cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stationary Monetary Equilibria in Overlapping Generations Models with Incomplete Markets

Abstract The objective of this paper is to study the stationary monetary equilibria of a stochastic overlapping generations model with a general incomplete asset structure. It is proved that a stationary equilibrium with a nonzero price of money generically exists and is locally isolated when there is outside money; for an open set of economies there is an equilibrium with positive money prices in all states. The equilibrium is also given a neat characterisation in terms of the properties of the underlying state prices. With only inside money there will instead be a continuum of equilibria. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D52, D90, E40.
An Examination of Factors Influencing Illegal Tobacco Sales to Minors

SUMMARY This study examined factors that influence illegal tobacco sales to minors, such as buyer, clerk, and store characteristics. Thirty-seven youths made 314 attempts to purchase tobacco in 11 towns in Illinois. Purchase attempts were made from over-the-counter and vending machine vendors. Multilevel multivariate logistic regression analyses, which controlled for town clustering effects, were run to determine predictors of illegal sales to minors. Findings revealed that the strongest predictors of selling cigarettes illegally to minors were clerks' failure to ask a minor for age or identification. The implications of using multivariate methods to identify factors influencing illegal tobacco sales are discussed.
Design and modeling of a novel spring-loaded ionic polymeric gel actuator

A novel design for a helical spring-loaded ionic polymeric gel actuator is presented, specifically an encapsulated hermetically sealed, helical compression spring-loaded cylindrical linear actuator containing a counterionic solution or electrolyte such as water + acetone, a cylindrical helical compression spring and a collection of polymeric gel fibers. The proposed design is such that the helical spring not only acts as a compression spring between the two hermetically sealed circular end caps but contains snugly the polymeric gel fiber bundle and also acts as the cathode (anode) electrode while the two actuator caps act as the anode (cathode) electrodes. Electrical control of the expansion and the contraction of the linear actuator is possible. A mathematical model is presented for the dynamic response of contractile fiber bundles embedded in or around elastic springs that are either linear helical compression springs or hyperelastic springs such as rubber-like materials. The proposed model considers the electrically or pH-induced contraction of the fibers for the computer-controlled dynamic performance of the actuator.
Atomlessr-maximal sets

We focus on\(\mathcal{L}\)% MathType!End!2!1!(A), the filter of supersets ofA in the structure of the computably enumerable sets under the inclusion relation, whereA is an atomlessr-maximal set. We answer a long-standing question by showing that there are infinitely many pairwise non-isomorphic filters of this type.
Analyzing focus group interviews.

Over the years I’ve been asked lots of questions about analysis. Here are the most frequently asked questions and my answers. Keep in mind that my first answer for almost all of these questions is: “It depends.” Your situation or environment and the type of study you are doing are major factors that influence how analysis might best be done. OK, given that caveat, here is an attempt to answer the most common questions.
Dissociation of cAMP changes and myocardial contractility in taurine perfused rat heart.

Abstract It has been determined that the inotropic effects of taurine in the rat heart are not necessarily mediated through changes in cyclic nucleotide levels. Taurine caused a transient 2-fold decrease in cAMP levels, and this was accompanied by a slight (5%), but significant positive inotropic effect. This cannot be explained by an antagonism of cAMP levels by 3′, 5′ -guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), since the latter remained essentially unchanged. Epinephrine, as is known, caused a rapid increase in cAMP levels. Perfusion with both taurine and epinephrine increased cAMP levels to the same extent as perfusion with epinephrine alone.
Lessons From the Rockefeller Foundation's Experiments On the Minority Female Single Parent Program

Randomized field experiments have been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the Rockefeller Foundation's Minority Female Single Parent Program. This article reviews problems engendered by the randomization and discusses the ways they have been resolved. The lessons should help to make randomization easier when community based organizations are an integral part of a field experiment.
An Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm For An Autonomous Land Vehicle

An improved obstacle avoidance algorithm for the reflexive pilot in the FMC autonomous land vehicle is presented. To perform the obstacle avoidance operation, the specia] structure of the local map derived from sonic sensor information is used to find a collision-free path. This is done by first reducing the vehicle to a line model to obtain an equivalent problem with enlarged obstacles, and then dealing with the free space directly.
An accretion event in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 5548

Accretion on to a massive collapsed central object is now commonly thought to power active galactic nuclei (AGN)1–3. If this is indeed so, then changes in luminosity of the system should correspond to changes in accretion rate, or, equivalently, the mass flux at regions a few Schwarzschild radii from the putative black hole. The observational consequences of such a change in accretion rate may not be pronounced, as gas near the central source of radiation is expected to be very highly ionized and difficult to observe outside the X-ray band. Here we draw attention to a remarkable change which occurred in the spectrum of the low-luminosity, optically variable, Seyfert galaxy NGC 5548. An increase in optical luminosity was accompanied by the appearance of a strong, abnormally broad He II 4,686-A emission line. The appearance of this line indicates the presence of a component of highly ionized gas that did not contribute to the optical spectrum before the increase in luminosity. The greater line width suggests that the gas producing the He II emission is much closer to the central object than the broad region (BLR). This observation may be the first direct evidence of the accretion onto a central object.
Myth, Legitimation, and Stress in Formal Sport Organizations

Myths permeate formal sport organizations and are reflected in their practices, pro cedures, techniques, and policies. Institutionalized myths and their relationship to: (1) the legitimation of for...
P29 Macopharma Prion Capture (P-CAPT™) Filter Removes Brain-Derived Prion In Leucoreduced Human RBC

Background Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases (prion) can be transmitted by blood transfusion. Precautionary measures against the spreading of TSE through the blood supply have been implemented, but alone those measures are not sufficient. Pathogen Removal and Diagnostic Technologies (PRDT) developed a resin that reduced brain-derived TSE infectivity by approximately 4 log10 while endogenous TSE infectivity from hamster blood was reduced to below the limit of detection of the bioassay. The resin was incorporated into membrane layers that were developed by MacoPharma into a prion capture filter termed P-CAPTTM. In the present study we investigated the performance of the P-CAPTTM filter to capture PrPres from TSE infected hamster brain homogenate mixed in leucoreduced human RBC. Methods Hamster brain homogenate infected with the 263K strain of scrapie was added to a unit of leucoreduced (LST1 MacoPharma whole blood filter) human RBC. The unit bag was sterile docked to a P-CAPTTM kit containing an in-line P-CAPTTM filter and a transfer bag to collect the treated RBC. The spiked RBC was applied to the P-CAPTTM filter by gravity at ambient temperature according to the manufacturer's instructions. At the end of the run, the filter was extensively washed and the captured proteins were analyzed by Western blot. In some studies, two P-CAPTTM filters and two columns in series were tested to investigate the level of PrPres removal provided by the filter. Other parameters such as reproducibility of binding and filtration time were also analyzed. Results Western blot analysis of the filter-bound proteins indicated that the P-CAPTTM filter captured brain PrPres from a unit of human leucoreduced RBC. The binding was reproducible within the experimental variability of the Western blot signal and the filtration time was also reproducible. The results also indicated that all input PrPres (pathogenic prion protein) was adsorbed by the first filter and no Western blot signal was captured by the second filter in series. Conclusions P-CAPTTM filters contain a resin that, when tested in column format, captured brain PrPres, brain-derived infectivity and endogenous hamster blood infectivity. We showed here that the same resin incorporated into a filter was still capable of capturing brain PrPres.
The synthesis of glycoproteins in human melanoma cells infected with varicella-zoster virus

Abstract The synthesis of glycoproteins has been investigated in cultured human melanoma cells before and after infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The glycosylated polypeptides were labeled with tritiated precursors of the sugar moiety and were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the electrophoretic profiles of uninfected and infected cell lysates were compared, a marked reduction in host cell glycoprotein synthesis was evident during the late phase of viral infection. In addition, at least three infected-cell specific (ICS) glycosylated polypeptides were detected. After immune precipitation of [ 3 H]glucosamine-labeled VZV cell extracts with human and rabbit VZV antisera, a total of five ICS glycoproteins were identified and designated gp 45, gp 62, gp 88, gp 98, and gp 118, according to their apparent molecular weights (× 10 3 ). Four of the five polypeptides (but not gp 88) were visualized after immune precipitation of infected cell extracts labeled with [ 3 H]fucose. The ICS glycopeptides corresponded in molecular weight to [ 35 S]methionine-labeled polypeptides detected in a virus-enriched fraction obtained by centrifugation of sonically disrupted infected cells in a combination density-viscosity gradient. A prominent ICS high-molecular weight (∼150,000) nonglycosylated polypeptide was identified also in the latter fraction.
Blood volume monitoring to achieve target weight in pediatric hemodialysis patients.

Achieving dry weight during hemodialysis (HD) while minimizing symptoms is critical for optimizing patient outcome by preventing chronic fluid overload, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy. Dry weight changes frequently in children because of growth and development and waxing and waning of appetite. We have previously shown non-invasive hematocrit monitoring (NIVM) helps to decrease intradialytic symptoms, while still achieving target dry weights in children receiving chronic HD. In the current study, we prospectively evaluated an NIVM-guided ultrafiltration (UF) management algorithm to determine target dry weight in nine pediatric patients (mean age 16.6±2.8 years, mean weight 41.6±11.1 kg). Use of NIVM could potentially lead to overly aggressive UF with increased interdialytic symptoms, post treatment thirst, and interdialytic weight gain (IDWG). To evaluate the effectiveness of our NIVM UF algorithm, we studied the effect of three different NIVM-guided UF models (100%, 90%, and 80% UF models) on intradialytic and interdialytic symptoms, pre-/post-treatment blood pressure (BP), and percentage IDWG. To assess interdialytic symptoms, patients completed two questionnaires, one for each day between treatments. No statistically significant difference was seen between the three UF models with respect to intradialytic or interdialytic symptoms, pre-/post-HD BP, or percentage IDWG. Only one of nine patients received non-ACEI chronic antihypertensive medication, yet all patients had pre- and post-HD BP <95th percentile for age and height. The current study suggests that routine determination of target dry weight using NIVM and aiming for 100% UF helps to achieve the target dry weight, reduces both the risk of chronic fluid overload and the need for antihypertensive medication, and does not lead to increased intra- or interdialytic symptomatology in pediatric patients treated with chronic HD.
Actin from the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a single electrofocusing species.

Abstract We have prepared actin from wild type Caenorhabditis elegans animals by three procedures: a purification dependent on the ability of actin to form F-actin, affinity chromatography which preferentially binds G-actin, and co-precipitation of an actin-myosin complex by antimyosin antibodies. Each preparation yields a single electrofocusing species of actin. Comparison of actin from C. elegans embryos and animals reveals that embryos also have the same single electrofocusing species of actin.
Calcium lysosomes in rachitic and vitamin D3 replete chick duodenal absorptive cells

Abstract Calcium-containing lysosomes were described in a previous communication in this series (Davis et al. , 1979). Their potential role in intestinal calcium uptake and transcellular transport was hypothesized. To further this notion, the effects of a rachitogenic diet and vitamin D 3 repletion were investigated. Intestinal absorptive cells from chicks maintained on a vitamin D deficient diet were characterized by decreased numbers of supranuclear calcium lysosomes. In contrast, intestinal cells from chicks given vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) subsequent to the rachitogenic diet showed numerous large compound supranuclear calcium lysosomes. Since other steroid hormones are known to effect lysosomes, it is tempting to speculate that vitamin D, itself a steroid hormone, may activate lysosomes which themselves might be involved in calcium homeostatic mechanisms.
Adaptive Pneumatic Control With Spool Deadband Compensation

AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach to both adaptive deadband compensation and complete adaptive pneumatic control for a pneumatic servo control system driven by spool-type pneumatic proportional directional control valves. The controller is capable of either combined position and compliance control or combined force and compliance control. The novel adaptive approach includes control valve deadband compensation and adaptation for load variations and system mechanical properties. The control valve deadband compensation uses adjustable deadband lengths that are adapted to improve force tracking performance. The learned deadband model is then used in the complete adaptive controller, which includes adaptation for system mass, damping, and external load. The complete controller demonstrated accurate and stable force and position control for the tracking of sine, square, and sawtooth waveforms from 1 to 5 Hz.
Continuous tissue culture cell lines derived from chemically induced tumors of Japanese quail

Several continuous tissue culture cell lines were established from methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas of Japanese quail. The lines consist either of fibroblastic elements, round refractile cells or polygonal cells. They show transformed characteristics in agar colony formation and hexose uptake, and most are tumorigenic. Their cloning efficiency in plastic dishes is not increased over that of normal quail embryo fibroblasts. The quail tumor cell lines do not produce endogenous avian oncoviruses and fail to complement the Bryan high titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus; those tested lack the p27 protein of avian oncoviruses. Most of the cell lines are susceptible to subgroup A avian sarcoma viruses, but are relatively resistant to viruses of subgroups C, E and F as compared to normal quail embryo fibroblasts.
An adenosine triphosphatase from frog gastric mucosa

Summary A membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.4), has been separated by differential centrifugation from homogenates of bullfrog gastric mucosa. The enzyme is neither stimulated by Na + +K + , nor inhibited by ouabain, but exhibits other properties which appear to link it with acid secretion. Thus bicarbonate and halide ions enhance the ATPase activity. Thiocyanate ion, which reversibly inhibits acid production by the stomach in vivo and in vitro , exerts a similar action on the gastric ATPase. Both HCO 3 − and Cl − protect the enzyme against inhibition by SCN − . The results do not prove, but are consistent with the hypothesis that the gastric ATPase participates directly in the sequence of reactions leading to acid secretion by the stomach.
Analytical solution of flow field and pressure drop for filters with rectangular fibers

In a previous paper, the general approach of forcing the truncated general solution of the biharmonic equation ⊇ 2 (⊇ 2 ψ)=0 to satisfy appropriate boundary conditions on a fiber surface and at the cell boundary has been developed. In this paper, the method is applied to the specific case of rectangular fibers. Both the flow field and the dimensionless fiber drag have been calculated for various parameters, such as the fiber aspect ratio and packing density. Since the resulting expression is quite complicated, only the formula for the zeroth-order approximation is given for selected fiber aspect ratios. The range of applicable packing densities in the zeroth-order solution is given for several allowed error values at the fiber surface. The zeroth-order solutions are in good agreement with Fardi and Liu's numerical results based on an iterative, finite-difference scheme. In cases where the zeroth-order approximation does not provide sufficiently accurate results, higher-order approximation can be used. Since analytical solutions with variable coefficients are sometimes too complicated or time consuming to obtain, analytical solutions with constant coefficients have been obtained with considerable saving in computer time. This allows the dimensionless fiber drag for specific filter packing density and fiber aspect ratio to be obtained. In addition, using the slip boundary condition at the fiber surface, the method has been used to obtain the dimensionless drag of rectangular fibers in the slip flow regime. The advantages and limitations of the method have also been discussed.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D attenuates cAMP accumulation in cultured human lymphocytes

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) receptors appear in cultured lymphocytes after activation; 1,25(OH)2D3 has been shown to affect both the immune function and proliferation of activated cells. However, the mechanism of these effects is not completely understood. We therefore studied the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on forskolin-stimulated lymphocyte cAMP production during concanavalin A (ConA) activation. Purified lymphocytes were cultured with ConA; 1,25(OH)2D3 was added concurrently or 24-48 h later. To measure cAMP production, aliquots of 10(6) cells were preincubated with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and then stimulated with the diterpene activator, forskolin (15 microM, x 10 min). The cAMP production was 4 +/- 2 pmol/10(6) cells prior to activation, increasing markedly in 48-72 h and then declining. When 1,25(OH)2D3 was added to the culture for 48 h beginning 24 h after activation, forskolin-stimulated cAMP production was consistently reduced by greater than half. This effect on cAMP production was dose dependent with half-maximal attenuation at 5 X 10(-10) M 1,25(OH)2D3. Neither 10(-8) M 24,25(OH)2D3 nor 25(OH)D3 diminished the cAMP response to forskolin. Blastic transformation was not altered by 48 h exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3 at any time during the 120 h the cultures were maintained. We conclude that 1,25(OH)2D3 can modulate cAMP production and suggest that this may contribute to other effects on T lymphocyte function. We have described the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to attenuate the hormone-stimulated cAMP production in other cell types and suggest that this may be a generalized mechanism through which 1,25(OH)2D3 works.
Examination of the μ–Λ Relation Suggested for Drop Size Distribution Parameters

Abstract Raindrop size distributions are often assumed to follow a three-parameter gamma distribution. Since rain intensity retrieval from radar observations is an underdetermined problem, there is great interest in finding physical correlations between the parameters of the gamma distribution. One of the more common approaches is to measure naturally occurring drop size distributions (DSDs) using a disdrometer and to find DSD parameters by fitting a gamma distribution to these observations. Often the method of moments is used to retrieve the parameters of a gamma distribution from disdrometer observations. In this work the effect of the method of moments and data filtering on the relation between the parameters of the DSD is investigated, namely, the shape μ and the slope Λ parameters. For this study the disdrometer observations were simulated. In these simulations the gamma distribution parameters Nw, D0, and μ were randomly selected from a wide range of values that are found in rainfall. Then, using si...
Energy-dependent amorphization of Ge by Ne, Ar or Kr ion irradiation

Abstract Thin Ge specimens have been irradiated at room temperature with Ne, Ar or Kr ions of different energies, and the doses required for complete amorphization determined by in situ transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Onset of amorphization was detected after the lowest ion doses, reflecting amorphization by individual ions. The ion dose required for complete amorphization increased nearly linearly with ion energy over the range 0·5-3·5 MeV for all ions. Amorphization cross-sections have been determined for all the ions and energies used. The amount of damage, expressed as the number of displacements per atom, required for complete amorphization decreased with increasing ion energy or ion mass. The decrease with increasing ion energy or ion mass is due to a decrease in irradiation-enhanced annealing of amorphous volumes as a result of a decrease in the fraction of low-energy atomic displacements to Ge. Increasing the fraction of low-energy atomic displacements to Ge atoms during...
Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactopyranosides

Abstract Reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- D -galactopyranosyl bromide ( 5 ) with p -nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6- O -( p -methoxybenzylidene)-α- D -galactopyranoside ( 3 ) under the usual conditions, followed by removal of the p -methoxybenzylidene group and O -deacylation, gave crystalline p -nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2- deoxy-3- O -β- D -galactopyranosyl-α- D -galactopyranoside ( 10 ). The synthesis of p -nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3- O -β- D -galactopyranosyl-β- D -galactopyranoside ( 11 ) has also been accomplished by a similar reaction-sequence.
High-alpha vectoring characteristics of the F-18/HARV

An investigation was conducted in the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel (16FTT) to determine the multiaxis thrust vectoring characteristics of the F-18 high-alpha research vehicle (HARV). A 0.10-scale model of the F-18 airplane was modified with hardware to simulate the three-vane thrust vectoring system of the F-18/HARV. This investigation was conducted at Mach numbers ranging from 0.30 to 0.70, angles of attack from 0 to 70 deg, and nozzle pressure ratios from 2.0 to approximately 5.0. Results indicate that the thrust vectoring system of the F-18/HARV can generate useful levels of multiaxis thrust vectoring. During vectoring, resultant thrust vector angles were always less than the corresponding geometric vane deflection angle and were accompanied by large thrust losses. Significant external flow effects that were dependent on Mach number and angle of attack were noted during vectoring.
The Effect of external Damping on the Stability of Beck's Column

Abstract The stability of a cantilevered column subjected to a constant follower load in the presence of external damping is investigated. It is shown that the critical load increases with increasing damping from the value of 20.05 EI/L 2 at zero damping to the limiting value of 37.7 EI/L 2 for large damping. This behavior is in marked contrast to that of the internally damped column and also to that of conservative systems (where external damping has no effect on the critical load). The results of this analysis, which are based on a modal approximation, are corroborated by the results obtained from the study of a standard two-degree-of-freedom model of the continuous column. Further confirmation is obtained from a computer analysis of the exact frequency equation.
Cell cycle-dependent translation initiation: IRES elements prevail.

Where are these exciting results going to lead the translational control and cell cycle fields? Of course the results presented in these papers need to be confirmed by other laboratories using alternative methods of cell synchronization. With that, one important question to be addressed is how the dephosphorylation of eIF4E is stimulated during the G2/M phase, and whether preventing this also prevents the decrease of translation during G2/M. A second and even more intriguing question is whether unique translation initiation factors that recognize a specific class of IRES structures are induced during G2/M, and potentially other times during the cell cycle. Related questions are which parts of the IRES RNA serve as recognition sites for the translation factors, and by what mechanism is the ribosome recruited to the IRES? Similarly, how many mRNAs are going to be under translational control during the cell cycle, and will their identification help to more fully understand how the cell cycle is driven forward?A related and possibly more interesting issue for the broader audience is the potential usefulness of these cell cycle–regulated IRESs in heterologous constructs. As is pointed out in both the papers describing these elements, the ability to target gene expression via these IRESs to rapidly dividing cells should provide a very powerful new tool to control gene expression without the use of specific promoters. Will these IRESs function as advertised under a wide range of conditions in different mRNA constructs, and will they provide enough of a change in mRNA expression to be useful? Likewise, will it be possible to inactivate the machinery that specifically recognizes these IRESs by chemotherapeutics, and if so could these compounds represent a novel class of growth inhibitors? The answers to these and many more questions will likely be found over the next few years, and with them will come an even greater appreciation for how the regulation of gene expression is exerted in cells.*E-mail: asachs@uclink4.berkeley.edu
Using language more responsibly

For the past three centuries, scientists have understood that their discipline's practitioners should have a broad cultural background, which would partly manifest in the words they coin. Words like electron, from the Greek elektra, show a certain proclivity for the classics and a gusto for the creation of beautiful terms. The computing profession, at least in the US, seems an exception to the rule that people with a university degree should first and foremost be well educated. Worse, the words and expressions our profession creates clearly indicate the scarce sense of history that permeates the engineering world.
Linkage and genetic counselling for the fragile X using DNA probes 52A, F9, DX13, and ST14

Linkage data using the markers DXS51, F9, DXS15, and DXS52 are presented from 14 pedigrees segregating with the fragile X. Cytogenetic and DNA data were combined by two- or three-point linkage analysis for estimation of lod scores and carrier probabilities in potential carriers. Recombination frequencies (theta) corresponding to maximum z scores (zeta) were obtained for DXS51 (zeta = 3.45, theta = 0.0), DXS15 (zeta = 0.40, theta = 0.06), F9 (zeta = 3.15, theta = 0.09), and DXS52 (zeta = 3.60, theta = 0.11) with the fragile X. Considerable alterations to carrier probabilities occurred in some cases, especially when flanking markers were informative. The chance of mentally impaired offspring was reduced to 1% for five of eight women with prior carrier probabilities of 32%. Three pedigrees were identified in which mutation had possibly occurred. An alternative explanation for two of these was inheritance of the fragile X from normal males and for the other inheritance from a clinically normal woman. Probabilities were computed for each of these alternatives.
The Effect of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Rainfall and Other Factors on Docking Disorder of Sugar Beet

SUMMARY In the years 1963 to 1972 the area of sugar beet in England reported affected with Docking disorder ranged from 174 to 7,819 ha. The disorder was most widespread after heavy May rainfall. Trichodorus spp. and Longidorus spp., which cause the primary damage to seedling roots, were common in sites prone to the disorder and surveyed between 1968 and 1971. Nematode numbers in soil samples taken from these sites at drilling could not be correlated with subsequent yield or root shape. Of the surveyed sites, 104 showed no symptoms of Docking disorder (average root yield=44·5 tonnes/ha), 44 showed symptoms early in the season but these disappeared later (average root yield=34·5 tonnes/ha) and 40 showed persistent symptoms (average root yield=27·0 tonnes/ha). Root shape was worst in sites with persistent symptoms. Docking disorder was impossible to predict accurately because the damage is influenced by growing conditions but it was more likely to be severe in fields with a previous history of the disorder.
Heavy metal concentrations in some non-vascular plants in an Amazonian rainforest

The presence of acid rain in the remote Amazon rainforest of southwestern Venezuela suggests the possibility of long-range transport of industrial pollutants to that region. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in samples of bryophytes and epiphyllous organisms growing on leaves and on bark in this forest. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cr were higher in leaves with epiphylls than in leaves without epiphylls. All heavy metal concentrations in bryophytes from the Amazon basin site were lower than in bryophytes from temperature zones. The results indicate that long-range transport of air pollutants from industrial centers to the remote Amazon basin is occurring at only extremely low rates. Heavy metal concentrations in bryophytes and epiphylls at this site may still be considered close to present day background levels.
Consistent interpretation of quantum mechanics using quantum trajectories.

The probabilistic element of quantum theory can be combined with the unitary time evolution of Schr\"odinger's equation in a natural and consistent way using the idea of a quantum trajectory, the quantum analog of the trajectory traced out in phase space as a function of time by a point representing the state of a closed classical system. A family of quantum trajectories can be defined using bases for the quantum Hilbert space at different times chosen so that an appropriate noninterference condition, related to the Gell-Mann and Hartle notion of medium decoherence, is satisfied. The result is a generalization of the consistent histories approach to quantum mechanics.
P‐93: A High Contrast Micro‐Cell Liquid Crystal Display Film

We have developed a high contrast micro-cell liquid crystal display by microstructure replication technology. This novel flexible LCD technology comprises micro-cell replication process, alignment treatments, and cell assembly process. Compared with photopolymerisation-induced phase separation, the micro-cell LCD has higher contrast ratio, and reliable manufacturing process. This technology can be a good solution for high performance flexible LCD.
Islamist depictions of Christianity in the twentieth century: The pluralism debate and the depiction of the other

Abstract Muslim perception of Christianity has been coloured by references to Jesus and Christianity in the Qur'an and by the great range of historical encounters between members of the two traditions over fourteen centuries. In response to colonialism and Christian missionary activity in Muslim countries, Muslim modernists depicted Christianity as a religion of the sword and cast Islam as a superior system noted for its moderate and pluralistic vision. By the second half of the twentieth century, the challenge of Marxism and Zionism gave credence to the Islamist ideology of the Islamic imperative to eliminate all other systems. Muslim society was depicted as the victim of secular, Christian and Jewish fanaticism that sought to eradicate Islam. During the eighties, a new discourse on the role of religious minorities has developed which sees pluralism as a foundational principle of Islamic society sanctioned by God since it was his will to create difference. The purpose is to promote not discord, but the p...
Customer Reviews in Spectrum: Recommendation System in Cognitive Radio Networks

A recommendation system is proposed to enhance the efficiency of spectrum access in cognitive radio networks by letting secondary users broadcast the indices of channels they have successfully accessed. The probabilities of different actions, i.e. which recommendation to take or access an unrecommended channel, could be either fixed and adjustable. For the constant probability case without retransmission, an upper bound of the average number of recommendations is obtained. For the constant probability case with and without retransmission, the system is modeled as a Markov random process and the corresponding state transition probabilities are obtained. For the adjustable probability case, the anytime multi-armed bandit technique is used to adapt the strategies to environments and a performance lower bound is obtained. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed recommendation system can effectively orient the channel selections and significantly improve the performance of cognitive radio networks.
Microplasma field effect transistors

We report, for the first time, a new class of microplasma FET (MOPFET) devices that operate at atmospheric pressure helium. MOPFET are similar to MOSFETs but instead of using electrons and holes in semiconducting active channels, they use ions and electrons in gaseous channels to control channel conduction. Their applications include processing devices for very high temperature and high ionizing radiation environment and they may find use in engine sensors and diagnostic circuits. The plasma for our devices is supplied by an RF probe operating at frequencies ranging from 400 MHz to 700 MHz. DC and RF microplasmas are widely used in displays, medical applications, optical spectroscopic analysis, nanomaterial synthesis, etc.
Plastic neuroscience: studying what the brain cares about

Drawing on Allan Newell’s “You can’t play 20 questions with nature and win,” this article proposes that neuroscience needs to go beyond binary hypothesis testing and design experiments that follow what neurons care about. Examples from Lettvin et. al. are used to demonstrate that one can experimentally play with neurons and generate surprising results. In this manner, brains are not confused with persons, rather, persons are understood to do things with their brains.
Kawasaki Disease Presenting as Cervical Lymphadenitis or Deep Neck Infection

OBJECTIVE: To describe a group of patients with Kawasaki disease who had cervical lymphadenopathy as their dominant initial presentations.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 14 children who were admitted to Chang-Gung Children's Hospital between May 1996 and July 1998 with the initial impression of cervical lymphadenitis, cellulitis, and/or deep neck infection but for which a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease was established later.RESULTS: Five (35.7%) patients were less than 5 months of age, and 8 (57.1%) patients were more than 53 months of age. The mean duration for establishing a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease from the onset of illness was 8.2 (6 to 20) days. Initially, empiric antibiotics were prescribed in each case with unsatisfactory response. Intravenous immune gamma globulin (2 g/kg) was administered in 13 patients. Three (21.4%) patients developed coronary artery lesions.CONCLUSION: If a child less than 6 months or more than 4 years of age has a fever and an enl...
Trivial pursuit: Remarks on the main gap

A dependence relation is trivial when a single point which depends on a pair of independent points depends on just one of them. In this paper we survey some of the salient features of this simple but important concept and then discuss some of the major applications of it in stability theory. Although the actual study of trivial types is rather trivial the pursuit of them is an exciting game. One reward for playing this game is a quicker calculation of the number of models of an o-stable theory without the dimensional order property. This paper amalgamates several sections from Baldwin’s forthcoming book on stability theory. Our discussion of trivial types clarifies the proof of the result on the spectrum problem and allows for several improvements. The improvements in the proof of the main gap results came about during long discussions between the authors and later with Buechler. Shelah has shown that each theory which is not superstable has the maximal number of models in each uncountable power. Moreover, superstable theories with the dimensioi_al order property have the maximal number of models in each uncountable power [ll, 71. We assign an invariant to each theory without the dimensional order property, the depth of T, which bounds the complexity of a tree which decomposes a model of T. If this depth is infinite and X, > X,, I(&, K) was calculated by Harrington and Makkai [7] following Shelah [ll]. We extend that result here by requiring in the infinite depth case only that X, 3 xz. The proof of the finite depth case was given by Saffe [lo]. The methods of the proof here are extended to that case in Chapter XVIII of [l]. We also answer there a question of Saffe by giving a classification of the countable o-stable theories with finite depth which accounts for the spectrum in both countable and uncountable powers. Section 1 of this paper contains some technical results about trivial types. Section 2 describes the properties of the trees which form skeletons of theories with ndop, counts the number of such trees, and thus describes an
Leaf anatomy and water loss of in vitro PEG-treated ‘Valiant’ grape

Polyethylene glycol was used to induce water stress of micropropagated ‘Valiant’ grape. Reduced growth and slow rooting were observed in treated plantlets with 2, 4 and 6% polyethylene glycol as compared to control plantlets with no polyethylene glycol in the rooting medium. At high concentrations of 4 and 6%, leaves exhibited wilting and necrosis. At the 2% level, plantlets recovered and grew satisfactorily. Detached leaves of treated plantlets with 2% polyethylene glycol lost less water than controls when exposed to low humidity for 4 hours. Leaf anatomy of plantlets treated with 2% polyethylene glycol, control (in vitro plantlets) and greenhouse-grown plants were compared under light microscopy. Leaves from control plantlets contained larger mesophyll cells, lacked normal palisade layer formation, had greater intercellular pore spaces and fewer chloroplasts. Leaves from polyethylene glycol-treated plantlets, however, had smaller mesophyll cells, a more defined palisade layer, reduced intercellular pore space and the greatest number of chloroplasts. These results suggest that an osmoticum such as polyethylene glycol may be used to induce more normal leaf anatomy and reduced water loss in micropropagated ‘Valiant’ grapes.
Ultrastructural studies on the life cycle of a short-lived metazoan, Campanularia flexuosa. II. Structure of the old adult.

The ultrastructural morphology of 2-day-old Campanularia flexuosa hydranths was described. Each hydranth was comprised of an outer, ectodermal layer covered by a cuticle and an inner, gastrodermal layer, the two epithelia separated by the acellular mesoglea. Ectodermal cell types were: (a) nematocytes which include nematocysts with an apical triggering device, the cnidocil; (b) epitheliomuscular cells with highly vacuolated appearance and basal myofibrils; (c) secretory cells—type 1 with elaborate Golgi and associated vesicles, resembling neurosecretory cells; (d) secretory cells—type 2 with spherical compartments containing heterogeneous material; (e) interstitial cells studded with free ribosomes and a paucity of other inclusions. Gastrodermal cells in the solid tentacles were characterized by large central vacuoles and myofibrils adjacent to the mesoglea. Hydranth body gastrodermal cell types were: (a) mucous cells packed with pale, filamentous droplets; (b) zymogen cells filled with secretory granules; (c) digestive cells with apical food vacuoles and basal myofibrils; (d) secretory cells—type 2. The mesoglea, which penetrated deeply into both epithelia, consisted of a matrix containing a fibrillar network.
Photochemical Thrombosis Of Retinal And Choroidal Vessels Using Rose Bengal

Rose bengal is an effective photosensitizing agent which interacts with argon green light to induce photochemical thrombosis of irradiated vessels. We used focal, low energy irradiation to occlude retinal and choroidal vessels in both albino and pigmented rabbits. Immediately after intravenous injection of rose bengal at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/kg, irradiation was performed via a slit lamp-delivered argon green laser (514.5 nm) with the aid of fundus contact lens. In 11 eyes, arteries were treated with 50-100 interrupted bursts of 75u spot size at 0.2 sec and 40-100 mW (9 2 )' and veins were treated with 30-100 bursts of 100u spot size, 0.2 sec, 50-100 mW (5 2 ) which resulted in total closure of retinal vessels for 1-12 days and variable closure of the surrounding capillaris. Eight eyes were treated with continuous irradiation 2-5 minutes at 7.5-40 mW, 75u spot size (35 2 ) to arterioles and 2-3.5 minutes, 7.5-40 mW, 100u spot size (12 2 ) to venules. These eyes developed massive closure of retinal and choroidal vessels, serous elevation of the retina, and disc neovascularization. In eight eyes choroidal vessels were irradiated with 10-20 mW, 15-60 sec, 500u spot size (31 2 ), resulting in mild retinal edema at 24 hours and permanent closure of choroidal vessels. There was minimal damage to surrounding tissue. Control eyes in all three groups irradiated utilizing the same parameters, but without rose bengal, demonstrated no evidence of thermal injury.
Effect of 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde on Ethanol Metabolism in Mice

The compound 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde (DEAB) is a potent inhibitor of cytosolic (class 1) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in vitro and can overcome cyclophosphamide resistance in murine leukemia cells characterized by their high content of ALDH. In this study, we examined the in vivo effect of DEAB in mice on ethanol metabolism and on antipyrine clearance as a measure of the microsomal mixed function oxidase activity. DEAB administered in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg increased the blood acetaldehyde concentration and decreased the plasma acetate concentration in mice treated with ethanol. A pharmacokinetic approach demonstrated that DEAB in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg inhibited the fraction of ethanol converted to acetate by 32.5 and 67.5%, respectively. This inhibition was comparable with that produced by disulfiram. DEAB produced optimal inhibition of ALDH 10-15 min after administration. DEAB did not change the half-life or the total clearance of antipyrine. We conclude that DEAB is a potent inhibitor of ALDH in vivo and has no effect on the mixed function oxidase activity as determined by antipyrine clearance.
Retrieval of Inedible Objects by Norway Rats after Habituation of Gnawing: Resistance to Satiation?

Abstract Retrieval of wooden blocks by Norway rats was tested after continuous exposure to these objects sufficient to reduce gnawing. In two experiments rats were first allowed to retrieve during restricted daily trials. Then they were exposed to blocks in their home cages, and at some point during exposure they were retested in the retrieval situation. In Experiment 1, further retrieval tests were given beginning the day after blocks were introduced in the cages. In Experiment 2, rats were exposed to blocks for 100 days before they were retested for retrieval. In both experiments, amount of retrieval was minimally affected by exposure, although gnawing was significantly depressed. This contrasts with earlier work, which showed that habituation of gnawing in the cage was followed by a significant decline in retrieval. The major qualitative difference between this and past work was that rats in the present experiments were allowed to retrieve the blocks before continuous exposure to them. The author concl...
Sticking and Agglomeration of Hygroscopic, Amorphous Carbohydrate and Food Powders

Sticking temperatures as a function of moisture content have been measured for various hygroscopic powders by use of a closed and agitated vessel held in a temperature bath. Earlier results reported by Downton, et al., for a mixture of sucrose and fructose have been extended to cover coffee extract and a mixture of maltodextrin, sucrose, and fructose. Results for these various substances are interpreted in terms of the Frenkel model and approximation, which postulate that these phenomena occur by a coalescence process, driven by surface energy and accomplished through viscous flow. The size of the interparticle bridge required for sticking is an important parameter in the analysis, and has been measured through use of scanning electron microscopy.
Modeling copper partitioning in surface waters

Abstract Suspended particulate matter from the surface waters of the Susquehanna, Christina and Brandywine Rivers was collected by tangential flow filtration to study copper partitioning. Copper adsorption increased with an increase of suspended particles and decreased with low pH values or with an increase of dissolved organic matter. Effects of particulate organic matter on copper distribution between suspended particulate and solution phases were studied using modified aluminum oxide. An increase of particulate organic matter enhanced copper adsorption. Copper adsorption per mass of particulate organic carbon was similar for the different sources of suspended particles. A model, based on copper adsorption on particles and complexation with dissolved organic matter, was developed to assess copper partition coefficient as a function of the easily measurable water quality parameters: pH, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic matter. The partitioning model was calibrated on pH edge data using suspended particles collected from the three rivers. The model was verified using partitioning data as a function of dissolved organic matter. The model adequately describes the system containing natural suspended solids collected from the surface waters.
Sister chromatid exchange induced by promutagens/carcinogens in chinese hamster cells cultured in diffusion chambers in mice.

SummaryA system for in vivo analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was described. It involved culturing Chinese hamster V-79 cells in diffusion chambers (DC) in mice. Treatment of the hosts with repeated injections of 5-bromodeoxyuridine permitted the demonstration of differentially stained metaphases in the V-79 target cells after using the fluorescence plus Giemsa technique. Thus, it was possible to determine the number of SCE's under in vivo conditions. Induction of SCE in V-79 cells in vivo were studied following treatment with seven known promutagens/carcinogens: Cyclophosphamide, 1-(pyridyl-3)-3,3-dimethyltriazene, dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine, benzo(α)-pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene and three nonmutagens/noncarcinogens: perylene, pyrene, and anthracene. With the exception of DEN, all the promutagens/carcinogens caused a significant increase in the frequency of SCE. DEN was effective at the highest dose studied only after pretreatment with Aroclor 1254, ...