cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carboxylate-containing chelating agent interactions with amorphous chromium hydroxide: Adsorption and dissolution

Abstract Anthropogenic chelating agents and biological chelating agents produced by indigenous organisms may dissolve CrIII (hydr)oxides in soils and sediments. The resulting dissolved CrIII-chelating agent complexes are more readily transported through porous media, thereby spreading contamination. With this work, we examine chelating agent-assisted dissolution of amorphous chromium hydroxide (ACH) by the (amino)carboxylate chelating agents iminodiacetic acid (IDA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), tricarballylic acid (TCA), citric acid (CIT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), trans-1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA), and trimethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (TMDTA). The extent of chelating agent adsorption onto ACH increased quickly over the first few hours, and then increased more gradually until a constant extent was attained. The extent of chelating agent adsorption versus pH followed “ligand-like” behavior. All chelating agents with the exception of TCA and IDA effectively dissolved significant amounts of ACH within 10 days from pH 4.0 to 9.4. IDA dissolved ACH below pH 6.5 and above pH 7.5. Rates of ACH dissolution normalized to the extent of chelating agent adsorption were pH dependent. IDA, NTA, CIT, and CDTA exhibited an increase in normalized dissolution rate with decreasing pH. EDTA and TMDTA exhibited a maximum in normalized dissolution rate near pH 8.5. Use of acetic acid as a pH buffer in experiments decreased the extent of chelating agent adsorption for IDA, NTA, and CIT but increased normalized rates of chelating agent-assisted dissolution for all chelating agents except EDTA. The results from this study provide the necessary information to calculate the extents and time scales of ACH dissolution in the presence of (amino)carboxylate chelating agents.
The combinatorics of symmetry adaptation

A method is developed for obtaining the generating functions for the equivalence classes of orbitals wherein only orbitals within an equivalence class participate in symmetry adaptation. It is shown that using Williamson's combinatorial theorem the generating functions for the symmetry species contained in each equivalence class can be obtained. The method is illustrated with Porphindianion.
Middleware support for reconciling client updates and data transcoding

In mobile Internet applications, data can be transcoded, updated, and transferred across heterogenous clients. The problem then arises where updates made in the context of an initial transcoding results in content too stringently transcoded for subsequent clients, thereby causing loss of semantic value. We solve this problem by suggesting that the updates themselves can be transformed so that they can be applied directly to the original data instead of to the transcoded data; this approach allows the data to preserve as much semantic value as possible across all heterogeneous clients without unnecessary transcoding artifacts. We define reconciliation rules that can govern the interaction between client updates and transcoding, demonstrate a complete middleware architecture that supports our methodology, and provide two case studies using content-transferring applications. We show that our resulting middleware system executes our reconciliation approach with acceptable latency (under 5 seconds for 200 kbytes of layered content), good scalability, and well-organised modularity.
The Surface of Toxoplasma Tachyzoites Is Dominated by a Family of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Antigens Related to SAG1

Toxoplasma gondii is an Apicomplexan parasite with a complex life cycle that includes a rapidly dividing asexual stage known as the tachyzoite. The tachyzoite surface has been reported to comprise five major antigens, the most abundant of which is designated SAG1 (for surface antigen 1). At least one of the other four (SAG3) and another recently described minor antigen (SRS1 [for SAG1-related sequence 1]) have previously been shown to be structurally related to SAG1. To determine if further SAG1 homologs exist, we searched a Toxoplasma expressed sequence tag (EST) database and found numerous ESTs corresponding to at least three new genes related to SAG1. Like SAG1, these new SRS genes encode apparently glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins that share several motifs and a set of conserved cysteine residues. This family appears to have arisen by divergence from a common ancestor under selection for the conservation of overall topology. The products of two of these new genes (SRS2 and SRS3) are shown to be expressed on the surface of Toxoplasma tachyzoites by immunofluorescence. We also identified strain-specific differences in relative expression levels. A total of 10 members of the SAG1 gene family have now been identified, which apparently include three of the five major surface antigens previously described and one antigen expressed only in bradyzoites. The function of this family may be to provide a redundant system of receptors for interaction with host cells and/or to direct the immune responses that limit acute T. gondii infections.
A denial-of-service resilient wireless NoC architecture

Wireless Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures have emerged as an enabling solution to design scalable NoC fabrics for massive many-core chips. However, such massive levels of integration of Intellectual Property (IP) cores make the chips vulnerable to malicious intrusions from untrustworthy processes or vendors. Hence, resilience to various types of hardware security threats is imperative in future many-core chips. In this paper we develop a design methodology to increase the resilience of a wireless NoC to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. We demonstrate that the proposed architecture can sustain higher data transfer rates at lower energy dissipation with the spread of DoS attacks compared to conventional mesh based NoCs.
Reconstructive alternatives following segmental mandibulectomy.

The treatment of cancer involving the oral cavity and oropharynx continues to provide significant challenges. This article addresses some of the issues involved with mandibular reconstruction following resection for cancer. The decisions involved in mandibular reconstruction actually begin with the judgments relating to the necessity and extent of mandibular resection. The authors review some of the salient features of mandibular invasion as well as the methods available for the assessment of this process. The discussion will also address the advisability of reconstruction and the functional implications related to these issues. The goals of mandibular reconstruction are to provide an improvement in mastication, deglutition, and cosmesis, as well as to provide for dental rehabilitation (Table 1). There is certainly no single procedure that stands out as the preferred technique for reconstruction, as manifested by the multitude of procedures that provide acceptable results. The most common procedures will be individually discussed and an attempt will be made to address the advantages, disadvantages, complications, and expected results. An increased awareness of the techniques available enables the surgeon to choose the option that has the best chance of success and the least morbidity.
SOME RELATIONSHIPS AMONG INTERNAL CONSISTENCY, REPRODUCIBILITY, AND HOMOGENEITY

One property of such tests which has received a great deal of attention from psychometricians is the "internal structure" of the test. "Internal structure" has been characterized in a variety of ways by different writers. Kuder and Richardson (1937) provided an early formulation which was subsequently developed and extended by Cronbach (1951). This approach is derived from classical reliability theory. The indices based upon this conception are commonly called measures of internal consistency. Guttman (1944) defined internal structure based upon a scaling model. His formulation determines the degree to which item responses conform to a unidimensional structure. The indices based upon his conception are called measures of reproducibility. Loevinger (1947) has proposed a variation upon Guttman's approach which compares observed item covariances with corresponding maximum possible values. Indices based upon Loevinger's approach are usually called measures of homogeneity. Measures of internal consistency, reproducibility, and homogeneity clearly are conceptually interrelated. Indices based upon each of the three formulations start with the same basic data-the N X K matrix of 0-1 item scores for each of N respondents on each of K items. Cronbach (1951) and White and Saltz (1957) have noted some of the general relationships among the various indices that are commonly employed. However, formal proofs and illustrations of certain relationships of interest have not been given. It is the purpose of this paper (1) to present a proof of the relationship of the maximum and minimum values of certain indices of reproducibility, homogeneity, and internal consistency, and (2) to illustrate how maximum and minimum values of the most widely employed index of internal consistency are related to test difficulty and the nature of the distribution of total test scores.
Cooperation of the ErbB2 receptor and transforming growth factor β in induction of migration and invasion in mammary epithelial cells

MCF10A mammary epithelial cells form growth-arrested structures when cultured in three-dimensional basement membrane gels. Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 induces formation of proliferative structures that share properties with noninvasive early stage lesions. We conducted a genetic screen to identify cDNAs that can cooperate with ErbB2 to induce migration in these cells, with the hypothesis that they would represent candidate “second hits” in the development of invasive breast carcinomas. We found that expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 and TGFβ3 in cells expressing activated ErbB2 induces migration in transwell chambers and invasive behavior in both basement membrane cultures and invasion chambers. The ability of ErbB2 to cooperate with TGFβ correlated with sustained, elevated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-mitogen-activated protein kinase. Pharmacological reduction of Erk activity inhibited the cooperative effect of TGFβ and ErbB2 on migration and expression of activated Erk kinase was sufficient to cooperate with TGFβ to induce migration and invasion, suggesting that sustained Erk activation is critical for ErbB2/TGFβ cooperation. In addition, we show that costimulation of ErbB2 and TGFβ induces autocrine secretion of factors that are sufficient to induce migration, but not invasion, by means of both epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent and -independent processes. These results support the role of TGFβ as a pro-invasion factor in the progression of breast cancers with activated ErbB2 and suggest that activation of the Erk and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways are key in mediating these events.
Detection performance of time-hopping ultra-wideband LPI waveforms

Low probability of intercept (LPI) performance of a time-hopping (TH) ultra-wideband (UWB) system is investigated. The detection probability with the use of one single detector to detect the presence of TH UWB signals is derived. Another detection method, which uses multiple energy detectors, is also analyzed considering both chip and frame asynchronization and the time shift in the pulse position modulation (PPM). These two methods, one with single detector and the other with multiple detectors, are compared in terms of the detection probabilities
Learning Strategies in Online Collaborative Examinations

New forms of computer-mediated, online learning can benefit from new forms of assessment that fit the medium and the pedagogical style of the online environment. This paper investigates students' learning styles and learning strategies in taking online collaborative exams. Applying constructivist and collaborative learning theories, the collaborative examination features students' active participation in various phases of the exam process through small group activities online. Students' learning strategies, including deep learning and collaborative learning, are investigated using a 1 3 field quasi-experiment to compare the team-based collaborative online exam with the traditional in-class exam and with the participatory exam, where students participate in the online exam processes individually. Data analysis using results from 485 students indicates that collaborative examinations significantly reduced surface learning in exam study, enhanced interactions and the sense of an online learning community, and increased perceived learning. The results also suggest learning predispositions were significantly correlated with exam study strategies, and provide indications of their effects on learning strategies.
On the existence of positive-definite maximum-likelihood estimates of structured covariance matrices

It is shown that a sufficient condition for the likelihood function of a zero-mean Gaussian random vector with covariance R from some class of covariances R to be unbounded above over the set of positive-definite matrices in R is that some singular R/sub o/ exists in R whose range space contains the data. The results obtained imply that, for the spectrum estimation problem in which R is the class of Toeplitz covariances and only one long observation vector is available, by constraining the maximum-likelihood estimation problem to the class of Toeplitz matrices with nonnegative definite circulant extensions, a positive-definite solution is guaranteed to exist. >
Successful Treatment of Pulmonary Infection Due to Mycobacterium chelonae: Case Report and Review

During the past decade, Mycobacterium chelonae has been recognized with increasing frequency as a pulmonary pathogen. A review of previously reported cases reveals that most patients with pulmonary infections due to M. chelonae are nonimmunosuppressed but have underlying chronic lung disease. The infection is notably absent among blacks. M. chelonae organisms are characterized by a high degree of in vitro resistance to antituberculous drugs, and attempts at eradicating the organism through chemotherapy have been largely unsuccessful. The case of a 63-year-old previously healthy woman with progressive bilateral pulmonary disease due to M. chelonae is reported; she was treated successfully with a combination of cefoxitin and orally administered ciprofloxacin. Our experience supports the use of quinolones in combination with other active agents for the treatment of pulmonary infection due to M. chelonae.
An integrated theory of whisker formation: the physical metallurgy of whisker formation and the role of internal stresses

Over 50 years of whisker research (cadmium, zinc, and tin) has not resulted in consensus about whisker formation fundamentals for metal films. New analytical tools have recently provided new insights into microstructural changes that occur during whisker formation. Integration of these newer observations with historical data led the authors to propose an Integrated Theory of Whisker Formation. The Integrated Theory incorporates physical attributes such as microstructure and internal stress states. Particular emphasis is placed on recrystallization, grain boundary diffusion, film-substrate interdiffusion (i.e., the Kirkendall effect), and stress gradients. The Integrated Theory does not require dislocation mechanisms for material transport to the whisker location. Material is transported to a whisker grain by the surrounding grain boundary network under the driving impetus of positive stress gradients. Transported atoms then move from the grain boundary network into the whisker grain. This movement into the whisker grain pushes the free surface of the whisker grain upward and, thereby, grows the whisker structure.
Large-Margin Learning of Submodular Summarization Models

In this paper, we present a supervised learning approach to training submodular scoring functions for extractive multidocument summarization. By taking a structured prediction approach, we provide a large-margin method that directly optimizes a convex relaxation of the desired performance measure. The learning method applies to all submodular summarization methods, and we demonstrate its effectiveness for both pairwise as well as coverage-based scoring functions on multiple datasets. Compared to state-of-the-art functions that were tuned manually, our method significantly improves performance and enables high-fidelity models with number of parameters well beyond what could reasonably be tuned by hand.
PRNP variants in goats reduce sensitivity of detection of PrPSc by immunoassay

Diagnostic analyses often employ single antibody systems but are potentially limited by epitope sequence variation. United States regulatory testing for scrapie primarily uses antibody F99/97.6.1 f...
Research and Experience with My Daughter in Ecuador: An Odyssey of Ethnic Mobility

An idea at the heart of anthropological theory is that the social and cultural differentiation of human groups is maintained by the socialization of new members. The symbolic nature of that socialization process can be powerful in the context of ethnic diversity. Competition for control over it by individuals of differing groups, or the disruption of its course, can raise emotional issues for those concerned, particularly if the ethnic groups are arranged hierarchically. Such was my experience between 1977 and 1979 when I took my one-year-old daughter Marisa along to Highland Ecuador for my dissertation research. As the personal and professional situations occasioned by fieldwork demanded, we became temporarily immersed in three different cultures, practiced three codes of etiquette and demeanor, and adopted three competing group loyalties (cf. Gonzalez, 1974). This paper examines the issues raised and the meanings created by my daughter’s involvement in these groups for me and for members of each group who had a morally sanctioned interest in her. It is, simultaneously, a subjective account of personal experience and an objective illustration of the symbolic power of the biological, social and cultural links between generations within groups in social hierarchies. Finally, it is a tentative exploration of the relationship between the subjective and the objective; that is, between an anthropologist’s personal experience during fieldwork and her subsequent anthropological analysis.
Interleukin-1 Inhibitor Production by Human Mononuclear Leukocytes and Leukocyte Subpopulations Exposed to Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Analysis and Comparison With the Response to Influenza Virus

Net interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibitor activity is induced by exposure of purified human monocytes-macrophages to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Furthermore, IL-1 inhibitor activity was produced by monocytes-macrophages exposed to RSV in the presence of lymphocytes, that is, by unseparated mononuclear leukocytes (MNL). Purified RSV-exposed lymphocytes, as well as the lymphocytes exposed within MNL preparations, produced net IL-1 inhibitor activity. In contrast, net IL-1 activity was produced when purified monocytes-macrophages or unseparated MNL were exposed to influenza virus. The RSV-induced IL-1 inhibitors demonstrated antiproliferative effects on mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes as well as on the mouse thymocytes used in standard assays. The results raise the possibility that such antiproliferative activity is mediated, at least in part, by monocytes-macrophages. The data also suggest that IL-1 inhibitors produced by MNL after exposure to RSV may contribute along with other factors to the recurrence of RSV infection in immune individuals.
COLLECTIVE AND INTERPARTICLE INTERACTIONS IN EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI

The calculation using two equivalent f/sub 7/2,of particles and adding surface effects to the two-body interaction is reported. The effects of increasing the strength of the surface interaction and the two-particle interaction are computed. The qualitative regularities observed in even-even nuclei in the so-called vibrational region are obtained and the agreement is somewhat better than that with the pure vibrational model. In contrast to earlier calculations, these results can give a spin of 2/sup +/ for the second excited state, as often observed. The calculated ratio of B(E/sup 2' yields ; 2 yields 2) to B(E2; 2 yields 0) is less than 1.0. The appropriate values of the deformation parameters x are less than 1.0. (auth)
Bizarreness versus interaction of mental images as determinants of learning

Abstract Previous studies of the effect of bizarreness and interaction of mental images upon learning are subject to criticisms that the two variables are either confounded or not effectively manipulated. An attempt was made to separate the effects of these variables by presenting pictures along with word pairs. The pictures showed the words of each pair (a) interacting and bizarre, (b) interacting and nonbizarre, (c) noninteracting and bizarre, or (d) noninteracting and nonbizarre. A control group saw only the word pairs. Subjects were given one learning trial followed by a recall test. Bizarreness had no effect upon recall performance. In comparison with the no-picture control, interacting pictures produced superior performance whereas noninteracting pictures resulted in lower performance.
What Do Managers Mean When They Say 'Firms Like Theirs' Pay Bribes?

It is difficult to get firm managers to answer questions on corruption honestly. Because of this, most surveys ask about corruption indirectly—asking whether corruption is a problem or whether ‘firms like this one’ pay bribes. Most studies interpret managers’ responses to indirect questions as if they were answering about their own behavior. This might not be the case, however. This paper uses data from a survey of construction contractors in Afghanistan to look at how managers respond to indirect questions. We show that firms that are averse to paying bribes to win government contracts, and so do not bid for them, are more likely to say that firms like theirs pay bribes at other times. If managers answer the general indirect questions on corruption thinking about their own actions, we would expect that firms that are averse to paying bribes to win contracts would also be averse to paying bribes at other times. One explanation for the counterintuitive result is that firms answer the indirect questions as asked—about what they believe other firms are doing. This has important implications for studies that use indirect questions to assess what types of firms pay bribes.
OSSICULAR HOMOLOGIES, SYSTEMATICS, AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF CERTAIN NORTH AMERICAN CARBONIFEROUS ASTEROIDS (ECHINODERMATA)

Abstract Emphereaster missouriensis new genus and species, Ambigaster, new genus, and Delicaster, new genus are assigned to the Carboniferous asteroid family Neopalaeasteridae Schuchert. The neopalaeasterids are similar to but separable from the Carboniferous Monasteridae, Calliasterellidae, and Fandasteridae, n. fam., in ambulacral and other characters. The several families indicate that late Paleozoic asteroids were diverse although poorly documented. Similarities between late Paleozoic stem-group and post-Paleozoic crown-group asteroids allow argumentation on ossicular homologies. In species with only a single row of arm marginals, an earlier suggestion that certain disk ossicles are superomarginals is rejected. Enlarged proximal adambulacrals fill space on the actinal surface whereas actinal ossicles, generally lacking in Paleozoic asteroids, provide the space-filling service in crown-group asteroids. The body wall beyond the ambulacral column and accessory ossicles traditionally have been stressed in...
The UVS9 gene of Chlamydomonas encodes an XPG homolog with a new conserved domain

Abstract Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a key pathway for removing DNA damage that destabilizes the DNA double helix. During NER a protein complex coordinates to cleave the damaged DNA strand on both sides of the damage. The resulting lesion-containing oligonucleotide is displaced from the DNA and a replacement strand is synthesized using the undamaged strand as template. Ultraviolet (UV) light is known to induce two primary forms of DNA damage, the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer and the 6-4 photoproduct, both of which destabilize the DNA double helix. The uvs9 strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was isolated based on its sensitivity to UV light and was subsequently shown to have a defect in NER. In this work, the UVS9 gene was cloned through molecular mapping and shown to encode a homolog of XPG, the structure-specific nuclease responsible for cleaving damaged DNA strands 3′ to sites of damage during NER. 3′ RACE revealed that the UVS9 transcript is alternatively polyadenylated. The predicted UVS9 protein is nearly twice as long as other XPG homologs, primarily due to an unusually long spacer region. Despite this difference, amino acid sequence alignment of UVS9p with XPG homologs revealed a new conserved domain involved in TFIIH interaction.
A vaccine for Parkinson’s disease?

Various methods for active or passive immunization are being pursued actively as potential therapies for several neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins, such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases. Masliah and colleagues now provide the first evidence that this approach could also be applicable to synucleopathies, including Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, in which insoluble forms of α-synuclein aggregate in characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions. Although limited to mouse models, the evidence provided opens up the possibility that anti-α-synuclein antibodies may counteract the neurotoxic effects of excess α-synuclein by promoting the degradation of these aggregates. If applicable to humans, this approach could provide a way to slow down the neurodegenerative process in patients with various forms of synucleopathies, including Parkinson’s disease.
Making Time

This paper draws on research on time and technology, with a view to examining the notion that technology is implicated in the speeding up of everyday life. We begin by looking at research that shows how the adoption of the clock and of "clock time" was framed by more general shifts in ways of conceptualising and using time. Likewise, we suggest that the ways in which digital technologies are said to shape experiences of time need to be understood in the context of the fractured routines of the modern Western world. We argue that "redesigning" these experiences necessitates a broader way of dealing with the temporal structures of social life. Technology may play various roles here, for instance by shaping temporal infrastructures and highlighting reified temporal patterns. However, complex challenges also need to be addressed, central to which are recent accounts that position time as collective and entangled.
Staphylococcus aureus infections in HIV-positive children and adolescents

Abstract:A retrospective case-control study was undertaken among patients followed at the Texas Children's Hospital Retrovirology Clinic to determine the risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus infection. A total of 28 episodes of S. aureus infection were identified from 20 patients. Case patients ha
The Multivariate Revolution in Marketing Research

Can the current multivariate methods revolution in marketing research be explained? What is the role of computer technology in the rapid diffusion of multivariate methods? This article defines mult...
The Processing and Characterization of DCCA Modified Gel-Derived Silica

The production of small silica gel monoliths by the hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMS) in a methanol solution is now a common procedure. Drying is generally done slowly in a methanolic atmosphere [1] or under hypercritical conditions [2]. The potential application of sol-gel technology in the production of materials for large structures requires a rapid processing time, which causes a problem due to cracking. For large scale space structures the materials produced also require a low molecular weight, a low densification temperature, control of devitrification and a wide range of physical properties and gel densities. These requirements are potentially met by multicomponent silica based gels [3]. To decrease the drying time, which is the longest part of gel processing, the gel strength needs to be increased to resist cracking and the drying stress reduced. The gel strength can be improved by optimizing the variables in the gel manufacturing process.
Experimental Study on Combination Immunization of Attenuated Live Hepatitis A Vaccine and Measles Vaccine

Objective To study the immunology effects of the combination immunity of attenuated live hepatitis A vaccine(HAV)and measles vaccine(MV)on the immunity of HAV.Methods A total of 160 children,seronegative for anti-hepatitis A virus,were assigned to 2 groups to receive HAVs which were made by the domestic factories A and B,and meanwhile some of the vaccinees received with MVs on the opposite arms.All subjects re-vaccinated with a booster dose of HAV 1 year after the primary dose.Local and systemic adverse reactions were evaluated 24,48 and 72 hrs after each vaccination,respectively.Geometric mean titers(GMT)of hepatitis A virus antibodies were measured in the 2 groups one and a half years thereafter.Results Neither significant systemic nor local reactions were observed after the HAV and MV vaccination.GMT of anti-hepatitis A virus was higher in the HAV-MV group than that of in the single HAV group in factory B's HAVs,whereas there was no significant difference in factory A's HAVs.Conclusion The combination immunity of HAV and MV is safe and doesn't decrease the immunological effect of HAV.
241 ACCURACY AND USEFULNESS OF SELF-AUDITS IN AN OUTPATIENT RESIDENT CLINIC

Background Medical errors cause 44,000 deaths and lead to enormous cost burden. One of the reasons cited is poor documentation by physicians. Proper documentation is a skill important to physician-in-training. Chart audits are a method of quality assurance for physicians-in-training. Purpose 1. To compare the documentation skills of the first, second, and third year residents through a chart self-audit process. 2. To determine the accuracy of self-audits compared to third party audits. Methods A 39-item audit form addressing dictations, medications, and preventive health, based on the HEDIS, was developed. Each resident audited 5 of their own medical charts. All charts were reviewed by 2 blinded independent researchers and these were considered the gold standard. For analysis the audit form was divided into 6 components described in table below. Results Twenty-seven residents completed 135 audit forms. The table below summarizes the agreement rate (%) between residents and gold standard. Residents9 performance compared to gold standard varies between each component and postgraduate year for variables examined, the PGY-1 seemed to fare better. There were significant differences in accuracy between the resident audits and the gold standard in the areas of preventative health and updated medication list. Conclusions Self-audits may not be an appropriate tool for monitoring quality of care in a resident outpatient clinic because they are inaccurate; resident experience does not appear to improve performance. Electronic medical records may be more appropriate tools for providing residents with performance feedback.
Video coding in wireless multimedia sensor networks: a survey

There are a large number of video data have to be processed and transmitted in resource-constrained wireless multimedia sensor networks(WMSN).One possible way to achieve the maximum utilization of those resources is to apply an adaptive video coding scheme,which must consider the trade-off among energy consumption,compression ratio and image quality.The state-of-the-art in video coding techniques,the major research challenges and the objectives of video coding for WMSN are discussed.Existing solutions and theoretical explorations of video coding for WMSN are investigated and classified,including single source coding and distributed source coding.Finally,fundamental issues of single source coding are discussed,and future research trends in this area are outlined.
Pedal microlymphangiography in the experimental animal.

The technique of pedal microlymphangiography is described using a modified lymphangiogram needle, a dissecting microscope and special instruments. The method is applicable to small animal pedal lymphography and studies requiring endolymphatic injection.
Vascular rings necessitating right thoracotomy

Three young patients manifested upper airway symptoms from vascular rings accessible only through a right thoracotomy. A double aortic arch with atresia of the right posterior segment, an anomaly not previously documented, was found in one infant. The two others had a left aortic arch, retroesophageal right descending aorta, and a right ductus arteriosus. Angiograms were necessary to define these unusual aortic arch malformations.
Theoretical predictions for spatially-focused heating of magnetic nanoparticles guided by magnetic particle imaging field gradients

Magnetic nanoparticles in alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) transfer some of the field's energy to their surroundings in the form of heat, a property that has attracted significant attention for use in cancer treatment through hyperthermia and in developing magnetic drug carriers that can be actuated to release their cargo externally using magnetic fields. To date, most work in this field has focused on the use of AMFs that actuate heat release by nanoparticles over large regions, without the ability to select specific nanoparticle-loaded regions for heating while leaving other nanoparticle-loaded regions unaffected. In parallel, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has emerged as a promising approach to image the distribution of magnetic nanoparticle tracers in vivo, with sub-millimeter spatial resolution. The underlying principle in MPI is the application of a selection magnetic field gradient, which defines a small region of low bias field, superimposed with an AMF (of lower frequency and amplitude than those normally used to actuate heating by the nanoparticles) to obtain a signal which is proportional to the concentration of particles in the region of low bias field. Here we extend previous models for estimating the energy dissipation rates of magnetic nanoparticles in uniform AMFs to provide theoretical predictions of how the selection magnetic field gradient used in MPI can be used to selectively actuate heating by magnetic nanoparticles in the low bias field region of the selection magnetic field gradient. Theoretical predictions are given for the spatial decay in energy dissipation rate under magnetic field gradients representative of those that can be achieved with current MPI technology. These results underscore the potential of combining MPI and higher amplitude/frequency actuation AMFs to achieve selective magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) guided by MPI.
Epistemologia Pós-Gettier

In this paper, it is argued that the differences between Gettier-era epistemology and post-Gettier epistemology can be largely traced to differences in methodology. We will give a “rational reconstruction” of how we did things then, what we do now, and what considerations moved us to do things differently. In summary form, during the Gettier era the methodology of epistemology was roughly what Chisholm called “particularism” and Rawls called “the method of reflective equilibrium.” Various developments forced an abandonment of this Gettier era methodology, in favor of several new constraints on an adequate theory of knowledge. Questions about the nature of epistemic normativity, the relations between knowledge and action, the value of knowledge, and the social dimensions of knowledge, all became important for adjudicating among competing theories of knowledge. This was appropriate in that the older methodology was inadequate. The new methodology accounts for the increased richness and depth that we see in epistemology today.
Teaching health outcomes research from an interprofessional perspective

Abstract Background Considering the importance of interprofessional, collaborative practice and the ability to understand and evaluate health outcomes research in delivering efficient and quality care, health profession education curriculum should include a team-based, health outcomes research course. The ability to work collaboratively in assessing and interpreting health outcomes is an important next step. Purpose We sought to determine the perceived effectiveness of a health outcomes research course to an interprofessional group of health profession students at the undergraduate level. Method We offered and delivered a semester-long health outcomes research course. As part of this course, students completed critical reflections at the end of the semester which served as the qualitative data for our analyses. Students were instructed to reflect upon the course objectives and purpose as well as the overall structure of the course. Discussion Students reported that the sequence of learning material, use of stable teams, and group projects and assignments helped facilitate learning as well as an increased awareness of the role of interprofessional teamwork in the health care process. Conclusion An interprofessional health outcomes research course appears to improve learning and attitudes toward interprofessional collaborative practice and health outcomes research.
Conclusion: Local Collaboration in the Holocaust

There is a growing recognition amongst historians of the need to modify some of the widely received perceptions of how the Holocaust was implemented. Between 1941 and 1943, according to Hilberg’s cautious calculations, approximately 2 000 000 Jews were killed within the May 1941 borders of the Soviet Union, primarily by shooting in pits close to their homes.1 The role played by the iitEinsatzgruppen has become infamous on the basis of their own detailed documentation. However, there was a ‘Second Wave’ of killings in the summer and autumn of 1942. In the areas under German civil administration in western Belorussia and Ukraine this ‘Second Wave’ proved more destructive than the first, comprising the elimination of all but a few main work ghettoes. The Nazi aim was to cleanse these regions of their Jewish inhabitants: to render them ‘iitJudenfrei’.2
The Stock Exchange

A stock exchange is a market for the purchase and sale of stocks, shares and other interest-bearing securities. It is a free market subject to the laws of supply and demand in much the same way as a street market.
Do Community Banks Contribute to International Trade? Evidence from U.S. Small Business Banking

We investigate if international trade financing credits provided by local community banks in a given state to small-and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) contribute to the state-level volume of international trade. The results show that aggregate commercial letters of credit (CLCs) issued by U.S. community banks have an economically and statistically significant explanatory power in describing local, state-level international trade. Community banks’ contribution to state-level international volume through trade credits to opaque SMEs manifests itself in manufacturing industry where bank dependency for SMEs is most pronounced. While we are mainly interested in the total volume of international trade (exports plus imports), we find that our results are predominantly driven by imports. Finally, the findings show that the positive association of CLCs issued by community banks with state-level international trade significantly attenuated during the financial crisis. Overall, we conclude that albeit constituting only 10% to 15% of all CLCs in the U.S. banking industry, CLCs issued by community banks play a nontrivial role for SMEs’ access to international markets, thereby positively affecting state-level international trade volume.
Climate Change Predicted to Negatively Influence Surface Soil Organic Matter of Dryland Cropping Systems in the Inland Pacific Northwest, USA

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key indicator of agricultural productivity and overall soil health. Currently, dryland cropping systems of the inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW) span a large gradient in mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP). These climatic drivers are major determinants of surface soil organic matter dynamics and storage characteristics. Future climate change projections through 2070 indicate significant shifts in MAT and MAP for the iPNW. We assessed surface (0 to 10 cm) soil organic C and N as well as active and recalcitrant fractions of SOM within long-term experiments representing different tillage regimes and cropping intensities across the current climatic gradient of the iPNW. We discovered that current levels of soil C and N as well as various SOM fractions were positively correlated with MAP and negatively correlated with MAT. Furthermore, these climatic drivers were more influential than either tillage regime or cropping intensity in determining SOM levels and characteristics. Soil organic C and total N as well as the hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable fractions were negatively correlated with the current ratio of MAT to MAP, called the climate ratio. Future climate projections (2030 and 2070) forecast an increase of the climate ratio, thus predicting declines in surface SOM and associated soil health across the iPNW.
Prognostic Factors and Survival Outcome in Patients with Chordoma in the United States: A Population-Based Analysis.

Abstract Objective To evaluate prognostic factors of patients with chordoma through a population-based analysis. Methods 1598 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, diagnosed with chordoma from 1973-2013 were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis and Cox Regression multivariate analysis were performed to examine prognostic factors in overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Results Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an OS and DSS were 61% and 71% at 5 years, 41% and 57% at 10 years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that independent predictors of OS and DSS to be age at diagnosis (HR = 2.80 [95% CI, 2.12-3.70], P P = .002), surgical treatment (HR = 0.62 [95% CI, 0.52-0.73], P P P = .004; HR=1.29 [95%CI, 1.09-1.54], P = .004), tumor size (HR = 1.53 [95% CI, 1.32-1.78], P P P P Conclusion We report the largest study to date to evaluate prognostic factors of patients with chordoma. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that older age, greater tumor size and distant metastasis were correlated with decreased survival, whereas surgical resection was correlated with increased survival. Patients receiving radiation therapy also showed decreased survival, likely an indication of the patients' advanced stage of disease, making them poor surgical candidates.
Home Enteral Nutrition: Updates, Trends, and Challenges:

The true prevalence of home enteral nutrition (HEN) utilization is unclear and requires further study. HEN therapy has remained virtually unchanged for several decades. However, new trends in HEN are evolving; enteral nutrition is undergoing changes ranging from enteral feeding devices, ingredients used, practice innovations, and challenges with reimbursement. A 2006 Joint Commission call to action that reported 2 sentinel events related to misconnections set things into motion for the transition of enteral device connectors to become specific for enteral nutrition use, which will affect patients who receive HEN. Nutrition support clinicians are realizing that people fed enterally may also enjoy incorporating blended foods into their diets and may benefit from different nutrients and components (ie, phytonutrients, fiber, and prebiotics) present in natural foods, thereby resulting in the renaissance of food-based blenderized tube feedings. This article reviews HEN therapy data or the lack thereof, current practices, risks and benefits, future trends, and challenges with access devices, enteral feedings, and reimbursement. It also highlights areas where more research is needed, and it urges clinicians to get involved in legislative action or committees to facilitate improved processes and reimbursement for HEN.
The significant effects of puberty on the genetic diathesis of binge eating in girls

Objective Recent data show significant phenotypic and genetic associations between ovarian hormones and binge eating in adulthood. Theories of hormonal risk focus on puberty and the possibility that hormone activation induces changes in genetic effects that then lead to differential risk for binge eating in postpuberty and adulthood. Although this theory is difficult to test in humans, an indirect test is to examine whether genetic influences on binge eating increase during the pubertal period in girls. Prior work has shown pubertal increases in genetic influences on overall disordered eating symptoms, but no study to date has examined binge eating. The present study was the first to examine these increases for binge eating. Methods Participants included 1,568 female twins (aged 8–25 years) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Binge eating and pubertal development were assessed with self-report questionnaires. Results Twin moderation models showed significant linear increases in genetic effects from prepuberty (5%) to postpuberty (42%), even after controlling for the effects of age and body mass index. Discussion Results provide critical support for increased genetic influences on binge eating during puberty. Additional studies are needed to identify hormonal mechanisms and fully test contemporary models of ovarian hormone risk.
Optoelectronic phenomena in gold metal nanostructures due to the inverse Faraday effect

The inverse Faraday effect (IFE) is an opto-magnetic phenomenon that produces static magnetic fields in a wide range of materials during illumination with circularly polarized light. This study analyzes non-magnetic gold (Au) metal nanostructures, providing insight into plasmonic enhancement of the magnetic and optoelectronic phenomena associated with the IFE. We report a simple numerical approach in combination with full-wave optical simulations (finite-difference time-domain method) for tracking the optically-induced motion of electrons inside plasmonic nanostructures that gives rise to the IFE. In addition to static magnetic fields, a circulating drift current is observed, where the direction of current is the same as the chirality of the circularly polarized light. Our results indicate a significant enhancement of this drift current by ~100 times in Au nanoparticles due to larger optical field gradients in comparison with bulk Au films. We also report on the size, geometry, and spectral dependence of the induced drift currents and static magnetic fields, which we predict can exceed 1×10-3 T under 1015 W m-2 optical intensity for spherical Au nanoparticles. Our results inform the development of new classes of magneto-optic and optoelectronic behavior that can be obtained via direct manipulation of electron dynamics by the optical fields inside metals.
The Saliency of Personal Control and Racial Separatism for Black and White Southern Students

Research results on black-white differences in sense of personal control and research on the racial correlates of personal control are quite inconsistent. Using data from 36 black and 91 white North Carolina high school students, an attempt was made to validate both the sense of control construct and a racial separatism construct through Campbell and Fiske’s Multitrait-multimethod matrix. Surprisingly, the sense of control construct was validated for black students but not for white students, while the separatism construct was validated for white students but not for black students. The black students, however, scored more externally on the sense of control measures than did the white students, and externality for black students on the measures was related to support of racial separatism.