cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic Equations for Flowing Streams

Consider the energy interactions as a stream of material passes in steady flow between points 1 and 2 of a piping system, as shown in Fig. 1.1. From the first law of thermodynamics, we have for each unit mass of flowing fluid:Consider the internal energy term in the above expression. From the second law of thermodynamics, $$ \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \Delta U=\mathit{\int}T\;dS-\mathit{\int}pd\left(\frac{1}{\rho}\right)+\hfill & \hfill \begin{array}{l}\mathrm{magnetic},\\ {}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{lectrical},\\ {}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{hemical}\;\mathrm{work},\\ {}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{c}.\end{array}\hfill \end{array} $$ The ∫T dS term accounts for both heat and frictional effects. Thus, in the ideal situation where there is no degradation of mechanical energy (no frictional loss, turbulence, etc.): $$ \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathit{\int}T\;dS=q=\hfill & \hfill \begin{array}{l}\mathrm{heat}\ \mathrm{added}\ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\ \mathrm{flowing}\ \mathrm{fluid}\\ {}\mathrm{from}\ \mathrm{surroundings}\end{array}\hfill \end{array} $$ On the other hand, in situations where there is degradation (frictional losses),Noting that Δ H = Δ U + Δ( p/ρ ), we can rewrite equation (1.1) as $$ \boxed{\kern1.5em \Delta H+\Delta (gz)+\Delta \left(\frac{u^2}{2}\right)=q-{W}_s\kern4.5em \left[\frac{\mathrm{J}}{\mathrm{kg}}\right]\kern1.5em } $$
Effects of ticlopidine, a new platelet antiaggregating agent, and its analogues on mitochondrial metabolism: Oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis and DNA polymerase activity

The effects of ticlopidine and six of its analogues on mitochondrial functions were studied in isolated rat liver mitochondria. The influence of ticlopidine and each of the following analogues: PCR 5325, PCR 4099, PCR 3787, PCR 2362, PCR 4499 and PCR 0665 was evaluated by determining their interaction with three major mitochondrial activities. (A) Oxidative phosphorylation, measured by oxypolarography, was assayed in the presence of glutamate or succinate as source of energy, and both State 4 and State 3 were recorded. Ticlopidine, at 20 μg/ml, slightly increased glutamate State 4, whereas it was without effect on that of succinate. At higher concentration (40 μg/ml), ticlopidine caused 40–45% inhibition of State 4 with both substrates. All the other analogues tested at either 20 or 40 μg/ml were virtually without effect on the respiration. However, at 20 μg/ml, ticlopidine and some of its analogues inhibited mitochondrial State 3, while under similar conditions other analogues had little or no effect on this state. (B) Mitochondrial protein synthesis, measured by [14C]-L-leucine incorporation, was not affected significantly by any of these drugs. Whereas chloramphenicol at 10 μg/ml caused 80% inhibition, ticlopidine and its analogues in concentrations inhibitory to State 3 did not inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis. (C) Mitochondrial DNA polymerase activity, determined by [3H] thymidine 5′-triphosphate incorporation, was not inhibited by these drugs. We conclude that, while ticlopidine and analogues have little or no effect on either mitochondrial protein synthesis or mitochondrial DNA polymerase activity, ticlopidine and some of its analogues are inhibitory of the energy conserving mechanism in mitochondria.
Simulation key unlocks problems of reducing in-process inventory and improving manufacturing flow

This study describes a General Purpose System Simulator (GPSS) model created to determine the acceptable minimum inventory levels and the dynamic effects of a conveyor system proposed for the unit record manufacturing area at International Business Machines Corporation's Poughkeepsie, New York, plant. Because of the model's complexity, it was run on a multi-processor operating system with 512K bytes of storage.
Conversion of Intravenous Ranitidine to Oral Therapy

A two-phase drug program concentrating on inappropriate use of intravenous ranitidine is described at a 612-bed university teaching hospital. Phase 1 of the study was a retrospective audit of 50 randomly selected adult patients receiving iv ranitidine. The chart was reviewed for indications for therapy, rationale for iv ranitidine, median length of iv therapy, and appropriateness of iv use. Phase 2 consisted of concurrent monitoring of iv ranitidine soley to assess the appropriateness of the iv dosage form at our hospital. Staff pharmacists reviewed the patient's medication profile from the central pharmacy to determine if the patient had standing orders for any oral or nasogastric medications while concomitantly receiving iv ranitidine. An educational memo was placed in the patient's chart if the patient was concurrently receiving oral or nasogastric medications and iv ranitidine. In phase 1, iv ranitidine was inappropriate either partially or totally in 51 percent of the cases. The median length of inap...
The coding properties of methyl-deficient leucyl-transfer RNA.

Escherichia coli 58–161, a methionine auxotroph with “relaxed control”, synthesizes methyl-deficient transfer RNA (tRNA) when subjected to methionine deprivation. Whereas [14C]leucyl-tRNA from normally grown bacteria fractionates into two peaks (I and II) on methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns, methyl-deficient [14C]leucyl-tRNA shows an additional component (peak III). A ribosome-binding assay shows a marked difference in the coding response to poly UC and poly UG between normal and methyl-deficient [14C]leucyl-tRNA. Compared to normal E. coli 58–161 [14C]leucyl-tRNA, the leucine-tRNA isolated from methionine-deprived cells, manifests a twofold increase in poly UG response and a fivefold increase in poly UC response. Chromatography on methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns localized the increase in poly UG reactive tRNA to peak II. The chromatographic component of leucyl-tRNA characteristic of methyl-deficiency (peak III) responded exclusively to poly UC. These results are discussed in terms of a possible requirement for methylated bases in tRNA for specific codon recognition.
Moderators of the semester GPA-college satisfaction relation: A judgment approach

Objective college outcomes often explain only a small proportion of the variance in ratings of college satisfaction. A judgment approach (Okun & Weir, 1990) was used to test hypotheses pertaining to whether self-esteem and the timing of semester GPA recall moderate the effects of actual semester GPA on college satisfaction judgments. Analyses were based upon data from 177 freshmen enrolled in the spring of 1990 in sections of an introductory psychology course. Hierarchical multiple regression and multiple discriminant function analyses revealed that actual semester GPA interacted with both self-esteem and timing of semester GPA recall (p < .05). As expected, actual semester GPA was more strongly related to college satisfaction ratings when subjects (a) had high as opposed to moderate or low self-esteem, and (b) reported their semester GPA prior to, rather than after, responding to the college satisfaction item.
Optimal Design of Modified Cylindrical Gear Based on Minimum Flash Temperature of Tooth Surfaces

Considering the gap of the contact line of modified involute cylindrical gears influencing on loads, oil film thickness, the friction coefficient was determined on the basis theory of TCA、 LTCA and EHL. so oil film thickness and friction coefficient corresponded with loads on contact line were dispersed, which was used to computed discrete temperature according to the Blok flash temperature formula. and an approach of modified tooth surface optimum design based on the minimum flash temperature was proposed: the modified tooth surfaces was defined as a sum of theoretical tooth and cubic B-spline fit surface based on the uniform grid points created by double parabolas and a straight line and whose normal vector was deduced, besides, used genetic algorithm to optimize the parameter of curve, and get the best modified gear tooth surfaces. the results shows that oil film is thicker in engaging-out, coefficient of friction is contrary, which is responsible for lower flash temperature in engaging-in, besides the flash temperature has little changes in the single tooth meshing zone, and helical gear has a lower flash temperature than spur gear due to higher overlap ratio.
Management of late, recurrent, and resistant cytomegalovirus in transplant patients

The timing and incidence of post-transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections have changed in the era of prophylaxis and preemptive therapy. Late, recurrent, and ganciclovir-resistant CMV syndromes continue to be challenges to clinical management. Recent articles relating to solid-organ transplantation on the topic of CMV occurring after prophylaxis, CMV recurrence, CMV-specific immune reconstitution, and antiviral-resistant CMV were reviewed with particular attention to issues of risk factors, underlying mechanisms, prevention, and management. Recent results from basic research on the cellular immunology and biology of CMV have illuminated clinically observed phenomena related to complex CMV syndromes. Serial measurement of CMV viral load provides valuable information and opportunity for intervention. Although much remains to be learned, current knowledge provides the basis for rational design of CMV prevention and management strategies.
Clearance of Bacteria Injected into the Hemolymph of the Penaeid Shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis

Abstract Shrimp rapidly removed four strains of bacteria from their hemolymph. Total hemocyte counts (THC) dropped to 20% of preinjection levels during the 24 hr after injection and returned to preinjection levels by 72-96 hr. Shrimp with reduced THC were still able to clear bacteria from their hemolymph. Saline injections caused only a slight decrease in THC; endotoxin and laminarin injections mimicked the injection of bacteria. The mitolic index of hematopoietic stem cells was elevated during the recovery period. Use of radiolabeled bacteria showed that the gills are the main sites of clearance and that the digestive gland is not involved. Clearance mechanisms in the shrimp are compared to those of other crustaceans.
Targeted Modification of Atrial Electrophysiology by Homogeneous Transmural Atrial Gene Transfer

Background— Safe and effective myocardial gene transfer remains elusive. Heterogeneous ventricular gene delivery has been achieved in small mammals but generally with methods not readily transferable to the clinic. Atrium-specific gene transfer has not yet been reported. We hypothesized that homogeneous atrial gene transfer could be achieved by direct application of adenoviral vectors to the epicardial surface, use of poloxamer gel to increase virus contact time, and mild trypsinization to increase virus penetration. Methods and Results— We “painted” recombinant adenovirus encoding the reporter gene Escherichia coli β-galactosidase directly onto porcine atria. Investigational variables included poloxamer use, trypsin concentration, and safety. Using the painting method, we modified the atrial phenotype with an adenovirus expressing HERG-G628S, a long-QT-syndrome mutant. Our results showed that application of virus with poloxamer alone resulted in diffuse epicardial gene transfer with negligible penetratio...
A state-dependent failure of rats to maximize rewards.

Abstract Rats were trained to press one lever for continuous reinforcement (CRF) while drugged (sodium pentobarbital) or not drugged and an adjacent lever on a fixed ratio (FR-8) while in the opposite drugged or nondrugged state. During testing, when both levers became accessible together for the first time, the rats continued to press the same levers they had pressed while drugged or not drugged during training; they did not shift to the other lever they also had learned to press which could have allowed them to maximize rewards. Following drug reversal the next day, rats that had pressed for CRF the previous day switched to FR-8 and also failed to maximize rewards. Four rats trained to FR-8 while nondrugged subsequently switched to CRF within four additional days of nondrugged testing, whereas four rats trained to FR-8 while drugged failed to switch to CRF after 11 subsequent days of drugged testing. Three of these latter rats also failed to switch to CRF after additional procedural changes where one rat received food only in the non-drugged state and the FR-8 lever was returned to CRF for six days then switched back to FR-8 for two rats. The fourth rat switched to CRF only after the FR-8 schedule was increased gradually to FR-48. The findings were discussed in terms of a “sensory neglect” interpretation of state-dependent effects.
Metabolic stability of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin in mammalian liver microsomal systems and in living mice.

Dibenzo-p-dioxin is rapidly converted by microsome-NADPH systems, prepared from mouse, rat, and rabbit liver, and by intraperitoneally treated mice into unidentified, polar metabolite(s) that, in living mice, appear in the urine. In contrast, not any of these three liver microsome-NADPH systems convert 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin into either trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or water-soluble products. In living mice, the tetrachloro compound, injected at the LD50 dose, is either not at all or not extensively converted to water-soluble products; the feces are the major route of elimination, possibly via the bile. A large proportion of the administered tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin persists in unmetabolized form in the liver, partially concentrated in the microsomal fraction, 11 to 20 days after treatment. The metabolic stability and localization of the tetrachloro material indicate that the unmetabolized compound, rather than a metabolite, probably is responsible for its toxic effects in mammals and that the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver is a possible site of action.
An efficient two-dimensional blocking strategy for sparse matrix-vector multiplication on GPUs

Sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV) is one of the key operations in linear algebra. Overcoming thread divergence, load imbalance and non-coalesced and indirect memory access due to sparsity and irregularity are challenges to optimizing SpMV on GPUs.In this paper we present a new blocked row-column (BRC) storage format with a novel two-dimensional blocking mechanism that effectively addresses the challenges: it reduces thread divergence by reordering and grouping rows of the input matrix with nearly equal number of non-zero elements onto the same execution units (i.e., warps). BRC improves load balance by partitioning rows into blocks with a constant number of non-zeros such that different warps perform the same amount of work. We also present an efficient auto-tuning technique to optimize BRC performance by judicious selection of block size based on sparsity characteristics of the matrix. A CUDA implementation of BRC outperforms NVIDIA CUSP and cuSPARSE libraries and other state-of-the-art SpMV formats on a range of unstructured sparse matrices from multiple application domains. The BRC format has been integrated with PETSc, enabling its use in PETSc's solvers.
Spatial Mutation of The T Cell Immunological Synapse with Hybrid Protein and Membrane Patterned Surfaces

Reorganization of membrane components, such as membrane receptors and adhesion proteins, plays an important role in signal transduction in vivo. Patterned hybrid live cell-supported membrane junctions provide spatial controls over the lateral transport of signaling molecules inside the cell. Moreover, immobile protein patterns within hybrid cell junctions can serve as diffusion hindrances with selectivity to their specific ligand on cellular membranes. Here we combine protein and membrane patterning to study molecular assembly during immunological synapse formation. Specifically, we explore the effects of certain fixed obstacles on the overall intracellular actin flow and receptor transport processes. The micro-patterned membranes with the abilities to selectively retain signaling molecules in position enable us to explore dynamical sorting mechanisms in cellular membranes.
ESR and optical studies of alkali-associated trapped-electron centers in alkali borate glasses irradiated at 77°K☆

Abstract Lithium, sodium, and potassium borate glasses have been X-irradiated at 77°K and studied by ESR and optical techniques. In addition to the familiar boron-oxygen hole center and a recently-reported electron-type center associated with boron, another class of defect has been recognized. This center gives rise to broad ESR signals with overall widths which are independent of boron isotope but which vary with the type of alkali. It is shown that this type of defect comprises an electron trapped on a complex of one or more alkali ions and that it is probably responsible for the familiar radiation-induced optical absorption in the range 1.5–2.4 eV.
Excitatory and inhibitory actions of vasopressin on colonic excitation- contraction coupling in dogs

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Vasopressin, a circulating hormone and agent used to treat gastrointestinal bleeding, affects gastrointestinal motility. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses that may be caused by species differences or concentration-dependent effects of this hormone have been reported. This study examined the actions of vasopressin on the canine colon and studied the mechanism underlying the excitatory effects of vasopressin. METHODS: Intracellular microelectrodes and isometric force measurements were used to measure vasopressin responses in muscle strips. The patch-clamp technique was used to record arginine vasopressin activation of nonselective cation currents in isolated myocytes. RESULTS: Vasopressin (10(-12) to 10(-9) mol/L) increased electrical slow waves and enhanced phasic contractions. Atropine and tetrodotoxin did not alter the responses to vasopressin. In myocytes, vasopressin activated a nonselective cation conductance at concentrations that enhanced slow waves. Vasopressin (> 5 x 10(-8) mol/L) caused a tetrodotoxin- or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester- insensitive inhibition of slow waves and contractile activity. A V1- receptor antagonist shifted the effects of vasopressin to higher concentrations. Immunohistochemistry showed expression of vasopressin- like immunoreactivity within the colonic wall, suggesting that local concentrations may exceed circulating levels. CONCLUSIONS: These data document the concentration dependence of the biphasic effects of vasopressin and provide a mechanism for the excitatory effects of vasopressin at physiological levels. (Gastroenterology 1997 Oct;113(4):1233-45)
Sulphonolipids are molecular determinants of gliding motility

A variety of bacteria1 that possess no obvious locomotor organelles are, nonetheless, able to translocate on solid surfaces (but not through liquids). In no case has the mechanism of this ‘gliding’ motility been elucidated2. Our recent discovery that unusual sulphonolipids3,4 (Fig. 1) are major cell-envelope components peculiar to the Cytophaga-Flexibacter group of gliding bacteria5 led us to examine whether these lipids are important in this motility. Mutants deficient in both gliding and sulphonolipid synthesis were isolated from mutagenized cultures of Cytophaga johnsonae (our laboratory strain, originally ATCC 17061). In some of these mutants, restoration of sulphonolipid content through provision of a specific biosynthetic precursor resulted in recovery of the ability to glide. The sulphonolipids are the first molecules shown to be specifically required for gliding motility (surface translocation).
Effects of Reflection by Natural Surfaces on the Radiation Emerging from the Top of the Earth's Atmosphere

Abstract The radiation emerging from the top of the earth's atmosphere is affected by the reflection characteristics of the underlying surface. Laboratory-gathered bidirectional reflectance data were used to characterize the reflection matrix for three different types of natural surfaces. The radiation emerging from the top of a pure molecular and an aerosol-laden plane parallel atmosphere was calculated for these three diverse types of surfaces and their Lambert model equivalents. The calculations indicate that the radiation emerging from the top of the atmospheres is significantly different for a real surface compared to a Lambert model. For the molecular atmosphere the difference is most pronounced at a wavelength of 0.6 μm; this is mainly due to the light directly transmitted downward through the atmosphere, reflected, and then directly transmitted outward through the top of the atmosphere. For a turbid atmosphere the difference also is due to light with a history of diffuse transmission because the s...
Effects of Hypoxia-Ischemia on GLUT1 and GLUT3 Glucose Transporters in Immature Rat Brain

Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia produces major alterations in energy metabolism and glucose utilization in brain. The facilitative glucose transporter proteins mediate the transport of glucose across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (55 kDa GLUT1) and into the neurons and glia (GLUT3 and 45 kDa GLUT1). Glucose uptake and utilization are low in the immature rat brain, as are the levels of the glucose transporter proteins. This study investigated the effect of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in a model of unilateral brain damage on the expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the ipsilateral (damaged, hypoxic-ischemic) and contralateral (undamaged, hypoxic) hemispheres of perinatal rat brain. Early in the recovery period, both hemispheres exhibited increased expression of BBB GLUT1 and GLUT3, consistent with increased glucose transport and utilization. Further into recovery, BBB GLUT1 increased and neuronal GLUT3 decreased in the damaged hemisphere only, commensurate with neuronal loss.
Neonatal 6-hydroxydopa, but not DSP-4, elevates brainstem monoamines and impairs inhibitory avoidance learning in developing rats.

Abstract The involvement of brain monoamines in learning and memory in developing rats was studied by comparing the effects of 3 different noradrenergic neurotoxin treatments. Two experimental groups of male Sprague-Dawley rat pups were injected systemically with 50 μg/g of N -(2-chloroethyl)- N -ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) either on the day of birth or on postnatal days 17–18. Rats in the third experimental group were injected systemically with 60 μg/g of 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA) on postnatal days 0 and 2. Control littermates received vehicle. The animals were trained on an inhibitory avoidance task on postnatal days 27–29 and tested for retention 24 h later. The drug treatments produced comparable depletion of norepinephrine in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. 6-OHDOPA, but neither DSP-4 treatment, significantly elevated brainstem concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin. In addition, 6-OHDOPA, but not DSP-4, significantly impaired retention of the inhibitory avoidance task. The impairment did not reflect insensitivity to the footshock used in training: both neonatal drug treatments tended to lower, not raise, footshock thresholds, as measured by a flinh test. High affinity choline uptake was not affected by either neonatal drug treatment in any of the brain areas examined. Thus, the 6-OHDOPA-induced behavioral deficit did not involve altered acetylcholine function. The results implicate brainstem monoamines in the modulation of learning and memory during development.
Antonio's Claim: Triangulated Desire and Queer Kinship in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice

Dyadic relations are not the norm in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Even desires and marriages are mediated by third parties that are necessary components of erotic and affective ties. While criticism tends to read Antonio as the excluded cast-off of Portia and Bassanio's marriage, he actually becomes a necessary element in the marriage's perpetuity, proffering his soul to ensure that the marriage and its offspring are legitimated. Antonio serves as a replacement for the state, which queer theorists argue has played an unacknowledged role as the third party in any marriage, conferring recognition and entitlements insofar as the marital couple reproduces the state. The state's interests are masked by the marital couple's naturalization as an elementary structure of kinship. As an acknowledged and desired third party in a marital love triangle, Antonio allegorically represents a queer resistance to the affective and erotic exclusions of the state-sanctioned, reproductive couple.
Mice Deficient in Phosphofructokinase-M Have Greatly Decreased Fat Stores

Synthesis of triacylglycerol requires the glucose-derived glycerol component, and glucose uptake has been viewed as the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism in adipocytes. Furthermore, adipose tissue contains all three isoforms of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK). We here report that mice deficient in the muscle isoform PFK-M have greatly reduced fat stores. Mice with disrupted activity of the PFK-M distal promoter were obtained from Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, developed from OmniBank OST#56064. Intra-abdominal fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging of the methylene proton signal. Lipogenesis from labeled glucose was measured in isolated adipocytes. Lipolysis (glycerol and free fatty acid release) was measured in perifused adipocytes. Intra-abdominal fat in PFK-M-deficient female mice (5-10 months old) was 17 +/- 3% of that of wild-type littermates (n = 4; P < 0.02). Epididymal fat weight in 15 animals (7-9.5 months) was 34 +/- 4% of control littermate (P < 0.002), with 10-30% lower body weight. Basal and insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in PFK-M-deficient epididymal adipocytes was 40% of the rates in cells from heterozygous littermates (n = 3; P < 0.05). The rate of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis in wild-type adipocytes declined approximately 10% after 1 h and 50% after 2 h; in PFK-M-deficient cells it declined much more rapidly, 50% in 1 h and 90% in 2 h, and lipolytic oscillations appeared to be damped (n = 4). These results indicate an important role for PFK-M in adipose metabolism. This may be related to the ability of this isoform to generate glycolytic oscillations, because such oscillations may enhance the production of the triacylglycerol precursor alpha-glycerophosphate.
Teachers with Learning Disabilities A View From Both Sides of the Desk

The purpose of this qualitative multicase study was to explore the perceptions of individuals who could speak from both sides of the special education desk--as students and as teachers. The three participants for this study each received special education services for learning disabilities while in school and were currently teaching students with learning disabilities. Specifically the study focused on how participants' past experiences with receiving special education services influenced their current practice as special education teachers. Participants' views on service delivery models, the importance of teacher expectations, and the value of conceiving a learning disability as a tool rather than a deficit are discussed.
A Lethal Threat to U.S. Teacher Education

Dramatic changes are being made to teacher education internationally and in the United States. Some of the alterations have been recognized as threatening university-based teacher preparation, for instance, the growth of alternate route programs. Many other phenomena that have an impact on teacher education have not been analyzed as such, including for-profit corporations' development of professional development services linked to raising students' standardized test scores and the entry of private, for-profit institutions into the market for higher education. The challenge to teacher education's commitment to social justice has been debated, but its relationship to the other alterations being made to public education has not been explored. Moreover, the common origins of these phenomena and their synergistic impact have been inadequately studied, as have the implications of this synergy for university-based teacher education in the near future.
Nonlinear Mechanooptical Behavior of Poly(ethylene naphthalate)/Poly(ether imide) Blends. Dynamic Phase Behavior

The mechanooptical behavior and structural organization processes in melt miscible PEN−PEI blends have been investigated in the rubbery state as influenced by blend composition, stretching temperature, and deformation rate. This was accomplished using a spectral birefringence system integrated in a specially built uniaxial stretching machine1,2 where real-time birefringence, true stress, and true strain are monitored during the course of the deformation. Three distinct stress−optical regimes have been observed with an additional glassy component. The final structure and deformation behavior of the blends have been mapped out in a dynamic phase diagram showing that the material undergoes three critical structural transitions. At low temperatures near Tg the polymer remains in a nematic-like state, and orientation-induced crystallization occurs only above a certain stretching temperature. At intermediate temperatures the liquid−liquid (Tll) transition occurs wherein the material transforms from a “structure...
Is hypusine essential for eukaryotic cell proliferation

Hypusine [N epsilon-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine] is a most remarkable amino acid, occurring in all eukaryotic cells, yet occupying only a single position in one protein, eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A). The unusual structure of hypusine, its derivation from the polyamine spermidine, and its increased formation in response to growth stimulation, as well as its limited occurrence in the highly conserved amino acid sequence of eIF-5A, have aroused keen interest in the biological significance of its existence and in its relationship to eIF-5A function.
Charge‐remote fragmentation in dialkylaminostyryl dyes

Dialkylaminostyryl probes with two long alkyl chains were used to investigate the energetics of charge-remote fragmentation (CRF). These compounds provide high-quality liquid secondary ion (LSI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra in which the intact cation predominates. The intact cation undergoes CRF in LSI but not in ESI, in which the cation is of lower internal energy. CRF is initiated in collision-induced dissociation (CID) and surface-induced dissociation (SID) for intact cations generated by either LSI or ESI. Single bond cleavage to lose one entire alkyl chain followed by CRF within the remaining alkyl chain seems to be the lowest energy CID and SID process. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of methods for behavioral investigations of teleost audition

Auditory thresholds have been determined for the goldfish by six groups of workers and the data in the experiments varied by as much as 20–30 dB. In order to isolate the basis for this variability, auditory thresholds were determined using conditioned suppression of respiration and method of limits. These thresholds were very similar to those obtained with avoidance conditioning and a tracking method for threshold determination. Acoustic procedures were kept constant in the two series of experiments, and it appears that wide variation in auditory thresholds for goldfish shown in different experiments is due to acoustic conditions in the experiments.
A complete strain?temperature phase diagram for BiFeO3 films on SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 (0?0?1) substrates

BiFeO3 has a complex phase diagram as function of both strain and temperature, undergoing a morphotropic phase transformation under large compressive strain. Epitaxial films, grown by pulsed laser deposition, are ideal for the study of the intricate phase coexistence between multiple polymporphs. Three polymorphs have been identified in the literature. They are carefully described in this paper (labelled R', T', and S'). As both ferroelectric and magnetic properties are typically strongly linked to structural distortions, the structural, ferroelectric and magnetic transition temperatures are expected to differ between the R', T' and S' polymorphs. In this paper we present a complete strain–temperature phase diagram for each of the polymorphs.
Privatization, Devolution, and Jimmy Carter’s National Urban Policy:

This article examines the role and influence of neighborhood organizations, state governments, and city officials in urban policy formation during the Carter Administration. In 1978, Jimmy Carter r...
Evaluating inputs of heavy metal contaminants and phosphorus to lake ontario from Hamilton Harbour

The presence and the extent of the plume of Hamilton Harbour water extending into Lake Ontario was determined in order to assess the importance of metal contaminant transport from Hamilton Harbour into Lake Ontario. Industrially derived Fe compounds, wustite and hematite, were used as plume tracking parameters. Wustite, particularly, proved to be a good tracer of the plume. Annual loadings of particulate heavy metals to Lake Ontario were calculated using the concentrations of heavy metals in suspended solids from the connecting Burlington Canal, Hamilton Harbour and western Lake Ontario. Annual loadings of heavy metals to lake Ontario are ∼266 × 103 kg Fe, 9.33 × 103 kg Zn, 1356 kg Pb, 273 kg Cu, 8.7 kg Cd. The relative contribution of the total metal load from Hamilton Harbour to Lake Ontario is negligible when compared to the load from the Niagara River. Lake-harbour water exchange and the high Fe concentrations in benthic sediments of Hamilton Harbour increase P retention in the harbour sediments, thus are beneficial to water quality in Hamilton Harbour.
Error analysis for a chopper-modulated infrared detection system.

A chopper-modulated infrared detection system is investigated, and an error expression is found under the condition of minimizing the mean-square error of the approximating output function. The filtering problem for a periodic input filter and nonstationary input is solved. The error expression is evaluated and computer simulations are performed. Computer optimization of the chopper pattern is also presented. In particular, standard chopper blades are shown to be not always the best.
Human immunodeficiency virus genotype and hypertriglyceridemia

Many HIV patients develop a progressive syndrome of abnormal body fat distribution accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia. Antiretroviral agents are thought to be etiologic in the syndrome, often termed “highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated lipodystrophy.” In the course of clinical HIV genotype testing, we observed that our HIV patients with hypertriglyceridemia had viral genotypes that were more highly mutated than those of our therapy-matched control patients. Hypertriglyceridemia was statistically associated with predicted resistance for three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: zidovudine, abacavir, and stavudine. Statistical analysis of 51 patients in retrospect revealed a strong association of mutations at reverse transcriptase codons M41 and T215 with hypertriglyceridemia (chi-square (χ2) = 8.375, P=.0038; and χ2=7.445, P=.0064, respectively). This was in contrast to silent mutations, which occurred at equivalent rates in retroviral genotypes of patients with and without hypertriglyceridemia. The findings imply that the HIV genotype itself may be a significant etiologic factor in antiretroviral-associated lipodystrophy. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide

Aims/hypothesis This study is an analysis of the relationship between ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance, the primary source of circulating vitamin D in humans, and age-standardised incidence rates of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children, according to region of the world.
Transient Optical and Thermal Response of Metal Films Induced by Ultrashort-Pulsed Lasers

In this paper, a critical point model with three Lorentzian terms for interband transition was proposed for dielectric permittivity of metal films. After validated, it was incorporated into a two-temperature model (TTM) to study transient optical and thermal response for a copper film irradiated by an ultrashort laser pulse. The dynamic changes of reflectivity (R) and absorptivity coefficient (α) during laser irradiation, electron and lattice temperature, and phase change were investigated. It was shown that for an ultrashort laser pulse with relatively high laser fluence, both R and α could drastically decrease, leading to significantly different thermal response than that described by using constant R and α at room temperature (RT).Copyright © 2012 by ASME
An African Reflection on Tahrir Square

This essay understands the significance of Tahrir Square as a radical shift both n the way of doing politics, from armed struggle to popular struggle, and in the definition of political identity, from religious to territorial. It seeks to understand the historical significance of the shift by placing it in the context of technologies of colonial rule (both the Ottoman millet system and British indirect rule) and post-colonial attempts to rethink and reform this mode of rule. The result is a historical reflection that begins with Steve Biko and the Soweto Uprising in 1976, Mahmoud Mohamed Taha and John Garang in post-colonial Sudan, and closes with Sayyid Qutb and the significance of Tahrir Square. Este ensayo entiende el significado de la plaza Tahrir como un cambio radical, tanto en la forma como se hace politica, de una lucha armada a una lucha popular, como en la definicion de la identidad politica, de la religiosa hasta la territorial. Busca entender el significado historico del cambio, situandolo en ...
Shock Desensitization Effect in the Confined Explosive Component Water Gap Test Defined by the NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 4363

In an effort to extend the modified explosive component water gap test [1–3] defined by the NATO standardization agreement (STANAG) 4363, several countries have investigated the shock sensitiveness of confined lead and booster components having a diameter less than 5 mm [4–8]. A pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) based acceptor pellet is chosen as a reference with a height and diameter of 3 mm. The height of the steel confinement is equal to the one of the HE pellet and the wall thickness varies. A 1-mm thick wall makes the component more sensitive (larger water gap). As the wall thickness is increased to 2-mm, the gap increases a lesser amount. A decrease in sensitivity is observed with a 3.5 mm thick wall (smaller water gap). This decrease of the water gap has been reproduced experimentally. This unusual behavior remains puzzling and does not allow the test to be extended for small components. This work presents the numerical simulations performed with LS-Dyna in 2D axi-symmetrical and 3D wedge configurations, using an ignition and growth model [9] for LX-16 (96% PETN, 4% FPC 461) in order to evaluate the shock sensitiveness for a confined HE acceptor.
R2: a natural language question-answering system

A large number of systems involving computers require a high degree of man-machine interaction. In these systems the capability of the computer to process natural language information would be extremely useful as that eliminates the need for the user to learn various formal languages for the purpose of interaction.
Inverse Problem for an Ultraparabolic Equation with Unknown Function of the Space Variable on the Right-Hand Side

We consider the inverse problem of determination of a coefficient depending on the space variable on the right-hand side of a weakly nonlinear ultraparabolic equation. We establish conditions under which the generalized solution of this problem from the Sobolev spaces exists and is unique.
Monitoring structural changes within the wholesale and retail trades

Abstract This research measures changes in employment trends for wholesalers and retailers by applying the entropy measure over a thirteen-year period. It was found that the trade sector is becoming more concentrated, due mainly to a higher degree of concentration within the wholesale area.
Studies on the inhibition of glucose metabolism in isolated fat cells by beta-adrenergic blocking agents

Abstract The effects of the l- and d-isomers of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-l-hydroxy-2-isopropyl aminoethane and of propranolol on glucose and pyruvate metabolism were studied in isolated fat cells. At high concentration (10−3M) all three drugs reduced the incorporation of glucose-1-14C, and glucose-6-14C into 14CO2 and lipid-14C, both in the presence and absence of insulin. The incorporation of pyruvate-3-14C into 14CO2 and lipid-14C was also markedly reduced by these drugs. This effect of beta-adrenergic blocking agents appears to be independent of the blockade of the beta receptor. It is more likely the result of a general depression of cellular metabolism.
Assessment of mechanical ventilation parameters on respiratory mechanics

Better understanding of airway mechanics is very important in order to avoid lung injuries for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for treatment of respiratory problems in intensive-care medicine, as well as pulmonary medicine. Mechanical ventilation depends on several parameters, all of which affect the patient outcome. As there are no systematic numerical investigations of the role of mechanical ventilation parameters on airway mechanics, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of mechanical ventilation parameters on airway mechanics using coupled fluid-solid computational analysis. For the airway geometry of 3 to 5 generations considered, the simulation results showed that airflow velocity increased with increasing airflow rate. Airway pressure increased with increasing airflow rate, tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Airway displacement and airway strains increased with increasing airflow rate, tidal volume and PEEP form mechanical ventilation. Among various waveforms considered, sine waveform provided the highest airflow velocity and airway pressure while descending waveform provided the lowest airway pressure, airway displacement and airway strains. These results combined with optimization suggest that it is possible to obtain a set of mechanical ventilation strategies to avoid lung injuries in patients.
Micromechanical modeling of master curve temperature shifts due to constraint loss

Abstract The effects of constitutive and local fracture properties on constraint loss effects in fracture toughness tests of small specimens was carried out within the framework of the MC-Δ T method. Constraint loss (CL) decreases the temperature at a specified reference toughness. This temperature shift increases with decreasing: (a) specimen size, (b) ratio of the critical cleavage stress to yield stress and (c) strain hardening. The toughness–temperature curve shift due to CL increases with higher reference toughness and reference toughness–temperature. These results can guide the development and interpretation of small specimen fracture tests, as well as the use of even smaller specimens for particular applications, like comparative studies of irradiation variable effects on embrittlement. While they are only briefly noted in this work, additional consideration of both statistical and three dimensional size effects will be carried out in the future.
Solvability conditions for some semi-linear parabolic equations

Consider the Cauchy problem of the semi-linear parabolic equation Δu−∂tu+Vup+w=0,p>1, in RN×(0,T), T>0, u(x,0)=u0(x)⩾0, and u0,V,w∈Lloc1(RN). We establish a necessary condition on the nonlinear potential V=V(x) so that the above has a positive solution for some w=w(x)⩾0, u0=u0(x)⩾0. An application to the case when V is the important inverse square potential is also given.
Malvertising – exploiting web advertising

Online advertisements provide a convenient platform for spreading malware. Since ads provide a significant portion of revenue on the web, significant effort is put into attracting users to them. Malicious agents take advantage of this skillful attraction and then redirect users to malicious sites that serve malware. Advertisers use Web 2.0 functionality to provide flexibility and portability in sharing third-party content across different networks, websites and blogs. They use widgets, frames and Javascript banners in order to load and execute content from ad servers into user websites. But attackers can take advantage of flaws in features such as widgets and iframes to redirect browsers to malicious websites that deliver malware. To appreciate the severity and prevalence of this class of attack, the Open Web Application Security Project ( OWASP.org ) recently placed invalidated redirects and forwards in its ‘2010 top 10’ list. Aditya Sood and Richard Enbody of Michigan State University discuss the exploitation model of malvertisements and the way different modes of attacks are used to infect users.
Bio- and lithofacies of modern sediments in Knight and Bute inlets, British Columbia

The high sedimentation rates that occur in fjords make them an ideal setting for studying sediment transfer from proximal first cycle sources. These environments, and their associated sediment transport processes, are good analogues to some small hydrocarbon-bearing basins. Knight and Bute Inlets, on Canada's west coast, are fords that display textural facies of recent sediments and distributions of benthonic foraminifera, thecamoebians and clay-size minerals that reflect freshwater discharge, bottom-water renewal and sediment gravity flow processes. In Knight and Bute, a fiord head prodelta mud facies shaped by fluvial depositional processes is defined by unimodal (5-60) sediments and by low-diversity arenaceous foraminifera assemblages that include a large proportion of displaced freshwater thecamoebian specimens. A comparatively distal basinal mud facies reflects a flocculation process that gives rise to a unimodal (80) sediment. The clay-size fraction of this basinal facies is enriched in quartz and feldspar compared to the prodelta mud. Arenaceous foraminifera predominate in upper and middle fiord basinal mud facies environments but are replaced by calcareous types near fiord mouths because of the seasonal incursion of marine water from the continental shelf The prodelta mud and basinal mud facies interfinger with a gravity flow and overspill transition facies. The grain size distributions of the transition facies includes types having 1.50 or 4-60 modes that reflect a combination offluvial, hemipelagic, and gravity flow processes. Channels cut by the downslope transport of coarse sediment as cohesionless mass flows "focus" deposition in distal basins. Inherent in this process is sediment bypassing and the passive transport of large numbers of thecamoebians to distal prodelta marine environments. Sediment on sills near the mouth of Knight and Bute Inlets are reworked morainal deposits facies that are presently being modified by tidal currents that also serve to concentrate indigenous calcareous foraminifera populations into foraminiferal lag deposits. INTRODUCTION
Endoscopic therapy of pancreatitis in the pediatric population

Six children with chronic relapsing pancreatitis or acute post-traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst underwent therapeutic pancreatography at the time of ERCP. Procedures included pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy, pancreatic duct stone removal, and endoprosthesis placement. Four of five patients with chronic pancreatitis had significant symptomatic improvement, whereas the patient with pseudocyst had rapid resolution of symptoms and cyst. Complications were limited to mild pancreatitis in a subset of patients. With the capability of obviating or delaying the need for palliative pancreatic surgery, therapeutic pancreatography deserves additional evaluation in the pediatric patient.