cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transferable Licenses Versus Nontransferable Licenses--What Is the Difference?

This paper questions the presumption that transferable licenses are worth more and result in higher welfare. We show that the price of a transferable license may be lower than that of its nontransferable counterpart if the underlying quota is not very severe. However, transferability is preferable to nontransferability if consumer surplus and license revenue have equal weight in the welfare function. We also examine whether licenses will be monopolized by domestic producers with market power. The models have implications for several issues, including the design of pollution permits and how to maximize revenue from ticket sales.
Macroscopic Streamline Integral Relations for Two-Phase Flows

A spout-fluidized bed is an example of a situation where a nonuniform fluid flow through a bed of particles causes particle circulation. Several integral relations are derived from a steady, two-dimensional two-phase flow model. The vorticity of the particle motion enclosed by a particle streamline is shown to be equal to the fluid vorticity enclosed by that streamline. The net flux of fluid vorticity through a particle streamline is shown to be equal to zero. The pressure drop along a fluid streamline is related to the net drag force along that streamline. The net flux of particle vorticity through a fluid streamline is given in terms of the pressure drop. Implications of these relations to the mechanics of particle-fluid flows are discussed. Relations giving the particle vorticity in terms of an integral of the fluid vorticity, and vice versa, are presented. A possible numerical scheme for calculation of the flow fields is discussed.
Nerve growth factor processing and trafficking events following TrkA-mediated endocytosis.

We expressed the high affinity nerve growth factor receptor TrkA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts to study nerve growth factor (NGF) trafficking and processing events following receptor-mediated ligand internalization in a nonneuronal and p75 minus cell line. These stable clonal cell lines express approximately 2.5 × 105 TrkA receptors and bind 125I-NGF with high affinity (Kd = 4 × 10−10 m). The TrkA receptors are autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon NGF stimulation and are capable of tyrosine phosphorylating downstream signaling molecules. The t1/2 of 125I-NGF internalization is 5 min, and the probability of an occupied TrkA receptor internalizing within 1 min at 37 C is 9.8%. By 2 h following endocytosis, less than 10% of internalized 125I-NGF is degraded, as determined by TCA precipitation. Thirty minutes following ligand endocytosis, endocytosed 125I-NGF is delivered back to the cell surface and released by the cell (retroendocytosis), possibly by remaining associated with recycling ...
The short-time compressibility of elastohydrodynamic lubricants

Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubricants are subjected to very large pressures (several GPa) for very short times (10−4 seconds) in typical EHD contacts. However, measurements of EHD lubricant compressibilities to date have primarily been made for quasistatic deformations and only for relatively low pressures. This paper presents some experimental results on the variation of the density of the lubricant 5P4E over a very wide range of pressures and over two distinct timescales, from 10−6 seconds to 10−4 seconds. The very short time (10−6 seconds) data are obtained from plate-impact experiments, and the data near 10−4 seconds are obtained with a new experimental technique using the compression Kolsky bar. It is observed that the commonly used Dowson-Higginson relationship represents too stiff a response at the high pressures for these short times, at least for this synthetic lubricant. A full finite deformation analysis of the plate impact problem is used to obtain the material response function for the large compressibilities observed. On the basis of these results, we suggest a new form of the pressure-density relationship for an elastohydrodynamic lubricant that appears to hold over the entire range of pressures and for time durations on the order of those actually occurring in elastohydrodynamic lubrication.
School Administrator Assessments of Bullying and State-Mandated Testing.

Bully victimization is associated with lower academic performance for individual students; however, less is known about the impact of bullying on the academic performance of the school as a whole. This study examined how retrospective administrator reports of both the prevalence of teasing and bullying (PTB) and the use of evidence-based bullying prevention efforts might be associated with school-wide performance on 11 state-mandated achievement tests. Hierarchical regression analyses conducted at the school level with 301 Virginia high schools found that principal reports of both PTB and bullying prevention efforts were associated with the proportion of students that passed achievement testing. Findings could not be attributed to the proportion of White students in the school, student poverty, school size, or urban location, which were statistically controlled.
Sea ice classification using SAR backscatter statistics

Sea ice classification accuracy using standard statistics and higher order texture statistics generated from grey-level co-occurrence (GLC) matrices were compared for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected during the Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) in April 1987. Standard stepwise discriminate analysis was used to identify the statistics modes useful for discrimination. Range was the most effective statistic, correctly classifying the ice types 75% of the time. Overall, the standard statistics (mean, variance, range, etc.) outperformed the texture statistics (87% accuracy vs. 75% accuracy). Given the added difficulty and computational cost of generating texture statistics, this result suggests that standard statistics should be used for sea ice classification. Odden and multiyear ice categories were the most difficult to statistically separate for these data. >
SU‐GG‐T‐492: Determining RBE Values for a New Miniaturized X‐Ray Source

Purpose: To quantify the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of the Xoft Axxent Electronic Brachytherapy® (XAEB) system for MCF7 human breast cancercells in vitro. Method and Materials: MCF7 cells were irradiated with 0, 2, 4 and 6Gy using a Theratron1000 Co‐60 machine or the XAEB system (at 3cm in air). After irradiation, cells were plated in triplicate and cultured in complete medium. Three weeks later, the cultures were stained and viable colonies enumerated. A survival curve for cellstreated with each radiation source was generated. Data from two separate experiments were combined and RBE values were calculated. A third experiment is currently underway. Results: XAEB system RBE values were calculated using Co‐60 as the standard. The RBE for 37% survival was determined to be 2.2 based upon 37% survival doses of 2.8Gy versus 1.3Gy for Co‐60 versus the XAEB source, respectively. The RBE for 10% survival was determined to be 1.6 (8.8 Gy vs. 5.5 Gy, respectively). The RBE for 1% survival was determined to be 1.6 (8.8 Gy vs. 5.5 Gy, respectively). The current clinical recommendation for the XAEB system lists the theoretical RBE as 1.2 based on Monte Carlo simulations.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the RBE of the Xoft Axxent Electronic Brachytherapy® system can be up to 83% higher than the theoretical value quoted in the system's literature. Due to significant low‐energy components of the 50kVp XAEB system output, treatment filtration has a large effect on the x‐ray spectrum, which may account for the pronounced discrepancy in empirical and theoretical RBE values. Other possible factors include cell type and endpoint used for assessment. Our study, therefore, underscores the importance of defining and understanding the effects of the therapeutic setup to achieve optimal outcome. Research sponsored by Xoft Corporation
The making of modern chemistry

Two hundred years ago Lavoisier's Traite elementaire de chimie was published in Paris. The book stands alongside Newton's Principia as a landmark work in science.
‘Research’ versus ‘real-world’ patients: representativeness of participants in clinical trials of treatments for cocaine dependence

Rigorous clinical trials have been criticized as having limited external validity, and specifically that subjects participating in clinical trials are not representative of individuals seen in clinical practice. To assess the representativeness of subjects participating in clinical trials, 243 research subjects participating in clinical trials of treatments for cocaine dependence were compared to a sub-sample of 213 individuals being treated for cocaine dependence in outpatient clinical settings from a large national database. The data suggest that research findings are not invariably based on less challenging patients with mild forms of substance dependence and related problems; moreover research patients may be similar to, if not more severe than, individuals with cocaine problems seen in regular clinical settings in the community.
Pellino 1 is required for interleukin-1 (IL-1)-mediated signaling through its interaction with the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4)-IRAK-tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) complex.

The signaling pathway downstream of the mammalian interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)/Toll-like receptor (TLR) is evolutionally conserved with that mediated by theDrosophila Toll protein. Toll initiates its signal through the adapter molecule Tube and the serine-threonine kinase Pelle. Pelle is highly homologous to members of the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) family in mammals. Recently, a novel Pelle-interacting protein called Pellino was identified in Drosophila. We now report a mammalian counterpart of Pellino, termed Pellino 1, which is required for NFκB activation and IL-8 gene expression in response to IL-1, probably through its signal-dependent interaction with IRAK4, IRAK, and the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). The Pellino 1-IRAK-IRAK4-TRAF6 signaling complex is likely to be intermediate, located between the IL-1 receptor complex and the TAK1 complex in the IL-1 pathway.
Target-classification approach applied to active UXO sites

This study is designed to illustrate the discrimination performance at two UXO active sites (Oklahoma’s Fort Sill and the Massachusetts Military Reservation) of a set of advanced electromagnetic induction (EMI) inversion/discrimination models which include the orthonormalized volume magnetic source (ONVMS), joint diagonalization (JD), and differential evolution (DE) approaches and whose power and flexibility greatly exceed those of the simple dipole model. The Fort Sill site is highly contaminated by a mix of the following types of munitions: 37-mm target practice tracers, 60-mm illumination mortars, 75-mm and 4.5′′ projectiles, 3.5′′, 2.36′′, and LAAW rockets, antitank mine fuzes with and without hex nuts, practice MK2 and M67 grenades, 2.5′′ ballistic windshields, M2A1-mines with/without bases, M19-14 time fuzes, and 40-mm practice grenades with/without cartridges. The site at the MMR site contains targets of yet different sizes. In this work we apply our models to EMI data collected using the MetalMapper (MM) and 2 × 2 TEMTADS sensors. The data for each anomaly are inverted to extract estimates of the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters associated with each buried target. (The latter include the total volume magnetic source or NVMS, which relates to size, shape, and material properties; the former includes location, depth, and orientation). The estimated intrinsic parameters are then used for classification performed via library matching and the use of statistical classification algorithms; this process yielded prioritized dig-lists that were submitted to the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) for independent scoring. The models’ classification performance is illustrated and assessed based on these independent evaluations.
In A California Program, Quality And Utilization Reports On Reproductive Health Services Spurred Providers To Change

The use of performance indicators has the potential to improve service quality and avert costs, yet such indicators have typically not been used to assess family planning and reproductive health services. An exception is California’s Family PACT (Planning, Access, Care, and Treatment) Program, a statewide family planning and reproductive health services program. Our study assessed whether the behavior of providers participating in this program was influenced by performance reports that used both quality improvement and utilization management indicators. We examined three indicators in each category from 2005 to 2009 and found that change occurred in five of six indicators among private providers and in three of six indicators among public providers. Chlamydia screening rates in women age twenty-five and younger, for example, increased significantly among both private and public providers. Despite the challenges enumerated in this article, we conclude that the methodology used in the program could serve as...
Listening to Students: Examining Underlying Mechanisms That Contribute to the AVID Program's Effectiveness.

This study used a mixed-methods approach to examine the effects of the Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) program from the student perspective, specifically focusing on factors associated with student resilience. The AVID program aims to close the achievement gap among predominantly minority and low-income students without a family history of college attendance. Qualitative focus groups were conducted to better understand student perceptions of the program and quantitative survey results were used to compare scores on measures of school support, school engagement, and resilience among AVID and non-AVID students. Both qualitative and quantitative results provided evidence suggesting that the AVID program improved school support and engagement, as well as in the development of individual resilience factors, such as self-awareness, problem-solving ability, and self-esteem. Qualitative results also highlight the importance of providing consistency for students in the learning environment. Future ...
TU‐D‐J‐6B‐01: Small Animal PET and SPECT: Instrumentation, Performance, and Applications

In recent years both industrial and academic institutions have been intrigued with the possibility of using in vivoimaging assays in small animalmodels to study cellular and molecular processes associated with diseases such as cancer,heart disease, and neurological disorders. The ultimate goals of these in vivoimaging efforts are to facilitate the discovery of new drugs and treatments for disease and accelerate their translation into the clinic. Positron Emission Tomography(PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography(SPECT) are highly sensitive in vivoimaging modalities that can detect extremely low concentrations of radionuclide‐labeled probes that target the disease process of interest at the molecular level. This presentation will review PET and SPECT small animalimaging instrumentation requirements, challenges, performance characteristics, and applications in imaging subtle molecular signals associated with disease.
Astroglial modulation of neurotransmitter/peptide release from the neurohypophysis: present status.

Abstract Reviewed in this article are those studies that have contributed heavily to our current conceptualizations of glial participation in the functioning of the magnocellular hypothalamo–neurohypophysial system. This system undergoes remarkable morphological and functional reorganization induced by increased demand for peptide synthesis and release, and this reorganization involves the astrocytic elements in primary roles. Under basal conditions, these glia appear to be vested with the responsibility of controlling the neuronal microenvironment in ways that reduce neuronal excitability, restrict access to neuronal membranes by neuroactive substances and deter neuron–neuron interactions within the system. With physiological activation, the glial elements, via receptor-mediated mechanisms, take up new positions. This permissively facilitates neuron–neuron interactions such as the exposure of neuronal membranes to released peptides and the formation of gap junctions and new synapses, enhances and prolongs the actions of those excitatory neurotransmitters for which there are glial uptake mechanisms, and facilitates the entry of peptides into the blood. In addition, subpopulations of these glia either newly synthesize or increase synthesis of neuroactive peptides for which their neuronal neighbors have receptors. Release of these peptides by the glia or their functional roles in the system have not yet been demonstrated.
Exploring Salt Bridge Structures of Gas-Phase Protein Ions using Multiple Stages of Electron Transfer and Collision Induced Dissociation

The gas-phase structures of protein ions have been studied by electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) after electrospraying these proteins from native-like solutions into a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Because ETD can break covalent bonds while minimally disrupting noncovalent interactions, we have investigated the ability of this dissociation technique together with CID to probe the sites of electrostatic interactions in gas-phase protein ions. By comparing spectra from ETD with spectra from ETD followed by CID, we find that several proteins, including ubiquitin, CRABP I, azurin, and β-2-microglobulin, appear to maintain many of the salt bridge contacts known to exist in solution. To support this conclusion, we also performed calculations to consider all possible salt bridge patterns for each protein, and we find that the native salt bridge pattern explains the experimental ETD data better than nearly all other possible salt bridge patterns. Overall, our data suggest that ETD and ETD/CID of native protein ions can provide some insight into approximate location of salt bridges in the gas phase.
Thumb avulsion: Results of replantation/revascularization

During a 9-year period, 39 thumb avulsions required emergency replantation/revascularization at our institution. Amputation was complete in 28 (72%) cases and involved the dominant thumb in 31 (80%). Farm machinery was the source of injury in 33 (85%) cases. Follow-up ranged from 7 months to 6 years. Only 10 of the revascularization attempts (26%) were successful; the remaining attempts required amputation at the level of the injury. In two (18%) of the 11 partial amputations and in eight (29%) of the 28 complete amputations, revascularization was successful. In eight (31%) of the 26 thumbs in which vein grafts were used, revascularization was successful, while one of the other two successes involved a transfer of the radial digital artery of the index finger. In six of the ten successful revascularizations, nerve repair was attempted, but without further procedures, none of the six digits regained two-point discrimination of less than 1 cm.
Cohomological characterization of pseudoconvexity in a Banach space

Let X be a Banach space with a countable unconditional basis (e.g., X=l2), Ω⊂X open. We show that Ω is pseudoconvex if and only if for each affine complex line L in X the sheaf cohomology group H1(Ω,I) vanishes, where I is the ideal sheaf of all holomorphic functions on Ω that vanish on Ω∩L. We also give an example that the condition Hq(Ω,𝒪)=0 for all q≥1 unlike in finite dimensions does not imply the pseudoconvexity of Ω . Lastly, we prove an interpolation result.
KCNE1 subunits require co-assembly with K+ channels for efficient trafficking and cell surface expression

KCNE peptides are a class of type I transmembrane beta subunits that assemble with and modulate the gating and ion conducting properties of a variety of voltage-gated K(+) channels. Accordingly, mutations that disrupt the assembly and trafficking of KCNE-K(+) channel complexes give rise to disease. The cellular mechanisms responsible for ensuring that KCNE peptides assemble with voltage-gated K(+) channels have yet to be elucidated. Using enzymatic deglycosylation, immunofluorescence, and quantitative cell surface labeling experiments, we show that KCNE1 peptides are retained in the early stages of the secretory pathway until they co-assemble with specific K(+) channel subunits; co-assembly mediates KCNE1 progression through the secretory pathway and results in cell surface expression. We also address an apparent discrepancy between our results and a previous study in human embryonic kidney cells, which showed wild type KCNE1 peptides can reach the plasma membrane without exogenously expressed K(+) channel subunits. By comparing KCNE1 trafficking in three cell lines, our data suggest that the errant KCNE1 trafficking observed in human embryonic kidney cells may be due, in part, to the presence of endogenous voltage-gated K(+) channels in these cells.
Harold Ridley and the invention of the intraocular lens

On November 29, 1949, Harold Ridley implanted the first intraocular lens (IOL). This marked the beginning of a major change in the practice of ophthalmology and, for Ridley, the beginning of an era of inspiration, reward and challenge, unfortunately marred by the disdain and discourteous actions of many colleagues within the academic establishment in Europe and the United States. By the late 1970s lOLs and implantation procedure had undergone many improvements, and Ridley's invention had become an accepted option foe the optical correction of aphakia. Since that time Ridley has been accorded the recognition due to him for his unique contribution to ophthalmology through the conferring of numerous awards and honors. This colorful biographical account is based on published history, statements from Ridey's colleagues, and recent interviews with Ridley himself. (Surv Ophthalmol 40:279-292, 1996)
The relationship between visual resolution and cone spacing in the human fovea

Visual resolution decreases rapidly outside the foveal center. The anatomical and physiological basis for this reduction is unclear. We used simultaneous adaptive optics imaging and psychophysical testing to measure cone spacing and resolution across the fovea, and show resolution is limited by cone spacing only at the foveal center. Immediately outside the center, resolution is worse than cone spacing predicts and better matches the sampling limit of midget retinal ganglion cells.
Infiltrative Disease in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Giant Cell Myocarditis Leading to Fulminant Myocarditis

Giant cell myocarditis ( GCM ) is a rare cause of fulminant myocarditis associated with rapid onset severe heart failure. We report here a case of infiltrative cardiomyopathy in an atypical age group to highlight the spectrum of a rare disease and the appropriate clinical considerations in its diagnosis and management. J Med Cases • 2013;4(12):775-779 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1502w
Four-element phased-array antenna systems monolithically integrated on silicon

Planar phased array antenna system on a silicon substrate have been developed, which is an indispensable component for wireless applications. The antenna networks designed for 15GHz applications consists of four patches, four ferroelectric phase shifters, three Wilkinson power dividers, and coplanar waveguide(CPW). The microstrip patch dimension was determined with the aid of simulation tools to have a S11 value of less than 15dB at 15GHz. The Wilkinson power dividers comprised of asymmetrical coplanar strips(ACPS) show a 3dB power splitting, and the phase shifters utilizing the tunability of ferroelectric films generate a linear phase change at the device terminal depending on biased voltages. By controlling the voltages independently applied to each phase shifters, the beam shape and direction radiated from the patches can be changed and steered.
Density-response and modulation-noise testing of digital magnetic recording tapes

Density response and modulation noise are key factors in the high-density performance of magnetic recording tapes, but are difficult so measure independently because of velocity variations and nonstationary statistics. Several measurement methods and their deficiencies are reviewed. Demodulation removes the velocity variation effect, enabling separation of the signal from the noise; and data acquisition with a microcomputer enables measurement of tapes having unusual variations along their length. An experimental test unit is described, giving sample results from several commercial tape types. Slope of the dB density response, or the effective magnetic separation (EMS) is the best indicator of tape performance at high density.
Simultaneous determination of abacavir and zidovudine from rat tissues using HPLC with ultraviolet detection.

Abstract A simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of abacavir and zidovudine (AZT) in rat plasma, amniotic fluid, fetal, and placental tissues. Extraction of abacavir, AZT, and the internal standard, azidouridine (AZDU) in amniotic fluid was carried out by protein precipitation. Extraction from plasma, fetal and placental homogenates was achieved by using a salting out technique. Chromatographic separation was performed using a C8 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of 12% acetonitrile in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 7 with sodium hydroxide) for the fetus, placenta, plasma and amniotic fluid samples at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The method was validated over the range from 0.05 to 50 μg/mL for both abacavir and AZT in the four biological matrices. The absolute recovery of abacavir ranged from 79 to 94%, while AZT recoveries ranged from 79 to 90% in the different biological matrices. The internal standard recovery ranged from 90 to 92%. Acceptable intra- and inter-day assay precision (
Environmental Histories of the Cold War

J.R. McNeill and Corinna R. Unger (eds.) (Washington, DC: German Historical Institute/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), xi +362 pp In his influential book, Nature's Economy, the preemine...
High-Energy Electron Scattering from Lithium-6

The ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ nucleus has been studied at 426 Mev by electron scattering methods between laboratory angles of 33\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 57.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Absolute values of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ cross sections have been obtained by comparison with scattering measurements made on the proton at 426 Mev and 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Unique values of the experimental form factors are given in tabular form. The results are analyzed in terms of various possible charge distributions. Several examples of models showing a good fit are presented and appropriate radius and skin thickness values are given. Several unsuccessful models are also discussed.
An analysis of the highway accidents reported by 1,306 university students

The problem of accidents on the highways is of importance at any time but it assumes especial significance ina period of national emergency. The loss of man-power due to accidents has been estimated as reaching millions of man-hours annually, with a resulting decrease in the output of planes, tanks, munitions, and other war essential materials.
Blood flow and pressure propagation in the canine femoral artery

Abstract A series of experiments has been performed on the femoral artery of 20 anesthetized dogs in order to test the predictions of a theoretical, hemodynamic model. Simultaneous measurements of intra-arterial pressure and differential pressure, external vessel diameter and volume blood flow were recorded on analog tape and subsequently subjected to Fourier series analysis. Recordings were taken during control conditions and during periods of unilateral vagal stimulation and topical drug application. From the Fourier analysis of the recorded variables, values of hydraulic fluid impedance and propagation characteristics were computed for comparison to the model. Experimental values of fluid impedance, resistance and inductance compared well with the predictions of the model within the limitation of experimental errors. The propagation characteristics of the model were tested on data from the literature. The latter were used to compute values of phase velocity and attenuation coefficient, which were found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of the model. The apparent propagation constant, obtained from pressure and differential pressure data, were used to compute values of (true) phase velocity. These were also found to agree well with the theoretical model. The ability of linearized wave propagation models to predict blood flow and pressure propagation values in the canine femoral artery has several important implications.
Inhibition of Recombinant Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase by Two Intermediate Metabolites of Disulfiram

Disulfiram is used in aversion therapy for alcoholism. S-Methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate (MeDTC) sulfoxide, a potent inhibitor of the target enzyme mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), is thought to be the principal active metabolite of disulfiram in vivo. We examined the effects on recombinant human ALDH2 of two intermediate metabolites of disulfiram, S-methyl-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (MeDDC) sulfoxide and MeDDC sulfine. MeDDC sulfoxide was a potent inhibitor of ALDH2 with an IC50 of 2.2 +/- 0.5 microM (mean +/- SD, N = 4) after preincubation with enzyme for 30 min. MeDDC sulfine was a relatively weak inhibitor of ALDH2 under the same conditions with an IC50 value of 62 +/- 14 microM. The inhibition of ALDH2 by both compounds was irreversible and did not require the cofactor NAD. The latter finding demonstrates that inactivation of ALDH2 is independent of the dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme. GSH blocked almost completely the inhibition by 20 microM of MeDDC sulfoxide and greatly diminished the inhibition by 200 microM of MeDDC sulfine. Inactivation by MeDDC sulfoxide was time dependent. MeDTC sulfoxide was a more potent inhibitor of recombinant human ALDH2 (IC50 = 1.4 +/- 0.3 microM after preincubation for 15 min) than either of the intermediate metabolites, and its inhibition was unaffected by GSH. Our results suggest that these newer intermediate metabolites of disulfiram, especially the more potent MeDTC sulfoxide, have the potential to inhibit the target enzyme ALDH2 in patients receiving disulfiram. However, until the significance of the interactions of the inhibitors with GSH is more fully understood, the contribution of MeDDC sulfine and MeDDC sulfoxide to the pharmacological effects of disulfiram in vivo is uncertain.
Test, diagnosis and fault simulation of embedded RAM modules in SRAM-based FPGAs

This paper presents a unique scheme for testing and locating multiple stuck at faults in the embedded RAM modules of SRAM-based FPGAs. The RAM modules are tested using the MATS++ algorithm. The interconnection scheme makes it possible to test all the cells within the RAM modules in the FPGA in just one test configuration. We also develop a diagnosis scheme capable of locating the faulty RAM cells and the CLB in which it is located. In this research, emphasis is also laid on reducing the testing time, which is achieved by partitioning the FPGA into two halves.
Multispectral vegetative canopy parameter retrieval

Precision agriculture, forestry and environmental remote sensing are applications uniquely suited to the 8 bands that DigitalGlobe's WorldView-2 provides. At the fine spatial resolution of 0.5 m (panchromatic) and 2 m (multispectral) individual trees can be readily resolved. Recent research [1] has shown that it is possible for hyper-spectral data to invert plant reflectance spectra and estimate nitrogen content, leaf water content, leaf structure, canopy leaf area index and, for sparse canopies, also soil reflectance. The retrieval is based on inverting the SAIL (Scattering by Arbitrary Inclined Leaves) vegetation radiative transfer model for the canopy structure and the reflectance model PROSPECT4/5 for the leaf reflectance. Working on the paper [1] confirmed that a limited number of adjacent bands covering just the visible and near infrared can retrieve the parameters as well, opening up the possibility that this method can be used to analyze multi-spectral WV-2 data. Thus it seems possible to create WV-2 specific inversions using 8 bands and apply them to imagery of various vegetation covered surfaces of agricultural and environmental interest. The capability of retrieving leaf water content and nitrogen content has important applications in determining the health of vegetation, e.g. plant growth status, disease mapping, quantitative drought assessment, nitrogen deficiency, plant vigor, yield, etc.
Mineralogical evidence for eolian contribution to soils of late quaternary moraines, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA

Abstract Volcanic heavy minerals are found in the A and B horizons of soils on moraines of the western Wind River Mountains of Wyoming. Volcanic minerals do not occur in the underlying moraine sediments derived from plutonic and metamorphic bedrock. Sources of the volcanics are the sedimentary rocks of the Green River Basin. The presence of volcanic minerals in the Green River Basin and their patterns of distribution in the moraine soils indicate eolian sedimentation is an important factor of soil genesis in this region. Moraines affected by eolian sediments include the Pinedale and Temple Lake/Indian Basin type localities. The presence of eolian sediments in both Pinedale and Holocene deposits suggests eolian addition is not simply a late glacial phenomenon, but continues throughout postglacial time. Relations between eolian sediments and soil development must be accounted for when comparing soil development on moraine chronosequences in this and possibly all alpine regions of western North America.
Origins of paramagnetism in berylliumcopper alloys

Abstract We report the magnetic susceptibility of several commercial purity and high purity grade BeCu-based alloys. Comparison of Curie constants with the results of chemical assay suggests that Co and Ni alloying additions form non-magnetic beryllides distributed uniformly throughout the material. Consequently, the magnetic properties of the BeCu alloys are found to be dominated by trace impurities such as Fe and Cr.
Fluorescence Spectra in Frozen Heptane at High Pressures

Abstract The fluorescence spectra of coronene and 1,12-benzoperylene have been studied in frozen heptane as a function of pressure (0–30 kbar). The fluorescence red shifts at 77°K are 5 cm−1/kbar and 8.3 cm−1/kbar, respectively. High pressures broaden vibronic bands and increase background intensity. The 0, 0 band becomes more pronounced under pressure. The intensity pattern of the 1,12-benzoperylene fluorescence is altered considerably by compression of the heptane matrix. Permanent changes in the spectra after pressure treatment are very slight compared to the reversible effects of high pressures on the spectral characteristics of these two aromatic hydrocarbons.
A bulk power system reliability assessment methodology

This paper describes a methodology for the reliability evaluation of bulk power systems. The method encompasses the systematic enumeration of contingencies and the evaluation of their effects on the system over a range of system load levels. Contingencies and electric load levels are described with Markov models. Reliability indices are computed using these models. Both an adequacy approach and a simplified security approach are considered in the effects analysis. The overall framework of the proposed methodology is capable of considering the full security approach but it is not addressed in this paper. In the adequacy approach, an improved system simulation method is used based on the single-phase quadratized power flow (QPF). Remedial actions (RAs) are also applied for the purpose of alleviating system abnormal operating conditions. The adequacy approach determines whether the system is adequate for supplying the electric load without operating constraint violations. In the simplified security approach, the immediate response of the system is of interest. The simulation approach consists of an inertial re-dispatch and operating conditions immediately after a contingency before any controls take effect. The objective is to determine whether cascading failures occur. The proposed methodology has been applied to two reliability test systems.
Additional Insights on the Bastadins: Isolation of Analogues from the Sponge Ianthella cf. reticulata and Exploration of the Oxime Configurations†

The focus of this study is on the bastadin class of bromotyrosine derivatives, commonly isolated from Ianthella marine sponges, and is the first report on the secondary metabolites from Ianthella cf. reticulata. Two new bastadins were isolated, (E,Z)-bastadin 19 (1a), a diastereoisomer of the known (E,E)-bastadin 19 (1b), and dioxepine bastadin 3 (2), an unusual dibenzo-1,3-dioxepine. A bastadin NMR database was created and assisted in the structure determination of 1b and 2 and the rapid dereplication of 10 other known compounds including bastadins 2-9 (3-10), 13 (11), and 19 (1a). The geometry of the 2-(hydroxyimino)-N-alkylamide chains, a chemical feature present in all bastadins, was further probed, and new insights regarding the natural oxime configuration are discussed. Bastadins possessing (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, or (E,E)-dioxime configurations could be artifacts of isolation or storage in solution. Therefore, this point was explored by photochemical and thermal isomerization studies, as well as molecular mechanics calculations. Bastadins 13 (11) and 19 (1a) exhibited moderate inhibition against Trypanosoma brucei, and bastadin 4 (5) was cytotoxic to HCT-116 colon cancer cells.
Sensitivity analysis of fixed point linear smoothing algorithms

A disadvantage to the majority of smoothing algorithms which have been presented is that computation must be performed off-line. For the case where smoothing is desired at a finite number of points, on-line algorithms for this fixed-point smoothing have been developed. This work prosents the developments associated with the error and sensitivity analysis of these algorithms. Examples illustrating the theory are presented.
The law's understanding of intellectual disability as a disability.

Abstract Intellectual disability (ID) is differently yet validly described by different professions. Legal professionals find it most useful to consider ID as a disability rather than a disorder. Because the law regulates the actions of individuals in a society and the actions of society on an individual, the law's concern in dealing with a person with ID is almost always with that person's functional abilities and limitations in society. This concern is reflected in various aspects of criminal and civil law, although the methods of assessing those functional abilities and limitations have changed considerably over time. The law has not always been wise or humane in its treatment of people with ID, but its focus on functional abilities and limitations allows us to assist people with ID to use their abilities and participate in society to their fullest potential.
923. Combining In Situ Gene Therapy with Radiotherapy and Hormonal Therapy in the Treatment of Stage D1 Prostate Cancer

Introduction: Clinical trial of combination adenoviral vector mediated Herpes Simplex Virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) + valacyclovir (VCV) in situ gene therapy with radiotherapy (RT) and hormonal therapy was conducted for Stage D1 prostate cancer. We now report the safety, efficacy, and immune responses using this approach.
A comparison of adolescent and adult defense styles

Despite the great need for assessment of the adaptive and defensive style of adolescents, there are few instruments available to assess these characteristics. We assessed Vaillant's defense hierarchial model in adolescents, using Bond's self-report questionnaire (DSQ) for adults adopted for adolescents. In all cases, the factor structure in adolescents differed from adults, which may represent a manifestation of development.
Why We Test - To Know How It Performs Or Might Fail

Designers and developers set out to create something, a hardware product, a computer program, an automated manufacturing application, or a piece of documentation. Their premise is that when developed and debugged, this creation will be good .... and that is as it should be. That premise fails to ask the question, "Under what conditions will this creation fail to perform as I have created it to do?" Too often there is an assumption that debug equates to testing. They are not the same. A well designed test should determine under what reasonable conditions the product will fail to perform as intended.
Field-plot and laboratory screening of chemical control agents against Pleocoma larvae.

Ten insecticides and 2 soil fumigants were screened in the field and laboratory as possible controls for Pleocoma spp. grubs which attack the roots of deciduous fruit trees. Heptachlor and Dursban® ( O,O -dielhyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pridyl) phosphorothioate) insecticides and ethylene dibromide and Vapam® (sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate) soil fumigants produced some mortality, but effective econornic control of larvae in infested orchards using the registered compounds tested and conventional dispersal methods does not appear promising in view of the high dosages needed to produce significant larval kill.
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia: Diagnostic Approach and Surgical Treatment

Mortality related to acute mesenteric arterial occlusion remains very high. Patient survival is dependent on prompt recognition and revascularization before ischemia progresses to intestinal gangrene. Biphasic computed tomography angiography has surpassed angiography as the diagnostic test of choice due to its ability to define the arterial anatomy and to evaluate secondary signs of mesenteric ischemia. Unlike chronic mesenteric ischemia, the treatment of acute arterial mesenteric ischemia, either embolic or thrombotic, remains largely surgical. This is due to the emergent need for revascularization combined with a careful evaluation of the intestines. Endovascular techniques remain useful, however, and can save precious time in the treatment of these challenging patients if integrated into a treatment pathway combined with definitive surgical treatment. A new hybrid endovascular-surgical treatment for the treatment of acute mesenteric thrombosis is described.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Presentation, Etiology, and Outcomes of Acute Liver Failure in the United States

Background & Aims In patients with chronic liver disease, race plays a role in the rate of survival after transplantation. It is not known how race and ethnicity influence the presentation, etiology, and outcomes in patients with acute liver failure (ALF). Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the ALF Study Group database to assess differences between racial and ethnic groups in subjects with ALF. Results In the cohort of 927 subjects (81.8% white, 12.8% black, and 5.4% Asian), enrolled between January 1998 and March 2006, age, sex, and level of education were comparable among the groups. Differences were found in the prevalence of psychiatric illness and the use of medications. Racial groups also differed with respect to etiology of ALF. Whites presented more frequently with acetaminophen toxicity (51% vs 27%; P Conclusions In patients with ALF, there were no significant differences in survival or rate of liver transplantation among racial and ethnic groups except for transplantation in Hispanics.
Temperamental Vulnerability and Negative Parenting as Interacting Predictors of Child Adjustment

This study examines parenting by temperament interactions in predicting child adjustment. Participants included 40 first and second graders, their mothers, and teachers. Child report of maternal psychological control and hostility was assessed using the Child Puppet Interview. Mothers completed temperament scales from the Child Behavior Questionnaire, and teachers provided information on child adjustment. As expected, among children high in irritable distress, maternal psychological control was associated with internalizing problems and maternal hostility was associated with externalizing problems. Among children with poor effortful control, maternal hostility was associated with externalizing behavior. This study offers evidence that the effects of negative parenting are accentuated among children with temperamental vulnerabilities.
Controls of sandstone body geometry and architecture in the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic), Colorado Plateau

Abstract The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation forms a widespread continental deposit across the Colorado Plateau. Varying sandstone/mudstone ratios and resulting architectural differences throughout the formation provide the basis for recognition of six formal members and one informal unit in southeastern Utah and adjacent northern Arizona. The Shinarump and Moss Back Members consist of very broad thin sheets of interconnected sandstone bodies that formed in braided stream environments. The Monitor Butte and Petrified Forest Members consist of disconnected ribbon and narrow sheet sandstone bodies enclosed in thick mudstone sequences. The sandstone bodies formed in chiefly meandering streams. The Owl Rock and Churck Rock Members and Kane Springs strata are more variable packages of sandstone, mudstone and limestone that formed by various fluvial and lacustrine processes. Analysis of sandstone-body geometry and interconnectedness of the Shinarump, Moss Back, Monitor Butte, and Petrified Forest Members suggests that changing regional subsidence rates were major causes for their architectural patterns. These conclusions are supported by a comparison of Chinle sandstone-body geometry with sandstone-body geometry produced by quantitative models in the literature. The alternating sheet and ribbon geometry of the calcarenite and calcirudite channel deposits in the Kane Springs strata is related to diapiric salt activity in the Salt Anticline region. Controls that affected the sandstone-body geometry in the Church Rock Member are not fully understood but are probably related to increased aridity at the close of Chinle deposition.
Dynamic Relationships Among Regional and Nationwide Manufacturing

The purpose of this paper is to examine how regional manufacturing responds to a decline in manufacturing activity nationwide. A trivariate VAR model of the relationships between the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for manufacturing, and two regional manufacturing output indexes is estimated. The regions considered correspond to the Fifth and the Seventh Federal Reserve Districts. A negative shock in the national index is imposed on the system to demonstrate the following: durations and general patterns of the impulse responses; severity of the responses in the two patterns; reaction times; and interregional differences in response patterns. The findings indicate that the response patterns generally differ between the regions.
Outpatient Perineal Sling in Adolescent Boys With Neurogenic Incontinence

Purpose: Management for urinary incontinence in boys with sphincteric incompetence secondary to a neurogenic etiology is a challenge. Minimally invasive approaches have inconsistent efficacy and may require multiple treatments. Open bladder neck reconstruction requires inpatient hospitalizations and can be associated with a high complication rate. To overcome some of these shortcomings we placed a polypropylene male perineal sling in male adolescents with neurogenic sphincteric incontinence. We retrospectively reviewed the outcome in our initial 6 patients.Materials and Methods: Six patients 14 to 20 years old underwent placement of a polypropylene male perineal sling on an outpatient basis. Followup was 27 to 39 months (median 33). All patients had a history of myelomeningocele and underwent urodynamics showing normal compliance, adequate capacity and sphincteric incompetence. A suburethral sling was placed on an outpatient basis through a small perineal incision. Sling tension was adjusted for maximal u...