cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analyses of methamphetamine's effects on self-control choices: implications for elucidating behavioral mechanisms of drug action.

The purpose of the present research was to utilize quantitative methods to identify behavioral mechanisms involved in the effects of stimulant drugs on choice in a self-control procedure. A logarithmic equation based upon a combination of the matching law and hyperbolic discounting was used to separate drug-induced changes in sensitivity to reinforcement delay from drug-induced changes in sensitivity to reinforcement amount. Pigeons responded under a concurrent-chains schedule. In the initial link, two keys were illuminated simultaneously and access to the terminal link was controlled by a single random-interval (RI) schedule; pecks on one or the other key lead to its terminal link with a 0.5 probability. In the terminal links, one alternative provided 1-s access to food (the smaller reinforcer) and the other alternative provided 4-s access to food (the larger reinforcer). The signaled delay to the smaller reinforcer always was 2 s, whereas the signaled delay to the larger reinforcer increased from 2 to 40 s within each session, across 10-min blocks. In general, intermediate doses of methamphetamine increased preference for the larger more delayed reinforcer. Quantitative analyses indicated that, in most cases, methamphetamine decreased sensitivity to reinforcement delay. In a few instances, concomitant decreases in sensitivity to reinforcement amount also occurred. These results suggest that a reduced sensitivity to reinforcement delay may be important behavioral mechanism of the effects of stimulants on self-control choices, and that this effect sometimes can be accompanied by a decreased sensitivity to reinforcement amount.
Scaling Between Channel Mobility and Interface State Density in SiC MOSFETs

The direct impact of the SiO2/4H-SiC interface state density (Dit) on the channel mobility of lateral field-effect transistors is studied by tailoring the trap distribution via nitridation of the thermal gate oxide. We observe that mobility scales like the inverse of the charged state density, which is consistent with Coulomb-scattering-limited transport at the interface. We also conclude that the Dit further impacts even the best devices by screening the gate potential, yielding small subthreshold swings and poor turn-ON characteristics.
Susceptibilities of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations to Cry1Ac Insecticidal Protein

Abstract Susceptibilities of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) to Cry1Ac were measured via a diet-incorporated assay with MPV II at the University of Arkansas during 2002–2004. Lethal concentration–mortality (LC50) estimates of five laboratory, seven laboratory-cross, and 10 field populations of H. virescens varied 12-fold. Pooled susceptibilities of H. virescens across all laboratory and field populations varied five-fold. The LC50 estimates for H. virescens were higher than those reported by previous research before the introduction of transgenic crops. However, the ratio of susceptibility of laboratory and field populations was similar, suggesting no change in overall species susceptibility. Individual LC50 estimates of five laboratory, nine laboratory-cross, and 57 field populations of H. zea varied over 130-fold. Pooled susceptibilities across laboratory and field populations varied widely. Among the field populations, colonies from non-Bacillus thuringi...
Dispersion and delay of electrical restitution in the globally ischaemic heart

Altemans of action potential duration (APD) has been shown to be a precursor of ventricular fibrillation in ischaemic myocardium. We postulated that magnitude of alternans of APD during ischaemia depends not only on the severity of ischaemia but also on disturbed beat-to-beat restitution of APD. Monophasic action potentials were recorded simultaneously from right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) epicardial sites of isolated rabbit hearts. The inter-beat time courses of APD recovery were determined both during normal flow and ischaemia by interposing single cycle length changes ranging from 200 to 800 ms (=electrical restitution) simultaneously at the three recording sites. During normal perfusion, electrical restitution curves showed a steep initial recovery of APD, attaining steady-state values at extrastimulus cycle lengths of only 298±12 ms, with a high degree of uniformity between the three recording sites (inter-site variability 800 ms at 2 min, 5 min and 9 min of ischaemia, respectively (each P<0·001 vs control). In addition, iscliaemia resulted in a large inter-site variability, with RV and LV restitution curves deviating from each other by as much as 28·5% (P<0·0001 vs baseline). We conclude that global ischaemia not only leads to a delayed but also non-uniform electrical restitution. The delay in electrical restitution may be causally related to the development of alternans of APD, whereas the dispersion of electrical restitution may produce electrical instability and set the stage for ischaemia-related ventricular arrhythmias.
Modified Walker for Blind Patients

A simple, inexpensive method has been developed at our facility to improve the ability of a blind person to walk with a stationary walker. Previously, such a patient was forced to make frequent stops to remove his hands from the walker in order to use them to reorient himself as to his location. With proper training in using our modified walker, the patient is able to maintain a firm grasp of the walker at all times, enabling him to walk with minimal interruption and with greater safety. CONSTRUCTION The walker modifications consist of two screen springs measuring 16¼ in (41.28 cm) in length and ½ in (1.27 cm) in diameter. One spring is taped to each side of a stationary walker with about 10 in (25.4 cm) extending out perpendicular to the walker handgrips (Figure).
Effect of combination inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) on ovarian cancer cell lines

13112 Background: Bevacizumab, a VEGF inhibitor, and cetuximab, an EGF-R inhibitor, have shown promising results in the treatment of solid tumors. The combination of these two antibodies and combin...
As regras que governam a comunicação no gênero fórum em um curso de capacitação de tutores para o EAD

O objetivo deste artigo e apresentar uma reflexao sobre a organizacao do genero forum de discussao, com abordagem na linguistica textual. Fundamentado na teoria da atividade, com foco nas regras de organizacao. Neste trabalho, discuto as regras que governam a atividade comunicativa, sublinhando as nocoes de generos de BAZERMAN (2006b) em um forum de discussao sobre a tutoria em EaD. Conforme a proposta de BAZERMAN (2006a), que apresenta uma visao de generos como fatos sociais, numa perspectiva essencialmente socio-historica, dinâmica e sempre em mudanca, analiso participacoes em um forum, levando em consideracao a maneira como e organizado.
The Flip Side Of Recruitment: Allowing Job Candidates To View Current Employees Rum

Providing job candidates the opportunity to view the rum of potential supervisors, subordinates, and co-workers is discussed in this paper. Data collected from a sample of members of the Society for Human Resource Management are also analyzed. Of particular note is the finding that the respondents are more interested in viewing the rum of potential subordinates than viewing the rum of potential co-workers.
Optimum Design of an Aircraft-Mounted Pod for Improved Aero-Optic Performance

Aero-optic aberrations originating from the nearby flowfield of an aircraft can seriously limit the ability to focus on-board laser systems onto farfield targets. These aero-optic aberrations can be mitigated by using fences to control the flow around the outgoing beam aperture. The objective of this investigation is to attempt to determine the best shape for these fences using computational fluid dynamics in combination with optimization techniques. Future work will experimentally and computationally build on the solutions presented here.
OVERCOMING COLLABORATION BARRIERS IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

Public-private partnership is a viable strategy for addressing complex social problems like the lack of affordable housing. However, the literature tells us collaboration is difficult, complicated ...
Urinary Levels of Renal Tubular Enzyme N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase in Relation to Grade of Vesicoureteral Reflux

AbstractElevated urinary levels of the renal tubular enzyme N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) have been shown to be associated with tubular damage. To determine whether urinary levels of NAG would be abnormal and/or vary with the severity of vesicoureteral reflux, bladder urine was obtained from 31 children without reflux and 32 children with various grades of reflux. Nonrefluxing controls were obtained from children undergoing evaluation for a history of infection, hematuria or voiding abnormality. Patients with evidence of obstruction, neuropathic bladder dysfunction, urinary tract infection or renal failure were excluded. Bladder (32 cases) and ureteral (5 cases) urine from children with reflux was obtained at cystography or at antireflux surgery. Control and reflux patients were not significantly different with regard to sex or age.The mean urinary NAG level in nonrefluxing control patients was 10.63 IU/mg. (range 0.94 to 26.61, standard error of mean 0.43). Mean urinary NAG for all patients with ref...
Release of nitric oxide and prostaglandin H2 to acetylcholine in skeletal muscle venules

The role of endothelium in regulating venular resistance is not well characterized. Thus we aimed to elucidate the endothelium-derived factors involved in the mediation of responses of rat gracilis muscle venules to acetylcholine (ACh) and other vasoactive agents. Changes in diameter of perfusion pressure (7.5 mmHg)- and norepinephrine (10(-6) M)-constricted venules (approximately 225 microns in diam) to cumulative doses of ACh (10(-9) to 10(-4) M) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10(-9) to 10(-4) M), before and after endothelium removal or application of various inhibitors, were measured. Lower doses of ACh elicited dilations (up to 42.1 +/- 4.7%), whereas higher doses of ACh resulted in smaller dilations or even constrictions. Endothelium removal abolished both ACh-induced dilation and constriction. In the presence of indomethacin (2.8 x 10(-5) M), a cyclooxygenase blocker, or SQ-29548 (10(-6) M), a thromboxane A2-prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) receptor antagonist, higher doses of ACh caused further dilation (up to 72.7 +/- 7%) instead of constriction. Similarly, lower doses of arachidonic acid (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) elicited dilations that were diminished at higher doses. These reduced responses were, however, reversed to substantial dilation by SQ-29548. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase blocker, N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 10(-4) M), significantly reduced the dilation to ACh (from 30.6 +/- 5.5 to 5.4 +/- 1.4% at 10(-6) M ACh). In contrast, L-NNA did not affect dilation to SNP. Thus ACh elicits the release of both NO and PGH2 from the venular endothelium.
Homocrinid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota

Three homocrinid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Formation of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota are described: Ectenocrinus simplex (Hall), Drymocrinus strimplei new species, and Sygcaulocrinus typus Ulrich. Ectenocrinus simplex is relatively abundant, geographically widespread in the Appalachians and midcontinent of North America, and long-ranging in time (Middle Ordovician Shermanian to Upper Ordovician Maysvillian). The aboral cup of ectenocrinids underwent transpositional allometry during its evolution so that juvenile cups from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Formation resemble the adult cups of ancestral individuals from the Middle Ordovician. Sygcaulocrinus typus exhibits a unique expanded proximal stem consisting of three-to-five large columnals throughout its post-larval development. These columnals are rigidly joined to the aboral cup. Consequently, the proximal generative zone for new columnals is displaced below the proximal part of the stem. In addition, the columnals in the proximal stem of S. typus mainly grow with stong positive allometry with respect to the aboral cup. Essentially, the growth vectors of the proximal columnals converge on those of the aboral cup plates.
A model for laterally graded Cu2S/ZnxCd1-xS photovoltaic heterojunctions

A model is presented for the Cu2S/ZnxCd1-xS heterojunction that is based on the existence of a laterally graded zinc rich region just below the Cu2S-ZnCdS interface. Integrals for short circuit current density and current density versus applied voltage are presented. The current-voltage characteristics, in particular the increase in open circuit voltage and decrease in short circuit current density that occur with increasing zinc content, follow trends that have been seen experimentally for junctions formed by ion-exchange.
Investing in Post-Acute Care Transitions: Electronic Information Exchange Between Hospitals and Long-Term Care Facilities

Abstract Background Electronic health information exchange (HIE) is expected to help improve care transitions from hospitals to long-term care (LTC) facilities. We know little about the prevalence of hospital LTC HIE in the United States and what contextual factors may motivate or constrain this activity. Research design Cross-sectional analysis of U.S. acute-care hospitals responding to the 2014 AHA IT Supplement survey and with available readmissions data (n = 1,991). We conducted multivariate logistic regression to explore the relationship between hospital LTC HIE and selected IT and policy characteristics. Results Over half of the hospitals in our study (57.2%) reported engaging in some form of HIE with LTC providers: 33.9% send-only, 0.5% receive-only, and 22.8% send and receive. Hospitals that engaged in some form of LTC HIE were more likely than those that did not engage to have attested to meaningful use (odds ratio [OR], 1.87; P = .01 for stage 1 and OR, 2.05; P P = .021), and exchange information electronically with other hospitals or ambulatory providers (OR, 4.54; P P = .041) and higher 30-day readmission rates (OR, 1.19; P = .016) were also associated with LTC HIE, but not accountable care organization nor bundled payment participation. Conclusions As payment to LTC providers and hospitals increasingly emphasizes total patient care and paying for value, those leading these organizations have new incentives to pursue collaborative relationships. Hospitals appear to be investing in electronic information exchange with LTCs as part of a general strategy to adopt EHRs and engage in HIE, but also potentially to strengthen ties to LTC providers and to reduce readmissions. To achieve widespread connectivity, continued focus on adoption of related health IT infrastructure and greater emphasis on aligning incentives for hospital-LTC care transitions would be valuable.
Characterization of titratable acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of wines made from eight mississippi-grown muscadine varieties during fermentation

Abstract Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) and its wine products are becoming more acceptable due to potential health benefits associated with high concentrations of phenolic compounds. In this research, wines made from eight high-yield muscadine grape varieties grown in Mississippi were compared for their phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and other quality parameters during different secondary fermentation periods. During the fermentation, the total content of hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives decreased, while that of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives increased. Changes in total flavonoids varied depending on muscadine cultivar. Total phenolic content (TPC), total benzoic acid (TBA) derivatives and total phenolic acids significantly (p
Utilization of VA Mental Health and Primary Care Services Among Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans With Depression: The Influence of Gender and Ethnicity Status

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to examine gender and ethnic differences in Veterans Affairs (VA) health services utilization among Iraq and Afghanistan military Veterans diagnosed with depression. With VA administrative data, sociodemographics, utilization of outpatient primary care, specialty mental health and mental health treatment modalities (psychotherapy and antidepressant prescriptions) were collected from electronic medical records of 1,556 depressed Veterans treated in one VA regional network from January 2008 to March 2009. Health care utilization patterns were examined 90 days following being diagnosed with depression. χ2 and t-tests were used to evaluate unadjusted differences in VA service use by gender and ethnicity. Logistic regression was used to fit study models predicting VA service utilization. Study results indicate no ethnic or gender differences in the use of specialty mental health services or in the use of mental health treatments. However, women Veterans, especially those...
Cerebral palsy. 2.

Attention to the mental, social, environmental, economic and vocational problems of the cerebral palsy victim is as necessary as treatment of his physical limitations. Because of the types and degrees of involvement in cerebral palsy, many methods of treatment that vary widely in principles and rationale have seemed to yield results. The theory of “patterning,” however, has aroused considerable controversy.
Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Onychomycosis by Dermoscopy

Background: Onychomycosis is one of the most common diseases of the toenails. The costs of diagnosis and treatment are substantial, and as the population ages, the overall cost burden will continue to escalate. The purpose of this study was to correlate dermoscopic features with pathologic diagnosis to support the accuracy of point-of-care diagnosis by dermoscopic examination. Methods: Nail unit pathology reports of 52 patients with abnormal great toenails were compared with the dermoscopic features detected by nail unit dermoscopy. Results: The dermoscopic analysis predicted the laboratory diagnosis in 90.4% of the study patients. The specific dermoscopic findings of short spikes (P < .001), long striae (P < .001), aurora borealis (P < .001), irregular termination (P = .003), dermatophytoma (P = .011), transverse onycholysis (P = .018), and dry scale (P = .04) patterns were all significantly associated with pathology test results consistent with oncyhomycosis. Transverse onycholysis (P = .018) was signif...
Laboratory Calibration of Impact Plates for Measuring Gravel Bed Load Size and Mass

AbstractContinuous monitoring of gravel transport in rivers is necessary for understanding the effect of dam removal on river systems. Impact plates, such as those deployed on the Elwha River in th...
Converse of Lagrange's theorem (CLT) numbers under $1000$

A positive integer $n$ is called a CLT number if every group of order $n$ satisfies the converse of Lagrange's Theorem‎. ‎In this note‎, ‎we find all CLT and supersolvable numbers up to $1000$‎. ‎We also formulate some questions about the distribution of these numbers‎.
Nutritional Profile of Purchases by Store Type: Disparities by Income and Food Program Participation.

Introduction Policymakers have focused on the food retail environment for improving the dietary quality for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants. Yet little is known about where SNAP households make food and beverage purchases or how purchases may vary by store type, SNAP participation, and income level. The objective of this study was to examine the association between SNAP-income status (participant, income-eligible non-participant, higher-income non-participant) and healthfulness of household purchases across store types. Methods Data included household packaged food purchases (N=76,458 unique households) from 2010 to 2014, analyzed in 2017 with multivariable adjusted models to examine the nutritional profile of purchases by store type (grocery, convenience, big box, and other stores) for SNAP participating households, income-eligible non-participants, and higher-income non-participants. Outcomes included volume and nutrients (kilocalories, total sugar, saturated fat, and sodium) and calories from food groups. Results All households purchased the greatest volume of foods and beverages from grocery stores, followed by big-box and other stores, with relatively little purchased from convenience stores. The largest differences between SNAP participants and non-participants were observed at grocery stores and big-box stores, where SNAP households purchased more calories from starchy vegetables, processed meat, desserts, sweeteners and toppings, total junk food, sugar-sweetened beverages, and milk, than income-eligible and higher-income SNAP non-participants. SNAP purchases also had considerably higher sodium density. Across store types, the nutritional profile of income-eligible non-participants’ purchases was similar to higher-income households’ purchases. Conclusions More research is needed to identify strategies to improve the nutritional profile of purchases among SNAP households.
Professor Lucas’ second epistemic way

B. J. Lucas a recemment presente sa seconde voie epistemique qui avance l'argument de l'existence d'un etre omniscient. L'A. refute cet argument de deux manieres : la premiere refutation montre que le meme argument peut etre utilise pour etablir l'existence de beaucoup d'autres etres qui ne sont pas censes exister et la seconde refutation montre que cet argument est tout simplement faux.
Monitoring the Population Dynamics of Biodegradable Consortia During Bioremediation

The use of bioremediation technology has gained widespread popularity as an efficient, cost-effective means of cleaning up contaminated sites (Bouwer, 1992; Forsyth et al., 1995). Bioremediation relies on indigenous microorganisms present at a site to transform the polluting compound to a non-toxic form. It is, therefore, imperative during the designing and testing of a bioremediation process to distinguish between abiotic chemical reactions and microbial processes. Only by demonstrating that there is a potential for microbial transformation of the contaminating chemical, as well as that biodegradation is occurring in situ, can one have confidence that bioremediation is occurring.
Survival trends in glioblastoma and association with treating facility volume.

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal cancers. Various prognostic factors impact the survival of GBM patients. To further understand this extremely poor prognosis disease, we evaluated the effect of the treatment facility volumes on overall survival (OS) over the years, especially after the approval of multimodality therapy using temozolomide (TMZ) in 2005. National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was utilized to identify GBM cases from 2004 through 2013 using ICD-O-3 code 9440/3 to identify eligible patients. We focused on studying the association between treatment facility volume and OS after adjusting for the patient-, disease-, and facility-characteristics. A total of 60,672 eligible GBM patients with median age of 65 years, treated at 1166 facilities were included in this analysis. The median annual facility volume was 3 patients/year (range: 0.1–55.1) and median OS was 8.1 months. There was an improvement in OS across all facilities after 2005, when multimodality therapy with TMZ was approved. Treatment at quartile 4 centers (Q4; >7 patients/year) was independently associated with decreased all-cause mortality in a multivariate analysis (Q3 hazard ratio [HR]: 1.11, 95% CI 1.09, 1.13; Q2 HR: 1.15, 95% CI 1.12, 1.19; Q1 HR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.17, 1.33). Treatment facility volume independently affects OS among GBM patients. Factors that are variable in high- and low-volume centers should be addressed to mitigate outcome disparities.
Historical origins of the party-army relations in the Soviet Union and China

Abstract It is established that Party-army relation followed a "separated" pattern in the Soviet Union as opposed to an "infused" pattern in China. This article explores the historical origin of this difference in the revolutionary periods. By analyzing the biographies of communist military elites, it argues that this discrepancy took shape before the revolutionary takeover and resulted from the differentiated intensities of warfare across Russia and China. In China, the numerous civil wars and military defeats, radicalized the old military structure and boosted societal militarization; thus, eroding the mutual exclusion between the military and revolutionaries. The effect was lesser in Tsarist Russia than in prerevolutionary China, making the old military a conservative and professional corporate that the Bolsheviks could not completely subordinate to Party control.
Bayesian vs. Frequentist Shrinkage in Multivariate Normal Problems

This chapter is dedicated to the comparison of Bayes and frequentist estimators of the mean θ of a multivariate normal distribution in high dimensions. For dimension k ≥ 3, the James-Stein estimator specified in (2.15) (and its more general form to be specified below) is usually the frequentist estimator of choice. The estimator is known to improve uniformly upon the sample mean vector X as an estimator of θ when k ≥ 3, and while it is also known that it is not itself admissible, extant alternative estimators with smaller risk functions are known to offer only very slight improvement. For this and other reasons, the James-Stein estimator is widely used among estimators which exploit the notion of shrinkage. In the results described in this chapter, I will use the form of the James-Stein estimator which shrinks Xtoward a (possibly nonzero) distinguished point. This serves the purpose of placing the James-Stein estimator and the Bayes estimator of θ with respect to a standard conjugate prior distribution in comparable frameworks, since the latter also shrinks X toward a distinguished point. It is interesting to note that the James-Stein estimator has a certain Bayesian flavor that goes beyond the empirical Bayes character highlighted in the writings of Efron and Morris (1973, etc.) in that the act of shrinking toward a particular parameter vector suggests that the statistician using this estimator is exercising some form of introspection in determining a good “prior guess” at θ. The Bayesian of course goes further, specifying, a priori, the weight he wishes to place on the prior guess. What results in the latter case is an alternative form of shrinkage, one that leads to a linear combination of X and the prior guess, with weights influenced by the prior distribution rather than by the observed data. Since X is a sufficient statistic for the mean of a multivariate normal distribution with known variance-covariance matrix S, I will henceforth, without loss of generality, take the sample size n to be 1.
Lower TAVR Mortality Resulting from Collective and Coordinated Global Effort

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a disruptive technology that has changed the management of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). The feasibility of TAVR in patients considered...
Endoscopic endonasal CSF rhinorrhea repair in children: Systematic review with meta-analysis.

Abstract Objectives Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea in children is relatively uncommon. Endoscopic repair techniques in adults have become first line for nasal-based CSF leaks, and this meta-analysis looks at the success rates of CSF leak cessation following endoscopic repair in children. Methods Three researchers extracted information involving patient population, surgical technique, outcomes of interest, and study design. A computerized search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane library (January 1990–September 2019) looked for several papers on the subject of CSF leak repair in children using endoscopic technique. Results A total of 15 studies met inclusion criteria. Endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea in children shows a pooled weighted success rate of 94% after first attempt. The most common etiology was traumatic followed by congenital. Iatrogenic defects secondary to tumor resection are becoming more common. The high success rate was irrespective of the techniques using. Conclusion Endoscopic repair techniques have a highly successful closure rate for children presenting with CSF rhinorrhea.
Kant’s Theory of Space in the Inaugural Dissertation and the Birth of Transcendental Idealism

This chapter compares the constructivist and externalist interpretation of the Critical theory of space and time, as developed in the previous chapter, to major interpretive trends regarding Kant’s notion of the a priori forms of intuition. I criticize the tendency to internalize Kant’s account of space inside the operations of the mind. I also criticize deflationary approaches that only partially avoid the problems of internalism by claiming that Kant is only concerned with the cognition and epistemology of space. A careful analysis of the discussion of space in the Dissertation is then provided. The constructivist view argues that the empirical reality of space outside the mind is a product of the subject’s existence at a spatially simple position (“here”) possessing lines of directional orientation for continuous movement to all possible positions. Through the embodiment of our concrete spatial perspective, we establish the real possibility of the determination of limits and the measuring of quantity. Independent of such a perspective, nature is the merely logical possibility of a spatio-temporal world. This is how Kant’s metaphysics of nature as infinite continua leads to a transcendental idealism understood as a metaphysical account of the subject-dependence of the natural world.
Brandeis: The Public Activist and Freedom of Speech

Louis Dembitz Brandeis was a public activist long before he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. As an activist, he made full use of the right to speech in order to achieve his public policy goals. That experience led directly to the landmark opinions he wrote as a justice in the 1920s, and to the uniquely permissive speech jurisprudence that exists today.
alpha2delta-1 Identified as a novel effector underlying the action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hypothalamic control of feeding in mice (641.21)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that supports neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity, is essential for energy balance regulation. Genetic polymorphisms that impede BDNF function pose risk factors for obesity in humans. Similarly, blunted BDNF signaling in the rodent brain is associated with overeating (OV), body weight (BW) gain and metabolic dysfunction. Here we identified alpha2delta-1 (α2δ-1), a high voltage-gated calcium channel subunit and thrombospondin receptor, as a novel appetite regulator underlying BDNF function in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). α2δ-1 is highly expressed in the VMH of wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, mice lacking central Bdnf (CM) have reduced cell surface α2δ-1 expression in VMH cells. Selective inhibition of VMH α2δ-1 in WT mice through chronic delivery of gabapentin resulted in a significant increase in food intake and BW gain after 7 days. Rescuing the α2δ-1 deficit in VMH cells of CM, through targeted delivery of an adeno-associated virus encodin...
We're GRAND: a qualitative design and development pilot project addressing the needs and strengths of grandparents raising grandchildren

Custodial grandparents play a significant role in sustaining healthy families, but the caregiving is demanding. A social research design and development process informed a school district-university partnership project responding to the needs of a group of custodial grandparents. Three phases of the project are described: (i) needs assessment; (ii) design and implementation of a psychoeducational group facilitated by social work faculty and a school district administrator; and (iii) evaluation of programme impact. Major themes from the needs assessment and evaluation are presented. Discussion highlights the need for school and family engagement, recognition of the significant changes in family role required for grandparents, and viewing custodial grandparents as leaders and engaged caregivers. The meaning of diversity in group intervention for this population is also explored.
Modalities of treatment for laryngotracheal stenosis The EVMS experience

Objectives/Hypothesis The aims of the study were to identify trends in surgical management of laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) based on lesion location, as well as to recognize factors associated with recurrence and repeat surgical intervention. Study Design The study is a retrospective review of all adult patients cared for at a tertiary care laryngology practice with a diagnosis of laryngotracheal stenosis between October 2001 and July 2010, following Institutional Review Board approval. Methods This study collectively measured demographics, comorbidities, etiologies, sites of stenoses, treatment modalities, and recurrences. Results Incisions made with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser were the most common modality of treatment; patients with multilevel tracheal stenosis were most likely to have undergone at least one operation in which the CO2 laser was used to make incisions (78.7%). Balloon dilation was most commonly employed in patients with multilevel tracheal stenosis (66.0%). Lowest rates of decannulation were identified in patients with a pure tracheal stenosis (23.1%). Patients presenting with multilevel tracheal stenosis underwent the most procedures (6.7). Supraglottic, glottic, and multilevel laryngeal stenosis recurred at the lowest rates. Patients suffering from diabetes mellitus recurred in an average period of 3.9 months, a shorter time frame than those without diabetes, who recurred every 10.5 months. Conclusions Laser incision and/or balloon dilation are most effective in treatment of pure glottic, subglottic, and tracheal stenosis. Multilevel tracheal stenosis warrants closer follow-up, and is more likely to require multiple procedures. Worsening stenosis despite endoscopic management warrants an open procedure. Diabetes is associated with an earlier recurrence of stenosis. Level of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 123:3131–3136, 2013
Storied Moments: On the Narrative Time of Experience and Interaction

This paper explores the narrative configuration of lived time as both subjectively and intersubjectively constituted. More specifically, we investigate temporality as it is expressed in the recent characterization of tradition as meta-discursive practice and pain as a culturally mediated subjective phenomena. We suggest that such temporal qualities as the “timelessness” of tradition and the “timefullness” of chronic pain are best understood in terms of a hermeneutical and phenomenological approach to lived time as articulated through narrative and realized in interaction. That is, the durative quality of both tradition and pain reveals itself as figured less along lines of objectively measurable units of time and more as an existential, semiotic, and interactional formulation of phenomena considered central to the interlocutor’s moment-to-moment emplacement along a narratively framed continuum of past-present-future.
Contrasting patterns of individual specialization and trophic coupling in two marine apex predators

1. Apex predators are often assumed to be dietary generalists and, by feeding on prey from multiple basal nutrient sources, serve to couple discrete food webs. But there is increasing evidence that individual level dietary specialization may be common in many species, and this has not been investigated for many marine apex predators. 2. Because of their position at or near the top of many marine food webs, and the possibility that they can affect populations of their prey and induce trophic cascades, it is important to understand patterns of dietary specialization in shark populations. 3. Stable isotope values from body tissues with different turnover rates were used to quantify patterns of individual specialization in two species of 'generalist' sharks (bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, and tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier). 4. Despite wide population-level isotopic niche breadths in both species, isotopic values of individual tiger sharks varied across tissues with different turnover rates. The population niche breadth was explained mostly by variation within individuals suggesting tiger sharks are true generalists. In contrast, isotope values of individual bull sharks were stable through time and their wide population level niche breadth was explained by variation among specialist individuals. 5. Relative resource abundance and spatial variation in food-predation risk tradeoffs may explain the differences in patterns of specialization between shark species. 6. The differences in individual dietary specialization between tiger sharks and bull sharks results in different functional roles in coupling or compartmentalizing distinct food webs. 7. Individual specialization may be an important feature of trophic dynamics of highly mobile marine top predators and should be explicitly considered in studies of marine food webs and the ecological role of top predators.
Spatial anisotropy analyses of subcutaneous tissue layer: potential insights into its biomechanical characteristics

As the intermediate layer between the muscle and skin, the subcutaneous tissue frequently experiences shear and lateral stresses whenever the body is in motion. However, quantifying such stresses in vivo is difficult. The lack of such measures is partly responsible for our poor understanding of the biomechanical behaviors of subcutaneous tissue. In this study, we employ both ultrasound imaging and a novel spatial anisotropy measure – incorporating Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation calculations – to investigate the structuromechanical features of subcutaneous tissues within the extremities of 16 healthy volunteers. This approach is based on the understanding that spatial anisotropy can be an effective surrogate for the summative, tensile forces experienced by biological tissue. We found that spatial anisotropy in the arm, thigh and calf was attributed to the echogenic bands spanning the width of the ultrasound images. In both univariable and multivariable analyses, the calf was significantly associated with greater anisotropy compared with the thigh and arm. Spatial anisotropy was inversely related to subcutaneous thickness, and was significantly increased with longitudinally oriented probe images compared with transversely orientated images. Maximum peaks in spatial anisotropy were frequently observed when the longitudinally oriented ultrasound probe was swept across the extremity, suggesting that longitudinal channels with greater tension exist in the subcutaneous layer. These results suggest that subcutaneous biomechanical tension is mediated by collagenous/echogenic bands, greater in the calf compared with the thigh and arm, increased in thinner individuals, and maximal along longitudinal trajectories parallel to the underlying muscle. Spatial anisotropy analysis of ultrasound images has yielded meaningful patterns and may be an effective means to understand the biomechanical strain patterns within the subcutaneous tissue of the extremities.
Boundaries, cusps, and discontinuities in the multimagnon continua of one-dimensional quantum spin systems

The multimagnon continua of one-dimensional quantum spin systems possess several interesting singular features that may soon be accessible experimentally through inelastic neutron scattering. These include cusps and composition discontinuities in the boundary envelopes of two-magnon continuum states and discontinuities in the density of states on and within the continuum, which will appear as discontinuities in scattering intensity. In this note we discuss the general origins of these continuum features, and illustrate our results using the alternating Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain and two-leg ladder as examples.
The predictability of words as a function of auditory and contextual cues.

To assess the effects on the predictability of speech of auditory context above and beyond structural environmental context, the “cloze” technique was used with aphasic and normal speech records. It was found both with regard to verbatim and form-class accuracy that subjects who listened to tape recordings while reading printed transcripts of the same utterances performed better than those provided only with the printed transcripts; linguistically trained listeners performed better than naive college-student listeners. In each instance the differences in performance, while consistent, were quite small. However, subjects rpovided only with a tape recording of normal speech performed far worse than those presented only with a printed transcript, or than those presented with both transcript and tape. These results are interpreted as indicating the preponderant importance of structural as compared to auditory cues in the successful prediction of missing words.
SUDDEN GAINS IN PROLONGED EXPOSURE AND SERTRALINE FOR CHRONIC PTSD

Background Sudden gains are significant, rapid improvements in symptoms, larger than typical between-session symptom reduction.[8] Sudden gains in a large sample of individuals with PTSD have not been studied, and only one study has looked at it in pharmacotherapy, but not in PTSD. In the present study, we examined the occurrence of sudden gains in psychotherapy, specifically prolonged exposure (PE), and pharmacotherapy, specifically sertraline, for chronic PTSD.
The Construction of a Transformational Leader: Follower Attachment and Leadership Perceptions

Attachment theory suggests that unmet needs may filter perceptions of reality. Moreover, since the attachment system is always primed in anxious individuals, it tends to bias cognitive processing in a self-sustaining manner. Here, it is proposed that individuals high in attachment anxiety are predisposed to perceive leaders as capable of meeting their needs. An exploratory laboratory study was conducted to examine the relationship between attachment anxiety and perceptions of transformational leadership. Individuals who scored high in attachment anxiety reported transformational leadership, even though such elements were objectively absent. The implications for follower receptiveness to transformational and charismatic leadership are discussed.
Diagnosis and management of deformational plagiocephaly.

Object The increase in the prevalence of nonsynostotic occipital deformational plagiocephaly in infants, which resulted from the American Academy of Pediatrics' 1992 recommendation to have healthy infants sleep supine, has been accompanied by significant controversy in diagnosis and management. The controversy was exacerbated by the 1998 FDA classification of cranial orthotic devices as Class II devices requiring premarket notification, and the subsequent increase in treatment-associated costs. Methods Two independent reviews of the literature were conducted to clarify the objective evidence available within the context of pediatric craniofacial knowledge. Results . Although deformational plagiocephaly is not a life-threatening problem, it is a source of disfigurement for children that may be detrimental to their well-being. Current methods for quantifying the degree of disfigurement have limited interrater reliability, and no prospective randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of cranial orth...
The effects of natural selection across molecular pathways in Drosophila melanogaster

Whole-genome RNA interference post-transcriptional silencing (RNAi) is a widely used method for studying the phenotypic effects of knocking down individual genes. In this study, we use a population genomic approach to characterize the rate of evolution for proteins affecting 26 RNAi knockdown phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that only two of the 26 RNAi knockdown phenotypes are enriched for rapidly evolving proteins: innate immunity and regulation of Hedgehog signaling. Among all genes associated with an RNAi knockdown phenotype, we note examples in which the adaptively evolving proteins play a well-defined role in a given molecular pathway. However, most adaptively evolving proteins are found to perform more general cellular functions. When RNAi phenotypes are grouped into categories according to cellular function, we find that genes involved in the greatest number of phenotypic categories are also significantly more likely to have a history of rapid protein evolution. We show that genes that have been demonstrated to have a measurable effect on multiple molecular phenotypes show higher rates of protein evolution than genes having an effect on a single category of phenotype. Defining pleiotropy in this way yields very different results than previous studies that define pleiotropy by the number of physical interactions, which show highly connected proteins tend to evolve more slowly than lowly connected proteins. We suggest that a high degree of pleiotropy may increase the likelihood of compensatory substitution, consistent with modern theoretical work on adaptation.
Alkyl phosphonic acids and sulfonic acids in the Murchison meteorite

Homologous series of alkyl phosphonic acids and alkyl sulfonic acids, along with inorganic orthophosphate and sulfate, are identified in water extracts of the Murchison meteorite after conversion to their t-butyl dimethylsilyl derivatives. The methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl compounds are observed in both series. Five of the eight possible alkyl phosphonic acids and seven of the eight possible alkyl sulfonic acids through C4 are identified. Abundances decrease with increasing carbon number as observed of other homologous series indigenous to Murchison. Concentrations range downward from approximately 380 nmol/gram in the alkyl sulfonic acid series, and from 9 nmol/gram in the alkyl phosphonic acid series.
Is holistic care possible in the "real life" clinical setting?

It is difficult to integrate a holistic perspective into the care which women receive in agencies such as prenatal clinics and family planning centers. Factors which mitigate against holism in these settings, the only source of health care for many women, include the separation of reproductive from comprehensive care, the categorical funding of services and the time pressure which rewards caring for more patients more quickly.At the same time there is growing evidence of the value of a holistic perspective to care. Using lifestyle assessments and developing an intervention strategy which includes the use of patient contracts can serve to integrate factors such as nutrition, stress management and exercise to form a broader perspective to care.
RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY AND THE DISCRIMINATION OF STIMULI IN TIME.

Two experiments were conducted to test the effect of changes in motoric activity on the thresholds for CFF and apparent motion. The main findings were that an increase (decrease) in motoric activity above (below) the preferred rate delays (fosters) the perception of fusion and simultaneity. These findings were interpreted as giving evidence for the notion that organismic rhythms are critical in the temporal organization of perceptual events.
Directional spontaneous emission enhancement in hyperbolic metamaterials

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the control of spontaneous emission enhancement in multilayered Au/Al2O3 hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs). The hyperbolic dispersion of the Au/Al2O3 multilayers at optical frequencies is confirmed by using effective medium theory, and then the results are validated by experiments performed through variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. The modification of spontaneous emission enhancement is observed when the emission wavelengths of different chromophores deposited on top of the multilayer are tuned from the elliptical to hyperbolic spectral region of the HMM. The simulation results further support the modification of spontaneous emission enhancement in designed HMM. This proposed concept and methodology promises potential applications in areas such as single photon sources and biosensing.