cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photorefractive image processing using mutually pumped phase conjugators

A photorefractive mutually pumped phase conjugator is operated in both the steady-state and transient regimes to demonstrate several important optical processing applications. While in the transient regime, or when photorefractive grating formation is taking place in the mutually pumped conjugator, cross talk is observed between the two input beams. This feature is used to demonstrate the instantaneous transfer of pictorial information from one laser beam to another and to perform the correlation of moving objects. Image transfer, optical correlation, and interferometric applications are presented. Key issues concerning the spatial resolution, time response, and Bragg condition are discussed for these applications.
Thyroiditis in the marmoset (Callithrix spp. and Saguinus spp.)

Abstract Naturally occurring, histologically evidenced chronic thyroiditis has been found in 40 of 494 (8·1 per cent.) marmosets examined. Susceptibility to chronic thyroiditis in this primate appears to be generically related. Chronic thyroiditis was noted in 33 of 209 (11·0 per cent.) members of the genus Callithrix and in 7 of 285 (2·5 per cent.) animals of the genus Saguinus . Approximately 60 per cent. of the colony-born females, 28 per cent. of the colony-born males, 12 per cent. of the wild-caught females and 9 per cent. of the wild-caught males of the genus Callithrix had chronic thyroiditis. In one runted Callithrix argentata the histological changes in the thyroid mimicked those of Hashimoto's disease. The pronounced vulnerability of marmosets of the genus Callithrix to chronic thyroiditis provides a new primate model for the study of the natural history of this disease.
Necessary conditions for the initiation and propagation of nuclear-detonation waves in plane atmospheres

The basic conditions for the initiation of a nuclear-detonation wave in an atmosphere having plane symmetry (e.g., a thin, layered fluid envelope on a planet or star) are developed. Two classes of such a detonation are identified: those in which the temperature of the plasma is comparable to that of the electromagnetic radiation permeating it, and those in which the temperature of the plasma is much higher. Necessary conditions are developed for the propagation of such detonation waves for an arbitrarily great distance. The contribution of fusion chain reactions to these processes is evaluated. By means of these considerations, it is shown that neither the atmosphere nor oceans of the Earth may be made to undergo propagating nuclear detonation under any circumstances.
Scanning microfluorometric analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in formalin-fixed sections of hyperplastic and neoplastic rat liver.

Scanning laser cytometric analysis of fluorochrome-labeled cells was used to survey and quantitate the distribution of proliferating cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from hyperplastic and neoplastic rat livers. The technique used fluorescent immunochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a marker for proliferating cells and propidium iodide as a fluorescent nuclear counterstain. Use of an antigen retrieval treatment improved detection of PCNA and treatment of tissue sections with crystal violet improved the sensitivity of the method by quenching background autofluorescence. PCNA evaluation of cell proliferation in regenerating rat liver 0–48 h post-partial hepatectomy showed that 3–43% of cells stained positively for PCNA, a pattern closely correlating with previously reported rates of maximum DNA synthesis. The PCNA staining patterns observed among cells in neoplastic nodules were more focal in distribution and indicated that from 5 to 25% of the cell nuclei per nodular region stained positively for PCNA. This use of image analysis for the rapid identification of proliferating cell areas in fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue active in neoplastic growth will expedite in situ cytochemical and molecular studies attempting to identify key differences between hyperplastic and neoplastic growth. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scan line array processors for image computation

This paper describes the scan line array processor (SLAP), a new architecture designed for high-performance yet low-cost image computation. A SLAP is a SIMD linear array of processors, and hence is easy to build and scales well with VLSI technology; yet appropriate special features and programming techniques make it efficient for a surprisingly wide variety of low and medium level computer vision tasks. We describe the basic SLAP concept and some of its variants, discuss a particular planned implementation, and indicate its performance on computer vision and other applications.
Contemporary criteria for cadaveric organ donation in renal transplantation : the need for better selection parameters

A major problem facing transplantation is the disparity between the availability of cadaver donors and the number of recipients awaiting transplantation. Efforts to deal with this issue have involved the use of "marginal donors." Results obtained using these organs have often been significantly worse at 1 and 3 years of follow-up. The problem of how to select and utilize these donors is of critical importance to both patients and society. Current criteria available for assessing cadaver donors are based on ideal donors. Although these appear adequate for predicting the results for the ideal donor, they are not adequate for assessing results for marginal donors. New criteria are of critical importance for better utilization of these organs. The purpose of this review is to examine the current criteria for ideal and marginal donors, review the critical issues to be clarified, and discuss options for improvement results in the future.
Nitrate Toxicity in Dairy Heifers. 2. Erythropoietic Responses to Nitrate Ingestion during Pregnancy

Summary The effects of feeding sublethal levels of nitrate were studied under conditions of management and feeding practices recommended for dairy cattle. Heifers ingesting nitrate at levels of 440 and 660 mg/kg body weight for a long period of time were capable of adapting to a deficiency of oxygen in their blood. This compensatory mechanism consisted of a marked increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes, and consequently increased hemoglobin concentration and blood volume. These increases were not due to a reduced plasma volume because plasma volumes of nitrate-fed heifers were normal.
Changes in the Radiometric sensitivity of SeaWiFS determined from lunar and solar-based measurements.

We report on the lunar and solar measurements used to determine the changes in the radiometric sensitivity of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Radiometric sensitivity is defined as the output from the instrument (or from one of the instrument bands) per unit spectral radiance at the instrument’s input aperture. Knowledge of the long-term repeatability of the SeaWiFS measurements is crucial to maintaining the quality of the ocean scenes derived from measurements by the instrument. For SeaWiFS bands 1–6 (412–670 nm), the change in radiometric sensitivity is less than 0.2% for the period from November 1997 through November 1998. For band 7 (765 nm), the change is approximately 1.5% and for band 8 (865 nm) approximately 5%. The rates of change of bands 7 and 8, which were linear with time for the first eight months of lunar measurements, are now slowing. The scatter in the data points about the trend lines in this analysis is less than 0.3% for all eight SeaWiFS bands. These results are based on monthly measurements of the moon. Daily solar measurements using an onboard diffuser show that the radiometric sensitivities of the SeaWiFS bands have changed smoothly during the time intervals between lunar measurements. Because SeaWiFS measurements have continued past November 1998, the results presented here are considered as a snapshot of the instrument performance as of that date.
Standardizing the Wages of Railroad Trainmen

Increase of wages planned by trainmen in 1907, but not pressed because of the panic, 140. — New movement in 1909, 141. — The first attack came on the Baltimore & Ohio. Arbitration and award under the Erdman Act, 144. — Arbitration on the New York Central, and settlement on the same basis on other lines, 148. — Effects of "standardization"; inequalities remain, and are even accentuated, 151. — Connection between increase of wages and advance of freight rates; the trainmen exert pressure for higher rates, 157.
Congenital heart disease in adults: management of advanced heart failure

Abstract The number of adults living with congenital heart disease grows annually. The sequelae of congenital heart disease surgery may involve the electrical conduction system, cardiac valves, prosthetic materials, the myocardium, vascular beds, and the nervous system. These sequelae may lead to heart failure. Adults with congenital heart disease develop heart failure as a consequence of: (1) chronic cyanosis, volume overload, and other hemodynamic abnormalities, (2) low cardiac output with outflow obstruction, or (3) acquired cardiac disease superimposed on pre-existing congenital heart disease. Heart failure is characterized by myocardial remodeling in response to injury. It is associated with maladaptive neurohormonal activation, cytokine release, and vasoconstriction leading to sodium and fluid retention and arrhythmias. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and spironolactone address these neurohumoral derangements. Digoxin and diuretics may reduce the frequency of hospitalization. Angiotensin-II receptor blockers, warfarin and amiodarone may benefit selected patients, although a survival benefit has not been established. Implantable cardiac defibrillators and atrio-biventricular pacemakers may prolong life in specific groups of patients. Infusions of nesiritide, dobutamine, or milrinone will improve cardiac output and facilitate diuresis. Dobutamine and milrinone may increase mortality due to neurohumoral activation. Pharmaceutical agents under investigation include tumor necrosis factor receptor antagonists and endothelin receptor blockers. Reversible factors that may precipitate heart failure include: unrecognized fluid retention, tachyarrhythmias, systemic viral infection, endocrine abnormalities, alcohol or substance abuse, negative inotropic drugs, and prostaglandin inhibitors. Intensive patient and family education regarding compliance is critical. This provides patients with a greater sense of control and may reduce the frequency of emergency department visits and hospital admissions. Cardiac transplantation improves survival and quality of life for end-stage heart failure patients. A donor shortage and strict inclusion criteria limit this option. This has led to increased use of mechanical cardiac assist devices as bridges to transplant. Once FDA approved, these devices may become an alternative to transplant for select patients. Cardiologists who treat adults with congenital heart disease must consider the underlying cardiac condition leading to heart failure and tailor therapy. Most of the clinical trials, which guide heart failure therapy do not include a significant number of individuals with congenital heart disease.
Pavement Preservation on High-Traffic-Volume Roadways

Extending the life of roadway pavements with the timely use of preservation techniques has been an important strategy for highway agencies for many years. However, although preservation strategies for low- to moderate-volume roadways are widely accepted, are fairly common-place, and have generally been successful, implementation of those same strategies on high-traffic-volume roadways involves greater challenges. The SHRP 2 Project R26 was performed to examine pavement preservation strategies for high-traffic-volume applications and to develop guidance on which preservation treatments are appropriate under what circumstances. In this project the state-of-the-practice for preservation approaches for high-traffic-volume roadways was identified through a national and international literature search and a detailed survey of highway agencies and other pertinent organizations. This project also involved developing a set of best practices and guidelines for selecting preservation treatments at the project level ...
Risk factors for urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women.

Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur frequently in postmenopausal women and account for substantial morbidity and economic costs. Although extensively studied in younger women and older, debilitated women, the risk factors for UTI among healthy community-dwelling postmenopausal women have not been well described. Methods We conducted a population-based, case-control study of women aged between 55 and 75 years enrolled in a large, staff-model health maintenance organization. Cases were identified using computerized laboratory and outpatient records. Controls were randomly selected from the plan's enrollment files. We interviewed subjects regarding their habits, general health, and potential risk factors for UTI. Results We interviewed 899 study subjects and 911 controls. Sociodemographic characteristics were similar in subjects and controls. Most women were insured and white. Like younger women, postmenopausal women with current UTI were more likely to be sexually active (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.87) and have a history of UTI (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 3.25-5.42). Like older debilitated women, study subjects were more likely to have diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.78-4.35) and to be incontinent (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.03-1.78). Oral estrogen replacement did not reduce UTI risk. Conclusions In this population, the risk factors of healthy community-dwelling postmenopausal women reflect the health status of women as they transition toward old age. Sexual activity, history of UTI, treated diabetes, and incontinence were all associated with a higher risk of UTI. The therapeutic role of oral estrogen remains uncertain. Prospective studies in different patient populations are needed to better understand the risk factors of UTI.
Case Study: Seismic Rehabilitation of a Historical Building Using CUBC 97 Guidelines

The proposed research project consists of the seismic rehabilitation of a 1930’s historic building situated in Stockton, California (Seismic Zone 4), using the 1997 Uniform Code for Building Conservation and the Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA-356 guidelines. The 2-story building was originally built for the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and served as the Stockton Train Depot. The structure consists of un-reinforced brick masonry walls and flexible wood diaphragms. A three-dimension analytical model will be developed and a comparative study will be done for the two approaches. A detailed comparison of the FEMA-356 provisions and the 1997 Uniform Building Code for Conservation (UCBC-97) is performed to establish cost/benefit analyses of the proposed retrofit strategy. A comprehensive comparison of structural capacities of major load-carrying members will also be conducted. Based on the parametric results of this study, a performance-based design scheme will be proposed for retrofitting the existing building to meet the intended seismic performance in the event of major earthquake events.© 2005 ASME
Coupling Methanol Denaturation, Immobilized Trypsin Digestion, and Accurate Mass and Time Tagging for Liquid-Chromatography-Based Shotgun Proteomics of Low Nanogram Amounts of RAW 264.7 Cell Lysate

We report the shotgun proteomic analysis of mammalian cell lysates that contain low nanogram amounts of protein. Proteins were denatured using methanol, digested using immobilized trypsin, and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The approach generated more peptides and higher sequence coverage for a mixture of three standard proteins than the use of free trypsin solution digestion of heat- or urea-denatured proteins. We prepared triplicate RAW 264.7 cell lysates that contained 6, 30, 120, and 300 ng of protein. An average of 2 ± 1, 23 ± 2, 134 ± 11, and 218 ± 26 proteins were detected for each sample size, respectively. The numbers of both protein and peptide IDs scaled linearly with the amount of sample taken for analysis. Our approach also outperformed traditional methods (free trypsin digestion of heat- or urea-denatured proteins) for 6-300 ng RAW 264.7 cell protein analysis in terms of number of peptides and proteins identified. The use of accurate mass and time (AMT) tags resulted in the identification of an additional 16 proteins based on 20 peptides from the 6 ng cell lysate prepared with our approach. When AMT analysis was performed for the 6 ng cell lysate prepared with traditional methods, no reasonable peptide signal could be obtained. In all cases, roughly ∼30% of the digested sample was taken for analysis, corresponding to the analysis of a 2 ng aliquot of homogenate from the 6 ng cell lysate.
Transient structure and radiation properties of strongly radiating buoyant flames

Measurements of instantaneous temperature and soot volume fractions based on absorption and emission in highly buoyant turbulent acetylene/air and propylene/air flames are reported. These measurements are used to predict mean, rms, probability density functions, and power spectral densities of spectral radiation intensities along a representative horizontal chord in the flame. The results show the presence of large quantities of relatively cold soot in the vicinity of smaller amounts of hot soot particles. The resulting inhomogeneity in the temperature of soot in the flame leads to negative cross correlations between temperature and soot volume fractions. The treatment of such correlations was found necessary for predicting the observed probability density functions and the power spectral densities of spectral radiation intensities.
Mechanisms of Inward-Rectifier K+ Channel Inhibition by Tertiapin-Q†

Tertiapin-Q (TPN(Q)) is a derivative of honey bee toxin tertiapin (TPN) whose methionine residue is replaced with a glutamine residue. TPN(Q) inhibits the ROMK1 and GIRK1/4 inward-rectifier K(+) channels with affinities very similar to TPN. However, unlike native TPN, TPN(Q) is nonoxidizable by air. The stability of TPN(Q) allows us to investigate how it interacts with the targeted channels. We found that the interaction between TPN(Q) and the ROMK1 channel is a bimolecular reaction, i.e., one TPN(Q) molecule binds to one channel. The interaction surface in TPN(Q) is primarily formed by its alpha helix rather than the beta sheets with which scorpion toxins form their interaction surface. The mutagenesis studies on both the channel and TPN(Q) together strongly suggest that to block the K(+) pore TPN(Q) plugs its alpha helix into the vestibule of the K(+) pore, while leaving the extended structural portion sticking out of the vestibule into the extracellular media.
Optimal section thickness for detection of polyps at MR: resolution phantom study

To determine (1) the sensitivity for detection of small polyps with varying MR slice thicknesses using a resolution phantom; (2) reader confidence in polyp detection; and (3) image acquisition time. A resolution phantom was created using a 3D printer. Polyp morphologies were sessile (height = diameter), flat (height = 1/2 diameter of the base), and pedunculated (stalk length = polyp diameter). Polyp diameters were 5, 7, 10, and 12 mm. Images were acquired with section thicknesses of 5, 3, and 1 mm. Images were independently reviewed by 4 board-certified radiologists who were blinded to phantom design and sequences parameters. Readers recorded maximal polyp diameter and confidence level that a polyp was present on a 1–100 point scale. Image acquisition time was also recorded. All polyps were detected by all 4 readers in the 5-mm-section thickness series. All polyps were detected by 3 readers in the 3- and 1-mm-section thickness series. The fourth reader identified 11/12 polyps in the 3- and 1-mm-section thickness series. Confidence levels were not statistically significantly different for the different section thicknesses (p = 0.28). Increasing the section thickness from 1 to 5 mm decreased image acquisition time from 3 min 54 s to 41 s. Five-millimeter-section thickness was adequate for identification of 5–12 mm polyps regardless of shape. Pending further reduction in acquisition time, this prototype sequence holds promise for segmental imaging of the colon with MR colonography.
Oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in healthy cats

Ondansetron is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that is an effective anti-emetic in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in healthy cats. Six cats with normal complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis received 2 mg oral (mean 0.43 mg/kg), subcutaneous (mean 0.4 mg/kg), and intravenous (mean 0.4 mg/kg) ondansetron in a cross-over manner with a 5-day wash out. Serum was collected prior to, and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 h after administration of ondansetron. Ondansetron concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic modeling and dose interval modeling were performed. Repeated measures anova was used to compare parameters between administration routes. Bioavailability of ondansetron was 32% (oral) and 75% (subcutaneous). Calculated elimination half-life of ondansetron was 1.84 ± 0.58 h (intravenous), 1.18 ± 0.27 h (oral) and 3.17 ± 0.53 h (subcutaneous). The calculated elimination half-life of subcutaneous ondansetron was significantly longer (P < 0.05) than oral or intravenous administration. Subcutaneous administration of ondansetron to healthy cats is more bioavailable and results in a more prolonged exposure than oral administration. This information will aid management of emesis in feline patients.
An analysis of fidgeting and associated individual differences

Fidgeting was defined as engaging in manipulations of one's own body parts or other objects, such actions being peripheral or nonessential to central ongoing events or tasks Two studies employed preliminary fidgeting questionnaires of 70 and 106 items, respectively, tapping a wide range of habitual behaviors Item selection and factor analyses led to the development of a final, 40-item, individual difference measure of fidgeting tendency which is balanced for response bias and has an alpha reliability coefficient of 89 Convergent and construct validity were supported by positive correlations between the fidgeting tendency measure and measures of tendencies to engage in extraneous activities (consuming alcoholic drinks, cigarette smoking, eating, daydreaming, restlessness, insomnia) while preoccupied with certain situations and tasks These findings implied that fidgeting is an activity overflow and that it is more probable when the organism's physical activity is constrained by the central or focal act Fidgeting tendency also correlated positively with binge eating and with physical activity In two additional studies, questionnaire fidgeting tendency scores correlated positively with direct observations of fidgeting by subjects and with peer predictions Personality correlates of fidgeting tendency were well defined More fidgety persons were more unpleasant and more arousable (i e, more anxious or hostile) Fidgeting tendency did not correlate significantly with subject sex or with arousal-seeking tendency
A comparison of selected manufacturing cell formation techniques

SUMMARY Cellular manufacturing is gaining increasing popularity as a way to quickly improve productivity and competitiveness. As a result, much research has been devoted to the development of cell formation techniques. Unfortunately, very little research has been aimed at comparing the numerous cell formation techniques available. Thus, the focus of this research is to compare selected cell formation procedures. To carry out this research, data was collected from three actual manufacturing plants. Next, the selected cell formation procedures were applied to the plants. Finally, simulation models were developed based on the cell formation procedures and evaluated on a number of performance measures.
Beyond dichotomy: Drawing distinctions and embracing differences

The recognition of gender as a constituent element of social structure poses a profound challenge to received wisdom and practice in sociology. We review selected aspects of the new scholarship and its fundamental critique of objectivism and dualistic models. Counterchallenges are acknowledged: from institutional and collegial resistance, on the one hand, to an enhanced awareness of the dilemmas posed by diversity and sameness within and between gender categories, on the other hand. From their struggle with these issues, feminist scholars are constructing a sociology that transcends dichotomies, embraces diversity, and links the several levels of social analysis.
Generalized Radial Integrals With Hydrogenic Functions

A simple method for summing long series in the calculation of radial quantum hydrogenic integrals is explained. The procedure leads to the reduction of generalized radial quantum integrals. (M.J.T.)
Aminoacyl-nucleotide reactions: studies related to the origin of the genetic code and protein synthesis.

In the present paper, we report on the effect of pH and carbonate on the hydrolysis rate constants of N-blocked and free aminoacyl adenylate anhydrides. Whereas the hydrolysis of free aminoacyly adenylates seems principally catalyzed by OH−, the hydrolysis of the N-blocked species is also catalyzed by H+, giving this compound a U-shaped hydrolysis vs. pH curve. Furthermore, at pH's<8, carbonate has an extreme catalytic effect on the hydrolysis of free aminoacyl-AMP anhydride, but essentially no effect on the hydrolysis of N-blocked aminoacyl-AMP anhydride. Furthermore, the N-blocked aminoacyl-AMP anhydride is a very efficient generator of peptides using free glycine as acceptor. The possible significance of the observations to prebiological peptide synthesis is discussed.
TGF-β-based immunotherapy for cancer: Breaching the tumor firewall

Many malignant cells secrete transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a potent immunosuppresant, suggesting that TGF-β production may represent a significant tumor escape mechanism from host immunosurveillance. Establishment of a leukocyte subpopulation with disrupted TGF-β signaling in the tumor-bearing host offers a potential means for immunotherapy of cancer. Downregulation of TGF-β secretion in tumor cells results in restoration of immunogenicity in the host, while T-cell insensitivity to TGF-β results in accelerated differentiation and autoimmunity, elements of which may be required in order to combat self-antigen-expressing tumors in a tolerized host. The rationale, approaches, and potential pitfalls of this strategy will be discussed. Prostate 45:167–172, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new 4WM process : vibrationally enhanced IR spectroscopy

Abstract We report first results on infrared four-wave mixing which uses two infrared lasers and one visible laser to generate a visible output. The spectra are characterized by two singly resonant χ (3) processes: one is parametric, the other nonparametric. Both allow us to measure vibrational polarizabilities.
Effect of Shield-Can Design on Dynamic Responses of PCB Under Board Level Drop Impact

When a handheld device is subjected to a drop impact, the out-of-plane deformation of printed circuit board (PCB) is a major concern to manufacturers as it is directly proportional to the stress which causes failure for the solder joints. The shield-can attached to the PCB can provide additional mechanical strength and minimize the out-of-plane deformation. In this work, board level drop test is conducted with instrumentation following the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) test standards. A non-contact full field optical measurement technique, Digital Image Correlation (DIC), is applied to monitor and document the dynamic responses of PCB during the drop test. Different shield-can type varying in shape and size are attached to the PCB through frame or clip type connection. The effects of these two connecting methods, as well as the shape and size of shield-can, on the dynamic responses of PCB are analyzed experimentally. Along with board level drop experiments, a detailed 3D FEA model has been developed to verify and analyze the dynamic responses of PCB using ANSYS/LS-DYNATM. Several simulations have been performed to verify experimental results. Different contact techniques, such as Nodes merge and Tied Nodes to Surface (TDNS) contact have been applied as boundary conditions to connect shield-can with PCB and a proper representation of connection is found in the simulation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Ultrastable and uniform EUV and UV detectors

The large imaging format, high sensitivity, compact size, and ease of operation of silicon-based sensors have led instrument designers to choose them for most visible-light imagers and spectrometers for space-based applications. This will probably remain the case in the near future. In fact, technologies presently under development will tend to strengthen the position of the silicon-based sensors. CCD-CMOS hybrids currently being developed may combine the advantages of both imagers and new high-gain amplifiers and could permit photon- counting sensitivity even in large-format imagers. Back- illumination potentially enables silicon detectors to be used for photometry and imaging applications for which front- illuminated devices are poorly suited. Successful detection by back illumination requires treatment of the back surface using techniques such as delta doping. Delta-doped CCDs were developed at the Microdevices Laboratory at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1992. Using molecular beam epitaxy, fully- processed thinned CCDs are modified for UV enhancement by growing 2.5 nm of boron-doped silicon on the back surface. Named delta-doped CCDs because of the sharply-spiked dopant profile in the thin epitaxial layer, these devices exhibit stable and uniform 100% internal quantum efficiency without hysteresis in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. In this paper we will discuss the performance of delta-doped CCDs in UV and EUV, applicability to electron- bombarded CCD (EBCCD), our in-house thinning capability, and bonding approaches for producing flat focal plane arrays. Recent activities on the extension of delta-doping to other imaging technologies will also be presented.
Integrating smoking cessation treatment into primary care: an effectiveness study.

Background. Lack of interest has been cited as a reason not to offer cessation assistance to smokers, but research suggests that smokers accept treatments offered proactively. This study assessed acceptability, utilization, and effectiveness of free smoking cessation treatment among diverse primary care patients. Method. Medical assistants invited 4,174 adult smokers to participate. Enrollees (1,869) self-selected or were assigned to receive free nicotine patch therapy alone or in combination with the Committed Quitters® program, and for some, individual counseling. Results. In nearly 68% of cases, patients accepted a treatment invitation; 77% of eligible smokers enrolled; 85% of these picked up free patches. Given a choice of treatments, 75% of participants elected a psychosocial treatment in addition to patch therapy. Thirteen percent of treatment initiators achieved biochemically confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 1 year, with no significant treatment effects. Minority patients showed greater initial interest but less utilization did than White patients. Conclusions. Free, readily accessible smoking cessation treatment offered in primary care settings was accepted and used by the majority of unselected smokers of diverse racial/ethnic origins. Psychosocial treatment components did not significantly increase abstinence rates. Barriers, rather than lack of interest, may keep minority smokers from using cessation treatments.
Stability of polyvinyl chloride latex. I. Adsorption of metal chelates

Abstract The stability of a polyvinyl chloride latex sol was studied in the presence of two chelates, Co(dipy) 3 (C1O 4 ) 3 and Co(phen) 3 (C1O 4 ) 3 . Electrophoresis showed that charge reversal occurred only with the phenanthroline chelate. The adsorption isotherms were determined, for each chelate on the latex sol, by the radiotracer technique using counterions tagged with 60 Co. The difference in specific adsorption potentials of the two chelates, as calculated from the adsorption data, was found to be −5.43 kT , the value for the phenanthroline chelate being more negative.
Orthotropic mechanical properties of chemically treated bovine pericardium

To facilitate bioprosthetic heart valve design, especially in the use of novel antimineralization chemical technologies, a thorough understanding of the multiaxial mechanical properties of chemically treated bovine pericardium (BP) is needed. In this study, we utilized a small angle light scattering based tissue pre-sorting procedure to select BP specimens with a high degree of structural uniformity. Both conventional glutaraldehyde (GL) and photo-oxidation (PO) chemical treatment groups were studied, with untreated tissue used as the control group. A second set of GL and PO groups was prepared by prestretching them along the preferred fiber direction during the chemical treatment. An extensive biaxial test protocol was used and the resulting stress-strain data fitted to an exponential strain energy function. The high structural uniformity resulted in both a consistent mechanical response and low variability in the material constants. For free fixed tissues, the strain energy per unit volume for GL treated BP was ∼ 2.8 times that of PO treated BP at an equibiaxial Green’s strain level of 0.16. Prestretched tissues exhibited a profound increase in both stiffness and the degree of anisotropy, with the GL treatment demonstrating a greater effect. Thus, structural control leads to an improved understanding of chemically treated BP mechanical properties. Judicious use of this knowledge can facilitate the design and enhanced long-term performance of bioprosthetic heart valves. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC98: 8790+y, 8745Bp, 8780+s
Balance Among Character Strengths and Meaning in Life

Several scholars have suggested that character strengths are interdependent and should be in balance for a meaningful and fulfilling life, but this hypothesis has not been tested. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess if the degree of agreement between selected character strength pairs was positively related to meaning in life and if the level of difference between pairs was negatively associated with meaning in life. Using polynomial regression with response surface mapping, results indicated that honesty and kindness, love and social intelligence, and hope and gratitude had the strongest relations to meaning in life when both pairs were in agreement. When one character strength was higher than its pair, this predicted lower levels of meaning in life. The exception was bravery and fairness where the degree of discrepancy predicted meaning life when bravery was higher than fairness. These results suggest that balance among character strengths is important for meaning in life.
Two-Dimensional Time-Dependent Imaging Utilizing Tomographic Concepts

Tomography is the process of obtaining two-dimensional spatial distributions (images) from one-dimensional externally derived profiles or projections. This chapter is not intended as a general review of this broad, far reaching field, but will focus on tomographic solutions to imaging problems utilizing recent developments in electro-optics and fiber optics. Some of the imaging experiments considered here are complicated by hostile environments which require transferring the data over distances of 10 meters or more to protect the recording equipment. It is also often a requirement that complete information be obtained in a single, non-repetitive experiment. These complications on the application of tomographic techniques necessitate the use of high speed photonic solutions involving fiber optic arrays combined with high speed detectors.
The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Behavioral and Exercise Stress

The present study was designed to compare the differential cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic responses of Type A and B women to an exercise and a psychological stressor. In addition, the effects of menstrual cycle phase on the resting and response levels of a wide range of physiological variables were explored. Thirty-two women participated in a progressive exercise stress test and a threat of shock video game during both the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. Half of these subjects expressed the coronary-prone behavior pattern referred to as Type A, as assessed by the Jenkins Activity Survey. The remaining women were relatively free of these behaviors (Type B). Heart rate, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide were monitored and recorded on a breath-by-breath basis. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measures were taken at 2-min intervals. Results indicated similar baseline, exercise, and behavioral stress responses among Type A and B women. The stress responses were also the same between the follicular and luteal phases for all measured physiological variables. However, resting levels of heart rate, metabolism, and ventilation were all elevated at rest during the luteal phase. A regression analysis based on the exercise heart rate and oxygen consumption data demonstrated that a majority of subjects exhibited heart rate responses in excess of that expected during the psychological stressor. These data are discussed with special reference to possible mechanisms of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.
Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children: current concepts.

Purpose of reviewThe cause, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoarticular infections have changed considerably in recent years. The current review includes the most up to date literature on pediatric septic arthritis and osteomyelitis.Recent findingsThere is controversy over whether osteo
An Antisense Oligonucleotide to 1-cys Peroxiredoxin Causes Lipid Peroxidation and Apoptosis in Lung Epithelial Cells

1-cys peroxiredoxin (1-cysPrx), a member of the peroxiredoxin superfamily, reduces phospholipid hydroperoxides as well as organic peroxides and H2O2. To determine the physiological function(s) of 1-cysPrx, we have used an antisense strategy to suppress endogenous 1-cysPrx in L2 cells, a rat lung epithelial cell line. A 25-base antisense morpholino oligonucleotide was designed to bind a complementary sequence overlapping the translational start site (−18 to +7) in the rat 1-cysPrx mRNA, blocking protein synthesis. Treatment with an antisense oligonucleotide for 48 h resulted in approximately 60% suppression of the 1-cysPrx protein content as measured by immunoblot analysis and an approximately 44% decrease of glutathione peroxidase activity as compared with random oligonucleotide treated and control (vehicle only) cells. Accumulation of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide in plasma membranes was demonstrated by high pressure liquid chromatography assay for conjugated dienes (260 pmol/106cells for antisense versus 70 pmol/106 cells for random oligonucleotide and control cells) and by fluorescence of diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine, a probe for lipid peroxidation. The percentage of cells showing positive staining for annexin V and propidium iodide after antisense treatment was 40% at 28 h and 80% at 48 h. TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay at 48 h indicated DNA fragmentation in antisense-treated cells that was blocked by prior infection with adenovirus encoding 1-cysPrx or by pretreatment with a vitamin E analogue. The results indicate that 1-cysPrx can function in the intact cell as an antioxidant enzyme to reduce the accumulation of phospholipid hydroperoxides and prevent apoptotic cell death.
High intensity magnetic fields for the identification and study of donors in epitaxial gallium arsenide

High intensity magnetic fields are needed for the far infrared photoconductivity method to be used reliably in the identification of unitentional contaminants in ultra high purity epitaxial GaAs. We show experimental evidence that the inhomogeneous Stark broadening of the 1s→2p (m=−1) transition of the hydrogen-like donor almost disappears as the magnetic field is increased to 20 Tesla. Since the spectral lines also become narrower and the central cell correction (chemical shift) becomes larger, the “signature curve” method of identification permits positive identification of donor species. In particular, the donors Ge and Se have been identified in specimens that were reported to contain carbon and Sn respectively.
Conflict duration, feeding schedule, and strain differences in conflict-induced gastric ulcers

Abstract In a chronic conflict situation, rats exposed to 7 days of conflict developed more ulcers as compared to 4, 10, and 21 days of conflict. Ulcer incidence did not differ between 50-day old and 120-day old rats, but ulcer incidence was significantly reduced if a 1-hr conflict-free feeding period was scheduled every day instead of every other day. Strain comparisons showed that Wistar rats were more resistant and Long Evans rats more susceptible to conflict-induced ulcers.
Optical changes induced in GaAs/AlGaAs waveguides by MeV ion bombardment

Abstract We have fabricated optical channel waveguides in selectively masked planar GaAs/AlGaAs waveguide structures using MeV carbon and oxygen ions without post annealing. The fabricated channel waveguides were characterized exlusively by performing optical transmission measurements at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. Investigation of the extracted optical results reveals that further optimization of the ion beam parameters is required to reduce the observed propagation loss values. The feasibility of this technique may provide a totally new concept of localized optical modifications in the GaAs/AlGaAs system.
The effect of density and mutual interference by a Predator: A laboratory study of predation by the Nudibranch Coryphella rufibranchialis on the hydroid Tubularia larynx

The nudibranch Coryphella rufibranchialis (JOHNSTON) feeds on a variety of hydroids, including Tubularia larynx Ellis & Solander. Experiments in which density of prey and predators were altered showed that more prey were eaten as prey density increased. However, more prey were consumed at low predator densities, presumably because of mutual interference among nudibranchs at the higher predator densities. The number of prey consumed per nudibranch was maximal with low predator densities and a ratio of 25–50 polyps per predator. Coryphella seems to show an opportunistic feeding strategy involving solitary predators rapidly depleting hydroid colonies and moving on to new colonies.
Chronic mercuric chloride: Behavioral effects in pigeons

The effects of daily doses (1, 3, 10 mg/kg, im) of mercuric chloride were studied in pigeons responding under multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules of food presentation. The effects also were studied in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio schedule which had several intensities of a visual stimulus controlling the performance and under a repeated acquisition schedule which required the pigeon to learn a different four-step, three-position sequence every test day. Across all test conditions, the daily doses of 1 mg/kg produced some increases in the variability of the rates of responding, but no consistent decreases. Daily doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg reliably decreased responding, and these decreases disappeared gradually after daily dosing was discontinued. Daily 10 mg/kg doses in three birds which were not being tested killed two birds after 17 and 28 injections, but the third bird survived 60 injections.
A search for longitudinal variations in trace element levels in nails of Alzheimer's disease patients.

Levels of Br, Hg, K, and Zn were determined by INAA in the nails of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients at 6-mo intervals for up to 3 yr. These elements have been shown to be unbalanced in AD nail. Bromine showed no trends. Mercury tended to decrease in nail with increasing age of patient, and with the duration and severity of the dementia. Potassium and Zn tended to increase with these same factors. Hence, progressive changes in trace-element levels do occur in AD nail, although imbalances are detected even in the earliest sampled stages of the disease.
Photogrammetric Potentials Of Small-Format Camera Systems

A critical factor in close-range photogrammetry is the availability of appropriate camera systems. Currently available photogrammetric cameras (single cameras and stereometric cameras), although extremely well suited for numerous applications, do not meet the wide variety of requirements of applications (and potential applications) in an increasing number of engineering and scientific fields. Results of experimental research conducted in centers throughout the world indicate that, through the use of appropriate procedures and techniques, one can achieve with non-metric cameras essentially the same order of accuracy obtained with close-range photogrammetric cameras. As a result, non-metric cameras are starting to gain acceptance as data acquisition tools in numerous engineering and scientific application of photogrammetry. This paper gives an overview of the photogrammetric potentials of non-metric cameras, discusses the results achieved with small-format (70mm and 35mm) camera systems in a number of projects, and refers to the data-reduction procedures and techniques used. The impact of opening the door for the use of non-metric cameras in photogrammetric work is discussed.
The synthesis of13N-labelled nitrite of high specific activity and purity

An improvement in a method for the synthesis of13NO 2 − from13NO 3 − with specific activity>30 mCi/mL and radiochemical purity>99% is described.13NO 3 − is produced by the16O(p, α)13N reaction using a recirculating water target and 20 MeV protons.13NO 2 − is synthesized by reduction of13NO 3 − in a cadmium-copper column. Contaminating13NH 4 + is removed by rotatory evaporation at pH>11.0. The synthetic procedure takes less than 20 minutes from collection of irradiated target water to sterilization of the radiopharmaceutical.
Management Factors Affecting Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows in the Northeastern United States

Dairy herds (476) in seven states in the northeastern United States were surveyed to determine effects of various management factors on reproductive performance. Error of estrus detection (greater than 1 ng/ml of milk progesterone) on the day of service was 5.1% for 4558 cows but was as high as 60% in some herds. Error was not affected by herd size but was greater in freestall (6.8%) than in conventional (5.2%) housing. "Standing" and "riding other cows" were the most accurate signs of estrus. Of cows in or near estrus when serviced, 28.1% were open 3 wk later, 12.9% were probably open, and 59% were probably pregnant based on analysis of milk progesterone. Conception rate, not affected by herd size or housing type, was greater for cows in estrus during the morning and serviced the same afternoon (52.2%) than for cows observed in the afternoon and serviced the next morning (47.1%). Fifty-five percent of cows open to first service were serviced again within 3 days of expected return to estrus. Days to first service and conception rates were correlated positively. Milk progesterone concentration 21 to 24 days after service predicted a cow will calve with 88.6% accuracy and that she will not with 93.9% accuracy. Veterinarians predicted a calf with 92.5% accuracy by rectal palpation.