cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating component hiding techniques in circuit topologies

Security for Cyber physical systems includes not only guaranteeing operational security of data they process, but preventing malicious alteration of their execution due to knowledge of their underlying structure. With the advent of software in the form of reprogrammable hardware descriptions, protection of field programmable units from malicious reverse engineering and subversion becomes more critical. We compare four different white-box transformation algorithms aimed at hindering adversarial reverse engineering by changing component and signal configurations within combinational logic programs. We present security and efficiency analysis for these techniques and show positive results for achieving measurable hiding of signal and component information.
Differences and Deficits in Psychological Research in Historical Perspective: A Commentary on the Special Section

This commentary traces discussions of psychological differences and deficits from the mid-1950s to the current day, positioning the disciplinary discussions in the social-historical context in which they took place. The challenges of assessing diagnoses of deficit and the potential harms that result when misdiagnosis is implemented as social policy pervade the discussion over time.
Non-familial activity and socio-economic differentials in fertility

The relationship between socio-economicstatus and fertility among married women is examined, using data from the 1/1,000 sample from the 1960 United States Census of Population and the 1960 Growth of American Families Study. Both sets of data indicate that the negative relationship between socio-economic status and fertility is still prevalent but may reflect different patterns of child-spacing rather than completed fertility. Labor force participation among these women is found to be negatively related to the number of children ever born. To determine the degree of involvement in this type of non-familial role, the work index or proportion of one’s married life engaged in the labor force is developed. The work index is found to be a particularly sensitive measure of involvement in the worker role vis-a-vis their fertility. The working hypothesis of this study, that such non-familial activity has a different effect according to one’s socio-economic status, is borne out. Participation in the labor force results in a relatively larger reduction in the fertility of upper status women than for those of lower status. However, this relationship apparently holds true only for those women from rural backgrounds but not for those from large urban areas.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues and the ovary: Do GnRH antagonists destroy primordial follicles?

The study by Danforth et al. shows that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists do not protect ovarian follicles from chemotherapy-induced damage and that GnRH antagonists alone reduce primordial follicle numbers in mice. This article discusses the strengths and limitations of the study by Danforth et al., as well as the potential mechanism of action of GnRH antagonists according to the literature.
Measuring the needs and satisfaction of probationers

Abstract This article describes the methods and results of a research project designed to measure the needs and level of satisfaction of persons sentenced to probation supervision. The questionnaire administered contained a number of instruments, including the Probationer Concern Inventory (PCI) which consists of 45 comparisons by pairs and is intended to measure the probationer's need for clarity, flexibility, assistance, control, support, and autonomy; a self-administered version of the Self-Anchor Striving Scale which measures the subject's position relative to self-generated concerns, and the Perception of Probation Officer Scale, which requires that the subject rank order a number of phrases describing his or her probation officer. The probation officer descriptions contained in this instrument are intended to reflect the PCI dimensions.
Ductular origin of pancreatic cancer and its multiplicity in man comparable to experimentally induced tumors. A preliminary study

Summary The histologic features of 3 randomly selected pancreatic cancer cases are compared with those found in Syrian hamsters after treatment with N -nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). The 3 human cases all exhibited hyperplastic, preneoplastic and malignant changes which were markedly multicentric, and which arose predominantly from ductules, as well as from small ducts. The findings were comparable to those in the hamster model. Proliferation and malignant alterations of the intrainsular ductules were commonly seen in both human and experimental tumors. The data is consistent with the concept that cells of the small ducts and especially of the ductules represent a potential source of human, as well as experimental, tumors. The small number of human cases studied does not allow generalization, but the marked resemblances in all 3 randomly selected pancreatic cancer cases were remarkable.
slam encodes a developmental regulator of polarized membrane growth during cleavage of the Drosophila embryo.

Abstract Cellularization of the Drosophila embryo is a specialized form of cytokinesis that couples membrane growth with the formation of a polarized epithelium. We have identified a gene essential for polarized growth of the plasma membrane during cellularization. In slam mutant embryos, the furrow canal is disorganized, and polarized insertion of transmembrane proteins is disrupted. slam shows a striking developmental induction during the slow phase of cellularization, and Slam protein localizes to the furrow canal and the basal junction. Slam colocalizes with the junctional proteins Arm/β-catenin, the PDZ domain-containing protein Dlt, and Myosin and is also required for their proper membrane localization. Our results suggest that developmental induction of Slam organizes the polarized growth of membrane via the recruitment of membrane-targeting proteins at adherens junctions.
Assessment of a novel group-centered testing schema in an upper-level undergraduate molecular biotechnology course.

Providing students with assignments that focus on critical thinking is an important part of their scientific and intellectual development. However, as class sizes increase, so does the grading burden, prohibiting many faculty from incorporating critical thinking assignments in the classroom. In an effort to continue to provide our students with meaningful critical thinking exercises, we implemented a novel group-centered, problem-based testing scheme. We wanted to assess how performing critical thinking problem sets as group work compares to performing the sets as individual work, in terms of student attitudes and learning outcomes. During two semesters of our recombinant DNA course, students had the same lecture material and similar assessments. In the Fall semester, student learning was assessed by two collaborative take-home exams, followed immediately by individual, closed-book in-class exams on the same content, as well as a final cumulative exam. Student teams on the take-home exams were instructor-assigned, and each team turned in one collaborative exam. In the Spring semester, the control group of students were required to turn in their own individual take-home exams, followed by the in-class exams and final cumulative exam. For the majority of students, learning outcomes were met, regardless of whether they worked in teams. In addition, collaborative learning was favorably received by students and grading was reduced for instructors. These data suggest that group-centered, problem-based learning is a useful model for achievement of student learning outcomes in courses where it would be infeasible to provide feedback on individual critical thinking assignments due to grading volume. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(4):232–241, 2013
On Delayed Sequential Coding of Correlated Sources

Motivated by video coding applications, the problem of sequential coding of correlated sources with encoding and/or decoding frame-delays is studied. The fundamental tradeoffs between individual frame rates, individual frame distortions, and encoding/decoding frame-delays are derived in terms of a single-letter information-theoretic characterization of the rate-distortion region for general interframe source correlations and certain types of potentially frame specific and coupled single-letter fidelity criteria. The sum-rate-distortion region is characterized in terms of generalized directed information measures highlighting their role in delayed sequential source coding problems. For video sources which are spatially stationary memoryless and temporally Gauss-Markov, MSE frame distortions, and a sum-rate constraint, our results expose the optimality of idealized differential predictive coding among all causal sequential coders, when the encoder uses a positive rate to describe each frame. Somewhat surprisingly, causal sequential encoding with one-frame-delayed noncausal sequential decoding can exactly match the sum-rate-MSE performance of joint coding for all nontrivial MSE-tuples satisfying certain positive semidefiniteness conditions. Thus, even a single frame-delay holds potential for yielding significant performance improvements. Generalizations to higher order Markov sources are also presented and discussed. A rate-distortion performance equivalence between, causal sequential encoding with delayed noncausal sequential decoding, and delayed noncausal sequential encoding with causal sequential decoding, is also established.
Two dimensional echocardiographic characteristics of double outlet right ventricle

The reliability was evaluated of two dimensional echocardiography in distinguishing double outlet right ventricle from other anomalies of the great arteries. Accordingly, a combined retrospective and prospective study was conducted in 13 children with double outlet right ventricle, 12 with tetralogy of Fallot, 13 with complete d-transposition of the great arteries, 5 with congenitally corrected I-transposition and 2 with truncus arteriosus. Echographic findings using a standard long axis view in all subjects with double outlet right ventricle included (1) inability to identify a great artery arising from the left ventricle, and (2) lack of continuity between the anterior mitral leaflet and any semilunar valve. In the short axis view constant findings were (1) simultaneous imaging of both great arteries in an anterior location with the ventricular septum identified posteriorly on sweeping into the left ventricle, and (2) lack of a clockwise wraparound of the aorta by the right ventricular outflow tract. Imaging revealed that the great arteries were side by side in seven patients d-malposed in three and l-malposed in two. A modified left precordial tomographic view demonstrated both great arteries arising from the right ventricle in four of nine patients not treated surgically. In four patients with surgically repaired double outlet right ventricle, the left ventricular outflow tract had a tunnel-like configuration in the long axis view. These findings were diagnostic of double outlet right ventricle in all patients and accurately differentiated the malformation from other anomalies of the great arteries.
Pyrimethamine inhibits adult polycystic kidney disease by modulating STAT signaling pathways

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a commonly inherited disorder mostly caused by mutations in PKD1, encoding polycystin-1 (PC1). The disease is characterized by development and growth of epithelium-lined cyst in both kidneys, often leading to renal failure. There is no specific treatment for this disease. Here, we report a sustained activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in ischemic injured and uninjured Pkd1 knockout polycystic kidneys and in human ADPKD kidneys. Through a chemical library screen, we identified the anti-parasitic compound pyrimethamine as an inhibitor of STAT3 function. Treatment with pyrimethamine decreases cell proliferation in human ADPKD cells and blocks renal cyst formation in an adult and a neonatal PKD mouse model. Moreover, we demonstrated that a specific STAT3 inhibitor, S3I-201, reduces cyst formation and growth in a neonatal PKD mouse model. Our results suggest that PC1 acts as a negative regulator of STAT3 and that blocking STAT3 signaling with pyrimethamine or similar drugs may be an attractive therapy for human ADPKD.
Tendon Healing in a Bone Tunnel Differs at the Tunnel Entrance Versus the Tunnel Exit An Effect of Graft-Tunnel Motion?

BackgroundMotion between a tendon graft and bone tunnel may impair graft incorporation and lead to tunnel widening.HypothesisHealing of a tendon graft in a bone tunnel is inhibited by graft-tunnel motion.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsAnterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed in 5 cadaveric rabbit limbs, and 3-dimensional graft-tunnel motion was measured using micro–computed tomography. The authors then performed bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in 15 rabbits and used histomorphometry to compare tendon-to-bone healing between the tunnel aperture, midtunnel, and tunnel exit and between the anterior and posterior aspects of the tunnel.ResultsGraft-tunnel motion was greatest at the tunnel apertures and least at the tunnel exit in cadaveric testing. Healing of the graft was slowest at the tunnel apertures. Tendon-bone interface width was greater at the aperture than at the tunnel exit for the femoral tunnel (P =. 04). There was an inverse correlation between ti...
The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions

Executive functions (EFs)—a set of general-purpose control processes that regulate one’s thoughts and behaviors—have become a popular research topic lately and have been studied in many subdisciplines of psychological science. This article summarizes the EF research that our group has conducted to understand the nature of individual differences in EFs and their cognitive and biological underpinnings. In the context of a new theoretical framework that we have been developing (the unity/diversity framework), we describe four general conclusions that have emerged. Specifically, we argue that individual differences in EFs, as measured with simple laboratory tasks, (a) show both unity and diversity (different EFs are correlated yet separable), (b) reflect substantial genetic contributions, (c) are related to various clinically and societally important phenomena, and (d) show some developmental stability.
Robust, compact representations for real-time path planning in changing environments

We have previously (2000) developed a new method for generating collision-free paths for robots operating in changing environments. Our approach relies on creating a representation of the configuration space that can be easily modified in real time to account for changes in the environment. In this paper we address the issues of efficiency and robustness. First, we develop a novel, efficient encoding scheme that exploits the redundancy in the map from robot's Euclidean workspace to its configuration space. Then, we introduce the concept of /spl epsi/-robustness, and show how it can be used to enhance the representations that are used by the planner. Along the way, we present quantitative results that illustrate the efficiency and robustness of our approach.
Development of sex differences in depressive and co-occurring anxious symptoms during adolescence: descriptive trajectories and potential explanations in a multiwave prospective study.

This study investigated psychosocial mechanisms that may account for sex differences in internalizing symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence using data from a prospective, multiwave study with a sample of early and middle adolescents (N = 350, 6th to 10th graders; 57% female). Girls showed higher initial levels of only depressive symptoms, not anxious arousal, and increasing trajectories of depressive and anxious arousal symptoms over time compared with boys after controlling for age. Initial levels of depressive symptoms were mediated by a Rumination × Stressors interaction as well as a Negative Cognitive Style × Stressors interaction. The Negative Cognitive Style × Stressors interaction and Rumination × Stressors interaction partially accounted for girls' increasing trajectories of depressive and anxious arousal symptoms over time.
Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest

At the Harvard Forest Long-term Ecological Research Site Chronic Nitrogen Amendment Study, a red pine and a mixed deciduous stand showed immediate changes in soil respiration following nitrogen additions (low N: 5 g N m � 2 per year; high N: 15 g N m � 2 per year) during the initial year (1988) of the study. In the hardwood stand, soil respiration rates increased after N additions in the first year (control: 482.0 g C m � 2 per year; high N: 596.5 g C m � 2 per year). This increase is attributed to increased productivity in the hardwood stand compared to the pine stand; N additions are hypothesized to have increased either root or microbial activity, or perhaps both. In the second year, however, respiration in the fertilized hardwood plots was not different from the control plot. In the pine stand, annual soil respiration was 21 and 25% lower, respectively, in low N and high N plots than the control (429.9 g C m � 2 per year), with further reductions in the second year. Weekly measures of soil respiration during summer 2001 showed that after 13 years of continuous nitrogen fertilization, soil respiration in the high N plots during growing season months was suppressed by 41% in both stands. To investigate the possibility that reduced microbial activity contributed to decreased total soil respiration, we incubated root-free soil and measured CO2 fluxes. The pattern in average respiration for incubated soils was similar to that observed from total soil respiration measured in the field. Laboratory respiration rates from the hardwood high N and pine high N soils were 43 and 64%, respectively, lower than rates from control soils. This indicates that nitrogen additions have reduced microbial activity and thus CO2 production in the field. Declines in forest productivity measured at both sites, as well as substantial tree mortality observed at the high N sites, may also lower root activity and rhizodeposition, and are also likely to reduce microbial decomposition by reducing organic matter available to soil microbes. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Application of single-pass adaptive VQ to bilevel images

Summary form only given; substantially as follows. Constantinescu and Storer (1994) introduced a new single pass adaptive vector quantization algorithm that maintains a constantly changing dictionary of variable sized rectangles by "learning" larger rectangles from smaller ones as an image is processed. For lossy compression of gray scale images, this algorithm with no advance information or training typically at least equals and often exceeds the compression obtained by the JPEG standard for a given quality. All of the authors' past work with this approach has been with lossy compression of images where pixels are 8 or more bits. The present authors provide experimental evidence that their generic single pass adaptive VQ algorithm is highly effective for bilevel images. They examine not only lossless compression, but also very high quality lossy compression as well as mixtures of lossless and lossy compression applied to scanned images that contain text, gray scale images, and line drawings. New distortion measures are introduced for high quality lossy compressed bilevel images. The authors have also experimented with an image that is a mixture of text and gray scale imagery.
The Structure of Aβ42 C-Terminal Fragments Probed by a Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

Abstract The C-terminus of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) 42 plays an important role in this protein's oligomerization and may therefore be a good therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Certain C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of Aβ42 have been shown to disrupt oligomerization and to strongly inhibit Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity. Here we study the structures of selected CTFs [Aβ( x –42); x = 29–31, 39] using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations and ion mobility mass spectrometry. Our simulations in explicit solvent reveal that the CTFs adopt a metastable β-structure: β-hairpin for Aβ( x –42) ( x = 29–31) and extended β-strand for Aβ(39–42). The β-hairpin of Aβ(30–42) is converted into a turn-coil conformation when the last two hydrophobic residues are removed, suggesting that I41 and A42 are critical in stabilizing the β-hairpin in Aβ42-derived CTFs. The importance of solvent in determining the structure of the CTFs is further highlighted in ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments and solvent-free replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. A comparison between structures with solvent and structures without solvent reveals that hydrophobic interactions are critical for the formation of β-hairpin. The possible role played by the CTFs in disrupting oligomerization is discussed.
Antibody αPEP13h reacts with lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells in lung nodules.

BACKGROUND Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is characterized by the proliferation in the lung, axial lymphatics (eg, lymphangioleiomyomas), and kidney (eg, angiomyolipomas) of abnormal smooth muscle-like LAM cells, which express melanoma antigens such as Pmel17/gp100 and have dysfunctional tumor suppressor tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes TSC2 or TSC1 . Histopathologic diagnosis of LAM in lung specimens is based on identification of the Pmel17 protein with the monoclonal antibody HMB-45. METHODS We compared the sensitivity of HMB-45 to that of antipeptide antibody αPEP13h, which reacts with a C-terminal peptide of Pmel17. LAM lung nodules were laser-capture microdissected to identify proteins by Western blotting. RESULTS HMB-45 recognized approximately 25% of LAM cells within the LAM lung nodules, whereas αPEP13h identified > 82% of LAM cells within these structures in approximately 90% of patients. Whereas HMB-45 reacted with epithelioid but not with spindle-shaped LAM cells, αPEP13h identified both spindle-shaped and epithelioid LAM cells, providing greater sensitivity for detection of all types of LAM cells. HMB-45 recognized Pmel17 in premelanosomal organelles; αPEP13h recognized proteins in the cytoplasm as well as in premelanosomal organelles. Both antibodies recognized a Pmel17 variant of approximately 50 kDa. CONCLUSIONS Based on its sensitivity and specificity, αPEP13h may be useful in the diagnosis of LAM and more sensitive than HMB-45.
Secretion properties, clearance, and therapy in airway disease

Chronic airway diseases like cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, asthma, diffuse panbronchiolitis, and bronchiectasis are all associated with chronic inflammation. The airway mucosa responds to infection and inflammation in part by surface mucous (goblet) cell and submucosal gland hyperplasia and hypertrophy with mucus hypersecretion. Products of inflammation including neutrophil derived DNA and filamentous actin, effete cells, bacteria, and cell debris all contribute to mucus purulence and, when this is expectorated it is called sputum. Mucus is usually cleared by ciliary movement, and sputum is cleared by cough. These airway diseases each are associated with the production of mucus and sputum with characteristic composition, polymer structure, and biophysical properties. These properties change with the progress of the disease making it possible to use sputum analysis to identify the potential cause and severity of airway diseases. This information has also been important for the development of effective mucoactive therapy to promote airway hygiene.
Faster but Not Stickier: Invasive House Geckos Can Out-Sprint Resident Mournful Geckos in Moorea, French Polynesia

Abstract The House Gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus, is one of the world's most invasive vertebrate species and is spreading rapidly across the South Pacific, displacing other species of geckos that are native or were already resident. We studied the adhesion and locomotor capabilities of H. frenatus and the resident Lepidodactylus lugubris on the island of Moorea in French Polynesia where they are syntopic. Our goal was to determine whether H. frenatus could stick or sprint faster than L. lugubris, two types of performance measures that could underlie superiority of H. frenatus in foraging and agonistic interactions hypothesized in other studies. The clinging ability of H. frenatus and L. lugubris are comparable suggesting that the potential for sticking to vertical and over-hanging surfaces as geckos move through their environments does not differ between species. In contrast, H. frenatus have maximal sprint speeds that are approximately fourfold higher than L. lugubris, an advantage in speed that is even g...
Characterization of underfill/passivation interfacial adhesion for direct chip attach assemblies using fracture toughness and hydro-thermal fatigue measurements

Delamination of underfill/passivation interface is a major cause for failure of direct chip attach (DCA) assemblies during reliability testing. We have used a modified asymmetric double cantilever beam (ADCB) testing for measuring the fracture toughness of the interface and a newly developed hydro-thermal fatigue testing (based on noncontact fiber optic displacement sensor) for measuring the fatigue crack growth rate along the interface. We have developed and used a simple anhydride cured model underfill epoxy (that captures the basic chemistry of the underfills) and a commercially available PMDA/ODA passivation for this study. Both the fracture toughness (determined through ADCB testing) and the fatigue crack growth rate (determined through hydro-thermal fatigue testing) are dependent on the mechanical phase angle under which the crack grows.
Fiber-optic magnetic-force phase modulator

A fiber-optic magnetic-force phase modulator using an aluminium-jacketed current-carrying fiber coil placed in a uniform external magnetic field is presented. The modulator has a center frequency of 30 kHz with a modulation efficiency of 2.4 rad/mA and a Q of 4.6. A theoretical model is developed for the modulator, and its predictions are compared with experimental results. An accurate and simple method of characterizing the phase modulator response is described. >
Quick Test and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in a Prison's Clinical Setting:

The Quick Test and the WAIS-R were administered to 20 male patients (12 black, 8 white) in an urban prison's psychiatric hospital. The mean chronological age of the sample was 29 yr. Strong positive correlations ranged from .64 to .90 between the Quick Test IQs and the WAIS-R Verbal Scale IQs and Full Scale IQs, with a modest relationship to Performance IQs. These findings suggest that the Quick Test provides a reasonable estimate of conventional verbal intelligence for a population in an urban prison's clinical setting.
Reduced basis approximation and a posteriori error estimates for a multiscale liquid crystal model

We present a reduced basis framework and associated a posteriori error estimates for the multiscale Stokes Fokker–Planck system that governs the flow of a dilute suspension of rod-like molecules im...
B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for cardiac dysfunction in anthracycline-treated children.

Background. Anthracyclines (AC) are useful antineoplastic agents, whose utility is limited by progressive cardiotoxicity. Our purpose was to evaluate plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), as a screening test for detecting late cardiac dysfunction in AC-treated children and to determine the prevalence of late cardiac dysfunction at low cumulative AC doses. Materials and Methods. This was a prospective study in which patients who had completed AC therapy at least 1 year earlier, underwent a detailed echocardiogram and a simultaneous BNP level. Cardiac dysfunction was defined as any one of the following: shortening fraction (FS) <29%, rate corrected
A bipotential neuroendocrine precursor whose choice of cell fate is determined by NGF and glucocorticoids

Adrenal medullary endocrine (chromaffin) cells and sympathetic neurons both derive from the neural crest. We have found that the embryonic adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia are both initially populated by precursors expressing neural-specific genes. By birth, however, the medulla consists largely of chromaffin cells. In primary culture, the medullary precursors have three developmental fates: in NGF they continue to mature into neurons and survive, whereas in glucocorticoid they either extinguish their neuronal properties and exhibit an endocrine phenotype, or else continue to develop into neurons but then die. These data suggest that, in vivo, the adrenal medulla develops through both the glucocorticoid-induced differentiation of bipotential progenitors and the degeneration of committed neuronal precursors, which have migrated into the gland.
Cell surface carbohydrates in proliferative epidermal lesions. II. Masking of peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding sites in solar keratoses, Bowen's disease, and squamous cell carcinoma by neuraminic acid.

Seventy-six skin biopsies of proliferative lesions were studied by using 4 different lectins and an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. In solar keratosis. Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma, malignant-appearing keratinocytes exhibited loss of membrane staining with Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A), but revealed cytoplasmic staining. When incubated with peanut agglutinin (I'NA), the malignant keralinocyles did not stain. However, the PNA binding sites were not absent, but masked by sialic acid. Following cleavage of the sialic acid with neuraminidase, tree PNA binding sites could be demonstrated in the plasma membranes. In contrast, the keratinocytes in keratoacanthomas showed membrane staining with Con A and also contained free PNA binding sites. These histochemical findings confirm and extend our earlier observations regarding cell surface carbohydrates in premalignant and malignant epidermal lesions.
OPeNDAP: Accessing data in a distributed, heterogeneous environment

In the process of implementing a protocol for the transport of science data, the Open Source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP) group has learned a considerable amount about the internal anatomy of what are commonly considered monolithic concepts. In order to communicate among our group, we have adopted a collection of deinitions and observations about data and the metadata that make them useful: differentiating between "semantic" and "syntactic" metadata, and deining categories such as "translational" and "use" metadata. We share the deinitions and categorizations here in the hope that others will ind them as useful as we do.
Antibiotics Overuse in Animal Agriculture: A Call to Action for Health Care Providers

The authors focus on the overuse of antibiotics in animal agriculture and evidence this is resulting in increased antibiotic resistance in organisms. It states antibiotics are given to animals in their feed to prevent infections and marginally improve animal growth. It mentions a number of nations have restricted the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and reports the U.S. Congress has repeatedly stalled a bill to phase out the use of eight medically-important antibiotics in animal feed.
Development and validation of an emergency department screening and referral protocol for victims of domestic violence.

Abstract Study objective: To describe the development, design, and validation of an emergency department protocol for the identification, documentation, and referral of victims of domestic violence. Methods: We based protocol development and design on a departmental needs assessment. The validation component involved the screening of women 16 years and older treated in the ED during a 2-week period at both triage (stage 1) and nursing assessment (stage 2). Sensitivity and specificity of the triage screen were determined. Results: The departmental needs assessment revealed several important limiting factors that motivated the design of the protocol. In response, the protocol design included a two-stage screening process, stage 1 taking place at triage and stage 2 as part of the nursing assessment. During the 2-week validation study, 595 women 16 years and older were treated in the ED, but complete two-stage screening data were obtained for only 114 (19%). Of the patients who were appropriately screened, eight screened positive at stage 1 and two of the eight were confirmed at stage 2. Two additional cases were identified at stage 2 in whom violence had not been suspected at stage 1. Triage screen sensitivity was 50%, specificity 95%. Of the women properly screened at both stages, 3.5% were identified as victims of domestic violence. Conclusion: We identified many obstacles to implementation of an ED domestic violence screening and referral protocol, demonstrating that evaluation is imperative in determining actual clinical impact. [Waller AE, Hohenhaus SM, Shah PJ, Stern EA: Development and validation of an emergency department screening and referral protocol for victims of domestic violence. Ann Emerg Med June 1996;27:754-760.]
Cryptic population dynamics: rapid evolution masks trophic interactions.

Trophic relationships, such as those between predator and prey or between pathogen and host, are key interactions linking species in ecological food webs. The structure of these links and their strengths have major consequences for the dynamics and stability of food webs. The existence and strength of particular trophic links has often been assessed using observational data on changes in species abundance through time. Here we show that very strong links can be completely missed by these kinds of analyses when changes in population abundance are accompanied by contemporaneous rapid evolution in the prey or host species. Experimental observations, in rotifer-alga and phagebacteria chemostats, show that the predator or pathogen can exhibit large-amplitude cycles while the abundance of the prey or host remains essentially constant. We know that the species are tightly linked in these experimental microcosms, but without this knowledge, we would infer from observed patterns in abundance that the species are weakly or not at all linked. Mathematical modeling shows that this kind of cryptic dynamics occurs when there is rapid prey or host evolution for traits conferring defense against attack, and the cost of defense (in terms of tradeoffs with other fitness components) is low. Several predictions of the theory that we developed to explain the rotifer-alga experiments are confirmed in the phage-bacteria experiments, where bacterial evolution could be tracked. Modeling suggests that rapid evolution may also confound experimental approaches to measuring interaction strength, but it identifies certain experimental designs as being more robust against potential confounding by rapid evolution.
A Time-Varying Phase Coherence Measure for Quantifying Functional Integration in the Brain

The functional integration between the different parts of the brain is usually quantified through a measure of coherence. Most of the existing measures define coherence based on the spectral energy distribution of the signals rather than the phase, and therefore cannot be reliably used as measures of neural synchrony. Moreover, the most common methods for quantifying coherence are formulated in the frequency domain and thus, do not take into account the time-varying nature of brain activity. Recently, coherence measures have been extended to account for the energy and the phase relationships between the given signals and the time-varying nature of the signals using the wavelet transform. In this paper, we extend this idea by introducing a new time-varying phase coherence measure based on Cohen's class of time-frequency distributions. This new measure is applied to both synthesized signals and electroencephalogram (EEG) data to show the effectiveness of the proposed measure in estimating phase changes and in quantifying the neural synchrony in the brain.
Afghanistan in 2012: Limited Progress and Threatening Future

As the 2014 transition of the U.S. out of Afghanistan approaches, progress has been made in weakening the Taliban insurgency and strengthening Afghan forces’ capacity. But the Taliban still remains entrenched, negotiations have not taken off, the Afghan government suffers from a profound legitimacy crisis, and Afghanistan’s economic future seems fraught with instability.
Ingestion, gastric fill, and gastric emptying before and after withdrawal of gastric contents

The notion that satiation signals are derived from the stomach with no additional contribution of postgastric sources (J. A. Deutsch. In: Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience. Food and Water Intake....
Fiber laser welding of dual-phase galvanized sheet steel (DP590): traditional analysis and new quality assessment techniques

Laser welding has many advantages over traditional joining methods, yet remains underutilized. NIST has undertaken an ambitious initiative to improve predictions of weldability, reliability, and performance of laser welds. This study investigates butt welding of galvanized and ungalvanized dual-phase automotive sheet steels (DP 590) using a 10 kW commercial fiber laser system. Parameter development work, hardness profiles, microstructural characterization, and optical profilometry results are presented. Sound welding was accomplished in a laser power range of 2.0 kW to 4.5 kW and travel speed of 2000 mm/min to 5000 mm/min. Vickers hardness ranged from approximately 2 GPa to 4 GPa across the welds, with limited evidence of heat affected zone softening. Decreased hardness across the heat affected zone directly correlated to the appearance of ferrite. A technique was developed to non-destructively evaluate weld quality based on geometrical criteria. Weld face profilometry data were compared between light optical, metallographic sample, and frequency-modulated continuous-wave laser detection and ranging (FMCW LADAR) methods.
Serum protein patterns in experimental coccidioidomycosis.

SummarySerums from mice inoculated intranasally with Coccidioides were separated electrophoretically. Total protein and the alpha-2 and beta globulin fractions increased significantly with development of disease, while albumin decreased. Gamma globulin remained constant. Increases in alpha-2 and beta globulins began about the 5th day. Albumin began to decline about the 7th day after inoculation.
Impact of health disparities on staff workload in pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinics.

Purpose Pharmacists’ provision of services unrelated to anticoagulant therapy at an anticoagulation clinic in an area of prevalent health disparities (health status differences between minority and nonminority populations) was evaluated. Summary A prospective cohort study was conducted to compare the frequency and types of additional services (i.e., services unrelated to anticoagulation) provided by pharmacists during an eight-week period at an urban clinic serving a primarily minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged patient population (clinic A) and a suburban clinic serving a primarily nonminority and affluent population (clinic B). Over the study period, additional services were provided during 42% of all patient visits ( n = 444) at clinic A and 8% of all visits ( n = 443) at clinic B. The most commonly provided additional services involved nonanticoagulation-related medical problems, which were addressed during about 9% of visits at clinic A and 3% of visits at clinic B; other additional services included setting up appointments, arranging transportation, and providing refills of nonanticoagulant medications. Missed appointments, early or late arrivals, and walk-in appointments were much more common at clinic A. The average daily pharmacist-staffing requirement was 3.8 hours higher at clinic A; over the entire study period, clinic A required a total of about 60 more staffed hours than clinic B. Conclusion Pharmacists practicing in an anticoagulation clinic serving an area of prevalent health disparities frequently spent a substantial amount of time addressing medical problems and administrative tasks unrelated to anticoagulation therapy.
Structure Mechanical Function Relationships of the Fetal Membrane

A normal pregnancy requires physical integrity of the fetal membrane (FM) until term delivery. Timely rupture of the fetal membrane is a vital part of term labor [1]. Premature failure of the FM, prior to full gestation, accounts for one third of all premature human births and affects 3% of all pregnancies [2]. Membrane rupture is either due to the release of the amniotic fluid, frequently signaling the onset of labor, or under a pathological circumstance [3]. In order to develop a rational basis for treatment and prevention of premature FM failure, we need first to understand FM structural and mechanical behavior. This includes its constituent layers at near full term under normal physiological loading states. Once these properties are established, we can then better formulate how the tissue transitions to the ability to fail at full term.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Application Evaluation of a New Cleaning Agent in Crude Oil Heat Exchanger's Cleaning

Scaling happened in many crude oil heat exchangers of crude stabilizer in Daqing Oilfield seriously,heat exchange efficiency was reduced,physical cleaning worked with great difficulty.On the basis of development,a new detergent for grease stain was applied to the chemical cleaning of crude oil heat exchanger,heat transfer coefficient was improved 40.8% more than that before,proving that the grease stain cleaning agent had high effectiveness.
The intestinal bleeding E.coli 0157:H7 animal host carrier situation survey of Xishuangbanna state

Objective:Understand the intestinal bleeding E.coli 0157:H7 animal host carrier situation of Xishuangbanna state,in order to provide the basis for the development of control strategies.Methods: Use immunomagnetic enrichment method,collected 282 households of pigs,cattle,chickens,ducks,geese,sheep,pigeons fresh stool samples for EHEC O157: H7 detection.Results: 27 samples were found O157:H7 positive and the carrying rate in animals was 9.57%.Carrying rate was highest in cattle(15.05%) and the carrying rate in duck,pig and chicken was 13.64%,9.41% and 3.45%.Geese,sheep,pigeons were not detected in animal reservoir of EHEC O157: H7.Conclusion: EHEC O157:H7 infection exist in the animal reservoir in Xishuangbanna state,which is a potential pandemic threat.
The Influence of Infectious Complications in Gastroschisis on Costs and Length of Stay.

Objective Outcomes for gastroschisis (GS) remain highly variable and avoiding infectious complications (ICs) may represent a significant improvement opportunity. Our objective was to provide estimates of the impact of IC on length of stay (LOS) and costs. Study Design Using a national database, 1,378 patients with GS were identified. Patient and hospital characteristics were compared and LOS and costs evaluated for patients with and without IC. Results Two-thirds of all GS patients had IC, and IC were common for simple and complex GS (65, 73%, respectively). After controlling for patient and hospital factors, LOS in patients with IC was significantly longer than in patients without IC (4.5-day increase, p = 0.001). Specifically, sepsis was associated with increasing median LOS by 11 days (p ≤ 0.001), candida infection by 14 days (p Conclusion IC among GS patients are common and contribute to increased LOS and costs. Quantifying clinical and financial ramifications of IC may help direct future quality improvement efforts.
Links between hormone replacement therapy and neoplasia.

Objective: To evaluate the literature on exogenous estrogens and progestins on risk of breast and endometrial cancers. Design: Review of epidemiologic literature. Setting: Population- and hospital-based studies. Subjects: Postmenopausal women. Interventions: Sex steroid hormone in hormone replacement regimens. Main Outcome Measures: Breast carcinoma and endometrial carcinoma. Results: Estrogens cause cell proliferation in in vitro systems and enhance tumor formation in carcinogen-exposed animal models. Estrogen effects in humans vary by tissue type, exposure patterns, and subject groups. Doses commonly used for estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) are sufficient to cause proliferation, hyperplasia, and carcinoma of the endometrium
Murine Fam65b forms ring-like structures at the base of stereocilia critical for mechanosensory hair cell function

Cochlear hair cells convert sound-induced vibration into electrical signals. FAM65B mutations cause hearing loss by an unknown mechanism. Using biochemistry and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), we show here that Fam65b oligomers form a circumferential ring near the basal taper of the mechanically sensitive stereocilia of murine hair cells. Taperin, a second protein near the taper, forms a dense-core-like structure that is disrupted in the absence of Fam65b. Stereocilia of Fam65b-deficient murine hair cells start to develop, but mechanotransduction is affected and stereocilia deteriorate. Yeast-two-hybrid screens identify RhoC as a Fam65b binding partner. RhoC co-localizes with Fam65b in stereocilia and regulates Fam65b oligomerization. Binding to RhoC and oligomerization are critical for Fam65b function. Our findings thus reveal a highly organized compartment near the base of stereocilia that is critical for hair cell function and affected in disease.
Labor Rights and Multinational Production: Inside and Out

The previous chapter sets the stage for considering the impact of multinational production on workers’ collective rights. In this chapter, I develop a set of hypotheses linking the two. My main hypotheses focus on the implications of different modes of production – directly owned versus subcontracted – for labor rights outcomes in developing nations. In addition to theorizing about the effects of international economic participation on labor-related outcomes, I also consider the impact global learning and advocacy, as well as domestic political institutions, have on labor rights. Whereas the main focus of this book is on the impact of the global economy on labor rights, I discuss the potential direct and mediating effects of the latter two factors. The main theoretical argument I advance is that participation in the global economy has varying effects in developing countries. Some elements of global production, such as directly owned investments, are likely to promote better respect for labor rights. However, other elements of global production, particularly arm’s-length subcontracting relationships, may have negative consequences for workers as a result of the cost competition they engender. Ultimately, then, the impact of economic openness on workers’ rights will depend on how each country is integrated into the global economy, and this varies across countries and over time. Variation in multinational firms’ modes of entry will be associated with differences in firms’ attitudes toward, and practices regarding, collective labor rights. Empirically, subcontracting and high trade openness may present governments with one set of pressures, while foreign direct investment and capital market openness could expose them to a different – and perhaps contradictory – set of demands.
Swept confocally-aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy for high speed volumetric imaging in behaving animals

SCAPE combines light-sheet optical sectioning with confocal de-scanning to produce very high-speed 3D imaging in a versatile single-objective geometry. SCAPE can image awake behaving mouse brain, zebrafish heart and crawling Drosophila larvae at 10-20 volumes-per-second.