cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organochlorines and selenium in California night-heron and egret eggs

Exceptionally high concentrations of DDE were found in black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) (geometric mean 8.62 μg g−1 wet wt.) and great egret (Casmerodius albus) (24.0 μg g−1) eggs collected from the Imperial Valley (Salton Sea), California in 1985. DDE concentrations in 14 of the 87 (16%) randomly selected night-heron eggs from six colonies (two in San Francisco Bay, three in the San Joaquin Valley, and one at Salton Sea) were higher than those associated with reduced reproductive success of night-herons (8 μg g−1). In addition, mean shell thickness of night-heron eggs collected from the San Joaquin Valley and from San Francisco Bay during 1982–1984 was significantly less than pre-DDT thickness and was negatively correlated (r=−0.50, n=75, P<0.0001) with DDE concentration. Mean selenium concentration in night-heron eggs from Salton Sea (1.10 μg g−1) was significantly higher than in eggs from three locations in the San Joaquin Valley, and in egret eggs from Salton Sea.
A Method for Determining Customer Needs in the Developing World

There are currently 1.4 billion people in the world living on less than $1.25 a day. Many engineers have designed products intended to alleviate the poverty faced by these individuals but most of these products have failed to have the desired impact. This is largely because we as engineers do not clearly understand the needs of people in poverty, which is understandable as it is particularly hard to determine needs in this context. This lack of understanding is usually because the engineer and the resource-poor individuals are from different cultures, because the engineer has no personal experience with life in poverty, and because the engineer has limited access to suitable market surrogates for testing and validation. This paper presents a method for determining the needs of resource-poor individuals in the developing world. The method presented here is organized into four steps to be completed within three different stages of need finding. Engineers and designers can follow these steps to more accurately determine the needs of resource-poor individuals as they design a product. The paper also includes examples of this method being used to determine customer needs for products in India and Peru.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A non-iterative physical procedure for RF CMOS compact model extraction using BSIM6

We present a non-iterative and physical five-step RF SPICE model extraction procedure. This procedure is applicable to any MOSFET compact model with all necessary RF-related components in it. This methodology has been validated on silicon data from multiple technology nodes for a wide range of bias and frequency.
Dorsal Dislocation of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint and Volar Dislocation of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint in the Same Finger: A Case Report

Double dislocations of the finger interphalangeal and/or metacarpophalangeal joints are a rare entity. Sixty-four cases of distal and proximal interphalangeal joint double dislocations have been previously reported. Five cases of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal double dislocations of the thumb have also been reported. Only one case has been reported in the English literature regarding simultaneous dislocations of the distal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints in the nonthumb digit. The directions of the dislocation were the same; both were dorsal. We report, to our knowledge, the first ever case of a double dislocation a non-thumb digit in opposing directions—volar at the metacarpophalangeal joint and dorsal at the distal interphalangeal joint.
A Report on the Broadcast Use of Helical Scan Vidoetape Recorders

During the past several months one-inch videotape recorders'have caught the interest of the broadcast cQmmunity. This is a report on the progress that has been made.
Evidence processing with empirical belief functions

A data-driven method for combining evidence from multiple sensors is presented. Empirical functions are used to compute a set of belief values for each sensor. These functions contain information about the degree of belief in the presence of an object as well as the uncertainty about the belief. The belief values are then combined using Dempster's rule of combination. The empirical belief functions can be designed to take into account signal-to-noise characteristics and detection limits. Hard sensors that produce a yes/no output can also be modeled. Some advantages of this approach over sequential logic or pattern recognition are greater robustness with respect to faulty or inoperative sensors and more modularity.
HippDB: A database of readily targeted helical protein-protein interactions

Summary: HippDB catalogs every protein–protein interaction whose structure is available in the Protein Data Bank and which exhibits one or more helices at the interface. The Web site accepts queries on variables such as helix length and sequence, and it provides computational alanine scanning and change in solvent-accessible surface area values for every interfacial residue. HippDB is intended to serve as a starting point for structure-based small molecule and peptidomimetic drug development. Availability and implementation: HippDB is freely available on the web at http://www.nyu.edu/projects/arora/hippdb. The Web site is implemented in PHP, MySQL and Apache. Source code freely available for download at http://code.google.com/p/helidb, implemented in Perl and supported on Linux. Contact: ude.uyn@arora
Dispersion from a Prescribed Concentration Distribution in Time Variable Flow

An exact method for solving unsteady convective diffusion boundary-value problems is illustrated by solving the specific case of dispersion from a prescribed axisymmetric concentration distribution at the inlet of the system. The correspondence between the source density distribution and the concentration distribution at the inlet of the system is established rigorously. This enables one to generalize the method previously developed for initial value problems to apply to practical boundary-value problems wherein the concentration is specified on the boundaries of the system. To demonstrate the method, dispersion from a partial step change at the inlet to a tube in which the fluid is in steady laminar flow, is analysed in detail; no exact solutions of this problem have been reported in the past. In the case which applies to the largest class of practical problems, when the step change exists across the entire cross-section of the flow, the results show that a constant coefficient dispersion model inadequately represents the system for small values of time. A comparison of solutions for different source density distributions shows the regions in which the inlet distribution plays a significant role in determining the concentration distribution in the flow.
A unified theory for surface emitting chirped circular grating lasers

We develop a unified theory to analyze the modal properties of surface emitting chirped circular grating lasers. Based on solving the resonance conditions which involve two types of reflectivities of chirped circular gratings, this theory is both easy to understand and convenient to apply to different configurations of circular grating lasers. Though in a more concise format, this approach is shown to be in agreement with previous derivations which use the characteristic equations. With this unified analysis, the modal properties of circular DFB, disk-, and ring- Bragg resonator lasers are obtained and compared.
Is Aereo the 21st Century Version of 'Rabbit Ears,' or Is It Just Tying Loopholes?

Currently, any person can go onto his or her roof, put up an antenna, and watch broadcast television for free, accessing channels such as ABC, NBC, CBS, and Fox. Most people, however, pay for these stations. Enter Aereo, an Internet-based company that uses dime-sized antennas to pick up signals from network broadcasters and then, without the broadcasters’ permission, retransmits those signals to Internet-connected devices. Aereo sees itself as an innovator, providing a revolutionary service to modern consumers — synonymous with the “Rabbit Ears” used on old TVs. The networks, those providing the signals that Aereo broadcasts, disagree. They see these same “Rabbit Ears” as a giant loophole allowing infringement of their copyrights. This Article examines Aereo’s structure and business model, followed by a history of the industry that sparked debate over public performance of copyrighted works. The Article then reviews the the current legal battle faced by Aereo and concludes with a discussion of the future of broadcast television and the role the Supreme Court may have to play.
Eclipse: a platform for integrating development tools

Modern n-tier applications are developed using components implemented in many different technologies, including HTML, Java™, JavaServer Pages™ (JSP™), Enterprise JavaBeans™, connectors, COBOL or PL/1 programs, and relational database schemas. Creating an effective integrated development environment (IDE) for use in programming these applications presents some special challenges because a large number of different tool technologies have to be tightly integrated in support of development task flows. In order to meet these challenges, the Eclipse Platform was designed to serve as the common basis for diverse IDE-based products, providing open APIs (application programming interfaces) to facilitate this integration. This paper describes the overall architecture of the Eclipse Platform and the www.eclipse.org open source organization and consortium created to facilitate broad industry adoption of this platform.
Molecular markers of neuropsychological functioning and Alzheimer's disease

Background The current project sought to examine molecular markers of neuropsychological functioning among elders with and without Alzheimer's disease (AD) and determine the predictive ability of combined molecular markers and select neuropsychological tests in detecting disease presence.
Two distinct coactivators, DRIP/mediator and SRC/p160, are differentially involved in VDR transactivation during keratinocyte differentiation.

Abstract Cell programs such as proliferation and differentiation involve the sequential activation and repression of gene expression. Vitamin D, via its active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ), controls the proliferation and differentiation of a number of cell types, including keratinocytes, by directly regulating transcription. Two classes of coactivators, the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) interacting proteins (DRIP/mediator) and the p160 steroid receptor coactivator family (SRC/p160), control the actions of nuclear hormone receptors, including the Vitamin D receptor. However, the relationship between these two classes of coactivators is not clear. Using GST–VDR affinity beads, we have identified the DRIP/mediator complex as the major VDR binding complex in proliferating keratinocytes. After the cells differentiated, members of the SRC/p160 family were identified in the complex but not major DRIP subunits. Both DRIP205 and SRC-3 potentiated Vitamin D-induced transcription in proliferating cells, but during differentiation, DRIP205 was no longer effective. These results indicate that these two distinct coactivators are differentially involved in Vitamin D regulation of gene transcription during keratinocyte differentiation, suggesting that these coactivators are part of the means by which the temporal sequence of gene expression is regulated during the differentiation process.
Staphylococcus aureus biofilms decrease osteoblast viability, inhibits osteogenic differentiation, and increases bone resorption in vitro

Osteomyelitis is a severe and often debilitating disease characterized by inflammatory destruction of bone. Despite treatment, chronic infection often develops which is associated with increased rates of treatment failure, delayed osseous-union, and extremity amputation. Within affected bone, bacteria exist as biofilms, however the impact of biofilms on osteoblasts during disease are unknown. Herein, we evaluated the effect of S. aureus biofilms on osteoblast viability, osteogenic potential, and the expression of the pro-osteoclast factor, receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANK-L). Osteoblasts were exposed to biofilm conditioned media (BCM) from clinical wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus under normal growth and osteogenic conditions to assess cellular viability and osteoblast differentiation, respectively. Cell viability was evaluated using a live/dead assay and by quantifying total cellular DNA at days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7. Apoptosis following treatment with BCM was measured by flow-cytometry using the annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis kit. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity and intracellular accumulation of calcium and osteocalcin for up to 21 days following exposure to BCM. Expression of genes involved in osteogenic differentiation and osteoclast regulation, were also evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. BCM from clinical strains of S. aureus reduced osteoblast viability which was accompanied by an increase in apoptosis. Osteogenic differentiation was significantly inhibited following treatment with BCM as indicated by decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, decreased intracellular accumulation of calcium and inorganic phosphate, as well as reduced expression of transcription factors and genes involved in bone mineralization in viable cells. Importantly, exposure of osteoblasts to BCM resulted in up-regulated expression of RANK-L and increase in the RANK-L/OPG ratio compared to the untreated controls. Together these studies suggest that soluble factors produced by S. aureus biofilms may contribute to bone loss during chronic osteomyelitis simultaneously by: (1) reducing osteoblast viability and osteogenic potential thereby limiting new bone growth and (2) promoting bone resorption through increased expression of RANK-L by osteoblasts. To our knowledge these are the first studies to demonstrate the impact of staphylococcal biofilms on osteoblast function, and provide an enhanced understanding of the pathogenic role of staphylococcal biofilms during osteomyelitis.
Video Processing for Early Stage Maize Plant Detection

Algorithms were developed to process video of maize rows and extract plant features to estimate density and spacing of early growth stage maize plants. The Otsu method was modified to compensate for varied amount of plant segmentation noise presented in different operating conditions. Three features were extracted and used to differentiate between weeds and maize plants: projected plant canopy area, plant length in the image row direction, and perpendicular distance of estimated plant centres from the mean crop row position. Algorithm performance was analysed across three tillage treatments, three growth stages, and three target populations varying from 27 000 to 81 500 plants ha−1. Overall, the algorithm estimated the number of plants in 6·1 m crop row sections with a root mean squared error of 2·1 plants or 8·7% of the mean manual count of 24·1 plants per experimental unit. The mean measurement error was significantly different across tillage treatments, but no evidence of significant differences was found across growth stages and plant populations. The error variance at the vegetative growth stages with the seventh or eight leaf collar visible was significantly higher than that at the growth stages with the third or fourth leaf collar visible. No significant differences were found between mean measured and estimated plant spacing distances.
Development of branchiomotor neurons in zebrafish

The mechanisms underlying neuronal specification and axonogenesis in the vertebrate hindbrain are poorly understood. To address these questions, we have employed anatomical methods and mutational analysis to characterize the branchiomotor neurons in the zebrafish embryo. The zebrafish branchiomotor system is similar to those in the chick and mouse, except for the location of the nVII and nIX branchiomotor neurons. Developmental analyses of genes expressed by branchiomotor neurons suggest that the different location of the nVII neurons in the zebrafish may result from cell migration. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the organization and axonogenesis of these neurons, we examined the development of the branchiomotor pathways in neuronal mutants. The valentino b337 mutation blocks the formation of rhombomeres 5 and 6, and severely affects the development of the nVII and nIX motor nuclei. The cyclops b16 mutation deletes ventral midline cells in the neural tube, and leads to a severe disruption of most branchiomotor nuclei and axon pathways. These results demonstrate that rhombomere-specific cues and ventral midline cells play important roles in the development of the branchiomotor pathways.
A transaction mapping algorithm for frequent itemsets mining

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for mining complete frequent itemsets. This algorithm is referred to as the TM (transaction mapping) algorithm from hereon. In this algorithm, transaction ids of each itemset are mapped and compressed to continuous transaction intervals in a different space and the counting of itemsets is performed by intersecting these interval lists in a depth-first order along the lexicographic tree. When the compression coefficient becomes smaller than the average number of comparisons for intervals intersection at a certain level, the algorithm switches to transaction id intersection. We have evaluated the algorithm against two popular frequent itemset mining algorithms, FP-growth and dEclat, using a variety of data sets with short and long frequent patterns. Experimental data show that the TM algorithm outperforms these two algorithms.
Application of an expert computer system to federal tax planning

The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, provision of computer facilities by the Computer Science Department of Stanford University, and the assistance of Professors Gerard D. Brighton and Donald Michie at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in bringing this project to completion.
Diffuse-interface approach to predicting morphologies of critical nucleus and equilibrium structure for cubic to tetragonal transformations

A cubic to tetragonal transformation leads to simultaneous nucleation and growth of several orientation variants. The size and morphology of a critical nucleus, comprising of one or more variants, are determined by the competition among bulk thermodynamic driving force, elastic strain energy, and interfacial energy. In this work, a diffuse-interface model is developed to predict both the critical nucleus morphology of a single variant tetragonal precipitate described by a conserved field and the critical morphology of a two-variant nucleus and equilibrium multivariant twinning microstructure resulted from a structural transformation described by non-conserved fields. A constrained string method was employed to compute the probable minimum energy paths and the microstructures along each path. Numerical experiments indicate that our approach works effectively for predicting the critical nucleus morphology both the precipitation processes and structural transformations.
Opportunities and Challenges of Safety Biomarker Qualification: Perspectives from the Predictive Safety Testing Consortium

Preclinical Research Biomarkers hold tremendous promise to improve the drug development and evaluation process, advance patient care, and reduce health-care costs. However, understanding the characteristics of novel biomarkers and developing the robust evidentiary packages to support incorporating them into drug development and clinical practice is an enormous undertaking requiring significant resources and commitment from a wide range of stakeholders, including regulators, the biopharmaceutical industry, academia, governmental agencies, patients, and payors. The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC) is a unique public–private partnership formed by Critical Path Institute (C-Path) in collaboration with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to identify new and improved drug safety testing methods and submit them for formal regulatory qualification by the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, and the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. In 2008, the PSTC obtained the first regulatory qualification of seven urinary renal preclinical safety biomarkers for use in rodent studies and on a case-by-case basis for inclusion into clinical development programs. These qualified biomarkers are now successfully informing drug discovery and development decisions. PSTC has expanded their qualification efforts into dogs, nonhuman primates, and humans and focuses on six areas of organ toxicity. The collaborative effort of multiple stakeholders through PSTC has resulted in significant cost savings and more rapid scientific consensus, leading to greater acceptance of these biomarkers by health authorities and pharmaceutical companies. Regulatory qualification of a biomarker for a defined context of use provides scientifically robust assurances to sponsors and regulators that should accelerate appropriate adoption of biomarkers into drug development and, ultimately, clinical practice.
MicroRNA in Ovarian Biology and Disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional gene regulatory molecules that show regulated expression within ovarian tissue. Most research investigating miRNAs in the ovary has relied exclusively on in vitro analyses. In this review, we highlight those few studies in which investigators have illustrated an in vivo effect of miRNAs on ovarian function. We also provide a synopsis of how these small noncoding RNAs can impact ovarian disease. miRNAs have great potential as novel diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of ovarian disease and in the assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for selection of healthy viable oocytes and embryos.
Searching for the holy grail: What is the structural correlate of cognition?

42. Scheff, S. W.; Price, D. A. Synapse loss in the temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 33:190-199; 1993. 43. Scheff, S. W.; DeKosky, S. T.; Price, D. A. Quantitative assessment of cortical synaptic density in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 11:29-37; 1990. 44. Scheff, S. W.; Sparks, L.; Price, D. A. Quantitative assessment of synaptic density in the entorhinal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 34:356-361; 1993. 45. Terry, R. D.; Masliah, E.; Salmon, D.; Butters, N.; DeTeresa, R.; Hill, R.; Hansen, L.; Katzman, R. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: Synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol. 30:572-580; 1991. 46. Tomlinson, B. E.; Blessed, G.; Roth, M. Observations on the brains of nondemented old people. J. Neurol. Sci. 7:331-356; 1968. 47. Wilcock, G. K.; Esiri, M. M. Plaques, tangles and dementia: A quantitative study. J. Neurol. Sci. 56:407-417; 1982.
Forgotten person in the huntington disease family

Although spouses play a major role in managing the care of persons affected with Huntington disease (HD), often at the price of subordinating their own aspirations and needs, little or no professional attention has been given to them in the HD literature, Such factors as secrets kept from the spouse, the early age-of-onset of symptoms, gender, and the coping strategies employed by spouses of affected persons are discussed and illustrated. Also, the impact of predictive testing for HD on spouses of persons undergoing testing is briefly touched on. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A comparison of methamphetamine and nonmethamphetamine users in a dual diagnosis facility

Methamphetamine use is currently on the rise; however patients who use methamphetamine have consistently shown poor treatment results. The current study examined 14 factors in order to assess if any served as predictors of methamphetamine use. Data were collected from a Midwestern dual diagnosis substance abuse facility. Results indicate that nine of the 14 predictors entered into the model were significantly related to methamphetamine use. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
Low temperature, high magnetic field investigations of the nature of magnetism in the molecular semiconductor β- cobalt phthalocyanine (C32H16CoN8)

Abstract Results from detailed investigations of the magnetic properties of a powder sample of β-CoPc for the temperatures T =0.4 K to 300 K and in magnetic fields H up to 90 kOe are reported. X-ray diffraction confirmed the β-phase and scanning electron microscopy showed plate-like morphology of the sample. For T >3 K, the data of magnetic susceptibility χ vs. T fit the Curie–Weiss (CW) law yielding θ =−2.5 K, µ =2.16 µ B per Co 2+ and g =2.49 for spin S =1/2 of the low spin-state of Co 2+ . However for T χ vs. T data deviates from the CW law yielding a peak in χ at T max =1.9 K. It is shown that the χ vs. T data from 0.4 K to 300 K fits well with the predictions of the Bonner–Fisher (BF) model for S =1/2 Heisenberg linear chain antiferromagnet with the Co 2+ –Co 2+ exchange J / k B = −1.5 K (Ĥ=−2J Σ S i • S i+1 ). The data of magnetization M vs. H at T =1 K agrees with the predictions of the BF model with J / k B =−1.5 K, yielding saturation magnetization M S =12.16 emu/g above 60 kOe corresponding to complete alignment of the spins.
Behavior analysts and cultural analysis: Troubles and issues.

Three strategic suggestions are offered to behavior analysts who are concerned with extending the interests of our discipline into domains traditionally assigned to the social sciences: (1) to expand our world-view perspectives beyond the boundaries commonly accepted by psychologists in general; (2) to build a cultural analytic framework upon the foundations we have developed for the study of individuals; and (3) to study the works of those social scientists whose views are generally compatible with, and complementary to, our own. Sociologist C. Wright Mills’ distinction between troubles and issues and anthropologist Marvin Harris’s principles of cultural materialism are related to topics raised by these three strategies. The pervasiveness of the “psychocentric” world view within psychology and the social sciences, and throughout our culture at large, is discussed from the points of view of Skinner, Mills, and Harris. It is suggested that a thorough commitment to radical behaviorism, and continuation of interaction between radical behaviorism and cultural materialism, are necessary for maintaining and extending an issues orientation within the discipline of behavior analysis and for guarding against dilutions and subversions of that orientation by “deviation-dampening” contingencies that exist in our profession and in our culture at large.
Activation of Nitrite

Nitrites and nitrous acid are well-known mutagens in bacteria and could be considered a hazard to man, even though nitrites are widely distributed in nature because they are formed by bacterial reduction of nitrates, which are almost ubiquitous. Nitrite is present in saliva because of this process. Nitrites have also been reported at unusually high concentrations in plants growing on mineral-deficient soil. This leads to deficiency of enzymes that convert nitrite to hydroxylamine and ammonia, causing nitrite to accumulate (1). The bacteria in the stomachs of infants can reduce nitrate to nitrite when occasionally present at high concentrations in drinking water. All of these reactions, including formation of nitrite from nitrate in vegetables which have been allowed to stand in the presence of bacteria (and some vegetables have high contents of nitrate), have been associated with methemoglobinemia, the best-known toxic effect of nitrite in man, which is occasionally fatal. Methemoglobinemia in animals has been associated with nitrite from plants (2). There is no evidence, however, that nitrites are mutagenic in man or any other animal.
Abstract 4686: Requirements of Gαi1 and Gαi3 for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) induced PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling as well as neuronal survival and migration

After the discovery of the involvement of neurotrophin receptor Trk (tropomyosin receptor kinase) in the biology of cancer, it is appreciated that inhibition of Trk activity is beneficial in the clinical oncology setting. The key intracellular mediators of activated Trk9s pro-survival and pro-metastatic signals are PI3K/AKT and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) signaling, which makes it extremely important to dissect the molecular mechanism and signaling components involved in Trk regulation of those signaling. Here we focus on the two inhibitory alpha subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, Gαi1 and Gαi3, in Trk signaling. Gαi proteins are couple to cell surface receptors to convey extracellular messages to their effectors. Our previous study has indicated an unexpected and critical role of Gαi proteins in mediating receptor tyrosine kinase signaling (Cao et al., Science Signaling, 2009). Here we discovered a novel function of Gαi proteins in BDNF/NGF signaling. Gαi proteins are required for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) to transduce signals from Trk receptor to stimulate MAPK (p38, JNK and ERK) and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling. Knockout of Gαi1 and Gαi3 completely blocked BDNF and NGF induced PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 and MAPK activation in MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts). Both Gαi1 and Gαi3 associated with the Grb2-associated binding protein 1 (Gab1), and were required for the interaction of Gab1 with SHP2 as well as the interactions of Grb2 with SHP2, Shc, MEKK1 and MEKK2, in response to BDNF and NGF. Loss of Gαi1 and Gαi3 impaired the phosphorylation of Gab1, SHP2 and Shc in response to BDNF and NGF. Importantly, siRNA knockdown of both Gαi1 and Gαi3 inhibited BDNF and NGF induced AKT/mTORC1 and MAPK activation in cerebellar granule neuron, and BDNF induced neuronal survival, neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth were also largely impaired in cerebellar neurons with Gαi1 and Gαi3 deficiency. Notably, in mice brain tissues (both cortex and cerebellum); double knockout of Gαi1 and Gαi3 also totally abolished BDNF induced signaling. Overall, these results showed that Gαi1 and Gαi3 lie downstream of Trk receptor, but upstream of Gab1-Shc-Grb2-Shp2, mediating MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling as well neuronal survival and migration. We discovered for the first time that Gαi1 and Gαi3 proteins are novel players in Trk signaling, we support that therapeutic options can be developed by targeting these two new players as novel anti-tumor strategy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4686. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4686
The Co-integration Analysis of the Labor Force Flow and the Gap between Urban and Rural Areas

Along with the country relaxing the control of the household registration and the process of the urbanization going faster and faster,the surplus labor force of the countryside began to move to the city in a large scale.According to traditional economic theories,the outflow of the labor force contributes to contracting the gap between urban and rural areas.But in practicality the scale of the labor force outflow and the gap between urban and rural areas extend at the same time.This paper adopted normal time series method to conduct co-integration analysis and the Granger causality test concerning the two parts.The results show that the scale of the labor force flowing and the gap between urban and rural areas exist long term equilibrium. Additionally,the gap between urban and rural areas is the Granger cause of the labor force flow.Then,the corresponding suggestions were put forward.
Safety and efficacy of starting warfarin after two consecutive platelet count rises in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Abstract Introduction Current guidelines on the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) recommend warfarin initiation when platelet levels recover to 150 × 109/L or more. However, many patients may not achieve this platelet level or may have slow platelet recovery. The aim of this study is to determine if initiating warfarin when platelets start trending upward instead of at a specific level is safe and effective in patients diagnosed with HIT. Materials and methods Two groups of patients diagnosed and treated for HIT in a tertiary care hospital were assessed for HIT-related outcomes: 28 patients had warfarin initiated after platelets recovered to 150 × 109/L or more and 30 patients had warfarin initiated prior to platelet recovery. Results There was no significant difference between the rate of thrombosis, venous limb gangrene, or limb amputation. Three patients died during the data collection period, all deemed to be unrelated to HIT by independent investigators. The average hospital length of stay was 22.2 ± 12.7 days and 38.8 ± 19.1 days for patients who started warfarin at platelets less than 150 × 109/L and platelets greater than or equal to 150 × 109/L respectively (P = 0.0002). Conclusions The data suggests that the absolute platelet level at which warfarin is initiated does not affect the rate of thrombosis or mortality but may shorten overall hospital length of stay and associated costs. Therefore, it may be more important to observe an upward trend in platelets rather than striving to achieve an absolute platelet level before starting warfarin in patients with HIT.
Biofilm Formation in the 96-Well Microtiter Plate

The microtiter plate (also called 96-well plate) assay for studying biofilm formation is a method which allows for the observation of bacterial adherence to an abiotic surface. In this assay, bacteria are incubated in vinyl "U"-bottom or other types of 96-well microtiter plates. Following incubation, planktonic bacteria are rinsed away, and the remaining adherent bacteria (biofilms) are stained with crystal violet dye, thus allowing visualization of the biofilm. If quantitation is desired, the stained biofilms are solubilized and transferred to a 96-well optically clear flat-bottom plate for measurement by spectrophotometry.
Optical phase conjugation with a sodium Raman laser

Recently, there has been increased interest in the use of resonant atomic systems for performing optical-wavefront conjugation. This interest has arisen because resonant systems are inherently fast, with response times in the nanosecond range. However, resonant systems tend to have lower efficiencies and greater optical power requirements than do photorefractive crystals, such as BaTiO3. In this paper, we explore the possibility of using a highly efficient Raman laser1 in a sodium-vapor cell to obtain efficient phase conjugation at greatly reduced optical power densities. In this demonstration we use a self-pumped (linear-cavity) conjugator for simplicity. With this setup, we have achieved phase- conjugate reflectivities of 2% with input powers of only 20 W/cm2. This is only 2% of the optical power density previously reported2 to obtain comparable reflectivity with a self-pumped scheme in sodium vapor.
Metallo-, Thermo-, and Photoresponsive Shape Memory and Actuating Liquid Crystalline Elastomers

A liquid crystalline elastomer incorporating a mesogenic derivative of the 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine (Bip) ligand has been prepared, and its shape memory and actuating properties have been studied. The reversible liquid crystal to isotropic transition is utilized as the switching mechanism for these stimuli-responsive materials. As such, this material exhibits soft shape memory; that is, flexibility is retained in both the permanent and temporary shapes. In addition to the thermal shape memory/actuating properties exhibited by most liquid crystalline elastomers, the incorporation of the metal ion-binding Bip mesogen into the backbone of the network imparts both (i) photoresponsive properties, via a photothermal conversion process, and (ii) metal-ion-triggered shape recovery/actuation to the material. For the latter process, it is proposed that the metal-binding event induces liquid crystalline to isotropic transition in this material at room temperature, resulting in actuation/recovery of the permanen...
Transdifferentiation Requires iNOS Activation: Role of RING1A S-Nitrosylation.

Rationale:We have previously shown that innate immunity is necessary for transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to endothelial cells. A major signaling molecule involved in innate immunity is inducibl...
Biased Oxytocinergic Modulation of Midbrain Dopamine Systems.

Summary The release of dopamine (DA) regulates rewarding behavior and motor actions through striatum-targeting efferents from ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Here, we map and functionally characterize axonal projections from oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to midbrain DA regions. Electrophysiological recordings of DA neurons reveal that both the application of oxytocin and optogenetic stimulation of oxytocinergic terminals suffice to increase DA neuron activity in the VTA but downregulate it in SNc. This biased modulation is mediated by oxytocin and vasopressin G-protein-coupled receptors. Oxytocin release directly activates DA neurons and indirectly inhibits them through local GABA neurons, but the relative magnitudes of the two mechanisms differ in VTA and SNc. Oxytocin-modulated DA neurons give rise to canonical striatal projections. Since hypothalamic oxytocinergic projections also target the striatum, oxytocin is poised to bias the balance of DA tone through multiple sites in vertebrate reward circuits.
Psychological inflexibility and stigma: A meta-analytic review

Abstract Stigma is known to have major impacts on the physical and psychological health of many groups. Psychological inflexibility is a psychological process that may help explain the impact of stigma on both self and others. Accordingly, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), which targets psychological inflexibility, has been researched as a potential treatment for stigma. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of these issues, this paper offers a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between psychological inflexibility and stigma, as well as a systematic review of ACT interventions for stigma. The results of the meta-analysis showed a positive, medium-to-large association between psychological inflexibility and stigma measures aggregating across 16 studies. The systematic review of interventions identified 15 studies on ACT interventions for stigma. Initial findings indicate consistent reductions in stigma following ACT interventions, as well as improved outcomes relative to active controls. Data on mediation and moderation, as well as long-term outcomes, are also presented. Implications for conceptualizing and treating stigma, and limitations of the research, are discussed.
DC micro — Grid pricing and market model

The fundamental roots of micro-grids are different types of renewable energy sources. There are two broad and distinctive control set ups for power systems. They are centralized and decentralized (hierarchical) controls. In market models of micro-grids there are normally groups of electricity sources and loads that operate in synch with a centralized grid or macro-grid. This paper studies the functionality and ideas of micro-grids. Then implementing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for the proposed micro-grid in very precise manner is established. It proposes general simulation modeling for micro-grid using MATLAB, Simulink and (ANN). Its goal is to connect between the most important parameters in DC-Microgrid and price. This modeling approach proposes general Modeling and simulation at more probable situations for variable values at each bus. The ANN model for the proposed range of Different parametric characteristics is presented for Extended Analysis on IEEE 14-Bus Test System. Finally, algebraic equations for the ANN model are deduced in order to optimize them in the future for optimal micro-grid's performance. The training, testing and validating data for this ANN model is extracted from a real micro-grid to connect between numbers of units at each DG source (Distributed Generation), Loads, Minimum/ Maximum Power, Marginal Loss Factor and Time (Hour) over 24 hours as inputs, with Cost ($), Saving ($), Revenue ($), Profit ($) as outputs. So, it helps the humanity to understand more about renewable energy sources and techniques. Moreover, it presents an excellent model to predict the price and saving with this trend in power systems especially from the side of humans or customers. The work is useful for creating sustainable business model for energy access to energy deprived population. The paper's presentation includes examples and comparisons for approach's validity. Now, there is a running real-time validation for the work via OPAL real-digital-simulator.
Quality Differentiation and Comparative Advantage

We introduce quality differentiation into a Ricardian model of international trade. We show that (1) quality differentiation allows industrialized countries to be active across the full board of products, complex and simple ones, while developing countries systematically specialize in simple products, in line with novel stylized facts. (2) Quality differentiation may thus help to explain why richer countries tend to be more diversified and why, increasingly over time, rich and poor countries tend to export the same products. (3) Quality differentiation implies that the gains from inter-product trade mostly accrue to developing countries. (4) Guided by our theory, we use a censored regression model to estimate the link between a country's GDP per capita and its export quality. We find a much stronger relationship than when using OLS, in line with our theory.
Oncologic Disorders and Maxillofacial Surgery

There has been tremendous progress in cancer treatment. Cancer patients are living longer with improved quality of life. It is likely that maxillofacial surgeons will encounter cancer patients in need of their expertise, whether their surgical intervention is an integral part of cancer treatment or for an unrelated issue. This chapter seeks to review major problems encountered in the perioperative setting by maxillofacial surgeons, including cancer treatment complications, pain management, and major psychiatric issues. In the later part of the chapter, some attention is devoted to the so-called immunotherapy that is revolutionizing cancer treatment. The chapter aims to remind the surgeon of the major problems encountered in cancer patients in the perioperative setting and offer some management guidance.
Pharmacists' Decision to Undertake a Mid-Career Residency

Abstract Objective To outline factors motivating a pharmacist who has been in practice for five or more years to pursue a residency, and to compare the advantages and disadvantages of completing a residency. Design Descriptive study. Program directors from all residency programs accredited by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists were contacted by mail to inquire about the number of past or current residents of their programs who could participate in the survey. From their responses we identified 111 potential participants. Postage-paid survey packets were then sent to the program directors, to be forwarded to the residents. The first section of the survey gathered demographic information; the second section focused on respondents' reasons for pursuing a pharmacy residency, the obstacles they had to overcome, and the benefits gained from completion of a residency. Results 62 respondents (56.0%) were eligible for inclusion in the data analysis. Professional growth was the most important reason given for pursuing a mid-career residency (n = 25; 40.3%). For 20 (32.3%) respondents, money or a decrease in salary was the "biggest obstacle" to pursuing a residency, and 18 (29.0%) cited family obligations. The most important benefits gained from the residency experience were improved marketability (40.0%) and skills (33.3%). Conclusion Although challenging and demanding, a mid-career residency can be a rewarding experience for the practicing pharmacist. A residency will be of value to a mid-career pharmacist seeking professional growth and job satisfaction, rather than an increase in salary, through a change in career direction.
Molecular dynamics simulation study of model friction modifier additives confined between two surfaces

We have used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the molecular energetics and orientation of surfactant‐like model “friction modifier” (FM) additives with and without hydrocarbon solvent and confined between idealized atomistic surfaces. The normal load, fluid layer thickness, and additive surface concentration dependencies agree favorably with those measured experimentally for model fluids using a surface forces apparatus. The simulations predicted either a single or multiple free energy wells with increasing surface separation, depending on the FM concentration. With no solvent added, pure FMs showed oscillations in normal pressure and free energy with increasing surface separation; stable states corresponded to successive layers of FM molecules being expelled from the region between the adsorbed films. In the case of FM/hydrocarbon solution, only a single stable position was found. The equilibrium structure was also found to depend on the head group structure of the FMs.
Referral schemes at imaging centers.

Explanation of the Medicare and Medicaid Antikickback statute and Stark Law and their restrictions on physicians' financial interests in ancillary services. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
High-order finite-volume modeling of drift waves

Abstract The paper discusses high-order finite-volume numerical modeling of drift waves, which is an ubiquitous phenomenon in magnetized plasmas. It is found that some standard discretization methods applied to the conservative form of the governing equations can lead to a numerical instability. A method to stabilize high-order discretization is proposed and demonstrated to work in numerical simulations performed with the fourth-order finite-volume code COGENT. As practical examples, a stable drift-wave solution with adiabatic electrons and the collisionless (universal) drift-wave instability driven by electron kinetic effects are considered. Application of the present analysis to a broader range of computational fluid dynamics systems is discussed.