cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Service Usage Metering in Hybrid Cloud Environments

With the proliferation of cloud based services - IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS - enterprises are increasingly consuming all type of IT services delivered by cloud providers. These cloud services are increasingly being used to create integrated solutions where some of the component services are delivered from on-premise private cloud environments and the remaining are provided by off-premise providers. While this best-of-breed approach results in flexible and agile business solutions, it also raises significant problems related to metering, billing, charge back and accounting. In this paper, after reviewing common hybrid cloud integration patterns, we discuss the importance of usage metering and the associated challenges in hybrid cloud environments. We then present a novel solution for metering of services delivered from multiple cloud providers. In this approach, service metering is keyed off of the life-cycle events generated by the service management controls across the hybrid cloud. By identifying life-cycle events associated with services consumed, service usage is tracked from all sources and then filtered and aggregated in a centralized manner. The aggregated information can then be used in an on-line manner for policy-based service delivery, charge-back, billing and reporting, and auditing. Based on this approach we have developed an end-to-end service usage metering and billing system for hybrid cloud environments. Some of the key underlying technologies have been incorporated in IBM SmartCloud Orchestrator - an IBM offering for managing workload patterns in multi cloud environments.
Transition relevance place: a proposal for adaptive user interface in natural language dialog management systems

In this paper, we describe how users transfer language behavior commonly associated with directed dialog to natural language systems: they respond to the initial prompt with a single word (holophrase) instead of the naturally occurring unit of conversation (a sentence). We evaluate two solutions to this problem and offer a conversational turn-taking method together with a discourse clause tutorial as the effective way to get repeat callers to adapt to the natural language dialog style.
BK virus: microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment

Chakrapol Sriaroona, John N Greeneb, Albert L. Vincenta, Veronica T. Tuccic, Mohamed A. KharfanDabajab, Ramon Sandind aDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, bDepartment of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center, cCollege of Medicine, dDepartment of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 336129497, USA
Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescents: An Ecological Perspective

Many factors contribute to the decline in physical activity (PA) observed during adolescence. We used an ecological framework to review 30 publications of PA interventions published between 1977 and 2009 targeting youth aged 12–18 years (19 PA interventions). We included studies that measured a primary outcome of PA and also examined intervening variables. Most studies targeted the intrapersonal and environmental domains. The body of literature on PA interventions in youth suggests the importance of targeting ecological domains beyond the individual level. Future investigations should be theory-based and include analysis of mediators across ecological domains in order to identify the most effective combination of factors to promote PA in youth.
High-quality La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 and La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 LPE films for oscillators and resonators

Abstract Single-crystalline La 3 Ga 5.5 Ta 0.5 O 14 and La 3 Ga 5.5 Nb 0.5 O 14 films were grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) for the first time. Crack-free thin films up to 1.5×1.5 cm 2 were obtained from a PbO-based flux on X -, Y -, and Z -oriented substrates, by homoepitaxy. Characterization was done by AFM, SEM/EDAX, XRD and optical microscopy. The morphology of X - and Y -oriented LGT films show a similar growth habit as previously found for LGS LPE films. X-LGT films are extremely flat over macroscopic dimensions. On Y -oriented films, (macro)steps and facets are formed, and growth hillocks and spirals were observed on Z -oriented LGN films.
Cyclooxygenase reaction mechanism of prostaglandin H synthase from deuterium kinetic isotope effects

Cyclooxygenase catalysis by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) is thought to involve a multistep mechanism with several radical intermediates. The proposed mechanism begins with the transfer of the C13 pro-(S) hydrogen atom from the substrate arachidonic acid (AA) to the Tyr385 radical in PGHS, followed by oxygen insertion and several bond rearrangements. The importance of the hydrogen-transfer step to controlling the overall kinetics of cyclooxygenase catalysis has not been directly examined. We quantified the non-competitive primary kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for both PGHS-1 and -2 using several deuterated AAs, including 13-pro-(S) d-AA, 13,13-d2-AA and 10, 10, 13,13-d4-AA. The primary KIE for steady-state cyclooxygenase catalysis, Dkcat, ranged between 1.8 and 2.3 in oxygen electrode measurements. The intrinsic KIE of AA radical formation by C13 pro-(S) hydrogen abstraction in PGHS-1 was estimated to be 1.9–2.3 using rapid freeze-quench EPR kinetic analysis of anaerobic reactions and computer modeling to a mechanism that includes a slow formation of a pentadienyl AA radical and a rapid equilibration of the AA radical with a tyrosyl radical, NS1c. The observation of similar values for steady-state and pre-steady state KIEs suggests that hydrogen abstraction is a rate-limiting step in cyclooxygenase catalysis. The large difference of the observed KIE from that of plant lipoxygenases indicates that PGHS and lipoxygenases have very different mechanisms of hydrogen transfer.
Fear of success theory and librarians

(1980). Fear of success theory and librarians. International Library Review: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 49-63.
Processing infrared images of aircraft lapjoints

Techniques for processing IR images of aging aircraft lapjoint data are discussed. Attention is given to a technique for detecting disbonds in aircraft lapjoints which clearly delineates the disbonded region from the bonded regions. The technique is weak on unpainted aircraft skin surfaces, but can be overridden by using a self-adhering contact sheet. Neural network analysis on raw temperature data has been shown to be an effective tool for visualization of images. Numerical simulation results show the above processing technique to be an effective tool in delineating the disbonds.
Prophylactic oophorectomy in conjunction with large-bowel resection for cancer: Report of two cases

This report, based on eight cases of our own and a review of the literature, indicates that colonic cancer metastatic to the ovaries has many unusual features and an extremley high mortality rate. Prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy in conjunction with large-bowel resection for cancer in women of all ages is strongly advised to decrease morbidity and improve the quality of survival.
State-of-the-art review: captopril renography--pathophysiological considerations and clinical observations

Advances in renal angiography and revascularization techniques have renewed interest in developing a better noninvasive screening test for identifying patients with potentially correctable renovascular hypertension. Captopril renography is a promising diagnostic tool in the evaluation of the hypertensive patient. This review highlights the important pathophysiological changes in renal hemodynamics and humoral response attributable to significant renal artery stenosis, and underscores the dramatic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the renovascular bed. The review also summarizes the available clinical information in captopril renography, and presents consensus recommendations on appropriate patient selection, radionuclide(s) of choice, and suggested diagnostic criteria.
5-Amino-5-deoxyribose derivatives. Synthesis and use in the preparation of “Reversed” Nucleosides

Methyl 5-amino-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranoside (III) has been synthesized and used as an intermediate in the preparation of the kinetin analog, methyl 5-deoxy-5-(purin-6-yl)amino-β-D-ribofuranoside (X). The related 1-substituted adenine, methyl 5- (6-aminopurin-1-yl)-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranoside (XIII), was prepared by cyclization of 1-benzyl-5-cyano-4-ethoxymethyleneaminoimidazole (XI) with III and subsequent debenzylation with sodium in liquid ammonia. The structures and stereochemistry of these compounds were established by a combination of ultraviolet and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Interactions between Ionizable Amino Acid Side Chains at a Lipid Bilayer-Water Interface

Potentials of mean force (PMF) between ionizable amino acid side chains (Arg, Lys, His, Glu) in the headgroup area of a palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer were obtained from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and the adaptive biasing force method. Simulations in bulk water were also performed for comparison. Side chains were constrained in collinear, stacking, and orthogonal (T-shaped) orientations. The most structured and attractive PMFs were observed for hydrogen-bonded side chains. Contact minima occurred at a distance of 2.6–3.1 A between selected atoms or centers of mass with the most attractive interaction (−9.6 kcal/mol) observed between Arg+ and Glu–. Hydrogen bonds play a significant role in stabilizing these interactions. Interactions between like charged side chains can also be very attractive if the charges are screened by surrounding molecules or groups (e.g., the PMF value at the contact minimum for Arg+···Arg+ is −7.6 kcal/mol). Like charged side chains can have contact...
Growth and income inequality in South Africa

Abstract This paper uses a multi-region endogenous growth model to analyze the competing claims of income growth and income distribution in South Africa. The study makes a case for the use of redistributive taxes to offset limited capital mobility between high and low income regions to promote both greater income growth and greater income equality. Market based capital mobility is limited because low income regions are typically characterized by low levels of both physical and human capital which offer little incentive to outside investors. The model estimates annual cross regional convergence rates at
Water Permeability of Aquaporin-4 Channel Depends on Bilayer Composition, Thickness, and Elasticity

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the primary water channel in the mammalian brain, particularly abundant in astrocytes, whose plasma membranes normally contain high concentrations of cholesterol. Here we test the hypothesis that the water permeabilities of two naturally occurring isoforms (AQP4-M1 and AQP4-M23) depend on bilayer mechanical/structural properties modulated by cholesterol and phospholipid composition. Osmotic stress measurements were performed with proteoliposomes containing AQP4 and three different lipid mixtures: 1), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG); 2), PC, PG, with 40 mol % cholesterol; and 3), sphingomyelin (SM), PG, with 40 mol % cholesterol. The unit permeabilities of AQP4-M1 were 3.3 ± 0.4 × 10(-13) cm(3)/s (mean ± SE), 1.2 ± 0.1 × 10(-13) cm(3)/s, and 0.4 ± 0.1 × 10(-13) cm(3)/s in PC:PG, PC:PG:cholesterol, and SM:PG:cholesterol, respectively. The unit permeabilities of AQP4-M23 were 2.1 ± 0.2 × 10(-13) cm(3)/s, 0.8 ± 0.1 × 10(-13) cm(3)/s, and 0.3 ± 0.1 × 10(-13) cm(3)/s in PC:PG, PC:PG:cholesterol, and SM:PG:cholesterol, respectively. Thus, for each isoform the unit permeabilities strongly depended on bilayer composition and systematically decreased with increasing bilayer compressibility modulus and bilayer thickness. These observations suggest that altering lipid environment provides a means of regulating water channel permeability. Such permeability changes could have physiological consequences, because AQP4 water permeability would be reduced by its sequestration into SM:cholesterol-enriched raft microdomains. Conversely, under ischemic conditions astrocyte membrane cholesterol content decreases, which could increase AQP4 permeability.
Low prevalence of transmitted K65R and other tenofovir resistance mutations across different HIV-1 subtypes: implications for pre-exposure prophylaxis

Introduction: Tenofovir-containing regimens have demonstrated potential efficacy as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV-1 infection. Transmitted drug resistance mutations associated with tenofovir, specifically the reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation K65R, may impact the effectiveness of PrEP. The worldwide prevalence of transmitted tenofovir resistance in different HIV-1 subtypes is unknown. Methods: Sequences from treatment-nai¨ve studies and databases were aggregated and analyzed by Stanford Database tools and as per the International AIDS Society (IAS-USA) resistance criteria. RT sequences were collected from GenBank, the Stanford HIV Sequence Database and the Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database. Sequences underwent rigorous quality control measures. Tenofovir-associated resistance mutations included K65R, K70E, T69-insertion and ≥3 thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs), inclusive of M41L or L210W. Results: A total of 19,823 sequences were evaluated across diverse HIV-1 subtypes (Subtype A: 1549 sequences, B: 9783, C: 3198, D: 483, F: 372, G: 594, H: 41, J: 69, K: 239, CRF01_AE: 1797 and CRF02_AG: 1698). Overall, tenofovir resistance prevalence was 0.4% (n=77/19,823, 95% confidence interval or CI: 0.3 to 0.5). K65R was found in 20 sequences (0.1%, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.15). Differences in the prevalence of K65R between HIV-1 subtypes were not statistically significant. K70E and ≥3 TAMs were found in 0.015% (95% CI: 0.004 to 0.04) and 0.27% (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.4) of sequences, respectively. Conclusions: Prevalence of transmitted K65R and other tenofovir resistance mutations across diverse HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants is low, suggesting minimal effect on tenofovir-containing PrEP regimens. Keywords: HIV; drug resistance; PrEP; tenofovir; K65R; non-B subtypes. To access the supplementary material to this article 'Supplementary Table: Sequences and References of Reviewed Studies' please see Supplementary Files in the column to the right (under Article Tools). (Published: 15 October 2012) Citation: Philip A Chan et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2012, 15:17701 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/17701 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.15.2.17701
Spatial patterns and feeding of meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods in relation to resident microbial flora

Distributional and feeding relationships of harpacticoid copepods and their microbial prey were examined in a tidal channel at Great Sippewissett Marsh. A horizontal zonation of photosynthetic microorganisms was composed of: 1) a diatom area; 2) a purple sulfur bacterial (Thiocapsa sp.) area; and 3) a clear area. Four species of harpacticoid copepods were associated with given areas. Leptocaris brevicornis occurred in very high densities in the diatom area but in relatively low densities in other areas. Mesochra lilljeborgi occurred in significantly higher densities in the purple and clear areas. Feeding experiments, using resident microbial flora labelled with NaH14CO3 and 3H-thymidine, were conducted to determine which ‘foods’ are 1) ingested but simply pass through the gut and 2) ingested, and retained. These experiments indicated that L. brevicornis ingested diatoms and the heterotrophs associated with the diatoms, but only retained the heterotrophic portion. Microscopic examination indicated that diatoms were passed out intact in feces. Oscillatoria sp. (cyanobacterium) was not ingested. Mesochra lilljeborgi ingested Spirulina sp. (cyanobacterium), Thiocapsa sp., and the heterotrophs associated with Thiocapsa but only retained the Thiocapsa label. These data for harpacticoids suggest that spatial distributions of meiofauna may be closely coupled with microbial food organisms which they consume. Also, that while several microbial foods may be ingested, only certain microbes are digested and assimilated as a food resource, further indicating the complexity of feeding relationships among the meiofauna.
Energetics of thrombin-thrombomodulin interaction.

Temperature and salt dependence studies of thrombin interaction with thrombomodulin, with and without chondroitin sulfate, and two fragments containing the EGF-like domains 4−5 and 4−5−6 reveal the energetic signatures and the mechanism of recognition of this physiologically important cofactor. Binding of thrombomodulin is affected drastically by the particular salt present in solution and is positively linked to Na+ binding to thrombin and the conversion of the enzyme from the slow to the fast form, but is opposed by Cl- binding to the fibrinogen recognition site and especially to the heparin binding site. Binding of thrombomodulin has an unusually large salt dependence (Γsalt = −4.8) contributed mostly by the polyelectrolyte-like nature of the chondroitin sulfate moiety that binds to the heparin binding site and increases the affinity of the cofactor by almost 10-fold. On the other hand, the chondroitin sulfate has no effect on the ΔCp of binding, which is determined predominantly by contacts made by th...
Cellular effects of hydroxyurea in Hb SC disease

Hb S polymerizes in high-density Hb SC disease erythrocytes. We hypothesized that hydroxyurea -- perhaps independent of increasing Hb F -- might reduce the density of these cells. Six Hb SC disease patients were given 1000mg of hydroxyurea daily and blood counts, cell volumes, and cell density were followed for 12 months. There was an increase in MCV and reticulocyte MCV. A fall in absolute reticulocyte counts, high-staining ('stress') reticulocytes, serum bilirubin, and an increase in the ratio of mature red cell haemoglobin to reticulocyte haemoglobin, coupled with a rise in the haematocrit inferred a decrease in haemolysis and 'stress erythropoiesis'. An improvement in cell hydration was suggested by a reduction in reticulocyte mean cell haemoglobin concentration (CHCMr), red cells and reticulocytes with CHCM > 38, and decreased dense cell counts estimated by phthalate ester and Percoll-Larex gradients. After 4-5 months treatment, Hb F rose in a few patients but the overall difference in pre- and post-treatment Hb F was not significant. A decline in cell density should diminish the polymerization tendency of Hb S in Hb SC disease.
Are New Versions of PC Operating Systems More or Less Reliable than Older Versions

Off-the-shelf operating systems (OSs) are increasingly being used in critical systems. These OSs include members of the Microsoft Windows family and various distributions of the increasingly popular Linux OS. Reliability estimates of these standard off-the-shelf OSs are needed so, in order to evaluate the reliability of these systems, data were collected from product support Web sites. In contrast to previous studies, the reliability of Windows NT Workstation 4.0 was found to exceed that of Windows 2000 Professional. In addition it was found that the reliability of these systems degraded over the product lifecycle. The reliability of four versions of Red Hat Linux was evaluated, and although the Red Hat OSs were more reliable than the Windows products, they exhibited the same pattern of reliability degradation across versions and, to a lesser extent, within the product lifecycle. The potential causes of these trends are examined as well as some of their implications. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of automated multichannel blood-grouping apparatus. I. Use in mass blood grouping, including comparison with "card" typing methods.

More than 35,000 blood samples were tested by both automatic and manual methods. The automatic data contained essentially no discrepancies in ABO and less than 0.1 per cent error in Rh blood groups. Mechanical difficulties with the automated system were rare. Obtaining samples was the most common difficulty in mass operation. When cost, number of tests, and time factors are reduced by large numbers of samples, the automatic system provides a useful and accurate method for mass blood grouping. In other respects, the use of automated blood grouping for blood banking will depend upon cost in relation to specific user needs.
TH‐A‐211‐01: Deformable Registration in the Clinic: From Commissioning to Advanced Applications

With deformable registration presented by several companies as a tool to improve treatment accuracy, clinical users often question the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this sophisticated technology to daily practice. This course will detail our experience in using deformable registration in the clinic. It will cover topics such as commissioning a system of deformable registration, patient‐specific QA to identify errors in the displacement field, common applications, anticipated changes in the clinical workflow and subsequent time savings. Emphasis will be placed on explaining the technology's mathematics and applications in layman terms to illustrate how various parameters can be chosen to fit various applications or can produce significant errors if improperly selected. Learning Objectives: 1. Detail the installation and commissioning 2. Present how parameter selection influence results 3. Show clinical examples and practical conclusions drawn from the daily use of deformable registration.
De novo interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 3:46, XX, del(3) (q25.1q26.1)

Robin NH, Magnusson M, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai EH, Spinner NB. De novo interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 3: 46,XX,del(3) (q25.1q26.1). Clin Genet 1993: 44: 335–337. © Munksgaard, 1993 A girl with an interstitial deletion of chromosome 3 is presented. The facial resemblance to an earlier reported patient with a shared breakpoint is addressed.
Isothermal Sintering of Cordierite-Type Glass Powders

Uniaxially pressed pellets of cordierite-type glass powders were sintered in air at 800°, 820°, 840°, and 860°C. There was pronounced anisotropy of shrinkage for these pellets composed of nonspherical crushed glass particles, and the initial axial shrinkage rate was one-half that of the diameter, as though axial particles had twice the radius of diametral ones. The total fractional shrinkage along axes was only 0.12, whereas that of diameters was 0.17. The temperature dependence of sintering followed that of the solid glass viscosity, which is described by the Fulcher equation using independently measured viscosity data. Viscosity decreased approximately an order of magnitude for every 40°C temperature increase. Surface tension calculated from published coefficients for the molar constituents was 0.36 N/m. Linear shrinkage obeyed the Frenkel viscous flow sintering model well, until complete densification was approached, where particles coalesced and thereby lost their identity. A Mackenzie-Shuttleworth analysis, which is based on pore shrinkage, demonstrates the departure of these real powders from ideality. A simple Avrami-type equation permits an empirical fit of data for the entire sintering range when the shrinkage value for 100% densification is known.
A New Characterisation of Principal Actions

Abstract The notion of a principal group action is generalized to the framework of non-commutative geometry through consideration of a certain bimodule morphism. This definition is both completely general and immediately applicable. Indeed we prove that the dual coaction associated to a Kac system is principal in our generalized sense and consider some simple non-commutative examples.
Estimation and tests of significance in factor analysis

A distinction is drawn between the method of principal components developed by Hotelling and the common factor analysis discussed in psychological literature both from the point of view of stochastic models involved and problems of statistical inference. The appropriate statistical techniques are briefly reviewed in the first case and detailed in the second. A new method of analysis called the canonical factor analysis, explaining the correlations between rather than the variances of the measurements, is developed. This analysis furnishes one out of a number of possible solutions to the maximum likelihood equations of Lawley. It admits an iterative procedure for estimating the factor loadings and also for constructing the likelihood criterion useful in testing a specified hypothesis on the number of factors and in determining a lower confidence limit to the number of factors.
Flow-mediated resource competition in the suspension feeding gorgonian Plexaura homomalla (Esper)

Abstract To assess the importance of resource competition in suspension feeders, growth of a common Caribbean gorgonian Plexaura homomalla (Esper) was examined with and without conspecifics. Five small branch sections (i.e., transplants) from a single parent colony were set next to each other in a linear array on a cement flat and maintained in situ in an area characterized by oscillating flow. After one year, we found a systematic decrease in growth rate from the outer to the middle position on these flats, a pattern consistent with expectations of flow-mediated competition for water-borne resources. Competition for water-borne resources is seldom considered among reef taxa, but such competition can play an important role in affecting both intra- and interspecific interactions.
Computer-aided design and drafting visualization of anatomical structure of the human eye and orbit

A generalized " anatomically standard" eyeball was geometrically modeled on a Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) workstation based on published conceptual norms of dimension radii of curvature alignments etc. An orbital environment for this model was concurrently prepared by serial section reconstruction of a cadaver specimen. Issues addressed include orienting unregistered sections the utility of interactive CADDsupported visual logic in interpretive decision making and the value of geometric models.
2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazine: A sensitive quantitative reagent for determining microgram quantities of prednisone

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine is suggested as a quantitative colorimetric reagent for the determination of microgram quantities of prednisone. The sensitivity of this reagent is compared with that of other steroid colorimetric reagents such as blue tetrazolium and isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Extraction procedures are presented which isolate prednisone from formulations containing salicylamide, acetaminophen, aspirin, and ascorbic acid, where the ratio of analgesics to steroid is 300 to 1. 2,4-Dinitrophenyl-hydrazine quantitatively determines prednisone in concentrations as low as 1.26 × 10−6M.
Elevated expression of cancer-associated proliferating cell nuclear antigen in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer.

Background—Proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays an important role in DNA replication and repair. The expression and potential utility of this marker in prostatic neoplasia is uncertain. With the development of this new caPCNA selective antibody, we explored the potential utility of this marker in prostate cancer. Methods—Using a traditional primary Fab2′ rabbit anti-caPCNA antibody-HRP conjugated secondary anti-Fab2′ antibody format, the expression of the caPCNA was analyzed in prostate tissue from 89 radical prostatectomy specimens. The caPCNA expression was correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics. Results—The fraction of cells staining positively with caPCNA antibody in prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 23%) was significantly higher than that in benign prostatic epithelium (mean, 2%; p < 0.001) or high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (mean, 6%; p < 0.05). Moreover, the intensity of caPCNA expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 2.9) was significantly higher than that in benign prostatic tissue (mean, 0.7; p < 0.001) or high-grade PIN (mean, 2.0; p < 0.001). Benign prostatic epithelium showed only minimal or negative reactivity. There was significant correlation between the percentage of caPCNA expression and primary Gleason grade (p = 0.01), and with Gleason score (p = 0.02). Adenocarcinomas with positive vascular invasion had a significantly higher percentage of cells staining with caPCNA antibody (p < 0.0001) and a higher intensity of caPCNA expression (p = 0.04). Conclusions—Our data indicate that increased expression of the cancer-associated isoform of PCNA is common in prostatic adenocarcinoma and its precursor and may be a useful biomarker.
An alternative topological model for Escherichia coli OmpA

The current topological model for the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein OmpA predicts eight N-terminal transmembrane segments followed by a long periplasmic tail. Several recent reports have raised serious doubts about the accuracy of this prediction. An alternative OmpA model has been constructed using (1) computer-aided predictions developed specifically to predict topology of bacterial outer membrane porins, (2) the results of two reports that identified sequence homologies between OmpA and other peptidoglycan-associated proteins, and (3) biochemical, immunochemical, and genetic topological data on proteins of the OmpA family provided by numerous previous studies. The new model not only agrees with the varied experimental data concerning OmpA but also provides an improved understanding of the relationship between the structure and the multifunctional role of OmpA in the bacterial outer membrane.
Women’s Decisions to Not Seek Formal Help for Partner Violence: A Comparison of Intimate Terrorism and Situational Couple Violence

This study examined the help-seeking decisions of low-income women (n = 389) in two types of physically violent heterosexual relationships-intimate terrorism (i.e., physical violence used within a general pattern of coercive control) and situationally violent (i.e., physical violence that is not part of a general pattern of coercive control). Intimate terrorism victims were significantly more likely than situational couple violence victims to cite fear as a reason for not seeking help from the police, medical centers, and counselors/agencies. In contrast, situational couple violence victims more often said that they did not need help. Regression analyses also indicate that additional violence-related factors predict women's help-seeking. Findings emphasize the importance of distinguishing between types of male partner violence and recognizing women's exertions of personal choice and perceptions of dangerousness when examining their decisions about seeking help from service providers.
Sexual assault of men in the community

Sexual assault of men in the community, a hidden and unacknowledged crime, has recently become the subject of medical and psychological literature. The present research, conducted in 1992, was designed to determine the nature and existence of this crime in the United States through victim reports to agencies servicing the needs of sexual assault victims. Out of the 336 surveys returned, one hundred and seventy two agencies reported contact with 3,635 men who had sought treatment for sexual assault occurring in their adulthood. Most assaults occurred between the ages of 16 and 30 in which the vast majority of these men experienced symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The presentation of these figures should alert health professionals to the existence of adult male rape and inspire further research to assess this hidden form of sexual victimization. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bortezomib inhibits docetaxel-induced apoptosis via a p21-dependent mechanism in human prostate cancer cells

Bortezomib (PS-341, Velcade) is a peptide boronate inhibitor of the 20S proteasome that is currently being combined with taxanes in several clinical trials in patients with prostate cancer. Here, we report that bortezomib inhibited docetaxel-induced M-phase arrest and apoptosis in androgen-dependent LNCaP-Pro5 cells. Direct analysis of kinase activity in immune complex kinase assays revealed that docetaxel activated cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 1 (CDC2) and that bortezomib blocked this activation. The effects of bortezomib were associated with accumulation of p21 and mimicked by chemical CDK inhibitors or by transfecting cells with a small interfering RNA construct specific for CDK1. Transient transfection with p21 also inhibited docetaxel-induced apoptosis; conversely, p21 silencing reversed the antagonistic effects of bortezomib on docetaxel-induced apoptosis. Together, our data show that bortezomib interferes with docetaxel-induced apoptosis via a p21-dependent mechanism that is associated with CDK1 inhibition. These observations may have important implications for the ongoing bortezomib-docetaxel combination trials as well as trials using bortezomib and other cell cycle-sensitive agents.
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Deficiency or Inhibition Attenuates Diet-induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Liver and Adipose Tissue

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a cytosolic enzyme whose inhibition has beneficial effects in cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases in murine models. Mice with targeted deletion or pharmacological inhibition of sEH exhibit improved insulin signaling in liver and adipose tissue. Herein, we assessed the role of sEH in regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in liver and adipose tissue. We report that sEH expression was increased in the livers and adipose tissue of mice fed a high fat diet, the adipose tissue of overweight humans, and palmitate-treated cells. Importantly, sEH deficiency or inhibition in mice attenuated chronic high fat diet-induced ER stress in liver and adipose tissue. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of sEH in HepG2 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes mitigated chemical-induced ER stress and activation of JNK, p38, and cell death. In addition, insulin signaling was enhanced in HepG2 cells treated with sEH substrates and attenuated in cells treated with sEH products. In summary, these findings demonstrate that sEH is a physiological modulator of ER stress and a potential target for mitigating complications associated with obesity.
Family Fortunes — A Guide to Saving for Retirement

The paper investigates the level and incidence of saving required in order to maintain the standard of living that a household experiences whilst of working age into retirement. In order to do this, a model has been constructed that follows the income and expenditure of a household, allowing for tax and social security, as well as changing family circumstances. The model can be used to explain how a household should save in order to achieve a given standard of living in retirement.The author concludes that the usual message, to save a fixed proportion of income throughout a working lifetime, is at best not helpful and at worst could lead to a lower standard of living over the household's lifetime. People can and should manage the timing of their saving and borrowing in order to achieve optimum incomes.
Conditioning and latent inhibition with electrical stimulation of hippocampus

This paper presents a review of recent research in which we have found disruption of conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response with posttrial electrical stimulation of hippocampus. In addition, evidence is presented indicating that stimulation overlapping CS preexposure can facilitate or impede the development of latent inhibition. These data support the hypothesis that, in classical conditioning, the hippocampus acts as a modulator of sensory input.
Chapter VIII The Effect of Pressure and of Stress on Superconductivity

Publisher Summary The effects of pressure and of stress on Tc and on the critical field, Hc could bring additional evidence to support these concepts. Pressure may alter the elastic constants and hence change the amplitude of lattice vibration. Pressure may alter the energy gap between the two electron fluids. Volume changes may be brought about with pressure that affect electron density and alter the positions of the allowed energy bands. These pressure effects may be competing in their effect on Tc and on Hc. The theoretical aspects of the effect of pressure and of stress on superconductivity require some discussion. The effect of pressure on lattice vibration may be understood in quite an elementary way. On compression the volume diminishes and the velocity of elastic waves increases. Unless one has high compression, the bulk modulus will remain constant. The energy in the modes of lattice vibration may remain constant during the isothermal compression by simply lowering the amplitude of each mode of motion to offset the increase in wave velocity.
Optonanomechanical self-adaptive photonic devices based on light forces: a path to robust high-index-contrast nanophotonic circuits

We describe a proposed new class of optonanomechanical integrated photonic devices that can have self-adaptive behavior and self-adaptive optical frequency response, through the use of optical forces to manipulate their movable parts. We propose applications for this technology, and show how such devices can address the enormous dimensional and thermal sensitivity present in nanophotonic structures. Through synthesis of the optomechanical potential, we propose to design and control either the effective optical, or the mechanical, properties of the nanostructure, such as a giant effective optical nonlinear response, nonlinear dynamics and memory. We show device designs that can trap desired states at picometer resolution. We also describe the design of a novel, self-tuning microcavity design whose moving parts adjust in response to light forces alone to always place the resonance at the wavelength of the incident light over a wide wavelength range. This device concept provides an athermal resonator design (temperature-independent resonance frequency), without use of materials with negative thermooptic coefficients. It could also address a major challenge with conventional strong-confinement (high-index-contrast) integrated photonics – their extreme sensitivities – through a self-locking filter bank and optical cross-connect proposal, that in principle can use arbitrarily low power to trim resonant filter passbands to a wavelength channel grid.
Screed or Scholarship: The Days of Whine and Roses

This is a review of, The Destruction of Young Lawyers: Beyond One L. by Douglas Litowitz (Akron: University of Akron Press, 2006). While the book may be a credible (if tiresome) account of Mr. Litowitz's own unhappiness as a law student and large firm new associate, and evidence of the fact there are unhappy lawyers in the world, it overpromotes itself on two counts. Although it is written by a law professor and published by a university press, and makes broad and universal claims about evils in the legal profession, it is largely a slapdash pastiche of hyperbole and anecdote. Nor is it a balanced view of the profession. Rather, it is one man's attempt to transpose his own journey through hopelessness and despair into a universal truth under the patina of scholarship.
Adipose tissue natriuretic peptide receptor expression is related to insulin sensitivity in obesity and diabetes.

Objective Cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) bind to two receptors (NPRA-mediator of signaling; NPRC-clearance receptor) whose ratio, NPRR (NPRA/NPRC), determines the NP bioactivity. This study investigated the relationship of NP receptor gene expression in adipose tissue and muscle with obesity and glucose intolerance. Prospectively, the study also assessed whether changes in NP receptor expression and thermogenic gene markers accompanied improvements of insulin sensitivity. Methods A cross-sectional study of subjects with a wide range of BMI and glucose tolerance (n = 50) was conducted, as well as a randomized 12-week trial of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with pioglitazone (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10). Results NPRR mRNA was significantly lower in adipose tissue of subjects with obesity when compared with lean subjects (P ≤ 0.001). NPRR decreased with progression from normal glucose tolerance to T2DM (P < 0.01) independently of obesity. Treatment of subjects with T2DM with pioglitazone increased NPRR in adipose tissue (P ≤ 0.01) in conjunction with improvements in insulin sensitivity and increases of the thermogenic markers PPARγ coactivator-1α and uncoupling protein 1 (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions Decreased adipose tissue NPRR was associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. This relationship was not observed for skeletal muscle NPRR. Pharmacological improvement of insulin sensitivity in subjects with T2DM was tied to improvement in NPRR and increased expression of genes involved in thermogenic processes.
On the Convergence of Optimized Schwarz Methods by way of Matrix Analysis

Domain decomposition methods are widely used to solve in parallel large linear systems of equations arising in the discretization of partial differential equations. Optimized Schwarz Methods (OSM) have been the subject of intense research because they lead to algorithms that converge very quickly. The analysis of OSM has been a very challenging research area and there are currently no general proofs of convergence for the optimized choices of the Robin parameter in the case of overlap. In this article, we apply a proof technique developed for the analysis of Schwarz-type algorithms using matrix analysis techniques and specifically using properties of matrix splittings, to the Optimized Schwarz algorithms. We thus obtain new general convergence results, but they apply only to large Robin parameters, which may not be the optimal ones.
Modeling and predicting fault tolerance in Vehicular Cloud Computing

Statistics show that most vehicles spend many hours per day in a parking garage, parking lot, or driveway. At the moment, the computing resources of these vehicles are untapped. Inspired by the success of conventional cloud services, a group of researchers have recently introduced the concept of a Vehicular Cloud. The defining difference between vehicular and conventional clouds lie in the distributed ownership and, consequently, the unpredictable availability of computational resources. As cars enter and leave the parking lot, new computational resources become available while others depart creating a dynamic environment where the task of efficiently assigning jobs to cars becomes very challenging. In this paper we propose a fault-tolerant job assignment strategy, based on redundancy, that mitigates the effect of resource volatility of resource availability in vehicular clouds. We offer a theoretical analysis of the mean time to failure of this strategy. A comprehensive set of simulations have confirmed the accuracy of our theoretical prediction.
Fast Solver for Helmholtz Equation using Multiscale Basis Functions

Conventional finite-element method for solving Helmholtz equation on highly heterogeneous media usually require very finely discretized mesh to accurately represent the medium property variations, and therefore is computationally expensive. We present a continuous Galerkin generalized multiscale finite element method for solving Helmholtz equation in media with variable velocity and mass density on coarse mesh. Instead of using polynomial basis functions, our multiscale method use multiscale functions obtained by multiplying the eigenfunctions from local spectral problems with an appropriately selected multiscale partition of unity to form the approximation space on the coarse mesh. These multiscale basis can efficiently capture the information of fine scale features of the medium without solving the problem on the fine mesh. We show by a numerical example that our multiscale method can greatly reduce the dimension of the coefficient matrix of Helmholtz equation system, as well as the computational time, with very small error.
Undocumented, unafraid and unapologetic: Re-articulatory practices and migrant youth "illegality"

The lives of undocumented youth are fundamentally characterized by the legal and social contradiction that arises from growing up in the United States yet facing barriers to full participation in US society. As such, the production of migrant youth “illegality” is marked by both distinct forms of regulation and exclusion as well as a sustained connection to institutions central to US society. In this article, I bring 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork with undocumented Latino youth activists in California into conversation with Stuart Hall’s notion of (re-)articulation in order to identify three articulatory practices among undocumented youth – brokering illegality, staking a claim to “citizen” participation and breaching the code of silence. I argue that the tension between their juridical identities as undocumented migrants and their subjective identities as US-raised children has served as a catalyst to political action among undocumented youth activists in California.
Social Movement Organizations Beyond The Beltway: Understanding The Diversity Of One Social Movement Industry

This article utilizes a unique data set on a nationally representative sample of one social movement industry (groups working for peace) operating in the U.S. during the late 1980s. The data include the full spectrum of SMOs, which we divide into organizational domains that roughly parallel prior research and currently available secondary data sources: (1) numerous, but generally quite small groups that operate without tax-exempt status; (2) small, non-national, tax-exempt groups; (3) large, non-national, tax-exempt groups; (4) national organizations that have been the focus of most research in the field. First, the population parameters of the peace movement industry is estimated and groups typical of each domain profiled. We then undertake a series of analyses to examine how the groups in each of these four domains differ from each other on a variety of organizational attributes, including organizational form, co-sponsoring events, tactics and activities, membership type, participation in formal democra...
The Invisible ABCs: Exploring the World of Microbes

A delight for readers of all ages. * Features over 250 superb illustrations including algae, molds, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses * Emphasizes the beneficial role of microorganisms everywhere in the natural world, from oceans to the child's own body * Communicates the usefulness of microorganisms by relating them to children's everyday experiences, from eating yogurt to taking medicine * Presents scientifically accurate information in an age-appropriate format that is both colorful and captivating This title is published by the American Society of Microbiology Press and distributed by Taylor and Francis in rest of world territories.
The Impacts of Touchscreen and Physical Control Interface Characteristics on Driver Distraction and Attention Management

Breakthroughs in interface technologies has encouraged automaker to increasingly replace physical control elements with touchscreens for the center console interface. Whereas the physical elements provide natural haptic and auditory cues supporting interactions even when they are not visually attended to, touchscreen interactions necessitate visual attention because there is not much to feel on the flat screen. Therefore, in-vehicle touchscreens may lead drivers to divert more glances to the touchscreen and away from the roadway, possibly resulting in greater time with eyes off the road and serious safety concerns (Fitch et al., 2013; Olson, Hanowski, Hickman, & Bocanegra, 2009).