cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Severe Hyperbilirubinemia among Infants with Borderline Bilirubin Levels: A Nested Case-Control Study

Objective To estimate the effect of phototherapy and other predictors on the risk of total serum bilirubin (TSB) ≥ 25 mg/dL in infants with a TSB of 17 to 22.9 mg/dL at age ≥ 48 hours. Study design From a cohort of 285295 infants ≥ 34 weeks gestation and ≥ 2000 g born between 1995 and 2004 in northern California Kaiser hospitals, we identified 17986 with a TSB of 17 to 22.9 mg/dL at age ≥ 48 hours. All infants exhibiting a TSB ≥ 25 mg/dL were selected as cases for the study. Four randomly selected controls were matched to each case based on the difference between their qualifying TSB and the American Academy of Pediatrics' phototherapy threshold. Results A total of 62 cases were identified (0.4%). Six of these (10%) received inpatient phototherapy within 8 hours, along with 101 controls (41%) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06 to 0.40). Cases more often had lower gestational age (AOR 3.24; 95% CI 1.24 to 8.47 for 38 to 39 weeks and AOR = 3.70; 95% CI 0.61 to 22.4 for 34 to 37 weeks compared with ≥ 40-week infants), bruising, (AOR 2.52; 95% CI 1.16 to 5.50), exclusive breast-feeding (AOR 2.09; 95% CI 1.05 to 4.03), and TSB increase of ≥ 6 mg/dL/day (AOR 2.39; 95% CI 1.18 to 4.85). Conclusions Phototherapy was 85% effective in preventing TSB ≥ 25 mg/dL. The strongest predictors of TSB ≥ 25 mg/dL were gestational age, bruising, family history, and rapid rise in TSB.
The physiology of cardiac auscultation

Cardiac auscultation remains a critical component of the pediatric examination and is the primary method of diagnosis for the common innocent murmurs of childhood. This article outlines the significance of auscultation and defines the skills important for the diagnosis and recognition of common cardiac murmurs in childhood. The origin of heart sounds and murmurs is reviewed, and an approach to pediatric murmur evaluation is presented. The seven innocent murmurs of childhood and adolescence are reviewed in detail. Further diagnostic evaluation and referral depends the clinician's confidence and experience in recognizing and correctly characterizing these murmurs.
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SURFACE AND BULK HYSTERESIS TO PROPERTIES OF HOLLOW CYLINDERS OF TYPE-II SUPERCONDUCTORS.

Abstract Comparisons of the shielding and field retaining properties of type II hollow cylinders in fields applied externally and in the void can be used to distinghuish surface hysteresis from bulk hysteresis.
Pressure dependent magnetic behavior of 1D ferrimagnetic meso-tetrakis((4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato)manganese(III) tetracyanoethenide, [MnIIITClPP]+[TCNE]−

Abstract The pressure dependent magnetic behavior of β -[Mn III TClPP] + [TCNE] − {MnTClPP = (4-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato)manganese(III); TCNE = tetracyanoethylene} and [Mn III TClPP] + [TCNE] − ·2PhMe up to 7.51 and 10.66 kbar, respectively, was determined. The T c ( P ) for non-solvated β -[MnTClPP][TCNE] reversibly increases with applied pressure by 50% from 5.4 K at ambient pressure to 8.1 K at 7.51 kbar at an average rate of 0.36 K/kbar. This is attributed to reduction of the intrachain Mn⋯Mn separation, the Mn–N–C angle, and the dihedral angle between the MnN 4 and [TCNE] − mean planes increasing the intra- and interchain interactions. Solvated [Mn III TClPP] + [TCNE] − ·2PhMe, likewise, has an initial increase in T c with applied pressure, but irreversible behavior is evident and this is attributed to the irreversible loss of solvent from the lattice. The increasing T c ( P ) with applied pressure differs from previous results reported for related substituted tetraphenylporphyrin manganese(III) TCNE compounds.
Critical overview of current approaches to genetic mechanisms in schizophrenia research

A genetic etiology to schizophrenia was recognized a century ago by E. Kraepelin [Ein Lehrbuch fur studirende und aerzte, Vol II. Leipzig, Verlagvon, Barth (1899)], yet no clear inherited pattern or mechanism has been established. In the last decade, a new wave of molecular genetic studies of families with schizophrenia has yielded unconvincing evidence for the involvement of multiple putative loci. The task of the next century will be to use genomics to define the true nature of deviant brain growth and development throughout the lifetime of an individual that could result in the perceptual disturbances characterized as schizophrenia.
Application of strand meshes to complex aerodynamic flow fields

We explore a new approach for viscous computational fluid dynamics calculations for external aerodynamics around geometrically complex bodies that incorporates nearly automatic mesh generation and efficient flow solution methods. A prismatic-like grid using ''strands'' is grown a short distance from the body surface to capture the viscous boundary layer, and adaptive Cartesian grids are used throughout the rest of the domain. The approach presents several advantages over established methods: nearly automatic grid generation from triangular or quadrilateral surface tessellations, very low memory overhead, automatic mesh adaptivity for time-dependent problems, and fast and efficient solvers from structured data in both the strand and Cartesian grids.The approach is evaluated for complex geometries and flow fields. We investigate the effects of strand length and strand vector smoothing to understand the effects on computed solutions. Results of three applications using the strand-adaptive Cartesian approach are given, including a NACA wing, isolated V-22 (TRAM) rotor in hover, and the DLR-F6 wing-body transport. The results from these cases show that the strand approach can successfully resolve near-body and off-body features as well as or better than established methods.
A Numerical Three-Dimensional Model for the Contact of Layered Elastic/Plastic Solids With Rough Surfaces by a Variational Principle

A new numerical model for the three-dimensional contact analysis of a layered elasticperfectly plastic half space with another rough surface is presented. The model is based on a variational principle in which the real area of contact and contact pressure distribution are those which minimize the total complementary potential energy. A quasiNewton method is used to find the minimum. The influence coefficients matrix is determined using the Papkovich-Neuber potentials with fast Fourier transformation. The model is extended to elastic-perfectly plastic contacts in dry and wet conditions. Contact analyses have been performed to predict contact statistics of layered elastic/plastic solids with rough surfaces using this model. The effects of the stiffness of the layer and the substrate, layer thickness, as well as normal load are studied. Optimum layer parameters are identified to provide low friction/stiction and wear.
Abdominal complaints as a common first presentation of heart failure in adolescents with dilated cardiomyopathy

Abstract Objective We hypothesized that isolated gastrointestinal complaints (abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, weight loss), in the absence of other symptoms, were a common mode of initial presentation in children with congestive heart failure (CHF). Study design Ninety-eight patients younger than 18 years hospitalized with dilated cardiomyopathy at a single institution between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009, were included. Retrospective review of their presenting complaints was recorded and analyzed according to 3 age groups: 0 to 1 year (infants), 1 to 10 years (children), and 11 to 18 years (adolescents) of age. Results Respiratory symptoms were common in all age groups (range, 56%-63%). Gastrointestinal complaints were also common in all age groups (42%, 28%, and 65%, respectively) and were more frequent than respiratory complaints in adolescents. Adolescents were likely to present with abdominal pain as their only complaint (10/43, 23%). Chest pain, syncope, or cardiac arrest occurred rarely. Conclusions Abdominal complaints are a common component of the presenting symptom complex of CHF in pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy in all age groups. In adolescents, abdominal complaints occur more frequently than respiratory complaints and often in the absence of any other symptoms. Unlike CHF in adults, chest pain, arrhythmia, or cardiac arrest occurs rarely at presentation in pediatric patients. Recognition of the different presenting symptoms of heart failure in children by primary providers is crucial to ensuring prompt diagnosis and timely initiation of therapy.
Kinetics of Racemization of Amino Acid Residues in Casein

Exposing casein to alkali (0.1N NaOH at 65°C) partly racemized the amino acid residues. A plot of D/L ratios for seven amino acids versus time of treatment shows fast initial racemization rates that decrease after about 1 hr. A linear free energy relationship exists between racemization rates and inductive effects of amino acid side chains or R-substituents (σ*). Kinetic studies over the temperature range 25–75°C yields activation energies (in Kcal/mole) for aspartic acid (20.8), phenylalanine (28.7), glutamic acid (32.5), and alanine (32.4). Racemization rates increase with hydroxide ion concentration but not with protein concentration. Acetylation of amino groups prevents lysinoalanine formation but not racemization, permitting studies which distinguish between effects of these two alkali-induced reactions. Understanding principles that govern racemization should help in designing food processes that minimize undesirable, deteriorative changes in food proteins.
Noninvasive assessment of cardiac diabetic neuropathy by carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine and positron emission tomography

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the sympathetic nervous system of the heart by positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging in patients with diabetes mellitus with and without diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Background. The clinical assessment of cardiac involvement in diabetic autonomic neuropathy has been limited to cardiovascular reflex testing. With the recent introduction of radiolabeled catecholamines such as carbon (C)-11 hydroxyephedrine, the sympathetic innervation of the heart can be specifically visualized with PET imaging. Methods. Positron emission tomographic imaging was performed with C-11 hydroxyephedrine and rest myocardial blood flow imaging with nitrogen-13 ammonia. Three patient groups were studied, including healthy volunteers as control subjects, diabetic patients with normal autonomic function testing and diabetic patients with varying severity of autonomic neuropathy. Homogeneity of cardiac tracer retention as well as absolute tracer retention was determined by relating myocardial tracer retention to an arterial C-11 activity input function. Results. Abnormal regional C-11 hydroxyephedrine retention was seen in seven of eight patients with autonomic neuropathy. Relative tracer retention was significantly reduced in apical, inferior and lateral segments. The extent of the abnormality correlated with the severity of conventional markers of autonomic dysfunction. Absolute myocardial tracer retention index measurements showed a 45 ± 21% decrease in distal compared with proximal myocardial segments in autonomic neuropathy (0.069 ± 0.037 min−1vs. 0.13 ± 0.052 min−1, p = 0.02). Conclusions. This study demonstrates a heterogeneous pattern of neuronal abnormalities in patients with diabetic cardiac neuropathy. The extent of this abnormality correlated with the severity of neuropathy assessed by conventional tests. Future studies in larger groups of patients are required to define the relative sensitivity of this imaging approach in detecting cardiac neuropathy and to determine the clinical significance of these scintigraphic findings in comparison with conventional markers of autonomic innervation.
On the large deviation principle for a quadratic functional of the autoregressive process

For the sum of squares of an autoregressive system, the large deviation principle with the explicit rate function is established.
The Evolution of Small and Medium Enterprise in Digital Business Ecosystem; Accelerating The Evolution and The Need for Web 2.0 and Visualization

the pursuit of Digital Business Ecosystem (DBE) means to digitally socialize, collaborate, negotiate, operate and automatically orchestrate business services in an open and self organizing environment. The essence of this paper is to suggest a stage based evolution of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) added to a list of interrelated techniques and concepts that would accelerate DBE environments evolution. DBE Distributed Knowledge Base (DKB) and Web 2.0, via its breakthrough capabilities (i.e. attractiveness of voluntarily participation, Open API, service mashup [13], social networks, knowledge sharing and more), are the backbone of the suggested techniques.
Single-channel currents of rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes

Abstract The neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits α2,α3, and α4 form functional receptors with the β2 subunit. Each of these subunit combinations shows two distinct open states (referred to as primary and secondary). The primary open states of α2β2, α3β2, and α4β2 receptors were 33.6 ± 1.8 pS, 15.4 ± 0.8 pS, and 13.3 ± 1.5 pS, respectively. The open times of the α3β2 primary open state were significantly longer than the open times of the other primary conductance states. The secondary open states of α2β2 and α3β2 were 15.5 ± 1.3 pS and 5.1 ± 0.4 pS, respectively. Secondary open states were seen infrequently with α4β2. Oocytes injected with a2 RNA and a 9-fold excess of β2 RNA showed an enhanced expression of the secondary open state.
Patterns in the distribution of American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) and the density and reproduction of annual plants on a coastal beach

Beach communities of eastern North America are commonly dominated by the native perennial grass Ammophila breviligulata. It typically co-occurs with a variety of annual grasses and herbs in the pioneer zone. To determine the potential significance of this vigorous clonal species to the annual community, density, spatial distribution, seed production and potential seed rain were quantified for three focus species (Triplasis purpurea, Cenchrus tribuloides, and Heterotheca subaxillaris) in a 45×40 m section of coastal beach on Staten Island, New York, USA. During autumn 2000, five 40 m transects (10 m apart) were established perpendicular to shore; ramet density for Ammophila, and densities and per capita seed production for the three species, were estimated in 150 contiguous quadrats (35 cm × 30 cm) per transect. Both Triplasis and Cenchrus were more likely to occur in quadrats without Ammophila. Per capita seed production of Cenchrus and Heterotheca showed a curvilinear decrease with increasing numbers of Ammophila ramets. Mean seed rain per m2 was significantly reduced in the presence of Ammophila for all three focus annuals. In this beach community, Ammophila acts as an ecosystem engineer, but has a mostly negative influence on the distribution, density, and reproduction of the co-occurring annuals. Results suggest that continual, deliberate planting of A. breviligulata could be detrimental to the abundance and diversity of native annual herbs on the eastern coasts of North America.
The auxin-resistant diageotropica mutant of tomato responds to gravity via an auxin-mediated pathway

Hypocotyls of the diageotropica (dgt) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) do not elongate in response to exogenous auxin, but can respond to gravity. This appears paradoxical in light of the Cholodny-Went hypothesis, which states that shoot gravicurvature results from asymmetric stimulation of elongation by auxin. While light-grown dgt seedlings can achieve correct gravitropic reorientation, the response is slow compared to wild-type seedlings. The sensitivity of dgt seedlings to inhibition of gravicurvature by immersion in auxin or auxin-transport inhibitors is similar to that of wild-type plants, indicating that both an auxin gradient and auxin transport are required for the gravitropic response and that auxin uptake, efflux, and at least one auxin receptor are functional in dgt. Furthermore, dgt gravicurvature is the result of asymmetrically increased elongation as would be expected for an auxin-mediated response. Our results suggest differences between elongation in response to exogenous auxin (absent in dgt) and elongation in response to gravistimulation (present but attenuated in dgt) and confirm the presence of two phases during the gravitropic response, both of which are dependent on functional auxin transport.
Group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry for the synthesis of Velcade via asymmetric borylation of N-phosphinylimines.

A new approach to the anticancer drug Velcade was developed by performing asymmetric borylation of an imine anchored with a chiral N-phosphinyl auxiliary. Throughout the 7-step synthesis, especially in the imine’s synthesis and in the asymmetric borylation reactions, operations and work-up were conducted in simple and easy ways without any column chromatographic purification, which defines the GAP (group-assisted purification) chemistry concept. It was found that the optically pure isomer (dr > 99:1) can be readily obtained by washing the crude mixture of the asymmetric borylation reaction with hexane; the chiral N-phosphinyl auxiliary can be easily recovered after deprotection is finished. Several other N-phosphinylimines were also investigated for the asymmetric borylation reaction. The absolute configuration of the borylation product was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Semi-Automatic Network Analyzer Error Model Revisited

A modified error model for Semi-Automatic Network Analyzers is presented. Equations for calibration error parameters and corrected measurement data are shown. Advantages and disadvantages of the modified error model are discussed.
Role of angiopoietin-2 in corneal lymphangiogenesis.

Purpose. Lymphatic research has progressed rapidly in recent years. Lymphatic dysfunction has been found in myriad disorders from cancer metastasis to transplant rejection; however, effective treatment for lymphatic disorders is still limited. This study investigates the role of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in corneal inflammatory lymphangiogenesis (LG) in vivo and in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) functions in vitro.
Orthogonal array experiment in systems engineering and architecting

This paper espouses the application of orthogonal array experiment to solve a class of engineering optimization problems encountered in systems engineering and architecting. It also illustrates the applicability of orthogonal array experiment in systems engineering and architecting with two examples: verification and validation of the performance of a bandwidth allocation algorithm and architecting of a system of systems to respond to small boat attacks by terrorists. The orthogonal array experiment approach does not call for linearization of nonlinear engineering optimization problems; using orthogonal arrays, it solves them directly by carrying out the smallest possible number of experiments and determining their solutions from the results of the experiments. The orthogonal array experiment method has been found to be effective and efficient for these problems. The feasibility of applying the orthogonal array experiment approach to these problems suggests its potential application to other optimization problems encountered in systems engineering and architecting. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 208–222, 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laser radar instrument for the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission

In 1999 after a 3-year transit, the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft will enter a low-altitude (approximately 50 km) orbit about the asteroid, 433 Eros. Five instruments, including a laser radar, will operate continuously during the one-year orbit at Eros. The NEAR laser rangefinder (NLR), developed at the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), is a robust rangefinder and the first spaceborne altimeter to have continuous inflight calibration capability. A bistatic configuration, the NLR uses a diode- pumped Cr:Nd:YAG transmitter and a leading-edge receiver with a 3.5-inch aperture Dall-Kirkham telescope. Detection is accomplished using an enhanced-silicon avalanche photodiode. From system tests, the NLR is capable of ranging in excess of 100 km to the asteroid's surface. Measurements of the time-of-flight between laser pulse firings and detection of surface backscatter are made using an APL- developed receiver having range resolution of 31.48 cm and accuracy of 2 m. Total mass of the NLR is 4.9 kg and its average power consumption is <EQ 15.1 W. This paper reviews specifications for the NLR instrument, provides overall design details, and presents system performance using prelaunch test results.
Stable Controller Interpolation and Controller Switching for LPV Systems

This paper examines the gain-scheduling problem with a particular focus on controller interpolation with guaranteed stability of the nonlinear closed-loop system. For linear parameter varying model representations, a method of interpolating between controllers utilizing the Youla parametrization is proposed. Quadratic stability despite fast scheduling is guaranteed by construction, while the characteristics of individual controllers designed a priori are recovered at critical design points. Methods for reducing the state dimension of the interpolated controller are also given. The capability of the proposed approach to guarantee stability despite arbitrarily fast transitions leads naturally to application to switched linear systems. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated in simulation using a multi-input, multi-output, nonminimum-phase system, while interpolating between two controllers of different sizes and structures.
Nuclear Factor-κB Mediates the Inhibitory Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on Growth Hormone-Inducible Gene Expression in Liver

TNF inhibits serine protease inhibitor 2.1 (Spi 2.1) and IGF-I gene expression by GH in CWSV-1 hepatocytes. The current study describes construction of a GH-inducible IGF-I promoter construct and investigates mechanisms by which TNF and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) inhibit GH-inducible gene expression. CWSV-1 cells were transfected with GH-inducible Spi 2.1 or IGF-I promoter luciferase constructs, incubated with TNF signaling inhibitors (fumonisin B1 for sphingomyelinase and SP600125 for c-Jun N-terminal kinase), treated with or without TNF, and then stimulated with recombinant human GH. The 5- to 6-fold induction of Spi 2.1 and IGF-I promoter activity by GH was inhibited by TNF. Neither fumonisin B1 nor SP600125 prevented the inhibitory effects of TNF on GH-inducible promoter activity. Dominant-negative inhibitor-κBα (IκBα) expression vectors (IκBαS/A or IκBαTrunc), p65 and p50 expression vectors, and p65 deletion constructs were used to investigate the NFκB pathway. IκBαS/A and IκBαTrunc ameliorated the inhibitory effects of TNF on GH-inducible Spi 2.1 and IGF-I promoter activity. Cotransfection of CWSV-1 cells with expression vectors for p65 alone or p50 and p65 together inhibited GH-inducible Spi 2.1 and IGF-I promoter activity. Cotransfection with a C-terminal p65 deletion (1–450) enhanced GH-inducible promoter activity, whereas the N-terminal deletion (31–551) was inhibitory for IGF-I but not Spi 2.1. Cycloheximide did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of TNF on GH-inducible IGF-I expression. We conclude the inhibitory effects of TNF on GH-inducible promoter activity are mediated by NFκB, especially p65, by a mechanism that does not require protein synthesis.
Corruption and ideology in autocracies

Corruption is usually depicted in one of two ways: as stemming from a lack of government accountability, or from a lack of capacity. Neither depiction predicts that the structure of institutions meant to control corruption should vary across autocratic regimes. If corruption results from moral hazard between politicians and citizens, then all unaccountable governments should eschew anticorruption bodies. If rent-seeking stems from moral hazard between politicians and bureaucrats, all governments should create anticorruption bodies. We offer an explanation for why unaccountable governments vary in their willingness to create anticorruption institutions. Autocrats create such bodies to deter ideologically disaffected members of the populace from entering the bureaucracy. Anticorruption institutions act as a commitment by the elite to restrict the monetary benefits from bureaucratic office, thus ensuring that only zealous supporters of the elite will pursue bureaucratic posts. We illustrate these arguments with case studies of South Korea and Rwanda. (JEL D73, P48)
The Pioneer Venus Program

The Pioneer Venus program encompasses two spacecraft missions, Orbiter and Multiprobe, to be launched and to encounter Venus during the 1978 Venus mission opportunity. The missions are described in detail including mission and spacecraft descriptions, scientific objectives and payloads. The ways in which the payloads address the major scientific questions concerning Venus are treated in subsequent papers.
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase α-related proteins in Drosophila melanogaster: tissue-specific embryonic expression of the 99F8-9 cluster

Abstract The extracellular matrix (ECM) is proposed to play critical roles in organ morphogenesis through the stabilization and/or sequestration of signaling factors and adhesion molecules, and by maintaining organ integrity. As a first step toward understanding molecules involved in ECM modification and maturation, we have examined the embryonic expression profiles of ten prolyl 4-hydroxylase α subunit (PH4α)-related genes. Prolyl 4-hydroxylases (PH4) catalyze the formation of 4-hydroxyproline in collagens, the major components of the ECM, and are implicated in the hydroxylation of proline in several other secreted proteins. To date, two α subunit proteins have been described in both humans (PHαI and PHαII) and worms (PHY-1/DPY-18 and PHY-2), whereas only a single Drosophila α subunit has been identified. The ten PH4α-related genes described in this study are clustered in a 183-kb region near the tip of chromosome arm 3R and include the previously described Drosophila α subunit gene. Six of the ten PH4α genes in the cluster have tissue-specific embryonic expression. PH4αSG1 and PH4αSG2 are expressed in the salivary gland, PH4αMP is expressed in mouth-part precursors, PH4αPV is expressed in the proventriculus, and CG9698-E is expressed in the epidermis. PH4αEFB is expressed more broadly, with expression in the anterior and posterior midgut primordia, the fat body, the hemocytes and the epidermis. The expression profiles of these PH4α-related genes suggest that tissue-specific ECM modifications may be critical to organ formation and/or function.
What We Talk About Matters: Content Moderates Cognitive Depletion in Interracial Interactions

ABSTRACTThe antecedents and consequences of intergroup interactions have been well studied, but interaction content—what partners actually talk about—has not. In the experiment we report here, interaction content moderated well-documented self-regulation effects (i.e., cognitive depletion) among White participants interacting with a Black partner. Specifically, White individuals participated in a video email interaction with an ostensible Black or White partner who broached topics systematically varying in intimacy. Greater cognitive depletion was evident after interacting with a Black partner relative to a White partner, but only after discussing more intimate topics. When conversation topics aligned with Whites’ preferences to avoid intimacy in interracial interactions, depletion effects were reduced. Thus, interaction content, which has been largely ignored in intergroup interaction research, has important implications for intergroup interaction.
Donor–Recipient Race Mismatch and Graft Survival After Pediatric Heart Transplantation

Background Black recipient race has been shown to predict poorer graft survival after pediatric heart transplantation. We analyzed our single-center experience comparing graft survival by race and the impact of donor–recipient race mismatch. Methods One hundred sixty-nine consecutive primary pediatric heart transplant patients were analyzed by donor and recipient race (white recipient, 99; black recipient, 60; other, 10). The groups were similar in preoperative characteristics. There were fewer donor–recipient race matches in blacks compared with whites (10 versus 71; p Results Although 30-day and 6-month graft survival was similar for black and white recipients (93.9% and 85.8% versus 93.3% and 83.3%, respectively), overall actuarial graft survival was significantly lower in blacks ( p p = 0.053). The median graft survival for black recipients was 5.5 years compared with 11.6 years for whites. Donor–recipient race mismatch predicted poorer graft survival (5-year graft survival 48.9% versus 72.3%; p = 0.0032). The median graft survival for donor–recipient race-matched patients was more than twice that for mismatched patients (11.6 years versus 4.4 years). Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that donor–recipient race mismatch neutralized the effect of race on graft survival. Conclusions Graft survival after pediatric heart transplantation is inferior for black recipients compared with white recipients. These differences may be explained by a high incidence of donor–recipient race mismatch, which also predicts poorer outcome for all racial groups with pediatric heart transplantation. These data may have implications for future donor allocation schemes.
Availability of toxic trace metals to the conceptus

Energy production releases numerous toxic metals into the environment. Among those metals which have been shown to be toxic to the conceptus are cadmium, lead, mercury, plutonium and vanadium. This paper reviews the results from the authors' studies of pregnant rats exposed to these metals by parenteral administration, inhalation or gastric intubation. In addition, direct measurements were made of maternal blood flow and clearance of metals across the guinea pig placenta to serve as conceptual examples of factors which regulate the effects of the metals on the fetus. Discussion includes the influence of route of maternal exposure and subsequent absorption, gestational age at exposure, metal behavior in the maternal bloodstream, movement of metals across the placenta, and distribution of metals in the products of conception.
Dilute magnetic semiconductors from electrodeposited ZnO nanowires

We present experimental results on the magnetic properties of doped ZnO nanowires grown at 80 8C in electrodeposition. We show that impurities such as Al, Mn, Co, and Cu can be incorporated in the nanowires by adding the corresponding metal salts to the electrolyte solution. At concentration levels of a few atomic percent we find the impurity concentration in the solid to be approximately proportional to the precursor concentration in solution. ZnO nanowrires doped with Cu, Co, and Mn show superparamagnetic response at room temperature, while undoped and Al-doped wires show no discernible magnetic response. The results indicate that with Cu, Mn, and Co doping dilute magnetic semiconductors can be prepared.
Obtaining Utility Estimates of the Health Value of Commonly Prescribed Treatments for Asthma and Depression

Background. Comparing the costs and health value associated with alternative quality improvement efforts is useful. This study employs expert panel methodology to elicit numerical estimates based on a 0 to 1 utility scale of the health benefit of usual treatment patterns for 2 medical conditions.Method.The approach includes development of clinical profiles and derivation of treatment benefit estimates via the elicitation of utility ratings before and after treatment. Clinical profiles specified characteristics of patient groups, treatments to be rated, and their combinations. A panel of 13 asthma and depression experts made a series of utility ratings (before any new treatment, 1 or 3 mo later with no treatment, 1 or 3 mo after initiating various common treatments) for adult patient groups with depression or asthma. The panel convened to discuss discrepancies and subsequently made final ratings. Treatment benefit estimates were derived from the ratings made by the panelists after the panel meeting.Results...
The Rate-Limiting Step for Olefin Combustion on Silver: Experiment Compared to Theory

Abstract The oxidation of propylene by atomically adsorbed oxygen on Ag(110) has been studied over a wide range of oxygen adatom coverages between 0.05 and 0.5 monolayers. Over the entire range of coverage combustion occurs easily, the only products observed are CO2 and H2O, and all absorbed oxygen is found to react readily. The absence of acrolein as a product mitigates against the formation of allyl oxide as a combustion intermediate under these conditions. These results are in contrast to theoretical predictions concerning the mechanism of olefin combustion which invoke both homolytic CH cleavage and oxygen insertion into a CH bond to produce allyl oxide as an intermediate. Combustion of propylene and higher molecular weight 1-alkenes is proposed to occur predominantly via an acid-base reaction with chemisorbed oxygen.
Intergenomic conflict revealed by patterns of sex-biased gene expression

Intergenomic conflict can affect the distribution of genes across eukaryotic genomes. Because the phenotypic optima of males and females often differ, the fitness consequences of newly arisen alleles might not be concordant between the sexes and can be sexually antagonistic--genetic variants favored in one sex are deleterious in the other. In this article, we demonstrate that previously unexplained patterns of sex-biased gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster might have evolved by sexual antagonism, and that the majority of sex-biased expression is due to adaptive changes in males, implying that males experience stronger selection than females.
MODIFIED CURVED DNA THAT COULD ALLOW LOCAL DNA UNDERWINDING AT THE NUCLEOSOMAL PSEUDODYAD FAILS TO POSITION A NUCLEOSOME IN VIVO

In competitive in vitro reconstitution experiments synthetic DNA composed of tandem repeats of the repetitive sequence (A/T)3NN(G/C)3NN, specifically the 20 bp 'TG sequence' (5'-TCGGTGTTAGAGCCTGTAAC-3'), was reported to associate with the histone octamer with an affinity higher than that of nucleosomally derived DNA. However, at least two groups have independently shown that tandem repeats of the TG sequence do not accommodate a stably positioned nucleosome in vivo. It was suggested that the anisotropic flexibility of the TG sequence, governed by a 10 bp sequence periodicity, is incompatible with the required underwinding of the DNA helix at the nucleosome pseudodyad while maintaining a bending preference that can be accommodated in the remainder of the nucleosome. Here we test this hypothesis directly by studying the in vivo nucleosomal structure of modified TG sequences designed to accommodate underwinding at the pseudodyad. We show that these modifications are not sufficient to allow stable incorporation of the TG sequence repeat into a nucleosome in vivo, but do note invasion from one end of the TG heptamer of a translationally random but rotationally constrained nucleosome. We discuss possible reasons for the absence of nucleosomes from the TG sequence in vivo.
Visualizing Calcium Influx through Single Orai1 Channels

Orai is the pore-forming subunit of two-component channels that mediate store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). When activated by the ER resident calcium sensor STIM, Orai channels possess high selectivity for calcium but an extremely small conductance (∼10 fS in 2 mM Ca2+ from noise analysis) that has precluded direct recording of single channel currents. We have developed an approach to visualize the activity of single Orai1 channels by fusing human Orai1 to a fluorescent, genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI). Whole-cell recording in HEK 293 cells co-transfected with STIM1 showed that GECI-Orai1 is fully functional as a CRAC channel, with normal activation rates, current amplitudes, ion selectivity and rectification, and Ca2+-dependent inactivation. When GECI-Orai1 and the CRAC-activating domain (CAD) of STIM1 were co-expressed at low levels and imaged using a TIRF microscope, cells exhibited sporadic fluorescence transients the size of diffraction-limited spots and the brightness of a few activated GECI proteins. Transients typically rose to a maximum within 100-200 milliseconds and fell into two classes according to duration: briefer “flickers” lasting only a few hundred milliseconds, and longer “pulses” lasting ∼1 to several seconds. The frequency of both classes increased as CAD expression levels were increased. GECI-Orai1 transients exhibited physiological characteristics expected for single Orai1 channels in the plasma membrane, including rapid response to changes in extracellular calcium, enhancement by valinomycin-induced hyperpolarization, and block by trivalent cations. When single molecule GECI-Orai1 traces were aligned by the rise in green fluorescence, a corresponding rise in mCherry-CAD fluorescence, indicative of binding, was observed. These data indicate that GECI-Orai1 transients correspond to the opening of single Ora1 channels gated by CAD. These first recordings of single channel Orai1 currents reveal unexpected dynamics, and when paired with CAD association, support multiple single channel states.
Cross-polarization of linearly polarized Hermite-Gauss laser beams

Evolution of transverse intensity profiles for the dominant and cross-polarization components of linearly polarized Hermite–Gauss laser beams is studied experimentally as the beams propagate away from their waist. Measured intensity profiles and their evolution with propagation are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Elastic properties of surfaces on nanoparticles

Abstract Lattice parameter changes in nanoparticles can be used to determine the surface stress of solids. In the past a Laplace–Young relationship has been employed to interpret the lattice parameter changes as a function of the particle size. In the meantime, however, atomistic calculations revealed a purely mechanical origin of the surface stress that is consistent with elasticity theory for solid surfaces as developed by Gurtin and Murdoch. In this theory the equilibrium distance for surface atoms may differ from that in the bulk solid, and the elastic properties of the surface layer may also deviate from bulk values. We apply this Gurtin–Murdoch theory to spherical nanoparticles and reanalyze past data as well as results from recent theoretical calculations on lattice parameter changes, thereby enabling us to determine surface properties commensurate with the mechanical interpretation of surface stress.
DOR-MANT BRAINS MAINTAIN ION BALANCE

![Figure][1] Delta-opioid receptors (DORs) in the brain normally bind painkilling neurochemicals called enkephalins as well as opiates like morphine. Recent research has shown that these receptors are also protective when oxygen or blood flow to neurons is reduced. The protection occurs in
Plutonic Evolution of the Cutler Area, Ontario

In the Cutler area, on the northern shore of Lake Huron, Huronian sedimentary rocks and Nipissing diabase sills have been isoclinally folded and metamorphosed to staurolite grade during an erogenic episode dated at about 1.7 b.y. Emplacement of the Cutler batholith culminated this episode. In an aureole around, and probably above, gently dipping contacts of the batholith, muscovite was eliminated from metasedimentary rocks while staurolite remained stable. Rock chemistry and consideration of experimental data on mineral stabilities suggest that muscovite elimination occurred through an alkali exchange reaction, probably propagated by an influx of Na-bearing solutions associated with the granite. Mineralogical and structural studies indicate that the granite is magmatic, probably of anatectic origin. It is shown that a steep geothermal gradient ( dp/dt is large) could result in the stabilization of staurolite at temperatures of the granite minimum. Structural studies indicate that the granite was emplaced along the axial culmination of a doubly plunging antichnorium during a period of passive flow folding. The regional tectonite fabric of the metasediments is preserved even in terranes of 75 percent or more granitic rock and the fabric of the granitic rocks is symmetrically related to that of the metasediments. Contrast in viscosity (and therefore strain rate) between the granitic and metamorphic rocks during folding resulted in segregation of anatectic magma from the parent metamorphic rocks, with the granite being concentrated in higher portions of the growing fold.
The structure of the 11-coordinate barium complex of the pendant-donor macrocycle 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane: an analysis of the coordination numbers of barium(II) in its complexes

Abstract The crystal structure of [Ba(DOTAM)Cl] 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 · 2.7H 2 O, is reported, where DOTAM is 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane [triclinic, space group, P 1 , a =937.6(2), b =1050.4(2), c =1476.6(3) pm, α =110.41(2), β =97.48(2), γ =97.75(2)°, Z =2, R =0.0423]. The structure consists of a dimer held together by four oxygen atoms bridging between the two Ba atoms. Each Ba is 11-coordinate, coordinated to four nitrogens from the macrocyclic ring, and four oxygens from the four pendant amide groups of DOTAM. In addition, each Ba has a coordinated chloride ion, as well as two bridging amide oxygens from the other member of the dimer. An analysis of the coordination numbers (CN) of Ba(II) complexes is presented. It is found that the CN of Ba(II) complexes ranges from 3 to 12, and is most commonly 9 with unidentate ligands. Higher coordination numbers of 10 and above are promoted by either polydentate ligands of denticity greater than six, or the presence of several ligands such as nitrate or acetate that form four-membered chelate rings. Lower coordination numbers of seven and below are promoted by increasingly large substitutents attached directly to the donor atoms of the ligand.
Three-family mass matrices leading to a very massive top quark

Abstract We study three-family mass matrices which can lead to a top quark of mass greater than 100 GeV. Although all known mixing data can be satisfied with minimal Higgs structure and a top quark mass as large as 280 GeV, the most probable values are 130 GeV and 160 GeV for the two classes of solutions with the CP violating phase σ in the second and first quadrants, respectively. The above numbers are lowered considerably in the presence of two Higgs doublets. A particularly simple set of mass matrices is found which has the phase structure proposed by Shin for the Fritzsch set of matrices and leads to a top quark mass of 135 GeV. Comparison is made with the superstring form suggested by Casas and Munoz.
Sign-dependent response of nonlinear directional couplers

Abstract We present a simplified local-mode analysis of the nonlinear directional coupler. This novel approach predicts a splitting in the transfer function when assuming different signs for the nonlinearity, in agreement with the results of the Beam Propagation Method.
URGENT PROBLEMS OF MOLLUSKAN FARMING

The article emphasizes some of the most urgent problems facing molluskan farmers. Among them is the need for developing methods that will rapidly purify mollusks feeding on toxic forms of plankton and thus becoming toxic themselves. Better understanding of the physiology of nutrition with commercial mollusks, and development and a broad use of specially prepared foods are other urgent problems to be solved. Studies of epizootics and devising means for their control is also an important field that should be enlarged on an international basis. Questions of radical changes in laws referring to mariculture, and the need for training of future mariculturists are briefly discussed in the article.
Oligopoly Power in the Food and Tobacco Industries

In this article we estimate and test for the degree of oligopoly power and economies of scale in forty food and tobacco industries using the New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) framework and four-digit SIC data. Lerner indices and elasticities of scale are compared throughout the entire food and tobacco industries. T-tests verify that all but three of these industries exert statistically significant degrees of oligopoly power and that over 82% of these industries exhibit nonconstant returns to scale. The empirical results also provide estimates of the price elasticities of demand for each industry.
Teacher efficacy in student engagement, instructional management, student stressors, and burnout: A theoretical model using in-class variables to predict teachers' intent-to-leave

Abstract The models presented here posit a complex relationship between efficacy in student engagement and intent-to-leave that is mediated by in-class variables of instructional management, student behavior stressors, aspects of burnout, and job satisfaction. Using data collected from 631 teachers, analyses provided support for the two models that predicted teachers' intent-to-leave. To enhance generalizability, this study also tested whether the structural coefficients were invariant across teacher gender and grade level. With one exception, the models appeared largely invariant across gender and grade level. Supplementing the structural models, measurement invariance and equality of latent factor means were also explored.
Periglomerular cell action on mitral cells in olfactory bulb shown by current source density analysis.

Abstract The sign of action of periglomerular (PG) cells on the apical dendrites of mitral cells in olfactory bulb glomeruli was investigated by constructing current source density (CSD) profiles from potentials evoked by primary olfactory nerve (PON) and lateral olfactory tract (LOT) stimulation. Evoked potentials were recorded and averaged from anesthetized rabbit simultaneously with a1 × 16 array of electrodes positioned perpendicular to the bulbar surface. A one-dimensional CSD analysis with depth was made in the center of PON- and LOT-evoked potential activity. CSD was plotted vs depth for specific times during the average evoked potential (AEP): at the surface peaks of the first surface-negative wave (N1), the first surface-positive wave (P1), and the second surface-negative wave (N2). N1, P1 and N2 corresponded to excitation, dis-excitation (equivalent to inhibition), and dis-inhibition (re-excitation) of the granule cell population through mitral cell basal dendrites. The granule cells generated both PON and LOT oscillatory AEPs. When N1 and P1 profiles or P1 and N2 profiles were combined, the source and sink due to granule cell activity were minimized and another source-sink pair was revealed on PON but not LOT stimulation. PON-evoked N1 + P1 or P1 + N2 profiles showed a secondary souce-sink pair not present with LOT stimulation. The sink was located in the glomerular layer (GL) and outer plexiform layer (EPL) and the source in the inner EPL. It was concluded that long-lasting excitation of the mitral cells was taking place at the GL and GL/EPL border. This excitation was ascribed to concomitant PG cell activity, possibly in combination with prolonged monosynaptic PON excitation of the apical dendrites. The results support the occurrence of direct excitatory action of PG cells onto mitral cells.