cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2-out-of-n:F Intermittently-Used System

The expressions for the time to the first disappointment, distribution of the time between two successive need events, mean number of disappointments, and the mean square number of disappointments have been derived for a special 2-out-of-n:F system.
Evaluating Respondent-Driven Sampling in a Major Metropolitan Area: Comparing Injection Drug Users in the 2005 Seattle Area National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System Survey with Participants in the RAVEN and Kiwi Studies

Purpose To empirically evaluate respondent-driven sampling (RDS) recruitment methods, which have been proposed as an advantageous means of surveying hidden populations. Methods The National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system used RDS to recruit 370 injection drug users (IDU) in the Seattle area in 2005 (NHBS-IDU1). We compared the NHBS-IDU1 estimates of participants' area of residence, age, race, sex, and drug most frequently injected to corresponding data from two previous surveys, the RAVEN and Kiwi Studies, and to persons newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and reported from 2001 through 2005. Results The NHBS-IDU1 population was estimated to be more likely to reside in downtown Seattle (52%) than participants in the other data sources (22%–25%), be older than 50 years of age (29% vs. 5%–10%), and report multiple races (12% vs. 3%–5%). The NHBS-IDU1 population resembled persons using the downtown needle exchange in age and race distribution. An examination of cross-group recruitment frequencies in NHBS-IDU1 suggested barriers to recruitment across different areas of residence, races, and drugs most frequently injected. Conclusions The substantial differences in age and area of residence between NHBS-IDU1 and the other data sources suggest that RDS may not have accessed the full universe of Seattle area injection networks. Further empirical data are needed to guide the evaluation of RDS-generated samples.
Influence of Motivation on the Efficacy of Natural Family Planning

PURPOSE: To determine the influence of mutual motivation on unintended pregnancy rates of couples who used natural family planning (NFP) methods to avoid pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Using an online taught NFP method 358 women and (their male partners) indicated "how much" and "how hard" they wished to avoid pregnancy on a scale of 0 to 10 before each menstrual cycle charted over 12 month of use. This motivation scale is used in the National Survey of Family Growth as a measure of motivation. All pregnancies were verified with an online pregnancy evaluation and urine-based pregnancy test. A combined motivation score was used in analysis. RESULTS: There were 28 pregnancies among the low-motivation participants (N = 60) and 16 among the high-motivation participants (N = 298). At 12 months of use there were 75 pregnancies per 100 users for the low-motivation group and only 8 for the high-motivation group. There was an 80% greater likelihood of a pregnancy with the low-motivation group (chi = 25.5 p < .001 odds ratio = 1.80; 95% confidence interval = 1.61-1.90). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: High motivation to avoid pregnancy by both the female user of a behavioral method of family planning and her male partner is required for high efficacy. Assessing motivation of both the woman and her male partner before prescribing NFP methods is recommended.
Social Services and the Fiscal Burden in Russia

This paper uses information on enterprise expenditures on social services in the Russian Federation in combination with local government budget information in the relevant jurisdictions to measure the potential impact on local government budgets of their assumption of social service responsibility. The estimates indicate that the transfer may eventually impose a large burden on local governments, related mainly to housing, although the immediate impact has so far been small.
Dual role of B cells in mediating innate and acquired immunity to herpes simplex virus infections.

mu-immunoglobulin chain gene targeted B-cell-deficient mice of susceptible BALB/c strain and resistant C57B1/6 strain are up to 100- to 1000-fold more susceptible to cutaneous infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) than the respective control wild type mice. The effect of the lack of B cells on immunity to HSV infections was analyzed and B cells were found to play a dual role in affecting both innate and acquired immune responses. Natural antibodies (IgM isotype), reactive with HSV have an anti-viral effect in the innate control of primary cutaneous HSV infection. B cells can also function as antigen-presenting cells for the stimulation of HSV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses. Consequently, CD4+ T cells and interferon-gamma responses were found to be significantly impaired in HSV-infected B-cell-deficient mice compared to that seen in control mice. No significant differences were found in natural-killer-cell- or HSV-specific CD8+ T-cell activity between control and B-cell-deficient mice. Our results imply a role for B cell in mediating innate and CD4+ T-cell-specific immunity in determining susceptibility to primary HSV infections.
Something Old, Something New: Revisiting Competing Hypotheses of the Victimization-Offending Relationship Among Adolescents

This study revisits a familiar question regarding the relationship between victimization and offending. Using longitudinal data on middle- and high-school students, the study examines competing arguments regarding the relationship between victimization and offending embedded within the “dynamic causal” and “population heterogeneity” perspectives. The analysis begins with models that estimate the longitudinal relationship between victimization and offending without accounting for the influence of time-stable individual heterogeneity. Next, the victimization-offending relationship is reconsidered after the effects of time-stable sources of heterogeneity, and time-varying covariates are controlled. While the initial results without controls for population heterogeneity are in line with much prior research and indicate a positive link between victimization and offending, results from models that control for time-stable individual differences suggest something new: a negative, reciprocal relationship between victimization and offending. These latter results are most consistent with the notion that the oft-reported victimization-offending link is driven by a combination of dynamic causal and population heterogeneity factors. Implications of these findings for theory and future research focusing on the victimization-offending nexus are discussed.
Flexible Discrete Choice Demand Models Consistent With Utility Maximization: An Application to Health Care Demand

policies, a considerable literature has developed to estimate the economic determinants of health care provider choice. One important goal of this literature has been the estimation of price elasticities of health care demand, particularly in rural areas of developing countries where debates continue regarding appropriate levels of user fees in government health facilities (World Bank). Accurate estimation of price elasticities is crucial to evaluating the trade-offs between health promotion and revenue generation in rural areas where poorly funded government clinics are often consumers' only accessible health care choices. However, the exact empirical implementation of demand estimation with discrete data has be-
Neural modeling of the dorsal cochlear nucleus: cross-correlation analysis of short-duration tone-burst responses

A conceptual model of a portion of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) neural circuitry has emerged over the past two decades. This model suggests that the response properties of the DCN's major projection neurons, called type IV units, are due, in part, to the behavior of local circuit inhibitory interneurons called type II units (Young and Brownell 1976). Cross-correlation studies of simultaneously recorded pairs of DCN units in decerebrate cat derived from 50-s best frequency (BF) stimuli are consistent with and have extended this conceptual model (Voigt and Young 1980, 1985, 1988, 1990). Interestingly, Gochin et al. (1989) found no signs of inhibition in the anesthetized rat DCN in cross-correlograms derived from 55-ms short-duration BF tone bursts. This seemingly contradictory result has motivated this study. Computer simulations were run using our network model of the intrinsic DCN neural circuitry. This model has previously been shown to reproduce the major features of both type II and type IV rate-level curves and the inhibitory trough (IT) observed in cross-correlograms derived from long-duration stimuli (Voigt and Davis 1994). The goal was to study the stimulusduration-dependent strength of ITs in the cross-correlograms derived from short-duration BF tone-burst stimuli. The results suggest that ITs may not be detectable when the stimulus duration is 50 ms but may be detectable when the stimulus duration is 200 ms or greater. Furthermore, when the ITs are detected in cross-correlograms derived from 200-ms data sets, the strength of the IT, as measured by effectiveness, is comparable to the strength of ITs measured when the stimulus duration is 50 s.
Estimating smoke production during building fires

In the absence of specific analytical methods for measuring the hazards of fire gases, there is a trend toward the use of smoke production as a partial measure of this hazard. It is indicated that prediction of smoke concentrations and thus photometric properties during actual fires requires many important and rather critical assumptions.
Electron pulse radiolysis of aqueous tetrachloro and tetracyano complexes of PtII

Abstract The kinetic and spectral properties of transient Pt I and Pt III ionsis formed by the electron pulse radiolysis of PtCl 4 2− in neutral, acid and alkaline solutions are reported. With PtCl 4 2− , an absorption maximum attributed to Pt I occurs at 3nm while those for Pt III occur near 400 and 450 nm although the position and intensity of these bands depend on the composition of the solutions irradiated. With Pt(CN) 4 2− in acid solution, Pt I and Pt III each absorb at 295 nm. In alkaline solution a double peaked band with maxima at 295 and 360 nm exists for Pt I whereas the Pt III band is shifted to ≈ 305 nm. The decay kinetics of these bands are complex. Some rate constants in units of 1 mol –1 s –1 are: (PtCl 4 2− ): Pt II + OH → Pt III + OH − (8 × 10 9 ), Pt I + e aq − → Pt I (9·3 × 10 9 ); (Pt(CN) 4 2− ): Pt II + e aq − → Pt I (4·2 × 10 9 ), Pt II + OH → Pt III (5·7 × 10 9 ). Because of its sensitivity and behavior toward N 2 O and O 2 , it is proposed that the Pt I species absorbing at 360 nm in irradiated Pt(CN) 4 2− is an electron adduct.
The effect of methamphetamine on an animal model of erectile function.

In the U.S. methamphetamine is considered a first-line treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is also a common drug of abuse. Reports in patients and abusers suggest its use results in impotence. The efficacy of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) to restore erectile function in these patient groups also has not been determined. In these studies we determined if the rat is a suitable animal model for the physiological effects of methamphetamine on erectile function, and if a PDE5i (tadalafil) has an effect on erectile function following methamphetamine treatment. In acute phase studies, erectile function was measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats, before and after administration of 10 mg/kg methamphetamine i.p. Chronically treated animals received escalating doses of methamphetamine (2.5 mg/kg (1st week), 5 mg/kg (2nd week), and 10 mg/kg (3rd week)) i.p. daily for three weeks and erectile function compared to untreated controls. The effect of co-administration of tadalafil was also investigated in rats acutely and chronically treated with methamphetamine. Erectile function was determined by measuring the intracorporal pressure/blood pressure ratio (ICP/BP) following cavernous nerve stimulation. In both acute and chronic phase studies we observed a significant increase in the rates of spontaneous erections after methamphetamine administration. In addition, following stimulation of the cavernous nerve at 4 and 6mA, there was a significant decrease in the ICP/BP ratio (approximately 50%), indicative of impaired erectile function. Tadalafil treatment reversed this effect. In chronically treated animals the ICP/BP ratio following 4 and 6mA stimulation decreased by approximately 50% compared to untreated animals and erectile dysfunction was also reversed by tadalafil. Overall our data suggests that the rat is a suitable animal model to study the physiological effect of methamphetamine on erectile function. Our work also provides a rationale for treating patients that report erectile dysfunction associated with therapeutics containing methamphetamine or amphetamine with PDE5i.
Chemical modification of aminoacyl ligases and the effect on formation of aminoacyl-tRNA.

Abstract Fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB), Woodward's reagent K, and cyanate were reacted in separate experiments with a crude mixture of Escherichia coli aminoacyl-RNA ligases. Each of these reagents was found to induce selective inhibition of the capacity of certain of these enzymes to esterify 14C-labeled amino acids to transfer RNA's. In particular, on treatment with FDNB, the arginyl-tRNA ligase activity was inhibited 88%, using conditions under which the lysyl-tRNA ligase activity was inhibited 20%. These ligases were amenable to purification, and this same preferential inhibition of the arginyl-tRNA ligase as compared to the lysyl-tRNA ligase was found to occur on treatment of these purified ligases with FDNB. The differential inhibitory effects on individual aminoacyl-RNA ligases varied from one reagent to another.
Addictive agents and intracranial stimulation (ICS): Pressing for ICS under the influence of ethanol before and after physical dependence

Rats were fixed with chronically indwelling electrodes for intracranial stimulation (ICS) of the lateral hypothalamus. Rats pressed daily, in brief sessions, for the ICS. Twenty-five minutes prior to sessions with ICS, rats were given injections of.5 and 1.5 g/kg of ethanol. The smaller dose produced a slight increase in pressing, whereas the larger dose produced a large decrease in pressing. Then one group of rats was made physically dependent on ethanol by force feeding them every few hours across 4 days. The other group was fed only saline. Seven days after the procedure establishing dependence, rats were again tested for effects of ethanol injections on pressing for ICS. After physical dependence, large doses of ethanol did not produce as great a depression in pressing for ICS.
Is Acanthosis Nigricans a reliable indicator for risk of type 2 diabetes

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a thickening and hyperpigmentation of the skin commonly found on the neck, axilla, or groin and is generally caused by hyperinsulinemia, a consequence of insulin resistance associated with obesity. Insulin resistance is a primary risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. Screening for acanthosis nigricans is controversial and not recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, some states, such as Texas, are implementing AN screenings in schools to identify those children who are at highest risk for developing type 2 diabetes. With the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes, school nurses will see students in the health office with AN and should be knowledgeable about this skin condition and the association with hyperinsulinemia and obesity. The school nurse’s role is to educate and assist students and their families in seeking appropriate medical advice based on current knowledge of risk factors. Thi...
Seamless mobile computing on fixed infrastructure

The term mobile computing typically evokes images of a laptop, handheld, or wearable computer. However, the plummeting cost of hardware suggests that pervasive computing infrastructure could minimize the need to carry such devices in the near future. Personal computing will be available anywhere on demand, like light at the flip of a switch. Only when a user starts to use a computer will it acquire unique customization and state. When the user finishes using the computer, this customization and state will disappear from it. Thus, a user could travel hands-free yet be confident of making productive use of slivers of free time anywhere. For this to be a compelling vision from a user's viewpoint, the customization and state acquisition process must be accurate and nearly instantaneous. For it to be a viable business model, the management and system administration costs of pervasive deployments of machines must be low. Internet Suspend/Resume is a thick-client approach to mobility in which hardware virtualization and file caching are the keys to rapid personalization of anonymous hardware for transient use.
An interviewing course for a psychiatry clerkship.

Objective: Taking a psychiatric history is a key educational objective in the psychiatry clerkship. Medical students arrive on psychiatry clerkships unprepared for the unique challenges of psychiatric interviewing. This paper describes an interviewing course for psychiatry clerks that combines practice, observation, and feedback in a small group setting. Methods: A quasi -experimental cohort design with medical student self-ratings as the dependent variable. Results: Students’ self-perceived skill in interviewing and differential diagnosis improved more than students who did not have the interviewing course. Students’ self-perceived skills also correlated significantly with the number of times they observed interviews. Conclusion: Clerkship directors in psychiatry should provide students with opportunities to practice interviewing skills, observe interviews, and receive feedback.
Selective fluorogenic derivatization of Pro2—Lys peptides with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde/cyanide

Abstract The potential for fluorescence quenching due to bis-derivatization of Lys peptides with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde/cyanide was confirmed. Kinetic investigation revealed that derivatization at the ϵ-amin osites proceeded significantly fater than at e-amino sites. After characterization of pH and co-solvent (methanol) effects on the absolute and relative reaction rate at e- and α-amine sites, it was concluded that by using a combination of pH control and timing that the formation of the analytically useful mono-derivative at the e-amino site was feasible. Using this kinetic information, derivatization at pH 10 with 80% methanol as co-solvent for 2 min resulted in the formation of a highly fluorescent mono-derivative of the Pro 2 —Lys peptide, Substance P. When this derivatization protocol was used in conjunction with liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection for Substance P, a linear calibration plot resulted (50–500 nM range; 1.94–19.4 pmol injected; R.S.D. ≤ 2% at each point).
Phenol-sulfotransferase inactivation by 2,3-butanedione and phenylglyoxal: Evidence for an active site arginyl residue

Abstract In an attempt to determine if arginyl residues play a role in sulfate transfer reactions, we studied the effects of 2,3-butanedione and phenylglyoxal, both chemical modifying agents for arginyl residues, on phenol-sulfotransferase. Both reagents produced rapid inactivation of the enzyme, with the inactivation following pseudo-first order kinetics. The rate of inactivation was dependent upon the concentration of the chemical modifier. Competition studies showed that inclusion of 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate during the preincubation step protected the enzyme from inactivation. The results suggest a possible role for arginyl residues as anionic recognition sites for sulfate transfer reactions.
Analysis of weekly complete blood counts in patients receiving standard fractionated partial body radiation therapy

Purpose: Hematopoiesis is among the most sensitive systems in the body to radiation. Routine complete blood counts (CBCs) are common in clinical radiotherapy practice. Only a few studies have attempted to characterize the behavior of peripheral blood levels during partial body radiation therapy with field sizes smaller than those used in hemibody or total nodal irradiation. Such information is needed to identify which patients are at risk for cytopenia and require close monitoring. Methods and Materials: In 1993, 412 new patients were seen at Michael Reese Hospital for radiotherapy. A total of 972 weekly CBCs were identified for 155 patients receiving a minimum of 5 weeks of treatment for breast, prostate, lung, gynecological, or head and neck malignancies. Linear regression models were fitted to the weekly CBC values for those patients who had pretreatment CBC values recorded. Factors affecting starting levels, rates of decline, and nadirs during treatment were determined for leukocytes, platelets, and hemoglobin. Results: Leukocytes declined most dramatically during the first week of treatment (16% from pretreament to Week 1 levels) and then at a rate of 3.3% per week from Week 1 to Week 7 (p < 0.0010. Total mean leukocyte decrease over 7 weeks of therapy was 30%. Platelets declined 9% on average during the first week of therapy and then at a mean rate of 1.4% per week (p < 0.02). A statistically significant decrease in hemoglobin levels could not be detected. No difference in the rate of decrease could be found for different disease sites, age groups, or amount of marrow irradiated. The effects of chemotherapy were variable, depending on blood element and whether therapy was sequential or concomitant. The odds of a nadir <2000 counts/mm3 for white blood count (WBC), <50,000 counts/mm3 for platelets, and <8.0 g/dl for hemoglobin were all well below 5%. A strong correlation existed between starting CBC values and nadirs; patients with lower Week 1 CBC levels were most likely to have the lowest nadirs. Conclusions: Low CBC levels during radiation therapy are likely to be the result of other medical problems that cancer patients face. Regional irradiation with small field sizes (<40% of total body marrow) typically used in clinical radiotherapy is unlikely to be the cause of marrow depression significant enough to warrant medical intervention. Blood levels taken during the first week of treatment (Week 1) can be used to determine risks of developing critical nadirs. Localized breask and prostate cancer patients are unlikely to require routine CBCs if initial levels are normal. Routine CBC levels on all radiation oncology patients without other reasons for hematopoietic depression requires reevaluation, as millions of dollars are spent on unnecessary testing. If weekly CBC blood levels are avoided in localized breast and prostate cancer patients, this alone could potentially result in a savings of as much as $40 million a year nationally.
Short- and long-term experience with flecainide acetate in the management of refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias

Thirty-eight patients with organic heart disease and history of sudden cardiac arrest or recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia were treated with flecainide. Coronary artery disease was present in 33 patients. Previous antiarrhythmic therapy consisted of two to eight drugs (mean four). Fourteen patients were resuscitated from sudden cardiac death and 24 patients had chronic recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. Twenty-eight patients had electrophysiologic testing before and during flecainide treatment. Sustained ventricular tachycardia became noninducible in 5 patients, nonsustained in 5 patients and slowed in 13 patients (cycle length increased from 278 ± 64 to 395 ± 91 ms; p = 0.002). Three of the 14 patients with sudden cardiac death and 15 of the 24 patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia remained on long-term flecainide treatment. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction in 16 of these 18 patients was 37%. Nonlimiting side effects occurred in seven patients (18%). Proarrhythmic effects were seen in four patients (10%). At a mean follow-up time of 11 ± 3 months, 15 patients (39%) had had no recurrence, including 5 who had inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia and 5 who did not on retesting during treatment. In the 18 patients who received long-term therapy, 3 late deaths occurred, 1 of which was of arrhythmic origin. These data suggest that flecainide is effective in about 40% of patients with severe refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Its value as a single drug in the treatment of sudden cardiac death remains to be defined.
Assessing mercury exposure and effects to American dippers in headwater streams near mining sites.

To evaluate mercury (Hg) exposure and possible adverse effects of Hg on American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus) reproduction, we collected eggs and nestling feathers and the larval/nymph form of three Orders of aquatic macroinvertebrates (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera = EPT) important in their diet from three major headwater tributaries of the upper Willamette River, Oregon in 2002. The Coast Fork Willamette River is contaminated with Hg due to historical cinnabar (HgS) mining at the Black Butte Mine; the Row River is affected by past gold-mining operations located within the Bohemia Mining District, where Hg was used in the amalgamation process to recover gold; and the Middle Fork Willamette River is the reference area with no known mining. Methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations (geometric mean) in composite EPT larvae (111.9 ng/g dry weight [dw] or 19.8 ng/g wet weight [ww]), dipper eggs (38.5 ng/g ww) and nestling feathers (1158 ng/g ww) collected from the Coast Fork Willamette were significantly higher than MeHg concentrations in EPT and dipper samples from other streams. Total mercury (THg) concentrations in surface sediments along the same Hg-impacted streams were investigated by others in 1999 (Row River tributaries) and 2002 (Coast Fork). The reported sediment THg concentrations paralleled our biological findings. Dipper breeding territories at higher elevations had fewer second clutches; however, dipper reproductive success along all streams (including the lower elevation and most Hg-contaminated Coast Fork), was judged excellent compared to other studies reviewed. Furthermore, MeHg concentrations in EPT samples from this study were well below dietary concentrations in other aquatic bird species, such as loons and ducks, reported to cause Hg-related reproductive problems. Our data suggest that either dipper feathers or EPT composites used to project MeHg concentrations in dipper feathers (with biomagnification factor of 10–20×) may be used, but with caution, to screen headwater streams for potential Hg-related effects on dippers. When actual feather concentrations or projected feather concentrations are equal to or lower than concentrations reported for the Coast Fork, dippers are expected to reproduce well (assuming adequate prey and suitable nest sites). When Hg concentrations are substantially higher, more detailed investigations may be required. Birds feeding almost exclusively on fish (e.g., osprey [Pandion haliaetus]) and usually found further downstream from the headwaters would not be adequately represented by dippers given the higher MeHg concentrations in fish resulting from biomagnification, compared to lower trophic level invertebrates.
A maximally symmetric space with torsion

A maximally symmetric space, i.e., homogeneous and isotropic at every point, possessing totally antisymmetric torsion is dealt with. It is found that maximum symmetry restricts the dimension of the space to three. The three-curvature tensor for the space is obtained and from its form a three-metric is then constructed. The three-space is then allowed to evolve in time so that a four-metric of the formds 2= −dt 2+ (3)g ij dx i dx j is possible. From this an equation of motion is obtained which predicts an initial- and final-state singularity.
Selective interactions of cationic porphyrins with G-quadruplex structures.

G-quadruplex DNA presents a potential target for the design and development of novel anticancer drugs. Because G-quadruplex DNA exhibits structural polymorphism, different G-quadruplex typologies may be associated with different cellular processes. Therefore, to achieve therapeutic selectivity using G-quadruplexes as targets for drug design, it will be necessary to differentiate between different types of G-quadruplexes using G-quadruplex-interactive agents. In this study, we compare the interactions of three cationic porphyrins, TMPyP2, TMPyP3, and TMPyP4, with parallel and antiparallel types of G-quadruplexes using gel mobility shift experiments and a helicase assay. Gel mobility shift experiments indicate that TMPyP3 specifically promotes the formation of parallel G-quadruplex structures. A G-quadruplex helicase unwinding assay reveals that the three porphyrins vary dramatically in their abilities to prevent the unwinding of both the parallel tetrameric G-quadruplex and the antiparallel hairpin dimer G...
Evidence for an early prokaryotic endosymbiosis

Endosymbioses have dramatically altered eukaryotic life, but are thought to have negligibly affected prokaryotic evolution. Here, by analysing the flows of protein families, I present evidence that the double-membrane, gram-negative prokaryotes were formed as the result of a symbiosis between an ancient actinobacterium and an ancient clostridium. The resulting taxon has been extraordinarily successful, and has profoundly altered the evolution of life by providing endosymbionts necessary for the emergence of eukaryotes and by generating Earth's oxygen atmosphere. Their double-membrane architecture and the observed genome flows into them suggest a common evolutionary mechanism for their origin: an endosymbiosis between a clostridium and actinobacterium.
Effect of sublethal doses of cyanide on glucose catabolism.

Abstract The effect of cyanide on the metabolic degradation of glucose in the mouse was investigated by comparing the rate and extent of production of respiratory 14 CO 2 from specifically labeled carbon atoms of glucose, gluconate and glucuronate. Glucose in the untreated animals was metabolized via three pathways: Embde.n-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (EMP-TCA), pentose phosphate pathway and glucuronate pathway. Administration of 5 mg/kg of potassium cyanide, a sub-lethal dose, increased catabolism of carbohydrates by the pentose phosphate pathway with a decline in utilization of the EMP-TCA cycle and glucuronate pathway. These results suggest that chronic exposure to cyanide may induce marked alterations in normal carbohydrate metabolism, and the possible relationship to specific pathological conditions is discussed.
Importance of perceptual representation in the visual control of action

In recent years, many experiments have demonstrated that optic flow is sufficient for visually controlled action, with the suggestion that perceptual representations of 3-D space are superfluous. In contrast, recent research in our lab indicates that some visually controlled actions, including some thought to be based on optic flow, are indeed mediated by perceptual representations. For example, we have demonstrated that people are able to perform complex spatial behaviors, like walking, driving, and object interception, in virtual environments which are rendered visible solely by cyclopean stimulation (random-dot cinematograms). In such situations, the absence of any retinal optic flow that is correlated with the objects and surfaces within the virtual environment means that people are using stereo-based perceptual representations to perform the behavior. The fact that people can perform such behaviors without training suggests that the perceptual representations are likely the same as those used when retinal optic flow is present. Other research indicates that optic flow, whether retinal or a more abstract property of the perceptual representation, is not the basis for postural control, because postural instability is related to perceived relative motion between self and the visual surroundings rather than to optic flow, even in the abstract sense.
S -modular games, with queueing applications

The notion ofS-modularity was developed by Glasserman and Yao [9] in the context of optimal control of queueing networks.S-modularity allows the objective function to be supermodular in some variables and submodular in others. It models both compatible and conflicting incentives, and hence conveniently accommodates a wide variety of applications. In this paper, we introduceS-modularity into the context ofn-player noncooperative games. This generalizes the well-known supermodular games of Topkis [22], where each player maximizes a supermodular payoff function (or equivalently, minimizes a submodular payoff function). We illustrate the theory through a variety of applications in queueing systems.
Back-channel Communication in the Settlement of Conflict

Secret back-channel communication is often employed in severe conflict to explore the feasibility of front-channel negotiation. It can also be used as an adjunct to front-channel negotiation when talks become deadlocked or as a substitute for front-channel negotiation. Its value lies partly in the flexibility and future orientation it brings to talks. In the prenegotiation phase, it also provides political cover, is cost-effective, does not require formal recognition of the adversary, and allows communication with adversaries who do not meet preconditions for negotiation such as a cease-fire. Intermediaries and intermediary chains are sometimes used in back-channel communication. Heavy reliance on back-channel communication can produce flimsy agreements that are too narrowly based or fail to deal with major issues. But this problem can be avoided if enough time is spent assembling a broad central coalition.
Effect of rotational excitation on the band oscillator strength of OH

In the study described, a single-frequency tunable CW dye laser was used to obtain accurate absorption measurements of the band oscillator strength for various rotational-electronic lines in some transitions of OH. The band oscillator strength is shown to decrease linearly with the energy of rotational excitation. This decrease is attributed exclusively to the lengthening of the internuclear distance due to rotation.
Practical method for measurement of AC-driven LEDs at a given junction temperature by using active heat sinks

Alternating-current (AC) driven high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become available and introduced into solid-state lighting (SSL) products. AC LEDs operate directly from a mains supply with no need of drivers, and thus can simplify the design of SSL product and potentially increase product's reliability and lifetime. Similar to direct-current (DC) LEDs the optical and electrical properties of AC LEDs are strongly dependent on the LED junction temperature. In addition, the instantaneous junction temperature of an AC LED changes rapidly within an AC power cycle. Accurate measurement of AC high-power LEDs is required for quality control and product qualifications such as the US Energy Star. We have developed a simple, robust method for measurement of high-power AC LEDs at any specified junction temperature under a normal AC operating condition. An active heat sink is used for setting and controlling the junction temperature of the test AC LED. By using this measurement technique, the measurement of an AC LED also obtains the thermal resistance between the LED junction and the LED heat sink.
Body temperature and flight performance of honey bees in a servo-mechanically controlled wind tunnel

1. Workers ofApis mellifera ligustica were tethered to an aerodynamic balance in front of a laminar wind tunnel. They had control over the tunnels wind velocity. Lift, wind speed, wingbeat frequency, thorax and air temperature, and the action potentials in the fibrillar dorsoventral (DV) and dorsolongitudinal (DL) flight muscles were continuously recorded. The air temperature in the tunnel could be controlled. Correlations between all mentioned parameters and the thorax temperature were analyzed. 2. Animals that assumed flight position and flew for more than thirty seconds disregarded optical inputs. They did not respond to changes in speed or direction of an optical pattern, and flew even in complete darkness. 3. In flights that started with thorax temperatures at environmental values, temperature differences between thorax and environment reached 5.2 °C after 4. 5 min of flight (Fig. 1). In animals with body temperatures above 36 °C, active temperature regulation could be observed: A large drop of fluid appeared between the ventral side of the head and the thorax, and the front legs frequently rubbed the fluid over the ventral part of the thorax. 4. The average wingbeat frequency showed a linear increase from 136 Hz at a thorax temperature of 24 °C, to 194 Hz at thorax temperature of 33.5 °C. A further increase of the thorax temperature from 33.5 °C to 38 °C was correlated to an increase of the wingbeat frequency to 202 Hz. This increase had a much smaller slope (Fig. 2). 5. The average lift increased from 28.5 dynes at 24 °C to 78.5 dynes at 33 °C (body angle 0°). The lift stayed practically constant from 33 °C to 38 °C (Fig. 2). The lift at thorax temperatures between 33 °C and 38 °C would keep the empty body weight aloft. The flight velocity increased from 0.8 m/sec, thorax temperature at 24 °C, to 3.3 m/sec, thorax temperature at 38 °C (Fig. 2). 6. The average action potential frequencies (APF) in the fibrillar flight muscles rose from between 8 and 9 Hz at thorax temperatures of 24 °C to between 12 and 13 Hz at thorax temperatures of 38 °C. In the range of biggest change in lift and thrust, at thorax temperatures between 26 °C and 31 °C, the APF in the dorsoventral muscles stayed constant, while it rose only one Hz in the dorsolongitudinal muscles (Fig. 2). 7. The increase in lift showed a linear relationship to the increase in wingbeat frequencies between 122 Hz and 158 Hz. Between 158 Hz and 208 Hz the gain in lift was bigger. From 208 Hz on the lift stayed constant. The flight velocity rose linearily with wingbeat frequencies from 122 Hz to 208 Hz (with some irregularities near 140 Hz) and with a steeper increase at wingbeat frequencies over 208 Hz (Fig. 3). 8. It was concluded that the large increase in the power output of the flight motor that occurred with rising thorax temperatures was mostly caused by an augmentation of the efficiency of the flight system and not by an increase in neural activation.
A 207Bi light pulser for stabilization of scintillation and lead glass Cherenkov detectors

Abstract The design, fabrication techniques, and performance parameters are presented for a light pulser consisting of radioactive 207Bi embedded in capsulses of various types of plastic scintillator material. A typical resolution of 16% (fwhm) for the 0.974 MeV conversion electron line was obtained. A method whereby the contribution to the resolution due to photoelectron statistics can be separated from the total measured resolution is described. An application of these pulsers to the stabilization of an array of 60 lead glass counters is described.
Need for a New Paradigm

To confront the probable future without becoming obsolete, sociology needs a new paradigm, for its traditional notion of the nature of its subject-matter precludes asking certain vital questions, makes important hypotheses inconceivable, and stigmatizes essential lines of inquiry. Humans are involved in the web of life, yet sociologists following Durkheim disregard nonsocial facts as explanations of social facts. To understand major social change caused by transition from abundance to scarcity, we have to see how modern technology has enlarged human resource demands and human environmental impact. We have to learn to think in terms of carrying capacity and use a larger time frame. We have to ask some ecological questions, such as how long this planet can tolerate industrialism and what are the prerequisites of a sustainable society.
Behavioral and physiological responses to dipsogens: a comparative analysis.

Abstract Rats, gerbils and guinea pigs had water intake and vascular conditions measured after various dipsogenic challenges. Species drank equal (per body weight) volumes of water to extracellular stimuli, but drank differentially to water deprivation and cellular challenges. Rats' drinking following water deprivation was associated with hyperosmolality, while gerbils' and guinea pigs' drinking was closely associated with weight loss. Rats and gerbils represented extremes in response to cellular stimuli, rats showed the lowest drinking thresholds (increased osmolality) — greatest drinking, gerbils showed the highest thresholds — least drinking. Manipulation of renal function resulted in near equivalence of response to cellular stimuli for rats and gerbils. The results are discussed in terms of species similarity and dissimilarity of response to dipsogenic challenges.
THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN URBAN TECHNOLOGY

(1992). The evolution of American urban technology. Journal of Urban Technology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
Concomitant polymorphism in a spirobicyclic dione

The title compound 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-5‘-phenylspiro[bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene-6,7‘-[6,8]dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane]-2,2‘-dione, MF = C25H30O4 (2) displays the phenomenon of concomitant polymorphism. The flexible nature of weak hydrogen bonding in the molecule seems to ease polymorph formation. Two distinct solid-state structures, a 1-D rodlike structure and a supramolecular polychaircyclohexane network, were obtained upon crystallization from hexane/EtOAc solution. Both the polymorphic structures are stabilized by weak C−H···O hydrogen bonds.
Modeling magneto-optical thin film media for optical data storage

Abstract Magneto-optical (MO) thin film systems are extensively studied as potential media for erasable storage of digital data by optical means. While writing of data is accomplished by thermo-magnetic processes, reading is done by sensing the change of polarization on reflection by the polar Kerr magneto-optic effect. The polar Kerr effect itself is quite small, normally being a fraction of a degree in rotation of polarization, and hence multilayer interference schemes have been studied to enhance the polar Kerr rotation in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the readback process. We discuss a scheme and a computer code based on it, to determine all the relevant optical responses, such as reflectance, transmittance, Kerr rotation, ellipticity etc., for a general multilayer incorporating one or more magneto-optical films. The scheme can handle magnetic and optical anisotropies of arbitrary orientations in any of the films in the multilayer. Some of the key problems in the design of the media, such as birefringence in the substrate, and stress and growth-induced problems in the films, can be studied.
Deuteron stopping cross sections in transition metal hydrides

Abstract The stopping cross sections of deuterons incident on deutende and tritide films of eight transition metals (Sc, Ti, Y, Zr, Gd, Er, Hf and Ta) have been determined at deuteron energies between 40 and 200 keV. The stopping cross sections were extracted from measurements of the yields of the D(d, p)T and T(d, α)n reactions as functions of the incident deuteron energy for thick deutende and tritide films of each metal. Corrections due to elastic scattering effects and surface oxides are incorporated in the analysis. Deviations from Bragg's rule are found in these materials and these deviations are discussed.
Design and Manufacture of Dies and Molds

Summary The technology of designing and manufacturing dies and molds is increasingly based on the application of Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM), i.e. true 3D computer graphics, and Computer Numerical Control (CMC) machining. The use of CAD/CAM reduces lead time and improves communication between design and manufacturing activities, as well as quality and reproducibility. Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) uses various analysis techniques to simulate material flow to predict and avoid defects and improve die design. This paper has been prepared with input from various CIRP colleagues and reviews the application of CAD/CAM/CAE in metal forming, and discusses the status of advanced computer applications such as Expert Systems and process modeling techniques.
Anticipation of bypass surgery: can it induce silent myocardial ischemia?

Abstract Psychological stress has been demonstrated to induce myocardial ischemia. To determine whether stressful events before a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure precipitate myocardial ischemia, silent or symptomatic, and whether this can have an effect on the prognosis, 26 patients were evaluated before a bypass operation with continuous Holter monitor recording. Specific events monitored were signing surgical consent, receiving preoperative medications, shaving and preparing, and transfer to the operating room. A positive Holter result was defined as an ST segment depression of 1 mm or more lasting one minute or longer. Six patients (23%) were found to have one or more episodes of substantial ST segment depression, with a total of ten episodes lasting 208 minutes recorded. All episodes were silent and not associated with an increase in mean heart rate. The majority of episodes occurred randomly, although three episodes did occur between 5 and 6 am at the time of transport to the operating room. This appeared to be related more to the circadian rhythm than to the stress of transport. No perioperative or postoperative myocardial infarctions occurred, and all patients were alive at 30 days. In conclusion, silent myocardial ischemia present in the immediate preoperative period does not appear to be related to specific preoperative events. Frequency of early morning ischemia may warrant changes in the medication schedule to provide additional protection during these hours.
Metabolic profiling of the Arabidopsis pkl mutant reveals selective derepression of embryonic traits

Embryos express several unique differentiation characteristics, including the accumulation of a number of metabolites that are generally considered to be unique to seeds. PICKLE (PKL) codes for a CHD3-chromatin remodeling factor that is necessary for repression of embryonic traits in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. In pkl mutants, primary roots are capable of expressing many embryonic traits after germination and are referred to as “pickle roots”. In an attempt to examine the breadth of PKL-dependent repression of embryo-specific differentiation pathways, we determined the extent to which a variety of embryo-specific compounds accumulate in pickle roots. We found that pickle roots accumulate triacylglycerol with a fatty acid composition that is similar to that found in seeds. The major seed storage proteins are also present in pickle roots. In addition to these two well-characterized seed storage compounds, we observed that pickle roots accumulate phytate, a form of stored phosphate that is preferentially accumulated in seeds. Seeds of members of the Brassicaceae also accumulate a variety of unique secondary metabolites, including sinapate esters and glucosinolates. Surprisingly, the levels of secondary metabolites in pickle roots were not suggestive of an embryonic differentiation state, but did reveal that a mutation in PKL results in substantial changes in root secondary metabolism. Taken together, these data suggest that PKL is responsible for regulating some but not all aspects of the embryonic program as it relates to the accumulation of embryo-specific metabolites.