cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EOS IMAGING IS ACCURATE FOR PRE-OPERATIVE TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY TEMPLATING

Background Digital templating is a critical part of preoperative planning for total hip arthroplasty (THA) that is increasingly used by orthopaedic surgeons as part of their preoperative planning process. Digital templating has been used as a method of reducing hospital costs by eliminating the need for acetate films and providing an accurate method of preoperative planning. Pre-operative templating can help anticipate and predict appropriate component sizes to help avoid postoperative leg length discrepancy, failure to restore offset, femoral fracture, and instability. A preoperative plan using digital radiographs for surgical templating for component size can improve intraoperative accuracy and precision. While templating on conventional and digital radiographs is reliable and accurate, the accuracy of templating on digital images acquired with a novel biplanar imaging system (EOS Imaging Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA) remains unknown. EOS imaging captures whole body images of a standing patient without stitching or vertical distortion, less magnification error and exposes patients to less radiation than a pelvis AP radiograph. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare EOS imaging and conventional anteroposterior (AP) xrays for preoperative digital templating for THA, and compare the results to the implant sizes used intraoperatively. Methods Forty primary unilateral THA patients had preoperative supine AP xrays and standing EOS imaging. The mean age for patients was 61 ± 8 years, the mean body mass index 29 ± 6 kg/m 2 and 21 patients were female. All patients underwent a THA with the same THA system (R3 Acetabular System and Synergy Cementless Stem, Smith & Nephew, TN, USA) by a single surgeon. Two blinded observers preoperatively templated using both AP xray and EOS imaging for each patient to predict acetabular size, femoral component size, and stem offset. All templating was performed by two observers with standard software (Ortho Toolbox, Sectra AB, Linkoping, Sweden) [Figure 1] one week prior to surgery, and were compared using the Cronbach9s alpha (∝) coefficient of reliability. The accuracy of templating was reported as the average percent agreement between the implanted size and the templated size for each component. Results For templating acetabular component size, the exact size was predicted for 48% using AP xrays and 70% using EOS imaging, and within 1 size for 88% using xrays and 98% using EOS imaging. For templating femoral component size, the exact size was predicted exactly for 33% using AP xrays and 60% using EOS imaging, and within 1 size for 85% using xrays and 98% using EOS imaging (Figure 2). Interobserver agreement was excellent for acetabular components (Cronbach9s α = 0.94) and femoral components (Cronbach9s α = 0.96) using EOS imaging. Conclusions This study demonstrates that preoperative digital templating for THA using EOS imaging is accurate, with excellent interobserver agreement. EOS imaging has less magnification error, which may partially explain the accuracy of our templating method.
All-optical atomic clock on a chip: progress report

We report on progress in the development of atomic clocks based on an opto-electronic oscillator stabilized with an atomic cell. For a demonstration setup, the short term (1 second) stability of 5/spl middot/10/sup -10/ and the long term (100 seconds) stability of 6/spl middot/10/sup -11/ are reported. Also discussed is the physics of a low power electro-optical modulator utilizing whispering gallery modes in a segnetoelectric disk. This modulator is an important element of the designed clock. It is shown that our approach allows for multi-function application of the designed clocks, that can also operate in the magnetometer regime.
Elucidating the mechanism of fluorinated extender unit loading for improved production of fluorine-containing polyketides

Polyketides are a large family of bioactive natural products synthesized by polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme complexes predominantly from acetate and propionate. Given the structural diversity of compounds produced using these two simple building blocks, there has been longstanding interest in engineering the incorporation of alternative extender units. We have been investigating the mechanism of fluorinated monomer insertion by three of the six different modules of the PKS involved in erythromycin biosynthesis (6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase, DEBS) to begin understanding the contribution of different steps, such as enzyme acylation, transacylation, C-C bond formation, and chain transfer, to the overall selectivity and efficiency of this process. In these studies, we observe that inactivation of a cis-acyltransferase (AT) domain to circumvent its native extender unit preference leads concurrently to a change of mechanism in which chain extension with fluorine-substituted extender units switches largely to an acyl carrier protein (ACP)-independent mode. This result suggests that the covalent linkage between the growing polyketide chain and the enzyme is lost in these cases, which would limit efficient chain elongation after insertion of a fluorinated monomer. However, use of a standalone trans-acting AT to complement modules with catalytically deficient AT domains leads to enzyme acylation with the fluoromalonyl-CoA extender unit. Formation of the canonical ACP-linked intermediate with fluoromalonyl-CoA allows insertion of fluorinated extender units at 43% of the yield of the wild-type system while also amplifying product yield in single chain-extension experiments and enabling multiple chain extensions to form multiply fluorinated products.
No Need for Training Wheels: Ideas for Including Balance Bikes in Elementary Physical Education

Although it was invented nearly two centuries ago in Germany, the balance bike is only now beginning to make its presence known in the United States. A balance bike is a bicycle with no pedals — propelled by running or walking — and is designed to teach young children how to ride a bike in less time by allowing them to practice balance and steering with minimal risk of falling. The use of balance bikes is gaining traction as the “new” way to transition children to riding a bicycle without the need to use training wheels. However, the implementation of a balance bike unit is surprisingly lacking in the vast majority of elementary physical education programs. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to the balance bike, highlight the benefits of implementing it in the elementary physical education curriculum, and offer a four-lesson, ready-to-use balance-bike unit plan.
Our Honorable Enemy

Three days ago, the President of the United States sent to Congress a great document setting forth the long record of Japanese-American relations of the last 80 years, and in particular of the last 9 months, “the record for all history to read in amazement, in sorrow, in horror and in disgust.”
Photochemistry and photophysics of MOFs: steps towards MOF-based sensing enhancements.

In this review, we highlight how recent advances achieved in the fields of photochemistry and photophysics of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) could be applied towards the engineering of next generation MOF-based sensing devices. In addition to high surface area and structural tunability, which are crucial for efficient sensor development, progress in the field of MOF-based sensors could rely on the combination of MOF light-harvesting ability, understanding energy transfer processes within a framework, and application of MOF-based photocatalysis towards sensing enhancement. All photophysical concepts could be integrated within one material to improve efficiency and selectivity of sensing devices. Thus, the focus of this review is shifted towards a “beyond the pores” approach, which could foreshadow new guidelines for sensor engineering.
Empowerment and Constraint: Design of a Homecare Worker Training Program

A worker education center in California requested the development of a job training pilot program for 6,000 state-remunerated homecare workers. These workers provide personal care services to Medicaid-eligible adults over 65 years of age and to adults with disabilities, enabling them to remain living at home. In recognition of the homecare workers’ position as a first line of defense against health crises and costly hospitalizations, the center sought to enhance their roles by training them to be more engaged members of the care team and more knowledgeable in health and safety topics. The training design was challenging for two reasons. First, in California, consumers (recipients of care) are the legal employers of their homecare workers and are their designated job trainers. This hard-won right clashed with elements of the center’s training initiative. Second, diverse linguistic backgrounds limited education and low literacy levels among homecare workers led to a non-traditional approach to worker training that required buy-in from diverse stakeholders. The design process was fast-paced and iterative, involving research around themes established by committee, coordination with an illustrator, and numerous revisions in consultation with subject matter experts, including a disability rights advocate who was also a consumer. The result was a hands-on, collaborative design rooted in social constructivist learning theory. After two years, health outcomes among consumers whose homecare workers received training were positive, leading us to infer that both the design and the efforts to address learners’ needs and consumers’ concerns had been effective.
Health Concerns of Young Adolescents.

Assessment of health concerns independent of health knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors is important for understanding health among adolescents, who are being socialized into adult health roles yet have their own particular concerns. The health concerns of 278 young adolescents were examined with respect to 30 topics in a survey of all seventh- and eighth-grade students attending an urban school. Their highest levels of concerns pertained to dental health, friendships, nutrition, and sex; their lowest levels pertained to smoking, birth control, pregnancy, and homosexuality. Younger, female, and less healthy students expressed greater health concerns. Most desired class health presentations (particularly about sex), while relatively few requested private counseling on specific health topics. Health concerns need to be emphasized as a component of theoretical models, and also applied in the development of health education and school health programs.
Monitoring and Response of CFRP Prestressed Concrete Bridge

This paper presents data obtained from automated monitoring of the Bridge Street Bridge-Structure-B, in the City of Southfield Michigan. This data was stored every two hours from vibrating-wire strain gages, thermistors, deflection transducers, and load cells installed within the bridge. Examples of the variation of strains, temperatures, and deflections along the three-spans of the bridge and strains and forces in longitudinal unbonded post-tensioned tendons, and forces in the transverse unbonded post-tensioned tendons are presented. In addition to the data collected from the automated data logging system, manually collected data are also presented on the same data plots for ease of correlation between manually read and automated collected data. The measured concrete strains, deflections, and forces in the longitudinal and transverse post-tensioned tendons over a period of one year indicate that the bridge is performing as expected. The monitored response of the bridge also demonstrates that the unbonded post-tensioned tendons and their anchorages are intact and effectively serving within the environmental conditions encountered at the bridge. Moreover, the results also demonstrate the integrity of the bridge in both longitudinal and transverse directions.
Ising and Related Models

The model was invented with the purpose of deriving ferromagnetism solely from the tenets of statistical mechanics. The first attempt was to consider a one-dimensional version of the model; we review this in the present section to try and learn how and why it was unsuccessful. Successful, higher dimensional versions of the model are studied in the next two sections; some related models are also mentioned in Sect. 12.3. The Ising model for ferromagnetism satisfies the following four defining conditions:
Electronic Structure of Amorphous Insulators and Photo-Structural Effects in Chalcogenide Glasses

It is an exciting time to undertake theoretical studies of amorphous and glassy insulators. This is because theory and its prime tool, simulation, are reaching a level of realism necessary to explain many experimental observations and even to go beyond them in providing microscopic pictures of processes in disordered materials. In this paper we discuss the modeling of electronic structure and how this work may be developed to give qualitative insight into the localized-extended (Anderson) transition [1], a computationally and perhaps fundamentally valuable restatement of the electronic structure problem in terms of real-space localized (Wannier-like [2]) states, the impact of thermal fluctuations on electron states and transport, and the atomic-dynamical consequences of light exposure for photo-sensitive glasses.
Terrorism and Early Childhood: Our Role on the Slippery Slope of Racism

In this paper I argue that early childhood professionals have a key role in providing learning opportunities that aim to prevent children placing their feet on the beginning of the slippery slope of racism. At the bottom of this slippery slope of racism, as we have seen in recent world events, are acts of extremist terrorism. This responsibility is increasingly important given that in many countries political rhetoric is leaning further towards far right extremism accompanied by forms of nationalism where those who are different (for example Muslims and refugee groups) are being portrayed as threatening standards of living of citizens in their host countries. As professionals we have a responsibility to identify early (often, on the surface, benign) acts, reflect on the value position underpinning such acts, and provide opportunities for children to learn to value and respect the differences they see every day in the people around them. In this paper I provide suggestions as to the kinds of behaviours (and the value positions underpinning them) that we see in young children and the ways we might address these.
Risk factors for cancer‐associated venous thromboembolism: The venous thromboembolism prevention in the ambulatory cancer clinic (VTE‐PACC) study

Background The Khorana Score is a validated risk score for predicting 6-month incidence of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (CAT) among patients starting chemotherapy. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk factors important in the general population, including age, sex, prior VTE, and hospitalization, are not included in this score, their association with VTE in cancer patients is unknown. Objective To examine risk factors for CAT and the impact of incorporating longitudinal hospitalization into risk assessment. Methods Risk factors were recorded among patients starting chemotherapy at a single institution from 2012-14. Hospitalization and time-periods after hospitalization were assessed as time-varying covariates. Logistic regression was used to determine factors related to 6-month CAT risk (the Khorana Score endpoint). Proportional hazard models were used for risk factor identification throughout the 3-year observation period. Results Among 1,583 patients starting chemotherapy (mean age 60, 48% male), 187 developed CAT (11.8%) with 129 (69%) cases occurring within 6 months of starting chemotherapy. In the 6-month analysis, no additional risk factors were associated with CAT. In the 3-year analysis, male sex (HR 1.57, 95%CI 1.21, 2.07), prior VTE (HR 2.12, 95%CI 1.41, 3.18), and hospitalization (HR 2.69, 95%CI 1.92, 3.75) were associated with increased hazard of CAT, adjusting for risk factors in the Khorana score. Conclusions When time-to-event data were incorporated into CAT risk assessment, male sex, prior VTE, and hospitalization were important risk factors. These data highlight the need to consider dynamic methods for assessing VTE risk in cancer patients, with particular attention to the period around hospitalizations.
VideoDP: A Universal Platform for Video Analytics with Differential Privacy.

Massive amounts of video data are ubiquitously generated in personal devices and dedicated video recording facilities. Analyzing such data would be extremely beneficial in real world (e.g., urban traffic analysis, pedestrian behavior analysis, video surveillance). However, videos contain considerable sensitive information, such as human faces, identities and activities. Most of the existing video sanitization techniques simply obfuscate the video by detecting and blurring the region of interests (e.g., faces, vehicle plates, locations and timestamps) without quantifying and bounding the privacy leakage in the sanitization. In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we propose the first differentially private video analytics platform (VideoDP) which flexibly supports different video analyses with rigorous privacy guarantee. Different from traditional noise-injection based differentially private mechanisms, given the input video, VideoDP randomly generates a utility-driven private video in which adding or removing any sensitive visual element (e.g., human, object) does not significantly affect the output video. Then, different video analyses requested by untrusted video analysts can be flexibly performed over the utility-driven video while ensuring differential privacy. Finally, we conduct experiments on real videos, and the experimental results demonstrate that our VideoDP effectively functions video analytics with good utility.
Quantifying uncertainties and correlations in the nuclear-matter equation of state

We perform statistically rigorous uncertainty quantification (UQ) for chiral effective field theory ($\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{EFT}$) applied to infinite nuclear matter up to twice nuclear saturation density. The equation of state (EOS) is based on high-order many-body perturbation theory calculations with nucleon-nucleon and three-nucleon interactions up to fourth order in the $\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{EFT}$ expansion. From these calculations our newly developed Bayesian machine-learning approach extracts the size and smoothness properties of the correlated EFT truncation error. We then propose a novel extension that uses multitask machine learning to reveal correlations between the EOS at different proton fractions. The inferred in-medium $\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{EFT}$ breakdown scale in pure neutron matter and symmetric nuclear matter is consistent with that from free-space nucleon-nucleon scattering. These significant advances allow us to provide posterior distributions for the nuclear saturation point and propagate theoretical uncertainties to derived quantities: the pressure and incompressibility of symmetric nuclear matter, the nuclear symmetry energy, and its derivative. Our results, which are validated by statistical diagnostics, demonstrate that an understanding of truncation-error correlations between different densities and different observables is crucial for reliable UQ. The methods developed here are publicly available as annotated Jupyter notebooks.
An Adolescent with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Locally Metastatic Disease but No Distant Metastases

Thyroid cancer is rare in the pediatric population, but the incidence appears to be increasing, especially in adolescents. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common type of thyroid cancer, represents 90% or more of cases in patients ≤18 years of age. Children with PTC are highly likely to present with extra-thyroidal extension and regional lymph node metastases. Despite often having advanced cervical disease at presentation, pediatric patients have very favorable outcomes with long-term survival decades after diagnosis, especially in the absence of distant metastases. Current data suggest that a comprehensive initial surgery performed by a high-volume thyroid surgeon is the most important factor in improving long-term disease-free survival. With the increasing acceptance that routine radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation may no longer be necessary in lower-risk patients who have had surgery by a high-volume surgeon, and given knowledge that patients naive to RAI can still be effectively followed with serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels and neck ultrasound (US), 131I is no longer routinely being given to all children with PTC, even in the presence of lymph node metastases at diagnosis. The use of RAI in pediatric PTC is also evolving due to concerns about possible late effects such as secondary malignancies. In 2015, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) published guidelines specifically for the management of pediatric PTC, and these guidelines try to balance the risks and benefits of 131I therapy while also advocating that each child be treated at centers of excellence where there are multidisciplinary teams experienced in the management of pediatric thyroid cancer.
An Analysis of Four Academic Department Collaboration Networks with Respect to Gender

Understanding how research is conducted is important for understanding how we get the information that influences the decisions we make. One method used for analyzing the patterns behind research is building collaboration networks. In a collaboration network, vertices represent researchers and an edge exists between two vertices if the corresponding researchers have collaborated.
Feasibility of universal screening for postpartum mood and anxiety disorders among caregivers of infants hospitalized in NICUs: a systematic review.

This systematic review evaluated the feasibility of implementing universal screening programs for postpartum mood and anxiety disorder (PMAD) among caregivers of infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Four moderate quality post-implementation cohort studies satisfied inclusion criteria (n = 2752 total participants). All studies included mothers; one study included fathers or partners. Screening included measures of depression and post-traumatic stress. Screening rates ranged from 48.5% to 96.2%. The incidence of depression in mothers ranged from 18% to 43.3% and was 9.5% in fathers. Common facilitators included engaging multidisciplinary staff in program development and implementation, partnering with program champions, and incorporating screening into routine clinical practice. Referral to mental health treatment was the most significant barrier. This systematic review suggests that universal PMAD screening in NICUs may be feasible. Further research comparing a wider range of PMAD screening tools and protocols is critical to address these prevalent conditions with significant consequences for parents and infants.
Review of Stephen Richter and Mónica Andrade’s Marqués: A Narco Macbeth. University of California, Santa Cruz, 26 February 2016–6 March 2016. Available on YouTube.

When Donald J. Trump announced his campaign for president on 16 June 2015, he infamously promised to “build a great, great wall on our southern border” and to “have Mexico pay for that wall”. The U...
How mobile host batteries can improve network security

Distributed battery-based intrusion detection (B-BID) is an efficacious early-warning system that can complement existing intrusion detection systems (IDSs) by alerting users to protect their mobile devices as well as network administrators to protect their corporate networks by correlating device power consumption with application and attack activity data.
COVID-19 Employment Status, Dyadic Family Relationships, and Child Psychological Well-Being.

Abstract Purpose COVID-19 has led to soaring unemployment rates and the widespread adoption of working-from-home (WFH) arrangements that have disrupted family relationships and adolescent psychological well-being. This longitudinal study investigated how parental employment status (i.e., job loss and WFH) influenced adolescents' daily affect indirectly through family functioning (i.e., parent-adolescent conflict and parental warmth) and whether these links varied by family's socioeconomic status. Methods Daily-diary approaches were used to collect dyadic parent-adolescent data from a nationwide American sample (6,524 daily assessments from 447 parent-adolescent dyads; 45% black, 36% white, 10% Latinx, 7% Asian American, 2% Native American) over the course of 15 consecutive days at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Parents who experienced job loss demonstrated increases in parent-child conflict, which in turn predicted decreases in child positive affect and increases in child negative affect. Furthermore, parents' WFH status predicted increases in parental warmth, which in turn predicted increases in child positive affect and decreases in child negative affect. Parents of low-income families were more likely to experience job loss (24% vs. 13%) and less likely to WFH (44% vs. 73%) than middle-high income parents. Conclusions Adolescents from families facing economic hardship and employment shifts during COVID-19 experienced changes in parent-child relational dynamics that influenced their emotional well-being. Recognizing these shifts in family ecology is critical to health providers' ability to screen for mental health, assess existing family supports, and provide timely, targeted information about stress management and contending with family conflict.
Towards a Generalized Acoustic Minimap for Visually Impaired Gamers

Video games created for visually impaired players (VIPs) remain inequivalent to those created for sighted players. Sighted players use minimaps within games to learn how their surrounding environment is laid out, but there is no effective analogue to the minimap for visually impaired players. A major accessibility challenge is to create a generalized, acoustic (non-visual) version of the minimap for VIPs. To address this challenge, we develop and investigate four acoustic minimap techniques which represent a breadth of ideas for how an acoustic minimap might work: a companion smartphone app, echolocation, a directional scanner, and a simple menu. Each technique is designed to communicate information about the area around the player within a game world, providing functionality analogous to a visual minimap but in acoustic form. We close by describing a user study that we are performing with these techniques to investigate the factors that are important in the design of acoustic minimap tools.
Human Nature and Confinement in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights

Catherine Earnshaw’s famous statement, “I am Heathcliff” in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, has often been thought to signify the depth of the passionate love between Catherine and Heathcliff (73). It seems, however, that Heathcliff and Catherine’s relationship may have more to do with symbolic possession and control than romance. In their famous feminist work, The Madwoman in the Attic, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar make a well-known assertion about the relationship between the characters of Jane Eyre, a novel written by Emily Bronte’s sister, Charlotte Bronte. They suggest that Bertha, the deranged and malicious wife of Edward Rochester, can be considered as a symbol of the rebellious spirit that rages inside the seemingly quiet female protagonist, Jane Eyre, against the constraints of her class and gender role in society (356-367). I suggest that, similarly, Heathcliff is not a “devil” that possesses Catherine and inflicts misery on her, but that like Jane Eyre’s Bertha, Heathcliff is a symbolic manifestation of the raging spirit trapped inside Wuthering Height’s socially confined protagonist—Catherine Earnshaw. Catherine’s statement, “I am Heathcliff” could be said to signify, not a passionate relationship of love, but rather a literal truth. After Edgar forces Heathcliff to leave Thrushcross Grange, Catherine confines herself to her room for 3 days without food or water, bringing on an illness which eventually becomes fatal. Catherine is unable to unite herself with her true nature in life, and she therefore seeks unity with him in death. Though she cannot be united with Heathcliff while she remains the civilized wife of Edgar Linton, she can achieve unity with him in death by imprisoning and then eradicating the symbol of her civilized identity—her physical body.
FRET by fluorescence polarization microscopy.

The widespread success in using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FPs) to track protein motion in living cells has led to extensive interest in measuring Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two FPs of different colors. FRET occurs over distances less than 10-nm and can thus be used to detect protein-protein interactions and changes in protein conformation. However, FP-FRET measurements are complicated by the spectral properties of FPs. Consequently, extensive correction or photo-destructive approaches have been used to detect the presence of FRET. Since these methods limit the temporal and spatial resolution of FRET measurements, they are not well suited for many live-cell imaging applications. Here, we describe an alternative approach to detect FP-FRET by measuring fluorescence anisotropies (AFRET). Since FPs are large in size, excitation of FPs with polarized light results in highly polarized emission. In this case, FRET to a second FP that lies outside the photoselection plane will depolarize the fluorescence. This method provides high contrast and unambiguous indication of FRET using a simple image collection strategy that can be easily adapted to any modality including widefield and laser scanning approaches. In this chapter, we will discuss the theory behind AFRET imaging, calculation of FP anisotropies using fluorescent microscopes, and configuration of microscopes for AFRET experiments.
Brokering semantic Web services via intelligent middleware agents within a knowledge-based framework

The concept of automating Web services, specifically the brokering activities, is an active research topic. We need a comprehensive and overarching framework that seamlessly incorporates intelligent middleware agents within the context of workflow management, and addresses the issues related to virtual organizations. The goal is to add semantics to Web services to endow them with capabilities currently lacking in the literature, but necessary for their successful deployment in future systems. This paper discusses how the knowledge-based dynamic semantic Web services (KDSWS) framework, interoperating with the knowledge sifter architecture, can be used to dynamically broker semantic Web services. The functional agent services architecture of the KDSWS Framework contains intelligent middleware agents to enable these dynamic operations. In particular, the specification of the roles of the intelligent middleware agents in the brokering is presented.
Working the Planning Table: Negotiating Democratically for Adult, Continuing, and Workplace Education

Preface. Working the Planning Table: A Theory for Practice. 1. Seeing What Matters: Education as a Struggle for Knowledge and Power. 2. Practicing Educational Planning: Three Stories. 3. Negotiating Democratically for Educational and Political Outcomes. Working the Planning Table: The Theory in Practice. 4. Negotiating the Program's Needs-Assessment. 5. Negotiating the Program's Educational, Management, and Political Objectives. 6. Negotiating the Program's Instructional Design and Implementation. 7. Negotiating the Program's Administrative Organization and Operation. 8. Negotiating the Program's Formal and Informal Evaluation. 9. Working the Planning Table in the Struggle for Knowledge and Power. References. The Authors. Index.
Some Thoughts on Intelligence (1992)

N o other society, to my knowledge, has made such a fetish of intelligence as has modern America. Indeed we have what philosopher Mary Midgley calls a veritable “cult of intelligence” administered by tribes of experts whose function is to measure it, raise it, write books about it, and make those purportedly without it feel inferior. But exactly what is intelligence? More to the point, what is intelligence as measured against the standards of biological diversity and human longevity on Earth? And what might such answers say about how we go about the work of conservation education?
CT angiography versus invasive angiography for the diagnosis of total occlusion.

Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography (CTCA) for the diagnosis and evaluation of coronary artery occlusive disease has rapidly gained acceptance among clinicians. Its growing use in selected populations has provided a wealth of data, leading to a recent flurry of articles describing both the benefits and limitations of this imaging modality. In this article, we describe the case of an 80 year old woman who presented with anginal symptoms, who first underwent CTCA which suggested severe right coronary artery stenosis. A subsequent invasive coronary angiogram was crucial in revealing a total occlusion and the presence of collateral vessels, findings that would ultimately guide therapy. This case demonstrates a significant limitation in the use of CTCA and the associated images are valuable in illustrating this point.
Inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis by retinoids

Retinoids are effective inhibitors of chemical carcinogenesis in the mammary gland, esophagus, and urinary bladder of experimental animals. Modification of the basic retinoid structure has produced retinoids with increased target organ specificity, resulting in increased anticancer activity with reduced systemic toxicity. Combining retinoid treatment with hormonal manipulation results in a synergistic inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis; this combination approach also inhibits mammary tumor recurrence following surgical removal of the first mammary tumor. Retinoids are most effective when administered shortly after the carcinogenic insult. However, even when retinoid treatment is delayed, the compounds are still effective cancer chemopreventive agents for the mammary gland and urinary bladder. The length of time that retinoid exposure can be delayed and retain an anticancer effect is directly related to tumor latency, with a longer delay permissible against tumors with long latent periods. Current research focuses on the identification of new retinoids with increased chemopreventive activity and decreased toxicity, and combination studies which will provide treatment regimens with increased anticancer activity as well as information pertaining to mechanisms of retinoid action.
Thermal model for real-time textured IR background simulation

In the last year, several moderately priced real-time image generators offering textured rendering have appeared on the market. These image generators provide an opportunity for more realistic IR image simulation by significantly increasing the level of detail of the simulated image with no degradation in real-time performance. As part of the development of a new imaging IR simulator, the authors have incorporated the texturing feature of their image generator with their thermal model to generate thermally accurate textured IR backgrounds. The textured thermal model uses a two-dimensional Markov process to generate a background temperature fluctuation map; this model has been proposed by several studies of thermal IR terrain measurements. The textured surfaces are processed through the radiance and sensor models to generate the simulated images.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determining the risks of magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 tesla for patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators

Conventional pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator product labeling currently cautions against exposure to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, there is a growing clinical need for MRI, without an acceptable alternative imaging modality in many patients with cardiac devices. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of MRI at 1.5 T for patients with cardiac devices by measuring the frequency of device failures and clinically relevant device parameter changes. Data from a single-center retrospective review of 109 patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (the MRI group) who underwent 125 clinically indicated MRI studies were compared to data from a prospective cohort of 50 patients with cardiac devices who did not undergo MRI (the control group). In the MRI group, there were no deaths, device failures requiring generator or lead replacement, induced arrhythmias, losses of capture, or electrical reset episodes. Decreases in battery voltage of ≥0.04 V occurred in 4%, pacing threshold increases of ≥0.5 V in 3%, and pacing lead impedance changes of ≥50 Ω in 6%. Although there were statistically significant differences between the MRI and control groups for the mean change in pacing lead impedance (−6.2 ± 23.9 vs 3.0 ± 22.1 Ω) and left ventricular pacing threshold (−0.1 ± 0.3 vs 0.1 ± 0.2 V), these differences were not clinically important. In conclusion, MRI in patients with cardiac devices resulted in no device or lead failures. A small number of clinically relevant changes in device parameter measurements were noted. However, these changes were similar to those in a control group of patients who did not undergo MRI.
Carbon monoxide pathway enzyme activities in a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium grown acetogenically and in a syntrophic acetate-oxidizing coculture

We recently isolated an acetate-oxidizing rodshaped eubacterium (AOR) which was capable of oxidizing acetate to CO2 when grown in coculture with the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanobacterium sp. strain THF. The AOR was also capable of growing axenically on H2CO2 which it converted to acetate. Previous results for the acetate oxidizing coculture showed isotopic exchange between acetate and CO2, suggesting that the AOR was using a pathway for acetate oxidation resembling a reveral of the acetogenic (carbon monoxide) pathway. In this study, it was found that production of 14CO2 from 14CH3COO- by the coculture was inhibited by 200 μM cyanide, while methanogenesis from H2−CO2 was unaffected, implying the involvement of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) in acetate oxidation. CODH was present at 0.055 μmol methyl viologen reduced min-1 mg-1 protein in extracts of Methanobacterium sp. strain THF, but was present in higher levels in the acetate oxidizing coculture and in the AOR grown axenically and on H2−CO2 (2.0 and 6.4 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein respectively). Anaerobic activity stains for CODH in native polyacrylamide gels from the AOR coculture showed components co-migrating with bands from both organisms, as well as an additional band in extracts of the coculture. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) was present in both the AOR coculture and monoculture but not in extracts of H2−CO2 grown cells of Methanobacterium sp. strain THF. Formyltetrahydrofolate (FTHF) synthetase was not detectable in extracts of the AOR monoculture or coculture, although it was found in high amounts in extracts of H2−CO2 grown cells of the thermophilic acetogen Acetogenium kivui. Extracts of H2−CO2 grown cells of the AOR showed a fluorescence spectrum typical of pterin derivatives. Bioassay for folates showed levels to be at anabolic rather than catabolic levels. It is possible that the AOR uses pterins distinct from folate for catabolism. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, a citric acid cycle enzyme, was also present in the AOR, but at anabolic levels and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was not detectable.
a Model for General Periodic Excitation with Random Disturbance and its Application

Many vibration problems involve a general periodic excitation such as those of a triangular or rectangular waveform. In practice, the periodic excitation may become disordered due to uncertainties. This paper presents a stochastic model for general periodic excitations with random disturbance, which is constructed by introducing random amplitude and phase disturbances to individual terms in the Fourier series of the corresponding deterministic periodic function. Mean square convergence of the random Fourier series are discussed. Monte Carlo simulation of disordered sawtooth, triangular, and quadratic wave forms are illustrated. An application of the excitation is demonstrated by vibration analysis of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) hydraulic valve system subjected to a disordered periodic fluid pressure. In the present study only the phase disturbance is considered. Effects of the intensity of phase modulation on up to fourth order moment response and the convergence rate of the random Fourier series are studied by numerical results. It is found that a small random disturbance in a general periodic excitation may significantly change the response moment.
Experience influences environmental modulation of function at the benzodiazepine (BZD)/GABA receptor chloride channel complex.

Function of the benzodiazepine (BZD)/GABA receptor chloride channel complex was selectively altered by specific aspects of an environmental challenge, i.e. encountering a stranger in a familiar versus an unfamiliar environment. Chloride (Cl−) enhancement of [3H]flunitrazepam ([3H]flu) binding was facilitated in rats tested in an unfamiliar environment relative to that in rats tested in a familiar environment. Basal [3H]flu binding (binding in the absence of NaCl) also was greater in rats tested in the unfamiliar environment than in rats tested in the familiar environment, and Scatchard analysis of [3H]flu binding indicated that increased [3H]flu binding in the unfamiliar environment reflected an increase in both binding affinity and maximal binding capacity. In addition, both the sensitivity of [3H]flu binding to Cl− and the affinity of BZD recognition sites were decreased in handled control rats relative to non-handled control rats as well as to environmentally-challenged (prehandled) rats, suggesting that the experience of daily handling as well as familiarization with the environment modulates function at the BZD/GABA receptor complex. GABA-mediated36Cl− uptake was facilitated by testing in either the familiar or unfamiliar environment relative to that measured in non-handled control rats. Thus, changes in GABA-gated chloride channel function may reflect a more fundamental response of this complex to challenging situations. These findings suggest that components of the BZD/GABA receptor complex are differentially influenced by specific aspects of an environmental challenge. Furthermore, function at the BZD recognition site/chloride channel component of this receptor complex is influenced by both repeated and single exposure to specific environments.
Differential Patterns of Accumulation and Depuration of Dietary Selenium and Vanadium During Metamorphosis in the Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor)

Selenium (Se) and vanadium (V) are contaminants commonly found in aquatic systems affected by wastes derived from fossil fuels. To examine their effects on a widely distributed species of amphibian, we exposed gray tree frogs (Hyla versicolor) to Se (as SeO2) or V (as NaVO3) in their diet from the early larval period to metamorphosis. Concentrations of Se in Se-enriched food were 1.0 (Se control), 7.5 (Se low), and 32.7 (Se high) μg/g dw. Concentrations of V in V-enriched food were 3.0 (V control), 132.1 (V low), and 485.7 (V high) μg/g dw. Although we observed bioaccumulation of both metals throughout the larval period, no effects on growth, survival, metabolic rate, or lipid content were observed. Se concentrations in tissues did not vary among life stages, neither in Se low nor Se high treatments, such that maximum accumulation had occurred by the mid-larval period. In addition, there was no evidence of depuration of Se in either the Se low or the Se high treatments during metamorphosis. A strikingly different pattern of accumulation and depuration occurred in V-exposed individuals. In treatments V low and V high, maximum body burdens occurred in “premetamorphs” (i.e., animals with developed forelimbs but in which tail resorption had not begun), whereas body burdens in animals having completed metamorphosis were much lower and similar to those in larvae. These results suggest that compared with Se-exposed animals, V-exposed animals were able to depurate a substantial amount of accumulated V during the metamorphic period. In an ecologic context, it appears that amphibians exposed to Se during the larval period may serve as a vector of the metal to terrestrial predators, yet potential transfer of accumulated V to predators would largely be restricted to the aquatic habitat.
Evidence-Based Musculoskeletal Surgery in Horses

Musculoskeletal disorders comprise a large portion of the conditions treated by equine veterinarians. Surgical intervention is the treatment of choice in many cases. The body of literature describing and exploring surgical correction of musculoskeletal disorders in horses is steadily growing but still lacking. At this juncture, we can use what information we have with the understanding that as the quality of research advances, we should apply stricter standards to the evidence we use to answer our clinical questions.
Responses of the Bush Warbler Cettia diphone to artificial eggs of Cuculus cuckoos in Japan

Artificial eggs of six different colours and control eggs of Bush Warblers Cettia diphone were introduced into nests of Bush Warblers, a host of both Little and Himalayan Cuckoos Cuculus poliocephalus and C. saturatw in Japan. All control (chocolate-brown) and artificial red eggs were accepted; all grey and all white eggs were rejected. The rejection rates of orange, pink and orange spots on grey eggs were 8%, 369; and 55%, respectively. Bush arblers are more likely to reject eggs the more dissimilar they are from their own. The results strengthen the possibility that the chocolate-brown eggs of Little and Himalayan Cuckoos may have evolved through the discriminative ability of Bush Warblers and their intolerance towards dissimilar eggs.
The Perioperative Nurse's Role in Anesthesia Management

ABSTRACT The perioperative nurse's role in anesthesia management of the surgical patient begins with a preoperative patient assessment and ends when the patient recovers from the effects of anesthesia. An understanding of the following concepts enhances the perioperative nurse's ability to collaborate with anesthesia care providers in providing optimal care: anesthesia risk classifications, choice of anesthetic agents, importance of patient positioning, anesthesia induction and intubation techniques, levels of general anesthesia, inhalational agents, malignant hyperthermia, and patient monitoring parameters during local and regional anesthesia. AORN J 62 (Nov 1995) 794–804.