cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexuality and the disabled: Implications for the sex education of medical students

Analyses of course evaluation data collected from medical students taking a required course in human sexuality indicate that presentations on the topic of sex and disability, by individuals who are themselves physically disabled, are perceived as being the most effective component of the course. A consideration of various explanations for these results led to the conclusion that couses in human sexuality for medical students should be expanded in scope to include discussion of the contribution which stereotypical sex role behaviors and the “masculine” nature of current medical practice make to the delivery of sexual health care.
Current and future problems in earth and planetary atmosphere entry.

Earth and planetary atmosphere entry problems for blunt nosed slender vehicles noting aerodynamics, stability, heating, ablation and interaction of effects
Loss of alleles at loci on human chromosome 11 during genesis of Wilms' tumour.

Evidence that recessive cellular alleles at specific chromosomal loci are involved in tumorigenesis has been recently shown by work on tissues from patients with retinoblastoma, a neoplasm of embryonic retina whose predisposition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait1. A comparison of germ-line and tumour genotypes at loci on human chromosome 13, defined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms, showed that loss of the chromosome bearing the wild-type allele at the Rb-1 locus occurred frequently in the development of retinoblastoma. We report here results of similar studies of another embryonal neoplasm, Wilms' tumour of the kidney. Examination of germ-line and tumour genotypes from seven patients showed that five cases were consistent with the presence on human chromosome 11 of a locus in which recessive mutational events are expressed after abnormal chromosomal segregation events during mitosis.
Energy and Soil-Moisture Effects on Nonlinear Deformation Associated with Near-Surface Seismic Reflection Sources

The ability to collect seismic-reflection data in the upper 3m of the subsurface (ultrashallow seismic reflection: USR) is important because it offers an alternative to ground-penetrating radar in regions exhibiting high attenuation of electromagnetic signal. Previous work has demonstrated that the critical controllable factors in obtaining USR data are dense spatial sampling and high (>400Hz) frequency content. The frequency content is strongly controlled by the characteristics of the sources used to generate the seismic energy. Qualitative experiments have indicated that the higher-energy near-surface seismic reflection projectile sources lack some of the high-frequency energy exhibited by smaller-energy sources. In addition, soil moisture content has been shown to be an important variable in the frequency content of data even if the same source is used. In both cases, the reduction in the frequency content of the data has been hypothesized to correlate with greater amounts of near-source, nonlinear def...
Three Business Trends that Strengthen Library Operations

Though libraries and businesses may differ in their ultimate objectives, libraries can benefit from adapting some business practices to suit their environments. This article describes library values which bring uniqueness to the library as an institution, and details ways in which libraries can adopt and benefit from three current business trends: creating organizations in which innovation can flourish, creating organizations that prepare and live by strategic plans, and creating organizations that participate in the national political arena.
Molecular dynamics modeling of thermal resistance at argon-graphite and argon-silver interfaces

Abstract Heat conduction between two parallel solid walls separated by liquid argon is investigated using three-dimensional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Liquid argon molecules confined in silver and graphite nano-channels are examined separately. Heat flux and temperature distribution within the nano-channels are calculated by maintaining a fixed temperature difference between the two solid surfaces. Temperature profiles are linear sufficiently away from the walls, and heat transfer in liquid argon obeys the Fourier law. Temperature jump due to the interface thermal resistance (i.e., Kapitza length) is characterized as a function of the wall temperature. MD results enabled development of a phenomenological model for the Kapitza length, which is utilized as the coefficient of a Navier-type temperature jump boundary condition using continuum heat conduction equation. Analytical solution of this model results in successful predictions of temperature distribution in liquid argon confined in silver and graphite nano-channels as thin as 7 nm and 3.57 nm, respectively.
Progressive hashing for packet processing using set associative memory

As the Internet grows, both the number of rules in packet filtering databases and the number of prefixes in IP lookup tables inside the router are growing. The packet processing engine is a critical part of the Internet router as it is used to perform packet forwarding (PF) and packet classification (PC). In both applications, processing has to be at wire speed. It is common to use hash-based schemes in packet processing engines; however, the downside of classic hashing techniques such as overflow and worst case memory access time, has to be dealt with. Implementing hash tables using set associative memory has the property that each bucket of a hash table can be searched in one memory cycle outperforming the conventional Ternary CAMs in terms of power and scalability.In this paper we present "Progressive Hashing" (PH), a general open addressing hash-based packet processing scheme for Internet routers using the set associative memory architecture. Our scheme is an extension of the multiple hashing scheme and is amendable to high-performance hardware implementation with low overflow and low memory access latency. We show by experimenting with real IP lookup tables and synthetic packet filtering databases that PH reduces the overflow over the multiple hashing. The proposed PH processing engine is estimated to achieve an average processing speed of 160 Gbps for the PC application and 320 Gbps for the PF application.
A 2-D DNS investigation of extinction and reignition dynamics in nonpremixed flame-vortex interactions

Abstract Two-dimensional (2-D) DNS investigations of extinction and reignition dynamics during interactions of laminar nonpremixed flames with counterrotating vortex pairs are performed. The length and velocity scales chosen for the vortices are representative of those in the near fields of high-Reynolds-number jets such as those occurring in Diesel engines. The governing equations are solved with sixth-order spatial discretization and fourth-order time integration. Chemistry is modeled as an irreversible single-step reaction. Local extinction along the symmetry axis, followed by reignition, is observed. The extinction is characterized by strong unsteady effects, which are captured well by 1-D transient diffusion flamelet libraries, provided the time-history of the instantaneous scalar dissipation rate is taken into account. On the other hand, reignition is essentially a 2-D phenomenon involving flame–flame interactions, which are favored for smaller vortices and increasing flame curvature. The effects of unsteadiness and curvature on extinction and reignition are carefully assessed through parametric studies involving a range of vortex and flame characteristics. The interaction outcomes are summarized on Reynolds–Damkohler number (Re–Da) diagrams, which show the combined effects of unsteadiness and curvature on extinction and reignition. The implications of the observed interaction outcomes for turbulent combustion modeling in the near fields of jet diffusion flames are discussed.
Behavioral Responses of Female Oriental Fruit Flies to the Odor of Papayas at Three Ripeness Stages in a Laboratory Flight Tunnel (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Behavioral responses of adult female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalisHendel, to the odor of papayas from three ripeness classes were studied using a threechoice flight tunnel bioassay. Laboratoryreared flies were allowed to respond freely to any of three papaya odors (mature green, colorbreak to one-fourth ripe, and one-half to full ripe) emanating from identical (spherical) fruit models. Five behaviors were measured in assessing the fly's relative attraction to the odors (number of landings), arrestment (total fly seconds on sphere), fly-fly interactions on the fruit model (maximum and modal fly density), and acceptance for oviposition (total eggs laid). Females showed no significant difference in total fly landings based on all age classes combined. Significant differences were noted among age classes. Females spent more total time on the sphere and showed a higher maximum density and modal fly density to ripe fruit than to green fruit odors. Ovipositional acceptance of fruit models based on the total number of eggs laid in a sphere was greater in response to the ripefruit odor than to the other two odor classes. Olfactorystimulated behavioral responses of females to the odor of ripe papayas were significantly different from the other ripeness classes for all behaviors at 8 days postemergence and then declined in 11-day-old flies. Behavioral responses were greater during the afternoon than in the morning. Observations of wild oriental fruit flies to papayas in the field indicated a preference for residing on riper fruit. The results of this study are discussed with regard to the role of olfactory inputs generated by the odor of ripening fruit on female attraction and oviposition behavior resulting in infestation of papayas by oriental fruit fly.
Comparative evaluation of newer devices and technics for the removal of tooth structure: vibration characteristics and patient reaction

Newer devices for removing tooth structure were compared and evaluated with respect to annoyance and discomfort to the patient. The number 10 was assigned to the conventional low-speed method of cutting. The annoyance factor was determined to be 2 for the ultrasonic handpiece; 3 for the air turbine handpiece with diamond cylinder; 4 for the air turbine handpiece with no. 558 carbide bur, and so forth. Audiometric tests indicated no significant temporary loss in hearing in patients as a result of cutting with any of the handpieces studied.
Protectionism and the Internationalization of Capital: U.S. Sponsorship of Import Substitution Industrialization in the Philippines, Turkey and Argentina

Conventional analyses of the economic policies of Third World states ignore the U.S. role in sponsoring import substitution industrialization (ISI) in these countries after World War Two. This protectionist development policy usually is considered as a project only of Third World nationalists. Ironically, the independent U.S. initiative to promote ISI came from those generally most associated with liberal trade policy: the executive branch of government and internationalist business. Big business benefitted as long as they could invest behind the ISI tariff barriers. They hoped that ISI would be only a temporary program until global economic equilibrium and growth could be restored in the aftermath of the war. However, the U.S. continued to support ISI throughout the 1950s because until recently the resistance of protectionists in the U.S. made it difficult to reduce U.S. tariffs sufficiently to induce developing countries to rely on externally driven growth. Import substitution industrialization (ISI) in the Third World is usually considered a nationalist development strategy. The adoption of this strategy is explained by the situation of Third World states in the international system or by domestic political factors. These traditional treatments ignore the role of the U.S. in sponsoring ISI in the Third World. After World War Two, U.S. technical aid missions were sent to Authors Note: The authors are listed in alphabetical order. Nolt was primarily responsible for the Philippine and Turkish cases, and Maxfield for the Argentine case. Maxfield would like to thank the Institute for the Study of World politics, the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, and the Kellogg Institute for International Studies for their financial support during the research and writing of this paper. Timely grants to both authors from the Eisenhower World Affairs Institute funded a trip to the Eisenhower library. The archival staffs at the Eisenhower and Truman libraries and the National Archives, and Jee-Hye Park assisted our research. We are grateful for incisive comments on earlier drafts from Jeff Frieden, Gary Gereffi, Judith Goldstein, Joanne Gowa, Stephan Haggard,
Inverse model method for estimating assimilation by aquatic invertebrates

Physiological data indicate that a 3-compartment model appropriately represents ingestion, assimilation, and accumulation of somatic and reproductive tissue by an aquatic invertebrate predator. A secondary production model calibrated to growth and respiration data is used to constrain the model equations. Inverse solution methods are used to estimate rate constants for digestion and for net accrual of tissue by growing animals at different temperatures. Predicted time to 50% maximum digestion matches well with the empirical rate of digestion of prey enzymes in the predator gut. Model-derived digestion rates are consistent with the assimilation rate constant obtained by independent radiotracer methods, and with experimental detection time for prey enzymes. The model approach permits parameter estimation within a complex system of equations so that results can be compared with experimental data.
Focal shift and ray model for total internal reflection

The recently predicted focal shift associated with total internal reflection is shown to follow from the ray model of the Goos-Hanchen shift if the variation of the Goos-Hanchen shift with angle is taken into account.
Chronic administration of sodium valproic acid slows pubertal maturation in inbred DBA/2J mice: Skeletal, histological, and endocrinological evidence

Abstract Sodium valproic acid (VPA) has been reported to occasionally delay pubertal maturation in children. In the current study, we sought to establish a valid animal model with which to further investigate the neuroendocrinological sequelae of VPA administration. Male and female DBA/2J mice were weaned at 2 weeks of age and administered either VPA (17–20 mg/kg/day) or control solution via drinking water. Animals were weighed and sacrificed via decapitation at 4, 6, or 8 weeks of age. Testes and ovaries were prepared for histological analyses. In addition, the length of the left humerus bone from each animal was obtained as an index of skeletal growth, and trunk blood was assayed for circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL). For males, testicular weights of the animals receiving VPA were significantly lower than those of control animals at all three sampling ages. No between-group differences were found for body weight at any sampling age, and yet the rate of skeletal maturation (as indexed by humerus length) was decreased significantly for the VPA-treated males at all three sampling periods. Additionally, while hormone levels did not consistently differ, histological analyses of the gonadal tissue demonstrated significantly decreased rates of spermatogenesis at all sampling points for VPA-treated animals. For females, chronic VPA administration led to a significant reduction in uterine weight at the 4 and 6 week sampling periods, and yet by 8 weeks of age the uterine weights for the two groups did not differ. Histological analyses of the ovarian tissue revealed that both the density of atrial follicles and corpora lutea were significantly less in VPA-treated animals after 4 weeks of treatment, but not after 2 or 6 weeks of treatment. However, these results were not corroborated by differences in circulating FSH or PRL levels. Finally, although body weight did not differ between the two groups at any sampling period, humerus length was significantly less for the VPA-treated females at the 4 week sampling period. These data indicate that chronic administration of VPA delays reproductive and skeletal maturation in genetically epilepsy-prone mice.
Repeated lofexidine treatment attenuates stress-induced, but not drug cues-induced reinstatement of a heroin-cocaine mixture (speedball) seeking in rats.

Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists (lofexidine, clonidine) are used to alleviate short-term opioid withdrawal in humans. In rats, acute injections of these agents attenuate stress-induced reinstatement of heroin and cocaine seeking at time points that are beyond the acute drug withdrawal phase. Here, we studied whether exposure to lofexidine would attenuate reinstatement of a heroin-cocaine mixture (speedball) seeking induced by exposure to stress or to drug-associated cues. Rats were trained to lever press for speedball for 10 days, and the drug-reinforced behavior was then extinguished for 11 days in the presence (Experiment 1) or the absence (Experiment 2) of the drug cues. Subsequently, rats were tested for reinstatement of drug seeking after exposure to intermittent footshock stress (5–15 min; Experiment 1) or the drug cues (Experiment 2). Starting on day 7 of training, rats received daily injections of saline or lofexidine (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg). Repeated lofexidine treatment significantly attenuated footshock-induced reinstatement, but did not alter drug cues-induced reinstatement of speedball seeking. In addition, lofexidine did not have a consistent effect on speedball self-administration and extinction behavior. Results extend previous reports with acute drug injections, indicating that lofexidine maintains its effect on stress-induced reinstatement after repeated treatment. The present data also suggest that the neurochemical events underlying stress- and drug cues-induced relapse are not identical.
The GPSS—GASP combined (GGC) system

Each one of the popular discrete event simulation languages GPSS and GASP IV has a large user community. GPSS is probably the most widely used discrete event simulation language; it is appreciated for its ease of use and for the structural similarity of a GPSS model to the system it represents. GASP IV has provided (along with its successor, SLAM) a viable, well-documented system for combined continuous/discrete modeling and simulation. This paper presents the design and prototype development of a simulation language system called GGC, based upon a combination of GPSS and GASP IV. The new language system seeks to provide the “best of both worlds” in supporting the use of a GASP-based continuous mode in conjunction with GPSS use for discrete event modeling. An example of GGC use in a combined continuous/discrete model is presented. Possible future approaches are suggested based on conclusions drawn.
Cloud Optical Thickness Estimation from Irradiance Measurements

Abstract Radiative transfer algorithms are developed to estimate the optical thickness of clouds using an irradiance detector located above, deep within, and beneath a cloud. Both monodirectional and diffuse illumination cases are considered. For each detector position, one algorithm is derived from asymptotic radiative transfer theory and another is derived from transport-corrected diffusion theory. The algorithms for an above-cloud or below- cloud detector with monodirectional illumination can be utilized without radiative transfer calculations and are much less sensitive to the phase function than a related algorithm for an above-cloud detector that requires measurements of downward and upward radiances. Radiative transfer calculations with the FN method are used to numerically test the above-cloud detector algorithms for monodirectional illumination for the Haze-L and Fair Weather Cumulus cloud models. Both algorithms show good agreement with the FN results for optically thick clouds; the transport-co...
Acid-Enhanced Interfacial Polymer Layer Growth

We report on the growth of interfacial multilayer structures formed from maleimide−vinyl ether alternating copolymers. The thickness and density of these polymer layers can be controlled by adding ...
Property Tax Incidence in a Multijurisdictional Neoclassical Model

This article presents a simple long-run multijurisdictional neoclassical model that is used to simulate the incidence of a residential property tax in a semi-open metropolitan area. Housing is produced using capital and land, and households consume housing and a composite good Capital and the composite are in perfectly elastic supply. In the model, a fixed number of households sort themselves across 25 jurisdictions. First, a uniform tax is imposed in all jurisdictions. Next, the tax is raised in one single jurisdiction. The excise effects of raising the tax turn out to be surprisingly large. In the long run, a 25% increase in the tax rate only generates 6.6% more revenue for the taxing jurisdiction. Explicit excess burdens are calculated using the indirect utility approach.
Comparison of Hand-Carried Ultrasound Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide for Predicting Readmission After Hospitalization for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Objectives We sought to compare the value of serial assessment with hand-carried ultrasound (HCU) of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) to identify patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) who will be readmitted or seek emergency department treatment after hospital discharge. Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a leading cause for hospitalization and, once hospitalized, patients with CHF frequently are readmitted. To date, no reliable index exists that can be used to predict whether patients with ADHF can be discharged with low readmission likelihood. Methods A total of 75 patients who were admitted with a primary diagnosis of ADHF were followed. All patients were assessed at admission and discharge with the use of routine clinical evaluation, BNP measurement, and HCU evaluation of the IVC by physicians with limited training in ultrasound. Results During the 30-day follow-up, 31 patients were rehospitalized or presented to the emergency department. Patients who were subsequently readmitted could not be differentiated from those who were not readmitted by their demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, presence of symptoms/signs suggestive of persistent congestion, hospital length of stay, or net volume removal. Routine laboratory tests, including assessment of renal function, also failed to predict readmission with the exception of serum sodium. Although admission BNP was similar in patients readmitted and not readmitted, pre-discharge log-transformed BNP was greater in patients who subsequently were readmitted. Patients who required repeat hospitalization had a larger IVC size on admission as well as at discharge. In addition, patients who were readmitted had persistently plethoric IVCs with lower IVC collapsibility indexes. At discharge, only serum sodium, log-transformed BNP, IVC size, and collapsibility were statistically significant predictors of readmission. Conclusions This study confirms that, once hospitalized, patients with CHF frequently are readmitted. Bedside evaluation of the IVC with a HCU device at the time of admission and discharge, as well as pre-discharge BNP, identified patients admitted with ADHF who were more likely to be readmitted to the hospital.
Reversal of acute theophylline toxicity by calcium channel blockers in dogs and rats

Theophylline, widely used in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, has a narrow therapeutic index; the recommended plasma levels being 10-20 micrograms/ml in humans. The misuse or abuse of theophylline can cause life-threatening central nervous system and cardiovascular effects. Increased intracellular Ca2+ levels are thought to play an important role in theophylline toxicity and death. The objective of this study was to determine whether Ca2+ channel blockers, e.g. verapamil, nifedipine, or diltiazem, prevent sudden death caused by theophylline treatment in rats and dogs. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with theophylline alone (150 mg/kg i.p.) or with theophylline pretreatment followed by administration of verapamil (0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg i.p.), nifedipine (0.25 to 1.0 mg/kg i.p.), or diltiazem (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg i.p.), 2.5 to 15 min later. The rats were observed for toxic signs and survival over a period of 15 days. All three calcium channel blockers significantly reduced the theophylline-induced sudden death in rats. In a separate study, neither verapamil (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) nor nifedipine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) prevented the theophylline-induced myocardial necrosis in the rat. In beagle dogs, verapamil (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) prevented theophylline (15 mg/kg/min i.v. for 10 min)-induced hypotension, arrhythmias, and sudden death. Our results support previously reported findings that calcium plays a major role in theophylline-induced toxicity and death.
Animal Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus: CD8+ T Cells Cause a Cytokine Storm That Is Chemically Tractable by Sphingosine-1-Phosphate 1 Receptor Agonist Therapy

The cytokine storm is an intensified, dysregulated, tissue-injurious inflammatory response driven by cytokine and immune cell components. The cytokine storm during influenza virus infection, whereby the amplified innate immune response is primarily responsible for pulmonary damage, has been well characterized. Now we describe a novel event where virus-specific T cells induce a cytokine storm. The paramyxovirus pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is a model of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). Unexpectedly, when C57BL/6 mice were infected with PVM, the innate inflammatory response was undetectable until day 5 postinfection, at which time CD8+ T cells infiltrated into the lung, initiating a cytokine storm by their production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Administration of an immunomodulatory sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 (S1P1R) agonist significantly inhibited PVM-elicited cytokine storm by blunting the PVM-specific CD8+ T cell response, resulting in diminished pulmonary disease and enhanced survival. IMPORTANCE A dysregulated overly exuberant immune response, termed a “cytokine storm,” accompanies virus-induced acute respiratory diseases (VARV), is primarily responsible for the accompanying high morbidity and mortality, and can be controlled therapeutically in influenza virus infection of mice and ferrets by administration of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor (S1P1R) agonists. Here, two novel findings are recorded. First, in contrast to influenza infection, where the cytokine storm is initiated early by the innate immune system, for pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a model of RSV, the cytokine storm is initiated late in infection by the adaptive immune response: specifically, by virus-specific CD8 T cells via their release of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Blockading these cytokines with neutralizing antibodies blunts the cytokine storm and protects the host. Second, PVM infection is controlled by administration of an S1P1R agonist.
Substance Use and Abuse among Mentally Retarded Persons: A Comparison of Patients and a Survey Population

Substance abuse among mentally retarded persons, first described 55 years ago, has received little or no attention by specialists in mental retardation. With deinstitutionalization, this problem has reappeared, often followed by victimization (i.e., assault, rape, robbery). In this study the demographic characteristics, family and childhood history, substance use patterns, and substance-related problems of 40 mild mentally retarded persons are compared with those of 40 mild mentally retarded persons without substance abuse. Similarities with substance abusers who are not mentally retarded are noted. Recommendations for alleviating this serious problem among mentally retarded persons are made.
The origin of the afferent supply to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus: Enhancement of HRP transport by selective lesions

Abstract This experiment attempted to identify the cell bodies of origin of axons in the forebrain which supply the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed into MD in 60 rats. Survival times varied from 1–4 days. Following injections placed into different portions of MD, HRP positively labeled cells were observed in a variety of forebrain structures which lie rostral to the injection sites. Discrete injections of HRP placed into the midline of MD labeled cells situated exclusively in the extreme ventromedial aspect of central levels of the reticular nucleus. HRP injections which included anterior levels of MD labeled cells situated principally in layers V–VI of the sulcal prefrontal cortex, while injections which involved more posterior and lateral portions of MD labeled cells in the deepest layers of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Injections of this region of MD also labeled cells in adjacent portions of the deepest layers of anterior cingulate gyrus, polymorphic cell layer of prepyriform cortex and olfactory tubercle and sites immediately lateral to the vertical limb of the diagonal band and dorsal to its horizontal limb. Positively labeled cells were observed in the cortical, medial, basolateral and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei and adjacent pyriform cortex only when ablations of prefrontal cortex preceded HRP injections of MD. This findings indicates that lesions of the prefrontal cortex dramatically enhance the HRP labeling process in the amygdala and suggests the possibility that the technique involving the placement of selective lesions may be used to advangate in other anatomical systems which receive multiple inputs from widely distributed sources.
‘Heroines in the making’: The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie as an instance of amour-propre in education

This paper addresses Rousseau's contribution to educational practice by illustrating the ways in which his notion of amour-propre distorts the teacher-student relationship in Muriel Spark's novel, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. Though some of Rousseau's pedagogical methods may appear impractical and problematic, his insights into the psychological distortions of amour-propre bear directly on teaching because it is such an important instance of the relationship between self and others. The protagonist, Jean Brodie, is shown to be not only an inadequate teacher but a morally destructive one as well because she violates the teacher-student relationship by both encouraging amourpropre among her students and using those same students primarily to satisfy her own need for power and self-aggrandizement. Her eventual ruin at the hands of her “best” student results from the amour-propre both share. Miss Brodie's failure illustrates the dangers of looking at teaching as self-expression, personal fulfillment etc., to the extent of forgetting what it actually is — the careful addressing of students' experience both as individuals and as learners.
Factors predicting adverse short-term outcomes in patients with acute cholangitis undergoing ERCP: A single center experience.

Factors predicting adverse short-term outcomes in patients with acute cholangitis undergoing ERCP: A single center experience
Impact of the new Bethesda System 2001 on specimen adequacy of conventional cervicovaginal smears.

The Bethesda System (TBS) 2001 workshop addressed the issue of specimen adequacy by recommending the elimination of the “satisfactory but limited by” category and its replacement by a semiquantitative method for assessing squamous cellularity. The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of unsatisfactory specimens of conventional cervicovaginal smears (CVS) before and after the implementation of the TBS 2001 recommendations. TBS 2001 recommendations were implemented in our laboratory on January 1st, 2002. Data were compared from conventional CVS evaluated 6 mo prior and 6 mo after the implementation of TBS 2001. The total number of conventional CVS for the second half of 2001 was 5,808, 21 of which were considered unsatisfactory for evaluation (0.36%). Fourteen of these 21 cases had a repeat CVS, one case was diagnosed as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and one was inadequate. In contrast, there were 288 unsatisfactory CVS out of 5,459 cases (5.3%) in the first half of 2002. Of these, 154 CVS were repeated, five cases were designated as ASCUS, and three were LSIL. Twenty-one cases had a second inadequate diagnosis, eight of these were repeated and all were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy. In our laboratory, the use of the new Bethesda System guidelines yielded more than a 10-fold increase in the rate of unsatisfactory conventional CVS. This led to numerous additional office visits to obtain a repeat CVS. Only eight repeat CVS identified epithelial cell abnormalities. The implications of our findings are that TBS 2001 guidelines regarding satisfactory conventional CVS result in increased healthcare cost without identifying a significant number of new epithelial cell abnormalities. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:235–239. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The distribution of reaction rates and activation energies on catalytic surfaces: Exchange reaction between gaseous benzene and benzene adsorbed on platinum

A mathematical derivation for the calculation of the distribution function of rate constants and activation energies for an isotopic exchange reaction between chemical species adsorbed on a solid surface and in the surrounding gas phase is presented. Starting from experimental kinetic isotherms, giving the rate of exchange as a function of time at various temperatures, it is shown how it is possible to derive the distribution functions of the rate constants and activation energies. The technique is applied to the exchange reaction between benzene molecules adsorbed on Pt black and molecules present in the gas phase. Experimental results on the rate of this exchange, obtained by means of C-14 labeled benzene, have been collected at 40”, 60”, 80”, and 100” C, at constant surface coverage. The range of activation energies for the exchange reaction was found to be from about 10 to 35 kcal/mole, while the pre-exponential factor varied from about 10’ to 10°C min+. Additional observations on the chemisorption of benzene on Pt black are presented. The effects of various pretreatments of the Pt surface and of aging of the chemisorbed benzene on the exchange rate are discussed.
Black bear parathyroid hormone has greater anabolic effects on trabecular bone in dystrophin-deficient mice than in wild type mice

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked neuromuscular disease that has deleterious consequences in muscle and bone, leading to decreased mobility, progressive osteoporosis, and premature death. Patients with DMD experience a higher-than-average fracture rate, particularly in the proximal and distal femur and proximal tibia. The dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse is a model of DMD that demonstrates muscle degeneration and fibrosis and osteoporosis. Parathyroid hormone, an effective anabolic agent for post-menopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, has not been explored for DMD. Black bear parathyroid hormone (bbPTH) has been implicated in the maintenance of bone properties during extended periods of disuse (hibernation). We cloned bbPTH and found 9 amino acid residue differences from human PTH. Apoptosis was mitigated and cAMP was activated by bbPTH in osteoblast cultures. We administered 28nmol/kg of bbPTH 1-84 to 4-week old male mdx and wild type mice via daily (5×/week) subcutaneous injection for 6 weeks. Vehicle-treated mdx mice had 44% lower trabecular bone volume fraction than wild type mice. No changes were found in femoral cortical bone geometry or mechanical properties with bbPTH treatment in wild type mice, and only medio-lateral moment of inertia changed with bbPTH treatment in mdx femurs. However, μCT analyses of the trabecular regions of the distal femur and proximal tibia showed marked increases in bone volume fraction with bbPTH treatment, with a greater anabolic response (7-fold increase) in mdx mice than wild type mice (2-fold increase). Trabecular number increased in mdx long bone, but not wild type bone. Additionally, greater osteoblast area and decreased osteoclast area were observed with bbPTH treatment in mdx mice. The heightened response to PTH in mdx bone compared to wild type suggests a link between dystrophin deficiency, altered calcium signaling, and bone. These findings support further investigation of PTH as an anabolic treatment for DMD-induced osteoporosis.
“You Will” Technology, Magic, and the Cultural Contexts of Technical Communication

Technology is commonly described in magical terms, not only in advertising but also in journalism and technical communication. This article provides some background on the use of magical language i...
Generalized thin-walled beam models for flexural-torsional analysis

Abstract With non-uniform warping being an important mode of deformation, supplementary to the other six modes of stretching, shearing, twisting, and bending, we utilize a fairly comprehensive one-dimensional beam theory for the development of a simple finite element model for the analysis of arbitrary thin-walled beams under general loadings and boundary conditions. The formulation is valid for both open- and closed-type sections, and this is accomplished by using a kinematical description accounting for both flexural and warping torsional effects. To eliminate the shear/warping locking in this C0-element, a generalized mixed variational principle is utilized, in which both displacement and strain fields are approximated separately. In this, the strain parameters are of the interelement-independent type, and are therefore eliminated on the element level by applying the relevant stationarity conditions of the employed ‘modified’ Hellinger-Reissner functional, thus leading to the standard form of stiffness equations for implementation. A rather extensive set of numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the versatility of the models in practical applications involving usage of such components in their stand-alone forms as well as in plate/shell stiffening.
Long-Term Speed Compliance and Safety Impacts of Rational Speed Limits

In 2006, speeding-related crashes accounted for over 13,500 fatalities in the United States and many studies also indicate that speed and/or speed dispersion are a major cause of crashes on U.S. highways. This paper summarizes the results of a deployment of the rational speed limits (RSLs) approach on two limited access highways in Virginia. The RSL approach involves a coordinated campaign to post sound and credible speed limits, increase speed enforcement, and implement public information and education (PI&E). The goal of the RSL approach is to better regulate travel speeds, thereby improving the safety of the traveling public. While it is common to use enforcement and PI&E in attempt to improve speed limit compliance, there is not much information on whether improvements generated by these campaigns can be sustained following the end of the formal campaign. This paper presents the results of a four-year project that examined speeds, driver attitudes, and safety before, during, and after the RSL approach was implemented. Two limited access highways where speed limits were increased from 55 to 65 mph were examined. Public perception survey results showed that the new 65 mph speed limits were well supported with over 80% agreeing with the new speed limits. The speed analysis showed that the average speed increased by a statistically significant margin immediately after the speed limit was increased, but compliance with the new posted speed limit was also significantly higher than what was observed with the old, 55 mph limit. There were practically no significant changes in speed during the increased enforcement and PI&E campaign or when speeds were examined one year after the end of the campaign. In addition, the standard deviation of speeds was fairly consistent throughout the before and after periods, which suggests that crash likelihood was not increased due to the increased posted speed limit. In fact, crash data showed that safety at the two demonstration sites was actually better than anticipated based on trends at similar comparison sites where speed limits were increased but no additional enforcement or PI&E were present. The results of the study imply that compliance and safety improvements can be sustained for at least a year after a coordinated enforcement and education campaign is completed, provided that speed limits are set appropriately.
Whispered Utopia: Dreams, Agendas, and Theocratic Aspirations in Yehud

ABSTRACT To provide collective meaning to displacement and subsequent immigration, the authors of the Persian-period Hebrew texts such as Ezra-Nehemiah construct a schema of theocratic utopia. To be clear, however, the expressed theocratic aspirations of the golah community can only be de-scribed in utopian terms because a theocracy had never existed previously in the histories of Israel or Judah. Using Thomas More's model of Utopia this article compares the agendas and aspirations recorded in relevant Persian-period Hebrew texts to selected components or structures of Utopia. It will al-so express a working definition of theocracy and explain why it should be read in utopian terms. While the similarities will be informative, the differ-ences will reveal different visions of utopia; More's will stem from a more social-economic base while that portrayed in the Hebrew texts will stem from a particular religious base. For both, visions of a utopian society are encour-aged by circumstances in which conflict a...
Feasibility of a Galileo-Style Tour of the Uranian Satellites

Gravity-assist trajectories have been a key to outer solar system exploration. In particular, the gravity-assist tour of the Jovian satellites has contributed significantly to the success of the Galileo mission. A comparison of the Jovian system to the Uranian system reveals that the two possess similar satellite/planet mass ratios. Tisserand graphs of the Uranian system also indicate the potential for tours at Uranus. In this paper we devise tour strategies and design a prototypical tour of the Uranian satellites, demonstrating that tours at Uranus are feasible. In an example tour that launches in 2008, a series of flybys with Titania are used to reduce the inclination (14 deg at arrival) to permit encounters with Oberon, Ariel, and Umbriel. The tour involves over 40 flybys and ends after two years with a hyberbolic excess velocity with respect to Ariel of 0.92 km/s, which permits insertion into orbit about Ariel.
Identifying Demographic and Attitudinal Correlates of Young Adults’ Safer-Sex Self-Efficacy

ABSTRACTObjectives: Using data from young-adult college students (N = 207), we identified demographic and attitudinal correlates of safer-sex self-efficacy. Female respondents reported higher levels of safer-sex self-efficacy than males. Methods: Participants completed a self-report survey about their sexual attitudes, values, and experiences. Results: In regression analyses only, the importance of safer-sex practices was related to safer sex self-efficacy in both men and women. Women's safersex self-efficacy was associated with additional demographic factors and sexual beliefs. Conclusions: The factors identified in this study may serve as intervention targets for young-adult sexual health programs. Reinforcing the importance of safer-sex practices may be particularly effective in increasing young adults’ safer-sex self-efficacy.
Volatility and welfare

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between volatility and welfare. Even though households prefer smooth streams of consumption and leisure, welfare can be increasing in the volatility of an exogenous driving force if factor supply is sufficiently elastic. We provide some analytical results for a model without capital, and do some quantitative exercises in a model with capital and a variety of shocks. Welfare is greater in high shock volatility regimes under plausible parameter values. Augmenting the model with features that increase the elasticity of factor supply extends the range of parameters over which higher volatility results in greater welfare.
Effects of Powder Velocity and Contact Materials on Tribocharging of Polymer Powders for Powder Coating Applications

Electrostatic powder deposition using corona charging is widely used in a plethora of industrial applications. Disadvantages of this technique are back corona onset and the Faraday penetration limitation. Another method to charge powders is to use tribochargers. Tribocharging depends upon the work function difference between the contacting materials and generates bipolarly charged particles. In this study, acrylic and epoxy powders were fluidized and charged by passing through stainless steel, copper, aluminum, and polycarbonate static mixers, respectively. The particle velocity and powder flow rate were varied to determine their effect on the net charge-to-mass ratio (Q/M) acquired by the powders. The Q/M increased rapidly with velocities between 1.5 to 2.5 m/s and stabilized for higher velocities but decreased with increasing powder flow rate at a constant velocity. The net positive or negative charge on each powder was determined to be dependant on the charger material. The use of an aluminum charger (...
PROCESS AND PATTERN INCLADONIA SUBCERVICORNIS

Abstract Morphogenesis of podetia in Cladonia subcervicornis is a non-linear, repeating process based upon a pattern of meristem enlargement and division. Variability in mature podetia of C. subcervicornis , which may appear branched or scyphoid, is the result of variation early in ontogeny. The growth pattern of C. subcervicornis represents a continuum of developmental stages. It is impossible to predict the form of the mature thallus of C. subcervicornis because growth in this species is fluid. The morphology of the mature thallus of C. subcervicornis is difficult to circumscribe using conventional Cladonia terminology, because the processes that form the thallus are dynamic and heterogeneous. The meristem shapes that are produced during early ontogeny in C. subcervicornis are relatively simple, and the processes by which they are formed are uncomplicated. Yet podetial form in C. subcervicornis is difficult to interpret.
A Comparison of Covert and Videotape Modeling Strategies for Training Complex Mechanical Assembly Tasks

Experimentation was conducted comparing videotape self-modeling and videotape peer/other modeling to self-directed mental rehearsal (a covert modeling procedure) and a no-training (physical practice) control condition in training a mechanical device assembly task. Eighty male and female college students were introduced to the assembly task in a timed pretest trial and then videotaped performing the assembly task in a second trial. Over the next 4 days, subjects were randomly assigned to training conditions and repeatedly trained and tested in the mechanical device assembly task. The effects of training methods upon assembly times, self-efficacy expectations regarding assembly task performance, and subjective impressions of the nature and usefulness of training were examined. Superior assembly performance over initial training and at 4 months post-training follow-up was observed for the self-directed mental rehearsal training condition and discussed.
Demonstration of optical DPSK communication with 25 photons/bit receiver sensitivity

We demonstrate optically-matched preamplified-DPSK communications at 2.5 Gbit/sec and 1557 nm wavelength, with uncoded sensitivities of 25 photons/bit at 10-9 bit-error-rate, falling less than 1 dB from quantum-limited theory.