cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of the Second Anodic Current Maximum on Polarization Curves of Sensitized Chromium Steels in 1N H2 SO4

Abstract Some data on the occurrence of the second anodic current maximum observed on polarization curves of chromium steels in 1N H2SO4 are presented and used in a critical interpretation of the results of other investigators. It is shown that the second anodic current maximum observed on specimens with special prepolarization treatments, i.e., holding the specimen for a long time either at the open circuit potential or at a cathodic potential, results from artificially imposed surface effects and does not represent the bulk material. Recent investigations on iron-chromium electrodes which did not have a prepolarization treatment correlate the second anodic current maximum to preferential attack along α-γ phase boundaries. In the latter experiments, the second anodic current maximum is sensitive to heat treatment (degree of sensitization) and the effect is explained entirely on the chromium impoverishment theory. Supporting evidence is provided by microprobe analyses and critical model experiments.
Myocarditis presenting with “silent” atrium and left atrial thrombus

L'autopsie montre une myocardite a cellules geantes et une thrombose de l'oreillette gauche
Action of histaminase preparations in the heidenhain dog

Preparations of histaminase from hog kidney, having potencies of at least one unit per mg of protein were found to be highly toxic when injected intravenously into dogs in amounts above 300 mg. The toxicity apparently was not due to histaminase itself because a preparation of histaminase, which had been inactivated, was found to be even more toxic per mg of protein.
Chemical Characteristics of Araucana Chicken Eggs

Abstract The physical characteristics of whole egg, yolk, albumen, and shell-membrane weights, as well as total dry matter and moisture content, were compared between Araucana and White Leghorn eggs at 1, 3, and 5 months into production. These characteristics were also regressed against their respective whole egg weights in order to make comparisons at equal egg size. When comparisons were made between eggs from hens of the same reproductive ages, albumen and shell-membrane weights were significantly heavier for the White Leghorns, but there were no differences in whole egg or yolk weights. All weights increased significantly in both breeds with reproductive age except for shell-membrane weights, which showed no change over the 5-month study. Whole egg dry matter was significantly greater for the Araucana eggs, but there were no differences in whole egg moisture content and in yolk or albumen dry matter. All of these characteristics increased significantly in both breeds with reproductive age except albumen dry matter, which decreased significantly. On an equal egg weight basis, typical Araucana eggs had 23% more yolk, 9% less albumen, 9% less shell-membrane, 10% more whole egg dry matter, and .6% less moisture than the White Leghorn eggs.
RPDE3: A Framework for Integrating Tool Fragments

Monolithic tools that can't be extended to handle new kinds of input, not just new function, are hampering development. This model seeks to change that.
Application of the appropriateness criteria for echocardiography in an academic medical center.

Background The authors examined the feasibility of application of the American College of Cardiology Foundation's appropriateness criteria for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) at a large tertiary care practice. Methods Indications for consecutive TTE and TEE were determined by chart review and classified according to the guidelines as appropriate, inappropriate, or uncertain or, for situations not addressed in the document, nonclassifiable. Results Of the 529 studies reviewed, 469 were appropriate, 23 inappropriate, 1 uncertain, and 36 nonclassifiable. Inappropriate and nonclassifiable studies were more commonly TTE than TEE ( P P Conclusions Although the study was conducted retrospectively, only 4.7% of classifiable studies were inappropriate. The reproducibility of classification was moderate, and 6.8% of studies were not classifiable. Areas for improvement of the criteria were identified.
Lineogrammer: creating diagrams by drawing

We present the design of Lineogrammer, a diagram-drawing system motivated by the immediacy and fluidity of pencil-drawing. We attempted for Lineogrammer to feel like a modeless diagramming "medium" in which stylus input is immediately interpreted as a command, text label or a drawing element, and drawing elements snap to or sculpt from existing elements. An inferred dual representation allows geometric diagram elements, no matter how they were entered, to be manipulated at granularities ranging from vertices to lines to shapes. We also integrate lightweight tools, based on rulers and construction lines, for controlling higher-level diagram attributes, such as symmetry and alignment. We include preliminary usability observations to help identify areas of strength and weakness with this approach.
Impact of sleep and sleep loss on glucose homeostasis and appetite regulation

Over the past 30 years there has been an increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes, both of which can have serious consequences for longevity and quality of life. Sleep durations may have also decreased over this time period. This article reviews laboratory and epidemiologic evidence for an association between sleep loss and impairments in glucose metabolism and appetite regulation, which could increase the risk of diabetes or weight gain.
Novel Dipole Trapped Spheromak Configuration

We report the observation and characterization of a spheromak formed in the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX) and trapped in a simple dipole magnetic field. The spheromak is studied in the prolate (tilt unstable) 0.4 m diameter, L = 0.6 m length copper flux conserver in SSX. This configuration is stable to the tilt, despite the prolate flux conserver. The spheromak is characterized by a suite of magnetic probe arrays for magnetic structure B(r,t), ion Doppler spectroscopy for T i and flow, interferometry for n e , and soft X-ray analysis for T e . Three dimensional MHD simulations of this configuration verify its gross stability.
Gender Differences in Personal Selling Ethics Evaluations Do They Exist and What Does Their Existence Mean for Teaching Sales Ethics

Sales career opportunities are growing, and the number of women in sales is increasing. Educators must adequately prepare both men and women for today’s ethical sales dilemmas. Using the Personal S...
Molecular Dynamics At a Constant pH

The dynamic equilibrium that exists in a chemically reacting system can be simulated using classical me chanics if the appropriate statistical mechanical ensem ble is chosen. This paper describes a general method that makes it possible to simulate this equilibrium in a simple chemical reaction through the use of a recently developed grand canonical molecular dynamics method. After a brief description of the method, an example calculation is performed that simulates the acid-base equilibrium between acetic acid and water. The computational demands of this application are discussed along with a description of a new MPP algo rithmic approach to this application.
ECR-Assisted Reactive Magnetron Sputtering of InN

The growth of high-quality thin films of the Group IIIA nitrides is exceedingly difficult given their propensity for nonstoichiometry and the lack of suitable substrates for either homoepitaxial or heteroepitaxial growth. A novel deposition technique, ultrahigh vacuum electron cyclotron resonance-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering, has been developed for the preparation of Group IIIA nitride thin films. Thus far, thin films of the semiconductor InN have been deposited on AlN-seeded (00.1) sapphire substrates, and the properties (structural, morphology, and electrical transport) of these films studied as a function of growth temperature. Comparison to InN thin films grown by conventional reactive magnetron sputtering shows enhanced Hall mobilities (from about 50 to over 100 cm2/V-sec), a decreased carrier concentration (by about a factor of 2-3), an increased optical bandgap, and an apparent reduction in homogeneous strain that is in part to be due to film relaxation induced by the ECR beam and in part to enhanced nitrogen content and more nearly stoichiometric films.
Promoting Civic Engagement to Educate Institutionally for Personal and Social Responsibility

This chapter explores the components of civic engagement with the ultimate goal of increasing personal and social responsibility.
Phase dependence of Thomson scattering in an ultraintense laser field

The Thomson scattering spectra of an electron by an ultraintense laser field are computed. It is found that the electron orbit, and therefore its nonlinear Thomson scattering spectra, depend critically on the amplitude of the ultraintense laser field and on the phase at which the electron sees the laser electric field. Contrary to some customary notions, the Thomson scattering spectra, in general, do not occur at integer multiples of the laser frequency and the maximum frequency is proportional to the first instead of the third power of the electric field strength for the case of an ultraintense laser. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Death Rites in the San Francisco Gay Community: Cultural Developments of the Aids Epidemic

This study of rituals of dying and death is based on narrative accounts of fifty-two gay men whose partners died of AIDS in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1991 and 1994. Sixty-seven percent of the deaths occurred at home, 71 percent of the caregiving partners were present at the time of death, and 71 percent of the dying partners chose cremation as a means of disposition. These factors influenced the nature of rituals enacted during the final stage of life, immediately after the death, and in the two months following the death. Culturally unique rituals included division of ashes with multiple distribution sites, multiple memorials, self-designed and delivered religious and secular memorials, and private dispersion of ashes without the use of mortuary services. The rites of death described in these data are reflective of the mobile life style among gay men as well as the drive for freedom and control of their own lives that is characteristic of gay liberation.
A Si BJT IF downconverter/AGC IC for DAB

A low cost, 920 MHz to 30 MHz downconverter/AGC IF IC of novel topology is described. Implemented in Si bipolar technology, this device provides 85 dB of conversion gain, a 15 dB NF (including the 22 dB loss of an external bandpass filter), a leveled output of 41 dBmV (120 mVrms), with a minimum IM ratio of 40 dB. With a companion RFIC, it forms a DAB receiver.
Dehydrins: genes, proteins, and associations with phenotypic traits

Dehydrin proteins (late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) D11 family) are produced in a wide variety of plant species in response to environmental stimuli with a dehydrative component, including drought, low temperature, salinity, and developmental stages such as seed and pollen maturation. Despite their widespread occurrence and abundance in cells under dehydrative conditions, the biochemical role of dehydrins remains elusive. The subcellular location of dehydrins is consistent with a biochemical role as an intracellular stabilizer, possibly with surfactant characteristics, acting upon targets in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. In some species, dehydrin loci are located within quantitative trait loci (QTL) intervals for important phenotypic traits including winter hardiness in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and anthesis-silking interval in maize (Zea mays L.). Dehydrin loci tend to be multigenic and occur in clusters on more than one chromosome. Investigations are currently under way in our laboratory and others' to move beyond protein accumulation studies and correlations with QTL to uncover direct cause-and-effect relationships between dehydrin (dhn) genes and phenotypes associated with physiological responses to stress.
The Hedgehog Signal Transduction Network

Members of the conserved Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins play fundamental roles during embryonic development and homeostasis of adult tissues. Hh signal transduction uses an unusual derepression mechanism, in which Hh binding to its receptor component Patched (Ptc) inhibits the capacity of Ptc to repress the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein–coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo). Activation of Smo is accomplished through phosphorylation and subcellular translocation from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane and, in vertebrates, also to the primary cilium. This Review focuses primarily on the signaling modules that are set in motion by binding of Hh to Ptc: the “canonical” pathway through which Smo promotes activation of the Gli family of transcription factors, the noncanonical type I pathway in which Ptc modulates cell proliferation and survival independently of Smo, and the noncanonical type II pathway by which Smo regulates the actin cytoskeleton through G inhibitory proteins and small guanosine triphosphatases.
Protecting People in Buildings from Terrorist Attack

Richard G. Little is Director of the Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment of the National Research Council ~NRC! where he develops and directs a program of studies in building and infrastructure research and maintains outreach and liaison with federal agencies, the legislative branch, and affiliated organizations. He has directed NRC study activities, participated in workshops and panels, and written several papers dealing with physical security and critical infrastructure protection. He served as the Study Director for several NRC reports including Protecting Buildings from Bomb Damage in 1995, Protecting People and Buildings from Terrorism: Technology Transfer for Blast-Effects Mitigation in 2001, a review of the Interagency Security Committee ~ISC! security criteria issued in 2002, and the recently completed report Preventing Earthquake Disasters: The Grand Challenge in Earthquake Engineering. Little has over 30 years experience in planning, management, and policy development relating to public facilities, including 15 years with local government. He is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners and the Federal Planning Division of the American Planning Association. Little holds a BS in Geology and an MS in UrbanEnvironmental Studies, both from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The events of September 11, 2001, made it clear that there are no safe havens from terrorism. Tragedy can strike anyone— anywhere—at any time. But as we move beyond those events, it is important that we do everything reasonable to protect the nation’s buildings and the people they shelter from possible future attacks. Despite the terrible loss of life, the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon actually performed extremely well under circumstances far more severe than anything anticipated when they were designed. This proved that buildings can make a real difference in saving lives, and, clearly, we can and should design and construct our buildings to do the best possible job of protecting the people that live and work inside them. Experience over the past 25 years has demonstrated that the primary causes of injuries and death in vehicle-bomb attacks against buildings are glass fragmentation, the impact of other debris, and building collapse. Resistance to these vulnerabilities is generally provided by passive features such as additional reinforcement and special connections in the structural frame for increased ductility, composite fiber wraps and other coatings to prevent shattering of columns and slabs, and high-performance glazing materials that resist blast pressures. As demonstrated by the attack on the Pentagon, these measures can be quite effective in reducing damage and casualties. In 2001, shortly after the attacks, the National Research Council released a report, Protecting People and Buildings from Ter-
Competing globally, allying locally: Alliances between global rivals and host-country factors

An emerging literature highlights the relationship between competitive intensity and the likelihood that two rival firms will form an alliance. Placing this argument in an international context, we first suggest that the global competitive intensity between two rival multinationals positively affects the likelihood that they will ally in any host country. Additionally, we highlight how a number of host-country contextual factors moderate the relationship between global competitive intensity and alliance formation in a given host country. We test our hypotheses with a sample of 13 global automobile companies operating in 27 countries, and the results largely support our predictions.
The effect of environmental structure on the utility of communication in hive-based swarms

This paper is an examination of communication in hive-based swarms in the biological setting, focusing on the effect environmental factors have on the utility of communication. Our investigation utilizes a generational survival task to measure the benefit of communication in a biological setting. Swarm members forage for food, consuming energy in the process, and returning to a central "hive" to contribute any surplus. The resources of the hive determine when reproduction is possible, so it is in the best interest of the population to maximize the efficiency of foraging. The measure of performance is the size of the swarm surviving at the end of a simulation run. Each simulation begins with a swarm of fixed size (5 agents), making contributions to the hive (and subsequent procreation) necessary for good performance.
Impacts of Radio Access Protocols on Cooperative Collision Avoidance in Urban Traffic Intersection Scenarios

This paper presents a performance comparison between the DSRC-recommended 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) and a novel Vehicular Self-Organizing MAC (VeSOMAC) protocol in the context Intelligent Transportation System applications. VeSOMAC is a distributed TDMA protocol that relies on in-band control exchange for autonomous and self-configurable TDMA slot allocation. Detailed network and vehicular traffic models have been developed for a Cooperative Collision Control (CCA) application operating in urban traffic intersection scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that unlike the 802.11 style contention based protocols, VeSOMAC can offer better vehicle safety through smaller and bounded packet latency in vehicular ad hoc networks.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF BENZALDEHYDE, BENZYL ALCOHOL AND BENZYL BENZOATE FROM BENZOIC ACID IN CRANBERRY (VACCINIUM MACROCARPON)

The aroma complex of cranberry contains benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate as major components, and [7-14C] benzoic acid was converted into benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, and minor amounts of other benzyl and benzoate esters in tissue slices of ripe cranberry. Hydrolysis of the benzyl benzoate indicated that label was about equally distributed between benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol. [7-14C] benzaldehyde was converted in tissue slices into benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate, and hydrolysis of the ester indicated that only the alcohol moiety was labeled. Incubation of cranberry tissue slices with [7-14C] benzyl alcohol yielded primarily benzyl benzoate, and only the alcohol portion of the ester was labeled. All biosynthetic products were identified by radio chromatographic analysis and by preparation of derivatives, and the direct incorporation of precursors into biosynthetic products was demonstrated by chemical degradation studies. These results strongly suggest that, in the biosynthesis of benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid is first reduced to benzaldehyde, followed by reduction of the aldehyde to benzyl alcohol which is subsequently esterified. None of the aforementioned transformations of [14C] benzoic acid and its derivatives could be demonstrated in tissue slices from unripe (green) cranberry, suggesting that development of the ability to synthesize volatile benzenoid compounds is associated with ripening.
Physical medicine and rehabilitation residents' educational needs assessment.

Abstract A study was done to determine how well residents in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR however, there were exaggerated discrepancies in a few specific areas. Residents believed they should be getting significantly more clinical and didactic experience in Industrial Medicine, Sports Medicine, Computer Applications, Therapeutic Injections, and Administration. The results should serve as guidelines for residency training and the study should serve as a model for future routine assessments.
A methodology for developing robotic workcell simulation models

Robotic workcell simulation is a modeling based problem solving approach developed for the design, analysis, and offline programming of robotic workcells. Current industrial practices show that commercial robotic simulation software packages are able to provide designers with an interactive and virtual environment in which credible solutions for robotic workcell designs can be obtained. However, conducting robotic workcell simulation studies via robotic simulation packages require designers to carry out complex processes of modeling, programming, and analysis, which often results in technical challenges and difficulties. A methodology for developing robotic workcell simulation models via Deneb IGRIP technology is introduced. The development of the method is based on successful applications of Deneb's IGRIP robotic simulation software in designing real robotic workcells.
Real Time Estimation of the Heaving and Pitching Motions of a Ship, Using a Kalman Filter

Real time ship motion estimation is of interest to naval ship operators for, vertical aircraft landing, as well as to the offshore industry for installing rigs and transferring equipment in rough seas. In the present study the estimation of the heave and pitch motion of a ship is considered, using Kalman filtering techniques. A significant part of the study is devoted to constructing appropriate models for the sea and the ship. The governing equations are obtained from hydrodynamic considerations in the form of linear differential equations with frequency dependent coefficients. In addition, non-minimum phase characteristics are obtained due to the spatial integration of the water wave forces. The resulting transfer matrix function is irrational and non-minimum phase. The conditions for a finite-dimensional approximation are considered and the impact of the various parameters is assessed. A numerical application is considered for a DD-963 destroyer.
The Effects of Teaching Dental Students Brief Motivational Interviewing for Smoking-Cessation Counseling: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this research was to explore the changes that occurred in dental students9 counseling techniques as a result of training in Brief Motivational Interviewing (BMI). A randomized pretest, posttest design was used with eleven students in each group. Baseline and posttraining measures of students9 counseling techniques and the characteristics of the counseling session with standardized patients were made. The measures were: student behavior from videotapes, patient involvement in the treatment, establishment of good doctor-patient rapport, perceived efficacy in promoting patient change, and student confidence and interest in the task. MANOVA found significant differences between the trained and the untrained groups (F = 4.019, p = 0.018). Training resulted in sessions in which students used more BMI techniques and patients were more actively involved. No changes were seen in the other variables. Future studies must examine whether more experience will improve the students9 ability to use BMI to enhance patient rapport, to increase their sense of competence and interest in doing counseling, and to determine the effectiveness of the counseling to encourage patient smoking cessation.
What Is Wrong With Turnover Research? Commentary on Russell's Critique

Dr. Russell (2013) provocatively critiqued turnover research, expressing a sentiment that we share—namely, the lamentable modest predictability of turnover. All the same, we disagree with certain criticisms of turnover theory, methodology, and practicality. We organize our reactions into sections: predictive validity for the standard turnover criterion; other criteria for model evaluation; incremental validity controlling quit intentions; Russell's proposed methodology, the potential biases of the Russell and Van Sell (2012) test; and an alternate approach by Hom, Mitchell, Lee, and Griffeth (2012).
Finite-dimensional ℓ-simple lattice-ordered algebras with a d-basis

It is shown that a unital finite-dimensional l-simple l-algebra with a distributive basis is isomorphic to a lattice-ordered matrix algebra with the entrywise lattice order over a lattice-ordered twisted group algebra of a finite group with the coordinatewise lattice order. It is also shown that the isomorphism is unique.
On the Logical Adequacy of Cultural Deviance Theories

This paper examines the logical adequacy of cultural deviance theories, specifically Sutherland's differential association theory and Akers's social learning theory. There are four crucial question...
Nup2 requires a highly divergent partner, NupA, to fulfill functions at nuclear pore complexes and the mitotic chromatin region

Chromatin and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) undergo dramatic changes during mitosis, which in vertebrates and Aspergillus nidulans involves movement of Nup2 from NPCs to the chromatin region to fulfill unknown functions. This transition is shown to require the Cdk1 mitotic kinase and be promoted prematurely by ectopic expression of the NIMA kinase. Nup2 localizes with a copurifying partner termed NupA, a highly divergent yet essential NPC protein. NupA and Nup2 locate throughout the chromatin region during prophase but during anaphase move to surround segregating DNA. NupA function is shown to involve targeting Nup2 to its interphase and mitotic locations. Deletion of either Nup2 or NupA causes identical mitotic defects that initiate a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC)–dependent mitotic delay and also cause defects in karyokinesis. These mitotic problems are not caused by overall defects in mitotic NPC disassembly–reassembly or general nuclear import. However, without Nup2 or NupA, although the SAC protein Mad1 locates to its mitotic locations, it fails to locate to NPCs normally in G1 after mitosis. Collectively the study provides new insight into the roles of Nup2 and NupA during mitosis and in a surveillance mechanism that regulates nucleokinesis when mitotic defects occur after SAC fulfillment.
Cognitive Treatment of Somatic Disorders

The use of cognition-based behavior therapies in the treatment of mental or psychiatric disorders has been well documented (Mahoney, 1974; Meichenbaum, 1974). However, the extension of such therapies into the field of physical or somatic disorders has only just begun. The reasons for this are two-fold: (1) very little attention has been given to the behavioral treatment of somatic disorders in general (Gentry, 1975a, 1975b; Katz and Zlutnick, 1975; Williams and Gentry, 1977); and (2) the majority of studies that have dealt with the behavioral treatment of somatic disorders to date have either utilized an operant approach, which is basically concerned with the consequences of illness behavior as the focus of therapy, or have emphasized the physiological (tension) basis of bodily dysfunction as the primary target of behavioral intervention. Thus, a “blackbox” behavior modifier who is attempting to decrease spastic behavior in a patient with cerebral palsey (Sachs and Mayhall, 1971) by punishing such behavior with painful electric shocks is unconcerned about what the patient thinks, what his attitudes are regarding his spasms, and so forth; in short, the patient’s cognitions are irrelevant to successful treatment. Similarly, investigators who use EMG biofeedback to reduce headache intensity in patients suffering from tension headaches (Budzynski, Stoyva, and Adler, 1970) are only concerned with the patient’s cognitions if they in any way interfere with or enhance the patient’s ability to process the biofeedback information and subsequently to change bodily function in the desired direction, e.g., to relax and thus decrease the EMG activity in scalp and neck muscles. Some reviewers of operant conditioning of autonomic nervous-system responses, and their ultimate application to somatic disorders in humans, have indicated the importance of cognitive mediation (Katkin and Murray, 1968); while others (Crider, Schwartz, and Shnidman, 1969) have questioned the necessity of a cognitive mediation hypothesis for biofeedback and other behavioral strategies of altering somatic behavior, concluding that “it is currently a debatable question that cognitive activity per se produces any marked autonomic effect at all” (p. 458).
Task-centric selection of robot and environment initial configurations for assistive tasks

When a mobile manipulator functions as an assistive device, the robot's initial configuration and the configuration of the environment can impact the robot's ability to provide effective assistance. Selecting initial configurations for assistive tasks can be challenging due to the high number of degrees of freedom of the robot, the environment, and the person, as well as the complexity of the task. In addition, rapid selection of initial conditions can be important, so that the system will be responsive to the user and will not require the user to wait a long time while the robot makes a decision. To address these challenges, we present Task-centric initial Configuration Selection (TCS), which unlike previous work uses a measure of task-centric manipulability to accommodate state estimation error, considers various environmental degrees of freedom, and can find a set of configurations from which a robot can perform a task. TCS performs substantial offline computation, so that it can rapidly provide solutions at run time. At run time, the system performs an optimization over candidate initial configurations using a utility function that can include factors such as movement costs for the robot's mobile base. To evaluate TCS, we created models of 11 activities of daily living (ADLs) and evaluated TCS's performance with these 11 assistive tasks in a computer simulation of a PR2, a robotic bed, and a model of a human body. TCS performed as well or better than a baseline algorithm in all of our tests against state estimation error.
Bevacizumab beyond disease progression for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Does persistence have its rewards?

In selecting cancer treatments, as in life, sometimes it pays to be persistent. But not knowing when to quit carries its own hazards as well, particularly in the face of potentially diminishing benefits, increasing toxicities, and significant costs. These issues become even more relevant as new treatment options emerge with more favourable toxicity profiles, enabling long term treatment without the cumulative toxicities of chemotherapy. Whether or not there is benefit to continuing a targeted drug past progression depends on a host of factors, and likely varies by drug and tumor type. For example, does the tumor retain at least some dependence on a target blocked by the drug, or does the resistance mechanism completely bypass the target? Does stopping the drug induce a “rebound” effect that could accelerate tumor progression when the drug is stopped?
Traits of volunteers preferred by older adults.

Face-to-face interviews of 46 people 60 years or older indicated that promptness, friendliness, and kindness were attributes desirable in those who volunteer to perform services for older people.
Resistance of Culex pipiens pallens larva to insecticides in Nantong city

Objective To investigate the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens larva in Nantong city to four kinds of insecticides and provide scientific evidence for application of the insecticides. Methods Distinguishing dosage method was used to test the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens larva to four kinds of insecticides.Results Culex pipiens pallens larva from Nantong city had developed resistance in different level to the insecticides: strong resistance to DDVP,medium resistance to Deltamethrin and weak resistance to Cypermethrin and Permethrin. Conclusion The resistances of Culex pipiens pallens larva had been developed for the long time usage of insecticides.It was necessary to apply insecticides scientifically according to the surveillance results.
Workspace Analysis and Parameter Optimization of 6-RSS Parallel Mechanism

The inverse kinematics of the 6-RSS parallel mechanism is built. Based on the selection rules on the rotational joint fit corner, spherical joint fit corner and parallel bar interference, which are application-based, the relationships between those restrictions and mechanism parameters are deduced in the mathematic functions, especially for the compound spherical joint. The boundary of the constant- orientation workspace is determined in terms of cons- trained inverse kinematics and 3D boundary search method. Several constant-orientation workspaces are illustrated by MATLAB software. The constrained optimization problem of workspace volume is established to present the effects of parameters on the workspace and to optimize those parameters to obtain the maximal workspace volume, which is increased 1.6 times as much as the original volume.
Pulse width modulation: A novel readout scheme for high energy photon detection

In standard PET scintillation detection, the energy, timing, and location of the incoming photon are recovered using analog signal processing techniques. The energy and location information are processed using an analog-to-digital (ADC) converter that samples an analog value that is proportional to the integral of the charge created by the scintillation event. We propose to change the paradigm and modulate the width (rather than amplitude) of a digital pulse to be proportional to the integral of the charge created. The analog value of the outgoing digital pulses is recovered by using a time-to-digital converter (TDC) in the back-end electronics, without the need for an ADC. Note that in this new scenario the same TDC used to record the time of the event is used to recover the amplitude. The main performance parameter that must be optimized is the dynamic range versus the dead-time of the front-end detector. The goal is an 8-bit dynamic range for this pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme, which is adequate for high resolution PET systems based on semiconductor detectors such as avalanche photodiodes (APD) or cadmium zinc telluride (CZT). A novel circuit has been designed, fabricated, and tested for the proposed PWM readout scheme. This circuit is different than previously developed time over threshold pulse width modulation circuits used in high energy physics. PWM techniques simplify the routing to the back end electronics without degrading the performance of the system. A readout architecture based on PWM processes digital rather than analog pulses, which can be easily multiplexed, enabling one to achieve very high channel density required for ultra-high resolution, 3-D positioning PET detector systems.
Role of T‐Cell Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Coagulation in Microvascular Disease in HIV

BackgroundCompared to uninfected adults, HIV‐infected adults on antiretroviral therapy are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Given the increase in T‐cell dysfunction, inflammation, and c...
Optimized solubilization of TRIzol-precipitated protein permits Western blotting analysis to maximize data available from brain tissue

Abstract Background Techniques simultaneously assessing multiple levels of molecular processing are appealing because molecular signaling underlying complex neural phenomena occurs at complementary levels. The TRIzol method isolates RNA and DNA, but protein retrieval is difficult due to inefficient solubilization of precipitated protein pellets. New method We optimized a buffer for the efficient solubilization of protein from TRIzol-precipitated brain tissue for Western blotting analysis, which was also more effective at directly homogenizing brain tissue than RIPA buffer. Results Protein yield during solubilization, in addition to protein yield via direct homogenization, is increased by optimizing concentrations of chemicals in a standard lysis buffer. Effective incubation parameters for both total protein yield and the analysis of post-translational modifications is remarkably flexible. Importantly, different neural cell types and protein classes are represented in solubilized protein samples. Moreover, we used dissociated mouse brain tissue to isolate microglia from other cell types and successfully resolved cell type-specific proteins from these small and difficult to attain samples. Comparison with existing method(s) Solubilization buffers to date have been comprised primarily of SDS or urea; the data herein demonstrate that components common to lysis buffers can also enhance protein solubilization both after direct homogenization and after precipitation. Conclusions This method is suitable for assessing gene and protein expression from a single brain sample, allowing for a more comprehensive evaluation of neural phenomena while minimizing the number of subjects.
Identity, Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem: The Self Lost and Found

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the identity, self-concept, and self-esteem. The self begins with simple and universal psychological experiences, such as having a body and being a distinct member of a social unit. The importance of cultivating a well-developed, unique, expressive, and successful self— links the self to a variety of powerful motivations. These are both positive and negative. On the positive side, people are very interested in self-knowledge. They desire to learn about themselves. On the negative side, the self is associated with a variety of threats and problems. When people discover a difference between the way they are and the way they want or ought to be, they suffer a variety of unpleasant emotions. Self-esteem plays an important role in defending the individual against anxiety, and so threats to self-esteem may trigger acutely aversive emotional states. Identity crises appear to be the symptom of the modern emphasis on requiring each person to create and define his or her own identity. The term “identity” refers to the definitions that are created for and superimposed on the self. There are at least two major types of identity crisis. Identity deficits begin when the person rejects the values and behavior patterns that have shaped his or her life. Identity conflicts arise in conflicting situations that require the person to betray some personal commitments or self-definitions.
Patients’ Reported Usage of Weight Management Skills Following Bariatric Surgery

Little is known about which specific weight management skills bariatric patients find most and least valuable. Participants completed a measure assessing their usage of weight management skills at a follow-up appointment one or more years after undergoing bariatric surgery. Decreased usage of skills was associated with unsuccessful weight outcome, defined as losing less than 50% of excess weight, as well as weight regain. Weighing regularly was the skill selected most often by successful participants as helpful, and was chosen by a significantly smaller percentage of unsuccessful participants and those who regained a clinically significant amount of weight. A majority of both successful and unsuccessful participants indicated that they had discontinued food journaling. Weighing regularly may be perceived as a more useful method of self-monitoring.
Single-Site Laparoscopy and Robotic Surgery in Pediatric Urology

In this review, we summarize research that has evaluated the role of laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) and robotic surgery in pediatric urology, highlighting new and/or controversial ideas. The newest research developments over the last several years are studies that address generalizability of these techniques, ideal patient factors, extrapolation to more complex surgeries, and comparative studies to more traditional techniques to define the associated costs and benefits, as well as patient-centered outcomes. Specifically in the field of LESS, addressing the limitations of suboptimal vision, instrument crowding, and loss of triangulation have been a focus. The literature is now replete with new applications for robotic surgery as well as descriptions of the specific technical challenges inherent to pediatrics. Robotic surgery and LESS are areas of growth in pediatric urology that allow continual innovation and expansion of technology within a surgeon's armamentarium.
POLYMORPHISMS OF THE MAJOR PEROXIDASES OF MAIZE

ABSTRACT. Thirteen major peroxidases of maize are described. Genetic loci have been identified that govern isozymic polymorphisms of nine of these, with 26 alleles presently known. Levels of activity of the 13 peroxidases are reported for 21 major tissues. None of the peroxidases was active in all tissues. Six enzyme loci appeared to be derepressed during ontogeny at or near stages of intensive cell elongation and lignification. The more basic peroxidases were highly associated with cell-wall fractions of mature tissues. They utilized eugenol efficiently as hydrogen donor, and are suggested to be competent lignifying enzymes. Substrate studies revealed that four of the enzymes had high activity on IAA. Two of these were characteristic of leafy tissues and one of roots and tissue cultures; each increased greatly in activity in diseased or aging tissues. Other peroxidatic functions in maize are intimated by the specific association of three enzymes with photosynthetically active tissues and by the presence of one pollen-specific enzyme and one root-specific enzyme.
The effects of inter-surface cohesive tractions on linear and penny-shaped cracks

A mesoscopic fracture model of equilibrium slit cracks in brittle solids, including inter-surface cohesive tractions acting near the crack tip, is analyzed and the effects of the cohesive tractions on the in-plane stress fields, crack-opening displacement profiles, and crack driving forces examined quantitatively for linear and penny-shaped cracks. The (numerical) analysis method is described in detail, along with results for four different cohesive forces. The assumed distribution of cohesive tractions were found to suppress the in-plane stress field adjacent to cracks in a homogeneous, isotropic medium when uniformly loaded in mode-I, and the suppression was a function of crack length. The crack-opening displacement profile was also perturbed and a new regime identified between the near-field Barenblatt zone and the far-field continuum zone. The extent of this ‘cohesive zone’ was quantified by use of an interpolating function fit to the calculated profiles and found to be independent of crack size for a given cohesive tractions distribution. Furthermore, the crack-opening displacement at the edge of the cohesive zone was found to be independent of crack size, implying that despite significant perturbations to the stress field, the crack driving force at unstable equilibrium remains unchanged with crack size.
Electron Density Measurement In A Laser Induced Plasma Filament By Rayleigh Microwave Scattering

Quantitative measurement of electron number density in laser-induced plasma filament at atmospheric pressure was made using Rayleigh microwave scattering (RMS)1, 2. Plasma filament was produced by focusing 800 nm Ti:Sapphire laser pulses of hundred femtoseconds duration. Electron number densities down to about $10 ^{13}- 10 ^{14}$ cm $^{-3}$ were successfully ascertained using RMS technique. This is about three orders of magnitude below the minimal plasma density measurable by laser interferometry. Traditional laser interferometry for diagnostics of such rarified plasmas is arduous due to very small shifts of the interference fringes. Size of the microplasma filament was determined via imaging through an ICCD camera. The measured electron number density was the average density in the plasma volume and its variation temporally resolved to nanosecond scale. Capability to measure plasma density in rarified plasma filaments paves new ways for their utilization in diagnostic purposes.
Postconvulsive central apnea and asystole: A risk marker for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)?

People with epilepsy have an ≈24-fold higher risk for sudden death compared to the general population.1 The incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is 0.81 to 1.16 per 1,000,1–3 with an estimated cumulative lifetime risk of 4.6% to 8.0%,3 and is the most feared consequence of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).
LESSONS STILL UNLEARNED

In this essay, I contend that the elevation of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, and the evisceration of civil rights it has enabled, should be understood in part to reflect a tragic mistake on the part of Black America writ large. I will argue it represents the absence of a fully embodied vision of racial justice—one that genuinely symbolizes the entire panoply of concerns that must be addressed if the quest for racial equality is to ever be fully realized in the United States. Importantly, what this essay will point to is a political and discursive failure to center the concerns of Black females at the heart of our racial justice agenda.
Dynamic contributions of intermittent and perennial streams to fish beta diversity in dryland rivers

AIM: To determine the role of flow intermittence and species origin in shaping freshwater fish beta diversity across dryland riverscapes. LOCATION: Verde and Little Colorado River basins, United States. METHODS: Fish beta diversity was investigated in two large rivers with marked differences in basin‐wide flow intermittence. Local site (continually flowing perennial vs. periodically flowing intermittent) and species (native vs. non‐native) contributions to beta diversity were compared within each basin and over multiple decades (1987–2013) in relation to changing hydrologic conditions. Metacommunity dynamics were quantified using changes in alpha‐ (local), beta‐ and gamma‐ (regional) diversity through time. RESULTS: Beta‐diversity patterns varied in relation to basin‐wide intermittence. Intermittent sites were most influential to beta diversity where basin‐wide intermittence was lower (Verde River), whereas perennial sites were most influential where basin‐wide intermittence was higher (Little Colorado River). In intermittent sites, native fish species contributions to beta diversity tended to be higher than non‐native species contributions. The relative contributions of perennial and intermittent sites to β‐diversity within each basin were invariant to annual flow regimes, whether atypically lower or higher than average flows, but somewhat related to intra‐annual flow variation. Native species contributions to β‐diversity increased in years with high flow conditions in the Verde River. Over time, beta diversity decreased in the lower intermittence Verde River, indicating taxonomic homogenization, but remained relatively unchanged in the Little Colorado River. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Investigations of beta‐diversity components over time are considered pivotal for conservation prioritization and planning. We found that both intermittent and perennial streams play complementary roles in supporting fish beta diversity, and that their relative contributions increase as basin wide availability of the habitat type decreases. Moreover, contributions of intermittent streams to overall beta diversity were relatively consistent through time and supported native fish diversity. Despite weakening policy protections of intermittent streams, these habitats are critical for supporting local species persistence and regional biodiversity.