cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood: typical findings in an atypical disease

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (ANEC) is a disease entity seen nearly exclusively in East Asian children that is characterized by multifocal, symmetric lesions involving the thalami, brainstem, cerebellum, and white matter. We present a child who developed dramatic neurologic symptoms following a viral prodrome. Serial MRI examinations demonstrated characteristic lesions of ANEC, while laboratory analyses revealed evidence of acute infection with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6). We highlight the MRI findings in both the acute and convalescent phases of ANEC, discuss the implications of neuroimaging on the child's clinical course, and emphasize the integral role of the radiologist in correctly diagnosing this rare disease.
Cyclic AMP and adrenergic receptors in Gambusia affinis melanophore response in vitro.

In vitro responses of Gambusia affinis caudal fin melanophores to norepinephrine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol after incubation in Ringer solution and after alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade are consistent with the presence of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors on these cells. Mediation of aggregation is regulated through alpha receptors and dispersion through beta-adrenergic stimulation. Dispersion of pigment by cyclic AMP (cAMP), dibutyryl cAMP, and caffeine and acceleration of dispersion by simultaneous administration of either caffeine + cAMP or caffeine + dibutyryl cAMP are interpreted as evidence for mediation of dispersion by the cyclic nucleotide. Dispersion of pigment by ACTH and enhanced dispersion by ACTH + cAMP and by ACTH + caffeine suggest participation of the hormone in increasing cAMP levels. An increase in cAMP levels in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation is indicated by (1) dispersing action of 10−6M isoproterenol, which is blocked by simultaneous administration of the beta-adrenergic antagonist dichloroisoproterenol (DCI), (2) significant enhancement of the dispersing action of cyclic nucleotides, caffeine, and ACTH by simultaneous treatment with 10−6M isoproterenol or by previous exposure to 10−4M isoproterenol, which weakly aggregates pigment, and (3) abolition of enhancement of dispersion when cells are exposed simultaneously to 10−4M isoproterenol and DCI prior to treatment with dispersing agents. Prior exposure to norepinephrine prevents dispersion by both ACTH and exogenous cAMP, and inhibitory effects of norepinephrine are abolished when cells are pretreated simultaneously with the catecholamine and the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent dibenamine. These observations are interpreted as evidence supporting the view that alpha-adrenergic stimulation decreases cAMP levels and suggesting that, in these cells, it does so by enhancing phosphodiesterase activity rather than by adenyl cyclase inhibition.
Nature over nation: Tanaka Shōzō's fundamental river law

Abstract This article examines Tanaka Shōzō's fundamental river law (konponteki kasenhō) and the environmental philosophies of doku (poison) and nagare (flow), which Tanaka developed after his famous appeal to the emperor in 1901 and in polemic with the Meiji state's re-engineering of the Watarase and Tone watersheds. Although articulated in a Neo-Confucian vocabulary of principles (ri) and essences (sei) reminiscent of eighteenth-century agronomy and political economy, Tanaka's thought breaks from that tradition in identifying doku as both a conceptual and a historical intervention into the discourse on nature and as the key to understanding Japanese modernity. The result is a discovery of a natural freedom located in the environment and centered on the concept of nagare.
Hosing Instability in the Blow-Out Regime for Plasma-Wakefield Acceleration

The electron hosing instability in the blow-out regime of plasma-wakefield acceleration is investigated using a linear perturbation theory about the electron blow-out trajectory in Lu et al. [in Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 165002 (2006)]. The growth of the instability is found to be affected by the beam parameters unlike in the standard theory Whittum et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 991 (1991)] which is strictly valid for preformed channels. Particle-in-cell simulations agree with this new theory, which predicts less hosing growth than found by the hosing theory of Whittum et al.
Liquid Water Storage, Distribution, and Removal from Diffusion Media in PEFCS

Liquid water storage in the diffusion media (DM) of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is a function of design geometry, surface geometry, and operating conditions, and the DM, water storage, and can affect transient response, degradation via ionic contaminants, pressure loss, and freeze-thaw behavior. Neutron imaging was used to quantify the liquid water distribution in a PEFC under a variety of flow rates, humidities, and currents with paper or cloth DM. For a wide range of conditions, the paper DM held roughly 60% of the total water stored under the landings and the remaining 40% in, or under, the channels. The cloth DM had a nearly 50:50 channel to land liquid water distribution. From 0.2 to 1.0 A/cm 2 current conditions, the paper DM held 174% more water per volume of DM under the landings than cloth, resulting in a very high liquid saturation and eventual flooding. Increasing flow rate decreased the total liquid water content, mostly from removal of droplets. The residual liquid water under the lands was removed with increased flow rate more readily using the cloth DM, thus it was a more effective material for low power purge. Transient testing showed the time scale of significant liquid water accumulation is on the order of minutes.
Vestibular endolymph-producing epithelium. Electron microscopic study of the development and histochemistry of the dark cells of the crista ampullaris.

The dark cells of the ampullae have structural features that suggest that they may be engaged in the production of endolymph. They have a complicated folded membrane system resting on a basement membrane which resembles the cells of the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney and other sites of fluid secretion. ATP-ase can be histochemically demonstrated on the surface of these folded membranes. The dark cells develop in stages from a simple cuboidal epithelium during maturation of the inner ear.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie histologische Untersuchung der Schlafenbeine bei einem Patienten mit Pendreds Syndrom zeigte eine doppelseitige Missbildung des inneren Ohres vom Typ Mondinis.
Graphene-based reconfigurable optical antennas

In this paper, graphene-based optical antennas with reconfigurable responses will be studied. The proposed nano-antenna is originated from a broadband optical antenna. The proposed devices will be able to provide reconfigurable performance by exploiting the tuning property of graphene. Optical antenna is one of the most important optical nano-devices. Similar to the radio-frequency and microwave antennas, optical antennas feature the capability to manipulate near-field and farfield electromagnetic signals (at the optical frequency). In the past, optical antennas had been widely used in photovoltaics, sensing, imaging, and nanofabrication, leading to applications such as light harvesting, optical data storage, bio-sensing, and lithographic nano-fabrication.
Relativistic bound states of fermions and antifermions. III

We determine the eigenstates of the bound-state Hamiltonian proposed in the preceding article using the covariant Bethe-Salpeter (BS) formalism. The interaction Hamiltonian is the invariant direct four-fermion interaction, and we use the invariant cutoff function. We evaluate the two-body irreducible kernel, considering a very wide class of Feynman diagrams including the ones with the infinite order, which we approximate and express in terms of parameters. This kernel is expected to be adequate for the $S$-wave bound states. We then solve the BS equation for the bound state exactly. We derive in this way a set of eigenvalue equations, which is formally identical to the set obtained in the preceding article. There appears no difficulty in explaining all the observed pseudoscalar and vector mesons by adjusting the parameters in the eigenvalue equations. These mesons include $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}$, and all the way up to ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{C}$ and $\ensuremath{\psi}(3100)$. In particular we can achieve this fitting independently of the cutoff parameters. Assuming that $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ is also a two-body bound state of $B\overline{B}$, where $B$ is the underlying bottom fermion, we determine not only the physical mass of $B$ but also the masses of all the expected pseudoscalar and vector bottom mesons. The confirmation of these masses is to be considered as a strong support to this approach.
Giving them what they want: manipulating Argentine ant activity patterns with water

The invasive success of the exotic Argentine ant [Linepithema humile (Mayr)] is often closely tied to year-round availability of water sources. Previous studies suggest that the location of such water sources can strongly influence activity patterns of colonies and may be a key predictor of building infestations. We studied activity patterns of Argentine ants in relation to water and food resources in two open-air structures (aviaries). In one series of manipulations, ant activity inside the aviaries was significantly reduced with the placement of numerous water sources around the outside. Inside activity increased again when the outside water sources were removed. A second series of manipulations involved the placement of water sources at targeted locations outside of the structures. Ant activity inside the aviaries consistently shifted significantly closer to these targeted sites. The results suggest that providing a reliable water source to Argentine ant colonies exterior to buildings can be a non-chemical method of integrated pest management for reducing ant infestations. Independent of our manipulations, L. humile activity levels predictably declined with time of day, but these changes were uncorrelated with observed surface temperatures. In fact, activity was often noted at surface temperatures higher than those that cause worker mortality under laboratory conditions. This suggests that L. humile exhibits a consistent temperature-independent circadian activity pattern of reduced foraging in afternoons relative to mornings.
Bathing for Individuals with Epidermolysis Bullosa

Whereas bathing is an activity of daily living (AOL) that most of us take for granted, this is certainly not true for individuals with EB. Showering may anecdotally be quite painful for some patients with EB due to the pressure of the water on open wounds. Hence, bathing was recommended, particularly in the era of dressings that would adhere to the wounds, in order to soak them off. With more modern nonstick dressings, some patients prefer to have ‘‘dry dressing’’ changes and spraying of their skin; one advantage of this is that bacteria that might colonize one wound may not spread from wound to wound. In the United Kingdom, the Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association (DebRA) nurses advocate this method for newborn babies as they believe that it is easier for parents to change one limb at a time and that the newborns are less likely to kick the raw skin off the opposite limb, for example, when they are agitated. There has never been a randomized trial of bathing/showering or dry dressing changes in EB. Despite the significant pain associated with bathing there is very little in the way of research to document or quantify how this impacts EB patients. Most of the information in the literature addresses overall AOL, or some therapeutic modality to improve pain with associated procedures, wound care, or dressing changes. In 2004, Fine and colleagues 1 documented, through the United States–based National EB Registry, the percentage of EB children reported to be totally independent versus dependent for major AOL (toileting, feeding, bathing, dressing, grooming, and walking). Each activity was subcategorized based on subtype of EB (simplex, junctional, dominant dystrophic, and recessive dystrophic). With regard to bathing, 100% of dominant dystrophic and 46.7% of recessive dystrophic patients felt that they were totally independent for AOL, whereas 95.8% of simplex and 65.4% of junctional EB patients considered themselves independent. Not surprisingly, those who reported being dependent on others for AOL scored highest for the more severe forms of EB (26.9% and 26.7% for junctional and recessive dystrophic, respectfully), whereas those with the more mild forms were least dependent (2.1% for simplex). Of note, no patients with dominant dystrophic EB reported dependency. Other reports addressing bathing are mostly related to the safety of sedation or anesthesia. In 1999, Chiu and colleagues 2 documented the safety of midazolam, along with cognitive behavior techniques, 20 minutes before bathing in a 9-yearold male with nonlethal junctional EB. In 2007, Wu 3 showed that propofol and propofol with ketamine was safe and efficacious in 2 patients with ‘‘severe dystrophic EB’’ who required whirlpool baths for wound care. In their EB center in Denver, Colorado the authors learned from the guest editor of
Problem types in synthetic organic chemistry research: Implications for the development of curricular problems for second-year level organic chemistry instruction

Understanding of the nature of science is key to the development of new curricular materials that mirror the practice of science. Three problem types (project level, synthetic planning, and day-to-day) in synthetic organic chemistry emerged during a thematic content analysis of the research experiences of eight practising synthetic organic chemists. Project-level problems include the overarching purpose of synthesizing target molecules. Synthetic planning problems include both the retrosynthetic analysis of target molecules and subsequent development of synthetic pathway proposals. Day-to-day problems include the ‘hurdles’ faced in research laboratories while attempting to realize proposed synthetic pathways. Recommendations are made as to how understanding of the three problem types impact undergraduate-level organic chemistry instruction.
Neutrino-nucleus interactions

Inclusive electron scattering cross-sections in the quasielastic and resonance regions for few GeV electrons are well represented in terms of scaling functions and scaling variables, the so-called superscaling analysis (SuSA). The concepts of scaling of the first and second kinds and superscaling are discussed, as are several mechanisms which are known to yield scaling violations. Given the high quality of scaling for cross-sections at appropriate kinematics, it is shown how the ideas can be turned around to provide predictions for both charge-changing and neutral current neutrino reactions with nuclei at comparable kinematics.
Two Books for Juveniles

Book reviewed in this article: The Wonder Child & Other Jewish Fairy Tales: Howard Schwartz and Barbara Rush Magid Fasts for Ramadan: Mary Matthews
C-reactive protein, anti-C-reactive protein antibodies and clinical atherosclerosis

There has been considerable interest in the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and atherosclerosis. We have previously demonstrated that individuals, especially those with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, may produce antibodies to CRP. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the possible association between anti-CRP antibodies and atherosclerosis. A total of 103 individuals were identified with or without atherosclerosis, and without clinical rheumatic diseases. They were evaluated with respect to cholesterol, HDL, LDL, high-sensitivity (hs)CRP, and anti-CRP antibody levels, as well as use of statin medications. Individuals with atherosclerosis were much more likely to be taking a statin, and thus have lower lipid levels. However, there was no association between hsCRP or anti-CRP antibody levels with atherosclerosis, statin use, or each other. These observations suggest that anti-CRP antibody is not involved in atherosclerosis, and may represent an epiphenomenon.
mobilityRERC state of the science conference: Individualizing pressure ulcer risk and prevention strategies.

AbstractPressure ulcers (PUs) remain a costly and, often avoidable, complication of full time wheelchair use. Clinicians routinely evaluate PU risk to assist in selecting devices and interventions that may prevent PUs from occurring. Clinical assessment of risk can be evaluated in many different manners, both formally and informally and, typically, is based on combinations of demographic, disability and client-reported behavioral factors. Many of these factors add to PU risk because they impact the physiology and/or biomechanics of the skin and tissue. This article results from a presentation during the Wheeled Mobility Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center’s (RERC’s) State of the Science Conference in 2012. The presentation’s purpose was to present issues and concepts related to pressure ulcer prevention and set the stage for group discussion which followed the presentation. This article progresses through the current state of the science related to PU risk, starting with the tissue and cellular cha...
Determination of Surgical Robot Tool Force Requirements Through Tissue Manipulation and Suture Force Measurement

determine the requirements placed upon the design of novel robotic surgical tools. The break forces for a variety of suture sizes and types were evaluated including sizes 3-0 through 7-0 polypropylene, size 1 polybutestor, size 4-0 chromic gut, and size 6-0 braided polyester. Tests of the tissue puncture force and knot tightening forces were carried out using the same instrumented probe, while the suture break forces were measured using a tension testing machine. The measured forces were found to compare well against the literature and provide a good basis from which to design robotic surgical tools with the appropriate capabilities.
Enhancing Child Compliance with Nebulized Respiratory Treatment A Case Study

A 2.7-year-old developmentally delayed boy diagnosed as having chronic lung disease, severe hyaline membrane disease, and persistent pulmonary hypertension with interstitial emphysema was referred in hopes of modifying his refusal to wear a mask during nebulized administrations of Chromolyn. The child was prescribed four 20-minute nebulized treatments daily but resisted treatment and removed the mask by turning his head and pushing the mask away with his hands.A procedure was implemented to gradually teach the child that turning his head and pushing the mask would not result in mask removal, and that by wearing the mask he would receive positive attention. By the end of treatment, the child was consistently wearing his mask for the required 20-minute intervals. Follow-up at 3 months confirmed maintenance of treatment effects.
Exact Decoding of Phrase-Based Translation Models through Lagrangian Relaxation

This paper describes an algorithm for exact decoding of phrase-based translation models, based on Lagrangian relaxation. The method recovers exact solutions, with certificates of optimality, on over 99% of test examples. The method is much more efficient than approaches based on linear programming (LP) or integer linear programming (ILP) solvers: these methods are not feasible for anything other than short sentences. We compare our method to MOSES (Koehn et al., 2007), and give precise estimates of the number and magnitude of search errors that MOSES makes.
Production Characteristics of Striped Bass × White Bass and Striped Bass × Yellow Bass Hybrids

The potential for commercial culture of hybrid striped bass is promising in many areas of the United States. While several different striped bass hybrids are candidates for culture, differential performance has not been thoroughly evaluated. Comparative performance of two striped bass hybrids was evaluated in six, 757–1, fiberglass tanks receiving a continuous flow of ambient pond water for 397 d. Three replicate tanks were stocked with 50 fingerlings (66 fish/m3) of either striped bass female × white bass male (mean weight 23 g) or striped bass female × yellow bass male hybrids. Fish were fed a 35% protein ration throughout the study, and weight was recorded for all fish at stocking and at 21-d intervals. White bass hybrids grew significantly faster (0.94 g/d) than yellow bass hybrids (0.59 g/d). Survival to harvest averaged 65% and 44% for yellow bass and white bass hybrids, respectively. A significant difference from the expected 1:1 sex ratio occurred for yellow bass hybrids (100% female), but not for white bass hybrids (56% female). Mean condition factor, 1.63 and 1.39, and fillet percentage, 30.7% and 28.4%, was significantly higher for white bass hybrids compared to yellow bass hybrids.
Cloud and Radiation Variations Associated with Northern Midlatitude Low and High Sea Level Pressure Regimes

Abstract A global meteorological dataset, a global satellite dataset, and a radiative transfer model are combined to map the cloud types in low, near-normal, and high sea level pressure regimes in the northern midlatitudes, and to calculate the radiative balance in those regimes. The prominent cloud feature is a background cloud field that is present most of the time and is modulated by changes in dynamic regime. It consists of a low cloud deck, which becomes optically thicker in the warm seasons over ocean and in the cold seasons over land, and a population of optically thin middle-to-high-top clouds that is mostly middle-top in the cold and mostly high-top in the warm seasons. This background cloud field is modulated by the emergence of a population of optically thick high-top clouds in the low pressure regime and by an increase in the optical thickness of the low clouds in the high pressure regime. The top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave flux differences between dynamic regimes show that more sunligh...
Fortuitous Antixenosis in Transgenic Sugarcane: Antibiosis-Expressing Cultivar Is Refractory to Ovipositing Herbivore Pests

The ovipositional preferences of two stemboring pests, Eoreuma loftini Dyar and Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were evaluated in choice tests on transgenic sugarcane expressing Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and the corresponding conventional near- isogenic sugarcane. Differences in various host-selection indices indicated that both D. saccharalis and E. loftini preferentially laid eggs on conventional sugarcane versus the transgenic cultivar. A signif- icantly higher proportion of leaves per plant were allocated eggs on conventional relative to transgenic sugarcane plants by both D. saccharalis and E. loftini. In addition, larger proportions of both total eggs and egg masses laid by females were allocated to conventional (66 Ð71%) relative to transgenic (29 Ð34%) sugarcane, but the size of egg masses of both stemborer species did not vary with plant type. An oviposition preference index, computed as the ratio of the difference in egg loads (eggs or egg masses) allocated to transgenic or conventional plants and the total number of eggs laid, indicated that transgenic sugarcane plants were refractory to ovipositing E. loftini and D. saccharalis. However, differences in host-selection indices for transgenic and conventional sugarcane plants in D. saccharalis were associated largely with the presence of the transgene (i.e., plant type), while differences in E. loftini were associated largely with plant morphological characteristics related with plant type. The unintended antixenotic effects of transgenic sugarcane observed in this study are important because they highlight the validity of concerns over unanticipated consequences of releasing transgenic plants before intensive evaluation.
Protein turnover and energy metabolism of elderly women fed a low-protein diet.

The metabolic mechanisms of accommodation to a low-protein diet in elderly women were studied. Diets containing 1.47 (low) or 2.94 (adequate) g protein kg body cell mass -1 . d -1 (0.45 or 0.92 g kg body weight -1 . d -1 , respectively) were fed for 10 wk. Fed state leucine kinetics, fasted and fed metabolic rate, and acute-phase responses to a bout of exercise were measured. Leucine uptake into protein, breakdown, and acute-phase responses were not significantly different within or between diet groups. In the low-protein group, leucine flux and oxidation were lower after 3 wk and oxidation continued to decrease throughout the 10-wk study. When expressed per body cell mass, metabolic rate increased over time in the low-protein group only. Leucine oxidation was a more sensitive index of the adequacy of protein intake than synthesis, flux, metabolic rate, or acute-phase response. Am J Clin Nutr 1995 ;62 :40-8.
Olive Oil Consumer Research: Methods and Key Learnings

This chapter describes the application of consumer methodologies to the study of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Due to the multivariate nature of consumer behavior, both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to provide a more holistic view of the consumption behavior. A focus group technique showed that the diversity of the participants’ experiences with olive oil resulted in differences in existing perceptions regarding what constitutes an EVOO and the meaning of ‘extra virgin’ and determined how the combination of considered factors influenced purchase and usage motivations. A two-stage sorting task was conducted to identify American consumers’ opinions of 25 EVOOs based on visual assessments of the bottles. The majority of the consumers perceived the EVOO bottles similarly; however the two-state sorting task allowed consumers to provide additional criteria of their perception of the products. Means-end chain analysis on the interview data revealed common grounds for consumption and buying motivations with three different consumer segments. As part of the quantitative research methods, survey research was employed to identify consumer preferences and attitudes regarding EVOO. Univariate and multivariate approaches were employed to understand how hedonic scores are related to descriptive analysis measurements. Three segments were identified using cluster analysis; the three segments agreed in the rejection of bitterness and pungency. In general, the positive drivers of liking are nutty, tea, green fruit, and green tomato. Some consumers are less sensitive to the presence of defects in EVOO and tend to like defective oils.
Suppressing the Expression of Community Values in Juries: How 'Legal Priming' Systematically Alters the Way People Think

Legal systems that rely on juries assume that juror decision-making imports an accurate representation of community values and norms into legal decisions. Yet, rather than successfully importing community values into legal decision-making, the notion of "the law" itself may act as a unique cultural construct that primes jurors to unconsciously think in terms of shared implicit constructs of "law", "juror" and "justice" when in the legal setting. The author examined how lay decision-making changed in the United States and in China when dependent variables were framed as questions of legal impact. Results indicated that participants in both countries scored identical questions differently when questions were primed as legal questions, but that participants from each country were affected in opposite directions by the legal prime. American participants in the legal prime category made more culpable criminal judgments than participants in the non-legal domain, indicating that the legal context heightens culpability judgments for Americans. In contrast, Chinese participants in the legal prime category made less culpable judgments than in the non-legal domain, demonstrating that Chinese are more lenient in the legal setting than in lay judgments. The results raise the question of whether community values are truly reflected in jury decision making, or whether shared, primed notions of law and justice unconsciously overcome the influence of life experience and cultural diversity in decision-making. The author discusses whether implicit and prejudicial stereotypes may be systematically harbored in the American "legal culture".
An LPG-optimized engine-vehicle design

Optimisation de la conception des moteurs en utilisant un carburant GPL. Un moteur a melange pauvre promet de bonnes emissions a de bonnes performances
Laser-Induced Nuclear Orientation of 1-μs Rb m 85

Frequency-resolved laser-induced gamma-ray anisotropy has been achieved and used to measure the ${D}_{1}$ hyperfine structure of the 1-\ensuremath{\mu}s isomer $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}^{m}$. The magnetic dipole moment obtained is $(6.046\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$ and the isomer shift relative to $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ is \char22{}52\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9 MHz. The experiment was performed with a sealed cell containing radioactive $^{85}\mathrm{Kr}$ (3 mCi) and natural Rb(\ensuremath{\sim} 10 mTorr). This method is simple and convenient and promises to be of wide usefulness.
Antiviral Agents from Multivalent Presentation of Sialyl Oligosaccharides on Brush Polymers

Bioinspired brush polymers containing α-2,6-linked sialic acids at the side chain termini were synthesized by protection-group-free, ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Polymers showed strain-selective antiviral activity through multivalent presentation of the sialosides. The multivalent effect was further controlled by independently varying the degree of polymerization, the number density of sialic acids, and the length of side chains in the brush polymers. Optimizing the three-dimensional sialoside spacing for better binding to hemagglutinin trimers was of critical importance to enhance the multivalent effect and the antiviral activity determined by hemagglutination inhibition assays and in vitro infection assays. By taking advantage of their structural similarities with native mucins, these brush polymers can be used as model systems to dissect the intricate design principles in natural mucins.
4. Trees and Building Foundations

(1979). 4. Trees and Building Foundations. Arboricultural Journal: Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 419-425.
Learning from lost landscapes: a role for local history in suburban infill strategies

Infill development in inner suburbs is key to achieving greater urban sustainability. Where developers see opportunities in inner suburbs, there is the challenge of integrating denser construction into landscapes valued for their distinctness from central cities. This paper argues that planners and designers can create strategies for achieving context-sensitive infill by studying the historic form of older suburban downtowns. It considers a historically inspired approach to infill development in the Watertown Square area of Watertown, Massachusetts. It also discusses the area’s evolution through a review of Sanborn maps and historical planning documents, and proposes a design strategy for infill there.
Phase Separated Morphology of Ferroelectric–Semiconductor Polymer Blends Probed by Synchrotron X-ray Methods

Control of the domain size and morphology of ferroelectric-semiconductor polymer blend thin films is essential for producing working organic ferroelectric resistive switches that can be used for low-cost, flexible memory applications. However, improvements in characterization techniques that can selectively probe these polymers are still needed. The unique core-level absorption profiles of these polymers make synchrotron based soft X-ray techniques ideal to achieve contrast and chemical sensitivity between polymers and characterize thin film morphology. Transmission soft X-ray microscopy and scattering reveal that a phase separated structure exists through the bulk for a blend of a semicrystalline semiconducting polythiophene with a functionalized side chain and a well-studied ferroelectric polymer. Surface sensitive soft X-ray spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering suggest a potential enhancement of polythiophene at the film surface, and that the surface layer is more amorphous in character. This w...
Clinical Validation of a CXCR4 Mutation Screening Assay for Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Abstract Objectives Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a B-cell lymphoma characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes and plasmacytic cells in the bone marrow and by excess production of immunoglobulin M in serum. WM has been closely linked with the MYD88 L265P mutation. Whole genome sequencing has identified somatic mutations in the CXCR4 gene in ∼29% of WM cases with MYD88 L265P . CXCR4 mutations may interfere with treatment response to ibrutinib. The goal of this study was to design and validate a clinical assay to detect CXCR4 mutations. Methods Thirty-three low-grade B-cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation (23 MYD88 L265P and 10 MYD88 WT ) involving various samples types (fresh and formalin-fixed tissues) formed the study group. We designed and validated Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing assays to detect mutations in CXCR4 in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-approved clinical laboratory. Results We identified 8 cases with CXCR4 mutations, including 5 single nucleotide substitutions (3 resulting in p.S338* and 1 in p.R334*), and 3 insertion/deletions. Seven of 8 CXCR4 mutated cases were also MYD88 L265P mutant. Among the single nucleotide substitutions, we identified a novel missense variant (p.L326P) and a previously reported variant (G335S) of uncertain clinical significance. Conclusions We successfully validated a set of clinical assays to detect mutations in CXCR4 mutations in a clinical laboratory.
Incidence of Occupational Disease in Dongli District of Tianjin Gity during 1996-2010

[Objective]To understand the incidence and features of occupational diseases in Dongli District of Tianjin Gity in recent years,and provide evidence for developing occupational disease prevention and control measures.[Methods]The occupational disease report cards of Dingli District from 1996 to 2010 were collected for statistical analysis of occupation disease information.[Results] A total of 259 kinds in 7 categories of occupational diseases were reported.Pneumoconiosis,occupational poisoning,occupational cancer occupied 77.22%,10.81% and 10.04% of total cases,with most cases of pneumoconiosis.The cases in 2006-2010 occupied 63.7% of total cases in 15 years.The ratio of female to male was 7.9∶1,most patients aged 40～60 years(69.1%).Cases distributed in 10 industries,the top 2 were light industry(40.15%) and chemical industry(19.31%).[Conclusion]In recent years,new diagnosed cases have increased sharply.The main occupational diseases were pneumoconiosis and occupational poisoning.Occupational diseases distribute in many industries,therefore,prevention and treatment of occupational diseases permits is of great urgency.
Comparing Self-Reports and Official Records of Arrests

We compared measures of self-reported arrests and official arrests for 676young adults with a history of child abuse and/or neglect and 520 nonabusedand nonneglected controls matched on age, sex, race, and approximate familysocial class. Findings reveal considerable concurrent validity between thetwo sources overall. But there is also evidence of differences by gender,race/ethnicity, age at time of arrest, conviction status, and type ofoffense. Abused and neglected subjects did not appear to differ from thecontrol group in the extent of underreporting of known offenses, however,the groups did differ in the degree of “positive bias”—offensesnot found in arrest records. Abused/neglected subjects self-reportedproportionately more offenses not known to police compared to controls. Thisresult suggests that findings from previous studies on the relationshipbetween childhood victimization and later criminality, as measured byarrests, may have underestimated the magnitude of this relationship.
Newborn screening for Krabbe's disease

Live newborn screening for Krabbe's disease (KD) was initiated in New York on August 7, 2006, and started in Missouri in August, 2012. As of August 7, 2015, nearly 2.5 million infants had been screened, and 443 (0.018%) infants had been referred for followup clinical evaluation; only five infants had been determined to have KD. As of August, 2015, the combined incidence of infantile KD in New York and Missouri is ∼1 per 500,000; however, patients who develop later-onset forms of KD may still emerge. This Review provides an overview of the processes used to develop the screening and followup algorithms. It also includes updated results from screening and discussion of observations, lessons learned, and suggested areas for improvement that will reduce referral rates and the number of infants defined as at risk for later-onset forms of KD. Although current treatment options for infants with early-infantile Krabbe's disease are not curative, over time treatment options should improve; in the meantime, it is essential to evaluate the lessons learned and to ensure that screening is completed in the best possible manner until these improvements can be realized. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nudging Leads Consumers In Colorado To Shop But Not Switch ACA Marketplace Plans

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) dramatically expanded the use of regulated marketplaces in health insurance, but consumers often fail to shop for plans during open enrollment periods. Typically these consumers are automatically reenrolled in their old plans, which potentially exposes them to unexpected increases in their insurance premiums and cost sharing. We conducted a randomized intervention to encourage enrollees in an ACA Marketplace to shop for plans. We tested the effect of letters and e-mails with personalized information about the savings on insurance premiums that they could realize from switching plans and the effect of generic communications that simply emphasized the possibility of saving. The personalized and generic messages both increased shopping on the Marketplace’s website by 23 percent, but neither type of message had a significant effect on plan switching. These findings show that simple “nudges” with even generic information can promote shopping in health insurance marketplaces, but w...
Nomenclature of Organic Fluorine Compounds

The nomenclature of compounds containing one or just a few fluorine atoms follows common rules involving use of numerals or Greek letters for the designation of the position of fluorine atoms in organic molecules. A special nomenclature had to be created for compounds in which the number of fluorine atoms prevails over that of hydrogen or halogen* atoms, and consequently, regular names would have been cumbersome [35,36]. The same difficulty arose in compounds where all of the hydrogen atoms bound to carbon had been replaced by fluorine. Such compounds are called “perfluoro” compounds, and the presence of any hydrogen or halogen in the molecule is expressed by the corresponding prefix preceded by a numeral indicating the position of these atoms. The letter H or the prefix “hydryl” (not hydro) stands for hydrogen. The following examples should illustrate the practice: Open image in new window
Surface-enhanced near-infrared absorption on nanoporous gold nanoparticle array chip (Conference Presentation)

Near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy in the 1-2.5 μm wavelength range can provide chemical information based on the overtones and combination bands of fundamental vibrational modes in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. NIR absorption features are significantly broader and weaker due to the fact that the underlying processes are quantum mechanically forbidden. However, substantially lower water absorption allows NIR spectroscopy to be performed on samples with high water content, e.g., biological specimen and other in situ measurements, which otherwise restricts the use of IR light. However, small NIR absorption cross-section results in less sensitivity compared to measuring the IR fundamentals. In addition, NIR measurements are more challenging compared to in other spectral regions because of the lack of high-sensitivity detectors. To overcome these barriers, we propose the use of plasmonic nanostructures. Nanoporous gold nanoparticle (NPG-NP) array chip showcases tunable pore and ligament sizes ranging from nanometers to microns. The nanoporous structure and sub-wavelength nanoparticle shape contribute to its unique LSPR properties. NPG-NP features large specific surface area and high-density plasmonic field enhancement known as “hot-spots”. Hence, NPG-NP has found many applications in nanoplasmonic sensor development. In our recent studies, we have shown that NPG-NP array chip can be utilized for high-sensitivity detection by various enhanced spectroscopic modalities, as photothermal agents, and for disease biomarker detection. In this paper, we show the first experimental demonstration of effective and robust surface-enhanced near-infrared absorption (SENIRA) on NPG-NP array chip.
Primary and secondary prevention of colorectal cancer: An evidence-based review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer that affects one in three men and one in four women worldwide. Late-stage detection is associated with significantly lower 5-year survival rates. Although it is well established that CRC mortality rates have decreased in the past several decades, adoption of routine screening continues to lag behind screening for other common cancers such as cervical and breast cancer. The decrease in overall rates has been attributed, in part, to improved primary and secondary prevention efforts, including smoking prevention and cessation programs, nutritional counseling, and the use of evidence-based screening protocols, as well as access to better treatment. Despite the increased screening rates, it is estimated that at least one-third of eligible people do not receive appropriate screening. The objective of this review is to describe the current epidemiology of CRC and to demonstrate effective primary and secondary prevention strategies for the primary care provider.
CACTUS: Engaging Students Through a Campus Citizens’ Assembly

Can a group of civically engaged citizens, given adequate education and information, deliberate and reason together, and make informed consensual political decisions? This is the question posed by "deliberative democracy." Based on a variety of exercises from deliberative polling to citizen juries, advocates of what is conceptualized as not just a revitalization of democracy but a more advanced form of democracy, have answered in the affirmative.Can a group of university students, fulfilling general education, elective, or major requirements and working for a grade in a course, play the role of citizens and, given adequate education and information, deliberate and reason together, and make informed consensual political decisions? We have found that this is also possible as will be shown in this discussion and analysis of our five years’ experience with a three-credit hour course, “Citizens’ Assembly for Critical Thinking about the United States” (CACTUS). Originally created as part of our University’s Quality Enhancement Plan for SACS reaccreditation, CACTUS is modeled after the actual citizens’ assemblies on electoral reform convened by the governments of British Columbia (2004) and Ontario (2006-2007), which became the inspiration for subsequent, similar exercises in the Netherlands and Iceland. It differs from a typical simulation in that students are playing themselves as citizens rather than being assigned roles. Like its Canadian prototype, CACTUS is assigned the responsibility of studying a policy issue of contemporary importance and deciding whether a policy change is needed and, if so, what specifically that change should be. The semester is divided into three parts: 1) a learning phase involving typical readings, lectures, guest speakers, and exams; 2) a public hearings phase in which members of the campus community are invited to share their opinions with the Assembly; 3) a deliberation phase in which students work together to build two models for change, choose between them, and then between the chosen model and the current law or policy. They collectively write a final report that becomes part of the record on the University’s CACTUS web page and is sent to interested parties, and their recommendation is submitted to a campus-wide internet referendum.Our first topic, closest to the Canadian model, was electoral college reform. Since then, we have addressed the drinking age, the death penalty, war powers, presidential debates, and marijuana laws. The results have been both surprising and gratifying. In this paper we describe the process in greater detail including our experiment with an on-line assembly and a partial semester compacted assembly; we discuss some of the reasons behind the assemblies’ final decisions; we discuss some of the challenges of undertaking such a project at a large university and present some data based on pre- and post- student surveys. And we further explain why we conclude that the citizens’ assembly model may be a more useful tool for an academic setting than for the public government-mandated settings in which it was originally applied.
Transforming usury into finance: Financialization and the ethics of debt

This article examines the conceptual transformation of what was once considered usury into finance. To counter traditional arguments that usury was exploitative and unnatural, early modern theorists reconceptualized debt as a form of investment for both borrowers and lenders. Today, this ethical justification of debt as an investment underlies the rhetoric of finance and financialization. Close examination of the realities of contemporary financialized debt, however, reveal that much of this rhetoric is misleading and false. While the rhetoric of finance is unrelentingly oriented toward the future, the lived reality of debt is one of being constrained and haunted by the past. Relatedly, this rhetoric exhorts borrowing for investment, while finance has actually had the opposite effect of making consumer debt a necessity for the majority of Americans. Taken together, these realities of debt today contradict the rhetoric of finance as investment and undermine the ethical framework on which it depends.
Conformation and Electronic Aspects of Chlor promazine in Solution

High-resolution proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have been carried out on chlorpromazine base and hydrochloride, and related phenothiazine analogs. Complete unambiguous assignments were possible after the analysis of long-range spin-spin coupling, application of selective heteronuclear and homonuclear decoupling, and ultraviolet irradiation experiments. Negative stain electron micrographs of chlorpromazine hydrochloride showed aggregation of the micelles in water which were shown by NMR analysis to have gauche—trans side-chain conformation in water and chloroform. Selective proton line broadening was observed in chlorpromazine hydrochloride micelles upon ultraviolet irradiation. These results were consistent with a stair-case-like stack of the aggregate in which the ring nitrogen of one molecule interacts with the aromatic ring of the next; the side chains of contiguous molecules orienting in the same direction. In water, the phenothiazine portions of two stacks attract each other so that the side chains extend towards the outside of the micelle. A rationale is adduced for the gauche—trans conformation of the side chain based on the mutual repulsion of the aromatic protons adjacent to the ring nitrogen and the side-chain protons. In chloroform, aggregates are completed by joining two stacks of chlorpromazine hydrochloride via the lyophobic quaternary amines. A possible orientation for the iodine molecule in the chlorpromazine hydrochloride is discussed.