cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing of referral for palliative radiation therapy and length of hospital stay.

57Background: Palliative radiation therapy (PRT) offers effective symptomatic relief to cancer patients. Increased focus on quality of care and healthcare efficiency necessitate a better understand...
Prebiotic carbohydrate concentrations of common bean and chickpea change during cooking, cooling, and reheating.

Thermal processing of pulse crops influences the type and levels of prebiotic carbohydrates present. Pulses such as common bean and chickpea are rich sources of prebiotic carbohydrates, including sugar alcohols (SAs), raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), fructooligosaccharides (FOSs), resistant starch (RS), and amylose. This study determined the changes in prebiotic carbohydrate concentrations of seven common bean and two chickpea market classes after thermal processing (cooking, cooling, and reheating). A 100-g serving of common bean provides 0.7 to 10.6 mg of SAs, 3.9 to 5.2 g of RFOs, 57 to 143 mg of FOSs, 2.6 to 3.9 g of RS, and 25 to 33 g of amylose; cooling and reheating reduced RFOs but increased SAs, FOSs, and RS in many cases. A 100-g serving of chickpea (cooked at 90 °C for 4 hr) provides 1.2 to 1.7 g of SAs, 2.5 to 3.2 g of RFOs, 26 to 43 mg of FOSs, 3.6 to 5.3 g of RS, and 24 to 30 g of amylose; cooling and reheating reduced SAs and RFOs but increased FOSs, RS, and amylose concentrations. Processing methods change the nutritional quality of pulse crops by changing the type and quantity of prebiotic carbohydrates.
Handgrip Strength Asymmetry and Weakness are Differentially Associated with Functional Limitations in Older Americans.

Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a convent measure of strength capacity and associated with several age-related health conditions such as functional disability. Asymmetric strength between limbs has been linked to diminished function. Therefore, both HGS asymmetry and weakness could be associated with functional disability. We examined the associations of HGS asymmetry and weakness on functional limitations in a nationally representative sample of older Americans. Methods: Data were analyzed from 2689 adults ≥ 60 years who participated in the 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Weakness was defined as HGS < 26 kg for men and < 16 kg for women. Asymmetry was determined from the ratio of the dominant and non-dominant HGS. Those with HGS ratio 0.9–1.1 were considered as having HGS symmetry, and those outside this range had asymmetry. Results: Compared to those with symmetric HGS and were not weak, those with weakness alone, and both weakness and HGS asymmetry had 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–5.35) and 3.93 (CI: 1.18–13.07) greater odds for functional limitations, respectively. However, HGS asymmetry alone was not associated with functional limitations (odds ratio: 0.80; CI: 0.62–1.03). Conclusion: The use of HGS asymmetry in protocols could improve the prognostic value of handgrip dynamometers.
Our intellectual children: Kuhnian Ants or Feyerabendian Questioners?

The philosophies of Kuhn and Feyerabend not only imply different ways to perform science, they also imply different ways to teach science, particularly at the graduate level. I am especially concerned about teaching at the graduate level in my area of psychology but the argument likely could be generalized outside of psychology. In essence, I argue that teaching graduate level psychology modeled after Feyerabend is better than that modeled after Kuhn.
The Eyes Cannot See What the Mind Does Not Know: Endocrinological Side Effects of Ibrutinib.

Introduction Over the last 7 years, ibrutinib has been given US Food and Drug Administration approval for a rising number of indications ranging from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and marginal zone lymphoma to Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Case presentation An 85-year-old man with a history of CLL who had been treated with ibrutinib over 6 weeks developed a rash and progressive weakness, and he was ultimately admitted to the hospital for obtundation. He was hypotensive, hyponatremic, and hypothyroid. Despite extensive testing and treatment for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), he remained unimproved. Results of an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test indicated secondary adrenal insufficiency. He was treated with hydrocortisone, and his symptoms subsequently resolved. Discussion Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of endocrine dysfunction, such as adrenal insufficiency, thyroid dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, and gonadal failure in some tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). To our knowledge, no previous literature has reported this association specifically with the TKI ibrutinib. The case highlights the importance of spreading awareness amongst clinicians of potential side effects that can occur with targeted therapy such as ibrutinib. This, in turn, will facilitate prompt recognition and early management when such cases arise in a hospital setting.
Design of a Guided Inquiry Classroom Activity to Investigate Effects of Chemistry on Physical Properties of Elastomers

Typical organization of science and mathematics K12 education divides subjects into discrete courses. However, science and engineering are highly interdisciplinary fields. To better equip students to engage in the interdisciplinary nature of real-world STEM research and practice, projects can be used to highlight the interconnectivity of core subjects. Here, we present an exploratory, guided inquiry classroom research project. This work details student-led experiments combining physics and chemistry principles to fabricate silicone bouncy balls and analyze resulting mechanochemical relationships in these elastomeric materials. In this project, students embodied researchers to uncover foundational relationships among chemistry, physics, and mathematics. To do this, students used silicone kits to design an array of polymer formulations resulting in bouncy balls of varying stiffnesses. Students aimed to answer a physics-based research question using chemistry and mathematics. The resulting data was used to discuss the effect of polymer chemistry on the behavior of the bouncy balls. This exercise serves to combine hands-on fabrication methods with quantitative analysis, using experimental methods of varying costs and complexities that can be tailored to instructor time and budget. The project presented here is appropriate for upper-level high school students or first-year undergraduates. The pedagogical goal of the work is to empower students to realize and use connections between chemistry, physics, polymer science, and engineering to understand the process of material design and selection.
The agroforestry academy: assessing long-term outcomes and impacts of a model training program

Rates of adoption of temperate-region agroforestry remain low, despite multiple benefits. To develop a deeper understanding of the relationship between agroforestry learning and adoption, it is necessary to examine agroforestry educational programming in context. This study represents the first follow-up effort with past participants in the Agroforestry Academy, a week-long temperate agroforestry training program for natural resource professionals and farmers hosted by the University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry each year. Objectives were to assess participant learning and adoption outcomes, to understand which learning experiences contributed most meaningfully to adoption, and to recommend changes to Agroforestry Academy programming. While the majority of past participants have adopted agroforestry in some form, results showed that farmer and non-farmer learners approach agroforestry education with differing needs, goals, and implementation contexts. Facilitation of mixed knowledge networks emerged as a key area in which the Academy could increase support for both farmer and non-farmer agroforestry adoption and represents an area for further research.
Multilevel modeling of county-level excessive alcohol use, rurality, and COVID-19 case fatality rates in the US.

Objective Reports of disparities in COVID-19 mortality rates are emerging in the public health literature as the pandemic continues to unfold. Alcohol misuse varies across the US and is related to poorer health and comorbidities that likely affect the severity of COVID-19 infection. High levels of pre-pandemic alcohol misuse in some counties may have set the stage for worse COVID-19 outcomes. Furthermore, this relationship may depend on how rural a county is, as access to healthcare in rural communities has lagged behind more urban areas. The objective of this study was to test for associations between county-level COVID-19 mortality, pre-pandemic county-level excessive drinking, and county rurality. Method We used national COVID-19 data from the New York Times to calculate county-level case fatality rates (n = 3,039 counties and county equivalents; October 1 –December 31, 2020) and other external county-level data sources for indicators of rurality and health. We used beta regression to model case fatality rates, adjusted for several county-level population characteristics. We included a multilevel component to our model and defined state as a random intercept. Our focal predictor was a single variable representing nine possible combinations of low/mid/high alcohol misuse and low/mid/high rurality. Results The median county-level COVID-19 case fatality rate was 1.57%. Compared to counties with low alcohol misuse and low rurality (referent), counties with high levels of alcohol and mid (β = -0.17, p = 0.008) or high levels of rurality (β = -0.24, p<0.001) demonstrated significantly lower case fatality rates. Conclusions Our findings highlight the intersecting roles of county-level alcohol consumption, rurality, and COVID-19 mortality.
Predicting Incident Heart Failure in Women With Machine Learning: The Women's Health Initiative Cohort.

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of cardiac morbidity among women, whose risk factors differ from those in men. We used machine-learning approaches to develop risk- prediction models for incident HF in a cohort of postmenopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). Methods We used 2 machine-learning methods—Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART)—to perform variable selection on 1227 baseline WHI variables for the primary outcome of incident HF. These variables were then used to construct separate Cox proportional hazard models, and we compared these results, using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, against a comparator model built using variables from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) HF prediction model. We analyzed 43,709 women who had 2222 incident HF events; median follow-up was 14.3 years. Results LASSO selected 10 predictors, and CART selected 11 predictors. The highest correlation between selected variables was 0.46. In addition to selecting well-established predictors such as age, myocardial infarction, and smoking, novel predictors included physical function, number of pregnancies, number of previous live births and age at menopause. In ROC analysis, the CART-derived model had the highest C-statistic of 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-0.85), followed by LASSO 0.82 (95% CI, 0.81-0.84) and ARIC 0.73 (95% CI, 0.70-0.76). Conclusions Machine-learning approaches can be used to develop HF risk-prediction models that can have better discrimination compared with an established HF risk model and may provide a basis for investigating novel HF predictors.
Milling and Mashing

Milling is important in the brewery. This process cracks open the malted barley and allows the materials inside the kernel to be exposed during the mashing process. Mashing separates brewing beer from making wine, mead, or cider. It utilizes enzymes present or made by the malt to perform specific tasks such as conversion of the starch in the malt into maltose. The water used in the mash becomes wort. There is not much difference between mashing that is performed in microbreweries versus that by homebrewers, but the equipment and techniques are a little different based on the scale of the process.
The Mind of the Criminal: The Role of Developmental Social Cognition in Criminal Defense Law

1. A meeting of developmental social cognition and criminal jurisprudence and law 2. Developmental social cognition and antisocial behavior: theory and science 3. Substandard rational capacity and criminal responsibility 4. Underdeveloped rationality and wrongdoing in youth 5. Moral subrationality and the propensity for wrongdoing 6. Provocation interpretational bias and heat of passion homicide 7. Reacting to perceived threats: mistaken self-defense and duress 8. Developmental social cognition, the effects of chronic abuse and trauma, and reactive homicide 9. Toward a more psychologically-informed approach to social rationality and excusing conditions in criminal law.
The Place of Non-Parametric Geostatistics

By varying the search space of service variables data onto which the unknown is projected, a large category of krigings including disjunctive and indicator krigings are put in frame. The non-parametric technique of indicator and probability krigings are then developed towards estimation of spatial distributions.
Long-Chain Methyl-Branched Hydrocarbons: Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Function

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the hydrocarbon components of the surface lipids, particularly to the long-chain internally branched methylalkanes and methylalkenes. These compounds have been extensively investigated since 1970, when di- and tri-methylalkanes were identified in an insect, and the technique of identifying mixtures of the methylalkanes from their mass spectra was elucidated. The majority of studies of the occurrence and function of the long-chain hydrocarbons has been done with insects. The surface lipids of plants and insects are important because; (1) they allow the uptake of water but prevent excessive water loss when available moisture is low; (2) they prevent the penetration of inorganic chemicals; (3) they act as a barrier against microorganisms; (4) they affect the absorption of agricultural; (5) they may serve as a sex attractant; and (6) they may serve as a kairomone for insect parasites and predators. The studies of biosynthesis of alkanes and the origin of the methyl groups have been done largely with plants and microorganisms though some of the more recent investigations have involved insects and other arthropods.
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrases I and II by N-unsubstituted carbamate esters.

Abstract We previously showed that the zinc metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrases (CA I and II isozymes) bind "neutral" amides and related compounds as anions through coordination of their deprotonated amide nitrogen to the active site zinc (Rogers, J. I., Mukherjee, J., and Khalifah, R. G. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 5672-5679). Urethan, the ethyl carbamate ester, was among such compounds. The present study was designed to test whether other N-unsubstituted carbamate esters of pharmacological interest (as sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, and skeletal muscle relaxants) were capable of binding to CA in the same manner. We studied the interaction of human CA I and II with urethan, phenyl carbamate, ethinamate, meprobamate, and methocarbamol. Phenyl carbamate studies were greatly complicated by its uncatalyzed hydrolysis via an elimination mechanism to form cyanate, a powerful CA inhibitor. In general, the compounds display: 1) slow on-off inhibition binding kinetics in the seconds range, 2) maximal inhibitor affinity at alkaline pH, and 3) characteristic three-band visible spectra of their complexes with cobalt-substituted CA I. These properties are shared with the previously studied amide inhibitors and are taken as evidence that the deprotonated carbamate nitrogen coordinates to the active site metal ion. CA I appeared to bind carbamate esters more tightly than CA II, an unusual 1000-fold selectivity being seen in the case of methocarbamol. The inhibition by these drugs is not sufficiently strong to implicate CA I and II in their mechanism of action. However, it does suggest the possible existence of previously unsuspected similarities between binding to CA and to their physiological receptors or targets, particularly the involvement of zinc.
Activity and selectivity of a Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalytic membrane in the partial hydrogenation of acetylene

Abstract A flow dispersion model with Dankwert's boundary conditions describing a Pd/γ-Al 2 O 3 membrane reactor has been developed for the successive hydrogenation reactions of acetylene to ethylene to ethane. At 175°C, a change in both trnasport and kinetics is observed. The Peclet number is seen to change dependence in temperature. This change is also seen in the Damkohler number and the ratio of hydrogenation rates of acetylene to ethylene. It is suspected that a change in rate mechanism at low temperature is influenced by the neglect of the adsorption terms for acetylene and ethylene in the kientic rate expressions.
Two adaptive stepsize rules for gradient descent and their application to the training of feedforward artificial neural networks

Gradient descent, in the form of the well-known backpropagation algorithm, is frequently used to train feedforward neural networks, i.e. to find the weights which minimize some error measure /spl epsi/. Generally, the stepsize is fixed, and represents a compromise between stability and speed of convergence. In this paper, we derive two methods for adapting the stepsize and apply them to train neural networks on parity problems of various sizes. >
Radiographic extracapsular extension and treatment outcomes in locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Background Pathologic extracapsular extension (pECE) in metastatic lymph nodes is associated with poor prognosis for oropharyngeal carcinoma. The prognostic value of radiographic extracapsular extension (rECE) has not been studied. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of 111 patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma treated in the Mount Sinai Radiation Oncology Department with accessible pretreatment CT reports. Univariate Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses compared cohorts for locoregional control, distant control, progression-free (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results Sixty-four patients had rECE-present and 47 had rECE-absent scans. The patients with rECE presence had significantly worse OS (3-year: 95% vs 77%; p = .006), PFS (3-year: 91% vs 71%; p = .002), and distant control (3-year: 98% vs 81%; p = .008), with no difference in locoregional control. On multivariate analysis, rECE-presence was a negative prognosticator for OS, PFS, and distant control. Conclusion This study suggests that rECE is an independent prognosticator of poor distant control and survival with little impact on locoregional control for oropharyngeal carcinoma. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1689–1694, 2014
Genetic Age: A Vision

Genetic information is transforming research paradigms and spawning new economic trends. Powerful technologies entering the research market have a potential impact upon many industrial segments, ultimately enabling consumers to use genetic information and the consequent understanding of human variation to enhance their quality of life. Societies must proactively address challenges such as privacy and nondiscrimination while ensuring that the Information Age's ‘digital divide’ is not reproduced as a ‘genetic gap’ in the Genetic Age. Keywords: genetic information; human variation; ‘genetic gap’; GeneChip probe arrays
An Empirical Analysis Using Johansen`s Cointegration Approach

In this paper, the behavior of China`s imports during the period 1980-92 is studied. The estimation of cointegration and error correction mechanisms enables the separation of the long-run and short-run determinants of imports in China. The estimated cointegrating vector using Johansen`s cointegration approach shows that, in the long run, China`s imports are sensitive to changes in output, relative prices, and foreign exchange reserves. It also shows that the short-run output elasticity of imports is much greater than that in the long run, suggesting that import substitution may have been an important factor over the sample period. The forecasting ability of a conventional partial adjustment import function is then compared with that of the Johansen cointegration model; the Johansen model is shown to outperform the conventional one in forecasting accuracy.
Extragalactic Cosmic Rays, Active Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects

The origins of cosmic rays remain unknown, though much work has been done on this problem, particularly in the last twenty five years since the discovery of the non-thermal radio sources. Ginsburg and Syrovatsky in their book, and at a series of cosmic-ray conferences have made a very strong case for the hypothesis that nearly all of the cosmic ray flux (with the possible exception of those with the very highest energies) arise from sources in our Galaxy. On the other hand, Brecher and I (1972) proposed that a good case could be made for supposing that the bulk of the nucleonic cosmic ray flux arises outside the Galaxy and is generated by powerful extragalactic sources. Many aspects of the problem have not changed in the ten years since this detailed extragalactic hypothesis was being debated. The basic questions which apply to the cosmic-ray origin problem in general are: (1) Which classes of astronomical sources are generating large fluxes of relativistic particles and what kind of power are they emitting? (2) What is the trapping volume and what are the typical life times of the particles? (3) How do cosmic rays propagate?
Three Genes Are Required for trans-Activation of Ty Transcription in Yeast

Mutations in the SPT3 gene were isolated as one class of suppressors of Ty and solo δ insertion mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous work has shown that null mutations in SPT3 abolish the normal Ty δ-δ transcript; instead, a transcript that initiates 800 bases farther downstream is made, suggesting that SPT3 is required for transcription initiation in δ sequences. We have selected for new spt mutations and have screened for those with the unique suppression pattern of spt3 mutations with respect to two insertion mutations. Our selection and screen has identified two additional genes, SPT7 and SPT8, that are also required for transcription initiation in δ sequences. We show that mutations in SPT7 or SPT8 result in the same alteration of Ty transcription as do mutations in SPT3. In addition, mutations in all three genes cause a sporulation defect. By assay of a Ty-lacZ fusion we have shown that spt3, spt7 and spt8 mutations reduce transcription from a δ sequence by 10–25-fold. Finally, we show that SPT3 mRNA levels are unaffected in either spt7 or spt8 mutants, suggesting that these two genes do not regulate transcription of SPT3.
Challenges in thermo-mechanical failure prediction of electronic packages

Early discovery of potential failure modes, and understanding their sensitivity to critical design parameters is critical to any organization involved in electronic packaging. Typically mechanical simulation are used for this purpose. Some of the recent changes - low K ILD's (interlayer dielectrics) and lead free interconnects have introduced new challenges while increased the importance of modeling. Predicting failure in the porous ILD material introduce many challenges. In the case of lead free solders, in addition to the need to understand the fatigue characteristics of these materials, the impact of the resulting higher reflow temperatures on other packaging material must also be studied. Typical modeling techniques are very effective as a comparative tool - i.e. to compare amongst various designs for any particular failure mode.
Preverbal Infants' Attention to Manner and Path: Foundations for Learning Relational Terms

In the world, the manners and paths of motion events take place together, but in language, these features are expressed separately. How do infants learn to process motion events in linguistically appropriate ways? Forty-six English-learning 7- to 9-month-olds were habituated to a motion event in which a character performed both a manner and a path, and then tested on events that changed the manner, path, both, or neither. Infants detected each type of change, but only the girls showed evidence of processing manner and path as independent features. This gender difference provides clues about the universal development of manner and path concepts from more basic perceptual skills. Results have implications for how representations of linguistically relevant semantic elements develop conceptually.
Precipitation of beachrock cements; mixing of marine and meteoric waters vs. CO 2 -degassing

ABSTRACT The origin of calcite, Mg-calcite, and aragonite cements formed near the water table and in the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical beach sediments has been the subject of extended debate. Following Field (1919), it is proposed here that much of this cement is precipitated as a consequence of loss of CO2 from carbonate-saturated beach groundwaters. Mass-transport calculations support the further proposal that vertical fluid dispersion in the phreatic zone resulting from tidal oscillation of the water table is sufficient to induce degassing of CO2 from a seaward-flowing groundwater. Loss of CO2 is further enhanced by tidal pumping of the gas phase in the vadose zone across the sediment-atmosphere interface. As sediment porosity is lowered by pre ipitation of cement, the ability of the groundwater system to degas and form new cements is reduced. As long as the system remains thermodynamically open with respect to CO2 and close to saturation with respect to calcite or aragonite, however, it remains an unlikely site for the precipitation of dolomite. The hypothesis that degassing alone is sufficient to cause supersaturation and cementation is supported by an experimental study of degassing of mixed beach and marine waters from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, in which 30 µm-thick, low-Mg calcite crusts were formed which closely resemble natural water-table cements. The waters were spiked with Hg2Cl2 to retard biological involvement. The maximum observed rate of precipitation of calcite in solutions in direct contact with the atmosphere was 10-9 moles cm-2 sec-1, which is a rate sufficient to indurate a beach sediment within a period of 12 hours. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that precipitation could not have been induced by mixing of marine and meteoric waters, as h s been proposed by others, but that loss of CO2, a process independent of mixing, was necessary to cause supersaturation.
Queequeg's Tomahawk: A Cultural Biography, 1750-1900

Since the colonial era, the tomahawk has served as a symbol of Indian savagery in American arts and literature. The pipe tomahawk, however, tells a different story. From its backcountry origins as a trade good to its customization as a diplomatic device, this object facilitated European-Indian exchange, giving tangible form to spoken metaphors for war, peace, and alliance. The production, distribution, and use of the pipe tomahawk also illustrated contrasting Indian and European notions of value and utility in material objects, exposing the limits of such goods in promoting cross-cultural mediation and understanding.
White Rajas, Native Princes and Savage Pirates: Lord Jim and the Cult of White Sovereignty

This article reads Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim (1900) as an ironic but also nostalgic reimagining of the first of the white rajas, James Brooke. This figurehead of informal imperial expansion was idolized in England, as archival documents reveal, for his charismatic bestowal of the rule of law in Borneo. As this article argues, however, Brooke achieved sovereignty through his personal defiance of law in an example of what Carl Schmitt terms the ‘sovereign exception’. Understood in this context, the novel's refrain, that Jim is ‘one of us’, gestures both to a Hobbesian model of representational sovereignty and to the absolute inapplicability of this model in a colonial context. As an individual embodiment of colonial hegemony, Jim governs with not only the consent but also the ostensible worship of the governed, in a fantasy of ecstatic submission by colonized people that effaces the violence at the heart of imperial conquest. Yet the novel's eroticized descriptions of Jim recall the worship it attributes to ...
The Role of Wing Coloration in Sex Recognition and Competitor Recognition in Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerina spp.)

The decision rules that animals use for distinguishing between conspecifics of different age and sex classes are relevant for understanding how closely related species interact in sympatry. In rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina spp.), the red wing coloration of mature males is hypothesized to be a key trait for sex recognition and competitor recognition within species and the proximate trigger for interspecific male–male aggression. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the wing coloration of tethered conspecific intruders and measuring the responses of territory holders of three species in the field. As predicted, covering the red spots of mature males with black ink nearly eliminated territorial responses, and in some cases, territorial holders clasped the blackened males as if they were females. Adding red spots to female wings triggered territorial responses and nearly eliminated sexual responses. Immature males with artificial red spots were attacked at the same rate as mature male intruders, and much more frequently than were immature male controls. The results varied somewhat by species. In H. titia, the only species of Hetaerina with substantial black wing pigmentation, the effects of blackening the red spots of intruders varied both geographically and seasonally. But even when blackening the red spots of male intruders did not reduce the aggressive response of H. titia territory holders, adding artificial red spots to female wings elicited aggressive responses and nearly eliminated sexual responses. The results of this study further strengthen the evidence that interspecific aggression in Hetaerina results from overlap in territorial signals and that the derived black wing pigmentation of H. titia reduces interspecific aggression.
Interconversion between Platinum(II) and Platinum(0) with Change of pH: Aqueous Reactions of Pt(H)(TPPTS)3+ (TPPTS = P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3)

The oxidation state for platinum complexes of TPPTS can be controlled through variation of the pH of an aqueous solution. Thus Pt(H)(TPPTS)3+ dissolved in H2O gives a well-characterized Pt(II)−H complex at neutral or acidic pH but exists as Pt(TPPTS)3 at pH ≥12.
Local, global, and elementary stoichiometry

Stoichiometry refers to conservation of atomic species. In this article, local refers to a point at the continuum level, global refers to the macroscopic balance level, and elementary refers to conservation of atomic species associated with distinct kinetic steps. The role of stoichiometry in the determination of the pivot matrix and the mechanistic matrix is presented. The elements of both these matrices are referred to as stoichiometric coefficients; however, both sets of coefficients are different and both play different roles in the analysis of chemical reactors. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Views of Employee Participation, Higher Order Needs, Altruism, Pride in Craftsmanship, and Collectivism: Implications for Organizational Practice and Public Policy

Using a sample of 749 individuals, we examine the correlation of views of employee participation and higher order needs, altruism, pride in craftsmanship, and collectivism. Structural equation modeling (accounting for measurement errors) shows that views of employee participation are correlated positively with higher order needs, altruism, pride in craftsmanship, and collectivism. Our model also shows equivalency across 3 different age groups. Implications of our results for organizational practice and public policy are discussed.
Chemo-IMRT of oropharyngeal cancer aiming to reduce dysphagia: swallowing organs late complication probabilities and dosimetric correlates.

Purpose Assess dosimetric correlates of long-term dysphagia after chemo-intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) sparing parts of the swallowing organs. Patients and Methods Prospective longitudinal study: weekly chemotherapy concurrent with IMRT for Stages III/IV OPC, aiming to reduce dysphagia by sparing noninvolved parts of swallowing-related organs: pharyngeal constrictors (PC), glottic and supraglottic larynx (GSL), and esophagus, as well as oral cavity and major salivary glands. Dysphagia outcomes included patient-reported Swallowing and Eating Domain scores, Observer-based (CTCAEv.2) dysphagia, and videofluoroscopy (VF), before and periodically after therapy through 2 years. Relationships between dosimetric factors and worsening (from baseline) of dysphagia through 2 years were assessed by linear mixed-effects model. Results Seventy-three patients participated. Observer-based dysphagia was not modeled because at >6 months there were only four Grade ≥2 cases (one of whom was feeding-tube dependent). PC, GSL, and esophagus mean doses, as well as their partial volume doses (V D s), were each significantly correlated with all dysphagia outcomes. However, the V D s for each organ intercorrelated and also highly correlated with the mean doses, leaving only mean doses significant. Mean doses to each of the parts of the PCs (superior, middle, and inferior) were also significantly correlated with all dysphagia measures, with superior PCs demonstrating highest correlations. For VF-based strictures, most significant predictor was esophageal mean doses (48±17 Gy in patients with, vs 27±12 in patients without strictures, p = 0.004). Normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCPs) increased moderately with mean doses without any threshold. For increased VF-based aspirations or worsened VF summary scores, toxic doses (TDs) 50 and TD 25 were 63 Gy and 56 Gy for PC, and 56 Gy and 39 Gy for GSL, respectively. For both PC and GSL, patient-reported swallowing TDs were substantially higher than VF-based TDs. Conclusions Swallowing organs mean doses correlated significantly with long-term worsening of swallowing. Different methods assessing dysphagia resulted in different NTCPs, and none demonstrated a threshold.
Cyclic Macular EDEMA

Three patients with macular edema noted that their vision improved during the course of the day. In one patient, a 25-year-old man, visual acuity improved from 20/40 to 20/30; in the second, a 53-year-old woman, it improved from 20/60 to 20/40; in the third, a 30-year-old man, it improved from 20/25 to 20/20. The Rayleigh match showed a wider divergence in color matches to test wavelengths during the morning hours in one patient. The Stiles-Crawford effect was abnormal in all three patients but showed no cyclic pattern. All three patients had difficulty with Arden plates, but no cyclic pattern was apparent. The cyclic change in visual acuity could not be corrected by a change in refraction and may have been the result of a change in the macular edema.
STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF 12D FOR RADAPPERTIZED FOODS

This paper presents a new mathematical analysis of the inoculated pack method for determining the effectiveness of radappertization (radiation-sterilization) of canned food. A general theory is developed which makes it clear that two interrelated distribution functions, the probability of organism death and the probability of can sterilization, play important parts in the process. A critique is given of the Schmidt-Nank method for calculating the 12D dose, and modifications of both the experimental design and data analysis are suggested. Two examples are worked out, one illustrating the use of the suggested method, the other using the theory and an experiment on canned ham to show that the mode of organism death is unlikely to be exponential.
Serum Concentrations of Gastrin after Famotidine and Omeprazole Administration to Dogs

Background The duration of antacid-induced hypergastrinemia after cessation of administration of omeprazole and famotidine apparently has not been determined in dogs. Hypothesis That serum gastrin will return to basal concentrations by 7 days after cessation of famotidine or omeprazole administration. Animals Nine healthy, adult, male, research colony dogs. Methods Randomized, cross-over design. Serum gastrin was determined daily for 7 days to establish baseline concentrations. Famotidine (1.0 mg/kg q24h) or omeprazole (1.0 mg/kg q24h) was administered PO for 7 days followed by a 14-day washout. Serum concentrations of gastrin were determined daily during 7 days of administration and daily for 7 days after cessation of administration. Each drug was evaluated in 8 of the 9 dogs. Results Omeprazole caused a significant increase in serum gastrin concentration (37.2 ± 7.3 to 71.3 ± 19.0 ng/L; P = .006). Famotidine induced a transient increase in serum gastrin (37.2 ± 7.3 to 65.5 ± 38.5 ng/L; P = .02) that peaked at administration day 3 and declined thereafter. By day 7 after cessation of both drugs, there was no difference in serum gastrin concentrations compared to those before administration (famotidine P = .99; omeprazole P = .99). During or after administration, gastrin concentrations above 3 times the upper reference range were rare (12 of 224 samples). Conclusions and Clinical Importance A 7-day withdrawal from short-term administration of famotidine or omeprazole is sufficient for serum gastrin to return to baseline concentrations. Withholding famotidine or omeprazole for longer before investigating pathologic causes of hypergastrinemia is unnecessary.
Differences in antibiotic prescribing among physicians, residents, and nonphysician clinicians

Abstract Purpose State legislatures have increased the prescribing capabilities of nurse practitioners and physician assistants and broadened the scope of their practice roles. To determine the impact of these changes, we compared outpatient antibiotic prescribing by practicing physicians, nonphysician clinicians, and resident physicians. Methods Using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), we conducted a cross-sectional study of patients ≥18 years of age receiving care in 3 outpatient settings: office practices, hospital practices, and emergency departments, 1995–2000. We measured the proportion of all visits and visits for respiratory diagnoses where antibiotics are rarely indicated in which an antibiotic was prescribed by practitioner type. Results For all patient visits, nonphysician clinicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics than practicing physicians for visits in office practices (26.3% vs 16.2%), emergency departments (23.8% vs 18.2%), and hospital clinics (25.2% vs 14.6%). Similarly, for the subset of visits for respiratory conditions where antibiotics are rarely indicated, nonphysician clinicians prescribed antibiotics more often than practicing physicians in office practices (odds ratio [OR] 1.86, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.05 to 3.29), and in hospital practices (OR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.15). In hospital practices, resident physicians had lower prescribing rates than practicing physicians for all visits as well as visits for respiratory conditions where antibiotics are rarely indicated (OR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.86). Conclusion Nonphysician clinicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics than practicing physicians in outpatient settings, and resident physicians were less likely to prescribe antibiotics. These differences suggest that general educational campaigns to reduce antibiotic prescribing have not reached all providers.
Concurrent validity of the child behavior checklist as completed by staff in residential treatment settings

Concurrent validity for the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was studied in subjects placed in three residential treatment centers (RTC). The concurrent measures were routinely recorded behavior problems or interventions occurring in all three RTCs. The CBCL Externalizing Score and CBCL Total Score were significantly correlated with these behavioral measures indicating concurrent validity of the CBCL Total and Externalizing Scores. Practical applications, based on this validation study in RTCs, are discussed.
Impact of Inflammation on the Osteoblast in Rheumatic Diseases

Normal bone remodeling depends upon a balance between the action of bone-resorbing cells, osteoclasts, and bone-forming cells, osteoblasts. When this balance is disrupted, as is seen in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), abnormal bone loss or bone formation occurs. In RA, proinflammatory cytokines induce osteoclast differentiation and inhibit osteoblast maturation, leading to articular bone erosions. In contrast, the inflammatory milieu in AS leads to excessive osteoblast activation and bone formation at sites of entheses. While much information exists about the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on osteoclast differentiation and function, more recent studies have begun to elucidate the impact of inflammation on the osteoblast. This review will summarize the mechanisms by which inflammation perturbs bone homeostasis, with a specific focus on the osteoblast.
Sequency on two and three machines with setup, processing and removal times separated

n jobs are to be processed on two or three machines. Each job must be processed in sequence, first on machine I than on machine II, etc. For each job, setup time, processing time, and removal time is known in each machine. Algorithms are developed which determine an optimal sequence that minimizes the total elapsed time. Numerical examples illustrate the algorithms.
Thermally induced birefringence changes in cartilage using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Thermodynamic induced changes in birefringence of nasal septal cartilage following Nd:YAG laser irradiation were investigated using a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) system. Birefringence in cartilage is due to the asymmetrical collagen fibril structure and may change if the underlying structure is disrupted due to local heat generation by absorption of laser radiation. A PSOCT instrument and an infrared imaging radiometer were used to record, respectively, depth-resolved images of the Stokes parameters of light backscattered from ex vivo porcine nasal septal cartilage and radiometric temperature following laser irradiation. PSOCT images of cartilage were recorded before (control), during, and after laser irradiation. From the measured Stokes parameters (I,Q,U, and V), an estimate of the relative phase retardation between two orthogonal polarizations was computed to determine birefringence in cartilage. Stokes parameter images of light backscattered from cartilage show significant changes due to laser irradiation. From our experiments we differentiate dehydration and thermal denaturation effects and observe the birefringence changes only in the dehydration effect. Therefore, a dynamic measurement of birefringence changes in cartilage using PSOCT as a feedback control methodology to monitor thermal denaturation is problematic in non-ablative surgical procedures such as laser assisted cartilage reshaping.
The effects of childhood trauma on sex trading in substance using women

This article presents a model developed to understand the relationship between childhood victimization, perpetration of violence, and later cocaine dependence and adult sex trading among drug using women. A cohort of heavy drinking and drug using women (N=594) recruited for two on-going community based HIV prevention studies in St. Louis City was analyzed to evaluate this association using path analysis. The women were stratified into two groups: sex traders and non-sex traders. Sex traders were more likely than non-sex traders to report being forced to kiss or touch someone in a sexual way before age 15 (35% vs. 22%), being kissed or touched in a sexual way by others when they did not want to be (42% vs. 31%), and being forced to have sexual intercourse (30% vs. 21%). Sex traders were more likely than non-sex traders to use a weapon or threaten someone with a weapon (29% vs. 18%) and physically hurt others on purpose before age 15 (9% vs. 5%). Path analysis confirmed that childhood victimization had a significant and direct association with both adult cocaine dependence and sex trading. However, the association between childhood perpetration and adult sex trading was mediated by cocaine dependence. This analysis concludes that childhood victimization was the strongest predictor of cocaine dependence and sex trading in adulthood.
Reliability and validity in oral history

The Eastern Communication Association sponsored a panel discussion about oral history at its 1973 convention. Alice Hoffman, a former secretary of the Oral History Association, and presently an assistant professor in the Department of Labor and Director of the Pennsylvania State University Oral History Project with the United Steel Workers of America and the Graphic Arts International Union, was a participant. The panel stimulated a good bit of discussion and a central question raised by students of speech communication dealt with the reliability and validity of the data collected. In this essay, Professor Hoffman extends and develops the views she expressed last March.
Diagnostic dilemmas in polymyalgia rheumatica

Polymyalgia rheumatica is a clinical syndrome of proximal muscle pain in older patients that often presents a diagnostic challenge because of the large differential diagnosis, lack of definitive diagnostic criteria, and relatively frequent "atypical" clinical findings, such as peripheral synovitis, distal extremity pain, normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and mild weakness. Despite an extensive differential diagnosis that includes endocarditis and steroidresponsive malignant neoplasms, routine laboratory testing should be limited, and a low-dose corticosteroid trial is useful as the final step in the evaluation. The clinical overlap with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis is striking, suggesting that these diagnoses may represent different presentations of a similar disease process. While concurrent asymptomatic temporal arteritis is common, there are no data to support obtaining a temporal artery biopsy in patients with pure polymyalgia rheumatica symptoms. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:162-168
Sledge-Hammer Integration.

(2009). Sledge-Hammer Integration. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 6-9.
Memory intensive multipliers for signal processing

Digital signal processing is an arithmetic-intensive operation. Over the past decade, several memory-intensive multiplication algorithms have been reported. They offer a high-speed alternative to traditional methods. In this correspondence, an error analysis is performed on this class of multiplier and an extended precision version is derived. The new multiplier is capable of adding several additional bits of precision to a fixed point product without significantly increasing hardware complexity.
Escherichia coli mutY-dependent mismatch repair involves DNA polymerase I and a short repair tract.

Repair of heteroduplex DNA containing an A/G mismatch in a mutL background requires the Escherichia coli mutY gene function. The mutY-dependent in vitro repair of A/G mismatches is accompanied by repair DNA synthesis on the DNA strand bearing mispaired adenines. The size of the mufY-dependent repair tract was measured by the specific incorporation of α-[32P]dCTP into different restriction fragments of the repaired DNA. The repair tract is shorter than 12 nucleotides and longer than 5 nucleotides and is localized to the 3′ side of the mismatched adenine. This repair synthesis is carried out by DNA polymerase I.