cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Increase in the Right Hemisphere Transcranial Doppler Velocity During a Spatial Task

Abstract Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral arteries was performed during two tasks: sorting of mah-jongg tiles and vibratory stimulation. These tasks selectively increase cerebral blood flow by positron emission tomography. The purpose of this study was to determine if analogous increases in cerebral blood flow velocity could be detected. We measured flow velocity during right hand manipulation followed by left hand manipulation, or vice versa, with resting studies in between. The average increase in the mean velocity, by paired t-test, was significant for the right middle cerebral artery with both left hand (p
An analysis of an explicit algorithm and the radial return algorithm, and a proposed modification, in finite plasticity

This paper presents an analysis of Nemat-Nasser's (1991) explicit algorithm and a radial return algorithm for isotropic Von Mises materials undergoing large deformations. It is found that the final-radial return algorithm can result in a simple scalar equation (for the constant of proportionality that defines the plastic flow), which can be easily solved. A new modified algorithm is also proposed. All the three algorithms are efficient. No iterative scheme is required. For proportional loading, all the three algorithms work well. But, in cases where the direction of stress cannot well follow the direction of the deformation rate, which occurs when spin effect is significant or when the direction of deformation rate keeps changing, the explicit algorithm has a problem with its convergence; the final-radial return algorithm oscillates for large time steps; while the presently proposed modified algorithm can provide reasonable results even for large time steps, without any convergence problems.
Expectations for Nonreversible Markov Chains

Bounds are given for an irreducible Markov chain on the probability that the time average of a functional on the state space exceeds its stationary expectation, without assuming reversibility. The bounds are in terms of the singular values of the discrete generator.
Comparison of swelling and cavity microstructural development for type 316 stainless steel irradiated in EBR-II and HFIR

Comparison of swelling and cavity microstructures for one heat of 20% cold-worked (CW) type 316 stainless steel (316) irradiated at 500 to 650/sup 0/C in EBR-II (up to 75 dpa) and HFIR (up to 61 dpa) suggests that void growth and swelling are suppressed by the higher helium generation found in HFIR. Instead of voids, many small bubbles develop in the CW 316 in HFIR and resist conversion to voids. However, similar comparison of solution-annealed (SA) 316 irradiated in EBR-II and HFIR at 500 to 550/sup 0/C leads to an opposite conclusion; void swelling is enhanced by helium in HFIR. Many more bubbles nucleate in SA 316 at low fluence in HFIR compared to EBR-II, but bimodel distributions and rapid coarsening eventually lead to high swelling due to high concentrations of matrix ands precipitate-associated voids in HFIR. A key to the swelling resistance of the CW 316 in HFIR appears to be the development of a sufficiently cavity-dominated sink system in the early stages of evolution.
Esophageal cancer: Outcomes of surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and three‐dimension conformal radiotherapy

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation are being utilized with increasing frequency in the multimodal treatment of esophageal cancer, although their effects on morbidity, mortality, and survival remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the outcome of multimodal treatment in patients with localized esophageal cancer treated at a single institution. Between 1995 and 2002, 118 patients underwent treatment for localized esophageal cancer, utilizing surgery alone, chemoradiation alone, or surgery following neoadjuvant chemoradiation. There was no statistically significant difference in morbidity, mortality, or length of stay between the patients who received multimodal therapy when compared to surgery alone. A surgical resection after down-staging was possible in 9 out of 28 patients (32%) with a clinically non-resectable tumor (T4 or M1a). Forty-seven percent of the patients who received neoadjuvant therapy had a complete pathologic response with a 3-year survival of 59% as compared to only 20 months in those patients who did not achieve a complete response (P = 0.037). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy administered concomitantly with conformal radiotherapy can be performed safely in the treatment of esophageal cancer, without increasing the operative morbidity, mortality, or length of stay. The higher complete response rates to neoadjuvant treatment (as compared to other reports) may be due to the use of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy or the novel use of weekly carboplatin and paclitaxel.
Two-dimensional modeling of pulsed-laser irradiated a-Si and other materials

A previously developed one-dimensional (1D) computational model for heat flow and nonequilibrium phase change phenomena induced by pulsed-laser irradiation has been extended to two dimensions. The 2D modeling focuses attention on the heat flow from localized sources embedded in an otherwise planar matrix. For example, nucleation events occurring in undercooled liquids such as molten Si formed by pulsed-laser melting of amorphous Si (a-Si) and inhomogeneous absorption due to randomly occurring defects in targets used for pulsed-laser ablation can be treated. Concepts introduced in the 1D modeling, such as the state diagram and the state array, have been extended to 2D and refined. As an example of the calculations that are now possible, the laser-induced formation and propagation of buried liquid layers are followed in two dimensions for the case of a-Si on a crystalline silicon substrate. It is demonstrated how solid phase growth, though originating from individual nucleation sites, gives rise to a nearly planar liquid layer propagating through the a-Si. Two other examples briefly address questions related to the early stages of the laser ablation of insulators such as MgO, where it is believed that the absorption of the laser radiation occurs at localized but extended regions of high defect concentrations, and to particulate ejection during laser ablation of many materials. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Transglucosidation by honey invertase.

Abstract Evidence is reported for the formation of six oligosaccharides during the hydrolysis of sucrose by a honey invertase preparation, five of which differ from those formed in the hydrolysis of sucrose by yeast invertase. The glucoinvertase nature of honey invertase is suggested by its hydrolytic activity against melezitose and its inhibition by glucose, which is not an apparent effect caused by accumulation of nonreducing oligosaccharide intermediates. The structure of the principal oligosaccharide formed in the honey invertase-sucrose reaction is consistent with the view that glucose transfer is an integral part of this reaction and is further evidence of the glucoinvertase nature of honey invertase. The action of honey invertase upon maltose produces in addition to glucose a series of glucose oligosaccharides, as shown by paper chromatography.
Psychophysiological correlates of levels and stages of cognitive processing

The psychophysiological manifestations of levels of cognitive processing were investigated. Words were processed at three cognitive levels (phonetic, low semantic, high semantic), and physiological recordings were made during cue, covert processing and verbalization stages. Differentiation of physiological reactivity across processing levels depending on stage of processing was found, with greater activation and incidental recall for the more complex semantic tasks. Heart rate and skin conductance showed greatest increases on trials that were later recalled. Results were interpreted as demonstrating a differentiation of the arousal of task expectancy from cognitive effort associated with processing level.
The importance of proximal cement filling of the calcar region: a biomechanical justification

Clinical studies have suggested that a thicker proximal medial cement mantle improves the long-term outcomes of cemented femoral components. A 3-dimensional finite element model was used to determine the effect that replacement of proximal medial trabecular bone with cement has on cement mantle stresses. With removal of cancellous bone in the calcar region, there was a decrease in peak cement mantle stresses by approximately 20%. The greatest reduction in cement mantle stress was seen after cancellous bone was removed from the proximal medial aspect of the femur to a distance 30 mm distal to the femoral neck resection. Under fatigue loading conditions simulating gait, removal of proximal medial cancellous bone could increase the number of loading cycles to failure by a factor of 3.5. These results support the removal of proximal medial cancellous bone from the calcar region intraoperatively to increase the cement mantle thickness and reduce cement mantle stresses to improve the long-term fixation of cemented femoral components.
Translational Analysis of Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Human Infant Cries and Rat Pup Ultrasonic Vocalizations

Spectral and temporal features of human infant crying may detect neurobehavioral effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). Finding comparable measures of rodent ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) would promote translational analyses by controlling the effects of correlated variables that confound human studies. To this end, two studies examined the sensitivity of similar acoustic structures in human infant and rat pup vocalizations to effects of PCE. In Study 1, cry sounds of 107 one month-old infants were spectrum analyzed to create a novel set of measures and to detect the presence of hyperphonation - a qualitative shift to an atypically high fundamental frequency (basic pitch) associated with neurobehavioral insult. Infants with PCE were compared to infants with prenatal polydrug-exposure (PPE) without cocaine and with infants in a standard comparison (SC) group with no prenatal drug exposure. In Study 2, USVs of 118 five day-old rat pups with either PCE, prenatal saline exposure or no prenatal exposures were spectrum analyzed to detect the presence of frequency shifts – acoustic features that have a frequency waveform similar to that of hyperphonation. Results of study 1 showed PCE had two sets of sex-dependent effects on human infants: PCE males had higher pitched cries with more dysphonation (turbulence); PCE females had longer pauses between fewer cry sounds that were of lower amplitude than comparison groups. PCE and PPE infants had more cries with hyperphonation than SC infants. In study 2, PCE pups had a greater percentage of USVs with shift in the acoustic structure than pups in the two control groups. As such, the novel measures of human infant crying and rat pup USVs were sensitive to effects of PCE. These studies provide the first known translational analysis of similar acoustic structures of vocalizations in two species to detect adverse effects of prenatal drug exposure.
On the Nature of the Nerve Impulse.

The nerve fiber, as is well known, shows not only the highest degree, of irritability, but also possesses power to transmit a state of excitation in the most efficient manner. Our interest in the study of the nerve impulse lies not only in the fact that the nervous system is one of the most important factors in all organic activities in the higher animals, but also, in the fact that it constitutes the center of a general problem that deals with the mechanism by which a living substance adjusts itself to its environment.
The second heart sound in coronary artery disease. A phonocardiographic assessment

Abstract The second heart sound (S 2 ) was assessed clinically and by phonocardiography in twenty patients with coronary artery disease. Phonocardiography revealed normal splitting in all twenty, and illustrated the need for a reference (indirect carotid pulse), in the assessment of S 2 .
Pneumococci Exposed to Cell Wall Lytic Versus Protein Synthesis Inhibitory Antibiotics Stimulate Enhanced Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Production by Murine Macrophages

Pneumococci Exposed to Cell Wall Lytic Versus Protein Synthesis Inhibitory Antibiotics Stimulate Enhanced Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Production by Murine Macrophages
Peripheral sensory deafferentation affects olfactory bulb neurogenesis in zebrafish

The potential effects of the removal of olfactory input on adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb were examined. Olfactory organs of adult zebrafish were permanently and completely ablated by cautery and animals were exposed to bromodeoxyuridine then examined following short (4-hour) or long (3-week) survival periods. Short survival times allowed analysis of cell proliferation in the olfactory bulb. Long survival times permitted investigation of survival of adult-formed cells. Deafferentation did not immediately affect the dividing cells in the bulb but did affect the number of adult-formed cells, some of which expressed a neuronal marker, present in the bulb 3 weeks later. Thus, afferent removal influenced the fate of newly formed cells by impacting subsequent divisions, maturation, or survival of those cells. One week of deafferentation altered the pattern of cell genesis, with a significant increase in the number of dividing cells located in the olfactory bulb and also in the ventral telencephalic proliferation zone. Sham surgery did not impact either proliferation or survival of adult-formed cells in the olfactory bulb, suggesting that the deafferentation effect is specific. Thus, afferent innervation is necessary for normal cell proliferation and maintenance of the olfactory bulb in adult zebrafish.
Treatment technology for remediation of wood preserving sites: Overview

This is the first in a series of five articles describing the applicability, performance, and cost of technologies for the remediation of contaminated soil and water at wood preserving sites. Site-specific treatability studies conducted under the supervision of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), from 1995 through 1997 constitute much of the basis for the evaluations presented, although data from other treatability studies, literature sources, and actual site remediations have also been included to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of remediation technologies. This article provides an overview of the wood preserving sites studied, including contaminant levels, and a summary of the performance of the technologies evaluated. The subsequent articles discuss the performance of each technology in more detail. Three articles discuss technologies for the treatment of soils, including solidification/stabilization, biological treatment, solvent extraction and soil washing. One article discusses technologies for the treatment of liquids, water and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLS), including biological treatment, carbon adsorption, photolytic oxidation, and hydraulic containment. The reader should be aware that other technologies including, but not limited to, incineration, thermal desorption, and base catalyzed dehalogenation, also have application for treating contaminants on wood preserving sites. They are not discussed in these five articles since the focus was to evaluate lesser known and hopefully lower cost approaches. However, the reader should include consideration of these other technologies as part of any evaluation or screening of technologies applicable to remediation of wood preserving sites.
Extending a general-purpose streaming system for XML

General-purpose streaming systems support diverse application domains with powerful and user-defined stream operators. Most general-purpose streaming systems have their own, non-XML, internal data representation. However, streaming input is often either a sequence of small XML documents, or a scan of a huge document. Prior work on XML streaming focuses on filtering, not transforming, XML, and does not describe how to integrate with a general-purpose streaming system. This paper describes how to integrate an XML transformer with a streaming system by designing a specification syntax that is both consistent with the existing system and familiar to XML users. After type-checking the specification, we compile it to an efficient automaton driven by SAX events. Our approach extends the underlying streaming system with XML support without changing its core architecture, and the same technique could be used for other extensions beyond XML.
Characterization of vanadium/silica and copper/silica aerogel catalysts

Vanadium/silica and copper/silica aerogels have been prepared using the sol-gel method followed by CO{sub 2} exchange and supercritical extraction. Structural properties of samples supercritically dried, oxidized and used in reactions studies conducted with a feed representing the average composition of automobile exhaust from a lean burn engine were investigated using laser Raman spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reduction. No evidence of crystalline V{sub 2}O{sub 5} was found for the vanadium/silica aerogel, freshly extracted, oxidized or following exposure to reaction conditions using these techniques. However, results obtained for the copper/silica sample indicate that changes in the structure of the copper species had occurred as the sample was oxidized and exposed to reaction conditions.
Penetrating the boundaries of latent conflict

The psychotherapeutic process has customarily been divided into an opening phase, a working-through phase, and a termination phase. Beyond recognition of these stages, few theorists have offered criteria for tracking the transition from one phase to the next. A related problem affecting each of these stages has been whether dynamically-oriented psychotherapy can predict latent conflict before it becomes manifest. Developmental principles derived from the early life relationship between caregiver and infant may provide therapists with a viable approach for handling these issues. By applying these principles analogously to the therapeutic situation, therapists may be able to better predict the transitions between stages, as well as to identify latent conflict before it is manifested. Moreover, these principles may also provide criteria for determining when treatment should be terminated.
Semi-structured messages are surprisingly useful for computer-supported coordination

This paper argues that using a set of semi-structured message templates is surprisingly helpful in designing a variety of computer-based communication and coordination systems. Semi-structured messages can help provide automatic aids for: (1) composing messages to be sent, (2) selecting, sorting, and prioritizing messages that are received, (3) responding automatically to some messages, and (4) suggesting likely responses to other messages. The use of these capabilities is illustrated in a range of applications including electronic mail, computer conferencing, calendar management, and task tracking. The applications show how ideas from artificial intelligence (such as inheritance and production rules) and ideas from user interface design (such as interactive graphical editors) can be combined in novel ways for dealing with semi-structured messages. The final part of the paper discusses how communities can evolve a useful set of message type definitions.
Special issues for building computerized-adaptive tests for measuring patient-reported outcomes: the National Institute of Health's investment in new technology.

Advances in statistical methods and in computer and Internet technology have provided the opportunity to develop new instruments or adapt existing instruments measuring patient-reported outcomes (PROs). These developments have increased their application for clinical research and practice and have expanded instrument coverage to new study populations. The articles in this special supplement of Medical Care represent a significant step forward toward a better understanding of the issues related to the strengths of these new methods, especially as they pertain to crosscultural measurement. One of the exciting research areas in PRO measurement is the development of item banks and computerized-adaptive tests (CATs) for measuring key symptom and healthrelated quality of life (HRQOL) domains affected by a disease or its treatment.1 Item banks provide access to a wealth of questions (items) that have undergone rigorous qualitative, cognitive, and psychometric review (including crosscultural group validations), and that have been calibrated with a set of properties allowing instrument designers to select an item set matched to the characteristics of the study population. CATs (in contrast to fixed-length questionnaires) use the item bank by selecting the most informative set of items for each respondent, based on his/her answers to previously administered questions; this process results in shorter, more targeted assessments (ie, reduced respondent burden), decreased floor and ceiling effects, and increased sensitivity to detect change in scores over time. While individuals may receive different sets of questions, their scores can be compared or combined together because the items come from the same item bank.2 This article reviews the National Institutes of Health (NIH) interest in supporting the development and application of these methods, the process for developing an item bank, the special issues and challenges faced in the creation of item banks and CATs, and the importance of NIH' s role in encouraging this research field. It is important to note that any opinions expressed in this commentary reflect the author's view, and do not represent any particular NIH policy or stand.
Electrodeposition on wire in a scalled-up overflow cell

Abstract The effect of potential sweep rate, fluid flow rate, Q, and concentration of CuSO4 solutions with large excess of H2SO4 was studied during copper electrodeposition on 0.51 mm diameter, stationary, horizontal, copper wire. The mass transfer rate was found within the investigated range to be proportional to Q0.40 and independent of cell size, material, diameter and resistance of wire, composition and concentration of the solution, and sweep rate. The limiting current density increased with Cu++ concentration but at a lower than theoretical rate. The results are applicable to wire moving slowly (
Phishing detection using traffic behavior, spectral clustering, and random forests

Phishing is an attempt to steal a user's identity. This is typically accomplished by sending an email message to a user, with a link directing the user to a web site used to collect personal information. Phishing detection systems typically rely on content filtering techniques, such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), to identify phishing messages. In the case of spear phishing, however, this may be ineffective because messages from a trusted source may contain little content. In order to handle such emerging spear phishing behavior, we propose as a first step the use of Spectral Clustering to analyze messages based on traffic behavior. In particular, Spectral Clustering analyzes the links between URL substrings for web sites found in the message contents. Cluster membership is then used to construct a Random Forest classifier for phishing. Data from the Phishing Email Corpus and the Spam Assassin Email Corpus are used to evaluate this approach. Performance evaluation metrics include the Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUC), as well as accuracy, precision, recall, and the (harmonic mean) F measure. Performance of the integrated Spectral Clustering and Random Forest approach is found to provide significant improvements in all the metrics listed, compared to a content filtering technique such as LDA coupled with text message deletion done randomly or in an adaptive fashion using adversarial learning. The Spectral Clustering approach is robust against the absence of content. In particular, we show that Spectral Clustering yields (99.8%, 97.8%) for (AUC, F measure) compared to LDA that yields (94.6%, 89.4%) and (79.6%, 57.9%) when the content of the messages is reduced to 10% of their original size using random and adversarial deletion, respectively. The difference is most striking at low False Positive (FP) rates.
Comparison of IR and UV cavity ring-down spectroscopy detection of transient intermediates: pyrolysis of methyl azide to form methyleneimine.

Abstract Mid-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) has been employed in this study to examine the hydride stretching region of methyl azide and its pyrolysis product methyleneimine. The absorption spectrum of methyl azide over 2835–3085 cm −1 was recorded, and the integrated absorption cross section was determined. The pyrolysis of methyl azide and subsequent production of methyleneimine was observed at various wavenumbers. Using IR CRDS, we were able to observe vibrational transitions of methyleneimine without interference from the methyl azide precursor. Our previous UV CRDS study showed that electronic transitions of methyleneimine overlapped with those of methyl azide. IR CRDS should thus be useful for the detection of polyatomic transient intermediates without interference from precursors.
The New York State Office of Mental Health Positive Alternatives to Restraint and Seclusion (PARS) Project

Objective:The Positive Alternatives to Restraint and Seclusion (PARS) project of the New York State Office of Mental Health (OMH) was designed to build capacity to use alternatives to restraint and seclusion within state-operated and licensed inpatient and residential treatment programs serving children with severe emotional disturbances. Its long-term goal was to eliminate the use of these restrictive interventions throughout the state’s mental health system of care by creating coercion- and violence-free treatment environments governed by a philosophy of recovery, resiliency, and wellness.Methods:The central feature of the PARS project was training in, implementation of, and engagement with the Six Core Strategies to Reduce the Use of Seclusion and Restraint, a comprehensive approach developed by the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. This report provides an overview of the project, results from January 2007 through December 2011, and lessons learned by OMH.Results:The three ...
Identifying Pediatric Cancer Clusters in Florida Using Log-Linear Models and Generalized Lasso Penalties

We discuss the identification of pediatric cancer clusters in Florida between 2000 and 2010 using a penalized generalized linear model. More specifically, we introduce a Poisson model for the observed number of cases on each of Florida’s ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTA) and regularize the associated disease rate estimates using a generalized Lasso penalty. Our analysis suggests the presence of a number of pediatric cancer clusters during the period over study, with the largest ones being located around the cities of Jacksonville, Miami, Cape Coral/Fort Meyers, and Palm Beach.
Reductive cleavage of the positional isomers of benzoylated and methylated methyl α-d-mannopyranoside

The four O-benzoyl-tri-O-methyl positional isomers, the six di-O-benzoyl-di-O-methyl positional isomers, the four tri-O-benzoyl-O-methyl positional isomers, and the tetra-O-benzoyl derivative of methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside were synthesized, characterized, and subjected to reductive cleavage in the presence of triethylsilane and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. The reactions were monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy in order to establish the rates of the reactions and the identities of the products so formed. The tetra-O-benzoyl derivative, all tri-O-benzoyl-O-methyl positional isomers, and the 2.4-di-O-benzoyl-3.6-di-O-methyl positional isomer were fully stable to reductive-cleavage conditions, but the other di-O-benzoyl-di-O-methyl positional isomers and all O-benzoyl-tri-O-methyl positional isomers were converted to their respective 1.5-anhydro-D-mannitol derivatives via reductive cleavage of their anomeric carbon-oxygen bonds. For the mono-O-benzoyl positional isomers, the rate of reductive cleavage decreased in the order 2-O-benzoyl > 6-O-benzoyl > 3-O-benzoyl approximately 4-O-benzoyl. Moreover, all mono-O-benzoyl positional isomers were cleaved at a much faster rate than the di-O-benzoyl positional isomers. These results suggest that both anchimeric assistance and inductive effects of the ester groups contribute to the observed reaction rate. Based upon these results it is suggested that reductive cleavage of benzoylated polysaccharides might serve as a means to cleave selectively at branched residues.
Probing tumor-stroma interactions and response to photodynamic therapy in a 3D pancreatic cancer-fibroblast co-culture model

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease that is often unresectable by the time of diagnosis and is typically non-responsive to chemo- and radiotherapy, resulting in a five year survival of only 3%. Tumors of the pancreas are characterized by a dense fibrous stroma rich in extracellular matrix proteins, which is implicated in poor therapeutic response, though its precise roles remain poorly understood. Indeed, while the use of therapeutics that target the stroma is an emerging paradigm in the clinical management of this disease, the primary focus of such efforts is to enhance drug penetration through dense fibrous stroma and it is unclear to what extent the characteristically rigid stroma of pancreatic tumors imparts drug resistance by acting as a complex signaling partner, or merely as a physical barrier for drug delivery. Here we use 3D in vitro co-cultures of pancreatic cancer cells and normal human fibroblasts as a model system to study heterotypic interactions between these populations. Leveraging this in vitro model along with image-based methods for quantification of growth and therapeutic endpoints, we characterize these co-cultures and examine the role of verteporfin-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) for targeting tumor-fibroblast interactions in pancreatic tumors.
1100 IMMUNO-ADJUVANT EFFECT OF DTP, DT, AND T WHEN COMBINED WITH HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB) POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

1100 IMMUNO-ADJUVANT EFFECT OF DTP, DT, AND T WHEN COMBINED WITH HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB) POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
Microstructure evolution and abnormal grain growth during copper wafer bonding

Evolution of microstructure morphologies and grain orientations of Cu–Cu bonded wafers during bonding and annealing were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and x-ray diffraction. The bonded Cu grain structure reaches steady state after post-bonding anneal. An abnormal (220) grain growth was observed during the initial bonding process. Upon annealing, the preferred grain orientation of the whole film shifts from (111) to (220). The effects of yielding and energy minimization are possible reasons for the evolution of the preferred grain orientation.
Filon trapezoidal schemes for Hankel transforms of orders zero and one

Abstract Algorithms for evaluating zero-order and first-order Hankel transforms using Filon quadrature philosophy are developed in the context of a trapezoidal approximation rather than of a Simpson's rule approximation previously discussed. Unlike the Filon/Simpson algorithm previously developed, the Filon/trapezoidal algorithm tends to saturate, in that increasing the number of quadrature points does not materially increase the accuracy. Numerical examples are given and discussed.
Mechanistic analysis of the photocycloaddition of silyl-tethered alkenes

The photochemistry of substituted cinnamyloxy silanes has been examined in both cyclohexane and acetonitrile solvents. Alkene isomerization occurs in addition to cycloaddition. Fluorescence quantum yields and excited singlet state lifetimes have been determined for each compound. We have used the information in order to better understand the regio- and stereoselectivity of photocycloaddition between silyl-tethered cinnamyl groups. This study allows us to conclude that the 2 + 2 photocycloaddition between alkenes is not a Woodward-Hoffmann orbital symmetry controlled event. The most consistent explanation for the excellent regio- and stereoselectivity is that the photocycloaddition is conformationally controlled.
SOS! Defibrotide to the rescue.

Hepatic SOS, formerly referred to as veno-occlusive disease, develops in up to 10% of patients undergoing stem cell transplantation, a substantial percentage of whom succumb to this disorder.[1][1] A number of therapeutic approaches have failed to significantly alter the relentless course of SOS,
The effect of a deprogrammer on the position of the terminal transverse horizontal axis of the mandible

This study measured the amount of positional change in the terminal transverse horizontal axis of the mandible that results from altering undesirable neuromuscular influence. Centric relation records were made on 19 healthy subjects before and after deprogramming. The axis was located with a computerized axiograph, and the centric relation records were compared in vivo at the axis location. The positional change of the axis was quantified in three dimensions at an accuracy of +/- 0.05 mm. The net amount of positional change was compared to scores from the temporomandibular joint scale to test for correlation with the potential for developing a temporomandibular disorder. The findings showed that the amount of positional change in the terminal transverse horizontal axis in 18 of 19 healthy patients after 12 hours of deprogramming was less than 0.5 mm and did not correlate with scores from the TMJ Scale.
MECHANISM, CONTEXTUALISM, AND THE BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT

Among the content domains of behavior analysis (e.g., social, emetional, cognitive), the analysis of development is among the most vigorous and distinctive, in part, because it is aligned with the contextualistic worldview and is opposed te rnechanism. This paper briefly reviews the emergence of centextualism in philosophy and psychology, and then in the behavior analysis of develeprnent. It describes characteristics of the latter that make it centextualistic, not mechanistic, both with respect te behavior as its subjeCt matter and the behavier of its scientists. The paper cencludes by suggesting that, in being centextualistic, the behavier analysis of development is at forefront of the discipline more generally.
Henry Kempe and the Birth of Vaccinia Immune Globulin

This issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases contains 2 articles about VIG. In one, Hopkins et al. [1] describe the pharmacokinetics and safety of a new preparation formulated for intravenous use. In the other, Hopkins and Lane [2] review all English-language articles describing the use of the original, intramuscularly injected product to treat a variety of vaccination complications. These include 2 potentially lethal conditions: progressive vaccinia, in which the vaccination site
Prescription Drug Misuse and Sexual Behavior Among Young Adults

Though research indicates a complex link between substance use and sexual risk behavior, there is limited research on the association between sexual risk behavior and prescription drug misuse. In light of alarming increases in prescription drug misuse and the role of demographic characteristics in sexual risk behavior and outcomes, the current study examined demographic differences (gender, sexual identity, age, relationship status, parental class background, and race/ethnicity) in sexual risk behavior, sexual behavior under the influence of prescription drugs, and sexual risk behavior under the influence of prescription drugs in a sample of 402 young adults (ages 18 to 29) who misused prescription drugs. Nearly half of the sexually active young adult prescription drug misusers in this sample reported recent sex under the influence of prescription drugs; more than three-quarters reported recent sex without a condom; and more than one-third reported recent sex without a condom after using prescription drugs. Zero-inflated Poisson regression models indicated that White race, younger age, higher parental class, and being a heterosexual man were all associated with sexual risk behavior, sex under the influence of prescription drugs, and sexual risk under the influence of prescription drugs. Findings have implications for the targeting of prevention and intervention efforts.
Employment-Based Health Insurance: Past, Present, And Future

We review the rise, stabilization, and decline of employment-based insurance; discuss its transformation from quasi-social insurance to a system based on actuarial principles; and suggest that the presence of Medicare and Medicaid has weakened political pressure for universal coverage. We highlight employment-based insurance’s flaws: high administrative costs, inequitable sharing of costs, inability to cover large segments of the population, contribution to labor-management strife, and the inability of employers to act collectively to make health care more cost-effective. We conclude with scenarios for possible trajectories: employment-based insurance flourishes, continues to erode, or is replaced by a more comprehensive system.
Mechanical analysis of idealized shallow hydraulic fracture

The characteristics of hydraulic fractures created at shallow depths are known from excavations and borings, but this understanding has lagged behind the ability to predict fracture growth. This paper describes a simple analysis based on elasticity theory and fracture mechanics that will predict characteristics of shallow hydraulic fractures that are relatively flat lying. The analysis gives closed-form expressions for the injection pressure, fracture aperture, and radial length as functions of time, fracture toughness, and elastic modulus. The analysis is first used to estimate fracture toughness and elastic modulus of shallow formations from field tests of hydraulic fracturing. Those parameters are used to calibrate the model and predict the growth of fractures. The average relative error of the predictions is about 20% and increases with the dip and degree of asymmetry of the fracture.
In Vitro Analysis of Type II Endoleaks and Aneurysm Sac Pressurization on Longitudinal Stent-Graft Displacement

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of type II endoleaks and sac pressurization on stent-graft displacement following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). METHODS: Experimental silicone infrarenal aneurysm (6-cm) models were "treated" with a Talent stent-graft deployed with 20-mm proximal and distal landing zones. Inflow and outflow vessels were created as part of the silicone model to control flow into the aneurysm sac. All aneurysm models were uniform, with a diameter neck of 31 mm, a neck length of 20 mm, and iliac artery diameters of 16 mm. The aortic model was secured in a water bath to a pulsatile pump under physiological conditions; the output phase ratio (%systole/%diastole) was set at 65/35 with a pump rate of 80 beats per minute. Commercially available bifurcated stent-grafts were then displaced in vitro utilizing a linear motion apparatus attached to a force gauge. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) at the aortic inflow were 60.1 ± 3.1 and 38.3 ± 7.8 mmHg, respectively. Peak force to cause initial stent-graft migration with and without a type II endoleak was recorded and compared. RESULTS: In aneurysm sacs with no endoleak, the MAP and sac PP were 32 ± 6.4 and 6 ± 1.3 mmHg, respectively (p<0.01). In aneurysm sacs with a type II endoleak, the MAP and sac PP were 54.1 ± 9.7 and 16.1 ± 4.1 mmHg, respectively (p<0.02). Peak force to initiate migration was 16.0 ± 1.41 N (range 15-18) with no endoleak vs. 23.2 ± 2.2 N (range 20-25) in those with a type IIa endoleak and 23.5 ± 2.5 N (range 20-26) in those with a type IIb endoleak (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Type II endoleaks are associated with a significantly increased sac pressure. Increased sac pressurization from type II endoleaks results in a significantly greater force to displace a stent-graft longitudinally. Type II endoleaks may therefore inhibit migration and offer a benefit following EVAR; however, clinical correlation of these results is required.
Abuse liability, behavioral pharmacology, and physical-dependence potential of opioids in humans and laboratory animals: lessons from tramadol

Assessment of abuse potential of opioid analgesics has a long history in both laboratory animals and humans. This article reviews the methods used in animals and in humans and then presents the data collected in the evaluation of tramadol, an atypical centrally acting opioid analgesic approved for marketing in the United States in 1998. Finally, data on the abuse of tramadol from postmarketing surveillance and case reports are presented. The consistency between animal and human study results and the predictive value of both are discussed. Overall, there was substantial agreement between animal and human data, with each having predictive value. Nonetheless, it is suggested that abuse-potential screening of new medications would benefit from an organized, integrated cross-species program.
CD31: Beyond a marker for endothelial cells

This editorial refers to ‘A CD31-derived peptide prevents angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis progression and aneurysm formation’ by G. Fornasa et al. , pp. 30–37, this issue. CD31 is a 130 kDa platelet–endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule that was initially identified from ECs and platelets1 and later from blood leucocytes.2 Mature CD31 contains a short [22-amino acid (aa)] NH2-terminal peptide followed by six C2-type immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, each flanked by two conserved cysteine residues outside the cells,3 a 19 aa transmembrane domain, and a 118 aa cytoplasmic tail containing two immunotyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM)4 ( Figure 1 ) that mediate intracellular signalling. Although CD31 was initially classified as a cell adhesion molecule,3 later studies suggested that CD31 triggers downstream inhibitory signalling4 upon transhomophilic CD31 engagement during cell–cell interaction.5 CD31 signalling participates in the regulation of leucocyte detachment, T-cell activation, platelet activation, and angiogenesis, all of which are critical to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Figure 1 CD31 protein domains and their corresponding cellular functions. Ig, immunoglobulin; aa, amino acid; ITIM, immunotyrosine-based inhibitory motif; SHP2, Src homology-2 phosphatase; Y, tyrosine. Fornasa et al. 6 use atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient ( Apoe−/− ) mice to demonstrate that aa551–574—a synthetic peptide located to the carboxyl-terminal of the Ig domain 6 ( Figure 1 )—suppressed angiotensin II (Ang-II) perfusion-induced AAAs and atherosclerosis. This peptide reduced atherosclerotic lesion and peri-aortic leucocyte infiltration and increased collagen deposition in aortic root atherosclerotic plaques and the abdominal aorta. Although we typically use CD31 as …
Are Laboratories Reporting Serum Quantitative hCG Results Correctly

Background: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone that exists in multiple forms. Immunoassays commonly used in clinical laboratories measure intact hCG, total β hCG (intact hCG + hCG free β-subunit), and/or hCG free β-subunit. Measurement of serum concentrations of hCG is useful for confirmation and monitoring of pregnancy, diagnosis of trophoblastic diseases and monitoring of the efficacy of treatment, and prenatal screening. Correctly reporting results for the various forms of hCG is clinically important. Method: We prepared samples by addition of intact hCG and hCG free β-subunit to an essentially hCG-free human serum matrix. The samples were analyzed by participant laboratories using various immunoassay methods. Results: We identified errors in participant reporting of intact hCG results as total β hCG (9.3%; 22 of 235 laboratories) and total β hCG as intact hCG (13.1%; 8 of 61 laboratories). Conclusions: Many factors contribute to the erroneous reporting of hCG results, including (a) the complexity of hCG molecule and confusion of nomenclature on the various forms of hCG; (b) laboratory personnel’s lack of awareness of the distinctions of the forms of hCG and failure to recognize the specificity of assays for their measurement; (c) lack of clarity and uniformity in manufacturers’ reagent labeling; and (d) most product inserts’ lack of information on the specificity of each method to the various forms of hCG.
Chemorheology of photopolymerizable acrylates using a modified Boltzmann sigmoidal model

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of ambient photoconversion on rheology for a range of photopolymerizable urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) resins containing varying amounts of three comonomers including 1,6 hexane diol-dimethacrylate (HDDMA), an alkoxylated cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate monomer (CD-582), and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Experiments were performed both as a function of composition and time-dependent dose varying the intensity using a photorheometer. A semilog-based sigmoidal model allowed the determination of four physical model parameters to define the relationship between reaction kinetics and its dynamic influence on viscosity. We have observed induction times and viscosity changes associated with the model that shows a trend in reaction kinetics in the following order from most to least reactive: UDMA > CD582 > HDDMA > HEMA. With increasing amounts of reactive diluent included in the formulation, the kinetics of reaction was more sluggish. The value of this sigmoidal model is that it could help define formulation and process conditions most likely to control crosslinking to maximize dimensional stability or other thermophysical properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2319–2325, 2008
PV-Microgrid Operational Cost Minimization by Neural Forecasting and Heuristic Optimization

Advantages provided by the renewable based distributed generation coupled with federal and state deregulation policies and incentives, are pushing the future energy markets to invest more into renewable systems. Microgrid is a well-known concept for integrating the distributed resources into the current power distribution network. With advanced power electronics and controls, the technology already exists to develop microgrid with renewable energy sources. But, still the biggest concern in the mind of general consumers lies in the form of cost of energy of these renewable systems. Installation of the renewable energy systems requires high initial costs. In addition, the analysis and deployment of renewable energy system is challenging because of large number of design options, uncertainty in future fuel price, intermittent and seasonal nature of renewable power generation. Irrespective of interconnection technology, the optimization of those power electronics based system is extremely important to minimize the operation cost. In this paper, a distributed intelligent energy management system (DIEMS) is implemented to optimize operating costs of a representative photovoltaics (PV) based microgrid. Depending on the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network based forecast of PV generation, an optimization scheme is developed utilizing linear programming along with heuristics. Case studies are done for a household to demonstrate that the proposed DIEMS not only reduces the cost of operation, but also helps to improve overall system operation such as lower maintenance for storage and improved battery life.