cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoothness of spectral subbundles and reducibility of quasi-periodic linear differential systems

Abstract In this paper we study linear differential systems (1) x′ = A (θ + ωt)x, where A (θ) is an (n × n) matrix-valued function defined on the k-torus Tk and (θ, t) → θ + ωt is a given irrational twist flow on Tk. First, we show that if A ϵ CN(Tk), where N ϵ {0, 1, 2,…; ∞; ω}, then the spectral subbundles are of class CN on Tk. Next we assume that A is sufficiently smooth on Tk and ω satisfies a suitable “small divisors” inequality. We show that if (1) satisfies the “full spectrum” assumption, then there is a quasi-periodic linear change of variables x = P(t)y that transforms (1) to a constant coefficient system y′ =By. Finally, we study the case where the matrix A (θ + ωt) in (1) is the Jacobian matrix of a nonlinear vector field ƒ(x) evaluated along a quasi-periodic solution x = φ(t) of (2) x′ = ƒ(x) . We give sufficient conditions in terms of smoothness and small divisors inequalities in order that there is a coordinate system (z, ϑ) defined in the vicinity of Ω = H(φ) , the hull of φ, so that the linearized system (1) can be represented in the form z′ = Dz, ϑ′ = ω, where D is a constant matrix. Our results represent substantial improvements over known methods because we do not require that A be “close to” a constant coefficient system.
Dying for Money: Another View

PROFESSOR FUNG in this issue of the Journal proposes a radically new idea which, if adopted on a large scale, will have two outcomes: a significant reduction in health care costs, and, it is hoped, create a means of providing terminally ill persons with a painless, peaceful and dignified death. The idea of dying with dignity is, of course, not new, and most states have by now passed laws to that effect. However, the motive for these laws is not financial, but interest in a person's constitutional rights. The Supreme Court in its 1990 Cruzan v. Director Missouri Department of Health decision recognized that a competent person has a right (rested upon the 14th Amendment's liberty clause) to refuse medical treatment, and that this right survives a patient's incompetence if directives have been given. The extent of such refusal can encompass a wide spectrum of treatments, from renal dialysis, blood transfusions and chemotherapy, to terminal life support interventions such as central vein lines, assorted intubations, parenteral alimentation, respirators, etc. In most situations nutrition and hydration are preserved to the end, probably because of our innate belief that to deprive any living person of them is inhumane and borders on euthanasia. However, many including Supreme Court Justice Sandra O'Connor (per her Cruzan majority opinion) consider even these as a form of medical treatment, perfectly subject to refusal. All the above points are well known, and no one is admitted any more to any US hospital without some signed consent form along these lines being filed. But the underlying principle thus far is ethical--to preempt the suffering and indignity of assorted, and to no avail, invasive procedures. What Fung proposed is radical in the sense that it adds one more incentive, money. He treats the person's right to refuse treatment as an asset of value; one that can be exchanged for money. This is aptly reflected in the first three words of his title, "Dying for Money." If his proposal is adopted, it will undoubtedly result in an escalation of "death with dignity" and "with cash in hand." Basic economic principles would dictate that the ones first to rush to "benefit" from this new and unexpected source of "wealth" will be the ones most in need of it. The poor will be the first to depart this life! There would be problems, both administrative and medical, in such a policy. How would a taker of the "dying for money" deal know he or she is really dying? How will the payer know? At what point will payment take place? …
X-ray Detection by the Olfactory System: Ozone as a Masking Odorant

The technique of masking was used to test the hypothesis that x-ray detection is mediated by an odorant produced in irradiated air. Rats conditioned to cease licking during exposure to x-ray (conditioned suppression) did not display this conditioned response in the presence of ozone and strong volatile oxidants.
Energy-Efficient Resource Management for Scientific Workflows in Clouds

The elastic resource provision, non-interfering resource sharing and flexible customized configuration provided by the Cloud infrastructure has shed light on efficient execution of many scientific applications. Due to the increasing deployment of data centers and computer servers around the globe escalated by the higher electricity price, the energy cost on running the computing, communication and cooling together with the amount of CO2 emissions have skyrocketed. In order to maintain sustainable Cloud computing facing with ever-increasing problem complexity and big data size in the next decades, we design and develop energy-aware scientific workflow scheduling algorithm to minimize energy consumption and CO2 emission while still satisfying certain Quality of Service (QoS) such as response time specified in Service Level Agreement (SLA). We also apply Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) and DNS scheme to further reduce energy consumption within acceptable performance bounds. Our multiple-step resource provision and allocation algorithm achieves the response time requirement in the step of forwarding task scheduling and minimizes the VM overhead for reduced energy consumption and higher resource utilization rate in the backward task scheduling step. The effectiveness of our algorithm is evaluated under various performance metrics and experimental scenarios using software adapted from open source CloudSim simulator.
Couple therapy with combat veterans and their partners

Service members returning from Iraq and Afghanistan face psychological challenges that can exert profound effects on families and couples, but can also be treated within a systemic context. Couple therapy offers a means of increasing social support, decreasing interpersonal conflict, and addressing the experiential avoidance that maintains posttraumatic symptoms. For combat veterans and their partners, we present an adaptation of integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT) that reduces conflict and encourages intimacy through acceptance and skills strategies. By doing so, IBCT exposes service members in couple therapy to emotions, interpersonal situations, and activities that facilitate recovery from combat-related distress. We illustrate common presenting problems in this population and the utilization of IBCT with a case example. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64:1-12, 2008.
Ethyl-2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H- chromene-3-carboxylate (HA 14-1), a prototype small-molecule antagonist against antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, decomposes to generate reactive oxygen species that induce apoptosis.

Overexpressing antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins to suppress apoptosis is one major mechanism via which cancer cells acquire drug resistance against cancer therapy. Ethyl-2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-et...
Bernoulli Regression Models: Revisiting the Specification of Statistical Models with Binary Dependent Variables

The latent variable and generalized linear modelling approaches do not provide a systematic approach for modelling discrete choice observational data. Another alternative, the probabilistic reduction (PR) approach, provides a systematic way to specify such models that can yield reliable statistical and substantive inferences. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the underlying probabilistic foundations of conditional statistical models with binary dependent variables using the PR approach. This leads to the development of the Bernoulli Regression Model, a family of statistical models, which includes the binary logistic regression model. The paper provides an explicit presentation of probabilistic model assumptions, guidance on model specification and estimation, and empirical application.
Spectrum and structure of the HO2 free radical

Abstract In studies of the vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of Ar:O 2 :HCl and Ar:O 2 :H 2 O samples at 14°K the free radical HO 2 has been stabilized in considerably greater concentrations than in earlier experiments, in which the mercury-arc photolysis of HBr or of HI had been used to provide a source of H atoms. Appreciable concentrations of H 2 O 2 and O 3 and, in the experiments using HCl as an H-atom source, of HOCl and ClOO were also stabilized. The infrared spectra of the mixed oxygen-isotopic species of DO 2 have been reported for the first time. The data for the four oxygen-isotopic species of HO 2 have been subjected to a normal coordinate analysis, using a four-constant valence-force field, and the calculated DO 2 frequencies have been compared with the observed values. The previous assignment of the 1389-cm −1 absorption as the OH deformation fundamental and of the 1101-cm −1 absorption as the oxygen-oxygen stretching fundamental has been definitively established. A satisfactory fit to the observed absorption pattern for the oxygen-isotopic species of DO 2 has been obtained for a valence angle of 105° ± 5°. The magnitudes of the two stretching force constants of HO 2 suggest that the electronic structure of HO 2 may approach that of O 2 − , lending some support to the previous identification of an electronic transition of HO 2 near that of O 2 − .
A design criterion for a circular cylindrical reflector and its receiver

Etablissement d'un critere des dimensions limites d'un reflecteur en forme de cylindre circulaire et d'un recepteur de meme forme dans des conditions ideales
Gabriel Ward Lasker (1912–2002)

and symbolic thought differs from others that concentrate on social structure or ecological explanations. Irving Goldman will be remembered for his superb fieldwork among the Cubeo and the exceptional ethnographic record that it produced, for his insightful analyses that were often ahead of his time, and for having the courage to tackle big problems in the realm of comparative research. He will also be remembered as a funny, generous, and modest person, one with strong political commitments and moral integrity.
Solid state network formation in arene-Sidearmed lariat ether complexes: contrasting behavior of sodium, potassium, and calcium cation complexes

Abstract Studies of lariat ether receptor systems and their complexes are reported. The receptors afford signficantly different complexes with similarly sized divalent calcium and monovalent sodium ions. Certain of the receptor-cation complexes form infinite networks in the solid state.
Hidden trauma: The mostly missed diagnosis of domestic violence

Domestic violence is an epidemic that rages throughout our society. Despite its overwhelming incidence and prevalence, this abuse goes unrecognized and unaddressed in the majority of health care settings. Nonetheless, battered women expect health care providers to initiate discussions about abuse. Improved awareness through education at all levels and protocols will help interrupt the cycle of intergenerational learned violence. Without intervention, domestic violence is perpetuated and escalates.
A stochastic dynamical model for the characterization of the geometrical structure of dendritic processes

Under certain basic assumptions the branching pattern of dendrites can be modeled as a Galton-Watson process in varying environment. Using results from graph theory we compute the probability distributions, expectations and variances for biologically significant variables such as the number of (intermediate and terminal) branches, the maximum number of orders, etc., together with the limit behavior of these quantities. Furthermore, the probability measure induced by the Galton-Watson process on the set of all trees is calculated. The measure assigns to any set of branching patterns the probability that it is realized by a certain process, which is completely described through the bifurcation probabilities.
Variation in leaf oil terpene composition of Sitka spruce

Abstract The composition of the leaf oil of Sitka spruce was determined and the quantitative variation within trees, within populations and amongst 3 southern, 5 central and 2 northern populations was recorded. No regional or geographic differences were found. In addition to the relatively large amounts of myrcene, piperitone, 1:8-cineole, and relatively low camphene and bornyl acetate percentages, the apparently unique isoamyl and isopentenyl isovalerate may serve to distinguish hybrids in areas of introgression with white spruce.
Femtosecond Chirped Pulse Excitation of Vibrational Wave Packets in LD690 and Bacteriorhodopsin

Chirped femtosecond pulses are used to selectively excite vibrationally coherent wave packets in the ground and excited states of molecules in solution. Femtosecond chirped pump/transform-limited p...
Treatment with Bazedoxifene and Conjugated Estrogens Results in Regression of Endometriosis in a Murine Model

Bazedoxifene (BZA), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), inhibits the action of estrogens on endometrial proliferation. Here, we evaluate the effect of a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) containing BZA and conjugated estrogens (CE) on ectopic endometrial lesions in a mouse model of endometriosis. Experimental endometriosis was created in 60 female CD-1 mice. The mice were randomly divided into 10 groups that received varying doses of either BZA (1, 2, 3, or 5 mg/kg/day), BZA (1, 2, 3, or 5 mg/kg/day) in combination with CE (3 mg/kg/day), CE treatment alone (3 mg/kg/day), or vehicle control for 8 wk. Treatment with BZA alone or the TSEC containing BZA/CE led to a decrease in endometriotic lesion size compared to controls. The mean surface area of the untreated lesions was 19.6 mm2. Treatment with BZA or BZA/CE resulted in reduced lesion size (to 8.8 and 7.8 mm2, respectively). No significant difference was found in lesion size between the BZA and BZA/CE treatment groups or between different doses of either treatment. Ovarian cyst formation was not evident in the treated groups. Treatment with the TSEC containing higher BZA dosages (3 and 5 mg/kg/day) led to significantly lower levels of estrogen receptor (Esr1) mRNA expression compared to the control treatment. No differences were observed in expression of progesterone receptor (Pgr). Immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated a decrease in ESR protein. The combination of CE and BZA may prove to be a novel treatment option for endometriosis.
The role of autonomy needs in suicidal ideation: Integrating the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide and self-determination theory

This study investigated the role of autonomy satisfaction in the development of suicidal ideation by integrating two theoretical models of suicide-related behaviors. The first hypothesized a direct effect of autonomy on suicidal ideation. The second hypothesized an indirect effect of autonomy on suicidal ideation via perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. This was a cross-sectional study of 449 college students, who were predominantly female (73.1%) and Hispanic (70.6%), with a mean age of 20.40 years (SD = 4.38, range 18–50 years). Participants were recruited from a psychology participant pool and completed self-report survey measures for course credit. The model of indirect effects provided the best fit to the data; relatedness, autonomy, and competence were significantly associated with higher thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, which, in turn, were significantly associated with higher suicidal ideation. Future studies should test this model longitudinally and consider au...
The concentration of hydroxyl and of oxygen atoms in gases from lean hydrogen-air flames

Abstract Measurements of OH concentrations in flame gases from lean hydrogen-air flames held on porous burners are reported. [ OH ] is always found to be in excess of equilibrium near the flame and to decay downstream. The decay is formally second order in OH and the rate constant is relatively insensitive to pressure, temperature and composition, and has an average value of about 10 −13 cm 3 /molecule sec. The effects of the addition of small amounts of nitric oxide have been studied. Data are presented on the relationship between the intensity of light emitted from nitric oxide containing nearly stoichiometric flames and [ OH ], and it is argued that these provide strong evidence that the nitric oxide test for O atoms is quantitative. The light-producing reaction is probably NO + O → NO 2 +hv with a rate constant, k 10 , equal to 2 × 10 −18 cm 3 / molecule sec. By means of this test it is shown that under all of the conditions studied oxygen atoms and hydroxyl radicals are equilibrated according to the reaction 2 OH ⇌ H 2 O + O
Histochemical localization of retinoic acid receptors in the developing hamster fetus

Retinoids have pleiotropic effects on animal development. The eventual targets of retinoids are retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Therefore, developmental expression patterns of RARs are important in elucidating the mechanisms of normal functions of retinoids and retinoid-induced teratogenesis. We developed monospecific polyclonal antibodies against hRAR alpha, hRAR beta, and mRAR gamma, to study the developmental expression of RARs in hamster fetus. There was high sequence homology across the species for each subtype of RARs and antibodies raised against human or mouse RARs reacted with hamster RARs. In addition, hamster cDNA of RARs, which can generate the whole length antisense RNA probe using a suitable vector, were also isolated from a 12-day-old hamster fetal library. Monospecific antibodies and antisense RNA probes were used to localize proteins and transcripts of RARs in the developing hamster fetus from day 8 to day 14. There was a widespread distribution of RAR proteins and transcripts in the developing fetus. Expression was abundant in neuroepithelium, branchial arch, cardiac linings, and primordial bone and cartilage tissues. Overlapping expression and redundancy of various RARs may be one of the safeguard mechanisms in retinoid homeostasis.
Limits of resolution and speed of analysis in linear chromatography with and without focusing

Previously [11], the theoretical limit ofresolution in one class of chromatographic conditions was found and its proof was briefly outlined. Here, the theoretical limits ofresolution andspeed of analysis inany velocity-based separation of mixtures in a linear (nonoverloading) medium have been found. Rigorous proof of the limits is given. It has been shown that chromatographic focusing by negative velocity gradientscannot enhance resolution or speed of analysis beyond theoretical limits available without the focusing. On the other hand, the focusingcan improve these characteristics if they were previously deteriorated due to non-ideal conditions of separation. However, the improvements can not go beyond the recovery of the losses of the otherwise deteriorated separation. In a broader sense, it has been shown that the theoretical limit of resolution and speed in any velocity-based separation of close solute pairs can not be enhanced by distance-based velocity gradients of any kind.
Simulating Flow in Heterogeneous Systems Using Streamtubes and Streamlines

The authors present a fast technique for modeling convective displacements that are dominated by large-scale reservoir heterogeneities. The novel feature of their method is the integration of any 1D solution with periodically updated streamtubes or streamlines to simulate displacements in two and three dimensions. They use streamtubes in two dimensions and streamlines in three dimensions. They construct approximate solutions using two to five orders of magnitude less computation time than by conventional simulation. Their approach allows them to decouple the physics describing the displacement from the size of the grid used to model analytical, or can be obtained numerically using higher-order methods, the resulting 2D and 3D solutions are free of numerical diffusion. The authors present examples in two and three dimensions for a variety of displacement mechanisms and compare their results with conventional finite-difference solutions showing excellent agreement. Because of its speed, their method becomes particularly effective for estimating the uncertainty in forecasting reservoir performance resulting from the uncertainty in the description of the reservoir geology.
2-(2′-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-4′-(3-[18F]fluoropropoxy)-phenylthio)benzenamine for positron emission tomography imaging of serotonin transporters

Abstract Introduction A new 18 F ligand, 2-(2′-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4′-(3-[ 18 F]fluoropropoxy)-phenylthio)benzenamine ([ 18 F] 1 ), for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of serotonin transporters (SERT) was evaluated. Methods Binding affinity was determined through in vitro binding assays with LLC-PK1 cells overexpressing SERT, NET or DAT (LLC-SERT, LLC-NET and LLC-DAT) and with rat cortical homogenates. Localization and selectivity of [ 18 F] 1 binding in vivo were evaluated by biodistribution, autoradiography and A-PET imaging studies in rats. Results This compound displayed excellent binding affinity for SERT in vitro with K i =0.33 and 0.24 nM in LLC-SERT and rat cortical homogenates, respectively. Biodistribution studies with [ 18 F] 1 showed good brain uptake (1.61% dose/g at 2 min postinjection), high uptake into the hypothalamus (1.22% dose/g at 30 min) and a high target-to-nontarget (hypothalamus to cerebellum) ratio of 9.66 at 180 min postinjection. Pretreatment with a SERT selective inhibitor considerably inhibited [ 18 F] 1 binding in biodistribution studies. Ex vivo autoradiography reveals [ 18 F] 1 localization to brain regions with high SERT density, and this binding was blocked by pretreatment with SERT selective inhibitors. Small animal PET (A-PET) imaging in rats provided clear images of tracer localization in the thalamus, midbrain and striatum. In A-PET chasing experiments, injecting a SERT selective inhibitor 75 min post-tracer injection causes a dramatic reduction in regional radioactivity and the target-to-nontarget ratio. Conclusion The results of the biological studies and the ease of radiosynthesis with moderately good radiochemical yield (RCY=10–35%) make [ 18 F] 1 an excellent candidate for SERT PET imaging.
Hope and Fear: The Theological Side of Framing Environmental Change

The public response to climate change highlights a long-standing issue in environmentalism: scientific information, public policy, and individual actions tend to work independently of (and unfortun...
Bacterium-host cell interactions in Monterey

he first Bristol-Myers Squibb Symposium on infectious dis- ease research, entitled 'The Cell and Molecular Biology of Bacterial-Host Cell Interactions', was held in February 1993 in Monterey, CA, USA. Microbiol- ogists studying host-parasite inter- actions gathered with cell biologists studying phagocytes and endo- cytosis to share information and ideas on the interaction of micro- organisms with the host cell. The meeting, organized by Stanley Falkow (Stanford University School of Medicine, USA), featured sem- inars in the morning and exten- sive poster and discussion sessions in the afternoon. This report, rather than being comprehensive, will summarize two themes that emerged from the seminars. Identification of microbial genes expressed
Adaptation of multiple internal reflection (MIR) spectroscopy to the identification of steroids from thin-layer chromatographic zones.

Abstract Multiple internal reflection (MIR) spectroscopy has been used to identify microgram quantities of steroids obtained from the eluates of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) zones without the need for any further purification. The use of these combined techniques (MIR and TLC) becomes a powerful tool for the identification of compounds from biological materials. This technique has permitted us to study structural changes that may occur under varying conditions. It has also been used to follow different stages of a methodology being developed as well as to verify the chemical principles behind methodology already in use.
Disparities in Amputations in Minorities

Background As a result of the impact of health disparities on the healthcare system such as their influence on arenas significant to healthcare distribution, including cost, quality, and access, identification and resolution of health disparities is a primary national agenda item. Resolution of disparities in amputation is an area of opportunity that warrants further consideration.
The Interaction of Water with MOF-5 Simulated by Molecular Dynamics

Force field parameters for use with metal−organic framework-5 (MOF-5 or IRMOF-1) are presented. Flexibility within the framework is included in this model, so that structural changes upon interaction with adsorbate molecules can be observed and quantified. The model was validated by comparing simulated lattice parameters of pure MOF-5 with X-ray diffraction results. For the first time, molecular dynamics simulations have been performed that show how water interacts with MOF-5. The framework is stable at water contents up to 2.3% by mass, but distortion in the lattice structure is already evident. At water contents of 3.9% and higher, the framework collapses because of the replacement of MOF O atoms by water O atoms in the Zn coordination shells. As a result, inorganic MOF O atoms are no longer coordinated by four Zn ions, and benzene dicarboxylate linkers are no longer tethered to Zn centers.
The use of regional chemotherapy in the management of malignant melanoma

From 1957 through 1977, a total of 714 patients with malignant melanoma were treated by chemotherapy administered by isolated regional perfusion of the limbs, and 56 patients were treated by intra-arterial infusion. Excisional surgery and adjunctive perfusion in 286 patients with stage I disease resulted in cumulative survival rates of 87% at 5 years and 75% at 10 and 15 years. With recurrent or metastatic regional disease treated by perfusion alone or in combination with surgical excision, the survival rates were 36%, 34%, and 31% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Even in the least favorable group, those with nodal and soft tissue involvement, the survival rates were 27% at 5 years and 22.5% at 10 and 15 years. Analysis of 121 patients with stage I melanoma according to level of dermal invasion showed recurrence in 2 of 42 (4%) patients with level III lesions, 11 of 75 (15%) with level IV tumors, and 2 of 4 (50%) with level V lesions. Recurrence rates by pathologic type were 2 of 49 (4%) patients with superficial spreading melanoma, 6 of 30 (20%) with nodular melanoma, and 5 of 14 (36%) with acral lentiginous melanoma, the latter including subungual, plantar, or palmar lesions. Chemotherapy by intra-arterial infusion is a technique useful in treating regional disease not amenable to isolation-perfusion. Of 36 patients having measurable lesions, there were 4 complete responses. Objective responses occurred in 50–80% of patients treated, depending on the agent used. As an adjunct to surgical treatment, chemotherapy by isolation-perfusion offers improved survival rates without prolonged treatment or the risks associated with systemic chemotherapy. As primary therapy for advanced regional disease, chemotherapy by perfusion produces survival rates superior to those obtained by surgery alone or systemic chemotherapy.
Volterra integral equations and nonlinear semigroups

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Volterra integral equations and nonlinear semigroups. It presents the nonlinear Volterra integral equation x ( t ) = y ( t ) + ∫ g ( t − s , x ( s )) ds , t ≥ 0, where H is a Hilbert space, y : [0, ∞) → H is given, g : [0, ∞) × H → satisfies a Lipschitz condition in its second place, and x : [0, ∞) → H is the unknown function. The approach adopted for this equation is to associate with the solutions of this equation a semigroup of nonlinear operators acting in a Banach space X so that the equation is then converted to an abstract ordinary differential equation in X .
Bridging the gap between IMRT and VMAT: Dense angularly sampled and sparse intensity modulated radiation therapy

Purpose: To propose an alternative radiation therapy (RT) planning and delivery scheme with optimal angular beam sampling and intrabeam modulation for improved dose distribution while maintaining high delivery efficiency. Methods: In the proposed approach, coined as dense angularly sampled and sparse intensity modulated RT (DASSIM-RT), a large number of beam angles are used to increase the angular sampling, leading to potentially more conformal dose distributions as compared to conventional IMRT. At the same time, intensity modulation of the incident beams is simplified to eliminate the dispensable segments, compensating the increase in delivery time caused by the increased number of beams and facilitating the plan delivery. In a sense, the proposed approach shifts and transforms, in an optimal fashion, some of the beam segments in conventional IMRT to the added beams. For newly available digital accelerators, the DASSIM-RT delivery can be made very efficient by concatenating the beams so that they can be delivered sequentially without operator’s intervention. Different from VMAT, the level of intensity modulation in DASSIS-RT is field specific and optimized to meet the need of each beam direction. Three clinical cases (a head and neck (HN) case, a pancreas case, and a lung case) are used to evaluate the proposed RT scheme. DASSIM-RT, VMAT, and conventional IMRT plans are compared quantitatively in terms of the conformality index (CI) and delivery efficiency. Results: Plan quality improves generally with the number and intensity modulation of the incident beams. For a fixed number of beams or fixed level of intensity modulation, the improvement saturates after the intensity modulation or number of beams reaches to a certain level. An interplay between the two variables is observed and the saturation point depends on the values of both variables. For all the cases studied here, the CI of DASSIM-RT with 15 beams and 5 intensity levels (0.90, 0.79, and 0.84 for the HN, pancreas, and lung cases, respectively) is similar with that of conventional IMRT with seven beams and ten intensity levels (0.88, 0.79, and 0.83) and is higher than that of single-arc VMAT (0.75, 0.75, and 0.82). It is also found that the DASSIM-RT plans generally have better sparing of organs-at-risk than IMRT plans. It is estimated that the dosedelivery time of DASSIM-RT with 15 beams and 5 intensity levels is about 4.5, 4.4, and 4.2 min for the HN, pancreas, and lung case, respectively, similar to that of IMRT plans with 7 beams and 10 intensity levels.Conclusion: DASSIS-RT bridges the gap between IMRT and VMAT and allows optimal sampling of angular space and intrabeam modulation, thus it provides improved conformity in dose distributions while maintaining high delivery efficiency.
C1 — Collation and continuity requirements

This communication deals with an inherent difficulty related to continuity in C 1 finite element collocation methods. It is shown that the C 1 condition is too special. Consequently these methods, as usually developed, are too restrictive and not suited to general purpose finite element programs, even for two-point problems. In view of this elementary observation, it may be argued that this approach has received more attention than this form of the method really merits, and that other (weaker) collocation procedures are probably more worthy.
Scanning surface harmonic microscopy: Application to silicon and Langmuir-Blodgett films on silicon

The scanning surface harmonic microscope is a local probe method in which a microwave signal is applied across a tip-sample tunneling gap generating higher harmonics, which can then be detected. Thus this microscope is sensitive to nonlinearities in the tip-sample junction. In Si and other semiconductors it is sensitive to nonlinearities in the tip-sample capacitance voltage characteristics (C/V). Such a local C/V has been used to delineate regions of different dopant type and concentration in n + /p silicon gratings. On Langmuir-Blodgett films of dielectrics, such as docosanoic acid on Si, the scanning surface harmonic microscope is sensitive to changes in film thickness which cause shifts in the C/V characteristics of the underlying Si
Interpretation of Percent Dissolved-Time Plots Derived from In Vitro Testing of Conventional Tablets and Capsules

It is shown that under sink conditions a percent dissolved value at time t may simply be equivalent to the percent surface area generated to time t. If this is so, then percent dissolved-time data may best be described by a distribution function and the parameters of the distribution employed to describe the data. Simulated percent dissolved-time data, generated by means of the logarithmic normal distribution function, are shown to yield apparent first-order plots. Hence, if the new concept is correct, apparent first-order kinetics, derived from in vitro dissolution tests on conventional tablets and capsules, may be an artifact in some cases. In the special case when surface area of drug available for dissolution decreases exponentially with time after some lag time, to, then first-order kinetics appear applicable to the dissolution data. Relationships between many of the constants in formerly derived dissolution rate equations and some equations derived in this report are shown. Dimensions of the constants are clarified. The new method of dissolution rate data examination is capable of providing characterizing parameters of greater potential utility than conventional treatments heretofore used.
Hurricane Wilma's Impact on Overall Soil Elevation and Zones Within the Soil Profile in a Mangrove Forest

Soil elevation affects tidal inundation period, inundation frequency, and overall hydroperiod, all of which are important ecological factors affecting species recruitment, composition, and survival in wetlands. Hurricanes can dramatically affect a site’s soil elevation. We assessed the impact of Hurricane Wilma (2005) on soil elevation at a mangrove forest location along the Shark River in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. Using multiple depth surface elevation tables (SETs) and marker horizons we measured soil accretion, erosion, and soil elevation. We partitioned the effect of Hurricane Wilma’s storm deposit into four constituent soil zones: surface (accretion) zone, shallow zone (0–0.35 m), middle zone (0.35–4 m), and deep zone (4–6 m). We report expansion and contraction of each soil zone. Hurricane Wilma deposited 37.0 (±3.0 SE) mm of material; however, the absolute soil elevation change was + 42.8 mm due to expansion in the shallow soil zone. One year post-hurricane, the soil profile had lost 10.0 mm in soil elevation, with 8.5 mm of the loss due to erosion. The remaining soil elevation loss was due to compaction from shallow subsidence. We found prolific growth of new fine rootlets (209 ± 34 SE g m−2) in the storm deposited material suggesting that deposits may become more stable in the near future (i.e., erosion rate will decrease). Surficial erosion and belowground processes both played an important role in determining the overall soil elevation. Expansion and contraction in the shallow soil zone may be due to hydrology, and in the middle and bottom soil zones due to shallow subsidence. Findings thus far indicate that soil elevation has made substantial gains compared to site specific relative sea-level rise, but data trends suggest that belowground processes, which differ by soil zone, may come to dominate the long term ecological impact of storm deposit.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SUGAR AND AMINO ACID ABSORPTION BY EVERTED SACS OF HAMSTER INTESTINE.

Autoradiographs were prepared from frozen sections of everted sacs of hamster jejunum which had been incubated in vitro with C14- or H3-labeled sugars and amino acids. When such tissue was incubated in 1 mM solutions of L-valine or L-methionine, columnar absorptive cells at tips of villi accumulated these amino acids to concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 millimoles per liter of cells. Quantitative data were obtained by microdensitometry of C14 autoradiographs. Similar, though less striking, results were obtained with the sugars: galactose, 3-0-methylglucose, α-methylglucoside, and 6-deoxyglucose. In all cases the marked "step-up" in concentration occurred near the brush border of the cell, and a "step-down" in concentration occurred at the basal pole of the cell. Known inhibitors of intestinal absorption, e.g., phlorizin in the case of sugars, blocked the concentrative step at the luminal border of the absorptive cell. It is inferred from these data that active transport systems for sugars and amino acids reside in the brush border region of the cell. Additional evidence suggests that the basal membrane of the cell may be the site of both a diffusion barrier and a weak transport system directed into the cell.
THE PORPHYRIN REQUIREMENTS OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE AND SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE VINYL AND PROPIONIC ACID SIDE CHAINS OF HEME.

1. Iron protoporphyrin IX was required for the growth of H. influenzae. It could be replaced by protoporphyrin IX. When grown on protoporphyrin evidence was obtained for the presence of Fe porphyrin in the organism. It was concluded that the organism could insert iron into the protoporphyrin ring. 2. In the smooth strains, other porphyrins containing no iron such as deutero-, hemato-, meso-, and coproporphyrins could not replace protoporphyrin for growth. Since protoporphyrin has two vinyl groups which other porphyrins lack, it was concluded that the two vinyl groups were essential for growth. 3. When porphyrins lacking vinyl groups were converted chemically into iron porphyrins and then supplied to the organisms it was found that these iron porphyrins supported growth. It was concluded that the "smooth" organisms were able to insert iron only into the porphyrin containing the vinyl groups; i.e., protoporphyrin. One function of the vinyl groups then was to permit iron to be inserted biologically into the porphyrin ring. 4. An anomalous behavior in the rough Turner strain was observed and discussed. This organism was able to insert iron into mesoporphyrin at low concentrations but was inhibited by this compound at higher concentrations. In all other reactions with the porphyrins this rough strain behaved in the same was as did the smooth strains. 5. All strains which were grown on iron porphyrins lacking vinyl groups could not reduce nitrate to nitrite. When grown on protoporphyrin or Fe protoporphyrin reduction of nitrate occurred. It was concluded that the nitrate-reducing mechanism required the presence of the vinyl groups either for its formation or function. 6. The porphyrins lacking iron and lacking vinyl groups inhibited the growth of H. influenzae on Fe protoporphyrin. The inhibition between a porphyrin and Fe protoporphyrin was a competitive one. It was suggested that the porphyrin inhibited the growth-promoting properties of Fe protoporphyrin by attaching on to a particular apoprotein, thus preventing the formation of a heme catalyst. Likewise, competition between two growth-promoting Fe porphyrins for apoenzymes could be shown to occur. 7. Protoporphyrin and Fe protoporphyrin supported growth. When their propionic acid side chains were esterified they no longer supported growth. It was suggested that the esterified carboxyl groups could not attach to the specific apoproteins to form the heme enzymes and so could not act to support growth. For the same reason the inhibitory action of porphyrins lacking vinyl groups could be prevented by esterifying their propionic acid groups.
Contracture in McArdle's Disease: Stability of Adenosine Triphosphate During Contracture in Phosphorylase-Deficient Human Muscle

IN 1951, McArdle1described a patient whose major symptom was limitation of vigorous activity because of cramps after exercise. When electromyographic examination was performed during a cramp, electrical silence was found despite maximum shortening of the affected muscle; this could be considered a contracture (shortening of muscle without propagated action potential2). McArdle recognized the similarity of this event to the classical experiments of Lundsgaard3in which muscle poisoned by iodoacetate was able to contract without formation of lactic acid. When the patient exercised forearm muscles under ischemic conditions, in contrast to a normal person, there was no rise in venous lactic acid. McArdle therefore postulated that the disorder was due to a defeat of muscle glycogen breakdown. The nature of the enzymatic abnormality was clearly established by Schmid and his colleagues in one family,4and by Pearson, Mommaerts, and their colleagues in another.5Inability
A study of the effect of pressure, time, and temperature on high-pressure powder molding

High pressure room temperature molding of polymeric powders has been found to be a useful technique for producing parts from certain hard-to-process polymers and certain common polymers. Polymeric powders of less than 175μ were compacted at pressures up to 0.689 GPa. Subsequent heat treating of the compacted samples improves the mechanical properties of the samples to levels comparable to those attained by other techniques. Thermosetting or reactive polymers which do not evolve vapors during curing are readily processed by this technique. Semicrystalline polymers which are molded above their Tg are also easily processed by this method. Glassy polymers, in general, have not been found to be processable. The important process variables are molding pressure, molding time and heat treating temperature and time. The process relies on particle-to-particle fusion by either chemical reaction or localized melt fusion. For semicrystalline polymers, the annealing temperature is within the melting endotherm. Reactive polymers cure at their optimum curing temperature.
ROLE NEGOTIATIONS AMONG STUDENTS AND NATIVE SPONSORS IN AN ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD SCHOOL

This chapter examines how the relationship between the community sponsor or host and a student's own research goals interrelate. The common issues all students face as they enter the field include establishing rapport, identifying potential participants, and setting reasonable expectations for themselves and their hosts. A good field experience rests on trust and the positive relationship established by the fieldworker, whether student or professional. In the initial stages of rapport building, students are usually extremely careful of their relationships. The ability to situate one's self within the community as an ethnographer is one of the most important skills required of young researchers, and this skill is best acquired through guided practice. For faculty, providing such guidance requires a delicate triangle of approaches, evenly balanced in terms of supervision, support, and knowing when to let a student muddle through on her own. Fieldwork is still, to a great extent, a “seat of the pants” experience. To adequately capture this dynamic, a field school experience should provide enough opportunities for self-directed action as possible, while always ensuring that in the end, the student succeeds. Two of the most beneficial skills or traits for successful fieldwork are patience and flexibility. As most students say, and as other chapters in this volume illustrate, the field school experience is most often a catalyst for growth, maturation, and increased self-awareness. It is also a major contributor to a student's choice of a future career.
Beyond Strategic Control: Applying the Balanced Scorecard to a Religious Organization

ABSTRACT Kaplan and Norton have provided a framework to link control to an organization's vision-the balanced scorecard. This approach provides measures in four areas: (1) Customer, (2) Internal Business, (3) Innovation and Learning and (4) Financial. This article provides a starting point in adapting this method to a church by looking at four measurement perspectives: (1) Members/Attenders, (2) Internal Ministry Processes, (3) Ministering, and (4) Innovation and Learning. An example is then developed using a church's mission and visio
Interactive Effects of Vegetation Structure and Composition Describe Bird Habitat Associations in Mixed Broadleaf—Conifer Forest

ABSTRACT The effects that changes in forest structure and composition have on wildlife have often been considered independently, such that the potential for interactive effects has received relatively little attention. We investigated the importance of vegetation structure, floristic composition, and their interaction for predicting bird distribution in mixed broadleaf—conifer forest. We collected vegetation and bird data at 979 stations in a watershed in southern Oregon in the spring of 2001. At each station, we described the vegetation using measures of structure (total vegetation volume) and of floristic composition (broadleaf-conifer composition). We then used logistic regression to model the probability of occurrence of bird species as a function of these 2 variables, their quadratic terms, and their interaction. Using stepwise model selection we identified the best model for each species and used area under the curve (AUC) scores to evaluate model performance. Of the 44 bird species we investigated,...
Evaporation and evapotranspiration investigations in the San Francisco Bay Area

During 1953 and 1954 studies were made to determine probable evaporation and evapotranspiration losses that would occur if barriers were constructed across the San Francisco Bay to exclude salt water. This would create fresh-water pools to conserve water for irrigation, domestic, and industrial use. Available measurements of evaporation and consumptive use of water by vegetation were compiled and analyzed. New climatological stations were established in areas not covered by existing stations and measurements made on evaporation, temperature, humidity, wind movement and precipitation. Evaporation and consumptive use data were correlated with climatological records and estimates were made of annual and monthly rates of evaporation from lake surfaces and consumptive use by marsh vegetation for the 1921–1952 period and for the five critical years, 1923, 1924, 1930, 1931, and 1951.
The heterochronic gene lin-29 encodes a zinc finger protein that controls a terminal differentiation event in Caenorhabditis elegans.

A hierarchy of heterochronic genes, lin-4, lin-14, lin-28 and lin-29, temporally restricts terminal differentiation of Caenorhabditis elegans hypodermal seam cells to the final molt. This terminal differentiation event involves cell cycle exit, cell fusion and the differential regulation of genes expressed in the larval versus adult hypodermis. lin-29 is the most downstream gene in the developmental timing pathway and thus it is the most direct known regulator of these diverse processes. We show that lin-29 encodes a protein with five zinc fingers of the (Cys)2-(His)2 class and thus likely controls these processes by regulating transcription in a stage-specific manner. Consistent with this role, a lin-29 fusion protein binds in vitro to the 5 ′ regulatory sequences necessary in vivo for expression of col-19, a collagen gene expressed in the adult hypodermis. lin-29 mRNA is detected in the first larval stage and increases in abundance through subsequent larval stages until the final molt, when lin-29 activity is required for terminal differentiation. SUMMARY