cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of ANOVA Models with Random Effects and Repeated Measurement Designs.

Understanding ANOVA models is often difficult because of the large amount of different experimental designs presented in applied textbooks.This article shows how different experimental designs arise out of the variation of three basic distinctions: block versus treatment factors, fixed versus random factors, and crossed versus nested factors.Once it is understood how each distinction influences the statistical analysis, the amount of experimental designs can be considerably reduced, because sometimes seemingly different experimental designs are essentially equivalent.This is shown by an example comparing a two-way analysis of variance model to a three-factor partially nested design.Furthermore, the way each distinction influences the statistical analysis of an experimental design can simplify the computational effort of the analysis because virtually every basic ANOVA procedure implemented in common statistical software packages can be used to fit more complex ANOVA models that are usually analyzed using ...
Toward Gene Therapy for Gaucher Disease

We are studying the transfer and expression by retroviral vectors of the human glucocerebrosidase (GC) gene into bone marrow cells as a model of gene therapy for genetic diseases of hematopoietic cells. A simple retroviral vector (G2) was developed that contains a normal human GC cDNA under the control of the Moloney murine leukemia virus long-terminal repeat (LTR) enhancer/promoter. Murine bone marrow was transduced with the G2 vector and maintained in long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC). Expression of the human GC gene in the transduced murine LTBMC cells exceeded the level of endogenous murine GC mRNA. Murine bone marrow cells were also transduced with G2 and transplanted into irradiated syngeneic recipients. High levels of GC gene transfer and expression were seen in day-12 CFU-S foci, and to a lesser extent in the hematopoietic organs 4 months after gene transfer/bone marrow transplant (BMT). Human bone marrow, from a patient with Gaucher disease, was also used in studies of GC gene transduction. Gene transfer into 35-40% of the Gaucher hematopoietic progenitor cells was achieved, following prestimulation of the marrow with recombinant hematopoietic growth factors. Equal rates of gene transfer were obtained using either total marrow mononuclear cells or progenitor cells enriched 100-fold by immunomagnetic bead separation. GC gene transduction corrected the enzymatic deficiency of the Gaucher marrow. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer for gene therapy of Gaucher disease. Current efforts are aimed at achieving more consistent in vivo GC expression in the murine BMT model and demonstrating transduction of pluripotent human hematopoietic stem cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Correlation of synthesis gas solubility in n-paraffin solvents and Fischer-Tropsch waxes

Abstract A correlation of the solubility of Fischer—Tropsch synthesis and product gases in heavy n-paraffin waxes is obtained with the Lacombe—Sanchez equation of state (EOS). The EOS parameters for pure n-paraffins are developed and correlated as functions of carbon number. Interaction parameters with the n-paraffins are determined from solubility data and expressed as functions of carbon number of the n-paraffin solvent for the gases hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, ethylene and ethane.
Microhabitat differences surrounding a pond affects the distribution of trematode parasites among a pulmonate snail community

Anthropogenic disturbance associated with clear-cutting and changing the environmental landscape can lead to distinct microhabitat structure surrounding aquatic habitats. The transmission dynamics of trematode parasites in their snail first intermediate hosts were examined to determine if these alterations affect trematode parasite distribution. This was accomplished by examining 2,771 pulmonate snails belonging to two species (Physa gyrina and Lymnaea columella) over a three month period in a pond surrounded by distinct microhabitats as a result of anthropogenic changes to the environmental landscape. Trematode parasite distribution in the snail first intermediate hosts was largely tied to the microhabitat preference of their vertebrate definitive hosts. Autogenic species were found further away from the center of the open microhabitat and allogenic parasites were closer to the centralized point, most likely as a result of habitat preference by their frog and waterfowl definitive hosts, respectively. Additionally, there was increased parasitism in the molluscan hosts at the edges of the wooded environments due to habitat overlap of autogenic and allogenic species hosts, indicating that microhabitat structure can have profound effects on parasite distribution.
Induction of trisomics by platinum diaminodinitrodichloride

Trisomics were produced in the pollen mother cells ofPennisetum americanum (L) K. Schum plants resulting from seeds treated with 10−6 M platinum diaminodinitrodichloride. On the basis of this preliminary study the relative potency of cis-PDD may be roughly equal to the well known plant clastogen, maleic hydrazide.
Efficient, proximity-aware load balancing for DHT-based P2P systems

Many solutions have been proposed to tackle the load balancing issue in DHT-based P2P systems. However, all these solutions either ignore the heterogeneity nature of the system, or reassign loads among nodes without considering proximity relationships, or both. In this paper, we present an efficient, proximity-aware load balancing scheme by using the concept of virtual servers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to use proximity information in load balancing. In particular, our main contributions are: 1) relying on a self-organized, fully distributed k-ary tree structure constructed on top of a DHT, load balance is achieved by aligning those two skews in load distribution and node capacity inherent in P2P systems - that is, have higher capacity nodes carry more loads; 2) proximity information is used to guide virtual server reassignments such that virtual servers are reassigned and transferred between physically close heavily loaded nodes and lightly loaded nodes, thereby minimizing the load movement cost and allowing load balancing to perform efficiently; and 3) our simulations show that our proximity-aware load balancing scheme reduces the load movement cost by 11-65 percent for all the combinations of two representative network topologies, two node capacity profiles, and two load distributions of virtual servers. Moreover, we achieve virtual server reassignments in O(log N) time.
Increased Persistence in Escherichia coli Caused by Controlled Expression of Toxins or Other Unrelated Proteins

Bacterial populations contain persisters, cells which survive exposure to bactericidal antibiotics and other lethal factors. Persisters do not have a genetic resistance mechanism, and their means to tolerate killing remain unknown. In exponentially growing populations of Escherichia coli the frequency of persister formation usually is 10(-7) to 10(-5). It has been shown that cells overexpressing either of the toxic proteins HipA and RelE, both members of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, have the ability to form more persisters, suggesting a specific role for these toxins in the mechanism of persistence. However, here we show that cells expressing proteins that are unrelated to TA modules but which become toxic when ectopically expressed, chaperone DnaJ and protein PmrC of Salmonella enterica, also form 100- to 1,000-fold more persisters. Thus, persistence is linked not only to toxicity caused by expression of HipA or dedicated toxins but also to expression of other unrelated proteins.
T-cell biology in immunotherapy

Abstract Objective This review discusses the current state of immunotherapy and how the CD4 T-cell response is pivotal in altering the allergic response. Data Sources PubMed literature review. Study Selections Articles pertaining to subcutaneous, sublingual, and oral immunotherapies, with specific emphasis on those describing the T-cell response. Results Although many drugs are available that help ameliorate allergic symptoms, the only intervention that has proved to provide long-term benefit and modulation of disease is immunotherapy. Many routes of immunotherapy are being pursued, including subcutaneous, sublingual, and oral immunotherapies; however, subcutaneous immunotherapy has the historical record of leading to immune changes that alter the immune response at subsequent allergen exposure. These changes are mediated by the induction of peripherally derived T-regulatory cells and appear to occur only after high-dose therapy for 3 to 5 years. Newer methods of sublingual and oral immunotherapies are currently being investigated, but their efficacy is not yet on par with subcutaneous immunotherapy. Conclusion The primary cells ultimately responsible for successful immunomodulation are CD4 T cells, specifically peripherally derived T-regulatory cells.
Envelopes of Passive Motion in the Intact Tibiofemoral Joint: An In Vitro Study

The kinematics (i.e. passive motions) of the knee are determined and constrained by the articular surfaces and soft tissues of the tibiofemoral joint [1]. Knee kinematics may be characterized by measuring the envelopes of passive motion which are described, for each DOF over a range of flexion, by the positive and negative limits of displacement about a neutral position, under a prescribed load. It is crucial to understand the kinematics of the intact tibiofemoral joint because the envelopes of passive motion could serve as a gold standard for validating computational models of the knee as well as evaluating the effectiveness of innovative and established surgical techniques. Therefore, the objective of this study was to define the envelopes of passive motion for internal-external (I-E) rotation, varus-valgus (V-V) rotation, anterior-posterior translation (A-P), and distraction (D) translation of the intact tibiofemoral joint.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
EXCIPLEXES AND THE FLUORESCENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENDONUCLEASE

— The family of fluorescence spectra obtained from the endonuclease of Staphylococcus aureus at temperatures from 140° to 230°K, when superimposed, show a unique intersection point at 336nm. This indicates that only two types of fluorescent species need be considered with this protein, a low-temperature form and a high-temperature form. Since the high-temperature form lacks fine structure and has a large Stokes' shift, the spectral observations are consistent with the notion that high-temperature fluorescence comes from a tryptophan that has formed a complex with a solvent molecule within its excited-state lifetime. The absorption spectrum and both of the fluorescence spectra indicate that the tryptophan, even in the high-temperature state, is in an environment with a low dielectric constant.
Nonequilibrium Behavior in Supported Lipid Membranes Containing Cholesterol

We investigate lateral organization of lipid domains in vesicles versus supported membranes and monolayers. The lipid mixtures used are predominantly DOPC/DPPC/Chol and DOPC/BSM/Chol, which have been previously shown to produce coexisting liquid phases in vesicles and monolayers. In a monolayer at an air-water interface, these lipids have miscibility transition pressures of approximately 12-15 mN/m, which can rise to 32 mN/m if the monolayer is exposed to air. Lipid monolayers can be transferred by Langmuir-Schafer deposition onto either silanized glass or existing Langmuir-Blodgett supported monolayers. Micron-scale domains are present in the transferred lipids only if they were present in the original monolayer before deposition. This result is valid for transfers at 32 mN/m and also at lower pressures. Domains transferred to glass supports differ from liquid domains in vesicles because they are static, do not align in registration across leaflets, and do not reappear after temperature is cycled. Similar static domains are found for vesicles ruptured onto glass surfaces. Although supported membranes on glass capture some aspects of vesicles in equilibrium (e.g., gel-liquid transition temperatures and diffusion rates of individual lipids), the collective behavior of lipids in large liquid domains is poorly reproduced.
Human Rights in Everyday Life: Partnering Human Rights and Service-Learning/Engaged Scholarship in Local Communities

This paper makes the case for integrating human rights and service-learning in the United States. After 50 years of invisibility in the U.S., the language and principles of human rights now form the basis for a national movement for addressing problems at the structural level, and as such, are deeply aligned with the goals and visions of the “critical service-learning” and “engaged scholarship” models. As U.S. human rights activities are based mainly at state, municipal and grassroots levels, they provide service-learning students with opportunities to directly engage the laws, principles and strategies of human rights in their own local communities. In turn, students’ enhanced knowledge of human rights principles and strategies for action can enhance linkages between community partners and global human rights networks. Ultimately, such partnerships transform both students’ knowledge and engagement of human rights and the engaged scholarship experience itself. Key words: human rights, service-learning, engaged scholarship,
On identification of FIR multichannel models using higher-order statistics

The problem of estimating the impulse response function of an FIR multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system given only the noisy measurements of the vector output of the system, is considered. The system is assumed to be driven by a spatially and temporally i.i.d. non-Gaussian vector sequence (which is not observed). The model order is unknown. The FIR N/spl times/M (N/spl ges/M) MIMO transfer function is assumed to have full column rank on the unit circle; there are no other assumptions. Higher-order cumulant matching is used to consistently estimate the MIMO impulse response via nonlinear optimization. Although it is known that the system impulse response is identifiable up to certain square matrix, no algorithm has yet been proposed in the literature without making additional restrictive assumptions. A previously proposed inverse filter criteria based approach (which yields biased estimates in noise) is used to obtain initialization for the cumulant matching approach. A simulation example is presented to illustrate the two approaches.
Role of Distributed Oxygen Addition and Product Removal in the Oxidative Coupling of Methane

Modeling and optimization of C 2 hydrocarbon production via the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) were studied. The model includes both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Focusing on the use of detailed reaction networks, previously validated experimentally, and the critical role of oxygen in both methane activation and product degradation, this work systematically explores the use of controlled oxygen addition and product removal schemes that improve OCM performance. Based on a plug flow reactor that is divided into N p stages, within which oxygen is added and/or products are removed, a rigorous optimization algorithm is developed that simultaneously maximizes C 2 yields and minimizes O 2 consumption. In the absence of catalyst and product removal, the C 2 yield is maximized at a fixed O 2 /CH 4 ratio, but this maximum yield is independent of the form in which the oxygen is added (cofeed or staged). When a catalyst is added, the optimal C 2 yields show only gradual improvements with oxygen distribution because the benefits of the lower oxygen reaction order on the catalyst are adversely affected by concomitant surface degradation reactions. The largest yield improvements are obtained when the C 2 hydrocarbons are removed at each stage before they undergo oxidation reactions. Thus, when staged oxygen addition is combined with product removal in the presence of a catalyst, C 2 yields as high as 87% are achieved in about 20 stages. Such yield values are consistent with experiments in which continuous product separation schemes have been used.
Experiments, quasi-experiments, and case studies: A review of empirical methods for evaluating decision support systems

Developers of decision support systems (DSS) often fail to present empirical data supporting the claimed merits of their systems. Discussions with developers indicate that they often do not consider or know how to perform the required empirical evaluations. That problem is addressed by reviewing the issues inherent in using experiments, quasi-experiments, and case studies to evaluate DSSs. The discussion revolves around the issues of reliability and four types of validity: internal, construct, statistical conclusion, and external. The discussion is focused upon but not restricted to expert systems. >
Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Microsurgery, and Expectant Management of Acoustic Neuroma: Basis for Informed Consent

There is diversity in the techniques and instrumentation used to perform stereotactic radiosurgery. The field continues to evolve rapidly, and improvements are being made in accuracy, effective radiation dose, and parameters necessary to maximize patient outcome. Stereotactic radio-surgery, like any other treatment modality, has advantages and disadvantages that must be discussed with a patient who has an acoustic neuroma or other skull base tumor. An informed decision to pursue observation,microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, or a combination of these methods must be made, and it remains the responsibility of the surgeon to provide a balanced view of the relative advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Polarized light propagation through sound and carious enamel at 1310-nm

A thorough understanding of how polarized near-IR light propagates through sound and carious dental hard tissues is important for the development of dental optical imaging systems. New optical imaging tools for the detection and assessment of dental caries (dental decay) such as near-IR imaging and optical coherence tomography can exploit the enhanced contrast provided by polarization sensitivity. Stokes polarimetry was used to monitor the state of polarization (SOP) and degree of polarization (DOP) of incident linearly and circularly polarized light as it propagates through extracted human whole teeth, thin tooth sections and single apatite crystals. These measurements at 1310-nm suggest that the DOP is maintained through sound tooth enamel and transparent dentin and that circularly polarized light is typically depolarized more rapidly than linearly light. Polarized light is rapidly depolarized by demineralized enamel and sound and demineralized dentin. The rapid depolarization of polarized light by dental caries in the near-IR provides high contrast for caries imaging and detection.
Melphalan-Induced Expression of IFN-β in MOPC-315 Tumor-Bearing Mice and Its Importance for the Up-Regulation of TNF-α Expression

We have previously shown that administration of a low-dose of melphalan (L-phenylalanine mustard; L-PAM) to mice bearing a large s.c. MOPC-315 tumor leads to up-regulation of TNF-alpha expression, which is first evident at the mRNA level at 24 h after the chemotherapy. In this study, we show accumulation of IFN-beta mRNA in the spleen and tumor nodule of such mice as early as 1 h after the chemotherapy followed by elevated production of IFN-beta protein. IFN-beta protein in turn was found to be important for the L-PAM-induced up-regulation of TNF-alpha expression, as neutralization of IFN-beta inhibited the L-PAM-induced up-regulation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression in MOPC-315 tumor cells. In addition, L-PAM failed to up-regulate TNF-alpha expression in spleen cells from mice in which signaling by IFN-beta is deficient. Studies into the mechanism through which L-PAM leads to rapid accumulation of IFN-beta mRNA revealed that it requires de novo RNA synthesis, indicating that the regulation is at the transcriptional level. However, it did not require de novo protein synthesis, indicating that activation of pre-existing transcription factors is sufficient for IFN-beta gene expression. The L-PAM-induced accumulation of IFN-beta mRNA was mimicked with H(2)O(2) and was prevented with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, indicating that reactive oxygen species are involved in the transcriptional regulation of L-PAM-induced IFN-beta gene expression. Thus, the IFN-beta gene is an early response gene that is activated in response to L-PAM via a pathway that involves reactive oxygen species, and IFN-beta in turn plays an important role in L-PAM-induced TNF-alpha up-regulation.
Terrorizing Attacks on Children by Psychotic Parents

Within the strategy of risk research, disaster is conceptualized as risk and situations are appraised in terms of their riskiness. Thus, with natural disasters, the site is chosen that is at high risk for floods, tornadoes, and earthquakes, and the sample of the population is evaluated with the expectation that they will be retested following the disaster. In this presentation, the calamity is man-made and the potential victims are the children of psychotic parents where the risk for developing psychosis in adult life is 10–15 times that found in the general population, but the risk of exposure to psychotic behavior is very much greater. Much of the earlier work on disaster appeared fixated on the horror of the situation so that controlled investigations seemed out of place (“statistics don't bleed!”). The research field is currently moving into a transitional phase intermediate between the anecdotal and the rigorous, but spanning both. Even aftermath research so far has not conclusively answered such questions as the similarities and differences between natural and man-made disasters in terms of the psychological response.
Immunovirotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma

We have recently described a new murine model of glioblastoma, generated by the implantation of syngeneic glioblastoma stem cells into immunocompetent mice, that recapitulates the salient histopathological and immunological features of the human disease. We employed this model to demonstrate the multifaceted activity of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus genetically modified to express interleukin-12, G47∆-IL12.
Enhancing the Therapy Experience Using Principles of Video Game Design.

Purpose This article considers the potential benefits that applying design principles from contemporary video games may have on enhancing therapy experiences. Method Six principles of video game design are presented, and their relevance for enriching clinical experiences is discussed. Results The motivational and learning benefits of each design principle have been discussed in the education literature as having positive impacts on student motivation and learning and are related here to aspects of clinical practice. The essential experience principle suggests connecting all aspects of the experience around a central emotion or cognitive connection. The discovery principle promotes indirect learning in focused environments. The risk-taking principle addresses the uncertainties clients face when attempting newly learned skills in novel situations. The generalization principle encourages multiple opportunities for skill transfer. The reward system principle directly relates to the scaffolding of frequent and...
Advances in pharmacotherapy : depression in the elderly : issues and advances in treatment

SUMMARY Depression continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. It is estimated that 1–5% of elderly persons who live in the community and 5–43% of nursing–home patients have major depression. Symptoms of depression in the elderly do not differ substantially from younger patients. Tricyclic antidepressants continue to be the drugs of choice in the elderly because of their long record of use with proven efficacy, known adverse effect profile and availability of less expensive generic formulations. The newer secondgeneration antidepressants, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors, appear to offer a major advantage of fewer serious adverse effects in the elderly. This review will highlight recent developments regarding the prevalence and treatment of depression in the elderly.
Rethinking Liberal Arts Skills in the New Economy

Liberal arts graduates can compete effectively for jobs in the current information-based economy. The literature overview of liberal arts advising is presented as is a discussion on the student skills needed for success in the new economy. Strategies advisors can use to help liberal arts majors develop new economy skills and specific suggestions for helping advisees market these skills to potential employers are presented.
Medication adherence communications in community pharmacies: A naturalistic investigation

Abstract Objective To describe the extent of pharmacy detection and monitoring of medication non-adherence, and solutions offered to improve adherence. Methods Participants were 60 residents of the Boston area who had a generic chronic medication with 30 day supplies from their usual pharmacy. Participants received a duplicate prescription which they filled at a different pharmacy. For 5 months, participants alternated between the two pharmacies, creating gaps in their refill records at both pharmacies but no gaps in their medication adherence. Participants followed a scripted protocol and after each pharmacy visit reported their own and the pharmacy staff’s behavior. Results Across 78 unique community pharmacies and 260 pharmacy visits, pharmacies were inconsistent and inadequate in asking if participants had questions, discussing the importance of adherence, providing adequate consultations with new medication, and detecting and intervening on non-adherence. Insurers rarely contacted the participants about adherence concerns. Conclusion There is a need for more structured intervention systems to ensure pharmacists are consistently and adequately educating patients and detecting/managing potential medication non-adherence. Practice Implications The present study calls for more attention to building infrastructure in pharmacy practice that helps pharmacists more consistently identify, monitor, and intervene on medication adherence.
Fan politics: dissent and control at the stadium

This essay delves into the theoretical and practical dimensions of political expression at the stadium. While previous chapters are organized around the form of media, this essay considers the breadth of media put to use to convey political sentiments. While the notion of sport as apolitical has surface appeal, the stadium has always been political, and provided that sport continues to aggregate tens of thousands of fans in an enclosed space, there is little hope of eliminating politics. The stadium offers the chance for average citizens to gain a voice and, I argue, the stadium is an important part of the public sphere. The chapter considers how the stadium is used for dissent in several contexts. In Italy, the stadium has long been a site of political expression while more recently, in Cairo and Istanbul, football fandom has provided the tools to directly confront the state.
Adaptive quality of service control in distributed real-time embedded systems

An increasing number of distributed real-time embedded systems face the critical challenge of providing Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees in open and unpredictable environments. For example, such systems often need to enforce CPU utilization bounds on multiple processors in order to avoid overload and meet end-to-end deadlines, even when task execution times deviate significantly from their estimated values or change dynamically at run-time. This dissertation presents an adaptive QoS control framework which includes a set of control design methodologies to provide robust QoS assurance for systems at different scales. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we have applied the framework to the end-to-end CPU utilization control problem for a common class of distributed real-time embedded systems with end-to-end tasks. We formulate the utilization control problem as a constrained multi-input-multi-output control model. We then present a centralized control algorithm for small or medium size systems, and a decentralized control algorithm for large-scale systems. Both algorithms are designed systematically based on model predictive control theory to dynamically enforce desired utilizations. We also introduce novel task allocation algorithms to ensure that the system is controllable and feasible for utilization control. Furthermore, we integrate our control algorithms with fault-tolerance mechanisms as an effective way to develop robust middleware systems, which maintain both system reliability and real-time performance even when the system is in face of malicious external resource contentions and permanent processor failures. Both control analysis and extensive experiments demonstrate that our control algorithms and middleware systems can achieve robust utilization guarantees. The control framework has also been successfully applied to other distributed real-time applications such as end-to-end delay control in real-time image transmission. Our results show that adaptive QoS control middleware is a step towards self-managing, self-healing and self-tuning distributed computing platforms.
Snap-Through of Arch Model Under Multiple Loads

This paper is concerned with the interaction effects of multiple loads on the snap-through instability of arches. Previous work by DaDeppo and Schmidt and by Huseyin involved two independent loading parameters. Several types of interaction curves were obtained by these authors for different arches and loads.
Towards contextualized models of spatial relations

We argue that Geographic Information Retrieval has a lot to gain from the creation of contextualized models of spatial relations that capture how human usage of spatial relational expressions is affected by contextual factors. We propose a framework to develop such models and discuss challenges.
Effects of auditory enhancement on the loudness of masker and target components.

Auditory enhancement refers to the observation that the salience of one spectral region (the "signal") of a broadband sound can be enhanced and can "pop out" from the remainder of the sound (the "masker") if it is preceded by the broadband sound without the signal. The present study investigated auditory enhancement as an effective change in loudness, to determine whether it reflects a change in the loudness of the signal, the masker, or both. In the first experiment, the 500-ms precursor, an inharmonic complex with logarithmically spaced components, was followed after a 50-ms gap by the 100-ms signal or masker alone, the loudness of which was compared with that of the same signal or masker presented 2 s later. In the second experiment, the loudness of the signal embedded in the masker was assessed with and without a precursor using the same method, as was the loudness of the entire signal-plus-masker complex. The results suggest that the precursor does not affect the loudness of the signal or the masker alone, but enhances the loudness of the signal in the presence of the masker, while leaving the loudness of the surrounding masker unaffected. The results are consistent with an explanation based on "adaptation of inhibition" [Viemeister and Bacon (1982). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71, 1502-1507].
Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. V. Phylogenetic relationships in the Boletales inferred from LSU rDNA sequences

The phylogenetic relationship between Al- pova, Chroogomphus, Gomphidius, Rhizopogon, Suil- lus, and Truncocolumella and their placement in the Boletales was tested through maximum parsimony analyses of large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA se- quences. Taxon sampling included representatives of the genera Alpova, Boletellus, Boletus, Chroogomphus, Gomphidius, Melanogaster, Paragyrodon, Phylloporus, Rhizopogon, Suillus, Truncocolumella, Tylopilus, and Xerocomus, as well as species from the Agaricales, Rus- sulales, and Polyporales. The order Boletales was strongly supported as monophyletic. Furthermore, within this order, two major groups emerged: the bol- etoid radiation and a Melanogastraceae/Paragyrodon sphaerosporus paraphyletic assemblage, and the suil- loid radiation. The boletoid radiation and a Melan- both within and outside the suilloid radiation. Within the suilloid radiation, Suillus was inferred to be more closely related to Truncocolumella citrina and the Gomphidiaceae than to Rhizopogon, suggesting a more distant relationship between Suillus and Rhi- zopogon than previously hypothesized. Rhizopogon was not supported as monophyletic, although its mono- phyly could not be rejected by the data. Alpova oli- vaceotinctus grouped within the genus Rhizopogon, consistent with previous classifications, and is re- turned to that genus.
A Reassessment of Fray Angelico Chavez's Fiction

Fray Angelico Chavez has had a long and remarkably distinguished career as a man of letters. A retired Franciscan now in his seventies, Chavez has proven himself a capable historian and scholar with Origins of New Mexico Families in the Spanish Colonial Period (1954), Archives of the Santa Fe Archdiocese (1957), Coronado's Friars (1968), My Penitente Land (1974), and most recently, But Time and Chance: The Story of Padre Martinez of Taos (1981). Over a period of over forty years, Chavez has published five volumes of poetry, and one volume, The Virgin of Port Lligat, was recognized as a "very commendable achievement" by T. S. Eliot.1 During these prolific decades, he has also written a good deal of short fiction. Many of Chavez's stories appear in two collections New Mexico Triptych (1940) and From an Altar Screen: Tales from New Mexico (1957). Other stories remain hidden away in various journals, as well as church magazines such as the St. Anthony Messenger and Sodalist where Chavez published regularly in the thirties and forties. In addition to these publications, there is a wealth of miscellaneous material historical articles, biographical profiles, contributions to other books, scores of book reviewsfor which Chavez deserves credit.2
NGOs, INGOs, and Environmental Policy Reform, 1970–2010

We examine the effects of domestic and international environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on pro-environmental policy adoption using cross-national data. We address three views: (1) a bottom-up perspective, prioritizing the role of domestic NGOs; (2) an interaction imagery, stressing alliances or reinforcing pressures between domestic and international NGOs; (3) a top-down view, emphasizing the part of international NGOs. We use event history analysis to model the cross-national adoption of three major pro-environmental policy reforms between 1970 and 2010: omnibus environmental laws, environmental impact assessment reporting requirements, and national environmental ministries. Results show that international NGOs are strongly associated with pro-environmental reforms, with very large effects. By contrast, domestic NGOs are generally not associated with policy adoption in global analyses. In a subsample of democratic countries, we find smaller effects of domestic NGOs for some outcomes. We find no evidence that international NGOs amplify the effects of domestic ones. While there are compelling historical examples of bottom-up and interaction processes, the broad pattern of environmental policy adoption across the world is better explained by global rather than domestic organizational dynamics.
Fluorinated pyrimidines. XXVI. Mammalian thymidylate synthetase: its mechanism of action and inhibition by fluorinated nucleotides.

Thymidylate synthetase from Ehrlich ascites carcinomna cells has been assayed by a spectrophotometric method, and several new properties of this enzyme have been discovered. Thymidylate produces a weak noncompetitive product inhibition and mercaptoethanol stimulates the enzyme activity, whereas formaldehyde must be present within a specific concentration range if maximal enzyme activity is to occur. In addition, the results of initial velocity and product-inhibition kinetic studies as well as those of experiments designed to study the kinetics of the inhibition produced by 5-fluoro-29-deoxyuridine 59-monophosphate and 5-trifluoromethyl-29-deoxyuridine 59-monophosphate made it possible to elucidate the mechanism of action of thymidylate synthetase. The mechanism is ordered and sequential, such that 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate interacts with the enzyme before deoxyuridylate, and thymidylate leaves before dihydrofolate. Furthermore, a mechanism without central complexes has been eliminated. 5-Trifluoromethyl-29-deoxyuridine 59-monophosphate, unlike 5-fluoro-29-deoxyuridine 59-monophosphate, exhibits the ability to combine slowly with the enzyme in an irreversible fashion.
Effect of Siloxane Ring Strain and Cation Charge Density on the Formation of Coordinately Unsaturated Metal Sites on Silica: Insights from Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies

Amorphous silica (SiO2) is commonly used as a support in heterogeneous catalysis. However, because of the structural disorder and temperature-induced change of surface morphology, the structures of silica-supported metal catalysts are difficult to determine. Most studies are primarily focused on understanding the interactions of different types of surface hydroxyl groups with metal ions. In comparison, the effect of siloxane ring size on the structure of silica-supported metal catalysts and how it affects catalytic activity is poorly understood. Here, we have used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the effect of siloxane ring strain on structure and activity of different monomeric Lewis acid metal sites on silica. In particular, we have found that large siloxane rings favor strong dative bonding interaction between metal ion and surface hydroxyls, leading to the formation of high-coordinate metal sites. In comparison, metal–silanol interaction is weak in small siloxane rings, resul...
The Crying of Lot 49 and "The Shadow"

Early on in Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49, the narrator presents a scene that reveals Pierce Inverarity's penchant for playing that mysterious hero of pulps, radio, motion pictures, and comic books and strips: The Shadow. In his best Lamont Cranston voice, Pierce, spurned by his one-time lover, Oedipa Maas, concludes a phone call to her with the ominous warning that she and her husband Mucho can expect "A little visit from the Shadow." Although the Shadow himself neither appears in the novel nor is ever mentioned again, this brief allusion is far from gratuitous. Rather, like the countless other references to pop characters in this novel and Pynchon's V. and Gravity's Rainbow, this allusion to the Shadow enriches the thematic texture of The Crying of Lot 49.
Urogenital Problems in the Neonatal Foal

The common conditions affecting the urogenital tract of the neonatal foal and their medical and surgical management are described. Early recognition and treatment of serious abnormalities are necessary for a successful outcome in the equine neonate.
A Substitutional Theory

Considering later developments in the field, two aspects of Bolzano’s semantics are particularly significant: his definition of Ableitbarkeit and his definition of “logical analyticity”. The first — Bolzano’s attempt at an analysis of statements of the form ‘if…, then…’ — has often been compared to Tarski’s notion of logical consequence, and as we will see in Chapter 6, there are good reasons to maintain the comparison. The second anticipates the Quinean definition of logical truth and will be discussed in some detail in the next chapter. Both notions are common themes in the literature. Yet, important features of both have been neglected. Consequently, their role in Bolzano’s theory has often been misunderstood with the upshot that crucial aspects of Bolzano’s theory as a whole have been completely overlooked. The concern that is at the core of virtually every discussion of Bolzano’s substitutional method is that the latter does not deliver the kind of results one would reasonably expect when it comes to defining analyticity and consequence and, in particular, that it does not account for the kind of epistemic and metaphysical necessity those notions are assumed to carry with them.
Reporting and Accreditation of Cardiac CT

Reporting of cardiac CT scans is a process involving the appropriate indications, patient characteristics, description of protocols, recognition of artifacts and concise communication regarding findings at the conclusion of the test. The necessary elements for successful reporting will be reviewed. The utilization of standards with regard to these reports will be emphasized. Available resources to improve successful reporting are noted. Just as as appropriate test selection and patient preparation are important aspects of a quality laboratory, the report is the final element of this process.
Language Ideologies and Rhetorical Structures in Bilingual Education Policy and Research: Richard Ruiz's 1984 Discursive Turn.

ABSTRACTRichard Ruiz wrote “Orientations in Language Planning” in 1984, and it became an influential article in several language disciplines. How is it that this article became so popular and had such lasting impact? In order to answer this question, I undertook to understand the language political scene at the time, looked at his contribution within a continuing public dialogue, and assessed the impact of his contribution since 1984. Using methods from the history of ideas, testimonio, and rhetoric studies, I contextualized the article, analyzed its rhetorical structure, its impact over 30 years, and how it is currently being used in research and schooling. I found that a combination of factors contributed to its impact and lasting importance. It identified and focused on a critical juncture in the language planning field, thus promoting meta-model building in the field. His three orientations allowed for a political vocabulary for those in support of bilingual education. His timing of the article was ke...
Exploring stakeholder experiences of interprofessional teamwork in sex development outpatient clinics.

Adopting an interprofessional team approach to care of the child with rare conditions that can affect sex development (DSD) has been advocated by a consensus document within the last decade. In the United Kingdom, the approach appears orientated towards an interprofessional model with the integration of separate professions working in single consultations with families working collaboratively to focus on care using a person and family-centred lens. This concurrent mixed-methods UK study using questionnaires, observation, and interviews aimed to examine professionals’, patients’, and parents’ expectations and interactions during DSD clinic. In adapting a model of patient and family-centred care, we were able to analyse the dimensions of care at the micro-, meso-, and macro-level. The micro captured the unique nature of the bio-psychosocial aspects of DSD, professional capabilities, and communication. The meso examined shared learning and objective setting as well as aspects of knowledge translation. The macro focused on the operational aspects and the emancipatory knowing embedded within DSD care. Complete data from participants (n = 105) were analysed from 47 outpatient clinical consultations and are reported as numerical data, tables, and participants’ voices. Interestingly, all participants identified topics or concerns that were absent in the dialogues during consultation. Our findings informed the adaptation of a patient-focused model, thereby supporting the development of the concept of patient-centeredness, integration, and collaboration. This framework may serve as a platform, embedding existing evaluative tools and acknowledging the patient and professional partnership necessary in DSD care.
A Quantum Brain Version of the Quantum Bayesian Solution to the Measurement Problem

Quantum Bayesianism makes conventional assumptions about conscious experience and the world, which are “deconstructed” here. Conscious experience is succeeded by Heideggerian Existenz as world-thrownness. But unlike Heidegger, Existenz is conceived as a monadological dis-closure in the other-tuned, self-tuned and past-tuned “between” of the quantum thermo field brain’s dual mode vacuum state. The wave function is identified with Bayesian expectation conceived as the brain’s “self-tuning” capability subject to informative modification. Physical reality is never worldly but quantum at all scales. Worlds are disclosed only in monadological parallel in the quantum brain’s tuned between. This version of Quantum Bayesianism offers a novel solution to the measurement problem.
Peptide drug delivery into the central nervous system

The microvasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by tight junctions between the endothelial cells and, thus, behaves as a continuous lipid bilayer that prevents the passage of polar and lipid-insoluble substances such as peptides. Highly active enzymes expressed in the morphological compontents of the microcirculation also represent a metabolic component that contributes to the homeostatic balance of the CNS. Peptides generally cannot enter the brain and spinal cord from the circulating blood because they are highly polar and lipid insoluble, metabolically unstable, and active transport systems only exist for very few of them in this membraneous barrier separating the systemic circulation from the interstitital fluid of the CNS. This blood-brain barrier is, therefore, the major obstacle to peptide-based drugs that are potentially useful for combating diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord. This review discusses and critically evaluates invasive, chemical-enzymatic (prodrug and chemical delivery/targeting system) and biological carrier-based approaches to overcome the blood-brain barrier for these highly active and versatile molecules that are very attractive as a future generation of neuropharmaceuticals.
New polycrystalline modeling as applied to textured steel sheets

Abstract It has been long recognized that the preferred orientation of the grains, arising from processing of metallic materials, result in anisotropic plastic behavior. An accurate assessment of the resulting macroscopic plastic anisotropy is thus essential in predicting the mechanical performance of alloys. This paper presents a new approach for modeling polycrystalline behavior. A key aspect in the formulation is the use of the single-crystal yield criterion recently developed by Cazacu et al., 2017 for the description of the plastic properties of the constituent grains. The capabilities of the polycrystalline model in predicting the directionality of macroscopic tensile properties are illustrated by comparing the theoretical predictions with mechanical data on steel sheets of various textures. There is a good agreement between experimental and theoretical predictions.
Exposure to BMAA mirrors molecular processes linked to neurodegenerative disease.

The goal of this study is to investigate the molecular pathways perturbed by in vitro exposure of beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) to NSC-34 cells via contemporary proteomics. Our analysis of differentially regulated proteins reveals significant enrichment (p < 0.01) of pathways related to ER stress, protein ubiquitination, the unfolded protein response, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Upstream regulator analysis indicates that exposure to BMAA induces activation of transcription factors (X-box binding protein 1; nuclear factor 2 erythroid like 2; promyelocytic leukemia) involved in regulation of the UPR, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence. Furthermore, the authors examine the hypothesis that BMAA causes protein damage via misincorporation in place of L-Serine. The authors are unable to detect misincorporation of BMAA into protein via analysis of cellular protein, secreted protein, targeted detection of BMAA after protein hydrolysis, or through the use of in vitro protein translation kits.