cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of irradiation effects in structural design criteria for fusion reactors

From the standpoint of design criteria for fusion reactors, the most significant issues stem from the irradiation-induced changes in material properties, specifically the reduction of ductility, strain hardening capability, and fracture toughness with neutron irradiation. Recently, Draft 5 of the interim ITER structural design criteria (ISDC), which provide new rules for guarding against such problems, was released for trial use by the ITER designers. To account for irradiation effects under monotonic loading, the ISDC contains several new rules which provide primary and secondary stress limits as functions of uniform elongation and ductility. These new rules were derived from a simple model based on the concept of an elastic follow up factor which has been used extensively by the Japanese and French designers for analyzing creep-fatigue problems in fission reactors. Detailed analytical and finite-element analyses were conducted and the results were compared with available test data to determine the limitation of the rules as they relate to the loss of a material's ductility and strain hardening capability.
Feynman rules for simplicial gravity

Abstract We develop the general formalism for performing perturbative diagrammatic expansions in the lattice theory of quantum gravity. The results help establish a precise correspondence between continuum and lattice quantities, and should be a useful guide for nonperturbative studies of gravity. The Feynman rules for Regge;s simplicial lattice formulation of gravity are then discussed in detail in two dimensions. As an application, the two-dimensional conformal anomaly due to a D -component scalar field is explicitly computed in perturbation theory.
The Origin of Radio Scintillation in the Local Interstellar Medium

We study three quasar radio sources (B1257–326, B1519–273, and J1819+385) that show large-amplitude intraday and annual scintillation variability produced by the Earth's motion relative to turbulent-scattering screens located within a few parsecs of the Sun. We find that the lines of sight to these sources pass through the edges of partially ionized warm interstellar clouds where two or more clouds may interact. From the gas flow vectors of these clouds, we find that the relative radial and transverse velocities of these clouds are large and could generate the turbulence that is responsible for the observed scintillation. For all three sight lines the flow velocities of nearby warm local interstellar clouds are consistent with the fits to the transverse flows of the radio scintillation signals.
CHARACTERIZING BARS AT z 0 IN THE OPTICAL AND NIR: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF BARRED DISKS WITH REDSHIFT

Critical insights on galaxy evolution stem from the study of bars. With the advent of HST surveys that trace bars in the rest-frame optical out to z ~ 1, it is critical to provide a reference baseline for bars at z ~ 0 in the optical band. We present results on bars at z ~ 0 in the optical and NIR based on 180 spirals from OSUBSGS. (1) The deprojected bar fraction at z ~ 0 is ~60% ? 7% in the NIR and ~44% ? 7% in the optical. (2) The results before and after deprojection are similar, which is encouraging for high-redshift studies that forego deprojection. (3) Studies of bars at z ~ 0.2-1.0 (look-back time 3-8 Gyr) report an optical bar fraction of 30% ? 6%, after applying cutoffs in absolute magnitude (MV < -19.3), bar size (abar ? 1.5 kpc), and bar ellipticity (ebar ? 0.4). Applying these exact cutoffs to the OSUBSGS data yields a comparable optical bar fraction at z ~ 0 of ~34% ? 7%. This rules out scenarios in which the optical bar fraction in bright disks declines strongly with redshift. (4) Most (~70%) bars have moderate to high ellipticity. There is no bimodality in the distribution of ebar. The H-band bar fraction and ebar show no substantial variation across RC3 Hubble types Sa to Scd. (5) RC3 bar types should be used with caution. Many galaxies with RC3 types AB are unbarred, and RC3 bar classes B and AB have a significant overlap in ebar. (6) Most bars have sizes below 5 kpc. Bar and disk sizes correlate, and most bars have abar/R25 in the range ~0.1-0.5. This suggests that the growths of bars and disks are intimately tied.
Self-assembly of random copolymers

Self-assembly of random copolymers has attracted considerable attention recently. In this feature article, we highlight the use of random copolymers to prepare nanostructures with different morphologies and to prepare nanomaterials that are responsive to single or multiple stimuli. The synthesis of single-chain nanoparticles from random copolymers and their potential applications are also discussed in some detail. We aim to draw more attention to these easily accessible copolymers, which are likely to play an important role in translational polymer research.
Coronary heart disease risk factors in older persons

In most Western nations, coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and one of the most important causes of physical disability in persons over 65 years of age. The importance of traditional CHD risk factors has been well documented in middle-aged populations, whereas their role in older populations is still under debate. This paper reviews the epidemiologic evidence from observational studies and randomized clinical trials that established risk factors for CHD predict level of risk of CHD, and identify high risk individuals among older men and women. Hypertension and cigarette smoking have been clearly associated with an increased risk of CHD events, and their modification has been proven to be highly effective in the primary and secondary prevention of CHD in older persons. For other highly prevalent risk factors, such as lipid abnormalities, obesity and physical inactivity, evidence of an independent association with CHD risk has been demonstrated by the majority of observational studies. However, definitive proof from controlled clinical trials of the beneficial effects of their modification is still lacking in the older population. The role of estrogen replacement therapy in the primary and secondary prevention of CHD in older women is still an open question. In evaluating the impact of these risk factors in older persons, elements such as comorbidity, frailty, and age-related changes in risk profile should also be taken into consideration. Given the complexity of the relationship between risk factors and multiple disease statuses, other important outcomes, such as osteoporosis, cancer, falls and physical disability, should be considered when evaluating the risks and benefits of risk factor modifications in older persons.
New quaternary bismuth sulfides: syntheses, structures, and band structures of AMBiS4 (A = Rb, Cs; M = Si, Ge).

Four new compounds, RbSiBiS4, RbGeBiS4, CsSiBiS4, and CsGeBiS4, have been synthesized by means of the reactive flux method. The isostructural compounds RbSiBiS4, RbGeBiS4, and CsGeBiS4 crystallize in space group P21/c of the monoclinic system with four formula units in cells of dimensions at 153 K of a = 6.4714(4) A, b = 6.7999(4) A, c = 17.9058(11) A, and β = 108.856(1)° for RbSiBiS4, a = 6.5864(4) A, b = 6.8559(4) A, c = 17.9810(12) A, and β = 109.075(1)° for RbGeBiS4, and a = 6.5474(4) A, b = 6.9282(4) A, c = 18.8875(11) A, and β = 110.173(1)° for CsGeBiS4. CsSiBiS4 crystallizes in a different structure type in space group P21/c of the monoclinic system with four formula units in a cell of dimensions at 153 K of a = 9.3351(7) A, b = 6.9313(5) A, c = 12.8115(10) A, and β = 109.096(1)°. The two structure types are closely related and consist of [MBiS4-] (M = Si, Ge) layers separated by bicapped trigonal-prismatically coordinated alkali-metal atoms. In each, the M atom is coordinated to a tetrahedron of f...
Trial of labor: A study of 110 patients

Abstract Study Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine whether epidural analgesia is unsafe for trial of labor (TOL). Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Inpatient obstetric department at a university medical center. Patients: One hundred ten ASA physical status I and II term- parturients who attempted a TOL between December 1987 and June 1988. Interventions: All the parturients previously had low transverse uterine incisions and received continuous electronic fetal and uterine pressure monitoring throughout labor. All the parturients were offered epidural analgesia during labor with bupivacaine 0.25%. Measurements and Main Results: Sixty-seven percent of the parturients had successful vaginal delivery. Fifty-one of the 110 parturients had epidural analgesia for labor. There were two complete uterine ruptures; neither had epidural catheters. Both of the complete ruptures presented with monitored fetal distress rather than abdominal pain. Both mothers and their infants recovered uneventfully. Conclusions: Uterine rupture presents as monitored fetal distress rather than abdominal pain. Thus, epidural analgesia can be used in patients attempting a TOL.
Gartland type III supracondylar humerus fractures: outcome and complications as related to operative timing and pin configuration.

Purpose Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are the most common fracture of the elbow in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in terms of outcomes and complications, Gartland type III pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures treated at a pediatric level-one trauma center over a 7-year period, specifically addressing the impact of time to surgery on the incidence of complications and conversion to open reduction.
Iptycene synthesis: A new method for attaching a 2,3-anthracene moiety to the 9,10-positions of another anthracene moiety - Exceptional conditions for a Lewis acid catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction

An efficient three-step method for appending a 2,3-anthracene moiety to the 9,10-positions of an existing anthracene moiety is described. The first step uses excess 1,4-anthraquinone (3 equiv) and aluminum chloride (6 equiv) to obtain the anthracene-quinone cycloadduct (omission of the AlCl3 resulted in no adduct). The resulting diketone was reduced to the corresponding diol (excess LiAlH4), which was dehydrated to the arene with phosphorus oxychloride and pyridine. Specific examples include the preparation of heptipycene 8 from pentiptycene 6 (66 percent overall yield) and a similar conversion of 8 to the noniptycene 13 (75 percent overall yield). The methodology led to a markedly improved synthesis of tritriptycene 9 and the first synthesis of undecaiptycene 14.
Predicting perceptual success with segments: a test of Japanese speakers of Russian

A perception experiment involving a novel language pairing, that of Japanese as a first language (L1) and Russian as a second language (L2), was conducted with 33 Japanese learners of Russian to de...
Solution of scaling quantum networks

We show that all scaling quantum graphs are explicitly solvable, i.e., that any one of their spectral eigenvalues En is computable analytically, explicitly, and individually for any given n. This is surprising, since quantum graphs are excellent models of quantum chaos (see, e.g., T. Kottos and H. Schanz, Physica E 9, 523 (2001)).
Muonium-antimuonium oscillations and massive Majorana neutrinos

The electron and muon number violating muonium–antimuonium oscillation process can proceed provided that neutrinos have nonzero masses and mix among the various generations. Modifying the Standard Model only by the inclusion of singlet right-handed neutrino fields and allowing for general neutrino masses and mixings, the leading order matrix element contributing to this process is computed. For the particularly interesting case where the neutrino masses are generated by a seesaw mechanism with a very large Majorana mass MR≫MW, it is found that both the very light and very heavy Majorana neutrinos each give comparable contributions to the oscillation time scale proportional to $M_R^2$. Present experimental limits set by the non-observation of the oscillation process sets a lower limit on MR of roughly of order 104 GeV.
Polycyclic aromatic compounds as anticancer agents : Synthesis and biological evaluation of some chrysene derivatives

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new chrysene derivatives aimed at the development of anticancer agents were carried out.
Multi-order-residual (MOR) video coding: framework, analysis, and performance

A novel multi-order-residual (MOR) coding approach is proposed for high-bit-rate video compression in this work. We show that a significant amount of short and medium-range correlations due to the use of a fine quantization parameter cannot be easily removed by the well known motion compensated prediction process in the high-bit- rate coding scenario. Consequently, the video coding performance degrades rapidly as quality increases. To address this issue, we propose a Multi-Order-Residual (MOR) coding scheme that encodes prediction residuals in multiple stages according to their correlation characteristics. Then, we adopt different compensation and coding schemes in different stages. Experimental results are given to show the proposed MOR scheme outperforms H.264/AVC by a significant margin.
A Facile, General Approach to the Synthesis of Electrophilic Acetone Equivalents

The facile, high-yielding, yet general synthesis of electrophilic chloroacetone equivalents 11a−f is described. The enol ethers are assembled in three steps starting with trichloride 29 in overall yields of 57−93%. Nucleophilic displacement of the chloromethyl chlorine with a range of organometallic reagents generates dichlorides 30 in yields of 58−99%, which can be dehydrohalogenated with t-BuOK/THF in yields of 87−99% to produce enol ethers 31. Conversion of the allyl chlorides 31 to the corresponding allyl iodides 11 with 72−99% yield completes the synthetic sequence. The entire sequence can be performed in less than 48 h on a >50 mmol scale.
The hidden inequity in health care

Inequity is the presence of systematic and potentially remediable differences among population groups defined socially, economically, or geographically [1,2]. It is not the same as inequality, which is a much broader term, generally used in the human rights field to describe differences among individuals, some of which are not remediable (at least with current knowledge). Some languages do not make a distinction between the two terms, which may lead to confusion and a need to clarify exact meaning in different contexts. Some people use the term "unfairness" to define inequity, but unfairness is not measurable and therefore not a useful term for policy or evaluation. Inequity can be horizontal or vertical. Horizontal inequity indicates that people with the same needs do not have access to the same resources. Vertical inequity exists when people with greater needs are not provided with greater resources. In population surveys, similar use of services across...
Unsteady Aerodynamics Modeling for Aircraft Maneuvers: a New Approach Using Time-Dependent Surrogate Modeling

A new approach for computing the unsteady and nonlinear aerodynamic loads acting on a maneuvering aircraft is presented. This approach is based on Duhamel’s superposition integral using indicial (step) response functions. The novelty of this approach relies on the development of a time-dependent surrogate model that fits the relationship between flight conditions (Mach number and angle of attack) and indicial functions calculated from a limited number of simulations (samples). The aircraft studied in the current paper exhibit highly nonlinear roll moment and therefore a very large number of step functions need to be calculated to accurately predict the aerodynamic behavior at each instant of time spent in aircraft maneuvers. The reduced order model, along with the surrogate model, provide a mean for rapid calculation of step functions and predicting aerodynamic forces and moments during maneuvering flight. The maneuvers are generated using a time-optimal prediction code with the feasible solutions based on the vehicle control and state constraints. Results presented show that the developed surrogate model aids in reducing the overall computational cost to develop cost-effective reduced-order models. It is also demonstrated that the reduced order model used can accurately predict timemarching solutions of maneuvering aircraft, but with an advantage that reduced order model predictions only require on the order of a few seconds of computational time.
Dark Matter Searches with Astroparticle Data

The existence of dark matter (DM) was first noticed by Zwicky in the 1930s, but its nature remains one of the great unsolved problems of physics. A variety of observations indicate that it is nonbaryonic and nonrelativistic. One of the preferred candidates for nonbaryonic DM is a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) that in most models is stable. WIMP self-annihilation can produce cosmic rays, gamma rays, and other particles with signatures that may be detectable. Hints of anomalous cosmic-ray spectra found by recent experiments, such as PAMELA, have motivated interesting interpretations in terms of DM annihilation and/or decay. However, these signatures also have standard astrophysical interpretations, so additional evidence is needed in order to make a case for detection of DM annihilation or decay. Searches by the Fermi-LAT for gamma-ray signals from clumps, nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies, and galaxy clusters have also been performed, along with measurements of the diffuse Galactic and extragalactic gammaray emission. In addition, Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes like HESS, MAGIC, and VERITAS have reported on searches for gamma-ray emission from dwarf galaxies. In this review, we examine the status of searches for particle DM by these instruments and discuss the interpretations and resulting DM limits.
Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns, and the Extent of the Market

If economic growth relies upon the extent-of-the-market, then openness will decrease the connection between initial income and later growth. Alternatively, learning-by-doing models suggest that wealth will be more positively correlated with growth in open economies, because trade causes advanced economies to specialize in products with more opportunities for learning. We examine twentieth century less developed countries and nineteenth century U. S. states. In both data sets, there is a much stronger correlation between growth and initial wealth among closed economies. These findings support the importance of the extent-of-the-market, and aggregate demand in fostering growth.
A gold rush theory of economic development

I present a stylized theory of regional development in which regional ‘first nature’ characteristics do not map uniquely into regional outcomes. The ‘second nature’ force is social learning about fixed but unknown regional characteristics which can bring about self-reinforcing regional development. The key difference from other agglomeration economies is that the extent of local economic activity only influences beliefs about productivity but not actual productivity so that there are no localized external increasing returns.
Addition reactions of cyclic s-trans-enaminones with Grignard reagents.

Abstract Addition of Grignard reagents to s-trans -enaminones derived from 1,3-cycloalkanediones are described. In dichloromethane, addition of phenylmagnesium bromide gave 3-phenyl substituted cycloalkenones. Alkylmagnesium halides underwent multiple addition reactions, giving mixtures of the 3-alkylcycloalkenones and 1,3-dialkyl-3-(dialkylamino)cyclohexenes. In tetrahydrofuran, only the 3-alkylcycloalkenone was obtained.
Noise cancellation for hearing aids

The usefulness of hearing aids is severely limited by the existence of the 'cocktail party effect'. This is due to the very high sensitivity of hearing aid wearers to interfering sounds. A description is given of the result of some work aimed at alleviating this problem. The approach involved the use of an adaptive array of microphones to cancel out the interference. An evaluation is presented of the applicability of the approach and an algorithm for carrying it out is proposed. A unique feature of the algorithm is the use of a measure of fit of the resulting signal to the true signal which matches only the first new autocorrelation coefficients of the true signal through the use of an instrumental variable technique. In this way, a relatively shorter filter may be used. The algorithm was successfully applied in small rooms and for free field conditions. For larger rooms, the results are somewhat degraded. A hearing test carried out with both hearing-impaired and normal people showed a definite improvement in intelligibility scores. >
Time delay estimation in unknown Gaussian spatially correlated noise

A class of methods that estimate the difference in arrival time between two signals corrupted by spatially correlated Gaussian noise sources of unknown cross correlation is presented. The methods are based on the idea of comparing the similarities between the two sensor measurements in higher-order spectrum domains (bispectrum) rather than in the cross-correlation domain. It is demonstrated that the time delay estimation techniques based on higher-order spectra suppress the effect of correlated Gaussian noise sources and therefore exhibit improved performance over generalized cross-correlation methods. Studies are shown for different lengths of data records and signal-to-noise ratios. >
Sequential Procurement With Subcontracting

Two symmetric sellers are approached sequentially by fragmented buyers. Each buyer conducts a second-price auction and purchases from the seller who offers the lower price. Winning an auction affects bidding for future contracts because the sellers have nonconstant marginal costs. We assume that the sellers are completely informed, and we study the unique equilibrium that survives iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies. If subcontracting between the sellers is impossible, the final allocation of contracts is generally inefficient. If postauction subcontracting is possible, the sellers can be worse off, ex ante, than when subcontracting is impossible.
Lattice QCD on small computers

Abstract We demonstrate that lattice QCD calculations can be made 103–106 times faster by using very coarse lattices. To obtain accurate results, we replace the standard lattice actions by perturbatively-improved actions with tadpole-improved correction terms that remove the leading errors due to the lattice. To illustrate the power of this approach, we calculate the static-quark potential, and the charmonium spectrum and wavefunctions using a desktop computer. We obtain accurate results that are independent of the lattice spacing and agree well with experiment.
Homogeneous two-component polycondensation without strict stoichiometric balance via the Tsuji-Trost reaction: remote control of two reaction sites by catalysis.

Carothers and Flory established the fundamental principles of homogeneous two-component polycondensation reactions by which a variety of commonly used polymers such as polyesters and polyamides (nylons) are synthesized even now. One of the most critical factors to achieve a high degree of polymerization is a strict adherence of stoichiometric balance of the two components. An imbalanced ratio of the two starting materials leads to lower degree of polymerization and, consequently, polymers of poor quality. Here we report the details of a strategy, validated by appropriate experiments, which enables an efficient homogeneous two-component polycondensation via palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution (the Tsuji−Trost) reaction without strict stoichiometric balance.
Carbonyl difluoride : reactions with metal-phosphine complexes

Abstract Nickel complexes of the composition [Ni(L) n ]X 2 [L = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dpm), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dpe) and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dpp), X = Cl − , Br − and I − , n = 1, 2] were allowed to react with carbonyl difluoride under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions at ambient temperature or above. The dpm ligands of [Ni(dpm)]X 2 and [Ni(dpm) 2 ]X 2 were oxidatively fluorinated to the phosphorane but the complexes of the composition [Ni(dpe)]X 2 and [Ni(dpp)]X 2 did not react with carbonyl difluoride under any conditions tried. The 1:2 complexes [Ni(dpe) 2 ]X 2 and [Ni(dpp) 2 ]X 2 reacted with carbonyl difluoride at 25 °C in CH 2 Cl 2 to form fluorinated phosphoranes and the 1:1 complexes [Ni(dpe)]X 2 and [Ni(dpp)]X 2 , respectively. Carbonyl difluoride was found to react with the neutral complexes [Ni(dpp) 2 ] and [Ni(dpe) 2 ] to give the stoichiometric amounts of oxidatively fluorinated phosphoranes.
It’s Been a Long Time Comin’ An Examination of Public Personnel Research in PAR and ROPPA in Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

This article provides a decade by decade examination of major themes in the public personnel literature as published in two leading journals: Public Administration Review and Review of Public Perso...
New Analysis of Manifold Embeddings and Signal Recovery from Compressive Measurements

Abstract Compressive Sensing (CS) exploits the surprising fact that the information contained in a sparse signal can be preserved in a small number of compressive, often random linear measurements of that signal. Strong theoretical guarantees have been established concerning the embedding of a sparse signal family under a random measurement operator and on the accuracy to which sparse signals can be recovered from noisy compressive measurements. In this paper, we address similar questions in the context of a different modeling framework. Instead of sparse models, we focus on the broad class of manifold models, which can arise in both parametric and non-parametric signal families. Using tools from the theory of empirical processes, we improve upon previous results concerning the embedding of low-dimensional manifolds under random measurement operators. We also establish both deterministic and probabilistic instance-optimal bounds in l 2 for manifold-based signal recovery and parameter estimation from noisy compressive measurements. In line with analogous results for sparsity-based CS, we conclude that much stronger bounds are possible in the probabilistic setting. Our work supports the growing evidence that manifold-based models can be used with high accuracy in compressive signal processing.
Adaptive smoothing: a general tool for early vision

A method to smooth a signal while preserving discontinuities is presented. This is achieved by repeatedly convolving the signal with a very small averaging mask weighted by a measure of the signal continuity at each point. Edge detection can be performed after a few iterations, and features extracted from the smoothed signal are correctly localized (hence, no tracking is needed). This last property allows the derivation of a scale-space representation of a signal using the adaptive smoothing parameter k as the scale dimension. The relation of this process to anisotropic diffusion is shown. A scheme to preserve higher-order discontinuities and results on range images is proposed. Different implementations of adaptive smoothing are presented, first on a serial machine, for which a multigrid algorithm is proposed to speed up the smoothing effect, then on a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) parallel machine such as the Connection Machine. Various applications of adaptive smoothing such as edge detection, range image feature extraction, corner detection, and stereo matching are discussed. >
Avoiding the “brick wall of awkward”: Perspectives of youth with autism spectrum disorder on social-focused intervention practices

Many youth with autism spectrum disorder participate in school-based, peer-mediated intervention programs designed to improve their social experiences. However, there is little research discerning how these youth view intervention practices currently represented in the literature, information which could improve the social validity of intervention programming. In this mixed-methods study, we interviewed 33 youth with autism spectrum disorder about seven social-focused, peer-mediated intervention components. We asked participants to rate the favorability of each component to determine their degree of liking. Subsequently, we asked participants to give a rationale for their rating, in order to explore influencing factors. Chi-square tests indicated that high ratings were most prevalent for recruiting peers and family involvement and medium ratings were most prevalent for meeting with peers. Analyses of variance also indicated that preferences in the specific format intervention components were delivered. Several themes emerged from our qualitative analysis of open-ended responses, including the ramifications of adults in adolescent social life, the advantages of learning through shared activities with peers, and the effects of disclosing disability status. Our findings will offer guidance for researchers and practitioners interested in individualizing interventions to reflect student preferences. Furthermore, we document areas of concern for youth with autism spectrum disorder as they access school-based interventions.
Splitting the concordance group of algebraically slice knots

As a corollary of work of Ozsv ath and Szab o [8], it is shown that the classical concordance group of algebraically slice knots has an innite cyclic summand and in particular is not a divisible group.
Carbon storage: the economic efficiency of storing CO2 in leaky reservoirs

Fossil fuels can be used with minimal atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide by capturing and storing the CO2 away in geologic structures. However, stored CO2 can leak back to the atmosphere reducing the utility of this technology. To explore the trade-offs between discounting, leakage, the cost of sequestration and the energy penalty (the energy necessary to capture, transport and inject carbon underground), we derive analytic expressions for the value of leaky CO2 storage compared to perfect storage when storage is a marginal component of the energy system. If the annual leak rate is 1% and the discount rate is 4%, for example, then CO2 mitigation using leaky storage is worth 80% of mitigation with perfect storage. Using an integrated assessment numerical model (DIAM) to explore the role of leakage when CO2 storage is non-marginal, we find that a leakage rate of 0.1% is nearly the same as perfect storage while a leakage rate of 0.5% renders storage unattractive. The possibility of capturing CO2 from the air, not only from flue gases, makes storage with higher leakage rates interesting. Finally, we speculate about the role of imperfect carbon storage in carbon accounting and trading.
National Ignition Facility target design and fabrication

The current capsule target design for the first ignition experiments at the NIF Facility beginning in 2009 will be a copper-doped beryllium capsule, roughly 2 mm in diameter with 160-µm walls. The capsule will have a 75-µm layer of solid deuterium-tritium on the inside surface, and the capsule will be powered by X-rays generated from a gold/uranium cocktail hohlraum. The design specifications are extremely rigorous, particularly with respect to interfaces, which must be very smooth to inhibit Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth. This paper outlines the current design, and focuses on the challenges and advances in capsule fabrication and characterization; hohlraum fabrication, and deuterium-tritium layering and characterization.
Supersymmetry, naturalness and light higgsinos

We compare and contrast three different sensitivity measures, $$\Delta _{\mathrm{EW}}^{-1}$$ , $$\Delta _{\mathrm{HS}}^{-1}$$ and $$\Delta _{\mathrm{BG}}^{-1}$$ that have been used in discussions of fine-tuning. We argue that though not a fine-tuning measure, $$\Delta _{\mathrm{EW}}$$ , which is essentially determined by the particle spectrum, is important because $$\Delta _{\mathrm{EW}}^{-1}$$ quantifies the minimum fine-tuning present in any theory with a specified spectrum. We emphasize the critical role of incorporating correlations between various model parameters in discussions of fine-tuning. We provide toy examples to show that if we can find high scale theories with specific correlations amongst parameters, the value of the traditional fine-tuning measure $$\Delta _{\mathrm{BG}}^{-1}$$ (which differs significantly from $$\Delta _{\mathrm{HS}}^{-1}$$ only when these correlations are important) would be close to $$\Delta _{\mathrm{EW}}^{-1}$$ . We then set up the radiatively driven natural supersymmetric framework that we advocate for phenomenological analyses of natural models of supersymmetry and review the implications of naturalness for LHC and ILC searches for SUSY as well as for searches for SUSY dark matter.
A self-balancing space vector switching modulator for three-level motor drives

This paper describes how to formulate a self-balancing space vector modulator for the three-level neutral point clamp topology typically used for high power induction motor drives. Besides space vector modulation principle is used to calculate pattern times within one control update cycle, several other techniques are proposed in order to obtain a production quality modulator. These include a pivot point concept to be used for pattern selections in order to achieve minimum switching losses, techniques for neutral point voltage balancing, power device minimum on/off time guarantee, adjacent state switching, and sine triangular equivalent etc. Lab test results are given for effectiveness of the modulator.
The Sensing Capacity of Sensor Networks

This paper demonstrates fundamental limits of sensor networks for detection problems where the number of hypotheses is exponentially large. Such problems characterize many important applications including detection and classification of targets in a geographical area using a network of seismic sensors, and detecting complex substances with a chemical sensor array. We refer to such applications as large-scale detection problems. Using the insight that these problems share fundamental similarities with the problem of communicating over a noisy channel, we define the “sensing capacity” and lower bound it for a number of sensor network models. The sensing capacity expression differs significantly from the channel capacity due to the fact that for a fixed sensor configuration, codewords are dependent and nonidentically distributed. The sensing capacity provides a bound on the minimal number of sensors required to detect the state of an environment to within a desired accuracy. The results differ significantly from classical detection theory, and provide an intriguing connection between sensor networks and communications. In addition, we discuss the insight that sensing capacity provides for the problem of sensor selection.
Pathological gambling as an insanity defense

Recognition of pathological gambling as a diagnostic and clinical entity has been paralleled by its use as an insanity defense by gamblers engaged in criminal behavior. The societal ramifications of exculpation for crimes committed by volitionally impaired defendants require a critical analysis of the relationship between mental illness and criminal acts. Following a summary of current knowledge about pathological gambling as a clinical disorder, case law relevant to its use as an insanity defense is reviewed. It is argued that pathological gambling is not a serious mental illness for the purposes of the criminal law and that it bears no causal relationship to criminal activity. Legal and societal interests dictate that pathological gambling be excluded as a potential insanity defense.
Eliciting Informative Feedback: The Peer-Prediction Method

Many recommendation and decision processes depend on eliciting evaluations of opportunities, products, and vendors. A scoring system is devised that induces honest reporting of feedback. Each rater merely reports a signal, and the system applies proper scoring rules to the implied posterior beliefs about another rater's report. Honest reporting proves to be a Nash equilibrium. The scoring schemes can be scaled to induce appropriate effort by raters and can be extended to handle sequential interaction and continuous signals. We also address a number of practical implementation issues that arise in settings such as academic reviewing and online recommender and reputation systems.
Model-Based Diagnosis of Hybrid Systems

Techniques for diagnosing faults in hybrid systems that combine digital (discrete) supervisory controllers with analog (continuous) plants need to be different from those used for discrete or continuous systems. This paper presents a methodology for online tracking and diagnosis of hybrid systems. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach with experiments conducted on the fuel-transfer system of fighter aircraft
Derivation of general conservation laws and Ward--Takahashi identities in the functional integration method

The functional integration method is applied to derive Ward-Takahashi identities involving the energy-momentum tensor, currents, and fields. In the process of the derivation, we have introduced a variational method to derive conservation laws, in which the improved energy-momentum tensor of Callan, Coleman, and Jackiw is obtained. Establishing the correspondence between the c- number relations obtained in the functional integration method and the q-number ones resulting from the conventional way, we demonstrated that the two approaches of quantum field theory give identical results for the perturbation expansion, canonical equal-time commutation relations, etc. They are, therefore, equivalent. (auth)
The Evolution of Publishing Agreements at the University of Michigan Library

Taking as an example an open-access journal with a single editor, this article discusses the various configurations of rights agreements used by the University of Michigan Library throughout the evolution of its publishing operation, the advantages of the various models, and the reasons for moving from one to another.
The next fifty years: Some likely impacts of solid-state technology

What does technology hold in store for us in the second half-century of the transistor's existence? In an attempt to provide at least a partial answer to this question, this paper projects twelve present day trends into the coming decades. Fueled by exponential growth in the capabilities of electronic circuitry and the communications fabrics that interconnect them, the future promises a world of pervasive interconnection, customized products and services, much help with complexity, and exciting new appliances. Although this projection holds few individual surprises, the totality of what looms likely just one human generation from today amounts to little less than a fantasy world.
Queer Studies in the House of Anthropology

This review examines anthropological research on sexuality published in English since 1993, focusing on work addressing lesbian women, gay men, and transgendered persons, as well as on the use of history, linguistics, and geography in such research. Reviewing the emergence of regional literatures, it investigates how questions of globalization and the nation have moved to the forefront of anthropological research on questions of sexuality. The essay asks how questions of intersectionality, inclusion, and difference have shaped the emergence of a queer anthropology or critical anthropology of sexuality, with special reference to the relationship between sexuality and gender.
Block‐independent control of distributed structures

As a compromise between coupled control and independent modal-space control, a block-independent control method is proposed. The computational difficulties encountered in coupled control are thereby reduced significantly. The requirement on the number of actuators is shown to be lower for block-independent control than for independent modal-space control, but only moderately so. A numerical example is presented.
An XML standard for the dissemination of annotated 2D gel electrophoresis data complemented with mass spectrometry results.

Many proteomics initiatives require a seamless bioinformatics integration of a range of analytical steps between sample collection and systems modeling immediately assessable to the participants involved in the process. Proteomics profiling by 2D gel electrophoresis to the putative identification of differentially expressed proteins by comparison of mass spectrometry results with reference databases, includes many components of sample processing, not just analysis and interpretation, are regularly revisited and updated. In order for such updates and dissemination of data, a suitable data structure is needed. However, there are no such data structures currently available for the storing of data for multiple gels generated through a single proteomic experiments in a single XML file. This paper proposes a data structure based on XML standards to fill the void that exists between data generated by proteomics experiments and storing of data. In order to address the resulting procedural fluidity we have adopted and implemented a data model centered on the concept of annotated gel (AG) as the format for delivery and management of 2D Gel electrophoresis results. An eXtensible Markup Language (XML) schema is proposed to manage, analyze and disseminate annotated 2D Gel electrophoresis results. The structure of AG objects is formally represented using XML, resulting in the definition of the AGML syntax presented here. The proposed schema accommodates data on the electrophoresis results as well as the mass-spectrometry analysis of selected gel spots. A web-based software library is being developed to handle data storage, analysis and graphic representation. Computational tools described will be made available at http://bioinformatics.musc.edu/agml . Our development of AGML provides a simple data structure for storing 2D gel electrophoresis data.
An Approach for Detecting Self-propagating Email Using Anomaly Detection

This paper develops a new approach for detecting self-propagating email viruses based on statistical anomaly detection. Our approach assumes that a key objective of an email virus attack is to eventually overwhelm mail servers and clients with a large volume of email traffic. Based on this assumption, the approach is designed to detect increases in traffic volume over what was observed during the training period. This paper describes our approach and the results of our simulation-based experiments in assessing the effectiveness of the approach in an intranet setting. Within the simulation setting, our results establish that the approach is effective in detecting attacks all of the time, with very few false alarms. In addition, attacks could be detected sufficiently early so that clean up efforts need to target only a fraction of the email clients in an intranet.
DYNAMICAL FRICTION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF DARK MATTER IN BARRED GALAXIES

We use fully self-consistent N-body simulations of barred galaxies to show that dynamical friction from a dense dark matter halo dramatically slows the rotation rate of bars. Our result supports previous theoretical predictions for a bar rotating within a massive halo. On the other hand, low-density halos, such as those required for maximum disks, allow the bar to continue to rotate at a high rate. There is somewhat meager observational evidence indicating that bars in real galaxies do rotate rapidly, and we use our result to argue that dark matter halos must have a low central density in all high surface brightness disk galaxies, including the Milky Way. Bars in galaxies that have larger fractions of dark matter should rotate slowly, and we suggest that a promising place to look for such candidate objects is among galaxies of intermediate surface brightness.
Efficient power allocation for decentralized distributed space-time block coding

In this paper, we propose two ad-hoc, yet efficient, power allocation strategies for a decentralized distributed space-time block coding (Dis-STBC) system where knowledge about the channel state information (CSI) is not available at the transmitter(s). The first is an open-loop strategy which requires no control signaling; the second is a feedback-assisted strategy which requires some control signaling, but which can achieve better power-efficiency. Focusing on a particular decentralized Dis-STBC scheme (m-group), the asymptotic outage probability is derived and the power-efficiency advantages of the proposed strategies over a uniform-power strategy are illustrated by evaluating the outage and link failure probabilities.
Health Risk Analysis of Heating Fuel Choice: Case Study in Kentucky

Combustion-generated pollutants, principally those from solid-fuel including biomass and coal when cooking and heating, bring out a significant public health hazard in both developed and developing countries. Most of the existing studies addressing this issue focus on developing countries, and on exposure when cooking rather than heating. By using the Kentucky Homeplace Program data, this research explores the health risk associated with heating fuel choice. Logit model was applied to get the estimation. The results indicate that using polluting heating fuel increases the odds of suffering from respiratory disease, although this positive effect is not significantly strong. The study also shows the strong evidence that people having asthma or allergy condition are less likely to choose polluting heating, and using coal as heating fuel has significantly positive effect on the prevalence of respiratory disease. Some demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics do have significant effects on the prevalence of the respiratory disease, asthma and allergy.
What a Difference a Year Makes in the Dairy Industry

Brian K. Herbst Research Associate Department of Agricultural Economics Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843-2124 herbst@tamu.edu James W. Richardson Regents Professor and TAES Senior Faculty Fellow Department of Agricultural Economics Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843-2124 jwrichardson@tamu.edu Joe L. Outlaw Professor and Extension Economist Department of Agricultural Economics Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843-2124 joutlaw@tamu.edu David P. Anderson Associate Professor and Extension Economist Department of Agricultural Economics Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843-2124 danderson@tamu.edu Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meetings Dallas, Texas, February 2-5, 2008
Characterizing Localized Surface Plasmons Using Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy

Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) offers a window to view nanoscale properties and processes. When performed in a scanning transmission electron microscope, EELS can simultaneously render images of nanoscale objects with subnanometer spatial resolution and correlate them with spectroscopic information at a spectral resolution of ∼10-100 meV. Consequently, EELS is a near-perfect tool for understanding the optical and electronic properties of individual plasmonic metal nanoparticles and few-nanoparticle assemblies, which are significant in a wide range of fields. This review presents an overview of basic plasmonics and EELS theory and highlights several recent noteworthy experiments involving the interrogation of plasmonic metal nanoparticle systems using electron beams.