cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging X-ray spectrophotometers

A new instrument which combines the good energy resolution of the gas scintillation proportional counter with the high position resolution of the microchannel plate is proposed. A study of the factors which determine the combined energy and position resolution of the new instrument is discussed. Submillimeter position resolution along with good energy resolution (8% fwhm at 6 keV) should be achievable.
Forge++: The Changing Landscape of FLOSS Development

Software forges are centralized online systems that provide useful tools to help distributed development teams work together, especially in free, libre, and open source software (FLOSS). Forge-provided tools may include web space, version control systems, mailing lists and communication forums, bug tracking systems, file downloads, wikis, and the like. Empirical software engineering researchers can mine the artifacts from these tools to better understand how FLOSS is made. As the landscape of distributed software development has grown and changed, the tools needed to make FLOSS have changed as well. There are three newer tools at the center of FLOSS development today: distributed version control based forges (like Github), programmer question-and-answer communities (like Stack Overflow), and paste bin tools (like Gist or Pastebin.com). These tools are extending and changing the toolset used for FLOSS development, and redefining what a software forge looks like. The main contributions of this paper are to describe each of these tools, to identify the data and artifacts available for mining from these tools, and to outline some of the ways researchers can use these artifacts to continue to understand how FLOSS is made.
Reproducing kernel bounds for an advanced wavelet frame via the theta function

Abstract This work presents an analysis of the reproducing kernel K ( p ) associated to a class of wavelets K ( p ) derived from the theory of multiplicatively advanced differential equations. These kernels K ( p ) are expressible in terms of a family of new wavelets f k ( t ) , which are generated by two fundamental wavelets Cos q ( t ) and Sin q ( t ) , all of which satisfy multiplicatively q-advanced perturbations of the second-order equation of the harmonic oscillator f ″ ( t ) = − f ( t ) . As the parameter q → 1 + , Cos q ( t ) and Sin q ( t ) approach cos ( t ) and sin ( t ) uniformly, respectively, on compact subsets of R . Decay rates for K ( p ) as q → ∞ are given, refining the understanding of the associated frame operator S, and providing for efficiency in inversion of S.
Semiconductor-To-Metal Transitions in Transition-Metal Compounds

The theory presented in a previous paper is applied to the transition-metal compounds which are known to exhibit semiconductor-to-metal transitions. In particular, the predictions of the theory are compared with the experimental results of Feinleib and Paul on ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Very good agreement is obtained for the magnitude of the energy gap and for its pressure and stress coefficients. The theory appears to be consistent with the available data on the other oxides of vanadium and titanium as well. Band models for all of these compounds are suggested. The effects of spin-disorder scattering and broadening, polaron formation, and non-stoichiometry are considered quantitatively.
The architecture of transportation systems

Abstract Development of new technologies for vehicle control and wireless communication will make automated transportation increasingly common over the next decade. As these technologies evolve, fundamental changes will occur in transportation system design. Within this paper, a framework, based on the following four elements, is presented for guiding these changes. 1. (a) A vehicle/guideway/terminal/ coordinator classification of transportation entities, and a sensor/intelligence/memory/transmitter/ actuator classification of devices; 2. (b) Functional residence of actuators; 3. (c) Communication media and “illocutionary point” of messages; 4. (d) Degree of coordination, residence of control functions and topology. Examples applications are provided for intelligent transportation systems. However, the framework is meant to apply to all forms of transportation and material handling.
Nonlinear oscillations in physical systems

Nonlinear oscillating systems are generally analyzed by approximation methods which involve some sort of linearization. These replace an actual nonlinear system with a so-called “equivalent” linear system and employ averaging which is not generally valid. While the linearizations commonly used are adequate in some cases, they may be grossly inadequate in others since essentially new phenomena can occur in nonlinear systems which cannot occur in linear systems. Thus, correct solution of a nonlinear system is much more significant a matter than simply getting more accuracy when we solve the nonlinear system rather than a linearized approximation. If we want to know how a physical system behaves, it is essential to retain the nonlinearity for complete understanding of behavior despite the convenience of linearity and superposition. Physical problems are nonlinear; linearity is a special case just as a deterministic system is a special case of a stochastic system. In a linear system, cause and effect are proportional. Such a linear relation sometimes occurs but is the exception rather than the rule. The general case is nonlinear and may be stochastic as well. In such cases, it is natural to make limiting assumptions—which is not always justified. Using decomposition, these become unnecessary even for the strongly nonlinear case and the case of stochastic (large fluctuation) behavior, as well as in the cases where perturbation would be applicable or in the linear and/or deterministic limits. “Smallness” assumptions, linearized models, or assumption of sometimes physically unrealistic processes may result, of course, in mathematical simplicity but again may not be justified in all circumstances.
Comparison of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and acetanilide 4-hydroxylase induction by polycyclic aromatic compounds in human and mouse cell lines.

Abstract The human MCF-7 and the mouse Hepa-1 cell culture lines were compared for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and acetanilide 4-hydroxylase inducibility by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxine (TCDD) and benzo[a]anthracene (BA) and TCDD- and BA-specific in cytosol and nucleus. The effective concentration of BA in the growth medium required to induce either enzyme to 50% of its maximally inducible activity ( ec 50) was the same (5–11 μM) in both MCF-7 and Hepa-1 cells. On the other hand, the ec 50 for TCDD in MCF-7 cells (5–11 μM) in both MCF-7 and Hepa-1 cells. On the Hepa-1 cells (0.4 to 0.6 nM). P1-450-specific mouse cDNA probes were used to quantitate mRNA induction in the Hepa-1 cell line. P1-450 mRNA was induced markedly by TCDD and benzo[a]athracene, whereas P3-450 mRNA was induced negligibly. A P1-450-specific human cDNA probe was used to quantitate P1-450 mRNA induction in the MCF-7 cell line. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility by TCDD or BA always paralleled P1-450 mRNA inducibility in either the mouse or human line. Although the cytosolic Ah receptor in Hepa-1 cells was easily detected by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, gel permeation chromatography, and anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, the cytosolic receptor cannot be detected in MCF-7 cells. Following in vivo exposure of cultures to radiolabeled TCDD, the intranuclear concentration of inducer-receptor complex was at least fifty times greater in Hepa-1 than MCF-7 cultures. The complete lack of measurable cytosolic receptor and almost totally absent inducer-receptor complex in the nucleus of MCF-7 cells was, therefore, out of proportion to its capacity for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and acetanilide 4-hydroxylase inducibility. This MCF-7 line should provide an interesting model for a better understanding of the mechanisms of drug-metabolizing enzyme induction by polycyclic aromatic compounds, including the Ah receptor-mediated mechanism.
Sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii lack dense-granule protein GRA3 and form a unique parasitophorous vacuole

Abstract The invasion of host cells by sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii leads to the formation of parasitophorous vacuoles that are distinctly different from those surrounding tachyzoites. In sporozoite-infected cells, the fluid-filled space surrounding the sporozoite is many times larger in volume than the sporozoite, essentially lacks granular or tubular structures, and has no detectable continuous parasitophorous vacuolar membrane when prepared by conventional electron microscopic methods. Consistent with the ultrastructural differences, dense-granule protein GRA3, which associates with the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane of tachyzoites, was not detected by indirect immunofluorescence in sporozoite-infected cells 2–12 h post-inoculation or by Western blot analysis of sporozoite extracts. Western blots incubated with theαROP/DG antiserum, which recognizes tachyzoite rhoptry and dense-granule proteins, revealed numerous other antigenic differences between sporozoites and tachyzoites. Cell cultures inoculated with sporozoites were monitored at various intervals for the expression of GRA3 and the developmentally-regulated tachyzoite surface protein SAG1. Expression of SAG1 and GRA3 was first observed in 30% of the sporozoite-infected cells at 12 and 15 h post-inoculation, respectively, and in all intracellular parasites at 24 h. Parasite replication was only observed in sporozoite-infected cells that were positive for GRA3 and SAG1. Thus, these data indicate that sporozoites and their interaction with host cells differ substantially from tachyzoites and the expression of tachyzoite-specific proteins is likely required for parasite replication.
Diffusional losses in particle sampling systems containing bends and elbows

Classical theoretical treatments for diffusional deposition of particles in tube flow describe the losses within straight tubes. The plumbing in many systems of practical interest, notably aerosol instruments, consists of short segments of tubing connected by elbows, bends, and other disturbances. To understand the particle losses in such systems, particle losses in tube flows containing bends and elbows has been studied for Reynolds numbers ranging from 80 to 950. Monodisperse aerosol of 5–15 nm diameter particles passed through individual bends or elbows, and through a number of bends or elbows in series. The results show that the effect of bends and elbows on particle diffusion loss is significant. For a flow configuration with four elbows in series, the penetration efficiency drops as much as 44% when compared to a straight tube with the same length. For Reynolds number smaller than 250, the enhancement of diffusion losses due to bends and elbows is sensitive to both the relative orientations of the bends and elbows and the lengths of straight tubing between them. Because of this sensitivity, direct calibration or simulation is required to assess nanoparticle penetration efficiencies for any flow system containing bends or elbows at low Reynolds number. When the Reynolds number exceeds 250, the enhancement is insensitive to the actual flow configurations. Experimental results are presented, which may be useful for design of aerosol flow systems at Reynolds number larger than 250.
Tracing the Evolution of Lineage-Specific Transcription Factor Binding Sites in a Birth-Death Framework

Changes in cis-regulatory element composition that result in novel patterns of gene expression are thought to be a major contributor to the evolution of lineage-specific traits. Although transcription factor binding events show substantial variation across species, most computational approaches to study regulatory elements focus primarily upon highly conserved sites, and rely heavily upon multiple sequence alignments. However, sequence conservation based approaches have limited ability to detect lineage-specific elements that could contribute to species-specific traits. In this paper, we describe a novel framework that utilizes a birth-death model to trace the evolution of lineage-specific binding sites without relying on detailed base-by-base cross-species alignments. Our model was applied to analyze the evolution of binding sites based on the ChIP-seq data for six transcription factors (GATA1, SOX2, CTCF, MYC, MAX, ETS1) along the lineage toward human after human-mouse common ancestor. We estimate that a substantial fraction of binding sites (∼58-79% for each factor) in humans have origins since the divergence with mouse. Over 15% of all binding sites are unique to hominids. Such elements are often enriched near genes associated with specific pathways, and harbor more common SNPs than older binding sites in the human genome. These results support the ability of our method to identify lineage-specific regulatory elements and help understand their roles in shaping variation in gene regulation across species.
Assessment of smoking topography generalization across laboratory, clinical, and naturalistic settings

Abstract A three-study series was conducted to examine smoking topography across clinical, laboratory, and naturalistic settings for 24 smokers who were patients in an alcohol treatment program. Experiments I and 2 included surreptitious observation of smoking in group therapy sessions (naturalistic), and obtrusive observation of smoking in a smoking clinic setting. The third study added a laboratory smoking condition to the clinic and group conditions. Puffing patterns in clinical and laboratory settings tended to be similar, and both differed from smoking in the naturalistic setting. Subjects generally took more puffs, longer puffs, and had shorter cigarette durations in clinical and laboratory settings than in the naturalistic setting. The implications of these findings for assessment of intake and health risk are discussed.
Velocity Effects on Robotic Manipulator Dynamic Performance

This article explores the effect that velocities have on a nonredundant robotic manipulator 's ability to accelerate its end-effector, as well as to apply forces/moments to the environment at the end-effector. This work considers velocity forces, including Coriolis forces, and the reduction of actuator torque with rotor velocity described by the speed-torque curve. at a particular configuration of a manipulator. The focus here is on nonredundant manipulators with as many actuators as degrees-of-freedom. Analysis of the velocity forces is accomplished using optimization techniques, where the optimization problem consists of an objective function and constraints which are all purely quadratic forms, yielding a nonconvex problem. Dialytic elimination is used to find the globally optimal solution to this problem. The proposed method does not use iterative numerical optimization methods. The PUMA 560 manipulator is used as an example to illustrate this methodology. The methodology provides an analytical analysis of the velocity forces which insures that the globally optimal solution to the associated optimization problem is found.
Microcalorimetry, Fluorescence, and Fractionation Study of Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Stability and Heterogeneity Implications

The enzyme, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, was examined by differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy. As indicated by the magnitude of the temperature at which the heat effect due to unfolding is maximal, and the temperature range over which unfolding occurs, the yeast enzyme appears to be less stable than its horse liver counterpart. Additionally, altering the pH from 6.0 appears destabilize the enzyme. The spectral shift in maximal emission wavelength that accompanies an alteration in pH suggests that structural changes occur at extreme values of acid and alkaline pH. When slow scan rate experiments were performed, two separate heat effects could be resolved. The results of our and prior fractionation work indicate that the two heat effects are likely due to two molecular species, and not domains within the YADH molecule.
Clinical Features and Treatment Outcome of Hispanic Men With Prostate Cancer Following External Beam Radiotherapy

ABSTRACTPurpose: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of Hispanic men compared with other groups who underwent radiotherapy alone for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Between April 1987 and January 1998, 964 men who underwent full dose external beam radiotherapy alone for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer were included in the study. Patient medical records were reviewed for pertinent information.Results: Of the 964 men 810 were nonHispanic white, 54 were Hispanic and 86 were black Americans. The most significant difference among the groups was in the proportion of patients who presented with initial prostate specific antigen (PSA) greater than 20 ng/ml (22% of Hispanic vs 11% of white men, p = 0.0012). In addition, 17% of Hispanic men had a Gleason score of 8 or greater compared with 11% of white men (p = 0.0265). A greater proportion of Hispanic patients also had a less favorable posttreatment PSA nadir of greater than 1 ng/...
An exact calculation of crystal growth rates under conditions of constant cooling rate

Abstract The problem of crystal growth under conditions of constant cooling rate is solved. The solution is exact in the sense that the full Arrhenius form of the liquidus curve is used. Ths solution is compared to Minden's approximate treatment. The approximate result applies only for short values of the time or when the heat of solution is large with respect to the initial thermal energy. Experimental tests of the growth kinetics are emphasized.
Integrin αβ1, αvβ, α6β effectors p130Cas, Src and talin regulate carcinoma invasion and chemoresistance.

Ligand engagement by integrins induces receptor clustering and formation of complexes at the integrin cytoplasmic face that controls cell signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics critical for adhesion-dependent processes. This study searches for a subset of integrin effectors that coordinates both tumor cell invasion and resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin in oral carcinomas. Candidate integrin effectors were identified in a proteomics screen of proteins recruited to clustered integrin αβ1, αvβ or α6β receptors in oral carcinomas. Proteins with diverse functions including microtubule and actin binding proteins, and factors involved in trafficking, transcription and translation were identified in oral carcinoma integrin complexes. Knockdown of effectors in the oral carcinoma HN12 cells revealed that p130Cas, Dek, Src and talin were required for invasion through Matrigel. Disruption of talin or p130Cas by RNA interference increased resistance to cisplatin, whereas targeting Dek, Src or zyxin reduced HN12 resistance to cisplatin. Analysis of the spreading of HN12 cells on collagen I and laminin I revealed that a decrease in p130Cas or talin expression inhibited spreading on both matrices. Interestingly, a reduction in zyxin expression enhanced spreading on laminin I and inhibited spreading on collagen I. Reduction of Dek, Src, talin or zyxin expression reduced HN12 proliferation by 30%. Proliferation was not affected by a reduction in p130Cas expression. We conclude that p130Cas, Src and talin function in both oral carcinoma invasion and resistance to cisplatin.
Conditionally lethal mutations in Chinese hamster cells. I. Isolation of a temperature-sensitive line and its investigation by cell cycle studies.

The isolation of a temperature sensitive cell line from the Chinese hamster line CCL39 of the American Type Culture Collection is described. At the nonpermissive temperature (39°C) the cells become attached to the surface of tissue culture dishes, but no microscopically observable colonies are formed upon prolonged incubation. Exposure to the high temperature for more than 24 hours leads to an almost complete loss in viability. A karyotypic analysis showed that this new line has lost one of the medium-sized metacentric chromosomes, although no proof is available so far to show that this loss is not simply coincidental. In nonsynchronized cultures transferred to 39°C DNA synthesis stops first, RNA synthesis shortly thereafter, while protein synthesis (turnover) continues for a longer time. After such a shift the cell number increases by less than 15% as measured with the Coulter counter. Studies with synchronized cultures give the following results: (1) one round of DNA synthesis can occur at 39°C when the cells are released from serum starvation or a hydroxyurea block, or when mitotic cells are placed at 39°C; (2) the entry of cells into metaphase of mitosis at 39°C is almost normal when the preceding time interval at 39°C is only eight hours (release of cells from G1/S boundary), but considerably reduced when the cells spend an additional 12 to 15 hours at 39°C in G1 (release from serum starvation). Infection by SV40 virus temporarily induces DNA synthesis after it has come to a stop at the nonpermissive temperature, but cells permanently transformed by SV40 still exhibit the temperature-sensitive phenotype.
Process Concepts and Cognitive Obstacles to Change: Perspectives on the History of Science and Science Policy

Our recent research, much of it conducted with Hanne Andersen of Aarhus University in Denmark, has developed an approach to conceptual change in the history of science based on theories of concepts created by cognitive psychologists (Andersen, Barker, Chen, 2006). By using an empirical theory our work stands apart from that of most philosophers and historians of science, with the conspicuous exceptions of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Thomas S. Kuhn. The theories we have adopted are in fact direct empirical vindications of the accounts of concepts offered by Wittgenstein and Kuhn (Barker, Chen, Andersen, 2002). In the present paper we sketch our general position and indicate some of the cases to which it has been successfully applied. Perhaps the most consequential result of our earlier work was the recognition that the cases we had treated successfully all employed a single type of conceptual structure, called an object concept. But one of the main cases we considered, Kepler’s innovations in astronomy, could only be adequately analyzed using a second and distinct type of conceptual structure known as a process concept. After introducing these ideas, we indicate their possible application to episodes from the history of science that we have not yet explored, including cognitive obstacles to the acceptance of Darwinism and climate change. We therefore offer these techniques as both a perspective on history and an approach to contemporary problems in public policy connected with science.
Effects of Oviposition on Remating, Response to Pheromones, and Longevity in the Female Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Female Caribbean fruit flies with oviposition opportunities remate frequently, two-thirds of them after 1 wk and approximately one-third every subsequent week. Those with limited chances to oviposit remate less frequently, and about half of them mate only once during their lifetime. Ovipositing females regain receptivity to male-produced pheromones within a week, unlike nonlaying females. Mortality rates also are higher for egglaying females.
Gauge-invariant response functions of fermions coupled to a gauge field.

We study a model of fermions interacting with a gauge field and calculate gauge-invariant two-particle Green's functions or response functions. The leading singular contributions from the self-energy correction are found to be cancelled by those from the vertex correction for small $q$ and $\Omega$. As a result, the remaining contributions are not singular enough to change the leading order results of the random phase approximation. It is also shown that the gauge field propagator is not renormalized up to two-loop order. We examine the resulting gauge-invariant two-particle Green's functions for small $q$ and $\Omega$, but for all ratios of $\Omega / v_F q$ and we conclude that they can be described by Fermi liquid forms without a diverging effective mass.
Small molecule activators of the Trk receptors for neuroprotection

The neurotophin signaling network is critical to the development and survival of many neuronal populations. Especially sensitive to imbalances in the neurotrophin system, cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are progressively lost in Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic use of neurotrophins to prevent this loss is hampered, however, by a number of pharmacological challenges. These include a lack of transport across the blood-brain barrier, rapid degradation in the circulation, and difficulty in production. In this review we discuss the evidence supporting the neurotrophin system's role in preventing neurodegeneration and survey some of the pharmacological strategies being pursued to develop effective therapeutics targeting neurotrophin function.
The NLM Evaluation Lecture Series: Introduction to the Special Section on Evaluating Health Communication Programs

This article introduces the Journal of Health Communication's special section, Evaluating Health Communication Programs. This special section is based on a public lecture series supported by the National Library of Medicine titled “Better Health: Evaluating Health Communication Programs” designed to share best practices for using evaluation research to develop, implement, refine, and institutionalize the best health communication programs for promoting public health. This introduction provides an overview to the series, summarizes the major presentations in the series, and describe implications from the series for translational health communication research, interventions, and programs that can enhance health outcomes.
Atom transfer radical dispersion polymerization of styrene in ethanol

An atom transfer radical dispersion polymerization of styrene in ethanol was successfully carried out with the formation of uniform sized particles. This was accomplished by using a “two-stage” polymerization technique, in which the first stage involves a standard free radical polymerization and the second a controlled/living radical polymerization. The required nucleation stage was completed in a relatively short period, and therefore particles with uniform size were achieved. The particles contained polymers with molecular weight ∼20 000 g/mol and relatively low polydispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.4−1.8, compared with Mw/Mn = 4−5 from conventional dispersion polymerization), indicating a high fraction of retained chain-end functionality which can be readily employed for further modification of the particles. Monodisperse cross-linked polystyrene particles were also synthesized using the same technique; these particles were successfully chain-extended with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, thereby modifying the surface...
A new species of Scolecoseps (Reptilia: Scincidae) from southeastern Tanzania

A specimen of Scolecoseps from Litipo Forest in southeastern Tanzania is compared with previously recorded material and described as a new species, S. litipoensis, which shows affinities with the forest-dwelling genus Melanoseps. The type species of the genus, S. boulengeri, is considered to be a derived form which has moved into a savanna habitat. The status of S. acontias remains uncertain due to the inadequate description and destruction of the type specimen.
Understanding Practical Catalysts Using a Surface Science Approach: The Importance of Strong Interaction between BaO and Al2O3 in NOx Storage Materials

The interaction of NO2 with BaO/Al2O3/NiAl(110) model NOx storage materials was investigated at BaO coverages corresponding to practical systems. The results obtained from these model systems show excellent correlation with those of practical systems. We found a specific, strong interaction between BaO and Al2O3, and this interaction profoundly influences the NOx chemistry. BaO readily forms a Ba−aluminate-like surface phase, and upon the interaction with NO2, Ba ions are pulled out from this surface layer to form Ba(NO3)2 clusters.
Pilot study to determine interest of adult civilian dependents of active duty military personnel in participation in a weight control program.

ABSTRACT Adult civilian dependents of active duty military personnel (ADMP) may play a central role in influencing the home food environment and the risk of overweight and obesity in American Warfighters and military families. However, there is no information on whether this group would be receptive to weight control programs. We conducted a survey to determine the level of interest of adult civilian dependents of ADMP in participating in a group weight control program. Subjects were a convenience sample of 191 adult civilian dependents of ADMP (94% women, 6% men) based in Massachusetts and aged 33.8 ± 8.4 years, body mass index 25.5 ± 5.5 kg/m2. Overall, there was a significant effect of body mass index on interest in program participation (p = 0.004). Eighty five percent of overweight participants and 100% of obese participants reported being Moderately Likely or Very Likely to participate in a provided weight control program. In overweight and obese survey respondents there was no significant effect of...
Implementing a Software Based User Access System in a Core Analytical Lab: Benefits and Challenges

Abstract: The management of a university analytical lab has many facets. From billing, tool reservations, maintenance and performance metrics, there are many aspects best served by a software based package to assist in day to day operations. As lab instrumentation and usage grow, there is simply too much of the above mentioned information to track without some form of automated system to help improve efficiency. However, not all changes from an informal system are necessarily positive or quantifiable. Creating a sense of ownership and community is a critical part of any Core facility at a university: lab members must feel a sense that the lab is there to serve their needs and help them in every way possible with generating results to guide their research. There is a risk that users may feel alienated with an automated system. Here, a discussion of the move from an informal system, to the implementation of the software package Coral at the Micron™ Microscopy Core at the University of Utah is discussed. Examples of how to meet such challenges with a software based model are presented.
Leveraged Quality Assessment using Information Retrieval Techniques

The goal of this research is to apply language processing techniques to extend human judgment into situations where obtaining direct human judgment is impractical due to the volume of information that must be considered. On aspect of this is leveraged quality assessments, which can be used to evaluate third-party coded subsystems, to track quality across the versions of a program, to assess the compression effort (and subsequent cost) required to make a change, and to identify parts of a program in need of preventative maintenance. A description of the QALP tool, its output from just under two million lines of code, and an experiment aimed at evaluating the tools use in leveraged quality assessment are presented. Statistically significant results from this experiment validate the use of the QALP tool in human leverage quality assessment.
In Vitro Characterization of Late Steps of RNA Recombination in Turnip Crinkle Virus II. The Role of the Priming Stem and Flanking Sequences

Abstract Turnip crinkle carmovirus (TCV) has a uniquely high recombination frequency and nonrandom cross-over site distribution among the recombining TCV-associated satellite RNAs. Anin vitrosystem has been developed that includes a partially purified TCV replicase preparation (RdRp) and chimeric RNAs that resemble the putativein vivorecombination intermediates (Nagy, P. D., Zhang, C., and Simon, A. E.,EMBO J.17, 2392–2403, 1998). This system mimics the strand transfer and primer extension steps of recombination events. We characterize in detail three RNA factors that, in addition to the previously characterized motif1-hairpin, can influence the efficient generation of 3′-terminal extension products: (i) a primer binding region, termed the priming stem; (ii) a spacer region; and (iii) a U-rich sequence located 5′ of the motif1-hairpin. The priming stem is formed between the acceptor RNA and the nascent RNA synthesized from the donor RNA template in the recombinants. The stability and location of the priming stem relative to the motif1-hairpin can influence both the efficiency and initiation site of 3′-terminal extension. A short flexible spacer region between the motif1-hairpin and the priming stem can increase the efficiency of 3′-terminal extensions. A U-rich sequence 5′ of the motif1-hairpin facilitates 3′-terminal extensions and its function partly overlaps with that of the spacer region. These RNA factors may also affect the late steps of RNA recombination in TCV.
Towards a rAAV-based gene therapy for ADA-SCID: from ADA deficiency to current and future treatment strategies

Adenosine deaminase deficiency fosters a rare, devastating pediatric immune deficiency with concomitant opportunistic infections, metabolic anomalies and multiple organ system pathology. The standard of care for adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immune deficiency (ADA-SCID) includes enzyme replacement therapy or bone marrow transplantation. Gene therapies for ADA-SCID over nearly two decades have exclusively involved retroviral vectors targeted to lymphocytes and hematopoetic progenitors. These groundbreaking gene therapies represent a revolution in clinical medicine, but come with several challenges, including the risk of insertional mutagenesis. An alternative gene therapy for ADA-SCID may utilize recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors in vivo, with numerous target tissues, to foster ectopic expression and secretion of adenosine deaminase. This review endeavors to describe ADA-SCID, the traditional treatments, previous retroviral gene therapies, and primarily, alternative recombinant adeno-associated virus-based strategies to remedy this potentially fatal genetic disease.
Membrane Orientation of the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E5 Oncoprotein

The E5 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 is a small, hydrophobic protein that localizes predominantly to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To define the orientation of E5 in these membranes, we employed a differential, detergent permeabilization technique that makes use of the ability of low concentrations of digitonin to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane and saponin to permeabilize all cellular membranes. We then generated a biologically active E5 protein that was epitope tagged at both its N and C termini and determined the accessibility of these termini to antibodies in the presence and absence of detergents. In both COS cells and human ectocervical cells, the C terminus of E5 was exposed to the cytoplasm, whereas the N terminus was restricted to the lumen of the ER. Finally, the deletion of the E5 third transmembrane domain (and terminal hydrophilic amino acids) resulted in a protein with its C terminus in the ER lumen. Taken together, these topology findings are compatible with a model of E5 being a 3-pass transmembrane protein and with studies demonstrating its C terminus interacting with cytoplasmic proteins.
Surgery for inflammatory bowel disease

Despite the new and ever expanding array of medications for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there are still clear indications for operative management of IBD and its complications. We present an overview of indications, procedures, considerations, and controversies in the surgical therapy of IBD.
A DOE Set for Normalization-Based Extraction of Fill Impact on Capacitances

Metal fills, which are used to reduce metal thickness variations due to chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), increase the capacitances in a circuit. Although current extraction tools are accurate in handling grounded fills and regular interconnects, for floating fills, these tools are based on certain approximations, such as assuming that floating fills are grounded or each fill is merged with neighboring ones. To reduce such inaccuracies, the authors provide a design of experiments (DOE), which will be used in addition to what is available in the extraction tools for regular interconnects. Through the proposed DOE set, a design or mask house can generate normalized fill tables to remove the inaccuracies of the extraction tools in the presence of floating fills. The capacitance values are updated using these normalized fill tables. The proposed DOE enables extensive analyses of the fill impacts on coupling capacitances. The authors show through extensive 3D field solver simulations that the assumptions used in extractors result in significant inaccuracies. The authors present analyses of fill impacts for an example technology, and also provide analyses using the normalized fill tables to be used in the extraction flow for three different standard fill algorithms
Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism

Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878-1946) is popularly known as the “Lion of Munster” for his resolute opposition to Nazism, notably to Hitler's policy of euthanasia that was to cleanse Germany of the mentally retarded. Von Galen was the Bishop of Munster in Westphalia until he became a cardinal in 1946, shortly before his death. In the summer of 1941, he delivered three powerful sermons against euthanasia and the closing of monasteries. The sermons were secretly copied and distributed and also, much to the embarrassment of the Nazi regime, dropped as leaflets by the Royal Air Force over Germany. It is thanks to these sermons that Bishop von Galen has been widely recognized and indeed celebrated as a resister against National Socialism.
Performance comparison of location areas and reporting centers under aggregate movement behavior mobility models

Location management deals with how to track mobile users within the cellular network. It consists of two basic operations: location update and paging. The total location management cost is the sum of the location update cost and the paging cost. Location areas and reporting centers are two popular location management schemes. The motivation for the study is the observation that the location update cost difference between the reporting centers scheme and the location areas scheme is small whereas the paging cost in the reporting centers scheme is larger than that in the location areas scheme. The paper compares the performance of the location areas scheme and the reporting centers scheme under aggregate movement behavior mobility models by simulations. Simulation results show that the location areas scheme performs about the same as the reporting centers scheme in two extreme cases, that is, when a few cells or almost all cells are selected as the reporting cells. However, the location areas scheme outperforms the reporting centers scheme at the 100% confidence level with all call-to-mobility ratios when the reporting cells divide the whole service area into several regions.
Differential Regulation of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Activated Gene in Normal Human Tracheobronchial Epithelial and Lung Carcinoma Cells by Retinoids

In this study, we analyze the effect of several retinoids on the expression of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) in normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells and several lung carcinoma cell lines. The retinoid 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (AHPN) greatly enhances the expression of NAG-1 mRNA and protein in a time- and dose-dependent manner in human lung adenocarcinoma H460 cells and several other carcinoma cell lines. This induction was specific for AHPN because retinoic acid, a retinoic acid receptor-, and a retinoid X receptor pan-agonist were unable to induce NAG-1, suggesting that this induction is not mediated through activation of retinoid receptors. Although NAG-1 is a p53-responsive gene, AHPN-induced NAG-1 expression does not require p53. The induction of NAG-1 expression by AHPN is caused at least in part by an 8-fold increase in the stability of NAG-1 mRNA. In contrast to carcinoma cells, NAG-1 expression is effectively induced by retinoic acid and the RAR-selective pan-agonist in normal HTBE cells and accompanies the inhibition of squamous differentiation and the initiation of normal differentiation. In vivo, NAG-1 expression was observed in the normal tracheobronchial epithelium, whereas no expression was found in either squamous metaplastic tracheal epithelium or in sections of human lung tumors. Our results suggest that the induction of NAG-1 expression by retinoids in normal HTBE and lung carcinoma cells is regulated by distinct mechanisms and is associated with different biological processes. The linkage between AHPN treatment and NAG-1 expression revealed in this study provides a new mechanism for the antitumorigenic activity of AHPN.
Transcurrent faults in continental areas

Seismic fault-plane solutions, displacements observed during historic earthquakes, and an increasing number of geological reports of active transcurrent faults in many parts of the world all suggest that transcurrent faulting is a far more important tectonic process than has usually been recognized. Characteristic features of active transcurrent faults-easily overlooked in the absence of aerial photographs-include: abundant Recent scarps that often show a scissoring relationship to one another; elongate closed depressions; consistently offset streams; and unique rift topography that is remarkably linear over distances of hundreds of kilometers. Thrusts that steepen abruptly with depth typify many transcurrent faults at the base of steep mountain fronts and have led to delays in recognition in some areas. Most puzzling of the great transcurrent fault zones are those of the circum-Pacific rim, where the relationship between major transcurrent faults of the continental margins and structures of the deep ocean floor is obscure. The Gulf of California is one region that appears transitional in that it combines many attributes of extensional rift valleys with those of transcurrent faults. Transcurrent displacements, particularly those of large magnitude, add to the attractiveness of the continental drift hypothesis, but demonstrated movements in the circum-Pacific zone are largely parallel to continental margins and thus fail to fit neatly with most theories of orogenesis and drift.
P04.01. Complementary and alternative medicine use and health outcomes among urban adolescents with asthma

Methods We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between self-reported CAM use and health outcomes in urban adolescents with asthma. Participants (Time 1: N=151; Time 2: N=132) completed questionnaires regarding the use of 10 CAM modalities following two clinic visits one year apart as part of a larger study. CAM use was dichotomized (high/low) due to its nonnormal distribution. T-tests examined between-group differences in outcomes at both time points. Multivariable regression analyses using backwards elimination examined relationships between CAM use at Time 1 and health outcomes at Time 1 and Time 2, when controlling for key covariates and, in longitudinal analyses, Time 1 functioning.
Selenium-based antihypertensives. Rationale and potential.

Selenium, long recognised as an important ‘dietary antioxidant’, is now known to be an essential component of the active sites of a number of enzymes, including the glutathione peroxidase selenoenzyme family which scavenge hydroperoxides to prevent cellular damage. Dietary selenium deficiency has been linked to diseases as diverse as cancer, heart disease, arthritis and AIDS, and epidemiological evidence is now emerging for the beneficial effects of selenium supplementation. Thus, the pharmacology, biology and biochemistry of selenium metabolism have become subjects of considerable interest, which are spurring efforts to develop synthetic selenium-containing compounds as potential therapeutic agents.
Genetic structure, diversity, and inbreeding of eastern white pine under different management conditions

Resource sustainability requires a thorough understanding of the influence of forest management programs on the conservation of genetic diversity in tree populations. To observe how differences in ...
Direct Association of Csk Homologous Kinase (CHK) with the Diphosphorylated Site Tyr568/570 of the Activated c-KIT in Megakaryocytes

The Csk homologous kinase (CHK), formerly MATK, has previously been shown to bind to activated c-KIT. In this report, we characterize the binding of SH2(CHK) to specific phosphotyrosine sites on the c-KIT protein sequence. Phosphopeptide inhibition of the in vitro interaction of SH2(CHK)-glutathione S-transferase fusion protein/c-KIT from SCF/KL-treated Mo7e megakaryocytic cells indicated that two sites on c-KIT were able to bind SH2(CHK). These sites were the Tyr568/570 diphosphorylated sequence and the monophosphorylated Tyr721 sequence. To confirm this, we precipitated native CHK from cellular extracts using phosphorylated peptides linked to Affi-Gel 15. In addition, purified SH2(CHK)-glutathione S-transferase fusion protein was precipitated with the same peptide beads. All of the peptide bead-binding studies were consistent with the direct binding of SH2(CHK) to phosphorylated Tyr568/570 and Tyr721 sites. Binding of FYN and SHC to the diphosphorylated Tyr568/570 site was observed, while binding of Csk to this site was not observed. The SH2(CHK) binding to the two sites is direct and not through phosphorylated intermediates such as FYN or SHC. Site-directed mutagenesis of the full-length c-KIT cDNA followed by transient transfection indicated that only the Tyr568/570, and not the Tyr721, is able to bind SH2(CHK). This indicates that CHK binds to the same site on c-KIT to which FYN binds, possibly bringing the two into proximity on associated c-KIT subunits and leading to the down-regulation of FYN by CHK.
Extension and Validation of a Gulf Stream Geosat Synthetic Geoid

Abstract An extended synthetic geoid for the western North Atlantic Ocean was constructed by employing Geosat altimeter data, concurrent dynamic model forecasts, and climatology. Estimates of the absolute dynamic topography from the altimeter were compared to estimates of the dynamic topography computed from independent in situ temperature measurements. The rms difference between the two topographic estimates was 0.104 m in the Gulf Stream meander and ring region, 0.081 m in the Sargasso Sea, and 0.098 m overall in this portion of the western North Atlantic ocean. The position of the mean Gulf Stream axis, the 1-σ width of the meander envelope, and the extremes of the meander envelope were determined from the altimetric data. The yearly mean AVHRR- (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) derived surface north walls for 1987 and 1988 were approximately 30 km north of the yearly mean surface maximum velocity axes for the same years. This 30-km offset, however, is affected by the different satellite sampl...