cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sense and Serendipity: Some Ways Fiction Writers Choose Character Names

AbstractIn order to find out how and why authors choose names for characters, published sources were reviewed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with four authors of fictional works for children and adolescents: Shannon Hale, Brandon Mull, Michael O. Tunnell, and Chris Crowe. From analysis of interview transcripts, analytic works, and articles by other contemporary authors, five themes emerged: (1) These authors recognized the importance of character names, and they made conscious and deliberate choices. (2) They wanted names to be easily accessible to their readers. (3) They were concerned that names fit the characters' personalities, backgrounds, and actions. (4) They went to a variety of sources for accurate, appropriate, and interesting names beyond their own background, imagination, and energy. (5) They chose names that had personal significance for them, some related to personal acquaintances and some conveying personal humor. Rather than examining each theme in depth, this article presen...
Assumed amphi-atlantic distribution of oxyurella tenuicaudis (Cladocera, Chydoridae)denied by a new species from north America

Up to now the taxon Oxyurella tenuicaudis, described from Norway, has been claimed to occur in North America as well. However, our close study and comparison of populations from the two continents show them to be different in many major morphological details, involving principally the female and male postabdomens, labrum, headpore configuration, and the external sculpturing of the shell. The new species O. brevicaudis occurs from the Maritimes to Manitoba in southern Canada, southward throughout the region east of the Plains to Guatemala and possibly Panama. Two enigmatic outlier populations are known from the Northwest Territories and the State of Washington. A greater frequency of occurrence in the southeastern states compared with southern Canada, together with its extension of range into the Tropics, suggests that this taxon prefers the lower north temperate latitudes. Although widely distributed, its frequency of occurrence is very low.
Temperature and stiffness correction of SAW devices for wireless strain sensing

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are solid-state components in which a wave propagates along the surface of a piezoelectric material. Changes in strain or temperature cause shifts in the acoustic wave speed and/or the path length, enabling SAW devices to act as sensors. We present experimental studies on lithium niobate SAW devices acting as passively-powered devices. Sensitivity, reproducibility, and linearity are excellent when measuring strain at constant temperature, but the devices are also sensitive to temperature changes. We show experimental results of strain measurement incorporating temperature compensation.
Application of pattern recognition to mass spectral data of toxic organic compounds in ambient air

Abstract The low resolution mass spectra of a set of 78 toxic, volatile organic compounds, the presence of which is routinely monitored in ambient air samples, were examined for information concerning chemical classes and compound identification. The mass spectra were converted to their autocorrelation spectra, and the transformed spectra were studied using pattern recognition techniques. The inherent structure of the data showed three major classes: nonhaloaromatics, chlorocarbons, and bromo- and bromochlorocarbons. Principal components models, with dimensionality obtained with a cross-validation technique, contained two or three dimensions. Classification accuracy for the training set compounds was high. A hierarchical classification scheme, using statistical pattern recognition and k -nearest neighbor methods, was developed for chemical class assignment and for compound identification from mass spectral data files. The method was applied to gas chromatography—mass spectral data of known compounds of calibration sets obtained on the air quality monitoring mass spectrometer. Classification accuracy as to chemical class was 87% and compound identification accuracy was 84% for the calibration data. A classification scheme, which could be the basis for a microcomputer based expert system for mass spectral interpretation, is described.
Novel method for probing the specificity binding profile of ligands: applications to HIV protease.

A detailed understanding of factors influencing the binding specificity of a ligand to a set of desirable targets and undesirable decoys is a key step in the design of potent and selective therapeutics. We have developed a general method for optimizing binding specificity in ligand–receptor complexes based on the theory of electrostatic charge optimization. This methodology can be used to tune the binding of a ligand to a panel of potential targets and decoys, along the continuum from narrow binding to only one partner to broad binding to the entire panel. Using HIV-1 protease as a model system, we probe specificity in three distinct ways. First, we probe interactions that could make the promiscuous protease inhibitor pepstatin more selective toward HIV-1 protease. Next, we study clinically approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors and probe ways to broaden the binding profiles toward both wild-type HIV-1 protease and drug-resistant mutants. Finally, we study a conformational ensemble of wild-type HIV-1 protease to “design in” broad specificity to known drugs before resistance mutations arise. The results from this conformational ensemble were similar to those from the drug-resistant ensemble, suggesting the use of a conformational wild-type ensemble as a tool to develop escape-mutant resistant inhibitors.
Neutralization in ion-surface collisions

A theory is presented for calculating the probability for neutralization of slow ions colliding with a solid surface. The theory predicts neutralization probabilities at any ion distance from the surface given the (classical) ion trajectory. Though restricted to the adiabatic regime of collision energies, the theory gives an accurate quantum-mechanical description of neutralization, including the effects of ion movement. We find that energy in the electronic system need not be conserved during neutralization, but may be smeared over an energy range typically several eV wide. As a consequence, normally closed neutralization channels may, in fact, be open during collision. This possibility is explored for resonance tunneling neutralization of singly charged helium ions incident on a tungsten surface. The results suggest that resonance tunneling does indeed play a significant role in determining neutralization in this system.
On the Distribution of Protein Refractive Index Increments

The protein refractive index increment, dn/dc, is an important parameter underlying the concentration determination and the biophysical characterization of proteins and protein complexes in many techniques. In this study, we examine the widely used assumption that most proteins have dn/dc values in a very narrow range, and reappraise the prediction of dn/dc of unmodified proteins based on their amino acid composition. Applying this approach in large scale to the entire set of known and predicted human proteins, we obtain, for the first time, to our knowledge, an estimate of the full distribution of protein dn/dc values. The distribution is close to Gaussian with a mean of 0.190 ml/g (for unmodified proteins at 589 nm) and a standard deviation of 0.003 ml/g. However, small proteins <10 kDa exhibit a larger spread, and almost 3000 proteins have values deviating by more than two standard deviations from the mean. Due to the widespread availability of protein sequences and the potential for outliers, the compositional prediction should be convenient and provide greater accuracy than an average consensus value for all proteins. We discuss how this approach should be particularly valuable for certain protein classes where a high dn/dc is coincidental to structural features, or may be functionally relevant such as in proteins of the eye.
Liberation of hydrogen from gastric acid following administration of oral magnesium.

We are in the process of developing a noninvasive test for gastric acid secretion based on the reaction of orally administered magnesium metal with gastric acid: Mg+2HCl⇋MgCl2+H2. We hypothesized that the hydrogen gas thus evolved could be detected in exhaled air and belches and that the amount of hydrogen released could be related to the amount of acid in the stomach. To validate this hypothesis, we gave magnesium to two groups of young adult volunteers following either betazole stimulation or cimetidine inhibition of acid secretion. In group I we gave subcutaneous betazole and gave magnesium in doses from 10 to 200 mg. In group II we gave oral betazole and used a constant dose of 150 mg of magnesium. In both groups we consistently detected significant increases in breath and belch hydrogen following magnesium in the betazolestimulated volunteers. This response was blocked by cimetidine. The magnitude of the response was related to the magnesium dose, with 150 mg appearing to induce a maximum response. Administration of oral magnesium up to 200 mg was not associated with any untoward effects. We conclude that magnesium led to the release of hydrogen gas in vivo and that the quantity of hydrogen gas recovered was related to the amount of gastric acid. With further development, this principle might be used to develop a simple noninvasive test for gastric acid secretion.
The idealized column

Graphic methods and simple amalytic formulas are presented for the determination of the quantities of greatest interest in the elastic, plastic and creep buckling of columns. The results are rigorously valid only for columns of idealized I section and they represent good approximations in the case of extruded and built up sections.
Brefeldin A: insights into the control of membrane traffic and organelle structure.

THE definition of cellular organelles has evolved over the last hundred years largely driven by morphologic observations, but more recently has been supplemented and complemented by functional and biochemical studies (Palade, 1975) . Thus, organelles are now identified both by their morphology and by the set ofcomponents that comprise them . Determining how organelle identity is established and maintained and how newly synthesized protein and membrane are sorted to different organelles are the central issues of organellogenesis . Essential to the many cellular functions that take place within the central vacuolar system (which consists ofthe ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, endosomes, and lysosomes) is membrane traffic which mediates the exchange of components between different organelles . There are two critical characteristics of membrane traffic . First, only certain sets oforganelles exchange membrane and the patterns of this exchange define what are called membrane pathways . Second, multiple pathways intersect at specific points within the central vacuolar system . For specific components to "choose" the correct pathway at such points of crossing, mechanisms exist to impose choices on specific molecules . This process is called sorting . The characteristicsofeachorganelle within the central vacuolar system are likely to be intimately tied to the properties ofmembrane traffic . An imbalance in the magnitude ofmembrane input into and egress from an organelle would have profound effects on the size ofthat compartment . In addition, failures in sorting or aberrations in targeting pathways would be expected to profoundly affect the identity of individual organelles . Recently, the relationship between the control of membrane traffic and the maintenance of organelle structure has been investigated with the use ofa remarkable drug, brefeldin A (BFA).' In this review we will summarize recent findings with BFA and propose some speculative models concerning the mechanism and regulation ofmembrane traffic within the central vacuolar system .
Transfer of small plasmid DNA fragments from polyacrylamide gels onto nitrocellulose paper

Abstract The incorporation into a 7% polyacrylamide gel of a nucleic acid-specific photochemical reagent 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen at a concentration of 1 mg/dl of acrylamide solution improves both the sensitivity and the efficiency of the transfer of plasmid DNA fragments from the gel onto nitrocellulose filters. This improvement allows detection by blot hybridization of DNA fragments as small as 57 bp long.
Observations on Preferential Flow and Horizontal Transport of Nitrogen Fertilizer in the Unsaturated Zone

A study site underlain by a claypan soil was instrumented to examine the transport of fertilizer nitrogen (N) under corn (Zea mays L.) cultivation. The study was designed to examine N transport within the unsaturated zone and in interflow (the saturated flow of water on top of the claypan). A 15 N-labeled fertilizer (labeled N), bromide (Br), and chloride (Cl) were used as field tracers. Rapid or prolonged infiltration events allowed water and dissolved solutes to perch on the claypan for brief periods. However, a well-developed network of preferential flow paths quickly diverted water and solutes through the claypan and into the underlying glacial till aquifer. Excess fertilizer N in the unsaturated zone supplied a continuous, but declining input of N to ground water for a period of 15 mo after a single fertilizer application. Calculated solute velocities through the claypan matrix (6.4 × 10 -6 cm s -1 ) were similar to horizontal transport rates along the claypan (3.5 to 7.3 × 10 -6 cm s -1 ) but much slower than infiltration rates determined for preferential flow paths (L67 × 10 -3 cm s -1 ). These flow paths accounted for 35% of the transport. A seasonally variable, dual mode of transport (matrix and preferential flow) prevented the claypan from being an effective barrier to vertical transport. Simulations of selected field observations, conducted using the variably saturated two-dimensional flow and transport model, VS2DT, confirmed the presence of a dual flow regime in the claypan.
The aftermath of an election crisis: Kenyan attitudes and the influence of individual-level and locality violence

Abstract How does violent conflict affect social and political attitudes? To answer this question I pair Kenyan survey and violence data for the time period following the country's December 27th 2007 national election. I find that respondents who personally experienced electoral violence are less likely to express certain forms of inter-personal and institutional trust than those individuals who did not. The association is not universally powerful, however. First, noteworthy differences emerge between populations who relocated as a result of post-election conflict and those who did not. Differences between these groups suggest that internal migration in the wake of tragedy influenced the Kenyan social landscape. In addition to personal exposure to electoral conflict, I test how local level violence may indirectly condition Kenyan political attitudes. Across all models, individual-level exposure to violence has the most consistent influence upon opinions, although district level effects emerge in analyses without survey respondent ethnicity controls. This finding suggests that living in a setting of regional insecurity does not have as important an effect on certain political views as personal victimization.
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome: The Final Frontier for Lung Transplantation

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction that affects a majority of lung transplant recipients and is the principal factor limiting long-term transplant survival. BOS is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction unexplained by acute rejection, infection, or other coexistent condition. Although BOS is a proven useful clinical syndrome that identifies patients at increased risk for death, its clinical course and underlying causative factors are now recognized to be increasingly heterogeneous. Regardless of the clinical history, the primary pathologic correlate of BOS is bronchiolitis obliterans, a condition of intraluminal airway fibrosis. This article highlights the body of developing research illustrating the mechanisms by which BOS is mediated, including alloimmune reactivity, the emerging roles of humoral and autoimmunity, activation of innate immune cells, and response to nonimmune-related allograft insults, such as infection and aspiration. In addition, we underscore emerging clinical implications and promising future translational research directions that have the potential to advance our knowledge and improve patient outcomes.
Evidence that the coenzyme a requirement for avian fatty acid synthase is not for the ermination reaction

1. Fatty acid synthase from goose uropygial gland was inhibited when CoA was scavenged with ATP citrate lyase. 2. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of CoA, 3'-dephospho-CoA, 1,N6-etheno-CoA and pantetheine but not by desulfo-CoA, pantethine or mercaptoethanol suggesting that the structural features of pantetheine including the free thiol group are essential for the reversal. 3. The S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioester hydrolase from the uropygial glands of mallards, which hydrolytically removes acyl chains from fatty acid synthase of goose uropygial gland in the absence of CoA, did not reverse this inhibition, suggesting that the CoA depletion does not inhibit termination reaction. 4. However, triacetic acid lactone synthesis by the fatty acid synthase was inhibited by the scavenging of CoA, raising the possibility that the condensation and/or the transacylase reactions may require CoA.
Hidden Markov models and mouse ultrasonic vocalizations

An introduction to Markov models, their significance, and an explanation of how a hidden Markov model can be used to model the ultrasonic calls made by mice.
Seasoned common stock issuance following an IPO

Abstract We examine valuation effects of a NASDAQ firm's first seasoned common stock issue after its initial public offering on NASDAQ and analyze how share-price response is affected by characteristics of the firm and its IPO. First seasoned issues have excess returns of −2.9%, occur after periods of sharply rising stock market prices, and have large positive cumulative excess returns prior to announcement. We find IPO underpricing mitigates share-price response to seasoned offerings as predicted by Welch's (1989) model of the IPO market. Returns are also inversely related to the proportion of firm shares sold by insiders as part of the seasoned offering.
Multidimensional feature extraction from 3D hyperspectral images

A hyperspectral imaging system has been set up and used to capture hyperspectral image cubes from various samples in the 400-1000 nm spectral region. The system consists of an imaging spectrometer attached to a CCD camera with fiber optic light source as the illuminator. The significance of this system lies in its capability to capture 3D spectral and spatial data that can then be analyzed to extract information about the underlying samples, monitor the variations in their response to perturbation or changing environmental conditions, and compare optical properties. In this paper preliminary results are presented that analyze the 3D spatial and spectral data in reflection mode to extract features to differentiate among different classes of interest using biological and metallic samples. Studied biological samples possess homogenous as well as non-homogenous properties. Metals are analyzed for their response to different surface treatments, including polishing. Similarities and differences in the feature extraction process and results are presented. The mathematical approach taken is discussed. The hyperspectral imaging system offers a unique imaging modality that captures both spatial and spectral information that can then be correlated for future sample predictions.
Joint UFH and power control for effective wireless anti-jamming communication

Jamming-resistant communication without preshared secrets has received extensive attention recently and is commonly tackled by utilizing the technique of uncoordinated frequency hopping (UFH). However, existing approaches exhibit significant performance constraints due to the use of UFH at both the sender and the receiver sides. To improve the state of the art, in this paper we aim to significantly improve the performance of the anti-jamming system in the presence of a power-limited jammer. Specifically, we for the first time jointly consider UFH and power control and pose these two techniques into a uniform framework. The proposed approach utilizes online learning theory to determine both the hopping channels and the transmitting powers based on the history of channel status. By dividing the transmission power into multiple levels, the sender with a limited power budget is able to choose both the sending channels and the corresponding transmission power. The sender keeps refining its knowledge of channel status to improve future channel selection and power allocation based on the feedback information from the receiver. We analytically show that, in presence of a power-limited jammer, the average transmission delay of our system is bounded by equation with high probability. Extensive simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme against various jamming attacks.
Comparison of mutagenesis by X-rays and triethylene melamine in Paramecium, with emphasis on the role of mitosis

Abstract The effect of mitosis on the mutation processes initiated in Paramecium aurelia by the alkylating agen triethylene melamine (TEM) and by X-rays was investigated by treating synchronized groups of cells with the mutagen at closely spaced intervals throughout the latter part of the cell cycle; by determining the effect of an intervening cell division on the reduction of mutation yield caused by treatment with streptomycin; and, in the case of X-rays, by determining the effect of dose rate on cells irradiated in midmitosis. The results suggest that TEM induces a single kind of premutational damage that is repaired at an essentially constant rate throughout the cell cycle, including mitosis, and is fixed as final mutation at the time of DNA synthesis bu not at any other time. Some mutation may also be produced by processes independent of DNA synthesis, but if so, their contribution to the overall yield is quite small. The X-ray results are more complex. Some premutational damage induced during midmitosis remains reparable into the next G1 period, but there is suggestive evidence that some is converted to an irreparable form during mitosis. There is also evidence that the rate of repair, even of that permutational damage that can only be fixed at DNA synthesis, can vary during the cell cycle. Whether or not any mutation is fixed at mitosis, an appreciable fraction of the X-ray-induced mutations arise by fixation independently of DNA synthesis. The likelihood of this kind of fixation varies widely during the cell cycle. Thus mutagenesis by X-rays appears to be more complex than that by TEM, though the two have in common that a considerable fraction of the mutations arise from initially reparable premutational damage that is fixed at DNA synthesis.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Cause of Renal Dysplasia?:

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most frequently encountered viral infections of the fetus and induces a wide range of histologic and clinical manifestations. Congenital abnormalities are typically restricted to the central nervous system despite evidence of CMV inclusions occurring in most epithelial cells. Although tissue injury and even glomerulonephritis have been observed in congenital CMV infections, renal multicystic dysplasia has not been reported. Herein, we describe a case of unilateral renal dysplasia in a 19-week fetus with concurrent CMV infection. We believe the present case to be the first description of a virus apparently inducing renal multicystic dysplasia.
Using Engineering and Assistive Technologies for Rehabilitation after Electrical Traumaa

A framework is presented for judging when, how, and why rehabilitation engineering and its related assistive technologies are appropriate interventions following electrically induced trauma or burns. Instead of relying on the World Health Organization's medically based classification scheme of "Impairment, Disability, and Handicap," this newer framework is built on a rational demarcation proposed by the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Research at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. This latter client-centered framework encompasses pathophysiology, impairment, functional limitations, "disability", and societal limitations. This framework is well suited to handle the varied sequelae of electrical trauma and burn injuries and provides guidance towards the most effective use of traditional rehabilitation interventions and of assistive technologies. For electrical injuries, rehabilitative technologies can be classified as those promoting job accommodations (i.e., that help an individual return to active employment, albeit possibly in a different role) or as aids to the other activities of daily living (ADLs) that provide an enhanced quality of life to the individual with disability. While the traditional rehabilitative focus has been on return-to-work, especially among professional tradesmen, a more productive rehabilitative effort in some cases may occur through psychosocial adjustments achieved via effective technological interventions that enhance ADLs. Language: en
Attempted Transmission of Warts From Man, Cattle, and Horses and Deer Fibroma to Selected Hosts

Bovine papilloma virus produced fibroblastic growths in ponies after intradermal inoculation while atypical bovine and human papilloma viruses and deer fibroma virus failed to produce lesions. The human papilloma virus did not elicit a response in the brain or on the skin of calves. None of the above viruses produced cutaneous growth in monkeys. The viruses of man and horse and deer fibroma virus did not react in agar gel to bovine papilloma viral antiserum. It appears that the human papilloma virus will not infect the cow, horse, monkey, or hamster and will not react in agar gel with bovine papilloma viral antiserum.
A Conserved Checkpoint Monitors Meiotic Chromosome Synapsis in Caenorhabditis elegans

We report the discovery of a checkpoint that monitors synapsis between homologous chromosomes to ensure accurate meiotic segregation. Oocytes containing unsynapsed chromosomes selectively undergo apoptosis even if a germline DNA damage checkpoint is inactivated. This culling mechanism is specifically activated by unsynapsed pairing centers, cis-acting chromosome sites that are also required to promote synapsis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Apoptosis due to synaptic failure also requires the C. elegans homolog of PCH2, a budding yeast pachytene checkpoint gene, which suggests that this surveillance mechanism is widely conserved.
Fast lithium transport in PbTe for lithium-ion battery anodes

The reversible charging of a lead chalcogenide, PbTe, was studied for use as the anode material in a Li-ion cell and compared to PbO. A similar series of Li–Pb alloys were formed but with Li2Te present instead of Li2O. In the presence of Li2Te, rapid Li–Pb alloying and dealloying were observed in the potential range of 0.01–0.7 V. In the potential range of 0.8–2.5 V, Li2Te formed and decomposed reversibly. Electrodes were cycled stably for 100 cycles at a C/5 rate in both potential domains. The electrodes were also cycled stably at rates up to 10C. The presence of Li2Te reduced the overpotential required at higher charge and discharge rates by acting as a superionic conductor to improve lithium ion diffusion. These results recommend this material for potential use in low-power applications such as cell phones.
Multiple Transcription Factor Binding Sites Predict AID Targeting in Non-Ig Genes

Aberrant targeting of the enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) results in the accumulation of somatic mutations in ≈ 25% of expressed genes in germinal center B cells. Observations in Ung(-/-) Msh2(-/-) mice suggest that many other genes efficiently repair AID-induced lesions, so that up to 45% of genes may actually be targeted by AID. It is important to understand the mechanisms that recruit AID to certain genes, because this mistargeting represents an important risk for genome instability. We hypothesize that several mechanisms combine to target AID to each locus. To resolve which mechanisms affect AID targeting, we analyzed 7.3 Mb of sequence data, along with the regulatory context, from 83 genes in Ung(-/-) Msh2(-/-) mice to identify common properties of AID targets. This analysis identifies three transcription factor binding sites (E-box motifs, along with YY1 and C/EBP-β binding sites) that may work together to recruit AID. Based on previous knowledge and these newly discovered features, a classification tree model was built to predict genome-wide AID targeting. Using this predictive model, we were able to identify a set of 101 high-interest genes that are likely targets of AID.
Cloning and epitope mapping of a functional partial fusion receptor for human cytomegalovirus gH

A cDNA clone encoding a partial putative human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gH fusion receptor (CMVFR) was previously identified. In this report, the cDNA sequence of CMVFR was determined and the role of this CMVFR in HCMV/cell fusion was confirmed by rendering fusion-incompetent MOLT-4 cells susceptible to fusion following transfection with receptor cDNA. Blocking experiments using recombinant gH or either of two MAbs (against recombinant gH or purified viral gH:gL) provided additional evidence for the role of gH binding to this protein in virus fusion. An HCMV-binding domain of 12 aa in the middle hydrophilic region of CMVFR was identified by fusion blocking studies using synthetic receptor peptides. The 1368 bp cDNA of CMVFR contained a predicted ORF of 345 aa with two potential membrane-spanning domains and several possible nuclear localization signals. A search of sequence databases indicated that CMVFR is a novel protein. Further characterization of this cell membrane protein that confers susceptibility to fusion with the viral envelope should provide important information about the mechanism by which HCMV infects cells.
Enhanced visual speech perception in individuals with early-onset hearing impairment.

Purpose L. E. Bernstein, M. E. Demorest, and P. E. Tucker (2000) demonstrated enhanced speechreading accuracy in participants with early-onset hearing loss compared with hearing participants. Here,...
Role of Professional Development Associations in the Future of Our Field

The purpose of this article is to describe the interconnectedness of three professional development associations, the impact of various factors on collaboration and fragmentation, and suggestions for future directions. The three adult education professional associations being discussed in this article are the American Association of Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE), the Commission of Adult Basic Education (COABE), and the Kentucky Association of Adult and Continuing Education (KAACE). I provide some observations regarding the economy, fracturing among the associations, and their ability to advocate for our own interests. I suggest three recommendations for professional development organizations and the field.
The shared-thread multiprocessor

This paper describes initial results for an architecture called the Shared-Thread Multiprocessor (STMP). The STMP combines features of a multithreaded processor and a chip multiprocessor; specifically, it enables distinct cores on a chip multiprocessor to share thread state. This shared thread state allows the system to schedule threads from a shared pool onto individual cores, allowing for rapid movement of threads between cores.This paper demonstrates and evaluates three benefits of this architecture:(1) By providing more thread state storage than available in the cores themselves, the architecture enjoys the ILP benefits of many threads, but carries the in-core complexity of supporting just a few.(2) Threads can move between cores fast enough to hide long-latency events such as memory accesses. This enables very-short-term load balancing in response to such events.(3) The system can redistribute threads to maximize symbiotic behavior and balance load much more often than traditional operating system thread scheduling and context switching.
Gastric banding: Conversion to sleeve, bypass, or DS

A review of conversions of gastric banding for obesity to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric sleeve, or duodenal switch attempts to determine which revisional procedure best enhances weight loss. Indications for these conversions are multiple and include hardware problems, motility problems, and miscellaneous like inadequate weight loss. Analysis of band conversions to band of 193 patients, and bands to gastric bypass in 214 patients reveals better weight loss with the latter strategy. Smaller cohorts of patients who underwent a biliopancreatic diversion or simply a sleeve gastrectomy are too small to conclude on their efficacy. Prospective randomized trials are needed to determine which revisional procedure is best in the setting of inadequate weight loss of excessive weight regain after gastric adjustable banding for severe obesity.
Ferrate(VI) oxidation of ibuprofen: A kinetic study

The kinetics of ferrate(VI) (FeVIO4 2−, Fe(VI)) oxidation of an antiphlogistic drug, ibuprofen (IBP), as a function of pH (7.75–9.10) and temperature (25–45°C) were investigated to see the applicability of Fe(VI) in removing this drug from water. The rates decrease with an increase in pH and the rates are related to protonation of ferrate(VI). The rates increase with an increase in temperature. The E a of the reaction at pH 9.10 was calculated as 65.4±6.4 kJ mol−1. The rate constant of the HFeO4 − with ibuprofen is lower than with the sulphur drug, sulfamethoxazole. The use of Fe(VI) to remove ibuprofen is briefly discussed.
Individual versus standardized hierarchies in the systematic desensitization of snake-avoidance.

Abstract Fourteen female Ss were exposed to systematic desensitization focusing on snake imagery. Seven of the 14 Ss were assigned to an “individualized hierarchy” (IH) condition. These Ss developed their own hierarchies for desensitization. Seven Ss were assigned to a “standard hierarchy” (SH) condition. These Ss experienced desensitization along a commonly employed standard hierarchy. Ss in the IH and SH conditions displayed significant behavioral improvement by contrast with seven untreated controls. Behavioral improvements for Ss in the IH and SH conditions did not differ.
Near-Term Liability of Exploitation: Exploration and Exploitation in Multistage Problems

The classic trade-off between exploration and exploitation reflects the tension between gaining new information about alternatives to improve future returns and using the information currently available to improve present returns. By considering these issues in the context of a multistage, as opposed to a repeated, problem environment, we show that exploratory behavior has value quite apart from its role in revising beliefs. We show that even if current beliefs provide an unbiased characterization of the problem environment, maximizing with respect to these beliefs may lead to an inferior expected payoff relative to other mechanisms that make less aggressive use of the organization's beliefs. Search can lead to more robust actions in multistage decision problems than maximization, a benefit quite apart from its role in the updating of beliefs.
A simple plankton model for the Oregon upwelling ecosystem: Sensitivity and validation against time-series ocean data

Simple plankton models serve as useful platforms for testing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ecosystem dynamics. A simple, one-dimensional plankton model was developed to describe the dynamics of nitrate, ammonium, two phytoplankton size-classes, meso-zooplankton, and detritus in the Oregon upwelling ecosystem. Computational simplicity was maintained by linking the biological model to a one-dimensional, cross-shelf physical model driven by the daily coastal upwelling index. The model sacrificed resolution of regional-scale and along-shore (north to south) processes and assumed that seasonal productivity is primarily driven by local cross-shelf Ekman transport of surface waters and upwelling of nutrient-rich water from depth. Our goals were to see how well a simple plankton model could capture the general temporal and spatial dynamics of the system, test system sensitivity to alternate parameter set values, and observe system response to the effective scale of potential retention mechanisms. Model performance across the central Oregon shelf was evaluated against two years (2000–2001) of chlorophyll and copepod time-series observations. While the modeled meso-zooplankton biomass was close in scale to the observed copepod biomass, phytoplankton was overestimated relative to that inferred from the observed surface chlorophyll concentration. Inshore, the system was most sensitive to the nutrient uptake kinetics of diatom-size phytoplankton and to the functional grazing response of meso-zooplankton. Meso-zooplankton was more sensitive to alternate parameter values than was phytoplankton. Reduction of meso-zooplankton crossshelf advection rates (crudely representing behavioral retention mechanisms) reduced the scale of model error relative to the observed seasonal mean inshore copepod biomass but had little effect of the modeled meso-zooplankton biomass offshore nor upon phytoplankton biomass across the entire shelf.
Galaxy shapes and intrinsic alignments in the MassiveBlack-II simulation

The intrinsic alignment of galaxy shapes with the large-scale density field is a contaminant to weak lensing measurements, as well as being an interesting signature of galaxy formation and evolution (albeit one that is difficult to predict theoretically). Here we investigate the shapes and relative orientations of the stars and dark matter of halos and subhalos (central and satellite) extracted from the MassiveBlack-II simulation, a state-of-the-art high resolution hydrodynamical cosmological simulation which includes stellar and AGN feedback in a volume of $(100{h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}})^3$. We consider redshift evolution from $z=1$ to $0.06$ and mass evolution within the range of subhalo masses, $10^{10} -6.0 \times 10^{14.0}{h^{-1}M_{\odot}}$. The shapes of the dark matter distributions are generally more round than the shapes defined by stellar matter. The projected root-mean-square (RMS) ellipticity per component for stellar matter is measured to be $e_\text{rms} = 0.28$ at $z=0.3$ for $M_{subhalo}> 10^{12.0}{h^{-1}M_{\odot}}$, which compares favourably with observational measurements. We find that the shapes of stellar and dark matter are more round for less massive subhalos and at lower redshifts. By directly measuring the relative orientation of the stellar matter and dark matter of subgroups, we find that, on average, the misalignment between the two components is larger for less massive subhalos. The mean misalignment angle varies from $\sim 30^{\circ}-10^{\circ}$ for $M \sim 10^{10} - 10^{14} {h^{-1}M_{\odot}}$ and shows a weak dependence on redshift. We also compare the misalignment angles in central and satellite subhalos at fixed subhalo mass, and find that centrals are more misaligned than satellites. We present fitting formulae for the shapes of dark and stellar matter in subhalos and also the probability distributions of misalignment angles.
A Comparative Study of the Implicit and Explicit Gender Attitudes of Children and College Students

Implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes toward men and women and toward male soldiers and female soldiers were assessed in fifth-graders (28 male, 31 female) and college students (43 male, 42 female). Women were rated more positively than men on an explicit attitude measure. Similarly, female soldiers were rated more positively than male soldiers, except among college men, who were pro-male soldier. Different results emerged from an Implicit Association Test using names of men and women (general gender condition) or of male soldiers and female soldiers (soldier name condition). Latencies indicated pro-female attitudes in the soldier name condition and among women and college students. Error rates also indicated pro-female attitudes, except for a pro-male preference among men in the general gender condition. Reasons that implicit and explicit attitude measures may produce such divergent results are discussed.
MITF links differentiation with cell cycle arrest in melanocytes by transcriptional activation of INK4A

Cell cycle exit is required for proper differentiation in most cells and is critical for normal development, tissue homeostasis, and tumor suppression. However, the mechanisms that link cell cycle exit with differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the master melanocyte differentiation factor, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), regulates cell cycle exit by activating the cell cycle inhibitor INK4A, a tumor suppressor that frequently is mutated in melanomas. MITF binds the INK4A promoter, activates p16Ink4a mRNA and protein expression, and induces retinoblastoma protein hypophosphorylation, thereby triggering cell cycle arrest. This activation of INK4A was required for efficient melanocyte differentiation. Interestingly, MITF was also required for maintaining INK4A expression in mature melanocytes, creating a selective pressure to escape growth inhibition by inactivating INK4A. These findings demonstrate that INK4A can be regulated by a differentiation factor, establish a mechanistic link between melanocyte differentiation and cell cycle exit, and potentially explain the tissue-specific tendency for INK4A mutations to occur in melanoma.
Making research consent forms informative and understandable: the experience of the Indian Health Service.

The mission of the Indian Health Service (IHS) affects what research is done and how It is reviewed and managed and in turn affects the forms and process used to obtain informed consent. Consent forms must be Informative and understandable to American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) potential volunteers; the process used to obtain informed consent must minimize any institutional pressure to participate. The IHS Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) developed seven research Model Volunteer Consent Forms (available from the author).
Consciousness in congenitally decorticate children: developmental vegetative state as self-fulfilling prophecy.

According to traditional neurophysiological theory, consciousness requires neocortical functioning, and children born without cerebral hemispheres necessarily remain indefinitely in a developmental vegetative state. Four children between 5 and 17 years old are reported with congenital brain malformations involving total or near-total absence of cerebral cortex but who, nevertheless, possessed discriminative awareness: for example, distinguishing familiar from unfamiliar people and environments, social interaction, functional vision, orienting, musical preferences, appropriate affective responses, and associative learning. These abilities may reflect ‘vertical’ plasticity of brainstem and diencephalic structures. The relative rarity of manifest consciousness in congenitally decorticate children could be due largely to an inherent tendency of the label ‘developmental vegetative state’ to become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Worker Ant Foraging Response on and Near Mounds of the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren 1

Abstract. Red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, are an invasive species that has infested more than 145 million hectares in the southern United States. Management of this insect pest often relies on the use of food lures and granular bait insecticides. This experiment was conducted to determine the response of red imported fire ant workers when a food lure was placed on the center of a mound or 0.3, 0.9, and 1.8 m from a mound. Percentage of foraging worker ants after 60 minutes of exposure to the food lure was 31.7 to 36.0 at the mound center, 24.5 to 22.3 at 0.3 m, 19.6 to 21.4 at 0.9 m, and 24.2 to 20.4 at 1.8 m. These results demonstrate that red imported fire ants forage on top of their mounds. These data should help convince insecticide manufacturers to allow placement of granular baits on top of nondisturbed mounds in addition to scattering bait around the mound.
Pharmacologic Approaches in the Treatment of Pathological Gambling

Pathological gambling is an understudied disorder that causes significant distress to sufferers, their families, and society. Despite its prevalence among the general population, the impact of pathological gambling remains largely unrecognized by many health care providers. Although a discrete entity, pathological gambling shares salient characteristics with addiction and obsessive-compulsive disoders, and is comorbid with these and other conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a large number of cases. Recognizing these similarities has significant implications for treatment, as pharmacologic therapies used for these disorders, including serotonergic and mood-stabilizing agents, have shown some degree of efficacy in pathological gambling.
Capital and Philanthropy: Donations from the Wealthy in China and the United States

This paper examines charitable giving from wealthy individuals in both the United States and China. It assesses the motivations of wealthy donors and analyzes the donation trends from the top fifty philanthropists in the last decade in both countries. The data depicts that in both the United States and China, asset size increases more rapidly than donation rates over time. Capitalism offers a possible way to advance social development; however, increasing income inequality may damage the advancement. While substantial philanthropic engagement from wealthy individuals may be an important mechanism to balance capitalism and income inequality, the data indicates that collective sharing of capital continues to have room to further develop.
Administration of anti-neoplastic agents to treat malignancies in solid organ transplant recipients

The management of advanced malignancies in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients is not well-structured as the patients need immunosuppressive agents to avoid graft rejection. Simultaneous administration of chemotherapy and immunosuppressive agents may increase treatment toxicities. The data of SOT recipients treated at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) was reviewed for different malignancies to assess their treatment patterns, tolerance and outcomes. Chart review of 40 SOT patients seen at RPCI (2000–2012) for cancer management was conducted. The median age was 61.5 years and 50% were males. The median lag time between SOT and cancer diagnosis was 8.4 years. It was found that 46% of solid tumors were metastatic at diagnosis, 78% received chemotherapy and 22% had hormonal therapy alone. In the chemotherapy group, the patients received an average of 1.8 lines of therapy, where 13% were given definitive chemotherapy and radiotherapy while 26% received chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant/adjuvant setting. Treatment delays were necessary in 32%, and dose omission or reduction in 42%. The most common hematologic adverse events (AEs) were anemia (78%) and thrombocytopenia (59%). Febrile neutropenia occurred in 12.5%. The most common non-hematologic AEs were fatigue (55%) and hepatic dysfunction (45%). The most common grade 3/4 hematologic AEs were neutropenia (33%) and leukopenia (27%) while non-hematologic grade 3/4 AEs was fatigue (12.5%). At the time of analysis, 26% patients were still alive. The median overall survival period of the patients was 28.5 months. In conclusion, SOT patients can tolerate chemotherapy; however AEs, dose reductions and delays occur. Thus, the treating physicians should be cautious on dosing chemotherapy in these cases.