cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of bromine, chlorine, and iodine photochemistry during ozone depletions in Barrow, Alaska

Abstract. The springtime depletion of tropospheric ozone in the Arctic is known to be caused by active halogen photochemistry resulting from halogen atom precursors emitted from snow, ice, or aerosol surfaces. The role of bromine in driving ozone depletion events (ODEs) has been generally accepted, but much less is known about the role of chlorine radicals in ozone depletion chemistry. While the potential impact of iodine in the High Arctic is more uncertain, there have been indications of active iodine chemistry through observed enhancements in filterable iodide, probable detection of tropospheric IO, and recently, observation of snowpack photochemical production of I2. Despite decades of research, significant uncertainty remains regarding the chemical mechanisms associated with the bromine-catalyzed depletion of ozone, as well as the complex interactions that occur in the polar boundary layer due to halogen chemistry. To investigate this, we developed a zero-dimensional photochemical model, constrained with measurements from the 2009 OASIS field campaign in Barrow, Alaska. We simulated a 7-day period during late March that included a full ozone depletion event lasting 3 days and subsequent ozone recovery to study the interactions of halogen radicals under these different conditions. In addition, the effects of iodine added to our Base Model were investigated. While bromine atoms were primarily responsible for ODEs, chlorine and iodine were found to enhance the depletion rates and iodine was found to be more efficient per atom at depleting ozone than Br. The interaction between chlorine and bromine is complex, as the presence of chlorine can increase the recycling and production of Br atoms, while also increasing reactive bromine sinks under certain conditions. Chlorine chemistry was also found to have significant impacts on both HO2 and RO2, with organic compounds serving as the primary reaction partner for Cl atoms. The results of this work highlight the need for future studies on the production mechanisms of Br2 and Cl2, as well as on the potential impact of iodine in the High Arctic.
Soft learning vector quantization and clustering algorithms based on non-Euclidean norms: single-norm algorithms

This paper presents the development of soft clustering and learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithms that rely on a weighted norm to measure the distance between the feature vectors and their prototypes. The development of LVQ and clustering algorithms is based on the minimization of a reformulation function under the constraint that the generalized mean of the norm weights be constant. According to the proposed formulation, the norm weights can be computed from the data in an iterative fashion together with the prototypes. An error analysis provides some guidelines for selecting the parameter involved in the definition of the generalized mean in terms of the feature variances. The algorithms produced from this formulation are easy to implement and they are almost as fast as clustering algorithms relying on the Euclidean norm. An experimental evaluation on four data sets indicates that the proposed algorithms outperform consistently clustering algorithms relying on the Euclidean norm and they are strong competitors to non-Euclidean algorithms which are computationally more demanding.
Limited English Proficiency, Primary Language at Home, and Disparities in Children's Health Care: How Language Barriers Are Measured Matters

Background.Approximately 3.5 million U.S. schoolchildren are limited in English proficiency (LEP). Disparities in children's health and health care are associated with both LEP and speaking a language other than English at home, but prior research has not examined which of these two measures of language barriers is most useful in examining health care disparities.Objectives.Our objectives were to compare primary language spoken at home vs. parental LEP and their associations with health status, access to care, and use of health services in children.Methods.We surveyed parents at urban community sites in Boston, asking 74 questions on children's health status, access to health care, and use of health services.Results.Some 98% of the 1,100 participating children and families were of non-white race/ethnicity, 72% of parents were LEP, and 13 different primary languages were spoken at home. “Dose-response” relationships were observed between parental English proficiency and several child and parental sociodemo...
Decentralized Cognitive Radio Control Based on Inference from Primary Link Control Information

This work on cognitive radio access ventures beyond the more traditional "listen-before-talk" paradigm that underlies many cognitive radio access proposals. We exploit the bi-directional interaction of most primary communication links. By intelligently controlling their access parameters based on the inference from observed link control signals of primary user (PU) communications, cognitive secondary users (SUs) can achieve higher spectrum efficiency while limiting their interference to the PU network. In one specific implementation, we let the SUs listen to the PU's feedback channel to assess their own interference on the primary receiver, and adjust radio power accordingly to satisfy the PU's interference constraint. We propose a discounted distributed power control algorithm to achieve non-intrusive secondary spectrum access without either a centralized controller or active PU cooperation. We present an analytical study of its convergence property. We show that the link control feedback information inherent in many two-way primary systems can be used as important reference signal among multiple SU pairs to distributively achieve a joint performance assurance for primary receiver's quality of service.
Modeling group fMRI data

The analysis of group fMRI data requires a statistical model known as the mixed effects model. This article motivates the need for a mixed effects model and outlines the different stages of the mixed model used to analyze group fMRI data. Different modeling options and their impact on analysis results are also described.
The Web of governance and democratic accountability

Developments in e-government are resulting in fundamental reorganizations of the ways in which democratic governments operate as well as in the ways in which citizens relate to their own and other governments and to each other. Of special relevance here are the manners in which institutions and citizens are becoming interconnected into a complex 'Web of governance' via largely uncoordinated information networks. This paper examines how this Web of governance is simultaneously producing changes in individual citizen's senses of identity and challenges to conventional notions of accountability in liberal democratic systems. Together, it is argued, these suggest moving focus from e-government (the institutions of government) to e-governance (the larger Web of formal and informal institutions, organizations, norms, traditions, authority structures, groups and behaviors within which individuals and groups live their lives). Such a refocusing holds the promise of developing citizen capacity and identity in balance with formal governmental transformations. Specific illustrative examples are provided including Seoul Metropolitan Government's OPEN System.
Elevational diversity patterns of small mammals on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

1 Diversity patterns of small mammals were studied along an elevational transect on Mount Kinabalu, the highest mountain in South-east Asia, utilizing data from previously existing sources and a new field study. A mark-and-release study (conducted during wet and dry seasons between November 1994 and April 1995) resulted in captures of 12 small mammal species, including two species of squirrels, two tree shrews, seven murid rodents and one gymnure. 2 Based on data compiled from this survey, museum specimens, and published and unpublished literature (analysed by locally weighted sums of squares and quadratic polynomial regressions), species richness of small mammals formed a middle elevation bulge, highest at about 1200–1400 m and declining at lower and higher elevations. Trapping during two seasons did not change the assessment of the pattern. 3 A cluster analysis of these data indicated that there are two elevationally associated faunas, one in the highlands and another in the lowlands. The transition between these two assemblages is at 1700–1800 m elevation. The lowland faunal assemblage has the highest number of species, with maximum species richness at about 1300 m for total small mammal species, about 1200 m for arboreal species and about 1400 m for terrestrial species. 4 The areas where much overlapping of species occurs are the elevations where climate and vegetation change rapidly from lowland to montane types. Tree species, gymnosperms, orchids and ferns showed a similar curvilinear pattern along the same elevational gradient, with maximum species richness at about 1400–1500 m. Temperature declined progressively with increasing elevation, but rainfall and humidity reached their highest levels at about 1700 m. 5 Maximum diversity of small mammals thus occurred at the elevation where a highland and a lowland assemblage overlapped, where several types of plants reached their maximum diversity, and where rainfall and humidity reached their maxima. Similar patterns have been documented for small mammals, plants, and climate at sites scattered in Indo-Australia from Taiwan to New Guinea.
cis-Acting Sequences Required for Simian Foamy Virus Type 1 Vectors

We have constructed a series of vectors based on simian foamy virus type 1 (SFV-1) to define the minimum cis-acting elements required for gene transfer. To characterize these vectors, we inserted the coding sequence of the bacterial lacZ gene linked to the cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter. Introduction of a deletion mutation in the leader region between the 5′ long terminal repeat and the start of the gag gene at position 1659 to 1694 completely abrogated gene transfer by the SFV-1 vector. Deletion of 39 nucleotides from position 1692 to 1731 in the leader region resulted in a significant reduction in the transducing-particle titer. Furthermore, we have identified a second cis-acting element located at the 3′ end of the pol gene between position 6486 and 6975 to be critical for SFV-1 vector transduction. These results identify the two important cis-acting elements required for SFV-1 vector construction, and the finding of a cis-acting element in the pol gene is unique among retroviruses.
The Carbon Monoxide Poisoning of Two Byzantine Emperors

Case Report: In this paper, two possible cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning previously not identified in the medical and historical literature are discussed. The first concerns the famous Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate, who may have suffered mild carbon monoxide poisoning from which he quickly and completely recovered. The second case involves his successor, Jovian, who may have succumbed to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Both cases were in all likelihood due to the burning of coal in braziers, a usual method of indoor heating during that epoch.
Evaluation of DNA “Fingerprinting” for Predicting the Potential of E. coli O157:H7 Isolates to Cause Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been recognized since 1982 as a serious human pathogen spread by contaminated food and water. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis has proven useful for identification of specific isolates/strains of this organism. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), generally occurring in children or the aged, is the most severe sequela associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection. The presently described work was designed to compare the genomic profile of isolates known to have caused HUS with those having had no such involvement. We asked the question: “Can we develop the means to recognize an ”HUS-prone“ E. coli isolate and thereby alert medical personnel to the increased risk?” Twenty-two HUSrelated and 10 HUS-unrelated E. coli O157:H7 samples were chosen for genomic analysis. Isolates were cultured overnight prior to being embedded in agarose gel plugs. Plugs were digested, using XbaI restriction endonuclease, and subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for 20 hours. Gels were stained with ethidium bromide, photographed under ultraviolet light, and Southern blotted. Radiolabeled toxin gene probes were used for hybridization assays. The two classes of isolates were compared by optical imaging software. A computer-generated dendrogram, based on restriction profiles, offered strong initial evidence that the HUS sequela may be produced by a particularly virulent and identifiable clone. The predictive value of this finding appears to be substantial.
Archaeology of the cod fishery: Damariscove Island

In the 17th and 18th centuries, seasonal fishermen from France and England practiced nearly identical methods of dry curing codfish on the coasts of North America. The complex measures taken in cleaning, salting and drying the cod were followed with ritual fidelity. The well-preserved product was exported to the warmer climates of the Antilles and Mediterranean where it found a ready market. Structures for this land based operation were rebuilt annually, each camp requiring a vast area of drying racks and a specific set of wattle walled buildings, roofed with bark and sod or else covered by the ship’s sails. These structures should leave diagnostic post mold configurations.
Adipose-specific overexpression of GLUT-4 in transgenic mice alters lipoprotein lipase activity

Transgenic mice overexpressing GLUT-4 selectively in adipose tissue using the aP2 promoter/enhancer develop obesity, enhanced glucose tolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity. The current study was designed to determine whether altering glucose transport affects lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Female transgenic mice (10-12 mo old) have increased parametrial fat pad weight, adipocyte size, total body lipid and fasting plasma triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol compared with nontransgenics. Stimulation of LPL activity by feeding is blunted in parametrial and perirenal fat from 15- and 22-fold in nontransgenic mice to three- to sevenfold in transgenics. LPL activity in the fed state in transgenic mice is reduced 60-75% in fat. In heart and skeletal muscle of transgenic mice, LPL activity in the fasted state is 55-65% lower than in nontransgenics and feeding induces an unexpected rise in LPL activity. Muscle LPL activity is strongly and inversely correlated with glucose transport in adipocytes (r = -0.942, P < 0.005), which is increased 15- to 27-fold in the basal state and 4.5- to 6.9-fold in the insulin-stimulated state in transgenics. Whereas stimulation of adipose LPL may be blunted by lower plasma insulin levels in transgenics, fasting muscle LPL may be suppressed by elevated plasma lipids. Thus altering the partitioning of glucose between adipose tissue and muscle alters a critical step for the partitioning of lipoprotein fatty acids between these tissues.
Baseline predictors of CD4 T-lymphocyte recovery with combination antiretroviral therapy.

CD4 T-cell recovery with potent antiretroviral therapy varies considerably among HIV-1-infected patients. Data from two studies that enrolled subjects at different stages of disease progression were retrospectively combined. This analysis assessed the association between patient-specific factors and three measures of CD4 T-cell recovery after the initiation of triple-drug therapy: overall changes in CD4 cell counts; changes in CD4 cell counts during the first 8 weeks (phase I); and changes in CD4 cell counts during weeks 8-24 (phase II). Higher initial HIV-1 RNA values corresponded to greater increases in overall and phase I changes in mean CD4 cell counts, particularly among subjects with less advanced disease. In the overall and phase II cases, those subjects with suppressed HIV RNA levels had consistently higher increases in mean CD4 cell counts across both baseline HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4 cell counts than did the respective unsuppressed group. Based on a multivariate model, increases in mean phase I CD4 cell counts corresponded to higher log 10 baseline HIV-1 RNA levels (p =.0001) and log 10 changes in HIV-1 RNA levels at week 4 (p =.03). Patients with earlier stages of disease (p =.0001) and females (p =.01) had higher increases in phase I changes. Phase II CD4 cell counts did not depend solely on baseline HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4 cell counts but on their interaction (p =.0001) as well as on achieving virologic suppression (p =.0009).
The Impact Analysis of Maternity Clinics Guidance to Pregnant Women

Objective To investigate the effect of execution of health education for pregnant women.Methods 800 pregnant womenwere randomized into control and experimental group,400 cases in each group.The control group was given a conventional obstetric examination;the experimental group was given another maternity guidance based on the control group.Then compare the delivery effect between two groups.Results the rates of natural labour,Cesarean section and complications are 64%,36% and 1% respectively in experimental group,while 42%,58%,4% respectively in control group.The difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion Maternity guidance in outpatient department can reduce the incidence of postpartum complications and conduce to the mother’s postpartum recovery and health growth of newborn.
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection

In conclusion, H. pylori infection can be detected by a variety of methods. The simplest, least expensive noninvasive method is serologic testing. Unfortunately, positive serology can only presume current infection. Urea breath testing is also noninvasive and is positive only in the setting of current infection; it is more expensive than serology and results in low-level radiation exposure when 14C urea is used. Endoscopy with biopsy is invasive and relatively expensive; however, it is readily available and is frequently performed in the evaluation of the symptomatic individual. In such cases, rapid urease testing of biopsy material is simple and less expensive than histologic examination. Histology allows simultaneous evaluation of tissue injury and infection. Frequently, routine hematoxylin-and-eosin staining is sufficient to permit identification of the bacteria; when the results of this stain are inconclusive, special stains such as Giemsa or Warthin-Starry can be used. Finally, direct culture of the organism from gastric tissue is tedious and expensive; therefore, it should generally be reserved for protocol settings or for selected patients in whom antibiotic-resistant organisms are suspected.
On the Origin and Permanence of Galactic Spirals

The origin of galactic spirals is attributed to Jeans instability in the outer parts of disk shaped galaxies where the gas is predominant. The material spiral arms thus produced with the aid of differential rotation initiate a group of waves propagating towards the galactic center, creating a spiral pattern which corotates with the material in the outer parts of the galactic disk. This point of view is substantiated by Frank H. Shu’s calculations of the spiral patterns of the Milky Way System and of the external galaxies M 33, M 51 and M 81. Corotation, as described, is found in all cases.
Emergency department imaging: are weather and calendar factors associated with imaging volume?

Aim To identify weather and calendar factors that would enable prediction of daily emergency department (ED) imaging volume to aid appropriate scheduling of imaging resources for efficient ED function. Materials and methods Daily ED triage and imaging volumes for radiography, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound were obtained from hospital databases for the period between January 2011 and December 2013 at a large tertiary urban hospital with a Level II trauma centre. These data were tabulated alongside daily weather conditions (temperature, wind and precipitation), day of week, season, and holidays. Multivariate analysis was performed. Pearson correlations were used to measure the association between number of imaging studies performed and ED triage volume. Results For every additional 50 triaged patients, the odds of having high (imaging volume ≥90th percentile) radiography, CT, and ultrasound volume increased by 4.3 times (p Conclusion As ED triage volume was found to be the only factor associated with imaging volume for all techniques, analysis of predictors of ED triage volumes at a particular healthcare facility would be useful to determine imaging needs. Although calendar and weather factors were found to be minor or non-significant independent predictors of ED imaging utilisation, these may be important in influencing the actual number of ED triages.
Rhythmic brain stimulation reduces anxiety-related behavior in a mouse model based on meditation training

Meditation training induces changes at both the behavioral and neural levels. A month of meditation training can reduce self-reported anxiety and other dimensions of negative affect. It also can change white matter as measured by diffusion tensor imaging and increase resting-state midline frontal theta activity. The current study tests the hypothesis that imposing rhythms in the mouse anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), by using optogenetics to induce oscillations in activity, can produce behavioral changes. Mice were randomly assigned to groups and were given twenty 30-min sessions of light pulses delivered at 1, 8, or 40 Hz over 4 wk or were assigned to a no-laser control condition. Before and after the month all mice were administered a battery of behavioral tests. In the light/dark box, mice receiving cortical stimulation had more light-side entries, spent more time in the light, and made more vertical rears than mice receiving rhythmic cortical suppression or no manipulation. These effects on light/dark box exploratory behaviors are associated with reduced anxiety and were most pronounced following stimulation at 1 and 8 Hz. No effects were seen related to basic motor behavior or exploration during tests of novel object and location recognition. These data support a relationship between lower-frequency oscillations in the mouse ACC and the expression of anxiety-related behaviors, potentially analogous to effects seen with human practitioners of some forms of meditation.
Efficacy of virtual reality in pedestrian safety research.

Advances in virtual reality technology present new opportunities for human factors research in areas that are dangerous, difficult, or expensive to study in the real world. The authors developed a new pedestrian simulator using the HTC Vive head mounted display and Unity software. Pedestrian head position and orientation were tracked as participants attempted to safely cross a virtual signalized intersection (5.5 m). In 10% of 60 trials, a vehicle violated the traffic signal and in 10.84% of these trials, a collision between the vehicle and the pedestrian was observed. Approximately 11% of the participants experienced simulator sickness and withdrew from the study. Objective measures, including the average walking speed, indicate that participant behavior in VR matches published real world norms. Subjective responses indicate that the virtual environment was realistic and engaging. Overall, the study results confirm the effectiveness of the new virtual reality technology for research on full motion tasks.
WiP Abstract: Transactive Energy Demo with RIAPS Platform

This work presents a platform for decentralized distributed computingcalled Resilient Information Architecture for the Smart Grid(RIAPS) through a transactional energy and a traffic application.
A new maskless debiasing method for lightweight physical unclonable functions

An ideal Physical Unclonable Function produces a string of static random bits. Noise causes these bits to be unstable over subsequent readings and biases cause these bits to have a tendency towards a fixed value. Although the debiasing of random strings is a well-studied problem, the combined problem of noise and bias is unique to PUF design. This paper proposes a new lightweight noise-aware debiasing method superior to earlier techniques. The method is based on identifying an m-to-l encoding that compresses m-bit noisy and biased PUF outputs into l-bit strings which have a reduced combined effect of bias and noise. We describe a methodology for deriving an efficient encoding based on the bias and noise level of the input string. Notably, the method does not require intermediate storage or transmission of PUF-specific mask (debiasing helper) data for reconstruction. We test our method on PUFs with a range of bias and noise levels, and demonstrate its advantages over two debiasing approaches published at CHES 2015 which are based on XOR operation and Von Neumann corrector. The results quantify that the proposed method can achieve up to 76% reduction over the previous method in the number of PUF bits required to establish an authentication system with an error rate of one part in a million and a security level of 80-bits.
Arteriovenous Graft Thrombosed for 3 Years

This chapter discusses a patient with a chronically occluded arteriovenous graft (AVG). Becuse of the unique circumstances under which it originally thrombosed, salvage was possible.
A family of microscale 2 × 2 × 2 Pocket Cubes

Hierarchical microscale materials have received much attention recently. They can find many important applications, including wastewater treatment and energy storage. However, it is still a challenging task to facilely synthesize microscale structures with good size distribution, unique structures and, particularly, tunable composition. Herein, we have prepared a family of 2 × 2 × 2 Pocket Cube-like hierarchical microparticles, with different chemical compositions, including bimetal hydroxide (ZnSn(OH)6), mixed bimetal oxide and metal oxide (Zn2SnO4&SnO2), carbon coated bimetal oxide and metal (Zn2SnO4&Sn@C), all with the same overall mesoscale microstructures. This family of microscale Pocket Cubes, with different chemical compositions and their associated different physiochemical properties, may offer a set of functional materials for many applications. In order to demonstrate their potential applications, we have preliminarily studied their performances in rechargeable batteries and water remediation. Interestingly, these selected Pocket Cubes are electrochemically active toward the reversible storage of both sodium and lithium with comparable performances to those nanoparticles reported, although their sizes are remarkably large on the microscale. We found that the shapes of the microparticles can influence their photocatalytic performances. Our preliminary results suggest that this family of microscale Pocket Cubes, with further optimization and improvement, can find many promising applications, including wastewater treatment and energy storage.
ROUTINE PROTEIN SEQUENCE ANALYSIS BELOW TEN PICOMOLES: ONE SEQUENCING FACILITY'S APPROACH

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses routine protein sequence analysis below 10 picomoles. There is an increased need for routine protein sequence analysis at low picomole levels. To consistently perform at this sensitivity, both the sequencer and the online high-performance liquid chromatography must be operated and maintained at optimal performance conditions beyond those stated by the manufacturer. Applied Biosystems, Inc. (ABI) provides service and guarantees performance of their sequencing systems based on 100 picomoles of β-lactoglobulin in solution spotted to a preconditioned polybrene filter (PCPB) with a minimum 9 2% repetitive yield. In a specific facility, three Applied Biosytems sequencers, two Model 470A, and one Model 477A are maintained so that ten picomoles of β-lactoglobulin spotted to PCPB, or alternatively, twenty-five picomoles of β-lactoglobulin analyzed by SDS–PAGE and transferred to PVDF, sequence with a minimum initial yield of 50%, a repetitive yield of greater than 93%, and positive identification of each of the first 15 amino acids. This chapter describes procedures for consistently operating at these specifications, including instrument modifications, scheduled preventive maintenance protocols, a daily instrument optimization program, a protocol for loading PVDF-bound samples, and modified sequencer control cycles.
A 3D Model for Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Triggering and Post-Liquefaction Response

Abstract A constitutive soil model that was originally developed to model liquefaction and cyclic mobility has been updated to comply with the established guidelines on the dependence of liquefaction triggering to the number of loading cycles, effective overburden stress (Kσ), and static shear stress (Kα). The model has been improved with new flow rules to better capture contraction and dilation in sands and has been implemented as PDMY03 in different computational platforms such as OpenSees finite-element, and FLAC and FLAC3D finite-difference frameworks. This paper presents the new modified framework of analysis and describes a guideline to calibrate the input parameters of the updated model to capture liquefaction triggering and post-liquefaction cyclic mobility and the accumulation of plastic shear strain. Different sets of model input parameters are provided for sands with different relative densities. Model responses are examined under different loading conditions for a single element.
Going Beyond the Rural Development Programme: A Master Plan for Austria's Rural Areas in the Framework of the CAP

In each of the CAP periods the Austrian Rural Development Programmes have acquired a more integrative character. Starting with measures concerning farms, they have been enlarged with soil, biodiversity and water protection measures, then included also local developments, diversification beyond the agricultural sector and more general quality of life measures and in the recent period putting the focus on knowledge transfer, innovation and climate change. In continuation of this approach the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture has been the driver to create the Master Plan for Rural Areas, which was elaborated on the basis of a broad participation process and seeks to integrate economics, environment, administration, social life and responsibility, infrastructure, mobility and digitisation. Of course, there are many challenges in implementation, as for example the integrative character of objectives and measures faces governance structures based on conventional sectoral divisions. The concepts behind the CAP measures and strategies are discussed on the basis of regional science criteria.
The Social Profile of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Five Fundamental Facets

This article profiles the social worlds of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and divides the interpersonal arena into five fundamental facets: response patterns (undesirable and prosocial behaviors, transactional patterns, situational influences); style of approach (intensity, modulation, affective regulation); social information processing (attributional reasoning, social judgement processes, social goals and agendas); peer appeal and social standing; and interpersonal impact (social catalytic effects, treatment-related changes). The article also samples current research approaches and provides a selective overview of assessment and treatment implications, highlighting promising paths for clinical practice.
Review of fetal and neonatal immune cytopenias.

Abstract The fetoplacental interface plays a unique role in pathologies of the fetus and neonate, and is increasingly being recognized for effects on fetal and neonatal development that resonate into adulthood. In this review, we will use several exemplary disorders involving each of the 3 types of blood cells to explore the effect of perinatal insults on subsequent development of the affected cell line. We will present new data regarding outcomes of infants treated prenatally for fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) and contrast these with outcomes of infants affected by hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. We also will explore the differences between FNAIT and passively transferred antibodies, as seen in maternal idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Neonatal hemochromatosis is an example of a disease that previously was largely fatal, but whose newly discovered etiology as an immune-mediated perinatal disorder has resulted in development of highly effective treatment. Finally, we will examine the interplay between lymphopoiesis and the placenta in an effort to further explore the phenomenon of neutropenia in preeclampsia, whose etiology remains unknown.
Bacterial Toxins as Mucosal Adjuvants

The 1995 World Health Organization report of infectious-disease deaths indicated there had been more than 13 million deaths world-wide during that year. The majority of those deaths were caused by organisms that first make contact with and then either colonize or cross mucosal surfaces to infect the host. The overall morbidity caused by these organisms and other pathogens that interact with mucosal surfaces is impossible to calculate.
Nip and tuck for definite description

Speaking of dental floss contaminated with bacteria, I may separate the dental floss that is sterile from the dental floss that isn’t sterile. The definite description “the dental floss that isn’t sterile” contracts its reference to just the dental floss near bacteria, although it, the dental floss whole, isn’t sterile. To accommodate the definite descriptions that contract their reference, received definitions for ⌜the Φ⌝ are amended from (1) to read as in (2): (1) ⌜the Φ⌝ refers to that which any Φ is part of and is the least such. (2) ⌜the Φ⌝ refers to that which any Φ overlaps and is the least such. If definite description is to be based on a purely logical notion of plural and mass predication, it is further amended. Like overt demonstratives—⌜this/these Φ⌝, ⌜that/those Φ⌝—any definite description in natural language is also perspectival, scanning everywhere the description Φ is satisfied: (3) ⌜the Φ⌝ refers to the least Φ that overlap Φ anywhere there is Φ.
Brief report: Attentional Control Moderates the Relationship Between Attentional Bias and Anxiety in Children

This current study tested whether attentional control moderates the relationship between attentional bias to threat and anxiety in children. Children completed a self-report measure of attentional ...
Dispensationalist Theologies and the Book of Revelation

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. "Dispensationalist theologies that use the Book of Revelation as their primary source of evidence are exegetically and hermeneutically problematic. The dispensationalist doctrine utilizes scripture in consistently literal interpretations. Followers of these various theologies are often jarred when told to switch hermeneutical gears to better understand unfulfilled prophecies. The primary belief fueling these theologies concerns dispensations, or separated periods of time thought to reveal God’s different purposes for human history and in particular the destinies of Israel and the Church. My paper will seek to demonstrate how these theological views fail to assess John’s use of symbolic language throughout Revelation and consequently raise questions as to the validity of end time prophecy." This work in progress is available in Verbum: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol12/iss2/4
Fast Stochastic Block Partitioning via Sampling

Community detection in graphs, also known as graph partitioning, is a well-studied NP-hard problem. Various heuristic approaches have been adopted to tackle this problem in polynomial time. One such approach, as outlined in the IEEE HPEC Graph Challenge, is Bayesian statistics-based stochastic block partitioning. This method delivers high-quality partitions in sub-quadratic runtime, but it fails to scale to very large graphs. In this paper, we present sampling as an avenue for speeding up the algorithm on large graphs. We first show that existing sampling techniques can preserve a graph’s community structure. We then show that sampling for stochastic block partitioning can be used to produce a speedup of between $2.18 \times$ and $7.26 \times$ for graph sizes between 5,000 and 50,000 vertices without a significant loss in the accuracy of community detection.
The Effect of Income, Ethnicity/Race and Institutional Factors on Mortgage Borrower Behavior

Studies examining mortgage choice behavior generally assume a frictionless mortgage market in which borrower decisions are influenced only by economic variables. This study explores the interface b...
Point-of-Care Testing Improves Lead Screening Rates at 1- and 2-Year Well Visits.

Objective To increase blood lead level screening rates in children at 12- and 24-month well visits through provider education and the implementation of a point-of-care (POC) lead screening program in 4 primary care practice offices located in and neighbored by counties with ≥5% prevalence of blood lead levels ≥5 μg/dL. Study design Baseline data were collected July 2017 to June 2018. All providers received education on screening recommendations and local prevalence of elevated blood lead levels in July 2018. POC testing began June 2019 at 1 of the 4 practice sites. Screening rates were measured by electronic medical record abstraction. Rates were plotted monthly on statistical process control charts during implementation and analyzed using logistic regression under an interrupted time series approach for program evaluation. Results There was a small but significant increase in screening following provider education (OR 1.04 per month, 95% CI 1.02-1.07). POC testing was associated with a substantial immediate increase (OR 4.17, 95% CI 2.45-7.09) and a substantial continued increase (OR 1.34 per month, 95% CI 1.17-1.54) in screening at the site that implemented POC. Conclusions POC testing substantially increases blood lead level screening rates at 12- and 24-month well visits and may be beneficial in other primary care settings.
Robust Cadence Tracking for Switched FES-Cycling With an Unknown Time-Varying Input Delay

For an individual affected by a neuromuscular condition (NC), functional electrical stimulation (FES)-induced cycling provides a means of functional restoration and therapeutic exercise. Although FES-cycling has been shown to have numerous benefits, there are challenges to implementing closed-loop FES control for coordinated motion. For example, there exists a potentially destabilizing input delay between the application (or removal) of stimulation and the resulting muscle force. Moreover, switching between multiple actuators (such as FES or motor control) can also be destabilizing. This brief develops delay-dependent switching conditions and a robust control method to account for an unknown time-varying input delay of a switched system. A Lyapunov-like analysis is performed to yield semiglobal exponential cadence tracking to an ultimate bound. Experiments were performed on six able-bodied participants and four participants with NCs to validate the developed controller. The proposed controller resulted in an average cadence error of 0.01 ± 2.00 revolutions per minute (RPM) for the able-bodied participants and 0.01 ± 2.72 RPM for participants with NCs.
Supreme Court Should Make it Easier to Sue Cops Who Violate Our Civil Rights

It's time for the Supreme Court to make it easier to sue police by limiting the defense of "qualified immunity."
Solute-induced strengthening during creep of an aged-hardened Al-Mn-Zr alloy

Abstract We examine the precipitation and creep behavior of Al-0.5Mn-0.02Si (at.%) alloys, with and without the L12-forming elements Zr and Er (0.09 and 0.05 at.%, respectively), utilizing isochronal aging experiments as well as compressive and tensile creep tests performed between 275 and 400 °C. The Al-0.5Mn-0.09Zr-0.05Er-0.05Si alloy exhibits an unusually high creep resistance in the peak-aged state, which is significantly better than that observed generally in its Mn-free L12-strengthened counterparts; for example, the creep threshold stresses at 300 °C are 34-37 MPa, about three times higher than those in a Mn-free Al-0.11Zr-0.005Er-0.02Si alloy. Scanning transmission electron microscopy illustrates that nanoscale Al3(Zr,Er) L12-precipitates are formed in the dendritic cores and micron-sized Al(Mn,Fe)Si α-precipitates in the interdendritic channels. Moreover, the Al(f.c.c.)-matrix remains supersaturated with randomly distributed Mn solute atoms, as determined by atom-probe tomography and electrical conductivity measurements, for months at creep temperatures. Creep experiments on the Zr- and Er-free Al-0.5Mn-0.02Si solid-solution alloy reveal a small primary creep strain, a high apparent stress exponent, na ∼9-7, and a threshold-stress-type behavior. After ruling out other possible mechanisms, we provide evidence that the threshold stress in this precipitate-free alloy originates from dislocation/solute elastic interactions leading to a strong drag force exerted on edge dislocations, hindering their ability to climb. The relatively high creep resistance of Al-0.5Mn-0.09Zr-0.05Er-0.05Si is interpreted in terms of the synergy between this solute-induced threshold stress (SITS, from Mn in solid-solution) and the known precipitate-bypass threshold stress (from the L12-nanoprecipitates).
Genetically encoded intrabodies as high-precision tools to visualize and manipulate neuronal function.

Abstract Basic neuroscience research employs numerous forms of antibodies as key reagents in diverse applications. While the predominant use of antibodies is as immunolabeling reagents, neuroscientists are making increased use of intracellular antibodies or intrabodies. Intrabodies are recombinant antibodies genetically encoded for expression within neurons. These can be used to target various cargo (fluorescent proteins, reporters, enzymes, etc.) to specific molecules and subcellular domains to report on and manipulate neuronal function with high precision. Intrabodies have the advantages inherent in all genetically encoded recombinant antibodies but represent a distinct subclass in that their structure allows for their expression and function within cells. The high precision afforded by the ability to direct their expression to specific cell types, and the selective binding of intrabodies to targets within these allows intrabodies to offer unique advantages for neuroscience research, given the tremendous molecular, cellular and morphological complexity of brain neurons. Intrabodies expressed within neurons have been used for a variety of purposes in basic neuroscience research. Here I provide a general background to intrabodies and their development, and examples of their emerging utility as valuable basic neuroscience research tools.
Case 2: Stick Out Your Tongue

As an “el toro” anesthesiologist in Oslo, Norway in 1970, I watched with interest a visiting Australian anesthesiologist (Dr. Sid J. Aidinis) waking up patients. At the end of every anesthetic, after the endotracheal tube was removed, he would say in Norwegian: “Stikk ut tongen din” (Stick out your tongue). The patient if awake enough would always oblige. I asked him: “Why don’t you just ask him to squeeze your hand?” He looked at me and said:
Plasma progesterone levels in normal pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium. I. Method of assay.

Abstract One hundred and seventy-two plasma progesterone determinations were performed in normal pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium. One hundred and nineteen of the assays were done on isolated samples; 53 of the assays were done in 11 serial studies. While the concentration of progresterone in peripheral blood increased progressively with advancing pregnancy, no apparent decrease in the hormone level occurred at or near the onset of labor or during its progress. A significant decrease in plasma progesterone one hour after the delivery of the placenta continued to decline to menstrual cycle levels by 72 hours post partum.
A role for fibronectin in the migration of avian precardiac cells. I. Dose-dependent effects of fibronectin antibody

An anterior-posterior concentration difference of fibronectin associated with the endoderm in early chick embryos has been implicated in the directional migration of precardiac mesoderm cells. We have examined the effect of increasing concentrations of an antibody to fibronectin (FN) to test the essentiality of FN to precardiac cell migration. For controls embryos were incubated in the presence of antibodies produced against several other extracellular components, such as laminin and anti-collagen types I and IV, as well as against integrin, a cell surface FN receptor. Embryos were also incubated in the presence of a high concentration of exogenous FN, as well as in the presence of an RGD-containing synthetic pentapeptide that is recognized by the FN receptor. After incubation of chick embryos in various concentrations of anti-FN (5 to 80 micrograms/ml), a dose-dependent effect of anti-fibronectin was observed, whereby heart development was arrested at high concentrations of anti-FN. Early developmental stages were more susceptible to lower antibody concentrations than later stages. Incubation in the presence of the RGD-containing synthetic peptide resulted in partial cardiabifida. None of the antibodies serving as controls affected cell migration or early heart development. These results support the hypothesis that FN is a major component in the migratory pathway and plays a role in the directional migration of precardiac cells to the embryonic midline.
Sapir, Edward (1884–1939)

Edward Sapir studied anthropology under Franz Boas, and became the leading exponent of linguistic anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century. He carried out important work on the descriptive linguistics of North American Indian languages, including definitive studies of Takelma, Southern Paiute, Nootka, and the Athabaskan languages. He was also deeply concerned with exploring historical links among American Indian languages, and made significant contributions to the comparative linguistics of the Uto-Aztecan, Athabaskan, Hokan, and Penutian families. His career until 1925 was almost entirely devoted to this research, but from then until his death he taught at the University of Chicago and at Yale, where he had considerable influence in establishing the paradigm for twentieth-century linguistic research and in training the first generation of American structural linguists. He was also involved deeply in the development of a psychologically sophisticated model of social research, both within anthropology (where he helped create the Personality and Culture school) and in interdisciplinary collaboration, in particular with the psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan. A gifted teacher and lucid writer, Sapir was a major intellectual figure in the 1920s and 1930s. His general book, Language (1921), was read widely and is still in print.
Private Actors in Public International Law: Amicus Curiae and the Case for the Retention of State Sovereignty

Recent debates regarding the impact of globalization on state sovereignty have led some to conclude that globalization is eroding such sovereignty. This Article challenges that conclusion. It argues that neither the current frenzy of private actor participation in international fora nor the law-making functions of international organizations at which such activity is directed supplants state sovereignty in some zerosum game paradigm. Examining the emergence of amicus curiae in international dispute settlement-specifically the controversy over amici participation in the WfO Asbestos case-the Article concludes that both private actor participation in international law and the exercise of lawmaking authorities by international organizations has occurred, and can only continue to occur, with the consent of states.