cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newton’s method for generalized equations: a sequential implicit function theorem

In an extension of Newton’s method to generalized equations, we carry further the implicit function theorem paradigm and place it in the framework of a mapping acting from the parameter and the starting point to the set of all associated sequences of Newton’s iterates as elements of a sequence space. An inverse function version of this result shows that the strong regularity of the mapping associated with the Newton sequences is equivalent to the strong regularity of the generalized equation mapping.
Serial determinations of "blast cell count" during kidney allograft rejection in dogs.

Cellular and humoral responses were quantitated during acute and hyperacute kidney allograft rejection in dogs. Elevatednumbers of DNA synthesizing leukocytes appeared in the peripheral blood during primary rejection. These modifications were quantitated by serial determinations of the rate of tritiated thymidine incorporation in blood mononuclear cell suspensions. The rise of DNA synthesizing cells was paralleled by progressive mononuclear cell infiltrations in the kidney parenchyma. The decline in the level of tritiated thymidine incorporation coincided with the appearance of cytotoxic antibodies and with extensive kidney damage. Hyperacute rejections occurred in all these animals after secondary transplantation of a kidney from the original donor. All animals showed cytotoxic antibodies and displayed no increase in the rate of DNA synthesizing blood mononuclear cells.
Content-Area Teachers and Scaffolded Instruction for English Language Learners.

Abstract Scaffolding provides content-area teachers (CATs) with an effective means to integrate language instruction into content-area instruction for English language learners (ELLs). Data for this study were derived from 33 CAT discussions while they were pursuing professional development in an American university classroom over 32 weeks. The discussions yielded 408 scaffolding statements that were coded and analyzed. The findings identified linguistic, conceptual, social and cultural scaffolding as part of the CATs’ personal practical knowledge. Also, the findings demonstrated that CATs’ knowledge of cultural scaffolding is limited in comparison to other scaffolding strategies. The findings have an impact on the nature of ELL instruction and its effectiveness.
Evidence supporting a proposed association between hemolymph γ-amino butyric acid and neurosecretion in lepidopterous insects

Abstract 1. The concentrations of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid and/or ecdysteroids were selectively determined in hemolymph and/or moulting fluid of the Cecropia silkworm, Hyalophora cecropia, the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta and the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, during larval-larval, larval-pupal, diapause pupal and/or pupal-adult development. 2. Titers of GABA and glutamic acid ranged from undetected to 3.3 × 10−4 and 7.5 × 10−3 M, respectively. 3. Stage specific GABA titer profiles for the various species possess many common features. 4. In agreement with earlier studies in this laboratory, the appearance of GABA in hemolymph is linked to observed or putative periods of neurosecretory activity.
Radiation causes increased production and decreased utilization of IL-2 in human mononuclear cells

The effects of radiation on the kinetics of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and utilization by mononuclear cells (MNCs) were studied. Mononuclear cells from normal, healthy individuals were subjected to various doses of radiation ranging from 0 to 2,000 rad and cultured in the presence of PHA. Supernatants from these cultures were harvested at various periods and their IL-2 contents determined by both the standard bioassay and ELISA. A radiation dose of 800 rad and higher had a marked effect on both IL-2 production and consumption. Although the supernatants from both the irradiated and non-irradiated MNCs contained maximal concentrations of IL-2 between 8 and 24 h of culture, the former had three times as much IL-2 as the latter. An increase in IL-2-mRNA levels was also noticed in irradiated, PHA-stimulated cells. Moreover, the supernatants from irradiated MNCs collected as late as 72 h after the initiation of culture contained more than 30% of the total IL-2 produced compared to less than 8% in supernatants from non-irradiated cells. Supernatants from non-irradiated cells incubated further with irradiated cells contained relatively higher quantities of IL-2 than those incubated continuously with non-irradiated cells. Supernatants from co-cultures of irradiated and non-irradiated MNCs contained less than expected amounts of IL-2 in two of the three subjects. Despite a difference in both the production and consumption of IL-2 between the irradiated and non-irradiated cells, there was no difference in their ability to generate IL-2 receptors. The results indicate that inactivation of radiosensitive suppressor T cells is associated with superinduction of IL-2 mRNA, increased production and decreased consumption of IL-2 by MNCs, thereby resulting in increased accumulation of IL-2.
Playing with Literacy in Preschool Classrooms

(2001). Playing with Literacy in Preschool Classrooms. Childhood Education: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 150-157.
Plateau iris syndrome associated with multiple ciliary body cysts: Report of 3 cases

Objective: To describe plateau iris syndrome associated with multiple neuroepithelial cysts of the pars plicata. Methods: Case reports of 3 patients with plateau iris syndrome who were found to have multiple bilateral ciliary body cysts on ultrasound biomicroscopic examination. Results: Ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed classic features of plateau iris syndrome in each patient but also showed multiple neuroepithelial cysts of the ciliary body in each eye. Conclusion: Plateau iris syndrome may be associated with multiple ciliary body cysts.
Taxonomic affinity of the early Homo cranium from Swartkrans, South Africa.

A quantitative analysis that employs randomization methods and distance statistics has been undertaken in an attempt to clarify the taxonomic affinities of the partial Homo cranium (SK 847) from Member 1 of the Swartkrans Formation. Although SK 847 has been argued to represent early H. erectus, exact randomization tests reveal that the magnitude of differences between it and two crania that have been attributed to that taxon (KNM-ER 3733 and KNM-WT 15000) is highly unlikely to be encountered in a modern human sample drawn from eastern and southern Africa. Some of the variables that differentiate SK 847 from the two early H. erectus crania (e.g., nasal breadth, frontal breadth, mastoid process size) have been considered to be relevant characters in the definition of that taxon. Just as the significant differences between SK 847 and the two early H. erectus crania make attribution of the Swartkrans specimen to that taxon unlikely, the linkage of SK 847 to KNM-ER 1813, and especially Stw 53, suggests that the Swartkrans cranium may have its closest affinity with H. habilis sensu lato. Differences from KNM-ER 1813, however, hint that the South African fossils may represent a species of early Homo that has not been sampled in the Plio-Pleistocene of eastern Africa. The similarity of SK 847 and Stw 53 may support faunal evidence which suggests that Sterkfontein Member 5 and Swartkrans Member 1 are of similar geochronological age.
Effects of directions to remember or to forget on the short-term recognition memory of simultaneously presented words.

An initial study suggested that directions to forget actually resulted in better remembering in a short-term word-recognition memory task. Four follow-up studies showed no statistically significant evidence that directions to forget caused either increased remembering or forgetting. The evidence supporting the enhancement effects of directions to remember a single word in a 5-word array (arranged as the 5 dots on a die) is strong, and the resulting increase of memory for the target items does not seem attributable to simple encoding or rehearsal processes. The evidence is also clear that both directions to remember and forget results in a smaller percentage recognition of the 60 words presented in the entire study, i.e., 12 arrays of 5 words. It is argued that earlier research, which yielded evidence for the efficacy of directions to forget, is flawed in that a "no-instruction" control was not included in the experimental design.
Complement activation by plasma separator membranes

Because of their structural similarity to dialysis membranes, six plasma separator membranes were evaluated for the ability to activate complement, as judged by immunoconversion of the third component of complement in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A polysulfone and two cellulose acetate membranes were relatively strong alternative pathway activators. Polypropylene, poly[vinylidine fluoride] and polyvinyl-chloride derivative membranes were weak activators in some sera. Membrane activation was inhibited in citrate-anticoagulated but not in heparin-anticoagulated plasma. The results of such in vitro screening should be of value in selecting materials and anticoagulation regimens for membrane plasma separators.
Expression vectors for affinity purification and radiolabeling of proteins using Escherichia coli as host

We have constructed two convenient vectors to produce foreign proteins in Escherichia coli. The first vector was developed to produce histidine (His)-tagged fusion proteins. In addition to encoding six contiguous His residues, it contains three unique restriction sites that allow cloning of a blunt-ended DNA fragment in three different reading frames. Therefore, one can clone any gene of interest in this vector to make a fusion protein tagged with six His at the N terminus. The His-tag allows purification of the fusion protein to almost homogeneity by a nickel-chelating column in a single step. The second vector is a derivative of the first vector; it encodes two tandem phosphorylation sites for heart muscle kinase (HMK) immediately downstream from the His residues. Therefore, the resulting fusion protein can be radiolabeled using [gamma-32P]ATP and HMK in vitro. The labeled protein can then be used as a probe to detect protein-protein interaction.
BiasWatch: A Lightweight System for Discovering and Tracking Topic-Sensitive Opinion Bias in Social Media

We propose a lightweight system for (i) semi-automatically discovering and tracking bias themes associated with opposing sides of a topic; (ii) identifying strong partisans who drive the online discussion; and (iii) inferring the opinion bias of "regular" participants. By taking just two hand-picked seeds to characterize the topic-space (e.g., "pro-choice" and "pro-life") as weak labels, we develop an efficient optimization-based opinion bias propagation method over the social/information network. We show how this approach leads to a 20% accuracy improvement versus a next-best alternative for bias estimation, as well as uncovering the opinion leaders and evolving themes associated with these topics. We also demonstrate how the inferred opinion bias can be integrated into user recommendation, leading to a 26% improvement in precision.
Effects of varied vocal intensity on ventilation and energy expenditure in women and men

This study was completed to determine how ventilatory responses change by means of speech reading at three different sound pressure levels (SPL) as compared to quiet breathing prior to each task. T...
Energy Characteristics of Permeable Thermoelements

The construction of a permeable thermoelement that uses heat fluxes carried by a gas or liquid is presented. A method for thermoelement design on the basis of mathematical optimal control theory and computer simulation techniques is described. The results of research into a permeable planar thermoelement fabricated from Bi-Te-Se-Sb semiconductor materials are presented. The data obtained demonstrate the possibility of obtaining the desired temperature range for the optimal conditions, with energy efficiency exceeding that of conventional thermoelements by 8% to 17%. The basic theoretical principles and computer simulation results have been confirmed experimentally.
Bullies and victims in a school setting with reference to some Dublin schools

The population for the study was drawn from seven Dublin schools. The bullies and the victims were identified by means of teacher and peer ratings and class questionnaires. Tests. questionnaires and interviews were subsequently completed by the bullies, the victims and a control group. The principals and the participating teachers in the different schools also completed questionnaires. The intention was to draw up a picture of the physical, psychological personality and behavioural characteristics of bullies and victims and to examine the nature of bullying behaviour.
Learning from graphic designers: using grids as a scaffolding for automatic print layout

We describe an approach for automatically laying out content for high quality printed formats such as magazines or brochures, producing an aesthetically pleasing layout that correctly conveys the semantic structure of the content and elicits the desired experiential affect in the reader. The semantic structure of the content includes the reading order graph, the association of illustrations with referring paragraphs, and the preservation of perceived text hierarchies. We appropriate a popular conceptual tool used by graphic designers called the grid. A well-designed grid will cause a pleasing uniformity through all the pages of a publication while still allowing flexibility in the layout of each page. In the space of different automatic layout systems, our approach is somewhere between template-based techniques and generative techniques, with the aesthetics determined by the combination of the grid and a generative algorithm One consequence of using the grid is that it greatly reduces the space of possible layouts from a high dimensional continuous space to a discrete space. Using a simple greedy algorithm, our first results are promising.
Entrepreneurship and Gender: An Institutional Perspective

Institutional economics has long shown that entrepreneurship plays a critical role in the pursuit of economic development and wellbeing. At the same time, entrepreneurship is complex and evolving. The path between entrepreneurship and wellbeing is not clear-cut, and not all types of entrepreneurial activity are correlated with economic growth. Failure to acknowledge this heterogeneity has important consequences for entrepreneurship policy and human development, particularly where gender is concerned. The paper treats the complexities involved in defining and conceptualizing entrepreneurship, setting the stage for a focus on the gender dimension. As female entrepreneurial activity has risen in many countries around the world, it is important to acknowledge the diversity of such activity and the ways it does (or does not) correspond to an increase in human freedom. Highlighting the differences between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship, this paper illustrates the formal and informal institutions tha...
X-ray tube in parallel magnetic fields

Our hybrid x-ray/MR system (a fixed-anode x-ray fluoroscopic system in an interventional MR system) provides the high spatial and temporal resolution of x-ray fluoroscopy with the soft-tissue contrast, 3D visualization and physiological information of MRI. X-rays are produced in an x-ray tube by bombarding a target with high-energy electrons, ionized from the cathode, then accelerated by the electric field between the cathode and anode. In the hybrid system, the x-ray tube is placed in a high magnetic field, aligned to be parallel to the cathode-anode axis of the tube. A finite-element program was used to simulate the electron trajectories in a geometry similar to our fixed anode tube. External magnetic fields parallel to the cathode-anode axis, ranging from 0 to 0.5T, were simulated. Experimentally, focal spot images were acquired using a 30μm pinhole at a magnification of 8.9 in magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 0.5T. No lateral deflection of the focal spot was observed in either the simulation or the experiment, if the magnetic field and the cathode-anode axis were aligned, regardless of the field strength. However, the field strength affected the size and the current density distribution of the focal spot. We conclude that fixed anode x-ray tubes can be used in a magnetic field although its desired electron optics must be fairly “straight” and the cathode-anode axis must be well aligned with the field. Further issues arising from the focal spot size change, such as overheating of the target, and to a lesser extent the system spatial resolution, should be carefully considered.
Desorption of TEDA from Impregnated Respirator and Adsorber Charcoals

Rates of triethylenediamine (TEDA) desorption from five impregnated charcoals were measured to determine whether sufficient quantities might be released to pose a possible health hazard. Among four charcoals with nominally the same 5% TEDA impregnation, desorption rates varied over factors as great as ten in the range of 70–100°C. However, the highest rate extrapolated to only 0.12 mg/m3 at 25°C, well below the vapor pressure of TEDA (3500 mg/m3) and the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for similar amines (4–40 mg/m3). At elevated temperatures TEDA desorption rates for one charcoal were high enough to affect methyl iodide trapping efficiencies and, possibly, charcoal ignition temperatures. Effects of varying flowrate, bed depth, humidity, and increasing the TEDA molecular weight were examined.
Food Intake, Water Intake and Body Water Regulation

Abstract INTRODUCTION IT HAS been shown that regulation of food intake is part of the overall regulation of body water. Rats eating without water will decrease their food intake to such levels that the food in the stomach can be diluted with water from the tissues to make its water content approximately 48 percent. (Lepkovsky et al., 1957). The chicken has no stomach as such but it seemed worth-while to study its regulation of food intake in relation to the availability of water. Along with food intake, digestion and glycogen synthesis were also studied. EXPERIMENTAL Chickens, trained-fed to eat their 24-hour ration in 2 hours of continuous feeding, were used. In this way the mechanisms involved were exaggerated. Such chickens were fed with and without water. They were sacrificed (nembutal) before feeding (22-hour fast) and at 2, 4, 7, and 11 hours thereafter. The contents of the crop, gizzard, intestine and …
Development of Internal Audit and Cycle‐counting Procedures for Reducing Inventory Miscounts

Focuses on schemes to reduce inventory miscounts from the operational management point of view. An internal audit procedure is devised for identifying most of the data‐entry errors, which are one of the main causes of inventory miscounts during the flow of material through in‐transit stations. Inventory miscount errors, which escape the internal audit procedure, are further reduced through cycle counting. Divides stations with a material‐flow network into two categories – external and internal stations. Further subdivides internal stations into in‐transit and stock stations. Identifies and corrects most of the data‐entry errors by monitoring the compliance of certain rules individually at each in‐transit station and collectively at all in‐transit stations. Optimally determines the frequencies for cycle counting by minimizing the sum of the cycle‐counting cost and the penalty cost owing to additional stockouts and over‐stocking on account of inventory miscounts. The suggested internal procedure and cycle c...
Incretin-based therapies: facing the realities of benefits versus side effects.

Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes include (1) inhibitors of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme, which lead to two- to threefold increases in endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, and (2) GLP-1 receptor agonists. The principal advantages of these drugs in treating type 2 diabetes are an increase in meal-mediated insulin secretion and a decrease in meal-mediated glucagon secretion. The unique features are that both effects are glucose-dependent (i.e., they occur in the presence of hyperglycemia and are absent in the presence of normal or low blood glucose). Pharmacologic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists include increase in satiety, reduced food intake with weight loss, and beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. Many surrogate, although few clinical, outcomes have supported the beneficial effects of incretin-based therapies. Nausea and vomiting, worse initially and decreasing with duration of treatment, have been consistent side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists, whereas the DPP-4 inhibitors cause few and minor side effects.
Options, Methods, and Costs for Offsite Commercial Disposal of Exploration and Production Wastes

In the United States, most exploration and production (E&P) wastes generated at onshore oil and gas wells--contaminated soils, naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), oil-based muds and cuttings, produced water, tank bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings--are disposed of or otherwise managed at the well site. Some of these E&P wastes, however, are not suitable for onsite management, and some well locations in sensitive environments cannot be used for onsite management. In these situations, operators must find offsite waste-disposal solutions. Responding to this need, offsite commercial disposal facilities are businesses that charge a fee for accepting and managing E&P wastes generated by others. Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), the authors of this paper assembled a unique set of data covering options, methods, and costs for offsite disposal of E&P wastes in the United States (Puder and Veil 2006a). Data were collected for more than 200 disposal facilities. This paper describes the project and the findings, which were published in September 2006.
Fire Scarring Patterns in Sierra Nevada Wilderness Areas Burned by Multiple Wildland Fire Use Fires

Uncertainty associated with fire-scar reconstructions of historical fire occurrence has led to questioning both estimates of frequency derived from these methods and the inferences on fire regimes drawn from these estimates. Using information from multiple, naturally-occurring fires (referred to as wildland fire use (WFU) fires) in two Sierra Nevada wilderness areas, we identified forest structural, topographic, and fire characteristics influencing fire scarring in trees and conducted direct comparisons of fire-scar reconstructed fire extent and frequency to fire atlas-based estimates of fire extent and frequency. The most important factor influencing the probability of sampled Pinus jeffreyi trees scarring from WFU fires was the length of time since previous fire. When intervals between successive fires are short, probabilities of scarring were low. Tree basal area and aspect were also significant factors explaining observed pattern of tree scarring. In all WFU fires but one, the reconstructed extent of fires was substantially smaller than the fire atlas extent. As a result, fire-scar reconstructed estimates of fire rotation were much longer than fire atlas fire rotation. This information can provide some necessary insight in interpreting and accounting for uncertainty in fire-scar reconstructions for drier low- to mid-elevation forest types throughout the western United States.
SU‐E‐T‐373: A Motorized Stage for Fast and Accurate QA of Machine Isocenter

Purpose: Precision delivery of radiation dose relies on accurate knowledge of the machine isocenter under a variety of machine motions. This is typically determined by performing a Winston-Lutz test consisting of imaging a known object at multiple gantry/collimator/table angles and ensuring that the maximum offset is within specified tolerance. The first step in the Winston-Lutz test is careful placement of a ball bearing at the machine isocenter as determined by repeated imaging and shifting until accurate placement has been determined. Conventionally this is performed by adjusting a stage manually using vernier scales which carry the limitation that each adjustment must be done inside the treatment room with the risks of inaccurate adjustment of the scale and physical bumping of the table. It is proposed to use a motorized system controlled outside of the room to improve the required time and accuracy of these tests. Methods: The three dimensional vernier scales are replaced by three motors with accuracy of 1 micron and a range of 25.4mm connected via USB to a computer in the control room. Software is designed which automatically detects the motors and assigns them to proper axes and allows for small shifts to be entered and performed. Inputmore » values match calculated offsets in magnitude and sign to reduce conversion errors. Speed of setup, number of iterations to setup, and accuracy of final placement are assessed. Results: Automatic BB placement required 2.25 iterations and 13 minutes on average while manual placement required 3.76 iterations and 37.5 minutes. The average final XYZ offsets is 0.02cm, 0.01cm, 0.04cm for automatic setup and 0.04cm, 0.02cm, 0.04cm for manual setup. Conclusion: Automatic placement decreased time and repeat iterations for setup while improving placement accuracy. Automatic placement greatly reduces the time required to perform QA.« less
Quasienhancement-mode operation of transferred-electron logic devices (t.e.l.d.s)

A new mode of operation is discussed for transferred-electron logic devices. In the new mode, the device dissipation can be cut down considerably. Also, the stability of the operating characteristics of the device is improved substantially against bias-supply variations.
Orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition in CaGeO³ perovskite at high temperature

CaGeO3 perovskite was synthesized from its wollastonite polymorph at P=8 GPa and T=1000°C in a uniaxial split-sphere apparatus (USSA-2000). For recovered specimens heated to less than 500°C at 1 bar, the crystallographic distortion of the orthorhombic (Pbnm) CaGeO3 perovskite, that is the tilting of the [GeO6] octahedra, decreases with increasing temperature in the range 25-250°C. At temperatures near 250°C, CaGeO3 undergoes a reversible transformation from an orthorhombic to a tetragonal structure, accompanied by an abrupt increase in the mean thermal expansion. Such behavior is typical of other orthorhombic perovskites and may occur for silicate perovskites in the lower mantle.
N-SUBSTITUTED AMINOTRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM TRIBROMIDES AS NOVEL BROMINATING AGENTS

Abstract A number of N-substituted aminotriphenylphosphonium tribromides were investigated for their brominating ability of substituted phenols. It was found that t-butylaminotriphenylphosphonium tribromide, I, exhibits a good and a rather high regiospecificity in comparison with the commonly used bromine.
An evolutionary game approach to analyzing bidding strategies in electricity markets with elastic demand

Abstract In this paper we propose an evolutionary imperfect information game approach to analyzing bidding strategies in electricity markets with price-elastic demand. In previous research, opponent generation companies’ (GENCOs’) bidding strategies were assumed to be fixed or subject to a fixed probability distribution. In contrast, the adaptive and learning agents in the presented model can dynamically update their beliefs about opponents’ bidding strategies during the simulation. GENCOs are represented as different species in the coevolutionary algorithm to search the equilibrium. By modeling the evolutionary gaming behavior of GENCOs, the simulation can capture the dynamics of GENCOs’ strategy change. This is important for analyzing transitory behavior of agents in the market in addition to the long-run equilibrium state. Simulations show that due to the adaptive learning, the bidding evolution is different from the one in the traditional game.
Trace metals in seabirds, Steller sea lion, and forage fish and zooplankton from central California

We studied concentrations of the trace metals, aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), in krill (Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spinifera), two species of fish (short-bellied rockfish Sebastes jordani and northern anchovy Engraulis mordax), four species of marine bird (Common Murre Uria aalge, Brandt's Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata, and Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba) and a pinniped, (Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus) from the Gulf of the Farallones, central California in 1993. Geometric mean levels of some trace elements in Steller sea lions were elevated (Cu, 91.0 mg/kg dry weight; Hg, 19.0 mg/kg; Se, 4.1 mg/kg). Levels of Hg in Pigeon Guillemot (3.5 mg/kg) were also elevated. Mercury increased whereas Pb decreased with increasing trophic level in the Gulf of the Farallones food web. Selenium levels were highest for krill and sea lions, and intermediate for fish and birds occupying mid trophic levels. Results indicate little to relatively high trace metal contamination of upper trophic level marine wildlife in the central California coastal marine ecosystem.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QUANTUM DECOHERENCE TIMES AND SOLVATION DYNAMICS IN CONDENSED PHASE CHEMICAL SYSTEMS

A relationship between the time scales of quantum coherence loss and short-time solvent response for a solute/bath system is derived for a Gaussian wave packet approximation for the bath. Decoherence and solvent response times are shown to be directly proportional to each other, with the proportionality coefficient given by the ratio of the thermal energy fluctuations to the fluctuations in the system-bath coupling. The relationship allows the prediction of decoherence times for condensed phase chemical systems from well-developed experimental methods.
Launch Vehicle Performance with Solid Particle Feed Systems for Atomic Propellants

An analysis of launch vehicle Gross Liftoff Weight (GLOW) using high energy density atomic propellants with solid particle feed systems was conducted. The analyses covered several propellant combinations, including atoms of aluminum (Al), boron (B). carbon (C), and hydrogen (H) stored in a solid cryogenic particle, with a cryogenic liquid as the carrier fluid. Several different weight percents (wt%) for the liquid carrier were investigated and the gross lift off weight (GLOW) of the vehicles using the solid particle feed systems were compared with a conventional 02/H2 propellant vehicle. The potential benefits and effects of feed systems using solid particles in a liquid cryogenic fluid are discussed.
Polymolecular layers of fibrinogen systems and the genesis of thrombosis.

Abstract In 1971 Copley proposed a new theory on the initiation of thrombosis, based on hemorheological observations. A brief summary is given of observations pertaining to the plasmatic zone in relation to the cement fibrin in the proposed endoendothelial layer as well as of earlier findings on thromboid surface layers. They concern viscous resistance (torque values, τ, dyne. cm) of layers of systems of fibrinogen and other plasma proteins. New findings are presented of viscous resistance of surface layers of fibrinogen systems, obtained in steady shear together with findings on the elastic component, secured in oscillatory shear. A new concept on maintaining the patency of microvessels, presented by Copley in 1974, is related to the problem of the initiation of thrombosis. During life, both with the patency of the vascular lumen and with intravascular obstruction, which by necessity are opposite, the stresses on the blood vessel walls are extremely high, particularly in the capillary or minute blood vessels. Fibrinogen systems were therefore exposed to high shear at 1000 sec −1 for 3 min prior to measurements. Thereafter, data were secured from 10 −3 to 10 −1 sec −1 . Highly purified β lipo-protein and γ globulin, which gave no τ values also showed none when previously exposed to high shear. However, all hitherto tested fibrinogen preparations from different mammalian species (human, bovine, sheep, dog, rabbit, and cat) exhibited high τ values. They usually became higher if subjected to 3 min of high shearing prior to the low shear testing. The findings are related to a new hypothesis proposed by Blomback and Copley on the transformation of the fibrinogen molecules, caused by high shearing. Such shearing forces, according to this concept, would open up the polymerization sites of fibrinogen and thus simulate the enzymatic action of thrombin for the polymerization of fibrin. The difference between the biochemical and hemorheological actions is that the fibrinopeptides are split off by thrombin, while no such cleavage would occur in fibrinogen, proposed to be altered physically by the high shear known to exist at the vessel wall. The layer upon layer deposition of such hemorheologically configurated fibrinogen and its polymerization would proceed, resulting in the formation of a thrombus which thus would initiate thrombosis and hemostasis. Copley considers blood cellular aggregation and fibrin coagulation to be secondary processes in the genesis of thrombi in minute or capillary blood vessels.
Presentation measurement sciences & imaging

Dr. Semahat Demir is the Program Director for Biomedical Engineering at National Science Foundation (NSF). She has lead and participated in 10 other NSF and interagency funding programs. She was the solicitation coordinator for Interagency Opportunities in Multi-Scale Modeling in Biomedical, Biological, and Behavioral Systems (NSF # 04-607). At NSF, she received two awards: Program Officer Excellence Award and Director's Award for Collaborative Integration. Before joining NSF, Dr. Demir has held the positions of professor of Biomedical Engineering at the Joint Biomedical Engineering Program of University of Memphis and University of Tennessee, Expert Scientist and Consultant (for the Bioinformatics) for The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, Technical Manager and Medical Laser Engineer for Messerschmidt Bolkow Blohm and Rodenstock in Turkey, and Research and Development Engineer in the X-Ray Division of the Medical Engineering Center of Siemens Company in Erlangen, Germany. Her academic research expertise is computational modeling of bioelectricity in cardiac cells and bursting neurons. She has developed simulation-based teaching and learning resources including the interactive cell modeling resource, iCell. Semahat Demir received her BS degree in electronics engineering from Istanbul Technical University, MS degree in biomedical engineering from Bosphorous University, and second MS degree, and PhD degree in electrical and computer engineering from Rice University and postdoctoral training at Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Demir has held leadership roles at IEEE EMBS, BMES, ASEE BED, and SWE. She served on the governing boards of 6 technical organizations including IEEE EMB AdCom, ASEE Bioengineering Division and SWE. She is an AIMBE fellow.
Biochemical and structural alterations of hamster lungs in response to intratracheal administration of bleomycin.

Abstract One unit of bleomycin was administered intratracheally to hamsters and an equivalent volume of saline to controls. Morphological changes within lungs of bleomycin-treated hamsters consisted of a diffuse hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonia at 7 days post-treatment. Lungs contained less hemorrhage and edema but increased numbers of mononuclear inflammatory cells and thickened interalveolar walls at 14 days post-treatment. A diffuse mononuclear cell infiltrate with multifocal areas of fibrosis later predominated. The protein, RNA, and DNA levels in bleomycin-treated hamsters were consistently and significantly elevated at 4 (except DNA), 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment. The Ca 2+ levels in lungs of these animals at the corresponding times were increased by 158, 194, 36, 22, and 8% without any change in plasma Ca 2+ . Lung soluble collagen was increased by 124, 207, 121, and 30% at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively, after bleomycin treatment. The increases in insoluble collagen were 65, 108, 132, and 91% at the corresponding times. The lung cAMP levels at 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days were 176, 164, 132, 158, and 96% of control, respectively, and cGMP at the corresponding times were 50, 81, 222, 198, and 137% of control. These data suggest that shifts in the intracellular levels of cAMP, cGMP, and Ca 2+ are associated with early lung changes induced by bleomycin insult and may serve as indicators to gauge the severity and progression of lung damage.
Developments in Imaging Devices for Microchannel Plate Detectors

Microchannel plate (MCP) photon counting detectors using image readout devices such as the Vernier and Cross-strip anodes can now achieve spatial resolutions limited by the pore geometry of commercially available MCPs. We describe progress in the development of a new readout system, part of our program to achieve MCP limited spatial resolution and larger format sizes using the small pore MCPs. We discuss the limitations of charge division devices that require high precision charge measurement and present a readout technique using charge comparison, with the potential to achieve large format readouts at high count rates. This scheme use a technique whereby the position coordinate of an event is represented by the order of amplitudes of a set of electrodes. Each coordinate is identified by a unique permutation of electrodes and is determined by comparing the charge collected on the electrodes. One of the major advantages offered by this scheme is a much lower signal-to-noise requirement. This will allow the detector to operate at substantially lower gain, raising the MCP limited count rate threshold. We present a simple and practical readout design to implement the charge comparison scheme, which uses the image charge technique to enhance performance in the areas of spatial resolution, linearity and image stability. The high count rate capability of the new design is augmented by an ability to capture events in parallel without the requirement for excessive numbers of electronic channels. We describe an electronics scheme specifically for the charge comparison readout and discuss how it can provide enhanced spatial resolution by using a charge centroiding technique based on pulse timing information. We support this with timing measurements obtained from a breadboarded electronic channel.
Synthesis of Nanosized “Cored” Star Polymers

A synthetic approach to nanosized “cored” star polymers is reported. A 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin core was functionalized with four 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) initiating groups. Four-armed star copolymers of styrene and 4-hydroxystyrene were synthesized and functionalized with 3,5-di(3-buten-1-oxy) benzyl bromide groups but exhibited poor solubility. As an alternative, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3‘,5‘-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin was functionalized with 2-bromo-2-methyl-propionyl groups capable of initiating atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Copolymerization of the core initiator with 1-but-3-enyl-4-vinylbenzene and styrene at low conversion produced soluble eight-armed star block copolymers. Through the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction, the alkene groups of the polymer were intramolecularly cross-linked. The ester groups linking the cross-linked polymer arms to the porphyrin core were hydrolyzed, producing a “cored” star polymer with a molecular weight of appro...
Transport properties of MHD-generator plasmas

The kinetic theory of partially ionized plasmas is applied to the calculation of transport properties for plasma conditions representative of MHD generators. Emphasis is placed on the accuracy of approximate formulas in comparision with the exact values. The exact values are obtained by means of spherical-harmonic expansions of the electron and heavy-particle Boltzmann equations, with the use of simplifications associated with the small electron mass. Consideration is given to both electron and heavy-particle properties in the presence of a magnetic field, including electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal diffusion and viscosity coefficients and allowing for differences between the electron and heavy-particle temperatures. In all cases it is found that accurate results can be obtained by simpler means than the classical Chapman-Enskog calculation, but that various approximate formulas differ significantly in their accuracy. Several new formulas are proposed. The influence on these results of differing cross sections is discussed, as are the effects of nonelastic collisions in the electron energy equation and the difference between quasi-scalar properties in a magnetic field and those that apply in the absence of or in the direction parallel to a magnetic field. Corrections to the calculations when the plasma parameter ln Λ is not large are considered.
Products of EP elements in reflexive semigroups

The concept of an EP element is generalized to a regular reflexive semigroup with involution. The existence of the Moore-Penrose inverse of an element is discussed, and some results dealing with the product of EP elements are given.
Transporting Arctic petroleum: a role for commercial submarines

Following a review of commercially-viable offshore oil deposits in northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland, the author explores alternative possibilities currently under consideration for transporting the oil to centres where it will be used.Hazards of pipeline construction, particularly under water, and the problems and dangers associated with giant surface tankers and projected giant submarines are discussed. The author concludes that conventional submarines towing oil-filled plastic drogue tanks offer the safest and most expeditious method of solving the problem. This is the second of two articles (see Polar Record, 21 (133): 369–81 (1983)).
PROXYING FOR UNOBSERVABLE VARIABLES WITH INTERNET DOCUMENT‐FREQUENCY

The internet contains billions of documents. We show that document frequencies in large decentralized textual databases can capture the cross-sectional variation in the occurrence frequencies of social phenomena. We characterize the econometric conditions under which such proxying is likely. We also propose using recently-introduced internet search volume indexes as proxies for fundamental locational traits, and discuss their advantages and limitations. We then successfully proxy for a number of economic and demographic variables in US cities and states. We further obtain document-frequency measures of corruption by country and US state and replicate the econometric results of previous research studying its covariates. Finally, we provide the first measure of corruption in American cities. Poverty, population size, service-sector orientation, and ethnic fragmentation are shown to predict higher levels of corruption in urban America.
Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in children.

To characterize the long-term effects of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) on left ventricular function, a total of 588 echocardiograms were obtained prospectively in 46 children who were treated for malignancy. We found shortening fraction of the left ventricle to be more useful than systolic time intervals for detecting cardiotoxic effects. Abnormal cardiac function occurred in 43% of patients but only 4% developed congestive heart failure which was irreversible. There appeared to be strong individual variation in response to the effects of doxorubicin on the heart unrelated to treatment regimen, age of onset of treatment, or total cumulative dose. If the SF remained normal it was possible to give a dose greater than 550 mg/m 2 . If cardiac dysfunction occurred following cessation of doxorubicin, it did so within five months of 95% of patients. Discontinuing doxorubicin therapy in patients with SF
Single-cell RT-PCR gene expression profiling of acutely dissociated and immunocytochemically identified central neurons.

Abstract Identification of neurons for single-cell mRNA profiling is difficult when cells of interest are located in heterogeneous brain regions. We developed a protocol in which acutely dissociated neurons are immunocytochemically labeled prior to single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We tested the protocol on hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and prepro-orexin (PPO) neurons, which are similarly distributed but functionally different. Cells dissociated from the perifornical region of the posterior hypothalamus of juvenile or adult rats were incubated with anti-MCH or anti-PPO primary antibodies, followed by washout and incubation with fluorescein-tagged secondary antibodies. Individual labeled cells were subjected to RT-PCR with primers for PPO and MCH. MCH mRNA was detected in 26 out of the 38 successfully reverse-transcribed cells identified as MCH-containing, and 28 cells out of the 42 identified as PPO-containing expressed PPO mRNA. No cell expressed both mRNAs. Most MCH neurons tested (five out of six) expressed the adrenergic α 2A receptor mRNA, whereas it was absent from all seven PPO neurons tested. Neither PPO ( n =11) nor MCH ( n =6) cells expressed the type 2 orexin receptor mRNA. Thus, the method allows, with at least 66% confidence, immunocytochemical cell identification prior to mRNA studies of single neurons located in heterogeneous brain regions.
The production and trade of manufactured products in the EEC and EFTA: A comparison

Abstract This paper presents an examination and comparison of trade creation and trade diversion in the EEC and EFTA. The methodology is based upon changes in shares of expenditure on apparent consumption of manufactured products between 1960 and 1968 on a disaggregated basis. The results indicate that there was considerable trade creation and only a modest amount of trade diversion for each trade bloc. In fact, there was in the aggregate net external trade created due largely to an expansion in imports from outside of either trade bloc and the United States. Despite their different memberships and tariff experiences, the results for the two trade blocs are remarkably similar.
Solar-interplanetary modeling: 3-D solar wind solutions in prescribed non-radial magnetic field geometries

A model is presented which describes the 3-dimensional non-radial solar wind expansion between the Sun and the Earth in a specified magnetic field configuration subject to synoptically observed plasma properties at the coronal base. In this paper, the field is taken to be potential in the inner corona based upon the Mt. Wilson magnetograph observations and radial beyond a certain chosen surface. For plasma boundary conditions at the Sun, we use deconvoluted density profiles obtained from synopticK-coronameter brightness observations. The temperature is taken to be 2 × 106 K at the base of closed field lines and 1.6 x 106K at the base of open field lines.
Differential diagnosis of stuttering for forensic purposes.

Purpose: This case study demonstrates the application of an assessment protocol for differential diagnosis of psychogenic stuttering, neurogenic stuttering, developmental stuttering, and malingerin...
Demodulator optimization for the interrogation of fiber optic hydrophones in real-world environments

Real world operational environments place stringent requirements upon the fidelity of the demodulator output to the acoustic signal which is present. This paper discusses the optimization of a demodulator circuit for hydrophones in time-varying hydrostatic pressure environments as well as in environments which contain large amplitude acoustic signals.