cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent Radiation From a Swarm of Wirelessly Powered and Synchronized Sensor Nodes

This paper presents a novel technique to synchronize a swarm of sensor nodes at the RF domain and produce coherent radiation from the sensor nodes to increase the amplitude of the reflected signal. A network is formed by an array of microchips that are wirelessly powered, and upon activation, radiate back an RF signal. The phase of the radiated signals from each microchip is synchronized using a wireless reference signal. This technique results in a coherent amplitude combing and power amplification. The microchips are fabricated in a 180-nm CMOS SOI technology. Each microchip occupies a total area of $3.9\times 0.7\,\,\textit {mm}^{2}$ that includes three on-chip dipole antennas that are used for power delivery, injection locking, and back RF reflection. Measurement results reveal that a reference signal in a frequency range of 7.72-7.79 GHz can successfully synchronize the reflected signals radiated from the microchips through a sub-harmonic injection locking scheme. A wireless reference signal of 7.733 GHz synchronizes an array of $2\times2$ microchips. The microchips are locked to half of the reference frequency and produce coherent radiation at 3.866 GHz. This scheme results in a power elevation of ~12 dB on the reader side.
An integrated hypothesis for miR-126 in vascular disease

microRNA miR-126 was among the early discovered miRNAs that are expressed specifically in the vasculature and have critical functions in vascular development. Recent studies have started to unveil potentially important function of miR-126 in vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, stroke and diabetic vasculopathy. The action of miR-126 reflects its function in angiogenesis and inflammation. The expression of miR-126 is downregulated in a variety of vascular diseases, and miR-126 overexpression appears to beneficial for most vascular disease models. In the minireview, we summarize the historic and current research regarding miR-126 function and mechanisms in the vascular system, its link to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA), as well as the potential of miR-126-based therapeutics for vascular diseases. To explain the seemingly conflicting function of miR-126 from different studies, an integrated hypothesis is proposed that miR-126 has strand- and cell type-specific functions in angiogenesis and inflammation, making it beneficial in many different vascular disease models.
Adolescent nicotine and tobacco smoke exposure enhances nicotine self-administration in female rats.

Abstract Most people start experimenting with tobacco products or e-cigarettes in early adolescence and become habitual smokers in late adolescence or adulthood. These studies investigated if exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine during early and mid-adolescence affects nicotine intake in late adolescence and early adulthood. Male and female rats were exposed to tobacco smoke from low- and high-nicotine SPECTRUM cigarettes or nicotine (0.3 mg/kg, twice a day) from postnatal day (P) 24–42. The self-administration sessions started at P55. The rats self-administered nicotine for 14–15 days under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule, and on the first day, the maximum number of infusions was twenty. Exposure to smoke from high, but not low, nicotine cigarettes during adolescence increased nicotine self-administration in female but not male rats. Adolescent treatment with nicotine facilitated nicotine self-administration. On the first day of nicotine self-administration, nicotine-treated rats reached the maximum number of infusions before the saline-treated control rats. Nicotine intake was also higher in the nicotine-treated female rats than in the saline-treated females. There was no sex difference in nicotine intake in controls when the data from the studies were combined. Smoke exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in plasma nicotine and cotinine levels in adolescent rats. Exposure to smoke from high-nicotine cigarettes and 0.3 mg/kg of nicotine led to plasma nicotine and cotinine levels that are similar to those in tobacco users. These findings indicate that in females, but not males, exposure to nicotine during adolescence may facilitate smoking and e-cigarette use later in life.
Serum magnesium concentration and incident cognitive impairment: the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study.

To examine the prospective association between serum Mg level and the incidence of cognitive impairment. A random sub-cohort (n = 2063) from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort was included in this study. Baseline serum Mg concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. According to the current reference interval of serum magnesium (0.75–0.95 mmol/L), we classified participants below the interval as Level 1 and used it as the referent. The rest of the study population were equally divided into three groups, named Level 2 to 4. Incident cognitive impairment was identified using the Six-Item Screener. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression models. After adjustment for potential confounders, an inverse threshold association between serum Mg level and incident cognitive impairment was observed. Compared to those with hypomagnesemia (Level 1: < 0.75 mmol/L), the relative odds of incident cognitive impairment was reduced by 41% in the second level [OR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.37, 0.94)]; higher serum Mg level did not provide further benefits [Level 3 and 4 versus Level 1: OR (95% CI) = 0.54 (0.34, 0.88) and 0.59 (0.36, 0.96), P for linear trend = 0.08]. Findings from this prospective study suggest that sufficient Mg status within the normal range may be beneficial to cognitive health in the US general population.
Chemical and bonding analysis of liquids using liquid cell electron microscopy

Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has become an essential tool for studying the structure and properties of both hard and soft condensed-matter samples, as well as liquids themselves. Liquid cell sample holders, often consisting of two thin window layers separating the liquid sample from the high vacuum of the microscope column, have been designed to control in situ conditions, including temperature, voltage/current, or flow through the window region. While high-resolution and time-resolved TEM imaging probes the structure, shape, and dynamics of liquid cell samples, information about the chemical composition and spatially resolved bonding is often difficult to obtain due to the liquid thickness, the window layers, the holder configuration, or beam-induced radiolysis. In this article, we review different approaches to quantitative liquid cell electron microscopy, including recent developments to perform energy-dispersive x-ray and electron energy-loss spectroscopy experiments on samples in a liquid environment or the liquid itself. We also cover graphene liquid cells and other ultrathin window layer holders.
Duodenal, ampullary, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Oncologic outcomes are driven by tumor biology and tissue of origin

Background Periampullary neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from the duodenum, ampulla, and periampullary pancreas. Duodenal and ampullary NETs are rare and may have distinct biologic behavior from pancreatic NETs (P-NETs). We examined the outcomes of these entities. Methods An institutional database was queried for patients undergoing resection for pancreatic head, duodenal, or ampullary NETs from 2000 to 2018. Patients with MEN1 syndrome or follow up less than 12 months were excluded. Results Three hundred and ten patients were identified. Tumor locations were ampulla (n = 15), duodenum (n = 35) and pancreas (n = 260). Median follow-up and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 60.9 (interquartile range [IQR]: 34.8-99.3) and 171.7 (IQR: 84.0-NR) months. Clinicopathologic data and survival outcomes were similar for duodenal and ampullary NETs (RFS: p = .347 and overall survival [OS]: p = .246) and were combined into an intestinal subtype (IS) group. There were no differences in OS or RFS when comparing IS-NET and P-NET. On multivariate analysis, tissue of origin was not associated with risk of recurrence. The current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging guidelines, which account for origin tissue, were predictive of outcomes for all subtypes. Conclusion Tissue of origin does not appear to impact long-term outcomes when comparing IS-NETs and P-NETs. The AJCC staging system offers good discriminatory capacity in the context of the tissue type.
IVA spacesuit for commercial spaceflight - Upper body motion envelope analysis

Abstract This paper introduces a new, preliminary physical ergonomics model for spacecraft cabin and cockpit architecture and for control systems layout conceptualization. The research was executed during a year-long collaboration between the Florida Institute of Technology's Human Spaceflight Laboratory and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University's Spacesuit Utilization of Innovative Technology Laboratory. It focused on physical ergonomics using an adjustable intravehicular activity Terra Spacesuit manufactured by Final Frontier Design (FFD). The main goal of this laboratory research was to generate an FFD spacesuit specific reference model of reach envelope. The model provides concrete numerical data about potential spaceflight participants' or astronauts' upper body motion, which can be used to improve spacecraft interior design. The reach envelope was mapped using an IR motion tracking system in unsuited, suited unpressurized, and suited pressurized configurations. The resulting model is presented as a geometric area accessible to all test subjects participating in this research. Although this experimental model is based on training spacesuit hardware and operated under lower (1.5 psid) than usual (3.5 psid) operating pressure, it demonstrates the physical ergonomic limitations of wearing an Intra Vehicular Activity pressurized suit. This model further helps spacecraft cabin, flight deck or cockpit architects to identify the optimum internal layout of the vehicle, placement of the control and display components. Control function activation during specific phases of the spaceflight may require either unpressurized or pressurized spacesuit operations. The accessibility of the control input systems is the primary factor in their placement inside the cockpit. More importantly, the vehicle controls, system input devices, and displays should be not only within reach, but also within an executable/operational position and configuration, or work envelope.
Information Theory and the Embedding Problem for Riemannian Manifolds

This paper provides an introduction to an information theoretic formulation of the embedding problem for Riemannian manifolds developed by the author. The main new construct is a stochastic relaxation scheme for embedding problems and hard constraint systems. This scheme is introduced with examples and context.
Mixed methods study investigating the effect of veterinary experiences prior to and during veterinary school on job satisfaction in mixed practice

Factors attributing to the high veterinary attrition rate are numerous, but previous studies have focused primarily on small animal veterinarians.
Diffuse Axonal Injury Grade on Early MRI is Associated with Worse Outcome in Children with Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children, but effective tools for predicting outcome remain elusive. Although many pediatric patients receive early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), data on its utility in prognostication are lacking. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a hallmark of TBI detected on early MRI and was shown previously to improve prognostication in adult patients with TBI. In this exploratory study, we investigated whether DAI grade correlates with functional outcome and improves prognostic accuracy when combined with core clinical variables and computed tomography (CT) biomarkers in pediatric patients with moderate-severe TBI (msTBI). Pediatric patients (≤ 19 years) who were admitted to two regional level one trauma centers with a diagnosis of msTBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score < 13) between 2011 and 2019 were identified through retrospective chart review. Patients who underwent brain MRI within 30 days of injury and had documented clinical follow-up after discharge were included. Age, pupil reactivity, and initial motor GCS score were collected as part of the International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI (IMPACT) model. Imaging was reviewed to calculate the Rotterdam score (CT) and DAI grade (MRI) and to evaluate for presence of hypoxic-ischemic injury (MRI). The primary outcome measure was the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category Scale (PCPCS) score at 6 months after TBI, with favorable outcome defined as PCPCS scores 1–3 and unfavorable outcome defined as PCPCS scores 4–6. The secondary outcome measure was discharge disposition to home versus to an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Of 55 patients included in the study, 45 (82%) had severe TBI. The most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collision (71%). Initial head CT scans showed acute hemorrhage in 84% of patients. MRI was acquired a median of 5 days after injury, and hemorrhagic DAI lesions were detected in 87% of patients. Each 1-point increase in DAI grade increased the odds of unfavorable functional outcome by 2.4-fold. When controlling for core IMPACT clinical variables, neither the DAI grade nor the Rotterdam score was independently correlated with outcome and neither significantly improved outcome prediction over the IMPACT model alone. A higher DAI grade on early MRI is associated with worse 6-month functional outcome and with discharge to inpatient rehabilitation in children with acute msTBI in a univariate analysis but does not independently correlate with outcome when controlling for the GCS score. Addition of the DAI grade to the core IMPACT model does not significantly improve prediction of poor neurological outcome. Further study is needed to elucidate the utility of early MRI in children with msTBI.
American Association for Crystal Growth

Submission Begins: 01/01/2011 Abstract Submission Ends: 05/22/2011Submission Ends: 05/22/2011 'Late News' and Poster Abstract Submission Ends: 06/11/2011Submission Ends: 06/11/2011 Hotel Reservation Deadline: 07/09/2011 A single registration fee will give attendees access to both meetings.
R-clustering technique for initialization of factor analysis of dynamic PET images

In this work we develop a new clustering algorithm for the initial analysis of a dynamic PET image series. Time-dependent activity for each voxel is treated as an independent time series and clustered. The set of representative time series for each cluster is used to initialize a factor analysis algorithm that determines the blood input function, the tissue-specific time-activity curves, and the spatial distribution of tissues with different tracer dynamics from a noisy reconstructed sequence of 3D PET images. The novelty of the approach is in the combination of a unique distance metric between a pair of time series that is more suitable for our subsequent independent component analysis approach. It uses a concept of representative clustering, when only a small number of the analyzed time series are used for clustering, which are automatically determined. The developed method is applied to analyze 11C-PIB dynamic brain PET images acquired to study β-amyloid deposition in brains of Alzheimer patients.
Comparison of Toxicity Between Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy and 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer.

Abstract Background The role of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in reducing treatment-related toxicity for locally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains incompletely defined. We compared acute toxicity and oncologic outcomes in a large cohort of patients treated with IMRT or 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3-DCRT), with or without elective nodal irradiation (ENI). Methods A single-institution retrospective review was performed evaluating 145 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed stage III NSCLC treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy. Sixty-five (44.8%) were treated with 3-DCRT using ENI, 43 (30.0%) with 3-DCRT using involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT), and 37 (25.5%) with IMRT using IFRT. All patients received concurrent chemotherapy. Comparison of acute toxicities by treatment technique (IMRT vs. 3-DCRT) and extent of nodal irradiation (3-DCRT–IFRT vs. 3-DCRT–ENI) was performed for grade 2 or higher esophagitis or pneumonitis, number of acute hospitalizations, incidence of opioid requirement, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy utilization, and percentage weight loss during treatment. Local control and overall survival were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results We identified no significant differences in any measures of acute toxicity by treatment technique or extent of nodal irradiation. There was a trend toward lower rates of grade 2 or higher pneumonitis among IMRT patients compared to 3-DCRT patients (5.4% vs. 23.0%; P = .065). Local control and overall survival were similar between cohorts. Conclusion Acute and subacute toxicities were similar for patients treated with IMRT and with 3-DCRT with or without ENI, with a nonsignificant trend toward a reduction in pneumonitis with IMRT. Larger studies are needed to better define which patients will benefit from IMRT.
How come there are no brothers on that list ? : Hearing the hard questions all children ask

In this article, Kathe Jervis explores how children's experiences of race, even in the "best" schools, often go unnoticed by faculty, and how students' questions about race go unaddressed. As she documented the initial year of a New York City public middle school, Jervis did not intend to focus her observations on issues of race. However, in retrospect, she found children's questions about race and ethnicity were prominent in her field notes, and educator's responses significantly absent. Jervis suggests that even in schools that seek to create diverse and integrated school communities, silence about race prevails. She argues that unless educators consciously create the safe spaces for both children and adults to explore honestly the implications of race, culture, and ethnicity, discussions of race that might be opened by children's seemingly inconsequential questions are not pursued. Jervis concludes that, although discussions about race are difficult, educators — especially White educators — need to foc...
Bioavailability of biotin given orally to humans in pharmacologic doses

Background Patients with carboxylase deficiency are treated with pharmacologic doses of biotin. Objective We sought to determine the bioavailability of biotin at pharmacologic doses. Design Biotin was administered orally (2.1, 8.2, or 81.9 micromol) or intravenously (18.4 micromol) to 6 healthy adults in a crossover design with > or =2 wk between each biotin administration. Before and after each administration, timed 24-h urine samples were collected. Urinary biotin and biotin metabolites were analyzed by an HPLC avidin-binding assay. Results Urinary recoveries of biotin plus metabolites were similar (approximately 50%) after the 2 largest oral doses and the 1 intravenous dose, suggesting 100% bioavailability of the 2 largest oral doses. For unexplained reasons, the apparent recovery of the smallest oral dose was about twice that of the other doses. For all 4 doses, biotin accounted for >50% of the total of biotin and biotin metabolites in urine. Bisnorbiotin (13-23%), biotin-d,l-sulfoxide (5-13%), bisnorbiotin methyl ketone (3-9%), and biotin sulfone (1-3%) accounted for the remainder. The percentage excretion of biotin was greater when biotin was administered intravenously and for the largest oral dose than for the 2 smallest oral doses. Conclusion Our data provide evidence that oral biotin is completely absorbed even when pharmacologic doses are administered. Biotin metabolites account for a substantial portion of total urinary excretion and must be considered in bioavailability studies. We speculate that renal losses of biotin (as a percentage of the dose administered) are moderately elevated when pharmacologic doses of biotin are administered.
A study of recurring local conformations in protein structure

Many studies have compared homologous protein structures to identify those residues which have an important role in maintaining the structure and function of a protein. We have taken an alternative but analogous approach to identify structural determinants of local protein structure, where segments of structures (i.e., substructures) from nonhomologous proteins are compared. Using various statistical clustering methods, we systematically classified protein substructures, one to eight residues in length, into groups with similar conformations. These groups were then each tested for strong amino acid sequence correlations. In one approach, protein structure was encoded into a set of eight torsion codes, derived from partitioning ({dollar}{bsol}phi,{bsol}psi{dollar}) space into eight regions using clustering techniques. Each residue was assigned the code belonging to the region which contains its {dollar}{bsol}phi,{bsol}psi{dollar} angles. Linguistic analysis was then used to identify common torsion code patterns, or "words" in the torsion code sequence. Most previously described local protein conformations were identified as words, suggesting local protein conformation is well characterized. Most words were two to three residues in length, which implies that all the information necessary to describe the conformational propensities of a residue is stored in the conformation of its neighboring one or two residues. Several correlations between conformation and local or teritary attributes became apparent in the studies. For example, short conformations having peptide dipoles aligned in parallel commonly exhibit a high propensity for charged residues nearby in space, oriented so as to stabilize the aligned dipoles. An especially strong preference for aspartate was found, whose sidechain commonly hydrogen bonds to the NH groups of the aligned dipoles, among 3{dollar}{bsol}sb{lcub}10{rcub}{dollar} helices, multiple turn conformations and in a conformation we termed a type I twist , found at the active site of cellular and viral aspartic proteases, with the Asp being the catalytic aspartate. Thus, the Asp plays a structural as well as catalytic role in the protease active site
Vascular pathobiology in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis – Current status and future directions

Chronic liver disease is associated with remarkable alterations in the intra- and extrahepatic vasculature. Because of these changes, the fields of liver vasculature and portal hypertension have recently become closely integrated within the broader vascular biology discipline. As developments in vascular biology have evolved, a deeper understanding of vascular processes has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of the dynamic vascular changes associated with portal hypertension and chronic liver disease. In this context, hepatic vascular cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells and pericyte-like hepatic stellate cells, are closely associated with one another, where they have paracrine and autocrine effects on each other and themselves. These cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Further, a variety of signaling pathways have recently come to light. These include growth factor pathways involving cytokines such as transforming growth factor β, platelet derived growth factor, and others as well as a variety of vasoactive peptides and other molecules. An early and consistent feature of liver injury is the development of an increase in intra-hepatic resistance; this is associated with changes in hepatic vascular cells and their signaling pathway that cause portal hypertension. A critical concept is that this process aggregates signals to the extrahepatic circulation, causing derangement in this system's cells and signaling pathways, which ultimately leads to the collateral vessel formation and arterial vasodilation in the splanchnic and systemic circulation, which by virtue of the hydraulic derivation of Ohm's law (pressure = resistance × flow), worsens portal hypertension. This review provides a detailed review of the current status and future direction of the basic biology of portal hypertension with a focus on the physiology, pathophysiology, and signaling of cells within the liver, as well as those in the mesenteric vascular circulation. Translational implications of recent research and the future directions that it points to are also highlighted.
An HMO study of the azo‐hydrazone tautomerism in diazonium coupling products of 5‐isoxazolones

The HMO method has been used to study tautomerism in 3-substituted 4-arylazo-5-isoxazolones (2), the possible tautomeric structures being 2a-2d. Also the common anions of these tautomers, 6, have been theoretically studied. In addition to the free molecules, HMO calculations have been carried out for structures with hydrogen bonds to protic solvents, for tautomers with intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and for dimers formed via intermolecular hydrogen bonds. In all these situations, the hydrazone form 2a has been shown to be most stable. Also the inductive effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents in the arylazo moiety upon the stability of various tautomers has been investigated. The results obtained on the basis of HMO calculations are in full agreement with the experimental data of Summers and co-workers. Several m- and p-substituted 4-arylazo-3-methyl-5-isoxazolones have been synthesized and their spectral data and melting points reported.
Atherosclerosis and levels of serum cholesterol in postmortem investigations

Abstract In our work we have compared the postmortem findings in material from the Forensic Institute in Cracow (persons who died suddenly from various causes) with the levels of cholesterol and the intensity and localization of atherosclerotic lesions. The total content of cholesterol in the serum was determined in 106 cases. Microscopically, examinations were made in 43 cases. The free cholesterol in atherosclerotic alterations was also investigated by the digitonin method. It was confirmed that the average level of cholesterol in individuals suffering from atherosclerosis (240 mg. per cent) is higher than that in those without atherosclerotic symptoms (205 mg. per cent). These differences are statistically significant only in the group of cases of advanced atherosclerosis (260 mg. per cent) and in the group of cases of sudden death from coronary sclerosis (261 mg. per cent). No significant statistical difference was found in the other groups, which differed from each other only in the degree of atherosclerotic changes. The average level of serum cholesterol in people who died from cardiac infarction (238 mg. per cent) was lower than the level of cholesterol in the whole group of persons who suffered sudden coronary death. Microscopic examinations gave no basis for binding conclusions. Also, no relationship was found between the free cholesterol in arterial walls and the total cholesterol in blood serum. The results of these examinations do not differ practically from the results obtained in analogous examinations in health and disease with atherosclerosis, conducted by the same methods, in the same laboratory, and in the same populations.
Chromosome replication in Escherichia coli induced by oversupply of DnaA.

Overexpression of DnaA protein from a multicopy plasmid accompanied by a shift to 42°C causes initiation of one extra round of replication in a dnaA+ strain grown in glycerol minimal medium. This extra round of replication does not lead to an extra cell division, such that cells contain twice the normal number of chromosomes.
Rotational Analysis of Several Bands in the High-Resolution Infrared Spectrum of Butadiene-1- 13C1: Assignment of Vibrational Fundamentals

Abstract Butadiene-1- 13 C 1 was synthesized, and its high-resolution (0.002 cm −1 ) infrared spectrum was recorded for several bands in the mid-infrared region. A complete analysis of the rotational structure in the C-type band at 524.485 cm −1 for CH 2 twisting and a partial analysis of the rotational structure in the C-type bands at 900.0 and 909 cm −1 were performed. Of these latter two bands, which are of comparable intensity, the higher frequency one is largely CH 2 out-of-plane wagging and the lower frequency one is largely 13 CH 2 out-of-plane wagging. Taken together these bands correlate with one infrared-active a u fundamental and one Raman-active b g fundamental of butadiene. The ground state rotational constants are A =1.3887919 (6), B =0.1436683 (3), and C =0.1302251 (3) cm −1 , and upper state rotational constants are reported for the bands at 524.485 and 900.0 cm −1 . Medium resolution infrared and Raman spectra gave a complete assignment of the vibrational fundamentals, including 11 fundamentals observed directly for the first time.
Interaction of Two Cross-Polarized Electromagnetic Waves with Mammalian Cranial Structures

A study has been made of the interaction of two crosspolarized plane electromagnetic waves with six-layered spherical models of a mammalian head. The numerical results indicate that the absorbed powers induced inside small animal and human heads by incident circularly polarized waves and linearly polarized waves are very similar except that the absorbed power in the planes transverse to the direction of propagation is uniform for the cross-polarized wave. It is also shown that the average absorbed power depends strongly on the frequency and head size involved. The maximum absorbed powers in a given size spherical head vary only slightly with frequency for the two frequencies studied. However, since a greater amount of the absorbed power occurs in the inner sphere representing the brain of a human head when 918 MHz rather than 2450 MHz is used, the former constitutes a greater health hazard to man at the same incident power.
Discriminant features and temporal structure of nonmanuals in American Sign Language.

To fully define the grammar of American Sign Language (ASL), a linguistic model of its nonmanuals needs to be constructed. While significant progress has been made to understand the features defining ASL manuals, after years of research, much still needs to be done to uncover the discriminant nonmanual components. The major barrier to achieving this goal is the difficulty in correlating facial features and linguistic features, especially since these correlations may be temporally defined. For example, a facial feature (e.g., head moves down) occurring at the end of the movement of another facial feature (e.g., brows moves up), may specify a Hypothetical conditional, but only if this time relationship is maintained. In other instances, the single occurrence of a movement (e.g., brows move up) can be indicative of the same grammatical construction. In the present paper, we introduce a linguistic–computational approach to efficiently carry out this analysis. First, a linguistic model of the face is used to manually annotate a very large set of 2,347 videos of ASL nonmanuals (including tens of thousands of frames). Second, a computational approach is used to determine which features of the linguistic model are more informative of the grammatical rules under study. We used the proposed approach to study five types of sentences – Hypothetical conditionals, Yes/no questions, Wh-questions, Wh-questions postposed, and Assertions – plus their polarities – positive and negative. Our results verify several components of the standard model of ASL nonmanuals and, most importantly, identify several previously unreported features and their temporal relationship. Notably, our results uncovered a complex interaction between head position and mouth shape. These findings define some temporal structures of ASL nonmanuals not previously detected by other approaches.
Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on electrical self stimulation of the brain

In rats, after a single intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) electrical self stimulation was reduced by approximately 50%. The concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain were reduced by 83%. A second injection of 6-OHDA reduced the concentration of these amines to 7% of control values and virtually eliminated self stimulation.
Elastic precursor decay and radiation from nonuniformly moving dislocations

Abstract P recursor decay in plate impact experiments on single crystals is re-examined from the viewpoint of the elastodynamics of moving dislocations. Superposition of solutions for many dislocations set in motion by an incident plane wave is used to relate the decay of the wave amplitude at the front of the plane wave to the density and velocity of dislocations at the wavefront. The resulting precursor decay relation is the same as the one derived from an elastic/visco-plastic model of the material, except for a small correction due to differences between the effects of forward and backward propagating dislocations. Motivated by this added support for the validity of the precursor decay equation, the values used for the quantities in this equation are re-examined. Recent experimental results and the elastodynamics analysis are interpreted as indicating that the commonly-used values of dislocation velocity are probably satisfactory, but that the values used for dislocation density are several orders of magnitude too small near the lapped surfaces of the crystal. These large dislocation densities are identified as the probable dominant cause of the lower-than-predicted precursor amplitudes that are recorded in experiments. More accurate experimental data and inclusion of the non-linear elasticity effects are essential in determining whether or not the observed precursor decay in the bulk of the specimen can be explained by the motion of dislocations present initially. Calculations of energy radiated from screw and edge dislocations that start from rest and move thereafter at constant velocity confirm that dislocation drag forces due to continuum elasticity effects are small for dislocation velocities less than, say, 80% of the elastic shear wave speed. At supersonic speeds the continuum drag effects become so large that sustained supersonic motion of dislocations appears unlikely.
Missile injuries in Aden, 1964–7

An account is given of the missile injuries suffered by British servicemen, their wives and children in Aden between May, 1964 and November, 1967. Records of 776 individuals are reviewed. One hundred and twenty-one died: of these, 99 were killed in action and 22 died of their wounds in hospital. One hundred and thirty-six casualties with major wounds are assessed, and the lasting value of delayed primary suture described in some detail, since its value in civilian accident surgery is overlooked. The advent of the helicopter has made possible the rapid evacuation of the wounded to fixed base hospitals by-passing field surgical units.
Error formation in ansa-zirconocene catalyzed isotactic propylene polymerization

Abstract Propylene was polymerized in the presence of the cation bis(O-acetyl-(R)-mandelate) (1+(S)) of (S)-ethylenebis[4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-η5-indenyl]zirconium and (1+(R/S)) of a mixture of diastereomers. Under the same experimental conditions the polymers obtained with the latter exhibit abundant non-homosteric methyl 13C NMR pentads as well as 2,1- and 1,3-misinsertion resonances; these stereo- and regioirregularities are absent in the poly(propylenes) formed by the enantiometric 1+ (S). The stereoselectivity of catalysis by 1(R/S) can be significantly raised either by reducing its concentration, lowering the polymerization temperature, or immobilizing it in a silica support; the stereoselectivity of catalysis by 1(S) is not similarly affected. These results are consistent with the interchange of polymer chains of opposite β-carbon configuration bound to different chirality metal centers of the racemic mixture causing steric inversions. In the case of catalysis by 1(S), the same process does not introduce stereoerror because the growing chains are of the same configuration. Maximum isotactic specificity of an ansa-zirconocene precursor is obtained either with a pure enantiomer of the precursor or with a racemic mixture of the zirconium complex which is adequately immobilized on a support.
Effect of layer thickness on thermoelectric properties of multilayered Si1 − xGex/Si after bombardment by 5 MeV Si Ions

Abstract We made two types of nanoscale thermoelectric devices that consist of multiple periodic layers of Si 1 − x Ge x /Si. One device has 70 layers with a 10 nm period and the other has 1120 layers with 1 nm period. An example of each device was bombarded by 5 MeV Si ions to induce the formation of quantum dot structures. In addition to the effect of quantum well confinement of the phonon transmission, the quantum dots produced by the Si ion bombardment further reduce the thermal conductivity. The defect and disorder in the lattice caused by bombardment and the grain boundaries of these nanoscale clusters increase phonon scattering and increase the chance of annihilation of the phonon. The increase of the electron density of states in the miniband of the quantum dot structure formed by bombardment also increases the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity. As a result of ion bombardment the thermoelectric figure of merit of the multilayer films increases. The comparison of thermoelectric properties of the samples indicates that the lattice period of 10 nm produces better thermoelectric properties than does the same structure with 1 nm period.
Landau levels in the case of two degenerate coupled bands: Kagomé lattice tight-binding spectrum

The spectrum of charged particles hopping on a kagom\'e lattice in a uniform transverse magnetic field shows an unusual set of Landau levels at low field. They are unusual in two respects: the lowest Landau levels are paramagnetic so their energies decrease linearly with increasing field magnitude, and the spacings between the levels are not equal. These features are shown to follow from the degeneracy of the energy bands in zero magnetic field. We give a general discussion of Landau levels in the case of two degenerate bands and show how the kagom\'e lattice tight-binding model includes one special case of this more general problem. We also discuss the consequences of this for the behavior of the critical temperature of a kagom\'e grid superconducting wire network, which is the experimental system that originally motivated this work.
Diagnosis and treatment of depression in primary medical care practice : The application of research findings to clinical practice

Approximately 50% of persons experiencing clinical depression seek help for this disorder from their primary care physician. This pattern of help-seeking has stimulated interest in providing appropriate treatment for depressed primary medical care patients. While the efficacy of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for depression have been demonstrated in the mental health specialty sector, current research endeavors to establish the effectiveness of such treatments when provided to primary medical care patients. We review and discuss the clinical, practical, and methodological issues pertaining to the transfer of depression research to routine primary care practice. Possible directions for future research which will inform the continued applicability of research findings to routine practice are discussed.
Increased GABAA-dependent chloride uptake in mice selectively bred for low aggressive behavior.

Selective breeding for aggressive behavior alters GABA-dependent chloride uptake and behavioral response to benzodiazepine treatment. Pharmacological and biochemical studies examined subjects from three lines of adult male ICR mice selectively bred for either high levels or low levels of aggressive behavior, as well as unselected controls. Selective breeding produced two lines of behaviorally distinct males. During 5-min dyadic confrontations with an outbred stimulus animal, untreated low-aggressive mice spent more time in walking, rearing, and social interaction than untreated high-aggressive mice. The three lines also showed different responsiveness to the aggression increasing and decreasing effects as well as the sedative effects of benzodiazepine treatment. High doses of chlordiazepoxide (17, 30 mg/kg) reduced motor behaviors (walk, rear and groom) in the low-aggressive line without altering these behaviors in the high aggressive line. In the high-aggressive line, the same doses of chlordiazepoxide (17, 30 mg/kg) produced a behavioral shift; aggressive behaviors were reduced while social behaviors increased to levels similar to the untreated low-aggressive line. In contrast, only the unselected line pursued and threatened more after a low dose of chlordiazepoxide (3 mg/kg). The three lines also showed alterations at the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor complex. Specific uptake of [3H]Ro-15-1788 was increased in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus in the low-aggressive line, and was reduced in these areas in high-aggressive line when compared with unselected controls. Similarly, GABA-dependent chloride uptake in cortical synaptoneurosomes was augmented in low-aggressive mice and decreased in high-aggressive mice when compared to unselected controls. These data suggest a direct relationship between GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor function and the predisposition to initiate aggressive behavior.
Spin-up processes in the Community Land Model version 4 with explicit carbon and nitrogen components

a b s t r a c t Given arbitrary initial conditions, terrestrial biogeochemistry models typically require hundreds to thousands of years for carbon and nitrogen in various pools to reach steady-state solutions. Such long spin-up processes not only pose a significant burden to computational resources, but also are against observational evidence. The objectives of this study are to: (1) compare four spin-up methods and their steady-state solutions using the Community Land Model version 4 with explicit carbon and nitrogen processes (CLM4CN2); (2) elucidate the potential weaknesses of the model that are responsible for long spin-ups. The four methods can be classified into two groups: (1) the model spins up from arbitrary initial conditions (e.g., the traditional native dynamics or ND method); (2) the model is initialized with observed soil organic matter (SOM) pools. Our results show that: (1) compared to ND, accelerating SOM decom- position rates during spin-up reduces the spin-up timescales in tropical forests, grasslands, temperate forests, and boreal forests; (2) in some temperate forests, decelerating the denitrification and leaching rates and accelerating the decomposition rates during spin-up saves more computational time than the method only with decomposition rates accelerated; (3) a reasonable SOM initialization helps the model reach its steady state quickly. We also find that in some ecosystems the vegetation seasonality described by methods with decomposition or denitrification and leaching rates changed is inconsistent with that from the ND method. CLM4CN has the potential of improving the simulations and reducing the long spin-up timescales if the model structure and ways in representing decomposition and immobilization are improved.
Macrophage functional maturation and cytokine production are impaired in C/EBPe-deficient mice

Members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family are involved in the regulation of cellular differentiation and function of many tissues. Unlike the other members of the family, C/EBPe expression is restricted to granulocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. C/EBPe is highly conserved between human and rodents and is essential for terminal granulopoiesis in both species. To study the role that C/EBPe plays in macrophages, wild-type and C/EBPe–deficient (−/−) murine macrophages obtained from thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal lavages and differentiated bone marrow cells were compared. Although macrophage development occurred in both types of mice, the C/EBPe−/− cells had a lower expression of macrophage markers and a morphologic and ultrastructural appearance of immaturity. Phagocytic function, measured by calculating the percentage of internalized opsonized fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–labeled yeast, was significantly impaired in the C/EBPe−/− macrophages compared with their wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, the differential expression of 26 macrophage-specific genes between wild-type and C/EBP−/− mice was analyzed. A subset of genes involved in differentiation, immune, and inflammatory responses was found down-regulated in the C/EBP−/− macrophages. Taken together, this study implicates theC/EBPe gene as an important transcription factor required for normal function and development of macrophages.
Making bacteria behave: new agonists and antagonists of quorum sensing.

Small-molecule agonists and antagonists of bacterial quorum sensing can enhance our understanding of this form of cell–cell communication. A recent effort has discovered effective modulators of the autoinducer-1 circuit for bacterial quorum sensing by the synthesis and evaluation of a small library of aryl-substituted acyl-homoserine lactone analogues. This series highlights the sensitivity to structure of the contrasting responses of agonism and antagonism of the natural signal and identifies an analogue that provokes the same response as the natural signal but at 10-fold lower concentration, a “superagonist”.
Benjamin Schmolck,1 Author of “My Jesus, as Thou Wilt!” A Monograph

Benjamin Schmolck, the author of the favorite hymn “My Jesus, as thou wilt!”, was born in Brauchitsdorf, Silesia, December 21, 1672. It is registered in the Calendar as St. Thomas' Day, and Schmolck says that it often led him, in the troubles of his spirit, to think of the wounded side and the bleeding nail-prints of his Saviour. He was contemporary with a kindred spirit and lyric poet, John Anastasius Freilinghausen, born the same month, though two years later, and dying two years earlier, and on the same day of the month with himself. His father, Martin Schmolck, was for twelve years associate-pastor at Schniedsberg, where he wedded Rosina Dehmel, daughter of Martin Dehmel. In 1665, the senior Schmolck was made pastor of Brauchitsdorf, Liegnitz, a village of some eight hundred inhabitants, where he remained forty-seven years; a man fatherly, faithful, and indefatigable in his office. Benjamin, the hymn-writer, was his fourth child; and him the father solemnly dedicated to the work of the Christian ministry, baptising him on the fourth day after his birth.
Diagnosis of urachal anomalies in infancy and childhood by contrast fistulography, ultrasound and CT

From 1981 to 1989 seventeen cases of pediatric patients with urachal remnants have been treated at the Fukuoka Municipal Children's Hospital (2 patent urachus, 5 urachal cyst, 9 urachal sinus, 1 urachal diverticulum). The cases of patent urachus were discovered in the neonates due to a urine discharge from the umbilicus; in the older children, cysts or sinuses accompanied by an infection led to the diagnosis of the urachal anomaly. In 8 of 11 cases, fistulography established the diagnosis. In 9 of 12 cases, ultrasound imaging was diagnostically successful, as was CT in all 3 cases that were given scans.