cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic Imaging of Hydraulically-Stimulated Fractures: A Numerical Study of the Effect of the Source Mechanism

We present a numerical study of seismic imaging of hydraulically stimulated fractures using a single source from an adjacent fracturing-process. The source is either a point force generated from the perforation of the casing of the well or a double-couple as is typically observed from the induced microseismicity. We assume that the fracture is sufficiently stimulated to be imaged by reflected seismic energy. We show for a specific monitoring geometry of hydrofracturing that not only different waves (P and S) but also different source mechanisms from the same region form an image of different parts of the target fracture and thus add complementary information. The strategy presented here might be used as an additional monitoring tool of the hydrofracturing process.
Sinusitis in intensive care unit patients

The ultimate source of sepsis may be difficult to pinpoint in critically ill patients with multiple possible sources of iatrogenic infection. In the last year, we have been consulted with regard to several febrile intensive care unit patients in whom sinusitis was initially identified by computerized axial tomography done for other reasons. The questions are: 1. are the x-ray findings significant; 2. is this the cause of fever and sepsis; 3. how should the patient be treated for this problem; and 4. can this be prevented. In five patients, sepsis was clearly related to sinusitis. Treatment had included nasal tubes in all six patients, and in addition, five patients had received high doses of corticosteroids while intubated. The sixth patient was a diabetic. Etiology, diagnosis, and management are discussed in detail. We believe that prolonged nasal intubation should be avoided, particularly in patients with decreased resistance to infection. Initial treatment consists of removing intranasal tubes and the administration of broad spectrum or culture specific antibiotics. Surgery is indicnted in the event of persistent sepsis or secondary complications. Computerized tomography is an excellent tool for diagnosis and following response to therapy.
Victims hidden in plain sight: the reality of victimization among the homeless

Using the framework of structural choice theory, this exploratory study discusses self‐reported differences in criminality and victimization within the homeless population as a predictor of future victimization. A sample of homeless individuals (N = 105) in a mid‐size southern city was collected to investigate factors related to past and current victimization. Findings reveal that homeless individuals who reported being turned away from a shelter and as having committed a new crime since becoming homeless are significantly more likely to experience victimization.
Robust recognition of linear and nonlinear digital modulations of RRC pulse trains

In this paper we propose simple and robust features to distinguish continuous-phase frequency shift keying from quadrature amplitude and phase shift keying modulations. Robustness is tested in the presence of SNR estimation offset, block and correlated fast fading, lack of symbol and sampling synchronization, and carrier offset. The features are based on sample mean and sample variance of the imaginary part of the product of two consecutive complex signal values. Root raised cosine pulses are used to generate the linearly modulated signals. Root raised cosine as well as rectangular shaped instantaneous frequency pulses are used in designing the continuous-phase frequency shift keying signals. Support vector machines are employed to distinguish the signals. One benefit of using support vector machines is that it requires very few realizations for training. Moreover, no a priori information is required about carrier amplitude, carrier phase, carrier offset, symbol rate, pulse shape and initial symbol phase. Performance of the proposed feature is compared to the wavelet based feature that uses support vector machines for classification.
Functional Changes in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy.

Abstract Children with multiple handicaps, including cerebral palsy (CP), often lose or regress in their functional ability through adolescence and young adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine functional and psychosocial changes in children, adolescents, and young adults with CP. A retrospective chart review and a prospective telephone interview of 30 patients (11–29 years, M = 16.8, S.D. = 4.9) was conducted. Seventy-three percent of the patients were male (n = 22) and 83% (n = 25) had spastic CP. According to the McNemar's test, four significant functional losses were found including crawling (p = 0.03), standing independently (p = 0.05), walking with or without assistance (p = 0.014), and eating by mouth (p = 0.01). Standing function loss was significantly related to walking function loss (p = 0.02). Sixty-three percent (n = 19) of the patients experienced anxiety and 10% (n = 3) reported depression. Results of this study indicate that a validated yearly assessment tool is needed to measure functional and emotional changes in children with CP rather than relying on parent recall. This data may also lead to a review of the current physical therapy national standards.
Segmental distribution of thyrotropin releasing hormone in rat spinal cord

Abstract The segmental and laminar distribution of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was determined in the rat spinal cord using radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Immunoreactive TRH was found in sensory, autonomic and motor spinal columns. Dorsal horn TRH-containing fibers and cell bodies in lamina II and along the lamina II/III border were seen by ICC in all spinal cord segments. ICC showed dense TRH immunoreactivity in the sympathetic areas of the thoracic cord. Densely staining TRH-containing fibers were seen in the ventral horn of all spinal segments. RIA of whole segment extracts showed high concentrations in C6-T1 and T12-L6. Low levels were seen in C2-C4 and T5-T6. Other segments were intermediate in concentration. RIA and ICC results were comparatively evaluated.
Developments In Mode-Locked Lasers And Their Applications

The most important recent advance with respect to mode locking has been the development of 'colliding-pulse' mode locking. An important extension to this method is reported. According to this extension, the colliding pulse function is obtained by making use of an 'antiresonant ring' laser cavity. The new concept has been applied to a flash-pumped passively mode-locked Nd:YAG laser in a number of experiments. Attention is given to mode locking of a self-pumped phase conjugate laser, picosecond photoacoustic experiments, and picosecond pulses on semiconductor surfaces.
Recreating America's Community Colleges: Critical Policy Issues Facing America's Community Colleges

During the conduct of the 2004 Community Colleges Futures Assembly, sponsored by the University of Florida, delegates to the meeting identified three critical policy issues facing America's communi...
Beams eye view-based photon radiotherapy I.

Geographic miss, dosimetric miss (underdosing), and proximity of the tumor to sensitive normal tissues are some of the causes of inadequate radiation dose delivery; this is one of many causes of failure after radiotherapy. In the past decade, computerized tomography (CT)-based treatment planning has helped to overcome some of these problems. Beam's eye view (BEV)-based radiotherapy planning is an improvement over CT-based treatment planning that may further increase the therapeutic ratio. Since January 1988, we have treated 198 patients with BEV-based photon radiotherapy. About 40% of our patients treated with radical radiotherapy undergo BEV-based treatment, and about 70% of patients who undergo planning CT in the treatment position receive BEV-based radiotherapy. Our findings are as follows: (a) routine use of BEV-based RT (BEVRT) is possible in a busy radiation oncology department; (b) BEVRT improves geometric coverage of tumors; (c) BEVRT is extremely useful in the design of oblique portals; (d) time commitments for various members of the RT treatment-planning team are reasonable; (e) BEVRT helps individualize RT technique; (f) preliminary data suggest decreased acute toxicity with the use of BEVRT for prostate cancer patients. Whether these advantages will help to improve the outcome (i.e., improve local control and survival) and/or decrease the long-term toxicity is not yet known.
Field dependence as a factor in eyewitness accounts

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between field dependency and performance on an eyewitness task. Sixty four college students participated in the experiment. Subjects were divided into two groups, field dependent and field independent, based on their scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test ( Witkin et al., 1971 ). All the subjects viewed a series of slides depicting a wallet snatching incident and, after completing a short" filler activity, filled out a thirty item questionnaire on the slides. After a two day interval, the subjects read a summary paragraph of the wallet snatching incident. This paragraph contained four pieces of erroneous information about four items in the slides. After completing another filler activity, the paragraphs were collected and a second, twenty item questionnaire on the slides was pass ed out and completed by the subjects. Amo~g the twenty items on the second questionnaire were the correct and incorrect answers to the four false pieces of information presented in the summary paragraph. It was hypothesized that the field independent subjects would have fewer errors and would be more accurate on both questionnaires about the wallet snatching incident than the field dependent subjects. It was also hypothesized that the field dependent subjects would be more open to post event sugges tion from a significant social figure than field independent subjects and would therefore incorporate more of the false information into their recall of the wallet snatching incident. Results indicate that both groups, field
Menin Controls Growth of Pancreatic ß-Cells in Pregnant Mice and Promotes Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

During pregnancy, maternal pancreatic islets grow to match dynamic physiological demands, but the mechanisms regulating adaptive islet growth in this setting are poorly understood. Here we show that menin, a protein previously characterized as an endocrine tumor suppressor and transcriptional regulator, controls islet growth in pregnant mice. Pregnancy stimulated proliferation of maternal pancreatic islet beta-cells that was accompanied by reduced islet levels of menin and its targets. Transgenic expression of menin in maternal beta-cells prevented islet expansion and led to hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance, hallmark features of gestational diabetes. Prolactin, a hormonal regulator of pregnancy, repressed islet menin levels and stimulated beta-cell proliferation. These results expand our understanding of mechanisms underlying diabetes pathogenesis and reveal potential targets for therapy in diabetes.
Simultaneous analysis of inulin and 15N2‐urea kinetics in humans

To elucidate the physiologic basis of multicompartmental systems used to model drug distribution, we studied inulin and 15N2-urea kinetics after simultaneous intravenous injection in five normal subjects. Distribution of both compounds was characterized by three-compartment models in which the central compartment corresponded to intravascular space. The mean distribution volumes of 0.164 ± 0.009 L/kg (± SD) for inulin and of 0.670 ± 0.143 L/kg for urea were similar to expected values for extracellular space and total body water, respectively. Distribution from intravascular space was kinetically heterogeneous, presumably reflecting differences in vascular beds supplied by either fenestrated and discontinuous capillaries or capillaries with a continuous basement membrane. Intercompartmental clearances of inulin and urea and the ratio of their free water diffusion coefficients were used to estimate blood flows and permeability coefficient-surface area products for the peripheral compartments. The sum of compartmental blood flows averaged 5.39 ± 0.49 L/min and was similar to dual-beam Doppler measurements of cardiac output (5.47 ± 0.40 L/min). Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1993) 53, 419–425; doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.45
Prior model identification during subsurface flow data integration with adaptive sparse representation techniques

Construction of predictive reservoir models invariably involves interpretation and interpolation between limited available data and adoption of imperfect modeling assumptions that introduce significant subjectivity and uncertainty into the modeling process. In particular, uncertainty in the geologic continuity model can significantly degrade the quality of fluid displacement patterns and predictive modeling outcomes. Here, we address a standing challenge in flow model calibration under uncertainty in geologic continuity by developing an adaptive sparse representation formulation for prior model identification (PMI) during model calibration. We develop a flow-data-driven sparsity-promoting inversion to discriminate against distinct prior geologic continuity models (e.g., variograms). Realizations of reservoir properties from each geologic continuity model are used to generate sparse geologic dictionaries that compactly represent models from each respective prior. For inversion initially the same number of elements from each prior dictionary is used to construct a diverse geologic dictionary that reflects a wide range of variability and uncertainty in the prior continuity. The inversion is formulated as a sparse reconstruction problem that inverts the flow data to identify and linearly combine the relevant elements from the large and diverse set of geologic dictionary elements to reconstruct the solution. We develop an adaptive sparse reconstruction algorithm in which, at every iteration, the contribution of each dictionary to the solution is monitored to replace irrelevant (insignificant) elements with more geologically relevant (significant) elements to improve the solution quality. Several numerical examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for identification of geologic continuity in practical model calibration problems where the uncertainty in the prior geologic continuity model can lead to biased inversion results and prediction.
Evaluation of a Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Assay Using Molecular Beacons for Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

We evaluated the performance characteristics of a new, real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assay that incorporates molecular beacon technology for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The quantitative results were comparable to those obtained with three leading commercially available assays. The analytical sensitivity was 37 IU/ml. The NASBA assay detected clinically relevant recombinant viruses and all group M HIV-1 subtypes.
Structural analysis of Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase complexed with NADPH and 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(5-carboxypent-1-yn-1-yl)-5-methoxybenzyl]-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

Structural data are reported for 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(5-carboxypent-1-yn-1-yl)-5-methoxybenzyl]-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (PY1014) complexed with Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcDHFR) refined to 1.8 A resolution. These data reveal that the carboxylate of the ω-carboxyalkynyl side chain of PY1014, the most pcDHFR-selective analog in this series, forms ionic interactions with the conserved Arg75 in the substrate-binding pocket of pcDHFR. The reversal of the 2′,5′-substitution pattern of this analog compared with the highly selective diaminopyrimidine analog PY1011 (i.e. the 5′-pentynylcarboxy-5′-methoxy pattern of PY1014 versus the 3′,4′-dimethoxy-5′-pentynylcarboxy pattern of PY1011) is necessary to achieve optimal interaction with Arg75 as observed in other structures. The larger diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring of PY1014 places the 5′-methoxy group closer to Leu25 and Ser64 than does the diaminopyrimidine ring of PY1011. The 5′-methoxy O atom forms a hydrogen bond to the amide of Leu25 (O⋯N, 2.7 A) and the 5′-­methoxy methyl group makes a hydrophobic contact of 3.1 A with Cβ of Ser64. Although the IC50 values of PY1014 and PY1011 are similar, inhibition data show that the selectivity of PY1011 for pcDHFR is significantly greater. The greater selectivity for pcDHFR compared with mammalian DHFR of these inhibitors is also influenced by the enhanced hydrophobic interactions of the side-­chain methylene atoms with Phe69 of pcDHFR compared with Asn64 of mammalian DHFR.
Advantages of pressurized canister metered dose inhalers.

ABSTRACT Metered dose inhalers (MDI) have provided a versatile, reliable, instantly available, self-contained, portable, low cost medical aerosol delivery system for more than 35 years. Currently, most of the drugs commonly used for treating reversible airflow obstruction due to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are available as MDI and consideration is being given to formulating other potentially useful drugs such as antibiotics, amiloride, and pentamidine in MDI. By means of particle size selective accessory devices, MDI can be used for pulmonary drug targeting which, by further improving the therapeutic ratio inherent to aerosol therapy, reduces local and systemic side effects and should allow application to the pulmonary airways of significantly larger doses of medication than could otherwise be administered safely. Appropriate masks and a variety of adapters have been developed to allow the MDI to be used in infants and children, as well as patients of all ages requiring assiste...
Localization and Kinetics of Protein Kinase C-Epsilon Anchoring in Cardiac Myocytes

Protein kinase C-epsilon (PKC-epsilon) plays a central role in cardiac cell signaling, but mechanisms of translocation and anchoring upon activation are poorly understood. Conventional PKC isoforms rely on a rapid Ca2+-mediated recruitment to cell membranes, but this mechanism cannot be employed by PKC-epsilon or other PKC isoforms lacking a Ca2+-binding domain. In this study, we used recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion constructs and confocal microscopy to examine the localization, kinetics, and reversibility of PKC-epsilon anchoring in permeabilized rat cardiac myocytes. PKC-epsilon-GFP bound with a striated pattern that co-localized with alpha-actinin, a marker of the Z-line of the sarcomere. Binding required activation of PKC and occurred slowly but reversibly with apparent rate constants of k(on) = 4.6 +/- 1.2 x 10(3) M(-1) x s(-1) and k(off) = 1.4 +/- 0.5 x 10(-3) s(-1) (t1/2 = 8 min) as determined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and by perfusion experiments. A truncated construct composed of the N-terminal 144-amino-acid variable region of PKC-epsilon (epsilonV1-GFP), but not an analogous N-terminal domain of PKC-delta, mimicked the Z-line decoration and slow binding rate of the full-length enzyme. These findings suggest that the epsilonV1 domain is important in determining PKC-epsilon localization and translocation kinetics in cardiac muscle. Moreover, PKC-epsilon translocation is not a diffusion-controlled binding process but instead may be limited by intramolecular conformational changes within the V1 domain. The k(off) for epsilonV1-GFP was two- to threefold faster than for full-length enzyme, indicating that other domains in PKC-epsilon contribute to anchoring by prolonging the bound state.
Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor–alpha-coated Gold Nanoparticles to Enhance Radiofrequency Ablation in a Translational Model of Renal Tumors

Objectives Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been most effective when the tumors are small, exophytic, and away from vital structures. We enlarged the size of the ablation kill zone by infusing a 30-nm tumor necrosis factor–α and polyethylene glycol–coated gold nanoparticle (CYT-6091, CytImmune Sciences, Inc.) before ablation in a rabbit kidney tumor model. Materials and Methods A total of 37 New Zealand White rabbits had VX-2 tumors implanted into their bilateral kidneys; they were then split into 3 treatment groups of 10 rabbits each and a sham group of 7 rabbits as follows: (1) CYT-6091 only, (2) RFA only, (3) CYT-6091 followed 4 hours later by RFA. Gross and microscopic measurements of the ablation size as well as histologic analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to determine the effect of CYT-6091 on the ablation. Results The RFA + CYT-6091 group had a larger zone of complete cell death than the RFA-only group when measured on microscopic examination (0.30 ± 0.07 vs 0.23 ± 0.03 mL, P = .03). The zone of partially ablated tissue was smaller in the RFA + CYT-6091 group than in the RFA-only group (0.08 ± 0.02 vs 0.13 ± 0.05 mL, P = .01). Conclusions We have demonstrated the efficacy of CYT-6091 in enhancing RFA in a translational kidney tumor model. The potential usage of CYT-6091 to improve RFA of renal cell carcinoma merits further study.
Assessing the Development of Chemistry Students’ Conceptual and Visual Understanding of Dimensional Analysis via Supplemental Use of Web-Based Software

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a proprietary software program on students' conceptual and visual understanding of dimensional analysis. The participants in the study were high school general chemistry students enrolled in two public schools with different demographics (School A and School B) in the Chattanooga, Tennessee, metropolitan area. Using a 'treatment group' and a 'control group' (no treatment), a mixed-methods design was used in the data collection and analysis to provide a holistic view of the impact of the software on student learning. The resulting qualitative and quantitative data confirmed that the software enhanced the treatment groups' conceptual and visual understanding of dimensional analysis. In fact, when all of the quantitative and qualitative data were viewed as a whole, the advantages of integrating use of the software into the general chemistry classroom proved to have significant impact on student conceptual and visual understanding of dimensional analysis. The enhanced conceptual understanding was verified by quantitative data, which indicated a significant difference between the overall pretest and posttest scores of the treatment group (n = 14, t = -2.896, p = 0.008). On the basis of the descriptive statistics, it is evident that all students benefited from using the software. The qualitative data showed that students' visual understanding was enhanced and that they valued their experiences using the software and were able to enhance their knowledge of all aspects of dimensional analysis. The researcher takes the lessons learned from this study and provides practical best practices on effectively integrating elements of the software to enhance conceptual and visual understanding in traditional chemistry classrooms.
Proposing a electricity market framework for the Energy Internet

Smart Grid is drawing increasing attentions and reshaping the traditional view of power systems in the last decade. The Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) Systems provide a promising solution to accommodate the high penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources and the emerging Smart Grid technologies. As a future automated and flexible electric power distribution system, the envisioned FREEDM systems enable the customers to fully participate in a deregulated electricity market. The customers are not only the price-takers but also the electricity suppliers by locally operating and managing their own Distributed Generators (DGs), Distributed Energy Storage Devices (DESDs), and dispatchable loads. This paper proposes a novel framework for a deregulated electricity market to enable the “Energy Internet” in a residential distribution system. It can achieve the flexible energy/power dispatch by allowing the customers to maximize their own benefits and compete with each other. Some game-theoretic methodologies (e.g., Nikaido-Isoda function and relaxation algorithm) are applied to determine the equilibrium solutions in a deregulated electricity market. A numerical case study is performed to validate the proposed approach. Accordingly, the numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed framework for clearing the deregulated electricity market price enabling the “Energy Internet”.
Effect of Chemical Exchange on Radiation Damping in Aqueous Solutions of the Osmolyte Glycine

Radiation damping is of central relevance in NMR spectroscopy especially with the advent of ultrahigh-field magnets and of supersensitive probes. Furthermore, the recent realization that the combined effect of the distant dipole field and of radiation damping causes the resurrection of undesired crushed water magnetization emphasizes the need for a thorough understanding of all the factors affecting radiation damping. While the effects of pulsed-field gradients and of active feedback have been extensively investigated, the consequences on radiation damping of chemical exchange between water and co-solutes is not as well understood. Here it is demonstrated that the rate of water radiation damping is significantly affected by free glycine (Gly), a representative of an important class of biocompatible osmolytes often used at molar concentrations as protein stabilizers. The pH and temperature dependencies of this effect were investigated and rationalized in terms of radiation damping attenuation caused by inc...
Trafficking of activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes into the central nervous system: Use of a transgenic model

We have used cell or tissue-specific promoters to express lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) proteins in selected cells in independent lines of transgenic mice. Upon adoptive transfers into these mice, MHC-restricted LCMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes homed specifically to either the choroid plexus (SV40 promoter) or beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (rat insulin promoter). The availability of promoters specific for neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes makes this approach compelling for evaluating T cell trafficking into the CNS and for analyzing antigen presentation in vivo in the CNS.
Yugoslavia in 1989 and after

The year 1989 marked a turning point for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). But unlike other places in the region, that year saw a turn towards growing political conflict which soon led to violent warfare. This paper identifies and discusses three processes that led to this outcome. The first process was the impetus towards reform of the Yugoslav federal state, its political and economic system. The second was the conflict over the future of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Savez komunista Jugoslavije – SKJ). The third was the shifting meanings of ethnic and nonethnic labels and the ways in which putative “national” and “ethnic” interests came to be aligned with specific political options. By the end of 1989 these three processes had come together to spell the end of the SKJ, of the SFRY, and of “Yugoslavism” as a political identity. In their places, ruling parties threatened by changes within their own societies, as well as by pressures created by the 1989 revolutions in the regi...
When the familiar is strange: encountering the cultural politics of Hawaii in the college classroom

Weaving feminist, psychoanalytic, and postcolonial strands of social criticism, I recount an incident that is emblematic of the complex arrangements or dispositions of space in the Pacific. The specific moment – an encounter in the college classroom where an entangled racial–ethnic–gender dynamic of identification surfaced – acts as a catalyst for probing questions concerning expert systems of knowledge that constitute the institutional space of teaching/learning as distinctly rational; processes of identification where love and betrayal are dramatized; and domains of the political where embodiment, histories, memories, and racial fantasies come together in complex ways. Drawing on the concept of ‘racial melancholia’, I tease out the strands of this entangled dynamic and demonstrate how the corporeal and the psychic are intimately bound.
Suppression of murine allogeneic cell interactions by sex hormones.

Abstract Investigations have been carried out on the action of several steroid hormones on lymphocyte functions in inbred strains of mice. The recognitive, proliferative and effector phases of allogeneic cell interactions in vitro were assessed using a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). In MLR containing Balb/c (responder) and C57BL/6 (stimulator) splenocytes DNA synthesis was markedly reduced in the presence of progesterone, cortisol or estradiol. In CML, progesterone and estradiol (1–5 μg/ml) blocked in vitro generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes, while cultures with cortisol were partially inhibited. None of these hormones suppressed the cytotoxic activity of previously sensitized effector cells generated in vitro. Cultures containing testosterone expressed both normal DNA synthesis in MLR and cytotoxic activity in the CML test. These findings suggest a selective pattern of immunosuppression by sex hormones which may be important in preventing graft rejection or graft-versus-host interactions which may arise as a consequence of fetal engraftment during pregnancy.
Allosteric modulation of estrogen receptor conformation by different estrogen response elements

Estrogen-regulated gene expression is dependent on interaction of the estrogen receptor (ER) with the estrogen response element (ERE). We assessed the ability of the ER to activate transcription of reporter plasmids containing either the consensus vitellogenin A2 ERE or the imperfect pS2, vitellogenin B1, or oxytocin (OT) ERE. The A2 ERE was the most potent activator of transcription. The OT ERE was significantly more effective in activating transcription than either the pS2 or B1 ERE. In deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) footprinting experiments, MCF-7 proteins protected A2 and OT EREs more effectively than the pS2 and B1 EREs. Limited protease digestion of the A2, pS2, B1, or OT ERE-bound receptor with V8 protease or proteinase K produced distinct cleavage products demonstrating that individual ERE sequences induce specific changes in ER conformation. Receptor interaction domains of glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 and steroid receptor coactivator 1 bound effectively to the A2, pS2, B1, and OT ERE-bound receptor and significantly stabilized the receptor-DNA interaction. Similar levels of the full-length p160 protein amplified in breast cancer 1 were recruited from HeLa nuclear extracts by the A2, pS2, B1, and OT ERE-bound receptors. In contrast, significantly less transcriptional intermediary factor 2 was recruited by the B1 ERE-bound receptor than by the A2 ERE-bound receptor. These studies suggest that allosteric modulation of ER conformation by individual ERE sequences influences the recruitment of specific coactivator proteins and leads to differential expression of genes containing divergent ERE sequences.
Innate immune response to encephalomyocarditis virus infection mediated by CD1d

CD1d-reactive natural killer T (NKT) cells can rapidly produce T helper type 1 (Th1) and/or Th2 cytokines, can activate antigen-presenting cell (APC) interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, and are implicated in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. The role of the CD1d system was assessed during infection with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV-D), a picornavirus that causes acute diabetes, paralysis and myocarditis. EMCV-D resistance depends on IL-12-mediated interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. CD1d-deficient mice, which also lack CD1d-reactive NKT cells, were substantially more sensitive to infection with EMCV-D. Infected CD1d knockout mice had decreased IL-12 levels in vitro and in vivo, and indeed were protected by treatment with exogenous IL-12. IFN-gamma production in CD1d knockout mice was decreased compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice in response to EMCV-D in vitro, although differences were not detected in vivo. Treatment with anti-asialo-GM1 antibody, to deplete NK cells, caused a marked increase in susceptibility of WT mice to EMCV-D infection, whereas CD1d knockout mice were little affected, suggesting that NK-cell-mediated protection is CD1d-dependent. Therefore, these data indicate that CD1d is essential for optimal responses to acute picornaviral infection. We propose that CD1d-reactive T cells respond to early immune signals and function in the innate immune response to a physiological viral infection by rapidly augmenting APC IL-12 production and activating NK cells.
Special class of nonlocal image-template operations

The most powerful tools of image algebra in terms of image processing are image-template operations. An image-template operation can be classified as a local operation or a nonlocal operation. For local image-template operations, we have an efficient parallel implementation. However, there seems to be no efficient way to map general nonlocal image-template operations onto parallel architectures, since the communication patterns involved with nonlocal operations are very complex in general. A practical way is to classify nonlocal image-template operations into several commonly used classes and develop efficient implementation for each class. In this paper, we define a special class of image-template operations with nonlocal templates and develop a general efficient algorithm for this class of image-template operations. We then demonstrate how to use this class of image-template operations to compute geometric properties of image components such as area, perimeter, compactness, height, width, diameter, moments, and centroid.
THE DEMAND FOR LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION: A ROUTE‐SPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF SHORT‐HAUL SERVICE

This paper presents a model of long distance telephone demand based on route‐specific short‐haul (intraLATA) calling minutes. The data used in the estimation comes from 2,813 intraLATA long‐distance routes in the state of Florida for 1990. Route‐specific information (mileage, minutes of use, access lines, prices, route‐specific optional calling plans) is matched to socio‐economic data (income, average household size, race, education) obtained in the 1990 census. The results reveal a number of important economic and demographic insights on route‐specific long distance calling. Estimated price and income elasticities of demand are −0.54 and 1.24, respectively.
What works for whom: Tailoring psychotherapy to the person.

This article introduces the issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session devoted to evidencebased means of adapting psychotherapy to the patient’s (transdiagnostic) characteristics. Practitioners have long realized that treatment should be tailored to the individuality of the patient and the singularity of his or her context, but only recently has sufficient empirical research emerged to reliably guide practice. This article reviews the work of an interdivisional task force and its dual aims of identifying elements of effective therapy relationships (what works in general) and identifying effective methods of adapting treatment to the individual patient (what works in particular). The task force judged four patient characteristics (reactance/resistance, preferences, culture, religion/spirituality) to be demonstrably effective in adapting psychotherapy and another two (stages of change, coping style) as probably effective. Two more patient facets (expectations, attachment style) were related to psychotherapy outcome but possessed insufficient research as a means of adaptation. This special issue provides research-supported methods of individualizing psychotherapy to the person, in addition to his or her
Transmembrane Movement of the Shaker K+ Channel S4

Abstract We have probed internal and external accessibility of S4 residues to the membrane-impermeant thiol reagent methanethiosulfonate-ethyltrimethylammonium (MTSET) in both open and closed, cysteine-substituted Shaker K + channels. Our results indicate that S4 traverses the membrane with no more than 5 amino acids in the closed state, and that the distribution of buried residues changes when channels open. This change argues for a displacement of S4 through the plane of the membrane in which an initially intracellular residue moves to within 3 amino acids of the extracellular solution. These results demonstrate that the putative voltage-sensing charges of S4 actually reside in the membrane and that they move outward when channels open. We consider constraints placed on channel structure by these results.
Prediction of elastic properties of fiber-reinforced unidirectional composites

Abstract The purpose of this work is the evaluation of the global stiffness of a unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite. The effect of crenulations and debonding is also studied. The interfacial stresses for crenulated and debonded fibres are calculated. It is found that the crenulations of fibers affect the stress distribution more than the global stiffness. The boundary element method is employed in all calculations. In the use of the boundary element method for a multiple zone problem, certain difficulties arise at the corners that are present at the fiber-matrix interfaces. ‘shear modification’ scheme is developed for resolving such difficulties.
Substitution of Egg Yolk for Serum in Indirect Fluorescence Assay For Rous Sarcoma Virus Antibody

ConclusionsSubstitution of egg yolk for the mother hen's serum does away with the cumbersome procedure of bleeding the birds for antibody tests. The level of RSVA in yolk reflects the serum antibody level but is usually somewhat lower. Furthermore, substitution of egg yolk for the mother hen's serum in an indirect immunofluorescence procedure provides a simple, rapid, reliable and relatively inexpensive testing system. Flocks of birds can be easily examined and in most cases the test results are available the same day.
Failure of navy coating systems 2: failure pathways of artificially weathered navy coating systems applied to chromate conversion coated AA2024-T3 substrates

Dual layer coating systems consisting of volatile organic compound (VOC)-based aliphatic polyurethane topcoats and epoxy primers applied to AA2024-T3 substrates pretreated with chromate conversion coating (CCC) are the current mainstay of the U.S. Navy. Government mandates preclude their future use, however, and they are being phased out of service in favor of new VOC-free topcoat and primer high-solids reformulations. The durability of this new formulation to artificial weathering protocol GM9540P was evaluated using transmission-mode and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) imaging, optical and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and laser-confocal topography. Extensive blistering of the coating system was observed. Depth-resolved FTIR spectra show a lack of chemical modification of the topcoat layer. Data collected show localized corrosion of the substrate material in the form of pitting, as well as chemical inhomogeneities within the primer layer manifest as regional undercuring of the epoxy matrix. It is hypothesized that barrier failure of the coating/pretreatment system is the result of a cascading series of component-specific failures, notably an apparent shift in the target polydispersity of the prepolymer components of the epoxy primer.
P-uniform circuit complexity

Much complexity-theoretic work on parallelism has focused on the class NC, which is defined in terms of logspace-uniform circuits. Yet P-uniform circuit complexity is in some ways a more natural setting for studying feasible parallelism. In this paper, P-uniform NC (PUNC) is characterized in terms of space-bounded AuxPDAs and alternating Turing Machines with bounded access to the input. The notions of general-purpose and special-purpose computation are considered, and a general-purpose parallel computer for PUNC is presented. It is also shown that NC = PUNC if all tally languages in P are in NC; this implies that the NC = PUNC question and the NC = P question are both instances of the ASPACE(S(n)) = ASPACE,TIME(S(n), S(n)o(1)) question. As a corollary, it follows that NC = PUNC implies PSPACE = DTIME(2no(1)).
Effects of past logging and grazing on understory plant communities in a montane Colorado forest

Throughout Pinus ponderosa-Pseudotsuga menziesii forests of the southern Colorado Front Range, USA, intense logging and domestic grazing began at the time of Euro-American settlement in the late 1800s and continued until the early 1900s. We investigated the long-term impacts of these settlement-era activities on understory plant communities by comparing under- story composition at a historically logged and grazed site to that of an environmentally similar site which was protected from past use. We found that species richness and cover within functional groups rarely differed between sites in either upland or riparian areas. Multivariate analyses revealed little difference in species composition between sites on uplands, though compositional differences were apparent in riparian zones. Our findings suggest that settlement-era logging and grazing have had only minor long-term impacts on understories of upland Front Range P. ponderosa- P. menziesii forests, though they have had a greater long-term influence on riparian understories, where these activities were likely the most intense.
History of ASCE Indexing and Abstracting

Development of abstracts, as well as composition from manual cards, through Listomatic cards, keypunching for computer-aided composition, OCR entry and CRT-cassette units. Financial data for computer-aided composition, as well as future prospects of setting up a civil engineering information center for members of ASCE. Reduction of error rate with in-house use of CRT-cassette unit, in comparison with previously used methods. Use of abstracts at least four times results in financial viability of used method. Description of coding method of entries, with separation of fields for smallest type of entry: first, last name, ASCE membership, job title, place of work, Society name, individual bibliographic entries, as well as coding of key words matched with Thesauri of EJC, Burec, etc.
Performance evaluation of multi-wavelength M-QAM signal transmitted through fiber optic link with EDFA

A developed model has been presented in this paper to evaluate the performance of multiple wavelength M-QAM signal transmitted through the fiber optic link with EDFA. Gain saturation characteristics of multiple wavelength signals have been considered to evaluate the performance in WDM application. Position of amplifier in the link demonstrates changes of M-QAM signal performance due to the difference of saturation level.
Modeling Water Management in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Fuel cells may become the energy-delivery devices of the twenty-first century with realization of a carbon-neutral energy economy. Althoughtherearemanytypesoffuel cells, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are receiving themost attention for automotive and small stationary applications. In a PEFC, hydrogen and oxygen are combined electrochemically to produce water, electricity, and waste heat.
Husserl and Frege: A New Look at their Relationship

Husserl’s explicit rejection of psychologism as a theory of the origin of the logico-mathematical entities and his advocacy of a conception of pure logic as a science of objective meanings were first expounded in the Prolegomena to Pure Logic (1900), and Husserl tells us that the Prolegomena, in its essentials, is a reworking of lectures he had given at Halle in the year 1896.1 Follesdal, in his careful study of the relation between Frege and Husserl during these years, asks the question, at what point of time between 1890 (the year of publication of the Philosophic der Arithmetik) and 1896 did this change in Husserl’s mode of thinking take place?2 The papers published during 1891–1893 do not, according to Follesdal, bear testimony to any such change. In the paper “Psychologische Studien zur Elementaren Logik” of the year 1894, Husserl is still found to believe that the foundations of logic can be clarified with the help of psychology. Accordingly, the change must have occurred between the years 1894 and 1896. Frege’s famed review of the Philosophic der Arithmetik appeared in the year 1894. Follesdal therefore conjectures that it is Frege’s review which must have led Husserl to a complete revision of his prior mode of thinking.3 This view about the Frege-Husserl relationship is shared by many writers. A recent writer even speaks of Husserl’s “traumatic encounter with Frege.” 4
Robust and Dynamic Bin Slotted Anti-Collision Algorithms in RFID System

In this paper, we present the Dynamic Bin Slotted memoryless anti-collision algorithm (DBS) and the Robust Dynamic Bin Slotted memoryless anti-collision algorithm (RDBS) (which is a countermeasure to the strong and weak tag problems). They are based upon a bin slot tree algorithm. Both algorithms combine deterministic and probabilistic approaches to improve performance. We suggest a simple estimator to estimate the number of tags in an interrogation zone that is optimized for bin-slot tree algorithms. Our performance evaluation shows that DBS and RDBS surpass other existing bin slotted algorithms. According to our simulation results, the total identification time of the DBS algorithm for all tags is reduced by 57.28% for 300 tags compared to the conventional Bin Slotted Algorithm (BSA). Moreover, under the strong-weak tag problem, the RDBS algorithm reduces over 29.59% of the total number of PingID commands and 3.51% of the identification time for maximum 300 tags over the Bin-slotted Hybrid Search Algorithm, which is the best reported variation of BSA.
A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related psychopathology were examined in 95 female rape victims beginning soon after the assault (mean=12.64 days). Subjects were assessed weekly for 12 weeks. Ninety-four percent of women met symptomatic criteria for PTSD at Assessment 1, decreasing to 65% at Assessment 4 (mean=35 days postassault), and 47% at Assessment 12 (mean=94 days postassault). PTSD and related psychopathology decreased sharply between Assessments 1 and 4 for all women. Women whose PTSD persisted throughout the 3-month study did not show improvement after the fourth assessment; women who did not meet criteria for PTSD 3 months postassault showed steady improvement over time. This pattern was evidenced even after initial PTSD severity was statistically controlled. Moreover, PTSD status at 3 months postassault could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy by two brief self-report measures administered at the first assessment. The implications of the present findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Do Buy-Side Recommendations Have Investment Value?

We examine a dataset consisting of comprehensive investment recommendations paired with analyst-specific information for over 1,100 buy-side analysts (predominantly analysts from hedge funds). Short recommendations from these analysts generate an immediate and significant decline in price, whereas long recommendations for small firms have positive short-term returns and exhibit a positive drift. The evidence suggests buy-side recommendations provide information to market participants and that buy-side firms front-run their own information events. We also explore institutional ownership changes and document a wealth transfer between the broader institutional market and buy-side firms in the sample.
Developing a tool for routine carbon footprint assessment of printing systems

This document gives an overview of the author's efforts at the Hewlett-Packard Company to develop tools and processes to systematically estimate the life cycle carbon footprint of digital printers.