cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Particle Orientation in Tape Cast Ceramic Microstructures

Anisotropic microstructures in ceramic green bodies result in nonuniform dimensional changes during sintering. Quantitative characterization of particle orientation together with processing/orientation relationships in these ceramic components are essential to control the dimensional variations during sintering. In this report, we discuss some practical aspects of measuring edge orientation in microstructures obtained by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microcscopy. Edges in the scanning direction were found to be less sensitive to the edge detection operator. Various edge sharpening algorithms were used to improve the edge contrast and hence achieve unbiased edge detection. Edges were detected using the Laplacian of Gaussian operator. Edge orientation polargrams were obtained by computing the intensities of detected edges with a 5×5 Prewitts operator convolved with a Gaussian. The computed edge orientation polargrams from the edge sharpened images were found to be internally consistent. Quantitative measure of particle orientation in tape cast ceramic microstructures was used for the first time to explain nonuniform sintering shrinkages.
Knee extension rate of torque development and peak torque: associations with lower extremity function.

BACKGROUND With aging, the ability to generate muscle force decreases, contributing to declines in physical functions such as walking. While most studies assess muscle force by peak torque, the rate of torque development (RTD) reflects a dynamic component of muscle performance that is important for physical function. Using data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we assessed whether RTD adds significantly to peak torque in associations with lower extremity performance. If so, RTD may help identify weak older adults for screening and intervention. METHODS We assessed associations of RTD and peak torque with physical performance independent of demographics, BMI, body composition, and each other in 1089 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants (49.7% women; aged 26 to 96 years; women, 64.0 ± 13.8 years; men, 68.4 ± 14.4 years). Peak torque was assessed by isometric and 30 deg/s isokinetic knee extension tests. Peak RTD was operationalized as the maximum torque-time slope among successive 50 ms epochs over the first 3 s of a test of knee extension isometric strength, with the knee joint positioned at 120 deg of flexion. A battery of lower extremity performance tests included gait speed during a 6 m walk at usual and fast pace (6 m usual and fast), time to complete a 400 m walk at fast pace (400 m), distance covered in a 2.5 min walk at normal pace (2.5 min), time to complete 5 and 10 chair stands, and two summary tests of lower extremity performance. Sex-stratified generalized linear regression models were adjusted for age, race, BMI, appendicular lean mass, and whole body fat mass. RESULTS In men, independent of either measure of peak torque and cofactors, RTD was a significant (P < 0.05) predictor of all lower extremity performance tests except the 400 m and 2.5 min walks. In women, independent of peak torque, RTD was only a significant independent correlate of the 6 m fast walk (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS RTD independently contributes to physical functions in men but less in women. The mechanisms underlying the sex difference are unclear and require further study.
Integrating GWAS and gene expression data for functional characterization of resistance to white mould in soya bean.

White mould of soya bean, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is a necrotrophic fungus capable of infecting a wide range of plants. To dissect the genetic architecture of resistance to white mould, a high-density customized single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array (52 041 SNPs) was used to genotype two soya bean diversity panels. Combined with resistance variation data observed in the field and greenhouse environments, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance against white mould. Results showed that 16 and 11 loci were found significantly associated with resistance in field and greenhouse, respectively. Of these, eight loci localized to previously mapped QTL intervals and one locus had significant associations with resistance across both environments. The expression level changes in genes located in GWAS-identified loci were assessed between partially resistant and susceptible genotypes through a RNA-seq analysis of the stem tissue collected at various time points after inoculation. A set of genes with diverse biological functionalities were identified as strong candidates underlying white mould resistance. Moreover, we found that genomic prediction models outperformed predictions based on significant SNPs. Prediction accuracies ranged from 0.48 to 0.64 for disease index measured in field experiments. The integrative methods, including GWAS, RNA-seq and genomic selection (GS), applied in this study facilitated the identification of causal variants, enhanced our understanding of mechanisms of white mould resistance and provided valuable information regarding breeding for disease resistance through genomic selection in soya bean.
Relational Databases and Fuzzy Sets Background

In this chapter we will provide an overview of relational databases and fuzzy set theory as will be needed when we describe the various fuzzy relational extensions in following chapters. The relational model has been highly influential based both on its sound mathematical foundations and highly successful implementations. First the formal definition of the relational model will be presented and then the design process will be discussed in more detail. In chapter 1 we have seen how entity-relationship modeling led to a relational data base design. Also we will describe the design approach using functional dependencies to develop the relations of the database and then briefly describe the querying of relational models by relational algebra, relational calculus and the higher level SQL language.
High-throughput screening of biomolecules using cell-free gene expression systems

The incorporation of cell-free transcription and translation systems into high-throughput screening applications enables the in situ and on-demand expression of peptides and proteins. Coupled with modern microfluidic technology, the cell-free methods allow the screening, directed evolution and selection of desired biomolecules in minimal volumes within a short timescale. Cell-free high-throughput screening applications are classified broadly into in vitro display and on-chip technologies. In this review, we outline the development of cell-free high-throughput screening methods. We further discuss operating principles and representative applications of each screening method. The cell-free high-throughput screening methods may be advanced by the future development of new cell-free systems, miniaturization approaches, and automation technologies.
ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF RESIDUAL STRESS ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF NOTCHED COMPONENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses estimating the effects of residual stress on the fatigue life of notched components. There are four important attributes of notched components, which together with the magnitude of the fluctuating stresses applied, determine their resistance to metallic fatigue: (1) the ratio of the axial and the applied or self-induced bending stresses; (2) the severity of the notch or discontinuity; (3) the notch-root residual stresses which result from fabrication, post-fabrication treatment or subsequent use; and (4) the mechanical properties of the notch-root material in which the fatigue crack initiation and growth takes place. This chapter discusses the application of an analytical model for predicting the fatigue behavior of notched components.
The Value of Forests to World Food Security

We assembled information on the contribution and value of forests to world food security. An assessment was made of the role of forests and non-timber products in the food system of developing countries. We estimated that upwards of 300 million people annually earn part or all of their livelihood and food from forests. A total of about $90 billion in non-timber products are harvested each year. Forests also help to protect land, water, and biological resources, and they play an important role in maintaining the productivity of agricultural and environmental systems.
Automated Rendezvous and Capture in Space: A Technology Assessment

This paper presents the results of a study to assess the technology of automated rendezvous and capture (ARC cost and schedule are included.
Evaluation and treatment of narrow complex tachycardias.

Narrow complex supraventricular tachycardia can occur transiently related co an acute illness or recur intermittently on a chronic basis. These disturbances are frequently treated in the emergency room or in the intensive care unit. Clinical electrophysiology testing has resulted in a better understanding of the different types of supraventricular tachycardias. The acronym PAT and junctional tachycardia were previously used to describe a narrow complex tachycardia that had an abrupt onset and abrupt termination. These arrhythmias, now termed paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT) are known to arise by different electrophysiologic mechanisms. Terms such as PAT and junctional tachycardia should be discarded for more precise terminology when possible. The term PSVT is used to describe a general category of supraventricular tachycardias.
Teaching the Expanding Universe of Englishes

The expansion of Englishes causes great difficulties for English teachers and learners, and attempts to find a single pedagogy to teach all learners for all contexts have not been successful. This chapter will demonstrate using a common target variety, U.S. English, that constant change in all levels of the grammar creates a dynamic language with shifting rules that cannot be studied as a stagnant subject with a set methodology or approach. English language pedagogy can be expanded, however, so that multiple pedagogies can assist both teachers and learners. Included in this chapter are discussions of pedagogy based on genre, corpora, brain-based work, creativity, and World Englishes. At the same time, choosing appropriate pedagogies can empower learners and teachers to continue learning the language on their own and to keep up with the future expansion of the language.
Abstract 3: Comparison of Flight Physician operated Hyper-Angulated and Standard Geometry Video Laryngoscopy Tracheal Intubation on a Helicopter in a Manikin

Objective To investigate the efficacy of hyper-angulated video laryngoscopy (HAVL) versus standard-geometry video laryngoscopy (SGVL) during a simulated mid-flight helicopter intubation. Introduction Prehospital intubation is often complicated by poor conditions including bad lighting, poor patient positioning, excessive noise, and restricted cervical spine mobility – some of which are known predictors of a difficult airway. These factors are magnified in the setting of a mid-flight helicopter intubation. The specific aim of our investigation was to evaluate if use of a specific video laryngoscopy technique offers advantage in this situation. The SGVL technique requires the creation of nearly a direct line between the oropharynx and glottis in order for endotracheal tube placement. The line must be created by manipulation of the patient's airway by the operator with a laryngoscope. Due to poor operator and patient positioning in a helicopter, this process was hypothesized to be more difficult than HAVL, which allows the operator to pass an endotracheal tube around the natural curvature of the patient's upper airway. There are no studies to date comparing these two distinct techniques by board-certified emergency medicine physicians in a simulated mid-flight environment. Methods A single center, randomized crossover trial was performed using attending physician helicopter EMS providers in a simulated environment. After IRB approval and informed consent, physicians were randomized to perform five HAVL or SGVL intubations, followed by the subsequent technique. Intubations were performed in a grounded EC-135 helicopter with an AirsimTM airway management trainer restrained on the cot. Time to intubation (primary outcome) as well as first pass success (FPS) and Cormack-Lehane views were recorded for each attempt. Qualitative data was also obtained for physician preference and perceived difficulty. Results Fifteen physicians participated in the study. There was no statistically significant difference in time to intubation with HAVL versus SGVL (16.14 seconds vs. 16.12 seconds; p-value 0.97). FPS was 100% for both techniques. Ninety-seven percent of Cormack-Lehane views were grade one for HAVL versus 88% for SGVL. Despite no statistical significance in time to intubation, participants subjectively reported that SGVL required more physical force to perform intubation. The majority also qualitatively prefer HAVL over SGVL after performing the study for future flight intubations. Conclusions/Limitations Our results suggest that both SAVL and HAVL are efficacious techniques to perform intubations in an EC-135 helicopter, should this somewhat rare, but likely difficult procedure, be necessary. Providers did, however, prefer HAVL over SGVL in our group. The discordant quantitative and qualitative results in this study may be due to the static nature and highly favorable anatomy of a manikin, versus the varying anatomy of individual patients.
Comparison of Holter With Zio Patch Electrocardiography Monitoring in Children

The standard for ambulatory arrhythmia detection in children is the Holter monitor. The Zio XT (Zio) patch has been FDA-approved for use in adults. However, its utility in children has not been directly compared with the Holter. We studied the ability to detect arrhythmias and patient comfort of the Zio versus the Holter in children. Patients
Spectrally-resolved Rayleigh scattering to measure velocity, temperature, density, and density fluctuations in high-speed flows

A new spectroscopic setup to analyze Rayleigh-scattered light from a high-speed jet was created at the NASA Ames Research Center for simultaneous measurement of velocity, temperature, and density. The point-measurement arrangement uses a narrow-linewidth continuous-wave laser and a stabilized, air-spaced, Fabry–Perot etalon to resolve the Rayleigh–Brillouin (RB) spectrum. Light scattered from a 0.4 mm-long and 0.15 mm-diameter probe volume was collected and 10% of the light was split to measure the scattering intensity via a photo-multiplier tube, which provided a measure of the gas density and density fluctuation spectra. The rest was directly imaged through the Fabry–Perot interferometer to an EMCCD camera. A new software program was developed in the Matlab® platform to model the fringes seen in the camera image. At first, a small part of the incident laser light was analyzed to find the instrument function. When Rayleigh-scattered light was passed, a change in the fringe diameter corresponding to the Doppler shift from the air velocity and a thickening of the fringe corresponding to the thermal broadening were observed. A least-squares fit utilizing Tenti’s S6 model of the RB scattering provided velocity and temperature at the probe volume. A high-speed, clean-air jet, operated in the Mach range of 0 ≤ M ≤ 1.2 provided validation of the technique, and demonstrated applicability in shock-containing flows. The compact, transportable, efficient, and affordable setup was fairly accurate: uncertainties were < 7 m/s in velocity, < 5 K in temperature, and < 1% in density. Spectra of density fluctuations were measured over a frequency range of 50 kHz. Principle of Rayleigh scattering technique, (a) schematic representation; (b) superimposed Fabry–Perot images from the present setup, U = 323 m/s, T = 249 K.
SVM-based sensor fusion for improved terrain classification

Terrain sensing is an important aspect of navigation for autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) in off-road conditions. Modern AGVs have several sensors that can be used to detect terrain. In this paper, we have implemented terrain classification using a fusion of visual data from a camera and vibrational data from an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The popular supervised learning technique, support vector machine (SVM), has been used due to its high accuracy and relatively small execution time. An image is first captured and the robot then traverses over the region defined by the image to record vibration data. Linear acceleration vectors, perpendicular to the terrain, are extracted from the IMU and statistical features are calculated to make up the vibration data. The images are manually labelled and aligned with the vibration data to create a fused feature vector and train the SVM. Our method has been tested on previously unseen field data and an average accuracy of 90% has been achieved.
High-Risk Chief Complaints III: Abdomen and Extremities

Abdominal and extremity complaints are common in the emergency department (ED) and, because of their frequency, clinical vigilance is vital in order not to miss the timely diagnosis of occult or delayed emergencies. Such emergencies, if not timely managed, are sources of significant patient morbidity and mortality and may expose ED physicians to possible litigation. Each patient complaint yields to a nuanced approach in diagnostics and therapeutics that can lead physicians toward the ruling in or out of the correct high-risk diagnosis. This article discusses the approach and risk management of this high-risk subset of abdominal and extremity diagnoses.
The historical perspective on pursed lip breathing exercises and its role in pulmonary rehabilitation programs

Background: Pursed lip breathing (PLB) is an important aspect of respiratory exercise training utilized by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to alleviate symptoms of dyspnea. This modality became a part of the recommended treatment during pulmonary rehabilitation and was endorsed by ACCP/AACVPR (American College of Chest Physicians/ American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation) in 1997. 1 Theoretically, PLB promotes maximum exhalation by creating back-pressure inside the airways and thereby improving patency. These changes in respiratory mechanics counteract the pathophysiology leading to emphysema and optimize pulmonary function, thus decreasing dyspnea symptoms associated with dynamic hyperinflation. While there is no overwhelming evidence to support the efficacy of PLB, clinicians still encourage their patients to use PLB techniques during their pulmonary rehabilitation program. Methods: A total of 26 research articles met criteria for inclusion in this review. The purpose of this review is to better understand the historical perspectives and evidence surrounding the use of PLB. Discussion: Most evidence suggested that PLB could be an effective self-care management that optimizes pulmonary function. The knowledge gained from this review may be used to explore implementation strategies utilizing pursed lip breathing exercises for developing a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program in order to optimize pulmonary function and quality of life in COPD patients.
Acute toxicity of mosquito pesticides on weed biological control agents in south Florida, USA

Mosquito pesticides effectively control vectors of human disease but have numerous unintended consequences. These may include adversely affecting non-target species such as weed biological control ...
Critical Analysis of Stage IV Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients after Treatment with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy followed by Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC).

Background. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) showed promise as initial treatment for stage IIIC (SIII) epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC); however, stage IV (SIV) outcomes are rarely reported. We assessed our experience and outcomes treating newly diagnosed SIV EOC with NACT plus CRS/HIPEC compared to SIII patients. Methods. Advanced EOC from 2015–2018 managed with NACT (carboplatin/paclitaxel) due to unresectable disease or poor performance status followed by interval CRS/HIPEC were reviewed. Perioperative factors were assessed. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed by stage. Results. Twenty-seven FIGO stage IIIC (n = 12) and IV (n = 15) patients were reviewed. Median NACT cycles were 3 and 4, respectively. Post-NACT omental caking, ascites, and pleural effusions decreased/resolved in 91%, 91%, and 100% of SIII and 85%, 92%, and 71% of SIV. SIII/SIV median PCI was 21 and 20 obtaining 92% and 100% complete cytoreduction (≤0.25 cm), respectively. Median organ resections were 6 and 7, respectively. Grade III/IV surgical complications were 0% SIII and 23% SIV, without hospital mortality. Median time to adjuvant chemotherapy was 53 and 74 days, respectively ( ). SIII OS at 1 and 2 years was 100% and 83% and 87% and 76% in SIV ( ). SIII 1-year PFS was 54%; median PFS: 12 months. SIV 1- and 2- year PFS was 47% and 23%; median PFS: 12 months ( ). Conclusion. Outcomes in select initially diagnosed and unresectable SIV EOC are similar to SIII after NACT plus CRS/HIPEC. SIV EOC may benefit from CRS/HIPEC, and further studies should explore this treatment approach.
Static and dynamic fatigue behavior of topology designed and conventional 3D printed bioresorbable PCL cervical interbody fusion devices.

Recently, as an alternative to metal spinal fusion cages, 3D printed bioresorbable materials have been explored; however, the static and fatigue properties of these novel cages are not well known. Unfortunately, current ASTM testing standards used to determine these properties were designed prior to the advent of bioresorbable materials for cages. Therefore, the applicability of these standards for bioresorbable materials is unknown. In this study, an image-based topology and a conventional 3D printed bioresorbable poly(e)-caprolactone (PCL) cervical cage design were tested in compression, compression-shear, and torsion, to establish their static and fatigue properties. Difficulties were in fact identified in establishing failure criteria and in particular determining compressive failure load. Given these limitations, under static loads, both designs withstood loads of over 650 N in compression, 395 N in compression-shear, and 0.25 Nm in torsion, prior to yielding. Under dynamic testing, both designs withstood 5 million (5M) cycles of compression at 125% of their respective yield forces. Geometry significantly affected both the static and fatigue properties of the cages. The measured compressive yield loads fall within the reported physiological ranges; consequently, these PCL bioresorbable cages would likely require supplemental fixation. Most importantly, supplemental testing methods may be necessary beyond the current ASTM standards, to provide more accurate and reliable results, ultimately improving preclinical evaluation of these devices.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced acute aortic occlusion: a case report.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection can lead to a constellation of viral and immune symptoms called coronavirus disease 2019. Emerging literature increasingly supports the premise that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 promotes a prothrombotic milieu. However, to date there have been no reports of acute aortic occlusion, itself a rare phenomenon. We report a case of fatal acute aortic occlusion in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019. A 59-year-old Caucasian male with past medical history of peripheral vascular disease presented to the emergency department for evaluation of shortness of breath, fevers, and dry cough. His symptoms started 5–7 days prior to the emergency department visit, and he received antibiotics in the outpatient setting without any effect. He was found to be febrile, tachypneic, and hypoxemic. He was placed on supplemental oxygen via a non-rebreather mask. Chest X-ray showed multifocal opacifications. Intravenous antibiotics for possible pneumonia were initiated. Hydroxychloroquine was initiated to cover possible coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia. During the hospitalization, the patient became progressively hypoxemic, for which he was placed on bilevel positive airway pressure. D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein were all elevated. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was positive. On day 3, the patient was upgraded to the intensive care unit. Soon after he was intubated, he developed a mottled appearance of skin, which extended from his bilateral feet up to the level of the subumbilical plane. Bedside ultrasound revealed an absence of flow from the mid-aorta to both common iliac arteries. The patient was evaluated emergently by vascular surgery. After a discussion with the family, it was decided to proceed with comfort-directed care, and the patient died later that day. Viral infections have been identified as a source of prothrombotic states due to direct injury of vascular tissue and inflammatory cascades. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 appears to follow a similar pattern, with numerous institutions identifying elevated levels of thrombotic complications. We believe that healthcare providers should be aware of both venous and arterial thrombotic complications associated with coronavirus disease 2019, including possible fatal outcome.
The Future of Hospitality Education: A Reflection:

The article the future of hospitality education sums up the author’s personal and professional experiences. Topics covered include creative use of online media, industry forums and mentorship, skil...
AML-117: The Genetic Landscape of Relapsed Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Context: The genomic characterization of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults, both at diagnosis and relapse, has been extensively reported. Previous work has shown a clear difference between AML in adults and children, yet the genetic changes associated with relapsed disease in children have yet to be fully described. Objective: To elucidate the genetic background of pediatric AML at relapse and identify gene alterations related to poor prognosis. Design: Transcriptomic and genetic analyses were performed on relapsed AML from multiple clinical studies held in St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital from 2002 to 2020. No blinding was performed in this study. Patients or Other Participants: RNA sequencing was performed from 136 patients (median age of 9.2 years) with relapsed pediatric AML. Ninety-one of these samples were also studied by tumor–normal-paired whole-genome sequencing. Additional transcriptomic data from pediatric AML at diagnosis (n=417) were also obtained from previous reports to define the molecular alterations common in relapsed pediatric AML. The clinical outcome of each molecular category is confirmed using clinical data of the diagnosis cohort of the TARGET pediatric AML study. Results: Genomic profiling of relapsed pediatric AML demonstrated an increase in KMT2A (n=36, 26.5%) and NUP98 rearrangements (n=18, 13.2%) when compared to de novo pediatric AML, as well as an increase in WT1 mutations (n=33, 24.3%). Comprehensive characterization of pediatric AML with extension RNA transcriptome data revealed 18 molecular categories with unique expression patterns and mutually exclusive gene alteration patterns. These molecular categories included rare categories with structural variants involving oncogenes of MECOM (n=3, 2.2%) or BCL11B (n=2, 1.5%), which led to the upregulation and allele-specific expression (ASE) of each gene. The entire molecular categories showed unique distribution in the relapse cohort compared to the TARGET cohort (p Conclusions: Integrated genomic profiling of pediatric AML identified unique molecular categories associated with relapsed disease and poor outcome.
Estimating a Probability Law

Estimating the probability law that gave rise to given data is one of the chief aims of statistics. Once known, its variance, confidence limits, and all other parameters describing fluctuation may be determined. There are two main schools of thought — the classical and the Bayesian — regarding what can be assumed while making the estimate. These guiding philosophies are discussed more generally in Chap. 16.
Timed Petri Net Models of ATM LANs

The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a fast packet-switching communication method using small fixed-length cells. A model of an ATM LAN is presented which provides a realistic representation of data transmission by modeling both the ATM network and the applications running over it. Colored Petri nets are used to create a compact model that is capable of representing a variety of different protocols at a high level of detail. The model is designed to allow easy reconfiguration or addition of details at different levels of the system. Simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the modeled system, and some results are compared to actual data gathered from the campus network at Memorial University.
Improving Transplant Patient Safety Through Pharmacist Discharge Medication Reconciliation

Greater than 50% of medication errors are estimated to occur during transitions of care, and solid-organ transplant recipients are at an increased risk for errors due to significant changes in their medication regimen following transplantation. This prospective, observational study with a historical control group was conducted to evaluate the discharge process for transplant recipients and determine if transplant pharmacist involvement would improve safety. During the prospective period, a total of 191 errors were made on discharge medication reconciliations (n = 64, mean rate 3.0 per patient); however, pharmacists prevented 119 of these errors (1.9 errors per patient). In the retrospective period, none of the 430 errors identified were prevented at the time of discharge (n = 128, p < 0.0001). The 72 errors not prevented at the time of discharge in the prospective cohort were identified by the pharmacist at the patient's first clinic visit (1.1 errors per patient). In the historical cohort, all 430 errors made at discharge persisted until at least the time of the first clinic visit (3.4 errors per patient, p < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that transplant recipients are at a high risk for medication errors and that transplant pharmacist involvement leads to improved safety through the significant reduction of medication errors.
Manganese superoxide dismutase Ala-9Val polymorphism and risk of breast cancer in a population-based case–control study of African Americans and whites

A polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene, Ala-9Val, has been examined in association with breast cancer risk in several epidemiologic studies. Results suggest that the Ala allele increases the risk of breast cancer and modifies the effects of environmental exposures that produce oxidative damage to DNA. We examined the role of the MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism in a population-based case–control study of invasive and in situ breast cancer in North Carolina. Genotypes were evaluated for 2025 cases (760 African Americans and 1265 whites) and for 1812 controls (677 African Americans and 1135 whites). The odds ratio for MnSOD Ala/Ala versus any MnSOD Val genotypes was not elevated in African Americans (odds ratio = 0.9, 95% confidence interval = 0.7–1.2) or in whites (odds ratio = 1.0, 95% confidence interval = 0.8–1.2). Greater than additive joint effects were observed for the Ala/Ala genotype and smoking, radiation to the chest, and occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. Antagonism was observed between the Ala/Ala genotype and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The MnSOD genotype may contribute to an increased risk of breast cancer in the presence of specific environmental exposures. These results provide further evidence for the importance of reactive oxygen species and of oxidative DNA damage in the etiology of breast cancer.
Recent advances in pulmonary resection in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Excerpt Pulmonary tuberculosis is not a static disease but, like the god Proteus, is characterized by ever-changing manifestations. Recent successes in the excision of tuberculous lung tissue, comb...
Kolsky Compression Bar Experiments on Brittle Materials

Many brittle materials deform in a manner of nearly linear elasticity until failure at small strains. As specimens in Kolsky-bar experiments, these materials are extremely sensitive to stress concentrations due to bar misalignment or non-parallel loading surfaces. To deform a linear elastic specimen at a constant strain rate, a loading pulse with constant stress rate is needed. This chapter describes the characteristics of brittle specimens, introduces the modifications to Kolsky bar necessary to achieve the desired and valid testing conditions on the specimen, and outlines the design of Kolsky compression bar experiments on brittle materials with step-by-step examples.
Routing with persistent link modeling in intermittently connected wireless networks

This paper presents a link state protocol for routing with persistent link modeling (RPLM) in intermittently connected wireless networks. The key idea behind RPLM is to design a link cost metric which reflects the state of a link based on its historical connectivity characteristics. In other words, connectivity and disconnectivity of a link is made to appear persistent using a gradually changing link metric. Persistent link modeling has the advantage of capturing any spatial and temporal locality of link disconnection and leveraging it for better route selection in intermittently connected networks. The link metric in this paper is designed specifically for minimizing data delivery latency. We developed ns-2 based simulation models of RPLM to validate its functional correctness, and compare its performance with an existing probabilistic routing protocol PROPHET. Performance has been evaluated for two intermittently connected networks with IEEE 802.11 based wireless links. Experimental results demonstrate that RPLM is able to consistently deliver packets with lower delivery latency compared to PROPHET. It is also shown that lower delivery latency ensures that packets stay in the network for shorter durations, resulting in efficient buffer usage. Based on these results we conclude that RPLM succeeds in its goal to provide "persistent" link cost modeling for low-delay data delivery in intermittently connected networks
A Concise History of Romania: The national state, 1866–1919

The year 1866 marks a significant date in the political fortunes of modern Romania. By this time its institutional structures were largely in place and its mental climate clarified. The union of Moldavia and Wallachia was accomplished, and the independence of the United Principalities was all but assured. The political foundations of “Romania,” as the Romanians now called their country, had been laid: a constitution adopted in 1866 would serve as the fundamental law, with occasional modifications down to 1923; a new dynasty, a branch of the Hohenzollerns, ascended the princely throne in the same year and enhanced the prospects for political stability; administrative principles – a strong executive and a centralized bureaucracy – had been codified; and the dominant philosophies of the age – liberalism and conservatism – found expression in new political parties in process of formation. By this time, too, the country’s political and intellectual elites had embraced the idea of nation as a moral compass, and they welcomed the duty it laid upon them to redraw the country’s political boundaries in accordance with ethnic patterns. By the mid 1860s, contacts with Western Europe had become customary and were viewed as crucial to national progress. The West, or “Europe” as many Romanians continued to call it, presented the elites with a permanent model of development, to be followed or rejected as they saw fit, but never to be ignored. Independence, 1866–1881 Those liberals and conservatives who overthrew Alexandru Cuza lost no time in installing a provisional government and filling the vacancy on the throne. The majority of them favored a foreign prince as the most effective way of diminishing internal rivalries for power and thus of ensuring political and social stability. They finally offered the throne to Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1839– 1914), who accepted it and reached Bucharest on May 7, 1866.
Characterization of a positron emitting V48 nitinol stent for intracoronary brachytherapy

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is currently one of the most common treatments for obstructive coronary artery disease. The long term success of the treatment, however, is severely limited by restenosis. Recently, different investigators have begun to study the possibility of radiation therapy in restenosis prevention and have shown promising results. However, an optimal radiation delivery device for delivering a highly localized radiation dose to the arterial medial layer while preserving the viability of the artery has yet to be established. In this article, we discuss the development of a unique mixed gamma/beta brachytherapy source capable of delivering high radiation dose to a 0.5 mm thick vessel wall by proton-beam activating an existing nickel titanium stent to produce vanadium-48. The dose distribution of the activated stent is determined by computer simulation using MCNP Monte Carlo code and is verified by radiochromic film measurement.
What is the role of bone-matrix and bone-marrow released in soft-tissue injury following fractures in the induction of systemic inflammation and remote organ damage?

CONCLUSIONS: CSF from TBI patients contains particular proteins that bind to the surface of hFOB, and have an osteoinductive potential. Further proteomic analysis is required, involving sequencing and individual functional testing. Identification of the osteoinductive factor(s) will contribute to the understanding of physiopathologic processes involved in the interaction between the injured brain and bone.
Measurements of the trans cotyledon potential in Ricinus

Summary When the cotyledons of a Ricinus seedling are cut off from the hypocotyl, phloem sap exudes from the cut end (Vreugdenhil and Koot-Gronsveld, 1988). The electrical potential between the exudate droplet and the medium bathing the cotyledons was measured, revealing values between −80 and −110 mV. This trans cotyledon potential (TCP) resembled the membrane potential of plant cells in many aspects: it became less negative upon addition of KCI, ionophores and DES; addition of sucrose to the medium caused a rapid and transient depolarization, whereas glucose, fructose and sugar alcohols were ineffective. The membrane potential of cotyledon cells was also measured directly, by inserting microelectrodes into cells. The effects of sugars on the membrane potential were qualitatively identical to those observed when measuring the TCP. It is concluded that the TCP reflects a membrane potential, but it is most likely not exclusively derived from the membrane potential of the sieve tube/companion cells.
Challenging online behaviors of youth: findings from a comparative analysis of young people in the United States and New Zealand

Child-serving professionals have struggled to understand the often complex emotional and behavioral responses of children and youth who are immersed in interconnected environments and consumed by digital technologies. A comparative analysis on challenging online behaviors of adolescent girls in the United States and New Zealand was completed. Survey results confirm that when online, a significant number of adolescent girls are engaging in risky activities including disclosing personal information, sending personal photos to online acquaintances, and arranging face-to-face meetings. Many respondents continue potentially problematic offline practices as a result of these online interactions. The data also suggest that there is a lapse in preventative intervention to create and maintain awareness and safety for young people. Implications of this research for preparing youth to successfully harness the potential of the Internet are explored.
Coordinate regulation of organic osmolytes in renal cells

Coordinate regulation of organic osmolytes in renal cells. Adaptation of cells to prolonged hypertonicity generally involves accumulation of compatible organic osmolytes. Renal medullary cells in vivo and in tissue culture accumulate several different organic osmolytes, including sorbitol, inositol, betaine, and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) in response to hypertonicity. For the total concentration of these organic osmolytes to be appropriate for the ambient tonicity, an increase in one should cause the others to fall, minimizing changes in their total concentration. The experiments presented here demonstrate this in tissue culture and investigate the mechanisms involved. Sorbitol is synthesized from glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase. Betaine is transported into the cells. Hypertonicity increases transcription of the aldose reductase and betaine transporter genes, ultimately elevating cell sorbitol and betaine. If aldose reductase is inhibited, which prevents accumulation of sorbitol, betaine transporter gene expression increases, resulting in a higher cell betaine that compensates for the lower sorbitol. Conversely, when cell betaine is altered by changing its concentration in the medium, aldose reductase transcription changes reciprocally, resulting in compensating changes in cell sorbitol. Hypertonicity increases GPC by inhibiting GPC:choline phosphodiesterase (GPC:PDE), an enzyme that degrades GPC. When cell betaine or inositol is increased by raising its concentration in the medium, GPc:PDE activity rises, reducing cell GPC. Thus, the total of the osmolytes, rather than the level of any individual one, is maintained.
Stationary distribution of self-organized states and biological information generation

Self-organization, where spontaneous orderings occur under driven conditions, is one of the hallmarks of biological systems. We consider a statistical mechanical treatment of the biased distribution of such organized states, which become favored as a result of their catalytic activity under chemical driving forces. A generalization of the equilibrium canonical distribution describes the stationary state, which can be used to model shifts in conformational ensembles sampled by an enzyme in working conditions. The basic idea is applied to the process of biological information generation from random sequences of heteropolymers, where unfavorable Shannon entropy is overcome by the catalytic activities of selected genes. The ordering process is demonstrated with the genetic distance to a genotype with high catalytic activity as an order parameter. The resulting free energy can have multiple minima, corresponding to disordered and organized phases with first-order transitions between them.
Drug interactions with angiotensin receptor blockers: a comparison with other antihypertensives.

The ever-increasing introduction of new therapeutic agents means that the potential for drug interactions is likely to escalate. Numerous different classes of drugs are currently used to treat hypertension. The angiotensin receptor blockers offer one of the newest approaches to the management of patients with high blood pressure. Compared with other classes of antihypertensive agents, the angiotensin receptor blockers appear overall to have a low potential for drug interactions, but variations within the class have been detected. Losartan and irbesartan have a greater affinity for cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes and, thus, are more likely to be implicated in drug interactions. There is pharmacokinetic evidence to suggest that such interactions could have a clinical impact. Candesartan cilexetil, valsartan and eprosartan have variable but generally modest affinity and telmisartan has no affinity for any of the CYP isoenzymes. In vitro studies and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation can provide evidence for some interactions, but only a relatively small number of drug combinations are usually studied in this way. The absence of any pharmacokinetic evidence of drug interaction, however, should not lead to complacency. Patients should be made aware of possible interactions, especially involving the concurrent use of over-the-counter products, and it may be prudent for all patients receiving antihypertensive treatment to be monitored for possible drug interactions at their regular check-ups. The physician can help by prescribing agents with a low potential for interaction, such as angiotensin receptor blockers.
One-dimensional-type infrared divergences in thin metallic wires

We point out that infrared divergences, predicted to occur in one-dimensional systems, also occur in thin metallic wires at low enough temperatures. The consequences of this are discussed. It is found that, although there is no Peierls instability, the Fermi surface is smeared even at $T=0$. The inelastic scattering time at finite $T$ follows a power-law (${T}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$) dependence. However, $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is changed from 2 to a new value depending on the effective $e\ensuremath{-}e$ interaction. The relevance of this to current theories and experiments of conductivity on thin metallic wires is pointed out.
Delayed-payment contracts as a means of discouraging unionization

Delayed-payment, self-enforcing implicit contracts are a viable means of discouraging unionization. A contract which would be terminated if employees unionize would reduce the expected gains from unionization for employees, because the firm would not be required to make the delayed payment. These contracts thus reduce the likelihood of unionization and are equivalent to requiring employees to post performance bonds that are forfeited to the firm if the workers unionize. Such contracts would benefit workers as well as the firm, and thus be viable, if unionization would impose deadweight losses (most likely as a result of discouraging specialized investment) and the firm’s promises are credible. Delayed-payment contracts designed for other purposes, such as discouraging shirking, would also discourage unionization if unionization increased the likelihood that the contract would be terminated.
Effects of in utero exposure to Bisphenol A or diethylstilbestrol on the adult male reproductive system.

The objective of this study was to determine whether in utero exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) induced reproductive tract abnormalities in the adult male testis. Using the C57/Bl6 mouse, we examined sex-organ weights, anogenital distance, and testis histopathology in adult males exposed in utero via oral gavage to sesame oil, 50 µg/kg BPA, 1000 µg/kg BPA, or 2 µg/kg diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a positive control from gestational days 10 to 16. No changes in sperm production or germ cell apoptosis were observed in adult testes after exposure to either chemical. Adult mRNA levels of genes associated with sexual maturation and differentiation, GATA4 and ID2, were significantly lower only in DES-exposed testes. In summary, the data indicate no gross alterations in spermatogenesis after in utero exposure to BPA or DES. At the molecular level, in utero exposure to DES, but not BPA, leads to decreased mRNA expression of genes associated with Sertoli cell differentiation.