe infections both species seemed to cause pathologic change in tissues at a distance from the site of endogenous development. Fecal collections were made at 24-hr intervals from the time of 1st inoculation till the end of patency. Patency usually began on day 7 PI for E. nieschulzi and on day 4 PI for E. separata with oocyst discharge peaking on days 8 and 5, respectively. In 2 instances, a biphasic pattern of oocyst discharge was found for E. separata during concurrent infections. The occurrence of interspecific interactions was indicated by an increased discharge of oocysts of E. separata, including those with the ability to sporulate, in doubly-infected animals as compared with those in singly-infected controls. It was suggested that the increased oocyst discharges may have resulted from additional production of merozoites during schizogony. Concurrent infections weakened the host more than single infections and this seemingly allowed more multiplication of the parasites.
Electronic charge density in PbTe

Abstract The electronic charge density for PbTe is computed as a function of position in the unit cell and is displayed on two different planes. A rough estimate of the charge about each atom is made. The charge density for the top valence and bottom conduction bands are given for the L point of the Brillouin zone. The influence of the L-point charge distribution on the temperature dependence of the fundamental gap is discussed.
History at the end of history: Śrīvara’s Jainataraṅgiṇī

This article focuses on the relationship between Śrīvara’s fifteenth century Jainataraṅgiṇī and Kalhaṇa’s twelfth century Rājataraṅgiṇī. Writing in the court of Sultan Zayn ul-‘Ābidīn, Śrīvara relies on Kalhaṇa’s work as the literary and theoretical model for the Jainataraṅgiṇī, but proceeds to adapt the form to reflect needs specific to a sort of biography of Zayn. I show that Śrīvara carefully orders and rearranges the events of the Sultan’s life in order to create a narrative that largely follows the aesthetic and moral expectations articulated in Kalhaṇa’s earlier Rājataraṅgiṇī. Yet despite Śrivara’s attempts to make his own work philosophically conformable to that of his predecessor, the historiographical background implicit in the Jainataraṅgiṇī shows subtle shifts in conceptions of royal representation and the agency of fate. I argue that these shifts provide important clues to understand the specific moment in Kashmiri political and literary history made possible by a unique relationship between p...
Anisotropic Ultrasound Propagtion in a Semctic- C Liquid Crystal

Abstract We report here the results of longitudinal ultrasound propagation in a magnetically aligned smectic-C liquid crystal (p-[pacute] Heptyloxyazozy benezene). In the sectic-C phase the plane normals can lie anywhere on a cone with the axis along the magnetic field direction in which the sample ws cooled. The effects of the layer normal direction and the molecular orientation within the planes on the velocity anisotropy were separatedby cooling the sample into th smectic-C phase at particular orientations of the magnetic field and subsequently rotating the magnetic field. The results were analyzed on the basis of a multidomain model where the azimuthal angle of the plane normal around the field direction was averaged over.
Cubic crossover equation of state for mixtures

Abstract In a preceding publication [S.B. Kiselev, Fluid Phase Equilibria 147 (1998) 7], a general procedure was proposed for transforming any classical equation of state (EOS) for pure fluids into a crossover EOS which incorporates the scaling laws asymptotically close to the critical point and is transformed into the original classical EOS far from the critical point. In the present paper, we extend this procedure and develop a cubic crossover equation of state for mixtures. A comparison is made with experimental data for pure methane, ethane, CO2, and for the methane+ethane and CO2+ethane mixtures in the one- and two-phase regions. The cubic crossover equation of state yields a satisfactory representation of the thermodynamic properties and the vapor–liquid equilibria of pure fluids and fluid mixtures in a large range of temperatures and densities, including the dilute gas limit, liquid densities, and the critical region.
Severity of bipolarity in hospitalized manic adolescents with history of stimulant or antidepressant treatment

Abstract Background: Childhood bipolarity (BP) and ADHD frequently co-occur, these children often receive stimulants. Method: We retrospectively evaluated 80 adolescents hospitalized with BP, manic or mixed, assessed severity of hospital course, and compared groups according to current/past stimulant or antidepressant treatment. Results: Lifetime ADHD rate was 49%; 35% of patients had exposure to stimulants and 44% to antidepressants. Stimulant-exposed patients were younger than non-exposed (mean±S.D.=13.7±2 vs. 15.1±2 years, Z=−3.1, P=0.002). Only stimulant exposure was associated with worse hospitalization course (MANCOVA, Wilks’ Lambda=0.87, F=3.4; df=70; P=0.02). Conclusion: Stimulant-exposed BP-adolescents may have more severe illness course not fully explained by ADHD comorbidity. Limitations: Retrospective methodology and lack of structured interviewing make it difficult to quantify exposure to stimulants and antidepressants.
A study on linear and nonlinear Schrodinger equations by the variational iteration method

Abstract In this work, we introduce a framework to obtain exact solutions to linear and nonlinear Schrodinger equations. The He’s variational iteration method (VIM) is used for analytic treatment of these equations. Numerical examples are tested to show the pertinent features of this method.
Discrete optimal control approach to a four-dimensional guidance problem near terminal areas

Description of a computer-oriented technique to generate the necessary control inputs to guide an aircraft in a given time from a given initial state to a prescribed final state subject to the constraints on airspeed, acceleration, and pitch and bank angles of the aircraft. A discrete-time mathematical model requiring five state variables and three control variables is obtained, assuming steady wind and zero sideslip. The guidance problem is posed as a discrete nonlinear optimal control problem with a cost functional of Bolza form. A solution technique for the control problem is investigated, and numerical examples are presented. It is believed that this approach should prove to be useful in automated air traffic control schemes near large terminal areas.
Circuit-switched wireless sensor networks: a discrete-time communication model for performance analysis

We consider a novel discrete-time model to analyze the performance of circuit-switched sensor networks. In particular, we assume that a node, after reserving a multi-hop communication route to the desired destination, holds it for a time interval defined as reserved channel utilization interval (RCUI) and utilizes it for an effective channel utilization interval (ECUI). A realistic network communication scenario with inter-node interference (INI) and a reservation-based medium access control (MAC) protocol with finite numbers of (active) routes (FNR) in the network is first considered, and the average interference power is evaluated through a novel combinatorial analysis. Results are presented in terms of effective transport capacity and channel utilization ratio (CUR). In particular, we show that for very low values of the packet generation rate at each node, activation of the maximum possible number of routes guarantees no loss, in terms of effective transport capacity, with respect to an ideal (no INI) scenario. However, this comes at the expense of a very low utilization: in other words, once a multi-hop route has been reserved, its effective utilization time must be a few orders of magnitude lower than the duration of the reservation interval.
Microkinetic modeling of propane aromatization over HZSM-5

Abstract Reaction kinetic studies of propane conversion to aromatics were conducted on an HZSM-5 zeolite at a pressure of 1 atm, temperatures in the range 793–823 K, and different space times (0–12 g cat h/mol). The rates of production of methane, ethane, ethene, propene, propane, butane, butene, benzene, toluene, and xylene are reported. A kinetic model has been postulated that considers surface species as neutral alkoxides, reactions of these alkoxide species by carbenium ion-like transition states, and alkane activation by carbonium ion-like transition states. The associated elementary steps, categorized within the reaction types adsorption, desorption, unimolecular protolytic cracking and dehydrogenation, β -scission, oligomerization, hydride transfer, alkylation, dealkylation, and cyclization, were parsed into reaction families based on an equal reactivity assumption. A total of 311 reaction steps were grouped into 37 reaction families, and the number of unknown parameters was reduced to 25 using adsorption parameters for n -alkanes and relative rates for β -scission and hydride transfer from the literature. It is proposed that this kinetic model describes the reaction behavior over an HZSM-5 catalyst in terms of relevant rate and equilibrium constants and activation energies.
Plasma bupivacaine concentrations and effects of epinephrine after superficial cervical plexus blockade in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy

Abstract Objective: To determine if epinephrine (EPI) added to a solution of bupivacaine (BUP) injected for use in superficial cervical plexus blockade (SCPB) lowers plasma BUP concentrations after injection and whether this addition of EPI resulted in tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, or both. Design: Randomized, unblinded prospective clinical interventional study. Participants: Patients scheduled to undergo carotid endarterectomy using SCPB consenting to study. Setting: University-affiliated tertiary care hospital operating room. Interventions: Twenty patients were given SCPB with BUP 0.5% and were randomized to receive either no EPI or 1: 300,000 EPI. This study block was followed by a second period in which 20 patients were given SCPB with BUP 0.25% randomized to receive either no EPI or 1: 300,000 EPI. Continuous electrocardiogram monitoring was performed during and after the block and analyzed for heart rate and rhythm changes. Measurements and Main Results: Arterial plasma BUP concentrations were measured 2.5 to 120 minutes after initiation of SCPB. Plasma BUP concentrations were highest in the 0.5% no EPI group, followed by the 0.5% EPI, 0.25% no EPI, and 0.25% EPI groups. The use of EPI did not significantly affect heart rate or change the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. Conclusions: BUP 0.25% consistently produced the lowest plasma BUP concentrations, particularly when EPI was added to the solution. BUP 0.5% without EPI can produce plasma BUP concentrations previously reported to be associated with central nervous system effects. The use of EPI in this setting does not produce untoward cardiac side effects.
An Email Survey of Physician and Licensed Midwife Vaccination Practices in Washington State in 2011

Despite proven benefit to mothers and infants, influenza and Tdap vaccination for pregnant women remain suboptimal. We conducted an email survey for physicians (MDs) and licensed midwives (LMs) in Washington to assess vaccination practices. The Washington State Department of Health and University of Washington, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, created an electronic survey and sent it to 644 providers. We used chi-square statistic for comparisons, with Fisher’s exact test for cell size smaller than 5. We received responses from 121 (19%), 106 of whom provided prenatal or obstetric care: 81 MDs and 25 LMs. MDs were more likely than LMs to ask whether pregnant patients are current on vaccinations for influenza and pertussis (96% versus 56% and 84% versus 40%, resp., ) and to recommend influenza and pertussis vaccine during pregnancy (100% versus 20% and 86% versus 24%, resp., ). Significantly more MDs received influenza vaccine in the most recent season than did LMs (99% versus 20%, ). In this study, LMs were less likely to inquire about immunization status, recommend influenza and pertussis vaccines, or be vaccinated against influenza than MDs. Enhancing educational communication with LMs deserves further study and may provide an opportunity to improve immunization rates in pregnant women.
Mapping the literature of occupational therapy: an update.

Highlights: This study updates Reed's 1999 study and presents a comparative analysis of the findings. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy has been a dominant force in the literature for many years but is beginning to give ground to newer journals and journals from outside the United States. Nine journals are identified as the most-cited core literature of the field; among these the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders stands out as an indicator of autism's prominence as a subject of current interest in the literature. MEDLINE provides the best overall coverage of the literature. CINAHL provides comprehensive coverage of the nine core journals. Implications: Librarians should review database access and subscriptions to highly cited occupational therapy journals. Researchers cannot rely on MEDLINE for comprehensive coverage of core titles. Practitioners and researchers should consult this study to determine which journals merit close attention.
Cardiac phenotype in the chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome

Abstract Chromosome 22q11.2 deletions are present in 88% of patients with DiGeorge syndrome, 76% of patients with velocardiofacial syndrome, and 80% of patients with conotruncal anomaly face syndrome. In addition, haploinsufficiency at chromosome 22q11 has been noted with Opitz GBBB and CHARGE syndrome. The major features of these syndromes include congenital heart disease, aplasia or hypoplasia of the thymus and/or parathyroid glands, palatal abnormalities and learning difficulties. Overall, 75–85% of patients with a chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion have some type of congenital heart disease. Conotruncal malformations, ventricular septal defects and aortic arch defects represent the most common cardiac phenotype. In this article, we review the most common cardiac anomalies associated with the deletion, the mechanism(s) underlying the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease due to chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, and the association of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion with cardiac defects in non-syndromic patients.
Prefrontal neurons predict choices during an auditory same-different task

Summary The detection of stimuli is critical for an animal's survival [1]. However, it is not adaptive for an animal to respond automatically to every stimulus that is present in the environment [2–5]. Given that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role in executive function [6–8], we hypothesized that PFC activity should be involved in context-dependent responses to uncommon stimuli. As a test of this hypothesis, monkeys participated in a same-different task, a variant of an oddball task [2]. During this task, a monkey heard multiple presentations of a "reference" stimulus that were followed by a "test" stimulus and reported whether these stimuli were the same or different. While they participated in this task, we recorded from neurons in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vPFC; a cortical area involved in aspects of nonspatial auditory processing [9, 10]). We found that vPFC activity was correlated with the monkeys' choices. This finding demonstrates a direct link between single neurons and behavioral choices in the PFC on a nonspatial auditory task.
A reproducible experimental model of focal cerebral ischemia in the cat.

Abstract In the past experimental methods used for producing focal cerebral ischemia have had considerable difficulty with regard to reproducibility of the size of the infarcted region. In this study we have developed an experimental model which enables us to consistently produce focal regions of cerebral ischemia (resulting in infarction) which vary little in size in a number of animals. Thirty-seven cats (3–4 kg b. wt.) anesthetized with chlorolose and urethane were used. Physiologic monitoring and adjustments maintained arterial food values as follows: pCO 2 27–35 Torr, pO 2 100–150 Torr, pH ± 7.4, glucose 200 mg%, hematocrit > 25. The left middle cerebral artery was exposed via a transorbital approach and occluded for 1–2 h with and without left and/or both carotid artery occlusion. Sixteen hours following the ischemic episode, the animals were sacrificed and sections of fresh brain tissue were processed for vital staining using 1% tetrazolium solution. With this method normal brain areas appear dark red, ischemic regions (without infarction) appear gray and irreversibly infarcted areas appear pinkish-white. The volumetric dimensions of the lesioned area were measured using a planimeter. The same tissue was also evaluated histologically by means of standard histopathologic techniques on paraffin-embedded material. Infarcted areas as delineated macroscopically by the tetrazolium correlated well with the light microscopic findings. Ten animals subjected to a 2-h occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) and both carotid arteries resulted in a reproducible infarct which was 3.2 ± 0.7 ml in volume. This represents 13.3 ± 2.9 % of the total volume of both cerebral hemispheres (above the level of the inferior colliculus). This experimental procedure was used to yield reproducible regions of focal cerebral ischemia in a subsequent study involving the use of flourocarbon emulsion to reverse the ischemic process and prevent permanent neurological damage with infarction. Neurological manifestations of permanent cerebral ischemia were assessed using a clinical scale developed in this model.
Automating and Supporting Care Management Using Web-phone Technology: Results of the 5-Year Teleherence Project

This article describes the development and implementation of a web-phone system to support care managers in delivering services to clients. The cloud-based system, called Teleherence, delivered a series of voice or text statements as well as questions that could accept responses from clients. Based on these responses the system branched to additional statements or questions or performed other tasks such as playing an audio file. The four Teleherence applications described point to the potentials and challenges of implementing new technology into existing services. Potentials were for more effective services especially with clients who had the time and capability to handle more extensive care management communications. Key challenges included integrating Teleherence into antiquated agency technology, the changes in work habits and policies required to handle increased care manager–client communications, including support for unstructured treatment communications and practices, protecting the security and p...
Atrioventricular conduction defects in patients with sinus bradycardia. Analysis by His bundle recordings.

A-V conduction was analyzed in 75 patients (mean age, 73 years) with sinus bradycardia (SB) by His bundle (BH) recordings. Forty-five of these patients had normal QRS complexes (≦0.10 sec) and 30 had abnormal QRS complexes (≧0.12 sec). The conduction times through the atrium (P-A), A-V node (A-H), and His-Purkinje system (H-V) were measured during normal sinus rhythm and transient right atrial pacing up to rates of 150/min. The normal range of conduction times through various regions is: P-A = 25 to 45 msec; A-H = 50 to 120 msec, and H-V = 35 to 45 msec. Overall A-V conduction was completely normal only in 25 (33%) patients. Of these 25 patients, 20 had a narrow QRS complex and five had an abnormal QRS complex. The remaining 50 patients showed abnormal A-V conduction in one or more regions (P-A in 10, A-H in five, BH in six, H-V in 10, and mixed in 19). In some patients despite normal ECGs, the H-V time was abnormal and 1:1 A-V conduction was present during atrial pacing up to 150/min. An abnormal H-V tim...