cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurochemical basis of interleukin 2-modified discrimination behaviour

We trained one group of rats to discriminate 0.8 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) d-amphetamine from 1 ml/kg saline and the other to discriminate 0.3 mg/kg i.p. (+/-)-ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) from saline. Recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL-2), 2 x 10(6) U/kg (or 8.2 nmol/kg) given i.p. 1 h prior to tests, potentiated responses elicited by 0.4 mg/kg d-amphetamine. This potentiation of d-amphetamine responses was suppressed by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) when administered i.p. together with IL-2. IL-2 (4 x 10(6) U/kg) alone produced EKC-like responses in the EKC-trained animals. The cytokine also potentiated 0.1 mg/kg EKC responses at 2 x 10(6) U/kg, an action that was suppressed by 1 mg/kg naloxone. Data from the present study show that IL-2 exerts the same neurochemical action as that previously observed with IFN-alpha for both d-amphetamine and EKC discrimination in rats.
RA-CVS: Cooperating at low power to stream compressively sampled videos

Video streaming applications are becoming increasingly popular as low priced video-enabled mobile devices (such as smart phones) become more common. However, traditional video streaming systems are not designed for mobile devices, and require both high computational complexity at the video sensor and very high channel quality to achieve good performance. Our recently proposed compressive video sensing (CVS) video streaming system is a low complexity, low power compressed-sensing-based encoder designed to address these challenges. However, even using CVS, the energy consumption of multimedia sensors is still much higher than that of traditional scalar sensors. In this article, we present a cooperative relay-assisted compressed video sensing (RA-CVS) system that takes advantage of the error resilience of video encoded using CVS to maintain good video quality at the receiver while significantly reducing the required SNR, and therefore the required transmission power at the multimedia sensor node. This system uses the natural error resilience of CS encoded video signals to design a cooperative scheme that directly reduces the mean squared error (MSE) of the reconstructed CS samples representing a video frame, which allows the receiver to correctly reconstruct the video even at very low SNR levels. The proposed system is tested using both simulation and USRP2 testbed evaluation and is shown to outperform traditional cooperative systems in terms of received video quality as a function of channel SNR.
Attribute and object selection queries on objects with probabilistic attributes

Modern data processing techniques such as entity resolution, data cleaning, information extraction, and automated tagging often produce results consisting of objects whose attributes may contain uncertainty. This uncertainty is frequently captured in the form of a set of multiple mutually exclusive value choices for each uncertain attribute along with a measure of probability for alternative values. However, the lay end-user, as well as some end-applications, might not be able to interpret the results if outputted in such a form. Thus, the question is how to present such results to the user in practice, for example, to support attribute-value selection and object selection queries the user might be interested in. Specifically, in this article we study the problem of maximizing the quality of these selection queries on top of such a probabilistic representation. The quality is measured using the standard and commonly used set-based quality metrics. We formalize the problem and then develop efficient approaches that provide high-quality answers for these queries. The comprehensive empirical evaluation over three different domains demonstrates the advantage of our approach over existing techniques.
Identification of molecular reactive sites with an interactive volume rendering tool

A new molecular visualization tool is presented, EVolVis (an abbreviation of electronic volume visualizer). This software enables the user to interactively explore a molecule's electronic charge density for topological features. Using novel volume rendering techniques, the entire molecule can be probed without obstruction by opaque surfaces or preselection of specific orbitals or contours. Menus with sliding scales permit various ranges of the function of interest to be examined interactively. We have investigated the Laplacian of the electronic charge density calculated for several biomolecules that contain a variety of reactive sites: cisplatin, penamecillin and isomers of nitrogen bases from DNA. EVolVis is useful in identifying inner-shell features (cisplatin), polar, nonpolar and aromatic regions (penamecillin), hydrogen-bonding sites of varying strength (nitrogen bases and penamecillin) and other reactive sites (strained heterocycle in penamecillin).
Histophathology and electron microscopy of channel catfish virus in infected channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)†

A histologic and electron microscopic study was made on selected organs from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) fingerlings that were experimentally infected with channel catfish virus (CCV). Histopathology was characterized by necrosis and haemorrhage in kidney and liver, and haemorrhage in the spleen and gastrointestinal tract. Virus replication occurred in nuclei of cells in the kidney, liver and spleen. Intranuclear inclusion bodies consisting of geometric crystalline arrays and lamellar structures were associated with virus replication.
Parents' testosterone and children's perception of parent-child relationship quality.

We examine the link between parental testosterone and children’s perceptions of their relationship with their mother and father. Using data from 352 predominantly white working and middle class families, we find no direct link between mother’s and father’s testosterone and parent-child closeness. However, the association between mothers’ testosterone and mother-child closeness appears to be influenced by the quality of two other family relationships. When father’s marital satisfaction is low, mothers with high testosterone have a poorer relationship with their children. And, when fathers report low levels of intimacy with their children, high testosterone women have a poorer relationship with their children. No comparable associations were observed among fathers.
Coastal ocean response to summer upwelling favorable winds in a region of alongshore bottom topography variations off Oregon

[1] Repeated mesoscale surveys of waters over the shelf and slope off Oregon were conducted during spring and summer of 2001 to study the spatial structure of the velocity and hydrographic fields. The ocean response to wind forcing is compared between a region of relatively simple topography with alongshore uniformity and a region of complex topography including a shallow submarine bank (Heceta Bank). In the simple topography region the upper water column is influenced by upwelling and fresh water from the Columbia River during spring, with the low-salinity water located farther offshore during summer. Variability in the fields is mostly confined within 30 km from the coast. Over Heceta Bank the region of higher variability is broader, spanning most of the shelf. The coastal upwelling jet is located inshore of the pinnacle of the bank during spring, moving offshore during summer. The region inshore of the bank is characterized by low velocities and flow recirculation. Near-surface fields show that the circulation evolves considerably between seasons. In both regions the area influenced by upwelled water is much broader during summer. Dense waters found over midshelf off Newport are upwelled to the north and advected south. Dense waters inshore of Heceta Bank are substantially influenced by water from the north during spring, but their source is mostly from the south during summer. South of the bank, the separation of the jet significantly increases the cross-isobath transport, constituting an efficient mechanism for transport of material from the shelf into deeper waters.
On the implementation of security measures in information systems

The security of an information system may be represented by a model matrix whose elements are decision rules and whose row and column indices are users and data items respectively. A set of four functions is used to access this matrix at translation and execution time. Distinguishing between data dependent and data independent decision rules enables one to perform much of the checking of security only once at translation time rather than repeatedly at execution time. The model is used to explain security features of several existing systems, and serves as a framework for a proposal for general security system implementation within today's languages and operating systems.
Diesel auto-thermal reforming for solid oxide fuel cell systems: Anode off-gas recycle simulation

Diesel auto-thermal reformation (ATR) with solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack anode off-gas recycle (AOGR) has a reliable steam recycling supply to the reformer and improves overall system efficiency. For the lab-scale experiments, it is crucial to develop a cost-effective technique to simulate the AOGR effects on hydrocarbon catalytic reformation due to safety and cost considerations of providing the full recycle composition in the absence of fuel cell stack hardware. The present work combined thermodynamic modeling and experiments to compare diesel ATR performance with AOGR and with direct water/air inputs as recycle simulation (RS). Variations of input water and air flow were employed to simulate the effects of recycle gas on syngas production and to analyze the contribution of recycled CO2 dry reforming. A single-tube reformer with Rh/CeO2–ZrO2 catalyst was used for diesel ATR experiments with a photo-acoustic micro-soot meter to monitor carbon formation in the reformate effluent. Experimental results suggest water and air input flows are two key variables to simulate performance of diesel ATR with AOGR, whereas gas hourly space velocity and reforming temperature do not significantly affect the recycle simulation process in syngas production. The optimum AOGR ratio for an SOFC stack with 65% fuel utilization was identified as 45% for diesel ATR to achieve maximum syngas production and reforming efficiency with a given input air flow.
Calculation of structure-sensitive surface peak intensity in mev ion scattering

Abstract The surface peak intensity from a silicon crystal has been calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation method assuming a variety of surface structure models and dynamics. Effects of thermal vibration, displacements and relaxation of surface atoms, and also the shadowing effect by adsorbed layers and the effect of multiple scattering of the projectile in penetrating surface layers have been evaluated in the He + ion incident energy range from 0.1 to 2.0 MeV. Since many real surfaces of crystals are covered with adsorbed (deposited) layers or otherwise reconstructed when they are clean, it is of practical usefulness to obtain the calculation results about such surfaces in order to apply the MeV ion scattering technique for surface analyses. The results show the sensitivity and limits of this technique.
Magnetic Force and Thermal Expansion as Failure Mechanisms of Electrothermal MEMS Actuators Under Electrostatic Discharge Testing

Like microelectronic circuits, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices are susceptible to damage by electrostatic discharge (ESD). At Sandia National Laboratories, polysilicon electrothermal MEMS actuators have been subjected to ESD pulses to examine that susceptibility. Failures, in the form of cracks at points of high stress concentration, occurred that could not be explained by thermal degradation of the polysilicon caused by excessive heating, or by excessive displacement of the legs of the actuator of the same nature that occur in normal operation. One hypothesis presented in this paper is that the internal magnetic forces between the legs of the actuator, resulting from the ESD-associated high current pulses, might produce vibrations of amplitude sufficient to produce these cracks. However, a dynamic analysis based on simple beam theory indicated that such cracks are unlikely to occur, except under rather extreme conditions. On the other hand, these same current pulses also cause resistive heating of the legs and, therefore, thermally induced compression that can lead to buckling. Buckling stresses, particularly when augmented by magnetic forces, can readily explain failure. Both the magnetic and thermal analyses were performed using the human body model and the machine model of ESD. A justification for ignoring shuttle motion and eddy currents induced in the substrate during the ESD pulse is presented, as well.
Designing and Implementing an Early Literacy Screening Protocol: Suggestions for the Speech-Language Pathologist.

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2001) recently asserted that speech-language pathologists can and should play an important role in promoting literacy for young children with commu...
Evolutionary Robotics: Model or Design?

In this paper, I review recent work in evolutionary robotics (ER), and discuss the perspectives and future directions of the field. First of all, I propose to draw a crisp distinction between studies that exploit ER as a design methodology on the one hand, and studies that instead use ER as a modelling tool to better understand phenomena observed in biology. Such distinction is not always that obvious in the literature, however. It is my conviction that ER would profit from the explicit commitment to the one or the other approach. Indeed, I believe that the constraints imposed by the specific approach would guide the experimental design and the analysis of the obtained results, therefore reducing arbitrary choices and promoting the adoption of principled methods that are common practice in the target domain, be it within the engineering or the life sciences. Additionally, this would improve the dissemination and the impact of ER studies on other disciplines, leading to the establishment of ER as a valid tool either for design or modelling purposes.
Novel structural properties of Ni1 − x Alx layer double hydroxides

Abstract A series of nickel-aluminum layer double hydroxides (LDHs) with the composition [Ni 1 −x Al x (OH) 2 ][CO 3 ) x 2 · H 2 O] have been synthesized where x ranges from 0 to 0.4. Ordering of the host Ni1 − x Alx layer and of the guest carbonate layer have been studied using composition-dependent X-ray diffraction measurements of powder samples. The basal spacings of these LDHs along with steric considerations indicate that the guest layer carbonate ions have their three-fold axes perpendicular to the basal plane. Powder patterns of these Ni1−xAlx LDHs near x = 0.30 exhibit diffraction peaks which can clearly be associated with a (√13x√13)R13.90 ° commensurate ordering of the guest carbonate ions. Despite the predominant ABCABC… stacking regularity of the host layers and the commensurate nature of the carbonate ordering, the diffraction peak line shapes indicate that the guest layer stacking is random. This unusual observation is attributed to the high degree of degeneracy of possible carbonate sites. X-ray diffraction measurements also provide evidence for a (√3x√3)R30 ° honeycomb superlattice ordering of the host Ni1 − xAlx layer near x = 0.33.
The Influence of Malcolm X on Black Militancy

Great men influence great men and are in turn influenced by great men. Socrates influenced Plato, Hegel influenced Marx, and Gandhi influenced Martin Luther King. Great leaders also influence the time in which they live and the people around whom they live. Along the same line, it appears that Malcolm X had a significant influence on black militant leaders and on the philosophy of black militancy. Thus, the thesis of this paper is that the personality and philosophy of Malcolm X have strongly affected the philosophy of Eldridge Cleaver, black militant leaders, and black militant students. Julius Lester (1966), in an article titled "The Angry Children of Malcolm X," states:
Hydrologic controls on phosphorus dynamics: A modeling framework

Abstract A process-based modeling framework is developed to examine the control that the soil moisture and soil carbon dynamics have on phosphorus (P) availability. The model accounts for soil moisture controls on several key fluxes that regulate P availability, including the decomposition rate of litter and humus, the mortality rate of microbes, the plant P demand and leaching of P from the rooting zone. To examine these dynamics over a wide range of time scales (i.e., from daily to seasonal to annual) we couple a zero-dimensional stochastic soil moisture model with a soil carbon model and a soil P model, all of which are run at the daily time scale. The soil carbon model accounts for the dynamics of the litter pool, humus pool, and microbial biomass pool, while the soil P model includes two inorganic P pools and four organic P pools that are coupled with the soil carbon pools. A mechanism is included in this framework to account for the contribution of enzymatic release to P availability, which has been shown to be an important source of P under conditions of low P availability. The model is applied to a Cerrado ecosystem located in Central Brazil where the phosphorus, carbon and hydrologic cycles have been well documented. Despite this application to a specific system, the modeling framework developed here is general and could be applied to any P-limited ecosystem for studies that seek to examine the controls on P-availability over time scales ranging from weeks to years. Results indicate that the model accurately captures the key driving variables controlling both the short-term (i.e., day to week) and long-term (i.e., year to decade) phosphorus, soil moisture and carbon dynamics. The effect of stochastic rainfall variability on P cycling is examined by running long-term simulations to obtain a probabilistic characterization of the state variables and fluxes under different rainfall regimes. The effect of a change in the precipitation regime suggests that such changes can significantly affect the dynamics of state variables and fluxes controlling P-availability. Moreover, results from the model illustrate the importance of the microbial retention of P, as a P cycling and conserving mechanism for P-limited ecosystems.
Convection in an asymmetrically heated cylinder

Recently, nonaxisymmetric convection in vertical directional solidification experiments has been observed. It has been suggested that the asymmetry is due to lack of azimuthal symmetry in imposed temperature and that the flow asymmetry will decrease with increasing velocities. Motivated by these observations, we have examined the consequences of deviations from axisymmetric wall temperature conditions in a vertical differentially heated cylinder. We show that the degree of flow asymmetry depends on the ratio, between the amplitudes of the maximum aximuthal and vertical temperature differences, and that for a fixed value of this ratio the flow asymmetry increases with increasing flow velocity (Rayleigh number).
Allelic differences in initial expression of paternal alleles at an isocitrate dehydrogenase locus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

We examined a temporal series of embryos from 14 full-sib families of rainbow trout with starch gel electrophoresis to determine the time of initial detection of enzyme produced by ldh-3. Maternal enzyme was detected in unfertilized eggs, whereas paternal alleles showed evidence of initial expression after gastrulation and epiboly. Two alleles, 40 and 71, were expressed synchronously several days before the 114 allele. Measurement of enzyme activity by spectrophotometric analysis and serial dilution supported these observations. The degree of delay of expression of the 114 allele between families was coupled with other estimates of developmental rate. These data suggest the existence of allelic variation at a cis-acting genetic element controlling the pattern of ontogenetic expression of structural alleles at Idh-3.
Some Properties of the Beenham, New Mexico, Aërolite

and Introduction The following description of an aerolite from Beenham, Union County, New Mexico, is offered as part of the work in a special course in meteoritics in the Department of Astronomy of the University of California, Los Angeles. Two fragments, weighing 14 1/2 g. and 1 1/2 g., of the aerolite, were secured, and from this material three thin sections and one polished section were prepared for investigation. Four photomicrographs were taken, and the relationships and optical properties of the various minerals were determined. The writer wishes to thank Dr. H. H. Nininger of the American Meteorite Laboratory, Denver, Colorado, for donating the material used, and Dr. Frederick C. Leonard of the Department of Astronomy of the University of California, Los Angeles, under whose guidance this study was made.
Payment Limitations and Acreage Decisions under Risk Aversion: A Simulation Approach

Payment limits have played an important role in U.S. farm policy deliberations for the last thirty years. Current limits are largely nonbinding. Proposals to strengthen and enforce limits are currently in discussion. We evaluate the likely effects of such proposals on acreage for corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, and rice in several important producing states. Our results generally indicate that payment limits are unlikely to significantly affect acreage in most cases; exceptions occur for cotton and rice, where the probability that limits would be binding is much greater and thus more likely to affect production. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Retroperitoneal bleeding: hidden culprit of acute renal failure.

Abstract We report on a case of acute, anuric renal failure from bilateral ureteral obstruction due to retroperitoneal hematoma during anticoagulation therapy.
Natural and endotoxin-induced atresia of preantral and early antral follicles is characterized by DNA internucleosomal cleavage

Preantral follicles (PAF) and early antral follicles (EAF) were isolated from bovine ovaries and classified under a stereomicroscope as atretic or healthy. The atretic follicles were all considered as group I (in vivo atresia), whereas healthy follicles were assigned to five groups (group II, in vivo normal control; group III, in vitro normal control; group IV, in vitro induced atresia; groups V and VI, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced atresia in vitro). Group I and II follicles were immediately snap-frozen (-70 degrees C) until DNA extraction, whereas group III-VI follicles were incubated (39 degrees C, 5% CO2, 95% air) for periods up to 72 hr under various conditions. Group III follicles were maintained in complete medium (M199, bovine calf serum, sodium pyruvate, epidermal growth factor, insulin, transferrin, sodium selenite, penicillin, streptomycin, and amphotericin), whereas group IV follicles were incubated in the same medium, but without serum. Group V and VI follicles were maintained in complete medium, but in the presence of LPS (10 or 50 micrograms/ml, respectively). Results showed that follicles incubated in the absence of serum and those exposed to both doses of LPS became atretic. DNA isolated from all atretic follicles showed fragmentation typical of that described for apoptosis; this was also confirmed by in situ DNA labeling and histology. Atretic follicles did not produce estradiol (P < 0.001), but progesterone values increased with follicle size (P < 0.001) and time of incubation (P < 0.001). We concluded that in the absence of serum or in the presence of LPS, follicles undergo atresia via apoptosis.
The ascending neuromodulatory systems in learning by reinforcement: comparing computational conjectures with experimental findings

A central problem in cognitive neuroscience is how animals can manage to rapidly master complex sensorimotor tasks when the only sensory feedback they use to improve their performance is a simple reinforcing stimulus. Neural network theorists have constructed algorithms for reinforcement learning that can be used to solve a variety of biological problems and do not violate basic neurophysiological principles, in contrast to the back-propagation algorithm. A key assumption in these models is the existence of a reinforcement signal, which would be diffusively broadcast throughout one or several brain areas engaged in learning. This signal is further assumed to mediate up- and downward changes in synaptic efficacy by acting as a multiplicative factor in learning rules. The biological plausibility of these algorithms has been defended by the conjecture that the neuromodulators noradrenaline, acetylcholine or dopamine may form the neurochemical substrate of reinforcement signals. In this commentary, the predictions raised by this hypothesis are compared to anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural findings. The experimental evidence does not support, and often argues against, a general reinforcement-encoding function of these neuromodulatory systems. Nevertheless, the broader concept of evaluative signalling between brain structures implied in learning appears to be reasonable and the available algorithms may open new avenues for constructing more realistic network architectures.
New Life for an Old Concept: Frame Analysis and the Reinvigoration of Studies in Culture and Poverty

Erving Goffman’s attention to the concept of framing provided modern sociology with a critical means for expanding explorations of the cultural terrain of meaning-making. Frame analysis concerns the manner in which individuals perceive and respond to particular events and circumstances. Since Goffman’s introduction of the term, the concept of framing has been expanded considerably in sociological inquiry. What Goffman and many of his adherents may not have imagined, however, is that frame analysis serves as a useful tool for improved comprehension of how low-income individuals interpret and present images of their social reality. By drawing from literature that makes use of frame analysis in sociological subfields somewhat removed from research on race and poverty and incorporating data from low-income African American men who reside in Detroit, this article explores how these concepts can enrich and advance sociologically grounded cultural inquiry into poverty and argues that scholarly approaches to cons...
Narratives of Race and Indigeneity in the Genographic Project

In its quest to sample 100,000 "indigenous and traditional peoples," the Genographic Project deploys five problematic narratives: (1) that "we are all African"; (2) that "genetic science can end racism"; (3) that "indigenous peoples are vanishing"; (4) that "we are all related"; and (5) that Genographic "collaborates" with indigenous peoples. In so doing, Genographic perpetuates much critiqued, yet longstanding notions of race and colonial scientific practice.
The pore-forming and cytoplasmic domains of the neurogenic gene product, big brain, are conserved between Drosophila virilis and Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The Drosophila big brain ( bib ) protein functions critically in the determination of neuroblasts in the embryonic ectoderm and many other cell types. bib is a member of the MIP family of transmembrane channel proteins. The conserved channel domain of bib is flanked by amino- and carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domains of unique sequence, which comprise over two-thirds of the protein. To determine whether the cytoplasmic domains of bib are important for bib function, we have cloned and sequenced the bib gene of D. virilis and compared it with that of D. melanogaster. Here we report that the channel domain and both cytoplasmic domains are highly conserved between the two species. The conservation of the cytoplasmic domains indicates that they are critical to bib function. bib transcripts are found in similar patterns in both species, indicating that the developmental function(s) of bib have also been conserved.
Simulating situated work

This paper describes computational models of situated work in complex, heterogeneous dynamic systems that include humans, physical systems, computer agents and regulatory requirements, using aviation as the domain being examined but highlighting modeling principles generalizable to other domains. Work is defined formally here as purposeful activity acting on, and responding to, the environment as required by the situation. This work is performed by a team of automated and human agents, and involves both cognitive and physical activity. At its most atomic, work may be represented as actions that evaluate the current situation, and then act on the environment, as well as ‘teamwork’ actions and ‘decision actions’ whereby agents evaluate the situation to select the appropriate sets of actions (i.e. strategies). Work is thus a response to the situation, with strategies chosen in response to the physical environment, the allocation of responsibility within the team; and agent status including expertise, the demands on the agent, and resources available to the agent such as time and information. In addition, a description of the structures inherent to work is also used to organize the actions into an abstraction hierarchy: at the bottom are the resources and actions, but at higher levels of abstraction more aggregate functions provide descriptions that relate the detailed actions to the specific goals of the work. Historically, such models have been used qualitatively, but had a disconnect from computational modeling of situated behavior. Therefore, this paper details how they may be dynamically simulated to examine how work can be studied dynamically as situated within a dynamic environment driving, and responding to, agent activity.
Mild Head Injury in Children and Adolescents

Although mild head injury is the most prevalent type of head injury in children and adolescents, only a relatively small number of studies on this kind of head injury have been reported. This article summarizes a review of studies examining cognitive, academic, and psychosocial outcomes in children who sustained mild head injuries. Despite earlier claims of mild head injury being a “silent epidemic,” the studies, which were published from 1970 to 1998, provide no compelling evidence to support this view.
Finding the Fun in Daily Occupation: An Investigation of Humor

Humor as a human phenomenon has long been explored for its perceived therapeutic benefits. To date, occupational therapy's contribution to this exploration has been limited, despite attention to rapport-building. This article provides an overview of the humor literature, particularly highlighting the neuroscience of humor, laughter, and fun, to craft an argument that humor is biologically, socially, and contextually grounded and influential in affecting the experience of occupational engagement. Translation of humor and fun into daily activity through clinical examples from an eating disorder program are introduced, along with the possibility of using fun to support social, emotional, and behavioral change.
The use of profanity in conversational speech

Abstract Vocabulary was collected from a college student population to test the validity of Cameron's (1969, 1970) criticisms of the relatively low proportionate occurence of profanity in reports of previous word counts. Data was collected on magnetic tape. Profane words formed 7.44 per cent of the vocabulary compared to Cameron's 8.06 per cent. These results, considered with the 0.14 per cent profanity obtained in our earlier study (1970) using the same collection procedures with a general adult population, indicated that Cameron's high proportion was probably due to the population he sampled.
Ceramic Hip Replacement History

t L i Sir John Charnley, in the early 1960s, began the orthopedic revolution of joint replacement surgery with his lowriction arthroplasty.1 Years earlier, he had been unsuccessful with a similar design, but with an inferior material, Teflon. Although the use of medical-grade polyethylene seemed to provide good midterm results, there were a number of individuals who had some doubt about the durability of this metalon-plastic combination developed by Charnley. McKee was concerned with polyethylene and developed a metal–metal hip replacement in the mid 1960s. Other substitute materials for the polyethylene were sought, and in 1970, the Parisian, Boutin, performed the first ceramic–ceramic total hip replacement.2 The feeling then was the same as the one today; alumina is an excellent bearing material because of its hardness and scratch resistance. This first ceramic hip was performed cementless on the acetabular side, whereas the ceramic ball was cemented to the femoral stem. Although the tribological properties of alumina ceramics for joint replacement were appreciated as early as 1970, there were other practical issues. The material was quite brittle, and fractures could occur, and they did, but infrequently, as the cementing of the ceramic ball to the trunnion of the stem was an adequate way to prevent high levels of stress caused by an imprecise fit of the components. However, the lack of fixation on the acetabular side often led to loosening and pain, although rarely was there significant bone loss due to the lack of inflammatory particles. This early loosening of the socket was addressed in 2 ways: the French camp decided to cement the alumina socket, whereas Mittlemeier, from Germany, created a new system that now used a threaded ceramic cup that was “screwed” into the acetabulum.3 This new system also used a ress-fit femoral component and more precise manufacturng of the ceramic ball and the metal trunnion of the femoral omponent. This manufacturing improvement led to the limination of cement as a fixation material required for the ating of the ball to the stem. Although both camps enjoyed
Ethanol drinking reduces extracellular dopamine levels in the posterior ventral tegmental area of nondependent alcohol-preferring rats.

Moderate ethanol exposure produces neuroadaptive changes in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in nondependent rats, and increases measures of dopamine neuronal activity in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, moderate ethanol drinking and moderate systemic exposure elevates extracellular dopamine levels in mesocorticolimbic projection regions. However, the neuroadaptive changes subsequent to moderate ethanol drinking on basal dopamine levels have not been investigated in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In the current study, adult female alcohol-preferring (P) rats were divided into alcohol-naive, alcohol drinking, and alcohol deprived groups. The alcohol drinking group had continuous access to water and ethanol (15%, v/v) for 8 weeks. The alcohol deprived group had 6 weeks of access followed by 2 weeks of ethanol deprivation, 2 weeks of ethanol re-exposure, followed again by 2 weeks of deprivation. The deprived rats demonstrated a robust alcohol deprivation effect upon ethanol reinstatement. The alcohol-naive group had continuous access to water only. In the last week of the drinking protocol, all rats were implanted with unilateral microdialysis probes aimed at the posterior VTA and no-net-flux microdialysis was conducted to quantify extracellular dopamine levels and dopamine clearance. Results yielded significantly lower basal extracellular dopamine concentrations in the posterior VTA of the alcohol drinking group compared to the alcohol naive and alcohol deprived groups (3.8 ± 0.3 vs. 5.0 ± 0.5 [p < 0.02] and 4.8 ± 0.4 nM, [p < 0.05], respectively). Extraction fractions were significantly (p < 0.0002) different between the alcohol drinking and alcohol naive groups (72 ± 2 vs. 46 ± 4%, respectively) and not significantly different (p = 0.051) between alcohol deprived and alcohol naive groups (61 ± 6% for the alcohol deprived group). The data indicate that reductions in basal DA levels within the posterior VTA occur after moderate chronic ethanol intake in nondependent P rats. This reduction may result, in part, from increased DA uptake and may be important for the maintenance of ethanol drinking. These adaptations normalize with ethanol deprivation and may not contribute to the alcohol deprivation effect.
CONDITIONALS AND DISJUNCTIONS IN MENTAL-LOGIC THEORY: A RESPONSE TO LIU AND CHOU (2012) AND TO LÓPEZ ASTORGA (2013)

Liu and Chou (2012) presented a two-step theory to describe reasoning both on the four traditional conditional syllogisms and on four parallel syllogisms tha...
Deformable shape detection and description via model-based region grouping

A method for deformable shape detection and recognition is described. Deformable shape templates are used to partition the image into a globally consistent interpretation, determined in part by the minimum description length principle. Statistical shape models enforce the prior probabilities on global, parametric deformations for each object class. Once trained, the system autonomously segments deformed shapes from the background, while not merging them with adjacent objects or shadows. The formulation can be used to group image regions obtained via any region segmentation algorithm, e.g., texture, color, or motion. The recovered shape models can be used directly in object recognition. Experiments with color imagery are reported.
The fractionation of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in macroalgae during the assimilation of nitrate

Abstract. In order to determine and understand the stable isotope fractionation of 18O and 15N manifested during assimilation of NO3− in marine macro-benthic algae, two species (Ulva sp. and Agardhiella sp.) have been grown in a wide range of NO3− concentrations (2–500 μM). Two types of experiments were performed. The first was one in which the concentration of the NO3− was allowed to drift downward as it was assimilated by the algae, between 24 hour replacements of media. These experiments proceeded for periods of between 7 and 10 days. A second set of experiments maintained the NO3− concentration at a low steady-state value by means of a syringe pump. The effective fractionation during the assimilation of the NO3− was determined by measuring the δ15N of both the (i) new algal growth and (ii) residual NO3− in the free-drift experiments after 0, 12, 24 and 48 h. Modelling these data show that the fractionation during assimilation is dependent upon the concentration of NO3− and is effectively 0 at concentrations of less than ~2 μM. The change in the fractionation with respect to concentration is the greatest at lower concentrations (2–10 μM). The fractionation stablizes between 4 and 6‰ at concentrations of between 50 and 500 μM. Although the δ18O and δ15N values of NO3− in the residual solution were correlated, the slope of relationship also varied with respect to NO3− concentration, with slopes of greater than unity at low concentration. These results suggest shifts in the dominant fractionation mechanism of 15N and 18O between concentrations of 1 and 10 μM NO3−. At higher NO3− concentrations (>10–50 μM), fractionation during assimilation will lead to δ15N values in algal biomass lower than the ambient NO3− and 15N enrichments in the residual NO3−.
Observational perspectives from U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) and Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) network: temperature and precipitation comparison.

AbstractThe U.S. Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) network was formed in the early 1890s to provide daily observations of temperature and precipitation. However, manual observations from naturally aspirated temperature sensors and unshielded precipitation gauges often led to uncertainties in atmospheric measurements. Advancements in observational technology (ventilated temperature sensors, well-shielded precipitation gauges) and measurement techniques (automation and redundant sensors), which improve observation quality, were adopted by NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) into the establishment of the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN). USCRN was designed to provide high-quality and continuous observations to monitor long-term temperature and precipitation trends, and to provide an independent reference to compare to other networks. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how diverse technological and operational choices between the USCRN and COOP programs impact temperature and precipitati...
Pre-Hospital Glyceryl Trinitrate: Potential for Use in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Abstract Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with poor clinical outcome and high mortality. Research and treatment modalities have focused on the expansion of the primary hematoma through blood pressure control and activation of coagulation factors. However, clinical trials have failed to show decreased rates of death or disability in intracerebral hemorrhage following hospital initiation of blood pressure control. However, as clinical deterioration often occurs immediately after onset, pre-hospital initiation of blood pressure control may be more ideal. Methods: Relevant terms in the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and selected research including basic science, translational reports, meta-analyses, and clinical studies were searched. Results: Trends indicating improved clinical outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage after hospital-initiated intensive systolic blood pressure control (goal<140 mmHg) have been demonstrated. Statistical significance may not have been obtained because of late treatment times of blood pressure control that approached median 4-6 hours after clinical onset. One trial utilizing glyceryl trinitrate in the pre-hospital setting has been shown to significantly decrease blood pressure within fifteen minutes and improve 90-day clinical outcome. Conclusions: Glyceryl trinitrate represents an ideal pre-hospital blood pressure medication because it can be delivered via sublingual or transdermal routes, has a quick and graded onset of action, has neuroprotective effects, maintains cerebral perfusion, and has an established record of safety. As intracerebral hemorrhage requires prompt action to prevent clinical deterioration, more emphasis on pre-hospital therapies for blood pressure reduction will become essential in future therapies.
Development of three-dimensional inductors using plastic deformation magnetic assembly (PDMA)

On-chip inductors are critical for enabling portable power-efficient wireless communication systems. Existing on-chip spiral inductors based on conventional planar integrated-circuit fabrication technology suffer from substrate loss and parasitics, and have relatively large footprints. In this paper, we discuss the development of two types of on-chip three-dimensional (3-D) inductors-a vertical spiral inductor and a solenoid inductor-by using a 3-D assembly process called plastic deformation magnetic assembly. Prototype vertical spiral inductors and solenoid inductors have been fabricated and tested. Experimental results show that the vertical spiral inductors can achieve better performance and a smaller footprint than the in-plane ones.
Yeast PAS kinase coordinates glucose partitioning in response to metabolic and cell integrity signaling

PAS kinase is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase. Mammalian PAS kinase is activated under nutrient replete conditions and is important for controlling metabolic rate and energy homeostasis. In yeast, PAS kinase acts to increase the synthesis of structural carbohydrate at the expense of storage carbohydrates through phosphorylation of the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. We have identified two pathways that activate yeast PAS kinase; one is responsive to nutrient conditions while the other is responsive to cell integrity stress. These pathways differentially activate the two PAS kinase proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Psk1 and Psk2, with Psk1 alone responding to activation by nonfermentative carbon sources. We demonstrate that, in addition to transcriptional effects, both of these pathways post-translationally activate PAS kinase via its regulatory N-terminus. As a whole, this system acts to coordinate glucose partitioning with alterations in demand due to changes in environmental and nutrient conditions.
the transformation of an Indonesian property system: adat, Islam, and social change in the Gayo highlands

In Indonesia, the civil and Islamic judiciaries have sought to integrate local property systems into national and Islamic legal frameworks. The rise of cash-cropping and an Islamic reformist ideology have created local demands for new forms of property transmission. This essay examines the mediating role played by reinter-pretations of adat (tradition, custom, social system, propriety) in the transformation of property transmission in Gayo society of highland Sumatra. Gayo have contextualized the social messages of the courts in a way that has preserved central ideas of social continuity. Other Sumatran societies are contrasted with the Gayo and used to develop a broader comparison of Indonesian and African social change.
Health behaviors of young adult heroin injectors in the Seattle area

Abstract Background Recent indicators point to substantial increases in the number of young heroin users across much of the United States as well as across Washington State. This study characterizes this younger generation of heroin injectors in order to inform public health responses. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using street-intercept surveys at King County, WA syringe exchange programs in 2013. Survey responses were restricted to heroin injectors (n = 389) and then categorized by the participant's age ( Results In regression analyses, adjusting for other characteristics, young adults were significantly (p Conclusions Younger heroin injectors engage in risky injection practices more than older heroin injectors. Along with other significant differences, these findings have implications for outreach programs and medical care for younger heroin injectors.
Coming of Age: Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone as a Preparation for 131I Therapy in Thyroid Cancer

Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) was approved for diagnostic testing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in November 1998. It has subsequently been approved in Europe and Australia and is available in many other countries on a restricted basis. Approval was based on its
Substantial and sustained seizure reduction with ketogenic diet in a patient with Ohtahara syndrome

Ketogenic diet has been shown to be efficacious in some epileptic encephalopathies but rarely reported as being useful in children with Ohtahara syndrome. This could possibly be attributed to the rarity of the disease and associated short survival period. We report on a 5-year-old child with Ohtahara syndrome, whose seizures failed to improve with all known medications, continued to show persistent suppression-burst pattern on the electroencephalography (EEG) and had substantial reduction in seizure frequency for one year post-initiation of ketogenic diet. He has not had a single visit to the emergency room because of seizures in the last one year, and more importantly, there has been a clear improvement noted in his level of interaction and temperament. Patients with Ohtahara syndrome invariably have medically intractable seizures and catastrophic neurodevelopmental outcome. Ketogenic diet is a treatment modality that might be worth considering even in this group of patients.