cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal oxidation of carbon in organic matter rich volcanic soils: insights into SOC age differentiation and mineral stabilization

Radiocarbon ages and thermal stability measurements can be used to estimate the stability of soil organic carbon (OC). Soil OC is a complex reservoir that contains a range of compounds with different sources, reactivities, and residence times. This heterogeneity can shift bulk radiocarbon values and impact assessment of OC stability and turnover in soils. Four soil horizons (Oa, Bhs, Bs, Bg) were sampled from highly weathered 350 ka Pololu basaltic volcanics on the Island of Hawaii and analyzed by Ramped PyrOX (RPO) in both the pyrolysis (PY) and oxidation (OX) modes to separate a complex mixture of OC into thermally defined fractions. Fractions were characterized for carbon stable isotope and radiocarbon composition. PY and OX modes yielded similar results. Bulk radiocarbon measurements were modern in the Oa horizon (Fm = 1.013) and got progressively older with depth: the Bg horizon had an Fm value of 0.73. Activation energy distributions (p(E)) calculated using the ‘rampedpyrox’ model yielded consistent mean E values of 140 kJ mol−1 below the Oa horizon. The ‘rampedpyrox’ model outputs showed a mostly bimodal distribution in the p(E) below the Oa, with a primary peak at 135 kJ mol−1 and a secondary peak at 148 kJ mol−1, while the Oa was dominated by a single, higher E peak at 157 kJ mol−1. We suggest that mineral-carbon interaction, either through mineral surface-OC or metal-OC interactions, is the stabilization mechanism contributing to the observed mean E of 140 kJ mol−1 below the Oa horizon. In the Oa horizon, within individual RPO analyses, radiocarbon ages in the individual thermal fractions were indistinguishable (p > 0.1). The flat age distributions indicate there is no relationship between age and thermal stability (E) in the upper horizon (> 25 cm). Deeper in the soil profile higher µEf values were associated with older radiocarbon ages, with slopes progressively steepening with depth. In the deepest (Bg) horizon, there was the largest, yet modest change in Fm of 0.06 (626 radiocarbon years), indicating that older OC is slightly more thermally stable.
Suppression of sulfur mustard-increased IL-8 in human keratinocyte cell cultures by serine protease inhibitors: Implications for toxicity and medical countermeasures

The toxicity of the chemical warfare blistering agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide; SM) has been investigated for nearly a century; however, the toxicological mechanisms of SM remain obscure and no antidote exists. The similarity of dermal-epidermal separation caused by SM exposure, proteolysis, and certain bullous diseases has fostered the hypothesis that SM vesication involves proteolysis and/or inflammation. Compound screening conducted by the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense established that topical application of three tested serine protease inhibitors could reduce SM toxicity in the mouse ear vesicant model. Although most of the drugs with efficacy for SM toxicity in rodent models are anti-inflammatory compounds, no in vitro assay is in current use for screening of potential anti-inflammatory SM antidotes. IL-8 is a potent neutrophil chemotactic cytokine that is increased in human epidermal keratinocyte (HEK) cell cultures following exposure to SM and has been proposed as a marker for SM-induced inflammation. This study was conducted to establish in vitro screening of IL-8 in SM-exposed HEK as a possible model for evaluating candidate compounds prior to in vivo testing. We chose two protease inhibitors, one from those shown as successful in the MEVM (ethyl p-guanidinobenzoate hydrochloride, ICD 1579) and a prototypic inhibitor of trypsin, N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK). TLCK (62.5 to 1000 μmol/L) or ICD 1579 (31.25 to 1000 μmol/L) was added to HEK cell cultures 1 h after SM exposure (200 μmol/L) and dose-dependently suppressed SM-increased IL-8. The suppression of SM-increased IL-8 by a class of drug candidate compounds such as protease inhibitors may provide a mechanistic marker that helps predict future medical countermeasures for SM toxicity and reduces the need for testing in animal models.
Analysis of detection results of health food sold in market in Yuhang of Hangzhou

Objective:To investigate quality level of nutrition and hygiene of health food sold in the market within the jurisdiction.Methods:Random sampling 104 products,using national standards to test health index and functional composition,using national standards and enterprise standards to judge results.Results:In 104 health food products,91 including health index and functional composition were eligible for a qualification rate of 87.5%,which 103 including health index were eligible,92 including functional composition were eligible.Conclusion:Hygienic quality of health food has obvious improvement,functional composition is unqualified for main factors of this time sampling test.
Artificial neural networks in medicine

In the past several decades, the intricate neural networks of the human brain have inspired the further development of intelligent systems. Many disciplines, including the complex field of medicine, have taken advantage of the useful applications of artificial neural networks (ANNs). To review and provide a comprehensive introduction to artificial neural networks, as well as a general discussion of its recent applications in the medical field. A search of the PsycINFO, Google Scholar, PubMed, and University of Rhode Island Library databases from 1943 to 2017 was conducted for articles on artificial neural networks to describe (1) general introduction, (2) historical overview, (3) modern innovations, (4) current clinical applications, and (5) future applications of the field. The relevance of artificial neural networks has increased significantly over the past few decades as technology advances. Evidence from several studies demonstrates that artificial neural networks can be used to not only aid in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of major diseases, but can also aid in the advancement of the environment and community.
Abstract 06: Social Networks are Associated With Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Young Black Females: A Latent Class Analysis

Black females experience diminished cardiovascular health (CVH) earlier than other females in the U.S. Young adulthood is a pivotal period for developing and maintaining positive health behaviors a...
Aliya Hassen: Transnational Networks, Ecumenism and American Islam

This article explores activist Aliya Hassen’s life to identify local, regional, national, and international networks cultivated by early MENA Muslims in the United States. The United States was a hub of mid-twentieth-century transnational Arab and Muslim organizing, where many activists promoted an ecumenical understanding of Islam that tackled pressing American concerns like feminism, anti-imperialism, as well as social and racial justice. Because this organizing engaged both Arab and non-Arab American groups, including the Federation of Islamic Associations, Islamic Center of DC, the Islamic Cultural Center of New York, the Nation of Islam, Muslim Mosque, Inc., Ahmadiyya missionaries, and the Muslim World League, it challenges the salience of American racial formations and even national frames as meaningful analytical categories. Spanning the historic marginalization of MENA peoples and post-World War II consolidation of Islamophobia in the United States, Hassen's biography demonstrates the ways historical forces surface different ways of "reading" and understanding her life. Image: Aliya Checking a Tire, folder "Group and Miscellaneous Photographs," Box 2, Aliya Hassen Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Location of He Atoms in a Metal Vacancy

Recent lattice location experiments of 3He in tungsten1 show that the equilibrium position of the implanted He atom is neither substitutional nor simple interstitial. We have previously reported binding energies for up to four He atoms in a vacancy.2 Here we discuss the minimum energy configurations resulting from irrultiple-He-atoms clustering in the hope of aiding in the interpretation of these experimental results.
Deep learning based classification of solid lipid-poor contrast enhancing renal masses using contrast enhanced CT.

Objective:Establish a workflow that utilizes convolutional neural nets (CNN) to classify solid, lipid-poor, contrast enhancing renal masses using multiphase contrast enhanced CT (CECT) images and t...
Abstract WP372: Hydration Status and Clinical Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy

Introduction: Impaired hydration measured by elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to creatinine ratio has been associated with worsened outcome after acute ischemic stroke. Whether hydration status i...
A 5-year-old boy with acute neurological disorder from anteflexion-induced cervical cord compression after tracheal surgery: Radiological findings similar to Hirayama disease

Constant neck flexion has been considered crucial to reducing anastomotic tension after tracheal resection. However, in rare cases, anteflexion can cause cervical cord damage, leading to acute neurological disorders such as tetraplegia. Here, we report a case of 5-year-old boy presenting with acute neurological disorder triggered by a chin-to-chest position over 4 days of deep sedation after cricotracheal resection. The radiological findings would suggest a mechanism similar to Hirayama disease, in which a shift of the dura leads to chronic muscular weakness and atrophy in young populations.
Self-censorship: Foreign journalists’ reportage of Turkey:

This article examines the roles of the hierarchy of influences and the imagined audience on reporting. This article uses five interviews with foreign journalists to examine how both the hierarchy o...
Effects of e-cigarette use on cigarette smoking among U.S. youth, 2004-2018.

Abstract Objective To determine if the declining trend in U.S. youth cigarette smoking changed after e-cigarettes were introduced, and if youth e-cigarette users would have been likely to smoke cigarettes based on psychosocial and demographic predictors of smoking. Methods An interrupted time series analysis was used for cross-sectional data from the 2004 to 2018 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to assess changes in cigarette and e-cigarette use over time. A multivariable logistic regression model used 2004–2009 NYTS data on psychosocial risk factors to predict individual-level cigarette smoking risk from 2011 to 2018. Model-predicted and actual cigarette smoking behavior were compared. Results The decline in current cigarette smoking slowed in 2014 (−0.75 [95% CI: −0.81, −0.68] to −0.26 [95% CI: −0.40, −0.12] percentage points per year). The decline in ever cigarette smoking accelerated after 2012 (−1.45 [95% CI: −1.59, −1.31] to −1.71 [95% CI: −1.75, −1.66]). Ever and current combined cigarette and/or e-cigarette use declined during 2011–2013 and increased during 2013–2014 with no significant change during 2014–2018 for either variable. The psychosocial model estimated that 69.0% of current cigarette smokers and 9.3% of current e-cigarette users (who did not smoke cigarettes) would smoke cigarettes in 2018. Conclusions The introduction of e-cigarettes was followed by a slowing decline in current cigarette smoking, a stall in combined cigarette and e-cigarette use, and an accelerated decline in ever cigarette smoking. Traditional psychosocial risk factors for cigarette smoking suggest that e-cigarette users do not fit the traditional risk profile of cigarette smokers.
Intention to Use Behavioral Health Data From a Health Information Exchange: Mixed Methods Study

Background: Patients with co-occurring behavioral health and chronic medical conditions frequently overuse inpatient hospital services. This pattern of overuse contributes to inefficient health care spending. These patients require coordinated care to achieve optimal health outcomes. However, the poor exchange of health-related information between various clinicians renders the delivery of coordinated care challenging. Health information exchanges (HIEs) facilitate health-related information sharing and have been shown to be effective in chronic disease management; however, their effectiveness in the delivery of integrated care is less clear. It is prudent to consider new approaches to sharing both general medical and behavioral health information. Objective: This study aims to identify and describe factors influencing the intention to use behavioral health information that is shared through HIEs. Methods: We used a mixed methods design consisting of two sequential phases. A validated survey instrument was emailed to clinical and nonclinical staff in Alabama and Oklahoma. The survey captured information about the impact of predictors on the intention to use behavioral health data in clinical decision making. Follow-up interviews were conducted with a subsample of participants to elaborate on the survey results. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyze survey data. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes from the interviews. Results: A total of 62 participants completed the survey. In total, 63% (n=39) of the participants were clinicians. Performance expectancy (β=.382; P=.01) and trust (β=.539; P<.001) predicted intention to use behavioral health information shared via HIEs. The interviewees (n=5) expressed that behavioral health information could be useful in clinical decision making. However, privacy and confidentiality concerns discourage sharing this information, which is generally missing from patient records altogether. The interviewees also stated that training for HIE use was not mandatory; the training that was provided did not focus specifically on the exchange of behavioral health information. Conclusions: Despite barriers, individuals are willing to use behavioral health information from HIEs if they believe that it will enhance job performance and if the information being transmitted is trustworthy. The findings contribute to our understanding of the role HIEs can play in delivering integrated care, particularly to vulnerable patients.
Aerosol Generation During Peak Flow Testing: Clinical Implications for COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Peak flow testing is a common procedure performed in ambulatory care. There are currently no data regarding aerosol generation during this procedure. Given the ongoing debate regarding the potential for aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, we aimed to quantify and characterize aerosol generation during peak flow testing. METHODS: Five healthy volunteers performed peak flow maneuvers in a particle-free laboratory space. Two devices continuously sampled the ambient air during the procedure. One device can detect ultrafine particles 0.02–1 μm in diameter, while the second device can detect particles 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10 μm in diameter. Five different peak flow meters were compared to ambient baseline during masked and unmasked tidal breathing. RESULTS: Ultrafine particles (0.02–1 μm) were generated during peak flow measurement. There was no significant difference in ultrafine particle mean concentration between peak flow meters (P = .23): Respironics (1.25 ± 0.47 particles/mL), Philips (3.06 ± 1.22), Clement Clarke (3.55 ± 1.22 particles/mL), Respironics Low Range (3.50 ± 1.52 particles/mL), and Monaghan (3.78 ± 1.31 particles/mL). Ultrafine particle mean concentration with peak flow testing was significantly higher than masked (0.22 ± 0.29 particles/mL) and unmasked tidal breathing (0.15 ± 0.18 particles/mL, P = .01), but the ultrafine particle concentrations were small compared to ambient particle concentrations in a pulmonary function testing room (89.9 ± 8.95 particles/mL). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, aerosol generation was present during peak flow testing, but concentrations were small compared to the background particle concentration in the ambient clinical environment. Surgical masks and eye protection are likely sufficient infection control measures during peak expiratory flow testing in asymptomatic patients with well controlled respiratory symptoms, but COVID-19 testing remains prudent in patients with acute respiratory symptoms prior to evaluation and peak expiratory flow assessment while the community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 cases remains high.
A Case Study of Using Telehealth in a Rural Healthcare Facility to Expand Services and Protect the Health and Safety of Patients and Staff

This case study aimed to gain an understanding of the implementation and usage of a telehealth program during the COVID-19 pandemic at a rural healthcare facility. An action research methodology, utilizing cycles of planning, implementation, review and adaptation was adopted to improve use of telehealth as COVID-19 cases continued to increase. Data was collected from literature review, examination of existing documents, review of gap and SWOT analysis, and examination of staffing plans. This helped in ensuring that adequate resources were in place to start and continue usage of telehealth. Additionally, review of the entire process was conducted as the program advanced through various phases of implementation. By conducting rigorous analysis and reflection, these data informed cycles of improvement in the telehealth program. Challenges surrounding the continuation and usage of telehealth have also been described. Because there is a paucity of research on the use of telehealth programs in rural healthcare facilities, especially during the pandemic, this study can provide practical tips to leaders and healthcare managers.
The Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women Couples Study: Protocol for a Study of Stress, Hazardous Drinking, and Intimate Partner Aggression Among Sexual Minority Women and Their Partners

Background: Large gaps exist in research on alcohol use and intimate partner aggression (IPA) among sexual minority women (SMW; eg, lesbian, bisexual). Dyadic research with SMW and their partners can illuminate how couple-level factors operate in conjunction with individual-level factors to shape well-being in this understudied and vulnerable population. Given the traditionally gendered lens with which women are primarily viewed as victims and men as perpetrators, understanding the dynamics of IPA in same-sex female couples can also advance research and practice related to IPA more generally. Objective: Guided by a recent extension of the minority stress model that includes relational (couple-level) sexual minority stress and the I-cubed theoretical perspective on IPA, we will collect individual and dyadic data to better characterize the links between hazardous drinking and IPA among SMW and their partners. First, this study aims to examine the associations among minority stress, hazardous drinking, and IPA in SMW and their partners. Minority stressors will be assessed as both individual and couple-level constructs, thus further extending the minority stress model. Second, we aim to examine potential mediators and moderators of the associations among minority stress, hazardous drinking, and IPA. Finally, we aim to test models guided by the I-cubed theoretical perspective that includes instigating (eg, relationship conflict), impelling (eg, negative affect and trait anger), and inhibiting (eg, relationship commitment and emotion regulation) or disinhibiting (eg, hazardous drinking) influences on IPA perpetration. Methods: This United States National Institutes of Health–funded project will draw from a large and diverse cohort of SMW currently enrolled in the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women (CHLEW) study—a 21-year longitudinal study of risk factors and consequences associated with SMW hazardous drinking. SMW currently enrolled in the CHLEW and their partners will be invited to participate in the CHLEW Couples Study. By analyzing dyadic data using actor-partner interdependence models, we will examine how each partner’s minority stress, hazardous drinking, and IPA experiences are associated with both her own and her partner’s minority stress, hazardous drinking, and IPA perpetration. Results: Data collection began in February 2021 and will likely continue through 2023. Initial results should be available by mid-2024. Conclusions: The CHLEW Couples Study will fill important gaps in knowledge and provide the basis for future research aimed at clarifying the causal pathways linking hazardous drinking and IPA among SMW. This will support the development of culturally appropriate targeted individual and dyadic prevention and intervention strategies.
Kinetic analysis of RNA polymerase-promoter interactions.

Publisher Summary Unlike most sequence-specific DNA recognition proteins, RNA polymerase (RNAP) participates in a series of molecular isomerizations subsequent to DNA binding. Determination of kinetic parameters by assaying products of abortive initiation takes advantage of the fact that RNAP does not translocate during the formation of the first several phosphodiester bonds in a nascent RNA chain. Differences between abortive and productive initiation kinetics can be used to examine changes in the frequency of natural abortive initiation as a result of mutation or the presence of an activator. Similarly, abortive initiation was used elegantly to dissect the role of purified protein factors in initiation of basal transcription in eukaryotes. In particular, it was possible to distinguish between factors necessary for formation of the first phosphodiester bond and those factors necessary for chain elongation.
Pornography: female directors

Explicit adult films of the 1980s–1990s showed two distinct patterns for female directors: (1) Women directors using the formulaic approach of male directors of the same era; (2) Films directed and produced by, for and from a woman's perspective. As the pioneering female director of adult erotica, Candida Royalle criticized her predecessors of capturing a gymnastic portrayal of sexuality without any concerns about feelings, life issues, or female or feminist views . Much of the new female directed porn today is highly creative, artistic, unique, edgy or soft, or from lesbian or gender fluid perspectives. Today's women porn directors have reclaimed porn as their term for liberating themselves for their own erotic needs and desires. Directors are discussed from the 1980's to the present, including major stars turned directors, innovators of new genres, and groundbreaking feminist filmmakers with titles of their work. Keywords: Candida Royalle; erotica; feminist porn; SEMs
Improved Routes to Homologated Isoxazoles

Abstract Two carbon homologation of isoxazole-4-carbinols was performed by reaction of lithio-2,4,4-trimethyl-δ2-oxazoline 1 with 4-chloromethyl-isoxazole 2, followed by trans-esterification and reduction to the isoxazole-4-propanols 5a and b. Alternatively, 2,4-diketones 6 were alkylated with 1-bromo-3-chloro-propane, and the chloro ketones 7 treated with hydroxylamine to give isoxazole-4-propanols, 5a-c.
Trends and Challenges in Algorithmic Software Verification

Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress in principles and tools for automated software verification. In this position paper, I briefly discuss the relevant projects in my group, and outline some near-term challenges for the community as concrete milestones for measuring progress.
Effective maintenance strategy to improve performance through RCM concept

Semiconductor industries has evolved over the years not only in technology front, but also on cost competitiveness, faster cycle time, operational efficiencies. Semiconductor industry has adapted many strategies like, Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), Six Sigma quality, lean manufacturing and many more. In general, industry responded well to the market changes by adopting these strategies to meet the ever demanding challenges of different sectors like computing, communication, consumer electronics and etc. However, in the recent years, use of electronic components in automotive and medical industry has changed the semiconductor landscape significantly and pushed the limits further on product reliability, which further challenges semiconductor industry to look beyond the conventional manufacturing process and controls. Tighter process controls, change management system, etc. became prime focus items to entertain stringent industry requirement. Even though these activities helped to improve or prevent quality spills but there are still reported, which prompted to look into every aspect of manufacturing process. Since the process and methods are built around equipment, now became the area of focus to look into the existing maintenance methodologies. Comparison done with other industries to assess the similarities and gaps in maintenance system and interesting maintenance strategy and results are observed in airline industry, which has one of the best and proven track records for safety and reliability. This prompted us to look into the maintenance strategy that ensure aircraft is always safe and reliable, which heavily utilize concept called Reliability Centered Maintenance or in short RCM. The fundamental difference between the conventional maintenance versus the RCM approach is that in RCM, activities are done to ensure the machine or an asset continues to do what is supposed to do rather than doing maintenance activities to prevent it from going down. RCM uses a very structured way of identifying critical part and to establish appropriate methodology to ensure the performance standards This paper explains concept RCM methodology is being used in semiconductor manufacturing industry to improve equipment performance (reduction of downtime).
Physiology of a microgravity environment selected contribution: effects of spaceflight during pregnancy on labor and birth at 1 G

The events of parturition (labor, delivery, maternal care, placentophagia, and onset of nursing) were analyzed in female Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) flown on either 11- or 9-day-long spaceflights beginning at the approximate midpoint of their pregnancies. Each space shuttle flight landed on the 20th day of the rats' pregnancies, just 48-72 h before parturition. After spaceflight, dams were continuously monitored and recorded by time-lapse videography throughout the completion of parturition and onset of nursing (days 22 and 23). Analyses of parturition revealed that, compared with ground controls, flight dams displayed twice the number of lordosis contractions, the predominant labor contraction type in rats. The number of vertical contractions (those that immediately precede expulsion of a pup from the womb), the duration of labor, fetal wastage, number of neonates born, neonatal birth weights, placentophagia, and maternal care during parturition, including the onset of nursing, were comparable in flight and ground control dams. Our findings indicate that, with the exception of labor contractions, mammalian pregnancy and parturition remain qualitatively and quantitatively intact after spaceflight during pregnancy.
Reactivity to the p305 Epitope of the α1G T-Type Calcium Channel and Autoimmune-Associated Congenital Heart Block

Background Only 2% of mothers positive for anti‐SSA/Ro (Ro) antibodies have children with congenital heart block (CHB). This study aimed to determine whether reactivity with p305, an epitope within the α 1G T‐type calcium channel, confers added risk over anti‐Ro antibodies. Methods and Results Using sera from anti‐Ro‐exposed pregnancies resulting in offspring with CHB, no disease but CHB‐sibling, and no disease and no CHB‐sibling, as well as disease (lupus without anti‐Ro) and healthy controls, reactivities were determined for binding to Ro60, p305, and an epitope within Ro60, p133‐Ro60, which shares structural properties with p305, including key amino acids and an α‐helical structure. Candidate peptides were further evaluated in an in vitro model that assessed the binding of maternal antibodies to apoptotic cells. In anti‐Ro‐positive mothers, anti‐p305 autoantibodies (>3 SD above healthy controls) were detected in 3/59 (5%) CHB pregnancies, 4/30 (13%) unaffected pregnancies with a CHB‐sibling, and 0/42 (0%) of unaffected pregnancies with no CHB‐sibling. For umbilical bloods (61 CHB, 41 healthy with CHB sibling), no association of anti‐p305 with outcome was detected; however, overall levels of anti‐p305 were elevated compared to mothers during pregnancy in all groups studied. For anti‐p133‐Ro60, reactivity paralleled that of anti‐p305. In the screen employing apoptotic cells, p133‐Ro60, but not p305, significantly attenuated the binding of immunoglobulin G isolated from a mother whose child had CHB (42.1% reduced to 13.9%, absence/presence of p133‐Ro60, respectively, P Conclusions These data suggest that anti‐p305 is not a robust maternal marker for assessing increased risk of CHB during an anti‐SSA/Ro pregnancy.
Educação e Ensino Cultural dos Ingleses em Casa de 1550 a 1800

Este artigo argumenta em prol de uma compreensao estendida do conceito de educacao. Examina a socializacao das criancas inglesas em casa no inicio do periodo Moderno. Analisa o papel desempenhado pelos pais na instrucao religiosa e na educacao academica dos filhos. Investiga tambem como as criancas foram preparadas para o seu ambiente em sua cultura e sociedade. Os pais ingleses do inicio do periodo Moderno enfatizavam a importância dos bons modos, do respeito, da deferencia a autoridade e da necessidade do respeito a um codigo moral. Embora os pais tivessem um conjunto de valores bemdefinido, que desejavam passar para os filhos, nao era a sua pretensao obriga-los a aceitar tais valores. Em vez disso, os pais queriam garantir que os filhos trabalhassem muito e compreendessem que os bons modos seriam recompensados.
Neuropeptides controlling energy balance: orexins and neuromedins.

In this chapter, we review the feeding and energy expenditure effects of orexin (also known as hypocretin) and neuromedin. Orexins are multifunctional neuropeptides that affect energy balance by participating in regulation of appetite, arousal, and spontaneous physical activity. Central orexin signaling for all functions originates in the lateral hypothalamus–perifornical area and is likely functionally differentiated based on site of action and on interacting neural influences. The effect of orexin on feeding is likely related to arousal in some ways but is nonetheless a separate neural process that depends on interactions with other feeding-related neuropeptides. In a pattern distinct from other neuropeptides, orexin stimulates both feeding and energy expenditure. Orexin increases in energy expenditure are mainly by increasing spontaneous physical activity, and this energy expenditure effect is more potent than the effect on feeding. Global orexin manipulations, such as in transgenic models, produce energy balance changes consistent with a dominant energy expenditure effect of orexin. Neuromedins are gut–brain peptides that reduce appetite. There are gut sources of neuromedin, but likely the key appetite-related neuromedin-producing neurons are in the hypothalamus and parallel other key anorectic neuropeptide expression in the arcuate to paraventricular hypothalamic projection. As with other hypothalamic feeding-related peptides, hindbrain sites are likely also important sources and targets of neuromedin anorectic action. Neuromedin increases physical activity in addition to reducing appetite, thus producing a consistent negative energy balance effect. Together with the other various neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones, neuromedin and orexin act in the appetite network to produce changes in food intake and energy expenditure, which ultimately influences the regulation of body weight.
Towards robust estimation of systolic time intervals using head-to-foot and dorso-ventral components of sternal acceleration signals

Continuous measurement of cardiac time intervals throughout normal activities of daily living is of interest for both chronic disease management and preventive wellness monitoring. Systolic time intervals in particular — i.e., pre-ejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) — have been shown to be relevant to assessing myocardial health and performance, but are challenging to measure with wearable sensors. In this paper, we present novel methods for estimating PEP and LVET from a single three-axis accelerometer placed at the sternum, based on the measurement of cardiogenic vibrations: seismocardiography (SCG) and ballistocardiography (BCG). Although such signals have been examined in the existing literature, the analysis and interpretation has focused mainly on the dorso-ventral components only in the context of systolic time interval estimation. In this paper, we find that features extracted from the head-to-foot accelerations yield better correlations to PEP measured from impedance cardiogram (ICG) than standard approaches based on dorso-ventral components. Additionally, we examine the effects of postural variations on the correlation between PEP estimated from accelerometer and ICG signals and also on correlation between LVET estimated from both sensors. We determine that such correlations are robust to postural changes. Based on these findings, we anticipate that wearable, accelerometer based vibration measurements from standing subjects can be used for robust systolic time interval estimation in a variety of ubiquitous cardiovascular health and fitness sensing applications.
Concavity in data analysis

Concave functions play a fundamental role in the structure of and minimization of badness-of-fit functions used in data analysis when extreme values of either parameters or data need to be penalized. This paper summarizes my findings about this role. I also describe three examples where concave functions are useful: building measures of badness-of-fit, building robust M-estimators, and building clustering objective functions. Finally, using the common thread of concavity, all three will be combined to build a comprehensive, flexible procedure for robust cluster analysis.
Missense and nonsense suppressors can correct frameshift mutations

Abstract Missense and nonsense suppressor tRNAs, selected for their ability to read a new triplet codon, were observed to suppress one or more frameshift mutations in trpA of Escherichia coli. Two of the suppressible frameshift mutants, trpA8 and trpA46AspPR3, were cloned, sequenced, and found to be of the +1 type, resulting from the insertion of four nucleotides and one nucleotide, respectively. Twenty-two suppressor tRNAs were examined, 20 derived from one of the 3 glycine isoacceptor species, one from lysT, and one from trpT. The sequences of all but four of the mutant tRNAs are known, and two of those four were converted to suppressor tRNAs that were subsequently sequenced. Consideration of the coding specificities and anticodon sequences of the suppressor tRNAs does not suggest a unitary mechanism of frameshift suppression. Rather, the results indicate that different suppressors may shift frame according to different mechanisms. Examination of the suppression windows of the suppressible frameshift mutations indicates that some of the suppressors may work at cognate codons, either in the 0 frame or in the +1 frame, and others may act at noncognate codons (in either frame) by some as-yet-unspecified mechanism. Whatever the mechanisms, it is clear that some +1 frameshifting can occur at non-monotonous sequences. A striking example of a frame shifting missense suppressor is a mutant lysine tRNA that differs from wild-type lysine tRNA by only a single base in the amino acid acceptor stem, a C to U70 transition that results in a G·U base pair. It is suggested that when this mutant lysine tRNA reads its cognate codon, AAA, the presence of the G·U base pair sometimes leads either to a conformational change in the tRNA or to an altered interaction with some component of the translation machinery involved in translocation, resulting in a shift of reading frame. In general, the results indicate that translocation is not simply a function of anticodon loop size, that different frameshifting mechanisms may operate with different tRNAs, and that conformational features, some far removed from the anticodon region, are involved in maintaining fidelity in translocation.
158 EFFECTS OF ACUTE VOLUME EXPANSION IN HYPOXIC NEWBORN DOGS

Volume expansion is used frequently in hypoxic newborn infants. The effect on cardiac output (CO) of hypoxia alone (n=7) and hypoxia plus volume expansion (n=7) was studied in newborn dogs (age 1-12 days), using radioactive microspheres. Both groups of animals were made hypoxic by breathing 12% O2 throughout the experiment (PO2< 40 torr). In both groups period I was baseline and periods II and III were measurements made 20′ and 40′ post hypoxia. In the hypoxic group period III consisted of hypoxia alone, while the animals in the hypoxia plus volume expansion group received in addition a volume expansion of 30ml/kg of adult dog plasma. In the hypoxic group CO was 264.7±29.2ml/kg/min (SEM) and 198.3±15.7ml/kg/min during periods I and II respectively. In the hypoxia plus volume expansion group CO was 262.2±35.Oml/kg/min and 233.6±39.9ml/kg/min during periods I and II respectively. During period III CO decreased further from baseline in hypoxic group to 214.3±19.5 ml/kg/min (p<0.05) and vascular resistance (R) increased from .276±.06mmHg/ml/kg/min during period I to .326±.02mmHg/ml/kg/min (p<0.05) during period III. On the other hand in the hypoxia plus volume expansion group CO increased to 295.8±36.lml/kg/min (p<0.05) and R decreased from .193±.02 mmHg/ml/kg/min during period I to .147±.02mmHg/ml/kg/min during period III (p<0.05). Thus acute volume expansion prevents the fall in CO seen in hypoxic newborn animals.
Multivariate prediction of falls in elderly inpatients

One hundred and forty falls sustained by 65 psychogeriatric inpatients of average age 77.1 were studied in an attempt to identify risk factors. Multivariate analysis revealed increased age, a diagnosis of dementia and use of tricyclic antidepressants to be positively associated with falls when comparison was made to a control group of patients treated on the same unit who did not fall. Use of high-potency neuroleptics was negatively associated with falls in the same analysis. A second analysis failed to reveal any variables, including routine daily measurements of orthostatic change in blood pressure, to be associated with rate of falling within the group of fallers.
Differences in Low and High Working-Memory Capacity Readers' Cognitive and Metacognitive Processing Patterns as a Function of Reading for Different Purposes.

Differences in cognitive and metacognitive processing patterns as a function of working-memory capacity and reading for different purposes were examined in college-aged readers by collecting reading times and calculating absolute monitoring accuracy, which is the difference between estimated and actual comprehension test performance. Readers read an expository text under one of two reading purpose conditions, reading for study versus reading for entertainment, and then answered comprehension questions about the text. The results showed that low working-memory capacity readers' reading times were slower when reading for study versus entertainment purposes than when reading for study purposes, whereas high working-memory capacity readers' reading times were similar across reading purposes. In addition, low working-memory capacity readers were overconfident but more accurate in their estimates when reading for study versus entertainment, whereas high working-memory capacity readers were similarly underconfid...
Modified antisense oligonucleotides directed against tumor necrosis factor receptor type I inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated functions.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), a polypeptide produced by activated macrophages, is a highly pleiotropic cytokine which elicits inflammatory and immunological reactions. The binding of TNFα to ...
Ludwig’s angina in the pediatric population: report of a case and review of the literature

Ludwig's angina is a rapidly progressing cellulitis involving the submandibular neck space. It is characterized by brawny induration of the submental region and floor of mouth, bearing the potential for rapid airway obstruction. Airway management, antibiotics, and judicious surgical intervention are the mainstays of successful therapy. We present a case of Ludwig's angina in a 5-year-old child and offer a meta-analysis of pediatric cases of Ludwig's angina described in the literature over the past 30 years. The presentation, etiology, management, and potential complications of this disorder in the pediatric population are discussed.
Live imaging of endogenous RNA reveals a diffusion and entrapment mechanism for nanos mRNA localization in Drosophila.

Abstract Background: Localization of nanos mRNA to the posterior pole of the Drosophila embryo directs local synthesis of Nanos protein that is essential for patterning of the anterior-posterior body axis and germ cell function. While nanos RNA is synthesized by the ovarian nurse cells and appears at the posterior pole of the ooctye late in oogenesis, the mechanism by which this RNA is translocated to and anchored at the oocyte posterior is unknown. Results: By labeling endogenous nanos RNA with GFP, we have been able to follow the dynamic pathway of nanos localization in living oocytes. We demonstrate that nanos localization initiates immediately upon nurse cell dumping, whereby diffusion, enhanced by microtubule-dependent cytoplasmic movements, translocates nanos RNA from the nurse cells to the ooctye posterior. At the posterior, nanos is trapped by association, in particles, with the posteriorly localized germ plasm. Actin-dependent anchoring of nanos RNA complexed to the germ plasm at the posterior maintains localization in the face of rapid cytoplasmic movements. Conclusions: These results reveal a diffusion-based, late-acting posterior localization mechanism for long-range transport of nanos mRNA. This mechanism differs from directed transport-based localization mechanisms in its reliance on bulk movement of RNA.
Question 7: construction of a semi-synthetic minimal cell: a model for early living cells.

Using a Synthetic Biology approach we are building a semi-synthetic minimal cell. This represents an exercise to shape a minimal-cell model system recalling the simplicity of early living cells in early evolution. We have recently introduced into liposome compartments a minimal set of enzymes named “Puresystem” (PS) synthesizing EGFP proteins. To establish reproduction of the shell compartment with a minimal set of genes we have cloned the genes for the Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) type I enzymes. These FAS genes introduced into liposomes, translated into FAS enzymes by PS and in the presence of precursors produce fatty acids. The resulting release of fatty acid molecules within liposome vesicles should promote vesicle growth and reproduction. The core reproduction of a minimal cell corresponding to the replication of the minimal genome will require a few genes for the DNA replication and the PS, and a minimum set of genes for the synthesis of t-RNAs. In future the reconstruction of a minimal ribosome will bring the number of genes for ribosomal proteins from 54 of an existing minimal genome down to 30–20 genes. A Synthetic Biology approach could bring the number of essential genes for a minimal cell down to 100 or less.
Safety and length of benefit of restylane for office-based injection medialization-a retrospective review of one institution's experience

Summary Objects Restylane is a relatively new material being used for temporary vocal fold medialization. Few studies have evaluated the safety, complication rate, and length of benefit derived from Restylane injection medialization. We report on 64 patients who underwent office-based injection medialization with Restylane to establish the safety of and length of benefit from this material. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods Retrospective review of patients who underwent office-based injection medialization with Restylane during a 2-year period was performed. Results Eighty-two injections in 64 patients were reviewed. Five total adverse events occurred (3.88%). The average length of benefit from injection medialization with Restylane was 12.2 weeks. No inflammatory or hypersensitivity reactions to Restylane occurred. A trend toward avoidance of permanent medialization was observed in patients injected 6 months after ( P = 0.0511). Conclusion Restylane is a safe and effective temporary material for office-based injection medialization with an average length of benefit of 12.2 weeks. This represents the largest series to date using Restylane and no hypersensitivity or granulomatous reactions were observed. Our data showed a trend toward avoidance of permanent medialization in patients who were injected
Interfacial energies in low melting point metals

Abstract The solid-liquid and solid-solid interfacial energies of seven low melting point metals were determined by measuring at several different temperatures the dihedral angles formed in alloys in which the metal was the primary phase and a second phase (liquid or solid) was present as small inclusions at the grain boundaries. This gave a ratio of energies. Using selected values of the interfacial energies from the literature as reference values, the energies at the melting point were found to have the following values: the solid-liquid interfacial energies σ S−L were 83 mN m −1 , 87 mN m −1 , 76 mN m −1 , 124 mN m −1 , 84 mN m −1 , 67 mN m −1 and 123 mN m −1 and the solid-solid interfacial energies σ S−S were 164 mN m −1 , 171 mN m −1 , 150 mN m −1 , 243 mN m −1 , 161 mN m −1 , 131 mN m −1 and 225 mN m −1 for bismuth, cadmium, lead, antimony, tin, thallium and zinc respectively. In addition, the solid-solid interfacial energies between two phases were determined at their eutectic temperatures. Some of the data obtained in this work strongly support one-way nucleation.
Temperature effect on seed germination, seedling root development and growth of several vegetables

Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the effect of temperature and nutrition on seed germination and plant growth of different plant species. The nutrition studies of vegetables showed a normal response to fertilization rates on deficient soils at temperatures above their critical minimum. At soil temperatures below this little or no response was obtained to increased P concentration. Plant growth as affected by soil temperature was studied on beans, corn, cucumber, eggplant, pea, pepper, radish, spinach, and watermelon. Growth of peas, radish and spinach was significantly reduced by soil temperatures 10°C or lower. Corn growth was restricted when soil temperatures were maintained in the range of 12.3–14.5°C or lower, while growth of bean, cucumber, eggplant, pepper and watermelon was limited when soil temperatures were maintained in the 16.7–18.9°C temperature range or lower.
Ecovillages, Restitution, and the Political-Economic Opportunity Structure: An Urban Case Study in Mitigating the Metabolic Rift:

In cities around the world, environmental concerns have spurred urban activists to organize alternative forms of settlement. Here, we assess efforts by one ecovillage in the Pacific Northwest to ch...