cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lawyering, Husbands' Rights, and “the Unwritten Law” in Nineteenth-Century America

By the 1850s, many aspects of family law appeared uncertain and contested. Legal reform had altered the balance of legal power within marriage. A mid-nineteenthcentury American husband knew-or might suddenly discover-that he was no longer sure of his legal rights over his wife, no longer sure of his rights over his children. He had lost some security of possession over his domestic domain. In the zerosum game of marital struggles, wives had gained public legal rights, and that necessarily meant losses of rights for husbands. Still, if a man found his wife in the arms of another man and he killed the other man on the spot, he would never be convicted of murder. His exemption was part of a complex of self-defense rights, at one with his right to shoot a burglar or a malicious trespasser, to repel, violently if necessary, someone who had invaded his property (although, like other property holders acting in self-defense, the man might be convicted of manslaughter). His exemption was part of the privileged identity of a husband. Other men in protective or patriarchal roles -fathers, brothers, sons, fiances -possessed no articulated exemption from prosecution for murder if they killed seducers found in the arms of their dependents. Nor were wives entitled to kill their husbands' lovers. All of them -wives as well as fathers, brothers, sons, and fiances -often escaped conviction and punishment when juries refused to convict. But only a husband had a developed legal privilege. And he had that right only if he had found his wife and her lover together, in a seriously and unquestionably compromising position. And only if he had acted immediately. Time was of the essence. The privilege demanded an act "in the heat of passion." Otherwise, if he dawdled, if he planned, if he thought about what he should do, he became a premeditating murderer. He became someone who should
Abstract 2005: Identification of Bcl2L13 as a novel GBM oncoprotein

Using in silico analysis of 272 GBM samples in the TGCA data set to find important cell death mechanisms in gliomapathogenesis, we identified differential expression of the novel Bcl2-Like13 protein (Bcl2L13). Bcl2L13 shares significant structural homology with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, but contains a unique 250 amino acid sequence that may point to unique, non-classical functions. Several studies have shown that Bcl2L13 expression correlates with increased chemotherapeutic resistance and unfavorable treatment outcome in leukemia and ZIC1-driven liposarcomas. These clinical data suggests that Bcl2L13 likely acts as an onco-protein in multiple cancers and may act in a similar manner in GBM. Using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, we found that Bcl2L13 was highly overexpressed in >90% of GBM samples, but absent in adjacent normal brain. Using RNAi-loss- and cDNA complementation studies in glioma cell lines and glioma stem cells (GSCs), we determined that Bcl2L13 potently inhibits therapy-induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial outer membrane permeabalization (MOMP) and post-mitochondrial caspase-3 and -7 cleavage, likely acting in a similar manner as canonical Bcl-2 family proteins. Bcl2L13 overexpression also greatly increased cellular proliferation, and immunofluorescence and cell fractionalization experiments revealed that Bcl2L13 is localized at the mitochondria. To study the impact of Bcl2L13 on the progression of gliomagenesis in vivo, we orthotopically injected glioma cell lines with enforced expression of Bcl2L13-targeting shRNAs into immunocompromised SCID mice. Strikingly, neutralization of Bcl2L13 signaling increased overall glioma-free survival, which was associated with enhanced intratumoral apoptosis and decreased proliferative indices. To molecularly elucidate the mechanism by which Bcl2L13 exerts its anti-apoptotic effects, we performed a Yeast Two Hybrid screen and identified a select number of tumor suppressors and onco-proteins including ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2), (a regulator of MOMP) and O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), (an important prognostic indicator of telozolomide effectiveness) as Bcl2L13 interaction partners. Co-immunoprecipitations confirmed the interactions between Bcl2L13 and these proteins. Taken together, these results reveal that Bcl2L13 represents a novel anti-apoptotic, Bcl-2-like GBM oncoprotein that inhibits apoptosis progression and promotes tumor growth by impacting mitochondrial membrane physiology. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2005. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2005
Acid Agglutination Optimum in the Brucella Group

Since 1918, investigators working with the organisms producing Malta fever and those producing contagious abortion, have found a very close relationship between them. In fact, opinion is divided as to whether or not these organisms are identical. Meyer and Shaw 1 in a comparative study of 21 cultures of Brucella melitensis obtained from various parts of the world and of 32 cultures of Br. abortus, came to the conclusion that "the causative organism of undulant fever of man and of malta fever of goats, cannot be distinguished morphologically or biochemically from the organism responsible for infectious abortion in domesticated animals." The same conclusion was reached by Evans.2 Huddleson, Hasley and Torry,3 however, claim to be able to differentiate between abortus and melitensis by differences in the degree and rate of HS production, admitting, however, that the reactions are identical in both organisms. Attempts to differentiate these organisms on the basis of agglutination and agglutinin absorption have resulted in a diversity of opinion among authors and the division of these organisms into rather complex serological groups (see Evans, Feusier and Meyer,4 Orpen 5 and Partearroyo 6). Favilli, growing Br. melitensis in an antiparaihelitensis serum succeeded in transforming the melitensis organism into a paramelitensis. The reverse was, however, not accomplished. Results obtained by one of us by means of absorption tests and with the organism isolated by Scott and Saphir,8 did not prove entirely satisfactory. It was, therefore, of interest to determine whether or not distinct differences exist between strains on the basis of acid
Solitary Crossed Renal Ectopia

An 18-month-old girl had crossed ectopia involving a solitary left kidney. There have been 26 cases reported previously. Several theories for this occurrence are discussed.
Design Specifics for Acoustic Guitars

There are many different acoustic guitars now available. While there are far too many to cover completely here, most of them can be grouped into a few categories. In the following sections, representative descriptions of the instruments are listed along with design features and dimensions.
Effect of auranofin on oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as anti-CLL activity with proteasome inhibitor.

e13568 Background: The gold-containing compound auranofin (AF) (Ridaura), is a treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, AF was shown to inhibit thioredoxin reductase (TRR), increase reactive ox...
Targeted spine strengthening exercise and posture training program to reduce hyperkyphosis in older adults: results from the study of hyperkyphosis, exercise, and function (SHEAF) randomized controlled trial

A 6-month randomized controlled trial of spine-strengthening exercise and posture training reduced both radiographic and clinical measures of kyphosis. Participants receiving the intervention improved self-image and satisfaction with their appearance. Results suggest that spine-strengthening exercise and postural training may be an effective treatment option for older adults with hyperkyphosis. Introduction The purpose of the present study is to determine in a randomized controlled trial whether spine-strengthening exercises improve Cobb angle of kyphosis in community-dwelling older adults. Methods We recruited adults ≥60 years with kyphosis ≥40° and enrolled 99 participants (71 women, 28 men), mean age 70.6 ± 0.6 years, range 60-88, with baseline Cobb angle 57.4 ± 12.5°. The intervention included group spine-strengthening exercise and postural training, delivered by a physical therapist, 1-h, three times weekly for 6 months. Controls received four group health education meetings. The primary outcome was change in the gold standard Cobb angle of kyphosis measured from standing lateral spine radiographs. Secondary outcomes included change in kyphometer-measured kyphosis, physical function (modified Physical Performance Test, gait speed, Timed Up and Go, Timed Loaded Standing, 6-Min Walk), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (PROMIS global health and physical function indexes, SRS-30 self-image domain). ANCOVA was used to assess treatment effects on change from baseline to 6 months in all outcomes. Results There was a -3.0° (95% CI -5.2, -0.8) between-group difference in change in Cobb angle, p = 0.009, favoring the intervention and approximating the magnitude of change from an incident vertebral fracture. Kyphometer-measured kyphosis (p = 0.03) and SRS-30 self-esteem (p 0.05. Conclusions Spine-strengthening exercise and posture training over 6 months reduced kyphosis compared to control. Our randomized controlled trial results suggest that a targeted kyphosis-specific exercise program may be an effective treatment option for older adults with hyperkyphosis. Trial registration number and name of trial register ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier NCT01751685.
Distributive Justice and Social Welfare Institutions

This chapter* describes how the basic sense of distributive justice leads to predictions concerning the emergence and maintenance of social welfare institutions. To accomplish this purpose, it is necessary to adopt as working tools, first, a definition of social welfare institutions, and, second, a theory of the distributive-justice force. Distilling from the literature on institutions, we define an institution as a patterned individual and/or social behavior, a prevailing way of doing something, with variation possible across space and time. Narrowing the focus, we take a social welfare institution to be an institution that promotes the social welfare of the population. For the working description of the distributive-justice force, from which we will derive implications for the emergence and maintenance of social welfare institutions, we use the theory proposed by Jasso (1980).
Privacy and security concerns in online health services

There is a growing interest in Internet privacy and security concerns. This article investigates Internet privacy and security concerns to determine whether such concerns hinder online health servi...
In vitro cultivation procedures for parasitic helminths.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the in vitro cultivation procedures for parasitic helminths. In most in vitro cultures of parasitic helminths, cultivation is carried out under a protective umbrella of antibiotics, which maintains a bacteriostatic environment for the helminths under investigation. Because of the variable source of helminth material, there is considerable variation among individual cultures in the types of associated micro-organisms. The only meaningful environmental condition is the true axenic one, which, for successful rearing of some helminthes is an absolute prerequisite. A wide variety of criteria have been used for assessing success in in vitro cultivation procedures. These depend on the parasite and the stage with which one begins and include motility and reaction to stimulus and physiological criteria, such as the utilization of substrates, cytological evidence of an increase in mitotic division, organogeny, gametogenesis, and oviposition. In vitro cultivation procedures provide an insight into many of the essential physiological requirements of the parasite and when used intelligently in conjunction with carefully planned in vivo experiments, they help to elucidate some of the many aspects of the host–parasite relationship. Work on the metabolism and physico-chemical requirements of parasites, investigations of certain features of behavior in parasites, and studies of antigens and other materials secreted and excreted during growth and metamorphosis, can be implemented effectively by means of in vitro culture techniques.
Skier’s or Gamekeeper’s Thumb

Skier’s thumb is the eponym given to injury of the thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. It is the result of excessive radial deviation at the MCP, as is causing during falling on an outstretched hand while holding ski poles. The causes attenuation of the UCL and can lead to varying degrees of injury, resulting in instability at the MCP joint. Treatment varies based on the degree of injury and instability ranging from prolonged immobilization to surgical repair or reconstruction. Surgical repair has been associated with good outcomes, and high rates of return to recreation/play (Schroeder and Goldfarb, Clin Sports Med 34(1):117–126, 2015).
Triangle Functors over Generic Hypersurfaces

We study triangle functors from the category of totally acyclic complexes modulo homotopy over a generic hypersurface to that over specialized hypersurfaces. We show that these functors are never faithful, but may be dense and full. We also describe certain elements in the image.
An experimentally verified finite element study of the stress-strain response of crack geometries experiencing large-scale yielding

Large-strain, 3-D finite element analyses with incremental plasticity were performed for a variety of crack geometries to study local crack-tip stress-strain fields and associated global fracture parameters under conditions of large-scale yielding. The geometries analyzed include thin, single-edge crack tension, single-edge crack bending, and center-crack tension fracture specimens with varying crack depth (a/W) ratios. Two materials were investigated: a high-hardening, low-strength steel and a moderate-hardening, high-strength steel. Mesh refinement studies were performed to ensure convergence of the finite element predictions. The studies examine the effects of in-plane crack-tip element size, initial crack-tip radius size, and number of through-thickness layers on predicted distributions of crack-tip stress and plastic strain and predicted values of the J-integral and CTOD. In addition, the finite element predictions of specimen behavior were verified experimentally by direct measurements, namely load displacement, load longitudinal strain, and load CTOS, made during and following testing of the fracture specimens. Representative results of the finite element analyses are presented and compared to previously published data where pertinent. Results from the mesh refinement studies and the verification testing are shown. Predicted trends among the specimens and materials in local distributions of crack-tip plastic strain, triaxiality, and opening stress as well as inmore » global parameters, J-integral and m-factor, are discussed.« less
Recent Progress in Vascular Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the U.S and results in the loss of approximately one million lives and more than 400 billion U.S. dollars for treatments every year. Recently, tissue engineered blood vessels have been studied and developed as promising replacements for treatment with autologous veins. Here, we summarize the cell sources and methods to make tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs), the recent progress in TEBV related research, and also the recent progress in TEBV related clinical studies.
How Research, Teaching, and Leadership Roles Are Recommended to Male and Female Engineering Faculty Differently.

Across disciplines, male faculty spend more time on research than female faculty. Yet, women tend to teach and mentor students more hours than men (Misra et al. in Glob J Eng Educ 14(1):119–131, 2011). These disparities play pivotal roles in tenure and promotion decisions wherein research and leadership roles are most valued (Green in J Soc Work Educ 44(2):117–128, 2008). There is considerable evidence suggesting that implicit biases underpin some of these faculty roles differences, particularly in male-dominated disciplines, such as engineering. At the same time, there is limited evidence that, once aware of gender inequity, individuals will engage in bias correction in order to rectify prejudice. This study was designed to evaluate if implicit bias or bias correction could be detected when faculty considered the most appropriate roles for other faculty. Faculty from 50 colleges of engineering completed an activity wherein they assigned five fictitious engineering faculty characters to five assignments (one research, one leadership, and three teaching/advising roles). One version of the activity contained only male names; the other version was identical except for the change of the middle character’s name from male (Charlie) to female (Cathy). Results indicated that both men and women were significantly more likely to select Cathy for both the leadership and research positions over Charlie. Regression analysis of the Cathy Group data indicated respondents’ gender did not predict selection of Cathy to the leadership role; however, women were significantly more likely than men to select Cathy to do research.
Parent coaching of music interventions for children with ASD: A conceptual framework

Introduction: Parents are increasingly included in Autism Spectrum Disorder treatment models. Despite considerable interest in parent participation and parent–child interactions in music interventi...
Perceptions of prognosis and goal of treatment in patients with malignant gliomas and their caregivers.

Background Patients with malignant gliomas have a poor prognosis. However, little is known about patients' and caregivers' understanding of the prognosis and the primary treatment goal. Methods We conducted a prospective study in patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas (N = 72) and their caregivers (N = 55). At 12 weeks after diagnosis, we administered the Prognosis and Treatment Perceptions Questionnaire to assess understanding of prognosis and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to evaluate mood. We used multivariable regression analyses to explore associations between prognostic understanding and mood and McNemar tests to compare prognostic perceptions among patient-caregiver dyads (N = 48). Results A total of 87.1% (61/70) of patients and 79.6% (43/54) of caregivers reported that it was "very" or "extremely" important to know about the patient's prognosis. The majority of patients (72.7%, [48/66]) reported that their cancer was curable. Patients who reported that their illness was incurable had greater depressive symptoms (B = 3.01, 95% CI, 0.89-5.14, P = .01). There was no association between caregivers' prognostic understanding and mood. Among patient-caregiver dyads, patients were more likely than caregivers to report that their primary treatment goal was cure (43.8% [21/48] vs 25.0% [12/48], P = .04) and that the oncologist's primary goal was cure (29.2% [14/48] vs 8.3% [4/48], P = .02). Conclusions Patients with malignant gliomas frequently hold inaccurate perceptions of the prognosis and treatment goal. Although caregivers more often report an accurate assessment of these metrics, many still report an overly optimistic perception of prognosis. Interventions are needed to enhance prognostic communication and to help patients cope with the associated distress.
Identification of dual positive CD19+/CD3+ T cells in a leukapheresis product undergoing CAR transduction: a case report

Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are therapeutics for relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) that are increasingly being used in tandem. We identified a non-physiologic CD19+/CD3+ T-cell population in the leukapheresis product of a patient undergoing CAR T-cell manufacturing who previously received a haploidentical HSCT, followed by infusion of a genetically engineered T-cell addback product. We confirm and report the origin of these CD19+/CD3+ T cells that have not previously been described in context of CAR T-cell manufacturing. We additionally interrogate the fate of these CD19-expressing cells as they undergo transduction to express CD19-specific CARs. Main body We describe the case of a preteen male with multiply relapsed B-ALL who was treated with sequential cellular therapies. He received an αβ T-cell depleted haploidentical HSCT followed by addback of donor-derived T cells genetically modified with a suicide gene for iCaspase9 and truncated CD19 for cell tracking (RivoCel). He relapsed 6 months following HSCT and underwent leukapheresis and CAR T-cell manufacturing. During manufacturing, we identified an aberrant T-cell population dually expressing CD19 and CD3. We hypothesized that these cells were RivoCel cells and confirmed using flow cytometry and PCR that the identified cells were in fact RivoCel cells and were eliminated with iCaspase9 activation. We additionally tracked these cells through CD19-specific CAR transduction and notably did not detect T cells dually positive for CD19 and CD19-directed CARs. The most likely rationale for this is in vitro fratricide of the CD19+ ‘artificial’ T-cell population by the CD19-specific CAR+ T cells in culture. Conclusions We report the identification of CD19+/CD3+ cells in an apheresis product undergoing CAR transduction derived from a patient previously treated with a haploidentical transplant followed by RivoCel addback. We aim to bring attention to this cell phenotype that may be recognized with greater frequency as CAR therapy and engineered αβhaplo-HSCT are increasingly coupled. We additionally suggest consideration towards using alternative markers to CD19 as a synthetic identifier for post-transplant addback products, as CD19-expression on effector T cells may complicate subsequent treatment using CD19-directed therapy.
E-Citizenship: Trust in Government, Political Efficacy, and Political Participation in the Internet Era

This article examines the changing relationship of the United States Federal government and the American public over the internet. The concepts of trust in government and political efficacy are used to construct a theoretical framework to study this relationship. After defining these concepts, a typology of high and low levels of trust in government and political efficacy is explained to characterize responses from research participants. Each type of American citizen, characterized by high or low levels of trust and efficacy, is associated with a set of properties regarding political interest and activity, derived from theories of trust in government and political efficacy. Data from the original “Trust and Online Engagement” survey is used to uncover relationships between different internet uses and sample distribution among the theoretical types defined by high or low levels of trust and efficacy. Additionally, in order to ensure the applicability of the theoretical types to the sample, political characteristics associated with each type are operationalized and tested against the survey sample, revealing both the viability of the typology and the strength of political efficacy over trust in government in determining political interest and participation among the internet-active American public.
Bacteria Broadly-Resistant to Last Resort Antibiotics Detected in Commercial Chicken Farms.

Resistance to last resort antibiotics in bacteria is an emerging threat to human and animal health. It is important to identify the source of these antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria that are resistant to clinically important antibiotics and evaluate their potential transfer among bacteria. The objectives of this study were to (i) detect bacteria resistant to colistin, carbapenems, and β-lactams in commercial poultry farms, (ii) characterize phylogenetic and virulence markers of E. coli isolates to potentiate virulence risk, and (iii) assess potential transfer of AMR from these isolates via conjugation. Ceca contents from laying hens from conventional cage (CC) and cage-free (CF) farms at three maturity stages were randomly sampled and screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter (CRA), and colistin resistant Escherichia coli (CRE) using CHROMagar™ selective media. We found a wide-spread abundance of CRE in both CC and CF hens across all three maturity stages. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups B2 and D, as well as plasmidic virulence markers iss and iutA, were widely associated with AMR E. coli isolates. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were uniquely detected in the early lay period of both CC and CF, while multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter were found in peak and late lay periods of both CC and CF. CRA was detected in CF hens only. blaCMY was detected in ESBL-producing E. coli in CC and CF and MDR Acinetobacter spp. in CC. Finally, the blaCMY was shown to be transferrable via an IncK/B plasmid in CC. The presence of MDR to the last-resort antibiotics that are transferable between bacteria in food-producing animals is alarming and warrants studies to develop strategies for their mitigation in the environment.
Development of pattern recognition and classification models for the detection of vibro-acoustic emissions from codling moth infested apples

Abstract Codling moth (CM) is the most devastating global pest of apples with a huge potential impact on the post-harvest quality and yield of the product. Due to the small size of its larvae and potentially hidden behavior, simple visual inspection is ill-suited for accurate infestation detection. The characteristic vibro-acoustic signals of multiple behaviors of CM larvae such as chewing and boring were identified in a previous study. In this study, two different approaches were proposed to build on this previous work: multi-domain feature extraction with machine learning to show basic classification potential, and matched filter-aided classification to show the effects of preprocessing using the larval behavior templates. Additionally, low-intensity heat stimulation was applied to improve classification results by increasing the larvae’s hidden activity rate. The results indicated that the first approach led to accuracies as high as 97.47 % for an acoustic signal duration of 10 s, with heat stimulation improving classification rates to 98.96 % for the same interval. Finally, the matched filter-aided classification approach improved upon the heat stimulated results even further to obtain a 100 % accuracy on classifying the test set for a signal duration of 5 s. These findings suggest that the vibro-acoustic technique can be an adaptable tool for detecting CM infestation in apples and improve post-harvest classification quality in fruit.
Vertebrate Heart Induction

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the tissue interactions that regulate heart determination in vertebrates. The method throughout is comparative, with a given phenomenon examined in several species in order to extract fundamental principles as well as to understand how the cardiac developmental program can be modified in different organisms. It is found that avian and amphibian species have a two-step model of vertebrate cardiac induction. Signals from anterior endoderm induce a cardiac field in the overlying mesoderm. Only a subdomain of this field actually becomes heart in vivo. The restriction of the heart field is affected both by BMP signals from the surrounding ventral/lateral tissues that promote cardiogenesis and by signals from dorsal/medial structures, including neural tissues that inhibit heart formation. The end result is specification of heart tissue in the anterior ventral mesoderm. It is also hoped that discussing cardiac development in several vertebrate species will encourage workers on one species to try to integrate their results with the findings of those who work in other experimental systems.
Application of cell-fusion techniques to induce amniotic fluid cells to express special functions and for complementation analysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the application of cell-fusion techniques to induce amniotic fluid cells to express special functions and for complementation analysis. Amniotic fluid cells obtained from second-trimester pregnancies have been used to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities, inherited enzyme defects, and hemoglobin abnormalities. Established human lines might also be acceptable provided the gene products in question differ between the amniocyte and the immortal human parent. Nonsenescing or established lines are also likely to be most successful because the hybrid may require several generations of proliferation before analysis. The parental line should be karyotypically stable and not generate hybrids with rapid loss or rearrangement of the human genome. The rodent line should be hyperdiploid. This trait may not be essential to the activation of the human genome. Another gene of potential interest for prenatal diagnosis is phenylalanine hydroxylase. A deficiency of this liver-specific enzyme is associated with phenylketonuria, an autosomal recessive disorder that leads to severe mental retardation unless treated soon after birth by dietary restriction of phenylalanine. Controls for the detection of activated proteins would include hybrids with normal amniocytes assayed simultaneously.
Curvature of Contact Metric Manifolds

This essay surveys a number of results and open questions concerning the curvature of Riemannian metrics associated to a contact form.
An improved methodology for the characterization and identification of sepia in works of art by normal Raman and SERS, complemented by FTIR, Py‐GC/MS, and XRF

The natural sepia pigment is based on eumelanin, the most prevalent type of melanin, and can be obtained from the ink sac of different members of the Cephalopoda class, such as cuttlefish and squid. The main components of natural sepia are indole derivatives, but pigments prepared following historical recipes are generally more heterogeneous as they may also contain proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. Sepia is difficult to identify in works of art owing to its heterogeneity, insolubility in most organic solvents, interference by the binding media, and its poorly defined spectroscopic properties. In the present study, three commercial natural sepia pigments, along with a sample extracted from cuttlefish following a historical recipe in an artists' manual, a relatively more pure commercial melanin, and a synthetic eumelanin obtained by the oxidation of dopamine were characterized by normal Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), complemented by Fourier transform infrared, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and X-ray fluorescence, in order to obtain vibrational signatures for the identification of the pigment in works of art. Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis showed that the pigment composition is strongly influenced by the extraction procedure used. Lipids were identified in the chromatograms of all the natural samples analyzed, and the majority of these also showed the presence of cholesterol derivatives. Additional components resulting from the decomposition of polysaccharides were found to be present in the sepia extracted from cuttlefish in our laboratories. Normal Raman and SERS were also used to study two sepia inks applied on paper and subjected to accelerated aging. In the SERS measurements, a hydroxylamine-reduced silver colloid was used as this substrate is suitable for the identification of other natural heterogeneous black-brown pigments. The SERS methodology developed was applied to identify sepia in Waiting for Aaron, a drawing by the 19th century artist Robert Frederick Blum. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The nucleosome-binding protein HMGN2 modulates global genome repair.

The HMGN family comprises nuclear proteins that bind to nucleosomes and alter the structure of chromatin. Here, we report that DT40 chicken cells lacking either HMGN2 or HMGN1a, or lacking both HMGN1a and HMGN2, are hypersensitive to killing by UV irradiation. Loss of both HMGN1a and HMGN2 or only HMGN2 increases the extent of UV-induced G2–M checkpoint arrest and the rate of apoptosis. HMGN null mutant cells showed slower removal of UV-induced DNA lesions from native chromatin, but the nucleotide excision repair remained intact, as measured by host cell reactivation assays. These results identify HMGN2 as a component of the global genome repair subpathway of the nucleotide excision repair pathway, and may indicate that HMGN2 facilitates the ability of the DNA repair proteins to access and repair UV-induced DNA lesions in chromatin. Our finding that HMGNs play a role in global DNA repair expands the role of these proteins in the maintenance of genome integrity.
Changes in Atmospheric CO2: Factors Regulating the Glacial to Interglacial Transition

Observations of pCO2 and delta-C-13 for the deep sea, and delta-C-13 for shallow waters, furnish important constraints on the chemistry of the glacial ocean. The concentration of preformed nutrients in the model presented reflects the concentration of nitrogen at depth, the efficiency with which nitrogen is supplied to the cold surface water by exchange with the intermediate layer, the extent to which nutrients in the cold surface regime are diluted by low nutrient water from lower latitude, and the efficiency with which nutrients are used up by the local cold water biota.
DRB1*0402 may influence arthritis by promoting naive CD4+ T-cell differentiation in to regulatory T cells.

HLA-DRB1*0401 expression in humans has been associated with a predisposition to developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), while HLA-DRB1*0402 is not associated with susceptibility. Here, we determined if mice transgenic (Tg) for human *0401 have a CD4+ T-cell repertoire that predetermines proinflammatory cytokine production. The data show that both *0401 and *0402 Tg mice can produce TH1/TH17 cytokines, although the kinetics of response may be different. However, in the context of antigen-specific responses in a CIA model, *0402 Tg mice generate a TH2 response that may explain their resistance to developing arthritis. In addition, a significant subset of naive CD4+ T cells from *0402 Tg mice can be activated in polarizing conditions to differentiate into Treg cells that produce IFN-γ. *0401 Tg mice harbor memory CD4+ T cells that differentiate into IL-17(+) cells in various polarizing conditions. Our data suggest that *0401 Tg mice generate a strong immune response to lipopolysaccharide and may be efficient in clearing infection, and may *0401 have been evolutionarily selected for this ability. Autoimmunity, such as RA, could likely be a bystander effect of the cytokine storm that, along with the presence of low Treg-cell numbers in *0401 Tg mice, causes immune dysregulation.
Location Equilibrium for Cournot Oligopoly in Spatially Separated Markets

Consider a two-stage non-cooperative Cournot game with location choice involving n≥ 2 firms each with several facilities. There are m≥ 2 spatially separated markets constituting the vertices of a network. Each firm first selects the locations of their facilities and then selects the quantities to supply to the markets to maximize its profit. There exists a Nash equilibrium in the quantities offered by each firm at the markets. Furthermore, when the demand in each market is sufficiently large, each firm chooses to locate its facilities only at vertices. With linear demand in each market, there exists a Nash location equilibrium.
Increased binding of insulin to mononuclear blood cells following gastric bypass for morbid obesity.

Abstract The insulin resistance of obesity may be related to “down-regulation” of insulin receptor number and/or affinity in vivo which is reflected quantitatively by decreased insulin binding to blood mononuclear cells in vitro . To determine the effect of surgically induced weight loss on insulin receptor function, blood mononuclear cell insulin binding was measured in normal, morbidly obese (mean 270.0 ± 21.3% of ideal body weight), and post-gastric bypass patients (mean 45.3 ± 13.5 kg weight loss) who, 2 years postoperatively, were still 136 ± 27% of ideal weight. In vitro , at all physiologic concentrations of insulin the morbidly obese group bound significantly less insulin than either the postoperative patients or normal controls. There was a two- to three-fold reduction in receptor number, with no substantial alteration of insulin binding affinity. The data suggest that surgically induced weight loss can result in “up-regulation” of insulin receptor function, and that normalization of weight is not necessary for correction of insulin receptor function in morbidly obese patients.
Risk Factors for HSV-2 Infection among Sexual Partners of HSV-2/HIV-1 Co-Infected Persons.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the most frequent cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide and has been associated with increased risk for HIV-1 acquisition and transmission. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of risk factors for HSV-2 infection among HIV-1 uninfected partners, whose partners were co-infected with HIV-1 and HSV-2. Between November 2004 and April 2007, 3408 HIV-discordant couples, in which the HIV-1 infected partners were HSV-2 seropositive with CD4 250 cells/mm3 or greater, were enrolled in an HSV-2 suppression trial to prevent HIV-1 transmission at 14 sites in 7 African countries. Clinical & behavioral data, HSV-2 and HIV-1 testing were conducted at enrolment. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses were performed separately, by gender of the HIV-1 infected partner. Among 3354 HIV-1 uninfected participants, 32% were female and overall 71% were HSV-2 seropositive. Among couples with female HIV-1 infected partners, HIV-1 plasma RNA [aPR 1.03; 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.06; p = 0.11] and CD4 count [aPR 1.00; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.01; p = 0.48] in the HSV-2/HIV-1 dually infected female and circumcision in the HIV-1 uninfected male partner [aPR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.88 to 1.00; p = 0.06] were not associated with reduced risk of HSV-2 seropositivity, after adjusting for other factors. In this cross-sectional analysis of African HIV-1 serodiscordant heterosexual couples with prevalent HSV-2 infection in the HIV-1 infected partner, HIV-1 plasma RNA and CD4 count in the dually-infected partner and male circumcision in the HIV-1 uninfected partner were not associated with HSV-2 concordance. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00194519
Modeling Prion Transport in a Tunneling Nanotube

We develop a model for simulating prion transport in a tunneling nanotube (TNT). We simulate the situation when two cells, one of which is infected, are connected by a TNT. We consider two mechanisms of prion transport: lateral diffusion in the TNT membrane and active actin-dependent transport inside endocytic vesicles. Endocytic vesicles are propelled by myosin Va molecular motors. Since the transit time of prions through a TNT is short (several minutes), the two population model developed here assumes that there is no interchange between the two prion populations, and that partitioning between the prion populations is decided by prion loading at the TNT entrance. The split between the two prion populations at the TNT entrance is decided by the degree of loading, which indicates the portion of prions that enter a TNT in endocytic vesicles. An analytical solution describing prion concentrations and fluxes is obtained.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Breit-Pauli R-Matrix Calculation for Electron Impact Collision Strengths and Rates of O VI

The Breit-Pauli R-matrix with pseudostates approach has been used to calculate electron collisional excitation strengths for transitions between the 24 lowest fine-structure levels belonging to 14 LS terms (ns 2S, np 2P0 [n = 2-5], nd 2D [n = 3-5], nf 2F0 [n = 4, 5], and 5g 2G) of O VI. The effects of coupling to the highly excited bound and continuum target states have been simulated by using a set of pseudostates in the close-coupling expansion. Our 43 state Breit-Pauli calculation includes 24 physical and 19 pseudolevels in the R-matrix expansion. Rydberg series of resonances converging to the excited level thresholds are explicitly included in the calculation. The effective collision strengths are obtained from the total collision strengths by integrating over a Maxwellian velocity distribution of electron energies. These are listed over a wide temperature range from 103 to 6 × 106 K.
Media Exposure, Current and Future Body Ideals, and Disordered Eating Among Preadolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Panel Study

Internalization of the thin body ideal is considered by many to account for the relationship between media exposure and disordered eating among girls and young women, but almost all supporting research has employed adolescent and adult samples. Using longitudinal panel survey data collected from 257 preadolescent girls at 2 points in time 1 year apart, we tested relationships between self-reported television and magazine exposure at wave 1 and current (prepubescent) and future (postpubescent) body ideals and disordered eating at wave 2. Controlling age, race, perceived body size, and body ideals and disordered eating measured at wave 1, television viewing at wave 1 predicted increased disordered eating and a thinner postpubescent body ideal at wave 2. In contrast, none of the media variables predicted a thinner prepubescent body ideal at wave 2. These findings suggest that the thin-ideal internalization construct needs refinement to enhance its developmental sensitivity.
On the Structure of Egalitarianism

The purpose of this analysis is to develop an understanding of what factors lead some people to support the idea of economic equality and others to oppose it. Of special concern is the question of why even low income people in this country so overwhelmingly oppose equality. A review of relevant literature suggests the existence of an underlying belief structure consisting of five elements, all of which must be present if equality is to be supported.
The interaction of depersonalization and deindividuation

Abnormal experiences of the self defined here in terms ofdepersonalization may predispose individuals to aggressive behavior in situations that further alter their self-awareness. Conditions that raise self-awareness may inhibit the aggressive behavior of individuals prone to these abnormal experiences of self. In the current research, individuals prone to a distorted body image were least likely to express attitudes reflecting verbal hostility when their self-awareness was raised. Individuals prone to a sense of unreality about others were most likely to express attitudes that reflect physical aggression when their sense of social identity was raised. However, these attitudes were less likely in individuals prone to self-criticism whose social identity was enhanced. The results suggest that a multidimensional construct of depersonalization may aid in the prediction of aggressive behavior that is facilitated by situations that alter the individual’s sense of self.
Characterization of VNFG, the δ Subunit of the vnf-Encoded Apodinitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS ROLE IN THE FORMATION OF FUNCTIONAL DINITROGENASE 2

The vnf-encoded apodinitrogenase (apodinitrogenase 2) from Azotobacter vinelandii is an α2β2δ2 hexamer. The δ subunit (the VNFG protein) has been characterized in order to further delineate its function in the nitrogenase 2 enzyme system. Two species of VNFG were observed in cell-free extracts resolved on anoxic native gels; one is composed of VNFG associated with the VNFDK polypeptides, and the other is a homodimer of the VNFG protein. Both species of VNFG are observed in extracts of A. vinelandii strains that accumulate dinitrogenase 2, whereas extracts of strains impaired in the biosynthetic pathway of the iron-vanadium cofactor (FeV-co) that accumulate apodinitrogenase 2 (a catalytically inactive form of dinitrogenase 2 that lacks FeV-co) exhibit only the VNFG dimer on native gels. FeV-co and nucleotide are required for the stable association of VNFG with the VNFDK polypeptides; this stable association can be correlated with the formation of active dinitrogenase 2. The iron-molybdenum cofactor was unable to replace FeV-co in promoting the stable association of VNFG with VNFDK. FeV-co specifically associates with the VNFG dimer in vitro to form a complex of unknown stoichiometry; combination of this VNFG-FeV-co species with apodinitrogenase 2 results in its reconstitution to dinitrogenase 2. The results presented here suggest that VNFG is required for processing apodinitrogenase 2 to functional dinitrogenase 2.
622 GIARDIASIS, MUCUS AND MALABSORPTION. A SCANNING (SEM) AND TRANSMISSION (TEM) ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF SMALL BOWEL MUCOSA

Infestation with Giardia Lamblia (GL) may be associated with malabsorption, the pathogenesis of which continues to be under investigation. Recent observations in 2 children with giardiasis, including careful examination of biopsied small intestinal mucosa by SEM and TEM, has provided additional information, which may help to explain presence or absence of malabsorption. Two children, aged 2 and 2½ years with diarrhea of 3 to 4 months' duration underwent diagnostic workup, including small bowel biopsy. Stool examinations were negative, and serum immunoglobulins, and mucosal morphology by light microscopy normal in both. Biochemical indices indicated malabsorption in one of the children, but not in the other. SEM of the mucosa of the child with malabsorption showed that wide areas of villous surfaces were covered with sheets of mucus of variable thickness (1.5-4.0μ). The microvilli were shortened. By contrast, the villous surfaces of the child without malabsorption were free of mucus, and most GL were trapped in mucus at the base of the villi. Mucosal invasion was not a major finding. These observations suggest that increased secretion (crypts) and deposition of mucus produces an effective diffusion barrier to nutrients, explaining malabsorption phenomena and, possibly, subsequent adverse trophic effects on the mucosa. The proclivity to secrete mucus in response to the infestation with GL in humans may be determined genetically and/or environmentally.
Deformation fields of interfacial cracks in adhesively bonded DCBS

Deformation fields of interfacial cracks in adhesively jointed double-cantilever beams (DCBs) are investigated by moire interferometry. The deformation field in a macro-scale is found to be characterizable by remote stress intensity factors and the disturbance of the singular stress field, due to the presence of the adhesive layer, is localized. The moire fringes also provide a means for the determination of remote stress intensity factors. The effect of the adhesive layer on the loading parameters for adhesively jointed DCBs is studied.