cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular distribution of gangliosides in the developing mouse cerebellum: analysis using the staggerer mutant.

: The distribution of cerebellar gangliosides was studied in staggerer (sg/sg) mutant mice, where the majority of granule cells die after completing their migration across the molecular layer. In addition, the external granule cell layer in (sg/sg) mice persists longer than in normal mice. Moreover, in the sg/sg cerebellum, Purkinje cells are significantly reduced in number, and almost none have tertiary branchlet spines. The loss of Purkinje cells and granule cells in sg/sg mice is accompanied by an early-onset reactive gliosis that continues through adulthood. By correlating changes in ganglioside composition with the well-documented histological events of cerebellar development in normal and sg/sg mice, we obtained strong evidence for a nonrandom cellular distribution of gangliosides. The sharpest reduction in the GD1a content of sg/sg cerebellum occurred after 15 days of age, coincident with granule cell loss. GT1a, on the other hand, was significantly reduced from 15 through 150 days in the sg/sg mice. GD3 is a major ganglioside of the undifferentiated granule cell, but it becomes rapidly displaced by the more complex gangliosides with the onset of granule cell maturation. In the sg/sg mice, GD3 persisted at abnormally high levels from 15 to 28 days and then accumulated through adulthood. These findings, and those from other cerebellar mouse mutants, suggest that GD1a is enriched in granule cells and that GT1a is enriched in Purkinje cells. Our findings also suggest that GT1a is more concentrated in branchlet spines than in other regions of the Purkinje cell membrane. GT1b appears to be enriched in both granule cells and Purkinje cells, whereas GM1 appears to be enriched in myelin. Furthermore, the apparent persistence of the embryonic ganglioside GD3 in sg/sg mice results from an early-onset reactive gliosis, together with a partial retardation in granule cell maturation. The accumulation of GD3 beyond 28 days reflects the continued accretion of GD3 in reactive glia.
Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science

Women have long participated in the dissemination of science, a part of the history of science that until recently has been undervalued and little explored. By practicing the arts of science writing, lecturing, and scientific illustration, women popularizers of science have played a significant role in creating scientific culture. Natural Eloquence, a collection of essays examining the work of both lesser-known women of science from the nineteenth century and such prominent twentieth-century figures as Rachel Carson, Dian Fossey, and Diane Ackerman, raises thoughtful questions about marginalization, popularization, and originality. Illuminating many facets of women's science writing in the English-speaking world, some essays show how women pioneered in describing the natural histories of Canada, Australia, and the United States. Other essays look at the ways British and American science writers positioned themselves to address audiences of women, children, and the working class. Women also established literary traditions in science, tested the limits of established scientific writing, provided alternative visions of science (including critiques of Darwin's theories of sexual selection), and fashioned new representations of self and nature.
Supersymmetric extension of the scalar Born-Infeld equation

In this paper, a supersymmetric extension of the scalar Born–Infeld equation is constructed through a superspace formalism which involves the addition of one independent fermionic Grassmann variable to the existing bosonic spacetime coordinates. The bosonic scalar field is replaced by a fermionic superfield which is composed of two component fields, one bosonic and one fermionic. The resulting equation is invariant under a space supersymmetric transformation and, in its most general form, involves four arbitrary parameters. For a certain specific case, the Lie superalgebra of symmetries was identified, and the one-dimensional subalgebras were systematically classified into splitting and non-splitting conjugate classes. A number of group-invariant solutions were obtained, including polynomial solutions, solutions by radicals and solitary waves (including bumps, kinks and doubly periodic solutions).
Contributions of Tryptophan 24 and Glutamate 30 to Binding Long-lived Water Molecules in the Ternary Complex of Human Dihydrofolate Reductase with Methotrexate and NADP Studied by Site-directed Mutagenesis and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Previous NMR studies on the ternary complex of human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) with methotrexate (MTX) and NADPH detected six long-lived bound water molecules. Two of the water molecules, WatA and WatB, stabilize the structure of the protein while the other four, WatC, WatD, WatE and WatF, are involved in substrate binding and specificity. WatE may also act as a proton shuttle during catalysis. Here, the contributions of individual residues to the binding of these water molecules are investigated by performing NMR experiments on ternary complexes of mutant enzymes, W24F, E30A and E30Q. W24 and E30 are conserved residues that form hydrogen bonds with WatE in crystal structures of DHFR. Nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) are detected between WatE and the protein in all the mutant complexes, hence WatE still has a long lifetime bound to the complex when one of its hydrogen-bonding partners is deleted or altered by mutagenesis. The NOEs for WatE are much weaker, however, in the mutants than in wild-type. The NOEs for the other water molecules in and near the active site, WatA, WatC, WatD and WatF, also tend to be weaker in the mutant complexes. Little or no change is apparent in the NOEs for WatB, which is located outside the active site, farthest from the mutated residues. The decreased NOE intensities for the bound water molecules could be caused by changes in the positions and/or lifetimes of the water molecules. Chemical shift and NOE data indicate that the mutants have structures very similar to that of wild-type hDHFR, with possible conformational changes occurring only near the mutated residues. Based on the lack of structural change in the protein and evidence for increased structural fluctuations in the active sites of the mutant enzymes, it is likely that the NOE changes are caused, at least in part, by decreases in the lifetimes of the bound water molecules.
Individual Swift Trust and Knowledge-Based Trust in Face-to-Face and Virtual Team Members

Traditionally, trust has been seen as a result of personal knowledge of an individual's past behavior. In this view, trust develops gradually over time based on an individual's cognitive assessment of the other person's behavior. However, high levels of trust have been observed among members of virtual teams, who often have little prior history of working together and may never meet each other in person. To integrate these two seemingly contradictory views of trust, this study manipulated team member characteristics and team member behavior to empirically test a two-stage theoretical model of trust formation and the influence of information and communication technologies (ICT) on trust formation. The results indicate that category-based processing of team member characteristics and an individual's own disposition to trust dominated the initial formation of swift trust. Once individuals accumulated sufficient information to assess a team member's trustworthiness, the effects of swift trust declined and knowledge-based trust formed using team members' behaviors (perceived ability, integrity, and benevolence) became dominant. The use of ICT increased perceived risk of team failure, which reduced the likelihood that team members would engage in future trusting behaviors.
Free vibrations of beams with random characteristics

Abstract The free flexural vibration of beams with non-uniform and random characteristics is investigated. The approximate solution is obtained by utilizing a two-variable perturbation expansion method. Spatially random variables are simulated on a digital computer. A Monte Carlo technique is employed to obtain natural frequencies and normal modes. Numerical examples are presented for a clamped-clamped beam.
Creating an Online Tutorial for Consumer Health Information Center Volunteers

Abstract This article describes the creation of an online tutorial for volunteers who serve the patrons of consumer health information centers. The tutorial's objective was to improve overall training, and followed a year of using printed material and face-to-face instruction. Library graduate assistants and librarians from a large, academic health science library collaborated with a health educator and volunteers from a hospital-based consumer health information center. The completed tutorial gained high ratings for presentation and content in a subsequent usability study which also identified beneficial revisions to tutorial topics. The tutorial's content and design may serve as a guide for similar projects.
The breakdown of connections and modern development

Abstract This paper argues that understanding development today is fostered by the reexamination of the first industrial revolution and the social theories and concepts constructed therefrom. The focus is on the nature of industrialization, modernization, modernity, and Westernization. The cultural factor in development is emphasized, with culture treated not as monolithic but rather as a “feedback” system in which, for example, modernity evokes a reaction of fundamentalism. A range of comparative examples is given. The conclusion is that development theory needs a new sociology, and sociology requires a grounding in development economics.
Carotid artery stenting outcomes are equivalent to carotid endarterectomy outcomes for patients with post-carotid endarterectomy stenosis.

Background Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been advocated as an alternative to redo surgery for patients with post-carotid endarterectomy (CEA) stenosis. This study compares early and late clinical outcomes for both groups. Methods This study analyzes 192 patients: 72 had reoperation (Group A) and 120 had CAS for post-CEA stenosis (Group B). Patients were followed prospectively and had duplex ultrasounds at 1 month, and every 6 to 12 months thereafter. The perioperative complications (perioperative stroke, myocardial infarction/death, cranial nerve injury) and 4-year end points were analyzed. A Kaplan-Meier lifetable analysis was used to estimate rates of freedom from stroke, stroke-free survival, ≥50% restenosis, and ≥80% restenosis. Results Demographic/clinical characteristics were comparable for both groups, except for diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, which were significantly higher in Group B. The indications for reoperations were transient ischemic attacks/stroke in 72% for Group A versus 57% for Group B ( P = .0328). The mean follow-up was 33 months (range, 1-86 months) for Group A and 24 months (range, 1-78 months) for Group B ( P = .0026). The proportion of early ( P = .0013). The perioperative stroke rates were 3% and 1%, respectively ( P = .5573). There were no myocardial infarctions or deaths in either group. The overall incidence of cranial nerve injury was 14% for Group A versus 0% for Group B ( P P = .6347). The stroke-free rates at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years for Groups A and B were 97%, 97%, 97%, and 97% and 98%, 98%, 98%, and 98%, respectively ( P = .6490). The stroke-free survival rates were not significantly different. The rates of freedom from ≥50% restenosis at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years were 98%, 95%, 95%, and 95% for Group A versus 95%, 89%, 80%, and 72% for Group B ( P = .0175). The freedom from ≥80% restenosis at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years for Groups A and B were 98%, 97%, 97%, and 97% versus 99%, 96%, 92%, and 87%, respectively ( P = .2281). Four patients (one symptomatic) in Group B had reintervention for ≥80% restenosis. The rate of freedom from reintervention for Groups A and B were 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100% versus 94%, 89%, 83%, and 79%, respectively ( P = .0634). Conclusions CAS is as safe as redo CEA. Redo CEA has a higher incidence of transient cranial nerve injury; however, CAS has a higher incidence of ≥50% in-stent restenosis.
Electron tomography of ER, Golgi and related membrane systems

A primary goal of cell biology is to uncover the mechanisms of cellular processes. A detailed structural understanding of the organelles and subcellular structures involved in these processes has often formed the foundation for the elucidation of their function. Electron tomography is a powerful technique for characterizing subcellular architecture and structural details in three dimensions. Electron tomography of cryofixed, freeze-substituted, and plastic-embedded samples allows three-dimensional visualization and display of dynamic, pleiomorphic structures at a resolution of approximately 7 nm in cell volumes up to approximately 25 microm(3). In this review, we describe the electron tomography protocols that we have employed to determine the 3D architecture of complex cellular structures, thereby gaining insights into their functional organization. We stress the need for studying specimens preserved by cryofixation methods to obtain accurate information on the geometry and size of cellular structures. We also discuss some of the challenges associated with the staining of certain types of membranes. Finally, we provide examples of how tomographic data can be analyzed, dissected, and displayed using the tools built into the IMOD software package.
Specification and verification of object-oriented programs using supertype abstraction

We present a formal specification language and a formal verification logic for a simple object-oriented programming language. The language is applicative and statically typed, and supports subtyping and message-passing. The verification logic relies on a behavioral notion of subtyping that captures the intuition that a subtype behaves like its supertypes. We give a formal definition for legal subtype relations, based on the specified behavior of objects, and show that this definition is sufficient to ensure the soundness of the verification logic. The verification logic reflects the way programmers reason informally about object-oriented programs, in that it allows them to use static type information, which avoids the need to consider all possible run-time subtypes.
G. Sherwood Eddy and the Attitudes of Protestants in the United States toward Global Mission

G.Sherwood Eddy (1871–1963), a leading figure in American Protestantism through the first half of the twentieth century, is currently most often relegated to footnote references or mentioned only in relation to two of his most famous colleagues, Kirby Page and Reinhold Niebuhr. He was, however, one of the most renowned international evangelists of the time who worked closely with John R. Mott and Robert Speer in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) and the Student Volunteer Movement (SVM). While a student at Yale, Eddy experienced a dramatic deepening of faith in 1889 at the famous Northfield Student Conference and then, while a student at New York's Union Theological Seminary and later at Princeton Theological Seminary, joined the SVM. Despite his seminary study, Eddy chose to remain a layman all his life. As a YMCA traveling evangelist in India from 1896 to 1911 and in Asia from 1911 to 1931, Eddy embodied many of the attitudes and methods of Protestant global mission for the approximately fifty years of its greatest activity. Primarily engaged in student evangelization, Eddy manifested a deep ambivalence toward the method of mission work. An examination of Eddy's life reveals that in Eddy one finds both the cultural imperialism with which nineteenth-century missionaries are often charged and a sensitivity to other peoples and a commitment to indigenous churches and leadership.While Eddy's ministry spanned over five decades, this essay concentrates on Eddy's labor prior to World War I, for in those years Eddy was most in conflict withhimself.
Worker Preferences, Spousal Coordination, and Participation in an Employer-Sponsored Pension Plan:

Recent changes in the pension environment, such as the growth of defined contribution plans, place more responsibility on individuals for the accumulation of retirement resources and provide worker...
Cerebrovascular Manifestations of Pheochromocytoma and the Implications of a Missed Diagnosis

Cerebrovascular complications are a rare manifestation of pheochromocytoma. We report a case of pheochromocytoma presenting initially with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy and subsequently a cerebral infarction. A patient with a prior history of episodic hypertension and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy presented with headache, palpitations, and weakness of the right leg. A magnetic resonance angiogram revealed narrowing of the basilar and right middle cerebral artery. She was diagnosed as having presumed vasculitis and underwent a conventional cerebral angiogram during which she developed a hypertensive crisis and worsening neurological deficit. Further investigations revealed the presence of a pheochromocytoma, which was subsequently resected. It is important to be cognizant of the possibility of pheochromocytoma in patients presenting with hypertension and cerebrovascular manifestations, as commonly used investigations (e.g. catheter angiography) and treatment modalities (e.g. β-blockers to treat hypertension, corticosteroids to treat suspected vasculitis, etc.) can lead to life threatening complications.
SU‐EE‐A3‐01: Quantifying Anatomical Variability in Regressing Tumors during Active Breath Hold Radiotherapy: A Modal Dominant Deformations Approach

Purpose: To quantify and classify interfraction geometric variability of lungtumors for independent analysis.Method and Materials: 14 research subjects (15 tumors) underwent three weekly repeat breath hold (BH) scans at end of normal inspiration. Images were deformably registered to the planning scan, and the gross tumor volume (GTV), ipsilateral (IL), and contralateral (CL) lungs delineated on the planning scan were propagated to all images. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to generate two statistical shape models of the structures for each patient: a week to week (W2W) model using only one scan per week and an all scans model using all available images per patient. Principal dominant modes were classified by modal volume and position change and time trend into six discrete classes representing tumor regression (isotropic and anisotropic) or breath hold/lung volume variability. Three novel normalized modal variability indices (mean mode volume, total variances, total dominant variances, concordance variance, and concordance standard deviation) were developed to quantify the BH variability using the W2W and all scans models. Results: The mean BH variability indices were 1.03%, 13.57%, and 7.3%, representing the percentage of mean shape, total variance, and modes concordances respectively, due to BH reproducibility. 46 dominant modes were identified for all patients in total. 23, 8, 4, 4, 1, and 6 modes belonged to classes 1–6, respectively. Classes 1–2 are rigid shifts associated with BH or error, while classes 3–6 represented deformation due to tumor regression. Modal GTV positional shift was found to correlate with CL volume change in 10/15 subjects. Conclusion: BH variability indices were used to quantify BH. A novel modal classification system was developed to classify geometric variability by type. Modal GTV positional shift correlation with CL volume is likely due to altered lung function in the IL. Supported by NIH R01 CA116249.
Total Synthesis of Brevetoxin B. 1. First Generation Strategies and New Approaches to Oxepane Systems

The fust generation strategies toward the total synthesis of brevetoxin B (1) are presented and the syntheses of the key intermediates 3, 4, 5, 67, 83, and 94-98 required for the projected construction are described. The earliest and most convergent strategy required the application of the hydroxy epoxide cyclization and the intramolecular conjugate addition as key reactions for the construction of the fused tetrahydropyran ring systems (4) [ABC], (7) [FG], and (8) [UK]. The oxocene ring (H) was formed via a Wittig reaction followed by a hydroxy dithioketal cyclization to produce the hexacyclic fragment [FGHIJK] (6 5). The 12-membered dithionolactone 18 was envisioned as the precursor of the dioxepane system of the molecule via a projected bridging reaction, to construct simultaneously both oxepane rings. However, the dithionation of dilactone 17 proved unsuccessful. In a subsequently evolved strategy, a new photolytic approach toward the dioxepane region was developed, starting from the acyclic dithiono progenitor 20 (20 23). Application of this reaction to the brevetoxin B skeleton afforded the desired oxepene (96 97), which after deprotection produced oxepanone 98. A specifically designed reductive hydroxy ketone cyclization (98 99) was then employed in an attempt to close the remaining ring [E], but, again, without success. The novel rearrangement of hydroxy ketone 87 to the pentacyclic system 89 was observed in a less elaborate skeleton. The scope and generality of these silicon-induced reductive cyclizations are also described.
Evaluating the effectiveness of a discharge protocol for children with advanced appendicitis

Abstract Background In 2006, an evidence-based protocol for the management of children with appendicitis was established at our institution. Discharge criteria for patients with advanced appendicitis were based on a combination of clinical parameters and laboratory values. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of laboratory values in guiding patient management with a discharge protocol for advanced appendicitis. Materials and methods We reviewed charts of patients with advanced appendicitis as defined by the surgeon intraoperatively from 2008–2009. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the laboratory values at discharge for predicting postoperative intra-abdominal abscess (IAA) formation using a receiver operator curve. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of IAA formation. Results We identified 450 patients (mean age 8.9 ± 3.9 y). The postoperative IAA rate was 25%. The sensitivity and specificity for developing an abscess with a white blood cell count >12,000/UL were 52% and 82%, respectively (AUC 0.72, 95% CI 0.67–0.78, P 3% were 47% and 70% (AUC 0.60, 95% CI 0.53–0.67, P = 0.002), respectively. On logistic regression analysis, an elevated white blood cell count was independently associated with an increased likelihood of a postoperative IAA (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.19–1.35, P Conclusions The absence of leukocytosis is useful for identifying children with a decreased risk of postappendectomy IAA formation who otherwise meet clinical discharge parameters. A band count is not as predictive of risk. The use of laboratory evaluation as a component of discharge criteria in advanced appendicitis can stratify a subset of patients who are at increased IAA risk and may benefit from continued antibiotic therapy.
The relative uniform density of the continuous functions in the Baire functions, and of a divisible Archimedean ℓ-group in any epicompletion

Abstract For a subset A of an l-group B, r ( A , B ) denotes the relative uniform closure of A in B. R X denotes the l-group of all real-valued functions on the set X, and when X is a topological space, C ∗ (X) is the l-group of all bounded continuous real-valued functions, and B ( X ) is the l-group of all Baire functions. We show that B(X)=r(C ∗ (X),B(X))=r(C ∗ (X),R X ) . This would appear to be a purely order-theoretic construction of B ( X ) from C ( X ) within R X . That result is then applied to the category Arch of Archimedean l-groups, and its subcategory W of l-groups with distinguished weak unit. In earlier work we have described the epimorphisms of these categories, characterized those objects with no epic extension (called epicomplete), and for W , constructed all epic embeddings into epicomplete objects (epicompletions) using Baire functions. Now this apparatus is combined with the equation above to make this contribution to the description of epimorphisms. In Arch or W , if a divisible l-group A is epically embedded in an epicomplete l-group B then B = r ( A , B ). Examples are presented to show that, in each of Arch and W , the hypothesis that B be epicomplete cannot be dropped.
The orthographic distinctiveness effect on direct and indirect tests of memory: delineating the awareness and processing requirements

Abstract We examined the processing and awareness requirements that mediate superior memory for distinct items in long-term memory by studying the effects of orthographic distinctiveness. Orthographically distinct words are remembered better than common words on the direct test of free recall but not on the indirect test of perceptual identification. These results suggest that the orthographic distinctiveness effect requires test awareness. But interestingly, this distinctiveness effect has also been reported in one indirect test, that of word fragment completion ( Hunt & Toth, 1990 ). We examined the locus of the orthographic distinctiveness effect in the indirect test of word fragment completion and the direct tests of word fragment cued recall and free recall and assessed the role of awareness (Experiment 1) and conceptual processes (Experiments 2a–2c) in mediating this effect. Our results support the proposal that the distinctiveness effect depends on direct reference to the study context and further specify that this effect is mediated, to a large extent, by comparative processes even when distinctiveness emerges from surface-level differences.
Optical clearing in collagen- and proteoglycan-rich osteochondral tissues.

Summary Objective Recent developments in optical clearing and microscopy technology have enabled the imaging of intact tissues at the millimeter scale to characterize cells via fluorescence labeling. While these techniques have facilitated the three-dimensional (3D) cellular characterization within brain and heart, study of dense connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system have been largely unexplored. Here, we quantify how optical clearing impacted the cell and tissue morphology of collagen-, proteoglycan-, and mineral-rich cartilage and bone from the articulating knee joint. Methods Water-based fructose solutions were used for optical clearing of bovine osteochondral tissues, followed by imaging with transmission and confocal microscopy. To confirm preservation of tissue structure during the clearing process, samples were mechanically tested in unconfined compression and visualized by cryo-SEM. Results Optical clearing enhanced light transmission through cartilage, but not subchondral bone regions. Fluorescent staining and immunolabeling was preserved through sample preparations, enabling imaging to cartilage depths five times deeper than previously reported, limited only by the working distance of the microscope objective. Chondrocyte volume remained unchanged in response to, and upon the reversal, of clearing. Equilibrium modulus increased in cleared samples, and was attributed to exchange of interstitial fluid with the more viscous fructose solution, but returned to control levels upon unclearing. In addition, cryo-SEM-based analysis of cartilage showed no ultrastructural changes. Conclusion We anticipate large-scale microscopy of diverse connective tissues will enable the study of intact, 3D interfaces (e.g., osteochondral) and cellular connectivity as a function of development, disease, and regeneration, which have been previously hindered by specimen opacity.
Rat-liver thiol:protein-disulphide oxidoreductase

The monothiols: glutathione, 2-mercaptoethanol and cysteine, and the dithiols; dihydrolipoate, dihydrolipoamide and dithiothreitol are substrates for rat-liver glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (glutathione:protein-disulphide oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.4.2) with essentially identical Km values, but the maximum rate of reaction with the monothiols is only one-half of that obtained with the dithiols. Cysteine inhibits the enzyme at high substrate concentrations. By mixed substrate experiments it has been shown that a single enzyme and the same active site(s) of the enzyme is involved in the reaction with either glutathione or dihydrolipoate. By isotope dilution experiments it has been shown that the affinity of the enzyme for the mildly iodinated samples of [131I]insulin is identical to that for the unlabeled non-iodinated insulin molecule. Five mM EDTA produced 50% inhibition of the rate of reaction with either glutathione or dihydrolipoate as substrate. The inhibition by EDTA was overcome by 0.5 mM NADPH with glutathione as substrate. NADH or ascorbic acid could not replace NADPH in this respect. EDTA also had a pronounced effect on stability of the enzyme. It is suggested that a metal ion is required for activity and for maintenance of the proper conformation of the enzyme. Activation of the enzyme by Mn2+ (1 mM) or by Cs+ (0.3 M) has been demonstrated.
Reconstruction of precipitation history in North American corn belt using tree rings

Tree-ring-based reconstructions of past climate have proved useful for evaluating hydrological statistics calculated from the shorter observational record of climate1, and particularly for analysing past patterns of drought in the western USA2. The independently verified climatic reconstructions obtained here provide a significant contribution to a reliable data base for evaluation of climatic changes on time scales of decades to centuries. Fifteen tree-ring chronologies were developed from specimens of drought-sensitive white oak (Quercus alba), many over 300-yr old, in the western part of the North American corn belt. Verification statistics indicate reliable reconstructions of annual precipitation for the two-state area of Iowa and Illinois can be obtained back to 1680 from these chronologies. This extends the network of confirmed drought-sensitive tree-ring chronologies well into the central USA, and provides encouragement for further expansion of the tree-ring chronology network into the North American grain-belt region.
Between State and Market: A Third Way of Planning

The ‘Third Way’ offers a critical but realistic view of planning to support a progressive agenda. Grounded in integrated transaction-cost theory (TCT), it refutes neo-liberal arguments from their own economic theory, associating planning with organization, breaking its juxtaposition to ‘the market’ and recognizing planning in the market and planning for and of markets, which includes public planning and regulation. The ‘Third Way’ disarms libertarian attacks on public planning, while TCT forces retreat from generalizations to focus debate on particular issues and cases. Here contingent TCT-based institutional analysis and design is the tool for promoting progressive values, enabling effective resistance to neo-liberal practices and encroaching globalization.
Nicotine gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

Sixty subjects were run in a study comparing the use of nicotine gum with placebo gum during cessation from smoking. Subjects were given clinic support and chewed the gum ad libitum. A survival analysis showed the two groups differed significantly in successful abstinence over time (p less than .03). Differences between groups appeared early (within weeks) and, at six months, a 28% superiority of nicotine over placebo gum was demonstrated with mean success rates of 48% and 20%, respectively. Between six months and one year, relapse in the nicotine group accounted for the 30% vs. 20% success rates for nicotine and placebo observed at one year. In a pilot study ("dispensary") testing the efficacy of the two gums when intervention was minimal, subjects in both groups resumed smoking within the first two weeks. The enhanced short-term success rates with nicotine gum in the clinic study are attributed to an effective interaction between use of the active preparation and clinic support. Long-term cessation may require extended maintenance procedures and/or an identification of optimal gum use.
A novel PMOS SOI polysilicon transistor

An advanced silicon-on-insulator (SOI) PMOS polysilicon transistor, featuring an inverted gate electrode and self-aligned source/drain and gate/channel regions, is developed and characterized. Selective oxidation is used to form self-aligned thin polysilicon channel regions with thicker source/drain polysilicon regions. The gate electrode is formed by a high-energy boron implant into the underlying silicon substrate. Since the gate oxide is formed over single-crystal silicon rather than polysilicon, an improvement in gate oxide integrity is possible. The resulting SOI PMOS device is suitable for high-density static random access memory (SRAM) circuit applications and exhibits excellent short-channel behavior with an on/off current ratio exceeding six orders of magnitude. >
Response times in N-user replicated, centralized, and proximity-based hybrid collaboration architectures

We evaluate response times, in N-user collaborations, of the popular centralized (client-server) and replicated (peer-to-peer) architectures, and a hybrid architecture in which each replica serves a cluster of nearby clients. Our work consists of definitions of aspects of these architectures that have previously been unspecified but must be resolved for the analysis, a formal evaluation model, and a set of experiments. The experiments are used to define the parameters of and validate the formal analysis. In addition, they compare the performances, under the three architectures, of existing data-centric, logic-centric, and stateless shared components. We show that under realistic conditions, a small number of users, high intra-cluster network delays, and large output processing and transmission costs favor the replicated architecture, large input size favors the centralized architecture, high inter-cluster network delays favor the hybrid architecture, and high input processing and transmission costs, low think times, asymmetric processing powers, and logic-intensive applications favor both the centralized and hybrid architectures. We use our validated formal model to make useful predictions about the performance of the three kinds of architectures under realistic scenarios we could not create in lab experiments.
Reunion: John Cage, Marcel Duchamp, Electronic Music and Chess

The author chronicles his involvement in Reunion, a 1968 collaborative performance featuring John Cage, Marcel Duchamp and Teeny Duchamp, with electronic music by David Behrman, Gordon Mumma, David Tudor and Lowell Cross. After addressing some misconceptions about Reunion, the author outlines specific details about the conditions surrounding the performance and the sound-distributing chessboard he built, then offers an interpretation of the event.
Fourier transformation of waveform Lidar for species recognition

In precision forestry, tree species identification is one of the critical variables of forest inventory. Lidar, specifically full-waveform Lidar, holds high promise in the ability to identify dominant hardwood tree species in forests. Raw waveform Lidar data contain more information than can be represented by a limited series of fitted peaks. Here we attempt to use this information with a simple transformation of the raw waveform data into the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform. Some relationships are found among the influences of component frequencies across a given species. These relationships are exploited using a classification tree approach to separate three hardwood tree species native to the Pacific Northwest of the United States. We are able to correctly classify 75% of the trees ( 0.615) in our training data set. Each tree's species was predicted using a classification tree built from all the other training trees. Two of the species grow in proximity and grow to a similar form, makin...
The documentation of quality engineering: applying use cases to drive change in software engineering models

This paper examines how documentation is used to create "quality" engineering processes in software development, focusing on recent industry trends of adopting use case driven software engineering models, to investigate a phenomenon that in this paper I call "genre dumping." The paper aims to address questions about how software development methods change under a use-case driven model. For example, is it really that easy to adopt the use case methodology? The paper draws from a 24-month case study of a small cross-disciplinary team of software designers, developers, testers, and managers who are helping build a large in-house application for a multinational financial services corporation called "Financial Capital" (pseudonym). This project was selected for study because a use case driven model was being applied to explicitly change software engineering practices: use cases were newly adopted and thus unfamiliar to those involved in the software development project.Presented are selected results of qualitative and quantitative analyses of textual and interview data. The findings are interpreted using rhetorical genre theory, which features a large and growing body of workplace research about the ways documents enable (and constrain) people to get work done. The results show that textual features of the documents of the older design methods persist in the newly adopted use cases and that readers' approaches to text-related meaning making also persist, indicating generic recurrence. The findings also show that conflict occurs at the same sites where recurrence occurs. The paper concludes with discussions of implications for technical communicators and genre theorists interested in technical communication.
Modeling ecosystem processes with variable freshwater inflow to the Caloosahatchee River Estuary, southwest Florida. II. Nutrient loading, submarine light, and seagrasses

Abstract Short- and long-term changes in estuarine biogeochemical and biological attributes are consequences of variations in both the magnitude and composition of freshwater inputs. A common conceptualization of estuaries depicts nutrient loading from coastal watersheds as the stressor that promotes algal biomass, decreases submarine light penetration, and degrades seagrass habitats. Freshwater inflow depresses salinity while simultaneously introducing colored dissolved organic matter (color or CDOM) which greatly reduces estuarine light penetration. This is especially true for sub-tropical estuaries. This study applied a model of the Caloosahatchee River Estuary (CRE) in southwest Florida to explore the relationships between freshwater inflow, nutrient loading, submarine light, and seagrass survival. In two independent model series, the loading of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus (DIN and DIP) was reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% relative to the base model case from 2002 to 2009 (2922 days). While external nutrient loads were reduced by lowering inflow ( Q 0 ) in the first series ( Q 0 series), reductions were accomplished by decreasing the incoming concentrations of DIN and DIP in the second series (NP Series). The model also was used to explore the partitioning of submarine light extinction due to chlorophyll a , CDOM, and turbidity. Results suggested that attempting to control nutrient loading by decreasing freshwater inflow could have minor effects on water column concentrations but greatly influence submarine light and seagrass biomass. This is because of the relative importance of Q 0 to salinity and submarine light. In general, light penetration and seagrass biomass decreased with increased inflow and CDOM. Increased chlorophyll a did account for more submarine light extinction in the lower estuary. The model output was used to help identify desirable levels of inflow, nutrient loading, water quality, salinity, and submarine light for seagrass in the lower CRE. These findings provide information essential to the development of a resource-based approach to improve the management of both freshwater inflow and estuarine biotic resources.
Sequences of intrafusal fiber formation are muscle-dependent in rat hindlimbs.

A rat muscle spindle typically contains four intrafusal fibers — one nuclear bag2, one nuclear bag1 and two nuclear chain fibers. We compared the sequence of formation of the three intrafusal fiber types among the tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles using immunocytochemistry of spindle-specific myosin heavy chain isoforms. Spindles of the TA began to differentiate earlier and acquired the full complement of intrafusal fibers sooner than spindles of the SOL or MG muscles. At the onset of spindle assembly, the intrafusal myotubes expressed myosin heavy chains similar to those expressed by extrafusal myotubes. The first intrafusal myotube then differentiated into the bag2 fiber regardless of the muscle. However, the fate of the second-forming intrafusal myotube varied among the muscles studied. It usually differentiated into a chain fiber in the TA, into a bag1 fiber in the SOL, and into either a bag1 or a chain in the MG. The fate of the third-forming intrafusal myotube was reciprocal to that of the second; i.e. in those spindles in which the bag1 fiber was second to form, a chain was third, and vice versa. The fourth and last intrafusal myotube gave rise to a chain fiber. The inter- and intramuscular variability in the fate of intrafusal myotubes of the second and third generation argues against the existence of a program intrinsic to the myotubes that would mandate their differentiation along specific paths. Rather, an extrinsic regulatory factor, probably associated with the primary afferent neuron, may govern differentiation of pluripotential myotubes into particular types of intrafusal fiber. The fate of the intrafusal myotubes might then depend on the timing of the regulatory effect of afferents relative to the stage of development of the intrafusal bundle.
Flight Reconstruction of the Mars Pathfinder Disk-Gap-Band Parachute Drag Coefficients

On July 4, 1997, the Mars Pathfinder (MPF) mission successfully landed on Mars. The entry, descent, and landing (EDL) scenario employed the use of a Disk-Gap-Band parachute design to decelerate the Lander. Flight reconstruction of the entry using MPF flight accelerometer data revealed that the MPF parachute decelerated faster than predicted. In the summer of 2003, the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission will send two Landers to the surface of Mars arriving in January 2004. The MER mission utilizes a similar EDL scenario and parachute design as that employed by MPF. As a result, characterizing the degree of underperformance of the MPF parachute system is critical for the MER EDL trajectory design. This paper provides an overview of the methodology utilized to estimate the MPF parachute drag coefficient as experienced on Mars.
Sudden Death and the Familial Occurrence of Mid-Systolic Click, Late Systolic Murmur Syndrome

The propositus, one of six family members with the ballooning posterior mitral leaflet syndrome, had experienced five syncopal episodes prior to initial presentation with cardiac arrest. Subsequent evaluation, after nearly complete recovery, revealed slight Q-Tc prolongation but no arrhythmia, despite extensive ECG monitoring and maximum exercise testing. Intravenous propranolol failed to alter the Q-Tc interval or the magnitude of ballooning of the posterior mitral leaflet at cardiac catheterization. Therapy with oral Dilantin to the point of clinical toxicity failed to significantly shorten the Q-Tc interval. While on oral propranolol, the patient, during a stressful argument, suffered her final cardiac arrest. Detailed post mortem studies were performed, with histochemical identification of the "myxomatous" material not previously reported.
Memory Bandwidth Limitations of Future Microprocessors

This paper makes the case that pin bandwidth will be a critical consideration for future microprocessors. We show that many of the techniques used to tolerate growing memory latencies do so at the expense of increased bandwidth requirements. Using a decomposition of execution time, we show that for modern processors that employ aggressive memory latency tolerance techniques, wasted cycles due to insufficient bandwidth generally exceed those due to raw memory latencies. Given the importance of maximizing memory bandwidth, we calculate effective pin bandwidth, then estimate optimal effective pin bandwidth. We measure these quantities by determining the amount by which both caches and minimal-traffic caches filter accesses to the lower levels of the memory hierarchy. We see that there is a gap that can exceed two orders of magnitude between the total memory traffic generated by caches and the minimal-traffic caches---implying that the potential exists to increase effective pin bandwidth substantially. We decompose this traffic gap into four factors, and show they contribute quite differently to traffic reduction for different benchmarks. We conclude that, in the short term, pin bandwidth limitations will make more complex on-chip caches cost-effective. For example, flexible caches may allow individual applications to choose from a range of caching policies. In the long term, we predict that off-chip accesses will be so expensive that all system memory will reside on one or more processor chips.
Brain Organization: Wiring Economy Works for the Large and Small

Summary The highest-resolution test to date of the wire minimization hypothesis has found that this principle works well for brain regions with a volume just over 400 μm 3 . What is the wire minimization hypothesis, and why should anyone care about it?
A search for genes that may confer divergent morphology and function in the carotid body between two strains of mice

The carotid body (CB) is the primary hypoxic chemosensory organ. Its hypoxic response appears to be genetically controlled. We have hypothesized that: 1) genes related to CB function are expressed ...
Institutional and Societal Issues Associated with Automated Highway Systems

Automated Highway Systems (AHS) have the potential for providing considerable improvements over current roadway conditions in the areas of vehicle throughput, traffic safety, user comfort, as well as numerous other areas of significance. At the present time, however, issues exist about numerous aspects of AHS deployment and operation as well as the risks involved if these issues are not resolved. AHS research and development is still at a stage that precludes the ability to completely answer such concerns now. The success of AHS, that is, the realization of its potential in all areas of importance, begins with an inquiry into and the eventual resolution of these issues and concerns.