cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conductive and highly compressible MXene aerogels with ordered microstructures as high-capacity electrodes for Li-ion capacitors

Abstract Assembling two-dimensional (2D) materials into functional three-dimensional (3D) structures can enable their use in a wide variety of applications. For energy storage devices, 3D electrodes with high ionic and electronic transport properties and decent mechanical properties are expected to prompt the fabrication of the next generations of devices with high energy and power densities. Herein, we report a simple, efficient, and scalable process based on unidirectional freeze casting to fabricate ordered and porous 3D aerogels from 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes. The fabricated aerogels show excellent mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties. Our studies show that the processing conditions significantly affect the properties of MXene aerogels. The electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of fabricated aerogels directly correlate with their structural features. The mechanical test results showed that MXene aerogels with ordered structures could withstand almost 50% of strain before recovering to their original shape and maintain their electrical conductivities during continuous compressive cycling. As electrode materials for lithium-ion capacitors, the fabricated aerogels delivered a significantly high specific capacity (~1210 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g), excellent rate capability (~200 mAh/g at 10 A/g), and outstanding cycling performance. We believe that the MXene aerogels with ordered structures have promising properties for a broad range of applications, including energy storage devices and strain sensors.
Jan Hendrik Louw and intestinal atresia – a personal quest in pediatric surgery

Jan Hendrik Louw (1915-1992), considered the father of pediatric surgery in South Africa, gained prominence for his work on congenital intestinal atresia, a condition that had a mortality as high as 75 percent. His hypothesis, that jejunoileal atresia arose from mesenteric circulatory accidents in utero, was the dominant view until recent research uncovered the involvement of genetic and embryological mechanisms. In the mid-1950s he was one of a number of surgeons to resect the enlarged bulbous segment proximal to the site of the atresia, a crucial step in the surgical approach to intestinal atresia that brought mortality below 10 percent. A world leader in surgery as chair of surgery at the Groote Schur Hospital in Cape Town for more than a quarter century, his work in surgical research took root from his private tragedy early in his career of the death of his own infant son of intestinal atresia, a condition to which he would contribute so much.
Comparison of mesopelagic organism abundance estimates using in situ target strength measurements and echo-counting techniques

Recent studies using acoustic techniques suggest that the biomass of mesopelagic fishes may be an order of magnitude higher than previously estimated from trawls. However, there is uncertainty surrounding these estimates, which are derived from shipboard echosounder measurements using necessary, but poorly constrained, assumptions. Here, an echosounder is used to measure individual target strengths at depth. These measurements are used to infer mesopelagic organism density through echo-counting. Measured target strengths are used to estimate organism density by inverting shipboard echosounder measurements. The two sampling methods agree well, but highlight the importance of accurate target strength measurements.
Evolving Roles of the Surgeon in the Management of Pediatric Trauma Resuscitation

The traditional paradigm for trauma resuscitations was that a surgeon was always required for leadership. However many changes such as resident work-hour limitations, a shift toward non-operative management, improved trauma triage, and advanced imaging have raised questions about the necessity of a member of the surgical team at all resuscitations. The requirement for surgeon presence is based mostly on opinion rather than data. Our institution has over a decade of experience with pediatric emergency medicine physicians managing minor trauma resuscitations and requiring surgeon presence specifically for the major resuscitations. This has resulted in more appropriate resource allocation without sacrificing patient care in our institution. Other institutions have similarly shifted the focus away from early surgeon involvement while preserving patient safety. We recommend a critical re-evaluation of trauma protocols and systems in requiring surgeon presence as a novel mechanism to improve surgical resource utilization without compromising patient care.
Tabulation of Indices and Interplanar Angles for Rapid Identification of Crystallographic Planes

A computer program (PIMAX) has been developed to facilitate unambiguous identification of the orientation of single crystals. This program systematically tabulates and indexes all possible triads of interplanar angles between prominent poles occurring in low index zones. Identification is quickly accomplished by selecting three prominent poles on a stereographic projection of diffraction data, measuring and ranking the three interplanar angles in decreasing order, and matching these angles with similarly ranked angles in the table to find the required indices. The identification may be verified by using triads involving additional poles.
Mothers and Sisters

MCA focuses on central categories in talk-in-interaction. It involves enumerating the activities, attributes, and inferences (category-bound predicates) associated with a category, and, based on the category and its category-bound predicates, makes a connection with a social action. In this short paper, I will focus on the categories of ‘mother’ and ‘sister’ and the standardized relational pairs (SRPs) ‘mother-child’ (in this case, a young adult child) and ‘older sister-younger sister.’ I will now turn to a two-part excerpt which exemplifies what Stokoe (2012) calls “going categorical,” a term used when interlocutors explicitly name a category and, in some cases, its attributes. In the excerpt below, two categories are named: 1) ‘mother’ (also called ‘mom’); and 2) ‘older sister,’ a sub-category of ‘sister.’ Also, two attributes (obligations/rights) of ‘mother’ are named: 1) ‘caregiver,’ the person who does/takes care of everything for others; and 2) ‘order giver,’ the person who orders someone under her care to do something. The following excerpt is taken from a longer troubles-telling segment with two female interlocutors, C and N. In this spate, C is telling N about a dinner party she is giving that night, and about all the work yet to be done in preparation. C lives with her two younger sisters and she is complaining about the middle sister, who has invited several of the dinner guests, and who does not help around the house: Extract 1: Cleaning House
Identifying polynomial-time recursive functions

We present a sound and sufficient criterion for identifying polynomial-time recursive functions over higher-order data structures generalizing the seminal results by Bellantoni and Cook [1] and Leivant [2] to complex structural data-types. The criterion, presented as a deductive system, always terminates with a response that is either yes or don't know. The criterion is complete in the sense that every polynomial-time recursive function over binary strings has at least one implementation that is identified by our criterion; whether this is also true for arbitrary higher-order data structures remains an open problem. Logic programming serves as the underlying model of computation and our results apply to the Horn fragment as well to the fragment of hereditary Harrop formulas.
The Effect of the Glass-Transition Temperature of Conventional and Radiation-Deposited Polymeric Additives on Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabric

The change in properties of cotton fabric produced by polymeric additives with varying degrees of stiffness or softness has been investigated by measuring these properties at different temperatures. It was concluded that changes in crease-recovery angle produced by these polymers were not due to lubrication but were related to the elastic-recovery properties of the added polymer. Changes in tear strength and abrasion resistance were shown to be a function of interyarn mobility by measuring yarn withdrawal forces of the fabrics.Radiation-induced deposition of polymers produced changes that were qualitatively similar to those made by conventional polymer applications, but the changes were not as pronounced. This was attributed to the lower degree of surface deposition and the lack of cross-linking of the radiation deposited polymers.
Impedance and single bunch instability calculations for the ILC damping rings

An important action item for the damping rings of the International Linear Collider (ILC) is to compute the broadband impedance and, from it, the threshold to the microwave instability. We report on the status of our study and provide a preliminary estimate of the instability threshold based on impedance models developed so far.
Saluki: A high-performance Wi-Fi sniffing program

Building a campus-wide wireless LAN measurement system faces many efficiency, scalability and security challenges. To address these challenges, we developed a distributed Wi-Fi sniffing program called Saluki. Compared to our previous implementation and to other available sniffing programs, Saluki has the following advantages: (1) its small footprint makes it suitable for a resource-constrained Linux platform, such as those in commercial Wi-Fi access points; (2) the frame-capture rate increased more than three-fold over tcpdump with minimal frame loss; (3) all traffic between this sniffer and the back-end server was secured using 128-bit encryption; and (4) the traffic load on the backbone network was reduced to only 30% of that in our previous implementation. In this paper, we introduce the design and the implementation details of this high-performance sniffing program, along with preliminary evaluation results.
Memoirs of a Mentor: Using Creativity for Counselors in Coping With the Loss of a Mentor

This article was inspired by my (S.S.) own personal loss. My mentor passed away during spring break of my 2nd year postgraduate school after a short battle with systemic lupus. I remember the deep sadness that I felt when it became apparent that she was coming home from the hospital for the last time. No words can describe the emotions; she had helped me through the toughest times in my academic life. How would I ever get the type of mentorship she provided again? She was there when I almost quit as a young student, back when my anger still got the best of me. She talked me down from the edge so many times; I never expected to be on this journey without her. I dedicate this article to her and mentors like her. Equally, I dedicate this article to mentees who have lost their mentors. I offer my story (in italicized font) in the hopes that it will help others who are dealing with a similar loss. In this article, we attempt to illuminate the true power of mentorship, honor the significance of the relationship...
A GIS model to predict the location of fossil packrat (Neotoma) middens in central Nevada.

Fossil packrat ( Neotoma ) middens provide an important source of paleoecologic data in the arid West. This study describes and tests a predictive GIS model that uses the eights-of-evidence method for determining areas with a high probability of containing fossil middens in central Nevada. Model variables included geology, elevation, and aspect. Geology was found to be the most important variable tested. We produced a map of 4 probability classes validated by field-checking 21 randomly selected 1-km 2 sites throughout the study area. Our high-probability category reduced the search area to only 3.5% of the total study area. Fossil middens were found on 8 of 21 sites (38%). Geologic types that contained middens were granite, limestone, and volcanic tuff. A 2nd run of the model with the new midden localities added to the training set helped narrow the total search area even further. This analysis demonstrates that the weights-of-evidence method provides an effective tool both for guiding research design and for helping locate midden sites within specific localities. With only a limited training dataset and a simple set of mapped criteria, a model can be constructed that is both predictive and testable. We intend to continue development of the model to improve our ability to predict the location of Pleistocene-age middens and to locate middens on low-probability sites. This method, designed for mineral exploration, has wide potential application within the natural sciences.
An empirical comparison of two measures of intertrial organization in free recall

The extent to which Ss tended to recall a list of words in the same order on successive trials was described by the “subjective organization” and the “intertriai repetition” measures. The descriptions were found to be highly correlated.
The prediction of critical mass flux by the use of fanno lines

Abstract Fanno lines have been used extensively for the prediction of the critical flow in homogeneous single phase fluids. This paper attempts to apply this method for the prediction of critical flow in a two-phase evaporative fluid. Homogeneous and slip conditions are examined for water-steam flow. The criterion of critical flow is set as the turning point of the constant mass flow rate line in the entropy-enthalpy diagram. The proposed criterion gives very good agreement of the critical mass flux with experimental data, and with previous models on critical flows.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Glucose Clamp Effects of Inhaled and Subcutaneous Insulin in Healthy Volunteers and Diabetic Patients

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of inhaled insulin in humans have not been modeled previously. We rationalized a model for the effects of inhaled insulin on glucose infusion rate during a euglycemic clamp study based on the mechanism of insulin action and compared parameter estimates between subcutaneous and inhaled insulin in healthy and diabetic subjects. Published data from two studies in 11 healthy volunteers and 18 type 1 diabetes patients were digitized. The subjects received four different doses of inhaled insulin and one or three different doses subcutaneously at the start of a 10 h glucose clamp. All data were modeled simultaneously using NONMEM VI. Insulin pharmacokinetics were described by a one-compartment model with one (inhaled) or two (subcutaneous insulin) first-order absorption processes and first-order elimination. Insulin effects on glucose were described by an indirect response model. A biophase direct effect equation for the glucose infusion rate was implemented. Pharmacodynamic parameter estimates were 15.1 mg/min/kg for maximal glucose infusion rate (GIR(max)) and 88.0 mIU/L for SC(50) for diabetic patients and 62.9 mIU/L for healthy subjects. A PK/PD model based on fundamental principles of insulin action and glucose turnover suggests comparable potencies of inhaled and subcutaneous insulin.
Rational Preselection from Hamadryas to Homo Sapiens: The Place of Decisions in Adaptive Process

Normally biological and sociocultural evolution are explained in terms of blind variation and selective retention. This theory avoids intrinsic teleological fallacies but fails to account for a type of purposive behavior that is both distinctive and adaptively significant. The preselective hypothesis advanced here asserts that certain highly social animals including Homo sapiens are able to anticipate complex evolutionary problems. They may then beat natural selection to the draw by making their own deliberate adaptive choices, where the advantage of doing so is perceptually obvious. Such decisions occur both at the individual level and through political processes at the group level. Especially in group preselection, the result is an adaptive mechanism of unparalleled flexibility and rapidity of action, one very inadequately accounted for by ethnologists. Implications are suggested for ethology, archaeology, and ethnology in terms of redefining culture and revising models of cultural adaptation and evolution to make the study of process more effective. [evolutionary theory, cultural ecology, decision process, ethology, cognition]
Technology development for high-energy x-ray optics

We are developing hard-x-ray optics using an electroformed-nickel-replication process off superpolished mandrels. To date, we have fabricated over 100 shells for our HERO balloon payload with typical angular resolutions in the 13-15 arcsec range. This paper discusses the factors currently limiting this resolution and various developments geared towards the production of higher-resolution optics.
Decline in renal function following thoracic organ transplantation in children.

Heart and/or lung transplantation are life-saving treatments for end-stage cardiopulmonary disease; however, chronic renal failure may develop. The impact of thoracic organ transplant on renal function in infants and children is not well characterized. This retrospective cohort study evaluated renal function following thoracic organ transplantation in 46 children (32 heart, 9 lung, 5 heart-lung; median age 4.1 years) with at least 12 months of follow-up. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2) was estimated by the Schwartz formula throughout and each GFR estimate was converted to per cent normal for age (GFR%). Changes in renal function following transplantation were analyzed using longitudinal mixed-effects linear regression models. GFR% decreased following thoracic organ transplantation (p < 0.001). Younger age at transplant was associated with a greater decline in GFR% (p < 0.01). The decline in GFR% persisted after adjustment for nutritional status with body mass index or weight-for-length z-scores. The prevalence of renal insufficiency (GFR% < 75) increased from 22% at transplant to 55% and 85% at 1 and 5 years post transplant, respectively, while 15% had a GFR% < 50 at 5 years post transplantation. Higher tacrolimus trough levels over the first 6 months correlated with a lower GFR% (p < 0.01). Renal function declined significantly following thoracic organ transplantation.
The emergence of intelligence

Language, foresight, musical skills and other hallmarks of intelligence are connected through an underlying facility that enhances rapid movements. Creativity may result from a Darwinian contest within the brain.
Rankings and symptom assessments of side effects from chemotherapy: insights from experienced patients with ovarian cancer

Goals of work Although many patients with ovarian cancer achieve favorable responses to primary chemotherapy, the majority of women will experience recurrence of their cancer. Selection of second- or third-line chemotherapy ultimately depends on patient preferences for different side effects. To better understand this process, we evaluated preferences and symptom distress in patients with ovarian cancer.
What Makes a Bicycle?: A Coloring Activity to Teach Basic Mechanical Concepts

A hands-on coloring activity is developed that teaches participants basic mechanical concepts using visual, auditory and tactile learning styles. The fist version of the coloring activity book is geared toward 4th-6th grade students, and is easily expandable to high school and beyond by incorporating more detail and associating the colored-in drawings with relevant physics and mathematical equations. A facilitator leads the students through the coloring activity, one part at a time. For example, the frame of a bicycle is colored one tube at time, the students are directed to write in the name of each tube as they color, and a discussion of basic functionality and design constraints can ensue. A second coloring activity is currently under development to teach basic functionality of an electro-hydraulic servovalve. This activity is not suited for children – it is aimed at adults who are either students of fluid power or work in industrial settings that involve fluid power.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Utilizing Peer Moderating in Online Discussions: Addressing the Controversy between Teacher Moderation and Nonmoderation

This study focused on the effects of peer moderation on meaningful interactions in online discussions. A meaningful interaction was defined as a message relating to a discussion topic, responding to a previous message, and adding substance to the discussion. A randomized-subject, posttest-only control group design was used to test the first hypothesis, that a peer-moderated online discussion forum would contain more posts responding to previous comments than a nonmoderated forum, and the second hypothesis, that a peer-moderated online discussion forum would contain more substantive responses enriching the conversation than a nonmoderated forum. Both hypotheses were supported. Results showed that students responded to messages more actively and engaged in more in-depth discussions when discussions were moderated by a peer.
YAP forces fibroblasts to feel the tension

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) may contribute to tissue tension and cancer progression by increasing extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodelling. However, how CAFs become activated and their roles in tumour mechanics have remained unclear. YAP is now identified as a tension-stimulated CAF activator that promotes malignancy through a mechanically reinforced feed-forward loop.
Histone methylation sets the stage for meiotic DNA breaks.

Covalent post‐translational modifications of histones have important functions in transcription, replication, repair, and other aspects of eukaryotic chromosome dynamics. Trimethylation of lysine‐4 on histone H3 is enriched at actively transcribed loci in many organisms. The impact of this histone modification on transcription has been extensively studied, but less is known about its effects on other chromosomal processes. An intriguing new study in this issue of EMBO Journal demonstrates that H3 lysine‐4 trimethylation is critical in budding yeast for formation of the programmed DNA double‐strand breaks that initiate homologous recombination during meiosis. These findings have important implications for elucidating the previously recognized but little understood connections between meiotic break formation and transcriptional promoters in this organism.
Linking of uniform random polygons in confined spaces

In this paper, we study the topological entanglement of uniform random polygons in a confined space. We derive the formula for the mean squared linking number of such polygons. For a fixed simple closed curve in the confined space, we rigorously show that the linking probability between this curve and a uniform random polygon of n vertices is at least . Our numerical study also indicates that the linking probability between two uniform random polygons (in a confined space), of m and n vertices respectively, is bounded below by . In particular, the linking probability between two uniform random polygons, both of n vertices, is bounded below by .
The solubilities and distribution coefficients of Zn in GaAs and GaP

Abstract The solubilities of zinc in gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide have been measured at temperatures between 700 and 1100°C from constant vapor source diffusion experiments using radioactive Zn 65 . The solubilities of neutral impurities in these semiconductors can be calculated from the ionization equilibrium of impurities in the solids. By treating ZnGaAs and ZnGaP as binary alloys, assuming ideal liquidus solutions and considering the transfer of neutral species, the solubilities and distribution coefficients have been calculated as a function of temperature up to the melting point of the semiconductors. A sharp increase of the distribution coefficient is predicted for these systems at temperatures approaching the melting point. The intrinsic carrier concentration of GaAs and GaP at the melting point has been found to be higher than that extrapolated from the low temperature value. The relation between solid solubility and zinc vapor pressure at a fixed temperature has been investigated. Theoretical calculations give results in good agreement with the experimental data in the dilute range of zinc.
«Relative growth» from the dentino-enamel junction in primate maxillary molars

The dentino-enamel junction is critical throughout growth to mature crown configurations, being the interface between the papilla and the dental cap. Enamel deposition occurs relatively late and often causes changes from the pattern residing in the dentino-enamel junction. Primate teeth (mostly M1) have been stripped of enamel after measurement and mapping of the original crown. Relative growth, a variant of static adult (allomorphic) allometries, is assessed by displacement of enamel basal crown component landmarks from dentine homologues relative to tooth size. The hypothesis that differential enamel growth reflects evolutionary history is supported by the positive allometry and shape differences in enamel versus dentine landmarks among phyletically enlarged and dentally-reduced primates.
A model of high-frequency oscillatory potentials in retinal ganglion cells

High-frequency oscillatory potentials (HFOPs) have been recorded from ganglion cells in cat, rabbit, frog, and mudpuppy retina and in electroretinograms (ERGs) from humans and other primates. However, the origin of HFOPs is unknown. Based on patterns of tracer coupling, we hypothesized that HFOPs could be generated, in part, by negative feedback from axon-bearing amacrine cells excited via electrical synapses with neighboring ganglion cells. Computer simulations were used to determine whether such axon-mediated feedback was consistent with the experimentally observed properties of HFOPs. (1) Periodic signals are typically absent from ganglion cell PSTHs, in part because the phases of retinal HFOPs vary randomly over time and are only weakly stimulus locked. In the retinal model, this phase variability resulted from the nonlinear properties of axon-mediated feedback in combination with synaptic noise. (2) HFOPs increase as a function of stimulus size up to several times the receptive-field center diameter. In the model, axon-mediated feedback pooled signals over a large retinal area, producing HFOPs that were similarly size dependent. (3) HFOPs are stimulus specific. In the model, gap junctions between neighboring neurons caused contiguous regions to become phase locked, but did not synchronize separate regions. Model-generated HFOPs were consistent with the receptive-field center dynamics and spatial organization of cat alpha cells. HFOPs did not depend qualitatively on the exact value of any model parameter or on the numerical precision of the integration method. We conclude that HFOPs could be mediated, in part, by circuitry consistent with known retinal anatomy.
Perturbation theory for the surface-wave multistrip coupler

A space-harmonic perturbation theory is presented for the multistrip coupler which does not require any adjustment parameters and which gives the dispersion relations separately for the symmetric and for the antisymmetric modes. The agreement with experimental results for different widths and spacings of the strips is very good when the number of strips per wavelength is greater than two, but is not as good for smaller values, because the effects of the reflected wave and of the radiated bulk waves have been neglected.
206 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CHILDREN WITH RHEUMATIC MITRAL REGURGITATION VERSUS PROLAPSED MITRAL VALVE SYNDROME

The differential diagnosis between rheumatic mitral regurgitation(MR) and mitral valve prolapse(MVP) is important both in respect of management and requirements of prophylaxis. It has been suggested, that MR of rheumatic origin(RF) is often associated with echocardiographic(Echo) findings of MVP. Furthermore, septal/posterior left ventricular(LV) wall ratio is reportedly increased in patients(pts) with MVP. Twenty echos from pts with MR with proven RF(median age-12.5y) and 20 echos of pts with clinical findings of MVP(median age-13y) were studied. MVP was observed in 4 of 20pts with RF. Of these four, 2pts had evidence of increased left atrial(LA) and left ventricular end-diastolic(LVED) dimension. LA size(M±SD) in pts with RF was 2.99±0.66 and for pts with MVP 2.23±0.49 (p< 0.001). The LVED dimension (M±SD) was 4.58±0.88 for pts with RF and 4.12±0.67 for pts with MVP(p<0.01). Whereas 7 of 20 pts with rheumatic MR had both increased LA and LVED dimensions, this did not occur in MVP. Septal/posterior LV wall ratio was normal in both rheumatic and MVP groups. It is concluded, that isolated MVP without increased LA and LV dimension is a rare finding in pts with acute or chronic rheumatic mitral valve disease. Non-rheumatic MVP in children is most often an isolated echo manifestation without significant incidence of severe MR or asymmetric septal hypertrophy.
Thermal equilibrium concentrations of point defects in gallium arsenide

Abstract Expressions of the thermal equilibrium concentrations of point defects in GaAs, including the neutral and charged species, are derived. These expressions are explicit functions of well-defined thermodynamic quantities, which in turn yield explicit expressions for the reaction constant K in the usual As 4 pressure power law representation of the point defect thermal equilibrium concentrations. Such power laws have been of little quantitative value in the past, because values for K were not known. In the present derivation, emphases are placed upon the difference between the Gibbs free energies of an As atom in the interior of a GaAs crystal and in an As vapor phase molecule, and the role of the crystal Fermi level. Numerical values of the thermal equilibrium concentrations of the neutral and three negatively charged Ga vacancies (V 0 Ga , V − Ga , V 2− Ga and V 3− Ga ), the neutral As vacancies V 0 As and the two neutral antisite de Ga 0 As and As 0 Ga have been obtained. The calculated thermal equilibrium concentration of the anion antisite defect As 0 Ga reaches a peak value of about 1 sx 10 17 cm −3 and is practically temperature independent, in agreement with experimental findings. The thermal equilibrium concentrations of the triply negatively charged Ga vacancy V 3− Ga , C eq v 3− Ga ( n ), have been found to exhibit a temperature independence or a negati temperature dependence behavior under strong n -doping conditions. That is, the C eq v 3− Ga ( n ) value is either unchanged or increases as the temperature is lowered. This C eq v 3− Ga ( n ) property provided explanations to a number of outstanding experimental results, either requiring the interpretation that V 3− Ga has attained its thermal equilibrium concentration at the onset of each experiment, or requiring mechanisms involving point defect nonequilibrium phenomena. The calculated C eq v 3− Ga ( n ) values are in agreement with available experimental results.
Studies on lipid transport in Manduca sexta (Insecta).

Abstract In vitro studies with the adult fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, indicate that when the moth ingests glucose, the sugar is converted to lipid which is released from the fat body into the haemolymph as diglyceride.
Studies on the structure of collagen IV. A C-terminal sequence from the pronase treated collagen.

Einige proteolytische Fermente (wie Pronase, Pepsin und Trypsin) beweisen eine beschrankte Wirkung auf das Kollagenmolekul. Die Wirkung dieser Fermente wurde durch die Aminosauresequenz, die fur den Hauptteil des Kollagenmolekuls typisch ist (das heisst Gly.Pro.X), beschrankt. Dieser Typ der Sequenz wurde als C-Endsequenz im Restkollagen nach der Pronasewirkung bestimmt.
General Zakharov-Shabat equations, multi-time Hamiltonian formalism, and constants of motion

We construct a Hamiltonian formalism for general Zakharov-Shabat equations (zero curvature equations with rational dependence on a parameter) as well as their constants of motion, and prove that the latter are in involution. The field-theoretical (multi-time) Hamiltonian formalism is used.
Separation of hard x-ray synchrotron radiation from electron beam slices

In the electron beam slicing scheme 1, 2 considered for National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, when a low energy electron bunch crosses from top of a high energy storage ring electron bunch, its coulomb force will kick a short slice (slicing bunch) from the core (core bunch) of the storage ring electron bunch. The short slice bunch and the long core bunch when passing through the 3 m long U20 in-vacuum undulator will radiate X-ray pulses with pulse length ~150 fs and 30 ps respectively. To separate the satellite radiation from the core radiation, we propose a conceptual optical scheme allowing for the separation. To get reliable estimates of the separation performances, we apply the Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) physical optics computer code 3, 4 to study the wavefront propagation. As calculations show, at 7.8 keV, the separation signal-to-noise ratio can reach 5~12 and the satellite photon flux per pulse at sample can be 5000~20000 photons/0.1%BW with x-ray pulse length 150 ~ 330 fs depending on the separation method and the crossing angle between the low energy electron bunch and the high energy storage ring bunch. Since the repetition rate of the electron beam slicing system can reach 100 kHz, the average flux per second can reach 5 x 108 ` 2 x 10 9 photons/sec/0.1%BW.
Speech Breathing in Individuals with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Ten men with cervical spinal cord injury were studied using magnetometers to record surface motions of the chest wall during speech breathing. Individual speech breathing patterns reflected inspiratory and expiratory muscular sparing. Subjects compensated for expiratory muscle impairment by speaking at large lung volumes, presumably to take advantage of the higher recoil pressures available at those volumes. Similarly, subjects used larger lung volumes to increase loudness. Abnormal chest wall behavior was attributed in large part to loss of abdominal muscle function. Because of this, speech breathing in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury may be improved by the use of abdominal binders.
The Right Hemisphere in Esthetic Perception

Little about the neuropsychology of art perception and evaluation is known. Most neuropsychological approaches to art have focused on art production and have been anecdotal and qualitative. The field is in desperate need of quantitative methods if it is to advance. Here, we combine a quantitative approach to the assessment of art with modern voxel-lesion-symptom-mapping methods to determine brain–behavior relationships in art perception. We hypothesized that perception of different attributes of art are likely to be disrupted by damage to different regions of the brain. Twenty participants with right hemisphere damage were given the Assessment of Art Attributes, which is designed to quantify judgments of descriptive attributes of visual art. Each participant rated 24 paintings on 6 conceptual attributes (depictive accuracy, abstractness, emotion, symbolism, realism, and animacy) and 6 perceptual attributes (depth, color temperature, color saturation, balance, stroke, and simplicity) and their interest in and preference for these paintings. Deviation scores were obtained for each brain-damaged participant for each attribute based on correlations with group average ratings from 30 age-matched healthy participants. Right hemisphere damage affected participants’ judgments of abstractness, accuracy, and stroke quality. Damage to areas within different parts of the frontal parietal and lateral temporal cortices produced deviation in judgments in four of six conceptual attributes (abstractness, symbolism, realism, and animacy). Of the formal attributes, only depth was affected by inferior prefrontal damage. No areas of brain damage were associated with deviations in interestingness or preference judgments. The perception of conceptual and formal attributes in artwork may in part dissociate from each other and from evaluative judgments. More generally, this approach demonstrates the feasibility of quantitative approaches to the neuropsychology of art.
Rapid Regression of Atherosclerosis Induced by Liver-Directed Gene Transfer of ApoE in ApoE-Deficient Mice

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a multifunctional protein synthesized by the liver and tissue macrophages. ApoE-deficient mice have severe hyperlipidemia and develop accelerated atherosclerosis on a chow diet. Both liver-derived and macrophage-derived apoEs have been shown to reduce plasma lipoprotein levels and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice, but regression of atherosclerosis has not been demonstrated in this model. We utilized second-generation adenoviruses to achieve hepatic expression of human apoE in chow-fed, apoE-deficient mice with established atherosclerotic lesions of different stages. As expected, hepatic expression of human apoE3 significantly reduced plasma cholesterol levels. Liver-derived apoE also accumulated substantially within preexisting atherosclerotic lesions, indicating that plasma apoE gained access to the arterial intima. Hepatic expression of human apoE3 for 6 weeks resulted in significant quantitative regression of both early fatty streak lesions as well as advanced, complex lesions in both the aortic root and the aortic arch. In addition, hepatic expression of apoE induced substantial morphological changes in lesions, including decreased foam cells and increased smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix content. In parallel, human apoE4 and apoE2 were also expressed in the liver by using recombinant adenoviruses. ApoE4 reduced cholesterol levels to the same extent as did apoE3 and also prevented progression but did not induce significant regression of preexisting lesions. ApoE2 reduced cholesterol levels to a lesser degree than did apoE3 and apoE4 and lesion progression was reduced, but regression was not induced. In summary, (1) regression of preexisting atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice can be rapidly induced by hepatic expression of apoE, despite the absence of macrophage-derived apoE; (2) the morphological changes seen in this model of regression resemble those in other animal models, induced over longer periods of time; (3) liver-derived apoE gained access to and was retained by intimal atherosclerotic lesions; and (4) apoE4 was less effective in inducing regression, despite its effects on plasma lipoproteins that were similar to those of apoE3. The rapid regression of preexisiting atherosclerotic lesions induced by apoE gene transfer in apoE-deficient mice could provide a convenient murine model for investigation of the molecular events associated with atherosclerosis regression.
Residential Energy Conservation: The Role of Past Experience in Repetitive Household Behavior

This article focuses on repetitive behaviors that conserve residential energy. It views repetitive behavior as a function of past experience, attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions. Data from a three-wave panel survey of homeowners living in Decatur, Illinois, form the basis for statistical analysis. Findings indicate that for conservation behavior that is repetitive at a high frequency, adoption is best predicted by past experience, while for less frequent behaviors, intention is the best predictor. Intentions, in turn, are affected by past experience, attitudes, and subjective norms. Adopters and nonadopters are found to differ in the mechanisms through which their intentions change: Adopters alter intentions more through changing attitudes and nonadopters through changing social influences. Policy implications are discussed.
The acyclic sets of an oriented matroid

Abstract The simplicial complex of acyclic sets of an oriented matroid is studied. The complex is shown to have the homotopy type of a sphere. As an application, using Euler characteristic arguments, the number of acyclic orientations is computed.
Longitudinal Study of Cyclosporine and Lipids in Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Transplantation

The metabolic effects of intravenous cyclosporine on lipids and lipoproteins were studied in 29 allogeneic bone marrow recipients compared with 13 autologous bone marrow patients not requiring cyclosporine therapy. Patients were monitored continuously from 5 days prior to 27 days following transplantation; cyclosporine treatment was initiated 4 days before transplantation. Fasting lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured in serial blood samples throughout the study period. Nutritional supplementation, conditioning regimens and concomitant medications were not significantly different between groups. Furthermore, no significant differences in age, weight, lipid, or lipoprotein levels were found at baseline between the patient groups. Cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels remained unchanged in autologous patients. As compared with baseline values, plasma total cholesterol increased by an average of 26 percent in allogeneic transplantation patients receiving cyclosporine. Similarly, the ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was fourfold greater in those patients treated with cyclosporine compared to the autologous group. We conclude that cyclosporine appears to elevate cholesterol levels. Neither acute graft vs host disease nor changes in hepatic function could explain the differences in plasma cholesterol levels between groups.
SWATH: Calm seas for oceanography

Members of the University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) are scheduled to meet this fall in workshops across the country to review 11 conceptual designs for four classes of vessels. From among these designs, UNOLS hopes to realize, by the mid-1990s, four new large vessels, the first of the new generation of research ships to usher seagoing oceanography into the 21st century.
Studies of the hydrolysis of 14C-labeled tetraethoxypropane to malondialdehyde.

1,1,3,3-[1,2,3-14C]Tetraethoxypropane has been subjected to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and the [1,2,3-14C]malondialdehyde produced was quantitated following chromatography on Sephadex G-10. At initial concentrations of tetraethoxypropane of 1, 10, and 100 m m , malondialdehyde constitutes 77, 80, and 78%, respectively, of the material eluting from the columns. The malondialdehyde has been identified by its chromatographic behavior and by uv and NMR spectroscopy. Two different procedures are given for the preparation of crystalline sodium malondialdehydate.
Environmental Impact Assessment Under the National Environmental Policy Act and the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

US government actions undertaken in Antarctica are subject to the requirements of both the Protocol and the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). There are differences in the scope and intent of the Protocol and NEPA; however, both require environmental impact assessment (EIA) as part of the planning process for proposed actions that have the potential for environmental impacts. In this paper we describe the two instruments and highlight key similarities and differences with particular attention to EIA. Through this comparison of the EIA requirements of NEPA and the Protocol, we show how the requirements of each can be used in concert to provide enhanced environmental protection for the antarctic environment. NEPA applies only to actions of the US government; therefore, because NEPA includes certain desirable attributes that have been refined and clarified through numerous court cases, and because the Protocol is just entering implementation internationally, some recommendations are made for strengthening the procedural requirements of the Protocol for activities undertaken by all Parties in Antarctica. The Protocol gives clear and strong guidance for protection of specific, valued antarctic environmental resources including intrinsic wilderness and aesthetic values, and the value of Antarctica as an area for scientific research. That guidance requires a higher standard of environmental protection for Antarctica than is required in other parts of the world. This paper shows that taken together NEPA and the Protocol call for closer examination of proposed actions and a more rigorous consideration of environmental impacts than either would alone. Three areas are identified where the EIA provisions of the Protocol could be strengthened to improve its effectiveness. First, the thresholds defined by the Protocol need to be clarified. Specifically, the meanings of the terms “minor” and “transitory” are not clear in the context of the Protocol. The use of “or” in the phrase “minor or transitory” further confuses the meaning. Second, cumulative impact assessment is called for by the Protocol but is not defined. A clear definition could reduce the chance that cumulative impacts would be given inadequate consideration. Finally, the public has limited opportunities to comment on or influence the preparation of initial or comprehensive environmental evaluations. Experience has shown that public input to environmental documents has a considerable influence on agency decision making and the quality of EIA that agencies perform.
c-Jun Enhancement of Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Response Element-Dependent Transcription Induced by Transforming Growth Factor-β Is Independent of c-Jun Binding to DNA

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) enhances transcription from reporter genes regulated by a single consensus cAMP-response element (CRE) upon transfection into the immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Whereas both CRE-binding protein (CREB) and c-Jun present in extracts of unstimulated cells can complex with a CRE in gel-shift experiments, TGFβ treatment increases the amount of c-Jun found in the complex. Overexpression of c-Jun is sufficient to increase CRE and GAL4-CREB-dependent transcription and mimics the stimulatory effects of TGFβ on transcription from either reporter gene. Surprisingly, although a portion of CREB in unstimulated cells is phosphorylated on the activating serine residue, Ser-133, this level of phospho-CREB is not altered by TGFβ treatment. In fact, the CREB-dependent transcriptional effects of TGFβ or c-Jun do not require phosphorylation of Ser-133, although CREB-binding protein (CBP) is required as evidenced by the observation that the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A can ...
Two highly validated SSR multiplexes (8-plex) for Euphrates' poplar, Populus euphratica (Salicaceae).

Multiplex PCR amplification of microsatellites has significantly increased the throughput and decreased the costs of genotyping. We have developed two highly polymorphic microsatellite multiplexes for Populus euphratica, the only tree species found in desert regions of Western China and adjacent Central Asian countries. The first of these multiplex kits comprises an eight-Plex of genomic SSRs (gSSRs) obtained from published databases. The second comprises an eight-plex of newly designed EST-SSRs (eSSRs) based on expressed sequence tags for P. euphratica. Both kits were tested on a sample of 170 individuals from four populations. The gSSRs exhibited slightly more polymorphism than the eSSRs. The new multiplex protocols yielded consistent results in the hands of multiple researchers, demonstrating their robustness. The 16 loci used in the kits exhibited a high transferability rate (82.0%) in eight other poplar species belonging to five different sections of the genus. Both kits should therefore be useful for further investigations of population genetics in P. euphratica and related species. Our results indicate that it is essential to follow recently established recommendations when developing microsatellite markers, including verifying the amplification efficiency, detecting null alleles and carefully measuring error rates.