cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sub-PC Scale Accretion Disk of NGC 4258

Water megamasers have been found to trace parsec/sub-parsec, circumnuclear accretion disks in several AGN (e.g., Circinus, NGC 1068 & NGC 4258). High-spatial (0.5 mas) and velocity resolution (0.2 km s−1) VLBA imaging of the disks reveals thin, warped ‘pannekoeken (pancake)’-style structures as opposed to thick tori in the inner regions of the central engines (40 000 Rsch). In this contribution, I will describe some current investigations into the dynamical and physical attributes of the water maser disk in NGC 4258, as revealed by VLBA, VLA and Effelsberg monitoring over 8 years.
Predicting lower urinary tract dysfunctions in patients with spinal cord injury

Abstract The results of combined cystometry and perineal electromyography were reviewed retrospectively in 75 consecutive, traumatic spinal cord-injured patients to predict lower urinary tract dysfunctions. In patients with vertebral spinal injuries at vertebral level T7 or above a reflex neurogenic bladder eventually developed. In those with vertebral level injuries T11 or below a lower motor neuron bladder dysfunction developed. Injuries at the vertebral levels T8, T9, and T10 represent a gray zone; and, depending on adjacent soft tissue injury, in these patients an upper or lower motor neuron bladder dysfunction developed. The transition from spinal shock (areflexia) to reflex neurogenic (hyperreflexia) bladder occurred at different times in different patients and could not be correlated to level of injury or its severity. The periurethral striated muscle was generally denervated if a lower motor neuron bladder dysfunction existed, however, rarely, dissociation may occur. When a reflex neurogenic bladder existed, sphincter dyssynergia was present 68 per cent of the time. This also could not be correlated with time after injury, level of injury, or severity of injury.
Family Structure and Conflict: Nest-Leaving Expectations of Young Adults and Their Parents.

In this article we explore the expectations of parents about the sequence of marriage and nest-leaving for their children and consider how the factors influencing parents expectations resemble those that shape their childrens. Particular attention is paid to membership in one-parent and stepparent families. Data are from the 1980 High School and Beyond Survey senior cohort a nationally representative survey of U.S. high school seniors. (EXCERPT)
Collection on porapak q of the aggregation pheromone of scolytus multistriatus (coleoptera: scolytidae)

The attractive volatiles in the air around the virgin female of the smaller European elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham), tunneling in elm logs can be collected by passing the air through a column of Porapak Q. These volatiles can be removed from the Porapak by Soxhlet extraction with hexane, yielding an extract that is attractive to in-flight beetles in the field. GLC analyses of this extract and an extract of virgin female frass indicate that the aeration extract contains active chemicals that are not in the extract of frass.
Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Brain Lesions: Electron Microscopic Examination

Albino mice injected with monosodium glutamate developed brain lesions in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Lesions involved primarily microglial cells with no effect to the perikarya of neurons. Distal neuronal processes were only slightly affected.
Local versus general anesthesia: a study of pulpal response in the treatment of cariously exposed teeth

TJL wo procedures common to operative dentistry when treating a patient’s cari­ ously exposed teeth are calcium hydrox­ ide direct pulp capping, for permanent teeth, and the formocresol pulpotomy, for primary teeth.1,2 Both procedures are done to enhance the pulpal response by promoting physiologic accommodation of pulp exposures on affected teeth in the most conservative way possible, short of complete endodontic therapy. This study discusses whether a correlation exists be­ tween the success of conservative pulp therapy and the use of a conventional, local anesthetic, with a vasoconstrictor. The question of whether patients under­ going operative dentistry procedures under general anesthesia benefit from not having conventional, local anesthetics administered is investigated. The re­ sponse of the dental pulp after surgery done with and without the use of a local anesthetic is investigated in particular.
Entrepreneurship: a social psychological perspective

Entrepreneurship can be advanced by identifying other theories of human behavior that can be transferred to the study of the field. Research paradigms such as the contingency and transactional models of leadership hold great promise. Entrepreneurial behaviors are complexly determined and require research models that reflect the richness of the processes exhibited. A social psychological approach to the field has not yet matured. Future research using more sophisticated behavioral models will have significant impact on the understanding of the development of entrepreneurial behaviors.
Neuregulin and laminin stimulate phosphorylation of the NF2 tumor suppressor in Schwann cells by distinct protein kinase A and p21-activated kinase-dependent pathways.

Mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene cause formation of schwannomas and other tumors in the nervous system. The NF2 protein, Schwannomin/Merlin, is a cytoskeleton-associated tumor suppressor regulated by phosphorylation at serine 518 (S518). Unphosphorylated Schwannomin restricts cell proliferation in part by inhibiting Rac- and p21-activated kinase (Pak). In a negative-feedback loop, Pak phosphorylates Schwannomin inactivating its ability to inhibit Pak. Little is known about receptor mechanisms that promote Pak activity and Schwannomin phosphorylation. Here we demonstrate in primary Schwann cells (SCs) that Schwannomin is rapidly phosphorylated on S518 by Pak following laminin-1 binding to β1 integrin, and by protein kinase A following neuregulin-1β (NRG1β) binding to ErbB2/ErbB3 receptors. These receptors, together with phosphorylated Schwannomin, P-Pak, Cdc42 and paxillin are enriched at the distal tips of SC processes, and can be isolated as a complex using β1 integrin antibody. Dual stimulation with laminin-1 and NRG1β does not synergistically increase Schwannomin phosphorylation because ErbB2 kinase partially antagonizes integrin-dependent activation of Pak. These results identify two parallel, but interactive pathways that inactivate the tumor suppressor activity of Schwannomin to allow proliferation of subconfluent SCs. Moreover, they identify ErbB2, ErbB3 and β1 integrins as potential therapeutic targets for NF2.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 130

Abstract All information concerning nuclei with A = 130 received prior to January 1974 have been evaluated and compiled. More than 250 papers were studied, and data from over 140 of these are used or cited in this work. This report supersedes the 1961 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets. The nuclei included range in Z from 49 to 60 and are In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, and Nd. No information on the Z = 59 nucleus Pr has yet been published for mass 130. The most complete information included concerns the (only) three stable, even-even A = 130 nuclei, Te, Xe, and Ba. The least investigated are the levels of the odd-odd nuclei, I, Cs, and La. The correspondence for levels of Te seen in decay work and those resulting from inelastic scattering is in need of further investigation. All level information for Xe is based on γ -ray investigations. Several reaction-gamma studies have been performed but no other reaction data are available for Xe. Reaction studies for Ba are sparse, and reaction-gamma results account for most of the levels known. Possible discrepancies in the Ba data include the BE(2), Q 2 measurements for the first 2 + state, and the half-life of the (11-ms) isomer. The β + -decay from La (study in the preliminary stages) is also beginning to provide new level information for Ba. The In → Sn → Sb β − -decays have just recently begun to be established by use of mass-separated sources, and the Sb → Te decay is now well explored. The relative positions of the two Sb isomers and transitions between them have yet to be established. βγ -coincidence work is needed to verify Q − -measurements for this β − -chain, as well as to determine the relative positions of the various isomers. The Ce → La → Ba β + -decay chain is of current interest, and Ce → La decay studies can be undertaken when the La → Ba results are more complete. The more neutron-deficient nuclei, La, Ce, and Nd, may be reached by (HI,xn γ ) reactions. Levels for even-even Ce have been obtained from just such studies. The odd-odd nuclei, I and Cs, are not reached by decay, and level information for these nuclei is not yet available from reaction studies.
A note on infinite fuzzy logic L 1 controllers

In this note, we give a counterexample to show that the Theorem of Rastovic (1995) is incorrect.
Context-aware MIML instance annotation: exploiting label correlations with classifier chains

In multi-instance multi-label (MIML) instance annotation, the goal is to learn an instance classifier while training on a MIML dataset, which consists of bags of instances paired with label sets; instance labels are not provided in the training data. The MIML formulation can be applied in many domains. For example, in an image domain, bags are images, instances are feature vectors representing segments in the images, and the label sets are lists of objects or categories present in each image. Although many MIML algorithms have been developed for predicting the label set of a new bag, only a few have been specifically designed to predict instance labels. We propose MIML-ECC (ensemble of classifier chains), which exploits bag-level context through label correlations to improve instance-level prediction accuracy. The proposed method is scalable in all dimensions of a problem (bags, instances, classes, and feature dimension) and has no parameters that require tuning (which is a problem for prior methods). In experiments on two image datasets, a bioacoustics dataset, and two artificial datasets, MIML-ECC achieves higher or comparable accuracy in comparison with several recent methods and baselines.
The metabolism of tyrosine-O-phosphate in Drosophila.

Abstract The role of tyrosine-O-phosphate as a substrate for tanning of the pupal case of Drosophila has been examined. From 14C tyrosine label experiments combined with studies on dopa decarboxylase it appears likely that tyrosine-O-phosphate is hydrolyzed prior to participation in the tanning reaction. Subsequent metabolism may be through dopamine and N-acetyl-dopamine, as has been described for Calliphora, although these intermediates are not accumulated in Drosophila. On this basis the tyrosine phosphate may represent only a relatively inert tyrosine reservoir. However, other functions such as a role in transport remain as possibilities.
Status report on stability of K-rich phases at mantle conditions

Abstract Experimental research on K-rich phases and observations from diamond inclusions, UHP metamorphic rocks, and xenoliths provide insights about the hosts for potassium at mantle conditions. K-rich clinopyroxene (Kcpx–KM3+Si2O6) can be an important component in clinopyroxenes at P>4 GPa, dependent upon coexisting K-bearing phases (solid or liquid) but not, apparently, upon temperature. Maximum Kcpx content can reach ∼25 mol%, with 17 mol% the highest reported in nature. Partitioning (K)D(cpx/liquid) above 7 GPa=0.1–0.2 require ultrapotassic liquids to form highly potassic cpx or critical solid reactions, e.g., between Kspar and Di. Phlogopite can be stable to about 8 GPa at 1250 °C where either amphibole or liquid forms. When fluorine is present, it generally increases in Phl upon increasing P (and probably T) to about 6 GPa, but reactions forming amphibole and/or KMgF3 limit F content between 6 and 8 GPa. The perovskite KMgF3 is stable up to 10 GPa and 1400 °C as subsolidus breakdown products of phlogopite upon increasing P. (M4)K-substituted potassic richterite (ideally K(KCa)Mg5Si8O22(OH,F)2) is produced in K-rich peridotites above 6 GPa and in Di+Phl from 6 to ∼13 GPa. K content of amphibole is positively correlated with P; Al and F content decrease with P. In the system 1Kspar+1H2O K-cymrite (hydrous hexasanidine–KAlSi3O8·nH2O–Kcym) is stable from 2.5 GPa at 400 to 1200 °C and 9 GPa; Kcym can be a supersolidus phase. Formation of Kcym is sensitive to water content, not forming within experiments with H2O Kspar. Phase X, a potassium di-magnesium acid disilicate ((K1−x−n)2(Mg1−nMn3+)2Si2O7H2x), forms in mafic compositions at T=1150–1400 °C and P=9–17 GPa and is a potential host for K and H2O at mantle conditions with a low-T geotherm or in subducting slabs. The composition of phase-X is not fixed but actually represents a solid solution in the stoichiometries □2Mg2Si2O7H2–(K□)Mg2Si2O7H–K2Mg2Si2O7 (□=vacancy), apparently stable only near the central composition. K-hollandite, KAlSi3O8, is possibly the most important K-rich phase at very high pressure, as it appears to be stable to conditions near the core–mantle boundary, 95 GPa and 2300 °C. Other K-rich phases are considered.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Silicate Rock Standards AN-G, BHVO-1, QLO-1, RGM-1, and STM-1

Silicate rock standards AN-G, BHVO-1, QLO-1, RGM-1, SDC-1 and STM-1 have been analyzed for 7 REE (La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu), Na2O, FeOt, Sc, Co, Cr, Ta, Hf and Th by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The mean values are compared to those from other studies reported in the literature.
Peripheral education of the immune system by the colonic microbiota

There is growing interest in understanding the effects of host-microbial interactions on host physiologic processes. Much of the work in this arena is logically focused on the interaction at mucosal surfaces as this is a primary site of interaction. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that the effects of the microbiota have a much farther reach including the systemic immune system. While there are some similarities to effects at mucosal surfaces (i.e. reduced numbers of adaptive immune cells, diminished innate responses), there are some important differences that we highlight such as the response to immunogens and bacterial antigens. We propose that understanding the details of how specific components of the microbiota influence the systemic immune system likely will have significant impact on our understanding the pathophysiology of a variety of autoimmune diseases.
Production of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) with β-substituents containing terminal ester groups by Pseudomonas oleovorans

Pseudomonas oleovorans was grown separately on the methyl, ethyl and tert-butyl esters of octanoic, nonanoic and decanoic acid in attempts to obtain poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates), PHAs, with ester groups at the terminal position of the β-substituent. The growth rate increased from methyl to tert-butyl esters, but the rate for the slowest growing substrates, the methyl esters, could be accelerated by using special feeding techniques, either by prefeeding with sodium acetate or by cofeeding with a good growth and polymer producing substrate, sodium octanoate. For the ethyl esters the prefeeding technique had minimal success, but a considerable increase of the growth rate was achieved by starting the bacterial growth with a pre-culture that was grown on the substrate under investigation. Tert-butyl nonanoate as the substrate gave the most rapid growth, but the growth rate was not influenced by special feeding techniques. All of these substrates formed copolymers which contained up to eight different repeating units and some had terminal ester groups on alkane side chains of varying lengths. The use of methyl esters as substrates resulted in the incorporation of a reasonably high degree of pendant methyl ester groups in the polymer produced, and the amount of repeating units carrying pendant ester groups dependend directly on the oxygen supply available to the bacterial culture. The fermentation of substrates with ethyl ester groups resulted in the formation of copolymers containing either unsubstituted units or units containing either ethyl or methyl ester groups, or both. The reason for this unexpected behavior was not clarified. The large tert-butyl ester group was not maintained as a substituent group in the polymer, but instead, growth on this substrate always resulted in producing polymers consisting of the unsubstituted repeating units expected from the corresponding carboxylic acid alone.
Digital deconvolution FRET microscopy: 3D visualization of protein-protein interactions in a single living cell

The spatiotemporal dynamics of dimerization of the transcription factor Pit-1 in the living cell nucleus have been visualized and monitored by expression of genetic vectors encoding green (GFP) and blue (BFP) fluorescent protein fusions and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging techniques. However, in wide-field FRET imaging microscopy the FRET signals are a combination of signals from all focal planes and the fine image details are obscured by 'out-of-focus' light. Digital deconvolution FRET imaging microscopy is used here to remove the 'out-of-focus' light to improve the resolution of the protein localization in the optical axis. Cells expressing fluorescent Pit-1 fusion proteins were imaged with a high speed, high sensitivity CCD camera and a water immersion objective lens. The point spread function (PSF) of the system was used to deconvolve the donor and acceptor images which then were ratioed to obtain the FRET signal at different optical sections. These signals were used to create three-dimensional visualization of the distribution of Pit-1 protein dimers. Digitally deconvolved data with a water immersion lens has a better signal-to-noise ratio than data obtained with an oil immersion lens. The 3-D energy transfer imaging of Pit-1 protein in the nucleus of living cells offers the possibility of studying domains within the nucleus.
Effect of deformation on flame spreading and combustion in propellant cracks

A comprehensive theoretical model was formulated to study the development of convective burning in a solid propellant crack which continually deforms due to burning and pressure loading. The effect of interrelated structural deformation and combustion processes was included in the theoretical model. The set of coupled, nonlinear, governing partial-differential equations was solved numerically. Several regions of partial crack closures were observed experimentally in narrow cracks (gap width -450 /on). Predicted results indicate that the partial closures may generate substantial local pressure peaks along the crack, implying a strong coupling between chamber pressurization, crack combustion, and propellant deformation, especially when cracks are narrow and chamber pressurization rates are high. Predicted results for ignition-front propagation and pressure distribution are in good agreement with experimental data. Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the maximum pressure in the crack cavity is generally higher than that in the chamber. Under the conditions studied, it was found that the initial flame-spreading process is not affected substantially by propellant deformation.
Range detection for AGV using a rotating sonar sensor

A single rotating sonar element is used with a restricted angle of sweep to obtain readings to develop a range map for the unobstructed path of an autonomous guided vehicle (AGV). A Polaroid ultrasound transducer element is mounted on a micromotor with an encoder feedback. The motion of this motor is controlled using a Galil DMC 1000 motion control board. The encoder is interfaced with the DMC 1000 board using an intermediate IMC 1100 break-out board. By adjusting the parameters of the Polaroid element, it is possible to obtain range readings at known angles with respect to the center of the robot. The readings are mapped to obtain a range map of the unobstructed path in front of the robot. The idea can be extended to a 360 degree mapping by changing the assembly level programming on the Galil Motion control board. Such a system would be compact and reliable over a range of environments and AGV applications.
Stable-isotope ratio analysis based on atomic hyperfine structure and optogalvanic spectroscopy

Abstract Atomic hyperfine structures were measured for the Cu I transition at 5782 A by optogalvanic spectroscopy at high resolution, with a cw dye laser. Samples were electro-deposited on the demountable cathode of a home-made hollow-cathode lamp. By spectral deconvolution, the relative isotopic abundances of 63 Cu and 65 Cu could be determined with good accuracy and precision. The technique is applicable to copper concentrations as low as 1.6 ppm.
Children's Social Play Sequence: Parten's Classic Theory Revisited.

The purpose of this article is to revisit Parten’s study on social play from cultural, environmental, social and economic aspects. Young children’s social play is viewed as a critical means to foster and enhance language, cognitive, social and emotional development. Social play theory has been predominately viewed from developmental perspectives. The classic study of Parten’s social play has been considered as a guideline for early childhood education programmes for decades. However, some recent research indicates that many young children may not necessarily follow the hierarchical sequence of social play as defined by Parten. Cultural, environmental and social changes since Parten’s time may have an impact on children’s social play behaviour and on the interpretations of play behaviour in addition to developmental factors. Because of the diversity and complexity of American children and their families, there is a pressing need to re‐examine Parten’s developmental sequence of young children’s social play ...
CONCURRENT DESIGN OF ENGINEERING SURFACES USING PATCHWORK ANALYSIS

This paper presents the theoretical basis for a new approach to concurrent engineering of surface topographies. An indispensable element of concurrent engineering of random topographies is a method for describing the topography that captures the essence that is responsible for behavior and is indicative of the manufacturing process and process variables. The approach presented here is based on understanding topographically dependent phenomena as collections of discrete interactions, at certain scales, which can be simulated in a patchwork fashion. It is then possible to estimate the strength of an interaction with a surface and to separate the design process into Euclidean and fractal regimes.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ESCAPE SPEED AND FLIGHT DISTANCE IN A WOLF SPIDER, HOGNA CAROLINENSIS (WALCKENAER 1805)

The relationship between running speed and flight distance is an important one in terms of escape from predators, especially in species that may have multiple defensive strategies. In the wolf spider Hogna carolinensis, one important antipredator mechanism is flight. We examined the relationship between sprint speed and flight distance in wolf spiders by measuring sprint speed on a running track and, in a separate set of experiments with the same individual spiders, measured the distance at which they fled from an advancing model predator. Sprint speed was not significantly correlated with mass, size, or sex of the spiders. Sprint speed was positively correlated with flight distance. This correlation may be the result of a trade-off between two competing modes of antipredator mechanisms: escape and crypsis. In individuals with higher sprint speeds, escape may be the more advantageous option. Slower individuals may have a greater chance of surviving an encounter with a predator simply by remaining still and relying on crypsis.
Conjugation factor of Agrobacterium tumefaciens regulates Ti plasmid transfer by autoinduction

CONJUGAL transfer of Ti plasmids from Agrobacterium donors to bacterial recipients is controlled by two types of diffusible signal molecules. Induction is mediated by novel compounds, called opines, that are secreted by crown gall tumours. These neoplasias result from infection of susceptible plants by virulent agrobacteria. The second diffusible signal, called conjugation factor, is synthesized by the donor bacteria themselves. Production of this factor is induced by the opine. Here we show that conjugation is regulated directly by a transcriptional activator, TraR, which requires conjugation factor as a coinducer to activate tra gene expression. TraR is a homologue of LuxR, the lux gene activator from Vibrio fischeri which also requires an endogenously synthesized diffusible coinducer. The two regulatory systems are related; the two activator proteins show amino-acid sequence similarities and the lux system cofactor, autoinducer, will substitute for conjugation factor in the TraR-dependent activation of Ti plasmid tra genes.
Overnight changes in circulating energy substrate concentrations in the vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus)

Abstract 1. 1. Circulating levels of glucose, alpha-amino-nitrogen, beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids and triglycerides were measured in fed and 10-hr food-deprived Vesper sparrows ( Pooecetes gramineus ). 2. 2. Food-deprived sparrows had significantly lower levels of circulating triglycerides and alpha-amino nitrogen, and significantly higher levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate, as compared to fed sparrows. 3. 3. The mean plasma glucose concentrations in fed and food-deprived sparrows were not significantly different. However, if the individual fed [glucose]-fasted [glucose] values are averaged, then a significant decrease in plasma glucose is seen in the food-deprived state. 4. 4. The average overnight metabolic expense at room temperature for these sparrows is also reported.
Flexible Mask Subtraction For Digital Angiography

We describe a parallel structured algorithm that suppresses motion artifacts in coronary digital subtraction angiography (DSA). DSA involves the subtraction of a "mask" -- an image of the heart before injection of contrast medium -- from a "live" image. The mask and live images are x-ray images of the heart before and after, respectively, the injection of contrast medium. Although the two images are at the same or nearly the same phase of the cardiac cycle, physical changes occurring in the interim between the acquisition of the images produce several artifacts and distortions. Among these artifacts and distortions are mean gray-level shift, rotation, translation and nonisotropic scaling. The artifacts and distortions are spatially and temporally varying. In our algorithm each image is partitioned into an array of rectangular segments. Each segment is first matched to the mask, then transformations of rotation, translation and nonisotropic scaling are carried out iteratively, converging to the best match in the least squares sense. This algorithm, we believe, is an improvement over earlier methods, because it is fully automatic, it overcomes nonisotropic scaling artifacts, it gives a good correction for gray level variations, and it offers a matching accuracy of 0.1 pixel or better. Experimental results on both phantoms and real images are presented.
3D FinFET and other sub-22nm transistors

FinFET provides needed relief to ICs from performance, power, and device variation predicaments. It also provides higher carrier mobility, especially at low voltage near the threshold voltage, giving promise to practical near-threshold circuits. Another new transistor conceived simultaneously with FinFET, UTB-SOI FET, is also entering production. Together they showed a new scaling path forward: scale the body thickness in proportion to gate length.
Derivation of equations for rainfall infiltration

Abstract Formulae were derived for prediction of ponding time and cumulative infiltration following ponding under the influence of rainfall. The derivations do not assume immediate saturation at the surface nor a piston displacement of air by water; they include the viscous flow of air. The results were compared with experimental data of Rubin and Steinhardt and a formula proposed by Mein and Larson.
An Agent-Based Dynamic Model for Analysis of Distributed Space Exploration Architectures

A range of complex challenges, but also potentially unique rewards, underlie the development of exploration architectures that use a distributed, dynamic network of resources across the solar system. From a methodological perspective, the prime challenge is to systematically model the evolution (and quantify comparative performance) of such architectures, under uncertainty, to effectively direct further study of specialized trajectories, spacecraft technologies, concept of operations, and resource allocation. A process model for System-of-Systems Engineering is used to define time-varying performance measures for comparative architecture analysis and identification of distinguishing patterns among interoperating systems. Agent-based modeling serves as the means to create a discrete-time simulation that generates dynamics for the study of architecture evolution. A Solar System Mobility Network proof-of-concept problem is introduced representing a set of longer-term, distributed exploration architectures. Options within this set revolve around deployment of human and robotic exploration and infrastructure assets, their organization, interoperability, and evolution, i.e., a system-of-systems. Agent-based simulations quantify relative payoffs for a fully distributed architecture (which can be significant over the long term), the latency period before they are manifest, and the up-front investment (which can be substantial compared to alternatives). Verification and sensitivity results provide further insight on development paths and indicate that the framework and simulation modeling approach may be useful in architectural design of other space exploration mass, energy, and information exchange settings.
Can plasma ammonia be measured in patients with acute liver disease

AbstractBackgroundPlasma ammonia (PA) measurement is of key importance in the diagnosis and monitoring of some inherited metabolic disorders and to monitor subsequent treatment of hyperammonaemia.M...
Facile Insertion of Terminal Acetylenes into the RuII−NR2 Bond of a 14-Valence-Electron Complex

The reaction of alkynes RC≡CH (R = H, Ph) with (PNP)RuCl, where PNP is ( t Bu 2 PCH 2 SiMe 2 ) 2 N, occurs rapidly below 23 °C to give first an η 2 -alkyne adduct and then a final product with a vinylidene group, C=CHR, inserted into the N-Ru bond. Characterization included X-ray diffraction (R = Ph) and DFT calculations to probe mechanistic aspects of the reaction.
LEC12 and LEC29 Gain-of-Function Chinese Hamster Ovary Mutants Reveal Mechanisms for Regulating VIM-2 Antigen Synthesis and E-selectin Binding

LEC12 and LEC29 are two gain-of-function Chinese hamster ovary glycosylation mutants that express the Fut9 gene encoding α(1,3)fucosyltransferase IX (α(1,3) Fuc-TIX). Both mutants express the Lewis X (LeX) determinant Galβ(1,4)[Fucα(1,3)]GlcNAc, and LEC12, but not LEC29 cells, also express the VIM-2 antigen SAα(2,3)-Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcβ(1,3)Galβ(1,4)[Fucα(1,3)]GlcNAc. Here we show that LEC29 cells transfected with a Fut9 cDNA express VIM-2, and thus LEC29 cells synthesize appropriate acceptors to generate the VIM-2 epitope. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that LEC12 has 10- to 20-fold less Fut9 gene transcripts than LEC29. However, Western analysis revealed that LEC12 has ∼20 times more Fut9 protein than LEC29. The latter finding was consistent with our previous observation that LEC12 has ∼40 times more in vitro α(1,3)Fuc-T activity than LEC29. The basis for the difference in Fut9 protein levels was found to lie in sequence differences in the 5′-untranslated regions (5′-UTR) of LEC12 and LEC29 Fut9 gene transcripts. Whereas reporter assays with the respective 5′-UTR regions linked to luciferase did not indicate a reduced translation efficiency caused by the LEC29 5′-UTR, transfected full-length LEC29 Fut9 cDNA or in vitro-synthesized full-length LEC29 Fut9 RNA gave less Fut9 protein than similar constructs with a LEC12 5′-UTR. This difference appears to be largely responsible for the reduced α(1,3)Fuc-TIX activity and lack of VIM-2 expression of LEC29 cells. This could be of physiological relevance, because LEC29 and parent Chinese hamster ovary cells transiently expressing a Fut9 cDNA were able to bind mouse E-selectin, although they did not express sialyl-LeX.
Mercury alters endotoxin-induced inflammatory cytokine expression in liver: differential roles of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated mitogen-activated protein kinases.

Mercury is a widespread metal in the environment and consequently large populations are currently exposed to low levels of mercury. Endotoxin, a component of the Gram-negative bacteria, promotes inflammatory responses. We recently reported that mercury modulates the production of nitric oxide and various inflammatory cytokines induced by endotoxin in a macrophage cell line (Nitric Oxide 2002, 7:67). The present study was designed to determine the impact of mercury on endotoxin-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and corresponding signal transduction in mouse liver. Male BALB/c mice were exposed continuously to 0, 0.3, 1.5, 7.5, or 37.5 ppm of mercury in drinking water for 14 days and at the end of the treatment periodlipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 2 hr prior to euthanasia. The doses of mercury and LPS did not cause hepatotoxicity as indicated by unaltered circulating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Mercury decreased liver glutathione...
Phenotypic Reversion of Cultured Mouse Adenocarcinoma Cells: Mediation by Cell Density and Chemical Exposure

Reversions of mouse adenocarcinoma (MAC/10T3) cells from fibroblastic, high-tumorigenic to epithelioid, low-tumorigenic phenotype was obtained by either seeding MAC/10T3 cells at low cell density or by exposing them to varying concentrations of IQ-1 or IQ-2 compounds. Clonal isolation was carried out by the ring isolation technique, and the various cloned revertant types were characterized by their cell morphology, saturation density, and tumorigenicity. Most of the revertants isolated 11 to 15 days after seeding at low cell density eventually returned to the fibroblastic, high-tumorigenic (HT) phenotype when serially passed at high cell density. In contrast, 25 to 36.3% of the slow-growing revertants isolated between 21 and 28 days after seeding at low cell density maintained the parental epithelioid morphology when subsequently seeded at high cell density. The observation of a possible temporal relationship between the low density seeding and the occurrence of stable revertants, and the observed differe...
A Report on the Bridges Seoul 2014 Conference

The International Conference of Bridges Seoul 2014 was the seventeenth annual conference in the Bridges series, which was held at the Gwacheon National Science Museum, Seoul, Korea, 14–19 August 2014. This year’s conference brought approximately three hundred mathematicians, architects, scientists, artists, educators, musicians, writers, computer scientists, sculptures, dancers, weavers, and model builders together. In addition, for this year, thanks to the 2014 International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Seoul, many participants from this congress attended Bridges. The list of participants also included about one thousand Korean students and their families, who were invited by the Gwacheon National Science Museum.
Interference color of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) films for sensor application

Anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes are fabricated under different anodization potentials in dilute sulfuric acid. Here we report the growth of AAO under 10, 15, 20, and 25V. These AAO membranes consist of nanopores with pore-to-pore distance from 35 to 69 nm. When AAO membranes are kept thin (less than ~500 nm), together with the unreacted aluminum substrate, interference colors are observed. The inference color of the membrane is changed by its thickness and the pore-to-pore distance, which is controlled by the anodization time and voltage, respectively. By using thin film interference model to analyze the UV-Vis reflectance spectra, we can extract the thickness of the membrane. Thus the linear growth of AAO membrane in sulfuric acid with time during the first 15 minutes is validated. Coating poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) sodium salt and poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) layer by layer over the surface of AAO membrane consistently shifts the interference colors. The red shift of the UV-Vis reflectance spectrum is correlated to the number of layers. This color change due to molecular attachment and increasing thickness is a promising method for chemical sensing.
Staining And Removing Tubed Tissue Cultures for Permanent Records

The difficulties encountered in growing and staining tissue cells on small cover slips are avoided by employing routine staining methods on tube cultures in situ. The stained preparations can be removed on collodion strips for oil-immersion microscopy. Staining the monolayers before collodion embedding and placing the stained strips on slides, cell side up, eliminates the need for removal or clearing of the collodion. Stained tubes can be stored indefinitely until collodion mounts are desired. The preparations make excellent classroom demonstrations as well as permanent records of cytopathology.
Telluride mineralogy of the low-sulfidation epithermal Emperor gold deposit, Vatukoula, Fiji

¶The epithermal, low sulfidation Emperor gold telluride deposit in Fiji, hosted by Late Miocene-Early Pliocene shoshonitic rocks, is spatially related to a low-grade porphyry Cu system on the western flank of the Tavua Caldera. Gold is largely in the form of “invisible” gold in arsenian pyrite but 10 to 50% of gold is in the form of precious metal tellurides. Gold mineralization occurs in steeply dipping dikes and faults, flat-dipping structures (<45°), referred to locally as “flatmakes,” and at the intersection of two or more structures referred to as “shatter zones.” Petrographic, electron microprobe, and scanning electron microscope analyses of ores from some of the more recently discovered orebodies, Matanagata, Matanagata East, and R1 reveal that tellurium-bearing minerals, sylvanite, calaverite, krennerite, petzite, hessite, coloradoite, melonite, native tellurium, and rare benleonardite, formed during various hydrothermal stages, hosted in quartz, and to a lesser extent arsenian pyrite and tetrahedrite group minerals. Sylvanite followed by krennerite are the two most common tellurides in these orebodies. These tellurides show no systematic spatial distribution within flatmakes but there appears to be a higher concentration of tellurides where the flatmake intersects steep structures. Gold-rich tellurides preceded the formation of silver-rich tellurides and were constrained at 250 °C in log f S2 and log f Te2 space at −12.7 to −10.1 and −9.4 to −7.8, respectively, based on sulfide and telluride stabilities, and the composition of sphalerite. Ore forming components, such as Au, Ag, Te, Cu, V, and S, were likely derived from Late Miocene-Early Pliocene monzonites in and adjacent to the Tavua caldera.
Cognitive impairment in neurofibromatosis type 1.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is associated with a broad range of relatively nonspecific cognitive impairments, including low IQ, learning disabilities, and behavioral difficulties. While early studies indicated that the cognitive phenotype of NF1 resembles that of nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD), later research has found that the impairments are broader and do not fit the NLD profile well. Language-based deficits and executive dysfunction have also been found in empirical studies. There is some evidence that neuropsychological impairment may be correlated with the underlying central nervous system involvement of NF1, but this theory has not been consistently supported across studies. Further work clarifying the cognitive phenotype of NF1 is needed, especially investigations that employ appropriate comparison groups matched for intellectual level. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Semin. Med. Genet.) 89:45-52, 1999.
Low-power functionality enhanced computation architecture using spin-based devices

Power consumption in CMOS integrated circuits increases every technology generation due to increased subthreshold and gate leakage currents. To cope with such a problem, researchers have started looking at the possibility of logic devices based on electron spin, as an alternative to charge based CMOS, for realizing low-power integrated circuits with low active power dissipation and zero standby leakage. In this paper, we investigate spin-based logic devices that employ low-power spin-torque switching mechanism for circuit operation. We have developed a Functionality Enhanced All Spin Logic (FEASL) architecture and a synthesis framework using Logically Passively Self Dual (LPSD) formulation. This methodology enables the design of large functional logic blocks, especially low-power adders and multipliers, which constitute the building blocks of all arithmetic logic units (ALU). In addition, we have investigated three different variants of ASL, which are low-power, medium-power -- medium performance and high performance and we analyze their merits and drawbacks at circuit/architecture level. We synthesized Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) algorithm using adders and multipliers to show the efficacy of the proposed FEASL approach in designing digital signal processing (DSP) systems. Compared to 15nm CMOS implementation, the FEASL based DCT shows 88% improvement in power and 83% in PDP with 43% degradation in performance.
Advective and dispersive mixing in stratified formations

The mixing process in fluid flow is presented as the bending and stretching of material lines or filaments. A mixing exponent, which quantifies their specific rate of stretching, is defined and analyzed for the case of groundwater flow though stratified formations characterized by a Gaussian autocovariance function. The analysis is performed for purely advective mixing as well as for advective-dispersive mixing. The mixing exponent was found to be proportional to the variance of hydraulic conductivity and inversely proportional to the correlation scale of hydraulic conductivity and to the pore-level dispersion coefficient.
Formation constants in CH hydrogen bonding. 2. Alkynes and polyhalobenzenes with hexamethylphosphoric triamide in cyclohexane solution

Formation constants, K, for hydrogen bonding of weak CH donors with hexamethylphosphoric triamide were measured in cyclohexane at 35°C by PMR spectroscopy; data were analyzed by the Higuchi method. Donors include terminal alkynes and series of polyfluoro-, polychloro- and polybromobenzenes. The K values for many of these are too small to measure in CCl4. For RCCH, K decreases in the order R = BrCH2 > C6H5 > C2H5O > tert-butyl. For polyhalobenzenes, K is generally larger for F than Cl or Br, and meta halogens facilitate hydrogen bonding most effectively. Among tetrahalobenzenes, 1,2,3,4-isomers show the least evidence of 2:1 complex formation. Pentachlorobenzene has a smaller K than its 1,2,3,4-tetrachlor analog even after statistical correction; for C6HX5, K decreases in the order F > Cl > Br; the K values for 1,3,5-trihalobenzenes are closely similar; and 1,3,5-tribromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene shows no evidence of hydrogen bonding by PMR. The last three observations suggest that buttressing is important in the C6HX5 structure, at least with Cl and Br. A value of K for benzene was measured, suggesting for the first time that the H atoms of benzene engage in hydrogen bonding. The result compares well with values extrapolated from data for polyfluoro- but not polychlorobenzenes, again probably because of buttressing in the latter.
Chemical constituents of haemolymph and tissue in Telea polyphemus Cram. with particular reference to the question of ion binding

Abstract Normal neuromuscular function in those insects with high extracellular fluid potassium concentrations has prompted theories which state that the tissue environment is either protected by a sheath which serves as a diffusion barrier, or that the physiologically active (ionized) potassium is present in much lower concentration than the total measured, because a large fraction is ‘bound’. The present study was designed to test both chemically and physiologically the possibility that ion binding occurs in haemolymph. Analyses of the major haemolymph constituents in Telea polyphemus Cram. revealed a pattern similar to other Lepidoptera, the principal features being a high potassium, high magnesium, low sodium, and a low chloride concentration. Heart and wing muscle analyses indicated about twice as much potassium intracellularly as extracellularly, but there was no sodium gradient. Haemolymph ultrafiltration demonstrated that between 15 and 20 per cent of calcium and magnesium were bound to macromolecules that did not pass the ultrafilter, but no binding of either potassium or chloride was apparent. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that the principal protein migrated like an α-2-globulin, a protein with known low binding capacity. Haemolymph osmotic pressure measured with a physical method was about twice the value determined with the red cell osmometer technique, due to the rapid passage of osmotically active particles, as well as water, across the red cell membrane. These particles are probably amino acids, but they do not carry any measurable potassium with them into the red cell, indicating that even if they do serve to some extent as anions in haemolymph the complex with potassium is not sufficiently tight to be called ‘bound’. Trans-membrane resting potentials of skeletal and heart muscle determined with the micro-electrode technique were in the range predicted from the cellular and haemolymph concentrations of potassium. Heart muscle action potentials ranged from 30 to 50 per cent of the resting value and in no instance exhibited ‘overshoot’. The depression in excitability of frog skeletal muscle exposed to insect haemolymph was similar to that measured in control muscles exposed to Ringer's solution with equivalent potassium concentrations. Since each of these physiological measurements is dependent solely on the concentration of ionized potassium, it may be inferred that no haemolymph potassium is in ‘bound’ or un-ionized state.
Integer and mixed-integer programming models: General properties

It is well known that mixed-integer formulations can be used tomodel important classes of nonconvex functions, such as fixed-charge functions and linear economy-of-scale cost functions. The purpose of this paper is to formulate a rigorous definition of a mixed-integer model of a given function and to study the properties of the functions that can be so modelled. An interesting byproduct of this approach is the identification of a simple class of functions that cannot be modelled by computer-representable mixed-integer formulations, even though mixed-integer models based on the use of a single arbitrary irrational constant are available for this class.
Reconsidering Feyerabend's "Anarchism"

This paper explores Paul Feyerabend's (1924–1994) skeptical arguments for “anarchism” in his early writings between 1960 to 1975. Feyerabend's position is encapsulated by his well-known suggestion that the only principle for scientific method that can be defended under all circumstances is: “anything goes.” I present Feyerabend's anarchism as a recommendation for pluralism that assumes a realist view of scientific theories. The aims of this paper are threefold: (1) to present a defensible view of Feyerabend's anarchism and its motivations, (2) to articulate the minimal form of realism that such a view presupposes, and (3) to consider the implications and limitations of such a perspective in contemporary philosophy of science.