cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Uptake of [3H]α-Tocopherol from Low Density Lipoprotein by Cultured Human Fibroblasts

Studies were performed to determine the mechanism of entry of [3H]alpha-tocopherol from low density lipoprotein into cultured human fibroblasts. The cellular uptake of alpha-tocopherol at 37 degrees C was significantly different in time- and concentration-dependent experiments between normal fibroblasts and mutant fibroblasts that lack the membrane receptor for low density lipoprotein. The uptake by normal cells of both 125I-labeled low density lipoprotein and [3H]alpha-tocopherol was significantly lower at 4 degrees C where endocytosis does not occur, compared to 37 degrees C where it does occur. Also, the cellular uptake of both [3H]vitamin E and 125I-labeled low density lipoprotein was much lower when the lipoprotein was modified by methylation, which prevented its binding by the receptor, than when the native lipoprotein was measured. Although passive transfer and exchange cannot be excluded as mechanisms of entry, these data indicate that the majority of the alpha-tocopherol enters the cell with the intact lipoprotein particle. This finding is in contrast to several other hydrophobic compounds which reportedly transfer from the lipoprotein into the cell even in the absence of the lipoprotein receptor.
The dysexecutive syndromes.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the dysexecutive syndromes, underlying processing deficits, pathophysiology, clinical assessment, and treatment strategies. Dysexecutive syndromes can develop for numerous reasons. The common factor underlying all dysexecutive syndromes are damage to or disruption of frontal networks (frontal cortex and its connections). Neurodegenerative diseases, CNS infections, traumatic brain injury, neurodevelopmental conditions such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that emerge in childhood are few factors that give rise to dysexecutive syndromes. Clinical assessment of executive functions is also described in the chapter. There are pharmacological and behavioral strategies to help individuals with dysexecutive functioning. Executive functions are among the most valued components of being human. When executive functions fail, the cost to individuals and those who care for them can be extraordinary. There seems to be an increase in growth of clinical assessment tools, diagnostic procedures, and environmental and pharmacological strategies to manage executive dysfunction.
Do actions speak louder than words? A comparative perspective on implicit versus explicit meta-cognition and theory of mind.

Research in non-human animal (hereafter, animal) cognition has found strong evidence that some animal species are capable of meta-cognitively monitoring their mental states. They know when they know and when they do not know. In contrast, animals have generally not shown robust theory of mind (ToM) capabilities. Comparative research uses methods that are non-verbal, and thus might easily be labelled ‘implicit’ using the terminology of traditional human cognition. However, comparative psychology has developed several non-verbal methods that are designed to test for aspects of meta-cognition that – while perhaps not fully explicit – go beyond the merely implicit or associative. We believe similar methods might be useful to developmental researchers who work with young children, and may provide a sound empirical alternative to verbal reports. Comparative psychology has moved away from all-or-none categorical labels (e.g., ‘implicit’ vs. ‘explicit’) towards a theoretical framework that contains a spectrum of mental abilities ranging from implicit to explicit, and from associative to cognitive to fully conscious. We discuss how this same framework might be applied to developmental psychology when it comes to implicit versus explicit processing and ToM.
Technical Change and Measuring Pollution Abatement Costs: An Activity Analysis Framework

The cornerstones of studies that estimate the effectof environmental regulations on an economy areestimates of the pollution abatement costs incurred bythe manufacturing and electric utility sectors.However, there are concerns regarding the accuracy ofthe surveys used to generate these cost estimates.This paper demonstrates that technical change tends toresult in an increasing share of pollution abatementcosts being impossible to measure. This finding hasimportant implications for estimating the productivityeffects of environmental regulations, developingregulatory budgets, and data collection effortsrelated to environmental accounting.
COMAG-III: a 2-D MHD code for helical CMF generators

COMAG-III is a two-dimensional MHD code which was constructed to study the characteristics of compressed magnetic field generators which incorporate a helically wound output coil. The code is an improved and generalized version of COMAG-I, which was based on a self-consistent coupling of an Eulerian material response treatment with a magnetic field solver which included non-linear diffusion. COMAG-I also included Joule heating, Lorentz forces, a circuit equation to couple to an external load, a model for explosive burn, a detailed equation of state with a mixed phase capability, and a treatment of fracture and spall. In addition to these capabilities, COMAG-III can treat coils with turn-splitting (a technique used to reduce heating effects), and armatures having an arbitrary shape; it also can now include up to ten different materials and has a more general variable zoning capability. Sample results are described.
THz waveguides for efficient THz parametric conversion

We have considered slab and rib waveguides for THz waves to improve the efficiency' for THz parametric conversion. We show that for a quasi-single-mode slab waveguide, periodic poling is no longer necessary for achieving phase matching.
A Hybrid-Switching Based Bridgeless PFC Converter for On-Board Battery Chargers using Predictive Current Control

This paper presents a hybrid-switching based bridgeless PFC converter for on-board battery chargers. Using this novel topology the front-end full-bridge rectifier has been eliminated resulting in performance, size, and cost advantage over conventional bridge type PFC converters. Unity power factor and very low total harmonic distortion (THD) is achieved over wide input voltage and load current range using Predictive Current Control (PCC) for Hybrid-switching based bridgeless PFC converter. The control law is derived for an accurate model of the converter including parasitic elements. To investigate the dynamic performance of the PFC rectifier, the small-signal models are derived. Input voltage feed-forward compensation provides sinusoidal input current and a desired output voltage even if the input voltage is distorted. Simulation results show the effectiveness of using predictive current control for the hybrid-switching based bridgeless PFC converter.
Ultimate contact resistance scaling enabled by an accurate contact resistivity extraction methodology for sub-20 nm node

The S/D-to-silicide contact resistivity is accurately extracted from state-of-the-art CMOS devices based on a new extraction methodology featuring parasitic and geometric corrections. With this sensitive extraction methodology and advanced S/D formation processes, low 10-8 Omega-cm2 CMOS contact resistivity meeting 2007 ITRS projection for sub-20 nm technologies is demonstrated. In the quest for less dominant contact resistance and therefore lower overall parasitic resistance, this work also reveals that the scaling of plug-to-spacer pitch and S/D sheet resistance becomes equally crucial as the scaling of contact resistivity.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE HARDEN-YOUNG EFFECT IN ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION OF YEAST PREPARATIONS

SUMMARY The fermentation of glucose in quickly dried brewers’ yeast proceeds without a break in the rate of fermentation until as much CO1 is produced (in excess of the blank) as corresponds to the complete fermentation of the sugar. At the same time no phosphate esters accumulate; on the contrary, the inorganic phosphate increases somewhat by the breakdown of the stored organic esters. If the ATPase inhibitors are applied to this yeast, the Harden-Young effect appears; the break in the fermentation curve occurs if either free phosphate or the free sugar is exhausted. At the same time, hexose esters, mostly hexose diphosphate, accumulate. The adsorbed ATPase in the quickly dried yeast is inhibited by higher members of the narcotic series: octyl alcohol, phenylurethane, and toluene. If the adsorbed yeast ATPase is brought into solution and partially purified, inhibition no longer occurs. In the presence of arsenate no break in the fermentation rate of the dry yeast is caused by these ATPase inhibitors, because here the ATPase is not needed for dephosphorylation. After sonic vibration of the quickly dried yeast the supernatant solution shows the Harden-Young effect, although it is still not quite complete. Even in this case the narcotics cause a sharper break in the curve, and the accumulation of phosphate esters becomes more pronounced. These facts prove that a removal, destruction, or inhibition of ATPase is responsible for the Harden-Young effect in yeast preparations.
High friction interactive aircraft tire-runway systems

The principle of utilizing geometric interaction between runway asperities and tire pattern design is discussed, and a theoretical basis is presented for substantial enhancement of frictional effects by this process. Test data confirming this is given. First order analytical expressions are given for the increased friction coefficients and for the engagement distances required. High speed friction data on a 7.00 x 8 aircraft tire is presented confirming this. Example design geometries are shown for the tire tread groove pattern, and designs and materials are discussed for the asperity grid and its attachment system.
A new politics of engagement: shareholder activism for corporate social responsibility

A commonly agreed definition of ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ (CSR) is currently being battled out in many arenas. One of the most interesting of these is in the interaction between corporations and one of their most powerful stakeholders: the shareholders. Shareholders groups are going beyond the decision to invest, to not invest, or to divest by proposing and voting on company specific CSR issues at annual shareholder meetings. This activity is joined by an increasingly sophisticated ‘strategy of engagement’ which exploits their rights as shareholders. In the process, a new model of ‘responsible’ ownership is being forged, based on the ideals of corporate citizenship and democratic shareholder decision-making powers. What can be expected from such activism? This paper reviews the current trends towards shareholder activism for CSR. It asks: does shareholder activism have the potential to change mainstream corporate and shareholder attitudes towards CSR, and will it provide a rigorous method for corporations to implement of the key principles? The paper first gives some background to growth and spread of shareholder activism, it describes the key actors involved, the CSR issues being raised, the process of preparing resolutions and entering into dialogue, and assesses some of the results gained so far. Two short cases are then presented on shareholder activist campaigns (BP Amoco on climate change and biodiversity; and the U.S. Forestry Sector on the financial implications of environmental risks and related SEC rules of disclosure). The relative effects of these activities are then discussed including the opportunities and limitations this method of pressuring for CSR brings.
Anatomy of a domain of continuous random variables I

In this paper we study the family of thin probability measures on the domain A^~ of finite and infinite words over a finite alphabet A. This structure is inspired by work of Jean Goubault-Larrecq and Daniele Varacca, who recently proposed a model of continuous random variables over bounded complete domains. Their presentation leaves out many details, and also misses some motivations. In this and a related paper we attempt to fill in some of these details, and in the process, we reveal some features of their model. Our approach to constructing the thin probability measures uses domain theory, and we show the family forms a bounded complete algebraic domain over A^~. In the second paper in this series, we explore using the thin probability measures to reconstruct the bounded complete domain of continuous random variables over any bounded complete domain due originally to Goubault-Larrecq and Varacca.
Contemporary diagnosis and treatment of fibroepithelial ureteral polyp.

Fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter are rare, benign tumors often not easily distinguished from malignant transitional-cell carcinomas by radiologic means. Historically, many patients have undergone unnecessary nephroureterectomy for these lesions. With recent advancement in endourologic instrumentation, a biopsyproven diagnosis of suspect upper-tract lesions can be made prior to definitive therapy. We describe a typical case of fibroepithelial ureteral polyp wherein the diagnosis and surgical treatment was accomplished entirely by endoscopic means.
Comments on «Use of spatial analysis in mineral resource evaluation»

I plan to spend most of my time on likely paths for future developments. (1) We can be happy that carefully chosen contouring methods-combining logits, trend surface analysis, and kriging-seem to have been quite satisfactory both in the reasonableness of the contours and in the relationship of new trends to previously calculated contours. However, the Timmins-Noranda example seems to raise interesting further possibilities. Let us look more closely at the four "peaks" in relation to both old and new discoveries, as shown for three cases at a larger scale in Fig. 1. With the exception of the old discoveries on the peak near Noranda, there appears to be a surprising absence of discoveries close to the peaks of the contours. To be sure one would have to take careful measurement of areas between adjacent contours, followed by suitable analysis. It seems possible that we might find something like the sketch shown in Fig. 2 which would indicate that the most promising locations may be on the shoulders of such peaks (for what geological reason?). (2) The analysis of the relationship of smallto large-square values seems not to have been pushed to its logical conclusion, namely: Since it only takes one constant to find one distribution from the other, we are not likely to find out much of anything from either distribution. We are led to ask: Why should we expect cells unrelated to the structure to be effective in telling us important things?
Calculating Estuarine Exchange Flow Using Isohaline Coordinates

A method for calculating subtidal estuarine exchange flow using an isohaline framework is described, and the results are compared with those of the more commonly used Eulerian method of salt flux decomposition. Concepts are explored using a realistic numerical simulation of the Columbia River estuary. The isohaline method is found to be advantageous because it intrinsically highlights the salinity classes in which subtidal volume flux occurs. The resulting expressions give rise to an exact formulation of the time-dependent Knudsen relation and may be used in calculation of the saltwater residence time. The volume flux of the landward transport, which can be calculated precisely using the isohaline framework, is of particular importance for problems in which the saltwater residence time is critical.
How the Solute Polydispersity Affects the Cloud-Point and Coexistence Pressures in Propylene and Ethylene Solutions of Alternating Poly(ethylene-co-propylene)

Cloud-point and coexistence pressures, sub- and supercritical, are determined experimentally for a series of ethylene and propylene solutions of nearly monodisperse and polydisperse poly(ethylene-co-propylene), referred to as PEP. The cloud-point and coexistence pressures are found to be close for solutions of nearly monodisperse PEP polymers but not for solutions of polydisperse PEP. The SAFT parameters derived from the experimental cloud points for nearly monodisperse solutes alone are found to predict the cloud-point pressures and solubilities for polydisperse PEP as well.
Liquefaction catalysis of Wyodak coal impregnated with water soluble iron and molybdenum precursors

Abstract A matrix of Fe and Mo impregnated coals were prepared by adding aqueous solutions of ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM) and ferrous sulfate (FS) to black thunder Wyodak coal (BT). These impregnated coals were liquefied in two different BT-derived solvents that contained a sizable concentration of solids-free 565°C+ resid. Reactions were run at 440°C for 30 min in microautoclaves pressured to 7.0 MPa (ambient) with H2 containing 3 vol% H2S. Coals impregnated with various Fe and Mo combinations, at Fe concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 wt% Fe2O3 and Mo concentrations from 100 to 500 ppm Mo, based on dry coal, were systematically investigated. The activity of the catalysts generated from the impregnated metal precursors was related to solubilization of coal in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and conversion of 565°C+ reactants to lighter products. All of the impregnated coals gave higher conversions than metal-free BT coal. Coals containing at least 300 ppm Mo fell into a narrow range of THF and resid conversions, of which none was clearly superior to the others. Five of the impregnated coals, including all of the coals containing Fe concentrations up to an equivalent of 1.0 wt% Fe2O3 and Mo concentrations from 0 to 100 ppm failed to give high conversions consistently. For the active impregnated coals, no difference was observed for coal liquefaction in two different solvents. However, a difference in resid conversion of 10% between the same two solvents was observed. This provides evidence that in the presence of an active catalyst, solvent can influence conversion of residual materials to distillate products.
Domain bridging interactions. A necessary contribution to the function and structure of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase.

Abstract Aspartate transcarbamoylase undergoes a domain closure in the catalytic chains upon binding of the substrates that initiates the allosteric transition. Interdomain bridging interactions between Glu50 and both Arg167 and Arg234 have been shown to be critical for stabilization of the R state. A hybrid version of the enzyme has been generated in vitro containing one wild-type catalytic subunit, one catalytic subunit in which Glu50 in each catalytic chain has been replaced by Ala (E50A), and wild-type regulatory subunits. Thus, the hybrid enzyme has one catalytic subunit capable of domain closure and one catalytic subunit incapable of domain closure. The hybrid does not behave as a simple mixture of the constituent subunits; it exhibits lower catalytic activity and higher aspartate affinity than would be expected. As opposed to the wild-type enzyme, the hybrid is inhibited allosterically by CTP at saturating substrate concentrations. As opposed to the E50A holoenzyme, the hybrid is not allosterically activated by ATP at saturating substrate concentrations. Small angle x-ray scattering showed that three of the six interdomain bridging interactions in the hybrid is sufficient to cause the global structural change to the R state, establishing the critical nature of these interactions for the allosteric transition of aspartate transcarbamoylase.
The prospects for vacuum insulation (invited paper)

Abstract The background of research and present-day problems in the insulation of high voltage by vacuum are briefly reviewed. Some aspects of the research being carried out at Massachusetts Institute of Technology are discussed, particularly the effect of dielectric films on electrodes and insulation by “semi-vacuum” (5×10−5to 10−4torr). The ultimate aim of this research is to achieve adequate vacuum insulation for gradients of 500 kV per cm over large area electrodes. Some prospective applications of such insulation are considered, mainly in the field of power engineering.
Robotically assisted surgery in pediatric urology

Robotically assisted laparoscopic surgery likely will be a part of pediatric urologic surgery. It will look different than it does now because of technologic and procedural innovations. The inherent value of precise visualization, tissue handling, and reconstruction, coupled with the reduced morbidity of laparoscopic surgery, suggests the potential value of these technologies and methods. Although there is much development to be done, the early results are encouraging. Pediatric urologists specifically, and pediatric surgical practitioners in general, must be involved in the evolution of these techniques and devices, to prevent having to adapt adult surgery-oriented systems to pediatric patients. Pediatric urologists need to be involved in this development actively to guide its course.
Assay of Intrinsic Factor activity on guinea pig intestinal mucosa homogenate.

Summary and conclusionsThe results of the assay of IF activity on fresh or dialyzed and lyophilized guinea pig intestinal mucosa homogenates (GPIMH) with the use of Co57B12 are reported. This method has been found suitable for assay of IF activity of native and lyophilized human gastric juices, extracts from human gastric mucosa, rat whole stomach and rat gastric mucosa. The prerequisite for significant enhancement of B12 uptake by the IF-containing materials is an optimal ratio of concentrations of IF to B12 and use of labeled vitamin of high specific activity. Heating of IF sources in boiling water, as well as alkalinization to the pH of 12 and above, reduces B12 uptake to levels obtainable with saline. While native human gastric juices from normal controls or duodenal ulcer patients showed a marked enhancement of B12 uptake by GPIMH, lyophilized gastric juices of 2 pernicious anemia patients showed very low IF activity. A gross correlation was found between results of the GPIMH assays and IF activity o...
Ice and water content of stratiform mixed‐phase cloud

Spatial characterization and probability distribution of particles in stratiform mixed-phase clouds in the temperature range 5 to −45 °C were investigated based on 81 hours of flight on the NCAR C-130 during the Alliance Icing Research Study II. Cloud particles were video-recorded impacting on the optical window of a cloudscope, and Liquid Water Content (LWC) and Ice Water Content (IWC) derived from measurements of the power to evaporate particles of different size, shape and density collected by the T probe constant temperature sensors. Data were recorded at 1 Hz for a resolution of 130 m. Transitions between liquid, glaciated and mixed-phase regions were sharp; frequent supercooled liquid regions lasted less than 2 seconds ( 0.9); mixed-phase corresponded to about 40% of the measurements. The large T probe showed mixed-phase clouds with ice fraction less than half at temperatures below −20 °C, while the small T probe measured higher ice proportion, suggesting that ice was present in the form of preferentially collected small particles. At high temperatures (>−15 °C) ice and water were measured in concentrations up to 0.2 and 0.6 g m−3 respectively; at temperatures below −20 °C they were both measured in concentrations up to 0.3 g m−3. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Nutrition and Somatomedin. VII. Regulation of Somatomedin Activity by the Perfused Rat Liver

Skeletal growth is currently attributed to stimulation of cartilage proliferation by somatomedins. To assess the potential regulation of circulating somatomedin activity by the liver, rats were subjected to different metabolic conditions, their livers were perfused in situ for 2 h, and samples were obtained every 30 min. Perfusate activity was estimated as the stimulation or inhibition of sulfate uptake by rat costal cartilage in vitro. Perfusates from normal rats provided significant stimulatory (somatomedin) activity after 30 min of perfusion with enriched medium; peak activity after 60 min was 87 ± 20% above that obtained with buffer, and activity declined thereafter. However, perfusates from untreated hypophysectomized rats provided no stimulation, while GH pretreatment resulted in intermediate levels of activity, again with a decline in the second h. Despite the apparent influence of GH in vivo, GH and insulin added in vitro did not increase perfusate activity from either normal or hypophysectomized ...
Nonstructural determinants of behavior in the replicated prisoner’s dilemma game

The present research examined three factors that were thought to affect cooperation in the replicated prisoner’s dilemma game: (1) motivation for participating, (2) understanding of the game, and (3) reward level. Results indicated that both high-understanding instructions and recruiting Ss to participate for money (rather than research credit) promoted cooperation, while reward level had no significant effect. These findings were used to argue that past studies, which tended to show low levels of cooperation for less than 50 replications, generated results that do not validly model real-life conflict.
Death of a spouse: illusory basic assumptions and continuation of bonds.

Recently psychologists have questioned the traditional model of grief, arguing that the continuation of bonds with the deceased spouse is generally adaptive. Continuing bonds can be seen as attempts to cope with the loss of a spouse but also with the shattering of the normal illusory basic assumptions about the self,the world, and the future. At this time, however, scholarship has provided few concepts to understand how continuing bonds and illusions express adaptive or maladaptive forms of grief. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify, in the context of the illusory basic assumptions, the circumstances by which the bond with the deceased is adaptive or maladaptive. So Epstein (1980) distinguished between higher order postulates and lower order postulates. Higher order postulates are an abstract form of schemas, or generalized theories about the self, the world, and the future, that are resistant to changes. On the other hand, lower order postulates are a concrete form of schemas normally f...
A course on software engineering techniques

This is a report on a course entitled, “Software Engineering Methods”, which I have taught to undergraduate students at the Carnegie-Mellon University twice during the 1970-71 academic year. The course is “project oriented” and aims to educate by providing experience in the use of the techniques taught.
Supporting evidence for double-C curve kinetics in the isothermal δ → α′ phase transformation in a Pu–Ga alloy

Abstract Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams for the δ → α′ transformation in a number of Pu–Ga alloys were first reported in 1975 by Orme et al. Unlike typical single-C curve kinetics observed in most isothermal martensitic transformations, the Pu–1.9 at.% Ga alloy exhibits two noses, and thus double-C curve kinetics. The authors attributed the occurrence of the double-C to a difference in mechanism: a massive transformation for the upper C and a martensitic transformation for the lower C. Since that time, the nature, and the existence of the double C have received only limited attention. The results of Deloffre et al. suggest a confirmation of this behavior, but the fundamental origin of the double C remains unknown. Here, we apply differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as an alternative approach to acquiring the TTT data and our experimental evidence suggests a confirmation of the double-C behavior after 18 h of isothermal hold time. In addition, we report three exothermic peaks corresponding to transformations during cooling at 20 °C/min prior to the isothermal holds. These three peaks are reproducible and suggest a number of possibilities for the origin of the unique kinetics: α′ forms with different morphologies, or from different embryos in the upper and lower C curves; α′ forms directly in one C curve and forms via an intermediate phase in the other C curve; the two C curves result from α′ forming by two or more distinct mechanisms (e.g., massive and martensitic transformations).
Multipliers of the Hölder classes

Abstract Following the lines of [13] we introduce the classes of mixed smoothness L α p ( R n ), L α p ( Z n ) for a multi-index α = ( α 1 ,…, α n ). Such classes are naturally tied up with the study of semi-elliptic differential and difference equations. Besides a brief presentation of such classes, we concentrate our research on the study of mixed homogeneous multipliers with homogeneity β = ( β 1 , …, β n ) and their preservation of mixed homogeneous Holder classes L α ∞ , for a different multi-index α. In the last paragraph we apply the results to produce various improvements of the classical Schauder's estimates, for differential and difference equations, in the parabolic and elliptic case.
The Role of Lifestyle and Personal Characteristics on Fear of Victimization among University Students

The fear of crime has been both theoretically and empirically connected to a complex relationship of situational context (e.g., time of day, location) and personal characteristics (e.g., age, race, gender, personal and vicarious victimization). Building off of routine activities and lifestyle-exposure theory, this research extends the understanding of these relationships by examining the impact of lifestyle activities (e.g., consumption of alcohol, illicit drugs, and time away from residence) and personal characteristics (e.g., direct and vicarious victimization) on the fear of various crimes across temporal situations, among a sample of college and university students. The results indicate that fear of crime varies by crime type and that certain demographic and lifestyle characteristics and experiences with victimization affect students’ fear of crime. Although no evidence was found to suggest that fear of theft varies by temporal context (i.e., during the day or at night), certain characteristics, such as gender, perceived risk, and avoidance behaviors, have varying relationships with fear of violent crimes when considering time of day. The findings suggest that future research should examine more critically the relationship that lifestyles, personality, gender, and time of day have with the fear of crime.
Analyzing Locational Attainments: Constructing Individual-Level Regression Models Using Aggregate Data

The authors address a major difficulty associated with research on spatial processes. Although theory frequently demands analytic models that combine variables from individual and locational (or aggregate) levels, appropriate data sets are rarely available. The authors demonstrate that, in many circumstances, it is nevertheless possible to construct individual-level multivariate models by using aggregate census files and microdata samples, and they describe a method for doing so. They illustrate this method with an analysis of suburban location in the metropolitan area around New York City, focusing on two features of suburban communities-their homeownership level and median household income.
Effects of threat context and cardiac sensitivity on fear responding to a 35% CO2 challenge: a test of the context-sensitivity panic vulnerability model.

Abstract The present study tested several predictions of a context-sensitivity panic vulnerability model emphasizing the interaction between threat context and threat sensitivities. Participants without a history of panic ( N = 47) completed both global and domain-specific panic relevant sensitivity measures and were then randomized to undergo a 35% CO 2 inhalation challenge in the presence or absence of a cardiac defibrillator (threat context). As predicted by the model, cardiac sensitivity (but not trait anxiety or anxiety sensitivity) potentiated the effects of the presence of the defibrillator on CO 2 fear responding. Moreover, as predicted by the model, the observed potentiation effects of cardiac sensitivity on CO 2 fear responding were mediated by participants’ threat appraisals connected to the presence of the defibrillator. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Ribbing patterns in the brachiopod Diceromyonia

Ribbing patterns in two collections of the Ordovician brachiopod Diceromyonia from central North America are compared using the system invented by Bancroft (1928; Manchester Memoirs 72) for naming ribs. Simple and nearly symmetric arrangements of frequently occurring branches characterize both collections, with much of the complexity evident in larger valves due to irregular occurrence of low-frequency branches on either side of major ribs. Examination of median sectors reveals little support for Bancroft's derivation of the rhipidomelloid midrib from isorthoid forms, and an alternative non-evolutionary interpretation is proposed in which median patterns appear as predictable outcomes of a simple space-filling process. The approximately 2500 ribs identified in this study are treated as a population in their own right: orderly patterns which emerge are not inferred but are simple summaries of complete counts, obtained by hand. This approach is quick and painless compared to methods using order relations to assess ribbing differences in dalmanellid brachiopods. For this reason, it may encourage systematic study of ribbing patterns among these taxa and lead ultimately to better understanding of the utility of ribbing in their taxonomy.
Infectious Diseases in Day Care: Parallels Between Psychologically and Physically Healthy Care

A review of day care practices in the United States indicates a substantial increase since 1977 in out-of-home care for infants and toddlers, with a preponderance of care in unlicensed family day care homes. The effects of group care on infants and toddlers depend largely on the facility's success at meeting certain criteria for group size, staff-to-child ratio, and staff training. Parallels exist between providing psychologically healthy day care and minimizing the spread of infectious disease in day care facilities. Many of the same factors involved in providing psychologically safe day care are also involved in providing disease-free care. Financial and regulatory obstacles to high-quality care are considerable; however, supplementary child care for working parents is essential, and efforts to address such problems as infectious diseases must keep this perspective.
The role of SPARC in extracellular matrix assembly

SPARC is a collagen-binding matricellular protein. Expression of SPARC in adult tissues is frequently associated with excessive deposition of collagen and SPARC-null mice fail to generate a robust fibrotic response to a variety of stimuli. This review summarizes recent advancements in the characterization of the binding of SPARC to collagens and describes the results of studies that implicate a function for SPARC in the regulation of the assembly of basal lamina and fibrillar collagen in the ECM. Potential cellular mechanisms that underlie SPARC activity in ECM deposition are also explored.
Chemical differences between species of asclepias from the intermountain region of north america

Abstract Plants of two morphologically similar, but taxonomically contested, Asclepias species were collected from their native habitats in the Intermountain region of the southwestern United States. Selected parts of the plants were analysed for cardenolides by TLC in two solvent systems. The seeds of A. ruthiae contained the cardenolide uzarin. The seeds of A. eastwoodiana contained no detectable cardenolides, but chromatograms revealed numerous other chemicals not found in A. ruthiae.
Microbial effects in promoting the smectite to illite reaction: Role of organic matter intercalated in the interlayer

Abstract : Cysteine and toluene as model organic molecules were intercalated into Fe-rich smectite (nontronile, NAu-2). The illitization of these intercalated smectites as induced by microbial reduction of structural Fe(3+) was investigated. Iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 was incubated with lactate as the sole electron donor and structural Fe(3+) in cysteine- and toluene-intercalated NAu-2 (referred to as cysteine-NAu-2 and toluene-NAu-2 hereafter) as the sole electron acceptor. Anthraquinone- 2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS) was used as an electron shuttle in bicarbonate buffer. The extent of Fe(3+) reduction in cysteine-NAu-2 and toluene-NAu-2 was 15.7 and 5.4%, respectively, compared to 20.5% in NAu-2 without organic matter intercalation. In the bioreduced NAu-2, X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy did not detect any discrete illite, although illite/ smectite mixed layer or high charge smectite phases were observed. In bioreduced cysteine-NAu-2, discrete illite and siderite formed. In contrast, bioreduction of toluene-NAu-2 did not result in any mineralogical changes. The contrasting bioreduction results between cysteine- and toluene-intercalated nontronite may be ascribed to the nature of organic matter-bacteria interactions. Whereas cysteine is an essential amino acid for bacteria and can also serve as an electron shuttle, thus enhancing the extent of Fe(3+) bioreduction and illitization, toluene is toxic and inhibits Fe(3+) reducing activity. This study, therefore, highlights the significant role of organic matter in promoting the smectite to illite reaction under conditions typical of natural environments (i.e., non-growth condition for bacteria).
Current issues in cryosurgery.

Interest in cryosurgery was stimulated by the development of modern cryosurgical apparatus by Dr. Irving Cooper in 1963 for the treatment of Parkinsonism and other neuromuscular disorders. Within a few years, cryosurgery had received trial for the treatment of diverse tumors and nonneoplastic diseases in areas other than the brain. Since then, as cryosurgery passed through the evolution typical of new instrumentation and therapeutic techniques, some original applications have continued in use, some have fallen into disuse, and still others are new or in development. During this period, a number of papers and symposia on cryosurgery have been presented at the meetings of the Society for Cryobiology and reports have been published in Cryobiology. This activity recognizes that cryosurgery and cryobiology have a special relationship because the same basic information is applicable to both preservation or destruction of cells and tissue. There should be substantial transfer of interest and knowledge between these two major facets of the effect of freezing on biologic tissue. Physicians interested in cryosurgery formed in 19681969 a short-lived association, namely, the Society for Cryosurgery, and then five years ago reformed into the American College of Cryosurgery, which
Purification of selenium by zone refining

We studied the purification of Se using zone refining, with emphasis on the efficiency of this technique in removing the Cu impurity, which is known to be related to a trapping center in CdSe. After 78 passes it was found that Cu accumulates at one end section of the ingot, while at the opposite end the level was below the detection limit of the atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis employed. Infrared spectroscopic data, differential solubility and differential scanning calorimetry measurements also indicate that the effective distribution coefficient, k, for the Cu solute, is less than 1. A model for the various phases present during zone melting is presented and the possibility of segregating impurities having k>1 is discussed.
Secondary Versus Primary Capacitors

Secondary capacitors cost more than primary capacitors but they offer some additional benefits which may offset the additional costs. There are presented herein the results of a comprehensive economic study covering a wide variety of circuit and load conditions on both network and radial distribution systems to establish within reasonable limits the probable field of application of the secondary capacitor. From the results of the study it appears that secondary capacitors can be justified in practically all cases on secondary networks but have a limited application on primary radial distribution systems.
Variability of physiologic circadian crests in groups of children studied “transversely”

Pulse, temperature, urinary volume, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were determined every four hours for 48 hour spans on healthy children and on patients with asthma in remission. The timing of circadian (approximately 24 hour) rhythms in these functions was evaluated with an electronic computer program involving harmonic analysis. From estimates thus obtained, phase diagrams were constructed to illustrate an objective approach to estimating the variability encountered in the timing of certain rhythms in the two groups of children. The methods used are suitable for securing so-called transverse reference standards of the phase relations among rhythms in various groups of children in health and disease.
A review of spyware campaigns and strategies to combat them

While they seem very similar, often using the same tools and techniques, spyware installations are carried out for very different reasons than traditional malware attacks. Consequently, different strategies must be used to fight them. Malware is usually installed by an individual focused on harming a computer system or its owner by damaging operations or stealing data. Spyware's installation is more commercially motivated, involving the coordinated efforts of numerous parties who profit from its exploitation. This paper reviews the tactics used in spyware and related adware campaigns. It also describes the major players involved, from hackers and distributors to online advertising firms and their corporate sponsors and investors. Proposed and existing legislation is analyzed to find which laws can be used most effectively to counteract the commercial and criminal forces driving the spyware industry.
901-44 Effects of the Preceding R-R Interval on the Safety of Atrial Defibrillation via Transvenous Catheter Electrodes in the Sterile Pericarditis Model

Objectives A synchronized shock delivered to the atria through transvenous catheter electrodes will terminate atrial fibrillation (AF). We evaluated the effects of the preceding R-R interval on the relative risk of inducing ventricular arrhythmias (VT/VF) during synchronized atrial defibrillation shocks delivered between implanted transvenous catheter electrodes. Methods The sterile pericarditis model was created in 15 dogs. Two customized transvenous catheter electrodes with a 6 cm coil tip were placed, one in the distal coronary sinus and one in the right atrial appendage, respectively, to deliver atrial defibrillation shocks. Variable preceding R-R intervals were simulated systematically with 3 protocols: 1) single ventricular stimulation (PVC protocol); 2) rapid ventricular stimulation (8 stimuli, SlSl protocol); and 3) double ventricular stimulation (long-short intervals) following 8 basic stimuli (S1S2S3 protocol). The ventricular coupling interval (VCI) was shortened by 10 ms until refractoriness occurred at the pacing site. After sensing the last paced ventricular beat, an atrial shock was delivered with a 2 ms delay at a shock intensity of 300 V (maximal intensity of the device). Atrial shocks were delivered 4 times at each VCI in each protocol. VCI was norrnalized by subtracting the QT interval from the VCI. The relationship between VCI and induction of VT/VF was compared between protocols. To calculate a 99% probability of sinus rhythm (SR) after an atrial shock, logistic regression analysis was used. Results For all 15 dogs, the mean QT interval was 231 ± 21 ms. protocol VT/VF induction 99% probability of SR (ms) PVC 10/522 QT + 15 S1S1 13/522 QT + 28 S1S2S3 40/435 QT + 84 The incidence of VT/VF induction was significantly higher for the S1S2S3 than for the PVC or the SlSl protocol (p l 0.05). The 99% probability of SR was achieved at a significantly longer VCI for the SlS2S3 than for the PVC or the SlSl protocol (p l 0,05). Conclusions The long-short R-R interval increases the incidence of VT/VF induction and shortens the safety zone of the VCI for synchronized atrial shocks. However, a large safety zone (VCI g 315 ms) is still present, and is predictable from the QT interval.
Calorimetric Investigation of CO and N2 for Characterization of Acidity in Zeolite H−MFI

Microcalorimetric measurements were performed at 195 K for CO and N2 on zeolite H−MFI and on a siliceous MFI in order to characterize the interaction of these molecules with the Bronsted acid sites. On the siliceous MFI, the differential enthalpies of adsorption (isosteric heats) for CO and N2 were found to be essentially constant with coverage at a value of 16 ± 1 kJ/mol. While the isosteric heats for N2 were slightly higher on H−MFI at coverages below one per site, the additional interaction with the Bronsted sites is less than 3 kJ/mol. For CO on H−MFI, microcalorimetry provides evidence for a 1:1 adsorption complex with the acid sites in that the isosteric heats are higher on H−MFI at low coverages and approach the values for the siliceous material at higher coverages. Because the calorimetric data can be fit to a two-site, Langmuir model in which the hydrogen-bonded CO interacts with an additional 10.5 kJ/mol, the results suggest that the Bronsted acid sites in H−MFI are essentially identical in rega...
Dilute Al-Mn Alloys for Low-Temperature Device Applications

We discuss results on the superconducting, electron-transport, and tunneling properties of Al doped with Mn in the range of 1000 to 3000 ppm. We demonstrate that the critical temperature of Al can be systematically reduced to below 50 mK. Films are prepared by sputter deposition, and show values of d(ln R)/d(ln T) of ∼500, indicating sharp superconducting transitions. Al-Mn/I/Al-Mn tunnel junctions show low sub-gap conductance and BCS-like characteristics. Our results in general suggest that the material is of interest for transition-edge sensors operating in the 100 mK regime and superconductor/insulator/superconductor (S/I/S) and normal/insulator/ superconductor (N/I/S) devices, in the latter case where heavily doped Al-Mn can replace the normal metal.
"Normal" antibodies which react with heterogenetic bacillary antigen.

STUDIES have been reported of a bacteriogenic transfusion reaction1 in which the recipient's red cells became poly-agglutinable, apparently as a result of the presence of a species of Bacillus in the donor bottle which was capable of altering erythrocytes in vitro in a similar way. It was suggested that modification of the cells by bacterial antigen with subsequent haemolysis by “normal” anti-bacterial antibody might provide the mechanism for such reactions. In further investigations2, heterogenetic antigens from various genera and species of Gram-positive bacteria were examined, some prepared by the methods of Rantz3 and Neter4, and were shown to react with anti-bacterial antibodies found in normal human sera. Crude preparations of at least two such antigens, present in bacilli and in Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a third, found only in Streptococcus, reacted with antibodies in sera of practically 100 per cent of apparently normal persons. Whether this high frequency of reactivity resulted from the cumulative effect of several antibody specificities or from a single specificity was re-examined with purified antigen.
Neurochemistry of the dorsal horn.

The dorsal horn region of the spinal cord, particularly the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ), represents the first central integration center for nociceptive afferent impulses. Here, the excitatory neuro