cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRANSPORTATION CONTROLS UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT: A LEGAL ANALYSIS

This article examines recent efforts on the part of Congress, the several states and the EPA to reduce air pollution caused by motor vehicle emissions. It analyzes the various types of plans adopted by the states and the EPA wherein transportation controls have been imposed on motor vehicle pollutants, and discusses the statutory authority under which these plans have been created. Questions concerning the constitutionality of the Clean Air Act and its subsequent amendments, and the EPA regulations promulgated pursuant to the provisions of that Act are also discussed. The manner in which plans for attaining and preserving air quality standards are to be implemented is considered. In addition to restrictions on the use of gasoline, many of the other measures contained in the various transportation plans are presently receiving recognition as useful means for solving the energy problem as well as for controlling pollution.
Pericardial rub. Prospective, Multiple observer investigation of pericardial friction in 100 patients.

Abstract A prospective, multiple observer auscultatory and phonocardiographic study of 100 patients with pericardial friction confirmed the dominant prevalence of triphasic pericardial rubs (56 percent of patients with sinus rhythm). In 9 of 33 patients with various biphasic rub patterns there was summation of the ventricular diastolic rub with the atrial systolic rub, concealing an additional 10 percent of potential triphasic friction. Fourteen of 15 monophasic rubs were audible or recordable only during ventricular systole. Rubs were best heard along the left sternal border in 84 percent of cases and tended to be louder during inspiration than during expiration; in 35 cases there was no respiratory predilection. Twenty-three rubs were palpable. Ten rubs occurred in patients with pericardial effusion, five of whom had tamponade. Extension of the neck did not have a dependable effect on rub intensity.
Social Psychology and Law

1 Role of Social and Behavioral Science in the Law 2 (UN)Reliability of Eyewitness Identifications 3 Interrogations and Confessions 4 Jury Selection 5 Pretrial Publicity 6 Expert Evidence 7 Summary
Introduction: Writing the Global Family, International Perspectives on Disability Studies and Family Narratives

We live in the Golden Age of the memoir. Everyone has a story to tell, and a growing number are finding their way to publication. The disability memoir has certainly been a part of this growth. It is refreshing to note how many of these recent narrative accounts of living with a disability have been written from what might be broadly termed a “disability studies perspective” taking on a more critical, socio-cultural orientation than the traditional ‘inspiration in the face of personal tragedy’ motif. The list of such accounts is growing (a very short and incomplete list would include works by Anne Finger (2006), Simi Linton (2006), Harriet McBryde Johnson (2005), Eli Clare (1999), Rod Michalko (1998), and Stephen Kuusisto (1998). Beyond the personal memoir, there has been a similar explosion of memoirs written by family members of individuals with disabilities (parents, siblings, and children). However, unlike the personal memoir, relatively few of these “family narratives” have adopted a clear disability studies perspective...
Fair DQDB: The Rotating Slot Generator Scheme

We introduce the Rotating Slot Generator (RSG) scheme for dual bus architectures, a medium access control protocol appropriate for high capacity Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). This scheme uses the looped bus architecture of the Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) MAN, in which slot generator hardware is incorporated into all stations. Its difference from DQDB is that during its operation the responsibility for generating slots moves periodically from station to station around the loop. Thus, station positions relative to the slot generator change continuously and, therefore, there are no favorable locations on the busses. We first present the system architecture and the RSG protocol. Then, we carry out a thorough investigation of the performance of the RSG scheme through simulation. We demonstrate the fairness of the protocol with respect to throughput and delay, and evaluate its performance in underload and overload conditions, under both a single and multiple priority classes of traffic. We also compare its performance with other variations of DQDB.
Monarchical Rule in Swaziland: Power is Absolute but Patronage is (for) Relative(s):

This article adopts a non-formalized decision−theoretic model to examine patronage strategies by the monarchy in Swaziland as a means to stave off threats to its hold on power. The article’s main argument is that the logic of patronage is largely about controlling and monitoring local chiefs and placating royal princes with administrative positions and sources of revenue and limiting the insurrectionary potential of non-traditionalist urban groups to absolute monarchical power in Swaziland.
Adaptive vector quantization for waveform coding

The authors discuss an adaptive algorithm for vector quantization (VQ) whose codebook is constantly being updated by the most recent past input vector. Using this approach, the VQ codebook is continuously training on new data, therefore eliminating the need for long training-sequence processes as with regular VQ . If identical adaptation rules are used at the encoder and decoder, no side information is sent and the system behaves as backward-looking adaptive scalar quantizers. Adaptive-vector-quantization (AVQ) also has the advantage of less degradation with varying statistics on the input signal as compared with regular VQ. Simulation results are presented outlining the bit-rate-vs.-SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) performance for the AVQ system. It is shown that, although AVQ performs 1-3-dB SNR worse than regular VQ (at 1 b/sample) inside the training sequence, AVQ outperforms regular VQ by as much as 12 dB outside the training sequence. This improvement implies the realizability of adaptive VQ for real-time digital coding systems. >
Are Dimensions of Parenting Differentially Linked to Substance Use Across Caucasian and Asian American College Students

Background: Parental warmth and autonomy granting are commonly thought of as protective factors against substance use among Caucasians. However, limited research has examined whether associations between parenting dimensions and substance use outcomes are the same or different among Asian Americans. Method: A final analytic sample of 839 college students was used to test whether race (Caucasian vs. Asian American) moderated the relations between parenting dimensions and substance use outcomes across Caucasians and Asian Americans. We utilized the Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979) to measure maternal and paternal warmth, encouragement of behavioral freedom, and denial of psychological autonomy. Results: Multivariate regression models controlling for covariates including age, gender, and paternal education indicated four significant parenting by race interactions on alcohol problems and/or marijuana use. Specifically, maternal warmth was inversely associated with both alcohol prob...
Scattering of Pulse Waves from a Random Distribution of Particles

This chapter contains sections titled: General Formulation of Pulse Propagation and Scattering in a Time-Varying Random Medium Two-Frequency Correlation Function and Correlation of the Output Pulse Coherence Time and Coherence Bandwidth Scattering of a Narrow Band Pulse Backscattering of a Pulse from a Narrow Beam Transmitter Backscattering of a Train of Short Pulses Backscattering of a Pulse from a Transmitter with a Broad Beam Bistatic Scattering of a Pulse Ambiguity Function Representation Pulse Doppler Radar
DNA rearrangements and mating-type determination in Paramecium tetraurelia

Ciliated protozoa have separate germline and somatic nuclei, yet unlike larger organisms, both nuclei reside in the same cytoplasm. The micronuclei contain the germline and the macronucleus is the somatic nucleus. Thousands of DNA elements are normally removed from the micronuclear genome as it forms a new macronucleus during each sexual cycle. A recent study directly links the excision of these internal eliminated sequences (IESs) to mating type determination by showing that a pleiotropic mutation affecting mating type also prevents the excision of an IES from a surface protein gene(1). Remarkably, once the IES is present in the old macronucleus it prevents excision of that specific IES during formation of the next macronucleus.
Examination of the immunosuppressive effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in streptozotocin-induced autoimmune diabetes

delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) is capable of modulating a variety of immune responses, but has not been evaluated in models of immune-based diabetes. The objectives of the present study were: (a) to investigate the effect of delta9-THC in an established model of multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLDSTZ)-induced autoimmune diabetes; and (b) to determine the contribution of the immune response in the MLDSTZ model. CD-1 mice were treated with 40 mg/kg STZ for 5 days in the presence or absence of delta9-THC treatment. delta9-THC administered orally in corn oil at 150 mg/kg for 11 days attenuated, in a transient manner, the MLDSTZ-induced elevation in serum glucose and loss of pancreatic insulin. MLDSTZ-induced insulitis and increases in IFN-gamma, TNFalpha and IL-12 mRNA expression were all reduced on Day 11 by co-administration of delta9-THC. In separate studies, six doses of delta9-THC, given after completion of STZ treatment, was found equally effective in attenuating mice from MLDSTZ-induced diabetes. Studies performed using B6C3F1 mice showed moderate hyperglycemia and a significant reduction in pancreatic insulin by MLDSTZ in the absence of insulitis. In addition, MLDSTZ produced a less pronounced hyperglycemia compared to CD-1 mice that was not attenuated by delta9-THC. These results suggest that MLDSTZ can initiate direct beta-cell damage, thereby augmenting the destruction of beta-cells by the immune system. Moreover, these results indicate that delta9-THC is capable of attenuating the severity of the autoimmune response in this experimental model of autoimmune diabetes.
Alternative model for teaching microsurgery.

Animals have been widely used as a training model for teaching microsurgery. However, unlimited access to the animal laboratory is not always possible, and increased scrutiny of the ethical use of laboratory animals is a major factor to consider when teaching microsurgery. In such situations, an alternative method is required for microsurgical training techniques, such as medical grading tubes, and surgical gloves. These alternative teaching tools provide an ideal training model and present an alternative for teaching microsurgical techniques. They are readily available and abundant in the laboratory. In addition, these alternative tools can be used to provide initial training before entering the clinical setting. A practice card designed from surgical gloves and medical grading tube was used to practice simple sutures. The training progressed to a more difficult level, using medical-grade tubing for end-to-end anastomosis, end-to-side anastomosis, side-to-side anastomosis, and free graft placement. This alternative proved challenging for the trainees, but improved hand coordination was observed. The alternative models familiarized trainees with the instruments and with developing a surgical approach before moving on to more clinical settings. The use of surgical gloves and medical grading tubes resulted in a significant reduction in the numbers of laboratory animals used for teaching microsurgery, as well as reduced cost.
Closed-form ground state expression for the chemical shift tensor

Abstract Steepest-descent perturbation theory is used to derive an equation for the chemical shift tensor elements that requires neither any knowledge of the excited states of the molecule nor an explicit calculation of the molecular wavefunction in the presence of the applied magnetic field. This result is compared to the ground state expression derived earlier from the average energy approximation.
Deconstructing PIFE: A Spectroscopic Investigation of the “Protein Induced Fluorescence Enhancement” Phenomenon in Cy3

PIFE, an acronym that stands for “Protein Induced Fluorescence Enhancement”, is a term that has been coined to describe the enhancement of fluorescence intensity that the dye Cy3 experiences in the proximity of a protein. The approach has been used to study dynamic aspects of a large number of DNA- and RNA-protein interactions at the single molecule level. We and others have hypothesized that the phenomenon results from a restriction in the photoisomerization deactivation pathway of the dye. Here, we present the results of a detailed spectroscopic study that aims to characterize PIFE at the molecular level. We used time-resolved fluorescence, fluorescence anisotropy and transient spectroscopy to fully characterize the deactivation pathways of the dye on DNA when next to a protein. Our results allowed us to confirm our hypothesis that the enhancement in fluorescence correlates with a decreased yield of photoisomer.
Hydration Status in College Football Players During Consecutive Days of Twice-a-Day Preseason Practices

BackgroundFootball players lose 3.5 to 5 kg of body weight during preseason practices because of heavy sweating. This fluid may be difficult to replace when practices occur 2 times per day on consecutive days.HypothesisFootball players are hypohydrated during twice-a-day preseason training in a hot, humid environment.Study DesignDescriptive laboratory studyMethodsIn 10 college football players, body weight was measured, and blood and urine samples were obtained before and after practices on days 2 through 8 of preseason training. Baseline samples were obtained when subjects were euhydrated. Blood samples were used to calculate plasma volume changes. Urine samples were analyzed for specific gravity, sodium, and potassium. Sweat rate was calculated. Core temperature was monitored during half- and full-padded practices.ResultsMean wet bulb temperatures were 23.3°C during morning practices and 23.7°C during afternoon practices. Plasma volume was below baseline on day 2 and expanded by day 6. Urine specific gr...
A Theorem of Touchard on the Form of Odd Perfect Numbers

(2002). A Theorem of Touchard on the Form of Odd Perfect Numbers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 109, No. 7, pp. 661-663.
Multiple effects of acetaminophen and p38 inhibitors: Towards pathway toxicology

The majority of drug-related toxicities are idiosyncratic, with little pathophysiological insight and mechanistic understanding. Pathway toxicology is an emerging field of toxicology in the post-genomic era that studies the molecular interactions between toxicants and biological pathways as a way to bridge this knowledge gap. Using two case studies – acetaminophen and p38 MAPK inhibitors – this review illustrates how a pathway-based perspective has advanced our understanding of compound and target-based toxicities. The advancement of pathway toxicology will be dependent on integrated applications of techniques from basic sciences and a fundamental understanding of the interdependence of multiple biological pathways in living organisms.
Should a positive surgical margin following radical prostatectomy be pathological stage T2 or T3? Results from the SEARCH database.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The finding of a positive surgical margin associated with extracapsular extension at radical prostatectomy is a poor prognostic factor. However, whether a positive surgical margin with no documented extracapsular extension portends a similarly poor prognosis is unclear. We examined the significance of the pathological features of positive surgical margin and extracapsular extension for predicting biochemical failure following radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We examined data on 1,621 men from the SEARCH Database of patients treated with radical prostatectomy without lymph node metastasis. Patients were separated into 5 groups based on the pathological findings of positive surgical margin, extracapsular extension, and/or seminal vesicle invasion. Preoperative clinical variables were compared across the groups and the groups were compared for time to biochemical recurrence using Cox proportional hazards analysis.Results: Men with seminal vesicle invasion had the highest prostate...
High-Resolution Infrared Spectra in the C–H Region of CH2F2: The ν6and 2ν2Bands☆

Abstract High-resolution, infrared absorption spectra of the ν6(asymmetric C–H stretch) and 2ν2(H–C–H symmetric bend overtone) bands of jet-cooled CH2F2are reported with a sub-Doppler resolution of ∼0.002 cm−1. More than 600 transitions were observed in the range of 3002–3036 cm−1, of which 268 were assigned the ν6fundamental and 184 were assigned to the 2ν2overtone. A fit of the ν6band to theA-reduced Watson Hamiltonian yielded eight effective constants including ν0= 3014.0503(1),A′ = 1.62868(4),B′ = 0.354165(5), andC′ = 0.308852(3) cm−1. Similarly, the weaker 2ν2band was fit to seven parameters including ν0= 3026.2297(2), andA′ = 1.63396(6),B′ = 0.35367(1), andC′ = 0.31183(1) cm−1. Numbers in parentheses are two standard deviations in units of the last digit. Anomalous values of theArotational constant and the ΔKcentrifugal distortion constant are attributed to ana-axis Coriolis interaction between the 2ν2and ν6bands. The relative intensity of the 2ν2band is used to estimate the stretch–bend anharmonic interaction with ν1.
Virus-specific effects of interferon in embryonal carcinoma cells

Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are susceptible to infection by a variety of viruses, but do not become resistant to infection by Semliki Forest virus or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) on treatment with interferon. These observations have led to the conclusion that interferon does not induce an antiviral state in EC cells. We report here, however, that EC cells treated with interferon become resistant to infection by two picornaviruses and two ts mutants of VSV, whereas they remain sensitive to wild-type VSV, Sindbis and influenza virus infectin. These results suggest that a partial antiviral state is induced in EC cells by interferon and that the induced antiviral protein(s) interferes with the replication of specific viruses. A significant common feature of these viruses is their replication through structures containing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
Practicing elements versus practicing coordination: Changes in the structure of variance

ABSTRACT The authors explored effects of practice of a 2-finger accurate force production task on components of finger force variance quantified within the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis, VUCM, that had no effect on total force and VORT that affected total force. A variable task with graded instability was designed to encourage use of variable solutions. Two groups of subjects (n = 9 each) were tested prior to a 1.5-hr practice session, after the session, and 2 weeks later (retention test). Group 1 practiced 1 finger at a time, while Group 2 practiced the task with 2 fingers (index and middle) pressing together. Both groups showed comparable improvements in the performance indices. Both groups showed a decrease in VORT, while only Group 2 showed an increase in VUCM. These effects persisted during the retention test. The results show that practicing elements and practicing redundant groups of elements may lead to similar changes in performance (i.e., in the variability of the total force produced b...
Metronidazole-induced cerebellar toxicity

A 15-year-old girl presented with ataxia and dysmetria 7 days after beginning treatment with metronidazole for Crohn disease. MRI revealed bilateral symmetric T2/ FLAIR hyperintense lesions of the dentate nuclei (Fig. 1). The lesions did not show contrast enhancement or restricted diffusion. No other lesions were seen. The lesions resolved completely after metronidazole was discontinued (Fig. 2). Metronidazole is an antibiotic used in the treatment of Crohn disease and anaerobic-related infections [1]. Metronidazole-induced cerebellar toxicity is a rare complication. Patients often present with cerebellar symptoms, including
Genetic loss of insulin receptors worsens cardiac efficiency in diabetes.

Aims: To determine the contribution of insulin signaling versus systemic metabolism to metabolic and mitochondrial alterations in type 1 diabetic hearts and test the hypothesis that antecedent mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to impaired cardiac efficiency (CE) in diabetes. Methods and results: Control mice (WT) and mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted deletion of insulin receptors (CIRKO) were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (WT-STZ and CIRKO-STZ, respectively), non-diabetic controls received vehicle (citrate buffer). Cardiac function was determined by echocardiography; myocardial metabolism, oxygen consumption (MVO2) and CE were determined in isolated perfused hearts; mitochondrial function was determined in permeabilized cardiac fibers and mitochondrial proteomics by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Pyruvate supported respiration and ATP synthesis were equivalently reduced by diabetes and genotype, with synergistic impairment in ATP synthesis in CIRKO-STZ. In contrast, fatty acid delivery and utilization was increased by diabetes irrespective of genotype, but not in non-diabetic CIRKO. Diabetes and genotype synergistically increased MVO2 in CIRKO-STZ, leading to reduced CE. Irrespective of diabetes, genotype impaired ATP/O ratios in mitochondria exposed to palmitoyl carnitine, consistent with mitochondrial uncoupling. Proteomics revealed reduced content of fatty acid oxidation proteins in CIRKO mitochondria, which were induced by diabetes, whereas tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation proteins were reduced both in CIRKO mitochondria and by diabetes. Conclusions: Deficient insulin signaling and diabetes mediate distinct effects on cardiac mitochondria. Antecedent loss of insulin signaling markedly impairs CE when diabetes is induced, via mechanisms that may be secondary to mitochondrial uncoupling and increased FA utilization.
Effects of Starvation on Deltamethrin Tolerance in Bed Bugs, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).

Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., are a major pest in the urban environment. Their presence often results in physical, psychological, and financial distress of homeowners and apartment dwellers. Although many insecticide bioassays have been performed on this pest, little attention has been paid to bed bug feeding status, which is closely linked to metabolism, molting, and mass. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity of topically applied deltamethrin on insecticide susceptible adult male bed bugs fed 2 d, 9 d, and 21 d prior to testing. When toxicity was evaluated on a “per-bug” basis, there was no difference between 2 d [LD50 = 0.498 (0.316 − 0.692) ng·bug−1] and 9 d [LD50 = 0.572 (0.436 − 0.724) ng·bug−1] starved bugs, while 21 d starved bugs had a significantly lower LD50 [0.221 (0.075 − 0.386) ng·bug−1]. When toxicity was evaluated in terms of body mass, 9 d starved bugs had the highest LD50 values [0.138 (0.102 − 0.176) ng·mg−1], followed by 2 d starved bugs [0.095 (0.060 − 0.134) ng·mg−1], and then 21 d starved bugs [0.058 (0.019–0.102) ng·mg−1]; the LD50 values of 2 d and 9 d starved bugs were significantly different from 21 d starved bugs. These results indicate that feeding status plays an important role in the toxicity of deltamethrin. In addition, the lack of differences between 2 d and 9 d starved bugs indicate that the blood meal itself has little impact on tolerance, but rather it is some physiological change following feeding that confers increased tolerance to bed bugs.
Comparing glycemic control guidelines in diabetes care

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is reaching epidemic proportions nationally and globally. DM complications—such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, renal failure, amputations, diabetic neuropathy, and blindness—exert substantial emotional, physical, and financial tolls on the individual, as well as reduce workforce productivity. Objective: The goal of this article was to examine guidelines for glycemic control in DM from three national organizations and consider the reasons for their similarities and differences. Methods: The National Guideline Clearinghouse was initially searched for the list of guidelines related to DM. The most recent, relevant guidelines from three national organizations (the American Diabetes Association [ADA], the American College of Endocrinology [ACE], which is affiliated with the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and the Veterans Health Administration/Department of Defense [VA/DoD]) were selected and then accessed through journals or the organizations' Web sites. The bibliographies of the three guidelines were reviewed, and all studies relevant to the effect of glycemic control on diabetic complications were examined. A search of PubMed was also conducted (January 2000–July 2005) using the search terms diabetes, quality of care, VA, and US to assess the effect of the guidelines on clinical practice during the last decade. Results: Two landmark, randomized controlled studies and several smaller trials in the last decade have high-lighted the importance of tight glycemic control in reducing the incidence and progression of DM complications. Health care organizations may serve as liaisons between researchers and providers by developing specific recommendations and performance measures or goals for DM care, based on critical examination of the study results. Three national organizations—the ADA, the ACE, and the VA/DoD—periodically review DM research findings and expert opinions, and formulate clinical practice guidelines. Although all three organizations advocate tight glycemic control to prevent DM complications, they differ slightly in their chosen glycemic targets and their advice about applying these goals to all patient populations with this disease. Conclusions: All three organizations are takng the initiative to disseminate their guidelines for DM care to providers and patients. Clinicians and health care organizations are strongly encouraged to incorporate these guidelines into daily clinical practice and to assess their impact on patient care through continuous quality-of-care monitoring and provider recognition programs.
Thin layer chrornatography and histochemistry of Sudan Black B

Thin layer chromatography of commercial Sudan Black B on silica gel with chloroform-benzene (1∶1) as the developing solvent reveals two blue main fractions with Rf values of 0.49 and 0.19, SBB-I and SBB-II respectively. Furthermore at least eighteen secondary fractions or impurities have been found. SBB-I and SBB-II were isolated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography. Commercial Sudan Black B consists of about 20 p.c. SBB-I, 60 p.c. SBB-II and 20 p.c. secondary fractions. From spectrophotometrical and histochemical investigations it appeared that SBB-I stains lipids more pronounced than SBB-II; moreover SBB-I is more specific for neutral lipids than SBB-II, which fraction may also stain some proteins and acid mucopolysaccharides. Contrary to SBB-II the staining with SBB-I is fairly independent of pH. Finally, the colour of SBB-II changes under the influence of light and air, while SBB-I is much more stable. A physico-chemical study of the nature of SBB-I and SBB-II, including spectrophotometry, chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis revealed, that SBB-II is a basic dye, while SBB-I in spite of the structural resemblance behaves as a neutral one, dissolving therefore better in neutral lipids. As yet the chemical composition of SBB-I and SBB-II, and the relation to the scheme of synthesis of Sudan Black B has not been solved. The unspecificity of lipid staining by Sudan Black B is due to the basicity of SBB-II, and to the instability of this dye toward light and air. Moreover the some eighteen impurities may have some influence on the staining properties. The question of solubility or adsorption processes in the case of lipid staining by Sudan dyes is at least partially answered by the proposition of a dissolving fraction SBB-I and an adsorbed fraction SBB-II. The changing absorption spectra by the corresponding solvatochromic and metachromatic effects may give information about the nature of the lipids stained.
Prediction of Transient Behavior During Batch Incineration of Liquid Wastes in Rotary Kilns

ABSTRACT When containerized liquid wastes, bound on sorbents, are introduced into a rotary kiln in a batch mode, transient phenomena involving vaporization of the waste, and mass and heat transfer into the sorbent can allow a rapid release of waste vapor into the kiln environment, a displacement of excess oxygen from the primary flame, and formation of a "puff." This transient puff then travels to the afterburner and, if it is too large, can result in a failure mode of the incinerator system. Previous experimental work by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on a specially designed Rotary Kiln Incinerator Simulator has shown that, for liquid wastes, puffs are very easily generated, and that their magnitudes and intensities increase with increasing kiln temperature and increasing kiln rotation speed. This paper presents a theoretical model which was designed both to provide insight into why this is so, and to predict how the generation of puffs in general is controlled by waste properties, sorbent prop...
Polar SAT and related graphs

Abstract We introduce polar SAT and show that a general SAT can be reduced to it in polynomial time. A set of clauses C is called polar if there exists a partition C p ∪ C n = C , called a polar partition, such that each clause in C p involves only positive (i.e., non-complemented) variables, while each clause in C n contains only negative (i.e., complemented) variables. A polar set of clauses C = ( C p , C n ) is called ( p , n ) -polar, where p ⩾ 1 and n ⩾ 1 , if each clause in C p (respectively, in C n ) contains exactly p (respectively, exactly n) literals. We classify all ( p , n ) -polar SAT Problems according to their complexity. Specifically, a ( p , n ) -Polar SAT problem is NP-complete if either p > n ⩾ 2 or n > p ⩾ 2 . Otherwise it can be solved in polynomial time. We introduce two new hereditary classes of graphs, namely polar satgraphs and polar ( 3 , 2 ) -satgraphs, and we characterize them in terms of forbidden induced subgraphs. Both characterization involve an infinite number of minimal forbidden induced subgraphs. As are result, we obtain two narrow hereditary subclasses of weakly chordal graphs where Independent Domination is an NP-complete problem.
Effects of interferon-β on the translocation rate and stationary time in human fibroblasts in culture

The rate of translocation and the percent of the time that cells are stationary have been measured by computer-assisted time-lapse cinemicrography in over 1,000 freshly planted human foreskin fibroblasts (FS-4 cell strain) for periods of up to a week and the effects of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) on these parameters have been determined. Cells were planted at 2.5 X 10(3) cells/cm2 in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Frames were taken every 2 or 4 minutes and data were collected on both cell location and cell division as a function of time. After planting FS-4 cells require approximately 48 hr to reach maximum motility both with respect to the translocation rate when moving and percent time cells are moving. Recombinant human INF-beta (800 mu/ml) caused a marked increase in the fraction of time cells were stationary and a decrease of lesser magnitude in the translocation rate, as quantitated during the period during which the stationary fraction for control cells was at a minimum. IFN-beta also decreased the rate of cell proliferation, without any evidence of degeneration or death of cells. Our results contribute new evidence that the fraction of time cells spend moving directionally is an important determinant of their locomotory behavior and that this determinant is responsive to modulation by cytokines.
Vital staining of specific monoamine-containing cells in the leech nervous system.

Neutral red and several related dyes selectively stain certain cells in the ventral nerve cord of the leech. These cells are identical with those that can be shown by the FalckHillarp fluorescence technique to contain serotonin or a catecholamine; evidence suggests that the catecholamine is dopamine. Although the mechanism of staining remains unknown, it does not depend on active uptake of the dye. Stained cells in ganglia that were incubated for 12 hours in culture medium retained their normal physiological properties. Thus neutral red may be useful for locating specific monoamine-containing neurons in living nervous tissue.
Aerodynamic Considerations in the Design of Truss-Braced-Wing Aircraft

The paper describes a study of the effects of several key aerodynamic considerations on the conceptual design of minimum fuel / emissions, long range transport, truss-braced wing aircraft configurations. This unconventional configuration has a large benefit over conventional cantilever wing configurations. The truss system enables an increased aspect ratio with lower sweep, thickness ratio, and chords, thus exploiting natural laminar flow. The design problem is solved by an MDO process, which takes into account both aerodynamic and structural considerations. The paper contains several studies, each of which investigates the dependency of the design space on a specific aerodynamic parameter such as the extent of laminar flow on the wing, cruise Mach number, maximum cruise twodimensional lift coefficient, the supercritical characteristics of the airfoil, winglet influence, and intersection fairing design. In addition, various fuselage drag reduction technologies are investigated: fuselage relaminarization, surface riblets, tailless arrangements and Goldschmied apparatus. All of these studies illustrate large potential of the truss-braced wing along with additional drag reduction technologies, which may substantially decrease the fuel weight and vehicle emissions. The paper emphasizes the importance of appropriate wing section airfoils, which can satisfy various contradicting criteria of natural laminar flow, supercritical characteristics, high lift coefficient, and low drag coefficient. Finally, these studies illustrate the importance of fuselage drag reduction for a low induced drag, NLF aircraft like a truss-braced wing configuration.
Postenterectomy gastric hypersecretion in dogs: the relative importance of proximal versus distal resection.

Abstract In mongrel dogs with Heidenhain pouches, resection of the proximal one-third of the small intestine led to marked and significant gastric hypersecretion, resection of the distal one-third of the bowel was followed by less marked increase in secretion, and sham resection resulted in no change in secretion. Subsequent resection of the middle one-third of the intestine brought about further significant increases in gastric secretion whether preceded by proximal or distal resection. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the etiology of postenterectomy gastric hypersecretion is discussed.
A Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) Approach to Carboxyl- and Amino-Terminated Telechelic Poly(butadiene)s

Over the past several years there has been an increasing interest in the synthesis of polymers with low glass transition temperatures and reactive functional groups at each end of a given polymeric chain. They have found use as agents capable of modifying the thermal and mechanical properties of condensation polymers, in the formation of polymeric networks, and as components in the synthesis of block copolymers. Telechelic hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl poly(butadiene)s (PBD)s are excellent examples of such polymers that have been employed in the above applications. While these telechelic polymers can be synthesized through the radical or anionic polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using the appropriate initiating or terminating agents, there are several drawbacks. The average number of functional groups per polymer chain (F_n) can deviate greatly from 2 and depends heavily on experimental conditions, which are often demanding. Furthermore, varying amounts of 1,2-linkages are introduced during the polymerization, limiting the elastomeric potential of the resulting polymer.
Gender, authority and the ‘life’ of an eighteenth-century woman writer: Delarivière Manley's adventures of Rivella

Abstract Much of our information about the lives of eighteenth-century women writers comes from their own stories. This paper discusses how Delariviere Manley's fictional autobiography, The Adventures of Rivella (1714), is informed by structures of representation that grow out of women's social and economic situation in the early eighteenth century. Manley manipulates various forms of story-telling, using multiple narrative subjects to tease the reader and to place her own life story in a larger political context.
Practical considerations for implementing intrinsic fault recovery in embedded systems

Evolvable hardware provides a viable fault recovery technique for embedded systems already deployed into an operational environment. Typically the fitness of each evolved configuration in such systems must be intrinsically determined because imprecise information about faults makes extrinsic methods impractical. Most work on intrinsic circuit evolution is conducted in laboratory environments where sophisticated measurement equipment is readily available and frequency domain analysis poses no real problems. In this paper we argue intrinsic fault recovery for embedded systems has to be done in the time domain. We report the results of several experiments conducted to identify potential problems with determining fitness in the time domain for embedded systems. We also discuss the limitations embedded systems impose on GAs used for evolvable hardware applications and suggest some possible solutions.
Photochemical bleaching of oceanic dissolved organic matter and its effect on absorption spectral slope and fluorescence

Abstract Photobleaching of open-ocean dissolved organic matter (DOM) is typically treated as a removal mechanism; however, photobleaching also encompasses a poorly characterized suite of transformative processes. To examine the qualitative changes to DOM optical properties during photobleaching, 674 m N. Pacific DOM, concentrated and desalted by reverse osmosis with electrodialysis (RO/ED), was subjected to 68 days of continuous irradiation in a UV solar simulator. Approximately 84% of chromophoric and fluorescent DOM (CDOM and FDOM respectively) and 38% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were lost during the irradiation. Based on these results the concentration of photochemically refractory DOC in the surface pacific is estimated to be 27 μmol of carbon per liter. In addition, the spectra of the remaining CDOM and FDOM were shifted towards shorter wavelengths, a result which has important implications for the interpretation of fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) spectra because the relative positions of fluorescence maxima are often attributed to differences in FDOM source. Qualitative indices derived from CDOM and FDOM spectra for the irradiated deep DOM sample resembled those for surface waters of the North Pacific Ocean indicating that photobleaching has a significant influence upon the optical properties of DOM in the open ocean.
Centrifugal enhancement of retroviral mediated gene transfer.

Centrifugation has been used for many years to enhance infection of cultured cells with a variety of different types of viruses, but it has only recently been demonstrated to be effective for retroviruses (Ho et al. (1993) J. Leukocyte Biol. 53, 208-212; Kotani et al. (1994) Hum. Gene Ther. 5, 19-28). Centrifugation was investigated as a means of increasing the transduction of a retroviral vector for gene transfer into cells with the potential for transplantation and engraftment in human patients suffering from genetic disease, i.e., gene therapy. It was found that centrifugation significantly increased the rate of transduction into adherent murine fibroblasts and into non-adherent human hematopoietic cells, including primary CD34+ enriched cells. The latter samples include cells capable of reconstitution of hematopoiesis in myeloablated patients. As a step toward optimization of this method, it was shown that effective transduction is: (1) achieved at room temperature; (2) directly related to time of centrifugation and to relative centrifugal force up to 10,000 g; (3) independent of volume of supernatant for volumes > or = 0.5 ml using non-adherent cell targets in test tubes, but dependent upon volume for coverage of adherent cell targets in flat bottom plates; and (4) inversely related to cell numbers per tube using non-adherent cells. The results support the proposal that centrifugation increases the reversible binding of virus to the cells, and together with results reported by Hodgkin et al. (Hodgkin et al. (1988) J. Virol. Methods 22, 215-230), these data support a model in which the centrifugal field counteracts forces of diffusion which lead to dissociation during the reversible phase of binding.
An evaluation of two resin systems for restoration of abraded areas.

T reatment of noncarious lesions of the cervical region of teeth, resulting from dentifrice abrasion, has long been a concern in clinical dentistry. In a random snirrple of 10,000 extracted teeth, Sognnaes, Wolcott, and Xhongal found that 18 per cent showed evidence of cervical tissue loss. Regardless of whether lesions of nonbacterial origin are the result of softening of tooth structure by acid,2 improper brushing habits,” traumatic occlusion,’ or soft-tissue hyperactivity,” the problem exists and requires a solution. In the past, dentifrice abrasion usually has been treated by topical applications of fluorides or by the placement of metallic restorations. The latter necessitates further removal of tooth structure and may be esthetically unacceptable. More rccently. it has been proposed that a filled resin might be used for this purpose.‘; A conventional cavity preparation would not be used; but rather an acid etching tec~lmiclue lvould be employed to obtain a mechanical bond between the resin restoration and the tooth. However, only one study has reported on the efficacy of such ;I tcchnique.7 That was the purpose of this research, which involved both laboratory and clinical evaluations.
The cIII gene and protein of bacteriophage λ

Abstract The c III and c II gene products of bacteriophage λ control the lysogenic response through positive regulation of the viral repressor and integration genes and negative regulation of lytic functions. Although many aspects of cII action have been defined biochemically, little is known about cIII. As a first step in defining the molecular role of cIII in the regulation of lysogeny, we have determined the precise location and DNA sequence of the c III gene. In addition, we have identified the c III gene product as a polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 6000.
Laser balloon angioplasty: An optical and thermal analysis

Our theoretical assessment of laser balloon angioplasty (LBA) begins with a solution of the popular P1 (diffusion) approximation to the radiative transport equation to map the optical field in an axisymmetric, finite annulus surrounding an infinitely long hollow cylindrical vessel. The inner surface is irradiated by diffuse light at 1.06 μm and delivered by a spiral segment of fiberoptic positioned centrally inside an inflated balloon. The present model considers only a single layer of optically homogenous arterial wall because the hollow is presumbly filled with a non-absorbing and non-scattering fluid. The cylindrical enclosure collects reflected light and redirects it back onto the inner surface. Our model accounts for this ‘integrating’ behavior, unique to enclosures. Absorption of the laser light then raises tissue temperature. The resultant transient and spatial temperature distribution is calculated with an implicit Finite Difference algorithm based on the heat conduction equation. Multiple concentric layers, each with different thermal properties from the other, are considered. However, changes in optical and thermal properties with temperature, and thermal phase transitions have been omitted in the present model. Finally, the Arrhenius rate process integral is applied for damage calculations.
Vision and kinesthesis in spatial short-term memory.

This investigation examined the effects of different localizing cues on the precision with which subjects can recall the position of a target in space. The availability of the cues--vision, kinesthesis, or both--was varied during both learning and recall. Subjects (age range 26 to 58 yr.) placed the stimulus or watched it being placed. The stimulus was removed, and subjects replaced or indicated its replacement location. Results show a striking similarity of performance for all subjects and significant performance differences relative to the different cues. The results provide information about intramodal and intermodal visual and kinesthetic transfer effects and about the effects of unimodal and multimodal input in such transfer. Results confirm a dominance of vision over kinesthesis, i.e., "kinesthetic memory" does not provide as accurate localizing information as does "visual memory."
Impact of an antimicrobial utilization program on antimicrobial use at a large teaching hospital: a randomized controlled trial.

Background Multidisciplinary antimicrobial utilization teams (AUTs) have been proposed as a mechanism for improving antimicrobial use, but data on their efficacy remain limited. Objective To determine the impact of an AUT on antimicrobial use at a teaching hospital. Design Randomized controlled intervention trial. Setting A 953-bed, public, university-affiliated, urban teaching hospital. Patients Patients who were given selected antimicrobial agents (piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, or vancomycin) by internal medicine ward teams. Intervention Twelve internal medicine teams were randomly assigned monthly: 6 teams to an intervention group (academic detailing by the AUT) and 6 teams to a control group that was given indication-based guidelines for prescription of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (standard of care), during a 10-month study period. Measurements Proportion of appropriate empirical, definitive (therapeutic), and end (overall) antimicrobial usage. Results A total of 784 new prescriptions of piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, and vancomycin were reviewed. The proportion of antimicrobial prescriptions written by the intervention teams that was considered to be appropriate was significantly higher than the proportion of antimicrobial prescriptions written by the control teams that was considered to be appropriate: 82% versus 73% for empirical (risk ratio [RR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.24), 82% versus 43% for definitive (RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.53-2.33), and 94% versus 70% for end antimicrobial usage (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43). In multivariate analysis, teams that received feedback from the AUT alone (adjusted RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.27-1.48) or from both the AUT and the infectious diseases consultation service (adjusted RR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.64-3.19) were significantly more likely to prescribe end antimicrobial usage appropriately, compared with control teams. Conclusions A multidisciplinary AUT that provides feedback to prescribing physicians was an effective method in improving antimicrobial use. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00552838.