cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A durohydroquinone oxidation site in the mitochondrial transport chain

Although duroquinone had little effect upon NADH oxidation in neutral lipid depleted mitochondria, durohydroquinone was oxidized by ETP at a rate sensitive to antimycin A. Fractionation of mitochondria into purified enzyme systems showed durohydroquinone: cytochromec reductase to be concentrated in NADH: cytochromec reductase, absent in succinate:cytochromec reductase, and decreased in reduced coenzyme Q:cytochromec reductase. Durohydroquinone oxidation could be restored by recombining reduced coenzyme Q:cytochromec reductase with NADH:coenzyme Q reductase. Pentane extraction had no effect upon either durohydroquinone or reduced coenzyme Q10 oxidation, indicating lack of a quinone requirement between cytochromesb andc. Both chloroquine diphosphate and acetone (96%) treatment irreversibly inhibited NADH but not succinate oxidation. Neither reagents had any effect upon durohydroquinone oxidation but both inhibited reduced coenzyme Q10 oxidation 50%, indicating a site of action between Q10 and duroquinone sites. Loss of chloroquine sensitive reduced coenzyme Q10 oxidation after acetone extraction suggests two sites for Q10 before cytochromeb.
A Fully Integrated 24GHz 4-Channel Phased-Array Transceiver in 0.13μm CMOS Based on a Variable-Phase Ring Oscillator and PLL Architecture

A fully integrated 24GHz 4-channel phased-array transceiver in 0.13μm CMOS is reported. The architecture is based on a variable-phase ring oscillator in a PLL that modulates the baseband for each antenna in the TX mode and downconverts the received signal from all antennas in the RX mode without using RF mixers, signal-path phase shifters, or any power combining network. The 2.3 × 2.1 mm2 chip achieves an array transmit EIRP > 23.8dBm, RX gain > 42dB, and can scan the beam continuously
IL-4 Acts as a Myoblast Recruitment Factor during Mammalian Muscle Growth

Skeletal muscle formation and growth require the fusion of myoblasts to form multinucleated myofibers or myotubes, but few molecules are known to regulate myoblast fusion in mammals. The transcription factor NFATc2 controls myoblast fusion at a specific stage of myogenesis after the initial formation of a myotube and is necessary for further cell growth. By examining genes regulated by NFATc2 in muscle, this study identifies the cytokine IL-4 as a molecular signal that controls myoblast fusion with myotubes. Muscle cells lacking IL-4 or the IL-4α receptor subunit form normally but are reduced in size and myonuclear number. IL-4 is expressed by a subset of muscle cells in fusing muscle cultures and requires the IL-4α receptor subunit on myoblasts to promote fusion and growth. These data demonstrate that following myotube formation, myotubes recruit myoblast fusion by secretion of IL-4, leading to muscle growth.
Internet-based Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision Support System for Planning Integrated Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management planning involves selecting a best combination of solid waste management options. The decision involves the perceptions and preferences of different groups of people and multiple, sometimes conflicting, project objectives that are expressed in subjective terms. As reported in this paper, these issues were addressed by developing a fuzzy multicriteria decision support system. An internet-based user-interactive decision-support application was developed based on fuzzy logic. Community specific data are stored in a centralized database and are accessible to others through a web browser. The decision support system is a tool for decision makers and environmental professionals to use in conducting local and regional integrated solid waste management planning. A case study was conducted to illustrate the application of the models. The case study evaluated eight alternatives for managing the waste stream entering the City of Columbia Sanitary Landfill and utilized waste characterization data, other solid waste related data from the City of Columbia and the open literature, as well as preferences assigned by the researchers. The results showed that an assigned Alternative 4, which is a combination of Material Recovery Facility (MRF) and Refuse-Derived Fuel Facility (RDF) could be distinguished as the alternative that best met the established criteria. The sensitivity analysis showed that the fuzzy ranking results were not sufficiently sensitive to the different aggregation operators for combining the fuzzy importance factors. The comparison of different composition operators showed that the sum-product composition operator allows greater differentiation in the solid waste management context.
“Applied” research can be useful: An example

Abstract an example of how a practitioner can use his research skills to help a school district evaluate one of its projects is described. The practitioner is advised to become involved in “action” research despite the limitations of such research, and the example is presented as having implications for expanding the psychologist's role to that of a consultant to administrators, teachers, and parents.
Experimental determination of the micro- and macrostructural parameters influencing the acoustical performance of fibrous media

Abstract Measurements of the two characteristic lengths of 6 glass wool samples (with flow resistivities between 11,900 and 69,900 Pa s m−2) and 6 polyester fibre samples (with flow resistivities between 4100 and 51,000 Pa s m−2) have been made. These data have been used to determine the cross-sectional shape factors which are related to the characteristic lengths introduced by Allard. By using the formulas due to Bies and Allard, it has been found that the two characteristic lengths of the glass wool samples can be independently predicted from the glass fibre diameter. In respect to polyester fibre samples, a new relation between the flow resistivity, the fibre diameter and the bulk density has been proposed and examined. The accuracy of the predictions of the non-acoustical parameters has been confirmed by the measurements and predictions of the absorption coefficient using the Delany and Bazley and Allard models.
In vivo and in vitro growth of Mycobacterium marinum at homoeothermic temperatures.

Mycobacterium marinum can cause systemic infection in fishes and skin infection in humans. Most strains grow better at <37°C, which can explain the rarity of infections in humans. The ability of strains from humans and fish to grow in various conditions, and in macrophages from carp, humans, and mouse was evaluated, as was the ability of the three fish isolates to infect mice. Significant differences of growth in vitro and in vivo were observed. All fish strains caused both footpad and deep tissue infections, and two, which grew very poorly or not all at 37°C, proliferated in mammalian macrophages.
Fabrication of Sol―Gel Materials with Anisotropic Physical Properties by Photo-Cross-Linking

A method to vary locally the physical properties of a porous material is presented. A wet gel is first prepared following conventional sol−gel techniques. The pore walls are derivatized by adding t...
Slow upsloping ST-segment depression during exercise: does it really signify a positive stress test?

Abstract Background Slow upsloping ST-segment depression during stress is thought to represent an ischemic response to exercise treadmill testing (ETT). Aim We used modern single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging protocols to determine the incidence of ischemia in patients with slow upsloping ST depression during exercise and whether this response signifies more or less severe coronary artery disease (CAD) and risk in comparison with rapid upsloping ST depression and particularly with horizontal or downsloping ST depression. Methods We enrolled 33 patients (group 1) with rapid upsloping ST depression (>1 mm extending 1.5 mm extending >0.08 seconds beyond J point), and 35 patients (group 3) with horizontal or downsloping depression (>1 mm at 0.08 seconds beyond J point). Summed stress score (SSS), summed difference score (SDS), stress extent percent (SE%) and reversible extent percent (RE%) of perfusion abnormalities, lung-heart ratio (LHR), and transient ischemic dilatation (TID) were calculated. Results The mean SSS, SDS, SE%, RE%, and LHR were similar between groups 1 and 2 but significantly higher in group 3. Incidence of ischemia was similar in groups 1 and 2 (39% and 25%) but significantly higher in group 3 (77%, P Conclusions Slow upsloping ST depression does not signify more severe ischemia, more extensive CAD, or more stress-induced backward left ventricular failure. Thus, it would be reasonable to consider patients with slow upsloping ST depression during exercise as having a very low likelihood of CAD, similar to patients with rapid upsloping ST depression. (Am Heart J 2002;143:482-7.)
Jurisdictional Competition and the Psychoanalytic Dominance of American Psychiatry

Despite constituting only a small fraction of all psychiatrists, psychoanalysts rose to a position of dominance within American psychiatry in the post-World War Two era. This article explains their success. A review of the social and institutional context of psychoanalysis and psychiatry reveals that many factors were actually unfavorable to psychoanalysis, and several others were at best equivocal in their support of analysis. Neither income, status, the relationship between institutions and ideology, or other such factors accounts for the success. After describing these factors and showing how they do not work as explanations, I argue that psychoanalysis succeeded largely because of its utility to the psychiatric profession in the growing jurisdictional disputes with non-medical competitors, specifically clinical psychology.
Magnetic properties of some itinerant-electron systems at T>0.

The Lieb-Mattis theorem on the absence of one-dimensional ferromagnetism is extended here from ground states to T> 0 by proving, inter alia, that M(s,h), the magnetization of a quantum system in a field h> 0, is always less than the pure paramagnetic value M o(s,h)=lanh(sh), with s=1/kT. Our proof rests on a new formulation in terms of path integrals that holds in any dimension; another of its applications is that the Nagaoka-Thouless theorem on the Hubbard model also extends to T > 0 in the sense that M(s,h ) exceeds M 0(s,h ).
Genetic inference of epiphytic orchid colonization; it may only take one.

Colonization of vacant habitat is a fundamental ecological process that affects the ability of species to persist and undergo range modifications in continually shifting landscapes. Thus, understanding factors that affect and limit colonization has important ecological and conservation implications. Epiphytic orchids are increasingly threatened by various factors, including anthropogenic habitat disturbance. As cleared areas (e.g. pastures) are recolonized by suitable host trees, the establishment and genetic composition of epiphytic orchid populations are likely a function of their colonization patterns. We used genetic analyses to infer the prevailing colonization pattern of the epiphytic orchid, Brassavola nodosa. Samples from three populations (i.e. individuals within a tree) from each of five pastures in the dry forest of Costa Rica were genotyped with neutral nuclear and chloroplast markers. Spatial autocorrelation and hierarchical genetic structure analyses were used to assess the relatedness of individuals within populations, among populations within pastures and among populations in different pastures. The results showed significant relatedness within populations (mean r = 0.166) and significant but lower relatedness among populations within a pasture (mean r = 0.058). Our data suggest that colonization of available habitats is by few individuals with subsequent population expansion resulting from in situ reproduction, and that individuals within a tree are not a random sample of the regional seed pool. Furthermore, populations within a pasture were likely colonized by seeds produced by founders of a neighbouring population within that pasture. These results have important ramifications for understanding conservation measures needed for this species and other epiphytic orchids.
Accuracy in Face Perception: A View from Ecological Psychology

ABSTRACT It is well documented that people form reliable and robust impressions of a stranger's personality traits on the basis of facial appearance. The propensity to judge character from the face is typically thought to reflect cultural beliefs about mythical relations between aspects of facial appearance and personality. However, recent cross-cultural and developmental research does not support the mythical, cultural stereotype hypothesis. An alternative explanation of the data is that consensus in face-based impressions exists because those judgments are partially accurate. In this article, we explore the theoretical rationale for this “kernel-of-truth” hypothesis, review research that indicates that first impressions based on facial appearance are partially accurate, and discuss the potential mechanisms that may yield links between aspects of facial appearance and personality.
Maximal voluntary work and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients who have had Kawasaki syndrome

To assess the natural history of Kawasaki syndrome and its effect on maximal voluntary work and cardiorespiratory fitness, we performed cycle ergometery testing in 47 patients who had had the syndrome. Forty-one patients performed maximal effort as judged by achievement of 95% predicted heart rate response. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and minute ventilation were performed in 23 patients. There was no difference in maximal voluntary work (total work, mean power) or maximal oxygen consumption between case subjects and control subjects. There were no differences between patients with and those without aneurysms. Serial exercise studies were performed in 10 patients; of these, two with initially normal exercise study findings had decreased maximal voluntary work and oxygen consumption with ischemic changes, and both were at high risk for the development of stenotic or occlusive coronary arteries. The other eight patients had normal cardiorespiratory reserve and no ischemic changes with serial studies. These results suggest that patients have normal cardiorespiratory fitness after Kawasaki syndrome. With the development of ischemic heart disease, they may have decreased cardiorespiratory reserve. Serial evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness may demonstrate ischemic heart disease.
Experimental virotherapy of chemoresistant pancreatic carcinoma using infectivity-enhanced fiber-mosaic oncolytic adenovirus

Pancreatic cancer is a significant clinical problem and novel therapeutic approaches are desperately needed. Recent advances in conditionally replicative adenovirus-based (CRAd) oncolytic virus design allow the application of CRAd vectors as a therapeutic strategy to efficiently target and eradicate chemoresistant pancreatic cancer cells, thereby improving the efficacy of pancreatic cancer treatment. The goal of this study was to construct and validate the efficacy of an infectivity-enhanced, liver-untargeted, tumor-specific CRAd vector. A panel of CRAds has been derived that embodies the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 promoter for conditional replication, two-fiber complex mosaicism for targeting expansion and hexon hypervariable region 7 (HVR7) modification for liver untargeting. We evaluated CRAds for cancer virotherapy using a human pancreatic tumor xenograft model. Employment of the fiber mosaic approach improved CRAd replication in pancreatic tumor xenografts. Substitution of the HVR7 of the Ad5 hexon for Ad serotype 3 hexon resulted in decreased liver tropism of systemically administrated CRAd. Obtained data demonstrated that employment of complex mosaicism increased efficacy of the combination of oncolytic virotherapy with chemotherapy in a human pancreatic tumor xenograft model.
Error indicators and adaptive remeshing in large deformation finite element analysis

Abstract We present and use a system of adaptive procedures for large-deformation finite element analysis of elastic and elastoplastic problems using the h -refinement approach. The procedures include a pointwise indicator for error in stresses, a pointwise indicator for error in plastic strain increments, a quadrilateral element mesh generator for generating completely new meshes on the deformed configuration of the body, and several mapping schemes for transferring state variables and history-dependent variables accurately across models. These procedures constitute the ingredients of a proposed adaptive scheme that is demonstrated to be effective in solutions of two-dimensional stress analysis problems including contact conditions. An important observation is that with coarse finite element meshes and no error indicator used, crucial physical phenomena may be completely missed in the analysis.
LOWERING THE RISK FOR THROMBUS AND STROKE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS: Will Dabigatran Replace Warfarin?

The use of oral anticoagulation to reduce stroke risk from thromboembolism has become the cornerstone of management of atrial fibrillation (AF). Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor which, in contrast to warfarin, does not require regular blood draws for monitoring effect. Randomized controlled studies suggest that dabigatran may be more effective than warfarin at higher doses, without an increased bleeding risk, and equally effective at lower doses, with lower bleeding risk. With these apparent advantages comes a higher cost, and limited use in patients with underlying renal or liver disease. In addition, the inability to measure anticoagulant effect, as with warfarin, presents drawback for clinical use of dabigatran. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action, clinical effect, and place in therapy of dabigatran as a possible replacement for warfarin.
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) becomes adult inflammatory bowel disease, but several considerations require particular attention when children develop the disease. The disease generally manifests with active inflammation in children, whereas obstruction from "burnt-out" disease may become more prevalent with age. Because children are still growing, avoiding the growth-suppressing affects of the disease (and of steroid pharmacotherapy) is important in pediatric patients, in contrast to adults. Finally, the longer life expectancy of children than adults mandates even more attention to long-term safety issues in young patients.
Misplacement of a femoral venous catheter into the ascending lumbar vein: repositioning using ultrasonographic guidance

A 5-week-old infant with congenital chylothorax required long-term intravenous access for parenteral nutrition. Cannulation of the inferior vena cava via the left femoral vein was attempted, but the catheter was misplaced into the left ascending lumbar vein. Catheter removal is advised when such malposition is identified. We were able successfully to redirect the catheter into the inferior vena cava using ultrasonographic guidance. This procedure has not been described previously in children. We propose that repositioning of incorrectly placed vascular catheters can be achieved using ultrasound guidance at the bedside.
Oral and portal venous tolerance in the interferon-γ knockout (GKO) mouse1

Background The role of the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the development of oral or portal venous tolerance is poorly defined. By using knockout mice for IFN-γ (GKO mice), we investigated the effect of both oral and portal venous administration of alloantigen on the systemic delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to alloantigen rechallenge.
Flow analysis of hairy cell leukemia

Abstract Cellular DNA content, Coulter volume and light scatter were measured in cell suspensions from spleens or peripheral blood in 6 patients with hairy cell leukemia. In 2 of 6 cases, the DNA distribution obtained by flow microfluorometry demonstrated an abnormal cellular DNA content of the G0−G1 cells. This abnormality was confirmed by mixing the patients' cells with normal blood mononuclear cells. This is the first report of cellular DNA abnormalities in hairy cell leukemia demonstrated by flow microfluorometry. A relatively low number of cells were observed in the S phase of the cell cycle in all cases. On Coulter analysis, “hairy” cells displayed a modal volume 2 to 3 times larger than that of non-malignant lymphoid populations. Differences between “hairy” cell populations and normal lymphoid cells were also noted using light scatter measurements of ethanol-fixed cells, but they were less marked than those observed by Coulter analysis.
Observation of an eye-frequenting geometrid in the United States.

Since 1915 when eye-frequenting noctuids were discovered in Nyassaland and South Africa by Marshall et al. (1915, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. cxvii–cxix), and in Tanganyika by Poulton (1915, in Reid 1954, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. B. 23: 200–04), eye-frequenting Lepidoptera on animals including man have been reported from a number of countries in the Eastern Hemisphere; however, to my knowledge the observation presented herein constitutes the first record in the United States. Noctuids have been found feeding on the lachrymal secretions of various animals in Cambodia (Buttiker, 1959a, Acta Trop. 16: 356–61; B¨ttiker, 1959b, Nature 184: 1167; B¨ttiker, 1962a, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. B. 31: 73–76; Buttiker, 1962b, Proc. XI Int. Congr. Ent. Vienna 1960, Verhandlungen 2: 10–15); Thailand (B¨ttiker, 1964a, Verhande. Naturf. Ges. Basel 75: 231–36; B¨ttiker, 1965a, Proc. 12th. Int. Congr. Ent. 1964, London: 826–28); Rhodesia (B¨ttiker & Whellan, 1966, Rhod. Agr. J. 63: 24–27); India (B¨ttiker, 1967c, Rev. Suisse Zool. 74: 389–98); and Nepal (B¨ttiker, 1969, Rev. Suisse Zool. 76: 363–70). B¨ttiker (1964a, loc. cit., 1965, loc. cit.; 1967a, Ceylon J. Sci. Biol. Sci. 7: 91–95; 1967b, Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 39: 151–79; 1967c, loc. cit.) has also reported geometrids and pyralids on the eyes of a wide range of mammals. While no conclusions were indicated, some blood was found in the midgut of 2 species of the eye-frequenting noctuids Lobocraspis griseifusa Hampson and Arcyophora sylvatica B¨ttiker (B¨ttiker, 1959a, loc. cit.; B¨ttiker, 1962b, loc. cit.).
OOP and the Janus principle

It is easy for computer science students and educators to write software applications in Java or C++ that are not object-oriented. In this paper, we present the Janus Principle -- a simple software engineering principle (related to the MVC design pattern) whose use produces highly object-oriented code. We demonstrate its effect by developing a simple Java networking application, first without using the Janus Principle, and then using it. Students and educators who follow this principle will write programs containing highly reusable code.
Use of a bipolar vessel-sealing device for parenchymal transection during liver surgery.

Most blood loss during liver resection occurs during parenchymal transection, and multiple approaches have been developed to limit blood loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new bipolar vesselsealing device in hepatic surgery, particularly whether the device would permit safe transection without routine inflow occlusion. Twenty-seven hepatic procedures were performed using the device after preliminary studies to adapt its use to the liver. Inflow occlusion was used when necessary to control blood loss but not as a routine. The device worked well for transection through normal liver during common liver operations such as right hepatectomy. It worked less well for enucleations. Inflow occlusion was used in approximately 10% of resections, exclusive of enucleations, and about 25% of these patients were transfused during surgery or in the postoperative period. We conclude that the device is a useful tool in standard liver resections.
Social background composition and educational growth

This paper examines the impact of intercohort changes in social background composition on changes in grade progression rates at selected schooling levels. It presents formal arguments that the relative and absolute effects of background composition on grade progression rates should decline over levels of schooling, and using data for white males born between 1907 and 1951, offers empirical support for these arguments. Whereas twentieth century increases in average educational attainment are primarily due to increases in grade progression rates at the elementary and secondary levels, future growth must occur through increases in transition rates beyond high school, given the near universality of high school graduation for cohorts born at midcentury. Our analysis shows that postsecondary progression rates are much less responsive to changes in family background composition than rates earlier in the schooling process. Despite intercohort changes in background composition that are increasingly favorable to educational attainment, future educational growth may be slower than past growth because compositional effects on average attainment will be through progression rates where the effects are weak.
Cathode-Follower Circuits

The cathode follower is a circuit of increasing importance for television and ultra-high-frequency applications, and has therefore received much attention in technical literature. Most of the publications deal with the cathode-output amplifier, a three-terminal device. In this paper, such systems are treated briefly along with applications of the cathode follower for voltage amplification and signal mixing. This is preceded by a graphical diagram of the cathode-follower characteristic, which may be used for the determination of the direct-current components of such circuits. Cathode followers with a complex load are subsequently considered. These circuits show characteristic feedback phenomena from the cathode into the grid system in which the interelectrode capacitance acts as a coupling element. Most circuits of this nature are two-terminal devices, with action observed in the input circuit, and no external output derived from the cathode. The cathode-follower oscillator is perhaps the most important application of this group. Cathode-follower circuits with one or more resonant circuits in the cathode arm may be used as detectors or filters in connection with frequency modulation. In presenting a variety of cathode-follower applications in the light of a general theory, this paper indicates the wide scope of possible applications with no intention of being exhaustive in every detail. In order to facilitate reading, most of the mathematical derivations have been put into the Appendix.
Functional characterization of PAS and HES family bHLH transcription factors during the metamorphosis of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.

Abstract The basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors are present in animals, plants and fungi and play important roles in the control of cellular proliferation, tissue differentiation, development and detoxification. Although insect genomes contain more than 50 helix–loop–helix transcription factors, the functions of only a few are known. RNAi has become a widely used tool to knock-down the expression to analyze the function of genes. As RNAi works well in Tribolium castaneum , we utilized this insect and RNAi to determine functions of 19 bHLH transcription factors belonging to PAS and HES families during the larval stages of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum . We searched the genome sequence of T. castaneum and identified 53 bHLH genes. Phylogenetic analyses classified these 53 genes into ten families; PAS, HES, Myc/USF, Hand, Mesp, Shout, p48, NeuroD/Neurogenin, Atonal and AS–C. In RNAi studies, knocking-down the expression of seven members of the PAS and HES families affected the growth and development of T. castaneum . An inability to grow to reach critical weight to undergo metamorphosis, failure to complete larval–pupal or pupal–adult ecdysis and abnormal wing development are among the most common phenotypes observed in RNAi insects. Among the bHLH transcription factors studied, the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) showed the most severe phenotypes. Knock-down in the expression of the gene coding for SRC caused growth arrest by affecting the regulation of lipid metabolism. These studies demonstrate the power of RNAi for functional characterization of members of the multigene families in this model insect.
Preliminary Design of Earth-Mars Cyclers Using Solar Sails

Motivated by the concept of using cycler trajectories for Mars return missions, an optimal Earth-Mars cycler is designed for spacecraft that use solar sails. The design is preliminary in the sense that the trajectories are assumed to be coplanar and the orbits of Earth and Mars are assumed to be circular. The optimality criterion is the vehicle's hyperbolic excess speed V ∞ with respect to Mars. This trajectory optimization problem is formulated using the framework of optimal periodic control with interior point constraints that include jump discontinuities that arise as a result of gravity assists. The problem is numerically solved using the concept of pseudospectral knots (PSK) by way of a general-purpose dynamic optimization software. Feasibility of the PSK-derived trajectories is demonstrated using numerical propagation. Results show that solar sails can be used to reduce significantly V ∞ at Mars. For example, it is shown that a sail with a lightness number of 0.17 can achieve a V ∞ with respect to Mars of 2.5 km/s at every synodic encounter.
Cities and nested hierarchies

We need a more nuanced way of looking at the relationship between globalisation and the city; a framework that can accommodate substantial differences as well as growing similarities among world metropolises and give both global integration and local distinctiveness their rightful due. I propose and illustrate one such framework in this paper, based upon the principle of nested hierarchy. In the view espoused here, cities are lodged within an interdependent world order divided among differently organised regional formations and national systems. The economic base, spatial organisation and social structure of the world's major cities are determined by the entire multi-level configuration – global niche, regional formation, national development model, and local historical context – in which each city participates. Growing interdependence in the global whole is perfectly consistent with differentiation within and among regional, national, and city levels of the system. As constituent elements of the global order, cities both facilitate the globalisation process and follow their own, relatively autonomous trajectories.
Assimilation of endogenous nicotinamide riboside is essential for calorie restriction-mediated life span extension in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential cofactor involved in various biological processes including calorie restriction-mediated life span extension. Administration of nicotinamide riboside (NmR) has been shown to ameliorate deficiencies related to aberrant NAD+ metabolism in both yeast and mammalian cells. However, the biological role of endogenous NmR remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that salvaging endogenous NmR is an integral part of NAD+ metabolism. A balanced NmR salvage cycle is essential for calorie restriction-induced life span extension and stress resistance in yeast. Our results also suggest that partitioning of the pyridine nucleotide flux between the classical salvage cycle and the NmR salvage branch might be modulated by the NAD+-dependent Sir2 deacetylase. Furthermore, two novel deamidation steps leading to nicotinic acid mononucleotide and nicotinic acid riboside production are also uncovered that further underscore the complexity and flexibility of NAD+ metabolism. In addition, utilization of extracellular nicotinamide mononucleotide requires prior conversion to NmR mediated by a periplasmic phosphatase Pho5. Conversion to NmR may thus represent a strategy for the transport and assimilation of large nonpermeable NAD+ precursors. Together, our studies provide a molecular basis for how NAD+ homeostasis factors confer metabolic flexibility.
Measurement of stroke volume and cardiac output within a single breath hold with echo‐planar MR imaging

The measurement of cardiac output and ejection fraction is useful in the treatment of diverse cardiac and cardiopulmonary disease states. Although several techniques are available for accurate measurement of left ventricular parameters, assessment of the right ventricle is less well represented. No single method is overwhelmingly superior, each having different strengths and weaknesses. In the present study, the applicability of an echo-planar magnetic resonance (MR) imaging method in which a complete volumetric measurement of the right and left ventricles may be obtained during 12 heart-beats is demonstrated. This rapidity permits imaging during a 15-second breath hold. The authors show in 12 volunteers that breath-hold echo-planar volume measurements of both ventricles were consistent with results obtained with conventional MR imaging methods.
Progestin receptors in dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells: enriched binding in lactotrope fractions.

Abstract Cytosolic progesterone and R5020 binding activities were demonstrated in Pronase-dispersed anterior pituitary cells from estrogenprimed ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats. Pronase-dispersed pituitary cells were also separated into six cellular fractions on the basis of size and density by sedimentation velocity at unit gravity 1n a BSA gradient. Fractions enriched in lactotropes or gonadotropes were identified by the cellular contents of radioimmunoassayable prolactin and LH, respectively. Cytosollc progestin receptors appeared to be predominantly associated with lactotrope-rich fractions. Since there was some cross-over between the LH and prolactin enriched fractions, progestin receptors may also be associated with a subpopulation of gonadotropes, as well.
Effect of birefringence on light scattering from oriented systems

The effect of birefringence on the intensity of polarized scattered light from an oriented polymer film is analyzed on the basis of a model in which the scattering element is imbedded in a homogeneous birefringent matrix. The scattering intensity is shown to depend upon the polarizer and analyzer angles, the scattering angles, the sample birefringence and thickness, and the scattering coefficients for the four polarization combinations. Computer calculations for reasonable values of these parameters indicate that these corrections can be quite appreciable.
Crosslinked CNBr-activated hyaluronan-collagen matrices: Effects on fibroblast contraction

Previously we demonstrated that the contraction of collagen fibrillar matrices (CFM) by fibroblasts was significantly reduced when high concentrations (> 1 mg/ml) of hyaluronan were present in the media. This highlights the prominent role of hyaluronan in preventing scar formation during fetal wound healing. In the present study, we covalently crosslinked different concentrations of CNBr-activated hyaluronan to CFM and investigated the ability of fibroblasts to contract these matrices. Matrices are not contracted when optimal concentrations of CNBr-activated hyaluronan are crosslinked to collagen. Biochemical and cytological analysis of these matrices suggests that hyaluronan strengthens the collagen fibrils and blocks direct communication between fibroblasts and the collagen fibrils. Based on current evidence we are able to propose two molecular crosslinking models, multiple point attachment and simple point attachment between CNBr-activated hyaluronan and collagen molecules, hypotheses supported by the susceptibility of these matrices to digestion by collagenase.
Imputed Income from Owner-Occupied Housing and Income Inequality:

Imputed income from owner-occupied housing is generally not included in analyses of the distribution of income. Yet the value of homeownership is undoubtedly an important element distinguishing the economic status of one family from another. In this paper, using a new method to decompose income inequality by income source, we analyze the impact of potential income derived from the net worth of housing on a representative national sample of US homeowners. Using 1980 Survey of Residential Finance data, we find that housing income adds less to inequality per dollar of income than does income from all other sources.
Geochemistry of intrusive rocks associated with the Latir volcanic field, New Mexico, and contrasts between evolution of plutonic and volcanic rocks

Plutonic rocks associated with the Latir volcanic field comprise three groups: 1) ∼25 Ma high-level resurgent plutons composed of monzogranite and silicic metaluminous and peralkaline granite, 2) 23–25 Ma syenogranite, and alkali-feldspar granite intrusions emplaced along the southern caldera margin, and 3) 19–23 Ma granodiorite and granite plutons emplaced south of the caldera. Major-element compositions of both extrusive and intrusive suites in the Latir field are broadly similar; both suites include high-SiO2 rocks with low Ba and Sr, and high Rb, Nb, Th, and U contents. Moreover, both intermediateto siliciccomposition volcanic and plutonic rocks contain abundant accessory sphene and apatite, rich in rare-earth elements (REE), as well as phases in which REE's are essential components. Strong depletion in Y and REE contents, with increasing SiO2 content, in the plutonic rocks indicate a major role for accessory mineral fractionation that is not observed in volcanic rocks of equivalent composition. Considerations of the rheology of granitic magma suggest that accessory-mineral fractionation may occur primarily by filter-pressing evolved magmas from crystal-rich melts. More limited accessory-mineral crystallization and fractionation during evolution of the volcanic magmas may have resulted from markedly lower diffusivities of essential trace elements than major elements. Accessory-mineral fractionation probably becomes most significant at high crystallinities. The contrast in crystallization environments postulated for the extrusive and intrusive rocks may be common to other magmatic systems; the effects are particularly pronounced in highly evolved rocks of the Latir field. High-SiO2 peralkaline porphyry emplaced during resurgence of the Questa caldera represents non-erupted portions of the magma that produced the Amalia Tuff during caldera-forming eruption. The peralkaline porphyry continues compositional and mineralogical trends found in the tuff. Amphibole, mica, and sphene compositions suggest that the peralkaline magma evolved from metaluminous magma. Extensive feldspar fractionation occurred during evolution of the peralkaline magmas, but additional alkali and iron enrichment was likely a result of high halogen fluxes from crystallizing plutons and basaltic magmas at depth.
Gell and Coombs for the nineteen eighties

Clinical Aspects of Immunology, 4th Edn. Two volumes, pp.1,751. Edited by P.J. Lachmann and D.K. Peters. ISBN 0-632-00702-8. (Blackwell Scientific: 1982.) 90, 195.
A novel polymorphism in the Fcγ receptor IIB (CD32B) transmembrane region alters receptor signaling

Objective The low-affinity receptor Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb), with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in the cytoplasmic domain, down-regulates humoral immune responses and modulates the risk of autoimmunity in animal models. The transmembrane domain of FcγRIIb may also contribute to receptor signaling. Therefore, we investigated the biologic significance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the coding region. Methods Discovery of SNPs in FCGR2B was performed by direct cycle sequencing of complementary DNA samples derived by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. To assess the biologic significance of the nonsynonymous transmembrane SNP, we studied 3 functions influenced by the FcγRIIb transmembrane domain: tyrosine dephosphorylation of CD19, inhibition of B cell receptor (BCR)–induced calcium response, and modulation of BCR- or anti-Fas–induced apoptosis. Results The nonsynonymous C-to-T transition in the first cytoplasmic exon, originally reported in the Raji cell line, was not found in either the African-American or the Caucasian population, but a nonsynonymous T-to-C transition at nucleotide 775 in exon 4 of FCGR2B, which changes isoleucine to threonine at residue 187 in the transmembrane domain, was significantly more common in African Americans. Using the FcγRIIb-negative mouse B cell line IIA1.6, we expressed both allelic forms as both full-length and truncated cytoplasmic domain constructs. The FCGR2B-187T allele mediated a higher level of CD19 dephosphorylation (P = 0.029) and a greater degree of inhibition of the calcium response (P = 0.003) when co-engaged with BCR than did FCGR2B-187I, independent of the presence of the ITIM. In contrast, FcγRIIb modulation of BCR-induced and anti-Fas antibody–induced cell death rates were similar in IIA1.6 cells expressing either the 187I or the 187T allelic form. Conclusion The differential activity of FCGR2B alleles suggests a novel mechanism of FcγRIIb regulation that may influence the risk of autoimmune disease.
Laura Pulido, Laura Barraclough, and Wendy Chang, A People's Guide to Los Angeles. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012).

This attractive volume, well-illustrated with many color photographs and some maps, documents in guidebook format the sites of significant social justice struggles in the Los Angeles Metropolitan r...
Short-term administration of estrogen and vascular responce of atherosclerotic coronary arteries☆

Objectives. This experiment sought to determine the effect of short-term administration of estrogen on endothelium-dependent dilation in the coronary arteries of 13 surgically postmenopausal female cynomolgus monkeys. Background. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents impaired endothelium-dependent dilation of atherosclerotic coronary arteries in postmenopausal female monkeys. However, it remains unclear whether this action of estrogen is due to long-term effects on plasma lipids and atherogenesis or to direct short-term effects on the endothelium. Methods. The monkeys consumed an atherogenic diet for 18 months after bilateral ovariectomy. Vascular responses were measured just before euthanasia and necropsy. Dextrose in water (control), acetylcholine, 10−6M, and nitroglycerin were infused for 2.5 min each both before and 20 min after intravenous injection of 54 ng ethinyl estradiol. Results. Quantitative coronary angiography revealed that the arteries constricted (−17 ± 3%) in response to intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine before estrogen treatment but dilated (+ 5 ± 3%) 20 min after intravenous injection of ethinyl estradiol (p 0.05). Vascular responses of coronary arteries, both before and after administration of estrogen, were not associated with variation in plasma lipid concentrations, blood pressure, heart rate or plaque size. Conclusions. Estrogen affects endothelium-dependent coronary dilation within 20 min of administration and may have rapid direct effects on the vascular endothelium.
Technology Policy and World Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the AMIGA Modeling System

economies. We suggest in this paper that technologies and technology policies exist which could reduce carbon emissions enough to achieve stabilization targets at relatively modest costs given the size of the world economy. This can be accomplished largely through harnessing market forces and creating incentives with the use of efficient prices on greenhouse gas emissions, combined with complementary programs and policies to reduce market failures and to promote new technology improvements and investments.
Predictors of independent living status in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.

Background Adult survivors of childhood cancer and their siblings are compared on one of the most salient developmental milestones of adulthood, the ability to live independently.
Teacher Characteristics and Pedagogy in Political Science

The college classroom is both an intimate and an alien environment. Most professors have an intimate knowledge of what they do in their own classrooms while possessing very little knowledge of what other professors, even at their own institution, do in their classrooms. Each year, faculty in political science departments construct their courses making decisions regarding pedagogical techniques and tools with little knowledge of what is commonly done across the profession. This paper presents the results of a national survey detailing the frequency with which various pedagogical techniques and tools are used by political science professors in introductory-level and upper division courses. In addition, this paper offers some explanation for these differences by looking at how professional training, current professional situation, and other personal characteristics influence the pedagogical choices of political scientists. We find that current professional situation and personal characteristics have a small ...
Residual Strains in an Al2O3‐Ni Joint Bonded with a Composite Interlayer: Experimental Measurements and FEM Analyses

A cylindrical Al 2 O 3 - Ni joint bonded with a 4.0mm thick composite interlayer of 40vol% Al 2 O 3 - 60vol% Ni was fabricated by powder processing, and the residual strains in the specimen were studied experimentally using neutron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and optical fluorescence spectroscopy. Experimental measurements were compared with finite element modeling results obtained using a variety of different constitutive assumptions. The predicted residual strain distribution within the Al 2 O 3 along the center of the specimen was in reasonable agreement with neutron diffraction measurements, although the magnitude of the error in the experimental measurements did not allow a distinction to be made between the various modeling assumptions examined. In contrast, the predicted peak strains within the Al 2 O 3 along the specimen surface were significantly higher than those measured by X-ray diffraction or optical fluorescence spectroscopy, suggesting that strain relief occurred near the free edge during cooling. The mechanism of strain relief is believed to involve damage accumulation within the composite interlayer that was not accounted for in the constitutive models used.