cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety overview of FDA-approved medications for the treatment of the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is among the most common of the neurodegenerative disorders. Treatment is primarily focused on correcting neurotransmitter imbalances. Several classes of medication are available for this purpose.Areas covered: A Medline search was performed to gather information about the safety of the medications approved for the treatment of the motor symptoms of PD. This was supplemented with additional articles obtained from online sources and information provided by the FDA and the manufacturers. The focus of this review is the side-effect and safety profiles of carbidopa/levodopa, dopamine agonists, selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors, catechol-o-methyltransferase inhibitors, anticholinergics and amantadine.Expert opinion: Though serious side-effects may occur, as a group, the medications used for the treatment of PD motor symptoms tend to produce side-effects that are mild to moderate in nature, and that primarily reflect the focus on dopaminergic therapies. Care plans for...
Process-based model linking pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) activity to sediment transport and soil thickness

Burrowing organisms assist in shaping earth surfaces and are simultaneously affected by the environment they inhabit; however, a conceptual framework is not yet available to describe this feedback. We introduce a model that connects the population density of soil-burrowing animals to sediment transport via energy. The model, combined with avail- able data from California hillslopes where soil erosion is driven by pocket gophers ( Thom- omys bottae), suggests that a gopher annually expends ;9 kJ of energy, or ;1% of re- ported burrowing energy expenditure, in generating sediment transport. The model is used to evaluate the case that gophers prefer to populate thicker soils. The results suggest that this behavior may drastically dampen the spatial and temporal variations of soil thickness and gopher populations, implying that burrowing organisms may create landscapes dis- tinct from those affected by abiotic processes.
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE STUDIED WITH AN INTERACTING ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN MODEL1

Abstract A simple, two-layer numerical model of the upper tropical ocean has been added to a pre-existing primitive-equation model of a zonally symmetric tropical atmosphere to predict a north-south profile of sea-surface temperature and its relationship to the atmospheric intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). With an initially flat temperature profile near the Equator, it is found that a cold equatorial surface progressively develops as a result of upwelling and vertical mixing in the sea. A single ITCZ establishes itself at first over the Equator, but then migrates poleward as the Equator cools; the convergence zone remains single, despite the eventual double surface-temperature maximum. This marked hemispheric asymmetry is in accord with satellite observations.
Flow visualization of a round jet impinging on cylindrical surfaces

Abstract Smoke wire flow visualization is used to investigate the behavior of a round jet issuing from a straight tube and impinging on concave and convex surfaces with high relative curvature values. Local velocity and turbulence intensity measurements of the free jet are correlated to the formation of the visualized ordered-flow structures. Visualization of the impinging jet shows the initiation and growth of ring vortices in the jet shear layer and their interaction with the cylindrical surfaces. Effects of relative curvature, nozzle diameter, nozzle-to-surface distance and Reynolds number on the jet flow structure are described.
A time-domain simulation method incorporating magnetic materials

This paper presents a new time-domain simulation scheme that incorporates magnetic materials operating in the dominant mode. The proposed scheme is a modification of the Yee scheme by incorporating the Landau-Lifschitz equation of motion including the dominant and loss terms. The proposed scheme is validated by comparison of simulated scattering parameter data with scattering parameter data obtained from a common frequency-domain solver of a circulator with rectangular geometry from the open literature.
Neurospora crassa clock-controlled genes are regulated at the level of transcription.

Abstract Although an extensive number of biological processes are under the daily control of the circadian biological clock, little is known about how the clock maintains its regulatory networks within a cell. An important aspect of this temporal control is the daily control of gene expression. Previously we identified two morning-specific genes that are regulated by the clock through daily control of gene expression (J. Loros, S. Denome, and J.C. Dunlap, Science 243:385-388, 1989). We have now introduced a method for transcriptional analysis in Neurospora crassa and used this nuclear run-on procedure to show that regulation of mRNA abundance for these two morning-specific genes occurs at the level of transcription. This transcriptional regulation by the circadian clock provides a basis for isolating circadian rhythm mutants.
Life Tables and Parasitism: Estimating Parameters in Joint Host-Parasitoid Systems

Estimating total losses from parasitism is a basic step in constructing life tables for host-parasitoid systems. Such estimates are not available in most cases directly from stage-frequency data or samples of percentage parasitism, particularly when recruitment or parasitism overlaps with advancement to the next developmental stage.
Fertility Issues in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors.

Purpose: Many adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors place great importance on fertility. This study explored AYAs' discussions of fertility in the context of discussing their survivorship experiences. Methods: Secondary analyses of a qualitative study of young adult survivors of adolescent cancers (“AYA survivors”) was performed using semistructured individual interviews and focus groups. Analyses were conducted using grounded theory using thematic content analysis with an inductive data-driven approach. Results: Participants (n = 43) were 16–24 years old, diagnosed with cancer between ages 14 and 18 years, and were at least 6 months post-treatment. Before treatment, 5 males banked sperm and no females preserved fertility. More males (50%) than females (39%) reported uncertainty about their fertility. Three major categories emerged from the data: fertility concerns, emotions raised when discussing fertility, and strategies used to manage fertility concerns. Fertility concerns focused on dating...
Mandatory continuing education or periodic reexamination

A descriptive study of physical therapists located primarily in the southeastern United States was undertaken to determine their opinions concerning mandatory continuing education or reexamination for license renewal. A majority of the 1,187 respondents favored continuing education rather than reexamination. Of those favoring continuing education, a majority prefer a yearly minimum requirement of at least 10 hours, a three-year review cycle, a sharing of costs by therapists and employers, provision of courses by the national association, approval of courses by the district or state association, and awarding of credit for demonstrated improved performance at the course. Of those favoring periodic reexamination, a majority preferred a five-year cycle, self-assessment methods available prior to reexamination, a sharing of costs by therapists and government, and an oral examination that the national association would compose but academic institutions administer. Both groups favor probationary status for noncompliance. Based on the findings, some implications for adoption and implementation of either system for the physical therapy profession are discussed.
The Normative Model in Decline? Public Service Motivation in the Age of Governance

This paper examines how public management reforms that foster market values (through performance measurement, financial incentives and contracting out) crowd-out the public service motivation of employees. The flaws of the market model in practice means that it encourages opportunistic behavior, making it even more important that the public sector curtails financial motivators, encourages intrinsic motivation and selects people who are not primarily driven by self-interest.
In situ functionalization of gallium nitride powder with a porphyrin dye

This work focused on the modification of milled GaN powder. Successful attachment of a porphyrin derivative to a GaN powder was performed via in situ functionalization in the presence of phosphoric acid. The GaN powder was imaged using scanning electron microscopy and was found to be heterogeneous in nature, adopting no consistent geometry in the aggregates. The aqueous stability of the porphyrin used was observed in deionized water and a solution of phosphoric acid using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Surface chemistry was characterized with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, which identified evidence of successful functionalization through the presence of characteristic peaks. The interface stability of the covalent bond between GaN and porphyrin was evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy and demonstrated no leaching of dye in water solutions for 20 days.
Marijuana use among adults.

This research was supported by Public Health Service grant MH-13484 from the National Institute of Mental Health. We wish to thank Dr. Arthur Chandler, Dr. Sidney Cohen, and Dr. Oscar Janiger for generously permitting the use of their records and for aiding in the contacting of respondents. Mr. Carlos Garcia aided in the interviewing, and Miss Kay Jamison and Mrs. Judith Bernstein assisted in the analysis. UNTIL a few years ago, marijuana use in this country was largely confined to two groups: minorities in the lower socioeconomic classes; and persons associated with entertainment and other art-related pursuits. Recent attention has focused on the rapidly increasing number of middle-class youths who are currently using the drug with varying frequencies? While it is the last group which is of primary social concern, it is the older groups which afford the opportunity to examine stabilized patterns of marijuana use and its long-term relationship to other individual and social behavior. Robins, Darvish, and Murphy have recently reported on a longitudinal study of Negro men who used marijuana as adolescents. The present study is based on a sample of adults, 93 percent white, about forty years of age, and generally of above average education and economic status, who typically first used marijuana some 20 years ago and continued to do so on a regular basis for a period of several years. It presents information on motivation for use, patterns of use, reported effects, use of other drugs, background and behavioral characteristics of the user, and personality and attitude correlates. The data on marijuana use reported here are part of a larger follow-up study of the effects of LSD. In that study 247 persons who received LSD from one of three physicians in either experimental or psychotherapy settings during the period 1955-61 were personally interviewed in 1967-68. Their introduction to the study was via a letter from the physician who initially had administered the LSD. All interviews were done by two of the authors and one other person. Rapport was good, and with very few exceptions there was no indication that respondents withheld or distorted information regarding drug use.
STAINLESS STEEL DISC VALVE FOR CARDIAC VALVE REPLACEMENT.

Supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grants HE-7207 and HE-06352, and grants from the Delaware and Northeastern Chapter of the Pennsylvania Heart Associations.
Government Regulation and Economics

In 1994 the U.S. District Court of Texas on behalf of the EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers penalized a 73 year old retiree. As part of the judgement, the court forced him to post a large sign on the highway in front of his house. It read, “Wetlands Restoration: Illegal fill material, deposited without required permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by M. Van Leuzen, is being removed by the filler at his own expense. In addition, the Wetlands shall be revegetated and civil penalties paid. Final restoration of the property, including relocation of the house, shall be funded by M. Van Leuzen.”
Uncovering discordance between taxonomy and evolutionary history in Florida raccoons

Due to perceived isolation of near shore islands, there are currently five subspecies of raccoons (Procyon lotor) recognized in Florida, USA. In this study, we elucidated molecular genetic differences between subspecies using 173 samples from eight localities collected throughout Florida. We sequenced two mitochondrial genes and genotyped eight nuclear microsatellite loci to test two hypotheses: (1) the five morphologically and geographically defined subspecies of raccoons in Florida represent genetically distinct populations and (2) due to differing habitat availability between island and mainland subspecies, island populations would exhibit reduced levels of genetic diversity compared with mainland populations. Our mitochondrial results identified 37 unique haplotypes, many of which are shared between described subspecies. However, our analyses of genetic differentiation suggest a recent restriction of gene flow among three clusters of raccoons, which do not correlate to traditional geographies for subs...
Soul Mates: Religion, Sex, Love, and Marriage among African Americans and Latinos.

Abstract Introduction This book review analyzes the complex and profound impact active religious participation has on relationships and family outcomes among African Americans and Latinos. In Soul Mates, Wilcox and Wolfinger discuss the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow laws and the resulting devastating effects on African American and Latino families despite their high religious involvement. The authors make the case that many African American men are unlikely candidates for marriage or stable relationships due to trends of family instability driven by the declining income-power of working-class men as well as entry of more women into the labor force, government penalties for low-income couples, revolt against traditional values, increased access to birth control and abortion, and the persistence of discrimination and incarceration of minority men. Methods The authors examine data from six national surveys as well as additional data from interviews, focus groups, ethnographic field work, and an extensive literature review. Results Wilcox and Wolfinger find evidence that when African American couples actively participate in Christian churches, the men are more likely to adhere to a “code of decency” which decreases street behaviors, such as binge drinking, having multiple sex partners, and having multi-partner fertility, which are known to inhibit family stability. Conclusions This book will be helpful for health providers who would like to better understand and serve their African American and Latino patients. The findings suggest that health care providers can promote a healthy emotional environment for families by encouraging minority men to renew or maintain church involvement.
Faecal microbiota transplantation is promising but not a panacea.

Faecal microbiota transplantation has proved efficacious for diseases such as recurrent Clostridium difficile infection via restoration of gut microbial ecology and bile acid content. However, despite its adoption by mainstream medicine, misuse of this technology in clinical or domestic settings warrants caution.
An alternative measure of ordinal association as a value-validity correction of the Goodman–Kruskal gamma

ABSTRACTEven though the Goodman–Kruskal gamma (γ) is perhaps the most popular measure of association between two ordinal categorical variables, it does have some well-known limitations. In particular, it is widely recognized that its sample form takes on values that may be highly inflated, making it incomparable with other measures such as the frequently used Kendall's tau-b (). Such overstatement of a characteristic, varying in extent, has important implications for the validity and reliability of results and conclusions. By imposing a value–validity condition on association measures, this paper derives an alternative measure as a simple correction of . The new measure takes on reasonable values throughout its range from −1 to 1 and is quite comparable with , but has advantages over it. Numerical values of are compared with those of and other measures for various reported datasets, and a statistical inference procedure is discussed.
Apolipoprotein E: Remarkable Protein Sheds Light on Cardiovascular and Neurological Diseases.

Apolipoprotein E (apoE)6 is a relatively small protein (34 kDa, 299 amino acids) that has been slowly revealing its biologic secrets in cardiovascular and neurological diseases over the past 45 years since it was first observed as a protein constituent of plasma lipoproteins. ApoE is encoded by a single gene on chromosome 19 [apolipoprotein E ( APOE )]. Its seemingly complex isoform polymorphism involves 3 isoforms that differ by single amino acid interchanges at residues 112 and 158, resulting from single base changes in the APOE gene. ApoE3, the most common isoform (e3 prevalence 65%–70% in the population), differs from apoE4 (e4 prevalence 15%–20%) at residue 112, where cysteine in apoE3 is substituted for arginine. ApoE3 differs from apoE2 (e2 prevalence 8%–10%) at residue 158, where arginine in apoE3 is substituted for cysteine. ApoE4 increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and is associated with increased concentrations of LDL; it also increases risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) and decreases the age of onset and is associated with increased severity or progression of numerous other neurodegenerative disorders. ApoE2 is associated with the genetic disorder type III hyperlipoproteinemia and accelerated atherosclerosis and is “protective” against the development of AD. The structure of apoE and its function in cardiovascular and neurological diseases were elucidated with my distinguished long-term colleagues: Thomas Innerarity, Karl Weisgraber, Stanley Rall, Robert Pitas, Thomas Bersot, and Yadong Huang (Fig. 1) [for reviews, see (1–3)]. Fig. 1. Dr. Robert Mahley and his colleagues at the Gladstone Institutes. My first encounter with the protein that would eventually be known as apoE was at Vanderbilt University Medical School during my MD–PhD studies in 1970. My thesis project was to demonstrate that the liver was the source of plasma VLDL by showing that the particles seen in the rat liver Golgi apparatus were nascent VLDL (the Golgi apparatus is now routinely isolated but then …
Ocular Manifestations of Pediatric Pulmonary Diseases

This chapter covers the ophthalmologic manifestations of pediatric pulmonary diseases. The diseases discussed are cystic fibrosis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Churg-Strauss syndrome). Sarcoidosis is included in the rheumatology chapter; however, the pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis are discussed here. While asthma is not fully reviewed in this chapter, the reader is reminded of the potential side effects of long-term corticosteroid use, including inhaled corticosteroids. Finally, pleuropulmonary blastoma, a rare and aggressive pulmonary malignancy in children that has been associated with ciliary body medulloepithelioma due to a familial cancer susceptibility syndrome, is discussed.
Preparing Future Health Professionals for Interprofessional Collaborative Practice Part 2: The Student Experience

Responding to increasing calls for change in systems of care delivery and revisions in the way health professionals are educated, academic programs across the health professions, including speech-language pathology, are placing increased emphasis on interprofessional collaborative practice and interprofessional education. This article provides a foundation for understanding these changes and what is driving them. Using an example from one academic program, it provides a view of the shifting student experience and discusses implications for speech-language pathologists serving as educators and supervisors in external placements. The article concludes with suggestions for integrating competencies for collaborative practice into one's clinical teaching and maximizing effectiveness in fostering student readiness for practice in the complex medical and education environments in which speech-language pathologists practice.
Use of role-play and gamification in a software project course

Soft skills are increasingly important to the engineering profession and course modifications are often needed to ensure students have opportunities to practice them prior to graduation. This suggests that engineering programs need to go beyond simply offering industry-based capstone courses and internships. Role-play has a long history as a tool for learning. It can be used to simulate real world practices in environments where consequences can be mitigated safely. This paper discusses the use of team role-play activities to simulate the experience of working in a professional, game development studio as a means of enhancing an advanced undergraduate game design course. In conjunction with the role-play, a gamification framework was used within the course to allow students to customize their course participation. Gamification was used to reward students for compliance with software process steps and for taking the initiative to improve their “soft skills”. In this project allowing students to negotiate the nature of their activities and rewards helped them develop those skills. The student feedback obtained and the authors' own lessons learned are being used to plan the next iteration of this course.
Electrophysiological Measurements Show Marked Differences in the Properties of the Pancreatic β-Cell K-Channels from Albino Mice and a Strain of ob/ob (Obese) Mice

Several mouse mutants exhibiting obesity or diabetes-like syndromes (e.g. yellow obese, obese, diabetes, KK, New Zealand obese) have been used as animal models of diabetes mellitus11,12,28. They all have hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity as common metabolic characteristics28. Among these mouse mutants, particular attention has been paid to the homozygous diabetes mouse carrying the diabetes gene (commonly known as the db/db mouse), and the homozygous obese mouse carrying the obese gene (the ob/ob mouse). Besides the metabolic disorders and the insulin receptor defects characteristic of the diabetes-like syndromes, little is known about the possible malfunction of the pancreatic β-cell. In this context, the earlier membrane potential measurements carried out by Meissner and Schmidt in pancreatic β-cells from C57BL/KsJ db/db-mouse islets33 assume a special significance. These authors have shown that the db/db β-cells exhibit a pattern of bursting or continuous electrical activity which is virtually insensitive to the concentration of the natural secretagogue D-glucose, thus suggesting an impairment of the db/db β-cell K+-permeability9. In pancreatic β-cells from normal mouse islets, K+-permeability is now known to play a key role in both the generation and regulation of the glucose-induced bursts of electrical activity3–5,7.
A new unification method for temporal reasoning with constraints

In this work we consider using logic programs to perform temporal reasoning. We identify some difficulties of combining constraint propagation and generalized resolution when temporal information is represented using tokens. We show that standard top-down evaluation (i.e. resolution) is incomplete due to the inability to unify constraints and ground terms. We present some syntactic restrictions that enable temporal resolution. Under these restrictions, we propose a new unification method composed of constraint unification and token fusion algorithms. Incorporating them within a generalized resolution scheme render it complete.
Facing Down the So-Called Agenda 21 ‘Conspiracy’ Lessons for Planners

In the last several years, proposed land use decisions in the United States frequently have been subject to claims that they were influenced in undesirable ways by Agenda 21, the international strategy for sustainable development adopted at the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Those making these claims work from a bogeyman version of Agenda 21 created by a well-funded anti-government, pro-property rights cottage industry that portrays Agenda 21 in demonstrably false ways. Using a land use controversy in Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania as a case study, this article explains how local planners and officials can address these claims when they are made.
Existência Assistida: Uma etnografia do “ser” no Equador (Tradução)

No Equador, a reproducao assistida, seja de Deus, da familia extensa ou das tecnologias reprodutivas, e enfatizada como desejavel num mundo precario e desigual, com uma rede minima de seguranca social e inseguranca economica cronica. Assistencia e a propria base do existir. Em realidades com mais recursos, como parte dos Estados Unidos, as tecnologias de reproducao assistida podem modificar a autonomia individual, biologica e social de casais heterossexuais. Justapor a reproducao assistida em locais tao divergentes demonstra que recursos podem tornar a autonomia mais facilmente estabelecida e a assistencia entre pessoas e coisas dificil de perceber. Atraves da insistencia da especificidade de material da reproducao assistida, esses contrastes etnograficos contribuem para uma abordagem antropologica da questao ontologica do existir. Particularmente, a observacao etnografica das realidades materiais dos tratamentos reprodutivos no Equador demonstra que cuidados medicos sao um meio de vislumbrar questoes raciais. Servicos privados de reproducao assistida produzem bebes e pacientes mais brancos diante de um servico desmantelado de saude publica, cujos usuarios sao, por definicao, pobres e indigenas. O quadro analitico de assistencia pode ajudar a tracar etnograficamente a constituicao de um ser racial em nacoes com melhores recursos, ao mesmo tempo que permite o reconhecimento compreensivo da interdependencia da existencia. Palavras-chave: Equador. Sistemas de saude. IVF. America Latina. Setor privado de saude. Raca.
Author Correction: Immune and genomic correlates of response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma

In the version of this article originally published, the graph in Extended Data Fig. 2c was a duplication of Extended Data Fig. 2b. The correct version of Extended Data Fig. 2c is now available online.
Complete Atlantoaxial Dislocation After Odontoid Synchondrosis Fracture: A 2-Year Follow-up Study: A Case Report.

Case Spine injuries are rare in children, but when they do occur, the synchondrosis of C2 may be involved. A 5-year-old boy presented to our clinic complaining of neck pain for 6 weeks, which started after wrestling with peers. He had slight upper extremity weakness, clonus, and diminished reflexes. Imaging, including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans, showed a fracture dislocation through the synchondrosis of the odontoid. The patient was initially treated with admission to the hospital, awake halo placement, and gradual traction over a few days. Subsequently, he was taken for transoral reduction and posterior instrumented fusion of C1-C3 using a combination of sublaminar suture, screws, and rods. Most recently, he was doing well over 2 years later, with no residual neurologic symptoms. Conclusions The case presented demonstrates one option for an otherwise nonreducible odontoid synchondrosis fracture with complete atlantoaxial dislocation: transoral reduction and open posterior instrumentation. This proved to be a practical technique and provided a good clinical result in this case. These injuries are rare, but when they do occur, the examination can be surprisingly subtle given the severity of the injury. Plain films should be scrutinized carefully and advanced imaging obtained when necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Hypersexualization and Sexualization in Advertisements for Halloween Costumes

Concerns about sexualization of Halloween costumes appear frequently in the lay press, but systematic investigation of such costumes or the ads in which they appear is relatively rare. We coded a randomly selected sample of 1001 advertisements for child, teen, and adult Halloween costumes for 13 different markers of sexualization that we combined into overall scores for costume sexualization, model sexualization, and hypersexualization. We found that ratings of model characteristics and costume were significantly more sexualized when the model was adult and female. Significant interactions indicated that model characteristics and costumes of male models were low in sexualization regardless of age, whereas model characteristics and costumes featuring female models were rated more sexualized than those for male models, even for child models, and sexualization ratings increased with age. A measure of hypersexualization (combining costume and model characteristic ratings and adding text sexualization) showed that hypersexualization is highest in advertisements featuring female and adult models while being low for male models across all three age groups. However, hypersexualization ratings were not significantly different for teen and adult women, indicating some compression of sexualization into adolescence. Our results could be used by parents, educators, or counselors interested in media literacy.
Inorganic phosphate and lactate potentiate the pressor response to acidic stimuli in rats

New findings What is the central question of this study? What is the contribution of the main acidic compounds accumulated during contractions, namely H+ , lactic acid and inorganic phosphate, to evoke the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex? What is the main finding and its importance? We found that the pressor response to acidic stimuli is driven by the concentration of hydrogen ions and that lactate and inorganic phosphate act as potentiating agents. Abstract H+ ions, lactate and inorganic phosphate are produced by contracting skeletal muscles and evoke, in part, the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex. Owing to their disparate dissociation constants (i.e. pKa ), the contribution of each acid to the muscle metaboreflex is unclear. This lack of information prompted us to determine the reflex pressor responses to injection of acidic saline, lactate (24 mm) and inorganic phosphate (86 mm) at various values of pH (from 2.66 to 7.5), alone or in combination, into the arterial supply of hindlimb skeletal muscle of decerebrate rats. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that the pressor response to an injection of a combination of lactate and phosphate at an acidic pH is greater than that evoked by injection of either phosphate or lactate alone at the same pH. We found that injection of acidic saline produced a pressor response only at a pH of 2.66 (7 ± 4 mmHg), an effect that was potentiated when the solution contained lactate (50 ± 20 mmHg). At a pH of 6.0, however, this effect was lost. At a pH of 6.0, only the injection of inorganic phosphate produced a significant pressor response (23 ± 12 mmHg). A large potentiating effect was found when lactate was added to the inorganic phosphate solution (39 ± 18 mmHg), an effect that was lost at a pH >7.0. Our findings led to the conclusion that the pressor response to injection of acidic solutions was driven by H+ ions and that inorganic phosphate and lactate functioned as sensitizing agents.
Characteristics and Long-Term Outcomes of Pregnancy-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Control Study.

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently affects women during their reproductive years. Although the impact of pregnancy in patients with established IBD has been widely studied, the characteristics and outcomes of patients who develop a new diagnosis of IBD during pregnancy or the postpartum year ("pregnancy-onset") is not well characterized. Methods We identified all patients with pregnancy-onset IBD between 2006 and 2018 at 2 major academic referral centers. Patient and disease characteristics were abstracted and compared to those of control patients with IBD not diagnosed during pregnancy or postpartum. Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions were noted, as were long-term outcomes including disease treatment course, hospitalizations, and surgery. Results We identified 50 patients with pregnancy-onset IBD and 100 control patients matched for year of diagnosis. The mean age of diagnosis and duration of follow-up was similar among both patients and control patients (aged 30.4 vs 28.5 years). Among patients with pregnancy-onset disease, 30% noted symptom onset in the first trimester, 22% in the second, 24% in the third, and 24% in the postpartum year. Patients with pregnancy-onset IBD were more likely to be diagnosed with ulcerative colitis compared with control patients (76% vs 56%; P = 0.02). On multivariable analysis, pregnancy onset-disease had a 4-fold increase in the risk of hospitalization (28% vs 13%; adjusted odds ratio 4.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-13.91). This increased risk persisted even after excluding any index hospitalizations during pregnancy. Conclusions Patients with pregnancy-onset IBD more commonly develop ulcerative colitis and have a higher risk of disease-related hospitalizations.
Empty Time as Traumatic Duration: Towards a Cinematic Aevum

Frank Kermode uses the term aevum to question the links between origin, order, and time, associating experience with spatial form. Without end or beginning, aevum identifies an intersubjective orde...
A spectral approach to scalable vectorless thermal integrity verification

Existing chip thermal analysis and verification methods require detailed distribution of power densities or modeling of underlying input workloads (vectors), which may not always be feasible at early-design stage. This paper introduces the first vectorless thermal integrity verification framework that allows computing worst-case temperature (gradient) distributions across the entire chip under a set of local and global workload (power density) constraints. To address the computational challenges introduced by the large 3D mesh-structured thermal grids, we propose a novel spectral approach for highly-scalable vectorless thermal verification of large chip designs. Our approach is based on emerging spectral graph theory and graph signal processing techniques, which consists of a thermal grid topology sparsification phase, an edge weight scaling phase, as well as a solution refinement procedure. The effectiveness and efficiency of our approach have been demonstrated through extensive experiments.
Association between muscle aerobic capacity and whole-body peak oxygen uptake.

Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity (MOC) is associated with reduced aerobic capacity and increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Measuring skeletal muscle MOC may be an alternative method to assess aerobic capacity, especially for individuals unable to perform a whole-body maximum oxygen uptake protocol. In this study, linear regression analysis in two leg muscles was performed to determine whether MOC values could be used to predict whole-body peak oxygen uptake. MOC was measured with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of 26 participants (age, 27.1 ± 5.8 years old). Whole-body peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was determined by indirect calorimetry during a continuous ramp protocol on a cycle ergometer. VO2 peak values were significantly correlated with the muscle recovery rate constant (k) of the MG (kMG, r = 0.59; p < 0.01) and VL (kVL, r = 0.63; p < 0.01) muscles. Summing recovery rate constants of both muscles together (kMG + kVL) improved the strength of the correlation with VO2 peak (r = 0.78; p < 0.0001) and could explain a majority of the variance (R2 = 0.61) between the two measurements. Data suggest that NIRS can provide reliable MOC measurements on two leg muscles that correlate well with whole-body peak oxygen uptake.
A Conceptual Analysis of Social and Self-Centered Obligations Resulting from Idiosyncratic Deals

Idiosyncratic deals (i.e., i-deals) theory was founded on social exchange theory which remains the predominant theoretical basis to explain the associations of i-deals. Yet, conflicting and inconcl...
Dual-Polarized Gap Waveguide

Aiming to introduce a new guiding structure, this work presents dually polarized gap waveguide (DPGWG) operating in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode. To show the proof of concept, two waveports are connected at the ends of waveguide and transmission (for both horizontal and vertical polarization) is observed. Electric field distribution at two different cross sections shows that the proposed design supports TEM mode with uniform field distribution.
Implications of an Improved Water Equation of State for Water-Rich Planets

Water (H$_{2}$O), in all forms, is an important constituent in planetary bodies, controlling habitability and influencing geological activity. Under conditions found in the interior of many planets, as the pressure increases, the H-bonds in water gradually weaken and are replaced by ionic bonds. Recent experimental measurements of the water equation of state (EOS) showed both a new phase of H-bonded water ice, ice-VII$_t$, and a relatively low transition pressure just above 30 GPa to ionic bonded ice-X, which has a bulk modulus 2.5 times larger. The higher bulk modulus of ice-X produces larger planets for a given mass, thereby either reducing the atmospheric contribution to the volume of many exoplanets or limiting their water content. We investigate the impact of the new EOS measurements on the planetary mass-radius relation and interior structure for water-rich planets. We find that the change in the planet mass-radius relation caused by the systematic differences between previous and new experimental EOS measurements are comparable to the observational uncertainties in some planet sizes -- an issue that will become more important as observations continue to improve.
Swimming Capabilities of Swimmers in 2D and 3D Incompressible Fluids: Force Controllability

In this chapter we will apply the results of Chaps. 7– 10 to propose a strategy of designing bio-mimetic swimmers which, theoretically, can make use of their internal forces and geometric controls, to propel themselves from any initial position to any desirable position within a fluid domain, while preserving the structural integrity of their bodies as stated in Sect. 5.2 in Chap. 5.
Designing and Assigning Effective Homework

Publisher Summary This chapter presents various suggestions on designing, assigning, and reviewing homework assignments to maximize client acceptance and treatment outcome. Homework promotes learning at an experiential level and helps generalize learning from therapy into real life. Homework assignments help the therapist learn the actual level of client motivation and assignments, such as psychoeducational reading, can help teach family members about certain aspects of the client's illness or effective support strategies. Involving partners allows the therapist to assess the level of social support and determine whether these individuals are working toward the same goals as the client. If the therapist is not sure of the causes of the presenting problem, homework assignments may help differentiate among different possibilities. Similarly, if a client is not convinced that a suggested new behavior would be helpful, an assignment may help learning what is effective. Many different types of homework assignments based on therapy goals are possible. All types should be designed collaboratively between the client and therapist. The three models that demonstrate various factors to consider in homework formation are heuristic model for adherence, stages of change model, and clients' presentation of problem.
Program and benefit paths to the Social Security Disability Insurance Program

Understanding the program, benefit, and income paths that persons access before they obtain Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) could provide a crucial perspective in the ability to identify ways to reduce the inflow to the program. For this study, we used data from public surveys combined with information from the Social Security Administration to examine benefits and incomes used by DI beneficiaries. Program participation among DI beneficiaries before they obtained DI and the relative risk in moving to DI from a particular benefit was analyzed. A large proportion of DI beneficiaries received workers' compensation benefits, employer disability benefits, retirement income, and food stamps before obtaining DI, or they lacked health insurance or were covered through Medicaid. Persons involved with employer disability benefits, personal disability insurance, government employee disability benefits, and, for men, Medicaid and public assistance, had the highest risks of obtaining DI. Targeting specific programs with projects and interventions involving employment and health care for individuals at-risk of obtaining DI could reduce the need to apply for DI benefits.
Smaller is Better? Learning an Ethos and Worldview in Nanoengineering Education

In this article, I draw on ethnographic research to show how a particular ethos and worldview get produced in the context of “technical” education in a department of nanoengineering. Building on feminist science studies and communication theory, I argue that the curriculum introducing undergraduate students to scale implicitly teaches them an abstract and universal notion that smaller is better. I suggest that rather than smaller is better, a perspective that embraces context and specificity—such as the question “when, how, and for whom is smaller better?”—would ground nanoengineering in a more reflexive, pluralistic, and democratically oriented mode of world-building.
A Review of “The Great Reset: How New Ways of Living and Working Drive Post-Crash Prosperity”

The Great Reset addresses the angst of the Great Recession of 2007 through 2009, yet it also provides hope by suggesting a blueprint for recovery. This economic crisis has been discussed at length ...
Atrial electromechanical cycle length mapping in paced canine hearts in vivo

Atrial arrhythmias affect millions of people worldwide. Characterization and study of arrhythmias in the atria in the clinic is currently performed point by point using mapping catheters capable of generating maps of the electrical activation rate or cycle length. In this paper, we describe a new ultrasound-based mapping technique called electromechanical cycle length mapping (ECLM) capable of estimating the electromechanical activation rate, or cycle length, i.e., the rate of the mechanical activation of the myocardium which follows the electrical activation. ECLM relies on frequency analysis of the incremental strain within the atria and can be performed in a single acquisition. ECLM was validated in a canine model paced from the left atrial appendage, against pacing rates within the reported range of cycle lengths previously measured during atrial arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation. Correlation between the global estimated electromechanical cycle lengths and pacing rates was shown to be excellent (slope = 0.983, intercept = 3.91, r2 = 0.9999). The effect of the number of cardiac cycles on the performance of ECLM was also investigated and the reproducibility of ECLM was demonstrated (error between consecutive acquisitions for all pacing rates: 6.3 ± 4.3%). These findings indicate the potential of ECLM for noninvasively characterizing atrial arrhythmias and provide feedback on the treatment planning of catheter ablation procedures in the clinic.
Variable residence time-based model for solute transport in streams.

[1] A variable residence time (VART) model is developed for longitudinal dispersion and transport of solutes in natural streams. The VART model is based on a “double-layer” conceptual model of transient storage in streams. The upper layer is an advection-dominated transient storage zone which includes instream and shallow hyporheic storage. The lower layer is an effective diffusion-dominated storage zone that is deeper in the streambed and farther beneath the banks. The VART model is characterized by the following features. First, a varying residence time is used to simulate the transient storage process. Second, no user-specified residence time distribution (RTD) functions are required. Third, there are only four parameters to estimate. Fourth, the VART model is also able to accommodate stream water/solute gains or losses in the reach caused by groundwater exchanges. Fifth, the simple VART model is able to produce various compound solute concentration breakthrough curves (BTCs) commonly observed in streams. The early portion of BTCs follows exponential RTDs. The late portion of BTCs can essentially be any distribution. Sixth, performance of the VART model in reproducing various RTDs is comparable to other widely used 1-D solute transport models that commonly utilize five or more fitting parameters and are limited to the simulation of user-specified RTDs or underlying RTDs within them. Applications in hydrologically and geomorphically varied streams have indicated that the VART model is a powerful and flexible numerical tool for simulating solute transport in natural streams.
Locus Naming in a Large Scale Environment

Transparency is very attractive in a distributed environment. However, supporting transparency in a large scale network composed of thousands of nodes raises new issues which must be addressed. In this paper, we present a solution to very large network name service, a key component of network transparency, and show how it is being integrated into Locus.
Metabolic functions of myo-inositol. IV. Temporal changes of the level of various enzyme activities during development of inositol deficiency.

Abstract A study of the time sequence of the various metabolic changes occurring in KB cells during growth in inositol-deficient medium is presented. The earliest detectable change was a decrease of the cellular concentration of acidsoluble nucleotides and ribonucleic acid. The levels of guanosine 5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase, adenosine 5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase, and 5-phosphoribose pyrophosphokinase activities showed a marked transient increase coinciding with the cessation of cell multiplication, followed by a rapid and pronounced decrease. There was a progressive decrease of the level of nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity throughout inositol deficiency which was observed with all substrates except uridine 5'-diphosphate, the enzymatic hydrolysis of which was unaffected by inositol deficiency. The levels of nucleotidase, inosine 5'-phosphate dehydrogenase, and xanthosine 5'-phosphate aminase activities remained essentially unchanged throughout the deficiency period.
The Role of the Plant Plasma Membrane in Symbiosis

The symbiotic associations that will be considered in this chapter involve a stable physical relationship between two different organisms that is perceived to be mutually beneficial to both partners (Smith and Douglas 1987). In each case, intimate surface contact between a microorganism and a plant cell leads to invagination of the plant cell plasma membrane and sometimes to enclosure of the microsymbiont within the cytoplasm of the plant cell. However, although physically internalized, all stable endosymbionts remain, in a sense, topological outside the plant cell cytoplasm because they are bounded by a host- derived membrane, the perisymbiotic membrane, which is a modified form of the plasma membrane. This review will focus on the plasma membrane as the agent for cellular morphogenesis during the establishment of the symbiosis, and as the mediator of signal and nutrient exchange between the two partners.