cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Artificial Intelligence Inspired Model Predictive Control for Frequency Regulation in Power Electronics Dominated Grids

This paper proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)based technique to realize event-triggered control solutions for power electronics dominated grid (PEDG). The proposed approach integrates the features of data-driven and model-based control schemes to realize a unified predictive control solution for enhancing frequency restoration in PEDG or an islanded cluster of the grid. The control scheme estimates the inertia of the grid during disturbances by AI techniques and provides a feedback for the controller to regulate the frequency of the grid. The proposed integrated data-driven and model-based predictive control (IDMPC) is implemented on power electronics interfaces of the distributed energy resources (DERs) at the grid-edge and enables the control of islanded grid-cluster frequency feature such as rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and nadir frequency. The presented IDMPC scheme has fast dynamic response and is robust to system disturbances. The functionality of the proposed method for supporting the voltage and frequency of the grid is verified by several case studies.
Arteriovenous Loop Graft for Lower Extremity Reconstruction

Vein grafts are indicated when there is a gap between microsurgical flap vessels and recipient vessels. A single vein can be used as transposition or arteriovenous loop to bridge both gaps. Great saphenous vein provides a versatile resource for this purpose. Maximizing pre-conduit starting pressures by either using the superficial femoral artery or popliteal artery and utilizing the vein as conduit in single stage are important technical considerations in obtaining successful microsurgical reconstruction.
Systemic Response to Trauma

The body activates multiple systems in response to trauma. These reactions are complex and initiated to protect the body, but sustained reactions can be harmful. The goals of treatment are directed at minimizing the magnitude of injury and preventing further progression of these systems. It is also important to prioritize the life-threatening injuries first, as they can be overlooked in the setting of severe injury. Understanding the process of resuscitation, inflammation, transfusion, coagulopathy, and metabolism is the foundation for taking care of critically injured patients.
Pedagogy in Paleopathology

The study of diseases, anomalies and abnormalities in skeletal or mummified bodies representing peoples of the past, has been the stepchild of Archaeology and medical pathology for many years. In t...
Bimodal Phonon Scattering in Graphene Grain Boundaries.

Graphene has served as the model 2D system for over a decade, and the effects of grain boundaries (GBs) on its electrical and mechanical properties are very well investigated. However, no direct measurement of the correlation between thermal transport and graphene GBs has been reported. Here, we report a simultaneous comparison of thermal transport in supported single crystalline graphene to thermal transport across an individual graphene GB. Our experiments show that thermal conductance (per unit area) through an isolated GB can be up to an order of magnitude lower than the theoretically anticipated values. Our measurements are supported by Boltzmann transport modeling which uncovers a new bimodal phonon scattering phenomenon initiated by the GB structure. In this novel scattering mechanism, boundary roughness scattering dominates the phonon transport in low-mismatch GBs, while for higher mismatch angles there is an additional resistance caused by the formation of a disordered region at the GB. Nonequili...
Telephone-based Care Management for Older Adults Initiated on Psychotropic Medication

Objective This study aimed to explore the longitudinal, 6-month symptom course of older adults newly started on an antidepressant or anxiolytic by non-psychiatrist physicians and enrolled in a care management program. Method This is a naturalistic cohort study of older adults (age ≥65 years) receiving pharmacotherapy and telephone-based care management. Participants are non-institutionalized adults participating in Pennsylvania's Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly who completed telephone-based clinical assessments including demographic data, self-report on history of psychiatric treatment and adherence, and standardized symptom scales. Results A total of 162 participants with an average age of 77.2 years (SD 6.8) were followed and, for analysis, split into two groups by PHQ-9 score: 75 (46.3%) scoring 0–4 (minimally symptomatic group, MSG) and 87 (53.7%) scoring ≥5 (symptomatic group, SG). Over 6 months, the SG improved with PHQ-9 scores beginning on average at 10.0 (SD 4.6) and falling to 5.4 (SD 4.2) (F(1, 86) = 29.53, p < 0.0001). The MSG had no significant change in depressive symptoms. Emotional health as measured by SF-12 Mental Composite Score mirrored the PHQ-9 change and lack thereof in the SG and MSG, respectively. No clinical or demographic features were associated with symptom improvement in the SG although they were more likely to report medication adherence (66.7% vs. 44.0%, χ2(1) = 8.4, p = 0.0037) compared with the MSG. Conclusions Participation of symptomatic older adults initiated on psychotropic medication in a telephone-based care management program was associated with improvement in depressive symptoms and overall emotional well-being, notable findings given participants' advanced age, state-wide distribution, and history of limited utilization of mental health care. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treating programs as objects: The computational proxy experience

Migrating data to a new database model presents problems if there are existing application programs that must continue to access the data, bu that cannot be converted immediately. If the target database is object-oriented, such a legacy program can be encapsulated as an object or a message. We argue that some applications will benefit from further “reification” of execution instances as database objects. We introduce a “computational proxy” mechanism and our prototype implementation of it for computational chemistry codes. We conclude with a discussion of where declarative capabilities would have been a useful adjunct to object-oriented database features.
Two-site comparison of broth microdilution and semisolid agar dilution methods for susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans in three media.

This study evaluated the inter- and intralaboratory agreement between results of the semisolid agar dilution and broth microdilution methods of antifungal susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans. Three media were tested in two laboratories. The drugs tested were amphotericin B, flucytosine, itraconazole, fluconazole, and Schering 39304. Analysis by kappa statistics revealed good agreement between the laboratories for the two methods. The highest level of inter- and intralaboratory agreement was observed in RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine followed by Eagle9s minimum essential medium and yeast nitrogen broth. The broth microdilution method appears more suitable than the semisolid agar dilution method for testing cryptococci because of its ease in performance, cost, and simplicity.
Enterocutaneous fistulae in familial adenomatous polyposis patients with abdominal desmoid disease.

Aim Enterocutaneous fistula is a severe complication of intra-abdominal desmoid disease. It is hard to repair because of the presence of the desmoid itself, the possibility of distal obstruction and the complexity of multiple laparotomies. Here we report the outcome of a series of patients presenting with abdominal desmoid disease and associated enterocutaneous fistula. Method This is a retrospective, descriptive study of patients presenting to a hereditary colorectal cancer registry with familial adenomatous polyposis-related intra-abdominal desmoid disease and associated enterocutaneous fistulae. Patients were identified through the registry database and aspects of their treatment and outcome were abstracted. Results Sixteen patients (11 women, five men) were treated. The mean age at index surgery was 25.2 years and mean time to first fistula was 115.6 (± 92.7 standard deviation) months from index surgery. Index surgery included restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch (n = 9), colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (n = 4) and proctocolectomy with end ileostomy (n = 1). One patient had only a small bowel bypass and another did not have any index surgery. Ten patients underwent laparotomy for the enterocutaneous fistula; eight had a repair ± resection, one had a diversion and one a bypass. All eight patients who had a repair healed, and the bypassed fistula was successfully palliated. Three fistulae recurred and two were successfully repaired at a second procedure. One patient was explored but nothing could be done for the fistula. Two surgery patients died of causes unrelated to the fistula. Six patients received medical treatment, four of whom died. Conclusion Selected desmoid-related enterocutaneous fistulae can be repaired successfully.
Water structure in [Phe4 Val6] antamanide • 12H2O crystallized from dioxane

Crystals of [Phe4 Val6] antamanide (cyclic [ValProProPhePhe]2) grown from dioxane/H2O, with space group P21212 and cell parameters a = 15.099(4), b = 22.008(5) and c = 11.024(3) A, are almost identical to crystals grown from H2O/acetone, the structure of which was determined a number of years ago. Per peptide molecule there are the equivalent of 12 water molecules occupying 16 sites in both crystals; however, in the new investigation a number of water molecules present at one-half occupancy have been found in different positions than in the earlier analysis. The interpretation of the hydrogen bonding between peptide/water and between water/water is much more satisfactory. Pentagonal water assemblies are present in the solvent channel. There is a distinct indication of the occurrence of a bifurcated bond between two water molecules, as well as the presence of three-center hydrogen bonds joining three water molecules. This may be the first experimental example of a bifurcated bond between two water molecules.
Eye color: A potential indicator of alcohol dependence risk in European Americans

In archival samples of European-ancestry subjects, light-eyed individuals have been found to consume more alcohol than dark-eyed individuals. No published population-based studies have directly tested the association between alcohol dependence (AD) and eye color. We hypothesized that light-eyed individuals have a higher prevalence of AD than dark-eyed individuals. A mixture model was used to select a homogeneous sample of 1,263 European-Americans and control for population stratification. After quality control, we conducted an association study using logistic regression, adjusting for confounders (age, sex, and genetic ancestry). We found evidence of association between AD and blue eye color (P = 0.0005 and odds ratio = 1.83 (1.31-2.57)), supporting light eye color as a risk factor relative to brown eye color. Network-based analyses revealed a statistically significant (P = 0.02) number of genetic interactions between eye color genes and AD-associated genes. We found evidence of linkage disequilibrium between an AD-associated GABA receptor gene cluster, GABRB3/GABRG3, and eye color genes, OCA2/HERC2, as well as between AD-associated GRM5 and pigmentation-associated TYR. Our population-phenotype, network, and linkage disequilibrium analyses support association between blue eye color and AD. Although we controlled for stratification we cannot exclude underlying occult stratification as a contributor to this observation. Although replication is needed, our findings suggest that eye pigmentation information may be useful in research on AD. Further characterization of this association may unravel new AD etiological factors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Virtual simulation in the clinical setting: Some practical considerations

Virtual simulation departs from normal practice by replacing conventional treatment simulation with 3-dimensional image data and computer software. Implementation of virtual simulation requires the ability to transfer the planned treatment geometry from the computer to the treatment room in a way which is accurate, reproducible, and efficient enough for routine use. We have separated this process into: (a) immobilization of the patient; (b) establishment and alignment of a practical coordinate system for the patient/couch system; and (c) setup of the patient/couch system and the treatment machine “by the numbers” to achieve the desired beam orientation. The first aspect has been addressed by the use of hemi- or full-body foam casts, the second by use of an alignment jig on the treatment couch, and the third with the aid of a patient coordinate system referenced to easily located landmarks. Phantom studies and clinical practice have shown these techniques to be practical and effective within reasonable clinical bounds.
Impaired muscle metaboreflex-induced increases in ventricular function in heart failure

We investigated to what extent heart failure alters the ability of the muscle metaboreflex to improve ventricular function. Dogs were chronically instrumented to monitor mean arterial pressure (MAP...
Free fatty acids sensitise hepatocytes to TRAIL mediated cytotoxicity

Background: Elevated circulating free fatty acids (FFA) contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis and promote hepatocyte apoptosis by incompletely defined mechanisms. Although the death ligand TRAIL has been implicated in a variety of pathological liver diseases, the role of TRAIL in mediating apoptosis of FFA induced steatotic hepatocytes is unknown. Aim: We examined TRAIL cytotoxicity in an in vitro model of hepatocyte steatosis induced by FFA. Methods: Hepatocytes (Huh 7 cells, HepG2 cells, and primary rat hepatocytes) were rendered steatotic by incubation with oleic acid. Apoptosis was assessed morphologically and biochemically by caspase activity. TRAIL receptor regulation was examined using immunoblot analysis and siRNA for targeted knockdown. c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibition was attained with SP600125. Results: Oleic acid sensitised the cells to TRAIL but not TNF-α cytotoxicity. FFA sensitisation to TRAIL occurred at much lower concentrations than required for FFA mediated sensitisation to Fas, or FFA induced lipoapoptosis. Oleic acid treatment led to upregulation of the cognate TRAIL receptor death receptor 5 (DR5) but not death receptor 4 (DR4). The upregulation of DR5 was JNK dependent. siRNA targeted knockdown of either DR5 or DR4 demonstrated that DR5 was responsible for FFA sensitisation to TRAIL killing. DR5 expression was enhanced in steatotic human liver samples. Conclusion: Our results suggest that FFA induced hepatocyte steatosis sensitises to TRAIL by a DR5 mediated JNK dependent mechanism.
Positioning theory as analytic tool for understanding intersubjective meaning-making

This paper explores how positioning theory can be used to understand intersubjective meaning-making in CSCL environments. We analyzed asynchronous conversations of three discussion groups in a learning environment designed to teach team process skills. Analysis of the storylines, speech acts and positions taken up by each group provided insights as to how students made meaning in this learning environment.
POVERTY IN URBAN AMERICA: Policy Options

ABSTRACT: Under the Johnson administration, the US government declared war on poverty but millions of Americans remain in poverty today. Structural shifts in the economy have pushed many groups traditionally at the margins of society (minorities and women) deeper into poverty. This paper explores demographic changes in the nature of poverty and recent government efforts to cope with them. The authors examine reasons for the persistence of poverty and describe policies with demonstrated success in reducing poverty. They contend that recent urban policies have been limited in scope and effort. What is needed, they write, is a focused, comprehensive effort that addresses the changes now occurring in cities. In particular, they offer new initiatives in family policy and community development as policy options for the next administration. Welfare is the slate on which our most trenchant social anxieties are written. (Kornbluh, 1991, p. 24).
Isotropic-to-Nematic Phase Transition in a Liquid-Crystal Droplet

In this paper, we focus on the isotropic-to-nematic phase transition in a liquid-crystal droplet. We present the results of an experiment to measure the growth of the nematic phase within an isotropic phase liquid-crystal droplet. Experimentally, we observe two primary phase transition regimes. At short time scales, our experimental results (R(t) ∼ t0.51) show good agreement with a Stefan-type model of the evolution of the nematic phase within the isotropic phase of a liquid crystal. As time progresses, the growth of the nematic phase is restricted by increased confinement of the droplet boundary. During this stage of growth, the nematic phase grows at a slower rate of R(t) ∼ t0.31. The slower growth at later stages might be due to a variety of factors such as confinement-induced latent heat reduction; a change of defect strength during its evolution; or interactions between the defect and the interface between the liquid crystal and oil or between adjacent defects. The presence of two growth regimes is a...
Parallel Circuits from Cones to the On‐Beta Ganglion Cell

Neural integration depends critically upon circuit architecture; yet the architecture has never been established quantitatively (numbers of cells and synapses) for any vertebrate local circuit. Here we describe circuits in the cat retina that connect cones to the on-beta ganglion cell. This cell type is important because on- and off-beta cells contribute about 50% of the optic nerve fibres and the major retinal input to the striate cortex. Three adjacent on-beta cells in the area centralis and their bipolar connections to cones were reconstructed from electron micrographs of 279 serial sections. The beta dendritic field is 34+/-2 microm in diameter and encompasses 35 cones. All of these cones connect to the beta cell via 14 - 17 bipolar cells. These bipolar cells were shown previously by cluster analysis to be of four types (b1 - b4); three of these types (b1, b2 and b3) provided 97% of the bipolar contacts to the beta cell, in the ratio 4:2:1. On average, bipolar cells nearest the centre of the beta dendritic field contribute more synapses than those towards the edge, but the peaked distribution of bipolar synapses across the dendritic field is only slightly broader than the optical pointspread function of the cat's eye, and is narrower by half than the centre of the ganglion cell receptive field. This implies that the distribution of bipolar synapses across the beta cell dendritic field contributes little to the extent or shape of the receptive field. Since all three bipolar circuits connect to the same set of cones, they must carry the same spatial and chromatic information; they might convey different temporal frequencies. The numbers of bipolar synapses (mean +/- SD=154+/-8) and amacrine synapses (59 +/- 5) converging on three adjacent beta cellsare remarkably constant (SD approximately +/-5% of the mean). Thus, as the circuits repeat locally, the fundamental design is accurately reproduced.
Analysis of stellar radiance contamination in observed satellite spectra

Reflectance spectra of Earth orbiting satellites can be readily observed with small diameter telescopes (D < 1 m) by utilizing a method known as slitless spectroscopy. Satellite spectra can be observed by simply placing a transmission grating within the collimated optical path of the telescope without the need to image through a slit. The simplicity of the slitless spectroscopy design makes it a promising alternative to spatially resolving satellites with larger and more expensive diameter telescopes for applications of space situational awareness. However, accurately observing satellite re ectance spectra without imaging through a slit requires a dark and homogeneous background. This requirement is frequently violated as background stars streak across the image due to the slewing motion of the telescope during satellite tracking. Rather than throwing out all images with noticeable stellar contamination, a principle component analysis of contaminated images from three geostationary satellite observations showed that it may still be possible to assess and identify satellite characteristics depending upon the amount of stellar contamination in the spectral region of interest. Additionally, a simple technique for automatic removal of contaminated frames is proposed based on an outlier analysis using Gaussian statistics and was found to successfully remove all signicantly contaminated frames.
Some Comments on “The Recombination Line Emission from the Galactic Ridge”

DAVIES et al.1 have reported observations of radio recombination lines from regions of the galactic plane chosen to be free of discrete radio sources. These observations support and considerably extend measurements2–4 made earlier with other instruments. Here we comment upon the analysis of the Jodrell Bank measurements. In particular, we point out possible difficulties in assumptions underlying the conclusion that the lines are generated by a gas of electron temperature of 6,200 K and suggest that the temperature of the line-emitting gas might still be quite uncertain.
Optical spectra of Cu porphin and VO porphin in single crystal triphenylene

Abstract Polarized optical absorption spectra of copper porphin and vanadyl porphin in single crystals of triphenylene have been obtained at room temperature, 77°K and 4.2°K. Luminescence spectra of these samples are also reported. The gross features of the spectra of these two metalloporphins are similar but the spectral lines in vanadyl porphin are much sharper than those in copper porphin, revealing much more satellite structure. It is shown that the central metal can substantially affect metalloporphyrin absorption spectra, contrary to the case of broad band solution spectra. The data is consistent with porphin molecules in substitutional sites of triphenylene and a crystal field reduction of the usual D 4 h metalloporphyrin symmetry to D 2 h .
Modeling the distribution of isotopic ratios in geochemical reservoirs

Abstract We present an extension of the conventional geochemical reservoir model for the evolution of the Earth’s crust–mantle system in which we calculate not only the mean isotopic ratios, but also the distribution of those ratios within the reservoirs. Owing to low chemical diffusion rates, subreservoirs that are created by mass transport into and out of the mantle effectively exist as distinct geochemical entities for all time. By tracking these subreservoirs, we obtain a model of the full range of isotopic values represented in the mantle. Using results from numerical calculations of mixing, we also track the length scales associated with each subreservoir. Applying simple statistics, we obtain the distribution of expected measurements as a function of the stirring time, effective melt fraction, sampling volume, and mass transport history. We present calculations of isotopic heterogeneity for two simple mantle evolution models and explore the sensitivity of geochemical observables to the variables mentioned. We focus on the Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd systems and are able to reproduce much of the observed complexity of oceanic basalts. We infer that the stirring time of the mantle falls between 250 and 750 Myr, and that the initial length scale of mantle heterogeneity before stirring is of the same order as the length scale of sampling. We also conclude that the differences between isotopic data from mid-ocean ridge basalts and ocean island basalts cannot simply be due to differences in sampling volume, but must also reflect differences in the source reservoirs and/or melting processes. Increasing the size of the ocean island basalt source region by 45% with respect to the mid-ocean ridge basalt source region reproduces the offset between the two distributions, but still fails to explain the more isotopically extreme measurements. Our results show that the argument suggesting that the absence of samples with a primitive isotopic signature indicates that no primitive material remains in the mantle is not valid.
A low-cost, flexible electrochemical sensor for monitoring silver ion concentration in alginate wound dressings

We present an inexpensive flexible Ag+ sensor on a paper substrate that can be embedded into commercial silver dressings to enable real-time monitoring of the Ag+ concentration in situ. The sensor consists of a silver measuring electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode screen-printed on a laser-machined parchment paper substrate; the reference electrode is covered with PDMS chambers of KCl and KNO3 to form a double-junction electrode. The fabrication features layerby-layer assembly with no need for expensive cleanroom processes. Experiments in aqueous solutions of various concentrations of AgNO3 show a generated potential that is linear (r2=0.9752) with log[Ag+] and has a sensitivity of 62 mV/decade.
Extracellular calcium is a mediator of astroglial injury during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that extracellular calcium is a mediator of astroglial injury during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation. Both differentiated and undifferentiated astroglial cultures were exposed to combined glucose-oxygen deprivation in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium. Lactate dehydrogenase efflux was used as an index of cellular injury. Both types of cultures exhibited significantly less cellular injury when exposed to combined glucose-oxygen deprivation in the absence of extracellular calcium (e.g. lactate dehydrogenase efflux in undifferentiated cultures after 12 h of exposure: presence of calcium, 65.2±2.5% vs. absence of calcium, 21.4±1.3%). To further elucidate the mechanism by which extracellular calcium produces injury, we studied the effect of nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, on astroglial injury resulting from combined glucose-oxygen deprivation. Nimodipine decreased cellular injury in both types of cultures (e.g. lactate dehydrogenase efflux in undifferentiated cultures after 12 h of exposure: untreated, 65.4±2.2% vs. 10 nM nimodipine, 44.6±4.2%). Extracellular calcium appears to be a mediator of astroglial injury during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation. These results suggest that influx of extracellular calcium via L-type voltage-gated calcium channels may contribute to astroglial injury during cerebral ischemia.
Tumor necrosis factor a microsatellite polymorphism is associated with rheumatoid arthritis severity through an interaction with the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope.

Objective To determine whether tumor necrosis factor microsatellite a (TNFa) polymorphism is associated with severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to examine the evidence for interaction between TNFa and the HLA–DRB1 shared epitope (SE). Methods One hundred seventy-one community-based white female RA patients were genotyped for both TNFa and HLA–DRB1 alleles. We performed pairwise association analyses, stratified analyses, and multivariate logistic regressions to determine whether TNFa was associated with 4 measures of RA severity, and whether there was significant interaction between TNFa and the HLA–DRB1 SE. Results Simple pairwise analyses did not reveal significant association between TNFa polymorphism and RA severity. However, when the data were stratified by the presence versus absence of the SE, striking associations were observed between TNFa allele 11 (TNFa11) and RA severity. These analyses also demonstrated significant interaction between TNFa11 and the SE (P = 0.07–0.005), and this was confirmed in our multivariate regressions. Specifically, the most severe outcomes were observed among individuals who had inherited both TNFa11 and the SE (61–71% had severe RA based on 1 of the 4 outcomes). In contrast, individuals who had inherited TNFa11 in the absence of the SE had the best outcomes (8–21% with severe RA). The odds ratios comparing these 2 groups ranged from 8.8 to 22.7 for the 4 severity measures. The differential effect of TNFa11 according to the presence versus absence of the SE (and vice versa) illustrated their interaction with respect to RA severity. Conclusion The data suggest that TNFa is associated with RA severity through an interaction with the HLA–DRB1 SE.
Do All Impact Fees Affect Housing Prices the Same

The study empirically estimates the effects of four types of impact fees (road, school, park, and fire protection impact fees) on new and existing housing, as well as the fees’ differential effects...
The vertical structure of currents over the Continental Shelf off Point Sur, CA, during Spring 1990

Abstract A 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was deployed off Point Sur, CA (36°17.8′N, 121°59.5′W) from 28 February to 11 May 1990 to study the current response to local and remote forcing over a narrow continental shelf near a coastal promontory. The unit was moored 4 m off the bottom in water 84 m deep, and it profiled the currents in the water column in 4-m depth bins to within 12 m of the surface. The flow can be described in terms of the response to equatorward wind events versus the response to poleward wind events and wind relaxations. During equatorward wind events, the current vectors were directed equatorward and offshore near the surface at about 35 cm s -1 , then backed counterclockwise and decreased in magnitude with depth to about 10 cm s -1 , 4 m off the bottom. The vertical current structure during these events was well reproduced using a simple model in which the bottom Ekman layer was added to the unstratified model of Csanady (1982) for the wind-forced setup near a coast. The counterclockwise turning (as opposed to the open-ocean, clockwise sense) resulted from the interior geostrophic component, which overwhelmed the surface Ekman spiral and combined with the bottom Ekman layer to produce the observed vertical structure. The best agreement between the modelled and observed current vectors was obtained using a vertical mixing coefficient of about 12×10 -3 m 2 s -1 . During poleward winds and wind relaxations, the currents were northward at about 20 cm s -1 over most of the water column, then also backed counterclockwise as the bottom was approached. The more barotropic response during the weak poleward winds and wind relaxations showed no evidence for local wind forcing, which suggests forcing due to an alongshore pressure gradient arising from an alongshore surface slope of about 2×10 -7 . The across-shore mass balance from the best-fit modelled flow field during upwelling events showed that the onshore transport in the lower water column was 2–3 times the offshore transport in the upper water column. This may be due to three-dimensional effects or to the across-shore adjustment drift (Csanady, 1982), which feeds the alongshore geostrophic flow.
Application of multiscale waveform tomography for high-resolution velocity estimation in complex geologic environments : Canadian Foothills synthetic data example

Seismic imaging in compressional belts such as the Canadian Foothills is very challenging due to complex geological structures, rugged surface topography, and highly variable near-surface conditions. Seismic sections across the Canadian Foothills are usually progressively more distorted when approaching the Canadian Foothills region. Figure 1 shows the degree of structural complexity and topographic variations which are in part responsible for the deteriorated imaging in the thrust belt. Accurate velocity models of subsurface structures are critical for improving seismic images of thrust belts in both the time domain (e.g., tomostatics) and the depth domain (e.g., prestack depth migration).
Single-walled carbon nanotube as a unique scaffold for the multivalent display of sugars.

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is a pseudo-one-dimensional nanostructure capable of carrying/displaying a large number of bioactive molecules and species in aqueous solution. In this work, a series of dendritic β-d-galactopyranosides and α-d-mannopyranosides with a terminal amino group were synthesized and used for the functionalization of SWNTs, which targeted the defect-derived carboxylic acid moieties on the nanotube surface. The higher-order sugar dendrons were more effective in the solubilization of SWNTs, with the corresponding functionalized nanotube samples of improved aqueous solubility characteristics. Through the functionalization, the nanotube apparently serves as a unique scaffold for displaying multiple copies of the sugar molecules in pairs or quartets. Results on the synthesis and characterization of these sugar-functionalized SWNTs and their biological evaluations in binding assays with pathogenic Escherichia coli and with Bacillus subtilis (a nonvirulent simulant for Bacillus anthr...
Genetic insights into mast cell chymase and tryptase function

Summary As the major secreted proteins of degranulating mast cells, chymases and tryptases have long been suspected to be perpetrators of pathology in asthma and other forms of allergic disease. Indeed, the preponderance of evidence now suggests that these enzymes, collectively, are guilty. However, confusion remains over which are most culpable and which of them produce what kinds of pathology. This confusion has several causes, including daunting, nonsystematic nomenclatures, unexplained multiplicities of closely related genes in animal models of allergic disease, uncertainty over which genes deserve to be labelled ‘pseudo’, perplexing allelic relationships and, until recently, a shortage of data correlating enzyme structure with function. Fortunately, recent developments bring these elements into sharper focus. This brief review summarizes some of these developments and discusses how they help to identify the enzymes likely to be important in allergic disease.
Natural Dissecting Aneurysm (Aortic Rupture) and Blood Pressure in the Turkey

AORTIC rupture in the domestic turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, occurs as a sporadic, spontaneous, fatal haemorrhage with flock mortality as high as 20 per cent. Many attempts have been made to elucidate the aetiology of this syndrome.
Olive Oil and Human Cancer: An Assessment of the Evidence☆☆☆

Abstract Background. We have attempted to summarize the evidence concerning the association of olive oil intake with cancer risk in humans. Methods. We reviewed all the studies that met the following criteria: (1) they have directly examined olive oil in the context of an extensive food frequency questionnaire or have evaluated the role of monounsaturated fat in populations of Mediterranean countries where a large fraction of monounsaturated fat originates from olive oil and (2) they have analyzed the data with explicit or implicit control for energy intake to accommodate the likely confounding influence of caloric consumption and to account to a certain extent for differential completeness of reporting between cases and controls. Ecologic studies were also considered and relevant experimental data were invoked. Results. With respect to breast cancer, there is converging evidence for a protective effect, although the data are not definitive. For other cancer types, the overall epidemiologic evidence, although promising, is quantitatively limited and qualitatively suboptimal. Conclusion. The issue is of major public health importance and deserves additional study.
Pressure dependence of elementary excitations in3He

The elementary excitation spectrum and static structure function are calculated at several pressures, using the polarization potential theory of Aldrich and Pines. The elementary excitation spectrum is found to be in excellent agreement with the recent measurements of Schermet al. The relative contribution of single-pair, multipair, and collective excitations to the static structure function is also calculated; the latter is found to be in good agreement with neutron and X-ray scattering measurements.
Updated sparse cholesky factors for corotational elastodynamics

We present warp-canceling corotation, a nonlinear finite element formulation for elastodynamic simulation that achieves fast performance by making only partial or delayed changes to the simulation's linearized system matrices. Coupled with an algorithm for incremental updates to a sparse Cholesky factorization, the method realizes the stability and scalability of a sparse direct method without the need for expensive refactorization at each time step. This finite element formulation combines the widely used corotational method with stiffness warping so that changes in the per-element rotations are initially approximated by inexpensive per-node rotations. When the errors of this approximation grow too large, the per-element rotations are selectively corrected by updating parts of the matrix chosen according to locally measured errors. These changes to the system matrix are propagated to its Cholesky factor by incremental updates that are much faster than refactoring the matrix from scratch. A nested dissection ordering of the system matrix gives rise to a hierarchical factorization in which changes to the system matrix cause limited, well-structured changes to the Cholesky factor. We show examples of simulations that demonstrate that the proposed formulation produces results that are visually comparable to those produced by a standard corotational formulation. Because our method requires computing only partial updates of the Cholesky factor, it is substantially faster than full refactorization and outperforms widely used iterative methods such as preconditioned conjugate gradients. Our method supports a controlled trade-off between accuracy and speed, and unlike most iterative methods its performance does not slow for stiffer materials but rather it actually improves.
Complete subgraphs with large degree sums

Let t(n, k) denote the Turan number—the maximum number of edges in a graph on n vertices that does not contain a complete graph Kk+1. It is shown that if G is a graph on n vertices with n ≥ k2(k – 1)/4 and m < t(n, k) edges, then G contains a complete subgraph Kk such that the sum of the degrees of the vertices is at least 2km/n. This result is sharp in an asymptotic sense in that the sum of the degrees of the vertices of Kk is not in general larger, and if the number of edges in G is at most t(n, k) – ϵ (for an appropriate ϵ), then the conclusion is not in general true. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Economic, Social and Demographic Thought in the XIXth Century: The Population Debate from Malthus to Marx.

The article reviews the book "Economic, Social & Demographic Thought in the 19th Century: The Population Debate from Malthus to Marx," by Yves Charbit.
On the global and componentwise rates of convergence of the EM algorithm

Abstract The EM algorithm is a very general and popular iterative algorithm in statistics for finding maximum-likelihood estimates in the presence of incomplete data. In the paper that defined and popularized EM, Dempster, Laird, and Rubin (1977) showed that its global rate of convergence is governed by the largest eigenvalue of the matrix of fractions of missing information due to incomplete data. It was also mentioned that componentwise rates of convergence can differ from each other when the fractions of information loss vary across different components of a parameter vector. In this article, using the well-known diagonability theorem, we present a general description on how and when the componentwise rates differ, as well as their relationships with the global rate. We also provide an example, a standard contaminated normal model, to show that such phenomena are not necessarily pathological, but can occur in useful statistical models.
Subwavelength dynamic focusing in plasmonic nanostructures using time reversal

We employ time reversal for deep subwavelength focusing in plasmonic periodic nanostructures. The strong anisotropy enables propagating modes with very large transverse wave vector and moderate propagation constant, facilitating transformation of diffraction-limited plane waves to high-$K$ Bloch waves in the plasmonic nanostructure. Time reversal is used to excite the waves in the nanostructure at the exact amplitude and phase to focus the incident light to dimensions well below the diffraction limit at any point in the structure, exemplifying a true subdiffractional confinement and resolution.
Series expansions for an electron–ion system

Abstract By means of finite-temperature, many-body perturbation theory we derive through order e 4 the corrections to an ideal Fermi gas plus an ideal Maxwell–Boltzmann gas of ions. This computation is carried out for general values of the de Broglie density. In a previous paper we carried out this computation for the pressure. Here we extend it to the internal and potential energies, the chemical potential, Gruneisen's parameter, the adiabatic exponent, and the dimensionless specific heat. We discuss the limitations on our results and cross compare them with the results of the spherical cellular model.
Yield and composition of herbaceous biomass harvested from naturalized grassland in southern Iowa

Abstract Much of the land area in southern Iowa is used for perennial pastures that are dominated by cool-season grass species. These species are well adapted to the soils and climate and have become naturalized within the region. Biomass produced from these pastures might potentially be used as a feedstock for cofiring with coal to supplement supplies of dedicated energy crops such as switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.). While much is known about the use of these pasture species for forage production, relatively little information is available on their use as a bioenergy feedstock. This research was conducted to assess the potential of harvesting cool-season pastures for cofiring with coal. Ten representative sites located in south central Iowa were evaluated. Across all sites, 26 plant species were identified, with individual sites having between 5 and 14 species. Biomass yield was determined at several sampling locations within each site. Yields ranged from 0.75 to 8.24 t ha −1 over all sites. Mean yield across all sites was 4.20 t ha −1 . Fuel characteristics of the cool-season species were evaluated for burning qualities. Concentrations of ash, chlorine and sulfur are important for determining suitability in a biofuel. Ash content ranged from 58.5–118.1 g kg −1 DM across all sites. Chlorine ranged from 0.8–7.6 g kg −1 DM and sulfur content ranged from 0.7–3.4 g kg −1 DM. Highest heating value (HHV) ranged from 17.69–19.46 MJ kg −1 . These results indicate that cool-season grassland in southern Iowa can produce biomass of sufficient yield and quality to supplement other sources for cofiring with coal to generate electricity.
Complete genome sequences provide a case study for the evaluation of gene-tree thinking

Complete genome sequences from a genus of Gammaproteobacteria, Shewanella, are used to generate a genome-wide exploration of the gene-tree species-tree dichotomy. A number of datasets were constructed and analyses were attempted. Single genes were chosen from 243 regions of collinear gene homology (128 of these 243 chosen genes are from the core Shewanella genome and 162 of 243 have the complete taxon sampling) from a previous study (Dikow, 2011) and subjected to phylogenetic analysis both individually and concatenated. In addition, three of the 243 sets of collinear genes from the core Shewanella genome were also chosen (comprising 15, 17, and 23 genes each) to be analysed in detail, this time to maximize the expectation of gene concordance. Analysis of these 55 genes in maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) produced 164 unique topologies (out of 166 resulting topologies). No genes from within collinear regions were congruent with one another, and none of these 164 topologies matches the result from concatenation. This result is particularly striking given that we chose collinear sets of genes. Analyses in MP and ML of 243 genes distributed across the genome produced 567 unique topologies (out of 571 resulting topologies for those 162 genes with complete taxon sampling). These results are discussed in light of recent works focused on incongruence. The gene as a phylogenetic unit is also discussed. It is our conclusion that molecular systematics has been reliant on the gene as a unit without a critical eye on the distinction between gene homology and character homology.
Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.
`The Beacon of Hope for the Black Race' State Race-Craft and Identity Formation in Modern Ghana

This article presents an ethnographic analysis of the state-sponsored Pan-African Historical Festival (PANAFEST) and Emancipation Day celebrations that commemorate Ghana's history of Pan-African an...
Expression of the Hox 2.2 homeobox gene in murine embryonic epidermis

The expression of the Hox 2.2 gene was studied in mouse fetal skin by in situ hybridization with an antisense RNA probe derived from the homeobox region of this gene. In contrast to the expression of Hox 2.2 in spinal cord, which is strongest in 11-day embryos, and is greatly diminished by day 14 and day 17, the signal for Hox 2.2 in skin could be not be detected in 11-day epidermis, was barely detectable on day 14, became strong on day 17, and decreased in new-born animals (day 19). RNase protection assays using Hox 2.2 homeobox-containing and 3' flanking region probes confirmed that the signals detected in 17-day fetal skin by in situ hybridization represent Hox 2.2 transcripts, and that the message is expressed throughout the day 15 to day 18 period during which the epidermis is undergoing terminal differentiation. RNase protection analysis also revealed two alternatively spliced forms of the Hox 2.2 mRNA are present throughout fetal skin development. Northern gel analysis of 17-day fetal skin using a Hox 2.2 homeobox-containing probe at high stringency showed two bands of 1.6 and 1.9 kb, respectively. The 1.9 kb band was greatly enhanced by hybridization at reduced stringency, suggesting the expression of additional homeobox genes with homology to Hox 2.2. These results suggest that the Hox 2.2 homeobox gene plays a role in epidermal development.