cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outside case review of surgical pathology for referred patients: The impact on patient care

Context.— Original surgical pathology materials from external sources are reviewed by our pathologists for referred patients before their clinical evaluation and treatment. Objective.— To identify the rate of major disagreements with diagnoses from external institutions and to characterize the nature and impact of discordant diagnoses on patient care. Design.— We identified and reviewed all surgical pathology cases, except for medical liver, medical renal, and cardiac pathology cases, for the period between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2010, to determine the overall frequency of major disagreements, defined as any change in diagnosis having a substantial impact on patient management. Results.— Our review of 71 811 cases initially examined between 2005 and 2010 identified 457 major disagreements (0.6%). The most frequent areas of disagreement were gastrointestinal (80 cases; 17.5%), lymph node (73; 16.0%), bone/soft tissue (47; 10.3%), and genitourinary (43; 9.4%). For a subset of 166 cases reviewed b...
E. coli tRNAs as inhibitors of viral reverse transcription in vitro.

Abstract Reverse transcription of 70S AMV RNA by AMV reverse transcriptase has been studied in the presence of E. coli tRNAs. We have shown that inhibition of DNA synthesis occurs and that the tRNAs bind to the enzyme and not to the 70S RNA. The results have implications for the control of reverse transcription in vivo.
Composted Municipal Solid Wastes Promote Growth of Young Citrus Trees Infested with Phytophthora nicotianae

The potential for compostcd municipal solid waste (CMW) to suppress Phytophthora root rot and promote growth of Sunburst tangerine trees on Sun Chu Sha rootstock was evaluated in orchard soils infested with Phytophthora nicotianae and in soils not infested with this pathogen. The planting site for one-year-old trees was treated with two sources of CMW by either incorporating the CMW into the backfill at the time of planting (20 percent v/v) or by applying it as a mulch to the soil surface (20 tons/ha). Controls were not treated with CMW. One source of CMW increased the rate growth of tree trunks over 1.5 years as compared to the controls, regardless of infestation with P. nicotianae or the method of applications of CMW. Fibrous root weight of the trees over all treatments was significantly reduced by P. nicotianae infestation; however, fibrous root weights were greater on plots treated with CMW, regardless of the CMW source or its method of application. In spite of apparent damage from root rot, P. nicoti...
Simplified Two-Dimensional Analytical Model for Friction Stir Welding Heat Transfer

A two-dimensional heat transfer problem pertaining to friction stir welding is developed by converting various pin tool configurations of interest to a simplified pin only configuration by assigning an equivalent heat flux to the pin surface. Mechanical dissipation heating, responsible for the welding, is modeled by means of a thermal boundary condition at the pin surface. A series solution is developed for the temperature distributions in the workpiece (assumed to be infinite) and these distributions are analyzed at various radial and circumferential locations. It is found that the closed form solutions developed are not influenced greatly by the truncation numbers of this series. Maximum reduced temperatures pertinent to configurations available in literature are estimated from the series and one term solutions developed and compared with those observed. Furthermore, the applicability of one term solution of this series is tested for various parametric combinations based on models available in literature. It is found that the one term solution can be applied to within a reasonable range of the process governing parameters.
Anti-CD81 activates LFA-1 on T cells and promotes T cell-B cell collaboration.

CD81 is expressed on human T cells at all stages of development. CD81 is physically associated with CD4 and CD8 and antibodies against CD81 generate signals which influence thymocyte adhesion and proliferation. Here we evaluate the function of CD81 on mature T cells. We employ a system in which B cells present superantigen to autologous T cells and find that anti-CD81 promotes T cell–B cell collaboration. Anti-CD81 induces T cell–B cell adhesion of peripheral blood lymphocytes which is partially mediated by LFA-1. CD81 engagement promotes LFA-1-dependent T cell activation, IL-2 production and proliferation. The antibody 5A6 was uniquely potent in exerting these effects compared to another antibody to CD81 or to antibodies that react with other tetraspanins expressed on T cells, anti-CD53 or anti-CD82. CD81-derived signals rapidly induce high-avidity LFA-1 as measured by cell binding to recombinant ICAM-3-coated fluorescent microspheres or by cell adhesion to ICAM-3-coated plastic. 5A6 activation of LFA-1 does not expose the high-affinity conformation epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 24.
Reproducible features of congested highway traffic

Observation of a four-mile long, inhomogeneous, congested traffic stream revealed that vehicle accumulations between detectors vary with flow in a predictable way, and that a macroscopic kinematic wave with a reproducible speed exists in queues despite unusual traffic behavior. As a result, time-dependent vehicle trip times and accumulations inside long queues (and the queue length itself) can be predicted from readily available data without using any ''degrees of freedom'' to fit the parameters of a model. Experimental vehicle counts were within 20 vehicles of the predictions for over two hours.
Improved carbohydrate tolerance and stimulation of carbohydrate oxidation and lipogenesis during short-term carbohydrate overfeeding☆

Abstract The carbohydrate intake of seven healthy men was increased from 220–265 g/d to 620–770 g/d for 17 days, while protein and fat intake remained constant. Carbohydrate loading did not affect the preprandial plasma glucose levels after an overnight fast, but reduced the postprandial increment in plasma glucose levels after 5, 11, and 17 days of overfeeding. Preprandial plasma insulin levels were slightly increased during carbohydrate overfeeding, but no increase in the postprandial rise in insulin levels was found until 11 days after the start of carbohydrate loading. Whole-body rates of carbohydrate oxidation and of glucose conversion to fat were estimated by indirect calorimetry. Basal carbohydrate oxidation rate was increased by 95% at the end of 17 days of overfeeding, but there was no potentiation in the stimulation of the carbohydrate oxidation rate induced by a meal. There was no net fat synthesis from glucose before carbohydrate loading; carbohydrate overfeeding produced nonprotein respiratory exchange ratios greater than 1.00, suggesting net fat synthesis from glucose. Meals did not stimulate net lipogenesis from glucose, either before or after overfeeding. These results indicate that the improvement in carbohydrate tolerance associated with short-term carbohydrate loading does not appear to depend on elevated insulin levels. Increased carbohydrate oxidation and lipogenesis elevated carbohydrate disposal is more than necessary to account for the improvement in carbohydrate tolerance.
Numerical design of the contoured wind-tunnel liner for the NASA swept-wing LFC test

A contoured, nonporous, wind-tunnel liner has been designed in order to simulate a free-flight infinite yawed-wing, transonic-flow condition about a large-chord, supercritical-section, laminar-flow-control (LFC), swept-wing test panel. The numerical procedure developed for this aerodynamic liner design is based upon the simple idea of streamlining and incorporates several existing transonic and boundary-layer analysis codes. A summary of the entire procedure is presented to indicate: what was done and why, the sequence of steps, and the overall data flow. The liner is being installed in the NASA Langley 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel (TPT). Test results indicating the aerodynamic performance of the liner are not yet available; thus, the liner design results given here are examples of the calculated requirements and the hardware implementation.
The value of figs to a hind-gut fermenting frugivore: a nutritional analysis

Abstract The fleshy wall of figs is an important food item for a wide range of frugivore animals. However, the nutritional significance of figs as a genus is poorly understood and somewhat puzzling, since there is considerable variation among species in chemical content. This study examined nutritional features of nine species of Ugandan figs, from Kibale Forest, eaten by chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) and many other frugivores. Fig samples were chemically analyzed for their percentages of lipid, crude protein (CP), available protein, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), pectin, total cell wall, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, cutin, tannins, dry matter and total ash. Complex carbohydrates ( cx CHO) were calculated by difference. The pulp or flesh of the figs was analyzed separately from the seed fraction. None of the assayed nutrients alone explain why figs are eaten by so many of the frugivores in Kibale Forest. Furthermore, standard calculations suggested that figs have rather low values of metabolizable energy (ME). However ME may be misunderstood when calculated by the orthodox method, because it does not aknowledge nutritional components available to frugivores capable of fore- or hind-gut fermentation. As a result of including pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose as potential energy sources through fermentation, we suggest that total ME for a chimpanzee is some 50% higher (2.78 kcal g −1 compared to 1.91 kcal g −1 ) than estimated purely on the basis of cx CHO, WSC, CP and lipid. When calculated in this way, the digestibility/fermentability of soluble and insoluble fiber components may explain the attractiveness of figs to many frugivores.
A tale of two tails: ciliary mechanotransduction in ADPKD

Abstract Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common lethal genetic disorder, characterized by the progressive development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidney, pancreas and liver, and anomalies of the cardiovascular system. Mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 , which encode the transmembrane proteins polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2) respectively, account for almost all cases of ADPKD. However, the mechanisms by which abnormalities in PKD1 and PKD2 lead to aberrant kidney development remain unknown. Recent progress in the understanding of ADPKD has focused on primary cilia, which act as sensory transducers in renal epithelial cells. New evidence shows that a mechanosensitive signal, cilia bending, activates the PC1–PC2 channel complex. When working properly, this functional complex elicits a transient Ca 2+ influx, which is coupled to the release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores.
Impact of high penetration of PV generation on frequency and voltage in a distribution feeder

This paper presents an evaluation of the impact of various levels of photovoltaic (PV) power penetration in a distribution feeder connected to a simplified grid model (SGM). PV generation is implemented in second-by-second iterations with power output based on actual solar radiation and air temperature data. High penetration levels of intermittent PV generation (15% and 30%) are employed in a feeder-configured microgrid to evaluate grid frequency and voltage characteristics. In this study, only governor droop control is included in the proposed SGM without the secondary control action (known as load frequency control). Two different grid models (fast and slow grid), PV generation configurations (concentrated and distributed), and PV penetration levels (15% and 30%) are considered in the simulation studies. Simulation results indicate the impact of the aforementioned parameters on the system frequency and voltage. Results also reveal that distributed PVs in a wide geographical area with different weather regime have less impact on the frequency and voltage.
Compliance with treatment of latent Tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers

Healthcare workers are at higher risk of exposure to tuberculosis than the general population and screening upon hire and periodically for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection is required for work in healthcare institutions. Treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) is strongly recommended in healthcare workers, but despite evidence that shows benefit, the adherence to treatment remains suboptimal. In our retrospective study of healthcare employees at a large, academic, tertiary care institution we found that only 73% were compliant with treatment of LTBI. Side effects and duration of therapy were major reasons for lack of adherence. Closer follow up during the treatment course, and the use of an alternative regimen such as the combination of isoniazid and rifapentine under direct observation for a shorter duration may improve compliance rates in healthcare workers in the future.
Selective reductions. 56. Exploration of the B-haloisopinocampheylboranes for asymmetric reduction of ketones†

A series of diisopinocampheylhaloboranes and monoisopinocampheyldihaloboranes were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding boranes with the respective HX or X2 (X = halogen) or by the hydroboration of α-pinene with the corresponding haloboranes. Stabilities of these haloboranes in various solvents were studied. Most of these haloboranes proved capable of reducing prochiral ketones to the alcohols with significant optical induction. When tested against a representative aromatic and aliphatic prochiral ketone, acetophenone and 3-methyl-2-butanone, respectively, α-phenethyl alcohol in 65–98% ee and 3-methyl-2-butanol in 28–59% ee were obtained. Some of them exhibited anomalous behavior.
ECONOMIC AND OTHER SOCIETAL DETERMINANTS OF THE PREVALENCE OF HIV: A Test of Competing Hypotheses

The spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is believed to result from HIV-infected individuals who are unaware of their infection and, thus, the possible consequences of their sexual behavior for others. However, differential rates of HIV infection between countries may reflect a different set of circumstances. We obtained data from the World Bank and several other sources to test eight alternative explanations for the global differences in prevalence of HIV infection: (1) economic underdevelopment, (2) inadequate public health care, (3) insufficient media, (4) political instability, (5) overurbanization, (6) social inequity, (7) religion, and (8) region. Our regression findings showed that income inequality and political instability had statistically significant positive effects on HIV/AIDS prevalence and that gender equality had a negative effect on HIV/AIDS prevalence. Religion and region were also important predictors, as countries that were predominately Muslim and Christian Orthodox generally had lower prevalence of HIV/AIDS, whereas West Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa had a higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS. None of the public health and media indicators were statistically relevant.
FREUDIAN SYMBOLS ON SEXUAL AND CREATIVE ASPECTS OF STORIES

Summary.-Sexual content and creativity of stories and story titles was investigated. 96 college students responded to visual presentation of instances of theoretical Freudian symbols. Analyses subjected responses to a 2 (sex) x 2 (symbol) x 2 (mode) x 6 (subscales) analysis of variance with repeated measures on subscales and to multivariate analysis of variance procedures with four dependent measures. These showed men wrore mascuhe stories and women wrote feminine stories. Certain subscales were more sensitive to sexual content than others. Painvise comparisons berween the subscales among instances of symbols emerged as s~gnificant. In addition, subjects exposed to Male symbols wrote stories containmg greater latent sexual content than subjects exposed to Female symbols. Creativity of story titles was evident only on a univariate analysis of variance. A complex topic, symbolic representation holds a central place in the study of different systems of meaning. A symbol is tradtionally defined as a representative of some other idea which derives a secondary significance not inherent in it from the particular context (Jones, 1950). Symbolism may be viewed in various ways (Ax, 1983; Noy, 1973) and is an important aspect of Freudian theory (Jacobs, 1954; Ruth, 1991). Blum (1978) stated that the psychoanalytic symbol has its significant unconscious meaning outside of awareness, independent of conscious thought and social convention, and is a function of the primary process. Furth (1983) compared and contrasted developments of Freud's linkage of symbols to libido with Piaget's explanation of symbols as a function of sensorimotor objects. Freud (1900/1985) dscussed the relationship between symptoms and dreams as based on the symbolic representation of sexual material. This posits that symbols derive meaning from their similarity in form or function of environmental objects to the male or female genitaha. The meaning of a symbol, which is genetic in nature, is therefore inherent in the structure or function of an object itself and transcends cultural differences. Researchers (Furth, 1983; Young & DeCosta, 1987) supported Freud's contention that Freudian symbolism is biological. The arena of symbolism is ". . . immensely wide, and dream symbolism
Reactivation of cutaneous radionecrosis associated with methotrexate therapy for psoriasis

Summary Methotrexate is recognized to occasionally cause a reactivation of ultraviolet erythema or acute radiation dermatitis. We describe a case of reactivation of cutaneous radionecrosis associated with low dose methotrexate given for psoriasis.
Marine-degradable polylactic acid

Polyesteracetal (PEA) copolymers of 1,3-dioxolan-4-one (DOX) with L-lactide (LA) were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Facile degradability in distilled water or seawater was observed—presumably via hydrolysis of the main-chain acetal functionality. Over 45 days, mass loss approached 2% and molecular weight loss (Mn) exceeded 15%; control experiments with polylactic acid (PLA) indicated no degradation.
Electrochemical catalysis in microemulsions. Dynamics and organic synthesis

Abstract Microemulsions are clear microheterogeneous fluids made from water, oil, and surfactant. They provide cheaper and less toxic alternatives to organic solvents. In this paper, we review progress in understanding reaction dynamics and designing mediated electrochemical syntheses in microemulsions. Rates of mediated electrochemical reactions in conductive microemulsions can be enhanced by preconcentration of reactants in a dynamic film on the electrode surface, or more generally by controlling the formal potential of the mediator in the fluid. The electrode|fluid interface in microemulsions probably consists of a dynamic layer of surfactant molecules packed more loosely on the electrode than in aqueous micellar solutions. Microemulsions afforded good yields of carbon–carbon addition products in reactions mediated by the cobalt complex vitamin B 12 . Excellent stereoselective control in microemulsions made with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was demonstrated for the catalytic cyclization of 2-(4-bromobutyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one to 1-decalone. Electrochemical synthesis in microemulsions may be a viable future approach to environmentally friendly methods of producing organic chemicals.
Ammonothermal growth of GaN utilizing negative temperature dependence of solubility in basic ammonia

Ammonothermal growth of GaN was studied to determine its eventual utility for mass production of GaN bulk crystals. Dissolution of GaN in supercritical ammonia with 1 M NaNH2 was investigated through a weight loss method. The time dependence of the weight loss was examined at 500°C and 525°C. Since the weight loss did not reach saturation as a function of time, the solubility limit was not realized. However, experiments demonstrate that GaN has a negative temperature dependence of solubility in supercritical ammonobasic solutions. Based on this result, GaN was grown via fluid transport from metallic Ga to a free-standing GaN single crystal seed by placing the seed crystal in a higher temperature zone and the nutrient in a lower temperature zone. GaN films with thickness of 5 μm (Ga face) and 4 μm (N face) were simultaneously grown on the seed in three days. The surface morphology, optical property, and defect density were found to be different for films on Ga face and N face.
PERCUTANEOUS RENAL STONE EXTRACTION: IN VITRO STUDY OF RETRIEVAL DEVICES

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Traditionally, percutaneous stone extraction has relied on the use of 2-prong and 3-prong graspers, which are prone to causing trauma to the urothelium. We evaluate the efficiency of stone removal with a novel tipless stone basket designed specifically for percutaneous procedures.Materials and Methods:: A 3, 5 and 8 mm human calculus were placed in the calix of a percutaneous renal model. A 26Fr Storz nephroscope (27093B, Storz Medical AG, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland) was inserted through a 30Fr Amplatz sheath into the model with camera input from a Storz telecam SL-NTSC feeding to a 20-inch Sony Triniton monitor (Sony Corp of America, New York, New York). Operators were randomized to start stone extraction with a Storz 3-prong grasper (27090RB) or a Cook 12Fr Perc-NCircle (38 cm) (Cook Urological, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana). Subsequent testing alternated between the 2 devices until 10 extraction attempts were conducted with each device. Time to extraction of all 3 calculi and number of i...
Brachytherapy for Head and Neck Cancer.

Brachytherapy is a useful addition to external beam irradiation in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer. Removable implants are especially important in the treatment of neoplasms of the oral cavity (tongue, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa), oropharynx (tonsil, palate, and base tongue) and nasopharynx (intracavitary boosts). The most commonly used isotope for removable implants is iridium 192. The remote afterloading technique is applicable to both interstitial and intracavitary removable implants. Permanent placement of iodine 125 and palladium 103 radioactive sources may be performed for recurrent nasopharyngeal malignancies, for palliation of accessible recurrences of primary sites in the oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx, or for cervical lymph node metastases. With brachytherapy, high radiation doses may be delivered to the volume of interest, while at the same time protecting adjacent normal tissues. Such implantations, if carefully performed, are effective, safe, and have a low risk of complications.
A neural mechanism for working and recognition memory in inferior temporal cortex

Inferior temporal (IT) cortex is critical for visual memory, but it is not known how IT neurons retain memories while new information is streaming into the visual system. Single neurons were therefore recorded from IT cortex of two rhesus monkeys performing tasks that required them to hold items in memory while concurrently viewing other items. The neuronal response to an incoming visual stimulus was attenuated if it matched a stimulus actively held in working memory, even when several other stimuli intervened. The neuronal response to novel stimuli declined as the stimuli became familiar to the animal. IT neurons appear to function as adaptive mnemonic "filters" that preferentially pass information about new, unexpected, or not recently seen stimuli.
A performance comparison of bitmap indexes

We present a comparison of two new word-aligned schemes with some schemes for compressing bitmap indexes, including the well-known byte-aligned bitmap code (BBC). On both synthetic data and real application data, the new word-aligned schemes use only 50% more space, but perform logical operations on compressed data 12 times faster than BBC. The new schemes achieve this performance advantage by guaranteeing that during logical operations every machine instruction performs useful work on words rather than on bytes or bits as in BBC.
A Closed Form Solution for Flow During the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process

A closed form solution to the flow of resin in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process (VARTM) has been derived. VARTM is used extensively for affordable manufacturing of large composite structures. During the VARTM process, a highly permeable distribution medium is incorporated into the preform as a surface layer. During infusion, the resin flows preferentially across the surface and simultaneously through the preform giving rise to a complex flow front. The analytical solution presented here provides insight into the scaling laws governing fill times and resin inlet placement as a function of the properties of the preform, distribution media and resin. The formulation assumes that the flow is fully developed and is divided into two regimes: a saturated region with no crossflow and a flow front region where the resin is infiltrating into the preform from the distribution medium. The flow front region moves with a uniform velocity. The law of conservation of mass and Darcy's Law for flow through porous media are applied in each region. The resulting equations are nondimensionalized and are solved to yield the flow front shape and the development of the saturated region. It is found that the flow front is parabolic in shape and the length of the saturated region is proportional to the square root of the time elapsed. The results thus obtained are compared to data from full scale simulations and an error analysis of the solution was carried out. It was found that the time to fill is determined with a high degree of accuracy while the error in estimating the flow front length, d, increases with a dimensionless parameter e=K 2xx h 2 2 /K 2yy d 2 . The solution allows greater insight into the process physics, enables parametric and optimization studies and can reduce the computational cost of full-scale 3-dimensional simulations. A parametric study is conducted to establish the sensitivity of flow front velocity to the distribution media/preform thickness ratio and permeabilities and preform porosity, The results provide insight into the scaling laws for manufacturing of large scale structures by VARTM.
A graphical method to determine the harmonic magnification in radial feeders due to SVC operation

Abstract Static var compensators (SVC) are used widely in power systems. Their disadvantages are the harmonic generation and, under certain operating conditions, SVC interacts with the power system. This interaction may magnify some of the harmonic components. This paper represents a graphical method that explores the effect of SVC's parameters and operating point on the voltage quality at load's bus bar due to the harmonic component magnification. This method overcomes the need to solve the system's non-linear state equations and/or the use of EMTP program to investigate the possibility of harmonic magnification occurrence in a particular radial feeder. The method also determines the critical value of SVC inductance to avoid harmonic magnification. The method is applied to a radial feeder in the state of Massachusetts, USA. The results are reported with a comparison to EMTP results.
Analysis of Design Tradeoffs for Passively Damped Structural Joints

An innovative means to enhance the inherent damping in structures is provided by the designed-in incorporation of viscoelastic materials in joints. The joints, as envisioned, are double-lap shear joints that dissipate energy when worked in an axial direction. To better understand the relationship between structural stiffness and structural damping as a function of important physical parameters, a one-dimensional analysis of a typical joint was developed. A quasistatic analytical model based on the complex modulus description of viscoelastic behavior is utilized. Potential applications to parametric studies, preliminary design, and experimental data analysis are illustrated. The predictions correlate well with expected physical behavior, simplified approximate models, and available test data.
Urodynamic studies in female children who wet: A review of an experience

The value of a simplified urodynamic evaluation was assessed in girls with diurnal and/or nocturnal enuresis who had no overt obstruction or neuropathy. The 111 girls evaluated were divided into three groups. Forty-three had normal findings, that is to say they were stable during filling and voiding was coordinated and complete. Fifty-three had unstable bladders during filling but voiding was normal and coordinated. Fifteen had dyssynergic voiding and an increased residual urine. The urodynamic findings were helpful in distinguishing these groups with their different management options. The data also indicated that they are two distinct groups, one with instability alone and one with dysfunctional voiding with or without instability. Although infection and reflux are common with instability alone, the more devasting urinary tract changes, in particular heavy trabeculation and elongation of the bladder, occur with dysfunctional voiding.
Anions mediate ligand binding in Adineta vaga glutamate receptor ion channels.

Summary AvGluR1, a glutamate receptor ion channel from the primitive eukaryote Adineta vaga , is activated by alanine, cysteine, methionine, and phenylalanine, which produce lectin-sensitive desensitizing responses like those to glutamate, aspartate, and serine. AvGluR1 LBD crystal structures reveal an unusual scheme for binding dissimilar ligands that may be utilized by distantly related odorant/chemosensory receptors. Arginine residues in domain 2 coordinate the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate, whereas in the alanine, methionine, and serine complexes a chloride ion acts as a surrogate ligand, replacing the γ-carboxyl group. Removal of Cl − lowers affinity for these ligands but not for glutamate or aspartate nor for phenylalanine, which occludes the anion binding site and binds with low affinity. AvGluR1 LBD crystal structures and sedimentation analysis also provide insights into the evolutionary link between prokaryotic and eukaryotic iGluRs and reveal features unique to both classes, emphasizing the need for additional structure-based studies on iGluR-ligand interactions.
Vitamin K deficiency in infants beyond the neonatal period

Acquired vitamin K deficiency occurring beyond the immediate newborn period is described in 4 infants from 5 to 8 weeks of age. Purpura and neurological abnormalities were serious presenting manifestations. Increased prothrombin and kaolin-partial thromboplastin times and reduced plasma levels of factors II, VII, IX, and X were confirmatory of a vitamin K deficiency. Decreased vitamin K intake or absorption and changes in intestinal flora secondary to antibiotic therapy are probable causative factors in this syndrome.
Correlations of structure and electronic properties from EPR spectroscopy of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase.

Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) from the autotrophic nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea catalyzes the oxidation of NH2OH to HNO2. The enzyme contains eight hemes per subunit which participate in catalytic function and electron transport. The structure of the enzyme shows a unique spatial arrangement of the eight hemes, subsets of which are now observed in four other proteins. The spatial arrangement displays three types of diheme pairing motifs. At least four of the eight hemes are electronically coupled in two distinguishable pairs and one of these pairs is at the active site of the enzyme. Here, the use of quantitative simulation of the EPR signals allows determination of exchange couplings, and assignments of signals and reduction potentials to hemes of the crystal structure. The absence of any obvious heme-to-heme bonding pathway in the crystal structure suggests that the observed exchange interactions are derived from direct electronic overlap of porphyrin orbitals. This provides evidence ...
Questionnaire Measures of Affiliative Tendency and Sensitivity to Rejection

This paper reviewed evidence bearing on questionnaire measures of affiliative tendency and sensitivity to rejection (Mehrabian, 1970a). Subjects (n = 916 undergraduates) who scored higher on the me...
THE EFFECTS ON OBSERVED- AND TRUE-SCORE EQUATING PROCEDURES OF MATCHING ON A FALLIBLE CRITERION: A SIMULATION WITH TEST VARIATION1

Two recent simulation studies were conducted to aid in the diagnosis and interpretation of equating differences found between random and matched (nonrandom) samples for four commonly used equating procedures: Tucker, Levine equally reliable, and Chained equipercentile observed-score procedures and the 3PL IRT true-score equating procedure. For these simulations, test forms were equated to themselves, a situation that does not pattern reality. In the current simulation, test variation was added as an additional variable for study. The results of the current simulation confirmed the results of the previous two simulations and support the prediction based on theoretical grounds that observed-score equating methods, such as Tucker and Chained equipercentile, are more affected by sample variation than are a true-score method (IRT) or an observed-score method based on true-score assumptions (Levine equally reliable). The results further suggest that matching equating samples on the basis of a fallible measure of ability, such as anchor test score, is not advisable for any equating method studied except possibly the Tucker method.
Sex attractant for three species of the genusOncocnemis: O. chandleri (Grt.),O. cibalis (Grt.), andO. mackiei (B. & Benj.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Oncocnemis chandleri, O. cibalis, andO. mackiei were attracted to chemically baited traps in the field. In all three cases, (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate was a key component for attraction. Attraction ofO. chandleri to traps baited with the (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate was inhibited by addition of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate.O. cibalis required both (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate for attraction. Electroantennogram responses for the three species are also reported.
Understanding Nonprescription and Prescription Drug Misuse in Late Adolescence/Young Adulthood

This study explored the extent to which nonprescription and prescription drugs misuse among adolescents/young adults are related to their perception that it is safer than illicit drugs, ease of access, and lower societal stigma. Adolescents/young adults (N = 465; M age = 18.57, SD = 0.86) completed an online survey about their nonprescription and prescription drug misuse, other substance use, and correlates of use. Perceived risk, societal stigma, and access to nonprescription and prescription drugs were predictive of misuse. Results support program planners working towards targeting perceived risk and societal stigma in reducing misuse and the need to restrict and monitor access to nonprescription and prescription drugs for adolescents/young adults.
IMFP effects on the equatorial geomagnetic field and ionosphere-a review

Abstract It has recently been suggested by a few scientists that the interplanetary magnetic field polarity (IMFP) has a remarkable influence on geomagnetic and ionospheric phenomena over the equatorial region, in addition to the effect over the polar region. All recent reports with regard to those equatorial effects are critically examined, and a new result of geomagnetic field effects with their seasonal variations is presented. After a discussion of possible mechanisms of the effects, suggestions for future investigations are provided.
Stalking a Moving Target: Thirty Years of Summarizing a Changing Field for Changing Students

For more than thirty years, I have been engaged in writing textbooks on the psychology of women and gender. During that time, the field has expanded dramatically and shifted in focus in a number of ways. There has been growing attention to the tension between emphasizing gender differences and similarities, an increasing focus on examining gendered behavior in the light of contextual variables, and a rising awareness of within-gender differences. The student population has changed too, becoming less patient with reading, more technologically oriented, and sometimes less likely to self-define as feminist. Meanwhile, the textbook publishing industry has become increasingly consolidated into a few massive companies. The current article presents a personal perspective on some of these developments, as well as some predictions for the future.
Chemoprophylaxis and Chemotherapy of Experimental Poliomyelitis.

Summary1. Two of 19 monkeys (10.5%) developed poliomyelitis when treated prophylactically with 4-amino-1-naphthol HCl (Naphtoholic derivative). 2. One sample of gallic acid, technical (E-1) (Phenolic derivative) prophylactically protected all of the 12 monkeys treated. A second sample of gallic acid, technical (E-2), freshly prepared, failed to exhibit prophylactic protection. Its mother liquor, however, stored for 50 days allowed only one animal of eleven to develop the disease, when used prophylactically. Of 14 monkeys treated prophylactically with p-aminophenol, 3 developed poliomyelitis. 3. When used therapeutically, both gallic acid, technical (E-1) and mother liquor (E-2) of technical gallic acid, stored at 4°C from one week to 3 months, and given to monkeys beginning 5 days after virus, 7 of 53 monkeys (13%) developed the disease, whereas 47.1% of the controls developed the disease.
Do angiomas of the nasal septum exist

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNA) by definition originate in the nasopharynx. Vascular tumors arising in the nasal cavity can easily be mistaken for JNA, when the correct diagnosis is hemangioma or angiofibromatous polyp. We present a case that illustrates this problem, an 11-year-old boy with a unilateral anterior nasal cavity mass associated with recurrent epistaxis. At surgery, the mass was found to arise from the anterior nasal septum and was removed easily with minimal bleeding. The initial pathologic interpretation was JNA. After extensive review of the specimen, however, the diagnosis of hemangioma was made. Similar tumors have been reported as being JNA that have been simple to remove with minimal blood loss. JNA is associated with more severe blood loss, is more difficult to expose surgically and has a higher risk of recurrence than other nasal tumors. Therefore, JNA needs to be distinguished from anterior nasal cavity masses.
The oral surgical operations of Grover Cleveland: A presidential cover-up

Stephen Grover Cleveland was known as one of America's great Presidents, leading the nation during a year of severe financial disarray, known as the "Panic of 1893." The world's gold standard was in ruin and banks throughout America were closing; the Sherman Silver Act of 1890, enabling Congress to purchase 4½ million ounces of silver bullion per month, threatened to deplete the United States' gold reserve to dangerous levels. In addition to the weight of the nation on his shoulders, Cleveland had a personal health crisis early in the second term of his presidency, a crisis that today would be handled by the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. It was a time for strong leadership from the White House; any knowledge of the President's illness would be disastrous to the world's financial markets. The cover-up of Cleveland' s surgeries would make today's Secret Service proud. On June 18, 1893, Cleveland's physician, Major Robert Martland O'Reilly, was summoned to the Oval Office to examine a "rough place" on the roof of the President's hard palate. Cleveland stated that this ulcerated area had been present for the previous 4 to 5 weeks. O'Reilly obtained a biopsy of the lesion and sent it to what is now known as the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology for evaluation. The following day, he wrote to Dr Joseph Decateur Bryant, a New York City surgeon and friend of the President:
Load transfer from broken fibers in continuous fiber Al2O3-Al composites and dependence on local volume fraction

Abstract The load transfer characteristics of a continuous, high volume fraction alumina (Al2O3)fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite are determined by combining high spatial resolution stress measurements and computational micromechanical modeling. The residual stresses in individual fibers and the redistribution of applied load due to fiber failure have been measured using photostimulated Cr3+ luminescence based piezospectroscopy. From these measurements, the load transfer profiles along broken fibers and the induced stress concentration profiles on their adjacent neighbors have been determined. They are found to depend on the local inter-fiber spacing. They are compared with fiber stress profiles predicted by a shear-lag stress analysis which accounts for the influences of matrix yielding, called the quadratic influence superpositon (QIS) technique, as well as other shear-lag based multifiber composite models. The current study indicates that fiber breaks are accompanied by matrix yielding extending on the order of fiber diameters and which induce significant stress concentrations on neighboring fibers, dependent on the local fiber spacing and extent of plastic yielding. Additionally, the matrix yield strength is dependent on the local fiber spacing and increases with decreasing local fiber spacing. The implications of the micromechanical load sharing characteristics and composite processing on ultimate tensile strength are discussed.
Wavelet approach to detect discontinuities of intensity functions for minefield classification

Charles K. ChuiTexas A&M University, Department of MathematicsCollege Station, TX 77843ABSTRACFAn inhomogeneous point process is assumed to govern the observation of a minefield embeddedin background clutter. Basic assumptions are that the clutter process is distributed as aninhomogeneous Poisson process with a smooth intensity function and that the minefield process isspatially bounded. This leads to a scheme involving estimation of the underlying intensity of theobserved process and detection of intensity discontinuities to locate minefield boundaries. A tensorproduct cubic spline with small bandwidth is used for original intensity estimation. Subsequently, anoversampled spline-wavelet decomposition is applied to the estimated intensity and the maximummodulus of the wavelet transform is used to detect "discontinuities" in the underlying intensityfunction. It is then these discontinuities which are assumed to be minefield boundaries when theoriginal smootimess assumptions about the clutter process are valid. Some simulated results arepresented for several background clutter processes at different modulus of continuity.1 INTRODUCTIONGiven a set of (x,y) coordinates as output from some single mine detection system, the goal ofthis work is to process the observations to identify regions in the area searched which contain mineswhile reliably identifying regions which are clear of mines. These observations can be thought of asbeing a sample from a planar point process which is a combination of two different processes. Oneprocess governs the distribution of mines while the other governs the distribution of false alarms. Inorder to separate these two processes and thus perform minefield detection, one must make sometype of assumption about the false alarm process and/or the minefield process. In previous work"2,the false alann process is assumed to be governed by complete spatial randomness (CSR) with
Identification and expansion of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells.

Abstract Pancreatic islet transplantation represents an attractive approach for the treatment of diabetes. However, the limited availability of donor islets has largely hampered this approach. In this respect, the use of alternative sources of islets such as the ex vivo expansion and differentiation of functional endocrine cells for treating diabetes has become the major focus of diabetes research. Adult pancreatic stem cells /progenitor cells have yet to be recognized because limited markers exist for their identification. While the pancreas has the capacity to regenerate under certain circumstances, questions where adult pancreatic stem/progenitor cells are localized, how they are regulated, and even if the pancreas harbors a stem cell population need to be resolved. In this article, we review the recent achievements both in the identification as well as in the expansion of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells.
Board composition and financial performance in major hospitals

Relative to for-profit corporations, there has been very little empirical research examining governing board structure in the predominantly non-profit hospital industry. In this study, we explore the financial impact of board size and diversity for the largest 100 non-profit hospitals in the USA. We use regression and analysis of variance methods to explore relationships between financial performance and board composition. Results suggest that hospital governance models are changing, shifting from a large, largely philanthropic model to a smaller 'corporate' model. Results also show that higher performing hospitals tended to have smaller boards and greater percentage of physician directors.
Intermolecular biological electron transfer: an electrochemical approach.

Abstract We investigated the electron transfer (ET) rates between a well-defined gold electrode and cytochrome c immobilized at the carboxylic acid terminus of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) by using the potential modulated electroreflectance technique. A logarithmic plot of ET rates against the chain length of the alkanethiol is linear with long chain alkanethiols. The ET rates become independent of the chain length with short alkanethiols. It is proposed that the rate-limiting ET step through short alkyl chains results from a configurational rearrangement process preceding the ET event. This “gating” process arises from a rearrangement of the cytochrome c from a thermodynamically stable binding form on the carboxylic acid terminus to a configuration, which facilitates the most efficient ET pathways (surface diffusion process). We propose that the lysine-13 of mammalian cytochrome c facilitates the most efficient ET pathway to the carboxylate terminus and this proposal is supported by the ET reaction rate of a rat cytochrome c mutant (RC9–K13A) [Elektrokhimiya (2001) in press], in which lysine-13 is replaced by alanine. The ET rate of K13A is more than six orders of magnitude smaller than that of the native protein.