cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphogenetic and molecular correlates of teratogenesis in the amphibian embryo.

In attempting to develop a system to study molecular mechanisms of teratogenesis, examination of the effects of a teratogen (dimethyl sulfoxide) on both molecular and morphological aspects of embryonic development in the amphibian Xenopus laevis has been conducted. Characteristic morphological effects, which occur during the period from 7 to 16 hours after fertilization (i.e., gastrulation) are noted. Delays in gastrulation are accompanied by changes in the regulation of transcription of several genes known to be active during gastrulation in normal development. Later morphological effects are also observed, and these probably arise as a consequence of the changes occurring during gastrulation. Thus, molecular responses to a teratogen have been detected, and a correlation between molecular and morphological responses to a teratogen is observed. These findings represent the first demonstration of the effects of a teratogen on the transcription of specific genes, and invite speculation that one or more molecular events mediate teratogenesis. They further suggest that the amphibian system may be useful for studying early molecular responses to teratogens.
Changes of Tc under epitaxial strain: Implications for the mechanism of superconductivity

Recent results showed that a relationship exists between a large modulation of the critical temperature and small variations in the lattice parameters for strontium-doped La2CuO4 '214' thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy under compressive or tensile strain. In this paper we search for the subtle deviation of the atom positions responsible for the observed behavior. We compare our findings regarding charge transfer, anisotropy, in-plane resistivity, and superfluid density with trends observed among the family of the one-CuO2-layer compounds. This systematics leads us to the following conclusions: (1) increasing the distance between the charge reservoir and the CuO2 plane is essential to increase Tc, (2) the electrical coupling from one CuO2 plane to the next CuO2 plane may not be essential for the mechanism, (3) a sufficient density of carriers is present in the underdoped state but the appearance of superconductivity is hindered by a large scattering rate, and (4) this scattering rate is determined by the two-dimensional confinement of the carriers in the CuO2 planes.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neutrino reactions in deuterium. The axial-vector form factor and the pseudotensor form factor

The differential cross section, $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d|{q}^{2}|}$, for the reaction ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+p+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is calculated for ${q}^{2}$ from threshold to -1.8 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ as a function of the parameter ${M}_{A}$, the mass associated with the dipole fit to the axial-vector form factor ${F}_{A}$. A best fit of ${M}_{A}=0.912\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14$ GeV is found by comparison with experimental data. Possible contributions to the cross section from the presence of second-class currents are also calculated, and the possible order of magnitude of the pseudotensor form factor ${F}_{T}$ is discussed in view of experimental evidence.
A conserved isoleucine maintains the inactive state of Bruton's tyrosine kinase.

Despite high level of homology among non-receptor tyrosine kinases, different kinase families employ a diverse array of regulatory mechanisms. For example, the catalytic kinase domains of the Tec family kinases are inactive without assembly of the adjacent regulatory domains, whereas the Src kinase domains are autoinhibited by the assembly of similar adjacent regulatory domains. Using molecular dynamics simulations, biochemical assays, and biophysical approaches, we have uncovered an isoleucine residue in the kinase domain of the Tec family member Btk that, when mutated to the closely related leucine, leads to a shift in the conformational equilibrium of the kinase domain toward the active state. The single amino acid mutation results in measureable catalytic activity for the Btk kinase domain in the absence of the regulatory domains. We suggest that this isoleucine side chain in the Tec family kinases acts as a “wedge” that restricts the conformational space available to key regions in the kinase domain, preventing activation until the kinase domain associates with its regulatory subunits and overcomes the energetic barrier to activation imposed by the isoleucine side chain.
Crossover between 2D and 3D fluid dynamics in the diffusion of islands in ultrathin freely suspended smectic films.

The Stokes paradox, that moving a disk at finite velocity through an infinite two-dimensional (2D) viscous fluid requires no force, leads, via the Einstein relation, to an infinite diffusion coefficient $D$ for the disk. Saffman and Delbr\"uck proposed that if the 2D fluid is a thin film immersed in a 3D viscous medium, then the film should behave as if it were of finite size, and $D\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{ln}﻿(a{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, where $a$ is the inclusion radius and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the viscosity of the 3D medium. By studying the Brownian motion of islands in freely suspended smectic liquid crystal films a few molecular layers thick, we verify this dependence using no free parameters, and confirm the subsequent prediction by Hughes, Pailthorpe, and White of a crossover to 3D Stokes-like behavior when the diffusing island is sufficiently large.
"JURIMETRICS AND PROFESSOR MENDELSON: A TROUBLED RELATIONSHIP"

I N THE BODY OF his article, "The Untroubled World of Jurimetrics,' 1 Professor Wallace Mendelson questions the method of case classification employed in my article on business regulation.2 Specifically, he concentrates upon a pair of scales which show the Court's voting in administrative agency cases regulating business. As I view it, Professor Mendelson's criticism is incorrect on both substantive and methodological grounds. I address myself first to the substantive aspect. The cases in question are part of the universe of business regulation cases. The scaling of judicial decision making starts with the question: Is there a single variable which dominates voting behavior in a given area of decision making? The hypothesis is that if such a variable is found to account for the voting behavior to a degree not explainable by chance (according to the requirements of Guttman scale technique),3 then the imputed variable may be considered to account for the votes of the decision makers. Accordingly, I have defined attitude toward business quite broadly to include, as Mendelson notes, all cases regulatory of business and business activities. Necessarily then, the business cases include those to which the federal regulatory commissions (excluding the N.L.R.B.) are party.4 What determines the inclusion of a case within the business
Dynamic object representations in infants with and without fragile X syndrome

Our visual world is dynamic in nature. The ability to encode, mentally represent, and track an object’s identity as it moves across time and space is critical for integrating and maintaining a complete and coherent view of the world. Here we investigated dynamic object processing in typically developing (TD) infants and infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS), a single-gene disorder associated with deficits in dorsal stream functioning. We used the violation of expectation method to assess infants’ visual response to expected versus unexpected outcomes following a brief dynamic (dorsal stream) or static (ventral stream) occlusion event. Consistent with previous reports of deficits in dorsal stream-mediated functioning in individuals with this disorder, these results reveal that, compared to mental age-matched TD infants, infants with FXS could maintain the identity of static, but not dynamic, object information during occlusion. These findings are the first to experimentally evaluate visual object processing skills in infants with FXS, and further support the hypothesis of dorsal stream difficulties in infants with this developmental disorder.
The use of anhydrobiosis by soil nematodes in the Antarctic Dry Valleys

1. Anhydrobiosis is a survival strategy used by soil nematodes that confers protection from environmental stress and is induced by desiccation. 2. To study the use of anhydrobiosis by soil nematodes from the Antarctic Dry Valleys, soil was collected from field sites, and nematodes were extracted using an anhydrobiotic extraction technique. Nematodes were found in a coiled form that characterizes the anhydrobiotic state. 3. The proportion of nematodes coiled ranged from 30 to 80% and appeared to reach a maximum in soils drier than 2% gravimetric soil moisture content. 4. Wetting of dry soils to 12% gravimetric soil moisture content resulted in rapid uncoiling of nearly 100% of nematodes within 6 h. 5. In this cold desert ecosystem, long periods of inactivity appear to be an important aspect of soil nematode life history as their activity may be restricted to the period following infrequent snowfall and melt.
Use of Epoxides in the Sol−Gel Synthesis of Porous Iron(III) Oxide Monoliths from Fe(III) Salts

Iron oxide-based porous solids were prepared by a sol−gel process using Fe(III) salts in various solvents. It was observed that the addition of propylene oxide to Fe(III) solutions resulted in the formation of transparent red-brown monolithic gels. The resulting gels were converted to either xerogels by atmospheric drying or aerogels by supercritical extraction with CO2(l). Some of the dried materials were characterized by nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of those analyses indicate that the materials have high surface areas (∼300−400 m2/g), pore sizes with mesoporic dimensions (2−23 nm), and a microstructure made up of 5−10 nm diameter clusters of iron(III) oxide. The dependence of both gel formation and its rate was studied by varying the epoxide/Fe(III) ratio, the Fe(III) precursor salt, amount of water (H2O/Fe(III)) present, and the solvent employed. All of these variables were shown to affect the rate of gel formation and provide a con...
Transgenic analysis of the 5′- and 3′-flanking regions of the NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase gene from Cucumis sativus L.

The 5′- and 3′-flanking regions of HPRA, a cucumber gene that encodes hydroxypyruvate reductase, were evaluated for regulatory activity with respect to light responsiveness and organ specificity. To define the functional regions of the 5′-flanking region of HPRA, a series of deletions was generated and the remaining portions fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (uidA) containing a minimal 35S promoter truncated at −90. The region from −66 to +39 was found to be necessary for light-regulated expression of the uidA reporter gene, while the region from −382 to −67 was found to be necessary for its leaf-specific expression. Further deletion of the HPRA 5′ flanking region to −590 resulted in high levels of root expression, suggesting the presence of a negative regulatory element responsible for silencing root expression of the HPRA gene between −590 and −383. The 3′-flanking region of the HPRA gene downstream of the polyadenylation site contains several sequence motifs resembling regulatory elements present in the promoters of several light-responsive genes. An 823 bp portion of the HPRA 3′-flanking region containing these putative regulatory elements enhanced GUS expression in leaves when placed downstream of the uidA reporter gene in the forward orientation, but not in the reverse orientation. When placed 5′ of the −90 35S promoter, the 823 bp fragment enhanced slightly, independently of orientation, the root tip-specific expression pattern intrinsic to the −90 35S promoter, indicating that in some cases this region can act as a transcriptional enhancer.
Persistent vitellogenin-like protein and binding of DDT in the serum of insecticide-resistant mosquitofish (Gambusia Affinis)

Abstract 1. During the reproductive season the serum of most oviparous teleosts contains an electrophoretically-identifiable protein, vitellogenin. 2. However, serum from insecticide-resistant mosquitofish contain a vitellogenin-like protein (VLP) year round. 3. It is suggested that estrogenic and/or proestrogenic xenobiotics from the environment of the fish induces the formation of this protein during the non-reproductive season. 4. In vitro incubation of [p,p′-3H]DDT with reproductive or non-reproductive resistant and susceptible fish serum, led to its association with three separate proteins (VLP, a low molecular weight lipoprotein and albumin). 5. Xenobiotics thus may induce the formation of protein (VLP), in non-reproductive resistant fish, which can bind and transport insecticides.
Entrepreneurial Justice: The New Spirit of Capitalism in Emerging India

In their survey of management literature, Boltanski and Chiapello (2005) argue that the 1990s signal a new phase in the spirit of capitalism. We consider how these counter-cultural transformations that shaped new management thinking in Europe and North America traveled to places such as India, where neo-liberal economic reforms led to economic growth alongside unprecedented suffering. Looking across the expansive Indian media landscape, we see the growing prominence of India's own “cool capitalists” in the figures of Rajat Gupta and Aamir Khan. Khan's hit talk show Satyamev Jayate helps to popularize this new management culture establishing a new set of moral claims over the future of economic development in the global South. Our article addresses the theme of geo-politics by considering the increasingly influential role of corporate actors in shaping popular debates about the economy, economic distress, and redress.
Picard numbers of surfaces in 3-dimensional weighted projective spaces

Let q0 . . . . . q3 be positive integers. Consider the weighted complex projective 3-space F = F(qo, q~, q2, q3) = Proj(r x l , x2, x3]) where xl has weight ql. We will assume that gcd{q~,qa, qr} = 1 whenever # {~,fl, 7} = 3 (this is not a restriction in fact, see 1-3] w For d ~ N we let ~'~d be the family of surfaces of degree d in IP, i.e. the schemes of zeros of sections in (~F(d). Such a section is called quasi-smooth if its affine cone in ~4 has an isolated singular point at the origin. If X e ~d is quasi-smooth, then X is a V-manifold ([5], Lemma 1 p. 216). Hence H2(X, Q) has a pure Hodge structure and we can ask
Association between plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration and restenosis after stent implantation.

Background The plasma concentration of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is associated with atherosclerotic and thrombotic vascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between plasma Lp(a) concentration and in-stent restenosis. Methods and Results One hundred and 9 patients with successful elective coronary stent implantation underwent follow-up angiography at 24±6 weeks. Restenosis after stent implantation occurred in 38 patients. Univariate analysis showed that the reference diameter of the lesion was smaller in the restenosis group (2.93±0.29 mm) than in the no-restenosis group (3.21±0.43 mm) (p 40 mg/dl) (n=14) was greater compared with the other groups: 33.3% in the intermediate Lp(a) group (10-40 mg/dl) (n=54), and 24.4% in the low Lp(a) group (<10 mg/dl) (n=41) (p<0.01). The late loss (0.57±0.53 mm) in the low Lp(a) group was significantly less than the other groups: 0.88±0.47 mm in the intermediate Lp(a) group, and 1.08±0.56 mm in the high Lp(a) group (p<0.05). In a multivariate regression model, plasma Lp(a) concentration remained significant as an independent predictor of restenosis in patients undergoing stent implantation (p=0.020 odds ratio (OR) 1.37 95%conficence interval (CI) 1.050-1.793), although the reference diameter (p=0.025 OR 0.23 95%CI 0.061-0.830) and lesion length (p=0.021 OR 1.12 95%CI 1.017-1.232) were related to stent restenosis. Conclusions Plasma Lp(a) concentration is an independent predictor of stent restenosis. (Circ J 2005; 69: 644 - 649)
Ingested (oral) SST inhibits EAE

Background: Ingested immunoactive proteins type I interferon, soluble immune response suppressor peptide 1-21 and melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibit clinical attacks and inflammation in acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).Objective: We examined whether another immunoactive protein, somatostatin (SST), would have similar anti-inflammatory effects on EAE after oral administration.Design/methods: B6 mice were immunized with MOG peptide 35-55 and gavaged with control saline or SST during ongoing disease. Splenocytes from mock-fed or SST-fed mice were adoptively transferred into active MOG peptide 35-55-immunized recipient mice during ongoing disease.Results: In actively fed mice, increased Th2-like cytokines in both the spleen and the central nervous system (CNS) inhibited active disease. In recipients of donor cells from SST-fed donors, reduction of Th1 and Th17 and induction of Th2-like IL-4 cytokines in both the spleen and CNS inhibited disease. Treg cells were increased threefold in ...
Piezoelectricity in zincblende polar semiconductor nanowires: A theoretical study

A systematic evaluation of the piezoelectrically induced electric polarization vector and the associated potential on the application of mechanical strain to charge-free semiconductor nanowires with zincblende crystal structure is reported. It is found that the bending mode which is easier to realize in practice over stable compressional modes generates maximum piezo energy for these zincblende semiconductor nanowires. Also zincblende ZnO nanowires are found to be superior over zincblende AlN and GaN wires for piezo energy harvesting.
A simple and accurate equation for the superconducting transition temperature

Abstract Reasonable and consistent approximations are used to reduce the simplified form of the integral equations for the superconducting transition temperature used by Allender, Bray and Bardeen to a very simple, and remarkably accurate, equation for T c . This equation is compared with the McMillan equation and found to give just as good agreement with experiment for intermediate-coupling materials and considerably better agreement for strong-coupling materials.
Radon-daughter ions and their relation to some electrical properties of the atmosphere

The mobilities and concentrations of the short-lived decay products of radon existing as positive small ions in the lower atmosphere are measured and compared with corresponding values for ordinary small ions in the atmosphere. Seventyfive per cent of the radon-daughter ions with mobilities greater than 0.06 cm 2 sec −1 volt −1 are found in the range of 0.25 to 1.50 cm 2 sec −1 volt −1 . Ion characteristic curves give no evidence for distinct mobility groups within the resolution available. Radon-daughter ions on the average are present in the ratio of 3 parts per 100,000 of ordinary small ions in the atmosphere. A good correlation between radon-daughter ion concentration and total small-ion content is found over a range of 100 to 1200 small ions cm −3 . Radon-daughter ions are found to disappear almost completely at ground level under an active thunderstorm due to upward migration of the ions under the influence of strong electric fields. The importance of radon-daughter ions in the study of the electric environment of thunderstorms is indicated. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00285.x
First-Principles Calculation of Phase Stability and Cohesive Properties of Ni-Sn Intermetallics

The cohesive properties of Ni-Sn intermetallics (stable, metastable, and virtual), hitherto unexplored by density-functional theory (DFT) methods, are reported. Specifically, the total energies and cohesive properties of Ni, Sn, and 27 Ni-Sn intermetallics are calculated from first-principles, using ultrasoft pseudopotentials (USPP) and both local-density approximation (LDA) and generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange-correlation functional. Among the intermetallics considered, the ground-state structures are consistent with experimental observations; however, not all of them are registered in the equilibrium-phase diagram. An important result of this systematic study, using both USPP-LDA and USPP-GGA, is that oC20-NiSn4 is predicted to be the ground-state structure. Only recently, this phase has been observed as a product of the interfacial reaction in Ni/Sn diffusion couples. In addition, we find that the thermodynamic stability of a tetragonal phase, tP10-NiSn4, is very similar to that of oC20-NiSn4. The elastic stability of both tP10-NiSn4 and oC20-NiSn4 is confirmed by calculating their single-crystal elastic constants. The calorimetric data for the enthalpy of formation of stable intermetallics show an agreement that is better for those calculated with USPP-LDA than those calculated with USPP-GGA. In general, the experimental lattice parameters of stable and metastable phases are found to lie between those calculated using USPP-LDA and those calculated using USPP-GGA; however, in several cases, the values calculated using USPP-GGA agree to within 1 pct of the experimental data. The Ni3Sn2(ht) ⇌ Ni3Sn2(lt) transformation is discussed in terms of supergroup-subgroup relations. The bonding between the Ni and the Sn is discussed based on the analyses of the density of states (DOS) and the charge densities.
Anger Types: Heritability and Relation to Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, and Left Ventricular Mass

The relationship between anger and cardiovascular morbidity has not been investigated among Mexican Americans. This exploratory study examined the heritability of anger types and their relationship to cardiovascular variables in samples of unrelated and related Mexican Americans residing near Chicago, Illinois. All of the anger variables of the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale (in, out, control, total expression) had significant heritabilities. Using the total sample of related individuals, higher female anger-out scores were associated with greater left ventricular mass after correction for height to the 2.7 power (LVM/HT2.7), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Females had positive, significant associations for body mass index with LVM/HT2.7, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure; among males, these variables were similarly but less strongly related. Anger (coraje in Spanish) is discussed in the context of folk medicine as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity.
Nutritional interactions influencing diseases of potato

Nutrient management can decrease the severity of a number of important potato diseases, and certain practices, such as maintaining a low pH for scab control, have been followed for that single objective. More commonly, growers have incorporated fertility modifications into their particular disease and farming situations. Unfortunately, disease minimization may or may not be consistent with optimal fertilization for yield, quality, and profitability. Optimization for one disease may not match that for another, and the exact mechanisms involved are often complex and poorly understood. Potato growers will continue to experience conflicting production constraints. These constraints include price-driven needs for yield improvement and expense reduction; customer-driven demands for quality improvement; varietal shifts driven by the above considerations rather than by disease reduction; increasing pressure to justify, shift and reduce pesticide use; continuing concerns about nitrogen and phosphorus movement in groundwater and runoff; and increased attention to management of rotation crops. On the positive side, nutrient management strategies for highly specific situations continue to improve and practices addressing nutrient and disease variability within fields are becoming more sophisticated. In this context, there are opportunities for cultural management practices that reduce disease pressure and reliance on chemical controls. To be effectively integrated into such specialized management systems, the mechanisms of these control measures and the conditions under which they are practical will need to be better understood. Likewise, disease responses to these tactics need to be better quantified to allow an adequate cost-benefit analysis. With mounting concerns about the effects of agricultural pesticides on food safety, farm workers, and the environment, management of plant-available nutrients may become practical approaches for disease suppression in the future.
Industrial policy in Eastern Europe: A three-country comparison

Abstract The design and implementation of industrial policy in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary in the 1960s and 1970s are explored. In Czechoslovakia where management of the economy was more centralized than in Hungary and Poland, a policy of promoting production and export of nuclear equipment was effectively carried out; other product groups were less successful. In Poland, bureaucratic resistance undermined the implementation of industrial policies (which were never unambiguously formulated). The Hungarian policy was chiefly oriented toward import substitution. The statistical evidence gives only weak support for the effective conduct of industrial policies in these countries.
Surface hardness, compressive strength, and abrasion resistance of indirect die stones

HE common use of the indirect method in the preparation of inlays, threequarter and full crowns, various bridge forms, and other dental castings, together with the appearance on the market of newer type gypsum products for use as dies, indicates a need for more knowledge of some of the physical properties of the quick-setting artificial stones. In addition, an understanding of the best method of die preparation is necessary in order that the stone may be used to its fullest advantage. Every dentist who includes in his practice gold castings, or other precision techniques requiring dies, should ‘have a thorough knowledge of the factors involved in the fabrication of the die which lead to its improvement. Such a study should enable him, with a minimum of extraneous effort, to produce the most satisfactory stone die obtainable by practical methods. Recently, much has been written about the hydrocolloid technique for use in crown and bridge procedures. Special equipment for taking agar impressions has received widespread recognition, and the accuracy of the material is acclaimed by many dentists as superior to that of other impression materials. This method of impression making, however, requires that the operator use artificial dental stone as a die material inasmuch as no other well-accepted method appears practicable. Amalgam cannot be packed readily into the hydrocolloid impression because of the frailty of the impression material. The hydrocolloid impression cannot be copperplated unless special preparations and extremely careful methods are employed, although some operators have succeeded in accomplishing this. The technique is not a simple one, however, nor can it be done with the equipment generally found in the average dental office. The regular and improved dental stones have been found to be reasonably satisfactory as a die material to be used in conjunction with the hydrocolloid impression materials. In the past, objections have been made to the use of dental
The flavonoids of Psoralea (leguminosae)

Abstract The flavonoid patterns of thirty species of Psoralea were established by use of paper chromatography. A few compounds were identified only tentatively. Patterns of various species were generally similar and characterized by large amounts of di-C-glycosides, lesser amounts of 8-C- and 6-C-monoglycosides and small quantities of mixed C- and O-glycosides. Compounds not previously reported, tentatively identified as apigenin 6,8-di-C-glycoside, O-glucoside; luteolin 6,8-di-C-glycoside, O-glucoside; and chrysoeriol 6,8-di-C-glycoside, O-glucoside, occur in Psoralea rigida. An unidentified isoflavone occurs in two species.
A Call for Special-focus Issues

Excerpt] In our efforts to deliver high-quality content to our audience, Cornell Quarterly usually publishes articles on a variety of topics. We seek not only to cover issues in depth, but we try to ensure that our issues include a variety of content areas (e.g., marketing, strategy, human resources, operations, finance). Most issues of the journal, like this one, cover diverse topics, but we sometimes publish special-focus editions that carry several articles on a specific theme (e.g., the October 2001 Cornell Quarterly focused on hospitality law). The purpose of this editorial is to call for ideas for future special-focus issues. Specifically, I want to solicit proposals from our readers and potential authors for specific themes that they would like to see addressed in future Cornell Quarterly issues.
Mindfulness and Emotional Outcomes: Identifying Subgroups of College Students Using Latent Profile Analysis

In non-meditating samples, distinct facets of mindfulness are found to be negatively correlated, preventing the meaningful creation of a total mindfulness score. The present study used person-centered analyses to distinguish subgroups of college students based on their mindfulness scores, which allows the examination of individuals who are high (or low) on all facets of mindfulness. Using the Lo-Mendell-Rubin Adjusted LRT test, we settled on a 4-class solution that included a high mindfulness group (high on all 5 facets, N = 245), low mindfulness group (moderately low on all 5 facets, N = 563), judgmentally observing group (high on observing, but low on non-judging and acting with awareness, N =63), and non-judgmentally aware group (low on observing, but high on non-judging and acting with awareness, N =70). Consistent across all emotional outcomes including depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms (i.e., worry), affective instability, and distress intolerance, we found that the judgmentally observing group had the most maladaptive emotional outcomes followed by the low mindfulness group. Both the high mindfulness group and the non-judgmentally aware group had the most adaptive emotional outcomes. We discuss the implications of person-centered analyses to exploring mindfulness as it relates to important psychological health outcomes.
A spatially organized representation of colour in macaque cortical area V2

Neurons responding selectively to different colours have been found in various cortical areas in macaque monkeys; however, little is known about whether and how the representation of colour is spatially organized in any cortical area. Cortical area V2 contains modules that respond preferentially to chromatic modulation, which are located in thin cytochrome oxidase stripes. Here we show that within and beyond these modules, gratings of different colours produce activations that peak at different locations. Optical recording of intrinsic signals revealed that the peak regions of the responses to different colours were spatially organized in the same order as colour stimuli are arranged in the DIN (German standard colour chart) colour system. Nearby regions represented colours of a similar hue. We found that the set of colour-specific regions formed 0.07-0.32-mm-wide and approximately 1.3-mm long bands that varied in shape from linear to nearly circular. Our finding suggests that thin stripes in V2 contain functional maps where the colour of a stimulus is represented by the location of its response activation peak.
Striatal dopamine release during unrewarded motor task in human volunteers.

SUMMARY Striatal dopamine is associated with the processing of rewarded motor tasks. Its involvement in mediating unrewarded tasks is, however, unclear. We used a recently developed PET technique to dynamically measure the rate of displacement of a dopamine receptor ligand raclopride in healthy volunteers performing a finger opposition task. Rapid displacement of the ligand from the posterior putamen and the caudate immediately after the task initiation suggested striatal dopamine release during task performance. Since dopamine release was observed in the striatal areas that are implicated in unrewarded tasks by neuroimaging studies, the results demonstrate that the PET method can be used to extend the findings of conventional neuroimaging techniques, that do not provide information about signal transduction.
Thermodynamics of an anyon system.

We examine the thermal behavior of a relativistic anyon system, dynamically realized by coupling a charged massive spin-1 field to a Chern-Simons gauge field. We calculate the free energy (to the next leading order) from which all thermodynamic quantities can be determined. As examples, the dependence of particle density on the anyon statistics and the anyon-antianyon interference in the ideal gas are exhibited. We also calculate two- and three-point correlation functions, and uncover certain physical features of the system in thermal equilibrium.
A literature review of deliberate self-harm.

PURPOSE. Despite agreement across disciplines regarding the significance of deliberate self-harm (DSH), there continues to be a lack of consensus regarding what DSH is and is not. The purpose of this literature review was to determine the current state of understanding of this complex phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS. There remains a problem of definitional ambiguity regarding DSH, and a definition derived from the literature is offered. Using Rodger's framework for the evolutionary approach to concept analysis, the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of DSH are developed. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Therapeutic approaches that are based on open-minded, non-judgmental listening and on harm minimization rather than abstinence may be more effective than current treatment approaches that forbid any form of DSH.
Effects of hue, brightness, contrast with background, and observation time on figural dominance in ambiguous patterns

Ambiguous patterns composed of two alternate crosses of different hues and brightness on two different brightness backgrounds were viewed for 120 sec by 10 female college students. Each subject observed 92 pattern presentations (23 patterns, each pattern presented in 2 orientations and on each of 2 backgrounds). Effects of hue and brightness contrast with background were clearly demonstrated: blue was the most dominant, red the least, and green and yellow located in between. Brightness contrast of patterns with background accentuated figural dominance of the darker figures. The number of alternations increased over the observation time for hues of equal brightness; however, the relation of this measure to total duration of seeing a figure in studies of figural dominance is unclear. Theories of neural satiation, fatigue, and interaction were used in interpreting the results.
Model copper oxidases; the cupric ion-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide oxidation of catechol.

Abstract A kinetic study, directed toward developing a model for the copper oxidase, polyphenoloxidase, is reported of the reaction between catechol, hydrogen peroxide, and cupric ion. The kinetics suggest that the oxidant is Cu+OOH. Mechanisms whereby the heavy-metal ion may catalyze a cleavage of the OO bond are discussed.
A socio-economic approach to market transactions

Abstract The task of this article is to explore social underpinnings in economic exchanges. This exploration is undertaken within the frame of reference of socio-economics that centers on the multifarious social and cultural variables of economic phenomena. In particular, the socio-economic perspective on the market, focusing on the social setting of market exchanges, is utilized. As such, this exploration probes under the surface of (seemingly) cost-benefit induced exchange processes and uncovers a far more complex social structure and dynamics underlying these processes. Hence, these processes are analyzed as constituting socio-economic categories of the market. The social-cultural contingency of economic exchange, especially of its market varieties, is the key hypothesis of this article. This signifies that market exchange, just as production, distribution, and consumption, is a dependent variable on concrete social-historical conditions, rather than being a human universal. The approach proposed here provides an alternative to the purely economic conception, which treats exchange processes as strictly economic variables driven by an intrinsic logic and insulated from other social relations. The mainstream economic literature’s lack of consistent applications of such an approach to market exchange contrasts with the richness of such applications in the field of socio-economics. The paper’s aim is to contribute toward further elaboration and application of socio-economics.
The best books on popular music since 1971: A bibliography

(1997). The best books on popular music since 1971: A bibliography. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 117-121.
Emergency department use of hand-held Doppler ultrasonography

Doppler ultrasonography (DU) using a hand-held Doppler device represents a readily available emergency department (ED) technique that has been used for diagnostic testing with conditions associated with abnormal vascular flow, such as deep venous thrombosis, testicular torsion, and arterial insufficiency. DU may serve as a useful initial diagnostic test in the ED setting. The appropriate indications, techniques of examination, and accuracy of DU are summarized for the aforementioned conditions.
Liapunov function of a sixth-order nonlinear system

A formulation of a Liapunov function is given for the stability study of a sixth-order system characterized by a nonlinear function φ(x). Fifth-order and fourth-order systems with a nonlinear function φ(x) are given as special cases.
Susceptibility of mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice to pristane-induced experimental lupus nephritis

In many models of organ-specific autoimmune diseases, mast cells provide a critical cellular link between autoantibodies and end-organ inflammation, both initiating and propagating disease. However, their role in systemic autoimmunity remains speculative. We therefore examined the role of mast cells in a murine model of systemic immune complex-related autoimmune disease, lupus nephritis, expecting to observe the development of humoral autoimmunity in the absence of end-organ disease. Surprisingly, not only did mast cell-deficient animals develop characteristic humoral features of lupus, including hypergammaglobulinemia and autoantibodies, they also developed immune complex glomerulonephritis, as evidenced by renal immune deposits, glomerular disease, and proteinuria. These findings implicate the presence of distinct effector pathways to end-organ damage in humoral autoimmune diseases: one involving the interaction between autoantibodies and mast cells to recruit inflammation in organ-specific autoimmunity, and another involving a more direct--mast cell-independent--interaction between autoantibodies and circulating inflammatory mediators in systemic autoimmunity.
Improved visualization of neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase: silver-intensification of the pyrocatechol/p-phenylenediamine reaction product

A silver intensification procedure suitable for use with pyrocatechol/p-phenylenediamine (PC-PPD) product of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction is described. Qualitative and quantitative results from retrogradely labeled neurons in the cat cortex after thalamic injection of HRP demonstrate an increase of the intensity of labeling and in the number of darkly labeled cells after the intensification procedure. In both the non-intensified and the intensified PC-PPD reacted tissue the sensitivity was comparable to that of TMB-treated material. The ratio of lightly to darkly labeled neurons was very similar in intensified PC-PPD and TMB material, suggesting that the lightly labeled cells may have fewer terminals present at the level of the injected target.
Dispersal and mating structure of a parasitoid with a female-biased sex ratio: Implications for theory

Species of parasitic Hymenoptera that manifest female-biased sex ratios and whose offspring mate only with the offspring of the natal patch are assumed to have evolved biased sex ratios because of Local Mate Competition (LMC). Off-patch matings, i.e. outcrossing, are inconsistent with the conditions favouring biased sex ratios because they foster a mating structure approaching panmixia. Such a mating structure favours parents who invest equally in daughters and sons, assuming the production of each sex is of equal cost.Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) is a solitary pupal parasitoid of patchily distributed frugivorousDrosophila, whose offspring manifest a female-biased sex ratio. Thus this species appears to manifest a population structure and progeny sex ratio consistent with LMC. However, preliminary observations and subsequent greenhouse experiments suggest that the males participate in off-patch matings and that this propensity is unlikely to be an experimental artefact. FemaleP. vindemiae dispersed from patches in which either the males were lacking (12% of the emigrant females), both resident (sibling) and immigrant males were present (23% of the females), only immigrant males were present (14% of the females), or their opportunity to mate could not be determined (14% of the females). Of the 12% that emigrated from a patch lacking males, an estimated 7% mated at an oviposition site and 5% remained unmated, presumably because they arrived at an oviposition site that lacked males before they were dissected to determine whether they were inseminated. Thus the degree of bias in the sex ratios of the progeny (18% males), coupled with the suggested outcrossing potential from the experiments (26–37%), is inconsistent with the assumptions of LMC or variants of it, i.e. asynchronous brood maturation. Thus the explanation for a biased sex ratio in the offspring ofP. vindemiae remains a conundrum. More importantly,P. vindemiae does not appear to be an isolated example.
Martian life “still kicking” in meteorite ALH84001

In 1996, David McKay and his coworkers at NASA's Johnson Space Center claimed that they had evidence of life on Mars and that Martian meteorite ALH84001 was once inhabited, on Mars, by bacteria-like creatures [McKay et al, 1996].Much of the public and the media accepted their claims, but most scientists were deeply skeptical. Now more than 2 years later, what has become of the Martian microbes? Are they appealing illusions, like Lowell's canals on Mars, or are they real? In the time since the paper by McKay and his colleagues was published, the Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft have revealed volumes about Mars, and an intense lab study has discovered more secrets of the Martian meteorites, but no agreement has appeared on whether meteorite ALH84001 was ever graced by Martian life.
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Size‐Tuned Bismuth Telluride Nanoparticles

Quantum-confined semiconductors composed of heavy elements hold great promise as thermoelectric materials. An increase in the density of states near the Fermi level due to quantum confinement effects and an increased scattering of boundary phonons due to nanostructuring can lead to an increase in the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT, which is defined as s 2 STk � 1 . [1,2] Here, s is the electrical conductivity, S is the Seebeck coefficient, T is the absolute temperature, and k is the thermal conductivity. To realize the highest ZTquantum-confined material possible from a conventional thermoelectric semiconductor material such as bismuth telluride, meeting several criteria are important. First, it is reasonable to expect that uniform, optimal size quantum domains will lead to the highest ZT at a given doping level. The electronic structure of the semiconductor, which determines the thermoelectric power, depends on the degree of quantum confinement and thus the domain size. Second, the interfacial electrical transport must be optimized. The presence of impurities between the domains/particles typically leads to barriers to transport that reduce the electrical conductivity. Third, while optimizing electrical transport between domains, it is important that the quantum architecture not be destroyed, or the phonon scattering will decrease and the thermal conductivity will increase. Fourth, it is well knownthatproperdopingiscriticaltotheperformanceofbulk
School-Based Collaboration with Families: An Effective Model for a Society in Crisis

This article describes a family-school intervention model that shifts the ownership of child problem prevention and solution from therapy office to school and that assertively confronts the adult, ...
Psychometrics of a brief measure of emotional self-efficacy among adolescents from the United States.

BACKGROUND: Preliminary data were collected to evaluate the psychometric properties of an emotional self-efficacy (ESE) measure in a sample of 3836 public high school adolescents who completed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey in South Carolina. METHODS: Principal axis factor analysis was followed by a 4-way between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing for differences in total score means on selected demographic estimates and their interactions. Relationships between total score and selected risk behaviors were examined through a series of 1-way ANOVA procedures and subsequent Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) tests. RESULTS: Factor analysis results suggested that a 1-factor model best explained factor structure of the scale items (factor loadings .64 to .71, eigenvalue = 3.24, h(2) = .46). Girls reported a significantly higher mean total ESE rating than boys; White students reported a significantly higher mean total ESE rating than Black students. Statistically significant lower mean total ESE ratings were also noted for those who reported physical fighting, lifetime alcohol use, and sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: This 7-item scale is a reliable measure and could aid school health researchers and mental health practitioners in psychosocial screening and as an outcome of social and emotional learning as a brief measure of adolescent ESE. Language: en
Shrinking stability regions and expanding voltage collapse regions of power systems

A theory of voltage collapse in power systems is developed based on three mechanisms: on-load tap-changing, load dynamics and generator excitation limiting. Under the assumption that system frequency remains unchanged, the interaction among the three mechanisms is investigated in a general interconnected network model. It is found that there exists a region in the space which corresponds to monotonic fall of system voltage (collapse region). The dynamic process of voltage collapse is characterized by the voltage trajectory falling outside a shrinking stability region and entering an expanding collapse region. >