cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doing It With Feeling: The Emotion in Early Socioemotional Development

Carroll Izard’s theoretical and research contributions to the study of early socioemotional development are profiled. His studies of early emotional expression and the formulations of differential ...
Associations among binge eating behavior patterns and gastrointestinal symptoms: a population-based study

The psychological symptoms associated with binge eating disorder (BED) have been well documented. However, the physical symptoms associated with BED have not been explored. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as heartburn and diarrhea are more prevalent in obese adults, but the associations remain unexplained. Patients with bulimia have increased gastric capacity. The objective of the study was to examine if the severity of binge eating episodes would be associated with upper and lower GI symptoms. Population-based survey of community residents through a mailed questionnaire measuring GI symptoms, frequency of binge eating episodes and physical activity level. The association of GI symptoms with frequency of binge eating episodes was assessed using logistic regression models adjusting for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level. In 4096 subjects, BED was present in 6.1%. After adjusting for BMI, age, gender, race, diabetes mellitus, socioeconomic status and physical activity level, BED was independently associated with the following upper GI symptoms: acid regurgitation (P<0.001), heartburn (P<0.001), dysphagia (P<0.001), bloating (P<0.001) and upper abdominal pain (P<0.001). BED was also associated with the following lower GI symptoms: diarrhea (P<0.001), urgency (P<0.001), constipation (P<0.01) and feeling of anal blockage (P=0.001). BED appears to be associated with the experience of both upper and lower GI symptoms in the general population, independent of the level of obesity. The relationship between increased GI symptoms and physiological responses to increased volume and calorie loads, nutritional selections and rapidity of food ingestion in individuals with BED deserves further study.
A new Acacia (Mimosaceae) from tropical southeast Brazil.

Grimes, James W. (Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712) and Rupert C. Barneby (New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-9980). A new Acacia (Mimosaceae) from tropical southeast Brazil. Brittonia 37: 186–189. 1985.-Acacia kallunkiae Grimes & Barneby, unique among South American members of the genus in leaf-formula, is described and figured.
Presentation, analysis, and simulation of active alignment strategies for the James Webb Space Telescope

This paper presents three characteristics in the simulated active alignment strategy of the James Webb Space Telescope. The first includes the analysis and comparison of a baseline active alignment strategy with a damped least squares strategy. This baseline utilizes prior knowledge by means of direct human operator interaction to engage sets of telescope compensators to target specific aberration signatures. The baseline is compared to a damped least-squares strategy that utilizes simultaneous engagement of all telescope compensators without explicit human operator interaction to achieve a least-squares telescope compensation. Second, we discuss how the active alignment of the JWST is encapsulated in a linear optical model developed at the Space Telescope Science Institute. This linear optical model provides a framework for an efficient and robust description of the optical control properties of the JWST and clearly articulates the necessity for having a multi-instrument multifield wavefront sensing strategy to overcome control system non independence and the effects of non-common path errors in the main wavefront sensing camera. Finally, we present analytical results that explicitly map the telescope wavefront responses to the telescope control modes, and we present Monte-Carlo optical performance simulation results that demonstrate the efficacy of the damped least-squares active alignment and the priorknowledge active alignment schemes.
Characterization of acetylcholinesterase activity from Drosophila melanogaster

1. The acetylcholinesterase activity of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, was characterized biochemically. 2. The activity is associated with a glycoprotein which is divided between a detergent-extractable membrane-bound fraction and a soluble fraction. 3. The acetylcholinesterase activity is concentrated in the head of the insect. 4. Through pharmacological methods, greater than 95% of the cholinesterase is judged to be true acetylcholinesterase, and not pseudocholinesterase. 5. As expected for an acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme has a high affinity for acetylthiocholine and is inhibited by excess concentrations of acetylthiocholine. 6. The soluble enzyme is found predominantly as a 7.8 S form; a smaller amount of an ~ 6 S form is also present, and a ≥ 14 S form may exist. 7. The detergent-solubilized acetylcholinesterase has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.5 S in the presence of detergent. 8. The thermal inactivation rates for the soluble and the membrane bound enzymes are markedly different.
Supporting disaster response and recovery through improved situation awareness

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss how a high level of situation awareness (SA) has the potential to enhance first responders' performance and manage work demand resulting from distributed, dynamic, and chaotic situations resulting from a disaster in modern urban environments. It also aims to present a theoretical framework to address needs of an effective disaster response, enhanced collaboration and improved SA. The purpose of this is to help better understand current disaster response schemes in terms of SA, based on the understanding, find a way to improve the disaster response effectiveness, and quantitatively evaluate existing and future disaster response processes. The paper seeks to characterize current disaster response operations by various shortcomings, including inability to access information, lack of coordination, and poor communications. All this makes it difficult to deal with dynamic work demand resulting from disasters.Design/methodology/approach – A response framework, integrating IT ...
Manufacturing 2: a simulation study of robotic welding system with parallel and serial processes in the metal fabrication industry

This paper presents the usefulness of simulation in studying the impacts of system failures and delays on the output and cycle time of finished weldments produced by a robotic work cell having both serial and parallel processes. Due to multiple processes and overlapped activities, process mapping plays a significant role in building the model. The model replicates a non-terminating welding fabrication system with duplicate stochastic events caused by system failures and delays. A full factorial model is employed and analyzed to examine the main and interaction effects of five major types of system failures and delays via multiple regression analysis. The analysis derived from the full factorial model shows that material handling carrier delays have the most significant impact on the cycle time. This case study illustrates a modeling approach with system verification and validation revealing fundamental system design flaws which cause a significant loss of production.
Free radical meleation of soybean oil via a single‐step process

In this study a new value-added product was developed from soybean oil for use as a chemical feedstock. The investigation and optimization of this work resulted in a fast and simple process to maleate soybean oil. An anhydride functionality was introduced into soybean oil through a free radical-initiated maleation. Two initiators were evaluated, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)2,5-dimethylhexane peroxide and di-tert-butyl peroxide. The effects of reaction time, initiator concentration, maleic anhydride concentration, and reaction temperature were investigated. The maleated soybean oil was characterized using acid value, iodine value, and FTIR spectroscopy. The acid value was directly related to the initial concentration of maleic anhydride, whereas the concentration and type of initiator had little effect on the acid value. The peroxide-initated functionalization of soybean oil with maleic anhydride in a closed vessel at elevated pressure and temperature was found to proceed by a Diels-Alder mechanism.
TU-E-110-01: Inverse Geometry CT

Purpose: Computed tomographic imaging has made tremendous progress in recent decades but challenges remain, including dose efficiency and avoiding cone beam artifacts in rapid volumetric imaging. The goal of this research is to explore Inverse Geometry CT (IGCT) as a potential solution to these problems.Methods: Rather illuminating the entire object with a single source, IGCT uses a distributed array of sources, each illuminating a portion of the volume. Two approaches have been studied, one using a scanned anode source (SS‐IGCT) and another using an array of discrete sources each with its own electron emitter (MS‐IGCT). The sequential illumination of subvolumes allows a “virtual bowtie” wherein each source has its own optimized intensity as a function of angle. Results: Results show that distributed sources in the axial direction can readily control cone beam artifacts. A gantry‐based MS‐IGCT system has been built and initial images have been collected. Compared to a conventional system, the virtual bowtie concept can significantly reduce effective dose for the same image quality. A key challenge with IGCT is achieving high x‐ray statistics since only a fraction of the object is illuminating in any instant. Thus, the method is well suited to lower dose scanning. Conclusion: IGCT uses distributed x‐ray sources to ensure sufficient sampling and to sculpt the illuminating x‐ray field. Initial results are promising. Research sponsored by GE Healthcare. The learning objectives are to familiarize the audience with 1. Principles of Inverse Geometry CT (IGCT) 2. Advantages of IGCT 3. Challenges and disadvantages of IGCT 4. Progress in IGCT to‐date
Comments on the surface composition of lunar soil grains

Abstract Baron et al. [1] have recently published X-ray photoemission spectroscopy analyses of the surface composition of lunar regolith fines sample 10084 showing almost a factor of two higher Fe than we found. They suggest that this discrepancy is due either to the choice of element lines analyzed or to the data reduction procedure used. We document the fact that neither of these possible explanations is correct and provide further arguments in support of our value.
Metrology: filtering noise with a quantum probe.

In the science of measurement, increasing the sensitivity to the quantity being measured while minimizing the susceptibility to noise is a challenge. A technique demonstrated with a single electron spin may help to tackle it. See Letter p.61 The 'lock-in' technique is a valuable tool in experimental physics, used to increase measurement sensitivity while reducing susceptibility to noise. A team from the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, Israel, reports the implementation of a quantum analogue to the classical lock-in amplifier, using a single trapped strontium ion. The system achieves magnetic-field sensitivity two orders of magnitude greater than that seen with established single-spin probe technologies. The quantum lock-in technique is generic and can potentially enhance the sensitivity of any quantum sensor.
Polysilanes with various architectures

Abstract : Copolymers and homopolymers containing silicon atoms connected to three and four other silicon atoms have been prepared and characterized. We report the first evidence of dendritic polymers with silicon backbones. Copolymers made from RSiC13 and R1R2SiC12 resemble hybrid materials of polysilyne and polysilanes. Polymers, which contain tetrasilyl-substituted Si atoms, (SiMe2)4Sin and (Si)m(Me2Si)n have also been synthesized. These molecules appear to be the first hyperbranched polymers, which have applications based on their electronic properties. The properties of these molecules fit into the hierarchy of 1-D to 3-D topologies known for Si materials.
A review of the statistical considerations involved in the treatment of isotope dilution calibration data

The use of linear regression analysis for the reduction of isotope dilution data is reviewed. The calculation of linear regression statistics is based upon four assumptions: zero variance in the independent variable, equal variance for all values of the dependent variable, linearity and continuity. Unfortunately, isotope dilution data often violate one or more of these assumptions, which results in the calculation of an inaccurate calibration line. The inaccuracies can be avoided through careful inspection of the data, including analyses of variance and linearity. Large differences in the variances of the dependent variable require the use of a weighted linear regression. Nonlinearity necessitates either discarding data in the nonlinear portion of the calibration or the calculation and use of atom % excess and dilution instead of the sample isotope ratios.
Recovery of Milk Solids in Direct Acidification and Traditional Procedures of Manufacturing Pizza Cheese

Abstract Recovery of milk fat and solids-not-fat (SNF) was compared in the manufacture of Pizza cheese by three procedures: the traditional procedure (TP), direct acidification with continuous agitation during coagulation of milk (DACA), and by direct acidification and cutting after coagulation (DAC). When homogenized milk (35.2 kg/cm 2 ) was used, 92.6, 88.9, and 89.8% of the milk fat and 34.2, 33.6, and 33.1% of the SNF were recovered in cheese made by the TP, DAC, and DACA methods, respectively. Recovery of fat and SNF was lower for all methods when nonhomogenized milk was used. The per cent of milk fat lost in the whey was similar when cheese was made from homogenized milk by the TP and DACA methods. Higher fat losses during molding and stretching of curd caused lower recovery of fat in the final cheese made by the DACA method.
Polymer Optical Fibers for Luminescent Solar Concentration

We present the design and numerical optimization of an all-polymer fiber as a luminescent solar concentrator. Large-area, lightweight, and flexible fabrics constructed of such fibers are a low-cost solar-energy harvesting alternative useful for mobile applications.
Atherosclerosis Imaging and the Future of Lipid Management

Lowering low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by statin therapy to reduce the risk for major clinical events in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) represents a therapeutic triumph of modern medicine. With standard doses of statins, the risk for CVD events falls by approximately one third.1 Additional risk reduction occurs by adding other therapeutic modalities to statin therapy—antiplatelet drugs, antihypertensive agents, smoking cessation, and healthy lifestyle changes.2 Most of the benefit from these combined treatments appears to result from the stabilization of vulnerable plaques in patients who have advanced atherosclerotic disease; in other words, they reduce the likelihood of plaque ruptures that cause acute cardiovascular syndromes. See p 3512 Although novel nonlipid therapies may well be developed in the future, persistent aberrations in lipid metabolism in the face of standard doses of statins remain attractive targets of therapy. Two of these potential lipid targets are residually elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Additional LDL lowering can be achieved either by yet higher doses of statins or by combining standard doses of statins with other LDL-lowering drugs (eg, bile acid sequestrants or ezetimibe). Atherogenic dyslipidemia consists of elevations of serum triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and small LDL particles plus low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).1 Alternative therapies for atherogenic dyslipidemia available for combination with statins include fibrates and nicotinic acid.1 For many patients with ASCVD, enhanced LDL lowering beyond that obtained with standard doses of statins may further reduce CVD events. Current guidelines for cholesterol management in these patients set an LDL-C goal of <100 mg/dL.1 The recent Heart Protection Study (HPS) findings3 strongly suggest that high-risk patients with a baseline LDL-C <100 mg/dL will still benefit when LDL-C levels are reduced to well below 100 mg/dL by drug therapy. The Pravastatin or Atorvastatin …
Sleep disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: etiology, impact, and management.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and may frequently be complicated by sleep disorders. Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea are commonly en...
Impurity scattering in electron-doped high-Tc cuprates

There is a remarkable asymmetry between Ni and Zn substitution in the hole-doped and the electron-doped high-Tc cuprates. We propose that Ni-substitution of Cu in the electron-doped high-Tc cuprates be described by the Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory of magnetic impurities in s-wave superconductors. In particular, the low-temperature magnetic penetration depth shall tell if the pure magnetic scattering limit applies.
Implicit Self-Concept and Evaluative Implicit Gender Stereotypes: Self and Ingroup Share Desirable Traits

Experiment 1 unexpectedly found sex differences in evaluative gender stereotypes (only men associated male with potency and only women associated female with warmth). Experiment 2 dramatically reduced sex differences in gender-potency judgments when measures were redesigned to avoid implying that potency was positive (the concepts, strong and weak, were represented by evaluatively matched words; e.g., destroy vs. feeble, loud vs. quiet, and mighty vs. gentle). Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that these sex differences were in the service of self-esteem but found no correlation between own-gender-favorable stereotyping and implicit self-esteem. Rather, participants showed a correlation between linking self to the favorable potency trait and linking own gender to that trait. Experiment 4 confirmed the correlation between implicit self-concept and gender stereotype using the contrast between potency and warmth for the implicit stereotype measure. In concert, results suggest that people possess implicit ge...
A Survey of Acute Pain Service Structure and Function in United States Hospitals

Although the number of U.S. hospitals offering an acute pain service (APS) is increasing, the typical structure remains unknown. This survey was undertaken to describe the structure and function of the APS in U.S. hospitals only. We contacted 200 non-teaching and 101 teaching U.S. hospitals. The person in charge of postoperative pain management completed and returned the survey. Seventy-four percent of responding hospitals had an organized APS. An APS was significantly more formally organized in academic/teaching hospitals when compared to non-teaching hospitals. Pain assessments included "pain at rest" (97%), "pain on activity" (63%), and reassessment after pain therapy intervention (88.8%). Responding hospitals utilized postoperative pain protocols significantly more commonly in teaching hospitals when compared to non-teaching and VA hospitals. Intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) was managed most commonly by surgeons (75%), while epidural analgesia and peripheral nerve block infusions were exclusively managed by anesthesiologists. For improved analgesia, 62% allowed RNs to adjust the IV-PCA settings within set parameters, 43% allowed RN adjustment of epidural infusion rates, and 21% allowed RN adjustment of peripheral nerve catheter local anesthetic infusion rates.
The case for intrinsically disordered proteins playing contributory roles in molecular recognition without a stable 3D structure.

The classical ‘lock-and-key’ and ‘induced-fit’ mechanisms for binding both originated in attempts to explain features of enzyme catalysis. For both of these mechanisms and for their recent refinements, enzyme catalysis requires exquisite spatial and electronic complementarity between the substrate and the catalyst. Thus, binding models derived from models originally based on catalysis will be highly biased towards mechanisms that utilize structural complementarity. If mere binding without catalysis is the endpoint, then the structural requirements for the interaction become much more relaxed. Recent observations on specific examples suggest that this relaxation can reach an extreme lack of specific 3D structure, leading to molecular recognition with biological consequences that depend not only upon structural and electrostatic complementarity between the binding partners but also upon kinetic, entropic, and generalized electrostatic effects. In addition to this discussion of binding without fixed structure, examples in which unstructured regions carry out important biological functions not involving molecular recognition will also be discussed. Finally, we discuss whether ‘intrinsically disordered protein’ (IDP) represents a useful new concept.
Glutathione metabolism in lenses of Emory and cataract-resistant mice: activity of five enzymes

The activities of five enzymes of glutathione metabolism were determined in lenses from cataract-resistant and cataract-prone (Emory) mouse variants at three different ages (5 weeks, 10 weeks and 6 months). The enzymes included those required for glutathione synthesis, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase, as well as glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The differences in the activities of the five enzymes in the two mouse variants were not remarkable at any of the three ages. Activity of each enzyme was noted to be in excess of the preceding one in this integrated metabolic pathway, with the exception of glutathione reductase. γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase appears to be the pacesetting enzyme of this metabolic scheme in the mouse lens. The activity of each enzyme was compared with that earlier reported for human, rabbit and dog lenses.
Object naming in epilepsy and epilepsy surgery

The ability to express oneself verbally is critical for success in academic, occupational, and social domains. Unfortunately, word-finding or "naming" difficulty is the most common cognitive complaint among individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and a substantial body of work over the past several decades has documented naming impairment in left (language-dominant) TLE, with further risk to naming ability following left temporal lobe resection for seizure control. With these findings well established, this paper reviews more recent work that has aimed to identify the neuroanatomical substrates of naming, understand how adverse structural and functional effects of TLE might impinge upon these brain regions, predict and potentially reduce the risk of postoperative naming decline, and begin to understand naming difficulty in TLE from a developmental perspective. Factors that have confounded interpretation and hindrances to progress are discussed, and suggestions are provided for improved empirical investigation and directions for future research.
Tres fases del crecimiento económico argentino

El empeoramiento de los resultados economicos relativos de Argentina puede atribuirse, en gran parte, a las desfavorables condiciones existentes para la acumulacion de capital a partir de 1913. En la primera fase (antes de 1913) el exito de la Belle Epoque se debio a las espectaculares tasas de acumulacion. En la segunda fase (1913-decada de 1930) la baja tasa nacional de ahorro limito la tasa de acumulacion de capital. En la tercena fase (decada de 1930-decada de 1950) se adopto una politica de sustitucion de las importaciones y el precio relativo de los bienes de capital importados que eran clave experimento una brusca subida. Ahi comenzo el retraso: al principio, debido a que el ahorro era insuficiente ahorro y, mas tarde, a que los altos precios de los bienes de capital importados redujeron los incentivos para realizar actividades de inversion que son las precursoras del crecimiento.
Identification of electromagnetic parameters of a wall and determination of radar signal level behind a wall

One of the challenges of using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to detect a man behind a wall is determining the amount of signal attenuation introduced by the signal's propagation through the wall. This attenuation is difficult to determine because the thickness and the electromagnetic properties of the wall are normally not known a priori. We describe a procedure for estimating the relative permittivity, conductivity, and thickness of the wall that minimize the error between physics-based predicted values of wall return and the corresponding values of the SAR image. The accuracy of the prediction is a function of the resolution of the SAR image relative to the thickness of the wall-the SAR image must have sufficient resolution such that the locations of the front and rear surfaces of a uniform wall can be estimated from the SAR image. The signal level behind the wall, or equivalently the signal attenuation by the wall is then determined from the estimates of the thickness and electromagnetic parameters. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this identification procedure using data generated by XPATCH simulations of three different wall materials.
Datacommunication With Low Cost Plastic Fiber Optic Components

Cost has been the barrier to using fiber optic links in low datarate, short haul applications of less than 5 Mbaud and up to 150 meters. New fiber optic links using plastic (acrylic) fiber, however provide a cost effective alternative to coaxial cable and twisted wire pairs in such applications. The large core fibers with a diameter of 1 mm do not require the tight alignment tolerances needed in glass- or plastic clad silica fibers for reasonable light coupling at the source and detector interfaces. Looser alignment tolerances also let manufacturers package transmitters and receivers in plastic housings, thus lowering component costs.
Intra- and Interindividual Variability of Daily Affect in Adult Couples

In this paper, we examine the intra- and interindividual variability of daily affect in adult couples. We use a variety of analytic techniques to inspect the daily fluctuations in emotions and to determine whether such fluctuations are influenced by the partner’s affect as well as the weather. The techniques include multiple regression analysis, longitudinal mixed models, and differential equations. To illustrate the different approaches, we use data consisting of self-reports of affect from ten adult couples that filled out a questionnaire daily for three months. All analytic approaches include parameters representing effects from the couple (i.e., oneself and partner) and from external sources (i.e., daily temperature).
Expertise of ICAI: Development requirements

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to (a) examine the functional characteristics of intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI), (b) propose a structural model that defines expertise requirements for the development of an ICAI system and suggests procedures for integrating the required expertise into a system, and (c) discuss the requirements of a multidisciplinary cooperative effort for its development. After examining four functional components of ICAI systems (expertise module, student-model module, tutorial module, and interface module) and their interrelationships in a typical ICAI model, six intelligent characteristics of ICAI systems are discussed. They are: (a) the generation of instructional presentations, (b) a mixed initiative between the system and student, (c) the ability to model the student's learning process, (d) a qualitative decision making function in instructional process, (e) an inferencing function in instructional diagnostic and prescriptive process, and (f) a self-improving function. In the proposed expertise requirement model, we discuss three different kinds of expertise (domain expertise, domain engineering expertise, and instructional expertise) and technical issues required to integrate the different kinds of expertise into a system. Finally, a multidisciplinary cooperative effort for the development of an ICAI system is recommended in a schematic form.
Masterfields and the phases of quantum chromodynamics in two dimensions with fermions

Abstract The phase structure of two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics is analyzed in the large-N limit. Using a variational approximation, we show that a first-order phase transition occurs as the quark bare mass squared m02 is made less than g 2 N π . This novel phase structure goes beyond summing the perturbative large-N planar graphs.
Place Learning in Virtual Space I: Acquisition, Overshadowing, and Transfer

Abstract Three experiments showed that, in virtual space, humans learn to find an invisible target that remains in a fixed location relative to distal cues. Experiment 1 showed that people rapidly learned to locate an invisible target in a computer-generated virtual arena. Participants searched the appropriate place intensely when, on a probe trial, the target was removed. Experiment 2 showed that two groups of participants, one with a visible and one with an invisible target, learned to locate the target in the virtual arena. A probe trial, during which the target was removed, showed that participants from both groups searched the former location of the target in the virtual arena, suggesting the presence of proximal cues did not interfere with place learning. Experiment 3 showed that, following place learning, people directly approach the location of the invisible target from novel start positions. The data were discussed in terms of spatial learning and memory.
Energy and mining industry workforce trends examined

The present and future are bright for energy and mining jobs in the United States, with the demand for workers expected to remain strong into the foreseeable future, according to a new report from the U.S. National Research Council. However, Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action (2013) cautions that several key factors could adversely affect the workforce.
Elucidating the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease: recent advances at the molecular level and relevance to oral mucosal disease.

Humoral and/or cellular immune responses directed against self antigens are currently thought to underlie a wide spectrum of systemic and organ-specific human and animal autoimmune diseases. Although the immunopathology of these diseases has been well characterized in most cases, the etiology still remains obscure. In order to gain a more fundamental insight of the abnormal processes leading to autoimmunity, efforts are currently being directed toward defining these diseases at a molecular level. Because of the clinical diversity and immunological complexity of these diseases, several directions are being pursued. Relevant to autoimmune oral disease, this review will focus on antigen processing and recognition (immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes), the key role of the major histocompatibility complex, and the involvement of the cytokine network. Advances made in these fields have clear relevance for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies related to autoimmune diseases affecting oral tissues.
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging at microscopic resolution

Abstract Resolution limits in NMR imaging are imposed by bandwidth considerations, available magnetic gradients for spatial encoding, and signal to noise. This work reports modification of a clinical NMR imaging device with picture elements of 500 × 500 × 5000 μm to yield picture elements of 50 × 50 × 1000 μm. Resolution has been increased by using smaller gradient coils permitting gradient fields >0.4 mT/cm. Significant improvements in signal to noise are achieved with smaller rf coils, close attention to choice of bandwidth, and signal averaging. These improvements permit visualization of anatomical structures in the rat brain with an effective diameter of 1 cm with the same definition as is seen in human imaging. The techniques and instrumentation should open a number of basic sciences such as embryology, plant sciences, and teratology to the potentials of NMR imaging.
Some Factors Affecting the Birthday-Deathday Phenomenon

Samples of individuals differing in sex, age, profession, eminence and fame, and historical period (total N = 3306) were examined for the presence of the birthday-deathday phenomenon. A decrease in...
Dynamic pressurization method for measuring permeability and modulus: II. cementitious materials

In a companion paper, the theory behind a novel method for measuring permeability and bulk modulus is derived. The new method is termed ‘dynamic pressurization’ (DP). In this paper, an apparatus for the new method is described, and the test procedure is applied to cement pastes and concretes. The test involves rapidly applying a hydrostatic pressure to a saturated cylinder, then measuring the time-dependent deformation response of the material. The test is found to be repeatable, and the fitting function described in the companion paper is found to adequately fit the measured data. The measured permeability of the cement pastes compares well to measured values on identical materials using a different technique. The measured bulk moduli of the solid phase of the hardened cement pastes and concretes obtained in the DP test are in the range of expected values based on literature values for the Young’s moduli of clinker and hydration products.
Acquiring nanotechnology capabilities: role of mergers and acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are an important but unstudied aspect of nanotechnology's evolution. This paper uses case review and bibliometric analysis to examine 20 M&As involving acquired firms in the nanotechnology domain. The guiding proposition is that acquired firms provide complementarities to the acquiring firms. Key measures given consideration include the nature of the post-acquisition organisation, whether the pre-acquisition geographic location is retained, the purpose of the acquisitions as indicated in news releases, and the extent of similarity in research publications and patents. Differences by the country of the acquiring firm and sub-industry are noted. Within the limitations of the case study approach, the results suggest that acquired firms in the nanotechnology domain provide complementary capabilities to their acquirers.
A Preliminary Investigation into Teacher Perceptions of the Barriers to Behavior Intervention Implementation.

Evidence-based practices are rarely translated into school settings. The literature examining the science-to-practice gap provides possible explanations, although these explanations are not supported with empirical evidence. Variables affecting behavior intervention implementation, such as lack of teacher training, lack of time, lack of resources, teacher stress level, and lack of administrative support, were examined in this preliminary study as possible explanations. Surveys were collected from 67 elementary teachers. Results regarding possible barriers to implementation indicate that the majority of respondents rated the severity of 12 of 19 barriers as extremely serious. Barriers rated as extremely serious were related to resources, training, and educator variables. In addition, significant correlations were found between job stress and the severity ratings of barriers related to lack of time, training, and support. Understanding these variables may provide important information to aid in the translat...
Central nervous system relapse of treated stage IV neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in pediatrics. The long-term survival of patients with advanced-stage neurobastoma has remarkably improved secondary to aggressive treatment protocols including autologous bone marrow transplant (BMT). As a result, a different natural history of this disease is being reported with unusual, late manifestations. The central nervous system (CNS), once a rare site of disease, is being involved with increasing frequency. Appropriate neuroimaging in these patients is important. Two cases of patients with treated stage IV neuroblastoma who developed isolated CNS metastases are presented. The proposed pathogenesis and neuroradiologic manifestations of this complication are reviewed.
Note on background (in)dependence

In general quantum systems, there are two kinds of spacetime modes: those that fluctuate and those that do not. Fluctuating modes have normalizable wave functions. In the context of two-dimensional gravity and noncritical'' string theory these are called macroscopic states. The theory is independent of the initial Euclidean background values of these modes. Nonfluctuating modes have nonnormalizable wave functions and correspond to microscopic states. The theory depends on the background values of these nonfluctuating modes, at least to all orders in perturbation theory. They are superselection parameters and should not be minimized over. Such superselection parameters are well known in field theory. Examples in string theory include the couplings {ital t}{sub {ital k}} (including the cosmological constant) in the matrix models and the mass of the two-dimensional Euclidean black hole. We use our analysis to argue for the finiteness of the string perturbation expansion around these backgrounds.
Gender and Attitudes toward Computers and Calculators: Their Relationship to Math Performance

In education, computers and calculators historically have been associated with mathematics and the sciences, and are frequently incorporated into these areas of the curriculum. This may have serious implications for females because of the long history of reported sex differences in achievement and attitudes in mathematics and related disciplines. This study of sixty high school students examines the relationship between mathematics performance and students' attitudes toward technology (computers and calculators), and whether the relationship is similar for males and females. A practice form of the General Educational Development (GED) test was used to measure mathematics performance. Students' attitudes toward computers were assessed by the Computer Attitude Scale, and attitudes toward calculators were assessed by a 4-item measure developed by the authors. In general, students with more positive attitudes toward computers and calculators were found to perform better than students with more negative attitudes.
Growth Accounting with Intermediate Inputs

accumulation of capital in an earlier paper, and the adjustment is found nearly to double the importance of technical progress as a source of growth.3 The present paper studies the interaction of productivity change and intermediate input.4 The expansion in the production of intermediate goods occurring because of increased factor efficiency makes it important to distinguish between productivity change originating in a sector and the impact of productivity change on the sector. Productivity change in the first sense refers to the shift in the sectoral technology and is measured by the conventional productivity residual. Productivity change in the second sense measures the equilibrium response to the shifting sectoral technologies, and includes (a) the induced reallocation of factor input between sectors, and (b) the induced expansion in intermediate input, which serves to magnify the effect of technical change. In assessing the importance of productivity change as a source of growth, it is the second sense which is relevant, since it is the impact of productivity change which affects the evolution of the sector, and not the change in factor efficiency occurring within that sector. The distinction between the two aspects of productivity change is analogous to the distinction between nominal and effective tax incidence. An ad-valorem excise tax imposed at a given statutory rate may be regarded as shifting the commodity supply curve upward; the distributional impact of the tax depends on the equilibrium adjustment to this shift. The well-known Harberger (1962) model of tax incidence was, in fact, specifically intended to take these adjustments into account. In an essentially parallel vein, this paper develops the distinction between nominal and effective rates of technical change from the point of view of productivity analysis. Effective rates of productivity change are defined in this paper using the reduced form of an N-sector growth model, where the rate of change of total factor supply, and the rate of change of technological efficiency are assumed to be given exogenously. The growth rates of the endogenous variables-prices and quantities-are expressed as linear combinations 511
Anticoagulant Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease

Information available at the present time allows the following conclusions to be drawn: 1. Anticoagulant therapy is clearly effective in treating and preventing venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli. 2. If used in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, anticoagulant drugs may salvage 3 to 4% of the treated population. This small gain is probably achieved by the prevention of thromboembolic episodes. While only a small percentage of patients are benefited, the actual number of persons salvaged is relatively great because of the large size of the population at risk. In the considerable majority of treated patients who do not benefit from coumarin drugs, the therapy need do no harm, if proper safeguards are employed in the selection of patients and the administration and laboratory control of the drug. 3. In long-term therapy of patients who have recovered from acute myocardial infarction, it appears that men, especially below age 60, may be helped for the first 1 or 2 years after infarction. 4. More...
Convergence of general iteration schemes

Abstract In this paper the convergence of general iteration algorithms defined by point-to-set maps is examined first. Special practical convergence conditions are then derived from the general theory.
Cell oncogenes are located on the large microchromosomes in chicken cells

Abstract The chromosomal locations of c-myc and c-myb, the cell homologs of the transforming genes present in myelocytomatosis virus 29, MC29, and avian myeloblastosis virus, AMV, respectively, were determined in White Leghorn chickens using in situ hybridization. Nucleic acid probes containing MC29 and AMV-RNAs were used to localize both c-myc and c-myb to a subset of large microchromosomes. The chromosomal location of c-myc was confirmed using nucleic acid probes containing RNA from MH-2, which also contains a myc-like sequence, and cloned DNA containing the chicken c-myc gene. In conjunction with our previous results localizing c-src and c-erb, we have demonstrated that several cell oncogene homologs appear to be localized on a subset of large microchromosomes.
Transportation Commissions as Accountability Structures: A Review of their Statutory Roles and Other Attributes

As of 2004, 36 of the 50 states had created, by statute, some type of external body (such as boards or commissions) to work with their departments of transportation (DOTs). The authors review the authorizing statutes that establish these boards and commissions to identify their statutorily defined responsibilities and attributes. From the literature on governance structures and accountability, three propositions are derived about their likely structure and roles. The authors propose that commissions are designed to (a) ensure broader stakeholder representation, (b) possess oversight roles and responsibilities relevant to resource allocation, and (c) encourage more open discussion and public involvement. The content analysis of the statutes and interviews with DOT officials and commission members provide support for the propositions.
Concordance of respiratory care plans generated by protocols from different hospitals: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether respiratory care protocols from different hospitals result in similar care plans for identical patients, we asked: 1. Does applying respiratory care protocols from different hospitals to standardized patient vignettes produce identical care plans? 2. If there are differences in the care plans produced, what is the extent of the difference, and for which modalities are the differences greatest? 3. Does installing the protocol in a computerized information management system to generate the respiratory care plan improve the level of agreement? 4. Do protocols from different hospitals agree with regard to indications for respiratory care treatments and use of the Clinical Practice Guidelines from the American Association for Respiratory Care? METHODS: Protocols were compared by applying each of 4 hospitals’ protocols to 15 patient vignettes that we developed, with various respiratory problems. With each vignette, 3 experienced respiratory therapist evaluators developed respiratory care plans, using both a manual (paperbased) and a computer-aided approach. RESULTS: The overall degree of agreement among the 4 protocols was moderate (kappa 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.46–0.71). The degree of concordance differed for the individual respiratory care modalities; concordance was generally highest for oxygen, aerosol delivery, and pulse oximetry, and was lower for bronchopulmonary hygiene and hyperinflation. Concordance regarding indications for therapy also differed among the modalities; concordance was greatest for the indications for incentive spirometry, bronchodilator use, and pulse oximetry. The concordance of care plans developed with the computer-aided approach resembled that of the manual approach (kappa 0.62, 95% confidence interval 0.45–0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest moderate agreement between care plans generated with respiratory care protocols from different hospitals. The sources of differences included differences in the indications for therapy, different degrees of protocol compliance with the American Association for Respiratory Care Clinical Practice Guidelines, and subjectivity in the indications for therapy. This study identifies opportunities to lessen regional variation in respiratory care, by encouraging uniform application of protocols and evidence-based guidelines. Key words: protocols, respiratory care, clinical
Air cargo revenue management: Characteristics and complexities

Air Cargo Revenue Management (CRM) is concerned with the integrated management of the available belly space and payload, and cargo rates after accommodating passengers and their bags. CRM differs from Passenger Yield Management (PYM) in several respects due to the specific characteristics of cargo inventory, cargo business, and cargo booking behavior. This adds to the complexity of some of the traditional yield management models, and necessitates the development of certain additional models. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the major differences between CRM and PYM, and discuss the complexities involved in developing and implementing a CRM.