cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Incipiently Spalled Tantalum

Three-dimensional (3-D) characterization techniques have been applied to quantitatively assess shock-induced damage in an incipiently spalled tantalum plate. A significant sample volume was imaged and volumetrically reconstructed via serial sectioning techniques. An analysis of segmented void damage revealed distributions regarding void size, morphology, spatial variations, and nearest-neighbor distances (NNDs). The latter two distributions highlight the necessity of 3-D data sets to capture the feature statistics. Very limited correlation was observed between void size and clustering tendency. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was applied to investigate spatial relationships between the damage features and the relative levels of induced plasticity. Large variations in microstructural character were found between different intervoid regions, independent of ligament width. The use of intragranular misorientation deviation (IMD) maps in two and three dimensions reveals surprisingly contiguous and complex plastic linkages not obviously predicted from the void-dominated damage field. Overall, 3-D characterization of shock-damaged material is shown to provide statistics and insight regarding the true damage field unobtainable from two-dimensional (2-D) data sets, and will provide meaningfully improved data for predictive damage models.
A Phase II Study of Mifepristone (RU-486) in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, With a Correlative Assessment of Androgen-Related Hormones

OBJECTIVE To evaluate mifepristone (RU-486) in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), with a correlative assessment of serum androgens and androgen metabolites PATIENTS AND METHODS The androgen receptor (AR) is critical in the development and progression of prostate cancer, but available antiandrogens incompletely abrogate AR signalling. Mifepristone is a potent AR antagonist that functions by competing with androgen, preventing AR coactivator binding and by enhancing binding of AR corepressors. Patients with CRPC were treated with mifepristone 200 mg/day oral until disease progression. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione, dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate and the testosterone metabolite 3α-diol G, were measured at baseline and during therapy. RESULTS Nineteen patients were enrolled between April and August 2005; they were treated for a median (range) of 85 (31–338) days. The median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level at enrolment was 22.0 (3.0–937.2) ng/mL. No patient had a PSA response (>50% reduction in PSA). Six patients had stable disease for a median of 5.5 months. After 1 month, adrenal androgens were increased and testosterone and DHT increased by 91% and 80%, respectively, compared to baseline. CONCLUSION Mifepristone had limited activity in patients with CRPC, and stimulated a marked increase in adrenal androgens, testosterone and DHT. We hypothesise that inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor by mifepristone resulted in an increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone and subsequent increase in adrenal androgens, and that their conversion by tumour cells to testosterone and DHT probably limited the efficacy of mifepristone. These data emphasize the continued importance of alternative androgen sources in AR signalling in CRPC.
Immunobiosensor Chips for Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Impedance biosensor chips were developed for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on the surface immobilization of affinity-purified antibodies onto indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode chips. The immobilization of antibodies onto ITO chips was carried out using an epoxysilane monolayer to serve as a template for chemical anchoring of antibodies. The surface characteristics of chips before and after the binding reaction between the antibodies and antigens were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The patterns of the epoxysilanes monolayer, antibodies, and E. coli cells were clearly observed from the AFM images. Alkaline phosphatase as the labeled enzyme to anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody was used to amplify the binding reaction of antibody−antigen on the chips. The biocatalyzed precipitation of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate by alkaline phosphatase on the chips in pH 10 PBS buffer containing 0.1 M MgCl2 increased the electron-transfer resistance for a redox probe of Fe(CN)63-/4- at the e...
The Animat: New Frontiers in Whole Brain Modeling

The researchers at Boston University (BU)'s Neuromorphics Laboratory, part of the National Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology (CELEST), are working in collaboration with the engineers and scientists at Hewlett-Packard (HP) to implement neural models of intelligent processes for the next generation of dense, low-power, computer hardware that will use memristive technology to bring data closer to the processor where computation occurs. The HP and BU teams are jointly designing an optimal infrastructure, simulation, and software platform to build an artificial brain. The resulting Cog Ex Machina (Cog) software platform has been successfully used to implement a large-scale, multicomponent brain system that is able to simulate some key rat behavioral results in a virtual environment and has been applied to control robotic platforms as they learn to interact with their environment.
Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus by allogeneic stimulation of blood cells from healthy donors

Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) results in severe disease in AIDS patients and immunocompromised patients receiving blood transfusions or organ or bone marrow grafts. Although the site of HCMV latency is unknown, blood cells have been implicated as a viral reservoir. In this study, we demonstrate HCMV reactivation in vitro from seven consecutive healthy donors through allogeneic stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). HCMV replication was detected at 17 days poststimulation, and virus was recovered after long-term culture from a macrophage expressing dendritic cell markers. Thus, these observations demonstrate that PBMCs harbor latent HCMV, which reactivates in a myeloid lineage cell upon allogeneic stimulation.
An FPTAS for #Knapsack and Related Counting Problems

Given $n$ elements with non-negative integer weights $w_1,..., w_n$ and an integer capacity $C$, we consider the counting version of the classic knapsack problem: find the number of distinct subsets whose weights add up to at most $C$. We give the first deterministic, fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for estimating the number of solutions to any knapsack constraint (our estimate has relative error $1 \pm \epsilon$). Our algorithm is based on dynamic programming. Previously, randomized polynomial-time approximation schemes (FPRAS) were known first by Morris and Sinclair via Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, and subsequently by Dyer via dynamic programming and rejection sampling. In addition, we present a new method for deterministic approximate counting using {\em read-once branching programs.} Our approach yields an FPTAS for several other counting problems, including counting solutions for the multidimensional knapsack problem with a constant number of constraints, the general integer knapsack problem, and the contingency tables problem with a constant number of rows.
RTL synthesis with physical and controller information

The current technology advances towards deep submicron have made it indispensable to consider layout and controller effects during all phases of chip synthesis. This paper proposes a paradigm for incorporating such information when synthesizing an RTL design from a scheduled behavioral specification. Experimental results corroborate the fact that layout and controller effects on chip area and performance are significant and can not be ignored.
Kinetics and Structures on the Molecular Path to the Quadruplex Form of the Human Telomere

Telomeres, which form the ends of chromosomesin eukaryotic organisms, havea numberof importantfunctions from protection of the chromosome endsfrom degradation to processes in the expression ofsome genes, as well as roles in protection of cellsfrom aging due to loss of DNA in replication and incancer development [1–4]. The human telomerestarts at the ends of chromosomal DNA with therepeat duplex sequence 5′-(TTAGGG)-3′5′-(CCCTAA)-3′ and moves to a single-stranded,terminal 3′ overhang of the G-rich strand. It has beenknown for quite some time that G nucleotides andG-rich sequences can associate into planar tetradsthat are stabilized by tetrad stacking, multipleH-bonds and cation interactions (Fig. 1a) [5,6]. Thetetrad structure creates a central hole that is lined byfour oxygen atoms to form an excellent macrocyclicreceptor for K
Measuring Outcomes in Spinal Deformity

The development of validated health-related quality-of-life instruments that are generic (Short Form-36) or disease-specific (Scoliosis Research Society [SRS]-22) allows physicians and researchers to measure the qualitative impact of spinal deformity and its treatment on their patients quantitatively. Although some further research may be needed in the area of the responsiveness of the SRS-22r, it should be considered a validated instrument that is useful in the research and treatment of pediatric and adult patients with spinal deformity.
Delayed repair of tendon to bone injuries leads to decreased biomechanical properties and bone loss

Introduction. Repair of the torn rotator cuff tendon is a common procedure performed in the shoulder. In the clinical setting, a significant delay between rotator cuff tear and subsequent repair often exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical properties and bone density of the tendon to bone repair site after acute and delayed repair. Methods. The supraspinatus tendons in bilateral shoulders of 60 rats were transected from the bone. In the acute group, the tendons were immediately repaired with suture. In the delayed group, the tendons were allowed to retract and repaired in a second procedure after a 3-week delay. Cross sectional area and biomechanical properties were evaluated. Bone density of the humeral head was assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Histologic sections were obtained and examined. Results. At 10 days the repair tissue displayed vascular and fibroblast proliferation accompanied by predominantly mononuclear infiltrate. At 28 days the inflammatory process gradually decreased. No significant histologic differences were noted between the acute and delayed repair specimens. Cross-sectional area was higher in the delayed group at the early time points (44% at 10 days and 31% at 28 days). Viscoelastic properties were greater in the acute group at the early time points and significantly less at the latest time point, compared to the delayed group. Bone density was markedly decreased (8% and 12%, 28 and 56 days respectively) in the delay group. Discussion. Inferior rotator cuff healing was demonstrated when there was a delay between injury and repair. Viscoelastic properties of the acute repairs were increased compared to the delayed group at 10 days, indicating tendon stiffening during the 3-week delay before repair. Viscoelastic properties of the acute repairs were decreased compared to the delayed group at 56 days indicating deterioration of properties over time in the delayed group. The deterioration in properties in the delayed group coincide with bone density decreases in the greater tuberosity. These results indicate that bone loss may a significant factor in poor healing.
Control of some partially observed linear stochastic systems with fractional Brownian motions

A control problem is formulated for a linear stochastic system with noisy, partial observations of the state and a cost that is a quadratic functional of the state and the control. Both the system noise and the observation noise can be fractional Brownian motions. An optimal control is explicitly described and this control is compared to the well known optimal control where the state and the observation noises are Brownian motions.
Method of measuring Soil Hydraulic Conductivity in situ

SOIL permeability or hydraulic conductivity is of great importance in the engineering design of foundations, dams, sub-surface drainage systems, irrigation systems, etc. In spite of its importance, soil hydraulic conductivity remains one of the most difficult of soil properties to assess. Laboratory methods have limitations due to the size of the samples. Considerable progress has been made in the development of methods for measuring soil hydraulic conductivity in the field when a water table is present. However, water tables are not always present in areas requiring seasonal drainage.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Ca-Sr-Zn ternary system

Thermodynamic modeling of the Ca-Sr and Sr-Zn binary systems and the prediction of the Ca-Sr-Zn ternary system were done using the CALPHAD technique and a computerized optimization procedure. The thermodynamic descriptions of pure Ca, Sr, and Zn elements were taken from the literature. Based on the experimental phase diagram and thermodynamic information, a set of parameters describing the Gibbs energies of the different phases in this ternary system was obtained. The calculated results were compared with the experimental data in the Ca-Sr and Sr-Zn binary systems, and the phase equilibria of the Ca-Sr-Zn ternary system was predicted.
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils promote rFGF-2-induced angiogenesis in vivo

Abstract Background. The role of neutrophils in angiogenesis remains largely unknown. Recent evidence has shown that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) produce several proangiogenic cytokines, including VEGF, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. In addition, PMN-derived proteinases promote endothelial cell migration. We hypothesized that PMNs may facilitate angiogenesis and that reducing circulating PMNs might alter the host angiogenic response. Materials and methods. We utilized a corneal pocket assay to compare rFGF-2-induced vessel formation in the corneas of mice with normal levels of circulating neutrophils to those in a neutropenic state. Circulating PMNs were reduced using serial intraperitoneal injections of monoclonal antibody to Gr-1. Slow release rFGF2 pellets were implanted into the corneas of neutropenic mice and controls. Corneal neovascularization, measured as vessel length and area of vessel in-growth, was quantified using slit-lamp microscopy on day 7. Results. The average number of circulating PMNs was significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group on days 1–7 (P Conclusions. Corneal neovascularization in response to rFGF-2 is diminished by PMN depletion. PMNs play an important role in facilitating rFGF-2-induced angiogenesis.
Discriminative stimulus effects of phencyclidine: pharmacologically specific interactions with Δ9- and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol

Rats were trained to discriminate a dose of 1.75 mg/kg phencyclidine (PCP) from saline. During substitution tests, both PCP (0.3-10.0 mg/kg) and the non-competitive NMDA antagonist, MK-801 (0.01-0.3 mg/kg) substituted for the PCP stimulus in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC, 0.1-5.6 mg/kg) and delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 8-THC, 0.3-5.6 mg/kg) failed to substitute for the PCP stimulus, up to doses that substantially decreased rate of responding. However, both delta 9-THC and delta 8-THC partially attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of the PCP training dose. Furthermore, a dose of 3.0 mg/kg delta 9-THC shifted the PCP dose-effect curve for discriminative stimulus effects to the right and shifted the PCP dose-effect curve for rate of responding to the left. The attenuation of the PCP stimulus by delta 9-THC lacked a strong dose-dependent relationship and was observed both at doses which did not alter rate of responding, as well as at doses which substantially decreased rate. In contrast to the effects observed with delta 9-THC and delta 8-THC, morphine, d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide failed to attenuate the discriminative stimulus effects of PCP, even at doses that markedly decreased rate of responding. The present findings suggest that delta 9-THC and delta 8-THC alter the discriminative stimulus effects of PCP in a pharmacologically specific manner.
Quantum jumps and classical harmonics

We present an introduction to quantum mechanics based on the formal correspondence between the atomic properties of quantum jumps and the classical harmonics of the electron’s periodic motion. By adding a simple quantum condition to the classical Fourier analysis, we readily find the energies of the stationary states, calculate the transition probabilities between the states, and construct the line spectrum of the emitted light. We provide examples to illustrate the asymptotic, and sometimes exact, agreement between the classical-quantum results (Fourier harmonics) and the exact quantum results (Heisenberg harmonics).
Chemical properties of acid soil treated with coal combustion by‐products and leached

Abstract Application of coal combustion by‐products (CCBs) to acid soils can have beneficial or detrimental effects. A column study was conducted to determine the effects of CCBs on mitigating acid soil properties after leaching with 138 cm deionized water. Columns containing 105 cm acidic Lily soil (Typic Hapludult) had mixed in the top 15 cm the following treatments (g/kg soil): no CCB or limestone (check); dolomitic limestone (lime) at 3.98; high‐calcium sulfate (CaSO4) flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by‐product (BP) at 15.88; combination of lime+FGD at rates given; high‐CaSO4 FGD BP enriched with Mg (FGD+Mg) at 15.88; and fluidized bed combustion (FBC) BP at 6.45. After being leached for 39 days, the columns of acid soil treated with high‐CaSO4 by‐products showed higher subsurface pH, calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) and lower aluminum (AI) and manganese (Mn). In contrast, the lime alone treatment had little effect on subsurface soil properties. Use of dolomitic limestone to supply magnesium (Mg) in conjun...
Chongichthys dentatus, new genus and species, from the Late Jurassic of Chile (Pisces: Teleostei: Chongichthyidae, new family)

ABSTRACT The new family Chongichthyidae is based on Chongichthys dentatus n. gen. et sp. from the Oxfordian marine deposits of the Domeyko Range, southeast of Antofagasta, northern Chile. Chongichthys dentatus differs from other Late Jurassic teleosts of South America and Europe in having: fenestrae between the prootic, auto-sphenotic and pterotic, and between the basioccipital, exoccipital, prootic and parasphenoid; a prootic fenestra; a large basisphenoid; a small, elongate basioccipital; a distinctive lower jaw; wide supraneurals; epineurals fused to the neural arches; ribs on the first abdominal centra and a distinctive enlargement of the last pleural ribs. The family Chongichthyidae shows some morphological similarities to elopiforms, pachyrhizodontoids, clupeomorphs, osteoglossomorphs and euteleosts, but it also differs from all of them in certain respects and is therefore regarded as Teleostei incertae sedis.
Elimination of extra-logical postulates

Under certain circumstances a postulate can be eliminated in favor of a mere definition, or convention of notational abbreviation. Suppose e.g. that a given system presupposes the machinery of ordinary logic and contains in addition a single extra-logical primitive: the relation Pt , “is a spatial part of.” Suppose this relation is governed by a single extra-logical postulate, to the effect that Pt is transitive: Now instead of Pt , the relation O of spatial overlapping might be taken as primitive; Pt could then be defined in terms of O as follows: The transitivity of Pt then follows by purely logical principles from the definition. The statement (1) with its ‘ Pt ’ clauses expanded according to (2) is a purely logical theorem, demonstrable independently of any stipulations or assumptions concerning the properties of O . Thus, through a change involving neither increase nor decrease of primitive ideas, the need of adopting (1) as a postulate is removed. Or again, consider a system comprising ordinary logic and the sole extra-logical primitive S , the relation of simultaneity, governed by a sole postulate to the effect that S is symmetrical: Here instead of S the relation N , “is no later than” might be taken as primitive; S could then be defined in terms of N as follows: Postulation of (3) then becomes unnecessary, for (3) is an abbreviation, according to (4), of a theorem which is demonstrable within pure logic.
Randomized comparison of intravenous nitroglycerin and subcutaneous terbutaline for external cephalic version under tocolysis.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous nitroglycerin with that of subcutaneous terbutaline as a tocolytic agent for external cephalic version at term. Study design We performed a prospective randomized trial. Patients between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation were assigned randomly to receive either 200 μg of intravenous nitroglycerin therapy or 0.25 mg of subcutaneous terbutaline therapy for tocolysis during external cephalic version. The rate of successful external cephalic version and side effects were compared between groups. Results Of 59 randomly assigned patients, 30 patients received intravenous nitroglycerin, and 29 patients received subcutaneous terbutaline. The overall success rate of external cephalic version in the study was 39%. The rate of successful external cephalic version was significantly higher in the terbutaline group (55% vs 23%; P =.01). The incidence of palpitations was significantly higher in patients who received terbutaline therapy (17.2% vs 0%; P =.02), as was the mean maternal heart rate at multiple time periods. Conclusion Compared with intravenous nitroglycerin, subcutaneous terbutaline was associated with a significantly higher rate of successful external cephalic version at term.
1.3-μm optoelectronic devices on GaAs using group III-nitride-arsenides

Group III-Nitride-Arsenides are promising materials for 1.3 micron opto-electronic devices grown on GaAs substrates, allowing AlAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors and integration with GaAs electronics. Nitrogen decreases the GaAs bandgap dramatically, and the smaller GaN lattice constant results in less strain in GaInNAs compared to InGaAs. However, the anneal necessary to achieve device quality material shifts the emission peak to shorter wavelengths. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profiling on GaInNAs quantum wells shows that nitrogen diffusion exceeds indium diffusion during anneal. We have demonstrated broad-area lasers, pulsed lasers, and CW VCSELs. However, due to nitrogen out-diffusion from the QWs, the operating wavelength of these initial devices was shorter than 1.23µm. Subsequent use of GaNAs barriers surrounding the QWs reduced the shift of the emission peak during anneal, as the GaAsN diffused nitrogen into the QW. This also resulted in longer wavelength emission due to decreased electron confinement energy and compensted overall strain. This new active region resulted in devices emitting at 1.3 micron. The new design also improved laser characteristic temperature T0 from 105K to 146K for similar devices.
Urinary Concentrations of Aquaporin-1 and Perilipin-2 in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma Correlate With Tumor Size and Stage but not Grade

Objective To evaluate the trends in urine aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and perilipin 2 (PLIN2) concentrations in patients with clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we determined the relationship between the urine concentration of these biomarkers and tumor size, grade, and stage. Materials and Methods The biomarker concentrations were determined by sensitive and specific Western blot procedures normalized to the urine creatinine excretion. The analysis included 61 patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy for clear cell or papillary RCC and 43 age- and sex-matched control patients. Relationships between urine biomarker concentrations and tumor size, stage, and grade were assessed. Results Patients with RCC had 35-fold and 9-fold higher median urinary AQP1 and PLIN2 concentrations, respectively, compared with controls. Both tumor markers decreased after tumor resection to concentrations equivalent to those of controls. The sensitivity and specificity were both 100% for AQP1 and 92% and 100%, respectively, for PLIN2. A significant linear correlation was found between the tumor size and the prenephrectomy AQP1 (Spearman coefficient 0.78, P Conclusion AQP1 and PLIN2 were significantly increased in patients with clear cell and papillary RCC compared with controls. The preoperative urinary concentrations of these markers reflected the tumor size and stage.
A Comparison of the Belbin Self Perception Inventory and Observer’s Assessment Sheet as Measures of an Individual’s Team Roles

The Belbin Team Role Self-Perception Inventory (SPI) is a well-known and well-used measure for identifying an individual’s team roles. Less well-known is Belbin’s Observer’s Assessment Sheet (OAS) which can also be used by colleagues of the individual concerned or, at least, those who know him or her well. To assess team role this study compared these two different team role measures when applied to a sample of 65 members of 11 different management teams. The results showed that only 35 of the 65 observer sets agreed amongst themselves about the team roles of the individual they observed and only seven of these 35 sets showed good agreement between the observers’ assessments and those of the individuals themselves. Positive correlations between the SPI scores and the OAS scores were found for only five of the nine team roles. The findings are discussed in terms of inter-rater problems and the reliability of the instruments.
Synthetic peptide vaccine and antibody therapeutic development: prevention and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas maltophilia account for 80% of opportunistic infections by pseudomonads. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes urinary tract infections, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue infections, bacteremia, and a variety of systemic infections, particularly in patients with severe burns, and in cancer and AIDS patients who are immunosuppressed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is notable for its resistance to antibiotics, and is therefore a particularly dangerous pathogen. Only a few antibiotics are effective against Pseudomonas, including fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, and imipenem, and even these antibiotics are not effective against all strains. The difficulty treating Pseudomonas infections with antibiotics is most dramatically illustrated in cystic fibrosis patients, virtually all of whom eventually become infected with a strain that is so resistant that it cannot be treated. Since antibiotic therapy has proved so ineffective as a treatment, we embarked on a research program to investigate the development of a synthetic peptide consensus sequence vaccine for this pathogen. In this review article we will describe our work over the last 15 years to develop a synthetic peptide consensus sequence anti-adhesin vaccine and a related therapeutic monoclonal antibody (cross-reactive to multiple strains) to be used in the prevention and treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. Further, we describe the identification and isolation of a small peptide structural element found in P. aeruginosa strain K (PAK) bacterial pili, which has been proven to function as a host epithelial cell-surface receptor binding domain. Heterologous peptides are found in the pili of all strains of P. aeruginosa that have been sequenced to date. Several of these peptide sequences have been used in the development of an consensus sequence anti-adhesin vaccine targeted at the prevention of host cell attachment and further for the generation of a monoclonal antibody capable of prevention and treatment of existing infections.
Shock‐Induced Substructural Changes in Prestrained Iron

Deformation structures of iron samples prestrained to various amounts prior to their exposure to 50 and 100 kbar shock waves have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. On shocking, the regions which had deformed during prestraining exhibit dislocation configurations characteristic of large-strain room temperature deformation, and the undeformed areas develop substructures representative of very low-temperature conventional deformation. Interactions between shock-induced dislocations have also been analysed. Passage of a 100 kbar shock wave through samples prestrained 20% causes localized recrystallization. Experimental evidence favours the formation of nuclei for recrystallization by the coalescence mechanism. Die Deformationsstrukturen von Eisenproben, die vor der Behandlung mit 50 und 100 kbar Schockwellen in verschiedenem Grade vorgespannt waren, wurden mit Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Nach dem Schocken zeigten die Bereiche, die wahrend des Vorspannens deformiert worden waren, Versetzungsanordnungen, die charakteristisch fur eine Deformation mit groser Spannung bei Zimmertemperatur sind, und die undeformierten Flachen entwickeln Substrukturen, die fur ubliche Deformation bei sehr niedrigen Temperaturen reprasentativ sind. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Schock-induzierten Versetzungen wurden ebenfalls analysiert. Der Durchgang einer 100 kbar Schockwelle durch eine 20% vorgespannte Probe verursacht lokalisierte Rekristallisation. Die experimentellen Beweise begunstigen die Annahme eines Koaleszenzmechanismus fur die Bildung der Rekristallisationskerne.
A Hamiltonian model of dissipative wave–particle interactions and the negative-mass effect

Abstract The effect of radiation friction is included in the Hamiltonian treatment of wave–particle interactions with autoresonant phase-locking, yielding a generalized canonical approach to the problem of dissipative dynamics near a nonlinear resonance. As an example, the negative-mass effect exhibited by a charged particle in a pump wave and a static magnetic field is studied in the presence of the friction force due to cyclotron radiation. Particles with negative parallel masses m ∥ are shown to transfer their kinetic energy to the pump wave, thus amplifying it. Counterintuitively, such particles also undergo stable dynamics, decreasing their transverse energy monotonically due to cyclotron cooling, whereas some of those with positive m ∥ undergo cyclotron heating instead, extracting energy from the pump wave.
Lines in space. 2. The line formulation

In part 1, we were talking about points, planes, and lines in 3D, more particularly in projective 3-space. The idea is to find algebraic expressions for the various geometric relationships between these objects. We were just on the verge of discovering what would be a good algebraic formulation for lines in projective 3D space. My goal here is to update my original paper to see how the results look using tensor diagram notation. I start by reviewing what we did last time, but will say some things a bit differently. You might pick up more insight from this different viewpoint.
Lenslet analysis by rigorous vector diffraction theory

The accurate analysis of the electromagnetic field scattered by lenslets of dimensions of the order of the wavelength is considered. Assuming plane-wave illumination of the lenslet, a pair of coupled integral equations is derived, starting from the Stratton–Chu solution of Maxwell’s time-harmonic equations. These equations are solved rigorously (in a numerical sense) to obtain the lenslet-scattered field. For comparison, an approximate vector formula based on the aperture field is also derived and is related to the ubiquitous Fres-nel–Kirchhoff scalar diffraction formula. These analytical techniques are then applied to representative lenslets with diameters in the 2–100-wavelength range. The results demonstrate useful focusing characteristics even at 2–wavelength diameters and confirm that, depending on the accuracy required, the approximate vector formula based on the aperture field can be successfully employed for determining the lenslet-scattering characteristics.
Chronic aortic regurgitation: Prognostic value of left ventricular end-systolic dimension and end-diastolic radius/thickness ratio

The prognostic value of preoperative echocardiographic data was assessed in 32 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement for chronic aortic regurgitation. All patients had preoperative studies and were followed up prospectively for 1 to 6 years after surgery. Postoperatively, 25 patients (Group A) achieved a normal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and a significant regression of myocardial hypertrophy; 7 patients (Group B) had persistent left ventricular enlargement. During the follow-up period, the patients in Group A had fewer symptoms and used fewer medications than those in Group B. Moreover, survival at 4 years appeared to be better in Group A (96%) than in Group B (71%); two patients in Group B died with congestive heart failure; there were no such deaths in Group A. Preoperatively, a left ventricular dimension at end-diastole (DED) larger than 3.8 cm/m2body surface area, a dimension at end-systole (DES) greater than 2.6 cm/ m2body surface area, an end-diastolic radius/wall thickness ratio (R/Th) greater than 3.8 or a product of R/Th and left ventricular systolic pressure (P·R/Th) exceeding 600 are predictive of a Group B result. If end-systolic dimension is greater than 2.6 andP·R/Th is greater than 600, all Group B patients can be identified; all but one patient in Group A had an end-systolic dimension less than 2.6 and P·R/Th less than 600. It is concluded that patients with chronic aortic regurgitation who are at risk of persistent postoperative left ventricular enlargement (with associated cardiac symptoms and reduced survival) can be identified by preoperative echocardiography.
Chemoenzymic Preparation of a Glycoconjugate Polymer Having a Sialyloligosaccharide: Neu5Acα(2→3)Galβ(1→4)GlcNAc

Abstract Water-soluble polyacrylamide having 3′-sialyl N -acetyl-lactosamine Neu5Acα(2→3)Galβ(1→4)GlcNAc was enzymatically prepared by stepwise sugar-elongation on a water-soluble GlcNAc-bearing polyacrylamide. It was demonstrated that the flexible GlcNAc branches of the polymer chains allow quantitative galactosylation with bovine galactosyl transferase and partial sialylation by Trypanosoma cruzi trans -sialidase. Unsialylated N -acetyl-lactosamine side chains can be removed with β-D-galactosidase and N -acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase to afford the targeted polymer containing 3′-sialyl N-acetyl-lactosamine.
Inflammatory carcinoma of the vulva

Abstract A case of inflammatory carcinoma of the vulva is presented and discussed. The unusual nature of the neoplasm caused a significant delay in diagnosis, and the cell of origin was obscure. Inflammatory carcinoma carries a poor prognosis and should be considered in any patient with an unresponsive cellulitis.
KDEL proteins are found on the surface of NG108-15 cells

Although KDEL proteins are primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we have employed surface biotinylation method to demonstrate that the KDEL proteins calreticulin (Crt), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and the 78-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) are found on the surface of the NG108-15 cell line. In contrast, the 94-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP94), another KDEL protein, is not found on the cell surface. Calnexin (Cnx), a type-1 integral transmembrane ER protein which is partially homologous to Crt but lacks the KDEL sequence, is not detected on the cell surface either. While only small amounts of the total GRP78, PDI and Crt molecules exist on the cell surface at steady state, a significant fraction of the newly synthesized molecules are transported to the cell surface and transport of these proteins is inhibited by treatment with brefeldin A. The surface GRP78 contains the KDEL sequence. On the cell surface, GRP78, PDI and Crt associate with other proteins and form complexes of different sizes. Surface Crt is found to be essential for the neurite formation when NG108-15 cells are induced to differentiate using dibutyryl cAMP.
Stages of sedimentary prism development on a convergent margin — Eocene Tyee Forearc Basin, Coast Range, Oregon, USA

Abstract Architecture of ancient forearc basin successions can be difficult to reconstruct because of the widespread syn-depositional and post-depositional deformations experienced by many forearc basin-fills. For this reason various techniques have been used for reconstructing forearc basin-infill geometry, including geochemical correlation. The Tyee Basin succession exposed in Coast Range of Western Oregon, USA, is an Eocene forearc-fill that includes genetically related non-marine, shallow marine and deepwater clastic deposits and is gently deformed. Reconstruction of the depositional geometry of the Tyee Basin succession from detailed outcrop and subsurface data reveals two distinct stages of development for this active basin-margin. These stages are characterized by two different basin-margin clinoform architectures and also by a pronounced change in the character of the associated deepwater deposits. During the initial stage, the basin-margin clinoforms are smaller ( 500 m), a greater degree of topset aggradation with repeated fluvio-deltaic cycles on the shelf, and well-organized, large turbidite channels on the slope. The turbidite channels supplied medium-grained sands to the extensive, stacked basin-floor fans. The first stage described above marks the early development of a shelf-slope prism on the Tyee continental margin, and has been interpreted by some earlier workers as an unique category of basin-margin architecture, termed as a ‘submarine ramp’. However, this was only the initial stage of development of the Tyee margin and it was followed by a period of basin-filling when repeated fluvial and shallow marine shelf-transit cycles fed well-organized turbidite channels on the slope as well as Tyee Basin floor fans. The large volume of sediment deposited during the initial stage, resulted from of the unique geometry of the Tyee Basin, as influenced by the presence of pre-existing topography on the accreted oceanic basement underlying the Tyee succession.
Phosphopeptides as substrates for thylakoid protein phosphatase activity.

Abstract Lack of a suitable substrate has been a major obstacle in studying the chloroplastic thylakoid membrane protein phosphatase activity. In this study, the suitability of synthetic phosphopeptides for this purpose was investigated. Phosphothreonine-containing phosphopeptides mimicking the N-terminal phosphorylation site of the major thylakoid phosphoprotein, the light-harvesting chlorophyll a / b -binding protein (LHCP-II), were dephosphorylated by isolated pea thylakoid membranes. Phosphopeptides representing unrelated sequences or in which the target phosphothreonine had been changed to a phosphoserine were not dephosphorylated. The dephosphorylation of phosphopeptides by thylakoid membranes was similar to the dephosphorylation of endogenous LHCP-II in its pH-dependence profile, sensitivity to inhibitors, and bivalent cation requirement. The same phosphopeptide analogs of the LHCP-II phosphorylation site inhibited endogenous LHCP-II dephosphorylation in isolated thylakoids, whereas the dephospho-analogs and nonsubstrate phosphopeptides had no effect. Collectively, these results suggest that phosphopeptides mimicking a thylakoid phosphoprotein dephosphorylation site can be exploited for further study of the thylakoid protein phosphatase activity.
Buddha's Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation [In the Spotlight]

The term neuroplasticity is used to describe the brain changes that occur in response to experience. This article examines the changes in the brain that occur during different styles of meditation practice.
Invariant Manifolds and Bifurcation of Smoothness

There exists a unique local manifold invariant with respect to the dynamical system z=F(z)(F∈Cr) which is quadratically tangent to {(x, y): y=0} if μ/λ<r (DF(0, 0)=diag{−λ, −μ}) and the nonresonance conditions μ/λ≠2, ..., r−1 hold. This manifold undergoes a bifurcation if μ/λ or r is considered to be a parameter.
Indications for surgery and stabilization techniques of the occipito-cervical junction

Summary Occipito-cervical (OC) instrumentation and fusion is indicated in traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation and type III Anderson-Montesano occipita1 condyle fractures. The goals of surgery are to stabilize the mechanically compromised OC junction, correct deformity or displacement, and decompress compromised neural structures. The goals of instrumentation are to provide immediate stability, improve fusion rate, diminish the need for postoperative external immobilization, and decrease rehabilitation time. To successfully instrument the occipito-cervical spine, a working knowledge of the anatomy of the occipital-cervical junction is imperative. A wide variety of stabilization techniques and instrumentation systems are currently available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. With familiarity of the constraints and benefits of the available instrumentation systems, the individual fixation needs of a clinical situation can be fulfilled and successful patient outcomes can be achieved.
De Haas-van Alphen Effect and Fermi Surface in Palladium

A detailed study of the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect in Pd by the field modulation technique is presented. The dHvA oscillations were observed in magnetic fields up to 53 kG at temperatures between 1 and 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Two distinct sets of oscillations were observed with the field in either the (110) or the (100) planes. These are interpreted by a rigid-band model using the known Cu band structure. The oscillations correspond to (1) electrons in the $s$ band and (2) small pockets of holes in one of the $d$ bands. The electron surface is closed and it is centered at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$. The hole surfaces, also closed, are located at $X$; and they are approximately ellipsoidal with their major axis along [100]. The electron surface contains 0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 electrons/atom while the hole ellipsoids contain only 5.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ holes/atom. The average effective mass $m=2.2{m}_{0}$ for the electrons, and the smallest hole mass ${m}_{100}=(0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05){m}_{0}$. There is also a second $d$-band hole surface which is open along [100]. The total number of holes is thus 0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 per atom, since Pd is a compensated metal. This model also provides a complete interpretation of the galvanomagnetic data. The effects of spin-orbit coupling on the $d$-band surfaces are discussed in terms of a semiempirical calculation by Mueller. Since the known Cu band structure explains almost every detail of the present experiment, it provides direct evidence that the band structures of certain transition metals have many common features.
Practice-informed research and research-informed psychotherapy.

The information processing demands of planning and conducting psychotherapy and the types of information that clinicians value potentially can inform research that is likely to be useful to clinicians. Four approaches to conducting research on psychotherapy issues-technology transfer studies, quasi-experimental single-case designs, mental health services research, and case-focused patient profiling-have the potential to inform the practicing therapist. These approaches generally are either treatment focused or patient focused, and can vary in their relevance to the individual case.
New Classics and New Classicists in Psychology

(1977). New Classics and New Classicists in Psychology. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 46-48.
Protease-activated receptor 4-like peptides bind to thrombin through an optimized interaction with the enzyme active site surface

Abstract Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is cleaved by thrombin at the R47–G48 peptide bond. Unlike PAR1, PAR4 does not contain a sequence readily predicted to interact with thrombin anion binding exosite-I. HPLC kinetic results on hydrolysis of PAR4 peptides (38–51 and 38–62) reveal that extending the sequence from the active site toward the exosite does not promote further binding interactions with thrombin. One-dimensional-proton line-broadening NMR indicates that the amino acids occupying the P4–P1 positions of PAR4 (38–47), 44 PAPR 47 , come into direct contact with the thrombin surface. Less contact arises from the Leu43 at the P5 position. Two-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy and two-dimensional transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscropy studies on this complex reveal that Leu43 is flexible and can exhibit two conformational states. The binding mode observed for PAR4 peptides is similar to that of PAR1 peptides. PAR4 takes advantage of a distinctive sequence to optimize its interactions with the thrombin active site surface.
Gender, epistemology and cooking: Rethinking Encarnación Pinedo's El cocinero español

Gender, Epistemology and Cooking: Rethinking Encarnacion Pinedo's El cocinero espanol Encarnacion Pinedo's 1898 publication of El cocinero Espanol marks an important moment in Chicana/Mexicana history. Re-released in 2003 as Encarnacion's kitchen in an edited edition by Dan Strehl with an introductory essay by Victor Valle, El cocinero Espanol takes on a form that the author did not intend. Strehl edits the 880 recipes down to approximately 200 recipes because many recipes were “redundant.” This essay examines how the 2003 edition is embedded in Chicano nationalist thinking, which has enabled the editors to portray the text as authentically Mexican/Chicano and therefore located outside of feminist, multi-ethnic, and transnational considerations. The 2003 edition thus falls away from the original text and raises a number of the concerns and problems that Chicana feminist methodology is well suited to address. By tracking three thematic/intellectual issues: discourses on cookbooks as displays of skill rather than redundancy; theories of epistemology, conversation, and social knowledge; and nationalist versus postcolonial contexts, the article shows that we must read El cocinero Espanol with a Chicana feminist methodology rather than with the same narrow gender/race essentialist mode that Strehl and Valle use to frame the text.
Risk and conservatism in group decision-making ☆

Abstract Recent research has indicated that groups tend to accept greater risk in pursuing a desirable outcome than do their individual members. By demonstrating that risk-takers are viewed more favorably than risk-rejectors, the studies reported here provide evidence that this group shift toward risk is induced by a cultural value for risk. Further, the value for risk appears to mediate this risk shift by biasing arguments toward the risky alternative course of action, rather than by an image-maintenance mechanism. Groups are also found in the present studies to have greater pessimism than individuals about the likelihood of success of the risky alternative, a factor that could exert a “conservative” influence on group decisions. Since conservative shifts can also be induced by introducing conflicting moral values into the decisions and by extending the consequences of possible failure to individuals not involved in the decision making, it is suggested that greater caution is warranted in extending the results of the laboratory risk-shift studies to complex decision-making contexts.