cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indications for Mechanical Ventilation

The main indication for mechanical ventilation is respiratory failure, defined as the inability of the lungs to perform adequate gas exchange. Mechanical ventilators utilize positive pressure to support gas exchange and unload the muscles of respiration. This chapter will review some of the common causes of respiratory failure.
Surveillance for Avibacterium paragallinarum in autopsy cases of birds from small chicken flocks using a real-time PCR assay:

Infectious coryza is a severe respiratory disease of chickens associated with large economic losses in affected commercial flocks. The fastidious causative pathogen, Avibacterium paragallinarum, is...
Root and Shoot Growth Response of Balled-and-Burlapped and Pot-in-Pot Sugar Maple to Transplanting at Five Phenological Growth Stages

Abstract The combined effects of phenological growth stage of a tree (e.g., bud break or bud set) and production method on plant response to transplanting are not well documented. This experiment therefore examined shoot extension, trunk diameter increase, and new root length production in balled-and-burlapped (B&B) and pot-in-pot (PIP) sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.) transplanted at five different phenological stages between fall 2000 and early summer 2001 (leaf drop, root quiescence, root activation, bud break, or bud set). Growth measurements were made at bud set and root quiescence in 2001 at bud set in 2002. For B&B trees, total new root length on rhizotron windows was generally greatest for trees planted at bud break and lowest for trees planted at leaf drop. Trees transplanted at leaf drop or root quiescence had the greatest trunk diameter increase, and there was no strong effect of phenological stage at planting on shoot extension. For PIP trees, evidence was weak for a phenological stage eff...
Stabilization of furanics to cyclic ketone building blocks in the vapor phase

Abstract Furanics are produced in high abundance from the decomposition of biomass. The thermal and chemical instability of these species leads to the formation of humins upon condensation. The ring rearrangement of furfural to form 2-cyclopentenone and cyclopentanone is known to occur in the condensed aqueous phase, but this requires operation in condensed acidic media where humin formation readily occurs. High hydrogen pressures are typically used to offset rapid polymerization reactions, limiting the yields of stable unsaturated products that result. Here we report that furfural can be selectively converted to 2-cyclopentenone and cyclopentanone in a single step over supported TiO2 catalysts with both model compounds and real biomass-derived streams in the vapor phase. Selectivity for ring rearrangement vs. C O cleavage over TiO2 supported Ru and Pd catalysts can be tuned by manipulating the water partial pressure. The formation of these products in the absence of a condensed acidic stream also enables the tuning of reaction environments to favor the selective formation of unsaturated ketones, which could be valuable diolefin precursors. The incorporation of a TiO2 support in the catalysts tested leads to the suppression of C C hydrogenolysis/decarbonylation and enhancement of ring rearrangement reactions. The nature of the active sites for selective C O cleavage as well as vapor phase ring rearrangement are discussed.
Energy transformation and energy storage in the Midwest and beyond

The electricity sector is transforming quickly, and there is a need to understand the technical, economic, and policy implications. Energy storage will play an important role in the new grid. In the MISO region, the Midwest, and in Minnesota, there are many opportunities and policy questions being explored around energy storage. The electricity grid in the United States is transforming quickly and dramatically. Energy storage will play an important role in this newly designed grid, serving many functions that support a more flexible, highly renewable, and more resilient grid with declining fossil generating plants. The particular role of energy storage in the Midwest, and in Minnesota as a Midwest case study, is described, with a detailed analysis of selected energy storage use cases. The FERC Order 841 and the challenges and opportunities for energy storage in the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) region are summarized.
A Dynamic Graph Cuts Method with Integrated Multiple Feature Maps for Segmenting Kidneys in 2D Ultrasound Images

Rationale and Objectives Automatic segmentation of kidneys in ultrasound (US) images remains a challenging task because of high speckle noise, low contrast, and large appearance variations of kidneys in US images. Because texture features may improve the US image segmentation performance, we propose a novel graph cuts method to segment kidney in US images by integrating image intensity information and texture feature maps. Materials and Methods We develop a new graph cuts-based method to segment kidney US images by integrating original image intensity information and texture feature maps extracted using Gabor filters. To handle large appearance variation within kidney images and improve computational efficiency, we build a graph of image pixels close to kidney boundary instead of building a graph of the whole image. To make the kidney segmentation robust to weak boundaries, we adopt localized regional information to measure similarity between image pixels for computing edge weights to build the graph of image pixels. The localized graph is dynamically updated and the graph cuts-based segmentation iteratively progresses until convergence. Our method has been evaluated based on kidney US images of 85 subjects. The imaging data of 20 randomly selected subjects were used as training data to tune parameters of the image segmentation method, and the remaining data were used as testing data for validation. Results Experiment results demonstrated that the proposed method obtained promising segmentation results for bilateral kidneys (average Dice index = 0.9446, average mean distance = 2.2551, average specificity = 0.9971, average accuracy = 0.9919), better than other methods under comparison (P Conclusions The proposed method achieved promising performance for segmenting kidneys in two-dimensional US images, better than segmentation methods built on any single channel of image information. This method will facilitate extraction of kidney characteristics that may predict important clinical outcomes such as progression of chronic kidney disease.
Hypertension in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women

To examine available clinical data on the differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with hypertension (HTN). Clinical conditions related to HTN and reproductive status differ in younger women compared with older women. Due to recent changes in the definition of HTN, the prevalence of HTN has increased significantly in all women. Rising rates of obesity among women of all ages increase the risk for HTN. Among younger women, long-term vascular consequences of preeclampsia, the under-reported prevalence of fibromuscular dysplasia, and widespread use of oral contraceptive pills in women with contraindications confer unique risks for HTN-related cardiovascular risk. For older women, insights on vascular aging and hormonal changes with menopause are shown to be gender-specific causal factors for HTN. Assessment of risk factors unique to premenopausal and postmenopausal women can facilitate the management of HTN and improve long-term outcomes. Further studies in women are needed to accurately stratify women risk based on these risk factors.
Feasibility-based and Personalized Crash Imminence Detection and Control in Braking Situations

Predicting the future speed of a vehicle in driving situation is a challenging task due to the high nonlinearity of human driver's control action in various driving environments. However, such a prediction is beneficial to a number of research areas including intelligent transportation system development, driver behavior evaluation and safety improvement. As an example, an accurate speed prediction model helps the driver prevent vehicle-to-vehicle crash by predicting crash imminent situations in advance. Most speed prediction models consider the acceleration as a control input in the longitudinal case. This paper proposes a novel method to predict the acceleration using the model predictive control (MPC) combined with artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a reference. ANNs are trained to design MPC to have the optimal control law that is the same as the true value of one step future acceleration. To identify various drivers' driving abilities and to develop personalized models, personalized constraints are correspondingly proposed. By analyzing the feasibility, the proposed model is able to detect crash imminent situations based on each driver's daily driving habits. With the personalized crash-imminence detection model, a hybrid MPC is implemented to produce an additional control input as a crash-avoidance measure.
Exploring the Structure and Assembly of Galaxies at the Heart of the Coma Cluster

We constrain the assembly history of galaxies in the projected central 0.5 Mpc of the Coma cluster by performing structural decomposition on 69 massive \((M_{\star } \geq 10^{9}\ M_{\odot })\) galaxies using high-resolution F814W images from the HST Treasury Survey of Coma. Each galaxy is modeled with up to three Sersic components having a free Sersic index n. After excluding the two cDs in the projected central 0.5 Mpc of Coma, 57 % of the galactic stellar mass in the projected central 0.5 Mpc of Coma resides in classical bulges/ellipticals while 43 % resides in cold disk-dominated structures. Most of the stellar mass in Coma may have been assembled through major (and possibly minor) mergers. Hubble types are assigned based on the decompositions, and we find a strong morphology-density relation; the ratio of (E+S0):spirals is (91.0 %):9.0 %. In agreement with earlier work, the size of outer disks in Coma S0s/spirals is smaller compared with lower-density environments captured with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Among similar-mass clusters from a hierarchical semi-analytic model, no single cluster can simultaneously match all the global properties of the Coma cluster. The model strongly overpredicts the mass of cold gas and underpredicts the mean fraction of stellar mass locked in hot components over a wide range of galaxy masses. We suggest that these disagreements with the model result from missing cluster physics (e.g., ram-pressure stripping), and certain bulge assembly modes (e.g., mergers of clumps). Overall, our study of Coma underscores that galaxy evolution is not solely a function of stellar mass, but also of environment.
Isotopic Labeling of Formate Dehydrogenase Perturbs the Protein Dynamics.

Isotope substitution of enzymes has become a means of addressing the participation of protein motions in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The idea is that only the enzyme mass will be altered and not th...
From Vienna to Verona: Preliminaries to the Congress

The exodus from Vienna began on October 2, with the departure of Francis I, accompanied by the Austrian delegation and two distinguished Russian diplomats: Nesselrode and Pozzo di Borgo. Arriving at Salzburg that night, they found Count and Madame Lieven waiting to join their party. As they passed through southern Bavaria on the road to Innsbruck, Metternich stopped at Tegernsee on the 6th for a conference with King Max Joseph. He and the rulers of Baden and Saxe-Weimar, having granted their subjects constitutions under Article XIII of the German Federal Act (June 8, 1815), feared that the Congress of Verona would be a sequel to that of Carlsbad (August-September 1819). As spokesman for the liberal German princes, Max Joseph had been delegated to obtain Metternich’s promise that their political institutions would not be disturbed. Confident of the support of France and Russia, the Bavarian king ably carried out his mission. The Austrian chancellor, in a show of moderation, assured him that the Congress would not deliberate on the general state of Germany nor on any particular state of the Confederation. But he denounced the Bavarian constitution and the revolutionary sect whose influence in the Munich cabinet was incompatible with the peace of monarchial Europe.2 As Paul W. Schroeder has observed: Metternich objected to all such constitutions not merely because they were representative, and hence incompatible with absolutism, but also because they were national, and thus incompatible with the structure of the Austrian Empire. A national constitution, Metternich believed, would be the death of Austria.… But if it was in the best interest of Austria not to have a unified constitution, other German states should not set a bad example by having one.…3
The Verriest Lecture: Adventures in blue and yellow

Conventional models of color vision assume that blue and yellow (along with red and green) are the fundamental building blocks of color appearance, yet how these hues are represented in the brain and whether and why they might be special are questions that remain shrouded in mystery. Many studies have explored the visual encoding of color categories, from the statistics of the environment to neural processing to perceptual experience. Blue and yellow are tied to salient features of the natural color world, and these features have likely shaped several important aspects of color vision. However, it remains less certain that these dimensions are encoded as primary or “unique” in the visual representation of color. There are also striking differences between blue and yellow percepts that may reflect high-level inferences about the world, specifically about the colors of light and surfaces. Moreover, while the stimuli labeled as blue or yellow or other basic categories show a remarkable degree of constancy within the observer, they all vary independently of one another across observers. This pattern of variation again suggests that blue and yellow and red and green are not a primary or unitary dimension of color appearance, and instead suggests a representation in which different hues reflect qualitatively different categories rather than quantitative differences within an underlying low-dimensional “color space.”
The Internationalization of the Public-Affairs Function in U.S. Multinational Enterprises

Researching the organization and management of international public affairs (IPA) in the then-new multinational enterprises (MNEs) started in the 1960s. At first, IPA studies kept fairly good pace with what was known about the MNEs' nonmarket environments, their structurings, and their processes. After 1980, a disconnect developed in our knowledge of these three interrelated topics. In particular, much of more recent IPA research (a) fails to reflect the true scope, real actors, and organizational location of the IPA function; (b) remains focused on old issues (e.g., the hierarchical relationship between headquarters and subsidiaries); (c) is mired in complex statistical analyses of remote data; (d) uses relevant theories in rather marginal ways; and (e) overlooks the impact on IPA of such important developments as mergers, acquisitions, and divestments. Yet, investigators can stretch their research methodologies and refocus their studies on the organization and management of the two faces of public affairs — offensive and defensive — in the context of new nonmarket threats and opportunities.
Chloroferrocene-mediated laccase bioelectrocatalyst for the rapid reduction of O2

Abstract Enzymatic biofuel cells are a promising and environmentally friendly technology for energy generation from renewable fuel sources. Glucose biofuel cells employ enzymatic catalysts at both the anode and cathode to oxidize glucose and reduce oxygen while producing electricity. Consequently, there is a need for materials capable of immobilizing enzymes and facilitating efficient electron transfer between an electrode surface and an enzymatic active site. Here, we describe a chloroferrocene-modified linear poly(ethylenimine) capable of mediating electro-enzymatic oxygen reduction by laccase. Enzymatic biocathodes constructed using this mediator generated current densities up to 2.66 mA cm−2, and up to 636 μW cm−2 (Eoc = 0.6 V) power when combined with a tetramethylferrocene-mediated glucose oxidase bioanode to construct a biofuel cell mediated entirely by ferrocenes.
The Implications of Population Changes on Generalization and Study Design

Findings from experimental studies have increasingly been used to inform policy in school settings. Thus far, the populations in many of these studies are typically defined in a cross-sectional con...
Lecture Notes on Term Rewriting and Computational Complexity

The main powerful method for establishing termination of term rewriting systems was discovered by Nachum Dershowitz through the introduction of certain natural well founded orderings (lexicographic path orderings). This leads to natural decision problems which may be of the highest computational complexity of any decidable problems appearing in a natural established computer science context.
Ward, rehabilitation, and clinic-based wearable devices

Abstract The field of physical rehabilitative medicine focuses on maximizing functional capacity following injury or illness. Rehabilitation may involve restoration of physical performance or facilitating compensation to substitute for lost function. Clinicians involved in rehabilitation work in a variety of settings, including acute care ward, inpatient rehabilitation, skilled nursing, home health, outpatient rehabilitation, and research settings. The International Classification of Functioning (ICF) model describes and organizes information on functional performance and disability, and is used throughout the stages of rehabilitation to help provide a common language within the healthcare system. In this chapter, we describe how wearable technologies can be used to aid in the assessment and tracking of rehabilitative interventions across the three domains of the ICF model: (1) Body Functions and Structure, (2) Activity, and (3) Participation. Following this, we will provide a case study example to give context to the potential use of wearable sensors within different types of patient care settings. Finally, we will discuss factors leading to current limitations in integrating wearable sensors into clinical settings and provide suggestions for future directions that can benefit rehabilitative technology.
Two new yellow-flowered tuberous species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Bolivia

Begonia germaineana and Begonia chrysantha, members of Begonia section Eupetalum, are described and illustrated as new species endemic to Bolivia. A key is provided to these and other yellow-flowered Begonia species from South America.
Accelerating the two-point and three-point galaxy correlation functions using Fourier transforms

Though Fourier Transforms (FTs) are a common technique for finding correlation functions, they are not typically used in computations of the anisotropy of the two-point correlation function (2PCF) about the line of sight in wide-angle surveys because the line-of-sight direction is not constant on the Cartesian grid. Here we show how FTs can be used to compute the multipole moments of the anisotropic 2PCF. We also show how FTs can be used to accelerate the 3PCF algorithm of Slepian & Eisenstein (2015). In both cases, these FT methods allow one to avoid the computational cost of pair counting, which scales as the square of the number density of objects in the survey. With the upcoming large datasets of DESI, Euclid, and LSST, FT techniques will therefore offer an important complement to simple pair or triplet counts.
An Observation on Bell’s Model for Molecular Bond Separation Under Force

Within the context of reaction rate theory, Bell proposed a particular dependence of the reaction off-rate on applied force to describe molecular bond separation under force. Here, the issue is re-examined from the point of view of the diffusive transport of bond states over a landscape of interaction energy for the bond pair in the presence of a time-dependent applied force. We are led to an expression for the off-rate which is perhaps more soundly based and which reduces to Bell’s result for bond separation at force levels that are small in a particular sense. For a given molecular bond, it appears that the condition of small force can be assured only under conditions of relatively slow loading of the bond.
“Cohesion and Pragmatic Theory in Second-Language Writing Instruction”

Textual coherence is often characterized in English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL) writing classes as a function of the presence of overt cohesive elements. A common result of a cohesion emphasis is learner overuse of connective expressions. This paper sketches a rationale, grounded in current pragmatic theory, for a pedagogical approach to connectives that addresses both underuse and overuse in relationship to writer audience. Though textbooks typically supply checklist questions centering on audience, these questions are mainly topic-specific. The inclusion of additional questions oriented to more general reader comprehension issues is recommended.
Building Evidence-Based Advocacy in Cyberspace

Abstract The conduct of advocacy is critical to the accomplishment of the mission of professional social work. Unfortunately, traditional advocacy practice is rarely based on any real evidence attesting to its effectiveness. This leaves advocates almost completely dependent on practice wisdom. As we move toward advocacy practice in virtual environments, we are faced with new opportunities to build evidence-based advocacy practice. This paper provides a discussion about how this end might be accomplished and offers suggestions about developing evidence-based practice in cyberspace. The major issues are discussed, problems are identified and strategies for overcoming those problems are developed. The paper provides a foundation for subsequent work in developing evidence-based electronic advocacy.
Path Spaces, Continuous Tensor Products, and E0-Semigroups

We classify all continuous tensor product systems of Hilbert spaces which are “infinitely divisible” in the sense that they have an associated logarithmic structure. These results are applied to the theory of E 0-semigroups to deduce that every E 0-semigroup possessing sufficiently many “decomposable” operators must be cocycle conjugate to a CCR flow (Theorem 12.3).
Imaging of localized prostate cancer: Functional or targeted or both?

1077 Learning Objectives 1. To discuss the molecular biology and metabolism of prostate cancer. 2. To review functional imaging techniques in localized prostate cancer (multi-parametric MRI). 3. To review PET radiotracers that target prostate cancer. 4. To discuss future directions. Imaging is playing an increasingly important role in the clinical management of prostate cancer. An important goal for prostate cancer imaging is more accurate localization and staging whether the cancer is confined to the prostate or has spread elsewhere. Recent developments in imaging technologies, specifically magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), have improved accurate detection and staging capability of prostate cancer. This educational exhibit demonstrates functional and molecular imaging techniques and their findings in prostate cancer in its various states. Research Support NCI Intramural Program/Center for Cancer Researc
Sulfur modifies the chemisorption of carbon monoxide on rhodium/alumina model catalysts

Abstract The effect of D 2 S on the chemisorption of CO on supported rhodium is examined with tunneling spectroscopy. It is seen that for low concentrations, D 2 S decreases the density of species with two CO molecules per Rh atom and increases the density of species with one CO molecule per Rh atom. At higher concentration D 2 S decreases the density of all types of adsorbed CO.
Field Performance of Compacted Clay Liners

A database consisting of 85 full-scale compacted clay liners was assembled to evaluate field hydraulic conductivity KF. Large-scale field hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on each liner. All of the clay liners were intended to achieve KF ≤ 1 × 10−7 cm/s, but only 74% succeeded in meeting this objective. The important factors affecting KF are the soil wetness relative to the line of optimums and the number of lifts or the thickness of the liner. Poor correlation exists between KF and hydraulic conductivities measured in the laboratory (KL) on field-compacted samples (especially for liners with KF > 10−7 cm/s compacted at lower water contents relative to the line of optimums), percent compaction, and index properties representative of composition (e.g., Atterberg limits and particle size fractions). The findings indicate that (1) compacted clay liners having KF ≤ 10−7 cm/s can be constructed with a broad variety of clayey soils; (2) the primary emphasis should be ensuring compaction is primarily w...
Medical tourism: Outsourcing surgery

A trend emerging in recent years has been travel from industrialized nations to developing countries such as India and Thailand for purposes of undergoing medical procedures, a phenomenon we call medical tourism. Medical tourism offers the prospect of greatly reduced expenses for health care as well as other advantages such as reduced waiting times, but there are risks associated with seeking health care overseas. In order to determine whether medical tourism should be encouraged, and if so in what form, we develop an ANP model. We find that self-selected medical tourism is preferred over employer- or government-sponsored programs and over the status quo.
Regional white matter hyperintensities: aging, Alzheimer's disease risk, and cognitive function

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin, as seen on T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging, are known to increase with age and are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cognitive implications of these common markers are not well understood. Previous research has primarily focused on global measures of WMH burden and broad localizations that contain multiple white matter tracts. The aims of this study were to determine the pattern of WMH accumulation with age, risk for AD, and the relationship with cognitive function utilizing a voxel-wise analysis capable of identifying specific white matter regions. A total of 349 participants underwent T1-weighted and high-resolution T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing. Increasing age and lower cognitive speed and flexibility (a component of executive function), were both significantly associated with regional WMH throughout the brain. When age was controlled, lower cognitive speed and flexibility was independently associated with WMH in the superior corona radiata. Apolipoprotein E e4 and parental family history of AD were not associated with higher burden of WMH. The results contribute to a larger body of literature suggesting that white matter measures are linked with processing speed, and illustrate the utility of voxel-wise analysis in understanding the effect of lesion location on cognitive function.
Parental spanking and subsequent risk for child aggression in father-involved families of young children ☆

article i nfo This study examined separate and combined maternal and paternal use of spanking with children at age 3 and children's subsequent aggressive behavior at age 5. The sample was derived from a birth cohort study and included families (n = 923) in which both parents lived with the child at age 3. In this sample, 44% of 3-year-olds were spanked 2 times or more in the past month by either parent or both parents. In separate analyses, being spanked more than twice in the prior month at age 3, by either mother or father, was associated with increased child aggression at 5 years. In combined analyses, there was a dose-response association; the greatest risk for child aggression was reported when both parents spanked more than twice in the prior month(adjustedoddsratio: 2.01;(confidenceinterval:1.03-3.94)).Violence preventioninitiativesshouldtarget and engage mothers and fathers in anticipatory guidance efforts aimed at increasing the use of effective and non-aggressive child discipline techniques and reducing the use of spanking. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Isolation of the ylidic form of an enamine. Reaction of N-(1-butenyl)pyrrolidine with zeise's dimer

Abstract Enamines containing tertiary nitrongens react with Zeise's dimer to give air-stable platinum complexes containing the ylidic resonance form of the enamine coordinated to platinum through the formally anionic carbon. For the complex derived from N-(1-butenyl)pyrrolidine this structure has been established by infrared and NMR (1H, 13C) data. The complex also contains co-ordinated pyrrolidine, formed by cleavage of the butenylpyrrolidine precursor.
A Spectral Element Approximation to Price European Options. II. The Black-Scholes Model with Two Underlying Assets

We develop a Legendre quadrilateral spectral element approximation for the Black-Scholes equation to price European options with two underlying assets. A weak formulation of the equations imposes the boundary conditions naturally along the boundaries where the equation becomes singular. As examples, we apply the method to price European rainbow and basket options. We compare the efficiency for fully implicit and IMEX integration of the equations in time, three iterative solvers and two diagonal preconditioners. Of the choices, we find that GMRES with a fully implicit approximation in time, preconditioned with the mass matrix is the most efficient.
On the reflectivity of polymers: Neutrons and X-rays

Abstract Over the last few years reflectivity methods have emerged as key tools for the investigation of polymer surfaces and interfaces. The high spatial resolution of these techniques, of the order of 5 A, has provided a means of probing density gradients in polymers on a submolecular level. This resolution, coupled with selective labeling of all or parts of polymer chains has permitted the examination of polymers at surface and interfaces with unsurpassed detail. Herein, a brief review is given on the basic principles of reflectivity, a discussion of some of the areas where reflectivity has made an impact in polymers and a review of a systematic series of studies on block copolymers which serve as an ideal example to emphasize the strengths of reflectivity and how reflectivity can be used to extract detailed information on a specific problem.
Anti-Matching Design for Wave Isolation in Dual Frequency Transducer for Intravascular Super-Harmonic Imaging

Intravascular super-harmonic imaging of microvessels is expected to assist understanding of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A dual frequency intravascular (IVUS) ultrasound transducer is a core component transmitting at low frequency and receiving high order harmonics. A significant challenge in developing high performance dual frequency IVUS transducers is the isolation of the high frequency ultrasound echoes from the low frequency element while keeping the low frequency transmission pressure. An anti-matching layer with low impedance and quarter wavelength thickness was designed based on wave propagation theory. In both KLM modeling and prototype validation, the anti-matching layer successfully suppressed the aliasing echo to less than −20 dB. Transmission pressure of the prototype transducer was still high enough for microbubble nonlinear responses. High resolution ( 12 dB) image was generated from super-harmonic imaging, which elucidated the capability of the transducer for intravascular microvessel detection.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The good, the bad, and the ugly of alcohol consumption and taxes

The new contribution in these pages by Lhachimi et al. (2012) tallies up the net effects on mortality from internal and external causes that are likely to derive from changes in alcohol taxes in 11 countries within the European Union. Health economists prefer the efficiency of taxes to quotas or outright prohibition, but there are costs as well as benefits associated with any tax, because it drives a wedge between demanders and suppliers and thus reduces welfare. To guide public policy in this area, researchers should measure costs and benefits broadly defined, and Lhachimi et al. provide a useful first step.
Extension of Vratsanos' theorem and consequences†

Abstract A simple genera] proof of an extension of Vratsanos' theorem is given and this is used to arrive at definite conclusions regarding the upper bound of the magnitude of the sensitivity function, |SR n Z 0 ( jω) |, where Rn is the terminating resistance of an arbitrary linear two-port, with input impedance Z0.
Impact of gastrojejunostomy diameter on long-term weight loss following laparoscopic gastric bypass: a follow-up study.

Background Stenosis of the gastrojejunostomy after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is a common occurrence. We have previously presented data demonstrating that the use of a 25-mm circular stapler results in a decreased incidence of stenosis compared to the results of a 21-mm circular stapler (6.2 vs. 15.9%, P = 0.03). One potential drawback of the larger-diameter stapler is the possibility for impaired long-term weight loss due to decreased restriction. We sought to determine the impact of circular stapler diameter on excess weight loss up to 5 years after surgery.
Collaboration and Education: Engaging High School Students With EAC-CPF Research

The Special Collections Research Center at Johns Hopkins University received a Council on Library and Information Resources Hidden Collections grant from March 2013 to March 2014 for processing the archives of the Roland Park Company. The grant included partnerships between the Archives and Technical Services to create a Best Practices for EAC-CPF records, as well as a local high school history class to complete the required research. Rather than simplify International Standard Archival Authority Record For Corporate Bodies, Persons and Families and EAC-CPF for the students, project staff distilled them into discrete, easy-to-understand tasks that allowed for the production of controlled data in a high school environment.
Influence of growth conditions on heat-stable phospholipase activity in Pseudomonas.

Many psychrotrophic bacteria contaminating raw milk produce phospholipase that withstands pasteurization and UHT treatments. This enzyme acts on the milk fat globule membrane and exposes triacylglycerides to the action of lipase. Phospholipase production by various isolates of Pseudomonas was investigated. The isolates were cultured aerobically at 8 °C in nutrient broth, McKellar's minimal salts medium, Chrisope's medium, and skim milk. Each strain produced phospholipase during the 50 h incubation. Enzyme production varied significantly (P < 0·001) with strain and growth medium. Strains varied significantly (P < 0·001) in their enzyme production in each medium and during the incubation time as well. Strain, incubation time, and the growth medium significantly influenced (P < 0·001) heat stability of the enzyme activity. Pasteurization reduced the activity, but did not eliminate it in skim milk.
Diagnostic evaluations of a beam-shielded 8-cm mercury ion thruster

An engineering model thruster fitted with a remotely actuated graphite fiber polyimide composite beam shield was tested in a 3- by 6.5-meter vacuum facility for in-situ assessment of beam shield effects on thruster performance. Accelerator drain current neutralizer floating potential and ion beam floating potential increased slightly when the shield was moved into position. A target exposed to the low density regions of the ion beam was used to map the boundaries of energetic fringe ions capable of sputtering. The particle efflux was evaluated by measurement of film deposits on cold, heated, bare, and enclosed glass slides.
Genetic and Morphometric Analysis of Cob Architecture and Biomass-Related Traits in the Intermated B73 × Mo17 Recombinant Inbred Lines of Maize

Expected future cellulosic ethanol production increases the demand for biomass in the US Corn Belt. With low nutritious value, low nitrogen content, and compact biomass, maize cobs can provide a significant amount of cellulosic materials. The value of maize cobs depends on cob architecture, chemical composition, and their relation to grain yield as primary trait. Eight traits including cob volume, fractional diameters, length, weight, tissue density, and grain yield have been analyzed in this quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiment to evaluate their inheritance and inter-relations. One hundred eighty-four recombinant inbred lines of the intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) Syn 4 population were evaluated from an experiment carried out at three locations and analyzed using genotypic information of 1,339 public SNP markers. QTL detection was performed using (1) comparison-wise thresholds with reselection of cofactors (α = 0.001) and (2) empirical logarithm of odds score thresholds (P = 0.05). Several QTL with small genetic effects (R2 = 2.9–13.4 %) were found, suggesting a complex quantitative inheritance of all traits. Increased cob tissue density was found to add value to the residual without a commensurate negative impact on grain yield and therefore enables for simultaneous selection for cob biomass and grain yield.
Electron microscopic observation of LE/LC phase transition in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers

Abstract The monolayer structure of l -α-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) at the air/water interface was examined using improved electron microscopic techniques. The DPPC monolayer is homogeneous in both the liquid-expanded (LE) and liquid-condensed (LC) states. In the intermediate LE LC region, however, the monolayer is nonhomogeneous and biphasic. Our results of two coexisting phases are consistent with the interpretation of a first-order phase transition occurring between the LE and LC states in monomolecular films.
Rival ideas about binocular rivalry.

Abstract Binocular rivalry has been used to investigate neural correlates of visual awareness. For this investigation to succeed, however, it is necessary to know what rivals during binocular rivalry. Recent work has raised questions about whether rivalry is between eyes or between stimuli. We find that stimulus rivalry occurs only within a limited range of spatial and temporal parameters—otherwise eye rivalry dominates.
The Cost of Doing Business in Africa: Evidence from Enterprise Survey Data

Summary Data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys show that indirect costs (related to infrastructure and services) account for a relatively high share of firms’ costs in poor African countries and pose a competitive burden on African firms. We estimate firm-level revenue and value-added functions for six industries in 17 developing countries, demonstrating that firm performance is sensitive to the cost of indirect inputs. As indirect inputs are not usually included in estimations of value added, we argue that existing estimates understate the relative performance of African manufacturing firms.
Mutant Allele Tumor Heterogeneity (MATH) and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intra-tumor heterogeneity, variation between individual tumor cells within a patient’s tumor, is increasingly seen as a critical mechanism underlying treatment resistance and therapeutic failure. Despite this growing awareness, few methods to assess intra-tumor heterogeneity exist outside the research laboratory, especially in the absence of a known marker. Mutant allele tumor heterogeneity (MATH) is a novel, non-biased, quantitative method to assess genetic heterogeneity based on tumor next generation exome sequencing. The quantitative aspect of MATH has allowed it to be verified as an actionable biomarker in a retrospective HNSCC data set with available exome sequencing and clinical data. In addition, it was also capable of stratifying patient outcome after controlling for other high-risk features such as p53 mutation, HPV status, and advanced tumor stage. Future work will explore the predictive power of MATH in larger data sets such as The Cancer Genome Atlas and examine the underlying cellular mechanisms responsible for intra-tumor heterogeneity.
HYPERONIC EQUATION OF STATE.

An equation of state for cold matter at neutron star densities, ϱ>1014 gm/cm3, is evaluated. The gas is considered to be a degenerate mixture of neutrons, protons, leptons, hyperons and massive baryons. We derive the equilibrium equations including the effects of nuclear interactions among all the hadrons.
Testing the safety of baxter continuous cardiac output monitoring system

The safety of a new continuous cardiac output monitoring system, recently introduced by Baxter Healthcare Corporation's Edwards Critical-Care Division, was evaluated in normal sheep. The study compared the biocompatibility and safety of the Vigilance CCO Monitoring System, which employs a continuous cardiac output (CCO) catheter with Baxter Edward's standard Paceport pulmonary artery catheter. The CCO catheter, which monitors hemodynamic pressures and provides continuous measurement of cardiac output based on the thermodilution principle, contains a thermal filament that is powered and controlled by a unique cardiac output monitor. Parameters were measured periodically in conscious animals and complete necropsies were performed after each study. Time Control, Paceport, and four CCO groups were studied. Selected groups were studied for 3 days (acute), 7 days (subacute), and/or 4 weeks after 3 days of continuous use (recovery). Results showed no significant differences between the CCO and Paceport catheters in any of the parameters studied. On gross pathology, observations were similar. The only difference between catheters were microscopic findings of focal subendothelial or subendocardial changes correlated with areas that could have come into contact with the CCO catheter. In acute groups, these changes consisted of a localized myofiber degeneration or necrosis, while in subacute and recovery groups, consisted only of fibrosis. None of the changes were clinically significant. Thus, the CCO catheter, used in conjunction with the Vigilance CCO Monitoring System, appears to pose no additional risk over a standard Paceport catheter in normal sheep after continuous use for up to 7 days.
The Physical Effects of the Great Lakes on Tributaries and Wetlands

Abstract Wetlands and tributary confluences are susceptible to physical influences imposed by the Great Lakes, particularly through the effects of short and long-term water level fluctuations and accompanying transport disruptions including flow and transport reversals. With there being few, if any, direct field observations of these disruptions based upon velocity measurements, the objective of this paper is to review the possible physical effects on these regions by first, reviewing the relevant contributing physics known about the Great Lakes; second, contrasting possible marine estuary transport mechanisms with what little is published about the Great Lakes circumstances; and third, summarizing modeled results exemplifying these behaviors from a study ofSandusky Bay, Lake Erie. Because it exhibits the strongest response to storms and the clearest measureable signals resulting from them, attention is centered on Lake Erie. In contrast to a typical research paper, the objective herein is to provide a summary of what is known and commonly accepted about these physics which can serve as a backdrop for the other papers in this special issue.
Logistics and Technique for Procurement of Intestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Grafts From the Same Donor

Objective To assess a technique for simultaneous recovery of the intestine, pancreas, and liver from the same donor.
21st Century Readers' Aids: Past History and Future Directions.

ABSTRACT This article provides a brief history of the development of library subject guides (often referred to as pathfinders) from the late 1800s to the present. During this period, subject guides have changed both their focus and format. The needs of academic institutions at the turn of the 20th century were very different than they are today, and technology that was non-existent then has become ubiquitous. Much can be learned from studying the evolution of these important library tools and looking to the future as they mature even further.
PSYCHOTIC RECOGNIZING AND THE PROCESS OF PRIMARY ELABORATION

That dream-material is symbolic is a fairly established fact. And symbols are supposed to have evolved from the advantageous use of signs. They are representative signs, that help to retain things for later reference, for comparing, planning, and generally for purposive thinking. Yet the symbolism of dreams performs no such acquired function. At best it presents us with the things we do not want to think about, the things which stand in the way of practical living. Susanne K. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key
Competency 1. Gather essential and accurate information about the patient

From the Boston Combined Residency Program in Pediatrics, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass (Dr Schumacher); Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC (Dr Englander); Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (Dr Hicks); Competency-Based Assessment, American Board of Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, NC (Dr Carraccio); and Office of Graduate Medical Education and Student Affairs, and Department of Pediatrics, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY (Dr Guralnick) The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the American Board of Pediatrics, the Association of Pediatric Program Directors, or the Academic Pediatric Association. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Publication of this article was supported by the American Board of Pediatrics Foundation and the Association of Pediatric Program Directors. Address correspondence to Daniel J. Schumacher, MD, MEd, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA 02118 (e-mail: daniel. schumacher@bmc.org).
Sites and tours in orthoalgebras and orthomodular lattices

A block of an orthoalgebra (or of an orthomodular lattice) is a maximal Boolean subalgebra. A site is the intersection of two distinct blocks. L is block (site)-finite if there are only finitely many blocks (sites). We introduce a certain type of subalgebra of an orthoalgebra which is a subortholattice if the orthoalgebra is an ortholattice (and therefore an orthomodular lattice) and which is block finite if the orthoalgebra is site finite. The construction yields a cover of a site-finite orthoalgebra or orthomodular lattice L by block-finite substructures of the same type and having the same center as L. Every site-finite orthomodular lattice is commutator finite.
R69-10 Bounded Action Machines: Toward an Abstract Theory of Computer Structure

The true test for any model is its usefulness in explaining and giving an insight into the phenomena that it purports to model. Also of interest is the question of how much better this model is than its closest rival.