cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining cross-pivot flexures to generate improved kinematically equivalent flexure systems

Abstract We show that new kinematic equivalents with improved performance of standard flexure elements can be systematically synthesized by combination of cross-pivot flexures. Cross-pivot flexures provide a unique feature of kinematic stability under both high loading and large displacement conditions which can be exploited to synthesize a range of kinematic equivalents to standard flexure elements which retain much greater stiffness, load capacity and range capacity than the traditional elements. Cross-pivot synthetic elements provide a means to expand the performance of a large range of flexure-based structures including motion stages, manufacturing equipment and optical systems. This could result in better data collection, smaller systems, and less distortion in operation.
Embodied design for non-speaking Autistic children: the emergence of rhythmical joint action

This Design-Based-Research doctoral study examines an embodied-design technological platform being developed for non-speaking children on the Autism spectrum. The study combines my background in Linguistics, examining the naturally-occurring embodied interactions of Autistic individuals, with a mixed-methodology approach through my Ph.D in Special Education. Autism is clinically characterized by difficulties in social communication and the frequent, intense production of rhythmic motor movement (stimming). The dominance of spoken language in everyday social interaction can exclude such children from being active social participants. How do we design for the inclusive social participation of non-speaking Autistic children by fore-fronting their strengths, and empowering them with communicative agency? Beyond referential language, this study instead returns to embodied action at the core of human interaction: synchrony, coordinated movement, and affective attunement. In this dissertation, I capitalize on the utility of rhythmicity in joint action, as well as the rhythmic quality of stimming by Autistic individuals, to foster rhythmical joint action between Autistic children and their parents and siblings. Through a touch-to-sound technological platform, I surface the body as a conduit through which interaction can happen, reclaiming touch as a basic modality through which rhythmical interaction can occur. Data collection for this project is underway with 12 Autistic children and their families. By combining touch and sound, the platform serves as an environment that promotes intercorporeal rhythmical interaction.
Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese.

Abstract Currently, obesity has become a global health issue and is referred to as an epidemic. Dysfunctional obese adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in the development of insulin resistance. However, the mechanism of how dysfunctional obese-adipose tissue develops insulin-resistant circumstances remains poorly understood. Therefore, this review attempts to highlight the potential mechanisms behind obesity-associated insulin resistance. Multiple risk factors are directly or indirectly associated with the increased risk of obesity; among them, environmental factors, genetics, aging, gut microbiota, and diets are prominent. Once an individual becomes obese, adipocytes increase in their size; therefore, adipose tissues become larger and dysfunctional, recruit macrophages, and then these polarize to pro-inflammatory states. Enlarged adipose tissues release excess free fatty acids (FFAs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Excess systemic FFAs and dietary lipids enter inside the cells of non-adipose organs such as the liver, muscle, and pancreas, and are deposited as ectopic fat, generating lipotoxicity. Toxic lipids dysregulate cellular organelles, e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes. Dysregulated organelles release excess ROS and pro-inflammation, resulting in systemic inflammation. Long term low-grade systemic inflammation prevents insulin from its action in the insulin signaling pathway, disrupts glucose homeostasis, and results in systemic dysregulation. Overall, long-term obesity and overnutrition develop into insulin resistance and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation through lipotoxicity, creating the circumstances to develop clinical conditions. This review also shows that the liver is the most sensitive organ undergoing insulin impairment faster than other organs, and thus, hepatic insulin resistance is the primary event that leads to the subsequent development of peripheral tissue insulin resistance.
Measuring the organisational impact on creativity

A creative code of perceived qualities about acceptable creativity within advertising agencies has been shown to affect creative practitioners’ boundaries of creative expression. This multi stage, ...
Software Localization: Issues and Methods

This paper examines the key issues in software product and interface localization, including the cost and the specific aspects of software that must be localized, and a methodology for analyzing and documenting software localization. Software localization is the process by which computer applications are analyzed and adapted to the requirements of different markets. The paper is based on a review of relevant literature, meetings with localization industry representatives, and an ongoing participant observation in a global telehealth company. Examples from the company illustrate the localization issues and their possible outcomes or solutions. Several research studies in the area of localization are identified in the conclusion of the paper.
The syndrome of cervical aorta: Report of a case and review of the previous cases

Abstract A case of cervical aortic arch is presented, and the previous cases are reviewed. It is felt that bedside diagnosis should now be possible. It is suggested that the syndrome be strongly suspected in any patient exhibiting a pulsatile mass in the lower right cervical region associated with symptoms of vascular ring.
ROSAT Observation of the Old Classical Nova CP Puppis

CP PUPPIS is an old classical nova, that had an outburst in 1942 as one of the fastest and brightest novae ever recorded (Δ m=17 mag, t3 = 6.5 days ; V ej ≥ 1000 km/sec, Payne-Gaposhkin 1957 ). We observed it in X-rays with the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter in April 1993. The source was detected with a count rate of 0.067 ± 0.004 c/s. The total X-ray flux between 0.1 and 2.4 keV was ~ 2.88 x10-12 ergs s-1 cm-2. The spectrum is best fitted by a thermal bremsstrahlung emission model with temperature ≥ 1 keV. Temperatures as high as 30 keV are allowed within 2σ errors. The X-ray count rates are modulated with the ≃1.5 hrs. spectroscopic and photometric orbital periods (Bianchini et al. 1985; Warner 1985; O’Donoghue et al. 1989; Diaz & Steiner 1991, White et al. 1993). The significance of the modulations at the spectroscopic period detected by White et al., (1993) ( P ~ 5295 s ) was tested by a phase dispersion method and found to be at the 3σ confidence level. Considering the variation of X-ray flux with the orbital period and the possibility of high plasma temperatures in the emitting medium, we favor an intermediate polar interpretation for this system.
The ``Nays'' Have It: Exploring Effects of Sentiment in Collaborative Knowledge Sharing

In this paper we study what effects sentiment have on the temporal dynamics of user interaction and content generation in a knowledge sharing setting. We try to identify how sentiment influences interaction dynamics in terms of answer arrival, user ratings arrival, community agreement and content popularity. Our study suggests that "Negativity Bias" triggers more community attention and consequently more content contribution. Our findings provide insight into how users interact in online knowledge sharing communities, and helpful for improving existing systems.
Developmental immune history affects adult immune function but not carotenoid‐based ornamentation in mallard ducks

Summary 1. Sexually selected traits often honestly advertise aspects of individual quality, such as immune function. Such traits have traditionally been thought to reveal real-time information (e.g. current health state), but they may also reflect immunological conditions experienced during ontogeny, which can fundamentally shape survival prospects, adult immune function, and reproductive performance. 2. We tested the effects of immune challenges (injections of sheep red blood cells) during neonatal development on adult immune function and ornamental coloration in male mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Mallards have a carotenoid-pigmented beak that plays a role in mate choice, and because carotenoids are also associated with immune responsiveness, carotenoid accumulation in body tissues may change as a function of immunological state during development and into adulthood. 3. We found that mallards that received immune challenges at the completion of growth (8–10 weeks old) had a reduced proinflammatory response (as measured by the local swelling response to phytohemagglutinin; PHA) as adults, compared to control birds and those receiving immune challenges at other developmental time points. Mallards that received immune challenges during the acquisition of nuptial plumage (13–15 weeks old) had an increased humoral immune response as adults, as assessed by antibody production to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Body mass, adult beak colour, and carotenoid circulation were not affected by immune challenges issued at any point during development. 4. Circulating carotenoid levels prior to adult immune challenge and change in carotenoid titre over the course of the adult immune assessment period were correlated with degree of response to PHA and KLH at adulthood, as well as with nitric oxide production, which is associated with innate immunity. However, the direction of these correlations varied by type of immune assessment. Surprisingly, unlike in several previous studies, we found no link between beak coloration and adult immune function. 5. These findings demonstrate the importance of developmental immune challenges in shaping adult immune response, although the precise mechanisms remain unidentified. Moreover, we found support for the hypothesis that carotenoids are linked to immune function, because of the relationship between multiple immune responses and both initial and change in circulating carotenoid levels. 6. However, our study does not support the hypothesis that sexual signal expression reveals developmental immune history. Taken together, our findings suggest that the relationships between carotenoid physiology, carotenoid-based ornamentation, and immune function are complex.
The Dupuit–Marshall Theory of Competitive Equilibrium

Working with the classical expressions of demand, supply and market adjustments, the French engineer Jules Dupuit developed a model of competitive market adjustments in different time dimensions that anticipated Marshall's 'period analysis' on all important points. Dupuit's attempt to handle the complexity of economic phenomenia in a scientific fashion, by utilizing the ceter-is pcar iblus method, and the integration of this method with the 'facts' of production in a 'typical' industry, generated a huge payoff for subsequent generationis of economists. The payoff was enhanced by Marshall's refinements, anid realized by Marshall's teaching, which took root in so many able students and disciples.
Ultra-wide-bandwidth oscilloscope architectures and circuits

Users of test equipment such as oscilloscopes expect performance and accuracy beyond the level of their device under test in order to insure measurement results correspond to the DUT, not to limitations of the test equipment. This drives the use of bipolar circuitry at the front-end of high-bandwidth oscilloscopes, even if targeted at testing devices in a marketplace dominated by CMOS. Several circuit schematics in 130nm and 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS are presented to demonstrate how bipolar transistors are typically employed to provide broadband DC-coupled amplifiers, samplers, and oscilloscope triggers in the 30 to 70 GHz range. The performance metrics of these circuits depend on many parameters of the underlying process beyond Ft and Fmax, and the design effort and simulation accuracy on many effects beyond the core bipolar device model. Examples drawn from the schematics will illustrate many other facets of optimizing a fabrication process for such uses.
Fixation variables in horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry. I. The effect of fixation time and perfusion procedures upon enzyme activity.

In a series of neurohistochemical experiments the effect of aldehyde fixation upon the detection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was examined. These experiments demonstrated that: a) Increments in fixation of as little as 1 hr significantly decreased the number of labeled neurons; 12-hr fixation abolished HRP activity in many neuronal populations and significantly reduced the apparent size of the injection site. b) This negative fixation effect was greatest where the HRP concentration was low (e.g. in small, lightly labeled neurons) but was still evident in areas of high concentration (e.g. large, heavily labeled neurons). c) This effect was also most prominent when a less sensitive diaminobenzidine histochemical procedure was employed but was still apparent with a more sensitive benzidine dihydrochloride procedure. d) Immersion of the brain in fixative after perfusion produced a greater attenuation of HRP activity in more superficial areas. e) Immersion of the brain in buffer to terminate fixation produced a prolonged and unpredictable gradient of fixation. f) Excess, unbound fixative inhibited the histochemical reaction per se and had to be removed from the tissue but prolonged washing did not resurrect enzyme activity which was lost by fixation. To obviate these problems and optimize HRP enzyme activity a new perfusion-fixation procedure was developed. It entails 30 min fixation by perfusion which is terminated by a subsequent 30 min perfusion with cold sucrose-fuller to wash out unbound fixative. This allows the tissue to be processed immediately, produces a uniform and morphologically adequate fixation, and minimizes the negative effects of fixation on HRP enzyme activity.
Ménétrier disease of childhood: Role of cytomegalovirus and transforming growth factor alpha

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Because the role of cytomegalovirus in Menetrier disease in children remains unclear and recent studies have implicated transforming growth factor alpha in the pathogenesis of this disease in adults, we investigated the possibilities that (1) cytomegalovirus is etiologic in Menetrier disease in children and (2) transforming growth factor alpha mediates its development. METHODS: The presence of a cytomegaloviral infection and the pattern of transforming growth factor alpha immunolocalization were determined in the gastric mucosa of four pediatric patients with Menetrier disease, in control subjects (children with normal gastric mucosa, gastritis, or prostaglandin E 1 –induced antral hyperplasia), and in adults with Menetrier disease. RESULTS: Evidence of a cytomegaloviral infection was present only in the four children with Menetrier disease. The pattern of transforming growth factor alpha immunostaining was identical in the specimens from pediatric and adult patients with Menetrier disease. This pattern was distinct from that found in the pediatric control specimens. CONCLUSIONS: These data strengthen the possibilities that cytomegalovirus is etiologic in children and that transforming growth factor alpha is involved in the pathogenesis of Menetrier disease in both children and adults. (J P EDIATR 1996;128:213-9)
Improving Clinical Practices for Children With Language and Learning Disorders

Purpose This lead article of the Clinical Forum addresses some of the gaps that exist between clinical practice and current knowledge about instructional factors that influence learning and language development. Method Topics reviewed and discussed include principles of learning, generalization, treatment intensity, processing interventions, components of language therapy, grammar goals, and goal prioritization for students with language and learning difficulties. Conclusion The gaps that exist between current knowledge about learning, language development, and clinical practice often do not receive as much attention as the gaps in the evidence base that addresses the efficacy and effectiveness of language intervention practices and service delivery models. Fortunately, clinicians do not have to wait for future intervention studies to apply their knowledge of learning and language development to clinical practices.
Statistical properties of post-sample hedging effectiveness ☆

Abstract This paper examines the mean and the variance of post-sample hedging effectiveness. It is shown that, the hedging effectiveness measure adopted in the current literature is a biased estimator of the true hedging effectiveness. Moreover, it underestimates the true hedging effectiveness. Empirical results base upon twenty-four futures markets for the error correction hedge ratio, however, suggest the bias is negligible. On the other hand, in some markets, the variance of the hedging effectiveness is too large for the estimate to be reliable.
Management of Bleeding after Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography or Transhepatic Biliary Drain Placement

Bleeding complications occur in 2 to 3% of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drains. These complications include: hemothorax, hemoperitoneum, subcapsular hepatic bleeding, hemobilia, melena, and bleeding from the percutaneous biliary drain. The bleeding sites can be classified into (1) perihepatic bleed sites (hemothorax, hemoperitoneum, subcapsular hepatic hematoma), (2) gastrointestinal bleeding (hemobilia and/or melena), and (3) bleeding from the percutaenous biliary drain itself, which is the most common clinical presentation. There are several bleeding sources. These include skin-bleeds, intercostal artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, and the hepatic artery. There are a variety of maneuvers that can be utilized in the management of bleeding percutaneous biliary drains. These include tractography, angiography, tract embolization, arterial embolization, and tract site changes. This article proposes a protocol for approaching bleeding complications after percutaneous biliary drain placement and details the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the management of these bleeding complications.
The Generalized Degrees of Freedom Region of the MIMO Interference Channel and Its Achievability

The generalized degrees of freedom (GDoF) region of the MIMO Gaussian interference channel (IC) is obtained for the general case of an arbitrary number of antennas at each node and where the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and interference-to-noise ratios vary with arbitrary exponents to a nominal SNR. The GDoF-optimal coding scheme involves message splitting and partial interference decoding and consists of linear Gaussian superposition coding of the private and common submessages that can be seen as jointly performing signal-space and signal-level interference alignment. The admissible degree of freedom (DoF)-splits between the private and common messages are also specified. A study of the GDoF region reveals various insights through the joint dependence of optimal interference management techniques at high SNR on the SNR exponents and the numbers of antennas at the four terminals. For instance, it reveals that, unlike in the scalar IC, treating interference as noise is not always GDoF-optimal even in the very weak interference regime. Moreover, while the DoF-optimal strategy that relies just on transmit/receive zero-forcing beamforming and time sharing is not GDoF optimal (and thus has an unbounded gap to capacity), the precise characterization of the very strong interference regime-where single-user DoF performance can be achieved simultaneously for both users-depends on the relative numbers of antennas at the four terminals and thus deviates from what it is in the single-input single-output case. For asymmetric numbers of antennas at the four nodes, the shape of the symmetric GDoF curve can be a “distorted W” curve to the extent that for certain multiple-input multiple-output ICs it is a “V” curve.
Reduction of renin-release by puromycin

Puromycin infused into a renal artery (10–125 μg/kg/min for 20 min) of anaesthetized dogs consistently reduced renin activity in samples of renal venous blood when kidneys were perfused at lowered pressures. It did not affect the smaller amounts of renin present in the renal venous effluent from kidneys perfused at normal pressures. Since renin is a protein and puromycin is known to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro , it seemed logical to attribute reduction of renin-release by puromycin to inhibition of renin synthesis. But because of the early reduction of renin-release in most kidneys perfused at lowered pressures, it is probable that another mechanism is involved. However, puromycin had no effect in vitro either on the amount of angiotensin formed when it was added to incubation mixtures containing known amounts of dog renin and its substrate, or on the appearance of renin from isolated slices of dogs' kidney cortex incubated in Kreb's buffer solution.
Termination of Parental Rights for Parents with Substance Use Disorder: For Whom and Then What?

The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlates of termination of parental rights (TPR) for parents with substance use disorder (SUD) and to determine what happens with regard to permanency once a TPR decision is made. Bivariate techniques and hierarchical nonlinear modeling are used. Parents of older youth, boys, and Hispanics were less likely, whereas parents who failed to make progress in substance use treatment and parenting skills are more likely to experience TPR. At follow up, 85% of the children were adopted, 7% remained in a substitute care settings, and 7% were reunified with their parents. Concerns remain for children without a permanent home setting.
Osteonecrosis of the glenoid. A case report.

Osteonecrosis has been described in multiple joints within the human musculoskeletal anatomy and is commonly found within the femoral head, femoral condyles, humeral head1,2, and some of the smaller bones of the foot and hand. Often, however, the etiology of osteonecrosis remains unknown. We are reporting what we believe to be a case of osteonecrosis of the glenoid secondary to disruption of its blood supply after placement of multiple suture anchors in its body and neck. Our search of the literature revealed only one previously reported case of osteonecrosis of the glenoid secondary to trauma3. That report describes a patient who fell from a bus onto her outstretched hand. The diagnosis of osteonecrosis was based only on a finding of subchondral lucency in the glenoid on plain radiographs; no biopsy was performed. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications relieved the patient's symptoms, and she continued to be asymptomatic at the time of follow-up. The case that we are reporting raises concern that the vascular supply of the glenoid may have been injured through the implantation of surgical devices within or through the glenoid neck and body. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. Figs. 1-A and 1-B Anteroposterior (Fig. 1-A) and axillary (Fig. 1-B) plain radiographs show suture anchors and no substantial architectural abnormality. Athirty-one-year-old woman who had been followed in our clinic after sustaining a left proximal humeral fracture in April 2004 (the fracture healed uneventfully) presented in November 2004 with new pain in the right (contralateral) shoulder. She described increasingly severe pain that had begun with her dependence on the right upper extremity during the healing of the left extremity. The …
Somatic and central nervous system growth in artificially reared rat pups

Rearing preweanling rat pups away from their mothers by feeding through chronic intragastric cannulas has been shown to result in alterations in the growth of specific organs. In the present study, artificially reared (AR) rats and their normally reared (NR) siblings were sacrificed at various ages during this procedure to determine the time course of these alterations. Brain growth deficits were detected within 24 hours, peaked after 8 days of artificial rearing and showed some recovery by the end of the study. By day 18, the livers, kidneys and spleens of the AR pups were significantly larger than those of their NR siblings. The spleens showed an initial decrease in weight compared to the spleens of the NR pups. However, by day 18, the spleens of the AR group were significantly larger than those of the NR group.
A Novel CMOS Frequency-Mixing Transimpedance Amplifier for Frequency Domain Near Infrared Spectroscopy

This paper presents the design and measurement results of a novel frequency-mixing transimpedance amplifier (FM-TIA), which is the key building block towards a monolithically integrated optical sensor front-end for frequency domain near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (FD-NIRS). The FM-TIA employs a T-feedback network incorporating a gate-controlled transistor for resistance modulation, enabling the simultaneous down-conversion and amplification of the high frequency modulated photodiode (PD) current. The proposed FM-TIA is capable of operating either in the traditional wideband mode or the frequency-mixing mode, depending on the applied gate control voltage. A wideband post amplifier is implemented on chip to characterize both modes for comparative study. The wideband mode achieves 107 dBΩ transimpedance gain with 200 MHz bandwidth for 4 pF photodiode capacitance. The measured total integrated input referred current noise is 158 nArms . When the TIA is modulated by a 100 MHz signal with 0.5 V amplitude in the mixing mode, it achieves 92 dBΩ conversion gain. The measured 1 dB compression point is 3.1 μA and IIP3 is 10.6 μA. The input-referred current noise integrated up to 50 kHz is only 10.4 nArms, which is 15 times lower than the wideband mode noise. The FM-TIA together with the post amplifier draws 23 mA from a 1.8 V power supply, where the output buffer consumes 16.15 mA.
Messy Problems and Lay Audiences: Teaching Critical Thinking Within the Finance Curriculum

This article investigates the critical thinking difficulties of finance majors when asked to address ill-structured finance problems. The authors build on previous research in which they asked students to analyze an ill-structured investment problem and recommend a course of action. The results revealed numerous critical thinking weaknesses, including a failure to address the client's problem, use analytical tools systematically, construct rhetorically useful graphics, or translate finance concepts and methodologies into lay language. The present research aims to understand more deeply why students struggle with ill-structured problems. Using think-aloud protocols, audiotaped interviews, and other strategies, the authors explore causes of finance students' difficulties and suggest strategies for addressing them. The results suggest that the homework tasks typically given them, such as quantitative problem sets using algorithmic procedures, do not prepare them to confront ill-structured problems requiring ...
DC flashover performance of ice-covered insulator strings adopted in ±800kV transmission lines based on up-and-down method

Based on up-and-down withstand method, a new approach and procedure to perform icing flashover test for insulator strings of DC system are proposed and achieved, through which 50% flashover voltage of iced insulators can be evaluated under one constant test voltage. The approach accords with real operation condition of DC system, which is better than methods based on rising voltage to flashover. Tests are carried out in the artificial climate chamber (diameter 22m, height 34m) of Pollution and Environment Lab at China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI). Under full-scale conditions (insulator string length 12.5m), icing flashover characteristics of long insulator strings adopted in ±800kV UHV DC transmission lines are obtained. Both in icing and melting phase, 50% flashover voltage and deviation of insulator string are obtained, which shows flashovers occurring at melting phase are more easier than that at icing phase. Comparison between rising voltage to flashover method and up-and-down method is made, which shows advantages of the latter. Under constant test voltage, the distribution of icicles and air gaps along insulator string is relatively fixed. Besides, leakage current is analyzed to explain the flashover or withstand process of long insulator strings under constant DC voltage.
European corn borer: Pheromonal catabolism and behavioral response to sex pheromone

When physiologically excessive amounts of the female sex pheromone of the European corn borer (ECB) or esters analogous to the pheromone were applied to the antennae of males, their behavioral responsiveness to pheromone in a flight tunnel was significantly impaired for 2 hr. Concurrent quantitative analyses of heptane extracts of the male antennae by gasliquid chromatography showed that the compounds applied to antennae were hydrolyzed and, at 2 and 4 hr posttreatment, little or none of the compound applied or hydrolysis product was detectable in the antennal extracts. After 4 hr of in vivo incubation, male responsiveness to pheromone was restored among moths treated with the analogs but not among moths treated with pheromone. Esterase activity on the antennae was moderately inhibited in vivo by a pheromone analog that is a so-called transition-state esterase inhibitor, 1,1, 1-trifluoro-14-heptadecen-2-one. However, the analog did not inhibit male behavior when it was coevaporated with pheromone in a flight-tunnel assay. Therefore, in the presence of pheromone, the analog did not compete well for esterase or the pheromone receptor. Treating the antennae of intact males with tetrahydrofuran obliterated sex pheromone response capability in males, but the treatment did not significantly attenuate esterase and other catabolic activity of the antennae. Indications are that degradation of esters on the ECB antennae involves substrate-nonspecific esterase activity and other metabolic processes that in turn remove hydrolysis products from the antennae. Maintenance of a male's ability to respond to pheromone is linked to these processes.
All Single Traveling Wave Solutions to (3+1)-Dimensional Nizhnok-Novikov-Veselov Equation

Using elementary integral method, a complete classification of all possible exact traveling wave solutions to (3+1)-dimensional Nizhnok–Novikov–Veselov equation is given. Some solutions are new.
VI. Redefinition Reviewed: What `Toward a Redefinition of Sex and Gender' Can Offer Today

Although I became familiar with Rhoda Unger’s work a decade ago while I was a postgraduate student, I only recently came to read ‘Toward a Redefinition of Sex and Gender’ (1979). Coming to it almost 30 years after it was published, and being already familiar with her later work, of course, provides one with a somewhat different point of engagement. In a sense, I cannot help but see the paper as the first steps taken on the road to a prolific, distinguished and influential career that has contributed much to feminist psychology. Yes, inescapably, the paper is the product of a particular time and of a particular matrix of debates, being, as it was, part of a wider move in feminist writing to problematize the relationship between gender and sex (see also Kessler and McKenna, 1978). It probably falls most neatly into the tradition that Wilkinson, in her review of five feminist challenges to mainstream psychology, identifies as the ‘Mismeasure of women’ (1997). Indeed, Unger herself in 1996 grouped the paper primarily as a criticism of method, along with those of Weisstein (1993[1968]), Sherif (1979) and Wallston (1981). While one could suppose that this might consign the paper to the drawer marked ‘of historical interest’, I would argue that this would be a serious underestimation of the role the arguments proposed in the paper play within current feminist endeavours, particularly pedagogical ones. Whereas those who have a broad knowledge of feminist scholarship might feel that we have moved beyond some of the points raised by the paper, I would contend that a substantial audience remains who might gain much from its reading. As a university lecturer, the audience to which I refer is that made up by undergraduate students. Year upon year, students arrive full of enthusiasm and, at the first opportunity in their research methods workshops, they unthinkingly and unquestioningly include
THE DIALECTIC DIVISIONS OF THE MOQUELUMNAN FAMILY IN RELATION TO THE INTERNAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE OTHER LINGUISTIC FAMILIES OF CALIFORNIA

As a linguistic area California is noted for the number of its distinct stocks or families. With a few doubtful exceptions these families stand practically as they were originally determined, and the most recent investigations as yet give but little indication that their number, which is above twenty, will be materially reduced through the discovery of identities resulting from deeper study. As to the number and nature of the subdivisions of these families there is however still much confusion. Comparatively abundant material in the form of vocabularies has been extant for many years, but the character of this material is such as to give rise to as many doubts as positive determinations. The vocabularies were collected at different places and at different times by various observers, many of them untrained, using the crudest orthographies, and at times very imperfectly acquainted with the modes of life and the ideas that shape and condition the vocabulary of any people. In many cases it is therefore not impossible that dissimilar vocabularies represented similar or even identical dialects. Instances of this sort are not lacking, as is witnessed by the several Wishosk or Wiyot vocabularies, which are only interpretations of one undifferentiated language. On the other hand, until direct evidence has been brought to the contrary, it is always possible that the dissimilar word-lists represent dialects that are actually different. Between these two possibilities there is little room for any certainty in each case until more satisfactory information has become available. On the one hand there has been a tendency among scholars not personally acquainted with the native languages of California, to regard the families of the state, which in their territorial extent and 652
Verification of numerical simulation of the self-assembly of polymer-polymer- solvent ternary blends on a heterogeneously functionalized substrate

The directed self-assembly of polymer-polymer-solvent ternary blends on heterogeneously functionalized substrate is investigated with a three dimensional numerical model. The numerical simulation results are quantitatively verified by the experimental results. The phase separation of PS-PMMA-DMF blends are spin coated on a substrate functionalized by ODT/NH2 on Au surface. While many simulation parameters are set to the experimental conditions, other unmeasurable material constitutive model parameters are estimated from the real experiment observations. The effects of the spin speed, pattern periodicity, PS/PAA composition ratio, and the PAA molecular weight are investigated in both the experiments and numerical simulation. The simulation results are verified by comparison to the experimental results. During the verification process, numerical optimization methods are employed to determine the unmeasurable physical parameters. Quantitative methods are introduced for assessment of the results.
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN THE RAT: CHARACTERIZATION OF A LATERAL FLUID-PERCUSSION MODEL

ABSTRACT Fluid-percussion models of traumatic brain injury produce injury by rapidly injecting fluid volumes into the epidural space. In the present study, we characterized the physiological, histopathological, and neurological responses in a new model of midline (vertex) fluid-percussion injury of graded severity in the rat. All levels of injury produced transient (acute) hypertension, which was followed by a significant and prolonged hypotension at the higher levels of injury. There was also postinjury suppression if EEG amplitudes, which was related to the severity of injury. However, there were no significant changes in brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAERs) at any level of injury. Neurological scores over a 4-week postinjury period were directly correlated with the severity of injury. Survival rates were significantly decreased at the higher magnitudes of injury. The extent of postinjury hemorrhage and blood-brain barrier disruption (as evidenced by extravasation of Evans Blue Albumin complex) ...
Integrated Microfluidic Devices for Studying Aging and Adhesion of Individual Bacteria

Analysis of single cells provides powerful insight into biological processes that are often missed when a population of cells is studied as an ensemble. We are developing microfluidic-based approaches coupled with optical microscopy to track individual bacteria and to improve the temporal and spatial resolution of single-cell measurements. The microfluidic devices automate the steps of cell culture, synchronization, reagent delivery, and analysis. To study cell growth and aging, we integrated nanochannel arrays into the microfluidic devices that physically trap bacteria. The bacteria grow and divide along the nanochannels in one-dimension, and parent cells and their progeny are easily tracked from generation to generation. With these devices, we are able to determine cell growth and division rates, accumulation of cellular damage over time, and inheritance from one generation to the next. For the adhesion studies, swarmer cells are synchronized in our “baby machine” and delivered to adjacent microchannels where we monitor adhesion of individual bacteria to channel surfaces. To better understand how bacteria attach to surfaces, rates of attachment of mutant strains that lack pili and motility are compared to the rate of attachment of wild-type cells.
Abstract 1040: An integrated analysis of EMT across diverse cancer types identifies new potential therapeutic targets

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a marker of resistance to specific targeted drugs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), and other epithelial cancer and may be associated with poor patient outcomes. Here we performed an integrated molecular analysis in 1934 tumors representing 11 different cancer types in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and 1264 representative cell lines to investigate new potential therapeutic targets (PTTs) in mesenchymal tumors. Methods: For each tumor, we correlated the EMT score (based on expression of an EMT gene signature) with mutation status, copy number alterations (CNA), mRNA, miRNA, and protein expression. PTTs expressed in mesenchymal tumors were investigated in vitro using publically available drug sensitivity datasets (DSDs) by correlating IC50s with EMT score. Results: Most cancer types exhibited a range of EMT scores that included both epithelial and mesenchymal tumors, with the exception of kidney clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) (all mesenchymal) and ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) (primarily epithelial). Patients with mesenchymal OV and HNSC experienced shorter overall survival (p=0.029 and 0.076, respectively). BAP1 and PP2R1A mutations were more frequent in mesenchymal tumors, independent of primary site (adjusted p value 0.3). PTTs commonly expressed in mesenchymal tumors included AXL, PDGFRA/B, MMP2 and DDR2 (r>0.6). Of these, investigation of the DSDs supported in vitro sensitivity of mesenchymal cell lines overall to PDGFR and GSK3 inhibitors, but resistance to drugs targeting ErbB family members, including the dual VEGF/EGFR inhibitor vandetanib (p<0.001) and drugs targeting Her2 and/or EGFR (p<0.001). In contrast, other EMT-associated drug resistance was tissue specific, such as resistance of mesenchymal breast cancer lines to mTOR inhibition (p 0.03). Conclusions: Application of the EMT signature to diverse tumor types identifies highly conserved patterns of gene and miRs expression, including high miR-199a expression in mesenchymal cancers. While mutational landscape and CNAs were most often driven by tumor type, protein expression and drug sensitivity were influenced by a combination of tumor type and EMT status. New associations between drug response and EMT were identified, such as the sensitivity of mesenchymal cancers to PDGFR and GSK3 inhibitors, that warrant further investigation. Citation Format: Pan Tong, Milena P. Mak, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Patrick Kwok-Shing Ng, You-hong Fan, William N. William, John V. Heymach, Kevin R. Coombes, Lauren Averett Byers. An integrated analysis of EMT across diverse cancer types identifies new potential therapeutic targets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1040. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1040
Qualities of color vision in infancy.

Abstract Four-month-old infants attended differentially to eight equally bright, monochromatic spectral lights; that is, they discriminated colors. Moreover, infants showed the same pattern of differential attention regardless of experimental group (different groups of infants saw different subsets of all possible pairings of colors) or experimental method (paired comparisons or single stimulus). In general, the differential attention of infants to colors parallels the ratings of the pleasantness of those same colors by adults. Finally, infants looked significantly longer at color category centers than at color category boundaries. These results suggest that looking at this early stage of infancy can better be understood in terms of preference rather than in terms of stimulus categorization. The results also provide further evidence for a neural excitation model of early visual attention.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MEK) Activity Is Required for Inhibition of Skeletal Muscle Differentiation by Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 or Fibroblast Growth Factor 2

Both insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) are key modulators of skeletal myoblast differentiation. The critical signaling pathways used by either IGF-1 or FGF-2 to inhibit differentiation have not been determined. In this study, we show that both IGF-1 and FGF-2 inhibit the differentiation of 23A2 myoblasts and that both stimulate signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK) to MAPK roughly 8-fold in 23A2 myoblasts. We used the selective chemical inhibitor of MEK, PD 098059, to determine if signaling by MEK is required by IGF-1 or FGF-2 to inhibit differentiation. PD 098059 did not affect the ability of 23A2 myoblasts to differentiate. Addition of PD 098059 to the culture medium 10 min before the addition of IGF-1 or FGF-2 completely blocked the signal from MEK to MAPK and restored the ability of the 23A2 myoblasts to differentiate in the presence of either IGF-1 or FGF-2. The peak of signaling through MEK to MAPK in response to either IGF-1 or FGF-2 occurred within the first hour with maximal activation observed after 10 min. This signal remained elevated (at roughly 70% above basal) for at least 48 h. PD 098059 was added to the culture 60 min after IGF-1 or FGF-2 to test whether this initial peak of signaling was sufficient for the inhibition of differentiation. The restoration of myogenic potential seen when cells were preincubated with PD 098059 was essentially identical to that seen when PD 098059 was added to cultures after the initial peak of signaling from MEK to MAPK, suggesting that persistent signaling through MEK is required for the inhibition of differentiation by either IGF-1 or FGF-2.
Caribbean Family Organization: A Comparative Analysis1

CARIBBEAN family organization is characterized by a domestic system in which women play a dominant role. This type of family organization is not just confined to the Caribbean, but is found throughout southern United States and Latin America, a view which has been expressed by R. T. Smith (1956: 240-47), Richard Adams (1960:30-33), and William Goode (1961:912). However, it must be pointed out that these family systems are not found universally throughout the New World but seem to be confined to lower class, non-tribal populations. Caribbean family systems have a large number of features in common; M. G. Smith (1962a: 244) lists at least 23, the most important for an understanding of the functioning of these systems being (1) a mating system characterized by marriage and consensual unions, and (2) households headed by persons of either sex. Each of these attributes, which are characterized by two dimensions, can differ quantitatively from community to community. For example, in some communities the percentage of consensual unions is high, in other communities it is low; or, to select the other attribute, the percentage of female household heads is high in some communities, low in others. The problem of this paper is to explain the variability which occurs among Caribbean family systems. If this is to be accomplished, it is not sufficient merely to describe the attributes and dimensions of such systems; rather, it is also necessary to locate and identify the conditions and factors within the sociocultural system which account for the variability. In other words, I will not only analyze family systems in terms of the most significant dependent variables but will also seek to discover the independent variables to which these variables are functionally related. The numerous attempts to explain family systems of this type can be grouped into two major categories: (1) historical approaches which trace the present day patterns of Negro family life to origins in West Africa (Herskovits and Herskovits 1947), Western Europe (Arensberg 1957; Greenfield 1959), or eighteenth-century slave plantations (Frazier 1939; King 1945); (2) functional explanations which seek to find the determinants of family structure in the functioning of the social system emphasize either the lack of economic opportunity for men (Clarke 1957; R. T. Smith 1956), the incidence of male absenteeism (Kunstadter 1963; Solien 1959), or the type of mating system (M. G. Smith 1962a). Since the historical approaches only seek to explain the existence of Caribbean family systems as a general type, they will not be discussed. On the other hand, the functional explanations can be used to account for the variability if they are reformulated.
Na4EDTA-Assisted Sub-/Supercritical Fluid Extraction Procedure for Quantitative Recovery of Polar Analytes in Soil

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is effective in extracting nonpolar and slightly polar chemicals from soils. However, pure SC-CO2 is unsatisfactory for recovering polar chemicals in soils. A simple supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) procedure was developed to quantitatively recover polar and nonpolar chemicals from soils. The polar chemicals tested were aromatic acids and phenols. The nonpolar and slightly polar chemicals used as model compounds were common pesticides and environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The procedure required pretreatment of the samples with 15% water (g/g), 5% (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt (Na4EDTA) (g/g), and 50% methanol (mL/g) prior to extractions using SC-CO2 at 60 °C and 34.5 MPa. Recoveries ranged from 90 to 106% for the aromatic acids using the Na4EDTA-assisted SFE compared with only 7−63% recoveries of the corresponding chemicals when no Na4EDTA was used. The method quantitatively extracted 2,4-D and its close anal...