cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frictional Properties on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, California, Inferred from Models of Afterslip following the 2004 Earthquake

The abundance of geodetic and seismic data recording postseismic deformation following the 2004 Parkfield earthquake provides an unprecedented opportunity to resolve frictional properties on the Parkfield section of the San Andreas fault. The Parkfield segment is a transition between the locked section to the southeast that last ruptured in the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake and the creeping section to the northwest. We develop three-dimensional rate- and state-dependent friction models of afterslip following the 2004 earthquake to investigate the frictional behavior of the fault. It is assumed that the coseismic rupture occurred on an area of the fault surrounded by aseismic creep that accelerated after the earthquake. We estimate the distribution of coseismic slip, afterslip, and rate–state frictional parameters by inverting a two-step slip model. In the model we (1) estimate the coseismic slip distribution from 1-Hz Global Positioning System (gps) data and (2) use the corresponding coseismic shear stress change on the fault as input into a numerical afterslip model governed by rate–state friction. We find the rate–state frictional parameter A– B, an indicator of frictional stability, is in the range 10 −4 –10 −3 at 50 MPa normal stress, which is near the transition from potentially unstable (negative A–B) to nominally stable (positive A–B) friction. The estimate of A–B values falls within a wide range of experimental values reported for serpentinite, which crops out along the San Andreas fault zone. The critical slip distance, d c , which characterizes the distance over which strength breaks down during a slip event, is in the range 0.01–0.1 m, consistent with seismic estimates and a fault gouge thickness of 1–10 m. The afterslip model reproduces most features observed in the gps time-series data including high surface velocities in the first few months after the earthquake and lower rates at later times, as well as the cumulative postseismic displacement. The model tends to underpredict the displacement data at later times, suggesting that perhaps the modeled afterslip period ends too quickly or an unmodeled deformation process dominates the signal at later times.
Wetting front instabilities: a three-dimensional experimental investigation

Wetting front instability or fingering experiments were conducted in three-dimensional infiltration columns, featuring stratified fine-over-coarse texture porous media, to investigate the influences of various soil and wetting phase properties on finger diameter and propagation velocity. The system parameter varied in this study included permeability, system flux rate, media size and gradation uniformity, initial moisture content, viscosity, density, and surface tension. The influence of each parameter is discussed and compared, where applicable, to the finding of previous studies. Finger diameter and velocity data were acquired using a neutron radioscopy based, real-time imaging system. Through the use of the imaging system, a very accurate and reliable experimental data set was produced for three-dimensional fingering events.
Estimation bias of futures hedging performance: A note

The conventional approach applies an estimated optimal hedge ratio to evaluate and compare hedging performance. This note shows that the approach produces a biased result. Moreover, it tends to underestimate the true hedging performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:835–841, 2006
Video-rate terahertz interferometric and synthetic aperture imaging

Experimental results from a video-rate terahertz interferometric imaging system are presented. The source emits continuous narrow bandwidth radiation at 0.1 THz. The 2D image of a point source is reconstructed at a rate of 16 ms per frame with a four-element detector array. The image resolution and quality are affected by the number of detectors, the configuration of the detection array, and how well the baselines are calibrated. Details of the hardware system and video-rate terahertz image are presented.
Superhard hexagonal transition metal and its carbide and nitride: Os, OsC, and OsN

Recent experimental findings suggest that the bulk modulus of osmium is comparable to that of diamond. From first principles calculations we examine the compressibility of diamond, Os, OsC, OsN, and $\mathrm{Os}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ as well as cubic BN under pressure. We show that Os, OsC, and OsN in the hexagonal structures are less compressible than their cubic phases. The bulk moduli of hexagonal Os, cubic Os, and hexagonal OsC are smaller than that of diamond but larger than cubic BN. Our results indicate that the hexagonal OsC is a promising superhard material.
Contextualizing the Policy and Pragmatics of Reintegrating Sex Offenders

As sanctions for those convicted of sex offenses have increased over recent years, the risk for reoffense presented by social isolation increases. Because most jurisdictions struggle with how best to manage and reintegrate sex offenders, this study analyzes bureaucratic and contextual issues with arranging community-based reintegration programs. Specifically, this qualitative, process-oriented study examines and compares Circles of Support & Accountability (CoSA) programs from the United States (specifically, Vermont) and New Zealand. CoSAs provide support for medium- to high-risk sex offenders as they are released to communities. The programs are compared with regard to their structures, the relationship to Corrections, the role of communities, and core members' reentry challenges. The implications of each configuration are explored. As most of the existing research on CoSAs is focused on recidivism, and as the U.S. federal government is expanding the use of CoSA, this article fills a void in our understanding of the role that communities can play in reintegrating sexual offenders and how program structures shape reentry.
Separate Sequences in a Murine Retroviral Envelope Protein Mediate Neuropathogenesis by Complementary Mechanisms with Differing Requirements for Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

The innate immune response, through the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and antiviral factors, plays an important role in protecting the host from pathogens. Several components of the innate response, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interferon-inducible protein 10, and RANTES, are upregulated in the brain following neurovirulent retrovirus infection in humans and in animal models. However, it remains unclear whether this immune response is protective, pathogenic, or both. In the present study, by using TNF-alpha(-/-) mice we analyzed the contribution of TNF-alpha to neurological disease induced by four neurovirulent murine retroviruses, with three of these viruses encoding portions of the same neurovirulent envelope protein. Surprisingly, only one retrovirus (EC) required TNF-alpha for disease induction, and this virus induced less TNF-alpha expression in the brain than did the other retroviruses. Analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein and F4/80 in EC-infected TNF-alpha(-/-) mice showed normal activation of astrocytes but not of microglia. Thus, TNF-alpha-mediated microglial activation may be important in the pathogenic process initiated by EC infection. In contrast, TNF-alpha was not required for pathogenesis of the closely related BE virus and the BE virus induced disease in TNF-alpha(-/-) mice by a different mechanism that did not require microglial activation. These results provide new insights into the multifactorial mechanisms involved in retrovirus-induced neurodegeneration and may also have analogies to other types of neurodegeneration.
Do ethnicity and occupational status interact to influence anxiety? An investigation of anxiety among Hispanic emergency responders

Although anxiety is a universal emotion, some of the most severe job-related levels of anxiety are among emergency responder occupations, jeopardizing their well being and positive job performance. The literature suggests that certain ethnic groups report higher levels of anxiety than other ethnic groups. Using Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model of stress, this study examines whether ethnicity predicts differing anxiety levels across occupations. We sampled emergency and non-emergency responders in the state of Texas in the USA. The strongest positive relationship between occupational status and anxiety was observed for Hispanics compared with non-Hispanics. However, the findings reveal no significant effect between Hispanic ethnicity and anxiety. Our findings show that ethnicity may explain the differences in experienced anxiety across occupations. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Cardiomyocyte PDGFR-β signaling is an essential component of the mouse cardiac response to load-induced stress

PDGFR is an important target for novel anticancer therapeutics because it is overexpressed in a wide variety of malignancies. Recently, however, several anticancer drugs that inhibit PDGFR signaling have been associated with clinical heart failure. Understanding this effect of PDGFR inhibitors has been difficult because the role of PDGFR signaling in the heart remains largely unexplored. As described herein, we have found that PDGFR-beta expression and activation increase dramatically in the hearts of mice exposed to load-induced cardiac stress. In mice in which Pdgfrb was knocked out in the heart in development or in adulthood, exposure to load-induced stress resulted in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Mechanistically, we showed that cardiomyocyte PDGFR-beta signaling plays a vital role in stress-induced cardiac angiogenesis. Specifically, we demonstrated that cardiomyocyte PDGFR-beta was an essential upstream regulator of the stress-induced paracrine angiogenic capacity (the angiogenic potential) of cardiomyocytes. These results demonstrate that cardiomyocyte PDGFR-beta is a regulator of the compensatory cardiac response to pressure overload-induced stress. Furthermore, our findings may provide insights into the mechanism of cardiotoxicity due to anticancer PDGFR inhibitors.
Bee Preference for Native versus Exotic Plants in Restored Agricultural Hedgerows

Habitat restoration to promote wild pollinator populations is becoming increasingly common in agricultural lands. Yet, little is known about how wild bees, globally the most important wild pollinators, use resources in restored habitats. We compared bee use of native and exotic plants in two types of restored native plant hedgerows: mature hedgerows (>10 years from establishment) designed for natural enemy enhancement and new hedgerows (≤2 years from establishment) designed to enhance bee populations. Bees were collected from flowers using timed aerial netting and flowering plant cover was estimated by species using cover classes. At mature hedgerow sites, wild bee abundance, richness, and diversity were greater on native plants than exotic plants. At new sites, where native plants were small and had limited floral display, abundance of bees was greater on native plants than exotic plants; but, controlling for floral cover, there was no difference in bee diversity and richness between the two plant types. At both mature and new hedgerows, wild bees preferred to forage from native plants than exotic plants. Honey bees, which were from managed colonies, also preferred native plants at mature hedgerow sites but exhibited no preference at new sites. Our study shows that wild bees, and managed bees in some cases, prefer to forage on native plants in hedgerows over co-occurring weedy, exotic plants. Semi-quantitative ranking identified which native plants were most preferred. Hedgerow restoration with native plants may help enhance wild bee abundance and diversity, and maintain honey bee health, in agricultural areas. © 2012 Society for Ecological Restoration.
Abrasive waterjet peening: a new method of surface preparation for metal orthopedic implants.

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) peening is a new mechanical surface treatment process envisioned for use on metal orthopedic implants. The process utilizes an abrasive waterjet to simultaneously texture and work harden the surface of a metal substrate through controlled hydrodynamic erosion. In this study, a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) was subjected to AWJ peening over a range of parametric conditions. The textured surfaces were quantified in terms of the apparent interdigitation volume (Vi), the effective stress concentration factor ( Kt) posed by the surface topography, and the magnitude of residual stress (sr). Topographical features of the prepared surfaces were determined using contact profilometry, and X-ray diffraction was used in evaluating the in-plane residual stress. It was found that a large range in Vi (9.4 - 43.8 mm 3 /mm 2 ) and Kt (1.3-2.7) are available through selection of the AWJ peening process parameters. Furthermore, a compressive residual stress (2409 6 sr 62 33) was found to result within the surface of the Ti6Al4V substrates regardless of treatment condi- tions. When compared to a titanium plasma spray coating used for cementless fixation, the AWJ peened Ti6Al4V exhibited a surface topography with significantly lower effective stress concentration and higher compressive residual stress. Based on results from this study, AWJ peening may serve as a new method of surface treatment for metal orthopedic implants, which supports the development of stable primary fixation and simultaneously enhances the com- ponent fatigue strength. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 53: 536 -546, 2000
Immunosuppression prolongs adenoviral mediated transgene expression in cardiac allograft transplantation

Background: The immune response to adenoviral vectors used in gene transfer limits the duration of transgene expression and thus poses a potential limitation to their effectiveness for gene therapy. The need for immunosuppression in transplantation may modify this immune response and facilitate prolonged transgene expression. This study hypothesizes that in the setting of heart transplantation, the use of routine immunosuppression will prolong adenoviral-mediated transgene expression. Methods and results: In a model of rat heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation, 350 μl of viral solution (1×109 pfu/ml) was infused into the coronary arteries of donor hearts at the time of procurement. The duration of transgene expression was examined following (a) syngeneic transplantation in non-immunosuppressed animals (group A); (b) syngeneic transplantation in immunosuppressed animals (group B); and (c) allogeneic transplantation in immunosuppressed animals (group C). After transplantation donor hearts were studied at: 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Transgene expression was assessed by histochemical staining of tissue cross sections for β-galactosidase activity. In the non-immunosuppressed syngeneic group (group A), transgene expression had largely disappeared by 4 weeks, whereas in both the immunosuppressed syngeneic (group B) and immunosuppressed allogeneic (group C) animals expression of the reporter gene persisted for the 12 weeks of the study, although the level of expression decreased significantly over time. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that transgene expression using adenoviral vectors is prolonged by immunosuppression in the heart transplantation setting.
Combining New Institutionalisms: Explaining Institutional Change in American Property Insurance

This article combines institutionalisms to explain fundamental change in American property insurance. During the 1950s, the industry shifted from associations to price-competitive markets and vertically integrated firms. I advance two new arguments to explain this shift: First, institutions endogenously generate conditions for change. Second, fundamental change or institutional replacement depends on a dynamic convergence of conditions—market failures, legitimacy crises, new models of order—and the culmination of this dynamic in politics and policies that admit alternatives into fields. Together, these arguments reduce indeterminacies in existing theories of change and shed new light on punctuated equilibria and the politics of transformation.
Optimal voltages and sizing for low power [CMOS VLSI]

We provide analytical "back of the envelope" calculations for the choice of optimal supply and threshold voltages and sizing for minimum energy-delay product. Based on such calculations we then show that a circuit design style with separate logic and buffer stages offers a better energy-delay product in the presence of interconnect parasitics.
Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex

A major challenge in research on executive control is to reveal its functional decomposition into underlying neural mechanisms. A typical assumption is that this decomposition occurs solely through anatomically based dissociations. Here we tested an alternative hypothesis that different cognitive control processes may be implemented within the same brain regions, with fractionation and dissociation occurring on the basis of temporal dynamics. Regions within lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) were examined that, in a prior study, exhibited contrasting temporal dynamics between older and younger adults during performance of the AX-CPT cognitive control task. The temporal dynamics in younger adults fit a proactive control pattern (primarily cue-based activation), whereas in older adults a reactive control pattern was found (primarily probe-based activation). In the current study, we found that following a period of task-strategy training, these older adults exhibited a proactive shift within a subset of the PFC regions, normalizing their activity dynamics toward young adult patterns. Conversely, under conditions of penalty-based monetary incentives, the younger adults exhibited a reactive shift some of the same regions, altering their temporal dynamics toward the older adult baseline pattern. These experimentally induced crossover patterns of temporal dynamics provide strong support for dual modes of cognitive control that can be flexibly shifted within PFC regions, via modulation of neural responses to changing task conditions or behavioral goals.
Window-based expectation propagation for adaptive signal detection in flat-fading channels

In this paper, we propose a new Bayesian receiver for signal detection in flat-fading channels. First, the detection problem is formulated as an inference problem in a graphical model that models a hybrid dynamic system with both continuous and discrete variables. Then, based on the expectation propagation (EP) framework, we develop a smoothing algorithm to address the inference problem and visualize this algorithm using factor graphs. As a generalization of loopy belief propagation, EP efficiently approximates Bayesian estimation by iteratively propagating information between different nodes in the graphical model and projecting the posterior distributions into the exponential family. We use window-based EP smoothing for online estimation as in the signal detection problem. Window-based EP smoothing achieves accuracy similar to that obtained by batch EP smoothing, as shown in our simulations, while reducing delay time. Compared to sequential Monte Carlo filters and smoothers, the new method has lower computational complexity since it makes analytically deterministic approximation instead of Monte Carlo approximations. Our simulations demonstrate that the new receiver achieves accurate detection without the aid of any training symbols or decision feedbacks. Furthermore, the new receiver achieves accuracy comparable to that achieved by sequential Monte Carlo methods, but with less than one-tenth computational cost.
A regional registry for quality assurance and improvement: The Vascular Study Group of Northern New England (VSGNNE)

Objective A regional cooperative data registry was organized for carotid endarterectomy (CEA), lower extremity bypass (LEB), and infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (open and endovascular) procedures in Northern New England to allow benchmarking among centers for quality assurance and improvement activities. Methods Since January 2003, 48 vascular surgeons from nine hospitals in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont (25 to 615 beds) have prospectively recorded patient, procedure, and in-hospital patient outcome data. Results plus 1-year follow-up data analyzed at a central site are reported anonymously to each center at semiannual meetings where care processes and regional benchmarks are discussed. Mortality and compliance with procedure entry were validated by independent comparison with hospital administrative data. Initial improvement efforts focused on optimizing preoperative medication usage. Results A total of 6143 operations were entered into the registry through December 2006. In-hospital stroke or death after CEA was 1.0%, major amputation or death after LEB was 3.8%, and mortality was 2.9% after elective open and 0.4% after endovascular repair. Variation in results between centers and surgeons provides opportunity for further quality improvement. Any postoperative complication increased median length of stay by ≥3 days. Process improvement efforts initiated in 2004 increased preoperative β-blocker administration from 72% to 91%, antiplatelet agents from 73% to 83%, and statins from 54% to 72% (all P Conclusion This validated regional data registry within a quality improvement initiative has been associated with improved preoperative medication usage. It provides a potential vehicle for future public and pay-for-performance reporting and has the potential to improve patient outcomes. It has been sustained for >4 years and is a model that could be adopted by other regions.
Pricing for QoS-enabled networks: A survey

A complete solution to the problem of providing adequate quality of service (QoS) to heterogeneous users must take into account the issue of pricing. By adopting an appropriate pricing policy and by setting prices carefully, a service provider will be able to offer the necessary incentives for each user to choose the service that best matches his⁄her needs, thereby discouraging over-allocation of resources and maximizing revenue and⁄or social welfare. In this article, we survey some of the recent research in the literature dealing with service pricing in multi-service networks. All of the work surveyed here addresses the relationship between prices and traffic management functions such as congestion control, resource provisioning, and call admission control. We summarize proposed pricing policies for the Internet and for ATM networks, as well as some studies of pricing for general QoS-enabled networks.
Fusion of optical and SAR data for forestry applications in the Sierra Nevada of California

Ecologists and forest managers commonly emphasize the description of forest structural features because these elements often serve as indicators of organisms and surrogates for processes that may be difficult to observe or measure directly, such as wildlife habitat suitability and the dynamics of forest ecosystems. As used here, the term structure refers to the numbers, sizes, and shapes of the vegetative components in a forest ecosystem and their spatial distribution. Key attributes of forest structure include above-ground biomass, canopy cover, tree height, large tree density, and three-dimensional structural complexity. Remote sensing is a particularly attractive alternative to ground-based measurements because data can be acquired repeatedly and across broad geographic areas that might otherwise be inaccessible. Mapped estimates of forest structural attributes are therefore considered critical to ongoing monitoring efforts requiring reliable inventories of forest resources and accurate assessments of species status and trend. Two pilot study areas were established in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California for the purposes of characterizing the three-dimensional structure of selected Sierran forest vegetation types. Field measurements are being used to calibrate and validate estimates of forest structural attributes derived using remote-sensing techniques. Study area locations were selected to represent the pronounced elevational (hi/low) and latitudinal (north/south) gradients that distinguish the Sierra Nevada range. One study area, representing the southern Sierra, was established on the Sierra National Forest and includes the 60,000-ha King s River Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Project and the 1300-ha Teakettle Creek Experimental Forest. The second study area, representing the northern Sierra, was located on the Plumas National Forest. Within each study area, a stratified-random sampling scheme was used. A 3% sample resulted in a total of 500 1-ha sample plots.
When Consumers Complain: A Path Analysis of the Key Antecedents of Consumer Complaint Response Estimates

When do consumers complain? This study probes this question by developing a conceptual framework that includes multiple theoretical perspectives, empirically testing a portion of the proposed model, and using dissatisfaction/complaint data from three different service industries. The hypothesized model uses multidimensional consumer complaint response estimates including voice, private, and third-party responses as dependent variables. Results support several proposed relationships, provide a high level of explained variance, and indicate a moderating role for dissatisfaction intensity. The complaint response estimates are characterized by disparate influence pathways, and expectancy value judgments emerge as critical determinants with positive and negative crossover effects. Attitude toward complaining is more dominant under low dissatisfaction intensity than it is under the high dissatisfaction condition. Important differences emerge across service categories. Implications of this work for managers and researchers in understanding when consumers complain are enumerated.
The Ethereal Scholar: Does Critical Legal Studies Have What Minorities Want?

This article offers friendly criticism of certain trends in critical legal studies scholarship that some minority scholars of color find troubling, including the CLS critique of rights and disdain for incremental, piecemeal reform.
Two-pronged approach to prevent pneumonia

Vaccines have resulted in some of the greatest biomedical and public health achievements in history. The eradication of smallpox, near eradication of polio, and profoundly reduced rates of diseases caused by infections, including some cancers, have all been accomplished through achievements made in vaccine science. A correlate to the numerous pathogens that are now targeted through vaccination is a multitude of doctor visits and needle sticks required to obtain recommended immunizations. To reduce the number of required vaccinations, manufacturers have developed multivalent vaccines, which can protect against more than one strain of a pathogen or even multiple different pathogens. Despite the development of several multivalent vaccines, current medical recommendations in the United States still involve approximately 50 separate immunizations by the age of 18. Improving the potency and/or valency of existing vaccines is therefore of great interest to reduce pediatric immunizations. An interesting approach to this was recently described in a study of an experimental bivalent vaccine that protects against two major respiratory pathogens: influenza virus and the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae . This pathogenic duo is commonly to blame for cases of severe lung disease, with influenza causing the initial insult followed by pneumococcal pneumonia. The authors show that a conserved pneumococcal protein called PspA can be expressed on the surface of an influenza virus and that this virus, which does not replicate, can then be used to immunize against both pathogens. Potency of the immune response against PspA was significantly enhanced by delivery in the influenza particle, demonstrating an adjuvant effect achieved through use of the engineered influenza vector. The PspA antigen is highly conserved between pneumococcal strains and has potential as a vaccine antigen to improve strain coverage and elicit better immunity in infants over current pneumococcal vaccines. Although use of a bivalent influenza/pneumococcal vaccine for annual influenza vaccination seems unlikely, one could imagine using this vaccine to replace the existing pediatric doses of pneumococcal vaccine to reduce needle sticks; in addition, this vaccine could be used during an influenza pandemic to protect against the pandemic virus and boost immunity against pneumococcus, which contributes to death related to pandemic flu. Inventive approaches to vaccination such as the one described by Uraki and colleagues could lead to fewer lifetime immunizations and even improved immunity. R. Uraki et al. , A bivalent vaccine based on a PB2-knockout influenza virus protects mice from secondary pneumococcal pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 10.1093/infdis/jiv341 (2015). [Abstract][1] [1]: http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/06/28/infdis.jiv341.abstract
The Simultaneous Ascending Auction: Rules and Procedures

This note summarizes the most important rules of the simultaneous ascending auction. This auction type was pioneered in 1994 by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission for the sale of multiple airwave licenses. The objective of this auction type is to sell multiple objects to buyers who may, due to synergies, value specific packages or combinations of objects higher than the sum of the objects stand-alone values.
An Attempt to Validate Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling Maps

An attempt was made to validate nonmetric MDS perceptual maps in marketing by comparing them to configurations generated by the direct method. The congruence between these two approaches was generally low although it was reasonable for approximately 44% of the subjects.
The Heat Sensitive Areas of Certain Grasshoppers.

It is very well known to entomologists that insects react generally to heat, as this medium has been used extensively as a method of insect control. However, very little work has been done on the response of insects to localized heat stimulation.
Utilization of pteroylglutamic acid antagonists for growth by a strain of Streptococcus faecalis.

SummaryI. S. faecalis/A, an organism made resistant to amethopterin, grew well on a series of PGA antagonists except those with a methyl group in the 9 position. 2. This culture was also more efficient than the parent strain of S. faecalis in the utilization of PGA analogs that served as growth factors for both organisms, with the notable exception of CF. The amount of CF (leucovorin) required for HMG was approximately the same for each strain. 3. Aminopterin was as effective as PGA in reversing the toxicity of aninopterin and adenopterin in the growth of 5. faecalis/A.
Verification of the Accuracy of Non-reflecting Boundary Conditions Using an Analytical Method

Boundary Conditions play a substantial role in Computational Areroacoustcs (CAA) codes. Because they are part of the code, they could be source of error. Each type of the boundary condition contains assumption which directly a ects the code accuracy of the interior of the domain. Proposing a method to verify the boundary implementation could assure the user about the accuracy of the code. This article proposes an analytical method to check two common characteristic-based non-re ecting boundary conditions, Thompson and Giles. Test cases were done on a CAA code to verify the implementation of the Thompson and Giles boundary conditions.
WAVE MEASUREMENTS IN OPEN OCEAN

The ability to measure the wave spectra in the open ocean from a moving vessel has met with varying degrees of success. Each sensor to date has suffered in its performance due to environmental conditions or due to its physical placement aboard the vessel for measuring the unperturbed sea. This paper will discuss the utilization of a microwave sensor on a moving vessel for measuring the open ocean wave spectra. Employing microwaves, some of the limitations of other sensors are not experienced. Tucker [1] developed the Tuckermeter for measuring the wave spectra from a moving ship by sensing changes in water pressure due to surface wave conditions. The Tuckermeter is placed below the water line and thus requires calibration for each wave frequency, ship speed, and depth. Since the sensor operates on pressure, it performs as a low pass filter and will not sense the higher frequencies. A microwave shipboard wave height radar sensor for measuring the ocean wave spectra was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and was installed on the S.S. McLean in February 1975 and its performance, design, and analysis of data for one data run will be discussed.
Consent and Consumption of Spectacle Power and Violence

This article focuses on the facilitation, consent and consumption of state violence, as an aspect of the state’s hegemonic control in the current stage of neoliberal capitalism. We suggest that the...
An Unusual Presentation of B-Cell Lymphoma as a Large Isolated Epiglottic Mass: Case Report and Literature Review

Extranodal presentation of B-cell lymphoma is uncommon. Isolated primary epiglottic B-cell lymphoma is even rarer. To our knowledge, there has been only one description of isolated B-cell lymphoma presenting as a large epiglottic mass. We report an unusual type of B-cell lymphoma of the epiglottis, as it could not be subtyped based on routine staining and hybridization. The lymphoma presented as a large isolated globular mass pedicled to the epiglottis, occupying most of the oropharynx, but did not have any ball-valving effect or increased respiratory efforts. Initial radiographic findings were nonspecific. The diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma was determined by transoral incisional biopsy under local anesthesia. The condition was treated successfully with chemoradiation. The current standard of treatment for high grade B-cell lymphoma is concurrent chemoradiotherapy, with excellent prognosis. Although rare, B-cell lymphoma should be considered when investigating pedunculated hypopharyngeal masses.
Isotropic NMR Shifts in Paramagnetic Cobalt and Nickel Phosphine Complexes

The conditions necessary for observation of proton magnetic resonance spectra in paramagnetic systems are well established (1). Either the electronic spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, or a characteristic electronic exchange time, Te, must be short compared with the isotropic hyperfine contact interaction constant, Ai, in order for resonances to be observed. Proton resonances in paramagnetic systems are often shifted hundreds of cps from their values in the diamagnetic substances. These isotropic resonance shifts may arise from two causes, the hyperfine contact and pseudocontact interactions. The contact shift arises from the existence of unpaired spin -density at the resonating nucleus and is described by ·1} (2) for systems obeying the Curie law, (math)
Effects of Self-Monitoring on Processing of Self-Presentation Information

Abstract. Self-monitoring is a key element in interpersonal interactions, guiding how people monitor and adjust their social behavior. Compared to low self-monitors, high self-monitors are more sensitive to and use social cues to direct their self-presentations. However, little work has examined whether high self-monitors possess a heightened capacity to cognitively process self-presentation information. The goal of the current work is to address this question. After exposure to impression-related (vs. control) words, high (vs. low) self-monitors were faster to link positive (vs. neutral) traits to the self. The results show that high self-monitors have greater cognitive access to self-presentation information, a finding that has heretofore been absent from the literature.
Low density, low temperature plasmas generated and sustained indefinitely using a focused microwave beam

A focused microwave beam is used to generate and sustain a low temperature, low density plasmas for long periods of time. The drive beam operates at a frequency of 4.7 GHz with a total power of 5–10 kW. An innovative design for the microwave transparent windows allows the beam to enter and exit the pressure vessel with insignificant reflections from the metallic vessel walls. The beam-plasma interaction therefore approximates free-space conditions.
Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp.

ABSTRACT Insect larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are thought to contain bacterial communities dominated by a single bacterial genus, that of the nematode9s bacterial symbiont. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile bacterial community dynamics in greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae cadavers killed by Heterorhabditis nematodes and their Photorhabdus symbionts. We found that, although Photorhabdus strains did initially displace an Enterococcus-dominated community present in uninfected G. mellonella insect larvae, the cadaver community was not static. Twelve days postinfection, Photorhabdus shared the cadaver with Stenotrophomonas species. Consistent with this result, Stenotrophomonas strains isolated from infected cadavers were resistant to Photorhabdus-mediated toxicity in solid coculture assays. We isolated and characterized a Photorhabdus-produced antibiotic from G. mellonella cadavers, produced it synthetically, and demonstrated that both the natural and synthetic compounds decreased G. mellonella-associated Enterococcus growth, but not Stenotrophomonas growth, in vitro. Finally, we showed that the Stenotrophomonas strains described here negatively affected Photorhabdus growth in vitro. Our results add an important dimension to a broader understanding of Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus biology and also demonstrate that interspecific bacterial competition likely characterizes even a theoretically monoxenic environment, such as a Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus-parasitized insect cadaver. IMPORTANCE Understanding, and eventually manipulating, both human and environmental health depends on a complete accounting of the forces that act on and shape microbial communities. One of these underlying forces is hypothesized to be resource competition. A resource that has received little attention in the general microbiological literature, but likely has ecological and evolutionary importance, is dead/decaying multicellular organisms. Metazoan cadavers, including those of insects, are ephemeral and nutrient-rich environments, where resource competition might shape interspecific macrobiotic and microbiotic interactions. This study is the first to use a next-generation sequencing approach to study the community dynamics of bacteria within a model insect cadaver system: insect larvae parasitized by entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. By integrating bioinformatic, biochemical, and classic in vitro microbiological approaches, we have provided mechanistic insight into how antibiotic-mediated bacterial interactions may shape community dynamics within insect cadavers.
High-density Lipoproteins and Apolipoprotein A-I: Potential New Players in the Prevention and Treatment of Lung Disease.

Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) mediate reverse cholesterol transport out of cells. Furthermore, HDL has additional protective functions, which include anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and vasoprotective effects. In contrast, HDL can become dysfunctional with a reduction in both cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory properties in the setting of disease or the acute phase response. These paradigms are increasingly being recognized to be active in the pulmonary system, where apoA-I and HDL have protective effects in normal lung health, as well as in a variety of disease states, including acute lung injury, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and viral pneumonia. Similar to observations in cardiovascular disease, however, HDL may become dysfunctional and contribute to disease pathogenesis in respiratory disorders. Furthermore, synthetic apoA-I mimetic peptides have been shown to have protective effects in animal models of acute lung injury, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, and influenza pneumonia. These findings provide evidence to support the concept that apoA-I mimetic peptides might be developed into a new treatment that can either prevent or attenuate the manifestations of lung diseases, such as asthma. Thus, the lung is positioned to take a page from the cardiovascular disease playbook and utilize the protective properties of HDL and apoA-I as a novel therapeutic approach.
Pediatric paraduodenal dermoid cyst: Clinical presentation, minimally invasive management and literature review

Abstract Dermoid cysts (mature cystic teratomas) are congenital masses composed of all three germ cell layers: commonly occurring in the head, neck, and gonads and rarely in the abdomen. We present the first documented case of a paraduodenal dermoid cyst in a child, and describe the minimally invasive surgical approach utilized for resection. The patient was an asymptomatic five-month old female diagnosed with a cystic lesion in the posterior mid-abdomen on a prenatal ultrasound, followed up by MRI at three months of age. We proceeded with a laparoscopic resection for both diagnosis and definitive management. Intraoperatively, the lesion was noted to be separate of the pancreas and the stomach, located between the superior mesenteric vessels and splenic vein. It was dissected out with histopathology confirming the diagnosis of a dermoid cyst. We believe that the use of a laparoscopic technique allowed for better post-operative pain control, less overall morbidity and a shorter hospital stay compared to an open approach. Given the significant recurrence rate and possibility of malignant degeneration with incomplete resection, it is imperative to perform a complete resection if this lesion is suspected.
Quantitative Ultrasound Texture Analysis for Differentiating Preterm From Term Fetal Lungs.

Objectives To differentiate preterm (<37 weeks' gestation) from term (≥37 weeks' gestation) fetal lungs by using quantitative texture analysis of ultrasound images. Methods This study retrospectively evaluated singleton gestations with valid dating at 20 weeks' gestational age (GA) or later between January 2015 and December 2015. Images were obtained from Voluson E8 ultrasound systems (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). A region of interest was selected in each fetal lung image at the level of the 4 heart chambers from an area that appeared most representative of the overall lung tissue and had the least shadow. Ultrasonic tissue heterogeneity (heterogeneity index) based on dynamic range calculation was determined for all lung images. This quantification was performed with a custom-made software program that used a dithering technique based on the Floyd-Steinberg algorithm, in which the pixels are transformed into a binary map. Regression analysis was used to determine the correlation and functional association between the heterogeneity index and GA. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to identify the optimal heterogeneity index cutoff point for differentiating preterm from term fetal lungs. Results A total of 425 fetal lung ultrasound images (313 preterm and 112 term) were analyzed. Quantitative texture analysis predicted GA with sensitivity and specificity of 87.9% and 92.0%, respectively, based on the optimal receiver operating characteristic cutoff point. Conclusions Quantitative ultrasound texture analysis of fetal lung tissue can differentiate preterm fetal lungs from term fetal lungs. Our data suggest that decreased fetal lung heterogeneity on ultrasound imaging is associated with preterm fetuses.
What Should Cybersecurity Students Learn in School?: Results from Interviews with Cyber Professionals (Abstract Only)

There is a job gap in cybersecurity with many more security jobs than qualified candidates. The cybersecurity workforce shortage could be mitigated by developing better curricula that prioritize the Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs) most important to security related jobs. To determine which KSAs should be included in cybersecurity education and training, we administered survey-interviews to 44 security professionals at the premier hacking conferences Black Hat and DEF CON. Questions concerned 32 cybersecurity-relevant KSAs. Participants were asked how important each KSA was to their job and where they had learned that KSA. Fifteen KSAs were rated as being of higher-than-neutral importance. Most of these important KSAs concerned networks (example KSA: knowledge of network protocols) and threats/vulnerabilities (example KSA: knowledge of types of security threats and vulnerabilities). Of the 32 KSAs, participants learned the most about 31 of them while on the job and not through formal training. Overall, the data suggest that network KSAs and threat and vulnerability KSAs should be prioritized in course curricula and that historically threat and vulnerability KSAs have not been emphasized in school. This work is supported by National Science Foundation under award number DGE-1516636.
Social Movements: Resource Mobilization Theory

Resource mobilization theory focuses on the assets and capacities of aggrieved groups to explain the rise, development and outcome of social movements. Drawing on a rational choice approach, resources are defined broadly to include tangible resources, such as money and facilities, and intangible resources, such as the solidarities, cultural commitments, and identity networks of groups that facilitate their pooling of resources. To reduce free riding, organizers create selective and collective incentives and perceptions of large numbers of participants and a high likelihood of success. Most movements are indigenous, drawing on contributions from direct beneficiaries, but cheaper communications, institutional patronage, and political reactions to indigenous protest have also allowed political entrepreneurs to create professional social movement organizations. The rise and outcome of movements are shaped by the interaction of strategies with political opportunities. Movements that ‘think small,’ in terms of narrow incremental goals, avoid schisms, use unruliness and selective incentives, and have allies that are more successful. Political opportunities in terms of institutional permeability, favorable public opinion, elite divisions, and the availability of allies and patrons facilitate success.