cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field-based numerical model investigation of wave propagation across marshes in the Chesapeake Bay under storm conditions

Abstract Saltmarshes have the potential to protect coastal communities from the impact of waves caused by severe storms. While recent developments in numerical models are enhancing the simulation of wave-vegetation interactions, the estimation of the drag coefficient (Cd), used to account for the reduction of wave energy by vegetation, is still a source of uncertainty. In this study, we use a unique combination of field measurements (wave parameters, topo-bathymetric survey and vegetation characteristics) and numerical modelling (XBeach) to evaluate the significance of Cd for calculating wave attenuation by vegetation, and ultimately, improve the representation of the wave propagation across these ecosystems. Wave height propagation simulated by five empirical Cd formulations, including Jadhav, 2012, Anderson and Smith, 2014, Garzon, 2018 (based on Reynolds [Re] and Keulegan-Carpenter [KC] numbers) and Ozeren et al., 2014, was evaluated by comparing against wave heights collected at different locations of two saltmarshes of the Chesapeake Bay during two different storms. This analysis revealed that: 1) Garzon, 2018 (based on Re number) and Anderson and Smith, 2014 formulations provided the most reliable results (relative bias lower than 20%), especially at the first 100 m across the vegetation field; 2) Results provided by Garzon, 2018) (based on KC) formulation yielded relative bias lower than 30%, and it mainly overestimated wave heights; 3) Jadhav, 2012 simulations clearly underestimated wave heights, showing relative bias up to −60%; and 4) Ozeren et al., 2014 (currently implemented in the model) simulations highly overestimated wave heights over the marsh field and displayed a large scatter. Finally, the validated formulation (Garzon, 2018; based on Re number) and vegetation characteristic measurements collected during the fall and winter were employed to explore the seasonal coastal protection variability of these saltmarshes. Our simulations indicated that under similar hydrodynamic conditions, marshes offered between 15% and 30% less protection against waves in the winter than in fall. However, while saltmarshes would provide additional coastal protection from hurricanes in comparison to nor'easters (cool-season extratropical cyclones), we demonstrated that the marshes still offer more protection than non-vegetated fields in both seasons in these locations.
A deep neural network combined with molecular fingerprints (DNN-MF) to develop predictive models for hydroxyl radical rate constants of water contaminants.

Abstract This work combined a Deep Neural Network (DNN) with molecular fingerprints (MF) to develop models to predict the OH radical rate constants of 593 organic contaminants. Molecular descriptors, most often used in establishing quantitative structural-activity relationships (QSARs), were not used here because of their complicated generation processes that rely on advanced physicochemical and computational knowledge. Instead, we only fed the most basic information of the contaminant structures, i.e., MF encoding the types of atoms and how they are connected, to DNN and DNN then developed predictive models automatically. Here, a dataset containing 457 contaminants and their OH rate constants was first used to develop predictive models by DNN-MF. The hence developed models showed comparable accuracy to the traditional QSARs. The root mean square error (RMSE) values of the test sets were 0.358-0.384. The length of 2048 bits for the MF and 3 hidden layers (each with 1024 neurons) were found to be the optimal parameters for DNN. The model containing additional 89 micorpollutants in the training set was then successfully applied to predict the OH rate constants of 17 organophosphorus flame retardants and 29 additional micropollutants, with comparable accuracy to the reported molecular descriptors-based QSARs.
The PP2A/4/6 subfamily of phosphoprotein phosphatases regulates DAF-16 during aging and confers resistance to environmental stress in postreproductive adult C. elegans

Insulin and insulin-like growth factors are longevity determinants that negatively regulate Forkhead box class O (FoxO) transcription factors. In C. elegans mutations that constitutively activate DAF-16, the ortholog of mammalian FoxO3a, extend lifespan by two-fold. While environmental insults induce DAF-16 activity in younger animals, it also becomes activated in an age-dependent manner in the absence of stress, modulating gene expression well into late adulthood. The mechanism by which DAF-16 activity is regulated during aging has not been defined. Since phosphorylation of DAF-16 generally leads to its inhibition, we asked whether phosphatases might be necessary for its increased transcriptional activity in adult C. elegans. We focused on the PP2A/4/6 subfamily of phosphoprotein phosphatases, members of which had been implicated to regulate DAF-16 under low insulin signaling conditions but had not been investigated during aging in wildtype animals. Using reverse genetics, we functionally characterized all C. elegans orthologs of human catalytic, regulatory, and scaffolding subunits of PP2A/4/6 holoenzymes in postreproductive adults. We found that PP2A complex constituents PAA-1 and PPTR-1 regulate DAF-16 during aging and that they cooperate with the catalytic subunit LET-92 to protect adult animals from ultraviolet radiation. PP4 complex members PPH-4.1/4.2, SMK-1, and PPFR-2 also appear to regulate DAF-16 in an age-dependent manner, and they contribute to innate immunity. Interestingly, SUR-6 but no other subunit of the PP2A complex was necessary for the survival of pathogen-infected animals, suggesting that a heterotypic PP4 complex functions during aging. Finally, we found that PP6 complex constituents PPH-6 and SAPS-1 contribute to host defense during aging, apparently without affecting DAF-16 transcriptional activity. Our studies indicate that a set of PP2A/4/6 complexes protect adult C. elegans from environmental stress, thus preserving healthspan. Therefore, along with their functions in cell division and development, the PP2A/4/6 phosphatases also appear to play critical roles later in life.
Evaluation of phone interviews with discharged puerperae

Objective To solve various kinds of physical and mental problems that puerperae will face after being released from hospital. Methods 2 to 7 days after being discharged, the puerperae were instructed on telephone by nurses in incision care, dietary, hygiene, infant care, breast feeding, and mental health nursing. Results 800 puerperae received phone interviews, x2 test showed there were significant differences in knowledge of incision care, dietary and hygiene, and infant nursing; mastering of breast feeding; and satisfaction with medical service before and after interviews (P<0.001). Phone interviews were helpful in solving various problems the puerperae would face after being discharged and in raising the puerperal quality. Conclusions Phone interview can strengthen the activeness and friendliness in both nurses and patients, improve nurse-patient relationship, raise puerpera's trust in medical staff, and increase the economic and social benefits of the hospital. Key words: Puerperae; Phone interview; Discharge
Robotic Surgery for Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome.

Background Compression of the celiac artery by the median arcuate ligament results in median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS). Using a consecutive cohort of patients with MALS, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of robotic median arcuate ligament release (MALR). Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent robotic MALR from August 2012 to April 2018. Patient workup included history and physical examination, mesenteric Doppler ultrasound, and CT (Computed Tomography) scan. Outcomes included pain improvement, length of stay, operation duration, narcotic use, and postoperative complications. Results Twenty-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Two thirds of the cohort were female and the mean age was 49 ± 15.5 years. Postprandial abdominal pain was the most common preoperative symptom (25/27, 93%). CT (Computed Tomography) was performed in 24 (89%), and celiac stenosis > 70% was observed in all. Operative duration was 95 minutes on average (range, 53-358 minutes), and in 24/27 (89%) patients, estimated blood loss was < 100 mL. Eighty-one percent of patients were discharged the day of surgery (22/27). Two cases were converted to open, with only one major complication occurring. At 30 or more days postoperation, 17 patients (68%) had full, 1 (4%) partial, and 1 (4%) no symptom resolution, 6 (24%) had symptom recurrence after initially having resolution. Fifty-six percent achieved narcotic liberation 9/16 (56%). Conclusions Robotic MALR is a safe option for treatment of MALS with high response rates, early hospital discharge, and opportunity for narcotic liberation.
Kissing Dating Goodbye

This chapter explores the phenomenon of Christian courtship; its history, discourse, and key players; and its relationship to homeschooling, Christian Reconstructionism, and to what has become known as purity culture. Courtship’s emphasis on parental authority makes it distinct from purity culture, which has been waning since the early 2000s. Courtship media play a critical role in the process, and while the first people to write about its principles were homeschool fathers and pastors, the most successful authors have been younger believers who wrote about their own courtship stories.
Twenty Years After: Assessing the Consequences of Enlargement for the NATO Military Alliance

How has enlargement affected NATO as a military organization? This article explores the strategic and military consequences of expansion for NATO as a regional defense alliance. The article makes the case that by pursuing enlargement alongside internal adaptation efforts and by failing to reconcile the tensions resulting from expanding commitments while simultaneously drawing down military forces and shuttering commands, Western leaders’ choices in the 1990s set the stage for many of the strategic problems NATO faces today.
Deep Mediatization: Andreas Hepp. New York, NY: Routledge, 2020, xi + 248 pp., ISBN No. 978-1-138-02499-1 (paperback).

As the media are increasingly embedded into every aspect of mundane life, we are desperately in need of heuristic conceptual tools calibrated to grasp this general trend that nonetheless manifests ...
Are heritage speakers of Spanish significantly better at speaking than at writing? Results of an experiment on writing and speaking proficiencies—Actual and perceived

It is often assumed that heritage language learners (HLLs) speak better than they write—by themselves and by educators alike. This article draws on data from writing and oral proficiency ratings plus self‐evaluations of 35 Spanish HLLs to investigate: (i) whether Spanish HLLs actually tend to receive higher ratings in speaking than in writing; (ii) if this is the case, how large the distance in proficiency is; and (iii) to what extent HLLs are accurate in identifying their better modality. Results do show higher ratings in speaking on average, but to a degree that is smaller than might be expected: ratings indicate that subjects performed the same functions in both modalities even when one of the two was rated higher than the other. Additionally, fewer than half the subjects were able to accurately evaluate whether or not they are better at speaking or writing. Implications for instruction are also discussed.
The Progression of Essential Tremors: Illustrative Videos.

Background: Essential tremor (ET) is a progressive neurological disease whose natural history is one of progressive increase in tremor severity over time; surprisingly though, there are no published videotape diaries that visually and tangibly portray this progression over time. Phenomenology: Progressive, stepwise increase in limb tremor severity over a ten-to-fifteen-year period in three patients with ET. Educational value: We hope that this brief visual diary will serve as a useful teaching tool for students, primary care physicians, and neurologists to “see with their own eyes” the extent of change that can occur in the ETs.
We are (paediatric) family: a peer-mentoring programme.

Paediatric trainees receive formal support through the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) in the form of clinical and educational supervision. While this is important, there is evidence to suggest that junior trainees learn the most from their colleagues on the shop floor through peer mentoring rather than in supervisor meetings.1 In 2014, the Paediatric Family Project was set up within the London Deanery to provide peer-mentoring support for first year paediatric specialty trainees (STs). Every new ST1 trainee, ‘the child’, is matched with a volunteer ST4 or above, ‘the parent,’ forming a ‘family’. This mirrors the system used throughout many universities and provides a more informal support service. A yearly survey is sent out to all participants and changes are made according to the responses. This article will discuss the role of peer mentoring within paediatric training, drawing on experience and evidence from the Paediatric Family Project, before providing advice for the reader on how to run a successful peer-mentoring programme. The RCPCH defines peer mentoring as a mentoring relationship between individuals who are: ‘equal in age, experience and rank’.1 In the workplace, this typically manifests as senior trainees providing peer mentorship for junior trainees. This differs from clinical and educational supervision. The RCPCH uses the General Medical Council definition of a supervisor: ‘a trainer who is selected and appropriately trained to be responsible for the overall supervision and management of a specified trainee’s educational progress.’2 Formal supervision is often constrained by time limitations and the need to address specific portfolio-based outcomes. Mentorship is usually mentee led, meaning that the mentee takes the responsibility …
The Kindynamic Theory of Tort

Increasingly, commentators complain of two major deficiencies in modern tort law: (1) that liability concepts such as negligence or duty are so vacuously defined as to permit inadvertent subjectivity and error to hinder proper case adjudication; (2) that tort is too slow in recognizing newly discovered risks and properly compensating nascent classes of injury. We accordingly report on the Kindynamic Theory, an emerging philosophy that overcomes these twin deficiencies and sharpens understanding of poorly articulated tort intuitions. Kindynamics contends causation is the cornerstone of tort, and that all risks are, at core, causal propositions. Contrary to its many everyday definitions, the word risk has a single exact meaning in Kindynamic Theory. A risk, unlike uncertainties, must be objectively known to be causally possible (epistemically possible). Put differently, Kindynamics prescribes that a specific alleged stimulus must be objectively known to cause a particular harm. Second, and in the only notable break with traditional tort intuition, some Kindynamic proponents advocate permitting compensation only for injuries arising from significant risks: those that are (1) widespread and (2) also likely to be injurious. Similar to common regulatory practice, the prescriptive significant risk constraint seeks to sensibly prioritize risk deterrence, given limited judicial resources. Third, Kindynamic Theory invokes decision analysis - the method for formal, quantitative risk analysis universally familiar to risk analysts - to elucidate risk tradeoffs and make decisions about a risk's costs and benefits. With its empirical grounding, decision analysis improves upon other cost-benefit models, which are typically too theoretical or assumption-laden for practical use. Finally, courts have long desired and intuitively but unsuccessfully sought an objective method for apportioning liability for a single injury among multiple alleged tortfeasors. Kindynamic Theory is a tort theory that formally presents such a method.
In vivo mapping of macroscopic neuronal projections in the mouse hippocampus using high-resolution diffusion MRI

Recent developments in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) make it a promising tool for non-invasive mapping of the spatial organization of axonal and dendritic networks in gray matter regions of the brain. Given the complex cellular environments, in which these networks reside, evidence on the capability of diffusion MRI-based tractography to study these networks is still lacking. In this study, we used a localized diffusion MRI approach to acquire high spatial and angular resolution images of the live mouse hippocampus. The diffusion MRI and tractography results were compared with histology and the Allen mouse brain connectivity atlas using a multi-step image registration pipeline. The results demonstrated that in vivo diffusion MRI data at 0.1 mm isotropic resolution revealed the organization of axonal and dendritic networks in the hippocampus and the tractography results shared remarkable similarity with the viral tracer data in term of their spatial projection patterns. Quantitative analysis showed significant correlations between tractography- and tracer-based projection density measurements in the mouse hippocampus. These findings suggest that high-resolution diffusion MRI and tractography can reveal macroscopic neuronal projections in the mouse hippocampus and are important for future development of advanced tractography methods.
Decomposition of the γ2-phase in a CuAlNi shape memory alloy at elevated temperatures

Etude detaillee des changements de microstructure dans la phase γ 2 pendant le vieillissement pour l'alliage Cu-14% poids Al-4% poids Ni
Capillary liquid chromatography in field flow fractionation-type channels

Abstract Recent attention has focused on the potential of using open capillary tubes for liquid chromatography. These tubular columns are confronted by two intensely conflicting demands: tube diameter (dc) must be extremely small to facilitate rapid mass transfer and thus rapid analysis, and the tube diameter must be relatively large to accommodate sample handling and detection while maintaining high resolution. This conflict can be largely resolved by using a column of ribbon-like instead of thread-like bore. Such “ribbon” columns, or, more technically, open parallel plate columns (OPPC), have two adjustable cross-sectional dimensions with which to resolve the two conflicting demands. The thickness (w) of the channel can be made extremely small for rapid mass transfer, and the breadth can be made relatively large to increase column volume. In this study, we have developed theoretical expressions for the comparison of OPPC and open capillary tube systems. The comparison of such parameters as surface area per unit volume, plate height, speed, and permeability shows that the two columns are roughly comparable for equal dimensions (dc  w). However, a comparison based on the theory of Knox and Gilbert, which requires that columns be compatible with the dead volume of available detectors, shows that OPPC systems have a potential analysis speed advantage ranging from about 100- to 300-fold. We have constructed OPPCs based on the field flow fractionation design with gap thickness w of 100 μm, 78 μm, 56 μm, and 13 μm. Plate height versus velocity plots have been compared with theory. The 13-μm channel, with octadecylsilane coated on glass, provided the separation of a five-component mixture (sodium benzoate, benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, and anthracene) in 10 min.
The effects of co-occurrence matrix based texture parameters on the classification of solitary pulmonary nodules imaged on computed tomography

In this project, patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule, were imaged using high resolution computed tomography. Quantitative measures of texture were extracted from these images using co-occurrence matrices. These matrices were formed with different combinations of gray level quantization, distance between pixels and angles. The derived measures were input to a linear discriminant classifier to predict the classification (benign or malignant) of each nodule. Using a relative quantization scheme with eight levels, four features yielded an area under the ROC curve (Az) of 0.992; 93.8% (30/32) of cases were correctly classified when training and testing on the same cases; while 90.6% (29/32) were correctly classified when jackknifing was used.
Synthesis of the oxygenated pactamycin core.

Pactamycin, one of the most complex and densely functionalized aminocyclitol antibiotics known, presents synthetic challenges that include reactivity and sterics, relative and absolute stereochemistry, and functional group compatibility and protection. An approach is reported that features four different types of (cyclopentane) face selective functionalization reactions and results in a polyfunctionalized and appropriately protected intermediate that incorporates all the core carbons and the oxygenated functionality of the target.
Folk models of home computer security

Home computer systems are insecure because they are administered by untrained users. The rise of botnets has amplified this problem; attackers compromise these computers, aggregate them, and use the resulting network to attack third parties. Despite a large security industry that provides software and advice, home computer users remain vulnerable. I identify eight 'folk models' of security threats that are used by home computer users to decide what security software to use, and which expert security advice to follow: four conceptualizations of 'viruses' and other malware, and four conceptualizations of 'hackers' that break into computers. I illustrate how these models are used to justify ignoring expert security advice. Finally, I describe one reason why botnets are so difficult to eliminate: they cleverly take advantage of gaps in these models so that many home computer users do not take steps to protect against them.
Barriers to Coverage of Transborder Environmental Issues in the Ferghana Valley of Central Asia.

Three former Soviet republics occupy Central Asia's Ferghana Valley, a region of serious transborder environmental problems, especially ones that involve water and energy. Most news organizations in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan provide little in-depth coverage of these issues. Journalists in one country usually do not seek news sources in the others. Journalists and media experts cite such reasons as avoidance of controversy, self-censorship, lack of access to information, little collaboration, inadequate professional skills, and weak minority-language media.
Local adaptation in host use among marine invertebrates

The study of interactions between small invertebrates and their larger plant and animal hosts has a long tradition. One persistent theme within this literature is that spatially-segregated populations of terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates commonly adapt to local hosts across their geographic ranges. Marine examples are rare, which leaves the impression that marine populations are less likely to adapt to locally abundant hosts and more likely to evolve generalized or phenotypically-plastic strategies. Here, I review a short but growing list of marine invertebrates that appear to display local adaptation in host use. As expected, most of the marine examples are brooded animals with weak dispersal potential. However, some species with pelagically dispersed larvae have apparently adapted to local hosts. This surprising result is consistent with recent evidence that pelagically-dispersed larvae are not always broadly dispersed, that strong selective pressures maintain local differences in host use, or both. The presence of host-mediated adaptation in the sea alters predictions on how marine communities respond to disturbance, supports the notion that marine consumer-prey interactions can coevolve, and indicates that hosts play fundamental roles in the differentiation and perhaps speciation of small marine invertebrates.
Valvulopatía tricuspídea y pulmonar: evaluación y tratamiento

La deteccion clinica y la cuantificacion de la valvulopatia tricuspidea, a pesar de su importancia, no son del todo exactas. La ecocardiografia es la base de la evaluacion diagnostica y el Doppler-color es util para la cuantificacion de la insuficiencia tricuspidea. La ecocardiografia proporciona informacion relativa a los tamanos de las camaras, la funcion ventricular derecha y el grado de hipertension pulmonar. De igual modo, la estenosis tricuspidea puede evaluarse de forma exacta con el empleo de gradientes medios y telediastolicos. Las opciones de tratamiento para la estenosis tricuspidea incluyen la valvuloplastia con balon y la reparacion quirurgica de la valvula. La insuficiencia tricuspidea funcional asociada a una cardiopatia izquierda puede requerir atencion quirurgica durante la operacion por una afeccion del corazon izquierdo. La insuficiencia grave requiere generalmente una actuacion quirurgica asociada a la cirugia de la valvula mitral. La insuficiencia tricuspidea leve o moderada requiere cirugia en caso de dilatacion anular o hipertension pulmonar grave. Las opciones quirurgicas incluyen la reparacion de la valvula tricuspide con o sin anuloplastia. En los pacientes con una deformidad anatomica primaria de la valvula tricuspide, puede considerarse una sustitucion valvular con una bioprotesis o una valvula mecanica. Los resultados a medio y largo plazo son favorables a la reparacion valvular con anuloplastia, en comparacion con la sustitucion valvular. La valvulopatia pulmonar es de etiologia predominantemente congenita, por lo general en forma de estenosis pulmonar. La insuficiencia pulmonar con frecuencia se debe a una valvuloplastia quirurgica o con balon y tiene secuelas negativas a largo plazo. Los progresos recientes en la sustitucion valvular percutanea son importantes.
Study of Fatigued Adolescents: the Presentation, Natural History, and Response to Treatment 3

Study of Fatigued Adolescents: the Presentation, Natural History, and Response to Treatment 3
Linear cellular automata and the garden-of-eden

Suppose each of the squares of an n x n chessboard is equipped with an indicator light and a button. If the button of a square is pressed, the light of that square will change from off to on and vice versa; the same happens to the lights of all the edge-adjacent squares. Initially all lights are off. Now, consider the following question: is it possible to press a sequence of buttons in such a way that in the end all lights are on? We will refer to this problem as the All-Ones Problem. A moment 's reflection will show that pressing a button twice has the same effect as not pressing it at all. Thus a solution to our problem can be described by a subset of all squares (namely a set of squares whose buttons when pressed in an arbitrary order will render all lights on) rather than a sequence. In fact a set X of squares is a solution to the All-Ones Problem if and only if for every square s the number of squares in X adjacent to or equal to s is odd. Consequently, we will call such a set an odd-parity cover. Trial and error in conjunction with a pad of graph paper will readily produce solutions for n ~ 4. A little more experimentation shows that an odd-parity cover shou ld one exist--is difficult to construct even for n = 5 o r 6 . The brute-force approach to the problem, namely exhaustive search over all subsets of {1 . . . . n} x {1 . . . . n}, presents 2 n2 candidates, and the search becomes infeasible for moderate values of n even with the help of a computer. A less brute-force method would be to try to solve the system terpreted as a matrix over GF(2)) and 1 is the vector with all components equal to 1. This method, which involves n 2 equations, again becomes unwieldy for small values of n. For a similar approach to a game related to the All-Ones Problem, see [3]. In any case, Figure 1 shows odd-parity covers for n = 4, 5, 8. Several questions come to mind. For which n does a solution to the All-Ones Problem exist? More generally, how many odd-parity covers are there for an n x n board? What happens if the adjacency condition is changed--say , to an octal array (where a cell in the center has eight neighbors)? Can one replace an n x n rectangular grid by some other arrangement of sites and still obtain a solution? To answer some of these questions, we first rephrase the problem in terms of cellular automata.
Differential regulation of proteasome activity in the nucleus and the synaptic terminals

Proteasome is a multi-subunit proteolytic complex that degrades proteins covalently linked to multiple molecules of ubiquitin. Earlier studies showed a role for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in several models of long-term memory and other forms of synaptic plasticity. In Aplysia, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been shown to contribute to the induction of long-term facilitation. In other model systems, ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis has also been shown to play a role in synapse development. Previous studies of synaptic plasticity focused on changes in components or the substrates of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in whole neurons. Modification of specific synapses would require precise spatial and temporal regulation of the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway within the subcellular compartments of neurons during learning. As a first step towards testing the idea of local regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in neurons, we investigated proteasome activity in nuclear and synaptosomal fractions. Here we show that proteasome activity in the synaptic terminals is higher compared to the activity in the nucleus in the Aplysia nervous system as well as in the mouse brain. Furthermore, the proteasome activity in the two neuronal compartments is differentially modulated by protein kinases. Differential regulation of proteasome activity in neuronal compartments such as the synaptic terminals is likely to be a key mechanism underlying synapse-specific plasticity.
CEREBRAL CONTROL OF DIRECTED VISUAL ATTENTION AND ORIENTING SACCADES

The object of this experiment was to identify the contribution of the frontal and parietal lobes to the control of visual attention and voluntary saccades. A symbolic spatial cue (arrow) was used to indicate validly or invalidly the location of a visual target located to the left or right of the cue. Manual reaction time and reaction time to initiate a saccade to the target were measured. Patients with damage to the left frontal lobe (n = 6), right frontal lobe (n = 7) and right parietal lobe (n = 7) were compared with normal control subjects (n = 20). A sex difference was found for the right cerebral hemisphere patients in the manual reaction time data. Right parietal males and right frontal females showed an overall elevation in manual reaction time, reflecting an inability to maintain a normal level of visual arousal and/or motor activation. Conversely, right frontal males and right parietal females were not influenced significantly by cue validity, suggesting that they were unable to direct visual attention in a covert manner. All subjects showed a normal effect of cue validity on saccade reaction time. Thus the cortical areas studied do not appear to be necessary for directing visual attention with a saccade. Cue validity, however, affected saccade amplitude, especially in the left visual field of patients with right hemisphere damage. The cue validity effect depended both on the sex of the subject and the anterior/posterior location of damage in the right hemisphere. Damage to the right frontal lobe resulted in an 'under' reaction to the spatial cues, especially in the male patients. Saccades were smaller than normal following the valid cues, but larger than normal following the invalid cues. The effect was opposite following damage to the right parietal lobe. In this case, saccade amplitude reflected an 'over' reaction to the spatial cues, especially in the female patients. Saccades were larger than normal following valid cues and smaller than normal following invalid cues.
Structural basis for c-di-GMP-mediated inside-out signaling controlling periplasmic proteolysis.

The bacterial second messenger bis-(3′–5′) cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) has emerged as a central regulator for biofilm formation. Increased cellular c-di-GMP levels lead to stable cell attachment, which in Pseudomonas fluorescens requires the transmembrane receptor LapD. LapD exhibits a conserved and widely used modular architecture containing a HAMP domain and degenerate diguanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase domains. c-di-GMP binding to the LapD degenerate phosphodiesterase domain is communicated via the HAMP relay to the periplasmic domain, triggering sequestration of the protease LapG, thus preventing cleavage of the surface adhesin LapA. Here, we elucidate the molecular mechanism of autoinhibition and activation of LapD based on structure–function analyses and crystal structures of the entire periplasmic domain and the intracellular signaling unit in two different states. In the absence of c-di-GMP, the intracellular module assumes an inactive conformation. Binding of c-di-GMP to the phosphodiesterase domain disrupts the inactive state, permitting the formation of a trans-subunit dimer interface between adjacent phosphodiesterase domains via interactions conserved in c-di-GMP-degrading enzymes. Efficient mechanical coupling of the conformational changes across the membrane is realized through an extensively domain-swapped, unique periplasmic fold. Our structural and functional analyses identified a conserved system for the regulation of periplasmic proteases in a wide variety of bacteria, including many free-living and pathogenic species.
Genomics Analogy Model for Educators (GAME): from jumping genes to alternative splicing

Studies have shown that there is usually a lack of understanding concerning the fields of genetics and genomics among high school students (Lewis and Wood-Robinson, 2000). A recent article (Kirkpatrick et al, 2002) introduced the GAME (Genomics Analogy Model for Educators) model and two of its components: (1)explaining sequencing technology with Lego, blocks, and (2) using a small town analogy to explain cellular biology. GAME is a computer-based tutorial that uses simple analogies to convey scientific information. STAM (Small Town Analogy Model) is a unique way of explaining many aspects of molecular biology and genomics, such as transcription and translation. In this article, STAM has been expanded to include a more in-depth lookat genomes, by covering the topics of jumping genes, the C-value paradox, and alternative splicing.
Co-signaling molecules of the B7-CD28 family in positive and negative regulation of T lymphocyte responses

Co-signaling molecules in the B7-CD28 family have been intensively studied over the past decade and have brought much excitement to the field of immune regulation. The discovery of new functions for the classical pathways CD80/CD86/CD28/CTLA-4 and the identification of novel pathways of the family, including B7-H1/B7-DC/PD-1, B7-H2/ICOS, B7-H3, B7-H4 and BTLA, are greatly broadening our understanding of the control of T cell-mediated immune responses and tolerance.
Evolving Insights in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome)

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies derived from skin-homing T cells. The most common forms of CTCL are Mycosis Fungoides (MF) and Sezary Syndrome (SS). Accurate diagnosis remains a challenge due to the heterogeneity of presentation and the lack of highly characteristic immunophenotypical and genetic markers. Over the past decade molecular studies have improved our understanding of the biology of CTCL. The identification of gene expression differences between normal and malignant T-cells has led to promising new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that now need validation to be incorporated into clinical practice. These biomarkers may also provide insight into the mechanism of development of CTCL. Additionally, treatment options have expanded with the approval of new agents, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors. A better understanding of the cell biology, immunology and genetics underlying the development and progression of CTCL will allow the design of more rational treatment strategies for these malignancies. This review summarizes the clinical epidemiology, staging and natural history of MF and SS; discusses the immunopathogenesis of MF and the functional role of the malignant T-cells; and reviews the latest advances in MF and SS treatment.
Epididymal metastasis from prostatic carcinoma

A case of epididymal metastasis from carcinoma of the prostate with an unusual presentation is reported. A review of the literature disclosed only 10 reported cases of this rare finding. A mechanism for the method of metastasis in this patient is proposed.
The cost of hospital readmissions: evidence from the VA

This paper is an examination of hospital 30-day readmission costs using data from 119 acute care hospitals operated by the U.S. Veterans Administration (VA) in fiscal year 2011. We applied a two-part model that linked readmission probability to readmission cost to obtain patient level estimates of expected readmission cost for VA patients overall, and for patients discharged for three prevalent conditions with relatively high readmission rates. Our focus was on the variable component of direct patient cost. Overall, managers could expect to save $2140 for the average 30-day readmission avoided. For heart attack, heart failure, and pneumonia patients, expected readmission cost estimates were $3432, $2488 and $2278. Patient risk of illness was the dominant driver of readmission cost in all cases. The VA experience has implications for private sector hospitals that treat a high proportion of chronically ill and/or low income patients, or that are contemplating adopting bundled payment mechanisms.
Unraveling the paradoxes of plant hormone signaling integration

Plant hormones play a major role in plant growth and development. They affect similar processes but, paradoxically, their signaling pathways act nonredundantly. Hormone signals are integrated at the gene-network level rather than by cross-talk during signal transduction. In contrast to hormone-hormone integration, recent data suggest that light and plant hormone pathways share common signaling components, which allows photoreceptors to influence the growth program. We propose a role for the plant hormone auxin as an integrator of the activities of multiple plant hormones to control plant growth in response to the environment.
Reagent-injection flow analysis: application to the determination of nanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater

Abstract A reagent-injection flow technique, which allows automatic control of the volume of reagent to be injected, is described. The sensitivity of the measurements can be adjusted over a wide range by changing the injection volume. This technique also eliminates problems in photometric determinations arising from refractive index effects and from light scattering by suspended particles in the sample. Consequently, absorbances as small as 0.00004 can be measured. The capabilities of this reagent-injection flow technique were tested by using it to determine hydrogen peroxide in seawater at nanomolar levels with photometric detection. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was determined as the colored condensation product of N-ethyl-N-(sulfopropyl)aniline and 4-aminoantipyrene; the detection limit was 12 nM.
The impact of firm diversification and focus: The Japanese experience

Abstract This paper examines the reaction of Japanese and American firms to the initial public announcement of international mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures between Japanese and American firms. We study a sample of 111 initial announcements of these events during the period 1980–1991. In addition, of the Japanese firms included in our sample, 60 were members of a Keiretsu. We find that on average both the Japanese and American firms showed a significant positive reaction to the initial public announcement of the event. We also find the reaction of American firms to focused events to be much larger than to non-focused events, 6.2% on the announcement day vs. 1.3%. In contrast, we find that while the overall reaction of Japanese firms to the announcement was positive, the reaction of Japanese firms to focused events was negative and insignificant while the reaction to non-focused events was significant and positive. Upon further examination it is found that non-focus combinations were only significant and positive for Keiretsu firms. The interpretation of these results is that the relationship between Keiretsus and the Japanese firms serves to repress investment in negative net present value projects and subsidization of poorly performing business units, while offsetting the increased cost of information that occurs as a firm diversifies. Moreover, as diversification opens up a larger universe of possible projects and mergers, unfocused mergers and acquisitions may be of more value, provided non-focus agency costs can be controlled.
The Effect of Feeding High Energy Diets Containing Supplemental Fat on Broiler Weight Gain, Feed Efficiency, and Carcass Composition

Abstract We studied the effect of feeding two levels of energy in starter diets [3135 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg low energy and 3410 kcal ME/kg high energy] from 0 to 28 days and finishing diets (3190 kcal ME/kg low energy and 3465 kcal ME/kg high energy) from 28 to 56 days upon broiler weight gain, feed conversion, feed consumption, calorie consumption, and abdominal fat content Feed conversion of male and female broilers fed the high energy starter diet from 0 to 28 days or the high energy finisher diet from 28 to 56 days was superior (P .05) by diet; however, weight gain during the 28 to 56 day feeding period demonstrated a sex-diet interaction (P .05). A sex-diet interaction was observed (P
Accuracy of preoperative diagnosis in congenital heart disease.

Abstract Since successful cardiac surgery depends to some degree on a correct preoperative diagnosis, a comparison was made of diagnoses based on clinical findings with those based on cardiac catheterization, with respect to surgical diagnosis. The records of 196 patients operated on for congenital heart disease from July, 1963, through June, 1964, were reviewed for this purpose. A completely accurate diagnosis was made in about 80 per cent of the cases, whether the diagnosis was made by clinical means alone, by a combination of clinical means and catheterization, or by catheterization alone. The use of cardiac catheterization was decided upon on the basis of certainty of clinical diagnosis. Of the cases in which unsuspected lesions were found at operation, the operative procedure was considerably altered by the unsuspected findings in only 6 cases (3 per cent of the total). It is suggested that routine cardiac catheterization in all cases of congenital heart disease is not required.
Conformal fields and stability

Lagrangiens naturels conformes. Deformations conformes. Theoremes d'instabilite pour des spheres. Theoremes d'annulation sur des espaces non compacts
Anticoagulation in Congestive Cardiomyopathy: Steps Toward Defining the Great Unknown.

It is generally agreed that congestive cardiomyopathy predisposes to the formation of cardiac thrombus and in turn systemic thromboembolism. Several uncontrolled studies have confirmed this association and have prompted wide-scale recommendations for long-term anticoagulation in these patients. Clinical studies have also attempted to identify patients at high risk for embolic events. The presence of cardiac thrombus, its topographic characteristics, the severity of left ventricular dysfunction, and decreased apical flow velocities may each represent markers of increased risk.
Hebraisms of the Old Greek Version of Genesis

It is extremely difficult to make any translation without leaving some traces of idiom, syntax, or vocabulary from the original, and in this respect the LXX is no exception. It has been noted empirically that the Hebraic character of the Greek is more prevalent in the later books of the LXX than in the Pentateuch, and a number of observations have been made on the phenomena of LXX Greek 1). It is necessary, however, to go beyond general studies on the Semitic character of Old Testament Greek; it should be determined to what extent there are Hebraic elements in the Greek of the Pentateuch, at least for understanding the chronological development of the language, and accordingly this investigation of Genesis 2) has been undertaken. In this study there will naturally be excluded examples which have parallels in the papyri or cases which are on the border line and consequently would at the most be of doubtful value. It may be simplest to begin with the conjunction 'and', then proceed to prepositions, pronouns, and syntax, and finally conclude with vocabulary. First will be considered xoa in the sense of 'that': xx 13, "And it came to pass when God caused me to wander from my father's house, wd'omdr lab (that I said unto her)"; G iyvTeo ... EXC a lrra OcUT. -xxii 20, "And it came to pass after these things wayyuggad leabrdhdm (that it was reported to Abraham)"; G y1veTo ... xoc. &vxyylXv TO
Delayed primary bone grafting in the hand and wrist after traumatic bone loss

Seventeen patients had 21 bone graft operations as part of the overall delayed primary management of hand and wrist wounds. All bone graftings were performed within 10 days of injury. Internal or external fixation was used in all cases, and all wounds healed without infection. Complications included a fibrous union at one bone graft juncture and one malunion. Follow-up was from 3 months to 7 years. Successful delayed primary bone grafting requires a well-decompressed and surgically-clean wound, good blood supply, adequate fixation, and secure soft-tissue cover. If these conditions cannot be met, bone grafting should be deferred and performed in the conventional manner. The advantages of delayed primary bone grafting are: primary bone healing, a shorter rehabilitation period, fewer operations, avoidance of wound contracture, and bone grafting in a well-vascularized scar-free bed.
Non-axisymmetric hydrodynamic instability and transition to turbulence in two-dimensional accretion discs

Abstract The non-linear growth of a non-axisymmetric instability in geometrically thin Keplerian discs is followed numerically with the use of a time-dependent two-dimensional polytropic hybrid Fourier–Chebyshev spectral method of collocation. The non-axisymmetric instability (a corotation resonance) develops in the inner disc when the inner boundary is rigid (corresponding here to the surface of an accreting compact star). When the viscosity is low, the high-order modes dominate the flow. It is found, for α=0.001, that the flow undergoes a subcritical transition to turbulence. The turbulence is confined in the inner region of the disc, inside the ‘resonant cavity’, where it sustains itself in the same manner as the non-axisymmetric instability itself. Due to the inverse cascade of energy characteristic of two-dimensional flow, the m=1 mode eventually dominates. The turbulence obtained in this work cannot account for angular momentum transport in the disc. However, the instability provides a new robust mechanism to explain the appearance of short-period oscillations (dwarf nova oscillations and quasiperiodic oscillations) observed in the inner disc of Cataclysmic variables and other systems.