cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo modeling of Io’s [OI] 6300 Å and [SII] 6716 Å auroral emission in eclipse

Abstract We present a Monte Carlo (MC) model of [OI] 6300 A and [SII] 6716 A emission from Io entering eclipse. The simulation accounts for the 3-D distribution of SO 2 , O, SO, S, and O 2 in Io’s atmosphere, several volcanic plumes, and the magnetic field around Io. Thermal electrons from the jovian plasma torus are input along the simulation domain boundaries and move along the magnetic field lines distorted by Io, occasionally participating in collisions with neutrals. We find that the atmospheric asymmetry resulting from varying degrees of atmospheric collapse across Io (due to eclipse ingress) and the presence of volcanoes contributes significantly to the unique morphology of the [OI] 6300 A emission. The [OI] radiation lifetime of ∼134 s limits the emission to regions that have a sufficiently low neutral density so that intermolecular collisions are rare. We find that at low altitudes (typically 4 × 10 9 cm −3 ) to collisionally quench nearly all (>95%) of the excited oxygen for reasonable quenching efficiencies. Upstream (relative to the plasma flow), Io’s perturbation of the jovian magnetic field mirrors electrons with high pitch angles, while downstream collisions can trap the electrons. This magnetic field perturbation is one of the main physical mechanisms that results in the upstream/downstream brightness asymmetry in [OI] emission seen in the observation by Trauger et al. (Trauger, J.T., Stapelfeldt, K.R., Ballester, G.E., Clarke, J.I., 1997. HST observations of [OI] emissions from Io in eclipse. AAS-DPS Abstract (1997DPS29.1802T)). There are two other main causes for the observed brightness asymmetry. First, the observation’s viewing geometry of the wake spot crosses the dayside atmosphere and therefore the wake’s observational field of view includes higher oxygen column density than the upstream side. Second, the phased entry into eclipse results in less atmospheric collapse and thus higher collisional quenching on the upstream side relative to the wake. We compute a location (both in altitude and latitude) for the intense wake emission feature that agrees reasonably well with this observation. Furthermore, the peak intensity of the simulated wake feature is less than that observed by a factor of ∼3, most likely because our model does not include direct dissociation–excitation of SO 2 and SO. We find that the latitudinal location of the emission feature depends not so much on the tilt of the magnetic field as on the relative north/south flux tube depletion that occurs due to Io’s changing magnetic latitude in the plasma torus. From 1-D simulations, we also find that the intensity of [SII] 6716 and 6731 A emission is much weaker than that of [OI] even if the [SII] excitation cross section is 10 3 times larger than excitation to [OI]. This is because the density of S + is much less than that of O and because the Einstein- A coefficient of the [SII] emission is a factor of ∼10 smaller than that of [OI].
the changing structure of appropriations in Vedda agriculture

An understanding of the processes whereby tribal and traditional peasant communities have been increasingly drawn into national and even global economies demands detailed analysis of the changes in the form and magnitude of appropriations to which the output of direct producers is liable, and also of associated changes in the structure of class and status relations. A quantified account of the appropriations made during one recent year of production in a single Anuradhapura Vedda village is followed by a study of the historical developments that, in the last 150 years, have transformed a predominantly nonappropriate economy into one in which the product of Vedda cultivators is subject both to “hierarchical” and, increasingly, “capitalistic” forms of appropriations.
Optical Tracking of Nav1.5 Conformation Reveals Molecular Mechanisms β1 Subunit Regulation

Background: In cardiomyocytes, hNav1.5 co-assembles with β-subunits, which are known to modify Nav1.5 gating, cell surface expression, and post-translational modifications. Mutations in β-subunits are linked to many types of arrhythmias, including Brugada Syndrome, the Long QT Syndrome, and atrial fibrillation. Our aim is to assess the molecular mechanism of β1-subunit regulation of NaV1.5.Methods: The NaV1.5 α-subunit contains four domains (DI-DIV), each with six membrane-spanning segments (S1-S6). S1-S4 form voltage sensing domains (VSDs) that transduce voltage into channel gating. Previously, we created four DNA constructs, each with a cysteine engineered into the extracellular S4 of a single channel domain. RNA from these constructs was injected into Xenopus oocytes with or without β1. Heterologously expressed channels were labeled at the introduced cysteine with TAMRA-MTS fluorophores. Ionic current and fluorescence emission that reflected changes in VSD conformation were simultaneously recorded using the cut-open oocyte configuration.Results: In comparison with α-subunit alone, co-expression with β1 causes a depolarizing shift in the steady-state inactivation curve, without affecting the channel activation. Observing the β1-subunit consequences for each domain, we noted a significant depolarizing shift in the DIV fluorescence-voltage (F-V) relationship that was induced by β1 (V1/2=-52.41±2.04, k=13.03±3.07 S.E.M.), compared with α subunit alone (V1/2=-89.4897±3.29, k=22.34±4.61, p=0.007 for V1/2). β1 also caused much faster kinetics of DIV voltage sensor activation compared to α alone (τ=0.83±0.16 S.E w/ β1 vs τ=2.23±0.09 S.E.M. w/o β1, p=0.03). None of the other three domains showed any significant β1 effects. Our results show that β1 alters INa gating by regulating DIV voltage sensor kinetics, consistent with previous studies indicating β1 interaction with the S5/S6 segment of DIV. Our next aim will be to examine interaction with the β1b, β2, β3 and β4 subunits.
Design Optimization of an Implantable Device Concept for Passive Ocular Drug Delivery

This paper presents an implantable device concept with applications for treating ocular diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. The design of a biodegradable drug delivery device concept consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) shell with a fluid reservoir and micro/nanofluidic tubes that allow the drug to be stored and delivered at a specified rate is discussed. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted through various tube configurations in order to obtain the drug diffusion characteristics. The results from the simulation studies revealed information related to drug transport under varying design parameters. The design simulations were conducted with a desired rate. Based on results from several simulations, an optimization study was conducted to achieve the required dosage for about 2 years. The results obtained from the optimization study shows that the device concept can be extended for different drugs to treat ocular diseases.
Effect of high alkalinity levels on geotextiles. Part 2: NaOH solution

Abstract Alkaline water has been known to affect polymeric materials, such as geotextiles, and this on-going study is aimed at providing a data base to see the extent, nature and incidence of the effects. An earlier study used calcium hydroxide to provide the alkalinity, whereas this study uses sodium hydroxide. Solutions of pH 10 and pH 12 (with pH 7 as control) were prepared and various geotextiles were incubated up to 120 days. Flow tests and strength tests were conducted on all test specimens on a weekly basis for the entire duration. Results of the two phases (i.e. calcium and sodium) essentially parallel one another in that the alkalinity increases the flow time for a given volume of solution to pass through the geotextile. The effect is more pronounced for pH 12 than for pH 10. A precipitate is formed which rests either upon or within the fabric structure causing the major portion of the increased flow time. In addition to this blinding and/or clogging phenomenon is a strength reduction in some of the fabrics. Certain polyester fabrics show measurable strength losses, while others do not. The type of polyester (there are over 200 types) is felt to play a major (but unknown) role in this selection process. Considerable research into both surface and internal morphologies seems to be warranted. Future efforts will be targeted in these directions.
Gas Well Decline Analysis Incorporating Real-Gas Behavior and Non-Darcy Flow

Through the application of the real gas potential and non-Darcy flow analysis, type curves have been developed which model decline behavior of real gases producing from a closed drainage volume. It was determined that both reservoir permeability (in relation to the turbulence factor) and initial average reservoir pressure at the start of the decline period significantly contribute to type curve response and should not be neglected from gas well decline analysis. The result is a simplified and improved method for forecasting gas well performance and for estimating gas in place. Using dimensionless variables, a direct comparison of type curves, including the effects of varying reservoir parameters, is presented. Results from several case studies involving both single well and whole field data are also provided.
Two-dimensional and Doppler transesophageal echocardiographic delineation and flow characterization of anomalous coronary arteries in adults

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the identification and flow characterization of congenital coronary anomalies. Background Congenital coronary anomalies in adults are rare but may cause serious cardiac complications. The use of TEE in evaluation of this entity has not been well defined. Very little is known regarding flow patterns in anomalous coronaries assessed by Doppler TEE. Methods A total of 32 consecutive adult patients were studied using TEE to define the origin, course, and proximal flow pattern of suspected coronary anomalies. Results Coronary anomalies identified using TEE included anomalous origin from the pulmonary trunk (n = 2), right sinus (n = 18), left sinus (n = 9), single coronary (n = 2), and left main coronary fistula (n = 1). Multiplane TEE performed in 20 cases simplified the delineation of more complex coronary anomalies. The origin was identified in all patients, proximal course delineated in 31, and proximal flow pattern characterized by pulsed Doppler in 23 of 32 patients. In 16 anomalous left main, left anterior descending, or left circumflex coronary arteries, an abnormal systolic flow pattern (ie, systolic/diastolic time-velocity integral ratio >1) occurred exclusively ( P Conclusions TEE, particularly with a multiplane probe, has an important complementary role to coronary angiography in delineating the proximal course and pattern of flow in anomalous coronaries. Predominant systolic flow pattern in anatomically left proximal anomalous coronaries signifies an intermediate course between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk and may be clinically useful for risk stratification.
Compression Injuries of the Cervical Spine: A Biomechanical Analysis

Three intact cadavers and 10 isolated cervical spinal columns underwent compression, with forces directed vertically, forward, or rearward. Failure modes were often different than force directions. The loads required to produce bony injury or ligamentous disruption ranged from 645 to 7439 N. Flexion and extension injuries were produced at approximately 50% of the loads required for axial compression failures. The direction of force delivery correlated only partially with the resulting pathological condition. Clinical decisions based on retrospective analysis of roentgenograms may not account for the variability of forces and the prominence of ligament injuries seen in spinal trauma. Some of the difficulties encountered in biomechanical analyses of spinal trauma are discussed.
Intake of Vitamins A, C, and E and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: The Iowa Women's Health Study

The association between dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and the risk of breast cancer was examined in a prospective study of 34,387 postmenopausal women in Iowa. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and of retinol and carotenoids were assessed in 1986 by mailed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Through December 31, 1992, 879 incident breast cancer cases occurred in this cohort. There was little suggestion that breast cancer risk was associated with differences in intake of these vitamins. For example, from the lowest to highest total vitamin A intake categorized by quintiles, the age-adjusted relative risks of breast cancer were 1.0, 0.95, 1.17, 1.20, and 0.90 (p trend = 0.92). Similarly unremarkable relative risk patterns were seen for the intakes of vitamins C and E and of retinol and carotenoids. These findings were not altered after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors or in analyses confined to women who reported no supplemental vitamin intake. Exclusion of cases that occurred in the first 2 years of follow-up, under the assumption that women may have increased intake of these vitamins in response to preclinical symptoms of breast cancer, did not suggest an inverse association of these vitamins with the risk of breast cancer. Women who reported consuming at least 500 mg/day of supplemental vitamin C had a relative risk of breast cancer of 0.79 compared with women who did not take supplemental vitamin C, and women who reported consuming more than 10,000 IU/day of vitamin A had a corresponding relative risk of 0.73. However, these relative risks were not statistically significant. These results provide little evidence that intake of these vitamins is associated with breast cancer risk.
Effects of Viscoelasticity on Drop Deformation in Shear Flows

A three dimensional front tracking finite difference method is used to study the deformation of a Newtonian drop suspended in an Oldroyd-B fluid undergoing a steady shearing motion. The change in drop deformation and orientation with increasing Deborah number is established for small to moderate deformations and explained by examining the elastic and viscous stresses at the interface. Significant change in the drop orientation with the flow direction, with increasing viscoelasticity is observed. A non-monotonic change in steady state drop deformation is observed with increasing Deborah number and explained in terms of the competition between increase due to localized polymer stretching at the drop tips and decrease due to change in drop orientation angle.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Fresnel lenses display inherent vignetting.

Estimation de la perte de puissance pour une lentille a facettes. On suppose que les facettes sont situees sur le devant de la lentille. On montre que le facteur de transmission diminue lorsque l'ouverture numerique augmente
Stress by restraining potentiates morphine catalepsy in rats

Restraint-induced stress potentiated morphine catalepsy in rats. This potentiation was partially antagonized by pharmacologic treatments decreasing central serotonin, acetylcholine, prostaglandins and by naloxone. Selective increase in central dopamine also inhibited the potentiation.
Molecular-interference-free accelerator mass spectrometry

Abstract The University of North Texas tandem accelerator (NEC 9SDH) has been configured as an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) system for ultrasensitive detection of impurities in materials. This instrument has been used to acquire mass spectra of materials of interest in semiconductor technology. Investigation of the phenomenon of Coulomb dissociation of molecular ions during passage through the stripper canal of the tandem accelerator is reported, particularly for ions of injected mass of approximately 31 u and 56 u arising from the sputtering of clean silicon with cesium. Peaks in the spectra at these masses could be evidence of 31 P or 56 Fe. However, as is well known from secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), silicon substrates produce large currents of molecular ions such as 30 Si 1 H, 29 Si 1 H 2 and 28 Si 1 H 3 at 31 u and 28 Si 2 at 56 u. These molecular ions are shown to dissociate and appear with momenta and energies which are both unique and predictable. The results suggest that AMS will be a useful tool for truly elemental analytical surveys of materials as well as trace-element detection.
Transient impairment of visual perception induced by single interictal occipital spikes

We have previously reported that focal occipital interictal epileptiform discharges (spikes) cause transiently prolonged reaction time (RT) and increased nonperception of stimuli, especially in the visual field contralateral to the spike. One subject with very frequent spikes was capable of carrying out a visual recognition task along with the RT task. During central fixation, computer-generated random digits were flashed for 150 ms at random locations on a screen. Some stimuli were delivered during spikes, by means of an amplitude-threshold trigger, whereas control stimuli were delivered at random times between spikes. Following each stimulus, the subject had to press a button for RT and then report the digit perceived. There was a statistically significant increase in nonresponse rate (nonperception) during spikes compared to controls, and this effect was maximal contralateral to the spike. Moreover, among the responses, perceptual accuracy (correct vs incorrect) was significantly impaired during spikes, again predominantly in the visual field contralateral to the spike. Thus, not all focal interictal spikes are necessarily "subclinical;" at least some induce a transient cortical dysfunction of the same kind as produced more enduringly from a structural lesion in the same location. These findings may have clinical relevance in patients, especially children, with very frequent epileptiform discharges and higher cortical dysfunction.
Creatine phosphorylkinase in muscles of dystrophic mice.

SummaryThe creatine phosphorylkinase activity of muscles taken from dystrophic mice is equal to that of non-dystrophic control mice.
Lymph node sampling in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Abstract Lymph node sampling is part of the FIGO staging of patients with ovarian carcinoma and is usually part of a meticulous second look operation. We analyzed the primary lymph node status of patients and compared this to the lymph node status at second look operation. From 386–391, 97 patients with epithelial ovarian tumors were treated at this institution. Seventy-one of the 97 patients (73.2%) had lymph node sampling at primary surgery. Thirty of the 71 patients had positive lymph nodes (42.2%) and 41 patients were lymph node negative (57.8%). Of the initial 97 patients, 58 were eligible for second look operation (59.8%), and 48 of these patients had lymph nodes sampled at second look operation. Nine of the 48 patients had positive lymph nodes (18.7%) and 39 had negative lymph nodes at second look operation (81.3%). Of the patients with negative lymph nodes at primary surgery, 25 patients had second look operation and 24 of these patients had lymph node sampling at second look operation. All patients with negative lymph nodes at primary surgery had negative lymph nodes at second look operation. Of the 30 patients with positive lymph nodes at primary surgery, 12 underwent second look operation. Four patients had persistent positive lymph nodes and 8 patients had negative lymph nodes. Our data suggest that patients with negative lymph nodes at primary surgery are unlikely to have positive lymph nodes at second look operation. Therefore, we believe that lymph node sampling under these circumstances is unnecessary.
A role for hydrolysis of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in terminating the response to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and to a flash of light in Limulus ventral photoreceptors

Injection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins 1,4,5-P3) into Limulus ventral photoreceptors produces excitation similar to that produced by light. One process which might contribute to rapid termination of the responses to Ins 1,4,5-P3 and to light is the hydrolysis of Ins 1,4,5-P3 by an InsP3-5-phosphatase to form inositol 1,4-bisphosphate. Inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins 2,4,5-P3) is known to be less hydrolysable by the InsP3-5-phosphatase than is Ins 1,4,5-P3. Whereas ventral photoreceptors respond to an injection of Ins 1,4,5-P3 with a single wave of depolarization, the response to Ins 2,4,5-P3 is a burst of waves of depolarization. Our hypothesis is that it is the resistance to hydrolysis by the InsP3-5-phosphatase which accounts for the burst of waves produced by Ins 2,4,5-P3. To test this idea we injected ventral photoreceptors with Ins 1,4,5-P3 in the presence of the non-specific phosphatase inhibitors, vanadate and fluoride, which prolong the response to a flash of light in ventral photoreceptors (D.W. Corson, A. Fein, W.W. Walthall, J. Gen. Physiol. 82 (1983) 659–677). In the presence of fluoride or vanadate the response to Ins 1,4,5-P3 was composed of a burst of waves rather than a single wave of depolarization. We conclude that hydrolysis of Ins 1,4,5-P3 by the InsP3-5-phosphatase plays a role in terminating the ventral photoreceptors response to Ins 1,4,5-P3 and also to light.
Requirements for Effective Function Allocation A Critical Review

In this paper, we identify the requirements for effective function allocation within teams of human and automated agents. These functions include all the activities in the team’s environment required to meet collective work goals, that is, taskwork functions. In addition, the allocation of taskwork functions then creates the need for additional teamwork functions to coordinate between agents. Key requirements include that each agent must be capable of each individual function it is allocated and must be capable of its collective set of functions, including teamwork. Of note, many important attributes may be observed only within the detailed dynamics of simulation or actual operations, particularly when a function allocation requires tightly coupled interactions and when teamwork (including human–automation interaction) may support or detract from effective performance. Finally, we note that function allocation is a key design decision that should be made deliberately. By addressing function allocation ear...
Components of desensitization in modification of fear among genuinely fearful subjects.

40 Ss were identified who could not pick up a snake despite an incentive to do so. These Ss were then used to study the fear-reducing capability of semi-automated desensitization and of dismantled procedural components of desensitization. For the “genuinely fearful” Ss neither desensitization nor component procedures reduced fear/avoidance more than did a behaviorally inert “treatment.” This result calls into question the interpretive status of much previous research and suggests guidelines for the methodology of future research.
A challenge to integrity in spine publications: years of living dangerously with the promotion of bone growth factors

A challenge to integrity in spine publications: years of living dangerously with the promotion of bone growth factors Eugene J. Carragee, MD*, Alexander J. Ghanayem, MD, Bradley K. Weiner, MD, David J. Rothman, PhD, Christopher M. Bono, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway, Mail Code 6342, Redwood, CA 94063, USA Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA Department of Social Medicine and Department of History, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Spine Journal, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Received 1 June 2011; accepted 1 June 2011
On the extension of Gauss-Markov theorem to complex multivariate linear models

The purpose of this paper is to develop a theory of linear estimation under various multivariate linear models, which are more general than the usual model to which the standard techniques of multivariate analysis of variance are applicable. In particular, necessary and sufficient conditions under which (unique) best linear unbiased estimates of linear functions of (location) parameters exist are obtained. An extension of the Gauss-Markov theorem to the standard multivariate model was first made by the author in [13]. In this paper, further generalizations of the result to multiresponse designs where the standard technique is inapplicable are considered.
The crystallization of small particles and droplets

A general expression is derived for the volume fraction of material crystallized as a function of time for the situation where boundary effects may be important, and it is applied to a sample consisting of a monodisperse array of small particles. It is assumed that crystallization occurs via homogeneous nucleation followed by crystal growth. The crystallization rate is shown to be controlled by a single dimensionless parameter, beta. Beta exp 1/4 is a dimensionless particle radius which tends to be small when the growth rate is large or when the nucleation rate is small. When beta is large, the general expression for the volume fraction transformed reduces to the standard expression valid for bulk samples. When beta is small, it reduces to the formula used to compute the volume fraction crystallized in droplet undercooling experiments. Hence, the present results are pertinent for the interpretation of some droplet undercooling experiments as well as isothermal DSC and DTA experiments.
Continuum theory of dislocations revisited

The paper continues the discussion of continuum theory of dislocations suggested by Berdichevsky and Sedov (PMM 31(6): 981–1000, 1967). The major new points are: the choice of energy, the variational form of the governing dynamical equations, the variational principle for the final plastic state.
Magnetic Susceptibility and Internal Friction of Tetragonal Manganese‐Copper Alloys Containing 70 Percent Manganese

Relation of structure to magnetic susceptibility and internal friction is described for a 70% manganese-30% copper alloy. The aged alloy exhibits a reversible fct to fcc transition at temperatures from 20° to 140°C, depending on the amount of aging. Magnetic susceptibility apparently obeys the Curie-Weiss law but a change is observed in the temperature-susceptibility curve at the structure transition temperature. The low-stress internal friction of this alloy shows a resonance peak at the temperature of the structure change.
DeltaA mRNA and protein distribution in the zebrafish nervous system

Physical interaction between the transmembrane proteins Delta and Notch allows only a subset of neural precursors to become neurons, as well as regulating other aspects of neural development. To examine the localization of Delta protein during neural development, we generated an antibody specific to zebrafish DeltaA (Dla). Here, we describe for the first time the subcellular localization of Dla protein in distinct puncta at cell cortex and/or membrane, supporting the function of Dla in direct cell–cell communication. In situ RNA hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed dynamic, coordinated expression patterns of dla mRNA and Dla protein in the developing and adult zebrafish nervous system. Dla expression is mostly excluded from differentiated neurons and is maintained in putative precursor cells at least until larval stages. In the adult brain, dla mRNA and Dla protein are expressed in proliferative zones normally associated with stem cells. Developmental Dynamics 238:3226–3336, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sliding Mode Control of an Infrared Heating System for Moving Films

In this paper, a temperature regulation system is described for the heating of a thermoplastic composite film using infrared energy. A relatively new compensation technique, sliding mode control, is used to develop the process control laws of the system. Because the plant dynamics are a function of the feedrate, lead-lag filter compensation, representative of many off-the-shelf controls, provides unsatisfactory temperature regulation when film feedrate variations are large. Experimental results indicate that sliding mode control regulates the tape temperature to within 30 °F of a 700 °F set point under an acceleration of 20 in/sec/sec.
The influence of nitro groups on the topology and gas sorption property of extended Zn(II)-paddlewheel MOFs

The synthesis of three nitro-functionalized Zn(II)-paddlewheel based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and a Zn(II)-based 2D coordination polymer are reported. While 2-nitro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (bpdc-NO2) is readily incorporated into structure of extended DMOF (DMOF = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane MOF) and BMOF (BMOF = 4,4′-bipyridine MOF), 2,2′-dinitro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (bpdc-[NO2]2) is only incorporated into the structure of BMOF. Furthermore, it is proposed that intermolecular interactions between the nitro groups influence the topology of these frameworks producing unexpected interpenetration in BMOF-1-bpdc-[NO2]2. Gas sorption studies of these functionalized frameworks also reveal effects of the nitro groups on topology as manifest in their gas sorption behaviour.
Chemical cold packs may provide insufficient enthalpy change for treatment of hyperthermia.

Objective Heat illness is a common ailment that, if left untreated, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Chemical cold packs (CCPs) and ice packs are widely used in the pre-hospital setting and by those with limited resources, yet no controlled studies have compared the cooling of ice to that of CCPs. This study determined the theoretical cooling of CCPs on a benchtop model, comparing the results to similarly sized ice packs, and is the first known comparison of these hyperthermia treatments. Methods The CCPs used in Stanford University's Emergency Department were activated in an insulated volume of water (2 L), and temperature was recorded at 1-second intervals in a controlled environment (41°C at 20% humidity). The procedure was repeated with 1-quart ice packs. Results The CCPs resulted in a 5.25°C degree temperature drop, with a time constant (time to 63% of initial temperature—a common engineering characterization metric) of 1.72 minutes for the test volume. Ice packs resulted on average in a 19.8°C temperature change, with a time constant of 26.8 minutes. The CCPs provide less overall temperature change and were shorter lived. Application of 6 CCPs on a 50th percentile male (weight 86.6 kg, height 1.7 m), assuming ideal heat transfer, would result in less than 0.5°C temperature change. Similarly configured ice packs would result in a 2.5°C change. Conclusions Experiments demonstrate that CCPs are inferior to similarly sized ice packs for thermal regulation, and lose their effectiveness more quickly. These findings support the consideration of ice packs as an alternative to chemical cold packs when cooling hyperthermic patients.
Foxk proteins repress the initiation of starvation-induced atrophy and autophagy programs

Dynlacht and colleagues report that Foxk transcription factors inhibit the induction of autophagy by recruiting Sin3A–HDAC complexes to autophagy-promoting genes to limit their expression.
Interaction between the androgen receptor and a segment of its corepressor SHP.

The mechanisms of functional repression of the androgen receptor (AR) are crucial for the regulation of genes involved in physiological development as well as for the progression of prostate cancer. To date, only two in vivo inhibitors of AR-mediated transcription have been identified: DAX-1 and SHP (small heterodimer partner). SHP is a regulatory nuclear receptor (NR) that lacks DNA-binding and activation domains. Using X-ray crystallography, the interaction between peptide segments of the SHP repressor containing LxxLL-like motifs and the ligand-binding domain of AR have been investigated. Under the crystallization conditions used, it was found that of the three NR Boxes present in the SHP protein sequence, only NR Box 2 (LKKIL motif) formed a complex with AR. Determination of the crystal structure revealed that ten amino acids of the SHP peptide (14-mer) are ordered through interactions with AR. Two side chains make unique interactions that were not reported for other AR–peptide complexes. The NR Box 2 of SHP binds to an adaptable hydrophobic groove on the surface of AR in a fashion observed for other NR–LxxLL-like complexes. Comparisons of AR structures bound to coactivator peptides and the SHP peptide revealed structural similarity of their binding sites, suggesting that transcriptional AR activity may be inhibited by SHP by competing with AR coactivators.
Quantitative and Temporal Relationships of Alcohol Use in Narcotic Addicts and Methadone Maintenance Patients Undergoing Alcohol Detoxification

Evidence exists that alcohol abuse frequently coexists with narcotic addiction and methadone maintenance treatment, and it is the major factor in the development of cirrhosis and liver failure. This study of patients hospitalized for alcohol detoxification compares the quantity of alcohol consumed by alcohol abusers, addicted to narcotics or in a methadone maintenance treatment program, to that consumed by patients not involved with narcotic addiction. Mean daily alcohol consumption was not significantly different in either group using narcotics, including methadone, or in the subgroup of methadone maintenance patients, from the amount consumed by nonnarcotic abusers. Determination of temporal sequence in the use of these substances revealed that in 68% regular alcohol abuse preceded narcotic use. Alcohol abuse reportedly began after entering a methadone maintenance treatment program in 29% of our patients. Alcohol abusers who were in a methadone maintenance treatment program were significantly younger than those who did not use narcotics, including methadone. Time interval according to the patients' estimates, from onset of regular alcohol consumption to heavy drinking, was not significantly different in the two groups.
Characterization of a complex mixture of aromatic and heterocyclic acids obtained from oxidation of lignite coal and its solvent-refined products

Abstract This study reports the results from the oxidation, using sodium dichromate, of a solvent-refined lignite (SRL) and its feed coal and the effects of varying the ratio of oxidant to coal. The numerous aromatic and heteroaromatic carboxylic acids isolated were identified as their methyl esters by g.c./m.s. and h.r.m.s. Oxidation of SRL with a limited amount of dichromate yielded a large number of polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic acids not found in the oxidation of the lignite. These results indicate that the SRL process produces highly-condensed aromatic molecules.
Estimated performance of a symmetric nulling coronagraph for exoplanet imaging

The direct detection of the earth-similar planets nearby bright stars needs high-contrast imaging. We proposed a nulling coronagraph that can, in principle, totally cancel the on-axis point-source starlight for broadband high-contrast imaging. The nulling coronagraph also features close angular distance imaging and high throughput. Equipped with a telescope with only 1.5-m aperture size, it has the potentiality to be able to resolving and directly detecting earth-similar planets at 0.1" (1 λ/D) close-distance in the visible wavelength range. The requirement for a small telescope is a significant advantage for future space missions. We discuss the working principle, instrument realization, error and sensitivity analysis, and the estimated performance of the nulling coronagraph.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phthalate ester hydrolases and phthalate ester toxicity in synchronously developing larvae of the brine shrimp (Artemia)

Abstract Di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) is toxic to synchronously developing larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia . The LD50 for 24 h exposure is approximately 30 μM (8 ppm). DNBP is concentrated by larvae, and maximal uptake of DNBP precedes the onset of mortality. At the time of maximal uptake, most of the DNBP remains in the form of the diester. By the time of maximal mortality nearly all of the DNBP has been converted to the monoester, n-butanol and possibly other polar metabolities. n-Butanol and mono-n-butyl phthalate directly incubated with larvae were nontoxic when tested in concentrations at which DNBP was toxic. Soluble enzyme(s) extracted from the hatched larvae, but not from the dormant embryos, can convert DNBP to its monoester and n-butanol. The amount of enzyme activity increased with larval development in parallel with the kinetics of acute toxicity. The enzyme may be significant in the developmental program as well as in the mediation or moderation of the toxic effects of DNBP in Artemia larvae.
The Low-Frequency Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean

Upper ocean temperature variability in the tropical Atlantic is examined from the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) as well as from an ocean model simulation forced by COADS anomalies appended to a monthly climatology. Our findings are as follows: Only the sea surface temperatures (SST) in the northern tropics are driven by heat fluxes, while the southern tropical variability arises from wind driven ocean circulation changes. The subsurface temperatures in the northern and southern tropics are found to have a strong linkage to buoyancy forcing changes in the northern North Atlantic. Evidence for Kelvin-like boundary wave propagation from the high latitudes is presented from the model simulation. This extratropical influence is associated with wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) forcing and manifests itself in the northern and southern tropical temperature anomalies of the same sign at depth of 100-200 meters as result of a Rossby wave propagation away from the eastern boundary in the wake of the boundary wave passage. The most apparent association of the southern tropical sea surface temperature anomalies (STA) arises with the anomalous cross-equatorial winds which can be related to both NAO and the remote influence from the Pacific equatorial region. These teleconnections are seasonal so that the NAO impact on the tropical SST is the largest it mid-winter but in spring and early summer the Pacific remote influence competes with NAO. However, NAO appears to have a more substantial role than the Pacific influence at low frequencies during the last 50 years. The dynamic origin of STA is indirectly confirmed from the SST-heat flux relationship using ocean model experiments which remove either anomalous wind stress forcing or atmospheric forcing anomalies contributing to heat exchange.
The Immelmann Turn, a Pursuit Maneuver Used by Hovering Male Hybomitra hinei wrighti (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Male Hybomitra hinei wrighti hovered over sand roads in Florida, presumably waiting for passing females. Slow-motion cinematography revealed that, when presented with a small, fast-moving object, the flies changed directions to chase the object, using a half loop and roll. This is quite similar to an aerobatic maneuver known as the Immelmann turn.
FDA head wanted, wimps need not apply

Being FDA commissioner is a tough job, requiring equal parts consummate manager, technocrat and Lord High Executioner.
Prototypic Moral Character

Four studies tested whether moral character is organized as a cognitive prototype. Study 1 involved a free listing of features of virtuous persons. Study 2 required participants to rate each trait on its centrality to good character. Astandard recognition memory paradigm was used in Studies 3 and 4 to test whether participants reported more false recognition of trait attributes that they have not seen but are consistent (virtue central) with the prototype. In both studies, participants reported significant false recognition of novel virtue-central traits than they did virtue-peripheral traits, supporting the claim that a conception of good character is schematically organized around a prototype. Prototype activation had weak and inconsistent effects on recall memory. Implications for understanding moral cognition and identity are discussed.
Finite element modeling of a geosynthetic pullout test

Advanced numerical modes used for the description of performance of geosynthetic reinforced soil structures in terms of displacements corresponding to working loads well below collapse levels has created the need for material models for the geosynthetic and geosynthetic-soil interaction accounting for stiffness, yielding and strength properties. A direction dependent isotropic hardening, elastic-plastic-creep model for the geosynthetic, an elastic-perfectly plastic direction and normal stress dependent geosynthetic-soil interaction model, and a bounding surface plasticity model for soil material have been used in a finite element model of a geosynthetic pullout test. Predictions from the model have been compared to a series of pullout tests where it is seen that the model provides reasonable predictions of load-displacement pullout behavior. Systematic removal of material model components has shown that geosynthetic creep properties have a noticeable but minor impact on load-displacement predictions, while geosynthetic plasticity properties have a more significant role for load simulations where the material approaches rupture during pullout. Replacement of the bounding surface plasticity model for the soil material with a linear elastic model resulted in no significant differences in predictions.
The origin of salts on Mount Erebus and along the coast of Ross Island, Antarctica

Abstract Salt deposits in the form of crusts and efflorescences are a common feature of rock exposures along the coast of Ross Island and on the summit of Mt. Erebus, an active volcano that dominates the island. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of salts from coastal sites decrease with increasing elevation from 0.70861 at Cape Royds to 0.70344 at the top of Castle Rock on Hut Point peninsula, only 413 m above sea level, but may also vary along the coast in response to the seasonal duration of open water. The variation of 87Sr/86Sr ratios can be attributed to mixing of marine Sr with Sr derived from the volcanic rocks and confirms the importance of chemical weathering as a source of Sr in these secondary salts. Yellow salts of complex mineralogical composition from the summit of Mt. Erebus have 87Sr/86Sr ratios whose average is 0.70345. This value is consistent with the hypothesis that these salts formed both from the plume of volcanic gases emanating from a convect-ing lava lake of phonolitic composition and by chemical weathering of the volcanic rocks. One sample of white salt from ice caves at the summit has an anomalously high 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70460 perhaps because it contains a component of marine Sr released by melting of large quantities of snow in the ice caves.
Synthesis, metabolism and in vitro cytotoxicity studies on novel lavendamycin antitumor agents

A series of lavendamycin analogues with two, three or four substituents at the C-6, C-7 N, C-2', C-3' and C-11' positions were synthesized via short and efficient methods and evaluated as potential NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-directed antitumor agents. The compounds were prepared through Pictet-Spengler condensation of the desired 2-formylquinoline-5,8-diones with the required tryptophans followed by further needed transformations. Metabolism and toxicity studies demonstrated that the best substrates for NQO1 were also the most selectively toxic to NQO1-rich tumor cells compared to NQO1-deficient tumor cells.
Aeromonas species: Pathogens of aquatic inhabitants with a human host range

Aeromonads are gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, fermentative, oxidase-positive, nonsporeforming rods which, in contrast to vibrios, do not require added NaC1 to complex media for growth and are resistant to the inhibitory action of the pteridine vibriostatic compound 0/129. In the fourth edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, they are assigned to the family Vibrionaceae within the genus Aeromonas (1), which comprises a single psychrophilic, nonmotile species, Aeromonas salmonicida, and three mesophilic polarly flagellated motile species Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Aeromonas caviae (1, 2). Recently three new mesophilic species, Aeromonas media, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas schubertii have been recognized (3-5). Classification of Aeromonas at the species level is based on DNA homology, guanine + cytosine content, composition of core polysaccharide of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide (1, 2, ~6), and key biochemical characteristics (Table 1). When grown in nutrient broth containing glucose, certain strains of Aeromonas rapidly reduce the pH of the medium even though minimal growth has occurred as inferred from the sparse turbidity in the tubes. Because viable cells cannot be recovered from these broth cultures after 24 h incubation, the phenomenon has been termed "suicide" (7). This suicide phenomenon has been attributed to the lethal effect of accumulated acetic acid subsequent to glucose fermentation (7). Glucose catabolite repression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activates an acetic acidproducing (acetyl phosphate) pathway (8), which leads to the suicide phenomenon.
Coherent families of weight modules of Lie superalgebras and an explicit description of the simple admissible sl (n + 1/1)-modules

Abstract Let g be a classical Lie superalgebra of type I. We introduce coherent families of weight g -modules with bounded weight multiplicities, and establish a correspondence between cuspidal and highest weight submodules of these families by extending Mathieu's work [Ann. Inst. Fourier 50 (2000) 537]. This enables us to reduce the description of the g 0 -module structure of arbitrary simple weight g -modules with bounded weight multiplicities to the g 0 -module structure of highest weight modules with bounded weight multiplicities. We then construct tensor coherent families for g = sl (n+1| 1) which yield an explicit description of the g 0 -structure of an arbitrary simple weight module with bounded weight multiplicities. In particular, we show that for g = sl (n+1| 1) , the maximal length of an indecomposable g 0 -submodule of a simple weight module with bounded multiplicities equals 5.