cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiated impacts of environmental policies on the Colombian Frontier: coercive conservation and containment of illicit activities in the Pacific and the Ariari region

This article, through the use of political ecology perspectives on coercive conservation, aims to explain how in two separate Colombian Natural Parks and buffer zones, environmental policies designed to (re)take control of the frontier, have produced a similar territorial differentiation in the contention of illicit activities. Los Farallones in the Colombian Pacific and La Macarena/Puerto Rico in the Ariari region have experienced different stages of the armed conflict and are at the center of this analysis. I argue that in the contexts of both conflict escalation (1998–2007) and conflict de-escalation (2008–2016), the State in its attempt to control the frontier has not only had military intervention in areas of conservation but has also reinforced environmental programs that attack illegal mining and coca, producing both a territorially differentiated containment of illicit activities and an uneven progression of the illicit frontier.
Modernization of the Marx and Rimfire Triggering Systems for the HERMES-III Accelerator

HERMES III is a 20-MeV linear induction accelerator that was constructed at Sandia National Laboratories in the late 1980's and continues operation to this day. The accelerator utilizes 10 Marx banks for its initial energy storage and pulse formation. These Marx banks discharge their energy into 20 intermediate storage capacitors which, in turn, feed 80 pulse forming lines that further condition the pulse. Transmission line feeds from the pulse forming lines then deliver the electrical energy to 20 induction cavities arrayed along the axis of the machine to build the final output pulse along a central magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL). There are two triggering systems within the accelerator that work together in this energy discharge process. One simultaneously triggers the initial discharge of energy from each of the 10 Marx banks; the other staggers the triggering of the Rimfire gas switches following each intermediate storage capacitor so as to properly synchronize the energy delivery to the downstream cavities and the MITL with the pulse propagation along the MITL. Until recently, these triggering systems were the original systems dating back to the initial commissioning of the accelerator, however both have now been replaced with new and more modernized systems. Design details for both triggering systems will be presented, along with an overview of some of the initial operational data from the HERMES III accelerator using these new triggering systems.
Burnout in the Urology Workforce: Voluntary Survey Results in the United States

AbstractIntroduction:Burnout among urologists is significant with studies estimating approximately 40% meet the criteria for burnout. This study sought to survey practicing urologists to identify f...
Online Business-to-Business Markets for Industrial Product Reuse: Evidence from an Operational Policy Change

Problem definition: We examine the importance of expert services in online materials and waste exchanges (OMWEs), which are online business-to-business markets for coordinating transactions of indu...
The Influence of Cannabis and Nicotine Co-use on Neuromaturation: A Systematic Review of Adolescent and Young Adult Studies.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the use of cannabis and nicotine and tobacco-related products (NTPs) during the adolescent years has harmful effects on the developing brain. Yet, few studies have focused on the developing brain as it relates to the co-administration of cannabis and NTPs, despite the high prevalence rates of co-use in adolescence. This review aims to synthesize the existing literature on neurocognitive, structural neuroimaging, and functional neuroimaging outcomes associated with cannabis and NTP co-use. A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles resulted in a pool of 1107 articles. Inclusion criteria were 1) data-based study; 2) age range of 13 to 35 years or, for preclinical studies, nonadult subjects; 3) cannabis and NTP group jointly considered; and 4) neurocognitive, structural neuroimaging, or functional neuroimaging as an outcome measure. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. Consistent with the literature, cannabis and nicotine were found to have independent effects on cognition. The available research on the co-use of cannabis and NTPs demonstrates a potential nicotine-related masking effect on cognitive deficits associated with cannabis use, yet there is little research on co-use and associations with neuroimaging indices. In neuroimaging studies, there is preliminary evidence for hippocampal volume differences in co-users and a lack of evidence for co-use differences related to nucleus accumbens activity during reward processing. Notably, no structural neuroimaging studies were found to examine the combined effects of nicotine and cannabis in adolescent-only populations. Further research, including longitudinal studies, is warranted to investigate the influence of cannabis and NTP co-use on maturation.
Black theology in dialogue with LGBTQ+ persons in the Black Church: walking in the shoes of James Hal Cone and Katie Geneva Cannon

The contributions of theologians like James Hal Cone and Katie Geneva Canon to the broader theological project of Black liberational theology allows for a rich discourse on what it means to be Blac...
The ‘Next Friends’ Suit: Mary Baker Eddy and The Church of Christ Scientist, on Trial

An examination of the competency trial of Mary Baker Eddy, and its subsequent effects and consequences.
Open data on beads, pendants, blanks from the Ceramic Age Caribbean

A recommendation of: Alain Queffelec, Pierrick Fouere, Jean-Baptiste Caverne A database of lapidary artifacts in the Caribbean for the Ceramic Age 10.31235/osf.io/7dq3b
Deadly bias: a call for gender diversity in cardiac life support simulation training

Simulation in medical education teaches students to recognise patterns that can be life-saving. As an emergency medicine (EM) resident (LSS) and a medical educator (RF), we witness the ways in which patterns in the medical curriculum shape our future medical providers. The recognition of a dangerous pattern has brought us together to call for increased gender diversity in one of the most fundamental skills medical learners must master: cardiac life support training. As an EM resident, I (LSS) am the clay being shaped by the medical system. In the emergency department (ED), where I hope to spend my career, chest discomfort, nausea and diaphoresis set a series of actions into motion. I am taught to fear missing a classic presentation of myocardial infarction (MI) and to keep high suspicion for life-threatening conditions. MI in women often presents with symptoms other than chest pain, which the American Heart Association (AHA) details on a page separate from general MI symptoms.1 The page emphasises that symptoms in women can be subtle and are often overlooked as acid reflux or the influenza, making recognition of MI in women especially difficult. In the ED, over two-thirds of physicians are men.2 “I am a woman in medicine” is an inescapable part of my daily inner monologue. I feel a solidarity with my female patients. I pay attention to how I approach their pain and I look for the ways in which women downplay their symptoms. It was initially easy for me to rationalise the 2018 study findings that women treated by male …
Adding the Effect of Topological Defects to the Flory–Rehner and Bray–Merrill Swelling Theories

The Flory–Rehner and Bray–Merrill swelling theories are venerable theories for calculating the swelling of polymer networks and are widely applied across polymer materials. Here, these theories are...
Adipose tissue macrophage populations and inflammation are associated with systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.

Adipose inflammation is proposed to be at the nexus of the systemic inflammation and metabolic derangements associated with obesity. The present study provides evidence to support adipose inflammat...
Resilience to fire and resistance to annual grass invasion in sagebrush ecosystems of US National Parks

Abstract Western North American sagebrush shrublands and steppe face accelerating risks from fire-driven feedback loops that transition these ecosystems into self-reinforcing states dominated by invasive annual grasses. In response, sagebrush conservation decision-making is increasingly done through the lens of resilience to fire and annual grass invasion resistance. Operationalizing resilience and resistance concepts requires place-based understanding of resilience and resistance variation among landscapes over time. Place-based insights allow for landscape prioritization in targeted areas of significance such as protected-area sagebrush ecosystems that exhibit inherently low resilience and are therefore at high risk of loss. We used a multi-scale approach to evaluate sagebrush resiliency and strategic planning across 1) the US National Park system, 2) a regional suite of five parks, and 3) for two specific park case studies. First, we summarized broad patterns of relative resilience to fire and resistance to annual grass invasion across all parks with sagebrush ecosystems. We found that national parks represented ~11% of US protected-area sagebrush ecosystems and reflected a similar low-resilience bias that occurs across the biome, broadly. Climate change is likely to shift both low- and high-resilience park sagebrush ecosystems towards moderate resiliency, creating new opportunities and constraints for park conservation. Approximately seventy park units include at least some sagebrush shrublands or steppe, but we identified 40 parks with substantial amounts (>20% of park area) that can be included in an agency-wide conservation strategy. Second, we examined detailed patterns of resilience and resistance, fire history and fire risk, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion, and sagebrush shrub (Artemisia spp.) persistence in five national park units in Columbia Basin and Snake River Plain sagebrush steppe, contextualized by the broader summary. In these five parks, fire frequency and size increased in recent decades. Cheatgrass invasion and sagebrush persistence correlated strongly with resilience, burn frequency (0–3 fires since ~1940), and burn probability, but with important variation, in part mediated by local-scale topography. Third, we used these insights to assemble strategic sagebrush ecosystem fire protection mapping scenarios in two additional parks – Lava Beds National Monument and Great Basin National Park. Readily available and periodically updated geospatial data including soil surveys, fire histories, vegetation inventories, and long-term monitoring support resiliency-based adaptive management through tactical planning of pre-fire protection, post-fire restoration, and triage. Our assessment establishes the precarious importance of the US national park system to sagebrush ecosystem conservation and an operational strategy for place-based and science-supported conservation.
Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275-425

Capitalizing on the rich historical record of late antiquity, and employing sophisticated methodologies from social and economic history, this book reinterprets the end of Roman slavery. Kyle Harper challenges traditional interpretations of a transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages, arguing instead that a deep divide runs through 'late antiquity', separating the Roman slave system from its early medieval successors. In the process, he covers the economic, social and institutional dimensions of ancient slavery and presents the most comprehensive analytical treatment of a pre-modern slave system now available. By scouring the late antique record, he has uncovered a wealth of new material, providing fresh insights into the ancient slave system, including slavery's role in agriculture and textile production, its relation to sexual exploitation, and the dynamics of social honor. By demonstrating the vitality of slavery into the later Roman empire, the author shows that Christianity triumphed amidst a genuine slave society.
The Liberal Paradox and Games of Incomplete Information

The liberal paradox arose from the attempt to introduce individual human rights into the theory of social choice. Being one of the major social institutions of a liberal democracy, such rights clearly belong in any complete social choice theory. Thus Sen in his pathbreaking study argued that a person's right consisted in a pair of social states (x, y) such that if the person preferred x to y or y to x so did society. Sen's condition L (liberalism) then required that for each person in society there exist such a pair of social states. Two other conditions proposed by Sen were condition U (universal domain: every profile of individual preference orderings is possible) and condition P (Pareto principle: if everyone in society prefers x to y, so does society). A social choice function f chooses from a set of social opportunities S according to the rule
Ultrastructure of the feline placental membrane.

Abstract Fetal components of the cat's placenta include cellular and syncytial trophoblast, capillaries, basal laminae, and connective tissue. These structures, which form an endotheliochorial labyrinth, are similar ultrastructurally to their counterparts in placentas of other species. A spectrum of transitional cells from cytotrophoblast to well-differentiated syncytium may be discerned. Maternal components include stout capillaries and giant cells, presumably of endometrial stromal origin. The trophoblast may have a prominent terminal web on its maternal surface. In addition, an extracellular amorphous deposit usually, but not always, separates trophoblast from maternal capillaries and giant cells. In endotheliochorial placentas, the approximation of apparently viable maternal and fetal elements is closer than in hemochorial but less close than in epitheliochorial forms. The fetomaternal cellular proximity may be inversely correlated with the invasiveness of the trophoblast, which is of intermediate degree in typical endotheliochorial placentation.
Electronic books & the open ebook publication structure

Electronic books, or e-books, will soon be a major part of electronic publishing. This chapter introduces the notion of electronic books, reviewing their history, the advantages they promise, and the difficulties in predicting the pace and nature of e-book development and adoption. It then analyzes some of the critical problems facing both individual publishers and the industry as a whole, drawing on our current understanding of fundamental principles and best practice in information processing and publishing. In the context of this analysis the Open eBook Forum Publication Structure, a widely used XML-based content format, is presented as a foundation for high-performance electronic publishing.
Expression of nitric oxide synthase-2 in glia associated with CNS pathology.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the expression of nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) in glia associated with central nervous system (CNS) pathology. The production of nitric oxide (NO) in the nervous system is catalyzed by three, highly homologous isoforms of NO synthase (NOS). NOS-2, the dimeric, heme-containing, soluble protein whose activity is independent of a rise in intracellular calcium, is variously termed ‘inducible,’ ‘immunologic,’ and ‘macrophage NOS (macNOS).’ Nitric oxide inhibits not only NOS-2 activity but also regulates the level of NOS-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression through a mechanism involving NF- K B. There is specific evidence for the glial expression of NOS-2 associated with neuronal injury and infection of the CNS and in neurodegenerative and demyelinating diseases. Direct injury in the CNS results in a reactive gliosis, characterized by the induction of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene and changes in astrocyte morphology.
Density Gradient Expansion of the Electronic Exchange-Correlation Energy and its Generalization

Kohn-Sham density functional theory provides a usefully-accurate description for the ground-state electron density \({\text{n}}\left( {\mathop {\text{r}}\limits_ \sim } \right) \) and energy E of a many-electron system. The exchange-correlation energy has a hierarchy of density functional approximations for a system of slowly-varying electron density. The simplest, the local spin density (LSD) approximations, is reasonably good for real systems. However, the second-order gradient expansion (GEA) is typically worse, due to violation of exact properties which LSD respects. Real-space cutoff of the spurious long-range part of the GEA exchange-correlation hole, with cutoff radii chosen to restore those exact properties, leads to a nonempirlpal generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of the form EXC = ∫d3r f (n↑ n↓, ▽n↑, ▽n↓), which is almost as simple as LSD but usually more accurate. A possible rationale is presented for the successes and failures of GGA.
Hormonal Control of Breast Cancer Growth in Women and Rats

Publisher Summary This chapter primarily reviews the studies carried out on the hormonal control of breast cancer growth in women and the experimental dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer in the rat. Although initially the DMBA-induced mammary cancer in the rat appeared to be a good model system for study of the hormonal control of mammary cancer in women, differences have emerged suggesting that they are not alike. Extensive studies in the rat model have indicated that prolactin is the predominant hormone involved in stimulating tumor growth. Despite the presence of cytosol estrogen receptors in the rat mammary tumors and the fact that estrogens can induce the synthesis of progesterone receptors blocking the estrogen receptors with an antiestrogen drug in these tumors does not interfere with prolactin-induced stimulation of tumor growth. Estrogens are probably not directly involved in stimulating tumor growth in the rat and that their effects are probably indirect by influencing the secretion of prolactin. In contrast, the administration of potent antiprolactin drugs to women with breast cancer has yielded only minor effects on tumor growth, whereas administration of antiestrogen drugs has yielded remissions approaching those of surgical hypophysectomy. The observation that the antiestrogen drug, Tamoxifen, can induce objective remissions in patients who have undergone complete hypophysectomy as documented by the absence of detectable levels of prolactin and growth hormone in the serum provides evidence that estrogens directly stimulate the growth of some human breast cancers. Estrogens have a predominant role in maintaining the growth of hormone-responsive breast cancer in women. However, in a study described in the chapter, the hypophysectomy-induced remissions in one patient who failed to benefit from antiestrogen treatment and in another who had initially responded to Tamoxifen therapy suggest that pituitary hormones may play a role in maintaining the growth of some human breast cancers.
Biomass and natural gas as co-feedstocks for production of fuel for fuel-cell vehicles

Prospects are examined for utilizing renewable energy crops as a source of liquid fuel to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from mobile sources and reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Fuel-cell vehicles would provide a promising technology for coping with the environmental and economic effects of an expanding vehicle fleet and a decreasing petroleum supply. Fueled with methanol or hydrogen derived from biomass, fuel cells can also effectively address the problem of CO2 emissions from that fleet. The extent to which this combination might affect petroleum displacement depends on the amount of biomass that could be produced and the efficiency of its conversion to a fuel compatible with fuel cells. Reduction of net CO2 emissions by the best current bio-fuel technology will be limited by biomass supply. Biomass conversion efficiency, petroleum displacement and overall net CO2 emission reduction can be improved, and the cost of fuel minimized, by use of natural gas as a co-feedstock. The extra hydrogen provided by natural gas allows these improvements by eliminating the partial shift of CO to CO2 that is otherwise necessary; elimination of that step and additional in situ leveraging of fuel yield by conventional reforming reactions also reduce the production cost. A thermochemical process utilizing both biomass and natural gas as co-feedstocks is compared with other options for methanol production and CO2 mitigation using either biomass or natural gas alone. Use of natural gas as co-feedstock makes possible the additional environmental advantage of utilizing waste methane from landfills and waste-water treatment facilities, as well as the carbonaceous solid wastes and sludge from those facilities, for conversion to clean transportation fuel. Greenhouse gas emissions from these important municipal sources can thus be concurrently reduced, together with landfill disposal requirements.
Interactions between salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase as predictors of children's cognitive functioning and academic performance

We examined relations between salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase (sAA), and children's cognitive and academic functioning. Of interest were curvilinear and interactive effects of these salivary measures on cognitive and academic performance. Data were based on a sample of 28 boys and 36 girls (ages 8 and 9) in the Southeastern U.S.A. Children provided resting afternoon saliva samples. Children completed standardized tests of Intellectual Ability and schools provided academic achievement information. Regression analyses demonstrated significant curvilinear relations and interactions between cortisol and sAA in the prediction of child functioning. Contrary to current models of interactions among biological systems, findings indicated some of the highest and lowest scores were predicted at moderate levels of physiological arousal. For example, children with moderate sAA and either higher or lower cortisol had low predicted scores for Reading Ability. Children with moderate cortisol and lower sAA had the highest predicted scores for Intellectual Ability. Findings suggest that the study of interactions between biological stress response systems should not be based on models of rectilinear interactions.
Pollen sedimentation in the Northwest Atlantic: Effects of the Western Boundary Undercurrent

Abstract Sedimentation on the continental rise off eastern North America is strongly affected by the southerly flowing Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC). Recent studies of physical characteristics (position and velocity field) of this contour current show that the high-velocity core is characterized by decreased carbonate dissolution, coarse particle size, and improved magnetic alignment of sedimentary grains. In this report, we suggest that the high-velocity core of the WBUC also effects palynomorph sedimentation; pollen concentration is lower and the percentage of redeposited pollen grains is higher under this bottom current.
Effective oral ganciclovir prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus disease in heart transplant recipients.

The presented data show the combined sequential use of i.v. G for 14 days followed by PO G for 90 days is a much more effective prophylaxis for CMVD after heart transplantation than use of i.v. G for 14 days followed by PO A for 90 days. A need for hospitalization due to CMVD is significantly reduced by this new strategy. The follow-up in group II is shorter than in group I but is now at least 6 months in group II, without any new cases in the first 6 months after cardiac transplantation. Some currently unknown adverse effect of prolonged PO G, which may be present, is not identified in this analysis.
CD91-Dependent Modulation of Immune Responses by Heat Shock Proteins: A Role in Autoimmunity

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been known for decades for their ability to protect cells under stressful conditions. In the 1980s a new role was ascribed for several HSPs given their ability to elicit specific immune responses in the setting of cancer and infectious disease. These immune responses have primarily been harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer in the clinical setting. However, because of the ability of HSPs to prime diverse immune responses, they have also been used for modulation of immune responses during autoimmunity. The apparent dichotomy of immune responses elicited by HSPs is discussed here on a molecular and cellular level. The potential clinical application of HSP-mediated immune responses for therapy of autoimmune diseases is reviewed.
Statistical Methods for the Mover-Stayer Model

Abstract The mover-stayer model, a generalization of the Markov chain model, assumes that there are two types of individuals in the population under consideration: (a) the “stayer,” who with probability one remains in the same category during the entire period of study; (b) the “mover,” whose changes in category over time can be described by a Markov chain with constant transition probability matrix. The transition probability matrix for movers, and the proportion of stayers among the individuals in each category at, say, the initial point in time, are unknown parameters. Various estimators of these parameters are presented herein, and the accuracy of these estimators is compared. We show, for example, that the estimators of these parameters used by Blumen, Kogan, and McCarthy [3] are not consistent estimators, while the estimators recommended herein are. In addition, tests of several hypotheses concerning the mover-stayer model are presented herein. The methods developed in this paper can be applied to t...
Further studies on the rapid and slow components of chromium elution in vivo from preserved erythrocytes.

.51Cr is commonly used to label red cells in estimating the 24-hour posttransfusion survival of preserved red cells and the lifespan of autologous and homologous red cells. With this procedure, however, there is spontaneous loss of chromium label from the circulating red cells in vivo. In order to evaluate this phenomenon, the survival in vivo of previously frozen washed red cells and liquid-stored washed and nonwashed red cells was studied with a 51Cr labelling procedure and an automated differential agglutination procedure (ADA) following therapeutic transfusions. Loss of the chromium label in vivo from circulating red cells during the 24-hour posttransfusion period is referred to as the ‘rapid component of chromium elution’. Loss of the 51Cr label from the circulating red cells during measurement of red cell lifespan is referred to as the 6 ‘slow component of chromium elution’. In liquid-stored nonwashed and washed red cells the 51Cr uptake in vitro was greater than 94%. In previously frozen red cells washed by different methods the 51Cr uptake in vitro ranged from 44 to 95%. The rapid component of 51Cr elution from nonwashed and washed liquid-stored red cells and from previously frozen washed red cells was at least 10% of the chromium label. Variable rates of the slow component of chromium elution from non-washed and washed liquid-stored red cells and from previously frozen washed red cells were observed: the average rate was 1.06% per day, and in some patients no elution was observed. Factors that influence the 51Cr up-take in vitro and the rapid and slow components of 51Cr elution in vivo are not known.
Adenovirus-mediated delivery of CD46 attenuates the alternative complement pathway on RPE: implications for age-related macular degeneration

Activation of the alternative pathway of the complement system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Membrane attack complex (MAC) has been identified mainly on the Bruch's membrane and drusen underlying the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Membrane cofactor protein (CD46) preferentially regulates the alternative pathway of complement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of increasing CD46 expression on RPE cells using an adenovirus as a gene therapy approach to reduce alternative pathway-mediated damage to RPE cells. We generated a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing human CD46 (hCD46) and delivered the vector to murine hepatocytes and RPE cells in vitro. After incubation in human serum in conditions in which the classical pathway of complement was blocked, we measured alternative pathway-mediated damage of these cells by quantifying lysis and MAC formation. Adenovirus expressing hCD46 was delivered to the subretinal space of adult mice, and 1 week later, ocular flat mounts were challenged with human serum and the levels of complement-mediated damage was quantified. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of hCD46 localizes to the basal and lateral surfaces of RPE cells where it offers protection from alternative pathway-mediated damage, but not classical, allowing the classical pathway to function unhindered.
Bioassay of a hemostatic factor from peanuts.

Abstract Extreme vasoconstriction is induced on the transection of arteries of the cheek pouch of bilaterally adrenalectomized male hamsters that have ingested an absolute alcohol extract of defatted peanuts. This is compared with slight or moderate vasoconstriction observed with control bilaterally adrenalectomized male hamsters. Apparently the vasoconstrictor from peanuts is released from storage in the blood platelets during their viscous metamorphosis in the formation of the platelet plug. The active factor is also myotonic to smooth muscles.
How do heterosexual undergraduate students define having sex? A new approach to an old question.

This study examined how people define having sex utilizing a new approach to this area of research. A total of 267 men and 327 women rated their degree of confidence that engaging in each of 21 physically intimate behaviors (e.g., penile-vaginal intercourse) counted as “having sex” and then qualitatively explained their reasoning. Separate ratings were made for each behavior when engaged in by the respondent and by his or her partner with someone else. Results showed that, as in previous studies, for both sexes, some behaviors (e.g., penile-vaginal intercourse) were far more confidently rated (i.e., “definitely sex”) than were others (e.g., oral-genital stimulation). Further, both men and women were significantly more certain that a behavior counted as “having sex” when considering their partner's behavior outside the relationship than when they considered their own behavior. Finally, the order in which the two scenarios (i.e., self versus partner) was presented significantly affected participants’ certai...
Ionic conductivity in lithium imide

Abstract The ionic conductivity of polycrystalline lithium imide has been determined from -40 to 105°C using AC techniques and comples plane analysis. The ionic conductivity is 3 × 10-4 Ω-1 cm-1 at 25°C, with an activation enthalpy of 56±1 kJ/mole. The stability has been estimated to be about 0.7 V.
Nucleotide requirements for the bone marrow heme oxygenase system.

Abstract Rat bone marrow microsomal heme oxygenase activity has been studied and optimal condition for the measurement of this activity are described. The activity of bone marrow heme oxygenase was linear with time and protein concentration as measured under these assay conditions. Bilirubin formation by the heme oxygenase complex system was observed with either a NADPH generating system or with NADH as electron donor. The enzyme activity for heme degradation supported by NADH proceeds at a comparable rate to that observed with NADPH as reducing equivalent. It thus appears that this oxidation reaction must be more complex than simply involving NADPH as the sole election donor as has been previously proposed.
Enhanced drug-metabolizing capacity within liver adjacent to human and rat liver tumors.

Abstract Cytochrome P-450 content (nmol/g of liver) differed within regions of rat liver according to proximity to intrahepatically implanted Morris hepatoma 7795 or 5123D. Liver adjacent to tumor had higher microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, decreased DNA content (mg/g of liver), and unaltered cytochrome c reductase activity compared to histologically indistinguishable liver far-removed from the tumor. Liver either adjacent to or far-removed from tumor contained markedly more cytochrome P-450 and higher cytochrome c reductase activity but less DNA than transplanted Morris hepatomas 7795 and 5123D that were grown intrahepatically. Compared to intramuscular implants of these same tumors, intrahepatically implanted Morris hepatomas 7795 and 5123D had increased cytochrome P-450 content. Tumor-containing liver from two human subjects revealed regional changes in cytochrome P-450-mediated monooxygenases similar to those observed in rats. These results suggest that histomorphically nontumorous mammalian liver directly adjacent to intrahepatic tumors exhibits previously unsuspected biochemical alterations.
Latitudes: New Indian Transnational Cinema

This article examines films and video art that speak to conditions of exile and displacement, including the work of Mona Hatoum, Sonali Gulati, and Onir. It proposes the term “latitude” to interrogate the aesthetic and formal properties of these artworks, seeking to understand how lesbian and same-sex eroticism and identities are central to their efficacy.
A new strategy for providing definitions in task-oriented dialogues

Definitions may be made up of one or more components, which correspond to strategic predicates. The selection of which components to use in giving a definition in a task-oriented dialogue depends heavily on the needs of the user. The selection strategy we present involves weighting possible strategic predicates and the propositions used to fill them at multiple points throughout an ongoing dialogue and at the actual time of giving the definition. Weighting will be influenced by a model of the user's domain knowledge, task-related plans and goals, and receptivity to the different kinds of information that could be presented. An utterance can then be produced that incorporates the most important information while adhering to common rhetorical practices.
Techniques for preparing seeds with water-impermeable coats for light and electron microscopy.

An improved method for fixing and embedding seeds with impermeable coats for microscopic study has been developed. Entry portals are cut into seed coats to permit better penetration of fixative. This makes it possible to obtain semithin sections of whole seeds for light microscopy and thin sections of selected areas for electron microscopy. Seed tissues may thereby be studied relative to their position in the seed and to surrounding tissues. This permits studies of imbibition and developmental morphology of seeds in histological and cytological detail previously possible only with soft or dissected seeds.
A model to study the relationship between forecast error, inventory investment, and customer service level in a multiperiod, probabilistic environment

With the advent of Just-In-Time manufacturing strategies, reduction of inventory costs have once again become the focus of all attention. However, efforts to reduce inventory while continuing to live with poor forecasts and unduly high service level requirements, is likely to be futile.
Non-uniform bias enhancement of a varactor-tuned FSS used with a low profile 2.4 GHz dipole antenna

In this paper a low profile antenna using a nonuniformly biased varactor-tuned frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented. The tunable FSS avoids the use of vias and has a simplified DC bias network. The voltages to the DC bias ports can be varied independently allowing adjustment in the frequency response and enhanced radiation properties. The measured data demonstrate tunability from 2.15 GHz to 2.63 GHz with peak efficiencies that range from 50% to 90% and instantaneous bandwidths of 50 MHz to 280 MHz within the tuning range. The total antenna thickness is approximately λ/45.
A comparison of Babesia infections in intact, surgically splenectomised, and congenitally asplenic (Dh/+) mice.

Abstract Infections with Babesia rodhaini and B. microti were studied in congenitally asplenic (Dh/+) mice, surgically splenectomised mice and intact mice. Mice without spleens were more susceptible to infections than intact mice, but Dh/+ mice were less susceptible than surgically splenectomised mice, indicating that some functional splenic activity had been taken over by other tissues in Dh/+ mice. It is suggested that this functional activity may be mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, and that Dh/+ mice could prove of value in the study of babesiosis in general and NK activity in particular. Male mice were more susceptible to infection than females.
Interpolation Strategies to Reduce IFOV Error in Stokes Vector Microgrid Polarimeter Imagery

Microgrid imaging polarimeters inherently suffer from instantaneous field-of-view error (IFOV) that degrades estimated polarimetric imagery. We develop interpolation strategies to reduce the effects of IFOV error and test them on actual infrared microgrid polarimeter data.
Marine record of surge-induced outburst floods from the Bering Glacier, Alaska

The Bering Glacier, Alaska, is the largest temperate glacier in the world. It episodically surges with rapid advances of the glacier terminus followed by large outburst floods delivering freshwater and sediment to the adjacent Gulf of Alaska. We describe the marine record of the 1993–1995 surge and document a 100 yr history of surges recorded in marine sedimentary deposits seaward of the Bering Glacier. In 1994 and 1995, we collected box cores that contained high-porosity laminated sediments at the seabed surface. Profiles of 234 Th and chlorophyll-a indicate that these sediments were deposited very rapidly (0.1 cmṁday −1 ) in association with the surge. A 250-cm-long kasten core extended this record, in which 7 laminated beds, 10–30 cm thick, alternated with bioturbated sediments. On the basis of 210 Pb chronology, 6 of these beds accumulated in the past 100 yr and can be correlated with historical surges.
Workscape 21: The Ecology of New Ways of Working

ISSUE: How organizations can use all their available resources to their fullest potential to become more competitive over time. APPLICATION: Develop an international consortium that will support research that has tangible organizational benefits as well as contributing to the general knowledge base about how the planning, design, and management of the workplace affect organizational effectiveness. GOAL: Use research to influence organizational leaders' approach to implementing new ways of working. DESCRIPTION: Conduct a series of worldwide case studies which examine both the process for implementing a workplace innovation and its consequences for the organization and individual workers. Innovations have included the study of nonterritorial and universal plan offices; new approaches to the strategic management of an organizational real estate portfolio; benchmarking of new working practices; analysis of the process of moving from small-scale to large-scale implementations of innovative practices; and the development of an expert-based interactive multimedia computer program that helps organizations anticipate the organizational consequences of implementing different workplace strategies. CONCLUSION: The research is being used by companies all over the world to guide their thinking about both the nature of different workplace strategies and the best way of implementing them successfully.
Electronic and structural properties of montmorillonite—a quantum chemical study

The importance of geometry and its relation with property in montmorillonite have been studied in terms of octahedral aluminum and tetrahedral silicon present in the framework. Quantum chemical (QC) calculations were performed using MNDO (modified neglect of differential overlap) and DFT (density functional theory) is reported. Cluster calculations were performed on two octahedral aluminum sites present in the unit cell of montmorillonite to show the distinguishability between the two octahedral aluminums. The energy difference between two aluminum octahedral cluster was 1.12 eV. This was further justified by the calculation of magnesium substitution energy for two different positions of aluminum. This difference in two octahedral aluminum sites was mainly due to the typical orientation of the bridging hydroxyl groups attached with the octahedral aluminums. Calculations were also performed on tetrahedral silica hexagons with and without aluminum substitution to predict the Bronsted acid strength of the surface both by MNDO and DMOL QC methods; which shows that aluminum substitution is an unfavorable process in this type of clay. The above structure property relationship in case of montmorillonite will further help in explaining the catalytic activity of the material.
IDIOPATHIC MEDIASTINAL CYST IN A CAT

A thirteen year old neutered female Domestic Shorthair cat with oral squamous cell carcinoma was noted to have a cranial mediastinal mass on survey thoracic radiographs. Fluoroscopic aspiration was performed and cystic fluid was obtained which was clear colorless, and devoid of cells, with a specific gravity of 1.005 and protein <2.5 mg/dl. On postmortem examination, a unilocular cyst was identified originating from the external lateral surface of the cranial mediastinum. Histologically, the cyst lining was nonciliated and resembled mesothelium. These findings differentiate this cyst from previously reported branchial cysts in cats where the cysts were multiloculated, the cyst fluid was mucinous and cellular, and the cysts were lined by ciliated columnar epithelial cells.
Does the Weather Really Matter? The Social Implications of Climate Change

Societies around the globe have become fascinated with weather and climate. Killer tornadoes, ice storms, floods, mudslides, forest fires, and rain-related disease outbreaks—the list is almost endless for any given year. The list grows dramatically from the perspective of a decade, and even more so when attempting to assess the impacts of weather and climate on societies for centuries. Such assessment seems like an impossible task. Then there is the recently emerging concern about global warming. Now, William Burroughs has attempted to bring weather and climate to the public in his book, Does the Weather Really Matter? The Social Implications of Climate Change.
Horseradish peroxidase labeling of extracellular single unit recording sites

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been widely used in neurobiology to trace neural pathways (axonal transport) and to correlate physiology with morphology (intracellular injection). We report that 5% HRP in 0.1 M phosphate buffered normal saline may be used to fill micropipettes for stable extracellular single cell recordings. HRP can then be iontophoresed at the desired recording site(s) and does not appear to impair activity of other neurons in the area or to cause damage to the electrode tip after the marking procedure. Subsequent perfusion, sectioning and reacting of the brain with the diamino-benzidine chromagen yielded a discrete (100–500 μ, diameter) brown reaction product in the extracellular space, as well as peroxidase filled perikarya which were readily distinguishable from damaged vascular or neural elements. This method is highly reliable and provides a simple technique for localizing the tip of micropipette electrodes.
On the Absorption, Reflection and Transmission of Solar Radiation in Cloudy Atmospheres

Abstract Band-by-band calculations have been carried out to evaluate the reflection, absorption and transmission of solar radiation by cloud layer and model cloudy atmospheres in the entire solar spectrum. The radiation transfer program is based on the discrete-ordinate method with applications to inhomogencous atmospheres. The gaseous absorption in scattering atmospheres is taken into account by means of exponential fits to the total band absorption based on laboratory measurements. Thick clouds such as nimbostratus. and cumulonimbus reflect 80–90% and absorb 10–20% of the solar radiation incident upon them. The reflection and absorption of a fair weather cumulus with a thickness of 0.45 km are about 68–85% and 4–9%7p, respectively. A thin stratus, whose thickness is 0.1 km, reflects about 45–72% and absorbs about 1–6% of the solar flux incident on the cloud top. The reflection of a 0.6 km thick altostratus is about 57–77%, with a larger absorption of 8–15%. A number of aircraft observations reveal that ...
Clausal logic and logic programming in algebraic domains

We introduce a domain-theoretic foundation for disjunctive logic programming. This foundation is built on clausal logic, a representation of the Smyth powerdomain of any coherent algebraic dcpo. We establish the completeness of a resolution rule for inference in such a clausal logic; we introduce a natural declarative semantics and a fixed-point semantics for disjunctive logic programs, and prove their equivalence; finally, we apply our results to give both a syntax and semantics for default logic in any coherent algebraic dcpo. 2001 Elsevier Science
REDESIGNING COMMUNITY COLLEGES TO COMPETE FOR THE FUTURE

Redesigning community colleges to meet changing needs and expectations is a key top management responsibility. New competitors are challenging existing boundaries and changing market rules. Colleges that cannot change from within will be at a disadvantage in fast‐moving markets. To get ahead of these markets, they will need to find new ways of creating value while simultaneously creating flexible structures and processes. Organizational development, of course, cannot be accomplished solely through structural change. People and cultures enter the equation and through routine behavior help or hinder the process of redesign. If community colleges are organized in layers that insulate them from their environments, how can top management redesign the institution to compete in a new market? The answer to this central question is the topic of this article. The key premise is that community colleges will need to get into motion if they are to create the kind of organization that will be successful in the future. ...
Quantitative characterization of three-dimensional damage evolution in a wrought Al-alloy under tension and compression

Three-dimensional (3-D) microstructural damage due to cracking of Fe-rich intermetallic particles is quantitatively characterized as a function of strain under compression and tension in an Al-Mg-Si base wrought alloy. The 3-D number fraction of damaged (cracked) particles, their average volume, average surface area, and shape factor are estimated at different strain levels for deformation under uniaxial tension and compression. It is shown that, depending on the type of loading, loading direction, particle shape, and microstructural anisotropy, the two-dimensional (2-D) number fraction of the damaged particles can be smaller or larger than the corresponding true 3-D number fraction. Under uniaxial tension, the average volume and surface area of cracked particles decrease with the strain. However, the average volume and surface area of the cracked particles increase with the increase in the compressive strain, implying that more and more larger elongated particles crack at higher and higher stress levels, which is contrary to the predictions of the existing particle cracking theories. In this alloy, the damage development due to particle cracking is intimately coupled with the particle rotations. The differences in the damage evolution under tension and compression are explained on the basis of the differences in the particle rotation tendencies under these two loading conditions.