cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vaccine-Enhanced Donor Lymphocyte Infusion (veDLI)

Hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation (HSCT/BMT) is curative in many cases of hemato-logical malignancy, but the post-transplant course is often complicated by delayed immune reconstitution that predisposes to opportunistic infections and disease recurrence. Furthermore, since HLA-matched donors cannot be found for almost half of all patients that would benefit from HSCT, donors mismatched at 2-3 HLA loci are increasingly being used, which is associated with elevated rates of opportunistic infections. Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) is a powerful and direct approach to improve post-transplant immune function. For example, DLI using enriched antiviral cytolytic effectors (CTLs) has been shown to reconstitute cellular immunity to cytomega-lovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and prevent viral disease following HSCT. However, because in vitro expansion and purification of CTLs is lengthy, labor-intensive, and costly, it is rarely used clinically to prevent and treat viral infections following HSCT. Active vaccination after allogeneic transplantation to stimulate in vivo expansion of donor and/or recipient CTLs has been proposed as an alternative method to rapidly reconstitute antiviral immunity, prevent viral disease, and reduce adverse sequelae of antiviral drugs. Fortunately, recent progress has been made in developing vaccines and methodologies that are both safe and effective when administered to immunocompromised HSCT recipients.
Impaired spatial working memory and altered choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) immunoreactivity and nicotinic receptor binding in rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia during sleep.

Abstract Exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH), such as occurs in sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), is associated with cognitive impairment, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses within rodent brain regions such as the basal forebrain. In this region, damage to cholinergic neurons correlates with working memory deficits in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting that degeneration of cholinergic systems may also contribute to the working memory impairments observed after IH exposures. We therefore examined basal forebrain choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) immunohistochemistry, nicotinic receptor binding in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and working memory, in male rats tested on a delayed matching to place (DMP) task in the water maze following exposure to either room air (RA) or intermittent hypoxia (IH; alternating 90 s epochs of 21% and 10% O 2 during sleep). IH-treated animals displayed impaired working memory with respect to controls, along with significant reductions in CHAT-stained neurons in the medial septal nucleus, in both the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, and the substantia inominata after 14 days of IH exposure. In addition, increases in nicotinic binding and receptor affinity in the PFC were observed after 14 days of IH exposure. Thus, a loss of cholinergic neuronal phenotype in the basal forebrain may contribute to the cognitive impairments associated with CIH exposure. However, compensatory mechanisms may also be activated in other brain regions, and may provide potential therapeutic targets for the cognitive impairments associated with SDB.
Sodium absorption by barley roots: role of the dual mechanisms of alkali cation transport.

Radioactively labeled Na + absorbed by barley roots was sequestered in an intracellular compartment or compartments (“inner” spaces) in which it was only very slowly exchangeable with exogenous Na + . Absorption of this fraction proceeded at a constant rate for at least 1 hour. When the rate of Na + absorption was examined over the range of concentrations, 0.005 to 50 mm, the isotherm depicting the relation showed dual kinetics as follows. Over the range, 0.005 to 0.2 mm, a single Michaelis-Menten term describes the relation between the concentration of Na + and the rate of its absorption. The mechanism of Na + absorption operating over this range of concentrations, mechanism 1 of alkali cation transport, is severely inhibited in the presence of Ca 2+ and virtually rendered inoperative for Na + transport by the combined presence of Ca 2+ and K + . The mechanism is equally effective in Na + transport whether Cl − or F − is the anion, but is somewhat inhibited when the anion is SO 4 2− . Over the high range of concentrations, 0.5 to 50 mm Na + , a second, low-affinity mechanism of Na + absorption comes into play. In the presence of Ca 2+ and K + , this mechanism 2 is the only one to transport Na + effectively, since Na + absorption via mechanism 1 is virtually abolished under these conditions. Anaerobic conditions, low temperature, and the uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, inhibit Na + absorption both at low and high Na + concentrations.
Opiate-mediated inhibition of the release of cholecystokinin and substance P, but not neurotensin from cat hypothalamic slices

The neuroactive peptides neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) have been shown to be distributed in the hypothalamus. These peptides may be part of hypothalamic mechanisms which regulate the release of pituitary hormones and feeding behavior. Numerous experiments have demonstrated opiate modulation of anterior pituitary hormone release. These effects have been reported to be mediated via a hypothalamic mechanism, which modulates the secretion of releasing, release inhibiting factors or other neuroactive peptides such as SP, CCK and NT. We have examined the effects of morphine on the potassium-stimulated, calcium-dependent release of SP, CCK and NT from cat hypothalamic slices. The potassium-stimulated release of SP and CCK was profoundly depressed by the addition of morphine (10−5 M) in a naloxone-reversible manner. This morphine inhibition was shown to be stereospecific, levorphanol (10−7 M) depressed the release, while dextrophan (10−7 M) was inactive. Gel filtration chromatography of the potassium-stimulated release was determined to be isographic with authentic NT, SP and CCK-8, respectively. There was no indication of any gastrin-like activity. These data may suggest a regulatory mechanism through which opiates exert some of their neuroendocrine or feeding regulatory effects.
YopJ-Induced Caspase-1 Activation in Yersinia-Infected Macrophages: Independent of Apoptosis, Linked to Necrosis, Dispensable for Innate Host Defense

Yersinia outer protein J (YopJ) is a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector of pathogenic Yersinia (Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) that is secreted into host cells. YopJ inhibits survival response pathways in macrophages, causing cell death. Allelic variation of YopJ is responsible for differential cytotoxicity in Yersinia strains. YopJ isoforms in Y. enterocolitica O:8 (YopP) and Y. pestis KIM (YopJ(KIM)) strains have high cytotoxic activity. In addition, YopJ(KIM)-induced macrophage death is associated with caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β secretion. Here, the mechanism of YopJ(KIM)-induced cell death, caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β secretion in primary murine macrophages was examined. Caspase-3/7 activity was low and the caspase-3 substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was not cleaved in Y. pestis KIM5-infected macrophages. In addition, cytotoxicity and IL-1β secretion were not reduced in the presence of a caspase-8 inhibitor, or in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak) knockout macrophages, showing that YopJ(KIM)-mediated cell death and caspase-1 activation occur independent of mitochondrial-directed apoptosis. KIM5-infected macrophages released high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a marker of necrosis, and microscopic analysis revealed that necrotic cells contained active caspase-1, indicating that caspase-1 activation is associated with necrosis. Inhibitor studies showed that receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not required for cytotoxicity or IL-β release in KIM5-infected macrophages. IL-1β secretion was reduced in the presence of cathepsin B inhibitors, suggesting that activation of caspase-1 requires cathepsin B activity. Ectopically-expressed YopP caused higher cytotoxicity and secretion of IL-1β in Y. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages than YopJ(KIM). Wild-type and congenic caspase 1 knockout C57BL/6 mice were equally susceptible to lethal infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis ectopically expressing YopP. These data suggest that YopJ-induced caspase-1 activation in Yersinia-infected macrophages is a downstream consequence of necrotic cell death and is dispensable for innate host resistance to a strain with enhanced cytotoxicity.
Loss and human resilience

Abstract In this article we argue that humans are more resilient in the face of loss than has been previously believed. We begin by showing that historically the bereavement literature has tended to pathologize what are otherwise normal and natural reactions to loss. We then introduce a characterization of resilience during bereavement as the ability to maintain continuity in identity from pre- to postloss. We review various types of evidence consistent with this proposal, with a particular emphasis on the relationship between resilience and continuity in social identity. We then explore four possible mechanisms by which resilient individuals achieve identity continuity. We also attempt to extend the resilience-as-continuity link to the recent literature on continued bonds with the deceased and explore how this link manifests across different cultures. Finally, we review some implications of these formulations for psychotherapy with bereaved individuals.
High power microwave surface flashover seed electron production methods

Surface flashover imposes a fundamental limitation to the magnitude of high power microwaves which can be radiated from the vacuum environment of the source into atmospheric conditions. Providing seed electrons through various methods allows for initiatory conditions to be more closely controlled and the delay time variations to be reduced so that developmental mechanisms can be more closely examined. The experiment uses a coaxial magnetron capable of producing a ∼4.5 MW, 3 μs pulse, at 2.85 GHz propagating in the TE 10 mode. The pulse rise time measured at the window is reduced using a spark gap pulse steepening technique. The fast rise time pulse propagates through the dielectric into an atmospheric test chamber where various conditions such as gas pressure, type of gas, UV illumination, and charged particle creation by radioactive sources can be controlled. Previous research has shown the significant impacts of UV radiation on the delay time averages and statistical distributions. Surface distributed seeding sources and volume distributed sources will be discussed while the primary focus of this paper will address use of alpha radiation as an ionizing agent. Thus far, a reduction in average delay time by as much as 60% has been achieved at sub-microsecond time scales, which also significantly affected the width of the statistical distributions of the delay time. Alpha particles have a short penetration distance in air which makes them a good candidate for study since the number of electronion pars created along the path is large. Analysis of the alpha particles influences will be discussed along with a statistical analysis of breakdown delay in the presence of ionization.
Low temperature catalyst enhanced etch process with high etch rate selectivity for amorphous silicon based alloys over single-crystalline silicon based alloys

Abstract We present a catalyst enhanced etch process with high etch rates for amorphous Si based alloys (e.g. α-Si, α-Si:C, α-Si:P, α-SiCP) and low etch rates for crystalline Si (e.g. c-Si, c-Si:C, c-Si:P, c-SiCP) with etch rate ratios up to ~ 200. The addition of a suitable surface catalyst such as Ge (e.g. from GeH4) during HCl based etch processes increases both, the etch rate of amorphous Si alloys and the etch rate selectivity against c-Si alloys. The Ge source dynamically forms a SiGe surface layer during the etch process. Ge penetrates fast into α-Si through diffusion, forming an α-SiGe film with high [Ge] concentration. Ge diffusion into c-Si however is very limited; a rather slow surface-sub-surface exchange reaction (segregation) causes a penetration depth of only one monolayer. Repeated cycles of a selective chemical vapor etch process following a non-selective deposition process enable effective selective epitaxial growth.
Stabilization of lactate dehydrogenase activity by polyethylene glycol for enzymatic assays using flow injection analysis at microliter per minute flow rates

Abstract The enzymatic assay for pyruvate using soluble lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by flow injection analysis (FIA) has been investigated. Using a 50-cm knitted open tubular reactor (KOT), it was found that plate height ( H ) decreased by a factor of 4 as the flow rate went down from 100 to 10 μl/min. A corresponding increase in peak height by a factor of 6 was also seen over this flow rate range. To stabilize the LDH activity, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to the reagent solution, extending the enzyme lifetime to at least a week. The presence of PEG in solution stabilized LDH activity better than the use of covalently bound PEG-LDH enzyme. A linear pyruvate range from 0.01 to 0.75 m M was established with a sample throughput of about 330 s per sample at 10 μl/min.
alpha Adrenoreceptors but not beta adrenoreceptors increase in rabbit uterus with oestrogen.

STEROID hormones alter sympathetic function and modulate responses to catecholamines1–3. The gonadal steroids, oestrogen and progesterone, can affect sympathetic response by altering catecholamine metabolism, and, in addition, they produce qualitative changes in the contractile response of smooth muscle to stimulation by adrenaline and noradrenaline4–6. The response of human oviduct and uteri from several species changes from contraction to relaxation depending upon the concentrations of gonadal steroids. Contraction, which is mediated by α-adrenergic receptors, is observed in uteri from oestrogen-treated humans or rabbits, while relaxation, a β-adrenergic response, predominates during pregnancy or with progesterone treatment. Conversion between α and β response, depending on hormonal or other environmental factors, has prompted the hypothesis that α- and β-adrenergic receptors may be interconvertible7–9. We used the radioligands 3H-dihydroergocryptine (DHE) and 125I-iodohydroxybenzylpindolol ([125I] IHYP) to quantitate α- and β-adrenergic receptors respectively in subcellular preparations of uteri from rabbits treated with oestrogen or oestrogen followed by progesterone. α-Adrenergic binding sites were three times greater in uteri from the oestrogen-treated animals in which α-adrenergic response was predominant than in uteri from animals treated with oestrogen followed by progesterone in which β-adrenergic response predominates. The number of β-adrenergic binding sites was unchanged by the different treatments and these sites were only 5% as numerous as α-adrenergic sites. These findings suggest that gonadal steroids may alter smooth muscle adrenergic response by alterations of adrenergic receptor number and do not support the hypothesis that α- and β-adrenergic receptors are simply interconvertible.
Integrated task and motion planning in belief space

We describe an integrated strategy for planning, perception, state estimation and action in complex mobile manipulation domains based on planning in the belief space of probability distributions over states using hierarchical goal regression (pre-image back-chaining). We develop a vocabulary of logical expressions that describe sets of belief states, which are goals and subgoals in the planning process. We show that a relatively small set of symbolic operators can give rise to task-oriented perception in support of the manipulation goals. An implementation of this method is demonstrated in simulation and on a real PR2 robot, showing robust, flexible solution of mobile manipulation problems with multiple objects and substantial uncertainty.
Wegener's Granulomatosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis usually affecting the upper and lower respiratory tracts and kidneys. Any organ system can be affected by the pathologic process, which remains an etiologic enigma. Limited forms of the disease are recognized in which few extrapulmonary and no renal lesions occur. Cutaneous manifestations occur in 40% to 50% of patients with WG (1). Early diagnosis is imperative because treatment regimens reduce morbidity and mortality in this potentially fatal disease. We report WG in a 10-year-old boy whose upper respiratory tract symptoms began at age 8 years. The case is illustrative of the difficulties that can be encountered in attempting to make this diagnosis. Skin is an easily accessible organ for biopsy, thus an increasing familiarity with the typical biopsy specimen findings within a consistent clinical setting may aid in earlier diagnosis of WG.
Structure of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 refined at 2.25 A resolution.

Abstract The structure of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 has been refined at 2.25 A resolution using high resolution measurements made with the synchrotron beam at CHESS. The synchrotron data were collected photographically by oscillation methods (R-merge = 0.08). These were combined with lower order diffractometer data for refinement purposes. The structure was refined using restrained least-squares methods with the program PROLSQ to a crystallographic R-value of 0.175. The structure includes 105 water molecules with occupancies of >0·6. The first 35 residues (Ala1-Leu35) of the N-terminal γ-carboxy glutamic acid-domain (Ala1-Cys48) of fragment 1 are disordered as are two carbohydrate chains of Mr ≈ 5000; the latter two combine to render 40% of the structure disordered. The folding of the kringle of fragment 1 is related to the close intramolecular contact between the inner loop disulfide groups. Half of the conserved sequence of the kringle forms an inner core surrounding these disulfide groups. The remainder of the sequence conservation is associated with the many turns of the main chain. The Pro95 residue of the kringle has a cis conformation and Tyr74 is ordered in fragment 1, although nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicate that the comparable residue of plasminogen kringle 4 has two positions. Surface accessibility calculations indicate that none of the disulfide groups of fragment 1 is accessible to solvent.
Pilot study on cardiac troponin I levels in dogs with pericardial effusion

Abstract Objectives The aim of this pilot study was to assess cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels in pericardial effusion (PE) and plasma from dogs with PE. Background A reliable marker for detecting the etiology of PE in dogs remains undetermined. cTnI is becoming the gold standard marker for detecting myocardial damage in humans. Animals, materials and methods Twenty-five dogs with PE (21 and 4 secondary to neoplasia and non-neoplasia causes, respectively) and 37 control dogs were studied. Results The median cTnI plasma level from 37 normal dogs versus 15 (out of 25) with PE was 0.03 ng/mL and 0.19 ng/mL, respectively (p Conclusions cTnI did rise significantly in both PE and plasma in dogs with PE, but cTnI levels did not help differentiate between etiologies according to this study. One of the study groups is too small to allow final conclusions, and thus further investigation is warranted.
Structure and pattern in temperate seasonal forests

Demography, spatial pattern, and diversity of canopy and subcanopy trees, shrubs, and lianas were compared in two cool and two warm temperate North American forests, paired at 30° and 40° north latitudes. All woody stems ≥1 cm dbh in 16 randomly located, non-contiguous plots totalling 1 ha at each of the four sites were measured, mapped, and identified. Basal area and overall density did not differ between latitudes. Demographic and spatial analyses revealed remarkable similarity in spatial dispersion, irrespective of density or species composition. At all sites, dispersion of canopy trees was random but all understory stems were uniformly distributed relative to all canopy trees. Species diversity and vertical structure differed between the warm and cool temperate sites, especially in species composition of individual strata. Associations of understory species relative to canopy species were more random at 30° than at 40° north, where a higher degree of association between canopy and understory species' patterns, coupled with their size class distributions, suggested more lengthy regeneration cycles and an alternation of species assemblages. The forests at 30°, those subject to periodic canopy disturbance by hurricanes, had more vertical mixing of species (i.e., canopy species represented in all size classes), more tree saplings, and significantly more shrub and liana species.
Differential effects of estrogen in the injured forebrain of young adult and reproductive senescent animals

Abstract Estrogen attenuates neural damage resulting from a variety of experimental injury models in adult female rats. To determine whether estrogens neuroprotective actions are age-specific, the present study compared the effects of estrogen on young adult and reproductive senescent animals subject to excitotoxic injury to the forebrain. NMDA was injected bilaterally into the olfactory bulbs of estrogen and placebo-replaced young adult and reproductive senescent animals. Lysates of the olfactory bulb and its basal forebrain afferent, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (hlDBB), harvested 24 h later were analyzed for expression of IL-1β, IL-10, and nerve growth factor (NGF). NMDA injections resulted in local activation of microglia and an increase in IL-1β. Estrogen replacement decreased IL-1β expression in young adult females, but paradoxically enhanced its expression in reproductive senescent females. Furthermore, bulb injury increased IL-1β production in the hlDBB of reproductive senescent animals although estrogen replacement was able to suppress lesion-induced expression of this cytokine. In both, the olfactory bulb and hlDBB, constitutive expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly higher while that of NGF was almost 50% lower in senescent animals as compared to young adults, indicating that aging preferentially altered Th2-type secretions. The present findings are consistent with our earlier observations that estrogen does not exert trophic effects in the aging forebrain and supports the hypothesis that estrogen treatment to reproductive senescent females may exacerbate neural injury.
Hibernomas of the upper extremity: a case report and literature review

Hibernomas are rare, benign tumors of brown adipose tissue. While they have been found in a variety of locations, they are rare in the upper extremity and not previously described in the hand. Diagnosis is most often made histologically, and treatment consists of surgical resection. We present an unusual case of hibernoma in the hand treated with marginal excision, resulting in good function, cosmesis, and no recurrence.
Malignant melanoma in effusions: A source of false‐negative cytodiagnoses

Melanoma, a not uncommon tumor, is associated with variable cytomorphology and unpredictable metastatic potential. Although most cytologic diagnoses of malignant melanoma represent metastatic disease, the diagnosis is frequently unsuspected clinically. Three effusions in which cells from metastatic melanomas were not diagnosed are described. Clinical factors that may have contributed to the erroneous cytodiagnoses are illustrated. Cytologic features and adjunctive studies that are helpful in identifying melanoma cells are discussed.
Functional Analogues of the Dioxygen Reduction Site in Cytochrome Oxidase: Mechanistic Aspects and Possible Effects of CuB

Catalytic reduction of O2 and H2O2 by new synthetic analogues of the heme/Cu site in cytochrome c and ubiquinol oxidases has been studied in aqueous buffers. Among the synthetic porphyrins yet reported, those employed in this study most faithfully mimic the immediate coordination environment of the Fe/Cu core. Under physiologically relevant conditions, these biomimetic catalysts reproduce key aspects of the O2 and H2O2 chemistry of the enzyme. When deposited on an electrode surface, they catalyze the selective reduction of O2 to H2O at potentials comparable to the midpoint potential of cytochrome c. The pH dependence of the half-wave potentials and other data are consistent with O−O bond activation at these centers proceeding via a slow generation of a formally ferric-hydroperoxo intermediate, followed by its rapid reduction to the level of water. This kinetics is analogous to that proposed for the O−O reduction step at the heme/Cu site. It minimizes the steady-state concentration of the catalytic interme...
Least-squares finite element method for fluid dynamics

An overview is given of new developments of the least squares finite element method (LSFEM) in fluid dynamics. Special emphasis is placed on the universality of LSFEM; the symmetry and positiveness of the algebraic systems obtained from LSFEM; the accommodation of LSFEM to equal order interpolations for incompressible viscous flows; and the natural numerical dissipation of LSFEM for convective transport problems and high speed compressible flows. The performance of LSFEM is illustrated by numerical examples.
Mutually Exclusive Interaction of a Novel Matrix Attachment Region Binding Protein and the NF-μNR Enhancer Repressor IMPLICATIONS FOR REGULATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN EXPRESSION

Abstract The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) intronic enhancer stimulates transcription from functional promoters in B lymphocytes but not other cell types. The observation that binding sites for the nuclear factor-μ negative regulator (NF-μNR) enhancer repressor overlap nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) in this enhancer has lead to the hypothesis that the cell type specificity of the enhancer might be controlled by regulating nuclear matrix attachment (Scheuermann, R. H., and Chen, U.(1989) Genes & Dev. 3, 1255-1266). To understand the role of MARs in IgH enhancer regulation, we have identified a novel MAR-binding protein, MAR-BP1, from soluble nuclear matrix preparations based on its ability to bind to the MARs associated with the IgH enhancer. Purified MAR-BP1 migrates as a 33-kDa protein, and it can be found in nuclear matrix preparations from a number of different types of lymphoid cell lines. Although specific binding sites have been difficult to localize by chemical or enzymatic footprinting procedures, NF-μNR binding sites are critical for efficient MAR-BP1 binding. Indeed, binding of the IgH enhancer to either intact nuclear matrix preparations or to MAR-BP1 is mutually exclusive to NF-μNR binding. These results are consistent with a model for cell-type specific regulation in which binding of the NF-μNR repressor to the IgH enhancer prevents nuclear matrix attachment in inappropriate cells by interfering with MAR-BP1/enhancer interaction.
Solvent Effects on Copper Nanoparticle Growth Behavior in AOT Reverse Micelle Systems

In this paper, we present the results of variations in the bulk solvent type and the addition of cosolvents on the growth rate of metallic copper nanoparticles produced through a reduction reaction within AOT reverse micelles. The metallic copper particles were characterized using both UV−vis spectroscopy and TEM microscopy. Growth rates are discussed in terms of an absorbance ratio, which provides a correlation between UV−vis absorption spectra and particle size. Time-resolved measurements showed that the intermicellar exchange rate and subsequent particle growth rate is a function of water content, bulk solvent, and the addition of cosolvents and cosurfactants. The copper particle growth rate was found to increase with increasing water content, but essentially the same particle size was eventually approached at all water contents. Copper particle growth was faster in isooctane than in cyclohexane because of the structure of the bulk solvent and the resulting degree of solvation into the micellar tail re...
Reducing alcohol consumption among university students: recruitment and program design strategies based on Social Marketing Theory

Recruitment of program participants and development of appealing comprehensive alcohol abuse prevention programs is an exigent priority for university campuses due to the serious physical and emotional consequences related to alcohol consumption. A sample of 67 students from a large midwestern university completed a survey based on Social Marketing Theory (SMT) which was developed to improve recruitment and enhance the design of comprehensive alcohol abuse prevention programs. The results indicate that recruitment may be optimized by providing a flexible, convenient, low-cost program that encourages friends' participation, communicates alcohol-related risks and offers university credit or refund as participation incentives. The design of alcohol abuse prevention programs may be enhanced by emphasizing the positive outcomes of reducing alcohol consumption, improving the quality and quantity of alternatives to the social atmosphere connected with drinking, and soliciting respected opinion leaders (physicians and parents) to communicate alcohol reduction messages. This project is a first initiative to 'fill the gap' in the social marketing research literature by providing formative information pertinent to recruitment and design of alcohol reduction programs specifically for college students.
Communicating Phylogeny: Evolutionary Tree Diagrams in Museums

Tree of life diagrams are graphic representations of phylogeny—the evolutionary history and relationships of lineages—and as such these graphics have the potential to convey key evolutionary ideas and principles to a variety of audiences. Museums play a significant role in teaching about evolution to the public, and tree graphics form a common element in many exhibits even though little is known about their impact on visitor understanding. How phylogenies are depicted and used in informal science settings impacts their accessibility and effectiveness in communicating about evolution to visitors. In this paper, we summarize the analysis of 185 tree of life graphics collected from museum exhibits at 52 institutions and highlight some potential implications of how trees are presented that may support or hinder visitors’ understanding about evolution. While further work is needed, existing learning research suggests that common elements among the diversity of museum trees such as the inclusion of anagenesis and absence of time and shared characters might represent potential barriers to visitor understanding.
Identification of candidate drugs for the treatment of ALS.

A consortium of investigators interested in neurodegenerative diseases collaborated to screen 1040 drugs in multiple neurodegenerative disease assays. One model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis in particular incorporated glutamate exposure in enriched primary rat motor neuron cultures. In this model 78 compounds decreased motor neuron death caused by 100 µM glutamate. Almost all these pharmacological agents act at one or more of the following cellular targets: 1) protein synthesis inhibition; 2) Cox inhibition; 3) regulation of anion flux; 4) modulation of GABA receptors; 5) antioxidant, and 6) cell cycle inhibition. The most prevalent mode of action was the regulation of intracellular calcium. These data extend the understanding of motor neuron degeneration and identify a number of cellular targets for the improvement of combined therapies for neurodegenerative disease.
The impact of radiotherapy costs on clinical outcomes in breast cancer

Abstract Background and purpose In cost-effective healthcare systems, the cost of services should parallel patient complexity or quality of care. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the cost of radiotherapy correlates with patient-related outcomes among a large cohort of breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant breast radiation. Materials and methods 23,127 women with non-metastatic breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy after breast conservation surgery were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 2000 to 2009. Medicare reimbursements were used as a proxy for cost of radiotherapy, and Medicare claims were examined to identify local toxicities, and breast cancer-related endpoints. The impact of cost on these outcomes was studied with multivariable Fine-Gray models to account for competing risks. Results The median cost (and interquartile range) of a course of breast radiation was $8100 ($6700–9700). Increased radiation costs were not associated with the occurrence of treatment-related toxicities (all p -values>0.05), ipsilateral breast recurrence ( p =0.55), or breast cancer-related mortality ( p =0.55). Conclusion Higher costs for adjuvant radiation in breast cancer were not associated with a decreased risk of patient-related outcomes suggesting inefficiency in Medicare reimbursements. Future efforts should focus on prospective evaluation of alternative payment models for radiotherapy.
Teaching about Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-examination.

Testicular cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in young men. Because some 5,300 new cases of this disorder may be diagnosed annually, with an accompanying 950 deaths from complications, it is important that young males become informed about this potentially dangerous condition. In an effort to meet the educational needs of school health personnel and secondary school pupils, the authors of this paper review the pathology and epidemiology of testicular cancer, the technique of testicular self-examination, and some suggestions for teaching about this subject.
The importance of gesture in children's spatial reasoning.

On average, men outperform women on mental rotation tasks. Even boys as young as 41U2 perform better than girls on simplified spatial transformation tasks. The goal of our study was to explore ways of improving 5-year-olds’ performance on a spatial transformation task and to examine the strategies children use to solve this task. We found that boys performed better than girls before training and that both boys and girls improved with training, whether they were given explicit instruction or just practice. Regardless of training condition, the more children gestured about moving the pieces when asked to explain how they solved the spatial transformation task, the better they performed on the task, with boys gesturing about movement significantly more (and performing better) than girls. Gesture thus provides useful information about children’s spatial strategies, raising the possibility that gesture training may be particularly effective in improving children’s mental rotation skills.
Health Care Workers and Researchers Traveling to Developing-World Clinical Settings: Disease Transmission Risk and Mitigation

With the recent emphasis on funding and training opportunities for global health and humanitarian aid and the increased interest in the field, many health care workers and medical researchers are traveling from resource-replete to resource-limited settings. This type of travel brings unique disease risks not routinely considered for the business or vacationing traveler. This review provides practical advice for this special population of travelers, targeted to specific health care-related risks (needlestick, hemorrhagic fever viruses, severe viral respiratory disease, and tuberculosis), with suggestions for risk mitigation.
Observations of Internal Gravity Waves by Argo Floats

AbstractThis study examines the global variability of the internal wave field near a depth of 1000 m using data from a set of 194 Argo floats equipped with Iridium communications, capable of measuring hourly temperature and pressure during the park phase of their 10-day cycles. These data have been used to estimate vertical isotherm displacements at hourly intervals, yielding a global measure of the heaving due to internal gravity waves. The displacement results have been employed to examine the global variability of these waves and how the displacement power spectrum compares to the canonical Garrett–Munk spectrum. Using the data, the authors find correlations between internal wave intensity and seafloor roughness, proximity to the seafloor, and the magnitude of the local barotropic velocity. The measurements also show large seamount-trapped waves at high latitudes and coastally trapped subinertial waves. These observations provide a rough global census of the nature of these waves that can ultimately be...
Queue Proportional Scheduling in Gaussian Broadcast Channels

Queue Proportional Scheduling (QPS) assigns each user a data rate proportional to the number of packets (or bits) in that user's queue. This paper analyzes stability, delay and fairness properties of QPS in a Gaussian broadcast channel (BC). QPS is shown to achieve throughput optimality, and guarantee fairness as well as different priorities among users in terms of average queuing delay. One well known throughput optimal policy for broadcast channels is Maximum Weight Matching Scheduling (MWMS) that maximizes the inner product of the queue state vector and the achievable rate vector. Simulation results with Poisson packet arrivals and exponentially distributed packet lengths demonstrate that QPS provides a significant decrease in average queuing delay compared to MWMS in a Gaussian BC.
A Different Perspective on the Export of Water from the South Atlantic

A different way of looking at the meridional warm water (su , 26.8) flux in the South and North Atlantic is proposed. The approach involves the blending of observational aspects into analytical modeling, which allows one to circumvent finding a detailed solution to the complete wind‐thermohaline problem. The method employs an integration of the momentum equations along a ‘‘horseshoe’’ path in a rectangular basin that is open on the southern side. The initial model considered involves a northward flowing upper layer, a stagnant intermediate layer, and a southward flowing deep layer. By choosing the integration path to begin at one separation point (the Brazil Current separation from South America) and end at another separation point (the Gulf Stream separation), a rather simple expression for the meridional upper-layer transport ( T) is obtained. In this scenario the highlatitude cooling affects the warm water northward transport through its influence on the latitude of the western boundary current separation. The authors find that the combined transport (i.e., the transport induced by both wind and high-latitude cooling) is given by T 5 # (t l/r) dl/( f 1 2 f 2), where f 1 and f 2 are the Coriolis parameters along the northern and southern separation latitudes (i.e., f 2 , 0), and t l is the wind stress along the integration path ( l ). The amount of highlatitude cooling that causes the deep-water formation in the North Atlantic does not enter this relationship explicitly but it does enter the calculations implicitly (through the position of the separation points that adjust to the cooling). Process-oriented numerical experiments, which were conducted using MICOM, are in excellent agreement with the above formula. Surprisingly, application of the formula to the Atlantic gives a transport of less than one Sverdrup (Sv [ 106 m3 s21), an amount that is insignificant compared to the frequently quoted values (10‐20 Sv). This questions the common suggestion that surface Atlantic Water flows northward and sinks in high latitude due to wind and high-latitude cooling alone. The difficulty is resolved when a low or midlatitude conversion of Atlantic Inter
Advancing accountability theory and practice: Introduction to the human resource management review special edition

Abstract Over the past several years, scholars have increased their attention to the phenomenon of accountability. These efforts come largely from social psychology, where accountability is viewed as a description of a category of causal factors of behavior in social settings. Indeed, the developments have been substantial, and studies have been fruitful. Undergirding these efforts are various conceptualizations of accountability which have elements in common, although they also have some points of difference and others of unclear connectedness. In an effort to provide a broad framework as a step toward a cogent theory of accountability, Frink and Klimoski [Frink, D. D., & Klimoski, R. J. (1998). Toward a theory of accountability in organizations and human resources management. In G. R. Ferris, (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 16, pp. 1–51). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press] advanced a role theory framework describing the accountability phenomenon. As a next step, this special edition of Human Resource Management Review (HRMR) brings together several authors with expertise in varied theoretical domains, and presents their views of how that framework may or may not be useful in examining their topic of expertise. As may be expected, the result is a creative and refreshing series of papers incorporating multiple levels of analysis and covering a spectrum of topics that are both novel for accountability perspectives as well as interesting and important for organizational scholarship and practice. This edition begins with this introduction piece which sets forth a synopsis of the Frink and Klimoski platform and then introduces the papers that comprise this edition.
MATING BEHAVIOR OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) VI. SITE OF EARLY-SEASON ENCOUNTERS

Field observations of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) adults on apple and hawthorn trees revealed that mating encounters occur on leaves in early-season and shift to fruit with the onset of oviposition. Most matings on leaves are initiated from a male frontal approach to the female and most of those on fruit from a rear approach while the female is engaged in some phase of oviposition behavior. This suggests that matings on fruit may be forced matings with unreceptive females.
Media-Savvy Scientific Literacy: Developing Critical Evaluation Skills by Investigating Scientific Claims

Students must learn content knowledge and develop scientific literacy skills to evaluate and use scientific information in real-world situations. Recognizing the accessibility of scientific information to the average citizen, we developed an instructional approach to help students learn how to judge the quality of claims. We describe a project-based applied learning (PAL) approach that utilizes engaging questions about biological issues relevant to students. Working through these projects, students are challenged to evaluate sources of information and communicate their understanding of scientific claims. We discuss challenges that students encounter and offer suggestions for enacting this approach in a general-education college classroom.
Loss of charged versus neutral heme from gaseous holomyoglobin ions

The dissociation of holomyoglobin ions ranging in charge state from +10 to +2 has been studied using collisional activation in a quadrupole ion trap. Collisional activation times and amplitudes were varied to investigate the effects of these variables on dissociation of the heme group from the holoprotein. The onset of neutral heme loss occurs at a lower activation amplitude than loss of charged heme. For solutions of ferri-myoglobin, charged heme loss was prominent for +10 to +4 holomyoglobin ions, while neutral heme loss product was found to be dominant for charge states +3 and +2. For any given charge state, activation of holomyoglobin ions from a solution containing primarily ferro-myoglobin yielded significantly more abundant neutral heme loss products than was observed for activation of ions from solutions containing primarily ferri-myoglobin. The relative concentrations of the two oxidation states were shown to be affected by redox chemistry within the nano-electrospray emitter used in this work. Results from a double activation experiment revealed that the precursor ions of a given charge state contained a mixture of two populations, with ferro-myoglobin giving rise to neutral heme loss upon dissociation and ferri-myoglobin yielding charged heme. No evidence for electron transfer upon collisional activation of ferri-myoglobin ions was observed. Furthermore, little or no evidence for electron transfer associated with ion/ion reactions with anions derived from perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane was observed. Definitive results could not be drawn for the lowest precursor ion charge states (+3 and +2) due to low dissociation efficiencies.
Analysis of Cross-Sectional Univariate Measurements for Family Dyads Using Linear Mixed Modeling

Outcome measurements from members of the same family are likely correlated. Such intrafamilial correlation (IFC) is an important dimension of the family as a unit but is not always accounted for in analyses of family data. This article demonstrates the use of linear mixed modeling to account for IFC in the important special case of univariate measurements for family dyads collected at a single point in time. Example analyses of data from partnered parents having a child with a chronic condition on their child's adaptation to the condition and on the family's general functioning and management of the condition are provided. Analyses of this kind are reasonably straightforward to generate with popular statistical tools. Thus, it is recommended that IFC be reported as standard practice reflecting the fact that a family dyad is more than just the aggregate of two individuals. Moreover, not accounting for IFC can affect the conclusions.
Crustal structure of the Whipple Mountains, southeastern California: a refraction study across a region of large continental extension

Summary. Closely spaced refraction profiling across the Whipple Mountains metamorphic core complex in southeastern California yields a complex picture of crustal structure in this region of large continental extension. A NE-directed profile, parallel to the extension direction, reveals a high-velocity mid-crustal layer (6.6-6.8 km s -’ ) at 16-18 km depth, bounded above and below by laterally discontinuous low-velocity zones (~6.0 km s-’). In marked contrast, a NW-dnected profile shows a more uniform 6.0 km s-’ crust down to the crust-mantle boundary. The apparent contrast between these two perpendicular profiles may be related not only to a more complex geologic structure in the NW-SE direction, but also to velocity anisotropy associated with mid-crustal mylonites. Despite the differences between the two refraction profiles, both define a flat Moho at 26-27 km depth with an associated upper mantle velocity of 7.8 km s-’. This observation is significant as it suggests that, although the amount of extension has been highly variable regionally, the crust is no thinner beneath the Whipple Mountains (where extension has been extreme) than the surrounding mountain ranges. Such an observation requires either that the crust was considerably thicker prior to extension, or that lateral flow in the lower crust and/or inflation of the crust via magmatism occurred contemporaneous with extension.