cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A One-Dimensional Turbulence Model for Vertical Transport in Stratified Lakes

An areally-averaged, time-variable model of vertical variations in water motion, temperature, and turbulent energy in a lake is presented. The areally-averaged conservation equations each include a term associated with interaction with the lake bottom. The confining effects of the basin boundaries are included in relationships describing the horizontal pressure gradients. A closure scheme based on local equilibrium of turbulence is used; the scheme includes a term which describes the production of turbulent energy at the lake bottom. The model is applied to the basin of Onondaga Lake, New York for the summer stratification season of 1987. The model reproduced measured temperature variations in the lake.
Phospholipid Fatty Acid Ester Composition of Pasteurella multocida and Actinobacillus lignieresii

Cell surface hydrophobicity properties vary dramatically, whereas cell envelope phospholipid composition is essentially identical among strains ofPasteurella multocida andActinobacillus lignieresii. Fatty acid ester composition of the major phospholipid fractions from cell surface hydrophobicity variants was examined to determine whether hydrophobic properties are influenced by cell envelope fatty acid content. Individual phospholipids were resolved by preparative thin-layer chromatography, and methanolysis was performed with boron trifluoride-methanol. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis revealed the organisms to be similar qualitatively, whereas hydrophobic variants exhibited consistently, greater and more disparate C16:0+C16:1/C14:0 ratios in all fractions. Fatty acid composition of phospholipids may be related to surface hydrophobicity properties ofP. multocida variants. However, comparative data obtained forA. lignieresii revealed a degree of similarity withP. multocida that precludes use of this parameter as a means for differentiation of thesePasteurellaceae type species, thereby supporting their taxonomic relatedness.
LIGHT Is Constitutively Expressed on T and NK Cells in the Human Gut and Can Be Induced by CD2-Mediated Signaling

The TNF superfamily cytokine, lymphotoxin-like inducible protein that competes with glycoprotein D for binding herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells (LIGHT; TNFSF14), can augment T cell responses inducing IFN-gamma production and can drive pathological gut inflammation when expressed as a transgene in mouse T cells. LIGHT expression by human intestinal T cells suggests the possibility that LIGHT may play a key role in regulation of the mucosal immune system. A nonenzymatic method was developed for the isolation of T cells from the human lamina propria, permitting analysis of native cell surface protein expression. Cell surface LIGHT was constitutively expressed on mucosal T and NK cells and a subpopulation of gut-homing CD4(+) T cells in the periphery. In addition, CD2-mediated stimulation induced efficient LIGHT expression on intestinal CD4(+) T cells, but not on peripheral blood T cells, suggesting a gut-specific, Ag-independent mechanism for LIGHT induction. By contrast, herpesvirus entry mediator expression on gut T cells was unperturbed, implicating the transcriptional regulation of LIGHT as a mechanism modulating signaling activity in the gut. Quantitative analysis of LIGHT mRNA in a cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients indicated elevated expression in biopsies from small bowel and from inflamed sites, implicating LIGHT as a mediator of mucosal inflammation.
Measurement of the capillary length for the dendritic growth of ammonium chloride

Abstract We report the results of a new method of measuring the capillary length for the dendritic crystal growth of non-faceted materials. This method uses a nearly spherical crystal held near unstable equilibrium in an oscillating temperature field. For the growth of ammonium chloride crystals from aqueous solution, previous published estimates of the capillary length varied by over a factor of 20. With this new method, we find the product of the diffusion constant and capillary length Dd 0 to be 0.78 ± 0.07 μ m 3 / s , similar to that obtained for ammonium bromide crystals.
Vector Tick Populations and Lyme Disease

Although many aspects of Lyme disease have been intensely studied for over a decade, little research has been directed toward control of the principal tick vector, Ixodes dammini. Ecological and epidemiological investigations have provided not only an ample understanding of tick biology and behavior, they have also identified the types of areas at risk for disease transmission. The advantages and limitations of previous attempts to control I. dammini by host reduction, habitat modification, and acaricide applications have been discussed in relation to overall control strategies for high-risk areas, and an integrated approach to control proposed.
Exiled space, in‐between space: existential spatiality in Ana Mendieta's Siluetas Series

Existential space is lived space, space permeated by our raced, gendered selves. It is representative of our very existence. The purpose of this essay is to explore the intersection between this lived space and art by analyzing the work of the Cuban‐born artist Ana Mendieta and showing how her Siluetas Series discloses a space of exile. The first section discusses existential spatiality as explained by the phenomenologists Heidegger and Watsuji and as represented in Mendieta's Siluetas. The second section analyzes the space of exile as a space of in‐between‐ness and borders. Lastly, the third section discusses temporality as it relates to the space of exile. Through the analysis of Mendieta's Siluetas, and in light of phenomenological accounts of space and the works of Anzaldua and Mignolo, Ana Mendieta herself is disclosed as well as the space characteristic of those who can no longer be said to have a “home.” My exploration through my art of the relationship between myself and nature has been a clear re...
Initial Sintering of MnXO-Al2O3

Effects of manganese oxide on the initial sintering kinetics of compacts of 5-μ diameter alumina were studied by isothermal shrinkage measurements from 1450° to 1650°C. The observed rates were characterized by assuming a volume-diffusion mechanism. Variations in sintering rate with both oxygen partial pressure in the furnace and impurity concentration, as well as the observed activation energy, indicated oxygen-ion diffusion was the rate-limiting step during densification.
A Model for Inelastic Effects in High-Energy Pion-Deuteron Scattering

If useful nuclear structure information is to be obtained by using the Glauber method to analyze high-energy hadron-nucleus scattering experiments, it is essential that the corrections to this approximation be well understood. One class of corrections which should be present even in the high energy limit is that due to inelastic intermediate state contributions to the double scattering amplitude.1 We have constructed a highly idealized, but simple and internally consistent, model for these inelastic state corrections and applied it to pion-deuteron scattering.2 In our model the pion is treated as the ground state of a system of two consti-tuents (quark and anti-quark, say) having non-relativistic internal motions. High-energy pion-deuteron scattering is then treated as a slightly generalized version of deuteron-deuteron scattering using the Glauber method.3
Chapter 12 Development of Epithelial Na+ Channels and Regulation by Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory (G) Proteins and Phospholipids

Publisher Summary Research has been extremely productive in the development of techniques suitable to the understanding of epithelial ion channel physiology, and particularly fruitful in the advancement of the knowledge of epithelial Na + channel regulation. A new family of signal transducers, guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins, has been discovered and shown to play a central role in the regulation of ion transport. This chapter discusses some of the advances on the expression of epithelial Na + channels and how their activity is functionally controlled by regulatory mechanisms, both dependent and independent of the hormone-receptor and second-messenger signaling events taking place at the basolateral pole of an epithelial cell. Recent findings demonstrating the presence of apically located regulatory mechanisms that center on G protein control of epithelial Na + channel activity are discussed in this chapter. Fundamental to the understanding of the regulation of Na + channels is the nature of the methods used for assessing channel activity. Some of the major techniques used to generate data on ion channel regulation are described. Amiloride and its analogs have provided fundamental information on Na + channel activity pertinent to most Na + channel studies. The chapter explains the regulation of Na + channel activity, discussing G protein regulation of ion transport, role of phospholipids in the G protein control of ion channels, regulation of epithelial Na + channels by G proteins, cytoskeleton–membrane interactions, and cytoskeletal regulation of ion channels. G proteins seem to play a fundamental role in the control of ion channels in general and, in particular, epithelial Na + channel activity. This mechanism(s) may involve the control of phosphodiesterase activity, such as that of phospholipases and the onset of lipid metabolic pathways that control such activity.
Pathways of Ras Function: Connections to the Actin Cytoskeleton

Publisher Summary Ras plays a central role in the cellular responses to many factors—namely, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDIs), and Guanine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating proteins (GAPS). The recent advances in the biological and biochemical mechanisms of signal transduction involving Ras proteins are also reviewed in the chapter. The evidence connecting Ras to two intracellular signal transduction pathways that control transcription and cytoskeletal actin organization is also summarized in the chapter. Model for signal transduction in upstream and downstream pathways of Ras—mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and Rho/Rac pathway—is presented in the chapter. MAPK pathway includes a set of cytoplasmic growth factor-regulated serine/threonine kinases that act on both ribosomal and nuclear factors, whereas the Rho/Rac pathway includes a set of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins that control the spatial pattern of polymerized actin in the cell. The model hypothesizes the sequential formation of multiprotein complexes at or near the plasma membrane, whose signaling capabilities lead to changes in nuclear processes and cytoskeletal actin organization. The nomenclatures of Ras signal transduction pathway molecules are also tabulated in the chapter. Perspectives on Ras function from studies on the phenotypic reversion of Ras-transformed cells are also considered in the chapter.
Use of activated charcoal and other particulate substances as feed additives to suppress bird feeding

Abstract Osmotic strength is a function of particle number. The experiments described here were designed to test whether the consumption of a large number of small particles might induce strong osmotic effects that, in turn, could induce food avoidance learning. The experiments also evaluated whether the abrasiveness of fine particulates or their ability to act as organic adsorbants could mediate or contribute to the avoidance of adulterated diets. In experiment 1, captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were given two-cup tests between plain chow and chow adulterated with activated charcoal or Anjan-activaid, a product containing large amounts of activated charcoal. Both adulterants decreased consumption of chow at concentrations ranging from 0.63% to 5.0% (w/w). In experiment 2, starlings were given two-cup tests between plain chow and chow adulterated with quartz sand. At the conclusion of the experiment, the gastrointestinal tracts of test birds and other (control) birds were examined for lesions consistent with abrasion. Quartz sand decreased feeding at concentrations of 5.0 and 2.5%, but no evidence of lesions or inflammation was observed. In experiment 3, activated charcoal, Anjan-activaid, quartz sand, and calcium sulfate were placed in dialysis tubing and the tubes were immersed in water to test for differences in osmotic strength: no differences were found. In experiment 4, starlings were given plain chow and feed adulterated with calcium sulfate to test whether organic adsorption might contribute to repellency; unlike activated charcoal, Anjan-activaid, or sand, calcium sulfate is a poor organic adsorbent. No food avoidance was observed, consistent with the hypothesis that adsorbance was important for the effects observed in experiments 1 and 2. Although caution is necessary when extrapolating from the laboratory to the field, these results have testable practical implications: for example, activated charcoal or Anjan-activaid might be used as bird-repellent livestock feed additives and either of these substances or quartz sand might be useful as bird-repellent additives to landfill covers or as repellents applied to crops.
The Protective Characteristics of Polycarbonate Lenses Against CO2 Laser Radiation

The vulnerability of plastic laser eye protection used with Class 4 CW lasers was studied using a high‐power industrial laser to produce 4 by 4 cm burn zones. Since a CW (or repetitively pulsed) laser beam can burn through such eye protectors, this potential is of concern to Laser Safety Officers (LSOs) prescribing laser eye protectors and transparent barriers for use around both the 10 to 80‐W CO2 lasers used in surgery as well as multi‐kilowatt industrial CO2 lasers. Polycarbonate filters are shown to have superior resistance to burn through, and thresholds for protective lens burn‐through in 3–10 s are provided. It is recommended that LSOs consider polycarbonate transparent impact safety lenses to have a protective optical density (OD) of 4.
Planning and Implementing a Sabbatical Leave Abroad

Abstract A business educator can convert the dream of a sabbatical leave abroad into reality with proper planning and implementing. Major dimensions of planning that deserve attention include securing the opportunity abroad, assessing the financial implications, getting the sabbatical-leave approval, and resolving professional and personal obstacles. Major dimensions of implementation that deserve attention include traveling to the opportunity abroad, acquiring the necessities of life, becoming adjusted while abroad, and recognizing the leave-related consequences. The business educator who carefully plans and prudently implements a sabbatical leave abroad will enjoy a richly rewarding experience, the experience of a lifetime.
Expression of transcription factors in keratoconus, a cornea-thinning disease.

Abstract Transcription factors are known to regulate gene transcription through the recognition and binding of specific DNA sequences in the promoter or enhancer regions of many genes. Keratoconus is a cornea-thinning disease in which upregulated expression of degradative enzymes and downregulated expression of protease inhibitors have been demonstrated. In view of the alteration in gene expression for multiple proteins, five common transcription factors, AP1, AP2, CREB, Sp1, and NF-κB were examined for their possible roles in keratoconus. Immunostaining experiments and Western blotting showed that Sp1 exhibited enhanced expression in keratoconus corneas. Increased binding of Sp1 consensus sequence oligonucleotides with nuclear extracts from the epithelium of keratoconus corneas was also seen by gel mobility shift assays. This is believed to be a first demonstration connecting Sp1 alteration to a human disease. The elevated Sp1 expression may contribute to the enzyme and inhibitor abnormalities found in keratoconus corneas.
A computational study on directional stability of chine-shaped forebodies at high-alpha

CFD is employed to study the flowfields over chine-shaped forebodies at low-speed high-angle-of-attack conditions with sideslip. This study is conducted to define forebody geometries that provide good directional stability characteristics under these conditions. An analytically defined generic forebody model is developed and a systematic examination of forebody shapes is performed to determine which shapes promote a positive contribution to directional stability at high-alpha. Results of the initial parametric study and some guidelines for aerodynamic design to promote positive directional stability are presented.
Interpretation of size reduction data via moment models

Abstract Modeling breakage by a rate kernel that is power-law in particle size and with self-similar daughters yields similarity solutions of the population balance equations. For rate exponents that are inverses of integers, the moments of the similarity solution are easily found. Using a generalized power-law product daughter distribution that is self-similar and obeys the Hill–Ng exchangeability principle provides a very flexible description of the daughters. This paper explores how to interpret milling data to extract the parameters of the model, including the power-law exponent and either the sharpness parameter of the daughter distribution or the number of daughters in a breakup event.
An I/O Register to FASTBUS Interface

An input/output register to FASTBUS interface (IORFI) has been designed which provides an inexpensive and simple means to connect a computer to a FASTBUS backplane segment. The FASTBUS backplane interface is built on a single width FASTBUS module. It is connected to a computer by two 16-bit parallel input registers and two 16-bit parallel output registers, which makes the interface computer-non-specific. This paper describes the operational characteristics of this interface, its advantages, limitations, and briefly, the uses to which it has been put.
Effect of dietary oil intake on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in the rat.

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether or not different dietary oils, commonly used as drug vehicles, alter hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in the rat. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 1 mL/kg/d of either corn, olive, sesame, or soybean oil via oral gavage for 7 days. An additional rat group was given an equal volume of water each day to serve as a control. We found that the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A2 protein level increased by 16% (p < 0.01) in rats given soybean oil compared with control rats. In contrast, CYP2C11 protein levels decreased by 32% (p < 0.01) in the corn oil group and by 31% (p < 0. 01) in rats given olive oil. The changes in the in vitro production of 6beta- and 2alpha-hydroxytestosterone, markers of CYP3A2 and 2C11 activities, respectively, were consistent with their protein levels, although not statistically different than controls. The results demonstrate that dietary oils may have differential effects on specific hepatic CYP isoforms and may add to the variability in metabolism when xenobiotics are administered using dietary oils as vehicles.
Colonial Blackness: a History of Afro-Mexico

Colonial Blackness: a History of Afro-Mexico , by Herman L. Bennett, Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2009, xvi + 227 pp., $39.95. ISBN 978-0-253-35338-2 This book identifies...
Low risk of thromboembolic complications with tranexamic acid after primary total hip and knee arthroplasty.

Background The use of antifibrinolytic medications in hip and knee arthroplasty reduces intraoperative blood loss and decreases transfusion rates postoperatively. Tranexamic acid (TXA) specifically has not been associated with increased thromboembolic (TE) complications, but concerns remain about the risk of symptomatic TE events, particularly when less aggressive chemical prophylaxis methods such as aspirin alone are chosen.
Regional coseismic deformation from the June 28, 1992, Landers, California, earthquake: Results from the Mojave GPS network

This paper describes the GPS-determined, far-field coseismic displacements that differ significantly from elastic half-space models, offering new insight on the role of regional scale heterogeneity in crustal structure.
Specialized module for full frame radiological image compression

The full-frame image compression technique was developed at the University of California, Los Angeles, specifically for radiological applications. Because this method is very innovative and unique, no commercially available hardware is able to process the algorithm with any efficiency. We have developed a dedicated hardware module for this purpose based on the latest technology. Specifications were determined from clinical requirements. Various important technical challenges were overcome by customized system designs, including a key concept of using dual-bus architecture for direct memory access transfer. We report on the status of a functional prototype and some image quality evaluations.
Understanding the chemistry of chemical communication: Are we there yet?

Small molecules often carry vital information. Compounds as simple as nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, and ethylene play essential roles as hormones or pheromones in plants and animals. Extensive research during the past century has revealed that chemical signaling is not only the primary means whereby organisms coordinate and regulate their internal activities, but also the chief channel through which organisms interact with one another. In this Introduction, I will examine briefly the evolution of the science of organic chemistry, which lies at the heart of chemical communication, and consider what some future goals for organic chemistry in a postgenomic world may be. By the start of the 19th century, chemists had begun to make sense of the inorganic world. Elements were being discovered at a rapid rate, and the importance of quantitative research had become apparent. Chemists' curiosity naturally extended to the study of compounds making up living organisms as well, but ”organic” chemistry, the chemical study of the biotic world, presented essentially insurmountable difficulties. In the preface to his pioneering treatise, Lectures on Animal Chemistry (1806), J. J. Berzelius wrote ”... Of all of the sciences contributing to medicine, chemistry is the primary one, and apart from the general light it throws on the entire art of healing, it will soon bestow on some of its branches a perfection such as one never could have anticipated.” Despite this exuberance, worthy of the introductory section of any contemporary chemist's National Institutes of Health research grant application, it was only 4 years later that Berzelius himself became deeply discouraged with the unreliability of his own analytical work on animal products, declaring in 1810 that he had written his last paper on nasal mucus, bile, urine, and related subjects (1). Although by 1831 Justus Liebig was able to report elemental analyses of …
Laser arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder and knee

The laser is used less in orthopaedics than in any other medical specialty. Improving technology and the impressive effect of the CO2 laser on orthopaedic tissues has, however, accelerated the interest of orthopaedic surgeons over the past two years. The carbon dioxide laser is now commonly used in orthopaedics for difficult to access lesions of the knee - particularly those of a degenerative nature with high surface area and low volume. The results are presented in this paper and reveal no evidence of lasting complications. Although several types of lasers are being experimentally utilized in orthopaedics, the YAG and CO2 lasers are the only lasers commonly utilized. The YAG laser is utilized for shoulder arthroscopy and offers the advantage of passage of energy through fiber and the ability to utilize the tool in an aqueous environment. It is too early to determine as to whether or not the YAG laser or the CO2 laser will be the most efficient energy delivery system for use in the shoulder.
A Model of Future-Oriented Motivation and Self-Regulation

This article presents a theoretically grounded model of motivation and self-regulation that places personally valued future goals at its core. We attempt to integrate two lines of theorizing and research that have been relatively independent of one another: the social–cognitive perspective on self-regulation (e.g., Bandura, A., 1986) and theories of more future-oriented self-regulation (e.g., Markus, H., and Nurius, P., Am. Psychol. 41: 954–969, 1986; 1986; Nutin, J., Motivation, Planning, and Action: A Relational Theory of Behavior Dynamics, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1984; Raynor, J. O., Motivation and Achievement, Winston, & Sons, New York, Chap. 7, pp. 121–154, 1974). We argue that personally valued future goals influence proximal self-regulation through their impact in the development of proximal subgoals leading to future goal attainment. The development of a system of proximal subgoals increases the likelihood that proximal tasks are perceived as instrumental to attaining future goals. Proximal tasks that are perceived as instrumental to reaching personally valued future goals have greater overall incentive value and meaning than proximal tasks lacking this instrumental relationship, and their impact on task engagement is correspondingly greater. Research supporting these claims is reviewed and the implications of this model of future-oriented self-regulation for research and intervention are discussed.
An Algorithm for Projecting Points onto a Patched CAD Model

We are interested in building structured overlap-ping grids for geometries defined by Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) packages. Geometric information defining the boundary surfaces of a computation domain is often provided in the form of a collection of possibly hundreds of trimmed patches. The first step in building an overlapping volume grid on such a geometry is to build overlapping surface grids. A surface grid is typically built using hyperbolic grid generation; starting from a curve on the surface, a grid is grown by marching over the surface. A given hyperbolic grid will typically cover many of the underlying CAD surface patches. The fundamental operation needed for building surface grids is that of projecting a point in space onto the closest point on the CAD surface. We describe a fast and robust algorithm for performing this projection which makes use of a fairly coarse global triangulation of the CAD geometry. Before the global triangulation is constructed the connectivity of the model is determined by an edge-matching algorithm which corrects for gaps and overlaps between neighbouring patches.
Effects of long-term restricted feeding on radial maze performance by aged rats.

Abstract Rats were fed every other day (EOD) from 3–21 months of age prior to training in an 8-arm radial maze with retention intervals of 0, 1 or 5 hr imposed between the fourth and fifth choices. Their performance was compared to that of another aged group fed ad lib throughout life prior to radial maze training and to 3 month old controls. Rats fed ad lib until training adapted to the maze more slowly than young controls and were impaired in acquiring accurate spatial memory. EOD feeding eliminated age-related differences in the initial rate of adaptation to the radial maze but had no effect on the development of accurate spatial memory at any of the retention intervals. These results indicate that differences in deprivation history are probably not responsible for previous findings that radial maze training early in life prevents the appearance of age-related deficits in accurate spatial memory.
Dysferlinopathy Presenting as Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure

Dysferlinopathies are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive muscle disorders resulting from defects or deficiencies in dysferlin. Reported phenotypes range from isolated hyperCKemia to muscular dystrophy. We present a 15-year-old male adolescent who was diagnosed with a dysferlinopathy after presenting with acute renal failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis.
Age‐ and position‐dependent effects of monaural acoustic deprivation in nucleus magnocellularis of the chicken

The effect of a moderately severe monaural conductive hearing loss on the development of neuronal size in the avian nucleus magnocellularis (NM) was investigated. NM is considered to be the homologue of the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus and receives large calyceal synaptic endings from the cochlear nerve. Silicone plastic earplugs which produce a 40 dB broadband conductive hearing loss were placed in one external auditory canal of chick embryos on the 18th day of incubation. After hatching, all animals were housed in communal brooders and sacrificed at 4, 10, 25, and 60 days of age. Nissl-stained sections from paraffin- and plastic-embedded brains were used to sample neuronal cross-sectional areas in NM on the deprived and nondeprived sides of the brain. These samples were obtained separately in each brain from three posterior-to-anterior percentage quartiles within NM. Statistical analyses of these data showed that the severity of deprivation-induced cell size changes in NM varied as a function of both age and position. In the 4- and 10-day groups, no significant deprived-versus-nondeprived differences in neuronal size were seen in any area of the nucleus. At 25 days after hatching, only the third posterior-to-anterior quartile (i.e., 50-74%) showed a significant difference; this difference was also significantly greater than those in the second and fourth quartiles at this age. By 60 days, all three sampled areas in NM showed highly significant differences (averaging 12%) in mean neuronal cross-sectional area. Cell size values from the deprived and nondeprived sides of 60-day-old experimental animals were also compared with values from 60-day-old control subjects. Whereas the deprived NM cells were significantly smaller than controls, there was no evidence for a reliable hypertrophy in the nondeprived cells. Thus, the principal effect of the acoustic deprivation produced was to retard continued growth of the deprived neurons after 4 days of age.
Stereochemical and vibrational theories of odour.

ALTHOUGH many theories of odour specificity have been proposed, only two have been supported by quantitative measurements with statistical analysis. My Stereochemical theory correlates the odours of various compounds with the sizes and shapes of their molecular models1. Wright's vibrational theory relates the odours to certain absorption peaks in their far infrared spectra2. It would be interesting to compare the relative success of our two theories directly, but so far this has not been possible, because we had used different test compounds and different statistical criteria.
Growth of grass carp fed natural and prepared diets under intensive culture

Grass carp were arranged in two groups with an average individual weight of 63 g and 3 g respectively. They were maintained in circular tanks and each group size was fed one of four experimental diets consisting of Purina catfish chow pellets, 50 % catfish chow ryegrass pellets, 100% ryegrass pellets and fresh duckweed, Lemna minima. In this study a high biomass, excellent growth and satisfactory survival rates were obtained when the fish were fed duckweed; the other diets were less satisfactory. The 100% ryegrass pellets gave the least weight gains and on this diet the smaller fish showed lower survival rates and more abnormalities. The feeding experiment lasted 68 days.
Solanum demissum P.I. 230579, a True seed diagnostic host for potato virus Y

Seedlings ofSolarium demissum P.I. 230579 in the 5-to 10-leaf stage growing under 18-hour days and at 20 to 24°C developed dark, irregular, slightly elongated local lesions 3 to 5 days following inoculation with any one of three strains of potato virus Y (PVY). Local lesions did not develop after similar inoculations with any one of two or more strains each of potato viruses A, M, S, X, or spindle tuber and a single strain each of potato calico and potato yellow dwarf. Inoculations from diseased specimens infected with PVY plus potato viruses A, M, S, and X, singly or in some combinations did not affect the efficiency of P.I. 230579 in detecting PVY in the mixed infections. Plants of P.I. 230579 developed significant numbers of local lesions from PVY inoculations at temperatures from 16 to 27°C and at inoculum dilutions through 1:100. Excised individual leaves of P.I. 230579 can be used to detect PVY. Leaves of plants exposed to air pollutants are unsuitable for assay purposes.S. demissum P.I. 230579 is homozygous for the local reaction to isolates of PVY and is a valuable aid for indexing aphid or mechanically inoculated potato clones or seedlings for resistance to the virus. It is a superior diagnostic host for differentiating PVY from other viruses commonly found in potatoes in the United States.
Soil water dynamics under various agricultural land covers on a subsurface drained field in north-central Iowa, USA

Abstract Modification of land cover systems is being studied in subsurface drained Iowa croplands due to their potential benefits in increasing soil water and nitrogen depletion thus reducing drainage and NO3–N loss in the spring period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of modified land covers on soil water dynamics. In each individual year, modified land covers including winter rye–corn (rC), winter rye–soybean (rS), kura clover as a living mulch for corn (kC), and perennial forage (PF), as well as conventional corn (C) and soybean (S), were grown in subsurface drained plots in north-central Iowa. Results showed that subsurface drainage was not reduced under modified land covers in comparison to conventional corn and soybean. Soil water storage (SWS) was significantly reduced by PF treatments during the whole growing seasons and by kC during May through July when compared to the cropping system with corn or soybean only (p
Pore structures of carbon-smectite nanocomposites

Smectite from Wyoming was intercalated with large inorganic and organic cations. The resulting pillared inorganic matrices were saturated with furfuryl alcohol followed by in situ polymerization and carbonization. The surface properties of the composite materials were studied by inverse gas chromatography (GC ) (sorption of n- and branched alkanes). X-ray diffraction, (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and nitrogen adsorption experiments. The results of this study showed that small pores were created in the prepared materials and that the final structure of the composite is governed by the thermal and chemical properties of the organoclay intercalated complexes.
Electronic health records: use, barriers and satisfaction among physicians who care for black and Hispanic patients.

Objectives Electronic health records (EHRs) are a promising tool to improve the quality of health care, although it remains unclear who will benefit from this new technology. Given that a small group of providers care for most racial/ethnic minorities, we sought to determine whether minority-serving providers adopt EHR systems at comparable rates to other providers. Methods We used survey data from stratified random sample of all medical practices in Massachusetts in 2005. We determined rates of EHR adoption, perceived barriers to adoption, and satisfaction with EHR systems. Results Physicians who reported patient panels of more than 40% black or Hispanic had comparable levels of EHR adoption than other physicians (27.9% and 21.8%, respectively, P = 0.46). Physicians from minority-serving practices identified financial and other barriers to implementing EHR systems at similar rates, although these physicians were less likely to be concerned with privacy and security concerns of EHRs (47.1% vs. 64.4%, P = 0.01). Finally, physicians from high-minority practices had similar perceptions about the positive impact of EHRs on quality (73.7% vs. 76.6%, P = 0.43) and costs (46.9% vs. 51.5%, P = 0.17) of care. Conclusions In a state with a diverse minority population, we found no evidence that minority-serving providers had lower EHR adoption rates, faced different barriers to adoption or were less satisfied with EHRs. Given the importance of ensuring that minority-serving providers have equal access to EHR systems, we failed to find evidence of a new digital divide.
Catholic Priesthood’s Proper Matter: A Female Presbyterate?

Conflating human gender and human sexual identity leads to fallacious conclusions that lack ontological corroborations. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church’s preference for an all “men-male” celibate priesthood shares this preponderant conflation. An examination of gender and sexuality evinces denotative distinctions among these human dimensions and deconstructs the Church’s conflation that seeks for a fitting priestly representation of Jesus’ maleness (sexual identity). Doubtless not all ordained men are males, but all ordained males are men, some of whom (men and males) remain sexually active. This de facto reality also deconstructs a “celibate” priesthood, rendering celibacy’s inception only a disciplinary legislation. Furthermore, an Aristotelian examination of sacraments demonstrates the human person regardless of gender or of sexual identity is the proper matter for sacred orders. This makes the case for a female presbyterate.
The Long Journey from Stem Cells to Medical Product

There is much interest in developing stem cells and the cells derived from them as therapies for treating human disease and injury, but many biological, technological and regulatory hurdles have to be overcome before these cell therapies can be brought to commercial fruition.
A reassessment of P2X7 receptor inhibition as a neuroprotective strategy in rat models of contusion injury

These experiments were completed as part of an NIH "Facilities of Research Excellence in Spinal Cord Injury" contract to support independent replication of published studies that could be considered for eventual clinical testing. Recent studies have reported that selective inhibition of the P2X7 receptor improves both the functional and histopathological consequences of a contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. We repeated two published studies reporting the beneficial effects of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2'-4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) or Brilliant blue G (BBG) treatment after SCI (Wang et al., 2004 and Peng et al., 2009). Mild thoracic SCI was first produced in Experiment 1 by means of the MASCIS impactor at T10 (height 6.25 mm, weight 10 g) followed by intraspinal administration of a P2X7 antagonist (2 μl/10 mM) after injury. Treatment with PPADS or another highly selective P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) (2 μl/02 mM) did not improve locomotive (BBB rating scale) over a 7 week period compared to vehicle treated rats. Also, secondary histopathological changes in terms of overall lesion and cavity volume were not significantly different between the PPADS, BBG, and vehicle treated animals. In the second experiment, the systemic administration of BBG (10 or 50 mg/kg, iv) 15 min, 24 and 72 h after moderate (12.5 mm) SCI failed to significantly improve motor recovery or histopathological outcome over the 6 week observational period. Although we cannot conclude that there will be no long-term beneficial effects in other spinal cord injury models using selective P2X7 receptor antagonists at different doses or treatment durations, we caution researchers that this potentially exciting therapy requires further preclinical investigations before the implementation of clinical trials targeting severe SCI patients.
Relative contribution of DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, and cell death to survival after DNA damage in Drosophila larvae.

Abstract Background: Components of the DNA damage checkpoint are essential for surviving exposure to DNA damaging agents. Checkpoint activation leads to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis in eukaryotes. Cell cycle regulation and DNA repair appear essential for unicellular systems to survive DNA damage. The relative importance of these responses and apoptosis for surviving DNA damage in multicellular organisms remains unclear. Results: After exposure to ionizing radiation, wild-type Drosophila larvae regulate the cell cycle and repair DNA; grp (DmChk1) mutants cannot regulate the cell cycle but repair DNA; okra (DmRAD54) mutants regulate the cell cycle but are deficient in repair of double strand breaks (DSB); mei-41 (DmATR) mutants cannot regulate the cell cycle and are deficient in DSB repair. All undergo radiation-induced apoptosis. p53 mutants regulate the cell cycle but fail to undergo apoptosis. Of these, mutants deficient in DNA repair, mei-41 and okra , show progressive degeneration of imaginal discs and die as pupae, while other genotypes survive to adulthood after irradiation. Survival is accompanied by compensatory growth of imaginal discs via increased nutritional uptake and cell proliferation, presumably to replace dead cells. Conclusions: DNA repair is essential for surviving radiation as expected; surprisingly, cell cycle regulation and p53-dependent cell death are not. We propose that processes resembling regeneration of discs act to maintain tissues and ultimately determine survival after irradiation, thus distinguishing requirements between muticellular and unicellular eukaryotes.
An automatic color segmentation algorithm with application to identification of skin tumor borders

A principal components transform algorithm for automatic color segmentation of images is described. This color segmentation algorithm was used to find tumor borders in six different color spaces including the original red, green, and blue (RGB) color space of the digitized image, the intensity/hue/saturation (IHS) transform, the spherical transform, chromaticity coordinates, the CIE transform and the uniform color transform designated CIE-LUV. Five hundred skin tumor images were separated into a training set and a test set for comparison of the different color spaces. Automatic induction was applied to dynamically determine the number of colors for segmentation. Ninety-one percent of image variance was contained in the image component along the principal axis (also containing the most image information). When compared to a luminance radial search method, the principal components color segmentation border method performed equally well by one measure and 10% better by another measure, including more near border points outside the tumor. The spherical transform provides the highest success rate and the chromaticity transform the lowest error rate, although large variances in the data preclude definitive statistical comparisons.
Assessment of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen under conservation management practices in the Central Claypan Region, Missouri, USA

Abstract Conservation management practices including upland vegetative filter strips (VFS) and no-till cultivation have the potential to enhance soil carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services in agroecosystems. A modified two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with subsamples was used to compare SOC and TN on a concentration, soil volume and soil mass basis in claypan soils planted to different conservation management practices and as a function of landscape position. The three conservation management practices (no-till cultivation, grass VFS and agroforestry VFS) and four landscape positions (summit, shoulder, backslope and footslope) investigated were compared 10 years after VFS establishment in a no-till system planted to maize (Zea mays. L.)–soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation. Two soil depth increments (0–5 cm and 5–13 cm) were modeled separately to test for treatment effects. In the surface layer, mean SOC concentration was significantly greater in the VFS soils compared to no-till. On a soil volume or mass basis, no significant differences in SOC stocks were found among treatment means. Concentration and mass based TN values were significantly greater in the grass VFS relative to no-till in the surface layer. A rapid slaking stability test, developed to separate particulate, adsorbed and occluded organic carbon (PAO-C) and nitrogen (PAO-N), showed that VFS soils had significantly greater mean PAO-C and PAO-N concentrations, soil volume and soil mass based stocks than no-till. In addition, comparison of SOC:TN and PAO-C:PAO-N ratios suggest reduced decomposition and mineralization of SOC in the PAO fraction. No significant treatment effects were detected in total or PAO soil fractions in the subsurface layer or among landscape position in either depth increment. Study results emphasize the need to compare soil carbon and nitrogen stocks on a soil volume and/or soil mass basis using bulk density measurements. Additionally, the rapid PAO separation technique was found to be a good indicator of early changes in SOC and TN in the systems studied. Overall, this research indicates that grass VFS may sequester TN more rapidly than agroforestry VFS and that a greater proportion of SOC and TN may be stabilized in VFS soils compared to no-till.
The Dynamics of Active Categorical Perception in an Evolved Model Agent

Notions of embodiment, situatedness, and dynamics are increasingly being debated in cognitive sci ence. However, these debates are often carried out in the absence of concrete examples. In order to...
Development of the mean velocity distribution in rectangular jets

The mean flowfield of 1 x 2 and 1 x 4 aspect ratio rectangular jets has been measured using a laser Doppler anemometer system. The development of the downstream velocity distribution is analyzed with respect to centerline velocity decay, shear layer growth, axis switching, and velocity profile development. Comparisons are made with axisymmetric, planar, and other rectangular jets.
Smart Structure Integration Through Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing

Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM), a form of 3D printing based on ultrasonic metal welding, allows for room-temperature fabrication of adaptive structures with seamlessly embedded sensors and actuators. UAM combines solid-state welding of metallic foils, automated additive foil layering, and CNC machining. The most recent UAM systems utilize 9 kW of ultrasonic power for improved build strength and quality over low power systems, leading to previously unfeasible smart structures. Current UAM efforts in this area are focused on embedding smart materials, fiber optics, and cooling channels into metallic matrices. Since UAM process temperatures do not exceed one half of the melting temperature of the matrix, various alloys such as NiTi and FeGa, and polymers such as PVDF, have been successfully embedded without degradation of the smart material or the matrix. This paper aims to demonstrate the benefits of UAM, with particular emphasis on smart components for vehicle design. Example concepts include stiffness-tunable structures, thermally invariant composites, and materials with embedded cooling channels.Copyright © 2014 by ASME