cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remedies for product counterfeiting

Ronald F. Bush is a professor and chairperson of the department of economics and marketing, University of West Florida, Pensacola. Peter H. Bloch is an associate professor in the School of Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Scott Dawson is an assistant professor of marketing at Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of James L. Bikoff, formerly ~resident of the International Antiounterfeiting Coalition and presently a partner in the law firm of Baker and Hostetler, Washington, D.C. Product counterfeiting continues to affect many businesses around the world. Unchecked, it could affect the world's economy as well.
Synthesis and infectivity of vesicular stomatitis virus containing nonglycosylated G protein

The replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is inhibited by tunicamycin (TM), an antibiotic that blocks the formation of N-acetylglucosaminelipid intermediates. We had shown previously that the viral glycoprotein (G) synthesized in cells treated with TM is not glycosylated and is not found on the outer surface of the cell plasma membrane. In this report, we shown that cells exposed to TM produce a low yield of infectious particles. The yield is increased when the temperature during infection is lowered from 37 to 30 degrees C. At 30 degrees C in the presence of TM, both wild-type VSV and the temperature-sensitive mutant ts045 produce particles that do not bind to concanavalin A Sepharose and contain only the nonglycosylated form of G. These particles have a specific infectivity (pfu/cpm) comparable to that of VSV containing glycosylated G.
Aeroacoustic Noise Measurements of a Wind Turbine with BSDS Blades using an Acoustic Array

Environmental noise restrictions play a role in the performance of wind turbines and the dominant source of noise on modern turbines is aeroacoustic noise produced by the blades. A 32 sensor acoustic array has been developed in cooperation between the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the University of Colorado to conduct measurements of aeroacoustic noise from a 100 kW wind turbine. The array is capable of broadband measurements from 125 Hz to 8 kHz and can locate noise sources with a spatial resolution of 2 meters. Successful noise measurements have been made on a 36.4 meter hub height wind turbine at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) in Colorado. Currently the array is deployed at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Bushland, Texas. Sandia National Laboratories is field testing the BSDS blades on a 23 meter hub height turbine and the array is being used to study their noise signature. Trailing edge noise near the blade tip has traditionally been the focus of acoustic array field experiments, but a goal of this test campaign is to observe the inboard sections of the blades as well as the tip region. The many challenges in designing an array for broadband analysis of small wind turbines using a limited number of sensors are presented here along with an overview of the general design process. Initial results from the Bushland, TX field measurements are provided including analysis of low frequency inboard blade noise and higher frequency noise near the blade tip. Noise near the blade tip is strongest on the downward half cycle of rotation as expected, while the inboard noise is present at all rotor azimuth angles.
A convenient procedure for the preparation of fully-protected C-terminal glycopeptides

Abstract The acetic acid catalyed reaction of the free amine form of a glycosylated serine ester with amino acids or peptides built-up on a Kaiser-DeGrado polystyrene benzophenone oxime resin affords C-terminal glycopeptides in a fully-protected form suitable for further chemical manipulation.
Superoxide dismutase is preferentially degraded by a proteolytic system from red blood cells following oxidative modification by hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract The cupro-zinc enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) undergoes an irreversible (oxidative) inactivation when exposed to its product, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Recent studies have shown that several oxidatively modified proteins (e.g., hemoglobin, albumin, catalase, etc.) are preferentially degraded by a novel proteolytic pathway in the red blood cell. We report that bovine SOD is oxidatively inactivated by exposure to H 2 O 2 , and that the inactivated enzyme is selectively degraded by proteolytic enzymes in cell-free extracts of bovine erythrocytes. For example, 95% inactivation of SOD by 1.5 mM H 2 O 2 was accompanied by a 106 fold increase in the proteolytic susceptibility of the enzyme during (a subsequent) incubation with red cell extract. Both SOD inactivation and proteolytic susceptibility increased with H 2 O 2 concentration and/or time of exposure to H 2 O 2 . Pre-incubation of red cell extracts with metal chelators, serine reagents, or sulfhydryl reagents inhibited the (subsequent) preferential degradation of H 2 O 2 -modified SOD. Furthermore, a slight inhibition of degradation was observed with the addition of ATP. We suggest that H 2 O 2 -inactivated SOD is recognized and preferentially degraded by the same. ATP-independent, metallo- serine- and sulfyhydryl- proteinase pathway which degrades other oxidatively denatured red cell proteins. Related work in this laboratory suggests that this novel proteolytic pathway may actually consist of a 700 kDa enzyme complex of proteolytic activities. Mature red cells have no capacity for de novo proteins synthesis but do have extremely high concentrations of SOD. Red cell SOD generates (and is, therefore, exposed to) H 2 O 2 on a continuous basis, by dismutation of superoxide (from hemoglobin autooxidation and the interaction of hemoglobin with numerous xenobiotics). We suggest that preferential degradation of H 2 O 2 -modified SOD may protect erythrocytes against the accumulation of oxidatively denatured SOD aggregates, and potentially toxic protein fragments.
Training Medical Students in Research: The DeBakey Scholars Program at Tulane University School of Medicine

Introduction There is growing awareness that research training forms an important part of medical student education, and many students welcome the opportunity to participate in research activities if the opportunity is provided.1,2 Over half of graduating medical students participate in research with most of these students serving as an author on a manuscript.3 While many students may participate in research to enhance their residency application, participation in research provides an opportunity to instill critical thinking and reasoning skills and develop a positive attitude amongst medical students towards scientific research from the beginning of their medical career.4 Unfortunately, however, the number of physician scientists has declined over the past several decades, and there are concerns about where the next generation of these investigators will arise.5,6 Encouraging and motivating medical students to undertake a research activity may therefore encourage careers as physician scientists and counteract the recent decline in the number of physician scientists in the United States.7
Shaped, fixed antenna for one gigabit per second data rate transmission from earth exploration satellites in low earth orbit

The use of a shaped, fxed, direct broadcast Ka-band antenna that transmits a signal over all of the Earth visible from the satellite to communicate between low Earth orbit satellites and ground stations opens new and exciting possibilities for mission design. Transmitting to the planned Ka-band ground terminals of the NASA Near Earth Network (NEN) with a high-power transmitter, such an antenna can achieve gigabit per second data rates. Using a low-power, low-mass transmitter, the small size of the antenna would allow multimegabit per second downlinks from CubeSats.
A Quantitative Description of Vehicle Exhaust Particle Size Distributions in a Highway Tunnel

Abstract During the period May 18-May 22, 1999, a comprehensive study was conducted in the Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel on the Pennsylvania Turnpike to measure real-world motor-vehicle emissions. As part of this study, size distributions of particle emissions were determined using a scanning mobility particle sizer. Each measured size distribution consisted of two modes: a nucleation mode with midpoint diameter less than 20 nm and an accumulation mode with midpoint diameter less than 100 nm. The nucleation and accumulation components in some distributions also exhibited second maxima, which implies that such particle size distributions are superpositions of two particle size distributions. This hypothesis was utilized in fitting the particle size distributions that exhibited second maxima with four lognormal distributions, two for the nucleation mode and two for the accumulation mode. The fitting assumed that the observed particle size distribution was a combination of two bimodal log-normal distributions, o...
Mode identification of bilinear systems

A method is presented for the identification of the eigenvalues of systems characterized by bilinear differential equation models. The identification procedure is based on the existence of a zeroth harmonic, or DC shift, in the output of non-linear systems perturbed by a periodic input. The magnitude of the DC shift is a function of system properties and of the input waveform and frequency. After the appropriate equations based on a truncated Volterra series representation of a general bilinear system are presented, the regression problem associated with the identification procedure is discussed in detail. It is shown that in many cases good approximations of the system eigenvalues are obtained. Furthermore, a minimal order for any proposed system model is obtained. The method is robust in the sense that it employs system inputs which are relatively easy to generate. Also, the method requires only time averages of the system output, thereby minimizing the effects of measurement noise.
Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of coastal zone color scanner imagery

The possibility of computing the inherent sea surface radiance for regions of clear water from coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) imagery given only a knowledge of the local solar zenith angle is examined. The inherent sea surface radiance is related to the upwelling and downwelling irradiances just beneath the sea surface, and an expression is obtained for a normalized inherent sea surface radiance which is nearly independent of solar zenith angle for low phytoplankton pigment concentrations. An analysis of a data base consisting of vertical profiles of upwelled spectral radiance and pigment concentration, which was used in the development of the CZCS program, confirms the virtual constancy of the normalized inherent sea surface radiance at wavelengths of 520 and 550 nm for cases when the pigment concentration is less than 0.25 mg/cu m. A strategy is then developed for using the normalized inherent sea surface radiance in the atmospheric correction of CZCS imagery.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS AND POLICY AGENDAS: SOME PRELIMINARIES TO STATUTE LAW MAKING

Federal agencies are important players in the formulation of statutes. As an object of study and as part of the governmental process, academic public administration has shown little interest in the nature and extent of civil servants' involvement in this phenomenon, or in its ramifications. Making use of some data from survey research questionnaires as well as recently published histories of congressional enactments, this article seeks to open the door a little bit on this subject. Preliminary findings suggest that administrators are a significant influence from the earliest stages of statutes' evolution, impacting both important and run-of-the-mine enactments. That influence is evident in the frequency with which many agencies initiate and pursue their own legislative agendas year by year, draft their own bills, and participate in shaping policy objectives arising within Congress and among interest groups. By law, agencies are supposed to clear proposals through OMB before going to Congress, but as we wi...
Integrated treatment of panic disorder

Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide the nonpsychiatric physician with a practical approach to the treatment of panic disorder by reviewing the literature on treatment efficacy. The author reviews studies and uncontrolled case series on pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment of panic disorder and presents a clinical approach based on these. Setting the stage for treatment by educating patients and obtaining a detailed description of their particular clinical syndrome is a vital, but frequently neglected, precursor to treatment. Treatment selection is based on a riskbenefit analysis of the individual treatment and the particular exigencies of the patient's clinical presentation. Both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies are highly effective for acute treatment. Because panic disorder is a chronic illness, long-term treatment or reinitiation of acute treatment at a later date is often required.
Effects of temperature upon the electrophysiology of retzius cells in the leech

Abstract 1. 1. The Q 10 temperature coefficients of several electrophysiological parameters of Retzius cells were examined by microelectrode recording in segmental ganglia from the horse leech, Haemopis marmorata (Say), at temperatures between 5 and 25°C. 2. 2. The action potential characteristics of Retzius cells have temperature coefficients which are suggestive of processes mediated by chemical reactions: duration, 3.1; rate of rise, 3.8; rate of decline, 2.3; and amplitude of the after-potential, 2.5. 3. 3. The membrane and electrotonic characteristics have coefficients which are suggestive of physical or diffusional processes: membrane resistance varies with temperature ( Q 10 , 1.55) while the attenuation factor ( Q 10 , 1.25) and resistance of the electrotonic junction ( Q 10 , 1.05) vary inversely with temperature. 4. 4. An analysis of the impulses in either Retzius cell and of the electrotonic depolarization of the homologous neuron indicates that the cell pair is functionally asymmetric and their loci of impulse initiation are more distant from their neurosomata than their electrotonic junction.
A variational linear-scaling framework to build practical, efficient next-generation orbital-based quantum force fields.

We introduce a new hybrid molecular orbital/density-functional modified divide-and-conquer (mDC) approach that allows the linear-scaling calculation of very large quantum systems. The method provides a powerful framework from which linear-scaling force fields for molecular simulations can be developed. The method is variational in the energy and has simple, analytic gradients and essentially no break-even point with respect to the corresponding full electronic structure calculation. Furthermore, the new approach allows intermolecular forces to be properly balanced such that nonbonded interactions can be treated, in some cases, to much higher accuracy than the full calculation. The approach is illustrated using the second-order self-consistent charge density-functional tight-binding model (DFTB2). Using this model as a base Hamiltonian, the new mDC approach is applied to a series of water systems, where results show that geometries and interaction energies between water molecules are greatly improved relat...
Szilard and his bomb

Leo Szilard: His Version of the Facts. Selected Letters and Correspondence. Edited by S. R. Weart and Gertrud Weiss. Szilard. Pp.244. (MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, 1978.) $17.50; £12.25.
Acute pancreatitis in obesity: adipokines and dietary fish oil

Background Acute pancreatitis is a substantial clinical problem accounting for 240,000 hospital admissions yearly in the United States. Obesity is epidemic and is clearly an independent risk factor for increased severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes a variety of metabolically active substances termed adipokines. However, the role of adipokines in modulating acute pancreatitis severity remains incompletely understood. Dietary fish oil is rich in omega-3 free fatty acids and attenuates adipose tissue-induced inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that feeding obese mice diets rich in fish oil would alter the adipokine milieu and attenuate the severity of pancreatitis.
The role of D1 and D2 receptors in the cocaine conditioned place preference of male and female rats

Abstract The rewarding effects of cocaine have been shown to be sexually dimorphic; female rats develop cocaine conditioned place preference at lower doses and with fewer cocaine pairings than male rats. The present study was conducted to determine whether D 1 and D 2 receptors contribute to sex differences in cocaine conditioned place preference using a 4-day paradigm. Fifteen minutes prior to receiving saline or cocaine (5 mg/kg for females and 20 mg/kg for males), rats were pretreated with either SCH 23390, a D 1 receptor antagonist, (0.10, 0.25, or 0.50 mg/kg), eticlopride, a D 2 receptor antagonist, (0.05, 0.10, or 0.25 mg/kg), or vehicle (saline). Antagonism of D 1 receptors by SCH 23390 fully blocked cocaine conditioned place preference in male rats, while only the two lower doses of SCH 23390 blocked cocaine conditioned place preference in female rats. Conversely, antagonism of D 2 receptors using eticlopride had no effect on cocaine conditioned place preference in male or female rats. Due to the known role of D 1 receptors in cocaine conditioned place preference, sex differences in D 1 receptor sensitivity may explain the differences observed in cocaine reward between male and female rats.
General context-free recognition in less than cubic time

An algorithm for general context-free recognition is given that requires less than n3 time asymptotically for input strings of length n.
Temperature‐gradient observations

In connection with studies of evaporation, which the Soil Conservation Service is conducting, it was found necessary to make a detailed study of the temperature-structure of the lower atmosphere. In order to achieve the degree of sensitivity respired for the study, thermocouple-junctions constructed of No. 30 copper and constantan wire were used. These thermocouples were suspended from a tower at 12 levels between the ground-surface and 24 feet above it. A cross-arm at the top of the tower maintains the thermocouples at a distance of three feet from the iron pipe of which the tower is constructed. Similar thermocouples, of No. 18 copper and constantan wire, have also been inserted in the soil at six levels between the surface and three feet.
Radiation damage of a glass-bonded zeolite waste form using ion irradiation.

Glass-bonded zeolite is being considered as a candidate ceramic waste form for storing radioactive isotopes separated from spent nuclear fuel in the electrorefining process. To determine the stability of glass-bonded zeolite under irradiation, transmission electron microscope samples were irradiated using high energy helium, lead, and krypton. The major crystalline phase of the waste form, which retains alkaline and alkaline earth fission products, loses its long range order under both helium and krypton irradiation. The dose at which the long range crystalline structure is lost is about 0.4 dpa for helium and 0.1 dpa for krypton. Because the damage from lead is localized in such a small region of the sample, damage could not be recognized even at a peak damage of 50 dpa. Because the crystalline phase loses its long range structure due to irradiation, the effect on retention capacity needs to be further evaluated.
Social Security and the Distribution of Wealth

Abstract Each household's “total wealth” is defined here as its “fungible wealth” (i.e., net worth) plus its “social security wealth” (i.e., the present actuarial value of its potential social security benefits). Analysis of fungible wealth and total wealth from a 1963 national household survey finds that (1) the distribution of total wealth is much less concentrated than the distribution of fungible wealth; (2) the concentration of total wealth has decreased sharply since 1920, and (3) the life cycle theory of wealth accumulation is more consistent with the age-income distribution of total wealth than with the distribution of fungible wealth.
Irradiation and Cold Exposure in Learning and Exploratory Behaviour of the Ants, Monomorium Floricola and Monomorium Pharaonis

A preliminary experiment testing the relative effects of microwave irradiation, food and water deprivation, and confinement in an enclosed space upon 24 Monomorium floricola and of cold exposure for 24 Monomorium pharaonis on learning and exploratory behaviour in a cross- and a T-maze was conducted. Although these variables induced no observable effects on learning, exploratory behaviour as measured by left and right turns in the microwave experiment and running speed in the cold exposure experiment was significantly increased. These results were interpreted in terms of evolutionary adaptation of the Formicoidae (using formic acid instead of water-based circulatory plasma) to environmental extremes present in the primeval terrestrial habitat. It was concluded that the adaptive limits of living forms may be found primarily in the maintenance of biochemical systems understood in terms of their retention of structural order and coherence of their molecular physics within the limits of ambient environmental p...
Management of Alfalfa Stubble Defoliators Causing a Complete Suppression of Regrowth

Insect defoliators, particularly the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), and the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hubner), have been reported to suppress alfalfa regrowth completely after cutting for up to 2 weeks or more. We investigated the impact of duration of a complete suppression of regrowth on the subsequent yield, quality, and economic return of alfalfa. Complete stubble defoliation for 1 and 3 days had no significant effect on any regrowth parameter. Stubble defoliation for 7 and 11 days delayed plant development and reduced dry-matter and nutrient yields, but increased forage quality as measured by crude protein content and in vitro digestible dry matter. First bloom, however, was delayed several days less than the actual duration of defoliation. Stubble defoliation also reduced dry-matter and nutrient yields at first bloom, but forage quality at first bloom generally was similar in defoliated and nondefoliated plants. Hence, dry-matter production was affected more than plant development and forage quality, with quality being affected primarily by relative delay in plant development. A replacement feed-cost analysis was conducted for alfalfa harvest systems, for which cutting was based either on plant stage or calendar date. Results of this study demonstrate that, depending on commodity price and harvest system, alfalfa can withstand complete stubble defoliation for 2.6–5.7 days before control of defoliators would be justified.
The cleavage site of the restriction endonuclease Ava II

We have determined that the type II restriction enzyme Ava II, isolated from Anabaena variabilis, recognizes and cuts the sequence (formula: see article). The eight Ava II sites of pBR322 have been mapped, as well as a unique site for Ava I.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Late Pregnancy and Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn

OBJECTIVE: Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a clinical syndrome of late-preterm and full-term infants associated with failure of the normal fetal-to-neonatal circulatory transition. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that risk for PPHN is increased after antenatal exposure to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with particular emphasis on late gestational exposures. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2003, we interviewed 377 women whose infants had PPHN and 836 control mothers of infants matched to cases by hospital and birth date. Interviews captured information on prescription and over-the-counter medication use in pregnancy as well as a variety of potential confounding factors. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for third-trimester maternal NSAID use were estimated by using multivariate conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: During the third trimester of gestation, 33 infants (8.8%) with PPHN were exposed to any NSAID compared with 80 (9.6%) controls (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.5–1.3). We observed an elevated OR for PPHN risk among infants whose mothers consumed aspirin during the third-trimester; however, the lower 95% CI included the null. Neither nonaspirin NSAIDs at any time during pregnancy nor ibuprofen use during the third trimester was associated with an elevated risk of PPHN. Similarly, no association was observed between a mother’s third-trimester acetaminophen use and the occurrence of PPHN in her newborn. CONCLUSIONS: This large multicenter epidemiologic study of PPHN risk revealed no evidence to support the hypothesis that maternal consumption during pregnancy of NSAIDs overall or ibuprofen in particular is associated with PPHN risk.
Scalar Additive Particles in Negative Contexts

German has a family of expressions corresponding to the English scalar additive particle even, featuring the negative polarity items einmal and auch nur in addition to affirmative sogar. This study reports novel findings on the meanings of einmal and auch nur which are unexpected under existing analyses of English even. First, the particles einmal and auch nur are shown to differ from sogar in that they consistently contribute information about the truth values of alternative propositions, as opposed to their mere likelihood. Second, it is shown that the implications in question do not have the compositional behavior of presuppositions and instead call for the assumption that einmal and auch nur quantify existentially over alternative propositions at the level of truth conditions.
Suppression of replication of SV40 and polyoma virus in mouse-human hybrids.

Abstract Mouse-human heterokaryons are permissive for the replication of both SV40 virus and polyoma virus. If the hybrids which develop from these heterokaryons segregate human chromosomes (mouse > human hybrids), the hybrids are permissive for replication of polyoma virus but not for replication of SV40 virus. If the subsequent hybrids segregate mouse chromosomes (human > mouse hybrids), such hybrids support the replication of SV40 virus but not the replication of polyoma virus, even when the hybrids contain at least one copy of each mouse chromosome. This indicates that during the transition from heterokaryon to hybrid cell, suppression of expression of species-specific function(s) required for the replication of these species-specific viruses occurs in parallel with the direction of chromosome loss and suppression of nucleolus organizer activity.
The inference of intentions from moves in the Prisoner's Dilemma game

Abstract After learning the PDG, subjects were presented with short sequences of interaction between players A and B. For each one, they judged its information value as to A's intention for the relationship, what intention it indicated, etc. These judgments provided the evidence for testing a series of hypotheses suggested by attribution theory. Support was obtained for the hypothesis that consistent behavior by A yields more information and consensus than does inconsistent behavior. Partial support was found for the hypotheses that (1) consistent disagreement with B yields greater information than consistent agreement, and (2) inconsistency that constitutes an “initiative” or shift away from B yields greater information than inconsistency that constitutes an “imitative” shift toward B. Both were found to be true when A's final action in the sequence was competitive but not when it was cooperative. No support was found for the hypothesis that competitive behavior, being regarded as less socially desirable and more uncommon, will yield more information than cooperative behavior. Further results are reported on judgments of “acting on principle” and inferences as to A's expectations about B's later moves. Evidence on individual differences in attribution is consistent with the proposition that attributions are made according to the person's experience with internal and external causes of his own behavior.
Knowledge in Context, Skepticism in Doubt: The Virtue of Our Faculties

Recent epistemology makes knowledge context-relative in many and sundry ways. According to Wittgenstein, ordinary knowledge flows on a riverbed of givens (assumptions, presumptions, background beliefs, things taken for granted), none of which amount to knowledge. Such convictions may be regarded as “beyond being justified or unjustified, as it were, as something animal” (On Certainty, par. 359). They provide me with “the substratum of all my enquiring and asserting (par. 162).” This substratum is not accepted on the basis of reasoning. “No: it is the inherited background against which I distinguish between true and false (par. 94).”
Paramagnetic-spin-glass-antiferromagnetic phase transitions in Cd 1-x Mn x Te from specific heat and magnetic susceptibility measurements

Low-temperature specific heat and low-field magnetic susceptibility were measured in ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ mixed crystals for $0.002l~xl~0.70$. Three regions of composition can be distinguished in both experiments. For $xl0.17$ the crystal is paramagnetic at all temperatures. For $0.17lxl0.7$, a spin-glass phase is observed, as evidenced by the characteristic cusp in the susceptibility and a linear temperature dependence of the specific heat in the low-temperature regions. Because the material is an insulator at low temperatures, and the Mn interactions are only antiferromagnetic, we believe that the observed spin-glass phase is produced by the frustration of the lattice. For $x=0.7$ an antiferromagnetic phase is observed. To understand the experimental behavior of the specific heat and susceptibility as a function of temperature and magnetic field for $0.002lxl0.17$, we must assume that the distribution of Mn ions deviates strongly from a random distribution. The number of pairs is more than doubled for $x=0.05$, and 30% higher for $x=0.1$, than statistically predicted. The number of larger clusters, like triplets, is also significantly higher. Analysis of the data yielded the value of the exchange integral for the nearest-neighbor interaction to be $\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{NN}}}{k}=\ensuremath{-}0.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ K. The interaction is stronger within the larger clusters, and is described by a different exchange constant $\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{NN}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{k}=\ensuremath{-}4.3$ K.
A PACK STABILITY METHOD FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING OF LARGE CANS OF BEER

The microbiological stability of four-pint and seven-pint cans of beer can be determined by measuring the curvature of the ends after incubation at 28° C. A simple spherometer, a dial-gauge spherometer and a rig employing depth-transducers have been used in a simple, non-destructive method. This has revealed micro-biological defects more reliably than membrane filtration tests, and before “peaking” was visible to the eye. The method can also be adapted for sorting infected from non-infected cans in the warehouse.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging using iron oxide particles in characterizing head and neck adenopathy.

Objectives In lymph nodes harboring metastases the reticuloendothelial system is replaced by tumor cells and does not concentrate iron particles. This study assesses the value of contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (Combidex, Advanced Magnetics, Inc., Cambridge, MA) to characterize and stage neck nodes. Study Design Prospective analysis of neck imaging by Combidex MRI, with correlation from pathological assessment of resected lymph nodes. Methods Nine patients underwent MRI and subsequent bilateral neck dissections (three), unilateral neck dissections (five) or fine-needle aspiration (one). Each case was evaluated for the number, location, MRI characteristics, and pathological assessment of lymph nodes. Results Forty-nine separate nodal levels were evaluated with both Combidex MRI and pathological assessment. The presence of metastatic nodal involvement among 45 levels was correctly assessed by the Combidex MRI (three false-negative results, one false-positive result; sensitivity, 84%; specificity, 97%). Analysis was possible for 101 of the individual lymph nodes identified by MRI that could be correlated with individual nodes pathologically examined. Combidex MRI assessment was correct for 99 nodes (one-false positive result, one false-negative result; sensitivity, 95%, specificity, 99%). Standard MRI interpretation without Combidex identified that 12 of 18 nodes (67%) that were greater than or equal to 10 mm (greatest dimension) contained tumor, whereas 9 of 83 nodes (11%) that were less than 10 mm contained tumor. Conclusions Combidex MRI provides functional information to characterize lymph nodes in the clinical staging of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The inability of MRI to identify small lymph nodes restricts the usefulness of this technique.
The Fifth Column---An Essay on Misused Words: Sophisticated & Elegant and On Going Thataway with MIS

An essay that addresses the academic requests for a model to be sophisticated and elegant, even in reality that is often not the case. An initiative for merging OR/MS with management information systems was being declined as inappropriate for several reasons because the author sees OR/MS as the application of the scientific method to management, whereas MIS is a computer-aided tool for problem solving.
Axon guidance: the cytoplasmic tail

Recent advances in the study of axon guidance have begun to clarify the intricate signalling mechanisms utilised by receptors that mediate path-finding. Many of these axon guidance receptors, including Plexin B, EphA, ephrin B and Robo, regulate the Rho family of GTPases, to effect changes in motility. Recent studies demonstrate a critical role for the cytoplasmic tails of guidance receptors in signalling and also reveal the potential for a great deal of crosstalk between the various receptor-signalling pathways.
New One-Dimensional Vanadyl Iodates: Hydrothermal Preparation, Structures, and NLO Properties of A[VO2(IO3)2] (A = K, Rb) and A[(VO)2(IO3)3O2] (A = NH4, Rb, Cs)

Under mild hydrothermal conditions V2O5 reacts with AIO4 (A = NH4, K, Rb, Cs) and I2O5 to yield A[VO2(IO3)2] (K (1), Rb (2)) and A[(VO)2(IO3)3O2] (A = NH4 (3), Rb (4), Cs (5)) in the form of yellow to dark orange crystals. While 1 and 2 are not isostructural, both contain one-dimensional [VO2(IO3)2]1- chains separated by K+ or Rb+ cations. These chains are constructed from five-coordinate V(V) atoms that are bound by two terminal oxo atoms to create a cis-VO2+ moiety and by one monodentate and two bridging iodate anions to create a distorted square pyramidal geometry. Compounds 3−5 are isostructural and contain orthorhombically distorted, octahedral V(V) with a single terminal oxo ligand. In addition, each vanadium center forms bonds with two bridging oxo atoms that are trans to one another and three bridging iodate anions in a mer arrangement. The bridging of the vanadium atoms by the oxo and iodate anions creates zigzagging one-dimensional [(VO)2(IO3)3O2]1- chains that are separated from one another by ...
Thyroid-adrenocortical metabolic interrelations.

THE exact metabolic interrelationships between the thyroid and the adrenal cortex have been subject to many varying interpretations. Experimental evidence from animal investigations suggests that adrenocortical products are antagonistic in some way to thyroid hormone, as demonstrated by a decrease in nitrogen excretion following the administration of adrenocortical hormone to dogs previously rendered hypermetabolic by the ingestion of thyroxin (1). The present study was designed to evaluate several metabolic activities in 2 patients at varying levels of thyroid and adrenocortical function in a controlled environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first subject (E.McC.) was a hypothyroid female with presumably normal adrenocortical function, who was studied to determine the metabolic effects of maximal adrenocortical stimulation (by exogenous ACTH) during periods of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The second subject (M.H.) was a euthyroid male with hypoadrenocortical reactivity, as shown by lack of respons...
Competitive equilibria in miscible polymer blends and low molecular weight analogues: A fourier transform infrared study

The relative magnitudes of specific interactions are compared by setting up competitive equilibria in mixed solvent systems. The positions of the equilibria are determined spectroscopically by resolving the overlapping absorptions of the two solvation states. This technique is applied to the study of interactions between polyesters (or model compounds) and a variety of solvents which mimic possible interacting centers in halogenated polymers. Using the same technique of resolving overlapping bands, it is also demonstrated that in a miscible blend of polycaprolactone and Phenox (a polyhydroxyether of bisphenol A) only a relatively small proportion of the carbonyl groups of polycaprolactone are involved in specific interactions with the Phenoxy.
Theory and experiment for passive microwave remote sensing of snowpacks

Both the theory and experiment for the passive remote sensing of snow with microwave radiometers have been studied. The volume scattering effects of snow are accounted for by incorporating Mie scattering theory into a radiative transfer model. The theory is applied to the interpretation of experimental data obtained from various snow measurements. The spectral and angular dependences of the brightness temperatures are illustrated and show good agreement between the theory and experiment. Brightness temperatures as a function of snow depths are also interpreted and discussed. It is observed that as the snow depth increases, the brightness temperature increases when the subsurface is an aluminum plate due to the fact that the plate is cold and snow absorption induces a brightening effect and the brightness temperature decreases when the subsurface is soil due to the fact that snow scattering induces darkening effects.
CONNECTIONS AND COMMUNITIES IN VIRTUAL WORLDS DESIGNED FOR CHILDREN

As more and more people are interacting through online spaces, questions emerge as to how these computer-mediated interactions impact people's social connections and ability to form communities. Some of the online spaces that are exceedingly popular are virtual worlds designed specifically for children. This study, using participant-observations and content analysis, explored how users communicate, form connections, and develop community in children's virtual worlds. This 3-year study found that users find creative ways to bypass design features to share personal information, establish group membership, and build connections both in the virtual worlds and on their accompanying fan sites. These findings provide valuable insight into the social affordances of popular online spaces for children, as well as expand modern-day conceptualizations of social connection and community.
Identification and isolation of a dermal lineage with intrinsic fibrogenic potential

Dermal fibroblasts represent a heterogeneous population of cells with diverse features that remain largely undefined. We reveal the presence of at least two fibroblast lineages in murine dorsal skin. Lineage tracing and transplantation assays demonstrate that a single fibroblast lineage is responsible for the bulk of connective tissue deposition during embryonic development, cutaneous wound healing, radiation fibrosis, and cancer stroma formation. Lineage-specific cell ablation leads to diminished connective tissue deposition in wounds and reduces melanoma growth. Using flow cytometry, we identify CD26/DPP4 as a surface marker that allows isolation of this lineage. Small molecule-based inhibition of CD26/DPP4 enzymatic activity during wound healing results in diminished cutaneous scarring. Identification and isolation of these lineages hold promise for translational medicine aimed at in vivo modulation of fibrogenic behavior.
Quality of emergency care provided by physician assistants and nurse practitioners in acute asthma

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of care provided by physician assistants or nurse practitioners (ie, midlevel providers [MLPs]) in acute asthma, as compared with that provided by physicians.
Crossover Effects of Communal Coping

We examined how women's clinical depression was impacted by the coping of their significant other, by interviewing pregnant, inner-city women (N= 54) and those people whom these women felt were closest to them (N= 54) (e.g. partner, family member, friend). In particular we were interested in communal aspects of coping (i.e. its social component). We predicted that only significant others' active-prosocial coping would be related to women's lower depression. However, we found that both their active-prosocial and active-antisocial coping was related to women's lower depression, suggesting it was most important for significant others to be active, rather than passive. The importance of considering the ecological context of coping is discussed.
External jugular vein cutdown approach for chronic indwelling central venous access in cancer patients: A potentially useful alternative

Background Cephalic vein (CV) cutdown approach for chronic indwelling central venous access device (CICVAD) placement has previously been shown to be technically feasible in 82% of cancer patients. No data are available as to the potential utilization of external jugular vein (EJV) cutdown approach in cancer patients when CV cutdown approach is not technically feasible.
Dynamic feature point detection for visual servoing using multiresolution critical-point filters

In this paper we examine the selection of feature points for visual servoing methods using multiresolution critical-point filters (CPF). With the increased number of feature points made available to us using CPF, we hope to improve the robustness of the system by allowing the algorithm to automatically detect usable feature points on virtually any object without any a priori knowledge of the object. Furthermore, the algorithm revises these points at each iteration to account for events that may have otherwise caused feature points to be lost and led to the visual servo method ending in failure.
AAPM TG-61 report on kilovoltage X-ray dosimetry: formalisms and applications

The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Radiation Therapy Committee (RTC) Task Group (TG) 61 has been working on a task report on kilovoltage (40 kV/spl les/tube potential/spl les/300 kV) X-ray beam dosimetry for radiotherapy and radiobiology. In this presentation, the authors review the dosimetry and dosimetry protocols for kilovoltage X-ray beams, the physics background of the formalisms used in the TG-61 report, and the clinical aspects of kilovoltage X-ray dosimetry and the TG-61 recommendations.
Correcting Misuse of Verb Forms

This paper proposes a method to correct English verb form errors made by non-native speakers. A basic approach is template matching on parse trees. The proposed method improves on this approach in two ways. To improve recall, irregularities in parse trees caused by verb form errors are taken into account; to improve precision, n-gram counts are utilized to filter proposed corrections. Evaluation on non-native corpora, representing two genres and mother tongues, shows promising results.
Are the oldest 'fossils', fossils

A comparative statistical study has been carried out on populations of modern algae, of Precambrian algal microfossils, of the 'organized elements' of the Orgueil carbonaceous meteorite, and of the oldest microfossil-like objects now known (spheroidal bodies from the Fig Tree and Onverwacht Groups of the Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa). The distribution patterns exhibited by the greater than 3000 m.y.-old Swaziland microstructures bear considerable resemblance to those of the abiotic 'organized elements' but rather markedly differ from those exhibited by younger, assuredly biogenic, populations. Based on these comparisons it is concluded that the Swaziland spheroids could be, at least in part, of non-biologic origin; these oldest known fossil-like micro-structures should not be regarded as constituting firm evidence of Archean life.
Doping effects in nanostructured cadmium tungstate scintillation films

This paper reports experimental study on the development of cadmium tungstate scintillator material in the form of nanocrystal films through controlled sol–gel processing and pre-designed doping. We chose cadmium tungstate as a base material for doping and nanostructure development due to its excellent inherent photoluminescence (PL) property, and chemical and thermal stability including non-hydroscopicity. Experimental results revealed that doping with Li + , B 3+ and Bi 3+ resulted in appreciably reduced grain size and increased density leading to enhanced optical transmittance. Further analyses indicated that PL output changed significantly with the introduction of dopants. The relationships between doping, microstructure, and PL were discussed. r 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Connecting Evidence-Based Practice With Implementation Opportunities in Special Education Mathematics Preparation

Over the past two decades, changes in legislation and mathematics standards, along with the increased placement of students with disabilities in general education settings, have resulted in higher ...
Race in the Color‐blind Era: Deracialization and Black Elected Officials

This paper reviews the emergence of Black elected officials and the deracialization concept within the literature of Blacks politics. The aim is to provide an overview of the critical issues and debates regarding Black elected officials since the Civil Rights Movement. I contend that an understanding of deracialization as an analytical construct, to assess the viability of Black elected officials and election outcomes, is clearer when examined from the perspective of structural change. Rather than just examining specific candidates and campaigns, a sociological approach that situates Black elected officials within the macro changes of society explains the contradiction of greater political representation yet persistent racial inequality. I conclude this paper with a brief discussion of how the study of deracialization as racial phenomena can be advanced through critical discourse analysis that identifies candidates within social networks of power and influence.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE PINE CONE WILLOW GALL MIDGE, RHABDOPHAGA STROBILOIDES (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN MICHIGAN

The pine cone willow gall midge is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge from the galls on Salix eriocephala Michx. and other willows on warm days in late April or early May. Eggs are laid singly on the leaves and stems of the host. Head capsule measurements indicate three larval instars. The first-instar larva emerges in early May and penetrates the soft tissues at the base of the developing shoot tip. Shortly thereafter, the gall begins to develop and is about half grown by the time the second-instar larva appears in late May. The last-instar larva appears in July. Before overwintering, the larva constructs a cocoon which may or may not be closed at the top. Pupation occurs in early April. Numerous inquilines and parasites inhabit the developing and mature gall.
Current Developments in Hydro-Electric Plant Design

A resume of current (1961) developments in hydro-electric plant design is presented. The scope of design is reviewed as it affects the site studies, the plant layout, the structural problems, and the preparation of costs and estimates.