cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of surgeon specialty on outcomes in general thoracic surgery: a national sample 1996 to 2005.

Background While general thoracic surgical procedures are performed by several different surgical subspecialties, debate remains as to whether surgeon specialty impacts outcomes. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried for procedure codes for pneumonectomy, lobectomy, limited lung resection, and decortication. We constructed multivariate logistic regression models to calculate odds of hospital mortality or length-of-stay (LOS) greater than 14 days (a marker of morbidity), adjusted for age, sex, patient comorbidities, hospital setting, and surgeon specialty. A surgeon was considered general thoracic if they performed greater than 75% general thoracic operations and less than 10% cardiac operations, Cardiac if greater than 10% cardiac operations, and general surgeon if less than 75% general thoracic and less than 10% cardiac operations. A second set of models additionally adjusted for procedure-specific hospital and surgeon volume. Results From 1996 to 2005, the NIS estimates 41,808 pneumonectomies, 321,767 lobectomies, 75,200 limited lung resections, and 149,318 decortications were performed in the United States. For all procedures studied, general thoracic surgeons had significantly decreased odds-of-death and LOS greater than 14 days compared with general surgeons. Cardiac surgeons had significantly decreased LOS greater than 14 days for all operations and decreased odds-of-death for decortications, lobectomy, and limited lung resection compared with general surgeons. When further adjusted for surgeon volume, most differences in odds-of-death were no longer present; however, significantly decreased LOS greater than 14 days largely persisted for both general thoracic and cardiac surgeons. Conclusions The majority of general thoracic surgical operations in the United States are performed by surgeons not specializing in thoracic surgery. Both general thoracic surgeons and cardiac surgeons achieve better outcomes than general surgeons. Differences in mortality may be more dependent on surgeon volume than subspecialty. Differences in morbidity are significantly impacted by surgeon specialty and volume.
Histological correlation of diffusion tensor imaging metrics in experimental spinal cord injury

Abstract Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has the potential to provide important information about the integrity of white matter tracts in injured spinal cord tissue. It is thought that DTI-based transverse diffusivity (lambda(t)) reflects the state of myelin, whereas longitudinal diffusivity (lambda(l)) reflects axonal integrity. However, this has not been established in spinal cord injury (SCI). Therefore, we performed quantitative histologic analysis on 4- and 8-week post-SCI rodent spinal cords that had received a moderately severe injury at the T7 level and correlated the histology with lambda(t) and lambda(l) measured in vivo. Using antibodies specific to myelin and axonal process (i.e., neurofilament), the percent area of expression was determined in the dorsal, ventral, and lateral white matter from both rostral and caudal regions away from the epicenter of the injury site. The results suggest a positive correlation between lambda(t) and demyelination in many but not all regions. However, these studies failed to establish a correlation between lambda(l) and axonal damage. These results suggest that caution must be exercised in interpreting the DTI metrics in terms of tissue pathology in SCI.
The carboxyl-terminal region of cyclic nucleotide-modulated channels is a gating ring, not a permeation path

The recent elucidation of the structure of the carboxyl-terminal region of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN2) channel has prompted us to investigate a curious feature of this structure in HCN2 channels and in the related CNGA1 cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. The crystallized fragment of the HCN2 channel contains both the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) and the C-linker region, which connects the CNBD to the pore. At the center of the fourfold-symmetric structure is a tunnel that runs perpendicular to the membrane. The narrowest part of the tunnel is ≈10 A in diameter and is lined by a ring of negatively charged amino acids: D487, E488, and D489. Many ion channels have “charge rings” that focus permeant ions at the mouth of the pore and increase channel conductance. We used nonstationary fluctuation analysis and single-channel recording, coupled with site-directed mutagenesis and cysteine modification, to determine whether this part of HCN and CNG channels might be an extension of the permeation pathway. Our results indicate that modifying charge-ring amino acids affects gating but not ion permeation in HCN2 and CNG channels. Thus, this portion of the channel is not an obligatory part of the ion path but instead acts as a “gating ring.” The carboxyl-terminal region of these channels must hang below the pore much like the “hanging gondola” of voltage-gated potassium channels, but the permeation pathway must exit the protein before the level of the ring of charged amino acids.
Tritrichomonas foetus:A Strategy for Structure-Based Inhibitor Design of a Protozoan Inosine-5′-monophosphate Dehydrogenase

Abstract Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is an attractive drug target for the control of parasitic infections. The enzyme catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of inosine monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine monophosphate (XMP), the committed step in guanosine monophosphate (GMP) biosynthesis. We have determined the crystal structures of IMPDH from the protozoan parasiteTritrichomonas foetusin the apo form at 2.3 A resolution and the enzyme–XMP complex at 2.6 A resolution. The enzyme forms a cyclic (C4) homotetramer. The core domain of each monomer forms an eight-stranded parallel β/α barrel with the enzyme active site at the C-termini of the barrel β strands which lies near the center of the fourfold axis of the tetramer. While the electron-density for XMP in the complex structure is well-defined, the NAD cofactor and a nearby loop containing the catalytic cysteine (Cys-319) are disordered. This disorder at the active site suggests that a high degree of flexibility may be inherent to the catalytic function of IMPDH, making this area a difficult target for structure-based inhibitor design. Unlike IMPDHs from other species, theT. foetusenzyme coordinates the substrate phosphate with a single arginine guanidinium in the active site. Furthermore, a deep groove extends 8 A from the substrate phosphate away from the sugar. This structural uniqueness forms the basis of our efforts to design compounds that specifically inhibit the parasite enzyme.
Natural frequencies of continuous Timoshenko beams

The general dynamic three-moment equation including the effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation has been derived for the determination of natural frequencies of continuous beams. An example of a three-span continuous beam is given to illustrate the application of the derived equation and to show the effects of allowing rotary inertia and shear deformation upon the natural frequencies of the beam.
Modeling the hydrological significance of wetland restoration scenarios

Wetlands provide multiple socio-economic benefits, among them mitigating flood through short- and long-term water storage functions and assisting with reduction of downstream flood peaks. However, their effectiveness in controlling floods is dictated by wetland size and distribution within a watershed. Due to the complexity of wetland hydrological processes at the watershed scale, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to study the impact of wetland restoration on streamflow rates and peaks in the Shiawassee River watershed of Michigan. Wetland restoration scenarios were developed based on combinations of wetland area (50, 100, 250, and 500 ha) and wetland depth (15, 30, 61, and 91 cm). Increasing wetland area, rather than depth, had a greater impact on long-term average daily streamflow. Wetland implementation resulted in negligible reductions in daily peak flow rates and frequency of peak flow events at the watershed outlet. In developing high impact areas for wetland restoration, similar locations were identified for reduction of subbasin and watershed outlet streamflow. However, the best combinations of area/depth differed depending on the goal of the restoration plan.
The Weatherford, Oklahoma, Meteorite (ECN =+988,358)*

In this paper are given details concerning the discovery of an unusual irony-stone meteorite near Weatherford, Custer County, Oklahoma (equatorial coordinate number (ECN) = +988,358). There is some evidence that the specimen recovered is only a fragment of a much larger mass, but neither visual nor instrumental searches have led to additional recoveries. Consequently, the mineralogical and chemical investigations have necessarily been based upon the examination of the single specimen so far discovered, that found by Mr. A. B. Potter in 1926. On the basis of these investigations, which are detailed in the paper proper, the meteorite has been classified as a siderolite of class sideraerolite (S) and subclass mesosiderite (Sms).
Mechanism of nicotinamide inhibition and transglycosidation by Sir2 histone/protein deacetylases.

Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) enzymes catalyze NAD+-dependent protein/histone deacetylation, where the acetyl group from the lysine ϵ-amino group is transferred to the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+, producing nicotinamide and the novel metabolite O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Sir2 proteins have been shown to regulate gene silencing, metabolic enzymes, and life span. Recently, nicotinamide has been implicated as a direct negative regulator of cellular Sir2 function; however, the mechanism of nicotinamide inhibition was not established. Sir2 enzymes are multifunctional in that the deacetylase reaction involves the cleavage of the nicotinamide-ribosyl, cleavage of an amide bond, and transfer of the acetyl group ultimately to the 2′-ribose hydroxyl of ADP-ribose. Here we demonstrate that nicotinamide inhibition is the result of nicotinamide intercepting an ADP-ribosyl-enzyme-acetyl peptide intermediate with regeneration of NAD+ (transglycosidation). The cellular implications are discussed. A variety of 3-substituted pyridines was found to be substrates for enzyme-catalyzed transglycosidation. A Bronsted plot of the data yielded a slope of +0.98, consistent with the development of a nearly full positive charge in the transition state, and with basicity of the attacking nucleophile as a strong predictor of reactivity. NAD+ analogues including β-2′-deoxy-2′-fluororibo-NAD+ and a His-to-Ala mutant were used to probe the mechanism of nicotinamide-ribosyl cleavage and acetyl group transfer. We demonstrate that nicotinamide-ribosyl cleavage is distinct from acetyl group transfer to the 2′-OH ribose. The observed enzyme-catalyzed formation of a labile 1′-acetylated-ADP-fluororibose intermediate using β-2′-deoxy-2′-fluororibo-NAD+ supports a mechanism where, after nicotinamide-ribosyl cleavage, the carbonyl oxygen of acetylated substrate attacks the C-1′ ribose to form an initial iminium adduct.
Charity or Entitlement Conundrum: Welfare Policies and Safe Motherhood in Impoverished Buffalo, New York

ABSTRACT In contrast to the most industrialized Western nations, the United States faces great social and economic disparities and a deep gap between the socioeconomic strata. The child poverty rate is almost three times higher than in any other industrialized Western country, and single mother families represent 60% of all poor families in the United States. Concentrating on the situation of single mothers in impoverished Buffalo, New York, the authors argue that similar to the underdeveloped world, the fate of single mothers in the United States is tied to the global economy. This project seeks to understand how systemic (social location) and idiosyncratic (individual) factors interactively affect the health and well-being of female-headed, single-parent families. The quantitative analyses are supported by an examination of a case study of a transitional housing program, called Gerard Place. We examine the impact of this comprehensive program offered to poor mothers, including housing, counseling, educa...
The transition from bound to virtual 4f levels

Abstract The 63Cu and 27Al solvent Knight shifts in CuAl and AgAl alloys, both with and without Gd impurities, have been measured across the two phase diagrams. In pure A1 the Gd impurities caused large Knight shifts which have previously been attributed to 4f levels lying in the conduction band, whereas Gd in pure Cu causes almost no core scattering. It is found that for both CuAl and AgAl solvents the core scattering becomes large rather abruptly at a solvent concentration of about 40 at. % Al. The transition from weak to strong core scattering of conduction states is interpreted as the transition of 4f core states from localized levels below the conduction band to virtual bound states lying in the conduction band. Other possible interpretations of the transition are also discussed.
Can Lottery Incentives Boost Web Survey Response Rates? Findings from Four Experiments

Institutions of higher education rely on student surveys for a number of purposes, including planning, assessment, and research. Web surveys are especially prevalent given their ease of use and low-cost; yet, obtaining a high response rate is a challenge. Although researchers have investigated the use of incentives in traditional mail surveys, studies investigating the impact of lottery incentives on web survey response rates are limited. In this study, four separate web survey experiments were conducted to measure the effectiveness of lottery-based incentives in a college student population in the United States. Findings reveal that the lottery incentives not only positively impacted response rates but also exerted differential effects by gender. The results have practical implications for higher education researchers who conduct web surveys of college students.
Two-stage multirate coding of color images

Abstract Various procedures for coding color images have been described in the literature. Several of these have been based on subband coding, including some early results by the authors of this paper and Bruder, in which vector quantization and ADPCM were utilized effectively to encode the subband images. High quality coded images were achieved at bit-rates of approximately 0.6 bit/pixel for 512 x 512 color images. This paper introduces an improved system which evolved as an attempt to maintain the quality of the subband coder at lower bit-rates. The approach is based on a three component multirate representation of the image, composed of a chrominance sub-image pair, a medium-to-low frequency luminance image, and a high frequency luminance residual. Finite State Vector Quantization and Differential PCM are used to code these components. In addition, the paper discusses subband coding, vector quantization and predictive schemes, and provides some comparisons at low bit-rates. Simulation results indicate that noticeable subjective quality improvement can be achieved using the two-stage multirate scheme relative to the other coders that were considered.
Computational and Experimental Probes of Symmetry Mismatches in the Arc Repressor–DNA Complex

Arc repressor from bacteriophage P22 is a homodimeric member of the ribbon-helix-helix family of transcription factors. Two dimers bind cooperatively to adjacent sites on operator DNA with the antiparallel beta-sheet of each Arc dimer contacting the major groove. Despite the 2-fold symmetry of the dimer, the sequence of the DNA half-site is not symmetric, and thus there is an inherent symmetry mismatch in the complex. Here, using a combination of computational and experimental methods, we further characterize this symmetry mismatch. Continuum electrostatic calculations show that the DNA-contacting side-chains of Gln9, Asn11 and Arg13 each make better electrostatic interactions in one subunit of the Arc dimer than in the other. Based on the computational results, one or both Gln9 side-chains were substituted with Arg or His and Asn11 was similarly substituted with Ile in the context of a single-chain variant of Arc repressor. Although the double mutants that maintain the symmetry of the protein bind much more weakly than scArc, mutants with single Q9R or N11I substitutions bind operator DNA with affinities close to wild-type. Whereas the effects are nearly additive for the mutations at position 9, the effects of single N11I mutations are non-additive. The calculations thus enabled the identification of functionally tolerated mutations in the DNA-binding surface of Arc repressor, which in turn revealed energetic consequences of asymmetric environments in this protein-DNA interaction.
Ionic conductivity and relaxations in ZrO2âY2O3 solid solutions

Abstract We have investigated the electric properties of ionically conducting ZrO 2 –Y 2 O 3 ceramics and single crystals with molar concentrations ranging from 4 mol% Y 2 O 3 to 12 mol% Y 2 O 3 . The frequency dependent conductivities and dielectric constants were measured in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 GHz and at temperatures 300 K≤ T ≤1100 K. The spectra are analyzed carefully in order to separate the bulk conductivity from blocking electrode and grain boundary effects. The intrinsic conductivity follows the universal dielectric response expression: σ ′( ω )= σ dc + A ω s . In contrast, the corresponding formula for the dielectric permittivity, e ′( ω )= e ∞ + A ω s −1 tan( s π/2)/ e 0 cannot explain the step-like frequency dependence of the experimental data. The observed feature is attributed to the hopping of the mobile ions.
The Ford approach to training organisation

In order to remove a common misunderstanding, I must begin by drawing the distinction between Ford Motor Company and its dealers. They are not one and the same. Ford Motor Company is a firm which designs, builds and markets the products; and this article is about training within that firm, which in Britain employs some 55,000 people. Dealerships are independent organisations linked to Ford only by a franchise, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. It is they who sell to the public. Naturally the local Ford Company takes a very keen interest in how they conduct their affairs, but that is entirely their responsibility. It is up to, for example, Godfrey Davis of London or Kontellis of Athens to train their own people, who learn the essentials of their jobs within the dealership.
Movement and survival of corn rootworm in seed mixtures of SmartStax® insect-protected corn☆

SmartStax® insect-protected corn (Zea mays L.) contains genes for six Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins controlling both lepidopteran pests and the corn rootworm complex (Diabrotica spp.). The properties of SmartStax, particularly the multiple effective modes of action (i.e., each Bt protein provides a high level of control of the target pests with a low probability of cross-resistance among the proteins), have provided the opportunity to add to previously approved structured refuge options by combining the non-Bt refuge seed with SmartStax seed in a seed mix. Seed mixes ensure that a refuge is present in every Bt field, remove concerns about grower compliance with refuge requirements, and provide grower convenience. However, seed mixes could increase the likelihood that larval insects move between Bt and non-Bt plants and vice versa. Assessing the insect resistance management (IRM) value of a seed mix refuge requires an assessment of the amount of larval movement, and the consequences of that movement, for the key target pests. The studies here present such data for control of corn rootworm by SmartStax corn, which contains the rootworm-active protein Cry3Bb1 and the binary protein Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1. In a growth chamber experiment, SmartStax was most effective against first instars and significantly effective against second instars, but did not control third instars. In a field study of movement from a heavily infested non-Bt plant onto surrounding plants, a larger percentage of insects successfully dispersed from the infested plant when the surrounding plants were non-Bt plants than when they were SmartStax plants. A paired-plant study showed that few larvae migrated from infested SmartStax plants and survived on nearby non-Bt plants; larvae that migrated from infested non-Bt plants had low survival if the adjacent plants were SmartStax. Replicated field studies of plant-to-plant movement indicated that the non-Bt plants in a 5% or 10% seed mix consistently supported large populations of susceptible insects and represented a productive refuge, whereas the SmartStax plants had few or no survivors. The timing of emergence from seed mix plots containing 5% or 10% non-Bt plants was more similar to that of the non-Bt plots than that of the SmartStax plots. Thus, the available growth chamber and field data indicate that a seed mix of 5% or more will provide an effective refuge for corn rootworm in SmartStax corn.
Substructure in the Circumstellar Disk Around the Young Star AU Microscopii

Keck adaptive optics imaging with a physical resolution of 0.4 astronomical units (AU) resolves the inner (15 to 80 AU) disk of AU Microscopii (AU Mic, GJ 803, HD 197481), the nearest known scattered light disk to Earth. The inner disk is asymmetric and possesses a sharp change in structure at 35 AU. The disk also shows spatially localized enhancements and deficits at 25- to 40-AU separations. The overall morphology points to the influence of unseen larger bodies and resembles structures expected from recent planet formation. AU Mic is coeval with the archetypical debris disk system β Pictoris, and the similarities between their two disks point to synchronous disk evolution. Multiple indications of substructure appear to be common in circumstellar disks at an age of ≈12 million years.
Subsidizing to Disrupt a Terrorism Supply Chain—A Four-Player Game

Terrorism with weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) is an urgent threat to homeland security. The process of counter-WMD terrorism often involves multiple government and terrorist group players, which is under-studied in the literature. In this paper, first we consider two subgames: a proliferation game between two terrorist groups or cells (where one handling the black market for profits proliferates to the other one to attack, and this is modelled as a terrorism supply chain) and a subsidization game between two governments (where one potential WMD victim government subsidizes the other host government, who can interfere with terrorist activities). Then we integrate these two subgames to study how the victim government can use the strategy of subsidization to induce the host government to disrupt the terrorism supply chain. To our knowledge, this is the first game-theoretic study for modelling and optimally disrupting a terrorism supply chain in a complex four-player scenario. We find that in the integrated game, when proliferation payment is high or low, the practical terrorist group will proliferate and not proliferate, respectively, regardless of government decisions. In contrast, in the subsidization subgame between the two governments, the decision of subsidization depends on its cost. When proliferation payment is medium, the decision of subsidization depends on not only its cost but also the preparation cost and the attacking cost. Findings from our results would assist in government policymaking.
Soft X-Ray Properties of Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasars

We report the soft X-ray properties of 41 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), derived by cross-correlating literature blazar samples with the ROSAT PSPC archive of pointed observations. The redshifts of the sources span the range z = 0-3. The 0.1-2.4 keV spectra of FSRQs are well described by a single power law modified by column densities of neutral gas consistent with Galactic values. Spectral flattening/steepening at the lower energies is present in only 4/41 and 2/41 sources, respectively. The ROSAT photon indices of FSRQs span a wide range, 0.5 ? 2.5, and have a measurable intrinsic dispersion; only in part is the spread of slopes due to a redshift effect. The rest-frame ROSAT spectral indices of FSRQs are statistically indistinguishable from low-energy peaked BL Lacs and flatter than high-energy peaked BL Lacs, although with several FSRQs having soft X-ray spectra as steep as HBLs. Similarly, while the bulk of FSRQs are intrinsically X-ray brighter than both types of BL Lacs, the X-ray luminosity distributions of the three classes have a large overlap. The ROSAT spectra of 13 FSRQs are steeper than measured with the Einstein IPC (0.3-4.5 keV), indicating a flat tail emerging at ? 1-2 keV at rest-frame energies. We find a trend for blazars with stronger optical emission lines to be more ?-ray-loud and to have flatter X-ray-to-?-ray continua, possibly supporting external Compton scattering models as the primary generation mechanisms of the high-energy continuum in these objects. For several FSRQs repeatedly observed with ROSAT on timescales of weeks to years, flux variations not larger than a factor of 2 have been detected, with more typical variability amplitude on the order of 10%-30%, and with no accompanying spectral changes. This appears to be in contrast to the less luminous BL Lacs, which are generally characterized by large-amplitude X-ray flux changes, usually accompanied by correlated spectral variations.
Magnesium regulates intracellular free ionized calcium concentration and cell geometry in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Regulatory effects of extracellular magnesium ions ([Mg2+]o) on intracellular free ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i) were studied in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from rat aorta by use of the fluorescent indicator fura-2 and digital imaging microscopy. With normal Mg2+ (1.2 mM)-containing incubation media, [Ca2+]i in VSMCs was 93.6 ± 7.93 nM with a heterogeneous cellular distribution. Lowering [Mg2+]o to 0 mM or 0.3 mM (the lowest physiological range) resulted in 5.8-fold (579.5 ± 39.99 nM) and 3.5-fold (348.0 ± 31.52 nM) increments of [Ca2+]i, respectively, without influencing the cellular distribution of [Ca2+]i. Surprisingly, [Mg2+]o withdrawal induced changes of cell geometry in many VSMCs, i.e., the cells rounded up. However, elevation of [Mg2+]o up to 4.8 mM only induced slight decrements of [Ca2+]i(mean = 72.0 ± 4.55 nM). The large increment of [Ca2+]i induced by [Mg2+]o withdrawal was totally inhibited when [Ca2+]o was removed. The data suggest that: (1) [Mg2+]o regulates the level of [Ca2+]i in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, and (2) [Mg2+] acts as an important regulatory ion by modulating cell shapes in cultured VSMc and their metabolism to control vascular contractile activities.
Bony overuse injuries about the elbow

Elbow injuries are becoming increasingly common, especially among racquet and throwing sport athletes. Treatment of overuse injuries of the elbow continues to evolve. The purpose of this report is to discuss some of the more common bony overuse injuries of the elbow including osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum, olecranon stress fractures, and valgus extension overload. Other less common entities include osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea and medial epicondyle injuries. Diagnosis, current treatment recommendations, and rehabilitation are discussed.
Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction Reaction Mechanism on Non-Platinum Catalysts Derived from Pyrolyzed Porphyrins

A study on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism that occurs on non-platinum electrocatalysts, specifically materials derived from pyrolyzed cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin in acidic media, is presented here. Reactant and product flux analysis is performed on rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) data to evaluate the non-platinum-based materials. An in-depth X-ray photelectron spectroscopy surface characterization analysis is performed and discussed in the context of structure-to-property correlations that are established using a multivariant analysis technique. Pyrolyzed cobalt porphyrin catalysts are highly heterogeneous materials that include both Co species that are associated with nitrogen (CoN x ) and Co nanoparticles coated by "native" Co oxides. This study proposes an ORR mechanism that occurs on this class of non-Pt electrocatalysts based on structure-to-property correlations and qualitative analysis of the RRDE flux data. The combined flux analysis and structural characterization suggests that the series type, 2 × 2 peroxide ORR pathway is supported on the bifunctional catalyst materials. In this model, two distinct active sites are involved following a bifunctional catalysis scheme. It is suggested that oxygen is initially adsorbed and reduced to peroxide on a CoN x -type site. The intermediate product, peroxide, can be further reduced to water in a series reaction step on a decorating active cobalt oxide species on the catalyst surface.
Space weathering of ice layers in lunar cold traps

Abstract There are several mechanisms acting at the cold traps that can alter the inventory of volatiles there, including micrometeoroid bombardment, solar wind and magnetospheric ion sputtering, photon-stimulated desorption, and sublimation. We investigate the effects of these space weathering processes on ice layers in a lunar cold trap. We simulate the development of hydrogen content in a column of material near the surface of the Moon by a Monte Carlo model. Each column is initialized with an ice layer existing within otherwise very immature soil. Time is allowed to run for 1 billion years and all changes to the column are calculated. We find that an ice layer must be > 10 cm thick or > 10 cm deep to have a detectable water enhancement.After 1 billion years, the ice layer is buried below the range of the neutron detection technique.For thinner or shallower deposits, the ice becomes indistinguishably mixed with the enriched soil from steady source delivery. A total of 40 cm deposit of water ice at a concentration of 10% is required to equal the hydrogen content resulting from the solar-wind steady source alone. The saturation level of the regolith is 3.7% water ice by mass.
Ralph Ellison, Intertextuality, and Biographical Criticism: An Answer to Brian Roberts

Brian Roberts raises important criticisms of my argument that the leftist Ellison who in the winter of 1937-38 wrote "A Party Down at the Square" and the Cold Warrior Ellison who in 1952 published Invisible Man were "more significant for their break than for their continuity" (Foley, "Reading Redness" 326).1 If Roberts is right in his counterclaim that the two texts exhibit a similar "conceptual dialectic" based upon a "synthesized intersubjectivity," rather than a polarization between class consciousness on the one hand and existential humanism on the other, he not only queries my analysis of Ellison's individual political and artistic odyssey but also raises a number of larger questions (Roberts 90). Implicated in our varying readings of Ellison's oeuvre, I shall argue, are not just different conceptions of the relationship of the U.S. organized left to African Americans. We also embrace quite different notions about the kinds of evidence-intertextual and biographical-that can legitimately be adduced in arguments about literary interpretation. I am grateful to both Roberts and the editors of JNT for giving me this opportunity to rethink some of my methodological premises. Roberts summarizes some key points in three articles I have written about Ellison's politics between the late 1930s and the early 1950s; let me
Model for Time Lag in Signal Concentration for Product Removal in a One-Dimensional Column

Abstract A signal can be propagated through a chemical system to cause a change to occur. This signal can be concentration (solute or pH, for example), temperature, or pressure. The signal normally does not change in strength but serves to turn the system “on/off.” Based on signal strength, the chemical system can produce, release, and/or remove some chemical species.
Polarized light scattering from biological systems: A technique for cell differentiation

Measurements of polarized light scattered from spores, bacterial cells, and red and white blood cells in various conditions yield optical data that can differentiate between species, strains, surface characteristics, killing methods, antibody binding, red blood cell types, and two types of human white blood cells. The light scattering instrument used, which operates in the context of the Mueller matrix/Stokes vector description of the scattering process, is described. One particular matrix element, S34, is especially sensitive to small changes and cellular differences.
The dogit model is applicable even without perfectly captive buyers

Abstract The dogit choice model is a modification of the logit model to allow for ‘captive’ or ‘perfect loyal’ buyers. This paper derives the dogit choice model from a two-period loyalty model drawn from the marketing science literature. This will prove that the dogit model can be used even when buyers are not perfectly captive (or ‘loyal’) to one choice. We also deduce an equilibrium dogit model corresponding to the equilibrium choice probabilities when buyer choices from period to period follow the two-period marketing science loyalty model.
Role of ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis in nervous system disease.

Abstract Proteolysis by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP) is now widely recognized as a molecular mechanism controlling myriad normal functions in the nervous system. Also, this pathway is intimately linked to many diseases and disorders of the brain. Among the diseases connected to the UPP are neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Perturbation in the UPP is also believed to play a causative role in mental disorders such as Angelman syndrome. The pathology of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by abnormal deposition of insoluble protein aggregates or inclusion bodies within neurons. The ubiquitinated protein aggregates are believed to result from dysfunction of the UPP or from structural changes in the protein substrates which prevent their recognition and degradation by the UPP. An early effect of abnormal UPP in diseases of the nervous system is likely to be impairment of synaptic function. Here we discuss the UPP and its physiological roles in the nervous system and how alterations in the UPP relate to development of nervous system diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The 26S Proteasome: When degradation is just not enough!
Infusing disability sport into the sport management curriculum.

Disability sport is growing around the world with momentum and is described as a “movement” (Bailey, 2008; DePauw & Gavron, 2005). While there are more similarities than differences with sport management for able-bodied athletes and those with disabilities, there are additional needs and considerations for persons with disabilities (DePauw & Gavron, 2005). The noticeable visibility of individuals with disabilities in society, including sport, raises concerns about the degree to which sport management academic programs have modified their curricula to ensure that individuals working in the sport management field are prepared to deal with the uniqueness of disability sport. This paper (a) discusses theoretical perspectives toward understanding and thinking about disability, (b) explores ways to enhance sport management curricula through infusion of disability sport, (c) reflects upon current social practices for curriculum integration of athletes with disabilities in sport, and (d) acknowledges infusion of disability sport businesses, organizations and events.
SELF-CONCEPT VS OBJECTIVE TEST FOR TYPE A/B BEHAVIOR

Although it has become popular to classify people as Type A or Type B, particularly with reference to their risk for cardiovascular disease, we questioned the accuracy of the layman's evaluation of himself. 56 adults were asked their concepts of their behavior type, and results were compared to their scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey. There was general agreement in the typing and on the other Jenkins subscales. But many who on the Jenkins scale scored Type A felt they were Type B, and some of these scored low on the other three component scales; and many Type B persons called themselves Type A, and some scored high on the other subscales.
Hearing Preservation Surgery for Vestibular Schwannomas

Hearing preservation microsurgery for vestibular schwannomas (VSs) offers favorable hearing preservation rates for small tumors in patients with serviceable hearing. The natural history of VSs is slow growth of 1–2 mm per year; however, some tumors do not grow. Hearing loss can occur gradually or suddenly independent of tumor growth. Management options include observation, microsurgical removal, and radiosurgery. Hearing preservation rates are approximately 72 % with middle cranial fossa microsurgery for small tumors ( 70 % word discrimination). Hearing preservation is approximately 50 % with larger tumors not yet touching the brainstem. Longitudinal studies show a 5-year hearing preservation rate for observation of around 50 %. Radiosurgery should not be used as a hearing preservation modality as the 10-year serviceable hearing rates are only around 25 %. Also, observation and radiosurgery do not eradicate the tumor. Normal or near-normal facial nerve function rates are in the 90 % range for all three options. Thus, we favor microsurgical removal for small tumors in young healthy patients.
Acetone treatment for preservation of adult and larval mosquitoes.

Taxonomic work on the Culicidae is hindered by lack of a completely satisfactory method of preserving specimens. Mosquito larvae stored in fluid often lose hairs and gills, and also are difficult to manipulate and study. A more satisfactory method is to mount the larvae on slides, but the specimens often distort and can be viewed from only 2 sides. Preservation of adults raises more serious problems. Preservation in fluid is unsatisfactory, since this method destroys the scale patterns which are necessary for taxonomic work. Mounting on pins or points is not especially satisfactory because the specimens shrivel and become distorted as they dry. Freeze-drying of adults gives well-preserved specimens (Woodring and Blum 1963), but the apparatus required is expensive and not generally available, especially to field workers. This paper describes a technique for the treatment of adult and larval mosquitoes with acetone that results in dry specimens which are not distorted or shriveled.
Properties of certain symmetric stable distributions

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for jointly symmetric stable random vectors to be independent and for a regression involving symmetric stable random variables to be linear. The notion of n-fold dependence is introduced for symmetric stable random variables, and under this condition we determine all monomials in such random variables for which moments exist.
A Study of the Effect of Catalyst on Stereochemistry in the Hydrogenation of N-(Menthyloxycarbonyl)-N-Methyl-2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)-1-cyclohexenamine

Abstract Catalytic hydrogenation of N-(menthyloxycarbonyl)-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-cyclohexenamine (3) gave mainly 1R,2S-cis-N-(menthyloxycarbonyl)- and 1S,2R-cis-N-(menthyloxycarbonyl)-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexylamines 7 and 8 with diastereoselectivity favoring the 1S,2R-isomer 8.
Shrinkage estimation for linear regression with ARMA errors

Abstract In this paper, we extend the modified lasso of Wang et al. (2007) to the linear regression model with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) errors. Such an extension is far from trivial because new devices need to be called for to establish the asymptotics due to the existence of the moving average component. A shrinkage procedure is proposed to simultaneously estimate the parameters and select the informative variables in the regression, autoregressive, and moving average components. We show that the resulting estimator is consistent in both parameter estimation and variable selection, and enjoys the oracle properties. To overcome the complexity in numerical computation caused by the existence of the moving average component, we propose a procedure based on a least squares approximation to implement estimation. The ordinary least squares formulation with the use of the modified lasso makes the computation very efficient. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the finite sample performance of the procedure. An empirical example of ground-level ozone is also provided.
The homeless mentally ill and community-based care: changing a mindset.

The care of persons with severe, persistent and disabling mental illness has received increasing attention during the past ten years. This focus is due, to some extent, to the increased visibility of a subset of this population, the large number of individuals with psychiatric problems who have become homeless. These men and women, who are without homes or in temporary residences, present a sophisticated array of needs and a multiplicity of problems which have rendered most communities impotent to provide appropriate and adequate rehabilitative services. To date, there is no “perfect” community-based system of care for these men and women. What exists is a hodge-podge of shelter, outreach and drop-in center services. Most of these provide little more than a bed (or a chair) to sleep on, a hot meal and refuge from inclement weather. This article discusses some of the issues and assumptions that inhibit and foster the development and provision of a comprehensive system of community-based care for persons with serious and persistent mental disorders who have become homeless. A framework, useful in reconceptualizing the clients, the services and the interaction between them is presented.
Group VI metal carbonyl photoassisted isomerization of olefins

Abstract UV irradiation of M(CO) 6 (M = Cr, Mo, W) in the presence of excess olefin yields light sensitie metal carbonylolefin complexes. Photoinduced rearrngement reactions of the olefin, including both cis-trans isomerization and 1,3-hydrogen shifts, take place. In addition, photosubstitution of both CO and the olefin occur in M(CO) n (olefin) 6 − n complexes with high quantum efficiency. Olefins investigted include the linear pentenes, linear hexenes, 1,4-pentadiene, 1,4-hexadienes, 1,3-pentadienes, 2,4-hexadienes, stilbenes, and trans -C 2 H 2 D 2 . Photoassistance activity with respect to olefin isomerization depends on the metal in the order W > Mo > Cr. The evidence indicates that both photo and thermal pathways are of importance in olefin rearrangements of M(CO) n -(olefin) 6 − n .
Real-time measurement of solute partitioning to lipid monolayers

The interaction of a peripheral protein with a lipid-water interface can show a pronounced dependence on the composition and two-dimensional packing density of the lipids that comprise the interface. We report a novel optical method for measuring the adsorption of macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, and smaller solutes, such as drugs, to lipid monolayers at the gas-liquid interface. Using fluorescence emission from proteins and a small molecule, we demonstrate that the emissions from these solutes when in the aqueous phase and when associated with the monolayer can be temporally separated. Such separation allows measurement of the extent of solute adsorption, spectral characterization of the adsorbed solute, and characterization of lipid organization using adsorption kinetics. The method does not require, but is compatible with, the solute having different spectral properties in the bulk and surface phases. Indeed, if optical signals from adsorbed and soluble solute are the same or their relationship is known, absolute surface excess of adsorbed solute can be calculated without independent calibration. With appropriate instrumental configuration, the method should be adaptable for screening solutes for interaction with planar monolayers having both well-defined composition and adjustable lipid packing density.
INFORMATIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CONSUMER EVALUATIONS OF LINE AND BRAND EXTENSIONS

Line and brand extensions have been the basis for strategic growth for many firms during the past decade. This paper examines how consumers react to these strategies. The results of the study reveal that when consumers evaluate a line/brand extension, they engage in one of the three cognitive processes: category-based (or assimilation), contrast, and piecemeal processes. The results also show that these different types of processes are determined by (a) the degree of (in)consistency between the brand information and category expectations and (b) the level of motivation to process the brand information. Implications of the results for consumer information processing as well as for line/brand extension strategies in the marketplace are discussed.
Source attributions and false memories: A test of the demand characteristics account

When lists of related words are presented to subjects, they sometimes recall or recognize nonpresented words related to those lists (critical lures). In fact, subjects sometimes claim to remember which of two speakers said the critical lures. We examined whether this finding could be accounted for by demand characteristics. If subjects’ willingness to make source attributions to critical lures reflects experimental demand, one would predict that subjects should be willing to change and should have little confidence in these attributions. Subjects made more attributions, were less likely to change their attributions, and were more confident in their attributions for critical lures than for unrelated distractors. Subjects had even more confidence in the attributions that they made for words that had actually been presented, and they were even less likely to change these attributions. These findings suggest that false memories are quite compelling but that they are also subtly different from true memories.
Applying a robust control technique to damp low frequency oscillations in the WECC

Abstract This paper demonstrates the application of a robust technique for damping low frequency oscillations in the WECC. The control is designed by extending the logic of SMA and integrating it with the LMI technique to develop a single-gain feedback controller that is capable of damping oscillations in large systems. It is an integrated form of control because it combines different controllers together so as to prevent any negative interaction between the individual controls. The proposed technique is initially applied to an equivalent model of the WECC system developed in MATLAB and then transferred to a larger and more detailed version created in PSLF. The controllers initially used for the design are the two HVDC lines and an SVC. Three ESDs are added to the model for the improvement of the control. The results indicate that the technique proposed in this paper provides adequate damping to the relevant modes of oscillations and that it can be easily applied to large and complex power system networks.