cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Chloride and Sulfate Ions on the Growth, Leaf Burn, Composition and Anatomical Structure of Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.).

Tobacco plants grown in quartz sand culture at low SO/sub 4/ exhibited characteristic sulfur deficiency symptoms. Statistical analysis of average leaf length revealed highly significant reductions in size due to the low SO/sub 4/. Average length and weight of leaves decreased as SO/sub 4/ levels were increased beyond 96 ppm. Plants grown at low SO/sub 4/ exhibited no marked growth responses but increases in Cl to 280 ppm caused moderate increases in average length and weight of leaf. Inhibitive effects of high Cl on leaf burn were clearly demonstrated while effects of high SO/sub 4/ were not as marked. Chlorine percentage in the leaf was increased to a greater extent that sulfate sulfur by additions of the respective ion to the substrate. Abnormalities in the stem structure were found with low SO/sub 4/. Increased leaf thickness was found at higher concentrations of the Cl and SO/sub 4/ ion. Variations in burn of tobacco leaves could not be explained on the basis of anatomical structure. 21 references, 12 figures, 2 tables.
Reconstructing the internal world of the eating‐disordered individual: Overcoming denial and distortion in self‐report

Although denial and distortion are widely acknowledged to affect the accuracy of self-report in the eating disorders, little is known about their extent and implications, and there have been few attempts to develop systematic strategies for obtaining more valid data. In anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, internal experience may be misrepresented through the processes of deliberate distortion, inadvertent distortion, or overcompliance. Traditional methods of overcoming or correcting for denial include clinical intuition, reliance on the testimony of treated patients, and direct confrontation. Unfortunately, each of these approaches may compound subjects' biases with clinician—researchers' biases. Alternative methods for reducing denial and distortion in self-report must be developed; these may include separating research and therapy, providing incentives for accurate accounts, obtaining information from other informants, using more appropriate control groups, collecting data in vivo, asking for behavioral commitments, seeking subjects' commentary on their own responses, and making more creative use of nonobvious assessment techniques.
Cryopreservation in Aquarium Fishes

Few studies have addressed sperm cryopreservation in aquarium fishes (body sizes of 10 cm or less). There are several challenges inherent in developing cryopreservation procedures for these fishes. First, their small body size and sperm volume limit experimental replication and the numbers of treatments possible without pooling of samples. This hinders research, especially if many experimental variables are evaluated. The small sample volume necessitates identification of optimal sperm-to-egg ratios to maximize fertilization potential and places greater emphasis on increasing and maintaining sperm viability after thawing. Other technical problems include the use of 0.25-ml French straws, which increase difficulties in sample handling (automated straw fillers are more common for the 0.5-ml straw) and labeling. Sperm cryopreservation of live-bearing fishes (with internal fertilization) is essentially unexplored. The sperm of these fishes is sufficiently different in structure (e.g., head shape) and physiology (e.g., energy metabolism) from the sperm of other fishes that the need to develop specialized techniques is almost assured. The requirement for artificial insemination also introduces a new variable complicating the collection of data (e.g., assessing fertilization is not straightforward with internally held eggs). Cryopreservation in aquarium fishes will assist the development (e.g., through selective breeding), protection (e.g., through germplasm repositories), and distribution (e.g., through shipment of frozen sperm) of research lines and offers benefits for restoration of endangered species.
Therapeutics and medicine: Chairman’s address

On the physician have been placed various burdens of responsibility. As a disciple of Aesculapius, his chief function is to minister to those who are ill. In addition, it is expected of him that he shall investigate disease, devise methods for its prevention and treatment, and that he shall teach to a new generation the current knowledge of his subject. In its broadest sense, then, medicine embraces many fields of activity. Savage man regarded disease as due to the work of evil spirits, and the art of healing was in the hands of the medicine man, who functioned as priest and sorcerer by virtue of particular powers attributed to him. Experience soon developed special talents in herb-doctoring, bone-setting and crude surgical procedures in certain persons, who employed their abilities as a means of livelihood. Observation of cause and effect, casual at first, but later purposive, built up a gradually growing
Genetic structure of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) populations in the California islands and central California coast : Impacts of larval dispersal and decimation from withering syndrome

The genetic structure of black abalone populations in the southern California Islands and central California coast was investigated by protein electrophoresis. Detailed sampling of San Nicolas Island (SN) permitted investigation of microgeographic genetic differentiation among local geomorphological features. In addition, temporal genetic differentiation was assessed by comparing juveniles and adults at three islands, San Miguel (SM), Santa Cruz (SC) and San Nicolas (SN). Mainland and island locations were genetically differentiated based on allele frequency differences and the presence of private alleles in some island populations. Although microgeographic genetic structure among sites on SN was weak and not statistically significant, heterozygosity varied among sites, with diversity decreasing from west to east. In addition, investigation among cohorts showed that adults were genetically differentiated among island locations, whereas no differences among juveniles were detected. Genetic differentiation between adult and juvenile abalones was detected at SC but not SM or SN. These data are generally consistent with local recruitment augmented by relatively more gene flow among island populations than among island and mainland populations, and possible selection acting on immigrant recruits.
An Anatomically Based Hybrid Computational Model of the Human Lung and its Application to Low Frequency Oscillatory Mechanics

Lung input impedance measured via forced oscillation over low frequency range has been confirmed as sensitive to the degree and the heterogeneity of lung disease. In this study we advanced an image-based, multi-scale computational model for the human lung, which includes upper and central airways, small airways and alveoli tissue unit. A three-dimensional (3-D) realistic model of the upper airway (reconstructed from MRI images) was combined with an anatomically based 3-D model of the central airways (based on MDCT images) to form a 3-D model of the large airways (from mouth to generation 6, incomplete for generations 4–6). The small airway trees distal to the central branches were based on a hypothetical airway tree for a normal healthy lung. A constant phase viscoelastic model was assumed for the alveolar tissue unit. Unsteady airflows in the large airways were simulated based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). An experimentally measured broadband forcing flow was applied at the mouth. The impedance of the small airways was computed based on a one-dimensional transmission line model. The computed overall dynamic lung resistance and elastance compared very well with experimental values. Results showed that unsteady 3-D simulation and realistic geometry of the upper and large airways up to generations 4–6 can provide a reasonably accurate estimation of lung input impedance. The impedance of the upper airway constitutes a significant part of the total lung input impedance. The resistance of the upper airway accounts for 45–70% of the total lung resistance at frequencies between 0 and 1 Hz, and 70–81% at frequencies between 1 and 8 Hz.
Sacrificial‐Layer Atomic Layer Deposition for Fabrication of Non‐Close‐Packed Inverse‐Opal Photonic Crystals

A method is presented for predicting and precisely controlling the structure of photonic crystals fabricated using sacrificiallayer atomic layer deposition. This technique provides a reliable method for fabrication of high-quality non-close-packed inverse shell opals with large static tunability and precise structural control. By using a sacrificial layer during opal infiltration, the inverse-opal pore size can be increased with sub-nanometer resolution and without distorting the lattice to allow for a high degree of dielectric backfilling and increased optical tunability. For a 10% sacrificial layer, static tunability of 80% is predicted for the inverse opal. To illustrate this technique, SiO2 opal templates were infiltrated using atomic layer deposition of ZnS, Al2O3, and TiO2. Experimentally, a static tunability of over 600 nm, or 58%, was achieved and is well described by both a geometrical model and a numerical-simulation algorithm. When extended to materials of higher refractive index, this method will allow the facile fabrication of 3D photonic crystals with optimized photonic bandgaps.
Electric rate design for small power generators: Problems of economic efficiency and equity

Abstract Rate setting and the effects of rates on device control and operation are important factors affecting the sucessful integration of customer-owned small power generators (SPGs) into an electric supply grid. In this paper, we examine the conditions under which alternative rate designs and customer control strategies for SPGs can lead to cross-subsidizations and even to net losses in economic efficiency. Under most conditions, we find that some form of utility control of SPG output is needed to optimize the utility benefits of SPGs. To avoid subsidies to SPGs, utilities should either require that all SPG output be sold directly to the electric grid without any consumption locally or, alternatively, establish reasonable demand charges for backup electricity purchased by SPG customers.
Merging financial and managerial accounting: Strategic cost management and enterprise risk assessment under SOX

The spate of accounting and financial reporting scandals in recent years has challenged businesses, auditors, directors, and accounting regulators to take a much broader perspective in evaluating and reporting on risk. The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation in the United States was an attempt to address the problems by requiring enterprises to assess their risks. This article examines the eventful life of an entrepreneurial, publicly traded U.S. telecom venture, including its efforts to support the “strategic enterprise” perspective. It points out the dangers when this perspective is ignored. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Signal Processing by Simple Chemical Systems

Signal processing is one of the most important system control mechanisms across a wide variety of functional devices and mechanisms from electronics to biology. The chemical reaction networks underlying the response of a cell to both externally and internally generated signals comprise an extraordinary real-time multivariate control problem. There are two phenomena that exemplify the biological importance of chemical systems' response to oscillatory signals. One includes a number of important cases of differential cellular response to particular frequencies of periodic chemical signals. The most widespread example of this is the encoding of an external agonist concentration in the frequency of calcium ion concentration spiking inside certain eukaryotic cells. The second is based on the fact that, owing to the low concentrations and slow reaction rates often associated with, for example, the mechanisms of gene expression, a significant amount of fluctuation in protein production rates is to be expected. Th...
The role of charge and multiple faces of the CD8 alpha/alpha homodimer in binding to major histocompatibility complex class I molecules: support for a bivalent model.

Abstract The CD8 dimer interacts with the alpha 3 domain of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules through two immunoglobulin variable-like domains. In this study a crystal structure-informed mutational analysis has been performed to identify amino acids in the CD8 alpha/alpha homodimer that are likely to be involved in binding to class I. Several key residues are situated on the top face of the dimer within loops analogous to the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of immunoglobulin. In addition, other important amino acids are located in the A and B beta-strands on the sides of the dimer. The potential involvement of amino acids on both the top and the side faces of the molecule is consistent with a bivalent model for the interaction between a single CD8 alpha/alpha homodimer and two class I molecules and may have important implications for signal transduction in class I-expressing cells. This study also demonstrates a role for the positive surface potential of CD8 in class I binding and complements previous work demonstrating the importance of a negatively charged loop on the alpha 3 domain of class I for CD8 alpha/alpha-class I interaction. We propose a model whereby residues located on the CDR-like loops of the CD8 homodimer interact with the alpha 3 domain of MHC class I while amino acids on the side of the molecule containing the A and B beta-strands contact the alpha 2 domain of class I.
Heart failure alters the strength and mechanisms of arterial baroreflex pressor responses during dynamic exercise

Arterial baroreflex function is well preserved during dynamic exercise in normal subjects. In subjects with heart failure (HF), arterial baroreflex ability to regulate blood pressure is impaired at...
Slow motional NMR lineshapes for very anisotropic diffusion: I = 1 nuclei☆

Abstract A general method to analyze NMR show motional lineshapes is extended to I = 1 nuclei and illustrated on 2 H NMR lineshapes of a clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran (THF- d 8 ). It is shown that “ring puckering” could be the dominant mode of motion for the enclathrated THF- d 8 molecule, whereas several other models are inconsistent with experiment.
An analysis of dimensional and locational variations in surface-mounted component assembly

Abstract This study focuses on the errors involved in the component fetching and placement phase of pc board assembly with surface-mounted components. Various critical dimensional and locational parameters involved in this phase, which can lead to mis-assembly, are identified. The complex relationships between these parameters, which govern the proper component (pin) placement on the pc board (pad), are mathematically modeled, using both additive and statistical error compounding methods. The use of the model is shown with a quantitative example.
Serum Insulin and Growth Hormone Response to Hemorrhagic Shock

Many metabolic abnormalities, including hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, occur in hemorrhagic shock, which has been previously reported in dogs to be accompanied by elevations in plasma insulin levels. In this study, large primates (baboons) were subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension for 2 hr, during which time marked hyperglycemia occurred. Within 5 min of the onset of hemorrhage, insulin levels declined substantially in both fed and fasted animals and remained below preshock levels during the first hour of shock. During the second hour, insulin levels gradually rose, reaching levels slightly above base line values in approximately half the animals studied. Insulin response to intravenous tolbutamide was subnormal when administered after 1 hr of hypotension. Growth hormone levels remained suppressed in the majority of animals studied, and in the remaining animals changes in growth hormone levels did not correlate well with fluctuations in glucose concentration. These studies demonstrate that hemorrh...
New metastable phases of silicon

Abstract It has been known since 1963 that a metastable phase (III,BC-8) results from the decompression of silicon from its high pressure metallic phases. However recent theoretical studies suggest the possibility of several metastable phases with similar total energies. Upon rapid release of pressure from the metallic state, two new, metastable, phases of Si have been discovered, with tetragonal structures. X-ray diffraction data on these new phases are presented.
Ideological Realignment in the U.S. Electorate

Using data from the 1976-1994 American National Election Studies and the 1992-94 ANES panel survey, this paper demonstrates that the outcomes of the 1994 and 1996 elections reflected a long-term shift in the bases of support and relative strength of the two major parties. This shift in the party loyalties of the electorate was based on the increased ideological polarization of the Democratic and Republican Parties during the Reagan and post-Reagan eras. Clearer differences between the parties' ideological positions made it easier for citizens to choose a party identification based on their policy preferences. The result has been a secular realignment of party loyalties along ideological lines.
School Integration Impacts on Residential Change: Evaluation and Tests

The assertions of links between school segregation and segregation in housing are evaluated in a case study of housing patterns and school integration in part of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The indices of separation/segregation show that although schools in many instances were integrated with voluntary and then mandatory pupil assignments, the housing patterns changed little. However, there was a substantial increase in private school enrollment. This latter response is consistent with the residential choice literature which indicates significant white flight when there is intervention in school systems.
S4-5 New chemistry and chemical tools for hydrogen sulfide research

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a newly recognized signaling molecule with very potent cytoprotective actions. The fields of H 2 S physiology and pharmacology have been rapidly growing in recent years, but a number of fundamental issues must be addressed to advance our understanding of the biology and clinical potential of H 2 S in the future. In this regard hydrogen sulfide releasing agents (i.e. H 2 S donors) and H 2 S sensors are important research tools. The research in our laboratory focuses on the development of such chemical tools. In this presentation, I will report our recent progress in controllable H 2 S donors and reaction-based H 2 S fluorescent probes. Some works related to the detection and reactions of sulfane sulfur species will also be discussed.
Intensive chemoradiotherapy as a primary treatment for organ preservation in patients with advanced cancer of the head and neck: efficacy, toxic effects, and limitations.

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and toxic effects of intensive chemoradiotherapy as a primary modality for organ preservation in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and to define the patterns of treatment failure associated with this therapy. Design Retrospective review. Setting Tertiary care referral center. Patients A total of 127 consecutive patients with advanced SCCHN treated with primary concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Main Outcome Measures Efficacy data included the rates of tumor response to therapy, organ preservation, disease recurrence, overall and disease-specific survival, and patterns of treatment failure. Toxic effect data included the rate and grade of treatment-related complications and the rate of unscheduled hospital admissions for managing treatment-related toxic effects. Results Ninety-six patients (76%) were men and 31 (24%) were women. Average age at diagnosis was 62 years (range, 37-85 years). The primary tumor site was the oropharynx in 58 patients (46%), the larynx in 36 (28%), the hypopharynx in 20 (16%), the oral cavity in 10 (8%), and another site in 3 (2%). Most patients (91%) had stage III or IV disease. Average follow-up was 36 months. Primary chemoradiotherapy achieved complete response at the primary tumor site in 109 patients (86%). Patients with partial response, stable or progressive disease, or recurrence at the primary site underwent salvage surgery. Overall, at mean follow-up of 3 years, local disease control was achieved in 113 patients (89%), and organ preservation was possible in 102 patients (80%). Two thirds of all patients (n = 83) had clinical N+ disease. Complete clinical response to chemoradiotherapy in the neck was achieved in 57 of these patients (69%). However, complete response to chemoradiotherapy was 93%, 62%, and 47% for N1, N2, and N3 disease, respectively (P Conclusions High rates of locoregional disease control and organ preservation are achievable with primary chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced SCCHN, but they are associated with severe treatment-related toxic effects. Despite this effective local and regional disease control, improved survival is hampered by the relatively high incidence of distant metastasis, second primary tumors, and comorbidity.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated infections following septorhinoplasty

Septorhinoplasty is associated with postoperative infection in less than 2% of cases, even without the use of prophylactic antibiotics. However, there is a concern that increasingly prevalent, highly virulent pathogens such as MRSA may predispose to postoperative infections. Over the past several decades, MRSA has emerged as the most important cause of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infection. MRSA-associated infections related to nasal surgery are underreported in the literature. We present a case of MRSA-associated infection following a routine septorhinoplasty in a health care worker. We discuss the incidence of this complication and contributing risk factors. The classification of MRSA-associated infections into genotypically distinct hospital-acquired and community-acquired subtypes is reviewed, and the associated differences in epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibiotic susceptibility are discussed. A comprehensive strategy incorporating diagnostic workup, preventative management based upon preoperative risk stratification, and treatment of MRSA-associated soft tissue infections is presented.
An alternative model to boundary and interface layer correctors in semiconductor theory: derivation and existence theory

Abstract In this paper we propose and study alternative models to boundary and interface layers correctors in semiconductor theory. These new models consist of coupling the Boltzmann transport equations with their drift diffusion approximations.
The effect of early discharge after vaginal delivery on neonatal readmission rates.

Objective To determine the effect of a structured program for early neonatal discharge from a tertiary medical center on the risk of neonatal readmission. Methods An early-discharge program was instituted at our tertiary medical center in July 1993, with the objective of discharging mothers and infants within 24 hours after vaginal birth. The readmission rate of vaginally delivered infants during the early-discharge period (July 1, 1993, through March 31, 1995) was compared with the rate during a conventional-discharge period (January 1, 1992, through June 30, 1993). Analyses were performed to examine two groups within the early-discharge group: those discharged within 24 hours of vaginal delivery; and those discharged within 1 hospital day of vaginal delivery. Results During the early-discharge period, 1.24% of neonates were readmitted within 10 days of birth, compared with 1.35% during the conventional-discharge period. In the early-discharge period group, infants born vaginally and discharged within 24 hours of birth had a readmission rate of 1.46% compared with 1.14% for those who stayed longer than 24 hours after delivery. Similarly, the readmission rate was no different for infants who were discharged within 1 hospital day. The primary indications for readmission in both periods were infections and jaundice. Conclusion Implementation of a structured program for early neonatal discharge does not have an association with increased risk of neonatal readmission to the hospital.
Science, expertise and the public: The politics of ecosystem management in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem

Federal land bureaus are developing a new approach to the management of large areas of public lands called ecosystem management. That approach remains fraught with many conceptual and implementation difficulties. One of the most important of the those difficulties concerns the relationship of scientific/professional modes of decision making with democratic decision processes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the first large scale attempt to implement ecosystem management in the Greater Yellowstone area and the difficulties that effort had in reconciling these modes of decision making. The paper concludes with suggestions as to how these two methods of resource decision making might be brought closer together.
Pigouvian penalty for oil spills

Abstract The imposition of ex ante taxes on expected spilled oil, in addition to ex post payments for damages under tort liability, would foster economic efficiency. This paper begins the analysis of the joint approach with the case in which Pigouvian taxes are used exclusively. A model is developed in which the volume of spilled oil causing environmental damage is reduced, first by spill prevention expenditures by shippers and then by clean-up expenditures by the government. The efficient Pigouvian tax on expected spilled oil equals marginal environmental damage which equals the net marginal cost of prevention which equals marginal clean-up cost.
Ethnic, sectarian, or localized grievances? On Wang Lixiong's analysis of Tibetan self-immolation

Since its first occurrence in 2009, the total number of Tibetan self-immolations had reached 97 by the end of 2012, with an additional 10 or so in the first three months of 2013. However, our under...
Resonant oscillations in open tubes

The problem of a gas-filled tube excited by sinusoidal piston motion at one end and open at the other end is reinvestigated.
Biosynthesis of mimosine

Abstract Administration of [2-14C]- dl -lysine to Leucaena glauca results in incorporation of radioactivity into mimosine, pipecolic acid and 5-hydroxypipecolic acid. Degradation of the mimosine reveals that 95% of the radioactivity is present in the pyridone ring.
Effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on metalloproteinase activity and cell maturation in growth plate cartilage in vivo

Recent studies indicate that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25[OH]2D3) and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamim D3 (24R,25[OH]2D3) differentially regulate proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis of growth plate chondrocytes. To determine whether both metabolites play the same or different roles in vivo, we used the vitamin D-deficient rat as a model. Rickets was induced and then reversed by administering a single dose ofergocaliferol, 1α,25(OH)2D3, or 24R,25(OH)2D3 and euthanizing the animals after 4, 24, 48, or 72 h. Growth plates were either processed for histology and histomorphometry or extracted with buffered guanidine-HCl. Neutral metalloproteinase activity in the extracts was measured by use of aggrecan-containing beads, and collagenase activity was determined by use of radioactive type 1 collagen. The levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and plasminogen activator were also determined. The morphology of the growth plate varied as a function of treatment. While 24R,25(OH)2D3 appeared to affect cell maturation and 1α,25(OH)2D3 appeared to affect terminal differentiation and calcification, response to ergocalciferol was indicative of the combined responses to the individual metabolites. Enzyme activity was regulated in a differential manner. Treatment with ergocalciferol produced a rapid decline in both neutral metalloproteinase and collagenase activities that was statistically significant by 4h. By contrast, 1α,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on neutral metalloproteinase activity but caused a significant decrease in both active and total collagenase activity by 4 h, while 24R,25(OH)2D3 decreased neutral metalloproteinase activity by 48 h and had no effect on collagenase activity. Ergocalciferol had no effect on TIMP levels at any time examined, whereas 1α,25(OH)2D3 caused an increase at 48 and 72 h and 24R,25(OH)2D3 completely blocked TIMP production at 4 and 24 h. By contrast, plasminogen activator activity by ergocalciferol was decreased at 4 h, increased by 1α,25(OH)2D3 at 4 and 24 h, and decreased by 24R,25(OH)2D3 at all time points examined. These in vivo results confirm our previous cell culture observations showing that growth plate chondrocytes are differentially regulated by 1α,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3. Moreover, they show definitively that these two vitamin D metabolites play distinct roles not only in regulating neutral metalloproteinase and collagenase activities in growth plate cartilage but in cell maturation and calcification of this tissue in vivo.
The role of values in educational research: the case for reflexivity

This article utilises Rokeach's categorisation of values (i.e. moral, competency, personal and social) to analyse how values influence the choice of research method. It discusses how the ontological and epistemological position adopted by the researcher is influenced by their competency and personal values. The next section is concerned with the social values (or politics) of educational research, where the debate has polarised between those advocating a value-neutral approach and those who argue that researchers should instead accept the partisan nature of research. Finally, the issue of research ethics is considered. Moral values are found to play an important role, but other values also influence the ethical decisions that are taken. The article concludes by highlighting how the complex interaction of the researcher's moral, competency, personal and social values has an important influence on the research process. The article contends that research methods cannot be value-free in their application, but researchers should adopt a reflexive approach and attempt to be honest and open about how values influence their research.
Eltrombopag, a second-generation thrombopoietin receptor agonist, for chronic lymphocytic leukemia-associated ITP.

Eltrombopag, a second-generation thrombopoietin receptor agonist, for chronic lymphocytic leukemia-associated ITP
A novel in-line monitor for optimizing power vs. performance in CMOS logic

Power dissipation is one of the most critical issues of modern microprocessors. A number of processing steps is known to be critical to the electrical device parameters that determine power consumption, but the feedback from electrical test, required for process control, is lagging well behind the steps involved. By using a structure that can be probed immediately after application of silicide, feedback of electrical data, specifically overlap capacitance, can be acquired significantly earlier. The current measured has a remarkable predictive value for the power vs. performance of the finished product.
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: THE CHOLESTEROL CONNECTION

A hallmark of all forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an abnormal accumulation of the beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) in specific brain regions. Both the generation and clearance of Abeta are regulated by cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol levels increase Abeta in cellular and most animals models of AD, and drugs that inhibit cholesterol synthesis lower Abeta in these models. Recent studies show that not only the total amount, but also the distribution of cholesterol within neurons, impacts Abeta biogenesis. The identification of a variant of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene as a major genetic risk factor for AD is also consistent with a role for cholesterol in the pathogenesis of AD. Clinical trials have recently been initiated to test whether lowering plasma and/or neuronal cholesterol levels is a viable strategy for treating and preventing AD. In this review, we describe recent findings concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-AD connection.
Phyloscan: locating transcription-regulating binding sites in mixed aligned and unaligned sequence data

The transcription of a gene from its DNA template into an mRNA molecule is the first, and most heavily regulated, step in gene expression. Especially in bacteria, regulation is typically achieved via the binding of a transcription factor (protein) or small RNA molecule to the chromosomal region upstream of a regulated gene. The protein or RNA molecule recognizes a short, approximately conserved sequence within a gene's promoter region and, by binding to it, either enhances or represses expression of the nearby gene. Since the sought-for motif (pattern) is short and accommodating to variation, computational approaches that scan for binding sites have trouble distinguishing functional sites from look-alikes. Many computational approaches are unable to find the majority of experimentally verified binding sites without also finding many false positives. Phyloscan overcomes this difficulty by exploiting two key features of functional binding sites: (i) these sites are typically more conserved evolutionarily than are non-functional DNA sequences; and (ii) these sites often occur two or more times in the promoter region of a regulated gene. The website is free and open to all users, and there is no login requirement. Address: (http://bayesweb.wadsworth.org/phyloscan/).
Antitrust & The Bowl Championship Series

This Article analyzes the potential antitrust liability of the Bowl Championship Series (“BCS”), college football’s current system for selecting the participants of both the national championship game as well as other highly desirable post-season bowl games. The BCS has recently been attacked by various politicians and law enforcement officials, who allege that the system constitutes an illegal restraint of trade due to its preferential treatment of universities from certain traditionally stronger conferences, at the expense of teams from historically less competitive conferences. Meanwhile, the academic literature considering the antitrust status of the BCS is mixed, with most recent commentaries concluding that the BCS alleviated any antitrust concerns by revising its selection procedures in 2004. Contrary to these recent scholarly analyses, this Article argues that the BCS remains vulnerable to antitrust attack on two primary grounds. First, the BCS continues to be susceptible to an illicit group boycott claim, insofar as it distributes revenue unequally and without justification to the detriment of universities from the disfavored conferences. Second, the BCS can be attacked as an illegal price fixing scheme, both by enabling formerly independent, competing conferences and bowl games to collectively determine the amount of revenue to be distributed to BCS participants, as well as by eliminating any competition between certain BCS bowls for the sale of their broadcast rights to television networks. However, the BCS appears less susceptible to a claim of illegal tying, despite its collective marketing of the television broadcast rights for the BCS bowl games, because television networks are not actually coerced into purchasing the broadcast rights to an unwanted bowl game. Therefore, although the outcome of any antitrust trial is notoriously difficult to predict, this Article concludes that the BCS remains quite vulnerable to antitrust attack.
An evaluation of the validity of the animal models of Kawasaki disease vasculopathy.

“I began to see science as a continuous process of discovery and correction and myself as part of the process.”(John W. Cornforth Jr., 1975 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry)The three distinct diagno...
Age and race differences in racial stereotype awareness and endorsement

Age and race differences in race stereotype awareness and endorsement were examined in 382 Black and White fourth, sixth, and eighth graders. Youths reported their own beliefs and their perceptions of adults’ beliefs about racial differences in ability in two domains: academics and sports. Children’s own endorsement of race stereotypes was highly correlated with their perceptions of adults’ race stereotypes. Blacks reported stronger traditional sports stereotypes than Whites, and 4th- and 6th-grade Blacks reported roughly egalitarian academic stereotypes. At every grade level, Whites reported academic stereotypes that favored Whites, and 6th- and 8thgrade Whites reported sports stereotypes that favored Blacks. Results support the tenets of status theory and have implications for identity development and achievement motivation in adolescents.
The crystalline to amorphous transformation in silicon

Abstract The mechanism of the crystal to amorphous transformation during ion damage in silicon has been investigated using high resolution lattice imaging electron microscopy. Sharp interfaces were observed between amorphous and crystalline regions in partially amorphous silicon. Simulated lattice fringe images for increasing Frenkel pair concentrations were generated which suggest that a sharp change in lattice fringe visibility implies a sharp change in structure. The critical displacement damage necessary to produce an amorphous layer for 11 MeV As implants was shown to increase with temperature and to agree well with the calculated displacement energy absorption versus depth. Amorphous regions were observed to shrink during room temperature 1.2 MeV electron irradiation which suggests that radiation induced shrinkage can contribute to the temperature dependence of the critical dose for amorphization.
Platemate: crowdsourcing nutritional analysis from food photographs

We introduce PlateMate, a system that allows users to take photos of their meals and receive estimates of food intake and composition. Accurate awareness of this information can help people monitor their progress towards dieting goals, but current methods for food logging via self-reporting, expert observation, or algorithmic analysis are time-consuming, expensive, or inaccurate. PlateMate crowdsources nutritional analysis from photographs using Amazon Mechanical Turk, automatically coordinating untrained workers to estimate a meal's calories, fat, carbohydrates, and protein. We present the Management framework for crowdsourcing complex tasks, which supports PlateMate's nutrition analysis workflow. Results of our evaluations show that PlateMate is nearly as accurate as a trained dietitian and easier to use for most users than traditional self-reporting.
Yield Response of Native Warm-Season Forage Grasses to Harvest Intervals and Durations in Mixed Stands

Tolerance to frequent defoliations is critical for native warm-season grasses managed for forage and wildlife habitat. Yield response of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) to treatments (30-, 40-, 60-, 90- or 120-d harvest intervals) and durations were assessed on early-succession mixed stands. Over three years, phased harvestings were initiated in May, on sets of randomized plots, in five replications to produce one-, two-, and three-year old stands, by the third year. Each plot had marked indiangrass and big bluestem plants which were hand-clipped on harvest-days before whole-plot harvesting. Species yields were greater in first- than second-year plots but not affected by treatments. June–September yields in 2008 were greatest for the 30-d, and more in the first- (8472 kg ha−1) than second-year (7627 kg ha−1) plots. In 2009, yields were also greater in first- than second-year plots but without treatment effects. Recovery yields showed no treatment effect, but were about 67% less for second- compared to first-year plots and much less than plots never harvested before. Data suggest that harvesting similar mixed native warm-season grass stands at 30- to 40-d intervals may provide good hay yields without compromising post-season stand recovery for multiple uses.
Logic testing of bridging faults in CMOS integrated circuits

We describe a system for simulating and generating accurate tests for bridging faults in CMOS ICs. After introducing the Primitive Bridge Function, a characteristic function describing the behavior of a bridging fault, we present the Test Guarantee Theorem, which allows for accurate test generation for feedback bridging faults via topological analysis of the feedback-influenced region of the faulty circuit. We present a bridging fault simulation strategy superior to previously published strategies, describe the new test pattern generation system in detail, and report on the system's performance, which is comparable to that of a single stuck-at ATPG system. The paper reports fault coverage as well as defect coverage for the MCNC layouts of the ISCBS-85 benchmark circuits.
Interphase and metaphase chromatin. Different stainability of DNA with acridine orange after treatment at low pH.

Abstract The stainability of DNA in situ with acridine orange is different in interphase and mitotic cells. The difference is evident after pretreatment of cells with buffers at low pH (1.3–1.9). When acid treatment is followed by cell staining at neutral pH, the DNA of cells in mitosis, in comparison with DNA of interphase cells, exhibits lower green fluorescence and similar red fluorescence. Apparently partial extraction of acid-soluble constituents of chromatin at pH 1.3–1.9 increases the accessibility of DNA for AO intercalation and this increase is more extensive in interphase than in mitotic cells. When acid-treated cells are stained at pH 2.3–3.2, the DNA of mitotic cells in comparison with DNA of cells in interphase shows lower green fluorescence and markedly higher red fluorescence. It is presumed that staining at low pH potentiates acid denaturation of DNA in situ (and/or precludes the fast reassociation of the denatured DNA) and that the acid denaturation of DNA is more extensive in metaphase chromatin. Due to differences in the stainability of DNA in interphase vs mitotic cells, it is possible to discriminate between cells in G1, S, G2 and M phases, respectively. Consequently, the method may be used to automatically analyse the cell cycle including measurements of mitotic indices.
A general solution for ring-bus distribution systems reliability

Reliability of power distribution schemes can always be improved at the expense of cost and size. The addition of extra paths proves to increase the continuity of supply. This is really where redundancy steps in, with its two constituents: components redundancy and unitpsilas redundancy. This approach is dealt with in this paper and reliability evaluations for various practical distribution schemes of power supply are considered. A general formula for calculation of ring-main feeders reliability is also developed and applied to these practical distribution schemes. In a ring-bus system, it is found that the reliability of each feeder is decreased by increasing the number of the outgoing feeders, so it is recommended that no more than six feeders are preferable to be connected on such a system.
Branch and Crown Dimensions of Douglas-Fir Trees Harvested from Old-Growth Forests in Washington, Oregon, and California During the 1960s

Abstract In temperate rainforests of western North America, some second-growth forests are managed to promote development of the multi-dimensional structures observed in old-growth forests. Information about tree architecture from across a range of growing conditions is needed to support this goal. Accordingly, branch and crown dimensions associated with tree age, site index, and stand basal area are reported for 854 Douglas-fir trees, which were harvested from old-growth forests in Washington, Oregon, and northern California in the 1960s. Sample trees ranged from 38–647 years old. The average diameter and the relative height of the first live and dead branch increased with tree age. In contrast, only weak relations existed between live crown ratio, which was highly variable, and tree age or site index. Differences between old Douglas-fir trees and younger trees with an equivalent breast-height diameter (dbh) were greatest in the dimensions of their first branches. Between ages 100 to 500 yr, for example,...
Arterial compliance in adolescents and young adults receiving chronic hemodialysis.

Increased vascular stiffness is an established risk marker of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in adults with end-stage renal disease, but its role in pediatric patients remains to be defined. We prospectively examined arterial compliances of adolescents and young adults on hemodialysis (HD) using diastolic pulse wave analysis (DPWA). Each of the ten HD patients (age 17.3 ± 3.9 years; mean ± SD) had two DPWA tests within a three-week time period. DPWA measurement was performed before and hourly until the end of three-hour HD. Pre-HD large artery elasticity index (LAEI) was reduced in one patient and small artery elasticity index (SAEI) was reduced in another. Neither patient was hypertensive. Eight other patients had a reduction in both LAEI and SAEI. Among them, six patients had systolic and/or diastolic hypertension, and the other two were normotensive. Serum phosphorus correlated positively with stroke volume and cardiac output indices and negatively with SAEI. The reduction in BP during HD correlated wit...
Mood Disorders Associated with Interferon Treatment: Theoretical and Practical Considerations

OBJECTIVE:To review the theoretical and clinical aspects of mood disorders associated with interferon treatment and discuss their management.DATA SOURCES:Pertinent and selected laboratory/clinical studies, review articles, letters, abstracts, and book chapters on behavioral and mood-related adverse effects of interferons published in English-language journals in the past two decades were identified by MEDLINE (June 1980–June 2000) and manual searches.DATA SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All of the publications identified were reviewed, and the relevant data were included. Studies not using criteria for psychiatric diagnosis or instruments for psychiatric monitoring were excluded.DATA SYNTHESIS:Clinical observations and limited research data suggest that interferon treatment may be associated with mood disorders. Mood-related symptoms induced by interferons emerge in a few days or weeks and tend to be dose dependent. Their severity may necessitate discontinuation of interferon therapy and/or the use of antid...
Polar Decomposition of Unit Dual Quaternions

This paper seeks to extend the notion of polar decomposition from matrix algebra to dual quaternion algebra. The goal is to obtain a simple, efficient and explicit method for determining the polar decompositions (PD) of spatial displacements in Euclidean three-space that belong to a special Euclidean Group known as SE(3). It has been known that such a decomposition is equivalent to the projection of an element of SE(3) onto SO(4) that yields hyper spherical displacements that best approximate rigid-body displacements. It is shown in this paper that a dual quaternion representing an element of SE(3) can be decomposed into a pair of unit quaternions, called double quaternion, that represents an element of SO(4). Furthermore, this decomposition process may be interpreted as the projection of a point in four-dimensional space onto a unit hypersphere. Examples are provided to illustrate that the results obtained from this dual-quaternion based polar decomposition are same as those obtained from the matrix based polar decomposition.Copyright © 2012 by ASME