cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The polarizability of the deuteron

Abstract The scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the deuteron are calculated using the recently developed effective field theory that describes nucleon-nucleon interactions. Leading and next-to-leading order contributions in the perturbative expansion predict a scalar electric polarizability of α e0 = 0.595 fm 3 . The tensor electric polarizability receives contributions starting at next-to-leading order from the exchange of a single potential pion and is found to be α e2 = −0.062 fm 3 . We compute the leading contributions to the scalar and tensor magnetic polarizabilities, finding β m0 = 0.067 fm 3 and β m2 = 0.195 fm 3 .
Calibration of the difference between actual and hypothetical valuations in a field experiment

We design and implement a field experiment to elicit and calibrate in-sample hypothetical and actual bids given the presence of other goods and intensity of market experience. Using market goods that possess characteristics beyond the norm but yet remain deliverable, bidding behavior was consistent with theory. But we also observe the average calibration factor for hypothetical bids in the auction with other goods to be more severe (0.3) than for the auction without the goods (0.4). The results support the view that the calibration of hypothetical and actual bidding is good- and context-specific. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Habit formation: a resolution of the equity premium puzzle?

Abstract We explore how the introduction of habit preferences into the simple intertemporal consumption-based capital asset pricing model “solves” the equity premium and risk-free rate puzzles. While agents with time-separable preferences care only about the overall volatility of consumption, we show that agents with habit preferences care not only about overall volatility, but also about the temporal distribution of that volatility. Specifically, habit agents are much more averse to high-frequency fluctuations than to low-frequency fluctuations. In fact, the size of the equity premium in the habit model is determined by a relatively insignificant amount of high-frequency volatility in U.S. consumption.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iodoazidobenzylpindolol

A high affinity β-adrenergic ligand, iodoazidobenzylpindolol, was synthesized and characterized. The absorption spectrum of this compound changed markedly upon photolysis, consistent with decomposition of the azide group. This compound has a Ko of 5-7 X 10- 10 M for the duck erythrocyte ghost β-3-adrenergic receptor when measured in a competitive binding assay.
$k$ -Connectivity in Random Key Graphs With Unreliable Links

Random key graphs form a class of random intersection graphs that are naturally induced by the random key predistribution scheme of Eschenauer and Gligor for securing wireless sensor network (WSN) communications. Random key graphs have received much attention recently, owing in part to their wide applicability in various domains, including recommender systems, social networks, secure sensor networks, clustering and classification analysis, and cryptanalysis to name a few. In this paper, we study connectivity properties of random key graphs in the presence of unreliable links. Unreliability of graph links is captured by independent Bernoulli random variables, rendering them to be on or off independently from each other. The resulting model is an intersection of a random key graph and an Erdős–Renyi graph, and is expected to be useful in capturing various real-world networks; e.g., with secure WSN applications in mind, link unreliability can be attributed to harsh environmental conditions severely impairing transmissions. We present conditions on how to scale this model’s parameters so that: 1) the minimum node degree in the graph is at least $k$ and 2) the graph is $k$ -connected, both with high probability as the number of nodes becomes large. The results are given in the form of zero-one laws with critical thresholds identified and shown to coincide for both graph properties. These findings improve the previous results by Rybarczyk on $k$ -connectivity of random key graphs (with reliable links), as well as the zero-one laws by Yagan on one-connectivity of random key graphs with unreliable links.
A formal approach to fuzzy modeling

A formalism for coding fuzzy models of dynamical systems is presented. It is shown that the formalism is rich enough to capture the performance of arbitrary conventional discrete time dynamical systems whose transition maps are polynomials with rational coefficients. The proof of this fact provides a constructive algorithm for generating fuzzy models to arbitrarily closely approximate an arbitrary map on a compact set. Our modeling formalism highlights the similarities between fuzzy systems and hybrid control systems. We hope to be able to exploit these similarities by extending results from the area of hybrid systems to the fuzzy domain and vice versa.
DAIRY POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE 2007 FARM BILL: A PENNSYLVANIA PERSPECTIVE

The objective of this paper is to explore broad policy options in both the 2007 Farm Bill and the current Doha Round of trade negotiations (WTO) that could be favorable to Pennsylvania. It will be argued that the most favorable outcomes will have two features: 1) improve and stabilize market demand for fluid milk, and 2) expand national demand for manufacturing milk. This policy recommendation recognizes that the U.S. will continue to expand milk production over time. It also assumes a continuation of federal milk marketing orders.
Using precepts to augment training set learning

The goal of learning systems is to generalize. Generalization is commonly based on the set of critical features the system has available. Training set learners typically extract critical features from a random set of examples. While this approach is attractive, it suffers from the exponential growth of the number of features to be searched. The authors propose to extend it by endowing the system with some a priori knowledge, in the form of precepts. Advantages of the augmented system are speed-up, improved generalization, and greater parsimony. The authors present a precept-driven learning algorithm. Its main features include: 1) distributed implementation, 2) bounded learning and execution times; and 3) ability to handle both correct and incorrect precepts. Results of simulations on real-world data demonstrate promise. >
Market Power in Uranium Enrichment

Four firms dominate the international uranium enrichment market. Simultaneously, the nations that host enrichment facilities strongly discourage other nations from developing enrichment capacity, given its potential use in nuclear weapons production. Therefore, these four firms benefit from the exercise of national power to prevent entry into this market. This paper shows that these firms also benefit from increasing returns to scale. In similar national situations, this industry would be regulated or nationalized. This is because free markets do not necessarily lead to a socially optimal long-run equilibrium where the industry is necessarily concentrated, such that there is no proliferating entry, but is sufficiently diverse, so that no one national group can dictate prices, contract terms, or non-proliferation policy. Therefore, some form of international regulation might be necessary to discourage enrichment technology proliferation and assure enrichment supply at reasonable prices.
One‐Pot Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of β‐ and γ‐Hydroxy Sulfides Using Diaryliodonium Salts and Microwave Irradiation

A simple and rapid one-pot protocol is described for the preparation of α- and β-hydroxy sulfides. The direct solvent-free microwave irradiation of diaryliodonium salts, potassium thiocyanate, and ethylene glycol/β-propylene glycol without any catalyst or base affords the final compounds in good yields (65–95 %) in around 10–25 min.
Conflict and Deterrence Under Strategic Risk

We examine the determinants of cooperation and the effectiveness of deterrence when fear is a motive for conflict.We contrast results obtained in a complete information setting with those obtained in a setting with strategic risk, where players have different information about their environment. These two strategic settings allow us to identify and distinguish the role of predatory and preemptive incentives as determinants of cooperation and conflict. In our model, weapons unambiguously facilitate peace under complete information. In contrast, under strategic risk, we show that increases in weapon stocks can have a nonmonotonic effect on the sustainability of cooperation. We also show that under strategic risk, asymmetry in military strength can facilitate peace, and that anticipated peacekeeping interventions may improve incentives for peaceful behavior.
The Relationship between ITCZ Location and Cross-Equatorial Atmospheric Heat Transport: From the Seasonal Cycle to the Last Glacial Maximum

The authors quantify the relationship between the location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the atmospheric heat transport across the equator (AHTEQ) in climate models and in observations. The observed zonal mean ITCZ location varies from 5.38S in the boreal winter to 7.28N in the boreal summer with an annual mean position of 1.658N while the AHTEQvaries from 2.1 PW northward in the boreal winter to 2.3 PW southward in the boreal summer with an annual mean of 0.1 PW southward. Seasonal variations in the ITCZ location and AHTEQ are highly anticorrelated in the observations and in a suite of state-of-the-art coupledclimatemodelswithregressioncoefficientsof22.78and22.48PW 21 respectively.Itisalsofoundthat seasonal variations in ITCZ location and AHTEQ are well correlated in a suite of slab ocean aquaplanet simulations with varying ocean mixed layer depths. However, the regression coefficient between ITCZ location and AHTEQ decreases with decreasing mixed layer depth as a consequence of the asymmetry that develops between the winter and summer Hadley cells as the ITCZ moves farther off the equator. The authors go on to analyze the annual mean change in ITCZ location and AHTEQ in an ensemble of climate perturbation experiments including the response to CO2 doubling, simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum, and simulations of the mid-Holocene. The shift in the annual average ITCZ location is also strongly anticorrelated with the change in annual mean AHTEQ with a regression coefficient of 23.28 PW 21 , similar to that found over the seasonal cycle.
Fixed Effects Vector Decomposition: A Magical Solution to the Problem of Time-Invariant Variables in Fixed Effects Models?

Plumper and Troeger (2007) propose a three-step procedure for the estimation of a fixed effects (FE) model that, it is claimed, “provides the most reliable estimates under a wide variety of specifications common to real world data.” Their fixed effects vector decomposition (FEVD) estimator is startlingly simple, involving three simple steps, each requiring nothing more than ordinary least squares (OLS). Large gains in efficiency are claimed for cases of time-invariant and slowly time-varying regressors. A subsequent literature has compared the estimator to other estimators of FE models, including the estimator of Hausman and Taylor (1981) also (apparently) with impressive gains in efficiency. The article also claims to provide an efficient estimator for parameters on time-invariant variables (TIVs) in the FE model. None of the claims are correct. The FEVD estimator simply reproduces (identically) the linear FE (dummy variable) estimator then substitutes an inappropriate covariance matrix for the correct one. The consistency result follows from the fact that OLS in the FE model is consistent. The “efficiency” gains are illusory. The claim that the estimator provides an estimator for the coefficients on TIVs in an FE model is also incorrect. That part of the parameter vector remains unidentified. The “estimator” relies upon a strong assumption that turns the FE model into a type of random effects model.
The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names

In the 1960s Blacks and Whites chose relatively similar first names for their children. Over a short period of time in the early 1970s, that pattern changed dramatically with most Blacks (particularly those living in racially isolated neighborhoods) adopting increasingly distinctive names, but a subset of Blacks actually moving toward more assimilating names. The patterns in the data appear most consistent with a model in which the rise of the Black Power movement influenced how Blacks perceived their identities. Among Blacks born in the last two decades, names provide a strong signal of socioeconomic status, which was not previously the case. We find, however, no negative relationship between having a distinctively Black name and later life outcomes after controlling for a child’s circumstances at birth.
Optimum wall impedance for spinning modes: A correlation with mode cut-off ratio

A correlating equation relating the optimum acoustic impedance for the wall lining of a circular duct to the acoustic mode cutoff ratio is presented and compared to exact calculations. The optimum impedance was correlated with cutoff ratio because the cutoff ratio appears to be the fundamental parameter governing the propagation of sound in the duct. Modes with similar cutoff ratios respond in a similar way to the acoustic liner. The correlating equation is useful for the design of suppressors for aircraft engine inlets having a steady mean flow with a boundary layer and spinning mode noise source excitation. The correlation is a semiempirical expression developed from an empirical modification of an equation originally derived from sound propagation theory in a thin boundary layer. Exact calculations of the optimum wall impedance were made over a wide range of frequency parameters, boundary-layer thicknesses and flow Mach numbers to develop and verify the correlation. This correlating equation represents a part of a simplified liner design method, based upon modal cutoff ratio, for multimodal noise propagation. c D F f G M0 m
Mean Curvature Motion of Triple Junctions of Graphs in Two Dimensions

We consider a system of three surfaces, graphs over a bounded domain in ℝ2, intersecting along a time-dependent curve and moving by mean curvature while preserving the pairwise angles at the curve of intersection (equal to 2π/3.) For the corresponding two-dimensional parabolic free boundary problem we prove short-time existence of classical solutions (in parabolic Holder spaces), for sufficiently regular initial data satisfying a compatibility condition.
PATH at 20—History and Major Milestones

The California partners for advanced transit and highways (PATH) program was founded in 1986, as the first research program in North America focused on the subject now known as intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This paper reviews the history of the founding of PATH and of the national ITS program in the U.S., providing perspective on the changes that have occurred during the past 20 years.
Customizable Area Whole Farm Insurance (CAWFI)

The customizable area whole farm insurance (CAWFI) was designed and compared with no insurance program and currently available whole farm insurance based on farm level yield (CFWFI). The CAWFI yields higher certainty equivalents over no insurance program, but lower to CFWFI; CAWFI has fairly small indemnity compared with CFWFI.
Adaptive device use by older adults with mixed disabilities

A key strategy in rehabilitation with the elderly is the selection and training in the use of adaptive devices to improve the ability to perform self-care and other activities of daily living. Two descriptive pilot studies were conducted to determine home use of equipment from the perspective of older adults with mixed disabilities and home care therapists. The first study examined home equipment use over a three-month period by 13 elderly patients discharged from a hospital rehabilitation unit. The second study surveyed 31 home therapists to evaluate their perceptions of device use by their elderly clients. The findings indicate that older adults and home care therapists share similar perspectives as to why devices are not frequently used. Home care therapists perceived that additional training in a person's home may increase safety, maximize functional performance, and reduce some caregiver responsibilities. The implications of these findings for service delivery are discussed.
Isomorphism of hierarchical structures

Abs tract. We consider hierarchical structures such as Fibonacci sequences and Penrose tilin gs, and examine the consequences of different choices for the defin ition of isomorphism. In particular, we discuss the role such a choice plays with regard to matching rules for such structures. 0. Int roduction Th is paper concerns certain hierarchical tilings of Euclidean space, of which a well known example is a ‘kite and dart’ tiling of the plane [Gar ]. Such tilings are noted for two properties: their unusual rotational symmetries (‘ten-fold symmetry’), and the fact that their global structures derive from local (‘matching’) rules. We will examine th e consequences of different choices for the defin ition of isomorphism between such structures. To be more specific, we assume that any tiling of interest is embedded in a compact metric space of tilings on which the connected component of the Euclidean group (or sometimes just its translation subgroup) acts in the natural way, and has a unique translation invariant Borel probability measure. We consider two specific notions of isomorphism: we say the tiling spaces and are ‘topologically conjugate’ if there is a homeomorphism between the spaces intertwining the actions of the group; and we say and are ‘measurably conjugate’ if there are subsets and , of measure zero with respect to the unique translation invariant measure and invariant under the action of the group, and a bimeasurable map from onto intertwining the actions of t he group. We investigate the consequences of assuming one or the other of these notions of isomorphism for such tilings. In [RaS ] we analyzed the rotational symmetry of such hierarchical structures, and found a way to associate a useful invariant for measurable conjugacy; the methods used would not have allowed for topological conjugacy, although perhaps other methods might. In t his paper we analyze hierarchical structures from the point of view of their other main characteristic, the fact that their global structures derive from local rules, and here we show t hat topological conjugacy is defi nitely not as broadly applicable as measurable conjugacy.
Polyolefins containing reactive p-methylstyrene groups : From high Tm thermoplastics to low Tg elastomers

This paper summarizes the experimental results in a new class of polyolefin co- and terpolymers containing reactive p-methylstyrene (p-MS) groups, which includes the materials from high T m thermoplastics to low T g elastomers. Due to the extraordinary copolymerization capability of metallocene catalysts with constrained ligand geometry, p-MS can be effectively copolymerized with α-olefins (i.e., ethylene, propylene, 1-octene, etc.) to form co- and terpolymers having narrow molecular weight and composition distributions. Comparing with other relative styrenic comonomers, i.e., styrene, 0-methylstyrene and m-methylstyrene, p-MS shows significantly higher reactivity in metallocene catalysis. In turn, the incorporated p-MS units in polyolefins are very versatile, which not only can be interconverted to various functional groups, such as -OH, -COOH, anhydride, silane and halides, but also can be conveniently transformed to stable anionic initiators for living anionic graft-from polymerization reactions. Many new functional polyolefin graft copolymers have been prepared, containing polyolefin backbone (PE, EP, EO, etc.) and functional polymer side chains, such as PMMA, PAN, PS, etc.
Microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of isoquinolines, furopyridines, and thienopyridines by palladium-catalyzed sequential coupling-imination-annulation of 2-bromoarylaldehydes with terminal acetylenes and ammonium acetate.

A palladium-catalyzed microwave-assisted one-pot reaction for the synthesis of isoquinolines is developed. The reaction is carried out by sequential coupling–imination–annulation reactions of ortho-bromoarylaldehydes and terminal alkynes with ammonium acetate, and a variety of substituted isoquinolines, furopyridines, and thienopyridines is prepared in moderate to excellent yields (up to 86%).
Structural Effects on Reactivity and Properties of Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids

1 The Nature of Structural Effects 2 Electrical Effects 3 Steric Effects 4 Intermolecular Forces 5 Application Methods 6 Applications of Correlation Analysis to Acidity 7 Further Applications to Reactivities and Properties Keywords: structural effects on reactivity and properties of oximes and hydroxamic acids; nature of structural effects; electrical effects of oxime, hydroxamic acid, hydroxylamino; steric effects and monoparametric model of steric effects; steric classification of substituents; intermolecular forces-parameterization of intermolecular forces; application methods-choice of correlation equations; applications of correlation analysis to acidity
Non-Maxwellian Proton Velocity Distributions in Nonradiative Shocks

The Balmer line profiles of nonradiative supernova remnant shocks provide the means to measure the postshock proton velocity distribution. While most analyses assume a Maxwellian velocity distribution, this is unlikely to be correct. In particular, neutral atoms that pass through the shock and become ionized downstream form a nonthermal distribution similar to that of pickup ions in the solar wind. We predict the Hα line profiles from the combination of pickup protons and the ordinary shocked protons, and we consider the extent to which this distribution could affect the shock parameters derived from Hα profiles. The Maxwellian assumption could lead to an underestimate of shock speed by up to about 15%. The isotropization of the pickup ion population generates wave energy, and we find that for the most favorable parameters this energy could significantly heat the thermal particles. Sufficiently accurate profiles could constrain the strength and direction of the magnetic field in the shocked plasma, and we discuss the distortions from a Gaussian profile to be expected in Tycho's supernova remnant.
Two-, three- and four-component coupling to form isoquinolones based on directed metalation

Benzamides undergo ortho-metalation with magnesiate bases to allow trapping with propargylic chlorides. Cyclization provides isoquinolones in a one-pot operation. Benzamides can be formed in situ from aryl Grignard reagents and isocyanates. Moreover, electrophilic trapping after cyclization introduces further complexity. Alternative cyclization conditions provide the isomeric aza-isocoumarins.
Kinesin Regulation Dynamics through Cargo Delivery, a Single Molecule Investigation

Kinesins are microtubule-based motors that deliver cargo to their destinations in a highly regulated manner. Although numerous regulators of cargo delivery have been identified in recent years, the regulation mechanism for kinesin through the cargo delivery and recycling process is not known. By performing single molecule fluorescence imaging measurements in Chlamydomonas flagella, which are 200 nm in diameter and 10 microns in length with 9 sets of doublet microtubules, we tracked intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains, BBSome cargoes, and kinesin-2 motors through the entire cargo delivery process and determined their reorganization and recycling dynamics. Upon arrival at the microtubule plus end at the flagellar tip, (1) IFT trains and BBSome cargoes remain intact and dissociate away from the kinesins and microtubules together, diffuse, and reorganize along the flagellar membrane over the course of 2.3 seconds before commencing retrograde travel. (2) Kinesin motors remain bound to and diffuse along microtubules for 1.3 seconds before dissociating into the flagellar lumen for recycling.
Efficient and Stereoselective Synthesis of Yellow Scale Pheromone via Alkyne Haloboration, Zr-Catalyzed Asymmetric Carboalumination of Alkenes (ZACA Reaction), and Pd-Catalyzed Tandem Negishi Coupling

A Pd-catalyzed reaction of allylzincs with the 1-octyne bromoboration product gives the desired allyl−alkenyl coupling products in good yields except with H2C═CHCH2ZnBr. This reaction is suitable for converting an alkyne bromoboration product 3 into 4 with no isomerization or β-elimination. The Pd-catalyzed isoalkyl−alkenyl coupling of 4 with the isoalkylzinc reagent derived from 2 provides yellow scale pheromone (1) of ≥98% isomeric purity in 34% in six steps from TBDPS-protected homoallyl alcohol.
The Marginal Cost of Risk, Risk Measures, and Capital Allocation

Financial institutions use risk measures to calculate the marginal capital cost when expanding the exposure to a certain risk within their portfolio. We reverse this approach by calculating the marginal cost based on economic fundamentals for a profit-maximizing firm and then by identifying the risk measure delivering the correct marginal cost. The resulting measure depends on context. Whereas familiar measures can be recovered in some circumstances, other circumstances yield unfamiliar forms. In all cases, the risk preferences of the institution’s claimants determine how the correct risk measure must weight various default states. Our results demonstrate that risk measures used for pricing and performance measurement should be chosen based on economic fundamentals and may not necessarily adhere to the mathematical properties typically imposed in the literature. This paper was accepted by Jerome B. Detemple, finance.
Facile Synthesis of 9-Substituted 9-Deazapurines as Potential Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Inhibitors

A facile synthesis of 9-substituted 9-deazapurines as potential inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase has been achieved by the direct Friedel–Crafts aroylation or arylmethylation of 9-deazapurines using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as catalyst. The aroylated 9-deazapurines could be transformed into the corresponding 9-arylmethyl derivatives by the Wolff–Kishner reaction. A novel synthesis of 9-deazahypoxanthine was also developed by treatment of 4-hydroxy-5-phenylazo-6-methylpyrimidin-2-thione with triethyl orthoformate in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to yield 8-oxo-7H-2-phenylpyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazin-6-thione followed by Raney nickel reduction.
Ultrathin Surface Modification by Atomic Layer Deposition on High Voltage Cathode LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 for Lithium Ion Batteries

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been employed to modify the surface of high voltage cathode LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by coating ultrathin Al2O3 layer on the electrodes. The ultrathin layer of Al2O3 can suppress the undesirable reactions during cycling, while maintaining the electron and ion conductivity of the electrode. The ALD Al2O3 coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 showed remarkable improvement over bare LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. After 200 cycles, the ALD Al2O3 coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 showed 91% capacity retention when the bare LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 can only maintain 75% in the same testing condition. In addition, the ALD coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 maintained 63% capacity retention after as long as 900 cycles. At an elevated temperature of 55 oC, the ALD Al2O3 coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 still delivered 116 mAh/g at the 100 th
Institutional Ownership and the Extent to which Stock Prices Reflect Future Earnings

Articles in the financial press suggest that institutional investors are overly focused on current profitability, which suggests that as institutional ownership increases, stock prices reflect less current period information that is predictive of future period earnings. On the other hand, institutional investors are often characterized in academic research as sophisticated investors and sophisticated investors should be better able to use current-period information to predict future earnings compared with other owners. According to this characterization, as institutional ownership increases, stock prices should reflect more current-period information that is predictive of future period earnings. Consistent with this latter view, we find that the extent to which stock prices lead earnings is positively related to the percentage of institutional ownership. This result holds after controlling for various factors that affect the relation between price and earnings. It also holds when we control for endogenous portfolio choices of institutions (e.g., institutional investors may be attracted to firms in richer information environments where stock prices tend to lead earnings). Further, a regression of stock returns on order backlog, conditional on the percentage of institutional ownership, indicates that institutional owners place more weight on order backlog compared with other owners. This result is consistent with institutional owners using non-earnings information to predict future earnings. It also explains, in part, why prices lead earnings to a greater extent when there is a higher concentration of institutional owners.
Microfabricated atomic clocks and magnetometers

We demonstrate the critical subsystems of a compact atomic clock based on a microfabricated physics package. The clock components have a total volume below 10 cm3, a fractional frequency instability of 6 × 10−10/τ1/2, and consume 200 mW of power. The physics package is easily adapted to function as a magnetometer with sensitivity below 50 pT Hz−1/2 at 10 Hz.
Mapping the gravitational-wave background

The gravitational-wave sky is expected to have isolated bright sources superimposed on a diffuse gravitational-wave background. The background radiation has two components: a confusion limited background from unresolved astrophysical sources; and a cosmological component formed during the birth of the universe. A map of the gravitational-wave background can be made by sweeping a gravitational-wave detector across the sky. The detector output is a complicated convolution of the sky luminosity distribution, the detector response function and the scan pattern. Here we study the general deconvolution problem, and show how LIGO (laser interferometric gravitational observatory) and LISA (laser interferometer space antenna) can be used to detect anisotropies in the gravitational-wave background.
Flexible versus rigid tile assembly

DNA molecules have been assembled in rigid DX and TX molecules, arrayed in assemblies similar to Wang tiles, and, as flexible branched junction molecules with flexible arms have been used in assemblies representing arbitrary graphs. This paper considers both models of rigid and flexible tiles. A model representing complexes assembled out of rigid tiles based on tile displacements is presented. This presentation is used to simulate computations obtained from (bounded) rigid tile self-assembly by corresponding assemblies of flexible tiles.
The Interface of Main Group and Transition Metal Cluster Chemistry

Abstract The literature concerning cluster complexes which contain both main group element and transition metal vertices is reviewed. Synthetic methods and general reactivity patterns are summarized. Emphasis is placed on structural. Comparisons of cluster geometries for a wide variety of element combinations. Relationships between these mixed clusters and the main group element clusters known as Zintl ions are discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses

It has been found that X-ray amorphous silica glasses containing up to 18% carbon can be synthesized using a sol/gel process. In this study, the sols were prepared using four different organometallic precursors—methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and phenyltrimethoxysilanes. 1H NMR,13C NMR, and TGA revealed that the methoxy groups are hydrolyzed in the solutions and, therefore, are absent in the gels. But the alkyl groups are retained in the dry gels. The 29Si NMR data verified that the Si—C bonds associated with these alkyl groups are intact in the dry gels. Most importantly, however, Si—C bonds are found in the glasses obtained after heat-treating the gels at high temperature in an inert atmosphere; i.e., the synthesis does, in fact, create an oxycarbide network structure. TGA showed that the dense oxycarbide glasses are stable to 1000°C in argon and in air.
Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies

▪ Abstract Cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies have and will continue to revolutionize our understanding of cosmology. The recent discovery of the previously predicted acoust...
Does one size fit all?: a reexamination of the finance and growth relationship

Abstract Recent research has found a strong positive effect of a country's financial development on economic growth. We propose that this relationship may vary according to the level of financial development (divided in three regions). In the low region (countries with very low levels of financial development), additional improvements in financial markets have an uncertain effect on growth. In the intermediate region, financial development has a large, positive effect on growth. Finally, in the high region, the effect is positive, but smaller. We examine a panel of 74 countries using generalized method of moments (GMM) dynamic panel techniques and find support for the different regions.
Can ejecta-dominated supernova remnants be typed from their X-ray spectra? The case of G337.2-0.7

In this paper we use recent X-ray and radio observations of the ejecta-rich Galactic SNR G337.2-0.7 to determine properties of the SN explosion that formed this source. H I absorption measurements from ATCA constrain the distance to G337.2-0.7 to lie between 2.0 ? 0.5 and 9.3 ? 0.3 kpc. Combined with a clear radio image of the outer blast wave, this distance allows us to estimate the dynamical age (between 750 and 3500 yr) from the global X-ray spectrum obtained with the XMM-Newton and Chandra observatories. The presence of ejecta is confirmed by the pattern of fitted relative abundances, which show Mg, Ar, and Fe to be less enriched (compared to solar) than Si, S, or Ca, and the ratio of Ca to Si to be 3.4 ? 0.8 times the solar value (under the assumption of a single electron temperature and single ionization timescale). With the addition of a solar abundance component for emission from the blast wave, these abundances (with the exception of Fe) resemble the ejecta of a Type Ia, rather than core-collapse, SN. Comparing directly to models of the ejecta and blast wave X-ray emission calculated by evolving realistic SN Ia explosions to the remnant stage allows us to deduce that one-dimensional delayed-detonation and pulsed delayed-detonation models can indeed reproduce the major features of the global spectrum. In particular, stratification of the ejecta, with the Fe shocked most recently, is required to explain the lack of prominent Fe K emission.
On the eddy structure of hurricanes

Given the general conditions present in a mature hurricane, this paper seeks to show by observational and theoretical means that the circulation regime within a hurricane, beyond a certain radius, must be of the eddy type rather than axisymmetric. This is done by first pointing out, following recent results of Starr, that mean radial circulations cannot transport angular momentum across surfaces of constant mean values of this quantity. A diagram is constructed showing such momentum surfaces obtained from data for a mean hurricane, and it is demonstrated that there must be a flux of momentum across these closed surfaces. This flux, therefore, can only be produced by an eddy type circulation regime.
Succinct Synthesis of β-Amino Acids via Chiral Isoxazolines

β-Amino acids are important synthetic targets due to their presence in a wide variety of natural products, pharmaceutical agents, and mimics of protein structural motifs. While β-amino acids containing geminal substitution patterns have enormous potential for application in these contexts, synthetic challenges to the stereoselective preparation of this class of compound have thus far limited more complete studies. We present here a straightforward method employing chiral isoxazolines as key intermediates to access five different β-amino acid structural types with excellent selectivity. Of particular note is the use of this approach to prepare highly substituted cis-β-proline analogues. The ready access to these diversely substituted compounds is expected to facilitate future studies of the structure and function of this important class of molecules.
The Economic and Policy Consequences of Catastrophes

How likely is a catastrophic event that would substantially reduce the capital stock, GDP, and wealth? How much should society be willing to pay to reduce the probability or impact of a catastrophe? We answer these questions and provide a framework for policy analysis using a general equilibrium model of production, capital accumulation, and household preferences. Calibrating the model to economic and financial data, we estimate the mean arrival rate of shocks and their size distribution, the tax on consumption society would accept to limit the maximum size of a catastrophic shock, and the cost to insure against its impact. (JEL D81, E22, E23, E32, G22, H25, Q54)
Mathematical concepts in programming language semantics

In mathematics after some centuries of development the semantical situation is very clean. This may not be surprising, as the subject attracts people who enjoy clarity, generality, and neatness. On the one hand we have our concepts of mathematical objects (numbers, relations, functions, sets), and on the other we have various formal means of expression. The mathematical expressions are generated for the most part in a very regular manner, and every effort is made to supply all expressions with denotations. (This is not always so easy to do. The theory of distributions, for example, provided a non-obvious construction of denotations for expressions of an operational calculus. The derivative operator was well serviced, but one still cannot multiply two distributions.)
Progress for Stroke Prevention With Atrial Fibrillation Emergence of Alternative Oral Anticoagulants

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is both a common cardiac arrhythmia and a frequent cause of cardioembolic strokes. The prevalence of AF markedly increases with age and with the current population trends, the number of patients with AF is expected to continue to grow and may reach 12 million in the United States by 2050.1 AF accounts for up to 20% of all ischemic strokes and independently increases the risk of these events by up to 5-fold.2,3 Various cardiovascular risk factors do increase the risk of AF and given the continuing rise of obesity and resultant hypertension and diabetes, the future healthcare burden of AF-related strokes is likely to greatly increase. AF is arguably 1 of the best-studied causes of stroke with dozens of randomized trials that have led to well-established evidence-based recommendations regarding effective treatment modalities. Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, is currently the most commonly used oral anticoagulant. It has been used for decades, is inexpensive, and has standardized laboratory monitoring and reversal protocols. Warfarin is also exceedingly effective; a recent meta-analysis has shown it to reduce stroke by almost two thirds compared with placebo and to provide an almost 40% relative risk reduction compared with antiplatelet therapy.4 Warfarin, however, has several limitations that have led to underuse in the community. It has a very narrow therapeutic window with potentially life-threatening consequences from both under- and overdosing the medication. Bleeding, either systemically or intracranially, is the most feared complication; it has hindered a more wide-scale acceptance of this therapy, particularly among elderly patients. Maintaining most patients within that therapeutic window is challenging due to numerous drug and diet interactions and requires frequent and inconvenient blood testing and monitoring. Due to these difficulties, a portion of patients and physicians has never adequately adopted this therapy, which …
Design and analysis of a Kalman filter for terrain-referenced positioning and guidance

Avionic systems that depend on digitized terrain elevation data for guidance generation or navigational reference require accurate absolute and relative distance measurements to the terrain, especially as they approach lower altitudes. This is particularly exacting in low-altitude helicopter missions, where aggressive terrain hugging maneuvering create minimal horizontal and vertical clearances and demand precise terrain positioning. Sole reliance on airborne precision navigation and stored terrain elevation data for above-ground-level (AGL) positioning severely limits the operational altitude of such systems. A Kalman filter is presented which blends radar altimeter returns, precision navigation, and stored terrain elevation data for AGL positioning. The filter is evaluated using low-altitude helicopter flight test data acquired over moderately rugged terrain. The proposed Kalman filter is found to remove large disparities in predicted AGL altitude (i.e., from airborne navigation and terrain elevation data) in the presence of measurement anomalies and dropouts. Previous work suggested a minimum clearance altitude of 220-ft AGL for a near-terrain guidance system; integration of a radar altimeter suggests operation of that system to 50 ft, subject to obstacle-avoidance limitations.
Highly stereoselective preparation of nitro olefins and nitro dienes by the addition-elimination of copper-zinc organometallics to β-alkylthio and β-phenylsulfonyl nitro olefins

Abstract The addition-elimination of copper-zinc organometallics RCu(CN)ZnX to (E)-1-nitro-2-phenylsulfonyl ethylene 2a gave highly functionalized pure (E) nitro olefins and stereoselectively (1E, 3E) and (1E, 3Z)-1-nitrodienes in excellent yields. β-Alkylthio nitro olefins such as 2-ethylthio-1-nitro-1-cyclohexene 2b and 2,2-dimethylthio-1-nitroethylene 12 were found to have a similar behavior. This methodology allowed an expeditive preparation of the triene 5 which underwent an extremely mild silica gel-catalyzed, stereospecific Diels-Alder cyclization.
Ramanujan sums as supercharacters

The theory of supercharacters, recently developed by Diaconis-Isaacs and Andre, is used to derive the fundamental algebraic properties of Ramanujan sums. This machinery frequently yields one-line proofs of difficult identities and provides many novel formulas. In addition to exhibiting a new application of supercharacter theory, this article also serves as a blueprint for future work since some of the abstract results we develop are applicable in much greater generality.
Statistical multiplexing and buffer sharing in multimedia high-speed networks: a frequency-domain perspective

We study the effectiveness of statistical multiplexing and buffer sharing under the multimedia high-speed networking environment. We focus on the impact of frequency-domain source characteristics on dynamic resource sharing. By applying a novel statistical matching technique, we can, for the first time, investigate the multiplexing performance of a wide-range of realistic traffic sources using sophisticated traffic models. It has been shown that the effectiveness of statistical multiplexing and buffer sharing highly depends on the frequency-domain characteristics of the traffic as well as the corresponding QoS requirements. For practical "low-frequency" sources; e.g., VBR-video streams and LAN-to-LAN traffic, we show that significant savings in bandwidth and buffer-space can be achieved via resource sharing under practical loss and delay constraints. These findings re-illustrate the important role of traffic characteristics in the design/selection of network control strategies. The trade-offs among different design alternatives (e.g., multiplexing versus buffering) and the implications on some control schemes, e.g., traffic shaping/input-rate control, are also discussed.
Extended Bloch group and the Cheeger-Chern-Simons class

We dene an extended Bloch group and show it is naturally isomorphic to H3(PSL(2;C);Z). Using the Rogers dilogarithm function this leads to an exact simplicial formula for the universal Cheeger{Chern{Simons class on this homology group. It also leads to an independent proof of the analytic relationship between volume and Chern{Simons invariant of hyperbolic 3{manifolds conjectured in [16] and proved in [24], as well as eective formulae for the Chern{Simons invariant of a hyperbolic 3{manifold. AMS Classication numbers Primary: 57M27 Secondary: 19E99, 57T99
Independent Co-Option of a Tailed Bacteriophage into a Killing Complex in Pseudomonas

Competition between microbes is widespread in nature, especially among those that are closely related. To combat competitors, bacteria have evolved numerous protein-based systems (bacteriocins) that kill strains closely related to the pro- ducer. In characterizing the bacteriocin complement and killing spectra for the model strain Pseudomonas syringae B728a, we discovered that its activity was not linked to any predicted bacteriocin but is derived from a prophage. Instead of encoding an active prophage, this region encodes a bacteriophage-derived bacteriocin, termed an R-type syringacin. This R-type syringacin is striking in its convergence with the well-studied R-type pyocin of P. aeruginosa in both genomic location and molecular func- tion. Genomic alignment, amino acid percent sequence identity, and phylogenetic inference all support a scenario where the R-type syringacin has been co-opted independently of the R-type pyocin. Moreover, the presence of this region is conserved among several otherPseudomonasspecies and thus is likely important for intermicrobial interactions throughout this impor- tant genus. IMPORTANCE Evolutionary innovation is often achieved through modification of complexes or processes for alternate purposes, termed co-option. Notable examples include the co-option of a structure functioning in locomotion (bacterialflagellum) to one functioning in protein secretion (type three secretion system). Similar co-options can occur independently in distinct lineages. We discovered a genomic region in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae that consists of a fragment of a bacteriophage ge- nome. The fragment encodes only the tail of the bacteriophage, which is lethal toward strains of this species. This structure is similar to a previously described structure produced by the related species Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The two structures, how- ever, are not derived from the same evolutionary event. Thus, they represent independent bacteriophage co-options. The co- opted bacteriophage from P. syringae is found in the genomes of many other Pseudomonas species, suggesting ecological impor- tance across this genus.