cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport by an intrusion generated by boundary mixing in a lake

[1] A dye study was conducted to track an intrusion generated at the boundary of a small lake. Persistent turbid layers offshore presented evidence of possible intrusions from boundary mixing. After high winds, a streak of Rhodamine WT was injected at the boundary of the lake where the slope was between 5% and 10%. Both vertical profiles and longitudinal transects of the dye concentration were measured. The three-dimensional dye mapping showed a distinct dye intrusion, ranging between 0.5 and 1 m thick, over 200 m in horizontal extent offshore, 1 day after the injection. Profiles of temperature microstructure measured soon after the injection both at the injection site and offshore showed an elevated eddy diffusivity near the boundary where the dye was injected, indicating that the intrusion resulted from boundary mixing. Because the dominant internal waves are subcritical, the mixing is most likely due to seiching currents interacting with the boundary. The propagation characteristics of the intrusion were predicted most closely by a formulation for a radially spreading intrusion governed by a balance between buoyancy and inertia. These results show that intrusion generation and propagation may be a significant process for mass transport in stratified lakes and reservoirs.
Optimization of the Thermostable Nanogel Systems for High Temperature Reservoir Application

We designed experiments to find optimal thermostable nanogel systems that meet the requirements for use in high temperature oilfield reservoirs. The Response Surface Method is used to build second-order regression functions that correlate statistically gel strength and gelation time with the experimental parameters, like clay concentration and crosslinker concentration. Via in situ intercalative free-radical copolymerization, nanogels have been prepared from acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), acrylamide (AM) (weight ratio of which in nanogel systems equals to 1:1) and montmorillonite-alkyl ammonium clay. The mixture of Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA)/Phenyl acetate (PhAc) was used as a crosslinking system. The Lagrange multiplier method is used to optimise the resulting statistical model and to determine the maximum value of gel strength with the constraint of gelation time for practical applications. After a gelation time of 10.8 hours and storage for 32 days at 150°C the gel strength can reach up to 96%. The optimal nanogel has a clay concentration of 0.55% and a HMTA/PhAc mixture concentration of 0.80%. The characteristics of these nanogel systems meet the requirements for the use as water isolating materials in the White Tiger basement reservoir and provide a good basis for the further design of similar gels.
The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning: Principles for Reducing Extraneous Processing in Multimedia Learning : Coherence, Signaling, Redundancy, Spatial Contiguity, and Temporal Contiguity Principles

The term multimedia principle refers to the robust research finding that learning with words and pictures is more effective than learning with words alone. It should be noted that the multimedia principle refers generally to the (positive) impact of visual and verbal information on learning outcomes. However, basic principles and advanced principles of multimedia learning have been synthesized that provide a more nuanced approach to understanding how multimedia materials can be formatted for optimal impact and how learner strategies and processes can combine with multimedia materials to determine learning outcomes. That is, the multimedia principle provides a context for work that examines when, how, why, and under what conditions the multimedia principle applies. Research findings demonstrating the multimedia principle are consistent with the predictions of cognitive models of multimedia learning. Implications for instructional design and directions for future research are also discussed.
Delayed onset of lactation and risk of ending full breast-feeding early in rural Guatemala.

Mothers of infants (n = 328) born between 1996 and 1999 in four Guatemalan communities were interviewed every 2 wk until 6 mo postpartum (pp) to collect prospective breast-feeding data and assess the association between delayed (>3 d pp) onset of lactation (OL) and the risk of ending full breast-feeding. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between delayed OL and the hazard of ending full breast-feeding in the first 6 mo adjusted for potential confounders and effect modifiers. A significant interaction with community was found (community-specific hazard ratios: HR(A) = 2.87 95% CI = 1.25 6.60; HR(B) = 3.43 95% CI = 1.55 7.59; HR(C) = 0.26 95% CI = 0.06 1.14; HR(D) = 1.11 95% CI =0.44 2.77). Supplementation before OL (preonset supplementation) was associated with delayed OL [odds ratio (OR) = 4.87 95% CI = 2.29 10.36] and an increased risk of ending full breast-feeding (HR =1.49 95% CI = 1.05 2.11). In the two communities in which mothers who experienced delayed OL had a significantly greater risk of ending full breast-feeding than did mothers experiencing normal OL the association between delayed OL and full breast-feeding was mediated in part by preonset supplementation. Further analyses suggest that this was due to delayed OL leading to nonbreast milk feeds rather than to introduction of supplements delaying OL. We conclude that some mothers who experience delayed OL are less likely to continue full breast-feeding in the first 6 mo and that further research should examine the contextual factors that modify this relationship. (authors)
Energy and polarizability of atoms in a weak magnetic field: Hydrogenic atoms

The ground-state wave function of a hydrogenic atom is approximated by ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}(\mathrm{H})=\mathrm{exp}{\ensuremath{-}{[k{({x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+s{z}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}^{\frac{1}{p}}}$, and the expectation value of the Hamiltonian, including diamagnetic and spin-orbit terms in a magnetic field ${H}_{z}$, is minimized with respect to $k$, $s$, and $p$ so as to determine these ${H}_{z}$-dependent parameters, and the energy is evaluated. In the presence of an infinitesimal electric field ${\mathcal{E}}_{t}$, in the $t$ direction, the wave function is taken to be ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}(\mathrm{H})(1+bt+c\ensuremath{\rho}t)$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}={({x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+s{z}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. The energy is minimized with respect to $b$ and $c$, and the coefficient of ${{\mathcal{E}}_{t}}^{2}$ is identified as $\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{2}){\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{t}$, the polarizability component, which contains diamagnetic and weakly spin-dependent terms. Comparison with experiments of Castner and Lee on donors in Si is briefly discussed.
Student Flow Between Community Colleges: Investigating Lateral Transfer

The traditional unidirectional (“linear”) postsecondary path from high school to a community college to a 4-year institution into the workforce represents accurately a decreasing proportion of the pathways actually taken by students through higher education. Instead, students increasingly exhibit patterns of enrollment that take them through multiple postsecondary institutions, both within levels of the higher education system (e.g., multiple community colleges, multiple 4-year institutions) and across levels (e.g., movement back and forth between community colleges and 4-year institutions). These “swirling” patterns of enrollment are widely recognized by scholars of higher education, but they remain poorly understood. In this study, I employ data that address 89,057 first-time students in the California community college system to answer a number of key questions concerning lateral transfer between community colleges, which, according to prior research, constitutes one sizeable component of student “swirl”. Building on the very limited work on this topic, I examine whether the reported high prevalence of lateral transfer holds true under a more stringent operational framework than that employed in prior work. I explore whether lateral transfer is primarily an artifact of students enrolling simultaneously in multiple community colleges, sometimes called “double-dipping”. I investigate the timing of lateral transfer from several different perspectives to determine how lateral transfer fits in students’ progress and development. Finally, I probe the relationship between students’ level of academic investment in their current community college and the risk of lateral transfer.
1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin d3 and prostate cancer cell proliferation in vivo*

Abstract Objectives 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D can inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, but its clinical use is limited by hypercalcemia. We examined the effects of a “noncalcemic” vitamin D analogue, 1,25-Dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-cholecalciferol (16-23-D 3 ), on the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells in a mouse model. Methods Twenty-four athymic nude mice were inoculated with human prostate carcinoma cells from the PC-3 cell line. Twelve mice (experimental group) received injections of 1.6 μg of 16-23-D 3 on alternate days over a 22-day period. Twelve mice (control group) received sham injections. Tumor volumes, pathologic findings, and terminal serum calcium levels were compared between groups. Results The relative increase in tumor volume was significantly lower in the experimental than in the control group in the first interval following treatment ( P Conclusions 16-23-D 3 showed modest antiproliferative effects on prostate cancer cells in this model without evidence of drug-induced hypercalcemia. These findings support the concept that vitamin D analogues can inhibit the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells in vivo.
Impact of Omecamtiv Mecarbil on Human β-Cardiac Myosin Structure and Function

Contractile dysfunction is a major problem in systolic heart failure and beta-cardiac myosin provides the driving force for ventricular contraction in humans. The small molecule drug Omecamtiv Mecarbil (OM) specifically targets cardiac myosin and is known to enhance cardiac muscle force generation, while it is unclear how it impacts the structural properties of this motor. We expressed and purified human β-cardiac myosin subfragment 1 (M2B-S1) by generating recombinant adenovirus and infecting C2C12 embryonic muscle cells. We demonstrate that the maximum actin-activated ATPase activity of M2B-S1 is slowed 7-fold in the presence of 10 µM OM, while the actin concentration at which the ATPase activity is one-half maximal (KATPase) was reduced dramatically (15-fold). The ATPase activity was less ionic strength dependent in the presence of OM. We observed a concentration-dependent inhibition of actin filament sliding velocity in the in vitro motility assay. We generated another M2B-S1 construct that contained a tetracysteine site in the upper 50 kDa domain (U50), which enables site-specific labeling of the fluorescein biarscenical hairpin-binding dye (FlAsH). The conformation of the U50 domain was examined by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a function of temperature, using deacADP bound to the active site (donor) and U50 FlAsH (acceptor). When comparing the low (10°C) and high (35°C) temperature FRET, the presence of OM resulted in an increase in the range distances, suggesting the U50 domain is more flexible in the presence of OM. Our results suggest that OM dramatically enhances the affinity for actin which results in an increased duty ratio. The structural impact on the flexibility of the U50 domain may enhance the coupling between the nucleotide and actin binding regions and stabilize the actomyosin.ADP state with high actin and ADP affinity.
Size-Selective Lewis Acid Catalysis in a Microporous Metal-Organic Framework with Exposed Mn2+ Coordination Sites

Treatment of selected aldehydes and ketones with cyanotrimethylsilane in the presence of the microporous metal-organic framework Mn3[(Mn4Cl)3BTT8(CH3OH)10]2 (1, H3BTT = 1,3,5-benzenetristetrazol-5-yl) leads to rapid conversion to the corresponding cyanosilylated products. The transformation is catalyzed by coordinatively unsaturated Mn2+ ions that serve as Lewis acids and lead to conversion yields of 98 and 90% for benzaldehyde and 1-naphthaldehyde, the highest thus far for a metal-organic framework. Larger carbonyl substrates cannot diffuse through the pores of 1, and conversion yields are much lower for these, attesting to the heterogeneity of the reaction and its dependence on guest size. The Mukaiyama−aldol reaction, known to require much more active Lewis catalysts, is also catalyzed in the presence of 1, representing the first such example for a metal-organic framework. Conversion yields obtained for the reaction of selected aldehydes with silyl enolates reach 63%, on par with those obtained with ze...
Benzene Adsorption and Dehydrogenation on Pt/ZnO(0001)−O Model Catalysts

The dehydrogenation of benzene on Pt/ZnO(0001)−O model catalysts was studied with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS). Vapor-deposited Pt grows as two-dimensional (2D) islands on this oxygen-terminated ZnO(0001)−O surface up to ∼50% of a monolayer and as three-dimensional (3D) islands at higher coverage. The reactivity of these Pt islands is studied as a function of their thickness and coverage. Benzene desorbs molecularly at ∼250 K from Pt-free ZnO(0001)−O, unless the surface is preannealed in ultrahigh vacuum, in which case some of it dehydrogenates and populates the subsurface ZnO with H (or D when using perdeuterobenzene, c-C6D6). Subsurface H (or D) reappears as H2, HD, and D2 gas above ∼700 K in TPD, isotopically scrambled with the bulk H (D) reservoir. The ZnO defect sites active in benzene decomposition are passivated by annealing in O2. On Pt islands, most of the adsorbed benzene dehydrogenates in TPD, giving a broad H2 peak at ∼560 K with a s...
Iron fertilization of Kentucky bluegrass.

Abstract Iron applications are sometimes used to enhance the color (darker green) of turfgrass stands even when iron is not deficient. A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of replacing a portion of the total yearly N applied to Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with iron. Turfgrass response to iron chelate (Sequestrene 330) applications at 2.2 kg Fe ha‐1 in combination with three liquid‐applied N sources (urea, Formolene, and FLUF) at 25 kg N ha‐1 was compared to turf response from applications of the N sources at 49 kg N ha‐l. Iron was substituted for part of the N in either the first and second, second and third, or third application in a four application per year program. The study was conducted for three years, and the fertilized turf was rated for color weekly during the growing season. Depending on N source and frequency of Fe application, turf treated with N received higher color ratings compared to turf receiving Fe + N on 13 (Formolene + Fe in third application) to 36% (Fluf + F...
Identifying ship echoes in CODAR HF radar data: A Kalman filtering approach

Coastal nations have an interest in maritime domain awareness for applications in national security, coastal conservancy, fishery and stewardship of the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) along their coastlines. Maritime situational awareness involves knowing the location, speed and bearing of ships and boats in the EEZ. HF radar is a useful tool in providing ship information in real time. It is especially effective when combined with ship-borne AIS beacons. Our previously developed HF radar and AIS ship detection models estimate signal to noise ratio (SNR) as a function of range, including ducted propagation for the AIS radio signals. However, ship detection is hampered by the high variability of HF echoes from ships. This is due in part to the aspect dependence of ship radar cross-section and to the presence of clutter bands at known Doppler shifts from both the ground and ocean waves. Tracking ships using their HF radar echoes becomes the means for effectively monitoring the presence of ships in the coastal ocean. We explore the application of Kalman filtering to the ship tracking problem, following the techniques described by J. V. Candy. This approach is described and demonstrated with a simple example.
The effect of the conformation of collagen on its ability to aggregate platelets

Abstract The interaction between platelets and collagen, which marks the initiation of hemostasis, was examined as a function of the conformation and the multimerization of soluble guinea pig skin collagen. Both the rate and extent of collagen multimerization, as measured by the intensity of scattered light, are dependent on the time of incubation and on the temperature of the system. Compounds such as arginine or penicillamine, which at low concentrations ( 2 × 10−2 M) decrease the ability of collagen to form multimers and hence to initiate platelet aggregation. By these techniques we have been able to correlate the initiation of platelet aggregation by collagen with the extent of preformed multimers, the lag time approaching zero as the multimerization of the initiating collagen increases.
Interobserver variation in the assessment of pelvic organ prolapse.

The aim of this study was to determine the interobserver agreement of two grading systems for pelvic organ prolapse: the vaginal profile and the International Continence Society (ICS) draft proposal. Forty-nine consecutive women referred for evaluation of urinary incontinence and/or pelvic organ prolapse were studied. Patients were first examined by a physician and a nurse clinician using the vaginal profile, followed by an examination according to the technique described in the ICS draft proposal for standardization of terminology (1994). κ statistic and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to determine interobserver variability for the ICS system by overall stage, by stage-specific comparison, and by specific anatomic location. The vaginal profile was evaluated by obtaining a κ for overall degree of prolapse, stage-specific comparison and by anatomic area. The κ for the ICS stage was 0.79 (P<0.001), and the κ for the vaginal profile by area of greatest prolapse was 0.68 (P<0.001), indicating substantial interobserver agreement for both systems. The ICS system was noted to have substantial interobserver agreement by a stage-specific comparison. All anatomic locations of the ICS staging system were found to correlate significantly, and a high degree of interobserver precision was found. The vaginal profile also showed significant interobserver agreement by overall degree of prolapse, by specific degree of prolapse, and by anatomic area. It was concluded that both the proposed ICS staging system and the traditional vaginal profile show significant interobserver agreement both by overall stage, stage-specific analysis and specific location. The registered nurse examination correlated well with the physican examination, indicating that the most important factor in obtaining reproducible results may be definition and close attention to examination technique.
Das Hypophysen-Zwischenhirnsystem von Scyllium stellare

1. Die bei vielen Wirbeltieren beobachteten Vorgange der Neurosekretion im Hypothalamus werden bei einem Vertreter der Selachier, Scyllium stellare, beschrieben. 2. Wie bei anderen Wirbeltieren wird auch bei Scyllium das von den Zellen des Nucleus praeopticus produzierte Neurosekret entlang den Fasern des Tractus praeoptico-hypophyseus zur Hypophyse abtransportiert. 3. Die Endigungen der sekretfuhrenden Nervenfasern sind nicht wie bei anderen Wirbeltieren auf eine gesonderte Pars nervosa beschrankt. Die Pars nervosa von Scyllium ist diffus und mit der Pars intermedia innig vermischt.
Effects of microhabitat and metabolic rate on food intake, growth and fecundity of two competing coral reef fishes

Spinyhead blennies (Acanthemblemaria spinosa) and roughhead blennies (A. aspera) are planktivorous hole-dwelling fishes that live in dead coral skeletons. Both species are known to choose shelters high above the reef surface (although spinyheads displace roughheads downwards). To test the hypothesis that this preference is due to greater plankton availability in higher locations, fish were placed on artificial habitats located 15 cm and 100 cm above the surface of a natural reef. Both species experienced higher feeding rates, growth rates, and fecundities in high locations, and spinyhead rates generally exceeded roughhead rates at a given height. Under laboratory conditions, oxygen consumption by spinyheads was 1.6 times greater than that of roughheads and this corresponds well with the 1.8 ratio of feeding rates under controlled aquarium conditions. This information provides a partial explanation for the observed microhabitat distribution and resulting coexistence of these competing species: it is hypothesized that spinyheads have an advantage in agonistic interactions because of their higher metabolic rates, thus excluding roughheads from high sites, but that roughheads can persist at low sites because their lower metabolic rates result in lower food demands. A model is presented that predicts varying occurrences and vertical distributions of these species in locations with different zooplankton densities.
‘‘Don't take my word for it.’’—understanding Chinese speaking practices

Abstract The purpose of this article was to examine: (1) How do Chinese communicate? and (2) Why do Chinese communicate the way they do? Five major speaking practices in Chinese culture were identified and analyzed. They include: (a) han xu, or implicit communication; (b) ting hua, or listening-centeredness; (c) ke qi or politeness; (d) zi ji ren, or a focus on insiders; and (e) mian zi, or face-directed communication strategies. These five speaking practices are situated in the relational and other focus of the Chinese self, and support the deeply rooted Chinese beliefs about talk as well as role-directed relationships.
The Impact of Automation Use on the Mental Model: Findings from the Air Traffic Control Domain

The ‘Free Flight’ (FF) concept has been proposed as a means of reducing delay in the airspace system. However, concerns over lapses in a controller's situation awareness as a result of FF implementation have prompted an influx of new technologies aimed at helping controllers more effectively predict the future trajectories of aircraft thereby preserving situation awareness. Such aids are based on the principle of direct visualization, whereby future system states are presented without providing adequate information to the user as to how these states were generated. Usage of aids that employ this design principle can have adverse effects on the mental model given that the user is not forced to extensively think about the processes governing the prediction. Drawing on the results from an empirical study in the air traffic control domain, evidence of this concern is presented and it is argued that caution must be exercised when introducing these aids, given the possibility that such usage may compromise a co...
Induction of Pyrimidine Dimers in Epidermal DNA of Hairless Mice by UVB: An Action Spectrum

An action spectrum for the induction of pyrimidine dimers in the epidermis of hairless mice was determined between 288 and 307 nm. The presence of pyrimidine dimers in tritium-labeled DNA extracted from exposed SKH:hairless-1 mouse skin was determined using dimer-specific nucleases from Micrococcus luteus in conjunction with sedimentation of the irradiated DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients. The rate of induction of pyrimidine dimers was maximal at 293 nm. These values were used to propose a UVB transmission curve for mouse epidermis.
Alterations in body composition and fat distribution in growth hormone-deficient prepubertal children during growth hormone therapy.

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency in children results in increased body fat, reduced fat-free mass (FFM) including muscle (protein) and bone, and abdominal obesity. Thus, proper GH secretion likely has major developmental influences on later health risks including cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. However, the in vivo control of the development of the body composition and fat distribution by GH has not yet been accurately investigated using children with GH deficiency as a model. We determined the effect of GH therapy (GH replacement, n = 3; GH + physiologic cortisol and thyroxine replacement, n = 3) on body composition, the proportional composition of the FFM, and body fat distribution in GH-deficient prepubertal children compared with healthy control children (n = 6) not treated with GH. The GH-deficient and control children were initially matched for gender, bone age, and weight. As assessed by a 4-compartment model, GH therapy reduced percent body fat during the first 3 months of therapy but not thereafter. This change was primarily due to FFM, which increased 3-fold more in the GH-deficient group and accounted for 91.5% of the increase in body weight. Fat mass increased in the controls but was unchanged in the GH-deficient group. Therapy temporarily increased the proportional contribution of water to the FFM, decreased the proportion of mineral, and slightly increased the proportion of protein. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), abdominal visceral fat was reduced in the GH-deficient group and unchanged in the controls. Abdominal subcutaneous fat measured in the same image was not changed. The abdominal and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses also were not decreased in the GH-deficient group. In conclusion, within 1 to 3 months, GH therapy accelerates lean tissue accrual, especially the water and protein components, but has a smaller effect on reducing fat mass. GH therapy has site-specific effects on reducing abdominal adiposity.
Short- and Longer-Term Effects of Fire and Herbivory on Sagebrush Communities in South-Central Montana

To better understand the role of herbivory and fire as potential disturbance processes in sagebrush communities, we examined responses of a grazing ungulate, elk (Cervus elaphus), following prescribed burning of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) in south-central Montana (USA.) with concurrent monitoring of changes in plant production, nutritional quality, and community diversity from 1989–1999. Burning transformed low-diversity, sagebrush-dominated communities into high-diversity, graminoid-forb communities that persisted for 10 years without significant reestablishment of sagebrush. Elk increased use of burned sites one year after burning, but elk use returned to pre-burn levels over the next two to nine years. Forage biomass and nutritional quality declined after initial increases that coincided with increased elk use. Increases in elk use appeared to be influenced by increases in combined graminoid and forb production and changes in structural vegetation characteristics that permitted greater foraging efficiency. Declines in use were associated with loss of nutritional enhancement and declines in combined graminoid and forb production. Managers may observe only short-term responses from grazing ungulates to prescribed fire in sagebrush communities, but can expect longer-term increases in plant diversity and establishment of graminoid-forb communities.
Multivariate analysis of the influence of donor and recipient cytomegalovirus sero-pairing on outcomes in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation: the South-Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation Experience.

The purpose of this study was to determine if donor (D) and recipient (R) CMV sero-pairing at the time of simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation (SKPT) subsequently influenced outcomes in a large cohort of patients with long-term follow-up. Between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 1999 complete data were available on 723 primary SKPTs performed at South-Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation member institutions. For purposes of this study, four groups were defined: D+/R−, n = 203 (28%); D+/R+, n = 206 (28%); D−/R+, n = 156 (22%); and D−/R−, n = 158 (22%). Patient and graft survival rates for the study groups were computed by Kaplan-Meier estimates and tests of equality of survival curves were performed utilizing both the log-rank and Wilcoxon test statistics. A multivariate analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model and logistic regression. A total of 56% of Ds were CMV+ and 50% of Rs were CMV−. D serostatus was not, but R serostatus was, a significant independent risk factor for patient and kidney, but not pancreas, graft survival rates in the uncensored analysis. When examining the CMV D/R groups in both univariate and multivariate fashion, CMV sero-pairing was not an independent risk factor for death, graft loss, or rejection. However, when considering CMV sero-pairing as a binary variable (D−/R− versus all other D/R groups), 6-year patient, kidney, and pancreas graft survival rates were significantly higher in the D−/R− group (P < .05). In conclusion, CMV seronegativity is present in half of diabetic patients at the time of SKPT, and protective CMV seronegative matching confers a long-term survival advantage.
Refractory Ascites in Cirrhosis

A 36-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for the eighth time because of confusion, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting of 3 weeks duration; he had been discharged from the hospital only 3.5 weeks earlier.
PERIPROSTHETIC FRACTURES OF THE HUMERUS AND SCAPULA: Management and Prevention

The management of humerus fractures is complicated by the presence of a prosthesis. Vigilance in addressing the mechanisms and predisposing factors for periprosthetic fracture may prevent their occurrence. In the event of a periprosthetic fracture, attention to prosthetic stability, fracture location and stability, and bone quality will help guide treatment decisions. Treatment should be commensurate with the goals of fracture stability, early rehabilitation, and maintaining a well-functioning prosthesis.
Shock processing of interstellar nitrogen compounds in the solar nebula

Abstract Some organic material in chondrites (primitive meteorites) exhibits a very low 14 N/ 15 N, suggesting that the compounds that carry this heavy nitrogen signature formed in the interstellar medium. Other organic components of the same chondrites show a more solar isotopic signature, suggesting they derive from an isotopically solar reservoir of nitrogen such as N 2 or NH 3 in the solar nebula. In this work, we model the chemistry of the shocks that have been hypothesized as the mechanism to melt chondrules. We find that such shocks (≈ 8 km / s ) do not produce significant amounts of HCN and CN if all nitrogen is initially locked in N 2 and all carbon is locked in CO. Only when NH 3 or CH 4 (or both) were present in the initial pre-shock nebula gas do CN and HCN form. We also find that C 2 H 2 (acetylene) and C 2 H form in low abundances if the carbon is all locked in CO in the pre-shock gas. The presence of CH 4 facilitates the formation of acetylene and related compounds. In the absence of CH 4 or NH 3 , only negligible amounts of species containing CC or CN bonds form. Acetylene and cyanide-related compounds may be precursors to the organics that condensed into meteorites about 4.5 billion years ago. We find that CN bonds largely survive these shocks; thus, the very low interstellar 14 N/ 15 N signature can be preserved if the 15 N is carried by CN-bearing interstellar compounds.
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Juvenile Labrador Retriever: Case Report and Literature Review

A 7 mo old Labrador retriever presented for evaluation of facial swelling associated with a 5 cm oral mass extending caudally from the upper third premolar on the left side. Cytology revealed an atypical population of round cells of undetermined origin. A diagnosis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) was reached via histopathology and confirmed with positive immunohistochemical staining for desmin. In humans, RMSs have a well-described round cell cytologic appearance. Few descriptions of veterinary cases of RMS exist. This report describes the cytologic appearance of alveolar RMS in a young dog and both summarizes and compares findings throughout the veterinary and human literature.
Polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin alters its interaction with phospholipids.

Huntingtin has an expanded polyglutamine tract in patients with Huntington’s disease. Huntingtin localizes to intracellular and plasma membranes but the function of huntingtin at membranes is unknown. Previously we reported that exogenously expressed huntingtin bound pure phospholipids using protein-lipid overlays. Here we show that endogenous huntingtin from normal (Hdh7Q/7Q) mouse brain and mutant huntingtin from Huntington’s disease (Hdh140Q/140Q) mouse brain bound to large unilamellar vesicles containing phosphoinositol (PI) PI 3,4-bisphosphate, PI 3,5-bisphosphate, and PI 3,4,5-triphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3]. Huntingtin interactions with multivalent phospholipids were similar to those of dynamin. Mutant huntingtin associated more with phosphatidylethanolamine and PI(3,4,5)P3 than did wild-type huntingtin, and associated with other phospholipids not recognized by wild-type huntingtin. Wild-type and mutant huntingtin also bound to large unilamellar vesicles containing cardiolipin, a phospholipid specific to mitochondrial membranes. Maximal huntingtin-phospholipid association required inclusion of huntingtin amino acids 171–287. Endogenous huntingtin recruited to the plasma membrane in cells that incorporated exogenous PI 3,4-bisphosphate and PI(3,4,5)P3 or were stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor or insulin growth factor 1, which both activate PI 3-kinase. These data suggest that huntingtin interacts with membranes through specific phospholipid associations and that mutant huntingtin may disrupt membrane trafficking and signaling at membranes.
Weight lifting for women at risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a randomized trial.

Context Clinical guidelines for breast cancer survivors without lymphedema advise against upper body exercise, preventing them from obtaining established health benefits of weight lifting. Objective To evaluate lymphedema onset after a 1-year weight lifting intervention vs no exercise (control) among survivors at risk for breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL). Design, Setting, and Participants A randomized controlled equivalence trial (Physical Activity and Lymphedema trial) in the Philadelphia metropolitan area of 154 breast cancer survivors 1 to 5 years postunilateral breast cancer, with at least 2 lymph nodes removed and without clinical signs of BCRL at study entry. Participants were recruited between October 1, 2005, and February 2007, with data collection ending in August 2008. Intervention Weight lifting intervention included a gym membership and 13 weeks of supervised instruction, with the remaining 9 months unsupervised, vs no exercise. Main Outcome Measures Incident BCRL determined by increased arm swelling during 12 months (≥5% increase in interlimb difference). Clinician-defined BCRL onset was also evaluated. Equivalence margin was defined as doubling of lyphedema incidence. Results A total of 134 participants completed follow-up measures at 1 year. The proportion of women who experienced incident BCRL onset was 11% (8 of 72) in the weight lifting intervention group and 17% (13 of 75) in the control group (cumulative incidence difference [CID], −6.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −17.2% to 5.2%; P for equivalence = .04). Among women with 5 or more lymph nodes removed, the proportion who experienced incident BCRL onset was 7% (3 of 45) in the weight lifting intervention group and 22% (11 of 49) in the control group (CID, −15.0%; 95% CI, −18.6% to −11.4%; P for equivalence = .003). Clinician-defined BCRL onset occurred in 1 woman in the weight lifting intervention group and 3 women in the control group (1.5% vs 4.4%, P for equivalence = .12). Conclusion In breast cancer survivors at risk for lymphedema, a program of slowly progressive weight lifting compared with no exercise did not result in increased incidence of lymphedema. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00194363Published online December 8, 2010. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1837
RESONANCE DECAYS INVOLVING TWO PARTIAL WAVES.

Resonance decays involving two partial waves, such as $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\pi}$, can test for basic violations of $\mathrm{SU}{(6)}_{W}$. A formalism is presented for carrying out these tests using available data on $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Delta}(1236)$ and ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}{Y}_{1}^{*}(1385)$.
Studying related pictures can reduce accuracy, but increase confidence, in a modified recognition test

In 14 experiments, a dissociation occurred between subjects' accuracy on a forced-choice recognition test and their confidence in their choice. Nature pictures (e.g., Lake A) were shown. Later, the subjects were asked to choose the picture that they remembered, given the target (Lake A) and a navel picture (Lake C) as alternatives, and rated their confidence in their choice. When the subjects also studied a related picture (Lake B), their accuracy often decreases while their confidence increased. The dissociation cannot be explained by signal detection theories of recognition, which assume that strength determines both accuracy in a forced-choice test and confidence. Instead, familiarity with general themes may give people the illusion that they are accurately remembering details.
Analytic and numerical solutions to the Lane–Emden equation

Abstract In this Letter, we present analytical solutions to the Lane–Emden equation y ″ ( x ) + 2 x y ′ ( x ) + f ( y ) = 0 describing the thermal behavior of a spherical cloud of gas acting under the mutual attraction of its molecules. Solutions are obtained by using the traditional power series approach and by using the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). We show that the series solutions obtained by the Homotopy Analysis Method converge in a larger interval than in the case of the corresponding traditional series solutions. Furthermore, we obtained numerical solutions (using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg 4-5 technique) which are used to validate the analytical solutions.
Integrated electronics and change in the electronics industry

Those who use electronics to solve problems for customers must exercise science, engineering, art, and business sense, and work with four generations of electronics based on vacuum tubes, discrete semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and integrated electronic components, respectively. This paper includes forecasts of the growing applications and economic impact of integrated electronics. The concept of Active Element Groups (AEGs) is used to analyze the growth of the market from 1963 to 1973 and to emphasize the increasing integration of electronics. Despite dramatic trends now emerging in product mix and technology, the electronics industry will not be radically changed in structure. Bigger organizations are likely to get still bigger and stronger; smaller organizations are likely to consolidate; integrated electronics will make electronics pervasive. Integrated electronics makes the inward-looking science, engineering, and art of electronics more usable and allows the outward-looking practitioners who use electronics to solve problems for customers to move up their skills and concentrate on more effective and more sophisticated solutions-to those problems. It does not decrease their ability to serve their customers. It does require that they upgrade and change the emphasis of that ability to serve their customers more effectively.
Liquid chromatography-linked protein phosphatase bioassay; a highly sensitive marine bioscreen for okadaic acid and related diarrhetic shellfish toxins.

Abstract C. F. B. Holmes . Liquid chromatography-linked protein phosphatase bioassay; a highly sensitive marine bioscreen for okadaic acid and related diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Toxicon29, 469–477, 1991.—Okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 were resolved by liquid chromatography, then identified and quantitated by specific inhibition of both protein phosphatase-1 and -2A (PP1/PP2A) catalytic subunits in a 32P-phosphorylase a phosphatase radioassay. Based on the ic 50 for PP2A inhibition (0.2 nM), the procedure has a detection sensitivity of less than 10 pg okadaic acid. Confirmative identification by PP1 inhibition ( ic 50 = 19 nM ) requires 500 pg okadaic acid. Analyses of methanolic extracts from control, “okadaic acid spiked” and suspected diarrhetic mussels showed the bioscreen to be accurate, reproducible and identified okadaic acid/dinophysistoxin-1 in Canadian shellfish for the first time. In addition, a protein phosphatase inhibitor distinct from okadaic acid/dinophysistoxin-1 was identified in diarrhetic mussels with a potency equivalent to 900 ng okadaic acid/g digestive tract. Protein phosphatase inhibition probably underlies the biological activity of okadaic acid as a diarrhetic shellfish toxin and tumour promoter ( Cohen , P., Holmes , C. F. B. and Tsukitani , Y. (1990), TIBS15, 98–102). The liquid chromatography-linked protein phosphatase bioscreen should therefore facilitate identification of novel toxins comprising diarrhetic profiles in infested shellfish.
Inclusions in bone material as a source of error in radiocarbon dating

Electron probe microanalysis, x-ray diffusion and microscopic examination were conducted on bone material from several archaeological sites in order to identify post-burial inclusions which, if present, may effect radiocarbon dating of bone. Two types of inclusions were identified: (1) precipitates from ground water solutions, and (2) solid intrusions. The first type consists of calcite, pyrite, humates? and an unknown material. The second type includes quartz grains, hyphae, rootlets, wood, and charcoal. Precipitation of calcite in a macro-molecular level in bone may lead to erroneous dating of bone apatite if such calcite was not removed completely. A special technique, therefore, must be employed to remove calcite completely. Hyphae and rootlets also are likely to induce errors in radiocarbon dating of bone collagen. These very fine inclusions require more than hand picking.
The Attending Nurse: A New Role for the Advanced Clinician

The Attending Nurse Model as a unique role for the advanced practitioner was implemented and evaluated in an acute care psychiatric setting with an adolescent patient population. Program evaluation results demonstrated that the Attending Nurse role increased general satisfaction and role clarity while decreasing role tension. In addition, the role increased communication with patients' family members. Comparisons are made between the traditional primary nurse and the Attending Nurse roles.
Control of Transients in Welding Generators

The fundamentals of d-c arc welding generators are reviewed in this paper, and the effect of transient current and voltages upon performance is described. It is then shown how the transients may be controlled by internal arrangements which reduce the induced voltages in the stator circuit and at the same time increase the series reactance of both the field and armature circuits. A new welding generator designed with these features is next described; it is a modification of the split pole type of self-excited machine. Also, comments on the technique of testing welding generators are presented.
Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in pediatric practice

Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) in the pediatric population is a relatively uncommon yet under-appreciated and potentially life-threatening neurological condition. Early symptoms and signs are often vague and the clinician requesting a cranial imaging study might not even suspect sinovenous thrombosis. If left undiagnosed, or if the diagnosis of CSVT is delayed, progressive neurological deterioration, coma and death can follow. The purpose of this review is to highlight pertinent development of the cerebral venous system, discuss the causal factors of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in the pediatric population, review practical imaging strategies using cranial sonography augmented with color and pulsed Doppler, unenhanced brain CT, CT venography, cerebral MRI, and MR venography (MRV). Finally, this review will illustrate the imaging features of sinovenous thrombosis, including a discussion of the common causes of false-positive and false-negative CT and MRI studies.
Cosurfactant Impact on Probe Molecule in Reverse Micelles

A wide variety of probe molecules have been used to characterize the environment found within reverse micelles. This manuscript reports on results from steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies of the probe molecule Coumarin 343. The steady-state spectra for the probe molecule in ternary and quaternary systems are nearly identical. However, the time-resolved studies clearly indicate substantial differences in the probe sensed by the probe molecule. Implications of these results for the interpretation of spectroscopy of probe molecules in confined media are discussed.
Chromatographic resolution of the subunits of calf brain tubulin

Abstract Two procedures are described for column chromatographic separation of the α and β subunits of brain tubulin using hydroxylapatite in the presence of (i) urea or (ii) sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol. In the first system the α and β chains are partially resolved, and in the second the subunits are resolved into three peaks which we designate α 1 , α 2 , and β.
Surface alloy formation and the structure of c(2 x 2)-Sn/Ni(100) determined by low-energy alkali-ion scattering.

The growth of Sn on Ni(100) and the structure of the [ital c](2[times]2)-Sn/Ni(100) surface were studied using 500-eV Li[sup +] scattering, Auger-electron spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The polar-angle dependence of the Li[sup +] scattering from Sn and Ni of the [ital c](2[times]2)-Sn/Ni(100) bimetallic surface prepared at 250 K reveals that an ordered two-dimensional surface alloy is formed. However, Sn is not coplanar with the first Ni layer, but buckled above the Ni plane by 0.44[plus minus]0.05 A. These studies show that Sn and Ni mixing occurs at low temperatures. When the surface alloy prepared at 250 K was annealed to above 400 K, additional features appeared in the polar-angle dependence of Li[sup +]-Ni single scattering, suggesting that small surface reconstructions occur on the [ital c](2[times]2) alloy surface. Further annealing to 900 K results in a LEED pattern characterized by a splitting of the half-order beams into quartets. Formation of out-of-phase domains may be responsible for this LEED pattern.
Unusual case of B cell lymphoma after immunosuppressive treatment for psoriasis

Lymphomas may be induced by the systemic immunosuppressive therapies used to treat psoriasis, such as ciclosporin, methotrexate and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α blockers. The biologic agents currently used in psoriasis include alefacept, efalizumab, and the TNF-α antagonists etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab. Infections and cancer are the main possible consequences of intended or unexpected immunosuppression. We report a 59-year-old man with a history of severe psoriasis vulgaris treated with traditional immunosuppressant drugs followed by anti-TNF-α therapy; the patient was firstly hospitalized for an acute cholestatic toxic hepatitis, which we supposed to be related to adalimumab. The first liver biopsy showed active disease with severe hepatocellular damage caused by heavy lymphocytes infiltrate in portal tracts at in the interface with a not conclusive diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease. The correct diagnosis of T cell/histiocyte- rich large B cell lymphoma (T/HRBCL) was only reached through a gastric biopsy and a second liver biopsy. T/HRBCL is an uncommon morphologic variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not described until now in psoriatic patients receiving immunosuppressive biologic agents. In psoriatic patients, treated with biologic immunosuppressive agents, the suspect of abdominal lymphoma should always be included as differential diagnosis. Abdominal ultrasound evaluation need therefore to be included in the pre-treatment screening as in the follow-up surveillance.