cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Trial Comparing Metered Dose Inhalers and Breath Actuated Nebulizers

Abstract Background Despite little evidence for its effectiveness, the breath-actuated nebulizer (BAN) is the default albuterol delivery method in our pediatric emergency department. Objective We compared the clinical efficacy of BAN and the metered-dose inhaler (MDI) in treating subjects patients 2 to 17 years of age who presented with mild to moderate asthma exacerbations. Methods This is a randomized, nonblinded, noninferiority study conducted at a single pediatric tertiary care emergency department. Subjects presenting with a Pediatric Asthma Score ranging from 5 to 11 received albuterol by BAN or MDI via standard weight-based and symptom severity dosing protocols. Aerosolized ipratropium (via BAN) and intravenous magnesium sulfate were given when clinically indicated. The primary outcome was patient disposition. The noninferiority margin for the primary outcome was an admission rate difference ≤10%. Analyses were adjusted for confounders that were significant at p ≤ 0.10. Results We enrolled 890 subjects between October 2014 and April 2015. BAN and MDI groups were comparable for age, gender, and race but not for pretreatment symptom severity; 51% in the MDI group had a Pediatric Asthma Score of moderate severity (8–11) vs. 63% in the BAN group (p Conclusions Albuterol therapy by MDI is noninferior to BAN for the treatment of mild to moderate asthma exacerbations in children 2 to 17 years of age.
Targeting the IL-2 receptor with antibodies or chimeric toxins

Although various mouse anti-rat and rat anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produce profound immunosuppressive effects, the experience with rodent anti-human mAb has been somewhat disappointing. The impetus for creating chimeric or humanized mAbs or fusion proteins to be used as immunosuppressive agents in allograft recipients stems directly from the clinical experience with rodent antihuman mAbs. With the exception of antibodies directed against proteins of the TCR/CD3 complex, murine mAbs have failed to deliver on their many potential advantages for treating or preventing rejection. The favorable attributes of chimeric or humanized mAbs include: (i) high specificity and affinity; (ii) long circulating half-lives; and (iii) a variety of mechanisms by which they can mediate an immunosuppressive effect. Cytolytic immune effector mechanisms of the host, antibody-mediated cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC) can theoretically be recruited directed against antibody coated target cells. Moreover, mAbs can interrupt signaling at the cell surface by blocking key receptor sites.
A Comparison Between Two Approaches to Identify Opioid Use Problems: ICD-9 vs. Text-Mining Approach

The aim of the research is to ontologically identify and compare the incidence of opioid use problems (OUPs) among patients on long-term opioid therapy using text mining vs. diagnostic coding approaches.
Effect of Time on the Variability of Lifting Kinematics in a Repetitive Lifting Task

A repetitive lifting task affords the opportunity for lift-to-lift variability in the lifting strategy and kinematics which can result in changes in the stresses on the tissues of the low back. To quantify the variation of lifting kinematics over time, ten subjects were recruited to perform repetitive lifting of a load equal to 10% of body weight at a rate of six lifts/min for 30 minutes continuously. Trunk kinematic variables were measured in all three planes of motion using the Lumbar Motion Monitor. The variances of the lifting kinematics were compared for the following ten-minute intervals: 0-10 min, 10-20 min and 20-30 min. Time was found to have a significant impact on variance of the peak sagittal acceleration, with the variance seen in the first ten minutes exceeding that of the other two time intervals. The downward trend in variation of peak sagittal acceleration implies an initial adjustment as the lifters “settle in” to their preferred lifting strategy.
An Introduction to Social Network Analysis for Creativity Research

Although social networks and creativity have been studied together in the organizational and sociology literature, it has received less attention within the dominant creativity journals. The current chapter discusses social network analysis for creativity research. The chapter reviews the basic building blocks of social networks (nodes and edges) and the mathematical foundations of social network analysis (graph theory and matrix algebra). Key considerations of defining network boundaries are discussed for collecting social network data. Then, two commonly used measures and terms, centrality and subgroups, in the social network literature are defined. The chapter provides a brief overview of network visualization and available software packages for conducting social network research. The chapter concludes by highlighting the types of research questions that can be answered using social network analysis, presenting selected published studies as examples along with their findings.
Prevalence of delirium in hospitalized patients from an internal medicine service

INTRODUCTION Delirium is a common neurocognitive syndrome that takes place during hospitalizations, associated with worse global outcomes in patients who present it. Despite this, it is usually under-recognized as a disease that needs specific treatment. OBJECTIVES To determine the rate of prevalence of delirium in Internal Medicine Service patients and evaluate missed diagnosis of the syndrome made by attending physicians, medical residents or interns in charge. METHODS This is a descriptive observational study carried out in the Internal Medicine Service of Dr. Eduardo Pereira Hospital (April 12 - May 12, 2014) evaluating 125 patients who were admitted to this service. Through the Confusion Assessment Method Instrument, the prevalence of delirium disease and the number of missed diagnosis was established. RESULTS One hundred and two (102) patients met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen (19) (18.6%) of them were diagnosed with delirium. In the diagnosed patient group, 13 (68.4%) were women. Delirium diagnosis was missed in eight patients (42.1%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of delirium in this specific Hospital is as expected, according to the literature. Considering the diagnostic tools available, it is crucial to train health workers to improve recognition and management of this syndrome.
Extracellular vesicles as cancer liquid biopsies: from discovery, validation, to clinical application

Substantial research has been devoted to elucidate the roles that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play in the regulation of both normal and pathological processes, and multiple studies have demonstrated their potential as a source of cancer biomarkers. However, several factors have slowed the development of liquid biopsy EV biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, including logistical and technical difficulties associated with reproducibly obtaining highly purified EVs suitable for diagnostic analysis. Significant effort has focused on addressing these problems, and multiple groups have now reported EV analysis methods using liquid biopsies that have the potential for clinical translation. However, there are still important issues that must be addressed if these discoveries and technical advances are to be used for clinical translation of EV cancer biomarkers from liquid biopsies. To address these issues, this review focuses on the potential application of EV biomarkers for diagnosis of major cancer types, discussing approaches for EV biomarker discovery and verification, EV clinical assay development, analytical and clinical validation, clinical trials, regulatory submission, and end user utilization for the intended clinical application. This review also discusses key difficulties related to these steps, and recommendations for how to best accomplish steps in order to translate EV-based biomarkers into clinical settings.
A novel classification of residual disease after interval debulking surgery for advanced-stage ovarian cancer to better distinguish oncologic outcome.

Background Complete surgical resection affords the best prognosis at the time of interval debulking surgery. When complete surgical resection is unachievable, optimal residual disease is considered the next best alternative. Despite contradicting evidence on the survival benefit of interval debulking surgery if macroscopic residual disease remains, the current definition of “optimal” in patients undergoing interval debulking surgery is defined as largest diameter of disease measuring ≤1.0 cm, independent of the total volume of disease. Objective To examine the relationship between volume and anatomic distribution of residual disease and oncologic outcomes among patients with advanced-stage epithelial ovarian/fallopian tube/primary peritoneal carcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy then interval debulking surgery. For patients who did not undergo a complete surgical resection, a surrogate for volume of residual disease was used to assess oncologic outcomes. Study Design Patient demographics, operative characteristics, anatomic site of residual disease, and outcome data were collected from medical records of patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIC and IV epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing interval debulking surgery from January 2010 to July 2015. Among patients who did not undergo complete surgical resection but had ≤1 cm of residual disease, the number of anatomic sites (single location vs multiple locations) with residual disease was used as a surrogate for volume of residual disease. The effect of residual disease volume on progression-free survival and overall survival was evaluated. Results Of 270 patients undergoing interval debulking surgery, 173 (64.1%) had complete surgical resection, 34 (12.6%) had ≤1 cm of residual disease in a single anatomic location, 47 (17.4%) had ≤1 cm of residual disease in multiple anatomic locations, and 16 (5.9%) were suboptimally debulked. Median progression-free survival for each group was 14, 12, 10, and 6 months, respectively (P Conclusion Following interval debulking surgery, patients with complete surgical resection have the best prognosis, followed by patients with ≤1 cm single-anatomic location disease. In contrast, despite being considered “optimally debulked,” patients with ≤1 cm multiple-anatomic location disease have a survival similar to suboptimally debulked patients.
Sexuality: Cultural Aspects

This article examines cultural aspects of sexuality and reviews the contributions of social science research to this field of knowledge. Two features are emphasized: (1) the social construction of sexuality, which produces immense cross-cultural diversity and (2) the extent to which societal preoccupations with sexuality are often about much more than sex itself, providing fertile data for social analysis. The article is organized into six substantive sections representing significant domains of scholarship in this area. These sections focus on premarital sex, marriage, extramarital sex, gender and sexuality, non-heterosexuality, and the global AIDS epidemic.
2-(Thio-phen-2-yl)-1-(thio-phen-2-ylmeth-yl)-1H-benzimidazole.

In the title compound, C16H12N2S2, the thio­phene groups are rotationally disordered over two sets of sites, by approximately 180°, with occupancy ratios of 0.916 (2):0.084 (2) and 0.903 (2):0.097 (2). The major components of the thio­phene and methyl­ene substituted thio­phene rings are canted by 24.06 (12) and 85.07 (10)°, respectively, from the benzimidazole ring system plane and the dihedral angle between the major component thio­phene ring planes is 84.90 (14)°. In the crystal, there is a weak C—H⋯N hydrogen bond which links mol­ecules into chains.
Longer Term Effects of Diet and Exercise on Neurocognition: 1-Year Follow-up of the ENLIGHTEN Trial.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the longer term changes in executive functioning among participants with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and cognitive impairments with no dementia (CIND) randomized to a diet and exercise intervention. DESIGN A 2 (Exercise) × 2 (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH] eating plan) factorial randomized clinical trial. SETTING Academic tertiary care medical center. PARTICIPANTS Volunteer sample of 160 older sedentary adults with CIND and at least one additional CVD risk factor enrolled in the ENLIGHTEN trial between December 2011 and March 2016. INTERVENTIONS Six months of aerobic exercise (AE), DASH diet counseling, combined AE + DASH, or health education (HE) controls. MEASUREMENTS Neurocognitive battery recommended by the Neuropsychological Working Group for Vascular Cognitive Disorders including measures of executive function, memory, and language/verbal fluency. Secondary outcomes included the Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), Six-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD), and CVD risk including blood pressure, body weight, and CVD medication burden. RESULTS Despite discontinuation of lifestyle changes, participants in the exercise groups retained better executive function 1 year post-intervention (P = .041) compared with non-exercise groups, with a similar, albeit weaker, pattern in the DASH groups (P = .054), without variation over time (P's > .867). Participants in the exercise groups also achieved greater sustained improvements in 6MWD compared with non-Exercise participants (P < .001). Participants in the DASH groups exhibited lower CVD risk relative to non-DASH participants (P = .032); no differences in CVD risk were observed for participants in the Exercise groups compared with non-Exercise groups (P = .711). In post hoc analyses, the AE + DASH group had better performance on executive functioning (P < .001) and CDR-SB (P = .011) compared with HE controls. CONCLUSION For participants with CIND and CVD risk factors, exercise for 6 months promoted better executive functioning compared with non-exercisers through 1-year post-intervention, although its clinical significance is uncertain. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:559-568, 2020.
Uniqueness of equilibrium payoffs in the stochastic model of bargaining

Abstract I provide a sufficient condition for the uniqueness of equilibrium payoffs in a model of stochastic bargaining with unanimity rule and risk-averse players. My Condition (S) implies Condition (C) of Merlo and Wilson (1995) and is easy to verify in applications.
DOES AMERICA REALLY NEED MORE INFRASTRUCTURE? LESSONS FROM THE DEBATE ABOUT THE ROLE OF THE RAILROADS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN WEST

This article compares and contrasts two debates about the role of infrastructure in American economic growth and development. The contemporary policy debate revolves around the extent to which the observed decline in public works investment since 1960, measured as a proportion of gross national product, has been a cause of the coincident decline of productivity over the same period. An earlier debate in the economic history field revolved around whether the railroads were "indispensable" to America's economic growth and how the building of a rail network affected the shape of that growth. The comparison reveals that just as the first debate went down many blind alleys, so did the second one. At the same time, however, after a long period of discussion and gestation, some firm conclusions arose in both controversies. In the infrastructure case, the overall consensus is that America is probably investing enough in infrastructure overall but that the question is too broad to be meaningful for policy makers. As a result, the focus has shifted to specific kinds of investments in specific areas.
A Systematic Review for Health Disparities and Inequities in Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis.

Rationale and Objectives Multi-parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mpMRI) is a novel procedure recommended by the American Urological Association for Prostate Cancer (PCa) diagnosis. In radiology, differences in utilization of expensive screening techniques are described but never reviewed for mpMRI. Thus, our article aims at summarizing disparities relating to the expensive yet revolutionary mpMRI in United States men with PCa while highlighting needed research areas. Material and Methods Eligible articles were gathered via PubMed query, referred publications known to the authors or from the reference lists of the identified publications. We excluded studies that didn't specifically evaluate mpMRI technique, weren't conducted in the United States, or didn't directly assess the relationship between disparities and mpMRI. No date restrictions were applied, resulting articles were published through 2020. Results Out of 80 publications, 17 were selected. Two unique themes were identified: 1) disparities in mpMRI utilization, and 2) performance. While demographic factors such as race, age and socioeconomic status played a significant role in utilization, mpMRI demonstrated equal and sometimes superior performance in AAs. Conclusion Our findings illustrate the importance of disparity awareness in PCa mpMRI and highlight the need to examine additional mpMRI disparities across other races and social determinants. A new area of inequity in PCa was theoretically illustrated, as lower utilization of mpMRI was detected in a group that could potentially benefit from it the most. Major limitation was the selected search terms. Our review is unique as disparities related to mpMRI were found to be multilayered, affecting utilization and performance. Continued research is needed to discover additional areas in efforts to reduce disparity gaps related to mpMRI and PCa.
Relationships among generalized positive feedback loops determine possible community outcomes in plant-pollinator interaction networks

Attractors in Boolean network models representing complex systems such as ecological communities correspond to long-term outcomes (e.g., stable communities) in such systems. As a result, identifying efficient methods to find and characterize these attractors allows for a better understanding of the diversity of possible outcomes. Here we analyze networks that model mutualistic communities of plant and pollinator species governed by Boolean threshold functions. We propose a novel attractor identification method based on generalized positive feedback loops and their functional relationships in such networks. We show that these relationships determine the mechanisms by which groups of stable positive feedback loops collectively trap the system in specific regions of the state space and lead to attractors. Put into the ecological context, we show how survival units---small groups of species in which species can maintain a specific survival state---and their relationships determine the final community outcomes in plant-pollinator networks. We find a remarkable diversity of community outcomes: up to an average of 43 attractors possible for networks with 100 species. This diversity is due to the multiplicity of survival units (up to 34) and stable subcommunities (up to 14). The timing of species influx or outflux does not affect the number of attractors, but it may influence their basins of attraction.
Cytoreductive Surgery Followed by Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in DSRCT: Progress and Pitfalls

Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an approach for local control of desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT). DSRCT is a rare sarcoma which presents with multiple intra-abdominal masses. Overall survival has been 15–30 %. Because of the poor prognosis of DSRCT, novel treatment strategies were necessary. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and HIPEC has been recently trialed as part of multimodality therapy in DSRCT. CRS and HIPEC allows complete resection of the sometimes hundreds of intra-abdominal tumor implants, followed by the delivery of hyperthermic cisplatin for 90 min at approximately 41 °C. HIPEC is thought to enhance microscopic control of abdominal DSRCT, after surgical resection, and prevent or prolong recurrence. Here, the background of DSRCT, the multimodal treatments available, and the progress and pitfalls of CRS and HIPEC in DSRCT are reviewed.
Promoting Holistic Global Citizenship in College

Global citizenship education is increasingly recognized as an integral part of the movement to internationalize the undergraduate curriculum in North America (Deardorff, de Witt, Heyl, & Adams, 2012; Lewin, 2009; Peters, Britton & Blee, 2008; Shultz, Abdi, & Richardson, 2011).
Heat and Mass Transport in Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals

Lignocellulosic biomass, a major feedstock for renewable biofuels and chemicals, is processed by various thermochemical and/or biochemical means. This multi-step processing often involves reactive transformations limited by heat and mass transport. These limitations are dictated by restrictions including (1) plant anatomy, (2) complex ultra-structure and chemical composition of plant cell walls, (3) process engineering requirements or, (4) a combination of these factors. The plant macro- and micro-structural features impose limitations on chemical and enzyme accessibility to carbohydrate containing polymers (cellulose and hemicellulose) which can limit conversion rates and extents. Multiphase systems containing insoluble substrates, soluble catalysts and, in some cases, gaseous steam can pose additional heat and mass transfer restrictions leading to non-uniform reactions. In this chapter, some of these transport challenges relevant to biochemical conversion are discussed in order to underscore the importance of a fundamental understanding of these processes for development of robust and cost-effective routes to fuels and products from lignocellulosic biomass.
Authorised EU health claim for dried plums/prunes

A positive European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion was awarded for the Article 13.1 health claim that ‘dried plums/prunes can contribute to normal bowel function’ in 2012. This followed a second submission of the evidence as part of the further assessment process, the initial claim application having been judged to provide insufficient evidence. With publication in the interim of a new study investigating the effect of prunes on bowel function, the claim qualified for this additional assessment process. The positive EFSA opinion was awarded on the basis of evidence from four relevant human studies, including one in constipated subjects. In addition, plausible mechanisms of action were presented, including the content of fibre in prunes and the presence of sorbitol, which accounts for about 15% of the sugar content in prunes and acts as an osmotic laxative. The conditions of use for the claim are to consume approximately 100 g/day of dried plums/prunes, which equates to about 8–12 prunes, depending on their size. This quantity of dried plums/prunes can easily be incorporated into a balanced diet by consuming them as a snack or as part of meals, as preferred. The claim will be used on dried and tinned prunes sold as whole fruits but could equally be utilised on products that contain prunes, provided the content is sufficient, and the claim may spark product development in the area of functional products with a bowel function message.
State, Private Property and the Supreme Court

In this article, I describe the history of the constitutionalisation, amendment, and ultimately, abolition of the fundamental right to property in the Indian Constitution. Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 together constituted the fundamental right to property in the Constitution as adopted in 1950. Article 31 codified what is often described in political and legal parlance as the “eminent domain” powers of the state. The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 which is the subject of extensive current debate and slated to be repealed and replaced by the Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill is one of over a hundred laws enacted in exercise of the state's power of eminent domain. This power inherent in the exercise of a state’s sovereignty allows the state to compulsorily acquire property belonging to private persons for a public purpose upon payment of just compensation. The twin requirements of public purpose and just compensation are based on the rationale that no individual should have to disproportionately bear the burden of supporting the public good.In the article, I review the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on the fundamental right to property enshrined in Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 from the period 1950-1978, and on the constitutional right to property enshrined in Article 300 A post the 44th Constitutional Amendment that abolished Articles 19(1)(f) and 31. In light of this historical review of the Court’s jurisprudence, I argue that reinstatement of the fundamental right to property in the Constitution on its own will do little to protect the interests of poor peasants and traditional communities who are currently facing displacement through processes of large scale acquisition of land for private industry and infrastructure projects.
Serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. However, the methods are not standardized. We therefore prospectively evaluated the sensitivities and specificities of ELISAs developed in the United States and the United Kingdom in a study population comprising 41 consecutive symptomatic outpatients and 35 volunteers. At endoscopy, multiple biopsies were obtained for histology and culture and stained sections were graded for chronic gastritis, active chronic gastritis, and density of H. pylori. Serum samples were analyzed for H. pylori by ELISA. The first set of assays for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA used a pool of sonicated isolates of H. pylori from five patients in the United States (antigen A). The second set of assays, developed in the United Kingdom, used three different antigens: antigen 1, an acid-extractable surface antigen; antigen 2, an acid-extractable antigen from an aflagellate variant; and antigen 3, a urease-containing fraction. Cutoff scores for positive results were determined a priori on the basis of previous serological studies. There was close agreement between histology and culture. In the study population, 36% of the individuals were H. pylori positive. The diagnostic value of the different ELISAs were highly comparable, and the crude antigens performed as well as the more purified antigens. The antigen A IgG had a sensitivity and specificity of 96 and 94%, respectively; the values for antigen 1 were 93 and 96%, respectively. The antigen A IgA and antigen 3 assays were the least sensitive tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Identifying poorly documented object oriented software components

Recent research suggests that software testing consumes substantial resources and documenting source code is one way to reduce software maintenance cost. The software engineering literature provides little information on how to establish whether a software component is adequately documented. It appears that benchmarking can be used to identify a software component with little or no documentation. In this paper, we propose and illustrate how a hybrid Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Kohonen self-organizing mapping, and Euclidean distance based algorithm can be used to identify poorly documented software components.
StylPen: on-line adaptive canceling of pathological tremor for computer pen handwriting

StylPen, a system designed to cancel pathological tremor in computer pen input, is tested in real time. The adaptive algorithm, called the WFLC (Weighted-frequency Fourier Linear Combiner) algorithm, estimates tremor frequency as well as amplitude and executes filtering operations to cancel the tremor. StylPen was tested on a subject with pathological tremor. The subject was asked to write a series of words in cursive as his handwriting was filtered in real time. Qualitative comparisons were made between normal writing and filtered writing; results were favorable to the handwriting using StylPen and its WFLC filtering algorithm.
Peptides and behavior.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the behavior of peptides. Behavior as the sum total of the action of the effectors implies integration or coordination—that is, some sort of communication between several neurons and neuronal circuits. This chapter examines the role of peptides in the integration of innate and learned behavior and discusses the mechanisms of this integration. Peptide hormones control many innate behavioral patterns: sexual behavior is dependent on gonadotropin secretion; eating can be induced by insulin; drinking can be inhibited by vasopressin; and parturition can be triggered by oxytocin. The chapter also examines the presence of peptides in the brain, the evidence for their being released, and their possible role in neural function. In this context, it highlights that a peptide code based on the twenty-letter amino acid alphabet has unlimited information content, sufficient to program the protocircuits and to operate their reprogramming into the metacircuits necessary to preserve all the information acquired in a lifetime.
Rejoinder to Levine, Clare et al.'s Comparison of the Park-Levine Probability Model Versus Interpersonal Deception Theory: Application to Deception Detection

Levine, Clare, Green, Serota and Park (2014) present studies intended to demonstrate that the Park–Levine probability model (PLM) better accounts for accuracy in detecting interactive deception than interpersonal deception theory (IDT). This rejoinder makes 6 points: (a) the PLM is a description not an explanation; (b) IDT and its empirical support are seriously mischaracterized; (c) application of the PLM to interactive deception is based on a faulty understanding of what constitutes interactive deception; (d) the test pitting IDT against the PLM is invalid; (e) IDT offers a rival explanation for the pattern of results; and (f) empirical data show that deception judgments covary dynamically with deceptiveness of the messages being produced. Other misstatements are also addressed.
RRS: replica registration service for data grids

Over the last few years various scientific experiments and Grid projects have developed different catalogs for keeping track of their data files. Some projects use specialized file catalogs, others use distributed replica catalogs to reference files at different locations. Due to this diversity of catalogs, it is very hard to manage files across Grid projects, or to replace one catalog with another. In this paper we introduce a new Grid service called the Replica Registration Service (RRS). It can be thought of as an abstraction of the concepts for registering files and their replicas. In addition to traditional single file registration operations, the RRS supports collective file registration requests and keeps persistent registration queues. This approach is of particular importance for large-scale usage where thousands of files are copied and registered. Moreover, the RRS supports a set of error directives that are triggered in case of registration failures. Our goal is to provide a single uniform interface for various file catalogs to support the registration of files across multiple Grid projects, and to make Grid clients oblivious to the specific catalog used.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of prototypical multistate counters in three distinct architectures

The storage of multiple bits of information in distinct molecular oxidation states is anticipated to afford extraordinarily high memory densities. Among redox-active molecules, lanthanide porphyrinic triple-decker complexes are attractive candidates for such molecular information storage elements because they provide at least four cationic states over a modest potential range. Our approach toward a molecular multistate counter involves covalently linking two triple deckers with interleaving oxidation potentials to achieve a commensurate increase in the number of oxidation states within a single dyad. We report the design and synthesis of five dyads comprised of triple-decker complexes of the form (Pc)Ln(Pc)Ln(Por) or (Por1)Ln(Pc)Ln(Por2), where Pc = phthalocyaninato, Por = porphyrinato, and Ln = Ce or Eu. The dyads were prepared in a modular building-block fashion by Pd-mediated coupling of an iodophenyl-triple decker and an ethynylphenyl-triple decker. The different dyad architectures examined include a vertical architecture with one linker (V1), a horizontal architecture with one linker (H1), and a horizontal architecture with two linkers (H2). In each dyad, one or two S-acetylthiomethyl groups incorporated on the porphyrinic moiety of the triple decker enables attachment to an electroactive surface viain situ cleavage of the protected thiol linker(s). Three dyads (Dyad1–3) have the V1 architecture but different compositions of triple deckers; three dyads (Dyad3–5) have identical composition but different architectures (V1, H1, H2) for comparison of the properties in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. The SAM of each dyad exhibits robust reversible electrochemical behavior; the redox waves are essentially the sum of the waves of the component triple deckers. In contrast, mixtures of the component triple decker monomers form poor quality SAMs with inferior electrochemical characteristics. Accordingly, all three dyad architectures are viable constructs for assembling a multistate counter.
Effects of Fine Sediments on Growth of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Laboratory Streams

Abstract Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) production (tissue elaboration) was monitored in 12 laboratory streams under six replicate treatment levels of fine sedimentation. Increasing sedimentation suppressed fish production. Our data confirm that habitats of salmonid juveniles, as well as spawning areas, should be protected against fine sediments. Substrate Score, a visual technique for evaluating stream substrate quality, correlated closely with both the geometric mean particle size of the substrate and fish production, and can be easily applied in the field.
Cross-Spectral Analysis of Sunspots and Monthly Mean Temperature and Precipitation for the Contiguous United States.

Abstract The finite Fourier transform method of cross-spectral analysis is used to investigate the relationship between the Zurich annual sunspot number and state monthly mean temperature and precipitation derived from the Climatological Observation Network data for most of the continuous United States. Both the single (∼11 year) and the double (∼21 year) sunspot cycles are investigated. Our analyses show statistically significant relationships between the double sunspot cycle and the “January thaw” phenomenon along the East Coast and between the double sunspot cycle and “drought” (June temperature and precipitation) in the Midwest.
Complex scattering lengths for ultracold He collisions with rotationally excited linear and nonlinear molecules

The translational and internal level cooling of atoms and molecules in ultracold gases results from a combination of elastic and inelastic collisional processes. While elastic collisions lead to rapid thermalization, exoergic inelastic collisions may lead to heating and trap loss. To date, most collisional studies have targeted low-lying levels of diatomic molecules. Here we investigate inelastic quenching and elastic scattering of rotationally excited linear (H${}_{2}$, HD, CO, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, and CO${}_{2}$) and nonlinear (H${}_{2}$O and NH${}_{3}$) molecules in ultracold collisions with He and report the corresponding complex scattering lengths. It has been found that the ratio of the imaginary component $\ensuremath{\beta}$ to the real component $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of the scattering length generally increases with decreasing rotational constant for linear molecules. With the exception of CO, $\ensuremath{\beta}$ becomes significantly smaller than $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ as the energy gap for rotational transitions increases. In all cases, $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decreases with rotational energy gap for relatively large rotational excitation, allowing for convenient fits to an exponential energy gap formula. Excited rotational levels of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and HD appear to be collisionally stable due to the very low values of $\ensuremath{\beta}/\ensuremath{\alpha}$. Rotationally excited ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O also appears to be a viable candidate for He buffer gas cooling due to relatively small values of $\ensuremath{\beta}$.
The Improvement of Attitude Research

(1951). The Improvement of Attitude Research. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 143-146.
Dead-time losses with pulsed beams

Abstract Dead-time losses which occur in connection with pulsed beams differ from the losses which occur for continuous beams. Some statistical distributions are given which are useful for the calculation of the losses, and approximate formulae are given for some cases which arise frequently.
On-line measurement of viscosity and determination of flow types for mineral suspensions

A viscometry system involving a vibrating sphere viscometer and a rotational viscometer has been developed for on-line measurement of viscosity, and for rheological characterization of mineral slurries into either Newtonian or non-Newtonian flows. Special precautions were taken to allow measurements of viscosity of rapidly settling mineral suspensions. Both the viscometers were able to measure viscosity as low as one centipoise, which is the approximate room temperature viscosity of water. Because the vibrating sphere viscometer operated at a much higher shear rate than the rotating viscometer, the two instruments together could determine the shear-rate dependency of the viscosity. Ground silica of 80% passing 65 μm size was suspended in water, and was used to prepare slurries at different percent solids. Viscosity of each slurry sample was measured simultaneously by both the viscometers, and the results were compared to determine the rheological characters of the slurries. With this technique, it was found that all the silica slurry samples (up to 70 wt% solids) at the given size distribution were in the Newtonian flow regime.
Raoul Naroll's Contribution to Archaeology

Raoul Naroll's 1962 American Antiquity article on the floor area of dwellings and its relation to population has had a profound impact on archaeology. Not only did it provide an objective mechanism...
Does Size Matter? Scaling of CO2 Emissions and U.S. Urban Areas

Urban areas consume more than 66% of the world’s energy and generate more than 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions. With the world’s population expected to reach 10 billion by 2100, nearly 90% of whom will live in urban areas, a critical question for planetary sustainability is how the size of cities affects energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Are larger cities more energy and emissions efficient than smaller ones? Do larger cities exhibit gains from economies of scale with regard to emissions? Here we examine the relationship between city size and CO2 emissions for U.S. metropolitan areas using a production accounting allocation of emissions. We find that for the time period of 1999–2008, CO2 emissions scale proportionally with urban population size. Contrary to theoretical expectations, larger cities are not more emissions efficient than smaller ones.
A foresight on goat research

Abstract Goats have been important to food and economic securities of developing regions for countless years, and their contributions to economic returns in developed countries has been rising as well. Though the number of goats is greater in developing than developed regions, a considerable amount of caprine research has been conducted in countries of the latter. Even with differences in experimental conditions among locations conducting goat research, in most instances some value can also be realized at other sites. There is a large number of topics that will necessitate research attention in the upcoming years in order for goats to maintain their key places in some farming systems as well as to perhaps assume greater roles in others. One of the foremost areas is the refining of nutritional requirements and nutrient utilization, inclusive of components such as impacts of grazing conditions and prior nutritional plane. Likewise, study of means to prevent unacceptable levels of internal parasitism as well as effects of infestation on nutrient needs is called for. Moreover, changes such as increasing concerns for animal welfare, land deterioration, and food safety will impact the direction of goat research programs in the foreseeable future. Finally, the International Goat Association has a key role to play in focusing attention to areas in greatest need of scrutiny and ensuring that sound science is the basis for future developments of the goat industry.
The emission spectrum of 12C16O2 from 4.2 to 4.7 microns

Abstract Electrical excitation of the CO 2 emission spectrum in a CO 2 N 2 He mixture has made possible the observation of the bands in the 00 v 3 → 00( v 3 − 1) sequence to v 3 = 9, in the 01 v 3 → 01( v 3 − 1) sequence to v 3 = 4, as well as some other bands. We report measurements of that spectrum with high resolution and the determination of spectroscopic constants from those measurements.
Abstract 1967: A-803467, a sodium channel blocker, reverses ABCG2-mediated MDR

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, isoform 2 protein (ABCG2) is a vital member of the ABC transporter superfamily, which has been involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Its diverse range of substrates includes many antineoplastic agents such as doxorubicin and mitoxantrone. ABCG2 expression has been significantly increased in some solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, which is correlated to poorer clinical outcomes. In addition, ABCG2 expression is a distinguishing feature of cancer stem cells, whereby this membranous transporter imparts resistance to the chemotherapeutic drugs. To enhance the chemosensitivity of cancer cells, attention has been focused on MDR modulators. In this study, we investigated the ability of sodium channel blocker, A-803467 to reverse ABCG2-mediated MDR. We found that A-803467 at non-toxic concentration could significantly increase the cellular sensitivity to ABCG2 substrates in drug-resistant cells overexpressing either wild-type or mutant ABCG2. Mechanistic studies indicated that A-803467 (7.5 μM) significantly increased the intracellular accumulation resulted from inhibition of the efflux of mitoxantrone by inhibiting the transport activity without altering expression level of ABCG2 protein. Furthermore, ATPase analysis indicates that A-803467 stimulates the ATPase activity in membranes overexpressing ABCG2. Our findings suggest that A-803467 has the potential to be used in combination with ABCG2 chemotherapeutic substrates to augment the response in drug resistant cancers. Citation Format: Nagaraju Anreddy. A-803467, a sodium channel blocker, reverses ABCG2-mediated MDR. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1967. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1967
Plasticity of smolting in spring chinook salmon: relation to growth and insulin‐like growth factor‐I

In two year classes of Willamette River spring chinook salmon, reared at the Willamette Hatchery, and two groups of Yakima River spring chinook salmon, one sampled from the Yakima River and the other reared in a hatchery, fish which had relatively high growth rates in the summer–autumn period smolted in the autumn as measured by increases in gill Na+ K+ AT Pase activity. In contrast, groups with relatively low growth rate did not smolt in the autumn. Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) showed discrete differences between groups, with high levels associated with increased gill Na+ K+ AT Pase activities. These results demonstrate that smolting is plastic in spring chinook salmon, occurring in the autumn or the spring. In addition, smolting appeared to be related to growth rate; however, the relationships shown were correlational and causal mechanisms were not elucidated. Yet, the results do indicate a relationship between growth, an endocrine growth factor and smolting, suggesting a mechanistic link between developmental plasticity and the environment mediated by the endocrine system.
The role of gold adatoms and stereochemistry in self-assembly of methylthiolate on Au(111).

On the basis of high resolution STM images and DFT modeling, we have resolved low- and high-coverage structures of methylthiolate (CH3S) self-assembled on the Au(111) surface. The key new finding is that the building block of all these structures has the same stoichiometry of two thiolate species joined by a gold adatom. The self-arrangement of the methylthiolate−adatom complexes on the surface depends critically on their stereochemical properties. Variations of the latter can produce local ordering of adatom complexes with either (3 × 4) or (3 × 4√3) periodicity. A possible structural connection between the (3 × 4√3) structure and commonly observed (√3 × √3)R30° phase in methylthiolate self-assembled monolayers is developed by taking into account the reduction in the long-range order and stereochemical isomerization at high coverage. We also suggest how the observed self-arrangements of methylthiolate may be related to the c(4 × 2) phase of its longer homologues.
Recognition of binary images from three signatures

A signature of a binary image contains, for each of a set of parallel lines, the total number of 1s (as opposed to 0s) along that line. We have been studying the recognition of binary images from these signatures. Typically a very large number of binary images would satisfy three signatures. To overcome this difficulty, we have investigated the possibility of modeling the class of binary images of a particular application area as a Markov random field (MRF) and using a stochastic algorithm which seeks to optimize a functional which, in addition to a penalty term for the violation of the signatures, contains a regularization term indicating the likelihood provided by the MRF. We have found that for some MRFs (specified by small regions of the image, which are either uniform or contain edges or corners), the method works remarkably well: binary image randomly selected from the MRF were recovered within one location in nearly all cases we have tried. The time-consuming nature of the stochastic algorithm is ameliorated by a preprocessing step which discovers locations at which the value is the same in all images having the given signatures; this reduces the search space considerably. We discuss, in particular, a linear-programming approach to finding such `invariant' locations.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Minimum entropy control for discrete-time time-varying systems

Controllers that minimize a closed-loop entropy criterion provide a means of trading off the robustness of H∞ control with the performance of H2 optimal controllers. A complete solution to the problem of finding a controller which minimizes the entropy of the closed-loop input-output operator for discrete-time time-varying systems is given. The approach is based on a series of simpler problems. A separation principle is also provided.