cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Species and New Species Limits in Birds

IN THIS ISSUE OF THE AUK, two papers provide a fascinating illustration of the state of studies of avian biodiversity. First, Whitney and Alvarez (1998) describe a new species of Herpsilochmus antwren from Peru and Ecuador. Second, Isler, Isler, and Whitney (1998) present an interesting application of vocal characters to delimiting species. This pair of papers provides material for reflection on the true dimensions of world avian diversity and its study. Slightly more than 50 years ago, Ernst Mayr (1946) stated "The total figure of 8,616 [bird] species [in the world] is ... probably within five per cent, and certainly within ten per cent, of the final figure . . . I doubt that in the entire world even as many as 100 new species remain to be discovered." A steady stream of descriptions of species new to science from diverse regions of the world nevertheless suggests that the supply is not yet exhausted. The Andes and adjacent regions of South America have proved to be a reliable source, as have Asia, southeastern South America, Africa, and even the Philippines and Mexico. The period 1941 to 1997 yielded at least 163 valid species descriptions, with no sign of exhausting the supply (Amadon and Short 1992). In fact, my estimates for a 1990s rate actually suggest an increase over rates from the 1970s and 1980s (Fig. 1), probably as a result of increased awareness of the importance of song characters in identifying new species (Parker 1991). Thus, Mayr's prophecy of
A Nobel Prize for Asymmetric Information: The economic contributions of George Akerlof, Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz

This paper reviews the research related to the asymmetric information of George Akerlof, Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz, for which they jointly received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics. After recounting their overall careers, the history of the asymmetric information idea is presented and their key papers are discussed. This is followed by an examination of various applications of the concept, including in industrial organization and microeconomic dynamics, efficiency wage theories of unem ployment, credit market rationing theory, and issues of economic development and global stability. The degree to which these latter theories can be considered to be truly Keynesian is also considered.
Evidence for essential lysines in heparin cofactor II

Abstract Covalent modification with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate was used to study the function of lysyl residues in heparin cofactor II, a heparin-dependent plasma protease inhibitor. Reduction of the Schiff base with sodium borohydride resulted in modification of 3–4 lysyl residues of heparin cofactor II at high concentrations of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, one of which was protected in the presence of heparin. The antithrombin activity of modified heparin cofactor II was enhanced compared to the native protein. However, the heparin cofactor activity for thrombin inhibition was reduced significantly or completely eliminated in the modified protease inhibitor depending on the extent of phosphopyridoxylation. In contrast to native heparin cofactor II, the modified protease inhibitor did not bind to a heparin-agarose column. The results suggests that lysyl residues are essential for heparin cofactor activity during thrombin inhibition.
Localization of some glycolipid glycosylating enzymes in the Golgi apparatus of rat kidney.

Cell fractions from rat kidney were isolated and studied for their ability to synthesize several possible intermediates in the biosynthesis of sulfatides and gangliosides. The enzymes studied include UDP-Gal:ceramide galactosyltransferase, UDP-Gal:glucosylceramide galactosyltransferase, UDP-Gal:galactosylceramide galactosyltransferase, and CMP-NAN:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase activities. The initial glycosylation of ceramide was found to be present in all of the kidney cell fractions studied. The remaining glycosylating enzymes were largely localized in the Golgi apparatus of kidney. Thus, in addition to modifying glycoproteins for secretion, the Golgi apparatus in kidney is involved in the modification of a number of glycolipids which are destined to form cell membrane components.
Apparent differences in binding site distributions and aluminum(III) complexation for three molecular weight fractions of a coniferous soil fulvic acid

Abstract A soil fulvic acid isolated from a northern coniferous forest (NCFA) was fractionated into three different molecular sizes ranging from less than 500 to 10 000 daltons by ultrafiltration and the fractions were studied by synchronous scan fluorescence spectroscopy (SSFS). The SSFS gives three distinct emission peaks (I, II and III) for these fractions of NCFA, which are attributed to different fluorophores. The lower-wavelength peaks (315 and 370 nm) are attributed to fluorophores that consist of a single aromatic ring with carboxyl and/or hydroxyl groups attached to it, whereas the longest-wavelength peak (470 nm) is associated with a fluorophore containing three or four condensed aromatic rings with substituted groups. The ratio of the intensity of peak III to II increases from the lower to higher molecular weight fraction which indicates a higher content of condensed aromatic rings in the high molecular weight fraction. This study also included aluminum(III) binding experiments with the different molecular weight fractions of NCFA. Results showed that the high molecular weight fraction has a stronger affinity for aluminum(III) than the low molecular weight fraction.
Understanding the complexities of volcanoes that erupt just once

Most of the world's volcanoes erupt only once and, often, only for a short time—a few days to a couple of weeks. Because of the brevity of the eruptions and possibly because of a presumed docility, singly erupting volcanoes, known as monogenetic volcanoes, are not nearly as well studied as their polygenetic fellows. Traditionally, researchers have assumed that monogenetic volcanic eruptions are simple in their dynamics. A new investigation by Barde-Cabusson et al., however, reveals that these volcanic eruptions can be highly complex, sometimes incorporating multiple phases and magma vents.
Good Outcome in HELLP Syndrome with Lobar Cerebral Hematomas

HELLP syndrome is associated with high morbidity and mortality which is attributed most commonly to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and/or stroke. The presence of other complications further worsens the prognosis. We present a rare case of HELLP syndrome which presented with ICH and further complicated by seizures, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and acute renal failure. Aggressive surgical and medical management of her ICH, HELLP syndrome and associated complications resulted in good functional recovery. Hypothermia seems to be a good adjunctive in treatment. ICH associated with HELLP syndrome when managed aggressively can have meaningful neurological recovery.
Analysis of effective axial diffusion in branching networks

Diffusional transport in a network of branching conduits is considered. The branching network is idealized as an ensemble of identical branching segments. Starting with the general species continuity equation, multiscale perturbation analysis is used to derive a one-dimensional, effective transport equation for species concentration. The macrotransport equation contains an effective diffusion coefficient, D*, which arises naturally from the analysis. D* can be computed from a local diffusion problem posed on an individual branching segment of the ensemble network. The local relations defining D* bear clear similarity to their counterparts for transport in spatially periodic porous media. Although this study was originally directed toward describing gas diffusion in the peripheral airspaces of the lung, the results provide insight for other transport processes occurring in branching networks.
Ethanol-induced impairment of spatial memory and brain matrix metalloproteinases.

Abstract The formation of spatial memory appears to be dependent upon an intact hippocampus capable of the specific biochemical changes associated with synaptic remodeling. Hippocampal damage results in the disruption of synaptic remodeling and the acquisition of spatial memory tasks. Ethanol also disrupts normal hippocampal functioning and spatial memory. The present investigation established a dose–response relationship between ethanol treatment and impairment of spatial memory as measured using the circular water maze task. Intraperitoneal ethanol doses of 1.5 and 2 g/kg significantly increased the latency and distance swam to find the submerged pedestal as compared with a 1 g/kg dose, and 0.15 M NaCl vehicle control treatments. On days 2, 4, and 6 of acquisition animals were sacrificed and brain tissues were retained from the hippocampus, prefrontal neocortex, and cerebellum for measurement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The results indicated that ethanol treatment interfered with MMP-9, but not MMP-2, activity in the hippocampus, and to a lesser degree in the prefrontal cortex. No changes in the cerebellum were measured. Elevations in MMP activity appear to be a prerequisite to reconfiguration of extracellular matrix cell adhesion molecules thought to be important in the process of synaptic plasticity, which in turn appears to be necessary for memory consolidation. Thus, ethanol-induced impairment in the acquisition of spatial memory tasks may, in part, be due to disruption of brain MMP activity.
Juvenile hormone controls previtellogenic proliferation of ribosomal RNA in the mosquito fat body.

During the previtellogenic development of mosquito fat body cells, the nucleolus, the organelle responsible for producing ribosomes, enlarges threefold, reaching maximal size between 2 and 3 days after eclosion. The granular component of the nucleolus containing ribosomal precursors increases considerably as well. These signs of nucleolar activation correlate with the synthetic rate and accumulation of poly(A)− RNA (predominantly ribosomal RNA) in the fat body cells. The amount of poly(A)− RNA in fat body cells increases during the first 2 days after eclosion and then declines gradually. The rate of RNA synthesis exhibits similar kinetics, but both the rise and the decline are sharper than for the accumulation of RNA. All the characteristics of nucleolar activation, its enlargement, accumulation of poly(A)− RNA, and the increased rate of RNA synthesis, are blocked by removal of the corpora allata (CA) in newly eclosed adult females but could be restored by either implantation of CA or topical application of juvenile hormone III or its analog, 7-S-methoprene, to allatectomized females. Thus, previtellogenic activation of fat body nucleoli for ribosomal RNA production is controlled by juvenile hormone from the corpora allata.
High speed computation for new digital VHF and UHF passive radar receiver

We describe a new digital receiver for passive radar observation at HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies, which is free of Nyquist aliasing through 800 MHz. It follows the development of the digital receivers used in the Manastash Ridge Radar, which uses moderate undersampling at 100 MHz, and an analog downconverter for higher frequencies.
Superconductivity in heavy-fermion CeRh2Si2.

We report the discovery of a superconducting transition in the heavy-fermion compound ${\mathrm{CeRh}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ under hydrostatic pressure. Superconductivity appears at pressures above about 9 kbar, near the critical pressure required to suppress antiferromagnetic order [${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$(P=0)=36 K]. Onset of superconductivity occurs at a temperature of \ensuremath{\approxeq}350 mK. Resistivity measurements as a function of field at constant temperature allow us to build an ${\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{*}}$-T phase diagram for the onset of superconductivity. A Ginzburg-Landau analysis of the initial slope of the critical field leads to an effective mass of ${\mathit{m}}^{\mathrm{*}}$/${\mathit{m}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}200, supporting the heavy-fermion nature of superconductivity in ${\mathrm{CeRh}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$. Magnetic ac susceptibility (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{ac}}$) shows a diamagnetic response corresponding to about 1% of perfect diamagnetism. The size of the feature in ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{ac}}$ also is strongly peaked at a pressure of \ensuremath{\approxeq}9 kbar. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
21.2: Very High Contrast PDP Driving Method on Advanced CEL Cell Panel

A newly developed driving waveform for the advanced Crystal Emissive Layer (CEL) structure panel employs opposed discharges both on reset and LSB-SF. The darkroom contrast ratio has been improved over 20000:1 and gradation luminance minimum step has been reduced to 1/4 of conventional PDPs by the reduction of LSB-SF luminance in the new PDP “KURO”.
Wind-turbine aerodynamics

Abstract The aerodynamics of wind turbines is reviewed starting with effects of lift and drag on translating devices and proceeding through the performance aerodynamics of the horizontal-axis and vertical-axis machines currently in service. Horizontal-axis rotor aerodynamics is outlined and the performance limits are presented along with key assumptions and problem areas. The Darrieus rotor multiple streamtube analysis is developed and compared with fixed and free wake analyses for an idealized case.
Theoretical Foundations for Digital Text Analysis

Much of social life now takes place online, and records of online social interactions are available for social science research in the form of massive digital text archives. But cultural social science has contributed little to the development of machine-assisted text analysis methods. As a result few text analysis methods have been developed that link digital text data to theories about culture and discourse. This paper attempts to lay the groundwork for development of such methods by proposing metatheoretical and theoretical foundations suitable for machine-assisted semantic text analysis. Metatheoretically I draw on the work of Elder-Vass (2012), Kaidesoja (2013) and others to argue that digital text analysis methods ought to be (and in practice implicitly are) based on a realist constructionist ontology that treats discourses as ontologically real emergent social entities that have causal relationships with non-discursive social and cognitive processes. Theoretically I follow Feldman (2006) and many others in arguing that language is fundamentally shaped by processes of embodied cognition. Researchers developing digital text analysis techniques must theoretically account for such processes if they wish to produce algorithms that can interpret texts in ways that supplement, and not only amplify, human interpretation. I critically survey contemporary text analysis methods that implicitly share these metatheoretical and theoretical positions and discuss some ways these can be further developed with newly available software.
Fraunhofer diffraction by a spiral slit

A plane slit in the form of an Archimedean spiral with two arms has a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern consisting of a central Airy pattern on the scale appropriate to the circular aperture that bounds the spiral, surrounded by grating ring lobes composed of fringes that are themselves arcs of spirals. The diffraction pattern for a one-armed spiral involves phase variations that are not apparent in the laboratory Fraunhofer intensity pattern and are difficult to show but that become evident when the Hartley transform is used instead. Computation of an unfamiliar function, the half-order derivative of the sine function, which is essential to this discussion and which occurs in other systems with circular grating lobes, is discussed.
Preserving monotonicity in anisotropic diffusion

We show that standard algorithms for anisotropic diffusion based on centered differencing (including the recent symmetric algorithm) do not preserve monotonicity. In the context of anisotropic thermal conduction, this can lead to the violation of the entropy constraints of the second law of thermodynamics, causing heat to flow from regions of lower temperature to higher temperature. In regions of large temperature variations, this can cause the temperature to become negative. Test cases to illustrate this for centered asymmetric and symmetric differencing are presented. Algorithms based on slope limiters, analogous to those used in second order schemes for hyperbolic equations, are proposed to fix these problems. While centered algorithms may be good for many cases, the main advantage of limited methods is that they are guaranteed to avoid negative temperature (which can cause numerical instabilities) in the presence of large temperature gradients. In particular, limited methods will be useful to simulate hot, dilute astrophysical plasmas where conduction is anisotropic and the temperature gradients are enormous, e.g., collisionless shocks and disk-corona interface.
Simulation of Thermionic Emission From a Quantum Wire Using the Non-Equilibrium Green’s Function Method

Even though the theory of thermionic emission of electrons from bulk metals is well understood, discrete electron energy states exist when material length scales approach one nanometer, and the traditional treatment must be revised. This paper presents a theoretical development of thermionic emission from nanoscale materials. A general expression for the emitted current as a function of field, temperature and work function is established for a quantum wire. The results differ from those of 3-D bulk materials. Simulation of thermionic emission from a quantum wire is achieved with the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method, which includes relevant mesocopic physics and has been widely applied to transport problems in nanostructures. The NEGF approach provides a powerful solution to modeling problems when interfacial transport effects between bulk and confined conductors are important. Both the theoretical and simulated results indicate a higher current density and thus higher energy conversion capacity than that of a bulk material with the same work function. Thus the quantum confined materials may provide a method for improving the capacity of direct energy conversion devices and systems.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Embarrassment and social phobia: the role of parasympathetic activation

The few studies on the psychophysiology of embarrassment have suggested involvement of parasympathetic activation. However, blushing, the hallmark of embarrassment and a prominent symptom in social phobia, is more likely to be produced by cervical sympathetic outflow. Hitherto, there has been no evidence of parasympathetic innervation of the facial blood vessels. In this study, a group of social phobics and control participants watched, together with a 2-person audience, a previously made videotape of themselves singing a children's song. Self-report measures confirmed that this task induced embarrassment. While two measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during the task did not indicate heightened parasympathetic tone, increased heart rate (HR) and skin conductance marked sympathetic activation. Thus, our data do not support the notion that an increase in parasympathetic activation plays a significant role in social phobia and embarrassment. Social anxiety and embarrassment both resulted in sympathetic activation.
Glycosylation in Human Thyroglobulin: Location of the N-Linked Oligosaccharide Units and Comparison with Bovine Thyroglobulin

Abstract The amino acid sequence established for human thyroglobulin (hTG) from its cDNA sequence contains 20 putative N-linked glycosylation sites. We have characterized the glycopeptides contained in a tryptic digest of hTG in order to determine which sites are actually linked to carbohydrate. In addition, the distribution of oligosaccharide type(s) at these confirmed sites of N-linked glycosylation has been examined. Glycopeptides were purified using gel permeation chromatography followed by several steps of HPLC. The purified tryptic glycopeptides were characterized by gas phase sequencing and carbohydrate analysis and located within the amino acid sequence of thyroglobulin. Each of the recovered glycopeptides contained a consensus sequence for N-linked glycosylation. Of the 20 putative N-linked glycosylation sites in the human thyroglobulin polypeptide chain, 16 were shown to be actually glycosylated in the mature protein. Eight of these confirmed glycosylation sites (at positions 57, 465, 510, 729, 797, 1696, 1754, and 2230) appear to be linked to complex-type oligosaccharide units containing fucose and galactose in addition to mannose and glucosamine. Five sites (at positions 1200, 1329, 1993, 2275, and 2562) contain high mannose type units and two sites (at positions 179 and 1345) are linked to oligosaccharide units containing galactose in addition to mannose and glucosamine but no fucose and may be either hybrid or complex structures. In addition, position 928 was found to be degenerate in oligosaccharide structure and very different oligosaccharide composition types were found associated with peptides containing the same amino acid sequence. A high probability of a beta turn which would include the glycosylated asparagine residue was predicted for the amino acid sequence found at 13 of the 16 sites. The glycosylation pattern in hTG was also compared with the data recently reported for bovine thyroglobulin (bTG) (27) and as has been recently reported for bTG, no oligosaccharides of the high mannose type were found in the N-terminal portion of hTG. Only four of the 20 putative sites in the sequence of hTG, at asparagine residues 91, 477, 1849, and 2102 were not represented in the purified glycopeptide population and are presumed to escape significant glycosylation.
An Initial Analysis of Transient Noise in Rotorcraft Maneuvering Flight

This paper examines the additional noise produced by a helicopter rotor during a short-time maneuver, which we call “transient maneuver noise.” A coupled flight simulation/noise prediction system was developed to predict the low-frequency noise generated during transient maneuvers. The system is partially validated for steady noise predictions in this paper. A simulation of a complex 80-second maneuver flight is performed and transient maneuver noise is identified both in the entry and exit of a coordinated turn. The characteristics of the transient maneuver noise were examined in detail by studying the turn entry. The noise generated during short-duration maneuvers is due to multiple sources: aperiodic blade motions, aircraft attitude changes, and transient aerodynamic loading. More aggressive maneuvers produce higher noise levels. The primary effect of a transient maneuver on thickness noise is to change the acoustic directivity, while both loading noise directivity and levels change significantly during aggressive maneuvers.
Monolithic polymer layer with gradient of hydrophobicity for separation of peptides using two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography and MALDI‐TOF‐MS detection

Superhydrophobic monolithic porous polymer layers supported onto glass plates with a gradient of hydrophobicity have been prepared and used for 2-D thin layer chromatography of peptides. The 50 μm-thin poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) layers prepared using UV-initiated polymerization in a simple mold were first hydrolyzed using dilute sulfuric acid and then hydrophilized via two-step grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate to obtain superhydrophilic plates. The hydrophobicity was then formed by photografting of lauryl methacrylate. The exposure to UV light that initiates photografting was spatially controlled using moving shutter that enabled forming of the diagonal gradient of hydrophobicity. This new concept enables the solutes to encounter the gradient for each of the two sequential developments. Practical application of our novel plates was demonstrated with a rapid 2-D separation of a mixture of model peptides gly-tyr, val-tyr-val, leucine enkephalin, and oxytocin in dual reversed-phase mode using different mobile phases in each direction. Detection of fluorescent-labeled peptides was achieved through UV light visualization while separation of native leucine enkephalin and oxytocin was monitored directly using MALDI mass spectrometry.
Discovering Sociolinguistic Associations with Structured Sparsity

We present a method to discover robust and interpretable sociolinguistic associations from raw geotagged text data. Using aggregate demographic statistics about the authors' geographic communities, we solve a multi-output regression problem between demographics and lexical frequencies. By imposing a composite e1,∞ regularizer, we obtain structured sparsity, driving entire rows of coefficients to zero. We perform two regression studies. First, we use term frequencies to predict demographic attributes; our method identifies a compact set of words that are strongly associated with author demographics. Next, we conjoin demographic attributes into features, which we use to predict term frequencies. The composite regularizer identifies a small number of features, which correspond to communities of authors united by shared demographic and linguistic properties.
Control of soil physical properties and response of Brassica rapa L. seedling roots

A system was designed, constructed, tested, and used to growBrassica rapa L. seedling roots which were exposed to O2 concentrations from 0 to 0.21 mol mol−1, water potentials from 0 to −80 kPa, temperatures from 10 to 34°C, and mechanical impedance from 0 to 20.8 kPa. The experimental design was a central composite rotatable design with seven replications of the center point. Measurements were taken of taproot length, taproot diameter at the point of initiation of root hairs (diameter 1), and one cm above the first measurement (diameter 2), and total length and number of first-order laterals.
Book Reviews: GENERAL/THEORETICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Book reviewed in this article: Marxist Approaches in Economic Anthropology. Alice Littlefield and Hill Gates, eds. Understanding Economic Process. Sutti Ortiz and Susan Lees, eds.
Down syndrome, water fluoridation, and maternal age.

It has been claimed that there is a positive association between the frequency of Down syndrome and the fluoridation of drinking water. It has also been suggested that this association is most pronounced in young women. Recent congenital malformations data obtained from birth certificates from large U.S. cities have been analyzed. Some cities had fluoridated water supplies, while others had supplies deficient in fluoride. The rates of Down syndrome in the cities with fluoridated and in those with non-fluoridated water supplies were comparable. In addition, there was no indication of any maternal age-specific association.
Mechanism by which bacterial flagellin stimulates host mucin production.

In their quest to colonize and infect host tissues, bacteria cause considerable damage to their hosts. Based on this, an evolutionary trend has occurred for host organisms to develop defense mechanisms against bacteria. One is mucin production. Mucin is a high molecular weight glycoprotein synthesized by non-keratinized epithelial cells at the boundary of the host with its environment. The size of a single mucin monomer can be as large as 1 million daltons, most of which is composed of carbohydrate residue. Mucin molecules polymerize by disulfide bonds and electrostatic interactions to form a viscoelastic gel that effectively augments the barrier between host and bacteria. In the respiratory tract, bacteria-laden mucus is conducted toward the throat by cilia and then either swallowed or expectorated. In the eye, bacteria-laden mucus is cleared by blinking.
Pose determination using vertex-pairs on the Connection Machine

A model-matching scheme for three-dimensional object recognition on a fine-grained data parallel machine is described. The feature that is used for model matching is the vertex pair, introduced by J.L. Mundy et al. (1987). The transformation between the features in the three-dimensional model and the two-dimensional scene is described by an affine transformation, which is an approximation to the perspective transformation. Coarse-to-fine histogramming on an n-dimensional grid is used to compute the best transformation between the model and the scene. Performance results for an implementation on the Connection Machine are presented. >
Prevention of travelers' diarrhea with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim alone

One hundred forty-five students from the United States enrolled in a study designed to look at the protective effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprim alone in preventing diarrhea during study in Mexico. A highly significant difference (p
Automated Saccharogenic Assay of Alpha-Amylase Activity in Serum

A saccharogenic amylase assay in which amylopectin is used as the substrate has been adapted for use with the AutoAnalyzer. Results closely matched those obtained with an established manual saccharogenic method.
Using Artificial Intelligence Methods to Predict Doses from Large Solar Particle Events in Space

When planning space missions, radiation effects due to large solar particle events (SPEs) can become a major concern since doses can become mission threatening to both the crew and the spacecraft electronic components. As mission duration increases, the possibility that a significant dose is delivered also increases, especially during the more active parts of the solar cycle. Therefore, a method of predicting when certain limiting doses will be reached following the onset of a large SPE needs to be available. Typical dose versus time profiles of a SPE can be represented by a Weibull functional form, which is comprised of three unknown parameters. Since these dose-time profiles are nonlinear functions, the use of artificial neural networks as the forecasting mechanism is ideal. In this work we report on the status of development of a nowcast methodology that utilizes a set of artificial neural networks that can forecast profiles of dose versus time since event onset using dose and dose rate information obtained early on as the event begins.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Disruption of F-Actin Polymerization, and Transcriptomic Alterations in Zebrafish Larvae Exposed to Trichloroethylene

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is primarily used as an industrial degreasing agent and has been in use since the 1940s. TCE is released into the soil, surface, and groundwater. From an environmental and regulatory standpoint, more than half of Superfund hazardous waste sites on the National Priority List are contaminated with TCE. Occupational exposure to TCE occurs primarily via inhalation, while environmental TCE exposure also occurs through ingestion of contaminated drinking water. Current literature links TCE exposure to various adverse health effects including cardiovascular toxicity. Current studies aiming to address developmental cardiovascular toxicity utilized rodent and avian models, with the majority of studies using relatively higher parts per million (mg/L) doses. In this study, to further investigate developmental cardiotoxicity of TCE, zebrafish embryos were treated with 0, 10, 100, or 500 parts per billion (ppb; μg/L) TCE during embryogenesis and/or through early larval stages. After the appropriate exposure period, angiogenesis, F-actin, and mitochondrial function were assessed. A significant dose-response decrease in angiogenesis, F-actin, and mitochondrial function was observed. To further complement this data, a transcriptomic profile of zebrafish larvae was completed to identify gene alterations associated with the 10 ppb TCE exposure. Results from the transcriptomic data revealed that embryonic TCE exposure caused significant changes in genes associated with cardiovascular disease, cancer, and organismal injury and abnormalities with a number of targets in the FAK signaling pathway. Overall, results from our study support TCE as a developmental cardiovascular toxicant, provide molecular targets and pathways for investigation in future studies, and indicate a need for continued priority for environmental regulation.
Mechanisms of amethopterin resistance in leukemia. II. Effect of cortisone on sensitive and resistant mouse leukemias.

Summary(1) The administration of large single doses of cortisone to mice with advanced transplanted leukemia of strains Ak4 (amethopterin sensitive) and Ak4R (amethopterin resistant) caused a fall in the elevated leukocyte count. (2) This leukotoxic effect was considerably more marked and occurred at lower cortisone dosage with the Ak4R than with the parent Ak4 strain, and demonstrates the lack of cross resistance to cortisone in this amethopterin-fast strain (Ak4R) of mouse leukemia.
Effect of Subcutaneous Pox Vaccination of Young Chicks on Immune Responses and Weight Gains

Two fowl pox and two pigeon pox vaccines were administered subcutaneously in the dorsum of the neck of specific-pathogen-free (SPAFAS) chicks at day of hatch in separate studies. Treatment levels used were 1:2, 1:10, or 1:50 dilution of the recommended wing web dose. Both pigeon pox vaccines and one fowl pox vaccine depressed body weight gains significantly by day 14. Mean body weight gains of female chicks were less affected by pigeon pox vaccines than by fowl pox vaccines. The mean hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of chicks given one pigeon pox vaccine at the 1:2 dilution was significantly lower (P less than .01) than titers of sham-treated controls. The number of immunoglobulin-M (IgM) secreting cells in the spleen was significantly less (P less than .05) at day 14 in all pox vaccinated chicks when compared to sham-treated controls.
The Production and Migration Geographies of Professional Hockey: 1970–2010

Thirty years have passed since the National Hockey League (NHL) pushed out of its northern cradle. From 1942 to 1967, the NHL was confined to six cities, all northeast of Chicago; by 1979 the league had expanded into nontraditional hockey areas. Hockey enthusiasts encouraged the expansion of franchises to non-traditional markets as a significant step in broadening the base of hockey fans in the United States. Although studies have indicated a relationship between professional hockey presence and participation in recreational leagues, another significant measure might be contribution of nontraditional regions to professional leagues. This study examines the origins of players in the NHL from 1970 to 2010. Production from countries, state-level areas, and county-level areas is evaluated using comparisons of local production to population. Along with measures of spatial connectivity between players and teams, this analysis examines whether hockey has emerged as a national sport or if it remains regionalized....
Mokṣa and Dharma in the Mokṣadharma

This essay asks what the terms mokṣa and dharma mean in the anomalous and apparently Mahābhārata-coined compound mokṣadharma, which provides the title for the Śāntiparvan’s third and most philosophical anthology; and it further asks what that title itself means. Its route to answering those questions is to look at the last four units of the Mokṣadharmaparvan and their three topics—the story of Śuka, the Nārāyaṇīya, and a gleaner’s subtale—as marking an “artful curvature” that shapes the outcome of King Yudhiṣṭhira’s philosophical inquiries of Bhīṣma into a ”return” to this world to take up the topic of the fourth anthology, a King’s generous giving, in the Anuśāsanaparvan’sDānadharmaparvan. Usages of the term mokṣa in the narratives in these units are considered in the light of The Laws of Manu’s usage of mokṣa to define the “renunciatory asceticism of a wandering mendicant” after the fulfillment of one’s debts (Olivelle et al., in Life of the Buddha by Aśvaghoṣa, 2008). Usages of mokṣadharma are discussed in conjunction with its overlapping term nivṛittidharma. With the term dharma itself, it is a matter of finding the best contextual translation. A pitch is made that these four units, and particularly the Nārāyaṇīya, should no longer be thought of as “late” additions.
Determination of zearalenone in wheat by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography

Objective:To develop a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of zearalenone in wheat.Methods:Zearalenone in wheat samples was extracted with chloroform and quantified by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorometric detector,using methanol-water as mobile phase.Results:The linear equation was y=2.97×103+5.23×104x(r=0.9998).The recoveries of wheat samples spiked with zearalenone were 85.1%,87.0% and 89.5%,and the relative standard deviation(RSD) were 1.02%,3.67% and 4.24%,respectively.The intra-day RSD of spiked wheat was 2.48%,and the inter-day RDS was 4.23%.The detection limit was 3.0 μg/kg.The detections of a blind sample gave results within the given concentration range.Conclusion:This method is highly sensitive and stable with low cost,and can be used for the detection of zearalenone in wheat quantitatively.
Estimations and predictors of non-compliance in switchers to reduced nicotine content cigarettes.

Background and Aims Clinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is participant compliance with smoking only RNCs. Our aims were to measure non-compliance biochemically with urine cotinine (COT) and total nicotine equivalents (TNEs), compare with self-reported non-compliance and identify associated covariates. Design Secondary analysis of a double-blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial. Setting Research centers from the United States, enrolling participants from June 2013 to July 2014. Participants Volunteer sample of 242 participants (55% Caucasian), average age of 41.2 years, smoking at least five cigarettes per day (CPD). Intervention Smoking very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) for 6 weeks. Measurements The primary outcome was biochemically verified non-compliance, measured as thresholds of COT/CPD and TNE/CPD ratios, considering changes in nicotine content from conventional levels to VLNCs, and as an absolute threshold of week 6 TNEs. Self-reported non-compliance was measured via daily phone calls. Key predictors included age, sex, race, menthol preference, nicotine metabolite ratio, time to first cigarette, dependence, CPD, TNEs, tar level and cigarette evaluation. Findings Estimates of non-compliance with smoking the VLNCs exclusively include: the biochemical ratios (both 78%), the week 6 TNE threshold (76%) and self-report (39%). Of the key covariates, age, dependence and cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were significant; for age, younger participants more likely to be non-compliant [P = 0.01; odds ratio (OR) = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96–0.99]. Dependence was associated significantly with self-reported non-compliance (P = 0.01; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06–1.55). Cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were associated significantly with non-compliance (P = 0.001; OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.61–0.82). Conclusions Among smokers volunteering to smoke only very low nicotine cigarettes for 6 weeks, non-compliance was common and biochemical assessments detected more cases of non-compliance than self-report. Despite high levels of non-compliance, smokers reduced their intake of nicotine by an average of 60%.
Expression of the beta 1 chain (CD29) of integrins and CD45 in alcoholic liver disease. The VA Cooperative Study Group No. 275.

OBJECTIVES: In the active stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), we have shown previously an enhanced expression of either CD4 or CD8 molecules on CD3+T cells. Class I and II MHC molecules expression were enhanced on lymphocytes, and on the cell membrane of hepatocytes, thus suggesting that an intrahepatic antigen-dependent lymphocyte-hepatocyte interaction occurs. Here we report the pattern of expression of several additional molecules known to participate in nonspecific cell-cell adhesion preceding alloantigen recognition i.e., the beta 1 chain of integrins (CD29) and the isoforms of the leukocyte common antigen CD45RA and CD45RO. METHODS: Frozen liver samples from 38 patients with advanced ALD were examined immunohistochemically by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method using monoclonal antibodies. Nine patients with alcoholic fatty liver and six patients with only hepatitis C infection were included as controls and studied in a similar manner. RESULTS: CD29 was strongly expressed on the cell membrane of hepatocytes in 18/20 patients with cirrhosis, in 17/18 with alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis, in 5/9 of fatty liver and in all six with hepatitis C. CD45RA was present in 5/18 cases of alcoholic hepatitis and in 3/20 cases of cirrhosis on the hepatocytes plasma membrane, in none of the controls, and rarely on lymphocytes. CD45RO was expressed on the surface of lymphocytes in 14/18 cases of alcoholic hepatitis, 13/20 patients with cirrhosis, in 5/9 of fatty liver and in one with hepatitis C. The CD45RO lymphocytes were predominantly CD8 positive. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that in ALD the hepatocytes exhibit on their plasma membrane an enhanced expression of the beta 1 chain of the integrins and less commonly CD45RA. Furthermore, the expression of only CD45RO on the surface of lymphocytes favors the postulate that the intrahepatic lymphocytes in ALD are most likely of the "memory" type. The results of this study lend further support to the contention that a cell-cell contact precedes a cell-mediated mechanism in the pathogenesis of ALD.
Minimum Trajectory Control of Robot: Part I — Minimization of Intermediate Points

A functional path of the trajectory was defined by Brady et al. [1] as a space curve traced by the end-effector, and a trajectory includes velocity and acceleration information. Taylor [2] recognized the discrepancy and presented the bounded deviation method which heuristically attempted to achieve the close approximations to straight lines in Rn. Paul [3] presented the method of concatenating trajectories causes the arm to deviate from the ideal piecewise linear path and trace a smooth approximation to it. Snyder [4] introduced a recursive motion algorithm to approximate a straight line by an arc with given initial position and orientation described by vectors and with prescribed maximum allowable deviation in position and in rotation. A variety of techniques are available for the generation and planning of robotic trajectories such as the admissible motion trajectory [5], the cubic polynomials [6], linear function with parabolic blends [7], higher order polynomials [8], the suboptimal reference generation technique [9], the curvature theory [10], the surface integral approach [11], etc. The open-loop trajectory planning — generating desired trajectory without accounting for model uncertainty — for obstacle avoidance in the workspace were investigated by Duffy and Shieh [12]. The minimum-time control of a manipulator along a given path was addressed by Bobrow and Dubowsky et al. [13]. Shiller and Gwo [14], and Yang [15], investigated the collision-free path planning based on an analytical representation of the boundaries of configuration space obstacles and the nonperiodic B-spline curves, respectively. Tsai and Kohli et al. presented the methods for trajectory planning in joint space [16] and in task space [17].
Abstract 433: Utility of p16 immunohistochemistry in evaluating negative cervical biopsies following high-risk pap test results

The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) Standardization Project for HPV-associated Lesions recommends the use of p16 immunohistochemistry as an adjunct to morphologic assessment of cervical biopsies interpreted as negative from patients that are at high risk for missed high-grade disease (defined as a prior cytologic interpretation of HSIL, ASC-H, ASC-US/HPV-16+, or AGC-NOS) (Darragh et al., 2012). However, few studies have specifically evaluated the utility of performing p16 on negative cervical biopsies and endocervical curettage specimens following high-risk Pap test results. A search of the Stanford Cytopathology database from 7/1/2002-6/30/2012 for cervical cytology cases with diagnoses of ASC-H, HSIL, AGC-NOS, and atypical endocervical cells NOS (AGC-EC) yielded 1517 cases. Of these, 703 cases had histologic follow-up. Biopsies were excluded if diagnosed as atypical, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), or insufficient, or if the time to follow up was greater than 1 year. Immunostain for p16 (CINtec) was performed on 350 cases from 339 patients (age 16-85 yrs, average 42+/-14) and scored as positive (diffuse strong), negative or equivocal. 6 cases were excluded due to insufficient tissue and 3 cases with equivocal staining were excluded from further analysis. For p16(+) and equivocal cases, HPV in situ hybridization (ISH) (Ventana HPV III Family 16 probe) was performed and the corresponding HE 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 433.
CHAPTER 24 – Electrical Discharge Techniques for Measurements of Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids at High Temperatures

Increasing interest in understanding the behavior of matter at high temperatures and demand for properties in applications related to aerospace, nuclear, and other high temperature fields necessitate the development of new techniques that can extend the measurements to temperatures above 2 500 K, the limit of accurate conventional (steady-state and quasi steady-state) methods.
Delamination failure under compression of composite laminates and sandwich structures

Publisher Summary The principal cause of strength degradation in laminated composites under inplane compressive loading is the activation of delamination sites by localized buckling and consequent growth of delamination. A powerful methodology for tracing the growth of delamination is the cohesive layer modeling. This chapter describes investigations of the compressive delamination problem using cohesive layer model in differing versions. The cohesive layer model used in conjunction with a material failure model was found to be a powerful tool for tracing with ease delamination growth and eventual failure of a composite laminate. Sandwich columns carrying compression can fail by delamination buckling rather suddenly if a face sheet-core disbond with greater than a threshold length is suddenly triggered in them. The triangular prismatic cohesive layer element is able to trace 2-D delamination growth with facility. The overall bending of the laminate can result in shutting down of delamination growth in a laminate under compression. When the overall buckling is prevented by appropriate constraints, the delamination grows rapidly. For a laminate under longitudinal compression, delamination grows first in the transverse direction. Only after hitting the longitudinal boundaries, does the delamination grow in the longitudinal direction.
Gastric Bypass as a Revisional Procedure

In most experienced bariatric centers, revisional procedures comprise 10% to 15% of the operations performed, most of which are referred from other bariatric surgeons. The need for revisional surgery has been reported in 5% to 36% of patients undergoing vertical banded gastro plasty (VBG) and from 5% to 23% of patients under going Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) (1, 2). This chapter discusses RYGBP as a revisional procedure for failed bariatric procedures. Although the number of revi sional procedures done laparoscopically is very small, there is a growing body of evidence that supports its safety and feasibility (3, 4, 5, 6). Yet, it is important to remem ber that the principles of evaluating failed bariatric pro cedures and the rationale for revisional surgery are not dictated by the method of accessing the abdominal cavity but rather are governed by lessons learned from the cumulative experience of an evidence-based approach and a tertiary, bariatric practice.