cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive Impact of Collaborative Chat Participation in an edX MOOC

A major limitation of the current generation of MOOCs is a lack of opportunity for students to make use of each other as resources. Analyses of attrition and learning in MOOCs both point to the importance of social engagement for motivational support and overcoming difficulties with material and course procedures. In this paper we evaluate an intervention that makes synchronous collaboration opportunities available to students in an edX MOOC. We have implemented a Lobby program that students can access via a live link at any time. Upon entering the Lobby, they are matched with other students that are logged in to it. Once matched, they are provided with a link to a chat room where they can work with their partner students on a synchronous collaboration activity, supported by a conversational computer agent. Results of a survival model in which we control for level of effort suggest that having experienced a collaborative chat is associated with a slow down in the rate of attrition over time by a factor of two. We discuss implications for design, limitations of the current study, and directions for future research.
Extending the generality of field experiments

An objective of competition theory and, in fact, of any ecological theory, has to be the ability to make general predictive statements about the structure and behaviour of ecological communities. We have already explored the difficulties in arriving at general conclusions through collecting special cases (Chapter 2), and R. H. Peters (1980b) has provided a useful reminder that, in the absence of general principles, ecology becomes natural history. Therefore,Table 4.4 listed generality as one of the most important criteria to consider when planning ecological research.
Tryptophan exposure in various conformational isomers of bovine prothrombin fragment 1: An acrylamide quenching study

In order to assess the importance of a variety of environmental factors on the structure of bovine prothrombin fragment 1, we have examined acrylamide quenching of fragment 1 intrinsic fluorescence. Tryptophan exposure, determined from Stern-Volmer plots, is heterogeneous with one or more of the three fragment 1 tryptophans being exposed to solvent. In the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ even the most accessible tryptophan(s) are relatively buried. Only small differences in tryptophan exposure may exist between fragment 1-Ca2+ and fragment 1-Mg2+ complexes. Lowering pH, on the other hand, results in increased tryptophan exposure. Finally, structural isomers of fragment 1 which exist in the absence of metal ions have identical tryptophan exposure as determined by acrylamide quenching and fluorescence intensity.
Justification, Realism and the Past

This paper begins by considering Dummett's justificationist treatment of statements about the past in his book Truth and the Past (2004). Contrary to Dummett's position, there is no way of applying the intuitionistic distinction in the arithmetical case between direct and indirect methods of establishing a content to the case of past-tense statements. Attempts to do so either give the wrong truth conditions, or rely on notions not available to a justificationist position. A better, realistic treatment makes ineliminable use of identity of state in its positive account of understanding of the past tense; this account can also be applied to other subject matters besides the past. A theory is developed of how realists should conceive of the relation between meaning and evidence. Points from this discussion are used in criticism of Wright's minimalist conception of truth. Three grades of possible involvement of truth and reference in a substantive theory of intentional content are distinguished, and reasons are given for thinking that a range of contents involve the highest degree of involvement of reference and truth in their substantive individuation.
Deformation-Tolerant Statistical Correctors For Enhancement Of Ship Silhouette Recognition

A deformation-tolerant method for classification/recognition of low resolution (FLIR regime) ship imagery is presented which employs statistical transformations and correctors based on concepts of fractal geometry. Fractal analyses, applied to specific classes of contours, present advantages of high recognition accuracy, position- and size-invariance and are suitable for microprocessor-based implementation due to low computational and storage requirements. The relationship between deformation-tolerance, superstructure geometry, and inherent transformation characteristics is presented in terms of image-plane distortions induced by out-of-plane ship rotation. Comparison algorithms using feature-space correctors derived from the fractal dimension are discussed in terms of classification and recognition success rates and computational load.
Direct Ras Inhibitors Identified from a Structurally Rigidified Bicyclic Peptide Library

A one-bead-two-compound (OBTC) library of structurally rigidified bicyclic peptides was chemically synthesized on TentaGel microbeads (90 μm), with each bead displaying a unique bicyclic peptide on its surface and a linear encoding peptide of the same sequence in its interior. Screening of the library against oncogenic K-Ras G12V mutant identified two classes of Ras ligands. The class I ligands apparently bind to the effector-binding site and inhibit the Ras-Raf interaction, whereas the class II ligand appears to bind to a yet unidentified site different from the effector-binding site. These Ras ligands provide useful research tools and may be further developed into therapeutic agents.
A workload based model for minimizing total intercell and intracell moves in cellular manufacturing

SUMMARY The aim of cellular manufacturing systems is to group parts that have similar processing needs into part families, and machines that meet these needs into machine cells. In this paper, intracell moves are recognized as being as important and unproductive an element as intercell moves are in cellular manufacturing. An efficient solution algorithm based on a model describing the total moves contributed by both intercell and intracell moves has been developed. Appropriate weights have been chosen to represent the total moves in equation form as a weighted sum of both intercell and intracell moves. In addition to the total moves, utilization of a workstation in a cell has been evaluated and used in the determination of the best workstation and part assignments to the respective cells from among a choice of solutions. This choice is made possible by varying the number of cells between a priori determined minimum and maximum values. The algorithm has been tested on problems selected from published liter...
A new approach for credit extended mobile phone payment

In this paper, we present a new approach for credit extended mobile phone payment. As an important component of m-commerce, mobile phones have been enabled to conduct micro-purchases for digital contents for a small price. Currently, mobile phone companies have expanded this to purchasing tangible items such as a Coca-Cola or other vending items through a radio frequency identification device chip. This paper will explore the idea to expand beyond micro-purchases and essentially use the mobile phone, the mobile network operator mobile phone carrier, and an embedded near-field-communication NFC chip to make full purchases similar to credit cards. We have developed the business model and a technical framework to support and implement the proposed strategy.
Talking About “Down There”: The Politics of Publicizing the Female Body through The Vagina Monologues

This critical reading of The Vagina Monologues examines the play's circulation within dominant discourses of public and private and considers the ways in which the play works to reconfigure the female body and body-related issues as properly public. However, this article also begins to explore the potentially essentialist and reductive nature of the play's construction of female identity.
Signal recovery in a reverberation-limited environment

The problem of recovering signals masked by reverberation is considered. Reverberation data from a shallow-water active sonar experiment in conjunction with simulated echoes are used to examine the potential for signal recovery offered by adaptive filtering and prediction. The deterministic least squares lattice filter is the central adaptive estimator of choice. The prediction error lattice is used to selectively "whiten" the composite process by controlling the algorithm adaptation speed. This is shown to result in significant signal enhancement for low-Doppler echoes masked by reverberation. Adaptive noise canceling with multiple reference beams is shown to be successful in extracting even zero-Doppler echoes from the reverberation background.
Further studies of biochemical predictive tests in breast cancer

Tumor tissues from approximately 500 primary and metastatic human breast cancers were analyzed by the dextran-coated charcoal method and the sucrose gradient analysis in order to determine the level of estrogen receptors. Patients were treated in accordance with accepted clinical practice. By the routine use of sucrose gradient centrifugation it was possible to identify a molecular species of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in human breast cancer which is unassociated with a responsibeness to endocrine therapy. This 4S only species may appear in 15-20% of breast cancers and may account for a substantial amount of incorrect predictions of response to therapy.
Short-duration grazing on crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum): Effects of grazing system variables on cattle and herbage production

Abstract This exercise investigated the effects of short-duration grazing (SDG) variables on herbage production and cattle production on desert foothills. The hypothesis that stocking could be increased under SDG while maintaining grass stand integrity was also examined. Number of paddocks, length of stay per paddock and stocking rate were systematically varied under dry, average and wet years. Simulations of season-long grazing under various stocking rates and precipitation regimes provided a series of control runs. Factors controlling biological productivity of SDG systems were climate, stocking rate and number of grazing rotations per season. The latter two factors gave rise to two functional attributes, frequency and intensity of herbage defoliation, both of which decreased herbage production. Livestock production per area displayed a quadratic response to stocking rate and declined as the number of rotational cycles increased. In dry and average precipitation years, cattle production per area was higher under SDG than under season-long grazing; in wet years, production in season-long and SDG systems was similar. When seasonal herbage utilization was constrained to the maximum permissible for stand replacement (70%), SDG systems with one grazing rotation per season were able to carry 40% and 15% more animals than season-long grazing systems under dry and average herbage growth conditions, respectively. This exercise suggested that stocking rates can be increased slightly under SDG, but only under a limited range of conditions. Increased stocking rates under SDG were due to a predicted increase in efficiency of forage harvest by livestock.
Theory of torsion-vibration-rotation interaction in ethane and analysis of the band ν11 + ν4☆

Abstract The theory of torsion vibration-rotation interaction as applied to high barrier to internal rotation ethanelike molecules is discussed. It is shown that the effects of internal rotation can be described by one parameter X which introduces an oscillatory behavior in subband origins. Also, the effects of xy Coriolis interaction between A and E vibrational states on the energy levels and effective band constants of the E state are discussed. The band ν 11 + ν 4 of ethane has been measured with high resolution and analyzed. The barrier to internal rotation in ν 11 has been found to be 3330 ± 23 cal/mole.
A Socialist Drumont? Alphonse Toussenel and the Jews

This article examines French socialist Alphonse Toussenel’s Les Juifs, rois de l’epoque and places his hostility toward Jews on the spectrum of varieties of antisemitism. In this book, Toussenel denounced the supposed Jewish capitalist stranglehold over the workers of France and called for war against the Jews. As the article shows, Toussenel, who worked for the ultraconservative newspaper La Paix before founding the Fourierist La Democratie pacifique, absorbed a toxic blend of Catholic and socialist antisemitism. In a sense, then, the origins of Toussenel’s antisemitism and that of other anti-Jewish Christian socialists lay not in their adherence to traditional categories of Right or Left but in their reaction to bourgeois capitalism and the way it developed in France during the July Monarchy. While Toussenel did not express his hostility toward Jews in racial terms, his ideology appealed to a wide range of antisemites, including Edouard Drumont, the leader of French anti-Jewish forces in the late nineteenth century. Drumont co-opted many of Toussenel’s ideas and blended them with racial antisemitism. Although Toussenel died in 1885, his work helped to legitimize the forces that led to the Dreyfus Affair.
Intermediate phases in the lanthanum- and neodymium-cobalt systems

Crystal structures of intermediate phases in La-Co and Nd-Co systems by powder X ray diffraction technique
A note on the solution to a common thermal network problem encountered in heat-transfer analysis of spacecraft

Abstract A widely used discretization method for modeling thermal systems is the thermal network approach. The network approach is derived from energy balance equations and is equivalent to a particular finite difference discretization of the underlying heat-transfer equation. The steady-state problems that arise in the analysis of spacecraft systems using network models are frequently dominated by radiative transfer, which introduces quartic nonlinearities in the equations. Although these systems are routinely encountered, there has not appeared any detailed analysis of these equations. Questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions and numerical methods for solving the systems have never been addressed in any generality. In this paper, general existence and uniqueness properties of the network equations are established. Globally convergent methods for solving the systems are developed and insight into the relative success of existing methods is given. Numerical examples are presented illustrating the methods. The perspective adopted here is also useful in interdisciplinary applications. A simple example involving thermal control is used to demonstrate this.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular volume in children with congenital heart disease☆

The ability of 2-dimensional echocardiography to measure right ventricular (RV) volume and ejection fraction was assessed in 22 children with congenital heart disease. From the apical 4 chambers 2-dimensional echocardiographic image, the long-axis length of the right ventricle was measured and the area planimetered. On the anteroposterior and lateral cineangiocardiographic planes, the right ventricle was separated into 2 parts: RV sinus and outflow tract. The longest length, inflow tract length, and area of the sinus were measured from biplane cineangiographic views. The echographic long-axis length correlated well with the longest length of the RV sinus measured from both anteroposterior and lateral cineangiographic views at both end-systole and end-diastole. Moreover, the echographic area correlated well with the sinus area obtained from both cineangiographic views. From these regression analyses, the echographic long axis length and area were corrected to the angiographic longest length and area of the sinus. The new corrected echographic longest length and area were applied to 3 formulas (2 biplane and 1 uniplane) to calculate the sinus volume of the right ventricle. Total RV volume was then derived from the sinus volume. RV volumes and ejection fraction determined by 2-dimensional echocardiography were compared with those obtained from biplane cineangiography using Simpson's rule method. All formulas tested predicted RV volumes and ejection fraction with equal accuracy. Thus, 2-dimensional echocardiography can assess RV volume and ejection fraction in children with congenital heart disease.
Homogeneity of Personality in Occupations and Organizations: A Comparison of Alternative Statistical Tests

The attraction–selection–attrition (ASA) model has served as the foundation for numerous investigations. However, the generally supportive evidence for ASA’s homogeneity hypothesis has often been based on statistical tests (e.g., MANOVA) that rely on between-group differences to evaluate within-group agreement. The primary purpose of this article was to discuss advantages of direct statistical tests of homogeneity—average deviation (AD) and r wg—when testing ASA’s homogeneity hypothesis, and advantages of other statistical tests for testing other aspects of ASA theory. A secondary goal was to evaluate the extent to which occupational homogeneity is distinct from organizational homogeneity. Data were obtained from the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) and included scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI) personality measure for 1,103 managers from 25 organizations and 17 occupations. Results were generally supportive of the homogeneity hypothesis. AD values showed that most groups were homogeneous on most assessed personality dimensions. A comparison analysis using traditional statistical tests (i.e., MANOVA) indirectly suggested within-group homogeneity by revealing a significant between-groups effect. In addition, results suggested possible boundary conditions to ASA; notably, meaningful heterogeneity was observed for the S–N (sensing-intuition) MBTI® dimension. The current study provides direct support for ASA’s homogeneity hypothesis for both organizations and occupations and offers guidance for future research on ASA theory and its possible boundary conditions. This is one of the first studies to test the predictions of ASA in both organizations and occupations using a direct index of agreement.
Optical interconnects speed interprocessor nets

Network requirements for interprocessor applications are described, and it is shown that telephone technology is not cost-effective for data processing networks. The elements of a cost/performance-optimized, optical-interconnect technology for interprocessor networks are examined. Optoelectronic transducers, monolithic integration of functions, and high-density packaging are discussed. Future directions in optical link technology are examined. >
Age and the Meaning of Work in the United States and Japan

This paper joins central concerns in the sociology of work and the sociology of aging. Age differences in work commitment and work values are examined, as well as their work and nonwork determinants, using data from 4,567 American and 3,735 Japanese employees. Our results show that older men are more committed to work than younger men in both Japan and the United States. This pattern also holds for American women, but there are no age differences in work commitment among Japanese zwmen. Moreover, there are greater age differences among the Japanese in the importance placed on good pay. This is consistent with the view that there has been greater cultural change in recent years in Japan than in the United States. The study of age differences in the meaning of work joins two important strands of sociological inquiry. People's work commitment and work values are important barometers of the quality of their work roles, a central concern in the sociology of work, while age is increasingly becoming recognized as one of the major bases of social stratification. Despite the complementarity of these concerns, most discussions of the meaning of work do not address the ways in which work attitudes differ at various points in the life course. Nor has research on aging and social change
The effects of catastrophic ecosystem disturbance: the residual mammals at Mount St. Helens

Etude du nombre de micromammiferes (chauve-souris exceptees) restant pendant les 40 mois suivant l'eruption du 18 mai 1980 dans la region de cette montagne de Nouvelle-Angleterre en relation avec un gradient de perturbation et relations entre dynamique des populations vegetales et micromammiferes residuels
Computed tomography scanning of morris hepatomas with liver-specific polyiodinated triglycerides

Rationale and Objectives. We compared the computed tomography (CT) scanning characteristics of a polyiodinated triglyceride analog with those of a urographic agent to distinguish Morris-7777 hepatoma (MH) cells from normal hepatocytes in rats. Methods. Eighteen Buffalo rats were laparotomized and MH cells injected directly into the hepatic parenchyma or introduced via the portal vein to produce, respectively, focal or diffuse lesions in the liver. Baseline CT scans were obtained 21 days after implantation and prior to intravenous administration of either the polyiodinated triglyceride (45–100 mg l/kg) or the nonionic contrast agent, iohexol (560 mg I/kg). Images were obtained at 0–3 hr and 24 hr. Gross pathologic inspection was performed to validate the imaging results. Results. Hepatomas were nearly isodense with normal liver parenchyma in many of the animals, rendering lesion detection difficult with no contrast agent. The bolus administration of iohexol improved lesion detection in many cases. Lesion conspicuity, however, was significantly improved with the polyiodinated triglyceride at less than one eighth the dose of iohexol. Conclusion. Because of their biochemical nature, polyiodinated triglyceride analogs are specifically cleared by the liver. Consequently, they offer several advantages over nonspecific urographic agents in their ability to enhance lesion conspicuity in this hepatoma model.
Label Reading for University Students

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate comprehension of food labeling in the university student. The release of the new Nutrition Facts food label provided a unique opportunity to assess skill in interpreting the new information provided on the label. One hundred and eighty-four university students enrolled in a basic level nutrition course were tested before receiving classroom education. Each student was given a sample label, test questions on key aspects of the new label, and a short questionnaire on their nutritional habits. This study was unique because it evaluated the label prior to it's general release. Most of the students were single (99%), 120 were female (65%) and 64 male (35%). The majority of the students reported that they read food labels frequently (57%), primarily looking for the fat and calorie content. Weight control and general health were given as the most frequent reasons for reading labels. Overall, the students were highly successful in answering the test questions averaging 81% correct out of 14 questions. The majority of the students, however, were unable to use the information provided on the label to calculate the percent of calories coming from fat or adjust the % Daily Value for individual needs. Specifically, 58% were unable to determine percent of calories coming from fat, 65% were unable to calculate the % Daily Value of total fat for someone with reduced caloric needs, and 47% were unable to calculate the carbohydrate recommendation for an increased caloric requirement. Improvements in these values were seen following a classroom intervention. It is of concern that without prior education, college students were unable to interpret key areas of basic food label information. Following instruction, an improvement of 17% was seen on the question relating to the percent of calories coming from fat. A smaller improvement was seen in the other areas.
Emergent cholecystostomy is superior to open cholecystectomy in extremely ill patients with acalculous cholecystitis: a large multicenter outcome study.

Abstract Background Morbidity and mortality are very high for critically ill patients who develop acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC). The aim of this study was to compare outcomes in extremely ill patients with AAC treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC), laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), or open cholecystectomy (OC), which were also analyzed together in the LC-plus-OC (LO) group. Methods Discharge data from the University HealthSystem Consortium database were accessed using International Classification of Diseases codes. The University HealthSystem Consortium's Clinical Data Base/Resource Manager allows member hospitals to compare patient-level, risk-adjusted outcomes. Multivariate regression models for extremely ill patients undergoing PC or LO for the diagnosis of AAC were created and analyzed. Results A total of 1,725 extremely ill patients were diagnosed with AAC between October 2007 and June 2011. Patients undergoing PC (n = 704) compared with the LO group (n = 1,021) showed decreased morbidity (5.0% with PC vs 8.0% with LO, P P P P P Conclusions On the basis of this experience, extremely ill patients with AAC have superior outcomes with PC. LC should be performed in patients in whom the risk for conversion is low and in whom medical conditions allow. These results show PC to be a safe and cost-effective bridge treatment strategy with perioperative outcomes superior to those of OC.
Aquinas's Account of Human Embryogenesis and Recent Interpretations

In addressing bioethical issues at the beginning of human life, such as abortion, in vitro fertilization, and embryonic stem cell research, one primary concern regards establishing when a developing human embryo or fetus can be considered a person. Thomas Aquinas argues that an embryo or fetus is not a human person until its body is informed by a rational soul. Aquinas's explicit account of human embryogenesis has been generally rejected by contemporary scholars due to its dependence upon medieval biological data, which has been far surpassed by current scientific research. A number of scholars, however, have attempted to combine Aquinas's basic metaphysical account of human nature with current embryological data to develop a contemporary Thomistic account of a human person's beginning. In this article, I discuss two recent interpretations in which it is argued that a human person does not begin to exist until a fetus has developed a functioning cerebral cortex.
Important prognostic factors for lung cancer in tobacco predominant Eastern North Carolina: study based on a single cancer registry.

Abstract Background It is known that lung cancer incidence and mortality rate are higher in African Americans (AA) than whites. In Eastern North Carolina, there is a higher percentage of AA population than the national average (30.2% vs. 12.4%) and a higher incidence of lung cancer in this region. We investigated demography and survival of lung cancer patients diagnosed and treated in a single institution. Methods The study includes 2351 patients diagnosed with lung cancer between 2001 and 2010 at East Carolina University. AA and whites were compared by age, sex, race, stage, histology, smoking history and insurance information using chi-square analyses. Patient survival was modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression (SAS version 9.2). Results The distribution of lung cancer was 70% in whites and 30% in AA. The proportion of AA and whites differed significantly for age, sex, histology, stage, and insurance. Patients aged >70 (p Conclusion This is one of the largest lung cancer patient populations from a single institution showing demographic differences between the two races with similar survival outcome. Age, histology and type of insurance were strong predictors of survival outcome. Older age, small cell histology and medicaid and no insurance had significantly shorter overall survival.
Optical metastructures for trapping light in thin Si solar cells

We propose nano-scale split ring structures and fishnet structures on thin film solar cells to increase absorption near the band edge of Si by 9× and 27× respectively. These structures originate in the metamaterials literature and in the context of Si solar cells; we refer to them as ‘metastructures’. This nomenclature is adopted since we are only using a single layer distribution of such structures or geometries. The structures are highly tunable and can be designed to obtain enhanced absorption at multiple wavelengths. The results are obtained using full wave simulation for both 500nm and 2 µm thick solar cells with and without back electrodes. In addition the total power absorbed by the cell is computed using Poynting's theorem and the intensity of the electric field is studied of various wavelengths as a function of depth. These computations are obtained from numerically simulated field values on a surface just below the metastructures. The maximum photocurrent that can be generated at various wavelengths in the visible spectrum will be calculated and the photocurrent enhancement produced by the nanoplasmonic split ring and fishnet structures will be evaluated. The results for the split rings and fishnet structures are compared with light trapping produced by nano sized spheres, hemispheres and flakes that have been reported in the literature. We conclude that fishnet and split ring structures and other designs based on metamaterial concepts are better suited for the development of high efficiency thin film solar cells.
Microcomputer‐automated reactor for synthesis of 13C‐labeled Monosaccharides

For less labor-intensive, larger-scale, and more efficient production of D-[1-13C] glucose and other labeled monosaccharides using the cyanohydrin reduction reaction, an automated reactor was designed, constructed, and tested. A suitable vessel and all ancillary and control equipment were fabricated, or otherwise obtained, and the apparatus was controlled with a microcomputer program written in BASIC. Running without manual intervention, the yields for the condensation reaction of D-arabinose with KCN and the recovery of the excess cyanide were high (>90%), and the resultant aldononitriles were reduced to product aldoses with little reduction of the intermediate imines to amines. The reduction rate could be improved by controlling pH between 2–4 and by agitation speeds >250 rpm, while no improvement resulted from the use of high hydrogen pressures [> 129 kPa (4 psig)]. Reduction reactions conducted in the presence of formic acid (to regulate pH) suggest that formic acid acted as a coreducing agent.
Periventricular penetration and disappearance of ICV Tyr-MIF-1, DAMGO, tyrosine, and albumin

The penetration of four radioiodinated materials-Tyr-MIF-1, DAMGO, tyrosine, and albumin-into the periventricular tissue after ICV injection was studied in rats by film autoradiography. Rates of disappearance from the CNS for the injected compounds were also determined by computer-assisted image analysis of the autoradiographic images. The four materials showed distinct patterns of dispersion from the ventricular system, with Tyr-MIF-1 moving farthest into the parenchyma of the brain and albumin primarily restricted to the ventricular space. The other two compounds, tyrosine and DAMGO, had intermediate values. Tyr-MIF-1 also displayed the fastest rate of removal from the brain, which may represent the ability of the peptide to gain access to sites of saturable transport. By contrast, the exit from the brain of DAMGO was minimal, whereas the efflux of albumin and tyrosine was intermediate. These results show the utility of these methods in the simultaneous measurement of both the patterns of distribution within the CNS and the rates of removal from the CNS of compounds injected into the brain.
On the conformational structure of cyclohexadecane, the corresponding ketone, the 1,9-dione and the corresponding ketals

Abstract The title compounds have been prepared, and their structures have been studied using molecular mechanics calculations, together with dipole moment measurements, and thermodynamic and spectroscopic data reported in the literature. It is concluded that the parent hydrocarbon exists to a very large extent in a “square” diamondoid conformation (D2d symmetry). Other conformations (rectangular, nearly D2, and puckered, (D2d) are considerably higher in energy. The ketone consists of a mixture of both square and rectangular conformations with the CO group in several different positions. The monoethylene ketal exists primarily in a conformation which is square, with the ketal group on a corner. The diketone, diketal, and monoketal of the dione are considered in the light of the above, and conclusions are drawn regarding their conformations. The dipole moments of the difunctional compounds are in agreement with the conformational conclusions reached by the calculations.
Ultrastructure and enzyme activities of a virulent and an avirulent variant of Bacteroides gingivalis W50

The ultrastructure and enzyme activity of an avirulent, weakly-pigmenting, colonial variant (W50/BE1) was compared with that of the highly-virulent parent strain, Bacteroides gingivalis W50, in an attempt to identify significant virulence factors. Electron microscopy of thin sections of the organisms showed strain W50 to possess a 3–4-fold thicker layer of material external to the outer membrane. No significant differences between the strains were found with respect to collagen- or hyaluronic acid-breakdown activities at assay pH 7.5. However, cultures of strain W50 had over 3-fold more trypsin-like activity (P < 0.01) than the avirulent variant. These results, when taken with other data, suggest that a thick external layer on the cell surface together with high trypsin-like activity might be important virulence factors of B. gingivalis.
Asymmetrical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Simulating Mitral Stenosis

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually involves the left ventricle more severely than the right, and when asymmetrical may produce the syndrome of idiopathic subaortic stenosis. Less commonly, clinical manifestations of inflow-tract obstruction predominate and produce a syndrome that may be mistaken for mitral stenosis, principally because of an apical diastolic rumbling murmur. The probability of this diagnostic error and the risk of a consequent unnecessary operation can be reduced by appreciating the significance of the clues to left ventricular disease revealed by the electrocardiogram and the chest roentgenogram. Furthermore, proper timing of the heart sounds differentiates the protodiastolic filling sound of cardiomyopathy from the opening snap of mitral stenosis. The correct diagnosis is established following ventriculographic and hemodynamic studies.
Primary structure of pancreatic polypeptide from four species of Perissodactyla (Przewalski's horse, zebra, rhino, tapir).

Abstract Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been purified from extracts of the pancreas of four species of odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla): Przewalski's horse, mountain zebra, white rhinoceros, and mountain tapir. The amino acid sequence of Przewalski's horse pancreatic polypeptide was established as Ala-Pro-Met-Glu-Pro-Val-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Asp 10 -Asn-Ala-Thr- Pro-Glu-Gln-Met-Ala-Gln-Tyr 20 -Ala-Ala-Glu-Leu-Arg-Arg-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Met 30 -Leu-Thr-Arg-Pro-Arg-Tyr·NH 2 . Zebra PP was identical to Przewalski's horse PP, rhinoceros PP contained three substitutions relative to the horse (Ser for Ala 1 , Leu for Met 3 , and Glu for Gln 16 ), and tapir PP contained one substitution relative to the horse (Leu for Met 3 ). On the basis of morphological characteristics and the fossil record, the rhinocerotids are classified with the tapirids in the suborder Ceratomorpha, whereas the horse and zebra belong to a separate suborder, Hippomorpha. On the basis of structural similarity of the PP molecules, however, it would appear that the tapir is more closely related to the horse than to the rhinoceros. These observations provide a further example of the need for extreme caution when inferring taxonomic or phylogenetic relationships between species from the structures of homologous peptides.
The ineffectiveness of hycanthone methanesulfonate in inducing somatic crossing over and mutations in Glycine max

Abstract Seeds of varieties T219 and L65-1237 of Glycine max heterozygous for the Y 11 y 11 gene combination (controlling chlorophyll development) were soaked for 0–24 h in aqueous solutions of hycanthone in concentration of 125 ppm to 1000 ppm and hycanthone plus FUdR in concentration of 5 × 10 −7 to 2 × 10 −6 . Analysis of the simple leaves and the first compound leaf of the heterozygotes indicated that the drug did not increase the frequency of mutations or somatic crossing over in this system.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of a plasmid mutant derepressed for conjugal transfer in Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract The plasmid pCRG1600 is a 52.9-kb self-transmissible plasmid coding for resistance to aminoglycoside and β-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. When transferred by transduction, plasmid deletion mutants affecting one or more antibiotic-resistance genes were readily obtained. Of these, one derivative (pCRG1690) was found to exhibit a conjugal transfer frequency ca. 100-fold higher than that of the wild-type plasmid. A preliminary physical-genetic map of pCRG1600 located tra in a 14.6-kb region within the 16.9-kb XbaI-A fragment. An 8.5-kb deletion to the left of tra in pCRG1690 was specifically associated with the increased conjugal transferability of the plasmid. Thus, pCRG1690 appears similar to plasmids derepressed for conjugal transfer (drd) in gram-negative bacterial species.
Microstructural Changes During Steam Peeling of Fruits and Vegetables

Microstructural changes of the fruit tissue during a steam-peeling process were studied and critically evaluated using pimiento pepper (Capsicum annum L. cv.‘Truhart’) as a model commodity. The high temperature of the steam resulted in melting and reorganization (phase transition) of the cuticular waxes on the surface of the fruit. Heat transfer increased the temperature inside the fruit, which in turn caused vaporization of the cell fluids, increased internal pressure, occurrence of various biochemical reactions (hydrolysis of carbohydrates, breakdown of pectins) and finally rupture of cell walls and separation of the skin. A possible mechanism of peeling is discussed and a multistage peeling process is introduced to improve product yields and reduce peeling losses.
Crystallization in emulsions

The more widespread application of ultrasonic and X-ray techniques have stimulated further examination of the phase transitions in the lipid phase of oil-in-water emulsions. The improved experimental data have supported the development of theories to describe the processes.
Distribution and Expression of Protein Kinase C Interactive Protein (PKCI/HINT1) in Mouse Central Nervous System (CNS)

Protein kinase C interactive protein (PKCI; also known as histidine triad protein, HINT1) is a small intracellular protein widely expressed in tissues from both the peripheral and CNS. Although the structure of this protein is well characterized, the functional aspect and cellular distribution of the protein remain unknown, especially in CNS. To analyze the expression pattern of PKCI/HINT1 we used antibodies against either the whole recombinant protein or a peptide epitope of PKCI/HINT1. We find widespread of PKCI/HINT1 expression in the mouse CNS by Western blot and immunostaining. Our data indicates that PKCI/HINT1 is present broadly throughout the regions of CNS with relatively high abundance in olfactory system, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and part of thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons and medulla. On the cellular level, PKCI/HINT1 immunoreactivity is primarily located in neurons and neuronal processes. This study provides the anatomical evidence for the potential roles of PKCI/HINT1 in neuronal function.
Nonverbal estimation during numerosity judgements by adult humans

On an automated task, humans selected the larger of two sets of items, each created through the one-by-one addition of items. Participants repeated the alphabet out loud during trials so that they could not count the items. This manipulation disrupted counting without producing major effects on other cognitive capacities such as memory or attention, and performance of this experimental group was poorer than that of participants who counted the items. In Experiment 2, the size of individual items was varied, and performance remained stable when the larger numerical set contained a smaller total amount than the smaller numerical set (i.e., participants used numerical rather than nonnumerical quantity cues in making judgements). In Experiment 3, reports of the number of items in a single set showed scalar variability as accuracy decreased, and variability in responses increased with increases in true set size. These data indicate a mechanism for the approximate representation of numerosity in adult humans that might be shared with nonhuman animals.
Selective Bond Dissociation and Rearrangement with Optimally Tailored, Strong-Field Laser Pulses

We used strong-field laser pulses that were tailored with closed-loop optimal control to govern specified chemical dissociation and reactivity channels in a series of organic molecules. Selective cleavage and rearrangement of chemical bonds having dissociation energies up to approximately 100 kilocalories per mole (about 4 electron volts) are reported for polyatomic molecules, including (CH 3 ) 2 CO (acetone), CH 3 COCF 3 (trifluoroacetone), and C 6 H 5 COCH 3 (acetophenone). Control over the formation of CH 3 CO from (CH 3 ) 2 CO, CF 3 (or CH 3 ) from CH 3 COCF 3 , and C 6 H 5 CH 3 (toluene) from C 6 H 5 COCH 3 was observed with high selectivity. Strong-field control appears to have generic applicability for manipulating molecular reactivity because the tailored intense laser fields (about 10 13 watts per square centimeter) can dynamically Stark shift many excited states into resonance, and consequently, the method is not confined by resonant spectral restrictions found in the perturbative (weak-field) regime.
The Gravity Model in International Trade. Advances and Applications – Edited by Peter A.G. Van Bergeijk and Steven Brakman

The gravity model has been used extensively in the international trade literature over the past 50 years. This volume offers 11 papers, presented at a University of Groningen conference in October 2007, and written by authors who have made seminal contributions to the gravity model over the past decade or so. It is an enjoyable collection of research that takes the gravity model to new frontiers by examining its methodology, its assumptions and its applications. The gravity model was first applied by Tinbergen (1962) and Poyhonen (1963) who proposed that bilateral trade flows between two countries is positively related to their respective national incomes and negatively related to the bilateral distance between them. The estimable form of this equation leads to the core gravity model which has gained popularity as it yields robust estimates. However, until recently the gravity model was “an intellectual orphan, unconnected to the rich family of economic theory” (Anderson, 2010). Most of the papers in this anthology incorporate new theoretical foundations of the gravity model leading to more accurate estimation and interpretation of the spatial relations. The editors, in the introduction, present the gravity model’s history, microfoundations and empirical applications, and state that the aim of the book is to “take stock of recent advancements” on the theoretical and empirical side. Part I of the volume has four papers on the model’s methodology, Part II has three papers on the spatial aspects, and Part III has four papers that show the versatility of the gravity model by applying it to international environmental arrangements, diplomatic relations, financial integration caused by mergers and acquisitions, and economic performance. In Part I, Bergstrand and Egger develop a theoretical model that simultaneously estimates gravity equations of bilateral final goods trade, intermediate goods trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. Their predicted theoretical propositions are empirically validated leading the authors to conclude that Ethier’s (1982) intermediateinputs approach is relevant in explaining actual patterns of bilateral intermediates outsourcing flows.Anderson extends the multilateral resistance terms in Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) by considering when seller’s and buyer’s incidence of trade costs is determined in an aggregate fashion whereby all shipments are made from and to a basket of commodities. Any researcher who has tried to estimate unbiased gravity-equation coefficients with multilateral-resistance terms has usually had to choose between Anderson and van Wincoop’s customized non-linear approach or the computationally easier fixed-effects
Human complement receptor type 1 (CR1) binds to a major malarial adhesin

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), a major adhesin molecule expressed on Plasmodium-falciparum-infected erythrocytes, interacts with several receptors on endothelial cells and uninfected erythrocytes. This 'stickiness', known as rosetting, is a strategy used by the parasite to remain sequestered in the microvasculature to avoid destruction in the spleen and liver. Erythrocyte rosetting causes obstruction of the blood flow in microcapillaries. Recent data suggest a direct interaction between PfEMP1 and a functional site of complement receptor type 1 (CR1; CD35) on uninfected erythrocytes. Consistent with the hypothesis that CR1 is important in malaria pathogenesis is a 40-70-fold increase in the frequency of two CR1 blood-group antigens (at least one of which might rosette less efficiently) in malaria-exposed African populations. Furthermore, structural differences in erythrocyte CR1 between human and non-human primates are probably explained by the selective pressure of malaria.
Hodgkin lymphoma in a young child contributing to a diagnosis of ataxia telangiectasia: review of the literature

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasias, immunodeficiency, chromosomal instability, and radiation sensitivity (Peterson et al. Lancet 283:1189–1193, 1964; Boder and Sedgwick Pediatrics 21:526–554, 1958; Taylor et al. Nature 258:427–429, 1975). Compared to the general population, patients with primary immunodeficiencies such as A-T have an increased rate of malignancy and an earlier age at presentation (Loeb et al. J Pediatr Hematol/Oncol 22:464–467, 2000; Taylor et al. Blood 87:423–438, 1996). We report the clinical, histopathologic, and molecular features of a 6-year-old child who presented with EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), which led to the diagnosis of ataxia telangiectasia. The diagnosis of HL at this unusually young age prompted further clinical, immunologic and cytogenetic evaluations, all of which supported a diagnosis of A-T. Because A-T patients are exquisitely sensitive to radiation, the patient was put on a modified chemotherapeutic regimen; however, 14 months later, he experienced a relapse and passed away by age 9. Classical HL is relatively rare among A-T patients, and this is the first documented case of an EBER-1 positive Hodgkin lymphoma in an ataxia telangiectasia patient. A review of the literature examining cases of HL in A-T is provided.
Disciform degeneration of the macula. II. Pathogenesis.

• Of 84 patients with unilateral disciform macular degeneration, 36 were followed up for one to four years (average, 22 months). The fellow eye in 13 cases developed disciform lesions during that follow-up period. A significantly greater number of drusen were found in the fellow eyes of patients with unilateral disciform macular degeneration than in the eyes of a comparable control group of patients (P