cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Household Characteristics and Lodging Expenditure on Leisure Trips

Abstract This study examined the U.S. household lodging expenditure patterns on vacation. A number of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were identified as significantly contributing to the explanation of expenditure variations. As the principle method used in the study, Tobit modeling was applied to differentiate between current and potential demands, both of which were measured in marginal spending on lodging. Two ANOVA procedures were also performed not only to provide relationship information in bivariate settings, but also to demonstrate the appropriateness of the Tobit method. The study was conceptually founded on consumer behavior and household production theories and used a national survey data.
Morphological studies on the calcification process in the fresh-water mussel Amblema

Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, various histochemical procedures for the localization of mineral ions, and analytical electron microscopy have been used to investigate the mechanisms inherent at the mantle edge for shell formation and growth in Amblema plicata perplicata, Conrad. The multilayered periostracum, its component laminae formed from the epithelia lining either the periostracal groove or the outer mantle epithelium (of the periostracal cul de sac), appears to play the major regulatory and organizational role in the formation of the component mineralized layers of the shell. Thus, the inner layer of the periostracum traps and binds calcium and subsequently gives rise to matricial proteinaceous fibrils or lamellar extensions which serve as nucleation templates for the formation and orientation of the crystalline subunits (rhombs) in the forming nacreous layer. Simultaneously, the middle periostracal layer furnishes or provides the total ionic calcium pool and the matrical organization necessary for the production of the spherical subunits which pack the matrical 'bags' of the developing prismatic layer. The outer periostracal layer appears to be a supportive structure, possibly responsible for the mechanical deformations which occur in the other laminae of the periostracum. The functional differences in the various layers of the periostracum are related to peculiar morphological variables (foliations, vacuolizations, columns) inherent in the structure and course of this heterogeneous (morphologically and biochemically) unit. From this study, using the dynamic mantle edge as a morphological model system, we have been able to identify at least six interrelated events which culminate in the production of the mature mineralized shell layers (nacre, prisms) at the growing edge of this fresh-water mussel.
Proximal periarticular locking plates in proximal humeral fractures: functional outcomes.

Background Some recent studies have asserted that locking plates do not provide adequate fixation of proximal humeral fractures. The purpose of this study is to review our experience with proximal humeral locking plates, including complications, functional outcomes, and predictors of successful treatment. Materials and methods At our institution, 45 patients (46 shoulders) with displaced proximal humeral fractures were treated with a proximal humeral locking plate over a 6-year period. Patients underwent standard surgical and rehabilitation protocols and were evaluated clinically with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons standardized outcome measurements and range of motion at last follow-up. Radiographs obtained preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at final follow-up were evaluated for fracture type, union, and change in alignment. Results There were 43 patients (44 shoulders) available for range-of-motion and functional outcome measures with an average follow-up of 34 months. Fracture types included 19 two-part, 21 three-part, 3 four-part, and 1 head-splitting fracture. The mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 11. The average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 85. The average visual analog pain score was 0.8. The average range of motion was as follows: elevation, 140°; external rotation at side, 49°; external rotation in abduction, 77°; and internal rotation, T11. No patient had evidence of screw cutout, varus collapse, or avascular necrosis. One patient required hardware removal. Conclusions Displaced proximal humeral fractures can be successfully fixed with locking plates when attention is paid to anatomic reduction, proper plate placement below to the greater tuberosity to allow abduction, screws in the head with subchondral bone purchase, calcar screws from inferior-lateral to superior-medial and delaying shoulder motion until at least 2 weeks.
Pseudotyping of dual-tropic recombinant viruses generated by infection of mice with different ecotropic murine leukemia viruses

Abstract Using a new focal immunofluorescence assay (FIA) with monoclonal antibodies, dualtropic recombinant mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) retroviruses were specifically detected directly in mouse cells. With the FIA, MCF and ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) infectious centers were quantitated in noninoculated AKR/J mice and in mice inoculated with either ecotropic Friend- or Moloney-MuLV. Comparison of the titers obtained in mouse and mink cells suggested that pseudotyping of MCF viruses with ecotropic MuLV envelopes occurred at different levels in these three mouse models. Adult and newborn IRW mice inoculated with Friend-MuLV produced MCF viruses which were mostly pseudotyped with ecotropic MuLV envelopes. Newborn IRW mice inoculated with Moloney-MuLV produced MCF viruses in both spleen and thymus. Most Moloney-MCF viruses from spleens were pseudotyped with ecotropic MuLV envelopes, whereas thymic Moloney-MCF viruses were not. Noninoculated AKR/J mice spontaneously produced MCF virus at least 2 months before the onset of organ enlargement, and the majority of MCF viruses in both spleens and thymuses of these mice did not appear to be pseudotyped.
Long-range Molecules

Abstract Because of the long-range behaviour of the internuclear potential representing the interaction between two atoms (e.g. —C 6 R −6), there are usually a certain number of closely spaced vibrational-rotational levels that approach dissociation. The properties of molecules in these highest levels are quite unusual (although often simply related to the long-range forces), and we shall refer to such molecules by a special classification: ‘long-range molecules’. Restricting our attention to diatomic long-range molecules, we first review the general relationship between the potential energy curve and vibrational levels. The long-range portion of potential energy curves is examined in detail and the simple properties of vibrational levels sensitive to these long-range potentials discussed. Finally transitions (radiative, nonradiative, and collision-induced) are briefly described.
A study of sulfur embrittled oxygen free copper

The embrittlement phenomena in Cu, associated with grain boundary segregation of S was studied. A mechanism of equilibrium segregation in the Cu--S system at grain boundaries is proposed as the origin of intergranular embrittlement. It is suggested that embrittlement observed in a specimen of commercial Cu did not occur in the solid state but is instead a remanent of the initial casting operation. (JRD)
Recognition of happy facial affect in panic disorder: an fMRI study.

Abstract Background This study investigated activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala during the presentation of happy facial affect images in patients with panic disorder (PD) as measured by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods Eight patients with PD and eight sex-matched controls were recruited for the study. Scanning was performed on a general electric (GE) Signa 1.5 T scanner retrofitted with a whole body echo planar coil. Using a quadrature head coil, echo planar images and high-resolution MR images were acquired. Results After covarying for age, examination of group differences revealed greater ACC activation bilaterally in patients with PD compared to controls in response to happy faces. However, there were no differences in amygdala activation between the groups. These findings contrasted with regional brain activation in response to neutral faces where there were was also greater bilateral ACC activation in the PD group, but only 44 ACC voxels showed significant increases as opposed to 509 voxels for the happy condition. There were no between group differences in activation in the amygdala. Conclusion This is the first fMRI study to our knowledge that demonstrates ACC abnormalities in response to happy facial affect recognition in PD.
Steady shear rheometry of dissipative particle dynamics models of polymer fluids in reverse Poiseuille flow.

Polymer fluids are modeled with dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) as undiluted bead-spring chains and their solutions. The models are assessed by investigating their steady shear-rate properties. Non-Newtonian viscosity and normal stress coefficients, for shear rates from the lower to the upper Newtonian regimes, are calculated from both plane Couette and plane Poiseuille flows. The latter is realized as reverse Poiseuille flow (RPF) generated from two Poiseuille flows driven by uniform body forces in opposite directions along two-halves of a computational domain. Periodic boundary conditions ensure the RPF wall velocity to be zero without density fluctuations. In overlapping shear-rate regimes the RPF properties are confirmed to be in good agreement with those calculated from plane Couette flow with Lees–Edwards periodic boundary conditions (LECs), the standard virtual rheometer for steady shear-rate properties. The concentration and the temperature dependence of the properties of the model fluids are shown to satisfy the principles of concentration and temperature superposition commonly employed in the empirical correlation of real polymer-fluid properties. The thermodynamic validity of the equation of state is found to be a crucial factor for the achievement of time-temperature superposition. With these models, RPF is demonstrated to be an accurate and convenient virtual rheometer for the acquisition of steady shear-rate rheological properties. It complements, confirms, and extends the results obtained with the standard LEC configuration, and it can be used with the output from other particle-based methods, including molecular dynamics, Brownian dynamics, smooth particle hydrodynamics, and the lattice Boltzmann method.
Data management in practice-based research.

Objective: Multi-site data collection is complex and requires an effective data management system. This article explores data management issues encountered in the design, conduct, and analysis of a research project involving 74 community-based sites and a central data management system. Results: Once the data arrived at the central site, data integrity was maintained at a very high level. Issues encountered in our study on low back pain reflected the practice-based nature of the study and the limitations of finances, staff, and facilities. Conclusion: The task of converting a research protocol to actual procedures for data collection and data management can be very challenging. The importance of early recognition of the effort and resources needed for data management and quality-control procedures cannot be overestimated.
Obama, Romney, and the U.S. R&D complex

Mitt romney and Barack Obama, the major party U.S. presidential candidates, say little about how the United States runs its vast R&D enterprise. Their inattention is peculiar, given the annual cost: US $140 billion. However, Obama and Romney, despite many differences elsewhere, agree on the way forward: Spend more money on more ambitious projects.
Implementing interface attachments based on surface representations

This paper describes an architecture for supporting interface attuchments - small interactive programs which are designed to augment the functionality of other applications. This architecture is designed to work with a diverse set of conventional applications, but require only a minimal set of hooks into those applications. In order to achieve this, the work described here concentrates on what we will call observational attachments, a subclass of attachments that operate primarily by observing and manipulating the surface representations of applications - that is the visual information that applications would normally display on the screen or print. These attachments can be thought of as looking over the shoulder of the user to assist with various tasks. By requiring very little modification to, or help from, the applications they augment, this approach supports the creation of a set of uniform services that can be applied across a more diverse set of applications than traditional approaches.
Multiplexed diode-laser sensor system for vapor-phase semiconductor wafer cleaning process monitoring

Vapor-phase wafer cleaning processes offer the potential to decrease chemical usage and water consumption significantly over current liquid cleaning methods. However, the mechanisms responsible for oxide etch processes and the precise role of each species are not completely understood. This project aims to develop a unique multiplexed diode-laser absorption sensor system capable of in situ measurements of gas temperature and the concentrations of HF and H/sub 2/O to enhance process modeling and control. The sensor system employs three narrow-linewidth DFB tunable diode lasers operating at IR wavelengths.
Radio-frequency interference (RFI) mitigation for the soil moisture active/passive (SMAP) radiometer

The presence of anthropogenic RFI is expected to adversely impact soil moisture measurement by NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive mission. The digital signal processing approach and preliminary design for detecting and mitigating this RFI is presented in this paper. This approach is largely based upon the work of Johnson [1] and Ruf [2].
Effect of Supplemental Oxygen on Sleep Architecture and Cardiorespiratory Events in Preterm Infants

Objective. To investigate the effect of low-flow supplemental oxygen (SupOx) on sleep architecture and cardiorespiratory events in asymptomatic preterm infants. Methods. An overnight polysomnographic evaluation was conducted prospectively in 23 premature infants who were born at 30.0 ± 3.2 (standard deviation) weeks’ gestational age and studied at 38.1 ± 4.4 weeks’ postconceptional age. Infants were free of any adverse events, including cardiorespiratory monitor alarms in the nursery for at least 1 week before the study. Infants received room air (RA) or SupOx via nasal cannula at 0.25 L/min. Results. Quiet sleep density was increased during SupOx (33.3 ± 10.8% vs 26.6 ± 10.0% total sleep time [TST] in RA), and a reciprocal decrease in active sleep density was observed (61.5 ± 11.1% vs 68.4 ± 9.9% TST in RA). No differences in sleep efficiency emerged (69.7 ± 10.6% SupOx vs 69.7 ± 8.8% RA). SupOx elicited significant decreases in apnea index (3.8 ± 2.4 events/h vs 11.1 ± 6.4 events/h in RA) and in the percentage of time spent in periodic breathing (1.8 ± 2.9% vs 6.7 ± 8.9% in RA). In addition, SupOx decreased the frequency of bradycardic events (0.3 ± 0.8 events vs 2.5 ± 0.03 events in RA) and improved overall oxygen saturation (98.7 ± 1.1% vs 96.4 ± 2.2%). No changes in alveolar ventilation, as derived from end-tidal CO2 measurements, was detected (38.6 ± 5.8 mm Hg in SupOx vs 38.4 ± 5.4 mm Hg in RA). Conclusions. Asymptomatic preterm infants exhibit frequent and potentially clinically adverse cardiorespiratory events when assessed in the sleep laboratory. Administration of SupOx to these infants is associated with an increase in the overall duration and percentage TST spent in quiet sleep with reciprocal changes in active sleep. In addition, improvement in respiratory stability is observed with the use of low-flow SupOx, as evidenced by a decrease in apnea, periodic breathing, and bradycardia, without adverse effects on alveolar ventilation.
Modeling of NAMD's Network Input/Output on Large PC Clusters

This study examined the interplay among processor speed, cluster interconnect and file I/O, using parallel applications to quantify interactions. We focused on a common case where multiple compute nodes communicate with a single master node for file accesses. We constructed a predictive model that used time characteristics critical for application performance to estimate the number of nodes beyond which further performance improvement became unattainable. Predictions were experimentally validated with NAMD, a representative parallel application designed for molecular dynamics simulation. Such predictions can help guide decision making to improve machine allocations for parallel codes in large clusters.
Stable isotopes of cherts and carbonate cements in the Lake Valley Formation (Mississippian), Sacramento Mts, New Mexico

Oxygen isotopic compositions of chert and calcite cements in the Lake Valley Formation indicate that these diagenetic features cannot be equilibrium co-precipitates in spite of their coexistence in the same interstices. Petrography of megaquartz and non-ferroan calcite cements indicates that both are original precipitates that formed during pre-Pennsylvanian time at shallow burial depths (< 215m) implying precipitation temperatures less than 30°C. Under these constraints the δ18Os of megaquartz (mean =+27.00/00 SMOW; range =+ 24.8 to + 28.90/00) and calcite (mean =+ 28.00/00 SMOW; range =+ 27.3 to + 28.40/00) are best interpreted as unaltered since precipitation; thus, they must reflect the oxygen isotopic composition of pre-Pennsylvanian pore waters. Microquartz and chalcedony are interpreted to have formed from recrystallization of pre-Pennsylvanian opal-CT precursors, and therefore probably re-equilibrated during recrystallization in late or post-Mississippian time. We propose a model integrating the isotopic data with regional petrographic and sedimentological data that explains the greater consistency and generally greater δ18Os values of the calcites compared to those of the cherts. This model is one of chertification and calcite cementation in a regional meteoric phreatic ground-water system, the seaward terminus of which moved southward during lowering of pre-Pennsylvanian sea level. The calcite cements and some of the opal-CT precursor to microquartz and chalcedony are interpreted to have formed in the more seaward portions of the groundwater system. The megaquartz precipitated in the more inland parts of the phreatic groundwater system where rainfall was isotopically lighter and more variable. As such, the δ18Os of the megaquartz reflect the isotopic composition of groundwaters in areas undersaturated with respect to calcite.
Reverse phase protein array: validation of a novel proteomic technology and utility for analysis of primary leukemia specimens and hematopoietic stem cells

Proteomics has the potential to provide answers in cancer pathogenesis and to direct targeted therapy through the comprehensive analysis of protein expression levels and activation status. The realization of this potential requires the development of new, rapid, high-throughput technologies for performing protein arrays on patient samples, as well as novel analytic techniques to interpret them. Herein, we describe the validation and robustness of using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA) for the analysis of primary acute myelogenous leukemia samples as well as leukemic and normal stem cells. In this report, we show that array printing, detection, amplification, and staining precision are very high, reproducible, and that they correlate with traditional Western blotting. Using replicates of the same sample on the same and/or separate arrays, or using separate protein samples prepared from the same starting sample, the intra- and interarray reproducibility was extremely high. No statistically significant difference in protein signal intensities could be detected within the array setups. The activation status (phosphorylation) was maintained in experiments testing delayed processing and preparation from multiple freeze-thawed samples. Differences in protein expression could reliably be detected in as few as three cell protein equivalents. RPPA prepared from rare populations of normal and leukemic stem cells were successfully done and showed differences from bulk populations of cells. Examples show how RPPAs are ideally suited for the large-scale analysis of target identification, validation, and drug discovery. In summary, RPPA is a highly reliable, reproducible, high-throughput system that allows for the rapid large-scale proteomic analysis of protein expression and phosphorylation state in primary acute myelogenous leukemia cells, cell lines, and in human stem cells.
Gate-level simulation of digital circuits using multi-valued Boolean algebras

This paper describes an algorithm for the simulation of gate-level logic. Multiple logic levels are used to describe the state of each node. Each state corresponds to a different voltage level, and the number of levels to be used for a simulation is user-defined. This feature simplifies considerably the interface between a digital and an analog simulator. A DC solver is incorporated to find the initial operating point of a circuit before a transient analysis begins. This solver has the capability of finding the operating point of gates located in feedback loops. For transient analysis, a gate delay model that takes into account the slope of the input waveforms is used. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by simulations of a number of benchmark circuits.
Systolic computation of the running min and max

A method of computing the running min and max, requiring no fan-in and hence compatible with systolic implementation, is proposed. The time period complexity for the computation of the running min and max, or for more general rank order functions expressible in terms of min and max functions, is O(b), where b is the word length.
Evaluation of Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease in Infants With Necrotizing Enterocolitis Before and After the Implementation of Feeding Guidelines

Background: In 2009, an intestinal rehabilitation team implemented feeding guidelines for infants following gastrointestinal surgery at our institution. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of enteral feeding guidelines on the incidence of parenteral nutrition (PN)–associated liver disease (PNALD) in infants with surgically managed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Methods: This retrospective study included infants treated during 18-month time periods before and after the implementation of feeding guidelines. PNALD diagnosis was based on serum direct bilirubin >2 mg/dL after ≥14 days of PN exposure. Results: Of the 140 infants identified, 64 were surgically managed and included in the analysis. The duration of PN and the time nil per os (NPO) were significantly reduced after guideline implementation from a median of 106 days to 65 days (P = .03) and from 29 days to 16 days (P = .02), respectively. The incidence of PNALD decreased from 73% before guideline implementation to 42% after guidel...
Endothelial cell origin and migration in embryonic heart and cranial blood vessel development

Using the QH-1 monoclonal antibody as a marker for quail endothelium, blockage and transplant experiments were carried out to construct fate maps for the embryonic endocardium, to determine whether preendocardial angioblasts are migratory, and, if these cells are migratory, to outline the pathways that they use for directed migration in embryonic blood vessel development. Recent descriptive studies using QH-1 to make immunofluorescent whole mounts have described a sequence of events leading to the establishment of the embryonic heart tube. These reports suggest that the pattern for the endocardium and cranial vasculature is established by migrating angioblasts that form vascular cords which mature into blood vessels. Blockage experiments showed that the ventrolateral edge of the anterior intestinal portal serves as a substrate for the directed migration of pre-endocardial angioblasts and that the pattern of the cranioventral vasculature forms independent of the source of angioblasts. Transplant experiments showed that the origin for endocardial angioblasts lies in mesodermal tissue just anterior to Henson's node, that these cells undergo directed migration to the pericardial area, and that angioblasts are pluripotent with the ability to form different blood vessels. The transplant studies also showed that the embryonic mesoderm may contribute to extraembryonic blood vessels on the embryonic yolksac. These results support the hypothesis that embryonic blood vessels may develop by either the vasculogenesis or by the angiogenesis mechanism, and show that the endocardium of the primitive heart tube forms by vasculogenesis.
CASA: correlation-aware speculative adders

Speculative adders divide addition into subgroups and execute them in parallel for higher execution speed and energy efficiency, but at the risk of generating incorrect results. In this paper, we propose a lightweight correlation-aware speculative addition (CASA) method, which exploits the correlation between input data and carry-in values observed in real-life benchmarks to improve the accuracy of speculative adders. Experimental results show that applying the CASA method leads to a significant reduction in error rate with only marginal overhead in timing, area, and power consumption.
Interest in Genetic Counseling and Testing for Adolescent Nicotine Addiction Susceptibility among a Sample of Adolescent Medicine Providers Attending a Scientific Conference on Adolescent Health

Abstract Purpose Preventing adolescents from smoking and becoming addicted to nicotine is an important public health issue. New research on the genetics of susceptibility to nicotine addition is emerging and may eventually help to identify adolescents at high risk. Over time, genetic counseling and testing for nicotine addiction susceptibility may become incorporated into tobacco control practice, and providers in primary care settings are likely to be at the forefront of these services. As such, it is important to understand the attitudes and practices of adolescent medicine providers toward tobacco control and genetic testing to anticipate better the needs and interests of these individuals and prepare for the future. This study describes adolescent medicine providers' interest, and correlates of their interest, in genetic counseling and testing for nicotine addiction susceptibility among their adolescent patients—a test that is not yet clinically available. Methods Adolescent medicine providers attending a national scientific conference (N = 232) completed a survey about their patient tobacco control and other screening behaviors, perceptions of their patients' attitudes and beliefs toward tobacco control, and their own attitudes and beliefs about smoking and genetics. Results Providers who engaged in more regular tobacco screening behaviors with their adolescent patients (odds ratio [OR] = 4.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.20, 7.751, p = .00) and those who were more optimistic that biobehavioral research would lead to significant improvements in adolescent smoking prevention and treatment (OR = 2.47, 95% CI=1.40, 4.37, p = .00), were more interested in counseling and testing. Conclusions In the future, adolescent wellness visits may present an opportunity to offer genetic counseling and testing for nicotine addiction susceptibility. Implementation at the provider level may depend on tobacco screening behavior and research optimism. Educating providers about safe and effective adolescent tobacco control strategies incorporating genetics will be essential.
Integrated Multilayer Nanogenerator Fabricated Using Paired Nanotip-to-Nanowire Brushes

We present a new approach to a nanogenerator (NG) that is composed of integrated, paired nanobrushes made of pyramid-shaped metal-coated ZnO nanotip (NTP) arrays and hexagonal-prism-shaped ZnO nanowire (NW) arrays, which were synthesized using a chemical approach at <100 °C on the two surfaces of a common substrate, respectively. The operation of the NGs relies on mechanical deflection/bending of the NWs, in which resonance of NWs is not required to activate the NG. This largely expands the application of the NGs from low frequency (approximately the hertz range) to a relatively high frequency (approximately the megahertz range) for effectively harvesting mechanical energies in our living environment. With one piece of such a structure stacked in close proximity over another to form a layer-by-layer matched brush architecture, direct current is generated by exciting the architecture using ultrasonic waves. A four-layer integrated NG is demonstrated to generate an output power density of 0.11 μW/cm2 at 62 ...
Characterization of Spermatogonial Stem Cell Maturation and Differentiation in Neonatal Mice

Initiation of the first wave of spermatogenesis in the neonatal mouse testis is characterized by the differentiation of a transient population of germ cells called gonocytes found in the center of the seminiferous tubule. The fate of gonocytes depends upon these cells resuming mitosis and developing the capacity to migrate from the center of the seminiferous tubule to the basement membrane. This process begins approximately Day 3 postpartum in the mouse, and by Day 6 postpartum differentiated type A spermatogonia first appear. It is essential for continual spermatogenesis in adults that some gonocytes differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells, which give rise to all differentiating germ cells in the testis, during this neonatal period. The presence of spermatogonial stem cells in a population of cells can be assessed with the use of the spermatogonial stem cell transplantation technique. Using this assay, we found that germ cells from the testis of Day 0-3 mouse pups can colonize recipient testes but do not proliferate and establish donor-derived spermatogenesis. However, germ cells from testes of Day 4-5 postpartum mice colonize recipient testes and generate large areas of donor-derived spermatogenesis. Likewise, germ cells from Day 10, 12, and 28 postpartum animals and adult animals colonize and establish donor-derived spermatogenesis, but a dramatic reduction in the number of colonies and the extent of colonization occurs from germ cell donors Days 12-28 postpartum that continues in adult donors. These results suggest spermatogonial stem cells are not present or not capable of initiating donor-derived spermatogenesis until Days 3-4 postpartum. The analysis of germ cell development during this time frame of development and spermatogonial stem cell transplantation provides a unique system to investigate the establishment of the stem cell niche within the mouse testis.
Perianal Bowen’s disease then and now: evolution of the treatment for anal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia

Abstract Anal Bowen’s disease is squamous cell carcinoma in situ occurring in the anal canal or perianal skin and was a rare finding before the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. Bowen’s disease is synonymous with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. The pathophysiology and natural history of anal Bowen’s disease are analogous to cervical dysplasia. The risk for anal dysplasia is increased in individuals with human papilloma virus infection. Clinical evidence suggests that low-grade anal intraepithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma in situ are precursors to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The treatment of Bowen’s disease has shifted away from aggressive wide local excision. Current strategies for management of anal dysplasia include surveillance in high-risk individuals with targeted biopsies and destruction of discrete lesions.
Metatheoretical concerns in communication

An articulated theoretical basis for communication research is necessary because scientific observations are inherently theory‐laden. The alternative theoretical bases described in this symposium may be contrasted on their definition of subject‐matter, identification of observational and analytical units, concept of human action, and structure of explanation.
Methods for exploring and mining tables on Wikipedia

Knowledge bases extracted automatically from the Web present new opportunities for data mining and exploration. Given a large, heterogeneous set of extracted relations, new tools are needed for searching the knowledge and uncovering relationships of interest. We present WikiTables, a Web application that enables users to interactively explore tabular knowledge extracted from Wikipedia.In experiments, we show that WikiTables substantially outperforms baselines on the novel task of automatically joining together disparate tables to uncover "interesting" relationships between table columns. We find that a "Semantic Relatedness" measure that leverages the Wikipedia link structure accounts for a majority of this improvement. Further, on the task of keyword search for tables, we show that WikiTables performs comparably to Google Fusion Tables despite using an order of magnitude fewer tables. Our work also includes the release of a number of public resources, including over 15 million tuples of extracted tabular data, manually annotated evaluation sets, and public APIs.
Across Racial/Ethnic Boundaries Investigating Intimate Violence Within a National Sample

The number of interracial relationships in the United States continues to increase. The fact is, though, that race remains a significant influence in the lives of individuals and in their relationships. Although there is evidence that relationships that cross racial/ethnic boundaries may be at greater risk for conflict and dissolution, there have been few investigations as to whether such relationships are at greater risk for violence. Using data from the National Violence Against Women Survey, I find that there are differences in risk of intimate violence depending on the racial/ethnic dyad of the couple. Ethnic monoracial relationships demonstrate the greatest risk for physical and nonphysical forms of violence, controlling for structural factors, whereas women in interracial relationships report higher rates of nonphysical violence, as compared with women in White monoracial relationships. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Advanced pharmacy practice experiences for pharmacy students in emergency department settings

Abstract Purpose Pharmacy practice in the emergency department (ED) has grown dramatically over the past decade; however, it is not clear if the growth has provided opportunities for pharmacy students through clinical rotations. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the percentage of schools/colleges of pharmacy that offer an advanced pharmacy practice rotation experience. Secondary objectives included the longevity, how the rotation is classified, and the extent to which these rotations are offered by full-time faculty of the school/college. Methods The survey was sent to experiential education coordinators at 130 schools/colleges in the United States and Puerto Rico. Participants could opt in to a drawing for one of eight gift cards. Data were entered into an electronic spreadsheet, and descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated as appropriate. Results Overall, 58 valid surveys were returned (44.6%). Most schools/colleges of pharmacy offered this type of rotation (86.2%). The respondents represented 6402 graduates annually, offering 586 (9.2% graduates) rotations for 5.4 ± 5.3 years (mean ± standard deviation). The location for ED rotations were community hospitals (60.3%), academic/university (54.4%), Veterans Affairs/governmental (10.3%), pediatric (6.9%), or other (6.9%). Respondents could check more than one category, so percentages sum to greater than 100%. Conclusions The majority of schools/colleges of pharmacy offer a rotation in the ED; however, less than 10% of graduates will be exposed to this type of educational opportunity. Students are most likely to have their APPE rotation in community hospitals.
A Virtual Prototyping Toolkit for Assessment of Child Restraint System (CRS) Safety

Computational modeling continues to play an increasingly significant role in the design of more effective vehicle crash safety systems. Models configured with sophisticated computer analyses permit researchers to perform extensive “what-if?” exploratory studies at a fraction of the cost and time that would be required by physical testing alone. Presently, our research team is developing a modeling and analysis capability that will provide child restraint system (CRS) engineers, designers, and analysts a validation tool that will supplement conventional engineering results attained from sled testing, which is often timely and costly. Supplementing these physical tests and digital modeling capabilities is the newly developed NYSCEDII CRS Visualization Module (NCVM), which allows a user to immersively visualize the MADYMO-calculated automotive crash simulation imagery. Depicted are the motion of, and interactions between, the CRS shell, human “dummy”, harness and latch belt assemblies, and applicable vehicle cabin-interior surfaces and structure; and nodal finite element Von Mises color stress contours for the CRS shell and its attendant restraint straps. Supplemental NCVM features include: plotted instantaneous body segment acceleration-time responses; dummy displacements visually tracked using on-screen reference markers to be tracked as a function of time; forwards or backwards animation capability; and stereo viewing, using anaglyphic stereo, to convey a sense of depth and immersion. This paper demonstrates the utility of the NCVM using a combination conventional/finite element system model of a recent-production child restraint system (CRS) and its three-year-old dummy occupant in a modified FMVSS 213 sled test environment.
Ethical Considerations in Research on Methadone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

Dr. Eth's Introduction: The subject of the ethical regulation of research involving human patients has been intensely controversial. The dual moral imperatives of protection of subjects and clinical progress, which seem so closely allied, often result in conflict. Our guest columnists, Drs. Hartman and Brizer, explore these issues in the context of a particular study now under way. Although the preliminary findings, as illustrated by their case example, are encouraging, the moral concern remains: How are the boundaries of research with psychiatric patients to be defined given the uncertainties of the risks and benefits and the limitations of voluntary informed consent? Dr. Hartman is a psychiatrist at the West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center and assistant professor of psychiatry in the School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles. Dr. Brizer is a staff psychiatrist at Manhattan Psychiatric Center in New York City.
Immunoassay. Development and directions in antibody technology.

Abstract Improvements and new applications for the technique of immunoassay have been extensive, owing in part to improvements in specific binding reagents used. Early reports advocated application of naturally occurring antibodies, specific serum-binding proteins, and receptors as binding reagents in immunoassays. Each is still used today, although applications are limited because affinities are generally low. Polyclonal antibodies produced in laboratory animals in response to injection of specific antigens have been the cornerstone of immunoassay because of their high affinities and wide range of specificities. Recently, monoclonal antibodies have begun to replace polyclonal antibodies because of improved specificity, ease of use, production of an unlimited supply, and advantages of worldwide assay standardization. Although only 50 analytes are currently measured by Food and Drug Administration--approved reagents, widespread use in the future is predicted.
Systems of meaning and transference: Implicit significant-other activation evokes shared reality

Evidence shows that representations of significant others (SOs) are used in interpersonal relations-for example, in the social-cognitive process of transference (see Andersen & Chen, 2002), a process that is assumed to serve meaning-making functions (Glassman & Andersen, 1999b). Five studies tested the more specific notion that implicit activation of an SO representation in transference should indirectly activate the worldview shared with the SO, leading to its active pursuit, validation, and protection. Shared worldviews were assessed beforehand, both idiographically, as values (Studies 1 and 4), and nomothetically, as political ideology or religious beliefs (Studies 2, 3, and 5). In each experiment, participants learned about new persons, one subtly resembling their own SO. Transference was assessed (memory bias; positive evaluation; see Andersen, Reznik, & Manzella, 1996) and, crucially, as predicted, when considering the new person resembling their SO (vs. the control persons), participants showed faster response latencies in a lexical decision task to words reflecting the worldview shared with the SO (vs. held only personally, Studies 1-3, or only by the SO, Study 3). With this person, they also anticipated a more meaningful interaction and actively socially tuned to the SO-shared worldview, selecting conversation topics reflecting the SO-shared worldview (vs. personally held or SO-held topics, Studies 1-3). Finally, threatening the SO-shared worldview with this person (vs. threatening personally held, SO-held, or irrelevant worldviews) prompted goal activation to restore the disrupted meaning (Studies 4 and 5), assessed by response latency in a lexical decision task. Transference thus evokes shared meaning systems and serves epistemic functions.
The Impact of a General Sales Tax on Farmers

Little is known, however, of the impact of this tax on various occupational groups. Some indication of the impact of a sales tax on farmers may be ascertained from the joint Agricultural Marketing Service-Census report, Farmers' Expenditures in 1955, by Regions. This report presents estimates of the average expenditure per farm operator family for all living expenses and the average expenditure per farm for all production expenses, for eight geographic regions and the United States. In 1955, the average expenditure per farm operator family for all living and production expenses was approximately $8,586. If amounts of expenditure reported on purchases of an intangible nature or on tangible items ordinarily exempt from the sales tax are excluded, it is estimated that the average farm family spent approximately $3,018 on items subject to the sales tax.3 Nearly 25 percent of this was for food, which is exempt from sales tax in many states. Excluding food, the average farm family spent about $2,303 on items subject to sales tax. Under the assumption that food is taxable, a 2-percent rate would result in an average sales tax liability of $60 per farm operator family (Table 1).
From Positivism to Postmodernity

Like a river that weaves its way back to its source, Heidegger’s thought continually nurtures its religious origins. Yet there is no convenient pattern, no easy formula by which we can gauge his interest in religious matters. Even Heidegger’s autobiography suggests that religion offered him more a felicitous detour than a straight path to his destination. In 1909 he entered a Jesuit seminary only to renounce his priestly vocation shortly thereafter.1 During that period Heidegger first acquainted himself with Husserl’s master text the Logical Investigations. Yet only after having written his qualifying dissertation on Duns Scotus (1916) and then having familiarized himself with the writings of such theological stalwarts as Eckhart, Luther, and Kierkegaard, did Heidegger pursue an apprenticeship with the father of phenomenology. A number of starts and stops, detours and transitions, characterize Heidegger’s early development. This trend continues throughout the lengthy maturation of his thought up to and including his later devotion to Holderlin, his concern for the holy preserved in the “last god,” and his experiment with mythic-poetic thinking.
Comparative in Vitro Toxicity of Nitrosamines and Nitramines Associated with Amine-based Carbon Capture and Storage

Amine-based CO2 capture is a prime contender for the first full-scale implementation of CO2 capture at fossil fuel-fired power plants postcombustion. However, the formation of potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and N-nitramines from reactions of flue gas NOx with the amines presents a potential risk for contaminating airsheds and drinking water supplies. Setting regulatory emission limits is hampered by the dearth of toxicity information for the N-nitramines. This study employed quantitative in vitro bioassays for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium, and chronic cytotoxicity and acute genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to compare the toxicity of analogous N-nitrosamines and N-nitramines relevant to CO2 capture. Although the rank order was similar for genotoxicity in CHO cells and mutagenicity in S. typhimurium, the Salmonella assay was far more sensitive. In general, mutagenicity was higher with S9 hepatic microsomal activation. The rank order of mutagenicity was N-nitrosodimethylam...
Determinants of conflict on Wisconsin School Boards

In this article, we use original survey data from Wisconsin school board members to determine the extent of conflict present on Wisconsin school boards and the determinants of different types of pe...
A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray coating. These nanoparticles are produced by the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate on the surface of cereal protein (gliadin) molecules. Alkyl cyanoacrylate is a monomer that instantly polymerizes at RT when it is applied to the surface of materials. Its polymerization reaction is initiated by the trace amounts of weakly basic or nucleophilic species on the surface, including moisture. Once polymerized, the polymerized alkyl cyanoacrylates show a strong affinity with the object materials because nitrile groups are in the backbone of poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate). Proteins also work as initiator for this polymerization because they contain amine groups that can initiate the polymerization of cyanoacrylate. If aggregated protein is used as an initiator, protein aggregate is surrounded by the hydrophobic poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) chains after the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate. By controlling the experimental condition, particles in the nanometer range are produced. The produced nanoparticles readily adsorb to the surface of most materials including glass, metals, plastics, wood, leather, and fabrics. When the surface of a material is sprayed with the produced nanoparticle suspension and rinsed with water, the micellar structure of nanoparticle changes its conformation, and the hydrophilic proteins are exposed to the air. As a result, the nanoparticle-coated surface changes to hydrophilic.