cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stream discharge database, Little River Experimental Watershed, Georgia, United States

[1] The U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory (SEWRL) initiated a hydrologic research program on the Little River Experimental Watershed (LREW) in 1967. Long-term (up to 37 years) research quality streamflow data are currently available for up to eight flow measurement sites within the Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic region. The LREW stream discharge research program provides fundamental data for research into hydrologic processes, precipitation-runoff relationships, hydrograph characteristics, water yield, and interactive effects of climate, vegetation, soils, and land use for low-gradient Coastal Plain streams. All data are available on the SEWRL anonymous ftp site (ftp://www.tiftonars.org/).
Aeroacoustics of volcanic jets: Acoustic power estimation and jet velocity dependence

[1] A fundamental goal of volcano acoustics is to relate observed infrasonic signals to the eruptive processes generating them. A link between acoustic power Π¯ and volcanic gas exit velocity V was proposed by Woulff and McGetchin (1976) based upon the prevailing jet noise theory at the time (acoustic analogy theory). We reexamine this approach in the context of the current understanding of jet noise, using data from a laboratory jet, a full-scale military jet aircraft, and a full-scale rocket motor. Accurate estimates of Π¯ require good spatial sampling of jet noise directionality; this is not usually possible in volcano acoustic field experiments. Typical volcano acoustic data better represent point measurements of acoustic intensity I¯(θ) at a particular angle θ from the jet axis rather than Π¯. For pure air jet flows, velocity-scaling laws currently proposed for acoustic intensity differ from those for acoustic power and are of the form I¯(θ)∼(V/c)nθ, where c is the ambient sound speed and nθ varies nonlinearly from ∼5 to 10 as a function of temperature ratio and angle θ. Volcanic jet flows are more complex than the pure air laboratory case, which suggests that we do not currently know how the exponent nθ varies for a volcanic jet flow. This indicates that the formulation of Woulff and McGetchin (1976) can lead to large errors when inferring eruption parameters from acoustic data and thus requires modification. Quantitative integration of field, numerical, and laboratory studies within a modern aeroacoustics framework will lead to a more accurate relationship between volcanic infrasound and eruption parameters.
In situ FTIR investigation of the role of surface isocyanates in the reduction of NOX by CO and C3H6 over model Pt/BaO/Al2O3 and Rh/BaO/Al2O3 NOX storage and reduction (NSR) catalysts

Abstract Monometallic Pt- and Rh-containing model NOX storage and reduction (NSR) catalysts were investigated by in situ FTIR spectroscopy in order to determine the type of species present on the surface under simulated lean exhaust conditions and to identify potential reaction intermediates during reduction by CO and propylene. The effect of precious metal selection, temperature, and water presence on the NOX storage and reduction chemistry was considered. The formation of surface isocyanate (NCO) species was observed during all cycling experiments, even in the presence of H2O, which prompted additional investigation on the role of these species in the NOX reduction mechanism. Stability and reactivity experiments with BaO/Al2O3, Pt/BaO/Al2O3 and Rh/BaO/Al2O3 confirmed that the reactions of NCO with NO and O2 – producing N2 – are metal catalyzed pathways, while the reaction of NCO with H2O – producing NH3 – is not. The contribution of NCO-related pathways to the overall N2 production mechanism could be significant, since quantification of the FTIR results suggests that up to 30% of the total N2 produced could be directly related to the reaction of surface isocyanates with O2.
Probability of chance correlations of earthquakes with predictions in areas of heterogeneous seismicity rate: The VAN Case

Evaluations of 22 claims of successful earthquake predictions in Greece by Varotsos and Lazaridou [1991] were performed using the Ms (surface wave) as well as the ML (local) magnitude scales. If we assume that the predicted magnitudes were Ms (the scale was not specified in the prediction telegrams), and use the Preliminary Determinations of Epicenters (PDE) to estimate the seismicity rate expected at random, we find that 74% were false (they did not correlate with an earthquake as specified), 9% correlated by chance (probability, p, of one or more earthquakes at random >.50), and 17% are uncertain (0.15 < p < 0.40). There were no successes above the 85% confidence level. If we assume that the magnitude scale for predictions and seismicity rate was M(VAN)=ML(ATH)+0.5, and use the Monthly Bulletin of the Seismological Institute, National Observatory Athens (SI-NOA), for estimating the seismicity rate, we find that 12 of 23 claims were false and that the rest, except for one, most likely correlated by chance with earthquakes. The missed earthquakes eligible for prediction numbered 35 and 456, respectively, using the two data sets. The probability that the observed correlation of predictions with earthquakes (6 and 11 respectively, out of 23 attempts) was due to chance is estimated as 69% and 96%, respectively, by summing the products of the individual probabilities for success and all the permutations of m successes out of n attempts. The probabilities of individual predictions to be fulfilled by chance were estimated based on the declustered catalogs for each prediction area separately, except for predictions during aftershock periods. For these the average seismicity rate during one month after the mainshock was used. We conclude that the various hypotheses of Varotsos et al. [1981a,b,c, 1982a,b, 1983, 1993a,b, 1996] and Varotsos and Lazaridou [1991] (these references will be referred to as VAN) relating seismic electrical signals (SES) to earthquakes, are invalid.
Variations in trusteeship: cases from Boston and Cleveland, 1925–1985

Case studies suggest that important changes in the composition and structure of boards of trustees of non-profit organisations have occurred in recent decades. The nature of these changes, and how they may vary across industry and locale, are not well documented. This pilot study compares changes in structure and board membership of three elite non-profit organisations in two cities at three points in time: 1925, 1955 and 1985. This study focuses on governing boards of the major art museum, largest non-profit hospital and local United Way of Boston and Cleveland. Board members' biographical data are used to assess models of board diversification based on environmental pressures and changes in local elites. We find evidence that trusteeship varies historically, regionally and across industries, and we set the stage for broader-based empirical comparative work on changes in non-profit boards of trustees.
Testing the mutualism disruption hypothesis: physiological mechanisms for invasion of intact perennial plant communities

Soil resources derived from mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a critical role in the physiological function of many native plant species. Allelopathic plant invasion studies have revealed declines in AMF inoculation potential of invaded soils, and lost opportunities for plants to form new AMF associations. Yet, if allelochemicals also kill AMF external hyphae already associated with plant roots, this mutualism disruption should result in physiological stress for native plants. We previously demonstrated that forest soils infested with garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), an allelopathic invader, exhibit reduced fungal hyphal abundance. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that treatment with garlic mustard tissue reduces soil respiration rates and diminishes physiological function of false Solomon's seal (Maianthemum racemosum), an AMF-dependant forest understory native. Treated plants exhibited reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis relative to controls, consistent with the proposed loss of AMF function. Such physiological declines, if sustained over several growing seasons, could decrease native understory perennials' growth rates and increase their susceptibility to environmental stresses. These data provide an explicit mechanism that can help explain the loss of established native perennials from invaded mature forests. We propose that the physiological costs of mutualism disruption may be a widespread but previously untested mechanism enhancing the invasion of undisturbed ecosystems by allelopathic species.
Modeling and analysis of worm defense using stochastic activity networks

Stochastic activity networks (SANs) are a widely used formalism for describing complex systems that have random behavior. Sophisticated software tools exist for the modeling and analysis of systems described within a SAN framework. This paper presents a SAN model of a local area network's defense against Internet worm propagation, measuring the effectiveness of a defensive strategy based on removing hosts from the local network once an infection is detected. We consider the problem of deciding whether to allocate resources to remove an infected host (and thereby reduce the threat), or remove a susceptible but as-yet uninfected host, to directly save it from attack. Considering a parameterized range of policies that makes this decision based on the number of infections in the local network, we find marked preference for always removing one type of hosts when possible, over the other, regardless of the infection state. We futhermore see whether preference should be given to infected hosts or susceptible hosts depends on the relative speeds at which they are removed. Finally, we see that a worm attack can be effectively countered provided that the aggregate rate at which hosts can be removed is on the order of the aggregate infection rate at the time the defense is engaged. Our effort demonstrates the utility of using sophisticated modeling tools to study worm defense, and policy decisions surrounding it.
Probable somatic DNA rearrangements in mating type determination in Tetrahymena thermophila: A review and a model

Experimental data on mating type determination in T. thermophila, collected by Nanney, Allen, and their collaborators over a period of 25 years, are reinterpreted in the light of our current understanding of macronuclear genetics. A strong case is developed supporting the idea that mating type determination involves the developmental alteration of somatic DNA that occurs regularly in developing macronuclei in conjugating pairs. A. testable DNA deletion/splicing model is developed that although based on a few simple, plausible assumptions, explains the observations remarkably well. The model is in (at least) superficial analogy to the mechanism that must be involved to explain the somatic differentiation and alteration of DNA sequences that ultimately constitute an expressed vertebrate immunoglobulin gene. Because of the genetic, biochemical, and micromanipulative versatility of Tetrahymena, it may well turn out to be a uniquely suitable microbial eukaryotic experimental system for the study of developmental alterations of somatic DNA.
False Memory for Categorized Pictures and Words: The Category Associates Procedure for Studying Memory Errors in Children and Adults ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Subjects studied lists of category exemplars with the highest and lowest frequency exemplars of those categories excluded. In Experiment 1, first and fifth grade children and college students falsely recognized pictures of related-high-frequency category exemplars more than related-low-frequency or unrelated exemplars. The magnitude of this false memory effect was comparable across all age groups and it increased after a 3-day delay. In Experiment 2, college students falsely recognized related-high-frequency word exemplars more than related-low-frequency or unrelated exemplars when exposure duration at study was 2 s or 20 ms per item. Similar to recent findings with converging associates (Seamon et al., 1998, even subjects who could not recognize list words following rapid exposure still demonstrated false memory of related-nonstudied category exemplars. These findings were discussed in terms of implicit activation and fuzzy trace interpretations of false memory.
Porphyrin Interactions with Wild Type and Mutant Mouse Ferrochelatase

Ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1), the terminal enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes Fe2+ chelation into protoporphyrin IX. Resonance Raman and UV−vis absorption spectroscopies of wild-type and engineered variants of murine ferrochelatase were used to examine the proposed structural mechanism for iron insertion into porphyrin. The recombinant variants (i.e., H207N and E287Q) are enzymes in which the conserved amino acids histidine-207 and glutamate-287 of murine ferrochelatase were substituted with asparagine and glutamine, respectively. Both of these residues are at the active site of the enzyme as deduced from the Bacillus subtilis ferrochelatase three-dimensional structure. On the basis of changes in the UV−vis absorption spectrum, addition of free-base or metalated porphyrins to wild-type ferrochelatase and H207N variant yields a 1:1 complex, most likely a monomeric protein-bound species at the active site. In contrast, the addition of porphyrin (either free base or metalated) to E287Q is sub...
Human Studies in the Development of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines

The safety and immunogenicity of candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines have been studied in > 1500 healthy, seronegative (HIV-1-uninfected) subjects. HIV-1 envelope proteins, gp160 and gp120, have been the most extensively investigated. A live virus vector construct, vaccinia with insertion of the HIV-1 env gene, has also been studied. HIV-1 candidate vaccines have been well tolerated, with no acute or longer-term serious toxicity. Intramuscular multidose gp120 vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies, lymphoproliferative responses, and anti-HIV-1 CD4 cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity. Immunization with the vaccinia-env construct, followed by a boost with an envelope protein, also induces neutralizing antibodies, and anti-HIV-1 CTL activity (CD8, major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted) has been observed. To date, serum from vaccinees can neutralize laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains in vitro but not primary isolates; the significance of this observation is unknown. Additional approaches to vaccination against HIV-1 are in development.
Use of microbes for cost reduction of metal removal from metals and mining industry waste streams

Abstract Acid-rock drainage (ARD) – also known as acid-mine drainage (AMD) – results from the exposure of sulfide minerals, particularly pyritic and pyrrhotitic minerals, to atmospheric oxygen and water. AMD directly impacts tens of thousands of kilometers of streams, lakes and estuaries throughout the world. The impacted water bodies tend to have elevated concentrations of metals in the water column or sediments, and are also stressed by significant inputs of hydrogen ions. There are several conventional treatment technologies available. The most common is chemical precipitation using lime or other basic substances. These systems produce large volumes of wet sludge that often require drying facilities to concentrate the metal hydroxide sludge. Wetland treatment systems have also been used for several decades to treat AMD. Recent developments and improvements have resulted in construction of bioreactors that have a smaller footprint, and treat the metals and acidity more effectively. Many studies have demonstrated that the primary removal mechanisms for the metals are sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). These microbes facilitate the conversion of sulphate to sulphide. The sulphides react with metals to precipitate them as metal sulfides, many of which are stable in the anaerobic conditions of the treatment system. Plants have been shown to remove metals by uptake or oxidative precipitation near the roots. Plants seem to account for only a small percentage of the metal removal capacity of the wetland treatment systems. Adsorption of metals to the organic substrates of the treatment systems can result in metal removal, but adsorption capacity is saturated in short periods of time. High oxygen, low pH waters often enter the treatment systems. The SRB are obligate anaerobes which prefer conditions between pH 5 and 8. Thus, the input water characteristics could impact the efficiency and life expectancy of the treatment systems. The most important characteristic of input waters seems to be pH. Low oxygen of the influent waters did not enhance treatment capabilities. Low pH waters do reduce the capacity of the treatment systems to treat metals effectively. Oxyanions such as chromate and arsenate can be removed using the wetland treatment system (passive bioreactor) technology. Arsenic is removed as an arsenic sulfide compound and chromate is reduced to Cr(III) and precipitated as a hydroxide. The passive bioreactor – wetland treatment system – offers a less expensive alternative to the conventional chemical precipitation technologies. There still are problems of system hydraulics and useful life to be addressed.
Site-Specific Nitrogen and Plant Density Management in Irrigated Maize

Economic or environmental benefits resulting from variable-rate (VR) application ofN and seed are uncertain in irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) systems with high yield potential. We evaluated different plant population and N management strategies in two irrigated maize fields in Nebraska. Inputs were varied according to yield zones derived from yield maps, detailed maps of soil organic matter (SOM), and sampled seasonal NO 3 status. Uniform management following Best Management Practices (BMPs) resulted in high levels of grain yield (>15 t ha -1 at Site 1; >12 t ha -1 at Site 2), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and gross return above input cost. Management of high-yielding irrigated systems on relatively flat terrain was not improved through the predictive site-specific approaches tested in this study, which relied on available historical field information (yield maps, weather) and seasonal soil sampling. Among four site-years, only one site-year showed significant increases in yield and NUE and decrease in N input with the VR N. Yield interactions between VR N management strategies and plant population were not significant. More potential for increasing yields, resource efficiency, and profitability may exist through integrating such approaches with dynamic, in-season management of water and N. Such approaches are emerging, but remain to be evaluated thoroughly, particularly under high-yielding conditions and against conventional BMPs.
Unit pricing of residential municipal solid waste: lessons from nine case study communities

Communities across the US have implemented unit pricing of residential solid waste, or pay-as-you-throw programs, as an innovative approach to encourage significant waste reduction and diversion. This paper provides an analysis of case studies from nine municipalities that employ unit pricing for residential waste collection. The paper details the economic theory underlying unit pricing, analyses how the various characteristics of the nine unit pricing programs affect program outcomes, and frames unit pricing issues for further research. We find that communities experience decreases in annual residential waste landfilled and incinerated after implementation of unit pricing. The communities with larger decreases tend to have higher unit pricing fees and smaller minimum container sizes for collection. Complementary programs, such as recycling and yard waste collections, benefit under unit pricing, as households increase their diversion behaviour. We consider this immediate diversionary behaviour the first stage in a household's response to a unit pricing program. After several years of experience with unit pricing, households enter a second stage where source reduction behaviour becomes more apparent. Unit pricing programs do appear to encourage source reduction behaviour, and concerns about undesirable diversion do not appear to be well founded. These results may provide guidance in statistical analyses of larger sets of unit pricing communities.
“Custodial” Teachers: Negative Effects on Schools

The control of pupil behavior, i.e., discipline, order, and misbehavior, has been and continues to be a persistent problem confronting schools. The writings of Ausubel (2), Waller (39), and Silberman (35) have underscored the saliency of pupil control in the organizational life of the public school. Moreover, according to the latest annual Gallup Poll (13), student discipline remains the number one concern of teachers and citizens. The fact-is that teachers' inability to control students effectively is a major source of dissatisfaction for many of today's teachers (15). The importance of pupil control (discipline) in schools is not surprising. Schools are people-developing or people-changing institutions (36). The objective of the school as a social institution is to achieve major changes in the child. These changes are not restricted to cognitive behavior (learning), but include a wide range of social, emotional, physical, and, in some cases, moral behavior (4). Organizations that achieve or attempt to achieve the most thoroughgoing change are performing functions crucial to the maintenance of social control (36, p.3). Furthermore, schools accept as conscripted clients all those who legally must attend. That is, neither the organization (school) nor the client (student) exercises choice concerning participation in the relationship (6). The mandatory nature of the pupil's participation suggests that schools are of necessity dealing with clients whose motivations and desires for the school's services cannot be assumed. It seems reasonable that pupil control would be a major concern. Evidence to support the prominence of pupil control in schools is provided by a field study of a junior high school in which the researchers indicated that pupil control was the "integrative theme" which pervaded the culture of the school (43). This study eventually led to the development of models of "custodial" and "hu-
Statistically differentiating between interaction and nonlinearity in multiple regression analysis : A Monte Carlo investigation of a recommended strategy

The procedure recommended by Lubinski and Humphreys for differentiating between moderated and nonlinear regression models is shown to evidence statistical problems that are characteristic of stepwise procedures. A Monte Carlo study was conducted in which random samples were generated from populations with known nonlinear or non-additive forms. Factors manipulated in the study included the correlation between regressors, regressor reliability, population R2, effect size of the nonlinear or nonadditive components, and sample size. Type I error was not adequately controlled under any condition examined and statistical power was poor in many conditions. Results were interpreted in terms of researchers’ need to differentiate between exploratory (stepwise regression) and confirmatory (theory testing) aspects of inquiry.
Feminist consciousness and candidate preference among American women, 1972–1988

Recent research has suggested that women with a feminist consciousness differ from nonfeminists in their attitudes and values. This paper investigates the impact of feminist consciousness on candidate preference and vote choice in presidential elections from 1972 to 1988. In those elections in which candidates took divergent positions on feminist issues, feminism was a significant predictor of candidate preference after controls for demographic variables, political attitudes, and partisanship. In elections in which the candidates took similar positions, however, feminism did not affect candidate preference. The 1980 election was the exception: in that election, feminists cast relucantant ballots for Carter, while rating John Anderson higher.
Diamond-like carbon applications in high density hard disc recording heads

Between 1965 and 1993 areal bit density in hard disc recording heads grew at a rate of 45% per year. Subsequently the rate of growth increased to 65% through 1998. In the past 2 years, the density growth has increased yet again to an amazing 100% per year. Increasing areal density requires growth in both track and linear density. Products currently in production have areal density in the range of 10 to 15 Gbit/inch2. At a continuing density growth rate of 100% per year, 100 Gbit/inch2 production will become a reality in year 2003, less than 3 years hence. Reduction in head-to-media magnetic spacing follows areal density growth. Protective coatings on both the heads and the media contribute to spacing. One of the clear challenges going forward is reduction of the coating thickness while maintaining the functional properties of corrosion protection and tribology enhancement. Traditional direct ion beam DLC deposition coatings do not have the required properties at thickness below 30 A. New coating technology is required to meet the needs of the recording head industry. This paper will address the coating requirements as well as the test methods used to evaluate coatings.
Monotone additive functions on shifted primes

Generalising a sixty year old result of Erdos, it is proved that an additive arithmetic function that is non-decreasing on the shifted primes is essentially a logarithm.
Demonstration of a 5.12 GHz optoelectronics sampling circuit for analog-to-digital converters

In order to reduce the time jitter and increase the speed of the sampling circuits for Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), optical techniques can be used since high speed optical pulses can be generated (in the order of GHz) with pulse width in the regime of femtoseconds. In this paper, we present an optoelectronic sampling circuit for an optical ADC with an aggregate 5.12 Gigasample/s and a time jitter of 80 fs. The RF signal to be sampled is connected to 8 sampling circuit in parallel. Each sampling channel consists of a reverse-biased photodiode that acts as a fast optoelectronic switch in series with a load resistor. A bias tee was used to couple the RF signal to be sampled, and the d.c. voltage to reverse bias the photodiodes. The DC offset RF signals was then connected to each channel and was sampled by actuating the photodiodes with a modelocked optical pulses having repetition rate of 640 MHz. A relative delay of 0.195 ns was set between the sampling clocks. Thus the sampling circuits sampled different phases of the RF. The outputs of the eight sampling circuits were multiplexed together to give an aggregate sampling rate of 5.12GSPS. Finally, a synchronizer trigger circuits was designed in order that all eight sampling circuits can be triggered for simultaneous measurement.
Maximal daily dose of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in infants with cystic fibrosis: A reconsideration

The current recommendations for dosing of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) were made using a limited evidence base. The per meal recommended dose was extrapolated from dosing guidelines for older patients into a maximal daily dose for infants. We discuss why this maximal daily dose recommendation may be insufficient for young infants with CF, although the optimal dose of PERT for infants with CF remains unknown.
AFM fabrication of metal-oxide devices with in situ control of electrical properties

Abstract Metal wires and metal-oxide-metal junctions were fabricated by anodic oxidation with a conducting atomic force microscope tip. The width of the wires and resistance of the junctions were controlled by real-time, in situ measurement of the device resistance during fabrication. Since the device properties of nanometer-scale structures are very sensitive to size variations, such measurements provide a more accurate method of controlling device properties than by controlling geometry alone.
Heats of formation of t-butyl peroxy radical and t-butyl diazyl ion: RRKM vs SSACM rate theories in systems with kinetic and competitive shifts.

The dissociations of energy-selected di-t-butyl peroxide and di-t-butyl diazene ions have been studied by threshold photoelectron−photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) spectroscopy. Di-t-butyl peroxide ions dissociate via two parallel channels: (1) methyl loss at a 0 K onset (E0) of 9.58 ± 0.04 eV followed by a sequential dissociation of the daughter ion to produce C4H9O+ and acetone; and (2) the dominant dissociation channel, producing t-butyl ion and t-butyl peroxy radical at an E0 of 9.758 ± 0.020 eV. Di-t-butyl diazene ions dissociate through three parallel channels: (1) a rearrangement to form isobutene ion; (2) C−N bond cleavage with the charge staying on the t-butyl diazyl species (E0 = 8.069 ± 0.050 eV); and (3) C−N bond cleavage with the charge instead on the t-butyl (E0 = 8.122 ± 0.050 eV); the coproduct for this latter channel is a weakly, or possibly unbound, N2···t-butyl structure. Both the peroxide and diazene ion dissociations produce metastable daughters, and the dissociation rates are modeled wi...
Impact of sensor misplacement on dynamic time warping based human activity recognition using wearable computers

Daily living activity monitoring is important for early detection of the onset of many diseases and for improving quality of life especially in elderly. A wireless wearable network of inertial sensor nodes can be used to observe daily motions. Continuous stream of data generated by these sensor networks can be used to recognize the movements of interest. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is a widely used signal processing method for time-series pattern matching because of its robustness to variations in time and speed as opposed to other template matching methods. Despite this flexibility, for the application of activity recognition, DTW can only find the similarity between the template of a movement and the incoming samples, when the location and orientation of the sensor remains unchanged. Due to this restriction, small sensor misplacements can lead to a decrease in the classification accuracy. In this work, we adopt DTW distance as a feature for real-time detection of human daily activities like sit to stand in the presence of sensor misplacement. To measure this performance of DTW, we need to create a large number of sensor configurations while the sensors are rotated or misplaced. Creating a large number of closely spaced sensors is impractical. To address this problem, we use the marker based optical motion capture system and generate simulated inertial sensor data for different locations and orientations on the body. We study the performance of the DTW under these conditions to determine the worst-case sensor location variations that the algorithm can accommodate.
A comparison of [001] low-angle tilt grain boundaries of (100) and (110) grain boundary planes in YBa2Cu3O7−δ coated conductors

Abstract The microstructure and grain boundary structure in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thick film coated conductors are characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The films contain low-angle [0 0 1] tilt grain boundaries with periodic arrays of edge dislocations parallel to the c-axis. A majority of the grain boundary planes are of either the (1 0 0) or the (1 1 0) type. Grain boundary dislocations (GBDs) with a [1 0 0] Burgers vector were observed in tilt boundaries with (1 0 0) boundary planes. However, partial dislocations, separated by stacking faults, were found at boundaries with near (1 1 0) grain boundary planes. Extensive g · b and g · R analyses confirmed the partials to be of 1/2[1 1 0] type. These results suggest that the characteristics of dislocation structures, which have been proposed in various grain boundary-based flux-pinning models, depend not only on the misorientation angle θ, but also on the types of grain boundary plane. The effect of dissociated GBDs on the transport properties of low angle grain boundaries in YBCO coated conductors is discussed.
Hyperprolactinaemia and long-term lactational amenorrhoea.

SUMMARY Clinical details of lactational and menstrual history post-partum have been correlated with measurements of serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, oestradiol and progesterone in Transkei women in order to gain further insight into the role of prolactin in the maintenance of post-partum lactational amenorrhoea. Of seventy-four breast-feeding mothers studied, sixty-six had elevated serum levels of prolactin. Forty-four women were amenorrhoeic with minimal or absent endocrine evidence of ovarian activity. Of the twenty-seven lactating women who reported menstruation, twelve had high levels of prolactin and no apparent ovarian activity, eleven had lower prolactin levels and increased oestradiol levels suggesting ovarian follicular development, while only four women had increased progesterone levels indicating definite luteal activity. Three lactating women were pregnant. The results support previous reports that lactational amenorrhoea is associated with hyperprolactinaemia and a possible sequence of endocrine events resulting in the return of post-partum fertility is proposed.
Quantitative analysis in chemically dissimilar matrices by secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract The ability of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to achieve detection limits of a ppm or less for many of the elements throughout the periodic table makes SIMS one of the most sensitive characterization techniques available to the materials analyst. However, due to the wide variability of secondary ion yields, the ability to perform quantitative analysis has long been hampered by the requirement of a standard for the matrix being examined. We report here for the first time the ability to determine the boron concentration in a series of thermally grown PtSi layers on Si without the use of a separate standard for each matrix. This technique should be generally applicable to any material containing two dissimilar, coupled matrices. This study describes in detail the method used for quantification and its applications.
Free Radical Self-Immolative 1,2-Elimination and Reductive Desulfonylation of Aryl Sulfones Promoted by Intramolecular Reactions with Ortho-Attached Carbon-Centered Radicals(1)

Aryl sulfones bearing an o-(bromomethyl)dimethylsilyl moiety (1), when heated with AIBN and tributyltin hydride, suffer radical elimination under mild conditions to give olefins and stannyl sulfinate 7 in high yield. The mechanism is shown to proceed via intramolecular beta-sulfonyl hydrogen abstraction by o-silylmethylene radical 2. This step also shows a large deuterium isotope effect of 12:1. In contrast, radical intermediate 24, generated by tris(trimethylsilyl)silane radical addition to o-allylsilane 23, undergoes intramolecular attack on the sulfone, resulting in homolytic sulfone cleavage to afford reduced products and cyclic sulfone byproduct 25.
Cross-Reactions of HLA Antibodies: VII. Rate of Sensitization and Serological Specificity

Varying the sensitization time of the complement-dependent antibody mediated cytotoxicity test, while carefully controlling other test conditions, has enabled us to characterize the subtle reactivities of several broadly reactive sera. In particular, we can discriminate between classes of cells, e.g., HLA-B7 from B27; subclasses of cells, e.g., Bw51 from Bw52; and cells carrying new antigens, e.g., Ao79. This manipulation of the cytotoxicity test is discussed in view of its usefulness in separating primary from cross-reactive specificities and in detecting new specificities.
Free field realization of two-dimensional quantum gravity in light-cone gauge and green functions on the torus

Abstract We investigate the free field representation of Polyakov's quantum gravity theory found by Al.B. Zamolodchikov. We represent the gravity field by a bilinear combination of free fields. We discuss the geometrical meaning of the KPZ ghost from this viewpoint. Since our free fields can be regarded as the primary fields in the light-cone gauge geometry, it is relatively easy to construct their Green function on the torus explicitly. The propagator for the KPZ ghost gives the building block to construct the Ward identity on the torus.
The Sexual Victimization of Women: Substance Abuse, HIV, Prostitution, and Intimate Partner Violence as Underlying Correlates

The sexual victimization of women has lifelong effects that can manifest in the forms of substance abuse, the human immunodeficiency virus, prostitution, intimate partner abuse, and an array of psychological disorders. An examination of the correlates of sexual assault revealed that the victims of this crime are in need of therapeutic interventions to alleviate or eradicate the symptoms associated with the posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders. Further, treatment services are needed to address the physiological and psychological symptoms of substance use disorders and intimate partner violence, while medical interventions are required for women affected with HIV.
Creation of an isogenic P1-deficient mutant of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius.

Abstract Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius, the causative agent of Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF), expresses a heat-modifiable 48 kDa outer membrane protein, P1, which is conserved in most Brazilian case-clone isolates. To study the role of P1 in pathogenesis of BPF we constructed via homologous recombination an isogenic P1-deficient mutant of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius. The procedure involved a modification of Hererot's method for development of competence. Modifications included variations in the growth conditions, use of cAMP, specific charcteristics of the donor DNA, and antibiotic selection. P1-deficient mutants were confirmed by SDS–PAGE, loss of reactivity with a specific monoclonal antibody on Western blot, restriction analysis and Southern blot. Our results establish the first successful transformation of homologous DNA into H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius.
Photoelectron resonance capture ionization mass spectrometry: a soft ionization source for mass spectrometry of particle‐phase organic compounds

Photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI) is a soft and sensitive ionization method, based on the attachment of low-energy (<1 eV) photoelectrons to organic analyte molecules. PERCI has been developed in our laboratory for the real-time analysis of organic particles by mass spectrometry, and is employed here to monitor the heterogeneous reaction of ozone with oleic acid. Simplified identification of the reaction products is possible as a result of the soft nature of PERCI, giving predominantly the [MH]− ions. The major particle-phase products are identified as: 1-nonanal, nonanoic acid, 9-oxononanoic acid, and azelaic acid, consistent with proposed mechanisms. New insight into this well-studied heterogeneous reaction is gained as additional minor particle-phase products, consistent with the Criegee mechanism, are readily detected. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light scattering by size/shape distributions of nonspherical particles of size comparable to a wavelength

In this paper, we study theoretically light scattering by polydisperse, randomly oriented, rotationally symmetric particles of size comparable to the wavelength of radiation. In our computations, we use the T-matrix approach, as extended recently to randomly oriented particles [M. I. Mishchenko, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 8, 871 (1991)]. Results of extensive numerical calculations for particles of different shape are presented. The influence of particle size distribution, shape, and refractive index on the scattering patterns is examined and implications for remote sensing of nonspherical aerosols are discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
X chromosome inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation revisited, with a tribute to Susumu Ohno.

X chromosome inactivation and DNA methylation are reviewed, with emphasis on the contributions of Susumu Ohno and the predictions made in my 1975 paper (Riggs, 1975), in which I proposed the “maintena
Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow, phytodetritus and the ocean’s biological pump

Abstract The “biological pump” is the process by which photosynthetically-produced organic matter in the ocean descends from the surface layer to depth by a combination of sinking particles, advection or vertical mixing of dissolved organic matter, and transport by animals. Particulate organic matter that is exported downward from the euphotic zone is composed of combinations of fecal pellets from zooplankton and fish, organic aggregates known as “marine snow” and phytodetritus from sinking phytoplankton. Previous reviews by Turner and Ferrante (1979) and Turner (2002) focused on publications that appeared through late 2001. Since that time, studies of the biological pump have continued, and there have been >300 papers on vertical export flux using sediment traps, large-volume filtration systems and other techniques from throughout the global ocean. This review will focus primarily on recent studies that have appeared since 2001. Major topics covered in this review are (1) an overview of the biological pump, and its efficiency and variability, and the role of dissolved organic carbon in the biological pump; (2) zooplankton fecal pellets, including the contribution of zooplankton fecal pellets to export flux, epipelagic retention of zooplankton fecal pellets due to zooplankton activities, zooplankton vertical migration and fecal pellet repackaging, microbial ecology of fecal pellets, sinking velocities of fecal pellets and aggregates, ballasting of sinking particles by mineral contents, phytoplankton cysts, intact cells and harmful algae toxins in fecal pellets, importance of fecal pellets from various types of zooplankton, and the role of zooplankton fecal pellets in picoplankton export; (3) marine snow, including the origins, abundance, and distributions of marine snow, particles and organisms associated with marine snow, consumption and fragmentation of marine snow by animals, pathogens associated with marine snow; (4) phytodetritus, including pulsed export of phytodetritus, phytodetritus from Phaeocystis spp., picoplankton in phytodetritus, the summer export pulse (SEP) of phytodetritus in the subtropical North Pacific, benthic community responses to phytodetritus; (5) other components of the biological pump, including fish fecal pellets and fish-mediated export, sinking carcasses of animals and macrophytes, feces from marine mammals, transparent exopolymer particles (TEP); (6) the biological pump and climate, including origins of the biological pump, the biological pump and glacial/interglacial cycles, the biological pump and contemporary climate variations, and the biological pump and anthropogenic climate change. The review concludes with potential future modifications in the biological pump due to climate change.
Complimentary aspects of diffusion imaging and fMRI: II. Elucidating contributions to the fMRI signal with diffusion sensitization

Abstract Tissue water molecules reside in different biophysical compartments. For example, water molecules in the vasculature reside for variable periods of time within arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venuoles and veins, and may be within blood cells or blood plasma. Water molecules outside of the vasculature, in the extravascular space, reside, for a time, either within cells or within the interstitial space between cells. Within these different compartments, different types of microscopic motion that water molecules may experience have been identified and discussed. These range from Brownian diffusion to more coherent flow over the time scales relevant to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, on the order of several 10s of milliseconds. How these different types of motion are reflected in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods developed for “diffusion” imaging studies has been an ongoing and active area of research. Here we briefly review the ideas that have developed regarding these motions within the context of modern “diffusion” imaging techniques and, in particular, how they have been accessed in attempts to further our understanding of the various contributions to the fMRI signal changes sought in studies of human brain activation.
Atypical presentations of Sweet's syndrome in patients with MDS/AML receiving combinations of hypomethylating agents with histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressors is seen in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) and even though demethylating agents have improved survival in this disease, a majority of patients are still resistant to these therapies. In an effort to improve response rates, newer combinations of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and hypomethylating agents are being used to reverse aberrant epigenetic silencing in MDS. The combinations of these agents may result in unanticipated toxicities. We report three cases of Sweet's syndrome (SS) associated with the use of 5-Azacitidine/Decitabine in combination with HDAC inhibition. They were characterized by atypical pathological appearance with relatively lesser number of invading neutrophils, presumably because of the underlying bone marrow failure. One case was characterized by fulminant and aggressive nature of SS, which became refractory to standard immunosuppressive treatments and result in mortality. SS should thus be considered a part of differential diagnosis of skin lesions in patients receiving combination of epigenetic therapies and should be treated aggressively.
Reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by gene therapy with betacellulin and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1.

Reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by gene therapy with betacellulin and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1
Time of recombination in the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte. II. Electron microscopic and genetic studies of a temperature-sensitive recombination mutant.

A test has been carried out to determine if the restrictive temperature (31°) acts to reduce recombination in the temperature-sensitive recombination-deficient genotype rec-1 26/rec-1 16 by reducing or eliminating the synaptonemal complex. Measurements of the length of synaptonemal complexes in heat-treated and untreated stage 1 oocytes, following termination of the temperature-sensitive period, reveal less than a 5% difference, with the greater length present in the treated oocytes. Alterations are not observed in synaptonemal complex distribution within the nucleus or in its fine structure. Parallel genetic studies confirm earlier observations that the restrictive temperature, whose action is confined to a 36-h sensitive period virtually coextensive with premeiotic-S, drastically reduces recombination to ∼10% of normal. The results are most simply interpreted to mean that the restrictive temperatures acts directly on the recombination process.
Common complements of two subspaces of a Hilbert space

Abstract In this paper we find a necessary and sufficient condition for two closed subspaces, X and Y , of a Hilbert space H to have a common complement, i.e. a subspace Z having trivial intersection with X and Y and such that H = X + Z = Y + Z . Unlike the finite-dimensional case the condition is significantly more subtle than simple equalities of dimensions and codimensions, and non-trivial examples of subspaces without a common complement are possible.