cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Control of a Methyl Acetate Process Using Carbonylation of Dimethyl Ether

The production of methyl acetate from the raw materials of methanol and carbon monoxide offers a potentially attractive alternative to other routes. The process has two distinct reaction and separation steps. First, methanol is dehydrated to form dimethyl ether (DME). Then carbon monoxide is combined with DME to produce methyl acetate. Each section involves reactors and distillation columns with either liquid or gas recycle. The purpose of this paper is to develop the economically optimum design of the two-step process and to study its dynamic control. The economics consider capital costs (reactors, distillation columns, heat exchangers, and compressors), energy costs (compressor work, reboiler heat input, and condenser refrigeration), the value of steam produced from the exothermic reactions, the cost of the carbon monoxide, and the heating value of a vent stream that is necessary for purging off the inert hydrogen that enters in the fresh carbon monoxide feed. The process illustrates a number of importa...
The 80-hour work week: will we have less-experienced graduating surgeons?

Objective Our primary concern when modifying the Mount Carmel Medical Center surgical residency to comply with the “80-hour work week” was the effect on operative experience. Our goal was to measure the impact that work-hour restrictions have on operative volumes and to evaluate the potential benefit of a night rotation to minimize the number of “lost operations.” Design Categorical surgical residents (PGY I-IV) recorded missed surgical procedures on post-call days from September 1, 2002 to March 31, 2004. The data collection is split between the pre-night rotation (September 1, 2002 to March 31, 2003) and post-night rotation (April 1, 2003 to March 31, 2004) periods. The post-night rotation period is further divided to account for the end of the academic year. Previous graduate operative logs were reviewed for comparison. Setting Mount Carmel Health System is a tertiary referral, community-based hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Participants Categorical general surgery residents (Postgraduate Years I to V). Results In the 7-month period, extending from September 1, 2002 to March 31, 2003, the average number of missed cases for successive levels was PGY I: 21, PGY II: 31, PGY III: 26, and PGY IV: 40. From April 1, 2003 to June 30, 2003, the average number of missed cases for successive levels was PGY I: 3, PGY II: 7, PGY III: 5, and PGY IV: 6. From July 1, 2003 to March 31, 2004, the average number of missed cases for successive levels was PGY I: 34, PGY II: 8, PGY III: 14, and PGY IV: 30. Before the implementation of a night rotation, residents were projected to miss an average of 202 operations over 4 years. After implementation of a night rotation, the projected loss would drop to 107 operations over 4 years. Conclusions Work-hour restrictions result in a significant decrease in operative experience. This detriment can be partially alleviated with the institution of a night rotation to better regulate in-house call.
ScreenMill: A freely available software suite for growth measurement, analysis and visualization of high-throughput screen data

Background: Many high-throughput genomic experiments, such as Synthetic Genetic Array and yeast two-hybrid, use colony growth on solid media as a screen metric. These experiments routinely generate over 100,000 data points, making data analysis a time consuming and painstaking process. Here we describe ScreenMill, a new software suite that automates image analysis and simplifies data review and analysis for high-throughput biological experiments. Results: The ScreenMill, software suite includes three software tools or "engines": an open source Colony Measurement Engine (CM Engine) to quantitate colony growth data from plate images, a web-based Data Review Engine (DR Engine) to validate and analyze quantitative screen data, and a web-based Statistics Visualization Engine (SV Engine) to visualize screen data with statistical information overlaid. The methods and software described here can be applied to any screen in which growth is measured by colony size. In addition, the DR Engine and SV Engine can be used to visualize and analyze other types of quantitative high-throughput data. Conclusions: ScreenMill automates quantification, analysis and visualization of high-throughput screen data. The algorithms implemented in ScreenMill are transparent allowing users to be confident about the results ScreenMill produces. Taken together, the tools of ScreenMill offer biologists a simple and flexible way of analyzing their data, without requiring programming skills.
Oxygen and titanium sputtering yields as determined by laser fluorescence and auger electron spectroscopy for monolayer oxygen coverage of polycrystalline Ti

Abstract The presence of an oxide layer can strongly influence the charge-state of species ejected from ion-bombarded metal surfaces, as well as the total sputtering yield. These quantities directly affect the influx of metallic impurities from the wall region into the plasmas of fusion devices. Surface coverage can also modify the distribution of sputtered atoms among electronic states and thus the apparent impurity density detected by the laser fluorescence spectroscopy (LFS) technique. The measurements reported here provide LFS data on number density and electronic state populations for the species Ti and Ti + as a function of surface oxygen coverage in a laboratory apparatus providing for direct monitoring by Auger analysis. An ultra-high vacuum chamber reached a base pressure of ⩽10 −8 Pa after 200°C bakeout, making target contamination negligible during data collection. The desorption data for O-atoms by 3 keV Ar ions exhibits four distinct rates, for coverage between 0 and 3 monolayers. Neutral titanium sputtering yield falls approximately linearly with oxygen coverage, reaching 50% of the bare metal value at about two monolayers. All excited multiplets investigated showed enhanced population with oxygen coverage. Agreement with TRIM computer modelling is achieved if oxygen is assumed to occupy some sub-surface sites.
Pyrimidine biosynthesis in Serratia marcescens: Polypeptide interactions of three nonsequential enzymes

Orotidine-5′-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (OMPppase, E.C. 2.4.2.10) and orotidylate decarboxylase (OMPdecase, E.C. 4.1.1.23) were purified from Serratia marcescens HY. These enzymes required physical association for maximal catalytic activities and formed a fragile complex with dihydroorotase (DHOase, E.C. 3.5.2.3.). OMPppase reversibly lost 50% of its activity upon separation from DHOase. The kinetic characteristics of OMPppase were modified by this separation. In the presence of DHOase, the Kms for PRPP and orotate were stoichiometric: 2.3×10−6m and 2.6×10−6m, respectively. Following separation, the Kms were significantly different: 1.3 × 10−6m for PRPP and 4.1×10−6m for orotate. OMPppase and OMPdecase could be reversibly separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, but the separation was accompanied by a loss of catalytic efficiency for both enzymes. DHOase readily associated into multiple molecular forms and could not be purified. The DHOase-OMPppase-OMPdecase interactions demonstrate that a weakly aggregated, multifunctional enzyme complex participates in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in S. marcescens. This unique association of nonsequential biosynthetic enzymes may represent a larger complex which provides a channeling or regulatory unit.
Effects of NGF overexpression on anatomical and physiological properties of sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Abstract To examine the effects of increased target derived nerve growth factor (NGF) on the sympathetic nervous system, the superior cervical ganglion was characterized in transgenic mice overexpressing NGF in keratinized epithelium (e.g. skin, tongue and oral cavity). In these mice NGF overexpression was achieved via expression of an NGF transgene driven by the K14 keratin promoter. This promoter is expressed at approximately embryonic day 11 and thereafter expressed constitutively in the adult. This expression results in supranormal levels of NGF in targets of sympathetic postganglionic neurons prior to the period of programmed cell death. Examination of postnatal day 6 (PN6) and adult transgenic mice shows ca. 2.5-fold increase in neuron number in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Analysis of SCG neuronal size revealed a dramatic hypertrophy in the transgenic mice that is present by PN6 and is maintained in the adult. Intracellular physiological measurements of control superior cervical ganglia identified two distinct types of neurons identified on the basis of their response to depolarizing current; ‘phasic’ neurons fire a single action potential while ‘tonic’ neurons fire continuously. In adult transgenic mice the phasic; neurons were 102% larger than control phasic neurons while the tonic neurons only increased 44% relative to controls. The hypertrophy of sympathetic ganglia in the transgenic mice was correlated with an increased innervation of skin and dorsal root ganglia, structures that either express the transgene or concentrate NGF produced by the skin.
Safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants and children: meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials in 9 countries.

Abstract Background: Meta-analyses enable summarization and interpretation of data across clinical trials. When applied to safety data they allow for detection of rare events. Recently, a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was approved in multiple countries worldwide for routine immunization of infants and young children. This meta-analysis was conducted to identify potentially clinically important rare safety events associated with PCV13. Objective: To summarize the safety of PCV13 compared with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) administered to infants and toddlers. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed of integrated safety data from 13 infant studies (PCV13 n = 4729 and PCV7 n = 2760) conducted in 9 North American, European, and Asian countries. Local reactions at the vaccine injection site and systemic events were collected for 4–7 days after each dose into electronic diaries. Adverse events (AEs) were collected after each vaccination. Results: Overall, rates of local reactions after any dose of the infant series were similar between PCV13 and PCV7 groups: tenderness (46.7% vs 44.8%, respectively); swelling (28.5% vs 26.9%); and redness (36.4% vs 33.9%). After the toddler dose, tenderness was significantly higher among PCV7 subjects than PCV13 subjects (54.4% vs 48.8%; P = 0.005). Frequencies of fever (≥38 °C) were similar in both groups and mostly mild (≤39 °C); incidence of moderate fever (>39 °C to ≤40 °C) with PCV13 was ≤2.8% after any infant dose and 5.0% after the toddler dose, compared with ≤2.6% and 7.3%, respectively, with PCV7. Fever >40 °C was uncommon in both groups. Frequencies of decreased appetite, irritability, and sleep disturbances were similar in both groups. AEs were the types of conditions and symptoms expected in infants and children, and clinically significant differences between vaccine groups were not observed. Conclusion: PCV13 has a favorable safety profile similar to that of PCV7, a vaccine for which there is >10 years clinical experience.
The two faces of typicality in category-based induction

Studies of category-based induction using different methods have found somewhat contradictory results for whether typical items are a stronger basis for induction. Typical category items are generally more similar to other category items than are atypical ones, and they are also more likely to be categorized into the category in question. We propose that the first aspect (representativeness) influences induction, but the second (uncertainty about the correct category) does not. Two experiments using artificial categories found support for this prediction. Two further experiments manipulated pictures of objects and also found that representativeness in the category influenced the strength of induction, but uncertainty of classification did not. Thus, the two aspects of typicality have different effects on category-based induction.
The genetic etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a short dispatch from the combat zone.

The genetic etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a short dispatch from the combat zone
New techniques in power control

Novel improvements in power-supply design will be discussed. One technique reduces weight, bulk and expense by charging a bank of capactors in series from the line and discharging them in parallel into the load. Another development features use of a saturated transistor as a high-current rectifier. Device voltage drops as low as 165 mV at 100 A have been realized.
Inactivation of peanut stunt virus by pancreatic ribonuclease.

Abstract Purified preparations of peanut stunt virus (PSV) were inactivated immediately upon mixing with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase). Regardless of the absolute amount of virus used, complete inactivation occurred in all mixtures that contain a minimum of 1 μg of RNase for each 500 μg of PSV. This value is approximately the same as the ratio of their respective molecular weights, suggesting that at least one molecule of RNase is required to inactivate each virus particle. Infectivity that remained in partially inactivated mixtures didnot continue to decrease with increased incubation time indicating that inactivation did not result from in vitro enzymatic activity. Yet only enzymatically active, soluble RNase caused inactivation at low RNase concentrations. The enzyme appeared to bind reversibly with the intact virus at any of a number of sites. Enzyme attachment was reversible by incubation at pH 8.0. Inactivation occurred only after introduction of the virus-enzyme mixture into susceptible cells. Direct effects of RNase on PSV properties were demonstrated in vitro only at very high enzyme concentrations. Under these conditions the enzyme caused eventual liberation of some of the viral RNA. This was followed by degradation of the capsid. In vivo inactivation of PSV could be demonstrated if RNase was applied within 40–50 min after inoculation.
Flight Dynamic Model Exchange using XML

The AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technical Committee has worked for several years to develop a standard by which the information needed to develop physics-based models of aircraft can be specified. The purpose of this standard is to provide a well-defined set of information, definitions, data tables and axis systems so that cooperating organizations can transfer a model from one simulation facility to another with maximum efficiency. This paper proposes using an application of the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to implement the AIAA simulation standard. The motivation and justification for using a standard such as XML is discussed. Necessary data elements to be supported are outlined. An example of an aerodynamic model as an XML file is given. This example includes definition of independent and dependent variables for function tables, definition of key variables used to define the model, and axis systems used. The final steps necessary for implementation of the standard are presented. Software to take an XML-defined model and import/export it to/from a given simulation facility is discussed, but not demonstrated. That would be the next step in final implementation of standards for physics-based aircraft dynamic models.
Watershed Reanalysis: Towards a National Strategy for Model-Data Integration

Reanalysis or retrospective analysis is the process of re-analyzing and assimilating climate and weather observations with the current modeling context. Reanalysis is an objective, quantitative method of synthesizing all sources of information (historical and real-time observations) within a unified framework. In this context, we propose a prototype for automated and virtualized web services software using national data products for climate reanalysis, soils, geology, terrain and land cover for the purpose of water resource simulation, prediction, data assimilation, calibration and archival. The prototype for model-data integration focuses on creating tools for fast data storage from selected national databases, as well as the computational resources necessary for a dynamic, distributed watershed prediction anywhere in the continental US. In the future implementation of virtualized services will benefit from the development of a cloud cyber infrastructure as the prototype evolves to data and model intensive computation for continental scale water resource predictions.
Thermal Decomposition Pathways of 1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ), Related 3,3-Dinitroazetidium Salts, and 15N, 13C, and 2H Isotopomers

The thermal decomposition of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) and related 3,3-dinitroazetidium (DNAZ+) salts was examined neat and in solution. TNAZ kinetics were found (160−250 °C) to be first-order and nearly identical neat and in benzene, with an activation energy of 46.6 kcal/mol (195 kJ/mol). The DNAZ+ salts were less thermally stable than TNAZ, and neat did not decompose in a first-order fashion. However, in aqueous solution the DNAZ+ salts did decompose following first-order kinetics; their rates were similar with minor differences apparently related to the strength of the anion as a conjugate base. Like simple nitramines such as dimethylnitramine, TNAZ tended to form N2O rather than N2, but unlike other nitramines it formed about as much NO as N2O. TNAZ isotopomers labeled with 13C and with 15N were prepared and used to identify the origin of the decomposition gases and the identity of the condensed-phase products. Early in the decomposition of TNAZ, most of the NO came from the nitro group attached...
Photoemission and low-energy-electron-diffraction study of clean and oxygen-dosed Cu2O (111) and (100) surfaces.

The geometric and electronic structure of clean and oxygen-dosed ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O single-crystal surfaces was studied with x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron (UPS) spectroscopies and low-energy electron diffraction. The nonpolar (111) surface can be prepared in a nearly stoichiometric (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) form by ion bombardment and annealing in vacuum. Oxygen adsorbs molecularly on the stoichiometric (111) surface at 300 K, but adsorbs dissociatively on a defective (111) surface prepared by ion bombardment. For the polar ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O(100) face it was possible to prepare a reconstructed, Cu-terminated surface with a (3\ensuremath{\surd}2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}2 )R45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} periodicity by ion bombardment and annealing in vacuum. Preparation of an unreconstructed, (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), O-terminated (100) surface was possible by large (${10}^{9}$-L) oxygen exposures. UPS investigations of the O-terminated (100) surface suggest a mixture of incorporated (i.e., lattice) oxygen and adsorbed atomic oxygen (i.e., adatoms) in the terminating layer. The annealing behavior of the ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O(100) surface was history dependent. Early in the sample history, bulk lattice oxygen diffused to the surface at temperatures above 800 K giving domains of (\ensuremath{\surd}2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}2 )R45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} periodicity associated with half a terminating layer of oxygen atoms. After repeated ion bombardment and annealing cycles, heating above 800 K gave only a Cu-terminated surface, apparently because of a depletion of bulk lattice oxygen.
Climate change and productivity variations recorded by sedimentary sulfur in Lake Edward, Uganda/D. R. Congo

Abstract We investigate changes in the sulfur geochemistry of sediment cores from Lake Edward, Uganda/Congo to constrain the effects of recent climate changes in the region on the partitioning and isotopic composition of reduced sedimentary sulfur. We measured the concentration and isotopic composition of kerogen sulfur, chromium-reducible, and acid-volatile sulfides, as well as the abundance and partitioning of sedimentary phosphorus and iron, and the abundance and isotopic composition of organic carbon and nitrogen. Results indicate an approximately 150% increase in sulfur concentrations in sediments from Lake Edward over the past 200 years, during which time rainfall in the basin increased and the salinity of the lake fell. Increased sulfur concentrations are largely accounted for by increasing concentrations of kerogen sulfur, which is likely caused by environmentally-driven changes in organic matter quality and concentration, including increased anoxia and nutrient supply to the lake during wet intervals. The isotopic compositions of sedimentary sulfur pools support our interpretation that organic sulfur is derived primarily from sulfurization reactions in the sediment rather than primary bio-sulfur, and gradual isotopic enrichment of the δ 34 S of sedimentary pyrite and kerogen sulfur could result from decreased lake salinity and sulfate availability during the past 200 years. These results highlight the importance of understanding environmentally-mediated changes in organic sulfur accumulation in interpreting the sulfur geochemistry of sediments and sedimentary rocks.
Synthesis, structures and ligating properties of 2,6-bis(phosphino)thiophenol derivatives

Abstract New t-butyl-aryl thioethers where the aryl group is 2,6-bis(phosphino)phenyl have been synthesized. The syntheses were completed via sequential ortho-lithiations of t-butylphenylsulfide, followed by chlorophosphine (ClPR2) quenches; symmetric (2,6-bis(diphenylphosphino)phenyl, (4a)) and unsymmetric (2-diisopropylphosphino-6-diphenylphosphino)phenyl, (4b) aryl groups were obtained. Treatment of 4a with Li or Na naphthalenide yielded 2,6-bis(diphenylphosphino)thiophenol 5. Reactions of 4a or 5 with NiCl2 · 6H2O yielded nickel bis(phosphinothiophenolate) 6. Compounds 4a,b, 5 and 6 were characterized by 1H and 31P NMR, and by mass-spectrometry. In addition, 4a, 5 and 6 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
The Tolerant Leviathan: Hobbes and the Paradox of Liberalism

For many contemporary liberals, toleration has become liberalism's defining characteristic, with individual rights being maintained more or less unconditionally. Because Hobbes stressed so emphatically the conditional character of nearly all individual rights and their dependence on sovereign authority, he is typically viewed by liberals as an absolutist who was indifferent, if not hostile, to toleration. This typical view, however, neglects liberalism's own absolutism, which necessarily supports and qualifies toleration. Hobbes's liberalism is paradoxical, but the paradox of Hobbes's liberalism not only reflects, but also helps to clarify, the paradox of liberalism per se.
Credit scheduling: adaptive scheduling with dynamic service quota

Credit scheduling is a novel quota-based discipline to schedule a resource among several requestors. It is characterized by a dynamic quota which is a function of a requestor's waiting time since its last service. The discipline combines characteristics of the processor sharing and first-come-first-served disciplines and can provide improved response time and fairness characteristics in several environments. We analyze open and closed system configurations using credit scheduling through simulations and approximate behaviour analysis. The results demonstrate the advantages of the scheme in various applications.
Reaction of Aflatoxin B1 Oxidation Products with Lysine

Aflatoxin (AF) B1 exo-8,9-epoxide hydrolysis yields AFB1 dihydrodiol, which undergoes base-catalyzed rearrangement to, and is in equilibrium with, AFB1 dialdehyde. We investigated the reaction of AFB1 dialdehyde with albumin to generate a Lys adduct, previously characterized by others [Sabbioni, G., Skipper, P. L., Buchi, G., and Tannenbaum, S. R. (1987) Carcinogenesis 8, 819−824; Sabbioni, G. (1990) Chem.-Biol. Interact. 75, 1−15]. Pronase digestion of bovine albumin serum treated with AFB1 dialdehyde and HPLC yielded the adduct, identified by its characteristic UV and mass spectra. The structure of the Lys-AFB1 dialdehyde adduct is concluded to be (S)-α-amino-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-9-methoxy-3,4-dioxocyclopenta[c][1]benzopyran-6-yl)-1H-pyrrole-1-hexanoic acid, structure B of the former paper and 8 of the latter, based on work with the methylamine adduct described in the following paper in this issue [Guengerich, F. P., Voehler, M., Williams, K. M., Deng, Z., and Harris, T. M. ...
Infrared Chemical Nano-Imaging: Accessing Structure, Coupling, and Dynamics on Molecular Length Scales

This Perspective highlights recent advances in infrared vibrational chemical nano-imaging. In its implementations of scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR), IR nanospectroscopy provides few-nanometer spatial resolution for the investigation of polymer, biomaterial, and related soft-matter surfaces and nanostructures. Broad-band IR s-SNOM with coherent laser and synchrotron sources allows for chemical recognition with small-ensemble sensitivity and the potential for sensitivity reaching the single-molecule limit. Probing selected vibrational marker resonances, it gives access to nanoscale chemical imaging of composition, domain morphologies, order/disorder, molecular orientation, or crystallographic phases. Local intra- and intermolecular coupling can be measured through frequency shifts of a vibrational marker in heterogeneous environments and associated inhomogeneities in vibrational dephasing. In combination with ultrafast spectroscopy, the vibrational coherent evolution of homogeneous sub-ensembles coupled to their environment can be observed. Outstanding challenges are discussed in terms of extensions to coherent and multidimensional spectroscopies, implementation in liquid and in situ environments, general sample limitations, and engineering s-SNOM scanning probes to better control the nano-localized optical excitation and to increase sensitivity.
Atmospheric supply of osmium to the oceans

Abstract Supply of Os to the oceans via atmospheric transport is assessed by means of aerosol analyses and tracking with 210Pb. Although the inferred continental Os flux at a coastal site (New Haven, Connecticut) was found to be large, this flux is not representative of the global atmospheric flux to the oceans. This conclusion is based on the observed 210Pb atmospheric flux pattern across the Pacific Ocean and the constancy of the 187Os/188Os in the oceans. The 210Pb-based flux of Os to Pacific islands based on a measure of the leachable Os in stream sediments and the measured Al flux to these islands is assessed. By means of this approach, 0.8 mol of Os per year of atmospherically transported Os to the world oceans is obtained. This value is considerably smaller than the value of ∼1500 mol of Os per year assigned to delivery by streams. However, there may be an additional flux of Os to the oceans from the release from coastal aerosols, although the amount is uncertain.
Determination of burst initiation location and tear propagation velocity during air burst testing of latex condoms

The stress testing of latex condoms by an air burst procedure has been slow in gaining industry acceptance because questions have been raised regarding the influence of the test apparatus on the likelihood of breakage occurring where the condom is attached to the inflation device. It was desired to locate the areas at which the condoms tend to burst and thus corroborate or disprove these claims. Several factors associated with the bursting condom demanded the use of special instrumentation to detect arid study the burst initiation process. Microsecond duration electronic flashes were used for the initial stages of the investigation. Although the absolute point of initiation of a given burst could not be photographed, these high speed studies tend to indicate that the most likely place for high quality condoms to break is not where they are attached to the inflation device but at an intermediate area between the base and the tip of the condom. In addition, tear propagation characteristics and velocities were determined with a delayed-flash technique, a double-slit strip method and a rotating drum framing camera.
A ten-year study of meroplankton in North Carolina estuaries: Annual occurrence of some brachyuran developmental stages

Seasonal occurrence of brachyuran developmental stages is predictable in meroplankton collected inside the barrier islands of North Carolina near inlets and along longitudinal transects of the larger estuaries. Nets of 1 mm mesh employed in the sampling program limited catches to larger zoeae and megalopae, and of these only a fraction can be identified with precision.Callinectes megalopae were taken in every month of the year and through almost the entire lenghth of the estuary. Evidence indicates that this postlarval stage is active in surface waters at night, contributing substantially to dispersal of the species, probablyC. sapidus in this case.Hexapanopeus angustifrons megalopae were limited to the warm season in samples from a single station near Beaufort Inlet.Rhithropanopeus harrisii zoeae and megalopae were distributed abundantly in oligo-mesohaline waters of Neuse and Pamlico Rivers. Showing no nocturnal stratification, the stages were present continuously from June to October. Megalopae of all these species, usually considered benthic in habit, are readily captured in surface waters at night.
Sonic respiration: controlling respiration rate through auditory biofeedback

We present an auditory biofeedback technique that may be used as a tool for stress management. The technique encourages slow breathing by adjusting the quality of a music recording in proportion to the user's respiration rate. We propose two forms of acoustic degradation, one that adds white noise to the recording if the user's breathing deviates from the target rate, and another that reduces the number of channels in a multi-track recording. Validation on a small user study indicates that both techniques are equally effective at reducing respiration rates while performing a secondary task, though user feedback indicates that additive noise is a more intuitive form of sonification.
Mutations of the Heat Inducible 70 Kilodalton Genes of Yeast Confer Temperature Sensitive Growth

S. cerevisiae contains a family of genes related to the major heat shock induced gene of Drosophila (Hsp70). Two members of this family, YG100 and YG102, are 97% identical to each other in their protein coding regions. RNA transcribed from YG100 increases markedly after a heat shock, while transcripts of YG102 increase minimally. Mutants of the two genes were constructed in vitro and substituted in the yeast genome in place of the wild-type alleles. No phenotypic effect of single mutations of either gene was detected. However, cells containing both the YG100 and YG102 mutations grew slowly at 30 degrees C and could not form colonies at 37 degrees C. The temperature sensitive phenotype can be overcome by inserting either an intact YG100 or YG102 gene into the genome. Pretreatment at 37 degrees C before shift to a normally lethal temperature of 51 degrees C protected the double mutant as well as the wild type, indicating that YG100 and YG102 gene products are not needed for resistance to high temperatures for short periods.
Leaf trichomes of some parthenium species

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum), a native shrub of the Chihuahuan desert, contains rubber. Guayule has been crossed with other Parthenium species in an attempt to improve its agronomic characteristics. The resulting hybrids show intermediate morphologies. Each Parthenium species has a characteristic combination of leaf trichomes. In order to recognize the contribution of each parent in future studies of hybrids, characteristics of leaf trichomes of the following Parthenium species were studied: P. tomentosum, P. fruticosum, P. Schottii and P. rollinsianum. All species studied had two or more types of trichomes, and, in some species, trichomes of upper and lower epidermal surfaces were different. The prominent trichomes on upper epidermis of P. tomentosum and P. fruticosum were simple, uniseriate, conical trichomes, which also were observed on both epidermal surfaces of P. Schottii. Extremely long, narrow, simple, whiplike, trichomes formed a dense cover on both surfaces of P. rollinsianum and on the lower surfaces of P. tomentosum and P. fruticosum. Simple, uniseriate, cylindrical trichomes, and biseriate, glandular trichomes were observed in all four species. THE GENUS PARTHENIUM, which is divided into four subsections, encompasses eighteen different species ranging in habit from small annuals, perennials and shrubs to small trees. The distribution of the genus ranges from central and
The Tomato odorless-2 Mutant Is Defective in Trichome-Based Production of Diverse Specialized Metabolites and Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Insect Herbivores

Glandular secreting trichomes of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) produce a wide array of volatile and nonvolatile specialized metabolites. Many of these compounds contribute to the characteristic aroma of tomato foliage and constitute a key part of the language by which plants communicate with other organisms in natural environments. Here, we describe a novel recessive mutation called odorless-2 (od-2) that was identified on the basis of an altered leaf-aroma phenotype. od-2 plants exhibit pleiotrophic phenotypes, including alterations in the morphology, density, and chemical composition of glandular trichomes. Type VI glandular trichomes isolated from od-2 leaves accumulate only trace levels of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and flavonoids. Other foliar defensive compounds, including acyl sugars, glycoalkaloids, and jasmonate-regulated proteinase inhibitors, are produced in od-2 leaves. Growth of od-2 plants under natural field conditions showed that the mutant is highly susceptible to attack by an indigenous flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris, and the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The increased susceptibility of od-2 plants to Colorado potato beetle larvae and to the solanaceous specialist Manduca sexta was verified in no-choice bioassays. These findings indicate that Od-2 is essential for the synthesis of diverse trichome-borne compounds and further suggest that these compounds influence host plant selection and herbivore community composition under natural conditions.
Phosphoramidite coupling to oligonucleotides bearing unprotected internucleosidic phosphate moieties.

The coupling of 2-cyanoethyl thymidine phosphoramidite to solid-support-bound, phosphate-unprotected oligothymidylates and their phosphorothioate analogues was studied. The yield of the coupling reaction depended on the pKBH+ values of protonated nitrogen bases that served as counterions to the phosphodiester functions of oligonucleotides. To maximize the coupling efficiency, the oligonucleotides were detritylated and washed with a mixture of 0.1 M DMAP and 0.1 M 1H-tetrazole, which resulted in a 98+% coupling efficiency. The utility of the results was demonstrated in the preparation of oligonucleotides with a mixed backbone that required the successive use of H-phosphonate and phosphoramidite methods of synthesis. Using this approach, 20-mer antisense oligonucleotides containing 2‘-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleoside residues and phosphorothioate and phosphoramidate internucleosidic linkages were synthesized in high yield.
Expression profiling of non–small cell lung carcinoma identifies metastatic genotypes based on lymph node tumor burden

Abstract Objective This study hypothesized that non–small cell lung carcinoma cells from primary tumors isolated by laser capture microdissection would exhibit gene expression profiles associated with graded lymph node metastatic cell burden. Methods Non–small cell lung carcinoma tumors (n = 15) were classified on the basis of nodal metastatic cell burden by 2 methods, obtaining 3 groups: no metastasis, micrometastasis, and overt metastasis. We then performed microarray analysis on microdissected primary tumor cells and identified gene expression profiles associated with graded nodal tumor burden using a correlation-based selection algorithm coupled with cross-validation analysis. Hierarchical clustering showed the regrouping of tumor specimens; the classification inference was assessed with Fisher's exact test. We verified data for certain genes by using another independent assay. Results The 15 specimens clustered into 3 groups: cluster A predominated in specimens with overt nodal metastasis; cluster B had more specimens with nodal micrometastases; and cluster C included only specimens without nodal metastases. Cluster assignment was based on a validated 75-gene discriminatory subset. Notably, genes not previously associated with positive non–small cell lung carcinoma lymph node status were encountered in the profiling analysis. Conclusions Microdissection, combined with microarray analysis, is a potentially powerful method to characterize the molecular profile of tumor cells. The 75-gene expression profiles representative of clusters A and B may define genotypes prone to metastasize. Overall, the 3 groups of tumor specimens clustered separately, suggesting that this approach may identify graded metastatic propensity. Further, genes singled out in clustering may yield insights into underlying metastatic mechanisms and may represent new therapeutic targets.
Synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor. A potent stimulator of gonadotropin release in man.

Synthetic LRF (single IV 150 μg dose) elicited a prompt increase in circulating LH in all 7 male subjects tested. The mean maximal rise to greater than 8-fold basal levels was reached within 20–30 min. A concomitant but quantitatively smaller FSH release was observed. Variability in response between individuals was not related to body surface area or age.
Characterization and 'Source-Receiver' Continuation of Seismic Reflection Data

In reflection seismology one places sources and receivers on the Earth's surface. The source generates elastic waves in the subsurface, that are reflected where the medium properties, stiffness and density, vary discontinuously. In the field, often, there are obstructions to collect seismic data for all source-receiver pairs desirable or needed for data processing and application of inverse scattering methods. Typically, data are measured on the Earth's surface. We employ the term data continuation to describe the act of computing data that have not been collected in the field. Seismic data are commonly modeled by a scattering operator developed in a high-frequency, single scattering approximation. We initially focus on the determination of the range of the forward scattering operator that models the singular part of the data in the mentioned approximation. This encompasses the analysis of the properties of, and the construction of, a minimal elliptic projector that projects a space of distributions on the data acquisition manifold to the range of the mentioned scattering operator. This projector can be directly used for the purpose of seismic data continuation, and is derived from the global parametrix of a homogeneous pseudodifferential equation the solution of which coincides with the range of the scattering operator. We illustrate the data continuation by a numerical example.
Sample size requirements and the cost of a randomized clinical trial with repeated measurements

This paper discusses the advantage of using repeated outcome measurements on subjects in a clinical trial. We choose the number of subjects and the number of repeated outcome measurements to minimize a given cost function so that the clinical trial has power (1-beta) for specified significance level alpha. An example illustrates the results and emphasizes the importance of study design and of critical evaluation of how one measures the study endpoint.
On the CDN pricing game

Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) serve a large fraction of Internet traffic today improving user-perceived response time and availability of content. With tens of CDNs competing for content producers, it is important to understand the game played by these CDNs and whether the game is sustainable in the long term. In this paper, we formulate a game-theoretic model to analyze price competition among CDNs. Under this model, we propose an optimal strategy employed by two-CDN games. The strategy is incentive-compatible since any CDN that deviates from the strategy ends up with a lower utility. The strategy is also efficient since it produces a total utility that is at least two thirds of the social optimal utility. We formally derive the sufficient conditions for such a strategy to exist, and empirically show that there exists an optimal strategy for the games with more than two CDNs.
Cultural Analytics in Large-Scale Visualization Environments

Researchers can use a large-scale collaborative digital workspace combined with visual analysis techniques to progressively develop and refine hypotheses to apply in gaining new insights into large, digital image collections.
Untersuchungen über Steroide XLII. Umwandlung des 17α‐Pseudostrophanthidins in 19‐Hydroxy‐8, 19‐epoxy‐14β, 17α‐cortexon und 8‐Hydroxy‐19‐nor‐14β, 17α‐cortexon

The synthesis of a structural isomer of aldosterone, viz. 19-hydroxy-8, 19-epoxy-(11-) de(s)oxycorticosterone (= 19-hydroxy-8, 19-epoxy-cortexone), and a number of related compounds was reported earlier from this laboratory [1]. It appeared desirable to prepare the corresponding compounds of the 17α-series also, such as 19-hydroxy-8, 19-epoxy-14 β, 17 (βH)-deoxycorticosterone (28). 17 α-Pseudostrophanthidin (2), which has not yet been described in the literature, was considered as starting material for the synthesis of 28. 2 has now been prepared by heating a solution of pseudostrophanthidin (1) in dimethylformamide in the presence of sodium p-toluenesulfonate and anhydrous sodium acetate. 2 was characterized as the 3, 19-diacetate (7), the 19-methylal (8) and the 3-monoacetat (9). 9 was also obtained by acetylating the methylal 8 and demethylating the resulting reaction product 10. To support the structures assigned to 9 and, by implication, to 2, a series of further reactions were carried out.
Deuterium Sintering of CMOS Technology for Improved Hot Carrier Reliability

It has been found that deuterium (D) instead of hydrogen (H) can be used to greatly strengthen the resistance of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors against hot carrier induced degradation. We have applied the new deuterium sintering process to CMOS technology and have obtained significantly improved hot carrier reliability resulting from the isotope effect. We will present a summary of these lifetime improvements from five different transistor structures of five different manufacturers, as well as the physical and electrical characterizations of the deuterium sintering process.
Energy-efficient cluster computing with FAWN: workloads and implications

This paper presents the architecture and motivation for a cluster-based, many-core computing architecture for energy-efficient, data-intensive computing. FAWN, a Fast Array of Wimpy Nodes, consists of a large number of slower but efficient nodes coupled with low-power storage. We present the computing trends that motivate a FAWN-like approach, for CPU, memory, and storage. We follow with a set of microbenchmarks to explore under what workloads these "wimpy nodes" perform well (or perform poorly). We conclude with an outline of the longer-term implications of FAWN that lead us to select a tightly integrated stacked chip-and-memory architecture for future FAWN development.
Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa

Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa. Charles Piot. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. ix. 220 pp., maps, pho- tographs, notes, references, index.
Does Office Location Influence the Work Actions of Public Sector Human Service Managers? The Effects of Rural Practice Settings on Core Managerial Role Competencies

Numerous studies have empirically examined the influence of situational determinants on the nature of managerial work. One important determinant that has received little attention is office location, or, more specifically, rural versus urban practice settings. The present study addresses this underexplored area of inquiry by assessing the relative influence of office location on core managerial role competencies. Eighty-one office managers responsible for three types of county-based human service agencies in New York State were surveyed. Public managers responsible for larger, more rural human service offices reported engaging in human resource management role competencies significantly more than their urban colleagues. After controlling for the effects of office size, public managers situated in more rural practice and settings were significantly more likely to engage in the role competencies of mentoring and staff development than were their urban counterparts. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed, along with implications for public management research and practice.
Steady state penetration of compressible rigid perfectly plastic targets

Abstract Steady state axisymmetric deformations of a homogeneous, isotropic, compressible and rigid perfectly plastic target being penetrated by a rigid cylindrical penetrator with a hemispherical nose are studied by the finite element method. The steady state is reached with respect to an observer situated on the penetrator nose and moving with it. Tillotson's equation, restricted to mechanical deformations, is used to express the pressure as a function of the mass density. Contact between the penetrator and the target is assumed to be smooth. The effect of compressibility of the material is delineated by comparing results for compressible and incompressible materials. Also studied is the effect of the penetrator speed on target deformations.
Agency and Adaptation: New Directions in Evolutionary Anthropology

Neo-Darwinian evolution is widely acknowledged as the key framework for understanding the form and function of living systems, including myriad aspects of animal behavior. Yet extensions to human behavior and society are perennially challenged; debates are vociferous and seemingly irresolvable, and evolutionary approaches to human behavior are marginalized within much of anthropology and other social sciences. This review explores this contested terrain, arguing that although many critiques of evolutionary analyses of behavior are faulty, some valid concerns must be addressed. Human agency, behavioral plasticity, and the partial autonomy of cultural and historical change present real challenges to the standard evolutionary framework. However, several additions to the standard framework currently employed by evolutionary anthropologists and others address these concerns and provide a more comprehensive understanding of human behavioral evolution and adaptation. These additions include phenotypic adaptation...
Apoptosis as a basic mechanism in the ovarian cycle: follicular atresia and luteal regression.

We summarized general principles related to apoptosis and reviewed the current evidence regarding apoptosis in the normal ovary during follicular atresia, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation and regression, and in the polycystic ovary. Published articles and abstracts from national scientific meetings were reviewed. Apoptosis is a physiologic type of cell death that may regulate tissue remodeling. In the ovary, apoptosis occurs in atretic follicles, in the ovarian epithelium at the time of ovulation, and in the corpus luteum. Certain apoptosis-related genes are expressed during follicular atresia, which suggests a role for genes in the regulation of apoptosis in the ovary. In a rat model of polycystic ovaries, apoptosis occurs in both atretric follicles and cysts. Apoptosis is an important physiologic process in the ovary, and abnormalities in this process may lead to pathologic conditions. The study of ovarian apoptosis is still at an early stage, and further research will uncover the steps in this process. (J Soc Gynecol Invest 1995;2: 565-73)