cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reshoring: Reassessing the Offshoring Strategy

This paper examines the motives behind the growth of the offshoring movement embraced by most American manufacturing firms beginning the late part of the 20th century. The motives behind the offshoring trend started as a basic move to reduce the labor costs of manufacturing. It later evolves into a new business model for organizational growth and expansion into the global markets. But, beginning about 2010, the offshoring movement began to be replaced with a trend to bring manufacturing jobs back to the U. S. A. This became known as the reshoring movement. This paper examines the forces behind the reshoring movement as well as some of the reactionary forces and obstacles which the reshoring movement will have to address if it is be become and remain as a sustainable business strategy for American manufacturing.
Ontology-based improvement to human activity recognition

Human activity recognition has often prioritized low-level features extracted from imagery or video over higher-level class attributes and ontologies because they have traditionally been more effective on small datasets. However, by including knowledge-driven associations between actions and attributes while recognizing the lower-level attributes with their temporal relationships, we can attempt a hybrid approach that is more easily extensible to much larger datasets. We demonstrate a combination of hard and soft features with a comparison factor that prioritizes one approach over the other with a relative weight. We then exhaustively search over the comparison factor to evaluate the performance of a hybrid human activity recognition approach in comparison to the base hard approach at 84% accuracy and the current state-of-the-art.
Front delay based causality for network parameters

In the present work different methods for delay causality checking and/or enforcing are described. Group delay, phase delay and front delay concepts are discussed and front delay usage for causality checking is suggested. Front delay is approximated as a minimum of a phase delay in the given frequency range for band-limited transfer function. Since measured data usually misses DC values, simple and accurate method for DC extrapolation is offered.
The (Additional) Missing Link: The Role of Tailors as a Service Provider for Customization

Since Solomon’s (1986) seminal work addressing surrogate consumers as a missing link in the consumption chain, consumers have continued to actively pay for the services of an agent “to filter information, weight options, make recommendations, and even conduct transactions on their behalf” (p. 208). A surrogate may step in to provide their services at three points of intervention: (1) between information search and choice set to simplify the market, (2) between choice set and evaluation of alternatives to provide market guidance, and (3) between evaluation of alternatives and purchase where a surrogate manipulates the market (Solomon 1986). A forgotten area of the consumer decision-making process occurs between purchase and post-purchase evaluation where a consumer seeks to change the product to better suit what they desire. Data from a multi-site ethnographic study in judged beauty contests reveals that in fact consumers often employ specialized service providers to adapt and customize a good. At this point of intervention titled product manipulation, a tailor is an overlooked link that can be employed to provide services after the purchase of a good has occurred. A tailor is formally defined here as an agent retained by a customer to make, alter, or/or adapt a product to fit a consumer’s desired end or purpose. The author finds the tailor role to be an additional missing link in consumer decision-making. Tailors facilitate the product manipulation helping consumers achieve a sought after end or purpose. Consumers have the opportunity to customize the product through utilizing the services of these tailors and the reflexive relationship between consumer and tailor to determine the best ‘fit’ is an important contribution to the services and fashion literature.
A police-led addiction treatment referral program in Gloucester, MA: Implementation and participants' experiences.

Abstract Background The increasing rates of opioid use disorder and resulting overdose deaths are a public health emergency, yet only a fraction of individuals in need receive treatment. Objective To describe the implementation of and participants' experiences with a novel police-led addiction treatment referral program. Methods Follow-up telephone calls to participants in the Gloucester Police Department's Angel Program from June 2015–May 2016. Open-ended survey questionnaires assessed experiences of program participants and their close contacts, confirmed police-reported placement, and queried self-reported substance use and treatment outcomes. Results Surveys were completed by 198 of 367 individuals (54% response rate) who participated 214 times. Reasons for participation included: the program was a highly-visible entry point to the treatment system, belief that placement would be obtained, poor prior treatment system experiences, and external pressure to seek treatment. Most participants reported positive experiences citing the welcoming, non-judgmental services. In 75% (160/214) of the encounters, entry into referral placement was confirmed. Participants expressed frustration when they did not meet program entry requirements and had difficulty finding sustained treatment following initial program placement. At a mean follow-up time of 6.7months, 37% of participants reported abstinence since participation, with no differences between participants who entered referral placement versus those who did not. Conclusions A police-led referral program was feasible to implement and acceptable to participants. The program was effective in finding initial access to treatment, primarily through short-term detoxification services. However, the program was not able to overcome a fragmented treatment system focused on acute episodic care which remains a barrier to long-term recovery.
A Woman in Her 60s With Lung Adenocarcinoma Presents With Copious Watery Sputum and Respiratory Failure

Case Presentation A woman in her 60s presented with 1 month of progressive dyspnea, watery rhinorrhea, and paroxysmal cough productive of clear, watery sputum. She was diagnosed with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma at another institution 1 week prior to presentation and 3 weeks after the onset of symptoms. She was a never-smoker. She denied fevers and had completed a course of antibiotics for presumed pneumonia, without clinical improvement. She presented to the hospital due to increasing severity of her shortness of breath.
Soft Ultrathin Silicon Electronics for Soft Neural Interfaces: A Review of Recent Advances of Soft Neural Interfaces Based on Ultrathin Silicon

Techniques for capturing electrical signals from the brain corresponding to most of the activities (actual or imagined) generated by neuron firing have provided neurologists with a fascinating path to decoding and studying this complex system. Technology to increase the spatiotemporal resolution of brain mapping tools has been advancing, aiming at highly dense electrode sites with the long-term stability of devices and negligible damage to brain tissue.
Neuromuscular Disorders in the ICU

Neuromuscular diseases are conditions of the motor unit affecting the nervous system, inclusively between the anterior horn cells and the muscle. The occurrence of some of these conditions can lead to admission to the intensive care unit (ICU): weakness can impair breathing and disrupt airway protection. Many neuromuscular diseases are also associated with autonomic instability. Furthermore, critically ill patients may develop neuromuscular involvement as a consequence of long ICU stays. In this chapter, we describe a general approach to the problems of the neuromuscular disease in the neurological ICU.
Empirically Examining the Individual-Level Determinants of Job Searching Outcomes: a Non-linear Analysis under the Case of Chile

This paper empirically examines the determinants that can help job searchers successfully find jobs. We acquire individual-level data from the 2009 National Employment Survey of Chile and use an innovative non-linear estimation which examines the influences of two individual-level factors: job searchers’ searching efforts and their previous work experience. It is found that whether one searcher is actively searching and whether the searcher has been employed before both significantly affect the job searching outcomes. To be specific, actively searching for jobs with resumes and social networks as well as public assistance provides more opportunities to successfully find a job. Similar consequences may occur for someone without previous work experience. Furthermore, the disparities in the job searching results are also affected by multiple individual characteristics, such as age, gender, and education level. For example, active searching only significantly helps men but not women and those people with average instead of higher education backgrounds find jobs, while previous work experience can help women or those who receive higher education find jobs more easily. Relevant policy implications are also discussed.
THE PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE OF STABILITY

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the principle of exchange of stability. The principle of exchange of stability is generally employed in the context of a family of evolution equations for which bifurcation occurs. It refers to a qualitative relationship between the shape of the bifurcating curve of solutions and their stability. This chapter presents a version of the principle of exchange of stability in the context of Hopf bifurcation, that is, the bifurcation of a family of time periodic solutions from a family of equilibrium solutions. It discusses some preliminaries on bifurcation. The chapter presents the results for the time periodic case, first in the simpler context of Hopf's work and then for an evolution equation in a Banach space.
Limnology as a Discipline

Limnology is the integrative, multidisciplinary, scientific study of inland waters. Limnology is built on subdisciplines, including geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and often adopts an ecosystem perspective to address both academic and applied problems. While the science of limnology is broad in scope and covers all inland water systems (lakes, reservoirs, streams, rivers, wetlands, and ground waters), both the teaching and textbooks of limnology tend to be dominated by the study of biological or ecological problems and emphasize lakes more frequently than other aquatic habitats. Limnologists use multiple approaches to achieve a rich understanding of key processes. These approaches include observational studies, sometime of a long-term nature; comparative studies, direct experiments, some directed at whole systems, others with components in either the field or laboratory; and theory. The science of limnology is well represented in the literature, but often appears under imperfect synonyms such as aquatic science, freshwater ecology, hydroecology, or aquatic biogeochemistry.
Overview: Surgeon’s Approach to the Patient with Lung Cancer

In most thoracic surgery centers, lung cancer is the most ­common indication for surgery. For patients with suspected lung cancer, thoracic surgical procedures can establish a definitive diagnosis. For patients with a known diagnosis of lung cancer, thoracic surgery may contribute to local control of the primary tumor. In a third group of patients, thoracic surgery is useful for characterizing the anatomic extent of the disease – a process referred to as cancer staging. Staging is useful because the simple histologic diagnosis of lung cancer is associated with a wide range of possible outcomes. Staging procedures are designed to provide information that can clarify an individual patient’s expected outcome (Fig 15-1). Patients with more advanced disease are candidates for more aggressive treatments. In the past two decades, patients with advanced disease are being offered multimodality therapy – that is, treatments that involve the combined use of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.
Control of respiration in intact muscle.

We believe that the hydrolysis of ATP provides the free energy for all cell function, and we know that the ultimate source of almost all ATP produced in muscle is oxidative metabolism (Fig. 1). We’d like to know, in as much detail as possible, the mechanism coupling these two fundamental processes, whereby a change in the rate of ATP utilization leads to a change in the rate of oxidative phosphorylation. That brings me to my second reason for choosing the first figure. In what can be thought of as perhaps the first attempt to model the control of respiration in muscle, Chance and Connelly’ used a scheme little more complicated than this. Having determined the responses of isolated mitochondria to limiting concentrations of ADP or inorganic phosphate (Pi), they assumed that the rest of the cell could be represented simply as an ATPase. I mention this not to impugn or embarass two distinguished scientists, but to illustrate the point that, in general, workers in this field have shown a surprising lack of awareness of, or concern for, events occurring outside the mitochondrial inner membrane. To the extent that this audience shares that attitude, I hope to correct it. Fig. 2 shows a current, schematic description of the reactions believed to couple oxidative phosphorylation to ATP hydrolysis, which I hope will meet with everyone’s approval.
A Reliability Analysis Technique for Estimating Sequentially Coordinated Multirobot Mission Performance

This paper presents a quantifiable method by which the behaviors of robots, as determined by their performance in a cyber-physical context, can be captured and generalized so that accurate predictions of sequentially coordinated multirobot behaviors can be made. The analysis technique abstracts sequentially coordinated multirobot missions as a frequentist inference problem. Rather than attempt to identify and put into a causal relation all the hidden and unknown cyber-physical influences that can have an impact on mission performance, we model the problem as that of predicting multirobot performance as a conditional probability. This allows us to initially limit the testing and evaluation of robot performance to evaluations of atomistic behaviors, and to experiment mathematically with the combinations of predictive features and elementary performance metrics to derive accurate predictions of higherlevel coordinated performance. Statistical tests on the goodness of the results are reported, as well.
Surfactant-free fabrication of pNIPAAm microgels in microfluidic devices

Conventional pNIPAAm microgel synthesis utilizes surfactants to suspend pre-gel droplets in the immiscible continuous phase due to the slow polymerization required for synthesizing pNIPAAm in aqueous solvent. To improve the fabrication process and to eliminate the effects of surfactant on microgel quality, a surfactant-free and water-free method was developed. Rapid polymerization of high-quality microgels was achieved in a single-channel microfluidic device to help maintain the integrity of gel particles without the addition of surfactants. The droplet generation mechanism and the effect of flow rate of the two in-going immiscible fluid on the geometry of the produced microgels were studied. The produced microgels have low polydispersity with a dispersity index of 6.4%. The pNIPAAm hydrogels fabricated in the DMSO solvent has smaller pore size and more uniform microstructure compared to that synthesized in water. The fabricated pNIPAAm microgels show a sharp volume phase transition at ∼32 °C and high deswelling/swelling rate.
Decolonizing our questions/decolonizing our answers

Perhaps the most pernicious colonial baggage shaping engagements with the Arab world is gender. Knowledge of the region continues to be constructed upon the juxtaposition of the liberated Western f...
Interpersonal Mindfulness: Scale Development and Initial Construct Validation

Existing trait mindfulness scales primarily assess mindfulness as it occurs outside interpersonal contexts. To more fully understand the possible relational benefits of mindfulness, the authors propose the construct of interpersonal mindfulness—mindfulness as it occurs during interpersonal interactions. The current work describes psychometric development and evaluation of an individual difference measure of interpersonal mindfulness, the interpersonal mindfulness scale (IMS). Exploratory and confirmatory multigroup factor analyses across five independent samples (N = 2085) revealed a hierarchical solution in which four first-order factors were components of a single higher-order interpersonal mindfulness factor. The four resulting subscales were named Presence, Awareness of Self and Others, Nonjudgmental Acceptance, and Nonreactivity. Study 2 showed acceptable test–retest reliability of the IMS over a 1-month period, and study 3 revealed that, among experienced meditation practitioners, greater years of meditation practice, frequency of meditation practice, and number of meditation retreats attended were associated with higher IMS scores. Study 4 provided evidence for convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the IMS using partial correlations, partialling out the shared variance of trait mindfulness, with intrapersonal, interpersonal, and relationship functioning variables. The value of this measure and construct for stimulating future research on the social consequences of being mindful while interacting with others is discussed with special regard to understanding the context of healthy relationships.
The Importance of Geriatric Care Models.

I am delighted to edit this Special Issue of Geriatrics focusing on Geriatric Care Models. [...]
Marine Omega-3 Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving 127 477 Participants.

Background Whether marine omega‐3 supplementation is associated with reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains controversial. Methods and Results This meta‐analysis included study‐l...
Notch in the niche: new insights into the role of Notch signaling in the bone marrow.

In the bone marrow, specialized non-hematopoietic cells form unique microenvironmental niches that support and regulate the functions of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC).[1][1] Although many niche factors are well defined, the role of Notch signaling remains controversial (see [Figure
Disguised Autobiography as Clinical Case Study

Since the earliest days of psychoanalytic scholarship, observations gained from self-analysis or from the author’s own psychoanalytic treatment have often been disguised as data obtained from clini...
On the role of route choice modeling in transit sketchy design

Abstract Sketchy design models are used to examine the fundamental tradeoff in transit systems and to guide high-level decisions. Traditionally, passengers’ route choice is greatly simplified in such models. This study aims to understand whether this simplification would compromise qualitatively the results expected from the sketchy models. To this end, three transit systems, which all offer competitive alternative routes, are analyzed using the continuous approximation approach. We test what the impact on transit system performance (e.g. optimal designs and system costs) would be if travelers somehow split between these routes, rather than concentrate on the “best” one. A random utility model is employed to enable a probabilistic assignment of passengers to different routes according to the “perceived” utility. Analytical methods are then developed to estimate the aggregate share of each route in each system, based on which the user cost is obtained. Numerical results show that, while stochastic route choice modestly increases the optimal user cost, it has a negligible effect on the agency cost. Furthermore, the actual system design is largely insensitive to route choice modeling. Thus, while the simplest deterministic route choice assumption may not be valid in all systems, transit planners can safely ignore route choice details in most cases, at least for the purpose of strategic planning.
Surgical Clipping of an Unruptured Large Inferiorly Projecting Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm With Chiasmopathy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms are a frequently encountered cerebrovascular entity that is associated with a high rupture rate at a smaller size and debilitating morbidity and mortality following rupture. The surgical management of ACoA aneurysms is highly dependent on the spatial orientation of the saccular projection, which is categorized as inferior, superior, anterior, or posterior. The inferiorly projecting aneurysms constitute a minority of all aneurysms involving the ACoA. The adherence of the aneurysm dome near the chiasm predisposes these patients to dome avulsion during frontal lobe retraction. This patient presented with a 1-mo history of progressive vision loss and was found to have a large inferiorly projecting ACoA saccular aneurysm measuring 2.04 cm × 1.54 cm with resultant chiasmopathy. The lesion was approached via a right modified orbitozygomatic craniotomy, which can provide a more favorable maximal angle of approach to the ACoA complex to avoid brain retraction. Intraoperative adenosine was administered to provide relaxation of the aneurysm dome to augment clip placement. Postoperatively, the patient's chiasmopathy demonstrated near-complete resolution. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Effect of Pharmacologic Prophylaxis on Venous Thromboembolism After Radical Prostatectomy: The PREVENTER Randomized Clinical Trial.

Abstract Background Direct high-quality evidence is lacking evaluating perioperative pharmacologic prophylaxis (PP) after radical prostatectomy (RP) to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) leading to significant practice variation. Objective To study the impact of in-hospital PP on symptomatic VTE incidence and adverse events after RP at 30 d, with the secondary objective of evaluating overall VTE in a screening subcohort. Design, setting, and participants A prospective, phase 4, single-center, randomized trial of men with prostate cancer undergoing open or robotic-assisted laparoscopic RP was conducted (July 2017–November 2018). Intervention PP (subcutaneous heparin) plus routine care versus routine care alone. The screening subcohort was offered lower extremity duplex ultrasound at 30 d. Outcomes measurements and statistical analysis The primary efficacy outcome was symptomatic VTE incidence (pulmonary embolism [PE] or deep venous thrombosis [DVT]). Primary safety outcomes included the incidence of symptomatic lymphocele, hematoma, or bleeding after surgery. Secondary outcomes were overall VTE, estimated blood loss, total surgical drain output, complications, and surveillance imaging bias. Fisher’s exact test and modified Poisson regression were performed. Results and limitations A total of 501 patients (75% robotic) were randomized and >99% (500/501) completed follow-up. At second interim analysis (N = 445), the symptomatic VTE rate was 2.3% (four PE + DVT and one DVT) for routine care versus 0.9% (one PE + DVT and one DVT) for PP (relative risk 0.40 [95% confidence interval 0.08–2.03], p = 0.3) meeting a futility threshold for early stopping. In the screening subcohort, the overall VTE rate was 3.3% versus 2.4% (p = 0.7). Results were similar at the final analysis (symptomatic VTE: 2.0% vs 0.8%, p = 0.3; overall VTE: 2.9% vs 2.8%, p = 1). No differences were observed in safety or secondary outcomes. All VTE events (seven symptomatic and three asymptomatic) occurred in patients undergoing pelvic lymph node dissection. Conclusions This study was not able to demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in symptomatic VTE associated with PP. There was no increase in the development of symptomatic lymphoceles, bleeding, or other adverse events. Given that the event rate was lower than powered for, further research is needed among high-risk patients (Caprini score ≥8) or patients receiving pelvic lymph node dissection. Patient summary In this report, we randomized patients undergoing radical prostatectomy to perioperative pharmacologic prophylaxis or routine care alone. We found that pharmacologic prophylaxis did not reduce postoperative symptomatic venous thromboembolism significantly for men at routine risk. Importantly, pharmacologic prophylaxis did not increase adverse events, such as formation of lymphoceles or bleeding, and can safely be implemented when indicated for patients with risk factors undergoing radical prostatectomy.
TERT promoter mutation determines apoptotic and therapeutic responses of BRAF-mutant cancers to BRAF and MEK inhibitors: Achilles Heel

Combination use of BRAF V600E inhibitor dabrafenib and MEK inhibitor trametinib has become a standard treatment for human cancers harboring BRAF V600E. Its anticancer efficacies vary, however, with dramatic efficacy in some patients and drug resistance/tumor recurrence in others, which is poorly understood. Using thyroid cancer, melanoma, and colon cancer cell models, we showed that dabrafenib and trametinib induced robust apoptosis of cancer cells harboring both BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations but had little proapoptotic effect in cells harboring only BRAF V600E. Correspondingly, the inhibitors nearly completely abolished the growth of in vivo tumors harboring both mutations but had little effect on tumors harboring only BRAF V600E. Upon drug withdrawal, tumors harboring both mutations remained hardly measurable but tumors harboring only BRAF V600E regrew rapidly. BRAF V600E/MAP kinase pathway is known to robustly activate mutant promoter of TERT, a strong apoptosis suppressor. Thus, for survival, cancer cells harboring both mutations may have evolved to rely on BRAF V600E-promoted and high-TERT expression-mediated suppression of apoptosis. As such, inhibition of BRAF/MEK can trigger strong apoptosis-induced cell death and hence tumor abolishment. This does not happen in cells harboring only BRAF V600E as they have not developed reliance on TERT-mediated suppression of apoptosis due to the lack of mutant promoter-driven high-TERT expression. TERT promoter mutation governs BRAF-mutant cancer cells’ apoptotic and hence therapeutic responses to BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Thus, the genetic duet of BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutation represents an Achilles Heel for effective therapeutic targeting and response prediction in cancer.
Non-elective paraesophageal hernia repair: surgical approaches and short-term outcomes.

The majority of laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia (PEH) repairs are performed electively. We aimed to investigate the frequency of non-elective laparoscopic (MIS) PEH repair and compare 30-day outcomes to elective MIS repairs and non-elective open repairs. We hypothesized that an increasing percentage of non-elective PEH repairs would be performed laparoscopically and that this population would have improved outcomes compared to non-elective open PEH counterparts. The 2011–2016 NSQIP PUFs were used to identify patients who underwent PEH repair. Case status was classified as open vs. MIS and elective versus non-elective. Preoperative patient characteristics, operative details, discharge destination, and 30-day postoperative complication rates were compared. Logistic regression was used to examine the impact of case status on 30-day mortality. We identified 20,010 patients who underwent PEH. There were an increasing number of MIS PEH repairs in NSQIP between 2011 and 2016. Non-elective repairs were performed in 2,173 patients and 73.4% of these were completed laparoscopically. Elective MIS patients were younger, had a higher BMI, and were more likely to be functionally independent (p < 0.01) than their non-elective counterparts. Non-elective MIS patients had a higher wound class and ASA class compared to their elective counterparts. Compared to elective MIS cases, non-elective MIS PEH repair was associated with increased odds of mortality, even after controlling for patient characteristics (OR = 1.76, p = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality for non-elective MIS vs. non-elective open PEH repair. There is an increase in non-elective PEH repairs recorded in NSQIP over time studied. The population undergoing non-elective MIS PEH repairs is different from their elective MIS counterparts and experience a higher postoperative mortality rate. While the observed increased utilization of MIS techniques in non-elective PEH repairs likely provides benefits for the patient, there remain differences in outcomes for these patients compared to elective PEH repairs.
Clinical Manifestations of Neonatal Seizures

Neonatal seizures present a unique diagnostic challenge with clinical manifestations often subtle or absent to the bedside observer. Seizures can be overdiagnosed in newborns with unusual paroxysmal movements and underdiagnosed in newborns without clinical signs of seizures. Electroclinical "uncoupling" also adds to the diagnostic challenge. Reliable diagnosis requires additional tools; continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring is the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal seizures. Certain high-risk neonatal populations with known brain injury, such as stroke or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, are most likely to benefit from continuous EEG. Studies have shown that risk stratification for continuous EEG has positive impact on care, including rapid and accurate diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures, which leads to reduced use of antiseizure medicines and length of hospital stay. This review describes common clinical manifestations of neonatal seizures, and clinical situations in which EEG monitoring to screen for seizures should be considered.
Residential Satisfaction of Rural Older Adults Aging in Place

This study explored residential (housing and town) satisfaction of rural older adults aging in place, relating to demographic and housing characteristics. We conducted a structured, face-to-face su...
Control of High Voltage DC Links Between Interconnections for Small Signal Stability

This paper presents a preliminary investigation on controlling the existing high voltage dc (HVDC) links connecting the North American western interconnection (WI) to the other interconnections, to provide damping to inter-area oscillations. The control scheme is meant to damp inter-area modes of oscillation in the WI by using wide area synchrophasor feedback. A custom model is developed in General Electric's PSLF software for the wide area damping control scheme, and simulations are analyzed on a validated full ~22,000 bus WI model. Results indicate that implementing the proposed control technique to the existing HVDC links in the WI can significantly improve the damping of the inter-area modes of the system.
Helium diffusion systematics inferred from continuous ramped heating analysis of Transantarctic Mountains apatites showing age overdispersion

Abstract Application of apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology has been hindered by incomplete understanding of diffusion systematics that leads to the single-grain age dispersion often displayed by samples, particularly those from older, slowly cooled settings. We applied the continuous ramped heating (CRH) method to an apatite suite from Cathedral Rocks in the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) that have high age dispersion in order to explain processes that complicate 4He diffusion in apatite. Examining 132 apatite grains from a total of six samples, we confirmed earlier apatite (U-Th)/He results showing that measured AHe ages have at least three-fold intra-sample dispersion with no obvious relationships between ages and effective uranium concentration (eU) or grain size. CRH results on these apatites yielded two groups. Those with younger ages, characterized by unimodal incremental 4He gas-release curves, displayed simple volume diffusion behavior. In contrast, grains with older ages generally show complex gas release in the form of sharp spikes and/or extended gas-release at high temperatures (i.e., ≥800 °C). Simply-behaved apatites still show considerable age dispersion that exceeds what grain size, radiation damage, and analytical uncertainty can explain, but this dispersion appears to be related to variations in 4He diffusion kinetics. The screened AHe ages from simply-behaved younger apatite grains together with kinetic information from these grains suggest that the sampled region experienced slow cooling prior to rapid cooling (rock exhumation) beginning ca. 35 Ma. This interpretation is consistent with other studies indicative of an increase in exhumation rates at this time, possibly related to the initiation of glaciation at the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition. An attempt to correct older apatite ages by simply removing extraneous gas-release components yielded some ages that are too young for the samples’ geologic setting, suggesting that the factors that lead to complex laboratory release behavior can impact both the expected radiogenic component as well as those that are apparently extraneous. From our observations, we infer that many apatite grains contain imperfections of varying kinds that contribute significantly to kinetic variability beyond that associated with radiation damage and conclude that: (1) CRH analysis can serve as a routine screening tool for AHe dating and offers opportunities to reveal first-order kinetic variations; (2) model-dependent age correction may be possible but would require some means of estimating the broad proportions of 4He components incorporated into grains before and after closure to diffusion, and (3) interpretation of highly dispersed AHe ages requires assessment of individual-grain diffusion kinetics beyond that predicted by radiation-damage models.
M-Phase oscillations in PP1 activity are essential for accurate progression through mammalian oocyte meiosis

Tightly controlled fluctuations in kinase and phosphatase activity play important roles in regulating M-Phase transitions (e.g., G2/M). Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is one of these phosphatases, with oscillations in activity driving mitotic M-Phase entry, progression, and exit, with evidence from a variety of experimental systems pointing to roles in meiosis as well. Here we report that PP1 is important for M-Phase transitions through mouse oocyte meiosis. Employing a unique small-molecule approach to inhibit or activate PP1 at distinct phases of mouse oocyte meiosis, we found that aberrations in normal cyclical PP1 activity leads to meiotic abnormalities. We report here that temporal control of PP1 activity is essential for G2/M transition, metaphase I/anaphase I transition, and the formation of a normal metaphase II oocyte. Our data also reveal that inappropriate activation of PP1 is more deleterious at G2/M transition than at prometaphase I-to-metaphase I, and that an active pool of PP1 during prometaphase I is vital for metaphase I/anaphase I transition and metaphase II chromosome alignment. Taken together, these results establish that loss of oscillations in PP1 activity causes a range of severe meiotic defects, pointing to essential roles for PP1 in oocytes and female fertility, and more broadly, M-Phase regulation.
The Justice Motive as a Personal Resource: Dealing with Challenges and Critical Life Events

1. The Meaning of the Belief in a Just World. 2. The Development of the Belief in a Just World. 3. Functions of the Belief in a Just World. 4. Coping With an Unjust Fate. 5. Conclusion. Appendix. References. Index.
Histogenesis and Morphogenesis of Cortical Structures

Three important theories of nervous organization, valid for our time , emerged from the cell theory. Firstly, the demonstration that the nerve cell and fiber are parts of the same structure (first claimed by Remak, 1838) was the first step in the formulation of the neuron theory, which is discussed in Sections 5.1 and 6.1. Secondly, recognition that there are different types of nerve cells, even in the same region, was the beginning of the theory of neuronal typology. Thirdly, realization that there are regionally specific patterns of nerve cells and fibers , especially in the cerebral cortex, was the beginning of a theory of cytoarchitectonics (reviewed by Brodmann, 1909; Lorente de No, 1943; Kemper and Galaburde, 1984).
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Androgen Receptor

The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, members of which function as ligand-inducible transcription factors that mediate the expression of target genes in response to ligands specific to each receptor, including steroids, retinoids, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily all share a common structure composed of an NH2-terminal transactivation domain and DNA and ligand binding domains. Nuclear receptors can be subdivided into three general types (Mangelsdorf et al., 1995 McKenna et al., 1999 Tsai and O’Malley, 1994). The classical steroid receptors such as AR, the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) are grouped as type 1 receptors. These receptors typically function as ligand induced homodimers, although heterodimerization between steroid receptors and other nuclear receptors has been reported (Chen et al., 1997c Lee et al., 1999 Panet-Raymand et al., 2000). The type 1 nuclear receptors typically bind to DNA response elements organized as inverted repeats (Mangelsdorf et al., 1995). The type 2 nuclear receptors dimerize with the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR) and include the receptors for vitamin D3 (VDR), thyroid hormone (TR), all-trans retinoic acid (RAR), and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR).
Using E-mail Within a Classroom Based on Feminist Pedagogy

AbstractThis article highlights parts of a descriptive study of elementary school children using technology and an array of telecommunications tools. The study analyzed naturalistic data to answer the question, “How does gender interface with computers and telecommunications?” Data for the overall study included field notes based on six months of participation and observation, 750 pages of e-mail messages, daily logs, newsletters, text and graphic documents generated by the children, and transcripts of interviews. This article depends on three data sources: e-mail messages, daily logs, and interviews. A feminist perspective informed the analysis. Analysis seemed to warrant three claims: both girls and boys used technology to confirm gender stereotypes, both girls and boys used technology to defy gender stereotypes, and gender biases in classroom interactions are more invisible and more difficult to eliminate than expected. A feminist perspective is essential in this struggle, but insufficient for eliminat...
Modeling and H/sub /spl infin// optimal control of active noise cancelling headphones

This paper presents the preliminary results of an ongoing study to maximize the attenuation level and bandwidth of active noise cancelling (ANC) headphones through the use of advanced system identification methods and feedback control design tools. After conducting an identification experiment on the physical system, the collected data were used to estimate a headphone model. The "best" model was obtained by comparing the results of several identification methods, including prediction error methods based on ARX and state space models as well as nonparametric methods. H/sub /spl infin// optimal control and /spl mu/-synthesis techniques are shown to be ideally suited to the design of high performance robust active noise cancelling headphones. By choosing different weighting functions, performance limits (in terms of noise attenuation level and attenuation bandwidth) achievable by the system for various uncertainty levels were explored.
Using student projects to develop instructional applications and teach computer graphics programming

Computer graphics programming is an extremely popular elective for engineering undergraduates. This article describes our experience in teaching students the techniques of developing interactive computer graphics applications, and in supervising them as productive developers of instructional applications. The features of EMU, a graphics program for displaying electromagnetic fields in waveguides and around antennas, are described as an example of software developed by students at Cornell.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Faculty Development for Online Teaching

As co-editors of this special issue on faculty development for online teaching, we would like to make a few points before readers engage in the articles included in the issue. First, we intended the special issue to include research on faculty development programs, especially research that was based on an appropriate theory. These studies seem especially important given their exploration of the usefulness of theory for creating faculty development activities and evaluating their effectiveness.
Microphone detection of pulsed atomic and molecular beams

Abstract In a high-vacuum environment a microphone can act as a detector for atomic or molecular beams. Here, the response of the microphone to beams with gaussian temporal profiles is investigated. Using linear response theory, an analytic expression is found for the microphone output voltage for pulsed beams of arbitrary duration. Evaluation of this expression for pulses long compared with the period of oscillation of the lowest-frequency mode of vibration of the microphone diaphragm shows that the output follows the temporal profile of the pulse, with an amplitude proportional to the momentum flux in the pulse. For pulses that approximate delta functions in time, the microphone gives a somewhat distorted, damped sinusoidal response with a peak amplitude proportional to the impulse per area in the gas burst. An experiment was done that demonstrates the response of an electret microphone to a short burst of argon atoms.
Nonmonotonic logic for use in information retrieval: an exploratory paper

Abstract Monotonic logic requires reexamination of the entirety of a logic string when there is a contradiction. Nonmonotonic logic allows the user to withdraw conclusions in the face of contradiction without harm to the logic string. This attribute has considerable application to the field of information searching. Artificial intelligence models and neural networks based on nonmonotonic logic have the potential for more robust findings than the use of monotonic logic alone. This paper demonstrates the power of nonmonotonic logic but does not implement the logic.
Use of the mutual exclusivity assumption by young word learners.

Abstract A critical question about early word learning is whether word learning constraints such as mutual exclusivity exist and foster early language acquisition. It is well established that children will map a novel label to a novel rather than a familiar object. Evidence for the role of mutual exclusivity in such indirect word learning has been questioned because: (1) it comes mostly from 2 and 3-year-olds and (2) the findings might be accounted for, not by children avoiding second labels, but by the novel object which creates a lexical gap children are motivated to fill. Three studies addressed these concerns by having only a familiar object visible. Fifteen to seventeen and 18–20-month-olds were selected to straddle the vocabulary spurt. In Study 1, babies saw a familiar object and an opaque bucket as a location to search. Study 2 handed babies the familiar object to play with. Study 3 eliminated an obvious location to search. On the whole, babies at both ages resisted second labels for objects and, with some qualifications, tended to search for a better referent for the novel label. Thus mutual exclusivity is in place before the onset of the naming explosion. The findings demonstrate that lexical constraints enable babies to learn words even under non-optimal conditions—when speakers are not clear and referents are not visible. The results are discussed in relation to an alternative social-pragmatic account.
A THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF ANISOTROPICALLY WEIGHTED SMOOTHING ON THE BASIS OF NUMERICAL VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS

Abstract The weighting factors used in conventional objective analysis methods are reviewed on the basis of numerical variational analysis. Special emphasis is placed on anisotropy (ellipticity) of the factors. The weighting factors of the objective analysis methods were empirically determined and are two dimensional in a horizontal plane (x, y). Most of these weighting factors are isotropic. However, anisotropic weighting factors have recently been used to give greater weight to the upstream and downstream observations as compared to those of the crosswind direction. A simple advection equation is used as a dynamical constraint in the numerical variational analysis in order to take into account quantitatively the effect of wind direction and speed on the anisotropy. A simple low-pass filter is also included in the variational formalism. A Green's function, derived for the Eular equation, is used to discuss the theoretical basis of the isotropic and anisotropic weighting factors. The results obtained from...
Validation of partial tissue segmentation of single-channel magnetic resonance images of the brain.

Abstract We describe and evaluate a practical, automated algorithm based on local statistical mixture modeling for segmenting single-channel, T1-weighted volumetric magnetic resonance images of the brain into gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. We employed a stereological sampling method to assess, prospectively, the performance of the method with respect to human experts on 10 normal T1-weighted brain scans acquired with a three-dimensional gradient echo pulse sequence. The overall kappa statistic for the concordance of the algorithm with the human experts was 0.806, while that among raters, excluding the algorithm, was 0.802. The algorithm had better agreement with the modal expert decision (κ = 0.878). The algorithm could not be distinguished from the experts by this measure. We also validated the algorithm on a simulated MR scan of a digital brain phantom with known tissue composition. Global gray matter and white matter errors were 1% and
How Do Young Adolescents Cope with Social Problems? An Examination of Social Goals, Coping with Friends, and Social Adjustment.

This study investigated individual differences in sixth-grade students (N = 181; 47% girls, ethnically diverse) use of friends as a coping resource when dealing with a social stressor with another ...
Intermittent, idiopathic, inappropriate vasopressin secretion in a child.

The present report documents an unusual case of intermittent, idiopathic, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) in a child. Hyponatremia was first noted at 3 months of age, and mild hyponatremia persisted until the patient presented at 20 months of age with seizures secondary to water intoxication. Salt wasting, reduced responsiveness to Florinef and desoxycorticosterone acetate, a persistently hyperosmolar urine, inability to excrete a water load, and a augmented renin response to water restriction were documented. Renal and adrenal functions were normal. Extensive evaluation failed to reveal significant pulmonary or central nervous system disease. She had a normal response to water loading at 24 months of age, and between 24 and 39 months of age she remained well on a regimen of self-imposed water restriction. Symptoms recurred at 39 months at which time she again was unable to excrete a water load. At this time serum antidiuretic hormone levels measured by radioimmunoassay were elevated and nonsuppressible. In spite of chronic mild SIADH, she remains stabilized on a regimen of water restriction at age 46 months.