cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process evaluation of an on-line computer-assisted unit for intake assessment of mental health patients

An emerging maxim accompanying the introduction of new methods and/or procedures in health care is that both process and outcome must be measured in order to adequately evaluate alternative programs. The intent of t~is paper is to present the results of a process evaluation of a prototype computer· assisted on· line Psychiatric Assessment Unit (PAU). The distinction between process and outcome measures is clarified by reference to appropriate target populations. The PAU assessment process is shown to be comparatively superior to the traditional psychiatric admitting process employing a psychiatric physician and ancillary support staff. The use of on-line computer systems has a rather brief history in the behavioral sciences, particularly in the field of mental health care delivery. In a recent review, Johnson, Giannetti, and Williams (1976) noted that the unique capabilities afforded by application of this technology to intake assessment are only beginning to be exploited and that questions regarding the ad­ vantages of such applications of on.Jine computer technology have been considered only tentatively. For several years, an on-line computer-assisted Psychiatric .Assessment Unit (PAU) has been opera­ tional at the Veterans Administration Hospital and University of Utah College of Medicine in Salt Lake City. This system has been described extensively in several reports (Cole, Johnson, & Williams, 1975; Johnson & Williams, 1975; Schuman, 1976; Williams, Johnson, & Bliss, 1975). However, patient flow through the PAU system shall be briefly reviewed for those unfamiliar with the Utah project. Patient flow through the PAU may be described as follows. A receptionist opens the patient's computer me by entering basic identifying information into the system. The patient is instructed in the use of the cathode ray tube terminal (CRT) and completes a brief screening test which measures ability to undergo com­ puterized self-report testing. The PAU coordinator
High-dose argatroban for treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis: a case report and review of laboratory considerations.

Purpose A case report describing high-dose argatroban for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) with thrombosis and associated considerations in interpreting laboratory monitoring data are presented. Summary A 51-year-old woman with an extensive history of coronary artery disease arrived at the emergency department with complaints of chest pain. The patient was admitted, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery was ultimately performed. The patient had a baseline platelet count of 177,000 cells/μL. During hospitalization, the patient received heparin, and her platelet count dropped to 12,000 cells/μL 13 days after the initiation of heparin. The patient developed swelling around a peripherally inserted central catheter and later developed deep vein thrombosis. An argatroban infusion of 2 μg/kg/min was initiated, with a target activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 40–80 seconds. After 5 days of therapy, the patient had increased swelling in her right arm and an aPTT of 56 seconds. Her goal aPTT was subsequently increased. Six days later, the patient developed a left-lower-extremity DVT despite aPTTs within the goal range. A new aPTT target of >75 seconds was set. The infusion rate was increased to 15.5 μg/kg/min to attain the target aPTT. Results of an in vitro test led to an alternative interpretation of aPTT and International Normalized Ratio values that aided in the monitoring of argatroban during the high-dose infusion. Conclusion A patient with HIT with thrombosis was successfully treated with unusually high dosages of argatroban and may have had serum argatroban concentrations exceeding what has commonly been thought to be the therapeutic range.
Academic criminology: A need for change

An exploratory examination of criminology curricula, scholarly books, professional journals and reports is presented to substantiate the neglect of women in the works of most mainstream criminologists. Recent publications by Leonard (1982) and Schur (1984) suggest that this male view of criminology has distorted our definitions of crime and our responses to victims of male crime. These authors also indicate that the failure to include women in intellectual pursuits of the discipline has resulted in inadequate theories that do not explain women’s behavior and research based on false assumptions about the roles of men and women. While there have been numerous efforts to remedy this neglect of women during the last two decades (e.g., Bowker, 1977, 1980; Cullen, 1983; Reid, 1981, 1982), academic criminology continues to present a predominantly male perspective. In order to hasten the integration of women into the criminological curricula, theories, and research projects, this paper suggests changes in program policies that could be implemented by the leadership in professional associations (American Society of Criminology and Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences) that would encourage research in the area of women and crime as well as enhance the prestige and credibility of scholarship in this area of criminology.
Solar energy by photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis, both natural and as a model process, is examined as a possible annually renewable resource for both material and energy. The conversion of carbohydrate from cane, beets and other sources through fermentation alcohol to hydrocarbon may soon again become economic in the light of increasing costs of recovery of hydrocarbon from fossil sources and improved fermentation technology. Even the direct photosynthetic production of hydrocarbon from known sources (Hevea, etc.) or newly bred ones seems possible.Finally, more distantly, synthetic systems constructed on the basis of growing knowledge of the photosynthetic processes, may produce both fuel and power.
Neural Correlates of a Magnetic Sense

Many animals rely on Earth's magnetic field for spatial orientation and navigation. However, how the brain receives and interprets magnetic field information is unknown. Support for the existence of magnetic receptors in the vertebrate retina, beak, nose, and inner ear has been proposed, and immediate gene expression markers have identified several brain regions activated by magnetic stimulation, but the central neural mechanisms underlying magnetoreception remain unknown. Here we describe neuronal responses in the pigeon's brainstem that show how single cells encode magnetic field direction, intensity, and polarity; qualities that are necessary to derive an internal model representing directional heading and geosurface location. Our findings demonstrate that there is a neural substrate for a vertebrate magnetic sense.
Development of microsatellite markers in Cordia bifurcata (Boraginaceae) and cross‐species amplification in Cordia inermis and Cordia pringlei

We developed 16 microsatellite markers in Cordia bifurcata, a Central and South American shrub. The markers show low polymorphism in C. bifurcata, a species suspected of self-fertilization or apomixis. Of four polymorphic loci, three had only two alleles. However, current research indicates that these markers hold value for interpopulational comparisons of C. bifurcata and for analyses of congeners. In Cordia inermis, a dioecious or subdioecious shrub, seven of the markers produced interpretable amplification products of which five showed polymorphism. In Cordia pringlei, a distylous shrub, nine of the markers produced interpretable amplification products of which six showed polymorphism.
Skin temperature in the dorsal hand of office workers and severity of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders

This study aimed to examine the suitability of using mean dorsal (hand) skin temperature (MDT) before and after a short typing task as an indicator of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder (UEMSD) severity. In addition, MDT reproducibility in controls was assessed for a pre-typing and three post-typing time periods over three trials. Asymptomatic office workers (n = 10) and office workers with distal UEMSD symptoms (n = 35) typed for 9 min at three ambient temperatures (18, 22, and 26°C). Pre- and post-trial MDT was measured by infrared thermography. UEMSD severity was defined anamnestically by symptoms and by a physical examination and symptom-derived case definition. Good to excellent reproducibility (intra-class correlation coefficients = 0.46–0.85) for MDT was found in controls at 22°C. At 18 and 22°C, pre-typing MDT differed between controls and cases by number of symptom sites marked on a hand-arm diagram (ANOVA, P ≤ 0.05), and by number of UEMSD case definitions met (ANOVA, P ≤ 0.05). Post hoc analyses showed colder temperatures in the most severely affected cases in comparison with controls. No post-typing skin temperature differentiation by severity was found. Reduced dorsal hand skin temperature after acclimating to an ambient temperature of 18–22°C in those with more severe UEMSDs may reflect an underlying dysfunctional sympathetic nervous system. Further testing in epidemiological cohorts would be desirable to evaluate the generalizability and feasibility of this physiological measurement for UEMSD severity in the workplace.
Distal ureteral diameter measurement objectively predicts vesicoureteral reflux outcome.

Abstract Objective Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grading may be difficult when discrepancies exist between the degree of dilation of the pyelocalyceal system and the ureter. Resolution may be more accurately predicted by the appearance of the distal ureter. We analyzed a novel, objective method of evaluating VUR based on the diameter of the distal ureter. Methods Seventy-nine voiding cystourethrograms were reviewed (18 boys; 61 girls; aged 1 month to 7.5 years). The largest ureteral diameter within the false pelvis was measured and normalized by dividing by the distance from the L1-L3 vertebral body to give the distal ureteral diameter: L1-L3 ratio (UDR). Clinical outcome was defined as spontaneous resolution or surgical correction. Results A significant association between grade and UDR existed (p Conclusion UDR provides an objective measurement of VUR and appears more predictive of clinical outcome than grade in this series.
Aggressive behavior and the Rosenzweig picture-frustration study

The current status of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, a measure of aggressive verbal behavior in response to frustration at the developmental levels of the child, the adolescent and the adult, is described. Conceived as generically or essentially self-assertive, aggression can be viewed as affirmative or negative, constructive or destructive in effect. Six categories, three under direction and three under type, have been conceptualized to define the modes of aggressive response. These interrelated categories combine into nine scoring factors. Norms at the various age levels have been established, and the reliability and validity of the instrument have been determined. Pragmatic validity has been shown in the investigation of behavior disorders, psychosomatic conditions, delinquency, school adjustment, and a large variety of vocational and social problems. The P-F has been adapted and standardized world-wide (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Argentina, Brazil, India, Japan). Its applicability in cross-cultural research has been demonstrated.
The loading problem for a linear viscoelastic earth: I. Compressible, non-gravitating models

A Legendre mode solution is given for deformation of a solid isotropic linear viscoelastic sphere under applied surface stresses. Under the simplifying assumptions that the sphere is elastic in compression and standard linear solid in shear two relaxation times appear; one the creep relaxation time of the material, the other depending on mode. It is shown formally how to reduce the case of a layered viscoelastic sphere to an equivalent unlayered one.
The use of dexmedetomidine in critically ill children.

Objective: To describe the use of dexmedetomidine for sedating intubated children in a general medical/surgical pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Design: Retrospective, observational study. Setting: Multidisciplinary PICU of a tertiary, university-affiliated children’s hospital. Patients: All children receiving dexmedetomidine within the PICU during the period of August 2003 to August 2005. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: During the study period, 121 mechanically ventilated patients, median age 36 months (range 2 months to 21 years), who received dexmedetomidine infusions. The infusion was initiated and adjusted per our PICU protocol. The average dose was 0.55 μg/kg/hr (range 0.15–0.70 μg/kg/hr) and average length of use was 25.8 hours (range 20 minutes to 60 hours). During the dexmedetomidine infusion, the mean decrease in total benzodiazepine and opiate dose as compared with the 24 hours prior was 42% and 36%, respectively. Most patients were able to reduce their benzodiazepine and opiate dose by at least 20% with the dexmedetomidine infusion (70% and 73% of patients, respectively). After discontinuing dexmedetomidine, the average change in total benzodiazepine and opiate dose as compared with the 24 hours before infusion was an increase of 14% and 1.5%, respectively. Fewer patients were able to maintain at least a 20% reduction in benzodiazepine and opiate after cessation of dexmedetomidine compared with the 24 hours before initiation (38% and 40% of patients, respectively). Hypotension and/or bradycardia requiring clinical intervention occurred in 33 of 121 (27%) patients. Discontinuation secondary to clinical concern was necessary in 12 of 121 (10%) patients. Conclusions: Our study suggests that many, although not all, mechanically ventilated children may be able to reduce their need for other sedation medications with the use of dexmedetomidine. However, the potential side effects of dexmedetomidine necessitates close hemodynamic monitoring with its use.
Multiple-access design for ad hoc UWB position-location networks

In this paper, we analyze the problem of medium access control (MAC) layer design for impulse-based ultra-wideband (UWB) position-location networks (PoLoNets). We focus our attention on PoLoNets in which stationary reference nodes are deployed in an ad hoc manner and determine their locations based on a small number of fixed anchors with known locations. Location and range information is propagated through the network of reference nodes in order to periodically estimate the locations of mobile nodes. The principal objective of our design is to minimize the localization error and convergence time of location estimates in the presence of node mobility and multipath. The properties of bounds on node localization accuracy in the presence range and location-estimation errors are derived. These results serve as a connection between the problem of multiple-access design and the accuracy of location estimates. A spread-spectrum based MAC protocol is developed that is shown to outperform the traditional carrier-sense multiple-access (CSMA) protocol in terms of accuracy and the convergence time of location-estimates
Acellular Dermal Matrix for Secondary Procedures Following Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction

Acellular dermal matrices (ADM) have generated interest for their possible applications in secondary revisions following prosthetic breast reconstruction. These materials can be effective in a variety of situations, including implant displacement, synmastia, capsular contracture, incisional support, and pocket conversion. ADM can also be placed in the setting of delayed breast reconstruction and to augment nipple projection. These biomaterials have demonstrated feasibility and success for many complex deformities. However, there is an associated learning curve that includes an understanding of proper technique and patient selection. The authors review their cumulative experience between 2004 and 2010 with ADM for the correction of secondary deformities following prosthetic breast reconstruction, focusing on the indications for repair, traditional management, and management with ADM.
Object oriented programming interfaces for accelerator control

A current trend in control system design is to provide an object oriented programming interface for application developers. This talk will discuss important aspects and features of object oriented APIs for accelerator control systems, and explore why such interfaces are becoming the norm.
The failure rate of software: does it exist?

This paper first overviews some foundation issues in reliability and argues that generally, it does not make mathematical sense to talk about the failure rate of a piece of software. Furthermore, even when it does make sense, the failure rate is personal, and does not exist outside of the software engineer's mind. Also discussed are matters pertaining to what constitutes a software reliability model, the Markov assumption underlying many of the existing models, the need for models with point masses, and the notion that under subjectivist thinking, reliability models are indexed by two time-scales: (1) mission time; and (2) time at which the software reliability is assessed. >
Intermediate follow-up of laparoscopic antireflux surgery.

Background Open antireflux surgery is an established long-term treatment for chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Short-term results of laparoscopic antireflux surgery are excellent, but long-term follow-up is not yet available, Methods Twenty-four-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring and symptom scores were collected prior to laparoscopic antireflux surgery and 6 weeks postoperatively. These studies were repeated in an unselected cohort of patients 1 to 3 years after operation. Results One hundred patients who were >1 year from surgery at the time of the present study volunteered for intermediate follow-up symptom assessment, and 35 also completed repeat 24-hour monitoring. The median interval after surgery among these volunteers was 17 months. Thirty-three (94%) had a normal pH study, which correlated with Improvements in symptom scores. One patient had an abnormal pH study but no reflux symptoms, and 1 patient with an abnormal study developed recurrent symptoms of reflux after an episode of vomiting 11 months postoperatively. Conclusions The intermediate-term results of laparoscopic fundoplication suggest that longterm efficacy of this operation will be equivalent to open fundoplication.
Distribution and characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the digestive system of normal and capsaicin-treated rats

The distribution and characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the digestive system of normal, capsaicin-treated, and littermate control rats were studied by radioimmunoassay, chromatography, and immunohistochemistry. The highest concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity were found in the stomach (45 +/- 2.8 pmol/g wet wt, nonsecretory region; 38.7 +/- 4.4 pmol/g wet wt, secretory region) and rectum (30.9 +/- 1.6 pmol/g wet wt). Significant amounts of peptide were also found in the other regions of the gut and in the pancreas. Neonatal treatment with capsaicin, which causes a permanent degeneration of most of the small-diameter sensory neurons, reduced calcitonin gene-related peptide content by greater than 95% in the esophagus and stomach, by 60% in the pancreas, and by less than 50% in the intestine, when compared with littermate controls. Separation of extracts from the gut, pancreas, and brain by chromatography gave major peaks corresponding to the predicted rat calcitonin gene-related peptide and small unidentified peaks, which presumably arise from metabolism of the peptide. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that in the esophagus and stomach, calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity is restricted to nerve fibers, whereas in the intestine it is localized in both nerve fibers and enteric ganglion cells. In capsaicin-treated rats there was a virtually complete elimination of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive fibers innervating the esophagus and stomach, whereas in the small and large intestine there was a dramatic reduction and often a complete elimination of those associated with blood vessels and a slighter reduction of the nonvascular immunoreactive fibers. The results of this study indicate that calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerve fibers innervating the rat digestive system originate from both intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic (presumably sensory) sources and that both the intrinsic and extrinsic components appear to contain a substance that corresponds to the predicted calcitonin gene-related peptide.
The Pipe: explorations with breath control

The Pipe is an experimental, general purpose music input device designed and built in the form of a compact MIDI wind controller. The development of this device was motivated in part by an interest in exploring breath pressure as a control input. The Pipe provides a variety of common sensor types, including force sensing resistors, momentary switches, accelerometers, potentiometers, and an air pressure transducer, which allow maximum flexibility in the design of a sensor mapping scheme. The Pipe uses a programmable BASIC Stamp 2sx microprocessor which outputs control messages via a standard MIDI jack.
Substrate and environmental controls on microbial assimilation of soil organic carbon: a framework for Earth System Models

A mechanistic understanding of microbial assimilation of soil organic carbon is important to improve Earth system models' ability to simulate carbon-climate feedbacks. A simple modelling framework was developed to investigate how substrate quality and environmental controls over microbial activity regulate microbial assimilation of soil organic carbon and on the size of the microbial biomass. Substrate quality has a positive effect on microbial assimilation of soil organic carbon: higher substrate quality leads to higher ratio of microbial carbon to soil organic carbon. Microbial biomass carbon peaks and then declines as cumulative activity increases. The simulated ratios of soil microbial biomass to soil organic carbon are reasonably consistent with a recently compiled global data set at the biome level. The modelling framework developed in this study offers a simple approach to incorporate microbial contributions to the carbon cycling into Earth system models to simulate carbon-climate feedbacks and explain global patterns of microbial biomass.
Real-Time Detection of Driver Cognitive Distraction Using Support Vector Machines

As use of in-vehicle information systems (IVISs) such as cell phones, navigation systems, and satellite radios has increased, driver distraction has become an important and growing safety concern. A promising way to overcome this problem is to detect driver distraction and adapt in-vehicle systems accordingly to mitigate such distractions. To realize this strategy, this paper applied support vector machines (SVMs), which is a data mining method, to develop a real-time approach for detecting cognitive distraction using drivers' eye movements and driving performance data. Data were collected in a simulator experiment in which ten participants interacted with an IVIS while driving. The data were used to train and test both SVM and logistic regression models, and three different model characteristics were investigated: how distraction was defined, which data were input to the model, and how the input data were summarized. The results show that the SVM models were able to detect driver distraction with an average accuracy of 81.1%, outperforming more traditional logistic regression models. The best performing model (96.1% accuracy) resulted when distraction was defined using experimental conditions (i.e., IVIS drive or baseline drive), the input data were comprised of eye movement and driving measures, and these data were summarized over a 40-s window with 95% overlap of windows. These results demonstrate that eye movements and simple measures of driving performance can be used to detect driver distraction in real time. Potential applications of this paper include the design of adaptive in-vehicle systems and the evaluation of driver distraction
A Mechanism Linking Extra Centrosomes to Chromosomal Instability

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of many tumours and correlates with the presence of extra centrosomes. However, a direct mechanistic link between extra centrosomes and CIN has not been established. It has been proposed that extra centrosomes generate CIN by promoting multipolar anaphase, a highly abnormal division that produces three or more aneuploid daughter cells. Here we use long-term live-cell imaging to demonstrate that cells with multiple centrosomes rarely undergo multipolar cell divisions, and the progeny of these divisions are typically inviable. Thus, multipolar divisions cannot explain observed rates of CIN. In contrast, we observe that CIN cells with extra centrosomes routinely undergo bipolar cell divisions, but display a significantly increased frequency of lagging chromosomes during anaphase. To define the mechanism underlying this mitotic defect, we generated cells that differ only in their centrosome number. We demonstrate that extra centrosomes alone are sufficient to promote chromosome missegregation during bipolar cell division. These segregation errors are a consequence of cells passing through a transient 'multipolar spindle intermediate' in which merotelic kinetochore-microtubule attachment errors accumulate before centrosome clustering and anaphase. These findings provide a direct mechanistic link between extra centrosomes and CIN, two common characteristics of solid tumours. We propose that this mechanism may be a common underlying cause of CIN in human cancer.
School climate and teacher beliefs in a school effectively serving poor South Carolina (USA) African-American students: A case study ☆

Abstract This study examined the roles of school climate, teacher expectations, and instructional practices in one elementary school in South Carolina (USA) that produced effective achievement outcomes with poor and minority students. Survey data, teacher interviews, and classroom videotaping was used to identify school characteristics and instructional behaviors of six teachers nominated by colleagues as exemplary. The school was characterized by an emphasis on high student expectations, school staff cohesiveness, engaging instruction, high parent involvement, and multicultural instruction integrated with curriculum. The practices identified are consistent with literature on effective American schools; and the practices are key aspects of the sound instruction of poor and minority children. Teachers stated that teacher education programs did not prepare them to teach these students and that they had to learn this on the job.
Radiation from laser accelerated electron bunches: coherent terahertz and femtosecond X-rays

Electron beam based radiation sources provide electromagnetic radiation for countless applications. The properties of the radiation are primarily determined by the properties of the electron beam. Compact laser driven accelerators are being developed that can provide ultrashort electron bunches (femtosecond duration) with relativistic energies reaching toward a GeV. The electron bunches are produced when an intense laser interacts with a dense plasma and excites a large amplitude plasma density modulation (wakefield) that can trap background electrons and accelerate them to high energies. The short-pulse nature of the accelerated bunches and high particle energy offer the possibility of generating radiation from one compact source that ranges from coherent terahertz to gamma rays. The intrinsic synchronization to a laser pulse and unique character of the radiation offer a wide range of possibilities for scientific applications. Two particular radiation source regimes are discussed: coherent terahertz emission, and X-ray emission based on betatron oscillations and Thomson scattering.
Invited Commentary: Never, or Hardly Ever? It Could Make a Difference

A paper showing that about one half of persons stating lifelong alcohol abstinence had previously reported drinking (Am J Epidemiol 2008; doi:10.1093/aje/kwn093) reopens debate about the validity of this frequently used referent group in alcohol-health studies. Misclassification of lifelong abstainers could result in underestimation of harmful effects of heavy drinking and overestimation of benefits of lighter drinking. Imprecise and unreliable ascertainment of alcohol intake is the rule in the area of alcohol epidemiology research. However, inaccurate ascertainment of past infrequent drinking may have less effect upon outcome estimates than the consequences of other measurement errors such as underreporting of intake. Communication about alcohol-health relations would be improved if all research reports explicitly described queries and methods by which alcohol intake was categorized and if limitations were always frankly acknowledged. Language: en
Into the Grey: The Left, Progressivism, and Christian Rock in Uptown Chicago

Founded in 1972, Jesus People USA (JPUSA) is an evangelical “intentional community” located in Chicago’s Uptown neighborhood. Living out of a common purse arrangement, this inner-city commune strives to counter much of what the Right stands for. An expression of the Evangelical Left, the commune’s various expressions of social justice are popularized through the music produced by the community and their annual festival.
The Epistemic Community

Early epistemology assumed that the observer (a) was independent of and distinct from the object being observed and (b) could validate objective reality in a language system called the laws of science. The authors offer something different. In arguing that knowledge is responsive to the culture in which it is embedded, they take a perspectival approach, gathering localized intentionality, context, social practices, and linguistic meaning (called ground) into the project of inquiry (called figure). Knowledge building, in other words, depends on the background and interests of the epistemic community that is generating knowledge.
Host-Brucella interactions and the Brucella genome as tools for subunit antigen discovery and immunization against brucellosis

Vaccination is the most important approach to counteract infectious diseases. Thus, the development of new and improved vaccines for existing, emerging and re-emerging diseases is an area of great interest to the scientific community and general public. Traditional approaches to subunit antigen discovery and vaccine development lack consideration for the critical vaccination aspects of public safety and activation of relevant protective host immunity. The availability of genomic sequences for Brucella and other important pathogens and their hosts have led to development of systems-wide analytical tools that have provided a better understanding of host and pathogen physiology while also beginning to unravel the intricacies at the host-pathogen interface. Advances in pathogen biology, host immunology, and host-agent interactions have the potential to serve as platform for the design and implementation of better-targeted antigen discovery approaches. With emphasis on Brucella, we probe biological aspects of host and pathogen that merit consideration in the targeted design of subunit antigen discovery and vaccine development.
Formaldehyde and methanol formation from reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen on neutral Fe2S2 clusters in the gas phase

Reaction of CO with H2 on neutral FemSn clusters in a fast flow reactor is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Single photon ionization at 118 nm is used to detect neutral cluster distributions through time of flight mass spectrometry. FemSn clusters are generated through laser ablation of a mixed iron-sulfur target in the presence of a pure helium carrier gas. A strong size dependent reactivity of (FeS)m clusters toward CO is characterized. The reaction FeS + CO → Fe + OCS is found for the FeS cluster, and the association product Fe2S2CO is observed for the Fe2S2 cluster. Products Fe2S2(13)COH2 and Fe2S2(13)COH4 are identified for reactions of (13)CO and H2 on Fe2S2 clusters: this suggests that the Fe2S2 cluster has a high catalytic activity for hydrogenation reactions of CO to form formaldehyde and methanol. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to explore the potential energy surfaces for the two reactions: Fe2S2 + CO + 2H2 → Fe2S2 + CH3OH; and Fe2S2 + CO + H2 → Fe2S2 + CH2O. A barrierless, thermodynamically favorable pathway is obtained for both catalytic processes. Catalytic cycles for formaldehyde and methanol formation from CO and H2 on a Fe2S2 cluster are proposed based on our experimental and theoretical investigations. The various reaction mechanisms explored by DFT are in good agreement with the experimental results. Condensed phase iron sulfide, which contains exposed Fe2S2 units on its surface, is suggested to be a good catalyst for low temperature formaldehyde/methanol synthesis.
ERA SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY FOR CLINICALLY LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: We retrospectively reviewed a large series of men with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent surgery to define the extent of stage migration and its influence on biochemical recurrence in 3 different eras of prostate cancer management.Materials and Methods: A total of 2,370 men were treated with radical prostatectomy from 1982 to 1998. We analyzed the freedom from biochemical (prostate specific antigen) progression after radical prostatectomy. We compared the distribution of pathological stage by the year of surgery. We then compared the biochemical recurrence-free survival rate according to the different eras that reflect a change in prostate cancer management.Results: There was a significant downward stage migration of prostate cancer and an increasing proportion of men who presented with organ confined disease in recent years. The actuarial biochemical recurrence-free rate was significantly different for patients who underwent surgery between 1982 and 1988, compared with those bet...
Intervention Procedures for Radionuclides

As in the case of smoking and lung cancer, for large radionuclide releases, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. On the other hand, we feel compelled to do something sensible after an accident even if the principal benefit of intervention may be to comfort the population at risk. Of course, for populations near the site of an accident, evacuation should be considered, but it is unreasonable to apply this measure to distant populations, e.g., large segments of the European community could not be moved about as we observe the shifting of a radioactive cloud in response to changing winds. If the radionuclides are delivered as particulates, bringing people indoors and employing primitive air filters can temporarily reduce exposures, but these stratagems are not very effective against gaseous or volatile elements.
Equatorial Upwelling Events in the Central Pacific

Abstract Observations made during the Hawaii to Tahiti Shuttle Experiment allow the study of the time and space scales of equatorial upwelling. Individual upwelling events can be identified. Each is caused by a burst in the trade winds lasting from 10 to 20 days. Sea level drops, surface temperature decreases, and near-surface isotherms rise by several tens of meters. The vertical velocity of upwelling is at least 3 m per day. Five such upwelling events were observed during the 18-month experiment.
The role of the lungs in the removal of transfused lymphocytes.

In rats, the intravascular injection of large numbers of lymphocytes obtained from the lymphatic system fails to increase the number of circulating lymphocytes. This is the result, chiefly, of a specific selective action of the lungs in removing the cells, after either intravenous or intra-arterial injection. The spleen, and perhaps the liver and kidneys also play a part in removing the transfused lymphocytes, but are not as active as the lungs in this respect. These results are similar to those obtained with the transfusion of granulocytes obtained from the peritoneal cavity of rabbits and raise the possibility that the lungs may act as a homeostatic organ in controlling the level of the white blood count. Under the conditions of this experiment, relatively large doses of ACTH and cortisone had no significant immediate effect on transfused lymphocytes. These results indicate that inadequate preservation of leukocytes in stored blood does not account for their failure to appear in the circulation after transfusion, and that better preservation will not, in all probability, alter the situation.
Legal Parenthood: Old Doctrines, New Families

The recent case of In re Marriage of Mancine, 2012 IL App (1st) 111138, reminds us of how legal parenthood can vary by context; how little common law exists on parenthood; how legal parenthood may not coincide with actual parenting; and, how a child’s best interests may not be considered in determining legal parenthood.In Mancine, an Illinois marriage dissolution proceeding, both the husband and wife sought custody of a minor whom the wife adopted in Wisconsin before the marriage. A preadoption wedding was contemplated but never performed. Earlier the wife had adopted another child. In Wisconsin an unmarried couple cannot simultaneously adopt a child, but a single woman can adopt. An adoption agent advised the husband that he could adopt the minor child as a stepparent after the marriage, but the husband never did. Before the wedding, the minor’s birth certificate reflected the husband’s last name and the husband moved in with the mother and was co-parenting. The husband and wife were also named as the “parents” on the minor child’s baptism record. After the wedding, for some time the husband primarily cared for all the children. His wife held the couple and the children out as a family unit.When the wife sought a divorce about fifteen months into the marriage, not long after a family move to Illinois, the wife challenged her husband’s standing to seek custody of the second adopted child. Both lower courts found no standing in the husband, rejecting his arguments on “equitable parent,” “equitable estoppel,” and “equitable adoption.” The Mancine case should prompt reconsideration of legal parenthood in various settings as its implications are disturbing. What would have happened to the children if a day after the divorce, the ex-wife died or placed the children for adoption? Should the ex-husband be treated as a parent during the marriage in either a child support or neglect setting? It makes sense to treat men claiming or charged with parenthood differently at times, depending upon context. Thus, many men should pay child support for children they can no longer childrear due to their earlier parental failures. Yet many differences are unjustified. Unfortunately, given current statutes and a judicial disinclinations to make common law, a child’s best interests, as well as societal and nonparent interests, are frequently ill-served. This occurs because the “superior rights” of parents are favored regardless of what parents do, short of abuse. Is it time to examine all parentage statutes comprehensively, or at least to consider broader common law powers that can better serve children’s and societal interests without unduly interfering with the superior rights of custodial parents?The new variations in American families demand clearer rules after Mancine. Legal parenthood might be chiefly, or only occasionally, guided by maternal choices, genetic ties, actual childrearing, parentage intentions, or a child’s best interests. Whatever the policy choices, in whatever the context, as Professor Katharine K. Baker recently recognized, “predictability” is very important.
Appraisal of the Quality of Neurosurgery Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Objective The rate of neurosurgery guidelines publications was compared over time with all other specialties. Neurosurgical guidelines and quality of supporting evidence were then analyzed and compared by subspecialty. Methods The authors first performed a PubMed search for “Neurosurgery” and “Guidelines.” This was then compared against searches performed for each specialty of the American Board of Medical Specialties. The second analysis was an inventory of all neurosurgery guidelines published by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Guidelines clearinghouse. All Class I evidence and Level 1 recommendations were compared for different subspecialty topics. Results When examined from 1970–2010, the rate of increase in publication of neurosurgery guidelines was about one third of all specialties combined (P Conclusion Although initially lagging, the publication of neurosurgical guidelines has recently increased at a rate comparable with that of other specialties. However, the quality of the evidence cited consists of a relatively low number of high-quality studies from which guidelines are created. Wider implications of this must be considered when defining and measuring quality of clinical performance in neurosurgery.
Machine emotion

A feeling-thinking machine has been designed using the mammalian brain as a model and current psychobiology concepts as a guide. The machine has been successfully run as a computer simulation. It mimics a primitive organism with eight functional brain centers. They are the reticular ascending substance (RAS), the amygdala, the cingulate gyrus, the medial forebrain bundle, the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the neocortex. >
New Horizons Guidance and Control System Performance During Early Operations

First in NASA’s New Frontiers series of missions, the New Horizons spacecraft was successfully launched towards Pluto on January 19, 2006, with a scheduled flyby of Jupiter on February 28, 2007 and arrival at Pluto on July 14, 2015. The concept of operations required a guidance and control (G&C) subsystem that can estimate and control attitude, as well as perform trajectory correction maneuvers (TCM), in both a spinning mode and a 3-axis staring mode. This paper provides a brief overview of the New Horizons G&C system and describes the tests and events, as well as the reasoning behind each test, which were conducted during the early commissioning phase. Performance of the system through early operations and the first three TCMs will also be presented. This paper will also discuss the behavior and performance of the G&C sensors and actuators during the different phases of checkout.
Experimental Determination of Material Properties for Inflatable Aeroshell Structures

As part of a deployable aeroshell development effort, system design, materials evaluation, and analysis methods are under investigation. One specific objective is to validate finite element analysis techniques used to predict the deformation and stress fields of aeroshell inflatable structures under aerodynamic loads. In this paper, we discuss the results of an experimental mechanics study conducted to ensure that the material inputs to the finite element models accurately predict the load elongation characteristics of the coated woven fabric materials used in deployable aeroshells. These coated woven fabrics exhibit some unique behaviors under load that make the establishment of a common set of test protocols difficult. The stiffness of a woven fabric material will be influenced by its biaxial load state. Uniaxial strip tensile testing although quick and informative, may not accurately capture the needed structural model inputs. Woven fabrics, when loaded in the bias direction relative to the warp and fill axes, have a resultant stiffness that is quite low as compared with the warp and fill directional stiffness. We evaluate the experimental results from two load versus elongation test devices. Test method recommendations are made based on the relevance and accuracy of these devices. Experimental work is conducted on a sample set of materials, consisting of four fabrics of varying stiffness and strength. The building blocks of a mechanical property database for future aeroshell design efforts are constructed.
Hygienic inspection of ground water quality of Nandujiang River in Hainan

Objective To investigate the hygienical status and pollution status of water quality of ground water head of Nandujiang River Method A method of environmental epidemiologically sampling investigation was taken in the on-site investigation for the pollution status of all reaches of Nandujiang River,in addition,696 examination data for water quality of 29 indexes for 24 sampiling sites on 8 sections of the upper,middle and lower reaches of Nandujiang River was analyzed statisticaly during low water and high water periods Results (1)Pollutants were found in the middle and lower reaches of Nandujiang River,with the maximum of pollutants in the middle reach; (2) The sense organ and bacteriology indexes were overproofed significantly In general chemical indexes,iron,volatile phenol and sulfate were overproofed,with overproof rates of 54 2%,8 3% and 16 7% respectively,and maximum overproof times of 3,2 and 1 16 respectively,among which,in the toxicology index,chlorides in Ding an section of the middle reach was lightly overproofed,with the maximum overproof times of 1 14 Conclusion The middle reach of Nandujiang River was seriously polluted,overall management to the middle and lower reaches of Nandujiang River should be strengthen,moreover,if used as water head of daily drinking water,pollutions should be eliminated,and 《The Hygienic Standard For Daily Drinking Water》for citizen's daily drinking water should be carried out
The Analysis and Improving of Decorative Sheet Transfiguration of Stern Door of A Mini Vehicle

The article analyzes the reasons behind the decorative sheet transfiguration of stern door of a mini vehicle,works out some related solution plans.In addition,based on the feasibility of MoldFlow analysis plans and the effectiveness of testing plans,it also sets forth the issues that are needed to be paid attention to in the design process of trim plastic products.
Analysis of Water Quality from Centralized Water Supply Department in Huoqiu county in 1996～2005

Objective To investigate the sanitation of drinking water from centralized water Supply in Huoqiu county.Method The colurinaes,turbidity,taste,chlorid,PH,sulphate,arsenid,visual something,iron of bacteria,total coliform bacteria,coliform bacteria facterin faecalic and chlorination by-products from source water,finished water and tap water samples in centralized water supply department in Huoqiu county were inspected.The sanitary quality of drinking water was assessed based on Hygienic standard for drinking water.Result In 210 samples from source water,210 samples from finished water,and 210 samples from tap water,qualified rate was 21.43%,88.57%,72.86% respectively.In 11 samples from abundant rain season,11 samples from lack rain season,qualified rate was 45.45%,18.18%.Conclusion Qualified rate of centralized water Supply was lower in Huoqiu county.Qualified rate of drinking water should be urgently to improve.