cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An immunocytochemical study of choline acetyltransferase- containing neurons and axon terminals in normal and partially deafferented hippocampal formation

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies to the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), have been used to study putative cholinergic structures in immunocytochemical preparations of normal rat hippocampal formation and of hippocampal formation deprived of its septal innervation. Small numbers of ChAT-positive (ChAT+) neuronal somata were observed scattered throughout the septotemporal extent of the normal hippocampal formation. They were most common in stratum lacunosum-moleculare of regio superior, but were also found in various layers of the dentate gyrus and occasionally in the remaining hippocampal laminae. In addition, light microscopy demonstrated that ChAT+ termimal fields in normal hippocampal laminae. In addition, laminae. Pronounced dense bands were observed: (1) immediately superficial to stratum granulosum; (2) deep to stratum pyramidale; and (3) at the border between stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare. In the dentate gyrus, ChAT+ staining was pronounced in the hilus at temporal levels, but only moderate staining occurred in the anterior hilus and throughout the molecular layer. A close correspondence was observed in the density and distribution of ChAT+ immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase staining. Electrolytic lesions of the medial septal nucleus/diagonal band complex had no effect on the occurrence of ChAT+ somata, but virtually abolished the ChAT+ laminar staining pattern and eliminated all but occasional small patches of ChAT+ terminals. These results confirm that the vast majority of hippocampal cholinergic terminals originate either from neurons of the medial septum/diagonal band complex or from fibers of passage. The newly observed intrinsic hippocampal neurons can account for at least some of the ChAT activity remaining after septal lesions, and they apparently contribute to the cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal formation.
Acute blood flow changes and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy.

Objective: To determine possible sites of therapeutic action of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), by correlating acute VNS-induced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) alterations and chronic therapeutic responses. Background: We previously found that VNS acutely induces rCBF alterations at sites that receive vagal afferents and higher-order projections, including dorsal medulla, somatosensory cortex (contralateral to stimulation), thalamus and cerebellum bilaterally, and several limbic structures (including hippocampus and amygdala bilaterally). Methods: VNS-induced rCBF changes were measured by subtracting resting rCBF from rCBF during VNS, using [O-15]water and PET, immediately before ongoing VNS began, in 11 partial epilepsy patients. T-statistical mapping established relative rCBF increases and decreases for each patient. Percent changes in frequency of complex partial seizures (with or without secondary generalization) during three months of VNS compared with pre-VNS baseline, and T-thresholded rCBF changes (for each of the 25 regions of previously observed significant CBF change), were rank ordered across patients. Spearman rank correlation coefficients assessed associations of seizure-frequency change and t -thresholded rCBF change. Results: Seizure-frequency changes ranged from 71% decrease to 12% increase during VNS. Only the right and left thalami showed significant associations of rCBF change with seizure-frequency change. Increased right and left thalamic CBF correlated with decreased seizures ( p Conclusions: Increased thalamic synaptic activities probably mediate some antiseizure effects of VNS. Future studies should examine neurotransmitter-receptor alterations in reticular and specific thalamic nuclei during VNS.
Achieving resiliency by eliminating common mode failures in the smart grid

This panel presentation will provide perspectives of resiliency as it relates to smart grids. As smart grid technologies are deployed, the interconnected nature of these systems is becoming more prevalent and more complex, and while resilience is expected to be enhanced, the presence of common mode failures will thwart the ability of the smart grid to achieve full levels of resilience. Studying system behavior in the face of failures (e.g., cyber attacks) allows a characterization of the systems' response to failure scenarios, loss of communications, and other changes in system environment (such as the need for emergent updates and rapid reconfiguration). The impact of such failures on the availability of the system can be assessed and mitigation strategies considered. This panel will consider measures to identify and eliminate common mode failure mechanisms that might be present in the deployment of smart grid systems.
Scheduling Viability Tests for Seeds in Long-Term Storage Based on a Bayesian Multi-Level Model

Genebank managers conduct viability tests on stored seeds so they can replace lots that have viability near a critical threshold, such as 50 or 85 % germination. Currently, these tests are typically scheduled at uniform intervals; testing every 5 years is common. A manager needs to balance the cost of an additional test against the possibility of losing a seed lot due to late retesting. We developed a data-informed method to schedule viability tests for a collection of 2,833 maize seed lots with 3 to 7 completed viability tests per lot. Given these historical data reporting on seed viability at arbitrary times, we fit a hierarchical Bayesian seed-viability model with random seed lot specific coefficients. The posterior distribution of the predicted time to cross below a critical threshold was estimated for each seed lot. We recommend a predicted quantile as a retest time, chosen to balance the importance of catching quickly decaying lots against the cost of premature tests. The method can be used with any seed-viability model; we focused on two, the Avrami viability curve and a quadratic curve that accounts for seed after-ripening. After fitting both models, we found that the quadratic curve gave more plausible predictions than did the Avrami curve. Also, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and a follow-up test demonstrated that a 0.05 quantile yields reasonable predictions.
Defect-Tolerant and Directional Wet-Etch Systems for Using Monolayers as Resists

We developed strategies based on self-assembly principles to etch substrates patterned with monolayer resists with high selectivity and etch directionality. Our strategies exploit the defined composition and order of these ultrathin resists and overcome their imperfections. Defects in a monolayer can be healed by additives present in an etch bath. Alternatively, large molecules that cannot diffuse through defects can be employed as etchants. It is also possible to taper structures using the competition between etching and the side-growth of a self-assembling etch barrier, nucleating from the originally patterned monolayer. The application of these concepts lets defect-sensitive monolayers become robust and versatile resists, which should promote their acceptance and use in microtechnology.
CYP2E1-dependent toxicity and up-regulation of antioxidant genes.

Induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) by ethanol appears to be one of the central pathways by which ethanol generates a state of oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) is critical in preserving the proper cellular redox balance and for its role as a cellular protectant. The goal of the present study was to characterize the GSH homeostasis in human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2-E47 cells) that overexpress CYP2E1. Toxicity in the E47 cells was markedly enhanced after GSH depletion by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment. The antioxidant trolox partially prevented the apoptosis and necrosis, while diallylsulfide, a CYP2E1 inhibitor, was fully protective. Damage to mitochondria appears to play a role in the CYP2E1- and BSO-dependent toxicity. CYP2E1-overexpressing cells showed increases in total GSH levels, GSH synthetic rate and in γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) mRNA. This GCS increase was due to transcriptional activation of the GCS gene and could be blocked by certain antioxidants. Activity, protein and mRNA levels for other antioxidants such as catalase, α- and microsomal glutathione transferases were also increased in the E47 cells. Up-regulation of these antioxidant genes may reflect an adaptive mechanism to remove CYP2E1-derived oxidants. These oxidants are diffusable and were able to elevate collagen type I protein in a co-culture system consisting of the E47 cells + rat hepatic stellate cells. Such interactions between CYP2E1, mitochondria and altered GSH homeostasis, and elevation of collagen levels, may play a role in alcohol-induced liver injury.
The effect of hypertension on the response to blood loss in a rodent model.

OBJECTIVE Hypertensive patients having higher baseline peripheral resistance and sympathetic tone than normotensive patients may have aberrant responses to hemorrhage. In an attempt to further characterize this clinical observation, the authors compared the hemodynamic and metabolic responses to hemorrhage between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive rats (NTR). METHODS Twenty adult rats (10 NTR and 10 SHR) were anesthetized with althesin via the intraperitoneal route. Femoral arteries were cannulated by cutdown. Twelve (6 SHR and 6 NTR) rats underwent controlled catheter hemorrhage of 25% of their total blood volumes. Eight rats (4 SHR and 4 NTR) served as nonhemorrhage controls. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and base excess (BE) were measured prehemorrhage and then every 15 minutes for the next 120 minutes. Data were reported as mean +/- standard error of the mean (SEM). Group comparisons were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated values post-hoc by Bonferroni. Statistical significance was defined by an alpha = 0.05. RESULTS Immediately after hemorrhage, the SHR group experienced a significantly (p < 0.001) greater drop in MAP of 70 +/- 4% in the SHR vs 40 +/- 6% in the NTR. Blood pressure in the NTR returned to control values 15 minutes after hemorrhage, but the SHR remained relatively hypotensive for the entire length of the experiment. Base excess in the SHR decreased significantly (p < 0.004) by 8.2 +/- 2 mmol/L from control values, as compared with no changes in BE for the NTR. CONCLUSIONS The authors observed significant differences in the response to hemorrhage between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Hypertensive rats experienced a more profound hemorrhagic shock insult than normotensives for the same degree of blood loss.
Luminescence properties of Ce-activated YAG optical ceramic scintillator materials

Abstract Scintillation and luminescence characteristics of a highly dense transparent YAG: Ce-ceramic are reported and compared to those of a single crystal. When excited with gamma-rays both types of materials display the same dominant ≈85 ns decay, but the ceramic also shows a new rapid component of ≈20 ns that is completely absent in the single crystal. The scintillation output from the ceramic reaches about 50% of that from the single crystal, having been diminished by unusual loss processes caused by the deformed lattice at the grain boundary interfaces. A phenomenological model involving distortion of the band structure is proposed to explain the results of kinetic measurements.
The effect of antimitotic agents on the intraneuronal distribution of lysosomes.

Abstract We previously showed that a single injection of colchicine into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat causes a redistribution of lysosomes from their normal localization in neuronal cell bodies into dendrites. In the present report we have examined the time course and specificity of this effect using a variety of microtubule poisons. Dipeptidylaminopeptidase II (Dpp II), a lysosomal marker enzyme, histochemistry was used to visualize lysosomes at the light microscopic level. Acid phosphatase, another lysosomal enzyme, histochemistry was used to confirm the Dpp II localization of lysosomes. Two h after an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of colchicine, the distribution of neuronal lysosomes was drastically altered. Lysosomes in a number of neuronal populations were observed to move from the soma to the dendrites. This effect was maximal between 12 and 24 h and was partially reversed by 96 h. Injections of colcemid or podophyllotoxin, drugs that bind to tubulin rapidly, and much less tightly than colchicine, produced a much less pronounced alteration in the intraneuronal distribution of lysosomes. Injections of vinblastine or vincristine, whose binding kinetics range between that of chochicine and that of colcemid and podophyllotoxin, resulted in a redistribution of lysosomes which was less pronounced than the effects of colchicine but more pronounced than that caused by colcemid and podophyllotoxin. Likewise, treatment with other related compounds, 2-methoxy-5-(2′,3′,4′-trimethoxyphenyl) tropone (A-C compound) and lumicolchicine, whose binding to tubulin is extremely rapid and reversible or non-existent, produced little or no alteration in the intraneuronal distribution of lysosomes. The results suggest that lysosome redistribution may be dependent upon a relatively slow dissociation rate constant of these drugs from tubulin, and this transport may occur when normal microtubule function is compromised.
Ray method for unstable resonators

The previously developed ray-optical method for unstable, symmetric, bare resonators with sharp-edged stop and circular mirrors is reviewed here. A deductive stepwise procedure is presented, with emphasis on the physical implications. It is shown how the method can accommodate other edge configurations such as those produced by rounding, and also more complicated nonaxial structures such as the half-symmetric resonator with internal axicon. For the latter, the ray approach categorizes those rays that must be eliminated from the equivalent aligned unfolded symmetric resonator, and it identifies the canonical diffraction problems that must be addressed to account for shadowing and scattering due to the axicon tip. Effects due to shielding or truncation of the axicon tip are also considered. Approximate calculations of the eigenvalues for the lowest-loss modes illustrate the effects due to various tip shielding lengths and spacings of the axicon from the output mirror.
Visibility and natural quiet in national parks and wilderness areas: Psychological considerations

For over a century, authorities have recognized cultural and psychological benefits of preserving national parks and wilderness areas. Yet, with increasesin visitation and mechanized travel, air an...
FILIPINO MEN’S ROLES AND THEIR CORRELATES: DEVELOPMENT OF THE FILIPINO ADHERENCE TO MASCULINITY EXPECTATIONS SCALE

This investigation describes the construction and examination of psychometric properties of the Filipino Adherence to Masculinity Expectations (FAME) Scale using a sample of male university students (N = 834) in the Philippines. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) indicated support for seven dimensions: Assertiveness and Dominance; Family Orientedness; Sense of Community; Responsibility; Integrity; Intelligence and Academic Achievement; and Respectful Deference to Women and the Elderly. The FAME had excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach a = .95). It was apparent that the FAME deals with largely prosocial ideals of masculinity in the Philippines. In terms of convergent validity, the FAME had some similar but mostly distinct dimensions as compared to a measure developed for use with U.S. samples: Masculinity Attitudes, Stress, and Conformity Questionnaire (MASC; Nabavi & Green, 2003). The discussion explores future directions of research and potential uses of the FAME in clinical work with Filipino male clients.
Fatty acids, resin acids and phenols in Pinus muricata

Abstract Acetone-soluble extractives of “blue” and “green” strain Pinus muricata D. Don were found to consist of free and “combined” fatty acids, resin acids, and phenols. The composition of the extractives from the two strains was similar though “green” strain P. muricata contained more Δ 8(9),15 isopimaric acid than “blue” strain. This difference may be used to identify these muricata strains if the age of the wood precludes a monoterpene examination.
Nanoscale interfaces to biology

Nanotechnology has held great promise for revolutionizing biology. The biological behavior of nanomaterials depends primarily on how they interface to biomolecules and their surroundings. Unfortunately, interface issues like non-specific adsorption are still the biggest obstacles to the success of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, and have held back widespread practical use of nanotechnology in biology. Not only does the biological interface of nanoparticles (NPs) need to be understood and controlled, but also NPs must be treated as biological entities rather than inorganic ones. Furthermore, one can adopt an engineering perspective of the NP–biological interface, realizing that it has unique, exploitable properties.
Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping With Multivariate Sparse Partial Least Squares Regression

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping concerns finding genomic variation to elucidate variation of expression traits. This problem poses significant challenges due to high dimensionality of both the gene expression and the genomic marker data. We propose a multivariate response regression approach with simultaneous variable selection and dimension reduction for the eQTL mapping problem. Transcripts with similar expression are clustered into groups, and their expression profiles are viewed as a multivariate response. Then, we employ our recently developed sparse partial least-squares regression methodology to select markers associated with each cluster of genes. We demonstrate with extensive simulations that our eQTL mapping with multivariate response sparse partial least-squares regression (M-SPLS eQTL) method overcomes the issue of multiple transcript- or marker-specific analyses, thereby avoiding potential elevation of type I error. Additionally, joint analysis of multiple transcripts by multivariate response regression increases power for detecting weak linkages. We illustrate that M-SPLS eQTL compares competitively with other approaches and has a number of significant advantages, including the ability to handle highly correlated genotype data and computational efficiency. We provide an application of this methodology to a mouse data set concerning obesity and diabetes.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States

ContextThe prevalence and incidence of kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation in the United States have increased from 1988 to 2004. Whether there have been changes in the prevalence of earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) during this period is uncertain.ObjectiveTo update the estimated prevalence of CKD in the United States.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCross-sectional analysis of the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 1988-1994 and NHANES 1999-2004), a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults aged 20 years or older in 1988-1994 (n = 15 488) and 1999-2004 (n = 13 233).Main Outcome MeasuresChronic kidney disease prevalence was determined based on persistent albuminuria and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Persistence of microalbuminuria (>30 mg/g) was estimated from repeat visit data in NHANES 1988-1994. The GFR was estimated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation reexpressed to standard serum creatinine.ResultsThe prevalence of both albuminuria and decreased GFR increased from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004. The prevalence of CKD stages 1 to 4 increased from 10.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2%-10.9%) in 1988-1994 to 13.1% (95% CI, 12.0%-14.1%) in 1999-2004 with a prevalence ratio of 1.3 (95% CI, 1.2-1.4). The prevalence estimates of CKD stages in 1988-1994 and 1999-2004, respectively, were 1.7% (95% CI, 1.3%-2.2%) and 1.8% (95% CI, 1.4%-2.3%) for stage 1; 2.7% (95% CI, 2.2%-3.2%) and 3.2% (95% CI, 2.6%-3.9%) for stage 2; 5.4% (95% CI, 4.9%-6.0%) and 7.7% (95% CI, 7.0%-8.4%) for stage 3; and 0.21% (95% CI, 0.15%-0.27%) and 0.35% (0.25%-0.45%) for stage 4. A higher prevalence of diagnosed diabetes and hypertension and higher body mass index explained the entire increase in prevalence of albuminuria but only part of the increase in the prevalence of decreased GFR. Estimation of GFR from serum creatinine has limited precision and a change in mean serum creatinine accounted for some of the increased prevalence of CKD.ConclusionsThe prevalence of CKD in the United States in 1999-2004 is higher than it was in 1988-1994. This increase is partly explained by the increasing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension and raises concerns about future increased incidence of kidney failure and other complications of CKD.
Development and Validation of Participation and Positive Psychologic Function Measures for Stroke Survivors

Abstract Bode RK, Heinemann AW, Butt Z, Stallings J, Taylor C, Rowe M, Roth EJ. Development and validation of participation and positive psychologic function measures for stroke survivors. Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of Neurologic Quality of Life (NeuroQOL) item banks that assess quality-of-life (QOL) domains not typically included in poststroke measures. Design Secondary analysis of item responses to selected NeuroQOL domains. Setting Community. Participants Community-dwelling stroke survivors (n=111) who were at least 12 months poststroke. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Five measures developed for 3 NeuroQoL domains: ability to participate in social activities, satisfaction with participation in social activities, and positive psychologic function. Results A single bank was developed for the positive psychologic function domain, but 2 banks each were developed for the ability-to-participate and satisfaction-with-participation domains. The resulting item banks showed good psychometric properties and external construct validity with correlations with the legacy instruments, ranging from .53 to .71. Using these measures, stroke survivors in this sample reported an overall high level of QOL. Conclusions The NeuroQoL-derived measures are promising and valid methods for assessing aspects of QOL not typically measured in this population.
Are prognostic factors for local control of breast cancer treated by primary radiotherapy significant for patients treated by mastectomy

Recent follow-up studies of patients with mammary carcinoma treated with breast-conserving primary radiotherapy identified a triad of pathologic features significantly associated with local treatment failure. These unfavorable characteristics of the primary tumor were: poor or undifferentiated nuclear grade; intraductal carcinoma within the tumor mass; and intraductal carcinoma in breast tissue outside the perimeter of the primary lesion. The current study was undertaken to assess the impact of these same factors on the prognosis of 573 consecutively treated women, with invasive duct carcinomas 5 cm or less in diameter, and who underwent mastectomy. Histologic sections of all primary tumors were reviewed, and the lesions were classified according to the distribution of intraductal carcinoma present: only within the tumor (IN, 247 cases, 43%), only outside the tumor (OUT, 25 cases, 4%), within the outside (IN-OUT, 158 cases, 28%), or not seen (IFDC, 143 cases, 25%). The median follow-up period for the entire series was 56 months. Ninety-five (17%) patients were dead of disease (median time to death, 36 months). Variables that proved to be statistically significant for overall survival were nodal status (P less than 0.001), nuclear grade (P less than 0.03), and histologic grade (P less than 0.007). Nodal status (P less than 0.001), histologic grade (P less than 0.001), and tumor size (P = 0.01) were significant predictors of disease-free survival. The pattern of intraductal carcinoma, when present, was not predictive of the risk for recurrence or survival in women treated by mastectomy. These findings provide a rationale for additional surgical treatment for women whose tumors have features more likely to be associated with local failure following primary radiotherapy. To permit more detailed pathologic examination of the primary lesion, the initial excision should be carried out separately from the treatment when limited resection and radiation are to be considered as a treatment option.
Refined Theoretical Estimates of the Atomization Energies and Molecular Structures of Selected Small Oxygen Fluorides

The heats of formation at 298.15 K and structures of five small oxygen fluoride molecules have been determined with coupled cluster theory incorporating at least through quadruple excitations. Because the wave functions of several of these systems exhibit strong multiconfiguration character, correlation recovery beyond CCSD(T) was found to be essential for achieving accurate results. Comparison is made with multireference configuration interaction properties where appropriate. The final DeltaH(f)(298 K) values obtained in this study are FO ((2)Pi(3/2)) = 26.5 +/- 0.2, FOO ((2)A'') = 6.4 +/- 0.7, OFO ((2)B(2)) = 125.0 +/- 0.3, FOF ((1)A(1)) = 5.9 +/- 0.3, and FOOF ((1)A) = 6.4 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol. For FO, FOO, and FOF, the theoretical DeltaH(f) values with their accompanying error bars easily fall within the experimental error bars. In the case of OFO the heat of formation has not been determined experimentally. The best current DeltaH(f) for FOOF lies outside the NIST-JANAF experimental error bars (4.59 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol) despite the use of very high levels of theory and the adoption of what is believed to be a conservative estimate of the theoretical uncertainty. Good agreement with experiment was found for the structures.
Infrared spectra of heptafluorobutyric acid and some of its esters

Abstract Infrared spectra obtained for seven alkyl esters of heptafluorobutyric acid show that 18 vibrations of the CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 group have characteristic frequencies in these esters, with most having average deviations of only about 1 cm −1 . The relative intensities of the bands are also quite constant. The infrared spectrum obtained for heptafluorobutyric acid indicates that the acid is completely associated in the neat liquid.
Immunohistochemical analysis of steroid sulfatase in human tissues.

Abstract Steroid sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.2) is an enzyme that removes the sulfate group from 3β-hydroxysteroid sulfates. This enzyme is best known for its role in estrogen production via the fetal adrenal–placental pathway during pregnancy; however, it also has important functions in other physiological and pathological steroid pathways. The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of steroid sulfatase in normal human tissues and in breast cancers using immunohistochemistry, employing a newly developed steroid sulfatase antibody. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum was generated against a peptide representing a conserved region of the steroid sulfatase protein. In Western blotting experiments using human placental microsomes, this antiserum crossreacted with a 65 kDa protein, the reported size of steroid sulfatase. The antiserum also crossreacted with single protein bands in Western blots of microsomes from two human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and from rat liver; however, there were some size differences in the immunoreactive bands among tissues. The steroid sulfatase antibody was used in immunohistochemical analyses of individual human tissue slides as well as a human tissue microarray. For single tissues, human placenta and liver showed strong positive staining against the steroid sulfatase antibody. ER+/PR+ breast cancers also showed relatively strong levels of steroid sulfatase immunoreactivity. Normal human breast showed moderate levels of steroid sulfatase immunoreactivity, while ER−/PR− breast cancer showed weak immunoreactivity. This confirms previous reports that steroid sulfatase is higher in hormone-dependent breast cancers. For the tissue microarray, most tissues showed some detectable level of steroid sulfatase immunoreactivity, but there were considerable differences among tissues, with skin, liver and lymph nodes having the highest immunoreactivity and brain tissues having the lowest. These data reveal the utility of immunohistochemistry in evaluation of steroid sulfatase activity among tissues. The newly developed antibody should be useful in studies of both humans and rats.
Gene expression in blood is associated with risperidone response in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often have severe behavioral problems. Not all children with these problems respond to atypical antipsychotic medications; therefore, we investigated whether peripheral blood gene expression before treatment with risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, was associated with improvements in severe behavioral disturbances 8 weeks following risperidone treatment in 42 ASD subjects (age 112.7±51.2 months). Exon expression levels in blood prior to risperidone treatment were compared with pre-post risperidone change in Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Irritability (ABC-I) scores. Expression of exons within 5 genes was correlated with change in ABC-I scores across all risperidone-treated subjects: GBP6, RABL5, RNF213, NFKBID, and RNF40 (α<0.001). RNF40 is located at 16p11.2, a region implicated in autism and schizophrenia. Thus, these genes expressed prior to treatment were associated with subsequent clinical response. Future studies will be needed to confirm these results and determine whether this expression profile is associated with risperidone response in other disorders, or alternative antipsychotic response within ASD.
Radiation-induced optical response of single-crystal and polycrystalline YAG.

Exposure of optical materials to transient-ionizing-radiation fields can give rise to transient and/or permanent photodarkening effects. In laser materials, such as YAG, such induced optical loss can result in significant degradation of the lasing characteristic of the material, making its selection for optical device applications in radiation environments unfeasible. In the present study, the effects of ionizing radiation on the optical response of undoped and 1.1% Nd-doped single-crystal and polycrystalline YAG have been investigated. In the undoped materials it is seen that both laser materials exhibit significant loss at the 1.06 μm lasing wavelength following exposure to a 40 krad, 30 nsec pulse of gamma radiation. In the undoped single-crystal samples, the transmission loss is initially large but exhibits a rapid recovery. By contrast, the undoped polycrystalline YAG experiences an initial 100% loss in transmission, becoming totally opaque at 1.06 μm following the radiation pulse. This loss is slow to recover and a large residual permanent photodarkening effect is observed. Nd-doping improves the optical response of the materials in that the radiation-induced optical loss is substantially smaller in both the polycrystalline and single-crystal YAG samples. Preliminary results on the radiation response of elevated-temperature samples will also be reported.
Lived experience of diabetes among older, rural people.

Title. Lived experience of diabetes among older, rural people. Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to elucidate experiences and perceptions of self-management of diabetes as narrated by older people diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes living in a rural area. Background. Older people worldwide are disproportionately affected by diabetes and are more likely to have co-morbidities and disabilities. Guidelines for management, developed by the American Diabetes Association, are not targeted for this population. A plethora of quantitative research has investigated self-management issues, with little change to outcomes. This pleads for consideration of a new diabetes education model, which includes consideration of experiences within clients’ worldviews. Method. Unstructured interviews starting with an open question were conducted from a purposive sample in 2005. Interviews were transcribed and analysed according to the tenets of existential phenomenology, a process which began with bracketing the researcher’s biases. Findings. Living with poorly controlled diabetes led participants to introspection and existential questioning. Four connected themes were identified: ‘Your Body Will Let You Know’; ‘I Thought I Was Fine, But I Wasn’t’; ‘The Only Way Out is to Die’; and ‘You Just Go On’. Conclusion. Currently designed from a medical perspective, diabetes education should be based on a nursing model incorporating the client’s insights and experiences. When managing diabetes is viewed from a client’s perspective, the focus becomes solving problems that arise in self-regulation of one’s own regimen rather than in complying with doctor’s orders. Nurses need to reframe the problem by excluding the compliance/noncompliance model and developing a conceptual perspective on self-management that is grounded in world and body.
Kinetic separation of methane—carbon dioxide mixture by adsorption on molecular sieve carbon

Experimental and theoretical results are reported on pressure swing adsorption (PSA) for the separation of a methane/carbon dioxide mixture which has direct applications in landfill gas and tertiary oil recovery effluent separations. Molecular sieve carbon was used as the sorbent in which the diffusivity ratio for CO2/CH4 is 180 at 298 K. The difference in diffusivities was used as the basis for kinetic separation.The cycle time was chosen to allow substantial sorption of CO2 but preclude penetration by CH4 into the micropores. With a feed of 50/50 CO2/CH4, the typical results for a PSA cycle between 30 psig (3.04 atm) (feed pressure) and 5 psia (0.34 atm) at a cycle time of 120 s were: 90% CH4 purity and over 90% CH4 recovery at a feed throughput of 140 1STP/h/kg sorbent. Effects of the important kinetic separation parameters were shown. The separation results were simulated by a kinetic model in which a cycle-time-dependent linear-driving-force mass transfer coefficient was used. In addition, data are reported for equilibrium PSA separation using 5A zeolite. A comparison was made for: kinetic separation using molecular sieve carbon, equilibrium separation using 5A zeolite, and membrane separation. Based on separation performance, kinetic separation appeared to be superior.
Governance, hubris, and justice in modern tragedy

Hubris is a notion that has recently acquired special urgency, as it seems to express in the post-communist era the demands of justice during the tragic clash between governance and violence. This ethico-political notion deserves to be studied not only in ancient writings but in modern drama and thought as well. Nikos Kazantzakis' unduly neglected Capodistria (1944) dramatizes the dilemmas of civic action during the democratic constitution of a polity. A reading of this tragedy from the perspective of political theory suggests ways in which the meaning of hubris in modernity may be better understood.
ABSORPTION AND ACTION SPECTRA STUDIES ON BITHIONOL AND HALOGENATED SALICYLANILIDE PHOTOSENSITIVITY

SUMMARY. The action spectra were determined with a high intensity light source on 11 patients (including 4 persistent light reactors) known to be photosensitive to bithionol and halogenated salicylanilides. Maximum photosensitivity observed on patch tests containing the sensitizer was in the range of 360 nm. but no reaction occurred above 420 nm. The persistent light reactors had a considerably lowered sunburn MED below 330 nm. compared with control groups. The absorption spectra of the sensitizers was determined in dimethyl formamide and in 95%, ethanol at various pH. The halogenated salicylanilides gave a maximum absorption at 282 nm. in an acid pH, but in a basic pH above 8, when phenolic ionization occurs, a second absorption peak at 360 nm. is found. Maximum fluorescence was achieved by excitation in the region of 360 nm. If the concentration of the sensitizer is equal (1%) then the order of decreasing photosensitizing ability of the tested substances was tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA), bithionol. 4′,5-dibromosalicylanilide (DBS) and 3,4′,5-tribromosalicylanillde (TBS). Guinea-pigs could be sensitized with TCSA within one week using combined long U.V. (320–420 nm.) and sunburn irradiation, but no sensitivity occurred with irradiation for 16 weeks using only long U.V. Patch tests on sensitized patients to photodecomposition products of TBS and DBS were negative. The possible mechanisms in the production of the persistent light reactors are discussed.
A Method for Reliability Increasing Test of Wireless Base Station Product

This paper has described the general process that reliability of wireless base station product is increased by using HALT test technique. For example, the HALT test process of wireless base station type A and its reliability enhancement is described.
“Going up there”: Challenges and opportunities for language minority students during a mainstream classroom speech event

Abstract This article explores challenges and opportunities for language minority students and their monolingual English-speaking classmates during oral presentations in mainstream 7th grade social studies classrooms. The classrooms were designed to provide access to rigorous content and opportunities to develop English for use in academic settings. Student groups simultaneously used presentational language and managed interpersonal interaction with several distinct audiences, manifested through participant structures that required them to sustain extended discourse and respond to interjections from the teacher. Delivering presentations as a group provided students with supports and additional challenges. Viewing oral presentations as speech events provides a productive lens for (a) highlighting academic language challenges that go beyond vocabulary and grammar, (b) recognizing the opportunities for language development inherent in those challenges, and (c) envisioning supports to assist with the challenges without eliminating the opportunities.
Evaluation of Neonatal Mortality Rate and the Impact on Transparency

The purpose of this study was to determine potential causes of an unusually high neonatal mortality rate in a large Midwestern university hospital compared with its peer groups within the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC). The data evaluated in this study were a combination of chart reviews and clinical data reports received from the UHC. Historically, this hospital has a referral basis of extremely high-risk obstetrical patients, and many of the neonates born are not expected to survive. On close examination of our data and the UHC reports, we identified two issues: (a) documentation of viability and nonviability of the neonates born and (b) the process used by UHC to categorize observed versus expected mortalities. Our results following review of 35 charts revealed 77%of the neonateswere born at less than 24 weeks' gestation, 80% weighed less than 1,000 g (with 37% weighing less than 500 g), and 60% had some form of anomaly. We discovered discrepancies related to the documentation, and coding of the neonate from current practices revolved around the maintenance of a neonatal chart. Implications of this study are specific to pediatric nursing practice related to end-oflife care and improved documentation about the nonviable neonate. Results are of interest to multiple audiences including bedside nurses caring for newborn neonates and their mothers, advanced practice nurses, physicians, and individuals from quality and coding. Patient care quality is focused on specific quality indicators, accuracy of documentation of care, reporting of data, and transparency to the public and payor sources.
A review of helicopter control-display requirements for decelarating instrument approach

This paper reviews research and operational test programs that have dealt with control and display requirements for helicopters performing decelerating approaches in the terminal area under instrument flight conditions. A survey of literature concentrating on flight programs resulted in approximately 50 applicable references which were summarized and classified according to the type of stability/control augmentation that was emphasized. On this basis, display information requirements for each control system type were hypothesized consistent with documented results of these programs. Nine control-display combinations that appear to warrant further ground simulation and flight testing are defined and discussed.
Chemical Cross-Linking of a Redox Mediator Thionin for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Reduced β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Abstract Thionin, a redox mediator that has been used to study the electrochemical behavior of reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), was chemically cross-linked on the surface of a spectroscopic graphite electrode by using a triisocyanate cross-linking agent. The electrodes modified in this manner had a purple film with an additional reversible redox couple a t E° of +73 mV vs. Ag/AgCl compared to uncross-linked thionin. The thionin modified electrode mediated oxidation of NADH with response to NADH between 7.0 × 10–7 to 1.8 × 10–3 M, a sensitivity of 113 pAJcmWmM, and a detection limit of 0.5 μM.
The impact of minority stress on mental health and substance use among sexual minority women.

An estimated 2.3 million women in the United States describe themselves as lesbian (O’Hanlon, 1995), and between 1%–4% of all women may be sexual minorities on the basis of either behavior or self-defined identity (Sell, Wells, & Wypij, 1995). Sexual minority women (SMW) are at risk for health disparities and are a medically underserved population (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000a, 2000b). Unfortunately, the great stigma associated with sexual minority identity has precluded the development of an adequate scientific base from which to design effective interventions targeting health risks for this group (e.g., Solarz, 1999). Moreover, women have been underrepresented in the study of sexual identity (Chung & Katayama, 1996). Thus, we need relevant data based on sound theory and methodologically rigorous research to identify subgroups of SMW at greatest risk, stressors most predictive of adverse outcomes, and mechanisms through which these stressors impact health.
Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance in Plants

The mechanisms of salt stress response and tolerance have eluded definition despite reasonable success in defining their physiological manifestations. In this review, we consider the integrated salt metabolism of plants, essentially as a problem in meganutrient physiology. Two critical aspects of cellular and organismal metabolism are given particular attention—those involved in the control and integration of Na+ acquisition and allocation in plants and those involved in readjustment of other aspects of metabolism, especially those involving carbon as a resource.
AN OPTICAL PUMPING PRIMER

This pedagogical paper introduces the basic ideas of optical pumping. Some of the various optical pumping mechanisms are discussed, and illustrated by diagrams showing the experimental apparatus. The density matrix formalism is introduced and used to quantitatively examine the effects of optical pumping. Next some of the various spin relaxation mechanisms such as collisions and spin exchange between electrons and nuclei, are discussed. A good knowledge of elementary quantum mechanics is needed to follow the article.
Structural compromise of the arsenic-terminated silicon (111) surface.

The generalized-valence-bond method of electronic-structure calculation has been used to calculate equilibrium bond angles and bond lengths in a cluster representing the ideal Si(111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)As surface. These are compared to equivalent parameters for the trisilylarsine molecule [(${\mathrm{SiH}}_{3}$${)}_{3}$As]. This molecule is assumed to represent an ``ideal'' structure for the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$As unit since the Si atoms are not constrained to specific lattice positions. Nearest-neighbor distances between Si atoms in a Si(111) plane are 0.4 A\r{} greater than the distance found in trisilylarsine. The structure of the Si(111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)As surface can then be regarded as resulting from a compromise between ``ideal'' Si-As bond lengths and bond angles, given the constraints of the (111) surface atomic positions.
Degradation of MTBE and Related Gasoline Oxygenates in Aqueous Media by Ultrasound Irradiation

Gasoline oxygenates [methyl \Itert\N-butyl ether (MTBE), di-isopropyl ether, ethyl \Itert\N-butyl ether, and \Itert\N-amyl methyl ether] in aqueous media are readily decompose upon ultrasonic irradiation (665 kHz). The optimal instrumental settings for the production of reactive radical species employing a specific reactor were determined using dosimetry. Since hydroxyl radical is generally believed to be the predominant reactive species leading to ultrasonically induced degradation of organic substrates in aqueous media, a terephthalate dosimeter was employed to selectively determine the yields of hydroxyl radicals. The decomposition of the gasolinie oxygenates and the primary decomposition products of MTBE were compared in the presence of different saturating gases (O\d2, N\d2, and Ar). The observed decomposition rates for the oxygenates were similar under Ar and O\d2 saturated conditions, but significantly slower under nitrogen saturated conditions. The observed decomposition rates for a number of the primary decomposition products of MTBE are significantly slower under N\d2 and O\d2 saturation relative to Ar saturation. All the gasoline oxygenates in this study were degraded by more than 98% within 3 h of ultrasonic irradiation under O\d2 saturationwith half-lives of 21–25 min.
Diversifying Science and Engineering Faculties: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender:

The fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) drive economies worldwide. In such knowledge-based economies, no nation can afford to use its human resources inefficiently and ineffectively. Faculties exert a great deal of influence on the science and engineering (S&E) enterprise insofar as they conduct cutting-edge research as well as educate and train the S&E labor forces. This article focuses on the dynamics of the intersections of race/ethnicity and gender on diversifying S&E faculties in colleges and universities in the United States, and the criticality of disaggregating data to better understand these dynamics. Failure to disaggregate race/ethnicity data by gender, and gender data by race/ethnicity, masks important distinctions among groups. Failure to systematically take into account these distinctions results in policy, programs, practices, and institutions that are both inefficient and ineffective in developing and enhancing the S&E labor forces.
Syntheses of (−)-(7S)- and (+)-(7R)-K252a dimers

Abstract This letter describes syntheses of (−)-(7S)-and (+)-(7R)-K252a dimers wherein a convergent bis-indole-N-glycosidic coupling step was used for the resolution of the C(7) substituted (±)-aglycon. Dimerization of the derived monomers was achieved via olefin methathesis.
Pad effects on material-removal rate in chemical-mechanical planarization

The role of a porous pad in controlling material-removal rate (MRR) during the chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) process has been studied numerically. The numerical results are used to develop a phenomenological model that correlates the forces on each individual abrasive particle to the applied nominal pressure. The model provides a physical explanation for the experimentally observed domains of pressure-dependent MRR, where the pad deformation controls the load sharing between active-abrasive particles and direct pad-wafer contact. The predicted correlations between MRR and slurry characteristics, i.e., particle size and concentration, are in agreement with experimentally measured trends reported by Ouma1 and Izumitani2.