cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language Universals and the Logic of Historical Reconstruction

This chapter provides an overview of language universals and the logic of historical reconstruction. Within historical linguistics, language universals are also productively employed in the methodologically quite distinct task of reconstructing hypothesized protolanguages together with the putative changes that link these to their attested daughters. The chapter presents a summary on the major criteria that are generally employed in historical reconstruction. It discusses the five laws of reasoning derived from synchronic universals: Universal Consistency In Reconstruction (UCR), Deductive Inference (DI), the Reconstruction of Doubling Innovations (RDI), the Logic of Competing Variants (LCV), and Inductive Inference (II). UCR requires that reconstructed protolanguages be consistent with synchronic universal implications, as must all the intermediate language stages separating the protolanguage from the attested daughters. This law is a special instance of Universal Consistency in History within a reconstruction context and it is supported by the same range of synchronic and diachronic evidence.
Update (2012–2017) on lunar meteorites from Oman

This report presents bulk composition data for 10 lunar meteorite stones from Oman for which the names have been approved since June, 2012. On the basis of composition and reported find location, four new meteorites are represented among this group of stones. Data from neutron activation analysis of 371 subsamples of all lunar meteorites from Oman and Saudi Arabia analyzed in this laboratory are presented.
DI-016 Use of arilocumab and evolocumab: lipid lowering therapies

Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) arilocumab and evolocumab are protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9) for the primary treatment of hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia: in combination with other lipid lowering therapies unable to reach low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) goals ( alone or in combination with other lipid lowering therapies in patients statin intolerant or statin contraindicated. Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness, safety and cost of alirocumab and evolocumab. Material and methods This was a retrospective observational study from April to September 2016. Data collected: sex, age, diagnosis, previous/concomitant treatment and duration of treatment. The study evaluated: (1) effectiveness: total cholesterol (total-c) and LDL-c (electronic clinical review: MambrinoXXI); (2) safety: established adverse events (AE) reported for patients in the pharmacy outpatient unit; (3) cost: cost/patient/year. Results 12 patients were included (92% men), median age 58 years (range 25–78). Diagnosis: 41% dyslipidaemia, 25% hypercholesterolaemia, 17% hyperlipidaemia and 17% heart disease. 50% patients received arilocumab and 50% evolocumab. All patients had been treated with statins before mAb therapy. In 42% of cases statins had to be removed, mainly because of myositis (80%). The remainder of the patients were not statin-intolerant but LDL-c goals were not achieved. During mAb therapy, 17% of patients were treated with evolocumab as monotherapy; 50% with arilocumab or evolocumab plus two lipid lowering therapies (statin and fenofibrate or ezetimibe); 17% with mAb plus fenofibrate and ezetimibe; 8% with mAb and statin; and 8% with mAb and fenofibrate. At the end of the study, median duration of treatment was 15 weeks (range 11–19) and all patients continued mAb treatment. Effectiveness: before treatment with mAb, mean total-c and LDL-c values were 208.60 mg/dL and 140.7 mg/dL, respectively. At the end of the study, these values were 125.3 mg/dL and 68.9 mg/dL, with a mean reduction of 39% and 35%, respectively. No AE were reported. Estimated cost in our hospital (first year): €5000/patient. Conclusion New lipid lowering drugs seem to be a new therapeutic alternative for hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia when statins and/or other lipid lowering therapies are not effective or contraindicated. However, effectiveness is only valuable with LDL-c data, regardless of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality effects. Hence it is necessary to conduct long term studies to check any other effects of these drugs beyond reduction of LDL-c values. No conflict of interest
Quantitative Molecular Imaging with a Single Gd-Based Contrast Agent Reveals Specific Tumor Binding and Retention in Vivo

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an indispensable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, especially cancer. However, the poor sensitivity of MRI relative to other imaging modalities, such as PET, has hindered the development and clinical use of molecular MRI contrast agents that could provide vital diagnostic information by specifically locating a molecular target altered in the disease process. This work describes the specific and sustained in vivo binding and retention of a protein tyrosine phosphatase mu (PTPμ)-targeted, molecular magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent with a single gadolinium (Gd) chelate using a quantitative MRI T1 mapping technique in glioma xenografts. Quantitative T1 mapping is an imaging method used to measure the longitudinal relaxation time, the T1 relaxation time, of protons in a magnetic field after excitation by a radiofrequency pulse. T1 relaxation times can in turn be used to calculate the concentration of a gadolinium-containing contrast agent in...
Coronoid reconstruction using osteochondral grafts: a biomechanical study.

Hypothesis The purposes of this study were to test the hypothesis that coronoid deficiency in the setting of posteromedial rotatory instability (PMRI) must be reconstructed to restore articular contact pressures to normal and to compare 3 different osteochondral grafts for this purpose. Methods After creation of a anteromedial fracture, six cadaveric elbows were tested under gravity varus stress using a custom-made machine designed to simulate muscle loads and to passively flex the elbow. Mean articular surface contact pressure data were collected and processed using TekScan sensors and software. After testing of the intact specimen (intact condition), a PMRI injury was created (PMRI condition). Testing was repeated after reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) (LCL-only condition), followed by reconstruction of the coronoid with 3 different osteochondral graft techniques (reconstructed conditions). Results Contact pressure was consistently significantly higher in the PMRI elbow compared with the intact, LCL-only, and reconstructed conditions (P Conclusion Isolated reconstruction of the LCL did not restore native articular surface contact pressure, and reconstruction of the coronoid using osteochondral graft was necessary. There was no difference in contact pressures among the 3 coronoid reconstruction techniques.
Memory aids and the Cartesian circle

In answering the circularity charge, Descartes consistently distinguished between truths whose demonstrations we currently perceive clearly and distinctly (call these ‘C-truths’) and truths whose d...
Behaviors That Facilite Sexual Transmission of HIV and STDs in a Rural Community

We studied sexual disease transmission behaviors among patients of a county sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in rural North Carolina. Six hundred-sixty patients responded to a 147-item questionnaire. Among those with symptoms (N = 358), 50% of the men and 66% of the women came to the clinic a week or more after experiencing symptoms of a curable infection. Sixty-eight percent of the men and 39% of the women reported having multiple sex partners in the last 3 months. Fifty-nine percent of men and women reported never using a condom during vaginal sex with their main partner. Condom non-use was twice as likely with main partners than with casual ones. Factors independently associated with condom non-use (older age, cohabitation, non–African-American race, and social norms for risky sex) did not vary by partner type after the correlational nature of these data was taken into account. STD-related behaviors among STD clinic clients in this rural county were at least as frequent as reported for urban populations. The relative absence of anonymity in a small community may play a role in several of the behaviors.
Securing photonic NoC architectures from hardware trojans

The compact size and high wavelength selectivity of microring resonators (MRs) enable photonic networks-on-chip (PNoCs) to utilize dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) in photonic waveguides to attain high bandwidth on-chip data transfers. A Hardware Trojan in a PNoC can manipulate the electrical driving circuit of its MRs to cause the MRs to snoop data from the neighboring wavelength channels in a shared photonic waveguide. This introduces a serious security threat. This paper presents a framework that utilizes process variation based authentication signatures along with architecture-level enhancements to protect data in PNoCs from data-snooping Hardware Trojans. Evaluation results indicate that our approach can significantly enhance the hardware security in DWDM-based PNoCs with minimal overheads of up to 17.3% in average latency and of up to 15.2% in energy-delay-product (EDP).
Multisystemic Therapy for Disruptive Behavior Problems in Youths with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results from a Small Randomized Clinical Trial

ABSTRACTYouths with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often display disruptive behaviors, yet few of the available treatments for such behaviors have been effective with this clinical population. In t...
Brain Imaging of Taste Perception in Obesity: a Review

We summarize neuroimaging findings related to processing of taste (fat, salt, umami, bitter, and sour) in the brain and how they influence hedonic responses and eating behaviors and their role in obesity. Neuroimaging studies in obese individuals have revealed alterations in reward/motivation, executive control/self-regulation, and limbic/affective circuits that are implicated in food and drug addiction. Psychophysical studies show that sensory properties of food ingredients may be associated with anthropometric and neurocognitive outcomes in obesity. However, few studies have examined the neural correlates of taste and processing of calories and nutrient content in obesity. The literature of neural correlated of bitter, sour, and salty tastes remains sparse in obesity. Most published studies have focused on sweet, followed by fat and umami taste. Studies on calorie processing and its conditioning by preceding taste sensations have started to delineate a dynamic pattern of brain activation associated with appetition. Our expanded understanding of taste processing in the brain from neuroimaging studies is poised to reveal novel prevention and treatment targets to help address overeating and obesity.
Enhanced Reactivity of Silver‐ and Gold‐Catalyzed Hydrogenations Using Silver(I) Salts.

Silver and gold on aluminum oxide is efficiently activated by AgOAc or Ag2CO3 to produce halogenated anilines selectively.
Detection of a secreted protein biomarker for citrus Huanglongbing using a single-walled carbon nanotubes-based chemiresistive biosensor.

Citrus greening, or Huanglongbing (HLB), is currently the most devasting disease of citrus, creating unprecedented crisis for the multibillion-dollar global citrus industry. To-date, there is no effective cure and disease management relies on early detection and removal of infected trees. Thus, it is imperative that accurate, timely, and robust disease detection and diagnosis technologies are available to minimize the spread of disease. This study reports a sensitive and selective label-free biosensor that combines the physical and chemical advantages of carbon nanomaterials like single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in a field-effect transistor (FET)/chemiresistor architecture with selective antibodies against Sec-delivered effector 1 (SDE1), a secreted protein biomarker, for the detection of HLB. The biosensor detected SDE1 biomarkers for citrus greening in plant tissue extracts with the dynamic range over three orders of magnitude in the low nanomolar to micromolar concentration range and limit of detection of 5 nM. The study also demonstrated the use of the standard additions assay method with the biosensor to attain a 90-percent signal recovery in concentrated plant tissue extract, allowing for quantitative detection without an external calibration. Adopting the novel detection strategy targeting the secreted protein biomarker, SDE1, addresses some of the challenges faced by current methods of nucleic acid-based assays and symptom-based diagnosis, which have been found prone to false negatives and misdiagnoses, respectively.
Effect of topical dermatologic medications in humans on household pets.

Topical medications such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and calcipotriene are common treatments for dermatological conditions such as actinic keratoses, cutaneous malignancies, and psoriasis.1,2 While to...
Managing environmental uncertainty for improved firm financial performance: the moderating role of supply chain risk management practices on managerial decision making

With increasing global exposure, organisations have started to witness supply chain risks that they traditionally were not exposed to. This article therefore attempts to answer the research questio...
The Art of the Benin People

William Fleming in the book, Art and Ideas, claims that the wise author of the Old Testament book Ecclesiastes (1:9) seems to be thinking of the way history holds up the mirror to humanity, reflecting the present and the future as well as the past, reflecting human achievement as well as potential when he wrote ‘’The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done; and there is no new thing under the sun.’’.
Navigating Mother-Adolescent Daughter (Dis)harmonious Interactions

This chapter shows how data and findings from an academic case study of mother-adolescent daughter discursive interaction were adapted and presented to audiences outside of academia. The original research delved into conversations between a mother and her teenage daughter, identifying discursive strategies that diffuse or ignite conflict. We have presented our research to wider audiences in two veins: (1) workshops for au pairs as part of their continuing education experience in the United States, in order to improve communication between caregivers and children, and (2) talks with working parents, mostly in the business world, looking to maximize familial harmony. We adapted the data transcripts to eliminate the original, more technical conversation analytic symbols, and heightened the prominence of the discursive features discovered in the academic study with visual support and verbal scaffolding. The claims and conclusions, originally shared with experts within our field, promoted sustained dialogue and inspired meaningful exchanges among the participants. Along with these practical implications, our work also proposes the opportunity for what we have termed discursive consciousness raising. This increased awareness of the micro-aspects of talk raised participants’ consciousness of how discourse features enhance, or conversely hinder, mother-daughter communication specifically, and interpersonal communication more generally.
HyPR-seq: Single-cell quantification of chosen RNAs via hybridization and sequencing of DNA probes

Single-cell quantification of RNAs is important for understanding cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation, yet current approaches suffer from low sensitivity for individual transcripts, limiting their utility for many applications. Here we present Hybridization of Probes to RNA for sequencing (HyPR-seq), a method to sensitively quantify the expression of up to 100 chosen genes in single cells. HyPR-seq involves hybridizing DNA probes to RNA, distributing cells into nanoliter droplets, amplifying the probes with PCR, and sequencing the amplicons to quantify the expression of chosen genes. HyPR-seq achieves high sensitivity for individual transcripts, detects non-polyadenylated and low-abundance transcripts, and can profile more than 100,000 single cells. We demonstrate how HyPR-seq can profile the effects of CRISPR perturbations in pooled screens, detect time-resolved changes in gene expression via measurements of gene introns, and detect rare transcripts and quantify cell type frequencies in tissue using low-abundance marker genes. By directing sequencing power to genes of interest and sensitively quantifying individual transcripts, HyPR-seq reduces costs by up to 100-fold compared to whole-transcriptome scRNA-seq, making HyPR-seq a powerful method for targeted RNA profiling in single cells.
A national scale big data analytics pipeline to assess the potential impacts of flooding on critical infrastructures and communities

Abstract With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data infrastructure, crowdsourcing techniques have emerged to facilitate data processing and problem solving particularly for flood emergences purposes. A Flood Analytics Information System (FAIS) has been developed as a Python Web application to gather Big Data from multiple servers and analyze flooding impacts during historical and real-time events. The application is smartly designed to integrate crowd intelligence, machine learning (ML), and natural language processing of tweets to provide flood warning with the aim to improve situational awareness for flood risk management. FAIS, a national scale prototype, combines flood peak rates and river level information with geotagged tweets to identify a dynamic set of at-risk locations to flooding. The prototype was successfully tested in real-time during Hurricane Dorian flooding as well as for historical event (Hurricanes Florence) across the Carolinas, USA where the storm made extensive disruption to infrastructure and communities.
A Case Report of a Severe, Unusually Delayed Anaphylactoid Reaction to Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine During Treatment of Acute Acetaminophen Toxicity in an Adolescent

Anaphylactoid reactions are well-documented adverse events associated with the intravenous administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in patients with acetaminophen overdose. Most reactions are mild, occurring within the first 1–5 hours of initiation. This report presents the case of an adolescent with a delayed, life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction 24.5 hours after starting NAC, where discontinuing NAC could have resulted in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and death. A 17-year-old previously healthy female presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain 10 hours after an acute acetaminophen ingestion. Her 11-hour serum acetaminophen concentration was above the treatment line (149 μg/mL), and she had elevated transaminases (AST = 202 U/L, ALT = 284 U/L). She was treated with intravenous NAC, which was suspended for 3 hours after she developed an apparent life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction with angioedema and respiratory distress 24.5 hours after treatment initiation. Given her high risk of progression to FHF, NAC was resumed at double the previous rate along with scheduled corticosteroids and antihistamines after resolution of her symptoms. Her AST increased to 10,927 U/L, and INR peaked at 3.6, but she had no further anaphylactoid symptoms. She was discharged in her normal state of health after 6 days. Discontinuing NAC in this case of severe, delayed anaphylactoid reaction could have resulted in FHF requiring liver transplant. The reason for her reaction is unclear but could be related to patient risk factors or medication error. Guidelines for reinitiation of NAC after development of delayed anaphylactoid reactions are not well-established. Close observation beyond the first 1–5 hours of NAC administration is warranted.
An interview with Naomi L. Shin

Naomi L. Shin is an Associate Professor of Linguistics and Hispanic Linguistics at the University of New Mexico. Her primary interests include child language acquisition, bilingualism, language contact, and sociolinguistics. Her research focuses on patterns of morphosyntactic variation, examining how these patterns are acquired during childhood and how they change in situations of language contact. Her articles have appeared in journals such as Journal of Child Language, Cognitive Linguistics, International Journal of Bilingualism, Language Acquisition, Language Variation and Change, Language in Society, Foreign Language Annals, Spanish in Context, Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, and International Journal of the Sociology of Language. She is the co-author of Gramatica Espanola: Variacion Social, which explores grammar in a way that emphasizes the social underpinnings of language.Website: http://www.unm.edu/~naomishin/index.html
Improved efficiency of sialendoscopy procedures at an ambulatory surgery center.

Abstract Objectives To compare time spent on day of surgery and post-surgical outcomes for sialendoscopy procedures at an ambulatory surgery center versus in a hospital operating room. Methods Retrospective chart review for patients who underwent sialendoscopy for sialadenitis or sialolithiasis from March 2017 to May 2020 were included. Surgery location (ambulatory surgery center or hospital operating room) was compared. Primary outcomes included total time in hospital, operative time, total time in operating room. and recovery time. Secondary outcomes included rate of symptoms resolutions, requiring further medical management, and requiring further surgical intervention. Results A total of 321 procedures were included. Sialendoscopy in an ambulatory surgery center compared to main operating room decreased median hospital time (166 min reduction, p Conclusion Sialendoscopy can be safely performed in an ambulatory surgery center for sialadenitis or appropriate sialolithiasis cases while decreasing hospital time, operative time, total time in operating room time, and recovery time.
Implications of Data Screens on Merger and Acquisition Analysis: A Large Sample Study of Mergers and Acquisitions from 1992 to 2009

We analyze a comprehensive set of mergers and acquisitions from SDC data from 1992 through 2009. We do not impose common restrictions such as excluding private bidders, small targets, or deals without a deal value. We show a broader scope of mergers and acquisitions activity than that implied in the literature, which generally oversamples larger deals involving public firms. Further, some of our results differ from the extant literature. For example, the finding that mergers occur in waves is attenuated with a greater presence of smaller and/or non-public firms. Also, acquirers gain in most takeovers despite a threefold decline over the sample period in acquirer returns. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
Reflectance PRI Does Not Equal Transmittance PRI

Starting from leaf reflectance and transmittance measurements, we calculated two substantially different values of the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) for each of 22 corn leaves having leaf chlorophyll concentrations ranging from high to low. Leaf reflectance and transmittance were measured simultaneously, precluding changes in leaf light use efficiency (LEU) between measurements. We propose the proportion of leaves reflecting v. transmitting direct beam sunlight toward a canopy reflectance sensor is a potential source of variability in estimates of canopy bidirectional PRI.
Hierarchy profiling: How and why a job's perceived impact on inequality affects racial hiring evaluations

Abstract Prior work suggests that high-status group members are favored for hierarchy-maintaining roles, while low-status group members are favored for hierarchy-attenuating ones—but the mechanisms driving this phenomenon are largely unknown. The current work examines this phenomenon in the domain of race, testing three potential mechanisms: role status, representativeness, and hierarchy profiling. According to a role status account, hierarchy-maintaining roles are seen as higher-status than hierarchy-attenuating ones, driving effects. A representativeness account suggests that hierarchy-maintaining roles are seen as including more White (or fewer minority) job-holders than hierarchy-attenuating ones, driving effects. Finally, a hierarchy profiling account suggests that evaluators see the typical hire for hierarchy-maintaining roles as more conservative (or less liberal), driving effects. In three studies, White evaluators rated a White male applicant a better fit for a hierarchy-maintaining role (e.g., CEO of a hedge fund) than a hierarchy-attenuating one (e.g., CEO of a nonprofit). There was, however, no impact of a role's perceived impact on inequality on ratings of Black male or Latino applicant fit (Studies 1–3). This effect persisted regardless of role status (Study 2), negating a role status account. However, a final study supported representativeness and hierarchy profiling accounts. White evaluators rated the typical hire for a hierarchy-maintaining role as more White and conservative, mediating ratings of White applicant fit (Study 3). Three supplemental studies replicated all results. Findings reveal the mechanisms that can hold social hierarchy in place, keeping high-status group members in hierarchy-maintaining roles and low-status group members in hierarchy-attenuating ones.
Non-Operative Management of Appendicitis: Evolution, not Revolution.

Background: The medical fascination with the appendix vermiformis dates from the clandestine prosectors of the fifteenth century. The surgical management of appendiceal inflammation dates from 1735, but acceptance that acute appendicitis (AA) should be treated primarily by resection with or without drainage would not follow for 150 years. Recent publication of several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of non-operative management (NOM) of AA affords the opportunity to review the historical record, describe the evolution of AA management toward NOM, and assess what is in the best interest of the patient. Methods: Review and synthesis of historical and contemporary English, French, German, and Italian literature with expert opinion. Results: Modern understanding of AA dates to the landmark 1886 clinico-pathologic correlative study by Reginald Fitz, which coined the term appendicitis and coincided with recognition by surgeons that AA could be diagnosed pre-operatively and managed surgically, with mortality rates of approximately 10%. Not until 1901 did Albert Ochsner advocate NOM, paradoxically for severe cases unlikely to survive operation. Markedly decreased mortality coincided with the introduction of sulfanilamide in 1935 and penicillin and curare in 1942. The first large series of patients with AA treated primarily with NOM was published in 1956 by Eric Coldrey. Modern management evolved rapidly in the late twentieth century, including effective anti-anaerobic antibiotic agents (1970s), laparoscopic appendectomy (LA; 1980), and pelvis computed tomography with rectal contrast (1998) all representing important contributions. Randomized controlled trials of NOM of AA date to 1995, with one large trial (2015) showing that open appendectomy was not non-inferior to NOM, and another (2020) demonstrating non-inferiority between (mostly) LA and NOM. However, one-year failure rates are high (∼30%) and appear to increase further with longer follow-up. Conclusions: Laparoscopic appendectomy is curative and cost-effective management for AA, with low morbidity. Results of recent RCTs of NOM of AA indicate that LA remains the treatment of choice, particularly if a fecalith is present. However, patient preferences must be taken into account; some may prefer NOM for the 60%-70% chance that surgery may be avoided, which should be considered when providing informed consent. Non-operative management should be undertaken in the outpatient setting if possible. Antibiotic management-whether or not for NOM-should adhere to the principles of stewardship.
A distributed network supports spatiotemporal cerebral dynamics of visual naming.

Abstract Objective Cerebral spatiotemporal dynamics of visual naming were investigated in epilepsy patients undergoing stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) monitoring. Methods Brain networks were defined by Parcel-Activation-Resection-Symptom matching (PARS) approach by matching high-gamma (50-150 Hz) modulations (HGM) in neuroanatomic parcels during visual naming, with neuropsychological outcomes after resection/ablation of those parcels. Brain parcels with >50% electrode contacts simultaneously showing significant HGM were aligned, to delineate spatiotemporal course of naming-related HGM. Results In 41 epilepsy patients, neuroanatomic parcels showed sequential yet temporally overlapping HGM course during visual naming. From bilateral occipital lobes, HGM became increasingly left lateralized, coursing through limbic system. Bilateral superior temporal HGM was noted around response time, and right frontal HGM thereafter. Correlations between resected/ablated parcels, and post-surgical neuropsychological outcomes showed specific regional groupings. Conclusions Convergence of data from spatiotemporal course of HGM during visual naming, and functional role of specific parcels inferred from neuropsychological deficits after resection/ablation of those parcels, support a model with six cognitive subcomponents of visual naming having overlapping temporal profiles. Significance Cerebral substrates supporting visual naming are bilaterally distributed with relative hemispheric contribution dependent on cognitive demands at a specific time. PARS approach can be extended to study other cognitive and functional brain networks.
Assembly of complete diploid phased chromosomes from draft genome sequences

De novo genome assembly is essential for genomic research. High-quality genomes assembled into phased pseudomolecules are challenging to produce and often contain assembly errors caused by repeats, heterozygosity, or the chosen assembly strategy. Although algorithms exist that produce partially phased assemblies, haploid draft assemblies that may lack biological information remain favored because they are easier to generate and use. We developed HaploSync, a suite of tools that produces fully phased, chromosome-scale diploid genome assemblies and performs extensive quality control to limit assembly artifacts. HaploSync uses a genetic map and/or the genome of a closely related species to guide the scaffolding of a diploid assembly into phased pseudomolecules for each chromosome. It compares alternative haplotypes to identify and correct misassemblies independent of a reference, fills assembly gaps with unplaced sequences, and resolves collapsed homozygous regions. In a series of plant, fungal, and animal kingdom case studies, we demonstrate that HaploSync increases the assembly contiguity of phased chromosomes, improves completeness by filling gaps, corrects scaffolding, and correctly phases highly heterozygous, complex regions.
Hybrid control of systems with poorly defined relative degree: the ball-on-beam example

In this paper, the authors propose a hybrid approach to controlling systems with poorly defined relative degree. The ball-on-beam problem is used as a vehicle for discussion. The hybrid approach employs linear control near the nominal condition. Nonlinear control designed by Lyapunov stability criteria augments the control to increase the region of asymptotic stability. The problem of poorly defined relative degree is also addressed in the control.
A detailed study of word-position effects on emotion expression in speech.

We investigate emotional effects on articulatory-acoustic speech characteristics with respect to word location within a sentence. We examined the hypothesis that emotional effect will vary based on word position by first examining articulatory features manually extracted from Electromagnetic articulography data. Initial articulatory data analyses indicated that the emotional effects on sentence medial words are significantly stronger than on initial words. To verify that observation further, we expanded our hypothesis testing to include both acoustic and articulatory data, and a consideration of an expanded set of words from different locations. Results suggest that emotional effects are generally more significant on sentence medial words than sentence initial and final words. This finding suggests that word location needs to be considered as a factor in emotional speech processing.
Co-Movement of European Equity Markets after the Euro

Euro was launched on January 1, 1999 as a common currency for members of the European Union that complied with the Maastricht Treaty. The Maastricht Treaty calls for coordination of major macroeconomic policies such as inflation, budget balance, public debt and long-term interest rate. Theoretically, coordination of these policy issues and the launching of a common currency increase the degree of market integration among the member countries. This paper empirically tests the impact of the Euro on the degree of co-movement of the European equity markets and a sample of OECD equity markets. Weekly stock market indices for the period of seven years before the Euro and seven years after the Euro are used. The results show that cross-country divergences of stock markets continue after the euro. There is no evidence of cointegration after the adoption of the euro. Cross-country portfolio diversification continues to be beneficial even among the euro countries.
Methanol-tolerant electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Heat-treated μ-oxo-iron(iii) tetramethoxy phenyl porphyrin (Fe-TMPP)2O and iron(iii) tetramethoxy phenyl porphyrin (FeTMPP-Cl) as well as iron(iii) octaethyl porphyrin (FeOEP-Cl) adsorbed on high-area carbons such as deashed and un-deashed RB carbon (Calgon) and Black Pearls-2000 (Cabot) have been found to exhibit stable and very high oxygen reduction rates. Experiments done over a period of 24h showed no performance degradation. Measured performances were very similar to supported platinum (E-Tek), when tested in 85% H3PO4-equilibrated Nafion 117 membrane at 125°C and hydrated-Nafion membrane at 60°C in a minifuel cell. The macrocycle cathodes are insensitive to the presence of methanol whereas the platinum cathodes are very sensitive and show degradation in the oxygen reduction performance.
Education and Identity in Rural France: The Politics of Schooling

l. Introduction: journey to Lavialle 2. Theoretical orientations: schooling, families, and power 3. Cultural identity and social practice 4.Les notres: families and farms 5. From child to adult 6. Schooling the Laviallois: historical perspectives 7. Families and schooling 8. The politics of schooling 9. Everyday life at school l0. Conclusions: persistence, resistance, and co-existence
Not even the Canada Health Act is sacred, vows Romanow

Nevada has become the first US state to legalize online gambling, and public health and addiction medicine advocates are warning that any large-scale move to Internet gambling will exact a heavy toll. However, the lure of a cut from the approximately $4.56 billion a year that online gaming already
Verification of MCNP5-1.60 and MCNP6.1 for criticality safety applications

To verify that both MCNP5-1.60 and MCNP6-Beta-2 are performing correctly for criticality safety applications, several suites of verification/validation benchmark problems were run in early 2012. Results from these benchmark suites were compared with results from previously verified versions of MCNP5. The goals of this verification testing were: (1) Verify that MCNP5-1.60 works correctly for nuclear criticality safety applications, producing the same results as for the previous verification performed in 2010; (2) Determine the sensitivity to computer roundoff using different Fortran-90 compilers for building MCNP5 and MCNP6, to support moving to current versions of the compilers; and (3) Verify that MCNP6-Beta-2 works correctly for nuclear criticality safety applications, producing the same results as for MCNP5-1.60. This provides support for eventual migration of users and applications to MCNP6. The current production version of MCNP5 included in the RSICC release package is MCNP5-1.60. This version was first distributed by RSICC in October 2010. While there were subsequent RSICC distributions of the MCNP package in July 2011 and February 2012, no changes were made to MCNP5-1.60. The RSICC release package in February 2012 included both MCNP5-1.60 and the current beta version of MCNP6, MCNP6-Beta-2. MCNP6 is the merger of MCNP5 and MCNPX capabilities. Themore » current release of MCNP6 available from RSICC as of February 2012 is MCNP6-Beta-2. This version includes all of the features for criticality safety calculations that are available in MCNP5-1.60, and many new features largely unrelated to nuclear criticality safety calculations. This release is a 'beta' release to allow intermediate and advanced users to begin testing the merged code in their field of expertise. It should not be used for production calculations.« less
Design of Universal Continuous Media I/O

The problem this research addresses is how to modify an existing operating system's i/o subsystem to support new high-speed networks and high-bandwidth multimedia applications that will play an important role in future computing environments.
Effects of hydrogen in passivation PECVD nitride film on DRAM refresh performance

It was found that passivation nitride significantly affects DRAM refresh performance. To determine the factors in the nitride film that contributed to improved refresh performance, several analyses, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), thermal desorption spectrum (TDS), and x-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), were performed on plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) nitride film. The data revealed that the film with high Si-H bond in PECVD nitride film release more hydrogen in subsequent thermal process, in turn, to improved refresh performance.
Prolactin and estradiol utilize distinct mechanisms to increase serine-118 phosphorylation and decrease levels of estrogen receptor α in T47D breast cancer cells

Potential interactions between prolactin (PRL) and estradiol (E2) in breast cancer cells were explored by examining the effect of PRL on estrogen receptor (ER) serine-118 phosphorylation, ER down-regulation, and E2-stimulated cell proliferation. Both E2 and PRL resulted in prolonged ERα serine-118 phosphorylation, but used different signaling pathways to achieve this end. Both hormones also decreased the amount of ERα, but the mechanisms were different: for E2, the decrease was rapid and resulted from proteasomic degradation, whereas for PRL the decrease was slow and resulted from an effect on levels of ERα mRNA. PRL alone had no effect on cell number, but enhanced the increase in number in response to E2. These results are the first to demonstrate similar effects of PRL and E2 on parameters considered key to E2’s effects. This suggests heretofore unrecognized and potentially important interactions between these two hormones in the natural history of breast cancer.
Toward superfast three-dimensional optical metrology with digital micromirror device platforms

Decade-long research efforts toward superfast three-dimensional (3-D) shape measurement leveraging the digital micromirror device (DMD) platforms are summarized. Specifically, we will present the following technologies: (1) high-resolution real-time 3-D shape measurement technology that achieves 30 Hz simultaneous 3-D shape acquisition, reconstruction, and display with more than 300,000 points per frame; (2) superfast 3-D optical metrology technology that achieves 3-D measurement at a rate of tens of kilohertz utilizing the binary defocusing method we invented; and (3) the improvement of the binary defocusing technology for superfast and high-accuracy 3-D optical metrology using the DMD platforms. Both principles and experimental results are presented.
A comparative analysis of two land surface heterogeneity representations

Two contrasting representations of land surface variability used in general circulation models (GCMs) are compared through an analysis of their corresponding surface energy balance equations. In one representation (the 'mixture' approach), different vegetation types are assumed to be homogeneously mixed over a grid square, so that the GCM atmosphere sees near-surface conditions pertaining to the mixture only. In the second representation (the 'mosaic' approach), different vegetation types are viewed as separate 'tiles' of a grid-square 'mosaic', and each tile interacts with the atmosphere independently. The mosaic approach is computationally simpler and in many ways more flexible than the mixture approach. Analytical solutions to the linearized energy balance equations and numerical solutions to the nonlinear equations both demonstrate that the mixture strategy, when applied to two coexisting vegetation types that differ only in canopy transpiration resistance, promotes both total turbulent flux and latent heat flux relative to the mosaic strategy. The effective differences between the strategies, however, are small over a wide range of conditions. In particular, the strategies are effectively equivalent when the transpiration resistances of the different vegetation types are of the same order of magnitude.
Contribution of Myofibroblasts of Different Origins to Liver Fibrosis

The most common cause of liver failure is cirrhosis, due to progressive liver fibrosis and other architectural changes in the liver. Fibrosis occurs after liver injury or stress and results directly from an imbalance between the processes of extracellular matrix synthesis (fibrogenesis) and degradation (fibrolysis). Although research studies have identified several promising targets at the molecular level, current therapies to prevent and treat hepatic fibrosis in patients have only shown limited success. It is well established that liver myofibroblasts are the primary effector cells responsible for the extensive extracellular matrix accumulation and scar formation observed during hepatic fibrosis, in both clinical and experimental settings. Thus, as the major fibrogenic cells implicated in wound healing and tissue repair response, liver myofibroblasts could represent excellent targets for antifibrotic therapies. Still, the exact natures and identities of liver myofibroblasts precursors have yet to be resolved, and their relative contribution to hepatic fibrosis to be determined. The goal of this review is to examine the relative importance of liver myofibroblast precursors in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.
Effects of stoichiometry on the superconducting transition temperature of U6Fe and the uranium isotope effect

Determination of the uranium isotope effect on the superconducting transition temperature of U 6 Fe led to studies of the effects of stoichiometry on transition temperature. The isotope effect is T c ∝ M −0.37 .
Dual-band FLIR fusion for target detection

Passive infrared imagers have long been used to detect military targets in operational scenarios. The proliferation of sensors on the battlefield has increased the need for automatic detection algorithms with low false alarm rates and high detection rates. Most infrared imagers currently operate in a single band. We are investigating the utility of dualband passive infrared sensors for target detection, and attempting to quantify the performance improvement over single band sensors. The two bands used in this research were broadband longwave and broadband midwave. The performance differences were observed using a similar set of neural-based target detectors, each of which consists of an eigenspace transformation and a simple multilayer perceptron (MLP) with different inputs. The detectors were trained with midwave-only, longwave-only, as well as signal-level and feature-level dualband inputs. Experimental results indicate significant performance improvement by the dualband inputs over single band data.
On the solution of the convection equation in laminar boundary layer flows

Abstract It is shown in this paper that by piecing together two exact asymptotic solutions it is possible to arrive at a simple but accurate expression for the rate of heat and mass transfer in laminar boundary layer flows, which can easily be extended to include the case of a variable property fluid.
Composition of sialoglycans isolated from Gaucher's spleen.

Abstract A sialic acid-containing glycopeptide fraction has been isolated from Gaucher's spleen. This material contains hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid in a 20-fold excess over a similar fraction isolated from normal spleen and is not precipitable with cetyl pyridinium chloride. This material has been fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex and the ratios of component sugars has been determined. At least two different glycopeptide components have been separated which contain sialic acid.
Development of the eating disorder recovery self-efficacy questionnaire.

Objective: The purpose of the current investigation was to develop and validate the Eating Disorder Recovery Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (EDRSQ), a self-report measure of self-efficacy to recover from an eating disorder. Method: Participants were 116 female patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or a subthreshold eating disorder treated at an eating disorder clinic. Patients completed the EDRSQ and measures of eating disorder symptoms and depression. Results: The EDRSQ contains two internally consistent factors, Normative Eating Self-Efficacy and Body Image Self-Efficacy. Moderate to large correlations between EDRSQ subscales and measures of eating disorder pathology support the convergent validity of the EDRSQ. The EDRSQ demonstrates theoretically consistent relations with constructs that are related to but distinct from self-efficacy. Discriminant validity is reflected in small correlations between EDRSQ subscales and measures of general psychological correlates of disordered eating. Conclusion: The EDRSQ is a psychometrically sound measure to assess self-efficacy in patients with a range of eating disorder diagnoses. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006.
Low-frequency noise in graphene field-effect transistors

The low frequency noise has been studied in mechanically exfoliated single- and bilayer graphene deposited on Si/SiO 2 substrates. Measurements were performed in 2- and 4-probe configuration schemes. The analysis of the gate voltage dependences of noise showed that noise in graphene transistors does not comply with the McWhorter model. Aging of graphene transistors due to exposure to ambient resulted in increased noise attributed to the decreasing mobility of graphene and increasing contact resistance. The model linking noise in graphene to the mobility fluctuations is discussed.
Hospital discharge recommendations can be confusing for people of low socioeconomic status, and difficult to follow due to constraints or conflicting personal goals

Commentary on: Kangovi S, Barg FK, Carter T, et al. Challenges faced by patients with low socioeconomic status during post-hospital transition. J Gen Intern Med 2014;29:283–9.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Studies have found that patients attribute poor posthospital transitions to lack of preparedness, sense of exclusion from decisions regarding their care plan, abandonment by the healthcare system after discharge and … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BGen%2BIntern%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D29%26rft.spage%253D283%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252Fs11606-013-2571-5%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23918162%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s11606-013-2571-5&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23918162&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F18%2F1%2F7.atom