cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bolus-dependent dosimetric effect of positioning errors for tangential scalp radiotherapy with helical tomotherapy

Abstract The dosimetric effect of errors in patient position is studied on-phantom as a function of simulated bolus thickness to assess the need for bolus utilization in scalp radiotherapy with tomotherapy. A treatment plan is generated on a cylindrical phantom, mimicking a radiotherapy technique for the scalp utilizing primarily tangential beamlets. A planning target volume with embedded scalplike clinical target volumes (CTVs) is planned to a uniform dose of 200 cGy. Translational errors in phantom position are introduced in 1-mm increments and dose is recomputed from the original sinogram. For each error the maximum dose, minimum dose, clinical target dose homogeneity index (HI), and dose-volume histogram (DVH) are presented for simulated bolus thicknesses from 0 to 10 mm. Baseline HI values for all bolus thicknesses were in the 5.5 to 7.0 range, increasing to a maximum of 18.0 to 30.5 for the largest positioning errors when 0 to 2 mm of bolus is used. Utilizing 5 mm of bolus resulted in a maximum HI value of 9.5 for the largest positioning errors. Using 0 to 2 mm of bolus resulted in minimum and maximum dose values of 85% to 94% and 118% to 125% of the prescription dose, respectively. When using 5 mm of bolus these values were 98.5% and 109.5%. DVHs showed minimal changes in CTV dose coverage when using 5 mm of bolus, even for the largest positioning errors. CTV dose homogeneity becomes increasingly sensitive to errors in patient position as bolus thickness decreases when treating the scalp with primarily tangential beamlets. Performing a radial expansion of the scalp CTV into 5 mm of bolus material minimizes dosimetric sensitivity to errors in patient position as large as 5 mm and is therefore recommended.
Function of the p97–Ufd1–Npl4 complex in retrotranslocation from the ER to the cytosol: dual recognition of nonubiquitinated polypeptide segments and polyubiquitin chains

Amember of the family of ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities, called p97 in mammals and Cdc48 in yeast, associates with the cofactor Ufd1–Npl4 to move polyubiquitinated polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane into the cytosol for their subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Here, we have studied the mechanism by which the p97–Ufd1–Npl4 complex functions in this retrotranslocation pathway. Substrate binding occurs when the first ATPase domain of p97 (D1 domain) is in its nucleotide-bound state, an interaction that also requires an association of p97 with the membrane through its NH2-terminal domain. The two ATPase domains (D1 and D2) of p97 appear to alternate in ATP hydrolysis, which is essential for the movement of polypeptides from the ER membrane into the cytosol. The ATPase itself can interact with nonmodified polypeptide substrates as they emerge from the ER membrane. Polyubiquitin chains linked by lysine 48 are recognized in a synergistic manner by both p97 and an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-binding site at the NH2 terminus of Ufd1. We propose a dual recognition model in which the ATPase complex binds both a nonmodified segment of the substrate and the attached polyubiquitin chain; polyubiquitin binding may activate the ATPase p97 to pull the polypeptide substrate out of the membrane.
Measurement of colloidal phenomena during flow through refractive index matched porous media

Colloidal phenomena in porous media, natural or engineered, are important in a breadth of science and technology applications, but fundamental understanding is hampered by the difficulty in measuring colloid deposit morphology in situ. To partially address this need, this paper describes a static light scattering apparatus using a flow cell filled with refractive index matched (RIM) porous media, allowing real-time measurement of colloidal phenomena as a function of depth within the flow cell. A laser interacts with the colloids in the pore space and their structures, but not with the RIM media. The intensity of scattered light is measured as a function of scattering angle, which allows characterization of colloid deposit morphology as a fractal dimension and a radius of gyration. In parallel, fluid discharge rate and pressure drop are recorded to determine permeability, a key parameter for any application involving flow through porous media. This apparatus should prove useful in any application requiring characterization of colloidal phenomena within porous media. Additionally, this paper describes how to use granular Nafion as RIM porous media.
Real-time changes to social dynamics in human-robot turn-taking

In order for robots to work alongside humans in a range of domains, they will need to operate with a variety of social dynamics that each context will require. This paper builds on previous work with a parameterized turn-taking model, CADENCE, in which different parameter settings resulted in different social dynamics. In contrast to the static parameter settings of previous work, we now investigate the problem of changing these turn-taking parameter sets dynamically within a single interaction session. This ability is necessary for successful peer-to-peer collaborations, in which balance of control between leading and following must be maintained. We present our dynamic switching approach and an experiment with 15 participants. Our results confirm that it is possible to achieve the same changes in social dynamics within a single interaction session that were previously seen only between independent sessions of different parameter settings. Moreover, we show that such a change in social dynamics is contingent upon changing parameters at socially appropriate turn boundaries.
Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Chemical Restraint, and the Recognition and Treatment of Pain and Distress

The reader is referred to two standard veterinary textbooks for in-depth information about the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and practical use of anesthetic and analgesic agents in animals.1, 2 The preanesthetic, anesthetic, chemical restraint, and analgesic regimens cited in this chapter have received approval from an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) or similar body with the same responsibilities or have been published by board certified veterinary anesthesiologists.
Abstract 511: Ephrin-B2 Is Essential for Ischemic Recovery following Femoral Artery Occlusion in Mice

The cell surface protein ephrin-B2 is expressed in arterial and not venous endothelial cells in adulthood mice. The role for ephrin-B2 in adult vascular physiology is currently unknown. We have recently reported that endothelial ephrin-B2 is essential in acute arterial vasodilation. Here we report that endothelial ephrin-B2 plays important protective roles against acute ischemia. We investigated the role of endothelial ephrin-B2 following experimental femoral artery occlusions in mice lacking ephrin-B2 specifically in the endothelium. Mutant mice exhibited lower foot blood flow by laser doppler perfusion imaging and developed gangrene not seen in controls, following femoral arterial occlusions. Histologically, neovascularization and muscle regeneration were impaired in the mutant hindlimb. S-nitrosoglutathione, a donor for nitric oxide, improved the foot blood flow and tissue survival in the mutants after the occlusion. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that acetylcholine-stimulated nitric oxide production...
Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics-Based ICME Framework for High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Over the last decade, considerable interest in the development of High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloys (HTSMAs) for solid-state actuation has increased dramatically as key applications in the aerospace and automotive industry demand actuation temperatures well above those of conventional SMAs. Most of the research to date has focused on establishing the (forward) connections between chemistry, processing, (micro)structure, properties, and performance. Much less work has been dedicated to the development of frameworks capable of addressing the inverse problem of establishing necessary chemistry and processing schedules to achieve specific performance goals. Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) has emerged as a powerful framework to address this problem, although it has yet to be applied to the development of HTSMAs. In this paper, the contributions of computational thermodynamics and kinetics to ICME of HTSMAs are described. Some representative examples of the use of computational thermodynamics and kinetics to understand the phase stability and microstructural evolution in HTSMAs are discussed. Some very recent efforts at combining both to assist in the design of HTSMAs and limitations to the full implementation of ICME frameworks for HTSMA development are presented.
Photodefinable Metal Oxide Dielectrics: A Novel Method for Fabricating Low Cost RF Capacitive MEMS Switches

In this paper, a novel approach for fabricating low cost capacitive RF MEMS switches using directly photodefinable high dielectric constant metal oxides has been developed. In this approach, a radiation sensitive metal-organic precursor is deposited via spin coating and converted patternwise to a high dielectric constant metal oxide via ultraviolet exposure. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by fabricating bridge-type and cantilever-type switches with a nitride/metal-oxide/nitride dielectric film stack. These switches exhibited significantly higher isolation and load capacitances as compared to comparable switches fabricated using a simple silicon nitride dielectric.
Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera. 42. Terrestrial Odor-Trail following by Pheromone-Stimulated Males of Trichoplusia ni

Males of many species of moths locate their mates by following aerial trails of female sex pheromone. Synthetic female sex pheromone of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Noctuidae) was drawn in a line on a horizontal substrate. T. ni males, with wings removed, followed the resulting terrestrial trail on foot. These results indicate that the behavioral mechanisms used by flying moths in following aerial odor trails may be similar to those used by walking insects that follow terrestrial odor trails.
Action in Society: Reflexively Conceptualizing Activities

The main argument of this chapter is that discussions about action concepts in the social sciences are still far too much presented as letters of faith pitching various necessarily partial theoretical approaches against each other in a totalizing fashion. This modality of engagement with human action for sociological purposes falls short of a number of criteria that I will develop in Part 2 of this chapter. In particular I will show that the very common narrow focus of the activity concepts discussed in Part 3 (rational choice, habit, practice, interaction, social action, and performance) overlooks not only the constitutive role of emic understandings of activities in everyday life, their plurality in use, and their historicity, but also the socio-political and thus historical responsiveness of scholarly activity concepts themselves. Moreover, many activity concepts make it difficult to comprehend how diverse aspects of social life are connected with each other. This does not mean, however, that these concepts would not be useful in particular kinds of circumstances. It only means their totalizing claims are misleading. To help crafting situationally and historically specific concepts of action I propose in Part 4 a consequently processualist metatheoretical framework focusing on action-reaction effect webs. A secondary argument of this chapter addresses another unfortunate feature of contemporary sociological work. In spite of the fact that there is near universal agreement among sociologists today that social configurations exists in the interconnected activities of people, activity concepts play only a subordinate or perfunctory role in major parts of sociology. The reasons for this highly problematic and unnecessary state of affairs lie in the history of how the social sciences have developed in response to political, economic, and social revolutions out of individualistic Enlightenment political philosophy and ethics. I therefore open this chapter in Part 1 by very briefly tracing the historical roots of action concepts in the Europeanoid tradition including the idea that social configurations can (or even must) be studied without recourse to the activities of their constituent people. This historical snapshot will also shed light on the question why action concepts are, in the social sciences, discussed as articles of faith.
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Hand Motor Network in Glioma Patients.

Abstract To examine the functional connectivity of the primary and supplementary motor areas (SMA) in glioma patients using resting-state functional MRI (rfMRI). To correlate rfMRI data with tumor characteristics and clinical information to characterize functional reorganization of resting-state networks (RSN) and the limitations of this method. This study was IRB approved and in compliance with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Informed consent was waived in this retrospective study. We analyzed rfMRI in 24 glioma patients and 12 age- and sex-matched controls. We compared global activation, interhemispheric connectivity, and functional connectivity in the hand motor RSNs using hemispheric voxel counts, pairwise Pearson correlation, and pairwise total spectral coherence. We explored the relationship between tumor grade, volume, location, and the patient's clinical status to functional connectivity. Global network activation and interhemispheric connectivity were reduced in gliomas (p < ...
Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation of Proton-Bound Hydrazine and Dimethylhydrazine Clusters

Threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer is performed on (N2H4)nH+ where n = 2–4 and on the proton-bound unsymmetrical 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) dimer complex. The primary dissociation pathway for all reactants consists of loss of a single hydrazine (or UDMH) molecule followed by the sequential loss of additional hydrazine molecules at higher collision energies for n = 3 and 4. The data were analyzed using a statistical model after accounting for internal and kinetic energy distributions, multiple collisions, and kinetic shifts to obtain 0 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs). These are also converted to values at room temperature by using a rigid rotor/harmonic oscillator approximation and theoretical molecular constants. Experimental BDEs are compared to theoretical BDEs determined at the B3LYP, M06, mPW1PW91, PBE0, MP2(full), and CCSD(T) levels of theory with and without empirical dispersion with a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. The structures of all...
Divorce and Female Language in a Rural Social Network

A long-held notion in linguistics is that females desire to change class status; this desire correlates to gender or female language differences. Much of this work demonstrates the power-saturated gender and sexual orientation social categories intersecting with contexts of politically, socially, educationally, and economically subordinated females. Instead of navigating male and female speech differences, first, identifying motivators of female speech is necessary. A cluster of divorced middle-aged and younger females in a rural North Carolina network participates in significantly different patterns than those of the larger network. This study focuses on these females and their negotiation of community power. Through the application of social identity theory, the cluster members’ use of be is investigated in order to identify motivators of female language behaviours. Females in this community create power through language. Differing post-divorce identity and goals motivate some to use more standard be while others increase use of local forms.
A Conceptual Study of Microelectromechanical Disk Resonators

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators serve as frequency-selective components in applications ranging from biology to communications. In this paper, the dynamic behavior of an RF MEMS disk resonator is formulated using an analytical method. The resonator is simultaneously subjected to a DC-bias voltage superimposed with an ac harmonic voltage applied across the electrode-to-resonator gap. The governing equation of motion is derived by minimization of the Hamiltonian and generalized to include the viscous damping effect. Periodic solutions are determined by means of a shooting method and their stability is investigated by determining the well-known Floquet exponents of the perturbed motions. The influence of intermolecular forces such as van der Waals and Casimir on the dynamics of each mode of the disk resonator are investigated and the influence of design parameters are discussed. The results indicate that a high quality factor at ultrahigh frequency (UHF), a weak nonlinearity, and a low actuation voltage make polydiamond disk resonators excellent contenders for the next generation of micromechanical RF filters and channelizers. Furthermore, the resonant frequencies observed in the second (1.3 GHz) and third (2.1 GHz) modes allow for power-efficient operation of the disk resonator in the UHF range.
Evaluation of Natural Killer (NK) Cell Defects

Genetic defects in natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function generally lead to one of two outcomes: (i) life-threatening and/or severe chronic infections with viruses, particularly from the Herpesviridae family member viruses Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, and varicella-zoster virus but also other viruses such as human papillomaviruses; or (ii) a life-threatening hyperinflammatory disorder called hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).
Statements of Resolve: Achieving Coercive Credibility in International Conflict

Statements of resolve - in which leaders indicate that their country is committed to a position and will not back down - are a fixture of international conflict. However, scholars have not agreed on how much these statements affect conflict outcomes or which conditions give them coercive credibility. Statements of Resolve argues that an important and underappreciated factor influencing the impact of resolved statements is the ability to follow through. Roseanne W. McManus explains how adversaries analyze a leader's ability to follow through on statements and shows that perceptions of the ability to follow through are influenced not only by military capabilities but also by less obvious domestic political conditions. Through rigorous statistical tests based on quantitative coding of US presidential statements and case studies of three Cold War conflicts, this book shows that resolved statements can effectively coerce adversaries, but only when a sufficient physical and political ability is present.
A Proposal for Modeling Board Intra-Firm Knowledge Networks

This study introduces a new conceptualization of board of directors’ intra-firm knowledge network and a methodology for its construction, assessment, and analysis. We use social network theory and ...
Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Objective To quantify the effects of varying opioid prescribing patterns after surgery on dependence, overdose, or abuse in an opioid naive population. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Surgical claims from a linked medical and pharmacy administrative database of 37 651 619 commercially insured patients between 2008 and 2016. Participants 1 015 116 opioid naive patients undergoing surgery. Main outcome measures Use of oral opioids after discharge as defined by refills and total dosage and duration of use. The primary outcome was a composite of misuse identified by a diagnostic code for opioid dependence, abuse, or overdose. Results 568 612 (56.0%) patients received postoperative opioids, and a code for abuse was identified for 5906 patients (0.6%, 183 per 100 000 person years). Total duration of opioid use was the strongest predictor of misuse, with each refill and additional week of opioid use associated with an adjusted increase in the rate of misuse of 44.0% (95% confidence interval 40.8% to 47.2%, P Conclusions Each refill and week of opioid prescription is associated with a large increase in opioid misuse among opioid naive patients. The data from this study suggest that duration of the prescription rather than dosage is more strongly associated with ultimate misuse in the early postsurgical period. The analysis quantifies the association of prescribing choices on opioid misuse and identifies levers for possible impact.
Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of the exocyclic olefin isomer of thymidine monophosphate.

Abstract Exocyclic olefin variants of thymidylate (dTMP) recently have been proposed as reaction intermediates for the thymidyl biosynthesis enzymes found in many pathogenic organisms, yet synthetic reports on these materials are lacking. Here we report two strategies to prepare the exocyclic olefin isomer of dTMP, which is a putative reaction intermediate in pathogenic thymidylate biosynthesis and a novel nucleotide analog. Our most effective strategy involves preserving the existing glyosidic bond of thymidine and manipulating the base to generate the exocyclic methylene moiety. We also report a successful enzymatic deoxyribosylation of a non-aromatic nucleobase isomer of thymine, which provides an additional strategy to access nucleotide analogs with disrupted ring conjugation or with reduced heterocyclic bases. The strategies reported here are straightforward and extendable towards the synthesis of various pyrimidine nucleotide analogs, which could lead to compounds of value in studies of enzyme reaction mechanisms or serve as templates for rational drug design.
Abstract 128: Risk Factors for Hospital-associated Venous Thromboembolism in Critically-ill Children with Cardiac Disease Undergoing Cardiothoracic Surgery or Cardiac Catheter-based Therapeutic Intervention

Background: Pediatric hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism (HA-VTE) has dramatically risen in recent years. Children with congenital or acquired heart disease are at particular risk and have not been addressed by recent, novel retrospectively-derived risk scores. Aims: We sought to develop a risk model for HA-VTE in critically-ill children with cardiac disease. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, case-control study of children admitted to the CVICU at All Children9s Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine (St. Petersburg, FL, USA) from January 2006 - April 2013. We identified cases via ICD-9 codes, and employed case validation via review of radiologic records. Two controls were randomly selected for each case. Associations between putative risk factors and HA-VTE were estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and ninety-five percent confidence intervals (95%CIs) from univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Variables with P-values Results: After adjustment in a multiple logistic regression, length of stay (LOS) >30 days, cardiac catheterization, and major infection were found to be statistically-significant independent risk factors for HA-VTE in these children. An 8-point risk score was developed in which scores of 0-1, 2-6, and 7-8 yielded HA-VTE risks of Conclusions: LOS >30 days, cardiac catheterization, and major infection are significant independent risk factors for HA-VTE in critically-ill children with cardiac disease leading to the development of a novel HA-VTE risk score in this population. If prospectively validated, this risk score will inform the design of risk-stratified clinical trials of HA-VTE prevention.
Using Immunochemical Methods to Analyze for Biomarkers of Exposure

Studies assessing the exposure of workers, consumers, and others to pesticides are among the most costly aspects of assuring the safety of a pesticide. The analysis of samples is a significant portion of that cost (sample collection, sample preservation, transport, sample preparation, instrumental analysis time and data reduction). Information is presented here about an analytical technique that may be useful in providing data at a reduced cost. Immunochemical techniques used in the analysis of drugs and hormones in the clinical laboratory provide analytical information for a few dollars per analysis, whereas typical analytical costs for a pesticide in an environmental matrix may run from $50–$1000 per sample depending on the analyte, matrix and analytical method.
Treatment Procedures for the Anxiety Disorders

Among the anxiety disorders are some of the most treatable of all psychiatric or psychological conditions. The phobias, and particularly the simple specific phobias and panic disorder, can be successfully treated in the majority of cases. Some reports of simple animal phobias show up to 100 percent treatment effectiveness.1 Other anxiety-based disorders, however, are more refractory. For example, although numerous successful treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorders have been reported, many other cases have not yielded to current treatment methods.2
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus sp., rutaceae): A wild species

Jaborandi (Pilocarpus sp.;) is a shrub or small tree 3-7.5 m tall that can be found in native stands or as isolated individuals throughout Brazil. The leaves of jaborandi contain the alkaloid pilocarpine, widely used in ophthalmology for treatment of certain types of glaucoma and more recently for xerostomia. This paper discusses the current systems of production of jaborandi leaves in Maranhao, Northeastern Brazil. On one side, the extractivism practiced by indigenous people and peasants; on the other, the plantation recently established, as the result of heavy investment by a pharmaceutical company. In the extractive system, the non-sustainable exploitation of the drug-rich leaves of this plant species may have produced considerable damage to the native populations over time, reducing the size of the populations, and impoverishing their gene pools. The following potential effects of the plantation are discussed; contribute to diminishing the pressure on wild populations; impact on the local people currently involved in the extractivism; and its impacts on the local economies.
Covalent modification of platelet proteins by palmitate.

Covalent attachment of fatty acid to proteins plays an important role in association of certain proteins with hydrophobic membrane structures. In platelets, the structure of many membrane glycoproteins (GPs) has been examined in detail, but the question of fatty acid acylation of platelet proteins has not been addressed. In this study, we wished to determine (a) whether platelet proteins could be fatty acid acylated; and, if so, (b) whether these modified proteins were present in isolated platelet membranes and cytoskeletal fractions; and (c) if the pattern of fatty acid acylated proteins changed on stimulation of the platelets with the agonist thrombin. We observed that in platelets allowed to incorporate 3H-palmitate, a small percentage (1.37%) of radioactivity incorporated into the cells became covalently bound to protein. Selective cleavage of thioester, thioester plus O-ester, and amide-linked 3H-fatty acids from proteins, and their subsequent analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the greatest part of 3H-fatty acid covalently bound to protein was thioester-linked 3H-palmitate. By sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fluorography, at least ten major radiolabeled proteins were detected. Activation of platelets by thrombin greatly increased the quantity of 3H- palmitoylated proteins associated with the cytoskeleton. Nearly all radiolabeled proteins were recovered in the membrane fraction, indicating that these proteins are either integral or peripheral membrane proteins or proteins tightly associated to membrane constituents. Components of the GPIIb-IIIa complex were not palmitoylated. Thus, platelet proteins are significantly modified posttranslationally by 3H-palmitate, and incorporation of palmitoylated proteins into the cytoskeleton is a prominent component of the platelet response to thrombin stimulation.
Clinical Implications of Neuroendocrine Tumors

A particular feature of carcinoids and especially those of midgut origin is the abnormal metabolism of tryptophan. In healthy people, about 99 % of tryptophan is used to make nicotinic acid and 1 % is made into 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
Embodying Activism: Reconciling Injustice Through Dance/Movement Therapy

Dance/movement therapy (DMT) is a pathway to address oppression in the therapeutic context. The consideration of the body, and its relationship to power and privilege, is crucial as we strive to integrate a social justice lens into the field of DMT. Through an exploration of the literature, including activism, traumatology, and embodiment, we provide a definition of social justice within the field of dance/movement therapy. Trauma is experienced in the body, and oppression is a form of trauma. Social justice DMT is the inclusion of the body in how counselors conceptualize and confront oppression in the therapeutic relationship, as well as the larger community. Socially just dance/movement therapists expand their role and theoretical scope to include activism and the systemic impact on social-emotional well being, as well continually consider their own biases and limitations. This paper works to radically reconsider how power shows up in the counseling context.
Measuring the Precession Frequency in the E989 Muon g-2 Experiment

The E989 Muon $g-2$ Experiment aims to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $a_\mu$, to an unprecedented precision of 140 parts per billion (ppb). There currently stands a greater than 3$\sigma$ discrepancy between the best measurement of $a_\mu$ and its theoretical value predicted using the Standard Model. The E989 experiment seeks to either resolve or confirm this discrepancy, which is suggestive of new physics interactions within reach of many contemporary experiments. To achieve the E989 target precision, the anomalous precession frequency, $\omega_a$, of muons in a magnetic storage ring must be determined with a systematic uncertainty below 70\,ppb. This frequency is imprinted on the time-dependent energy distribution of decay positrons observed by 24 electromagnetic calorimeters. These calorimeters feature a novel design optimized expressly for the stringent demands of the $\omega_a$ measurement. This dissertation outlines the motivation for and measurement principles behind E989, discusses the requirements, prototyping, testing, commissioning, and operations of the electromagnetic calorimeters, and presents a preliminary, blinded analysis of data collected in the spring of 2018.
Optically driven effective Faraday effect in instantaneous nonlinear media

Faraday rotation is arguably the most widely studied nonreciprocal phenomenon, observable in the form of polarization rotation as waves travel in magneto-optical materials. It is at the basis of the realization of various forms of isolators and circulators. However, magneto-optical materials are bulky and difficult to integrate, and inherently associated with losses. Here we leverage nonlinear phenomena in conventional optical crystals to mimic Faraday rotation in a resonant cavity excited with two pumps with opposite circular polarizations and slightly detuned frequencies. The effect can be observed in basic resonant structures with no need for material resonances or tailored dispersion, arbitrary frequency of the pumps, and low loss, yielding an interesting path towards the realization of compact magnet-free nonreciprocal optical elements.
Magnetic Nanoparticles Localization in Ophthalmologic Surgery

This study explores the nature of the localization of magnetic nanoparticles using various magnetic designs and circuitry. With theoretical analysis, software simulations, and experimental trials, devices that have sufficient power and accuracy to propel nanoscale particles through various ocular media are optimized. Electromagnet designs prove to be ineffective due to the lack of power at the scale desired for surgical implementation. Magnetic circuits also lacked the needed magnetic strength due to complications of the magnetic coupling materials. Neodymium permanent magnet devices proved to be the most effective method of controlling the motion of magnetic nanoparticles while maintaining dimensions that would allow surgeons manual control.
Three-Dimensional Emitter Selection Optimization for Passive GMTI

Passive radar continues to be an important area of research as the proliferation of commercial emitters grow. For ground moving target indication (GMTI) from an airborne platform, emitter selection requires more than just distance calculations to achieve optimal performance. This paper introduces the primary concepts in passive radar and STAP that directly impact the performance of three-dimensional emitter selection optimization (3D-ESO).
Food Preferences and Price, but Not Value, Were Associated with Sales in a Discounted Food-Buying Program

Discounted food-buying (DFB) programs aim to enhance food security among low-income households through sales of aggregated food packages at low cost. This study used the theory of planned behavior ...
Integrating Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) for Substance Use into Prenatal Care.

Universal screening for substance use during pregnancy, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is recommended by ACOG and the USPSTF. Here we present the implementation of SBIRT into the electronic health record (EHR) to inform clinical intervention and collect data on the prevalence of substance use during pregnancy at three prenatal clinics. A literature-based SBIRT instrument was developed. The tool was integrated into the EHR of a resident Ob/Gyn clinic, an MFM practice, and an Ob/Gyn generalist practice at our institution, an academic, tertiary care medical center in an urban area, and automated reports of aggregate retrospective EHR data were used to monitor patient responses to SBIRT over time. Data reports included patient responses to screening for substance use, brief intervention, and referral to treatment from January to December 2018 An interprofessional team of health care providers and systems analysts guided the SBIRT implementation process. As of December 2018, overall SBIRT performance during prenatal care encounters was 1797/2619 (69%), 432/1350 (32%), and 1290/1518 (85%) in the resident clinic, MFM practice, and generalist practice, respectively. Eighty (5.1%) women in the resident clinic, 2 (0.5%) in the MFM practice and 14 (1%) in the generalist practice reported past or present substance use. Integrating universal SBIRT into prenatal care using the EHR requires a multi-disciplinary approach. The SBIRT tool facilitates reportable substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment during prenatal care. Future reports will further characterize substance use in our prenatal practices and inform intervention strategies in this population.
An Evaluation of Machine Learning-based Anomaly Detection in a SCADA System Using the Modbus Protocol

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems have been designed with the assumption that the system would run within a closed environment. They have only generated concerns for security issues that may appear during system deployment, and there are no clear methods to assess security threats when considered. Recent technological and economic trends have driven SCADA systems from serial communication networks to networks based on TCP/IP. This exposes legacy SCADA systems to new security threats they were not designed to defend against. This work examines the viability of machine learning techniques in detecting new security threats specific to SCADA systems and the Modbus protocol. Machine learning-based anomaly detection algorithms were used to detect malicious traffic in a generated dataset of Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) communications using the Modbus protocol. The implemented algorithms are Support Vector Machines, decision trees, k-nearest neighbors, and k-means clustering. While the algorithms performed well overall, Support Vector Machine, Decision Trees, and K-nearest Neighbors algorithms had the best performance with individual attack types. K-means clustering did not perform satisfactorily with specific attack types.
The Hybrid Coronary Approach for Optimal Revascularization: JACC Review Topic of the Week

Coronary revascularization is accomplished either by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), with low risk of immediate complications, or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), with improved long-term, event-free survival attributable to use of the left internal mammary artery graft. Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) combines both. The left internal mammary artery graft is done by sternal-sparing approaches or by robotic-assisted, endoscopic surgery. HCR reduces bleeding, ventilator time, and length of stay compared with traditional CABG. Compared with PCI, HCR offers the durability and survival advantages of the left internal mammary artery. The large-scale National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored, randomized Hybrid Trial (Hybrid Coronary Revascularization Trial) was initiated to examine whether HCR is superior to multivessel PCI. However, enrollment was suboptimal, triggering premature study discontinuation. HCR integrates the positive features of both PCI and CABG, albeit requiring 2 procedures rather than 1. Adequately powered randomized trials are required to evaluate the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of HCR compared with CABG and multivessel PCI alone.
Cerebral blood flow characteristics following hemodialysis initiation in older adults: A prospective longitudinal pilot study using arterial spin labeling imaging

PURPOSE To investigate cerebral blood flow (CBF) characteristics before and after hemodialysis initiation and their longitudinal associations with global cognitive function in older adults. METHODS A cohort of 17 older end-stage renal disease patients anticipating standard thrice-weekly hemodialysis and a group of 11 age- and sex-matched healthy control volunteers were recruited for brain perfusion imaging studies using arterial spin labeling. Hemodialysis patients participated in a prospective longitudinal study using brain magnetic resonance imaging and global cognitive assessment using the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) at two time points: baseline, 2.9 ± 0.9 months before, and follow-up, 6.4 ± 2.4 months after hemodialysis initiation. Healthy controls were imaged once using the same protocol. CBF analyses were performed globally in grey and white matter and regionally in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex. Covariate-adjusted linear mixed-effects models were used for statistical analyses (significance: p < 0.05; marginal significance: p < 0.1). RESULTS At baseline, global and regional CBF was significantly higher in hemodialysis patients than in healthy controls. However, after approximately 6 months of hemodialysis, CBF declined substantially in hemodialysis patients, and became comparable to those in healthy controls. Specifically, in the hemodialysis patients, CBF declined non-significantly globally for grey and white matter and significantly regionally in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex. Marginally significant associations were observed between 3MS scores and regional CBF measurements in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex at baseline and follow-up, and between longitudinal changes. CONCLUSION The significant decline in CBF after hemodialysis initiation and the observed association between longitudinal changes in regional CBF and 3MS scores suggest that decreased brain perfusion may contribute to the observed cognitive decline.
Exploring Perceptions and Categorization of Virginia Hard Ciders through the Application of Sorting Tasks

Hard (alcoholic) ciders have grown rapidly since the early 2000s, but unlike beer and wine, there is limited scholarly research on their sensory attributes. The purpose of this study was to categor...
Software Piracy and IP Management Practices: Strategic Responses to Product-Market Imitation

How do firms’ IP strategies respond to sudden increases in product-market imitation? Using a 2001 technological shock that enabled rising software piracy, we implement an instrumental-variables estimator to compare a treatment group of at-risk-of-piracy firms with matched not-at-risk control firms. We find that rising piracy increases subsequent R&D spending, copyrights, trademarks, and patents for large, incumbent software firms. Furthermore, copyright and trademark filings precede those of patents, and firms with large patent portfolios disproportionately increase copyrights and trademarks following the shock. We conclude that piracy and similar competitive shocks push firms to innovate to stay ahead of imitator products, and that this effect is moderated by their existing patent portfolios. Our findings have implications for managers seeking to capture value from IP in knowledge-based industries.
A Real Options Approach to Project Selection and its Application to NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research Program

We consider an important class of research and development (RD and (2) the investments are staggered in multiple stages, with relatively modest early support and higher subsequent funding for a subset of the projects initially selected. In this paper, we present a real options method to evaluate a portfolio of proposals in each stage. The proposals are characterized by a numerical value for each of several factors relevant to the awarding entity. Our methodology is flexible enough to consider additional factors or funding constraints. Its limitation is computational, depending on the number of dimensions (or factors) under consideration. Yet, numerical methods permit expansion of the dimensionality of the analysis. We apply this methodology to a time series of data from the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program of NASA. A key factor in the assessment is the technology readiness level (TRL), estimated by the selection team for each project upon acceptance and evaluated again at the end of each stage. Furthermore, we demonstrate the flexibility of our methodology by proposing different specifications and tradeoffs, like the possibility to favor “microfirms” (fewer than 10 employees), critical for job creation; or increasing the number of proposals funded in the first stage. These findings illustrate the use of this model in management of public and private technology portfolios.
A Benchmark Comparison of Predicted X-Ray and Neutron Doses for a Nuclear Effects Test in the Laboratory Microfusion Facility

An intermediate step in the development of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) for power production will be the development and testing of a high-gain facility. One concept being considered for this facility is the Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF). Other projected applications of the LMF include high-energy-density physics experiments and nuclear effects testing. At the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque (SNLA), we have been studying the use of the LMF for nuclear effects experiments. Because of the amount of energy that will be released in a high-gain ICF test and the size of the LMF, test objects could be any size from very small electronic components to large systems; and nuclear effects in the LMF may include thermal radiation, x-rays, electromagnetic pulse, gamma rays, neutrons, or others. At AFIT, LLNL, and SNLA we have been investigating a test to expose systems to high-energy x-ray pulses, and have completed predictions of x-ray fluence, dose, etc. in various conceptual LMF reactors. However, comparison of our results is more meaningful if our prediction methods produce the same results for the same design. To establish a basis for comparison, we set up a simple benchmarkmore » problem and we each computed x-ray and neutron transport. The model and codes are described and the results are compared and discussed.« less
Field Experiments with the Ames Marsokhod Rover

In an ongoing series of field experiments, the Ames Marsokhod rover is deployed to remote locations and operated by scientists in simulated planetary explorations. These experiments provide insight both for scientists preparing for real planetary surface exploration and for robotics researchers. In this paper we will provide an overview of our work with the Marsokhod, describe the various subsystems that have been developed, discuss the latest in a series of field experiments, and discuss the lessons learned about performing remote geology.
Reading Roman History to Understand the French Revolution: Rufus King’s Commonplacing of Edward Gibbon, 1799–1803

From 1799 to 1803, the American Minister to Great Britain, Rufus King, kept two commonplace books recording extracts on Roman history mostly culled from the works of Edward Gibbon. King adapted Gibbon’s texts for his own means and used them in an attempt to understand the confusing events of the French Revolutionary period. The commonplace books show an anxious, yet hopeful, diplomat reading with three questions in mind: How could he be the best possible representative for his nation? How could he defend republican government from the challenges presented by the French Revolution? And, lastly, what was the nature of the new Atlantic-world revolutions and how could they be avoided or constrained?
Mobile Cloud Enabled Sensor Services: Opportunities, Challenges and Approaches

Abstract-Cloud-enabled sensor services have had a profound impact on many facets of mobile computing in the Internet of Things "IoT". Not the least of which includes the control of the mobile sensor data stream by existing cloud services architecture. The challenges associated with these mobile sensors are virtually infinite as more devices are added to the IoT every second. In order to maintain a high degree of volume control and performance throughput as well as data quality, powerful cloud architectures must be designed, deployed and maintained. In addition to handling the high volume from existing sensor devices, additional tracking and control problems result from "humans as a sensor". These challenges will provide many opportunities for cloud based sensors services. Our research seeks to predict and explore the various opportunities, challenges and approaches in mobile sensor clouds and devices over the next few years.
Erythropoietin production in long-term cultures of human renal carcinoma cells. The role of cell population density.

Abstract The present studies report the maintenance of erythropoietin (Ep) production in long-term cultures of a human renal carcinoma from a patient with erythrocytosis. The renal carcinoma cells were grown and maintained in monolayer cultures for 7 months. They were serially passaged every 2–3 weeks when the cultured cells reached confluency. Ep levels measured with a sensitive radioimmunoassay in the spent culture media of the cells in the stage of semiconfluent or confluent density were
POLEWARD-MOVING AURORAL FORMS: WHAT DO WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT THEM?

This paper develops the connection between the evolution of the magnetic flux ropes and the multiple brightenings of poleward-moving dayside auroral forms (PMAFs). PMAFs are defined as rayed arcs or bands that are formed in the instantaneous dayside auroral oval and then break away from the oval and drift into the polar cap. The PMAFs are classified according to their brightening characteristics and motion. The results of a statistical study of twelve years of optical data report the lifetime and time distribution of PMAFs. Also, from this study it is found that the distribution between successive PMAF events is similar to that found for inter-FTE intervals observed at the magnetopause [Fasel et al., 1993b].