cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION ON CHLOROPHYLL INCREASES IN NATURAL TROPICAL PACIFIC PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS1

Samples of nutrient-poor water from the eastern tropical Pacific were enrichecl with a complete mixture of nonnitrogenous nutrients and with varying concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. They were then incubated in natural light on the deck of the ship and phytoplankton growth was measured daily by means of in u Thomas and Dodson 1968; 1 Contribution from the Scripps Institution OF Oceanography. This investigation is part of the Scripps Tuna Oceanography Research Program and is also a result of the EASTROPAC Expcdition, a cooperative survey of the physical, chcmical, and biological oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. The work was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grants GB-5541 and GB-8618 and in part by Contract No. 14-17-0007-742 between the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Institute of Marinc Resources. Ship time aboard the RV Dad trace metals, iron, and vitamins appeared always to be present in excess, but phosphate or silicate could become limiting if nitrogen is present in excess. Thus nitrogen was further confirmed as the principal limiting nutrient, with secondary limitation attributed to low phosphate or silicate, Having established which nutrient is commonly limiting, one can proceed further to establish quantitative requirements for this nutrient by phytoplankton. If such requirements are established as a function of rate of phytoplankton growth, they can be inserted into an appropriate mathematical model, and rates of growth (productivity) can be predicted from concentrations of the limiting nutrient. Recent work (Capcron 1967; Dugdale 1967) indicates that the best model is a hyperbolic one expressed by the following equation:
Detecting cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis at 7 T using white matter signal attenuation

Cortical lesions have recently been a focus of multiple sclerosis (MS) MR research. In this study, we present a white matter signal attenuating sequence optimized for cortical lesion detection at 7 T. The feasibility of white matter attenuation (WHAT) for cortical lesion detection was determined by scanning eight patients (four relapsing/remitting MS, four secondary progressive MS) at 7 T. WHAT showed excellent gray matter–white matter contrast, and cortical lesions were hyperintense to the surrounding cortical gray matter, The sequence was then optimized for cortical lesion detection by determining the set of sequence parameters that produced the best gray matter–cortical lesion contrast in a 10-min scan. Despite the B1 inhomogeneities common at ultra-high field strengths, WHAT with an adiabatic inversion pulse showed good cortical lesion detection and would be a valuable component of clinical MS imaging protocols.
Pupillometry in clinically sleepy patients

Abstract Objectives : Investigators have suggested using pupillometry to assess alertness in hypersomnolent patients. In this study we assessed hypersomnolent patients and normal volunteers by using pupillometry and examined the usefulness of this technique for the diagnosis of pathologic sleepiness in individual patients. Methods : Forty-nine patients were examined by pupillometry and their sleepiness was assessed by using the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). Thirty-three normal well-rested volunteers were also examined by pupillometry. The patients were classified as having ‘mild', ‘moderate', or ‘severe' sleepiness, based on their mean MSLT sleep latency. Several dynamic variables of pupil diameter were calculated from the pupillograms and correlated with the mean MSLT sleep latency, and were compared between severity groups of patients and the well-rested normal subjects. Results : All but two pupillometric variables were significantly correlated with sleep latency. All except the same two pupillometric variables of the sleepiest group were significantly different from those of normal subjects. However, only 51% of patients with mean sleep latencies less than 10min and 35% of patients with mean sleep latencies of less than 5min could be correctly identified by pupillometry. Conclusions : Pupillometry is clearly associated with differences in alertness between groups of patients. However, pupillometric assessment cannot substitute for the MSLT in most cases.
Modeling of Nonequilibrium Surface Melting and Resolidification for Pure Metals and Binary Alloys

A model was developed for surface melting and resolidification of both pure metal and binary alloy substrates. Nonequilibrium kinetics are introduced in the model to account for the departure from thermodynamic equilibrium at the solid/liquid interface. The modeled problem involves a moving boundary with both heat and solute diffusion and is solved by an implicit control volume integral method with solid/liquid interface immobilization by coordinate transformation. To illustrate the model capabilities, we have analyzed laser-induced surface melting of pure metals (Al, Cu, Ni, Ti) and dilute Al-Cu alloys, and some typical results are presented. The computation results show some large solid overheating and melt undercooling effects, which result from the high heat flux and the slow kinetics. Large interface velocity variations are also seen during the process, depending on the substrate material and laser flux. Complex interface velocity variations during the earlier stages of resolidification were also predicted for the alloys, and result from interactions between the several physical mechanisms involved. Results on interface temperatures, solute concentrations, and nonequilibrium partition coefficients are also presented.
Hydrokinetic Energy Extraction Potential of a Turbine Array Placed Across the Florida Current

The Florida Current has been noted as a potential resource for ocean hydrokinetic energy. The area encompassed by the geographical extent of Florida Current is substantial compared to the required footprint of an array of hydrokinetic turbines that may be implemented to harness the hydrokinetic energy of the current. A method has been developed to use data from the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) for the Florida Current to identify favorable locations for installation of current turbines. Cross-sectional current data along lines of constant latitude from 25 to 30 °N off of Florida’s east coast have been analyzed. Optimum hydrokinetic turbine array installation sites within the Florida Current were determined, and hydrokinetic turbine array extraction estimates have been made at one of these identified locations.© 2012 ASME
γδ T cells in human decidua

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess the presence and frequency of γδ T cells in the decidua of term and first-trimester pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: Term and first-trimester placentas were obtained from normal subjects. Frozen sections and cell suspensions were prepared from decidual tissue and stained with monoclonal antibodies to T cell markers. Cell sorter analysis was performed. RESULTS: γδ T cells in term decidual cell preparations were enriched 2.4-fold compared with peripheral blood. Immunohistochemical staining of term decidual tissue demonstrated many γδ + and CD3 + T cells, fewer CD8 + cells, and rare CD4 + cells. In contrast, first-trimester decidua was found to be devoid of γδ + T cells, by both cell sorter analysis and immunohistochemical methods. CONCLUSIONS: Term, but not early, decidua harbors a resident T-cell population that is significantly enriched in γδ T cells compared with blood. These lymphocytes may provide an added defense mechanism against infection during the peripartum.
Distinct roles for LFA-1 affinity regulation during T-cell adhesion, diapedesis, and interstitial migration in lymph nodes

During the course of homing to lymph nodes (LNs), T cells undergo a multistep adhesion cascade that culminates in a lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)-dependent firm adhesion to the luminal surface of high endothelial venules (HEVs). The importance of LFA-1 affinity regulation in supporting T-cell arrest on HEVs has been well established, however, its importance in the postadhesion phase, which involves intraluminal crawling and diapedesis to the extravascular space, remains elusive. Here we have shown that LFA-1 affinity needs to be appropriately regulated to support these essential steps in the homing cascade. Genetically engineered T cells that were unable to properly down-regulate LFA-1 affinity underwent enhanced, chemokine-independent arrest in HEVs but showed perturbed intravascular crawling to transmigration sites and compromised diapedesis across HEVs. By contrast, the extravascular migration of T cells was insensitive to the affinity-enhancing LFA-1 mutation. These results highlight the requirement for balanced LFA-1 affinity regulation in intravascular and transvascular, but not extravascular, T-cell migration in LNs.
Invasive Vulvar Carcinoma in Two Women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

This report presents two HIV-infected women who developed invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. One patient was diagnosed with Stage II vulvar cancer 4 years after surgical excision of VIN. This patient underwent a hemivulvectomy and external-beam radiation therapy, but has subsequently developed recurrent vulvar cancer. The other patient was diagnosed with stage IV invasive vulvar cancer 1 year after the diagnosis of VIN and died of invasive vulvar cancer 11 months later. VIN should be considered a serious condition in HIV-infected women and clinicians should be careful to examine the vulva and perianal region in all HIV-infected women.
Early clinical results of time-of-flight optical tomography in a neonatal intensive care unit

Medical optical imaging (MOI) and spectroscopy (MOS) use light emitted into opaque tissues in order to determine the interior structure and chemical content. These optical techniques have been developed in an attempt to prospectively identify impending brain injuries before they become irreversible, thus allowing injury to be avoided or minimized. Optical imaging and spectroscopy center around the simple idea that light passes through the body in small amounts, and emerges bearing clues about tissues through which it passed. Images can be reconstructed from such data, and this is the basis of optical tomography. We have used a time-of-flight system reported earlier to monitor oxygenation and image hemorrahage in neonatal brain. This chapter summarizes our early results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Resonant Forcing of Mixed Layer Inertial Motions by Atmospheric Easterly Waves in the Northeast Tropical Pacific

Abstract Westward-propagating atmospheric easterly waves contribute to much of the variability of the low-level wind fields within the northeast tropical Pacific. With the dominant period of these waves (3–5 days) close to the local inertial period (2.4 days at 12°N to 5.7 days at 5°N), there is the expectation that the associated winds may resonantly force mixed layer inertial motions in this region. The authors test this hypothesis using a simple slab model and roughly 4½ yr of wind data from four NOAA Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes (TAO/EPIC) buoys along 95°W at 12°, 10°, 8°, and 5°N. The degree of resonance is determined by comparing model simulations using observed wind stress with simulations forced with reversed-rotation wind stress. Results strongly indicate that Pacific easterly waves (PEWs) resonantly force inertial motions in the region. This resonance shows both significant seasonality and latitudinal dependence that appears to be related to the me...
Surgical technology and the ergonomics of laparoscopic instruments

Laparoscopic surgery provides patients with less painful surgery and a more rapid recovery, while requiring that surgeons work harder and in a more remote manner from the operating field. Cost-containment pressures on surgeons demand efficient surgery, whereas the increased technological complexity and sometimes poorly adapted equipment have led to increased complaints of surgeon fatigue and discomfort during laparoscopic surgery. There is, therefore, a need to evaluate the ergonomic integration and suitability of the laparoscopic operating room environment to address the issues of efficiency, safety, and comfort for the operating team. This approach is particularly important in the design of laparoscopic surgical instruments. A review of the literature on the biomechanics of laparoscopic surgical instrument use was combined with data from the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Ergonomics Questionnaire and demonstration station. Laparoscopic instruments suffer from ergonomically inadequate handle designs and inefficient handle to tip force transmission, which lead to surgeon fatigue, discomfort, and hand paresthesias. Improvements in the design of laparoscopic instruments are needed to decrease the work and discomfort of tissue manipulation during video-endoscopic surgery.
Effect of substrate moisture content on fungal production of citric acid in a solid state fermentation system

Under solid state fermentation conditions, the production of citric acid byAspergillusniger varied considerably with the initial moisture content of apple pomace. The stimulating effect of methanol on fungal production of citric acid decreased markedly as the substrate moisture decreased.
American Indian/Alaska Native willingness to provide biological samples for research purposes.

This article examines the willingness of American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) to provide biological samples for research purposes. Prior cases of abuse and misuse of individuals, materials, and data highlight ethical research concerns. Investigators may be hesitant to engage AI/ANs in research projects. We conducted a survey of AI/ANs in the central plains region of the US over 1 year. This convenience sample completed a series of questions on biological samples and research. Survey results (N = 998) indicate that 70.15% of AI/ANs would be willing to provide saliva/spit for a specific study with the proper consent and control of samples. In conclusion, researchers should find ways to work with and for AI/ANs, assuring participant input in the research process.
Reactivity of metal oxide overlayers: Formation of metal carbides

Abstract The low-temperature formation of metal carbides has been observed during the decomposition of metal oxide overlayers. Electron transfer reactions occur during the decomposition of the oxides. Electrons are transferred from oxide ions to the metal cations and produce a unique chemical environment for the formation of carbides by carbon electron capture.
Entropy Maximization as a Basis for Information Recovery in Dynamic Economic Behavioral Systems

As a basis for information recovery in open dynamic microeconomic systems, we emphasize the connection between adaptive intelligent behavior, causal entropy maximization and self-organized equilibrium seeking behavior. This entropy-based causal adaptive behavior framework permits the use of information-theoretic methods as a solution basis for the resulting pure and stochastic inverse economic-econometric problems. We cast the information recovery problem in the form of a binary network and suggest information-theoretic methods to recover estimates of the unknown binary behavioral parameters without explicitly sampling the configuration-arrangement of the sample space.
Three-Cable Haptic Interface

We present our three-cable haptic interface (TCHI) concept, plus modeling and simulation, hardware implementation, and initial experimental results. This device is based on a previous system developed by Italian researchers. Cable devices are limited since they cannot push on the user, but only apply positive tension. In addition, this TCHI is further limited since it has no actuation redundancy and forces can only be applied within the tetrahedron formed by the fingertip point and base cable attachment points. Despite these limitations, which are explored herein, we believe the simplicity of this haptic interface can make it a serious competitor of existing commercial devices in terms of workspace, force application, cost, safety, and stiffness.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
“Perceptual Scotomas” A Functional Account of Motion-Induced Blindness

In motion-induced blindness (MIB), salient objects in full view can repeatedly fluctuate into and out of conscious awareness when superimposed onto certain global moving patterns. Here we suggest a new account of this striking phenomenon: Rather than being a failure of visual processing, MIB may be a functional product of the visual system's attempt to separate distal stimuli from artifacts of damage to the visual system itself. When a small object is invariant despite changes that are occurring to a global region of the surrounding visual field, the visual system may discount that stimulus as akin to a scotoma, and may thus expunge it from awareness. We describe three experiments demonstrating new phenomena predicted by this account and discuss how it can also explain several previous results.
A Dynamical Model of Visually-Guided Steering, Obstacle Avoidance, and Route Selection

Using a biologically-inspired model, we show how successful route selection through a cluttered environment can emerge from on-line steering dynamics, without explicit path planning. The model is derived from experiments on human walking performed in the Virtual Environment Navigation Lab (VENLab) at Brown. We find that goals and obstacles behave as attractors and repellors of heading, the direction of locomotion, for an observer moving at a constant speed. The influence of a goal on turning rate increases with its angle from the heading and decreases exponentially with its distance; the influence of an obstacle decreases exponentially with angle and distance. Linearly combining goal and obstacle terms allows us to simulate paths through arbitrarily complex scenes, based on information about obstacles in view near the heading direction and a few meters ahead. We simulated the model on a variety of scene configurations and observed generally efficient routes, and verified this behavior on a mobile robot. Discussion focuses on comparisons between dynamical models and other approaches, including potential field models and explicit path planning. Effective route selection can thus be performed on-line, in simple environments as a consequence of elementary behaviors for steering and obstacle avoidance.
Dismantling intelligence agencies

Intelligence agencies from a remarkable institutional constant in most societies. They are frequently ‘reformed’ but almost never dismantled, since their capabilities, personnel, and knowledge are simultaneously too vital and too threatening to successor regimes. Several case studies are reviewed which demonstrate the tenacity of personnel, bureaucratic structures, and institutional culture. The problem of dismantling intelligence agencies will confront both successor regimes to failed states and the West, and it left unaddressed will almost certainly undermine efforts at democratization. The problems are especially acute when considering totalitarian regimes such as Iraq. Carefully planning, debate over ethical and legal questions, and changes in institutional and public culture are all necessary.
Health-related functional status in pregnancy: relationship to depression and social support in a multi-ethnic population

Abstract Objective: To describe perceived well-being and functional status during uncomplicated late pregnancy among low-income minority women, and to examine the relationship of functional status to depression and social support. Methods: Hispanic and black women with low-risk pregnancies completed an interview consisting of demographics, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire. Results: Of the 155 women who were eligible and asked to participate, 41 refused for a participation rate of 74%. Results of the SF-36 showed lowest perceived well-being in the vitality and physical role dimensions. Depressive symptomatology was high, with a mean BDI score of 15 (standard deviation 8.6). Using a BDI score of 14 as the cutoff point, over half of the sample was categorized as having significant depressive symptoms. Significantly lower functional status was seen for depressed subjects in all subscales of the SF-36 compared with nondepressed subjects. Although functional status was negatively correlated with BDI score in all dimensions (r = .23–.69), correlation of SF-36 scores with social support was much weaker (r = .06–.24). Conclusion: Elevated levels of depressive symptomatology are strongly correlated with lowered health-related functioning and perceived well-being. Social support is not associated with increased physical or emotional well-being but is weakly associated with mental health as measured by the SF-36.
Helium 3 super 3 D fine structure.

Helium 3D energy level separation fine structure using ion bombardment level crossing spectroscopy
Effects of video digitization in pubic arch interference assessment for prostate brachytherapy

Recently, it has been shown that prior to surgery a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) study of the prostate and pubic arch can effectively determine pubic arch interference (PAI), a major stumbling block for the prostate brachytherapy (radioactive seed implantation) procedure. This PAI determination is currently being done with digital images taken directly from an ultrasound (US) machine. However, 70-75% of US machines used in prostate brachytherapy do not have a method to save or transfer digital image data for external use. To allow PAI assessment regardless of US platform and to keep costs to a minimum, we need to digitize the images from the US video output when there is no direct digital transfer capability. D/A and A/D conversions can introduce quantization error and other noises in these digitized images. The purpose of this work is to assess the image degradation caused by digitization and quantitatively evaluate whether after digitization it is still possible to accurately assess PAI. We used a PAI assessment algorithm (developed in previous research by our group) to predict the location of the pubic arch on both digital images and those captured after digitization. These predicted arch locations were compared to the "true" position of the pubic arch as established during surgery. Despite apparent image degradation due to the D/A and A/D conversions, we found no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of the predicted arch locations from the digitized images and those from the digital images. By demonstrating equally accurate determination of pubic arch locations using digital and digitized images, we conclude that TRUS-based PAI assessment can be easily and inexpensively performed in clinics where it is needed.
Height field haptics

We present a system for haptically rendering large height field datasets. In as much as, height fields are naturally mapped to piecewise bilinear patches. We develop algorithms for intersection, penetration depth, and closest point tracking using bilinear patches. In contrast to many common haptic rendering schemes for polygonal models, this approach does not require preprocessing or additional storage. Thus, it is particularly suitable for the large scale datasets found in geographic and reverse engineering applications.
Degradation of chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons by Methylomicrobium album BG8.

The degradation kinetics of ten halogenated hydrocarbons by Methylomicrobium album BG8 expressing particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) and the inhibitory effects of these compounds on microbial growth and whole-cell pMMO activity were measured. When M. album BG8 was grown with methane, growth was completely inhibited by dichloromethane (DCM), bromoform (BF), chloroform (CF), vinyl chloride (VC), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), and cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE). Trichloroethylene (TCE) partially inhibited growth on methane, while dibromomethane (DBM), trans-dichloroethylene (trans-DCE), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) had no effect. If the cells were grown with methanol, DCM, BF, CF, and 1,1-DCE completely inhibited growth, while VC, trans-DCE, TCE, and 1,1,1-TCA partially inhibited growth. Both DBM and cis-DCE had no effect on growth with methanol. Whole-cell pMMO activity was also affected by these compounds, with all but 1,1,1-TCA, DCM, and DBM reducing activity by more than 25%. DCM, DBM, VC, trans-DCE, cis-DCE, 1,1-DCE, and TCE were degraded and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. CF, BF, and 1,1,1-TCA were not measurably degraded. These results suggested that the products of DCM, TCE, VC, and 1,1-DCE inactivated multiple enzymatic processes, while trans-DCE oxidation products were also toxic but to a lesser extent. cis-DCE toxicity, however, appeared to be localized to pMMO. Finally, DBM and 1,1,1-TCA were not inhibitory, and CF and BF were themselves toxic to M. album BG8. Based on these results, the compounds could be separated into four general categories, namely (1) biodegradable with minimal inactivation, (2) biodegradable with substantial inactivation, (3) not biodegradable with minimal inactivation, and (4) not biodegradable but substantial inactivation of cell activity.
PISSING AWAY THE EONS 1

There are lots of things that really bother me about the currentbiodiversity crisis. But one item near the top of the list is theseemingly imminent loss of so many millions of years of evolu-tionary history across so many thousands or millions of lineagesduring the short span of my lifetime. It just would not seem quitesuch a waste if we were only a few million years out from the lastmass extinction event, or if we were not bumping off so many lin-eages that had survived previous mass extinction events, or if thecreationists were right and nothing was more than a few thousandyears old anyways.But how exactly evolutionary history (i.e., phylogeny) mightbe important to the conservation of biodiversity is not alwaysclear. This intersection of fields is the topic of a new book editedby Andy Purvis, John Gittleman, and Thomas Brooks. All threeeditors have each published important papers that combine phylo-genetics and conservation biology. Their goal here is to “explorethewaysinwhichthewealthofnewphylogeneticinformationcanbenefit conservation biology” (p. 2). Overall, I think that the booksuccessfully does this, although my satisfaction levels fluctuatedconsiderably from chapter to chapter.The book consists of 18 chapters divided among four sec-tions: (1) units and currencies, (2) inferring evolutionary pro-cesses, (3) effects of human processes, and (4) prognosis. I brieflysummarize these below.
Using Action Research to Improve Teaching and Learning.

This paper outlines the components of an action research project developed in a Master of Arts in Teaching and Leadership program designed to improve teaching and learning.
AnyLog stable design pattern

The AnyLog pattern models the core knowledge of any Log, as a written record. The Log finds extensive use in the computing industry. The pattern makes it easy to model different kinds of logs rather than thinking of the problem each time from scratch. This pattern can be utilized to model any kind of log in any application and it can be reused as part of a new model.
Upholstery Fabric Performance: Actual Wear Versus Laboratory Abrasion

We have developed a laboratory method to simulate the effects of actual consumer wear on upholstery fabrics. We used three soiling conditions, i.e., no soil, Bandy Black research clay, and Bandy Black plus synthetic sebum, on four cotton print upholstery fabrics, and a Taber rotary platform double head abraser to abrade the fabrics after soil application. Least significant differences and Pearson's product moment corre lations indicated that this laboratory test method produced breaking strength and elonga tion values similar to those found in the fabrics exposed to a two-year consumer wear study.
On Halley's Variation of Newton's Method

(1977). On Halley's Variation of Newton's Method. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 9, pp. 726-728.
Fiber Diffraction without Fibers

Postprocessing of diffraction patterns of completely randomly oriented helical particles, as measured, for example, in so-called ``diffract-and-destroy'' experiments with an x-ray free electron laser can yield ``fiber diffraction'' patterns expected of fibrous bundles of the particles. This will allow ``single-axis alignment'' to be performed computationally, thus obviating the need to do this by experimental means such as forming fibers and laser or flow alignment. The structure of such particles may then be found by either iterative phasing methods or standard methods of fiber diffraction.
Action of ammonium ion on an early phase of viral infection.

SummaryFollowing adsorption of influenza virus by Krebs 2 ascites cells there is a brief period of sensitivity to inhibition of viral replication by ammonia. After an hour at 35 °C addition of ammonium phosphate causes no inhibition. The period of ammonium sensitivity is prolonged by low temperature, cyanide, or 2-4 dinitrophenol, but the presence of glucose in the medium prevents this effect of CN and DNP. The results suggest that the ammonium-sensitive phase of infection is an energy-requiring process which occurs soon after adsorption and penetration, and comprises initial integration of the viral inoculum with cell components.
Cities and the Low-Carbon Grid

Over the last decade, cities across the nation have pursued local initiatives to mitigate climate change. These efforts, however, have been significantly hampered by cities’ dependence on an electric power industry that has fought climate policies at the state and federal levels to defend its reliance on fossil fuels. Yet changes now underway in the electricity sector — including President Obama’s Clean Power Plan and related initiatives — are unsettling the traditional utility model and fueling a low-carbon shift that will affect federal, regional, state, and local levels of energy governance. This Article maps the evolving landscape for cities and the low-carbon grid at this critical juncture, and is the first to take up the implications of the U.S. grid transition for cities working to align their electricity profile with community climate aspirations. In charting existing and emerging approaches to community-scale utility ownership and energy localization, the Article shows how the legal landscape shapes cities’ potential to advance the low-carbon grid.
Values Diffusion and Conflict in International Marketing: A Planning Model for Change

In recent years, there has been growing interest and concern about the impact of cultural and social values on international business. This is due to the accelerating interdependencia among nations and the growing role of U.S. and Western states in international trade, especially with the Third World countries. There is, however, much confusion about the term of "value," and what ought to be done to facilitate international marketers’ tasks in foreign markets. Thus, this paper aims to help in a better understanding of the value issue and to introduce a planning mdoel for value change.
Plus ça Change… Gender and Revolutionary Ideology in Cuban Cinema of 1968

Ernesto “Che” Guevara said it himself: “Let me say to you, at the risk of seeming ridiculous, that the true revolutionary is guided by great feelings of love.”1 This statement, made in 1965 in the now-iconic essay “Socialism and Man in Cuba” and frequently seen as symbolic of the Argentine doctor’s own devotion to revolutionary struggles (Cuban and otherwise), significantly and explicitly connects affect with the political. The revolutionary connects with the revolution emotionally rather than rationally; the motivating force is not so much the head as the heart. Yet while the “love” that he speaks of is ostensibly a love for “the people” as a whole and for the sacred cause of revolution, Guevara’s own parenthesis—the revelation that by acknowledging his love he risks “seeming ridiculous”— suggests that gender roles and expectations of masculine performance are intimately connected to the revolutionary enterprise. In fact, it is in this same essay that he coins the term “new man” to describe the kind of transformed individual the Revolution would create.2 For this “new man,” love for the people bleeds over into a love for the project itself; the revolutionary is, in a certain sense, wedded to the revolution, something Guevara suggests later in his essay when he comments that women and families will be part of the general sacrifice to the revolution.3 Where, then, do other affective relationships fit into this panorama?
Regulatory Considerations to Ensure Clean and Safe Drinking Water

Federal drinking water regulations are based on risk assessment of human health effects and research conducted on source water, treatment technologies, residuals, and distribution systems. This chapter focuses on the role that U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) research plays in ensuring pure drinking water in the United States and throughout the world. It explains EPA's strategic goals for drinking water, the rule-making process, and applicable drinking water regulations. EPA's Human Health Research Strategy improves the scientific foundation of human health risk assessment and enables evaluation of public health out-comes from risk management decisions. This strategy develops a multidisciplinary program with linkages among exposure, dose, effect, and risk assessment methods. Risk assessment provides a process of determining how best to protect public health. Risk characterization estimates the risk of health effects in an exposed population by describing risks to humans in terms of the extent and severity of probable harm. Water reuse treatment technologies for small communities can be categorized as systems with chemical and physical agents, mechanical, aquatic, and terrestrial treatment systems
Listening for Imagery by Native Speakers and L2 Learners

Slobin’s thinking-for-speaking (TFS) hypothesis suggests that speakers are habitually attuned to aspects of an event that are readily codable in the language while they are formulating speech. This TFS process varies considerably cross-linguistically and can be observed in all forms of production and reception including listening for understanding or mental imagery. This study explored whether second language learners (L2) engage in mental simulation of deictic paths while processing motion language online. Forty Chinese native speakers (NSs) and eighty English-speaking learners of L2 Chinese participated in an online judgment task. They listened to motion sentences containing deictic paths while simultaneously watching a motion display of a toward- or away-direction. Since simultaneous presentation of the sentence and the display of the same directionality require the same neural structures to process competing inputs, interference effects are expected and the reaction time to respond should take longer. Results of repeated measures ANOVA show interference effects for the NSs, but not for the L2 learners of both heritage and foreign language backgrounds, suggesting that while the NSs were sensitive to the deictic cues and automatically performed mental simulations of the deictic paths, the L2 learners’ listening for imagery did not pattern with the NSs. The results added to our understanding of L2 learners’ development of TFS in the new modality of listening for imagery.
Religion, Politics, and Americans’ Confidence in Science

Americans’ perceptions of science are structured by overlapping cultural fields of politics and religion, and those cultural fields vary over time in how they influence opinion about science. This paper provides a historical narrative for understanding how religious and political factors influence public perceptions of science over the last four decades. Using data from the 1974–2012 General Social Survey, the impact of religious and political factors are examined and compared across decades using heterogeneous ordinal logistic regression models and ordinal structural equation models. Estimates show that the impact of sectarian Protestant identification and fundamentalist beliefs in the Bible are increasingly linked to lower levels of confidence in science, and that these religious factors also influence the impact of political conservatism and Republican Party identification. Political conservatism has become more oppositional towards science, and Republicans have become less enthusiastic compared to periods when science was primarily linked to militaristic endeavors.
Circulating Free Tumor DNA (ctDNA): The Real-Time Liquid Biopsy

It is now well established that DNA is shed or secreted into the circulation in both normal and disease states. However, the ability to exploit this knowledge for use in clinical medicine has only recently been made possible through the advent of new technologies. Currently, cell-free DNA is being developed as a “real-time liquid biopsy” biomarker to help guide clinical decisions in diverse fields such as prenatal screening, cancer, and solid organ transplantation. The ability of cell-free circulating tumor DNA to be measured quantitatively and qualitatively presents great opportunities in clinical oncology for using blood to monitor tumor burden and assess response to therapies. Here we provide a short review of historic and recent studies demonstrating the clinical potential of detecting and measuring cell-free DNA, with a specific focus on the use of circulating tumor DNA in oncology and cancer management.
Childhood Maltreatment and Psychological Well-Being in Later Life: The Mediating Effect of Contemporary Relationships with the Abusive Parent.

Objectives Parental childhood maltreatment has a negative impact on psychological well-being in adulthood. However, little is known about whether and how contemporary relationships with an abusive parent might explain the long-term harmful effects. Thus, this study aims to examine the mediating effect of later-life relationships with an abusive parent on the association between parental childhood maltreatment and psychological well-being. Methods Using the 2004-2005 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, this study analyzed a total of 1,696 adults aged 65 years. A series of ordinary least squares regression and mediational analyses were performed. Results Key findings showed that maternal childhood neglect and abuse were associated with decreased emotional closeness with mothers, which was, in turn, associated with diminished psychological well-being. In addition, childhood neglect was associated with less frequent exchanges of social support with mothers, which was, in turn, associated with diminished psychological well-being. Discussion This study suggests that, despite childhood maltreatment, parent-child relationships persist throughout life, and the continuing relationship with an abusive parent may undermine adult victims' psychological well-being. When intervening with mental health issues of adults who have experienced childhood maltreatment, their unresolved issues with the parent should be properly addressed.
Personalizing Software and Web Services by Integrating Unstructured Application Usage Traces

Users of software applications generate vast amounts of unstructured log-trace data. These traces contain clues to the intentions and interests of those users, but service providers may find it difficult to uncover and exploit those clues. In this paper, we propose a framework for personalizing software and web services by leveraging such unstructured traces. We use 6 months of Photoshop usage history and 7 years of interaction records from 67K Behance users to design, develop, and validate a user-modeling technique that discovers highly discriminative representations of Photoshop users; we refer to the model as cutilization-to-vector, util2vec. We demonstrate the promise of this approach for three sample applications: (1) a practical user-tagging system that automatically predicts areas of focus for millions of Photoshop users; (2) a two-phase recommendation model that enables cold-start personalized recommendations for many new Behance users who have Photoshop usage data, improving recommendation quality (Recall@100) by 21.2% over a popularity-based recommender; and (3) a novel inspiration engine that provides real-time personalized inspirations to artists. We believe that this work demonstrates the potential impact of unstructured usage-log data for personalization.
Evolution and Revolution in Psychiatric Genetics

Revolutionary advances in human genetics are having profound effects on the theory and practice of medicine, and as genetic knowledge increases, it is to be expected that its influence will only grow. Psychiatry is no exception: clinical, molecular, and statistical genetic strategies promise to reveal much about the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of mental illness. In the foreseeable future, we hope to discover how the disposition to mental illness is transmitted, the biological nature of the inherited factors, and the ways in which these genetic factors interact with environmental determinants.
Mona AKA Sad Girl: A multilingual multimodal critical discourse analysis of music videos of a Japanese Chicana rap artist

Abstract Sociolinguistic studies on the globalization of hip hop have focused on multilingual lyrics as emblematic of superdiversity and hybrid identity, but the multimodal turn in sociolinguistics suggests the need to consider how lyrics interact with musical and visual features. Drawing on studies of music videos, TV ads, and film in cultural and media studies and multimodal studies, this paper examines an under-researched area of hip hop, the global spread of Chicano rap, by conducting a multilingual, multimodal critical discourse analysis of several videos by Mona AKA Sad Girl, a Japanese rapper whose lyrics switch between Japanese, Spanish, and English. This genre-based study looks at how the artist constructs a feminist glocal identity through a combination of song lyrics, musical style, cultural iconography, body decoration, gesture and film techniques that localize the oppositional super-vernacular of Chicano rap while challenging discourses of patriarchy and nationalism. The study also takes into account data from an interview with the artist and social media to gain insights into issues of authenticity and cultural appropriation.
Semantik und Syntax

Verschiedene linguistische Beschreibungen und Simulationen von semantischen und syntaktischen Strukturen werden besprochen. Hierbei werden etablierte Programme wie naturliche/konzeptuelle Semantik, kognitive Grammatik, generative Syntax, Dependenz-Grammatik und konnektionistische Modelle berucksichtigt. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Unterscheidung zwischen semantischen und konzeptuellen Reprasentationen ein nutzlicher Ansatz fur die empirische Untersuchung der Bedeutungsverarbeitung ist. Bezuglich der Simulation der Satzverarbeitung haben neuronale Netzwerkmodelle eine nicht unwesentliche Vorhersagekraft. Mithilfe von Nachkonstruktionen („Reverse Engineering“), mit denen virtuelle Hirnbibliotheken gebaut werden, konnen neurobiologische Mechanismen besser verstanden werden.
Agency Cost of Debt: A Case for Supplier Financing

In this paper, we first show how debt financing distorts the inventory decision of a multiâ€“product retail firm. Protected by limited liability, a debtâ€“financed retailer seeks risk by favoring items with a low salvage value, those with a high profit margin, and those that represent a large share of the total inventory investment. Second, we demonstrate that in many cases, this distortion can be avoided by using supplier financing. A supplier who automatically observes the retailerâ€™s order quantities, can deter riskâ€“seeking behavior on the part of the retailer with the threat of stricter credit terms. This provides suppliers with a financing advantage over banks, which can monitor inventory only at a cost.
Ensemble survival tree models to reveal pairwise interactions of variables with time-to-events outcomes in low-dimensional setting

Unraveling interactions among variables such as genetic, clinical, demographic and environmental factors is essential to understand the development of common and complex diseases. To increase the power to detect such variables interactions associated with clinical time-to-events outcomes, we borrowed established concepts from random survival forest (RSF) models. We introduce a novel RSF-based pairwise interaction estimator and derive a randomization method with bootstrap confidence intervals for inferring interaction significance. Using various linear and nonlinear time-to-events survival models in simulation studies, we first show the efficiency of our approach: true pairwise interaction-effects between variables are uncovered, while they may not be accompanied with their corresponding main-effects, and may not be detected by standard semi-parametric regression modeling and test statistics used in survival analysis. Moreover, using a RSF-based cross-validation scheme for generating prediction estimators, we show that informative predictors may be inferred. We applied our approach to an HIV cohort study recording key host gene polymorphisms and their association with HIV change of tropism or AIDS progression. Altogether, this shows how linear or nonlinear pairwise statistical interactions of variables may be efficiently detected with a predictive value in observational studies with time-to-event outcomes.
Keystroke Biometric Identification and Authentication on Long-Text Input

A keystroke biometric system for long-text input was developed and evaluated for identification and authentication applications. The system consists of a Java applet to collect raw keystroke data over the Internet, a feature extractor, and pattern classifiers to make identification or authentication decisions. Experiments on over 100 subjects investigated two input modes – copy and free-text input – and two keyboard types – desktop and laptop keyboards. The system can accurately identify or authenticate individuals if sufficient enrollment samples are available and if the same type of keyboard is used to produce the enrollment and questioned input samples. Identification and authentication performance decreased significantly when subjects used different input modes or different keyboard types for enrollment and testing. Longitudinal experiments quantified performance degradation over intervals of several weeks and over an interval of two years. Additional experiments investigated the system’s hierarchical model, parameter settings, assumptions, and sufficiency of enrollment samples and input-text length.
Distributed Coding in a Multiple Access Environment

With the computing power of mobile devices and wireless sensors exceeding previous generation large computers, the demand of wireless networking applications is increasing at a dramatic pace. Developments of advanced wireless networks, however, still suffer from the lack of a theoretical foundation that addresses both concerns of “efficiency” and “modularity”. This monograph reviews a new research avenue that begins to address the research problem. Focusing on the physical and data link layers, it proposes an interface enhancement that overcomes an efficiency bottleneck in the wireless part of the network. Distributed Coding in A Multiple Access Environment provides a state-of-the-art review of the topic and puts a framework for the efficiency of distributed networking systems when communication optimization cannot be done fully at the physical layer.