cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking Systemically About China

Aaron Friedberg's comprehensive and insightful discussion of the theoretical bases for alternative expectations of future U.S.-China relations ends by explaining how various elements highlighted by liberal, realist, and constructivist perspectives might be combined.' I would like to offer an extension that builds on Friedberg's penultimate paragraph. With the exception of this paragraph, Friedberg's synthesis addresses how liberal, realist, and constructivist elements could be combined in various ways that are essentially additive (pp. 39-45); that is, the forces he describes can be added to or subtracted from each other in different ways, depending on the observer's theoretical perspective and empirical expectations. But a systems perspective would lead scholars to consider somewhat more complex possibilities.2 This way of seeing the world sensitizes us to feedbacks, interactions, and contingencies. Indeed, not only does the magnitude of the impact of one variable often depend on the state of other variables, but even the sign of its impact can be affected as well. To start with, feedbacks over time are possible. The theoretical perspectives Friedberg discusses touch on these, but a systems view highlights them. Most obviously, as liberals argue, the effects of democracy, domestic economic growth, and international trade can produce a benign and self-reinforcing cycle. It is no accident that wealth and democracy tend to be correlated: increased wealth makes power sharing less risky for rulers and usually leads to the diffusion of power, while the rule of law and citizen participation encourage economic growth. In the modern era, these processes are enhanced by economic intercourse between as well as within countries. Furthermore, they are reciprocally implicated in peace and good relations with other countries. So it is not merely that each of these factors makes an independent impact; rather, each reinforces the others. Pessimists can find feedback loops between China's rising power as stressed by realists and the negative images stressed by constructivists. As China gains greater ability to threaten the United States and its allies, these countries are likely to draw disturbing inferences about its intentions and character, thereby leading the Chinese leadership to expect further deterioration of relations and reasons
Effect of Ohmic, Mass-Transfer, and Kinetic Resistances on Linear-Sweep Voltammetry in a Cylindrical-Pore Electrode

A means is presented to account for the effect of ohmic, mass-transfer, and kinetic resistances on linear-sweep voltammograms by modeling a pore in a porous matrix as a cylindrical-pore electrode, and solving the mass and charge conservation equations in the context of this geometry for the simply redox reaction O + ne(-) yield R where both O and R are soluble species. Both analytical and numerical techniques are used to solve the governing equations. The calculated peak currents and potentials are correlated by empirical formulas to the measurable parameters: sweep rate, concentration of the redox species, diffusion coefficient, conductivity of the electrolyte, and pore dimensions. Using the correlations, a methodology is established for determining if the redox reaction kinetics are irreversible or reversible (Nernstian). If the reaction is irreversible, it is shown how the standard rate constant and the transfer coefficient may be extracted from linear-sweep voltammetry data, or, if the reaction is reversible, how the number of electrons transferred may be deduced.
Analysis of dynamic mechanical behavior in reverse Taylor anvil-on-rod impact tests

Abstract A one-dimensional analytical model has been developed for the reverse Taylor anvil-on-rod impact experiment to provide a method of extracting quantitative information from transient deformation states obtained from high-speed camera data. An indication of the plastic wave velocity and dynamic flow stress at varying locations and time are presented for two Cu OFE specimens impacted at 83 ± 1 and 205 ± 3 m / s . The results provide supporting evidence of previously reported “non-linear” and “quasi-steady” plastic wave propagation response, as well as a region of perfectly plastic behavior, which is independent of strain rate in the higher impact velocity experiment. Additionally, the results show good agreement with the average value of dynamic yield stress calculated using Wilkins’ analysis, based on a perfectly plastic material response. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the importance of careful design of Taylor impact experiments for minimizing measurement error and capitalizing on perfectly plastic response, for investigating the dynamic mechanical behavior of materials.
Estimating global stress environment by observing local behavior in distributed multiagent systems

A multiagent system can be considered survivable if it adapts itself to varying stresses without considerable performance degradation. Such an adaptivity comprises of identifying the behavior of the agents in a society, relating them to stress situations, and then invoking control rules. This problem is a hard one, especially in distributed multiagent systems wherein the agent behaviors tend to be nonlinear and dynamic. In this paper, we study a supply chain planning system implemented in COUGAAR (cognitive agent architecture) and develop a methodology for identifying the behavior of agents through their behavioral parameters, and relating those parameters to stress situations. One important aspect of our approach is that we identify the stress situations of agents in the society by observing local behavior of one representative agent. This approach is motivated by the fact that a local time series can have the information of the dynamics of the entire system in deterministic dynamical systems. We validate our approach empirically through identifying the stress situations using k-nearest neighbor algorithm based on the behavioral parameters.
Simvastatin and GGTI-2133, a geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor, increase erythrocyte deformability but reduce low O2 tension-induced ATP release

Statin drugs inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, which reduces the synthesis of both cholesterol and isoprenoids (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate), with the latter being lipid molecules responsible for the posttranslational modification of small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho. Effects of statins, independent of lowering blood cholesterol levels, are thought to occur by inhibition of Rho/Rho kinase. The Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 has been reported to increase both erythrocyte deformability and low O2 tension-induced ATP release. Here, we tested the hypothesis that by inhibiting Rho/Rho kinase, simvastatin would increase both erythrocyte deformability and low O2 tension-induced ATP release. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, control or simvastatin treated [simvastatin-supplemented chow (0.02%)], for 4 wk. Simvastatin treatment increased rat erythrocyte deformability compared with controls (n = 6, P < 0.05). However, erythrocytes of simvastatin-treated rats (n = 9, P < 0.05) exhibited impaired low O2 tension-induced ATP release. Similarly, the geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor GGTI-2133 (10 μM) also increased deformability and impaired low O2 tension-induced ATP release in healthy human erythrocytes (P < 0.05). Interestingly, ATP release in response to mastoparan 7 (n = 7, P < 0.05), which directly activates Gi, and isoproterenol (n = 5, P < 0.05), which signals through Gs, was not altered by incubation with GGTI-2133. These results suggest that although statins increase erythrocyte deformability, likely by inhibiting geranylgeranylation, the finding that both statins and a geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor attenuated low O2 tension-induced ATP release demonstrates that factors in addition to erythrocyte deformability are critical for ATP release in response to this physiological stimulus.
An Equatorial Ocean Recharge Paradigm for ENSO. Part II: A Stripped-Down Coupled Model

Abstract The conceptual recharge oscillator model intuitively established in Part I is derived from a dynamical framework of a Cane–Zebiak type model for tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction. A two-strip approximation to the equatorial ocean dynamics and one-strip approximation to the SST dynamics are employed to obtain a stripped-down coupled model that captures the main physics of the Cane–Zebiak type model. It is shown that the conceptual recharge oscillator model can be obtained from the stripped-down coupled model with a two-box approximation in the zonal direction or a low-frequency approximation to filter out high-frequency modes. Linear solutions of the stripped-down model are analytically solved and the dependence of coupled modes on various model parameters is delineated. In different parameter regimes, the stripped-down coupled model describes a coupled-wave mode and a mixed SST–ocean-dynamics mode that results from the merger of a nonoscillatory ocean adjustment mode with an SST mode. These t...
Molding the Good Citizen: The Politics of High School History Texts

Preface Introduction: Textbooks and Citizen Education Progressive Thought and the Rise of the Progressive Era Intellectual Class Progressive Education Changes the Curriculum Filler Feminism in High School History Textbooks History By Quota? On Judging Civilizations: The Discovery of America, Noble Savages and the Like The Rise of American Capitalism: The Story of the Robber Barons Historical Hindsight and Appraising Presidents Conclusion: Education and Civic Order Appendix One: Methodology Appendix Two: Textbooks Used in the Study Appendix Three: Coding Scheme for Content Analysis of American High School History Texts Bibliography
Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

In this article, we provide an overview of a widely used evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder called exposure therapy. We define terms, briefly depict the theory underlying the approach, describe what exposure therapy is, present the evidence for its efficacy, discuss treatment considerations, describe demographic variations, and discuss relevant policy issues. We conclude with a summary and recommendations.
Single-Molecule Mechanistic Dissection of a Chromatin Remodeling Motor

Chromatin remodeling complexes are molecular motors that catalyze diverse structural rearrangements of the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. One such motor, human ACF, is involved in many fundamental gene regulatory processes, including transcriptional activation and repression. ACF is composed of a motor subunit called SNF2h, which is shared with several other remodeling complexes, and a non-catalytic subunit called Acf1. Both SNF2h alone and the ACF complex slide nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin, along DNA. Despite the prevalence of ACF and related complexes in genomic regulation, much remains unclear about the mechanism of their sliding activity. SNF2h and Acf1 contain a number of “moving parts” that contribute to significant conformational rearrangements of the enzyme during the remodeling cycle, making them challenging to study by ensemble methods. SNF2h and ACF also dimerize on nucleosomes, further complicating their study in asynchronous populations. Single-molecule techniques are therefore particularly well-suited to investigating such a system. We use single-molecule FRET to observe SNF2h and ACF remodeling individual nucleosomes, to address the following questions: (1) How does the Acf1 accessory subunit modify the basic motor properties of SNF2h, especially in terms of processivity, directional commitment, and remodeling efficiency? (2) How do the “moving” parts of SNF2h combine to regulate the basic activity of the motor? (3) How is protomer coordination achieved across the nucleosome to avoid a tug of war, since enzyme monomers do not directly contact each other?
Crystal structures of manganese and cobalt dichloride monohydrate and deuteration effects on magnetic behavior.

This work reports the long sought crystal structures of the title members of the intriguing series of 3d transition metal dichloride monohydrates. The double chain structure which results from rearrangement of the well-known pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry and single chains in the corresponding metal chloride dihydrate is extremely unusual. MnCl2·H2O and CoCl2·H2O each crystallize in orthorhombic space group Pnma with Z = 4 and lattice parameters a = 9.0339(1), 8.8207(3); b = 3.68751(5), 3.5435(1); c = 11.5385(2), 11.2944(4) all in A and for Mn, Co, respectively. Results are reported also for both fully deuterated systems; the structures remain the same with lattice parameter changes typically much less than 0.1%. Various magnetic properties of MnCl2·D2O and CoCl2·D2O are reported. For the latter, there are no apparent differences, qualitatively or quantitatively, from the previously measured properties of CoCl2·H2O. Interestingly, for the former some differences with respect to MnCl2·H2O are appa...
Combinatorial synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a biaryl hydroxyketone library as antivirulence agents against MRSA.

Antibiotic resistance coupled with decreased development of new antibiotics necessitates the search for novel antibacterial agents. Antivirulence agents offer an alternative to conventional antibiotics. In this work, we report on a family of small-molecule antivirulence agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the most widespread bacterial pathogen. Structure–activity relationship studies led to the development of a concise synthesis of a 148-member biarylhydroxyketone library. An acylation bond-forming process afforded resorcinols (1) and aryloxy acetonitriles (2) as synthons. A Lewis-acid-activated Friedel–Crafts’ acylation step involving a nitrile functionality of 2 by ZnCl2, followed by nucleophilic attack by 1 was executed to obtain biaryl hydroxyketones in excellent yields. A large number of products crystallized. This strategy affords a range of biarylhydroxyketones in a single step. This is the first collective synthetic study documenting access to this class of compounds...
Degeneracy Hunter: An Algorithm for Determining Irreducible Sets of Degenerate Constraints in Mathematical Programs

Abstract Degenerate constraints, i.e. constraints that violate the Linearly Independent Constraint Qualification (LICQ), are prevalent in many process optimization problems. These result from poor model formulations (typically human error) and overspecifications, zero flowrates and disappearing units, and recycle loops. Because degenerate constraints lead to singular Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) systems and significant challenges for numeric solvers, these constraints complicate the solution procedure for nonlinear programs (NLPs, i.e. nonlinear optimization problems). Although most modern NLP solvers implement counter-measures to detect and eliminate degeneracies, increased computational effort and convergence failures may still result. Instead, the best approach is to reformulate the original NLP model. Unfortunately, this is difficult for complex models with thousands of equations. This work describes the Degeneracy Hunter , an algorithm that systematically analyzes any iteration from a continuous mathematical program solver and determines irreducible sets of degenerate constraints. This tool allows the expert modeler to focus on only a handful of equations, instead of the thousands that make up a typical process optimization problem. The algorithm has been prototyped in MATLAB and analyzes derivative information exported from GAMS. Calculation of irreducible sets of degenerate equations is formulated as a mixed integer linear program. The algorithm has been applied to a non-convex, highly nonlinear Air Separation Unit (ASU) design problem with 15,000 + variables and constraints, which identified three sources of degenerate equations. Straightforward revisions of the model to remove these degenerate constraints resulted in a 16% decrease in average CPU time and less frequent termination at infeasible points. Identification of these degeneracies would have been virtually impossible without a systematic approach.
Cellular biosensing using optical spectroscopy(Conference Presentation)

The interaction of light with biological cells can provide a unique tool for studying their biophysical properties. Optical spectroscopy of biological cells can reveal detailed information on their structure and dynamics in a way that is not possible with traditional microscopy techniques. Histological evaluation can only obtain a snapshot of the activity of individual cells, relying instead on large ensembles to develop a picture of their temporal evolution. On the other hand optical spectroscopy can be applied to cells with little to no preparation and can enable studies of the same live cells at extended time intervals. Our research group has developed a suite of optical spectroscopic tools to assess the structure and function of biological cells and modulation due to the onset of disease. The wavelength dependence of the interaction of cells with light provides information of cell features through elastic scattering across the visible and near infrared spectrum. Alternatively, the angular dependence of scattered light can also be used to reveal cell properties. We will discuss how both modes of elastic scattering can be used to evaluate cell status. Finally, the recent advances in the use of optical phase imaging to create contrast in nearly transparent biological cells will also be discussed as related to the role of this modality in biosensing.
The one thing you can never take away

This article describes one nurse's experience resulting from her interest in the value of giving bereavement photographs to parents who experience a perinatal loss. Three families were interviewed about the meaning of those photographs. The parents described deep feelings of the importance of the photographs, which provided the parents with unquestionable proof of their baby's existence. The information discovered through these interviews provides a basic look at how visual memories of the infant can help in the healing process. Nurses are encouraged to standardize and personalize perinatal loss policies and procedures, to incorporate photography into these policies, and to conduct research to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention.
Using Continuous Improvement in Online Program Design: DMAIC as a Tool for Assurance of Learning Assessments

The integration of technology into education has forced radical innovations to traditional instructional delivery models. Given its prevalence, a thorough understanding of pedagogical best practices associated with the design and implementation of such programs is critical. Furthermore, the need for an institutional commitment to assessment and a framework to objectively measure student performance against a program's learning goals and objectives is also necessary. The impetus behind this study is to suggest that applying the principles of continuous improvement (CI) to pedagogical assessments can foster institutional commitment and enhance the process by which universities assess student performance. This study applies CI to an Assurance of Learning assessment of two courses in an entirely online supply chain management program by implementing DMAIC as a tool to improve program-level outcomes. The results show how the course content and program can be continuously improved to enhance student learning and the related outcome measures.
Systemic administration of rolipram increases medullary and spinal cAMP and activates a latent respiratory motor pathway after high cervical spinal cord injury.

Background/Objective: High cervical spinal cord hemisection interrupts descending respiratory drive from the rostral ventral respiratory group in the medulla to the ipsilateral phrenic motoneurons. Hemisection results in the paralysis of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm. Chronic administration of rolipram, a specific phosphodiesterase-IV inhibitor, promotes synaptic plasticity and restores phrenic nerve function after a high cervical spinal cord lesion. Here, we test the hypothesis that an acute administration of rolipram will increase spinal and medullary levels of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and induce phrenic nerve recovery after cervical (C2) spinal cord hemisection.
Development of a Quasi-Steady Flow Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Device.

An electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) was developed for quasi-steady flow detection at microwire electrodes, for the first time. The device implements a fan shaped geometry connected to an analysis channel whereby solution is pulled from an inlet, through a channel, and into the steadily increasing capillary network of the fan. The network counteracts the decrease in solution flow rate associated with increasing viscosity within the channel, generating quasi-steady flow within the analysis channel. Microwire electrodes were embedded between two paper layers within the analysis channel, such that solution flow occurred on both sides of the wire electrodes. The quasi-steady flow ePAD increased the current by 2.5 times and 0.7 times from a saturated channel with no flow and from a single-layer paper device with flow, respectively. Amperometric detection was used for flow injection analysis (FIA) of multiple analytes at both Au and Pt microwire working electrodes, both of which provided simi...
Prohibitin 2 Is an Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Mitophagy Receptor

The removal of unwanted or damaged mitochondria by autophagy, a process called mitophagy, is essential for key events in development, cellular homeostasis, tumor suppression, and prevention of neurodegeneration and aging. However, the precise mechanisms of mitophagy remain uncertain. Here, we identify the inner mitochondrial membrane protein, prohibitin 2 (PHB2), as a crucial mitophagy receptor involved in targeting mitochondria for autophagic degradation. PHB2 binds the autophagosomal membrane-associated protein LC3 through an LC3-interaction region (LIR) domain upon mitochondrial depolarization and proteasome-dependent outer membrane rupture. PHB2 is required for Parkin-induced mitophagy in mammalian cells and for the clearance of paternal mitochondria after embryonic fertilization in C. elegans. Our findings pinpoint a conserved mechanism of eukaryotic mitophagy and demonstrate a function of prohibitin 2 that may underlie its roles in physiology, aging, and disease.
Understanding Active Sites in the Water–Gas Shift Reaction for Pt–Re Catalysts on Titania

Pt–Re clusters supported on titania have shown promise as catalysts for the low temperature water–gas shift reaction. However, the enhanced activity of the bimetallic Pt–Re catalyst versus pure Pt is not well understood. In this work, exclusively bimetallic clusters were grown on TiO2(110) by vapor-deposition of Pt on 2 ML Re clusters and Re on 2 ML Pt clusters. Temperature programmed desorption experiments with CO were used to determine the concentration of Re at the surface, given that CO dissociates on Re but not on Pt. Deposition of 2 ML Pt on 2 ML Re resulted in Re core–Pt shell structures, whereas deposition of low coverages (<0.5 ML) of Re on 2 ML Pt resulted in complete diffusion of Re into the Pt clusters. Both of these Pt on Re bimetallic clusters are thermodynamically favored by the lower surface free energy of Pt compared to Re, and both are also more active than pure Pt clusters in the WGS reaction. Postreaction XPS experiments indicate that Re in the Pt on Re clusters is not oxidized under W...
Domain modeling for development process simulation

Simulating agile processes prior to adoption can reduce the risk of enacting an ill-fitting process. Agent-based simulation is well-suited to capture the individual decision-making valued in agile. Yet, agile's lightweight nature creates simulation difficulties as agents must fill-in gaps within the specified process. Deliberative agents can do this given a suitable planning domain model. However, no such model, nor guidance for creating one, currently exists. In this work, we propose a means for constructing an agile planning domain model suitable for agent-based simulation. As such, the domain model must ensure that all activity sequences derived from the model are executable by a software agent. We prescribe iterative elaboration and decomposition of an existing process to generate successive internally-complete and -consistent domain models, thereby ensuring plans derived from the model are valid. We then demonstrate how to generate a domain model and exemplify its use in planning the actions of a single agent.
Presence of Salmonella AvrA in colorectal tumor and its precursor lesions in mouse intestine and human specimens.

// Rong Lu 1 , Maarten Bosland 2 , Yinglin Xia 1, 3 , Yong-guo Zhang 1 , Ikuko Kato 4 and Jun Sun 1 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 2 Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 3 Division of Academic Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 4 Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Correspondence to: Jun Sun, email: junsun7@uic.edu Ikuko Kato, email: katoi@karmanos.org Keywords: colorectal cancer, inflammation, infection, IBD, Salmonella Received: April 19, 2017 Accepted: June 26, 2017 Published: July 06, 2017 ABSTRACT Evidence directly supporting an association between Salmonella infection and colorectal cancer in human subjects is sparse. It has been well recognized that Salmonella infection increases the risk of gallbladder cancer. AvrA, a bacterial protein from Salmonella enterica, plays a crucial role in establishing chronic infection. To our knowledge, the presence of the bacterial AvrA has never been studied in human samples. Here, we demonstrated the presence and cellular localization of AvrA in inflamed, colorectal tumor and its precursor lesions, using both animal experimental infection models and human clinical specimens. We performed a newly developed AvrA serological assay and to determine the presence of anti- Salmonella AvrA antibody in chronic infected mouse serum samples. Further, we tested the presence of AvrA gene in healthy human fecal samples, in order to advance etiological studies of Salmonella AvrA in human population. Our study suggests a potential role of this bacterial protein in human colorectal cancer. Moreover, our new serological assay may serve a useful tool to identify individuals at increased risk for colorectal cancer.
Quantifying the multi-level nature of tiling interactions

Optimizations, including tiling, often target a single level of memory or parallelism, such as cache. These optimizations usually operate on a level-by-level basis, guided by a cost function parameterized by features of that single level. The benefit of optimizations guided by these one-level cost functions decreases as architectures tend towards a hierarchy of memory and of parallelism. We have identified three common architectural scenarios where a single tiling choice could be improved by using information from multiple levels in concert. For each scenario, we derive multi-level cost functions which guide the optimal choice of tile size and shape, and quantify the improvement gained. We give both analysis and simulation results to support our points.
Surgical Principles of Intramedullary Lengthening

Intramedullary lengthening nails share many features with the trauma nails, but there are distinct differences as well, including strength and guide wire considerations. Preoperative planning is essential in limb lengthening because there is often a hidden deformity unmasked during elongation. Likewise, the surgeon should evaluate the shortening with full-length x-ray studies. The level of the osteotomy is critical in intramedullary lengthening because of certain inherent weaknesses in the devices. Additional technical details include fixator-assisted nailing, precise periosteum elevation, and bone venting. Whenever the tibia is lengthened, the fibula must be osteotomized and secured to it proximally and distally. The portal of entry for the implant should be carefully chosen, avoiding the piriformis fossa in pediatric femoral lengthening cases.
Superior 3-Year Value of Open and Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm with High-Volume Providers.

Background Conflicting literature exists regarding resource utilization for cardiovascular care when stratified by provider volume. This study investigates the differences in value of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair by high- and low-volume providers. The hypothesis of this study is that high-volume providers will provide superior value AAA repairs when compared to low-volume providers. Methods Using the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database and its linked death database, patients undergoing intact open and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) were identified over a 10-year period. Charge data were normalized to year 2016 dollars and the data stratified by repair modality and annual surgeon volume. Univariate technique was used to compare the 2 groups over a 3-year follow-up period. Results Nine hundred eleven surgeons performed open AAA repairs and 615 performed EVAR. For both repair modalities, and despite a patient population with more vascular risk factors, the cumulative adjusted charge for all aneurysm-related care was significantly less for high-volume providers than low-volume providers. The calculated 3-year value—patient life years per cumulative charge—was also superior for high-volume providers compared to low-volume providers. This difference in charge and value persisted after propensity score matching for race, sex, insurance status, and common vascular comorbidities including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and a history of smoking. Conclusions High-volume surgeons performing repair of aortic aneurysms provide superior value when compared to low-volume providers. The improved value margin is driven by both lower charge and improved survival, despite an increased incidence of cardiovascular comorbidities. This study adds support for the regionalization of care for patients with aortic aneurysm.
Multiple Scattered Local Search for Course Scheduling Problem

Course scheduling problem is a nondeterministic polynomial time-complete problem which is hard to solve. One of the popular method for solving the problem is the so-called local search algorithm family, which is basically search a better solution in the neighborhood of previously known potential solution iteratively. Local search technique has a weakness that it gets stuck easily in a local optimum or on a plateau. Various efforts have been done in many literatures to circumvent this weakness. Current work investigates an already improved scattered local search by augmenting randomly generated initial population of schedules in the local search algorithm. This algorithm will be compared to an originally population based genetic algorithm which is enhanced by letting local search technique on each individual schedule in every generation. The result has shown that the population based local search performs better than the hybrid genetic algorithm.
Toxicity of n-phenyl-α-naphthylamine and hydrazine toXenopus laevis embryos and larvae

A study of the effects of environmental pollution resulting from United States Air Force operations indicated that N-phenyl-~ -naphthylamine, hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and dimethylhydrazine are highly toxic to embryos and larvae of two species of frog (GREENHOUSE, 1976a,b). Subsequent studies demonstrated that both N-phenyl- ~-naphthylamine (GREENHOUSE, 1976c) and the hydrazines (GREENHOUSE, 1975, 1976d) are teratogens. The syndrome of malformations caused by exposure of embryos to these compounds and the stages of development during which embryos are susceptible to teratogenesis were also determined. The data presented below establishes the LD50 of N-phenyl-~ -naphthylamine for Xenopus laevis larvae and the ED50 (teratogenic) of N-phenyl- ~ -naphthylamine, hydrazine, and 1,l-dimethylhydrazine for X. laevis embryos.
DD7: Gimpel ziehen singend in den Krieg (Juli 2005)

Welche Menschen sind in Gelddingen die grosten Idioten? Um das herauszubekommen, fragte ich einen schneidigen Anlageberater, der Mondgrundstucke und Einwegautoaktienanteile verkaufte: „Sagen Sie einmal, wer nimmt Ihnen das ab?“ Er wusste es: „Gimpel.“
Successful losers. The habits of individuals who have maintained long-term weight loss.

One way to learn more about factors that are associated with maintaining weight loss is to study the habits of individuals who have successfully lost weight and kept it off. Members of the National Weight Control Registry, an observational study of socalled successful losers, report consuming healthy, low-fat diets and engaging in high levels of physical activity. Obesity and overweight are common health problems, and their prevalence has increased dramatically in the past 30 years. Currently, half of all U.S. adults are overweight or obese (defined as a body mass index of 25 or more). Excess weight is associated with an increased risk for numerous health problems, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers, and it has been estimated that up to 325,000 deaths per year in the United States are attributable to obesity.
Primary Sleep Disorders in People with Epilepsy: Clinical Questions and Answers

The questions facing clinicians with patients with sleep disorder and epilepsy are addressed in this article. Both adult and child epilepsy are discussed in the context of the most typical questions a clinician would have, such as "Are parasomnias more common in people with epilepsy?", "Is sleep architecture abnormal in children with epilepsy", along with outcomes of numerous questionnaire-based, case-based, and double-blind placebo studies on such aspects as sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, anxiety and fears, limb movement, nocturnal seizures, agitation, behavioral disorders, and learning disorders.
Multiple Effects of Dopamine on an Identified Motor Neuron Analyzed by Electrophysiological and Optical Imaging Techniques

In the lobster (Panulirus interruptus) pyloric network, dopamine (DA) reduces the cycle frequency, at least in part, by inhibition of the two pyloric dilator (PD) neurons that are members of the pacemaker group. DA hyperpolarizes the PD neurons and reduces their excitability by enhancing two voltage activated K+ currents, a transient K+ current (IA) and a Ca2+-dependent K+ current (IO(Ca)). In addition to changing PD’s intrinsic firing properties, DA reduces the synaptic output from the PD neuron. This may be caused by reduction of presynaptic Ca2+ currents as indicated by voltage clamp experiments. Using multiphoton microscopy, we demonstrated directly that DA reduces voltage activated Ca2+ influx into presynaptic varicosities. This suggests that DA modulates chemical synaptic transmission in the PD neurons by modifying Ca2+ entry at neurotransmitter release sites. We conclude that DA modulates PD’s excitability and synaptic output by acting differentially on multiple channel types.
Ex Vivo Model for Bioprosthetic Valve Calcification via Stem Cell Differentiation to Bone

Calcific aortic stenosis is the most common indication for surgical valve replacement in the United States and Europe [1]. Currently, mechanical versus bioprosthetic heart valves are the two options for valve replacement. The choice of valve depends on patient characteristics at the time of surgery [2]. Bioprosthetic heart valves have decreased risk of thrombosis, therefore decreasing the need for anticoagulation. It is estimated that 20–30 % of implanted bioprosthetic heart valves will have some degree of hemodynamic dysfunction at 10 years. For years, the mechanisms of valve degeneration were thought to be due to a passive process in which calcium sticks to the valve directly from the circulation. However, recent studies have demonstrated risk factors for bioprosthetic valve calcification that are similar to vascular atherosclerosis [3, 4]. Furthermore, recent pathologic studies [5] have clearly shown that an inflammatory reaction develops in these calcifying bioprosthesis, which including lipid deposits, inflammatory cell infiltration, and bone matrix proteins expression.
Finite State Channels

So far we have been somewhat vague about how to describe a channel mathematically. In this section we shall clarify this matter and develop some results about finite state channels. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about such channels except for some very general results that are rather hard to apply so we shall raise more questions than we shall answer. We shall restrict ourselves here to discrete channels to avoid fussing about numerous mathematical details that only obscure one’s vision.
Kontrastmittel bei Angio-CT des Herzens

Um in einem allgemeinen Routinebetrieb eine Angio-CT des Herzens durchfuhren zu konnen, ist es erforderlich, das 1. pro Injektion nur wenig Kontrastmittel injiziert werden 2. nur wenige Scans exponiert werden und 3. das die Moglichkeit der Wiederholung in verschiedenen Schichtebenen besteht.
Luminescent defensive behaviors of polynoid polychaete worms to natural predators

The intertidal polynoid scale worm Harmothoe imbricata emits a bright green luminescence from its elytra when provoked. These worms are hypothesized to use both luminescence and autotomization (voluntary loss of body parts) as specialized defenses against predators. Previous studies had focused on the mechanisms of light production or used human manipulation to provoke luminescent displays, rather than using actual predators. Worms and local crustacean predators collected in Cumberland County, Maine at three intertidal locations between June 2011 and March 2013 were placed in a small chamber with a removable center divider and their interaction was recorded with infrared cameras, a night vision device with an infrared barrier filter, and photomultipliers. Three different luminescent responses were observed: attached scale flashing, autotomized glowing scales, and autotomized flashing/glowing posterior segments. In some cases, autotomized scales/segments acted as successful decoys, with the anterior portion of the worm crawling away while the attacker focused on the posterior glowing portion. Worms appeared to use different combinations of defensive behaviors in different scenarios, such as when attacked by different predators. Luminescent defensive displays were also more complex than predicted and suggest that the predator’s actions during and following an attack may inadvertently aid in the scale worm’s escape. The use of live predators was pivotal to describing the worm’s defense mechanism and providing insight into how luminescence may be used in nature.
Climate Change and Physical Activity: Estimated Impacts of Ambient Temperatures on Bikeshare Usage in New York City.

Background: Physical activity is one of the best disease prevention strategies, and it is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature. Objectives: We aimed to illuminate the relation be...
Function of Human Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Cancer progression is marked by dysfunctional tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with high inhibitory receptor (IR) expression. Since inhibitory receptor blockade has led to clinical responses in some non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, we investigated how IRs influenced CD8+ TIL function from freshly digested early-stage NSCLC tissues using a killing assay and intracellular cytokine staining after in vitro T-cell restimulation. Early-stage lung cancer TIL function was heterogeneous with only about one-third of patients showing decrements in cytokine production and lytic function. TIL hypofunction did not correlate with clinical factors, co-existing immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, or CD4+ T regulatory cells), nor with PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3, CD39 or CTLA-4 expression. Instead, we found that the presence of the integrin αeβ7 (CD103), characteristic of tissue resident memory cells (TRM), was positively associated with cytokine production, whereas expression of the transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes) was negatively associated with TIL function. These data suggest that the functionality of CD8+ TILs from early-stage NSCLCs may be influenced by competition between an antitumor CD103+ TRM program and an exhaustion program marked by Eomes expression. Understanding the mechanisms of T-cell function in the progression of lung cancer may have clinical implications for immunotherapy.
Dialogs and Solidarity Among the Sages: Bimal Krishna Matilal and Henry Odera Oruka’s Advocacy for the Philosophical Rationality of Non-Western Cultures

Our paper builds on earlier research to show how Bimal Krishna Matilal and Henry Odera Oruka challenge dominant narratives of the West-centered progress of philosophical and other forms of critical rationality. On the basis of persisting “enlightenment” and colonialist prejudices, a majority of Western philosophers have ignored philosophical inquiry in non-Western cultures. Both philosophical decolonizers had much of their upbringing and education while their countries were British colonies, earned their Ph.D.s in the West, and became renowned philosophers at Oxford and the University of Nairobi. Oruka advocated mainly oral but increasingly written philosophical reflections in various ethnic traditions of Kenya and East Africa, though his ideas have also been applied to other cultures of the continent. Matilal focused on South Asian, Sanskrit philosophical traditions, which though comprising a large written literature are also often oral in their origins and ongoing pedagogical and hermeneutic culture. Beyond just demonstrating that Africans, Indians, and others can think for themselves, the two thinkers have laid the groundwork for, and initiated a number of more substantive philosophical engagements. The perhaps initially slow but exponentially increasing exchanges among non-Western peoples are well exemplified by the dialogs being organized in the present issue, as well as other efforts throughout the global academy.
GETTING CURSED OUT FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE: NOTES ON HANDLING VERBAL ASSAULTS WITH HUMANITY

A national dialogue on school discipline has now reemerged in the United States as many educators struggle with how to maintain a balance of cultural responsiveness and high expectations when addressing student transgressions on their campuses. While the field of child development, counseling psychology, and communications pose theoretical responses to such dilemmas, this article aims specifically to address the procedural challenges of dealing with verbal abuse from students and adults. Through the lens of a social justice educator, the author offers practical, humanizing steps that are intended to help secondary school educators engage with students in a way that emphasizes boundaries, respect, and reflection for students and adults alike.
Self-Talk: Mentoring and Empowering Faculty to Contribute to Organizational Change

We can effectively mentor if in possession of qualities to empower mentees, which include: effective communication skills, knowledge of the professional realm, enthusiasm, passion and the ability t...
LiNixFeyAlzO2, a new cobalt-free layered cathode material for advanced Li-ion batteries

Abstract Recently, rapid fluctuations in cobalt prices have created a worsening supply chain constraint that has become a serious cause of concern amidst global battery manufacturers. To address this challenge, here we report a new class of cobalt-free, nickel-rich layered cathode material termed the NFA class with general formula LiNixFeyAlzO2 (x + y + z = 1). Using co-precipitation reaction in a continuous stirred tank reactor, we synthesized NFA(OH)2 precursors with the constituent Ni, Fe and Al elements successfully incorporated. The obtained LiNFAO2 cathode was characterized using X-Ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical behavior was assessed using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique at various states of lithiation/delithiation. Electrochemical performance evaluations revealed that our cobalt-free material delivers high capacity of 190 mAh/g at 0.1C. Rate and cycling performance evaluations also indicated good rate capability and cycling stability with 88% capacity retention after 100 cycles at C/3. Using NFA cathodes, we also fabricated a 0.5Ah (C/3) cobalt-free Li-ion battery which demonstrated reasonable cycling stability with ~72% capacity retained after 200 cycles. Overall, our work demonstrates the immense potential of the cobalt-free NFA class cathodes as viable candidates towards development of next generation cost effective lithium ion batteries.
E-091 High infarct growth rate is associated with poor functional outcome in patients with acute large vessel occlusion and successful revascularization

Introduction Despite successful revascularization (TICI 2b or 3), almost half of the acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion have a poor outcome. We aim to evaluate the extent by which collateral compensation is independently associated with functional outcome after successful recanalization. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with anterior large vessel occlusion (LVO) who underwent mechanical thrombectomy with successful revascularization in our comprehensive stroke center from 2014 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were age >18, time from last known well to reperfusion 2). We used stepwise logistic regression to select variables for the final model. ROC curve analysis was done to identify the best cut-off for infarct growth rate. Results We identified 123 patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients with poor outcome showed significant higher rates of age >80 (35% vs. 15%, p 18 (55% vs. 24%, p 18 (OR: 3.44, CI: 1.35 – 9.21) and a higher infarct growth rate (OR:7.17, CI: 2.12 – 35.2) were independently associated with poor functional outcome at 3 months follow-up. Furthermore, the ROC analysis showed an infarct growth rate of 3 ml/h (AUC: 0.7) with the highest sensitivity (71%) and specificity (52%) for distinguishing between the slow and fast progressors. Conclusions Failure of hemodynamic compensation measured by infarct growth rate represents an important predictor of poor functional outcome independent of recanalization. Early identification of transfer patients with greater infarct growth rates could help select those patients to alternative triaging systems such as direct to OR to minimize infarct progression. Disclosures D. Quispe Orozco: None. J. Sequeiros Chirinos: None. C. Zevallos Mau: None. A. Mendez Ruiz: None. S. Abdelkarim: None. S. Ansari: None. A. Mendez Ruiz: None. M. Farooqui: None. S. Dandapat: None. S. Ortega Gutierrez: 2; C; Medtronic, Stryker.