cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of facial expression and stare duration on walking speed: Two field experiments

Two field experiments investigated the generality of the stare-escape phenomenon for pedestrians. Experiment 1, conducted at a traffic intersection, failed to replicate a previous finding that being stared at leads to faster walking speed. One hypothesis that could explain this failure is that the relatively short staring times used in Experiment 1 were insufficient for subjects to attribute a threatening meaning to the stare. In Experiment 2, conducted at a library elevator, duration of staring was systematically varied—either 2 seconds or more than 15 seconds. Consistent with the attribution time hypothesis, subjects increased walking speed after a long stare but decreased it after a short stare. In both experiments a smile coupled with a stare appeared to neutralize the effects of a stare alone.
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state: an emerging pediatric problem.

n his 1886 Bradshawe lecture on diabetic coma, Dreschfeld described a relatively uncommon form that he and other European authors had noted, in which dyspnea and the acetone smell of the breath were absent, and the urine did not contain acetone or aceto-acetic acid. He described a clinical presentation of shock occurring chiefly, but not exclusively, in older people who had diabetes symptoms for some time and were, ‘‘still stout and well-nourished at the time of attack.’’ Despite this early description and occasional subsequent reports of diabetic coma without significant ketosis/acidosis, the report of Sament and Schwartz in 1957 is widely credited as the original description of what has been variously referred to as hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome, hyperosmolar nonacidotic uncontrolled diabetes, diabetic hyperosmolar state, and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma or syndrome (HHS). Although the 1957 herald case was a thin young man of 32 years with new-onset diabetes, the usual adult patient with HHS is more consistent with Dreschfeld’s original description, occurring in an elderly, often disabled, person with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The designation HHS has been in general use for more than a decade, recognizing that there can be altered sensorium without true coma and mild to moderate ketosis in the typical syndrome. The term HHS also recognizes that there is a continuum from typical diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) without substantial hyperosmolality to typical HHS, rather than always a clear distinction between the two diabetes coma syndromes. Proposed criteria for HHS are plasma glucose concentration >600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L), serum carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] >15 mmol/L, no or small ketonuria, absent to small ketonemia, effective serum osmolarity >320 mOsm/L, and stupor or coma. However, acidosis with depressed [CO2] may be present in the absence of substantial ketosis in these patients as the result of dehydration and lactic acidosis, and coma is not constant. In adults, approximately one third of hyperglycemic emergencies involve a mixed state of ketoacidosis and hyperosmolarity, with the degree of hyperosmolarity but not acidosis being an independent predictor of mortality. From the first report of HHS in a child in 1966 until 35 years later, 26 pediatric cases had been described, but in only 8 years, from 2001 to 2008, there were 65 cases reported, thought to be related to the increase in frequency of pediatric
Organizational Culture as a Hidden Resource.

This chapter illustrates how culture can serve as a resource to better support and assist at-risk students and offers recommendations for the development of culturally sensitive institutions through professional development for faculty, staff, and senior managers.
Amplification of lac Cannot Account for Adaptive Mutation to Lac+ in Escherichia coli

When the Lac− strain of Escherichia coli, FC40, is incubated with lactose as its sole carbon and energy source, Lac+ revertants arise at a constant rate, a phenomenon known as adaptive mutation. Two alternative models for adaptive mutation have been proposed: (i) recombination-dependent mutation, which specifies that recombination occurring in nongrowing cells stimulates error-prone DNA synthesis, and (ii) amplification-dependent mutation, which specifies that amplification of the lac region and growth of the amplifying cells creates enough DNA replication to produce mutations at the normal rate. Here, we examined several of the predictions of the amplification-dependent mutation model and found that they are not fulfilled. First, inhibition of adaptive mutation by a gene that is toxic when overexpressed does not depend on the proximity of the gene to lac. Second, mutation at a second locus during selection for Lac+ revertants is also independent of the proximity of the locus to lac. Third, mutation at a second locus on the episome occurs even when the lac allele under selection is on the chromosome. Our results support the hypothesis that most Lac+ mutants that appear during lactose selection are true revertants that arise in a single step from Lac− cells, not from a population of growing or amplifying precursor cells.
An extinction criterion for nonpremixed flames subject to brief periods of high dissipation rates

Abstract The existence of a critical dissipation rate, above which a steady nonpremixed flame is extinguished, is well known. Recent advances in modeling have allowed the simulation of turbulent nonpremixed flames that include local extinction as a consequence of the stochastic variation in dissipation rates. In this paper we present an extinction criterion for flames subject to unsteady dissipation rates. This criterion is expressed in terms of the critical dissipation-impulse magnitude, which depends on the time-integrated excess dissipation rate and stoichiometric factors. Limiting behaviors for large and small fluctuations of the dissipation rate above the critical value are identified. For large dissipation-rate fluctuations, the critical dissipation-impulse magnitude is independent of the details of the temporal dissipation-rate evolution. This critical dissipation-impulse magnitude is found to depend only on the steady-state characteristics of the particular fuel-oxidizer mixture present, namely the shape of the steady-state S-curve. In this way, a useful extinction criterion is developed that defines conditions for which unsteady mixing dynamics lead to extinction based on information available from steady-state flames. This criterion is found applicable for a diverse set of flames including n-heptane, diluted n-heptane, methane, partially premixed methane and CO/H 2 /N 2 mixtures when dissipation-rate fluctuations are large. As the magnitude of the dissipation rate fluctuations approaches zero, the critical impulse approaches zero, which corresponds to the well-known steady extinction limit. Thus, this work extends the prediction of extinction from the steady limit to the unsteady.
Cumulative Software Architecture Development

An approach to software architecture creation is described in the context of agile development. It eschews the traditional separation of top-down and bottom-up design. A concrete, cumulative, least-commitment process is demonstrated that establishes an architecture core likely to remain stable as requirements are added.
Flux transfer events: Spontaneous or driven?

Since flux transfer events (FTEs) occur predominantly under conditions of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), one might expect that FTEs could be associated with the southward turning of the IMF which could lead to a transient increase in the merging rate. Lockwood and Wild [1993] recently suggested, in fact, that FTEs are driven by the IMF variations in which the Bz becomes more southward and rather than arising spontaneously during periods of steady IMF. To test this hypothesis, we have surveyed observations of the IMF during the flux transfer events observed in the dayside magnetopause by ISEE spacecraft. The upstream solar wind data from IMP-8 or ISEE 3 are carefully compared with the magnetosheath data from ISEE to determine the time lag between them, which enables us to survey the simultaneous solar wind data during the FTEs. We find no evidence that FTEs are directly correlated with southward turning of the IMF. Rather, the FTEs more frequently occur when the IMF Bz is steady. A survey of 10-minute intervals of simultaneous IMF data preceding each FTE show that the IMF fluctuates between northward and southward for less than 20% events and few of these turnings appear to be consistent with triggering the FTE. For majority of events, the IMF stays southward with fluctuations of clock angle less than 30° over the 10-minute period. Thus we conclude that FTEs do occur spontaneously for steady southward IMF and are not simply directly driven by the observed fluctuations in the IMF Bz component.
Structured Assembly language in VAX-11 MACRO

For several years, the introductory assembly language course at Indiana-Purdue at Fort Wayne has used “structured” assembly language on an IBM System 370. A later course makes use of VAX-11 MACRO assembly language on a VAX 11/780. This paper shows how the major constructs for structured programming may be implemented in VAX-11 MACRO. The scheme involves assembly language templates for each of the constructs, a standard labeling scheme, and a commenting method which reflects the structure of the program.
THE MEDICAL IMPACT OF TORNADOES IN NORTH AMERICA

North America suffers some of the most severe tornado disasters of any location on the planet. Significant injury and economic impact may result from these storms, particularly in rural areas. Tornadic storms present unique problems for prehospital and Emergency Department personnel. Soft tissue injuries seen after tornadoes are contaminated with polymicrobial flora and may require delayed primary closure. Fractures are a frequent cause of hospital admission and head injury is a frequent cause of death. Advanced warning and proper sheltering actions by a population are the most significant factors in reducing morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the pertinent literature on the medical impact of tornadoes and details the mechanisms of injury, nature of injuries, pre-hospital and ED planning points associated with tornadic storms.
Late Quaternary pollen record from the central California continental margin

Abstract A pollen record obtained from a deep-sea core from the continental margin off central California contains evidence of the terrestrial floral adaptation to changing climatic conditions over the last ca. 20,000 cal BP. The pollen record is divided into three pollen zones, two of which are late Pleistocene in age (Glacial and Transitional) and the third is Holocene (Interglacial). The Glacial Pollen Zone (ca. 20,000–17,000 cal BP) is characterized by Pinus and Abies pollen, reflecting environmental conditions during the last glacial maximum. Overlying this (ca. 17,000–11,600 cal BP) is the Transitional Pollen Zone containing a pollen assemblage indicative of a transitional climatic regime, with species that reflect more arid environmental conditions (Pinus and Artemisia) decreasing in abundance and those reflecting moister conditions (Sequoia and Alnus) rising in abundance. Pediastrum and dinoflagellates are common and are attributable to increased nutrient-rich coastal runoff. The Bolling–Allerod (295–256 cm; ca. 14,600–12,900 BP) and Younger Dryas (256–243 cm; ca. 12,900–11,600 BP) events occur within the Transitional Pollen Zone as well. The Interglacial Pollen Zone (ca. 11,600 cal BP to present) is characterized by decreasing Pinus and increasing Sequoia, Quercus, and Asteraceae, reflecting changes in vegetation during the climatic warming of the Holocene. Two brief dry periods are represented in this pollen zone, one from 150 to 125 cm (ca. 8000–6400 cal BP) and the other at 22–20 cm (ca. 800–700 cal BP). They are correlated with the middle Holocene dry period and the Medieval Climate Anomaly, respectively.
Chemically induced dynamic electron spin polarization-detected energy transfer. Substrate size effects and solvent dependence.

Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to probe energy transfer from aromatic photoexcited triplet states to azo compounds in liquid solution. The observation of chemically induced dynamic electron spin polarization in the spectra gives precise information regarding the spin physics and mechanism of the energy transfer process. The substrate size is varied by altering the chain length of alkyl chains covalently attached to the azo compounds via ester or amide linkages. The solvent dependence of the energy transfer process is also investigated. The results are discussed in terms of Dexter and Forster mechanisms for energy transfer, the properties of the excited states, and the diffusive properties of the molecules in the solvents of interest. Decomposition rate studies and fluorescence measurements are also reported.
Dietary n-6 PUFA deprivation downregulates arachidonate but upregulates docosahexaenoate metabolizing enzymes in rat brain

Abstract Background Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deprivation increases expression of arachidonic acid (AA 20:4n-6)-selective cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) IVA and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in rat brain, while decreasing expression of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA 22:6n-3)-selective calcium-independent iPLA2 VIA. Assuming that these enzyme changes represent brain homeostatic responses to deprivation, we hypothesized that dietary n-6 PUFA deprivation would produce changes in the opposite directions. Methods Brain expression of PUFA-metabolizing enzymes and their transcription factors was quantified in male rats fed an n-6 PUFA adequate or deficient diet for 15 weeks post-weaning. Results The deficient compared with adequate diet increased brain mRNA, protein and activity of iPLA2 VIA and 15-lipoxygenase (LOX), but decreased cPLA2 IVA and COX-2 expression. The brain protein level of the iPLA2 transcription factor SREBP-1 was elevated, while protein levels were decreased for AP-2α and NF-κB p65, cPLA2 and COX-2 transcription factors, respectively. Conclusions With dietary n-6 PUFA deprivation, rat brain PUFA metabolizing enzymes and some of their transcription factors change in a way that would homeostatically dampen reductions in brain n-6 PUFA concentrations and metabolism, while n-3 PUFA metabolizing enzyme expression is increased. The changes correspond to reported in vitro enzyme selectivities for AA compared with DHA.
Oligomerization reactions of perfluorovinylamines catalyzed by fluoride ions

Abstract The fluoride ion catalyzed Oligomerization of F -vinylamines, such as F-(N,N -dimethylvinylamine), F-(N -vinylmorpholine) and F-(N -vinylpyrrolidine), was investigated. It was found that dimers were obtained in high yields when the reaction was conducted in aprotic polar solvents, especially in DMF using cesium fluoride as a fluoride ion source. Attempts to obtain oligomers higher than dimers failed. The absence of higher oligomers is discussed in stereoelectronic and steric terms by comparison with the analogous Oligomerization of hexafluoropropene. Unexpected results obtained in the reaction of F-(N,N -dimethylvinylamine) with the hexafluoropropene dimer F -2-methyl-2-propene are also included.
Percutaneous absorption of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloketones.

Bathing in chlorinated drinking water causes significant exposure to potentially toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). In the present studies, we measured the permeation coefficients (K(p)) of three important classes of DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs), haloketones (HKs), and haloacetic acids (HAAs), in aqueous solution across human skin using in vitro diffusion chambers. Linear mixed-effects model was utilized to calculate the steady-state permeability coefficients. The permeability coefficients of THMs ranged from 0.16 to 0.21 cm/h when the donor solution was at 25 degrees C. Bromoform had the highest K(p) value, while chloroform was the least permeable through the skin. THMs were approximately 10 times more permeable than HKs, while the permeability of HAAs through the skin was very low (1 to 3 x 10(-3) cm/h, pH 7). The permeability of HKs tripled as the temperature was increased from room temperature (20 degrees C) to bathing temperature (40 degrees C). A direct relationship was found between the permeability of THMs, but not HKs and HAAs, and their octanol/water partition coefficients. The dermal dose from daily bathing activities was approximated for an average adult using U.S. EPA recommended methods and found to be 40-70% of the daily ingestion dose for the THMs, 10% of the ingestion dose for HKs, and an insignificant percentage of the ingestion dose for the HAAs. In addition to ingestion, dermal absorption is an important route of exposure to THMs and HKs and must be considered in models of risk assessment.
Maternal and Paternal Alcohol Misuse and Alcohol-Related Outcomes Among College Students

Using a large college student sample (N = 1,095), the present study examined whether the relationship between parental alcohol abuse and offspring alcohol use varied as a function of parent and offspring gender, and whether the relationship to the non-substance-abusing mother or father buffered against the risk associated with being an adult child of an alcoholic (ACOA). Among women, maternal ACOAs (i.e., the mother only was suspected of alcohol misuse) had the greatest risk of problematic alcohol consumption, whereas among men, both parent ACOAs (i.e., both parents were suspected of alcohol misuse) had the greatest risk of problematic alcohol consumption. No support was found for the buffering hypothesis. We discuss implications of our findings and future directions.
The Use of Ecologically Based Screening Criteria in a Community-sponsored Open Space Preservation Programme

The Meridian Township Land Preservation Programme is the first community-sponsored, open space and natural areas preservation programme in Michigan using ecological principles in the ranking of properties for acquisition. The programme was established through a collaborative, multi-stakeholder effort that resulted in a model ordinance, operating procedures, guidelines for landowners to nominate their properties for consideration, and a set of criteria for property selection. The screening criteria include ecological value, natural or functional value, parcel size, surrounding land use, environmental quality, and aesthetic value. The criteria were developed to reflect principles established by landscape ecology and land conservation objectives to maintain a maximum degree of biodiversity and to develop, manage and maintain ecological infrastructure through management of protected areas. The programme is entirely funded through a local millage, which will raise nearly $10 million over 10 years. The target f...
Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate-dependent Protein Kinase Cδ-Tyr311 Phosphorylation in Cardiomyocyte Caveolae

Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) activation is generally attributed to lipid cofactor-dependent allosteric activation mechanisms at membranes. However, recent studies indicate that PKCδ also is dynamically regulated through tyrosine phosphorylation in H2O2- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-treated cardiomyocytes. H2O2 activates Src and related Src-family kinases (SFKs), which function as dual PKCδ-Tyr311 and -Tyr332 kinases in vitro and contribute to H2O2-dependent PKCδ-Tyr311/Tyr332 phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes and in mouse embryo fibroblasts. H2O2-dependent PKCδ-Tyr311/Tyr332 phosphorylation is defective in SYF cells (deficient in SFKs) and restored by Src re-expression. PMA also promotes PKCδ-Tyr311 phosphorylation, but this is not associated with SFK activation or PKCδ-Tyr332 phosphorylation. Rather, PMA increases PKCδ-Tyr311 phosphorylation by delivering PKCδ to SFK-enriched caveolae. Cyclodextrin treatment disrupts caveolae and blocks PMA-dependent PKCδ-Tyr311 phosphorylation, without blocking H2O2-dependent PKCδ-Tyr311 phosphorylation. The enzyme that acts as a PKCδ-Tyr311 kinase without increasing PKCδ phosphorylation at Tyr332 in PMA-treated cardiomyocytes is uncertain. Although in vitro kinase assays implicate c-Abl as a selective PKCδ-Tyr311 kinase, PMA-dependent PKCδ-Tyr311 phosphorylation persists in cardiomyocytes treated with the c-Abl inhibitor ST1571 and c-Abl is not detected in caveolae; these results effectively exclude a c-Abl-dependent process. Finally, we show that 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol mimics the effect of PMA to drive PKCδ to caveolae and increase PKCδ-Tyr311 phosphorylation, whereas G protein-coupled receptor agonists such as norepinephrine and endothelin-1 do not. These results suggest that norepinephrine and endothelin-1 increase 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol accumulation and activate PKCδ exclusively in non-caveolae membranes. Collectively, these results identify stimulus-specific PKCδ localization and tyrosine phosphorylation mechanisms that could be targeted for therapeutic advantage.
D. Ray Fulkerson's Contributions to Operations Research

Ray Fulkerson, one of the founders of mathematical programming, was a symbol of high scholarly standards to many of us. We shall miss him. Compared with the sorrow that we feel, old cliches seem cold and impersonal. A permanent tribute to his memory lies in his fundamental contributions to mathematics. We are going to review some of those which are particularly relevant to operations research and to outline their impact on the development of this field.l Our survey will be brief; for a more detailed account of Ray Fulkerson's work, the reader is directed to a forthcoming article by Alan J. Hoffman in Mathematical Programming Studies. Furthermore, in the present issue of this journal, Louis J. Billera and William F. Lucas describe Ray Fulkerson's life and career.
Double Slit Diffraction in Self-Defocusing Nonlinear Media with Nonlocal Response

We study experimentally double slit diffraction in a self-defocusing nonlocal medium. By varying slit separation and distance to boundaries, we find a method of beam steering that allows beams to attract and repel from walls.
A Rapid, Nearly Quantitative Conversion of Codeine to Hydrocodone

Abstract A very rapid, two-step, virtually quantitative synthesis of hydrocodone from codeine, via the intermediacy of dihydrocodeine, has been developed.
Preparation of Polyetherimide Nanoparticles by an Electrospray Technique

An experimental investigation was conducted using an electrospray of polyetherimide (Ultem-1000 PEI) solutions in dichloroethane to produce fairly monodisperse, fine PEI particles. The effects of three key experimental parameters were investigatednamely, the applied voltage, the liquid flow rate, and the polymer concentration. The liquid flow rate has the most important effect in determining the particle size. An optimal range of flow rates often exists. Particles obtained within the optimal range have a narrower size distribution and a better morphology (dense and spherical), compared with those produced with other liquid flow rates. The ultimate goal of this research is to prepare carbon molecular sieve (CMS) particles by in-situ pyrolysis of the electrospray-generated PEI nanoparticles to be utilized in the preparation of membranes. Here, the CMS particles, which are prepared ex-situ via the pyrolysis of the electrospray PEI particles, are compared, in regard to their properties, with the CMS particles...
“Democracy by Undemocratic Means”?: Elites, Political Pacts, and Regime Transition in Brazil

Why has Brazil failed to develop strong democratic institutions, despite widespread opposition to authoritarianism and support for civilian rule in the 1980s? This article argues that the political pacts bargained by elites that made the regime transition possible limited the extension of democracy. By restoring to old regime elites many sources of their political power as the price for their support for democratization, political pacts left the military with a substantial degree of formal and informal power over civilians, preserved clientelism, and undermined the ability of political parties to transform themselves into genuine transmission belts for nonelite interests. The undemocratic character of the Brazilian state, as embodied by military autonomy, technocratic modes of policymaking, and executive dominance over the legislature, moreover, was reinforced by the defeat of parliamentarism by the constituent assembly in 1988.
BMP signaling balances murine myeloid potential through SMAD-independent p38MAPK and NOTCH pathways

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates early hematopoietic development, proceeding from mesoderm patterning through the progressive commitment and differentiation of progenitor cells. The BMP pathway signals largely through receptor-mediated activation of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) proteins, although alternate pathways are modulated through various components of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Using a conditional, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based knockdown system in the context of differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we demonstrated previously that Smad1 promotes hemangioblast specification, but then subsequently restricts primitive progenitor potential. Here we show that co-knockdown of Smad5 restores normal progenitor potential of Smad1-depleted cells, suggesting opposing functions for Smad1 and Smad5. This balance was confirmed by cotargeting Smad1/5 with a specific chemical antagonist, LDN193189 (LDN). However, we discovered that LDN treatment after hemangioblast commitment enhanced primitive myeloid potential. Moreover, inhibition with LDN (but not SMAD depletion) increased expression of Delta-like ligands Dll1 and Dll3 and NOTCH activity; abrogation of NOTCH activity restored LDN-enhanced myeloid potential back to normal, corresponding with expression levels of the myeloid master regulator, C/EBPα. LDN but not SMAD activity was also associated with activation of the p38MAPK pathway, and blocking this pathway was sufficient to enhance myelopoiesis. Therefore, NOTCH and p38MAPK pathways balance primitive myeloid progenitor output downstream of the BMP pathway.
Activity of Topical Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pediatric Burn Patients

Activity of Topical Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pediatric Burn Patients
Enhancing your practice through evidence-based decision making: Appraising the evidence

Abstract This article is the fourth of a feature series that focuses on strategies to integrate an evidence-based decision-making (EBDM) approach into your practice or curriculum. The previous articles provided an overview of EBDM methodology and skills; introduced PICO, a systematic process for asking clinical questions; and identified strategies for finding evidence to answer these questions. The next step is to determine the credibility and usefulness of the evidence. The purpose of this article is to review the critical appraisal criteria used to assess the methodologic quality of a study or review article that can assist you in making these initial judgments. Through the case scenario, we will demonstrate how an appraisal of the evidence helps us answer our patient's concern, bringing the EBDM approach full circle. Educational tips and learning activities are provided, with online resources related to appraising the literature. J Evid Base Dent Pract 2002;2:178-85
Diabetes insipidus secondary to Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: Is radiation therapy indicated?

Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a proliferative disease of Langerhans' cells that has multiple clinical manifestations including diabetes insipidus (DI). This study reviews the effectiveness of hypothalamic-pituitary radiation therapy (HPRT) as a treatment of LCH-induced DI in the modern era. A retrospective review was done of 116 pediatric patients with LCH seen from 1975 to 1992. Seventeen of the 116 patients (15%) were diagnosed with complete or partial diabetes insipidus. Diagnosis was made either by water deprivation test or on clinical grounds. Fourteen patients received hypothalamic-pituitary irradiation as treatment for DI. The median interval from the onset of DI symptoms (polyuria and polydipsia) to treatment was 30 days. The median interval from the onset of diagnosis to treatment was 4 days. With a mean follow-up of 7.3 years (range, 2.4–14.3), only two patients had a complete response to therapy, as defined as no need for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) replacement therapy. No patient had a partial response, defined as a decrease in the dose of ADH replacement. Of the two responders, neither had a complete ADH deficiency, suggesting “early” disease. In addition, both received RT within 3 days. We feel that the standard treatment of RT to all patients with LCH-induced DI is no longer justified. Our series has shown no benefit in treating patients with a long history of DI. Rather, an improved rationale would be rapid initiation of hypothalamic-pituitary irradiation in patients with new symptoms of DI and an abnormal water deprivation test. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 29:36–40, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid

Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 8-wk-old mice were fed control diet or diet supplemented with 0.5% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to study the effect of CLA on body composition (CLA: 40.8-41.1% c-9,t-11 isomer, 43.5-44.9% t-10,c-12 isomer). The data for CLA-fed mice vs. controls described parallel but significantly distinct responses for both absolute and relative changes in body fat mass (reduced in CLA-fed mice) and for relative changes in whole body protein and whole body water (both of which were increased in CLA-fed mice). In the CLA-fed mice, the effect on whole body protein appeared to precede the reduction in body fat mass. In Experiment 2, weanling mice were fed control diet or diet supplemented with 0.5% CLA for 4 wk (test group), at which time all mice were fed control diet devoid of added CLA. The test group exhibited significantly reduced body fat and significantly enhanced whole body water relative to controls at the time of diet change. Time trends for changes in relative body composition were described by parallel lines where the test group exhibited significantly less body fat but significantly more whole body protein, whole body water, and whole body ash than controls. Tissue CLA levels declined following the withdrawal of CLA from the diet. In skeletal muscle of mice fed CLA-supplemented diet, the t-10,c-12 isomer was cleared significantly faster than the c-9,t-11 CLA isomer.
Analysis of ad-3 mutants induced by nitrous acid in a heterokaryon of Neurospora crassa ☆

Abstract Adenine-3 ( ad-3 ) mutations induced by nitrous acid (NA) in a balanced heterokaryon of Neurospora crassa were analyzed to determine whether the genetic damage was confined to a single locus in each mutant. In this test system ad-3 mutations can result from point mutation ( ad-3 R ) or multilocus deletion ( ad-3 IR ). Only one ad-3 IR mutation was found among 418 NA-induced ad-3 mutations. These results in the ad-3 region of Linkage Group I of N. crassa , but that the NA-induced mutations are confined to a single locus.
EGF targeted fluorescence molecular tomography as a predictor of PDT outcomes in pancreas cancer models

Verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising adjuvant therapy for pancreas cancer and investigations for its use are currently underway in both orthotopic xenograft mouse models and in human clinical trials. The mouse models have been studied extensively using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as a measure of surrogate response to verteporfin PDT and it was found that tumor lines with different levels of aggression respond with varying levels to PDT. MR imaging was successful in determining the necrotic volume caused by PDT but there was difficultly in distinguishing inflamed tissues and regions of surviving tumor. In order to understand the molecular changes within the tumor immediately post-PDT we propose the implementation of MR-guided fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) in conjunction with an exogenously administered fluorescently labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF-IRDye800CW, LI-COR Biosciences ). We have previously shown that MR-guided FMT is feasible in the mouse abdomen when multiple regions of fluorescence are considered from contributing internal organs. In this case the highly aggressive AsPC-1 (+EGFR) orthotopic tumor was implanted in SCID mice, interstitial verteporfin PDT (1mg/kg, 20J/cm) was performed when the tumor reached ~60mm 3 and both tumor volume and EGF binding were followed with MR-guided FMT.
Inhibition of DNA polymerase α by bleomycin

Abstract Bleomycin is an important anti-tumor agent which works primarily through it's degradation of DNA template. Using synthetic single (poly[dA]-oligo-[dT]) and double stranded (poly[dA-dT]) templates, we noted significant inhibition when the BLM resistant homopolymer was used. Furthermore, when each of the components of the DNA polymerase assay were treated with bleomycin separately, followed by removal of bleomycin, significant inhibition (35%) of the enzyme was observed. The limited inhibition of DNA polymerase by BLM was attributed to residual activity of the enzyme-inhibitor complex.
Predicting the impact of food processing on food constituents

With the advent of improved analytical techniques, statistical experiment design, computers and knowledge of food constituents, there have been significant advances in our knowledge of the impact of processing on food constituents. Unfortunately some of this information has not contributed significantly to our ability to predict the influence of processing or resulted in refined predictive equations. This paper reviews our current ability to predict the influence of processing on food constituents. Traditional and potential processes are examined and research needs are identified so that food quality quantification and prediction advances.
iBATD: A New Routing Metric for Multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks

An easy and low-cost approach to address the limit capacity problem in wireless mesh networks that has recently been proposed is to install multiple wireless radios for a single wireless node. Operating the radios within each node on non-overlapping channels can utilize the radio spectrum more greedily and thereby reduces interference and contention. In such multi-radio wireless mesh networks, an effective routing metric should deal with channel diversity in order to make a wise routing path selection. In this paper, we propose a novel routing metric called iBATD (improved Bottleneck Aware Transmission Delay metric)for multi-radio wireless mesh networks. The fundamental idea relies on the observation that the channel with the maximum transmission delay(bottleneck) along one path has the most negative impact on the entire path performance. To accurately measure transmission delay for the bottleneck channel, the iBATD metric improves the BATD routing metric by considering the MAC overhead as well as the link loss rate discrepancy within one path. Our experimental results show that the new iBATD metric outperforms BATD in case of throughput and average latency.
In hospital outcomes after pancreatectomies: an analysis of a national database from 1996 to 2004.

Introduction National complication rates following pancreatectomies have not been systematically reported. Methods We queried the national hospital discharge survey (NHDS) database to analyze risk factors associated with mortality and length of stay after pancreatectomies. Results An estimated 49,346 pancreatectomies were performed from 1996 to 2004. The national mortality rate is 9% with an average length of stay 15 days (Interquartile range 10–23) while the morbidity is 35%. Size of the hospital ( 500 beds) (Rate ratio 0.87 (95% CI 0.83–0.91, P < 0.001)) had a shorter hospital stay. Temporal trends reveal a shorter hospital length of stay in 2004 (Rate ratio 0.86 (95% CI 0.78–0.94, P = 0.001)) as compared to 1996. The percentage of pancreatectomies performed at larger hospitals in 1996 (40%) and 2004 (41%) has remained constant. Conclusion The national mortality and morbidity rates after pancreaticoduodenectomy are 9% and 35%, respectively. Larger hospital size and absence of pulmonary edema and sepsis improves mortality. Larger hospitals have better outcomes although the trend for regionalization is not apparent. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:156–160. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Relation between Behavior Problems and Peer Preference in Different Classroom Contexts

This study tested two alternative hypotheses regarding the relations between child behavior and peer preference. The first hypothesis is generated from the person-group similarity model, which predicts that the acceptability of social behaviors will vary as a function of peer group norms. The second hypothesis is generated by the social skill model, which predicts that behavioral skill deficiencies reduce and behavioral competencies enhance peer preference. A total of 2895 children in 134 regular first-grade classrooms participated in the study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to compare four different behaviors as predictors of peer preference in the context of classrooms with varying levels of these behavior problems. The results of the study supported both predictive models, with the acceptability of aggression and withdrawal varying across classrooms (following a person-group similarity model) and the effects of inattentive/hyperactive behavior (in a negative direction) and prosocial behavior (in a positive direction) following a social skill model and remaining constant in their associations with peer preference across classrooms. Gender differences also emerged, with aggression following the person-group similarity model for boys more strongly than for girls. The effects of both child behaviors and the peer group context on peer preference and on the trajectory of social development are discussed.
Can self-focusing of intense photon beams cause Bose-Einstein condensation into a superfluid state?

The cause of the phenomenon of self-focusing of intense laser beams is the nonlinear intensity dependent refractive index of optical materials. This property which leads to the self-focusing can be interpreted as an attractive force in between the photons thereby increasing the photon density. For large enough densities the photon gas may undergo Bose-Einstein condensation and if the attractive force is strong enough may even become a superfluid through a second order phase transition. This mechanism not possible for free photons is possible inside optical materials with a large refractive index because there the photons can be viewed as massive quasiparticles having a velocity less than the velocity of light. With the large dielectric constants of certain ferroelectric substances valid in the range of microwave frequencies the envisioned process might even work with microwave photons. This would make possible the generation of very intense highly coherent microwave beams. I .© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multi-Frequency Recirculating Planar Magnetrons

The Multi-Frequency Recirculating Planar Magnetron (MFRPM) is a type of Recirculating Planar Magnetron (RPM) designed for tunable or simultaneous oscillation at more than one primary frequency. Like the RPM, the MFRPM is a crossed-field, high power microwave (HPM) source that integrates the design advantages of the RPM with the added benefit of producing multiple frequencies using a single HPM device. Design of an L-S-band prototype is underway for a 0.2 T axial magnetic field and a -300 kV voltage pulse.
Retention of nanoscale grain size in bulk sintered materials via a pressure-induced phase transformation

Abstract Pressure-induced phase transformations during high pressure (1.5 GPa)/low temperature ( ~ 1 3 Tm) sintering of the metastable anatase polymorph of nanocrystalline TiO2 is described in this paper. We have found that after sintering the transformed product (rutile) had a smaller grain size than the starting parent phase (anatase) under the same processing conditions (sintering pressure, temperature, and time). We attribute this effect to an increased nucleation rate and lowered diffusion rate brought on by the high sintering pressure. As expected, the grain size of' the parent anatase phase increased with sintering temperature; but surprisingly the transformed rutile grain size decreased with temperature. In contrast, previous work with low pressure or pressureless sintering has always shown enhanced grain growth of both the parent and daughter phases with increasing temperature. This anomalous behavior of the transformed rutile grain size is explained in terms of the competition between nucleation and growth processes during the pressure-induced phase transformation. We conclude that a fully dense compact with retained nano-grain size can be obtained by properly controlling the sintering temperature and pressure at which the metastable to stable phase transformation takes place.
Immunolabeling pattern of cytokeratin 19 expression may distinguish sebaceous tumors from basal cell carcinomas.

Background: Distinction between sebaceous tumors and basal cell carcinomas can often pose diagnostic problems. Recent work with the antibody to cytokeratin 19 (CK 19) has shown that this marker has high specificity for undifferentiated basaloid cells. Our aim was to evaluate the use of CK 19 staining patterns in differentiating between sebaceous tumors and basal cell carcinomas. The sebaceous tumors that were examined in this study included sebaceous adenomas, sebaceous epitheliomas (sebaceomas) and sebaceous carcinomas. Methods: Thirty-seven cases including 5 sebaceous adenomas, 16 sebaceous epitheliomas, 6 sebaceous carcinomas and 14 basal cell carcinomas (7 being of the morpheaform type and 7 nodular basal cell carcinomas) were tested with a monoclonal mouse antibody to human CK 19. Results: CK 19 was focally positive in 1/5 (20%) sebaceous adenomas, 8/16 (50%) of sebaceous epitheliomas and 1/6 (17%) of sebaceous carcinomas. Strongly positive expression of CK 19 was not seen in any of the sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous epithelioma or sebaceous carcinoma specimens. CK 19 was found to be strongly positive in 9/14 (64%) and focally positive in 2/14 (14%) of basal cell carcinomas. Conclusion: CK 19 expression can be helpful in differentiating sebaceous tumors (including sebaceous adenomas, sebaceous epitheliomas and sebaceous carcinomas) from basal cell carcinomas and may be a useful adjunct when these entities are included in the differential diagnosis.
Nonesterified fatty acids in the pathogenesis of hypertension: theory and evidence

This paper approaches the hypothesis that fatty acids contribute to hypertension by examining possible interactions of nonesterified fatty acids with renal pressure-natriuresis, peripheral vascular resistance, and the central nervous barostat, three loci where long-term regulation of blood pressure is probably controlled. By inhibiting aldosterone secretion, nonesterified fatty acids may lower blood pressure by facilitating pressure-natriuresis. Oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids appear to stimulate aldosterone secretion. In different experimental situations, fatty acids either constrict or dilate arteries. There is no evidence of an effect of fatty acids on the central nervous barostat, but they do sensitize peripheral vessels to alpha-adrenergic stimuli. Obesity and diabetes are marked by increased incidence of hypertension, and elevated levels of fatty acids or their P450 oxygenated metabolites may contribute to this association. Drugs that influence plasma fatty acids, like heparin, do not have reproducible effects on blood pressure. Experimental evidence suggests but does not prove that nonesterified fatty acids can affect the long-term set-point of blood pressure.
Carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry of a Prairie Pothole wetland, Stutsman County, North Dakota, USA

Abstract The concentration and form of dissolved organic C (DOC) and N species ( NH 4 + and NO 3 - ) were investigated as part of a larger hydrogeochemical study of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area within the Prairie Potholes region. Groundwater, pore water and surface wetland water data were used to help characterize the relationships between surface and groundwater with respect to nutrient dynamics. Photosynthesis and subsequent decomposition of vegetation in these hydrologically dynamic wetlands generates a large amount of dissolved C and N, although the subsurface till, derived in part from organic matter rich Pierre Shale, is a likely secondary source of nutrients in deeper groundwater. While surface water DOC concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 4.6 mM, groundwater values were 0.15 mM to 3.7 mM. Greater specific UV absorbance (SUVA254) in the wetland water column and in soil pore waters relative to groundwater indicate more reactive DOC in the surface to near-surface waters. Circumneutral wetlands had greater SUVA254, possibly because of variations in vegetation communities. The dominant inorganic nitrogen species was NH 4 + in both wetland water and most ground water samples. The exceptions were 3 wells with NO 3 - ranging from 38 to 115 μM. Shallow groundwater wells (Well 28 and Well 13S) with greater connection to wetland surface water had greater NH 4 + concentrations (1.1 mM and 120 μM) than other well samples (3–90 μM). Pore water nutrient chemistry was more similar to surface water than ground water. Nitrogen results suggest reducing conditions in both groundwater and surface water, possibly due to the microbial uptake of O2 by decaying vegetation in the wetland water column, labile organic C available in shallow groundwater, or the oxidation of pyrite associated with the subsurface.
Vestibular effects on respiratory outflow in the decerebrate cat.

Abstract Recording were made from phrenic, abdominal and intercostal nerves following electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve to test for the presence of vestibulo-respiratory connections in cats that were decerebrate, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. Short stimulus trains (2 or 3 shocks) at intensities ≤125 μA typically elicited responses bilaterally in all of the respiratory in all of the respiratory nerves: the onset latency of the evoked activity was
A triple-threat in detoxification: the glutathione S-transferases

Abstract As well as being catalysts of several different types of reactions, the glutathione S -transferases also act as storage proteins and, in time of need, undergo covalent linkage with highly reactive electrophilic compounds.
Decimated Photodetector Array Geometry In Spectrum Analysis: Experimental Results

Acousto-optic interferometric spectrum analysis performs coherent channelization and downconversion of a large number of channels within a wide frequency band. Each IF output requires a photodetector which is typically followed by a pre-amplifier, bandpass filter, and video logarithmic amplifier. Systems with 1000-2000 channels are exceedingly complex. This paper presents experimental results of an architecture which employs an additional Bragg cell to scan the spatial frequency plane across a decimated photodetector array, reducing the number of post detection circuits by effectively timesharing detector channels. The architecture is tested both as an interferometric-and cross-spectrum analyzer which facilitates angle of arrival measurement by preserving the phase difference between the two input signals.
Durable behavior facilitating effects of discriminative stimuli

Pigeons with a past history of key pecking for an auditory conditioned rein forcer (tone) in one component of a multiple schedule, while the conditioned and primary rein forcers were paired in another component, were put on an extinction schedule in which key pecking no longer produced the tone. The key pecking persisted in the absence of the tone but ceased when the discriminative stimulus (red key light) was replaced with a novel stimulus (yellow key light).