cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Ground Leases, the Redevelopment Option and Contract Incentives

Ground leased property trades at a discount relative to the fee interest. We explore contractual alternatives that would be Pareto preferred by owners of the leased fee estate and the leasehold interest. The sharing of the value of the residual claim between the owner of the leased fee and the leasehold and a lease extension clause triggered by redevelopment can enhance the value of the asset to both parties. The results suggest that employing such contractual terms in ground leases in the United States would lead to outcomes more consistent with the fee simple case. Escalation clauses also have a potential impact on the timing and intensity of redevelopment.
Modeling Bilayer Systems as Electrical Networks

Two of the main components of cell membranes are lipids and proteins. Lipids are the passive structure of the membrane that acts as a barrier between the inner and outer portions of the cell. Proteins are the active structure of the membrane that allows signaling, energy conversion, and open channels between the inner and outer portions of the cell. Artificially made membranes, called bilayers, can be made from natural or artificial membrane components at the interface of aqueous volumes. Some bilayer properties are measured by inducing an artificial potential gradient across the bilayer to induce ion flow. This ion flow is measured by measuring the resulting current output of the device that induced the potential gradient. The lipids of the membrane act electrically as a small conductor and capacitor in parallel where the measured capacitance is related to the area of the bilayer. Some proteins act electrically as an additional conductor in parallel to the lipids with varying conductance properties depending on the specific protein. Some proteins are pores that allow ions to flow freely through the membrane and others are gated and allow ions to flow at different levels depending on the size and polarity of the potential gradient. A large system with multiple aqueous volumes and multiple bilayers made of just passive membrane components can be modeled as an electrical network of resistors and capacitors. The addition of proteins to this network increases the complexity of the system model because the proteins usually do not act as a linear conductance and numerical methods are used to approximate what is happening in the system. This paper shows how a system of multiple aqueous volumes and multiple bilayers can be modeled as a system of first order odes, numerically solved, and then compared to the published results of a similar system.
Spectroscopy of GRB 051111 at z = 1.54948: Kinematics and Elemental Abundances of the GRB Environment and Host Galaxy

We present a high-resolution, high S/N optical spectrum of the afterglow of GRB 051111 obtained with the HIRES spectrograph on the Keck I 10 m telescope. The spectrum exhibits three redshifted absorption systems with the highest, at z = 1.54948, arising in the GRB host galaxy. While the Lyα feature is outside the range of our spectrum, the high column density of weakly depleted Zn suggests that the host is a damped Lyα system with N(H ) 1021(Z/Z☉)-1. The bulk of the gas (>80%) is confined to a narrow velocity range of |v| < 30 km s-1, exhibiting strong dust depletion of refractory elements such as Fe and Cr. The depletion pattern is similar to that observed in warm disk clouds of the Milky Way. We also detect absorption from all ground-level fine-structure states of Fe II, the first such example in a QSO-DLA system or GRB-absorption spectrum, which indicate conditions that are consistent with the "warm disk" depletion pattern. The absorption profiles of Fe II and Mg II extend over several hundred km s-1, with a depletion pattern that more closely resembles that of QSO-DLA systems, suggesting that the sight line to GRB 051111 probes the halo of the host galaxy in addition to the dense disk. Thus, detailed diagnostics of the interstellar medium of GRB host galaxies continue to provide insight into regions that are generally missed in quasar surveys.
Antigenic peptide binding by class I and class II histocompatibility proteins

The recent determination of the structure of a class II MHC molecule complexed to a specific peptide reveals both similarities and differences with peptide binding by class I MHC.
Dark matter and Higgs bosons in the MSSM

We investigate dark matter (DM) in the context of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model (MSSM). We scan through the MSSM parameter space and search for solutions that (a) are consistent with the Higgs discovery and other collider searches; (b) satisfy the flavor constraints from B physics; (c) give a DM candidate with the correct thermal relic density; and (d) are allowed by the DM direct detection experiments. For the surviving models with our parameter scan, we find the following features: (1) The DM candidate is largely a Bino-like neutralino with non-zero but less than 20% Wino and Higgsino fractions; (2) The relic density requirement clearly pins down the solutions from the Z and Higgs resonances (Z, h, H, A funnels) and co-annihilations; (3) Future direct search experiments will likely fully cover the Z, h funnel regions, and H, A funnel regions as well except for the “blind spots”; (4) Future indirect search experiments will be more sensitive to the CP-odd Higgs exchange due to its s-wave nature; (5) The branching fraction for the SM-like Higgs decay to DM can be as high as 10%, while those from heavier Higgs decays to neutralinos and charginos can be as high as 20%. We show that collider searches provide valuable information complementary to what may be obtained from direct detections and astroparticle observations. In particular, the Z- and h-funnels with a predicted low LSP mass should be accessible at future colliders. Overall, the Higgs bosons may play an essential role as the portal to the dark sector.
Closed-Loop Active Flow Control of a Three-Dimensional Turret Wake

An experimental study has been performed to investigate the wake of a three-dimensional turret with aspect ratio of 1.17 at a diameter-based Reynolds number of 5.5×105. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry was used to evaluate the spatial structure of the wake, and dynamic surface-pressure measurements were used to study the time-dependent behavior. The uncontrolled wake was seen to be strongly three-dimensional with two main structures on opposing sides of the center plane. Cross correlations from the surface pressure indicated that opposite sides of the wake had nearly zero correlation in time. With the application of active flow control, both the spatial structure and time-dependent behavior of the wake were significantly altered. The downwash velocity along the center plane was seen to increase significantly, causing the wake to spread more rapidly near the support plate, and the spectra from the pressure sensors contained multiple peaks at different frequencies throughout the wake that were not se...
CHAOTIC SCATTERING ON A BILLIARD

We investigate chaotic scattering on an attractive step potential with a quadrupolar deformation. The phase space features of the bound billiard are studied by using the notion of symmetry lines to find periodic orbits. We show that the scattering dynamics is intimately linked to structures in the bound billiard (infinite potential wall) phase space. The existence of preferred scattering directions is shown to be a consequence of large scale features of the phase space such as the period-two orbits. Self-similarity in the scattering functions is directly linked to unstable periodic orbits of the bound phase space. The main observations and methodology are applicable to concave billiards in general.
Introduction to String Field Theory

This volume covers the most up-to-date findings on string field theory. It is presented in a new approach as a result of insights gained from the theory. This includes the use of a universal method for treating free field theories, which allows the derivation of a single, simple, free, local, Poincare-invariant, gauge-invariant action that can be applied directly to any fields.
Solvent influences on initial and transition states in solvolysis of 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide

Abstract Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2-(alkylthio)ethyl derivatives have become important in understanding basic principles of physical organic chemistry. In the present work the solvent effects of 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide ( 1-Cl ) solvolysis in methanol, methanol-water mixtures, and water are analyzed to provide a dissection of initial-state (IS) and transition-state (TS) effects. The reduction in activation energy accompanying replacement of methanol by water is shown to be due to significant IS destabilization and TS stabilization. Further analysis permits dissection of the free energies of transfer of the TS into electrostatic and nonelectrostatic components. Comparison of the these electrostatic components for 1-Cl and several model substrates shows that charge development in the TS for 1-Cl is approximately 0.6 units of electronic charge. This conclusion is supported by estimation of TS structure from isotope effects, but it is also in apparent conflict with a TS structure deduced from tosylate-chloride rate ratios. An analysis of the tosylate-chloride ratio is presented, and it is proposed that the ratio for 1-Cl is dominated by steric effects at the reactive site, and possibly by IS solvation differences between tosylates and chlorides, rather than by the extent of bond cleavage to the leaving group in the TS.
Holographic optical interconnects for multichip modules

An optically interconnected multichip module designed specifically to meet the demands of high performance processor array systems is proposed. The system consists of computer generated holograms GaAs laser array chips and Si VLSI chips containing processing elements and integrated photodetectors. All components are incorporated into a package (similar to an existing multichip module design) with a water-cooled heat sink. All intramodule chip-to-chip connections longer than a particular line length and all intermodule connections are implemented optically. Limitations on power dissipation bandwidth connection density and alignment tolerances are discussed. The performance is compared with both electrical thin film interconnects and guided wave optical interconnects.
Maternal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during pregnancy and newborn neurobehavior.

Objective. This is a prospective study of the effects of maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during pregnancy on newborn neurobehavioral integrity, including systematic measures of behavioral state, sleep organization, motor activity, heart rate variability (HRV), tremulousness, and startles. Methods. The sample included 17 SSRI-exposed and 17 nonexposed, full-birth-weight newborn infants who had no obvious medical problems and were matched on maternal cigarette use, social class, and maternal age. SSRI exposure was determined by medical records and maternal self-report during a standard interview. Behavioral state, startles, and tremulousness were evaluated for 1 hour between feedings. Automated recordings of motor activity and HRV were also assessed during a 15-minute subset sleep period. HRV was subjected to spectral analysis to detect rhythms in autonomic regulation. Exposed and nonexposed infant groups were compared on measures of neurobehavioral development both before and after adjustment for gestational age as a covariate. Results. SSRI-exposed infants had a shorter mean gestational age; were more motorically active and tremulous; and showed fewer rhythms in HRV, fewer changes in behavioral state, fewer different behavioral states, and a lower peak behavioral state. SSRI-exposed infants also had significantly more rapid eye movement sleep, which was characterized by longer continuous bouts in that state and higher numbers of spontaneous startles or sudden arousals. After effects of gestational age were covaried, significant differences continued to be found in tremulousness and all measures of state and sleep organization, but effects on startles, motor activity, and rhythms in HRV were no longer significant. Conclusions. Results provide the first systematic evidence that women who use SSRIs during pregnancy have healthy, full-birth-weight newborn infants who show disruptions in a wide range of neurobehavioral outcomes. Effects on motor activity, startles, and HRV may be mediated through the effects of SSRI exposure on gestational age. Future research can lead to a better understanding of the effects of SSRI use during pregnancy and an improved public health outcome.
Generating a fermion mass hierarchy in a composite supersymmetric standard model

Abstract A mechanism is suggested by which the dynamics of confinement could be responsible for the fermion mass matrix. In this approach the large top quark Yukawa coupling is generated naturally during confinement, while those of the other quarks and leptons stem from non-renormalizable couplings at the Planck scale and are suppressed. Below the confinement scale (s) the effective theory is minimal supersymmetric SU(5) or the supersymmetric standard model. Particles in the 5 representations of SU(5) are fundamental while those in the 10 and 5 are composite. The standard model gauge group is weakly coupled and predictions of unification can be preserved. A hierarchy in confinement scales helps generate a hierarchical spectrum of quark and lepton masses and ensures the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix is nearly diagonal. However, the most natural outcome is that the strange quark is heavier than the charm quark; additional structure is required to evade this conclusion. No attempt has been made to address the issues of SU(5) breaking, SUSY breaking, doublet/triplet splitting or the μ parameter. While the models presented here are neither elegant nor complete, they are remarkable in that they can be analyzed without uncontrollable dynamical assumptions.
Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells.

Purpose of Review Methods to isolate endothelial cells from murine and human pluripotent stem cells continue to evolve and increasingly diverse endothelial cell populations have been generated. This review provides an update of key papers published within the past year that report on some of those advances.
Communication overlap in multi-tier parallel algorithms

Hierarchically organized multicomputers such as SMP clusters offer new opportunities and new challenges for high-performance computation, but realizing their full potential remains a formidable task. We present a hierarchical model of communication targeted to block- structured, bulk-synchronous applications running on dedicated clusters of symmetric multiprocessors. Our model supports node-level rather processor-level communication as the fundamental operation, and is optimized for aggregate patterns of regular section moves rather than point-to-point messages. These two capabilities work synergistically. They provide flexibility in overlapping communication and overcome deficiencies in the underlying communication layer on systems where inter-node communication bandwidth is at a premium. We have implemented our communication model in the KeLP2.0 run time library. We present empirical results for five applications running on a cluster of Digital AlphaServer 2100's. Four of the applications were able to overlap communication on a system which does not support overlap via non-blocking message passing using MPI. Overall performance improvements due to our overlap strategy ranged from 12% to 28%.
Pipit: A momentum space optical potential code for pions

A qualitative description is given of the optical model program PIPIT, created to solve the Lippmann-Schwinger equation with relativistic kinematics. (SDF)
Precursory dynamics in threshold systems

A precursory dynamics, motivated by the analysis of recent experiments on solid-on-solid friction, is introduced in a continuous cellular automaton that mimics the physics of earthquake source processes. The resulting system of equations for the interevent cycle can be decoupled and yields an analytical solution in the mean-field limit, exhibiting a smoothing effect of the dynamics on the stress field. Simulation results show the resulting departure from scaling at the large-event end of the frequency distribution, and support claims that the field leakage may parametrize the superposition of scaling and characteristic regimes observed in real earthquake faults.
A parallel control strategy abstracted from the baroreceptor reflex

Abstract A parallel control strategy is developed for process applications by “reverse engineering” the functions of the baroreceptor reflex—the biological control system that regulates arterial blood pressure. The specific control architecture and algorithm employed by the reflex are analyzed from a process control perspective. A parallel control structure for process applications is then developed by reparameterizing the controllers in the biologically derived architecture. The resulting structure allows independent design of the parallel controllers via H2-optimal control theory. The parallel control technique is applicable to single-input processes for which two types of output measurements are available: (i) a primary measurement of the controlled output whose dynamic response to input changes is unfavorable (e.g. delayed); and (ii) a second-ary measurement of a different output whose dynamic response is more favorable (e.g. undelayed). The parallel control system uses the primary and secondary outputs in a coordinated fashion in order to provide high performance disturbance rejection. Compared to conventional cascade control, the parallel control strategy provides improved stability and robustness characteristics. Two simulation examples demonstrate the superior performance and failure tolerance that can be achieved with the parallel control strategy compared to cascade control and single-input, single-output control techniques.
On neutral plasma oscillations

We examine the conditions for the existence of spectrally stable neutral modes in a Vlasov-Poisson plasma and show that for stable equilibria of systems that have unbounded spatial domain, the only possible neutral modes are those with phase velocities that correspond to stationary inflection points of the equilibrium distribution function. It is seen that these neutral modes can possess positive or negative free energy.
Comparative studies on photoelasticity of elastomers and plastomers

Abstract Transparent films of elastomers and plastomers were found to differ sufficiently in their photoelastic behavior to make stress double refraction a useful criterion of the prospective mechanical properties of a given material. The stress double refraction in such films is mostly an effect of deformation, of orientation, or of both deformation and orientation of polymer chains. In such polymers, however, which crystallize under stress, a large part of the optical effect may be due to oriented crystallization. In addition to its practical value as a testing method for polymers, the photoelastic method offers, therefore, particularly in combination with simultaneous investigations of mechanical properties, the prospect of correlating mechanical properties of a polymer film with its internal structure, and of correlating changes in both qualities on exposure of the film to different degrees of stress. Although results obtained on such films, by means of x-ray diffraction or x-ray scattering and electr...
Occasionally Libertarian: Experimental Evidence of Self-Serving Omission Bias

People evaluate outcomes, in part, by how those outcomes came about and who caused them. For example, attitudes about the proper amount of redistributive taxation reflect beliefs about the causal roles played by luck and human agency in creating the pre-tax income distribution. Causal attribution, however, is a process both complicated and subject to bias. I generate individual-level data from a variation on the dictator game in which the participants' initial endowments are manipulated to identify one aspect of how people care about causal attribution. The data are inconsistent with models of preferences defined solely over outcomes and also with a general bias toward inaction. Subjects care independently, but conditionally, about the effects of their own actions and demonstrate a bias toward inaction only when it is in their self-interest. (JEL A12, A13, C91, D63) The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Multiple mass solvers

Abstract We present a general method to construct multiple mass solvers from standard algorithms. As an example, the BiCGstab-M algorithm is derived.
Technological innovations: a framework for communicating diffusion effects

Abstract The paper investigates the impact of the institutional aspects of the innovation–adoption process on the success of its implementation. More specifically, we concentrate on the adoption of five information technologies using a data set from the aerospace and defense industries. We investigate such factors as advocacy, breadth of support, time of adoption, and intra-organizational communications. Several hypotheses are formulated and empirically tested. We find that advocacy by middle management does not have a positive effect on the success of implementation.
Ems agenda for the future: Where we are … where we want to be

During the past 30 years, emergency medical services (EMS) in the United States have experienced explosive growth. The American health care system is now transforming, providing an opportune time to examine what we have learned over the past three decades in order to create a vision for the future of EMS. Over the course of several months, a multidisciplinary steering committee collaborated with hundreds of EMS-interested individuals, organizations, and agencies to develop the EMS Agenda for the Future. Fourteen EMS attributes were identified as requiring continued development in order to realize the vision established within the Agenda. They are integration of health services, EMS research, legislation and regulation, system finance, human resources, medical direction, education systems, public education, prevention, public access, communication systems, clinical care, information systems, and evaluation. Discussion of these attributes provides important guidance for achieving a vision for the future of ...
Free Convection in a Heat-Generating Porous Medium in a Finite Vertical Cylinder

Fluid currents formed in a fluid-saturated porous medium during convective heat transfer have many important applications, such as oil and gas production, cereal grain storage, geothermal energy, and porous insulation. This investigation considers the numerical solution of the steady-state streamlines and isotherms formed by the convective and conduction heat transfer in an air-solid porous medium in an enclosed, short, vertical cylinder. The porous medium is considered to be generating heat uniformity throughout its volume. The cylinder side and top are isothermal and at the same temperature. The bottom surface of the cylinder is adiabatic. These boundary conditions simulate those occurring in a food storage bin with its bottom insulate by the ground and the top and side remaining at the ambient temperature. For the fluid, the thermophysical properties of air are used and for the porous medium a range of thermophysical properties typical of food products is used.
Rectovestibular fistula with absent vagina: a unique anorectal malformation.

Abstract Background/Purpose: A very unusual anorectal defect consisting of a vestibular fistula and absent vagina is presented. Only two previous isolated reports were found in the literature dascribing a repair that included both abdominal and perineal approach. The authors present another technical alternative that allows the repair via posterior sagittal. Methods: Of 1,007 patients with anorectal malformations analyzed, eight female cases shared the common anatomic features of a vestibular fistula and absent vagina. What appeared to be the vagina was actually the rectal orifice ending in the vestibule, and the vagina was absent. With the posterior sagittal approach, the distal rectum was used to create the neovagina. The proximal rectum was mobilized and placed within the limits of the sphincter mechanism. Two of the eight patients were born with a patent upper third remnant of the vagina. In one case, the remnant was anastomosed to the neovagina at the time of colostomy closure; in the second one, the anastomosis was performed during the main repair. Results: Four patients are continent of urine and have voluntary bowel movements. One patient is younger than 3 years and therefore has not been evaluated. One patient has a very poor sacrum and therefore is incontinent. One patient had a primary repair elsewhere and therefore is excluded, and another patient is lost to follow-up. One patient is already sexually active. Conclusions: It is mandatory to perform a meticulous inspection of the perineum in female patients with anorectal malformations to detect unusual defects. Also, a high index of suspicion is necessary to establish the diagnosis of this defect and avoid an inadequate treatment. The posterior sagittal approach represents another alternative to treat these defects without the need for a laparotomy.
Dimerization of pyrazolyl-5-hydroxypyrrolidinones to tetrazocines

The dimerization of the hydroxypyrrolidinones (I) and the methylated hydroxypyrrolidinones case of compound I, the ring-fused hexaazacyclododecane was isolated. X-ray diffraction analysis of dipyrrolo dipyrazolo tetrazocine verified the dimeric structure of these products
The stereoselective synthesis of succinamide derivatives via enolate oxidative coupling

Abstract Enolates derived from optically pure oxazolidines couple with high stereoselectivity when oxidized with iodine or cupric salts.
Potential Impact of Newer Health Care Legislation on the Character and Quality of Cardiovascular Care: Is the Profession at Risk?

The rules by which medicine is practiced have changed dramatically during the past two decades and especially in the past few years. These changes have come primarily through the efforts of government and industry to control rising medical costs. In the 1960s, government and society at large made a pivotal decision. The decision to give unlimited medical care to most of our population. Medicare and Medicaid were introduced and private insurance became widely available. Industry responded freely to demands for more and more medical coverage, preferring fringe benefits to spiraling salaries. The end result was what economist Martin Feldstein called "a permanent excess demand for medical services of all kinds." The cost to society has exceeded all predictions for several reasons. The tremendous explosion of medical technology and, perhaps, its inappropriate application increased not only costs but utilization. There was unprecedented inflation, a war, and an arms race. The national
Fulminant hepatic failure

Abstract Analysis of the first 150 cases collected from 73 centers reporting to the Fulminant Hepatic Failure Surveillance Study showed that 80 patients had presumable viral hepatitis, of whom 62 died. Of 41 patients who had recent surgery, 36 died. In 35 patients massive liver necrosis developed less than three weeks after halothane anesthesia, and 27 (77 per cent) of these had multiple exposures to halothane. The risk from halothane is small, but this complication was present in nearly one quarter of the cases reported in our study. When the use of halothane is desired, multiple exposure should be avoided, if possible. Moreover, postoperative fever after exposure to halothane, otherwise "unexplained," is an important warning sign, and should be thoroughly investigated and taken into consideration when further exposure to this anesthetic is contemplated. The physician prescribing halothane must balance need against risk.
A streamlined synthesis for 2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamides.

2,3-Dihydroxyterephthalamides have been synthesized through a route that avoids the protection and deprotection of the phenol groups. The procedure allows for symmetric and unsymmetric amide linkages. This synthetic sequence significantly decreases the time and cost of preparation and increases the overall yield of this class of metal chelators.
Analysis of the M6809 instruction set

The M6809 has now been in the marketplace for about 3 years and is one of the most popular midrange microcomputers. With 3 years of history, it is now possible to analyze many of the existing M6809 programs to see how the computer is actually used.This paper includes data I took regarding instruction-set and addessing-mode usage on existing M6809 programs. The specific information should be of interest to M6809 programmers and to future computer architects who wish to create similar machines. Beyond the specific M6809 information, however, there are some basic usage trends that are apparent in almost all Von Neuman architectures. Therefore, the information in this paper will be of interest to most users of microprocessors.The data point out to programmers and system engineers what attributes of a computer's instruction set really affect the memory efficiency and throughput and what attributes don't matter. With this knowledge the programmer/system engineer should be better able to evaluate a microcomputer before he selects one for his project.
The Ford Geraldine Unit CO2 Flood- Update 1990

This paper updates the operating history of the tertiary CO{sub 2} flood in the Ramsey (Delaware sand) formation of the Ford Geraldine Unit (FGU). The discussion focuses on injection and production history, operational considerations, data collection and monitoring techniques, and plans for the flood.
Holographic quantum criticality from multi-trace deformations

We explore the consequences of multi-trace deformations in applications of gauge-gravity duality to condensed matter physics. We find that they introduce a powerful new “knob” that can implement spontaneous symmetry breaking, and can be used to construct a new type of holographic superconductor. This knob can be tuned to drive the critical temperature to zero, leading to a new quantum critical point. We calculate nontrivial critical exponents, and show that fluctuations of the order parameter are ‘locally’ quantum critical in the disordered phase. Most notably the dynamical critical exponent is determined by the dimension of an operator at the critical point. We argue that the results are robust against quantum corrections and discuss various generalizations.
Imaging and sensing based on dual-pulse nonlinear photoacoustic contrast: a preliminary study on fatty liver

We developed a simple and effective contrast for tissue characterization based on the recently proposed dual-pulse nonlinear photoacoustic technology. The new contrast takes advantage of the temperature dependence of Gruneisen parameter of tissue and involves a dual-pulse laser excitation process. A short pulse first heats the sample and causes a temperature jump, which then leads to the change of Gruneisen parameter and amplitude of the photoacoustic signal of the second pulse. For different tissues, the induced rate or trend of change is expected to be different, which constitutes the basis of the new contrast. Preliminary phantom experiment in blood and lipid mixtures and in vitro experiment in fatty rat liver have demonstrated that the proposed contrast has the capability of fast characterization of lipid-rich and blood-rich tissues.
Production of uniform and well-confined beams by nonlinear optics

Abstract Particle beams with uniform and well-confined intensity distributions are desirable for medical treatment, food irradiation, and ion implantation, and are essential in high-intensity accelerator systems to prevent target damage and optimize target efficiency. One method for beam redistribution employs nonlinear beamline elements of odd multipolarity, such as octupoles and duodecapoles. The method is not limited to the production of uniform beam distributions. Techniques for producing uniform and well-confined beam distributions are reviewed. Beam redistribution is explained and the degree of uniformity and confinement achievable under various conditions is discussed. A method for tuning the size of the irradiation area is given. An unconventional combined-function magnet is presented. The effect of beam jitter on distributions is considered. Applications of the method are given.
Elements of string cosmology

Abstract Aspects of string cosmology for critical and non-critical strings are discussed emphasizing the necessity to account for the dilaton dynamics for a proper incorporation of “large-small” duality. This drastically modifies the intuition one has with Einstein's gravity. For example winding modes, even though contributing to the energy density, oppose expansion and if not annihilated will stop the expansion. Moreover we find that the radiation dominated era of the standard cosmology emerges quite naturally in string cosmology. Our analysis of non-critical string cosmology provides a reinterpretation of the (universal cover of the) recently studied two-dimensional black hole solution as a conformal realization of cosmological solutions found previously by Mueller.
How to experimentally measure the number 5 of the SO(5) theory

Abstract According to Wilson's theory of critical phenomena, critical exponents are universal functions of d, the dimension of space, and n, the dimension of the symmetry group. SO(5) theory of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity predicts a bicritical point where TN and Tc intersect. By measuring critical exponents close to the bicritical point, and knowing that d = 3, one can experimentally measure the number 5 of the SO(5) theory.
Barrett's esophagus: prevalence and size of hiatal hernia.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Barrett’s esophagus is caused by gastroesophageal reflux and predisposes to adenocarcinoma. Hiatal hernia may cause reflux. The prevalence and size of hernias in patients with Barrett’s esophagus was investigated. METHODS: Axial hernia length and the width of the diaphragmatic hiatus were measured prospectively at endoscopy. RESULTS: A 2-cm or longer hernia was found in 96% of 46 patients with Barrett’s esophagus, in 42% of 103 controls (p CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with Barrett’s esophagus have hiatal hernia; their hernias are longer and the hiatal openings wider than in controls with or without esophagitis. Hiatal hernia likely contributes to the development of Barrett’s esophagus.
Moon mass approximation in algebraic form analogous to activity sphere formula

The concept of comet orbit activity sphere as introduced byD'Alembert and developed byLaplace is modified and applied to the Sun-Earth-Moon system, leading to a new approximate relationship between astronomical constants usually regarded as independent quantities. When Sun-Earth mass ratio, the astronomic unit, and Earth-Moon separation distance are taken as known, an elementary algebraic formula gives the Earth-Moon mass ratio in terms of these. Despite the inherently imprecise character of this type of calculation, surprisingly close numerical agreement with independently determined values is obtained. The great simplicity and directness of the result contrast with ardous orthodox inference procedures for the lunar mass, suggesting that newer methods of general dynamic analysis are required in the study of asymptotic states of the three-body problem.
Synthesis of novel photochromic fluorescing 2-indolylfulgimides

Abstract A series of novel N -substituted, thermally stable photochromic fluorescing 2-indolylfulmides were synthesized with high yields (>80%) from the corresponding fulgides by Lewis acid and hexamethyldisilazane-promoted one-pot reaction.
Design of Belt-Tensioner Systems for Dynamic Stability

Description de plusieurs mecanismes d'instabilite potentiels pour les systemes de mise sous tension des courroies, et presentation d'une methodologie de calcul pour assurer un bon comportement dynamique de tels systemes. Utilisation d'un modele mathematique et de methodes de resolution numeriques pour developper une methode de calcul assistee par ordinateur. Presentation de resultats numeriques, confirmant les donnees experimentales, pour un systeme particulier pour courroie d'automobile
Effectual marketing planning for new ventures

Current marketing theories largely follow the rational planning school and base marketing planning activities upon a strategic pursuit of an optimal market outcome. While extant theory aligns with the motivations of large corporations in established markets, it offers little benefit to marketers in new ventures. We address this gap directly and propose a new concept of effectual marketing planning, which is based on a logic of control and specifically addresses the challenges facing new ventures. Our construct of effectual marketing planning contains five key elements that increase the value of marketing planning for new ventures. We conclude by offering propositions as to how effectual marketing planning can improve new venture performance.
Signals for virtual leptoquark exchange at HERA

We study the effects of virtual leptoquarks on charged current and neutral current processes at theep collider HERA. We present the areas of parameter space that can be excluded at HERA by searching for deviations from Standard Model expectations. The best results are obtained by examining the ratio of neutral current to charged current cross sections, R=σNC/σNC, where, with 200 pb−1 of integrated luminosity for unpolarizede− ande+ beams, HERA can search for leptoquarks with masses up to ∼800 GeV, with leptoquark coupling strengths of order αem.
Charge symmetry breaking and parity violating electron scattering

I review the effects of charge symmetry breaking CSB on electromagnetic form factors and how that influences extraction of information regarding nucleon strangeness content and the weak mixing angle. It seems that CSB effects are very modest and should not impact the analysis of experiments.
On the Understanding and Use of 'Unintegrated' Parton Distributions in Small-x QCD

We review and discuss the use of TMD, or "unintegrated", gluon distributions in the domain of small-x physics. The definitions employed, and the hazards of the naive applications of the TMD factorization and the associated gluon distributions are discussed.
A classification of product comparison agents

Over the last decade of rise and growth of e-commerce, a large number and variety of electronic comparison-shopping agents have emerged on the Web, but little research has been done on classifying them. In this paper, we propose a conceptual schema for categorizing comparison-shopping agents into three groups: differentiation agents, evaluation agents and preference agents. We describe and analyze each category in detail. We suggest that comparison-shopping agents can be regarded as a species in the ecosystem of Internet. They compete and cooperate with each other for information extraction and aggregation. By extending the classification, we suggest that a new species of comparison-shopping agent will emerge driven by technology evolution and consumer demand.
Absence of FLT3 and JAK2 (V617F) mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Abstract Langerhans cell histocytosis (LCH) is a neoplasm of histiocytic cells believed to be derived from cells of the dendritic system, but the disease pathogenesis is unknown. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells and plays an important role in normal hematopoiesis. Recently, FLT3 has been shown to play a role in regulating dendritic cell development and elevated levels FLT3-ligand was found in the serum of LCH patients. Therefore we evaluated 14 cases of LCH for FLT3 mutations by PCR analysis of genomic DNA, obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples, followed by PAGE for deletions or internal tandem duplications using a commercially available kit (InVivoScrib Technologies, San Diego, CA). There were 7 males and 7 females with a mean age of 25.1. The tissues involved included bones, lymph nodes, bone marrow, breast, lungs and various soft tissues. No mutations in FLT3 were identified in any of the 14 patient samples. In the same patient population we also looked at the JAK2 (V617F) mutation, which has been found in patients with myeloproliferative disorders other than chronic myeloid leukemia and which has not yet been evaluated in LCH by a single strand conformation polymorphism assay using a commercially available kit (Ipsogen, New Haven, CT). There was no JAK2 V617F mutation in any of the 14 cases. These results suggest that FLT3 and JAK2 V617F mutations do not play a role in the pathogenesis of LCH.
Networking support for large scale multiprocessor servers

Over the next several years the performance demands on globally available information servers are expected to increase dramatically. These servers must be capable of sending and receiving data over hundreds or even thousands of simultaneous connections. In this paper, we show that connection-level parallel protocols (where different connections are processed in parallel) running on a shared-memory multiprocessor can deliver high network bandwidth across a large number of connections.We experimentally evaluate connection-level parallel implementations of both TCP/IP and UDP/IP protocol stacks. We focus on three questions in our performance evaluation: how throughput scales with the number of processors, how throughput changes as the number of connections increases, and how fairly the aggregate bandwidth is distributed across connections. We show how several factors impact performance: the number of processors used, the number of threads in the system, the number of connections assigned to each thread, and the type of protocols in the stack (i.e., TCP versus UDP).Our results show that with careful implementation connection-level parallel protocol stacks scale well with the number of processors, and deliver high throughput which is, for the most part, sustained as the number of connections increases. Maximizing the number of threads in the system yields the best overall throughput. However, the best fairness behavior is achieved by matching the number of threads to the number of processors and scheduling connections assigned to threads in a round-robin manner.
Dynamics of a two parameter family of plane birational maps: Maximal entropy

We mix combinatorial with complex methods to study the dynamics of a real two parameter family of plane birational maps. Specifically, we consider the action of the maps on the Picard group of an appropriate compactification of the complex plane, on the homology groups of a forward invariant real subset of this compactification, and on a Markov partition of the real plane determined by the critical set. For the range of parameters considered, the three actions are equivalent. This allows us to construct a measure of maximal entropy on the real nonwandering set, and it allows us to show that all wandering points are attracted to infinity in a well-defined fashion.
Designing search engine user interfaces for the visually impaired

Search engines are a fundamental tool for retrieving specific and appropriate information on the Internet; for this reason it is essential for any user to be able to interact with simple, clear and accessible interfaces. In this paper we discuss the main differences between a visual layout and aural perception, and propose a set of guidelines for search engine user interface UIs design.
Tracking mobile users in wireless communications networks

Tracking strategies for mobile wireless networks are studied. A cellular architecture in which base stations that are interconnected by a wired network communicate with mobile units via wireless links is assumed. The cost of utilizing the wireless links for the actual tracking of mobile users is considered. A tracking strategy in which a subset of all base stations is selected and designed as reporting centers is proposed. Mobile users transmit update messages only upon entering cells of reporting centers, while every search for a mobile user is restricted to the vicinity of the reporting center to which the user last reported. It is shown that, for an arbitrary topology of the cellular network (represented by the mobility graph), finding an optimal set of reporting centers is an NP-complete problem. Optimal and near-optimal solutions for important special cases of the mobility graph are presented. >
Dramatic Reduction of Surface Recombination by in Situ Surface Passivation of Silicon Nanowires

Nanowires have unique optical properties(1-4) and are considered as important building blocks for energy harvesting applications such as solar cells.(2, 5-8) However, due to their large surface-to-volume ratios, the recombination of charge carriers through surface states reduces the carrier diffusion lengths in nanowires a few orders of magnitude,(9) often resulting in the low efficiency (a few percent or less) of nanowire-based solar cells.(7, 8, 10, 11) Reducing the recombination by surface passivation is crucial for the realization of high-performance nanosized optoelectronic devices but remains largely unexplored.(7, 12-14) Here we show that a thin layer of amorphous silicon (a-Si) coated on a single-crystalline silicon nanowire, forming a core–shell structure in situ in the vapor–liquid–solid process, reduces the surface recombination nearly 2 orders of magnitude. Under illumination of modulated light, we measure a greater than 90-fold improvement in the photosensitivity of individual core–shell nano...
Multiple beam induction accelerators for heavy ion fusion

Abstract Induction accelerators are appealing for heavy-ion driven inertial fusion energy (HIF) because of their high efficiency and their demonstrated capability to accelerate high beam current (≥10 kA in some applications). For the HIF application, accomplishments and challenges are summarized. HIF research and development has demonstrated the production of single ion beams with the required emittance, current, and energy suitable for injection into an induction linear accelerator. Driver scale beams have been transported in quadrupole channels of the order of 10% of the number of quadrupoles of a driver. We review the design and operation of induction accelerators and the relevant aspects of their use as drivers for HIF. We describe intermediate research steps that would provide the basis for a heavy-ion research facility capable of heating matter to fusion relevant temperatures and densities, and also to test and demonstrate an accelerator architecture that scales well to a fusion power plant.