cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colloidal Crystallization and Banding in a Cylindrical Geometry

Colloidal crystallization takes advantage of the strong interfacial forces and tunable interactions that organize particles into regular structures at small scales. Thus, colloidal crystallization and patterning provide a powerful and simple method to functionalize planar surfaces with applications to optical, catalytic, sensing, and cleansing materials. Nevertheless, the ability to pattern topologically more complex surfaces such as curved, confined, or soft substrates can open new avenues for novel, “intelligent”, and responsive materials. We present one step in this direction by characterizing colloidal crystallization inside circular capillaries: a nearly periodic banding is observed, and the colloidal packing is dictated by confinement produced by the wedge-like region formed by a capillary confined meniscus. The packing consists of a succession of hexagonally close-packed regions, which are separated by narrow regions of “buckled phase crystals”.
A Physiologic and Anatomic Study After Pulmonary Irradiation in Dogs: A 52 Week Report

Physiologic and anatomic changes following unilateral pulmonary irradiation up to 6,000 rads in dogs were studied. Fractionate irradiation was given to the right lung of 11 dogs divided into three groups which received 2,000, 4,000 and 6,000 rads respectively. Differential bronchospirometry was serially performed at approximately four week intervals for one year. There was no significant change in the relative distribution of ventilation and oxygen uptake between the irradiated and the contralateral control lungs. Upon diversion of the entire cardiac output through the irradiated lung by temporary unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion, pulmonary artery pressure and left atrial pressure remained within normal limits. Thus, there was no suggestion of increased pulmonary vascular resistance as a consequence of irradiation. Neither adhesions nor abnormalities of the bronchial vessels were observed. The microscopic findings consisted of focal organized pneumonia which was found only in the 4,000 and 6,000 rads groups, and mild focal interstitial fibrosis plus focal vascular sclerosis found in representatives of each of the three groups. We conclude that no significant physiologic abnormalities following unilateral pulmonary irradiation up to 6,000 rads in dogs were demonstrated.
Extended Single-Patch Repair of Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis: A Simple and Effective Technique

Background The optimal surgical procedure for repair of supravalvar aortic stenosis (SVAS) remains uncertain. Proponents of multisinus repair techniques suggest improved outcomes compared with the single-patch technique. We evaluated the outcomes after an extended single-patch technique for relief of SVAS. Methods A cross-sectional retrospective analysis was performed of all SVAS patients who underwent repair from 1996 to 2009. Patient, procedural, and hospital course data were obtained through a review of the medical records. At follow-up, patients were evaluated for residual SVAS gradient, valvar aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency, and need for reintervention. Results Twenty-two patients (mean age, 2.4 ± 2.4 years) underwent repair of SVAS (discrete form, 59%). Mean preoperative peak gradient was 77 ± 27 mm Hg (range, 20 to 139 mm Hg). There were no hospital deaths. Median postoperative length of stay was 5 days (range, 3 to 68 days). Mean follow-up was 4.1 ± 3.5 years (range, 0.7 to 13 years). Follow-up Doppler echocardiography revealed a peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient of 10 ± 12 mm Hg (range, 0 to 41 mm Hg). No patient had significant valvar aortic stenosis or insufficiency. Two patients (9%) required catheter-based reintervention that was unrelated to the SVAS repair. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a simple, extended single-patch technique for repair of SVAS provides excellent medium-term results. A durable reduction in gradient with low complication and recurrence rates can be achieved without the need for more complicated multisinus patch repairs.
Differential synaptic organization of GABAergic bipolar cells and non‐GABAergic (glutamatergic) bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina

The synaptic organizations of gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive (GABA-IR, GABAergic) and non-GABA-IR (non-IR, glutamatergic) bipolar cells in salamander retina were compared by postembedding immunoelectron microscopy. A total of 238 presynaptic bipolar cell synapses were studied; 61 were GABA-IR and 177 were non-IR. Both groups were similar in that (1). they made asymmetrical ribbon synapses as well as asymmetrical non-ribbon synapses; (2). they made ribbon synapses at dyads, triads, and monads; and (3). the vast majority of ribbon synapses ( approximately 90%) were with dyads. The differences were that synapses of GABA-IR bipolar cells had a higher proportion of (1). direct contact with ganglion cells, (2). non-ribbon synapses, (3). output to GABA-IR amacrine cells, and (4). output in sublamina a. Overall, the output of GABA-IR ribbons was equally split between amacrine and ganglion cell processes, whereas for non-IR ribbons, it was approximately 2:1 in favor of amacrine cells. The ribbon:non-ribbon synapse ratio was approximately 1.2:1 (33:28) for GABA-IR but approximately 2:1 (118:59) for non-IR terminals. Thus, GABA-IR bipolar cells made more direct contacts with ganglion cells and used a higher proportion of non-ribbon synapses. GABA-IR dyads were more likely to contact GABA-IR amacrine profiles (52% vs. 38%). Finally, GABA-IR ribbon synapses were more common in sublamina a than sublamina b (2:1), whereas non-IR synapses were equally present in sublaminas a and b. This differential targeting of ganglion cells and amacrine cells in the OFF vs. ON layers indicates a difference in the role of bipolar cells in the generation of receptive field properties, depending on whether or not they use GABA as well as glutamate for their transmitter.
The immune system in menopause: Pros and cons of hormone therapy

With aging, a general decline in immune function is observed leading to immune-senescence. Several of these changes are gender specific affecting postmenopausal women. Menopause is a normal part of a woman's lifecycle and consists of a series of body changes that can last from one to ten years. It is known that loss of sex hormones due to aging results in a reduction of immune functions. However, there remains a major gap in our understanding regarding the loss of immune functions particularly in the female reproductive tract (FRT) following menopause and the role of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in protecting against immune senescence. The current review presents an overview of changes in the immune system due to aging, focusing on genital tract immunity in menopausal women and the risks and benefits of using MHT. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
Benzodiazepine receptor binding following chronic treatment with naloxone, morphine and met-enkephalin in normal rats

Abstract The effects of chronic administration of naloxone, morphine and met-enkephalin on benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor binding in rat brain were determined 2 and 50 days after treatments were accomplished. Two days after naloxone treatment (75 μg/h s.c. for 14 days), enhanced BDZ eceptor binding was observed in cingulate, frontal, piriform, etorhinal and sensorimotor cortices; amygdala complex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and central gray. Two days after morphine treatment (20 mg/kg i.p. daily for 6 days), increased BDZ receptor binding was detected in cingulate, frontal, piriform, entorhinal and sensorimotor cortices; amygdala complex, hippocampus and substantia nigra. Two days after met-enkephalin treatment (10 μg/h i.c.v. for 6 days) enhanced BDZ receptor binding was shown only in sensorimotor cortex. No significant changes were observed 50 days after the treatments were completed. These data indicate an important interaction between GABAergic and opioid peptide systems.
The isolation and characterization of the plasma membrane from chick embryo fibroblasts

Abstract 1. 1. The plasma membrane has been isolated from chick embryo fibroblasts by a procedure involving differential and equilibrium density gradient centrifugations of untreated and zinc-treated cells. 2. 2. The plasma membrane was isolated as large membrane sheets in the case of the zinc-treated cells and as smaller membrane vesicles and fragments from the untreated cells. Phosphohydrolases including the (Na + +K + )-stimulated Mg 2+ -ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and CTPase (EC 3.6.1.4) were concentrated in the plasma membrane fraction. This fraction was essentially free of RNA and the intracellular and mitochondrial membrane enzymes, NADH-cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.6.2.1) and succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1). 3. 3. Sialic acids, cholesterol and phospholipid were concentrated in the plasma membrane preparations. The latter two components accounted for 65% by weight of the membrane.
Effects of a Preferred Stimulus and Mother’s Attention on Infant Behavior During Tummy Time

“Tummy time” is an activity for infants to develop muscle tone; however, it often evokes crying and non-compliance. The current study investigated two interventions for an infant to a) increase elevated head behavior, and b) decrease negative vocalizations. The study compared the effects of a preferred stimulus with or without maternal attention on infant behaviors during tummy time. The addition of maternal attention produced more positive outcomes: The science of behavior analysis can be used to treat a broad range of socially significant behaviors like infant behavior during tummy time. Preference assessments can be used with infants to identify potentially reinforcing stimuli. The continuous provision of a preferred stimulus during tummy time may help infants to increase positive behaviors and decrease problem behaviors. Parent attention may have an added benefit to a treatment package for typically developing infants.
Conservation, Small Mammals, and the Future of Sacred Groves in West Africa

This article considers the conservation of relict natural habitat in West Africa, especially habitat preserved in traditional sacred groves. Government-sanctioned conservation is contrasted with local grassroots efforts of conservation. Evidence for the ecological value of sacred groves is based on results of a field study of small mammal communities conducted on the Accra Plains of Ghana and on published sources on the conservation and use of sacred groves from various countries. The study employed standard mark-and-recapture techniques for the sampling for terrestrial small mammals, and mist netting for the sampling of bat communities. Pragmatic approaches combining conservation and sustainable use are considered, as are traditional values that have preserved the sacred groves in the past for up to several hundred years in some cases. In part because these groves shelter unique small mammal and plant communities, traditional values and protection mechanisms should be integrated into the newly emerging cultural and religious contexts. The issues encountered during this study reveal that effective conservation involving local peoples requires a concerted interdisciplinary effort.
Development of 99mTc-EC-tyrosine for Early Detection of Breast Cancer Tumor Response to the Anticancer Drug Melphalan

Rationale and Objectives Radiolabeled tyrosine analogues that have been successfully used in tumor imaging accumulate in tumor cells via an upregulated L-type amino acid transporter system. The anticancer drug melphalan is an L-type amino acid transporter substrate. Therefore, radiolabeled tyrosine analogues may have great potential in evaluating treatment responses to melphalan. In this study, a 99mTc-labeled tyrosine analogue, 99mTc tyrosine using N,N′-ethylene-di-L-cysteine (EC) as a chelator, was developed and its potential for noninvasively assessing tumors' early response to melphalan determined. Materials and Methods EC-tyrosine was synthesized in a three-step procedure and labeled with 99mTc. To assess cellular uptake kinetics, the percentage uptake of 99mTc-EC-tyrosine in the rat breast cancer cell line 13762 was measured. Planar imaging was performed in rats with 13762 cell-derived tumors. To determine the transport mechanisms of 99mTc-EC-tyrosine, a competitive inhibition study using L-tyrosine as an inhibitor was performed in vitro and in vivo. To assess tumors' response to melphalan, tumor-bearing rats were treated with different doses of melphalan, and planar imaging was performed 0 and 3 days after treatment. Immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to determine expressions of L-type amino acid transporter 1 and cellular proliferation marker Ki-67. Results L-tyrosine significantly inhibited 99mTc-EC-tyrosine uptake in vitro and in vivo. Tumor volume decreased in a dose-dependent manner with melphalan, and tumor/muscle ratios of 99mTc-EC-tyrosine were significantly reduced in treated groups. Immunohistochemical data indicated that about 70% of tumor cells in the melphalan-treated groups underwent apoptosis, and the changes in tumor/muscle ratios reflected the decreased percentage of viable cells in treated tumors. Conclusions These findings suggest that 99mTc-EC-tyrosine has great potential for monitoring tumor response to melphalan in breast tumor–bearing rats.
Sequence impedances of transformer connections

IN THE GENERAL APPLICATION of the method of symmetrical components to the solution of 3-phase problems, 3-phase circuits are resolved into three singlephase circuits, one for each of the sequences, positive, negative, and zero.
Processing additive suppresses phase separation in the active layer of organic photovoltaics based on naphthalene diimide

Abstract The development of non-fullerene electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics is gaining interest, as they offer the promise to overcome the light harvesting and energy tunability limitations of fullerenes. However, to fully take advantage of alternative acceptors, we must identify and achieve the needed morphologies within the active layer to maximize device performance. Here we demonstrate that the microstructure in the active layer of optimized poly(3-hexylthiophene)/naphthalene diimide devices resembles that of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene mixtures. Previously, we have reported on the synthesis of 2,6-dialkylaminonaphthalene diimides and found that the best performance was obtained with N,N′-di((thiophen-2-yl)methyl)-2,6-di(N-cyclohexylamino)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxydiimide (RF1). In this article, we show that suppressing the crystallization of both the donor and acceptor through the addition of 0.2% 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) to the casting solution leads to finer morphologies in the active layer and a two-fold enhancement in the device efficiencies. Nevertheless, further increasing the DIO content of the casting solution leads to lower photocurrents and power conversion efficiencies, even though the morphology appears similar by energy-filtered TEM. We hypothesize that higher DIO content breaks up small RF1 aggregates, leading to suppression of charge separation. Continued development of novel non-fullerene acceptors must therefore take into consideration the balance between crystallization and aggregation of donors and acceptors for optimal performance.
EGFR in Limbo

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is normally activated by ligand-induced dimerization. Oncogenic mutations in EGFR promote activation in a largely ligand-independent manner. Shan et al. uncover a partially disordered state of EGFR kinase, providing evidence that oncogenic mutations counteract this intrinsic structural instability to promote dimerization and aberrant activation.
The prognosis of T3N0 colon cancer is dependent on the number of lymph nodes examined.

Background: T3N0 colon cancer is the target of many adjuvant studies. Very few studies have examined the relationship of the number of lymph nodes examined to the prognosis of this stage. We examined data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to determine whether the number of examined lymph nodes is prognostic for T3N0 colon cancer. Methods: A total of 35,787 prospectively collected cases of T3N0 colon cancer that were surgically treated and pathologically reported from 1985 to 1991 to the NCDB as T3N0M0 were analyzed. Results: The 5-year relative survival rate for T3N0M0 colon cancer varied from 64% if 1 or 2 lymph nodes were examined to 86% if >25 lymph nodes were examined. Three strata of lymph nodes (1–7, 8–12, and ≥13) distinguished significantly different observed 5-year survival rates. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the prognosis of T3N0 colon cancer is dependent on the number of lymph nodes examined. A minimum of 13 lymph nodes should be examined to label a T3 colon cancer as node negative. These data suggest that adjuvant trials for T3N0 colon cancer should stratify according to the number of lymph nodes examined.
Alkali-metal adsorbate polarization on conducting and insulating surfaces probed with Bose-Einstein condensates

A magnetically trapped $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ Bose-Einstein condensate is used as a sensitive probe of short-range electrical forces. In particular, the electric polarization of, and the subsequent electric field generated by, $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ adsorbates on conducting and insulating surfaces is measured by characterizing perturbations to the magnetic trapping potential using high quality factor condensate excitations. The nature of the alterations to the electrical properties of $\mathrm{Rb}$ adsorbates is studied on titanium (metal) and silicon (semiconductor) surfaces, which exhibit nearly identical properties, and on glass (insulator), which displays a smaller transitory electrical effect. The limits of this technique in detecting electrical fields and ramifications for measurements of short-range forces near surfaces are discussed.
The pH-sensitivity of Transepithelial K + Transport in Vestibular Dark Cells

The pH-sensitivity of transepithelial K+ transport was studied in vitro in isolated vestibular dark cell epithelium from the gerbil ampulla. The cytosolic pH (pH iwas measured microfluorometrically with the pH-sensitive dye 2′,7′-bicarboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) and the equivalent short-circuit current (I sc), which is a measure for transepithelial K+ secretion, was calculated from measurements of the transepithelial voltage (V t)and the transepithelial resistance (R t) in a micro-Ussing chamber. All experiments were conducted in virtually HCO 3 − -free solutions. Under control conditions, pH iwas 7.01±0.04 (n=18), V twas 9.1±0.5 mV, R t16.7±0.09 Ωcm2, and I sc was 587±30 μA/cm2 (n=49). Addition of 20 mm propionate− caused a biphasic effect involving an initial acidification of pH i, increase in V tand I sc and decrease in R tand a subsequent alkalinization of pH i, decrease of V tand increase of R t. Removal of propionate− caused a transient effect involving an alkalinization of pH i, a decrease of V tand I sc and an increase in R t. pH iin the presence of propionate− exceeded pH iunder control conditions. Effects of propionate − on V t, R tand I sc were significantly larger when propionate− was applied to the basolateral side rather than to the apical side of the epithelium. The pH i-sensitivityof I sc between pH 6.8 and 7.5 was −1089 μA/(cm2 · pH-unit) suggesting that K+ secretion ceases at about pH i7.6. Acidification of the extracellular pH (pH o)caused an increase of V tand I sc and a decrease of R tmost likely due to acidification of pH i. Effects were significantly larger when the extracellular acidification was applied to the basolateral side rather than to the apical side of the epithelium. The pH osensitivity of I sc between pH 7.4 and 6.4 was −155 μA/(cm2 · pH unit). These results demonstrate that transepithelial K+ transport is sensitive to pH iand pH oand that vestibular dark cells contain propionate− uptake mechanism. Further, the data suggest that cytosolic acidification activates and that cytosolic alkalinization inactivates the slowly activating K+ channel (I sK)in the apical membrane. Whether the effect of pH ion the I sK channel is a direct or indirect effect remains to be determined.
TH‐D‐332‐05: Improving Robustness of Deformable Image Registration by Pre‐Processing Image Intensities

Purpose: Intensity‐based deformable algorithms notoriously suffer from low image contrast, as well as intensity inconsistency between the reference and the target images that are usually acquired at different times and/or on different CT or cone‐beam CT scanners. The goal of this study is to develop a 3D intensity normalization procedure that ensures intensity consistency and increase the dynamic contrast of both images so that the robustness of image registration can be improved. Method and Materials: We started the procedure by performing a rigid alignment between the reference and the target image. Subsequently, a local histogram mapping was computed over a volume of interest (VOI) centered at each voxel. This adaptive histogram mapping method enhances local image contrast and matches the intensity distribution better between the reference and target images. To alleviate noise level within the flat region with low image contrast, the histogram within the VOI was redistributed according to a pre‐defined clip factor to avoid excess voxels within a particular bin. Finally, a trilinear interpolation was used to calculate adjacent VOIs near the boundary. In this study, we chose to use the accelerated “demons” algorithm in combination with the intensity normalization method. We tested the method using both synthetic images and patient data. Results: We demonstrated both visually and quantitatively that significant improvement could be achieved for difficult cases where deformable image registration failed without using this procedure. We showed that the method worked well for very large deformations or in low‐contrast images. For a prostate case with synthetic deformation, less than 0.5% of voxels have more than 5 HU errors when using the intensity normalization method. This number increased to 12% if pre‐processing was not used. Conclusion: We have implemented an effective pre‐processing technique that can improve the quality and robustness of the intensity‐based deformable image registration.
Apparatus for trapping and thermal detection of atomic hydrogen in high magnetic fields at low temperatures

An apparatus is described in which hydrogen atoms were trapped at temperatures down to 1.1 K in the 11 T field of a large volume superconducting magnet. A high sensitivity thermal detector was used to study trapping and recombination of atoms on the detector surface. The apparatus permits the application of extremely high steady state magnetic fields to study the potential effects of electron spin polarization on the stabilization of hydrogen atoms.
SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING1

Yesterday afternoon a young man interested in language learning came to me with a problem. He had read about my address this evening on some differences between first and second language learning, and he wanted to attend. On the other hand, he related he had promised to take a girl to the movies this evening. He didn't state the question bluntly but it clearly amounted to: which did I think would be more rewarding-my monologue o r a movie. I asked the young man if he had learned a second language in addition to English and he said he knew two foreign languages. "Why, then," I replied, "you can judge for yourself the differences between f i rs t and second language learning.'' "I know some things from my own experience," he answered, "but you are a psychologist and could tell me much more." "Why so?" I asked. He didn't answer, but apologized for intruding and left. I do not know if he i s here after all; perhaps he struck a compromise between his two goals and took his date to a foreign film. This student was clearly not a psychology major. A psychology major could readily answer my question: Why can a psychologist tell you more about language learning than you know from your own experience? An "A" answer on an examination might go something like this:
Aminostratigraphy and ages of Pleistocene limestones of Bermuda

The Pleistocene stratigraphy of Bermuda offers important information for sea-level history. Corals are rare in Bermuda Pleistocene carbonates, and so many deposits are not appropriate for U-series dating. We have extended the geochronological base in Bermuda by determining the extent of isoleucine epimerization (A/I ratios) in (1) marine shells ("Glycymeris" and others) from deposits of sea-level high stands, (2) land snails ("Poecilozonites") from protosols associated with the eolianites that comprise the bulk of Bermuda, and (3) whole-rock samples of bioclastic calcarenites. The three distinct types of samples provide independent aminostratigraphies (Aminozones C, E, F, G, H, J, and K) that are mutually consistent and in agreement with the mapped lithostratigraphy. Correlation of the amino acid ratios with ages based on previously published U-series coral dates verifies the utility of the apparent parabolic kinetics model for estimation of amino acid racemization ages. Extrapolation of ages based on the model to deposits beyond the range of U-series dating reveals that a significant middle Pleistocene section is present in Bermuda.
Prolonged stimulus exposure reveals prolonged neurobehavioral response patterns

Although it has been shown repeatedly that minimum response times in sensory systems can be quite short, organisms more often continue to respond to sensory stimuli over considerably longer periods of time. The continuing response to sensory stimulation may be a more realistic assessment of natural sensory responses, so we determined for how long a stimulus would evoke a response in naive, freely moving animals. Specifically, we determined for how long such rats responded to odorants during continuous passive exposures by monitoring their sniffing with whole-body plethysmography. We found that naive rats continue to sniff odorants vigorously for up to 3 minutes, much longer than what has been reported for highly trained, highly motivated rats. Patterns of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb also were seen after only 1-5 minutes of odorant exposure, overlapping with the period of increased respiration to odorants. Moreover, these 2-DG uptake patterns closely resembled the patterns that emerge from prolonged odorant exposures, suggesting that activity mapping over prolonged periods can identify areas of activity that are present when rats are still attending and responding to odorant stimuli. Given these findings, it seems important to consider the possibility that prolonged exposure to other sensory stimuli will reveal more realistic neural response patterns.
Using social media to quantify nature-based tourism and recreation

Scientists have traditionally studied recreation in nature by conducting surveys at entrances to major attractions such as national parks. This method is expensive and provides limited spatial and temporal coverage. A new source of information is available from online social media websites such as flickr. Here, we test whether this source of “big data” can be used to approximate visitation rates. We use the locations of photographs in flickr to estimate visitation rates at 836 recreational sites around the world and use information from the profiles of the photographers to derive travelers' origins. We compare these estimates to empirical data at each site and conclude that the crowd-sourced information can indeed serve as a reliable proxy for empirical visitation rates. This new approach offers opportunities to understand which elements of nature attract people to locations around the globe and whether changes in ecosystems will alter visitation rates.
Adaptive Output Feedback Control of a Nonlinear Aeroelastic Structure

Based on a backstepping design technique, a new adaptive controller for the control of an aeroelastic system using output feedback is derived. The chosen dynamic model describes the nonlinear plunge and pitch motion of a wing. Theparameters of thesystem areassumed to becompletely unknown, and only the plunge displacement and the pitch angle measurements are used for thesynthesis of thecontroller. A canonical state variable representation of the system is derived, and e lters are designed to obtain the estimates of the derivatives of the pitch angle and the plunge displacement. Then adaptive control laws for the trajectory control of the pitch angle and the plunge displacement are derived. In the closed-loop system the state vector asymptotically converges to the origin. Simulation results are presented, which show that regulation of the state vector to the equilibrium state and trajectory following are accomplished using a single control surface in spite of the uncertainty in the aerodynamic and structural parameters. Nomenclature a = nondimensionalized distance from the midchord to the elastic axis bs = semichord of the wing ch = structural damping coefe cient in plunge caused by viscous damping ci, L, Li, = design parameters di, C ca = structural damping coefe cient in pitch caused by
An experimental study of weak turbulence

Abstract Photon homodyne correlation spectroscopy (HCS) and laser Doppier velocimetry (LDV) have been used to study turbulent velocity fluctuations V(R) associated with eddies of size R. The turbulence was produced by a grid in a water tunnel. For small R, both types of measurement were consistent with a model in which the active regions of turbulence lie on a fractal of dimension D, with D increasing from ≈ 2 to ≈ 3 as the Reynolds number (Re) increases above some threshold value. At larger eddy sizes, the LDV measurements show a different scaling of the velocity fluctuations. We associate these larger eddies with the energy reservoir that feeds the inertial cascade. The scaling exponent for this “energetic” subrange is also a function of Re.
Neuropsychological Profile of Children With Neurofibromatosis, Brain Tamor, or Both

Neurofibromatosis type 1, a common autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is associated with numerous physical and medical anomalies as well as an increased incidence of learning disability. Tumors of the central nervous system have been estimated to occur in 15%, but their contribution to neuropsychological status is unknown. This study examines the relative contribution of neurofibromatosis and brain tumor to the cognitive profile of children with neurofibromatosis. A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological and behavioral tests was administered to a group of 65 children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Fourteen were then matched on demographic variables with two other groups of children who had either a brain tumor in addition to neurofibromatosis or a brain tumor alone. The two brain tumor groups were also matched on tumor type, location, and therapy. Mean scores of the neurofibromatosis-brain tumor group were generally the lowest of the three groups; those of the brain tumor group were highest, and pe...
Acute injuries of the trachea and major bronchi: importance of early diagnosis.

Abstract Background . Tracheobronchial injuries are encountered with increasing frequency because of improvements in prehospital care and early initiation of the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol. We review our experience with these injuries with the hypothesis that the leading determinant of patient outcome is the time interval to diagnosis. Methods . Patients with tracheobronchial injury were identified from the registry of our level 1 trauma center during a 10-year period ending December 1997. Clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, surgical management, and outcome were reviewed. Results . Twenty patients with ten cervical tracheal injuries and ten intrathoracic tracheobronchial injuries were treated. The mechanism of injury involved blunt trauma in 11 and penetrating trauma in 9. All patients underwent surgical debridement and primary repair. Patients with isolated airway injuries were discharged home after a mean hospital stay of 6 days and had no early complications. Three patients had delayed diagnosis (> 24 hours), and all sustained complications including death (1 patient) and multiorgan system failure (2 patients). The overall mortality rate was 15%. Conclusions . Operative management of tracheobronchial injuries can be achieved with acceptable mortality. Independent of mechanism or anatomic location of injury, delay in diagnosis is the single most important factor influencing outcome. Early recognition of tracheobronchial injury and expedient institution of appropriate surgical intervention are essential in these potentially lethal injuries.
Vitamin/Trace Mineral Supplements for the Elderly

The fraction of population that is elderly has been increasing, as has the consumption of vitamin/trace mineral supplements, which is now a multibillion dollar industry. Yet the rationale for such supplement intake by the majority may be questioned. Some of the current recommendations for micronutrient intake by the elderly are extrapolations from recommendations made for younger adults, whereas other recommendations are based on measurements of biochemical indices not proven to reflect a deficient level in the elderly. Suggestions that the elderly need more than the recommended daily allowances largely rest on the assumption that they should have biochemical indices similar to younger adults despite decreased energy intake with decreased physical and metabolic activities of the elderly. Although some individuals require supplementation because of problems with intake, absorption, or metabolism, there is little or no proof that boosting micronutrient intake above what can be achieved in well-balanced diets, some of which already contain fortified foods, will lead to a healthier outcome for most elderly individuals. There is not only the potential for unnecessary and occasionally harmful excess administered to some, but there is a cost that now runs in the billions of dollars and adds to the costs of covering multiple chronic disease conditions. Hence, some caution should be exercised in public health promulgations concerning routine use of supplements for those in this age group (>65 y of age) and of both sexes until more research establishes clear connections between the need for micronutrients and nutrient-related health in the elderly.
STUDIES ON ISOLATED AGGREGATING OLIGORIBONUCLEOPROTEINS OF THE EPIDERMIS WITH HISTOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KERATOHYALIN

Histochemical and ultrastructural studies demonstrate that keratohyalin can be mobilized from fresh specimens of cattle hoof epidermis by 1.0 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Macroaggregates with histochemical characteristics identical to those of in situ keratohyalin granules (staining by Harris' hematoxylin, Congo red, diazotized sulfanilic acid, sodium alizarin sulfonate, toluidine blue, methyl green-pyronin, and acridine orange) and with similar morphological characteristics at the ultrastructural level are formed upon dialyzing the extracted keratohyalin against distilled water. Staining by basic dyes (toluidine blue, methyl green-pyronin, and acridine orange) is abolished by treating either in situ keratohyalin granules or isolated macroaggregates with ribonuclease. Electrophoresis of isolated macroaggregates on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium decylsulfate results in the fractionation of a 13 member oligomeric series of ribonucleoproteins and two non-homologous species of ribonucleoproteins. The oligomeric series can be purified by isolating "stacked" oligomers on low concentration (3%) polyacrylamide gels. Fractionated oligomers on polyacrylamide gels and aggregates formed from purified ribonucleoproteins demonstrate histochemical characteristics identical to those of in situ keratohyalin granules. Aggregates formed from denatured ribonucleoproteins are highly disordered and are markedly different from in situ keratohyalin granules or nondenatured isolated macroaggregates at the ultrastructural level, possibly due to irreversible denaturation of the oligomers by sodium decylsulfate.
The Simple Truth about Dependency and Phrase Structure Representations: An Opinion Piece

There are many misconceptions about dependency representations and phrase structure representations for syntax. They are partly due to terminological confusion, partly due to a lack of meta-scientific clarity about the roles of representations and linguistic theories. This opinion piece argues for a simple but clear view of syntactic representation.
When to quit for a new job: Quickest detection of spectrum opportunities in multiple channels

We consider quickest detection of idle/off periods in multiple on-off processes. We show that this problem presents a fresh twist to the classic signal processing problem of quickest change detection that considers only one stochastic process. In particular, we demonstrate that the key to quickest change detection in multiple processes is to abandon the current process when its state is unlikely to change in the near future (as indicated by the measurements obtained so far) and seek opportunities in a new process. This problem arises in spectrum opportunity detection in cognitive radio networks where a secondary user searches for idle channels in the spectrum. A Bayesian formulation of quickest change detection in multiple on-off processes with geometrically distributed busy and idle times is obtained within a decision-theoretic framework. Based on the structure of the resulting sequentially decision problem, we propose a low-complexity threshold policy for channel switching and change detection and demonstrate its superior performance over the single-channel approach.
Chaos Theory and Leadership Studies: Exploring Uncharted Seas

Physical scientists have been forced to reevaluate much of what they thought they knew about the universe because of the discovery and emerging development of chaos theory. Similarly social scienti...
Riboswitches as hormone receptors: hypothetical cytokinin-binding riboswitches in Arabidopsis thaliana

Background Riboswitches are mRNA elements that change conformation when bound to small molecules. They are known to be key regulators of biosynthetic pathways in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
LinkWinds, a visual data analysis system and its application to remote sensed data

The Linked Windows Interactive Data System (LinkWinds) is a prototype visual data exploration system resulting from a NASA/JPL program of research into applying graphical methods for rapidly accessing, displaying and analyzing large multivariate multidisciplinary data sets. It is an integrated multi-application execution environment allowing the dynamic interconnection and control of multiple windows containing a variety of displays and manipulators through a data-linking paradigm. This paradigm is not only a powerful method for organizing large amounts of data for analysis, but leads to a highly intuitive, easy-to-learn user interface. The system, containing an expanding suite of non-domain specific applications, provides for the ingestion of a variety of database formats, and hard copy output of all displays. Remote networked workstations running LinkWinds may be interconnected for collaborative data exploration. The system is being developed in close collaboration with investigators in a variety of science disciplines using both archived and real-time data. The application of LinkWinds to optical and infrared multispectral geological images with accompanying elevation data will be discussed. >
The Role of Reactivity in Multiagent Learning

In this paper we take a closer look at a recently proposed classification scheme for multiagent learning algorithms. Based on this scheme an exploitation mechanism (we call it the Exploiter) was developed that could beat various Policy Hill Climbers (PHC) and other fair opponents in some repeated matrix games. We show on the contrary that some fair opponents may actually beat the Exploiter in repeated games. This clearly indicates a deficiency in the original classification scheme which we address. Specifically, we introduce a new measure called Reactivity that measures how fast a learner can adapt to an unexpected hypothetical change in the opponentýs policy. We show that in some games, this new measure can approximately predict the performance of a player, and based on this measure we explain the behaviors of various algorithms in the Matching Pennies game, which was inexplicable by the original scheme. Finally we show that under certain restrictions, a player that consciously tries to avoid exploitation may be unable to do so.
Survey of bioinformatics programs in the United States

Bioinformatics is a rapidly growing field, and educational programs for bioinformatics are increasing at a similar pace to answer the demand for qualified professionals. Here we survey currently available bioinformatics programs. We have compiled summaries of these programs, including university, state, degree type, department, entrance requirements, degree requirements, links to course Web pages, research interests, and funding. Complete details are presented in the Web version, and an abbreviated listing of the primary attributes of all programs is included in this article.
Evidence for a TH6-TH7 Transmembrane Hairpin in the Diphtheria Toxin T-Domain Open Channel State

Diphtheria toxin has three domains: a C-terminal receptor-binding (R) domain, a central translocation (T) domain, and an N-terminal catalytic (C) domain. After the toxin binds to the target cell and undergoes endocytosis, it reaches an acidic vesicle compartment. Here the T-domain translocates the C-domain across the endosomal membrane to the cytosol, where it acts as a lethal enzyme. T-domain added to the cis side of a planar lipid bilayer forms conducting channels in the presence of a pH gradient (e.g., 5.3 cis, 7.2 trans). Previous work has identified three transmembrane segments of T-domain in the open channel state, corresponding to TH5, TH8 and TH9 in the crystal structure. Residues near either end of the TH6-TH7 segment are located on the cis side of the membrane, based on the polarity of voltage-dependent channel block induced by an attached peptide tag, as well as the effect of streptavidin binding to a biotinylated residue. The TH6-TH7 segment (19 residues) is too short to span the bilayer as an alpha-helical hairpin, but it could as an extended hairpin structure. We have constructed a series of mutant T-domains with a single cysteine residue at positions in TH6-TH7, and probed for an effect of sulfhydryl-specific methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents on the channel conductance. Interestingly, at positions in the TH6-TH7 loop, MTS-ET reacts much more quickly from the trans side than from the cis side. (This is despite the cis-positive voltage, which drives the cationic MTS-ET into the channel from the cis side.) This suggests that these residues are located near the trans side, consistent with a hairpin structure. We are comparing the cis-side vs. trans-side reaction rates of an uncharged reagent (MTS-glucose) to more systematically determine the transmembrane positions of TH6-TH7 residues.
Evaluation of Bimodal Concurrent Flaw Distributions

Bimodal concurrent flaw distributions are often observed in strength testing of ceramics. A technique is proposed to evaluate the appropriate Weibull parameters of the individual concurrent distributions where the type of flaw causing failure can be identified. This technique involves separating the data according to flaw origin and then analyzing each of these two censored data sets.
Experimental Results for a Pulsed 110/124.5-GHz Megawatt Gyrotron

We report experimental results on a two frequency gyrotron, operating in the ${\rm TE}_{22,6}$ mode at 110 GHz and the ${\rm TE}_{24,7}$ mode at 124.5 GHz. The gyrotron uses the same electron gun as a previous single frequency 110-GHz gyrotron, with a new cavity and internal mode converter designed for optimized performance at the two frequencies. For a 98 kV, 42-A electron beam operating in 3- $\mu{\rm s}$ pulses, an output power of 1.25 MW was obtained at 110 GHz (30% efficiency) and 1.0 MW at 124.5 GHz (24% efficiency). The highest power obtained was 1.4 MW with a 96 kV, 45-A beam (32% efficiency) at 110 GHz. In both modes, mode competition was minimal around the high-power operating point and operation was extremely stable. The output power and efficiency in the ${\rm TE}_{24,7}$ mode were limited by the electron beam quality. At both frequencies, excellent Gaussian beam content was found: 1) 99% for the ${\rm TE}_{22,6}$ mode and 2) 97% for the ${\rm TE}_{24,7}$ mode. Both output beams had waist radii of 2.65 cm, in very good agreement with theory.
Improved algorithms for image reconstruction from sensitivity encoded data

Parallel magnetic resonance imaging through sensitivity encoding using multiple receiver coils has emerged as an effective tool to reduce imaging time. However, errors in both the estimated coil sensitivity maps and the measured data, and the ill-conditioned nature of the coefficient matrix (often associated with non-localized coils) can degrade image quality significantly, limiting speed enhancements. This paper addresses this problem using wavelet denoising and advanced regularization methods.
Allocating nitrogen away from a herbivore: a novel compensatory response to root herbivory

Centaurea maculosa, an invasive North American plant species, shows a high degree of tolerance to the root-boring biocontrol herbivore, Agapeta zoegana. For example, infested individuals of C. maculosa often exhibit more rigorous growth and reproduction compared with their non-infested counterparts. Compensatory re- sponses to aboveground herbivores often involve increases in leaf area and/or photosynthetic capacity, but consider- ably less is known about root system compensatory re- sponses to belowground herbivory. We used a 15 N labeling approach to evaluate whether compensatory adjustments in N acquisition via changes in root morphology and/or physiological uptake capacity could explain the ability of C. maculosa to tolerate root herbivory. Root herbivory reduced whole plant N uptake by more than 30% and root uptake capacity by about 50%. Despite a marked reduction in N procurement, herbivory did not affect total biomass or shoot N status. Infested plants maintained shoot N status by shifting more of the acquired N from the root to the shoot. To our knowledge, shifting N allocation away from a root herbivore has not been reported and provides a plausible mechanism for the host plant to overcome an otherwise devastating effect of a root herbivore-induced N deficit.
The Obligation to Believe

Do we ever have an obligation to choose to hold beliefs, religious or otherwise? The relations between belief, volition and moral responsibility are the subject of William James' widely discussed essay ‘The Will to Believe’. James first takes up the relationship between volition and belief: Does it make sense to speak of choosing to believe a proposition? His answer is that it does, in the sense that we can choose to act in ways which encourage the production of a believing attitude in ourself. For example, we can be selective in attending to evidence, and we can incline ourselves toward belief by acting as though we already believe. By avoiding certain influences and subjecting ourself to others, we can encourage the development of belief. In so doing, we in effect treat ourself as a third person, and our behaviour is analogous to what we might engage in when encouraging others toward favourable evidence. The question of moral responsibility then becomes appropriate in our own case in a way analogous to that in which it does with respect to our belief-producing actions toward others. Just as the deception of others raises moral questions, so does the deception of ourselves.