cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of trust in automation reliance

A recent and dramatic increase in the use of automation has not yielded comparable improvements in performance. Researchers have found human operators often underutilize (disuse) and overly rely on (misuse) automated aids (Parasuraman and Riley, 1997). Three studies were performed with Cameron University students to explore the relationship among automation reliability, trust, and reliance. With the assistance of an automated decision aid, participants viewed slides of Fort Sill terrain and indicated the presence or absence of a camouflaged soldier. Results from the three studies indicate that trust is an important factor in understanding automation reliance decisions. Participants initially considered the automated decision aid trustworthy and reliable. After observing the automated aid make errors, participants distrusted even reliable aids, unless an explanation was provided regarding why the aid might err. Knowing why the aid might err increased trust in the decision aid and increased automation reliance, even when the trust was unwarranted. Our studies suggest a need for future research focused on understanding automation use, examining individual differences in automation reliance, and developing valid and reliable self-report measures of trust in automation.
Serotonergic Antagonist Effects on Trafficking of Serotonin 5‐HT2A Receptors in Vitro and in Vivoa

: The mechanism by which antagonists down-regulate 5-HT2A receptors is unknown. We here report that a variety of 5-HT2A antagonists induce a change in the subcellular distribution of 5-HT2A receptors both in vitro and in vivo. In a stably transfected NIH 3T3 cell-line, brief exposure to 1 μM clozapine caused a 2.5-fold increase in intracellular 5-HT2A-like immunoreactivity, as measured by confocal microscopy. Confirmatory studies utilizing a biotin-trap technique, demonstrated that the increase in intracellular immunoreactivity results from internalization of receptor from the cell surface. Exposure of transfected cells to other 5-HT2A receptor antagonists produced similar increases in intracellular 5-HT2A-like immunoreactivity. In vivo administration of clozapine (20 mg/kg, sc, ×7 days) caused a greater than twofold increase in intracellular immunoreactivity in cell bodies of cortical pyramidal neurons. Additionally, chronic clozapine administration was associated with a decrease in labeling of apical dendrites on pyramidal cells. These results show that clozapine causes a change in subcellular distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in vitro and in vivo.
T and B cell analogues from peripheral blood of immune channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Immune channel catfish lymphocytes were recovered from peripheral blood on an isotonic (250 mOsm) separation medium consisting of Ficoll-Hypaque adjusted to a specific gravity of 1·065–1·070 g ml−1. At least two types of cells similar to T and B lymphocytes of higher vertebrates were observed. One type of lymphocyte, referred to as “small lymphocyte” possessed surface erythrocyte receptors and appeared to be analogous to mammalian T cells. A second type of lymphocyte analogous to mammalian B cell possessed surface immunoglobulins and was capable of cytoadherence with Aeromonas hydrophila cells.
HIGH PRESSURE REACTIONS OF CaO AND CdO WITH URANIUM OXIDE

Abstract Mixtures of uranium oxide and bivalent metal oxides were reacted at 60,000 atm pressure and 900–1200°C temperature. CaU3O8+x compounds with Cu3Au-type ordering of uranium and calcium ions were synthesized at high pressure. This is probably the first instance of Cu3Au-type cation ordering in a mixed oxide. Ordering was dependent on oxygen content. High pressure compounds with compositions CaU3O9 and CaU3O8·8 were ordered. High pressure compounds with compositions CaU3O8·6, CaU3O8·4, and CaU3O7·75 were face-centred cubic. The dependence of ordering on oxygen content can be explained qualitatively if oxygen is assumed to go into cell centres in a CaU3O8+x fluorite-type structure. No superlattice reflections indicative of ordering of U and Cd ions were observed in high pressure CdU3O9. High pressure CaUO3 was face-centred cubic.
How to Talk about Gender Inequity in the Workplace: Using WAGES as an Experiential Learning Tool to Reduce Reactance and Promote Self-Efficacy

Interventions aimed at raising awareness of gender inequity in the workplace provide information about sexism, which can elicit reactance or fail to promote self-efficacy. We examined the effectiveness of experiential learning using the Workshop Activity for Gender Equity Simulation – Academic version (WAGES-Academic) to deliver gender inequity information. To assess whether the way gender inequity information is presented matters, we compared WAGES-Academic to an Information Only condition (knowledge without experiential learning) and a Group Activity control condition. We predicted that only the information presented in an experiential learning format (i.e., WAGES-Academic) would be retained because this information does not provoke reactance and instills self-efficacy. Participants (n = 241; U.S. college students from a large mid-Atlantic state university) filled out a gender equity knowledge test at baseline, after the intervention, and then 7–11 days later (to assess knowledge retention). In addition, we measured feelings of reactance and self-efficacy after the intervention. Results revealed that participants in the WAGES condition retained more knowledge than the other conditions. Furthermore, the effect of WAGES vs. Information Only on knowledge was mediated by WAGES producing less reactance and greater feelings of self-efficacy. Results suggest that experiential learning is a powerful intervention to deliver knowledge about gender equity in a non-threatening, lasting way.
Evaluation of unnatural cyclic amino acids as boron delivery agents for treatment of melanomas and gliomas.

Abstract Unnatural cyclic amino acids (UNAAs) are a new class of boron delivery agents that are in a pre-clinical stage of evaluation. In the present study, the biodistribution of racemic forms of the cis- and trans-isomers of the boronated UNAA 1-amino-3-boronocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ABCPC) and 1-amino-3-boronocycloheptanecarboxylic acid (ABCHC) were evaluted in B16 melanoma bearing mice and this was compared to l -p-boronophenylalanine (BPA). Boron concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) at 2.5 h following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the test agents at a concentration equivalent to 24 mg/B/kg. While all compounds attained comparable tumor boron concentrations, the tumor/blood (T/Bl) boron concentration ratios were far superior for both cis-ABCPC and cis-ABCHC compared to BPA (T/Bl=16.4, and 15.1 vs. 5.4). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging revealed that the cis-ABCPC delivered boron to the nuclei, as well as the cytoplasm of B16 cells. Next, a biodistribution study of cis-ABCPC and BPA was carried out in F98 glioma bearing rats following i.p. administration. Both compounds attained comparable tumor boron concentrations but the tumor/brain (T/Br) boron ratio was superior for cis-ABCPC compared to BPA (6 vs. 3.3). Since UNAAs are water soluble and cannot be metabolized by tumor cells, they could be potentially more effective boron delivery agents than BPA. Our data suggest that further studies are warranted to evaluate these compounds prior to the initiation of clinical studies.
Aversive control of smoking behavior in a group context

Summary Two procedures designed to modify smoking behavior were compared. Each involved the self-administration of an aversive taste substance contingent upon and concomitant with the smoking response. For one of the treatment groups, Ss received supervision and support through periodic group meetings while Ss in the other treatment group did not receive this group contact. Two control groups, one consisting of Ss who applied for but did not receive treatment and another of Ss who did not seek treatment, were used to evaluate extra-therapeutic and motivational factors. The smoking behavior of these groups was evaluated at the termination of treatment and at one and six-month follow-ups. At the termination of the clinic the group-aversive, individual-aversive and the apply control Ss all displayed a significant reduction in their smoking behavior, with the group-aversive Ss showing a reliably greater reduction than the latter two groups. At the one and six-month follow-ups the two treatment and the apply control groups, which still showed a significant reduction in smoking, were no longer reliably different from each other. In contrast, Ss who lid not apply for treatment showed no changes in their smoking behavior during the study. The importance of the S motivation factor in self-control of smoking was discussed.
King Alfred: A Translation Environment for Learners of Anglo-Saxon English

King Alfred is the name of both an innovative textbook and a computational environment deployed in parallel in an undergraduate course on Anglo-Saxon literature. This paper details the ways in which it brings dynamically-generated resources to the aid of the language student. We store the feature-rich grammar of Anglo-Saxon in a bi-level glossary, provide an annotation context for use during the translation task, and are currently working toward the implementation of automatic evaluation of student-generated translations.
Hydration Changes Accompanying the Binding of Minor Groove Ligands with DNA

4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), netropsin, and pentamidine are minor groove binders that have terminal -C(NH2)2+ groups. The hydration changes that accompany their binding to the minor groove of the (AATT)2 sequence have been studied using the osmotic stress technique with fluorescence spectroscopy. The affinity of DAPI for the binding site decreases with the increasing osmolality of the solution, resulting in acquisition of 35+/-1 waters upon binding. A competition fluorescence assay was utilized to measure the binding constants and hydration changes of the other two ligands, using the DNA-DAPI complex as the fluorescence reporter. Upon their association to the (AATT)2 binding site, netropsin and pentamidine acquire 26+/-3 and 34+/-2 additional waters of hydration, respectively. The hydration changes are discussed in the context of the terminal functional groups of the ligands and conformational changes in the DNA.
A concurrent abstract interpreter

Abstract interpretation [6] has been long regarded as a promising optimization and analysis technique for high-level languages. In this article, we describe an implementation of aconcurrent abstract interpreter. The interpreter evaluates programs written in an expressive parallel language that supports dynamic process creation, first-class locations, list data structures and higher-order procedures. Synchronization in the input language is mediated via first-class shared locations. The analysis computes intra- and inter-threadcontrol anddataflow information. The interpreter is implemented on top of Sting [12], a multi-threaded dialect of Scheme that serves as a high-level operating system for modern programming languages.
Regional CNS densities of serotonin1A and dopamine D2 receptors in periadolescent alcohol-preferring P and alcohol-nonpreferring NP rat pups

Abstract The objective of the present study was to use quantitative autoradiography to determine binding densities of serotonin1A (5-HT1A) and dopamine (DA) D2 receptors in alcohol-naive periadolescent P and NP rat pups. P (n=8) and NP (n=7) rat pups, 25 days of age, from different litters were used. Coronal brain sections were incubated with 2 nM [3H]8-OH-DPAT or 20 nM [3H]sulpiride for 5-HT1A or D2 binding, respectively. Approximately 15–40% higher densities of [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding were observed in the anterior cortical regions of the periadolescent P rat compared with NP rat pups. Similar differences were also observed in posterior cortical regions with P rats having 25–40% higher [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding than NP rats. [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding was approximately 10–20% higher in posterior hippocampal regions of the P rat pups compared with the NP line. [3H]sulpiride binding was significantly different only in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where binding was approximately 20% lower in the periadolescent P rats compared with the NP rat pups. Overall, these results are very similar to findings observed in adult alcohol-naive P and NP rats, and suggest that the innate differences in the neural systems implicated in high alcohol drinking behaviors may already be established in the periadolescent animal.
Improvement of microbial strains and fermentation processes.

Improvement of microbial strains for the over-production of industrial products has been the hallmark of all commercial fermentation processes. Conventionally, strain improvement has been achieved through mutation, selection, or genetic recombination. Over-production of primary or secondary metabolites is a complex process, and successful development of improved strains requires a knowledge of physiology, pathway regulation and control, and the design of creative screening procedures. In addition, it requires mastery of the fermentation process for each new strain, as well as sound engineering know-how for media-optimization and the fine-tuning of process conditions. This review focuses on the various options that may be employed to improve microbial strains and addresses the complex problems of screening, the tools and technology behind the selection of targeted organisms, and the importance of process optimization. Furthermore, this review discusses new and emerging technologies and designing optimized media for tracking mutants with enhanced productivity or other desired attributes.
Spin dependence of optical dephasing in ruby: the frozen core.

Measurements of the (4)A(2)(-3/2) ? E(-(1/2)) optical dephasing time in ruby are obtained for the first reported time and compared with the previously studied (4)A(2)(-(1/2)) ? E(-(1/2)) transition. Frozen-core effects reduce the ratio of dephasing times T(2)(-(1/2))/T(2)(-3/2) to 1.5 from the value 7.6 expected from a simple magnetic tuning rate consideration.
Myocardial Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β Expression by Outflow Tract Endothelium in the Early Embryonic Chick Heart

Abstract We have demonstrated previously that the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of cardiac endothelium in early chick heart development is induced by EDTA-soluble (ES) extracellular molecules synthesized by the myocardium of specific regions, i.e., the outflow tract (OT) and atrioventricular (AV) canal. Polyclonal antibodies (ES3) prepared against these molecules recognized two major bands, 28 and 46 kDa, in immunoblots and blocked the transformation of OT endothelial cells into mesenchyme in a three-dimensional collagen gel culture system. The studies of Potts et al. ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 1516-1520 (1991)) and Potts and Runyan ( Dev. Biol. 134, 392-401 (1989)) indicate that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression is necessary for the formation of mesenchyme from cardiac endothelium. In this study, we used ES3 antibodies to test the hypothesis that TGF-β expression by transforming endothelial cells is regulated by ES antigens. OT and AV endothelial cells treated with embryonic cardiocyte conditioned medium (CCM), which elicits epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, were shown by immunohistochemistry to increase expression of TGF-β1-like protein immediately prior to and during their transformation in culture. Endothelium from a nontransforming region of the heart (i.e., ventricle) did not express detectable levels of TGF-β under similar conditions. The staining pattern for TGF-β1-like protein was characterized by a distinct particulate or granular distribution within the Golgi and cytoplasm and at cell surfaces. However, when endothelial transformation was blocked by immunoadsorption of ES proteins from CCM, increased staining for TGF-β was not observed. These findings suggest an inductive relationship between myocardially derived ES proteins and TGF-β expression by chick heart endothelial cells which is requisite for their transformation into cushion mesenchyme.
Language-based social preferences among children in South Africa

Monolingual English-speaking children in the United States express social preferences for speakers of their native language with a native accent. Here we explore the nature of children's language-based social preferences through research with children in South Africa, a multilingual nation. Like children in the United States, Xhosa South African children preferred speakers of their first language (Xhosa) to speakers of a foreign language (French). Thus, social preferences based on language are observed not only among children with limited exposure to cultural and linguistic variation but also among children living in a diverse linguistic environment. Moreover, Xhosa children attending school in English expressed social preferences for speakers of English over speakers of Xhosa, even when tested by a Xhosa-speaking experimenter. Thus, children's language-based social preferences do not depend exclusively on preferences for more familiar or intelligible speech but also extend to preferences for speech that may convey higher status in the child's society.
Transnational Communications and the Dependent‐Integrated State

The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the utilities and disutilities of communication technologies to a peripheral state, the Philippines, in the context of its historical integration within the world economy and dependent association with the United State
Particle motion in a supersonic vortex flow

Abstract The trajectory of an aerosol particle is determined in a steady, inviscid, supersonic vortex flow. It is assumed that the aerosol particles do not interact or perturb the gas flow. The particle motion depends on a pressure force, lift force, viscous drag force, and an apparent mass force. Rarefied effects on the motion of a particle are also included. A method-of-characteristics solution results in a system of ordinary differential equations that are integrated numerically. It is shown that the pressure, lift, and apparent mass forces are negligible in comparison with the viscous drag force. The primary parameters that effect the trajectory are the inner radius of the vortex flow and the mass of the particle.
Is seeing believing?: detecting deception in technologically mediated communication

Despite increases in bandwidth, most video conferencing equipment delivers a sub-optimal quality signal. Artifacts caused by video compression and other technological constraints lead to the distortion of subtle communicative cues. This study explores the effects of such video degradation on individuals' ability to detect whether others are lying or telling the truth. Forty-two participants observed mock job interviews presented in High-Quality Audio, High-Quality Audio + High-Quality Video, and High-Quality Audio + Reduced Frame Rate (3 fps) Video. The interviews contained a mix of truthful and deceptive responses, and participants attempted to distinguish the two. Performance in the Reduced Frame Rate condition was significantly worse than in the High Quality Video condition. These findings have implications for both the development and implementation of video-conferencing technology.
Three different probabilistic language models: comparison and combination

The authors outline the different problems that arise when using a statistical language model for speech recognition, especially for inflected languages such as French, Italian or German. After a brief review of two classical models (TriPOS and Trigram), the authors present a refinement of the morphological language model (Trilemma). They give the different methods used to evaluate performances. They discuss combination experiments between two of these three building blocks and present a model which takes advantage of all three models through a backing-off strategy. Assuming the same vocabulary (20000 forms), experiments show equivalent results using either a classical trigram language model or a trilemma model. The second model can be extended to a full dictionary containing all the inflected forms of each lemma, whereas the first needs a large amount of data to perform such a task. >
Raman scattering from sapphire fibers

An index matching technique for Raman scattering from sapphire fibers is presented; the technique is shown to be effective in suppressing the stray laser background and leads to an improved signal-to-noise ratio of the Raman signal. Red shifts of phonon frequencies for both A1g and Eg symmetry modes were observed under tensile uniaxial stress parallel to the c axis. The unexpected shifts of the Eg modes may be attributable to effects due to restricted dimensions.
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: X. Pregnancy diagnosis in Perissodactyla

Enzymeimmunoassays (EIAs) for estrone conjugates (EC), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PDG), and C-19 and C-21 progesterone metabolites (C-19/C-21) were used to analyze urine samples from four nondomestic equid species, four tapir species, and two rhinoceros species in an attempt to identify if these assays could be used for diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy. The same urine samples were also analyzed for the presence of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) activity, using a field dipstick test and a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The EC EIA was validated for three equid species and the Malayan tapir. Neither the PDG nor the C-19/C-21 EIAs were validated in any species evaluated. In equid species, the EC EIA demonstrated a specificity (the percentage of nonpregnant samples identified correctly) of 100% and a sensitivity (the percentage of pregnant samples identified correctly) of ≥ 88%. With the exception of the Grevy's zebra, the C-19/C-21 EIA showed a similar accuracy in identifying pregnant and nonpregnant equids. The PDG EIA was not sufficiently accurate to merit its use in equids or tapirs for pregnancy diagnosis. From the data collected, it appears analysis of a single urine by both the EC EIA and the C-19/C-21 EIA would be the best method of pregnancy detection during the last 2 trimesters of gestation, in equid species. In tapirs, the C-19/C-21 EIA was slightly more accurate for pregnancy diagnosis than the EC EIA. The C-19/C-21 EIA had a specificity of 93%, but a sensitivity of only 73% in tapir species. None of the EIAs evaluated demonstrated a sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be useful, as presently performed, for pregnancy diagnosis from a single sample in the black rhinoceros. The eCG dipstick used in this study did not prove a sufficiently reliable test for routine pregnancy in nondomestic equids. The eCG RIA results in the Przewalski's horses and the Hartman's mountain zebra were positive early in gestation, and indicate that gonadotropin analysis may be useful for pregnancy detection in these species. Only very low amounts of eCG activity was measured by the eCG RIA in the tapir and rhinoceros urine samples. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Persistent, Toxin-Antitoxin System-Independent, Tetracycline Resistance-Encoding Plasmid from a Dairy Enterococcus faecium Isolate

ABSTRACT A tetracycline-resistant (Tet r ) dairy Enterococcus faecium isolate designated M7M2 was found to carry both tet (M) and tet (L) genes on a 19.6-kb plasmid. After consecutive transfer in the absence of tetracycline, the resistance-encoding plasmid persisted in 99% of the progenies. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the 19.6-kb plasmid contained 28 open reading frames (ORFs), including a tet (M)- tet (L)- mob gene cluster, as well as a 10.6-kb backbone highly homologous (99.9%) to the reported plasmid pRE25, but without an identified toxin-antitoxin (TA) plasmid stabilization system. The derived backbone plasmid without the Tet r determinants exhibited a 100% retention rate in the presence of acridine orange, suggesting the presence of a TA-independent plasmid stabilization mechanism, with its impact on the persistence of a broad spectrum of resistance-encoding traits still to be elucidated. The tet (M)- tet (L) gene cluster from M7M2 was functional and transmissible and led to acquired resistance in Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF by electroporation and in Streptococcus mutans UA159 by natural transformation. Southern hybridization showed that both the tet (M) and tet (L) genes were integrated into the chromosome of S. mutans UA159, while the whole plasmid was transferred to and retained in E. faecalis OG1RF. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) indicated tetracycline-induced transcription of both the tet (M) and tet (L) genes of pM7M2. The results indicated that multiple mechanisms might have contributed to the persistence of antibiotic resistance-encoding genes and that the plasmids pM7M2, pIP816, and pRE25 are likely correlated evolutionarily.
Gender and Community Context: An Analysis of Husbands’ Household Authority in Rural Guatemala

Drawing on research about women’s autonomy, gender, and development, and Latin America, I analyze individual, household, and community-level factors associated with husbands’ sole authority with regard to four household issues: (1) money management; decision-making about (2) food purchases, (3) medicine purchases, and (4) health providers. The results point to how husbands’ authority varies across household issues and how the dynamics of authority differ with regard to money management and the other decision-making issues studied. This study found that husbands’ authority varied not only by individual characteristics but also by community features and thus adds to efforts to represent more fully how context matters to household gender relations.
An integrated prolog architecture for symbolic and numeric executions

Numerically intensive calculations are not well supported by Prolog, yet there are important applications that require tightly coupled symbolic and numeric calculations. The Aquarius Numeric Processor (ANP) is an extended numeric Instruction Set Architecture based on the Berkeley Programmed Logic Machine (PLM) to support integrated symbolic and numeric calculations. This extension expands the existing numeric data type to include 32- and 64-bit integers, and single and double precision floating-point numbers conforming to the IEEE Standard P754. A new class of data structure, numeric arrays, is added to represent matrices and arrays found in most scientific programming languages. Powerful numeric instructions are included to manipulate the new data types. Dynamic type checking and coercing of operands are done. The ANP and PLM together provide for the efficient execution for symbolic and numeric operations written in AI languages such as Prolog and Lisp. Simulated performance results indicate the system will achieve about 10 MFLOPs on the Prolog version of some Whetstone and Linpack benchmarks and close to 20 MFLOPS on some matrix operations (all in double precision).
Israeli cellular telecommunications policy

Abstract Recent research has emphasized the role of regulatory measures in the adoption of new technologies, specifically mobile telephony. This study describes in detail the three phases of cellular licensing in Israel. It surveys policy changes and questions their contribution to the public interest, while discussing their underlying objectives. It reveals a pattern by which Israeli regulatory policy has shifted from a public interest focus to a government interest/corporate interest focus.
Improving the Infrared Detection of Analytes in Aqueous Solution Using Polymer Coated Atr Elements

Abstract Preliminary results of ATR/FTIR experiments indicate that thinly coating the ATR elements with suitable polymers improves the ability to detect test analytes in aqueous solutions. Experiments were performed using the test analyte, nitrobenzene, in aqueous solutions containing a range of methanol concentrations. the time dependence and effect of methanol concentration on the nitrobenzene IR absorbance was investigated.
Microkinetic Modeling and Reduced Rate Expressions of Ethylene Hydrogenation and Ethane Hydrogenolysis on Platinum

Using a hierarchical multiscale methodology, a thermodynamically consistent surface reaction mechanism has been developed to capture the C−C and C−H chemistries of ethylene hydrogenation and ethane hydrogenolysis on platinum. This mechanism, consisting of 32 reversible elementary reactions, describes kinetically limited ethane hydrogenolysis and ethylene hydrogenation experimental data under diverse temperature and composition conditions. Under hydrogenolysis conditions, sensitivity analysis shows that C−C bond cleaving reactions are rate-determining and that most C−C bond cleaving reactions occur through the ethyl and ethylidene surface intermediates. Under hydrogenation conditions, sensitivity analysis shows that both hydrogenation reactions (π-bonded ethylene to ethyl and associative desorption of ethyl to ethane) are rate-controlling. Finally, to enable reactor design and systems simulations, the full mechanism is reduced to two separate, reduced microkinetic models and one-step rate expressions that ...
Comparative studies of atomic independent‐particle potentials

A number of atomic properties are compared in various independent-particle models for atoms. The models studied are the Hartree-Fock method, a variationally optimized potential model, a parametrized analytic form of the same model, parametrized analytic models constructed to fit atomic energy levels, the so-called Hartree-Fock-Slater model, and the X..cap alpha.. model. The physical properties compared are single-particle energy levels, total energies, and dipole polarizabilities. The extent to which the virial theorem is satisfied in the different models is also considered. The atoms Be, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe and ions O v and Al iv hav been compared. The results show that the experimental properties can be well represented by several of the independent-particle models. Since it has been shown that the optimized potential models yield wavefunctions that are almost the same as Hartree-Fock wavefunctions, they provide a natural solution to the problem of extending the Hartree-Fock method to excited states.
Mechanoregulation: Cellular seat belts

Accurate cell division depends on proper attachment of chromosomes to the microtubule-based division apparatus. An impressive in vitro study shows how applied force plays a pivotal part in regulating such attachment. See Letter p.576 The kinetochore is the large protein complex that assembles on centromeric DNA to mediate chromosome separation. For decades, researchers have tried to isolate whole functional kinetochores without success. Sue Biggins and colleagues now report the first purification of functional kinetochores. They also show that kinetochore particles maintain load-bearing associations with assembling and disassembling microtubules, and that tension directly increases the lifetimes of the attachments. These results provide evidence that tension selectively stabilizes kinetochore–microtubule interactions.
Seamen on Late Eighteenth-Century European Warships

The Dutch navy barely managed to scrape together two-thirds of its manpower-requirements for the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1780-1784, and Sweden suffered acute shortages of men during its war with Russia 1788-1790. European navies met this emergency by expanding their coercive recruitment systems to include groups previously safe from non-voluntary service at sea, and by allowing proportion of foreign-born seamen on-board their ships to expand. At the end of century, class-war was no longer a metaphor in wooden world of European warships. Seamen loved to talk about their lives, 'a subject', noted Melville, 'upon which most high-bred castaways in man-of-war are very diffuse', and the boredom of naval service gave them plenty of opportunity to do so. On half of the Dutch ships, the crews now rose on their officers, broke into the spirit-rooms, and nearly beat to death several of their shipmates who were known as Patriots. Keywords: eighteenth-century European warships; European navies; foreign-born seamen; man-of-war; mobilising manpower
It Seems Like Only Yesterday: The Nature and Consequences of Telescoping Errors in Marketing Research

When asked to place the time of a past event, people have a systematic tendency to recall that recent events occurred farther back in time ( backward telescoping ) and distant events occurred more recently ( forward telescoping ) than is actually the case. In this article, I provide a conceptual analysis and an empirical examination of the extent of telescoping errors in marketing research and the implications of these errors. The results show that (a) on average, consumers underestimate the time since purchasing a durable good; (b) the magnitude of forward telescoping errors increases and the propensity to make backward telescoping errors decreases with the time since purchase; (c) telescoping errors affect future purchase intentions; and (d) telescoping biases vary across different demographic segments. A propositional inventory linking telescoping errors to product, respondent, and situational factors is presented for future research.
Singular points of a star-finite tiling

Let ℐ be a star-finite tiling of a topological vector space of dimension greater than one and let S(ℐ) denote the set of singular points of ℐ. We show that S(ℐ) is either uncountable or empty by investigating the density in S(ℐ) of certain subcollections of geometrically interesting singular points.
Co-expression of multiple subunits enables recombinant SNAPC assembly and function for transcription by human RNA polymerases II and III

Human small nuclear (sn) RNA genes are transcribed by either RNA polymerase II or III depending upon the arrangement of their core promoter elements. Regardless of polymerase specificity, these genes share a requirement for a general transcription factor called the snRNA activating protein complex or SNAP(C). This multi-subunit complex recognizes the proximal sequence element (PSE) commonly found in the upstream promoters of human snRNA genes. SNAP(C) consists of five subunits: SNAP190, SNAP50, SNAP45, SNAP43, and SNAP19. Previous studies have shown that a partial SNAP(C) composed of SNAP190 (1-514), SNAP50, and SNAP43 expressed in baculovirus is capable of PSE-specific DNA binding and transcription of human snRNA genes by RNA polymerases II and III. Expression in a baculovirus system yields active complex but the concentration of such material is insufficient for many bio-analytical methods. Herein, we describe the co-expression in Escherichia coli of a partial SNAP(C) containing SNAP190 (1-505), SNAP50, SNAP43, and SNAP19. The co-expressed complex binds DNA specifically and recruits TBP to U6 promoter DNA. Importantly, this partial complex functions in reconstituted transcription of both human U1 and U6 snRNA genes by RNA polymerases II and III, respectively. This co-expression system will facilitate the functional characterization of this unusual multi-protein transcription factor that plays an important early role for transcription by two different polymerases.
Structural and Spectroscopic Studies of Peptoid Oligomers with α-Chiral Aliphatic Side Chains

Substantial progress has been made in the synthesis and characterization of various oligomeric molecules capable of autonomous folding to well-defined, repetitive secondary structures. It is now possible to investigate sequence−structure relationships and the driving forces for folding in these systems. Here, we present detailed analysis by X-ray crystallography, NMR, and circular dichroism (CD) of the helical structures formed by N-substituted glycine (or “peptoid”) oligomers with α-chiral, aliphatic side chains. The X-ray crystal structure of a N-(1-cyclohexylethyl)glycine pentamer, the first reported for any peptoid, shows a helix with cis-amide bonds, ∼3 residues per turn, and a pitch of ∼6.7 A. The backbone dihedral angles of this pentamer are similar to those of a polyproline type I peptide helix, in agreement with prior modeling predictions. This crystal structure likely represents the major solution conformers, since the CD spectra of analogous peptoid hexamers, dodecamers, and pentadecamers, comp...
The impacts of congestion on commercial vehicle tour characteristics and costs

Analytical modeling and insights, numerical experiments, and real-world tour data are used to understand the impact of congestion on urban tour characteristics, carriers' costs, and distance/time traveled. This paper categorizes tours into three classes based on their tour efficiency and variable costs structure. Travel time/distance between customers and depot is found to be a crucial factor that exacerbates the negative impacts of congestion. Travel time variability is a significant factor only when travel time between depot and customers is considerable in relation to the maximum tour duration. For each customer, it is possible to define a dimensionless coefficient that provides an indication of the relative impact of congestion on routing constraints. Congestion also affects carriers' cost structure, as congestion worsens the relative weight of wages and overtime escalates and the relative weight of distance related costs decrease.
Automatic partitioning of database applications

Database-backed applications are nearly ubiquitous in our daily lives. Applications that make many small accesses to the database create two challenges for developers: increased latency and wasted resources from numerous network round trips. A well-known technique to improve transactional database application performance is to convert part of the application into stored procedures that are executed on the database server. Unfortunately, this conversion is often difficult. In this paper we describe Pyxis, a system that takes database-backed applications and automatically partitions their code into two pieces, one of which is executed on the application server and the other on the database server. Pyxis profiles the application and server loads, statically analyzes the code's dependencies, and produces a partitioning that minimizes the number of control transfers as well as the amount of data sent during each transfer. Our experiments using TPC-C and TPC-W show that Pyxis is able to generate partitions with up to 3x reduction in latency and 1.7x improvement in throughput when compared to a traditional non-partitioned implementation and has comparable performance to that of a custom stored procedure implementation.
Outcomes analysis for groin hernia repairs.

Outcomes studies after inguinal hernia operations show a pattern of continued improvement throughout the last decade. Open hernia repair (OHR) is intrinsically less costly and less complicated to perform than laparoscopichernia repair (LHR). The most recent modification in OHR has been the improvement of the mesh prostheses for insertion into the preperitoneal space. The earlier return to work seen in the early 1990s with LHR has been offset by comparable recuperation in the late 1990s associated with improvements in prosthetic repair in OHR. Both behavioral and technical factors must be evaluated to improve outcomes with hernia surgery.
The effect of caffeine and albuterol on body composition and metabolic rate.

Objective Caffeine and ephedrine was an effective combination therapy for weight loss until ephedrine was removed from the market due to safety concerns. This study investigated the combination of caffeine and albuterol as a possibly safer alternative to ephedrine. Methods In a series of experiments using cultured adipocytes, rat models, and humans, the effects of caffeine and albuterol on lipolysis, metabolic rate, food intake, and body composition were evaluated. Results Both caffeine and albuterol enhanced lipolysis in cultured adipocytes. Acute treatment of humans with caffeine and/or albuterol increased resting metabolic rate. Longer-term studies of rats revealed a trend for increased metabolic rate with albuterol treatment. There was increased lean mass gain concurrent with decreased fat mass gain with caffeine/albuterol treatment that was greater than albuterol treatment alone. Conclusions In rats, albuterol with caffeine produced significantly greater increases in lean body mass and reductions in fat mass without changes in food intake after 4-8 weeks of treatment. Since caffeine and albuterol are approved for the treatment of asthma in children and adolescents at the doses tested and change body composition without changing food intake, this combination may deserve further exploration for use in treating pediatric obesity.
Tube Feeding Syndrome Revisited

Tube feeding syndrome is a potentially fatal condition caused by a tube feeding regimen that provides too little water for the excretion of its solute load. It has received little attention in the literature for the past 30 years. A recent case is described in which the patient improved with reduced tube feeding and an adequate water prescription. Observing generally accepted methods of estimating calorie, protein, and fluid needs, and monitoring patients' hydration status both initially and long term can help prevent tube feeding syndrome and can be lifesaving.
A Switch Mechanism for Gβγ Activation of IKACh

Abstract G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are a family of K+-selective ion channels that slow the firing rate of neurons and cardiac myocytes. GIRK channels are directly bound and activated by the G protein Gβγ subunit. As heterotetramers, they comprise the GIRK1 and the GIRK2, -3, or -4 subunits. Here we show that GIRK1 but not the GIRK4 subunit is phosphorylated when heterologously expressed. We found also that phosphatase PP2A dephosphorylation of a protein in the excised patch abrogates channel activation by Gβγ. Experiments with the truncated molecule demonstrated that the GIRK1 C-terminal is critical for both channel phosphorylation and channel regulation by protein phosphorylation, but the critical phosphorylation sites were not located on the C terminus. These data provide evidence for a novel switch mechanism in which protein phosphorylation enables Gβγ gating of the channel complex.
Where to Draw Lines: Stability Versus Efficiency

What kinds of assets should financial intermediaries be permitted to hold? What kinds of liabilities should they be allowed to issue? Should a government or a central bank offer explicit deposit insurance or implicit deposit insurance by acting as a lender of last resort? This paper reviews how tensions involving stability versus efficiency, and regulation versus laissez faire, have for centuries run through macroeconomic analysis of these questions.
The visual cortex of the opossum: the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to the lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei.

Summary The visual cortex of opossum was studied by injecting horseradish peroxidase into the cortex and identifying labeled neurons in the thalamus. The results show that the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to area 17 in a topographical manner: the rostral lateral geniculate is represented in caudal striate cortex, and the dorsal extremity of the lateral geniculate, which probably corresponds to the zero vertical meridian, is represented along the border of area 18. Small injections in area 17 produced restricted bands of labeled neurons across the medial-lateral extent of the lateral geniculate, suggesting a greater precision in the topography than previously shown by retrograde degeneration studies. Following injections into area 17, labeled cells were also found in the lateral posterior nucleus. Injections of peristriate cortex produced labeled cells in the lateral posterior nucleus, as well as the lateral intermediate, posterior and intralaminar nuclei. Since the lateral posterior nucleus receives visual projections from the superior colliculus, the results show two visual pathways: the geniculo-striate path projecting just to core area or area 17, and a more diffuse parallel path that projects to both the core and belt. Whether or not this overlap is characteristic if the mammalian prototype it seems to be present in widely separated species.
Multi-view synthetic vision display system for general aviation

General aviation (GA) as a means of transportation, whether it is for business or pleasure, can be safe and efficient given favorable conditions. However, when instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) prevail, the pilot must rely on his or her ability to navigate and safely land the aircraft. Gauges and dials are used to determine the spatial orientation of the aircraft rather than the intuitive "out of the window view" used during visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Visual flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) continues to be one of the leading causes of accidents in GA due to spatial disorientation experienced by the pilot. Aircraft instrumentation has undergone little change in the past fifty years. Recent developments in the field of GPS receivers and inertial sensors and the development of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) has made precise attitude determination relatively inexpensive for GA applications. The latest in navigation and display technologies has led to the development of the multi-view synthetic vision display system at Ohio University. This system provides a GA pilot with a virtual view of the outside world helping to mitigate the effects of spatial disorientation. This paper discusses the architecture of the system as well as flight tests which document the performance and viability of a multi-view head down system. The flight tests have provided valuable information regarding the performance of the multi-view system as well as its applications.
Expression of functional Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbrillin polypeptide domains on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii

Genetically engineering bacteria to express surface proteins which can antagonize the colonization of other microorganisms is a promising strategy for altering bacterial environments. The fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. A structural subunit of the P. gingivalis fimbriae, fimbrillin, has been shown to be an important virulence factor, which likely promotes adherence of the bacterium to saliva-coated oral surfaces and induces host responses. Immunization of gnotobiotic rats with synthetic peptides based on the predicted amino acid sequence of fimbrillin has also been shown to elicit a specific immune response and protection against P. gingivalis-associated periodontal destruction. In this study we engineered the human oral commensal organism Streptococcus gordonii to surface express subdomains of the fimbrillin polypeptide fused to the anchor region of streptococcal M6 protein. The resulting recombinant S. gordonii strains expressing P. gingivalis fimbrillin bound saliva-coated hydroxyapatite in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited binding of P. gingivalis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Moreover, the recombinant S. gordonii strains were capable of eliciting a P. gingivalis fimbrillin-specific immune response in rabbits. These results show that functional and immunologically reactive P. gingivalis fimbrillin polypeptides can be expressed on the surface of S. gordonii. The recombinant fimbrillin-expressing S. gordonii strains may provide an effective vaccine or a vehicle for replacement therapy against P. gingivalis. These experiments demonstrated the feasibility of expressing biologically active agents (antigens or adhesin molecules) by genetically engineered streptococci. Such genetically engineered organisms can be utilized to modulate the microenvironment of the oral cavity.