cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of seismic SV waves in the core's penumbra

Vertically-polarized S-waves (SV) attenuate rapidly as they diffract around the Earth's core, whereas horizontally- polarized S-waves (SH) propagate to large distances in the core shadow zone. The amplitude decay of diffracted SV signals is so strong that few studies have been made of these phases, despite their acute sensitivity to velocity structure just above the core-mantle boundary. We analyze SV signals in the penumbra of the core's shadow, finding systematic waveform complexities indicative of local stratification and apparent anisotropy at the base of the mantle, with implications for the dynamic processes in this internal boundary layer.
Comparison of a Qualitative and a Quantitative Approach to Developing a Household Food Insecurity Scale for Bangladesh

This paper compares a qualitative and a quantitative (Rasch) method of item assessment for developing the content of a food insecurity scale for Bangladesh. Data are derived from the Bangladesh Food Insecurity Measurement and Validation Study, in which researchers collected 2 rounds of ethnographic information and 3 rounds of conventional household survey data between 2001 and 2003. The qualitative method of scale development relied on content experts and respondents themselves to evaluate household food insecurity items generated through ethnographic research. The quantitative method applied the Rasch model to assess the fit of the same items using representative survey data. The Rasch model was then used to test for differential item functioning (DIF) across diverse demographic and geographic subgroups. The qualitative assessment flagged and discarded 10 items, leaving 13. The Rasch assessment of infit and outfit flagged 3 items, and the Rasch DIF test discarded another 10 items, leaving a total of 10 items in the Rasch-derived scale. The 2 scales contained 8 of the same items. The qualitatively and quantitatively derived scales were highly correlated (r = 0.96, P < 0.01), and the 2 methods located 90% of households in the same food insecurity tercile. This convergence lends added confidence to the use of either scale for identifying food-insecure households in different regions of Bangladesh. Multiple methods should continue to be applied in a systematic and transparent way to lend additional credence to the results when they converge and to pinpoint directions for further clarification where they do not.
Pharmacologically Active Drug Metabolites: Impact on Drug Discovery and Pharmacotherapy

Metabolism represents the most prevalent mechanism for drug clearance. Many drugs are converted to metabolites that can retain the intrinsic affinity of the parent drug for the pharmacological target. Drug metabolism redox reactions such as heteroatom dealkylations, hydroxylations, heteroatom oxygenations, reductions, and dehydrogenations can yield active metabolites, and in rare cases even conjugation reactions can yield an active metabolite. To understand the contribution of an active metabolite to efficacy relative to the contribution of the parent drug, the target affinity, functional activity, plasma protein binding, membrane permeability, and pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite and parent drug must be known. Underlying pharmacokinetic principles and clearance concepts are used to describe the dispositional behavior of metabolites in vivo. A method to rapidly identify active metabolites in drug research is described. Finally, over 100 examples of drugs with active metabolites are discussed with regard to the importance of the metabolite(s) in efficacy and safety.
BIOPHYSICAL ASSESSMENTS OF DISEASES OF INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

This paper describes certain quantitative approaches to the study of diseases of involuntary movement. Such movements are examined in the context of a simple tracking task in which the elasticity (K), electromagnetic damping (B), and inertia (J) of the control-stick are systematically varied. While the study is limited, it does indicate one means by which analytical procedures may be brought to bear constructively on a problem of clinical importance.
Function and Expression Analysis of Gibberellin Oxidases in Apple

Three cDNAs, encoding gibberellin (GA) 20-oxidase (MdGA20ox1, identical to AB037114), 3-oxidase (MdGA3ox1), and 2-oxidase (MdGA2ox1), were isolated from apple cv. Fuji (Malus x domestica). Southern blot analysis indicated that each of these genes belongs to a gene family. Standard enzyme assays show that the MdGA20ox1-MBP fusion protein can sequentially oxidize three times at C-20 position of GA12 and GA53 and generate GA9 and GA20; the MdGA3ox1-MBP fusion protein converts GA20 and GA9 to GA4 and GA1, and the MdGA2ox1-MBP fusion protein converts GA4 and GA1 to GA34 and GA8, respectively. In addition, we confirmed that MdGA20ox1 is strongly expressed in immature seeds and scarcely detected in other tissues, whereas MdGA3ox1 and MdGA2ox1 are mainly expressed in flowers. Therefore, all the three cDNAs are localized in reproductive tissues. Functional and expression analysis of the three GA oxidases would provide fundamental molecular information to analyze GA metabolic regulation in apple.
A wavelength-parallel polarimetry technique for both spectral SOP and spectral DOP measurements

A wavelength-parallel polarimeter has been developed for measuring both spectral states-of-polarization and spectral degrees-of-polarization of over 100 (scalable up to thousands) wavelengths in parallel within 1 millisecond.
Failure to recognize fake internet popup warning messages

"Warning, your computer is infected with spyware. Windows needs to download and install the anti-spyware updates to remedy this issue. Click OK to begin." This is just one example of many popup warnings that spyware and malware creators use to try to mislead unsuspecting Internet users into downloading potentially harmful software. Falling prey to an illegitimate message could produce negative consequences that vary from bothersome computer performance to complete system failure. The purpose of this study was to determine which visual design cues, if any, would alert people to the illegitimacy of fake popup warning windows while browsing the Internet. Results indicated that most people did not behave in a cautious manner upon presentation of three different fake popup warning windows. Implications of the research are discussed. Language: en
Biography: history of developments in imaging techniques: Egas Moniz and angiography.

Angiography, the primary imaging technique used for visualizing the brain's blood vessels and any accompanying abnormalities, also is used for imaging aneurysms and other lesions having an infectious cause. A Nobel laureate who later was recognized for his radical treatment for mental illness, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, has been credited with discovering angiography. However, despite the tremendous impact it has had on the field of medicine, angiography did not receive the recognition that the researcher's later work in psychosurgery did. For many years, the reason for this seeming oversight remained a mystery, especially considering that leucotomy subsequently was superseded by psychopharmaceutical drugs and other management modalities, whereas angiography continues to play a vital role in medicine. This article looks at the various achievements of Egas Moniz, who excelled in many disciplines, as well as at the circumstances surrounding his being denied the Nobel Prize for the discovery of angiography.
Atrazine in a Stream‐Aquifer System: Transport of Atrazine and Its Environmental Impact Near Ashland, Nebraska

Lincoln's municipal wellfield consists of 44 wells located adjacent to the Platte River near Ashland, Nebraska. The herbicide atrazine was monitored in the river and two transects of monitoring, wells. The amount of atrazine transported down the Platte River in 1989, 1990, and 1991 was shown to increase each year. Induced recharge from the Platte River results in movement of atrazine from the river into the aquifer. A 21-day lag time was determined for the movement of atrazine from the river to a transect of monitoring wells 10 feet West of the bank. The role that colloids play on the transport of atrazine was determined to be insignificant. A small percentage of atrazine found in the river was determined to come from rain water. The infiltration of agrichemical-contaminated river water was shown to significantly reduce the quality of raw water and finished water being produced by the adjacent aquifer.
HyperNews, a hypermedia electronic-newspaper environment based on agents

The HyperNews project aims at developing a hypermedia electronic newspaper system, based on agent technology, that is intended to help readers to reduce the time spent on searching for relevant information and to enable information providers to commercialize hypermedia electronic news articles in terms similar to those of printed newspapers. The system enforces copyright control and payment on a "pay per use" basis. Moreover, HyperNews establishes intraand cross-newspaper hyperlinks according to the interests of the reader and presents the information consumer with a personalized hypermedia electronic newspaper through a Java-based World Wide Web browser. The information consumers and providers run an agent execution platform on which the different components of the HyperNews system execute as software agents. The mobile agents are used to encapsulate the data in HyperNews article agents and to update specific software agents that are bound to the information providers. The resulting article agents can be distributed and duplicated at will, since access to the content is bound to the payment.
Learning From Preservice Teachers’ Thoughts About Teaching in Urban Schools: Implications for Teacher Educators

Preparing new teachers to work in urban schools has become a priority for many teacher education programs. This study explored 20 preservice teachers’ responses to a scenario about working in an urban school as a beginning teacher. Specific attention was placed on what participants believed were key challenges and concerns. Findings indicated that participants who exhibited interest in urban school teaching and those who did not shared similar concerns about urban teaching. These views suggest specific curricular approaches for teacher educators.
Measurements of low magnetic field microwave absorption in 110-K superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thin films

Studies on magnetic-field dependent microwave absorption in Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thin films superconducting above 100 K are reported. The films were DC magnetron sputtered on MgO and CaNdAlO/sub 4/ single crystals from Pb-rich targets and post-annealed at high temperatures in air for less than 1 h. The measurements were performed as a function of temperature, DC magnetic field, and the film magnetic history. The results show that the microwave absorption measurements are a very sensitive tool for high-T/sub c/ thin-film characterization, since even small variations in the film phase homogeneity, granularity, or crystalline orientation are clearly visible on the modulated absorption curves. It was found that the films characterized by the lowest absorption exhibited the highest critical current densities. >
Exploring Online News Credibility: The Relative Influence of Traditional and Technological Factors

This study investigates a range of traditional and technological factors that contribute to credibility perceptions for three categories of online news sources. These sources include mainstream (usatoday.com, nytimes.com), independent (thedrudgereport.com, axisoflogic.com), and index-type (news.google.com, yahoo.news.com) websites. While traditional dimensions of credibility remain influential, results suggest that the hypertextuality of index-type online news sources is of particular importance. Multimediality and interactivity did not influence credibility perceptions. These results support the perspective that online media differ based on credibility and users' perceptions are in part based on the technological affordances of media. A major contribution of this research lies in the empirical demonstration of the relationships between technological characteristics of various online news sources and subsequent credibility assessments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
OVIPOSITION SITES OF CORYDALUS CORNUTUS (MEGALOPTERA: CORYDALIDAE) IN EASTERN TEXAS

Abstract Previous studies of oviposition sites of Corydalus cornutus have been restricted to large lotic systems. Attempts were made to correlate parameters of streams and oviposition sites in a small stream from early to late summer 2004 in Walker Co., Texas. Height of egg mass above surface of water, depth of water below egg mass, distance of oviposition to nearest shore, width of stream, distance to previous riffle, distance to next riffle, and velocity of water were measured to determine preference of sites for oviposition. At two study sites on a stream containing riffled areas, 94 egg masses were examined to determine their position. Significant correlations existed between width of stream and height of oviposition above water.
Rapidly progressive pneumonia in a young man

lerome R. Hoffman, MD: Today’s patient is a 35 year-old male who was in his usual state of good health until approximately six days prior to admission, when he suddenly developed chills, fever greater than 38.9”C (102”F), drenching sweats, nausea, vomiting, and yellow foul-smelling diarrhea while vacationing in St. Croix, Virgin Islands. The patient also noted a cough productive of yellow sputum, as well as mild headache and neck stiffness. The onset of symptoms occurred five hours after a shrimp dinner, and the patient also noted multiple bites and stings by fleas and mosquitoes while camping during his trip. He denied any rash. Two days after the onset of his symptoms the patient visited a local physician, who treated him with oral hydroxyzine and ampicillin, and told him that he had a “high white count.” When the patient’s symptoms worsened and he noted the onset of shortness of breath and a small amount of gross blood mixed in with his sputum, he flew home to Los Angeles and immediately presented to the Emergency Medicine Center at UCLA Hospital and Clinics.
Early congenital syphilis in a premature newborn: typical cutaneous manifestations in atypical skin areas

The illustrated infant was birthed by an emergency caesarean section owing to placental abruption at 35 weeks of gestational age. The mother was serologically negative for relevant infections, except for a …
Territorial Movements of Black-throated Blue Warblers in a Landscape Fragmented by Forestry

Abstract Many forest bird species show inhibition to entering open areas, including crossing habitat gaps. We examined the responses of Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) to conspecific song playback within forest, at clearcut-forest ecotones, and across logging roads to assess movements of this Neotropical migrant into open areas. Males responded readily to song playbacks in all areas, and moved significantly farther into clearcuts than they did within intact forest (40.4 ± 2.9 m and 17.1 ± 1.2 m, respectively). Their singing, aggressive trilling, and alarm-calling rates were highest in response to playback from clearcuts, intermediate during road-crossings, and lowest within forest. Males moved farthest into the oldest regenerating clearcuts (>15 years old), indicating that vegetation structure also influences their movement into open areas. Second-year males were more responsive than older males, moving farther to reach speakers in all areas, and showing a nonsignificant trend of mov...
A Simple Tool For Quality Assessment In Education

A quality assessment tool is presented to detect the presence of out-of-control conditions in a school course system. The tool detects whether or not a set of courses offered by a certain discipline constitutes a stable (or in-control) system of courses. A system of courses is said to be stable if the variation in students' performance from course to course is only due to common causes. Students' performance in a course may be measured by their term grades in that course or any other method of evaluation. The proposed quality tool has the advantage of being applicable to numerical grades as well as to ordinal letter grades such as A, B, C, etc. A further advantage is that the proposed tool can be implemented graphically as a quality control chart . A pilot case study of the proposed tool was initiated in Fall 1995 to monitor a system of six of basic 200-level courses in the Department of Business Administration at Alabama State University. The results of this pilot study show that the system was out-of-control for the period Fall 1995 to Fall 1999 and then became in-control in Fall 2001.
Yolk Sac Development in Mice

A functional cardiovascular system is essential for survival and growth of the mammalian embryo, so the hematopoietic, vascular, and cardiac organ systems are the first to emerge in early post-implantation development.1 During gastrulation, mesoderm cells create the body plan, forming red blood cells in the yolk sac, the heart and aorta in the embryo proper, and a vascular network to connect the two. In this chapter, the development of the hematopoietic system in the yolk sac of the mouse will be reviewed.
Vanishing point

Vanishing Point is a presentation of the world as it responds to international newspaper coverage - not a measure of what the world is, but of what is most newsworthy. Consequently, countries that receive less media coverage gradually disappear from view. It consists of an interactive world map connected to a database fed by international news sources, and exists both in the form of a website (http://low-fi.org.uk/vanishingpoint) and as a physical gallery installation.The goal of this piece is to decipher the world that news media reconfigures and to observe if media coverage, or lack thereof, is creating a new cartography.
Current thoughts on angiogenesis.

Research into the distinct phases of the process of angiogenesis has informed the development of growth factor therapy and tissue-engineered products, but more studies are needed to ensure the development of new therapeutic strategies
A Generic Approach to Iterative Methods

Iterative processes usually appear in the undergraduate curriculum as unrelated topics, each having a specific purpose and independent existence. Yet such topics as Newton's method, Picard's method for showing the existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems, the Economic Cobweb Theorem for describing supply and demand equilibria, the convergence theorem for the long-run behavior of regular Markov chains, as well as many other iterative processes, are simply different manifestations of the general theme set forth in the Contraction Mapping Principle. The first abstract setting for this principle is credited to Stefan Banach [2],[17],[27], who showed that, under a very general hypothesis, all sequences generated by the repeated evaluation of a distance-decreasing function must converge to a unique fixed point. This convergence is the essence of an iterative technique which can be used in a variety of applications to find an approximate solution, to assert that a unique solution must exist, or to show that a given sequence converges to a known solution. Such applications of the Contraction Mapping Principle are the substance of this article. A good example of a simple iterative process was shown to me by my five-year-old son Donald: Turn on a scientific calculator and repeatedly press the COS button. On a typical calculator, this algorithm computes iterated values of the calculator function COS(x), degree mode (a discrete rational function that approximates the continuous real function f(x)= cos(2 gx/360)), and displays successive terms of the sequence
Factors Related to Psittacosis Virus (Strain 6BC) Growth. V. Folic Acid-like Factor in Infected Cells.∗:

SummaryGrowth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in L cells in vitro was inhibited by sulfadiazine and this inhibition was reversed by addtion of PABA. L cell tissue cultures infected with the virus contained 2 or more times the amount of folic acid in noninfected cultures. The possibility of introduction into the cell or induction in the cell by the virus of enzyme or enzyme system, making the infected cell capable of folic acid synthesis, is discussed.
Multidisciplinary aerospace design optimization: Survey of recent developments

The increasing complexity of engineering systems has sparked increasing interest in multidisciplinary optimization (MDO). This paper presents a survey of recent publications in the field of aerospace where interest in MDO has been particularly intense. The two main challenges of MDO are computational expense and organizational complexity. Accordingly the survey is focussed on various ways different researchers use to deal with these challenges. The survey is organized by a breakdown of MDO into its conceptual components. Accordingly, the survey includes sections on Mathematical Modeling, Design-oriented Analysis, Approximation Concepts, Optimization Procedures, System Sensitivity, and Human Interface. With the authors' main expertise being in the structures area, the bulk of the references focus on the interaction of the structures discipline with other disciplines. In particular, two sections at the end focus on two such interactions that have recently been pursued with a particular vigor: Simultaneous Optimization of Structures and Aerodynamics, and Simultaneous Optimization of Structures Combined With Active Control.
Lorentz Covariance of the Dirac Equation

From the 4-D form of the Dirac equation, $$ {\gamma^\mu}\frac{\partial}{{\partial{x^\mu }}}\psi+\frac{{imc}}{\hbar}\psi=0 $$ (1) , it might seem tempting to conclude the γμ are the four components of a four-vector contracted with to make a Lorentz scalar, but this is nonsense. The γμ are merely matrices, introduced to keep track of how the various components, Ψρ, are coupled to each other in the four equations. If an observer, O’, in another Lorentz frame, x’μ, constructs his Dirac equations, his γμ will have to satisfy all of the same criteria as the γμ for an observer, O, in the Lorentz frame, x μ. Observer, O’, might come op with a different solution to the Dirac relations and the hermiticity conditions (as might another observer in x μ), but his different solution would be related to Dirac’s solution by means of a similarity transformation, corresponding again merely to a different linear combination of the Ψ and the four equations. (Unlike γμ, however, the product , is a four-vector, as was surmised in the last chapter.)
Patchwork: Multi-User Network Control of a Massive Modular Synthesizer.

We present Patchwerk, a networked synthesizer module with tightly coupled web browser and tangible interfaces. Patchwerk connects to a pre-existing modular synthesizer using the emerging cross-platform HTML5 WebSocket standard to enable low-latency, high-bandwidth, concurrent control of analog signals by multiple users. Online users control physical outputs on a custom-designed cabinet that reflects their activity through a combination of motorized knobs and LEDs, and streams the resultant audio. In a typical installation, a composer creates a complex physical patch on the modular synth that exposes a set of analog and digital parameters (knobs, buttons, toggles, and triggers) to the web-enabled cabinet. Both physically present and online audiences can control those parameters, simultaneously seeing and hearing the results of each other’s actions. By enabling collaborative interaction with a massive analog synthesizer, Patchwerk brings a broad audience closer to a rare and historically important instrument. Patchwerk is available online at http://synth.media.mit.edu.
Introduction: What If We Held a Constitutional Convention and Everybody Came?

Our ever more mobile, globally interconnected, and diversifying world continually prompts new ethical questions about the borders and boundaries that unite and divide us. Human affairs impinge inevitably on questions of identity and belonging that hinge on and sometimes challenge state frontiers, national membership, civic ties, the bounds of religious and ethnic collectivities, and the limits of moral community. Any given day is likely to bring a new dispute or quandary regarding how our social and political divisions are constructed or understood. For instance: Who should have a place at the table when a new constitution is being drafted in Afghanistan, or Iraq, or the European Union? Under what conditions should the people of a basically self-sufficient region such as Somaliland or Kurdistan be recognized as an autonomous, sovereign political community? In referenda over proposals for secession or irredenta — in East Timor, or Southern Sudan, or Taiwan, for example — who should be viewed as entitled to vote? What restrictions might fairly be placed on those who wish to migrate to wealthy countries such as Japan or Norway and with what rationale? On what basis should persons be recognized as belonging to the Jewish people, or the German Volk, or the citizenry of the United States, with all the rights and privileges that attach to such memberships? For several decades now and with growing urgency, such questions of inclusion and membership have been carving themselves out a place that has reached beyond the headlines onto the agendas of philosophical debates about the meaning and requirements of justice.
Open Access Liturgical Resources for Judaism

In his 2004 article “Jam To-morrow and Jam Yesterday, but Never Jam To-day: The Dilemma of Theology Libraries Planning for the Twenty-first Century,” Jack W. Ammerman of Boston University School of Theology posits that “the transformation in publishing that has taken place in the last decade changes not only the way we access information, but also the way it can be used, and ultimately the business model that makes its publication possible. Scholars continue to discover new ways to search, manipulate, and utilize information in digital formats.”1 Nine years later, his statement seems positively prophetic. Further, while digital humanities (as this interactive and multimedia means to educational publishing is now known) is changing the way scholars approach topics and research, the Open Access (OA) movement is pressing to make these publications freely available to everyone with an Internet connection.
On Squat Jump Exercise

This paper deals with the mechanics of the human leg and forces in the muscles, ligaments, and joint contact in the leg during a squat jump exercise. An inverse dynamics approach is used in this work. A 2-D dynamic model of one limb in the sagittal plane is used to investigate this ballistic task. Results are then compared to data available in the literature. They show good agreement. The response of the ligament forces and the tibio-femoral contact point location during the exercise are reported.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
ShapeShift: Mediating User Interaction Through Augmented Shading and Shadow

In this paper, we describe ShapeShift, our initial exploration into creating a holistic object augmentation by extending physical properties of objects with augmented reality. As a first step, we choose manipulations of shading and shadow for exploration. Shading and shadow are form-giving properties of an object. These attributes play two main roles in perceiving the object: (1) they delineate physical properties of the object (form and texture) and (2) contextualise the object's relation to its environment. This project aims to give shadow and shading the ability to change the perception of an object, allowing for new affordances and interactions to emerge.
Free-electron laser emission architecture impact on EUV lithography

Laser-produced plasma (LPP) EUV sources have demonstrated approximately 125 W at customer sites, establishing confidence in EUV lithography as a viable manufacturing technology. However, beyond the 7 nm technology node existing scanner/source technology must enable higher-NA imaging systems (requiring increased resist dose and providing half-field exposures) and/or EUV multi-patterning (requiring increased wafer throughput proportional to the number of exposure passes. Both development paths will require a substantial increase in EUV source power to maintain the economic viability of the technology, creating an opportunity for free-electron laser (FEL) EUV sources. FEL-based EUV sources offer an economic, high-power/single-source alternative to LPP EUV sources. Should free-electron lasers become the preferred next generation EUV source, the choice of FEL emission architecture will greatly affect its operational stability and overall capability. A near-term industrialized FEL is expected to utilize one of the following three existing emission architectures: (1) selfamplified spontaneous emission (SASE), (2) regenerative amplification (RAFEL), or (3) self-seeding (SS-FEL). Model accelerator parameters are put forward to evaluate the impact of emission architecture on FEL output. Then, variations in the parameter space are applied to assess the potential impact to lithography operations, thereby establishing component sensitivity. The operating range of various accelerator components is discussed based on current accelerator performance demonstrated at various scientific user facilities. Finally, comparison of the performance between the model accelerator parameters and the variation in parameter space provides a means to evaluate the potential emission architectures. A scorecard is presented to facilitate this evaluation and provide a framework for future FEL design and enablement for EUV lithography applications.
Staying connected: Service-specific orientation can be successfully achieved using a mobile application for onboarding care providers

Communicating service-specific practice patterns, guidelines, and provider information to a new team of learners that rotate frequently can be challenging. Leveraging individual and healthcare electronic resources, a mobile device platform was implemented into a newly revised resident onboarding process. We hypothesized that offering an easy-to-use mobile application would improve communication across multiple disciplines as well as improve provider experiences when transitioning to a new rotation. A mobile platform was created and deployed to assist with enhancing communication within a trauma service and its resident onboarding process. The platform had resource materials such as: divisional policies, Clinical Practice Guidelines (CMGs), and onboarding manuals along with allowing for the posting of divisional events, a divisional directory that linked to direct dialing, text or email messaging, as well as on-call schedules. A mixed-methods study, including an anonymous survey, aimed at providing information on team member's impressions and usage of the mobile application was performed. Usage statistics over a 3-month period were analyzed on those providers who completed the survey. After rotation on the trauma service, trainees were asked to complete an anonymous, online survey addressing both the experience with, as well as the utility of, the mobile app. Thirty of the 37 (81%) residents and medical students completed the survey. Twenty-five (83%) trainees stated that this was their first experience rotating on the trauma service and 6 (20%) were from outside of the health system. According to those surveyed, the most useful function of the app were access to the directory (15, 50%), the divisional calendar (4, 13.3%), and the on-call schedules (3, 10%). Overall, the app was felt to be easy to use (27, 90%) and was accessed an average of 7 times per day (1-50, SD 9.67). Over half the survey respondents felt that the mobile app was helpful in completing their everyday tasks (16, 53.3%). Fifteen (50%) of the respondents stated that the app made the transition to the trauma service easier. Twenty-five (83.3%) stated it was valuable knowing about departmental events and announcements, and 17 (56.7%) felt more connected to the division. The evolution of mobile technology is rapidly becoming fundamental in medical education and training. We found that integrating a service-specific mobile application improved the learner's experience when transitioning to a new service and was a valuable onboarding instrument. Level of evidence IV.
Smart Security?: Evaluating Security Resiliency in the U.S. Department of Transportation's Smart City Challenge

Smart city initiatives, which involve the connection and automation of city systems and services through the use of information and communication technology, offer significant opportunities to impr...
Field attenuation around inductive-power-transfer coils with dual-side-controlled converter

The stray magnetic field around inductive-power-transfer coils is influenced by the phases of the transmitter's and receiver's currents. This influence is analyzed with the diagrams of phasors for the currents and magnetic fields. The dual-side-controlled converter is applied for the circuit realization, in which the bridges with MOSFETs are used for the inverter on the transmitter side and rectifier on the receiver side. The magnitudes of windings' currents are controlled by the pulse-widths of the inverter voltage and rectifier voltage, and the currents' phases are controlled by the phases of the voltages. The field attenuation of this method was verified in finite-element simulation, with a series-series inductive power transfer system designed for 3.3 kW power transfer. In the conventional case with passive rectifier, the phase difference is 90° between the currents of transmitter and receiver. When the phase difference is decreased to 50° using the dual-side-controlled converter, the stray magnetic field is reduced by up to 30%.
Hormonal organization of sex differences in play fighting and spatial behavior.

Publisher Summary Sex differences are known to exist in a variety of nonreproductive behaviors in mammals, such as activity, reactions to various stimuli, certain components of the play behavior of juveniles, aggression, feeding and body weight regulation as well as the learning of certain avoidance and maze problems. This chapter describes the effects of gonadal hormones on sex differences in play and spatial behavior. Play fighting is sexually dimorphic in a number of diverse species including humans, several species of great apes and old world monkeys as well as in ungulates, pinnipeds, and rodents. While there is currently no evidence that decisively indicates that gonadal hormones play an important role in sex-related differences in human spatial behavior, new findings support the hypothesis that perinatal exposure to androgens may be a factor. Most of the human studies necessarily employ patients with endocrine anomalies and, consequently, the samples are usually small. Because the magnitude of the sex difference is not very great, careful attention to task and age variables is important, but larger samples may also be required to detect whatever hormonal influences exist. Clearly additional research with adult humans in spatial tasks that more closely resemble those employed with animals would be helpful in assessing the validity of animal models of sex differences.
Development of Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila is one of the best-understood model systems for studying synaptic development. This article reviews the establishment, growth, and plasticity of the embryonic and larval NMJ. The article addresses the molecular determination of embryonic motor neurons, axonal guidance, axonal defasciculation, target recognition, and activity-dependent refinement. Turning to the larval NMJ, the article examines the growth and maturation of pre- and postsynaptic structures, the role of neuromuscular activity in regulating synaptic growth and function, and the molecular signals that are transferred bidirectionally between motor neuron and muscle to regulate NMJ maturation and synaptic homeostasis.
The 1961 National Cuban Literacy Campaign

In 1986, 27 years after its Revolution, Cuba’s highest flag is still the banner of education. Almost one-third of the people—three million—including nearly all children between the ages of six and twelve, are enrolled in school. The number of teachers committed to the educational enterprise continues to be a source of national pride.1
The effect of milk intake on forage intake and growth of nursing calves

Thirty-nine Holstein steer calves were assigned to one of five treatments at birth and individually fed for 200 d with milk replacer reconstituted to equal the fat and protein concentration of beef cow milk. Treatment levels were the quantities of reconstituted milk fed per day based on lactation curves, which were based on peak milk levels (PML) of 2.72, 5.44, 8.16, 10.88, and 13.6 kg/d, respectively. In addition to reconstituted milk, chopped alfalfa hay was offered ad libitum to allow for maximal voluntary forage consumption. All calves were fed a high-energy diet postweaning until they reached a similar degree of fatness in the 12th rib (4 to 5% chemical fat) as determined by ultrasound. There were differences (P < 0.05) among groups in weaning weight, preweaning ADG, age, and weight at slaughter. During the preweaning phase, there was a linear relationship (P < 0.01) for daily milk and forage DE intake; however, DE intake per unit of BW did not differ across treatments (P = 0.06). Increasing PML resulted in a linear (P < 0.01) decrease in alfalfa hay intake in the preweaning phase, and G:F increased quadratically (P < 0.01). During the postweaning phase, preweaning milk intake had no meaningful effect on postweaning ADG, but overall ADG had a linear relationship (P < 0.01) with preweaning milk level. There was no effect of PML on the 12th-rib lipid percent, marbling score, or quality grade, but protein and fat concentration in the carcass and empty BW increased linearly (P < 0.01) with PML. The group fed at 2.72 kg/ d PML was 58 kg lighter (P = 0.03) and required 34 d more (P < 0.01) to reach the predetermined degree of fatness at slaughter than the group fed at 13.6 kg/d PML, suggesting that increased milk production by the dam can decrease the number of days to the slaughter weight at which a similar rib lipid concentration is reached.
Early Immunologic Response of Irreversible Electroporation versus Cryoablation in a Rodent Model of Pancreatic Cancer.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the differences in immune responses between cryoablation and irreversible electroporation (IRE) in a preclinical mouse model. Material and Methods A mouse pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-2) was implanted in the bilateral flanks of mice, and tumor-bearing mice were divided into 6 groups. One of the tumors was ablated either with contact cryoablation using an argon-cooled cryoablation probe for 1 minute at 5% power or by IRE for a total of 64 100-μs-duration, 1250-V/cm2 pulses with 100-ms spacing. The contralateral tumors in the same animal served as controls. At immediate, 6, 12, and 24 hours after ablation, the tumors were processed for immunostaining with F480 (macrophages), CD3 (T cells), and CD-56 (natural killer cells) antibodies. Results CD3 staining demonstrated significantly more T cells in the IRE group than in the cryoablation group at 6 hours (45 vs 16; P = .027), 12 hours (67 vs 33; P = .020), and 24 hours (161 vs 94; p = .003), with almost a 2-fold increase at every time point. Although the mean number of natural killer cells in the treated tumors was higher, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups at any of the time points. A significant difference was observed in F480 positivity between the cryoablation group and the IRE group at 12 hours (210 vs 356; P = .0004) and 24 hours (220 vs 328; P = .04), respectively. Conclusions In a mouse model of pancreatic cancer, IRE evokes a more robust infiltration of macrophages and T cells than cryoablation within 24 hours.
The Agile Robotics for Industrial Automation Competition

The Agile Robotics for Industrial Automation Competition (ARIAC) is an annual simulation-based competition initiated in 2017. The competition challenges teams to design industrial robotic system control code to function in a dynamic environment. Each team’s system is faced with challenges such as dropped parts, and must address these challenges and continue to function without operator intervention.
Innovation in Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls—A Regulatory Perspective From Industry

This review describes the landscape of novel modalities such as cell and gene therapies, viruses, other novel biologics, oligomers, and emerging technologies, including modern analytics. We summarize the regulatory history and recent landmark developments in some major markets and examine specific chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) challenges, including suggestions for exploration of potential science-based approaches in support of regulatory strategy development from an industry perspective. In addition, we evaluate the economic factors contributing to patient access to innovation and discuss the impact of regulation. There is a desperate need for a consistent form of regulation where global approaches to regulatory strategies can be harmonized, and specific CMC challenges can be dealt with using the appropriate science and risk-based tools. Although these tools are well described in current guidance documents, the specifics of applicability to complex novel modalities can still result in differing regulatory advice and outcomes. The future goals for efficiently regulating innovative modalities and technologies could be aided by more regulatory harmonization, regulatory education, and industry cooperation through consortia, enabling industry to supply key information to regulators in a transparent yet well-defined manner, and utilizing mutually understood risk-benefit analyses to produce drugs with appropriate safety, efficacy, and quality characteristics.
Overcoming climate change adaptation barriers: A study on food–energy–water impacts of the average American diet by demographic group

Effectively adapting to climate change involves overcoming social and ecological system barriers. The present study uses a three‐phase adaptation framework to propose adaptation strategies aimed at overcoming socioecological barriers of the food–energy–water (FEW) nexus. Cradle‐to‐farm‐gate land, greenhouse gas (GHG), and water impacts—that derive from food consumption in the United States—are analyzed and differentiated by major demographic groups (Black, Latinx, and White). Results indicate that the White demographic yields the highest per capita GHG (680 kg of CO2 eq⋅year−1) and water impacts (328,600 L⋅year−1) from food consumption, whereas the Black demographic yields the highest per capita land impacts (1,770 m2⋅year−1) from food consumption. Our findings suggest that obtaining data with the intention of building consensus across sociodemographic lines overcomes barriers in the understanding phase, leading to increased social receptivity for many planning and managing phase processes. Specifically, we find that identifying and developing leaders who possess the cognitive and interpersonal capacity to manage many variables and stakeholders is key to assessing and selecting adaptation options in the planning phase. We also propose using government programming to encourage environmentally friendly food purchasing behavior. Then, we discuss how our proposals could be used in adaptation feasibility and evaluation activities in the managing phase. In all, these findings facilitate the development of improved climate change adaptation and policy by satisfying the understanding phase of the climate change adaptation framework, establishing a cross‐disciplinary methodological approach to addressing socioecological problems, and providing useful FEW impact data for FEW nexus and climate change researchers.
Identifying Key Target Audiences for Public Health Campaigns: Leveraging Machine Learning in the Case of Hookah Tobacco Smoking

Background: Hookah tobacco smoking (HTS) is a particularly important issue for public health professionals to address owing to its prevalence and deleterious health effects. Social media sites can be a valuable tool for public health officials to conduct informational health campaigns. Current social media platforms provide researchers with opportunities to better identify and target specific audiences and even individuals. However, we are not aware of systematic research attempting to identify audiences with mixed or ambivalent views toward HTS. Objective: The objective of this study was to (1) confirm previous research showing positively skewed HTS sentiment on Twitter using a larger dataset by leveraging machine learning techniques and (2) systematically identify individuals who exhibit mixed opinions about HTS via the Twitter platform and therefore represent key audiences for intervention. Methods: We prospectively collected tweets related to HTS from January to June 2016. We double-coded sentiment for a subset of approximately 5000 randomly sampled tweets for sentiment toward HTS and used these data to train a machine learning classifier to assess the remaining approximately 556,000 HTS-related Twitter posts. Natural language processing software was used to extract linguistic features (ie, language-based covariates). The data were processed by machine learning tools and algorithms using R. Finally, we used the results to identify individuals who, because they had consistently posted both positive and negative content, might be ambivalent toward HTS and represent an ideal audience for intervention. Results: There were 561,960 HTS-related tweets: 373,911 were classified as positive and 183,139 were classified as negative. A set of 12,861 users met a priori criteria indicating that they posted both positive and negative tweets about HTS. Conclusions: Sentiment analysis can allow researchers to identify audience segments on social media that demonstrate ambiguity toward key public health issues, such as HTS, and therefore represent ideal populations for intervention. Using large social media datasets can help public health officials to preemptively identify specific audience segments that would be most receptive to targeted campaigns.
Anti−PD-1 Immunotherapy May Induce Interstitial Nephritis With Increased Tubular Epithelial Expression of PD-L1

Introduction Novel anticancer therapies include anti–programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and anti–programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) drugs. These novel medications have side effects in different organs, including the kidney. The most common adverse effect in the kidney is acute interstitial nephritis (AIN). No diagnostic criteria are available to distinguish AIN associated with anti–PD-1 therapy from other AINs. Methods Kidney biopsy specimens from patients on anti–PD-1 therapy were stained with antibodies to PD-1 and PD-L1. Herein we report morphologic and immunohistochemical findings in 15 patients who received anti–PD-1 therapy and developed acute kidney injury requiring a kidney biopsy. Results Among these patients, 9 had AIN and 6 had no AIN but showed acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Immunohistochemistry with antibodies to PD-1 and PD-L1 was performed on all of these biopsy specimens and on 9 randomly selected biopsy specimens with AIN from patients who did not receive anti–PD-1 medications, as well as 9 patients with lupus nephritis and active-appearing interstitial inflammation. There was weak staining for PD-1 in T cells in all patients with AIN and lupus; however, tubular epithelial cell membrane staining for PD-L1 was seen only in patients with anti–PD-1 therapy−associated AIN, and not in patients with anti–PD-1 therapy−associated ATN, and not in those with AIN secondary to other medications, or patients with lupus nephritis. Conclusion We propose that immunohistochemistry with PD-L1 could be a useful tool to differentiate AIN associated with anti–PD-1 therapy from other AINs.