cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study of 4D CAD in commercial construction

This paper concludes that 4D models are a useful alternative to project scheduling tools like CPM networks and bar charts. They enable more people to understand a schedule quickly and identify potential problems. By developing a 4D model for a commercial construction project, we were able to detect the incompleteness of the original schedule, find inconsistencies in the level of detail among the schedule activities, and discover an impossible schedule sequence. We were also able to anticipate potential time-space conflicts and accessibility problems. The results of the case study show that 4D models are effective in evaluating the executability of a construction schedule. The case study also highlighted the need for improvements to 4D tools. 4D tools should include bar charts, component lists, and annotation tools in their graphical user interface. Automating schedule data preparation and 4D model generation in the design stages of a project can expedite 4D model development and use. Users need to be able to generate 4D models at multiple levels of detail and generate and evaluate alternative scenarios rapidly.
Ectopic class II major histocompatibility antigens in Hirschsprung's disease and neuronal intestinal dysplasia

Abstract Although the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease and neuronal intestinal dysplasia remains obscure, both have histological abnormalities involving ganglion cells and neuronal elements. Searching for a common pathway that may inhibit normal maturation of neurogenic precursors, we examined the possible role of an immune mechanism in the maldevelopment of the enteric neural network. Six patients with Hirschsprung's disease were studied by comparing biopsy specimens from diseased colon with ones taken from proximal ganglionic colon in the same patients. These were similarly compared with colonic biopsy specimens from patients studied with chronic constipation or bowel removed at the time of operation for other disorders. Biopsies were taken from four other patients with neuronal intestinal dysplasia. Each was examined by hematoxylin & eosin staining, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, and immuno-histochemistry of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II antigens. All rectal samples from Hirschsprung's disease patients exhibited elevated acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and absent ganglia to confirm the diagnosis. These findings were correlated with marked elevation of class II MHC in the aganglionic area, whereas the proximal normal ganglionic segments showed no elevation. Rectal biopsy specimens from patients with chronic constipation exhibited no such elevation. A similar elevation of class II MHC was detected in the mucosa and submucosa of all four patients with the rare neuronal intestinal dysplasia disorder whose diagnosis was confirmed by giant ganglia in Auerbach's plexuses, aberrant Meissner's ganglia in the lamina propria mucosa, and giant neurofibrils in the mucosa and submucosa. The correlation of elevated class II MHC in these two neuronal dysfunction disorders may indicate an underlying autoimmune mechanism as is seen in thyroiditis and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. These observations confirm those found in a small number of Hirschsprung's disease patients reported earlier, and extend the observation to other neuronal dysfunction disorders. These findings provoke a reexamination of the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease and may predict alternate therapies.
Operating system design considerations for microprogrammed mini-computer satellite systems

The operating system described in this paper was developed as part of research sponsored by The National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research on satellite processing and symbolic debugging of data structures. This system runs on a small (32K bytes), dual processor, microprogrammable computer equipped with a high-speed graphic display unit and attached in satellite mode to the multiplexor channel of an IBM System/360-67.
Acidolysis of intermediates used in the preparation of core-modified porphyrinic macrocycles

The stability towards acidolysis of intermediates used in the preparation of core-modified porphyrinic macrocycles was examined. Experiments were performed using analogs of 5-phenyldipyrromethane in which one of the two pyrrole rings was modified (XPM). The XPMs utilized in these studies had X = 2-furyl (OPM), 2-thienyl (SPM), 2-selenyl (SePM), or 3-pyrrolyl (NCPPM). The XPMs possess a potentially labile linkage to a heteroatom-modified ring as well as a potentially labile linkage to a pyrrole ring. The stability of the two types of linkages was examined under acid catalysis conditions commonly used in the preparation of porphyrinic macrocycles. The methodology employed enabled characterization of the stability of the XPM (GC analysis), the yield of porphyrin (UV-vis absorption), and the composition of porphyrinic species (laser-desorption mass spectrometry, LD-MS) formed upon acidolysis of the XPM. These experiments showed that (1) the linkage to the heteroatom-modified ring is fairly stable in the presence of a linkage to pyrrole, and (2) the linkage to pyrrole is much more stable in the XPMs than is the case in 5-phenyldipyrromethane. Additional experiments with analogs of 5-phenyldipyrromethane having both rings modified (X2M), where X = 2-furyl (O2M), 2-thienyl (S2M), or 2-selenyl (Se2M) confirmed that linkages to furyl, thienyl, and selenyl rings are stable towards acidolysis. Taken together, the observations concerning stability of various linkages provide a foundation for understanding the types and yields of core-modified porphyrinic macrocycles formed in reactions with reactants that are not direct precursors to the isolated products.
Body Form and Locomotion in Sharks

A revised interpretation of the mode of action of the heterocercal tail in sharks shows that the upturned tail axis tends to produce a thrust directed downwards behind the centre of balance of the fish and thus gives a moment turning the head upwards. This is countered in two ways—by the rotation of the tail along its longitudinal axis during each lateral beat, and through the action of the ventral hypochordal lobe. The shape of the tail and the mode of action of the tail in all sharks so far considered reflects a balance between these three factors, in all of them the net effect being the production of a forward thrust from the tail that passes directly through the centre of balance of the fiish. There is normally therefore no tendency for the fish to turn around the centre of balance in a sagittal plane but there is a net sinking effect that is countered by the planning effect of the pectoral fins and the ventral surface of the head. A study of 56 species of sharks shows that the tail is constructed according to a remarkably consistent common plan, the extremes being the high angled rather symmetrical tail of pelagic sharks such as hums, Lamna and Rhincodon and the straight tails of benthic sharks such as Ginglymostoma in which a ventral hypochordal lobe is absent. When the general body shape of sharks, including the position of insertion of the median and paired fins and the pattern of growth of fin surface areas is considered, the uniformity of the shark body plan and locomolor function is further emphasised. Four patterns of body form in sharks are recognised: 1) The fast swimming pelagic sharks and the whale sharks have a tail with a high aspect ratio, a conical head, a lateral fluke on the caudal peduncle. 2) The generalised sharks typified by the Carcharhinidae, have lower heterocercal angles, a flattened ventral surface on the head and lack the caudal fluke. 3) The demersal sharks typified by the catsharks (Scyliorhinidae) have a very low, almost straight tail. The ventral hypochordal lobe is absent and the first dorsal fin is posterior in position. 4) The squalomorph sharks are distinct in the absence of the anal fin, presence of a marked epicaudal lobe in the tail and often an elevated insertion of the pectorals. The anal and second dorsal fins are always the smallest fins and the pectorals grow at the fastest rate. In general there is an inverse relationship between size and rale of growth of all fins and the ventral surface of the head. In hammerheads the growth data confirms that the head has a significant planing action in swimming. The pectoral, second dorsal and anal fins show an extreme constancy of position of insertion in all sharks studied. The locomotor mechanism of sharks is adapted for an efficient cruising swimming but at the same time, the potential instability in the sagittal plan allows for the production of turning moments that are used in attack and feeding.
Daughterless is required for the expression of cell cycle genes in peripheral nervous system precursors of Drosophila embryos

The function of the neuronal differentiation gene daughterless (da) is required for the proper initiation of neuronal lineage development in all PNS lineages following the selection of neuronal precursor cells. Previous studies have shown that the ubiquitously expressed da protein is required for the proper expression of neuronal precursor genes and lineage identity genes in the PNS of Drosophila melanogaster embryos. These genes are required for differentiation and cell fate determination in the developing PNS. These findings, however, did not explain the failure of the nascent PNS precursors to undergo a normal cell cycle and divide. Here we show that four genes whose products are required for various stages of the cell cycle are misexpressed in the PNS of da mutant embryos. This suggests that all aspects of PNS precursor differentiation examined so far are under the transcriptional control of da. Dev. Genet. 21:117–122, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-dimensional metamodeling for prediction of clock tree synthesis outcomes

Clock tree synthesis (CTS) is a key aspect of on-chip interconnect, and major consumer of IC power and physical design resources. In modern sub-28nm tools and flows, it has become exceptionally difficult to satisfy skew, insertion delay and transition time constraints within power and area budgets, in part because commercial tools (with their many knobs) have become highly complex. This complexity, along with the complicated structure of real-world CTS instances (hierarchy, dividers, etc.) and floorplan contexts (aspect ratios, obstacles, etc.) make it very difficult to predict skew, power and other important metrics of CTS outcomes. In this work, we study CTS estimation in the high-dimensional parameter space of instance constraints and floorplan contexts. Using two leading commercial CTS tools as our testbed, we develop predictors, classifiers and “field of use” characterizations that can enable IC design teams to achieve required CTS solution quality through understanding of appropriate parameter subspaces. Our hierarchical hybrid surrogate modeling approach mitigates challenges of parameter multicollinearity in high dimensions. It achieves, e.g., worst-case estimation errors of 13% in contrast to 30% errors in [17]. We demonstrate use of a 94%-accurate “oracle” classifier and estimation models to predictably achieve CTS outcomes that meet specified constraints and target metrics.
Updating Structural System Parameters Using Frequency Response Data

New approaches are developed that use two sets of measured frequency response data to update the analytical system mass and stiffness parameters in order to improve the agreement between the dynamical behaviors of the analytical and actual systems. Taking the differences between the measured frequency response and the analytical predictions, the resulting matrix equations are first manipulated to isolate the mass correction matrix of the system, after which the stiffness matrix can be adjusted. Rearranging the system correction matrices into vector forms, the connectivity information can be enforced, thereby preserving the physical configuration of the system and reducing the sizes of the least-squares problems that need to be solved. Solution techniques to perform the model update are introduced, and the numerical issues associated with solving overdetermined and underdetermined least-squares problems are investigated. Heuristic criteria are given for determining the minimum number of frequency response data points that need to be measured in order to ensure sufficiently accurate updated mass and stiffness matrices, and numerical experiments are presented to validate the proposed model updating techniques based on using the frequency response data.
High performance optically pumped antimonide mid-infrared lasers

In this paper, we briefly review optically pumped type-II "W" quantum-well semiconductor lasers that emit in the midinfrared wavelengths. In addition, we demonstrate on-chip unstable resonator cavity devices that exhibit excellent lateral beam quality.
Algorithms for translating Ada multitasking

Algorithms are presented for translating the multitasking constructs of Ada into the language Ada-M. The purpose of the translation is to study various implementations of Ada tasking and their relative problems, merits, and efficiencies. The multiprocessing constructs of Ada-M are lower level than those of Ada and, hence, flexible enough to permit development of a variety of compilation techniques for Ada tasking. Ada-M is sufficiently high-level, however, to permit the implementations to be developed quickly and Understandably. Requirements for data structures, scheduling, and other pertinant elements of Ada tasking compilation are identified by the translation.
Using poly(ethylene glycol) silane to prevent protein adsorption in microfabricated silicon channels

Microfluidic devices fabricated in silicon are quickly finding use in many areas of technology. Exploration of new applications of this technology has shown both advantages and disadvantages to extreme miniaturization of chemical assays. While accuracy, efficiency and smaller sample volumes are among the advantages, interactions between the walls of the micro-channels and the fluid or particles it contains are among the disadvantages. Our group is applying this technology to chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agent purification and detection. We present preliminary result towards achieving a long-term antifouling surface in our detection system. A microfluidic device was anisotropically etched in a (100) silicon wafer and attached to a Pyrex glass slip to create an enclosed channel. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) silane was covalently bonded to the hydroxyls of an oxide layer on the silicon device and the Pyrex cover slip. Fluorescently labeled ovalbumin, a CBW simulant, was in contact with an unmodified and PEG-modified channel. The extent of adsorption was determined using fluorescence microscopy.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of Electronic Ambulatory Care Data for Use in the Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network (ILINet)

Washington State Department of Health and Public Health Seattle King County sought to evaluate the utility of electronic ambulatory data for monitoring influenza-like illness (ILI). A definition of ILI that was previously validated using emergency department data was applied to ambulatory care records. During August 2007 through August 2012, the proportion of ILI visits strongly correlated with the number and percentage of positive influenza tests reported by the network laboratory. The results will aid in formulating guidance for ambulatory care providers who wish to utilize electronic medical record systems for weekly ILINet reporting.
Melanocortin receptor expression is associated with reduced CRP in response to resistance training

The existing paradigm of exercise-induced decreases in chronic inflammation focuses on the expression of inflammatory receptors on systemic monocytes in response to exercise training, with the role of anti-inflammatory receptors largely ignored. Our recent preliminary studies indicate that the anti-inflammatory melanocortin receptors (MCRs) may play a role in modulating exercise-induced decreases in chronic inflammation. Here, we present a study designed to determine the effect of intense, resistance exercise training on systemic monocyte MCR expression. Because low-grade chronic inflammation is associated with elevated cardiometabolic risk in healthy populations and exercise decreases chronic inflammation, we investigated the associations between systemic monocyte cell surface expression of MCRs and inflammatory markers as a possible mechanism for the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of resistance training. To this end, the present study includes 40 adults (aged 19–27 yr) and implements a 12-wk periodized, intensive resistance training intervention. Melanocortin 1 and 3 receptor expression on systemic monocytes and inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-10, were measured before and after the intervention. Resistance training significantly altered MCR systemic monocyte cell surface expression, had no chronic effects on IL-6, IL-1β, or IL-10 expression, but significantly decreased CRP levels from a moderate to a low cardiovascular disease risk category. More specifically, decreased melanocortin 3 receptor expression significantly correlated with decreased CRP, independent of changes in adiposity. These data suggest that the observed responses in MCR expression and decreases in cardiovascular disease risk in response to resistance training represent an important anti-inflammatory mechanism in regulating exercise-induced decreases in chronic inflammation that occur independent of chronic changes in systemic cytokines.
The effects of a mandatory motorcycle helmet law on helmet use and injury patterns among motorcyclist fatalities.

Abstract Background The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has found that motorcycle helmets are 37% effective in preventing death and 65% effective in preventing brain injuries in a crash. Unfortunately, in 1995 Congress lifted federal sanctions against states without helmet laws and since then there have been a number of primary motorcycle helmet laws repealed or weakened. More lives could be saved and serious injuries avoided if there was increased helmet use throughout the United States. Methods This study analyzed helmet use and injury patterns among motorcycle riders in the United States involved in fatal crashes from 1995 through 2003 and compared the results between states with and without a primary helmet law. Age, sex, injury severity and helmet use are some of the variables obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Results In the 20 states and the District of Columbia, which currently have a primary helmet law, 84.0% of fatally injured riders were wearing a helmet. In the 27 states with a secondary helmet law, 36.2% of fatalities used a helmet, and in the remaining three states with no law at all, helmet use dropped to 17.6%. In the two states (Arkansas and Texas) that changed from a primary helmet law to a secondary helmet law in 1997, helmet use decreased from 78.2% in 1996 to 31.7% in 2000. Conclusion If all states were to enact a primary motorcycle helmet law, helmet use would dramatically increase while decreasing the number of motorcyclist head injuries and fatalities. Impact on Industry The results of this study will hopefully persuade law makers to enact primary helmet laws in all states throughout the nation. Helmet manufacturers can use this data to design more comfortable helmets while also improving upon the protective qualities of these safety devices.
Estimating Volumes of Remaining Fossil Fuel Resources: A Critical Review

Abstract A number of problems arise in applying standard statistical techniques to the estimation of remaining volumes of crude oil and natural gas resources. This article reviews and criticizes past approaches, which include methods based on geology and methods that are primarily statistical in nature. Two newer approaches to the problem are described and their results summarized. It is clear that more statistical work is needed in this area.
Secondary malar implant surgery.

Background: Iatrogenic problems may occur after malar implant surgery. These include asymmetry, displeasing contours (too wide, too large, too low, or too prominent) with time, and symptoms related to infraorbital nerve damage. Methods: Implant removal at the time of secondary surgery leaves depressions in the cheek resulting from implant-induced bone erosion and soft-tissue contracture. Secondary surgery requires implant removal, implant replacement with appropriately positioned and sized implants, and cheek resuspension (subperiosteal midface lift) to mask and redistribute implant-induced soft-tissue distortions. Results: Twenty of the 22 patients were satisfied with their secondary operation. One patient requested another revision and, later, implant removal. Another patient who had been previously treated for infection developed another infection requiring implant removal. Conclusion: Malar implant-related midface deformities can be corrected by implant removal, deficiency-specific implant replacement, and subperiosteal midface resuspension.
The role of cell death genes during development.

During development, large numbers of cells die by a process known as programmed cell death. This loss of cells plays a number of important roles, including the sculpting of the body form and the removal of vestigial tissues. Data obtained from a variety of organisms has suggested that a cell's ‘decision’ to die is a differentiative event, requiring the activation of specific sets of genes. Several putative ‘cell death’ genes have recently been cloned, and one has been identified as the product of the polyubiquitin gene. Accumulation of ubiquitin has been observed not only during programmed cell death, but also in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease.
The Early Years of Chronic Dialysis:The Seattle Contribution

Long-term hemodialysis for chronic renal failure first became possible with development of the Teflon shunt by Belding Scribner and coworkers at the University of Washington, Seattle, in 1960. Over th
Three functionally distinct classes of C-fibre nociceptors in primates.

C-fibre polymodal nociceptors in primates have been classified into two groups based on their sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Here, Wooten et al. describe how the differences in the response speed of the receptors to stimuli suggest that these should be considered as three separate groups.
When Subterranean Termites Challenge the Rules of Fungal Epizootics

Over the past 50 years, repeated attempts have been made to develop biological control technologies for use against economically important species of subterranean termites, focusing primarily on the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. However, no successful field implementation of biological control has been reported. Most previous work has been conducted under the assumption that environmental conditions within termite nests would favor the growth and dispersion of entomopathogenic agents, resulting in an epizootic. Epizootics rely on the ability of the pathogenic microorganism to self-replicate and disperse among the host population. However, our study shows that due to multilevel disease resistance mechanisms, the incidence of an epizootic within a group of termites is unlikely. By exposing groups of 50 termites in planar arenas containing sand particles treated with a range of densities of an entomopathogenic fungus, we were able to quantify behavioral patterns as a function of the death ratios resulting from the fungal exposure. The inability of the fungal pathogen M. anisopliae to complete its life cycle within a Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) group was mainly the result of cannibalism and the burial behavior of the nest mates, even when termite mortality reached up to 75%. Because a subterranean termite colony, as a superorganism, can prevent epizootics of M. anisopliae, the traditional concepts of epizootiology may not apply to this social insect when exposed to fungal pathogens, or other pathogen for which termites have evolved behavioral and physiological means of disrupting their life cycle.
Globalisation and pedagogy: space, place and identity

Globalisation and pedagogy: space, place and identity, second edition, by Richard Edwards and Robin Usher, London, Routledge, 2008, 191 pp., £22.99, ISBN: 9780415428958 (hbk), £80.00, ISBN: 9780415...
400 KARYOTYPIC ANALYSIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CULTURED PORCINE ADIPOSE TISSUE-DERIVED STEM CELLS

The introduction of genetic modifications in donor cells for NT requires a significant number of population doublings (PD), and the deleterious effects, which may be attributed to aneuploidy or changes in DNA methylation and histone acetylation, are difficult at this time to circumvent. We hypothesize that the identification of a donor cell that is genetically stable for a long period of time in vitro such as somatic stem cells or those cells that demonstrate stem-like characteristics may be reprogrammed more completely, thus providing the key to increasing the efficiency of NT. Regulators of development in undifferentiated cells are suggested to be silenced by the presence of a bivalent domain modification pattern in which a large region of repressive histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) contains smaller regions of activating histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3).The dual marks work to silence developmental genes in embryonic stem cells while simultaneously keeping them receptive to activation. The objectives of the current study were to determine the chromosomal stability of porcine adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells (pASC) through in vitro culture, to analyze pASC alongside fetal porcine fibroblasts (FPF) for gene expression profiles of chromatin remodeling proteins and global methylation and acetylation patterns, and to determine the presence of a co-enrichment of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 within the promoter regions of developmentally important transcription factors. Metaphase spreads were prepared, and the presence of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 was investigated in each of 3 individual pASC primary cultures for each analysis; whereas, gene expression and global methylation and acetylation were analyzed in each of 4 individual pASC and FPF primary cultures. Of 714 metaphases analyzed, 509 (71.3%) were aneuploid and only 205 (28.7%) were normal diploid porcine cells. For each cell population, we found a remarkable percentage of aneuploidies (43.7, 48.9, and 47.3, with a 46.6 ± 1.5 average) present immediately after the cultures were established. Chi-square analysis indicated that the percent of aneuploid cells during PD 1-10 was significantly less than that for PD 11-20 and PD 21-30. Also, porcine ASC demonstrated a consistently lower level of DNA methylation and histone acetylation through passages 2 through 7; whereas, the patterns for FPF varied. The expression levels of chromatin remodeling transcripts remained lower in pASC throughout culture when compared with FPF. Finally, porcine ASC possess a co-enrichment of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 on the promoter region of the developmentally important transcription factor OCT-4. In vitro-cultured porcine ASC used as donor cells for NT should be chosen from early PD because of increased levels of aneuploidy at later PD. With a more complete characterization of porcine ASC, a donor cell population that can be more efficiently reprogrammed following fusion with the oocyte might be identified.
Correlates of Depression Among HIV-Positive Women and Men Who Inject Drugs

Introduction: Although depression is common among HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs), little is known about differences between male and female HIV-positive IDUs. Methods: We used baseline data for 1126 HIV-positive IDUs from a behavioral intervention trial from 2001 through 2005 in 4 US cities. Using the Brief Symptom Inventory-18, scores indicating high risk for depression were calculated separately for men and women based on raw scores of 9 for women and 7 for men. We did separate logistic regressions for men and women to evaluate correlates of depression in 4 domains: sociodemographic, psychosocial, substance use, and sexual behaviors/attitudes. Results: Approximately one third of women and men met the criteria for being at high risk of depression. Women reported significantly more depressive symptoms than men. Correlates linked with depression for both genders included perceived functional limitation, greater negative feelings regarding condom use, lower social support, and lower sense of empowerment. Being physically abused as adults and being Hispanic were correlates specific to men. No unique correlate was identified for women. Discussion: Because of the high prevalence of depression among HIV-positive IDUs, caregivers should screen HIV-positive IDUs for depression and consider treatment for depression. Because of the similarities in correlates of depression among men and women, case finding and interventions for depression are likely to be similar for male and female HIV-positive IDUs.
Encainide for refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia

Abstract Encainide, a new antiarrhythmic agent, was studied in 80 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Drug efficacy was evaluated by ambulatory monitoring and exercise testing in 63 patients who had frequent or repetitive ventricular premature beats and by means of electrophysiologic testing in 17 patients who did not have significant arrhythmia during a 48-hour control period. Encainide was effective in 36 of 63 patients (57%) as judged by ambulatory monitoring and in 35 of 51 patients (69%) who had exercise tests while taking the drug. Overall, 34 patients (54%) responded to encainide when evaluated by both monitoring and exercise testing. The drug was effective in 7 of 16 patients (44%) who underwent electrophysiologic studies. Daily doses and blood levels of encainide were Comparable in responders and nonresponders. Toxicity occurred in 24 patients (30%) and included nausea, vomiting, headaches, lethargy, tremors and conduction disturbances. In 18 patients (23%) arrhythmia was aggravated. An increase in arrhythmia correlated with larger daily doses of encainide and higher serum blood levels of encainide and its metabolite OD-methyl-encainide, but did not correlate with QRS- or QT-interval widening. Of the 27 patients who were discharged on encainide, 23 were maintained on the drug for an average of 21 months (range 12 to 44). Three patients died suddenly. Thus, encainide is a useful agent for suppression of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. However, it has a high potential for worsening arrhythmias and careful evaluation by both monitoring and exercise testing is necessary to judge its effect.
The effects of route of exposure and combined exposure of mixed function oxidase inducers and suppressors on hepatic parameters in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract Hepatic microsomes obtained from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) administered β-naphthoflavone (βNF) either by a single intraperitoneally (IP) injected dose of 100 mg/kg body wt. or by feeding 500 ppm for 1 wk showed increased cytochrome(s) P-450 content and increased aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activities compared to controls. The microsomal maximum absorbance wavelength of carboxyferrocytochrome P-450 was 450 nm for the control trout, 448 nm for the trout administered βNF by diet, and 449 nm for the trout administered βNF by IP. Hepatic microsomes from trout fed 500 ppm phenobarbital (PB) for 3 wk showed no induction as demonstrated by cytochrome(s) P-450 content, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), ECOD, and benzphetamine-N-demethylase (BND) activities. The S20 liver fractions from trout fed βNF were less efficient in converting aflatoxin B1 to a mutagen to Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 than were the S20 liver fractions from control trout. This suggests that dietary βNF may suppress the microsomal conversion of aflatoxin B1 to the active 2,3-oxide in trout. Trout fed 500 ppm βNF for 3 wk followed by 3 more wk of βNF plus 0, 50, 150, 300, 450, or 600 ppm cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA's) exhibited a significant decrease in the following parameters with an increase in dietary CPFA's: liver wt./body wt. percent, microsomal protein and cytochrome(s) P-450 content, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, ECOD, AHH, and glutathione transferase activities. Feeding 300 ppm CPFA's with 500 ppm βNF caused a shift in the maximum absorbance wavelength from 448 nm to 449 nm and decreased cytochrome(s) P-450 content by 71% whereas 450 ppm CPFA's caused a further shift to 450 nm and a corresponding 77% decrease in cytochrome(s) P-450 content. βNF induced and CPFA's suppressed the trout hepatic mixed function oxidase system.
Predicting Gene Expression from Sequence

We describe a systematic genome-wide approach for learning the complex combinatorial code underlying gene expression. Our probabilistic approach identifies local DNA-sequence elements and the positional and combinatorial constraints that determine their context-dependent role in transcriptional regulation. The inferred regulatory rules correctly predict expression patterns for 73% of genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, utilizing microarray expression data and sequences in the 800 bp upstream of genes. Application to Caenorhabditis elegans identifies predictive regulatory elements and combinatorial rules that control the phased temporal expression of transcription factors, histones, and germline specific genes. Successful prediction requires diverse and complex rules utilizing AND, OR, and NOT logic, with significant constraints on motif strength, orientation, and relative position. This system generates a large number of mechanistic hypotheses for focused experimental validation, and establishes a predictive dynamical framework for understanding cellular behavior from genomic sequence.
STOCK PRICE REACTIONS TO DIVIDEND AND EARNINGS ANNOUNCEMENTS: CONTEMPORANEOUS VERSUS NONCONTEMPORANEOUS ANNOUNCEMENTS

In this paper we examine stock price reactions to contemporaneous and noncontemporaneous dividend and earnings announcements. Overall, the stock price reaction to joint announcements is significantly greater than the reaction to just one signal. This implies that there is information content to two signals being given simultaneously, and that announcements are not perfect substitutes. Some evidence shows that the reaction to a joint announcement is approximately twice that to a noncontemporaneous announcement. On average, the stock price reaction to joint contradictory announcements is not significant. Finally, for joint announcements where only one of the two announcements is expected to affect the stock price significantly, the market reaction is determined by the nonzero signal.
Effective multilevel teaching techniques on attending rounds: a pilot survey and systematic review of the literature.

Background: While numerous authors acknowledge the challenge of teaching simultaneously to medical students, interns, and residents, few offer specific advice on how to meet that challenge, and none have studied which techniques are most effective.Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine whether multilevel teaching is challenging for attendings, whether trainees feel that teaching on rounds is appropriate to their level, and to define multilevel teaching techniques.Methods: We surveyed attendings and trainees on the internal medicine services at two academic medical centers.Results: Attendings were divided about whether teaching to multiple levels posed a challenge. Trainees reported that the teaching they received was usually appropriate to their level of training. The most effective techniques for multilevel teaching were Broadening (asking “what if” questions), Targeting (directing questions at specific team members), and Novelty (teaching newly published information), while the least effective...
Civil rights and the idea of freedom

This work examines how the civil rights movement crystallised views of citizenship as a grassroots-level, collective endeavour and of self-respect as a formidable political tool. Drawing on both oral and written sources, the book shows how rank-and-file movement particiants defined and discussed such concepts as rights, equality, justice and, in particular, freedom, and how such key movement leaders as Martin Luther King Jr, Ella Baker, Stokely Carmichael and James Forman were attuned to this "freedom talk". The book includes chapters on the concept of freedom in its many varieties, both individual and collective; on self-interest and self-respect; on Martin Luther King's use of the idea of freedom; and on the intellectual evolution of the Student Non-violent Co-ordinating committee, especially in light of Frantz Fanon's thought among movement radicals. In demonstrating that self-respect, self-determination, and solidarity were as central to the goals of the movement as the dismantling of the Jim Crow system, King argues that the movement's success should not be measured in terms of tangible, quantifiable advances alone, such as voter registration increases or improved standards of living. Not only has the civil rights movement helped strengthen the meaning and political importance of active citizenship in the cotemporary world, says King, but what was a political goal became the impetus for the academic and intellectual rediscovery of the Afro-American cultural and historical experience.
Foundations of Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

THE fundamental role of Dirac's equation is well known; by demanding relativistic invariance of a first-order equation you get two of the most essential properties of a particle, namely, spin and the existence of an anti-particle. So long as one thinks of groups acting on co-ordinate space no significant generalization of this formalism is possible in existing quantum theory.
A functional evolutionary approach to identify determinants of nucleosome positioning: a unifying model for establishing the genome-wide pattern.

Although the genomic pattern of nucleosome positioning is broadly conserved, quantitative aspects vary over evolutionary timescales. We identify the cis and trans determinants of nucleosome positioning using a functional evolutionary approach involving S. cerevisiae strains containing large genomic regions from other yeast species. In a foreign species, nucleosome depletion at promoters is maintained over poly(dA:dT) tracts, whereas internucleosome spacing and all other aspects of nucleosome positioning tested are not. Interestingly, the locations of the +1 nucleosome and RNA start sites shift in concert. Strikingly, in a foreign species, nucleosome-depleted regions occur fortuitously in coding regions, and they often act as promoters that are associated with a positioned nucleosome array linked to the length of the transcription unit. We suggest a three-step model in which nucleosome remodelers, general transcription factors, and the transcriptional elongation machinery are primarily involved in generating the nucleosome positioning pattern in vivo.
Failure of Brittle Adhesive Joints

Several mechanics problems of brittle adhesive joints are discussed in the light of recent calculations, including issues in fracture testing, concept of nominal toughness, configurational stability of mode-I in-layer fracture, tunnel crack and parallel debond due to residual stresses.
Chemicobiological interactions and the use of partition coefficients in their correlation

Abstract Using octanol/water partition coefficients as an operational definition of hydrophobicity, 70 examples are given in which the hydrophobic interactions of organic compounds with themselves (in micelles) with macromolecules or with biological systems can be quantitatively correlated by the expression: log RBR = a log P + b. In this expression RBR is a binding constant or a relative biological response, P is the octanol/water partition coefficient and a and b are constants obtained via the method of least squares. These results are strong support for the utility of log P in the correlation of hydrophobic interactions. They also illustrate the extremely wide range of processes in which hydrophobic bonding plays a critical role.
The Effect of Steam Flaked or Dry Ground Corn and Supplemental Phytic Acid on Nitrogen Partitioning in Lactating Cows and Ammonia Emission from Manure

Abstract The effect of starch source and supplemental phytic acid (PA) on N partitioning and excretion and ammonia volatilization from dairy manure was evaluated with 8 midlactation cows. Cows were randomly assigned to treatments in replicated 4×4 Latin squares with four 18-d periods. Diets were 61% forage, 25% starch, 17.2% crude protein, and 31% neutral detergent fiber and included dry ground corn (DG) or steam flaked corn (SF) with no supplemental P (L; 0.34% P) or supplemental purified PA (0.45% P) to provide additional P from a non-mineral source. Total collection of milk, urine, and feces was conducted on d 16 to 18 of each period. Cows fed SF had lower dry matter (DM) intakes than those fed DG, which, in addition to increased starch digestibility and ruminal fermentation, contributed to higher DM digestibility. Cows fed SF had reduced feces and urine excretion compared with cows fed DG. Also, N intake for cows fed SF was lower, and N digestibility was higher, compared with cows fed DG; therefore, N excretion in both feces and urine was reduced in these cows. Despite the differences in DM intake, lactation performance was not affected by starch sources. Therefore, the efficiency of N utilization increased with SF. Addition of PA did not affect N intake or utilization. Feces and urine were subsampled from each cow, and wet feces and urine were mixed in sealed chambers in the proportions excreted. Ammonia volatilization was measured for 36h using acid traps sampled on a planned time course. Nitrogen at time zero (A o ), rate of ammonia emission (k), and residual N (R) were calculated using the exponential decay model A t = A o e −kt + R. Rate of ammonia loss from mixed feces and urine was lower from cows fed SF than from those fed DG. Altering dietary starch source to improve nutrient digestibility and to reduce N excretion by lactating cows may provide opportunity to reduce ammonia losses from manure.
Studies on Prostatic Cancer. V. Excretion of 17-Ketosteroids, Estrogens and Gonadotropins before and after Castration1

For the past several years we have been investigating the subject of cancer, of the prostate from the standpoint of its clinical, pathologic, enzymatic and hormonal aspects (1, 2, 3). Fully aware of the difficulties involved in the estimation of gonadal secretion by urinary sex hormone determinations, we undertook a study of urinary hormones in a series of patients with prostatic cancer, before and after castration, in the hope of clarifying secretion-excretion relations and to determine the following: a). Are there qualitative and quantitative alterations of urinary hormone excretion in the patient with prostatic cancer? b). What effect does castration have on these hormones and is this effect different from that found in the castrate without prostatic disease? c). Do extragonadal sources of these urinary hormones come into play following castration? d). Is there a relation between the excretory levels of the sex hormones and certain clinical phenomena observed in the castrate?
Continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator pumped by a single-frequency resonantly doubled Nd:YAG laser

We report what is to our knowledge the first demonstration of a continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on potassium titanyl phosphate. The pump source used is a single-frequency resonantly doubled Nd:YAG laser. By double passing the pump through the crystal, we achieved a minimum oscillation threshold of 1.4 W. With 3.2 W of incident pump power, a maximum 1.07 W of nonresonant idler power was generated. Spectral measurement reveals that the singly resonant optical parametric oscillator operates consistently in a single axial mode with much relaxed axial mode hop tolerance to cavity length and pump-frequency fluctuations compared with doubly resonant optical parametric oscillators previously demonstrated.
Gemcitabine and vinorelbine therapy for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is very responsive to front-line therapy, with durable event-free survival exceeding 75%. Survivors suffer long-term effects of therapy and some experience recurrent or refractory disease requiring rescue therapy. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation increases the chance for long-term survival in this population, especially when reinduction therapy achieves complete response. As single agents, or within combination regimens, gemcitabine and vinorelbine have favorable toxicity profiles and are active against multiple malignancies, including relapsed and refractory HL. In Phase II trials the response to the combination of gemcitabine and vinorelbine in relapsed/refractory HL is better than or comparable to other more toxic regimens. The combination was not more effective than other drugs in front-line HL treatment; however, its addition to upfront therapy of slow-responding patients with HL is likely to enhance effectiveness with low toxicity.
An intelligent tyre based adaptive vehicle stability controller

Active safety systems have become an essential part of today’s vehicles. Although they have advanced in many aspects, there are still many areas where that they can be improved. Being able to obtain information about tyre-road conditions (e.g., slip ratio, tyre-slip angle, tyre forces, tyre-road friction) would be especially significant due to the key role tyres play in providing directional stability and control. Current systems are capable of obtaining such information by means of indirect methods (i.e., vehicle kinematic relations); however, they tend to fail in severe manoeuvres mainly because of the highly nonlinear characteristics of tyres. As a result, other methods are sought to directly obtain information about tyre–road interaction. This paper examines such a method where a tyre-attached sensor unit (intelligent tyre system) provides tyre slip information and the potential performance improvements offered by integrating this system with an adaptive vehicle stability controller.
Curse or Cure? Migrant Remittances and Corruption

This article examines the potential for remittances to aggravate or mitigate corruption in recipient states. Unlike previous research that posits unidirectional effects, I emphasize how governments’ and migrants’ incentives interact in the domestic political environment and argue that both outcomes are possible. Aggravating effects are most likely in closed regimes because governments require smaller winning coalitions and may be more likely to view remittances as an opportunity to increase political patronage. Moreover, the costs of political activity are higher for remittance recipients in authoritarian regimes, and their probability of influencing corruption is lower. Mitigating effects are most likely in open regimes. Democratic institutions require larger coalitions while lowering the costs of participation. Since remittances’ effects vary with political institutions, I test whether other less observable characteristics also influence how remittances influence corruption. Empirical analyses of panel ...