cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of [N-C3H3]-racemic-trans-1-phenyl-3-dimethylamino-6-chloro-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (PAT-6)

The biological function of the sigma receptor in the central nervous system is not well understood at the present time. Once thought to be an opiate receptor, the sigma receptor has now been shown to have a neuromodulatory effect upon the synthesis of dopamine in the striatal nerve terminal. A novel sigma agonist, racemic-trans-1-phenyl-3-dimethylamino-6-chloro-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, PAT-6, has demonstrated the greatest potency of any compound tested to date as a sigma agonist in stimulating the synthesis of dopamine in vitro and may be functioning at a novel sigma receptor subtype. The synthesis of tritiated PAT-6 at high specific activity is described herein. This labeled ligand was prepared for use in radioreceptor binding studies in order to identify the putative sigma receptor subtype responsible for mediation of the stimulatory effect on in vitro dopamine synthesis.
Cultural issues in palliative care

Objectives To review the common issues at the end of life across cultures and the measures that can be taken to address these issues. Data sources Published articles and textbook chapters. Conclusion Culture plays a critical role in how patients, families, and health care providers view the end of life. Cultural competence in end-of-life care includes knowledge and experience and working in cross-cultural situations. Implications for nursing practice Increased culture-specific knowledge will provide nurses with a basis for beginning exploration of individual or family beliefs.
Molecular markers and imaging tools to identify malignant potential in Barrett's esophagus.

Due to its rapidly rising incidence and high mortality, esophageal adenocarcinoma is a major public health concern, particularly in Western countries. The steps involved in the progression from its predisposing condition, gastroesophageal reflux disease, to its premalignant disorder, Barrett’s esophagus, and to cancer, are incompletely understood. Current screening and surveillance methods are limited by the lack of population-wide utility, incomplete sampling of standard biopsies, and subjectivity of evaluation. Advances in endoscopic ablation have raised the hope of effective therapy for eradication of high-risk Barrett’s lesions, but improvements are needed in determining when to apply this treatment and how to follow patients clinically. Researchers have evaluated numerous potential molecular biomarkers with the goal of detecting dysplasia, with varying degrees of success. The combination of biomarker panels with epidemiologic risk factors to yield clinical risk scoring systems is promising. New approaches to sample tissue may also be combined with these biomarkers for less invasive screening and surveillance. The development of novel endoscopic imaging tools in recent years has the potential to markedly improve detection of small foci of dysplasia in vivo. Current and future efforts will aim to determine the combination of markers and imaging modalities that will most effectively improve the rate of early detection of high-risk lesions in Barrett’s esophagus.
Finding New Information for Ecological Inference Models: A Comment on Jon Wakefield, 'Ecological Inference in 2x2 Tables'

Congratulations goes to Jon Wakefield for an unusually complete and completely insightful contribution to this fast-growing literature. Wakefield productively follows what is now standard practice by including both deterministic and statistical information in each new model and then seeking out additional sources of information.
In vivo NMR investigation of intramuscular glucose metabolism in conscious rats

In vivo 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine quantitatively the flux of muscle glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylation in the hindlimb of conscious rats. 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to observe [1-13C]glucose label precursor incorporation into intramuscular [1-13C]glycogen, [3-13C]lactate, and [3-13C]alanine during a hyperglycemic (approximately 11 mM)-hyperinsulinemic (10 mU.kg-1.min-1) clamp. The glycogen synthesis rate was calculated to be 224 +/- 23 nmol.g-1.min-1. The kinetic data obtained from the label turnover in the intramuscular C-3 lactate and C-3 alanine metabolite pools, as well as in plasma C-3 lactate and C-3 alanine, were combined with a steady-state rate analysis to determine the glycolytic flux (67.4 +/- 10.1 nmol.g-1.min-1). Steady-state isotopomer analysis of glutamate and pyruvate in skeletal muscle tissue extracts was used to determine the anaplerotic contribution of substrate via pyruvate carboxylation (Vpc). The pyruvate dehydrogenase flux (Vpdh) was calculated after a steady-state flux correction for Vpc. Calculated values of Vpc and Vpdh were 24.8 +/- 4.3 and 110.0 +/- 18.7 nmol.g-1.min-1, respectively. In addition, [2-13C]acetate was used in a separate study to determine that pyruvate carboxylation was the major pathway for anaplerosis in skeletal muscle under conditions of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia.
A new ensemble of GCM simulations to assess avoided impacts in a climate mitigation scenario

There is growing evidence that the role internal variability plays in our confidence in future climate projections has been under-appreciated in past assessments of model projections for the coming decades. In light of this, a 15 member ensemble has been produced to complement the existing 30 member “Large Ensemble” conducted with the Community Earth System Model (CESM). In contrast to the Large Ensemble, which explored the variability in RCP8.5, our new ensemble uses the moderate mitigation scenario represented by RCP4.5. By comparing outputs from these two ensembles, we assess at what point in the future the climates conditioned on the two scenarios will begin to significantly diverge. We find in general that while internal variability is a significant component of uncertainty for periods before 2050, there is evidence of a significantly increased risk of extreme warm events in some regions as early as 2030 in RCP8.5 relative to RCP4.5. Furthermore, the period 2061-2080 sees largely separate joint distributions of annual mean temperature and precipitation in most regions for the two ensembles. Hence, in the CESM’s representation of the Earth System for the latter portion of the 21st century, the range of climatic states which might be expected in the RCP8.5 scenario is significantly and detectably further removed from today’s climate state than the RCP4.5 scenario even in the presence of internal variability.
Tidal Friction in Slowly Rotating Black Holes

A stationary distribution of matter outside a Kerr black hole will cause the angular momentum of the black hole to decrease with time provided the distribution is not symmetric about the axis defined by the black hole's angular momentum. The rate of decrease of angular momentum is calculated in the case that (a) the effects of the exterior matter can be treated as a perturbation to the Kerr geometry and (b) the angular momentum of the black hole is small.
Steroid hormone regulation of vitellogenin gene expression.

(1982). Steroid Hormone Regulation of Vitellogenin Gene Expressio. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 187-203.
Emergency department visits for head trauma in the United States

Head trauma affects millions of Americans each year and has significant morbidity and economic costs to society. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of head traumas presenting to emergency departments in the United States. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program was queried to conduct a retrospective analysis of head traumas treated in U.S. emergency departments. 207,159 cases of nonfatal head trauma from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2011 were included in this study. An estimated 10,746,629 (95 % confidence interval: 8,368,720-13,124,537) head traumas were treated in U.S. emergency departments (EDs) during the study period, averaging 2,149,326 cases annually. The annual injury rate per 10,000 population increased from 55.2 in 2007 to 85.4 in 2011, with the largest increases seen in children ≤11 years of age and in adults >65 years of age. Traffic-related head trauma accounted for an estimated 1,819,824 visits to U.S. EDs over the study period and was associated with a 1.74 times greater risk of a hospital admission compared to injuries due to non-traffic-related causes. Assaults (95.9 %) were the most common reason for head trauma in cases where injury intent was documented, and 16.9 % of assault-related head trauma occurred in children 0-17 years of age. When analyzed separately from other head traumas, concussions increased by 37.5 % over the study period, and nearly a third (29.9 %) of all concussions were sports-related. The increase in the number and rate of head traumas treated in U.S. EDs warrants continued injury prevention efforts and improvements in injury nomenclature and surveillance.
Common bile duct repair with titanium staples : Comparison with suture closure

Background: Vascular Closure Staple (VCS) clips made of titanium were initially developed for microvascular anastomoses with little experience of their use in larger tubular structures. This study compares VCS clips and sutures in the closure of supraduodenal choledochotomy. Methods: In nine pigs, two longitudinal incisions of the common bile duct (CBD) were randomly assigned to closure with 4-0 interrupted polyglactin sutures or VCS clips. Results: Clip closure was significantly faster (116 ± 28 vs 581 ± 88 s). All nine CBDs were patent and without signs of calculus formation after 3 months. Clip closure resulted in slightly less narrowing of the duct lumen and thinner scar at the repair site. At histological examination, all 18 incisions had healed without signs of fistula formation or marked fibrosis. Conclusions: Choledochotomy closure with VCS clips results in as good or better wound healing than suture closure, with a comparable degree of narrowing. The time required for clip closure is only about one-fifth that of suture closure.
Retinal Structure Measurements as Inclusion Criteria for Stem Cell–Based Therapies of Retinal Degenerations

PURPOSE We reviewed and illustrated the most optimal retinal structural measurements to make in stem cell clinical trials. METHODS Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and autofluorescence (AF) imaging were used to evaluate patients with severe visual loss from nonsyndromic and syndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP), ABCA4-Stargardt disease, and nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Outer nuclear layer (ONL), rod outer segment (ROS) layer, inner retina, ganglion cell layer (GCL), and nerve fiber layer (NFL) thicknesses were quantified. RESULTS All patients had severely reduced visual acuities. Retinitis pigmentosa patients had limited visual fields; maculopathy patients had central scotomas with retained peripheral function. For the forms of RP illustrated, there was detectable albeit severely reduced ONL across the scanned retina, and normal or hyperthick GCL and NFL. Maculopathy patients had no measurable ONL centrally; it became detectable with eccentricity. Some maculopathy patients showed unexpected GCL losses. Autofluorescence imaging illustrated central losses of RPE integrity. A hypothetical scheme to relate patient data with different phases of retinal remodeling in animal models of retinal degeneration was presented. CONCLUSIONS Stem cell science is advancing, but it is not too early to open the discussion of criteria for patient selection and monitoring. Available clinical tools, such as OCT and AF imaging, can provide inclusion/exclusion criteria and robust objective outcomes. Accepting that early trials may not lead to miraculous cures, we should be prepared to know why-scientifically and clinically-so we can improve subsequent trials. We also must determine if retinal remodeling is an impediment to efficacy.
An Energy Function-Based Optimal Control Strategy for Output Stabilization of Integrated DFIG-Flywheel Energy Storage System

This paper presents an energy function-based optimal control strategy for output stabilization of integrated doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-flywheel energy storage architecture to keep the grid power isolated from wind power output and voltage fluctuations and thus enabling increased penetration of wind energy resources. First, a grid connected two mass DFIG and a grid supportive single mass squirrel cage induction generator-based flywheel energy storage system model have been considered for controller design and proof of concept exploration. Second, a new energy function-based control architecture is proposed for maximum energy transfer from wind farm during normal operation and to improve DFIG low voltage ride through characteristics. It has been observed that the proposed architecture is very effective in mitigating oscillations and thus increasing wind energy penetration.
massMobile -an Audience Participation Framework.

massMobile is a client-server system for mass audience participation in live performances using smartphones. It was designed to flexibly adapt to a variety of participatory performance needs and to a variety of performance venues. It allows for real time bi-directional communication between performers and audiences utilizing existing wireless 3G, 4G, or WiFi networks. In this paper, we discuss the goals, design, and implementation of the framework, and we describe several projects realized with massMobile.
Temperature–Salinity Structure of the North Atlantic Circulation and Associated Heat and Freshwater Transports

AbstractThis study investigates the circulation structure and relative contribution of circulation components to the time-mean meridional heat and freshwater transports in the North Atlantic, using numerical results of a high-resolution ocean model that are shown to be in excellent agreement with the observations. The North Atlantic circulation can be separated into the large-scale Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) that is diapycnal and the subtropical and subpolar gyres that largely flow along isopycnal surfaces but also include prominent gyre-scale diapycnal overturning in the Subtropical Mode Water and Labrador Sea Water. Integrals of the meridional volume transport as a function of potential temperature θ and salinity S yield streamfunctions with respect to θ and to S, and heat functions. These argue for a significant contribution to the heat transport by the southward circulation of North Atlantic Deep Water. At 26.5°N, the isopycnic component of the subtropical gyre is colder and fr...
Long-Term Outcomes and Longitudinal Changes of Neurogenic Bowel Management in Adults With Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Objectives To describe long-term outcomes of neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD), determine changes over time in the type of bowel program, and determine changes in psychosocial outcomes associated with NBD-related factors in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Longitudinal cohort survey. Follow-up occurred annually for a total of 466 interviews, with most participants (75%) contributing to at least 3 consecutive interviews. Setting Community. Participants Adults (N=131) who had sustained an SCI before the age of 19 years (men, 64.1%; tetraplegia, 58.8%; mean age ± SD, 33.4±6.1y; mean time since injury ± SD, 19.5±7.0y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Type and evacuation time of bowel management programs; standardized measures assessing life satisfaction, health perception, depressive symptoms, and participation. Generalized estimating equations were formulated to determine odds of change in outcomes over time. Results At first interview, rectal suppository/enema use was most common (51%). Over time, the likelihood of using manual evacuation (odds ratio [OR]=1.077; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.023–1.134; P =.005), oral laxatives (OR=1.052; 95% CI, 1.001–1.107; P =.047), and colostomy (OR=1.071; 95% CI, 1.001–1.147; P =.047) increased, whereas the odds of rectal suppository use decreased (OR=.933; 95% CI, .896–.973; P =.001). Bowel evacuation times were likely to decrease over time in participants using manual evacuation (OR=.499; 95% CI, .256–.974; P =.042) and digital rectal stimulation (OR=.490; 95% CI, .274–.881; P =.017), but increase for rectal suppository/enema use (OR=1.871; 95% CI, 1.264–2.771; P =.002). When the level of injury was controlled for, participants using manual evacuation and digital rectal stimulation were more likely to have increases in community participation scores ( P Conclusions Changes in type of bowel program over time may be associated with the time required to complete bowel evacuation in this relatively young adult SCI population.
Contextual language learning with Capti ESL Assistant

In this paper, we present Capti ESL Assistant, a novel universally accessible web application that facilitates acquisition of English by helping language learners develop their reading and listening skills simultaneously. It features built-in translation and the Word Challenge game that enables users to learn the language in the context. It is also accessible to users with print disabilities.
Introduction: Ernest Hemingway’s Intimate Geographies

Godfrey describes Ernest Hemingway’s “place-consciousness,” a feature of his work that has long been observed yet simultaneously understudied. Hidden in plain sight almost everywhere in his writing, Godfrey makes the case that place-consciousness was a source of great pleasure for Hemingway and was, arguably, a crucial motive to create art as well as a dominant feature of the art itself. To reread Hemingway as a literary and cultural geographer, Godfrey states, can teach us about how real places become imaginative spaces, about how the terrains of the material world and of the imagination influence one another. Godfrey also provides a timely cultural message, reminding readers that places matter to Hemingway in ways we would do well to attend to in an increasingly “placeless” digital age.
Generalizations of Landau’s Inequality to Linear Operators

In 1913 Edmund Landau [13] proved that if f is continuous together with its first and second order derivatives in the interval [0, 1], if ‖ f ‖ = 1, ‖ f″‖=4, then $$\left\| {f'} \right\| \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{$\buildrel<\over {\smash{\scriptstyle=}\vphantom{_x}}$}} 4.$$ (1.1) .
A Raspberry Pi Cluster Instrumented for Fine-Grained Power Measurement

Power consumption has become an increasingly important metric when building large supercomputing clusters. One way to reduce power usage in large clusters is to use low-power embedded processors rather than the more typical high-end server CPUs (central processing units). We investigate various power-related metrics for seventeen different embedded ARM development boards in order to judge the appropriateness of using them in a computing cluster. We then build a custom cluster out of Raspberry Pi boards, which is specially designed for per-node detailed power measurement. In addition to serving as an embedded cluster testbed, our cluster’s power measurement, visualization and thermal features make it an excellent low-cost platform for education and experimentation.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 does not contribute to the pulmonary pathology induced by acute exposure to ozone

Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)‐1, the major physiological inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is increased in the lung following inhalation of ozone (O3), a gaseous air pollutant. PAI‐1 regulates expression of interleukin (IL)‐6, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐2, which are cytokines that promote lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, and/or airway hyperresponsiveness following acute exposure to O3. Given these observations, we hypothesized that PAI‐1 contributes to the severity of the aforementioned sequelae by regulating expression of IL‐6, KC, and MIP‐2 following acute exposure to O3. To test our hypothesis, wild‐type mice and mice genetically deficient in PAI‐1 (PAI‐1‐deficient mice) were acutely exposed to either filtered room air or O3 (2 ppm) for 3 h. Four and/or twenty‐four hours following cessation of exposure, indices of lung injury [bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein and epithelial cells], pulmonary inflammation (BALF IL‐6, KC, MIP‐2, macrophages, and neutrophils), and airway responsiveness to aerosolized acetyl‐ β ‐methylcholine chloride (respiratory system resistance) were measured in wild‐type and PAI‐1‐deficient mice. O3 significantly increased indices of lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, and airway responsiveness in wild‐type and PAI‐1‐deficient mice. With the exception of MIP‐2, which was significantly lower in PAI‐1‐deficient as compared to wild‐type mice 24 h following cessation of exposure to O3, no other genotype‐related differences occurred subsequent to O3 exposure. Thus, following acute exposure to O3, PAI‐1 neither regulates pulmonary expression of IL‐6 and KC nor functionally contributes to any of the pulmonary pathological sequelae that arise from the noxious effects of inhaled O3.
OWA aggregation of multi-criteria with mixed uncertain satisfactions

Abstract We discuss the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator and its role in multi-criteria decision-making. We look at the situation where there is uncertainty in the criteria satisfactions. To allow for various types of uncertainty we assume a measure representation of the uncertain information. Since the OWA aggregation requires an ordering of the arguments we introduce the idea of measure based dominance over the uncertain arguments to provide a mechanism for obtaining this ordering. As we can't always satisfy the strong conditions needed for obtaining a complete dominance relationship over the uncertain arguments in the criteria aggregation we introduce a surrogate for measure-based dominance that can always be calculated. We provide an illustrative example of the whole procedure.
Movement of traditional fecal indicator bacteria and source-tracking targets through septic drainfields.

Abstract The past three decades' data on outbreaks in the United States indicate that homes dependent on untreated groundwater (e.g. wells) for household drinking water that are also reliant on onsite treatment of household wastewater (e.g. septic systems) may be at greater risk for waterborne disease. While groundwater quality monitoring to protect public health has traditionally focused on the detection of fecal indicator bacteria, the application of emerging source tracking strategies may offer a more efficient means to identify pollution sources and effective means of remediation. This study compares the movement of common fecal indicator bacteria ( E. coli and enterococci) with a chemical (optical brighteners, OB) and a molecular ( Bacteroides HF183) source tracking (ST) target in small scale septic drainfield models in order to evaluate their potential utility in groundwater monitoring. Nine PVC column drainfield models received synchronized doses of primary-treated wastewater twice daily, with influent and effluent monitored bi-weekly over a 7-month period for all targets. Results indicate that E. coli and enterococci concentrations were strongly associated (Spearman's rank, p Bacteroides HF183 was significantly, but not strongly, associated with optical brighteners and both indicator bacteria (Point-biserial correlation, p
The Relation between Polyphenols and Body Composition in US Hispanics/Latinos: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Study of Latinos Nutrition and Physical Activity Assessment Study (SOLNAS)

Background: Polyphenols offer high antioxidant potential that may protect against chronic diseases. Epidemiologic evidence documenting their influence on body composition and obesity risk is limited, particularly among Hispanics/Latinos who are disproportionately prone to obesity. Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate cross-sectional associations of urinary polyphenols with body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%BF) in a diverse Hispanic/Latino population and to assess the reliability of polyphenol measurements. Methods: Participants were 442 adults from the Study of Latinos/Nutrition and Physical Activity Assessment Study (SOLNAS) aged 18-74 y. Doubly labeled water was used as an objective recovery biomarker of energy. Polyphenol excretion from 24-h urine samples was assessed. Measures were repeated in a subsample (n = 90) to provide a reliability measure. Anthropometric measures were obtained by trained personnel, and %BF was measured by 18O dilution. Linear regression models were used to evaluate multivariable associations between body composition and polyphenols. Spearman correlation coefficients between BMI and %BF with polyphenols and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between polyphenol measures were computed. Results: A weak correlation was observed for resveratrol and %BF (r = -0.11, P = 0.02). In multivariable-adjusted regression models, weak inverse associations were observed for resveratrol and urolithin A with %BF [β ± SE: -0.010 ± 0.004 (P = 0.007) and -0.004 ± 0.002 (P = 0.03), respectively]. For every 50% increase in these urinary polyphenols, there was a 1% and 0.4% decrease in %BF. Urolithin A was inversely associated with BMI (β ± SE: -0.004 ± 0.002; P = 0.02) and with 5% lower odds of obesity in models not adjusted for total energy expenditure (TEE; OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.99; P = 0.02). For every 50% increase in urolithin A, there was a 0.4-unit decrease in BMI. Associations were attenuated after adjustment for TEE. Reliability study findings were indicative of weak to moderate correlations (ICCs: 0.11-0.65), representing a degree of within-person variation in polyphenol biomarkers. Conclusions: Although associations were weak, resveratrol and urolithin A were inversely associated with obesity. Repeated polyphenol urine measures could clarify their long-term impact on body adiposity.
Tychus: a whole genome sequencing pipeline for assembly, annotation and phylogenetics of bacterial genomes

Summary: Tychus is a tool that allows researchers to perform massively parallel whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis with the goal of producing a high confidence and comprehensive description of the bacterial genome. Key features of the Tychus pipeline include the assembly, annotation, alignment, variant discovery and phylogenetic inference of large numbers of WGS isolates in parallel using open-source bioinformatics tools and virtualization technology. All prerequisite tools and dependencies come packaged together in a single suite that can be easily downloaded and installed on Linux and Mac operating systems. Availability: Tychus is freely available as an open-source package under the MIT license, and can be down-loaded via GitHub (https://github.com/Abdo-Lab/Tychus).
Thinking Outside the Box: Considering Transparency, Anonymity, and Pseudonymity as Overall Solutions to the Problems of Information Privacy in the Internet Society

Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1302 R I. Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305 R I.1. What Is Transparency? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305 R Required Opacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311 R The Information “Hubs” – Location, Interaction, and Transaction . 1313 R I.2. Transparency and the Practical Harms to Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 R (a) Fear of Abuse and Criminal Misuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 R (b) Fear of Errors in Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319 R (c) Price Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1320 R (d) Manipulation and the “Autonomy Trap” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325 R I.3. Transparency as “Leveling the Playing Field”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331 R Leveling vs. Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 R II. Anonymity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334 R II.1. What Is Anonymity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334 R II.2. The Troubles of the Anonymous Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337 R Anonymity’s Enemies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339 R III. Pseudonymity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 R III.1. What is Pseudonymity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 R Traceable vs. Untraceable Pseudonymity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341 R Traceable Pseudonymity: How Can It Be Done? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342 R Pseudonymity and Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344 R III.2. Pseudonymity, the Data Flow, and the Detriments of Surveillance . . . . . . 1345 R III.3. Pseudonymity and the Troubles of Anonymity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1349 R III.4. The Troubles of Pseudonymity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1350 R (a) Keeping Up the Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1350 R (b) “Virtual Babies and Virtual Bathwater” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353 R Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1354 R
Buoyancy-Driven Motion of Bubbles in the Presence of Soluble Surfactants in a Newtonian Fluid

We present our experimental results for the effect of bulk-soluble surfactants on the buoyancy-driven motion of an air bubble rising in square and rectangular channels filled with an immiscible liq...
Einstein’s dream

It is shown the antisymmetric part of the metric tensor is the potential for the torsion field, which arises from intrinsic spin. To maintain gauge invariance, the nonsymmetric part of the metric t...
A rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of phytoestrogens and the distribution of enterolactone in an Alabama estuary

Abstract Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds that can interfere with the endocrine systems of humans and wildlife. EDCs can pass through wastewater treatment systems, or run off from urban areas or agricultural operations, into natural water bodies, exposing resident and migratory organisms to complex EDC mixtures. Some phytoestrogenic polyphenolics (PEPP) are known or suspected EDCs; however, their contribution to total EDC burden in natural surface water systems is largely unknown. We describe a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible quantitative method for analysis of 15 PEPP in estuarine sediment and water, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method provides excellent peak resolution, peak separation, and rapid run times (method separation/total run time: 8/12.5 min). With two exceptions, spiking experiments demonstrated that the percent recoveries for target PEPP in sediment and water samples were within acceptable analytical validation limits. LOD and LOQ values ranged from 0.004 to 0.010 ng/injection and 0.013–0.032 ng/injection, respectively. The validated method was used for PEPP analysis of sediment and water samples collected from 11 locations within the Perdido Bay estuary in coastal Alabama. No PEPP above the LOD were detected in sediment samples. The mammalian-derived lignin enterolactone was observed at low concentrations in water throughout the estuary, and significantly, at elevated concentrations at two locations associated with small-scale septic systems (3.66 ± 0.27 ng L−1 and 4.01 ± 0.33 ng L−1) and a large wastewater treatment system (4.56 ± 0.24 ng L−1 and 5.69 ± 0.43 ng L−1).
Pdm3 directs sleep circuit development to control sleep maturation

Summary Across species, sleep in young animals is critical for normal brain maturation. In contrast to mature adult sleep, the molecular determinants of early life sleep remain unknown. Through an RNAi-based screen, we identified a gene, pdm3, required for sleep maturation in Drosophila. Pdm3, a transcription factor, acts during nervous system development to coordinate the ingrowth of wake-promoting dopaminergic neurites to a sleep-promoting region. Loss of PDM3 prematurely increases dopaminergic inhibition of the sleep center, abolishing the juvenile sleep state. RNA-Seq/ChIP-Seq and a subsequent modifier screen reveal that pdm3 regulates expression of the synaptogenesis gene Msp300 to control sleep ontogeny. These studies define the molecular cues governing sleep behavioral and circuit development, and suggest sleep disorders may be of neurodevelopmental origin.
Four-Field Mixed Finite Element Methods for Incompressible Nonlinear Elasticity.

We introduce conformal mixed finite element methods for $2$D and $3$D incompressible nonlinear elasticity in terms of displacement, displacement gradient, the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, and pressure, where finite elements for the $\mathrm{curl}$ and the $\mathrm{div}$ operators are used to discretize strain and stress, respectively. These choices of elements follow from the strain compatibility and the momentum balance law. Some inf-sup conditions are derived to study the stability of methods. By considering $96$ choices of simplicial finite elements of degree less than or equal to $2$ in $2$D and $3$D, we conclude that $28$ choices in $2$D and $6$ choices in $3$D satisfy these inf-sup conditions. The performance of stable finite element choices are numerically studied. Although the proposed methods are computationally more expensive than the standard two-field methods for incompressible elasticity, they are potentially useful for accurate approximations of strain and stress as they are independently computed in the solution process.
Prenatal or Perinatal Injury? Diagnosing the Cortically Blind Infant.

Purpose To document the association of prenatal brain disruption with secondary perinatal distress in children diagnosed as having cortical visual impairment (CVI). Design Retrospective case series. Methods Eight children with severe CVI and clinical history of perinatal events were included. Case histories and neuroimaging studies were reviewed. The main outcome measures were perinatal history, visual and neurologic findings, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Results In our patient cohort, MR imaging showed signs of cortical dysgenesis leading to congenital brain malformations such as polymicrogyria consistent with a prenatal timing of CNS injury. Although subcortical white matter changes were common, signs of watershed injury to the visual cortex were absent, suggesting that the visual loss was attributable to a prenatal etiology with secondary birth complications. Conclusion Some children with CVI and a history of perinatal distress have prenatal dysgenesis of the developing brain. Therefore, a clinical history of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia is nonspecific and merits neuroimaging to identify antecedent brain malformations and timing of injury, which can influence patient diagnosis and management.
Physiological and Muscular Stress Associated with Multi-axial Whole-Body Vibration Exposure in Mining Heavy Equipment Vehicle Environment:

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is known to be a leading factor for developing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). As mining vehicle operators are exposed to frequent transient shocks and substantial non-...
Ingested Foreign Bodies

From neonates to adolescents, radiology plays an integral role in the diagnosis of pediatric conditions. There is considerable overlap in the clinical presentation of diseases in the pediatric population, and a fundamental understanding of radiographic findings is essential toward narrowing the differential diagnosis. This chapter will review the common causes of respiratory distress in pediatric patients, as well as key anatomic structures in the neck that may contribute to pathology.
Soybean Hulls as an Alternative Feed for Horses

Soybean hulls (SH) have been successfully fed to ruminant animals as an economical substitute for hay. This feedstuff is a source of highly digestible fiber and does not contain starch. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate SH as a replacement fiber in horse diets. Four cecally cannulated Quarter Horse geldings, aged 6 to 10 years and averaging 502 kg, were used in a 4x4 Latin Square design with 21-day periods. Diets consisted of alfalfa-bromegrass hay (14.4% CP, 58.1% NDF, 39.1% ADF) with the addition of either 0, 25, 50, or 75% unpelleted SH (13.1% CP, 60.6% NDF, 43.7% ADF). Diets were offered at 2% of bodyweight (as fed) daily and body weights were measured weekly. Cecal samples (90-min post-feeding) and total fecal collections (3 d) were taken at the end of each treatment period. Fecal collection bags were emptied every 6 hours and 10% of the total amount was frozen for later analysis. Total cecal VFA production increased linearly from 70 mM to 109 mM as proportions of SH in diets increased (P = 0.02). Proportions of propionate increased linearly (P 0.24) with treatment. Apparent digestibility of N decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as concentrations of SH increased in the diet, most likely due to increased cecal fermentation and microbial biomass production. Cecal pH decreased linearly (P = 0.01) from 7.00 to 6.45 as the level of SH increased, but there was no change (P linear = 0.68) for cecal ammonia (mean concentration of 3.85 mM). Soybean hulls appear to stimulate cecal fermentation and to be a suitable replacement for hay in equine diets. This may be an especially important finding for owners of geriatric horses that often have difficulty consuming roughages.
Single-Stranded Phosphorothioated Regions Enhance Cellular Uptake of Cholesterol-Conjugated siRNA but Not Silencing Efficacy.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have potential to silence virtually any disease-causing gene but require chemical modifications for delivery to the tissue and cell of interest. Previously, we demonstrated that asymmetric, phosphorothioate (PS)-modified, chemically stabilized, cholesterol-conjugated siRNAs, called hsiRNAs, support rapid cellular uptake and efficient mRNA silencing both in cultured cells and in vivo. Here, we systematically evaluated the impact of number, structure, and sequence context of PS-modified backbones on cellular uptake and RNAi-mediated silencing efficacy. We find that PS enhances cellular internalization in a sequence-dependent manner but only when present in a single-stranded but not double-stranded region. Furthermore, the observed increase in cellular internalization did not correlate with functional silencing improvement, indicating that PS-mediated uptake may drive compounds to non-productive sinks. Thus, the primary contributing factor of PS modifications to functional efficacy is likely stabilization rather than enhanced cellular uptake. A better understanding of the relative impact of different chemistries on productive versus non-productive uptake will assist in improved design of therapeutic RNAs.
Remo: Generating Interactive Tutorials by Demonstration for Online Tasks

People with limited digital literacy struggle to keep up with our increasing dependence on websites for everyday tasks like paying bills or booking flight tickets online. They often get in-person assistance from their friends and family but such help may not always be possible. Remote assistance from peers such as phone calls, or written instructions via email or text messages can be useful. However, remote methods of assistance may lead to communication issues between the helper and the help-seeker, due to a lack of shared visual context; a helper cannot see the help-seeker's screen. Moreover, help-seekers are often unacquainted with the terminology associated with web navigation. In order to bridge the gap between in-person support and remote help, we develop Remo, a web browser extension, which will allow helpers to create interactive tutorials by demonstration. These tutorials will be embedded within a web page and will make use of visual cues to direct users to specific parts of the page. Remo aims to provide opportunities for people with limited digital literacy to complete online tasks by following the step-by-step and task specific tutorials generated by their peers. Using Remo, we anticipate that the target population will be able to get personalized assistance, similar to in-person support, and eventually learn how to complete broader online tasks independently.
Did the Soviets collude? A statistical analysis of championship chess 1940–1978

Abstract We expand the set of outcomes considered by the tournament literature to include draws and use games from post-war chess tournaments to see whether strategic behavior can be important in such scenarios. In particular, we examine whether players from the former Soviet Union acted as a cartel in international all-play-all tournaments – intentionally drawing against one another in order to focus effort on non-Soviet opponents – to maximize the chance of some Soviet winning. Using data from international qualifying tournaments as well as USSR national tournaments, we consider several tests for collusion. Our results are inconsistent with Soviet competition but consistent with Soviet draw-collusion that yielded substantial benefits to the cartel. Simulations of the period's five premier international competitions (the FIDE Candidates tournaments) suggest that the observed Soviet sweep was a 60%-probability event under collusion but only a 25%-probability event had the Soviet players not colluded.
Fewer Wrong-Site Peripheral Nerve Blocks Following Updates to Anesthesia Time-Out Policy:

Background: Peripheral nerve block (PNB) has been shown to be safe and effective, and its use has continued to increase, but it is not without risks. One potentially preventable risk is wrong-site ...
Molecular dynamics simulation based design of biomimetic membrane with artificial water channels

Abstract Inspired by nature’s design of pore proteins embedded in cell membranes, synthetic pore molecules embedded in self-assembled amphiphilic block copolymer membranes are the subject of intensive current research, as a possible route to more efficient reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. RO membranes are the key element in producing drinkable water from brackish or sea water; improved materials would help make this expensive process more widely applicable, increasing fresh water supplies worldwide. In this work, we simulated polybutadiene–polyethylene oxide (PB–PEO) bilayers containing peptide-appended pillar[5]arene (PAP5) channels. PB–PEO bilayers with PAP5 channels are a biomimetic alternative to aquaporin embedded lipid membranes, with high water permeability combined with excellent selectivity. In our simulations, we systematically varied the PB–PEO block copolymer structure to maximize water mobility. We measured water diffusivity in our best design by two complementary methods, and compared our values to that inferred from experimental channel permeability. In this design, we obtained a water diffusivity of 30.38 ± 0.19 × 10 − 8 cm 2 s − 1 , comparable to the best experimentally reported result. We find that the highest permeability is achieved when the bilayer hydrophobic thickness matches the PAP[5] dimension, and the hydrophilic block is long enough that clogging the pore is entropically unlikely.
Discovering Monogenic Patients with a Confirmed Molecular Diagnosis in Millions of Clinical Notes with MonoMiner

Purpose: Cohort building is a powerful foundation for improving clinical care, performing research, clinical trial recruitment, and many other applications. We set out to build a cohort of all patients with monogenic conditions who have received a definitive causal gene diagnosis in a 3 million patient hospital system. Methods: We define a subset of half (4,461) of OMIM curated diseases for which at least one monogenic causal gene is definitively known. We then introduce MonoMiner, a natural language processing framework to identify molecularly confirmed monogenic patients from free-text clinical notes. Results: We show that ICD-10-CM codes cover only a fraction of known monogenic diseases, and even where available, code-based patient retrieval offers 0.12 precision. Searching by causal gene symbol offers great recall but an even worse 0.09 precision. MonoMiner achieves 7-9 times higher precision (0.82), with 0.88 precision on disease diagnosis alone, tagging 4,259 patients with 560 monogenic diseases and 534 causal genes, at 0.48 recall. Conclusion: MonoMiner enables the discovery of a large, high-precision cohort of monogenic disease patients with an established molecular diagnosis, empowering numerous downstream uses. Because it relies only on clinical notes, MonoMiner is highly portable, and its approach is adaptable to other domains and languages.
Photoemission Electron Microscopy Aberration- Emended X-Ray as Hartmann Description of PEM

Aberration correction (AC) via an EM intensely advances the SR and PEMs transmission. We will review the the installed recently accomplishment of Photoemission X-ray Em PEEM-3 aberration corrector and revealed a great efficiency progress in the electron optics (EO). Examing of Hartmann is presented as method being quantitative for measuring the cathode lens electron microscope (Em) geometrical aberrations. It was found that AC cautilized spherical aberrations (SA) magnitude reduction order, proposing that resolution as spatial (SR) of less than 100 nm is conceivable at 100% optics transmission if utilizing x-rays. We exhibited such improved accomplishment through imaging exam fashions implementing magnetic and element contrast.
Nutrition Management of Propionic Acidemia and Methylmalonic Acidemia

Infants with propionic acidemia (PROP) or methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) can be identified by newborn screening, although those with severe phenotypes may present with symptoms of metabolic ketoacidosis before screening results are available. Nutrition management of PROP or MMA involves limiting intact protein and providing a medical food free of the propiogenic amino acids methionine, threonine, valine, and isoleucine. Providing sufficient energy to prevent catabolism, especially during periods of illness, is a key component of therapy. Individualized therapy is based on the severity of disease as well as monitoring of metabolic and nutrition parameters. Treatment often includes L-carnitine supplementation for both disorders and hydroxocobalamin in MMA.
Lagrangian Optimization Methods for Nonlinear Programming

This article provides an overview of Lagrangian relaxation and its duality theory as applied to nonlinear optimization problems. Basic duality properties and Lagrangian saddle point results are discussed. Also, the algorithms for solving saddle point problems and dual problems are surveyed. Keywords: lagrangian relaxation; duality theory; primal problem; constraint qualifications
Rewriting Feminism in Katharine Susannah Prichard's Intimate Strangers

The paper discusses the rewriting of the ending of Intimate Strangers and the way it reveals feminism and communism to be incompatible philosophies.