cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-related determinants of stress-induced weight change in mice.

25-day-old male mice showed a greater incidence of body weight loss and a late peak of plasma corticosterone elevation when exposed to tobacco smoke for 5 successive days, as compared with mice exposed to filtered smoke (gas phase) or air. 50-day-old mice had a greater incidence and magnitude of body weight loss and a late plasma corticosterone peak after 5 days of air exposure, but not with gas phase or nicotine + gas phase. Diencephalic serotonin, while higher among 25-day-old mice, did not differ as a function of the stress of confinement during exposure to the ventillatory stimulus or as a function of the different stimuli. The results suggest that weight loss and the time following stimulation at which plasma corticosterone is maximally elevated may serve as indices of stress and are consistent even when the stressor-susceptibility is age-related.
An analysis of the NIH-supported sickle cell disease research portfolio

Sickle cell disease (SCD), an inherited blood disorder is due to a single amino acid substitution on the beta chain of hemoglobin, and is characterized by anemia, severe infections, acute and chronic pain, and multi-organ damage. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is dedicated to support basic, translational and clinical science research to improve care and ultimately, to find a cure for SCD that causes such suffering. This report provides a detailed analysis of grants funded by the NIH for SCD research in Fiscal Years 2007 through 2013. During this period, the NIH supported 247 de novo grants totaling $272,210,367 that address various aspects of SCD. 83% of these funds supported research project grants investigating the following 5 scientific themes: Pathology of Sickle Red Blood Cells; Globin Gene Expression; Adhesion and Vascular Dysfunction; Neurological Complications and Organ-specific Dysfunction; and Pain Management and Intervention. The remaining 17% of total funds supported career development and training grants; Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grants; large Center grants; and Conference grants. Further analysis showed that the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is the largest funder of SCD research within NIH with 67% of total grants, contributing 77% of total funds; followed by the National Institute for Digestive Diseases and Kidney (NIDDK) that is funding 19% of grants, contributing 13% of total funds. The remaining 14% of grants totaling 10% of the funds were supported by all other NIH Institutes/Centers (ICs) combined. In summary, the NIH is using multiple funding mechanisms to support a sickle cell disease research agenda that is intended to advance the detection, treatment, and cure of this debilitating genetic disease.
Some Reflections on “The Nature and Significance of Economics”

I. Professor Robbins' tendency to "Radical Positivism" — The incompatibility of the means-end schema with the ideal of economics as a "positive" science in this sense, 512. — Criticism of his "atomism," 516. — II. Outline of the general chain of means-ends relationships as a schema for classification of the sciences of action, 521. — The place of the "economic" element, 522. — Critical application to Professor Souter's position, 529. — His empiricist tendency and its implications, 534. — III. Some special problems: "Formalism," 536. — Economic law and the realm of the "irrational," 538. — Precision, Dynamics, 540. — Conclusion, 543.
Comments on “Mechanical deformation of dendrites by fluid flow during the solidification of undercooled melts”

Abstract The claim of no evidence for dendrite arm bending in conventional solidification made in the paper by Dragnevski et al. [Acta Mater. 50 (2002) 3743] is disputed by the apparently ubiquitous observation of small (1–10°) misorientations that are found in as-cast grains during conventional solidification. Investigation of this phenomenon by misorientation measurements by EBSD is recommended.
The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on neurophysiological encoding of environmental events at six months.

: Background: Using methodologies from developmental studies on infant information-processing skills, early manifestations of later long-term neurocognitive effects of prenatal alcohol exposure can be explored by assessing primary cognitive processes, including attentional regulation and processing speed. Methods: One hundred eighteen 6-month-old infants (18 high risk, 100 low risk) from a longitudinal study of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and intrauterine growth retardation were presented with both auditory (400 and 1000 Hz pure tones) and visual stimuli (chromatic Caucasian faces) in an information-processing paradigm with cardiac response as the dependent variable. The first three habituation trials were analyzed to assess neurophysiological encoding of environmental events in infants categorized as high and low risk based on status of maternal drinking. Specific indexes of the cardiac response were used to assess the infant's (1) speed of initiating attention, (2) sustained attention, and (3) shifting attention after stimulus offset. Results: Infants identified as high risk based on a cumulative risk index for prenatal alcohol exposure responded more slowly to stimuli and were rated as significantly higher in arousal level across the three trials but did not display differences in their sustained deceleration responses or responses to stimulus-offset. Conclusions: Less efficient neurophysiological encoding was observed among high-risk infants, suggesting that prenatal alcohol exposure may disrupt fundamental components of the attentional system responsible for regulating the body's responses to environmental events. Slower neurophysiological responses involved in encoding environmental stimuli and initiating attention and higher levels of behavioral arousal suggest that these infants may have had difficulties with regulating the interactions between arousal level and the attentional system needed to provide optimal efficiency in processing environmental events. These outcomes suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure results in specific impairments in early attentional regulation, which may influence subsequent cognitive development and behavioral outcomes dependent on these primary cognitive processes.
HIV risk among long-haul truckers in the USA.

Long‐haul truck driving has been associated with HIV risk in developing countries but little research to date has considered whether truckers in the USA may also be at elevated risk for HIV and other STIs. This multi‐method qualitative study explored HIV‐risk factors among regional and cross‐country truck drivers who were based in the southeastern USA. Data collection methods included focus groups conducted at company hubs and over Citizen's Band (CB) radio, and key informant interviews. Results indicated that sexual opportunities and risks are greater for long‐haul drivers who often travel for long periods without returning home and who may engage in ‘highway sex’ in the absence of a regular home‐life. Structural factors that have reduced drivers' autonomy, sexual risk taking and free time while traveling include recent trucking regulations, electronic surveillance and industry‐wide trends emphasizing speed and efficiency. Other factors, such as age, experience, type of employment and type of route also ...
Superconductivity of liquid quenched AlSi alloys

Abstract Here we report the first observation of a liquid quenched AlSi alloy ribbon being composed of two layers, both having an enhanced superconducting transition temperature, T c , compared to Al. A thin layer (≈10% of the sample thickness) next to the quench interface was observed to have a T c of up to 6.9 K (midpoint), the highest for a liquid quenched AlSi alloy. The T c of this layer is very sensitive to its thermal history and is not stable at room temperature for extended periods of time. The remaining thick layer of the ribbon has a lower T c (3 to 4 K). Critical current measurements indicate that the superconductivity of this alloy is probably not of a ‘bulk’ nature. Electron microscopy reveals that the thick layer has a cellular structure whereas the thin layer is composed of a small grained aluminum containing Si precipitates. Possible mechanisms for the superconductivity of the layers will be discused with respect to those given earlier.
Polarization ratio and effective mass in InP nanowires: Effect of crystallographic axis

Indium phosphide nanowires grown along different crystallographic axes---namely, the [001], [101], and [111] directions of zinc-blende structure---are investigated using a first-principles derived semi-empirical pseudopotential theory, aimed at understanding the effects of wire orientation on band structure, polarization ratio, and effective masses of semiconductor nanowires. Band energies over entire Brillouin zone are determined, and are found to exhibit different characteristics for three types of wires in terms of band dispersion and the location of orbital energy. A pronounced dispersion hump is revealed to exist in the lowest conduction band for the [001] and [111] wires, but not for the [101] wires. On the other hand, the [001] and [111] wires are shown to have very different orbital energy for the top valence state at the zone boundary $X$ point---being $\ensuremath{-}6.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ in the former and $\ensuremath{-}6.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ in the latter. These differences provide specific and useful suggestion to encourage experimental determination of the band structure in InP nanowires. As another key result, we study the polarization ratio in wires of different orientations. Our calculations show that, given the same lateral size, the [111] wires yield the highest polarization ratio as compared to wires along the other two directions, while simultaneously possessing larger band-edge photoluminescence transition intensity. The [111] wires are thus suggested to be better suitable for optical device applications. Interestingly, we also found that polarization ratio displays a different size dependence than transition intensity does. More specifically, the polarization ratio is predicted to increase with the decreasing size, which is opposite to the behavior as exhibited by the optical transition intensity. The polarization ratios in the [101] and [111] wires of $11.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ diameter are shown to approach the limit of 100%. In addition to polarization ratio, we further determine the electron and hole masses for wires of different crystallographic axes. For the [101] and [111] wires, the hole masses are revealed to be $\ensuremath{\sim}0.25$, which are markedly smaller than the values $(\ensuremath{\geqslant}1.0)$ along the same direction in bulk. This result demonstrates an interesting possibility of obtaining in nanowires a high hole mobility that is not available in bulk. An explanation for the anomaly in the hole mass is suggested and is associated with the existence of an electronic band transition.
Model of two perfect fluids for an anisotropic and homogeneous universe.

We consider a cosmological model in which two perfect fluids flow with distinct four-velocities. This is equivalent to a single anisotropic fluid flowing with a four-velocity that is an appropriate combination of the two fluid four-velocities. The energy density of the single fluid is larger than the sum of the energy densities of the two perfect fluids and it contains a correction due to the anisotropy. For a homogeneous anisotropic Bianchi type-I universe there is a big bang (initial singularity) and the shear can increase or decrease with time. We give a particular solution in which the spacetime begins as an isotropic spatially flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universe, goes through a symmetry breaking during a ``collision time,'' and develops an anisotropy that reaches a maximum and asymptotically returns to zero.
Unskilled and optimistic: Overconfident predictions despite calibrated knowledge of relative skill

Those who are less skilled tend to overestimate their abilities more than do those who are more skilled-the so-called Dunning-Kruger effect. Less-skilled performers presumably have less of the knowledge needed to make informed guesses about their relative performance. If so, the Dunning-Kruger effect should vanish when participants do have access to information about their relative ability and performance. Competitive bridge players predicted their results for bridge sessions before playing and received feedback about their actual performance following each session. Despite knowing their own relative skill and showing unbiased memory for their performance, they made overconfident predictions consistent with a Dunning-Kruger effect. This bias persisted even though players received accurate feedback about their predictions after each session. The finding of a Dunning-Kruger effect despite knowledge of relative ability suggests that differential self-knowledge is not a necessary precondition for the Dunning-Kruger effect. At least in some cases, the effect might reflect a different form of irrational optimism.
Simultaneous Rotator Cuff Repair and Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis Using Lateral Row Anchor

Treatment of concomitant long head of the biceps pathology in the setting of rotator cuff repair is often required. When a tenodesis of the biceps is used, additional anchors and surgical dissection are typically required. This adds additional surgical time, morbidity of additional surgical dissection, and additional anchor load and cost. We describe a novel technique for arthroscopic biceps tenodesis that uses the anterior lateral row anchor of a double-row rotator cuff repair to simultaneously secure the biceps tenodesis and rotator cuff tear. This technique provides a simple, reproducible, cost-effective means of performing a simultaneous biceps tenodesis and double-row rotator cuff repair.
TEACHING DISCOVERY, AN EXAMPLE USING COMPUTERS IN NUMBER THEORY

ABSTRACT A simple model of the mathematical discovery process is presented and applied to the teaching of mathematics. This method is illustrated by presenting a series of problems from a problem-based course in elementary number theory. Many of these problems assume the students have access to the computational power of a micro-computer.
Reaction of N2O5 with H2O on bulk liquids and on particles and the effect of dissolved HNO3

Measurements of the reaction probability (γ) of N2O5 on ∼60 wt% H2SO4 were performed at 201 to 230 K on bulk liquids and at 230 K on aerosol particles. The bulk and aerosol results are in good agreement (less than 10% difference). The measurements on bulk liquids show very little change in γ with temperature from 201 to 230 K. HNO3 was added to the bulk liquids at ∼201 K and to aerosol particles at 230 K (the H2SO4-content was decreased to keep water activity approximately constant). For [HNO3] levels of 1-to-15 wt %, the N2O5 reaction probability decreased by ∼15% from that measured on HNO3-free 60 wt% H2SO4. For 60 wt% H2SO4 aerosol in the stratosphere ([HNO3] ∼0.3 wt%) the decrease in the N2O5 hydrolysis reaction probability due to HNO3 would be small.
Estimation method of DC wire losses in photovoltaic systems

Methods to estimate the DC wire loss in photovoltaic (PV) systems are proposed. Root-mean-square (RMS) of the irradiance data is first related to wire losses. Then a statistical model is used to characterize the irradiance data for the PV systems. The β-distribution gives reasonable match of the RMS value for the irradiance data. The result is consistent for different geographic locations.
Preparation and characterization of alternating copolymer of α-methylstyrene and acrylonitrile made with zinc chloride–peroxide catalysis

The copolymerization of the zinc chloride complex of acrylonitrile in excess acrylonitrile with α-methylstyrene in the presence of lauroyl peroxide is described. Elemental and proton NMR analyses indicate the equimolar nature of the copolymer product. 13C NMR examination shows that this copolymer is alternating in structure and suggests that the steric placements of the copolymer are random in nature; that complexation does not lead to a stereoselective enchainment mode is the implication of our results. A copolymer which appears to be similar to our product has been prepared by other workers using Al(C2H5)1.5Cl1.5 complexation. Our conclusions regarding copolymer stereoregularity differ from theirs.
Local pulmonary blood flow: control and gas exchange

We studied the local response of the pulmonary vasculature to combined changes in alveolar PO2 and PCO2 in the right apical lobe (RAL) of six conscious sheep. That lobe inspired an O2-CO2-N2 mixture adjusted to produce one of 12 alveolar gas compositions: end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) of 40, 50, and 60 Torr, each coupled with end-tidal PO2 (PETO2) of 100, 75, 50, and 25 Torr. In addition, at each of the four PETO2, the inspired CO2 was set to 0 and PETCO2 was allowed to vary as RAL perfusion changed. The remainder of the lung, which served as control (CL) inspired air. Fraction of the total pulmonary blood flow going to the RAL (%QRAL) was obtained by comparing the methane elimination from the RAL to that of the whole lung, and expressed as a percentage of that fraction at PETCO2 = 40, PETO2 = 100. Cardiac output, pulmonary vascular pressures, and CL gas tensions were unaffected or only minimally affected by changes in RAL gas composition. A drop in PO2 from 100 to 50 Torr decreased local blood flow by 60% in normocapnia and by 66% at a PCO2 of 60. At all levels of oxygenation, an increase in PCO2 from 40 to 60 reduced QRAL by nearly 50%. With these stimulus-response data, we developed a model of gas exchange, which takes into account the effects of test segment size on blood flow diversion. This model predicts that: (1) when the ventilation to one compartment of a two compartment lung is progressively decreased, PAO2 remains above 60 Torr for up to 60% reductions in alveolar ventilation, irrespective of compartment size; (2) the decrease in PAO2 that occurs at altitude is accompanied by a drop in PACO2 that limits the decrease in conductance and minimizes the pulmonary hypertension; and (3) as we stand, local blood flow control by the alveolar gas tensions halves the alveolar-arterial PO2 and PCO2 differences imposed by gravity.
New Insights into Poly(Lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microstructure: Using Repeating Sequence Copolymers to Decipher Complex NMR and Thermal Behavior

Sequence, which Nature uses to spectacular advantage, has not been fully exploited in synthetic copolymers. To investigate the effect of sequence and stereosequence on the physical properties of copolymers, a family of complex isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic repeating sequence poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymers (RSC PLGAs) were prepared and their NMR and thermal behavior was studied. The unique suitability of polymers prepared from the bioassimilable lactic and glycolic acid monomers for biomedical applications makes them ideal candidates for this type of sequence engineering. Polymers with repeating units of LG, GLG and LLG (L = lactic, G = glycolic) with controlled and varied tacticities were synthesized by assembly of sequence-specific, stereopure dimeric, trimeric, and hexameric segmer units. Specifically labeled deuterated lactic and glycolic acid segmers were likewise prepared and polymerized. Molecular weights for the copolymers were in the range Mn = 12−40 kDa by size exclusion chromato...
Dramatic Decrease in Intraocular Pressure Following Topical Administration of Cycloplegics in an Aphakic Child

Aphakic children are at increased risk of developing glaucoma. In the very young patients, sedation or examination under anesthesia may be necessary to measure the intraocular pressure. Often the child is dilated prior to anesthesia so cycloplegic retinoscopy and assessment of the fundus also can be accomplished while the child is sedated. We report a case of dramatic decrease of intraocular pressure in an aphakic child after the topical administration of cycloplegic drops. If a child is dilated prior to measurement of intraocular pressure, the intraocular pressure may be substantially lower compared with when the patient is not dilated. We suggest that even with examinations under anesthesia, the intraocular pressure be measured prior to dilation in aphakic children. CASE REPORT
Anxiety, Depression, and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Disease

In this article, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the impact of these psychological and cognitive factors on clinical outcomes in COPD is reviewed. Methods for screening and identification of these conditions in COPD are described. The extent to which depression, anxiety or cognitive impairment limit or modify the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation, and whether pulmonary rehabilitation may ameliorate these psychological and cognitive impairments are discussed.
Electron resonance study of hydrogen-containing WO 3 films

We have searched at 4.2K for the electron spin resonance of localized electrons in dehydrated amorphous and recrystallized WO3 films immediately after coloring by hydrogen injection from an electrolyte and after room temperature bleaching in air. No resonance could be observed before or after bleaching. Undried, colored samples show a variety of strong resonances spread over 7kG which vary from sample to sample and which change in nature and intensity as the samples bleach. We interpret these results to mean OH ions are not involved in the coloring process except for an effect on the diffusion rate and are not necessary for bleaching. If OH ions are present the protons will form defect centers with them as bleaching occurs. These results show that previous 77K EPR studies were incorrectly interpreted as evidence for the presence of W5+ in colored samples. Our negative results argue against the intervalence transfer and small polaron models used to explain the optical data. We suggest that if coloration is due to W5+ , the electrons are localized over larger regions containing a number of tungsten sites and there is not a unique localized configuration to give a well defined electron resonance. Spin pairing is also a possibility. However, the EPR is also consistent with other coloration models.
Moment Invariants Of Perspective Transformation

One of the fundamental problems in pattern recognition, computer vision, and scene analysis is the recognition of objects independent of size, translation, rotation, and perspective transformation. Perspective transformations are important because any lens system induces such a transformation. Extraction of attributes that are invariant under such transformations is important, because such attributes exploit the essential, nonchanging, and discriminatory natures of the physical objects Moreover, using such invariant attributes significantly reduces the complexities of the computation and the storage requirements of recognition systems. In this paper we derive a unique set of moment invariants of perspective transformation. We also provide experimental results for a set of geometrical 3D objects verifying the invariancies and uniqueness of the derived moments for several different & arbitrary perspective transformations.
Cutaneous Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in Children: Report of Six Cases with Precursor B-cell Lineage

Precursor B lymphoblastic lymphomas (B-LBL) are generally rare, but appear to have a higher incidence in children than in adults. In this report, we describe in detail six cases of B-LBL presenting with cutaneous lesions. Three occurred in the scalp, one in the skin of the thigh, one in the skin of the face and breast, and one in the subcutaneous tissue of the orbit. All six patients are females ranging in age at presentation from 5 to 15 years (mean = 9.6). None of the cases had bone marrow involvement, while two had bone involvement (maxilla, distal tibia, and distal humerus in one case, and distal tibia and orbital bone in another case); only one case had lymphadenopathy (retroperitoneal). Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for CD79a and CD43 in all six cases. LCA and L26 positivity were also each seen in one case. Staining for MIC-2 (CD99) showed strong positivity in three cases. Vimentin was positive in four cases and TdT was positive in all five patients tested. Staining for keratin, UCHL-1, or CD30 was not encountered. Cases in which cell marker studies by flow cytometry were performed showed positivity for CD10, CD19 with negative CD20, pan-T-cell, and myeloid markers. The five patients who received multiagent chemotherapy are alive with follow-up intervals of 2 to 18 years. Two patients had local recurrences and were given radiation therapy (one with repeating multiagent chemotherapy). One patient (diagnosed in 1962) died of disseminated disease; she had been treated with radiation therapy and 6MP only. Cutaneous B-LBL must be included in the differential diagnosis of small blue cell tumors, especially in children. In contrast to its T-cell counterpart, B-LBL occurs more frequently in females, tends to present as skin or bone lesions, and is associated with a potential cure, even in cases that relapse.
Comparison of graphene nanoribbons with Cu and Al interconnects

We present a comparative study of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) interconnects (ICs) with sub-50 nm copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) ICs. We extend existing models for all materials in order to understand the physical size effects that occur when the electron mean free path (λMFP) becomes comparable to the IC dimensions. We calibrate such models against the best publicly available data. We find that, depending on geometrical configuration, either Al or GNRs could hold advantages over Cu at linewidths &#60;10 nm.
Tensile strength analysis of midpontic soldering

A total of 120 three-unit fixed partial dentures were made by using a latex mold to produce uniform wax patterns. Four groups were used to compare the tensile strength of connectors with interproximal solder, midpontic vertical solder, midpontic diagonal solder, and a control of one-piece castings. Three different metals were tested and the tensile load required to fracture the samples as well as the fracture sites were recorded. The following was found: Soldering the interproximal connector area produced the weakest solder joints, regardless of metal tested, at p less than .001. There was no significant difference in the fracture loads between midpontic vertical soldering and midpontic diagonal soldering with all three metals at p less than .01. There was no significant difference in fracture loads between midpontic soldering and unit casting with all three metals at p less than .01. The extreme variations in fracture loads when soldering nickel-chrome-beryllium confirms the technique sensitivity of presoldering this alloy.
LIF measurement of CH* radical state through chemical sputtering

LIF measurement of C1I radical state through chemical sputteringNoriaki Asada, Masato Yasumoto and Nagao KamijoMaterial Physics Department, Government Industrial Research institute, Osaka,1-8-31 Midorigaoka Ikeda, Osaka, 563, JapanABSTRACTThe detection of CJI* radicals was made by the laser induced fluorescence method. CII* radicals wereformed through chemical sputtering processes of isotropic graphite targets irradiated by hydrogen ions in thelow keY range and at temperatures around 700K. Fluorescent spectra of CR* radicals induced by a flashlamppumped dye pulse laser were obtained by a photo-multiplier tube as a function of wavelength. The detailedstructure of the chemical and electronic states of CR radicals can be extracted from highly resolved fluorescentspectra.
Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners BDE 99 and BDE 183 in the intestinal tract of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener patterns in biota are often enriched in tetra-, penta-, and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers, which is believed to result from the use of the commercial “pentaBDE” formulation. However, our evidence suggests that debromination of PBDEs occurs within fish tissues leading to appreciable ac cumulation of less brominated congeners. This suggests that PBDE body burdens can reflect both direct uptake from exposure and debromination of more highly brominated congeners. We conducted two independent dietary exposure studies using the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to trace the fate of 2,2‘,4,4‘,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99) and 2,2‘,3,4,4‘,5‘,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 183) in fish tissues. Carp were fed food spiked with individual BDE congeners for 62 d, and depuration was monitored during the following 37 d. Significant debromination was observed, converting BDE 99 to 2,2‘,4,4‘-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 47) and BDE 183 to 2,2‘,4,4‘,5,6-hexabromodiphenyl e...
Forecasting Peak Daily Ozone Levels: Part 2—A Regression with Time Series Errors Model Having a Principal Component Trigger to Forecast 1999 and 2002 Ozone Levels

Abstract A modified time series approach, a Box-Jenkins regression with time series errors (RTSE) model plus a principal component (PC) trigger, has been developed to forecast peak daily 1-hr ozone (O3) in real time at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee North (UWM-N) during 1999 and 2002. The PC trigger acts as a predictor variable in the RTSE model. It tries to answer the question: will the next day be a possible high O3 day? To answer this question, three PC trigger rules were developed: (1) Hi-Low Checklist, (2) Discriminant Function Approach I, and (3) Discriminant Function Approach II. Also, a pure RTSE model without including the PC trigger and a persistence approach were tested for comparison. The RTSE model with DFA I successfully forecast the only two 1-hr federal exceedances (124 ppb), one in 1999 and one in 2002. In terms of the O3 100-ppb exceedances, 60–80% of the incorrect forecasts occurred with incorrect PC decisions. A few others may have been caused by unexpected O3- weather relations...
The Diagnostic and Clinical Significance of Café-au-lait Macules

Cafe-au-lait, also referred to as cafe-au-lait spots or cafe-au-lait macules, present as well-circumscribed, evenly pigmented macules and patches that range in size from 1 to 2 mm to greater than 20 cm in greatest diameter. Cafe-au-lait are common in children. Although most cafe-au-lait present as 1 or 2 spots in an otherwise healthy child, the presence of multiple cafe-au-lait, large segmental cafe-au-lait, associated facial dysmorphism, other cutaneous anomalies, or unusual findings on physical examination should suggest the possibility of an associated syndrome. While neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most common syndrome seen in children with multiple cafe-au-lait, other syndromes associated with one or more cafe-au-lait include McCune-Albright syndrome, Legius syndrome, Noonan syndrome and other neuro-cardio-facialcutaneous syndromes, ring chromosome syndromes, and constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome.
Acoustic attenuation estimation for soft tissue from ultrasound echo envelope peaks

A theoretical framework of a modified EP (envelope peak) method is developed. In this method, a wideband echo signal from each A line (one echo sequence) is first filtered in parallel by a bank of narrow-bandpass filters using a split-spectrum processing. The attenuation is then estimated from the EPs of each filtered signal using a narrowband technique. The combination of the split-spectrum processing with the narrowband technique enables the accuracy of the attenuation estimation to be well controlled without the precise measurements of the spectral shape and parameters of the transmitted pulses. On the other hand, the precision of the estimation is still determined by the bandwidth of the original echo signal, and is not affected by the split-spectrum processing. As a result, the modified EP method improves the accuracy of the attenuation estimation while retaining the high precision of the original EP method. Results from phantom experiments supported the theoretical analysis. >
Effectiveness of a Mass Media Campaign in Promoting HIV Testing Information Seeking Among African American Women

"Take Charge. Take the Test." (TCTT), a media campaign promoting HIV testing among African American women, was piloted in Cleveland and Philadelphia from October 2006 to October 2007. This study assesses TCTT's effectiveness in promoting HIV testing information seeking among target audiences in each pilot city. The authors analyzed data on telephone hotlines promoted by the campaign and the www.hivtest.org Web site to examine trends in hotline calls and testing location searches before, during, and after the campaign. Cleveland hotline data were available from October 1, 2005, through February 28, 2008, for a total of 29 months (N = 126 weeks). Philadelphia hotline data were available from May 1, 2006, through February 28, 2008, for a total of 22 months (N = 96 weeks). The authors assessed the relation between market-level measures of the campaign's advertising activities and trends in hotline call volume and testing location searches. They found a significant relation between measures of TCTT advertising and hotline calls. Specifically, they found that increases in advertising gross ratings points were associated with increases in call volume, controlling for caller demographics and geographic location. The campaign had similar effects on HIV testing location searches. Overall, it appears the campaign generated significant increases in HIV information seeking. Results are consistent with other studies that have evaluated the effects of media campaigns on similar forms of information seeking. This study illustrates useful methods for evaluating campaign effects on information seeking with data on media implementation, hotline calls, and zip code-based searches for testing locations.
Representations of Aut (A(Γ)) acting on homogeneous components of A(Γ) and A(Γ)

In this paper we will study the structure of algebras A(@C) associated to two directed, layered graphs @C. These are algebras associated with Hasse graphs of n-gons and the algebras Q"n related to pseudoroots of noncommutative polynomials. We will find the filtration preserving automorphism group of these algebras and then we will find the multiplicities of the irreducible representations of Aut(A(@C)) acting on the homogeneous components of A(@C) and A(@C)^!.
Contact area evolution during an indentation process

The evolution of the contact area during an indentation process has been examined by an ac technique and also by finite element analysis on five mechanically different materials. Constant contact area regimes were observed during the initial unloading stage and the duration of that regime depends strongly on material properties. The consistency of the results obtained by the two approaches not only proves the validity and advantage of the ac indentation technique but also confirms the applicability of contact stiffness equation. The influence of a hardness impression on unloading characteristics has also been clearly demonstrated by numerically simulating a reloading process.
A New Sensor for Measurement of Dynamic Contact Stress in the Hip

Various techniques exist for quantifying articular contact stress distributions, an important class of measurements in the field of orthopaedic biomechanics. In situations where the need for dynamic recording has been paramount, the approach of preference has involved thin-sheet multiplexed grid-array transducers. To date, these sensors have been used to study contact stresses in the knee, shoulder, ankle, wrist, and spinal facet joints. Until now, however, no such sensor had been available for the human hip joint due to difficulties posed by the deep, bi-curvilinear geometry of the acetabulum. We report here the design and development of a novel sensor capable of measuring dynamic contact stress in human cadaveric hip joints (maximum contact stress of 20 MPa and maximum sampling rate 100 readings/s). Particular emphasis is placed on issues concerning calibration, and on the effect of joint curvature on the sensor's performance. The active pressure-sensing regions of the sensors have the shape of a segment of an annulus with a 150-deg circumferential span, and employ a polar/circumferential "ring-and-spoke" sensel grid layout. There are two sensor sizes, having outside radii of 44 and 48 mm, respectively. The new design was evaluated in human cadaver hip joints using two methods. The stress magnitudes and spatial distribution measured by the sensor were compared to contact stresses measured by pressure sensitive film during static loading conditions that simulated heel strike during walking and stair climbing. Additionally, the forces obtained by spatial integration of the sensor contact stresses were compared to the forces measured by load cells during the static simulations and for loading applied by a dynamic hip simulator. Stress magnitudes and spatial distribution patterns obtained from the sensor versus from pressure sensitive film exhibited good agreement. The joint forces obtained during both static and dynamic loading were within ±10% and ±26%, respectively, of the forces measured by the load cells. These results provide confidence in the measurements obtained by the sensor. The new sensor's real-time output and dynamic measurement capabilities hold significant advantages over static measurements from pressure sensitive film.
Decreased NFAT1: A Potential Mechanism for Decreased Cytokine Production by Neonatal T Cells • 25

Decreased NFAT1: A Potential Mechanism for Decreased Cytokine Production by Neonatal T Cells • 25
Temporal and Spatial Trends of Organochlorine Pesticides in Great Lakes Precipitation

Organochlorine pesticide concentrations in precipitation samples collected from 1997 to 2003 at seven Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network sites around the Great Lakes are reported. The 28-day volume weighted mean concentrations of several pesticides, including γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), endosulfan, hexachlorobenzene, chlordane, and DDE, showed significant seasonal trends. For current-use pesticides (endosulfan and γ-HCH), their concentrations peaked in late spring to summer just after their agricultural application. For the banned pesticides, higher concentra tions were observed in the winter due to their enhanced partitioning to particles and scavenging by snow. Long-term decreasing trends were observed for several pesticides such as γ-HCH and DDE. On the other hand, β-HCH showed significant increasing concentrations as a function of time at Brule River, Eagle Harbor, and Sleeping Bear Dunes. Generally, Chicago had the highest concentration of chlordanes, dieldrin, and DDT, indicating that urba...
Image quality control for digital mammographic systems: initial experience and outlook.

This report presents (1) a broad topical review and a tutorial of the possibilities for image quality control (IQC) with digital systems, and (2) results and initial experience for IQC with two commercial digital imaging systems, but with limited discussion on any particular method. Digital imaging systems used for mammographically guided digital stereotactic breast biopsy were evaluated extensively at the University of Arizona. Measurements were made of linearity, sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and square-wave modulation. Images of phantoms such as the American College of Radiology Accreditation Phantom and the contrast detail mammography Phantom were evaluated as well as images of the x-ray source’s focal spot. The evaluation also included the cathode ray tubes for the imaging systems. The data collected show that digital imaging systems have an important advantage over film-screen systems because they provide a digital signal as output that can be used for quantitative analysis. As a result, IQC can become a much more quantitative discipline than presently practiced, providing more information on the imaging systems under evaluation, and providing better control over their properties during actual operation.
Comparison of Slope and Basinal Sediments of Marginal Cratonic Basin and Geosyncline: ABSTRACT

The transition from slope to basinal facies generally is not so well exposed or understood as it is in the Pennsylvanian of New Mexico's Pedregosa basin and in the Liassic of Switzerland's Piemontais geosyncline. The shape of the Pedrego basin is controlled by basement faulting; its trend is oblique to the Ouachita-Marathon geosyncline. During periods of stable sea-level stand, carbonate sedimentation prevailed in shelf areas, and bioherms built up at the shelf edge. Bioclastic foresets and huge slumps of brecciated material from these bioherms extended from the shelf edge into the basin, where deep-water carbonates were deposited. During periods of low sea-level stand, rivers cut through the shelf deposits and shelf-edge bioherms and eroded deep valleys on the slope. As sea level rose, the basin was filled mainly with shales, and valleys on the slope were filled with sand. The geometry of these sand bodies at the base of the slope is probably fan- or cone-shaped. Normal faults in the Liassic slope sediments of the Piemontais geosyncline reflect the structural tension that persisted during early geosynclinal stages. Thick beds of structureless breccias accumulated on the downthrown side of these faults. In the downslope direction, the breccias grade into turbidite facies; farther downslope, thick wedges of turbidite thin at their distal edges. No evidence was found of channels or canyons that would serve as point sources for sediment dispersion down the slope. The turbidites grade upward into radiolarian chert. End_of_Article - Last_Page 804------------
Phenotypic manipulation reveals sexual conflict over precopula duration

Sexual conflict is common in nature, but detailed behavioral studies on the role female resistance behavior plays in shaping mating patterns are rare. I manipulated female resistance to examine its effects on pairing dynamics in two ecologically different freshwater amphipods. I found evidence for female behavior playing a role in both the outcome of pre-pairing interactions and the initiation of pairing in both species. In these species, the male optimum pairing duration is greater than the value preferred by females or compromised pairing durations observed under natural conditions, thus indicating sexual conflict. Furthermore, the proportion of male–female encounters producing male grasping was greater and the duration of such interactions was longer when female resistance was reduced. Thus, sexual conflict over pairing duration may select simultaneously for female resistance and for male persistence both of which mediate the outcome of pre-pairing interactions in Hyalella. Contact precopulatory mate guarding and the interactions that precede it are common components of crustacean and insect mating systems, suggesting that such conflicts may play an important role in the evolution of mating traits in many taxa.
Prison civil liability for inmate-against-inmate assault and breakdown/disorganization theory

This article assesses civil liability against prison officials brought under Title 42, United States Code, Section 1983 for inmate-against-inmate assault resulting from the incarceration of violent offenders. After a discussion of Farmer v. Brennan (114 S.Ct. 1970, 1994), the Supreme Court's case on inmate-against-inmate assault, the article focuses on thirty-five pre-Farmer cases to identify the situations and circumstances most likely to result in civil liability against prison officials in post-Farmer litigation. The analysis is divided into four types of cases that invoke possible liability: (a) failure to implement classification decisions and segregate vulnerable inmates from aggressors, (b) failure to provide protection promised to a specific inmate, (c) failure to provide protection to an inmate on an enemy hit list, and (d) failure to enforce court orders and consent decrees mandating protection for vulnerable inmates. The article concludes that comprehensive breakdowns in prison management lead to disorganization that fosters an environment in which inmate-against-inmate assaults flourish.
Illegal Immigration and the American Labor Force: The Use of “Soft” Data for Analysis

Excerpt] In late 1974, the commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) of the U.S. Department of Justice publicly stated that “the United States us being overrun by illegal aliens” and, he warned, “we are seeing just the beginning of the problem.” During that 1974 fiscal year, when 788,000 illegal aliens were actually apprehended by INS, the INS estimated that the number of undetected illegal aliens who entered the United States in that year ranged upward to 4 million people. Moreover, the INS estimated the accumulated number of illegal aliens currently residing in the United States in 1974 to be between 7 and 12 million.
A note on heterotic dualities via M-theory

Abstract We show that a class of torsional compactifications of the heterotic string are dual to conventional Kahler heterotic string compactifications. This observation follows from the recently proposed analogue of the c-map for the heterotic string.
Low-pressure MOVPE growth of Sn-doped GaAs

Sn-doped GaAs layers have been grown by low pressure MOVPE. For carrier concentrations n ≤ 1.5 × 1019 cm−3, the layers are characterised by good surface morphology, high mobility and negligible compensation. At higher carrier concentration, the surface morphology deteriorates and Sn surface accumulation is detected by AES.
Understanding Mathematics Textbooks through Reader-Oriented Theory.

Textbooks have the potential to be powerful tools to help students develop an understanding of mathematics. However, many students are unable to use their textbooks effectively as learning tools. This paper presents a framework that can be used to analyze factors that impact the ways students read textbooks. It adapts ideas from reader-oriented theory and applies them to the domain of mathematics textbooks. In reader-oriented theory, the reader is viewed as actively constructing meaning from a text through the reading process; this endeavor is shaped and constrained by the intentions of the author, the beliefs of the reader, and the qualities the text requires the reader to possess. This paper also discusses how reading mathematics textbooks is further constrained by the authority and closed structure of these textbooks. After describing the framework, the paper discusses recommendations for future avenues of research and pedagogy, highlighting the importance of teachers' roles in mediating their students' use of textbooks.
Biomimetic design of a bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone healing applications

Abstract This study describes the design and synthesis of bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for bone healing applications using a biomimetic approach. Bacterial cellulose (BC) with various surface morphologies (pellicles and tubes) was negatively charged by the adsorption of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to initiate nucleation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (cdHAp). The cdHAp was grown in vitro via dynamic simulated body fluid (SBF) treatments over a one week period. Characterization of the mineralized samples was done with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The amount of cdHAp observed varied among different samples. XPS demonstrated that the atomic presence of calcium and phosphorus ranged from 0.44 at.% to 7.71 at.% Ca and 0.27 at.% to 11.18 at.% P. The Ca/P overall ratio ranged from 1.22 to 1.92. FESEM images showed that the cdHAp crystal size increased with increasing nanocellulose fibril density. To determine the viability of the scaffolds in vitro , the morphology and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy and alkaline phosphatase gene expression. The presence of cdHAp crystals on BC surfaces resulted in increased cell attachment.