cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of porcine circovirus type 2a or 2b on infection kinetics and pathogenicity of two genetically divergent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the conventional pig model

To determine differences in infection kinetics of two temporally and genetically different type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in vivo with and without concurrent porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2a or 2b infection, 62 pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven groups: negative controls (n=8); pigs coinfected with a 1992 PRRSV strain (VR-2385) and PCV2a (CoI-92-2a; n=9), pigs coinfected with VR-2385 and PCV2b (CoI-92-2b; n=9), pigs coinfected with a 2006 PRRSV strain (NC16845b) and PCV2a (CoI-06-2a; n=9), pigs coinfected with NC16845b and PCV2b (CoI-06-2b; n=9), pigs infected with VR-2385 (n=9), and pigs infected with NC16845b (n=9). Blood samples were collected before inoculation and at day post-inoculation (dpi) 3, 6, 9 and 12 and tested for the presence of PRRSV antibody and RNA, PCV2 antibody and DNA, complete blood counts, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels. Regardless of concurrent PCV2 infection, VR-2385 initially replicated at higher levels and reached peak replication levels at dpi 6. Pigs infected with VR-2385 had significantly higher amounts of viral RNA in serum on both dpi 3 and dpi 6, compared to pigs infected with NC16845b. The peak of NC16845b virus replication occurred between dpi 9 and dpi 12 and was associated with a delayed anti-PRRSV antibody response in these pigs. PCV2 coinfection resulted in significantly more severe macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions and a stronger anti-PRRSV IgG response compared to pigs infected with PRRSV alone. This work further emphasizes in vivo replication differences among PRRSV strains and the importance of coinfecting pathogens.
Ultrastructural studies of the early events of the human sperm acrosome reaction as initiated by human follicular fluid

It has been suggested that the morphology of the human sperm acrosome reaction (AR) is markedly different from that of other mammalian sperm. The present study examines the fine structural events of the early stages of the human sperm AR as initiated by preovulatory human follicular fluid. Human sperm, capacitated in vitro for 6 hr at 40 degrees C (90% motility) were diluted with equal volumes of follicular fluid before fixing in cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 180 sec. Fixed sperm were treated with either tannic acid or thiocarbohydrazine and OsO4. Over 2,000 sperm were viewed. By 5 sec, 2% of the sperm had initiated the AR. By 15 sec, 8% of the sperm were in some stage of the reaction, and after 180 sec 40% of the sperm had completed the acrosome reaction. The initial stages of the human AR are characterized by a swelling or decondensation of the acrosomal matrix. The fusion between the plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane begins at the most anterior tip of the head and progresses toward the equatorial segment. Fusion and fenestration ended at the equatorial segment. With thiocarbohydrazine + OsO4 fixation the fused membranes are distinct hybrid vesicles with the outer acrosomal membrane being far more electron dense. The acrosomal matrix is retained by 20 sec, but by 180 sec the matrix is completely dispersed, even when viewed after tannic acid fixation. Also by 180 sec, vesicles were being progressively lost. It is therefore concluded that the morphology of the human sperm AR, as initiated by human follicular fluid, is not unique, but is similar to that described for other mammalian sperm.
The tension/compression flow asymmetry in a high γ' volume fraction nickel base alloy

Abstract Flow stress measurements were performed on single crystals of a high γ' volume fraction commercial nickel-base alloy, PWA 1480, as a function of temperature, orientation and sense of the applied uniaxial stress in order to check the applicability, for this two phase alloy, of the predictions of the Paidar et al. [Acta metall.32, 449 (1984)] cross slip model. It was found that the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for (111) [101] slip depends only slightly on the test temperature up to about 800°C, above which a sharp drop in the flow stress occurs. The CRSS is dependent on the orientation of the samples, as has been found in previous studies, as well as on the sense of the applied stress. The orientation dependence of the tension/compression asymmetry (where it is positive or negative, and where it is a maximum) is in agreement with the predictions of the model. But the location of the region where the asymmetry disappears is not in agreement. The temperature at which the CRSS drops was found to depend on both orientation and sense of the applied stress. The results of this study show that the rate of cross slip from {111} to {010} planes of 1 2 〈101〉 dislocations is controlled mostly by the component of the applied stress tensor which controls the dislocation core width. The resolved shear stress on {010}〈101〉 has a smaller effect.
The turnover of the lipid components of myelin

The rate of loss of radioactivity in the lipid components of rat myelin labeled with acetate-1-C14 was determined over a period of one year. Rats were injected with acetate-1-C14 at 15–16 days of age and purified myelin was prepared by differential ultracentrifugation from brain and spinal cord of this group at 1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after injection. Total lipid was extracted from the myelin preparations and the lipids were separated into their components by thin-layer chromatography. Cholesterol, galactolipid, ethanolamine phosphatide, choline phosphatide, inositol phosphatide, serine phosphatide and sphingomyelin specific activities at each age were measured. Three of the myelin lipid components, serine phosphatide, inositol phosphatide, and choline phosphatide decreased in specific activity faster than cerebroside, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and ethanolamine phosphatide. Acetate-1-C14 injected into adult animals, though incorporated into myelin to a very small extent, is taken up primarly in the choline phosphatide. These experiments suggests that myelin does not behave as a fixed entity but that certain constituents may be more actively metabolized than others.
Metabolic origins of the pyridones of N1-methylnicotinamide in man and rat☆

Abstract In man and rat two enzymes have been found to catalyze the formation of the pyridones of N 1 -methylnicotinamide in vivo . Aldehyde oxidase, the sole apparent functionary in most mammalian species, shares its role with xanthine oxidase in these two species. Although purified xanthine oxidase had previously been shown to be capable of catalyzing the formation of N 1 -methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2-pyridone) at pH values above 8.0, this is the first documentation of such catalysis in vivo . The aldehyde oxidases of both man and the rat are like all other mammalian aldehyde oxidases in that they catalyze the formation of both 2-pyridone and N 1 -methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide (4-pyridone). The human and the rat liver enzymes differ from other mammalian aldehyde oxidases in that the proportions of the products vary as a function of the inactivation of these enzymes which occurs during catalysis. All of these results are compatible with the idea that, in mammals, a single enzyme, aldehyde oxidase, is capable of catalyzing the oxidation of N 1 -methylnicotinamide to two alternate products and that in the rat and man xanthine oxidase can contribute to the formation of some additional 2-pyridone.
Molecular orbital calculations of water clusters on counterpoise-corrected potential energy surfaces

Water dimer and the cyclic trimer and tetramer are calculated using the Hartree−Fock (HF), second-order Moller−Plesset (MP2), and two density functional theory (DFT) methods, B3PW91 and B3LYP for a wide variety of different basis sets. The interaction energies and O···O distances as calculated on the normal and counterpoise (CP) corrected potential energy surfaces (PES) are compared as a function of basis set quality (as measured by the energies for optimized water monomer) for each of the four methods. The HF and DFT procedures lead to reasonably rapid conversion to the large basis set values for both interaction energies and O···O distances. Even moderate basis sets can be used to obtain results similar to the extrapolated values when optimizations are performed on the CP-corrected PES's. For MP2, these energies and distances converge to the extrapolated values much more slowly. Basis set superposition error (BSSE) remains significant even for the best basis sets used (aug-cc-pVQz and aug-cc-pVTZ). Neve...
Group-invariant solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation

Abstract Group-invariance under infinitesimal transformations is used to generate a wide class of solutions of some Fokker-Planck equations. The partial differential equation in two variables is reduced to an ordinary differential equation; reduction of the latter to standard forms is noted in most cases. Some of the known existing solutions are obtained as particular cases. Only self-similar types of solutions are discussed. The appearance of a free parameter that can be treated as an eigenvalue (or transform variable) offers flexibility in constructing new solutions. Some solutions of this parabolic equation have wave-like features. The general results can also be used to solve some types of moving-boundary problems.
Supernatant rescue assay vs. polymerase chain reaction for detection of wild type adenovirus-contaminating recombinant adenovirus stocks.

The certification of recombinant adenoviruses prepared for clinical use requires the exclusion of contaminating, replication-competent adenovirus (wild type virus). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection assays have been developed that detect the presence of viral sequences present only in wild type adenoviruses. As an alternative, this report describes a novel bioassay, designated the ‘supernatant rescue assay’, that detected minimal amounts of wild type virus mixed with high numbers of recombinant adenoviruses. This assay is based on the observation that minimal numbers of wild type adenovirus can be rescued from the supernatants of cells exposed to high multiplicities of infection (mois) of recombinant virus mixed with a known, minimal number of wild type virions. This assay was highly reproducible and routinely detected the presence of a single wild type virus mixed within 109 recombinant viruses. Under the experimentarconditions employed, the supernatant rescue assay was significantly more sensitive than all three different PCR-detection assays.
Environmental factors as complicating influences in the recovery of quantitative geomagnetic‐field paleointensity estimates from sediments

We have recently recovered replicate records of the Earth's magnetic-field (relative) paleointensity for 12-71,000 years BP from marine sediments of the western North Atlantic Ocean. Our records are remarkably similar to two other recently published relative paleointensity records from marine and lacustrine sediments in Europe. This suggests to us that, even over this wide region, sediments may serve as reasonable, correlatable recorders of fluctuations in the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. If this is true, then similar records from around the globe could eventually provide valuable information about the deep-Earth processes which create the field. We note, however, that our intensity record is significantly correlated with the down-core ratio of magnetic susceptibility (χ) to anhysteretic remanent magnetism (ARM). This ratio is a measure of the relative grain size of magnetite (the primary magnetic mineral in these sediments), and as such is a sediment magnetic property which is controlled only by the local depositional environment (and indirectly by global climate). We are concerned that the European records may be similarly biased by climatic or other environmental factors, possibly synchronous with ours. We caution that extreme care must be taken to understand and remove any such magnetic influences from sediment relative paleointensity records before they are used as quantitative estimators of the past intensity of the Earth's magnetic field.
Task allocation using a distributed market-based planning mechanism

This paper describes a market-based planning mechanism used for task and resource allocation within a larger distributed, multi-robot control and coordination architecture. We are developing an extension to the traditional three-layered robot architecture that enables robots to interact directly at each layer -- at the behavioral level, the robots create distributed control loops; at the executive level, they synchronize task execution; at the planning level, they use market-based techniques to allocate tasks and resources. This paper focusses on the market-based planning layer, which is comprised of two main components: a trader that participates in the market, auctioning and bidding on tasks; and a scheduler that determines task feasibility and cost for the trader, and interacts with the executive layer for task execution.
Animation of control flow for low-level debugging

The animation of control flow in execution was proposed as the complement to regular binary code debugging tools. It helps users access programs' dynamic information in an intuitive way. A framework called "WYSIWIR" (What You See Is What Is Running) and its 0x86 implementation are introduced in this paper. The preliminary results are quite encouraging.
Soviet community mental health services and work therapy: A report of two visits

Contemporary Soviet psychiatric thinking holds that the mentally ill or emotionally disturbed should be cared for in the community; that they should be treated and supported by the staff of an outpatient medical clinic, and that they should be kept usefully working in a group, even though in a reduced capacity. The Soviet design is interesting, progressive and challenging; it seems to be well adapted to provide for the mental health needs of an industrialized and urbanized population, and deserves a careful, sympathetic, and critical assessment by Western specialists concerned with organizing psychiatric services outside the mental hospital and in community settings.
The Elusive Excited Quintet 5D of Tb(III): A Source of Luminescence and Resonance Energy Transfer in Terbium Compounds

The understanding of electronic structure of atomic and molecular term states involved in spectroscopic transitions is aided by projecting combinations of micro-configurations to multi-electron states with “good” quantum numbers of angular momenta. In rare-earth (RE) compounds, atomic term labels are justifiably carried over to compounds, because the 4f orbitals are localized at the RE centers, and the transitions between them are modified by crystal-field splittings that are small compared to the spin−orbit interactions within the RE atom. The source of photoluminescence in Tb(III) compounds is lowest-lying excited quintet 5D4 originating from the [Xe]4f8 configuration, in contrast to other D-states originating from the [Xe]4f75d configuration, sometimes confused with the 5D4(4f8) state. The 5D4 state not only is missing in available databases (NIST Atomic Spectra Database Levels, http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/levels_form.html; Moore, C. E. Atomic Energy Levels as Derived from the Analyses of Optical Spectra; Vol. I−III; National Bureau of Standards Circular, 467, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1949−1958; Martin, W. C. Atomic Energy Levels—the Rare Earth Elements; NSRDS-NBS 60; U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards: Washington, DC, 1978), but also its structure in terms of combinations of the 4f8 microstates has so far eluded interpretation. We present a shortcut method using the shift operators arriving at the 5D4(4f8) state, which turns out to be a linear combination of no fewer than 6 Slater determinants. We then compare the Tb(III) PL transitions 5D4 → 7FJ, J = 6, 5, 4, 3 in compounds as diverse as TbCl3(aq), Tb(III)-Y zeolite, and Tb(III) polystyrene sulfonate, all at similar wavelengths but showing features sensitive to chemical environment.
STABILIZATION OF DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS WITH A FOLD OR PERIOD DOUBLING CONTROL BIFURCATIONS

Abstract For nonlinear control systems with uncontrollable linearization around an equilibrium, the local asymptotic stability of the linear controllable directions can be easily achieved by linear feedback. Therefore we expect that the stabilizability of the whole system should depend on a reduced order model whose stabilizability depends on the linearly uncontrollable directions. The controlled center dynamics technique, introduced by the authors in a previous article, formalizes this intuition. In this paper we apply this approach to stabilize discrete-time systems with a fold or period-doubling control bifurcations.
Identification of spacecraft conjunctions in the cusps

Abstract The comparison of particle energy distributions from different altitudes in the cusp is important for developing our understanding of magnetospheric entry and energization processes. The Cluster multi-spacecraft mission allows the opportunity to better understand the features at higher altitudes, facilitating direct comparisons with concurrent low-altitude observations by one or more of the DMSP spacecraft. A simple technique has been developed to search orbit and particle data from both missions for near-simultaneous cusp region crossings using model magnetic field line tracing and the Altitude Adjusted Corrected Geomagnetic (AACGM) coordinate system. This method can quickly search large periods of time and give an indication of the quality of the magnetic conjunctions through automatically generated plots. This technique can also be applied to other regions and spacecraft (e.g., inner magnetospheric observations by NASA Living with a Star (LWS) geospace missions). Examples of two types of conjunctions between Cluster and DMSP are presented, along with a brief description of how these methods provide insight into the temporal and spatial evolution of plasma in the cusp regions.
Oligodendroglia are limited in type i interferon induction and responsiveness in vivo

Type I interferons (IFNα/β) provide a primary defense against infection. Nevertheless, the dynamics of IFNα/β induction and responsiveness by central nervous system (CNS) resident cells in vivo in response to viral infections are poorly understood. Mice were infected with a neurotropic coronavirus with tropism for oligodendroglia and microglia to probe innate antiviral responses during acute encephalomyelitis. Expression of genes associated with the IFNα/β pathways was monitored in microglia and oligodendroglia purified from naive and infected mice by fluorescent activated cell sorting. Compared with microglia, oligodendroglia were characterized by low basal expression of mRNA encoding viral RNA sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), IFNα/β receptor chains, interferon sensitive genes (ISG), as well as kinases and transcription factors critical in IFNα/β signaling. Although PRRs and ISGs were upregulated by infection in both cell types, the repertoire and absolute mRNA levels were more limited in oligodendroglia. Furthermore, although oligodendroglia harbored higher levels of viral RNA compared with microglia, Ifnα/β was only induced in microglia. Stimulation with the double stranded RNA analogue poly I:C also failed to induce Ifnα/β in oligodendroglia, and resulted in reduced and delayed induction of ISGs compared with microglia. The limited antiviral response by oligodendroglia was associated with a high threshold for upregulation of Ikke and Irf7 transcripts, both central to amplifying IFNα/β responses. Overall, these data reveal that oligodendroglia from the adult CNS are poor sensors of viral infection and suggest they require exogenous IFNα/β to establish an antiviral state.
Suture development and bony fusion in the fetal rabbit palate

Abstract The intermaxillary and the interpalatine regions of the fetal rabbit palate are contiguous areas of suture development and bony fusion, respectively. As these regions must differ regarding the factors responsible for the formation of a suture, the palate was selected as a model for the study of the mechanism of suture development. Palates from 21–25-day rabbit fetuses were classified into developmental stages using cleared and alizarin-stained specimens. The developmental stages of the two areas were compared in paraffin and Epon sections. PAS-staining and autoradiography following [ 3 H]-proline injection were used. The difference in development of the two areas resulting in suture formation and fusion, respectively, could not be explained by morphologic differences in the interzonal tissue, but by analysing the osteogenic pattern along the bony rims adjacent to the maxillary and the palatine processes, it was concluded that widening of the bony palate in the maxillary area occurred by displacement and in the palatine area mainly by cortical drift. A lack of separation of the palatine ossification centres is considered to be a possible regulating factor for the fusion of the palatine bones and the continuous spatial movement of the maxillary ossification centres a factor in the formation of the intermaxillary suture.
Mats Almgren and colloid chemistry.

His sixtieth birthday provides an opportunity to describe Mats Almgren's impact on colloid chemistry.
Linear energy correlation in the low‐energy tandem mass spectra of protonated tripeptides Xxx–Gly–Gly but failure for Gly–Xxx–Gly

The backbone cleavages of protonated tripeptide ions of the series Xxx–Gly–Gly, where Xxx–Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Met, Pro and Trp, were studied in a hybrid tandem mass spectrometer. C-Terminal y-type ions and N-terminal a- and b-type ions were noted. A linear relationship between log (intensity of y2 divided by the sum of all other product ion intensities) and the proton affinity of the N-terminal amino acid substituent was found for the series Xxx–Gly–Gly: as the proton affinity of the N-terminal residue increases, the fraction of y2 ion formation decreases. The series of protonated tripeptides Gly–Xxx–Gly, where Xxx = Gly, Ala, Leu, Phe, Tyr, Met and Trp, were also studied.
Iridoid glycoside and allozyme variation within and among populations of Plantago rhodosperma decne. (Plantaginaceae)

To compare and contrast the inter- and intra-population variation in Plantago rhodosperma, individuals from four populations in Kansas (Russell, Woodston, Stockton A and Stockton B) were sampled. The following five characteristics were compared: (1) size of the plants, using area of the largest leaf as an index, (2) number of trichomes on the upper and lower leaf surfaces, (3) iridoid glycoside concentration of leaves and scapes, (4) leaf nitrogen concentration, and (5) allozyme variability. The Russell and Woodston populations were significantly smaller than those from Stockton A and B, and had greater trichome densities on the upper leaf surface. The Stockton B population had significantly more aucubin in the leaves than the other populations sampled. However, the aucubin concentration in the scapes did not differ among populations. The Stockton A and B populations had significantly higher leaf nitrogen concentrations than Russell, but Woodston was not significantly different from either of the other two. There was little inter- populational allozyme variation, although the Russell population showed allozyme variability among individuals for the enzyme PGI. The allozyme data suggest that P. rhodosperma is an allopolyploid.
Expression, isolation and properties of Fur (ferric uptake regulation) protein ofEscherichia coli K 12

The clonedfur (ferric uptake regulation) gene ofEscherichia coli K12 was ligated to an expression vector which was inducible with nalidixic acid. The Fur protein was isolated in a single step by immobilized metal-ion-affinity chromatography over zinc iminodiacetate agarose. The amino acid composition of the isolated protein agreed with that predicted from the gene sequence and indicated post-transcriptional removal of the N-terminal methionine residue. All four cysteines were shown to be present as thiols. Proteolysis with trypsin and chymotrypsin yielded large fragments identifiable on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Various divalent metal ions were found by a nitrocellulose filter binding assay to effect non-specific interaction of the Fur dimer with DNA with a dissociation constant of 7 × 10−12 M. A much smaller value, 2.5 × 10−17 M, was measured by gel mobility retardation assay for binding of Fur to a DNA fragment containing the operator sequences of the aerobactin promoter.
EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION OF CRACK GROWTH THROUGH A SPATIALLY NON-UNIFORM MICROSTRUCTURE

— Crack growth through a spatially non-uniform microstructure of 1045 steel edge-notched and pre-cracked panel specimens was investigated experimentally and computationally. The microstructural gradient was produced by heat treatment and differential quenching. A fractographic examination was performed on the crack growth specimens to correlate fracture mode and local toughness. Tensile specimens, corresponding to different sites in the edge-notched panel, were used to characterize the constitutive response and fracture resistance of the as-treated material. The Rockwell B hardness was used to identify and map material constitutive responses to corresponding locations in a finite element model of the panel. A debonding algorithm was used in the finite element simulations to model stable crack growth using a local fracture criterion.
Diagenetic evidence for massive evaporite dissolution, fluid flow, and mass transfer in the Louisiana Gulf Coast

A study of sediment alteration on the west flank of the West Hackberry dome, Louisiana Gulf Coast, has documented the existence of ∼5 x 10 10 kg of authigenic calcite-pyrite cement in Miocene sands at depths of 1.4 to 2.1 km in a 1.5 by 1.5 km area adjacent to the dome. The Sr, C, and S isotopic compositions of the cements support the hypothesis that Ca and S were derived from dissolution of salt-dome anhydrite and that carbonate was derived by thermochemical oxidation of methane and by sulfate reduction, possibly at temperatures as low as 70 °C. Constraints on the maximum aqueous concentrations of Ca that could be produced by dissolving diapiric salt require that >5 x 10 9 m 3 of aqueous fluid, equivalent to a fluid volume/ pore volume ratio of >250:1, were involved in destroying salt, transporting Ca and SO 4 , and precipitating these cements. The presence of such cements requires a dynamic subsurface mass-transport regime involving either large volumes of fluid or fluids that are extensively recirculated.
A revised algorithm for calculating TiO2 from Clementine UVVIS data: A synthesis of rock, soil, and remotely sensed TiO2 concentrations

[1] Investigating mare basalt compositions, at both the sample and remote-sensing level for the Apollo and Luna mare sites, reveals the need for a more complex regression procedure than previously proposed in order to extract accurate TiO2 concentrations from Clementine spectral reflectance (CSR) data. The TiO2 algorithm of Lucey and coworkers is modified by using two different sets of regression parameters to relate measured regolith compositions from sampling locations to the CSR properties of these sites. One regression trend fits the majority of Apollo data, and the second regression is a fit to the Apollo 11, Luna 16, and Luna 24 data, which were considered to be anomalous in previous TiO2 calibrations. These three sites have unusually low albedo compared to other mare landing sites, and some 32% of nearside mare regions appear to share this characteristic. Possible reasons for these differences related to proximity of the other sites to mare-highland boundaries are discussed. Using the dual-regression method, we find (1) that TiO2 concentrations calculated for the basaltic landing sites faithfully reproduce a bimodal distribution as seen in the sample data, (2) that when coupled with the effects of other thermal neutron absorbers, Ti concentrations are more consistent with observed epithermal-to-thermal neutron-flux ratios than are previous Clementine-based derivations of TiO2 for basaltic regions, and (3) that basalts of intermediate-TiO2 concentrations occur most frequently in the Oceanus Procellarum region and that these intermediate concentrations appear to be inherent to the flows underlying the regolith and presumably to the basalt source regions.
Minority majority America and the ghost of Woodrow Wilson

Since 1970 American politics and political science have both changed dramatically, in the wake of upheaval in the nation's, and the American hemisphere's, 522-year-old racial hierarchy. Driven by u...
Altered expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 genes in ovarian carcinomas.

We analyzed the expression and amplification of cyclin D1 and CDK4 genes in ovarian carcinomas. Northern blot analysis revealed overexpression of cyclin D1 in 12 of 65 (18%) ovarian carcinomas while CDK4 was overexpressed in 7 of 48 cases (14%). None of the tumors showed amplification of any of the 2 genes. Overexpression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 transcripts was correlated, suggesting a role of both genes in altered growth control of ovarian cancer cells. Elevated levels of cyclin D1 were significantly associated with a well-moderately differentiated grade (G1-G2) (p < 0.005). No significant association was found between cyclin D1 expression and estrogen receptor, progesterone and epidermal growth factor receptor content. Cyclin D1 expression does not appear to be associated with clinical outcome in human ovarian cancer, although a longer follow-up period and screening of other molecules involved in the same pathway would be necessary to assess this hypothesis. Int. J. Cancer 74:390–395, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Vascular Transition Region Of Helianthus Annuus. I. Bilateral And Unilateral Patterns Of Differentiation

A B S T R A C T The vascular transition region of Helianthus annuus L. may exhibit either a unilateral or a bilateral differentiation of primary phloem groups. The unilateral type of transition has been previously described but the bilateral type with its two variations is described here for the first time. The three patterns of transition are compared, and the significance of the variability of transition regions is discussed in terms of basic transition types and phylogenetic importance.
A STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSIS

1. Autolysis of Pneumococcus is accompanied by proteolysis, which results in an increase in amino and non-coagulable nitrogen. 2. Autolysis of Pneumococcus is accompanied by lipolysis during which there is a liberation of ether-soluble fatty acids. 3. When extracts containing the active intracellular enzymes are added to heat-killed pneumococci, lysis of the cells occurs and there is an increase in the non-coagulable and amino nitrogen, comparable to the changes accompanying spontaneous autolysis. 4. When extracts containing the active intracellular enzymes are added to emulsions of the alcohol-soluble lipoids extracted from pneumococci, an increase in the ether-soluble fatty acid occurs. 5. Sodium desoxycholate in excess inhibits the action of pneumococcus protease; it does not inhibit the action of pneumococcus lipase. 6. When suspensions of pneumococci are cooled to 0°C., a temperature at which the rate of enzyme action is greatly retarded, the organisms go into solution rapidly when sodium desoxycholate is added, but this process is not accompanied by lipolysis or proteolysis. It does not seem probable, therefore, that the "bile" solution of pneumococci is identical with the phenomenon of autolysis as ordinarily understood and measured. 7. The relation of enzyme action to antigenic dissociation is discussed.
Isotope effects on hydride transfer reactions from transition metal hydrides to trityl cation. An inverse isotope effect for a hydride transfer

Hydride transfer from transition metal hydrides (MH) to Ph3C+BF4- gives M−FBF3 and Ph3CH. Deuterium kinetic isotope effects were determined for several MH/MD pairs (CH2Cl2 solution, 25 °C). For hydride transfer from Cp*(CO)3MoH (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) to substituted trityl cations containing zero, one, two, or three p-MeO groups [Phn(p-MeOC6H4)3-nC+BF4-; n = 3, 2, 1, 0], the isotope effect remains essentially constant at kMoH/kMoD = 1.7−1.9 as the rate constant decreases from kH− = 6.5 × 103 to 1.4 M-1 s-1. For hydride transfer to Ph3C+BF4- from five metal hydrides [Cp(CO)3MoH, Cp*(CO)3WH, (indenyl)(CO)3WH, Cp*(CO)3MoH, and trans-Cp(CO)2(PCy3)MoH; Cp = η5-C5H5] with second-order rate constants kH− ≥ 3.8 × 102 M-1 s-1, the kinetic isotope effects are also kMH/kMD = 1.7−1.8. For a series of five tungsten hydrides with substituted Cp ligands, the kinetic isotope effects decrease from kWH/kWD = 1.8 to 0.47 as the rate constant decreases (from kH− = 2.0 × 103 to 0.72 M-1 s-1). The steadily decreasing values of kMH/kM...
Folding intermediate in the villin headpiece domain arises from disruption of a N-terminal hydrogen-bonded network.

The critical role of partially folded intermediates in protein misfolding and amyloid formation has sparked interest in exploring factors that control the formation of these metastable species. Recent NMR experiments reported a sparsely populated intermediate of the villin headpiece domain, in which the N-terminal subdomain is random coil-like under native conditions. Here we use continuous constant pH molecular dynamics simulations with replica-exchange sampling protocol to test the hypothesis that the conformational state obtained by simulations derived from a solution NMR structure represents a putative intermediate in which the N-terminal subdomain is partially unfolded. On the basis of the unique titration behavior of His41 as well as the structural and dynamic properties of this state, we propose that the loss of a hydrogen bond between Nδ of His41 and the backbone carbonyl oxygen of E14 in the NMR structure leads to the loss of inter-subdomain contacts as well as partial disruption of the N-termina...
Analyses of Events Counted on Time-Dimension: A Soft Model Based on Extreme Statistics

Asymptotic distribution functions of extremes were applied to sequences of various events; duration of marriages before divorce, length of courtship periods before engagement, loss of information from memory, and retrieval of words belonging to a specified category, etc. There are a large number of conditions leading to occurrence of each event. A sequence of events will be the distribution of minima (Weibull) if each event occurs as soon as one condition is met, and that of maxima if it occurs when all the conditions are fulfilled. This model is “soft” and hence covers various series because what is assumed is only the behavior of possible causes but not their substantive nature.
Successful Latina Scientists and Engineers: Their Lived Mentoring Experiences and Career Development

Utilizing a phenomenological perspective and method, this study aimed to reveal the lived career mentoring experiences of Latinas in science and engineering and to understand how selected Latina scientists and engineers achieved high-level positions. Our in-depth interviews revealed that (a) it is important to have multiple mentors for Latinas’ success; (b) various types of mentoring can be effective in career development; (c) the support and encouragement of mentors is essential; and (d) mentoring relationships should be a mutual agreement. Findings also suggest that implementing formal and informal mentoring programs can encourage Latinas to pursue careers in science and engineering and have a positive influence on career success. The commonly shared characteristics and experiences that promote career success are trailblazer, mentoring types, networking, professional opportunities, support and encouragement, goal orientation, and passion and belief.
Comparative-Historical Social Systems and Conservatism: An Attempt at Conceptualization and Classification

By using forms of conservatism as criteria, this paper advances a novel conceptualization and typology of comparative-historical social systems. The paper attempts to do justice to the crucial complexities involved in the relations between a free-market economy, a democratic polity and a free society overall on the one hand and varieties of conservatism on the other. Such attempts are all the more indispensable in light of various simplifications and conflations committed by the conventional wisdom, especially in the USA, in this realm. One of these simplifications is the spurious (American) equation of economic conservatism or the laissez-faire economy with a free society. Another is the broader but also dubious equivalence of the admixture of economic conservatism and formal political democracy, with a free social system. It is the purpose of this article to redress these popular misconceptions. Special emphasis is placed on a peculiar social system denoted authoritarian conservatism or conservative aut...
Experience influences shoal member preference in a species pair of sticklebacks

Recognition of suitable group members can be learned through experience or can be genetically based. To determine when learning may be important in social recognition, we compared the social recognition of juveniles and adults of 2 sympatric species of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus spp.). We altered the social environment of both species, rearing individuals with varying numbers of conspecifics and heterospecifics. We measured the effect of this social experience with heterospecifics on shoaling tendency and shoal member preferences. We also explored age effects by comparing juveniles and adults. Experience modified both the degree of sociality and the choice of social partners. We found that juveniles of both species had a stronger tendency to shoal than adults and that experience with heterospecifics influenced social tendency for juvenile benthics but not limnetics. Use of body size cues in selecting social partners by juveniles was also altered by experience. Only juveniles raised with conspecifics preferred conspecifics that were similar in size. Experience had a large effect for adults who preferred to associate with the species they had been raised with. Differences between juveniles and adults were more pronounced than differences between species. Our results suggest that individuals learn their species identity from the social environment and that this affects social preference. Learned social preferences may also have implications for the maintenance of reproductive isolation between these species.
An apparatus to evaluate the pace of baseball field playing surfaces.

During a baseball game, the ball will strike the playing surface at a variety of speeds and angles. The speed at which the ball travels after impact with the playing surface has been referred to as the pace of the surface. Wide variations in pace can reduce the safety and playability of baseball field surfaces. Pace can be quantified by measuring the coefficient of restitution. The coefficient of restitution is defined as the ratio of two velocities; the velocity of a baseball after impact with the surface divided by the velocity of the ball prior to impact. An apparatus was developed to measure the coefficient of restitution of a baseball striking various playing surfaces. The apparatus, termed Pennbounce, uses infrared screens to measure the coefficient of restitution of baseballs propelled at varying angles and velocities. Pennbounce was used to measure the pace of traditional synthetic turf (Astroturf), infilled synthetic turf (Fieldturf), natural turfgrass, and skinned infield surfaces. Baseballs were propelled at the surfaces using two velocities and impact angles. Surface pace was highest on traditional synthetic turf, skinned infield, infilled synthetic turf, and natural turfgrass areas, respectively.
Fifty years of ferroelectrics

Piezoelectricity is an important part of ultrasound, frequency control, and ferroelectricity, the three major divisions of UFFC. During the last fifty years there have been great improvements in piezoelectric materials and piezoelectric transducers. Poled ferroelectric ceramics and single crystals with multiple tuned instabilities have huge piezoelectric coefficients and nearly perfect electromechanical coupling, and transducer design has made equally important advances through the use of composite structures with integrated electronics. A few historical highlights, along with some thoughts for the future, are incorporated in this paper.
Modeling the Circulation of the Atchafalaya Bay System during Winter Cold Front Events. Part 1: Model Description and Validation

Abstract The Atchafalaya Bay system consists of a series of five shallow bays in southern Louisiana (U.S.A.) that are dominated by the circulation of the Atchafalaya River plume. Winter cold fronts have a significant impact on the resuspension and transport of sediments in this region, and a better understanding of the circulation during these events is absolutely necessary for determining the sediment transport patterns of the Atchafalaya Bay system and the adjacent shelf area. Understanding the circulation of this region is also crucial for environmental studies as well. This work describes the implementation of the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM), a three-dimensional numerical circulation model for tide, river, and wind-forced circulation in the Atchafalaya Bay system. The model has a cell size (Δx) of ∼800 m and is nested to a northern Gulf of Mexico model (Δx ∼5000 m), which is itself nested to the global NCOM (Δx =1/8°). Atmospheric forcing is supplied by the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Pred...
Activation State of the M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Modulates Mammalian Odorant Receptor Signaling

A diverse repertoire of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) enables cells to sense their environment. Mammalian olfaction requires the activation of odorant receptors (ORs), the largest family of GPCRs; however, whether ORs functionally interact with other families of GPCRs is unclear. We show that the interaction of ORs with the type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3-R), which is found in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), modulated OR responses to cognate odorants. In human embryonic kidney-293T cells, ORs and the M3-R physically interacted, and the M3-R increased the potency and efficacy of odorant-elicited responses of several ORs. Selective M3-R antagonists attenuated odorant-dependent activation of OSNs, and, when the M3-R and ORs were expressed in transfected cells, OR activation was enhanced by muscarinic agonists and inhibited by muscarinic antagonists. Furthermore, M3-R-dependent potentiation of OR signaling synergized with that of receptor transporting protein 1S (RTP1S), an accessory factor required for the efficient membrane targeting of ORs. However, the M3-R did not enhance the abundance of ORs at the cell surface, suggesting that the M3-R acted through a distinct mechanism independent of RTP1S. Finally, the activation of ORs by cognate odorants transactivated the M3-R in the absence of its agonist. The crosstalk between ORs and the M3-R suggests that the functional coupling of ORs and the M3-R is required for robust OR activation.
Similarity queries: their conceptual evaluation, transformations, and processing

Many application scenarios can significantly benefit from the identification and processing of similarities in the data. Even though some work has been done to extend the semantics of some operators, for example join and selection, to be aware of data similarities, there has not been much study on the role and implementation of similarity-aware operations as first-class database operators. Furthermore, very little work has addressed the problem of evaluating and optimizing queries that combine several similarity operations. The focus of this paper is the study of similarity queries that contain one or multiple first-class similarity database operators such as Similarity Selection, Similarity Join, and Similarity Group-by. Particularly, we analyze the implementation techniques of several similarity operators, introduce a consistent and comprehensive conceptual evaluation model for similarity queries, and present a rich set of transformation rules to extend cost-based query optimization to the case of similarity queries.
Some Results on V-rings and Weakly V-rings

Abstract A ring R is called a right weakly V-ring (briefly, a right WV-ring) if every simple right R -module is X -injective, where X is any cyclic right R -module with X R ≇ R R . In this note, we study the structure of right WV-rings R and show that, if R is not a right V-ring, then R has exactly three distinct ideals, 0 ⊂ J ⊂ R , where J is a nilpotent minimal right ideal of R such that R / J is a simple right V-domain. In this case, if we assume additionally that R J is finitely generated, then R is left Artinian and right uniserial with composition length 2. We also show that a strictly right WV-ring with Jacobson radical J is a Frobenius local ring if and only if the injective hull of J R is uniserial. Some other results are obtained in the connection with the Noetherian property of right WV-rings and related rings.
Conventional and novel approaches to RF power generation with two-terminal devices at terahertz frequencies

Recent advances in design and technology significantly improved the performance of low-noise InP Gunn devices in oscillators at W-band (75-110 GHz) and D-band (110-170 GHz) frequencies. More importantly, they resulted in orders of magnitude higher radio-frequency (RF) output power levels above D-band. Examples are continuous-wave RF power levels of more than 30 mW at 193 GHz, more than 3 mW at 300 GHz, and more than 1 mW at 315 GHz. The DC power requirements of these oscillators compare favorably with those of RF sources driving frequency multiplier chains to reach the same output RF power levels and frequencies. Generation of significant RF power levels from InP Gunn devices is predicted up to at least 500 GHz. A different approach to a Gunn-like device for even higher frequencies is based on a heterostructure perpendicular to a superlattice. Tunnel injection transit-time (TUNNETT) diodes are another candidate for low-noise RF sources at submillimeter-wave frequencies. Low-noise GaAs TUNNETT diodes, for example, already yielded more than 10 mW at 202 GHz, but more recent material systems such as GaN show more favorable material parameters than GaAs.
The effect of suplphur dioxide on horseradish paste

Abstract The effect of adding sulphur dioxide (bisulphite) to horseradish paste has been studied using a combination of sensory and chemical techniques. Changes in the sensory quality of the sulphited pastes were greater than that in the non-sulphited control and were mainly related to the increased loss of the major flavour component of horseradish, 2-propenyl isothiocyanate. Treatment with bisulphite led to a decrease of total intensity and of the sensory qualities, horseradish and pungent, whilst the qualities root vegetable/earthy and watercress increased. It was found that the chemical reaction between bisulphite and 2-propenyl isothiocyanate (to form the substituted aminothiocarbonyl sulphonate salt) was more rapid than the reaction of the additive with 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Differences were noted in the reaction between 2-propenyl isothiocyanate and bisulphite reported here and that previously described in mustard paste. In particular, the aminothiocarbonyl sulphonate salt did not appear to break down in the former system, and garlic-like off flavours, reported in mustard, were absent.
Influence of Significant Others' Perceived Voting Behaviors on Children's Political Socialization:

This study investigated the relative influence of parents, peers, and teachers on children's voting behavior. 66 children in grades 3, 4, and 5 were interviewed about their voting preferences and p...