cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A High-Fidelity Wearable System for Measuring Lower-Limb Kinetics and Kinematics

There are many important challenges in gait analysis, which has many applications in healthcare, rehabilitation, therapy, and exercise training. However, gait analysis is typically performed in a gait laboratory, which is inaccessible to the general population and is not available in natural gait environments (e.g., outdoors). In this paper, we discuss the development of a high-fidelity, cost-effective, wireless sensor network to address the challenge of efficient gait monitoring in real-world walking scenarios. The sensor network is designed in a modular way to capture plantar forces and knee angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration. A force module called a smart insole is designed to measure the plantar forces. The module is comprised of force sensitive resistors (FSRs) and a signal conditioning circuit. Various signal conditioning techniques, including a novel technique called transfrequency, are investigated to provide a linear mapping for FSR measurements and to provide data acquisition fidelity. The motion module includes a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU) augmented with a Kalman filter to provide filtered knee kinematics. A qualitative evaluation of the sensor network communication module is achieved by considering the internal communication protocols between the modules and the external wireless transmission protocol used to deliver data to an end-point terminal PC. Experiments are conducted to validate the motion and force modules. Then, the overall, integrated system is compared to gold standard laboratory results, demonstrating a successful application for gait identification. The results show that the sensor network accurately captures important gait parameters and features.
Elicitation of broadly protective immunity to influenza by multivalent hemagglutinin nanoparticle vaccines

Influenza vaccines that confer broad and durable protection against diverse virus strains would have a major impact on global health. However, next-generation vaccine design efforts have been complicated by challenges including the genetic plasticity of the virus and the immunodominance of certain epitopes in its glycoprotein antigens. Here we show that computationally designed, two-component nanoparticle immunogens induce potently neutralizing and broadly protective antibody responses against a wide variety of influenza viruses. The nanoparticle immunogens display 20 hemagglutinin (HA) trimers in a highly immunogenic array, and their assembly in vitro enables precisely controlled co-display of multiple distinct HAs in defined ratios. Nanoparticle immunogens displaying the four HAs of licensed quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIV) elicited hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibody responses to vaccine-matched strains that were equivalent or superior to commercial QIV in mice, ferrets, and nonhuman primates. The nanoparticle immunogens -but not QIV- simultaneously induced broadly protective antibody responses to heterologous viruses, including H5N1 and H7N9, by targeting the subdominant yet conserved HA stem. Unlike previously reported influenza vaccine candidates, our nanoparticle immunogens can alter the intrinsic immunodominance hierarchy of HA to induce both potent receptor-blocking and broadly cross-reactive stem-directed antibody responses and are attractive candidates for a next-generation influenza vaccine that could replace current seasonal vaccines.
Linking Biochemical and Structural States of SERCA: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities

Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), a member of the P-type ATPase family of ion and lipid pumps, is responsible for the active transport of Ca2+ from the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen of muscle cells, into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of non-muscle cells. X-ray crystallography has proven to be an invaluable tool in understanding the structural changes of SERCA, and more than 70 SERCA crystal structures representing major biochemical states (defined by bound ligand) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. Consequently, SERCA is one of the best characterized components of the calcium transport machinery in the cell. Emerging approaches in the field, including spectroscopy and molecular simulation, now help integrate and interpret this rich structural information to understand the conformational transitions of SERCA that occur during activation, inhibition, and regulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the crystal structures of SERCA, focusing on identifying metrics that facilitate structure-based categorization of major steps along the catalytic cycle. We examine the integration of crystallographic data with different biophysical approaches and computational methods to link biochemical and structural states of SERCA that are populated in the cell. Finally, we discuss the challenges and new opportunities in the field, including structural elucidation of functionally important and novel regulatory complexes of SERCA, understanding the structural basis of functional divergence among homologous SERCA regulators, and bridging the gap between basic and translational research directed toward therapeutic modulation of SERCA.
The dynamical renaissance in neuroscience

Although there is a substantial philosophical literature on dynamical systems theory in the cognitive sciences, the same is not the case for neuroscience. This paper attempts to motivate increased discussion via a set of overlapping issues. The first aim is primarily historical and is to demonstrate that dynamical systems theory is currently experiencing a renaissance in neuroscience. Although dynamical concepts and methods are becoming increasingly popular in contemporary neuroscience, the general approach should not be viewed as something entirely new to neuroscience. Instead, it is more appropriate to view the current developments as making central again approaches that facilitated some of neuroscience’s most significant early achievements, namely, the Hodgkin–Huxley and FitzHugh–Nagumo models. The second aim is primarily critical and defends a version of the “dynamical hypothesis” in neuroscience. Whereas the original version centered on defending a noncomputational and nonrepresentational account of cognition, the version I have in mind is broader and includes both cognition and the neural systems that realize it as well. In view of that, I discuss research on motor control as a paradigmatic example demonstrating that the concepts and methods of dynamical systems theory are increasingly and successfully being applied to neural systems in contemporary neuroscience. More significantly, such applications are motivating a stronger metaphysical claim, that is, understanding neural systems as being dynamical systems, which includes not requiring appeal to representations to explain or understand those phenomena. Taken together, the historical claim and the critical claim demonstrate that the dynamical hypothesis is undergoing a renaissance in contemporary neuroscience.
IMPACT OF AN INFLAMMATORY INJURY ON DIFFUSIVITY AT HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD

Objective: Inflammation is believed to be a major cause of white matter injury in preterm infants. A better understanding of early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes following inflammatory injury would be useful for evaluating these infants. We used an inflammatory model of periventricular leucomalacia in rat pups to characterise changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods: The images were obtained on a 12 T MRI. One mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide in sterile saline (n = 8) or sterile saline alone (n = 6) was administered by stereotaxic injection into the left corpus callosum of 5-day-old rats. The location of the injection was verified through MRI. Both groups had a repeat MRI 4 days after the injection. DTI was acquired with 2 b values (0, 753) and 2 × 6 directions. Rats were then killed, and 50-micron thick sections of the brain were stained for cresyl violet. Regions of interest covering the corpus callosum were placed on three consecutive slices for the calculation of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), relative anisotropy (RA), axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity. Results: ADC values were increased (lipopolysaccharide 1.03 ± 0.05; control 0.95 ± 0.05 μm2/s, p = 0.02), as was radial diffusivity (lipopolysaccharide 0.77 ± 0.05; control 0.65 ± 0.12 μm2/s, p = 0.013) without any significant difference in RA and axial diffusivity. Conclusions: The increases in radial diffusivity and ADC were associated with a decrease in cellularity measured on cresyl violet staining (myelin is not yet present at this stage of development).
Assisted Living Communities that Accept Medicaid are Not Subject to Federal Oversight.

Dear Editor, We commend Mauldin et al. (2020) for their recent article titled “Supports and gaps in federal policy for addressing racial and ethnic disparities among long-term care facility residen...
Divergence time estimation of genus Tribolium by extensive sampling of highly conserved orthologs.

Abstract Tribolium castaneum, the red flour beetle, is among the most well-studied eukaryotic genetic model organisms. Tribolium often serves as a comparative bridge from highly derived Drosophila traits to other organisms. Simultaneously, as a member of the most diverse order of metazoans, Coleoptera, Tribolium informs us about innovations that accompany hyper diversity. However, understanding the tempo and mode of evolutionary innovation requires well-resolved, time-calibrated phylogenies, which are not available for Tribolium. The most recent effort to understand Tribolium phylogenetics used two mitochondrial and three nuclear markers. The study concluded that the genus may be paraphyletic and reported a broad range for divergence time estimates. Here we employ recent advances in Bayesian methods to estimate the relationships and divergence times among Tribolium castaneum, T. brevicornis, T. confusum, T. freemani, and Gnatocerus cornutus using 1368 orthologs conserved across all five species and an independent substitution rate estimate. We find that the most basal split within Tribolium occurred ~86 Mya [95% HPD 85.90–87.04 Mya] and that the most recent split was between T. freemani and T. castaneum at ~14 Mya [95% HPD 13.55–14.00]. Our results are consistent with broader phylogenetic analyses of insects and suggest that Cenozoic climate changes played a role in the Tribolium diversification.
Leveraging a statewide quality collaborative to understand population-level hernia care.

Abstract Background Although ventral hernia repair (VHR) is extremely common, there is profound variation in operative technique and outcomes. This study describes the results of a statewide registry capturing hernia-specific variables to understand population-level practice patterns. Methods Retrospective analysis of adult patients in a new statewide hernia registry undergoing VHR in 2020. Results 919 patients underwent VHR across 57 hospitals and 279 surgeons. Hernia width was 10 cm in 95 (10%) patients. Mesh was used in 79% of cases and varied in use from 53% of hernias 10 cm. The most common mesh type was synthetic non-absorbable (46%), followed by synthetic absorbable mesh (37%). The incidence of complications was significantly associated with hernia width. Conclusions A population-level, hernia-specific database captured operative details for 919 patients in 1 year. There was significant variation in mesh use and outcomes based on hernia size. These nuanced data may inform higher quality clinical practice.
Spatial Arrangements on Growth and Yield of Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. ) in Intercropping

This experiment was conducted at the Crop Farm of Eastern University, Sri Lanka to evaluate the eﬀect of diﬀerent spatial arrangements on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) under okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cowpea intercropping in sandy regosol. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having monocropping and diﬀerent intercropping patterns. The results revealed that there was a signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P 0.05) with diﬀerent plating patterns. The study concluded that 60 cm between two rows with 150 cm between two pairs of rows of okra with three rows of cowpea in between paired rows would be the most suitable planting system to get maximum growth and yield of cowpea.
Scaling team training: Using virtual worlds to support learning in massive open online courses:

The implementation of electronic team training, e-team training, has been used to teach teamwork skills in a wide array of industries. By using e-team training, organizations have seen the observab...
The strategic implication of knowledge attributes : Understanding the conditions in which knowledge matters to performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to refine the resource-based theory of the firm. It intends to deal with key theoretical issues affecting the development of a model that empirically captures the relevance of knowledge to performance. The research task is not only to look inside the firm in search of candidates for a strategic resource, but also to better understand how a resource becomes strategic as the consequence of specific attributes. This approach has the potential of providing a relevant insight into the characteristics that resources must possess as well as a more effective way to compare their relative relevance to competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses are tested by a comprehensive panel data of 29 AIDS/HIV drugs from 1997 to 2010, covering the performance trajectory of more than 90 percent of all branded products in this segment. Findings – Based on the VRIO framework (Barney 1991, 2001a), which asserts that resources need to be valuable, rare, inimitable, and di...
TCR Reserve: A Novel Principle of CD4 T Cell Activation by Weak Ligands

Some ligand-receptor systems have a receptor reserve where a maximal response can be achieved by occupation of a fraction of available receptors. An implication of a receptor reserve is the expansion of the number of ligands for response. To determine whether T cells follow receptor reserve, we have characterized the effect of reducing TCR levels on CD4 T cell responses elicited by altered peptide ligands that vary in potency. Agonist peptide is unaffected by a 90% reduction in TCR level while proliferation to weak agonists is significantly inhibited when TCR expression is reduced by 40%. Thymocyte-negative selection similarly demonstrates a differential requirement of TCR for response to agonist, weak agonist, and partial agonist. Therefore, our data demonstrate receptor reserve as a novel principle of T cell activation in which excess TCRs expand the antigenic repertoire to include less potent ligands.
Localized surface phonon polariton resonances in polar gallium nitride

We demonstrate the excitation of localized surface phonon polaritons in an array of sub-diffraction pucks fabricated in an epitaxial layer of gallium nitride (GaN) on a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate. The array is characterized via polarization- and angle-dependent reflection spectroscopy in the mid-infrared, and coupling to several localized modes is observed in the GaN Reststrahlen band (13.4–18.0 μm). The same structure is simulated using finite element methods and the charge density of the modes are studied; transverse dipole modes are identified for the transverse electric and magnetic polarizations and a quadrupole mode is identified for the transverse magnetic polarization. The measured mid-infrared spectrum agrees well with numerically simulated spectra. This work could enable optoelectronic structures and devices that support surface modes at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths.
Analysis of Integrated Engineering and Social Science Approaches for Projects in Developing Communities

Current design methods such as appropriate technology, human-centered design, and participatory design are intended to generate development projects that resonate with users in communities in developing countries. These approaches are extremely useful, but often lack adequate documentation about how to collect data on and incorporate users feedback into the project’s design. To address this gap, we introduced social science research methods into a service-learning course for undergraduate engineering students, which culminated in a trip to the communities for whom they were designing, to help students incorporate user feedback into the design of their projects. This paper documents our efforts. One of the main findings from a survey administered to students enrolled in the service-learning course indicate that students exhibited greater awareness of the users’ needs, rather than the technical specifications of their projects, after their on-site visit and interviews with users in the community. We conclude by identifying ways students were successful and plans for improving the integration of instruction about social science research methods into the engineering course.
Repression of diaminopimelate decarboxylase by L-lysine in different Bacillus species.

Synthesis of diaminopimelate decarboxylase in 7 of 11 different Bacillus species tested was subject to l-lysine repression.
Syria, the MENA Region, and International Finance Capitalism

The current Syrian conflict of 2011–14 is taking place within a regional and international context. Pressures have been applied to Syrian society, which involve external political and economic forces, specifically by Western-led sanctions policies, as well as by entities representing modern, globalized finance capital. In this paper, Syria is situated within a global economic context, where capital has been evolving to the present day, continuously developing new strategies in its drive to further encompass the entire world in its system.
Massive soliton stars

The structure of nontopological solutions of Einstein field equations as proposed by Friedberg, Lee, and Pang (1987) is examined. This analysis incorporates finite temperature effects and pair creation. Quarks are assumed to be the only species that exist in interior of soliton stars. The possibility of primordial creation of soliton stars in the incomplete decay of the degenerate vacuum in early universe is explored. Because of dominance of pair creation inside soliton stars, the luminosity of soliton stars is not determined by its radiative transfer characteristics, and the surface temperature of soliton stars can be the same as its interior temperature. It is possible that soliton stars are intense X-ray radiators at large distances. Soliton stars are nearly 100 percent efficient energy converters, converting the rest energy of baryons entering the interior into radiation. It is possible that a sizable number of baryons may also be trapped inside soliton stars during early epochs of the universe. In addition, if soliton stars exist they could assume the role played by massive black holes in galactic centers.
TU-A-352-01: Fluoroscopic Dose Measurement and Management

Radiation usage during fluoroscopically guided interventions can be high enough to warrant careful dosimetry and patient management. Basic compliance with the usual set of local regulatory requirements may not be sufficient for patient safety. Many of these rules date back to an era in which fluoroscopy was used for simple diagnostic procedures. The X‐ray tubes of this earlier era often overloaded and shut down before dangerous doses were delivered. Neither of these suppositions are currently valid. For example, modern systems meeting all regulatory dose restrictions are capable of delivering table top air kerma rates exceeding 200 mGy/min for normal modefluoroscopy and 1,500 mGy/min for cinefluorography. Clinical dosimetry during each complex intervention is facilitated by dosimetric instrumentation built into the fluoroscopic system. The FDA now requires such instrumentation in all new fluoroscopes. The Society of Interventional Radiology has published a standard of practice recommending dosimetry for all interventional procedures. The DICOM‐DOSE project, a joint initiative of DICOM and the IEC will shortly provide tools for automated dose reporting. The Joint Commission has included fluoroscopic procedures with skin doses exceeding 15 Gy in its list of sentinel events; with the implicit challenge to facilities that they can prove the absence of such occurrences. This course reviews technical elements needed in a program of patient fluoroscopic radiation safety. Key concepts include: ICRU diagnostic dosimetric quantities and their fluoroscopic extensions FDA and IEC compliance measurements. Construction dosimetric features, and performance of modern fluoroscopes Extended QA protocols for compliance measurements, system characterization and clinical dosimetry.Dose recording and reporting, including DICOM‐DOSE. The Joint Commission fluoroscopy sentinel event. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand dosimetric concepts relating to interventional fluoroscopy. 2. Characterize the dosimetric features and performance of a modern fluoroscope. 3. Be able to set up a clinical dose recording and reporting policy that will meet clinical and JC requirements.
The chi-square test and accompanying effect size indices.

In a previous column, we described statistical methods used to test the significance of a relationship between two variables that were either continuous or had many ordered categories or levels. The purpose of the present column is to describe a statistical test, the Pearson chi-square (χ 2 ) test for independence, that examines the relationship between two variables that are scaled at the nominal level. The variables can be dichotomous or have a few nonordered categories. Nominal scale data provide less information than interval or ordinal scale data. The finer the gradations on the measurement scale, the more information is transmitted, as long as there is evidence for reliability and validity. We recommend that you not divide your data into a few categories if the data are continuous or have a number of ordered levels, unless the measure to be divided has been validated against an external criterion that justifies “cut points.” When there are more than two categories of at least one of the variables and these categories are ordered (i.e., the levels or categories differ quantitatively), such as education level, you would lose power if you used a χ 2 test to analyze the data. It is recommended that these data be analyzed by using nonparametric statistics for ordinal data. Examples of these statistics (discussed in previous columns) are a Spearman rank order correlation, if both variables have more than two ordered levels, or a Mann-Whitney U test, if one of the two variables has only two levels and the other is ordered. In this column, the data to be considered are frequencies. Specifically, our interest is in how many people (the frequency count) fall into a particular category, relative to a different category. There are two major requirements of the χ 2 test. The
Field Tests of the Soil Heat Flux Plate Method and Some Alternatives

Heat flux plates are commonly used to measure soil heat flux, a component of the surface energy balance. The plate method is simple and precise, but several previous studies have demonstrated the potential for relatively large errors. Here we present the results of in situ tests of the plate method, and we describe some promising alternative methods. Summertime soil heat flux was measured with heat flux plates and with two alternative methods at each of three sites. In total, three alternative methods were used: a single probe gradient method, a three needle gradient method, and a self-calibrating plate method. The standard plate method underestimated the magnitude of the heat flux by 18 to 66% depending on the site and type of plate. Agreement between the alternative methods was good with discrepancies ranging from 2 to 6%. The plates underestimate flux apparently duetoacombinationoflowplatethermalconductivity,thermalcontact resistance, and latent heat transfer effects. The three needle gradient method for measuring heat flux performed well at all three sites, providing a good alternative to the standard plate method. The selfcalibrating plate method performed well at the one site where it was tested and may also be a good alternative. Increased adoption of these methods should lead to more accurate soil heat flux and surface energy balance data. S CIENTISTS in the disciplines of agronomy, forestry, ecology, and climatology often rely on surface energy
Regulating MCP-1 diffusion in affinity hydrogels for enhancing immuno-isolation.

Delivering cells using semi-permeable hydrogels is becoming an increasingly important direction in cell based therapies and regenerative medicine applications. Synthetic hydrogels have been functionalized with bioactive motifs to render otherwise inert polymer networks responsive. However, little effort has been focused on creating immuno-isolating materials capable of retarding the transport of small antigenic molecules secreted from the cells delivered with the synthetic carriers. Toward the goal of developing a complete immuno-isolation polymeric barrier, affinity peptide-functionalized PEG hydrogels were developed with the ability to sequester monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), a chemokine known to induce the chemotaxis of monocytes, dendritic cells, and memory T-cells. Affinity peptides capable of sequestering MCP-1 were identified from CCR2 (a G protein-coupled receptor for MCP-1) and incorporated within PEG hydrogels via a thiol-acrylate photopolymerization. The release of encapsulated recombinant MCP-1 from PEG hydrogels is readily tuned by: (1) incorporating affinity peptides within the network; and/or (2) altering the spacer distance between the affinity peptide and the crosslinking site. Furthermore, when pancreatic β-cells were encapsulated within these novel peptide-functionalized hydrogels, the release of cell-secreted MCP-1 was significantly reduced, demonstrating the potential of this new gel formulation to reduce the host innate immune response to transplanted cells by decreasing the recruitment and activation of host monocytes and other immune cells.
Significant contributing causes of cancer deaths among Hispanics in Colorado, USA, 1983-1992

Cancer deaths in the state of Colorado, U.S.A., totaled 53,921 between 1983 and 1992. Death certificates for this period were used to evaluate Hispanic cancer deaths by contributing causes of death and primary occupation of the decedent. The relative risks for diabetes and liver disease as contributing causes of death were significantly higher among Hispanics when compared to non-Hispanics who had also died of cancer (RR for diabetes = 1.90; 95% C.I. (1.64,2.19) and RR for liver disease = 1.44; 95% C.I. (1.23,1.68)). Hispanics who had died of cancer were significantly less likely to have drug abuse as a contributing cause of death when compared to non-Hispanics (RR for drug abuse = 0.69; 95% C.I. (0.52,0.91)). Laborers, service workers, and clerical workers who were Hispanic, were significantly more likely to die of cancer with either diabetes or liver disease as a contributing cause of death than were non-Hispanics in the same occupational category (p<0.05). Chronic diseases, such as diabetes and liver disease, may be reducing the survivability of cancer among Hispanics.
Estradiol rescues neurons from global ischemia-induced cell death: Multiple cellular pathways of neuroprotection

The potential neuroprotective role of sex hormones in chronic neurodegenerative disorders and acute brain ischemia following cardiac arrest and stroke is of a great therapeutic interest. Long-term pretreatment with estradiol and other estrogens affords robust neuroprotection in male and female rodents subjected to focal and global ischemia. However, the receptors (e.g., cell surface or nuclear), intracellular signaling pathways and networks of estrogen-regulated genes that intervene in neuronal apoptosis are as yet unclear. We have shown that estradiol administered at physiological levels for two weeks before ischemia rescues neurons destined to die in the hippocampal CA1 and ameliorates ischemia-induced cognitive deficits in ovariectomized female rats. This regimen of estradiol treatment involves classical intracellular estrogen receptors, transactivation of IGF-1 receptors and stimulation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, which in turn maintains CREB activity in the ischemic CA1. We also find that a single, acute injection of estradiol administrated into the brain ventricle immediately after an ischemic event reduces both neuronal death and cognitive deficits. Because these findings suggest that hormones could be used to treat patients when given after brain ischemia, it is critical to determine whether the same or different pathways mediate this form of neuroprotection. We find that an agonist of the membrane estrogen receptor GPR30 mimics short latency estradiol facilitation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Therefore, we are testing the hypothesis that GPR30 may act together with intracellular estrogen receptors to activate cell signaling pathways to promote neuron survival after global ischemia.
The few who abuse their position bring all consultants into disrepute

I have sent my consultant colleagues a copy of Spence’s provocative article to see whether anyone (other than myself) agrees with him.1 I am full time NHS, having given up private practice in 2006 to concentrate on teaching trauma surgery. My “reward” for working five days a week, starting each day at 7 40 …
CERTAIN INTERFACIAL TENSION RELATIONS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIA IN FILMS.

To account for the behavior of a solid particle in the interface between two fluids it is necessary to consider, as indicated by Clark Maxwell, three surface tensions: Tso , the tension in the interface between the solid particle and the organic phase; Tsw , the tension in the interface between solid particle and aqueous phase; and Tow , the organic phase-water interfacial tension. If Tso > Tsw + Tow , (2), the stronger solid-organic phase tension should pull the line of intersection of the three phases around the periphery of the solid particle until the particle is completely enveloped in the water phase. If Tsw > Tow + Tow (3), the solid-water tension should pull the line of meeting of the phases about the particle until it is enveloped in the organic phase. If See PDF for Equation the particle should be stable in the interface, only leaving it when mechanical work overcomes the equilibrium due to the balance of interfacial tensions. The ordinary bacteria used have been stable in the interfaces between water or aqueous solutions and all organic liquids tested; i.e ., condition (4) obtains. In preparations in which Tow is large, stability has been found by experiment to be greater than when Tow is small, as follows from condition (4). The force, dependent upon condition (4), which holds bacteria in the liquid-liquid interface, and the force, dependent upon unequal distribution of tension in the liquid-liquid interface, which causes bacteria to glide along the interface, prove to be of the same order of magnitude as the force due to bacterial flagella. Interfacial tensions or its own motility may dominate the movement of the bacterium, according to circumstances. When bacteria thresh their way out of the interface, escape is into the aqueous phase. Acid-fast bacteria possess very low or, in some cases, no stability in the interface, passing easily or even spontaneously into the organic phase. Good evidence has been advanced by other workers to indicate that the surfaces of ordinary bacteria contain many polar radicals; on the other hand, the acid-fast microorganisms are coated with predominantly non-polar substances. It follows from known principles, therefore, that Tsw should be greater than Tsw with ordinary bacteria, and Tsw should be greater than Tso with acid-fast bacteria. Consideration of relations (2) and (3) above will show that these conditions should result in the differences in behavior of acid-fast and ordinary bacteria actually found by experiment. The theoretical and experimental data here developed contradict the theoretical formulations of the surface tension factor in phagocytosis advanced by Rhumbler and by Tait and substantiate those of Fenn.
Effects of food deprivation upon cue utilization as measured by novelty-incentive

A series of three experiments was done to test the hypothesis that high levels of food deprivation would adversely affect cue utilization from a complex stimulus goal as tested by its novelty-incentive value when that goal was later opposed to food for hungry subjects in a T-maze. It was found that the hunger drive level under which the male rats had originally experienced the complex stimulus goal determined its later incentive value, whether the original experience was in a latent learning type II situation (Experiment I, 20 subjects), a drive-shift situation (Experiment II, 40 subjects), or a free exploration situation (Experiment III, 30 subjects). In each experiment, having first experienced the complex goal under low levels of deprivation significantly decreased the frequency of choices of that goal in a later test relative to the performance of the more deprived animals. The data was interpreted as indicating that utilization of cues, in the sense of input and possibly retention of information, was...
Classical Diagram Technique for Calculating Thermostatic Properties of Solids; Application to Dielectric Susceptibility of Paraelectrics

A diagram technique suitable for calculating equilibrium classical statistical properties of solid dielectrics is developed. The method is applied to the temperature-dependent dielectric susceptibility and vibration spectrum of an anharmonic crystal. The techniques of "diagram summation" and "frequency renormalization" are used to obtain a Curie-law formula for the susceptibility of paraelectric materials. The method is extended to obtain a new formula for the susceptibility in the presence of a biasing field. Some possible applications of the theory to relevant experiments are mentioned.
Regioselective Protonation of the η4-Anthracene Ligand in [Mn(η4-C14H10)(CO)3]- To Give an η5-Anthracenyl Complex [Mn(η5-C14H11)(CO)3] That Undergoes a Low-Energy 1,4-Hydride Exchange Reaction

Protonation of the terminal (η4-anthracene) manganese tricarbonyl anion [Mn(η4-C14H10)(CO)3]- gives the terminal (η5-anthracenyl) manganese tricarbonyl complex [Mn(η5-C14H11)(CO)3]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that the proton adds to the hydrocarbon ring, and labeling studies indicate that protonation is regiospecific and occurs at the endo site. Magnetization transfer experiments establish rapid spin population transfer from the exo site to the para ring position. This is proposed to involve an intermediate metal hydride, and dynamic NMR studies have been used to determine that the free energy barrier to this exchange is ca. 14.5 kcal/mol at and below ambient temperatures. This is interpreted in terms of a modification of the mechanism of Lamanna and Brookhart for the isomerization within 6-exo-1H-[Mn(η5-C6HD5)(CO)3].
The Song Remains the Same: Fifty Years of Division Two

Founded in 1945, Division Two of the American Psychological Association (Division on the Teaching of Psychology) has struggled for existence, an identity, and membership. As Division Two moves into its second 50 years, it continues to struggle with many of these issues. This article briefly recounts the 50-year history of Division Two.
Neonatal hypoxia: long term effects on pulmonary arterial muscle.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if neonatal hypoxia alters pulmonary arterial smooth muscle (PASM) function in young adult rats. One day old rats were made hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.1) for 5 days, then maintained under normoxic conditions until young adulthood (45–50 days). Age-matched rats were used as controls. Body weight, hematocrit, dry lung weight, and right to left heart ratios were measured. Reactivity and/or responsiveness of rings of main right and left pulmonary artery of the adult to various agonists, including high K+ (80 mM KCl), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5HT), adenosine (AD), and acute in in vitro hypoxic vasoconstriction were assessed. Isometric force production was normalized to calculate tissue cross-sectional area (N/cm2). Maximum force production (Po) in response to 80 mM KCl for isolated rings from the hypoxic group was significantly less than for controls. Isometric force production in response to NE or to 5HT was also lower in the hypoxic group although the difference was significant for 5HT only when the endothelium was rendered non-functional. When the endothelium was intact, arterial rings from experimental animals relaxed at low doses of adenosine (10−8 M to 10−5 M), while control arterial muscle showed no response at these concentrations. The mean dose-response curve for NE from preparations with intact endothelium from experimental animals was significantly lower than that for the control animals, at least at doses greater than 10−7M. To mimic acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, isolated rings of the main right and left pulmonary artery were precontracted with either 30 mM KCl or 2.5 × 10−7 M NE and then made hypoxic by lowering muscle bath PO2 to 30–40 mmHg. In conclusion there was no difference in the hypoxic response per se between arterial rings from experimental animals and controls. However, maximum reactivity to high potassium stimulation and to norepinephrine stimulation is decreased in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle of adult animals that had been exposed to 5 days of hypoxia as neonates.
Mechanism of increased sensitivity to etoposide in a mitomycin C-resistant human bladder cancer cell line

The mechanism of increased sensitivity to etoposide (VP-16) in a human bladder cancer cell line (J82/MMC-2), which is >9-fold more resistant to mitomycin C (MMC) compared with parental cells (J82/WT), was investigated. Colony formation assays, following 1 hr drug exposure, revealed that about a 2.2-fold higher concentration of VP-16 was required to kill 50% of the J82/WT cell line compared with J82/MMC-2. The MTT assays, following continuous drug exposure, also showed that the J82/MMC-2 cell line was significantly more sensitive to VP-16 compared with J82/WT. Accumulation of VP-16 was significantly higher in the J82/MMC-2 cell line compared with J82/WT at every drug concentration tested. Likewise, intracellular VP-16 retention was significantly higher in the J82/MMC-2 cell line compared with J82/WT when drug uptake was measured as a function of varying incubation time and at a fixed VP-16 concentration. The efflux of VP-16 from the J82/MMC-2 cell line was equivalent to that from J82/WT. In agreement with the results of drug uptake studies, the levels of VP-16-induced protein-DNA complexes were markedly higher in the J82/MMC-2 cell line compared with J82/WT. The catalytic activity of topoisomerase II (topo II) in 0.35 M NaCl nuclear extract of J82/WT cells was equivalent to that of J82/MMC-2. The levels of topo II mRNA were also comparable in these cells. Our results suggest that the mechanism responsible for the collateral sensitivity of the J82/MMC-2 cell line to VP-16 may be attributable to a relatively higher drug accumulation in this cell line compared with parental cells. Int. J. Cancer 70:612–618. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Public Life, Public Space, and the Changing Art of City Design

Urban design as taught and practised today derives largely from the post-war era of urban renewal. As such, the emphasis has been on making aesthetic arrangements of buildings and functional patter...
Novel intermediates for the synthesis of carbocyclic spiro compounds

Abstract Cyclic dienaminones, synthesized from the α-carbon elongation reaction of cyclic ketones with vinamidinium salts, are useful synthetic intermediates to carbocyclic spiro compounds.
Spectral rotation in pulsed ESR spectroscopy

Abstract The technique of pulsed Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy is well developed and understood. The equivalent technique for ESR has been slower to be developed, but recent developments in ESR instrumentation have now made FT ESR possible. In this paper we consider the requirements for rotating the magnetization associated with an ESR spectrum by a microwave pulse. In addition, techniques for reconstructing the frequency (field)-domain spectrum from the time-domain spectra are described. These techniques are applied to obtain a FT spectrum from the electron spin-echo decay of γ-irradiated quartz and a FT spectrum from the free induction decay of the 2,5-di- t -butyl p -benzosemiquinone radical recorded in 50 and 25 ms, respectively, of real time.
Each Actin Subunit Has Three Nebulin Binding Sites: Implications for Steric Blocking

Nebulin is a giant protein that spans most of the muscle thin filament [1, 2]. Mutations in nebulin result in myopathies and dystrophies [3, 4]. Nebulin contains ∼200 copies of ∼35 residue modules, each believed to contain an actin binding site, organized into seven-module superrepeats [5, 6]. The strong correlation between the number of nebulin modules and the length of skeletal muscle thin filaments in different species suggests that nebulin determines thin filament length [2, 7, 8]. Little information exists about the interactions between intact nebulin and F-actin. More insight has come from working with fragments of nebulin, containing from one to hundreds of actin binding modules. However, the observed stoichiometry of binding between these fragments and actin has ranged from 0.4 to 13 modules per actin subunit [9–12]. We have used electron microscopy and a novel method of helical image analysis to characterize complexes of F-actin with a nebulin fragment. The fragment binds as an extended structure spanning three actin subunits and binding to different sites on each actin. Muscle regulation involves tropomyosin movement on the surface of actin, with binding in three states. Our results suggest the intriguing possibility that intact nebulin may also be able to occupy three different sites on F-actin.
Double isotope autoradiography.

Abstract A double emulsion autoradiographic technique is described which provides a high resolution method of detecting 14C and 3H simultaneously in a single tissue section. Two emulsions are used which differ in their sensitivity to beta radiation. One emulsion is applied to the top of the section, the other to the bottom. The top emulsion is sensitive to 3H beta particles and insensitive to 14C. Specificity for 14C is accomplished by using a celloidin film which separates the second 14C-sensitive emulsion from close contact with the section. Both emulsions are exposed and processed together. The final autoradiograph is viewed on a single slide. The 14C emulsion can be seen by focusing on the lower side of the section and the 3H emulsion by focusing on the upper side.
Internal temperature compensation of rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets for microwave devices by adding heavy lanthanides☆

Abstract The temperature variation of the remanent flux of rare earth-transition metal permanent magnets can be minimized by making appropriate substitutions of heavy lanthanides in the alloy. The underlying physical principle, its use in sintered magnets and some problems and limitations are reviewed. Recent successful applications to 2–17-type magnets are discussed. Difficulties in using the concept of temperature coefficient are outlined.
Onshore disposition of offshore oil and gas platforms: Western politics and international standards

Abstract Onshore-only disposition of retired offshore oil and gas platforms has become a core strategic objective for ocean/environmental advocates and policy makers. Although international oil companies oppose an onshore-only requirement, its rejection is no longer a high priority for them. The ascendancy of onshore-only disposition reflects a rational and predictable response to political attitudes, values, and expectations in Western Europe by both governmental policy makers and petroleum industry strategists. Repercussions from the fight over the disposition of the obsolete Brent Spar offshore oil storage and transfer facility are the proximate cause of the shift. Onshore disposition has been least expensive option for most platforms, but as platforms move further from shore toward deeper waters onshore disposition is more frequently inferior to other disposition alternatives — from both an environmental and economic point of view. If onshore-only disposition were to become an international standard, either de facto or de jure, some offshore producing areas would incur significantly higher disposition costs and lose opportunities to better utilize and protect their marine resources.
POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY : III. INFECTION BY INHALATION OF DROPLET NUCLEI AND THE NASOPHARYNGEAL PORTAL OF ENTRY, WITH A NOTE ON THIS MODE OF INFECTION IN RHESUS.

1. Poliomyelitis virus suspensions were atomized so as to produce dry droplet nuclei which, suspended in air, were introduced into a special infecting chamber and inhaled by test animals, both rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. 2. Without olfactory blockade, 5 of 7 rhesus and 6 of 7 cynomolgus monkeys developed poliomyelitis of the CNS with entry through the olfactory nerves. 3. With olfactory blockade, 2 of 35 rhesus and 4 of 10 cynomolgus monkeys developed this form of the disease by routes proved by serial sections of the olfactory bulbs not to have been olfactory. 4. The neural pathways of infection from the mucous surfaces to the CNS in the 4 cynomolgus monkeys with blockade were shown in 2 instances to have been the afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve into the Gasserian ganglion and thence to its central connections in the pons-medulla; in another case this was the probable route. In one instance the pathway consisted of the sympathetic fibers of the nose or nasopharynx into the cervical sympathetic ganglia and thence into the uppermost levels of the thoracic cord. The routes in the 2 rhesus monkeys with non-olfactory takes were not accurately determined but in one there was suggestive evidence of entry through the trigeminal nerve. 5. Study of the peripheral ganglia in a number of exposed cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, including several with no demonstrated involvement of the CNS, revealed lesions most constantly in the Gasserian ganglia; less so in the cervical sympathetics and still less so in the celiac. In 2 rhesus monkeys dying of other causes a few days after exposure, lesions were limited to the Gasserian ganglia. No evidence was found in any case of passage of infection from the celiac ganglia into the CNS. 6. The importance of the peripheral ganglia as intermediate stations in the centripetal passage of infection from the body surface is again emphasized. 7. Comparison of the present with a previous study suggests that infection by inhalation of virus occurs with greater ease than by ingestion.
Application of RTP-CVD Technology to Ulsi Device Fabrication

Rapid thermal processing chemical vapor deposition (RTP-CVD) has received considerable attention as a novel in-situ multi-processing tool capable of meeting the stringent requirements of ULSI device fabrication. In this paper, we review the progress made in developing and applying RTP-CVD to ULSI device fabrication. Research areas discussed include epitaxial Si and poly-Si growth, in-situ doping, selective growth, in-situ multi-processing, and novel dielectrics. In addition, the extension of RTP-CVD to novel materials such as Ge Si-x has produced device quality films with successful application in HBTs and Si-based optoelectronics.