cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological degradation of pyrogenic organic matter in temperate forest soils

Abstract Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM), derived from the incomplete combustion of plant biomass and fossil fuels, has been considered one of the most stable pools of soil organic matter (SOM) and a potentially important terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO 2 . Recent evidence suggests that PyOM may degrade faster in soil than previously thought, and can affect native SOM turnover rates. We conducted a six-month laboratory incubation study to better understand the processes controlling the degradation of PyOM in soils using dual-enriched ( 13 C/ 15 N) PyOM and its precursor wood ( Pinus ponderosa ). We examined the effects of soil type and inorganic N addition on PyOM and wood C and N mineralization rates, microbial C utilization patterns, and native SOM turnover rates. PyOM charred at 450 °C or its precursor pine wood was incubated in two temperate forest subsoils with contrasting short range order (SRO) clay mineralogy (granite versus andesite parent material). Duplicates of experimental treatments with and without PyOM added were sterilized and abiotic C mineralization was quantified. In a second incubation, PyOM or wood was incubated in granitic soil with and without added NH 4 NO 3 (20 kg N ha −1 ). The fate of 13 C/ 15 N-enriched PyOM and wood was followed as soil-respired 13 CO 2 and total extractable inorganic 15 N. The uptake of 13 C from PyOM and wood by soil microbial community groups was quantified using 13 C-phospholipids fatty acids (PLFA). We found that (1) The mean residence time (MRT) of PyOM-C was on a centennial time scale (390–600 yr) in both soil types; (2) PyOM-C mineralization was mainly biologically mediated; (3) Fungi more actively utilized wood-C than PyOM-C, which was utilized by all bacteria groups, especially gram (+) bacteria in the andesite (AN) soil; (4) PyOM-N mineralization was 2 times greater in granite (GR) than in AN soils; (5) PyOM additions did not affect native soil C or N mineralization rates, microbial biomass, or PLFA-defined microbial community composition in either soil; (6) The addition of N to GR soil had no effect on the MRT of C from PyOM, wood, or native SOM. The centennial scale MRT for PyOM-C was 32 times slower than that for the precursor pine wood-C or native soil C, which is faster than the MRT used in ecosystem models. Our results show that PyOM-C is readily utilized by all heterotrophic microbial groups, and PyOM-C and -N may be more dynamic in soils than previously thought.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE JOINT VENTURE JAPANESE TEXT PROTOTYPE AND ITS EFFECT ON SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

The TIPSTER Data Extraction and Fifth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-5) tasks focused on the process of data extraction. This is a procedure in which prespecified types of information are identified within free text, extracted, and inserted automatically within a template. Three TIPSTER contractors -- BBN, GE/CMU, NMSU/Brandeis -- participated in the August '93 MUC-5 evaluation for both the English joint venture (EJV) and English microelectronics (EME) domains and their Japanese-language counterparts, the JJV and JME applications. Two other contractors -- SRI and SRA -- participated in the EJV and JJV domains alone. CMU's Textract system took part in the Japanese-language domains only. Of the five systems that tested in both English and Japanese, all but one scored higher in the Japanese-language applications according to both the summary error-based scores and recall/precision-based metrics. This overall result has lead some participants and observers to suggest that Japanese is an "easier" language than English.
The consultation readiness scale: an attempt to improve consultation practice.

The Consultation Readiness Scale is designed to facilitate mental health and other forms of human services consultation. The scale is based on the assumption that consultee-consuItant relationships vary in their "readiness'for consultation. A basic task for consultants is to assess the current readiness level and help move the relationship to a higher level. The Consultation Readiness Scale facilitates this process by specifying six levels of readiness and indicating the general intervention strategies appropriate for each. Initial descriptive data based on five consultants and 366 eonsultees are presented. Most consultation relationships were not at high levels of readiness; readiness varied with the amount of time consultants had worked in the consuItees' setting and did not vary by more than one level over a 6-month period. Consultation is a social psychological process in which a helping professional attempts to improve a client's condition by working with "significant others" rather than by working directly with the client. During the last decade, increasing numbers of professionals in community mental health, special education, vocational rehabilitation, and other human service fields have been asked to spend at least part of their time in the role of consultant. For instance, in the mental health field, "mental health consultation" has become an important component of community mental health programs. Similar approaches are being developed in other fields. There are three reasons usually cited for including consultation in a human service program. First, in working with community care-givers, such as public
Cytochrome c-crown ether complexes as supramolecular catalysts: cold-active synzymes for asymmetric sulfoxide oxidation in methanol.

A series of supramolecular complexes of various cytochrome c proteins with 18-crown-6 derivatives behave as cold-active synzymes in the H2O2 oxidation of racemic sulfoxides. This interesting behavior contrasts with native functionality, where the employed proteins act as electron transfer carriers. ESI-MS, UV, CD, and Raman spectroscopic characterizations reveal that four or five 18-crown-6 molecules strongly bind to the surface of the cytochrome c and also that nonnatural low-spin hexacoordinate heme structures are induced in methanol. Significantly, crown ether complexation can convert catalytically inactive biological forms to catalytically active artificial forms. Horse heart, pigeon breast, and yeast cytochromes c all stereoselectively oxidize (S)-isomers of methyl tolyl sulfoxide and related sulfoxides upon crown ether complexation. These supramolecular catalysts show the highest efficiency and enantiomer selectivity at −40 °C in the H2O2-dependent sulfoxide oxidation, while oxidative decomposition ...
Association of total calcium and dietary protein intakes with fracture risk in postmenopausal women: The 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Abstract Objective We examined the associations of total calcium intake (TCI) and dietary protein intake (DPI) with risk of fracture. Methods A total of 2006 postmenopausal women ≥50 y of age who were measured in the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the study. Weighted mean TCI and DPI and percentage of distributions of selected characteristics were estimated by TCI category and fracture status. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of TCI and DPI on risk of fracture. Results Thirteen percent of participants reported a fracture history, of whom 17.8% consumed a total of ≥1200 mg of calcium per day and 23.8% consumed 70 g/d of dietary protein, those with a TCI ≥1200 mg/d had an insignificant lower risk of fracture (adjusted odds ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.20–2.39). Conclusion TCI is not associated with risk of fracture among postmenopausal women. Adequate TCI in the presence of inadequate DPI may not be protective against fractures. Optimal proportion of TCI and DPI warrants further investigation among older women.
Rapid Recurrence of Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Canaliculus

We treated a 76-year-old man who had an epithelial carcinoma that involved the canaliculus and extended into the lacrimal sac. Despite what appeared to be adequate resection (the surgical margins were completely free of tumor on both frozen and paraffin section), the tumor recurred less than one month later. The patient underwent wide local incision, including en bloc removal of the medial third of both eyelids and inner canthi, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct, and resection of the anterior lacrimal crest, lacrimal bone, anterior portion of the ethmoid bone, anterior medial wall of the maxilla, and subjacent periosteum and mucous membranes. Sixteen months later, the tumor has not recurred. This infiltrating papillary squamous cell carcinoma histologically demonstrated the most rapid and destructive recurrence of any such tumor originating in the lacrimal system.
X-ray off-specular reflectivity studies of electrochemical pitting of Cu surfaces in sodium bicarbonate solution

Abstract We have studied the electrochemically-induced pitting process on a Cu electrode in NaHCO3 solution using in-situ X-ray off-specular reflectivity measurements. The morphology and growth dynamics of the localized corrosion sites or pits were studied as the applied potential was varied from the cathodic region where the Cu surface is relatively free of oxide films to the anodic region where surface roughening occurs by general corrosion with concomitant formation of an oxide film. Quantitative analysis of the experimental results indicates that early pitting proceeds in favor of nucleation of pit clusters over individual pit growth. It was found that the lateral distribution of the pits is not random but exhibits a short-range order as evidenced by the appearance of a side peak in the transverse off-specular reflectivity. The position, height, and width of the peak was modeled to yield the average size, nearest-neighbor distance (within any one of the clusters), and over-all density of the pits averaged over the entire illuminated surface. In addition, measurements of the longitudinal off-specular reflectivity indicate a bimodal depth distribution for the pits, suggesting a “film breaking” type of pitting mechanism.
Epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis. A prospective study in China.

Background and Objectives: Trichomonas vaginalis infection is probably one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. The epidemiology of this disease has long been ignored, and not much is known about its natural history and risk factors. Goals: The authors conducted this study to define the incidence rates of T. vaginalis infection and to investigate risk factors for the infection. Study Design: A prospective study was carried out on a cohort of 16,797 women followed up from 1974 to 1985 within the framework of a cervical screening program in Jingan, China. Personal interviews were conducted by trained interviewers. Results: A total of 1489 new cases of T. vaginalis infection were diagnosed with 132,946 person-years of observation. In a multivariate analysis, the increased risk was associated with multiple sexual partners (P = 0.0124) and greater number of induced abortions (P = 0.0028). The relative risks were 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 1.5) for smokers and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0) for those who drink alcohol. An inverse relationship was observed in older women and in women with cervical atrophy. Conclusions: This study confirmed the relationship between T. vaginalis and multiple sexual partners and suggests that the risk for T. vaginalis also may be related to life-style risk factors.
Carbonate concretions: an ideal sedimentary host for microfossils.

Microfossils extracted from carbonate concretions tend to be better preserved, more abundant and diverse, and more likely to retain delicate and fragile structures than those extracted from the surrounding rocks. Enhanced preservation correlates with early diagenetic concretion formation at or near the sediment-water interface and with higher carbonate, organic material, and metallic cation content than in surrounding rocks. Early diagenetic growth is inferred by diverging sedimentary laminations and small-scale sedimentary structures in fossiliferous carbonate concretions. High initial concentrations of microorganisms or fecal pellets may commonly be responsible for incipient carbonate-concretion growth. Excellent preservation is demonstrated by radiolarians and palynomorphs extracted from a carbonate concretion from the Middle Jurassic Shelikof Formation, southern Alaska.
Randomly decomposable graphs

Abstract A nonempty graph G is randomly H -decomposable if every family of edge-disjoint subgraphs of G , each subgraph isomorphic to H , can be extended to an H -decomposition of G . A characterization of those randomly H -decomposable graphs is given whenever H has two edges. Some related questions are discussed.
Dose requirements of hydralazine in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure.

To evaluate the doses of hydralazine needed to obtain significant hemodynamic responses in severe chronic refractory heart failure, 45 consecutive patients received incremental doses of the drug during invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Twenty-six patients (group A) responded to the oral administration of single doses of 100 mg of hydralazine, whereas 19 patients (42 percent) (group B) did not. Of the patients in group B, 14 responded to 150 to 300 mg orally as a single dose, 3 patients required a single dose of 600 or 800 mg orally and 2 patients responded only to intravenous administration of the drug. In spite of the different dosage requirements of hydralazine, the hemodynamic responses to effective doses were similar in the two groups. The control etiologic, pathophysiologic and hemodynamic variables were similar in both groups, except that patients in group B had higher control values for mean right atrial pressure (14.0 ± 1.5 versus 9.2 ± 1.3 mm Hg; p In conclusion, the doses required for effective hydralazine therapy in patients with severe heart failure are variable and are generally higher than those utilized in hypertensive patients. This may be related to varying degrees of vascular hyporesponsiveness or drug malabsorption, or both, observed in states of high venous pressure. The failure of hydralazine to produce clinical improvement in an individual patient may therefore be due to the administration of subtherapeutic quantities of the drug.
Longitudinal observations of care and development of infant titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch).

The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of infant care and development in family groups of the monogamous titi (Callicebus moloch). Three infant titis were observed with their natal family groups over the first six months of life. Field observations of extensive male involvement with infants were confirmed. Adult males were clearly the infants' primary social companions, and infants spent more time in contact with adult males at all ages than with mothers or older siblings. However, mothers and siblings also carried infants at times and interacted with them in affiliative ways (e.g., grooming, nuzzling, play). Mothers often invited nursing, but otherwise it was infants who primarily initiated transfers between carriers and approaches to parents, reminding us that the infants' own activities and their effects on caregivers should not be overlooked in considerations of the patterns of infant care. This is particularly important for those species exhibiting extensive parental involvement by males. It is suggested that substantial male care of young titi infants leads to several important consequences for the infant's social development, including the development of a stronger attachment to the father than the mother.
Effect of solidification cooling rate on the fatigue life of A356.2‐T6 cast aluminium alloy

The effect of the cooling rate during solidification on the fatigue life of a cast aluminium alloy (A356.2-T6) is examined. The fatigue lives were determined for specimens removed from ingots with a gradient in cooling rates along their heights. Low- and high-cycle fatigue tests were conducted under both axial loading and reciprocating-bending conditions at a stress (strain) ratio (R ) of −1.0, 0.1 and 0.2. Results show that the fatigue life decreases by a factor of three in low-cycle fatigue (R = −1.0) and by a factor of 100 in high-cycle fatigue (R = 0.1) as solidification cooling rate decreases from ~10 to ~0.3 K s−1 , as indicated by measurements of the secondary dendrite arm spacings in the ingots. Fatigue cracks initiated from porosity in the material solidified at slower cooling rates. When pore size is below a critical size of ~80 μm, as a result of increasing the cooling rate, the fatigue cracks initiated from near-surface eutectic-microconstituent. When present at or near the surface, large oxide inclusions initiated fatigue cracks.
Academic and Behavioral Characteristics of Young Adolescents in Self-Care

This study examines characteristics of young adolescents who experience self-care, associations between self-care and academic achievement, and whether associations of self-care with academic adjustment vary by child, family, or community characteristics. Using data from the nationally representative 1999 National Household Education Survey, hierarchical log-linear models assessed how self-care was associated with several academic and behavioral measures for 9- to 13-year-olds. Overall, more self-care was significantly associated with lower academic performance and with school behavior problems, although those associations varied by gender, parent-child communication, and whether young adolescents in self-care also participated in some supervised out-of-school activities. Findings are discussed in light of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.
Coulombic Efficiency of Electrodeposited Microspheres of Pt and Pt ∕ Ru Via In Situ Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance

The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique has been used to obtain coulombic efficiencies for the electro reduction of pure Pt or Pt/Ru self-assembled microspheres and the effect of precursor salt concentration and reduction potential. This technique has been demonstrated successfully to simultaneously obtain in situ data for mass change and current-voltage-charge phenomena. The coulombic efficiency for platinum reduction peaked near unity for a potential of -0.15 V vs calomel and tended to lower efficiency at more positive potentials. Similarly, a Pt precursor salt concentration of 4 mM showed a coulombic efficiency in excess of 90%, while the efficiency decreased as the concentration rose. Pt/Ru mixed systems generally gave similar trends, while the efficiency was consistently lower than that of the pure Pt analogs.
Tolerance to Effects of Cocaine on Behavior Under A Response-Initiated Fixed-Interval Schedule

Tolerance to effects of cocaine can be modulated by schedules of reinforcement. With multiple ratio schedules, research has shown an inverse relationship between ratio requirement and amount of tolerance that resulted from daily administration of the drug. In contrast, tolerance to the effects of cocaine on behavior under multiple interval schedules generally has developed regardless of interval value. Under interval schedules reinforcement depends on the animal making one response following a time interval. Thus, as time to respond increases, the time to reinforcement decreases. On the other hand, fixed ratio schedules require a specified number of responses to be made prior to reinforcement. Therefore, delaying the initiation of responding does not coincide with a significant decrease in the time to reinforcement. In the current experiment, 6 pigeons were trained to respond under a three-component multiple schedule, with a different tandem fixed-ratio 1 fixed-interval schedule in each component. The multiple schedule required one response, which was followed by one of three fixed-interval values (5, 15, or 60 s). Thus, the multiple schedule was interval-like because after the fixed-ratio 1, only one more response was required for reinforcement, but it was also ratio-like because the length of the pause at the beginning of each interreinforcer interval affected the time until the next reinforcer. Acute administration of cocaine generally resulted in dose-dependent decreases in responding. Chronic (i.e., daily) administration of a rate-decreasing dose resulted in tolerance patterns similar to those usually obtained with multiple ratio schedules. That is, the magnitude of tolerance was related inversely to schedule size. These results suggest that delay to reinforcement from the initial response may play a role in the development of schedule-parameter-related tolerance.
Gyromagnetic ratios of the first excited states of 122Te and 124Te

Abstract The g factors of the first 2 + states of 122 Te and 124 Te have been measured to be + 0.31 ± 0.03 and + 0.22 ± 0.05, respectively. The results are compared with previously reported values and with recent theoretical calculations.
Routine Depression Screening in an HIV Clinic Cohort Identifies Patients with Complex Psychiatric Co-morbidities Who Show Significant Response to Treatment

This study described characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses and response to treatment among patients in an outpatient HIV clinic who screened positive for depression. Depressed (25 %) were less likely to have private insurance, less likely to have suppressed HIV viral loads, had more anxiety symptoms, and were more likely to report current substance abuse than not depressed. Among depressed, 81.2 % met diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder; 78 % for an anxiety disorder; 61 % for a substance use disorder; and 30 % for co-morbid anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. Depressed received significantly more treatment for depression and less HIV primary care than not depressed patients. PHQ-9 total depression scores decreased by 0.63 from baseline to 6-month follow-up for every additional attended depression treatment visit. HIV clinics can routinely screen and treat depressive symptoms, but should consider accurate psychiatric diagnosis as well as co-occurring mental disorders.
Hegemony, agency, and dialectical tension in Ellul's technological society

Recent writers have questioned hegemony theory as a way of understanding the relationship among the citizen, the media, and the state. In this essay, I propose the work of Jacques Ellul for reconceptualizing this relationship. Ellul's focus on a technological state and a mass-mediated society presents a powerful alternative to Gramsci's focus. Ellul argued that the modern state is the product of the invasion of technique throughout society. Such an environment demands a form of communication Ellul described as propaganda. This view does not offer great hope for political groups to bring about fundamental social change. Instead, it suggests that the primary role of the social critic is to stand in dialectical tension to the technological state.
Redox Pathway Leading to the Alkylation of DNA by the Anthracycline, Antitumor Drugs Adriamycin and Daunomycin

Reaction of the anthracycline, antitumor drugs adriamycin and daunomycin with the self-complementary DNA oligonucleotide GCGCGCGC, (GC)4, in the presence of the reducing agent dithiothreitol, the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide, or the alkylating agent formaldehyde gives a similar mixture of DNA-drug adducts. Negative ion electrospray mass spectra indicate that adduct formation involves coupling of the DNA to the anthracycline via a methylene group and that the major adduct is duplex DNA containing two molecules of anthracycline, each bound to a separate strand of the DNA via a methylene group. The source of the methylene group is formaldehyde. A molecular structure with each anthracycline intercalated at a 5'-CpG-3' site and covalently bound from its 3'-amino group to a 2-amino group of a 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleotide is proposed based upon spectral data and a relevant crystal structure. The reaction of (GC)4 with the anthracyclines and formaldehyde forms an equilibrium mixture with DNA-drug adducts which is shifted toward free DNA by dilution. The results suggest a pathway to the inhibition of transcription by reductively activated adriamycin and daunomycin. Reductive activation in the presence of oxygen yields hydrogen peroxide; hydrogen peroxide oxidizes constituents in the reaction mixture to formaldehyde; and formaldehyde couples the drug to DNA. In this regard, hydrogen peroxide reacts with adriamycin via Baeyer-Villiger reactions at the 13-position to yield 2, 3, and formaldehyde. Formaldehyde also results from hydrogen peroxide oxidation of Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] present in transcription buffer and spermine, a polyamine commonly associated with DNA in vivo, presumably via the Fenton reaction.
Thermal characteristics of fenestration systems A global look at harmonization of standards

Abstract The recent changes in trade barriers between countries are permitting more exchange of goods across borders with reduced difficulties. Fenestration products (windows, doors and skylights or roof-mounted windows) are among the popular construction products to cross boundaries. In many cases, fenestration manufacturers have to demonstrate that their products meet certain performance criteria wherever the products are sold. There exist national and international standards for the evaluation of the performance requirements of fenestration products. Usually, the demonstration of compliance to performance requirements involves extensive product testing programs which, in many cases, becomes a major financial burden on the producers. The most common performance requirement is the thermal transmission coefficient (U-factor) of the fenestration system. In recent years, there have been major efforts to harmonize fenestration performance standards in order to reduce the financial burden on the product manufacturers and ultimately on the consumers. In particular, the standards for the determination of the thermal characteristics of fenestration systems are among those that are gaining major attention by manufacturers, building regulators and standards writing organizations. This paper presents an overview of some national and international standards, which mainly deal with the determination of the thermal transmission coefficient, U-factor, of fenestration products.
The role of elaborative and schema processes in story memory.

Three experiments examined recall for a story for which comprehension of some of its idea units required active construction on the part of the subject (letters were deleted from the words contained in one-third of the idea units). In Experiment 1, recall was significantly better for those ideas with letters deleted than for those with letters intact. In Experiments 2 and 3, subjects were instructed to adopt a particular perspective while reading the story. Recall of idea units was found to be an additive function of (1) an idea's importance to the perspective adopted, and (2) the letter-deletion manipulation. These results suggest a model of story memory that incorporates both elaborative-processing and schema-based mechanisms.
The Impact of Early Experience on the Creative Process: Findings from a New Story Completion Task:

This study presents evidence of convergent validity for the Narrative Completion Test (NCT), a new story completion task for adults. A sample of 263 college students completed the NCT and a battery...
The lived experience of aloneness for older women currently being treated for depression.

A phenomenological study was conducted to answer the following question: What is the lived experience of aloneness for older women currently being treated for depression? Eight women from Northern Ohio composed the purposively selected sample. Transcriptions of each I-hr interview were reviewed by use of Colaizzi's (1978) method of data analysis. The analysis identified two major experiences of self for all participants: aloneness in depression and aloneness in recovery. Five paired, and somewhat dichotomous, themes defined the essence of aloneness: (a) vulnerability versus self-reliance, (b) fear versus hope, (c) helplessness versus resourcefulness, (d) loss of self-control versus self-determination, and (e) identity confusion versus self-reflection. All the participants expressed profound feelings of moving between the five paired themes as they gained clarity of insight into their experiences of depression and recovery. Results of this study make a valuable contribution by providing important insights ...
Inversion-layer capacitance and mobility of very thin gate-Oxide MOSFET's

Inversion-layer capacitance has been experimentally characterized and identified to be the main cause of the second-order thickness-dependence of MOSFET characteristics. Field-dependent channel mobilities of both electrons and holes were independent of gate-oxide thicknesses from 50 to 450 A, e.g., there is no evidence of the alleged mobility degradation in very thin gate-oxide MOSFET's. Subthreshold slope, insignificantly affected by the inversion-layer capacitance, follows the simple theory down to ∼ 35 A of oxide thickness. The empirical equations for inversion-layer Capacitance and mobilities versus electric field are proposed.
Integrated Multimedia Uniform Bridge Element Identification System Database for Bridge Inspection and Maintenance

Bridge inspection information management poses a conundrum to transportation agencies across the nation. Today, there is a real need to use all media types, including text, image, sound, and video, to document bridge inspection projects, rather than only text. The development of an interactive, menu-driven, PC-based bridge inspection and maintenance database system using various information technologies to provide multimedia documentation is addressed. The system is geared to identify each bridge element uniquely using the Uniform Bridge Element Identification System (UBEIS). UBEIS is a generalized multidimensional coordinate system consisting of a string of alphanumeric characters that does not require any structural detail drawings, such as framing plan or cross sections, to identify a unique structural element. This database system enables bridge engineers to evaluate future rehabilitation needs, track the condition of structurally deficient members, and keep the rehabilitation and replacement history of the bridge. The system can be considered as a practical link between inspection and rehabilitation and acts as a warning system against bridge deterioration and potential failure.
Improved calculation of vibrational mode lifetimes in anharmonic solids—Part I: Theory

We propose here a formal foundation for practical calculations of vibrational mode lifetimes in solids. The approach is based on a recursion method analysis of the Liouvillian. From this we derive the lifetime of a vibrational mode in terms of moments of the power spectrum of the Liouvillian as projected onto the relevant subspace of phase space. In practical terms, the moments are evaluated as ensemble averages of well-defined operators, meaning that the entire calculation is to be done with Monte Carlo. These insights should lead to significantly shorter calculations compared to current methods. A companion piece presents numerical results.
A reformulation of the Hausman test for regression models with pooled cross-section-time-series data

Abstract A Hausman test has been typically used to determine the consistency of the GLS estimator in static models with pooled cross-section-time-series data. Based on a GMM approach, we reformulate the Hausman test and find that it incorporates and tests only a limited set of moment restrictions. We also consider an alternative GMM statistic incorporating additional restrictions, which has power toward additional sources of model misspecification. Our Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate that while both the Hausman test and the alternative have good power detecting endogenous regressors, the alternative dominates if coefficients of regressors are nonstationary.
Hydrogen production from water by semiconductor septum electrochemical photovoltaic cell using visible light

Abstract Irradiation of the polycrystalline n-CdSe/metal as the septum electrode of an electrochemical photovoltaic cell with visible light (λ > 390 nm) evolves hydrogen at the metal surface without an externally applied voltage. The semiconductor septum electrode, modeled after the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane, separates two aqueous solutions; the one exposed to light and in contact with the n-CdSe side consists of NaOH, Na2S and S (all at 1 M). The other electrolyte, not illuminated but in contact with the metal surface, is either H2SO4 (5 M), Na2SO4 (0.5 M) + H2SO4 (2 M), or artificial sea water. The rate of hydrogen evolution of the cell increases with decreasing load resistance, being maximal under short-circuit conditions. Thus, the cell is capable of converting visible light of the solar spectrum to stored chemical fuel and into electricity concurrently. These findings may open the way for process-scale photoelectrolysis of sea water and/or for generating electricity using sunlight.
Population-based treated prevalence of congenital heart disease in a pediatric cohort.

Extant epidemiologic results for pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) are dated. Given the degree of variability in previous prevalence estimates and the rapid changes in pediatric cardiology diagnostic and treatment procedures, a reexamination of these rates represents a potentially important update in this area of inquiry. This report characterizes the prevalence rates of children with CHD in one state’s treated pediatric population by type of lesion and in comparison with published rates from previous studies. Two 15-year data sets (1996–2010) are analyzed. The inclusion criteria for the study required the participants to be 17 years or younger, enrollees in the South Carolina State Medicaid or State Health Plan, and recipients of a CHD diagnosis on one or more service visits to a pediatrician or pediatric cardiologist. A 15-year accrued prevalence rate for pediatric CHD of 16.7 per 1,000 was found among 1,145,364 unduplicated children served. The annual incidence rates varied from 6.3 to 8.6 per 1,000, with an initial downward trend from 1996 to 2002 followed by an upward trend from 2003 to 2008. A higher prevalence of atrioventricular canal/endocardial cushion defects, common/single ventricle, double-outlet right ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, and truncus arteriosus and a lower prevalence of dextro-transposition of the great arteries were diagnosed in South Carolina than in other states and countries according to published results. The study results underscore the need for periodic updating of prevalence data for pediatric CHD, both in total and for specific lesions, to anticipate and provide more specialized care to young patients with CHD, especially in the more rare and complex cases.
1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-, 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)- and 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-bromoethanones: new labels for determination of carboxylic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and ultraviolet detection.

Abstract A method is presented for the derivatization and determination of carboxylic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and ultraviolet detection. The derivatizing reagents used in this study were synthesized, and their suitability was investigated for determination of drugs and metabolites with carboxylic acid groups. Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic, benzoic and salicylic acids each labeled with 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-, 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)- and 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-bromoethanone were the principal esters studied; in addition, some antibiotics and their salts were also esterified. Conditions of derivatization are relatively mild at 60°C for 60 min or less, and the reaction is 76% complete. The detection limits are as low as 1 pmol for some acids. Clean-up stpes are not required to remove excess derivatizing reagent.
Os(II)−Nitrosyl and Os(II)−Dinitrogen Complexes from Reactions between Os(VI)−Nitrido and Hydroxylamines and Methoxylamines

Reactions between the Os(VI)-nitrido salts (e.g., trans-[Os VI (tpy)(CI) 2 (N)]PF 6 (tpy = 2,2':6',2-terpyridine), cis-[OS VI (tpy)(Cl) 2 (N)]PF 6 , and fac-[Os VI (tpm)(Cl) 2 (N)]PF 6 (tpm = tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane)) and the hydroxylamines (e.g., H 2 NOH and MeHNOH) and the methoxylamines (e.g., H 2 NOMe and MeHNOMe) in dry MeOH at room temperature give three different types of products. They are Os(II)-dinitrogen (e.g., trans-, cis-, or fac-[Os II -N 2 ]), Os(II)-nitrosyl [Os II -NO] + (e.g., trans- or cis-[Os II -NO] + ), Os(IV)-hydroxyhydrazido (e.g., cis-[Os IV -N(H)N(Me)(OH)] + ), and Os(IV)-methoxyhydrazido (e.g., trans-/ cis-[Os IV -N(H)N(H)(OMe)] + , and trans-/cis-[Os IV -N(H)N(Me)(OMe)] + ) adducts. The products depend in a subtle way on the electron content of the starting nitrido complexes, the nature of the hydroxylamines, the nature of the methoxylamines, and the reaction conditions. Their appearance can be rationalized by invoking the formation of a series of related Os(IV) adducts which are stable or decompose to give the final products by two different pathways. The first involves internal 2-electron transfer and extrusion of H 2 O, MeOH, or MeOMe to give [Os II -N 2 ]. The second which gives [Os II -NO] + appears to involve seven-coordinate Os(lV) intermediates based on the results of an 15 N-labeling study.
The subfossil occurrence and paleoecological implications of Macrotarsomys petteri (Rodentia: Nesomyidae) in extreme southeastern Madagascar

Abstract Remains of a large-bodied species of endemic nesomyid rodent, Macrotarsomys petteri Goodman and Soarimalala, 2005, were identified from subfossil deposits recovered from Andrahomana Cave in extreme southeastern Madagascar. This recently described extant species was previously only known from a single specimen collected at a site about 450 km northwest of Andrahomana and with distinctly different forest habitat than currently found in the vicinity of the cave. Radiocarbon dating of remains of M. petteri from the cave site indicates that it persisted in the region subsequent to human settlement. Previous reports of a large member of Macrotarsomys from other Quaternary sites in southern Madagascar are almost certainly of M. petteri. It is proposed that this species once had a broad distribution across the southern portion of the island during a more mesic period and subsequent aridification of the region has led to its local extirpation across most of its former range. To cite this article: S.M. Goodman et al., C. R. Palevol 5 (2006).
Orientated glyco-macroligand formation based on site-specific immobilization of O-cyanate chain-end functionalized glycopolymer.

We report an oriented glyco-macroligand formation and its glyco-affinity capturing and glycoarray application by combining an O-cyanate chain-end functionalized glycopolymer with commercially available amine-functionalized silica gel and glass slides viaisourea bond formation. The O-cyanate chain-end functionalized glycopolymer was synthesized viacyanoxyl-mediated free-radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. The oriented glyco-macroligand formation was conducted under mild aqueous conditions at room temperature and was confirmed with fluorescence imaging after specific lectin binding, and will find important biomedical applications such as in biosensors and glycoarrays. In addition, the O-cyanate chain-end functionalized glycopolymer can also be used for site-specific polymer-protein conjugation.
Risk of End Stage Kidney Disease after Radical Cystectomy According to Urinary Diversion Type

Purpose: The risk of renal insufficiency has historically been viewed as a long-term consequence of urinary diversion after radical cystectomy. However, there are little data on the long-term rate of end stage kidney disease after urinary diversion and few studies have compared end stage kidney disease rates by diversion type. In a large, population based cohort we evaluated the risk of end stage kidney disease in patients who received an ileal conduit vs continent urinary diversion after cystectomy for bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Using the SEER-Medicare 1992 to 2010 data set we identified 4,015 patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, excluding those with preexisting renal disease or clinically significant preoperative hydronephrosis. The outcome of interest was end stage kidney disease stratified by diversion type. We used a Cox proportional hazard model for multivariate analysis controlling for demographic, tumor and comorbidity characteristics.Results: End stage kidney di...
What Are You Reading in Book Groups? Developing Reading Lives in Teacher Candidates.

Abstract This study investigated changing attitudes toward reading among elementary and secondary teacher candidates participating in in-class book-group discussions in an introductory language and literacy course taught by two instructors in a medium-sized state teacher education program. Qualitative methods focused on students' weekly self-reports over the semester of the study as well as teacher observations, focus-group discussions, and end-of-semester written reflections. The instructors found that students' attitudes and dispositions changed to varying degrees over time as they adopted both engaged reader and professional dispositions toward the importance of nurturing a reading life. For many, the book group was the most valuable part of their course experience. Some, however, were resistant.
The Scope of Principal Efforts to Improve Instruction

Researchers have used many angles and perspectives to investigate how principals enact instructional leadership in schools. Most research has emphasized the practices of school leaders, although investigations of leadership styles and leadership processes are also present in the literature. In this study, the authors take a different approach by examining the scope of principal efforts to improve instruction. Scope of principal effort refers to the extent to which principals target or distribute their instructionally oriented work with teachers. Using data from principal web logs and teacher surveys conducted in 51 schools in an urban southeastern district, the authors develop models to examine not only differences in average instructional change at the school level but also variability in instructional change across teachers within schools. The results indicate that the scope of principals’ instructional leadership activities varies from one school to the next, from very broad approaches that target the ...
Aviation Communications Facilities for the Next Ten Years

The object of this program has been to recommend, for domestic civil aeronautical communications, both point/point and air/ground (excluding tower), a systems and implementations plan which will best satisfy anticipated requirements for the next 10 years.
Access to Diabetes Self-management Education:

Purpose To examine factors related to access to diabetes self-management education (DSME), including services delivered and sought; patient, physician, and program barriers to access; educator outreach and expansion efforts; and perceptions of alternative DSME delivery strategies.Methods Internet surveys were completed by 1169 adults with diabetes (661 with prior DSME, 508 with no prior DSME) from a national community survey panel, 1871 educators who were AADE members, and 629 physicians (212 diabetes specialists, 417 primary care practitioners) from a national physician survey panel.Results Physicians want patients to receive more self-management support, but some report that patients are told to do things with which the physician does not agree. Provider (physician and educator)—delivered DSME is more highly regarded among those who have received it than among those who have not received it. Physicians generally have positive perceptions of provider-delivered DSME, and educators see physicians as key to...
Use of fingers in the core to reduce leakage loss in air-core photonic bandgap fibers

We show that the leakage loss with small fingers pointing into the core is three orders of magnitude lower than the loss without small fingers. A PBGF core design with low leakage loss is suggested.
Assessment of relative Ti, Ta, and Nb (TITAN) enrichments in ocean island basalts

The sensitivity of trace element concentrations to processes governing solid-melt interactions has made them valuable tools for tracing the effects of partial melting, fractional crystallization, metasomatism, and similar processes on the composition of a parental melt. Recent studies of ocean island basalts (OIB) have sought to correlate Ti, Ta, and Nb (TITAN) anomalies to isotopic tracers, such as 3He/4He and 187Os/188Os ratios, which may trace primordial deep mantle sources. A new compilation of global OIB trace element abundance data indicates that positive TITAN anomalies, though statistically pervasive features of OIB, may not be compositional features of their mantle sources. OIB show a range of Ti (Ti/Ti* = 0.28–2.35), Ta (Ta/Ta* = 0.11–93.4), and Nb (Nb/Nb* = 0.13–17.8) anomalies that show negligible correlations with 3He/4He ratios, indicating that TITAN anomalies are not derived from the less-degassed mantle source traced by high-3He/4He. Positive TITAN anomalies can be modeled using variable degrees (0.1–10%) of nonmodal batch partial melting of garnet-spinel lherzolite at temperatures and pressures considered typical for OIB petrogenesis, and subjecting this partial melt to fractional crystallization and assimilation of mid-ocean ridge basalt-like crust (AFC). Correlations of TITAN anomalies with modal abundances of olivine and clinopyroxene in porphyritic Canary Islands lavas provide empirical support for this process and indicate that high abundances of these phases in OIB may create misleading trace element anomalies on primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams. Because partial melting and AFC are common to all mantle-derived magmas, caution should be used when attributing TITAN anomalies to direct sampling of recycled or deep mantle sources by hotspots.
Coil fraction-dependent phase behaviour of a model globular protein–polymer diblock copolymer

The self-assembly of the model globular protein–polymer block copolymer mCherry-b-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) is explored across a range of polymer coil fractions from 0.21 to 0.82 to produce a phase diagram for these materials as a function of molecular composition. Overall, four types of morphologies were observed: hexagonally packed cylinders, perforated lamellae, lamellae, and disordered nanostructures. Across all coil fractions and morphologies, a lyotropic re-entrant order–disorder transition in water was observed, with disordered structures below 30 wt% and above 70 wt% and well-ordered morphologies at intermediate concentrations. Solid state samples prepared by solvent evaporation show moderately ordered structures similar to those observed in 60 wt% solutions, suggesting that bulk structures result from kinetic trapping of morphologies which appear at lower concentrations. While highly ordered cylindrical nanostructures are observed around a bioconjugate polymer volume fraction of 0.3 and well-ordered lamellae are seen near a volume fraction of 0.6, materials at lower or higher coil fractions become increasingly disordered. Notable differences between the phase behaviour of globular protein–polymer block copolymers and coil–coil diblock copolymers include the lack of spherical nanostructures at either high or low polymer coil fractions as well as shifted phase boundaries between morphologies which result in an asymmetric phase diagram.
Growth of underwater communication technology in the U.S. Navy

Research and development in underwater communications is expanding in the U.S. Navy. Although there is no single Navy program office whose primary aim is to develop underwater telemetry systems, the Office of Naval Research has made a significant investment in both theoretical and applied work over the past twenty years and currently funds multiple programs in acoustic communication. Increased throughput, better power efficiency, low probability of detection, and compact implementations are all important research topics.