cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paneth cells and innate immunity in the crypt microenvironment

Abstract Paneth cells release granules into the lumen of the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small intestine where their component proteins participate in mucosal immunity. The granules contain a number of proteins associated with roles in host defense, including lysozyme, secretory phospholipase A2, and alpha-defensins, termed cryptdins. Mouse cryptdins 1-6 and recombinant human Paneth cell alpha-defensin HD- 5 are potent antimicrobial agents against certain microorganisms. As defensins, they kill microbes by disruption of the target cell membrane. The peptides are coded by individual, two-exon genes that map to homologous regions of chromosome 8 in mice and humans, and the differential expression of certain mouse cryptdin genes provides markers for studies of crypt ontogeny and epithelial cell differentiation and lineage determination. Neutrophil alpha-defensin peptides exhibit numerous biological activities in addition to antimicrobial function including regulation of cell volume, chemotaxis, mitogenicity, and inhibition of natural killer cell activity. When administered apically, mouse cryptdins 2 and 3 can reversibly stimulate human T-84 intestinal epithelial cells to secrete chloride ion, suggesting that alpha-defensins from Paneth cells also may be multifunctional. Thus, cryptdins and varied Paneth cell secretory products seem to contribute both to innate immunity of the crypt lumen and to defining the apical environment of neighboring cells. (Gastroenterology 1997 Nov;113(5):1779-84)
Discussion Addendum for: Applications of (2S)‐(–)‐3‐exo‐Morpholinoisoborneol [(–)MIB] in Organic Synthesis

Lupinine 2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one Cyclohexyl[2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinyl]methanone (2S)-(–)-3-exo-morpholinoisoborneol Potassium tert-butoxide Isoamyl nitrite Lithium aluminium hydride Tetrahydrofuran 2-Bromoethyl ether Triethylamine Dimethyl sulfoxide Keywords: (2S)-(–)-3-exo-morpholinoisoborneol [(–)MIB]; Organic synthesis; Catalytic asymmetric arylation; Aldehydes; Charette's method; Acyclic epoxy alcohols; Allylic epoxy alcohols; (Z)-vinylation; Epoxidation; Cyclopropanation; (Z)-trisubstituted allylic alcohols; syn-Cyclopropyl alcohols; Enantioenriched dienols; syn-Vinylcyclopropanes; anti-Cyclopropyl alcohols; syn-Halocyclopropyl alcohols; Aminovinylation; β-Hydroxyenamines; β-Aminoalcohols; syn-Aminocyclopropyl alcohols; Ethoxyvinylation; [3,3]-Sigmatropic allyl cyanate-to-isocyanate rearrangement reactions; γ-Unsaturated β-amino acid derivatives; Di(allyl) ether derivatives; Pyranones; 1,2,4-Trioxanes; β-Hydroperoxy alcohols; Polystyrene-supported PIB; Natural products; Leucascandrolide A
The closely related species Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis can mate.

Because Candida dubliniensis is closely related to Candida albicans, we tested whether it underwent white-opaque switching and mating and whether white-opaque switching depended on MTL homozygosity and mating depended on switching, as they do in C. albicans. We also tested whether C. dubliniensis could mate with C. albicans. Sequencing revealed that the MTLα locus of C. dubliniensis was highly similar to that of C. albicans. Hybridization with the MTLa1, MTLa2, MTLα1, and MTLα2 open reading frames of C. albicans further revealed that, as in C. albicans, natural strains of C. dubliniensis exist as a/α, a/a, and α/α, but the proportion of MTL homozygotes is 33%, 10 times the frequency of natural C. albicans strains. C. dubliniensis underwent white-opaque switching, and, as in C. albicans, the switching was dependent on MTL homozygosis. C. dubliniensis a/a and α/α cells also mated, and, as in C. albicans, mating was dependent on a switch from white to opaque. However, white-opaque switching occurred at unusually high frequencies, opaque cell growth was frequently aberrant, and white-opaque switching in many strains was camouflaged by an additional switching system. Mating of C. dubliniensis was far less frequent in suspension cultures, due to the absence of mating-dependent clumping. Mating did occur, however, at higher frequencies on agar or on the skin of newborn mice. The increases in MTL homozygosity, the increase in switching frequencies, the decrease in the quality of switching, and the decrease in mating efficiency all reflected a general deterioration in the regulation of developmental processes, very probably due to the very high frequency of recombination and genomic reorganization characteristic of C. dubliniensis. Finally, interspecies mating readily occurred between opaque C. dubliniensis and C. albicans strains of opposite mating type in suspension, on agar, and on mouse skin. Remarkably, the efficiency of interspecies mating was higher than intraspecies C. dubliniensis mating, and interspecies karyogamy occurred readily with apparently the same sequence of nuclear migration, fusion, and division steps observed during intraspecies C. albicans and C. dubliniensis mating and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating.
Attachment in preschoolers with disruptive behavior: A comparison of clinic-referred and nonproblem children

This study tested the hypothesis that preschool-aged children with significant externalizing behavior problems are more likely to have insecure attachment relationships than nonproblem peers, as measured by separation/ reunion behavior at the time of clinic referral. Fifty children (ages 3–6) and their mothers participated: 25 referred to a child psychiatry clinic for one of the DSM-III-R Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and 25 matched comparison children without behavior problems. Using two new attachment coding systems for children of this age, we found that 84% of the children in the clinic group were classified as insecure, whereas only 28% of the comparison group were so classified (p <.001). Clinic children were also found more frequently to protest their mother's departure and to search for her more often during the separation. The implications of these results for the validity of separation/reunion behavior as an index of attachment at this age are discussed, as well as the methodological and conceptual problems that complicate our study of the link between attachment and behavior disorder.
Re‐conceptualizing Abstract Conceptualization in Social Theory: The Case of the “Structure” Concept

I this paper, I draw on recent research on the radically embodied and perceptual bases of conceptualization in linguistics and cognitive science to develop a new way of reading and evaluating abstract concepts in social theory. I call this approach Sociological Idea Analysis. I argue that, in contrast to the traditional view of abstract concepts, which conceives them as amodal “presuppositions” removed from experience, abstract concepts are irreducibly grounded in experience and partake of non-negotiable perceptual-symbolic features from which a non-propositional “logic” naturally follows. This implies that uncovering the imagistic bases of allegedly abstract notions should be a key part of theoretical evaluation of concepts in social theory. I provide a case study of the general category of “structure” in the social and human sciences to demonstrate the analytic utility of the approach.
Further Examination of Exploration

In this chapter, I examine other approaches to exploration that could be combined with texplore’s model. First, I introduce three domain classes that each suggest a different type of exploration. Then, in Section 6.1, I look at how to perform exploration in domains where a needle-in-a-haystack search is required to find an arbitrarily located reward or transition. In the next section, I look at the opposite case: can we explore better in a domain with a richer, more informative set of state features? Finally, in Section 6.3, I present an algorithm that can learn which of these exploration approaches to adopt on-line, while interacting with the environment. Then I present some empirical comparisons of these approaches against texplore in Section 6.4, before summarizing the chapter in Section 6.5.
Immune activation in HIV/HCV-infected patients is associated with low-level expression of liver expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2)

Background Immune activation is one of the main features of HIV/Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and has been linked to the disturbance of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). In chronic HIV infection, loss of GALT integrity results in translocation of microbial products and chronic immune activation. We explored the relationship between bacterial translocation and specific colonic proteins, including liver expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP 2) which may play a role in modulating the bacterial translocation process. Methods A total of 40 subjects (10 HIV/HCV, 10 HIV, 10 HCV-infected patients and 10 controls) were enrolled and underwent serum and colonic tissue sampling. The levels of immune activation were evaluated by measuring plasma sCD27, and the levels of selected proinflammatory, Th2 and regulatory cytokines in both the plasma and supernatant of CD3-stimulated intraepithelial lymphocytes. We also evaluated LEAP-2 expression in the colon biopsies using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST (HuGene) and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Results Increased levels of sCD27 were observed in HIV/HCV coinfected (p=0.03) and HIV monoinfected (p=0.04) patients compared with controls consistent with the presence of immune activation. The chip array identified LEAP-2 expression as a key marker associated with immune activation. LEAP-2 expression in HIV, HCV and HIV/HCV-infected patients was significantly lower compared with controls, and was significantly negatively correlated (p=0.03, r=−0.44) with sCD27. Conclusions Our data suggests that HCV and HIV infections are associated with decreased expression of LEAP-2 in colonic tissue. This may represent a key mechanism for enhanced microbial translocation and immune activation in HIV/HCV-infected patients.
Significance of Configuration and Subassemblies in Sequential Procedural Instructions and Role of Text-Graphical Aid: An Explorative Study

The purpose of this study was to learn about readers' ability to logically comprehend sequential procedural instructions, presented as isolated graphic frames. Further, this study sought, to find out how text and graphical aids can help comprehension. The 20 participants in this study received a stack of graphic cutouts demonstrating the action in a sequential assembly process. Readers had to sequentially order the collection of unordered graphics with either supporting text describing the action or supporting graphics showing the completed action. Results showed that readers often falter when process information is not presented as part of a configuration and also falter often at points where they need to comprehend instructions demonstrating transitions between subassemblies. Further, data also showed that performance was better with outcome graphics as an aid than with text as an aid. although the difference was not statistically significant.
Spatio-temporal EEG source localization using a three-dimensional subspace FINE approach in a realistic geometry inhomogeneous head model

The subspace source localization approach, i.e., first principle vectors (FINE), is able to enhance the spatial resolvability and localization accuracy for closely-spaced neural sources from EEG and MEG measurements. Computer simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the FINE algorithm in an inhomogeneous realistic geometry head model under a variety of conditions. The source localization abilities of FINE were examined at different cortical regions and at different depths. The present computer simulation results indicate that FINE has enhanced source localization capability, as compared with MUSIC and RAP-MUSIC, when sources are closely spaced, highly noise-contaminated, or inter-correlated. The source localization accuracy of FINE is better, for closely-spaced sources, than MUSIC at various noise levels, i.e., signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from 6 dB to 16 dB, and RAP-MUSIC at relatively low noise levels, i.e., 6 dB to 12 dB. The FINE approach has been further applied to localize brain sources of motor potentials, obtained during the finger tapping tasks in a human subject. The experimental results suggest that the detailed neural activity distribution could be revealed by FINE. The present study suggests that FINE provides enhanced performance in localizing multiple closely spaced, and inter-correlated sources under low SNR, and may become an important alternative to brain source localization from EEG or MEG
Survival of Immersion and Anoxia by Larval Tiger Beetles, Cicindela togata

Abstract The sedentary terrestrial larvae of the tiger beetle, Cicindela togata, inhabit areas that are often flooded for days or weeks. We tested the ability of these larvae to survive immersion and anoxia. Maximum survival time of immersed, anoxic C. togata was 6 days at 25 C. Time to 50% mortality (LT50) in these conditions was 85.9 ± 23.5 h. Survival times were more than eight times longer than those of similarly treated larvae of Tenebrio molitor (LT50 10.1 ± 3.2 h). Similar or somewhat longer survival times were observed in larvae of C. togata exposed to an anoxic nitrogen atmosphere (LT50 102 ± 31 h) and of T. molitor (LT5014.4 ± 6.5 h). At 10 C, LT50 of C. togata in anoxic atmospheres exceeded 10 days. Tiger beetle larvae are physiologically capable of surviving several days of inundation during floods without mechanisms to prevent burrow flooding. By entering a quiescent state, C. togata larvae survive much longer periods of anoxia than has been previously reported for terrestrial insect larvae.
Ignition and Global Combustion Models for Clouds of Boron Particles

Distribution in Swirling Flows from Mean Value Distributions," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 14, 1971, p. 573. 15 Lavan, Z. and Rochino, A., "Analytical Investigations of Incompressible Turbulent Swirling Flow in Stationary Ducts," Transactions of the ASME: Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 36, 1969, p. 151. 16 Ragsdale, R. G., "Applicability of Mixing Length Theory and Turbulent Vortex Systems," TN D1051, 1961, NASA. 17 Damkohler, G.,"Jahrbuch 939 die Deutschen Luftfahrtforschung," Zeitschrift fuer Electrochemie, Vol. 46, 1940, p. 601. 18 Corrsin, S. and Kistler, A. L., "Free Stream Boundaries of Turbulent Flows," Rept. 1244, 1955, NACA. 19 Stewart, R. W., "Irrotational Motion Associated with Free Turbulent Flows," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 1, 1956, p. 593. 20 Lewis, B. and Von Elbe, G., Combustion, Flames, and Explosion of Gases, Academic Press, New York, 1961. 21 Reed, S. B., "Flame Stretch—A Connecting Principle for Blowoff Data," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 11, 1967, p. 177. 22 Ranz, W. E. and Gore, R. W, "Backflows in Rotating Fluids Moving Axially through Expanding Cross Sections," AIChE Journal, Vol. 10, 1964, p. 83. 23 Thring,M. W.andNewby, M. P., "Combustion Length of Enclosed Turbulent Jet Flames," 4th Combustion Symposium, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1953, pp. 789-796. 24 Chigier, N. A. and Chervinsky, A., "Aerodynamic Study of Turbulent Boundary Free Jets with Swirl," llth Combustion Symposium, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967, p. 489. 25 Rubel, A., "Some Effects of Swirl on Turbulent Mixing and Combustion," CR 1956, 1972, NASA. 26 Hinze, J. O, Turbulence, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959, Chap. 5, p. 376. 27 Gosman, A, Pun, W. M, Runchel, A. K., and Spaulding, D. B., Heat and Mass Transfer in Recirculating Flows, Academic Press, New York, 1972. 28 Milne-Thompson, L. M., Theoretical Hydrodynamics, 3rd ed., Macmillan Co., New York, 1955, p. 525.
Distinctive fungal and bacterial communities are associated with mats formed by ectomycorrhizal fungi

Abstract The distinct rhizomorphic mats formed by ectomycorrhizal Piloderma fungi are common features of the organic soil horizons of coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. These mats have been found to cover 25–40% of the forest floor in some Douglas-fir stands, and are associated with physical and biochemical properties that distinguish them from the surrounding non-mat soils. In this study, we examined the fungal and bacterial communities associated with Piloderma mat and non-mat soils. Each mat and non-mat area was repeatedly sampled at four times throughout the year. Characterization of the mat activity and community was achieved using a combination of N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) enzyme assays, and molecular analysis of fungal and bacterial communities using T-RFLP profiles, clone libraries, and quantitative PCR. Piloderma mats had consistently greater NAGase activity across all dates, although the magnitude of the difference varied by season. Furthermore, we found distinct fungal and bacterial communities associated with the Piloderma mats, yet the size of the microbial populations differed little between the mat and non-mat soils. Significant temporal variation was seen in the NAGase activity and in the sizes of the fungal and bacterial populations, but the community composition remained stable through time. Our results demonstrate the presence of two distinct microbial communities occupying the forest floor of Douglas-fir stands, whose populations and activities fluctuate seasonally but with little change in composition, which appears to be related to the physiochemical nature of mat and non-mat habitats.
An Interpolation Curve Using a Spline in Tension

Abstract : The use of a linearized mathematical spline for interpolation between given points occasionally yields extraneous inflection points which for some applications, notably the fairing of ship lines, are not acceptable. To avoid this difficulty, a spline in tension is considered and the value of tension which is sufficient to remove all the extraneous inflection points is determined. The slopes of the interpolating curve at each of the given stations are considered as the unknowns and can be calculated without the necessity of numerical matrix inversion.
Facilitation of magnetic motor evoked potentials during the mixed nerve silent period

We studied motor nueron excitability during the mixed nerve silent period (MNSP) in a hand muscle using magnetic motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and F-waves. MEPs elicited between the V1 and V2 potentials of the MNSP were much larger than control MEPs elicited at rest, and were even comparable in size to control MEPs occured without shortening of MEP latency, suggesting a supraspinal mechanism. MEPs were facilitated during the MNSP when elicited with a figure-8-shaped coil in a posterior–anterior orientation, but not when MEPs of the same size were elicited with the coil held in a lateral–medial orientation. F-waves elicited during the MNSP were variable between subjects, and not consistently different from control F-waves elicited at rest. Our findings may reflect increased cortical motor excitability during the MNSP, possibly related to activation of muscle afferents by mixed nerve stimulation. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simulations of Phase Transitions in Confined Geometry

We review Monte Carlo simulations of ferromagnetic Ising lattices in a film geometry with surface magnetic fields. The resultant behavior may be critical, 1st order, or tricritical wetting, interface localization-delocalization, and capillary condensation depending upon the film thickness and the boundary conditions used. In a different set of circumstances, an Ising lattice gas model may be used to study growth of MBE films where both deposition and diffusion are allowed. Here the difference between Monte Carlo and kinetic Monte Carlo is important.
Heinrich Heine, “Blackguard” and “Apostate” a Study of the Earliest English Attitude Towards Him

For a century and more Heinrich Heine has had an international vogue unsurpassed by that of any other German poet, unless Goethe. This well-known fact has been established beyond doubt in a series of studies on Heine in America, Heine in France, Heine in Holland, Heine in Rumania, Heine in Scandinavia. Strangely enough, however, Heine's influence in two countries that perhaps felt most strongly the impress of his literary personality has hitherto not been fully explored by scholars. The one country is his own native land, where he was constantly felt as a living, though not necessarily beneficial, force and where his work gave rise to unceasing controversies. The other realm is England.
Real-Space Descriptions of Structural Energies in Metals

Two real-space methods for treating structural energetics of transition metals and compounds are described. The first uses a local description of the electronic density of states (DOS) in a tight-binding model to obtain an angular-force method containing up to four-body interaction terms. It is shown that this method yields bond-strengthening effects at surfaces which exceed those obtained by previous many-body potentials. Structural-energy calculations show that for W, several Frank-Kasper phases are only slightly higher in energy than the ground-state bcc structure; this near-degeneracy is driven by the energetic favorability of icosahedral sites. The second method uses a free-electron type approach to generate pair potentials for transition-metal solutes in Al. The calculated potentials have an oscillating form, with a much larger magnitude than those in Al. The potential is applied to complex Al-Mn phases, including the icosahedral quasicrystal. The results indicate that the oscillating pair potentials make a major contribution to stabilizing the complex phases.
Production and Cleaning of Freeze-Etch Replicas which Show Complementary Surfaces of Fractured Fungus Spores and Hyphae

London finder grids (H-2) and 3 mm copper discs were flared on opposite sides by use of a die and punch. The grids were registered on the discs and attached with vaseline. The specimen was squeezed through the grid apertures by the 2 copper discs. The complete sandwich was frozen in freon 22 and placed in a hinged specimen holder which fractured the layer of the specimen between the 2 finder grids. Platinum-carbon and carbon replicas were made immediately after fracturing. After drying the replicas, the vaseline was removed by chloroform, and replicas were cleaned with 70% H2SO4 for 1–18 hr at 52 C, followed by 6% commercial sodium hypochlorite (Chlorox) for 1–2 hr at 23–25 C.
A Monitoring and Control System for Substation Based on WorldFIP Bus

A novel substation monitoring and control system is proposed based on the WordFIP bus technology.The system is constructed with intelligent modules to acquire various states of the substation completely and instantly.The modules functions,communication and software configuration are introduced and analyzed in detail.Some problems such as complex information amalgamation and high efficient transmission are solved efficiently.
Trisodium citrate, Na3(C6H5O7).

The crystal structure of anhydrous tris­odium citrate, Na3(C6H5O7), has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory (DFT). There are two independent five-coordinate Na+ and one six-coordinate Na+ cations in the asymmetric unit. The [NaO5] and [NaO6] polyhedra share edges and corners to form a three-dimensional framework. There are channels parallel to the a and b axes in which the remainder of the citrate anions reside. The only hydrogen bonds are an intra­molecular one between the hy­droxy group and one of the terminal carboxyl­ate O atoms and an intermolecular one between a methylene group and the hydroxyl O atom.
Mutation pattern of immunoglobulin transgenes is compatible with a model of somatic hypermutation in which targeting of the mutator is linked to the direction of DNA replication.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that B lymphocyte specific somatic mutations are introduced into the variable regions of immunoglobulin kappa transgenes in two independent transgenic mouse lines. The frequency, distribution and nature of these mutations strongly suggest that they arose as a result of the process of somatic hypermutation, which is responsible, in part, for affinity maturation during an immune response. Unexpectedly, in these multiple copy transgenic lines, many of the transgene copies showed no evidence of somatic mutation. This paradox was addressed by determining the sequence of each transgene copy in several B cell hybridomas derived from a mouse line carrying three copies of the kappa transgene. It was found that the somatic hypermutation process in different B cells from the same mouse preferentially targets one, but not the same, transgene copy. We present a model, based on the pattern of this targeting, which links somatic hypermutation to the orientation of the Ig gene relative to the direction of DNA replication.
The Effects of Current and Expanded Analyst Ownership Disclosure on Nonprofessional Investors’ Judgments and Decision-Making

In two experiments, this study examines the effects of current and expanded analyst ownership disclosure on nonprofessional investors’ confidence in analyst recommendations and on the amount invested by nonprofessionals. Experiment one examines how nonprofessional investors interpret analyst ownership disclosures currently required by Title V of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The results of experiment one suggest that current ownership disclosure requirements have no significant effect on either investors’ confidence in analysts’ recommendations or on the amount ultimately invested in the firm recommended by the analyst. Experiment two extends the first experiment by expanding the granularity of the ownership disclosures provided to investors to incorporate two additional factors: ownership magnitude and ownership duration. Applying Rational Choice Theory, we find evidence of an interactive effect on investors’ judgments such that investors who receive a disclosure that an analyst holds a large, short-term investment in a recommended firm perceive the analyst is more likely to be engaging in puffery than investors who receive alternative disclosures. We also find evidence of mediated-moderation such that investors’ confidence in the analyst’s report mediates the effect of the disclosure on the amount invested. In sum, we find evidence to suggest analyst ownership disclosures affect capital market liquidity and we discuss the implications of our findings for regulators and market operators seeking to improve investor confidence and market liquidity.
Treatment Using Porous Media Biofilters

Porous media biofilters are designed to exploit attached growth biological processes to achieve advanced secondary treatment. Primary treated wastewater is intermittently dosed onto the surface of the biofilter and migrates by unsaturated flow through a depth of media upon which biofilms grow. This chapter describes the principles and processes associated with porous media biofilters and covers the design and implementation of intermittent and recirculating sand filters and packaged media biofilters. The design of pressurized delivery and distribution networks is also covered in detail in this chapter.
Constructing a Cultural Trauma

This chapter charts the development of a trauma narrative around the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church. Using the sociological theory of cultural trauma, Gill explains why the Church bombing has become key to collective memory of the Civil Rights Movement. After the bombing and subsequent riots, traditional narratives grounded in the myth of the Lost Cause could no longer support white identity. Gill discusses representation of the ‘four little girls,’ and how innocence, gender, class, and the sacred location of the bombing informed the development of collective memory. She discusses the impact of the trials of the church bombers beginning in 1987 on representation. The trials developed the nature of the perpetrators and individualized the ‘four little girls.’
A Millimeter-Wave Fully Integrated Passive Reflection-Type Phase Shifter With Transformer-Based Multi-Resonance Loads for 360° Phase Shifting

This paper presents a millimeter-wave fully differential transformer-based passive reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS) capable of performing full span 360° continuous phase shift from 58 to 64 GHz. It consists of two transformer-based 90° couplers and two transformer-based multi-resonance reflective loads to provide 360° phase shift with low loss and ultra-compact chip size. Our proof-of-concept design is implemented in a standard 130-nm BiCMOS process with a core area of 480 $\mu \text{m} \,\, \times 340~\mu \text{m}$ . It achieves a wide phase shifting range of 367° and a low insertion loss IL ( $3.7~\text {dB} ) at 62 GHz and maintains a full span 360° phase shifting range from 58 to 64 GHz. Moreover, it supports 360° phase shifting with a constant IL, i.e., $\vert \text {IL}\vert =10$ , 11, 12 dB, at an IL variation of less than 0.74 dB at 62 GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this design achieves a first-ever full span 360° phase shifting (up to 367°), the lowest IL, the smallest IL variation, and the best figure-of-merit of 37.1°/dB among reported 60 GHz fully integrated RTPS in silicon.
The price of insurance: costs and benefits of worker production in a facultatively social bee

Selection on traits that maximize maternal fitness represents a recurrent mechanism underlying early evolutionary transitions towards social organization. We use genetic and demographic data to perform a cost-benefit analysis comparing alternative reproductive strategies in a bee capable of both subsocial and social nesting. We find that, while alloparental care provides few fitness benefits for worker daughters, social nesting is an advantageous strategy by way of assured fitness returns to social mothers.
Sleep and Waking in Drosophila

Recent studies using microarrays have shown that changes in behavioral states are associated with rapid and extensive changes in brain gene expression. Sleep, spontaneous wakefulness, short-term (3–8 h), and long-term (1 week) sleep deprivation are each associated with the upregulation of hundreds of genes in the cerebral cortex and other brain areas. In flies, mice, and rats, three categories of genes are consistently upregulated during spontaneous waking or short-term sleep deprivation and downregulated during sleep. They include genes involved in energy metabolism, the cellular stress response, and memory formation and long-term potentiation. The sleep-related transcripts identified in the rat cerebral cortex suggest that sleep may favor protein synthesis, memory consolidation, and synaptic depression, as well as membrane trafficking and glial function. Long-term sleep deprivation in rats is associated with unique changes in brain gene expression, which differ to some extent from those seen after acute sleep loss. Gene expression profiling is a work in progress, and more studies using DNA and protein arrays are needed to characterize the molecular correlates of sleep and wakefulness in different species and in different brain regions.
Size distribution of vehicle emitted primary particles measured in a traffic tunnel

Abstract Total and size-resolved concentrations and emission factors are used to compare fleet-averaged vehicle emissions in Pittsburgh, PA in 2002 and 2014. Winter-time traffic tunnel measurements acquired using dual scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS) over the size range 3–500 nm form the key input for the analysis. Size-resolved mass emission factors were calculated assuming a nanoparticle aggregate model. The ultrafine particle (
Corpus callosum low-frequency stimulation suppresses seizures in an acute rat model of focal cortical seizures.

Objective Low-frequency fiber-tract stimulation has been shown to be effective in treating mesial temporal lobe epilepsies through activation of the hippocampal commissure in rodents and human patients. The corpus callosum is a major pathway connecting the two hemispheres of the brain; however, few experiments have documented corpus callosum stimulation. The objective is to determine the efficacy of corpus callosum stimulation at low frequencies to suppress cortical seizures. Methods 4-Aminopyridine was injected in the primary motor cortex of 24 rats under anesthesia. Recording electrodes were placed in the contralateral motor cortex and hippocampus. Three pairs of stimulating electrodes were inserted into the corpus callosum along its longitudinal axis. Local field potentials were recorded 1 hour before, during, and after stimulation to determine the effect of stimulation on seizure duration. Stimulation was delivered from each pair of electrodes independently in separate experiments. Furthermore, electrical stimulation was applied to the region of the corpus callosum with the highest degree of innervation of the seizure focus to compare the efficacy of different stimulation frequencies (1-30 Hz) on seizure suppression. Results Corpus callosum stimulation was effective at suppressing seizures at 10 Hz by 76% (P 0.9999, n = 5). Furthermore, stimulation was only effective at suppressing seizures when the pair of electrodes was placed within the section of corpus callosum containing fibers innervating the seizure focus. Secondarily generalized seizures in the hippocampus were eliminated when seizures in the cortical focus were suppressed. Significance Low-frequency fiber-tract stimulation of the corpus callosum suppresses both cortical and cortically induced hippocampal seizures in an acute model of focal cortical seizures. The stimulation paradigm is selective, as it is only effective when targeted to specific regions of the corpus callosum that project maximally to cortical regions generating the seizure activity. Selective placement of stimulation electrodes along the corpus callosum could be used as a patient-specific treatment for cortical epilepsies.
The Development of ESL Writing Quality and Lexical Proficiency: Suggestions for Assessing Writing Achievement

This study has two research purposes related to L2 writing development. The first aim of this study is to explore how L2 learners receiving intensive ESL instruction develop their writing proficien...
Ensembling Visual Explanations

Many machine learning systems deployed for real-world applications such as recommender systems, image captioning, object detection, etc. are ensembles of multiple models. Also, the top-ranked systems in many data-mining and computer vision competitions use ensembles. Although ensembles are popular, they are opaque and hard to interpret. Explanations make AI systems more transparent and also justify their predictions. However, there has been little work on generating explanations for ensembles. In this chapter, we propose two new methods for ensembling visual explanations for VQA using the localization maps for the component systems. Our novel approach is scalable with the number of component models in the ensemble. Evaluating explanations is also a challenging research problem. We introduce two new approaches to evaluate explanations—the comparison metric and the uncovering metric. Our crowd-sourced human evaluation indicates that our ensemble visual explanation is significantly qualitatively outperform each of the individual system’s visual explanation. Overall, our ensemble explanation is better 61% of the time when compared to any individual system’s explanation and is also sufficient for humans to arrive at the correct answer, just based on the explanation, at least 64% of the time.
Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover at high solids concentrations : scientific note

The enzymatic digestibility of a pretreated substrate is enhanced by increasing the severity of the pretreatment conditions, apparently because a greater fraction of the hemicellulose sheath surrounding the cellulose is dissolved. This allows the enzyme greater access to the cellulose. However, optimizing enzymatic digestibility will not optimize the production of ethanol. Although increasing the severity of the pretreatment conditions will decrease the remaining xylan, it will also result in the conversion of xylose to furfural. This is a loss of a potential carbon source for conversion to ethanol. The more severe conditions also result in the conversion of more of the cellulose to glucose and subsequent conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Although the digestibility of the pretreated material may be enhanced by the more severe conditions, the conversion of this material to ethanol by yeast may be poor because of the higher levels of furfural and HMF, which are toxic to yeast. The best pretreatment conditions are those that produce the highest ethanol yields, which is influenced by the enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated substrate, the xylose yield, and the production of toxic byproducts.
A comparative study of the solvent extraction of lanthanum(III) from different acid solutions

Solvent extraction of lanthanum(III) using the organic extractant 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexylester (PC88A) diluted in kerosene from three different aqueous media (sulfuric, nitri...
Context and contents: Distinguishing variation in archaeobotanical assemblage formation processes at Early Halaf Fistıklı Höyük, Turkey

Meaningful interpretation of archaeobotanical assemblages in the Near East often includes determination of whether dung fuel is the source of some or all of the recovered plant remains. In the years since Miller (Economy and Environment of Malyan, a Third Millennium B.C. Urban Center in Southern Iran. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1982; Paleorient 10:71–79, 1984) and Miller and Smart (J Ethnobiol 4:15–28, 1984) first identified archaeological plant remains from Malyan (Iran) as those of burned dung, subsequent archaeobotanical, experimental, and ethnographic research has been undertaken to test and expand her criteria for its recognition. A key criterion of Miller’s was a high ratio of weed seeds to wood charcoal (or a low ratio of charcoal to weed seeds). When used together with other quantitative measures based on standardizing ratios, this measure can help to illuminate variability in the sources of the recovered carbonized plant remains and some of the taphonomic processes that contributed to the resulting assemblage. Using the Late Early Halaf dataset from Fistikli Hoyuk, Turkey, as a case study, non-parametric statistical analysis was applied to eight such measures, including a new Fragmentation Index (FI), density measures (per litre of sediment) for charcoal, cereal grains, weed seeds, chaff, non-wood items, and cereal-type indeterminate non-wood items, and a relative density measure of charcoal to weed seeds. Each measure was calculated on the basis of 35 samples (n = 8,532). The results of this analysis indicate that these measures, when used in combination with Miller’s weed seed to charcoal ratio, implemented here as the relative density of charcoal to weed seeds, can reveal recovery context-related variations in formation processes that help to clarify both the role of dung fuel in assemblage formation and to differentiate the remains of cereal processing from those of burned fuel.
Inspiration from the 2019 International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Conference.

Pleased to observe an increasing presence of international attendees at this year’s ISPN conference, I also noted our common concerns across the globe: suicide of young people, inadequate access to...
An ABBA-BABA Test for Introgression Using Retroposon Insertion Data

Abstract DNA sequence alignments provide the majority of data for inferring phylogenetic relationships with both concatenation and coalescence methods. However, DNA sequences are susceptible to extensive homoplasy, especially for deep divergences in the Tree of Life. Retroposon insertions have emerged as a powerful alternative to sequences for deciphering evolutionary relationships because these data are nearly homoplasy-free. In addition, retroposon insertions satisfy the ‘no intralocus recombination’ assumption of summary coalescence methods because they are singular events and better approximate neutrality relative to DNA sequences commonly applied in phylogenomic work. Retroposons have traditionally been analyzed with phylogenetic methods that ignore incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Here, we analyze three retroposon data sets for mammals (Placentalia, Laurasiatheria, Balaenopteroidea) with two different ILS-aware methods. The first approach constructs a species tree from retroposon bipartitions with ASTRAL, and the second is a modification of SVD-Quartets. We also develop a χ2 Quartet-Asymmetry Test to detect hybridization using retroposon data. Both coalescence methods recovered the same topology for each of the three data sets. The ASTRAL species tree for Laurasiatheria has consecutive short branch lengths that are consistent with an anomaly zone situation. For the Balaenopteroidea data set, which includes rorquals (Balaenopteridae) and gray whale (Eschrichtiidae), both coalescence methods recovered a topology that supports the paraphyly of Balaenopteridae. Application of the χ2 Quartet-Asymmetry Test to this data set detected 16 different quartets of species for which historical hybridization may be inferred, but significant asymmetry was not detected in the placental root and Laurasiatheria analyses.
Health Care Utilization and End-of-Life Care Outcomes for Patients With Decompensated Cirrhosis Based on Transplant Candidacy.

Abstract Context Patients with decompensated cirrhosis have high rates of health care utilization at end of life (EOL). However, the impact of transplant candidacy on intensity of EOL care is currently unknown. Objectives To assess the relationship between transplant candidacy and intensity of EOL care in the last year of life in an ambulatory cohort of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 230 patients with decompensated cirrhosis who were evaluated for liver transplantation in a large health care system between 1/1/2010 and 12/31/2017 and died by 6/20/2018. We compared health care utilization in the last year of life and EOL care outcomes between transplant-listed (n = 133) and nonlisted (n = 97) patients. We examined predictors of palliative and hospice care utilization using multivariate logistic regression. Results During the last year of life, patients had a median of three hospitalizations (IQR 2–5) and spent a median of 31 days (IQR 16–49) in the hospital. In all, 80% of patients died in the hospital, with 70% dying in the intensive care unit. The majority (70.0%) received a life-sustaining procedure (mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation) during their terminal hospitalization, which did not differ between transplant-listed and nonlisted patients (74.4% vs. 63.9%, P = 0.09). Transplant-listed patients had lower odds of receiving specialty palliative care (odds ratio 0.43, P = 0.005). Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had higher odds of receiving hospice care (odds ratio 2.03, P = 0.049). Conclusion Patients with decompensated cirrhosis had intensive health care utilization during their last year of life regardless of transplant candidacy. Further work is needed to optimize their EOL care, particularly for patients who are ineligible for transplantation.
Reply to Soulillou et al.: Difficulties in extrapolating from animal models exemplify unusual human atherosclerosis susceptibility and mechanisms via CMAH loss.

Soulillou et al. (1) address our report (2) regarding intrinsic and extrinsic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in mice with human-like loss of Cmah (cytidine monophosphate- N -acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase)––eliminating N -glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) production. While our findings may help explain the unusual human propensity for ASCVD, extrapolation from animal models to humans has limitations. However, the intrinsic hyperimmune reactivity and diabetic tendency of these mice (refs. 3 and 4 and citations therein) are consistent with the human condition. The extrinsic mechanism involving metabolic incorporation and endogenous cell surface presentation of diet-derived Neu5Gc in humans is an example of a “xenoautoantigen”–“xenoautoantibody” reaction––which, contrary to Soulillou et al., is not induced by dietary … [↵][1]2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: a1varki{at}ucsd.edu or pgordts{at}ucsd.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
“Style Description: / Provenance: / Period:”: Martin Margiela, Fashion Authorship, and Romantic Literary History

This chapter connects the rise of literary history in the Romantic age with the ambiguous place of history in fashion “authorship.” Drawing from Foucault’s account of the eighteenth-century divergence of scientific and literary authorship (and the new insistence that “every text of poetry or fiction […] state its author and the date, place, and circumstance of its writing”), I consider how fashion authorship differently complements literary production. Fashion’s weaker author function typically licenses the appropriation of older styles without much regard to provenance. But recent developments—particularly in the work of the designer Martin Margiela, who systematically deconstructs authorship via exacting replications of past styles and self-effacing returns to the intrinsic capacities of clothing materials—bring these questions of authorship and history full circle.
Cash: A Single-Source Hardware-Software Codesign Framework for Rapid Prototyping

With Moore's Law coming to an end, hardware specialization and systems on chips are providing new opportunities for continuing performance scaling while reducing the energy cost of computation. However, the current hardware design methodologies require significant engineering efforts and domain expertise, making the design process unscalable. More importantly, hardware specialization presents a unique challenge for a much tighter software and hardware co-design environment to exploit domain-specific optimizations and design efficiency. In this work, we introduce Cash, a single-source hardware-software co-design framework for rapid SoC prototyping and accelerators research. Cash leverages the unique efficiency and generative attributes of Modern C++ to provide a unified development environment, aiming at closing the architecture research methodology gap. The Cash framework introduces new co-design programming abstractions that enable seamless integration with existing software from architecture research simulators to high-level synthesis.
A potential method for ambulatory wearables to evaluate the central autonomic network: simultaneous measurement of prefrontal fNIRS and high frequency heart rate variability (Conference Presentation)

Simultaneous prefrontal activation and heart rate variability can be collected in healthy adults to examine their relationship using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electrocardiogram (ECG). The present study replicates previous findings in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using fNIRS, which creates the potential for simultaneous ambulatory measurement of neural and cardiovascular variables. Collecting such measures during physical activity will assess questions regarding a potential cardiovascular-linked mechanism for exercise-induced neural plasticity in future studies.