cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Sudan I,II,III,IV in chili oil by GPC-UPLC-MS/MS

Objective:A high sensitive and rapid method for simultaneous determination of sudan Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ in chili oil was established based on gel permeation chromatography(GPC) cleanup followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection.Methods:The samples were dissolved by cyclohexane/ ethyl acetate 1/1(V/ V) and cleaned up by gel permeation chromatograph,finally determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Results:Quantitative analysis of four kinds of sudans was carried out by external standard.The detection limits of sudan Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ were 6 ng/ kg,0.6 ng/ kg,0.06ng/ kg,120 ng/ kg,respectively.At concentration of 1 μg/ kg~10 μg/ kg,the average recoveries of sudanⅠranged from 88.1%~110.7%,sudan Ⅱ:88.1%~119.6%,sudan Ⅲ:98.1%~118.2%,sudan Ⅳ:75.7%~115.6%,and the RSDs were 1.28%~5.19%.Conclusion:This developed analytical method with simple pretreatment provided high sensitivity,selectivity,efficiency and repeatability.
Native Wills from the Colonial Americas: dead giveaways in a new world

Native Wills from the Colonial Americas is a continuation of the example and inspiration provided by the 1998 edited volume by Matthew Restall and Susan Kellogg, Dead Giveaways: Indigenous testamen...
Operational experience with the CDF Run II silicon detector

The CDF Run II Silicon Detector is the largest operating silicon detector in High Energy Physics. Its approximately 750,000 channels spread over 7 m2 of silicon micro-strip sensors allow precision tracking and vertexing. The CDF silicon detector played a critical role in the discovery of B s mixing and is used extensively for the current Higgs Boson searches. Over the last 8 years, the detector efciency has remained stable at 95% after the Run II commissioning period. We discuss the problems with the infrastructure (cooling, power supplies, etc) that we have encountered.
Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Review of the Current Clinical Outcomes of Different Supplemental Fixation Techniques

Lumbar spinal interbody fusion surgeries have been performed for decades to treat patients with low-back pain due to various forms of spinal disorders. Despite the numerous achievements of minimally invasive techniques for cage insertion, the traditional anterior and posterior approaches are associated with extensive soft tissue dissection. Newer lateral techniques were recently developed to further reduce these potential muscular and neurovascular complications. More importantly, the laterally inserted cage is often supplemented with a unilateral plate or a bilateral pedicle screw construct. Clinical trials have even shown satisfactory results with unilateral pedicle screw fixation. Several interspinous fusion devices are currently being evaluated as alternatives to pedicle screws. These devices, when inserted between two adjacent vertebrae, expand the intervertebral disk space, providing a buffer and limiting the spinal cord and foraminal stenoses. This serves to reduce compression of the nerve roots branching off the cord. Integrated fixation fusion devices have also been implemented in recent years. They are usually constructed out of either PEEK (poly-ether-ether-ketone) or titanium with integrated screws, which affix them to the vertebrae. These integrated fixation cages can be implanted laterally as either stand-alone constructs or fixated further via the implantation of a plate.
Alterations in intestinal permeability: The role of the “leaky gut” in health and disease

All species, including horses, suffer from alterations that increase intestinal permeability. These alterations, also known as "leaky gut," may lead to severe disease as the normal intestinal barrier becomes compromised and can no longer protect against harmful luminal contents including microbial toxins and pathogens. Leaky gut results from a variety of conditions including physical stressors, decreased blood flow to the intestine, inflammatory disease, and pathogenic infections, among others. Several testing methods exist to diagnose these alterations in both a clinical and research setting. To date, most research has focused on regulation of the host immune response due to the wide variety of factors that can potentially influence the intestinal barrier. This article serves to review the normal intestinal barrier, measurement of barrier permeability, pathogenesis and main causes of altered permeability, and highlight potential alternative therapies of leaky gut in horses while relating what has been studied in other species. Conditions resulting in barrier dysfunction and leaky gut can be a major cause of decreased performance and also death in horses. A better understanding of the intestinal barrier in disease and ways to optimize the function of this barrier is vital to the long-term health and maintenance of these animals.
Relative Roles of the S Cell Network and Parallel Interneuronal Pathways in the Whole-Body Shortening Reflex of the Medicinal Leech

The whole-body shortening reflex of the medicinal leechHirudo medicinalis is a withdrawal response produced by anterior mechanical stimuli. The interneuronal pathways underlying this reflex consist...
Capturing a rebel: modeling the Harley-Davidson brand through a motorcycle shape grammar

The potential for capturing brand identity within a shape grammar is discussed. A two-dimensional motorcycle shape grammar is presented, along with constraints that associate the resulting designs with the Harley-Davidson brand. Confirmation of the grammar's brand representation is shown through a customer-based survey.
Language Development and Education.

This article discusses the role of language development in educational achievement and the implications of this role for curriculum development. In the article children's knowledge of language before they enter school and the developmental changes that occur over the early school years are discussed. It is argued that these changes are a product of both maturation and the language education that children receive. How their language experiences in school might enhance their language development in two important ways is outlined. One way is in increasing their ability to use language to learn , and another is in increasing their ability to metaprocess the categories and relations in language. There is a final and very brief note on the effect of language differences and problems on curriculum.
Thoracic lymphatic cannulation for the study of pulmonary immune responses in lung lymph of calves.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a system for analysis of immune response variables in the lymph draining the lung and to establish baseline data for clinically normal calves. DESIGN: Surgery was performed on 6 calves to insert a cannula into the efferent lymphatic duct of the caudal mediastinal lymph node to create a long-term thoracic lymph fistula draining to the exterior. Lymph was collected daily, and on the fifth postoperative day, calves were exposed to an aerosol of cell culture medium (mock infection). For the next 10 days, lymph was collected for analysis and, on the tenth day, necropsy was performed. ANIMALS: Six 6- to 8-week-old Holstein bull calves. PROCEDURES: Daily lymph samples were evaluated for: flow rate; total and differential cell counts; and IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and protein concentrations. On days -4, -1, 1, 4, 7, and 10, cells were stained and quantitated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis for T, B, CD4+, and CD8+ cells. Blood lymphocytes were evaluated on days -1 and 10 for comparison. RESULTS: Flow was established for up to 25 days, with a mean rate between 11 and 22 ml/h. Protein concentrations in lymph and plasma did not indicate a protein drain. Although mean lymphocyte counts reflected a slight gradual decrease in lymph lymphocytes, this effect was not apparent in every calf, nor was the effect seen in blood lymphocytes. There were no significant changes in IgG, IgM, IgA, or IgE concentration, with the exception of IgA concentration in 1 calf that developed an abscess at the cannulation site. The T-cell subset absolute numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells decreased slightly over time, but the CD4(+)-to-CD8+ cell ratio remained almost constant at near 2. CONCLUSIONS: Creation of a thoracic lymphatic fistula appears to be a useful technique for studying effects of lung infection on immunologic variables, with potential application to bacterial and viral respiratory tract diseases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thoracic lymphatic cannulation can be used in studies to determine pathogenic mechanisms in respiratory tract disease and to develop more effective vaccines against respiratory tract pathogens.
Techniques of Localization in Child Neuropsychology

The ability to relate constellations of neuropsychological deficit and strength to localized structural brain damage has been a major achievement in the endeavor to understand how the brain functions and to increase the utility of behavioral tools for understanding clinical problems. The majority of research dealing with localization has involved the study of adults with pathological changes of the brain. Less information is available regarding localized deficits in children. Satz and Bullard-Bates (1981), for example, point to the relative paucity of studies concerning acquired childhood aphasia in contrast to numerous studies examining aphasia, and the effect of varying lesion localizations, in the adult population. This relative inequality reflects a number of factors including the types of lesions typically acquired by children, how they differ from lesions acquired by adults, and the relatively greater difficulty involved in assessing and understanding a developing organism (Boll & Barth, 1981).
Functional relationships between yield response and soil phosphorus supply

In greenhouse pot experiments, four wheat varieties were grown on four different soils enriched with various levels of added P. Several integrated expressions, derived from a first-order rate differential equation similar to that proposed by Mitscherlich, were used to evaluate yield response expressed in terms of P added or of NaHCO3-soluble P. The latter value was a more reliable estimate of available soil P, but it was not consistent for all four soils. Thus the operational range of a functional model relating yield response of a crop to soil P supply can depend in part upon the quantity chosen as the independent variable. To be useful this value must provide a consistent estimate of the available soil P for a range of soils and crop conditions.
Malformaciones vasculares y tumores de partes blandas. Parte 1: clasificación, papel de las pruebas imagen y lesiones de alto flujo

Resumen Las malformaciones vasculares y los tumores, tambien conocidos como «anomalias vasculares», comprenden una extensa variedad de lesiones en diferentes partes del cuerpo. Conocer su clasificacion y caracteristicas en las imagenes es de vital importancia. Si bien los hemangiomas son tumores vasculares benignos caracterizados por proliferacion celular e hiperplasia, las malformaciones vasculares no son verdaderos tumores y muestran, tipicamente, una renovacion endotelial normal. Las malformaciones vasculares se clasifican, segun el vaso predominante, en arteriales, capilares, venosas, linfaticas o mixtas. La ecografia y la resonancia magnetica son las tecnicas de imagen que se usan en el diagnostico y la clasificacion de las anomalias vasculares. En esta serie de dos articulos revisaremos la clasificacion de las anomalias vasculares, describiremos el papel que desempenan las pruebas de imagen, resumiremos sus caracteristicas histopatogenicas, clinicas y de imagen, y comentaremos las posibles opciones terapeuticas. En este primer articulo hablamos de las lesiones de alto flujo, y en el segundo lo haremos de las de bajo flujo. Tambien trataremos los sindromes complejos asociados tanto a los tumores vasculares como a las malformaciones.
Delineations of forest fungi: Several species of deuteromycetes and a newly described botryobasidium

Several forest fungi, primarily species that occur in Mississippi, are discussed, and three species are described as new. These includeBotryobasidium (subgenusBrevibasidium)croceumLentz,Tharoopama mississippiensisLentz, andHarpographium zonatumLentz.Dactylium leptosporum (Sacc.)Lentz is recognized as a distinct species, rather than as a subspecies ofD. dendroidesFr.Allescheriella crocea (Mont.)Hughes,D. leptosporum andMelanographium cookeiM. B. Ellis are reported from Mississippi for the first time. Attention is called to the fact thatM. citri (Fragoso &Ciferri)M. B. Ellis apparently has not previously been reported from the United States, although a specimen from Florida is in the National Fungus Collections.B. croceum evidently represents the basidiophorous stage ofA. crocea.
Zr-catalyzed electrophilic carbomagnesation of aryl olefins. Mechanism-based control of Zr-Mg ligand exchange.

The first examples of efficient electrophilic Zr-catalyzed carbomagnesations are disclosed, where in contrast to previous catalytic carbomagnesations the alkyl moiety of the electrophile is transferred (vs that of the Grignard reagent). The identity of the Grignard reagent is manipulated so that Zr−Mg exchange is facilitated, leading to the formation of alkylmagnesium halide products.
Using electronic health record system triggers to target delivery of a patient-centered intervention to improve venous thromboembolism prevention for hospitalized patients: Is there a differential effect by race?

BACKGROUND Racial disparities are common in healthcare. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of preventable harm, and disparities observed in prevention practices. We examined the impact of a patient-centered VTE education bundle on the non-administration of preventive prophylaxis by race. METHODS A post-hoc, subset analysis (stratified by race) of a larger nonrandomized trial. Pre-post comparisons analysis were conducted on 16 inpatient units; study periods were October 2014 through March 2015 (baseline) and April through December 2015 (post-intervention). Patients on 4 intervention units received the patient-centered, nurse educator-led intervention if the electronic health record alerted a non-administered dose of VTE prophylaxis. Patients on 12 control units received no intervention. We compared the conditional odds of non-administered doses of VTE prophylaxis when patient refusal was a reason for non-administration, stratified by race. RESULTS Of 272 patient interventions, 123 (45.2%) were white, 126 (46.3%) were black, and 23 (8.5%) were other races. A significant reduction was observed in the odds of non-administration of prophylaxis on intervention units compared to control units among patients who were black (OR 0.61; 95% CI, 0.46-0.81, p<0.001), white (OR 0.57; 95% CI, 0.44-0.75, p<0.001), and other races (OR 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29-0.88, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Our finding suggests that the patient education materials, developed collaboratively with a diverse group of patients, improved patient's understanding and the importance of VTE prevention through prophylaxis. Quality improvement interventions should examine any differential effects by patient characteristics to ensure disparities are addressed and all patients experience the same benefits.
Risk for heat-related illness among wildland firefighters: job tasks and core body temperature change

Objectives In order to make recommendations to protect wildland firefighters (WLFFs) from heat-related illness, the role physical exertion plays on core body temperature (Tc) in the work environment needs to be considered. We aimed to estimate the association of time-varying job tasks with differing exertion levels on change in Tc, among WLFFs engaged in fire management activities, while controlling for ambient conditions and individual characteristics. In addition, we examined whether duration of tasks modified the relationship between task and change in Tc. Methods We used data from The Wildland Firefighter Heat Related Illness study, a repeated measures study with individual-level data on 301 WLFFs from 2013 to 2016. Job tasks over one full shift were recorded and categorised into four levels (sedentary, light, moderate and high) based on estimated exertion levels. Tc was measured every 15 s using an ingestible sensor and personal monitors measured ambient conditions. The analysis used generalised estimating equations with an autoregressive correlation structure. Results We found statistically significant associations between job tasks with increased physical demand and increases in Tc. When compared with sedentary tasks, the estimated increases in Tc for light, moderate and high activity tasks of average duration were 0.07°C (95% CI 0.02 to 0.11°C), 0.19°C (95% CI 0.15 to 0.23) and 0.44°C (95% CI 0.39 to 0.49°C), respectively. In addition, we found evidence of interaction between task type and duration. Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that occupational exposure to physical exertion increases Tc, highlighting the need to update recommendations to protect WLFFs from heat-related illness.
Passionate and Pious: Religious Media and Black Women’s Sexuality, by Monique Moultrie: Duke UP, 2017.

In Passionate and Pious: Religious Media and Black Women’s Sexuality, a thought-provoking, critical, and necessary work, Monique Moultrie explores the impacts of faith-based sexuality ministries on...
Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Multiplexed Post-Translational Modification Quantitation of Biopharmaceuticals by Targeted High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Peptide mapping coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has become an essential analytical technique to quantify the quality attributes (e.g., post-translational modifications [PTMs]) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during drug development. However, the traditional label-free approach for relative quantitation of PTMs requires a great amount of instrument time for LC-MS data acquisition of individual digested samples, which limits the efficiency of peptide mapping when there is an increasing demand for protein characterization. Here, we developed a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based approach in combination with targeted mass spectrometry for multiplexed site-specific PTM quantitation of monoclonal antibodies to overcome this limitation. This approach enables the simultaneous quantitation of quality attributes (e.g., PTMs) for multiple samples in a single LC-MS run. By adjusting higher-energy collision dissociation (HCD) normalized collisional energies (NCEs) from 35 to 90, different types of PTMs were quantified with percentages comparable to those obtained using the conventional approach. The TMT overlabeling on the off-target amino acid residues serine, threonine, and tyrosine was observed to pose a challenge for this targeted MS/MS-based PTM quantitation. However, we inhibited this off-target overlabeling by adding a small-molecule additive during the TMT labeling as a decoy reagent to deplete the excess amount of TMT reagent. The PTM quantitative performance of this approach demonstrated high sensitivity and reproducibility of PTM quantitation with levels as low as 1.0%. Finally, this approach has been utilized to quantify the PTMs for forced degradation samples, comparability samples, and trisulfide standards of monoclonal antibodies.
Ferroelectric devices and circuits for neuro-inspired computing

Recent discovery of ferroelectricity in doped HfO2 has reignited research interest in the ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) as emerging embedded nonvolatile memory with the potential for neuro-inspired computing. This paper reviews two major aspects for its application in neuro-inspired computing: ferroelectric devices as multilevel synaptic devices and the circuit primitive design with FeFET for in-memory computing. First, the authors survey representative FeFET-based synaptic devices. Then, the authors introduce 2T-1FeFET synaptic cell design that improves its in situ training accuracy to approach software baseline. Then, the authors introduce the FeFET drain–erase scheme for array-level operations, which makes the in situ training feasible for FeFET-based hardware accelerator. Finally, the authors give an outlook on the future 3D-integrated 2T-1FeFET design.
Peritumoral Brain Edema and Surgical Outcome in Secretory Meningiomas: A Matched-Cohort Analysis

Objective Secretory meningioma (SM) is a rare subtype of benign meningioma reported to cause significant peritumoral brain edema (PTBE). Therefore, patients with SM may have more severe presenting symptoms and possibly increased postoperative complications. Our aim was to perform a statistically rigorous comparison of patients with SM with other nonsecretory World Health Organization grade I meningiomas and examine PTBE, postsurgical outcomes, and recurrence in a large series of cases. Methods A retrospective review of all patients at our institution with pathologically confirmed SM between 2000 and 2017 was performed. A control group of nonsecretory grade I meningiomas was matched 1:1 according to tumor location and size. Study groups were compared on clinical characteristics and outcomes using logistic, cumulative logit, and normal linear generalized estimating equations regression models. Results Fifty-five patients with SM met inclusion criteria and were matched with 55 control patients. After adjusting for size and location, the odds of a patient with SM having a more severe T2 edema grade were 8.9 (95% confidence interval, 3.8–21.1; P Conclusions Patients with SM have significantly greater odds of having PTBE compared with patients with nonsecretory World Health Organization grade I meningiomas of a similar size and location. Despite this situation, surgical outcome and recurrence rates are similar.
Pediatric Suicide Screening: A Review of the Evidence

Abstract Background Suicide rates are increasing for youths and suicide is the second leading cause of death for 10–24 year olds. This evidence-based practice project critically reviews literature regarding the effectiveness of pediatric suicide screening. Methods A literature search was guided by the following question: In pediatric patients, does suicide screening at every health encounter compared to an annual screen increase clinician identification of patients at-risk. Ten articles met inclusion criteria and were critically appraised and synthesized. Findings Youths had high rates of suicidal ideation (SI), anxiety, and depression. Pediatric universal suicide screening identified SI in youths with both psychiatric and non-psychiatric medical complaints. Patients with chronic health conditions reported higher rates of mental health symptoms and SI. A specific suicide screening instrument should be used as general mental health screens likely miss youths at-risk for SI. The Ask Suicide-Screening Questions tool is an easy to use and highly sensitive instrument for detecting suicide risk in youths. Discussion Many youths that screen positive for SI do not have known mental health concerns and would have been missed if not asked directly. Universal screening for SI identifies at-risk youth and allows nurses and other providers to intervene. The need for universal screening across pediatric health care settings using brief, validated screening tools is paramount. Application to practice Nurses working in pediatric settings should champion universal screening for SI. Unit-based quality improvement projects using the Plan-Do-Study-Act change cycle provides a model for instituting universal screening for SI.
Going Up or Down

This oil painting of a crowded elevator carriage suggests our numerous shared uncertainties, risk of exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and lack of knowledge about our and others' risk of death from COVID-19. Personal protective equipment is uncomfortable, but it's less uncomfortable, perhaps, than knowing our safety depends so much on others' behaviors.
Europe's ambition for digital sovereignty must not undermine the Internet's values

One reason for the Internet's success is that its architecture was not an outcome of politics. So it's important that Europe avoids imposing centralised control. Digital sovereignty largely manifests itself in Europe in the form of data. However, focusing blindly on a strict interpretation of sovereignty, without trying to retrofit the Internet, will mean that the Internet will be weakened, to the detriment of Europe, its users and the Internet itself, argues Konstantinos Komaitis of the Internet Society. Despite increased efforts for more integration, Europe has always been rife with social, cultural and economic contradictions. Some economic ones came to the forefront during the 2008 financial crisis and demonstrated the deep divide between Europe's north and south. That divide was put to rest through multiple bailout programmes that left many dissatisfied but which managed to put a brake on the trend towards separation and disunity.
Social Capital As Correlate, Antecedent, and Consequence of Health Service Demand in China

Amid increasing interest in how social relationships play an important role in health and health behavior, it remains unclear whether social activities and social capital in general benefit individuals' health literacy and in turn affect their health care consumption. More specifically, this article proposes a research hypothesis to address the question: Do individuals who are strongly tied to other individuals within the social networks become more health conscious or literate and hence use more health services? This paper extends prior research on social support, health literacy and health care utilization to investigate the association between social interaction and health service demand. Using the China Health and Nutrition Survey, the paper provides cross-sectional evidence that people who are socially active and connected with their friends made more visits to health care providers. It also finds that people of male gender, being single, having more years of education, and no health insurance coverage tend to avoid seeking health services. The quasi-experimental study, which examines the events that exogenously intensified social interactions in some but not all Chinese provinces, indicates that social capital is more an antecedent than a consequence of health service needs.
Charlson Comorbidity Index score predicts adverse post-operative outcomes after far lateral lumbar discectomy.

Abstract Introduction The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score has been shown to predict 10-year all-cause mortality and post-neurosurgical complications but has never been examined in a far lateral disc herniation (FLDH) population. This study aims to correlate CCI score with adverse outcomes following FLDH repair. Patients and Methods All patients (n = 144) undergoing discectomy for FLDH at a single, multihospital academic medical system (2013—2020) were retrospectively analyzed. CCI scores were determined for all patients. Univariate logistic regression was used to determine the ability of CCI score to predict adverse outcomes. Results Mean age of the population was 61.72 ± 11.55 years, 69 (47.9%) were female, and 126 (87.5%) were non-Hispanic white. Patients underwent either open (n = 92) or endoscopic (n = 52) FLDH repair. Average CCI score among the patient population was 2.87 ± 2.42. Each additional point in CCI score was significantly associated with higher rates of readmission (p = 0.022, p = 0.014) in the 30-day and 30–90-day post-surgery window, respectively, and emergency department visits (p = 0.011) within 30-days. CCI score also predicted risk of reoperation of any kind (p = 0.013) within 30 days of the index operation. In addition, CCI score was predictive of risk of reoperation of any kind (p = 0.008, p Conclusions This study suggests that CCI score is a useful metric to predict of numerous adverse postoperative outcomes following discectomy for FLDH.
Republished: Reversible changes in diffusion- and perfusion-based imaging in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Diffusion- and perfusion-based imaging studies are regularly used in patients with ischemic stroke. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare cause of stroke and is primarily treated by systemic anticoagulation. Endovascular intervention can be considered in cases of failed medical therapy, yet the prognostic value of diffusion- and perfusion-based imaging for CVST has not been clearly established. We present a patient with CVST whose abnormal findings on MRI and CT perfusion images were largely reversed after endovascular treatment.
Implementing Dialogic Reading Intervention through Community-Based Participatory Research: A Tutorial.

Purpose This work describes community-based participatory research (CBPR) to support language and literacy development with Pre-K and kindergarten African American boys. Method The aim and goals of the project were designed using the CBPR model. Interventionists were trained with researcher-designed videos. Interventionist fidelity to training was assessed. Pre- and posttests of child language were completed after the 12 weeks of dialogic reading intervention. Results The CBPR team learned the dialogic reading protocol from the video trainings and provided the lessons with fidelity. Children's postintervention scores of sound-matching and nonword repetition increased significantly. Postintervention changes in lexical diversity and productive syntax were age graded, such that younger children's scores increased over time whereas older children's scores decreased. Conclusions CBPR is a viable method for speech-language pathologists seeking to develop language and literacy lessons for low resource communities. Self-paced videos can effectively train interventionists to provide dialogic reading lessons with fidelity. Young children's sound-matching and nonword repetition skills can improve significantly with 12 weeks of dialogic reading lessons.
Green Sustainable Processes for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Green Solvent

Review of the book: Green Sustainable Processes for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Green Solvent
Dispersed or Skewed? An Expanded Conceptualization of Pay Dispersion and Firm-Level Implications

This article extends prior research on the performance implications of horizontal pay dispersion. Prior research has shown mixed evidence about the influence of pay dispersion, and most studies hav...
The association between persistent maternal hypotension and small for gestational age neonates.

BACKGROUND The association between maternal hypotension and poor fetal growth has not been well studied. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the presence of persistent maternal hypotension will reflect a chronic reduction of uteroplacental blood flow, leading to placental hypoperfusion and subsequent poor fetal growth. We aimed to evaluate whether persistent hypotension is associated with the risk of having a small for gestational age neonate. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether transient hypotension is associated with the same risk of having a small for gestational age neonate. STUDY DESIGN We performed a secondary analysis of the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be data, a large prospective cohort study of nulliparous women. The inclusion criteria included delivery of subjects with singleton pregnancies at ≥24 weeks’ gestation who had systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at 3 antenatal visits between 6 0/7 and 29 6/7 weeks’ gestation. Univariable analyses were performed to evaluate the association among persistent hypotension (systolic blood pressure of RESULTS Here, 164 of 7233 participants (2.3%) had persistent hypotension. In univariable analyses, subjects with persistent hypotension compared with those without were significantly more likely to have small for gestational age neonates (21.3% vs 11.6%; P CONCLUSION Persistent hypotension was significantly associated with small for gestational age among neonates born to low-risk nulliparous women.
A primer on the hybrid zone of Jamaican streamertail hummingbirds (Trochilidae: Trochilus)

Abstract The endemic hummingbirds Trochilus polytmus and T. scitulus hybridize in a narrow zone of secondary contact in eastern Jamaica. The cline in bill width across the hybrid zone represents the steepest morphological gradient documented thus far in avian biology. Hindlimb size and skeletal proxies for core body size, however, exhibit incongruent patterns of variation across the same transect. Significant correlation between bill width and skull width indicates that genetic loci that affect bill width have pleiotropic effects on cranial morphology posterior of the craniofacial hinge. This study is the first direct examination of skeletal size variation across an avian hybrid zone.
The Cosmological Question: A Response to Milner S. Ball's 'All the Company of Heaven'

We do not disagree, and I do not doubt, that legal processes are sources of injustice, violent oppression, crushing of the spirit, destruction of lives, actual death. I have only to look at The Trial' again. Nor do we disagree that there are strings of words, statements, put out by officials, lawyers, and lawyer-academics, often called "rules," that cannot be taken into oneself and that by their very nature evoke manipulation in response, avoidance if they cannot be ignored. In their name violent imposition of pure will occurs all the time, and power is exercised by those who can secure for the moment some obedience.
A Normality Bias in Legal Decision Making

It is important to understand how legal fact finders determine causation and assign blame. However, this process is poorly understood. Among the psychological factors that affect decision makers are an omission bias (a tendency to blame actions more than inactions [omissions] for bad results), and a normality bias (a tendency to react more strongly to bad outcomes that spring from abnormal rather than normal circumstances). The omission and normality biases often reinforce one another when inaction preserves the normal state and when action creates an abnormal state. But what happens when these biases push in opposite directions as they would when inaction promotes an abnormal state or when action promotes a normal state? Which bias exerts the stronger influence on the judgments and behaviors of legal decision makers? The authors address this issue in two controlled experiments. One experiment involves medical malpractice and the other involves stockbroker negligence. They find that jurors pay much more attention to the normality of conditions than to whether those conditions arose through acts or omissions. Defendants who followed a nontraditional medical treatment regime or who chose a nontraditional stock portfolio received more blame and more punishment for bad outcomes than did defendants who obtained equally poor results after recommending a traditional medical regime or a traditional stock portfolio. Whether these recommendations entailed an action or an omission was essentially irrelevant. The Article concludes with a discussion of the implications of a robust normality bias for American jurisprudence.
Correlates of quality of life in overweight or obese breast cancer survivors at enrollment into a weight loss trial.

Objective The purpose of this analysis was to examine the correlates of the physical and psychosocial domains of quality of life (QOL) in a cohort of breast cancer survivors participating in a weight loss intervention trial. Methods Correlates of QOL and psychosocial functioning were examined in 692 overweight or obese breast cancer survivors at entry into a weight loss trial. QOL was explored with three measures: Short-form 36 (SF-36), Impact of Cancer scale (IOC), and the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) symptom scales. Available data included information on weight and physical activity, as well as demographic and medical characteristics. Multivariate analyses were used to identify associations adjusted for other characteristics. Results In multivariate analysis, younger age was associated with higher negative impact scores (p < 0.0001). Hispanic, African-American, and Asian women had higher positive IOC impact scores compared with White non-Hispanic women (p < 0.01). Increased number of comorbidities was associated with lower physical and mental QOL scores (p < 0.01). Body mass index was not independently associated with QOL measures. Physical activity was directly associated with physical and mental QOL and IOC positive impact, and inversely related to IOC negative impact and Breast Cancer Prevention Trial symptom scales. Conclusions Quality-of-life measures in breast cancer survivors are differentially associated with demographic and other characteristics. When adjusted for these characteristics, degree of adiposity among overweight or obese women does not appear to be independently associated with QOL. Among overweight or obese breast cancer survivors, higher level of physical activity is associated with higher QOL across various scales and dimensions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guided static analysis

In static analysis, the semantics of the program is expressed as a set of equations. The equations are solved iteratively over some abstract domain. If the abstract domain is distributive and satisfies the ascending-chain condition, an iterative technique yields the most precise solution for the equations. However, if the above properties are not satisfied, the solution obtained is typically imprecise. Moreover, due to the properties of widening operators, the precision loss is sensitive to the order in which the state-space is explored. In this paper, we introduce guided static analysis, a framework for controlling the exploration of the state-space of a program. The framework guides the statespace exploration by applying standard static-analysis techniques to a sequence of modified versions of the analyzed program. As such, the framework does not require any modifications to existing analysis techniques, and thus can be easily integrated into existing static-analysis tools. We present two instantiations of the framework, which improve the precision of widening in (i) loops with multiple phases and (ii) loops in which the transformation performed on each iteration is chosen non-deterministically.
β-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Functions in Porcine Adipose Tissue Are Not Affected Differently by Saturated vs. Unsaturated Dietary Fats

Young postweaning pigs were fed a high fat diet containing beef tallow (saturated fat) or corn oil (unsaturated fat). Adipose tissue was used to measure adipocyte size and number of cells per gram of tissue, ligand binding by beta-adrenergic receptors and lipolytic and palmitate esterification rates. Pigs fed the saturated fat diet had more saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and less polyunsaturated fatty acid in the crude membrane fraction. Adipocytes were larger in pigs fed the saturated fat diet. There was no difference in the binding affinities of the receptors; more binding sites were expressed on a protein or cell basis and fewer sites were expressed per unit surface area in adipocyte ghosts isolated from pigs fed the saturated fat diet. Fatty acid esterification was greater in pigs fed saturated fat diets. Isoproterenol inhibition was marginal in both groups but tended to be greater in pigs fed saturated fat diets. The beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolytic rates were not different; only the theophylline-stimulated rates tended to be greater in the saturated fat-fed group. Thus, a large increase in saturated fatty acid concentration of porcine adipose tissue membranes caused an increase in beta-adrenergic receptor number without any change in receptor affinity. These receptor changes were at best only marginally reflected in beta-adrenergic agonist-mediated functions.
Deformation of carbon nanotubes by surface van der Waals forces

The strength and effect of surface van der Waals forces on the shape of multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes is investigated using atomic-force microscopy, continuum mechanics, and molecular-mechanics simulations. Our calculations show that depending on the tube diameter and number of shells, the van der Waals interaction between nanotubes and a substrate results in high binding energies, which has also been determined experimentally. Nanotubes on a substrate may consequently experience radial and axial deformations, which significantly modify the idealized geometry of free nanotubes. These findings have implications for electronic transport and the tribological properties of adsorbed nanotubes.
Objectivity in Turbulence under Change of Reference Frame and Superposed Rigid Body Motion

The validity of objectivity or frame-indifference in turbulence is examined simultaneously from the dual perspective of change of reference frame and superposed rigid-body motion. Similarities and differences arising from the two approaches and their effect on modeling in turbulence are discussed in detail. The use of the absolute spin for noninertial frames and of the net spin for superposed rigid-body motions in closure representations for the pressure-strain-rate correlations tensor are critically discussed. The enigmatic statement made by Speziale that the frame-indifference or objectivity of Reynolds stress does not establish the validity of material frame-indifference in turbulence and the subsequent case-study test of objectivity under superposed rigid-body mean motion within a rotating frame presented to prove it are investigated and fully explained. It is shown analytically that such apparently contrasting conclusions on the validity of objectivity result from the application of the objectivity test to the mean rather than the instantaneous motion, a case not encountered in classical continuum mechanics, which considers only one motion, the instantaneous.
Integrality and separability of input devices

Current input device taxonomies and other frameworks typically emphasize the mechanical structure of input devices. We suggest that selecting an appropriate input device for an interactive task requires looking beyond the physical structure of devices to the deeper perceptual structure of the task, the device, and the interrelationship between the perceptual structure of the task and the control properties of the device. We affirm that perception is key to understanding performance of multidimensional input devices on multidimensional tasks. We have therefore extended the theory of processing of percetual structure to graphical interactive tasks and to the control structure of input devices. This allows us to predict task and device combinations that lead to better performance and hypothesize that performance is improved when the perceptual structure of the task matches the control structure of the device. We conducted an experiment in which subjects performed two tasks with different perceptual structures, using two input devices with correspondingly different control structures, a three-dimensional tracker and a mouse. We analyzed both speed and accuracy, as well as the trajectories generated by subjects as they used the unconstrained three-dimensional tracker to perform each task. The result support our hypothesis and confirm the importance of matching the perceptual structure of the task and the control structure of the input device.
The unimolecular decomposition of 1-chloroethyl radical

The kinetics of the unimolecular decomposition of the 1-chloroethyl radical have been studied. The reaction was isolated for quantitative study in a heated tubular flow reactor coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer. Rate constants for the decomposition were obtained in time-resolved experiments as a function of temperature (848--980 K) and bath gas density (3--22 {times} 10{sup 16} molecule/cm{sup 3}) in He, Ar, and N{sub 2}. The rate constants are in the falloff under the conditions of the experiments. The falloff behavior was analyzed using a Master Equation analysis. A transition state model was created to obtain values of the microcanonical rate constants, k(E), needed to solve the Master Equation. The transition state model provides the high-pressure limit rate constants for the decomposition reaction (k{sub 1}{sup {infinity}} (CH{sub 3}CHCl = CH{sub 2}CHCl + H) = 1.94 {times} 10{sup 9} T{sup 1.22} exp({minus}19,510 K/T)/s) and the reverse reaction (k{sub {minus}1}{sup {infinity}} (H + CH{sub 2}CHCl = CH{sub 3}CHCl + H) = 3.35 {times} 10{sup {minus}14} T{sup 0.86} exp({minus}75.3 K/T) cm{sup 3}/molecule s). Values of {l_angle}{Delta}E{r_angle}{sub down} for the energy loss probability were obtained for each experiment using the exponential-down model. The values of {l_angle}{Delta}E{r_angle}{sub down} display a pronounced positive temperature dependence withmore » average values of 255 (He), 360 (Ar), and 261 (N{sub 2}) cm{sup {minus}1}. Parameterization of the temperature and pressure dependence of the unimolecular rate constant for the temperature range 298--1,500 K and pressures 0.001--10 atmospheres is provided using the modified Lindemann-Hinshelwood expression.« less
Electrophoretic separations of large DNA molecules by periodic inversion of the electric field

In gel electrophoresis, nucleic acids and protein-detergent complexes larger than a threshold size all migrate at the same rate. For DNA molecules, this effect can be overcome by the simple procedure of periodically inverting the electric field. Tuning the frequency of the field inversions from 10 to 0.01 hertz, makes it possible to resolve selectively DNA's in the size range 15 to greater than 700 kilobase pairs.
Dopamine stimulates rat cortical somatostatin release.

Abstract Release of somatostatin from slices of rat frontal cortex was studied. Increasing the potassium ion concentration in the medium from 6mM to 55 mM resulted in a significantly increased release of somatostatin. Dopamine increased the release of somatostatin from cortex and this effect of dopamine was blocked by haloperidol and other dopaminergic antagonists. Other catecholamines as well as serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine failed to stimulate the release of somatostatin. The stimulatory effect of dopamine on release of somatostatin from cortical slices provides an approach for examination of the receptor properties and function of dopamine in this brain region.
Shifting From Structural to Individual Attributions of Black Disadvantage: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Black Explanations of Racial Disparities

Despite significant changes in American society, Blacks still lag behind Whites on several important socioeconomic indicators. Attributing this gap to structural reasons (e.g., racial discriminatio...
990 CIRCUMVENTION OF UNRESPONSIVENESS TO POLYSACCHARIDES IN IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES WITH OLIGOSACCHARIDEPROTEIN CONJUGATE VACCINES

Top of pageAbstract Vaccines composed of Haemophilus influenzae b capsular polysaccharide (PRP) oligomers coupled to diphtheria toxoid (DTd), (DTd-ol), have been shown to induce antibodies (Ab) to PRP after repetitive immunization (imm) of infants at ages at which there is no response to PRP vaccine. To further examine the immunogenicity of DTd-ol, a 3-yr-old child with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WA) and a 7-yr-old child with isolated IgG2 subclass deficiency (G2−) who had both failed to produce Ab following two imms with purified PRP were then imm 3X with DTd-ol. Anti-PRP Ab, μg/ml, increased as follows: Both children produced a normal Ab titer to DTd after the first imm. The anti-PRP Ab isotype induced by DTd-ol was almost exclusively the IgG isotype in WA and both IgG and IgM isotypes in G2−. Over 90% of the anti-PRP Ab of the IgG isotype was of the IgG1 subclass in both WA and G2−, but IgG2 subclass Ab did increase after imm in both WA and G2− and was not detected preimm. The Ab light chain was predominately kappa type. Analytical isoelectric focusing patterns of Ab showed a restricted number of IgG Ab clonotypes. These results suggest that the poor response to polysaccharides in some immunodeficiency diseases can be bypassed by imm with oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines and offer insight into the response of young infants to DTd-ol.