cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copepod feeding response to varying Alexandrium spp. cellular toxicity and cell concentration among natural plankton samples

Abstract We challenged four species of copepod grazers (Acartia hudsonica, Centropages hamatus, Eurytemora herdmani, Calanus finmarchicus) with natural water samples containing non-toxic algae mixed with one of three clones of Alexandrium spp.—A. tamarense GTCN16 (non-toxic), A. fundyense GTCA28 (moderate toxicity), and A. fundyense BC1 (higher toxicity), each at relatively high (105 cells L−1) and low (104 cells L−1) concentrations. Within any one copepod species, significant differences existed in copepod clearance rates and total food ingested between high and low Alexandrium cell concentrations, and between levels of toxicity, but feeding response did not follow a predictable relationship proportional to toxin levels—rather, the presence or absence of toxin was more important than the level of toxicity. C. finmarchicus behaved differently from the smaller coastal copepods, showing less selectivity and greater concentration dependence. In low Alexandrium concentration treatments, copepod clearance rates on Alexandrium were usually higher, and electivity indices for Alexandrium less negative (indicating less avoidance), compared to high concentration treatments. In high toxicity (BC1) treatments of all copepod species (except C. finmarchicus), total food consumption was consistently less at high Alexandrium concentrations compared to low concentrations, suggesting that high toxicity and concentration suppress overall feeding, while in non-toxic (GTCN 16) treatments total consumption was always higher at high Alexandrium concentrations. Copepod grazers do not follow predictable feeding rules throughout a continuum of conditions, but become more predictable at extremes of concentration and toxicity of prey, consistent with the conclusion that both factors are important. Results support the hypothesis that grazer deterrence imparted by toxicity is only effective at high cell concentrations, but even then will not protect against all grazers.
Analysis of Protein Expression and Compartmentalization in Retinal Neurons Using Serial Tangential Sectioning of the Retina

The progress in understanding visual signal transduction in vertebrate photoreceptors, arguably the best studied G protein-mediated signal transduction cascade in modern biology, was facilitated by the unique anatomy of rod photoreceptors. Held only by thin connected cilia, rod outer segments can be readily separated from the rest of the retina simply by shaking, and then purified by gradient centrifugation. The availability of such an efficient procedure of rod outer segment purification not only previously facilitated the identification of many principal visual signaling proteins located in this cellular compartment, but it is also currently being exploited in proteomics studies. In this paper, we describe a simple and inexpensive technique that allows for the quantitative analysis of protein expression within different subcellular compartments of photoreceptors, and could also be used for studying protein expression in the secondary retinal neurons. This technique is based on the Western blot analysis of the protein content of serial sections obtained by tangential sectioning of flat-mounted frozen retinas from mouse and rat, and it could serve as a way to validate proteomic data, similar to the way the quantitative RT-PCR technique is used for validation of gene-microarray data. To demonstrate the utility of this technique, we have determined the expression profiles in normal mouse retina of several signaling, energy-producing, and chaperone proteins, which were recently identified in bovine rod photoreceptors by mass spectrometry.
The alienated counselor

This paper deals with the question of the difficulty of communication between the counselor and those individuals who live in the ghetto and who are usually described as alienated. It describes the alienated client and the alienated counselor. On the assumption that the alienation is the responsibility of the counselor rather than the client, the article then goes on to describe the kind of counselor who might be referred to as “non-alienated.”
Specificity of cellular retinol-binding protein for compounds with vitamin A activity.

THE importance of vitamin A (retinol) for normal growth and development of vertebrates is well established1 but its mechanism(s) of action, except in vision, remains obscure. Retinol can influence differentiation of epithelial cells2 and is required for normal development of the testis and for maintenance of pregnancy3, suggesting a regulatory role resembling that of certain hormones in some aspects of its activity. The action of many steroid hormones is apparently mediated through specific cellular binding proteins4. We have found that rat tissues5,6 and human5 and rabbit lungs7 contain a protein able to bind all-trans-retinol, the most potent vitamin A compound, with high affinity and specificity. In all species studied so far, this protein has the same apparent size (molecular weight 14,000, sedimenting in the 2S region on sucrose gradients) and seems to carry retinol as a non-covalently bound ligand in vivo6,7. It has a lower molecular weight and a different fluorescence excitation spectrum6 than that reported for the intensively studied retinol binding protein of serum8, demonstrating that we are dealing with a different protein. We have purified this cellular binding protein 1,000-fold from rat testes6 and 600-fold from rabbit lung7 and report here its specificity in binding various compounds exhibiting vitamin A activity in vivo.
Incipient fault diagnosis of nonlinear processes with multiple causes of faults

Abstract We describe how to detect and diagnose the causes of faults for stochastic processes. Causes of the faults are presumed to be deterioration of various We illustrate the proposed strategy for fault detection and diagnosis for a chemical reactor with heat exchange via simulation, and compare the results
Explanation, understanding, and control

There is a recent interest within both philosophy of science as well as within epistemology to provide a defensible account of understanding. In the present article I build on insights from previous work in attempt to provide an account of two related forms of understanding in terms of the ability to form rational intentions when using specific types of mental representations. I propose first that “understanding that X” requires that one form a representation of X and, further, that one must be capable of forming rational intentions using this representation across a range of conceivable conditions. I then propose that “understanding why X” requires that one possess a representation of a successful explanation for why X, and that one must be similarly capable of forming rational intentions using this representation across a range of conceivable conditions. I conclude the manuscript by reviewing objections and considering the way this account relates to other literature on explanation and understanding.
The prevalence of questionable methods of cancer treatment in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To assess nationally the use of questionable cancertherapies. DESIGN: Survey of cancer patients or their families regardinguse of questionable methods of cancer treatment; sample survey ofphysicians' perception of use. PARTICIPANTS: 36,000 households; 5,047individuals; 91 physicians. RESULTS: The prevalence of use of questionablecancer methods was nine percent overall. An increase in use was directlyproportional to increased income and education. Prolonged illness andcertain types of cancer were more commonly associated with use. Harmfulside effects of questionable cancer treatments were regarded as modest (sixpercent). There was a wide range in cost. Third-party reimbursement wasreported by 25 percent of patients. Important discrepancies were foundbetween patients' and physicians' perceptions of questionable therapies. CONCLUSIONS: While some questionable therapies are harmless or inexpensive, others have toxic effects and may be costly, and none have scientificallyproven efficacy. Although the percentage of usage reported is relativelylow, overall large numbers of patients are involved, especially in certaingroups. The physician plays a key role in encouraging or preventing the useof questionable methods, and substantial improvements in public andprofessional education are needed.
Analysis of flight management system predictions of idle-thrust descents

To enable arriving aircraft to fly optimized descents computed by the flight management system (FMS) in congested airspace, ground automation must accurately predict descent trajectories. To support development of the predictor and its uncertainty models, descents from cruise to the meter fix were executed using vertical navigation in a B737–700 simulator and a B777–200 simulator, both with commercial FMSs. For both aircraft types, the FMS computed the intended descent path for a specified speed profile assuming idle thrust after top of descent (TOD), and then it controlled the avionics without human intervention. The test matrix varied aircraft weight, descent speed, and wind conditions. The first analysis in this paper determined the effect of the test matrix parameters on the FMS computation of TOD location, and it compared the results to those for the current ground predictor in the Efficient Descent Advisor (EDA). The second analysis was similar but considered the time to fly a specified distance to the meter fix. The effects of the test matrix variables together with the accuracy requirements for the predictor will determine the allowable error for the predictor inputs. For the B737, the EDA prediction of meter fix crossing time agreed well with the FMS; but its prediction of TOD location probably was not sufficiently accurate to enable idle-thrust descents in congested airspace, even though the FMS and EDA gave similar shapes for TOD location as a function of the test matrix variables. For the B777, the FMS and EDA gave different shapes for the TOD location function, and the EDA prediction of the TOD location is not accurate enough to fully enable the concept. Furthermore, the differences between the FMS and EDA predictions of meter fix crossing time for the B777 indicated that at least one of them was not sufficiently accurate.
Sol–gel synthesis of hydrous ruthenium oxide nanonetworks from 1,2-epoxides

Abstract Hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuO2·xH2O) xerogels were synthesized through the addition of a 1,2-epoxide, propylene oxide, to commercial hydrated ruthenium chloride, “RuCl3·xH2O,” in ethanol. After a blue-black monolithic gel formed in 4 h, the samples were allowed to age for 24 h and were dried in ambient conditions. The dried samples were then characterized by XPS, XRD, DTA and TGA. XPS showed the Ru(3d5/2) peak at a binding energy of 281.7 eV, corresponding to that of hydrous ruthenium oxide. XRD data revealed the synthesized material as amorphous. Heating the sample in inert atmospheres caused the complete reduction of the oxide to the zero-valent state, whereas heating the sample in air resulted in both crystalline anhydrous RuO2 and zero-valent ruthenium, depending on the method of heating. DTA traces showed an endotherm ending at 150 °C, corresponding to the loss of coordinated water, as well as two higher temperature crystallization exotherms when the sample was heated in both inert and oxygen-rich atmospheres. TGA runs also confirmed the complete reduction of the hydrous oxide when heated in nitrogen below 270 °C and the formation of anhydrous ruthenium oxide when heated in air, confirming the XRD results.
Training backpropagation and CMAC neural networks for control of a SCARA robot

Abstract The dynamic control of a robotic manipulator is accomplished by the computation and application of actuating torques required for the manipulator to follow desired trajectories. A considerable amount of work has been reported in the literature concerning the application of classical model-based and adaptive control techniques to the above problem. However, many of the available schemes suffer from the fact that they require an accurate model of the robot dynamics, including nonlinearities, which may be difficult to obtain beforehand. In order to address the problem of adaptive control in unknown environments, it is possible to utilize artificial neural networks to learn the characteristics of the system rather than having to prespecify an explicit system model. In this paper, two artificial-neural-network-based strategies are implemented for the accurate trajectory tracking by a SCARA-type IBM 7540 robot. The performance of a backpropagation-based neural controller is compared with that of one based on a scheme similar to Albus' Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) 1 [Albus J. S. Trans. ASME J. Dynamic Syst. Measur. Control, pp. 220–227 (1975)].
Synthesis and characterization of carbohydrate-based phospholipids.

Novel carbohydrate-based phospholipids containing two saturated C12 (dilauroyl ribo-phosphocholine) (DLRPC), C14 (dimyristoyl ribo-phosphocholine) (DMRPC), and C20 (diarachadonyl ribo-phosphocholine) (DARPC) carboxylic acid chains were synthesized. The physical properties of the supramolecular structures formed by these compounds were compared to those formed by their direct glycerol analogues dilauroyl phosphocholine (DLPC), dimyristoyl phosphocholine (DMPC), and diarachadonyl phosphocholine (DAPC). Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and X-ray diffraction data indicated that with chain lengths ≤14 carbons, the carbohydrate backbone increased the thermal stability of the bilayer below the phase-transition temperature (Tm) as compared to the glycerol-based lipids. With longer chains (C20), the bilayer structure was destabilized as compared to glycerol-based lipids. NMR studies of a DMRPC vesicle dispersion reveal split choline headgroup signals and distinct magnetization transfer effects ar...
Screening and early postnatal management strategies to prevent hazardous hyperbilirubinemia in newborns of 35 or more weeks of gestation

Although kernicterus is a rare condition, it is still being reported in North America and Western Europe in addition to less developed parts of the world. The majority of affected infants are term and late-preterm newborns who have been discharged from the nursery as 'healthy newborns' yet have subsequently developed extreme hyperbilirubinemia and the classic neurodevelopmental findings associated with kernicterus. Published guidelines provide the basic tools for preventing hazardous hyperbilirubinemia and the two most important of these are a systematic assessment, prior to discharge, of each infant, for the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia, and appropriate follow-up based on the time of discharge and the risk assessment. The most recent recommendations call for a predischarge measurement of the serum or transcutaneous bilirubin in all infants. When combined with the gestational age and other risk factors for hyperbilirubinemia, this provides the best estimate of the risk, or lack of risk, for subsequent hyperbilirubinemia, and determines the timing of follow-up and the need for further evaluation and treatment. The application of these principles to the management of the jaundiced newborn might not eliminate every case of kernicterus, but should contribute to a reduction in its occurrence.
Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by larval Taenia taeniaeformis in resistant and susceptible strains of mice.

Abstract Activation of complement by Taenia taeniaeformis larvae was examined by immunohistochemical staining of liver sections from resistant BALB/cByJ mice, moderately susceptible C3H/HeJ mice, and susceptible C3H/HeDub mice. C3 deposition was found on larval surfaces as early as 2 days post-infection, the earliest period of examination, and persisted in all three strains of mice until day 6 post-infection when it was no longer present. Additionally, oncospheres activated in vitro demonstrated complement binding activity when exposed to non-immune mouse sera from all three strains. The alternative pathway was implicated by the inability to inhibit the activation of C3 on oncospheres with serum treated with EGTA and Mg 2+ , the failure to detect IgM or IgG on larval surfaces in situ , and the inability to detect by ELISA circulating antibody to a solubilized T. taeniaeformis oncosphere extract prior to 6 days post-infection. Administration of anti-complementary cobra venom factor to mice prior to oral infection resulted in decreased parasite mortality, particularly in the normally resistant BALB/cByJ strain. It is suggested that the role of complement in innate resistance is an indirect action involving host cell recognition and/or activation rather than a direct lytic effect
Selection of Distributed Power-Generating Systems Based on Electric, Heating, and Cooling Loads

A generalized thermodynamic model is developed to describe combined cooling, heating, and power generating systems. This model is based on reversible power generation and refrigeration devices with practical, irreversible heat exchanger processes. It provides information on a system’s performance and allows easy comparisons among different systems at different loading conditions. Using both the first and second laws as well as the carbon dioxide production rate allows one to make a first-order system assessment of its energy usage and environment impact. The consistency of the exergy destruction rate and the first law performance ensures that the thermodynamic system boundaries are correctly and completely defined. The importance of the total thermal load to the required power ratio (HLRP) as a scaling parameter is demonstrated. A number of trends for limited conditions can be delineated even though the reported results confirmed that generalized trends are not identifiable because of the systems’ complexities. The results demonstrate that the combined vapor compression∕absorption refrigeration has higher first law utilization factors and lower carbon dioxide production rate for systems with high refrigeration to total thermal load ratios for all HLRP values. Fuel cell systems outperform engine systems for large refrigeration load applications. An illustration of combining these results to an economic analysis is presented.
Visualizing simulated room fires (case study)

Recent advances in fire science and computer modeling of fires allow scientists to predict fire growth and spread through structures. In this paper we describe a variety of visualizations of simulated room fires for use by both fire protection engineers and fire suppression personnel. We also introduce the concept of fuzzy visualization, which results from the superposition of data from several separate simulations into a single visualization.
A Method to Identify Occupational Stereotypes.

The purpose of this research was to develop a method to identify occupational stereotypes and to use that method to investigate the content of one occupational stereotype. The method developed included the use of multiple sources of data (both qualitative and quantitative), multiple methods of analysis, and manifold evidence of validity. Data sources included the popular press, human subject responses, and cartoons. Clothing and appearance cues and personal attributes, which were components of the stereotype, were identified and analyzed using statistical techniques. Content-, criterion-, and construct-related sources provided evidence to infer validity of the content, and the method used to identify the content, of an occupational stereotype.
Numerical modeling of pulsed laser evaporation of aluminum targets

A one dimensional thermal model was used to investigate the pulsed laser evaporation of aluminum targets. The gasdynamic flow of the vapor was predicted by solving one dimensional compressible flow equations for an inviscid fluid. The variation of the threshold laser fluence for target evaporation with respect to target surface reflectivity was investigated. The threshold laser fluence predicted by a thermal evaporation model was larger than the values obtained experimentally. The effects of the ambient pressure and the laser fluence on the local Mach number of the vapor at the edge of the Knudsen layer were studied. The structure of the gasdynamic flow including the shock wave and the contact surface was shown in the density profiles.
Physicochemical and topological correlates of the enzymatic acetyltransfer reaction

Abstract □ The relative potencies of a series of substituted anilines as acetyl acceptors in the enzymatic N -acetylation reaction have been correlated using physicochemical substituent constants ( π , σ − ), molecular connectivity indices ( 1 χ, 1 χ V ) and newly formulated information–theoretic topological indices (IC, SIC). Results indicate a predominant role of the topological steric parameters in determining the rates of the N -acetyltransferase reaction.
The effect of self- vs. external-monitoring and locus of control upon the pacing and general adjustment of psychiatric inpatients

Abstract Ninety-six psychiatric inpatients with a history of problematic pacing were identified as internal or external (Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale) and assigned to one of four monitoring categories: (1) self-monitoring, in which participants recorded their pacing on wrist counters, (2) external-monitoring, in which ward staff informed participants of their pacing, (3) social demand, in which participants were pressured not to pace, but without specific feedback concerning their pacing and (4) no treatment. Dependent measures included the number of cycles paced, distance paced, and staff rated general social adjustment (MACC scale). As hypothesized, internals showed greater reductions in pacing and increases in general adjustment scores in the self-monitoring condition and externals reducing pacing and improved general adjustment on the external monitoring condition. Both of the treatment conditions created greater positive change than the social demand condition.
Time-varying risk premium: Further evidence in agricultural futures markets

Research has provided mixed results regarding the presence of a time-varying risk premium in agricultural futures markets. In this article we test for the presence of a time-varying risk premium focusing on the properties of the underlying data. Our results show that accounting for the structural break in the 1970s plays a key role in the findings. In contrast to recent research, we find only limited evidence of time-varying risk premium. For a two-month horizon the corn, soybean meal and hog markets show no signs of a risk premium, while very weak support for a time-varying premium emerges in live cattle. For the four-month horizon, no evidence of a time-varying risk premium appears for any of the markets.
Solubilization of Paracetamol Using Non-Ionic Surfactants and Co-Solubilizers

AbstractThe influence of certain aqueous non-ionic surfactants, cosolvents and cosolvent - surfactant blends on the enhanced solubility of paracetamol were studied. Dielectric constants of these solvent systems with and without paracetamol were determined. In several instances, paracetamol was increased in solubility by 5-7 fold, depending on the system used. Dielectric constants were affected to varying degrees by these systems.The cosolvents, propylene glycol and glycerin apparently suppress micelle formation.
A Resource Allocation Framework for Experiment-Based Validation of Numerical Models

In experiment-based validation, uncertainties and systematic biases in model predictions are reduced by either increasing the amount of experimental evidence available for model calibration—thereby mitigating prediction uncertainty—or increasing the rigor in the definition of physics and/or engineering principles—thereby mitigating prediction bias. Hence, decision makers must regularly choose between either allocating resources for experimentation or further code development. The authors propose a decision-making framework to assist in resource allocation strictly from the perspective of predictive maturity and demonstrate the application of this framework on a nontrivial problem of predicting the plastic deformation of polycrystals.
The SCARECROW Gene Regulates an Asymmetric Cell Division That Is Essential for Generating the Radial Organization of the Arabidopsis Root

In the Arabidopsis root meristem, initial cells undergo asymmetric divisions to generate the cell lineages of the root. The scarecrow mutation results in roots that are missing one cell layer owing to the disruption of an asymmetric division that normally generates cortex and endodermis. Tissue-specific markers indicate that a heterogeneous cell type is formed in the mutant. The deduced amino acid sequence of SCARECROW (SCR) suggests that it is a member of a novel family of putative transcription factors. SCR is expressed in the cortex/endodermal initial cells and in the endodermal cell lineage. Tissue-specific expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. These results indicate a key role for SCR in regulating the radial organization of the root.
Ammonia activation by iron: state-specific reactions of Fe+(6D, 4F) with ND3 and the reaction of FeNH+ with D2

Abstract The kinetic energy dependence of the reactions of Fe+(6D, 4F) with ND3, FeNH+ with D2, and FeNH+ with Xe are studied in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer over the energy range of 0–10 eV. Only two products, both formed in endothermic processes, are observed in the former system, FeND2+ and FeD+. By using both dc discharge/flow tube and surface ionization sources, state-specific reaction cross sections for these products are obtained. In the reaction of FeNH+ with D2, four ionic products, Fe+, FeNHD+, FeND2+, and FeD+, are observed. The latter three products are formed in endothermic reactions, whereas exothermic formation of Fe+ + NHD2 is shown to occur via a reaction barrier of 0.27 ± 0.05 eV. Analyses of the various endothermic reactions are used to obtain bond energies for Fe+ NH2 of 2.88 ± 0.12 eV and for Fe+ NH of 2.76 ± 0.09 eV. Combining these various results permits a fairly complete experimental evaluation of the potential energy surface for ammonia activation by Fe+. The experimental information obtained is compared to calculated energetics and potential energy surfaces obtained using density functional theory (B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3p)//B3LYP/6-311+G* and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,3p)//B3LYP/6-311+G*) as well as previous experimental and theoretical results in the literature. Implications for the bond energy of FeOH+ are also discussed.
Reduction of Copper, but Not Iron, by Human Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) IMPLICATIONS FOR METAL ION-DEPENDENT OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION OF LDL

Cell-mediated oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein (LDL), most likely an important early step in atherosclerosis, requires redox active metal ions such as copper or iron. We have previously shown that iron-dependent, in contrast to copperdependent, oxidative modification of LDL requires superoxide, a physiological reductant. In the present study, we sought to explain these discrepant results. LDL was incubated at 37°C with Cu2+ (10 μM) and bathocuproine (BC, 360 μM), an indicator molecule which specifically complexes Cu+, but not Cu2+. In a time- and concentration-dependent manner, LDL reduced Cu2+ to Cu+. An LDL concentration as low as 10 μg of protein/ml (about 20 nM) reduced about 7 μM Cu2+ within 1 h of incubation. Complexation of the Cu+ formed under these conditions with BC significantly inhibited oxidative modification of LDL, as assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Preincubation of LDL with N-ethylmaleimide had no effect on the rate and extent of Cu2+ reduction nor LDL oxidation, indicating that free sulfhydryl groups associated with apolipoprotein B are not involved. Addition of either superoxide dismutase or catalase or increasing the α-tocopherol content of LDL from 11.8 ± 3.0 to 24.4 ± 2.8 nmol/mg of protein also had no significant effect on the kinetics of Cu2+ reduction by LDL. In contrast, incubation of LDL with Fe3+-citrate (10 μM) and the indicator bathophenanthroline (BP, 360 μM) resulted in no significant Fe2+ formation, even at LDL concentrations as high as 200 μg of protein/ml. However, incubation of LDL with Fe3+-citrate and an enzymatic source of superoxide led to rapid formation of Fe2+ and consequent oxidative modification of LDL. Addition of BP inhibited iron-mediated LDL oxidation under these conditions. Our results indicate that reduced metal ions are important mediators of LDL oxidation, and that LDL specifically reduces Cu2+, but not Fe3+. These data, therefore, help explain why copper, in addition to being chemically more reactive, is more potent than iron at mediating LDL oxidation.
The Clinical Chemistry Guide to Scientific Writing

In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , we are pleased to present a new educational article in a series called The Clinical Chemistry Guide to Scientific Writing. This new series of articles will add to information presented …
M 2,3 spectrum of atomic Mn

The $3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d$ absorption spectrum of Mn vapor measured by Connerade, Mansfield, and Martin is compared to calculations based upon single-configuration Hartree-Fock multiplet theory and the formalism of Fano for the interaction of discrete and continuum states. It is concluded that the principal decay is through super-Coster-Kronig transitions. The observation of sharp structure associated with the excited states $3{p}^{5}3{d}^{6}4{s}^{2}(^{6}D)$, for example, is shown to be consistent with this mechanism. Decay selection rules are found to be a consequence of rotation and inversion symmetry. Spin-orbit interaction in the $3p$ subshell is treated exactly to obtain the sharp structure below the giant $^{6}P$ resonance. It is necessary to include the off-diagonal matrix elements of the decay matrix $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ to obtain the correct line shape since the resonances overlap. The resonance shift of the Hartree-Fock multiplet energy of the $^{6}P$ state is computed to be -2.2 eV. The effects of the energy dependence of the parameters entering the Fano formalism are examined and the strength of other transitions (e.g., $3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4d$) is estimated. The importance of the interaction with continua of the form $3{p}^{5}3{d}^{m}4{s}^{n}\ensuremath{\epsilon}l$, $m+n=7$, (the mechanism of Dehmer, Starace, Fano, Sugar, and Cooper) is assessed. The relationship of this work to calculations of the nonradiative lifetime of $3p$ holes in transition metals is discussed.
Hormonal regulation of intracellular lipolysis in C57BL/6J mice: effect of diet-induced adiposity and data normalization

The breakdown of intracellular triglycerides in adipose tissue provides fatty acids and glycerol as substrates for oxidation. However, the exposure of target organs to excess free fatty acids is associated with the development of insulin resistance and impaired regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that the control of triglyceride breakdown is an important factor in balancing health and disease. We have studied the temporal influence of diet-induced changes in adiposity on the response of intracellular lipolysis to epinephrine ± insulin using freshly isolated adipocytes from C57BL/6J mice fed a low-fat (10% kcal) or high-fat (HF, 45% kcal) diet for 1, 4, or 12 weeks. In this model, we also tested how data normalization affects the interpretation. The contribution of the epididymal fat to total body mass increased by ∼15%, 45%, and 100% after 1, 4, and 12 weeks of HF diet consumption, respectively. In addition, HF feeding led to an increase in fasting insulin, that is, ∼2-fold greater in HF- vs low-fat–fed mice at 4 and 12 weeks. We found that diet-induced changes in adiposity did not alter the lipolytic response to epinephrine when data were normalized per DNA (ie, per cell); however, the lipolytic potential of the organ (ie, the lipolytic rate per cell multiplied by the total number of cells) was increased in isolated adipocytes after 4 and 12 weeks of HF feeding. We also observed a marked impairment in insulin-mediated inhibition of epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis after 4 and 12 weeks of HF feeding, demonstrating that diet-induced adiposity leads to insulin resistance in adipocytes. In conclusion, HF feeding in mice leads to greater rates of lipolysis via (1) an increase in the number of fat cells and (2) a defect in insulin signaling in adipocytes. The combination of these 2 alterations on the control of intracellular lipolysis suggests a mechanism(s) that (partly) explains how target organs could be exposed to excess lipid-derived energy substrates, for example, free fatty acids and glycerol.
A haplotype block model for fine mapping of quantitative trait loci regulating HIV-1 pathogenesis.

The dynamic change of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) particles that cause AIDS displays considerable variation from patients to patients. It is likely that such variation in HIV-1 pathogenesis is correlated with the genetic architecture of hosts. Traditional genetic analysis of HIV-1 infection is based on various biochemical approaches, but it has been little successful because HIV-1 dynamics, as a complex trait, is under polygenic control and sensitive to environmental changes. Here, we present a novel model for integrating mathematical functions for HIV-1 dynamics that have been well constructed into a multivariate mixture model for genetic mapping. This integrative mapping model on the foundation of linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based haplotype block analysis provides unique power to precisely detect human quantitative trait loci (QTL) determining HIV-1 dynamics and facilitates positional cloning of target QTL. The model allows for a number of hypothesis tests for the effects of the dynamic QTL on the virion clearance rate, the infected cell life-span and the average viral generation time in vivo, all of which provide theoretical principles to guide the development of efficient gene therapy strategies.
The two-resistance model for attic heat flow: implications for conservation policy☆

Abstract The effects of attic insulation on attic heat balances are discussed in the context of a winter-time retrofit experiment. In particular, we find that insulation bypass mechanisms play an important role in the heat balance and can be the dominant component of heat loss from a house through its attic to the outside. Some implications for conservation policy are discussed.
Other SOI Devices

Although the conventional single-gate MOSFET is the most widely used SOI device, the ease of processing SOI substrates, the full dielectric isolation of the devices and the possibility of using a back gate have led to large research activity in the field of novel SOI devices. Several different novel bipolar and MOS structures have been proposed, such as lateral bipolar and bipolar-MOS devices, vertical bipolar transistors with back gate-induced collector, high-voltage lateral devices of various kinds and multiple-gate MOS devices. This Chapter will review these devices, qualitatively explain their physics and explore their possible fields of application.
Studies of Nonwovens Part I : A Multivariable Approach

The performance characteristics of nonwoven fabrics have been studied as a function of fiber properties, binder properties, and web construction. The particular type of nonwoven selected for study was a web of random-laid base fibers in which randomly placed thermoplastic fibers provide the bonds. The responses studied were those related to rupture, elastic, and handle (aesthetic) properties. Fourteen variables were investigated: Base fiber linear density, base fiber staple length, amount of crimp in base fiber, post-yield extension of base fiber, type of binder, linear density of binder, staple length of binder, binder concentration, mass per unit area of nonwoven, amount of needle looming, number of laminations per web weight, pressure of bonding, temperature of bonding, and time of bonding. The performance characteristics measured as a function of these variables were maximum tenacity at dry and wet conditions, elongation at dry and wet conditions, tear strength, abrasion resistance, elastic modulus at...
Exploiting Lustre File Joining for Effective Collective IO

Lustre is a parallel file system that presents high aggregated IO bandwidth by striping file extents across many storage devices. However, our experiments indicate excessively wide striping can cause performance degradation. Lustre supports an innovative file joining feature that joins files in place. To mitigate striping overhead and benefit collective IO, we propose two techniques: split writing and hierarchical striping. In split writing, a file is created as separate subfiles, each of which is striped to only a few storage devices. They are joined as a single file at the file close time. Hierarchical striping builds on top of split writing and orchestrates the span of subfiles in a hierarchical manner to avoid overlapping and achieve the appropriate coverage of storage devices. Together, these techniques can avoid the overhead associated with large stripe width, while still being able to combine bandwidth available from many storage devices. We have prototyped these techniques in the ROMIO implementation of MPI-IO. Experimental results indicate that split writing and hierarchical striping can significantly improve the performance of Lustre collective IO in terms of both data transfer and management operations. On a Lustre file system configured with 46 object storage targets, our implementation improves collective write performance of a 16-process job by as much as 220%.
Integration of Adenosine and Noradrenergic Pathways in Cardiac Preconditioning

Our hypothesis that ischemic stress-induced preconditioning is mediated by A1 receptors (1) has been supported by data in rabbit (2,3), dog (4) and rats (5). This proposal is based on two facts. First, reperfusion after brief cardiac ischemia elicits catecholamine release (1,6) and induces protection against a subsequent sustained ischemic challenge. Second, norepinephrine is the only endogenous a1 adrenergic agonist in the heart. Nevertheless, it is clear that repeated cycles of brief ischemia and reperfusion (cyclic ischemic preconditioning) induce adenosine formation (7), and adenosine directly preconditions myocardium (8). In contrast, the noradrenergic preconditioning hypothesis postulates that the sympathetic system responds to periods of ischemia that may be too short to invoke major ATP catabolism. Sympathetic activity may explain myocardial protection at the level of the isolated heart, as well as at the integrated CNS level, [e.g., preconditioning of virgin myocardium (9) and cardiac protection gained by kidney occlusion (10)]. In our view, preconditioning adds a novel dimension to the sympathetic “fight or flight” response: protective cardioadaptation.
Marcus Gunn jaw winking with trigemino-oculomotor synkinesis of the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve

Synkinetic aberrant innervation syndromes can involve abnormal movements of multiple extraocular and eyelid muscles. The authors describe a case of eyelid elevation associated with simultaneous adduction and depression of the eye upon chewing, sucking on a bottle, or wide opening of the mouth since birth. This represents a unique case of congenital Marcus Gunn jaw winking with trigemino-oculomotor synkinesis involving the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve. The most likely explanation for these abnormal movements is prenatal aberrant innervation of eyelid and extraocular muscles.
Bounds of compression of unknown alphabets

It is known that the redundancy of universally compressing i.i.d. strings increases to infinity as the alphabet size grows. It is also apparent that any string can be described by separately conveying its symbols, and their pattern-the order in which they appear. Concentrating on the latter, we show that the patterns of iid strings drawn from any, possibly infinite or even unknown, alphabet, can be universally compressed with diminishing worst-case redundancy, both in block, and sequentially.
The Future of Modern Language Teaching

Author's summary.— Report on the conference on teaching modern foreign languages called last spring by the Rockefeller Foundation.
The Archbishop and Marital Pluralism: An American Perspective

The Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams (head of the worldwide Anglican Communion), set off an international firestorm on 7 February 2008 by suggesting that some accommodation of Muslim family law was �unavoidable� in England. His suggestion, though tentative, prompted more than 250 articles in the world press within a month, the vast majority denouncing it. England will be beset by �licensed polygamy�, �barbaric procedures� and �brutal violence� against women and children, his critics argued, all administered by �legally ghettoized� Muslim courts immune from civil appeal or constitutional challenge. Consider Nigeria, Pakistan and other former English colonies that have sought to balance Muslim sharia with the common law, other critics added. The horrific excesses of their religious courts � even calling the faithful to stone innocent rape victims for dishonouring their families � prove that religious laws and state laws on the family simply cannot coexist. Case closed.
Q BAND CHROMOSOMAL POLYMORPHISMS IN LAKE TROUT (SALVELINUS NAMAYCUSH)

Q banding of chromosome preparations from lake trout revealed the presence of heteromorphic quinacrine bright bands on several chromosomes. All of the metacentric chromosome pairs can be distinguished on the basis of number, position and intensity of the quinacrine bright bands and chromosome size. These bands appear to represent heterochromatin, since they are darkly staining with the C band technique. Since all of the fish examined had consistent heteromorphisms at several of the quinacrine bright bands, these chromosome markers should be useful in genetic comparisons between different trout stocks and populations.
Reduced-order models using optimal Laguerre approximations

The letter describes a model order-reduction prodcedure that is based on an optimally truncated Laguerre series expansion. Some of the advantages of the prodcedure are that it simultaneously minimises the error in the impulse response and the energy between the original system and the low-order model.
Influence of 90 Years of Protection From Grazing on Plant and Soil Processes in the Subalpine of the Wasatch Plateau, USA

Abstract Human communities in the Intermountain West depend heavily on subalpine rangelands because of their importance in providing water for irrigation and forage for wildlife and livestock. In addition, many constituencies are looking to managed ecosystems to sequester carbon in plant biomass and soil C to reduce the impact of anthropogenic CO 2 on climate. This work builds on a 90-year-old grazing experiment in mountain meadows on the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of 90 years of protection from grazing on processes controlling the input, output, and storage of C in subalpine rangelands. Long-term grazing significantly reduced maximum biomass in all years compared with plots within grazing exclosures. For grazed plots, interannual variability in aboveground biomass was correlated with July precipitation and temperature ( R 2 = 0.51), while there was a weak correlation between July precipitation and biomass in ungrazed plots ( R 2 = 0.24). Livestock grazing had no statistically significant impacts on total soil C or particulate organic matter (POM), although grazing did increase active soil C and decrease soil moisture. Grazing significantly increased the proportion of total soil C pools that were potentially mineralizable in the laboratory, with soils from grazed plots evolving 4.6% of total soil C in 1 year while ungrazed plots lost 3.3% of total soil C. Volumetric soil moisture was consistently higher in ungrazed plots than grazed plots. The changes in soil C chemistry may have implications for how these ecosystems will respond to forecast climate change. Because grazing has resulted in an accumulation of easily decomposable organic material, if temperatures warm and summer precipitation increases as is anticipated, these soils may become net sources of CO 2 to the atmosphere creating a positive feedback between climate change and atmospheric CO 2 .
Post-reboot Equivalence and Compositional Verification of Hardware

We introduce a finer concept of a hardware machine, where the set of post-reboot operation states is explicitly a part of the FSM definition. We formalize an ad-hoc flow of combinational equivalence verification of hardware, the way it was performed over the years in the industry. We define a concept of post-reboot bisimulation, which better suits the hardware machines, and show that a right form of combinational equivalence is in fact a form of post-reboot bisimulation. Further, we show that alignability equivalence is a form of post-reboot bisimulation, too, and the latter is a refinement of alignability in the context of compositional hardware verification. We find that post-reboot bisimulation has important advantages over alignability also in the wider context of formal hardware verification, where equivalence verification is combined with formal property verification and with validation of a reboot sequence. As a result, we propose a more comprehensive, compositional, and fully-formal framework for hardware verification. Our results are extendible to other forms of labeled transition systems and adaptable to other forms of bisimulation used to model and verify complex hardware and software systems
Localization of monoamine-containing neurones in the nervous system ofStrophocheilus oblongus (Gastropoda)

The histochemical fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp was used to locate monoamine-containing neurones in the nervous system ofStrophocheilus, a Brazilian land snail. Green-fluorescing (catecholamines) cell bodies were found only in cerebral ganglia. Neuropiles of all ganglia contained many green-fluorescing fibers most of which appeared to enter from the periphery. Giant (up to 500 μ) non-fluorescing cells were seen in most ganglia of the suboesophageal mass. Green-fluorescing fibers surrounded, and apparently ended on, their axon hillocks and proximal segments of axons. Green-fluorescing sensory cells were seen in the eyeless tentacles. Cells fluorescing yellow (5-hydroxytryptamine) or yellow fading to green on exposure to ultraviolet light were found in cerebral, visceral and right palliai ganglia. Ligature of the cardiac nerve for 24 hrs resulted in an accumulation of yellow or “yellow green”-fluorescing masses in axons proximal to the constriction. The distribution of monoamine-containing neurones inStrophocheilus is rather similar to that found in other pulmonate molluscs such asHelix.
Data in Search of a Theory: A Critical Examination of the Relationships Among Social Performance, Social Disclosure, and Economic Performance of U.S. Firms

Inconsistent findings have resulted from studies of the relationships among social disclosure, social performance, and economic performance of U.S. corporations. No clear tendency can be detected. The main reasons for these inconsistencies are: (a) a lack in theory, (b) inappropriate definition of key terms, and (c) deficiencies in the empirical data bases currently available. Suggestions are made as to how this situation can be improved.