cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of mucosal and systemic antibody responses against the HIV coreceptor CCR5 upon intramuscular immunization and aerosol delivery of a Virus-like Particle based vaccine

Virus-like particles (VLPs) can be exploited as platforms to increase the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic antigens, including self-proteins. We have developed VLP-based vaccines that target two domains of the HIV coreceptor CCR5 that are involved in HIV binding. These vaccines induce anti-CCR5 antibodies that bind to native CCR5 and inhibit SIV infection in vitro. Given the role of mucosal surfaces in HIV transmission and replication, we also asked whether an aerosolized, VLP-based pulmonary vaccine targeting CCR5 could induce a robust mucosal response in addition to a systemic response. In rats, both intramuscular and pulmonary immunization induced high-titer IgG and IgA against the vaccine in the serum, but only aerosol vaccination induced IgA antibodies at local mucosal sites. An intramuscular prime followed by an aerosol boost resulted in strong serum and mucosal antibody responses. These results show that VLP-based vaccines targeting CCR5 induce high-titer systemic antibodies, and can elicit both local and systemic mucosal response when administered via an aerosol. Vaccination against a self-molecule that is critically involved during HIV transmission and pathogenesis is an alternative to targeting the virus itself. More generally, our results provide a general method for inducing broad systemic and mucosal antibody responses using VLP-based immunogens.
Microstructure and microtexture in laser-dressed alumina grinding wheel material

Alumina grinding wheels when laser dressed with a high-power laser induce change in the morphology of the wheel surface. The altered grain structure on the surface of the wheel gives laser dressing advantage over conventional mechanical methods. Morphological modification during laser dressing is strongly influenced by the microstructure formed during the rapid solidification process. Microstructure depends mainly on the cooling rates amongst many other factors related to the laser processing conditions. Using a two-color based pyrometer temperature measurement setup the cooling rates were estimated during the laser dressing process. Orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) was used to determine the grain orientations in the resolidified layer on the dressed surface. Cooling rates and the OIM combined, indicate a preferred orientation of grains along the (110) planes. This preferred orientation can be a reason for the formation of grains with multi-faceted surfaces having cutting edges and vertices, for grinding operation. OIM and cooling results also show existence of a competitive growth mechanism for the grains in the dressed layer.
Velocity measurements in the deep western boundary current of the South Pacific.

IN their schematic theory of the deep ocean circulation, Stommel and Arons1 require deep western boundary currents in each of the world's oceans as the means by which cold deep water is transported from polar regions to middle and low latitudes. These have been measured directly in the North Atlantic2, inferred from the density field and property distributions in the South Atlantic3, and, most recently, detected in similar fashion in the South Pacific, just east of New Zealand and the Kermadec Ridge, during the occupation of transpacific hydrographic sections along latitudes 28° S and 43° S 4. Subsequently, Reid5 has made direct current measurements near the bottom in the narrow channel at about 9° S, 169° W, which connects the deep central basins of the North and South Pacific. These demonstrated a northward flow with near-bottom speeds of 5–15 cm/s which is presumably derived from the deep boundary current to the south.
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the DIAL-3: What does this “developmental screener” really measure?

Abstract To examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales on the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning—Third Edition [DIAL-3; Mardell-Czudnowski, C., and Goldenberg, D.S. (1998). Developmental indicators for the assessment of learning—third edition. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.], exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on randomly selected subsamples of 2012 children who attended Head Start. Exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors, labeled Verbal Ability, Nonverbal Ability, and Achievement, which collectively accounted for 56% of the variance in children's performances. Confirmatory factor analysis evaluated this empirically-derived model and the conceptually-derived model of the authors of the DIAL-3 in a separate subsample of children. Although neither model explained the data extremely well, the empirically-derived model characterized children's performances better than the conceptually-derived model, e.g., CFIs = .90 and .85, RMSEAs = .07 and .10, respectively. The discussion highlights an alternative conceptualization of the DIAL-3, potential uses of the factor scores, ideas for consideration during the next revision of the DIAL-3, and the need for additional validity research.
Failure Pressure Prediction of Composite Cylinders for Hydrogen Storage Using Thermo-mechanical Analysis and Neural Network

Safe installation and operation of high-pressure composite cylinders for hydrogen storage are of primary concern. It is unavoidable for the cylinders to experience temperature variation and significant thermal input during service. The maximum failure pressure that the cylinder can sustain is affected due to the dependence of composite material properties on temperature and complexity of cylinder design. Most of the analysis reported for high-pressure composite cylinders is based on simplifying assumptions and does not account for complexities like thermo-mechanical behavior and temperature dependent material properties. In the present work, a comprehensive finite element simulation tool for the design of hydrogen storage cylinder system is developed. The structural response of the cylinder is analyzed using laminated shell theory accounting for transverse shear deformation and geometric nonlinearity. A composite failure model is used to evaluate the failure pressure under various thermo-mechanical loadin...
Hydrocracking of vacuum residue by homogeneous catalysis

Abstract The heterogeneous catalytic hydrocracking process of residues convert heavy hydrocarbons, including asphaltenes into light distillates, removes sulfur and nitrogen, saturates aromatics and olefins and retains heavy metals (Ni, V, Fe, Cu, etc.). One of the greatest problems of the hydrocracking process is the high catalyst consumption due to its fast deactivation, the logistic of the supply of fresh catalyst and disposal of wasted catalyst may become very complicated because of the environmental regulations. In order to overcome this problem it has been proposed the use of more active poisoning resistant, however, this has only solved partially the problem. As an alternative, we propose the use of a liquid catalyst which has a strong acid function for cracking heavy hydrocarbons and a hydrogenation function to promote sulfur and nitrogen removal. This catalyst can be recovered and reactivated to be used again in the process with the additional advantage of being cheaper than solid catalysts. Experimental results show that by hydrocracking heavy oil using this liquid catalyst, more than 60 wt% of asphaltenes and heavy molecules were transformed into lighter hydrocarbons in the boiling range of gasoline, diesel and gasoil. Likewise, sulfur and nitrogen were removed by 60 and 30 wt% respectively. In this work the experimental results are presented and discussed.
Research Classic: “Some Myths of Psychotherapy Research and the Search for A Paradigm”: Revisited

The article considered and refuted three myths prevalent within the psychotherapy literature of the time: the patient and therapist uniformity assumptions; the assumption of spontaneous remission of psychoneurotic disorders (as promulgated by Eysenck, 1952); and the belief that theoretical formulations of the time provided adequate paradigms for guiding psychotherapy research. The author proposed a new research paradigm (advocating increased use of ANOVA factorial designs) that requires specification of patient change variables (dependent variables), and of relevant patient, therapist, and intervention dimensions (independent variables), so that the field can begin to assess the central theoretical and research question: Which therapist behaviors are more effective with which type of patients?
Early emergence of increased fearful behavior in prenatally stressed rats.

We have been studying the mildly prenatally stressed (PS) rat as a potentially useful animal model of anxiety disorders. Previously we have demonstrated that there are anatomical and biochemical alterations in the amygdalas of adult PS offspring and that these offspring show increased fearful behaviors. However, human data indicate that anxiety disorders often present first in early childhood and then persist throughout adolescence and adulthood. To determine if PS rats also model this characteristic of human anxiety disorders, here we asked whether behavioral indices of increased fear would be detectable at an early age. We tested the hypotheses that young PS rats would show increased behavioral fearfulness in response to an acute stressor and that this would increase with age. A mild prenatal stressor, consisting of removal of the dam from the home cage and administration of a subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline daily, was administered during the last week of pregnancy. Offspring were tested in the defensive–withdrawal apparatus before and after exposure to restraint stress at 25, 45 and 60 days of age. PS animals showed increased defensive–withdrawal behavior following the stressor and were more fearful following restraint when compared to controls (CON). This was significant at P45 and increased to P60. Hence, fearful behaviors in PS rats emerge prior to sexual maturation and increase in magnitude thereafter, further validating our model as a means to investigate the underpinnings of anxiety disorders.
Listening to Mozart May Not Enhance Performance on the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test

Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky in 1993 found that listening to a Mozart sonata temporarily enhanced performance on the spatial reasoning task from the Stanford-Binet scale. The present study was designed to replicate those results using the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test. 30 women and 21 men were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition, subjects listened to a Mozart sonata for 10 min., while in the control condition subjects meditated in silence for 10 min. Immediately following these manipulations all subjects worked on the spatial task, the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test, for 10 minutes. After factoring out SAT scores and gender, there was no significant difference in the mean test scores for the two groups. The results are discussed in terms of Gustafsson's 1984 factor analysis of intellectual abilities in which he identified three separate visuospatial factors. The task used here may have had a substantially different factor loading than the dependent variable used by Ra...
Facile graphene transfer directly to target substrates with a reusable metal catalyst

High-throughput, roll-to-roll growth and transferring of high-quality, large-area chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene directly onto a target substrate with a reusable metal catalyst is an enabling technology for flexible optoelectronics. We explore the direct transfer via hot lamination of CVD graphene onto a flexible substrate, followed by electrochemical delamination (bubble transfer) of the graphene. The transfer method investigated here does not require any intermediate transfer layer and allows the copper to be reused, which will reduce the production cost and avoid the generation of chemical waste. Such integration is one necessary step forward toward the economical and industrial scale production of graphene. Our method bares promise in various applications. As an example, we fabricated flexible solution-gated graphene field-effect-transistors, which exhibited transconductance as high as 200 μS.
The Persistence of Structural Inequality? A Network Analysis of International Trade, 1965–2000

This article reports results from a network analysis of international trade from 1965 through 2000. It addresses the impact of changes associated with globalization and the "new international division of labor" (NIDL) on structural inequality in the world economy. To assess this impact, I ask three specific questions. (1) Do patterns of international trade conform to a core/periphery structure through time? (2) Does the structure exhibit inequality with regard to industrial sophistication? (3) Have globalization and the NIDL encouraged upward mobility for historically poor countries, or have they reproduced a stable set of structural positions? The findings support the view that the NIDL and globalization have benefited a few exceptional countries while at the same time producing structural inequality.
Surface temperature correction for active infrared reflectance measurements of natural materials

Land surface temperature algorithms for the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer satellite instrument will require the spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of natural surfaces in the thermal infrared. We designed the spectral infrared bidirectional reflectance and emissivity instrument to provide such measurements by the use of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. A problem we encountered is the unavoidable surface heating caused by the source irradiance. For our system, the effects of the heating can cause a 30% error in the measured BRDF. The error caused by heating is corrected by temporally curve fitting the radiance signal. This curve-fitting technique isolates the radiance caused by reflected irradiance. With this correction, other factors dominate the BRDF error. It is now ~5% and can be improved further. The method is illustrated with measurements of soil BRDF.
Identification and characterization of Smyd2: a split SET/MYND domain-containing histone H3 lysine 36-specific methyltransferase that interacts with the Sin3 histone deacetylase complex

Background Disrupting the balance of histone lysine methylation alters the expression of genes involved in tumorigenesis including proto-oncogenes and cell cycle regulators. Methylation of lysine residues is commonly catalyzed by a family of proteins that contain the SET domain. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the SET domain-containing protein, Smyd2.
The dynamic behavior of chemically "stiffened" red blood cells in microchannel flows

The rigidity of red blood cells (RBCs) plays an important role in whole blood viscosity and is correlated with several cardiovascular diseases. Two chemical agents that are commonly used to study cell deformation are diamide and glutaraldehyde. Despite diamide's common usage, there are discrepancies in the literature surrounding diamide's effect on the deformation of RBCs in shear and pressure-driven flows; in particular, shear flow experiments have shown that diamide stiffens cells, while pressure-driven flow in capillaries did not give this result. We performed pressure-driven flow experiments with RBCs in a microfluidic constriction and quantified the cell dynamics using high-speed imaging. Diamide, which affects RBCs by cross-linking spectrin skeletal membrane proteins, did not reduce deformation and showed an unchanged effective strain rate when compared to healthy cells. In contrast, glutaraldehyde, which is a non-specific fixative that acts on all components of the cell, did reduce deformation and showed increased instances of tumbling, both of which are characteristic features of stiffened, or rigidified, cells. Because glutaraldehyde increases the effective viscosity of the cytoplasm and lipid membrane while diamide does not, one possible explanation for our results is that viscous effects in the cytoplasm and/or lipid membrane are a dominant factor in dictating dynamic responses of RBCs in pressure-driven flows. Finally, literature on the use of diamide as a stiffening agent is summarized, and provides supporting evidence for our conclusions.
Blind channel estimation for precoded OFDM system

An orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) system with block-precoding is studied. It is observed that the correlation matrix of the post-DFT data is equal to the direct-product of the channel vector multiplied, element-by-element, by the product of the precoding matrix and its Hermitian. Therefore, an element-by-element division of the post-DFT correlation matrix by the product of the precoding matrix and its Hermitian gives a rank-one matrix whose only singular vector coincides the channel vector up to a phase ambiguity. The design criteria of the precoding matrix are discussed.
Energy requirements and aging.

Objective To summarise the literature on energy requirements and aging. Design An analysis and review of published data on components of energy expenditure and total energy expenditure (TEE). Setting Data on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and TEE were obtained from the US Institute of Medicine of the National Academies database (all available data from studies published before 2001, collected from 20 researchers willing to provide individual subject results). Subjects Those individuals from the database who were 20-100 years of age. Results TEE and physical activity level (PAL, defined as the ratio of total to resting energy expenditure) declined progressively throughout adult life in both normal weight and overweight men and women. In normal weight individuals (defined as body mass index (BMI) 18.5-25.0 kg m(-2)) TEE fell by approximately 150 kcal per decade, and PAL fell from an average of 1.75 in the second decade of life to 1.28 in the ninth decade. Thermic effect of feeding data from other published studies indicated no consistent change associated with aging. Conclusions Aging is associated with progressive declines in resting and TEE, which have implications for defining dietary energy requirements at different stages of adult life.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Some Members of the Micrococcaceae

Auletta, Angela E. (Catholic University, Washington, D.C.), and E. R. Kennedy. Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of some members of the Micrococcaceae. J. Bacteriol. 92:28-34. 1966.-Thirty-seven strains from the genera Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Gaffkya, and Sarcina were examined for deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and biochemical activity. Organisms were tested for production of catalase, coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, oxidase, phosphatase, hydrogen sulfide, indole, and acetoin; nitrate reduction; gelatin, starch, and urea hydrolysis; citrate and ammonium phosphate utilization; NaCl tolerance; growth at 10 and 45 C, and growth in litmus milk. They were tested for production of acid from dextrose and mannitol under anaerobic conditions, and for aerobic production of acid from dextrose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, raffinose, maltose, xylose, and glycerol. Organisms could be divided into two groups on the basis of guanine-cytosine (GC) content. Group I had an average GC content of 32%, and included all organisms which produced acid from dextrose. Group II had an average GC content of 62%, and included those organisms incapable of producing acid from dextrose under anaerobic conditions. Sarcina ureae had a GC content of 43%.
Does a ventriculotomy have deleterious effects following palliation in the Norwood procedure using a shunt placed from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries

Introduction A recent modification to the Norwood procedure involving a shunt placed directly from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries may improve postoperative haemodynamics. Concerns remain, however, about the potential problems produced by the required ventriculotomy. Methods We compared 76 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who underwent the Norwood procedure, 35 receiving a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt and the remaining 41 a shunt placed directly from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries. We reviewed their subsequent progress through the second stage of palliation. A single observer graded right ventricular function, and the severity of tricuspid regurgitation, based on blinded review of the most recent echocardiograms prior to the second stage of palliation. Results At the time of catheterization prior to the second stage, patients with a shunt placed from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, rather than a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt, had higher arterial diastolic blood pressure, at 44 versus 40 millimetres of mercury, p equal to 0.02, lower ventricular end diastolic pressures, at 8 versus 11 millimetres of mercury, p equal to 0.0002, and larger pulmonary arteries as judged using the Nakata index, at 270 versus 188 millimetres squared per metres squared, p equal to 0.009. There was no difference in qualitative ventricular systolic function or tricuspid regurgitation between groups. No differences were found between groups during the hospitalization following the second stage of palliation. A trend towards improved survival to the second stage was seen following the construction of a shunt from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries. Conclusions Construction of a shunt from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries is associated with lower right ventricular end diastolic pressures, larger pulmonary arterial size, and higher systemic arterial diastolic pressures. No apparent deleterious effects of the right ventriculotomy were observed in terms of qualitative ventricular systolic function or tricuspid regurgitation.
A PDMS micro proton exchange membrane fuel cell by conventional and non-conventional microfabrication techniques

Abstract We have successfully fabricated hydrogen–air micro proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) on silicon and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) base substrates. A complete fuel cell system was fabricated consisting of a PDMS substrate with micro flow channels upon which the membrane electrode assembly was vertically stacked. The PDMS microreactor was fabricated by soft lithography techniques. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) consisted of electrodes and catalyst deposited on both sides of the Nafion membrane using conventional microfabrication approaches. We have been able to register open circuit voltage in excess of 0.790 V while the peak power of 0.282 mW at 0.375 V was obtained from this fuel cell. The current–voltage (V–I) characteristics for the fuel cell were measured at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to 80 °C. The oxidation of hydrogen was characterized for conversion on different catalyst materials by measuring the composition of product gases.
Reduction of systolic and diastolic dysfunction by retrograde coronary sinus perfusion during off-pump coronary surgery.

Abstract Objectives We evaluated the protective effects of retrograde coronary sinus perfusion to offset potential systolic and diastolic dysfunction (myocardial stunning) after temporary regional ischemia needed for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods Twenty Yorkshire-Duroc pigs (31.8 ± 3.9 kg) underwent 15 minutes of mid-left anterior descending coronary artery ischemia in the beating heart. In 8 pigs, no protective measures were used. In 12 pigs, an aorta-coronary sinus shunt (with conventional cannulas) allowed retrograde perfusion during temporary ischemia; in 6 of these pigs, no leakage to the right atrium was ensured. Regional endocardial contraction was measured with sonomicrometer crystals. Systolic dysfunction (impaired regional shortening), diastolic dysfunction (contraction extending into early diastole), and coronary sinus nitric oxide and endothelin-1 levels were recorded. Results Before ischemia, contraction did not extend into the diastolic interval. During ischemia, paradoxic bulging occurred in all hearts except in the occlusive coronary sinus shunt group (16% ± 6% of baseline, P P P P Conclusions Retrograde coronary sinus perfusion during simulated off-pump coronary revascularization diminishes systolic and diastolic dysfunction. An aortic-coronary sinus shunt is a rapid, recognized approach that can improve myocardial muscle and endothelial safety during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.
A Contextualized and Personalized Approach for Mobile Search

Mobile search is becoming increasingly important for mobile users as mobile devices are more widely used. Mobile search differs from standard PC-based web search in a number of ways: (1) the user interfaces and I/O are limited by screen real estate and tiny key pads are tiny, (2) limited bandwidth and costly connection time, (3) increased local search due to mobility. These limitations result in more navigational queries in the mobile search. Furthermore, user location, activities, preferences, and interaction history can also improve accuracy in determining relevance for mobile search. In the past, most personalized search algorithms are studied in the context of PC-based web search. Personalized mobile search should however play a bigger role at improving the user experiences. This paper focuses on the personalization strategies which explicitly and implicitly infer user search context from user current environment. We propose an architecture which collects user information (at mobile device and carrier network) and derives user intention in given situations. We show that personalized mobile search perform well for ambiguous queries and localized searches.
Tax Case: Single Member LLC Brings In A Second Owner

This paper presents a tax case simulating a real-world experience whereby a single member limited liability company that is currently classified as a disregarded entity, takes on a second owner. By default the entity will be classified as a partnership; however, if an affirmative election is made, the LLC could be taxed as a corporation or as an S corporation. Students are presented with two options for partnership formation along with hypothetical data and business objectives of the partners. They are then asked to consider the tax rules of two options, along with the resulting tax and economic impact of each option, in order to make a recommendation about the more favorable business alternative. Students are also asked to consider alternate forms of entity in addition to that of a partnership and the potential impact on the owners. In order to do this, students rely on fundamental knowledge learned in the typical business entities tax course and use their research and analytical skills to synthesize the most favorable outcome. Students are asked to deliver a tax memorandum which addresses a series of issues or questions, plus a client letter discussing the tax considerations as well as non-tax factors, in addition to Excel worksheets which outline the tax impact under each of the two options provided. As a result of this assignment, students discover the value of prudent and skillful tax planning, that additional, non-tax factors may need to be considered, and the positive impact they can have on the financial affairs of their clients.
Redox-based regulation of neural stem cell function and Nrf2

Neural stem cells (NSCs) play vital roles in the development and maintenance of brain tissues throughout life. They can also potentially act as powerful sources of regeneration and repair during pathology to replace degenerating cells and counteract deleterious changes in the tissue microenvironment. However, both aging and neurodegeneration involve an up-regulation of processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, somatic mutations, and reduction in growth factors in neural tissues, which threaten the robust functioning of NSCs. Nevertheless, recent evidence also indicates that NSCs may possess the intrinsic capability to cope with such stressors in their microenvironment. Whereas the mechanisms governing the responses of NSCs to stress are diverse, a common theme that is emerging suggests that underlying changes in intracellular redox status are crucial. Here we discuss such redox-based regulation of NSCs, particularly in relation to nuclear erythroid factor 2-like 2 (Nrf2), which is a key cellular stress resistance factor, and its implications for successfully harnessing NSC therapeutic potential towards developing cell-based therapeutics for nervous system disorders.
POSTERIOR ILIOPSOAS TRANSPLANTATION IN THE TREATMENT OF PARALYTIC DISLOCATION OF THE HIP

1. The indications for and technique of posterior iliopsoas transplantation are described with particular reference to paralytic dislocation and subluxation of the hip in children. 2. Experience of 150 operations in ninety-five patients and of the long-term results of forty-one operations are given. 3. Reduction of the dislocation has been maintained in every case even when there was complete paralysis of all gluteal muscles. 4. All the children are able to walk without the aid of hip splintage.
Tribbles 3 inhibits brown adipocyte differentiation and function by suppressing insulin signaling

Recent studies have demonstrated that adult humans have substantial amounts of functioning brown adipose tissue (BAT). Since BAT has been implicated as an anti-obese and anti-diabetic tissue, it is important to understand the signaling molecules that regulate BAT function. There has been a link between insulin signaling and BAT metabolism as deletion or pharmaceutical inhibition of insulin signaling impairs BAT differentiation and function. Tribbles 3 (TRB3) is a pseudo kinase that has been shown to regulate metabolism and insulin signaling in multiple tissues but the role of TRB3 in BAT has not been studied. In this study, we found that TRB3 expression was present in BAT and overexpression of TRB3 in brown preadipocytes impaired differentiation and decreased expression of BAT markers. Furthermore, TRB3 overexpression resulted in significantly lower oxygen consumption rates for basal and proton leakage, indicating decreased BAT activity. Based on previous studies showing that deletion or pharmaceutical inhibition of insulin signaling impairs BAT differentiation and function, we assessed insulin signaling in brown preadipocytes and BAT in vivo. Overexpression of TRB3 in cells impaired insulin-stimulated IRS1 and Akt phosphorylation, whereas TRB3KO mice displayed improved IRS1 and Akt phosphorylation. Finally, deletion of IRS1 abolished the function of TRB3 to regulate BAT differentiation and metabolism. These data demonstrate that TRB3 inhibits insulin signaling in BAT, resulting in impaired differentiation and function.
Chaffing at the Bit

Rivest developed the concept of chaffing, a technique based on blending authenticated plaintext information with non authenticated noise (chaff) to obscure the true message as a method of subverting controls on strong cryptography in an arena in which strong authentication is unregulated. Assuming a secret authentication key shared between the sender and the receiver, only the intended recipient can easily separate the message content from the noise (winnowing).
Cotton scouting and pesticide use in eastern Arizona.

During the summers of 1969-71, an average of 11,152 acres of cotton was examined weekly at an average season al cost of $1.65 per acre. Resulting information Contributed to grower decisions to eliminate pesticide applications season long from 84, 82, and 71%, respectively, of the acreage during these years and to make 1.6, 1.7, and 3.8 applications, respectively, per treated acre, largely for control of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Costs were much lower than under a grower-sponsored program in 1968, when 13,263 acres each automatically received 6 pesticide applications.
Power Requirements for Control of Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle Using Piezoelectric Actuators

Interest in flapping wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs) has grown in recent years. Considerable research has been invested in the areas of unsteady and low Re aerodynamics as well as techniques to fabricate the small scale components. Control of these vehicles has been less studied and most control techniques proposed have only been implemented within simulations. In this work a control scheme, Bi-harmonic Amplitude and Bias Modulation (BABM), was used on prototype hardware in order to characterize the power required compared to pure harmonic flapping. This characterization is important to the development of eventual non-externally powered flight and also provides data for use in a potential minimum power optimal flight control algorithm.
Research on the Damage Effect of High Power Microwave Weapon to C~4ISR System

The susceptibility of electronics to electromagnetic environments has been drawn more attention these days,the proliferating dependence of computer equipment for example as C4ISR for military use increase the threats that EMP induced.The damage effect of electromagnetic pulse is described and the threshold of damage to electronics is also given,the influence of HPM weapon to battle system is analyzed from the aspects of threats of HPM weapon to information source of C4ISR,computer net and the communication net of C4ISR,finally the harden measurement against the electromagnetic pulse is presented.
Analysis on Sanitary Status of Supplies and Utensils in Public Places,Tonghai County,2011-2013

Objective To analyze the sanitary status of supplies in public places in Tonghai county,so as to provide basis for better supervising the sanitation of public places. Methods Analysis was made on data of health monitoring situation and utensils of supplies in public places in Tonghai county,2011-2013. Results Among 1 355samples of supplies and utensils collected and exam ined during 2011-2013,1 185were qualified with the qualified rate of 87.45%.The qualified rate,2011was 88.58%,2012was 88.11%,2013was 85.81%(P 0.05);The passing rate of hotels(94.09%)was the highest,while that in public place of entertainment(78.71%)was the lowest(P 0.01);Of all articles,bedclothes had the highest qualified rate(98.17%),while cups had the lowest(76.17%)(P0.01). Conclusion The supervision and monitoring of washing,disinfection and sanitary condition of supplies and utensils in entertainment should be strengthened.
Multispectral imaging of an Early Classic Maya codex fragment from Uaxactun, Guatemala

Multispectral visual analysis has revealed new information from scarce fragments of a pre-Columbian document excavated in 1932 from a burial at Uaxactun, in Guatemala. The plaster coating from decomposed bark-paper pages of an Early Classic (c. AD 400–600) Maya codex bear figural painting and possibly writing. Direct investigation of these thin flakes of painted stucco identified two distinct layers of plaster painted with different designs, indicating that the pages had been resurfaced and repainted in antiquity. Such erasure and re-inscription has not previously been attested for early Maya manuscripts, and it sheds light on Early Classic Maya scribal practices.
Improving Clinician Attitudes of Respect and Trust for Persons With Sickle Cell Disease

OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of 1 high-intensity, and 1 reduced-intensity, educational intervention designed to improve health care provider attitudes toward youth with sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS: We exposed a regional sample of pediatric health care providers to a 2.5-day high-intensity educational and experiential intervention using videos about the SCD patient experience. Additionally, we traveled to a different set of regional health care institutions and offered pediatric providers a reduced-intensity intervention, consisting of a 90-minute lunchtime in-service centered on our same set of videos about the patient’s experience. We assessed the impact of both interventions by taking pre/post measurements of the negative and positive attitudes expressed by participating providers toward patients with SCD. RESULTS: Both interventions tested elicited improvements in the SCD attitudes expressed by the pediatric providers as suggested through a reduction in measured negative attitude scores (20.0 vs 12.1, P CONCLUSIONS: Video-based interventions can be used to improve the attitudes of pediatric providers toward patients with SCD. The availability of interventions of varying intensities provides greater flexibility in designing efforts to advance the quality of SCD care through the improvement of provider attitudes.
Assessing the need for a clinical COPD care program in a managed care organization.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a systemic inflammatory condition, is costly and often devastating to patient quality of life. COPD is also greatly underdiagnosed and often inappropriately treated. A managed care organization therefore evaluated whether a systemwide COPD clinical program within its organization may be appropriate. The organization examined the current prevalence, costs, and adherence to clinical treatment guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and costs of COPD within the managed care organization and to ascertain whether the condition could be better managed using a systemwide clinical program. CONCLUSION: Both diagnosis and treatment of COPD would likely be improved with a comprehensive clinical COPD care program that would include measuring outcomes, stratifying COPD patients by risk, and initiating disease state management efforts.
Effect of Parental Temperature Experience on Thermal Tolerance of Eggs of Menidia audens

The geometric increases in electrical energy consumption may produce significant quantities of heated waste water that may cause major ecosystem alterations. This poses an especially critical problem for estuaries that are major nurseries. Although all life history stages are temperature-sensitive the majority of fishes are most stenothermal during early developmental stages (Hubbs, 1966). Because most fish incubation tests use a set of fertilized eggs derived from parents maintained at a single temperature regime, this experiment was designed to determine the impact of parental acclimatization on F1 thermal tolerance.
A Retrospective Introduction

John Galsworthy’s death on 31 January 1933 followed by less than three months the announcement that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for 1932. This intersection, in addition to the great popularity of his fiction in Europe and America as well as in Britain, generated a considerable range of obituary reports, essays and editorials. The obituary is rarely a form of critical appraisal or biographical understanding, but in this instance the extensive treatment of Galsworthy reflected a fairly full sense of how his contemporaries understood and appreciated him. While even the most comprehensive summary of the obituaries would provide only a partial introduction to the career of a man who, over thirty-five years, produced three vast trilogies, other novels, plays, stories, essays, and poems, the remarkable range of public notice at the time of Galsworthy’s death suggests some of the terms in which his life might be seen.
A Population-Based Analysis of Time to Surgery and Travel Distances for Brachial Plexus Surgery

Purpose Despite the importance of timely evaluation for patients with brachial plexus injuries (BPIs), in clinical practice we have noted delays in referral. Because the published BPI experience is largely from individual centers, we used a population-based approach to evaluate the delivery of care for patients with BPI. Methods We used statewide administrative databases from Florida (2007–2013), New York (2008–2012), and North Carolina (2009–2010) to create a cohort of patients who underwent surgery for BPI (exploration, repair, neurolysis, grafting, or nerve transfer). Emergency department and inpatient records were used to determine the time interval between the injury and surgical treatment. Distances between treating hospitals and between the patient’s home ZIP code and the surgical hospital were recorded. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine predictors for time from injury to surgery exceeding 365 days. Results Within the 222 patients in our cohort, median time from injury to surgery was 7.6 months and exceeded 365 days in 29% (64 of 222 patients) of cases. Treatment at a smaller hospital for the initial injury was significantly associated with surgery beyond 365 days after injury. Patient insurance type, travel distance for surgery, distance between the 2 treating hospitals, and changing hospitals between injury and surgery did not significantly influence time to surgery. Conclusions Nearly one third of patients in Florida, New York, and North Carolina underwent BPI surgery more than 1 year after the injury. Patients initially treated at smaller hospitals are at risk for undergoing delayed BPI surgery. Clinical relevance These findings can inform administrative and policy efforts to expedite timely referral of patients with BPI to experienced centers.
Long Range MILSATCOM Architecture

The current MILSATCOM assets are reviewed and assessed with regard to the ultimate military potential of the satellite transmission medium. Examples are presented showing why the future use of satellite communication will be impacted by geopolitical trends and re-directions in national policy. The key military issue is surviving and enduring communication over the entire spectrum of conflict levels and the need for a balanced defense against all possible threats. The importance of the network approach involving diverse transmission media is stressed. This in turn requires a more determined effort for achieving improved interoperability with the use of transmission standards. The proposed course for future MILSATCOM systems is based on: evolution toward higher frequencies, internetting of satellite and ground links, ability to reconfigure satcom assets, and more sophisticated access and network control. Also addressed is the suggested policy for exploiting the extensive commercial satcom facilities and the need for closer coordination with the organizations planning the future major terrestrial communication systems.
Severe Soft Tissue Injuries of the Upper Extremity in Motor Vehicle Crashes Involving Partial Ejection: The Protective Role of Side Curtain Airbags

Abstract Introduction Partial ejection (PE) of the upper extremity (UE) can occur in a motor vehicle crash (MVC) resulting in complex and severe soft tissue injuries (SSTI). This study evaluated the relationship between partial ejection and UE injuries, notably SSTIs, in MVCs focusing on crash types and characteristics, and further examined the role of side curtain airbags (SCABs) in the prevention of partial ejection and reducing SSTI of the UE. Methods Weighted data was analyzed from the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) from 1993 to 2012. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship of PE with SSTI of the UE and the effect of SCABs in both nearside impacts and rollover collisions. Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) case studies illustrated PE involving SSTI of the UE, and long term treatment. Results Rollover and nearside impact collisions had the highest percentages of partial ejection, with over half occurring in rollover collisions. Annually over 800 SSTIs of the UE occurred in all MVCs. For nearside lateral force impacts, a multivariable analysis adjusting for belt use and delta V showed a 15 times (OR 15.35, 95% CI 4.30, 54.79) greater odds of PE for occupants without SCABs compared to those with a SCAB deployment. No occupants (0 of 51,000) sustained a SSTI of the UE when a SCAB deployed in nearside impacts, compared to 0.01% (114 of 430,000) when SCABs were unavailable or did not deploy. In rollover collisions, a multivariable analysis adjusted for number of quarter turns and belt use showed 3 times the odds (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.22, 7.47) of PE for occupants without SCABs compared to those with a SCAB deployment. Just 0.17% (32 of 19,000) of the occupants sustained a SSTI of the UE in rollovers with a SCAB deployment, compared to 0.53% (2294 of 431,000) of the occupants when SCABs were unavailable or did not deploy. CIREN case studies illustrated the injury causation of SSTI of the UE due to partial ejection, and the long term treatment and medical costs associated with a SSTI to the UE. Conclusions The majority of severe soft tissue injuries (SSTI) of the upper extremity (UE) involved partial ejection out the nearside window of outboard seated occupants in nearside impacts and rollover collisions. Real world case studies showed that SSTIs of the upper extremity require extensive treatment, extended hospitalization and are costly. Occupants without a side curtain airbag (SCAB) deployment had an increase in the odds of partial ejection. SCAB deployments provided protection against partial ejection and prevented SSTIs of the UE, with none occurring in nearside impacts, and a small percentage and reduction occurring in rollover collisions compared to those where SCABs were unavailable or did not deploy.
Fighting and assessment in the yellow-rumped cacique (Cacicus cela)

I tested the prediction derived from game theory models that the intensity of aggressive interactions should reflect the value of the resource being contested and the disparity in fighting ability of the contestants. Females of the yellow-rumped cacique compete for nest sites and the material to build nests. Females competing for established nest sites engage in higher intensity interactions than those competing for sites in which building has not begun and against females robbing nest material (Fig. 1). For males, access to females is determined by dominance, which is positively correlated with weight. Comparably-sized males (Fig. 2) and those of similar rank (Fig. 3) engage in significantly more intense interactions than males that differ widely in size or rank.
Higher Lipophilic Index Indicates Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women.

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential components of cell membranes and play an integral role in membrane fluidity. The lipophilic index [LI, defined as the sum of the products between FA levels and melting points (°C), divided by the total amount of FA: $${\text{LI}} = \frac{{\mathop \sum \nolimits_{k} [{\text{fatty acid}} \times {\text{melting point}}]}}{{\mathop \sum \nolimits_{k} {\text{fatty acid}} }}$$ ] is thought to reflect membrane and lipoprotein fluidity and may be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we examined the associations of dietary and plasma phospholipid (PL) LI with CHD risk among postmenopausal women. We determined dietary LI for the cohort with completed baseline food frequency questionnaires and free of prevalent cardiovascular diseases in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) observational study (N = 85,563). We additionally determined plasma PL LI in a matched case-control study (N = 2428) nested within the WHI observational cohort study. Cox proportional hazard regression and multivariable conditional logistic regression were used to calculate HRs/ORs for CHD risk between quartiles of LI after adjusting for potential sources of confounding and selection bias. Higher dietary LI in the cohort study and plasma PL LI in the case-control study were significantly associated with increased risk of CHD: HR = 1.18 (95% CI 1.07–1.31, P for trend <0.01) and OR = 1.76 (95% CI 1.33–2.33, P for trend <0.01) comparing extreme quartiles and adjusting for potential confounders. These associations still persisted after adjusting for the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio. Our study indicated that higher LI based on either dietary or plasma measurements, representing higher FA lipophilicity, was associated with elevated risk of CHD among postmenopausal women.