cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nevanlinna-Pick problem on the closed unit disk: Minimal norm rational solutions of low degree

For the Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation problem with n interpolation conditions (interior and boundary), we construct a family of rational solutions of degree at most n-1. We also establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and the uniqueness of a solution with the minimally possible H^~-norm and construct a family of minimal-norm rational solutions of degree at most n-1 in the indeterminate case. Finally, we supplement a result of Ruscheweyh and Jones showing that in case the interpolation nodes and the target values are all unimodular, any rational solution of degree at most n-1 is necessarily a finite Blaschke product.
A Multisectoral Model of Growth

I. Introduction and summary, 264. — II. The model, 265. — III. A brief review of the Hood and Scott, and Johnson results, 276.
Effects of niacin and Niaspan on HDL lipoprotein cellular SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux.

Background Niacin, the lipid-regulating agent with the longest therapeutic experience, has been demonstrated to both raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and to diminish the risk of atherosclerosis and its vascular complications. Objective The present study was carried out to explore niacin's effect on scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)–mediated cholesterol efflux, a component of reverse cholesterol transport, using an in vitro model system. Methods Thirty frozen samples from a large randomized, multicenter trial comparing crystalline niacin, extended-release niacin (Niaspan), and placebo were analyzed for SR-BI efflux. Results Both the extended-release and crystalline niacin demonstrated significant increases in HDL-C (approximately 50%) over baseline values compared to the placebo group (14%). This was associated with a significant increase in SR-BI efflux of 2.7% and 3.4% for extended-release niacin and niacin, respectively, compared to placebo (0.4%). Although, there was no relationship between HDL-C and SR-BI efflux at baseline or at the end of treatment, there was a linear relation between the changes in HDL-C and SR-BI efflux ( r = 0.58, P Conclusion This study suggests that niacin has a beneficial effect on SR-BI efflux that is related to the change in level of HDL-C.
Evaluation of awareness of risk factors for kidney cancer among patients presenting to a urology clinic.

Abstract Objective. This study aimed to evaluate awareness of risk factors for kidney cancer among patients presenting to a urology clinic. Smoking, obesity and hypertension are widely accepted as risk factors for kidney cancer; however, there are limited data regarding awareness of these risk factors. Material and methods. The researchers prospectively identified 172 patients presenting to a urology clinic between 1 May 2009 and 31 August 2009. Each patient completed a questionnaire that requested responses to whether certain lifestyle factors increased the risk of a variety of cancers. Information on demographics and other covariates was collected via questionnaires and medical chart abstraction. To estimate and compare risk factor awareness levels for different cancers, 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were constructed and Fisher's exact tests performed. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate covariates associated with risk factor awareness. Results. The percentage reporting that smoking i...
Measurement of the Ratio of the Vibrational Raman Cross Section for H2O Vapor to the Nitrogen Vibrational-Rotational Raman Band

Abstract In this letter, measurements of the ratio of the v1 Raman cross section for H2O vapor to the Nitrogen vibrational-rotational Raman band cross section are reported. These measurements, Involving as they do, the technique of laser atmospheric probing have cone about through methods not usually a part of the repertoire of the spectroscopist.
Partitioning of Nutrients for Growth and Other Metabolic Functions: Efficiency and Priority Considerations

The raw materials for proteinaceous growth in the avian are amino acids supplied from protein ingestion and from body protein degradation. Maximal efficiency of utilization (i.e., retention) of absorbed nitrogen approximates 76%. This occurs when a well-balanced mixture of amino acids is ingested. The utilization efficiency of individual dietary amino acids varies around the 76% figure, with slow-turnover amino acids such as lysine being used more efficiently (80%) than fast-turnover amino acids such as isoleucine (61%). A paucity of information exists on metabolic priorities for amino acids at various levels of amino acid deficiency. It is clear, however, that dietary histidine is used with priority for protein synthesis before it is shunted toward carnosine or anserine biosynthesis. Likewise, cysteine use by chicks for growth has priority over cysteine use for glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. With a cysteine-free diet containing the minimal methionine requirement for maximal growth, hepatic GSH is depressed and remains low and unchanged until about 30% of the growth need for cysteine is satisfied, at which point GSH begins accumulating rapidly. In rats, liver GSH begins accumulating rapidly even with very small doses of cysteine. This suggests that the metabolic priority for cysteine in rats is as great for GSH synthesis as it is for growth.
Engineered silica nanocarriers as a high-payload delivery vehicle for antioxidant enzymes.

Abstract Antioxidant enzymes for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases remain a highly promising therapeutic approach. As poor localization and stability have been the greatest challenges to their clinical translation, a variety of nanocarrier systems have been developed to directly address these limitations. In most cases, there has been a trade-off between the delivered mass of enzyme loaded and the carrier’s ability to protect the enzyme from proteolytic degradation. One potential method of overcoming this limitation is the use of ordered mesoporous silica materials as potential antioxidant enzyme nanocarriers. The present study compared the loading, activity and retention activity of an anti-oxidant enzyme, catalase, on four engineered mesoporous silica types: non-porous silica particles, spherical silica particles with radially oriented pores and hollow spherical silica particles with pores oriented either parallel to the hollow core or expanded, interconnected bimodal pores. All these silica types, except non-porous silica, displayed potential for effective catalase loading and protection against the proteolytic enzyme, pronase. Hollow particles with interconnected pores exhibit protein loading of up to 50 wt.% carrier mass, while still maintaining significant protection against proteolysis.
Dubbing White Leghorn Pullets

Abstract A number of workers have reported on the practice of dubbing White Leghorn pullets. A majority of such reports have indicated some benefit from dubbing during the colder season of the year. Davis et al. (1953) reported approximately 20 percent greater production with dubbed birds at the Wyoming Station without a corresponding increase in feed consumption. Jones and Kohlmeyer (1950) reported better performance from dubbed birds during periods of cold weather but little difference in total annual egg production. Cole and Hutt (1954) reported no statistical difference in egg production between dubbed and control groups as measured by annual production but they indicated that a difference in favor of dubbed lots was present between treatments during cold weather. Since most of the work reported has been concerned with birds housed in floor pens and the response to dubbing associated with cold weather, the value of dubbing pullets housed in open …
Crystal growth from solution: Development in computer simulation

Abstract It is shown in this paper that progress has been made in the understanding of crystal growth mechanisms of organic crystals growing from organic solutions or aqueous solution. The main part of this paper is devoted to the statistical mechanical background of the simulations. It is shown that it follows from the same formalism from which the transition probabilities of the computer simulations are derived that (i) crystal growth from solution is an allowed interpretation of the simulations (ii) expressions for the surface energy factor α and the driving force for crystallization Δμ kT can be derived for a real system.
Test Strip For The Rapid Identification of Sulfite on Foods

Abstract A rapid, sensitive, test strip has been developed for those people allergic to sulfite on foods. The strip is composed of a mixture of orange I, brilliant green, and sodium hydrogen carbonate deposited on 80-120 mesh alumina. Within 15 seconds the black strip turns red in the presence of as little as 0.5 ug of sulfite or green in the absence of sulfite.
Postmodeling Sensitivity Analysis to Detect the Effect of Missing Data Mechanisms.

Incomplete or missing data is a common problem in almost all areas of empirical research. It is well known that simple and ad hoc methods such as complete case analysis or mean imputation can lead ...
Whither the oxide interface

Interfaces formed by transition-metal oxide materials offer a tremendous opportunity for fundamental as well as applied research. Yet, as exciting as these opportunities are, several challenges remain.
When the Leader Leaves Sustaining Success at Romero High School

This case study asks readers to consider what leadership actions might help to sustain success for immigrant students in a small urban high school when the leader leaves. Principal Michael Perez, the founding principal of Romero High School, has been recruited to become the superintendent of a first-ring suburban district with rapidly changing demographics. Describing himself as a hands-on “humanistic” leader, Perez established innovative curriculum and organizational structures at Romero High School to meet the language learning needs of the school’s teenage immigrant students. His impending departure requires Principal Perez, school district leaders, and his successor to determine what knowledge and skills are needed to sustain school improvements and navigate the leadership succession process.
Potential disparities in trauma: the undocumented Latino immigrant

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the quality of trauma care undocumented immigrants receive. Documentation status may serve as a risk factor for health disparities. We hypothesized that undocumented Latino immigrants have an increased risk of mortality after trauma compared with Latinos with legal residence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records for Latino trauma patients at our university-based trauma center between 2007 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Undocumented status was defined using two criteria: (1) lack of social security number and (2) insurance status as either "county," the local program that covers undocumented immigrants, or "self pay". Regression models were used to estimate the comparable risks of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Out of 2441 Latino trauma patients treated at our institution during the study period, 465 were undocumented. Latinos with legal residence and undocumented Latinos did not differ with regard to in-hospital mortality (3.4% versus 3.9%, respectively; P = 0.61). We found no association between documentation status and in-hospital mortality after trauma (odds ratio = 1.12 [0.43, 2.9]; P = 0.81). The independent predictors of in-hospital mortality included age, injury severity score, penetrating mechanism, and lack of private insurance but not documentation status. CONCLUSIONS: Undocumented Latino immigrants did not have an increased risk of in-hospital mortality after trauma; however, being uninsured was associated with a higher risk of death after trauma. For Latinos, we found no disparities based on immigration status for mortality after trauma, though disparities based on insurance status continue to persist. Language: en
Nonverbal displays and political leadership in France and the United States

Because contemporary theories of politics discuss the appeal of leaders primarily in verbal terms, it is often difficult to go beyond anecdotes when explaining the effects of televized appearances of leaders and candidates. Experimental studies of the way American viewers respond to televized excerpts of leaders were replicated in France shortly before the legislative elections of March 1986, using comparable expressive displays of Laurent Fabius (then Social Prime Minister), Jacques Chirac (Gaullist Mayor of Paris who became Prime Minister), and Jean Marie LePen (head of the Front Nationale). Although the results show striking similarities in the system of nonverbal behavior in France and the United States, there are cultural differences in the role of anger/threat (which elicits more positive responses from French viewers than Americans) as well as variations in the evocative character of the facial displays of individual leaders. These experimental findings clarify recent discussions concerning the evolution of the French party system, providing insights into the role of political culture as well as leadership “style” in the media age.
Notifying survivors about sudden, unexpected deaths.

This article is an edited version of a chapter in the book Grave Words: Notifying Survivors About Sudden, Unexpected Deaths, copyright 1999, by Kenneth V Iserson. Used with permission of Galen Press, Ltd (PO Box 64400, Tucson, AZ 85728-4400; phone: 1-800-442-5369 or 520-577-8363; fax: 520-529-6459; web site: http://www.galenpress.com), and Kenneth V Iserson. A teaching videotape, The Gravest Words, slide sets, and pocket-sized book of protocols are also available from the publisher. Prices and shipping details are on the web site.
A study of the excited states of 57Ni via the (p, d) AND (3He, α) reactions at 27.5 and 37.7 MeV

Abstract The excited states of the 57 Ni nucleus have been studied using the neutron pick-up reactions 58 Ni(p, d) 57 Ni and 58 Ni( 3 He, α) 57 Ni at energies of 27.5 and 37.7 MeV respectively. Recently reported levels at 2.45, 3.01 and 3.36 MeV are confirmed and new levels are reported at 4.46, 4.71, 5.86, 8.24 and 8.79 MeV. Spectroscopic factors and l n , J and T assignments are made for most levels. Previously unreported l n = 0 and 2 levels are discussed.
Deep valley radiation and surface energy budget microclimates. Part I: Radiation

Abstract Solar and longwave radiation data are presented for five sites in Colorado's 650 m deep semiarid Brush Creek Valley (39°32′N, 108°24′W) during September 1984. During the sunlit period of a nearly clear day, individual sites received 0.73–0.81 of the theoretical extraterrestrial solar radiation. Incoming solar radiation increased with elevation in the valley. Direct radiation made up 0.86– 0.88 of the downward shortwave flux. On average, 0.12–0.21 of the incoming shortwave radiation was reflected at the individual sites. Strong variations in reflected solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation occurred from site to site. Because of the large direct beam component, aspect and inclination angles of the valley surfaces had a strong effect on the solar radiation received. Contrasts between a southwest- and northeast-facing sidewall were significant. Shading from surrounding topography produced inter-site differences in both instantaneous and daily total radiation. Inter-site differences in most d...
Transaction costs as determinants of opportunism in integrated and independent sales forces

Abstract This study is an empirical test of the transaction cost determinants of opportunism by salespeople who sell electronic components in 169 U.S. sales districts. Opportunism by salespeople, as reported by their supervisors, is modeled as a function of (i) whether the salesperson is an employee or a manufacturers' representative; (ii) characteristics of the sales environment central to transaction cost analysis. The results generally support the transaction cost framework. They indicate that an especially powerful way to combat opportunism is to induce salespeople to perceive high goal congruence, i.e., that what benefits the company benefits them.
Theoretical aspects of ternary diffusion

Four theoretical aspects of ternary diffusion are investigated. Restrictions imposed on the ternary diffusion process by the entropy inequality are formulated, and their effect on the eigenvalues of the diffusion coefficient matrix is determined. Additional restrictions are formulated by accepting the Onsager reciprocal relations as valid postulates, yielding a relationship that can be regarded as a sufficient condition for the existence of real eigenvalues for the diffusion coefficient matrix. The stability of the ternary system with respect to the equilibrium state is investigated both with and without the Onsager reciprocal relations. The existence of negative concentrations is analyzed, and interpretations of the reasons for the appearance of such nonphysical results are proposed.
Leaf photosynthesis and carbohydrates of CO2-enriched maize and grain sorghum exposed to a short period of soil water deficit during vegetative development

Among C₄ species, sorghum is known to be more drought tolerant than maize. The objective was to evaluate differences in leaf gas exchanges, carbohydrates, and two enzyme activities of these nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) C₄ subtype monocots in response to water deficit and CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]). Maize and sorghum were grown in pots in sunlit environmental-controlled chambers. Treatments included well watered (WW) and water stressed (WS) (water withheld at 26 days) and daytime [CO₂] of 360 (ambient) and 720 (elevated) μmol mol⁻¹. Midday gas exchange rates, concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates, and activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and adenosine 5'-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADGP) were determined for fully expanded leaf sections. There was no difference in leaf CO₂ exchange rates (CER) between ambient and elevated [CO₂] control plants for both maize and sorghum. After withholding water, leaf CER declined to zero after 8 days in maize and 10 days for sorghum. Sorghum had lower stomatal conductance and transpiration rates than maize, which resulted in a longer period of CER under drought. Nonstructural carbohydrates of both control maize and sorghum were hardly affected by elevated [CO₂]. Under drought, however, increases in soluble sugars and decreases in starch were generally observed for maize and sorghum at both [CO₂] levels. For stressed maize and sorghum, decreases in starch occurred earlier and were greater at ambient [CO₂] than at elevated [CO₂]. For maize, drought did not meaningfully affect SPS activity. However, a decline in SPS activity was observed for drought-stressed sorghum under both [CO₂] treatments. There was an increase in ADGP activity in maize under drought for both [CO₂] treatments. Such a response in ADGP to drought, however, did not occur for sorghum. The generally more rapid response of maize than sorghum to drought might be related to the more rapid growth of leaf area of maize.
Cardiac growth after pediatric heart transplantation.

BACKGROUNDTo assess whether normal cardiac growth occurs after heart transplantation in the pediatric age group, we performed a study of 13 infants and children who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation at Stanford.METHODS AND RESULTSThe echocardiographic data from a population of 93 normal children were analyzed to determine estimates of the fifth, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of the normal pediatric population. Growth curves for each of the cardiac dimensions were stratified into six classes representing each of the percentile bands, and dimensions for the 13 patients were tracked between early postoperative (early) and point of maximal follow-up (late). Results were compared by Student's paired t test to determine whether normal growth was occurring. The mean age at transplant was 5.0 +/- 1.3 years (mean +/- SEM) (range, 0.4-12.8 years), duration of follow-up was 3.1 +/- 0.4 years (1.3-5.8 years), and change in body surface area was 0.24 +/- 0.03 m2 (0.12-0.50 m2). Both right ventricular...
The disposition of aromatic hydrocarbons in adult spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) and the formation of metabolites of naphthalene in adult and larval spot shrimp.

1. Adult spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) exposed to 110 p.p.b. (μg/l) of the water-soluble fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil for one week accumulated a variety of lowmolecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (primarily C1-C5 substituted derivatives) in thoracic and abdominal tissues.2. Adult and larval spot shrimp were exposed to 3H- and 14C- labelled naphthalene (a component of the water-soluble fraction) in seawater to delineate the types of metabolites formed. Both adults and larvae converted naphthalene to conjugated and non-conjugated structures such as the glucuronide, sulphate, dihydrodiol and phenolic derivatives. The presence of a quinone was also indicated.
Robust Optimal Switching Control for Nonlinear Systems

We formulate a robust optimal control problem for a general nonlinear system with finitely many admissible control settings and with costs assigned to switching of controls. We formulate the problem both in an L2-gain/dissipative system framework and in a game-theoretic framework. We show that, under appropriate assumptions, a continuous switching-storage function is characterized as a viscosity supersolution of the appropriate system of quasi-variational inequalities (the appropriate generalization of the Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman--Isaacs equation for this context) and that the minimal such switching-storage function is equal to the continuous switching lower-value function for the game. Finally, we show how a prototypical example with one-dimensional state space can be solved by a direct geometric construction.
Impact of Radiation Therapy Sequence on Survival Among Patients With Resected Pancreatic Head Ductal Carcinoma

Background Neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer is increasingly studied, but no randomized data is available to address its clinical utility. The purpose of this study is to compare the impact of the sequencing of radiation therapy and surgery on overall survival (OS) of patients, who received both pancreaticoduodenectomy and radiation therapy.
Farm equipment industry performance: past and future

Abstract This paper assesses the agricultural equipment industry through the perspective of the three leading firms in the United States. It reviews the salient events of the 1990s and relates the business environment to the firms’ financial performance. It then assesses the factors likely to impact performance in the future, drawing on lessons from historical performance and on new environmental factors. The firms’ capital market valuations appear consistent with the expectation that farm equipment firms will resume growth after the farm recession.
A Survey for Methods of Detecting Aircraft Vortices

Wake vortices produced by the lifting surfaces of large aircraft can have catastrophic effects on aircraft that follow too close behind. Many incidents have been blamed on wingtip vortices in the past several decades. Therefore, vortex detection is important for enhancing airport productivity by allowing adoptive spacing and for increasing the safety of all aircraft operating around the airport by alerting controllers that hazardous conditions may exist near the runways. Many methods have been developed for detecting wake vortices. However, there is a lack of a literature review to summarize all the methods and compare their advantages and drawbacks. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review these technologies and to summarize their strengths and weaknesses. There are two main methods available in the literature: active and passive detection methods. Active detection methods include LIDAR (LIGHT Detection And Ranging), RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging), and SODAR (Sonic Detection And Ranging). Passive detection methods include microphone systems, opto-acoustic systems, and ultrasonic detection of circulation. Although vortex detection methods are available, due to military and scientific usage, many researchers are still investigating new methods that are more effective.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Need for centers to care for patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) characterized by ST-segment elevation on the ECG has been the subject of more randomized trials and outcome studies than any other area of medicine. Recently, non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have taken an equal position in terms of clinical study and clinical relevance. Additionally, through a series of frustrations1 and triumphs,2 the critical nature of prehospital management of ACS has been underscored. This attention is appropriate, given the dominance of coronary artery disease (CAD) as the leading global cause of death and disability. Despite this abundance of evidence, however, ample studies have reported the common failure to deliver the standard of care in clinical practice. We believe that the establishment of regional centers for ACS, if linked with the communities in which they exist and if approached in a reasonable fashion with appropriate financial incentives, would result in much more effective and efficient care of this dominant public health problem. Our understanding of medical quality and prevention of medical errors has advanced substantially in the past decade. By conducting clinical trials that measure outcomes as the primary measure, we can develop standards of care, and adherence to these standards of care can be used to estimate quality.3,4 Specifically, on the basis of theories developed from discovery science and clinical observations, clinical trials can address the consequences of new therapies or new approaches to treatment for populations of patients. When an adequate trial provides definitive evidence, a clinical practice guideline (CPG) recommendation can carry a Level of Evidence A or B and Class I status (if a beneficial practice) or Class III status (if detrimental). When such a recommendation can be quantified, it then can become a performance indicator. For example, patients with ST-segment elevation ACS should receive reperfusion therapy as a medical emergency. …
Social work and end-of-life care: reviewing the past and moving forward

This paper reviews the professional literature with respect to the social work profession's involvement in end-of-life care. The search process was conducted by entering key words in various combinations to electronic databases. Eligible articles were required to address one of the following: roles and activities of social workers in providing end-of-life care; core principles valued by social workers in the provision of end-of-life care; and barriers to provision of effective end-of-life care. The literature from 1990 through July 2004 was searched most rigorously. Based on this review, suggestions for where the profession of social work should focus its energies are offered. These key areas include focusing on generating empirically-based knowledge for practice and policy analysis and developing a system of social work education that addresses the unique knowledge and skills needed to participate in end-of-life practice as competent and informed professional practitioners. Current initiatives with regard to critical areas are summarized.
Radiative heat exchange modeling inside an oven

The 3D nongray radiative heat exchange in a near-infrared commercial oven is modeled. The spectrum is divided into into four gray bands to model the narrow wavelength range in which the halogen heat source radiates, the wavelength dependence of the food surface emittance, and the absorption coefficient of the heat source cover glass. The model is used to estimate the heating of a cuboidal food sample for 1 min at different cyclic settings of a halogen radiant heat source. The model predictions agree with the experimental data, and capture the cover-glass and the food-surface temperature and heat flux histories very well. The band-wise distribution of energy absorption by the food reveals the separate contributions from the source and the oven walls. Comparison of the heating rates between the measured non-gray food-surface and the different gray food-surface emittance values establishes the necessity of the nongray treatment.
Fibroblasts from a Patient with Leprechaunism Are Resistant to Insulin, Epidermal Growth Factor, and Somatomedin C*

Leprechaunism is a rare inherited disorder characterized by severe intrauterine growth retardation and insulin resistance. Cultured skin fibroblasts from an infant with Leprechaunism were previously reported to show decreased stimulation of DNA synthesis by insulin despite apparently normal binding of [l25I]insulin and [125I]somatomedin C. We have now further investigated the growth of this patient's fibroblasts and compared their metabolic responses to insulin and various peptide growth factors with responses in normal foreskin-derived fibroblasts. The doubling time of Leprechaun fibroblasts was prolonged (90 us. 29 h), and their morphology was abnormal. Stimulation of [3H]glucose uptake was minimal with low insulin levels (1–10 ngml) relative to controls, but was comparable at higher insulin concentrations (1–10 μg/ml). Stimulation of [3H] aminoisobutyric acid uptake by insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), multiplication-stimulating activity, and somatomedin C (Sm-C) in Leprechaun cells was diminishe...
Poisson Manifolds Associated with Group Actions and Classical Triangular r-Matrices

Abstract Let P be a Poisson G -space and Λ a classical triangular r -matrix. Using the Poisson reduction, we construct a new Poisson structure P Λ on P . For this new Poisson structure P Λ , we construct its symplectic groupoid, describe its symplectic leaves, and classify its symplectic realizations. The deformation quantization of P Λ is also discussed.
Multilingual Structural Projection across Interlinear Text

This paper explores the potential for annotating and enriching data for low-density languages via the alignment and projection of syntactic structure from parsed data for resource-rich languages such as English. We seek to develop enriched resources for a large number of the world’s languages, most of which have no significant digital presence. We do this by tapping the body of Web-based linguistic data, most of which exists in small, analyzed chunks embedded in scholarly papers, journal articles, Web pages, and other online documents. By harvesting and enriching these data, we can provide the means for knowledge discovery across the resulting corpus that can lead to building computational resources such as grammars and transfer rules, which, in turn, can be used as bootstraps for building additional tools and resources for the languages represented. 1
Lymph Node Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA Levels and Resistance Mutations in Patients Receiving High-Dose Saquinavir

The development of resistance mutations and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels were compared in lymph nodes and plasma of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Ten HIV-positive patients receiving high-dose saquinavir monotherapy (3600 or 7200 mg/day) underwent 14 lymph node biopsies before and during therapy. HIV RNA levels and appearance of resistance mutations to saquinavir were determined in simultaneous lymph node and plasma samples. HIV RNA levels were found to be consistently higher (mean, 3.16 log RNA copies; SD, 1.04; range, 2.23-5.59) in lymph nodes than in simultaneous plasma samples. Saquinavir therapy resulted in a reduction in HIV RNA levels in both plasma and lymph nodes. The presence or absence of a resistance mutation to saquinavir at codons 48 or 90 of the HIV-1 protease gene was identical in 13 of 14 biopsies, suggesting that resistance mutations to saquinavir appear within close temporal proximity in lymph nodes and plasma.
Prenatal sex hormone transfer: A reason to study opposite-sex twins

Abstract In rodents, sex hormones transfer between fetuses. Females that are adjacent to males in utero later develop more masculine behavior and morphology. Human sex hormones can pass the placenta, as well as from the fetus to the amniotic fluid. It is plausible that hormones from one human fetus could masculinize or feminize an opposite-sex twin fetus. Many results described in the opposite-sex twin literature could be explained by sex hormone transference. Such results involve dental asymmetry, twin death rates, resemblance to parents, sensation seeking, spatial performance, femininity or masculinity, dominance, myopia, mathematics performance, perceptual speed, responses to public opinion questionnaires, and high opposite-sex twin resemblance in intelligence and personality. Studies of hormonal transfer effects provide a new reason for studying opposite-sex twins, and a possible new finding source for twin studies. New analysis of answers to public opinion questionnaires shows evidence that the opinions of female twins resemble the male answers more if the co-twin is male than if it is female, a result which is interpreted as providing evidence of testosterone transfer.
A Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Essential for Mating and Contributing to Vegetative Growth in Neurospora crassa

MAP kinases homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fus3p/Kss1p have been identified in plant pathogenic fungi and are required for pathogenicity and sexual reproduction. To better understand the role of MAP kinase signaling in Neurospora crassa, and to identify downstream target genes of the pathway, we isolated, cloned, and disrupted the FUS3 homolog mak-2. Ste12p is a transcription factor target of Fus3p that activates genes of the mating pathway in yeast, and we also characterized the N. crassa STE12 homolog pp-1. The mak-2 and pp-1 mutants have reduced growth rate, produce short aerial hyphae, and fail to develop protoperithecia. In addition, ascospores carrying null mutations of either gene are inviable. Subtractive cloning was used to isolate genes having reduced expression in the mak-2 mutant. Expression of some of these genes is protoperithecia specific and three of them are part of a gene cluster potentially involved in the production of a polyketide secondary metabolite. Microarray analysis was used to extend the analysis of gene expression in mak-2 and pp-1 mutants. The role of the MAP kinase pathway in both sexual and asexual development as well as secondary metabolism is consistent with the dual regulation of the mating process and pathogencity observed in fungal pathogens.
Precision, time, and cost: a comparison of three sampling designs in an emergency setting

The conventional method to collect data on the health, nutrition, and food security status of a population affected by an emergency is a 30 × 30 cluster survey. This sampling method can be time and resource intensive and, accordingly, may not be the most appropriate one when data are needed rapidly for decision making. In this study, we compare the precision, time and cost of the 30 × 30 cluster survey with two alternative sampling designs: a 33 × 6 cluster design (33 clusters, 6 observations per cluster) and a 67 × 3 cluster design (67 clusters, 3 observations per cluster). Data for each sampling design were collected concurrently in West Darfur, Sudan in September-October 2005 in an emergency setting. Results of the study show the 30 × 30 design to provide more precise results (i.e. narrower 95% confidence intervals) than the 33 × 6 and 67 × 3 design for most child-level indicators. Exceptions are indicators of immunization and vitamin A capsule supplementation coverage which show a high intra-cluster correlation. Although the 33 × 6 and 67 × 3 designs provide wider confidence intervals than the 30 × 30 design for child anthropometric indicators, the 33 × 6 and 67 × 3 designs provide the opportunity to conduct a LQAS hypothesis test to detect whether or not a critical threshold of global acute malnutrition prevalence has been exceeded, whereas the 30 × 30 design does not. For the household-level indicators tested in this study, the 67 × 3 design provides the most precise results. However, our results show that neither the 33 × 6 nor the 67 × 3 design are appropriate for assessing indicators of mortality. In this field application, data collection for the 33 × 6 and 67 × 3 designs required substantially less time and cost than that required for the 30 × 30 design. The findings of this study suggest the 33 × 6 and 67 × 3 designs can provide useful time- and resource-saving alternatives to the 30 × 30 method of data collection in emergency settings.
Micromechanical Modeling of Filament Wound Cement-Based Composites

A theoretical model to predict the response of laminated cement-based composites is developed. The micromechanical model simulates the mechanical response of a multilayer cement-based composite laminate under uniaxial, biaxial, and flexural loading modes. Tsai-Wu Criterion is used for each lamina and the stacking sequence is utilized to obtain the overall stiffness matrix. The effect of distributed cracking on the stiffness degradation of the cross ply layers under tensile loading is measured using a scalar damage parameter that is empirically related to the apparent strain. The model is calibrated by predicting the load versus deformation response of unidirec- tional, cross ply, and angle ply laminates under tensile and flexural loading. Results are then compared to the experimental results cross ply and angle composites with various stacking sequences.
The Perturbed Plane‐Wave Solutions of the Cubic Schrödinger Equation

A detailed analysis is given to the solution of the cubic Schrodinger equation iqt + qxx + 2|q|2q = 0 under the boundary conditions as |x|→∞. The inverse-scattering technique is used, and the asymptotic state is a series of solitons. However, there is no soliton whose amplitude is stationary in time. Each soliton has a definite velocity and “pulsates” in time with a definite period. The interaction of two solitons is considered, and a possible extension to the perturbed periodic wave [q(x + T,t) = q(x,t) as |x|→∞] is discussed.
An Evolutionarily Conserved Function of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen for Cdt1 Degradation by the Cul4-Ddb1 Ubiquitin Ligase in Response to DNA Damage

The DNA replication licensing factor Cdt1 is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during S phase of the cell cycle, to ensure one round of DNA replication during each cell division and in response to DNA damage to halt DNA replication. Constitutive expression of Cdt1 causes DNA re-replication and is associated with the development of a subset of human non-small cell-lung carcinomas. In mammalian cells, DNA damage-induced Cdt1 degradation is catalyzed by the Cul4-Ddb1-Roc1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. We report here that overexpression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) inhibitory domain from the CDK inhibitors p21 and p57, but not the CDK-cyclin inhibitory domain, blocked Cdt1 degradation in cultured mammalian cells after UV irradiation. In vivo soluble Cdt1 and PCNA co-elute by gel filtration and associate with each other physically. Silencing PCNA in cultured mammalian cells or repression of pcn1 expression in fission yeast blocked Cdt1 degradation in response to DNA damage. Unexpectedly, deletion of Ddb1 in fission yeast cells also accumulated Cdt1 in the absence of DNA damage. We suggest that the Cul4-Ddb1 ligase evolved to ubiquitinate Cdt1 during normal cell growth as well as in response to DNA damage and a separate E3 ligase, possibly SCF(Skp2), evolved to either share or take over the function of Cdt1 ubiquitination during normal cell growth and that PCNA is involved in mediating Cdt1 degradation by the Cul4-Ddb1 ligase in response to DNA damage.
Dissolution of Fissile Materials Containing Plutonium and Beryllium Metals

Abstract Scrap materials containing plutonium (Pu) metal were dissolved at the Savannah River Site (SRS) as part of a program to disposition nuclear materials during the deactivation of the FB‐Line facility. Some of these items contained both Pu and beryllium (Be) metal as a composite material. The Pu and Be metals were physically separated to minimize the amount of Be associated with the Pu; however, a dissolution flowsheet was required to dissolve small amounts of Be combined with the Pu metal using a dissolving solution containing nitric acid (HNO3) and potassium fluoride (KF). Since the dissolution of Pu metal in HNO3/fluoride (F−) solutions was well understood, the primary focus of the flowsheet development was the dissolution of Be metal. Initially, small‐scale experiments were used to measure the dissolution rate of Be metal foils using conditions effective for the dissolution of Pu metal. The experiments demonstrated that the dissolution rate was nearly independent of the HNO3 concentration over t...
The Historical Model: The 99 Percent

Inclusivity is perhaps the single most important human need to facilitate and demonstrate fairness for all members in an open and free society. When this principle need is compromised by appearances of unscrupulous self-interested privileged elites to perpetuate a systemic widening disparity between social-economic classes favoring exclusivity, it is imminently imperative to galvanize public opposition to mitigate this threat. A society that is governed by its collective citizenry should never be marginalized by its institutions or the people that run them. No institution should be more esteemed than its human beings. Thus, this paper seeks to provide a historic backdrop to help trigger a new wave of global interaction and imagination. We must make an effort to level the playing field so that all voices are invited to participate in our global conversation. I for my part offer this short analytical portrait into “The Historical Model” as a starting point towards gaining greater understanding and inspiration to further our global debate.
AISb--InAs-AlSb P-n-P transistors with low turn-on voltage, narrow bases, and low base resistance

Summary form only given. The authors built and characterized transistors with base widths from 100 nm to as thin as 25 nm. The transistors were grown on GaAs substrates and fabricated into emitter-up double-mesa structures. Driving equivalent current densities requires an emitter-base voltage more than 1 V below that needed in graded-junction GaAs HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors) or a half volt less than Si bipolars. These devices supplied finite current gain for emitter-base voltages above 300 mV. The gain was current-dependent, peaking at about beta =25 for the narrowest bases, and appeared to be limited by recombination at the emitter-base interface. The transistors supported a collector-to-emitter voltage of V/sub CE/>2.5 V. Intrinsic base resistances were extremely low. >
Pharmacologic Management of Psychosis in Dementia

Significant consequences of untreated psychosis in patients with dementia have led clinicians to seek improved therapeutic options. This review presents the scope of the problem, discusses some of the underlying neurobiology, and highlights the evidence for appropriate therapies. A range of potentially effective pharmacologic therapies is available and is discussed.
Interspecific aggression by the Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) may limit the distribution of the threatened Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) in the Adirondack Mountains

ABSTRACT Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) is a threatened species that inhabits high-elevation spruce–fir forests in the northeastern United States. Bicknell's Thrush populations are predicted to shift upslope in response to global warming, leading to local extinctions on mountains that lack the elevational extent to accommodate such shifts. However, biotic interactions may influence how montane species respond to changing abiotic conditions. In territorial songbirds, for example, aggression from dominant low-elevation species has been hypothesized to combine with warming temperatures to “push” populations of subordinate montane species upslope at a faster rate than in the absence of interspecific aggression. This “push” hypothesis could apply to Bicknell's Thrushes: the related Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) inhabits lower elevations, Bicknell's Thrushes are largely confined to mountaintops, and interspecific aggression by Swainson's Thrushes toward Bicknell's Thrushes has been anecdotally ...
Does CS intensity determine CR amplitude

The nictitating membrane response of three groups of eight rabbits, Groups LS, LM, and SM, was classically conditioned to different pairs of loud (95 dB), medium (82 dB), or soft (75 dB) CS intensities (within-S design). In agreement with Grice’s variable threshold (VT) model, CR frequency and latency were functions of CS intensity, and the use of extended (1,000 msec) CS-alone test trials in Group LS indicated that a proportionately greater number of CRs to the soft tone were being obscured by UCS. However, these test trials also indicated that CR amplitude is significantly increased by CS intensity, a result unexpected from the VT model.
P-001 Quantification of parametric color coded digital subtraction angiography

Purpose Color coding of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a temporal and intensity post-processing color coded algorithm that generates a single composite image containing all information contained in a standard DSA acquisition. The composite image enhances the conspicuity of findings on DSA images done before and after therapeutic interventions. To date, analysis of images processed with this algorithm has been entirely qualitative. In a series of patients, we sought to add quantification to the color coded images. Materials and methods Angiographic acquisitions were obtained by a single operator using the same volume of contrast medium injected through a catheter at the same location before and after treatment. Using the time to peak parameter, the effect of neuroendovascular treatment of cerebral artery vasospasm and intracranial stenosis was quantified in three patients. A time contrast concentration curve was generated from a group of pixels in the extracranial segment of the vertebral artery or internal carotid artery (proximal to the area of pathology) to confirm that delivery of the contrast bolus was equivalent before and after treatment. Next, a time contrast concentration curve from a group of pixels in a vessel distal to the lesion was used to quantify the treatment effect. Quantitative analysis was obtained by directly comparing the time to peak before and after treatment at these two locations. Results Color coded DSA was quantified in two patients treated for vasospasm and in one with an intracranial stenosis. In all cases, composite color images were generated with the only variable between pretreatment and post-treatment images being the treatment itself. In all cases, time–concentration curves distal to the lesion demonstrated quantifiable changes in time to peak following treatment. Overall, there was a 1–1.25 s decrease in time to peak after verapamil infusion for vasospasm. There was a 0.5 s decrease in time to peak after angioplasty for intracranial stenosis. Conclusions Color coded DSA not only presents all the information from a standard acquisition as a composite qualitative image but also contains readily quantifiable parametric data. The full usefulness of these data remains to be determined and is the topic of ongoing investigations. Furthermore, animal experiments on the effects of varying stenosis on quantitative data proximal and distal to the stenosis are ongoing and will be presented.
What's in a frame? Response to Kanngiesser & Woike (2016)

We recently reported a study [[1][1]] where chimpanzees and bonobos faced decisions between a ‘framed’ option that provided either one or two pieces of fruit, and an alternative option that always provided a constant number of peanuts. We found that apes (especially males) chose the framed