cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Off-diagonal neutral currents.

The possibility that neutrino neutral-current interactions may change the identity of the neutrino is studied. Coherent forward scattering significantly enhances the effect. Bounds are placed on the amplitude of \ensuremath{\tau} and electron neutrinos in the final state of neutral-current scattering of muon neutrinos.
Social exchange and psychological reactance in a simulated superior-subordinate relationship

Abstract Social exchange theory predicts that if a superior confers a social gift on a subordinate, the latter will feel obligated to reciprocate. A salient mode of reciprocation is compliance with superior's task norms. However, the theory of psychological reactance argues that imposing an obligation to reciprocate will generate counter-compliance if accompanied by other situational variables (e.g., a high degree of surveillance) which threaten the subordinates range of freedom. In a laboratory experiment using a business simulation task, it was found that under low surveillance, superior's conferral of a social gift (a compliment) led to greater compliance than in a control group (no social gift); but under high surveillance (operationally defined in terms of the requirement of frequent reporting of task decisions to the superior), subordinates receiving the social gift complied to a lesser extent than the control group.
The role of S6K1 in ER-positive breast cancer

The 40S ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the AGC family of protein kinases, which also includes Akt and many others. S6K1 is the principal kinase effector downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). S6K1 is sensitive to a wide range of signaling inputs, including growth factors, amino acids, energy levels and hypoxia. S6K1 relays these signals to regulate a growing list of substrates and interacting proteins in control of oncogenic processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, cell survival and apoptosis and cell migration and invasion. Several lines of evidence suggest an important role for S6K1 in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. S6K1 directly phosphorylates and activates ERα. Furthermore, S6K1 expression is estrogenically regulated. Therefore, hyperactivation of mTORC1/S6K1 signaling may be closely related to ER-positive status in breast cancer and may be utilized as a marker for prognosis and a therapeutic target.
The effects of alloxan diabetes on the in-vitro oxidation of substrates by rat tissues.

WHILE the evidence indicates that in general tissues of depancreatized animals do not oxidize carbohydrate in-vitro, the observations of Baker, Fazekas, and Himwich (1938) indicate that in such animals glucose continues to be oxidized by the brain. The experiments reported in this communication were instituted primarily to see whether this was also true in the brain of animals given alloxan, which facilitates the study of severe diabetes in rats and other animals in whom complete removal of the pancreas is difficult. The effect of this form of diabetes on the oxidation of other substrates by brain, as well as by liver and kidney, was also studied, and a few observations were made on brain oxidation in phlorhizin diabetes. Albino rats of the Wistar strain were used, and the respiration of tissue slices observed in the Warburg manometric apparatus, the pH of the medium being kept within physiological limits during the experiments.
Coherent optical transition radiation and self-amplified spontaneous emission generated by chicane-compressed electron beams

Observations of strongly enhanced optical transition radiation (OTR) following significant bunch compression of photoinjector beams by a chicane have been reported during the commissioning of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) accelerator and recently at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) linac. These localized transverse spatial features involve signal enhancements of nearly a factor of 10 and 100 in the APS case at the 150-MeV and 375-MeV OTR stations, respectively. They are consistent with a coherent process seeded by noise and may be evidence of a longitudinal space charge (LSC) microbunching instability which leads to coherent OTR (COTR) emissions. Additionally, we suggest that localized transverse structure in the previous self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser (FEL) data at APS in the visible-UV regime as reported at FEL02 may be attributed to such beam structure entering the FEL undulators and inducing the SASE startup at those structures. Separate beam structures 120 microns apart in x and 2.9 nm apart in wavelength were reported. The details of these observations and operational parameters will be presented.
Some fixation reagents reduce or abolish the detectability of Ia-antigen and HLA-DR on cells

The effect of paraformaldehyde (PF), glutaraldehyde (GT), methanol (ME), ethanol (ET) and acetone (AC) fixation on the detectability of Ia antigens on murine and rat peritoneal exudate (PE) and resident peritoneal (RP) macrophages (MO), and on detectability of HLA-DR antigens on human blood leukocytes (HBL) and human splenic MO (HSMO) was examined. Ia-antigen on MO from H-2k mice was detected by a rosetting assay using erythrocytes (E) to which a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) reactive to Ia.2 (E anti-Ia.2) had been coupled, and by the direct binding of 125I-labeled anti-Ia.2. The antigen was detected on Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rat RPMO and splenocytes (SC) by rosetting with E coupled with a MoAb to the murine determinate Ia.17, which cross-reacts with an Ia-like molecule on cells from the W/Fu strain. HLA-DR framework determinants were detected on HBL and HSMO by the binding of 125I-labeled MoAb and by an avidin-biotinylated peroxidase procedure. Exposure of murine PEMO or RPMO to 1% PF or 0.5% GT for 15 min at room temperature reduced 125I-anti-Ia.2 binding and E anti-Ia.2 rosetting by at least 60%; the radioimmunoassay was more affected by the fixatives than was the rosetting assay. Further, PEMO were more sensitive to the effect of PF fixation than were RPMO. Treatment of freshly isolated RPMO with 1% PF reduced the proportion of Ia-bearing cells detected by the rosetting assay by > 50%. Culturing alone did not affect the detectability of Ia on RPMO as assessed by the rosetting test, but cultured RPMO were more sensitive to the effects of PF fixation than fresh cells except when lymphokine from Con A-stimulated murine SC was included in the culture medium. Similar losses of HLA-DR were recorded when HBL and HSMO were exposed to PF, GT, ME or ET, but brief (< 20 s) treatment with cold AC did not appreciably reduce antigen detectability. Procedures in which fixation takes place after the primary antibody binding step did not result in an appreciable loss of detectable Ia. Thus, commonly used fixatives affect the detectability of Ia and Ia-like antigens on a variety of cells. Results obtained from assays on cells treated prior to the primary antibody binding step, therefore, must be interpreted with caution.
Interpreting the meaning of objectives of an accounting program

Abstract AACSB mission-linked accreditation gives business schools and accounting programs an incentive to review their mission statements. Faculty and administrators are responsible for developing mission statements supported by specific objectives. Although the individuals participating in and affected by accounting education programs have objectives, the literature is not precise in defining what it means for the programs themselves to have objectives. Educational programs are social (multiperson) activities involving heterogeneous constituencies. Previous accounting literature outside the education context identifies three interpretations of the objectives of a social activity. An examination of these interpretations sheds light on the difficulty of identifying a manageable, specific, internally consistent, meaningful, and broadly accepted set of objectives to support a general statement of mission.
Agriculture and economic development in the Caribbean

Abstract This article examines the role of agriculture in the economic development of the more developed Caribbean countries — Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The agricultural sector's contribution to the economy has declined in the past two decades. As a result, the agricultural sector has not generated sufficient employment or foreign exchange earnings. This has meant that the industrial sector has not been able to sustain development.
Age-dependent effects of CCK and devazepide in male and female rats

Abstract Peripheral administration of the brain/gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has been demonstrated to inhibit food intake in a variety of species, and administration of the specific type A CCK receptor antagonist devazepide increases food intake in a variety of experimental paradigms. The potency of CCK to inhibit intake depends upon a variety of factors, but CCK is generally less potent under conditions of elevated food intake. At different developmental stages, rats' intake requirements differ as growth rates change. To determine whether CCK plays a variable role in the control of intake in rats of different ages, we examined the feeding-inhibitory effect of various doses of CCK and the feeding enhancing potential of various doses of devazepide on glucose consumption (0.5 kcal/ml) in male and female rats at 45–70 and 110–130 days of age. CCK was more potent in older male and female rats than in younger rats, and inhibited intake in a dose-related fashion. In younger rats, the efficacy of CCK was attenuated and the inhibition was not dose related. Administration of devazepide had no effect on intake in younger rats of either sex, but significantly increased glucose consumption in the older rats. These data suggest that during a period of rapid growth and high levels of food intake relative to body weight, adolescent rats are relatively insensitive to exogenous CCK and endogenous CCK does not appear to play a significant role in controlling their intake.
Closed-loop Stackelberg strategies in linear-quadratic problems

Linear closed-loop Stackelberg strategies in sequential decision-making problems for linear systems and trace criteria which may be interpreted as the expected value of quadratic criteria when the initial state of the system is uniformly distributed over the unit sphere are considered. Necessary conditions for the solution are developed and an algorithm for numerical solution of two-level Stackelberg problems is presented. Generalization to multilevel Stackelberg problems is described and specific results for the three-level sequential decision-making problem are presented.
The relative contribution of marine snow of different origins to biological processes in coastal waters

While a disproportionate quantity of photosynthetic and hetrotrophic microbial activity can occur on marine snow in surface waters, the significance of these macroscopic aggregates as sites for the transformation of matter in the euphotic zone appears to be highly variable. We investigated the hypothesis that this variability results from differences in aggregate origin by comparing the properties of marine snow at 13 stations in the Southern California Bight and California Current. Four types of marine snow were encountered including larvacean houses, diatom flocs, fecal aggregates and aggregates composed primarily of miscellaneous debris and detritus. More than 95% of the aggregates observed at any one station were of the same type. Bacteria grew3 fold faster and phaeopigments were significantly concentrated on marine snow of all types. However, an insignificant fraction (<1%) of total bacterial abundance, bacterial production, primary production, Chla and nutrients occurred in association with marine snow of larvacean, fecal or miscellaneous origin. Marine snow formed from the coagulation of living diatom cells contributed more than 5% to these parameters, but only when the aggregates were large, abundant and recently formed. Our results indicate that only marine snow of direct phytoplankton origin contributes significantly to primary production in surface waters, and that a significant fraction of total photosynthetic and heterotrophic microbial activity is likely to occur on marine snow only episodically when aggregates are newly formed.
Assessing Tumor-Related Signs and Symptoms to Support Cancer Drug Approval

Cancer causes premature death and significant, often devastating, symptoms. While prolongation of survival is an obvious end point for new cancer drug approval, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also utilized end points that evaluate patient symptoms. In this article we discuss the end points, evidence, and analyses supporting cancer drug approvals based on evaluations of tumor-related signs and symptoms. With advice from the Oncologic Drug Advisory Committee (ODAC) in the late 1970s and early 1980s, FDA determined that acceptable end points for cancer drug approval were survival or an improvement in the quality of a patient's life, e.g., an improvement in tumor-related symptoms. This article summarizes 15 FDA cancer drug approvals based on patient symptom assessments and/or physical signs (thought to represent symptomatic improvement) as the primary evidence of effectiveness. These include painful bone events (three cases), cosmetic improvement in Kaposi's sarcoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (six cases), the consequences (decreased transfusions, etc.) of long-duration responses in leukemias and lymphomas (two cases), relief of pulmonary or esophageal obstruction (two cases), and one case each of symptom benefit in pancreatic cancer (also associated with survival benefit) and pulmonary symptom benefit in lung cancer. An instructive example of an individual patient benefit end point is discussed, though it did not lead to a drug approval (the cisplatin-epinephrine gel application). Improved trial designs and analysis plans may allow greater reliance on morbidity assessments to support future cancer drug approvals. Drug sponsors are encouraged to include symptom assessments in cancer clinical trials and to perform further research to improve symptom-assessment methods. The FDA routinely meets with sponsors at End of Phase 2 Meetings to discuss drug development plans and the design of phase 3 trials. We encourage sponsors to request special protocol assessments (SPA) after meeting with the FDA to get written confirmation of the adequacy of plans for assessing cancer morbidity and quality of life, including protocols, end points, statistical analysis plans, and draft case report forms.
Promoting Generalization of Mands for Information Used by Young Children with Autism.

Abstract We investigated the extent to which mands for information taught using structured teaching trials (i.e., verbal discriminative stimulus, verbal prompts, and programmed consequences) while contriving the establishing operations to young children with autism generalized to novel stimuli and settings. Three students with autism participated in this study and were taught to mand for information using “where” during structured teaching trials. We conducted generalization probes in a hierarchical fashion to determine the extent to which generalization occurred. Manding for information did not completely generalize to natural settings when specific verbal cues were removed and that training in the natural setting in the absence of verbal cues was required for all three participants before generalized responding occurred.
CAN PLASMA EXPANSION EXPLAIN THE OBSERVED ACCELERATION OF Ne7+ IONS IN A CORONAL MAGNETIC FUNNEL?

Tu et al. measured outflow of Ne7+ at a height of 20 Mm above the photosphere demonstrating that the solar wind originates in coronal funnels footed in the chromospheric magnetic networks. We suggest that when the bottom of a coronal flux tube is populated by the chromospheric plasma consisting of protons as the major ions, Ne7+ as minor ions, and heated electrons in the magnetic networks, large-scale plasma expansion could accelerate the Ne7+ ions to a velocity ~10 km s–1 at a height ~ 20 Mm as measured. Two scenarios are discussed here, one with the bulk heating of the electrons to a temperature T e > 64 eV and another with a small fraction of the electrons heated to high temperatures T eh > 158 eV, appearing as an energetic tail to the electrons' velocity distribution function. In the former scenario, the expansion produces weak ambipolar electric fields distributed along the entire length of the funnel. In the latter one the electric field is concentrated in a double layer. The electric fields accelerate the ions against the solar gravity. The required electron temperatures in the above scenarios are large enough to ionize neon atoms yielding Ne7+.
Patterns of Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in the Bushy-Tailed Woodrat ( Neotoma cinerea ) Across Western North America

The degree of concordance between patterns of divergence in genetic and morphological characters provides insight into the process of evolutionary diversification. We analyzed species-wide morphological variation in a broadly distributed species of small mammal, the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), for comparison against a recently developed mitochondrial phylogeny. We focused our analyses on patterns of qualitative and quantitative craniodental morphological variation throughout the distribution of this taxon. We found strong concordance between the morphology of one prominent craniodental feature (sphenopalatine vacuity) and the major mitochondrial lineages, but only minimal differentiation in overall morphometric variation between these clades. Further, in contrast to the largely east–west subdivision of mitochondrial and sphenopalatine vacuity variation, cluster analyses of morphometric variation revealed a north–south morphological subdivision irrespective of mitochondrial clade. Our combined character sets are best explained by a deep history of evolutionary divergence within this taxon accompanied or followed by broad-scale convergent or parallel evolution.
Mixing and reaction of NH3 with NO in combustion products

Abstract Experimental measurements of nitric oxide reduction by ammonia injection into combustion products are reported. A uniform combustion effluent was supplied by a flat flame of methane, oxygen, argon, and ammonia (to generate NO in the products). Secondary ammonia was introduced through a secondary diffusion jet downstream of the primary flame. Axial and radial profiles of temperature and stable species concentration characterizing the mixing of ammonia with the combustion product stream and the reduction of NO were measured. An NH 3 consumption rate in excess of twice that of NO was observed. The final products of the reaction were N 2 and H 2 O with no noxious byproducts detected except carbon monoxide. The overall nitrogen balance showed that 93% of the input nitrogen was accounted for in the measured nitrogenous products.
Mary I: England's Catholic Queen. By John Edwards. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011. Pp. xvii, 397. $35.00.)

This is an excellent and very readable study of Mary Tudor and her reign that is based on research in both English and Spanish archival sources. Perhaps the author's greatest contributions to the f...
Click Chemistry for 18F-Labeling of RGD Peptides and microPET Imaging of Tumor Integrin αvβ3 Expression

The cell adhesion molecule integrin alpha vbeta 3 plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. A series of (18)F-labeled RGD peptides have been developed for PET of integrin expression based on primary amine reactive prosthetic groups. In this study, we report the use of the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition, also known as a click reaction, to label RGD peptides with (18)F by forming 1,2,3-triazoles. Nucleophilic fluorination of a toluenesulfonic alkyne provided (18)F-alkyne in high yield (nondecay-corrected yield: 65.0 +/- 1.9%, starting from the azeotropically dried (18)F-fluoride), which was then reacted with an RGD azide (nondecay-corrected yield: 52.0 +/- 8.3% within 45 min including HPLC purification). The (18)F-labeled peptide was subjected to microPET studies in murine xenograft models. Murine microPET experiments showed good tumor uptake (2.1 +/- 0.4%ID/g at 1 h postinjection (p.i.)) with rapid renal and hepatic clearance of (18)F-fluoro-PEG-triazoles-RGD 2 ( (18)F-FPTA-RGD2) in a subcutaneous U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model (kidney 2.7 +/- 0.8%ID/g; liver 1.9 +/- 0.4%ID/g at 1 h p.i.). Metabolic stability of the newly synthesized tracer was also analyzed (intact tracer ranging from 75% to 99% at 1 h p.i.). In brief, the new tracer (18)F-FPTA-RGD2 was synthesized with high radiochemical yield and high specific activity. This tracer exhibited good tumor-targeting efficacy and relatively good metabolic stability, as well as favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics. This new (18)F labeling method based on click reaction may also be useful for radiolabeling of other biomolecules with azide groups in high yield.
Analytic approach to centroid performance analysis

ABSTRACT A hybrid analytic computer simulation appmh is used to estimate centroid performance of laser radar images. This approach includes the statistical effects of shot-noise and speckle and provides the flexibility tomodel complex target geometry and surface scattering, image point spread response characteristics, and target glints. Results suggest that image edge effects have a pronounced impact on centroid curacy. A bi-level threshold is shown to provide improved centroid stability over intensity and binary images. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The ability to perform accurate centroid tracking of resolved coherent laser radar images is of practical interest to an operational laser radar system. The accuracy of such ceniroid estimates is, however, fundamentallylimited by the statistical nature of the resolved laser radar image; signal shot-noise, target speckle, and targetglints result in image intensity variations which impart statistical variations to calculated image centroid values.In general, previous analytic studies addressing this problem made use of simplifying assumptions which may
In vivo upregulation of CD45RA in neutrophils of acutely infected patients.

Abstract The CD45 family of high relative molecular mass (Mr) cell surface antigens is expressed on all lymphohematopoietic cells. Different cell types express various Mr isoforms in a precisely programmed fashion. The cytoplasmic domain of the CD45 family possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and is involved in transmembrane signaling. Under normal conditions, the major CD45 isoform on neutrophils is CD45RO, the low Mr isoform. We recently demonstrated a cytoplasmic granule-associated pool of CD45RA, the highest Mr isoform, in mature neutrophils that is generally absent from the cell surface under nonstimulatory conditions. Calcium ionophore A23187 induced translocation of cytoplasmic CD45RA to the cell surface and increased the cell surface expression of CD45RO and CD45. The present study demonstrates that without in vitro stimulation, there is an increase in expression of CD45RA on the surface of neutrophils from patients with systemic, acute infections, while those of patients with localized infections are only slightly increased compared to normal controls. Although the exact functions of the various isoforms of CD45 are not known, this increased expression of CD45RA suggests a role for this high Mr isoform during in vitro neutrophil activation.
Kinetics of organic transformations under mild aqueous conditions: implications for the origin of life and its metabolism

The rates of thermal transformation of organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen were systematically examined in order to identify the kinetic constraints that governed origin-of-life organic chemistry under mild aqueous conditions. Arrhenius plots of the kinetic data were used to estimate the reaction of half-lifes at 50 degrees C. This survey showed that hydrocarbons and organic substances containing a single oxygenated group were kinetically the most stable; whereas organic substances containing two oxygenated groups in which one group was an alpha- or beta-positioned carbonyl group were the most reactive. Compounds with an alpha- or beta-positioned carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) had rates of reaction that were up to 10(24)-times faster than rates of similar molecules lacking the carbonyl group. This survey of organic reactivity, together with estimates of the molecular containment properties of lipid vesicles and liquid spherules, indicates that an origins process in a small domain that used C,H,O-intermediates had to be catalytic and use the most reactive organic molecules to prevent escape of its reaction intermediates.
Connections of the corticomedial amygdala in the golden hamster. II. Efferents of the “olfactory amygdala”

The anterior cortical (C1) and posterolateral cortical (C2) nuclei of the amygdala are designated the "olfactory amygdala" because they each receive direct projections from the main olfactory bulb. The efferents of these nuclei were traced after stereotaxic placement of 1-5 muCi tritiated proline in the corticomedial amygdala of the male golden hamsters. Following survival times of 12, 24, or 48 hours, 20 micron frozen sections of the brains were processed for light microscopic autoradiography. Efferents from C2 terminate in layers II and III of the olfactory tubercle and in layer Ib of pars ventralis and pars medialis of the anterior olfactory nucleus. Fibers from this nucleus also project to layers I and II of the infralimbic cortex and to the molecular layer of the agranular insular cortex. More posteriorly, fibers from C2 terminate in layer I of the dorsolateral entorhinal cortex, and in the endopiriform nucleus. From C1, efferent fibers travel in the stria terminalis and terminate in the precommissural bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Efferents from C1 also innervate the molecular layer of C2, the amygdalo-hippocampal area, and the adjacent piriform cortex. Neurons in both C1 and C2 project to the molecular layer of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala, the plexiform layer of the ventral subiculum, and the molecular layer of the lateral entorhinal cortex.
The effect of carbonates on near-solidus melting of pelite at 3 GPa: Relative efficiency of H2O and CO2 subduction

The melting systematics of subducting sediments are important for the cycling of H2O and CO2 to the arc system and to the deep mantle. Several studies have explored melting phase relations of pelitic sediments under wet conditions. However, experiments with mixed COH volatiles, especially under nominally vapor-absent or vapor-poor conditions remain insufficiently investigated. Here we have studied the melting phase relations of water vapor-poor (HPLH1: 1 wt.% bulk H2O), and vapor-poor, carbonated (HPLC2: 1 wt.% bulk H2O and 5 wt.% bulk CO2) pelitic sediments at a single pressure of 3 GPa and temperatures between 770 and 1150 °C. Both the compositions contain trace amount of vapor at subsolidus conditions. For HPLH1, the solidus is ≤ 770 °C, and at 770–800 °C trace hydrous melt is present along with clinopyroxene, garnet, coesite, rutile, and phengite and the complete breakdown of phengite and the appearance of feldspar are observed at 850 °C. For HPLC2, subsolidus phases at 800 °C include clinopyroxene, garnet, coesite, rutile, phengite, and calcitess; the solidus is located between 800 and 850 °C, where the appearance of melt is accompanied by the appearance of feldspar. The melt at near-solidus temperature is rhyodacite for both starting materials, and mass proportion of silicate melt for HPLH1 is higher than that for HPLC2. Comparison of our results with that of a previous study on dry, carbonated metapelite (HPLC1: 5 wt.% bulk CO2), shows the solidus temperature for HPLH1 is the lowest, and that for HPLC1 is the highest of the three starting compositions. The presence of carbonate increases the temperatures of the vapor-present solidus and phengite-out boundary of pelitic sediment, and the addition of water decreases the solidus and the carbonate-out boundary of dry, carbonated pelitic sediment. Comparison of carbonate-free, vapor-poor pelite melting with top-slab P–T paths shows that the phengite-out boundary is encountered in intermediate to hot subductions. This suggests that the deep recycling of water for intermediate to hot subduction may be limited if trace vapor ingress occurs. However, the solidus and phengite-out boundary of vapor-poor pelite are elevated by as much as ~ 50–100 °C in the presence of carbonates and the complete breakdown of phengite can only occur along the hottest slab–top P–T trajectories for carbonated bulk compositions. The carbonate-out boundary is also located above the hottest estimate of slab–top conditions. This suggests that in mixed COH vapor-poor sediment compositions, most phengite and crystalline carbonate are likely recycled into the deep mantle. One possible scenario for transporting sedimentary carbon from vapor-poor pelite into the arc is via the formation of sediment diapirs, which owing to their low density, will rise to the hotter mantle wedge and undergo partial melting and liberate CO2.
Reversibility of Chilling Injury to Corn Seedlings

Seedlings of corn (Zea mays) were tested for recovery from chilling injury incurred at 0.3 ± 0.3 C. At 0.3 C visual leaf injury appeared in 36 hours, whereas stem and root injuries appeared later. Appearance of leaf injury was preceded by a rise in O2 uptake and a lessened effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on O2 uptake by leaf segments and was accompanied by increased ion leakage from the leaves. These effects were reversible, in that transfer of seedlings to 21 C after 36 hours at 0.3 C produced a return of O2 uptake, 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulation, and ion leakage to the levels of unchilled leaves, as well as a disappearance of leaf symptoms, within 72 hours. For most seedlings, transfer to 21 C after 48 to 60 hours at 0.3 C reversed the chilling effects on O2 uptake, 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulation, and injury symptoms but not on ion leakage within 108 hours. However, some seedlings collapsed during 48 to 60 hours of chilling, and these never recovered. Transfer to 21 C after 72 hours at 0.3 C did not produce recovery from any symptom of chilling injury examined, and these seedlings soon died. No growth occurred at 0.3 C, but growth began soon after transfer to 21 C. Seedlings chilled 24 or 36 hours grew at reduced rates during the first 72 hours at 21 C, but within 96 hours at 21 C were growing at the same rate as nonchilled seedlings. These results demonstrate considerable capacity of growing plants to recover from short chilling treatments even though significant physiological changes occurred at low temperatures.
Dynamic scaling of island-size distribution in submonolayer growth of 1×1 films

The scaling of island-size distribution of an epitaxially grown 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 Fe film on a Au (001) surface as a function of coverage was observed using high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction. The scaling function extracted from the intensity distribution of integer-diffracted beams is best described by a \ensuremath{\gamma} function. The island density is almost a constant in the aggregation growth regime. The forms of the scaling function and the island density are in qualitative agreement with recent simulations of molecular-beam-epitaxy growth.
A video method for empirically studying wait-perception bias

Abstract Customer queues resemble inventories of goods in that they both incur costs of waiting. However, the immediate costs of customer queues are primarily psychological, with subsequent costs being customer dissatisfaction and reduced future sales. A fundamental element of psychological waiting costs is wait-perception bias, which is the propensity to overestimate (or underestimate) the passage of time spent waiting. In 1985, Maister proposed a number of principles that affect wait-perception bias [Maister, D., 1985. The psychology of waiting lines. In: Czepiel, J., Solomon, M., Surprenant, C. (Eds.), The Service Encounter. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, pp. 113–123]. Maister's principles have been frequently quoted in operations management literature, but they have rarely been put to empirical test. One challenge in trying to test these principles is that traditional empirical methods can make it very difficult to accurately represent specific waiting conditions while controlling for confounding factors. This article describes a video-based data collection methodology for studying wait-perception bias. We specifically look at Maister's principle about the impact of wait explanation on wait-perception bias. Results show that there is a significant difference in wait-perception bias due to the presence or absence of an explanation, but that whether the explanation focuses on customer cause or server cause makes little difference. The findings provide needed empirical support for one of Maister's principles, with additional contribution being the development of a video-based research methodology that is able to enrich queuing research by enabling the study of wait-perception bias.
Predictive quantitative structure retention relationship models for ion-exchange chromatography

A database of probe molecules and their reported ion-exchange chromatographic data was collected from the literature, after which an extensive set of both traditional and novel molecular property descriptors were computed for each probe molecule. A genetic algorithm/partial least squares (GA/PLS) approach was then used on the data to create a predictive Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship (QSRR) model of retention where a subset of the original data was used for training and the remainder of the data as a test set. The utility of this model was demonstrated by using it to predict the chromatographic behavior of compounds not included in the training set. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the utility of modern QSRR modeling to predict chromatographic behavior in ion-exchange systems.
The Application of Mindfulness in Coping With Intrusive Thoughts

Abstract Across a variety of disorders, clients present with clinically significant intrusive thoughts. These thoughts can be problematic in their own right, with many clients reporting difficulty focusing on other therapeutic interventions due to problems with attention and increased distress that often accompany the experience of intrusive thoughts. Thus, cognitive-behavioral therapists can find value in learning thought management strategies that can be used with a variety of clients. Despite the increase in attention within the scientific literature and popular media on mindfulness-based interventions, many clinicians are unaware that it is possible to bring these skills into therapy as an adjunct to ongoing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Thus, we provide an overview of how to teach brief mindfulness skills (5–10 minute trainings). Video segments will teach how to introduce these skills to clients, as well as highlight three skills that have been found to be particularly useful for coping with intrusive thoughts: observation of thoughts; nonjudgment of thoughts; and being larger than your thoughts. The benefits and challenges of using these skills will also be discussed.
Gene therapy for prostate cancer: current status and future prospects.

Purpose: Locally advanced, relapsed and metastatic prostate cancer has a dismal prognosis with conventional therapies offering no more than palliation. In recent years advances achieved in understanding the molecular biology of cancer have afforded clinicians and scientists the opportunity to develop a range of novel genetic therapies for this disease.Materials and Methods: We performed a detailed review of published reports of gene therapy for prostate cancer. Particular emphasis was placed on recent developments in the arena of nonviral (plasmid DNA, DNA coated gold particles, liposomes and polymer DNA complexes) and viral (adenovirus, retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus and pox virus) vectors. Therapeutic strategies were categorized as corrective, cytoreductive and immunomodulatory gene therapy for the purpose of data analysis and comparison.Results: Locoregional administration of nonviral and viral vectors can yield impressive local gene expression and therapeutic effects but to our knowl...
Lidar flecks: modeling the influence of canopy type on tactical foliage penetration by airborne, active sensor platforms

Our research focuses on the Army's need for improved detection and characterization of targets beneath the forest canopy. By investigating the integration of canopy characteristics with emerging remote data collection methods, foliage penetration-based target detection can be greatly improved. The objective of our research was to empirically model the effect of pulse return frequency (PRF) and flight heading/orientation on the success of foliage penetration (FOPEN) from LIDAR airborne sensors. By quantifying canopy structure and understory light we were able to improve our predictions of the best possible airborne observation parameters (required sensing modalities and geometries) for foliage penetration. Variations in canopy openness profoundly influenced light patterns at the forest floor. Sunfleck patterns (brief periods of direct light) are analogous to potential "LIDAR flecks" that reach the forest floor, creating a heterogeneous environment in the understory. This research expounds on knowledge of canopy-specific characteristics to influence flight geometries for prediction of the most efficient foliage penetrating orientation and heading of an airborne sensor.
Images of technology and creativity: in opposition or harmony within technical communications programs?

Recent exit interviews of Clarkson University graduates majoring in technical communications revealed that students have a clear hierarchy of worth that places technology at the top because of its supposed objectivity. Further, students opposed technology to creativity, which they took to be the domain of writing. The author asks several pointed questions aimed at probing how technical communication curricula can show students that creativity and reason can be in harmony and help them better understand their own talents and skills. >
Further Interpretations of Achievement and Attitude Results.

The release of the International Study of Achievement in Mathematics evoked strong criticism in leading American news media of the mathematical education provided United States' students (see The New York Times, March 12, 1967; Time, March 17, 1967; Education U.S.A., March 13 and 20, 1967). Twelve nations voluntarily took part in the study. They were Australia, Belgium, England, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden, and the United States. Mathematics achievement tests and attitude scales were administered to representative samples of 13-year-olds and to students enrolled in the last year of secondary school in each country. The most commonly quoted results were that the United States' 13-year-olds ranked 11th in mathematics achievement, our high school seniors placed last on the international achievement tests, and both our 13-year-olds and high school seniors liked school and school learning less than the students of other countries. On the surface, these results are disheartening, to say the least. However, further analysis of the data revealed some relationships that were hidden in the initial gross analysis. The results of the gross analysis for seniors are clouded by the fact that there were widely varying proportions of the total high school graduation-age youth in a country taking mathematics. The United States had the largest proportion-18%, while Belgium had the least4%. Israel, which had the highest mean score in mathematics achievement for seniors, had 7% of the age group enrolled in mathematics.
Does maskelynite imply anything about impact craters

Becker et al. (2004a) interpreted the Bedout structure offshore near northwest Australia to be an impact crater, partly on the basis that maskelynite (a glass with the composition of the crystalline mineral plagioclase) was present. The paper received multiple comments and questions in the October 22 issue of Science (Wignal et al. 2004; Renne et al. 2004; Glickson 2004). The fact that, in defending their hypothesis, Becker et al. (2004b) placed strong emphasis on the observed presence of maskelynite implied that impact is the sole way of producing this glass. I take no position on whether Bedout is an impact crater, but I do have 40-year-old evidence that shock is not required for production of maskelynite. It caught our attention because it is notably present in the Shergotty meteorite. To investigate this glass, P. B. Price, R. M. Walker, and I had a melt prepared of a glass of Shergotty composition for studies of nuclear track registration at the General Electric Research Laboratory some years ago. The sample has a specific gravity of 2.74, a plagioclase composition, a mass of 950 grams, and is glassy throughout. Major cooling of so large a piece of glass would require 15 to 60 minutes. The existence of this glass is thus clear evidence that flash melting and quenching is not needed to produce maskelynite. So one piece of Becher et al.’s supporting evidence is not decisive. Therefore, the answer to the title question is “no.” As clarification, it may be that the presence of maskelynite with a particular combination of other phases, with deformation indicators, in a particular morphology may result from impact events; but the mere presence of maskelynite is not decisive. REFERENCES
Hand tracking using agent-based framework

We present an agent-based framework for human hand and head tracking. The benefits of this architecture are that it simplifies system organization, facilitates flexible extension, and supports hierarchical abstraction. The framework employs low-level processing agents that computes motion- vector clusters, skin-color patches and edge. Mid-level agents fuse the features computed into hand and head candidates. Finally, high-level agents select among these candidates to yield consistent interpretations of hand and head groupings. Hence more domain-specific knowledge is encoded into the agents as we ascend the agent hierarchy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system by defining a set of gestures (move, zoom, and rotate) that were recognized and tracked.
Action of Glutamic Acid and Glutathione Analogues on the Hydra Glutathione-Receptor

REDUCED glutathione (GSH) is known to activate surface receptors of Hydra, resulting in the co-ordinated feeding reflex1. Loomis's demonstration that asparthione (β-aspartylcysteinylglycine) did not activate the feeding reflex suggests that the γ-glutamyl moiety is essential for the action of GSH1. Furthermore, the demonstration by Cliffe and Waley that ophthalmic acid (γ-glutamyl-α-amino-n-butyrylglycine) activated the feeding reflex shows that the sulphydryl group is not necessary for the action of GSH on Hydra 2. The present work was undertaken to characterize further the structural features of the tripeptide which are necessary for the activation of the GSH-receptor. In this series of experiments we demonstrate that either glutamic acid or glutamine act as competitive inhibitors of GSH. In addition, analogues of the GSH tripeptide were found either to activate or inhibit competitively the feeding reflex, depending on the size of the group substituted for the thiol.
Presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and proliferative response to EGF in six human ovarian carcinoma cell lines

We investigated the role of the EGF-EGFR system as a regulator of ovarian cancer cell growth. In five (OVCA 433, OV 166, OV 1225, OV RS 1000, JA1) of six ovarian cancer cell lines examined we showed the presence of a single high-affinity 125I-EGF binding site with Kd varying from 0.24 to 0.86 nM and a number of binding sites/cell from 9700 to 75 000. In OVCA 433, OV 166, and OV RS 1000 cells we demonstrated a low-affinity 125I-EGF binding site with Kd ranging from 1.10 to 2.12 nM. TR-170 cells lacked the EGF binding and were unresponsive to EGF in terms of cell proliferation while all EGFR+ cells except JA 1 exhibited a proliferative response to EGF. Moreover, the growth response of the four EGF-sensitive cell lines showed different patterns since at high EGF concentrations (100 ng ml−1) there was no longer a stimulatory effect in OV 1225, OV 166, and OV RS 1000 cells while the mitogenic activity was still present in OVCA 433 cells. Our results demonstrate that EGF plays a role in regulating ovarian cancer cell growth. However, the presence of EGFR is not a perfect indicator of the EGFR system functionality. The cell lines we have examined could be useful models to clarify the mechanism of EGF action and the role played by the EGF system in the onset and spread of ovarian tumors.
Image Matching Algorithms

During the past decade, three major categories of image matching algorithms have emerged: Signal-processing-based, artificial-intelligence-based, and a combination of these methods called hybrid techniques. This paper summarizes some of these techniques and their potential in remote sensing applications.
Atmospheric pressure plasma activation as a surface pre-treatment for the adhesive bonding of aluminum 2024

A low-temperature, atmospheric pressure helium and oxygen plasma has been used for the surface preparation of aluminum 2024 prior to adhesive bonding. The plasma converted the aluminum from a water contact angle (WCA) of 79° to down to 38° within 5 s of exposure, while sanding reduced the WCA to only 51°. Characterization of the aluminum surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a decrease in carbon contamination from 70 to 36% and an increase in the oxygen content from 22 to 50% following plasma treatment. Similar trends were observed for sanded surfaces. Lap shear results demonstrated bond strengths of 30 ± 2 MPa for the sanded aluminum vs. 33 ± 1 MPa for plasma-treated aluminum, where sol–gel and primer coatings were added to the surface preparation. Following seven days of aging, wedge crack extension tests revealed cohesive failure percentages of 86, 92, and 96% for sanded, plasma-treated, and sanded/plasma-treated aluminum, respectively. These results indicate that atmospheric pressure pl...
Diphenylhydantoin-induced hypersensitivity reaction

A 2 1/2-year-old girl with phenylketonuria developed a severe hypersensitivity reactioncharacterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, exfoliative dermatitis, and fever after a 13 day course of diphenylhydantoin. Evidence for this drug-induced disease being a hypersensitivity reaction of the delayed type is presented in that 10 months after her illness at least a portion of her blood lymphocytes recognized the drug as a previously encountered antigenic substance. An intriguing and unexplained aspect of her illness was the markedly impaired excretion of diphenylhydantoin. Interesting hematologic findings were a striking plasmacytosis of the blood and a mild hemolytic anemia.