cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of the sheep red blood cell receptor using anti-lymphocyte antibodies

Abstract Human thymus derived lymphocytes (T cells) interact with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to form rosettes. We wanted to determine whether the lymphocyte's receptor for SRBC is associated with serologically detectable cell surface antigens. Antisera were prepared by immunizing horses with either fresh human thymus (ATG) or with B lymphocytes from an established lymphoid cell line in culture (ALG). ATG, ALG or Concanavalin A (Con A) were added to lymphocyte preparations to determine their effect on rosetting. The results showed that ATG inhibited rosettes in a dose dependent manner. In contrast, both the Con A and ALG had no effect. By immunofluorescence, Con A and ALG staining cells were able to form rosettes. ATG staining cells were unable to form rosettes. Removal of the ATG receptor by capping could not restore the rosette forming capacity suggesting that inhibition was not due to steric hindrance. We conclude that antibody directed against T cells but not B cells binds to surface antigens which appear to be identical with or in close proximity to the specific SRBC receptor.
Fast repair of laminated beams using UV curing composites

In this study, laminated beam samples were predamaged by low velocity impact. The damaged samples were repaired using either ambient environment curing epoxy, heat activated curing prepreg, or ultraviolet (UV) curing resin. Environmental conditioning using UV radiation and a seawater bath was conducted to investigate the durability of the repaired samples. A uniaxial tension test was conducted on a total of 45 effective samples to evaluate the strength recovered by the repair materials and the strength lost by environmental conditioning. A finite element analysis was conducted to understand the failure modes of the repaired samples. The test results show that fiber reinforced UV curing resin is a fast, strong, durable, and cost effective method to repair low velocity impact damaged composite laminates.
Studies on the binding between streptococcal M protein and antibody.

A method for detecting type-specific antibody to type 12 s-hemolytic streptococci is described. The method is based on the utilization of a partially purified I131 labeled streptococcal acid extract and the solubility of this extract in 40 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate as compared to the insolubility of antibody and antigen-antibody complexes at this salt concentration. The salient features of this technique are: ( a ) When absorbed sera were used, no non-type-specific reaction with antigen occurred. ( b ) The sensitivity of the system allowed detection of type-specific antibody in hyperimmune antisera that had been diluted 1200-fold. ( c ) The method does not rely on secondary manifestations of antigen-antibody interaction for the detection of antibody. ( d ) As little as 0.03 µg of M12 protein was detected when soluble unlabeled M protein was used to inhibit the reaction between I131 M12 protein and anti-M12 antibody. ( e ) The kinetics of the reaction between M protein and anti-M antibody can be studied, thereby making information available as to the quality as well as the quantity of antibody produced in this antigen-antibody system.
Grain boundary and interphase boundary sliding in power law creep

The self-consistent theory for polycrystals and composites can be extended readily to consider the effect of grain boundary sliding where the sliding boundaries are treated as disk-shaped viscous heterogeneities of a critical volume fraction to result in contiguously connected boundary paths through the material. The approach leads to particularly simple visualizable effects of strain rate enhancement in creeping polycrystals with sliding boundaries and to readily obtainable asymptotic limiting behavior for completely relaxed boundaries over a certain range of strain rate sensitivity of the grain matrix. Finally, this approach can also be combined with a self-consistent model for creep in a heterogeneous alloy to determine the behavior of creeping composite alloys with sliding grain boundaries and entrapped interphase boundaries.
The Effect of a Pressure-Containing Correlation Model on Near-Wall Flow Simulations With Reynolds Stress Transport Models

It is accustomed to think that turbulence models based on solving the Reynolds-averagedNavier–Stokes (RANS) equations require empirical functions to accurately reproduce thebehavior of ﬂow characteristics of interest, particularly near a wall. The current paperanalyzes how choosing a model for pressure-strain correlations in second-order closuresaffects the need for introducing empirical functions in model equations to reproduce theﬂow behavior near a wall correctly. An axially rotating pipe ﬂow is used as a test ﬂow forthe analysis. Results of simulations demonstrate that by using more physics-based modelsto represent pressure-strain correlations, one can eliminate wall functions associatedwith such models. The higher the Reynolds number or the strength of imposed rotation ona ﬂow, the less need there is for empirical functions regardless of the choice of apressure-strain correlation model. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4025936]
Aging and the von Restorff Isolation Effect in Short/Term Memory

Summary College students (n = 36) and elderly persons (n = 28 females, eight males; 60–83 years old) were compared on an immediate-memory task involving an outstanding item in the center of the array. The college students remembered the outstanding item well, the elderly did not. Both groups displayed better overall performance for the list containing the outstanding item. The results are discussed in terms of differences in processing strategies.
The mammalian circadian clock exhibits chronic tolerance to alcohol in vitro

Alcohol abuse leads to cognitive defects, depression, and sleep disturbances. The connection between sleep and circadian disruptions led us to investigate ethanol's effect on the circadian clock. We demonstrated that acute ethanol blocks photic phase shifts in vivo and glutamatergic phase shifts in vitro. Ethanol exposure can lead to acute, rapid and/or chronic tolerance. We determined that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian clock exhibits acute (developing in <30 min) tolerance in vitro and rapid (develops in 8–24 h) tolerance in vitro and in vivo. We are currently investigating chronic tolerance. C57BL/6 mice are given access to 15% ethanol between zeitgeber time (ZT) 11 (where ZT 0 = lights-on and ZT 12 = lights off) and ZT 15 for 10 days. SCN brain slices were made the following morning and treated at either ZT 16 or ZT 23 with glutamate (1mM) + ethanol for 10 min. The next day SCN neuronal activity was monitored to determine the time of peak activity. 20mM ethanol blocks glutamatergic phase shifts in tissue from ethanol-naive mice, while 200mM ethanol is needed in tissue from ethanol-exposed mice. These data suggest a similar shift in effective concentration as that seen during rapid tolerance. Currently we are investigating potential changes in surface expression of NR2B across the circadian cycle (at ZT 6, ZT 16, and ZT 23) and in response to ethanol consumption. Preliminary data suggests that surface expression of NR2B is highest at ZT 16 and lowest at ZT 23. Future experiments will expand on these studies.
Operant acceleration during a pre-reward stimulus

Stimuli of 20, 40, and 80 sec duration terminated with five non-response-contingent food pellets were superimposed upon lever pressing reinforced with single pellets on a DRL 30-sec schedule. Two rhesus monkeys served as subjects. No change in response frequency was observed during the 20- and 40-sec stimuli. During the 80-sec pre-food stimulus, overall response frequency increased to approximately 150% and 220% of pre-stimulus levels, and the temporal distributions of interresponse times shifted toward the shorter intervals. When the 80-sec stimulus was no longer terminated with food, the response frequency decreased and the temporal distributions of interresponse times gradually approached pre-stimulus levels. An increased frequency of short interresponse times and an increase in response rate was again observed when the pellet termination procedure was reinstituted with the 80-sec stimulus. No change in response frequency or interresponse times was observed in the absence of the conditioning stimulus, and performance efficiency, as reflected in the ratio of responses to reinforcements during non-stimulus periods, remained stable throughout the experiment.
Cyclophosphamide-induced sodium appetite and hyponatremia in the rat.

Abstract Intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide resulted in an increase of both sodium preference and consumption by rats given a choice between water and saline (0.15 M) to drink. Measurement of serum sodium concentration revealed that the cyclophosphamide-treated animals had lower values, thus indicating that the cyclophosphamide-elicited sodium appetite was caused by a drug-induced need for sodium.
Analysis of coiled-coil interactions between core proteins of the spindle pole body.

The spindle pole body (SPB) is a multiprotein complex that organizes microtubules in yeast. Due to its large size and association with the nuclear membrane, little is known about its detailed struc...
“Where Else Would We Teach?”: Portraits of Two Teachers in the Rural South:

In this article, the authors draw on narrative portraiture to inquire into the family, school, community, and teacher education experiences of two novice teachers who teach in schools located in two rural communities in the southeastern United States. The authors show how their university teacher education classes and field experiences neither addressed nor supported these teachers’ identities as rural teachers. In doing so, the authors highlight how these teachers desired to be connected personally and professionally to the communities in which they teach. From these narrative portraits, the authors argue that identity and relationship exist synergistically within these teachers’ lives and experiences. Drawing on such synergy is critical to attracting preservice teachers to and retaining novice teachers in schools within rural communities. Based on their interpretations, the authors offer suggestions for how teacher educators can better prepare preservice teachers who intend to teach within such schools.
An open-label trial of escitalopram in pervasive developmental disorders.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the effect of escitalopram in the treatment of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). Method This 10-week study had a forced titration, open-label design. Twenty-eight subjects (mean age 125.1 ± 33.5 months) with a PDD received escitalopram at a dose that increased weekly to a maximum dose of 20 mg as tolerated. The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Version (ABC-CV) and the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) were used to assess outcome. Results There was significant improvement in ABC-CV Irritability Subscale Scores (baseline mean 20.5 ± 5.9 to final mean 10.9 ± 7.2; p ≤ .001) and in the other ABC-CV Subscales. Improvement on Clinical Global Improvement Scale severity rating was also significant (baseline mean 5.2 ± 1.0 to final mean 4.6 ± 1.2; p ≤ .001). Twenty-five percent of the subjects responded at a dose less than 10 mg and did not tolerate the 10-mg dose, and an additional 36% responded at a dose greater than or equal to 10 mg. Final dose was unrelated to weight and only weakly correlated with age. Conclusions This open-label study found escitalopram to be useful in treating some difficulties common in PDDs. A wide variability in dose was found that could not be accounted for by weight and only partially by age. The study provides information useful for the design of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of escitalopram in PDDs.
Anton Raederscheidt’s Distorted Self-Portraits and Their Significance for Understanding Balance in Art

Following a right cerebral stroke, the German artist Anton Raederscheidt produced a remarkable series of self-portraits that depicted his severe visual neglect and gradual recovery. These distorted images, like those drawn by others with this disorder, inform us about lateral balance in art and why it is common in the art of cultures separated in time and space. After describing how artists in various cultures have employed lateral balance, I present Arnheim’s view that this aspect of art is the result of visual forces generated by the brain. Following a brief history of visual neglect, I present evidence that this disorder provides us with clues to the origin of the visual forces responsible for lateral balance in art. The relevant brain mechanisms control exploration of visual space by integrating orienting movements with visual spatial information. The prevalence of lateral balance in art becomes understandable when we consider that these brain mechanisms evolved to promote survival in our vertebrate a...
Perfused capillary surface area in postural and locomotor skeletal muscle

Abstract A measure was made of the perfused capillary surface area per gram of tissue (Sf) in postural, anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD), and locomotor, posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD), skeletal muscles in chickens. The animals were anesthetized with L.A. Thesia and the ALD and PLD muscles were prepared for observation using a modification of the method developed by R. E. Klabunde and P. C. Johnson (1977, Amer. J. Physiol.232, H411–417). Sf was determined from the relationship Sf = πdLθf, where d = capillary diameter, L = capillary length, and θf = number of perfused capillaries per gram. Capillary lengths and diameters were measured directly through the microscope. Estimates of θf were measured in two ways: by a flow method (θQf), and by an histochemical method (θHf). It was observed that the average capillary diameter in PLD was the same as in ALD muscles, but the average capillary length in PLD was two times longer than in ALD muscles. Both the flow and histochemical methods yielded values of θf that gave similar values of Sf for PLD muscles (SQf = 24.7 ± 20.0 cm2/g, SHf = 13.7 ± 14.4 cm2/g), but different values for ALD muscles (SQf = 9.8 ± 6.8 cm2/g, SHf = 42.8 ± 19.1 cm2/g). The difference between SQf and SHf for ALD muscles could be explained by the more irregular and longer perfusion path observed in postural versus locomotor muscle. The flow method appears to underestimate Sf in capillary beds with irregular perfusion paths. The results indicate that only a small fraction of the total capillary bed was perfused in resting skeletal muscle and that SHf for ALD was approximately three times larger than SHf for PLD.
Flavonoids of Plummera: Taxonomic implications at the generic level within the gaillardiinae

Abstract Four populations each of Plummera floribunda and P. ambigens were examined for flavonoid content. Six compounds were isolated and identified as flavone and flavonol aglycones and flavonol glycosides. In all cases, both taxa were found to be identical in flavonoid content. Plummera was then compared to other genera in the subtribe Gaillardiinae. At the present time, it is the opinion of the author that Plummera is very closely related to, but not congeneric with Hymenoxys.
A Tale of Two Hospitals: The Evolution of Phototherapy Treatment for Neonatal Jaundice

* Abbreviations: Rh — : Rhesus factor TSB — : total serum bilirubin Phototherapy was developed in the late 1950s and is today considered the mainstay of managing neonatal jaundice. Yet prominent academic leaders continued to promote the older approach of exchange transfusion well into the 1970s, despite the considerable risks involved. This article explores why phototherapy took so long to be embraced, and how pediatric residents were caught in the middle of the controversy.—Jeffrey P. Baker, MD, PhDSection Editor, Historical Perspectives The chief rationale of treating newborn jaundice is the prevention of kernicterus, a devastating and often fatal outcome attributed to bilirubin’s effects on the basal ganglia. Infants so affected commonly develop a characteristic choreoathetoid form of cerebral palsy accompanied by severe intellectual disability.1 In the mid-20th century, pediatric researchers scored a breakthrough by demonstrating the efficacy of exchange transfusion in preventing this devastating syndrome. The majority of infants thus treated were Rhesus factor positive (Rh+) children born to Rh– mothers exposed to the Rh factor during a previous pregnancy. Maternal antibodies to neonatal red blood cells caused extensive hemolysis, causing the total bilirubin level to rise rapidly and overwhelm the liver’s ability to process and excrete it. Exchange transfusion, rarely performed today, was a challenging procedure that might keep physicians up all night, patiently withdrawing the infant’s blood through an umbilical venous catheter in small increments by syringe and replacing them with an equal volume of donor blood. The procedure was technically difficult and fraught with the possibility of a fatal electrolyte or fluid imbalance.2 In the late 1950s, phototherapy emerged as another potential treatment of jaundice. In 1956 at Rochford General Hospital in Essex, England, Sister J. Ward noted that sunshine decreased neonatal jaundice. Meanwhile, hospital biochemists noted erroneously low bilirubin levels in samples sitting in sunlight before processing.3 Soon afterward came the first evidence … Address correspondence to Elliott Mark Weiss, MD, 550 First Ave #NBV 8S4-11, Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, New York NY 10016. E-mail: elliottmweiss{at}gmail.com
THE STATISTICAL DESIGN OF CUSUM CHARTS

A number of popular statistical quality control textbooks and computer packages use the method of N.L. Johnson to design cumulative sum (CUSUM) charts. It has been shown that this method results in CUSUM charts with statistical properties quite differen..
Adjoint shape optimization applied to electromagnetic design.

We present an adjoint-based optimization for electromagnetic design. It embeds commercial Maxwell solvers within a steepest-descent inverse-design optimization algorithm. The adjoint approach calculates shape derivatives at all points in space, but requires only two “forward” simulations. Geometrical shape parameterization is by the level set method. Our adjoint design optimization is applied to a Silicon photonics Y-junction splitter that had previously been investigated by stochastic methods. Owing to the speed of calculating shape derivatives within the adjoint method, convergence is much faster, within a larger design space. This is an extremely efficient method for the design of complex electromagnetic components.
States and Development: Seeking to Reinvigorate Weberian Analysis of Development:

Evans, Peter B., Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and The da Skocpol, eds. 1985. Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Johnson, Chalmers. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Kim, Eun Mee. 1997. Big Business Strong State: Collusion and Conflict in South Korean Devel opment, 1960-1990. Albany: State University of New York Press. Wade, Robert. 1990. Governing the Market: Eco nomic Theory and the Role of Government in Taiwan's Industrialization. Princeton: Prince
Image fusion with the hybrid evolutionary algorithm and response analysis

Information fusion is a rapidly developing research area aimed at creating methods and tools capable of augmenting security and defense systems with the state-of-the-art computational power and intelligence. An important part of information fusion, image fusion serves as the basis for a fully automatic object and target recognition. Image fusion maps images of the same scene received from different sensors into a common reference system. Using sensors of different types gives rise to a problem of finding a set of invariant features that help overrun the imagery difference caused by the different types of sensors. The paper describes an image fusion method based on the combination of the hybrid evolutionary algorithm and image local response. The latter is defined as an image transform R(V) that maps an image into itself after a geometric transformation A(V) defined by a parameter vector V is applied to the image. The transform R(V) identifies the dynamic content of the image, i.e. the salient features that are most responsive to the geometric transformation A(V). Moreover, since R(V) maps the image into itself, the result of the mapping is largely invariant to the type of the sensor used to obtain the image. Image fusion is stated as the global optimization problem of finding a proper transformation A(V) that minimizes the difference between the images subject to fusion. Hybrid evolutionary algorithm can be applied to solving the problem. Since the search for the optimal parameter vector V is conducted in the response space rather than in the actual image space, the differences in the sensor types can be significantly alleviated.
SOCIAL CONDUCT ON THE GOLDEN MILE

ABSTRACT The physical and social attributes of place, from buildings to human stage managers, cue appropriate responses and behavior from different social groups at an English seaside resort. The structures record some aspects of past social conduct and inhibit rapid change.
Central Mechanisms of Orofacial Pain

The orofacial pain clinician must understand the difference between peripheral and central mechanisms of pain. Particularly, one has to understand the process of central sensitization as it relates to the various orofacial pain conditions to understand orofacial pain. Understanding leads to more effective treatment.
A dedicated consultant-led vascular access team significantly reduces out-of-hours and emergency permanent central venous access insertions

Abstract Purpose The insertion of a permanent central venous access device (PCVAD i.e. Broviac or Hickman lines and vascuports) is often considered a low priority and performed as an emergency. In 2004, a vascular access team (VAT), responsible for all PCVAD insertions, was established in our institution to address this. Methods Data were collected retrospectively on all PCVAD insertions in 2 periods (January 2002-December 2003 and January 2005-December 2006). This included procedure, list type, surgeon grade, and operative time. Results During 2002 to 2003 and 2005 to 2006, 465 and 569 PCVADs were inserted, respectively (22% increase). After introduction of the VAT, the percentage of lines inserted during emergency lists fell from 24% (n = 112) to 13% (n = 72), and out-of-hours fell from 6% (n = 29) to 3% (n = 17; P P Discussion Introduction of a VAT has led to a significant decrease in emergency and out-of-hours PCVAD insertions, despite an increase in overall activity for the period. The median time taken for elective insertions is significantly less than emergency insertions, which has increased the efficiency of vascular access provision at our institution.
Camptothecins as Probes of the Microenvironments of Topoisomerase I ‐ DNA Complexes

: By uncoupling the cleavage and ligation reactions of DNA oligonucleotides mediated by topoisomerase I, it has been possible to demonstrate modification of DNA oligonucleotide structure by the enzyme. These modifications indicate an unusual flexibility inherent in the behavior of topoisomerase I and may reflect some of the cellular roles played by the enzyme. The ability of individual camptothecin analogues to inhibit these modification processes differentially provides insight into the relative nature of the microenvironments present. To the extent that these enzyme-mediated structural modifications do constitute models of cellular roles for the enzyme, the observed differential inhibition also provides a potential strategy for assessing the function and importance of such modifications.
IBYKA AMPHIKOMA, GEN. ET SP. N., A NEW PROTOARTICULATE PRECURSOR FROM THE LATE MIDDLE DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK STATE

A B STRACT Ibyka gen. n. is described from late Middle Devonian compressions and petrifactions collected in eastern New York State. It is a robust plant of which three orders of branching and ultimate appendages (leaves) are known. The latter dichotomize up to five times, are arranged spirally on all orders of branching, are three-dimensional, and all orders are terete in cross section. Fertile appendages, homologous with the sterile, are terminated by sporangia. The protostele has five or six arms, the maturation is mesarch, and the protoxylem disintegrates leaving lacunae at the tips of the arms. Traces to appendages are terete and arise spirally from the tips of the arms. The primary xylem consists of tracheids only, the phloem of thin-walled cells and probable tanniniferous cells. The cortex consists of parenchyma and groups of sclereids. Secondary xylem is lacking. Ibyka is placed in a new order, Ibykales, close to the Hyeniales (protoarticulates) and to the Pseudosporochnales all three of which probably evolved from Trimerophytina.
Relationships among delay of diagnosis, extent of disease, and survival in patients with abdominal carcinoid tumors

Abstract Background A correlation between delay in diagnosis of carcinoid and extent of disease and survival was investigated. Methods In all, 115 patients with carcinoid were interviewed. Data collected included symptoms, delay of diagnosis, incorrect diagnoses given, extent of disease at diagnosis, and survival. Delay in diagnosis and extent of disease were correlated by regression analysis and the impact on death by Fisher's exact test. Results Mean delay was 66 months. There was no correlation between delay in diagnosis and extent of disease ( R = 0.119, R 2 = 0.014, P = 0.20) or death. However, patients with disease beyond lymph nodes were significantly more likely to die ( P = 0.005). Conclusions Delays of diagnosis of carcinoid are common but do not impact extent of disease or survival. Extent of disease at diagnosis does impact survival, but is not mitigated by early diagnosis, indicating that outcome is dictated by the biology of the disease.
A revision of Erythrochiton sensu lato (Cuspariinae, Rutaceae)

In the rutaceous subtribe Cuspariinae, species with relatively large, valvate, colored calyces have been assigned to Erythrochiton, but differences in arrangement of leaves, type of inflorescence, union of petals, of filaments, and of carpels, indument of corolla and testa, appendages of anthers, height of the intrastaminal disc, and exine of the pollen argue for the recognition of three genera. Erythrochiton s. str., characterized by often perennating inflorescences, connate, usually glabrous petals, free carpels, tomentulose seeds, and spinulose exine, consists of seven species of which four are new: E. fallax from the eastern flanks of the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia, E. odontoglossus from western Ecuador and adjacent Peru, E. trichanthus from eastern Peru, and E. gymnanthus from Costa Rica. The assignment to Toxosiphon of four species with woolly, coherent petals, connate carpels, glabrous seeds, and reticulate exine necessitates three new combinations: T. carinatus, T. macropodus, and T. trifoliatus. Recognition of a third unispecific genus with opposite simple leaves, sparsely pubescent, coherent, clawed petals, and spinulose exine requires a new genus name, Desmotes, and a new combination, D. incomparabilis.
Surface Treatment for Leakage Reduction in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Development of AIGaN/GaN HEMTs has been largely advanced in recent years, leading to record microwave power performance from solid-state devices. With the AIGaN/GaN HEMTs emerging as a viable technology for high frequency low noise amplifiers and power amplifiers, there are still several problems to be solved. One key problem is the relatively high gate leakage current, which may cause extra noise and reliability problems. In this report, we present a technology which reproducibly reduces gate leakage by two orders without introducing any negative effect on the device performance.
Cyclic thermomechanical behavior of a polycrystalline pseudoelastic shape memory alloy

Abstract In this work, 3D finite element modeling is employed to examine the thermomechanical behavior of a polycrystalline Ni–Ti shape memory alloy in the pseudoelastic regime. It is shown that the tension-compression asymmetry during uniaxial cyclic loading is due to a preferred orientation of the crystallographic texture. In pure shear loading, the thermomechanical behavior exhibits symmetry in both senses of shear, due to the fiber texture of the specimen bar stock. It is also shown that the apparent strain rate-dependence is due to thermomechanical coupling with latent heat generation/absorption during phase transformation.
Terrorism and Chemical Security: Small Quantities of Chemicals of Interest

This article examines the threat posed to the general public by small quantities of chemical agents or chemicals of interest. While not of military significance, such chemicals may be of potential interest to nonstate actors and terrorists. I offer a review of historical events involving small quantities of chemical agents and assess the risks associated with the potential use of such small quantities including types of chemicals, range of their quantities, and the capabilities needed for their acquisition and use. I conclude with recommendations on how the threat of small quantities could be addressed in the future.
USM3D Predictions of Supersonic Nozzle Flow

This study focused on the NASA Tetrahedral Unstructured Software System CFD code (USM3D) capability to predict supersonic plume flow. Previous studies, published in 2004 and 2009, investigated USM3D's results versus historical experimental data. This current study continued that comparison however focusing on the use of the volume souring to capture the shear layers and internal shock structure of the plume. This study was conducted using two benchmark axisymmetric supersonic jet experimental data sets. The study showed that with the use of volume sourcing, USM3D was able to capture and model a jet plume's shear layer and internal shock structure.
Psychosocial issues associated with increased breast and ovarian cancer risk: Findings from focus groups

The advent of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility has raised concurrent psychosocial issues. Within the context of limited health care resources, the ability to identify a subgroup of women who are at increased genetic risk for breast and ovarian cancers and who are also vulnerable to significant psychosocial sequelae is critical. Use of a focus group methodology substantiated the notion that there are factors that may predispose certain women who are at increased risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer to sustained psychosocial problems. In this era of rapid scientific strides coupled with efforts to contain health care costs, it is imperative that screening instruments be developed that can identify women who are at risk for significant psychosocial sequelae so that interventions can be instituted in a timely fashion.
Electrosorption of ions from aqueous solutions by nanostructured carbon aerogel.

Abstract Electrosorption is generally defined as potential-induced adsorption on the surface of charged electrodes. After polarization of the electrodes, ions are removed from the electrolyte solution by the imposed electric field and adsorbed onto the surface of the electrodes. Experimental and modeling studies were conducted using two types of carbon aerogel composites of different surface areas to provide a better understanding on the mechanisms of electrosorption. The experimental results revealed that no significant specific adsorption of F− ions occurred, while strong specific adsorption was observed for NO3− and Cu2+ ions. In addition, although the two types of carbon aerogel electrodes had different surface areas, their capacities were found to be very similar because of the electrical double-layer overlapping effect in micropores. An electrical double-layer model developed in our previous work (16), in which the electrical double-layer overlapping correction is included, is expanded in the present work by considering the effect of the specific adsorption on the electrosorption process. Modeling results were compared with experimental data obtained under various conditions. When the overlapping effect and specific adsorption were considered, the model provided results that were in good agreement with experimental data.
Magnetic coupling in flight magnetoaerodynamics.

Flight control magnetic source interaction with ionized gas induced by bow shock ahead of blunt body in hypersonic flow
The Dynamics of Symmetric Bimodal Maps

The dynamics and bifurcations of a family of odd, symmetric, bimodal maps, fα are discussed. We show that for a large class of parameter values the dynamics of fα can be described via an identification with a unimodal map uα. In this parameter regime, a periodic orbit of period 2n + 1 of uα corresponds to a periodic orbit of period 4n + 2 for fα. A periodic orbit of period 2n of uα corresponds to a pair of distinct periodic orbits also of period 2n for fα. In a more general setting we describe the genealogy of periodic orbits in the family fα using symbolic dynamics and kneading theory. We identify which periodic orbits of even periods are born in period-doubling bifurcations and which are born in pitchfork bifurcations and provide a method of describing the "ancestors" and "descendants" of these orbits. We also show that certain periodic orbits of odd periods are born in saddle-node bifurcations.
Demarcating the boundaries between self and the social: The anatomy of centrality in social networks

The conceptualization and quantification of centrality has been a major focus in modern network analysis. Mizruchi et al. (1986) have recently pointed out that a conceptual and formal distinction between reflected and derived centrality is germane to the understanding of network organization in many substantive contexts, e.g. business power structure and the emergence of social movement. The present paper offers a critique of Mizruchi et al.'s (1986) solution to the problem and provides a novel alternative that takes all possible reflection and derivation of centrality into account. The problem of interpretation is extensively discussed.
Gender discrimination and education in West Africa: strategies for maintaining girls in school

Girls’ enrolment in primary schools has achieved significant increase and parity with male enrolment in many countries in Africa since the 1960s. Some of these countries include Botswana, Namibia a...
More “C” Please: Commentary on Arch and Craske's (2011) “Addressing Relapse in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder”

Abstract Comments are offered to clarify the learning model proposed by Arch and Craske (2011) based on extensive clinical experience with the CBT model for treating panic disorder developed by Barlow and Craske (1990) . Suggestions are made regarding treatment targets and several cases are offered as examples of how choice of treatment target can make a significant difference when panic appears refractory.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Biomass Yield and Quality in Large Fields of Established Switchgrass in Southern Iowa, USA

Abstract Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) is a potential biofuel crop in the midwestern United States. The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of nitrogen application on biomass dry matter yield and fiber and mineral concentrations in large field plots in Lucas and Wayne counties in southern Iowa. Two established switchgrass fields with a previous history of limited management were evaluated from 1998 through 2002. Nitrogen was applied in the spring at rates of 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha −1 , and a single biomass harvest was made in autumn. Biomass production averaged across locations and N levels increased by 3.6 mg ha −1 between 1998 and 2002 to 6.5 mg ha −1 . Nitrogen improved yields, with the response declining as N levels increased. The highest yield throughout the experiment was 8.5 mg ha −1 at the Lucas location in 2002. Changes in fiber and mineral concentrations did not follow any trend over years but were likely due to differences in harvest date among years. Nitrogen fertilization had no meaningful effect on the quality of the biofuel produced. This study clearly shows that nitrogen application and proper agronomic management can substantially increase the yield of established switchgrass fields over time without affecting the quality of the feedstock. As this experiment was conducted in large plots using commercial farm machinery, the results should be broadly applicable to real world situations.
Aromatic side-chain contributions to the far ultraviolet circular dichroism of peptides and proteins

The rotational strength of the La transition in phenylalanine and tyrosine side chains has been calculated for dipeptides with various backbone and side-chain conformations. Similar calculations have also been performed for tripeptides in the β-turn conformation with aromatic residues at the corners of the turn. The interaction of the aromatic ring with neighboring peptides generates rotational strengths in the La transition of the order of 0.1 Debye-Bohr magneton. When the preferred backbone and side-chain conformations are considered, it is found that the most probable conformations have positive La bonds. This result accounts for the observation that the N-acyl amino acid amides of L-Tyr and LPhe have positive La bands. It also suggests that, although other interactions may affect the numerical value and even the sign, there will be a significant positive contribution to the rotational strength of aromatic residues in globular proteins from nearest-neighbor interactions. Calculations on proteins of known conformation at the nearest-neighbor level confirm the tendency toward positive La contributions for Phe and Tyr residues. This contribution can be of the order of 10% of the observed CD even in proteins with rather strong amide contributions. In some proteins, such as the gene 5 protein from bacteriophage fd and many snake-venom toxins, side-chain contributions from Tyr and Trp residues manifest themselves as positive CD bands in the 225–250-nm region. The magnitude of the nearest-neighbor contributions and the trend toward positive contributions are consistent with the observation of such CD bands in globular proteins. No special stacking interaction among aromatic side chains needs to be invoked.
P/2006 HR30 (Siding Spring): A Low-Activity Comet in Near-Earth Space

The low cometary activity of P/2006 HR30 (Siding Spring) allowed a unique opportunity to study the nucleus of a periodic comet while near perihelion. P/2006 HR30 was originally targeted as a potential extinct comet, and we measured spectral reflectance and dust production using long-slit CCD spectroscopy and wide-field imaging obtained at the Palomar Mountain 200 inch telescope on 2006 August 3 and 4. The dust production Afp = 19.7 +/- 0.4 cm and mass-loss rate Q(dust) 4.1 +/- 0.1 kg/sec of the comet were approximately 2 orders of magnitude dust less than 1P/Halley at similar heliocentric distance. The VRI colors derived from the spectral reflectance were compared to Kuiper Belt objects, Centaurs, and other cometary nuclei. We found that the spectrum of P/2006 HR30 was consistent with other comets. However, the outer solar system bodies have a color distribution statistically distinct from cometary nuclei. It is our conjecture that cometary activity, most likely the reaccretion of ejected cometary dust, tends to moderate and mute the visible colors of the surface of cometary nuclei.
Current state of endoscopic therapies in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer.

AbstractBarrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition that predisposes patients to esophageal adenocarcinoma. This risk increases with increasing dysplasia, especially in patients with BE and high-grade dysplasia. Radical esophagectomy had long been the only option for these patients; however, it has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic therapies have been increasingly used as an alternative to radical esophagectomy given the minimally invasive nature and tolerability of the procedure relative to surgery. Currently, the most widely used endoscopic therapies include endoscopic mucosal resection, photodynamic therapy, CryoSpray ablation, and radiofrequency ablation. Retrospective and prospective studies on the use of each of these modalities in patients with nondysplastic BE, dysplastic BE, and early esophageal cancer have demonstrated their effectiveness in eradication of dysplasia with or without reversion of Barrett's epithelium to normal squamous epithelium of the ...
A novel I-RTD based optically-pulsed hybrid device for generating THz oscillations

The double-barrier AlGaSb/InAs/AlGaSb heterostructure with staggered bandgap alignment can admit significant interband tunneling current in addition to the conduction band electron transport. The resulting positive hole-charge accumulation in the right valence-band (VB) well will electrostatically modify the spatial potential profile across the device structure, thereby effectively altering the conduction of conduction-band electron transport. A sequentially triggered optical discharging process can be used to annihilate, or substantially reduce, the trapped holes that are generated from the interband tunneling process. Hence, an artificially induced electro-optic interaction can be used to return the device to its initial state and to produce a two-cycle oscillation process - i.e., one with a interband-induced charging transient followed by a optically-induced discharging transient to the initial state. These charging-discharging cycles obtained from this hybrid type of interband resonant-tunneling-diode (I-RTD) device constitute steady-state oscillatory behavior at very high frequency and produce alternating-current (ac) power as long as very short (i.e., sub-picosecond) and intense far-infrared laser pulses are presented to the diode. Initial studies of non-optimized structures and designs predict impressive figures of merit for oscillation frequencies (e.g., - 300-600 GHz) and substantial output powers (e.g., ∼ 10 mW) for very modest device areas (i.e., 100 μm 2 ). This paper will present physics-based I-RTD diode simulation results to precisely describe transport dynamics and transient electric current for both charging (initiated by Zener tunneling) and discharging (artificially induced by photons flux) processes. A basic electro-optical design concept and modeling approach for the analysis and synthesis of non-linear hybrid I-RTD circuits will also be presented. The main objectives of this paper are: (1) to perform a detailed assessment of the ac output power and efficiency of an optically-triggered (OT) I-RTD hybrid oscillator in the frequency range approximately 300 to 600 GHz, and (2) to prescribe the general requirements for realizing a diode-laser pair upon a single solid-state platform in the future. Therefore, guidelines for a practical engineering implementation and performance estimates for an OT-I-RTD hybrid oscillator design will be presented.
Reflections on the Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Bypass

The concept of cardiopulmonary bypass is more than a century old. Although the first clinical application occurred in 1953, there were great deficits in knowledge and materials that had to be overcome before we could achieve the outcomes of cardiac surgery that we have today.
“Reconstructed, but unregenerate”: I'll take my stand's rhetorical vision of progress

I'll Take My Stand, published in 1930, remains one of the most important works of social criticism in American history. The book's intellectual support of agrarianism and Southern identity distinguish it from other attacks upon industrialism in the twentieth century. The failure of I'll Take My Stand to reshape the terms of political debate in the 1930s is best explained by studying the book's rhetorical attempt to reconstruct America's technological vision of progress. By analyzing how the progress appeal functioned as an ideograph, and how the Agrarians sought to replace a technological vision of progress with an agrarian vision, this paper helps reconcile I'll Take My Stand's rhetorical failure in the 1930s with its significance in later decades.
Observation of transitions in lithiumlike germanium

Transitions of the type n = 2-2, n = 2-3 and n = 3-4 in Li-like Ge(29+) have been observed in the spectrum from a laser-produced plasma. The energy levels and ionization energy of Ge(29+) were derived from the observed wavelengths. The wavelength of the 2s 2S1/2-2p 2P3/2 transition is sufficiently accurate to determine the quantum-electrodynamic contribution to the transition energy.
Alignment of nematic liquid crystals using carbon nanotube films

Single-walled carbon nanotube bundles were deposited onto glass substrates with controlled nanotube orientation by two methods, self-assembly and dip-coating, generating dense and sparse carbon nanotube films, respectively. The carbon nanotube films were used to fabricate optical cells in which planar alignment of nematic liquid crystals is achieved. This configuration was amenable to electric-field-induced switching as verified by transmitted polarized light microscopy.
Consequences of AhR Activation in Steady-State Dendritic Cells

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the prototypical aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand and a potent immunotoxicant. However, the mechanisms underlying TCDD-induced immunomodulation remain to be defined. Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that constitutively express the AhR and are sensitive to TCDD-induced AhR activation. We hypothesized that AhRactivationaltersthedifferentiationandfunctionofsteady-state bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). To test this hypothesis, steady-state BMDCs from C57BL/6 mice were grown in the presence of TCDD or vehicle. TCDD-treated steady-state BMDCs (TCDD-BMDCs) displayed decreased expression of CD11c and CD11a, whereas increasing the frequency of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD86, CD80, and CD54. Similar phenotypic alterations were observed with the AhR ligands 6formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole and 2-(1H-indole-3#-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (ITE). TCDD-BMDCs from AhR 2/2 mice were refractory to TCDD-induced surface marker alterations, whereas TCDD-BMDCs from AhR dbd/dbd mice displayed similar phenotypic alterations as AhR 1/1 TCDD-BMDCs. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG), or Imiquimod stimulation, TCDD-BMDCs secreted less interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IL-10, and IL-12. TCDD alsoalteredNF-kB familymember‐bindingactivity inunstimulated and LPS- or CpG-stimulated steady-state BMDCs. The internalization of the soluble antigens, ovalbumin, and acetylated low-density lipoproteinwasdecreased,whereasinternalizationoflatexbeadswas increased in TCDD-BMDCs when compared with vehicle-BMDCs. TCDD-BMDCs displayed increased messenger RNA expression of the regulatory gene IDO2 and following LPS stimulation upregulated IDO1, IDO2, TGFb1, and TGFb3 gene expression. Additionally, TCDD-BMDCs increased the generation of CD4 1 CD25 1 FoxP3 1 Tregs in vitro in an IDO-dependent fashion. However,