cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kidney Attack: Is NGAL Set to Take the Stage with Troponins?

Unbiased preclinical transcriptomic interrogations reported in over 150 distinct studies performed in AKI models from several species ranging from mouse to man have consistently revealed NGAL to be one of the most dramatically upregulated genes in the kidney soon after an ischemic or nephrotoxic insult. The 25 kDa NGAL protein is also highly induced in regenerating and recovering kidney tubule cells, where it exerts a robust nephron-protective effect. The serendipitous finding that the induced NGAL protein is rapidly secreted into the urine and plasma in animal models of AKI has launched a decade of translational studies evaluating NGAL as a noninvasive biomarker of human AKI. These studies have now established a definitive role for NGAL as a biomarker to predict AKI and its adverse outcomes independent of serum creatinine, for the differential diagnosis of intrinsic structural AKI from a prerenal state, and for facilitating AKI clinical trials. The bulk of these studies has been conducted in clinical situations that are highly pertinent to cardio-nephrology, including cardiac surgery, contrast nephropathy, and critical illness, and are reviewed herein. Standardized clinical platforms for the rapid and accurate measurement of NGAL have been launched globally, and can be made available in every clinical setting. The currently available evidence indicated that NGAL is poised for center stage in kidney attack, as a troponin-like diagnostic, prognostic, and pharmacodynamic biomarker.
Production of Spanish Grammatical Forms in U.S. Bilingual Children

Purpose The purpose of this analysis was to understand how grammatical morpheme production in Spanish for typically developing Spanish–English bilingual children relates to mean length of utterance...
New improvements in optimal rectangle packing

The rectangle packing problem consists of finding an enclosing rectangle of smallest area that can contain a given set of rectangles without overlap. Our algorithm picks the x-coordinates of all the rectangles before picking any of the y-coordinates. For the x-coordinates, we present a dynamic variable ordering heuristic and an adaptation of a pruning algorithm used in previous solvers. We then transform the rectangle packing problem into a perfect packing problem that has no empty space, and present inference rules to reduce the instance size. For the y-coordinates we search a space that models empty positions as variables and rectangles as values. Our solver is over 19 times faster than the previous state-of-the-art on the largest problem solved to date, allowing us to extend the known solutions for a consecutive-square packing benchmark from N=27 to N=32.
Structured and Semistructured Interviews

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the current state of the art of structured and semi-structured interviews for use with children and adolescents. It provides an understanding of the issues in diagnostic interviewing methods by discussing their commonalities as well as differences, such as developmental issues, distinctions between structured and semi-structured, computerization, handling of multiple informants, and the utility and context of psychometrics. Structured and semi-structured diagnostic interviews appropriate for use with school-age children are reviewed. This chapter places emphasis on the historical context of the subject and on updating readers on the K-SADS-E. The diagnostic interviews currently available have several commonalities as well as significant differences. The selection process for a user should be based on how and why the evaluations are needed. When examining the commonalities, it should be noted that the interviews differ even on features that they share.
Fire and Ice: Le Verre Magique, Le Vrai Magique

In the last three years, art glass has been the hottest item in fine art sales galleries.3 The fluidity of the medium, the reflective and refractive properties, the potential for color saturation, the fragility of the material, have all inspired American artists to experiment with glass. Fascinated by working with a material not part of the average art-school curriculum, they have applied the aesthetics of sculpture and techniques from the familiar areas of ceramics and weaving to their newly-learned glass-making Although they have achieved a variety of interesting and entertaining effects, these do not fully reveal the nature of glass and its making.
Usability testing finds problems for novice users of pediatric portals.

Abstract Objective Patient portals may improve pediatric chronic disease outcomes, but few have been rigorously evaluated for usability by parents. Using scenario-based testing with think-aloud protocols, we evaluated the usability of portals for parents of children with cystic fibrosis, diabetes or arthritis. Design Sixteen parents used a prototype and test data to complete 14 tasks followed by a validated satisfaction questionnaire. Three iterations of the prototype were used. Measurements During the usability testing, we measured the time it took participants to complete or give up on each task. Sessions were videotaped and content-analyzed for common themes. Following testing, participants completed the Computer Usability Satisfaction Questionnaire which measured their opinions on the efficiency of the system, its ease of use, and the likability of the system interface. A 7-point Likert scale was used, with seven indicating the highest possible satisfaction. Results Mean task completion times ranged from 73 (± 61) seconds to locate a document to 431 (± 286) seconds to graph laboratory results. Tasks such as graphing, location of data, requesting access, and data interpretation were challenging. Satisfaction was greatest for interface pleasantness (5.9 ± 0.7) and likeability (5.8 ± 0.6) and lowest for error messages (2.3 ± 1.2) and clarity of information (4.2 ± 1.4). Overall mean satisfaction scores improved between iteration one and three. Conclusions Despite parental involvement and prior heuristic testing, scenario-based testing demonstrated difficulties in navigation, medical language complexity, error recovery, and provider-based organizational schema. While such usability testing can be expensive, the current study demonstrates that it can assist in making healthcare system interfaces for laypersons more user-friendly and potentially more functional for patients and their families.
Readmissions in adult patients following hospitalization for influenza: a nationwide cohort study

Background: Influenza epidemics are a major health care concern in the US. Influenza related complications can increase in-hospital complications, and readmissions following a hospitalization for influenza. We sought to determine the 30-day readmission rate, etiologies, outcomes, and healthcare burden of 30-day readmissions in adults hospitalized for influenza. Methods: The 2014 US National Readmissions Database (NRD) was retrospectively analyzed to identify patients ≥18 years of age hospitalized for influenza and discharged between January and November 2014. We used this time frame as this was the most recent data available for analysis and included patients who had 30-day follow-up. Survey design based multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with a 30-day readmission. Results: Of the 46,117 patients who were hospitalized for influenza and survived to discharge, 4,721 (10.2%) patients had 5,275 30-day readmissions, estimated to 11.4 readmissions per 100 patients. Non-influenza pneumonia was the most common etiology of 30-day readmissions (10.4%) followed by sepsis (9.8%). The median costs of readmissions were $8,538 (IQR, $5,053–15,262), which were significantly higher than the median costs of their index hospitalizations [$7,863 (IQR, $4,875–13,212); P<0.001]. Around 6.5% of the patients died during a readmission. Conclusions: Adult patients hospitalized for influenza had 11.4 30-day readmissions per 100 patients, most commonly for non-influenza pneumonia. Thirty-day readmissions were associated with higher costs of care and considerable mortality.
Generation of seven induced pluripotent stem cell lines from neonates of different ethnic backgrounds

Seven human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines were generated from fibroblasts from three neonatal individuals using non-integrative reprogramming. Most control iPSCs are derived from adults, so these iPSCs meet the need for control iPSCs from young individuals. Donors were from different ethnicities and these lines provide unique genetic profiles. All iPSCs have normal karyotypes, express stem cell markers, and exhibit pluripotency, as assessed by capacity to differentiate into three germ layers. These lines are valuable to study human development, as age-matched controls for disorder-specific iPSCs, and as platforms for gene editing to control for age and ethnicity.
Understanding congestion in high performance interconnection networks using sampling

To improve the communication performance of an application executing on a cluster or supercomputer, developers need tools that enable them to understand how the application's communication patterns interact with the system's network, especially when those interactions result in congestion. Since communication performance is difficult to reason about analytically and simulation is costly, measurement-based approaches are needed. This paper describes a new sampling-based technique to collect information about the path a packet takes and congestion it encounters. We describe a variant of this scheme that requires only 5--6 bits of information in a monitored packet, making it practical for use in next-generation networks. Network simulations using communication traces for miniGhost (a synthetic 3D finite difference mini-application) and pF3D (a code that simulates laser-plasma interactions) show that our technique provides precise application-centric quantitative information about traffic and congestion that can be used to distinguish between problems with an application's communication patterns, its mapping onto a parallel system, and outside interference.
Heterogeneity in Multi-Organ Expression of HO-1 and PlGF in Sickle Mice Mimic Exposure of Non-Sickle Mice to Extracellular Heme Via Nrf2-Dependent Pathways

Abstract Heme is a byproduct of hemolysis released into the circulation. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate limiting enzyme breaks down heme from damaged or senescent red blood cells, exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory cytoprotective effect, especially in sickle cell disease (SCD). HO-1 is regulated by heme through the NRF2 transcription factor. Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) is an angiogenic growth factor secreted by proliferating erythroblasts during normal development, which we previously have found is also activated by heme, secondarily regulating expression of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 that promotes pulmonary hypertension. Because hemolysis contributes to organ damage in SCD, our objective was to assess the multi-organ expression of HO-1 and PlGF in adult sickle (SS) mice as a marker of heme uptake and vascular injury respectively, and to identify most at risk organs during acute elevation of circulating extracellular heme. Furthermore, we investigated the transcriptional response of HO-1 and PlGF in different organs in C57BL/6J wild type (WT) and Nrf2 null mice following acute exposure to heme to understand the molecular pathways involved. HO-1 expression varied dramatically by organ in untreated SS mice, by real time PCR. Using Delta Ct (most negative=higher expression), there was heterogeneity in expression of HO-1 among different organs (p The reticulo-endothelial organs have been shown by others to take up free heme avidly, but these are the first data to demonstrate widely ranging differences in heme response among other organs, and the degree of HO-1 induction in the heart is surprisingly comparable to liver and kidney. Also, pharmacological induction of HO-I has been proposed as a therapy in SCD. Our result showing submaximal induction of HO-1 in SS mice suggests suboptimal expression of HO-1 in SCD. This is consistent with published benefit in sickle cell mice of HO-1 augmentation by gene transfer or Nrf2-inducing agents. Understanding the mechanism of organ-specific response to heme and HO-1/PGF induction could justify the introduction of early therapy to mitigate heme-mediated injury to organs and tissues in SCD and slow progression to organ failure, especially in the aging population of adults with SCD. Download : Download high-res image (190KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The influence of dopaminergic medication on balance automaticity in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Studies have shown that dual-task standing balance in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is significantly diminished. Additionally, it is well accepted that dopaminergic medication improves dynamic balance (Berg Balance Scale, mini-BESTest), but standing balance (force platform posturography) may suffer. What remains unknown is how dopaminergic medication influences standing balance automaticity in PD. Research question Does dopaminergic medication improve standing balance automaticity during a phoneme monitoring dual-task in PD? Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Sixteen subjects with PD completed single- and dual-task standing with eyes open and eyes closed for 3 min each in off and on medication states. 95% confidence ellipse area, anterior-posterior sway velocity, medial-lateral sway velocity, and integrated time to boundary were calculated. Data were analyzed with a repeated measures ANOVA. Results Dopaminergic medication significantly increased ellipse area (p = 0.002) and decreased the performance on the secondary task (p = 0.004). Different eyes conditions (open vs. closed) significantly increased both sway velocities (anterior-posterior = p Significance The data did not support a medication-induced improvement in automaticity, as measured by significant medication by task interactions. An alternate interpretation for medication-induced balance changes in PD includes an increase in maneuverability without sacrificing stability after taking dopaminergic medication.
Opioid Metabolism, Variability, and Overdose Management in Pediatric Airway Patients

The use of opioids for perioperative pain management in children with pediatric airway and tonsillectomy procedures results in clinical challenges because of reported postoperative deaths and life-threatening respiratory depression. This is especially a major concern in children with significant obstructive sleep apnea. This chapter reviews opioid metabolism, genetic factors that affect opioid metabolism, adverse postoperative outcomes, and management of opioid overdose in children undergoing airway procedures.
EmuLab of Security Credential Management System (SCMS) for Vehicular Communications

The Security Credential Management System (SCMS), currently being developed in the United States, implements Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure (V-PKI). Besides conventional PKI function for security, SCMS features privacy protection mechanisms. SCMS will become the largest PKI in the word and considers efficiency in its design. However, SCMS itself becomes the target of security attacks, leading to safety-of-life risk in connected and autonomous vehicles. Securing SCMS will undergo battles as new threats emerge, which needs to update defense such as misbehavior detection. Some challenges remain open, like efficient distribution of certificate revocation lists. In addition, certain solutions, like butterfly key expansion, do not withstand post-quantum cryptanalysis. This paper presents an SCMS Emulation Lab (EmuLab) designed at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. EmuLab facilitates research to strengthen SCMS security with a functional SCMS framework. Two sets of experiments on EmuLab demonstrate how pseudonym certificates work and how SCMS self-heals when a root certificate authority is compromised. Emulation supplements field tests for proof-of-concept at a large scale with no danger to life. Its high fidelity provides more realistic results than that offered by simulation on experimenting new defense mechanics. The emulated system is readily deployable to pilot programs for real world operation. EmuLab also serves to educate and train SCMS operators and administrators.
Experimental data on the mechanical and thermal properties of extruded composites from recycled wind turbine blade material.

Abstract The wind turbine blades (WTB) that face end-of-life was first mechanically milled and classified through a range of varying screen sizes. We then blended this with high density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic resin and extruded it to a profiled composite. We determined the influence of refined particle size, resin content and coupling agents (maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE) and methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane (Silane)) on the mechanical and CLTE properties of recycled composites (Mamanpush et al., 2019).
Tales from the auditors: What we learned from endoscope auditing

Endoscope auditing is unique from other types of auditing normally completed as part of ongoing quality initiatives. When auditors walk into an endoscopy processing area, they are confronted with a variety of complex processes generally packed into a small space. Auditors are challenged to become experts on the processes they are evaluating, and must stay current with changes in practice and equipment. In our 10 years of endoscope processing assessments completed by infection prevention and accreditation staff, we learned a great deal regarding how to approach auditing and interact with staff to improve the quality of endoscope processing.
Geometric Controls of a Quadrotor UAV with Decoupled Yaw Control

This paper presents a geometric control system for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle with decoupled attitude controls. In particular, the attitude control system on the special orthogonal group is decomposed into the reduced attitude controls for the total thrust direction evolving on the two-dimensional unit sphere, and for the remaining one-dimensional rotations about the thrust vector corresponding to the yawing motion. Consequently, the yaw dynamics are controlled separately from the roll and pitch dynamics that are critical for the stability of the translational dynamics of the quadrotor. As such, the proposed controller exhibits improved position tracking capabilities especially for large-angle yawing motions. These are constructed directly on the two-sphere and the one-sphere to avoid complexities and singularities associated with local coordinates. Furthermore, the control systems are augmented with integral terms to deal with fixed disturbances. The efficacy of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical simulation.
MI-MAAP: marker informativeness for multi-ancestry admixed populations

Admixed populations arise when two or more previously isolated populations interbreed. A powerful approach to addressing the genetic complexity in admixed populations is to infer ancestry. Ancestry inference including the proportion of an individual’s genome coming from each population and its ancestral origin along the chromosome of an admixed population requires the use of ancestry informative markers (AIMs) from reference ancestral populations. AIMs exhibit substantial differences in allele frequency between ancestral populations. Given the huge amount of human genetic variation data available from diverse populations, a computationally feasible and cost-effective approach is becoming increasingly important to extract or filter AIMs with the maximum information content for ancestry inference, admixture mapping, forensic applications, and detecting genomic regions that have been under recent selection. To address this gap, we present MI-MAAP, an easy-to-use web-based bioinformatics tool designed to prioritize informative markers for multi-ancestry admixed populations by utilizing feature selection methods and multiple genomics resources including 1000 Genomes Project and Human Genome Diversity Project. Specifically, this tool implements a novel allele frequency-based feature selection algorithm, Lancaster Estimator of Independence (LEI), as well as other genotype-based methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). We demonstrated that MI-MAAP is a useful tool in prioritizing informative markers and accurately classifying ancestral populations. LEI is an efficient feature selection strategy to retrieve ancestry informative variants with different allele frequency/selection pressure among (or between) ancestries without requiring computationally expensive individual-level genotype data. MI-MAAP has a user-friendly interface which provides researchers an easy and fast way to filter and identify AIMs. MI-MAAP can be accessed at https://research.cchmc.org/mershalab/MI-MAAP/login/.
Chapter 2 – Hydrogenations

Publisher Summary A great deal of industrial heterogeneous organic chemistry involves the use of hydrogen. Making bonds between hydrogen and other atoms is a primary method for converting one functional group into another. This is typically called hydrogenation if hydrogen is added across a π-bond, but it is called hydrogenolysis if hydrogen is added across σ-bond. Hydrogenation of alkynes is important in the chemical reactions for several reasons. First, it is important for the removal of traces of alkynes from alkene feed stocks in the polymer industry, and second, it is important for synthesizing cis-alkenes. Both of these processes involve the hydrogenation of only one of the two π-bonds of the alkyne. Hydrogenation of dienes resembles hydrogenation of both monoenes and alkynes. Allenes, 1,2-dienes, generally undergo first cis addition of hydrogen to the least-hindered side of the least-hindered double bond and then isomerization and/or hydrogenation of the second. Hydrogenation of carbon–carbon double bonds is frequently performed in laboratory and industrial organic syntheses. Usually it can be accomplished with little difficulty over a wide variety of catalysts.
A fixed-grid finite element method for solidification

I present a method for numerical integration of time-dependent diffusion problems with dynamically moving boundaries such as solidification fronts. The method is meant to be used for problems in which supercooling (and possibly superheating) occurs, and in which the effects of nonequilibrium interface kinetics and surface tension at the front are important. Thus it is necessary to track the front; this is done by using the Stefan boundary condition to move the front explicitly at the beginning of each time step. The diffusion field is then updated by a Galerkin finite element method. In order to generalize the Galerkin discretization to these problems in a systematic way, I base the finite element calculation on space-time finite elements: The spatial grid is fixed, but grid cells which are crossed by the front are divided into solid and liquid portions, with Galerkin integrals calculated separately over each portion. Results will be presented for the growth of a dendrite in a narrow channel.
Towards cognitive fatigue detection from functional magnetic resonance imaging data

Cognitive Fatigue contributes to the degradation of performance in daily life. This work focuses on developing an automated system to predict Cognitive Fatigue from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data that were collected while subjects were performing a cognitive task. The task had multiple level of difficulty to induce cognitive load. With the fMRI data, Machine Learning models were built to predict the fatigue level. Preliminary results from twenty two participants show an average accuracy of 73 percent over k-fold cross validation.
Fleet Sizing and Charger Allocation in Electric Vehicle Sharing Systems.

In this paper, we propose a closed queueing network model for performance analysis of electric vehicle sharing systems with a certain number of chargers in each neighborhood. Depending on the demand distribution, we devise algorithms to compute the optimal fleet size and number of chargers required to maximize profit while maintaining a certain quality of service. We show that the profit is concave with respect to the fleet size and the number of chargers at each charging point. If more chargers are installed within the city, we show that it can not only reduce the fleet size, but it also improves the availability of vehicles at all the points within a city. We further show through simulation that two slow chargers may outperform one fast charger when the variance of charging time becomes relatively large in comparison to the mean charging time.
More Evidence that Federal Regulations Perpetuate Unrealistic Nursing Home Social Services Staffing Ratios.

What guides quality psychosocial care in nursing homes? By law, people receiving care in Medicare or Medicaid certified nursing facilities (in this manuscript referred to as nursing homes) are requ...
Machine Learning Integrity and Privacy in Adversarial Environments

Machine learning is increasingly being used for automated decisions in applications such as health care, finance, autonomous vehicles, and personalized recommendations. These critical applications require strong guarantees on both the integrity of the machine learning models and the privacy of the user data used to train these models. The area of adversarial machine learning studies the effect of adversarial attacks against machine learning models and aims to design robust defense algorithms. The main challenges in this space are the development of realistic adversarial models that consider the specifics of real-world applications, and the design of machine learning algorithms resilient against a wide range of threats. In this talk, we describe our work on creating a taxonomy of poisoning attacks against machine learning systems at training time. In light of recent software supply chain vulnerabilities revealed by the SolarWinds attack, the supply chain of machine learning development needs to be protected. First, we introduce our optimization approach to create poisoning availability attacks against linear regression and discuss robust defenses based on techniques from robust statistics [1]. Then, we discuss how an attacker with minimal knowledge of a machine learning classifier can inject backdoor poisoning attacks, by leveraging techniques from machine learning explainability [4]. We demonstrate these methods on several malware classifiers and show the challenges of designing robust defenses to protect against these attacks. We also define a new attack model called subpopulation poisoning, that requires a small set of poisoning points to impact the accuracy of the model on a targeted subpopulation [2]. We evaluate our poisoning attacks on multiple data modalities, including image, text, and tabular data. Finally, we highlight a surprising connection between machine learning integrity and privacy attacks, and show how poisoning attacks can be used for auditing the privacy of machine learning algorithms such as differentially private stochastic gradient descent [3].
StochGran on OSX

StochGran, the Cmix-based granular synthesis composition application, has been ported to MacIntosh OSX Cocoa with OpenGL graphics and RTCmix 3.1.0 synthesis. A redesigned interface is easier to use, with various enhancements to streamline the composer’s actions to produce sound. Graphical representation of the probability distributions as well, as the previously implemented shape of change curves, now allows graphical editing of the extreme distributions. Graphical control of algorithmic compositional parameters allows the composer to specify preferred parameters, yet keep enough randomness in the process to allow unexpected and interesting results. The demonstration will include sounds and piece excerpts by UC-CCM students and myself.
Chromosomal protein phosphorylation on basic amino acids.

Publisher Summary Phosphorylation of chromosomal proteins has generally been measured either after isolation of phosphorylated chromosomal proteins from the nucleus or after the action of a chromosomal protein kinase in an in vitro system. These procedures involve one or the other step carried out at an acidic pH value such that the only surviving phosphoryl linkage is found on the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine. The single most outstanding property of N -phosphorylated compounds is their extreme sensitivity to acidic pH and their relative stability under basic conditions. The procedure described in this chapter permits the detection of N -phosphoryl amino acids in chromosomal proteins based upon isolation of 32 P-labeled N -phosphoryl substances. This procedure has been used directly with rat liver preparations, rat mammary tumor carcinosarcoma, or directly from enzyme reaction mixtures.
The Career Thoughts Inventory and Incarcerated Males: a Preliminary Psychometric Review

The main purpose of this preliminary study was to examine use of the Career Thoughts Inventory with male inmates. Previous research discussed within this manuscript demonstrates the link between vocational training and reduced recidivism rates of ex-offenders. Participants (N = 86) who were incarcerated at a Southeastern, US prison completed the following assessments: the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI), My Vocational Situation, the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, and a short demographic questionnaire. Reliability and validity of the CTI were examined for appropriate use with this population. With a return rate of 66 %, the CTI demonstrated internal consistency, convergent validity and partial discriminant validity for use with incarcerated males. Future recommendations for use of the CTI with inmates, direction for career education, and research are discussed.
Chronic low back pain

The 13th Annual Conference of The American Academy of Pain Medicine featured a plenary session entitled 'Controversies in the Treatment of Low Back Pain'. The panelists were Dr. Stanley Bigos, an orthopedic surgeon; Dr. Steven Baker, a chiropractor; Dr. Stephen Abram, an anesthesiologist; and Dr. Hubert Rosomoff, a neurological surgeon. No attempt was made to discuss all the controversies that surround this topic, but four subjects were selected that relate to the expertise of the speakers selected: Dr. Bigos presented the overview of the independent multidisciplinary panel of which he was Chair convened by the Agency For Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) to develop specific statements on acute low back problems in adults; Dr. Baker represented the role of chiropractic medicine in these disorders; Dr. Abram reviewed the place of interventional anesthesiology; and Dr. Rosomoff presented the non-surgical management of both acute and chronic low back disorders utilizing a rehabilitation, multidisciplinary model. Most of the emphasis from Drs. Bigos, Baker and Abram was on the management of acute pain, as compared to the issues of chronic low back pain.
A high-throughput contact-hole resolution metric for photoresists: Full-process sensitivity study

The ability to accurately quantify the intrinsic resolution of chemically amplified photoresists is critical for the optimization of resists for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) Iithography. We have recently reported on two resolution metrics that have been shown to extract resolution numbers consistent with direct observation. In this paper we examine the previously reported contact-hole resolution metric and explore the sensitivity of the metric to potential error sources associated with the experimental side of the resolution extraction process. For EUV exposures at the SEMATECH Berkeley microfield exposure tool, we report a full-process error-bar in extracted resolution of 1.75 nm RMS and verify this result experimentally.
Teaching principled and practical information security

Information Security touches virtually all of the core technologies of computer science. Many Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Information Systems and Information Technology programs are at a crossroads in determining how to include Information Security in the curriculum. Models for expanding an Information Security specialization are evolving at the upper division undergraduate and graduate levels. The National Security Agency supports scholarships and designates Centers for Academic Excellence at the graduate level. But schools that offer only undergraduate and associate level computing programs are under pressure to incorporate Information Security principles and practices into their curricula as well. Small schools and small programs face limitations such as faculty resources, laboratory equipment, appropriate textbooks and institutional support. This paper presents my experiences in planning, teaching and implementing an Information Security course at the second year undergraduate level in a small associate degree program with those limitations.
Recurrent dislocation of the shoulder. A preliminary report of personal experience with seven Bankart and ninety-two Putti-Platt operations in ninety-nine cases over twenty-five years.

Summary In the experience of one surgeon, the Putti-Platt operation has been a safe, simple, easily taught, and reliable answer to the problem of recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder.
4-Cyano­anilinium bromide

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C7H7N2+·Br−, the cations are associated into inversion dimers through weak pairwise C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The dimers further form stepped sheets via weak pairwise C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In the sheets, the spacing between the mean planes of the laterally displaced aromatic rings in adjacent dimers is 1.124 (6) A. Three N—H⋯Br inter­actions and two weak C—H⋯Br inter­actions per cation tie the sheets together.
Design and implementation of services for a synthetic seismogram calculation tool on the grid

We have built user environments that simplify and provide interactive access to data, models, and compute resources as well as integrate various distributed computational services to study earthquake waveforms utilizing 3D models and compute resources within the Geosciences Network (GEONgrid) and national computational grids, such as TeraGrid. These data and computing services are implemented using a Web services approach and are incorporated in a service-based portal architecture. We then illustrate how these data, models, and services can be used to build distributed, interactive scientific applications.
The potential of the riboSNitch in personalized medicine.

RNA conformation plays a significant role in stability, ligand binding, transcription, and translation. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) have the potential to disrupt specific structural elements because RNA folds in a sequence-specific manner. A riboSNitch is an element of RNA structure with a specific function that is disrupted by an SNV or a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; or polymorphism; SNVs occur with low frequency in the population, <1%). The riboSNitch is analogous to a riboswitch, where binding of a small molecule rather than mutation alters the structure of the RNA to control gene regulation. RiboSNitches are particularly relevant to interpreting the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Often GWAS identify SNPs associated with a phenotype mapping to noncoding regions of the genome. Because a majority of the human genome is transcribed, significant subsets of GWAS SNPs are putative riboSNitches. The extent to which the transcriptome is tolerant of SNP-induced structure change is still poorly understood. Recent advances in ultra high-throughput structure probing begin to reveal the structural complexities of mutation-induced structure change. This review summarizes our current understanding of SNV and SNP-induced structure change in the human transcriptome and discusses the importance of riboSNitch discovery in interpreting GWAS results and massive sequencing projects.
Are theories of rationality empirically testable

Since rationality is a normative ideal, it is difficult to see how a theory of rationality might be subjected to empirical evaluation. This paper explores various aspects of this problem in relation to the work of L. J. Cohen, Amos Tversky and Daviel Kahneman, Ellery Eells, Isaac Levi, and Henry Kyburg. Special consideration is given to its significance for testing systems of inductive logic.
Successive determination of thorium and the rare earths with triethylenetetraminehexaacetic acid.

Abstract Triethylenetetraminehexaacetic acid (TTHA) is proposed for the successive determination of thorium and rare earths in mixtures by titrating first for thorium at pH 2, then adding an excess of TTHA to complex the rare earth ions completely, and titrating the excess of TTHA with standard zinc solution. Xylenol Orange and 3',3′-bis {[ N,N -bis (carboxymethy 1)amino]methyl} thymolsulphonephthalein (TMS) have been tested as indicators for the titration.
Study of the circular dichroism of bacteriophage ϕ6 and ϕ6 nucleocapsid

We have studied the CD of both bacteriophage ϕ6 and ϕ6 nucleocapsid in order to assess the in situ state of the viral, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The results showed that packaged ϕ6 RNA is slightly hyperdichroic (4–5%) at 264 nm relative to dsRNA in solution. Also, the CD of dsRNA within both the virus and the nucleocapsid was unlike CD spectra of any of the three types of dsRNA condensed in vitro, as described in the accompanying paper. Using a curve-fitting program described elsewhere (Edmondson, S.P. & Gray, D.M. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res.11, 175–192), we have fit reference CD spectra of ϕ6 RNA and protein to measured CD spectra of ϕ6 intact phage and nucleocapsid. Results of the computer analysis indicated that ϕ6 RNA in situ is spectrally similar to dsRNA that is slightly dehydrated.
Two kinetically distinguishable ATP sites in firefly luciferase

Abstract Results are presented which indicate that firefly luciferase has two catalytically active sites. One site, Km of 1.1 × 10 −4 M ATP, is responsible for the initial flash and is apparently product inhibited for further light production. The second site, Km of 2 × 10 −5 M ATP, catalyzes the continuous low production of light. ATP or AMP is a potent inhibitor of the initial flash when LH 2 -AMP is used to initiate the light reaction but appears to have no affect on the second site low level light emission. Both sites must be occupied by ATP for the formation of one L-AMP. Thus, ATP appears to function both as a catalytically active substrate and a regulator for light emission.
The time course of psychophysical end-stopping.

This study measured the time course of psychophysical end-stopping and compared it with the time course of masking. For a 10% D6 target on an 18% D6 pedestal, two abutting end-zone masks (each 13.5% long) covering the filter end-zones reduce masking. This facilitatory ‘end-stopping’ effect was measured over a range of exposure durations and stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). We found that psychophysical end-stopping has a delayed onset which is around 70‐100 ms after stimulus onset, in contrast to masking which is robust immediately after stimulus onset, suggesting intracortical feedback processes in the generation of psychophysical end-stopping. The development course of psychophysical end-stopping is relatively long and lasts for approximately 150‐200 ms after stimulus onset, in contrast to that of masking which lasts for approximately 100‐150 ms. Our results also showed that end-stopping occurs only when the center mask and the end-zone masks have sufficient temporal overlap, possibly indicating that the feedback process for generating end-stopping is triggered by the activation of the spatial filter center by the center mask. These results are in tune with current knowledge of intracortical feedback modulating activities of receptive fields, and have been incorporated into our model to describe the temporal dynamics within end-stopped spatial filters. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Scientific Understanding after the Ingold Revolution in Organic Chemistry

This paper characterizes the increase in ‘scientific understanding’ that resulted from the Ingold Revolution in organic chemistry. By describing both the sorts of explanations facilitated by Ingold’s Revolution and the sense in which organic chemistry was ‘unified’ by adopting these approaches to explanation, one can appreciate how this revolution led to a dramatic qualitative improvement in organic chemists’ understanding of the phenomena that they study. The explanatory unification responsible for this transformation in organic chemistry is contrasted with contemporary philosophical accounts of unification and its relationship to both scientific understanding and explanation.
Effects of cognitive behavioral treatment on physical health status in patients with panic disorder

The relationship between panic disorder and nonpsychiatric medical illness is complex, but some evidence suggests that panic disorder increases risk for a variety of nonpsychiatric medical conditions. Given the demonstrated efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder, we were interested in evaluating the effects of CBT for panic disorder on nonpsychiatric medical symptoms among these patients. Patients were randomized to a 12-week group-administered CBT protocol (n = 22) or a delayed-treatment control (n = 24). Treated patients showed marked improvement in both anxiety symptoms and physical health symptom ratings that were evident at midtreatment and were maintained through a 6-month follow-up period. Despite comparable rates of change, changes in anxiety symptoms did not appear to mediate the relationship between treatment and improved physical health ratings. These findings indicate that CBT appears to have an immediate and long-term beneficial impact on physical health and that this effect is independent from its impact on anxiety symptoms.
The web of honour: soldiers, Christians, and gentlemen in the English Civil War.

Contrary to stereotypes that represent it primarily as an expression of machismo or romantic chivalry, military honour in early modern England was professional, moral, utilitarian, and a force for social stability. It was pragmatic as well as idealistic. It shared attributes of civilian honour but also comprehended rules and obligations specific to soldiers. Professional honour required that the soldier should know and observe the codes and practices of his metier. To do so satisfied his internal sense of personal integrity and brought external reputation. Honour also had a broader social value. Mutuality and utility marked its operation in the English civil war. This mutuality safeguarded practices both sides found useful, such as prisoner exchanges, for the honour of each side was engaged in observance of the relevant rules. The survival of a bipartisan soldiers' honour ameliorated relations between enemies. It helped to prevent irrevocable social divisions, to sustain social order, and to enable previously warring Englishmen to live together with tolerable equanimity.
The Role of Convective Model Choice in Calculating the Climate Impact of Doubling CO2

The role of the parameterization of vertical convection in calculating the climate impact of doubling CO2 is assessed using both one-dimensional radiative-convective vertical models and in the latitude-dependent Hadley-baroclinic model of Lindzen and Farrell (1980). Both the conventional 6.5 K/km and the moist-adiabat adjustments are compared with a physically-based, cumulus-type parameterization. The model with parameterized cumulus convection has much less sensitivity than the 6.5 K/km adjustment model at low latitudes, a result that can be to some extent imitiated by the moist-adiabat adjustment model. However, when averaged over the globe, the use of the cumulus-type parameterization in a climate model reduces sensitivity only approximately 34% relative to models using 6.5 K/km convective adjustment. Interestingly, the use of the cumulus-type parameterization appears to eliminate the possibility of a runaway greenhouse.
Child caregiving by first‐time fathers: Key factors and implications

Abstract This article examines the family unit in transition. It explores participation in childrearing by the father, who traditionally has played a lesser role. The authors conducted a secondary analysis of data from a larger longitudinal study, the purpose of which was to understand and describe the male experience of expectant and new parenthood, and men's caring needs over the perinatal period. Data from a portion (n = 25) of the larger cohort were analyzed. Each father was interviewed up to seven times during the critical periods from early pregnancy to 12 months postpartum. Data analysis generated a substantive theory describing the projected range and level of paternal caregiving. Three core categories conceptualized the fathers’ experience: how the power of the child reframes reality for first‐time fathers; intrapersonal factors that influence paternal involvement; and interpersonal factors that influence paternal involvement. The authors suggest that more fathers would become involved caregivers...
A closed-form solution procedure for circular cylindrical shell vibrations

Abstract A systematic procedure for obtaining the closed-form eigensolution for thin circular cylindrical shell vibrations is presented, which utilizes the computational power of existing commercial software packages. For cylindrical shells, the longitudinal, radial, and circumferential displacements are all coupled with each other due to Poissons ratio and the curvature of the shell. For beam and plate vibrations, the eigensolution can often be found without knowledge of absolute dimensions or material properties. For cylindrical shell vibrations, however, one must know the relative ratios between shell radius, length, and thickness, as well as Poissons ratio of the material. The mode shapes and natural frequencies can be determined analytically to within numerically determined coefficients for a wide variety of boundary conditions, including elastic and rigid ring stiffeners at the boundaries. Excellent agreement is obtained when the computed natural frequencies are compared with known experimental results.
Mild, Fast, and Stereoselective Epoxide Opening by Ketone Enolate Anions. Application to Synthesis of the Norlignan Curculigine

We report here that (1) enolate anions of five- to seven-membered cycloalkanones nucleophilically open cyclopentene and cyclohexene oxides in 57−76% yields and with 4−8:1 diastereoselectivity; (2) enolate anions formed regiospecifically via kinetic deprotonation of 2-cyclohexenone and 2-cycloheptenone open cyclohexene oxide in 60−62% yields and with 32−95:1 diastereoselectivity; and (3) an aryl methyl ketone enolate anion opens a monosubstituted epoxide as the key step in a short synthesis of the γ-hydroxyketone (GHK) aglycon of the natural product curculigine.
Affect and Cognition in the Writing Processes of Eleventh Graders: A Study of Concentration and Motivation.

This article reports a study of the writing experience of 40 eleventh-grade writers and examines the social and pedagogical circumstances that contributed to limited concentration and limited motiv...
Persistence of Egg Masses of the Range Caterpillar in Grazed and Ungrazed Rangeland

Rates of disappearance of egg masses of Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell were quantified in plots open to grazing and protected from grazing over winter in three topographical positions on a hillside in Lincoln County, N. M. There were no differences in disappearance rates between fenced and unfenced plots on the lowest hillside position, which supported a stand of grass of a type not foraged by the sheep. Significant differences were found between fenced and unfenced plots on the other two hillside positions where grazing occurred. Over a 5-month period, an estimated 74.5% of the egg masses disappeared from grazed plots, whereas only 38.3% disappeared from ungrazed plots. The differences were sufficiently large to suggest that winter grazing should be considered as one component of an integrated management program for this species.