cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin class-switched B cells form an active immune axis between CNS and periphery in multiple sclerosis.

In multiple sclerosis (MS), lymphocyte—in particular B cell—transit between the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery may contribute to the maintenance of active disease. Clonally related B cells exist in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood (PB) of MS patients; however, it remains unclear which subpopulations of the highly diverse peripheral B cell compartment share antigen specificity with intrathecal B cell repertoires and whether their antigen stimulation occurs on both sides of the blood-brain barrier. To address these questions, we combined flow cytometric sorting of PB B cell subsets with deep immune repertoire sequencing of CSF and PB B cells. Immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) heavy chain variable (V H ) region repertoires of five PB B cell subsets from MS patients were compared with their CSF Ig-V H transcriptomes. In six of eight patients, we identified peripheral CD27 + IgD − memory B cells, CD27 hi CD38 hi plasma cells/plasmablasts, or CD27 − IgD − B cells that had an immune connection to the CNS compartment. Pinpointing Ig class-switched B cells as key component of the immune axis thought to contribute to ongoing MS disease activity strengthens the rationale of current B cell–targeting therapeutic strategies and may lead to more targeted approaches.
Volatile C1–C8 Compounds in Marine Sediments

Volatile organic compounds in both recent and ancient marine sediments can provide information about the sediment history (Hunt, 1975; Hunt and Whelan, 1979; Whelan et al., 1980a and references cited therein). In recent sediments (subbottom depths less than 3 m), these compounds are related to factors such as depositional environment, organisms (including microorganisms) living in or which have lived in the sediment, and surface oil seeps. In more deeply buried sediments, these compounds can give an indication of past geothermal history and petroleum generation. Investigations of these compounds with respect to petroleum generation have been carried out in a number of laboratories (see, for example, Thompson, 1979; Leythauser et al., 1982; Kvenvolden and Claypool, 1980; Hunt, 1979, Chap. 5 and references cited therein; Tissot and Weite, 1978, Chap. 6 and references cited therein).
EXPERIMENTALLY-SIMULATED STYLOLITIC POROSITY IN CARBONATE ROCKS

An experimental program of stylolitic porosity development in stylolitic Atokan (Middle Pennsylvanian) limestones under simulated conditions of deep burial has shown that experimental dissolution preferentially occurred and developed along existing stylolites. The dissolution sequence was as follows: incipient pores following the traces of stylolites, grading into stylolitic lamellar pores, which enlarged eventually into non-fabric-selective channels. These stylolite-controlled conduits were surrounded by adjacent incipient-to-complete oomolds, enlarged oomolds, incipient-to-complete algal bioclast molds, enlarged biomolds, and halos of intercrystalline porosity to microporosity.
The Immunogenicity of Hemophilus influenzae Type B Polysaccharide—Neisseria meningitidis Group B Outer Membrane Protein Complex Vaccine in Infants and Young Children

Hemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-Neisseria meningitidis group B outer membrane protein complex vaccine was administered in a single dose to 38 children ages 24-53 mo (group 1) and to 78 children ages 12-23 mo (group 2) and in two doses to 84 children ages 2-11 mo (group 3). The geometric mean concentration of the capsular antibody before and after the vaccine regimen, respectively, were 0.35 microgram/ml and 12.59 micrograms/ml in group 1, 0.18 microgram/ml and 4.79 microgram/ml in group 2, and 0.15 microgram/ml and 3.80 micrograms/ml in group 3. After completing the vaccine regimen, concentrations of capsular antibody were greater than or equal to 0.15 microgram/ml in 199 (99.5%) of the 200 children and greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml in 168 (84%) of the children. There were no serious and few minor adverse reactions to the vaccine. This vaccine is immunogenic in infants and young children.
1855 and 1991 surveys of the San Andreas fault: Implications for fault mechanics

Two monuments from an 1855 cadastral survey that span the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain have been right-laterally displaced 11.0 ± 2.5 m by the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake and associated seismicity and afterslip. This measurement confirms that at least 9.5 ± 0.5 m of slip occurred along the main fault trace, as suggested by measurements of offset channels near Wallace Creek. The slip varied by 2 to 3 m along a 2.6-km section of the main fault trace. Using radiocarbon dates of the penultimate large earthquake and measurements of slip from the 1857 earthquake, we calculate an apparent slip rate for the last complete earthquake cycle that is at least 25% lower than the late-Holocene slip rate on the main fault trace. Comparison of short-term broad-aperture strain accumulation rates with the narrow-aperture late-Holocene slip rate indicates that the fault behaves nearly elastically over a time scale of several earthquake cycles. Therefore, slip in future earthquakes should compensate the slip-rate deficit from the 1857 earthquake.
Asialoglycoproteins and the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor

This article has no abstract. Keywords: asialoglycoproteins and the asialoglycoprotein receptor
Application of hitherto unexplored macrocyclization strategies in the epothilone series: novel epothilone analogs by total synthesis

A total synthesis of Epothilone 490 and a synthesis of 11-hydroxy dEpoB utilizing a vinyl-boronate cross-metathesis followed by a Suzuki macrocyclization. A mild route to reach aldehydes from terminal olefins, anticipating Nozaki–Kishi macrocyclization is described.
The Economic Theory of Wage Regulation

ROADLY speaking, the fixation of wages by the state has been advocated for four major reasons: (i) as a means of establishing a minimum below which the pressure of competition and of employers should not force labor; (2) as a means of raising the efficiency of labor and of industry; (3) as a part of a general system of compulsory arbitration with a primary view to preventing or reducing strikes; (4) as a means of building up consumers purchasing power and, therefore, presumably increasing the quantity of goods produced and consumed, as well as the numbers employed.
Debromination of PBDEs in Arkansas Water Bodies Analyzed by Positive Matrix Factorization.

A previously generated data set for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dated sediment cores of West Lake of El Dorado (AED), Calion Lake (ACL), and the lagoon of Magnolia Wastewater Treatment Facility (AMW) from Southern Arkansas is examined by a weighted chemical mass balance (CMB) model and positive matrix factorization (PMF) in order to quantify PBDE sources and debromination. DNA extraction and pyrosequencing were done on several core sections in order to investigate microbial debromination. CMB and PMF analyses indicate that deca technical mixtures are the dominant PBDE input (>99% in mole fraction in AED and ACL, and 94.7% in AMW). Minor contributions of penta and octa technical mixtures were found in all three water bodies (<1% in AED and ACL; and 1.1% and 4.1% in AMW, respectively). Results suggest that debromination takes place in all three lakes, but is more intense in AMW. In-situ microbial debromination was supported by the microorganism analysis. The PMF results are validated by PBDE m...
Animal Hazards—Their Nature and Distribution

Humans interact with animals in a variety of ways, whether the animal is domesticated or wild, or the interaction is intentional or accidental. Some of these interactions with animals can be hazardous to the human involved, by causing injury, disease, or damage to property. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of animal hazards, and an introduction to some techniques used for management and mitigation of hazards related to animal populations. The chapter is subdivided into animal attacks, which involve direct and aggressive harm from an animal, animal accidents characterized by indirect, accidental harm by an animal, diseases from animals, known as zoonotic diseases, which make up the majority of all infectious pathogens, and property damage from animals covering loss of crops, livestock, and infrastructure to animal activity.
Isolation and properties of lysine-producing mutants with feedback-resistant aspartokinase derived from a Brevibacterium flavum strain with citrate synthase- and pyruvate kinase-defects and feedback-resistant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

Although the growth of Brevibacterium flavum KH-21 with CSL, PK−, and PCR was resistant to a lysine analogue, AEC, plus Thr at a concentration of 1 to 3 g/l, used conventionally for isolation of AKR mutants, it was inhibited by higher concentrations of them, and recovered partially upon the addition of Lys, DAP and Met. The growth level recovered was equal to that in the presence of Thr alone. Several lysine-producing mutants with AKR were isolated as those resistant to these high concentrations of AEC plus Thr. The representative strain, AH-198, produced 51 g/l of Lys · HCl at maximum, when cultured for 72 hr in a medium containing 100 g/l of glucose, while the parent strain KH-21 produced only 2 g/l. The productivity of strain AH-198 was the same as or a little higher than that of the HD− type lysine-producing strain No. 22 with CSL, PK−, and PCR·I0.5, the concentration of Lys and Thr inhibiting 50% of the AK activity was 40 mm, 267-fold that of the parent enzyme. The Km for Asp and the optimum concentr...
Supersonic detection for welding joint of austenitic stainless steel small-diameter pipe

Through theoretical and experimental analysis, the difficulty in supersonic detection for welding joint of austenitic stainless steel small-diameter pipe was found out and corresponding measures were given. It is concluded that the supersonic wave can be used for flaw detection for austenitic stainless steel small- diameter pipe.
Locating Method of Short-circuit Point for Transmission Lines Under Lightning Stroke Fault

Location of lightning point and fault point may be different under lightning stroke fault of transmission lines,because the amplitude of lightning current is tremendous difference.This may influence on precision of traveling wave locating.When lightning wave reflect at the fault point,the distance between lightning stroke and fault points can be calculated with the arrival time difference between lightning wave and reflect wave.Based on fore mentioned analysis,a new approach to locate fault point through the calculation of relative position between lightning and fault points if lightning point is known is proposed.Factors which may affect the fault locating is also discussed.The validity of the methods is proved by EMTDC simulation and confirmation of real example.
Diet and multiple sclerosis.

The question of the role of diet in multiple sclerosis is far from settled, but some interesting theories have been advanced. The most promising one is inhibition of lymphocytic responsiveness by dietary linoleic acid. Manipulations of the diets of patients with this disease are not yet justified.
Beyond Neighborhood Quality: The Role of Residential Instability, Employment Access, and Location Affordability in Shaping Work Outcomes for HOPE VI Participants

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between neighborhood quality, residential instability, employment access, location affordability, and work outcomes among individuals relocated as part of the Boulevard Homes HOPE VI redevelopment in Charlotte, North Carolina. We found that, contrary to expectations, relocation to private-market units with vouchers, as compared with public housing, did not always result in better neighborhood outcomes. Whereas voucher holders relocated to better quality neighborhoods, relocatees who moved to other public housing lived in neighborhoods with better employment access and lower costs. We also found a positive correlation between locational affordability (housing + transportation costs) and work outcomes.
Remating responses are shaped by male post-copulatory manipulation but not reinforcement in D. pseudoobscura

Both pre-mating and post-mating prezygotic behaviors have been shown to be the target of reinforcing selection, but it remains unclear whether remating behaviors experience reinforcement, although they can also influence offspring identity and limit formation of hybrids. Here we evaluated evidence for reinforcing selection on remating behaviors in D. pseudoobscura, by comparing remating traits in females from populations historically allopatric and sympatric with D. persimilis. We found that the propensity to remate was not higher in sympatric females, compared to allopatric females, regardless of whether the first mated male was heterospecific or conspecific. Moreover, remating behavior did not contribute to interspecific reproductive isolation among any population; that is, females showed no higher propensity to remate following a heterospecific first mating than they were following a conspecific first mating. Instead, we found that females are less likely to remate after initial matings with unfamiliar males, regardless of species identity, consistent with females being poorly defended against post-copulatory manipulation by males with whom they have not co-evolved. Our results are generally inconsistent with reinforcement on remating traits, and suggest that this behavior is more strongly shaped by the consequences of local antagonistic male-female interactions than interactions with heterospecifics.
State-federal relations: Lost on the campaign trail

Federalism is again a silent note in the presidential campaign, although some candidates advanced platforms or policies relevant to state-local relations. Despite partisan gridlock, Congress finally reauthorized the highway and education programs, with the latter increasing state and local discretionary authority, but regulatory enactments and Supreme Court diminutions of state powers continue apace. Legalized marijuana still experiences intergovernmental impediments; a revival of the Sagebrush Rebellion was a publicity failure; the federal government is poised to demand states’ compliance with REAL ID while also encroaching upon state regulation of the operation of autonomous motor vehicles.
User guided visualization for target search

Automated target cueing (ATC) can assist analysts in searching large volumes of imagery. Performance of most automated systems is less than perfect, requiring an analyst to review the results to dismiss false alarms or confirm correct detections. This paper explores methods for improving the presentation and visualization of the ATC output, enabling more efficient and effective review of the detections flagged by the ATC. The approach relies on the interaction between the user and the ATC results. Confirmation of correct detections and dismissal of false alarms provides information to update the visualization. We present a description of the visualization method and illustrate it with results using panchromatic imagery of vehicles.
Hereditary enemies? An examination of Sioux–Arikara relations prior to 1830

On 9 August 1823, Colonel Henry Leavenworth, with a force of 220 regulars, eighty voyageurs and mountaineers under William H. Ashley, and an estimated 1500 Sioux warriors, arrived at the two Arikar...
ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN NONAGENARIANS: REVIEW OF OUTCOMES IN NATIONAL INPATIENT DATABASE

Background: ST elevation myocardial infarction in nonagenarians is associated with high mortality. However not many studies have focused on this population. Methods: Nonagenarians admitted to hospital with STEMI were identified in the National inpatient sample (NIS) database from 2010 to 2013
Cardiac progenitor cells: old is not always gold.

Aging causes progressive structural and functional deteriorations of the heart and is a predisposing risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Differences in Physician Compensation Between Men and Women at United States Public Academic Radiation Oncology Departments

Purpose A pay gap between men and women has been identified in many medical specialties. However, radiation oncology has been excluded from most analyses. This study sought to determine whether such a disparity exists among physicians in US public academic radiation oncology departments. Materials and Methods Radiation oncology physician faculty at US public academic medical schools were identified in states that report public university radiation oncology faculty salary. Information pertaining to sex, academic rank, experience, clinical volume, and academic productivity were collected. Simple (1 predictor) and multiple (more than 1 predictor) generalized linear mixed-effect models for compensation were used to simultaneously assess the impact of physician-level and institutional-level variables, while accounting for potential correlations within institutions. To minimize the impact of faculty members working less than a full-time equivalent, a Monte Carlo simulation–based sensitivity analysis was conducted, and faculty with reported salaries under $175,000 were excluded. Results A total of 247 eligible faculty (81 women, 166 men) with public salary data were identified at 22 US public academic radiation oncology departments in 14 states. Unadjusted mean salary was 12.6% ($48,974) lower for women ($341,173; 95% confidence interval [CI], $304,581-$382,162) than it was for men ($390,147; 95% CI, $353,693-$430,358; P Conclusions Mean salary for women at US public academic radiation oncology departments was lower than mean salary for men, after adjusting for confounders. Our analysis was limited to public data and could not account for relevant private personal choices and departmental factors. The salary gap may differ in other practice environments. Further research is warranted to determine the cause of this disparity, whether it exists in other practice environments, and how to successfully address it.
A comparison of three methods of decellularization of pig corneas to reduce immunogenicity.

AIM To investigate whether decellularization using different techniques can reduce immunogenicity of the cornea, and to explore the decellularized cornea as a scaffold for cultured corneal endothelial cells (CECs). Transplantation of decellularized porcine corneas increases graft transparency and survival for longer periods compared with fresh grafts.
Hormone requirements for long-term maintenance of rat granulosa cell cultures.

Since the pioneering work of Astwood (1), prolactin has been considered the major luteotrophic agent in the rat. Maintenance of rat luteal function in vitro beyond 6–8 days has been difficult (2,3). The relationship between luteal function and the role played by the other pituitary gonadotrophins, steroids and placental hormones is not entirely understood. This is further complicated by the apparent fluctuations in the levels of the luteotrophic hormones required for in vivo maintenance of luteal function (6, 7, 10, 11). The present study was undertaken to determine the hormone requirements for luteinization and long-term maintenance of rat granulosa cell cultures. An attempt was made to reconcile the apparent conflicting results from in vivo and in vitro maintenance of luteal function.
Abstract P308: The Association of Height With Incident Peripheral Arterial Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background: A number of cross-sectional studies have reported shorter height as a risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD) defined by low ABI. People of shorter stature may have a naturally ...
Recreational Therapy for Dementia-Related Symptoms in a Long-Term Care Setting: A Case Study

As the population ages, more individuals with dementia are admitted to long-term care (LTC) settings, uprooted from familiar routines and home environments. Therapeutic programming must prioritize the provision of opportunities for individualized leisure experiences to aid in this transition. This case study examines a recreational therapy-based, therapeutic gardening treatment for a 76-year-old female with dementia presenting with behavioral disturbances, depression, anxiety, and difficulty acclimating to LTC. Over six weeks, the resident participated in 40- to 60-minute therapeutic gardening sessions three to four times per week to improve mood, decrease behavioral disturbances, and improve acclimation to the facility. By discharge, the resident met each treatment goal and significantly decreased symptoms of depression and anxiety as measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Implications for practice are discussed.Subscribe to TRJ
Markets, Externalities, and the Federal Power Act: The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s Authority to Price Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions impose a significant cost on society by contributing to climate change. The electricity sector is a major source of these emissions, yet their external cost is not fully reflected in electricity rates, and the market outcomes thus do not adjust to reflect those true costs—a classic market failure. This leads to emissions that are higher than optimal. Under the Federal Power Act (FPA), the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is tasked with ensuring that interstate wholesale electricity rates are “just and reasonable.” Given the severity of the damages caused by the failure to internalize the CO2 externality, it is crucial to understand whether the external cost of that negative externality can be included in wholesale rates. This Article examines how FERC has embraced market efficiency as the key tool for ensuring just and reasonable rates and has addressed all of the standard market failures that would otherwise distort the efficiency of prices: market power, asymmetric information, public goods, and externalities. The Article then shows that any economically rational effort to achieve an efficient market must attempt to address the external cost of CO2 emissions as well. This Article argues that, from an economic perspective, FERC’s authority to pursue market efficiency should extend to either approving utility plans to internalize those external costs or to set a carbon price, just as it extends to other market failures. FERC’s authority in this area has its limits. Under the FPA’s just and reasonable mandate, FERC has authority to address only the market failures that are directly related to wholesale electricity rates. In addition, FERC cannot act without evidentiary support or act directly to interfere in state-level generation mix choices. But seen from an economic perspective, there should be no impediment to FERC taking action to internalize the direct costs of greenhouse gas emissions—whether through approval of a utility’s plan to take those costs into account or through a market correction issued by FERC itself.
The effect of sagittal hip angle on lumbar and hip coordination and pelvic posterior shift during forward bending.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dynamic sagittal hip angle on lumbar and hip coordination and pelvic posterior shift during forward bending. A total of 44 asymptomatic younger female volunteers were recruited to this study. Following measurement of trunk forward bending, participants were divided into three groups based on hip flexion angle: group 1, group 2 > group 1; p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas lumbar/hip and pelvic/hip angle ratios decreased significantly (p < 0.001). The degree of pelvic posterior shift increased to a limited extent, whereas the pelvic posterior shift/hip angle ratio decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Asymptomatic subjects with limited hip flexion showed reduced total pelvic anterior rotation and greater relative proportion of pelvic motion than insufficient hip motion. These subjects tended to increase the pelvic posterior shift/hip angle ratio during trunk forward bending, possibly increasing passive tension by elongating the hamstring muscles to increase hip motion. The results of this study provide information that will improve the assessment of lumbar spine and hip coordination patterns and facilitate movement strategies by determining the specific requirements of individuals. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Checkpoint blockade inhibitors enhances the effectiveness of a Listeria monocytogenes-based melanoma vaccine

Melanoma continues to be a significant health concern worldwide despite recent improvements in treatment. Unlike many other prominent cancers, melanoma incidence in both men and women increased over the past decade in the U. S. and much of the developed world. The single greatest risk factor for melanoma is damage from ultraviolet radiation associated with lifestyle. The lifestyle component suggests that although melanoma risk can be minimized with behavioral changes, vaccinating high-risk individuals against melanoma may be the most efficacious preventative method. Accordingly, using a highly attenuated, double-mutant L. monocytogenes strain expressing a tumor-associated antigen, we obtained significant protection against melanoma in a mouse model. The Listeria-based vaccine induced protection through antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells inducing both a protective primary and a memory T-cell response. Vaccinated animals were significantly protected from melanoma. When used in conjunction with checkpoint blockade treatment, the vaccine substantially reduced tumor size and number relative to animals receiving checkpoint blockade (CPB) alone. This study provides evidence that CPB treatment synergizes with a L. monocytogenes-based melanoma vaccine to enhance vaccine-mediated protection.
Graph Coloring Lower Bounds from Decision Diagrams

We introduce an iterative framework for computing lower bounds to graph coloring problems. We utilize relaxed decision diagrams to compactly represent an exponential set of color classes, or independent sets, some of which may contain edge conflicts. Our procedure uses minimum network flow models to compute lower bounds on the coloring number and identify conflicts. Infeasible color classes associated with these conflicts are removed by refining the decision diagram. We prove that in the best case, our approach may use exponentially smaller diagrams than exact diagrams for proving optimality. We also provide an experimental evaluation on benchmark instances, and report an improved lower bound for one open instance.
EXPERIENCES WITH SOLAR ENERGY USING REFLECTIVE SURFACES AND SOLAR LENSES

ABSTRACT Solar radiation may be reflected and focused by various surfaces toenhance the performance of a given project. The uses are specialized and must be coupled with a thorough understanding of the earth-sun relationship. They have been, in every case, cost effective and are not limited to region as to their usefulness.
Micro-regional approaches for submerged site archaeology

Some of the most pivotal questions in human prehistory hinge on archaeological sites that are now under water. While the discovery of submerged sites presents numerous technological challenges, the...
Epigenetic Regulation of GABAergic Neurotransmission and Neurosteroid Biosynthesis in Alcohol Use Disorder

Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disorder. GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subunits are a target for the pharmacological effects of alcohol. Neurosteroids play an important role in the fine-tuning of GABAAR function in the brain. Recently, we have shown that AUD is associated with changes in DNA methylation mechanisms. However, the role of DNA methylation in the regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis and GABAergic neurotransmission in AUD patients remains under-investigated. Methods In a cohort of postmortem brains from 20 male controls and AUD patients, we investigated the expression of GABAAR subunits and neurosteroid biosynthetic enzymes and their regulation by DNA methylation mechanisms. Neurosteroid levels were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results The α 2 subunit expression was reduced due to increased DNA methylation at the gene promoter region in the cerebellum of AUD patients, a brain area particularly sensitive to the effects of alcohol. Alcohol-induced alteration in GABAAR subunits was also observed in the prefrontal cortex. Neurosteroid biosynthesis was also affected with reduced cerebellar expression of the 18kDa translocator protein and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNAs. Notably, increased DNA methylation levels were observed at the promoter region of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. These changes were associated with markedly reduced levels of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone in the cerebellum. Conclusion Given the key role of neurosteroids in modulating the strength of GABAAR-mediated inhibition, our data suggest that alcohol-induced impairments in GABAergic neurotransmission might be profoundly impacted by reduced neurosteroid biosynthesis most likely via DNA hypermethylation.
A Perspective from Los Angeles of COVID-19 effect and impact on cardiac surgery

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) captured worldwide attention as the virus spread from initial detection as a pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, China in December 2019 to the declaration of a pandemic by the WHO only 3 months later. This paper describes the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac surgery services in the greater Los Angeles area. Discussion includes public health response to the pandemic, how local hospitals reacted to the expected surge in patients with COVID, the establishment of telemedicine services, and the projected future impact on California healthcare as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
An object lesson: Objects, non-objects, and the power of conceptual construal in adjective extension.

Despite the seemingly simple mapping between adjectives and perceptual properties (e.g., color, texture), preschool children have difficulty establishing the appropriate extension of novel adjectiv...
What Can Experimental Studies of Bias Tell Us About Real-World Group Disparities?

This article questions the widespread use of experimental social psychology to understand real-world group disparities. Standard experimental practice is to design studies in which participants make judgments of targets who vary only on the social categories to which they belong. This is typically done under simplified decision landscapes and with untrained decision makers. For example, to understand racial disparities in police shootings, researchers show pictures of armed and unarmed Black and White men to undergraduates and have them press "shoot" and "don't shoot" buttons. Having demonstrated categorical bias under these conditions, researchers then use such findings to claim that real-world disparities are also due to decision-maker bias. I describe three flaws inherent in this approach, flaws which undermine any direct contribution of experimental studies to explaining group disparities. First, the decision landscapes used in experimental studies lack crucial components present in actual decisions (Missing Information Flaw). Second, categorical effects in experimental studies are not interpreted in light of other effects on outcomes, including behavioral differences across groups (Missing Forces Flaw). Third, there is no systematic testing of whether the contingencies required to produce experimental effects are present in real-world decisions (Missing Contingencies Flaw). I apply this analysis to three research topics to illustrate the scope of the problem. I discuss how this research tradition has skewed our understanding of the human mind within and beyond the discipline and how results from experimental studies of bias are generally misunderstood. I conclude by arguing that the current research tradition should be abandoned.
Internal migration, urban living, and non-communicable disease risk in South Africa.

Abstract This paper offers theoretical and substantive contributions to migration-health scholarship by employing rich panel data with biomarkers to estimate the effect of migration and urban living on non-communicable disease risk in South Africa. Internal migration and urbanization continue to be pervasive demographic and socio-economic phenomena that structure daily life in low– and middle– income countries (LMICs). Yet, how these processes affect illness and disease in low-resource settings is still not well understood. Five waves (2008–2017) of South Africa's National Income Dynamics Study data and fixed-effects modeling are used to estimate the relationship between urban residence, migration, and health. Results indicate that the migration-health relationship differs by gender: urban living for men is associated with lower blood pressure. While urban residence appears to convey a health advantage when men reside in urban compared with rural places, there is no evidence of an urban health advantage among women. Migration does, however, negatively affect women's health through higher blood pressure (BP). These findings highlight the need for further interrogation of the ways in which processes and health consequences of migration and urban living are structured by gender in LMICs. Given the importance of urbanization and the prevalence of migration in LMICs, the gendered determinants of blood pressure may be key to understanding rising hypertension incidence in contexts like South Africa.
Perspectives on life following a traumatic spinal cord injury.

Abstract Background Persons living with traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) face challenges when returning to their communities. The Spain Rehabilitation Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham is developing a continuum of care for SCI patients. The perspectives of individuals with SCI are critical to designing a person-centered approach to the continuum. Objective This study sought to explore the lived experiences of individuals with SCI after their injury, as well as obtain the perspectives of therapists working with SCI patients. Methods Ten persons ranging in age from 23 to 65 years old and living with SCI were recruited to participate in in-depth interviews. We utilized a grounded theory approach to develop descriptive codes and themes. Results Our analysis highlighted domains that are critical to the lives of individuals with SCI including: planning for life after SCI, intrinsic motivation, environmental barriers, financial barriers, role of family, friends, and social networks, and relationships with medical providers. A key theme was the need for more information about how to manage their health condition, including the development of plans that are tailored to their specific needs. Conclusions Individuals with an SCI need access to a continuum of care that addresses both medical and social needs.
Theoretical Development of Performance Bounds for Image Restoration

As many image restoration techniques are continuing to be developed, it is increasingly difficult to compare the performance of various methods. Although some image-quality measures have been presented in the literature [1], it is inappropriate to choose a particular measure as a benchmark of performance evaluation for a wide range of applications. More importantly, none of these quality measures can be used as a performance bound which usually indicates how much potential performance can be improved for a specific restoration scheme. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop theoretical performance bounds under a variety of image and noise models for general image restoration schemes.
Snake Cathelicidin NA-CATH and Smaller Helical Antimicrobial Peptides Are Effective against Burkholderia thailandensis.

Burkholderia thailandensis is a Gram-negative soil bacterium used as a model organism for B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis and an organism classified category B priority pathogen and a Tier 1 select agent for its potential use as a biological weapon. Burkholderia species are reportedly “highly resistant” to antimicrobial agents, including cyclic peptide antibiotics, due to multiple resistance systems, a hypothesis we decided to test using antimicrobial (host defense) peptides. In this study, a number of cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) were tested in vitro against B. thailandensis for both antimicrobial activity and inhibition of biofilm formation. Here, we report that the Chinese cobra (Naja atra) cathelicidin NA-CATH was significantly antimicrobial against B. thailandensis. Additional cathelicidins, including the human cathelicidin LL-37, a sheep cathelicidin SMAP-29, and some smaller ATRA peptide derivatives of NA-CATH were also effective. The D-enantiomer of one small peptide (ATRA-1A) was found to be antimicrobial as well, with EC50 in the range of the L-enantiomer. Our results also demonstrate that human alpha-defensins (HNP-1 & -2) and a short beta-defensin-derived peptide (Peptide 4 of hBD-3) were not bactericidal against B. thailandensis. We also found that the cathelicidin peptides, including LL-37, NA-CATH, and SMAP-29, possessed significant ability to prevent biofilm formation of B. thailandensis. Additionally, we show that LL-37 and its D-enantiomer D-LL-37 can disperse pre-formed biofilms. These results demonstrate that although B. thailandensis is highly resistant to many antibiotics, cyclic peptide antibiotics such as polymyxin B, and defensing peptides, some antimicrobial peptides including the elapid snake cathelicidin NA-CATH exert significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity towards B. thailandensis.
Deep Brain Stimulation of Heschl Gyrus: Implantation Technique, Intraoperative Localization, and Effects of Stimulation.

BACKGROUND Tinnitus is a source of considerable morbidity, and neuromodulation has been shown to be a potential treatment option. However, the location of the primary auditory cortex within Heschl gyrus in the temporal operculum presents challenges for targeting and electrode implantation. OBJECTIVE To determine whether anatomic targeting with intraoperative verification using evoked potentials can be used to implant electrodes directly into the Heschl gyrus (HG). METHODS Nine patients undergoing stereo-electroencephalogram evaluation for epilepsy were enrolled. HG was directly targeted on volumetric magnetic resonance imaging, and framed stereotaxy was used to implant an electrode parallel to the axis of the gyrus by using an oblique anterolateral-posteromedial trajectory. Intraoperative evoked potentials from auditory stimuli were recorded from multiple electrode contacts. Postoperatively, stimulation of each electrode was performed and participants were asked to describe the percept. Audiometric analysis was performed for 2 participants during subthreshold stimulation. RESULTS Sounds presented to the contralateral and ipsilateral ears produced evoked potentials in HG electrodes in all participants intraoperatively. Stimulation produced a reproducible sensation of sound in all participants with perceived volume proportional to amplitude. Four participants reported distinct sounds when different electrodes were stimulated, with more medial contacts producing tones perceived as higher in pitch. Stimulation was not associated with adverse audiometric effects. There were no complications of electrode implantation. CONCLUSION Direct anatomic targeting with physiological verification can be used to implant electrodes directly into primary auditory cortex. If deep brain stimulation proves effective for intractable tinnitus, this technique may be useful to assist with electrode implantation. ABBREVIATIONS DBS, deep brain stimulatorEEG, electroencephalographyHG, Heschl gyrus.
Evidence for residual structure in acid- and heat-denatured proteins.

Abstract Ribonuclease, lysozyme, and chymotrypsinogen undergo thermal transitions at low pH, which have been studied in considerable detail in several laboratories. This paper shows, by measurement of optical rotation, that the products of these transitions retain regions of ordered structure, susceptible to disruption by guanidine hydrochloride.
Drosophila sex combs as a model of evolutionary innovations

The diversity of animal and plant forms is shaped by nested evolutionary innovations. Understanding the genetic and molecular changes responsible for these innovations is therefore one of the key goals of evolutionary biology. From the genetic point of view, the origin of novel traits implies the origin of new regulatory pathways to control their development. To understand how these new pathways are assembled in the course of evolution, we need model systems that combine relatively recent innovations with a powerful set of genetic and molecular tools. One such model is provided by the Drosophila sex comb-a male-specific morphological structure that evolved in a relatively small lineage related to the model species D. melanogaster. Our extensive knowledge of sex comb development in D. melanogaster provides the basis for investigating the genetic changes responsible for sex comb origin and diversification. At the same time, sex combs can change on microevolutionary timescales and differ spectacularly among closely related species, providing opportunities for direct genetic analysis and for integrating developmental and population-genetic approaches. Sex comb evolution is associated with the origin of novel interactions between Hox and sex determination genes. Activity of the sex determination pathway was brought under the control of the Hox code to become segment-specific, while Hox gene expression became sexually dimorphic. At the same time, both Hox and sex determination genes were integrated into the intrasegmental spatial patterning network, and acquired new joint downstream targets. Phylogenetic analysis shows that similar sex comb morphologies evolved independently in different lineages. Convergent evolution at the phenotypic level reflects convergent changes in the expression of Hox and sex determination genes, involving both independent gains and losses of regulatory interactions. However, the downstream cell-differentiation programs have diverged between species, and in some lineages, similar adult morphologies are produced by different morphogenetic mechanisms. These features make the sex comb an excellent model for examining not only the genetic changes responsible for its evolution, but also the cellular processes that translate DNA sequence changes into morphological diversity. The origin and diversification of sex combs provides insights into the roles of modularity, cooption, and regulatory changes in evolutionary innovations, and can serve as a model for understanding the origin of the more drastic novelties that define higher order taxa.
0.25 /spl mu/m low power CMOS devices and circuits from 8 inch SOI materials

0.25 /spl mu/m SOI-CMOS ring oscillators, various circuits and SRAM from 8-inch SIMOX wafers are reported. Both active power and stand-by leakage are compared on fully integrated lots for both SOI and bulk materials. The great advantage of SOI for active power reduction is demonstrated for various circuits. Stand-by leakage paths have been systematically studied on their dependence on material, process integration and devices. Potential solutions to reduce each stand-by leakage current are discussed. From these early 8-inch SIMOX materials, encouraging results suggest that low stand-by power can be achieved by optimizations of SOI material preparation, process integration and device design.
Vibrations, Random Required

This paper presents the General Electric, Aerospace Control Systems Department (ACSD) approach to hardware screening using random vibration as a stimulus. The proposed techniques were developed to achieve a screening program that is cost effective and is supportable in dollar payoff with increased productivity. Cost savings are realized by avoiding the assignment of a costly combined environment facility to each product line and reducing the number of test cycles required in the screening process.
Velocity dependence of collision broadening cross sections in NH3

Abstract The velocity dependence of collision broadening cross sections for both self-broadening and Xe broadening of an infrared transition in NH 3 has been studied by measuring laser saturation resonance linewidths for molecules with specified velocities along the laser propagation direction. For self-broadening, the velocity dependence is in accord with inelastic collisions due to a predominantly dipole-dipole interaction potential, with smaller contributions due to shorter range forces, whereas for Xe broadening, the magnitude and velocity dependence of the collision broadening cross section is in better agreement with velocity changing collisions in the pressure range studied.
Studies on the mechanism of entry of vaccinia virus in animal cells.

In order to study the mechanism of entry of vaccinia virus into cells the fate of virion associated polypeptides was investigated during infection of african green monkey kidney (BSC-40) cells with 35 S-methionine labelled virus. Approximately 12–15 percent of the virion polypeptides were degraded to acid-soluble products by 3 hours post-infection. Proteolysis was inhibited (50 percent) by methylamine, suggesting a lysosomal site of degradation. Neither methylamine or chloroquine inhibited virus infectivity or uncoating indicating a non-acid endocytic mechanism of entry. Subcellular fractionation studies on density gradients indicated that the bulk of the input virion polypeptides were associated with the plasma membrane fraction. In addition, input virion DNA was partially resolved from the membrane fraction. The results are most consistent with a mechanism of entry involving fusion of the virus with the plasma membrane.
Proximity‐effect winding loss in different conductors using magnetic field averaging

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to study the proximity‐effect power loss in the foil, strip (rectangular), square, and solid‐round wire inductor windings. Second, it aims to optimize the thickness of the foil, strip, square wire windings, and the diameter of the solid‐round‐wire, the minimum of winding AC resistance and the minimum of winding AC power loss for sinusoidal inductor current.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology of the analysis is as follows. First, the winding resistance of the single‐layer foil winding with a single turn per layer and uniform magnetic flux density B is derived. Second, the single‐layer foil winding with uniform magnetic flux density B is converted for the case, where the magnetic flux density B is a function of x. Third, the single‐layer winding is replaced by the winding with multiple layers isolated from each other. Fourth, transformation of the multi‐layer foil winding into different conductor shapes is performed. For the solid‐roun...
A New CP Antenna for Television Broadcast Service

Current interest in circular polarization for TV broadcasting has increased to such proportions that many broadcasters are planning new facilities, anticipating its adoption. The VHF high-band and low-band cavity-backed radiator antenna described in this paper is part of a development program aimed at meeting those requirements.