cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Sleep in Retention of New Words in Habitually and Non-Habitually Napping Children

Daytime napping contributes to retention of new word learning in children. Importantly, children transition out of regular napping between ages 3–5 years, and the impact of this transition on memory is unclear. Here, we examined the performance of both non-habitually napping children (nap 0–3 days per week, n = 28) and habitually napping children (nap 4–7 days per week, n = 30) on a word learning task after a delay including either sleep or wakefulness. Children ages 3.5–4.5 years old experienced a brief exposure to two novel labels and their referents during training, a scenario that replicates learning experiences children encounter every day. After a 4-h delay, children were tested on the object-label associations. Using mixed effects logistic regression, we compared retention performance. Non-habitual nappers and habitual nappers displayed a different pattern of retention such that non-habitually napping children did equally well on a test of retention regardless of whether they napped or stayed awake during the delay. In contrast, habitually napping children needed a nap after learning to retain the novel object-label associations 4 h later. As a group, habitual nappers who remained awake after learning performed no better than chance on the retention test. As children transition out of naps, they may be less susceptible to interference and are better able to retain newly learned words across a delay including wakefulness.
Assessing the exposure to nanosilver and silver nitrate on fathead minnow gill gene expression and mucus production

Abstract Silver exposure is toxic to fish due to disturbances of normal gill function. A proposed toxicity mechanism of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) is derived from the release of silver ions, similar to silver nitrate (AgNO3). However, some datasets support the fact that AgNP can have unique toxic effects that are mediated at the gill. To determine if differences between AgNO3 and AgNP toxicities exist, fathead minnows were exposed to 20 nm PVP- or citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (50.3 μg/L PVP-AgNP; 56.0 μg/L citrate-AgNP) or 3.81 μg/L AgNO3 for 96 h. These concentrations were applied to approximate the dissolved fraction of Ag in the AgNP suspensions. Mucus production in the water was measured. While mucus production was initially significantly increased in the first 4 h of exposure in all silver treatments compared to control, a decrease in mucus production was observed following 24–96 h of exposure. To determine which genes/pathways are driving this shift in mucus production, gills were dissected and microarray analysis was performed. Hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes revealed that all samples distinctly clustered by treatment. There were 109 differentially expressed genes shared among all Ag treatments compared to controls. However, there were 185, 423, and 615 differentially expressed genes unique to AgNO3, PVP-AgNP, and citrate-AgNP, relative to control. While functional analysis indicated several common enriched pathways, such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, this analysis also indicated some unique pathways between nanosilver and AgNO3. Our results show that AgNO3, PVP-AgNP, and citrate-AgNP exposure affected mucus production in fish gills and also lead to common and unique transcriptional changes.
Lymph Chylomicron Composition and Size are Modified by Level of Intestinally Infused Cholesterol and Triglyceride Source in Rats

Mesenteric lymph chylomicrons were characterized following acute continuous intestinal infusion of triglyceride emulsions in rats. Emulsions were prepared using corn, olive or butter oils with graded doses of cholesterol (0, 3, 10, 20, 30, 60, 100 mg/g triglyceride) added to each. Chylomicron cholesterol content varied directly with dose of cholesterol infused, ranging from approximately 1.5% (by weight) with no added cholesterol to 5-10% at 100 mg cholesterol/g triglyceride. Minimum effective dose for increasing chylomicron cholesterol content (about twofold) was 20 mg/g triglyceride regardless of the triglyceride source. Esterified cholesterol accounted for most of the increase in chylomicron total cholesterol with corn oil infusion, whereas increases in the unesterified fraction accounted for 10-30% of the increase in total cholesterol during infusion of olive or butter oils. The effect of infused cholesterol on chylomicron lipid composition was dependent on triglyceride source: no effect on phospholipid:triglyceride ratio with corn and butter oils, but increased phospholipid:triglyceride ratio with olive oil at cholesterol doses greater than 20 mg/g triglyceride. Infusion of butter emulsions produced smaller chylomicrons than those produced during infusion of corn or olive oil emulsions.
Selective Star-of-Bethlehem Control with Sulfentrazone and Mixtures of Mesotrione and Topramezone with Bromoxynil and Bentazon in Cool-season Turfgrass

Star-of-bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum) commonly invades turfgrass stands throughout the transition zone. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate sulfentrazone and mixtures of mesotrione and topramezone with bromoxynil and bentazon for selective star-of-bethlehem control in cool-season turf. At 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), applications of sulfentrazone at 0.25 and 0.38 lb/acre provided >95% control of star-of-bethlehem in 2008 and 2009. Starof-bethlehem control following applications of commercial prepackaged mixtures containing sulfentrazone was not significantly different from applications of sulfentrazone alone, at either rate, at 4 WAT in 2008 and 2009. Control with carfentrazone-ethyl at 0.03 lb/acre measured to <75% at 4 WAT each year. Starof-bethlehem control at 2, 3, and 4 WAT with topramezone at 0.033 lb/acre was increased by 77%, 50%, and 46%, respectively, from the addition of bromoxynil at 0.50 lb/acre. Similarly, the inclusion of bromoxynil at 0.50 lb/acre increased the level of control observed following treatment with mesotrione at 0.28 lb/acre by 77%, 30%, and 32% at 2, 3, and 4 WAT. These data suggest that sulfentrazone and mixtures of topramezone and mesotrione with bromoxynil can be used to provide postemergence control of star-of-bethlehem in cool-season turf.
A simultaneous inference procedure for clinical trials

The problem of multiple treatment comparisons in multiple, possibly overlapping subgroups is considered for survival analysis in clinical trials. The joint asymptotic distribution of the log rank statistics from different subgroups for pairwise comparisons of the treatments is derived. A method of using simulation to find the distribution of the statistics is proposed. The method is applied to data from a clinical trial in the treatment of breast cancer.
Comparing Pediatric Simulation and Traditional Clinical Experience: Student Perceptions, Learning Outcomes, and Lessons for Faculty

Abstract Background Few studies in nursing have compared students' simulated clinical experience outcomes to presumed outcomes in the traditional clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to compare simulation and traditional clinical experience regarding educational practices, design issues, and student outcomes of reported learning, satisfaction, and self-confidence. Methods Three research questions guided this study: (a) Is there a difference in student perceptions of "educational practices" during a simulated and traditional clinical experience? (b) Are there differences in students' perceptions regarding "design" elements of simulation and traditional clinical experience? (c) How do students compare their "confidence and satisfaction" in learning in the simulated and traditional clinical experiences? Results Examination of 44 baccalaureate pre-licensure nursing involved in traditional and hybrid clinical experiences demonstrated overall similarities in student perceptions of each learning experience, with significance found with opportunities for collaboration in the simulation environment, and reported higher satisfaction in learning occurring in the traditional clinical setting; implications for nursing education and further research are provided.
Ergodic Channel Capacity of an Amplify-and-Forward Relay System at Low SNR in a Generic Noise Environment

In this correspondence, the ergodic channel capacity at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is established for variable-gain and fixed-gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relay systems in a generic noise environment. Long-term path loss and short-term channel fading are considered in evaluating the capacity. Since analytic solutions to the capacity are difficult to obtain, we seek approximations and derive corresponding optimal amplification coefficients and power loadings. Useful insights are revealed for the impact of generic noise and relay locations on the capacity and relay-operating status for both variable-gain and fixed-gain relaying. Simulations are provided to verify the derived results.
Time estimations during sensory deprivation.

(1963). Time Estimations During Sensory Deprivation. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 11-18.
Mechanisms of Alterations in the Microcirculation of the Cochlea

Labyrinthine function is tightly coupled to proper homeostasis. This includes appropriate blood flow that is under strict autoregulatory control. Perturbations in labyrinthine microcirculation can lead to significant cochlear and vestibular dysfunction. The etiology of many otologic disorders, including sudden sensorineural hearing loss, presbyacusis, noise-induced hearing loss, and certain vestibulopathies, are suspected of being related to alterations in blood flow. Some of the mechanisms responsible for hypoperfusion and possibly ischemia, within the cochlea, are addressed, with emphasis on the possibility that both noise and age contribute to localized low blood-flow states and stasis. This reduction in blood supply to the cochlea is likely, in part, responsible for reduced auditory sensitivity associated with chronic noise exposure and aging.
Dialysis Access Graft Thrombolysis: Randomized Study of Pulse-Spray Versus Continuous Urokinase Infusion

Purpose: To compare pulse-spray to continuous-infusion thrombolysis with high-dose urokinase in thrombosed dialysis access grafts.
Occurrence and distribution of isoenzymes in different types of skeletal muscle fibers

Abstract Hind limb skeletal muscles of the guinea pig are composed of fibers with distinctive combinations of physiological and biochemical properties. To characterize these fibers further, the pattern of 13 isoenzymes was studied in muscles composed predominantly or exclusively of one fiber type. The isoenzyme patterns of 13 different enzymes were studied by electrophoresis on Cellogel. In six of these, distinctive differences were noted, including lactate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP), hexokinase, fumarase, and creatine phosphokinase. These differences should prove valuable in studies comparing the interconversion of fiber types under various conditions.
Structure of the linkage between adenovirus DNA and the 55,000 molecular weight terminal protein

Abstract The 5′ terminus of each complementary strand of adenovirus DNA isolated from virions is covalently linked to a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000. We have determined the structure of the protein-DNA linkage. The 55,000 Mr protein, linked to a small [32P]oligonucleotide, was isolated after DNase digestion of uniformly 32P-labeled adenovirus 5 (Ad5) DNA-protein complex. The protein was digested with trypsin and the resulting [32P] peptides were analyzed with the following results. (1) Acid hydrolysis released a single phosphorylated amino acid which was identified as O-phosphoserine in four separate electrophoretic or chromatographic systems; (2) treatment with snake venom phosphodiesterase yielded exclusively dAMP, dCMP and dTMP as expected (there are no guanylate residues in the first 25 nucleotides at the 5′ ends of Ad5 DNA); (3) prior treatment of the [32P]peptide preparation with snake venom phosphodiesterase greatly reduced the yield of O-phosphoserine upon subsequent acid hydrolysis. These results suggest that Ad5 DNA is bound to the terminal protein by a phosphodiester linkage to the β-OH of a serine residue. This conclusion is supported by the finding that the DNA-protein linkage is readily hydrolyzed in alkali. In 50 m m -NaOH at 70 °C the half time for hydrolysis of the linkage is about ten minutes. After incubation of Ad5 DNA under these conditions we were able to label the 5′ termini with 32P by sequential treatment with alkaline phosphatase and polynucleotide kinase. Digestion of the end-labeled DNA to 5′ mononucleotides yielded [32P]dCMP. We conclude that the terminal protein is bound to Ad5 DNA by a phosphodiester linkage between the β-OH of a serine residue of the protein and the 5′-OH of the terminal deoxycytidine residue of the DNA.
Molecular and atomic adsorption on surfaces: Can SIMS differentiate between the two cases?

Abstract A SIMS investigation of adsorbed NO on Ni(001) at various temperatures has shown that for the particular primary beam parameters used the sputtered secondary ions do reflect the parent surface structure. Specifically, the molecular or atomic character of the adsorbed NO is maintained unaltered in the SIMS yields.
Five keys to flourishing in trying times

Kim Cameron reports on two decades of empirical research on organizations that have faced difficult economic situations but achieved unexpected and exceptional levels of success. Examining these organizations, Cameron has uncovered some unusual leadership strategies that can serve as guidelines for organizations facing trying times. These strategies focus on the positive, or an orientation toward strengths rather than weaknesses and abundance rather than deficits in organizations. Cameron explains why these strategies succeed and offers five critical guidelines on putting them to use in your organization.
The continuously supported rail subjected to an axial force and a moving load

The recent practice of welding railroad rails to each other suggests that considerable axial compression forces may be induced in the rails because of a rise in temperature. This in turn may reduce the critical velocity for the track to the range of operational velocities of modern high-speed trains. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that this is indeed a possibility.
AZGP1 Autoantibody Predicts Survival and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Increase Expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Introduction The importance of α-2-glycoprotein 1, zinc (AZGP1) in lung adenocarcinoma (AD) remains largely unknown. Analysis of serum autoantibodies to tumor antigens combined with gene expression profiling of primary tumors may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying lung carcinogenesis and identify new AD biomarkers. Methods T7 phage cDNA libraries were used to identify AZGP1 autoantibodies in the serum of 473 patients (192 ADs, 192 matched controls, and 89 additional ADs for confirmation of findings). AZGP1 mRNA expression was examined in 86 ADs and 10 control lung tissue samples using oligonucleotide microarrays. AZGP1 protein expression was studied in 230 tissue samples (222 ADs; 8 controls) with immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to correlate circulating autoantibody and tissue mRNA production with survival. AD cell lines A549 and SKLU1 were treated with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA) and trichostatin A (TSA) to examine the role of promoter methylation and histone deacetylation in the expression of AZGP1 . Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the effects of treatment. Results In patients with AD, AZGP1 autoantibodies were observed in 40% of serum samples. Autoantibody production correlated with improved overall 5-year survival ( p = 0.002) and improved survival in those with stage I to II disease ( p = 0.008). A verification analysis was performed for the survival benefit and found similar results with p values of 0.02 and 0.036, respectively. Although abundant mRNA expression was found in a subset of tumors, mRNA expression did not correlate with prognosis. In normal lung, AZGP1 mRNA and protein expression were low or absent, whereas in AD they were highly expressed in 31.3% and 42.8% of samples, respectively. To determine whether AZGP1 expression in this subset of tumors might be affected by epigenetic mechanisms, low AZGP1 -expressing A549 and SKLU1 AD cell lines were treated with TSA and 5-AZA. A 713-fold and 169-fold increase in mRNA expression were noted on treatment with TSA, respectively. Treatment with 5-AZA had minimal effect on AZGP1 mRNA expression. Conclusions The presence of AZGP1 serum autoantibody may be used as a prognostic marker in patients with AD. Furthermore, up-regulation of AZGP1 mRNA in AD may be affected by chromatin remodeling by means of histone acetylation.
Early diagenesis of sulfur in the sediments of lakes that receive acid mine drainage

Abstract Fifteen final-cut strip mine lakes, located throughout the Western Interior, Eastern Interior, and Appalachian Coal Basins in the U.S.A., were selected to represent a wide variety of values for the variables lake-water pH, alkalinity, SO4 and Fe concentrations, sediment organic matter content, overburden lithology, and lake age. Lake-water, porewater and sediment samples were collected for geochemical analysis. Sequential digestion of sediment samples was used to determine the amount of the inorganic S phases (elemental S, metal monosulfide, metal disulfide, and total) present in the sediment. Authigenic inorganic reduced S minerals were found in the sediments of all 15 lakes that receive acid mine drainage from groundwater input. Authigenic FeS2 was the largest fraction in most of the lake sediments, but elemental S was larger in some. The amount of C-bonded S, determined by difference, ranged widely but was nearly always less abundant than the inorganic phases. Correlations of the nature and amount of authigenic reduced S minerals to the SO4 and Fe concentrations in porewater, the organic matter content of the lake sediments, and lake age were tested. The formation of SO4-reduction end products was not limited by Fe or SO4 availability. The amounts of reduced S in the sediments correlated with the amount of organic matter in the sediment, indicating that the authigenic mineral formation process is organic-matter limited in these Fe- and SO4-rich environments. Lake age, which represents a complex function of the diminishing acid-mine-drainage load derived from weathered spoil piles and the generation of alkalinity by biogeochemical reactions in the lake sediments, was a good predictor of the amounts of reduced S mineral in the sediment regardless of geological setting.
Laser Interferometric Alignment Sensor For The Large Space Telescope (LST)

The Large Space Telescope(I) will have a 10-foot diameter diffraction-limited primary mirror with theoretical spatial resolving capability of .04 arcsecond in the visible light range. Its secondary mirror, approximately 3 feet in diameter, will be some 20 to 30 feet forward of the primary depending on the final optical configuration. The alignment of the secondary to the primary is critical to the performance of a diffraction-limited optical system and is an important problem area in development of the instrument. The tube structure defining the primary-secondary relationship will not be sufficiently rigid to maintain the required alignment precision in the face of thermal and mechanical disturbances. Accordingly, the secondary will be articulated relative to the structure to compensate for tube deformations.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of squalene and phenolic pheromone derivatives on nonfed stages of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae), with observations for attraction potential

Abstract Positive behavioral responses to 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, methyl salicylate , and squalene individually are reported for Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), domestic pest and vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Phenolics acted as attractants by recruiting 60–67% of ticks and squalene acted as an arrestant by causing up to 77% of ticks to cluster on treated surfaces in short-range petridish bioassays. Compound concentrations were consistently most effective at 0.01 M and 0.05M without a dose-response. Other known tick attractants 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and o-nitrophenol, however, did not elicit a response. Of interest is that squalene elicited a different set of behavioral responses (arrestment instead of attraction) and more heightened activity than did the phenolics.
The effect of female participation in the labor force on suicide: A time series analysis, 1948–1980

The impact of female labor force participation (FLFP) on suicide has been debated from two opposed paradigms. From the stand-point of Gibbs and Martin's status integration theory, FLFP creates stress for both husbands and wives, and so should increase suicide due to role conflict and overload. In contrast, from the position of role accumulation/expansion theory, the benefits of FLFP such as higher incomes outweigh the costs and, hence, suicide should be decreased by FLFP. The present paper formulates a third, synthetic view on the effects of FLFP on suicide based on the cultural context surrounding FLFP. Control variables are included from the domestic integration and economic paradigms. A time series analysis finds that given the antipathy towards FLFP in the culture of the 1948–1963 period, FLFP increased both male and female rates of suicide as suggested by status integration theory. In contrast, during the 1964–1980 period, an emancipation era characterized by gender role change and cultural supports for FLFP, there was no relationship between FLFP and female suicide. However, while the role accumulation/expansionist position is supported for the case of contemporary female suicide, it is not supported for male suicide. For the contemporary male it is contended that the costs for FLFP still outweigh the benefits, a situation which contributes to male suicide potential.
Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia is clinically distinct from unclassifiable myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms

Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML) is a rare subtype of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) largely defined morphologically. It is, unclear, however, whether aCML-associated features are distinctive enough to allow its separation from unclassifiable MDS/MPN (MDS/MPN-U). To study these 2 rare entities, 134 patient archives were collected from 7 large medical centers, of which 65 (49%) cases were further classified as aCML and the remaining 69 (51%) as MDS/MPN-U. Distinctively, aCML was associated with many adverse features and an inferior overall survival (12.4 vs 21.8 months, P = .004) and AML-free survival (11.2 vs 18.9 months, P = .003). The aCML defining features of leukocytosis and circulating myeloid precursors, but not dysgranulopoiesis, were independent negative predictors. Other factors, such as lactate dehydrogenase, circulating myeloblasts, platelets, and cytogenetics could further stratify MDS/MPN-U but not aCML patient risks. aCML appeared to have more mutated RAS (7/20 [35%] vs 4/29 [14%]) and less JAK2p.V617F (3/42 [7%] vs 10/52 [19%]), but was not statistically significant. Somatic CSF3R T618I (0/54) and CALR (0/30) mutations were not detected either in aCML or MDS/MPN-U. In conclusion, within MDS/MPN, the World Health Organization 2008 criteria for aCML identify a subgroup of patients with features clearly distinct from MDS/MPN-U. The MDS/MPN-U category is heterogeneous, and patient risk can be further stratified by a number of clinicopathological parameters.
Character recognition: Qualitative reasoning and neural networks

Traditional character recognition methods construct a grid and represent a character as a combination of grid dots. By using a qualitative representation method [1,2], we introduce here a new approach to representing English letters. Using properties of the qualitative representation method, we can uniquely represent each English letter regardless of the size and position of each stroke on the board. Our success of implementation by neural networks shows the feasibility of the method, and our tolerance tests show its robustness.
Cultivating a Culture of Innovative University Engagement for Local Entrepreneurship Development in Rural and Distressed Regions

Abstract Universities are commonly considered to be primary drivers of new innovations, and thus supportive of high-growth knowledge spillover businesses (Audretsch & Lehmann, 2005). Even the university atmosphere and its embrace of idea exchange can be considered archetypical of a healthy entrepreneurial ecosystem through which innovators act and interact regularly. However, even with these behavioral advantages on their side, many universities remain focused on developing innovations as outputs of their scholarly efforts, rather than concentrating on the processes of innovation within the university itself. This is particularly true when it comes to the development of social and community innovations, through which universities can serve as central catalysts of innovation beyond the university borders. This article presents an alternative perspective of university-based innovation, suggesting that universities must first innovate upon their own culture and institutional structure, revising the role played by the university in the public space. We suggest that university faculty and staff must step outside their roles and, quite often, allow their academic expertise to take a subordinate role to citizen-driven entrepreneurial expertise in the surrounding community. Several principles for enhancing this conversation and negotiation between citizen and expert knowledge are presented here, along with ways that universities can embrace public scholarship to fundamentally alter the relationship between experts and citizens. The article illustrates how to transition from an expert-driven model toward a citizen-expert co-creation model of innovation and entrepreneurship, and draws upon a multiple case study in the U.S. states of Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin to offer empirical support from the perspective of entrepreneurs. Our findings are then applied toward envisioning the publicly-engaged university as a potential driver and co-creator in the development of local knowledge and entrepreneurial ventures, especially in lagging and rural regions.
A chemical approach to stem-cell biology and regenerative medicine

An improved understanding of stem-cell and regenerative biology, as well as a better control of stem-cell fate, is likely to produce treatments for many devastating diseases and injuries. Chemical approaches are starting to have an increasingly important role in this young field. Attention has focused on chemical approaches that allow the precise manipulation of cells in vitro to obtain homogeneous cell types for cell-based therapies. Another promising approach is the development of conventional chemical and biological therapeutics to stimulate endogenous cells to regenerate. Such therapeutics can act on target cells or their niches in vivo to promote cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, reprogramming and homing.
PUBLIC DELIBERATION ABOUT SALMON RESTORATION IMPACTS: DIFFERENCES IN THE INPUT OF CITIZENS IN DIFFERENT COMMUNITY ROLES

We conducted a deliberative participatory process for social impact assessment (SIA), where interactive, community-based forums (ICFs) gathered public input about community impacts of alternatives for salmon recovery in the Inland Northwest of the United States. After residents were provided information about alternatives and engaged in facilitated discussions, we elicited their understandings of community conditions and judgments of socio-economic impacts. The present analysis focuses on the proposition that citizens engaged in the ICF process who represented diverse roles, based on community domains such as business, health-care, and education, would significantly differ in their judgments about those socio-economic impacts. We collected data on 705 community residents in forums conducted in 27 communities across the Inland Northwest. Results affirm that differences in roles and associated lifestyles, ideologies, and political viewpoints were related to differences in judgments of community conditions and contentiousness of planning alternatives. Implications for the ICF process and its effectiveness for SIA, as well as for other kinds of participatory processes, are discussed.
DNAM-1-based chimeric antigen receptors enhance T cell effector function and exhibit in vivo efficacy against melanoma

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies hold great potential for treating cancers, and new CARs that can target multiple tumor types and have the potential to target non-hematological malignancies are needed. In this study, the tumor recognition ability of a natural killer cell-activating receptor, DNAM-1 was harnessed to design CARs that target multiple tumor types. DNAM-1 ligands, PVR and nectin-2, are expressed on primary human leukemia, myeloma, ovarian cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and Ewing sarcoma. DNAM-1 CARs exhibit high tumor cell cytotoxicity but low IFN-γ secretion in vitro. In contrast to other CAR designs, co-stimulatory domains did not improve the expression and function of DNAM-1 CARs. A DNAM-1/CD3zeta CAR reduced tumor burden in a murine melanoma model in vivo. In conclusion, DNAM-1-based CARs may have the potential to treat PVR and nectin-2 expressing hematological and solid tumors.
Codeswitching, convergence and compliance: The development of micro‐community speech norms

In conversations between bilinguals, each of whom is a learner of the other's language, two different local patterns of code‐switching may emerge. In the pattern of mutual convergence or complementary schismogenesis, each speaker attempts to speak the interlocutor's native language. Conversations characterised by this pattern reveal that the interlocutors are having difficulty agreeing on a shared norm for conversational code choice. On the other hand, in conversations characterised by compliance, each speaker agrees with and complies with the interlocutor's code choice, even if the interlocutor chooses to change the code during the conversation. In conversations which exhibit compliance, the speakers are successful in establishing a shared code or a mode of code choice for future conversations. It is argued that a pattern of compliance is ultimately more accommodating than convergence, contrary to the claims of Speech Accommodation Theory.
Effects of temperature, ordering and composition on high cycle fatigue of polycrystalline Fe3Al

Abstract The high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of several Fe 3 Al-type alloys was determined in the temperature range 25–600°C. Two types of order were created by heat treatment: D0 3 -type by slow cooling, and B 2 -type (off-stoichiometric) by water quenching. D0 3 -type order was effective in prolonging high cycle fatigue lives in Fe-28.7%Al, but not in Fe-23.7%Al at 25°C. This difference was attributed to the presence of superlattice dislocations in the former. The fatigue resistance of D0 3 material was not as severely degraded at elevated temperatures as was that of B2 material. A substantial creep contribution to fatigue behavior was noted in tests on B2 material at 560 and 600°C. Fracture surfaces consisted primarily of transgranular cleavage facets in all alloys and conditions of order, but crack initiation was intergranular in unnotched Fe 3 Al tested in HCF. Fatigue striations were observed only at 500°C. The results are discussed in terms of dislocation configurations and two-phase microstructures observed by transmission electron microscopy in certain alloys and test conditions.
Effects of supplementation frequency on ruminal fermentation and digestion by steers fed medium-quality hay and supplemented with a soybean hull and corn gluten feed blend.

Reducing the frequency of supplemen- tation to beef cattle would reduce labor and vehicle maintenance costs and could have the potential to in- crease profits if performance is not negatively affected. Six ruminally cannulated beef steers (362 ± 18 kg of BW) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effect of supplementation frequency (daily or on alternate days) on digestion and ruminal parameters when feeding medium-quality hay and sup- plementing with a mixture of soybean hulls and corn gluten feed. Dietary treatments consisted of ad libitum fescue hay (8.8% CP and 34.8% ADF) that was supple- mented at 1% of BW daily (SD), supplemented at 2% of BW on alternate days (SA), or not supplemented (NS). The supplement (14.6% CP and 29.8% ADF) contained 47% soybean hull pellets, 47% corn gluten feed pellets, 2% feed grade limestone, and 4% molasses (as fed). Each period consisted of a 12-d adaptation phase fol- lowed by 6 d of total fecal, urine, and ort collection. All supplement offered was consumed within 2 h. Ruminal fluid was collected every 4 h for 2 d. Hay intake was reduced (P < 0.01) for SD and further reduced (P < 0.01) for SA. Hay intake was 1.54, 1.19, and 1.02% of BW (SEM ± 0.036) for NS, SD, and SA, respectively. There was a treatment (P < 0.01) × day interaction for mean ruminal pH. On the day of supplementation, ruminal pH for SA (6.13) was lower (P < 0.01) than those for both SD (6.29) and NS (6.52). However, on the day the SA treatment did not receive supplement, ruminal pH of SA (6.53) did not differ (P = 0.87) from ruminal pH of NS and was greater (P < 0.01) than that of SD. Ruminal pH of SD was lower (P < 0.01) than that of NS. Diet DM digestibility was increased (P < 0.01) by supplementation but did not differ (P = 0.58) because of frequency. Dry matter digestibility was 57.9, 64.1, and 64.6% (SEM ± 0.65) for NS, SD, and SA, respectively. The amount of N retained did not differ (P = 0.47) because of frequency (24.9 ± 5.61 and 22.0 ± 5.50 g/d for SD and SA, respectively) and was greater (P < 0.01) for the supplemented treatments than for NS (4.2 ± 3.30 g/d). When supplementing a blend of soybean hulls and corn gluten feed, producers can reduce the frequency of supplementation to every other day without reducing digestibility or N retention.
Structural insights into the transport of small molecules across membranes.

While hydrophobic small molecules often can freely permeate a lipid bilayer, ions and other polar molecules cannot and require transporters to mediate their transport. Recently, a number of important structures have been reported which have advanced our understanding of how membrane protein transporters function to transport small molecules. Structures of TbpA/B and HmuUV provided new insight into iron uptake by pathogenic bacteria while the structures of NarK, ASBT, and VcINDY revealed molecular details about the transport of nitrate, bile acids and dicarboxylates, respectively. The structure of the folate ECF transporter indicated that the S component likely undergoes a large conformational shift to mediate folate transport, while the cellulose synthase/transporter contains an elongated translocation pore for passage through the inner membrane.
In Situ Change Analysis and Monitoring through Terrestrial Laser Scanning

AbstractIn addition to inherent degradation with time, geologic hazards such as coastal erosion, landslides, and seismic activity constantly threaten public infrastructure. Repeat surveys using ter...
Understanding the Dynamics of Transfer of Satellite Rainfall Error Metrics From Gauged to Ungauged Satellite Gridboxes Using Interpolation Methods

Knowledge of error characteristics of high resolution satellite rainfall data at different spatial/temporal scales is useful, especially when the scheduled Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) plans to provide High Resolution Precipitation Products (HRPPs) at global scales. Satellite rainfall data contain errors which need ground validation (GV) data for characterization, while satellite rainfall data will be most useful in the regions that are lacking in GV data. Therefore, a critical step to bridge this gap is to assess spatial interpolation schemes for transfer of the error characteristics from GV regions to non-GV regions. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of kriging methods for spatial transfer (interpolation) of error metrics is performed. Three kriging methods for spatial interpolation are compared, which are: ordinary kriging (OK), indicator kriging (IK) and disjunctive kriging (DK). Additional comparison with the simple inverse distance weighting (IDW) method is also performed to quantify the added benefit (if any) of using geostatistical methods. Four commonly used satellite rainfall error metrics are assessed for transfer to non-GV satellite gridboxes: Probability of Detection (POD) for rain, False Alarm Ratio (FAR), bias (BIAS), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Results show that performance of a kriging scheme is strongly sensitive to the timescale for which the errors are interpolated (monthly and weekly) wherein the extent of coverage by GV data plays an equally sensitive role. While most kriging techniques perform well according to correlation measure at climatologic timescales for a range of GV data coverage, only DK and OK appear to retain accuracy at the shorter timescales (monthly and weekly). However, scalar assessment metrics such as mean and standard deviation of error (i.e., difference between true and interpolated errors) reveal a completely different picture of accuracy of each interpolation method. In terms of such assessment measures, the overall performance ranking of the kriging methods is as follows: OK=DK >; IDW >; IK. Assessment of kriging methods also revealed that the transfer accuracy is sensitive to error metric type. The ranking of error metrics with highest accuracy in transfer is: POD >; FAR >; RMSE >; BIAS. Overall, the assessment of kriging methods revealed that these best linear unbiased spatial estimators may not be appropriate transfer methods for transfer of satellite rainfall error metrics at time scales shorter than a week. It is worthwhile now to pursue more non-linear transfer methods (such as neural networks) and other kriging methods that use additional spatial information on the rainfall process (such as co-kriging) to further constrain the interpolation uncertainty.
Disproportionality and Acting-Out Behaviors Among African American Children in Special Education

African American children are more likely to be diagnosed with behavioral disorders and are overrepresented in special education. This may be due to misdiagnosis. If diagnoses are accurate, prevention and intervention efforts should be targeted to improve African American children’s behavior and long-term outcomes. This study aimed to see if teachers, mothers, and African American children in special education rate children’s externalizing behaviors differently and to understand what factors impact the externalizing behaviors of African American children in special education. A secondary data analysis of African American children in special education (n = 126) found that teachers’ scores were similar to mothers’ scores of externalizing behaviors and that mothers’ ratings of their children’s acting-out behaviors were significantly higher than children’s self-report. African American boys are more likely to experience acting-out behaviors than girls. Children’s environment, efficacy beliefs, and the Nurse-Family Partnership intervention were not significantly associated with their acting-out behaviors.
Estuarine ecology of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria

Phenanthrene degrading bacteria were ubiquitously distributed in waters and sediments of the Great Bay Estuary, NH, as determined using a 14C-phenanthrene mineralization assay. Similar activities were observed in water samples collected in March and June when these were incubated at 18 °C even though ambient water temperatures were 1–4 °C and 10–22 °C, respectively. This observation indicated the constant presence of a mesophilic phenanthrene-degrading bacterial population in the estuary. Among water samples, the highest biodegradation activities were associated with samples collected downstream from a dredging operation which introduced high concentrations of coal tar PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) into the Cocheco River, and in areas receiving PAH from pleasure and commercial boating activities. Mid-estuarine maxima in biodegradation activity during both sampling trips suggested adaptation of the microbial flora to the salinities prevailing in the low turnover, high residence time portion of the Estuary at the time of sampling. Despite the hydrophobicity of phenanthrene, no correlation between biodegradation rates and particulate matter concentrations were observed. Similarly, concentrations of nutrients and dissolved and particulate organic matter correlated poorly with biodegradation rates. Better agreements between 14C-phenanthrene mineralization potentials and plate counts on a phenanthrene/toluene agar (PTA) medium were observed. Phenanthrene biodegradative activities and numbers of culturable bacteria growing on PTA were governed by the degree of previous exposure to PAH.
Endoscopic alternatives in managing anastomotic strictures of the colon and rectum

Background The development of anastomotic strictures following colorectal surgery is a frequent problem, but commonly used treatments (e.g. dilatation or revisional surgery) are often ineffective. This study assessed the efficacy of self–expanding metallic stents (SEMS) and endoscopic transanal resection of strictures (ETARS) in managing high–grade benign colorectal anastomotic strictures after the failure of first–line therapies.
Superinfection of baculovirus infected gypsy moth cells with the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of autographa californica and lymantria dispar

Abstract The ability of the multiple-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) of Autographa californica (AcMNPV) or Lymantria dispar (LdMNPV) to replicate in either a permissive system, LdMNPV-infected gypsy moth cells, or a semipermissive system, AcMNPV-infected gypsy moth cells, upon superinfection, was studied. Inoculation of LdMNPV-infected cells with AcMNPV up to 8 h postinfection (p.i.) resulted in significantly reduced LdMNPV non-occluded virus (NOV) production, suggesting viral interference. In these same experiments, AcMNPV NOV production occurred with maximal titers at 48 h p.i. in cells superinfected by 6 h p.i. In the converse experiment, superinfection of AcMNPV-infected gypsy moth cells by LdMNPV during the early phases of replication (up to 8 h) resulted in the production of polyhedral inclusion bodies, unlike gypsy moth cells infected only with AcMNPV where virus particles are not produced. In both systems, DNA-DNA dot hybridizations detected simultaneous viral DNA replication of both viruses. Analysis of [35]methionine-labeled fractions from superinfected cells by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed polypeptides similar to those produced by AcMNPV and LdMNPV during solitary infections. These results suggest that both the primary and superinfecting viruses adsorbed, penetrated, and initiated macromolecular synthesis. Moreover, viral progeny were produced in the semipermissive system upon superinfection with LdMNPV during the early α phase of replication.
Diaspora Experiences in Multicultural VS Melting Pot Societies: Lessons from the Indian Diaspora in the U.S. and Canada

We examine the experiences of the Indian diaspora in the U.S. and Canada and explain how acculturation policy differences could have led to differing outcomes for diaspora activities in host countries. Using the different acculturation frameworks in these two countries as the basis for our historical analysis, we derive some lessons as to how differences in host country acculturation policies can lead to differences in integration outcomes for the diasporas and the host countries themselves.
Air on radiography of perineal necrotizing fasciitis indicates testis involvement.

Gonadal possession of the vascular supply and anatomical separation from the surrounding fascia generally spare the testes from Fournier's gangrene. To our knowledge the pres- ence of air on plain film of the kidneys, ureters and bladder in the setting of necrotizing fasciitis has not been previously described. We report on a patient with Fournier's gangrene and plain film evidence of testicular involvement. CASE REPORT A 56-year-old white man without diabetes presented else- where with a perianal boil. Initially, he had improvement without clinical evidence of abscess formation but on day 5 of treatment the overall condition began to deteriorate rapidly. Perineal, scrotal and lower abdominal crepitus consistent with Fournier's gangrene was noted. He was intubated for acute respiratory distress syndrome and transferred to our hospital. Before operative debridement radiography of the kidneys, ureter and bladder revealed a vertically oriented curvilinear lucency overlying the left perineal soft tissues and ischial tuberosity consistent with gas in the left vas deferens (see figure). Perineal, scrotal, penile and lower abdominal skin was excised. The left testis was gangrenous and orchi- ectomy was required. A diverting colostomy was performed to protect the wound. Operative wound cultures yielded Escherichia coli and bacteroides. Wounds were treated openly for 6 weeks, and then split thickness mesh skin graft- ing was done. The patient was discharged home 2 weeks later. DISCUSSION The mortality rate associated with Fournier's gangrene is approximately 20 to 45% and higher when associated with perirectal disorders. 1 Prompt diagnosis is critical because of the rapidity with which the process can progress, particu- larly in patients with co-morbid conditions, such as obesity or diabetes. Clinical differentiation from cellulitis may be diffi- cult since the initial signs, including pain, edema and ery- thema, are not distinctive. However, the presence of marked systemic toxicity disproportional with local findings should alert the clinician. Immediate aggressive debridement is es- sential. The skin and subcutaneous tissues should be saucer- ized extensively beyond the areas of involvement to normal fascia. Necrotic fat and fascia should be excised, and the wound should be left open as in our case. Intravenous broad- spectrum antibiotic coverage should also be given because of the mixed nature of these infections, usually consisting of facultative organisms (E. coli, Klebsiella and enterococci) and anaerobes (bacteroides, fusobacterium, clostridium and mi- croaerophilic streptococci). 2 Paty and Smith outlined the pertinent anatomical rela- tions of the fascial planes and infectious spread in the peri-
Influence of Postshock Epicardial Activation Patterns on Initiation of Ventricular Fibrillation by Upper Limit of Vulnerability Shocks

Background—Shocks of identical strength and timing sometimes induce ventricular fibrillation (VFI) and other times do not (NoVFI). To investigate this probabilistic behavior, a shock strength near the upper limit of vulnerability, ULV50, was delivered to yield equal numbers of VFI and NoVFI episodes. Methods and Results—In 6 pigs, a 504-electrode sock was pulled over the ventricles. ULV50 was determined by scanning the T wave. S1 pacing was from the right ventricular apex. Ten S2 shocks of approximate ULV50 strength were delivered at the same S1-S2 coupling interval. Intercycle interval (ICI) and wave front conduction time (WCT) were determined for the first 5 postshock cycles. ICI and the WCT of cycle 1 were not different for VFI versus NoVFI episodes (P=0.3). Beginning at cycle 2, ICI was shorter and WCT was longer for VFI than NoVFI episodes (P<0.05). Conclusions—The first cycle after shocks of the same strength (ULV50) delivered at the same time has the same activation pattern regardless of shock outc...