cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How NIDA became interested in precise nuances of injection behaviors.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse as a long and proud research tradition; ne that has carried forward research iniiatives begun at the Addiction Research enter (ARC) of the U.S. Public Health ervice Narcotic Hospital at Lexington, entucky (Acker, 1997, 2002). The pharmaological research at the ARC contributed o the rise of neuroscience and the develpment of pharmacotherapies for opioid ependence. Important psychological work ncluded Abraham Wikler’s study of conitioning in addiction. This work was a orerunner of studies of brain reward sysems (Campbell, 2007). In addition, ARC esearchers helped develop sociology and rug use epidemiology as methods to nderstand patterns of drug use in various opulations. The latter work, along with hat by sociologists Lindesmith and Becker Lindesmith, 1938, 1947; Becker, 1963), creted the foundation for community-based thnographic studies of drug use in social nd cultural contexts that NIDA has funded rom the 1970s to the present day. In the ontext of this research, NIDA made critial contributions to the understanding of he transmission of HIV through syringe haring and understanding the kinds of revention and outreach that would most ffectively slow that transmission. In 1969, the Surgeon General, reflectng the optimism created by the advent of ntibiotics, foresaw a day when infectious isease in human populations would be a roblem of the past (Tomes, 1998, p. 254). he discovery of AIDS in 1981 brought an
Safety and efficacy of nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than 1 year of age.

BACKGROUND The management of acute pain presents unique challenges in the younger pediatric population. Although patient-controlled devices are frequently used in patients ≥6 years of age, alternative modes of analgesic delivery are needed in infants. OBJECTIVE To examine the safety and efficacy of nurse-controlled analgesia (NCA) in neonates less than 1 year of age. METHODS Data from patients <1 year of age receiving NCA as ordered by the Acute Pain Service at our institution were collected over a 5-year period and reviewed retrospectively. The primary outcomes were activation of the institution's Rapid Response Team (RRT) or Code Blue, signifying severe adverse events. Pain score after NCA initiation was a secondary outcome. RESULTS Among 338 girls and 431 boys, the most common opioid used for NCA was fentanyl, followed by morphine and hydromorphone. There were 39 (5%) cases involving RRT or Code Blue activation, of which only one (Code Blue) was activated due to a complication of NCA (apnea). Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated morphine NCA to be associated with greater odds of RRT activation (OR=3.29, 95% CI=1.35, 8.03, P=0.009) compared to fentanyl NCA. There were no statistically significant differences in pain scores after NCA initiation across NCA agents. CONCLUSION NCA is safe in neonates and infants, with comparable efficacy demonstrated for the three agents used. The elevated incidence of RRT activation in patients receiving morphine suggests caution in its use and consideration of alternative agents in this population.
Simultaneous Expression of ABCA4 and GPR143 Mutations: A Complex Phenotypic Manifestation.

PURPOSE To describe the complex, overlapping phenotype expressed in a two generation family harboring pathogenic mutations in the ABCA4 and GPR143 genes. METHODS Clinical evaluation of a two generation family included quantitative autofluorescence imaging (qAF, 488-nm excitation) using a modified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope equipped with an internal fluorescent reference to account for varying laser power detector sensitivity, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and full-field ERG testing. Complete sequencing of the ABCA4 and GPR143 genes was carried out in each individual. RESULTS Affected individuals presented with bull's eye lesions and qAF levels above the 95% confidence interval for healthy eyes; full-field ERG revealed no generalized rod dysfunction but mild implicit time delays in cone responses. Complete sequencing of the ABCA4 gene revealed two disease-causing mutations, p.L541P and p.G1961E; and mutational phase was confirmed in each unaffected parent. Further examination in the affected patients revealed a peripheral "mud-splattered" pattern of hypopigmented RPE after which sequencing of GPR143 revealed a novel missense variant, p.Y157C. The GPR143 variant segregated from the father who did not exhibit any indications of retinal disease with the exception of an abnormal near-infrared autofluorescence (NIR-AF) signal distribution in the macula. CONCLUSIONS An individual carrying both ABCA4 and GPR143 disease-causing mutations can express a complex, overlapping phenotype associated with both Stargardt disease and X-linked ocular albinism (OA1). The absence of OA1-related disease changes (with the exception of NIR-AF changes associated with melanin distribution) in the father may be indicative of mild expressivity or variable gene penetrance.
Brief Report: Hereditary Methemoglobinemia in Greece

The cause of the methemoglobinemia described by Coudonis in four Greek families was found to be the absence of DPNH diaphorase in red cells.
Gerson's music

Although the fifteenth century has been called “the century of Gerson,” it is not because of his theory of emotions. Indeed, Gerson (1363–1429) is hardly mentioned as an emotion theorist. In part that is because, with the exception of three short texts, his theory of emotions masqueraded under other guises, particularly as a form of music. But Gerson was a scholastic with a humanist bent, and thus he knew and valued the passions; in his view, writing that did not rouse them was sterile. However, Gerson did not mean to appeal to all the passions. Unlike Thomas Aquinas, he was wary of most: many of them were bad, and others were at best morally neutral. Gerson was most interested in the emotions of the heart, which he saw as expressing the free will of reason. These emotions, the Canticordum , were “sung” silently. Gerson was born in relatively modest circumstances in the hamlet of Gerson-les-Barby, a bit northeast of Reims. A scholarship student at the College of Navarre in Paris, Gerson learned the liberal arts in a milieu saturated by the works of both Italian and French humanists. Soon he began to study theology. From the first, he was the protege of Pierre d'Ailly (1350–1420), a “rising star” (Brian McGuire's epithet) of both university politics and intellectual life. In 1395, Gerson followed d'Ailly to become chancellor of Notre Dame cathedral and thus of the University of Paris. Meanwhile he gained fame as a preacher at courts and to princes. Duke Philip the Bold of Burgundy appointed him chaplain in 1393 and gave him a deanship at the collegial church of Saint Donatian at Bruges. However, the assassination of the duke of Orleans by the Burgundian duke's henchmen in 1407 effectively ended Gerson's association with the Burgundians. In any event, throughout this period his primary home was Paris until February, 1415. At that point, Gerson went to the Council of Constance (1414–18) as a member of the French delegation. The council's main goal was to end the Great Schism (1378–1417), which by this time had split the church among three papal claimants.
The Poor and Economically Vulnerable in Public and Safety Net Healthcare Institutions: Outcomes and Attitudes

Healthcare in the United States has undergone many structural, organizational and fiscal changes in the past century. Historically, there has been a dedicated effort to make medical care available to the economically and socially vulnerable population, mostly in public sector and health safety net hospitals. In the past decade, the focused has shifted toward establishing national benchmarks and standardized performance outcomes in medical facilities that care for a disproportionate number of the poor, with the goal of achieving comparable healthcare outcomes regardless of economic status. Yet, there are still misperceptions among healthcare providers, patients and the public that the medical care provided to the poor is inferior and substandard. This chapter will discuss the available data on health outcome measures, and attitudes held by the public about the care provided to the economically underprivileged
Effect of Support Preparation and Nanoparticle Size on Catalyst–Support Interactions between Pt and Amorphous Silica

The interaction between catalytic nanoparticles (NPs) and their supports, which are often amorphous oxides, has not been well characterized at the atomic level, although it is known that, in some cases, NP–support interactions dominate the catalytic activity of the system. Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding of how support preparation affects both the stability of the NP (resistance to sintering) and the catalytic activity. We present first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations on amorphous silica supported Pt NPs of various sizes. Our calculations predict that support preparation methods that lead to higher hydroxyl density when NPs are deposited on the support will lead to higher resistance to sintering. We find that the total charge on supported NPs, which can affect catalyst activity, depends linearly on the number of Pt–silica bonds formed during NP deposition. The number of bonds between an NP of a known geometry and the silica support with a known hydroxyl density can be...
Looking for the best anti-colitis medicine: A comparative analysis of current and prospective compounds

// Anastasiya A. Chumanevich 1 , Anusha Chaparala 1 , Erin E. Witalison 1 , Hossam Tashkandi 1 , Anne B. Hofseth 1 , Corey Lane 1 , Edsel Pena 2 , Piaomu Liu 2 , Doug L. Pittman 1 , Prakash Nagarkatti 3 , Mitzi Nagarkatti 3 , Lorne J. Hofseth 1 and Alexander A. Chumanevich 1 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, SC, USA 2 Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA 3 School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Correspondence to: Alexander A. Chumanevich, email: // Keywords : colitis, colon, inflammation, dextran sulfate sodium, CAM, FDA Received : November 11, 2016 Accepted : November 15, 2016 Published : December 10, 2016 Abstract Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic lifelong inflammatory disorder of the colon, which, while untreated, has a relapsing and remitting course with increasing risk of progression toward colorectal cancer. Current medical treatment strategies of UC mostly focus on inhibition of the signs and symptoms of UC to induce remission and prevent relapse of disease activity, minimizing the impact on quality of life, but not affecting the cause of disease. To date, however, there is no single reliable treatment agent and/or strategy capable of effectively controlling colitis progression throughout the patient’s life without side effects, remission, or resistance. Taking into consideration an urgent need for the new colitis treatment strategies, targets and/or modulators of inflammation, we have tested current and prospective compounds for colitis treatment and directly compared their anti-colitis potency using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model of colitis. We have introduced a composite score – a multi-parameters comparison tool – to assess biological potency of different compounds.
Novel Regulators of Hemodynamics in the Pregnant Uterus

The uterus is a highly dynamic organ, undergoing dramatic physiological changes during normal cyclicity and pregnancy. Many of these changes involve remodeling of the uterine vasculature in order to provide oxygen and nutrients to the developing embryo/fetus. Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, vasodilation/vasoconstriction, and vascular permeability are coordinated by a vast network of autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine-signaling factors that derive from a number of cellular sources at the maternal:fetal interface, as well as from tissue outside the uterus. In this chapter, the dynamic changes that occur in uterine vasculature during pregnancy are described, and some of the hemodynamic regulatory factors are reviewed. These include uterine natural killer cells, sex steroid hormones, the calcitonin gene-related peptide family, angiopoietins, sphingolipids, and the renin-angiotensin system. Aberrancies in these factors are associated with disorders of uterine vascular remodeling, leading to conditions such as early pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, uterine hemorrhage, and intrauterine growth restriction. In addition, we introduce the role of the mas-related gene family in angiotensin signaling and endothelial function during pregnancy. Finally, this chapter introduces the novel concept that in addition to remodeling the vasculature to bring oxygenated maternal blood to the embryo, the gravid uterus synthesizes its own hemoglobin. Overall, this chapter provides an overview of the regulators of uterine vascular remodeling and hemodynamics during pregnancy and pregnancy-associated pathologies.
Combined behavioural markers of cognitive biases are associated with anhedonia.

ABSTRACTBiases towards negative information, as well as away from positive information, are associated with psychopathology. Examining biases in multiple processes has been theorised to be more predictive than examining bias in any process alone. Anhedonia is a core symptom of psychopathology and predictive of future psychopathological symptoms. Finding that combined biases are associated with anhedonia would advance knowledge of the nature of emotional processing biases and the value of objective performance-based measures for identifying early risk markers. Participants (N = 139) completed tasks that assess latency bias (dot probe) and biased recognition (two-alternative forced-choice) of emotional information, as well as an anhedonia measure. An index was computed for each task’s performance reflecting biased processing of positive and negative words. Only combined biases on both tasks were associated with anhedonia. Attentional bias was positively associated with anhedonia, but only when recognition b...
Intuito: Opportunistic Tangible Programming by Demonstration for Physical Components

As computer programming becomes more important to various fields and disciplines and as it is more commonly taught in education settings, the number of end-users with basic programming experience is increasing. The importance of being able to easily and quickly develop programs has prompted research in "opportunistic' programming methods. This research contributes to this domain by introducing a platform called Intuito, designed for programming physical components (sensors and actuators) through direct "programming by demonstration' techniques. Our approach is to offer users a tangible system that maps the user's actions with sensors and actuators into editable text-based code by inferring the user's intentions. We present our initial hardware and software prototype with an in-lab preliminary evaluation of this system.
Draft Genome Sequences of Listeria monocytogenes Strains from Listeriosis Outbreaks Linked to Soft Cheese in Washington State.

ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes has caused listeriosis outbreaks linked to soft cheese. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of seven L. monocytogenes isolates from two possibly related outbreaks caused by soft cheese products in Washington State.
The polluted mind: Understanding mental contamination as a transdiagnostic phenomenon

Abstract The transdiagnostic approach to conceptualizing anxiety disorders posits that (a) these conditions have more similarities than differences and (b) treatments for clinical anxiety are improved by greater understanding of mechanisms shared among the anxiety disorders. Accordingly, researchers have sought to examine psychological phenomena relevant to multiple anxiety-related conditions. One such phenomenon is mental contamination: the syndrome whereby an individual feels “dirty” or “impure” in the absence of direct contact with a contaminated stimulus. Despite theoretical and empirical support for the notion that mental contamination is related to multiple anxiety problems, mental contamination is most often studied in the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder only. The aim of the special issue is to highlight innovative research examining mental contamination as a potential transdiagnostic construct. Studies examining mental contamination in multiple contexts are presented in this special issue, which concludes with a summary and discussion of future research directions.
Archaeology and Inka Origins

The recent proliferation of Andean archaeological research presents new interpretive opportunities for reconstructing different aspects of Inka origins. Early colonial historiography reveals that “Inka origins” refers to multiple aspects of the past, including the first appearance of Andean people, Inca ancestors, and the imperial title. The intellectual history of Inka archaeology demonstrates the lasting influence of Spanish colonial interpretive values, even with the gradual introduction of new scientific methods during the 20th century. Since 1970, significant advances in the archaeology of Cuzco, the Inka capital region, and other parts of the Andes have established an independent database that highlights the long-term and regional aspect of Inka origins, as well as areas where interpretive questions remain. The shift from colonial chronicles to archaeological data improves the accuracy of reconstructions of Inka origins, but it also raises some epistemological questions for the future relationships between history and archaeology in the study of ancient empires.
Small-scale trials on passenger microbehaviours during aircraft boarding and deplaning procedures

Abstract NRC researchers have recently employed computational tools to simulate airline passenger movement – primarily to examine the impact of different procedures on aircraft boarding times. It was felt that the modelling techniques could be improved by the inclusion of current, relevant and refined data on passenger movement. This article outlines a series of small-scale laboratory tests performed to help quantify individual passenger boarding and deplaning movement with and without the presence of luggage. Test subjects were monitored and video recorded while participants moved through a cabin section enabling observers to quantify the performance of specific micro-behaviours that formed the deplaning and boarding process. These tests were conducted at the National Research Council of Canada's prototype cabin research facility. The trials involved a total of 35 subjects who were each observed performing a series of 12 trials inside the cabin section. These trials were formed from the manipulation of three factors: seat pitch (29 in/31 in/33 in), luggage (present/absent), and instructions (continuous flow/discrete movements). During each trial, participants performed a series of micro-behaviours that included traversing the aisle/row, stowing/collecting under-seat bags, seat belt fastening and unfastening and adopting a brace position. In addition, two trials were conducted for each participant outside of the cabin facility to establish baseline straight line movement speeds with and without luggage. The study indicated that the impact of luggage and seat pitch had a notable, but complex, effect on performance and, more importantly, generated an array of data-sets for use in future simulation efforts. For instance, seat pitch appeared to have a more consistent impact when passenger movement was perpendicular to the seat row, as opposed to along the seat row where the impact was varied. Such data collection is necessary to advance empirical support for current and future simulation efforts.
Role of Carbon Interstitials in Transition Metal Substrates on Controllable Synthesis of High-Quality Large-Area Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Layers.

Reliable and controllable synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) layers is highly desirable for their applications as 2D dielectric and wide bandgap semiconductors. In this work, we demonstrate that the dissolution of carbon into cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) substrates can facilitate the growth of h-BN and attain large-area 2D homogeneity. The morphology of the h-BN film can be controlled from 2D layer-plus-3D islands to homogeneous 2D few-layers by tuning the carbon interstitial concentration in the Co substrate through a carburization process prior to the h-BN growth step. Comprehensive characterizations were performed to evaluate structural, electrical, optical, and dielectric properties of these samples. Single-crystal h-BN flakes with an edge length of ∼600 μm were demonstrated on carburized Ni. An average breakdown electric field of 9 MV/cm was achieved for an as-grown continuous 3-layer h-BN on carburized Co. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the interstiti...
QOL Research in Relation to Specific Population Segments

There are many consumer segments having needs that organizations do not meet. This may occur perhaps because managers have little understanding about how to develop marketing programs to address these needs, and policy makers have little information as to how to regulate those industries. QOL researchers have made some strides to address the needs of segments, usually not addressed by traditional marketers. Examples include QOL research on the elderly, minority consumers, the homeless, and the poor, among others. In this section, we will discuss QOL research addressing specific population segments.
The path to leadership: the career journey of academic health sciences library directors

Objective: The authors examined the career journeys of academic health sciences library directors to better understand their leadership development and what led them to their leadership positions in libraries. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed due to its focus on exploring and understanding the meaning that individuals ascribe to a particular phenomenon or experience. Eleven library directors from academic health sciences libraries at public universities with very high research activity agreed to participate in the study. The research question guiding this study was: What was the library directors’ career journey that led them into library leadership? Results: A major theme that emerged from the data was “Path to Leadership.” Although each participant’s journey was unique, common elements surfaced as they chronicled their careers that were informative as to how they understood their emergence and development as library leaders. The four categories defining this theme were breadth of experience, focused preparation, mentors, and recognition and development of leadership potential. Conclusions: Previous research suggests that leadership development and preparedness are important contributors to leadership effectiveness. It was encouraging to witness and understand the amount of preparation by participants to ready themselves for their roles as library directors. This study provides a comprehensive view of the path to library leadership that furthers understanding of the value of leadership development and preparedness and provides a model for aspiring library leaders.
Bieleu Frank. The Big Banana . 2011. Cameroon. French, with English subtitles. 85 min. ArtMattan. $295.00

Frank Bieleu. The Big Banana. 2011. Cameroon. French, with English subtitles. 85 min. ArtMattan. $295.00Frank Bieleu's The Big Banana critiques the human and environmental impact of banana plantations in Cameroon. The documentary's opening voice-over introduces the viewer to the Njombe-Penga community where the banana wealth goes to the multinational company, Plantation du Haut Penja (PHP), while most members of the community remain poor. We see PHP workers as they labor to cut down the bananas and transport them to the processing station amidst the voice-over's reminder that Cameroon is the highest producer of bananas and principal supplier to Europe, and that PHP's income for 2009 alone was $106 million. This profit, of course, comes at the expense of the workers, who are paid paltry wages in contrast to the high salaries and benefits of the expatriates. It is not surprising, then, that European consumers of the bananas are appalled upon hearing the actual wages of the laborers who produce the commodity. A consumer aptly calls the situation "slave labor," while another expresses her "disgust" at the laborers' working conditions. These workers are not only underpaid; their health is at risk from exposure to toxic chemicals (pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers, and other agro-chemicals). The film indicates that four out of five farmers suffer from eye problems due to PHB's toxic materials and features a former worker who has become blind. He was fired by PHP because of his disability and without adequate compensation.The health of members of the larger community is also endangered by PHP's operations, specifically, the aerial spray of chemicals, which is detrimental to humans, plants, animals, and bodies of water. One community member recalls having been sprayed and admitted to the hospital for some days; unsurprisingly, PHP refuses either to pay the hospital bill or compensate the victim. Another laments how the aerial spray contaminates their food. The banana processing system washes off the chemicals, but the soiled water is not disposed of properly and contaminates the people's water supply.Displacement of the people is another consequence of the plantation's procedures. As a multinational corporation, PHP succeeds in stifling competition from smaller companies. The company's low-cost production and export-friendly incentives enable it to crush the local farmers. While some of them are pressured to sell or lease their lands to PHP, the more resilient ones witness their lands being forcefully expropriated by government officials colluding with PHP. …
Ulcer Disease and Helicobacter pylori

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) involves defects in the gastric or duodenal mucosa resulting from an imbalance of gastric acid production and mucosal protection. Once a major cause of hospitalization and upper gastrointestinal surgery, the treatment of PUD was transformed by the discovery of a causal association with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the 1990s. Other etiologic factors include the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, tobacco, cancer, physiologic stress from burns (Curling’s ulcer), head injury (Cushing’s ulcer), surgery, critical illness, and conditions associated with hypersecretion of gastrin. In the United States, hospitalizations for PUD declined by 30–40 % between 1993 and 2006. This decrease has been attributed to the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy and to the improved efficacy of medical therapy. However, PUD remains a condition that may require surgical intervention. The indications for operation in PUD include bleeding, perforation, obstruction, intractability, and inability to exclude neoplasm.
A Transparent Framework for Evaluating Unintended Demographic Bias in Word Embeddings.

Word embedding models have gained a lot of traction in the Natural Language Processing community, however, they suffer from unintended demographic biases. Most approaches to evaluate these biases rely on vector space based metrics like the Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT). While these approaches offer great geometric insights into unintended biases in the embedding vector space, they fail to offer an interpretable meaning for how the embeddings could cause discrimination in downstream NLP applications. In this work, we present a transparent framework and metric for evaluating discrimination across protected groups with respect to their word embedding bias. Our metric (Relative Negative Sentiment Bias, RNSB) measures fairness in word embeddings via the relative negative sentiment associated with demographic identity terms from various protected groups. We show that our framework and metric enable useful analysis into the bias in word embeddings.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a Possible Sequela of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with progressive deterioration of both upper and lower motor neuron functions. It is a rare disease with one study demonstrating a prevalence of 3.9 cases per 100,000 in the USA in the year 2010-2011. It is a fatal disease with most of the deaths resulting from respiratory failure. There is no cure of this illness with some evidence supporting an improved median survival by two to three months with Riluzole (one of the agents used for treatment). Not much is known about the possible etiologies of ALS, a few studies have shown a possible likely association of ALS with various malignancies. Here we present an interesting case of a 35-year-old female with a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia for seven years presented with a sub-acute decline in her motor function.
Effect of preheat temperature and post-process treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel 410 made via ultrasonic additive manufacturing

Abstract Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a solid-state manufacturing technology for producing near-net shape metallic parts combining additive ultrasonic metal welding and subtractive machining. Even though UAM has been demonstrated to produce robust metal builds in Al–Al, Al–Ti, Al-steel, Cu–Cu, Al–Cu, and other material systems, UAM welding of high strength steels has proven challenging. This study investigates process and post-processing methods to improve UAM steel weld quality and demonstrates the UAM fabrication of stainless steel 410 (SS 410) builds which possess, after post-processing, mechanical properties comparable with bulk material. Unlike UAM fabrication of softer metals, this study shows that increasing the baseplate temperature from 38∘C (100∘F) to 204∘C (400∘F) improves interfacial strength and structural homogeneity of the UAM steel samples. Further improvement in strength is achieved through post-processing. The hot isostatic pressing (HIP) post treatment improves the shear strength of UAM samples to 344 MPa from 154 MPa for as-welded samples. Microstructural analyses with SEM and EBSD show no evidence of body centered cubic (BCC) ferrite to face centered cubic (FCC) austenite transformation taking place during UAM welding of SS 410. The weld quality improvement of UAM steel at higher baseplate temperatures is believed to be caused by the reduction of the yield strength of SS 410 at elevated temperature. HIP treatment is shown to increase the overall hardness of UAM SS 410 from 204 ± 7 HV to 240 ± 16 HV due to the formation of local pockets of martensite. Nanohardness tests show that the top of layer n is harder than the bottom of layer n+1 due to grain boundary strengthening.
Physicochemical Properties and Consumer Acceptance of High-Pressure Processed, Sous Vide-Cooked Lobster Tails.

Sous vide (SV) and high-pressure processing (HPP) are promising techniques in the development of high-quality seafood products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of HPP on the physicochemical quality and consumer acceptance of subsequently SV-cooked lobster tails. Raw shucked lobster tails were processed at 150 or 350 MPa for 5 or 10 min. Subsequently, half were SV cooked to a core temperature of 65 °C/10 min. Texture profile analysis, shear force, color, salt soluble protein content, water-holding capacity (WHC), moisture content, and weight loss were analyzed. Pressurization at 150 MPa/10 min decreased (P < 0.05) the hardness of raw lobsters compared to non-HPP-treated controls. However, 350 MPa for 5 or 10 min increased (P < 0.05) the shear force in raw and SV-cooked samples. HPP increased (P < 0.05) the L* values but did not affect moisture content, WHC, or weight loss of raw or SV-cooked lobsters. Lobsters were subjected to consumer acceptability testing using a 9-point hedonic scale. Although panelists rated the flavor, texture, and overall liking of the 350 MPa/10 min samples higher than the control and 150 MPa/10 min samples, there were no significant differences among treatment means, indicating that physicochemical changes induced by HPP did not affect consumer acceptance. In addition, approximately 84% of panelists reported that the 350 MPa product met their expectations compared to approximately 75% for the control and 150 MPa treatments. These results suggest that HPP has the potential to be applied in combination with SV cooking to produce consumer-acceptable, value-added lobster products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Lobsters are an expensive menu item in restaurants. However, they are susceptible to being overcooked using conventional methods, producing a tough and rubbery texture. Sous vide cooking is reported to provide evenly cooked lobsters with a succulent and juicy texture. In this study, lobsters were sous vide cooked to reach a core temperature of 65 °C, and then maintained at that temperature for 10 min. The application of moderate processing pressures to vacuum-packaged raw lobsters prior to SV cooking altered some physicochemical attributes but has the potential to increase the availability of high-quality, minimally processed seafood with good consumer acceptability.
The impact of early-life shocks on adult welfare in Brazil: Questions of measurement and timing.

Abstract Recent literature provides evidence that income shocks early in life can have long-run consequences on adult welfare. Rural Brazil frequently suffers from rainfall variations that negatively impact vulnerable households, who often lack the means for coping with these events. This paper evaluates how early-life rainfall shocks influence adult health and socioeconomic outcomes in Brazil. We find evidence that several critical periods can produce long-run consequences. Using rainfall deviations, our two most robust results are that greater rainfall in utero negatively impacts adult incomes (finding that a one standard deviation increase in rainfall causes adult incomes to fall by 7–10 percent) and that greater rainfall in the second and third years of life improve adult health (increasing body mass index by 0.16). However, our results depend crucially on our choices regarding two features. First, our results differ across two common measures of critical periods, which are used to define shocks relative to the timing of one's birth. Second, the way rainfall variation is measured also matters, with use of an extreme weather indicator suggesting heterogeneous effects by gender, with extreme weather negatively impacting women's health (both before and after birth) but positively affecting several men's outcomes (both before and after birth). We find some evidence that mortality selection may drive some of these results. This paper provides further evidence that early-life shocks (from in utero through the third year of life) can cause long-run consequences, but also suggests that more attention should be paid to the specific measurement and timing of rainfall shocks.
Structural and Dynamic Basis of Molecular Recognition between Acyltransferase and Carrier Protein in E. coli Fatty Acid Synthesis

Abstract Fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) iteratively elongate and often reduce two-carbon ketide units in de novo fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis. Cycles of chain extensions in FAS and PKS are initiated by an acyltransferase (AT), which loads monomer units onto acyl carrier proteins (ACPs), small, flexible proteins that shuttle covalently linked intermediates between catalytic partners. Formation of productive ACP-AT interactions is required for catalysis and specificity within primary and secondary FAS and PKS pathways. Here, we use the Escherichia coli FAS AT, FabD, and its cognate ACP, AcpP, to interrogate type II FAS ACP-AT interactions. We utilize a covalent crosslinking probe to trap transient interactions between AcpP and FabD to elucidate the first x-ray crystal structure of a type II ACP-AT complex. Our structural data are supported using a combination of mutational, crosslinking, and kinetic analyses, and long timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Together, these complementary approaches reveal key catalytic features of FAS ACP-AT interactions. These mechanistic inferences suggest that AcpP adopts multiple, productive conformations at the AT binding interface, allowing the complex to sustain high transacylation rates. Furthermore, MD simulations support rigid body subdomain motions within the FabD structure that may play a key role in AT activity and substrate selectivity. Significance Statement The essential role of acyltransferases (ATs) in fatty acid synthase (FAS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways, namely the selection and loading of starter and extender units onto acyl carrier proteins (ACPs), relies on catalytically productive ACP-AT interactions. Here, we describe and interrogate the first structure of a type II FAS malonyl-CoA:ACP-transacylase (MAT) in covalent complex with its cognate ACP. We combine structural, mutational, crosslinking and kinetic data with molecular dynamics simulations to describe a highly flexible and robust protein-protein interface, substrate-induced active site reorganization, and key subdomain motions that likely govern FAS function. These findings strengthen a mechanistic understanding of molecular recognitions between ACPs and partner enzymes and provide new insights for engineering AT-dependent biosynthetic pathways.
Clinician Practice Patterns That Result in the Diagnosis of Coccidioidomycosis Before or During Hospitalization.

Background Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is common and important within endemic regions, requiring specific testing for diagnosis. Long delays in diagnosis have been ascribed to ambulatory clinicians. However, how their testing practices have impacted patient care has not been systematically unexplored. Methods We analyzed practice patterns for CM diagnoses over 3 years within a large Arizona healthcare system, including diagnosis location, patient characteristics, and care-seeking patterns associated with missed diagnosis. Results For 2043 CM diagnoses, 72.9% were made during hospital admission, 21.7% in ambulatory clinics, 3.2% in emergency units, and only 0.5% in urgent care units. A 40.6% subgroup of hospitalized patients required neither intensive care unit or hospital-requiring procedures, had a median length of stay of only 3 days, but still incurred both substantial costs ($27.0 million) and unnecessary antibiotic administrations. Prior to hospital diagnosis (median of 32 days), 45.1% of patients had 1 or more visits with symptoms consistent with CM. During those visits, 71.3% were not tested for CM. Diagnoses were delayed a median of 27 days. Conclusions Lack of testing for CM in ambulatory care settings within a region endemic for CM resulted in a large number of hospital admissions, attendant costs, and unneeded antibacterial drug use, much of which would otherwise be unnecessary. Improving this practice is challenging since many clinicians did not train where CM is common, resulting in significant inertia to change. Determining the best way to retrain clinicians to diagnose CM earlier is an opportunity to explore which strategies might be the most effective.
COPD patients in a COVID-19 society: depression and anxiety.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of physical disability and morbidity in old age. Worldwide over 174 million people suffer from COPD [1]. In the United States (US) alon...
Hat Bewusstsein eine Funktion

„Nichts in der Biologie ergibt einen Sinn auser im Licht der Evolution“ ist ein beruhmter Ausspruch des Genetikers Theodosius Dobzhansky. Jeder Aspekt eines Organismus, ob ein anatomisches Merkmal oder eine kognitive Fahigkeit, muss der Art irgendeinen Selektionsvorteil bringen oder dies in der Vergangenheit getan haben. In diesem Licht betrachtet: Was ist der adaptive Vorteil subjektiver Erfahrung?
The Relationship between Witnessing Cyberbullying and Depressive Symptoms and Social Anxiety among Middle School Students: Is Witnessing School Bullying a Moderator?

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between witnessing cyberbullying and depressive symptoms and social anxiety among middle school students (N = 146). Students completed ques...
A Study of Investor Sentiments and Stock Market Behavior

This paper highlights the presence of investors’ sentiments in the stock market with empirical evidences. Further it lays down the importance of stock market investment with the proper understanding of the sentiments.In this new millennium, with high speed technology which provides easy accessibility and financial products like credit derivatives and commodity market, capital market becomes an inseparable part of life for each and every individual. From the street hawkers who sell popcorn, ice cream, tea, vegetables, etc. to the business tycoons who manufactures consumer and producer based products and services; it would not be wrong if this market is regarded as a center of attraction for everyone. Whether a person is dealing in capital market or not, day-to-day changes and movements in the stock market will keep influencing the prices of all categories of products and services and thus all people get inevitably affected and related to the stock market, directly or indirectly. Thus it can be seen that there is a presence of awareness among common people but in the twenty-first century, time demands as well as dynamic nature of money and capital market demands for the awareness in its true sense about the stock market among common people.
American Folktales: From the Collections of the Library of Congress

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2004 Pages: 824 Publisher: M. E. Sharpe ISBN: 0-7656-8062-9 (hard cover). Prices: $199.00 USD(hard cover).
Nuclear Energy, Introduction

In terms of technical progress of the human species/society, the second half of the twentieth century is marked by two developments: the computer and nuclear energy. And the two are related since progress in the development and applications of nuclear energy owes a lot to the power of computations made possible by the digital computer.
Interactional supervision (3rd ed.) by Shulman, L.

Lawrence Shulman provides us with a thorough, practical, and scholarly book that focuses on the knowledge, values, and skills required to successfully supervise in the complex work arena of human s...
Public policy and obstacles to the virtual agora: insights from the deliberative e-rulemaking project

Cyber-optimists anticipate that electronic media will serve as an extensive public space, a virtual agora, that will re-engage the public with politics and the policies that affect everyday life. For three years we were involved in a U.S. National Science Foundation funded project designed to enhance the participation of citizens in government agency rulemaking processes using online public deliberation and Natural Language Processing technologies. Despite a promising approach in an important arena for direct and regular public engagement, the project was met with serious obstacles in trying to secure a partnership with a government agency or interest groups. This led us to consider the policy process literature for insights regarding the obstacles we faced. That literature, a mainstay in the public policy and public administration curriculum in the U.S. and an attempt to capture how policy makers actually make decisions, heavily focuses on institutional actors and their adversarial relationships. Yet, it provides for hardly any role for the public to participate in what ideally should be a democratic process. Important components of the literature imply that institutional actors should discourage direct public engagement. The analysis seeks to clarify leverage points and contexts that could be used to promote online public engagement as a regular component of government processes.
Self-tuning adaptive feedback linearizing output voltage control for AC/DC converter

Abstract This paper presents a cascade output voltage control law adopting the self-tuning adaptive inner and outer-loop controllers for a AC/DC converter modelled as a nonlinear system. The first contribution is to design the inner and outer-loop controllers updating their control gains to enhance the closed-loop performance, estimating unknown parameters. The second one is to show that the proposed inner-loop controller stabilizes not only current error dynamics but also output voltage dynamics viewed as internal dynamics. The effectiveness of proposed method is shown by performing experiments using a 3-kW AC/DC converter.
Quality of Life as a Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Transition Outcomes

When the transition movement began as a federal initiative in 1984, it was conceptualized as “an outcome-oriented process leading to employment.” Although many educators viewed this narrow focus on employment as too constrictive, an alternative framework for conceptualizing transition outcomes has been slow to develop. This article explores a broader framework, quality of life, organized around three topics: (1) theoretical issues that pertain to the definition and conceptualization of quality of life; (2) research findings that provide support for quality of life as an outcome framework for evaluating transition programs and services; and (3) a few suggestions about issues we should address as we move through the 1990s.
Endoscopic Examination and Treatment of Paranasal Sinus Disease in 16 Horses

Sixteen horses with suspected paranasal sinus disease had endoscopic examination of the paranasal sinuses with a 4.0 mm arthroscope either while standing and sedated (14 horses) or under general anesthesia (two horses). Endoscopic diagnosis included sinusitis (four horses), sinus cyst (three horses), hemorrhage (three horses), neoplasia (three horses), and tooth root abnormalities (two horses). No abnormalities were detected in one horse. Endoscopic findings concurred with the radiographic findings in 13 horses (81%). Samples of sinus contents for bacteriologic (eight horses) and histologic examinations (five horses) were obtained using sinus endoscopy. Diagnostic sinus endoscopy was combined with debridement, lavage, and suction as a therapeutic technique in 10 horses. In three horses, sinus exploration was performed after diagnostic endoscopy confirmed sinus disease, whereas in three horses, further therapy was not recommended after sinus endoscopy. Clinical signs of sinus disease resolved in 11 horses (69%) overall and in eight of 10 horses (80%) with sinusitis, cyst formation, or hemorrhage using endoscopic techniques alone. Mild, local subcutaneous emphysema occurred at the portal sites in all horses, but healing occurred without additional complications. Iatrogenic damage to sinus structures occurred in one horse. Sinus endoscopy was useful in the diagnosis and management of paranasal sinus disease and avoided the need for exploratory sinusotomy in some horses.
Electrophoretically identical histones from ribosomes and chromosomes of chicken liver.

Abstract There are at least two sources of basic protein in cells: the chromosomes which contain histone, and the ribosomes which contain basic proteins whose chemical properties suggest similarities to histones. Since chromosomes and ribosomes are thought to have intimately related roles in gene action, the basic proteins of these organelles may also have related properties. To investigate this possibility the electrophoretic properties of basic ribosomal proteins and chromosomal histones of chicken liver were compared. Zone electrophoresis in starch gel demonstrates rich patterns of protein bands from both sources. Most of the bands from chromosomal histone have the same relative mobilities as the majority of bands from ribosomal basic protein. On the basis of this intimate similarity, we have made the simplifying conclusion that these ribosomal and chromosomal proteins constitute a general class of basic proteins we call histones. These electrophoretic results suggest that ribosomes and chromosomes contain the same kinds of histone molecules, and that chromosome and ribosome production are related by their dependence upon biosynthesis of histones within the nucleus.