cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel techniques in sentinel lymph node mapping and localization of nonpalpable breast lesions: the Moffitt experience.

The concept of lymphatic mapping has helped to redefine the clinical significance of lymph nodes with respect to breast cancer. The combination technique using both blue dye and radiocolloid is the most effective method of lymphatic mapping. The data in the literature support the concept that all patients undergoing lympectomy or especially mastectomy should undergo lymphatic mapping if a diagnosis of invasive cancer is remotely possible. The low morbidity, high sensitivity, and specificity of mapping indicate its use for increasing number of patients thought initially not to be candidates for the procedure.
Multi-scale modeling of elastoplastic deformation and strengthening mechanisms in aluminum-based amorphous nanocomposites

Abstract Aluminum-based amorphous nanocomposites exhibit exceptional strength while preserving reasonable ductility. Although it is believed that the enhanced mechanical properties are due to the existence of defect-free nanometer-scale face-centered cubic α-Al nanoparticles in the amorphous aluminum matrix, the underlying strengthening mechanism remains to be determined so that a fundamental understanding of the material nanostructure–property relationship can be obtained. In this paper we focus on theoretical exploration of the mechanical constitutive behavior of amorphous nanocomposites in terms of a multi-scale approach starting from the nanostructure. A local heterogeneous stress field and deformation are formulated based on the concept of eigenstrain and equivalent inclusion method. An overall elastoplastic constitutive model for amorphous nanocomposites is developed through homogenization averaging procedures. Explicit expressions of the effective elastic stiffness and yield strength of amorphous nanocomposites in terms of the constituent properties and nanostructures are obtained. An experimentally observed interlayer phase between nanoparticles and the amorphous matrix is incorporated in the current model. The interlayer thickness is treated as a characteristic length scale. The nanoparticle size effect on material properties is specifically investigated within the continuum mechanics framework.
Myocardial fat quantification in humans: Evaluation by two‐point water‐fat imaging and localized proton spectroscopy

Proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) has been used for in vivo quantification of intracellular triglycerides within the sarcolemma. The purpose of this study was to assess whether breath-hold dual-echo in- and out-of-phase MRI at 3.0 T can quantify the fat content of the myocardium. Biases, including T(1), T*(2), and noise, that confound the calculation of the fat fraction were carefully corrected. Thirty-four of 46 participants had both MRI and MRS data. The fat fractions from MRI showed a strong correlation with fat fractions from MRS (r = 0.78; P < 0.05). The mean myocardial fat fraction for all 34 subjects was 0.7 +/- 0.5% (range: 0.11-3%) assessed with MRS and 1.04 +/- 0.4% (range: 0.32-2.44%) assessed with in- and out-of-phase MRI (P < 0.05). Scanning times were less than 15 sec for Dixon imaging, plus an additional minute for the acquisition used for T*(2) calculation, and 15-20 min for MRS. The average postprocessing time for MRS was 3 min and 5 min for MRI including T*(2) measurement. We conclude that the dual echo method provides a rapid means to detect and quantifying myocardial fat content in vivo. Correction/adjustment for field inhomogeneity using three or more echoes seems crucial for the dual echo approach.
FEMALE'S SEX-ROLE EXPECTATIONS AND MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY

majoring in Engineering, 15 in the Biological Sciences, and 19 in English completed a questionnaire indicating their personal and their assumed sex-role expectations of significant men in their lives. Neither expectations were related ro major field of study; however, personal and assumed expectations were significantly correlated (.53 for rhe total sample). Hawley's conclusions do not appear to be as clear-cut as she assumed. Some suggestions for research were made. In each of two studies Hawley (1971, 1972) concludes that what women assume men think is appropriate female behavior (sex-role expectations) affects women's career choices. However, to find differences among major fields or occupational groups in terms of what women in these fields assume are men's sex-role expectations for women does not necessarily show that career choice is based on this variable. It merely establishes a correlation. Indeed for Hawley co draw this conclusion, the dependent (assumed sex-role expectation) and independent (career choice) variables in her study should be reversed. What is more, there is a rival hypothesis that remains untested and untestable in her studies. Is it not likely that one's personal beliefs and attitudes regarding sexroles are more relevant to one's pe~~onal choice of major field or career? Is it not also likely that there is a correlation between one's personal sex-role expectations and those expectations one assumes or perceives are true for significant men in their lives? If these speculations are supported, perhaps the correlation between personal and assumed expectations accounts for her results. In other words, assumed expectations may be related to career choice because they are related to personal expectations. The present study was in an attempt to replicate Hawley's results and to pursue the above alternative hypothesis by adding measures of personal expectations to Hawley's design. METHOD Of a random sample of women selected from each of three major fields invited to participate in the present study, 53 accepted and provided usable data. The participants were 19 junior and senior women majoring in Engineering, 15 majoring in the Biological Sciences, and 19 majoring in English at the University of California at Davis. These majors were selected because, at Davis, the percent of women enrolled in each is such that Engineering can be considered typically chosen by males, English typically by females, and Biological Sciences typically chosen by men and women. Subjects completed a modified version of a questionnaire dealing wich five measures of female sex-role expectations developed by Hawley ( 1971, 1972 ) .
A new approach to the measurement of protein solubility by Michaelson interferometry

Abstract Protein concentration influences nucleation and crystal growth rates, therefore an appropriate degree of supersaturation is essential for the preparation of large and good quality crystals. Knowledge of a protein's solubility dependence on solution variables such as temperature, pH, or ionic strength can be very useful for defining optimum conditions for protein crystal growth work. We have refined a Michaelson interferometry technique reported by Sazaki et al. (J. Crystal Growth 169 (1996) 355.) for determination of protein solubility using the proteins lysozyme and equine serum albumin by examining the behavior of both surface and concentration gradient fringes. This has provided a sensitive and accurate estimate of protein solubility using small crystals (0.2 mm×0.1 mm).
Mentalizing and Marr: An information processing approach to the study of social cognition

Abstract To interact successfully, individuals must not only recognize one another as intentional agents driven primarily by internal mental states, but also possess a system for making reliable and useful inferences about the nature of those beliefs, feelings, goals, and dispositions. The ability to make such mental state inferences (i.e., to mentalize or mindread) is the central accomplishment of human social cognition. The present article suggests that our understanding of how humans go about making mental state inferences will benefit from treating social cognition primarily as an information processing system that comprises a set of mechanisms for elaborating more basic social information into an understanding of another's mind. Following Marr's [Marr, D., 1982. Vision. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA] framework for the study of such information processing systems, I suggest that questions about social cognition might profitably be asked at three levels – computation, algorithm, and implementation – and outline a number of ways in which a description of social cognition at the middle level (i.e., the step-by-step processes that give rise to mental state inferences) can be informed by analysis at the other two.
Transductive confidence machines

The field of statistical learning theory has developed alternatives to induction. Instead of using all the available points to induce a model, the data, or usually a small subset of the data, can be used to estimate unknown properties of points to be tested (e.g., membership to a class). This idea leads to algorithms that use standard statistical tests to compute the confidence on the estimation. Using transduction, researchers have built transductive confidence machines which are able to estimate the unknown class of a point and attach confidence to the estimate, and also to determine outliers in a data set. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 216–220 DOI: 10.1002/wics.154 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. This article is a U.S. Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Effects of water vapor on thermal shield materials

Abstract : Three of the materials commonly used to insulate spacecraft from solar radiation are aluminized mylar, aluminized kapton, and silvered teflon. Damage to or deterioration of these materials would lead to large scale temperature excursions of the spacecraft. One possible mechanism for such deterioration would be the occurrence of high humidity prior to launch. A study was conducted to determine the vulnerability of these materials to humidity. It was found that aluminized mylar and aluminized kapton remain unaffected, but that silvered teflon is seriously damaged in a period of hours.
Leukotriene C4 Potentiates IL-33 Induced ILC2 Activation and Lung Inflammation Through CysLT1R

Author(s): Portillo, Alex J. | Advisor(s): Doherty, Taylor A.; Lu, Li-fan | Abstract: Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s) are newly discovered lymphocytes that play a vital role in helminth immunity and have been recently implicated in allergy. ILC2s produce type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13, which orchestrate the development of mucus production, bronchoconstriction, and airway inflammation. Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is a bioactive lipid and parent CysLT of LTD4 and LTE4. LTC4 and LTD4 are capable of binding to the ILC2 surface through CysLT1R and CysLT2R. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a cytokine secreted by bronchial epithelial cells that induces type 2 cytokines by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), resulting in many features present in asthma. Both CysLTs and airway epithelial derived cytokines are independently important in hypersensitivity diseases, including allergic asthma but few studies have investigated the effects of combinations of mediators. Our studies demonstrate that mice administered with both LTC4 and IL-33 have enhanced eosinophilia, airway inflammation, ILC2s, and type 2 cytokines compared with mice given IL-33 or LTC4 alone. Furthermore, RAG2-/- mice, which lack T and B lymphocytes but contain ILC2s exhibited ILC2 expansion and increased TH2 cytokine production in response to the combination of IL-33 and LTC4. IL-7R-/- mice, which lack all lymphocytes, were resistant to lung inflammation. Lastly, using CysLT1R-/- and CysLT2R-/- mice, we determined that LTC4 potentiated IL-33 induced airway inflammation and lung ILC2 regulation was dependent upon CysLT1R. New findings into mechanisms of ILC2 activation may lead to the discovery of novel treatments for asthma and other forms of allergic inflammatory diseases.
Mobilization of iron from reticulocyte ghosts by cytoplasmic agents.

Summary The preparation of ghosts from rabbit reticulocytes previously incubated with 59Fe-transferrin, allows the study of membrane iron mobilization by cytoplasmic factors, and intracellular iron pathways in a cell free system. Incubation of 59Fe-ghosts with unlabeled reticulocyte lysate results in mobilization of the membrane bound iron, and its utilization for hemoglobin and ferritin synthesis. An iron binding component migrating near the low molecular weight range on a Sephadex G-100 column was rechromatographed on G-25 and emerged with the void volume. Chromatographic behavior suggested a molecular weight near 5,000. The component was subjected to gel electrophoresis and migrated as a single TCA precipitable band that stained with Coomassie blue. A Lowry test for protein was positive. The component was found to reversibly bind ferrous ion, and to be metabolically active.
Interference and inertia: A superfluid-helium interferometer using an internally porous powder and its inertial interactions

A torus filled with superfluid helium and a powder of a porous solid which contains internal pores having diameters comparable to the coherence length should exhibit Sagnac-Josephson interference when rotated. Analysis is made of the effect of this interference upon the resonance frequency of a torsional oscillator. An inertial mass arising from quantum-mechanical interference is derived. Connection of this interference to general relativistic effects is explored, including the Lense-Thirring effect and gravitational radiation.
H–2-like genes in the Tla region of mouse chromosome 17

H–2K, H–2D, H–2I, Qa-2 and TL are all members of a closely related family of cell-surface glycoproteins. The H–2 molecules (major histocompatibility antigens) are extremely polymorphic, expressed on almost all cell types and play an important part in graft rejection1–4. In contrast, Qa-2 and TL are much less polymorphic, and have a limited tissue distribution4,5. Nevertheless, all these molecules are similar in that they consist of two chains, one of which is the invariant β2-microglobulin (molecular weight (MW) 11,500), the other a 45,000-MW glycopolypeptide2,6–10. The 45,000-MW H–2K and H–2D map within 0.3 centimorgans of each other in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 17 (ref. 1). The Qa-2 and TL chains are encoded by genes in the closely linked Tla region. Recently, recombinant DNA techniques have been used to study the family of genes encoding H–2-like molecules11–14. The finding that cloned H–2 cDNA hybridizes to 10–20 restriction fragments of genomic DNA has led to the conclusion that there are 10–20 H–2-like genes in the murine genome11,12. Here we present evidence that most of these genes are encoded on chromosome 17 and that at least three H–2-like genes map outside the MHC in the Tla region. We also confirm and provide further evidence that there are 10 to 15 H–2-like genes in the mouse genome.
Sexual sadism: a portrait of evil

Sexual sadism has been defined ambiguously in the DSM to include both preoccupation with sadistic sexual fantasies and the acting out of such fantasies (with resultant harm or death to the victims). Ideally, the term should be used only for persons in whom such fantasies are acted out in actual behavior. Almost all such persons will be men. There is an overlap between the psychiatric diagnosis of sexual sadism (as behavior) and the concept of evil as the word is used in everyday parlance. The word evil is evoked generally when one comes to learn of (or witness) violent actions of such a nature as to horrify, shock, and disgust us. Evil corresponds, that is, to an emotional reaction when confronted with acts of a particularly horrifying and repugnant type. Violent sexual crimes involving torture of the victim are particularly likely to elicit this response. A common examplar of sexual sadism is the serial killer who experiences orgasm when murdering his victim. Sadistic sexual fantasies are noted in certain adolescents. In some of these the fantasies serves rehearsal for future sadistic sexual acts, especially in adolescents with callous-unemotional personality (who often emerge in adult life as psychopaths). Whereas therapy would usually fail even if such adolescents were brought to treatment early, there are others who experience sadistic sexual fantasies, but for whom these fantasies are ego-alien and disturbing. Patients of the latter type may be amenable to dynamic psychotherapy.
Complication avoidance in the lateral approach for interbody fusion

Abstract The lateral approach to the spine for interbody fusion is a relatively new surgical technique with different rates and types of complications that are not well defined. The goal of this chapter is to facilitate understanding, recognition, and prevention of complications associated with this approach. In general, postoperative motor deficits range in frequency from 0.7% to 7.1%. Thigh dysesthsias are common but typically transient. It is tolerated by elderly and obese patient populations. It can be used in osteoporotic patients but supplemental pedicle screw fixation may be recommended. Overall, the complication profile appears favorable, but efforts continue to reduce their incidence.
Benchmarking the Accuracy of Inertial Measurement Units for Estimating Kinetic Energy

The energetics of human motion has been intensely studied using experimental and theoretical methods. Knowing the kinetic energy of the human body, and its decomposition into the kinetic energies of the major body segments, has tremendous value in applications ranging from physical therapy, athlete training, soldier performance, worker health and safety, among other uses. Significant challenges thwart our ability to measure segmental kinetic energy in real (non-laboratory) environments such as in the home or workplace, or on the playing/training field. The aim of this research is to address these challenges by advancing the use of an array of miniaturized body-worn inertial measurement units (IMUs) for estimating segmental kinetic energy. As a step towards this goal, this study reports a benchmark experiment that demonstrates the accuracy of IMU-derived estimates of segmental kinetic energy. The study is conducted on a well-characterized mechanical system, a double pendulum that also serves as an apt model for the lower or upper extremities. A two-node IMU array is used to measure the kinematics of each segment as input to the segmental kinetic energy computations. The segments are also instrumented with two high-precision optical encoders that provide the truth data for kinetic energy. The segmental kinetic energies estimated using the IMU array remain within 3.5% and 3.9% of the kinetic energies measured by the optical encoders for the top and bottom segments, respectively, for the freely decaying pendulum oscillations considered. These promising results support the future development of body-worn IMU arrays for real-time estimates of segmental kinetic energy for health, sports and military applications.© 2013 ASME
Phase stability of fcc alloys with the embedded-atom method

The heats of solution of disordered phases and several stoichiometric compounds have been determined for 12 binary alloys of fcc metals using an analytic embedded-atom-method model with no adjustable parameters. The cohesive energy, vacancy formation energy, lattice constant, bulk modulus, and average shear modulus for each metal are used as input data, and the range of the two-body potential and electron density function must be specified. The results are generally insensitive to the cutoff range. The heats of formation are in good agreement with ab initio calculations by Terakura et al. for Cu-Ag and Cu-Au but are somewhat higher for Ag-Au. The heats of formation for alloys of Cu, Ag, and Au with Ni are in good agreement, with Pt are slightly high, and with Pd significantly high.
The zebrafish genome contains two inducible, functional cyclooxygenase-2 genes.

Cyclooxygenase is a key enzyme in prostanoid biosynthesis. Mammalian species have two cyclooxygenases, constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Cox-1 and/or Cox-2 have been also identified in other vertebrates, including fish. We identified a second zebrafish Cox-2 gene orthologue, Cox-2b. All of the functionally important amino acids for cyclooxygenase enzymes are conserved in Cox-2b. The 3′ untranslated region of the Cox-2b message contains AU rich elements characteristic of regulation at the level of mRNA stability. Constitutive tissue expression patterns for Cox-2a and Cox-2b are distinct, but overlap. Both Cox-2a and Cox-2b expression are inducible in the kidney when fish are exposed to tetradecanoylphorbol acetate. Like Cox-2a, Cox-2b protein, expressed in COS cells is functionally active. Thus, the zebrafish genome contains two functional, inducible Cox-2 genes. Database searching demonstrates that some fish genomes contain multiple Cox-1 or Cox-2 cyclooxygenase genes, suggesting alternate duplication and retention of this gene.
Assimilating and Optimizing Software Assurance in the SDLC: A Framework and Step-Wise Approach

Software Assurance is the planned and systematic set of activities that ensures software processes and products conform to requirements while standards and procedures in a manner that builds trusted systems and secure software. While absolute security may not yet be possible, procedures and practices exist to promote assurance in the software lifecycle. In this paper, the authors present a framework and step-wise approach towards achieving and optimizing assurance by infusing security knowledge, techniques, and methodologies into each phase of the Software Development Lifecycle SDLC.
Long-term cost-effectiveness of alternative management strategies for patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract Background : Serial antiarrhythmic drug testing guided by Holter monitoring and electrophysiologic study had similar clinical outcomes in the Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM) trial, while patients treated with sotalol had improved outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare long-term cost-effectiveness of these management alternatives. Methods : Patients in the ESVEM trial were linked to computerized files of either the Health Care Finance Administration or the Department of Veterans Affairs. Total hospital costs and survival time over five year follow-up were measured using actuarial methods, and cost-effectiveness was calculated. Results : Patients randomized to therapy guided by electrophysiologic study had more hospital admissions, higher costs, and a cost-effectiveness ratio of $162,500 per life year added compared with therapy guided by Holter monitoring. Patients randomized to sotalol had fewer hospitalizations, lower costs, and better survival than patients randomized to other drugs, and sotalol was a dominant strategy in the cost-effectiveness analysis. Patients for whom an effective drug was found had fewer hospital admissions, lower costs, and longer survival. These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses and in bootstrap replications. Conclusions : Serial drug testing guided by electrophysiologic study had an unfavorable cost-effectiveness ratio relative to Holter monitoring, while sotalol was cost-effective relative to other antiarrhythmic drugs.
An autocorrelation function method for estimation of parameters of autoregressive models

An autocorrelation function method was developed for estimating the parameters of autoregressive models. For monthly streamflow series, an ordinary least-squares method was used to optimally determine the parameters by minimizing the sum of the squares of differences between the autocorrelations calculated directly from the observed time series and those from the model-generated streamflow. The approach was tested using numerical simulation and historical data. Numerical results showed that for some generated data series the parameters estimated by the new method were closer to their true values than those obtained from the Yule-Walker equations. For monthly streamflow time series of three stations of Yellow River in China, the historical correlation functions were compared with those from data series generated with the AR(2) model. The autocorrelation function estimated from the generated data series was closer to the observed autocorrelation than that obtained from the Yule-Walker equations. This is even more true for the multivariate autoregressive model.
Who is responsible for progress

My subject is an endangered responsibility. A responsibility that is widely distributed, basic to society, and threatened by lack of attention. This responsibility is that of maintaining progress ; a thread that in the best of societies runs without interruption through all professions. In medicine, this thread of learning and teaching was first set down by Hippocrates: "to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all other learning." However, learning (and, therefore, progress) does not come automatically, like death or taxes. It must be carefully cultivated and requires a considerable portion of available resources. In this increasingly modern world, the rate of progress largely depends on the will and ability of society to focus resources on current problems. What is society's effect on medicine and its progress today? Who is responsible for ensuring that the net vector of these forces points in the direction of continued advancement? These questions
Incompatibility of mixing of proteins in adsorbed binary protein films at the air-water interface.

Competitive adsorption of proteins from several binary protein solutions to the air−water interface has been studied. With a few exceptions, the equilibrium composition of the saturated monolayer of mixed protein films at various bulk concentration ratios did not follow a Langmuir-type competitive adsorption model. The deviation from ideal behavior results from incompatibility of mixing of proteins in the film at the air−water interface. This immiscibility alters the ratio of the binding affinity of the proteins in a protein 1/protein 2/water ternary film compared to that in a protein 1/water and protein 2/water binary film. A method to determine the extent of incompatibility between two proteins in a mixed protein film has been developed. It is shown that the incompatibility index derived for 19 protein 1/water and protein 2/water systems studied show a linear relationship with the absolute difference between Flory−Huggins protein−solvent interaction parameters, that is, |χ1s − χ2|, of the constituent pr...
Horner Syndrome With Equal-sized Pupils in a Case With Underlying Physiologic Anisocoria

A case is presented in which Horner syndrome occurred on the side of the larger pupil in underlying physiologic anisocoria. The unusual coincidence resulted in ipsilateral ptosis, but with clinically equal-sized and normally reactive pupils.
Drug Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the fourth leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability in the USA. AIS most commonly occurs when a blood vessel is obstructed leading to irreversible brain injury and subsequent focal neurologic deficits. Drug treatment of AIS involves intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator [rtPA]). Intravenous alteplase promotes thrombolysis by hydrolyzing plasminogen to form the proteolytic enzyme plasmin. Plasmin targets the blood clot with limited systemic thrombolytic effects. Alteplase must be administered within a short time window to appropriate patients to optimize its therapeutic efficacy. Recent trials have shown this time window may be extended from 3 to 4.5 hours in select patients. Other acute supportive interventions for AIS include maintaining normoglycemia, euthermia and treating severe hypertension. Urgent anticoagulation for AIS has generally not shown benefits that exceed the hemorrhage risks in the acute setting. Urgent antiplatelet use for AIS has limited benefits and should only promptly be initiated if alteplase was not administered, or after 24 hours if alteplase was administered. The majority of AIS patients do not receive thrombolytic therapy due to late arrival to emergency departments and currently there is a paucity of acute interventions for them. Ongoing clinical trials may lead to further medical breakthroughs to limit the damage inflicted by this devastating disease.
A note on prefixes of regular languages

Hopcroft and Ullman (problem 3.10 [1]) pose the amusing question of whether the "first third" of a regular language L, FIRST-THIRD(L) = {x| x is a prefix of a member of L of length 3|x|}, is necessarily regular. To see that it is, we can adapt of 1-way deterministic finite-state acceptor (an FA, for short) for L to get a 2-way non-deterministic finite-state acceptor with endmarkers for FIRST-THIRD(L). This acceptor behaves like the FA on x until it reaches the right endmarker, and then it uses another pass over x at half speed to behave like the FA on some nondeterministically chosen continuation of length 2|x|. That such an acceptor accepts a regular language follows from an argument similar to that of Shepherdson for deterministic acceptors [2].
Special issue on cognition and learning technology

The special issue of ETR&D on Cognition and Learning Technology was originally scheduled to appear in the last issue of 2009—57(6). Five of the seven papers did appear in that issue. One paper appeared in the prior issue of ETR&D—‘‘A Feedback Learning and Mental Models Perspective on Strategic Decision Making’’ by Carlos Capelo and Joao Ferreira Dias. The final paper in the special issue appears in this issue of ETR&D— ‘‘Highly Integrated Model Assessment Technology and Tools’’ by Pablo Pirnay-Dummer, Dirk Ifenthaler, and J. Michael Spector. Our apologies to the editors of the special issue, to the authors of all the special issue papers, and to readers for not having all of the papers involved in this special issue in a single issue as originally planned.
Modeling Alkali Diatomic Energy Levels to Optimize Routes to Ultracold Molecule

Production of ultracold ground state molecules by photoassociation and stimulated Raman transfer, recently demonstrated for RbCs, requires an adequately precise model of the energy level structure. We will discuss our work toward this goal.
Lipids of parasitic copepods associated with marine fish.

Abstract 1. 1. The parasitic copepods, Lepeophthirus salmonis, Lepeophthirus oblitus, Clavella perfida , and Caligus sp. collected in British Columbia, Canada, all had triglycerides as the major storage lipid. Free-living copepods of the area used wax esters as the primary reserve fuel. 2. 2. The hydrocarbon pattern of the parasitic copepods was closer to that of skin on the host fish than to the hydrocarbons of their free-living relatives.
Erratum to: Effects of florivory on floral volatile emissions and pollination success in the wild parsnip

A. R. Zangerl (&) M. R. Berenbaum Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin, 61801-3795 Urbana, IL, USA e-mail: azangerl@life.uiuc.edu Table 7 Comparison of volatile components extracted from intact female flowers and from mechanically crushed flowers. A significant interaction between volatile constituent and crush treatment (F = 20.401, d.f. 8.16, P \ 0.001) from a doubly-repeated measures analysis of variance (both compound and treatment were repeated measures with no between-subjects factor) indicates that crushing did not increase all constituents equally. This table lists the ratio of the least square means for intact and crushed amounts of each compound. Three female flower stage umbellets from a single umbel of a greenhouse-grown parsnip were submerged in 200 ll hexane for 30 min. Two microliters of these extracts were separated for analysis. Four florets of each umbellet were then crushed with forceps before the umbellet was returned to the hexane for an additional thirty seconds. The umbellets were then discarded and two microliters of each of these extracts were analyzed. This particular plant did not contain caryophyllene or b-trans-bergamotene
A mathematical model for the growth of cell cultures

Abstract The mitotic growth of cell systems in vitro is described in terms of a mathematical model for which the suppression of mitosis is caused by a chemical species in the cell environment. By the introduction of a time delay into the mathematical formulation, the synchronization of cell division is also considered.
Looking for Arguments

How do people find arguments while engaged in a discussion? Following an analogy with visual search, a mechanism that performs this task is described. It is a metarepresentational device that examines representations in a mostly serial manner until it finds a good enough argument supporting one’s position. It is argued that the mechanism described in dual process theories as ‘system 2’, or analytic reasoning fulfills these requirements. This provides support for the hypothesis that reasoning serves an argumentative function.
Informed consent: The ultimate right

Abstract Understanding the informed consent process permits the nurse to advocate for patient care safety and to promote good ethical and legal practice. This article has identified and highlighted the importance of the informed consent process. It is the ultimate right of all individuals, and the patient with a psychiatric illness is no less deserving of this ultimate right.
Perinatal loss: providing emotional support for bereaved parents.

ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on parents’emotional needs after perinatal loss and ways in which health care professionals can meet those needs. Parents must be educated about the grieving process and have their feelings acknowledged and validated. Health professionals can support parents by being available and listening, giving clear medical information, addressing parents’concerns, acknowledging the special situation, limiting the use of tranquilizers, providing follow-up, making referrals to support groups or for psychologic counseling, and learning what is helpful to say to bereaved parents. To be able to approach parents and offer support, ealth professionals must be aware of their own reactions to the death of a baby, loss, and grief. Receiving staff support better enables them to offer effective emotional support to bereaved parents.
Individual Differences in Autonomic Response: Conditioned Association or Conditioned Fear?

Cluster analysis was used to define three groups of subjects whose conditioned heart rate response emphasized either acceleration, deceleration, or moderate deceleration. A subject pool (N = 148) was generated from four separate studies of differential classical conditioning in which colored slides served as conditioned stimuli (CSs) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was aversive auditory noise. Both the statistically generated Accelerator and Decelerator groups responded with a significant late interval deceleration to CS+. However, only Accelerators also displayed a significant mid-interval heart rate increase to CS+. Conditioned electrodermal responses were significantly more resistant to extinction for Accelerators than for the other two cluster groups. Accelerators also differed from Decelerators in that their affective judgments of the slide stimuli became less positively valent and less dominant from pre- to post-conditioning, effects not found for Decelerators. Moderate Decelerators produced mixed results across the several psychophysiological and verbal measures of conditioning, resembling Accelerators in their verbal report change, and Decelerators in their rapid electrodermal extinction. It is suggested that cluster assignment may reflect subjects' pre-conditioning learning set. All successfully conditioned subjects appear to learn a relationship between stimuli such that the appearance of the CS+ prompts an anticipatory orienting response (late interval heart rate deceleration). Accelerators differ from the other two groups in that they also condition a defensive response which is associated with a change in emotional judgments of the stimuli and may represent covert preparation for avoidance. The relationships between defensive responding, avoidance, and the concept of fear are considered, and the problem of desynchrony in emotional change (i.e., the Moderate Decelerators) is addressed. Finally, parallels are drawn between results from classical conditioning and clinical studies of fear and phobia, and further suggestions are made for utilizing the conditioning paradigm in the study of emotion.
Low-temperature excitations in random two-dimensional antiferromagnets

A numerical method involving the time integration of equations of motion is developed for calculating response functions of antiferromagnets. The method is particularly useful in calculating dynamic response functions S(k, omega ) and can also be used to obtain densities of states. The technique is applied to the two-dimensional random antiferromagnets Rb2Mn0.5Ni0.5F4 and Rb2MncZn1-cF4. In the former case, good agreement is found with the recently measured S(k, omega ) and in the latter some interesting clustering effects that should be accessible experimentally are found.
Three consecutive pregnancies in a patient with glycogen storage disease type IA (von Gierke's disease)

Glycogen storage disease type IA is associated with metabolic abnormalities that can compromise fetal outcome. Normal outcome can be achieved by maintaining euglycemia throughout gestation. We report three consecutive pregnancies in a patient with glycogen storage disease type IA. The patient, a 35-year-old woman, has been maintained on a regimen of nightly nasogastric or cornstarch feedings for the past 12 years with improving metabolic control, reduced liver size, and no progression of multiple hepatic adenomas. On confirmation of each pregnancy, early in the first trimester nightly feeding was changed from cornstarch ingestion to Polycose by nasogastric intubation, with good metabolic control. During the last trimester of each pregnancy metabolic control showed further improvement, with lowering of lactate, urate, and triglyceride levels. During the first pregnancy unexpected fetal death occurred at 33 weeks. During the last two pregnancies, the patient was admitted at 33 and 34 weeks, respectively, for closer supervision of metabolic status and fetal monitoring. She underwent a cesarean section at 35 weeks 4 days of gestation and was delivered of a girl. She underwent a repeat cesarean section at 35 weeks 2 days for the subsequent gestation and was delivered of a boy. Both infants are healthy and appear to be unaffected by von Gierke's disease. Hepatic adenomas did not enlarge during the pregnancies. Meticulous management resulted in normal pregnancy outcomes in two consecutive gestations. Rapid fetal growth late in the third trimester may require particularly careful supervision to maintain euglycemia.
Decreased conjugation of p-aminobenzoic acid in the icteric newborn Gunn rat

Abstract The metabolism of p -aminobenzoic acid in the icteric and non-icteric Gunn rat was studied. The urinary metabolites of p -aminobenzoic acid identified were the parent compound, p -aminohippuric acid and p -aminobenzoic acid glucuronide. The urinary data indicated that the icteric Gunn rat not only excreted significantly less of the p -aminobenzoic acid within 24 hr but also excreted significantly less of the compound as the glucuronide. In the newborn icteric rat, the major excretory product was the unchanged p -aminobenzoic acid, whereas in the adult most of the drug was excreted as the glycine conjugate. The data in vivo and in vitro indicated that the icteric newborn rat converts significantly less p -aminobenzoic acid to p -aminohippuric acid than does the non-icteric rat. The synthesis of p -aminohippuric acid is quite low in both genotypes at birth, but rapidly approaches adult levels at 30 days of age. In view of the data presented, the increased toxicity of p -aminobenzoic acid in the 2-day-old icteric Gunn rat may be the result of a decreased p -aminobenzoic add metabolism in these rats due to a deficiency in the activity of the enzyme UDP-glucuronyltransferase and possibly glycine- N -acyltransferase.
Analysis of non-linear autonomous conservative oscillators by a time transformation method

The problem considered is that of the free vibration of the class of strongly non-linear oscillators u + mu + αf(u) = 0, where m = 1, 0 or −1, f(u) is a non-linear function of the displacement u(t), and α is not small. Through a continuous stretching of the time t a new time T is found in whose domain the response is simple harmonic. This time transformation method allows the response u(t) and period τ to be calculated to any desired degree of accuracy; however, the primary objective is to develop reasonably simple, accurate approximations for the oscillators considered.
Reduced offsets for two-level multi-valued logic minimization

The approaches to two-level logic minimization can be classified into two groups: those that use tautology for expansion of cubes and those that use the offset. Tautology based schemes are generally slower and often give somewhat inferior results, because of a limited global picture of the way in which the cube can be expanded. If the offset is used, usually the expansion can be done quickly and in a more global way because it is easier to see effective directions of expansion. The problem with this approach is that there are many functions that have a reasonable size onset and don't care set but the offset is unreasonably large. It was recently shown that for the minimization of such Boolean functions, a new approach using reduced offsets, provides the same global picture and can be computed much faster. In this paper we extend reduced offsets to logic functions with multi-valued inputs.
IκB Kinase α (IKKα) Regulation of IKKβ Kinase Activity

Two related kinases, IκB kinase α (IKKα) and IKKβ, phosphorylate the IκB proteins, leading to their degradation and the subsequent activation of gene expression by NF-κB. IKKβ has a much higher level of kinase activity for the IκB proteins than does IKKα and is more critical than IKKα in modulating tumor necrosis factor alpha activation of the NF-κB pathway. These results indicate an important role for IKKβ in activating the NF-κB pathway but leave open the question of the role of IKKα in regulating this pathway. In the current study, we demonstrate that IKKα directly phosphorylates IKKβ. Moreover, IKKα either directly or indirectly enhances IKKβ kinase activity for IκBα. Finally, transfection studies to analyze NF-κB-directed gene expression suggest that IKKα is upstream of IKKβ in activating the NF-κB pathway. These results indicate that IKKα, in addition to its previously described ability to phosphorylate IκBα, can increase the ability of IKKβ to phosphorylate IκBα.
Selectively grouping neurons in recurrent networks of lateral inhibition

Winner-take-all networks have been proposed to underlie many of the brain's fundamental computational abilities. However, not much is known about how to extend the grouping of potential winners in these networks beyond single neuron or uniformly arranged groups of neurons. We show that competition between arbitrary groups of neurons can be realized by organizing lateral inhibition in linear threshold networks. Given a collection of potentially overlapping groups (with the exception of some degenerate cases), the lateral inhibition results in network dynamics such that any permitted set of neurons that can be coactivated by some input at a stable steady state is contained in one of the groups. The information about the input is preserved in this operation. The activity level of a neuron in a permitted set corresponds to its stimulus strength, amplified by some constant. Sets of neurons that are not part of a group cannot be coactivated by any input at a stable steady state. We analyze the storage capacity of such a network for random groups--the number of random groups the network can store as permitted sets without creating too many spurious ones. In this framework, we calculate the optimal sparsity of the groups (maximizing group entropy). We find that for dense inputs, the optimal sparsity is unphysiologically small. However, when the inputs and the groups are equally sparse, we derive a more plausible optimal sparsity. We believe our results are the first steps toward attractor theories in hybrid analog-digital networks.
Synergistic Ideation Through Pairing Participants in Facilitated Group Support Systems Sessions

Group Support Systems (GSS) have been used and studied in the support of facilitated ideation sessions for years. The norm for these sessions has been for participants to work individually at GSS workstations. A review of applicable literature suggests that pairing participants at GSS workstations could result in higher quality ideas and participant satisfaction. This paper reports the results of a lab experiment that tested for differences between paired and unpaired facilitated GSS sessions. These results suggest that pairing participants can yield higher quality ideas from facilitated ideation without negative consequences.
Reading in a Second Language: Moving from Theory to Practice by GRABE, WILLIAM

A review of the book "Reading in a Second Language: Moving From Theory to Practice," by William Grabe is presented.
Application of Taguchi Method in the Optimization of Antioxidant Activity for Australian Tea Tree

Tea tree is the general term for many species of melaleuca plants. The essential oil or liquid extracted from Australian tea tree can be added to cosmetics and care products. The experimental parameters of solvent extraction are the key factors influencing the antioxidant activity of Australian tea tree. This study used the orthogonal array of the Taguchi method to plan the experiment. The quality data obtained from experiment were analyzed by the factor effects of the Taguchi method to find the significant experimental parameters influencing the antioxidant activity of Australian tea tree, and obtain the optimal experimental parameter combination of solvent extraction for antioxidant activity. Finally, the reliability of the experiment was validated by a confirmation experiment. According to the experimental results, this method was applicable to the optimization problem of the experimental procedure. The optimization can be implemented for objective numerical analysis operation, saving on experimental consumables, time and cost.
RFID-enabled biosensing wireless modules

This paper introduces for the first time the capabilities of inkjet-printing technology in integrated wireless biosensors on organics bridging RFID and sensing technology. A novel flexible magnetic material is presented as an alternative substrate for wearable biosensors. There will be different platforms, including liquid antennas, with enhanced-range by utilizing multi-hopping algorithms with the target to create a secured “intelligent network of RFID-enabled sensors”.
Investigation of hydrogen production reaction kinetics for an iron-silica magnetically stabilized porous structure

In this study the hydrogen production for a laboratory scale iron-based magnetically stabilized porous structure is experimentally investigated for temperature and steam superficial velocities ranging from 600 to 800 � C and 5e25 cm/s, respectively. A reaction kinetic model is proposed, and the important non-dimensional parameters describing the physical characteristics of the reactor are determined. A numerical code is developed to solve the species transport and the substrate conservation equations along the reactor in order to calibrate the kinetic model. A parametric study of the model is conceived and the activation energy, order of the reaction, and the best form of the reaction rate model are determined from experiments. The calibrated model shows very good agreements between the predicted and measured hydrogen production rates. A dimensionless parameter is introduced as the reactor effectiveness, and is utilized to find the operating conditions for which the reactor effectiveness is the highest. This highly reactive structure is very suitable for industrial applications, and the model can provide an excellent tool for designing and controlling larger scale reactors.