cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE RUMEN CILIATE, OPHRYOSCOLEX PURKYNEI STEIN.

SYNOPSIS. Fermentation of wheat by a clonal population of Ophryoscolex purkynei obtained from an in vitro culture yielded butyrate, acetate, smaller amounts of propionate, and traces of formate and lactate. H2 and COz were formed in a ratio of approximately 2:1. The soluble sugars tested were not fermented in manometric experiments. Decomposition of pectin by O. Purkynei is due to pectin esterase and transeliminase; the latter enzyme resembles the bacterial transeliminase rather than the fungal pectin transeliminase. The occurrence of these enzymes seems odd since the end products do not appear to be metabolized. The rate of fermentation of wheat by washed suspensions of protozoa agreed with the rate determined by following gas production in a normal culture during a 24-hr period. The rate was lower than that reported for the holotrichous rumen ciliates; the total products formed per cell per hour by the washed suspension were 0.295 mpM. The formation of gas by fermentation of soybean and linseed oil meals was due to the starch and not protein in these materials. Manometric experiments with the pure proteins, casein, gliadin, and glutenin showed no gas evolution. Ammonification of these substrates in addition to plant chloroplasts was determined. Linseed oil meal gave a high value of 0.02 mμM/cell/hr which is of practical magnitude when compared to the rate of formation of acid, 0.08 mμM/cell/hr. Based on a concentration of 4000 protozoa/ml, estimation of the proteolytic activities of O. Purkynei indicated that it can account for 1.5% of the total ammonification. But, it can account for nearly 11% per day of the nitrogen supplied to the host when the protozoa are passed on to the abomasum. Its contribution to the volatile acids produced in the rumen is 3%, assuming the maximum rate of acid formation from wheat. Ophryoscolex can be of significance in the rumen if it occurs at high concentrations (4W/ml) but the rate of fermentatiodcell is too low to assign much importance to this organism when it occurs in low numbers.
Polyomavirus interaction with the DNA damage response

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that subvert cellular metabolism and pathways to mediate their own replication-normally at the expense of the host cell. Polyomaviruses are a group of small DNA viruses, which have long been studied as a model for eukaryotic DNA replication. Polyomaviruses manipulate host replication proteins, as well as proteins involved in DNA maintenance and repair, to serve as essential cofactors for productive infection. Moreover, evidence suggests that polyomavirus infection poses a unique genotoxic threat to the host cell. In response to any source of DNA damage, cells must initiate an effective DNA damage response (DDR) to maintain genomic integrity, wherein two protein kinases, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR), are major regulators of DNA damage recognition and repair. Recent investigation suggests that these essential DDR proteins are required for productive polyomavirus infection. This review will focus on polyomaviruses and their interaction with ATM- and ATR-mediated DNA damage responses and the effect of this interaction on host genomic stability.
A Multistage Solution of the Template-Layout Problem

The template-layout problem is to determine how to cut irregular-shaped two-dimensional pieces out of given stock sheets in an optimum manner without making an exhaustive search of all possible arrangements of the pieces. An algorithm is described for solving template-layout problems with a digital computer. The method of solution requires that the irregular shapes be enclosed, singly or in combination, in minimum area rectangles called modules. Individual modules will contain from one to perhaps eight optimally fitted irregular pieces. The modules are then packed into the given stock sheet(s) so as to optimize a specified objective function. The packing is carried out with a dynamic programming algorithm, which converts the multivariable problem into a multistage one. Successive iterations of the algorithm are used to determine whether higher order modules (containing more irregular-shaped pieces) improve the solution. A detailed description of the algorithm is given. An illustrative example is included and its computer solution is described. The paper concludes with an extension of the algorithm to an improved version which can be expected to yield solutions more closely approaching the true optimum.
Numerical model of longitudinal wave scattering in polycrystals

The scattering of elastic waves in polycrystalline materials is relevant for ultrasonic materials characterization and nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Ultrasonic attenuation is used widely to extract microstructural parameters such as grain size. Accurate interpretation of experimental data requires robust scattering models. Such models typically assume constant density, uniform grain size, and ergodicity hypotheses. The accuracy and limits of applicability of these models cannot be fully tested with experiments due to practical limits of real materials processing. Here, this problem is examined in terms of numerical simulations using Voronoi polycrystals that are discretized using finite elements. Wave propagation is studied by integrating the system directly in time using a planestrain formulation. Voronoi polycrystals with cubic symmetry and random orientations are used making the bulk material statistically isotropic. Example numerical results for materials with various degrees of scattering that are of common interest are presented. The numerical results are presented and compared with scattering theory for a wide range of frequencies. The numerical results show good agreement with the theory for the examples examined with evidence that the correlation function is frequency dependent. These results are anticipated to impact ultrasonic NDE of polycrystalline media.
Mineral nutrient remobilization during corolla senescence in ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive flowers

The flower has a finite lifespan that is controlled largely by its role in sexual reproduction. Once the flower has been pollinated or is no longer receptive to pollination, the petals are programmed to senesce. A majority of the genes that are up-regulated during petal senescence, in both ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive flowers, encode proteins involved in the degradation of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, fatty acids, and cell wall and membrane components. A smaller subset of these genes has a putative role in remobilizing nutrients, and only a few of these have been studied in detail. During senescence, carbohydrates (primarily sucrose) are transported from petals, and the degradation of macromolecules and organelles also allows the plant to salvage mineral nutrients from the petals before cell death. The remobilization of mineral nutrients from a few species has been investigated and will be reviewed in this article. Ethylene's role in nutrient remobilization is discussed by comparing nutrient changes during the senescence of ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive flowers, and by studies in transgenic petunias (Petunia × hybrida) that are insensitive to ethylene. Gene expression studies indicate that remobilization is a key feature of senescence, but some senescence-associated genes have different expression in leaves and petals. These gene expression patterns, along with differences in the nutrient content of leaves and petals, suggest that there are differences in the mechanisms of cellular degradation and nutrient transport in vegetative and floral organs. Autophagy may be the mechanism for large-scale degradation that allows for recycling during senescence, but it is unclear if this causes cell death. Future research should focus on autophagy and the regulation of ATG genes by ethylene during both leaf and petal senescence. We must identify the mechanisms by which individual mineral nutrients are transported out of senescing corollas in both ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive species.
SINGULARITY TRACES OF PLANAR LINKAGES THAT INCLUDE PRISMATIC AND REVOLUTE JOINTS

This paper presents a general method to construct a singularity trace for single degree-of-freedom, closed-loop linkages that include prismatic, in addition to, revolute joints. The singularity trace has been introduced in the literature as a plot that reveals the gross motion characteristics of a linkage relative to a designated input joint and design parameter. Previously, singularity traces were restricted to mechanisms composed of only rigid bodies and revolute joints. The motion characteristics identified on the plot include changes in the number of solutions to the forward kinematic position analysis (geometric inversions), singularities, and changes in the number of branches. To illustrate the adaptation of the general method to include prismatic joints, basic slider-crank and inverted slider-crank linkages are explored. Singularity traces are then constructed for more complex Assur IV/3 linkages containing multiple prismatic joints. These Assur linkages are of interest as they form an architecture that is commonly used for mechanisms capable of approximating a shape change defined by a general set of closed curves.Copyright © 2015 by ASME and General Motors
New implicit solvation models for dispersion and exchange energies.

Implicit solvation models provide a very efficient means to estimate solvation energies. For example, dielectric continuum models are commonly used to obtain the long-range electrostatic interactions. These may be parametrized to also include in some average manner short-range interactions such as dispersion and exchange, but it is preferable to instead develop additional implicit models specifically designed for the short-range interactions. This work proposes new models for dispersion and exchange interactions between solute and solvent by adapting approaches previously developed for treatment of gas-phase intermolecular forces. The new models are formulated in terms of the charge densities of the solutes and use only three adjustable parameters. To illustrate the performance of the models, electronic structure calculations are reported for a large number of solutes in two nonpolar solvents where short-range interactions dominate and different balances pertain between attractive dispersion and repulsive...
Simultaneous Spectroscopic and Topographic Imaging of Single-Molecule Interfacial Electron-Transfer Reactivity and Local Nanoscale Environment.

The fundamental information related to the energy flow between molecules and substrate surfaces as a function of surface site geometry and molecular structure is critical for understanding interfacial electron-transfer (ET) dynamics. The inhomogeneous nanoscale molecule–surface and molecule–molecule interactions are presumably the origins of the complexity in interfacial ET dynamics; thus, identifying the environment of molecules at nanoscale is crucial. We have developed atomic force microscopy (AFM) correlated single-molecule fluorescence intensity/lifetime imaging microscopy (AFM-SMFLIM) capable of identifying and characterizing individual molecules distributed across the heterogeneous surface at the nanometer length scale. Using the novel AFM-SMFLIM imaging, we are able to obtain nanoscale morphology and interfacial ET dynamics at a single-molecule level. Moreover, the observed blinking behavior and lifetime of each molecule in combination with the topography of the environment at nanoscale provide th...
Utility of Animal Models for Human Embryo Culture Development: Rodents

Advancements in clinical human embryo culture over the last 30-40 years have been supported by research conducted with embryos from rodent and domestic species. The mouse has been the primary rodent species that has contributed to improved embryo culture outcomes. Numerous parameters applied in the beginning of experiments, during progress of experiments, and as end-point measures provide varying degrees of rigor and interpretive strength and/or complexity. A nonexhaustive discussion of these parameters is presented with important emphasis on experimental design to obtain the greatest power of intraexperimental interpretation of inferior, equivalent, or improved culture conditions in the mouse model. Additionally, data are presented demonstrating the inherent flaw of overinterpretation of interexperimental outcome comparisons and caution of expectations of data translation from the mouse to the human embryo culture scenario. Finally, a materials, methods, and notes discussion enumerates important steps in use of mouse embryos as a bioassay tool, independent of whether they are being used in an experiment focused on quality control or improving culture conditions.
The Impact of Parent Empowerment in Children’s Mental Health Services on Parenting Stress

Emotional and behavioral (EB) problems in children are associated with increased perceptions of strain in parenting. Among children receiving services, parenting stress has been linked to initiating services for their children, and may strain the relationship between parent and child. In contrast, parental engagement and empowerment in services is an important quality indicator for positive treatment outcomes. However, no known studies have examined the association between parent empowerment in their child’s services and their perceptions of stress related to parenting a child with significant mental health needs. Further, no studies have explored whether empowerment moderates the relationship between the child’s symptoms and parental perceptions of stress. The current study examined the impact of child EB problems and parent empowerment on parenting stress. Among a sample of 525 parents of children receiving school-based services for disruptive behavior disorders, child EB problems significantly predicted parenting stress. Parent empowerment also correlated with lower parenting stress, as hypothesized. Although parent empowerment was not found to moderate the relationship between child symptomatology and parenting stress, the relationship between parent empowerment and parenting stress differed based on child gender and age. Parent empowerment was associated with lower parenting stress more for parents of females and younger children than for parents of males and older children.
Gastrinomas: gastrin-producing tumors.

Chronic duodenal ulcer and marked gastric acid hypersecretion, neostomal ulcer after standard ulcer operations, unexplained diarrhea, and peptic ulcer with other endocrine abnormalities are among the more common clinical situations suggesting gastrinoma of the pancreas and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Rewrite Copyright: Protecting Creativity and Social Utility in the Digital Age

Debate about the impact of modern technology on copyright law has become polarized—even harsh. Owners, with some justification, contend that copying has become too easy and that strong protections for their assets must be implemented in order to insure the continued production of creative work. Users respond, with some justification, that such strong protections place intolerable constraints on their rights to browse in digital space, of contemporary culture and fairly use copyright works. The form of the debate—with both sides raising valid problems and neither finding an easy solution inside the existing structure of copyright law—suggests a need to rewrite copyright to insure remuneration to copyright owners while still providing easy, cheap access for users.The most viable method for achieving such a goal is to institute a wide ranging system of levies on all devices and media that make it possible to quickly and easily copy protected copyright subject matter. In return for the payment of levies, owners would be required to allow users undisturbed access to their copyrighted works. This paper uses the sometimes checkered history of American copyright law as a vehicle for discussion of the problems technology presents to contemporary intellectual property law, the need for a levy system, the most significant requirements of a levy system and the nature of objections likely to arise to use of such a system.
The Campaign-Centered Model in Comparative Perspective

[A campaign is] like any other war – you begin with parades and bands and banners and high hopes convinced God is on your side, and end up bloody and battered and beaten to hell. But by God, you won. – Stuart Stevens, Media Consultant for George W. Bush (2001) This chapter proceeds in three sections. The first evaluates the extent to which the findings from the preceding chapters are generalizable beyond two “treatment” and two “control” elections in Mexico and the United States. Can a campaign-centered model explain patterns of economic voting across different types of elections and in different institutional and political contexts? Analysis of the effect of campaign communication in the 2007 South Korean, 2006 Canadian, and 1972 West German national elections supports the generalizability of a priming-based theory of economic voting. In the second section, I extend my theoretical model and consider whether campaign messages shape voting behavior beyond the economic vote. Focusing largely on the 2000 Brazilian presidential election, I find that candidates can change votes by conditioning the salience of issues other than economic retrospections. Together these analyses support the broad generalizability of the campaign-centered approach to economic voting. However, this leads back to an important question: so what? What have we learned about electoral politics from a study of the psychological mechanism that conditions the economic vote? The third section of this chapter, then, returns to the economic voting puzzle that I posed in Chapter 1 and presents aggregate-level tests of my campaign-centered theory. Can a model of election outcomes that explicitly incorporates the conditioning influence of campaign dynamics outperform the conventional model? HOW DOES THE MODEL PERFORM IN OTHER TYPES OF ELECTIONS? Do candidates in democracies around the world have the capacity, via political communication, to activate or deactivate the economic vote? Contrary to the predictions of conventional economic voting theory, I have shown that candidates' strategic dissemination of campaign messages in two US and two Mexican presidential elections conditioned voters' willingness to hold governments accountable for economic performance.
New Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Permeability in Diabetes

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in working age people in the United States and contributes significantly to vision loss in the young and elderly. The increasing rate of incidence of diabetes will further impact the visual health of this country unless new treatment modalities are discovered to prevent and cure diabetic retinopathy.
Some “What” Questions About Future Citizens

What could families, schools, churches, workplaces, voluntary associations, and the media do to propagate a less superficial and more personally meaningful understanding of political democracy than that now widely shared by the public? What could they do to increase public support of and participation in such a political system? This chapter considers a limited set of research findings related to these questions. However, it recognizes that there are major political, economic, and cultural constraints on the ability of each of the institutions to make better citizens.
Laparoscopic Total Pancreatectomy With Islet Autotransplantation and Intraoperative Islet Separation as a Treatment for Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis

Importance Pain management of patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) can be challenging. Laparoscopy has been associated with markedly reduced postoperative pain but has not been widely applied to total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT). Objective To examine the feasibility of using laparoscopic TPIAT (L-TPIAT) in the treatment of CP. Design, Setting, and Participants Thirty-two patients with CP presented for TPIAT at a tertiary hospital from January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2015. Of the 22 patients who underwent L-TPIAT, 2 patients converted to an open procedure because of difficult anatomy and prior surgery. Pain and glycemic outcomes were recorded at follow-up visits every 3 to 6 months postoperatively. Main Outcomes and Measures Operative outcomes included operative time, islet isolation time, warm ischemia time, islet equivalent (IE) counts, estimated blood loss, fluid resuscitation, and blood transfusions. Postoperative outcomes included length of stay, all-cause 30-day readmission rate, postoperative complications, mortality rate, subjective pain measurements, opioid use, random C-peptide levels, insulin requirements, and glycated hemoglobin level. Results Of the 32 patients who presented for TPIAT, 20 underwent L-TPIAT (8 men and 12 women; mean [SD] age, 39 [13] years; age range, 21-58 years). Indication for surgery was CP attributable to genetic mutation (n = 9), idiopathic pancreatitis (n = 6), idiopathic pancreatitis with pancreas divisum (n = 3), and alcohol abuse (n = 2). Mean (SD) operative time was 493 (78) minutes, islet isolation time was 185 (37) minutes, and warm ischemia time was 51 (62) minutes. The mean (SD) IE count was 1325 (1093) IE/kg. The mean (SD) length of stay was 11 (5) days, and the all-cause 30-day readmission rate was 35% (7 of 20 patients). None of the patients experienced postoperative surgical site infection, hernia, or small-bowel obstruction, and none died. Eighteen patients (90%) had a decrease or complete resolution of pain, and 12 patients (60%) no longer required opioid therapy at a median follow-up period of 6 months. Postoperative random insulin C-peptide levels were detectable in 19 patients (95%) at a median follow-up of 10.4 months. At a median follow-up of 12.5 months, 5 patients (25%) were insulin independent, whereas 9 patients (45%) required 1 to 10 U/d, 5 patients (25%) required 11 to 20 U/d, and 1 patient (5%) required greater than 20 U/d of basal insulin. The mean (SD) glycated hemoglobin level was 7.4% (0.5%). Conclusions and Relevance This study represents the first series of L-TPIAT, demonstrating its safety and feasibility. Our approach enables patients to experience shorter operative times and the benefits of laparoscopy, including reduced length of stay and quicker opioid independence.
Artificial Intelligence: implications for banking

This paper presents an overview of expert systems. It explains what an expert system is, and describes applications in the banking industry. Several examples of applications are cited. The importance of the utilisation of expert systems is stressed because these systems offer banks a competitive edge. Limitations and obstacles to implementation of expert systems are also covered.
Transient activation of fission yeast AMPK is required for cell proliferation during osmotic stress

The heterotrimeric kinase AMPK acts as an energy sensor to coordinate cell metabolism with environmental status in species from yeast through humans. Low intracellular ATP leads to AMPK activation through phosphorylation of the activation loop within the catalytic subunit. Other environmental stresses also activate AMPK, but it is unclear whether cellular energy status affects AMPK activation under these conditions. Fission yeast AMPK catalytic subunit Ssp2 is phosphorylated at Thr-189 by the upstream kinase Ssp1 in low-glucose conditions, similar to other systems. Here we find that hyperosmotic stress induces strong phosphorylation of Ssp2-T189 by Ssp1. Ssp2-pT189 during osmotic stress is transient and leads to transient regulation of AMPK targets, unlike sustained activation by low glucose. Cells lacking this activation mechanism fail to proliferate after hyperosmotic stress. Activation during osmotic stress requires energy sensing by AMPK heterotrimer, and osmotic stress leads to decreased intracellular ATP levels. We observed mitochondrial fission during osmotic stress, but blocking fission did not affect AMPK activation. Stress-activated kinases Sty1 and Pmk1 did not promote AMPK activation but contributed to subsequent inactivation. Our results show that osmotic stress induces transient energy stress, and AMPK activation allows cells to manage this energy stress for proliferation in new osmotic states.
An approximating diffusion control problem for dynamic admission and service rate control in a G∕M∕N+G queue

Abstract We study a diffusion control problem that is motivated by the dynamic admission and service rate control problem for a G ∕ M ∕ N + G queue. The objective is to minimize long run average cost. Because the original queueing control problem is not tractable, we solve the approximating diffusion control problem that arises under the QED heavy traffic regime and show that its optimal solution has two components: (1) a threshold control that regulates the diffusion and (2) a feedback-type drift rate control.
Enhancing Listening Skills for Work with Abusing Parents

The severe interactional and communication difficulties that often characterize abusive parents can be best handled by attentive listening by the worker. Related aids to effective intervention are ...
Properties of the 208K Phase Transition in Single Crystals of RbAg4I5

It has been suggested that type II phase transitions in ionic conductors, in which the conductivity changes continuously, are of the order-disorder type. We present data on various properties of RbAg4I5 near the 208K phase transition which supports the view that there is partial ordering of the mobile silver ions, in a manner analogous to the cooperative Jahn-Teller transitions. The specific heat is shown to have Ising-like critical exponents and birefringence data show a linear coupling between the order parameter and the lattice strain as is characteristic of cooperative Jahn-teller systems. One of the predictions of such a model is the variation of the ionic resistivity with the degree of short range order in the system. A novel method of obtaining the temperature derivative of log R, is shown to give data strongly resembling the specific heat in the critical region which in turn demonstrates the proportionality between R and the short range order. X-ray data are presented which demonstrate that a structural component is present. Although a Landau theory analysis of this transition predicts a first order phase transition, no discontinuous behavior nor hysteresis was observed.
Wellen und Diffusionen

In diesem Kapitel untersuchen wir die Wellen- und die Diffusionsgleichung auf der gesamten reellen Achse −∞ < x < +∞. Reale physikalische Vorgange finden ublicherweise auf endlichen Intervallen statt. Es ist aber aus zwei Grunden gerechtfertigt, die gesamte Achse zuzulassen. Wenn man sich, physikalisch gesprochen, sehr weit entfernt vom Rand des Definitionsbereichs befindet, wird es eine gewisse Zeit dauern, bis das Vorhandensein des Randes einen merklichen Effekt ausubt. Bis zu dieser Zeit haben die in diesem Kapitel betrachteten Losungen Gultigkeit. Mathematisch gesprochen ist das Fehlen des Randes eine grose Vereinfachung. Die meisten wesentlichen Eigenschaften von PDGln. konnen sehr oft ohne die durch Randbedingungen entstehenden Komplikationen herausgefunden werden. Das ist das Ziel dieses Kapitels. Wir beginnen mit der Wellengleichung.
The Role Of Cardiac Catheterization During Staged Reconstruction

Cardiac catheterization is an integral part of the management of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (Table 1). Hemodynamic and angiographic data from diagnostic catheterization are needed in standard staged reconstruction. Catheterization is an essential tool in assessing patients with postoperative difficulties or unexpected changes in clinical status. Lastly, transcatheter interventions are frequently applied to patients at every stage of reconstruction. This chapter will first outline the current routine practice in invasive diagnostic evaluation of patients during staged reconstruction. This will be followed by a consideration of special diagnostic situations, such as the evaluation of postoperative patients and those with unanticipated changes in status. The role of interventional catheterization in the patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome will be discussed at each stage of surgical reconstruction.
Relative Bonus Compensation: The Role of Executive Rank and Non-linearity

The sensitivity of the rank of the change in bonus compensation to firm performance is compared between CEOs and non-CEOs. Executives are classified into four groups: 1) CEOs, 2) high ranking executives, 3) business unit managers, and 4) low ranking executives. There are no differences in bonus compensation between the four categories of executives when firm performance is moderate. However, when performance is very bad (good), CEO bonus compensation is significantly smaller (larger). Differences between CEOs and non-CEOs are limited to differences in intercepts related to the sign of performance and not slope coefficients on performance.
Evaluation of the efficacy of Malawi Tundulu phosphate rock for maize production

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the extent of phosphorus deficiencies in Malawi as related to maize (Zea mays L.) production, and to assess the value of Malawi Tundulu phosphate rock (PR) in supplying P for maize production. Soil samples from 303 unfertilized farmer sites in major maize producing regions in Malawi showed that 53% of fields tested high in P. An experiment was carried out to compare the effects of Malawi Tundulu PR, a low-reactivity P source, and triple superphosphate (TSP) on maize yields. The trial was carried out at 4 locations testing low to medium in soil P. A partially confounded factorial design was employed using 3 P rates (8.8, 17.5, and 35 kg P ha-1), 2 placement methods (point placement and banding), and 3 N fertilizers of different acidulating abilities (calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea, and ammonium sulfate (SA)). Residual effects were monitored the following season. Both TSP and PR were more effective when band applied, compared to the traditional point application. Response to banded PR was site-specific, and was related to P sorption capacity, with best responses occuring on low P-sorbing soils. Rates of P above 8.8 kg ha-1 did not generally improve yields the first season, but did result in increased residual response. While the most acidifying N source, SA, did not improve yields significantly over the least acidifying, CAN, yields using both SA and CAN were significantly better than yields under urea. This is probably due to higher ammonia volatilization losses using urea. A further trial implemented at 2 sites in 1992/93 indicated that broadcasting PR gave greater yields than did banding. The results indicate that Tundulu PR, applied as a band or broadcast, has potential for replacing conventional P fertilizers on some soils in Malawi. Lower P rates than the currently recommended 17.5 kg ha-1 may be equally effective and more economical for either P source.
Identities and Formulas

An identity in mathematics is a statement that two quantities are equal for all replacements of the variable for which they are defined. This chapter presents a list of six basic trigonometric identities and their more common equivalent forms. It presents the derivation of formulas for expressions of the form sin( A + B ), sin 2A, and sin A/2. The chapter explains how to use these formulas to verify other identities and find exact values for trigonometric functions of angles that are multiples of 15°. It explores the identities involving inverse trigonometric functions and some special identities that allow changing certain sums and differences to products. To prove a trigonometric identity, trigonometric substitutions and algebraic manipulations are used to either transform the right side of the identity into the left side, or the left side of the identity into the right side. The main thing to remember in proving identities is to work on each side of the identity separately.
Abstract 725: Targeting the skin microenvironment for effective cancer vaccines

Skin, the most accessible organ, harbors keratinocytes and immunocytes that contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity, rendering it an ideal anatomic target for immunization. Keratinocytes can drive skin inflammation by producing pro-inflammatory mediators that promote cutaneous immune responses. Thus, targeting accessible keratinocytes to express transgenic antigens and increase production of pro-inflammatory mediators is a salient and attractive approach to vaccination, but remains a critical challenge to achieve. Toward this goal, we evaluated the effects of transient overexpression of the stress response factor x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) in keratinocytes on the skin microenvironment. In vitro, keratinocytes genetically engineered to overexpress XBP1 increased production of both co-transduced exogenous antigen and pro-inflammatory mediators. In vivo, overexpression of XBP1 and transgenic antigen in keratinocytes induced both protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity that was associated with enhanced cutaneous expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and co-delivered antigen, increased skin-infiltrating immunocytes including dendritic cells (DCs), and the induction of durable antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and skin-resident memory CD8+ T cells. Importantly, in human skin, correlative effects were observed: transient overexpression of XBP1 in skin triggered the expression of genes linked to a pro-immunogenic microenvironment, increased the expression of the co-delivered antigen, and promoted the activation and IFN-γ-producing T cell-stimulating function of skin DCs. These findings provide novel insights into the rational design of cancer vaccines with improved immunogenicity through strategic modulation of the skin microenvironment. Citation Format: Jack R. You, Rong Hao, Louis D. Falo, Guo Chen, Xingxing Hao, Cara Carey, Zhaoyang You, Louis D. Falo. Targeting the skin microenvironment for effective cancer vaccines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 725.
Forecasting Smart Grid Load on the Wire

Here we present a use case of analysis on the wire framework applied to smart grid load forecasting application. In our preliminary study, we were able to demonstrate electrical load forecasting on each household level in streaming fashion.
Disability Estimates in India: What can the Census and the National Sample Survey Tell Us?

This paper analyzes prevalence estimates for disability from the 58th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS, 2002) and the Census of India (2001). Because of the substantial differences in rates of disability between these two sources, we analyze the possible sources of these discrepancies. Part of the differences could be explained by differences in the definition of disability and disability types. In addition, both the NSS and the Census provide only limited information about disability. Refinements are needed in each of the data sources so that they may capture different aspects and implications of disability.
An integrative review of system-level factors influencing dementia detection in primary care.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The incidence of Alzheimer disease (AD) is increasing in the United States, yet more than half of the people with AD are diagnosed late in the course of the disease. Most are identified outside primary care. New approaches to prevention and treatment mean that early detection of AD may improve the quality of life of those affected by the disease. Nurse practitioners (NPs) have an important role in increasing early diagnosis of AD.The purpose of this systematic literature review is to identify health care system factors that contribute to missed or delayed diagnosis of dementia by primary care providers. METHODS Articles were identified through a systematic electronic search of the following databases: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Results indicate considerable variation in the diagnostic accuracy of dementia by primary care providers. Missed or underdiagnosis of dementia results from organizational, provider, and patient factors. New treatments are under investigation that may slow the progression of AD much better than current therapy, emphasizing the need to improve early detection by clinicians, especially primary care NPs.
In vitro transcription of adenovirus genes.

Before the development of recombinant DNA technology, DNA tumor vi–ruses provided a convenient source of DNA for analysis of a limited number of genes in eukaryotic cells. The virus can be purified in large amounts and the DNA extracted from the virions is free of cellular DNA sequences. The lytic viral cycle affects cellular metabolism in a dramatic way, but does not alter the levels of cellular RNA polymerases I, II, and III or induce a virus-coded one (WEINMANN et al. 1976). The genetics of adenovirus was well developed, with deletion and temperature-sensitive mutants (For review see SHENK and WILLIAMS, Vol. ILL, (in press). The advent of restriction enzymes allowed the direct correlation of mutations with gene products and specific DNA regions. The transcribed regionds of the genome were first identified by hybridization kinetic analysis of RNA products. Combined with size analysis and hybridization to separated DNA strands, the polarities of the 3’ and 5’ ends of mRNAs were determined. At least half of the late-infected cell viral transcripts are derived from the major late promoter. A common undecanucleotide present at the 5’ end of all adenovirus structural protein mRNAs was the first suggestion for a common transcriptional start site (Gelinas and Roberts 1977).
Avoiding infections in transplant recipients: does the gut microbiota have a key role?

Recent advances in nucleic acid sequencing technologies have made comprehensive evaluation of the gut microbiome possible. The Human Microbiome Project was one of the first programs to characterize...
Applications of Fluorescent Protein-Based Sensors in Bioimaging

In the last two decades, there have been enormous developments in the area of reporter gene imaging for various bioimaging applications, especially to track cellular events that are occurring in intact cells and cells within living animals. As part of this process, there has been a significant interest in identifying new reporters or developing new substrates that can allow us to image multiple cellular events simultaneously without any signal overlap between the targets. Even though chemical dyes are useful for some of these applications, reporter proteins which mimic biological properties of proteins when tagged directly with the target proteins are very useful. Although molecular imaging has significantly advanced through use of different imaging probes (radiolabeled ligands, MR contrast agents, CT contrast agents, fluorescent dyes, fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins) and techniques (PET, SPECT, MRI, CT, optical, ultrasound, and photoacoustic imaging), optical imaging, such as fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging, has shown promising applications in various preclinical settings, especially in imaging cellular pathways and studies involving drug development. This is mainly owing to its simple and easy nature in performing the assay and also its high-throughput and cost-effective applications. In this chapter, we review the evolution of optical imaging with specific emphasis on fluorescent proteins, as well as an introduction regarding the general approach of optical imaging in in vitro and in vivo applications. We explain this by briefly introducing different optical imaging methods and fluorescent assays developed based on fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins followed by a detailed review of different fluorescent proteins currently used for various assay developments and applications.
Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Works

We studied products of random stochastic matrices and the limiting behavior of averaging dynamics as well as averaging dynamics over arbitrary state spaces. The main idea and contribution of this thesis is to demonstrate that the study of the limits of product of stochastic matrices is closely related to the study of the summation of stochastic matrices, i.e. the study of flows.
Effect of Lymph Node Assessment on Outcomes in Surgery for Limited Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend surgery for limited stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, there is no literature on minimum acceptable lymph node retrieval in surgery for SCLC. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for adult patients undergoing lobectomy for limited stage (cT1-2N0M0) SCLC from 2004 to 2015. Patients with unknown survival, staging, or nodal assessment, and patients who received neoadjuvant therapy were excluded. The number of lymph nodes assessed was studied both as a continuous variable and as a categoric variable stratified into distribution quartiles. The primary outcome was overall survival and the secondary outcome was pathologic nodal upstaging. Results A total of 1051 patients met study criteria. In multivariable analysis, only a retrieval of eight to 12 nodes was associated with a significant survival benefit (hazard ratio 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.56 to 0.98). However, when modeled as a continuous variable, there was no association between number of nodes assessed and survival (hazard ratio 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 1.02). The overall rate of pathologic nodal upstaging was 19%. Modeled as a continuous variable, more than seven lymph nodes assessed at time of resection was significantly associated with nodal upstaging in multivariable regression (odds ratio 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.06). Conclusions In this study, there was no clear difference in survival based on increasing the number of lymph nodes assessed during lobectomy for limited stage SCLC. However, the number of retrieved lymph nodes was associated with pathologic nodal upstaging. Therefore, patients may benefit from retrieval of more than seven lymph nodes during lobectomy for SCLC.
DNA sequencing using nanopores and kinetic proofreading

We discuss the feasibility of using a nanopore sandwich device to implement the principle of kinetic proofreading to discriminate incorrect hybridizing oligonucleotides on a target DNA or RNA. We propose a method of sequencing DNA or RNA using this approach. The design parameters for such a DNA sequencer are estimated from the Hopfield-Ninio theory of kinetic proofreading and Schrodinger’s first-passage-time distribution function.
Temporal Stability of Self‐Reported Trauma Exposure on the Life Events Checklist for DSM‐5

The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) is a comprehensive screening instrument used to detect exposure to a range of potentially traumatic events. Despite its widespread use, research assessing the psychometric properties of scores on the LEC-5-and trauma exposure more broadly-is scarce. Using a large sample of undergraduate students (N = 1,013), we sought to evaluate the reliability of trauma exposure reporting on the LEC-5 across 8- (N = 379) and 12-week (N = 343) intervals. Reliability estimates were examined for trauma exposure type (e.g., experiencing, witnessing), traumatic event type (e.g., sexual assault), and index trauma (i.e., "worst event") reporting. Reliability was more stable for events that were directly experienced, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) = .62-64, than events that were witnessed, ICCs = .47-.52, or learned about, ICCs = .48-.53. Test-retest agreement was fair to good for reports of sexual assault, physical assault, transportation accidents, natural disasters, and other sexual experiences, κs = .49-.72, but only when individuals directly experienced these events. By contrast, across both assessment intervals, the agreement was attenuated, all κs < .40, for events that individuals witnessed or learned about regardless of event type. For index events, only sexual assault and sudden accidental or violent deaths were consistently reported with a fair or better agreement, κs = .42-.64. These findings suggest that reliable trauma reporting varies largely based on the nature of the traumatic event, yielding important implications for the assessment of DSM-5 Criterion A and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Protocol-Specific Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia Pre-Conditioning on Phrenic Motor Plasticity in Rats with Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.

“Low-dose” acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH; 3-15 episodes/day) is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy to improve motor function after incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI). Convers...
Modeling of MoS2 Tunnel Field Effect Transistor in Verilog-A for VLSI Circuit Design

This paper presents the design of an inverter, half adder, and ring oscillator using compact models of MoS2 channel-based tunnel field effect transistor (TFET). The TFET models (both nand p-type) are written in high-level hardware language Verilog-Analog (Verilog-A) following the analytical model of [1] and the output characteristics of the components are simulated in Cadence/Spectre software. The performance of the designed inverter (a basic building block of VLSI circuit) is analyzed by extracting its different parameters, such as transfer characteristics, power dissipation and consumption, delay, power delay product. The simulated outputs (sum & carry) obtained from the half adder circuit exactly match the truth table of the circuit. Moreover, our observation reveals that the ring oscillator can operate at a higher frequency with lower power consumption in comparison to the existing CMOS and GFET technologies. We have also reported an improvement to the limiting factor of ring oscillator performance i.e. phase noise at two different offset frequencies. With all the output characteristics obtained from the commercial software simulation, we expect our model to be applicable to a real-time low-power VLSI circuit.
Evaluation of US State Pollinator Plans Using Three Evidence-Based Policymaking Frameworks

After the US federal government created a national pollinator protection plan in 2015, many states followed with their own. Since their goal is to promote pollinating insect conservation, we wanted to know whether the state plans are using best practices for evidence-based science policy. In early 2019 we found and downloaded every existing, publicly available US state pollinator protection plan. We then used content analysis to assess the goals, scope, and implementation of state-level pollinator protection plans across the US. This analysis was conducted using three distinct frameworks for evidence-based policymaking: US Department of Interior Adaptive Resources Management (ARM), US Environmental Protection Agency management pollinator protection plan (MP3) guidance, and Pew Trusts Pew-MacAthur Results First Project elements of evidence-based state policymaking (PEW) framework. Then we scored them using the framework criteria, to assess whether the plans were using known best practices for evidence based policymaking. Of the 31 states with a state pollinator plan, Connecticut was the state with the lowest total score across the three evaluation frameworks. The state with the highest overall scores, across the three frameworks, was Missouri. Most states did not score highly on the majority of the frameworks. Overall, many state plans were lacking policy elements that address monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment. These missing elements impact the ability of states to achieve their conservation goals. Our results indicate that states can improve their pollinator conservation policies to better match evidence-based science policy guidance, regardless of which framework is used.