cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General treatment of linear mammillary models with elimination from any compartment as used in pharmacokinetics.

This paper presents some very simplified general treatments which will allow workers to derive equations for any linear mammillary compartment model with any first- or zero-order or impulse input process. This is done through the use of general input and disposition functions, the method of partial fractions for solving Laplace transforms, and the use of a multiple-dosing function. A disposition function defines the model necessary to describe accurately drug body concentrations after the drug has entered the blood circulation. A general equation is presented to describe the disposition function in Laplace operators for the central compartment of a linear mammillary model having n driving force compartments with elimination occurring from any of the compartments. Input functions describing intravenous bolus injection, zero-order infusion, or GI absorption and first-order processes for oral dosing and intramuscular injection are presented. The Laplace transform for the amount of drug in the central compartment is given by the products of the input and disposition functions. These Laplace transforms may usually be solved in one step using the method of partial fractions, without the necessity of referring to extensive tables. By using a multiple-dosing function, general equations may be derived covering the entire dosage regimen of a drug in a patient.
Prejudice in Police Profiling Assessing an Overlooked Aspect in Prior Research

Social science analyses of racial profiling in the context of discretionary police stops and subsequent interrogations have tended to rely on a framework dictated by federal case law, namely, they have focused on disparate impact by race as the basis for deeming profiling discriminatory. Significantly, neglected in profiling studies have been considerations of the role of prejudice. Analogizing to profiling about the sources of prejudice, activators of prejudice, and legitimacy gained from acting on prejudice, among key decision makers in other institutional domains—namely, employers in the workplace and brokers/landlords in the housing market—the authors maintain that prejudice is a source of profiling. In addition, the authors discuss how identifying the prejudicial roots of profiling enhances one’s ability to both judge its propriety and understand the scope of racial prejudice in America. The authors offer suggestions for future research that sheds additional light on the link between racial prejudice...
122 Kinetics of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) on an authentic AP site or an AP site analog

Our genomic DNA is endlessly exposed to a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous DNA-damaging agents. One of the most abundant DNA lesions is an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site, which in vivo, can form spontaneously or through various cellular pathways, including the repair activity of DNA glycosylase enzymes (Wilson & Barsky, 2001). Persistence of these AP sites is both highly mutagenic and cytotoxic to the cell (Loeb & Preston, 1986). AP endonuclease 1 (APE1), an Mg2+ dependent enzyme, is the major human endonuclease responsible for incising the DNA backbone at AP sites. Repair to canonical duplex DNA is then completed by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Recently, APE1, in conjunction with delivery of DNA-damaging agents, has become a target for chemotherapeutic research with the aim to inhibit APE1 activity (Fishel & Kelley, 2007). Therefore, an understanding of APE1 activity and its molecular mechanism is essential. In vitro, the authentic AP site is highly unstable and can undergo β-elimination, lead...
Induction of microtubule-associated protein 1B expression in Schwann cells during nerve regeneration

Abstract Microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) is expressed at high levels during development of the nervous system and is localized primarily in neurons while specific phosphorylated isoforms of MAP1B are localized exclusively in growing axons. The levels of MAP1B are down regulated in most regions of the adult CNS, but remain high in neurons and axons of the PNS. This study demonstrates that the expression of MAP1B is induced in adult Schwann cells following sciatic nerve lesion and regeneration. High levels of both mRNA and the MAP1B protein were detected in Schwann cells associated with the axotomized distal stump. Expression of MAP1B was also observed in cultured primary Schwann cells from neonatal rats. The properties of the MAP1B protein in cultured Schwann cells were further characterized by Western blot analysis using specific antibodies that recognize the N-terminal, middle and C-terminal domains of MAP1B. All of these antibodies detected a protein of 320–340 kDa demonstrating that MAP1B expressed by Schwann cells is very similar, or identical, to MAP1B expressed by neurons. The phosphorylation of MAP1B in Schwann cells was also studied using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that recognize specific phosphorylation epitopes. The results indicated that the expression of MAP1B in Schwann cells exhibited a differential phosphorylation state that was recognized by mAb 1B6 but not by other mAbs, including 1B-P, 150 and RT97, that recognize phosphorylated MAP1B in growing axons. We therefore conclude that MAP1B is expressed in Schwann cells during both development and axonal regeneration, suggesting that the developmental pattern of MAP1B in these cells is recapitulated in adult Schwann cells during the early stages of regeneration and remyelination of injured peripheral axons. The presence of MAP1B in Schwann cells may support morphological changes of these cells, particularly the formation of processes prior to their differentiation into myelin forming Schwann cells.
Metabolic Makeover for HSCs

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must at times exit quiescence to divide and produce differentiated blood cells. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Takubo et al. (2013) and Yu et al. (2013) show that these opposing actions require distinct metabolic programs to meet the changing energy demands of self-renewing HSCs.
Reaction Kinetics of the Solid State Polymerization of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate)

The kinetics of solid-state polymerization (SSP) of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) was investigated with N2 as the sweep gas. The N2 flow rate and prepolymer particle size were chosen to eliminate the...
Chromatographic study of "Reigelhaupt" chromogens in urine.

CONSIDERABLE neurochemical and pharmacological evidence has accumulated suggesting a relationship between indole metabolism and mental illnesses such as pellagra, Hartnup’s disease and phenylketonuria. Recently these studies have been extended to schizophrenia with encouraging but inconclusive results. Among the many findings is the discriminatory test proposed by REIGELHAUPT(~) who observed a marked incidence of “positive” Hopkins Cole reactions among urines from schizophrenics. Although others have confirmed these results we were unable to do so in a previous study,(a) when schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic subjects were identically maintained in respect to diet, medication and ward environment. Rather, a preponderance of positive reactions was obtained on subjects in both groups. The Reigelhaupt test consists of the formation of violet chromogens at the interface between sulfuric acid and a mixture of glyoxylic acid, urine and copper sulfate. Because it is conceivable that our experimental conditions introduced “spurious” chromogens masking the “true” chromogens, the present study was undertaken to explore the nature of the contributory compounds. The relationship of chromogens to diagnosis, urinary toxicity, and “abnormal” aromatic amino acid metabolism was also examined. To this end the Reigelhaupt test was adapted for chromatographic use and applied to : whole urine concentrates ; n-butanol extracts which reportedly concentrate Reigelhaupt chromogens(s) ; extracts of charcoal treated urines producing differential toxicity to mice(b); butenone-2extracts reportedly containing differential quantities of 6-hydroxyskatole sulfate(5) ; and urine concentrates from subjects receiving phenothiazine medication. The results obtained will be discussed with regard to the apparent significance of 6-hydroxyskatol sulfate, Mauve factor, Depression factor, and bufotenine in urine, as well as to the nature of Reigelhaupt chromogens.
Multibeam optical transmit/receive beamformer using ternary programmable wavelength-division multiplexing technology

An optical beamformer capable of controlling a phased array antenna in receive/transmit mode for multiple simultaneous independent rf beams is proposed. The processor can be programmed to sweep the antenna aperture following an independent angular sequence for each rf beam. A two-beam two-channel version of the beamformer has been experimentally demonstrated. The optical beamformer processes two rf beams and it is based on a ternary array of three delay lines. Measurements are performed for both receive and transmit modes and for rf signals between 0.5 and 1.5 GHz. We present beampattern results showing that two independent beams can be steered simultaneously. In the transmit mode both rf beams are characterized for a broadside target position. In the receive mode the beamformer performance is characterized by detecting two rf beams independently.
A Novel Functional Interaction between the Sp1-like Protein KLF13 and SREBP-Sp1 Activation Complex Underlies Regulation of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Promoter Function

Cholesterol homeostasis is regulated by a family of transcription factors designated sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). Precise control of SREBP-targeted genes requires additional interactions with co-regulatory transcription factors. In the case of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), SREBP cooperates with the specificity protein Sp1 to activate the promoter. In this report, we describe a novel pathway in LDLR transcriptional regulation distinct from the SREBP-Sp1 activation complex involving the Sp1-like protein Krueppel-like factor 13 (KLF13). Using a combination of RNA interference, electrophoretic mobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and reporter assays, deletion, and site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that KLF13 mediates repression in a DNA context-selective manner. KLF13 repression of LDLR promoter activity appears to be needed to keep the receptor silent, a state that can be antagonized by Sp1, SREBP, and inhibitors of histone deacetylase activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that KLF13 binds proximal LDLR DNA sequences in vivo and that exogenous oxysterol up-regulates such binding. Together these studies identify a novel regulatory pathway in which gene repression by KLF13 must be overcome by the Sp1-SREBP complex to activate the LDLR promoter. Therefore, these data should replace a pre-existent and more simple paradigm that takes into consideration only the induction of the activator proteins Sp1-SREBP as necessary for LDLR promoter drive without including default repression, such as that by KLF13, of the LDLR gene.
Solid-state temporomandibular joint imaging: accuracy in detecting osseous changes of degenerative joint disease and determining condylar spatial relations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the off-label use of an intraoral charge-coupled device (CCD) for extraoral transcranial radiography of the temporomandibular joint. Corrected linear tomograms and transcranial images made with conventional screen-film combinations and a CCD detector were compared with sectioned cadaver specimens. Radiation dosage, qualitative assessment of condylar degenerative features, and condylar position within the glenoid fossa of the 3 modalities were assessed and compared. The CCD method required special adjustments to achieve adequate quality, and it involved greater exposure than the other methods. This use of this intraoral system for extraoral imaging cannot now be recommended, but future refinements might make it more viable.
Filamentous Aggregates of Native Titin and Binding of C-protein and AMP-deaminase

Abstract In solutions of high ionic strength, native titin-2, a large extractable fragment of the sarcomere matrix protein titin, appears as extremely long, flexible, and slender beaded strings. We report here that in solutions of lower ionic strength near neutral pH, titin-2 assembles into higher-order aggregates with surface projections. Solid phase binding assays show that two myosin-binding proteins, C-protein and AMP-deaminase, are also titin-binding proteins. Both proteins decorate titin aggregates, producing filaments of more uniform appearance. Numerical Fourier transforms of these decorated aggregates show ∼12-nm periodicities. The interaction of titin with myosin-associated proteins such as C-protein may take part in the anchoring mechanism that prevents the stretching and extension of titin filaments in the A band.
A Visible Light Communication System Demonstration Based on 16-Level Pulse Amplitude Modulation of an LED Array

Abstract - Visible light communication (VLC) technology enabling data transmission by modulating solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) devices has attracted much attention recently. However, the transmission rate of VLC remains low due to the low bandwidth performance of LEDs. We present a VLC transmitter consisting of an LED array to enable implementation of a 16-level pulse amplitude modulation scheme, which theoretically increases the transmission rate from 10Mbps to 40Mbps. In addition, the LED array provides sufficient brightness for illumination of office-sized locations. This paper reports an experimental demonstration of a video transmission system based on VLC using a 4x4 LED array.
Recent trends in molecular beacon design and applications.

A molecular beacon (MB) is a hairpin-structured oligonucleotide probe containing a photoluminescent species (PLS) and a quencher at different ends of the strand. In a recognition and detection process, the hybridization of MBs with target DNA sequences restores the strong photoluminescence, which is quenched before hybridization. Making better MBs involves reducing the background photoluminescence and increasing the brightness of the PLS, which therefore involves the development of new PLS and quenchers, as well as innovative PLS–quencher systems. Heavy-metal complexes, nanocrystals, pyrene compounds, and other materials with excellent photophysical properties have been applied as PLS of MBs. Nanoparticles, nanowires, graphene, metal films, and many other media have also been introduced to quench photoluminescence. On the basis of their high specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity, MBs are developed as a general platform for sensing, producing, and carrying molecules other than oligonucleotides.
A Two-Step Mechanism for the Interaction of Re Lipopolysaccharide with Erythrocyte Membranes

In this report, a unique model system that allows the investigation of the interaction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with erythrocyte membranes is described. Rabbit red blood cells exposed to S. minnesota (Re mutant) R595 LPS were rendered sensitive to the cationic antibiotic polymyxin B in a manner independent of the temperature of incubation of erythrocytes with LPS (subsequent addition of polymyxin B induced hemolysis of erythrocytes sensitized with LPS). Following sensitization of red blood cells with R595 LPS, a time-dependent decrease in susceptibility of the cells to polymyxin Bmediated hemolysis occurred, which was shown not to be the result of dissociation of LPS from rabbit erythrocytes. The demonstration that the decrease in sensitivity of red blood cells to polymyxin B was dependent on the temperature of incubation of LPS
Characterization of Polyphenoloxidase from Ravat 51 and Niagara Grapes

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) was isolated from two varieties of grapes grown in the northeastern United States and its characteristics were studied. The temperature and pH optima for both enzymes were 25°C and 5.5, respectively. The thermal inactivation of PPO followed first-order kinetics; with the Niagara enzyme being more heat stable than Ravat PPO. The substrate specificity of the grape PPO clearly showed high affinity toward the o-diphenolic compounds, with a high affinity toward caffeic acid. Inhibition studies indicated that L-cysteine and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate were the most potent.
Cuban Sports Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War Period: International Identity versus Domestic Realities

Summary For many years an important segment of Cuba’s public diplomacy has focused on Cuban sports. The Cuban regime politicized sports policies and athletic triumphs and attempted to use them to enhance its international influence. This, in turn, reflected a key dimension of the Cuban revolution: the effort to alter pre-revolutionary culture by creating a ‘new man’. Mass participation in sports and the victories of elite athletes alike showed Cuban socialism in action. During the post-Cold War era, however, replete with difficulties for Marxist regimes, budget cuts, leadership changes, reordered priorities and the reintroduction of capitalism have adversely affected Cuban sports. Cubans today lack the access to first-rate facilities that they once enjoyed. Many athletes have defected, while the skills of trainers and coaches have been sold abroad. These developments have threatened Cuba’s revolutionary sports culture and undermined the effectiveness of its sports diplomacy. The Cuban example suggests that the efficacy of sports diplomacy is related not only to the quality of athletic performances but to the manner in which underlying cultural norms either support or detract from diplomatic endeavours.
Boll Weevil Susceptibility to Toxaphene, Endrin, and Guthion in Five Alabama Localities

Laboratory experiments were conducted in 1956 and 1957 to determine the susceptibility of the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh., to toxaphene endrin, and Guthion® (O,-O- dimethyl S-( 4-oxo-1,2,3,-benzotriazin-3-( 4H)-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) in five Alabama localities. The technical insecticides were dissolved in acetone and applied topically to 2-day-old weevils reared from cotton squares. Mortalities were determined at the end of 72 hours. Approximately 25,000 weevils were used in the experiments. During 1957, LD-50 values varied among populations from different localities as follows: for toxaphene, from 2.5 to 61.8 μg. per gm. of boll weevil; for endrin, from 0.8 to 3.5 μg. per gm; for Guthion, from 0.9 to 2.3 μg. per gm. There was no evidence of acute resistance of the boll weevil from any of five localities to any insecticide tested. Mortality variations between times of year and between the two years were as great as among locality groups.
Expectations and Perceptions of the Peer Review Process: A Study of Four Agricultural Economics Journals

Understanding what agricultural economists look for when reviewing a manuscript is critical for publishing in refereed journals. Results are presented from a survey of authors and reviewers of four agricultural economics journals. Persistence was highlighted as a key factor in publication as was having a manuscript that was scientifically sound and well composed. Methodological sophistication rated low as a criterion used in the evaluation of manuscripts they reviewed, and while their comments were usually given as suggestions, the reviewers did expect authors to adequately respond to all suggestions.
Regional Distribution of the Angiotensinogens in Human Placentae

Summary Angiotensinogen is the substrate for the enzyme renin. In addition to the well-characterized low molecular weight forms of angiotensinogen, a high molecular weight form (HM r A) comprises about 15 per cent of the total angiotensinogen in plasma of pregnant women. In the current study the different forms of angiotensinogen were quantitated in different regions of the placenta. The highest concentration of total angiotensinogen was found in the chorion laeve followed by the amnion. It was found that HM r A was the major form of angiotensinogen in all regions of the placenta, accounting for 72, 67, 63, and 59 per cent of the total angiotensinogen in the chorion laeve, chorion plate, amnion, and chorion frondosum, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the distribution of total renin and HM r A. This data in conjugation with previous data indicate that HM r A should be considered a significant component of the renin angiotensin system in the human pregnant state. It is suggested that HM r A may be a component of a tissue specific renin angiotensin system that occurs in the placenta.
Disabled-2 Is Expressed in Adrenal Zona Glomerulosa and Is Involved in Aldosterone Secretion

The differentiation of the adrenal cortex into functionally specific zones is probably due to differential temporal gene expression during fetal growth, development, and adulthood. In our search for adrenal zona glomerulosa-specific genes, we found that Disabled-2 (Dab2) is expressed in the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland using a combination of laser capture microdissection, mRNA amplification, cDNA microarray hybridization, and real-time RT-PCR. Dab2 is an alternative spliced mitogen-regulated phosphoprotein with features of an adaptor protein and functions in signal transduction, endocytosis, and tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development. We performed further studies to analyze adrenal Dab2 localization, regulation, and role in aldosterone secretion. We found that Dab2 is expressed in the zona glomerulosa and zona intermedia of the rat adrenal cortex. Low-salt diet treatment increased Dab2-long isoform expression at the mRNA and protein level in the rat adrenal gland, whereas high-salt...
The Bacteriophage N4-coded Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein (N4SSB) is the Transcriptional Activator ofEscherichia coliRNA Polymerase at N4 Late Promoters

Abstract Transcription of the 72kb linear double-stranded DNA genome of coliphage N4 is carried out by the sequential activity of three different RNA polymerases. Early and middle viral transcripts are synthesized by two phage-coded RNA polymerases while late transcription is carried out by the Escherichia coli σ 70 -RNA polymerase. We have determined the sequences and sites of initiation of several N4 late transcripts; N4 late promoters share weak homology with the E. coli σ 70 promoter consensus sequence. Indeed, N4 late promoters are weak templates for the host enzyme. We present evidence that the phage-coded, single-stranded DNA-binding protein (N4SSB), a protein that is required for phage DNA replication and recombination and does not bind with sequence specificity to DNA, is the activator of E. coli RNA polymerase at late N4 promoters. Models for the mechanism of action of N4SSB as a transcriptional activator are discussed.
Object fault handling for persistent programming languages: a performance evaluation

A key mechanism of a persistent programming language is its ability to detect and handle references to non-resident objects. Ideally, this mechanism should be hidden from the programmer, allowing the transparent manipulation of all data regardless of its potential lifetime. We term such a mechanism object faulting, in a deliberate analogy with page faulting in virtual memory systems. This paper presents a number of mechanisms for detecting and handling references to persistent objects, and evaluates their relative performance within an implementation of Persistent Smalltalk.
Stability and Predictive Validity of the Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale

The Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) was developed in response to an increasing interest in the assessment, monitoring, and promotion of positive child and youth well-being. This study further examined the psychometric support for the brief instrument by evaluating its demographic relationships, internal consistency reliability and one-year test-retest reliability, and predictive validity in a sample of 284 secondary school students in the USA who were administered the BMSLSS and criterion measures on two occasions, one year apart. Consistent with predictions, the results indicated acceptable internal consistency, moderate one-year stability coefficient, and moderate, but robust cross-sectional and longitudinal correlations with multiple indices of student engagement in their schooling. The results provide further support for the psychometric properties of the BMLSS.
Book review: Computational Morphology Review of two recent texts from MIT Press

Like a good politician, Michalewicz begins by reducing expectations (he quotes Anthony de Mello: "[The Master] only points the way - he teaches nothing") and follows with a book that is a hodgepodge of introductory material and original work. The subject of the book, as the title suggests, is the study of evolution programs, which are genetic algorithms augmented by novel genetic operators and domain dependent data structures. Indeed, a better title for the book would be: Genetic Algorithms * (Genetic Operators + Data Structures) = Evolution Programs.
What can we learn about fragmentation from coincidence experiments

Abstract It has become clear that in order to characterize a complex process such as nuclear fragmentation more exclusive experimental measurements must be performed, i.e., the correlations between coincident fragments must be determined. Some types of correlations are readily interpreted in terms of specific mechanisms, for example, the angular correlation between two heavy fragments. Binary (fission-like) breakup results in relatively strong angular correlations, while no strong correlations are expected for a multi-body fragmentation mechanism. Data from coincidence measurements of the fragmentation of uranium and gold targets by relativistic projectiles are presented which illustrate these points. The interplay between such experiments and model calculations of fragmentation is discussed.
The role of victim characteristics in the disposition of murder cases

Using data from prosecutors' files in a sample of 33 U.S. counties, we examine how victims' conduct and victims' demographic characteristics affect the disposition of murder cases at various stages of the criminal justice process. We find that victims' age and past conduct do not significantly influence legal outcomes in murder cases, but their race, gender, and conduct at the time of the incident do so. Although these effects vary across the criminal justice decision-making stages considered, they generally are consistent with the claim that killings of disreputable or stigmatized victims tend to be treated more leniently. We also find some evidence that the effects of victim characteristics are stronger in jury proceedings than in bench proceedings, and that the influence of a victim's race on the disposition of murder cases is conditioned by the racial composition of the county in which the case is processed.
Nonlinear and unsteady waves generated by a traveling pressure distribution and the associated waveless shapes

The wave elevation and flow near a moving pressure distribution of characteristic intensity $$p_0$$ and length $$2a$$ are investigated using a fully nonlinear and unsteady mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian method. Special attention is paid to the zero-wave-resistance (ZWR) conditions and the associated waveless free-surface profiles. Large-time solutions for free-surface elevation are in good agreement with linear steady-state solutions for small applied pressure parameter $$p_0/(\rho ga)$$ , with $$\rho g$$ being the weight density of the fluid. The ZWR phenomenon predicted by the linear wave theory at certain critical speeds is recovered from these nonlinear solutions. As $$p_0/(\rho ga)$$ increases, large-time nonlinear solutions indicate that trailing waves of near-zero amplitude can still be achieved at certain adjusted critical speeds. The time evolution of the trailing waves is presented and discussed.
Analytic properties of the contrast transfer function in high-resolution electron microscopy

To calculate high-resolution images it is necessary to convolute the wavefunction generated by scattering from the specimen with the microscope objective-lens wavefront aberration function. This is usually done by a multiplication of the transfer function and the specimen exit-surface wavefunction in reciprocal space followed by a numerical integration over all scattering wave vectors. Examination of the analytic behaviour of the wave-front aberration function in the complex plane shows that, for simple scattering functions, it is possible to perform the integral analytically using the method of stationary phase. Analytic results for the imaging of disordered planes of atoms are compared with fast Fourier transform calculations as a function of defocus. The limitations of stationary-phase integration are also discussed.
Factors influencing the chemical vapor deposition of ZrC

Abstract Experiments have been performed to determine the effects on the ZrC coating process of varying the composition of the gas mixture used for chemical vapor deposition of ZrC. The ZrC was deposited in a fluidized bed of ThO2 particles using a gas mixture of CH4, H2, ZrC4 and Ar. The ZrCl4 flow was controlled using a powder feeder. Effects of varying CH4 and H2 concentrations and particle bed area on the rate of deposition of the ZrC, the appearance of the ZrC, the composition of the ZrC, and the microstructure of the ZrC were studied. Increases in CH4 and H2 concentration were effective in increasing the linear coating rate of ZrC. Increases in the ratio of CH4 to ZrCl4 in the coating gas resulted in a decreased metallic appearance of the coat and an increase in the C/Zr in the deposit. Increases in H2 inhibit these effects.
The former "Goose hunting capital of the world": Southern Illinois hunting club owners' beliefs, attitudes, and responses associated with shifts in goose migration.

Waterfowl management is inherently complex, given shifting population dynamics and intensifying social and economic interests. This qualitative case analysis provides an exploratory examination of the human dimensions of waterfowl management, specifically the beliefs, attitudes, and business responses of 15 representatives from 12 goose hunting clubs in southern Illinois. The region's waterfowl hunting industry is facing progressively northward shifts in goose migration and dramatically diminished harvests. We conducted in-depth personal interviews with hunting club owners and operators, transcribed and analyzed the interviews qualitatively, and interpreted participants' responses within the local and regional waterfowl management context. Case study findings reveal that although individual hunting clubs have implemented short-term coping mechanisms, the hunting club industry in southern Illinois looks to management for developing long-term adaptive response.
Mechanisms of G-CSF-mediated hematopoietic stem and progenitor mobilization

Under normal conditions, the great majority of hematopoietic stem/progenitors cells (HSPCs) reside in the bone marrow. The number of HSPCs in the circulation can be markedly increased in response to a number of stimuli, including hematopoietic growth factors, myeloablative agents and environmental stresses such as infection. The ability to 'mobilize' HSPCs from the bone marrow to the blood has been exploited clinically to obtain HSPCs for stem cell transplantation and, more recently, to stimulate therapeutic angiogenesis at sites of tissue ischemia. Moreover, there is recent interest in the use of mobilizing agents to sensitize leukemia and other hematopoietic malignancies to cytotoxic agents. Key to optimizing clinical mobilizing regimens is an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of HSPC mobilization. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), the prototypical mobilizing agent, induces HSPC mobilization.
Penetrating thermal vascular injury in a child: a case report.

Abstract Penetrating vascular trauma in children is most commonly seen in wartime settings or more recently as a result of attempts at invasive imaging. Treatment of these patients can be more complicated than treatment of trauma in adults and must include maintenance of symmetric limb growth, compensatory growth of the vascular graft and its anastomoses, and the need for very long-term graft patency. This report describes the care of a 5-year-old child who was impaled by a hot metal pipe and sustained a penetrating thermal injury to the distal external iliac artery and vein. Issues such as conduit choice, extraanatomic reconstruction, anastomotic suture technique, and soft tissue coverage are reviewed in the report. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:1060-3.)
Excluded volume effects on the partition of macromolecules between two liquid phases

Partition parameters of several proteins and other macromolecules are measured in an aqueous two-phase liquid system containing polyethylene glycol and phosphate buffer. Distribution of macromolecules is a function of the relative volume excluded to the macromolecules in the two phases. A simple model with no adjustable parameters yields covolumes of the macromolecules with the polyethylene glycol. Covolumes are used to estimate effective molecular volumes and the magnitudes of excluded volume effects. The same approach is applied to mixtures of macromolecules.
Proximity of the EGF Receptor Kinase Domain To the Plasma Membrane

Understanding the activation mechanism of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is of fundamental importance in anticancer drug development. Crystal structures establish the two kinase domains in the receptor dimer bind to and activate each other by an allosteric mechanism. However, information about the conformation of the juxtamembrane (JM) region and the proximity of kinase domains to the membrane in live cells is lacking. Electrostatic potential calculations suggest that both the positively charged N-terminal JM region and a positive face of the kinase domain could bind to the negatively charged inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. The objective of this report is to investigate the proximity of the kinase domain of EGFR to the plasma membrane. We truncated the EGFR after the kinase domain and genetically tagged it with the monomeric yellow fluorescent protein (mYFP). We measured FRET between a plasma membrane target cyan fluorescent protein (PMT-CFP) and the truncated EGFR- mYFP (tEGFR-mYFP). The observed FRET is consistent with the hypothesis that the kinase domain is located close to the membrane in the absence of ligand. Addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced a decrease in FRET, which indicates the kinase domain may dissociate from the membrane during activation.
Millimeter Wave Communications In Urban Environment

A study/measurements program comparing predicted MMW intensities to measured intensities at receiver locations after multiple reflections through urban intersections has been completed. MMW instrumentation equipment belonging to the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences was taken to downtown Boulder, Colorado to perform double bounce transmission measurements around corners through selected downtown intersections. A transmitter beam was directed obliquely toward the building fronts on one side of a street in such a way that the specularly reflected ray would pass through the intersection and be reflected (for the 2nd bounce) by the building fronts along the observable side of the intersecting avenue and to the receiver. For each initial angle of incidence of the transmitter beam an azimuth intensity profile was made by the narrow beam receiver. It was observed that 9.6 GHz was distinctly superior to either 28.8 or 57.6 GHz for achieving general non line-of-sight street level urban area communications.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Non-premixed simple reaction in homogeneous turbulence

In turbulent flow the equations governing the development of conversion vs. distance are not closed because of the contribution of the concentration fluctuations to the average reaction rate. Toor's hypothesis permits closure from data obtained for mixing without reaction. This paper presents a critical review of the derivation of the hypothesis and discusses its validity.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF MARINE MACROALGAL FUNCTIONAL‐FORM GROUPS FROM SOUTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA1

New productivity data are given for 62 macroalgal species from 6 intertidal habitats spanning a latitudinal range of nearly twelve degrees on the Pacific Coast of south-western North America. Our data, utilizing a functional-form group approach, support an hypothesis relating morphological forms to photosynthetic performances. Specifically, the Sheet-Group showed the highest productivity (mean apparent net photo synthetic performance = 5.16 mg C · g−1· h−1) with a reduction of ca. two-fold between each of the following four groups: Filamentous-Group (2.47), Coarsely Branched-Group (1.30), Thick Leathery-Group (0.76) and Jointed Calcareous-Group (0.45). The Crustose-Group had by far the lowest mean net productivity being only 0.07 mg C · g−1· h−1. The-functional-form group approach is a promising tool for predicting the outcome of productivity-related ecological and evolutionary processes without being restricted temporally, geographically or taxonomically.
Considerations for transferring technologies internationally

Abstract This paper presents first a broad overview of the process of technological innovation. The process is partitioned into four phases as follows: pre-production; production; distribution; and utilization. Within each phase, elements that are important for carrying out the phase are defined and elaborated. Following the discussion of the technological innovation process, a procedure is presented for planning and managing the transfer of technology in a variety of contexts. The procedure is presented in six steps. Each of these steps is described in some detail. They are associated in a direct way to the technological innovation process described in the first part. The procedure is intended to improve the probability of the transfer being accomplished successfully. Following the discussion of the six step procedure, some methods for helping to implement the six steps are presented. These include behavioral and computational considerations.
From cellular structure to failure waves in liquid detonations

Abstract Present understanding of cellular structure in gaseous detonations is used to interpret observations in liquid explosives. Dark waves, failure waves, and wall traces are examined and brought into full accord. The origin and growth of failure waves are explained on the basis of transverse motion and reflection of the triple-wave intersections characteristic of cellular structures.
Speciation and characterization of arsenic in Ketza River mine tailings using x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Ketza River mine tailings deposited underwater and those exposed near the tailings impoundment contain approximately 4 wt % As. Column-leaching tests indicated the potential for high As releases from the tailings. The tailings are composed dominantly of iron oxyhydroxides, quartz, calcite, dolomite, muscovite, ferric arsenates, and calcium-iron arsenates. Arsenopyrite and pyrite are trace constituents. Chemical compositions of iron oxyhydroxide and arsenate minerals are highly variable. The XANES spectra indicate that arsenic occurs as As(V) in tailings, but air-drying prior to analysis may have oxidized lower-valent As. The EXAFS spectra indicate As-Fe distances of 3.35-3.36 A for the exposed tailings and 3.33-3.35 A for the saturated tailings with coordination numbers of 0.96-1.11 and 0.46-0.64, respectively. The As-Ca interatomic distances ranging from 4.15 to 4.18 A and the coordination numbers of 4.12-4.58 confirm the presence of calcium-iron arsenates in the tailings. These results suggest that ferric arsenates and inner-sphere corner sharing or bidentate-binuclear attachment of arsenate tetrahedra onto iron hydroxide octahedra are the dominant form of As in the tailings. EXAFS spectra indicate that the exposed tailings are richer in arsenate minerals whereas the saturated tailings are dominated by the iron oxyhydroxides, which could help explain the greater release of As from the exposed tailings during leaching tests. It is postulated that the dissolution of ferric arsenates during flow-through experiments caused the high As releases from both types of tailings. Arsenic tied to iron oxyhydroxides as adsorbed species are considered stable; however, iron oxyhydroxides having low Fe/As molar ratios may not be as stable. Continued As releases from the tailings are likely due to dissolution of both ferric and calcium-iron arsenates and desorption of As from high-As bearing iron oxyhydroxides during aging.
Intrastriatal injection of a muscarinic receptor agonist and antagonist regulates striatal neuropeptide mRNA expression in normal and amphetamine-treated rats

Systemic administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, augments, whereas the muscarinic receptor agonist, oxotremorine, attenuates behaviors (locomotion and stereotypies) and preprodynorphin (PPD) and substance P (SP) gene expression in striatonigral neurons induced by the indirect dopamine receptor agonist, amphetamine (AMPH). In contrast, systemic scopolamine blocks, whereas oxotremorine augments, AMPH-stimulated preproenkephalin (PPE) gene expression in striatopallidal neurons. This study investigated the site of action of these effects by administering scopolamine and oxotremorine directly into the striatum and assessing the expression of neuropeptide mRNAs with quantitative in situ hybridization. Unilateral injection of scopolamine into the dorsal striatum augmented, and oxotremorine attenuated, AMPH (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.)-stimulated behaviors. Intrastriatal scopolamine at a concentration of 62 mM, but not 6.2 mM, increased basal levels of PPD and SP mRNAs in the dorsal striatum. In addition, both 6.2 and 62 mM scopolamine significantly augmented AMPH-stimulated PPD and SP mRNA levels. Intrastriatal infusion of 1.6 or 8.1 mM oxotremorine did not alter basal levels of striatal PPD and SP mRNAs. However, both concentrations of oxotremorine completely blocked AMPH-stimulated SP mRNA and oxotremorine at 8.1 mM blocked AMPH-stimulated PPD mRNA. In contrast, PPE induction by AMPH was blocked by 62, but not 6.2, mM scopolamine. Both concentrations of oxotremorine tended to augment basal and AMPH-stimulated PPE mRNA in the dorsal striatum but the trend was not significant. These data demonstrate an inhibition of striatonigral, and facilitation of striatopallidal, gene expression through activation of local striatal muscarinic receptors, which is consistent with the changes seen after systemic administration of muscarinic agents. Therefore, muscarinic cholinergic regulation of basal and stimulated expression of neuropeptide mRNA is processed within the striatum.
Enhancement of adsorption on graphite (HOPG) by modification of surface chemical functionality and morphology

The effects of chemical functional groups and surface morphology on the adsorption/desorption behavior of a model non-polar organic adsorbate (propane) on model carbonaceous surfaces [air-cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and plasma-oxidized HOPG], were investigated using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Oxygen- and hydrogen-containing functional groups exist on both air-cleaved HOPG and plasma-oxidized HOPG. The presence of these groups almost completely suppresses propane adsorption at 90 K. However, these groups can be removed from both air-cleaved and plasma-oxidized HOPG by thermal treatment (>500 K), leading to more than an order of magnitude increase in adsorption capacity. It is essential for both air-cleaved HOPG and plasma-oxidized HOPG to be outgassed at over 1273 K for all the adsorption sites to be chemically accessible for propane molecules. The effect of morphological heterogeneity is evident for plasma-oxidized HOPG as this substrate provides greater surface area available for adsorption, as well as higher energy binding sites.
Communication and equilibrium in discontinuous games of incomplete information

This paper offers a new approach to the study of economic problems usually modeled as games of incomplete information with discontinuous payoffs. Typically, the discontinuities arise from indeterminacies (ties) in the underlying problem. The point of view taken here is that the tie-breaking rules that resolve these indeterminacies should be viewed as part of the solution rather than part of the description of the model. A solution is therefore a tie-breaking rule together with strategies satisfying the usual best-response criterion. When information is incomplete, solutions need not exist; that is, there may be no tie-breaking rule that is compatible with the existence of strategy profiles satisfying the usual best-response criteria. It is shown that the introduction of incentive compatible communication (cheap talk) restores existence.
WE-D-M100F-03: MRI/MRS for Chemo/radiation Therapy Response Assessment

Several functional MR techniques, including dynamic contrast agent enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI), dynamic susceptibility change MRI (DSC‐MRI), diffusionMRI, blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI, and in vivo spectroscopy, have been proposed and utilized to monitor the effects of conventional and targeted therapies in a longitudinal, non‐invasive manner. This symposium session will briefly review the physical basis of each of these techniques and then will review representative pre‐clinical and clinical trial findings obtained using these methodologies to assess response to treatment by radiation and/or chemotherapy. Objectives: 1. Review the physical basis of DCE‐MRI, DSC‐MRI, diffusionMRI, BOLD MRI, and MR spectroscopy techniques. 2. Review representative applications of the techniques described above to pre‐clinical and clinical trial applications for early assessment of radiation therapy, both as a single regimen as well as in combination with chemotherapeutic and/or targeted therapies.
Entropy estimates for geodesic flows

Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold of (variable) negative curvature. Let h be the topological entropy and h μ the measure entropy for the geodesic flow on the unit tangent bundle to M . Estimates for h and h μ in terms of the ‘geometry’ of M are derived. Connections with and applications to other geometric questions are discussed.