cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A House of Straw: Academic Freedom and the Winds of Belief

The appearance of David Horowitz's polemic The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America has apparently inspired at least some members of the International Studies Association to do a bit of soul searching on the nature of academic freedom (Horowitz 2006). The problem, as I understand it, is this: it is tempting and perhaps rather natural for scholars to want to defend against Horowitz's attack on the academic community by invoking the precious right of academic freedom. But Horowitz has preempted this move by insisting that academic freedom is actually jeopardized by ideological lefties who are busy capturing the academic marketplace to further their own political ends. So, which side of this little spat is justified in running up the banner of academic freedom in defense of its own ends? I doubt I will have much to say by way of answering this question, for my aim here is not to take sides but to see if it might be possible to diffuse the issue somewhat. Those of us who toil away in the halls of academia have reason to take Horowitz's criticisms seriously, to examine our own behavior against the background of his concerns, and to appreciate, in turn, the responsibilities that come with claims of a right to academic freedom. This, in any event, introduces the focus of the discussion to follow. That Horowitz has pressed his criticisms in an irritating, sloppy, and clumsy fashion is of no concern to me here. Horowitz's book is, in many ways, quite silly, and when measured against ordinary scholarly standards of careful research, thoughtful analysis, and compelling argument, it is also in many ways quite bad. What irritates most about Horowitz's work is the way it rather cavalierly charges most all the faculty of American colleges and universities of unprofessionalism …
Transformulation: Structural translation

Abstract Translation may be viewed amorphously as the rendition of a text from one language to another. This is translation from the standpoint of la parole: the text, the act of speech or writing, is the thing. Or it may be viewed as a systematic comparison of two languages : this is translation from the standpoint of la langue. But the system in the comparison has been one-sided. There has been plenty of system in bilingual dictionaries: English dog translates French chien, and not an item in the interminable list has been overlooked if we could help it. In the grammar, even our manner of talking betrays our want of method. We reject I to him talk often as a rendition of Je lui parle souvent because it is “too literal”, when we should complain of it because it is incomplete. In our dictionaries we range lexical parallels beside one another and call them “equivalents”, and in our grammars we range structural parallels beside one another and call them “contrasts”-hearkening in the first to the similar mea...
Methodological Issues in Delinquency Research: Some Alternative Analyses of Geographically Distributed Data

To assess the substantive importance of methodological issues identified in a series of critiques of delinquency area studies, a carefully focused reanalysis was undertaken using data analyzed in an earlier study. The modification of factor analytic procedures to avoid mistakes identified in these critiques produced a clearer picture of the factors reflected in the variables used to describe 100 Indianapolis census tracts but also necessitated alternative treatments of census tract delinquency rates. An examination of results produced by these treatments, which included (1) a modified social area analysis, (2) a modified predictive attribute analysis, and (3) an analysis of covariance, clearly indicates that correction of the methodological shortcomings requires little or no modification of the substantive conclusions about the relative importance of economic, family, and racial factors presented by studies published prior to 1967. Studies of the residential distribution of children charged with delinquency in urban areas have been criticized on methodological grounds almost from their inception.1 In recent years, the most impressive methodological critiques of such studies appeared in 1967 when Hirschi and Selvin published their appraisal of analytic methods used in delinquency research, Gordon assessed studies by Lander (1954), Bordua (1958-59), and Chilton (1964), and Wilk's review of ecological studies of the correlates of crime and delinquency was published by the National Crime Commission.2 These critiques either identified or reemphasized a number of problems in correlational studies of geographically distributed dataproblems they did not always resolve. An examination of the nature of a few of these critiques indicates why this was sometimes the
Monopolar and dipolar vortex solitons in two space dimensions

Abstract We compute solitary waves which solve Δu - y 2 u - (u + yu 2 ) c = 0 where c is the phase speed in the x direction and y = 0 is the equator. This equation is a heuristic model for Rossby waves on the “equatorial beta-plane” in geophysical fluid dynamics. For positive c only, there are one-signed solutions (“monopole vortices”) which are centered in the middle latitudes. When c ϵ[−∞, − 1 3 or c > 0 , there are dipoles which have matching vortices of opposite sign in each hemisphere. A third class of solutions is composed of equator-spanning monopoles that are unsymmetric in y. In addition to these families of strict solitary waves, there are also quadrapole vortices which are “weakly non-local solitons” in the sense that they almost meet the usual criterion for solitary waves except for a weak—very weak—radiation to infinity. Orthogonal rational Chebyshev functions and Newton's iteration are used to compute numerical solutions, but four analytic approximations are also derived. Although the equation is only a crude model of geophysical waves, its rich diversity offers a good education in solitary waves in two space dimensions.
The prediction of lumbar spine geometry: method development and validation

Objectives. To develop and validate a new method of predicting the neutral lumbar spine curve from external (non-invasive electrogoniometer) measurements. Background. Non-invasive techniques for lumbar spine geometry prediction suffer from a lack of a complete geometry description, problems with applicability to field conditions, or both. Methods.The study consisted of three steps. First, utilizing lateral imaging (MRI and X-ray pictures) of the lumbosacral junction, the torso geometry was described using measures of lumbar lordosis via the Cobb method. Second, the relationship between imaging based measurement of lumbar spinal curvature and externally measured torso flexion angle in the sagittal plane using a goniometer was determined. Finally, method validation was performed with an independent set of nine subjects. The predicted lumbar spine curve was determined and the prediction errors were analyzed against the measured curves from digitized lateral X-ray images of the lumbosacral junction. Results.The shape of the lumbar curve was described as function of three externally measured parameters. The lumbar spine Cobb angle, segmental centroid positions (S1� T12), and segmental orientations were predicted from the external lumbar motion monitor measurements, with average precisions of 5.8� , 4.4 mm, and 3.9� , respectively. Conclusions.The position and orientation of each segment (vertebrae and disc), along with the lumbar spine lordosis, can be predicted in the neutral posture using data from back angular measurements.
Digital image correlation analysis of the deformation behavior of Pb-free solders at intermediate strain rates

Digital image correlation (DIC) is a powerful tool for quantifying local stresses and strains. The demand for environmentally benign Pb-free solders and the push toward smaller portable electronics will make it more likely for solder interconnects to en-counter mechanical shock through dropping or mishandling. Thus, quantifying the strain rate behavior of Pb-free solders from the quasi-static to the shock regime is essential for developing reliable numerical models of the mechanical shock behavior. In this paper we report on the use of DIC to measure the local strain and strain rate occurring in the neck of Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu specimens, at the onset of necking. Tensile tests were conducted in the range 10−3s−1–30 s−1. A parametric study was conducted to identify the optimum DIC parameters for the experimental setup. The effect of microstructure and applied strain rate on the local values of strain and strain rate is discussed
Developing qualitative research questions: a reflective process

The reflective and interrogative processes required for developing effective qualitative research questions can give shape and direction to a study in ways that are often underestimated. Good research questions do not necessarily produce good research, but poorly conceived or constructed questions will likely create problems that affect all subsequent stages of a study. In qualitative studies, the ongoing process of questioning is an integral part of understanding the unfolding lives and perspectives of others. This article addresses both the development of initial research questions and how the processes of generating and refining questions are critical to the shaping of a qualitative study.
Physical activity for the chronically ill and disabled.

Exercise prescription principles for persons without chronic disease and/or disability are based on well developed scientific information. While there are varied objectives for being physically active, including enhancing physical fitness, promoting health by reducing the risk for chronic disease and ensuring safety during exercise participation, the essence of the exercise prescription is based on individual interests, health needs and clinical status, and therefore the aforementioned goals do not always carry equal weight. In the same manner, the principles of exercise prescription for persons with chronic disease and/or disability should place more emphasis on the patient's clinical status and, as a result, the exercise mode, intensity, frequency and duration are usually modified according to their clinical condition. Presently, these exercise prescription principles have been scientifically defined for clients with coronary heart disease. However, other diseases and/or disabilities have been studied less (e.g. renal failure, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, cerebral palsy). This article reviews these issues with specific reference to persons with chronic diseases and disabilities.
Flow Properties Of Encapsulated Milkfat Powders as Affected by Flow Agent

Food powders containing softer cores of fatty or flavor components present handling problems, as such powders are generally of very low density and mostly non free-flowing. Three classes of flow conditioners [silica, silicate and stearate], at three levels of concentration, were evaluated to determine effects on bulk and flow properties of sucrose, lactose and modified corn starch as well as butter oil powders encapsulated with the same materials. Silica and silicate were generally effective in improving bulk properties but only silica was effective in improving flow-ability of unencapsulated powders as well as lactose-encapsulated butteroil powder. Washing with isopropanol was effective in improving flow only with the lactose-encapsulated butteroil powder. Butteroil encapsulated in lactose had flow characteristics similar to lactose.
Effect of the age of B6C3F1 mice on phenobarbital promotion of diethylnitrosamine-initiated liver tumors.

Abstract Chronic exposure to phenobarbital (PB) in the drinking water of male B6C3F1 mice starting at 4 weeks of age and subsequent to a single (ip) injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) administered on Day 15 of age has been shown to result in the inhibition of hepatic tumor formation. In this study, we varied the time of onset of PB administration to determine if sexual maturity would affect liver tumor formation and progression. Male B6C3F1 mice were divided into eight groups. Groups 1–4 received a single (ip) dose of 5 mg/kg DENA at 15 days of age while mice in groups 5–8 received saline. At weaning (4 weeks of age), groups 1 and 5 received deionized drinking water (DDW) for 24 weeks; groups 2 and 6 received PB (500 ppm) in the drinking water (PB DW) for 16 weeks followed by DDW for 8 weeks; groups 3 and 7 received DDW for 4 weeks, PB DW for 16 weeks, and then DDW for 4 weeks; and groups 4 and 8 received DDW for 8 weeks and PB DW for 16 weeks. Mice were killed at 28 weeks of age and hepatic lesions were evaluated. Mice which did not receive DENA (groups 5–8) exhibited no liver tumors. Animals in groups 1–4 exhibited hepatocellular foci and adenomas. PB treatment in groups 2, 3, or 4 resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of DENA-initiated hepatocellular foci and adenomas when compared to those observed in group 1. The number of foci in group 4 was significantly decreased compared to those in groups 2 and 3. There was no significant difference in the adenoma incidence among groups 2, 3, and 4. No significant differences were observed in the sizes of foci or adenomas among groups 1–4. Data from this study suggest that the inhibition of hepatocellular tumorigenesis by PB remains intact even when the start of the administration of PB is withheld up to 12 weeks of age.
Measurement of Urinary Free Corticoids by Competitive Protein-Binding Radioassay in Hypoadrenal States

ABSTRACT A modification of Murphy's competitive protein-binding radioassay for the measurement of urinary free corticoids in the low range is described. The modification includes the washing of the dichloromethane extract of urine, measurement of different-sized aliquots of the extract, and the use of a 3H-corticosterone labeled human plasma pool and Florisil adsorbent. These changes in the method are easily done and improve the precision of the assay enough to establish a lower limit of urinary free corticoid excretion in normal subjects. Urinary free corticoid excretion in normal subjects ranged between 16 and 71 μg/24 hr, with an average of 33 μg/24 hr. Patients with symptomatic adrenal insufficiency due to hypopituitarism, Addison's disease, or after withdrawal from long-term steroid therapy had values which ranged between 0 and 14 μg/24 hr. The validity of the results obtained by this direct extraction technique compares favorably with chromatographic methods using isotope dilution and double isotope...
Scattering by pure seawater at high salinity

A new model for seawater scattering was developed, in which Gibbs function was used exclusively to derive the thermodynamic parameters that are associated with density fluctuation. Because Gibbs function was determined empirically from highly accurate measurements of a group of thermodynamic variables and is valid for S(A) up to 120 g kg(-1) (Deep-Sea Research I, 55, 1639, 2008), we expect the model is also valid over the extended range of salinity. The model agrees with the measurements by Morel (Cahiers Oceanographiques, 20, 157, 1968) with an average difference of -0.6% for S = 0 and 2.7% for S = 38.4. The scattering by seawater as predicted increases with salinity in a non-linear fashion, and linear extrapolation of scattering based on Morel's measurements would overestimate by up to 30%. The extrapolation of ZHH09 model (Optics Express, 17, 5698, 2009), which is valid for S(A) up to 40 g kg(-1), however, agrees with the prediction within +/- 2.5% over the entire range of salinity. Even though there are no measurements available for validation, the results suggested that the uncertainty is limited in using the newly developed model in estimating the scattering by seawater of high salinity.
A sample path analysis of M/GI/1 queues with workload restrictions

A simple random time change is used to analyze M/GI/1 queues with workload restrictions. The types of restrictions considered include workload bounds and rejection of jobs whose waiting times exceed a (possibly random) threshold. Load dependent service rates and vacations are also allowed and in each case the steady state distribution of the workload process for the system with workload restrictions is obtained in terms of that of the corresponding M/ GI/1 queue without restrictions. The novel sample path arguments used simplify and generalize previous results.
Excluding a Long Double Path Minor

The “height” of a graphGis defined to be the number of steps to constructGby two simple graph operations. LetBnbe the graph obtained from ann-edge path by doubling each edge in parallel. Then, for any minor-closed class G of graphs, the following are proved to be equivalent: (1) SomeBnis not in G; (2) There is a numberhsuch that every graph in G has height at mosth; (3) G is well-quasi-ordered by the topological minor relation; (4) There is a polynomial functionp(·) such that the number of paths of every graphGin G is at mostp(|V(G)|+|E(G)|).
On the Probabilities of Obtaining Negative Estimates of Genetic Variance Components

This paper derives the probabilities of obtaining negative estimates of additive and dominance genetic variances when one uses the traditional weighted least square method for estimating genetic variances as given in MATHER and JINKS (1971). The model considered involves P1, P2, F2, B1 (Backcross to P1) and B2 (Backcross to P2). The results are derived under the ordinary assumptions as made in the genetic literatures. It is shown that unless the genetic effects are very large and environmental effects small, the probabilities of obtaining negative estimates of additive and dominance variances are in general quite large.
3D OBJECT FEATURE EXTRACTION BASED ON SHAPE SIMILARITY

We introduce two complementary feature extraction methods for shape similarity based retrieval of 3D object models. The proposed methods lead us to achieve effectiveness and robustness in searching similar 3D models, and eventually support two essential query modes, namely, query by 3D model and query by 2D image. Our feature extraction scheme is inspired by the observation of human behavior in recognizing 3D objects. The process of extracting spatial arrangement from a 3D object can be considered as using human tactile sensation without visual information. On the other hand, the process of extracting 2D features from multiple views can be considered as examining an object by moving the viewing points (or camera positions). We propose a hybrid method of 3D model identification by object-centered feature extraction, which utilizes the Extended Gaussian Image (EGI) surface normal distribution and distance distributions between object surface points and origin. Another technique need in parallel is a hybrid ...
Kinetics of reduction of absorbed reactants in normal pulse voltammetry

Abstract A simple model is proposed for the totally irreversible reduction of adsorbed material and exemplary calculations are used to display its features. A statistically sound optimization method equivalent to the method of maximum likelihood and implemented by the COOL algorithm is employed to extract kinetic parameters from normal pulse voltammetric data for reduction of midazolam (8-chloro-6-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine) at a mercury electrode. The quality of results is contrasted with that obtained from conventional graphical methods.
Creative use of technology for distracting children for MRIs.

The pediatric nurse plays an important role in preparing the child for a MRI procedure. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) is an important diagnostic tool used to distinguish pathologic tissue from normal tissue and has increased in use in recent years due to advances in the technology (Schulte-Uentrop & Goepfert, 2010). Using a strong magnetic field to obtain an image, there are many advantages to MRIs. MRI is harmless to the patient as there is no ionizing radiation like in computed tomography (CAT) scans or X-rays. In addition, the image that MRIs produce can be inverted and adjusted regardless of the patient's position. While an important diagnostic tool, there are also disadvantages to MRIs, especially for children. In order to obtain a clear image, the patient must remain still for up to an hour or longer while in the MRI machine; any motion will degrade the quality of image (Schulte-Uentrop & Goepfert, 2010). Undoubtedly, remaining still for a prolonged period can be a challenge for a child. MRI machines are typically long narrow tubes, and the procedure itself is noisy (Schulte-Uentrop & Goepfert, 2010). Children may experience boredom, stress, anxiety, and, in some cases, claustrophobia. To achieve a quality image, most pediatric patients require sedation or general anesthesia to complete an MRI; however, this is not without risks and expense (Edwards & Arthurs, 2011). The purpose of this article is to describe technology that has been used to distract children as an alternative to sedation for MRIs. Sedating children for an MRI is a common practice but not without risks and costs. Potential consequences include hypoxia, idiopathic hyperactivity, and increased costs of personnel to assist in the procedure and patient recovery time (Harned & Stained, 2001). Infants or young children who are unable to remain still for an MRI may need to be sedated or placed under general anesthesia (Schulte-Uentrop & Goep-
The spirit of discovery an appreciation of the work of Marconi

It is not often that historical records show the name of a man credited with two basic discoveries. When a man has made three, then his attitude toward problems and how he solved them merit study. Major Armstrong makes such an analysis of Guglielmo Marconi's three great discoveries in the field of radio transmission and reception.
An evaluation of postadjustment polishing techniques for porcelain denture teeth

Eleven commonly used methods of adjusting and polishing porcelain denture teeth were evaluated. They were compared to the surface of an unaltered denture tooth. Three methods (7, 10, and 11) resulted in surfaces which appeared polished under visual examination. These three methods produced finished surfaces comparable to the unaltered tooth. In attempting to avoid the undesirable sequelae of occlusal wear due to friction, the dentist may choose one of these techniques to complete the adjustment of vacuum-fired porcelain denture teeth prior to placement of the denture. Clinical significance of slight differences in surface roughness must be assessed through carefully controlled patient studies.
TECHNIQUE AND RESULTS OF LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLEDOCHOTOMY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BILE DUCT CALCULI

Laparoscopic choledochotomy has been performed in 50 patients to remove common bile duct calculi demonstrated on routine operative cholangiography at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients ranged from 16 to 91 years old. One patient died, giving a mortality of 2%. At postoperative T-tube cholangiography, retained stones were demonstrated in three patients (6%) with all stones being removed using a choledochoscope via the T-tube track. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration via a choledochotomy is a feasible and effective method to manage common bile duct calculi demonstrated during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Interaction of cholesterol with conformationally restricted phospholipids in vesicles.

Abstract The interaction of cholesterol with conformationally restricted analogs of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) in the liquid-crystalline phase has been studied in vesicles. These analogs contain one of three cyclopentane triols in place of the glycerol moiety found in natural phospholipids and make possible an analysis of whether a limitation of the conformational mobility in the glycerol backbone region affects the interaction with cholesterol. When cholesterol was incorporated into vesicles from cyclopentanoid phospholipids in which the acyl group vicinal to the head group is trans , the first-order rate constant for Cl efflux is decreased similarly to that in vesicles from ‘natural’ DPPC or DPPG (about 50%). However, when the head group is in the unnatural 2 position, cholesterol has a much smaller effect on the rate of Cl efflux (a decrease of about 20%). Cholesterol decreased the rate constants for valinomycin-mediated 86 Rb + efflux from vesicles of the cyclopentanoid PC analogs and of DPPC to a similar extent. The half-time values for spontaneous intervesicle cholesterol exchange were not markedly different using vesicles prepared with the natural glycerophospholipids and with the cyclopentanophospholipids, suggesting that the geometrical orientation of the acyl chains or the head group has little influence on cholesterol desorption from the lipid/water interface.
Estrogen-dependent sushi domain containing 3 regulates cytoskeleton organization and migration in breast cancer cells

Estrogen-dependent sushi domain containing 3 regulates cytoskeleton organization and migration in breast cancer cells
Isoprenol biosynthesis in the fly, Sarcophaga bullata☆

Abstract Biosynthesis of the isoprenols, geraniol, farnesol, nerolidol, and geranylgeraniol, from [2- 14 C]mevalonic acid is described in the fly, Sarcophaga bullata . Each was identified by thin-layer and gas chromatographic, infra-red spectroscopic, and mass spectrometric analyses. These isoprenols underwent structural rearrangement when acid hydrolysis was used to isolate them from their pyrophosphates. Most of the farnesyl pyrophosphate was converted to nerolidol, while only a fraction of the geranyl pyrophosphate was changed to its isomers. Since farnesol is the major isoprenol product of the in vivo incubation, we conclude that this insect is capable of isoprenoid biosynthesis at least to this point, and that the block in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway lies beyond.
Sources of spatial welfare disparities in Indonesia: Household endowments or returns?

Abstract This article investigates (i) the extent to which the differences in the standard of living among districts in Indonesia are due to differences in the marginal welfare gains (returns) associated with household mobile endowments or differences in household endowments themselves; and (ii) whether the current allocation of fiscal expenditures by the central authorities is related to the main determinants of the spatial disparities in welfare among districts. Differences in the returns to household mobile characteristics are found to be the primary explanation of the welfare differences. The allocation of fiscal transfers to districts is found to be based on “needs” defined as low returns to household mobile endowments. This also suggests that the design of the fiscal transfer system is consistent with promoting the opportunities for welfare across districts as opposed to equalizing the level of welfare itself. Finally, the marginal welfare gains of most household mobile endowments are found to be higher in districts with more roads.
Improving fracture resistance of laminar textile composites by third direction reinforcement

Abstract The fracture behavior of multidirectional laminar composites was investigated. Two-and three-dimensional composites were fabricated and tested for this purpose. The effects of third direction fibers on composite mechanical properties were examined. Effects of fiber orientation, stitch density and configuration on resistance to crack propagation and the suppression of delamination were studied. Damage resistance, flexural and shear strength were investigated as a function of distribution of the third direction fibers. The effects of fiber damage due to stitching on the mechanical properties of composites were examined. A new stitching method was developed which successfully eliminated the fiber damage. Delamination was reduced and shear strength and impact energy were increased in properly stitched 3-D composites.
Diversity of larger free-living nematodes from macrobenthos (>250 μm) in the Arctic deep-sea Canada Basin

Nematodes were examined from 35 macrofauna samples (>250 μm, 0.03-0.06 m2 per box core sample) from the Arctic deep sea covering a depth range of 640-3,848 m and a geographic area from the Chukchi Cap in the west and to Amundsen Gulf in the east. The samples comprised a total of 25 families and 84 genera. Abundances ranged from 0-6800 ind m-2 with considerably higher abundances at the Chukchi Sea slope and in Amundsen Gulf than in the Canada Basin abyss and at Chukchi Borderland stations. Genus richness per station ranged from 0 to 32, with overall high evenness at all locations (>0.9). The Comesomatidae was the dominant family, followed by the Oncholaimidae and comprised 39% and 16% respectively of the total nematode fauna. The dominant genus was Sabatieria, followed by Viscosia. Overall, taxonomic composition differed from meiofaunal studies (≥32 μm to 1 mm) by the common occurrence of the Oncholaimidae and Thoracostomopsidae, which consists of predatory and omnivorous genera and the deposit feeders, Leptosomatidae, Phanodermatidae. We attribute the difference to the large size of these nematodes related to the recovery from macrofauna samples. The dominant feeding group, non-selective deposit feeders was dominated by Sabatieria. The epigrowth feeders that are known to feed on diatoms were least represented. The dominance of large detritivores and deposit-feeding nematodes indicates they play an important role in carbon recycling in the benthic food web.
Internal medicine residents' perceptions of cross-cultural training : Barriers, needs, and educational recommendations

BACKGROUND: Physicians increasingly face the challenge of managing clinical encounters with patients from a range of cultural backgrounds. Despite widespread interest in cross-cultural care, little is known about resident physicians’ perceptions of what will best enable them to provide quality care to diverse patient populations.
Effects of network treatments on perceptions of a political campaign film: Can rhetorical criticism make a difference?

Presented here are the findings from a quasi‐experimental comparison of three network treatments of “A New Beginning,” a campaign film that aroused considerable controversy when the Republicans substituted it for a speech at the 1984 Republican National Convention as a way of getting the networks to air it. Of paramount interest in the study were the effects on viewers of one network's critical preview of the film. Of the three major networks, only NBC elected to air the entire film, but they preceded its showing with a commentary on the film that was far more critical than those by CBS and ABC. Surprisingly, Ss predisposed toward Ronald Reagan did not derogate the NBC treatment of the film, but neither did NBC's criticisms adversely affect perceptions of the film. To the contrary, ratings of the film and network treatments of the film were highest for NBC viewers. The findings are discussed with a view toward assessing the uses and limitations of rhetorical criticism in television coverage of political c...
Modified calix[4]pyrroles

The synthesis and chemical properties of a variety of chemically modified calix[4]pyrroles are described. The effects of structural changes, specifically the presence and absence of substituents on the meso-like and β-pyrrolic carbons, on anion affinities are detailed as is their effect on macrocycle conformation. Also described are unsymmetrical systems, bearing an aliphatic and aromatic substituent on each of the four meso-like carbon atoms. In this case, the properties of the resulting configuration isomers are discussed in terms, again, of the resulting effects on macrocycle conformation and substrate binding affinity. Finally, the use of appropriately functionalized calix[4]pyrrole systems as rudimentary fluorescence-based anion sensors is presented.
The Effect of Local Anesthetics Administered Via Pain Pump on Chondrocyte Viability

BackgroundChondrolysis initiated by postoperative, intra-articular pain pumps has recently been described by multiple institutions.PurposeTo evaluate the in vitro chondrotoxicity of anesthetic formulations commonly used in pain pumps.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsFreshly isolated human articular chondrocytes were cultured for 24-, 48-, and 72-hour trials in a custom bioreactor that mimics the metabolism of synovial fluid. Chondrocytes were perfused in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium 10% fetal bovine serum and one of the following medications: 1 % lidocaine, 1 % lidocaine with epinephrine, 0.25% bupivacaine, 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine, 0.5% bupivacaine, or 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine. Static and perfusion cultures with growth media were used as controls. All experiments were run in duplicate. Live/dead staining was performed, and the ratio of dead: Live cells was assessed by fluorescent microscopy and histomorphometry.ResultsSignificantly more chondrocyte necrosis was foun...
Intracranial aneurysms: Depiction on MR angiograms with a multifeature- extraction, ray-tracing postprocessing algorithm

PURPOSE: To compare a new method for postprocessing data, soft thresholding and depth cueing of unrestricted techniques (STANDOUT), with maximum intensity projection (MIP) for magnetic resonance (MR) angiograms of intracranial aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with 19 intracranial aneurysms were studied. Images generated with STANDOUT were compared with those of MIP for both three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight (TOF) and 3D phase-contrast (PC) techniques. Images were assessed for detection of aneurysms, scored for delineation of aneurysmal features and overall MR angiographic characteristics, and compared with catheter angiograms. RESULTS: Both postprocessing techniques demonstrated aneurysms on most TOF and PC MR angiograms. Statistically significant improvement of aneurysmal features, aneurysmal neck definition, and delineation of adjacent arterial anatomy was seen on both TOF and PC MR angiograms with STANDOUT. Feature definition was most improved for smaller aneurysms. TOF and PC MR...
Polarization signatures of spherical and conical targets measured by Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry

The polarization and depolarization properties of two types of targets have been derived from the experimental determination of their Mueller matrix image. Each polarization signature is deduced from the polar decomposition of the Mueller matrix into images of retardance, diattenuation, polarizance, and depolarization. Different correlations between the polarization parameters and synthesized angle of incidence and angle of scatter images have been developed to determine an approximation of the angle of incidence from the polarization signatures.
Wnt impacts growth and differentiation in ex vivo liver development.

Abstract The Wnt–β-catenin pathway plays a role in liver growth and development. Here, we investigate the direct effect of Wnt-3A on ex vivo liver development. Livers from mouse embryos at day 10 were cultured in serum-free Wnt-3A-conditioned media alone or with HGF and insulin for 72 h and analyzed for histology, proliferation, apoptosis and lineage. Control cultures grown in serum-free conditions or Wnt-3A and sFRP-1 combination display loss of architecture and proliferation and increased apoptosis. In the presence of Wnt-3A, embryonic liver cultures show CK-19-positive cells (biliary phenotype) displaying proliferation, minimal apoptosis and duct-like histological arrangement. HGF and Wnt combination exhibited normal histology as seen in the presence of 10% serum displaying stem cells, hepatocytes and primitive bile ducts. HGF, insulin and Wnt combination provided no additional benefits rather had an overall deleterious effect. Thus, Wnt supports biliary differentiation by enhancing stem cell specification, hepatocyte trans-differentiation and promoting biliary survival. HGF and Wnt combination supports stem cells, hepatocytes and bile ducts. The addition of insulin to the combination of HGF and Wnt provided no growth or differentiation advantage. Our results indicate usefulness of Wnt and HGF in hepatocyte cultures and suggest their balance during normal liver development.
The roles of computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy in influencing the computer end-user's organizational commitment

The study uses data collected by a survey of computer-based medical information system end users in a large hospital in the southeastern United States. The theoretical model examined using this data links several antecedents to the end users' organizational commitment, mediated by computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. These antecedents are past computer experience of the end user, computer staff support for the computer system, ease of system use, and the degree of system use (i.e., percentage of time the system is used by the end user).The empirical results indicate that past computer experience and the degree of system use positively influence the end user's organizational commitment through both computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. These also show that computer staff support and ease of system use positively impact the end user's organizational commitment through outcome expectancy. From these results, conclusions and implications for practicing managers are discussed.
An animal model of hypoxia-induced perinatal seizures

Clinically, neonatal hypoxic encephalopathy is commonly associated with seizure activity. Here we describe a rodent model of cerebral hypoxia in which there is are age dependent effects of hypoxia, with hypoxia inducing seizure activity in the immature rat, but not in the adult. Global hypoxia (3-4% O2) induced acute seizure activity during a window of development between postnatal day (P5-17), peaking at P10-12. Animals which had been rendered hypoxic between P10-12 had long term decreases in seizure threshold, while animals exposed at younger (P5) or older (P60) ages did not. Antagonists of excitatory amino acid (EAA) transmission appear to be superior to benzodiazepines in suppressing the acute and long term effects of perinatal hypoxia, suggesting involvement of the EAA system in these phenomena. No significant histologic damage occurs in this model, suggesting that functional alterations take place in neurons when exposed to an hypoxic insult at a critical developmental stage. Future work is directed at evaluating molecular and cellular events underlying the permanent increase in seizure susceptibility produced by this model.
Identification of dolphin signature whistles using artificial neural networks

Bottlenose dolphins produce individually distinctive `signature whistles'. This paper considers the feasibility of using artificial neural networks to identify individual dolphins using their signature whistles. The proposed scheme uses wavelet analysis to extract salient features from the signature whistles which are then classified by a neural network. Experimental results suggest that wavelet analysis followed by classification by neural networks may provide a reliable means of identifying dolphin signature whistles.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Capping groups and some cases of the Fontaine-Mazur conjecture

In this paper we will prove some cases of the Fontaine-Mazur conjecture. Let p be an odd prime and let G Q,{p} be the Galois group over (Q) of the maximal unramified-outside-p extension of Q. We show that under certain hypotheses, the universal deformation of the action of G Q,{p} on the 2-torsion of an elliptic curve defined over Q has finite image. We compute the associated universal deformation ring, and we show in the process that S 4 caps Q for the prime 2, where S 4 is the double cover of S 4 whose Sylow 2-subgroups are generalized quaternion groups.
AmpC and OprD are not involved in the mechanism of imipenem hypersusceptibility among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates overexpressing the mexCD-oprJ efflux pump

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains that overexpress mexCD-oprJ become hypersusceptible to imipenem. Disruption of AmpC induction has been suggested to cause this phenotype. However, data from this study demonstrate that hypersusceptibility to imipenem can develop without changes in ampC expression or AmpC activity. Furthermore, hypersusceptibility is not caused by changes in expression of the outer membrane porin, OprD.
Low-Volume Aerosol Ground Insecticide Applicator

Ground equipment capable of applying amounts as small as 2 fluid oz/acre of technical malathion has been developed at Beltsville, Md. This equipment consists of an air compressor driven by a 1-cylinder, 4-cycle engine and a compressed-air, hand-operated paint sprayer mounted on the rear of a tractor and delivering the aerosol thus produced under a trailing plastic canopy. A positive on-and-off valve on the sprayer is essential to the consistent flow of material. At 45 psi, the particle size produced by the sprayer was in the aerosol range with all particles less than 50 μ in diameter and with a mass median of about 15 μ in diameter at an output of 60 ml/min.
Water-Related Techniques for Performance of Colonoscopy

Background Passage through difficult colonic segments, cecal intubation rate, time to reach the cecum, procedure-related discomfort, and medication requirement are important outcome measures of a colonoscopic examination. Several techniques of water infusion to aid insertion have been described. Raising awareness of these simple inexpensive methods may help to enhance colonoscopists’ performance. Aim To review water-related methods that facilitated colonoscope insertion. Method A literature search (Medline, PubMed) was conducted using the following terms: sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and water infusion, irrigation, or loading. The effects of water infusion in sedated and unsedated patients are tabulated and discussed. Results Five reports described the use of water infusion in conjunction with usual air insufflation. Enhanced cecal intubation, decreased time to reach the cecum, and attenuated abdominal discomfort were reported. Dose of medication used for sedation was not reduced. The sixth report described a novel method of water infusion in lieu of air insufflation during insertion. When patients accepted sedation on demand, the novel method permitted 52% to complete colonoscopy without sedation. Conclusion Warm water infusion as an adjunct to usual air insufflation enhances colonoscopy outcome. Randomized controlled trials comparing the novel method with usual air insufflation deserve to be considered.
Numerical Study of Film Cooling Enhancement in Gas Turbine Combustor Liner

Combustion chamber or combustor is one of the hottest parts of a gas turbine. Liner is where the actual flame occurs in a combustor and thus, the hottest part of the combustor. The temperature of working fluid inside a liner is about 1200 to 2000K. Because of the hot fluid, the liner is heated up to a temperature almost impossible for the material to withstand. Although the mechanical stresses experienced by the combustor liner are within acceptable limits, high temperatures and large temperature gradients affect the structural integrity of its components, which makes the liner a very critical component of a gas turbine in structural and thermal designs. Film cooling is a traditional method of cooling the inner surface of liner. In film cooling for a combustor, axial holes are drilled along the surface of the liner at discrete locations, through which cold air is injected axially into the liner to provide a film of cool air that prevents direct contact of hot air, and thus, protects the inner wall surface. The film is destroyed in the downstream to the flow because of mixing of cool and hot air. Though this method provides an acceptable cooling, there is a compromise with the increased net benefits of the gas turbine. Therefore, there is a need for new cooling techniques or enhancing the techniques available. The current work is a numerical simulation of film cooling in a model combustor. The effect of coolant injection angles and blowing ratios on film cooling effectiveness is studied. One innovative method, cooling with mist injection, is explored to enhance the performance of film cooling. The effect of droplet size and mist concentration, which can affect the performance of the mist injection, is also analyzed. Fluent, a commercial CFD software, is used in the current work for numerical simulations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Establishment of stable dominance interactions in prairie vole peers: relationships with alcohol drinking and activation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Dominance hierarchies are an important aspect of group-living as they determine individual access to resources. The existence of dominance ranks in access to space has not been described in socially monogamous, communally nesting prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Here, we tested whether dominance could be assessed using the tube test. We also tested whether dominance related to alcohol intake, similar to what has been demonstrated in nonmonogamous species. Same-sex pairs of unfamiliar peers were tested in a series of three trials of the tube test, then paired and allowed individual access to alcohol and water for 4 days, and then tested again in the tube test. For all pairs, the same subjects won the majority of trials before and after alcohol drinking. The number of wins negatively correlated with alcohol intake on the first day of drinking and positively correlated with levels of Fos in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus following the tube test in a separate group of voles. Dominance wa...
Non-opsonic phagocytosis of Legionella pneumophila by macrophages is mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Background Legionella pneumophila, is an intracellular pathogen that causes Legionnaires' disease in humans, a potentially lethal pneumonia. L. pneumophila has the ability to enter and replicate in the host and is essential for pathogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings Phagocytosis was measured by cell invasion assays. Construction of PI3K mutant by PCR cloning and expression of dominant negative mutant was detected by Western blot. PI3K activity was measured by 32P labeling and detection of phospholipids products by thin layer chromatography. Infection of macrophages with virulent L. pneumophila stimulated the formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PIP3), a phosphorylated lipid product of PI3K whereas two structurally distinct phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, reduced L. pneumophila entry into macrophages in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, PI3K activation led to Akt stimulation, a serine/threonine kinase, which was also inhibited by wortmannin and LY294002. In contrast, PI3K and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) activities were lower in macrophages infected with an avirulent bacterial strain. Only virulent L. pneumophila increased lipid kinase activity present in immunoprecipitates of the p85α subunit of class I PI3K and tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. In addition, macrophages expressing a specific dominant negative mutant of PI3K reduced L. pneumophila entry into these cells. Conclusion/Significance Entry of L. pneumophila is mediated by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These results suggest an important role for PI3K and Akt in the L. pneumophila infection process. They point to possible novel strategies for undermining L. pneumophila host uptake and reducing pathogenesis of Legionnaires' disease.