cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Mesoscale Lattices Using Steady-State Infrared Thermography

Ultralight architected materials are favorable for thermal insulation purposes in gas turbines, hypersonic, electronic packaging, and aerospace applications. The effective mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of these structures can be engineered via their architectural configurations, making them an excellent candidate to meet requirements of these applications. Advanced manufacturing has paved the path for fabrication of these structures, reaching the properties that is beyond the material space capacity. Among all architected materials, ultralight hollow nickel lattices by exhibiting 99.9% porosity and complete recoverability after compression above 50% strain have appeared very promising. The challenge for reporting accurate data on the thermal conductivity of these structures is performing a non-contact measurement methodology. Here, we designed a new IR thermography-based setup for thermal conductivity measurement of mesoscale cellular materials. The effective thermal conductivity of two hollow doped nickel samples with volume fraction of 0.09% and two different surface finishes (rough and polished) is measured as a function of compressive force and temperature. Surface properties is proposed as a new control knob for changing the effective thermal properties in the architected materials.
Police Response to Violence and Conflict between Parents and their Minor Children

This study examines the nature of all domestic violence incidents involving parents and their minor children to which police in Philadelphia responded during the 2013 calendar year. We use a retrospective design to explore the nature and outcome of parent-child incidents to which police are summoned. Incidents that officers determined met the state statute definition of child abuse are not included. Of 54,456 domestic violence incidents in the city of Philadelphia in 2013, 2,361 involved a verbal incident or physical altercation between a minor child and at least one parent. Most reports (83.3%) identified the child as the offender and were for verbal incidents (89.6%), suggesting police were called to resolve conflict in the home. When a child was the offender, boys were the most common offenders and mothers the most common victims. When a parent was the offender, mothers were the most common offenders and daughters the most common victims. Parent-offender incidents were far fewer (16.7%) but more likely than child-offender incidents to involve physical violence (AOR = 6.19) and to result in arrest (AOR = 3.67). Parent-child incidents that are not child abuse constitute about 20% of all domestic violence incidents to which police are summoned. Parent-child incidents are an under-researched and perhaps under-served issue. We know of few resources beyond law enforcement for on-the-scene crisis intervention and, as such, officers appear to serve as mediators in these mostly verbal disagreements. The appropriateness and cost of such intervention merits investigation and discussion.
Single-Cell Expression Variability Implies Cell Function

As single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data becomes widely available, cell-to-cell variability in gene expression, or single-cell expression variability (scEV), has been increasingly appreciated. However, it remains unclear whether this variability is functionally important and, if so, what are its implications for multi-cellular organisms. Here, we analyzed multiple scRNA-seq data sets from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), lung airway epithelial cells (LAECs), and dermal fibroblasts (DFs) and, for each cell type, selected a group of homogenous cells with highly similar expression profiles. We estimated the scEV levels for genes after correcting the mean-variance dependency in that data and identified 465, 466, and 364 highly variable genes (HVGs) in LCLs, LAECs, and DFs, respectively. Functions of these HVGs were found to be enriched with those biological processes precisely relevant to the corresponding cell type’s function, from which the scRNA-seq data used to identify HVGs were generated—e.g., cytokine signaling pathways were enriched in HVGs identified in LCLs, collagen formation in LAECs, and keratinization in DFs. We repeated the same analysis with scRNA-seq data from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and identified only 79 HVGs with no statistically significant enriched functions; the overall scEV in iPSCs was of negligible magnitude. Our results support the “variation is function” hypothesis, arguing that scEV is required for cell type-specific, higher-level system function. Thus, quantifying and characterizing scEV are of importance for our understating of normal and pathological cellular processes.
The Case for Disclosure of Biologics Manufacturing Information

Ten years after the enactment of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA), competition in biologics markets remains scant and far from sufficient for lowering prices of biologics to the level of 80-90% price drops seen in generic drug markets. This reality is not a result of one or two cardinal reasons, but many. If lowering the price of biologics is the goal and competition is the means by which we seek to achieve that goal, then there does not seem to be a quick fix to address all of the many impediments to competition that plague biologics markets. Yet, certain changes to how the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates and approves biologics may go a long way toward the creation of meaningful competition in biologics markets. One such change would be making original biologics' manufacturing information available to follow-on manufacturers. As recognized by several commentators, access to biologics manufacturing information is key to increasing competition in biologics markets. Without access to such information, making follow-on biologics is difficult and expensive, if not outright impossible. This is expected to be especially true for the highly anticipated class of interchangeable biologics, none of which has been approved by the FDA to date. Yet, it has long been the position of the brand-name pharmaceutical industry (Industry) that biologics manufacturing information is proprietary and, thus, may not be shared. Congress has subscribed to the Industry's position, prohibiting the FDA from disclosing regulatory filings submitted by developers of original biologics, including manufacturing information, to third parties. That prohibition not only undermines competition in biologics markets, but is also wasteful, potentially unethical, and poses unnecessary risks to the health and safety of patients. This article makes the case for FDA sharing of original biologics manufacturing information with follow-on biologics developers. It is informed by the similar legal and commercial circumstances in the area of pesticides and the regulatory regime established by Congress in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), which is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The article reviews the FIFRA regime, including its upholding as constitutional by the United States Supreme Court, and then examines its applicability to the area of biologics. The article concludes with a proposal for a similar regime to be incorporated into the pathway for approval of follow-on biologics as a means of increasing competition in biologics markets.
Proteomic and Genomic Endocrine Responses in Oxytocin Knockout Mice

Gene knockout animal models have proven extremely useful for studying the effects of a single gene product in systems where human studies are not an option. The nine amino acid peptide, oxytocin, has been shown to play dual roles as a peptide hormone in parturition and milk production; and as a neuropeptide in social and maternal behavior. In this study, we investigated the effect of the absence or presence of a functioning oxytocin allele on other endocrine genes. Taking advantage of an oxytocin-null murine model (OTKO-/-), gene expression levels were assayed for the prohormones; pro-oxytocin, pro-vasopressin, and proopiomelanocortin; processing enzymes, prohormone convertase 1, prohormone convertase 2 and carboxypeptidase E; and transcription factors, c-Fos, and c-Jun in OT+/+ and OTKO-/- animals. Significant changes in gene expression levels were found to occur in cortex and hypothalamic tissues of OTKO-/- mice. Specifically, there was an up-regulation of POMC, PC2, c-Fos and c-Jun in hypothalamus. PC2 was also found to be up-regulated in the cortex. Western blot analysis of the affected tissues showed similar results. We conclude that the absence of the peptide hormone oxytocin can affect other peptide hormone systems, including processing enzymes and transcription factors.
3-t-Butyl-1-methylcyclobutyl Cation. Experimental vs Computational Insights into Tertiary Bicyclobutonium Cations.

The stereochemistry of the substitution product formed when (1s,3s)-3-(tert-butyl)-1-methylcyclobutyl methanesulfonate, 7, reacts in trifluoroethanol is one of retention of configuration. This is c...
Novel Efficiency-shifting Radial-Axial Hybrid Interior Permanent Magnet Sychronous Motor for Electric Vehicle

A novel efficiency-shifting radial-axial hybrid permanent magnet synchronous motor that can realize two high-efficiency regions at low and high speeds is developed to extend the maximum driving distance and track the reference speed more accurately for electric vehicle application. The motor has two stators, which are radial and axial, to rotate one shared rotor. The rotor employs two combined topologies, i.e., inner surface-inset-mounted and outer V-shaped interior-mounted. For both outer and inner permanent magnets, Nd-Fe-B, having the remanent flux density of 1.23 T and coercivity of 890 kA/m, is used. The simulation result shows that the designed motor exhibits not only high maximum torque of 400 Nm and the maximum speed of 18,000 rpm but also two high-efficiency regions of 97.6 % and 92.0 % at low and high speed, respectively. Lastly, the developed motor shows better performance than corresponding separated radial and axial permanent magnet motor.
Prism based all-optical de-multiplexer for spatially multiplexed communications channels

Simulated results for an all-optical de-multiplexer that separates two spatially multiplexed optical channels is presented using Zemax. The design minimizes system power losses and optimizes the output.
Trauma Bonding Perspectives From Service Providers and Survivors of Sex Trafficking: A Scoping Review:

A trauma bond is an emotional attachment between an abuser and victim. Trauma bonds in sex trafficking compel victims to submit to continued exploitation and protect the trafficker. This scoping review examines trauma bonds in sex trafficking situations, its conceptualizations, and key characteristics. Ten databases were searched using sex trafficking AND trauma bonding-related terms; sex trafficking AND Stockholm syndrome, attachment, coercion, and manipulation. Articles were included if they featured trauma bonding, were published in English after 2013, or featured sex trafficking victims or traffickers in a Western country. Fifteen articles were included. The features of trauma bonding identified in these articles were (1) imbalance of power that favors trafficker, (2) traffickers' deliberate use of positive and negative interactions, (3) victim's gratitude for positive interactions and self-blame for the negative, and (4) victim's internalization of perpetrator's view. We also identified four aspects related to trauma bonding: (1) prior trauma made victims vulnerable, (2) victim's feelings of love remained even after exiting trafficking, (3) love is why victims do not prosecute traffickers, and (4) traffickers' intentional cultivation of the trauma bond. No article indicated how trauma bonds could be severed and replaced with healthy attachments. These findings reveal the need for practitioners and law enforcement and criminal justice professionals to address trauma bonding in both trafficking and posttrafficking situations. The findings also represent potential targets for urgently needed interventions that promote the replacement of trauma bonds with healthy attachments.
A Tale of Two Countries: Examining the Regulation of Prosecutorial Discretion and Misconduct in Canada and the United States

The authors – one Canadian, one American – compare and contrast the two countries’ approaches to regulating prosecutorial discretion and misconduct by means other than evidentiary suppression, charge dismissal or other ‘public law’ remedies. Their analysis acknowledges that both countries limit civil remedies for prosecutors’ professional misconduct. The writers consider administrative law as a means of addressing prosecutor behaviours warranting institutional review even when behaviours fall short of evidentiary thresholds for tort liability or other sanctions affecting licensure. The writers discuss the potential value of ad hoc public inquiries and innocence commissions to prosecutorial accountability not necessarily available in other venues discussed. The authors canvass the merits and limitations of each country’s approach to regulating prosecutorial conduct while exploring what each system can teach the other. The paper concludes by preferring the Canadian test for tort liability over its US counterpart; endorsing professional bodies’ existing jurisdiction over prosecutors; and suggesting both countries adopt bifurcated administrative law systems. Such bifurcated systems combine: (i) ad hoc public inquiries for cases of national or systemic importance; and (ii) permanent Innocence Commissions – akin to those formed in the United Kingdom – created for the ongoing review of complaints that examine prosecutor conduct within the broader scope of factors that potentially contribute to miscarriages of justice.
An alternative view of mammalian DNA sequence organization. II. Short repetitive sequences are organized into scrambled tandem clusters in Syrian hamster DNA.

Hyperchromicity, S1 nuclease digestion, and reassociation studies of Syrian hamster repetitive DNA have led to novel conclusions about repetitive sequence organization. Re-evaluation of the hyperchromicity techniques commonly used to determine the average length of genomic repetitive DNA regions indicates that both the extent of reassociation, and the possibility of non-random elution of hyperpolymers from hydroxyapatite can radically affect the observed hyperchromicity. An alternative interpretation of hyperchromicity experiments, presented here, suggests that the average length of repetitive regions in Syrian hamster DNA must be greater than 4000 nucleotides. S1 nuclease digestion of reassociated 3200 nucleotide Syrian hamster repetitive DNA, on the other hand, yields both long (>2000 nucleotides) and short (300 nucleotides) resistant DNA duplexes. Calculations indicate that the observed mass of short nuclease-resistant duplexes (>60%) is too large to have arisen only from independent short repetitive DNA sequences alternating with non-repetitive regions. Reassociation experiments using long and short S1 nuclease-resistant duplexes as driver DNA indicate that all repetitive sequences are present in both fractions at approximately the same concentration. Isolated long S1 nuclease-resistant duplexes, after denaturation, renaturation, and a second S1 nuclease digestion, again produce both long and short DNA duplexes. Reassociation experiments indicate that all repetitive DNA sequences are still present in the “recycled” long S1 nuclease-resistant duplexes. These experiments imply that many of the short S1 nuclease-resistant repetitive DNA duplex regions present in reassociated Syrian hamster DNA were initially present in the genome as part of longer repetitive sequence blocks. This conclusion suggests that the majority of “short” repetitive regions in Syrian hamster DNA are organized into scrambled tandem clusters rather than being individually interspersed with non-repetitive regions.
Paste Quality Improvements at Alcoa Poços de Caldas Plant

Alcoa Pocos de Caldas Soderberg Carbon Plant began its operation in 1965 and after a series of upgrades including a mixer heating system upgrade in 1989, fines control in 2000, mixing temperature optimization in 2004 and installation of coke preheaters in 2009, the plant now has twice the original production capacity with near world-class paste quality. The benchmark paste quality characteristic is 1.55 g/cc of baked apparent density (BAD), while Pocos results are about 1.45 g/cc. The Paste Plant is now challenged to meet Potroom requirements for anode performance (higher loads and dry anode top technology). This paper describes the enablers chosen to improve the baked properties, which includes the optimization of fines production, mixing process, and recipe. The quality management system which includes a carbon laboratory with Soderberg baking furnace, sample preparation, and baked analysis (BAD, Air Permeability, CO2 Reactivity and Electrical Resistivity) are also described.
Analysis of the expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing gangliosides in cells and tissues using two human monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract The specificities of two human monoclonal antibodies (2-39M and 32-27M), produced by hybridomas derived from the lymphocytes of melanoma patients (Yamaguchi, H., Furukawa, K., Fortunato, S. R., Livingston, P. O., Lloyd, K. O., Oettgen, H. F., and Old, L. J. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 2416-2420) have been elucidated. Using a large panel of glycolipids, it has been shown that the two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) identified a number of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc)-containing gangliosides. mAb 2-39M reacted with (NeuGc)GM3, (NeuGc)sialylparagloboside, and (NeuGc)sialylhexaglycosylceramide; no reactivity was observed with gangliosides containing only N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or with disialogangliosides. These reactive species have the NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal- sequence in common. mAb 32-27M reacted strongly with (NeuGc)2 GD3 and (NeuGc)2disialylparagloboside, and moderately with (NeuAc-NeuGc-)GD3 and (NeuAc-NeuGc-)disialylparagloboside. The reactive species have sialic acid alpha 2----8NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal- sequences in common. These two antibodies were used to demonstrate the species-related presence of different NeuGc-containing gangliosides in various animal erythrocytes by thin layer chromatography immunostaining. No reactivity of either mAb was observed with gangliosides isolated from fresh human colon cancer, melanoma specimens, or some normal tissues, including brain. On the other hand, it was shown that mAb 32-27M reacted with gangliosides isolated from human melanoma and astrocytoma cells grown in fetal bovine serum but not from those grown in synthetic medium. Within the sensitivities of the methods used, these data, and related chemical analyses, do not support the presence of NeuGc-containing gangliosides in human tumors.
A self-synchronized RF-interconnect for 3-dimensional integrated circuits

A self-synchronized RF-interconnect technology (SSRFI), based on capacitor coupling and peak signal detection, is presented in this paper. It can be easily implemented in 3-dimensional ICs (3D-ICs) with small coupling capacitors (60 fF) to interconnect vertical active layers. The demonstrated SSRFI system, including both transmitter and receiver, has been designed, fabricated and verified in UMC 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS with a verified PRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence) data rate of 3 Gbit/s and a BER (Bit Error Rate) of 1.2/spl times/10/sup -10/. The core circuit burns about 4 mW from a 1.8 V supply and occupies 0.02 mm/sup 2/ chip area.
Biologically motivated servomechanism controller design

A simple classical control system is designed for a human like (HL) robot joint. First, detailed development of the joint's dynamic model is presented, Then a classical design procedure is implemented for the design of a proportional controller. A numerical example is provided and simulation results are presented for illustration. The limitations of the designed controller are discussed and recommendations for advanced controller design are suggested. >
Pregnancy and Delivery in Women With Congenital Heart Disease

Because of the growing population of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), most maternal cardiac disease is now congenital in origin. For women with complex CHD, pregnancy poses an increased risk for both the mother, with complications of arrhythmias and heart failure being the most common, and the baby, with a higher chance of miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation, and the need for early delivery. Pre-pregnancy counseling must be performed by cardiologists who have expertise in both CHD and pregnancy, with a detailed clinical assessment of the patient and the current hemodynamic situation, including echocardiography and an exercise test. In each case the approach must be individualized with consideration of the risks in each case. In some cases, such as Eisenmenger syndrome, pregnancy is contraindicated. Optimum outcomes in these complex patients are achieved when a multidisciplinary approach is used, involving maternal-fetal medicine specialists, cardiologists with expertise in CHD and obstetric anesthesia.
Role of adenovirus structural proteins in the cessation of host-cell biosynthetic functions.

Abstract Two of the adenovirus capsid proteins, the fiber and the hexon, complexed with either KB cell or type 5 adenovirus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Maximal binding occurred at 0.01 m NaCl; increasing the ionic strength of the reaction mixture to 0.2 m NaCl resulted in a decrease in the association of either antigen to DNA. Variations of pH between 6.3 and 8.4 did not affect the binding of fiber antigen to DNA. Below pH 7.5, however, there was a small decrease in the ability of the hexon to bind nucleic acid. The association between the adenovirus structural proteins and DNA was reversible and was independent of whether the DNA was native or denatured. The fiber or hexon protein inhibited the DNA-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase and the DNA polymerase from KB cells. On a weight basis, the fiber protein inhibited enzymatic activity to a greater extent than the hexon. Increasing the template DNA concentration decreased this inhibition. The inhibition of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by either antigen could be reversed by increasing the ionic strength of the reaction mixture. After infection of KB cells with type 5 adenovirus, the levels of DNA and RNA polymerases remained unchanged for 15 to 20 hr. Thereafter, the specific activity of both enzymes decreased. By 30 hr postinfection, the polymerase activities were only about 30% of the enzyme activities in uninfected cells.
In vivo regional neurochemistry in stroke: clinical applications, limitations, and future directions.

To the Editor: I read with interest the article by Bosche et al and the accompanying editorial comment in the last issue of Stroke.1 The authors should be commended on their elegant work with multi-modality monitoring in predicting “malignant” infarction with large middle cerebral artery ischemia. However, the technique of in vivo cerebral microdialysis utilized in this study deserves several comments that are generally applicable to similar studies. In vivo cerebral microdialysis is a powerful research technique that has been rapidly adapted in clinical and experimental neurosciences for purposes of analyzing neurochemical dynamics of brain injury. This has resulted in abundant literature from studies in carefully controlled animal models that quantitates neurochemical changes in focal cerebral ishemia. Over the last few years, extension of laboratory-based studies have been reported2–5 in patients with large hemispheric infarctions, traumatic brain injury,6 global cerebral ischemia7 and subarachnoid hemorrhage8,9. Neuroprotective strategies,10 including hypothermia,11–13 and their effects on neurotransmitter release have been well-described using this technique. However, this technique has significant limitations for facilitating new discoveries in the clinical setting that include (a) small sampling volume of brain tissue around the microdialysis probe (at best, a radial distance of a few millimeters around the probe); (b) poor time resolution (collection time of 120 minutes in the study by Bosche et al); (c) the presence of reactive gliosis around the probe with chronic indwelling probes, with subsequent poor recovery of the molecules of interest; (d) a wide intersubject variability in basal neurochemical values …
Pregnancy, Oral Contraceptives, and Chronic Familial Jaundice with Predominantly Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia (Dubin-Johnson Syndrome)

The Dubin-Johnson syndrome is often only manifested as asymptomatic, minimal, predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia until various environmental factors accentuate hyperbilirubinemia, produce clinical jaundice, and result in medical attention. Pregnancy and oral contraceptives, which normally reduce hepatic excretory function, converted mild conjugated hyperbilirubinemia into overt jaundice in 27 women and unmasked the presence of the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Serum bile salt concentrations were normal confirming a selective hepatic organic anion excretory defect in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome in contrast with disorders resulting in cholestasis. Measurement of sulfobromophthalein sodium, relative hepatic storage, and transport maximum constitutes the most specific, clinically feasible, diagnostic procedure which obviates the need for liver biopsy. Serum bilirubin concentrations, sulfobromophthalein sodium tests, and cholecystography were normal when selectively performed in 78 family members. No single test, including sulfobromophthalein sodium storage capacity and transport maximum, permitted detection of presumed genetically obligate carriers of the Dubin-Johnson syndrome if inheritance involves a single autosomal recessive characteristic. The exact mode of inheritance was not elucidated by these studies.
Mutant of Clostridium pasteurianum That Does Not Fix Nitrogen

A stable, non-nitrogen-fixing mutant of Clostridium pasteurianum W5 was isolated. The mutant has the same growth rate as the wild type on ammonia nitrogen, but is not able to grow on N(2). Cell-free extracts of the derepressed mutant are unable to fix nitrogen, or reduce the alternate substrates of nitrogenase such as cyanide, azide, or acetylene. Recombination with wild-type components from a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column indicates that the mutant contains component II, but is lacking component I activity.
Increased and decreased preference for saccharin immediately following injections of various agents.

Abstract Rats pretrained for preference testing and injected with LiCl showed a reduction of saccharin preference in a test with a novel saccharin solution paired with water given 15 min following the injection. Previous exposure to the saccharin solution precluded this selective depression of drinking. In a second experiment, using rats naive to saccharin, insulin injection produced an increase, 2-DG and hypertonic NaCl produced a decrease, and saccharin injection produced no change in saccharin preference.
A naturally occurring mutation in the human androgen receptor of a subject with complete androgen insensitivity confers binding and transactivation by estradiol.

Abstract The clinical phenotype of complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS) was associated with a mutation in the human androgen receptor (hAR) gene encoding the amino acid substitution, M745I, in the hAR protein. Transcriptional activation of hAR(M745I) by the synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone (R1881), was reduced compared to wild-type (wt) hAR. The transcriptional co-activator, androgen receptor associated protein 70 (ARA70), failed to enhance transactivation of hAR(M745I) at lower concentrations of R1881 (0.01–0.1 nM), whereas the p160 co-activators, SRC-1 and TIF2, stimulated activity. Transcriptional activity of hAR(M745I) was stimulated by 1 or 10 nM R1881 and activity was further enhanced by co-expression of ARA70 similar to that of the hAR(wt). Transcriptional activity of hAR(wt) was minimally stimulated by estradiol (E2) without or with co-expression of ARA70, whereas 10 or 100 nM E2 increased transactivation by hAR(M745I) of the androgen-responsive MMTV-luciferase reporter gene by 10-fold and activity was further enhanced by ARA70. Increasing concentrations of E2 competed more effectively for binding of R1881 to hAR(M745I) than to hAR(wt), indicative of the preferential binding of E2 to the mutant hAR. Partial tryptic digestion of hAR wt and M745I revealed that activation of the mutant protein was reduced in the presence of R1881. By contrast, tryptic digestion showed that the mutant hAR was activated by the binding of E2. In conclusion, the clinical phenotype of CAIS resulted from a hAR gene mutation encoding hAR(M745I) with reduced binding and transactivation by androgens, but the novel properties of enhanced affinity for and increased transactivation by estradiol.
Yield theory for diode laser fabrication

A novel yield model is derived and is shown to agree extremely well with experimental data. It provides an accurate tool with physical insights to obtain yield distribution and to determine the number of key quality limiting factors for future improvements.
Concepts about infant health, growth, and weaning: a comparison between nutritional scientists and Madurese mothers.

Abstract Nutrition education is a critical component of programs designed to improve nutritional status, yet it often fails because of differences in the concepts underlying the educational message and those motivating mothers' behavior. To illustrate this discrepancy in the context of infant feeding we compare the views of nutritional scientists' and mothers in Madura, Indonesia on (a) health and disease and (b) the relationship of foods to the concepts of state-of-health, infancy and growth. The relationship of these concepts to mothers' practices and nutritional scientists' recommendations are also explored. Views of the nutritional scientist were drawn from the published literature and those for the Madurese mothers' from ethnographic and survey data gathered between February 1983 and June 1984. While mothers and nutritional scientists both seek to give a diet appropriate for a stage of infancy, their definitions of key concepts differed. Nutritional scientists recommend feeding infants high quality clean foods in amounts sufficient for maintenance, activity and growth. Underlying these recommendations are the concepts of disease as a deviation from the norm, food as a source of pathogens as well as nutrients, infancy as a period of physiological growth, and poor growth as an indicator of disease. All infants have the same type of nutrient requirements. Madurese mothers perceive health and its components as a process of balance. Balance is partly attained either by feeding rice soon after birth or by withholding rice until after one year of age. This concepts results in two distinct but coexisting types of requirement and weaning patterns for infants. The important development during an infant's first year of life is ‘growth’ from a vulnerable state in the ‘neonatal’ period (40 days) to a state of independence and reason ( akal ) in late infancy (> 7 months). To foster ‘growth’ in rice-fed infants, mothers force-feed increasing amounts of quality foods. Once akal is achieved, mothers no longer feed quality foods or increase amounts of food, and the infant, not the mother, initiates feeding. These comparisons suggest how nutritional scientists can help improve the process of communication in nutrition programs. First they can describe and analyze the mother's as well as their own conceptual framework to arrive at approaches and messages that blend together points of views. Second, by studying the consequence on infants of mother's behavior, nutritional scientists may gain further insight into the biological processes leading to good nutrition and refine messages and interventions accordingly.
The attitudes of social work students toward end-of-life care planning.

This study examined the attitudes of social work students toward end-of-life care planning, as well as their degree of willingness to engage in this area of social work practice. Factors associated with their attitudes were measured through structured surveys completed by 102 social work students (N = 102) at a school of social work in the southeast. Results indicated that these social work students tended to have positive attitudes toward end-of-life care planning in general. Moreover, these attitudes were positively associated with preference for pain relief treatment, higher levels of comfort when discussing death, more emphasis on self-determination, and apprehension of conflicts of self-determination. The results of this study underscored the increased societal need for recognition of personal preferences in end-of-life care, higher levels of comfort when discussing death, and an increased commitment of social workers' to maintaining the ethical principle of the client's right to self-determination i...
How well determined is the $N\Delta$ electromagnetic transition form factor at high $Q^{2}$?

Abstract We explore the sensitivity of the N - Δ(1232) electromagnetic transition form factor, extracted from the inclusive electroproduction data, to the choice of background. We find that the extraction of the transition form factor depends critically on it and the existing inclusive data are consistent with a transition form factor much larger than previous values, showing no serious discrepancy with the Bloom-Gilman duality.
Rapid eye movement sleep changes during the adaptation night in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Abstract Background: Hyperarousal in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is manifested during sleep as well as waking. Elevated rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) phasic activity, likely signifying central nervous system alerting, has been identified in PTSD. The authors reasoned that PTSD compared to control subjects would show particularly increased REMS phasic activity on the first night of polysomnography, with adaptation to a novel environment. Methods: First-night polysomnograms of 17 veterans with PTSD were compared with those of 11 control subjects. Sleep was also studied in subsets of both groups over two nights. Results: On the first night, the PTSD subjects had a higher density of rapid eye movements in the first REMS period. This measure was increased on the first compared to the second night, but there was no interaction effect between night and group. Conclusions: REMS changes are again demonstrated in veterans with PTSD. Introduction to a novel environment activated a REMS phasic process, but not differentially in PTSD compared to control subjects.
Biochemical and molecular studies of photosynthesis

Abstract Recent research on photosynthesis is reviewed, including electron transport and the complexities of the Rubisco enzyme, its biosynthesis, assembly and activity parameters. Aspects of gene expression are also considered, together with interactions between plant organelles, source—sink relationships in the allocation of photosynthate, and the influence of the environment on photosynthesis-related reactions.
Beyond Young’s experiment: time-domain correlation measurement in a pinhole array

Time-domain analysis of field correlations provided by the interferogram from a nonredundant pinhole array is performed. It is shown that the described single measurement is identically equal to a series of Young’s two-pinhole experiments. Proper postmeasurement analysis, taking into account the finite coherence time of the source, results in a sampling of the spatial–temporal coherence function.
Stable isotope sclerochronology of Pleistocene and Recent oyster shells (Crassostrea virginica)

Sclerochronology, the study of periodic increments in skeletal organisms, can decipher the life history and environmental records preserved in fossil shells. Two powerful tools used in sclerochronologic studies are oxygen and carbon isotope profiles. Although many studies have applied isotopic analyses to marine shells, few have examined isotope profiles from estuaries. One common inhabitant of estuaries is the crassostreine oyster, which preserves a sclerochronologic record on the ligamental area surface in the form of external convex and concave bands. This study examines delta 18 O and delta 13 C profiles across ligamental increments found in Crassostrea virginica shells from the recent of Terrebonne Bay, Mississippi Delta, and the Pleistocene of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Results show that Mississippi Delta oysters calcified their shells close to isotopic equilibrium with respect to their environment. Three skeletal breaks found in one oyster formed from cessation of shell growth when summer temperature exceeded 27 degrees C. delta 18 O profiles show that ligamental increments formed annually from varying growth rates through the year, with convex bands forming from rapid growth during spring and summer, and concave bands forming from slower growth during winter. Chesapeake oysters have well-defined ligamental increments with deep concave bands that formed from slow growth and cessation during winter. Skeletal growth breaks suggest that temperature decreased below 10 degrees C during winter. Estimated Pleistocene delta 18 O water values are similar to published recent delta 18 O water values measured at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Two important factors affecting shell delta 13 C values are metabolic changes and occurrence of phytoplankton blooms. Ranges of shell delta 13 C values are similar to delta 13 C dic values measured from water samples, which indicate that oyster delta 13 C profiles are tracking changes in environmental DIC, such as changes related to phytoplankton blooms and benthic respiration. Summer delta 13 C maxima may be related to recovery from gametogenesis. These results demonstrate that stable isotope sclerochronology of oyster shells facilitates the interpretation of past estuarine environments and oyster life histories.
Paleoelevation measurement: Combining proxies and approaches

Determining paleoelevation, the past elevation of the Earth's surface, is a key problem facing Earth science. This is in part because it bears on and links together tectonics, climate, and geomorphological issues, and also in part because the prospect of reliable solutions to specific paleoelevation histories has now brought the problem to the verge of being tractable. The geodynamic evolution of large-scale mountain belts and plateaus such as Tibet, the Altiplano (in Bolivia and Chile), or the interior of western North America has long been contested. Nevertheless, these areas have served as the focus for the development of fundamental tectonic models that attempt to elucidate lithospheric processes. Reconstruction of paleotopography and its influence on global atmospheric circulation is a critical element for reconstructing past climate and understanding the distribution of precipitation controlled by orographic barriers.
Gamma-ray mutagenesis measurement in mammalian cells

Application of conventional in vitro mutagenesis testing has so far failed to result in marked reduction of the total incidence of cancer. At least part of the reason may lie in the frequent use of a cell target too small to yield adequate sensitivity, and in failure to take into account the effects of cell killing in the assessment of mutagenic action. A single theoretical analysis fits the results of experimental data on γ-irradiation applied to single marker gene testing in bacteria and to cytogenetic analysis of irradiated mammalian cells, and permits determination of the mean mutagenic dose, DMo, without complication due to cell killing. Cytogenetic monitoring of human lymphocytes which can detect mutagenic effects of γ-radiation down to doses of < 0.1 Gy (10 rad) will also furnish an estimate of repair effectiveness at these low levels and may well be a useful tool in a program for prevention of cancer and other genetic disease.
Prophylactic Estrogen in Recurrent Postpartum Affective Disorder

Seven women with histories of puerperal psychosis and four with histories of puerperal major depression were consecutively treated with high-dose oral estrogen immediately following delivery. None of the women had histories of nonpuerperal affective disorder, and all women were affectively well throughout the current pregnancy and at delivery. Despite the high risk for recurrent illness in this population, only one woman developed relapse of postpartum affective disorder. All others remained entirely well and required no treatment with psychotropic medications during the 1 year follow-up period. This low rate of relapse, 9% compared to an expected 35-60% without prophylaxis, suggests that oral estrogen may stem the rapid rate of change in estrogen following delivery, thereby preventing the potential impact on dopaminergic and serotonergic neuroreceptors. It is hypothesized that the rapid rate of change of estrogen after delivery creates an "estrogen withdrawal state." This may be a critical factor in driving acute puerperal affective psychosis and early-onset puerperal major depression.
Study of enhancement effects in the chemiluminescence method for Cr(III) in the ng l−1 range

A procedure is developed for the determination of Cr(III) to 1 ng l−1 (2×10−11 mol l−1) in alkali samples by means of H2O2-luminol based chemiluminescence (CL). The significant improvement in sensitivity from the previous CL methods for this metal is achieved by a modified design of the flow cell, utilizing the carbonate and bromide enhancement effect, and adapting the experimental parameters that have not been explored previously, such as metal impurities and the initiation time after mixing carbonate and hydrogen peroxide. The importance of these experimental parameters and the carbonate enhancement effect are discussed based on knowledge of the mechanism of oxidation of luminol and decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of metal ions.
Coarse-Grained Simulations of Nucleoid Structure

A coarse-grained computational model of dsDNA is developed to investigate the folding and compaction of the Caulobacter crescentus nucleoid. Using a custom GPU accelerated Brownian dynamics code, we simulate the full 4.0 million base pair genome using a discrete wormlike-chain/bead model. With 10 base pairs represented by each bead, we are able to reach millisecond timescales. We simulate the packing of the nucleoid into the bacterial cell by placing a small ring of beads at the cell pole and periodically adding beads to the ring until the genome size has been reached. This packing process is extended by adding nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) which can cross-link distal regions of the chromosome. The NAPs diffuse freely in the cell and when bound to the nucleoid can diffuse in one dimension and unbind depending on the binding affinity to that locus. With the binding affinities of these proteins to the bead depending on the bead locus, we can use information from chromosome capture experiments to build in more biological realism into our simulation and study the effect of NAP cross-linking on the nucleoid structure.
Alterations of fronto-temporal connectivity during word encoding in schizophrenia

Cognitive deficits, including impaired verbal memory, are prominent in schizophrenia and lead to increased disability. Functional neuroimaging of patients with schizophrenia performing memory tasks has revealed abnormal activation patterns in prefrontal cortex and temporo-limbic regions. Aberrant fronto-temporal interactions thus represent a potential pathophysiological mechanism underlying verbal memory deficits, yet this hypothesis of disturbed connectivity is not tested directly with standard activation studies. We performed within-subject correlations of frontal and temporal timeseries to measure functional connectivity during verbal encoding. Our results confirm earlier findings of aberrant fronto-temporal connectivity in schizophrenia, and extend them by identifying distinct alterations within dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex. Relative to healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia had reduced connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and temporal lobe areas including parahippocampus and superior temporal gyrus. In contrast, patients showed increased connectivity between a region of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and these same temporal lobe regions. Higher temporal-DLPFC connectivity during encoding was associated with better subsequent recognition accuracy in controls, but not patients. Temporal-VLPFC connectivity was uncorrelated with recognition accuracy in either group. The results suggest that reduced temporal-DLPFC connectivity in schizophrenia could underlie encoding deficits, and increased temporal-VLPFC connectivity may represent an ineffective compensatory effort.
Regimes of ethnicity and nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey

Nation-building projects are rarely complete unless competing discourses on the meaning of nationhood fade away. Yet, once the official definitions of nationhood are institutionalized following a p...
Pull-in instability of multi-phase nanocrystalline silicon beams under distributed electrostatic force

The effects of the material structure on the pull-in instability of nano-actuated beams made of nanocrystalline silicon (Nc–Si) and subjected to a distributed electrostatic force are investigated. Nc–Si is represented as a multi-phase material composed of nano-sized grains, nano voids, and an amorphous-like interface to consider the effects of the interface, grain size, porosity, and the inhomogeneities surface energies on the elastic properties of the composite material. To this end, a size-dependent micromechanical model is developed for multi-phase materials considering the inhomogeneities surface energy effects. An atomic lattice model is also proposed to estimate the elastic modulus of the interface of NcMs. Due to the intensive decrease in the beam’s size, the effects of the grain rotations on the beam strain energy and hence on its rigidity are captured and represented using the modified couple stress theory. Considering all these effects and using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, the governing equation is derived. A finite difference-based solution is used to determine the pull-in voltage of the actuated beams. A parametric study is then performed to reveal the effects of the porosity, interface, surface energy, and grain rotations on the pull-in instability behavior of actuated nano-beams.
Experiments on Toleration of High Temperature in Lizards with Reference to Adaptive Coloration

In 1939 the writer accumulated data bearing upon the relations of desert lizards to environmental conditions of radiant energy and high temperature.1 These data were analyzed with respect to what the writer considered a well-established and fairly obvious principle of animal ecology, namely: that animals might, through natural selection, become adapted in their coloration to the physical conditions of the environment. Recently, stimulated largely by the publication of Cott's "Adaptive Coloration in Animals" (Cott. '39). there has been a revival of interest in animal coloration, in which the relationship of coloration to climatic conditions has been largely overlooked. Despite the fact that Punnett ('15), Dobzhansky ('37), Shull ('36, '37), Hovanitz ('40) and others have called attention to the overemphasis f requently placed upon "protective coloration," the effect of Cott's book, whether intentional or not, has been to deny that the colors observed in animals may be adjusted to the physico-chemical environment. The current tendency seems to be to accept as habitat-adaptations only those cases where the coloration of the individual is directly induced by environmental conditions. In this category might be included those mammals which adopt a white winter coat as a direct response to reduced temperature. Other cases of environmentally induced coloration such as the classical cases described by Poulton ('87) of the effects of colored light on Lepidopterous larvae and pupae are generally described as adaptations entirely to predation factors.