cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marine Organic Halide and Isoprene Emissions Near Mace Head, Ireland

Vertical profiles of the concentration of several alkyl halides, as well as isoprene, were made from the surface to 200 m, using a tethered balloon platform, near Mace Head, Ireland in September-October 2003. Profiles indicate a surface source of several alkyl halides. Alkyl halides have been proposed as a source of new particles in the atmosphere. Estimates of emission rates (µ gm −2 h −1 ) were made using a flux-gradient technique for CH2Br2 (0.8),
Inhibition of choline uptake by N-cyclohexylcholine, a high affinity ligand for the choline transporter at the blood-brain barrier.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) choline transporter (CHT) may have utility as a drug delivery vector for drugs that act in the central nervous system. Previous studies suggested the importance of hydrophobic moieties on the cationic nitrogen of choline for improved affinity for this transporter. In a pilot study, we therefore designed five novel N-cycloalkyl derivatives of choline, one of which showed promising inhibition properties. This choline analogue had a cyclohexyl (UMBB-5) moiety substituting one of the methyl groups attached to the cationic nitrogen in choline. In situ experimental data were obtained from in situ rat brain perfusion studies. The binding affinity for the BBB-choline transporter found for UMBB-5 was Ki = 1.9 µM. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) suggested that the cyclohexyl moiety orientates towards a steric favourable area. Taken together, the results of these in situ and in silico studies provide further evidence or restrictions that occur with binding to this brain dru...
A polygonal element approach to random heterogeneous media with rigid ellipses or elliptical voids

A hybrid polygonal element method is proposed for the micromechanical analysis of heterogeneous materials with randomly distributed rigid ellipses or elliptical voids. An arbitrarily-shaped n-sided polygonal mesh is used to discretize a random heterogeneous medium. The conformal mapping technique is employed to construct special shape functions for a polygonal super-element containing an elliptical inclusion. The performance of the developed polygonal super-element is verified against analytical solutions. As in the case of circular inclusion, one polygonal super-element containing an elliptical inclusion replaces many traditional displacement-based elements without sacrificing numerical accuracy. The versatility of the polygonal element method is demonstrated by applying the method to a random heterogeneous cantilever beam problem.
Thyroid carcinoma mimicking a toxic adenoma.

A young woman with a thyroid papillary carcinoma behaving as an autonomously hyperfunctioning nodule is described. Only 17 similar patients have been seen in the past 25 years. It is emphasized that hyperthyroidism does not exclude malignant disease in hot nodules. This possibility suggests that all thyroid nodules, either cold or hot, require careful management. Therefore, in “at risk” cases, surgery could be the most useful treatment.
SURGICAL HEART BLOCK.

Abstract Heart block is a serious complication when it develops in the course of surgical procedures for congenital heart defects. Nearly half of the patients will convert to a sinus rhythm within the first three or four weeks after operation; none, however, have converted permanently to sinus rhythm thereafter. Permanent surgical heart block is nearly always the result of direct trauma to the central conduction bundle. The incidence of this occurrence, with the use of proper technics, has been reduced to less than 1 per cent for ventricular septal defect. When permanent heart block does develop as the result of operation, a temporary myocardial electrode should be sutured in place and an external pacemaker should control the heart rate either until sinus rhythm becomes permanently established or, if this does not occur, until a permanent implantable pacemaker is inserted. This radical plan of therapy is warranted by the extremely grave prognosis associated with persistent surgical heart block.
Computational analysis of some possible initial steps in the unimolecular thermal decompositions of 1,3-diazacyclobutane and its 1,3-dinitramine derivative

We have investigated some possible initial steps in the unimolecular thermal decompositions of 1,3-diazacyclobutane and its 1,3-dinitramine derivative, the latter being selected as the simplest example of a symmetric cyclic nitramine. Vibrational analyses were used to identify normal modes that, in the extreme limits, would correspond to bond rupture and molecular decomposition. The energy requirements for ring fragmentation and N-N bond-breaking were computed at the MP4/6-31G level, using SCF 3-21G optimized structures. It was concluded that ring-fragmentation is a probable initiating step in the decomposition of the unsubstituted molecule, and that it is roughly competitive with N-N bond scission for the dinitramine. The nitronitrite rearrangement is predicted, on the basis of SCF calculations, to be less likely than either of the other two processes. It is proposed that N-N bond-breaking may be of primary importance for nitramine stability, but that energetic performance may be determined more by decomposition pathways having energy barriers.
Viscoplastic analysis of plate-impact spallation☆

Abstract A model to predict material damage and spall fracture under high strain-rate conditions is applied to plate impact experiments. The model uses the Perzyna viscoplastic constitutive theory, appropriately modified to include a nonlinear isotropic hardening law that allows for saturation of the hardening with increase of strain. The constitutive equation contains a scalar variable for description of the material damage, expressed as the void volume fraction of the polycrystalline solid with microvoids. Incorporation of the damage parameter into the completely phenomenological elasto-viscoplastic constitutive equations permits description of rate-dependent, compressible, inelastic deformation, and ductile fracture. The evolution equation for the parameter describes microvoid nucleation and growth. The model for microvoid growth is based upon a random distribution of microvoids, idealized as spherical holes of arbitrary size. Microvoid coalescence is considered by incorporation of void interaction functions to describe enhanced nucleation and growth rates. A local spall fracture criterion based upon the attainment of a critical microvoid volume is utilized. The constitutive equations are specialized to uniaxial deformation with multiaxial stress, which is appropriate for the planar impact experiments. A finite-difference wave propagation computer code is used to solve the equation of motion. The computed stress wave profiles demonstrate the effect of using a viscoplastic material description. Calculations predicting the rear-surface velocity-time profile and the stress-time profiles of the OFHC copper target are compared with measured profiles. The damage (void volume) distribution across the plate thickness is also calculated and compared with experimental data.
ACE Inhibitors in Hypertension: A US Perspective

The failure of recent antihypertensive trials to document clearly a reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease (nonfatal or fatal myocardial infarction and sudden death) has important clinical implications. Although the causes of this phenomenon are unknown, it is possible that lipid and metabolic side effects of the antihypertensive drugs used in these studies negated the beneficial effects of blood pressure reduction. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are lipid neutral and associated with few metabolic side effects, and may be considered over agents that cause adverse effects on such parameters as serum cholesterol, glucose, potassium, and uric acid levels. ACE inhibitors are now emerging in the United States as important first-line therapy for the treatment of hypertension.
Educational Perspectives: The Genesis, Adaptation, and Evolution of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program

For more than 2 decades, the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has set a national standard and international example for training in the resuscitation of the newborn. The concept of a standardized approach to neonatal resuscitation, based on the best available evidence, was revolutionary in 1987 when the NRP was officially launched. Because the NRP continues to adapt, it remains one of the most successful educational interventions in health care. This article describes its genesis, continuing adaptation, and prospects for evolution in the next decade.
Some properties of inferences in misspecified linear models

Abstract Let Y denote an n × 1 vector of observations such that Y = μ + σe where μ is an unknown n × 1 vector, σ > 0 is an unknown parameter, and e is an n × 1 vector of independent standard normal random variables. A linear regression analysis is often based on a model for μ such as μ =Xβ where X is a known n × p matrix of independent variables and β is a p × 1 vector of unknown parameters. When the assumption that μ = Xβ for some β holds, the results of the analysis can be interpreted as applying to μ, the mean of Y. In this paper, the properties of interferences based on the model hold, although with respect to μ ∗ , the vector of form Xβ closest to μ, rather than with respect to μ. Hence, the results of a linear regression analysis have a certain type of validity that applies whether or not the model is correctly specified.
Scattering variational calculation of characteristics of doubly excited S states in helium.

Positions and widths of the lowest-lying /sup 1,3/Sresonances in helium are presented along with their oscillator strengths to thesingly excited /sup 1,3/P /degree/ states(1/ital s/-/ital np/,/ital n/=2,4).The background differential oscillator strength from the/ital P/ states to the /ital S/ continuum is also found and is very small. Theresonances are described by an expansion of square-integrable functions inhyperspherical coordinates; the continuum is treated by using positive-energyCoulomb functions, and the two are brought together by a scattering variationalprinciple. Computed branching ratios for these states indicate which statemight be seen as a satellite line in an ion-atom collision.
When knowledge causes failure: Children's extension of novel adjectives and the interpretation of one

When studying language acquisition, the interaction of different modules (e.g. syntax, semantics, pragmatics) must be considered. In this case study we scrutinize a body of experimental work on adjectival acquisition and explore how this interaction affects the assessment of children's linguistic knowledge. Previous research indicates that 3-year-old children extend novel adjectives to objects within but not across the same basic-level category. However, Rulf (2004) argues that the pronoun one in the experimental prompt used is pragmatically odd in many of these studies (Waxman and Markow, 1998; Klibanoff and Waxman, 1999; Waxman and Klibanoff, 2000; Waxman and Booth, 2000). In the first experiment, we investigated how adults interpret the pronoun one. Our results strongly suggest that even adults would have failed the experimental task. In a second experiment with children, we eliminated the pragmatically odd pronoun usage and found that both 3- and 4-year olds were able to extend novel adjectives across categories. This suggests that previous task failure by 3-year olds was due not to a non-adult interpretation of adjectives, but to an adult-like interpretation of the pronoun. If so, previous studies have underestimated the grammar of these children, both with respect to adjectival interpretation and the interpretation of the pronoun one.
Nurse staffing patterns and hospital efficiency in the United States

The objective of this exploratory study was to assess the effects of four nurse staffing patterns on the efficiency of patient care delivery in the hospital: registered nurses (RNs) from temporary agencies; part-time career RNs; RN rich skill mix; and organizationally experienced RNs. Using Transaction Cost Analysis, four regression models were specified to consider the effect of these staffing plans on personnel and benefit costs and on non-personnel operating costs. A number of additional variables were also included in the models to control for the effect of other organization and environmental determinants of hospital costs. Use of career part-time RNs and experienced staff reduced both personnel and benefit costs, as well as total non-personnel operating costs, while the use of temporary agencies for RNs increased non-personnel operating costs. An RN rich skill mix was not related to either measure of hospital costs. These findings provide partial support of the theory. Implications of our findings for future research on hospital management are discussed.
Magnetic nanoparticle mediated enhancement of localized surface plasmon resonance for ultrasensitive bioanalytical assay in human blood plasma

We demonstrate that Fe(3)O(4) magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) can greatly enhance the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal nanoparticle. The high refractive index and molecular weight of the Fe(3)O(4) MNPs make them a powerful enhancer for plasmonic response to biological binding events, thereby enabling a significant improvement in the sensitivity, reliability, dynamic range, and calibration linearity for LSPR assay of small molecules in a trace amount. Rather than using fluorescence spectroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging, this study marks the first use of the label-free LSPR nanosensor for a disease biomarker in physiological solutions, providing a low cost, clinical-oriented detection. This facile and ultrasensitive nanosensor with an extremely light, robust, and low-cost instrument is attractive for miniaturization on a lab-on-a-chip system to deliver point-of-care medical diagnostics. To further evaluate the practical application of Fe(3)O(4) MNPs in the enhancement of LSPR assay, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) for myocardial infarction diagnosis was used as a model protein to be detected by a gold nanorod (GNR) bioprobe. MNP-captured cTnI molecules resulted in spectral responses up to 6-fold higher than direct cTnI adsorption on the GNR sensor. The detection limit (LOD) was lowered to ca. 30 pM for plasma samples which is 3 orders lower than a comparable study. To the best of our knowledge, this marks the lowest LOD for a real plasma protein detection based on label-free LSPR shift without complicated instrumentation. The observed LSPR sensing enhancement by Fe(3)O(4) MNPs is independent of nonspecific binding.
Switching Channels: Ideologies of Television in India

This is the first full-length study of the current state of television in India. It views the whole history of the medium within the larger perspective of India's post-Independence encounters with modernity.
Photoluminescent Stairway Installation for Evacuation in Office Buildings

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of photoluminescent material (PLM) in support of occupant evacuation in office buildings. The first study completed in 1999 was designed to assess the potential use of PLM as a safety communication system to support office occupant evacuation. The study measured the occupant premovement time, movement time and evacuation speed in four stairways with different lighting and PLM installations. The positive outcome of the first study regarding a comparable speed of movement in the different stairways used and the conclusive feedback from the evacuees regarding the PLM wayguidance system led to a second study. The second study, completed in 2008, compared 3 stairway installations of PLM markings and a stairway with emergency lighting, which acted as a reference stairway. Results show comparable speed of movement under severe crowd conditions for the 4 stairways studied. Overall, two-thirds of the respondents felt comfortable going down the stairways with PLM markings particularly in the 2 stairways where the marking was installed across each step. The stairway, which had only emergency lighting, and the stairway with L-shaped markers at the edge of each step were less appreciated by the occupants. Occupants commented that the landings and mid-landings were difficult to identify in all the stairways, which suggest that additional marking should be provided in these areas. The findings of these two studies led to the development of a best practice Guide for installation of PLM marking in exit stairways.
Stability of an optically contacted etalon to cosmic radiation

An investigation has been completed to determine the effects of prolonged exposure to cosmic radiation on Zerodur spacing elements used between two dielectric reflectors on silica substrates in the plane Fabry-Perot etalon selected for flight in the Dynamics Explorer satellite. The measured radiation expansion coefficient for Zerodur is approximately -4.0 x 10 to the -12th/rad. In addition to the overall change in gap dimension, test data indicate a degradation in etalon parallelism, which is ascribed to the different doses received by the three spacers due to their differing distances from a Co-60 source. The effect is considered to be of practical use in the tuning and parallelism adjustment of fixed gap etalons. The variation is small enough not to pose a problem for the satellite instrument where expected radiation doses are less than 10,000 rads.
Production Response to Technological and Price Changes: A Study of Wheat and Cattle Farming in Southern Brazil

T HIS paper analyzes the impact of the price changes on resource allocation on representative wheat and cattle farms in Southern Brazil with the help of a programming model that includes alternative production, sales, and investment activities under various technologies. More specifically, it evaluates the possible impact of changing the support prices of wheat now maintained under a program to stimulate wheat production in Brazil. Optimal and parametric results for short-run and long-run price changes show that under current support programs a wheat-soybean combination will continue to replace livestock production and that attempts to reduce support prices would lead to a transition away from wheat to soybean production or livestock production on improved pasture. Analysis of resource use shows that there is a seasonal unemployment and scarcity of labor and that cash use is not sensitive to changes in the short run. The internal rates of return to capital use also indicate that current interest rates charged to farmers are very low when compared to capital productivity and are being heavily subsidized.
Institutional Domination in the Economics Profession: The Case of Textbook Writers

(1980). Institutional Domination in the Economics Profession: The Case of Textbook Writers. The Journal of Economic Education: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 51-53.
Acute determinants of the hangout interval in the pulmonary circulation

Previous investigations have suggested that the duration of the hangout interval is determined by long-term alterations in right ventricular systolic loading rather than the length of right ventricular systole. The factor(s) that effect short-term changes in this interval are unknown. Accordingly, we altered pulmonary artery pressure with phenylephrine and nitroprusside to achieve three peak pressures at low, medium, and high levels in each of 10 normal patients. Simultaneous biplane right ventricular volumes, high-fidelity pulmonary artery and right ventricular pressures, and pulmonary artery flow/velocity were obtained at each condition. After pharmacologic autonomic blockade (atropine and propranolol) at a constant heart rate achieved with atrial pacing (93 beats/min), peak pulmonary artery pressures differed significantly at low, medium, and high loading conditions (23 +/- 3 vs 31 +/- 7 vs 42 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). No associated significant change occurred in the preejection period (109 +/- 24 vs 98 +/- 14 vs 106 +/- 21 msec) and right ventricular ejection time (298 +/- 24 vs 318 +/- 23 vs 316 +/- 24 msec). The hangout interval differed significantly at each loading condition (43 +/- 16 vs 34 +/- 13 vs 23 +/- 6 msec, p less than 0.01) and correlated inversely with both the peak pulmonary artery pressure (r = -0.53, p less than 0.01) and the right ventricular end-systolic pressure (r = -0.56, p less than 0.01). In contrast, the hangout interval and right ventricular ejection time were not linearly related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cotton, corn, and risk in the nineteenth century: A reply☆

We expected that some economists would have difficulty accepting the analysis we presented of the South’s abandonment of self-sufliciency between 1860 and 1880. But we admit to being taken.by surprise by the argument proposed by Higgs and McGuire that it never happened. The claim that changes in Southern crop-choice behavior between these dates were “of trivial empirical consequence” is crucial to their case. This is so, because despite frequent references to “an alternative interpretation,” a “compelling interpretation,” and even a claim that these “crop choices were satisfactorily explained long ago,” a careful reading of their article will show that Higgs and McGuire advance no explanation for the developments which we examined. It is only the belief that no essential change occurred before and after the war that justifies their complete neglect of the antebellum evidence, a neglect with severe consequences for an understanding of observed behavior in historical context.
Intrinsically Conducting Polymer-Based Heavy-Duty and Environmentally Friendly Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Structural Steels

ABSTRACT This work investigates the potential use of an intrinsically conducting polymer—polyaniline—that, when mixed in polyvinyl-butyral and top-coated with an acrylic resin layer, demonstrates comparable performance to the existing coating systems, according to the experimental data from two ASTM standard tests performed to evaluate its overall corrosion durability and tensile adhesion (pull-off strength). Formulation of the polyaniline-based wash primer was provided. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) was used to analyze the microscopic mechanisms of the superior performance. The polyaniline-based primer demonstrated potential surface ennobling and oxygen smearing-out capabilities in this study. Under the protection of a top coat, the primer provided both preventive and corrective protection in a smart mode. The layered structure including an ICP primer, as demonstrated in this study, constitutes a viable smart coating system for corrosion protection of metallic materials.
In vitro effects of sildenafil and phentolamine, drugs used for erectile dysfunction, on human sperm motility.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sildenafil and phentolamine on sperm motility in vitro. Study Design: Semen or washed sperm was mixed with various doses of sildenafil or phentolamine and analyzed for motility during a 30-minute period. The pH was measured for each of the samples tested. Statistical analyses were performed with analysis of variance. Results: A 200-μg/mL dose of sildenafil had no effect on sperm motility. However, the highest dose (2000 μg/mL) significantly reduced motility by about 50%. The pH was reduced in this high-dose sample. The lowest dose of phentolamine (20 μg/mL) had no effect, whereas a dose of 200 μg/mL resulted in a significant reduction in sperm motility. The highest dose (2000 μg/mL) stopped virtually all sperm from moving. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a direct dose-related effect of phentolamine on reducing sperm motility. Only the highest dose of sildenafil had an effect, which may have been caused by a decline in pH. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1093-5.)
Fragment-based error estimation in biomolecular modeling.

Computer simulations are becoming an increasingly more important component of drug discovery. Computational models are now often able to reproduce and sometimes even predict outcomes of experiments. Still, potential energy models such as force fields contain significant amounts of bias and imprecision. We have shown how even small uncertainties in potential energy models can propagate to yield large errors, and have devised some general error-handling protocols for biomolecular modeling with imprecise energy functions. Herein we discuss those protocols within the contexts of protein–ligand binding and protein folding.
Adiabatic pulse preparation for imaging iron oxide nanoparticles.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles produce changes in the surrounding microscopic magnetic field. A method for generating contrast based on the application of an adiabatic preparation pulse and the failure of the adiabatic condition surrounding the nanoparticles is introduced in this article. Images were obtained in the presence and absence of an adiabatic preparation pulse and the difference was obtained. With the use of an adiabatic full passage pulse, the contrast in the difference image depends linearly on iron concentration up to 1 mM. The use of an adiabatic zero passage pulse resulted in higher sensitivity to nanoparticles compared to the adiabatic full passage, while maintaining linear concentration dependence to 0.1 mM. This technique was shown to be insensitive to magnetization transfer and B0 inhomogeneity. With its linearity with iron concentration and insensitivity to changes in the main magnetic field, the new method is well suited for quantitative iron oxide nanoparticle imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies Used by Communication Partners of Aphasic Speakers

This article explores the experiences of communication partners of individuals with aphasia. The social model of aphasia intervention provided a useful framework when addressing the impact of the aphasic person's environment on the success of communication attempts. The communication partners perceived strategies such as maintaining a routine, using multiple communication modalities, and using targeted questions as helpful. Behaviors of the communication partners were considered just as important to establishing effective communication, including active listening, patience, and a genuine desire to perceive the message of the aphasic individual. Implications for practical applications and future research are outlined.
The Geriatric Pain Measure: validity, reliability and factor analysis

BACKGROUND: Pain is a multidimensional experience that should be evaluated beyond an estimate of intensity. A multidimensional pain measure has not been developed for older persons undergoing comprehensive geriatric assessment. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate validity and reliability of a multidimensional pain assessment instrument for older persons. RESEARCH DESIGN: A series of steps in instrument development and evaluation. SUBJECTS: A total of 176 subjects (mean age 84 ± 6.0 years) in ambulatory geriatric clinics; 64% were women, and 73% had a history of chronic pain. MEASUREMENTS: Measurements included the Geriatric Pain Measure (GPM), the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Yesavage GDS, Katz ADLs, Lawton IADLs, Tinetti Gait and Balance, Folstein MMSE, and other demographic and clinical characteristics from interview and chart review. RESULTS: The GPM demonstrated a standardized alpha = 0.9445, homogeneity ratio =0.457, and average inter-item correlation =0.415. A subgroup of 50 subjects demonstrated concurrent validity of the GPM in comparison with the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Pearson's r correlation 0.6269 (P < .0000). Test-retest reliability was demonstrated in another subgroup of 50 subjects who repeated the GPM within 48 to 72 hours (Pearson's r = 0.9018; P < .0000). Factor analysis revealed five clusters of components: Pain Intensity, Disengagement, Pain with Ambulation, Pain with Strenuous Activities, and Pain with Other Activities. CONCLUSIONS: The GPM is a 24-item questionnaire that is easy to administer and has significant validity and reliability in older persons with multiple medical problems. The GPM may be a useful addition to the multidimensional geriatric assessment process.
Women offenders, disparate treatment, and criminal justice: a theoretical, historical, and contemporary overview

Feminist scholars have criticized the mistreatment of female offenders by the criminal justice system. While current empirical research supports this proposition, a summary of existing literature is necessary to highlight patterns and themes and reiterate the importance of continuing to focus on the plight of female offenders. The current review synthesizes theoretical, historical, and contemporary feminist criminological and criminal justice literature on the gendered and disparate treatment of women offenders in criminal justice. Practical implications and policy relevant solutions are proposed as we look to the future of women and criminal justice.
Topological thermoelectric effects in spin-orbit coupled electron- and hole-doped semiconductors

We compute the intrinsic contributions to the Berry-phase mediated anomalous Hall and Nernst effects in electron- and hole-doped semiconductors in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field as well as Rashba and Dresselhaus spin orbit couplings. For both systems we find that the regime of chemical potential which supports the topological superconducting state in the presence of superconducting proximity effect can be characterized by plateaus in the topological Hall and Nernst coefficients flanked by well-defined peaks marking the emergence of the topological regime. The plateaus arise from a clear momentum space separation between the region where the Berry curvature is peaked (at the `near-band-degeneracy' points) and the region where the single (or odd number of) Fermi surface lies in the Brillouin zone. The plateau for the Nernst coefficient is at vanishing magnitudes surrounded by two peaks of opposite signs as a function of the chemical potential. These results could be useful for experimentally deducing the chemical potential regime suitable for realizing topological states in the presence of proximity effect.
Three body clusters in finite nuclei (I). 4He

Abstract A method is developed for the treatment of the Bethe-Faddeev three body cluster equations in finite nuclei. A matrix method is employed to sum the three hole line graphs in 4 He. For each value of a constant shift C in the intermediate state oscillator spectrum we have calculated: (i) the two body bound state binding energy self-consistently in the Brueckner approximation, (ii) the energy contribution from three hole line graphs, and (iii) the effect of single particle potential insertion in particle lines. The most important dependence on C comes from those graphs containing single particle insertions and their effect is to make the sum of (i) + (ii) + (iii) much less dependent upon C than (i) alone. The three hole line contribution for 4 He comes mainly from third order graphs. Effects of truncation of the matrix are severe and calculations with a larger matrix could alter the quantitative but probably not the qualitative results.
The promise of freedom: Fertility decisions and the escape from slavery.

Abstract This paper examines how the fertility of enslaved women was affected by the promise of freedom. Exploiting geographic variation in the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, I demonstrate a negative correlation between fertility and the distance to freedom. This negative correlation is stronger on larger plantations but weaker when the slaveholder is a woman. A similar correlation is not present for white children, slave children with white fathers, or slave children born prior to the Fugitive Slave Law. The negative correlation suggests that the promise of freedom played an important role in the everyday lives of slaves.
Shackled in the Land of Liberty: No Rights for Children

This article addresses the rights of children in areas of juvenile justice, child welfare, and mental health. Although a large proportion of the juvenile court's business includes child welfare and mental health cases, these important areas are rarely considered by authors concerned with the future of the juvenile court. In mental health, children have few, if any, rights. Yet, they are often subjected to abuse and constraints that would constitute major civil rights violations if they were adults. In child welfare, children have some basic rights, but they are often dependent upon the virtually unbridled discretion of child welfare and other administrative officials. More often than not, the juvenile court plays a perfunctory role in the process and merely rubber-stamps recommendations made by child welfare personnel. The article discusses the implications of these issues and how they should be addressed in the future.
Nationwide incidence of major complications in endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is one of the most commonly performed procedures in otolaryngology. Major complications are estimated to occur in 1-3% of cases, based on early studies with relatively small patient cohorts in academic institutions. The aim of this study was to update data regarding major complication rates associated with ESS by analyzing a large patient database. METHODS Retrospective review of a nationwide database of patients who underwent ESS between 2003 and 2007. Major postoperative complications-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, orbital injury, and hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion-were identified by searching the database for related International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD-9) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Complication rates were examined and time to occurrence analyzed. Two-tailed test of proportions, global chi-square test, and logistical regression analysis were used for statistical comparison. RESULTS A total of 62,823 patients who met rigorous inclusion criteria were included. The overall major complication rate was 1.00% (CSF leak 0.17%; orbital injury 0.07%; hemorrhage requiring transfusion 0.76%). CSF leak was less likely to occur in the pediatric population (p = 0.05), whereas orbital injury was more likely to occur in children (p < 0.001). Examination of the impact of image guidance (IGS) was limited by study design. CONCLUSION The incidence of major complications associated with ESS appears to have decreased since early reports over 10 years ago. There may be different complication rates in the pediatric population. Study design limitations did not allow for comprehensive assessment of IGS in the development of these complications. These data help to educate otolaryngologists and patients about complication rates in ESS in a modern context.
Understanding and modifying physician behavior for prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.

One of the more vexing problems in health services research is understanding why, despite evidence from randomized trials, physicians do not follow published clinical guidelines. Four articles in this issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine shed light on various aspects of this problem as it relates to the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.
Negative signaling via FcγRIIB1 in B cells blocks phospholipase Cγ2 tyrosine phosphorylation but not Syk or Lyn activation

Crosslinking of the B cell antigen receptor surface immunoglobulin induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the Src family and Syk tyrosine protein kinases, tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2) and increases in intracellular second messengers inositol phosphates and Ca2+. These activation events, in conjunction with other pathways, culminate in the induction of B cell proliferation and differentiation. In contrast, co-crosslinking surface Ig with the B cell IgG Fc receptor prevents many of these activation events, including B cell proliferation and differentiation. The precise nature of the negative signal(s) derived from Fc receptors that prevent B cell activation is not known. Here, early activation events were examined in B cells stimulated via the antigen receptor alone or under co-crosslinking conditions. The data indicated a selective block in the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of PLCgamma2 but not in activation of the upstream kinases, Syk and Lyn, under co-crosslinking conditions. We conclude that the negative signal acts directly on PLCgamma2 and is consistent with recent studies describing an activation-induced association of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase with tyrosine-phosphorylated B cell Fc receptor.
Magnetic Resonance Studies of High-Resistivity GaN Films Grown on Al2O3

We have made an attempt to obtain electronic and atomic structure information on the residual defects that exist in high-resitivity GaN epitaxial layers from optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) experiments performed on the broad 3.0 and 2.2 eV photoluminescence (PL) bands observed from these films. The first observation of magnetic resonance on this 3.0 eV band reveals two ODMR signals. The first resonance is sharp (FWHM ∼ 3.5 mT) with g ∼ 1.950 and is assigned to effective-mass (EM) donors based on previous studies. The second feature is much broader (FWHM ∼18 mT) with a donor-like g-value of ∼ 1.977. This new resonance may be associated with partially EM-like donor states located ∼ 54 - 57 meV below the conduction band edge proposed recently to be involved in this 3.0 eV PL band.
Initial observations from monitoring the in-situ performance of a community-scale wind turbine support structure

Structural monitoring of a small wind turbine has been ongoing to measure the in-situ structural response of the turbine. The measurements provide valuable information for the design, construction, and performance of wind turbine structures during normal operating and extreme wind events. The turbine instrumentation includes strain gauges located on the tower anchor bolts and at two locations along the tower height. The measurements provide information on the anchor bolt initial prestressing and losses during turbine erection. In-service monitoring provides structural forces on the tower and foundation, certain dynamic characteristics of the turbine, and fatigue demand data. Results of future monitoring investigations will provide important information on the behavior and structural design requirements of wind turbine support structures.
Regulation of the mitochondrial ATP-Mg/Pi carrier in isolated hepatocytes

This study investigated the cellular regulation of net adenine nucleotide movements between the cytoplasm and mitochondria in intact cells. Such movements are presumed to occur primarily by ATP-Mg ...
Postnatal development of striatal neurotensin immunoreactivity in relation to clusters of substance P immunoreactive neurons and the dopamine islands in the rat

Conventional immunoperoxidase preparations of the coronally sectioned brains of rats killed at various times during the early postnatal period revealed the distributions of tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, and neurotensin immunoreactivities. At birth, patches of dense tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were present across the breadth of the rostral striatum, whereas patches displaying substance P immunoreactivity were present only in its lateral half, appearing in its medial half by about postnatal day 3. Neuronal neurotensin immunoreactivity was absent in the rostral striatum at birth, although some neurotensin immunoreactive cells were present in the tail of the caudate-putamen. Rostrally, neurotensin immunoreactive cells appeared first along the lateral margin of the caudate-putamen on postnatal day 3, became numerous there about day 5, spread medially into the striatum by day 7, and achieved their medialmost distribution by about day 10. Their numbers and those of substance P immunoreactive neurons diminished thereafter. Substance P immunoreactive patches, which contained numerous labeled neurons and “puncta,” shared coextensive distributions with patches of dense tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, but interdigitated with neurotensin immunoreactive cell clusters. The neurotensin immunoreactive cell clusters lacked puncta, the light microscopic representation of axon terminals, or swellings. It is concluded that the patchy infrastructure of the striatum, which is established prior to birth, is substrate for the progression of separate “waves” of elevated neuronal peptide content, one reflecting substance P and a later one reflecting neurotensin. These proceed along rostromedialward trajectories to involve interdigitating neuronal domains.
Farmers' commitment to continued use of the late spring soil nitrogen test

Within the past decade, low cost and convenient soil tests have been developed and marketed to permit better matching of soil nitrogen levels with crop needs. We explore the factors related to farmers' initial adoption and their commitment to continued use of one such kit, marketed in Iowa as N-Trak. Early adopters of the N-Trak had many of the same personal and farm operation characteristics as farmers who have been early adopters of other farming innovations. Further, the principal factors in differentiating between various levels of commitment to continued use of the kit were perceptions of technological attributes of the kit and, to a much lesser extent, farmer attitudinal factors and personal characteristics. These results suggest that perceived attributes of the technology, especially its returns to time, effort, and financial investment, were critical in the decision to adopt and continue to use the N-Trak kit. Early adopters' decisions to continue using it focused primarily on cost, profitability, and technological issues, to the exclusion of water quality concerns measured by attitudinal items. These findings suggest that providing information that shows the kit's ease, compatibility, and advantages, would be more persuasive than marketing it as a tool to enhance water quality.
The Association Between Gingival Crevicular Fluid TGF-β1 Levels and Periodontal Status in HIV-1+ Patients

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the periodontal status of subjects who were positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1.Methods: Medical and demographic variables, including age, cigarette smoking, CD4 cell count, and viral load values, were recorded. At the baseline and 6-month visits, gingival index (GI), plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth (PD), and attachment loss (AL) were recorded, and GCF samples were taken with paper strips from three periodontitis sites (GI >0; PD ≥5 mm; AL ≥3 mm), three gingivitis sites (GI >0; PD ≤3 mm; AL = 0), and two healthy sites (GI = 0; PD ≤3 mm; AL ≤2 mm) in 25 subjects who were HIV-1+. GCF TGF-β1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A statistical software package was used to analyze the data.Results: The mean amounts of GCF TGF-β1 were greater in gingivitis and periodontitis sites than in heal...
Beyond Big and Little: The Four C Model of Creativity:

Most investigations of creativity tend to take one of two directions: everyday creativity (also called “little-c”), which can be found in nearly all people, and eminent creativity (also called “Big-C”), which is reserved for the great. In this paper, the authors propose a Four C model of creativity that expands this dichotomy. Specifically, the authors add the idea of “mini-c,” creativity inherent in the learning process, and Pro-c, the developmental and effortful progression beyond little-c that represents professional-level expertise in any creative area. The authors include different transitions and gradations of these four dimensions of creativity, and then discuss advantages and examples of the Four C Model.
Validity of maternal report of acute health care use for children younger than 3 years.

Background National household surveys often rely on parents’ recall to assess children’s use of health care services. However, little is known about the accuracy of parental reporting of hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) use. Objectives To assess the agreement between maternal reported and medical record acute health care data for children younger than 3 years and to determine if agreement between the 2 varies by maternal characteristics. Design and Methods Data were obtained from the national evaluation of the Healthy Steps for Young Children for 2937 families who completed parent interviews at 2 to 4 and 30 to 33 months and whose children’s medical records were abstracted. Services assessed included hospitalizations and ED visits since birth (2-4 and 30-33 months) and in the last 12 months (30-33 months). Absolute and beyond chance agreements were calculated. Results were stratified by maternal age ( Results Absolute agreement was high for hospitalizations (≥90%) at both time points. It was high for ED use (>90%) only at 2 to 4 months. Beyond chance agreement was higher for hospitalizations than for ED use at 2 to 4 and 30 to 33 months. Beyond chance agreement declined with increased duration of recall and younger maternal age. No differences were found by other maternal characteristics. Conclusions Mothers have good recall for acute health care events during the first 3 years of their children’s lives. This finding suggests that mothers are a good source of information regarding children’s acute health care use.
Risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia by second-trimester maternal serum levels of α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol

Risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia by second-trimester maternal serum levels of α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol
Computational Optogenetics: A Novel Continuum Framework for the Photoelectrochemistry of Living Systems

Electrical stimulation is currently the gold standard treatment for heart rhythm disorders. However, electrical pacing is associated with technical limitations and unavoidable potential complications. Recent developments now enable the stimulation of mammalian cells with light using a novel technology known as optogenetics. The optical stimulation of genetically engineered cells has significantly changed our understanding of electrically excitable tissues, paving the way towards controlling heart rhythm disorders by means of photostimulation. Controlling these disorders, in turn, restores coordinated force generation to avoid sudden cardiac death. Here, we report a novel continuum framework for the photoelectrochemistry of living systems that allows us to decipher the mechanisms by which this technology regulates the electrical and mechanical function of the heart. Using a modular multiscale approach, we introduce a non-selective cation channel, channelrhodopsin-2, into a conventional cardiac muscle cell model via an additional photocurrent governed by a light-sensitive gating variable. Upon optical stimulation, this channel opens and allows sodium ions to enter the cell, inducing electrical activation. In side-by-side comparisons with conventional heart muscle cells, we show that photostimulation directly increases the sodium concentration, which indirectly decreases the potassium concentration in the cell, while all other characteristics of the cell remain virtually unchanged. We integrate our model cells into a continuum model for excitable tissue using a nonlinear parabolic second order partial differential equation, which we discretize in time using finite differences and in space using finite elements. To illustrate the potential of this computational model, we virtually inject our photosensitive cells into different locations of a human heart, and explore its activation sequences upon photostimulation. Our computational optogenetics tool box allows us to virtually probe landscapes of process parameters, and to identify optimal photostimulation sequences with the goal to pace human hearts with light and, ultimately, to restore mechanical function.