cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twin delivery and neonatal and infant mortality: A population-based study

Objective: To examine the effect of mode of delivery on twin survival, especially among very premature twin births, in a population-based historical cohort study. Methods: A total of 4428 pairs of live-born twins, birth weight 500 g or greater, were included based on data from vital records of the entire state of North Carolina for the period 1988–1991. The main outcome measures were Apgar score at 5 minutes (less than 7 versus 7 or greater), neonatal death, and infant death. Results: After controlling for birth weight, twin order, fetal presentation, ethnicity, maternal age, marital status, and adequacy of prenatal care, we found that cesarean delivery was associated with reduced risks (by 50–60%) of low 5-minute Apgar score and neonatal and infant deaths among infants born weighing 500–749 g (P Conclusion: Our study suggests that cesarean delivery for twins with estimated fetal weights less than 1000 g together with a more liberal use of vaginal delivery for twins with estimated fetal weights more than 1000 g would have a net effect of increasing perinatal survival while lowering the overall cesarean delivery rate.
On the theory of uniqueness in measurement

Abstract This paper describes problems in the theory of uniqueness which occur when there are two different measurement homomorphisms f and g with g not attainable from f by a transformation on the range of f . In this case, the theories of scale type and of meaningfulness of statements using scales are in trouble. It is shown that unless extreme care is taken in the definitions, it is possible for two measurement homomorphisms of the same fixed relational system to have different scale type and it is possible for seemingly meaningless statements to be judged meaningful.
A 1.35V 4.3GB/s 1Gb LPDDR2 DRAM with controllable repeater and on-the-fly power-cut scheme for low-power and high-speed mobile application

With the advent of high-performance multi-processing demands for real-time multimedia and broadband networking in battery-based mobile systems, high-speed and low power mobile SDRAM/DDRs are becoming increasingly important. We present an on-the-fly power-cut scheme that can be applied to mobile DRAM without any special modes and a global data-line repeater scheme to reduce the data-line delay. In addition, 4b data prefetch and a ZQ calibrated output driver scheme are used to achieve 4.3GB/s/chip (1066Mb/s/pin) bandwidth with 110mW power dissipation.
Stability of a Rotating Thin Elastic Tube Containing a Fluid Flow

The stability of an infinitely long circular tube containing an inviscid incompressible fluid flow, both rotating at a constant angular velocity, is studied within the framework of the linear theory of elasticity. The result shows that rotation causes an empty tube to become unstable, and enhances the instability of a tube containing a flowing fluid. The effects of rotation on the most unstable mode and frequency are examined by considering a numerical example with water flowing through a rubber tube. Die Stabilitat eines unendlich langen rotierenden Rohres, durch das eine reibungslose, inkompressible Flussigkeit stromt, die mit derselben konstanten Winkelgeschwindigkeit wie das Rohr rotiert, wird im Rahmen der linearen Elastizitatstheorie studiert. Es zeigt sich, das Rotation zur Instabilitat eines leeren Rohres fuhrt und sich die Instabilitat noch verstarkt, wenn das Rohr durchstromt wird. Rotationseffekte auf die instabilste Stromungsform werden anhand eines numerischen Beispiels aufgezeigt, bei dem eine Wasserstromung durch ein Gummirohr behandelt wird.
The effect of parathyroid hormone on mitochondrial ion transport in the terminal portion of the cytochrome chain.

Summary 1. The effect of parathyroid hormone on respiration and ion transport in the terminal portion of the electron transport chain has been studied using rat-liver mitochondria. Ascorbate and N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine were employed as electron donors to cytochrome c . 2. P/O ratios near 1.0 were obtained with the system in the absence of hormone. Addition of parathyroid hormone caused an uncoupling of phosphorylation and respiration. 3. The hormone was shown to stimulate mitochondrial respiration and the accumulation of phosphate, magnesium and potassium ions. 4. Some aspects of the action of the hormone are contrasted with those of valinomycin.
The echinoid genus Centrostephanus in the South Pacific Ocean with a description of a new species

Abstract Three shallow-water species of Centrostephanus are distributed between Australia and Chile. Their systematic relationships and possible dispersal factors are discussed. Centrostephanus sylviae n.sp. is described from San Felix and Juan Fernandez Islands off Chile. The morphology and variation of C. sylviae and closely related C. rodgersii and C. tenuispinus are discussed; the three species differ in spine morphology and tuberculation.
Friction Factors for Forced Cooled Pipe-Type Electric Cable Systems

Friction factor curves were calculated for fully developed, laminar axial flows in underground electric cable systems with three cables inside a circular pipe. A finite element technique was used which is easily adaptable to irregular geometries.
Intrinsic and Task-Evoked Network Architectures of the Human Brain

Summary Many functional network properties of the human brain have been identified during rest and task states, yet it remains unclear how the two relate. We identified a whole-brain network architecture present across dozens of task states that was highly similar to the resting-state network architecture. The most frequent functional connectivity strengths across tasks closely matched the strengths observed at rest, suggesting this is an "intrinsic," standard architecture of functional brain organization. Furthermore, a set of small but consistent changes common across tasks suggests the existence of a task-general network architecture distinguishing task states from rest. These results indicate the brain's functional network architecture during task performance is shaped primarily by an intrinsic network architecture that is also present during rest, and secondarily by evoked task-general and task-specific network changes. This establishes a strong relationship between resting-state functional connectivity and task-evoked functional connectivity—areas of neuroscientific inquiry typically considered separately.
Effects of long-term exercise rehabilitation on claudication distances in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE To determine if improvements in physical function and peripheral circulation after 6 months of exercise rehabilitation could be sustained over a subsequent 12-month maintenance exercise program in older patients with intermittent claudication. METHODS Seventeen patients randomized to exercise rehabilitation and 14 patients randomized to usual care control completed this 18-month study. Patients exercised three times per week during the first 6 months of a progressive exercise program, followed by two times per week during the final 12 months of a maintenance program. Patients were studied at baseline, 6 months, and 18 months during the study. RESULTS Eighteen months of exercise rehabilitation increased the initial claudication distance by 373 meters (189%) (P <.001), the absolute claudication distance by 358 meters (80%) (P <.001), walking economy by 11% (P <.001), 6-minute walk distance by 10% (P <.001), daily physical activity by 31%, and maximal calf blood flow by 18% (P <.001). These changes were similar to those found after 6 months of exercise rehabilitation (P = NS), and were significantly greater than the changes in the control group throughout the study (P <.05). CONCLUSION Improvements in claudication distances, walking economy, 6-minute walk distance, physical activity level, and peripheral circulation after 6 months of exercise rehabilitation are sustained for an additional 12 months in older patients with intermittent claudication using a less frequent exercise maintenance program.
Amyloid Heart Disease Manifested by Systemic Arterial Thromboemboli

Amyloid heart disease characteristically produces a stiff heart syndrome whereby diastolic filling is impaired yet systolic function is well preserved. We report two patients with this pattern of amyloid heart disease, both of whom developed cardiogenic thromboemboli. The rarity of this complication is striking given the pathophysiologic bases of amyloid heart disease. Investigation of contributing causes revealed that the phenomena appeared to represent the cumulative effects of disorders producing stasis, endothelial disturbance, and probable abnormalities in blood coagulability, the classic Virchow's triad revisited. Understanding of the pathophysiologic basis of this event leads to specific suggestions for workup and management in this patient population. (Chest 1992; 102:304–07)
Angiographic lesion severity and subsequent myocardial infarction.

We sought to determine the angiographic severity of coronary lesions leading to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) with a focus on determining the impact of interval from initial angiogram to subsequent clinical event. In the late 1980s angiographic data on lesion characteristics that culminated in STEMI and NSTEMI were obtained from angiograms obtained several months before MI. It is not clear whether the conclusions on lesion severity would be different if elapsed interval from baseline angiogram to clinical event was factored in the analysis. From 2003 through 2010, we identified 84 patients with NSTEMI and 41 patients with STEMI in vessels without previous intervention. These patients had ≥1 previous angiographic study at our center. Angiograms were reanalyzed with quantitative coronary angiography, and relevant clinical data were obtained from medical records. Similar to previous studies, 71% of patients with STEMI and 63% of patients with NSTEMI had 3 months. Interestingly, lesions that led to STEMI ≤3 months after evaluation were more severe than those leading to STEMI in >3 months (59 ± 31% vs 36 ± 21%, p = 0.02) with 57% of lesions having >50% stenosis. Although most MIs occurred at sites that did not have significant obstruction when examined >3 months before MI, most baseline lesions showed significant luminal narrowing when examined ≤3 months before STEMI. In conclusion, high-grade coronary stenosis may be an important predictor of STEMI in subsequent months.
Okun’s law and anelastic relaxation in economics

We unify the gap, difference and dynamic versions of Okun’s law using the theory of anelasticity. This theory provides a straightforward and parsimonious approach to macroeconomic model construction that we illustrate by treating the time-dependence of Okun’s law generated by labor migration. We also show how this approach provides a natural way of expressing the phenomena of macroeconomic friction due to the kinetic adjustment of microeconomic variables.
Neodymium: YAG Laser Coagulation Prostatectomy: 3 Years of Experience with 227 Patients

AbstractPurpose: For 3 years we prospectively followed a cumulative cohort of men who underwent neodymium:YAG laser coagulation prostatectomy to relieve bladder outlet obstruction to determine the safety, efficacy and durability of this procedure.Materials and Methods: A total of 227 men with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction was treated with the Urolase* side-firing laser fiber between October 15, 1991 and October 15, 1994. Voiding outcomes, including peak urinary flow rates, residual urine volumes and American Urological Association symptom scores, were measured with time, and immediate and long-term complications were assessed.*C. R. Bard, Inc., Covington, Georgia.Results: Median patient followup was 26 months (maximum 42). Significant improvement occurred in all measured voiding parameters, including 133 percent in peak flow rates and 61 percent in symptom scores 1 year postoperatively. Overall 87 percent of patients noticed improved quality of life as a result of surgery. Minimum postoperative f...
Apolipoprotein E Genotype-Dependent Paradoxical Short-Term Effects of 56Fe Irradiation on the Brain

Purpose In humans, apolipoprotein E (apoE) is encoded by three major alleles (e2, e3, and e4) and, compared to apoE3, apoE4 increases the risk of developing Alzheimer disease and cognitive impairments following various environmental challenges. Exposure to irradiation, including that of 56 Fe, during space missions poses a significant risk to the central nervous system, and apoE isoform might modulate this risk. Methods and Materials We investigated whether apoE isoform modulates hippocampus-dependent cognitive performance starting 2 weeks after 56 Fe irradiation. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) can affect cognition and are induced by irradiation. Therefore, after cognitive testing, we assessed hippocampal ROS levels in ex vivo brain slices, using the ROS-sensitive fluorescent probe, dihydroethidium (DHE). Brain levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), extracellular SOD, and apoE were assessed using Western blotting analysis. Results In the water maze, spatial memory retention was impaired by irradiation in apoE2 and apoE4 mice but enhanced by irradiation in apoE3 mice. Irradiation reduced DHE-oxidation levels in the enclosed blade of the dentate gyrus and levels of 3-NT and CuZnSOD in apoE2 but not apoE3 or apoE4 mice. Finally, irradiation increased apoE levels in apoE3 but not apoE2 or apoE4 mice. Conclusions The short-term effects of 56 Fe irradiation on hippocampal ROS levels and hippocampus-dependent spatial memory retention are apoE isoform-dependent.
Nollywood and the home video revolution: implications for marketing videofilm in Africa

Purpose – In the last 15 years, Nigeria has developed a feature film industry based on video and video compact disc distribution which currently produces over 600 films a year making Nigeria (in terms of numbers) one of the largest film producing nations in the world. English language films (Nollywood) have become a dominant media form all over the African continent. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the implications of this phenomenon for marketing video film in Africa, and examine the structure of the industry.Design/methodology/approach – Using the case study method, the paper examines how a technological innovation such as video home system (VHS) is being used in ways never imagined or intended by the innovators. Consequently, the emergence and proliferation of inexpensive VHS video tape recorders have led to the growth of video‐based movie production in several African countries, especially Nigeria.Findings – It is hoped that findings of this case study will provide the basis for future schola...
Membrane fluidity alterations in a cytochrome P-450-deficient mutant of Candida albicans.

Abstract A cytochrome P450-deficient mutant of the pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans , which accumulates exclusively 14α-methylsterols in place of the normal end product sterol, ergosterol, was examined for alterations in membrane fluidity by electron paramagnetic resonance. The results using four nitroxyl spin labels indicated that exponential phase cultures of the mutant strain, D10, had a uniformly more rigid membrane than similarly grown wild type. Since D10 shows a sterol spectrum similar to that of wild type cells treated with imidazole and triazole antifungal agents, many of the physiological effects reported as the result of azole application may be the result of alterations in membrane fluidity.
Changing Epidemiology of Perinatal HIV-1 Infection in the United States

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among all women in the United States and among those who are pregnant. 2. Describe the changing epidemiology of perinatal HIV infection. 3. List the barriers to prevention of perinatal HIV infection. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has had a formidable impact on maternal and child health and survival, with global public health consequences. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS estimated that there are more than 15 million women and 1.1 million children living with HIV/AIDS worldwide.1 Since the initial reports of AIDS cases among children in 1982 in the United States,2,3 HIV-1 infection has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide.1,4 In the United States, HIV/AIDS was ranked as the seventh leading cause of childhood mortality among children 1 to 4 years of age in 1996.5 Perinatal transmission accounts for more than 90% of all pediatric AIDS cases and almost all new HIV-1 infections in children.6 In the United States and other developed countries, enormous progress has been made in preventing perinatal HIV-1 transmission, especially in the past 7 years. In 1994, the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 (PACTG 076) report on the use of zidovudine (ZDV) in pregnant women who had HIV-1 infection and their infants revolutionized the prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission.7 The rate of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 was reduced significantly by an extended regimen of ZDV given during pregnancy, labor, and to the neonate.7 In 1995, the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) issued guidelines recommending universal counseling and testing for pregnant women and the use of ZDV to reduce perinatal transmission.8 …
Primary T-cell lymphoma of the thyroid

Background The routine use of immunocytochemical analysis has led to the recognition that many thyroid neoplasms previously diagnosed as anaplastic or small cell carcinomas are actually lymphomas of the thyroid. The great majority are B-cell lymphomas which can be associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In spite of this, thyroid lymphomas are still not commonly recognized as a significant part of thyroid differential diagnosis. Methods A rare case of a primary T-cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland is presented along with general clinical history and physical findings which should make the practitioner suspicious of a thyroid lymphoma. The usefulness of radiology scans and fine-needle aspiration are discussed. Results Both prognosis and treatment options are very different for thyroid lymphomas and anaplastic carcinoma. Conclusions Cyclophosphamide/adriamycin/vincristine/prednisolone chemotherapy/radiotherapy regimens have proven to be very effective for most thyroid lymphomas. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 21: 160–163, 1999.
PHYSICAL FITNESS AND INCIDENT DIABETES: AN ANALYSIS OF 55,897 PATIENTS FROM THE FIT PROJECT

Cardiopulmonary physical fitness is associated with improved survival among diabetic and non-diabetic patients. We tested the hypothesis that reduced fitness is associated with incident diabetes mellitus (DM). We included 55,897 patients without DM at baselines (46% women, 27% Black) from The FIT (
Character and Chronology of Basin Development, Western Margin of the Basin and Range Province

Near the western margin of the Basin and Range Province in an area encompassing some 1,500 km 2 between Mono Lake, California, and Yerington, Nevada, six structural basins contain thick accumulations of Miocene-Pliocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. From approximately 22 to 18 m.y. ago, the area was a highland from which ignimbrite flows of Oligocene age were generally eroded. Subsequent eruptions of andesitic rocks blanketed the area with flows and breccia. Between about 12.5 and 9 to 8 m.y. ago, the area became an integrated basin of sedimentation in which some 2,500 m of strata accumulated. During this period, faulting, along west and northwest trends, and volcanism occurred. Within the basin, surface environments varied from fluvial to lacustrine, and basin margins fluctuated, the maximum extent of the basin having been reached about 10.5 m.y. ago, but a single integrated basin persisted. By approximately 7.5 m.y. ago, the region had been disintegrated by normal faulting into existing structural blocks. Faults of this episode generally trend northeast, east, and northwest. Relative tectonic quiescence ensued for about 4 m.y. During this time a well-graded erosional surface evolved and was locally covered by basic volcanic flows and silicic protrusions, commonly emplaced along faults of the earlier episode. Broad upwarping and block faulting during the Quaternary Period produced the present topography. In contrast to trends of faulting prior to 7.5 m.y. ago, Quaternary normal faults have a north orientation. These faults terminate en echelon in structural warps or by abrupt decrease in displacement to define a northeast-trending lineament across the area, parallel to the Mono Basin–Excelsior zone to the south and the Carson lineament to the north.
The role of the superoxide anion in the xanthine oxidase-induced autoxidation of linoleic acid.

Abstract The superoxide anion-radical ( O 2 • ) is an intermediate in the xanthine oxidase catalyzed autoxidation of linoleic acid. We have now found, however, that the rate of the xanthine oxidase catalyzed autoxidation of linoleic acid depends upon the initial concentration of conjugated diene hydroperoxide, the autoxidation product of linoleic acid. We propose that the reaction of diene hydroperoxide with O 2 • produces alkoxy radicals that then initiate autoxidation. The rate constant for the diene hydroperoxide-O 2 • reaction is 7 × 103 M−1 s−1.
Prolactin-induced yawning behavior requires an intact nigro-striatal dopamine system.

Abstract Herein, we evaluate the importance of the nigro-striatal dopamine system in prolactin-, apomorphine-, and physostigmine-induced yawning behavior. Bilateral 6-OH-dopamine lesions of the substantia nigra were performed on male rats (2–4 months old). The lesioned as well as control rats were injected with either physiological saline, physostigmine (200 μg/kg), apomorphine (50 μg/kg), or ovine prolactin (0.25 μg/kg) 72 hours after the surgical procedure. The results show that bilateral lesions of the substantia nigra did not affect physostigmine-induced yawning whereas both apomorphine- and prolactin-induced yawning were reduced by the lesion. Following the observation period the caudate nuclei were removed and analyzed for dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content. The lesions reduced DA and DOPAC content in all treatment groups compared to the respective intact groups. Also, both DA and DOPAC concentrations were lower in the intact apomorphine and prolactin treated groups compared to intact saline controls, at times that were temporally related to the display of yawning behavior suggesting a decrease in dopamine activity following apomorphine and prolactin treatment. Interestingly, DA and DOPAC concentrations were higher in the lesioned apomorphine group compared to lesioned saline controls; however, in the lesioned prolactin group only the DA concentrations were higher when compared to lesioned saline controls. These results indicate that prolactin- and apomorphine-induced yawning require an intact nigro-striatal dopamine system and that these substances induce yawning by different mechanisms.
Soil conservation benefits of large biomass soybean (LBS) for increasing crop residue cover.

ABSTRACT Soybeans are planted on approximately eight million hectares (20 M acres) of highly erodible land (HEL) in the United States. Soybean crops have been recognized as deficient in supplying crop residues that reduce soil erosion. A new type of soybean tested at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Maryland, can grow to heights of 1.8-meters (6 ft) or more. The development of the large biomass soybean (LBS) suggested the potential of increased crop residue production to reduce soil loss on erodible soybean lands. An evaluation was conducted of the soil conservation benefits of LBS versus conventional soybean using data from a three-year field experiment. LBS produced more crop residue dry biomass and provided a mean increase of 31 percent more crop residue cover in the spring before mulch tillage and 47 percent more after mulch tillage than conventional cultivars. Soil loss estimates for LBS were much lower than for conventional soybeans as simulated by a revised universal soil loss equation ...
A Tower Construction for the Radical in Brauer′s Centralizer Algebras

Abstract In this paper we study the structure of the Brauer centralizer algebras in the case that the multiplication constant x is a rational integer. Several authors have studied the structure of these algebras for generic values of x . In particular, Hans Wenzl showed that the Brauer algebras can be obtained from Jones′ Basic Construction and he used that fact to prove that the Brauer algebras are semisimple when x is not a rational integer. The Tower Construction is a method to study towers of semisimple algebras. Hence it does not apply in our case where the algebras in the tower eventually have radicals. Our first step in this paper is to modify the Tower Construction so that it does a simultaneous Tower Construction of the radicals and the semisimple quotients of a tower of algebras. The rest of the paper is devoted to describing these constructions explicitly in the Brauer algebra case. One surprising corollary of this method is a connection between two seemingly distinct criteria for the simplicity of certain subrings of the Brauer algebras. It is possible to identify explicitly certain subrings of the Brauer algebras which are the matrix rings corresponding to irreducible representations in the semisimple case. In previous work, these authors gave a combinatorial condition for simplicity of these individual matrix rings when x is a rational integer. The Tower Construction gives a second algebraic condition for simplicity. It is difficult to see why these two conditions are equivalent. However, the methods used in this paper make that clear.
In vitro metabolism of diazinon and etrimfos by corn plant preparations

Abstract Homogenates prepared from excised roots or stems and leaves of corn seedlings metabolize up to 72% of [ 14 C]pyrimidinyl-labeled diazinon ( O,O -diethyl- O -[6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]phosphorothioate) to 6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-hydroxypyrimidine and one unidentified metabolite. Six-day-old corn seedling homogenate had the highest degradative activity. The optimum pH for activity was 6.0 and the activity was found to reside in the cytosol. Etrimfos [ O,O -dimethyl- O -(6-ethyl-4-pyrimidinyl)phosphorothioate] was not susceptible to degradation by the corn plant preparation.
Current Status of the Utilization of Antiepileptic Treatments in Mood, Anxiety and Aggression: Drugs and Devices

Interventions that have been utilized to control seizures in people with epilepsy have been employed by the psychiatric community to treat a variety of disorders. The purpose of this review will be to give an overview of the most prominent uses of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and devices like the Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of psychiatric disease states. By far, the most prevalent use of these interventions is in the treatment of mood disorders. AEDs have become a mainstay in the effective treatment of Bipolar Affective Disorder (BAD). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of valproic acid for acute mania, and lamotrigine for BAD maintenance therapy. AEDs are also effectively employed in the treatment of anxiety and aggressive disorders. Finally, VNS and TMS are emerging as possibly useful tools in the treatment of more refractory depressive illness.
Thin Film Photodiodes

An account is given of the new features that arise when photodiodes are made with thin films of semiconductors. The review is illustrated with examples of PbTe layers on BaF2 substrates.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonlinear amplification by calcium-dependent chloride channels in olfactory receptor cells

The sense of smell is highly evolved in mammals, allowing discrimination between a vast number of odorants, with detection thresholds as low as 10(-17) M (ref. 1). Although several features of mammalian olfactory transduction have been revealed by biochemical and molecular biological studies, the odorant-induced membrane current has remained elusive. In amphibians this current is mediated by cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels, which depolarize the cell by Na+ and Ca+ influx and consequent Cl- efflux through Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- channels. The Cl- current may be absent in mammals, however, because its proposed role is linked to the aquatic habitat of amphibians. Here we show that the transduction current in rat olfactory receptor cells is initiated by cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels. The Cl- current is also present and endows the transduction current with a steep sigmoidal dependence on cyclic AMP concentration in both rat and in an amphibian, indicating a new function for the Cl- channel: nonlinear amplification of the transduction signal, whereby suprathreshold responses are boosted relative to basal transduction noise.
Life Cycle and Host Specificity of Eimeria callospermophili Henry, 1932 From the Uinta Ground Squirrel Spermophilus armatus*

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria callospermophili was found in 6 species of ground squirrels and the white-tailed prairie dog. The hosts included Spermophilus armatus from Utah and Montana, S. richardsoni from Montana and Wyoming, S. beecheyi from California, S. lateralis and S. variegatus from Utah, and S. tridecemlineatus and Cynomys leucurus from Wyoming. Infections were generally transmissible from each species of ground squirrel to S. armatus and S. richardsoni. Oocysts from C. leucurus caused infections in S. armatus and S. richardsoni. No infections were found after inoculation of E. callospermophili oocysts into least chipmunks (Eutamius minimus), Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), or laboratory rats; however, excystation occurred in these animals. Resistance to infection did not develop in S. armatus, S. richardsoni, or S. variegatus, but did occur after 5 or more infections in S. lateralis. Eimeria callospermophili had little or no effect on the host in S. armatus, S. lateralis, or S. variegatus, but caused bloody diarrhea in severely infected individuals of S. richardsoni. The oocysts had an oocyst residuum consisting of several distinct bodies, which later coalesced to form a large homogeneous body. Each sporozoite had an unusually large refractile body. In experimentally infected specimens of S. armatus the prepatent period and patent period lasted for 5 and 9 days, respectively. Mature 1st-generation schizonts, first seen 2 days after inoculation, had 8–12 merozoites. Mature 2nd-generation schizonts, first seen 3 days after inoculation, had an average of 18 merozoites which were smaller than those of the 1st generation. Mature gametes were 1st seen 4 days after inoculation. Mature microgametocytes were only slightly larger than mature macrogametes.
Differential recognition of tachistoscopically presented English and Hebrew words in right and left visual fields.

In this study, the role of lateral cerebral dominance in the consistent finding of lower tachistoscopic thresholds in the right than in the left visual field for alphabetic material was tested for readers of Hebrew and English. Twenty Israeli Ss were presented with Hebrew and English three-letter words, printed vertically, through a monocular tachistoscope, displaced to left or right of fixation by 2°21′. Ten American Ss were also tested for three-letter English words, under similar conditions. Significantly lower thresholds in the right field were found for both groups and for both languages, despite the fact that Hebrew, unlike English, is read from right to left. These findings tend to support the hypothesis that alphabetic stimuli arriving in the major cerebral hemisphere are more readily recognized than similar stimuli arriving in the hemisphere contralateral to the language areas.
Formation and structural study of a mixed ene/enyl ligand on reaction of [Ru(C5Me5)Cl2]2 with 1,3-cyclononadiene

Abstract The reaction of [Ru(C5Me5)Cl2]2 with an excess of 1,3-cyclononadiene in the presence of metallic zinc leads to Ru(C5Me5)(1,2,3,6,7-η5-C9H13), in which the nine-membered ring provides both allyl and olefin coordinations, linked together on each side by C2H4 bridges. The complex has been characterized analytically, spectroscopically, and structurally.
Evaluation of the Sentinel Immunized Node for Immune Monitoring of Cancer Vaccines

Background We hypothesized that lymph nodes draining sites of cutaneous vaccination could be identified by sentinel node biopsy techniques, and that measuring T-cell response with lymphocytes obtained from these lymph nodes would provide a more sensitive measure of immunogenicity than would the same measurement made with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).
Relationships Among Absorbents on the Reduction of Grass Silage Effluent and Silage Quality

Effluent from grass silage is a threat to water quality and a loss of valuable forage nutrients from dairy farms. Absorbents potentially reduce effluent loss when weather conditions are not ideal for field wilting. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of various absorbents at reducing silage effluent. First-harvest, direct-cut, perennial grass forage was ensiled with and without absorbents in medium-sized experimental silos for 3 consecutive yr. Silos contained 4.54 kg of grass and one of the following feed quality absorbents: 10% rolled barley, 10% dried and pelleted beet pulp, or alfalfa cubes at 10, 20, or 30%. Nonfeed quality absorbents used were 1% starch grafter polymer, 1% bentonite clay, and 10% newspaper. Silage from direct-harvest control forage produced the highest effluent losses, but the wilting of grass prior to ensiling or the mixing of grass with 30% alfalfa cubes nearly eliminated effluent. Silage pH was lowest when rolled barley or beet pulp was used as the absorbent and was highest for wilted grass. Silage dry matter was increased by wilting and by the use of barley, beet pulp, newspapers, or alfalfa cubes as absorbents. The addition of 10% newspaper greatly reduced in vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Increased water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations were found for silage from grass forage treated with rolled barley, beet pulp, or alfalfa cubes prior to ensiling. Although bentonite clay and newspapers reduced effluent losses, greater water-soluble carbohydrate losses were found for these treatments compared with the direct control. Alfalfa cubes were found to be effective absorbents and did not reduce grass silage quality.
A proof of strong normalization for F 2 ,F Ω , and beyond

Abstract We present an evaluation technique for proving strong normalization (SN). We use the technique to give SN proofs for F2, F-bounded quantification, subtypes, and Fω. The evaluation technique derives SN as a corollary of the soundness of the typing rules under an appropriate evaluation semantics. The evaluation semantics yields simpler type sets than those used in the earlier SN proofs. The type sets discussed here form a complete lattice under classical union and intersection. The simplified type sets allow a simplified treatment of a variety of type constructors.
Observation of circular dichroism in photoelectron angular distributions

The first observations of dichroic effects in photoelectron angular distributions are reported for photoionization of aligned molecular excited states with circularly polarized light. Photoelectron angular distributions resulting from the two‐color, (2+1) REMPI of NO via the A 2∑+, v=0, J=3/2,5/2 excited states exhibit significant left–right asymmetry. The experimental CD angular distributions are found to be well described by the general theoretical framework recently developed by Dubs, Dixit, and McKoy and are in good qualitative agreement with their calculated REMPI–CD distributions.
Influence of temperature, composition, and grain size on the tensile failure of water ice: Implications for erosion on Titan

[1] Ice resistance to tensile fracture influences surface morphodynamics on outer planetary satellites such as Titan, yet measurements of tensile strength and fracture toughness of polycrystalline water ice at temperatures below terrestrial conditions (<220 K) have not been previously reported. We investigated these parameters from 260 K to 110 K using a walk-in freezer, and chilling by dry ice and liquid nitrogen. We also investigated the influence of solid impurity concentration and the spread in crystal grain size distribution. Although fracture toughness showed no sensitivity to temperature, we find that tensile strength increases with decreasing temperature at 7 kPa K−1for all ice types tested. For pure water ice, samples made from uniform-sized seed crystals were stronger than mixed-grain-size ice, suggesting that strength is limited by the coarse tail of the size distribution. Samples tested submerged in liquid ethanol were 0.45 MPa weaker than in air; increasing porosity reduced tensile strength. Tensile strength increased linearly with concentration of urea, basalt and ammonium sulfate. These results suggest that on Titan and other icy satellites, the tensile strength of fine-grained polycrystalline water ice containing solid impurities may be several times greater than the 1 MPa value commonly used in modeling. For low strain rate processes where fracture propagation rather than fracture initiation limits strength, a temperature invariant fracture toughness of 0.15 MPa m1/2 is appropriate. Understanding ice diagenesis on Titan, and the resulting composition, grain size distribution, and porosity, is needed to accurately model surface processes that are limited by ice resistance to fracture.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase.

Phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, a C—P bond-cleaving enzyme which utilizes an unusual bicovalent catalytic strategy, has been crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method using PEG 4000 as the precipitant. The crystals belong to the monoclinic system and belong to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 210.5, b = 45.5, c = 64.7 A, β = 105.0°. The asymmetric unit contains a dimer related by a non-crystallographic dyad. In addition to a 2.7 A native data set, the following data sets have been collected: a 2.4 A data set from crystals complexed with the intermediate analog vinyl sulfonate, a 3.0 A three-wavelength MAD data set from crystals complexed with the product analog WO_{4}^{2-}, as well as several heavy-atom data sets to 3.0 A or better, of which only three have proven useful for MIR calculations. Examination of the native Patterson map revealed NCS that made previously uninterpretable derivative data useful. Independent phase sets were first calculated and refined for the MAD and MIR experiments separately and were then combined. The combined phase set was further improved by solvent flattening, histogram matching and NCS averaging. Interpretation of the resulting electron-density map is currently under way.
Electronic structure of the N- V center in diamond: Theory

Ab initio calculations have been made of possible excited electronic structure of the N-V center in diamond. Molecular-orbital basis states for a center of ${\mathit{C}}_{3\mathit{v}}$ symmetry with n=2, 4, or 6 active electrons, which account fully for spin symmetries of the wave functions, were constructed to permit predictions of level structures, degeneracies, and splitting patterns under the action of several magnetic and nonmagnetic interactions. Detailed predictions of the resulting three models taking spin-orbit, spin-spin, strain, and Jahn-Teller interactions into account are given in the form of term diagrams. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
OUTCOME OF URETERAL REIMPLANTATION IN CHILDREN WITH THE URGE SYNDROME

Purpose: While bladder dysfunction, particularly detrusor-sphincter incoordination, appears to be associated with a higher ureteral reimplantation failure rate, the potential effect of the urge syndrome or detrusor instability alone on surgical outcome remains unclear. We assessed the effect of the underlying urge syndrome on the outcome of ureteral implantation in cases of primary vesicoureteral reflux.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients who underwent ureteral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux at our institution in an 11-year period. The urge syndrome was considered frequency, urgency or urge incontinence with absent urinary tract infection. Patients with and without the urge syndrome were compared with respect to the rate of urinary tract infection and renal scarring as well as postoperative outcome.Results: We identified 25 patients (40 ureters) with and 67 (113 ureters) without the urge syndrome. Reimplantation was successful in all except 1 ure...
Evaluation of thyroid ablative therapy for ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease

The effect of 131I ablation on the course of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy was evaluated in a non-randomized study of 15 patients with severe symptomatic ophthalmopathy. The eye condition was stable at a severe level in three and progressive in 12, despite prior treatment including administration of steroids in seven, or use of antithyroid drugs, or radiotherapy. Thirteen had previously been treated by radioactive iodide administration, one had had a subtotal thyroidectomy, and one had euthyroid Graves' disease. At the time of ablative therapy, three were hyperthyroid, four euthyroid, and eight were receiving replacement therapy for hypothy-roidism. 131I was given to reduce 24 RAIU below 1%, and other treatments including steroids were continued, if the patient's condition appeared to require this treatment. Eleven patients appeared to have a beneficial response, and in six patients this appeared to be specifically related to 131I ablative therapy. There was an average 51% decrease in the ophthalmopat...
Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness

Patients with chronic medical illness have a high prevalence of major depressive illness. Major depression may decrease the ability to habituate to the aversive symptoms of chronic medical illness, such as pain. The progressive decrements in function associated with many chronic medical illnesses may cause depression, and depression is associated with additive functional impairment. Depression is also associated with an approximately 50% increase in medical costs of chronic medical illness, even after controlling for severity of physical illness. Increasing evidence suggests that both depressive symptoms and major depression may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality from such illnesses as diabetes and heart disease. The adverse effect of major depression on health habits, such as smoking, diet, over-eating, and sedentary lifestyle, its maladaptive effect on adherence to medical regimens, as well as direct adverse physiologic effects (i.e., decreased heart rate variability, increased adhesiveness of platelets) may explain this association with increased morbidity and mortality.
Autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder with trichorrhexis invaginata and ectodermal dysplasia

Two siblings are reported with an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by hair and skin abnormalities, hypoplastic nails, generalized hypotonia, absent reflexes, and progressive neurologic deterioration. Although this disorder shares clinical features with an ectodermal dysplasia syndrome with neurodegenerative changes, no specific neuropathologic findings were present. Instead, trichorrhexis invaginata was found in some hair shafts. Hair analysis may be helpful in classifying clinically confusing neurologic conditions.
A Model for a Center for Teaching and Learning Excellence: A Catalyst for Program Improvement in Developing Institutions

A focus on the past 20 years has shown an evolution in International Higher Education from the concept of teaching to the concept of learning. As universities in developing nations make the transition to become regional and international in quality it is important to the university administrators and the ministries of education to develop strategies to support this evolution from teaching to learning. This paper argues that an integral piece of this transition is the presence of a center for teaching and learning excellence.
Quality of life among adolescents with sickle cell disease: Mediation of pain by internalizing symptoms and parenting stress

This study aimed to clarify associations between pain, psychological adjustment, and family functioning with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a sample of adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) utilizing teen- and parent-report. Forty-two adolescents (between the ages of 12 and 18) with SCD and their primary caregivers completed paper-and-pencil measures of pain, teen's psychological adjustment, and HRQOL. In addition, primary caregivers completed a measure of disease-related parenting stress. Medical file review established disease severity. Pearson correlations identified significant inverse associations of pain frequency with physical and psychosocial domains of HRQOL as rated by the teen and primary caregiver. Generally, internalizing symptoms (i.e. anxiety and depression) and disease-related parenting stress were also significantly correlated with lower HRQOL. Examination of possible mediator models via a series of regression analyses confirmed that disease-related parenting stress served as a mediator between pain frequency and physical and psychosocial HRQOL. Less consistent were findings for mediation models involving internalizing symptoms. For these, parent-rated teen depression and teen anxiety served as mediators of the association of pain frequency and HRQOL. Results are consistent with extant literature that suggests the association of pain and HRQOL and identify concomitant pain variables of internalizing symptoms and family variables as mediators. Efforts to improve HRQOL should aim to address internalizing symptoms associated with pain as well as parenting stress in the context of SCD management.
Prevention of Cognitive Impairment Physician Perceptions and Practices

The public is increasingly inundated with suggestions on how they can reduce their risk of developing cognitive impairment or dementia and are turning to physicians for advice. This study examines physicians’ perceptions and practices related to reducing cognitive impairment or dementia risk. Data from Porter Novelli’s 2008 DocStyles survey are used to examine physicians’ perceptions and practices related to this issue. About 40% of physicians reported discussing concerns about cognitive impairment often or very often with adult patients without dementia. The majority advised patients to reduce risk through physical activity, mental stimulation, and healthy diet. These data shed light on physicians’ perceptions and practices related to reducing cognitive impairmentrisk among their patients. Increased information about this issue may inform development of and access to educational materials to meet physicians’ needs to address patient concerns related to reducing cognitive impairment or dementia risk.