cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Late Medieval Countryside: England's Rural Economy and Society, 1275–1500

Late medieval England's rural economy and society remain the focus of energetic and creative study by historians. Punctuated by demographic catastrophes such as the Great Famine and the Black Death, England's late Middle Ages serves as a virtual laboratory for analysis of historical change as scholars trace the unraveling of the manorial socioeconomic arrangements and the emergence of a brand of agrarian capitalism. To make sense of a wealth of royal and local sources, scholars employ a range of theoretical approaches drawn from economics, namely a population-and-resources model, a neo-Marxist thesis, and a commercialization hypothesis, among others. Sociological approaches are also found in the late medievalist's analytical toolbox. Current research particularly focuses on the excavation of lord–peasant relations, the nature of the peasantry's agriculture, and the relative affluence and poverty of the late medieval peasant.
A stochastic theory of community food webs. VI. Heterogeneous alternatives to the cascade model

Abstract This paper considers 14 models as possible explanations of three major structural trends observed in 113 community food webs: (1) The average proportion of species that are top species is roughly constant in webs with different total numbers of species. The same holds for the average proportions of intermediate and basal species. (2)The average proportion of links that are intermediate-top links is roughly constant in webs with different total numbers of species. The same constancy of proportions in webs with different numbers of species holds for the three other kinds of links. (3) The frequency distributions of chain lengths are unimodal with modes usually between two and five links. One model, the cascade model, explains these trends and other structural trends. The other 13 models relax in various ways the cascade model's assumption that the probability of predation is the same between every pair of potential predator and potential prey and its assumption that the average probability of predation is inversely proportional to the total number of species in the web. Numerical comparisons of the observed structural trends with the model predictions show that the only viable alternative to the cascade model is the predator-dominant, constant-column-sum, linear-link-scaling model. This model differs from the cascade model in assuming that the expected number of prey species of any potential predator is the same as that for any other potential predator. The biological lesson suggested by these findings is that potential predators appear to have a mean number of prey species that is closer to constant than to linearly increasing with rank in the cascade model. Models that assume that predation probabilities are determined primarily by the prey species or by the distance between species in a cascade make predictions that are inferior descriptions of the major structural trends. Models that assume the mean number of trophic links increases as the 1.35 power of the total number of species make predictions that are inferior to those of models that assume the mean number of trophic links increases linearly with the total number of species.
The Future of Functional MRI

This chapter involves detailed speculation on how functional MRI (fMRI) technology, methodology, interpretation, and applications will advance in the next 5 (2016), 10 (2021), and 20 (2031) years. We chose these time frames since 5 years is close enough to speculate with some degree of accuracy, and 20 years is approximately double the age that fMRI is now. Ten years was chosen as a reasonable intermediate point. For each of the four highly overlapping and complementary areas mentioned above, a brief summary of the current state of development is given so that perspective can be applied to speculation on how the future will play out. The intent of this chapter is of course not only to be as accurate as possible but also to reveal important trends as well as potentially rich avenues of future research. In addition, the goal is to inspire the user to embrace the idea that fMRI development is not even close to showing any sign of plateauing in any way. If anything, with the onset of spontaneous fluctuation or functional connectivity research, fMRI decoding, completely novel contrast mechanism, growing multimodal integration, real-time fMRI, high-field and high-resolution development, and bourgeoning clinical applications, the rate of advancement is clearly accelerating in almost all areas, forcing us to reframe the nature of our questions on brain function and organization so that we make optimal use of tools that are and will be available.
Development of a Human Factors Methodology for Nasa-Goddard Space Flight Center

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, realizing the importance of the human-computer interface, has begun the process of integrating human factors considerations into system design. A methodology was needed to direct the process of incorporating human factors recommendations into the design process and to introduce human factors principles and procedures to Goddard projects. To gather necessary background information for an effective methodology, a diary was kept, recording the process of a Goddard human factors analysis. The diary technique was effective in identifying issues and steps relevant to the methodology. This paper describes and evaluates the diary as an information-gathering tool. Finally, the methodology is summarized and its effectiveness evaluated.
Analysis on Hospitalization Costs of Hepatitis B Patients in Shenzhen

Objective To analyze the hospitalization costs of hepatitis B patients by clinical classification,and to explore the factors influencing the costs. Methods The medical records of hepatitis B patients by clinical classification in a sentinel hospital in Shenzhen from 2009 to 2010 were collected.The epidemiological characteristics and hospitalization costs of the cases were analyzed by using SPSS 15.0. Results Totally 2,765 hepatitis B and relevant cases were recruited in the study.Societal medical insurance was the major way of paying costs.The average hospital days per admission were(13.6±2.0) days.The geometric mean of the total hospitalization costs was(9,963.63±2.10) Yuan,and the geometric mean of the daily costs was(732.16±1.51) Yuan.The total and daily costs of acute hepatitis B patients were higher than those of chronic hepatitis B patients,while both of these two costs of hepatocarcinoma patients were higher than those of other clinical types.And the sequence of daily costs by clinical classification was cirrhosis with esophageal varices cirrhosisfibrosis.The medicine costs,assay costs and diagnosis costs occupied the great proportion of the total hospitalization costs.Higher age,increasing hospitalization days,severe illness,complicated with other hepatic diseases,operation and self-paid approach might increase the total hospitalization costs. Conclusions The enhancement of vaccination among newborns and young children,interruption of mother-to-infant transmission and comprehensive surveillance and prevention among high-risk population play the important roles in reducing the disease and economic burden from hepatitis B in future in Shenzhen.
Search, rescue, and evacuation.

Structural collapse catastrophes are an increasingly greater threat as our population centers expand and our nation’s buildings and infrastructure age. Sophisticated search and rescue capabilities are being developed and deployed to prepare for these eventualities. To assure “successful” rescues, those with optimal reduction of morbidity and mortality, an equally sophisticated medical capability is an essential component of any urban search and rescue entity.
The Drosophila Circadian Clock Gates Sleep through Time-of-Day Dependent Modulation of Sleep-Promoting Neurons.

Study objectives Sleep is under the control of homeostatic and circadian processes, which interact to determine sleep timing and duration, but the mechanisms through which the circadian system modulates sleep are largely unknown. We therefore used adult-specific, temporally controlled neuronal activation and inhibition to identify an interaction between the circadian clock and a novel population of sleep-promoting neurons in Drosophila. Methods Transgenic flies expressed either dTRPA1, a neuronal activator, or Shibire(ts1), an inhibitor of synaptic release, in small subsets of neurons. Sleep, as determined by activity monitoring and video tracking, was assessed before and after temperature-induced activation or inhibition using these effector molecules. We compared the effect of these manipulations in control flies and in mutant flies that lacked components of the molecular circadian clock. Results Adult-specific activation or inhibition of a population of neurons that projects to the sleep-promoting dorsal Fan-Shaped Body resulted in bidirectional control over sleep. Interestingly, the magnitude of the sleep changes were time-of-day dependent. Activation of sleep-promoting neurons was maximally effective during the middle of the day and night, and was relatively ineffective during the day-to-night and night-to-day transitions. These time-ofday specific effects were absent in flies that lacked functional circadian clocks. Conclusions We conclude that the circadian system functions to gate sleep through active inhibition at specific times of day. These data identify a mechanism through which the circadian system prevents premature sleep onset in the late evening, when homeostatic sleep drive is high.
Al Dente: A History of Food in Italy

Fabio Parasecoli’s Al Dente: A History of Food in Italy is an early entry in a promising new series, which offers a sweeping reading of history through food. Parasecoli provides an intensely detail...
Field flashing control for large synchronous generator

Static excitation systems have been widely used in large synchronous generators and field flashing is needed to set the initial electromagnetic field for the generator voltage buildup. In order to meet the requirements for the large synchronous generator field flashing, the selection of the field flashing circuit and rotor winding time constant, the coordinated control of the field flashing system and the excitation rectifier, the integration separation PID control strategy, and the safe exit strategy were presented. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed design method and control strategy were verified by simulation results and project practices of 1000MW turbo-generator and 700MW hydro-generator.
Centralizers in free group algebras and nonsingular curves

Abstract The centralizer of any non-scalar element of a free group algebra over a field is the coordinate ring of a nonsingular curve.
ETIOLOGY AND PREDICTORS OF 30-DAY UNPLANNED READMISSION RATES AFTER LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE PLACEMENT

Background: Mechanical circulatory support with Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) placement is an important therapy for advanced heart failure. Although these patients are likely vulnerable to increased hospitalizations, there are limited data on a national level about incidence and reasons for
3D Graphite–Polymer Flexible Strain Sensors with Ultrasensitivity and Durability for Real-Time Human Vital Sign Monitoring and Musical Instrument Education

The design and fabrication of various types of flexible, portable, and foldable devices have received immense interest owing to the remarkable potential in impacting peoples' lives including real-time health monitoring, point-of-care diagnosis, and athletic training. In this work, the authors present 3D graphite as the key sensing element of polymer composite strain sensors that offers ultrahigh sensitivity and durability in the detection of fine motions. The graphite–polymer sensors in this work provide high bending sensitivities that are reproducible within 3% signal shift after 11 000 bending cycles and exhibit gauge factors of 100 and 52 at tensile strains of 80% and 100%, respectively. The sensing mechanism is modeled, and correlated with experimental studies. The high strain sensitivity compared to graphene based devices is analyzed and understood with respect to levels of defect in materials. Such graphite–polymer sensors are able to detect fine features of human pulses, respiration rates, and throat vibration in real time and are also applied in the detection of posture correctness of musical instrument learners for the first time.
The power of sound: miniaturized medical implants with ultrasonic links

Miniaturized wirelessly powered implants capable of operating and communicating deep in the body are necessary for the next-generation of diagnostics and therapeutics. A major challenge in developing these minimally invasive implants is the tradeoff between device size, functionality, and operating depth. Here, we review two different wireless powering methods, inductive and ultrasonic power transfer, examine how to analyze their power transfer efficiency, and evaluate their potential for powering implantable medical devices. In particular, we show how ultrasonic wireless power transfer can address these challenges due to its safety, low attenuation, and millimeter wavelengths in the body. Finally, we demonstrate two ultrasonically powered implants capable of active power harvesting and bidirectional communication for closed-loop operation while functioning through multiple centimeters of tissue.
Multiple-Weighted Marked Graphs

Abstract Theory regarding marked graphs is not applicable when concurrent systems must be constructed as a petri net in which each place has exactly one input and output transition and there exist multiple arcs between a place and a transition. Many parallel programs and manufacturing systems capable of bulk production can be modeled as such multiple-weighted marked graphs, called WMGs for short. Motivated by the practical need in analyzing their performance, this paper presents the conditions under which a WMG can be evaluated. An application to a parallel computer system is also given
Dream If You Can: A Mother and Daughter’s Reflections on Prince, Self-Realization, and Black Womanhood

The day that Prince died left our world in mourning and celebration. For some of us millennials, the first few calls that went out were to our parents. As I talked to my mother on that day, various inquiries presented themselves, the bulk of which had to do with how and why through our vast differences, my mother and I were able to meet at Prince. In this reflection, I expand on a conversation that I had with my mother during my first visit back home after Prince died. The conversation answered my questions about Prince’s ability to unite us through his artistry and life.
Critical Thinking and Reflective Learning in the Marketing Education Literature: A Historical Perspective and Future Research Needs:

Marketing educators have long espoused the importance of critical thinking as a means of developing students’ higher-order problem-solving skills. In this article, we utilize an historical approach...
Phase Separation and Mechanical Behavior of Multicomponent Polymer Systems

The outstanding behavior of multipolymer combinations usually derives from the phase-separated nature of these materials. In fact, polymer blends, blocks, grafts, and IPNs are interesting because of their complex two-phased nature, certainly not in spite of it. Aspects of phase continuity, size of the domains, and molecular mixing at the phase boundaries as well as within the phase structures all contribute to the mechanical behavior patterns of these multicomponent polymer materials.
N-Linked Glycan Branching and Fucosylation Are Increased Directly in Hcc Tissue As Determined through in Situ Glycan Imaging

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains as the fifth most common cancer in the world and accounts for more than 700,000 deaths annually. Changes in serum glycosylation have long been associated with this cancer but the source of that material is unknown and direct glycan analysis of HCC tissues has been limited. Our laboratory previously developed a method of in situ tissue based N-linked glycan imaging that bypasses the need for microdissection and solubilization of tissue prior to analysis. We used this methodology in the analysis of 138 HCC tissue samples and compared the N-linked glycans in cancer tissue with either adjacent untransformed or tissue from patients with liver cirrhosis but no cancer. Ten glycans were found significantly elevated in HCC tissues as compared to cirrhotic or adjacent tissue. These glycans fell into two major classes, those with increased levels of fucosylation and those with increased levels of branching with or without any fucose modifications. In addition, increased levels of fucosylated glycoforms were associated with a reduction in survival time. This work supports the hypothesis that the increased levels of fucosylated N-linked glycans in HCC serum are produced directly from the cancer tissue.
Transnational Antitrust Law

In beginning a discussion of transnational antitrust law, one immediately confronts multiple points on which there is no shared understanding across legal systems. First, to what body of substantive rules are we referring? “Antitrust law,” the term used primarily in the United States, is generally understood as the body of rules that address restraints on competition. “Competition law,” the term more frequently used elsewhere, is often used to refer to a broader set of norms — for instance, encompassing laws governing unfair business practices and consumer protection. Second, what purpose is antitrust law intended to serve? In many countries, the overarching objective would most commonly be identified as maximizing consumer welfare. In other countries, however, antitrust law may serve other economic objectives, such as promoting industrial development, protecting emerging industries, or improving the position of local firms in global markets. Third, what is the relationship between law and markets? In many parts of the world, governments, not markets, traditionally controlled economic production; in others, the market orientation eventually embodied in the Washington Consensus was dominant. The “market turn” that occurred in the 1990s has to some extent solidified a common foundation for the development and implementation of antitrust law, yet significant variability remains in the interplay between markets and law. Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that efforts to develop a body of international antitrust law have failed. Instead, we rely on a diverse set of norms and transnational practices to regulate the increasingly globalized economy. This chapter discusses those practices, focusing on the actors and institutions involved. Part I addresses the production of substantive antitrust law at different levels (national, regional, and international) and discusses some of the ways in which these norms spread across legal systems. Part II turns to mechanisms for improving cooperation among legal systems in the enforcement of divergent regulatory norms, as well as to continuing sites of contestation among regimes. Part III concludes with an analysis of the prospects for increased convergence in the field of antitrust law and policy.
A 1-Day, 90-Minute Aspirin Challenge and Desensitization Protocol in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease.

Background Aspirin challenge and desensitization remains the criterion standard in diagnosis and treatment for patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), but the protocols can be time and resource intensive. Objective To provide evidence that oral aspirin challenge and desensitization can be safely performed in an outpatient setting in 1 day. Methods Forty-four patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AERD, stable asthma, and baseline FEV1 value greater than or equal to 70% of predicted completed an oral aspirin challenge and desensitization protocol. The starting dose was 40.5 mg with escalating doses of aspirin (81, 162.5, 325 mg) at 90-minute intervals until symptoms were provoked. Desensitization was defined as tolerating a repeated administration of the provocative aspirin dose and at least 1 subsequent dose, bringing the total aspirin ingested during the in-clinic desensitization to 325 mg or more. Results Ninety-three percent of patients completed the challenge and desensitization in 1 day, with an average protocol completion time of 9 hours and 29 minutes. Two patients (4.6%) chose to complete the protocol over 2 days. One patient (2.3%) was discontinued from the protocol because of ongoing abdominal discomfort and diarrhea. No patient required epinephrine, emergency department visit, or hospitalization. Conclusions Patients with AERD on a stable asthma regimen and with a baseline FEV1 value greater than or equal to 70% can be safely desensitized to aspirin using a 90-minute dose escalation protocol, starting at a dose of 40.5 mg, and defining desensitization as tolerance of the repeated provocation dose and at least 1 subsequent aspirin dose, bringing total cumulative daily dose to 325 mg or more. This protocol can routinely be completed in 1 day.
Abstract TP344: Adding Depression Screening at 90-Days Post-Stroke Increases the Number of Positive Screens

Background: Comprehensive Stroke Centers are required by The Joint Commission to screen stroke patients with stroke for depression prior to discharge. Stroke related depression, however, may occur ...
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland: Current Status and Future Prospects

Background: Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) is a rare but clinically highly significant entity because it accounts for most fatalities from non-anaplastic follicular cell–derived thyroi...
Infrared frequency comb generation and spectroscopy with suspended silicon nanophotonic waveguides

Nanophotonic waveguides with sub-wavelength mode confinement and engineered dispersion are an excellent platform for application-tailored nonlinear optical interactions at low pulse energies. We present fully air-clad suspended silicon waveguides for infrared frequency comb generation with optical bandwidth limited only by the silicon transparency. Precise lithographic control over the waveguide dispersion enables tailored infrared frequency comb generation across a bandwidth of 2.0–8.8 μm (1130–5000 cm−1), with the broadest simultaneous bandwidth covering 2.0–7.7 μm. Novel fork-shaped couplers provide efficient input coupling with only 1.5 dB loss. The coherence, brightness, and stability of the generated light are highlighted in a dual-frequency comb setup in which individual comb lines are resolved with 30 dB extinction ratio and 100 MHz spacing in the wavelength range of 4.9–8.8 μm (1130–2050 cm−1) using three different waveguide widths. These sources are used for broadband gas- and liquid-phase dual-comb spectroscopy with 100 MHz comb line resolution. We achieve a peak spectral signal-to-noise ratio of 10 Hz across a simultaneous bandwidth of 6.3–8.2 μm (1220–1590 cm−1) containing 112,200 comb lines. These results provide a pathway to further integration with the developing high-repetition-rate frequency comb lasers for compact sensors with applications in chip-based chemical analysis and spectroscopy.
Forest structure and snow depth alter the movement patterns and subsequent expenditures of a forest carnivore, the Pacific marten

Energetic balance is central to the survival and persistence of free‐ranging animals. Quantifying expenditures and identifying factors that drive energetics informs our understanding of species' ecology and their responses to shifting environmental conditions. Approaches used to estimate energetic expenditures of free‐ranging species, such as doubly‐labelled water (DLW), are precise but difficult to implement. Global positioning system (GPS) collars and accelerometers have emerged as alternatives for estimating expenditures, but these techniques have few applications in terrestrial species and no applications in small‐bodied (<5 kg) terrestrial animals. Here, we estimated movement characteristics and field metabolic rates (FMR) of Pacific martens Martes caurina, a small‐bodied carnivore with relatively high energetic costs, in a heterogeneous landscape to explore the role of movement and landscape characteristics in energetics. We concurrently used DLW and GPS collars to investigate the relationship between movement characteristics and FMR. Movement velocity explained the greatest amount of variation in mass‐specific FMR and we used this relationship to predict expenditures of previously collared martens. We found that predicted mass‐specific FMR was highest among males and increased in open patches primarily as a result of increased velocity and more erratic movements. Additionally, martens moving through deep snow also exhibited increased FMR. Our work shows movement metrics can effectively explain variation in FMR and identify landscape features, like forest structure and snow depth, that influence movements with cascading effects on energetics for free‐ranging mammals in rapidly changing systems.
Teach Scheme, reach Java: introducing object-oriented programming without drowning in syntax: pre-conference workshop

Participants will use the DrScheme platform to solve CS0/CS1 problems in Scheme, e.g. function composition and re-use, conditionals, structures, recursion on linked lists, and event-driven interactive graphic programming. We'll then demonstrate how the same topics can be covered in a more mainstream, but more complex, language such as Java. Participants are invited to a week-long, NSF-funded workshop in Summer 2011, which goes into much more depth on technical, classroom, and curriculum issues.
Protein Interactomes Identify Distinct Pathways for Streptococcus mutans YidC1 and YidC2 Membrane Protein Insertases

Abstract Virulence properties of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans depend on integral membrane proteins. Bacterial protein trafficking involves the co-translational signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway components Ffh and FtsY, the SecY translocon, and membrane-localized YidC chaperone/insertases. Unlike Escherichia coli, S. mutans survives loss of the SRP pathway. In addition, S. mutans has two yidC paralogs. The ΔyidC2 phenotype largely parallels that of Δffh and ΔftsY while the ΔyidC1 phenotype is less severe. This study defined YidC1 and YidC2 interactomes to identify their respective functions alone and in concert with the SRP, ribosome, and/or Sec translocon. A chemical cross-linking approach was employed, whereby whole cell lysates were treated with formaldehyde followed by Western blotting using anti-Ffh, FtsY, YidC1 or YidC2 antibodies and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of gel-shifted bands. Cross-linked lysates from WT and ΔyidC2 strains were also reacted with anti-YidC2 antibodies coupled to magnetic Dynabeads™, with co-captured proteins identified by MS. Additionally, C-terminal tails of YidC1 and YidC2 were engineered as glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins and subjected to 2D Difference Gel Electrophoresis and MS analysis after being reacted with non-cross-linked lysates. Results indicate that YidC2 works in concert with the SRP-pathway, while YidC1 works in concert with the SecY translocon independently of the SRP. In addition, YidC1 and/or YidC2 can act alone in the insertion of a limited number of small integral membrane proteins. The YidC2-SRP and YidC1/SecY pathways appear to function as part of an integrated machinery that couples translation and transport with cell division, as well as transcription and DNA replication. Importance Streptococcus mutans is a prevalent oral pathogen and causative agent of tooth decay. Many proteins that enable this bacterium to thrive in its environmental niche, and cause disease, are embedded in its cytoplasmic membrane. The machinery that transports proteins into bacterial membranes differs between Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. One important difference is the presence of multiple YidC paralogs in Gram-positive bacteria. Characterization of a protein’s interactome can help define its physiological role. Herein, we characterized the interactomes of S. mutans YidC1 and YidC2. Results indicate that YidC1 and YidC2 have individualized functions in separate membrane insertion pathways, and suggest putative substrates of the respective pathways. Furthermore, S. mutans membrane transport proteins appear as part of a larger network of proteins involved in replication, transcription, translation, and cell division/cell shape. This information contributes to our understanding of protein transport in Gram-positive bacteria in general, and informs our understanding of S. mutans pathogenesis.
Biomarkers of Environmental Toxicants: Exposure and Biological Effects

Biomarkers of environmental toxicants are measures of exposures and effects, some of which can serve to assess disease risk and interindividual susceptibilities.[...].
Brain Metabolic and Pathologic Consequences of Asphyxia

Asphyxia of the fetus during pregnancy or birth is a prominent cause of stillbirth and fetal brain injury. Perinatal asphyxia may fail to injure the fetal brain or it may injure it focally or diffusely, depending on the carbohydrate state of the fetus at the time of exposure, as related to its liver glycogen and serum glucose concentrations. In most instances, fetuses suffer from asphyxia as a consequence of physiologic or pathologic changes experienced by the mother. These include: 1. Maternal respiratory disturbances, including drowning, hanging, airway obstruction, pulmonary edema, anesthesia accidents, asphyxia, and paralysis of respiratory muscles. 2. Maternal circulatory disturbances, including shock states, cardiac arrest, and hypotension from hemorrhage. 3. Maternal toxic states, including carbon monoxide inhalation, and cyanide poisoning. 4. Nonspecific maternal stress states, such as marked anxiety.
Buckling of Thin Shells Under External Pressure

Expressions for the buckling value of the external pressure acting on thin cylindrical shells have earlier been derived on the basis of various linear bending theories. For certain ranges of shell ...
Disseminated cryptococcosis with gastric and thyroid involvement.

Abstract This is a case of disseminated cryptococcosis with gastrointestinal and thyroid involvement. This case illustrates that gastrointestinal and thyroid involvement may be an under-recognized phenomenon. Suspicion should be high in an immunocompromised patient with odynophagia and a thyroid nodule and warrants further investigation by endoscopy and fine needle aspiration biopsy.
Effect of seat-type abutment load path and failure mode on seismic response of straight ordinary bridges

Abstract The simplified modeling and analysis procedures commonly used in the design and assessment of bridges utilize one-dimensional (1D) spine elements and springs. These procedures have been well vetted for columns and some capacity-protected members, such as the girders. However, the abutment also contributes to the lateral load resisting system, and the simplified models may not capture the actual load path, failure modes, or dynamic response of either the bridge system or the abutment itself. This paper identifies through static three-dimensional continuum modeling the load path, component contributions to subsystem resistance, and failure modes that should be used in simplified modeling approaches of seat-type abutments. The consequences of common modeling assumptions and simplifications on bridge design and assessment were determined by comparison with 1D simplified models. It was found that the use of modeling simplification substantially underestimates the subsystem resistance. The effect of abutment characteristics, including stiffness and strength in the longitudinal and transverse directions, on nonlinear dynamic bridge seismic demand prediction were investigated with reduced order dynamic models. The increase in abutment stiffness and strength reduces the bridge system’s displacements and increase forces significantly.
On sprays with vanishing χ-curvature

Every Riemannian metric or Finsler metric on a manifold induces a spray via its geodesics. In this paper, we discuss several expressions for the χ-curvature of a spray. We show that the sprays obta...
Dysfunction of the Minor Hemisphere

Physicians seldom appreciate the diagnostic value of right-hemisphere psychological dysfunction. While most internists recognize the value of aphasia in localizing a lesion to the left hemisphere; few utilize analogous lateralized symptoms pointing to involvement of the right hemisphere. Psychiatrists often rely on formal neuropsychological testing, waiting days or even weeks for the final report, when a few minutes of bedside evaluation might give an immediate and direct diagnosis. Even some neurologists and neurosurgeons who will spend thousands of dollars to obtain laboratory confirmation of focal brain disease fail to fully appreciate the localizing value of right-hemisphere psychological dysfunction.
Autoradiographic analysis of macromolecular synthesis in prospectively necrotic cells of the chick limb bud. I. Protein synthesis.

Abstract Cell death is a normal part of the morphogenesis of the chick limb. The posterior necrotic zone (PNZ) is located at the postaxial junction of the wing bud and body wall, and undergoes necrosis at stage 24 ( 4 1 2 days of incubation) in the chick embryo. The onset of necrosis in the PNZ is not preceded by any detectable cytologic changes in the cells which are to die. Necrosis of PNZ cells can be prevented by grafting prospectively necrotic cells to the dorsal surface of a wing bud prior to donor stage 22. However, if grafted at stage 22 or later, death will occur on schedule. At the same time, PNZ tissue grafted to the somites between stage 17 and 23 always die at stage 24. These results indicate that the commitment to death becomes irreversible at stage 22. An autoradiographic study was undertaken to examine the pattern of protein synthesis in prospectively necrotic PNZ cells. Tritiated amino acids were injected into chick embryos at various stages and their limb buds examined to determine the extent of protein synthesis. It was found that through stage 22 protein synthesis as indicated by amino acid incorporation was comparable in the cells of the PNZ and a control area which does not undergo cell death. However, a significant decrease in protein synthesis had occurred in cells of the PNZ by stage 23. The results reported show that the decrease in protein synthesis in prospectively necrotic cells of the PNZ occurs subsequent to the irreversible commitment to death. However, this decrease occurs prior to any cytologic evidence of the ensuing necrosis.
Naturalizing Continental philosophy: breaking ground in environmental thinking

As the field of environmental and ecological philosophy continues to gain general and periodically even enthusiastic acceptance in the broader discipline of philosophy, it should come as no surprise that the voice of Continental philosophy is becoming increasingly heard. Among the more recent contri butions in the literature is Bruce Foltz and Robert Frodeman's anthology Rethinking Nature: Essays in Environmental Philosophy, which gathers to gether creative and critical work done in the past decade by a number of the most influential and well-known voices in Continental philosophy. The 20 essays contained in the volume, not to mention the nicely composed and helpful editors' Introduction, draw on both historical and contemporary philosophical sources, while simultaneously advancing environmental thinking through an engagement with a range of concrete scenarios and issues. Nearly all the essays are drawn from papers that were initially presented at the first annual meetings of the International Association for Environmental Philos ophy (IAEP), of which Foltz and Frodeman were founding members. This collection is, however, more than just a compilation of conference proceed ings. Not only does it have the merit of having been previously refereed by IAEP, but all of the essays have consequently been revised and expanded, benefiting from both rigorous post-presentation discussion and excellent editing, with the final result being an engaging, provocative, and genuinely unique contribution to environmental thinking. Continental philosophy suf fers (justifiably at times) from the perception that its discourse is often closed to those outside its parameters, which makes Rethinking Nature all the more
Carbon tetrachloride-induced protection against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. The role of the liver microsomal drug-metabolizing system.

Abstract Intragastric administration to rats of a small non-lethal dose of carbon tetrachloride produces a dramatic protective action against subsequently administered large and ordinarily lethal doses of the same liver poison. Resistance to the lethal effect of carbon tetrachloride sets in by 12 hr and is fully developed by 24 hr. Protection lasts for 3–5 days after which it gradually subsides. Activity of liver microsomal aminopyrine demethylase and cytochrome P-450 concentration were followed throughout the course of development of the protection phenomenon. Activity of aminopyrine demethylase and cytochrome P-450 concentration began to fall immediately after administration of the small initial dose of carbon tetrachloride. At 24 hr, when protection was complete, the activity of this enzyme system was about one-fourth of control levels. The depression lasted for 4 days, which was followed by gradual recovery. The exact parallelism between depression of liver microsomal mixed function oxidase activity and resistance to the lethal effects of carbon tetrachloride affords strong evidence for the view that metabolism of carbon tetrachloride by the liver microsomal drug-metabolizing system is a necessary prerequisite for the toxicity of this liver poison.
The microglial "activation" continuum: from innate to adaptive responses

Microglia are innate immune cells of myeloid origin that take up residence in the central nervous system (CNS) during embryogenesis. While classically regarded as macrophage-like cells, it is becoming increasingly clear that reactive microglia play more diverse roles in the CNS. Microglial "activation" is often used to refer to a single phenotype; however, in this review we consider that a continuum of microglial activation exists, with phagocytic response (innate activation) at one end and antigen presenting cell function (adaptive activation) at the other. Where activated microglia fall in this spectrum seems to be highly dependent on the type of stimulation provided. We begin by addressing the classical roles of peripheral innate immune cells including macrophages and dendritic cells, which seem to define the edges of this continuum. We then discuss various types of microglial stimulation, including Toll-like receptor engagement by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, microglial challenge with myelin epitopes or Alzheimer's β-amyloid in the presence or absence of CD40L co-stimulation, and Alzheimer disease "immunotherapy". Based on the wide spectrum of stimulus-specific microglial responses, we interpret these cells as immune cells that demonstrate remarkable plasticity following activation. This interpretation has relevance for neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases where reactive microglia play an etiological role; in particular viral/bacterial encephalitis, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease.
A technique for laparoscopic completion of vaginal hysterectomy

Recently, the use of laparoscopic assistance in vaginal hysterectomy has become popular, although its role in gynecologic surgery has not been well established. A way to define this role is to start the hysterectomy vaginally and use laparoscopic assistance only if it becomes necessary. We present a new technique in which vaginal hysterectomy proceeds to the opening of the peritoneal reflections and ligature of uterine vessels and uterosacral ligaments. If laparoscopic assistance becomes necessary at this point, a uterine manipulator with an adapted inflatable balloon is inserted vaginally, allowing completion of the procedure laparoscopically while maintaining a pneumoperitoneum. Eight operations were performed successfully in our institution using this new technique. Operative time was less than with conventional laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy. The technique also simplified the management of the uterine vessels and detachment of the bladder.
Dynamic Memory Allocation for Multiple-Query Workloads

This paper studies the problem ol memory allocation and scheduling in a multiple query workload with widely varying resource requirements. Several memory allocation and scheduling schemes are presented and their performance is compared using a detailed simulation study. The results demonstrate the inadequacies of static schemes with fixed scheduling and memory allocation policies. A dynamic adaptive scheme which integrates schedtiling and memtiry allocation is developed and is shown to perform effectively under widely varying workloads.
Programs for the Gifted: To Be or Not to Be:

A. Harry Passow was intensely devoted to encouraging and enhancing differentiated education for the gifted. But he was never an ideologue who refused to listen to critics or even to those who would...
Individual accounts in social security: can they be progressive?

The trend toward individual asset accounts in social security, and the regressivity of these accounts, provide the motivation for this article. The article asks: why not asset building for the poor as well? Research on Individual Development Accounts in the United States finds that the poor can save when they have a structure and incentive to do so. Steps toward universal and progressive asset-based policy are pointed out in Singapore, the United States and the United Kingdom. Future policy directions and challenges are considered.
Thermomechanical behavior of a two-way shape memory composite actuator

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials that can fix a temporary shape and recover to their permanent (original) shape in response to an environmental stimulus such as heat, electricity, or irradiation, among others. Most SMPs developed in the past can only demonstrate the so-called one-way shape memory effect; i.e., one programming step can only yield one shape memory cycle. Recently, one of the authors (Mather) developed a SMP that exhibits both one-way shape memory (1W-SM) and two-way shape memory (2W-SM) effects (with the assistance of an external load). This SMP was further used to develop a free-standing composite actuator with a nonlinear reversible actuation under thermal cycling. In this paper, a theoretical model for the PCO SMP based composite actuator was developed to investigate its thermomechanical behavior and the mechanisms for the observed phenomena during the actuation cycles, and to provide insight into how to improve the design.
PKG and the Neural Basis for Behavioral Phenotypes

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) has been implicated in the regulation of diverse aspects of vertebrate and insect behavior, yet the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron, Fujiwara et al. and L'Etoile et al. address the neural basis for PKG function in C. elegans and demonstrate the power of behavioral genetic analysis in simple systems in the elucidation of neuronal signaling mechanisms in vivo.
Additive-subtractive speckle interferometry: phase measurements in noisy conditions

In this paper, we propose a novel technique for quantitative phase measurements of vibrating structures based on additive-subtractive speckle interferometry. Additive fringe patterns (of poor visibility) corresponding to the object deformation are obtained by pulsing the laser illumination at times when the deformation is at its maximum and minimum amplitudes. A relative inter-pulse phase shift is introduced within each repetitive deformation cycle (e.g. +(pi) /2 for the maximum and -(pi) /2 for the minimum amplitudes respectively) to obtain two consecutive conjugate pairs of phase-shifted additive fringe patterns. Additionally, and inter-frame phase shift is introduced between the conjugate pairs of additive fringe patterns, which are then subtracted and rectified to provide a phase-shifted additive-subtractive fringe pattern of good visibility. Typically four such phase-shifted additive-subtractive fringe patterns with relative phase shift of (pi) /2 between each other are obtained, and these are used to calculate the deformation phase map from which the vibration measurement of a circular membrane. The ability of the technique to perform in relatively severe noisy environments is demonstrated.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Froebelian Implications in Texts of Early Childhood Songs Published Near the Turn of the Century

Genuine Froebelian implications in early childhood song texts depend upon the extent to which they adhere to Friedrich Froebel' s goals and purposes, rather than whether they refer to him or paraphrase his material. Turn-of-the-century songs sometimes neglect genuinely childlike, and thus Froebelian, considerations. Even the most important revision of Froebel' s Mother-Play and Nursery Songs, Susan Blow' s The Songs and Music of Froebel' s Mother-Play, leaves something to be desired in genuine Froebelian philosophical thought. Texts that deal with religion, morality, and ethics tend to tell rather than to suggest subtly and therefore miss a fundamental Froebelian methodological point. Only those song texts that accurately reflect Froebel' s teachings, philosophy, and methodology have truly Froebelian implications.
Functions of MAP Kinases: Insights from Gene-Targeting Studies

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise a family of well-conserved serine/threonine kinases that control a vast array of physiological functions in a number of organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. Recently gene-targeting experiments have shed light on in vivo functions of MAPKs. In particular, embryos deficient in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2 lack mesoderm differentiation and placental angiogenesis. Knockout mice for c-Jun amino-terminal kinases have revealed roles for these kinases in neural apoptosis and activation/differentiation of T cells. Deletion of p38alpha MAPK results in angiogenic defects in the placenta and peripheral vessels. ERK5-deficient embryos are embryonic lethal due to defects in angiogenesis and cardiovascular development. Although these results have provided new insights for MAPK research, development and analysis of conditional knockout mice are required in order to investigate roles of MAPKs, especially, in other biological processes such as disease pathogenesis.
Analysis of mixtures of closely related forms of bovine trypsin by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry : use of charge state distributions to resolve ions of the different forms

Summary Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been utilized for the analysis of bovine trypsin. Commercial active bovine trypsin is comprised of a mixture of three closely related different forms: β-, α-, and ψ-trypsin with similar molecular masses (23293, 23311, and 23329 mass units respectively). Peak broadening caused by the natural isotopic abundance of atoms in the protein molecules results in overlap of the ion peaks from the different trypsin forms. Therefore, accurate determination of the molecular masses of these trypsins in a mixture is not straightforward. However, because the trypsin isoforms have different number of basic groups and different higher order structures, the different forms acquire different numbers of charges. Therefore, ions from the different trypsins appear in different parts of the mass spectrum allowing accurate determination of their molecular masses.