cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbitofrontal cortex neurofeedback produces lasting changes in contamination anxiety and resting-state connectivity

Anxiety is a core human emotion but can become pathologically dysregulated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback (NF) to noninvasively alter patterns of brain connectivity, as measured by resting-state fMRI, and to reduce contamination anxiety. Activity of a region of the orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety was measured in real time and provided to subjects with significant but subclinical anxiety as a NF signal, permitting them to learn to modulate the target brain region. NF altered network connectivity of brain regions involved in anxiety regulation: subjects exhibited reduced resting-state connectivity in limbic circuitry and increased connectivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. NF has been shown to alter brain connectivity in other contexts, but it has been unclear whether these changes persist; critically, we observed changes in connectivity several days after the completion of NF training, demonstrating that such training can lead to lasting modifications of brain functional architecture. Training also increased subjects' control over contamination anxiety several days after the completion of NF training. Changes in resting-state connectivity in the target orbitofrontal region correlated with these improvements in anxiety. Matched subjects undergoing a sham feedback control task showed neither a reorganization of resting-state functional connectivity nor an improvement in anxiety. These data suggest that NF can enable enhanced control over anxiety by persistently reorganizing relevant brain networks and thus support the potential of NF as a clinically useful therapy.
Assessment of growth and nutrition

Growth is a dynamic process that is characterized by physiological changes in an individual from infancy into adulthood. Growth should be monitored sequentially and is an important tool in the early detection of chronic disease in children. Growth occurs in three phases: infancy, childhood and puberty (adolescence). The adequacy of nutritional status can be assessed by anthropometric measurements that include height, weight and body composition as well as laboratory evaluations. Individual patients can then be compared to normative or expected values. Impaired growth and nutritional status can be seen in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and are described in this chapter.
Orbital pseudotumor and Crohn disease

R E F E R E N C E S 1. Field M, Block JB, Levin R, and Rail DP: Significance of blood lactate elevations among patients with acute leukemia and other neoplastic proliferative disorders, Am J Med 40:528, 1966. 2. Block JB: Lactic acidosis in malignancy and observations on its possible pathogenesis, Ann NY Acad Sci 230:94, 1976. 3. Holroyde CP, Myers RN, Smink RD, Putnam PC, Paul P, and Reichard GA: Metabolic response to toal parenteral nutrition in cancer patients, Cancer Res 37:3109, 1977. 4. Goodgame JT, Pizzo P, and Brennan MF: latrogenic lactic acidosis: Association with hypertonic glucose administra, tion in a patient with cancer, Cancer 42:800, 1978. 5. Hadjivassiliou AG, and Rieder SV: The enzymatic assay of pyruvic and lactic acids. A definitive procedure, Clin Claim Acta 19:357, 1968. 6. Kreisberg RA: Lactate homeostasis and lactic acidosis, Ann Intern Meal 92:227, 1980. 7. Oliva PB: Lactic acidosis, Am J Med 48:209, 1970. 8. Follis RH Jr: Experimental thiamine deficiency in nutritional disease, Metabolism 17 (Suppl 2): 23, 1958. 9. Waterhouse C: Lactate metabolism in patients with cancer, Cancer 33:66, 1974. 10. Carpenter YA, Askanazi J, Elwyn DH, Malayappa J, Gump FE, Hyman AI, Burr R, and Kinney JM: Effects of hypercaloric glucose infusion on lipid metabolism in injury and sepsis, J Trauma 19:649, 1979.
Miniaturized BJT-Based Thermal Sensor for Microprocessors in 32- and 22-nm Technologies

A thermal sensor is proposed for microprocessors, which compares the BJT voltage to a reference by converting both voltages to frequency and dividing the frequencies to result in a digital number. The sensor has an rms resolution of ±0.2C and an area of 0.02 mm2 at the 32-nm process node and 0.006 mm2 at 22 nm, including all digital processing circuitry. The conversion rate is between 2-20 kS/s, which enables it to capture fast transients on the CPU. It consumes 3.8/1.4 mW at 32/22 nm from an unregulated 1.4-V supply. The combination of speed, low power, and area make this sensor appropriate to measure hot-spots in microprocessors.
Sex and species differences in captivereared juvenile chimpanzees and orang-utans

Abstract The behavior of nursery-reared juvenile chimpanzees and orang-utans was studied during intraspecific group interactions in large outdoor compounds. Chimpanzees spent more time on the ground, more time in proximity to another and exhibited more slap-hit behavior than the orang-utans. Both groups exhibited only species-typical vocalizations. Males of both species were more assertive in social interactions, whereas females interacted more with inanimate objects. Positive correlations between body weight and the frequency of some social interactions partially confounded interpretation of the sex differences. The results indicate that early experience with adults is not necessary for the development of certain sexually dimorphic and species-typical behavior patterns in juvenile apes. However, early experience with peers seems to facilitate development of these patterns. The results are discussed in relation to available data on the early hormonal and social determinants of behavior in the higher Primates.
Morphological evolution during epitaxial thin film growth: Formation of 2D islands and 3D mounds

Abstract Homoepitaxy provides an ideal testing ground for fundamental concepts in film growth. The rich variety of complex far-from-equilibrium morphologies which can form during deposition contrasts with the simple equilibrium structure of homoepitaxial films. These complex morphologies result from the inhibition on the time-scale of deposition of various equilibrating surface diffusion processes. A sophisticated framework for analysis of such phenomena derives from the concepts and methodology of Statistical Physics. Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation of suitable atomistic lattice–gas models has elucidated the growth behavior of numerous specific systems. In this review, we describe in detail submonolayer nucleation and growth of two-dimensional islands during deposition. The traditional mean-field treatment is quite successful in capturing the behavior of mean island densities, but it fails to predict island size distributions. The latter are provided by simulation of appropriate atomistic models, as well as by suitable hybrid models. Recent developments towards providing reliable analytic beyond-mean-field theories are also discussed. Kinetic roughening of multilayer films during deposition is also described with particular emphasis on the formation of mounds (multilayer stacks of 2D islands) induced by step-edge barriers to downward transport. We describe results for mound evolution from realistic atomistic simulations, predictions of phenomenological continuum theories, and efforts to derive more reliable coarse-grained formulations. For both regimes, we demonstrate how atomistic modeling can be used extract key activation barriers by comparison with experimental data from scanning tunneling microscopy and surface sensitive diffraction. Significantly, suitable tailored atomistic models are often shown to have predictive capability for growth over a broad range of temperatures. Finally, we comment briefly on other deposition processes such as heteroepitaxial growth and chemisorption.
Maize developmental genetics: genes of morphogenesis.

Article de synthese sur les genes impliques dans la morphogenese chez le mais, les mutations et leur carte genetique
Striking the Balance: Long-Term Groundwater Monitoring Design for Conflicting Objectives

This study demonstrates the use of high-order Pareto optimization ~i.e., optimizing a system for more than two objectives! on a long-term monitoring ~LTM! application. The LTM application combines quantile kriging and the nondominated sorted genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to successfully balance four objectives: ~1! minimizing sampling costs, ~2! maximizing the accuracy of interpo- lated plume maps, ~3! maximizing the relative accuracy of contaminant mass estimates, and ~4! minimizing estimation uncertainty. Optimizing the LTM application with respect to these objectives reduced the decision space of the problem from a total of 500 million designs to a set of 1,156 designs identified on the Pareto surface. Visualization of a total of eight designs aided in understanding and balancing the objectives of the application en route to a single compromise solution. This study shows that high-order Pareto optimization holds significant potential as a tool that can be used in the balanced design of water resources systems.
Multipactor supression in resonant cavities via higher-order modes

Multipactor is a resonant phenomenon in which an electromagnetic field causes free electrons to impact a surface, resulting in the surface emitting secondary electrons which can sustain the process. This paper presents an approach to reduce the secondary electron yield (SEY) of the impacting electrons by introducing higher-order modes within the resonant structure, thereby pushing the electrons to impacting energies where the SEY is lower. Preliminary computer simulations are presented which demonstrate this reduction in multipactor for 2-dimensional coaxial geometries.
Spectral crosscorrelation for tissue characterization

The spectral crosscorrelation (SCC) function for characterizing tissue scattering structures with ultrasonic back-scattered signals is introduced. Analytical, simulation, and experimental results (liver tissue scans containing metastases) are presented to indicate the potential of utilizing phase information through the SCC function in order to detect disruptions in the scatterer distributions due to invading cancer cells. Simulation and analytical results demonstrate that SCC functions reveal the average periodic spacings between tissue scatterers better than the power spectral density (PSD) in cases when fewer regular interscatterer spacings exist. >
Nonparametric estimators of the mean tolerance in bioassay

SUMMARY Theoretical properties of the Spearman-Karber estimator of the mean tolerance in a quantal response bioassay are discussed, and its limiting distribution is studied under three different limiting processes. The Reed-Muench and Dragstedt-Behrens estimators are shown to be estimators of the mean, not the median, tolerance and to be nearly equivalent to the Spearman-Karber estimator. The limiting distributions of the Reed-Muench estimator are considered in detail.
Malignant Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor of the Bladder: 9-Year Survival After Chemotherapy and Partial Cystectomy

A 4-year-old black female presented with persistent painless gross hematuria in December 1994. Excretory urography demonstrated normal upper tracts and a large filling defect in the bladder. Computerized tomography (CT) showed a 3 5 cm mass in the anterosuperior wall of the bladder (fig. 1). Cystoscopy revealed a large lobulated tumor arising from the anterior bladder wall. Bladder biopsies demonstrated a poorly differentiated neoplasm in the submucosa and muscularis propria, composed of polygonal cells with ovoid nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Many of the cells contained eosinophilic perinuclear inclusions typical of rhabdoid tumors. Immunoperoxidase staining was positive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratin, S-100, desmin, muscle specific actin and myoglobin. No cytogenetic studies were done. Malignant rhabdoid tumor was diagnosed. Metastatic evaluation including bone marrow aspirate was negative. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was planned with the hope of preserving the native bladder. No protocols were followed. The patient underwent 4 courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with ifosfamide, vincristine and actinomycin D. The tumor shrank dramatically on CT (fig. 2). Postchemotherapy cystoscopy showed a significantly reduced tumor.
Magnetic properties and high-frequency responses of high moment FeTaN/AlN laminates for high-data-rate magnetic recording

Soft magnetic FeTaN and novel FeTaN/AlN multilayer films with a saturation flux density of /spl sim/20 kG are obtained on both planar and sloping substrates. Flat frequency responses extend over 500 MHz for as-deposited 1000 /spl Aring/-thick FeTaN films. The 3 dB roll-off frequency for as-deposited 1 /spl mu/m-thick (FeTaN/ AlN)/sub 10/ laminates is only /spl sim/330 MHz. However, when the laminates are patterned into 20 /spl mu/m-wide strips along the hard axis, the frequency response improves and the 3 dB roll-off frequency is over 500 MHz, which offers the promise of data rates of over 1 Gb/s.
MIMO radar waveform design based on mutual information and minimum mean-square error estimation

This paper addresses the problem of radar waveform design for target identification and classification. Both the ordinary radar with a single transmitter and receiver and the recently proposed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar are considered. A random target impulse response is used to model the scattering characteristics of the extended (nonpoint) target, and two radar waveform design problems with constraints on waveform power have been investigated. The first one is to design waveforms that maximize the conditional mutual information (MI) between the random target impulse response and the reflected waveforms given the knowledge of transmitted waveforms. The second one is to find transmitted waveforms that minimize the mean-square error (MSE) in estimating the target impulse response. Our analysis indicates that under the same total power constraint, these two criteria lead to the same solution for a matrix which specifies the essential part of the optimum waveform design. The solution employs water-filling to allocate the limited power appropriately. We also present an asymptotic formulation which requires less knowledge of the statistical model of the target
Spatial phase modulation from permanent memory in doped glass

Diffraction rings are observed from photoinduced permanent memory of doped glass. The permanent memory is created by the high-intensity picosecond laser beam. A 1 mm spot size of laser beam creates spatially variable refractive index memory, which appears as a void located inside the glass. When a probe laser beam passes through the memory region, the diffraction rings arisen from spatial phase modulation of the transverse phase of the input beam are created. Agreement between the observed and calculated beam pattern using Kirchhoff's diffraction integral is satisfactory.
Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Responses to Witnessed Versus Experienced Violence

Cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to experiencing or witnessing violence were examined in a sample of 263 inner-city youth (94% African American, 49% male, M(age) = 12.06, SD = 1.61, 52% 5th graders, 48% 8th graders). The youth participated in Wave 1 of a larger, longitudinal study for which they completed the Social Competence Interview (SCI; Ewart, Jorgensen, Suchday, Chen, & Matthews, 2002), a process whereby the youth relive witnessing or experiencing a recent act of violence. The interview was audiotaped and coded for emotional responses, goals, and coping behaviors. Adolescents who had been victimized were angry; expressed concerns about being negatively evaluated by self and others; expressed revenge goals; and coped by using primary engagement, social support, and aggressive strategies. Adolescents who had witnessed violence were fearful, concerned about others being harmed and losing relationships, focused on survival, and coped by using avoidant strategies. Responses were similar across gender. Where interactions existed, differences between responses to victimization and witnessing violence were more pronounced among middle, versus early, adolescents. These results suggest that more attention should be given to coping processes associated with the different types of violence youth encounter. Language: en
Resident physicians' perspectives on health care reform.

Objective. To investigate the perspectives of resident physicians, in otolaryngology and other specialties, with respect to various health care reform proposals. Also, to determine if these opinions vary between residents training to become general medical doctors versus surgeons and specialists and between those with various levels of educational debt.Study Design and Participants. Survey of resident physicians across the United States.Methods. Opinions of participants were measured on a 5-point Likert scale.Results. Of the 1576 respondents, the majority agreed that tort reform and electronic medical records would improve quality of care and help contain health care costs. However, few residents agreed that bundling of services (BOS), hospital-acquired conditions penalties (HACP), and quality-based reimbursement (QBR) would improve the quality of care. Specialists and surgeons, in comparison to generalists, were (1) less likely to agree that BOS, HACP, or QBR would improve the quality of care; (2) more l...
The proposition of structured models and process for development of synchronous collaborative environments : application for design review meeting

Development of collaborative environment is a complex process. The complexity lies in the fact that collaborative environment development involves a lot of decision making. Several tradeoffs need to be made to satisfy current and future requirements from a potentially various set of user profiles. The handling of these complexities poses challenges for researcher, developers and companies. The knowledge required to make suitable design decisions and to rigorously evaluate those design decisions is usually broad, complex, and evolving. In Part-I of this thesis we investigate to formulate the general knowledge about: synchronous collaborative work which conceptualize the problem domain, synchronous collaborative environment which conceptualize the solution domain and synchronous collaborative environment evaluation which conceptualize the evaluation of whole or part of the proposed solution for the specified problem. This formulation has been done through literature study and leaded to the Concept Maps. The results generate three models: SyCoW (synchronous collaborative work), SyCoE (synchronous collaborative environment) and SyCoEE (synchronous collaborative environment evaluation). In Part-II of this thesis we proposed a process for selection/development of collaborative environment, where we demonstrate how SyCoW, SyCoE and SyCoEE support this process in different ways. Through the proposed process we present the development of new synchronous collaborative environment for design review meeting, named, MT-DT. MT-DT has been designed, developed and evaluated by the author in her PhD. MT-DT consist of a multi-touch table with specific 3D software application which support collaborative design review activities. The results of evaluation confirmed the usability of MT-DT and provide arguments for our choices which we made during development of MT-DT.
Health care cost containment in the Federal Republic of Germany

Since 1977, cost containment has been an integral part of health policy in the Federal Republic of Germany. The common goal of the cost-containment acts was to bring the growth of health care expenditures in line with growth of wages and salaries of sickness fund members. The Health Care Reform Act of 1989 is the most recent manifestation of this policy. The main features of the numerous cost-containment acts are described in this article, and the effects of cost containment on supply and demand are analyzed.
Analysis of Spectrally Resolved Shock-Layer Emission for Lunar Trajectory Conditions

Spectrally resolved emission measurements have been obtained recently in the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) Facility at test conditions relevant to lunar return missions. A subset of these measurements have been analyzed to find the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) temperature using different methods to determine whether or not the spectra were obtained at equilibrium conditions. This LTE verification study has been undertaken to support the development of a benchmark data set for the verification of radiative heat transfer calculations for lunar return trajectories. Quanti tative assessment of LTE for the test conditions is the first step in the evaluation of spectral models of Earth atmosphere shock-induced emission, which is a prerequisite to the evaluation of non-equilibr ium spectral modeling.
A New Path of the Theoretical Analysis of the Carrying Capacity Based on Multiple Perspectives

With the acceleration of urbanization process,as well as declining resources and the environment in China,the methods and theories of carrying capacity researching are also needed to be improved.Carrying capacity researching is to be focused not only on water resourees,land resources and urban environment,but also on regional capacity comprehensive carrying capacity,the relative carrying capacity,the potential capacity of the study.It is of important theoretical and practical significance to comprehensively analyze and objectively judge of a city or region capacity situation,to explore how to ease the carrying pressure and effectively enhance the carrying capacity.
A method of pediatric short arm cast application

A method for comfortable and efficient application of pediatric short arm casts is described.
Laser spectroscopy of antimatter

In the last few years, our Trap Collaboration at CERN has succeeded in slowing antiprotons by more than 10 orders of magnitude in energy and in demonstrating long-term storage of 4-K antiprotons in a Penning trap. The first measurement with extremely cold antiprotons was a 1000-fold improvement in the measured antiproton mass,1 and an additional improvement of by a factor of 40 is nearly in hand. Sharp resonances from single trapped antiprotons, less than 1 part in 109 wide, are now being observed. Techniques developed, such has degrader slowing and electron cooling in a trap, make it possible to store enough antiprotons to also contemplate the production of low-energy antihydrogen. Demonstrated stacking techniques have produced more than 105 antiprotons trapped at 4 K in less than an hour, with an increase of 1 or 2 orders of magnitude expected in apparatus optimized for accumulation.
Nanowire Array Structures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Utilization: A Review of Design Concepts, Assembly and Integration, and Function Enabling

The increasing human demand for clean and renewable energy and a cleaner environment has stimulated various materials related research and development for efficient solar energy conversion and utilization, photocatalytic environmental remediation, and photoassisted selective conversion of organic compounds. Among the various candidate solutions to improving the efficiency of these processes, semiconductor nanowire (NW) and nanorod (NR) array structures have been offering a unique tool box combining desirable characteristics in structure, function, and applicability. Efficient photocatalytic energy conversion requires excellent light absorption, readily charge separation, transport, and collection, as well as fast kinetics of interfacial reactions and mass transport of reactants. The long axis of the NW enables adequate light absorption, while the radical axis provides short electron–hole separation distance. Additionally, the NW arrays have relatively high surface area to facilitate interfacial kinetics while their open pore structure allows good mass transport properties. This study reviews the current status of research on NW and NR array structures of some most popular semiconducting materials for photocatalytic energy conversion and utilization including photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction/fixation, dye/quantum dot sensitized solar cells, and other photoassisted reactive applications such as pollutant degradation, selective conversion of organic compounds, and biological disinfection.
Introduction to Pathology

The overall objective of this chapter is to provide an introduction to basic terminology in relation to “pathology,” or the study of diseased tissues. Complimentary to Chap. 2, where normal tissue types were introduced, this chapter is designed to introduce the reader to a number of basic concepts that applies to the spectrum of cellular changes from cellular adaptation to cellular death. It also defines neoplasia, and focuses on the basic morphologic properties of benign and malignant tumors, while also discussing the processes involved in carcinogenesis. Finally, systems for the staging of disease are discussed, including the clinical and pathological staging of tumors. In conclusion, we hope to have provided adequate discussion of important topics to facilitate comprehension and learning, and to have introduced subject matters that students may find useful when reading through the other chapters of this book.
Clinical PET: Study Scheduling and Coordination

During the last 39 months at Duke University Medical Center, we have performed 1356 clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies: 68% were fluorine-18 (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) brain metabolism scans, 28% were myocardial perfusion (nitrogen-13 [13N] ammonia) and viability (FDG) studies, and 4% were FDG tumor localizations. Three days each week are used for clinical studies. On clinical days, we can perform 2 cardiac perfusion and viability (P & V) and 4–5 FDG brain studies. Cyclotron production of 18F is started at 0730. Automated synthesis of FDG follows with FDG available by 0940. Nitrogen-13 ammonia unit-dose production is scheduled to fit myocardial patient imaging. Image workup and filming are performed on the preceding study during the next study’s acquisition. Study archival is accomplished at day’s end. With short-lived positron emitters, any deviation from schedule or any loss of coordination will damage the ability of the PET facility to perform requested clinical PET imaging studies.
Intelligent computer aided synthesis of digital signal processing systems

The goal of our research is to open new perspectives in CAD by identifying different techniques and theories of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that can be used to create the next generation CAD tools. Therefore the design task has to be better understood and models of it must be built. Our work is based on studies we made in a specific design domain, but our model of the designer will be at a high level of abstraction and will cover a wide class of problems. Good designers think about problems from a global viewpoint. Starting from assumptions they build different worlds containing different possible solutions. They evaluate and compare that limited set of possible solutions by using common sense and domain knowledge. Truth maintenance systems and time reasoners have been used to construct such a model of the designer. This paper relates our way towards a solution to this problem.
319. Rationally Designed AAV Inverted Terminal Repeats Enhance Gene Targeting

Basic and clinical applications of mammalian genetic engineering rely on selective pressure and/or, ironically, DNA damage at or near the modification site to obtain relevant efficiencies. In regards to the later situation, continuously evolving endonuclease technologies remain focused on the generation of a site-specific DNA double strand break to stimulate homology directed repair (HDR). The stimulation of HDR is thus dictated by the ability of the endonuclease platform to specifically recognize its cognate site, with safety concerns dictated by its promiscuity influenced by its persistence. To eliminate the serious safety concerns associated with designer endonucleases while maintaining efficient HDR, it was hypothesized that rational modification of a viral DNA repair substrate would enhance gene editing without the requirement for induced chromosomal damage. Specifically, modifications of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) inverted terminal repeat sequence (ITR), in a viral vector context, were evaluated for stimulation of HDR in human cells. The results demonstrate an approximate 30-fold enhancement of AAV gene targeting using a particular rationally designed ITR sequence. Characterization of this event suggests that differences in the inherent ITR-initiated transcriptional activity and altered interactions with host DNA repair proteins contribute to the enhancement in HDR. The collective results demonstrate for the first time that alterations in the ITR sequence can enhance AAV gene targeting. Importantly, the refinement of such vectors may offer a safer alternative to site-specific endonuclease technologies as on- and off-target DNA cleavage concerns are eliminated.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and School-Based Victimization and Perpetration:

Retrospective studies using adult self-report data have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase risk of violence perpetration and victimization. However, research examining the associations between adolescent reports of ACE and school violence involvement is sparse. The present study examines the relationship between adolescent reported ACE and multiple types of on-campus violence (bringing a weapon to campus, being threatened with a weapon, bullying, fighting, vandalism) for boys and girls as well as the risk of membership in victim, perpetrator, and victim-perpetrator groups. The analytic sample was comprised of ninth graders who participated in the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey (n ~ 37,000). Multinomial logistic regression models calculated the risk of membership for victim only, perpetrator only, and victim-perpetrator subgroups, relative to no violence involvement, for students with ACE as compared with those with no ACE. Separate logistic regression models assessed the association between cumulative ACE and school-based violence, adjusting for age, ethnicity, family structure, poverty status, internalizing symptoms, and school district size. Nearly 30% of students were exposed to at least one ACE. Students with ACE represent 19% of no violence, 38% of victim only, 40% of perpetrator only, and 63% of victim-perpetrator groups. There was a strong, graded relationship between ACE and the probability of school-based victimization: physical bullying for boys but not girls, being threatened with a weapon, and theft or property destruction (ps < .001) and perpetration: bullying and bringing a weapon to campus (ps < .001), with boys especially vulnerable to the negative effects of cumulative ACE. We recommend that schools systematically screen for ACE, particularly among younger adolescents involved in victimization and perpetration, and develop the infrastructure to increase access to trauma-informed intervention services. Future research priorities and implications are discussed.
Post-contrast acute kidney injury in intensive care unit patients: a propensity score-adjusted study

To examine the association of intravenous iodinated contrast material administration with the subsequent development of post-contrast AKI (PC-AKI), emergent dialysis, and short-term mortality using a propensity score-adjusted analysis of a cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) patients who underwent CT examination. All ICU patients at our institution who received a contrast-enhanced (contrast group) or unenhanced (noncontrast group) CT scan from January 2006 to December 2014 were identified. Patients were subdivided into pre-CT eGFR > 45 and eGFR ≤ 45 subsets and separately underwent propensity score analysis. Rates of KDIGO-defined AKI, dialysis, and mortality were compared between contrast and noncontrast groups. Separate analyses of eGFR ≥ 60, 30–59, and 45 subset. Significantly higher rates of dialysis (6.7 vs. 2.5%, OR 2.72 (1.14–6.46), p = .0240) were observed in the contrast versus noncontrast group in the matched eGFR ≤ 45 subset. Intravenous contrast material administration was not associated with an increased risk of AKI, emergent dialysis, and short-term mortality in ICU patients with pre-CT eGFR > 45. An increased risk of dialysis was observed in patients with pre-CT eGFR ≤ 45.
Investigating diesel engines as an atmospheric source of isocyanic acid in urban areas

Abstract. Isocyanic acid (HNCO), an acidic gas found in tobacco smoke, urban environments, and biomass-burning-affected regions, has been linked to adverse health outcomes. Gasoline- and diesel-powered engines and biomass burning are known to emit HNCO and hypothesized to emit precursors such as amides that can photochemically react to produce HNCO in the atmosphere. Increasingly, diesel engines in developed countries like the United States are required to use selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems to reduce tailpipe emissions of oxides of nitrogen. SCR chemistry is known to produce HNCO as an intermediate product, and SCR systems have been implicated as an atmospheric source of HNCO. In this work, we measure HNCO emissions from an SCR system-equipped diesel engine and, in combination with earlier data, use a three-dimensional chemical transport model (CTM) to simulate the ambient concentrations and source/pathway contributions to HNCO in an urban environment. Engine tests were conducted at three different engine loads, using two different fuels and at multiple operating points. HNCO was measured using an acetate chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The diesel engine was found to emit primary HNCO (3–90 mg kg fuel−1) but we did not find any evidence that the SCR system or other aftertreatment devices (i.e., oxidation catalyst and particle filter) produced or enhanced HNCO emissions. The CTM predictions compared well with the only available observational datasets for HNCO in urban areas but underpredicted the contribution from secondary processes. The comparison implied that diesel-powered engines were the largest source of HNCO in urban areas. The CTM also predicted that daily-averaged concentrations of HNCO reached a maximum of ∼ 110 pptv but were an order of magnitude lower than the 1 ppbv level that could be associated with physiological effects in humans. Precursor contributions from other combustion sources (gasoline and biomass burning) and wintertime conditions could enhance HNCO concentrations but need to be explored in future work.
Time Is on Our Side: Temporal Agency in Courtship Narratives.

The reported study investigated how newlyweds linguistically encode changes in relationship commitment in retrospective courtship narratives. In particular, we explored their use of emotion words a...
Flurbiprofen benzylnitrate (FBN) inhibits the growth of various human cancer cells in vitro and prevents intestinal carcinogenesis in Min (APCMin/+) mice

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 111 Introduction: Nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) are potentially an important class of chemopreventive agents against cancer. They consist of a traditional NSAID attached to an NO releasing moiety through a chemical spacer. It had previously been shown that an aromatic spacer enhanced the potency of a particular NO-NSAID compared to an aliphatic spacer (JPET 312:978-988, 2005). Hence, we synthesized an NO-releasing arylpropionic acid NSAID, comprising an aromatic spacer and evaluated it against several human cancer cell lines as well as an animal model of colon carcinogenesis. Methods: FBN: synthesized, purified, NMR and mass spectrometry verified by us; human cancer cell lines: HT-29 (colon, COX-1 and -2 positive); HCT 15 (colon, COX null); MIA PaCa-2 (pancreas, COX null); BxPc-3 (pancreas, COX-1 and -2 positive); A549 (lungs); A-431 ( skin); LNCaP (prostate); MCF-7 (breast); SSC-25 (tongue squamous cell carcinoma); and HeLa, Caski (cervix). Cell growth: MTT; cell cycle phase distribution: flow cytometry; apoptosis: subdiploid (sub-G0/G1) peak in DNA content histograms; proliferation: PCNA. In vivo: six-week-old female C57BL/6J APCMin/+ mice and the corresponding C57BL/6J+/+ wild type mice (N = 10 animals/group). Each mouse was treated via oral administration by gavage as follows: group 1 , wild type controls treated with vehicle; group 2 , wild type controls treated with FBN (100 mg/kg/day); group 3 , Min mice treated with vehicle; group 4 , Min mice treated with FBN (100 mg/kg/day). After 21 days of treatment all animals were euthanized and their small intestine was dissected. Tumors were counted under a magnifying lens. Results: FBN inhibits the growth of colon, pancreas, lung, skin, prostate, breast, tongue and cervical cancer cells, being up to 20-fold more potent than flurbiprofen. This effect is due to: a) cell kinetics: inhibition of proliferation (PCNA), b) induction of apoptosis (multiple criteria) and c) in general blocking the G1 to S cell cycle transition. Animal studies: there were no signs of overt toxicity including gastrointestinal toxicity from FBN. The number of tumors were reduced by 95.6% (number of tumors in controls = 32.1 ± 6.4; treated animals = 1.4 ± 2.8, p < 0.001, mean ± SD). Conclusions: These findings establish a strong inhibitory effect of FBN in various human cancer lines, an effect which is modulated through parameters important in determining cellular mass. Our findings also show a strong inhibitory effect in intestinal carcinogenesis in the Min mouse. Taken altogether, these data suggest that FBN merits further evaluation as a chemopreventive and potentially chemotherapeutic agent.
Trust but Verify: Auditing the Secure Internet of Things

Internet-of-Things devices often collect and transmit sensitive information like camera footage, health monitoring data, or whether someone is home. These devices protect data in transit with end-to-end encryption, typically using TLS connections between devices and associated cloud services. But these TLS connections also prevent device owners from observing what their own devices are saying about them. Unlike in traditional Internet applications, where the end user controls one end of a connection (e.g., their web browser) and can observe its communication, Internet-of-Things vendors typically control the software in both the device and the cloud. As a result, owners have no way to audit the behavior of their own devices, leaving them little choice but to hope that these devices are transmitting only what they should. This paper presents TLS--Rotate and Release (TLS-RaR), a system that allows device owners (e.g., consumers, security researchers, and consumer watchdogs) to authorize devices, called auditors, to decrypt and verify recent TLS traffic without compromising future traffic. Unlike prior work, TLS-RaR requires no changes to TLS's wire format or cipher suites, and it allows the device's owner to conduct a surprise inspection of recent traffic, without prior notice to the device that its communications will be audited.
Subclinical Primary Aldosteronism

The editorialist discusses Brown and colleagues' study, noting that primary aldosteronism may occur frequently before development of hypertension and deserves more diagnostic attention than it now ...
Examining the Relationship Between Park Neighborhoods, Features, Cleanliness, and Condition With Observed Weekday Park Usage and Physical Activity: A Case Study

Background. Little research has comprehensively explored how park features, quality indicators, and neighborhood environments are associated with observed park usage and physical activity (PA). This case study examined whether weekday park usage and PA differ by neighborhood type, across numerous categories of park features, and according to park feature condition and cleanliness. Methods. Direct observation was used to capture the number of users and PA levels within 143 park features in 6 parks (3 urban, 3 suburban) over the course of six weeks. Audits of park environments assessed the type, condition, and cleanliness of all features and amenities. Results. Urban parks experienced greater usage, but a higher proportion of sedentary users than suburban parks. Usage and PA levels differed across types of park features, with splash pads, pools, paths, and play structures having the greatest proportion of active users. Usage did not differ by park feature condition and cleanliness, but greater condition and cleanliness were generally associated with higher PA levels. Conclusions. Factors such as neighborhood context, types of park features, and condition and cleanliness can impact park usage and PA levels and should be targets for researchers and planners aiming to foster more user-friendly and active neighborhood park environments.
Introduction: Toward a New Understanding of Second-Wave Feminism

In this introductory chapter, Angie Maxwell and Todd Shields claim that the need to mark beginnings and endings of social movements, the over-reliance on popular, yet limited voices, the fact that feminism is not immune to white privilege, and the pain associated with lost battles for women’s rights have all contributed to obscuring the true legacy of the Second-Wave feminist movement. They contend that existing narratives have inordinately focused on the media-appointed “leaders” of the movement, who were almost exclusively white, heterosexual, well-educated women who overshadowed the multi-racial, grassroots cast of hundreds of thousands of women in America and around the globe. While Third-Wave feminists drew attention to these omissions and recovered the history of overshadowed communities, the time has come to reconcile both waves and re-examine the legacy of Second-Wave Feminism in American politics. This reassessment shows that the Second Wave was comprised of a heterogeneous army of women who, though often divided, still significantly influenced economics, theology, political activism, electoral success, attitudes toward homosexuality‚ and support for﻿ gay marriage. In fact, in many ways they were so successful that they were blind to the anti-feminist counterattack forming across the country. This introduction highlights the feminist historians, political scientists, gender studies scholars, and economists who are placing women’s activism at the center of our political landscape in their contributing chapters.
Shared Decision-Making During Inpatient Rounds: Opportunities for Improvement in Patient Engagement and Communication.

BACKGROUND Shared decision-making (SDM) improves patient engagement and may improve outpatient health outcomes. Little is known about inpatient SDM. OBJECTIVE To assess overall quality, provider behaviors, and contextual predictors of SDM during inpatient rounds on medicine and pediatrics hospitalist services. DESIGN A 12-week, cross-sectional, single-blinded observational study of team SDM behaviors during rounds, followed by semistructured patient interviews. SETTING Two large quaternary care academic medical centers. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-five inpatient teams (18 medicine, 17 pediatrics) and 254 unique patient encounters (117 medicine, 137 pediatrics). INTERVENTION Observational study. MEASUREMENTS We used a 9-item Rochester Participatory Decision-Making Scale (RPAD) measured team-level SDM behaviors. Same-day interviews using a modified RPAD assessed patient perceptions of SDM. RESULTS Characteristics associated with increased SDM in the multivariate analysis included the following: service, patient gender, timing of rounds during patient's hospital stay, and amount of time rounding per patient (P < .05). The most frequently observed behaviors across all services included explaining the clinical issue and matching medical language to the patient's level of understanding. The least frequently observed behaviors included checking understanding of the patient's point of view, examining barriers to follow-through, and asking if the patient has any questions. Patients and guardians had substantially higher ratings for SDM quality compared to peer observers (7.2 vs 4.4 out of 9). CONCLUSIONS Important opportunities exist to improve inpatient SDM. Team size, number of learners, patient census, and type of decision being made did not affect SDM, suggesting that even large, busy services can perform SDM if properly trained.
A Diary Study of Basic Psychological Needs and Daily Headache Experience.

Objective A diary study was conducted to investigate the relationships between headache activity and basic psychological needs satisfaction. Methods One hundred sixteen young adults (M age = 19.17 (SD = 2.90); 81.7% female; 75.9% Caucasian) completed an online daily diary of headache activity and needs satisfaction for 3 weeks. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Results On days when headache occurred, participants reported decreased needs satisfaction of competence (γ10 = -0.18, P = .014) and relatedness (γ10 = -0.24, P = .003), and a marginal but not significant reduction in autonomy (γ10 = -0.13, P = .067). Additionally, more severe headaches were associated with decreased needs satisfaction in autonomy (γ10 = -0.08, P = .009), competence (γ10 = -0.08, P = .011), and relatedness (γ10 = -0.09, P = .005). Presence of a headache diagnosis did not moderate the relationship between headache occurrence and basic needs satisfaction (all Ps ≥ .24). Conclusions This preliminary study is the first to show that headache is related to reduced basic psychological needs satisfaction, providing a potential account for one mechanism by which headache may negatively affect quality of life. Further research is needed to extend these findings to larger samples of migraine sufferers to enable more thorough between-group comparisons of headache-related burden on basic needs satisfaction. These findings may be informative for treatment approaches that focus on outcomes beyond mere symptom reduction.
Practical Guidelines for Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging with Clinically Relevant Isotopes

Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a relatively new imaging modality that utilizes conventional optical imaging instrumentation to detect Cerenkov radiation derived from standard and often clinically approved radiotracers. Its research versatility, low cost, and ease of use have increased its popularity within the molecular imaging community and at institutions that are interested in conducting radiotracer-based molecular imaging research, but that lack the necessary resources and infrastructure. Here, we provide a description of the materials and procedures necessary to conduct a Cerenkov luminescence imaging experiment using a variety of imaging instrumentation, radionuclides, and animal models.
Enhancing the Legal Profession s Response to Victims of Child Abuse

This article explores how the rights of child crime victims affect sexual abuse trials. It addresses recent ABA policies that recommend children be given specialized services such as those provided by child advocacy centers, as well as access to legal advice. The article also discusses how legal professionals can improve their interactions with child victims without curtailing the rights of criminal defendants, focusing on evidentiary issues such as competency, remote testimony, and expert testimony. The child friendly courtroom is analyzed in light of Crawford s ban on testimonial statements in the absence of a declarant who has been subjected to cross examination.
Faience styles in French Colonial North America: A revised classification

Previous archaeological systems for classifying French faience have not proven (nor were they designed to be) applicable to the entire range of faience found at North American sites. By combining elements of two widely-used systems designed for faience from Quebec and Illinois sites, and drawing on published information from French archaeologists and art historians, a revised classification is proposed that accounts for most of the faience likely to be recovered from 17th- and 18th-century sites in North America.