cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Archival recognition: the Pointe-au-Chien's and Isle de Jean Charles Band of the Biloxi-Chitmacha Confederation of Muskogees' fight for federal recognition

Through a discussion of the struggles of the Pointe-au-Chien and the Biloxi-Chitmacha Confederation of Muskogees (BCCM) to gain federal recognition, this paper explores how the policies and organization of archives work in tandem with the extensive and complicated requirements for federal recognition to create nearly insurmountable barriers for tribal communities. Because archives are commonly figured as neutral storehouses of material from the past, their direct role in constituting and controlling the information of the past has been hidden in the margins of their strict procedures. For the Pointe-au-Chien and BCCM, the effects of these procedures and their inherent assumptions have serious consequences. Tribal members are expected to simply gather evidence of their past in accordance with federal guidelines for the recognition process. This paper directly challenges these notions of objectivity by opening up the archival process required by cases for federal recognition to strict scrutiny.
A convex relaxation approach to optimal placement of phasor measurement units

Instrumenting power networks with phasor measurement units (PMUs) facilitates several tasks including optimum power flow, system control, contingency analysis, visualization, and integration of renewable resources, thus enabling situational awareness - one of the key steps toward realizing the smart grid vision. The installation cost of PMUs currently prohibits their deployment on every bus, which in turn motivates their strategic placement across the power grid. As state estimation is at the core of grid monitoring, PMU deployment is optimized here based on estimation-theoretic criteria. Considering both voltage and current PMU readings and incorporating conventionally derived state estimates under the Bayesian framework, PMU placement is formulated as an optimal experimental design task. To obviate the combinatorial search involved, a convex relaxation is also developed to obtain solutions with numerical optimality guarantees. In the tests performed on standard IEEE 14- and 118-bus benchmarks, the proposed relaxation is very close to and oftentimes attains the optimum.
Ethical Employment Context and Ethical Decision-Making in Hospitality Organizations Located in Mexico and the United States

This study determined how perceptions of an ethical employment context and location of employment (U.S. vs. Mexico) were related to ethical decision-making. Using a questionnaire, information was collected from individuals working for hospitality organizations in the United States and Mexico. The results indicated that a stronger perceived ethical employment context was associated with increased perceptions that an ethical issue was important. In addition, being employed in Mexico and stronger ethical issue importance were associated with an increased ethical judgment. A stronger ethical judgment was also associated with an increased ethical intention. Managerial implications, limitations, and research suggestions are discussed.
Photonics Rules of Thumb

This PDF file contains the editorial “Book Rvw: Photonics Rules of Thumb," by John Lester Miller and Ed Friedman for OE Vol. 36 Issue 04
Differential effects of ethanol on luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in the female rat

Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (Prl) levels were determined in ovariectomized rats following short-term (3 day) ethanol (ETOH) administration. ETOH was given either as an ETOH-saline solution, or via a liquid diet regimen (Bio-Serve, Inc.). Rats receiving the ETOH-saline solution (3.0 g ETOH/kg) were injected via a permanent gastric cannula every 8 hr for 3 consecutive days, while control animals received injections of saline only. Each animal receiving the liquid diet regimen was provided with 40 ml of the ETOH or the isocaloric control diet ad lib during the lights-off period, followed by 40 ml of the respective diet via the gastric cannula (4 injections of 10 ml each) equally divided over the lights-on period. Additional control animals were cannulated and maintained on Lab Chow and water, but were left untreated. Both groups of ETOH-treated rats had significantly lower serum LH levels with significantly higher Prl levels when compared to values in their respective control animals. By contrast, ETOH failed to alter FSH levels. These data indicate that ETOH can differentially affect LH, FSH, and Prl secretion following short-term ETOH exposure. The dissociation observed between LH and FSH secretion following ETOH supports the hypothesis that there are separate hypothalamic control mechanisms for LH and FSH secretion.
Primary prevention of pediatric lead exposure requires new approaches to transfusion screening

Objective To facilitate further assessment of transfusion-associated lead exposure by designing a procedure to test packed red blood cells (pRBCs) prepared for transfusion. Study design The relationship between pRBCs and whole blood lead concentration was investigated in 27 samples using a modified clinical assay. Lead concentrations were measured in 100 pRBC units. Results Our sample preparation method demonstrated a correlation between whole blood lead and pRBC lead concentrations ( R 2 = 0.82). In addition, all 100 pRBC units tested had detectable lead levels. The median pRBC lead concentration was 0.8 μg/dL, with an SD of 0.8 μg/dL and a range of 0.2-4.1 μg/dL. In addition, after only a few days of storage, approximately 25% of whole blood lead was found in the supernatant plasma. Conclusion Transfusion of pRBCs is a source of lead exposure. Here we report the quantification of lead concentration in pRBCs. We found a >20-fold range of lead concentrations in the samples tested. Pretransfusion testing of pRBC units according to our proposed approach or donor screening of whole blood lead and selection of below-average units for transfusion to children would diminish an easily overlooked source of pediatric lead exposure.
High-throughput differentiated service provision router architecture for wireless network-on-chip

This paper proposes a QoS-aware wireless network-on-chip architecture that not only enables quality-oriented network transmission with a feasible implementation overhead but also maintains well-balanced workload inside the hybrid networks to enhance system throughput. Transmission differentiation allows guaranteed service provision and realises network resource optimisation. The advanced routers employ congestion management which first grants high priority packets from more congested areas and then directs them to paths without contention. Adaptive load-balanced routing effectively relaxes congestion situations and prevents networks from worse contention. Simulation results show that average latency of high priority is significantly improved. Flexible buffer management further improves transmission performance and resource utilisation efficiency. The generality for the proposed router architecture has been demonstrated from various traffic patterns. Feasibility evaluation shows negligible cost overhead and demonstrates its practicality.
Polystyrene with Improved Chain‐End Functionality and Higher Molecular Weight by ARGET ATRP

The bromine chain-end functionality of polystyrene (PSt) prepared by activators regenerated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) was analyzed using 500 MHz 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Bulk polymerization of styrene (St) was carried out with 50 ppm of copper in the presence of tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me 6 TREN) ligand and tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate [Sn(EH) 2 ] reducing agent at 90 °C. Due to the use of a low concentration of an active Cu/ligand catalyst complex, it was possible to significantly decrease the occurrence of catalyst-based side reactions (β-H elimination). As a result, compared to PSt prepared via normal ATRP, PSt with improved chain-end functionality was obtained. For example, at 92% monomer conversion in normal ATRP only 48% of chains retained chain-end functionality, whereas 87% of the chains in an ARGET ATRP still contained halogen functionality. PSt with controlled molecular weight (M n,NMR = 11600 g mol -1 , M n,theor. = 9 600 g mol -1 ) and narrow molecular weight distribution (M w /M n = 1.14) was prepared under these conditions. In addition, as a result of decreased frequency of side reactions in ARGET ATRP, PSt with relatively high molecular weight was successfully prepared (M n,GPC = 185 000 g · mol -1 , M w /M n = 1.35).
Heat capacity of aqueous sodium chloride from 320 to 600 K measured with a new flow calorimeter

Abstract A differential flow heat-capacity calorimeter for operation at temperatures to 600 K and pressures to 20 MPa has been constructed. The ratio of the heat capacity of water to the heat capacity of a solution can be measured with an accuracy of 0.01 per cent in a 10 min experiment. The equipment opens up high-temperature aqueous-solution chemistry for rapid and accurate investigation. The heat capacity of aqueous NaCl from 0.1 to 3.0 mol kg −1 has been measured from 325 to 600 K and 17.7 MPa. Additional measurements have been made at 320.55 K and 1.0 MPa as well as at 572.14 K and 10 MPa. The results show enormous negative apparent molar heat capacities at low molalities and high temperatures (−2138 J K −1 mol −1 at 0.1 mol kg −1 and 600 K), effects due to the interaction of the electrostatic field of the ions with the solvent. The Born equation for the electrostatic energy of a hard-sphere ion in a continuous incompressible dielectric correctly predicts the sign and magnitude of the observed effects, provided that an adjustable radius for the ion is used.
A Study of the NOAA Near-Nadir AMSU-A Brightness Temperatures over Antarctica

Abstract Daily mean brightness temperatures over Antarctica derived from measurements by three Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) radiometers on board NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-A satellites are studied. To demonstrate the characteristics of the data over this test site, time series of daily averages of the brightness temperatures are constructed. These time series provide a useful pattern of annual variation of the AMSU-A measurements for intercalibration of microwave radiometers on board multiple satellites. To investigate the diurnal effect on the measurements, the time series of daily averaged brightness temperatures are constructed separately for the ascending and descending passes. Results show that there are little diurnal differences in measurements during the Antarctic winter months from each satellite. Therefore these measurements provide a practical approach to obtain relative channel biases of intersatellite data. The monthly averages of the measurements over July 2009 are employed t...
Analytic Estimates for the Dynamic Aperture of Non-Linear Lattices

For an accelerator lattice containing non-linear elements, particle amplitudes outside a "dynamic aperture" are unstable. In this paper an analytic procedure for estimating this aperture not depending on resonance assumptions is described. The amplitude x(N) after N iterations is expanded in powers of the initial amplitude x0. Low order coefficients are obtained using the symbolic algebraic manipulation program REDUCE. For intermediate values of N (e.g., 100) these terms give an asymptotic description which, by particle tracking, is shown to be valid. This leads to an estimate of the dynamic aperture and to its possible enlargement.
Intensity of tropospheric circulation associated with solar magnetic sector boundary transits

The fractional decrease in the vorticity area index associated with transits past the earth of interplanetary magnetic sector boundaries increase as the value of vorticity used to compute the index increases. This suggests that after the boundary transit there is an approximately uniform reduction in all the values of vorticity that are not less than 0.00020/sec. In low altitudes and large absolute vorticities not less than 0.00020/sec the average change in the vorticity area index approaches 50%.
Mechanisms controlling cellular suicide: role of Bcl-2 and caspases

Apoptosis is an essential and highly conserved mode of cell death that is important for normal development, host defense and suppression of oncogenesis. Faulty regulation of apoptosis has been implicated in degenerative conditions, vascular diseases, AIDS and cancer. Among the numerous proteins and genes involved, members of the Bcl-2 family play a central role to inhibit or promote apoptosis. In this article, we present up-to-date information and recent discoveries regarding biochemical functions of Bcl-2 family proteins, positive and negative interactions between these proteins, and their modification and regulation by either proteolytic cleavage or by cytosolic kinases, such as Raf-1 and stress-activated protein kinases. We have critically reviewed the functional role of caspases and the consequences of cleaving key substrates, including lamins, poly(ADP ribose) polymerase and the Rb protein. In addition, we have presented the latest Fas-induced signalling mechanism as a model for receptor-linked caspase regulation. Finally, the structural and functional interactions of Ced-4 and its partial mammalian homologue, apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), are presented in a model which includes other Apafs. This model culminates in a caspase/Apaf regulatory cascade to activate the executioners of programmed cell death following cytochrome c release from the mitochondria of mammalian cells. The importance of these pathways in the treatment of disease is highly dependent on further characterization of genes and other regulatory molecules in mammals.
Summary of test techniques used in the NASA Langley 0.3-meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel

This paper describes test techniques used to obtain data in the 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel. Main sections include steady aerodynamic testing, unsteady aerodynamics, non-intrusive measurements, tunnel performance, and fluid mechanics. Test techniques with adequate previous documentation are briefly presented and referenced, and those for which no documentation yet exists are more thoroughly discussed. Attention is given to the model building and instrumentation technology necessary for testing at high Reynolds numbers in the presence of free transition. It is concluded that the testing techniques thus far demonstrated in the 0.3-m TCT are on par with modern transonic tunnels, and that the specialized techniques needed to exploit the advantages of cryogenic operation can be realized.
Application and implementation of window-based image processing algorithms

Abstract Following a brief summary of window-based image processing algorithms playing important roles in image correlation, filtering, template matching, image registration, edge enhancement and detection, object labeling and morphology, building blocks (convolver-filters, shift registers-delay lines, coefficient stores) for implementing window-based algorithms are discussed. The structure of a few dedicated video processors (edge detector, rank value filter) are also summarized. Having defined an implementation hierarchy, a list of characteristics for comparing integrated convolvers (processing, input, output) are set up. Based upon these selected features convolver types (IMS A110 and PDSP16488) are compared.
Functional molecules and assemblies in controlled environments: formation and measurements.

The local environment of a functional molecule or nanoscale assembly has tremendous impact on it and thus can be used for functional control. In addition, the local environment is critical in the interface to the physical, chemical, and biological worlds beyond the assemblies that are the most common applications targeted. Functional measurements without local structural information lack key insight into both the details and the roles of the environment. This Account focuses on progress toward and challenges in the controlled assembly and measurements of functional nanostructures in well-defined environments. The study of single precise supramolecular assemblies in well-defined environments offers unique insights into both interactions and function. By designing interactions between molecules and controlling assembly conditions, we can create and place atomically precise nanostructures. The tools to test the structures targeted and to measure the function of these assemblies are just now being developed a...
Underground Siting of Nuclear Power Plants: Enhancing Safety and Reducing Construction Cost

It has been shown, in a number of papers presented by the authors, that the construction of a nuclear power park underground, involving a number (six or more) of conventional Generation III+ LWR units, plus reprocessing, fuel re-manufacturing, and waste storage facilities is cost effective (both capital construction cost and operating costs) compared to the construction of similar facilities above ground (even if all such facilities are co-located). These papers have addressed the protection provided for both security from domestic acts of terror and natural hazards, and the ultimate containment of nuclear contamination in the event of accidents. However, as a result of the Fukushima tsunami and its effect on the six reactors at that location, issues are raised concerning the worst possible accident scenarios that could occur as a result of siting of nuclear plants underground. This paper addresses those highly unlikely events, with extremely low probabilities of occurrence, and shows that the effect of underground siting has advantages has over at ground locations.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Contingent reinforcement for reduced carbon monoxide levels in cigarette smokers.

Expired air carbon monoxide (CO) was evaluated simultaneously as the target for a contingent reinforcement intervention to promote smoking reduction and as a measure of within-subject changes in recent smoking rates and patterns. Eleven volunteer smokers participated in a three-week study which utilized an A-B-A design. CO levels were measured on weekday afternoons between 3:00 and 4:30 p.m. and detailed self-report records of smoking were kept by subjects throughout the study. A monetary payment of +5.00 was available during study week 2 for CO readings which were 50% or less of the average reading obtained for that subject during study week 1. Contingent payment was withdrawn during study week 3. Three measures of smoking changed in an orderly manner during the study. CO readings were reduced from initial baseline levels during study week 2 but generally did not return to original baseline levels when the contingency was withdrawn. Number of daytime cigarettes recorded decreased and minutes of cigarette abstinence prior to the afternoon study contact increased during the contingent intervention period compared to baseline study phases. The average within-subject correlation between expired air CO level and number of daytime cigarettes was 0.67 (p less than 0.01), that between CO and time since last cigarette was -0.59 (p less than 0.05). Expired air CO appears to be an appropriate target for contingent reinforcement intervention as well as an objective measure which reflects rates and patterns of recent smoking in individual subjects.
Community YouthMapping: Female youth voices through empowerment and workforce preparation

Because of poverty, many girls and young women throughout Egypt neglect their education in order to marry early, help in the fields, gain immediate employment, or carry out domestic labor to meet family needs. In Egypt, the Academy for Educational Development's Community YouthMapping (CYM) has been structured to provide a solid foundation for a systemic approach to education reform. CYM focuses on changing communities' perceptions and behavior through its youth and mechanisms to develop transferable skills to those who have traditionally been marginalized during afterschool time.
Injective modules for restricted enveloping algebras

Let G be a simply connected simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p. Let u 1 be the restricted universal enveloping algebra for the Lie algebra of G. The objective of this note is to show that, with certain restrictions on p, the injective modules for u 1 are rational modules for the group G. This provides an affirmative answer to a conjecture of Humphreys and Verma [8]. We then apply this result to show that the injective modules for G are direct limits of injective u :modules . This yields an intrinsic characterization of the injective modules for ul.
Isolating the components of intelligence

Abstract In a recent volume (Sternberg, 1977b), I proposed a method called componential analysis that provides a means to isolate the components of intelligent performance. The method was described in detail, and then tested in a series of experiments. But an important question was left unanswered by this early work: Is componential analysis generalizable to tasks other than analogies? More recently, I have been investigating the generalization of the methodology to other tasks, and have also been engaged in extending the methodology in order to increase its flexibility of application. The present article (a) briefly summarizes the structure of a componential analysis, (b) describes the method of precuing, the method originally used for isolating the components of intelligence, and (c) describes new methods that have also been successful in isolating these components in a variety of reasoning tasks.
Experimental autoimmune orchitis induced by testis and sperm antigen-specific T cell clones: an important pathogenic cytokine is tumor necrosis factor

Testicular autoimmune disease (autoimmune orchitis) develops in mice immunized with testis antigen in adjuvant, occurs spontaneously in dogs, mink, and horses, and is a potential cause of human infertility. This is the first study to investigate autoimmune orchitis using monoclonal T cells. Despite the use of crude tissue antigens, 100% of the T cell lines/clones transferred autoimmune disease of the male gonad to normal syngeneic mice, with pathology that affected the testis, the epididymis and/or the vas deferens. Thus orchitogenic peptides are likely of restricted number and/or of dominant immunogenicity. Upon transfer to normal mice, the mildest and earliest pathology elicited by the cloned T cells invariably occurred in a specific region, the testicular straight tubules. Although testis antigen-derived T cell clones responded preferentially to testis antigen, and sperm antigen-derived clones responded more to sperm antigens, each of the 16 clones respond to both antigens. Thus common orchitogenic ant...
Addictive disorders after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Recent literature suggests that some patients may develop addictive disorders after bariatric surgery, in particular after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). These may include traditional addictions and so called "behavioral addictions," although prevalence data on the latter have not been published. The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of addictive behaviors in adults after RYGB. Methods Participants from a large observational study of bariatric surgery who had undergone RYGB were recruited to complete additional measures. Of 241 consented participants, 201 provided data (i.e., Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I [SCID], additional Impulsive Control Disorder Modules, and various self-report measures, including the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test [AUDIT]) to assess status before surgery and in the first 3 postoperative years. Results Based on the SCID, 16 (8.0%) developed alcohol use disorder [AUD] within 3 years post-RYGB, 7 (43.8%) of whom had no history of AUD. When both the SCID and AUDIT were used to identify AUD, the corresponding numbers/percentages were 32 (18.4%) and 13 (40.6%). Data on other behavioral addictive disorders indicated 19 (9.5%) had a postsurgery disorder, 6 (31.6%) of whom had no history. Conclusion These data add to a growing literature suggesting there is a substantial risk for the development of AUD after bariatric surgery. Understanding the risk for nondrug-related addictive disorders requires more data from larger studies before clear conclusions can be drawn.
Chain cleavage and sulfoxidation of thiastearoyl-ACP upon reaction with stearoyl-ACP desaturase

The fatty acid analogues 9- and 10-thiastearate were converted to acyl-ACP derivatives by in vitro enzymatic synthesis and reacted with the reconstituted soluble stearoyl-ACP Delta9 desaturase complex. Electrospray ionization mass spectral analysis of the acyl chains purified from the reaction mixtures showed that 10-thiastearoyl-ACP was converted to the 10-sulfoxide as the sole product. In the presence of (18)O(2), the sulfoxide oxygen was found to be derived exclusively from O(2). This result confirms the ability of the soluble stearoyl-ACP desaturase to catalyze O atom transfer in the presence of the appropriate substrate analogue. Inhibition studies showed that 10-thiastearoyl-ACP was a mixed-type inhibitor of 18:0-ACP, with an apparent K(I) of approximately 10 microM. Comparable reactions of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase complex with 9-thiastearoyl-ACP gave the 9-sulfoxide as approximately 5% of the total products, with the O atom again exclusively derived from O(2). The remaining 95% of the total products arose from an acyl chain cleavage reaction between S-9 and C-10. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectral analysis showed that 9-thiastearoyl-ACP had a mass of 9443 amu while the acyl chain cleavage product had a mass of 9322 amu, corresponding to the calculated mass of 8-mercaptooctanoyl-ACP. Recovery of the acyl chain from the ACP product gave the disulfide of 8-mercaptooctanoate (mass of 349.1 amu), arising from the dimerization of 8-mercaptooctanoate during product workup. Gas chromatography-mass spectral analysis also showed the accumulation of nonanal in sealed reaction vials, accounting for the other product of the acyl chain cleavage reaction. The reactivity at both the 9 and 10 positions of the thia-substituted acyl-ACPs is consistent with the proximity of both positions to the diiron center oxidant in the enzyme-substrate complex. Moreover, the differential reactivity of the 9- and 10-thiastearoyl-ACPs also suggests position-dependent consequences of the reaction within the Delta9D active site. Mechanisms accounting for both sulfoxidation and acyl cleavage reactions by the stearoyl-ACP Delta9 desaturase are proposed.
Three-Dimensional Wakes of Simulated Wind Turbines

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the wake behind a porous disk which simulates the effect of a wind turbine is presented. Modeling of the wake in an environmental wind tunnel is described and experimental results for the three-dimensional model wake flowfield are presented. A three-dimensio nal turbulent flow analysis is developed to deal with prediction of the wake characteristics. The theoretical results are shown to display the experimentally observed features of the wake. I. Introduction T HERE is increasing need for accurate prediction of the interaction of wind turbine generators (WTG's) in arrays, as evidenced by literature published both here1'2 and abroad.3 The problem is the determination of the nature of the wake of a WTG and its development downstream prior to possible interaction with another WTG in the array. This is a case of relaxation of a wake in a turbulent shear flow, which is an important basic problem in fluid mechanics and, as such, deserves attention and study. Field tests are being carried out both here and abroad, but such approaches are expensive, difficult to carry out, and by their nature are incapable of being completely controlled. The lack of control contributes to the difficulty of interpreting such experiments and to the hazards of extrapolating from such results. To alleviate this problem it seems important to carry out a coupled experimental and theoretical program on laboratoryscale model wakes for the following reasons: First, such a laboratory investigation would provide information concerning model turbine wake characteristics over a wide range of controlled upstream conditions. Second, wake information thus obtained would be of value for checking the observations of actual wake characteristics and the predictions of various models to be developed in and for projected large-scale programs. Third, a relatively inexpensive tool for continuing assessment of wind turbine flowfields would be in hand. An exploratory investigation of laboratory-sc ale simulated WTG wakes has been carried out by Sforza et al.4 Results of that study are included here for completeness. Other studies have concentrated primarily on the overall effects of clusters of WTG's on global performance rather than on the detailed fluid dynamics of the wake re-energization process, i.e., Refs. 5-25. The objective of the present investigation is to establish the fluid dynamic processes occurring in the development of the flow in the wake, to determine the importance of some of the various simulated atmospheric boundary-layer characteristics on the flow, and to develop a reasonably accurate prediction method for the calculation of the simulated wake flowfield.
History in the Comic Mode: Jonathan Sperber's 1848

. . . A comic stance toward doing history is aware of contrivance, of risk. It always admits that we may be wrong. A comic stance knows there is, in actuality, no ending (happy or otherwise)?that doing history is, for the historian, telling a story that could be told in another way. For this reason, a comic stance welcomes voices hithertofore left outside, not to absorb or mute them but to allow them to object and contradict. Its goal is the pluralistic, not the total. It embraces the partial as partial. And, in such historical writing as in the best comedy, the author is also a character. Authorial presence and authorial asides are therefore welcome; methodological musing?even polemic?is a part of, not a substitute for, doing history. Caroline Walker Bynum1
TIME-GCM simulations of lower-thermospheric nitric oxide seen by the halogen occultation experiment

Abstract The Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) experiment, on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, uses solar occultation to measure vertical profiles of nitric oxide (NO) up to an altitude of 130 km . The influence of dynamics on both seasonal and diurnal time-scales is clearly seen in these observations. This study presents three-dimensional simulations of NO in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere–Electrodynamic General Circulation Model. The effects of both the residual circulation and atmospheric tides are modeled, and compare well with HALOE observations. The results confirm that the sunrise/sunset asymmetries in HALOE data are predominantly the result of tidal vertical motions.
Spore Germination and Carbon Metabolism in Fusarium solani. III. Carbohydrate Respiration in Relation to Germination.

In earlier papers of this series (9, 12), it has been shown that macroconidia of Fusar-ium solani f. phaseoli require exogenous carbon for germination, and that endogenous respiration contributes to but is quantitatively insufficient for the germination process. Only certain sugars can support germination; in the present paper we have first examined the respiratory responses of spores to utilizable and nonutilizable sugars, and determined the major features of the oxidative assimilation of glucose. There is some evidence from work with bacteria that growing cells respire glucose by a different balance of pathways than do resting cells, in particular that respiration during growth involves a larger participation of some pathway preferentially liberating carbon atom 1 of glucose than does the respiration of nongrowing cells (1, 2, 31). Chlamydospores of Tilletia caries clearly differ in their pattern of oxidation of labeled sugars from mycelium (29). As an approach to this problem as it relates to spore germination, we have compared the metabolism of ungerminated spores with that of germinated spores, and the responses of ungerminated spores to exogenous ammonium nitrogen. The purpose is not to establish a particular and specifiable numerical balance of pathways, but rather to use the observed changes in respiratory pattern, if any, as a first indication of the events which are characteristic of or crucial to spore germination and growth. A spore of this type appears to be a useful system for the analysis of metabolic differences between growing and resting cells, since growth requires specific exogenous nutrients and is marked morphologically by swelling of the spore and germ tube formation. Macroconidia of F. solani f. phaseoli require oxygen for germination; at the same time there is good evidence in other Fusarium spp. for an active anaerobic respiration of sugars by resting mycelial cells (10, 16, 17, 19,33). Examination of fermentative capacity in macroconidia of F. solani f. phaseoli shows that the ungerminated spore is unable to consume glucose anaerobically; a weak fermentative capacity is acquired during gernmination.
Impact of diabetes/metabolic syndrome in patients with established cardiovascular disease

The significance of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) resides either in its ability to identify individuals at high risk of future disease and disability or in its ability to identify individuals in need of a specific treatment. We have previously shown that in the general population the ability of the MetS to identify individuals at increased risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD) is inferior to the ability of established predicting models for these conditions. Although it may someday become routine to recommend treatment with insulin-sensitising agents for non-diabetic individuals with the MetS, most of whom are insulin resistant, there are no clinical trial data to support such a recommendation at the present time. Currently, the treatment of the MetS is based on treatment of its component parts. In the present paper, we examine the role of the MetS as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria in predicting all-cause and CVD mortality in patients with prevalent CVD from the San Antonio Heart Study (SAHS). This population contains a high proportion of Mexican Americans, who are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for age and gender, the MetS is moderately predictive of all-cause and CVD mortality. After further adjustment for diabetes, however, the effect of the MetS becomes non-significant in this population. Moreover, among non-diabetics with prevalent CVD, the MetS was not associated with either all-cause or CVD mortality. Thus, this study indicates that the effect of the MetS on these endpoints is primarily driven by the inclusion in the NCEP definition of diabetes, itself a well-established, potent CVD risk factor. In fact, the prevalence of diabetes in SAHS patients with CVD and the MetS was 42% compared with only 9% in patients with CVD, but without the MetS. This excess prevalence of diabetes appears to account for the enhanced all-cause and CVD mortality in subjects with the MetS. However, these results will need to be confirmed in other populations.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OVER-ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POWER AMPLIFIER, R.F. CAVITY AND ACCELERATED BEAM IN A SYNCHROTRON

Abstract This paper examines the problems which arise in the r.f. system of a synchrotron, as the intensity Q of the beam is increased. An equivalent circuit for the r.f. power amplifier, r.f. cavity and beam contains two independent current sources. The load loci on the tube characteristics are considered and expressions for the tube dissipation and power drawn from the line supply are obtained. The relationships between their minimum values and the maximum beam that the system will handle are examined. Five different modes of operation are discussed. Two of them involve rectification and are non-linear; the other three are linear in operation and are studied in detail. It is found possible to construct a universal chart on which an overload polygon can be drawn, each side corresponding to a different kind of overload in the system. This polygon determines “safe” limits of operation in an existing system. It is recommended that the r.f. system be aligned to “system-resonance” rather than “open circuit resonance”. It is shown that Q max = phCV 1 where p is the “distortion factor” for delta-function bunches, h = harmonic number, C = effective capacity across accelerating gap and V 1 = peak r.f. potential. One way of comparing systems so as to be independent of the value of p arbitrarily assumed by a designer is through the value of ( hCV 1 ). The greater ( hCV 1 ) the greater is the beam that can be manipulated in a system. Some numerical values are given for the proposed r.f. system of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron.
TU‐C‐ValB‐05: The Effects of Radiation Treatment On Respiration‐Induced Lung Tumor Motion

Purpose: The purpose of the present work is to assess the changes in size and respiration‐induced motion of lungtumors resulting from radiation treatment.Methods and Materials: Six to ten four‐dimensional computed tomography (4‐DCT) image datasets were acquired for each of 5 stage‐III non‐small‐cell lungcancer patients who received chemoradiotherapy treatment over six weeks. Serial 4‐D datasets were obtained each week. Gross tumor volumes (GTV) were outlined on each data set. Software tools in the radiation treatment planning system were used to calculate the volumes and centroids of the GTVs on the 0% (end‐inspiration) and 50% (end‐expiration) phase for each dataset. Interfractional changes in GTV location was assessed by registering corresponding phases of the datasets based on vertebral body landmarks and determining variations in the position of the GTV centroids relative to the landmarks. Forty‐six scans including six primary tumors (involved nodal stations were not included) were analyzed. Results: The initial mean tumor volume was 53 cm3 (range: 1 to 137cm3). The interfractional changes in GTV position were predominantly in the superior‐inferior direction with a mean magnitude of 3.4mm (range: 0.1 to 9.3mm). Overall tumor regression ranged from 20–71% (0% phase) and 15–70% (50% phase). As tumors shrunk, the magnitude of intrafractional GTV motion increased in the anterior‐posterior and superior‐inferior directions while remaining constant in the right‐left direction. Reproducibility of the GTV‐centroid position at the 50% phase, based on same‐day repeat CT scans, was within 2 mm in each direction. Conclusions: Because of changes in tumor size and intrafractional tumor motion, care must be taken when reducing treatment portals based on explicit determination of the internal target volume (ITV). Repeat 4‐DCT scans might be warranted during treatment.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Fetal Arrhythmia

Aims Detection and careful stratification of fetal heart rate (FHR) is extremely important in all pregnancies. The most lethal cardiac rhythm disturbances occur during apparently normal pregnancies where FHR and rhythm are regular and within normal or low-normal ranges. These hidden depolarization and repolarization abnormalities, associated with genetic ion channelopathies cannot be detected by echocardiography, and may be responsible for up to 10% of unexplained fetal demise, prompting a need for newer and better fetal diagnostic techniques. Other manifest fetal arrhythmias such as premature beats, tachycardia, and bradycardia are commonly recognized. Methods Heart rhythm diagnosis in obstetrical practice is usually made by M-mode and pulsed Doppler fetal echocardiography, but not all fetal cardiac time intervals are captured by echocardiographic methods. Results and Conclusions This article reviews different types of fetal arrhythmias, their presentation and treatment strategies, and gives an overview of the present and future diagnostic techniques.
Encouraging Your Students to Give Feedback

Students can be encouraged to provide feedback that will help instructors improve the teaching and learning in their classes.
Personality assessment of substance-dependent patients in a therapeutic community ☆

The design and implementation of a personality assessment system for severely substance-dependent men in a therapeutic community (TC) are described. The system was designed from a treatment utility perspective (Hayes, Nelson, & Jarrett, 1987) and uses the Personality Research Form E (Jackson, 1984) to provide each patient with feedback (a) describing his normal personality traits, (b) predicting his probable pattern of adjustment to the treatment setting, and (c) prescribing specific actions he can take to address potentially problematic behaviors. Discussing the results with the patient helps him cope with the TC. Reviewing the assessment results with the staff promotes their empathy for the patient as a person whose behavior can be understood as an interaction of his personality with the specific demands of the TC rather than seeing the patient in exclusively pathological terms. Specific suggestions for behavior change guide both the patient and the staff and are potentially useful in various treatment settings.
Theory of magnetized Ising antiferromagnets at low temperatures

The exact low-temperature series-expansion formalism of spin 1/2 anisotropic Ising two-sublattice antiferromagnets will be discussed in their parallel magnetic field configuration. In terms of reduced temperature and reduced field strength, defined through the molecular-field spin-ordering transition temperature and the associated critical magnetic field strength of the system, at asymptotically low temperatures, the various thermal properties are expressed through a few exponential terms. At large values of a unique dependent variable of the theory and in leading order the exact formalism is identical with that of molecular-field theory of the above systems. The entropy at constant field strength, approaching critical strength, remains very large down to quite low temperatures. As a consequence, in eventual real systems of low transition temperature which behave predominantly as Ising antiferromagnets or which closely simulate the latter, adiabatic magnetization up to the neighborhood of the critical field strength should produce substantial cooling, provided certain possible competing nucl warming effects remain reasonably small. The heat capacity at constant applied field strength, approaching critical strength, develops a low-temperature maximum in addition to its transition anomaly along the antiferromagnetic--paramagnetic phase boundary line. This exact result, found earlierin, and attributed to, the approximate molecular-field theory, might be useful for experimentallymore » identifying the presence or absence of dominant Ising-like interactions in certain eventual real anisotropic antiferromagnets. (auth)« less
Heat flow on hot spot swells: Evidence for fluid flow

[1] We examine variability observed in heat flow determinations collected on hot spot swells. We find substantial scatter in heat flow at wavelengths of a few hundred kilometers and less at both Hawaii and Reunion, where closely spaced data exist, and large variability in the regional heat flow surveys at Cape Verde, Bermuda, and Crozet. Our preferred interpretation is that the observed variability is due to fluid flow. The presence of fluid flow admits the possibility that some heat is lost through advection such that the mean observed heat flow is less than the actual mantle flux. If so, the full magnitude of sublithospheric thermal variations may not be observed. This interpretation has important implications for understanding heat flow determinations made on hot spot swells and resulting geodynamic inferences. We suggest fluid flow may be masking variations in sublithospheric heat flux making available surface heat flow values a poor discriminator between geodynamic models for hot spot swells. Future field programs, methods of data analysis, and models should be designed to help extract a low-frequency mantle flux disguised by a high-noise surface filter.
Addressing the Hispanic Delinquency and Mental Health Relationship Through Cultural Arts Programming: A Research Note From the Prodigy Evaluation:

The social problem of juvenile delinquency continues to place resource strain on the juvenile justice system and related institutions. Given the disproportionate representation of minorities in the justice system, generally, and the pronounced increase regarding system contact with Hispanics, specifically, there is a dire need for culturally competent prevention and early intervention efforts in terms of individual rehabilitation, public safety, and system relief. This study examined a cultural arts program, Prodigy, delivered in south Florida to participant groups including heavy Hispanic representation to explore the efficacy of prosocial programming, especially self-regulation skills, in offsetting delinquency risk factors. Results suggest that cultural arts programming is effective for allieviating depression, anxiety, and related mental health issues as well as bolstering positive familial relations. Discussion is oriented around the need for further research on cultural arts programming configured for Hispanic delinquency prevention.
On the mature of the chemical noise in MALDI mass spectra

The so-called “chemical noise background” imposes a major limit on the practical sensitivity of MALDI mass spectrometry. Typically, as the amount of material of interest subjected to MALDI analysis is reduced, the signal decreases to the point where it can no longer be differentiated from the chemical noise. Using a newly designed MALDI-ion trap mass spectrometer, we describe experiments intended to throw light on the nature of the chemical noise background and to reduce its effects. Single-stage mass spectrometric signals from peptides were observed to disappear into the noise when the amount of sample applied to the MALDI sample stage was decreased to less than a femtomole. At these low levels, analysis of the collision-induced fragmentation spectra revealed the presence of ions originating from the peptide as well as cluster ions that originate from the chemical noise. The fragmentation pattern arising from dissociation of the cluster species suggests that they are composed largely of matrix molecules. A significant fraction of these cluster ions can be dissociated at activation energies lower than the threshold for peptide fragmentation. We used this finding to collisionally pre-activate MALDI ions to remove a significant portion of the chemical noise from the spectrum, allowing us to obtain readily discernible single stage MS signals from 100 attomols of peptide. The strategy also yielded high quality MS/MS spectra from 100 attomols of peptide. Different possibilities of collisional pre-activation for improving sensitivity are considered.
Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of nanostructure optical gaps: application to silicon quantum dots.

Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations of the optical gaps of silicon quantum dots ranging in size from 0 to 1.5 nm are presented. These QMC results are used to examine the accuracy of density functional (DFT) and empirical pseudopotential based calculations. The $GW$ approximation combined with a solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation performs well but is limited by its scaling with system size. Optical gaps predicted by DFT vary by 1--2 eV depending on choice of functional. Corrections introduced by the time dependent formalism are found to be minimal in these systems.