cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Antillean Jewel and the European Imaginary: The Language of the Unspeakable in Denis Diderot's Les bijoux indiscrets

In the mid-1700s, when Denis Diderot wrote Les bijoux indiscrets , the French modern nation-state was being actively imagined through philosophical and revolutionary discourse as distinct from the monarchical and feudal structures of the ancien regime . At the core of the emerging, transformative vision of Enlightenment thought lay knowledge produced by colonial and enslaved peoples, symbolized in the black female body that is positioned in Diderot's novel as disruptive of and yet central to European social, economic, and cultural norms.
Personal monitoring of ozone exposure: A fully portable device for under $150 USD cost

Abstract An inexpensive and portable device for monitoring personal ozone exposure is described and its performance characterized. The device is built from commercially available components, exhibits time resolution of approx. 60 s, and highest analytical sensitivity under 100 ppbv ozone. The sensor has been employed to provide insights into ozone exposure for 8 volunteers living in Lubbock, Texas during the winter months of 2015. Consistent with previous literature, the results indicate the volunteers were exposed to highest levels of ozone when outdoors during daylight hours. Exposure to ozone indoors was typically only a fraction (0.3–0.7) of the dose observed during times spent outdoors. The sensing system described requires minimal technical skills to assemble and use at a cost of approximately $150 USD per unit (see Table 1). The device's batteries provide power for 8–10 h on a single charge and the sensor can be re-used many times after recharging the battery pack. A major advantage of the sensor over chromogenic filters for exposure monitoring is the collection of time-series data that allows users to better understand when and where individuals are exposed to highest ozone concentrations. The device may prove useful for industries requiring a low-cost solution to monitor employee exposure to ozone for specific work environments.
Theoretical Investigation of the Band Alignment at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Interface

Epitaxially grown oxide superlattices are attracting considerable attention due to their unusual properties and possible applications ranging from sensors to electronic devices [1]. We report a first-principles study of interfaces in the epitaxial LaAlO3/SrTiO3 system within density functional theory. We consider the electronic structure of the n-type interface, and compute the band alignment
Oxidation of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol by human liver cytochrome P-450.

One of the classic examples of adverse drug interactions involves pregnancies in women using the oral contraceptive 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol who also ingest rifampicin or barbiturates or hydantoins. Previous work had demonstrated increased metabolism (2-hydroxylation) of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in individuals using rifampicin. In this report evidence is presented for the involvement of a specific form of human cytochrome P-450, termed P-450NF, in this phenomenon. Although purified P-450NF has only relatively low catalytic 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylase activity, antibodies raised to P-450NF specifically inhibited greater than 90% of the activity in liver microsomes which had either high or low catalytic activity. When different liver samples were compared, rates of microsomal 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation were highly correlated with amounts of immunochemically measured P-450NF or rates of nifedipine oxidation, a characteristic activity of P-450NF. Prior incubation of human liver microsomes with NADPH and troleandomycin resulted in decreased 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation. In addition, 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol appears to be a mechanism-based inhibitor in human liver microsomes, as shown by the loss of both spectrally detectable cytochrome P-450 and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylase activity during incubation in the presence of NADPH. Additional experiments did not show any evidence for the involvement of a number of other human cytochrome P-450 enzymes in 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation (i.e., P-450DB, P-450PA, P-450MP, P-450j). These results are consistent with the view that P-450NF is the major enzyme involved in 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol oxidation and that drugs and hormones which influence the expression and activity of this enzyme can influence the efficacy and side effects of this compound.
Analysis of investigation results for iodine deficiency disorders in Guangzhou in 2010

Objective: To evaluate the preventive measures and control effect of iodine deficiency disorders in Guangzhou.Methods: Thirty schools were selected from ten districts and two counties of Guangzhou randomly in the dot survey,and 8 to 10-year-old school students were surveyed.Results: Goiter rate of 8 to 10-year-old school students was 4.0%.Pass rate of iodine in household salt was 93.9%.The average was 189 μg/L for concentration of iodine of urine.Conclusion: Control and prevention measures for iodine deficiency disorders achieved remarkable result by adding iodine in salt mainly.
Reasons and strategies for sterilization cycle cancellation of hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization system

Objective To analyze why the sterilization cycle of hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization system was cancelled and found its countermeasure.Methods All data about the sterilization cycle and the cancelled cycle from 2007.1 to 2011.10 were analyzed retrospectively.Results The sterilization cycle was cancelled 49 times during all 1104 sterilization cycles.Conclusion Factors such as drying and cleaning equipments,loading methods can impact the function of hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization system.Attentions on these factors are critical to the success of sterilization.
Smoking among Middle Students in Huairou District of Beijing City

[Objective]To understand the smoking status of middle school students in Huairou District of Beijing City,to explore the school tobacco control mode,to reduce school students smoking rate,and provide a scientific basis for creating smoke-free schools.[Methods]According to the classification of primary and secondary school in Beijing,completely random sampling method was adopted to select 3 secondary schools,3 high schools,and 1 vocational high school in Huairou District.Cluster sampling was conducted in each grade to meet the needs of sample size.The study required the gender ratio of 1∶1 in each school as far as possible.[Results]The survey results showed that attempting smoking rate and current smoking rates were 29.7% and 17.2% which were basically in line with the national level.[Conclusion]Smoking status of middle school students can not be ignored.Government and education departments should develop targeted smoking control policy in line with the characteristics of students to guide the activities related to health hazards of smoking in schools so as to reduce the harm of tobacco on students.
Transvaginal pressure pack for life-threatening pelvic hemorrhage secondary to placenta accreta

A patient with placenta previa presented with severe vaginal bleeding. Emergency classical cesarean was followed by hysterectomy for placenta accreta. The patient's hemodynamic status continued to deteriorate and she subsequently developed a consumptive coagulopathy secondary to massive hemorrhage. A mushroom-shaped pack, created from a sterile plastic bag filled with Kerlix gauze, was placed in the pelvis and brought out through the vagina. Traction on the pack produced pressure against the pelvic floor, controlling the bleeding. This pack was prepared quickly and removed without complication in the immediate postoperative period.
Romantic Dynamics, or Towards a Physical Criticism

In Romantic studies and in wider spheres of critical theory, a dynamic approach to the interpretation of poetic events has emerged in the last decade (what I term ‘physical criticism’), and this critical mode manifested itself in the interpretive communities of several canonical Romantic authors, especially Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge and the Shelleys. In part, this examination of Romantic poetics mapped direct connections between various writers, including poets and natural philosophers, and explored the ways in which Romantic poetical practices engage, even undermine, Enlightenment thinking and its mechanical by-products, the industrial progeny of Newton and Descartes. Physical criticism, to my mind, developed from the energetic exchange between two broadly cast categories, literature and science, and, fortunately, this interdisciplinary interchange unfolds on both sides of the dividing conjunction (‘and’), although some claim otherwise. Most recently, physical criticism has explored the rhythmic and imaginative resonances between thought experiments crafted by Romantic poets and the full range of contemporary physical theory.
Acute Thermotherapy Prevents Impairments in Cutaneous Microvascular Function Induced by a High Fat Meal

We tested the hypothesis that a high fat meal (HFM) would impair cutaneous vasodilation, while thermotherapy (TT) would reverse the detrimental effects. Eight participants were instrumented with skin heaters and laser-Doppler (LD) probes and tested in three trials: control, HFM, and HFM + TT. Participants wore a water-perfused suit perfused with 33°C (control and HFM) or 50°C (HFM + TT) water. Participants consumed 1 g fat/kg body weight. Blood samples were taken at baseline and two hours post-HFM. Blood pressure was measured every 5–10 minutes. Microvascular function was assessed via skin local heating from 33°C to 39°C two hours after HFM. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated and normalized to maximal vasodilation (% ). HFM had no effect on initial peak (48 ± 4 % ) compared to control (49 ± 4 % ) but attenuated the plateau (51 ± 4 % ) compared to control (63 ± 4 % , P ) compared to control and HFM (P ) was augmented only compared to the HFM trial (P < 0.001). These data suggest that HFM negatively affects cutaneous vasodilation but can be minimized by TT.
Performance of a Mach-Zehnder based analogue data recording system for use with the Gas Cherenkov Detector on the NIF

This paper covers the performance of a high speed analogue data transmission system. This system uses multiple Mach- Zehnder optical modulators to transmit and record fusion burn history data for the Gas Cherenkov Detector (GCD) on the National Ignition Facility. The GCD is designed to measure the burn duration of high energy gamma rays generated by Deuterium-Tritium (DT) interactions in the NIF. The burn duration of DT fusion can be as short as 10ps and the optical photons generated in the gas Cherenkov cell are measured using a vacuum photodiode with a FWHM of ~55ps. A recording system with a 3dB bandwidth of ≥10GHz and a signal to noise ratio of ≥5 for photodiode output voltage of 50mV is presented. The data transmission system uses two or three Mach-Zehnder modulators and an RF amplifier to transmit data optically. This signal is received and recorded by optical to electrical converts and a high speed digital oscilloscope placed outside of the NIF Target Bay. Electrical performance metrics covered include signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to peak to peak noise ratio, single shot dynamic range, shot to shot dynamic range, system bandwidth, scattering parameters, are shown. Design considerations such as self-test capabilities, the NIF radiation environment, upgrade compatibility, Mach-Zehnder (MZ) biasing, maintainability, and operating considerations for the use of MZs are covered. This data recording system will be used for the future upgrade of the GCD to be used with a Pulse Dilation PMT, currently under development.
Teaching Mathematics for Spatial Justice: Beyond a Victory Narrative

In this reflective essay, Laurie H. Rubel, Maren Hall-Wieckert, and Vivian Y. Lim present a design heuristic for teaching mathematics for spatial justice (TMSpJ) based on their development of two curricular modules, one about the state lottery and the other about financial services in a city. Spatial tools, including data visualizations on maps and participatory mapping, were designed for youth to examine spatial injustices in these systems. The authors' findings report reflections about supporting students to “read and write the world with mathematics” (Freire & Macedo, 1987; Gutstein, 2003). These reflections inform an expanded design heuristic for TMSpJ.
Open Ephys electroencephalography (Open Ephys + EEG): a modular, low-cost, open-source solution to human neural recording.

Objective. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a unique opportunity to study human neural activity non-invasively with millisecond resolution using minimal equipment in or outside of a lab setting. EEG can be combined with a number of techniques for closed-loop experiments, where external devices are driven by specific neural signals. However, reliable, commercially available EEG systems are expensive, often making them impractical for individual use and research development. Moreover, by design, a majority of these systems cannot be easily altered to the specification needed by the end user. We focused on mitigating these issues by implementing open-source tools to develop a new EEG platform to drive down research costs and promote collaboration and innovation. Approach. Here, we present methods to expand the open-source electrophysiology system, Open Ephys (www.openephys.org), to include human EEG recordings. We describe the equipment and protocol necessary to interface various EEG caps with the Open Ephys acquisition board, and detail methods for processing data. We present applications of Open Ephys + EEG as a research tool and discuss how this innovative EEG technology lays a framework for improved closed-loop paradigms and novel brain-computer interface experiments. Main results. The Open Ephys + EEG system can record reliable human EEG data, as well as human EMG data. A side-by-side comparison of eyes closed 8–14 Hz activity between the Open Ephys + EEG system and the Brainvision ActiCHamp EEG system showed similar average power and signal to noise. Significance. Open Ephys + EEG enables users to acquire high-quality human EEG data comparable to that of commercially available systems, while maintaining the price point and extensibility inherent to open-source systems.
Enteric Infection in Relapse of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Utility of Stool Microbial PCR Testing.

Background The similar presentations in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and enteric infection pose substantial barriers to diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, etiology, predictors, and treatment of enteric infection in patients with IBD. Methods We reviewed the records of 214 patients with IBD who underwent 295 gastrointestinal pathogen panel and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) stool tests during an exacerbation of symptoms. We collected baseline characteristics, PCR outcomes, and medication exposures. We tested for associations via the Chi-square test and the t-test. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of enteric infection. Results Of 295 PCR tests ordered during an exacerbation of symptoms, 38 (12.9%) were positive for CDI and 41 (13.8%) were positive for 14 other pathogens, with E. coli species as the most common. A previous history of CDI or colonic involvement of IBD predicted CDI, whereas a previous colectomy predicted negative testing for CDI. The majority with CDI (24, 63.2%) received oral vancomycin and 15 (37.5%) with other enteric pathogens were treated for their infection. Patients with CDI had a longer median length of hospital stay (8.5 versus 4 days, P = 0.041). Patients who tested negative for enteric infections were more likely to have IBD medications added or up-titrated (P = 0.027). Conclusions Enteric infection was detected in 79 (26.8%) symptomatic patients with IBD , with CDI the most frequent followed by E. coli. Negative stool PCR testing was associated with changes in IBD management. Broad enteric PCR testing should be considered during relapse of IBD.
Self-Work on Gender for Leadership Educators: Reflections from Our Experiences.

This chapter explores the need for leadership educators to engage in self-work around their understanding of gender, particularly drawing upon the self-learning from the authors’ personal experiences of facilitating retreats on gender.
Rotating stall control of MG3 compressor models governed by partial differential equations

Abstract In a recent paper, Moore and Greitzer developed a full compressor model, governed by a set of three simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations for pressure rise, and average and disturbed values of the flow coefficient, as functions of time and angle around the compressor. Here we consider feedback stabilization of this model with general cubic compressor characteristics, and show that the controller designed eliminates rotating stall (a fundamental aerodynamic instability in axial flow compressors - a complex nonlinear phenomenon that limits their performance) as the pressure rise reaches to the maximum.
Silane as Chain Transfer Agent for the Polymerization of Ethylene Catalyzed by a Palladium(II) Diimine Catalyst

A strategy for the synthesis of semitelechelic polyethylene through the palladium diimine-catalyzed chain-transfer polymerization of ethylene using various silanes as chain-transfer agents is reported. Polymer molecular weight and end-group chemical structure can be tuned by varying the chain-transfer agent as well as its concentration. NMR spectroscopy confirms that the silicon of the chain-transfer agent is incorporated into the polymer. The stability of the catalyst toward polar monomer enables the chain-transfer polymerization of semitelechelic poly(ethylene-methyl acrylate) copolymers.
Pleistocene Freshwater Mollusks on the Floor of Owens Lake Playa, Eastern California

Patches of shelly sediments on the floor of Owens Lake playa contain a freshwater molluscan fauna dominated by two planorbid snails, Helisoma newberryi (Lea) and Vorticifex effusa (Lea). Other less common species include the valvatid snails, Valvata utahensis Call and Valvata humeralis Say; the planorbid, Gyraulus parvus (Say); and a sphaeriid clam, Pisidium sp. The assemblage is indicative of a fully developed pluvial lake. Other studies have demonstrated that the late Pleistocene (probably early Wisconsinan) source beds for these mollusks are folded and faulted in the vicinity of Point Bartlett, with the shells having been eroded and reworked during late Wisconsinan and Holocene lake level highstands. A trench excavated in this area confirms this complex pattern of reworking from truncated limbs of folded Pleistocene lake beds. In this way, older Pleistocene mollusks have "leaked" into younger Pleistocene and Holocene depositional environments, potentially mixing fossils from different pluvial cycles.
Finding Structure in Figurative Language: Metaphor Detection with Topic-based Frames

In this paper, we present a novel and highly effective method for induction and application of metaphor frame templates as a step toward detecting metaphor in extended discourse. We infer implicit facets of a given metaphor frame using a semi-supervised bootstrapping approach on an unlabeled corpus. Our model applies this frame facet information to metaphor detection, and achieves the state-of-the-art performance on a social media dataset when building upon other proven features in a nonlinear machine learning model. In addition, we illustrate the mechanism through which the frame and topic information enable the more accurate metaphor detection.
Correlation between evolution of surface roughness parameters and micropitting of carburized steel under boundary lubrication condition

Abstract This paper investigates the evolution of amplitude and spatial roughness parameters during rolling contact fatigue experiments on carburized samples with around 0%, 15% and 70% retained austenite (RA) under boundary lubrication condition. The 0% RA samples failed due to early crack initiation and rapid crack propagation. The 15% and 70% RA samples showed initiation and propagation of micropitting. Four amplitude surface parameters (Ra, RRMS, Rsk and Rku) and one spatial parameter (2D auto-correlation length) were analyzed for correlations between micropitting initiation and propagation during RCF cycles. It was observed that during run-in, a significant decrease in Ra and RRMS were observed, while the correlation length increased and stabilized for all samples. The evolution of the 2D autocorrelation length correlated well with the evolution of crack propagation. It was observed that, while Ra and RRMS values follow the same trend as propagation of micropitting, skewness and kurtosis can be used to better predict initiation and propagation of micropitting on the surface. Significant propagation of micropitting was accompanied by a decreasing trend of skewness and increasing trend of kurtosis. Transverse directional correlation length also showed good correlation with propagation of micropitting, with the correlation length decreasing during increase of micropitting on sample surfaces.
A hyperpolarization- and acid-activated nonselective cation current in Xenopus oocytes

Heterologous expression of a variety of membrane proteins in Xenopus oocytes sometimes results in the appearance of a hyperpolarization-activated inward current. The nature of this current remains ...
Bi-Directional Mode-Locked Thulium Fiber Laser as a Single-Cavity Dual-Comb Source

We demonstrate the use of a bi-directional mode-locked thulium doped fiber ring laser as a single cavity free-running dual-comb source. We consider the effect of group-velocity dispersion on the repetition rate difference between the two combs and demonstrate a tunable repetition rate difference from 48–229 Hz. Dual-comb spectroscopy of atmospheric H2O near $1.87~\mu \text{m}$ is performed over a 1.47-m air path in laboratory with a peak single-shot signal-to-noise ratio of 27.5.
Primary outcomes analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of an interactive decision tool for patients with breast cancer.

6500Background: High quality treatment decisions require that patients are well informed about treatment and that their values are considered. Yet studies show that patient knowledge about breast c...
Gender Differences for Appearance-Related Attitudes and Behaviors: Implications for Consumer Welfare:

Drawing from a sociocultural perspective, the authors examine the influences of gender and concern and perception of appearance on a variety of dependent variables in four different studies. Althou...
Empowering Citizen Data Scientists - Cyber Science Social Media track

The use of social media, wearable devices generating high volume of structured and unstructured data is increasing exponentially. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain information from this volume of data due to lack of trained professionals. In this context, we describe a set of tools and processes that encourage and empower citizen data scientists to make use of the information available from the abundance of data and obtain a better return on investment for their organizations, institutions and or personal decisions.
Renewable Energy Hybrid Grid-Connected System Sensitivity Analysis, Integration, and System Flexibility

Clean energy is the key starting to be used as to solve the climate change or global warming problems. However, having intelligent, sustainable, and robust systems is a global challenge, specifically for renewable energy grid connected systems. One of the most important aspects is investigating the changes in load demand and electricity prices over the project lifetime and the possible impact on the system's performance. This paper continued work on a previous study and illustrates the importance of sensitivity analysis and system flexibility for RE systems connected to utility grid. Net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), system environmental impacts were investigated using HOMER software to do the analysis of this study. The simulation results showed that changes in load demand and electricity prices can have a significant impact on system's performance and integration to the power systems.
Silent in situ thrombus within a hypoplastic left ventricle in a teenager with Fontan palliation

Thrombosis, especially in the Fontan pathway, is one of the major concerns in patients who underwent Fontan surgery, with reported prevalence of 5-33%. We report a case of thrombus in a rudimentary left ventricle in teenager with no arrhythmia or neurological complications. We also report the special concerns of silent thrombus and role of cardiac MRI in diagnosing an intracardiac thrombus.
Tough Teams and Optimistic Individuals: The Intersecting Roles of Group and Individual Attributes in Helping to Predict Physical Performance

This study tested the effects of individual and group-level characteristics on performance during a mandatory and challenging physical education course at the United States Military Academy (USMA)....
Deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Abstract Objective The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused devastating morbidity and mortality worldwide. In particular, thromboembolic complications have emerged as a key threat for patients with COVID-19. We assessed our experience with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with COVID-19. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with COVID-19 who had undergone upper or lower extremity venous duplex ultrasonography at an academic health system in New York City from March 3, 2020 to April 12, 2020 with follow-up through May 12, 2020. A cohort of hospitalized patients without COVID-19 (non–COVID-19) who had undergone venous duplex ultrasonography from December 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 was used for comparison. The primary outcome was DVT. The secondary outcomes included pulmonary embolism, in-hospital mortality, admission to the intensive care unit, and antithrombotic therapy. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the risk factors for DVT and mortality. Results Of 443 patients (COVID-19, n = 188; and non–COVID-19, n = 255) who had undergone venous duplex ultrasonography, the COVID-19 cohort had had a greater incidence of DVT (31% vs 19%; P = .005) than had the non–COVID-19 cohort. The incidence of pulmonary embolism was not significantly different statistically between the COVID-19 and non–COVID-19 cohorts (8% vs 4%; P = .105). The DVT location in the COVID-19 group was more often distal (63% vs 29%; P Conclusions Given the high incidence of venous thromboembolic events in this population, we support the decision to empirically initiate therapeutic anticoagulation for patients with a low bleeding risk and severe COVID-19 infection. Duplex ultrasonography should be reserved for patients with a high clinical suspicion of venous thromboembolism for whom anticoagulation therapy could result in life-threatening consequences. Further study of patients with COVID-19 is warranted to elucidate the etiology of vascular thromboembolic events and guide the prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for these patients.
Growth and structural characterization of large superconducting crystals of La 2- x Ca 1+ x Cu 2 O 6

Large crystals of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{1+x}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ (La-Ca-2126) with $x=0.10$ and 0.15 have been grown and converted to bulk superconductors by high-pressure oxygen annealing. The superconducting transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$, is as high as 55 K; this can be raised to 60 K by postannealing in air. Here we present structural and magnetic characterizations of these crystals using neutron scattering and muon spin rotation techniques. While the as-grown, nonsuperconducting crystals are single phase, we find that the superconducting crystals contain three phases forming coherent domains stacked along the $c$ axis: the dominant La-Ca-2126 phase, very thin (1.5 unit-cell) intergrowths of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, and an antiferromagnetic ${\mathrm{La}}_{8}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{8}{\mathrm{O}}_{20}$ phase. We propose that the formation and segregation of the latter phases increases the Ca concentration of the La-Ca-2126, thus providing the hole doping that supports superconductivity.
Role of Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring in Internal Carotid Artery Injury During Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery.

Objective In the present study, we investigated the role of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in internal carotid artery (ICA) injury during endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (EESBS). Methods The study group included all 13 patients who had experienced an ICA injury during EESBS with IONM from 2004 to 2017. The medical records were reviewed for the perioperative data. The IONM reports were reviewed to evaluate the baseline somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), electroencephalography (EEG), and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and their significant changes related to ICA injury and/or the subsequent surgical/endovascular interventions. Results All 13 patients had undergone SSEP and 7 patients had BAEP monitoring during surgery. EEG was added during emergent angiography following the surgery for 5 patients. Two patients showed significant SSEP changes, and one showed significant SSEP and EEG changes, indicating cerebral hypoperfusion. Of these 3 patients, patient 1 had experienced irreversible SSEP loss with postoperative stroke. Patients 2 and 3 had SSEP and/or EEG changes that had recovered to baseline after interventions without postoperative deficits. Despite ICA injury, 10 patients showed no significant SSEP and/or EEG changes, and all 7 patients with BAEP monitoring showed no significant BAEP changes, indicating adequate cerebral and brainstem perfusion, respectively. The injured ICA was sacrificed in 4 patients, of whom 3 showed stable SSEP and 1 had experienced irreversible SSEP loss. IONM correlated with the postoperative neurologic examination findings in all cases, adequately predicting the neurologic outcomes after ICA injury. Conclusion SSEP and EEG monitoring can accurately detect cerebral hypoperfusion and provide real-time feedback during surgery. SSEP and EEG changes predicted for neurologic outcomes and guide surgical decisions regarding the preservation or sacrifice of the ICA. Comprehensive multimodality monitoring according to the surgical risks can serve to detect and guide the management of ICA injury in EESBS.
Planning green infrastructure placement based on projected precipitation data.

Abstract Continued urbanization has led to tremendous changes on the landscape. These changes have exacerbated the effects of extreme climatic events such as flooding because of constrained water infiltration and increased surface flow. Typical runoff control measures involve sophisticated gray infrastructure that guide excess surface flow into storage and disposal sites. In a dynamic climate system, these measures are not sustainable since they cannot be easily modified to accommodate large volumes of runoff. Green Infrastructure (GI) is an adaptable technique that can be used to minimize runoff, in addition to offering an array of additional benefits (urban heat regulation, aesthetics, improved air quality etc.). Strategic placement of GI is key to achieving maximum utility. While physical site characteristics play a major role in determining suitable GI placement sites, knowledge of future precipitation patterns is crucial to ensure successful flood mitigation. In this paper, suitable GI sites within the city of Knoxville, Tennessee, were determined based on potential impact of an extreme flood event as indicated by site characteristics. Then, the relative potential likelihood of a flood event was determined based on projected precipitation data and knowledge of existing flood zones. By combining potential impact with likelihood information, low, medium, and high priority GI implementation sites were established. Results indicate that high priority sites are in the central parts of the city with priority decreasing outward. The GI prioritization scheme presented here, offers valuable guidance to city planners and policy makers who wish to exploit the GI approach for flood mitigation.
Behavioral activation and inhibition in compulsive buying and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND Compulsive buying (CB) is characterized by intrusive thoughts and behaviors related to the purchase of items, whereas obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) seems to arise from misattributed anxiety to a neutral stimulus resulting in the avoidance of the feared stimuli. Examining the triggers for the behaviors may provide useful information to possible shared etiology. METHODS A total of 528 participants (age: mean = 20.97, SD = 5.15 years) were recruited through an online volunteer pool at a large university. Each participant completed demographic and clinical measures as well as the Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Sensitivities (BIS/BAS) self-report questionnaire. RESULTS The OCD group (n = 101) endorsed the highest scores on BAS Reward Responsivity, which were statistically comparable to the control (n = 365) and CB groups (n = 27), yet significantly higher than the CB/OCD group (n = 35) (P < .007). The CB group did not differ from any group with regard to the BAS. The OCD group scored significantly higher than controls (P < .001), but did not differ significantly from the CB group (P = .05) on the BIS. CONCLUSIONS OCD and CB/OCD endorsed the highest sensitivity to threat and motivation to reduce distress. Together, these results convey anxiety and motivation to reduce distress as factors that differentiate groups and likely motivation to engage in compulsive behaviors.
Does the built environment have independent obesogenic power? Urban form and trajectories of weight gain

To determine whether selected features of the built environment can predict weight gain in a large longitudinal cohort of adults. Weight trajectories over a 5-year period were obtained from electronic health records for 115,260 insured patients aged 18–64 years in the Kaiser Permanente Washington health care system. Home addresses were geocoded using ArcGIS. Built environment variables were population, residential unit, and road intersection densities captured using Euclidean-based SmartMaps at 800-m buffers. Counts of area supermarkets and fast food restaurants were obtained using network-based SmartMaps at 1600, and 5000-m buffers. Property values were a measure of socioeconomic status. Linear mixed effects models tested whether built environment variables at baseline were associated with long-term weight gain, adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, Medicaid insurance, body weight, and residential property values. Built environment variables at baseline were associated with differences in baseline obesity prevalence and body mass index but had limited impact on weight trajectories. Mean weight gain for the full cohort was 0.06 kg at 1 year (95% CI: 0.03, 0.10); 0.64 kg at 3 years (95% CI: 0.59, 0.68), and 0.95 kg at 5 years (95% CI: 0.90, 1.00). In adjusted regression models, the top tertile of density metrics and frequency counts were associated with lower weight gain at 5-years follow-up compared to the bottom tertiles, though the mean differences in weight change for each follow-up year (1, 3, and 5) did not exceed 0.5 kg. Built environment variables that were associated with higher obesity prevalence at baseline had limited independent obesogenic power with respect to weight gain over time. Residential unit density had the strongest negative association with weight gain. Future work on the influence of built environment variables on health should also examine social context, including residential segregation and residential mobility.
Optimal Allocation of EV Charging Stations in Distribution Systems Considering Discharging Economy and System Reliability

Electric vehicles have the potential to improve power distribution system’s operational performance. Integration of EV charging stations could have positive impacts on system losses and environmental emissions. This research presents a methodology to install different capacities of electric vehicle charging stations inside microgrids, integrated in distribution systems. The economic operation of electric vehicles in microgrids has been investigated in terms of system operational costs, system losses, and system environmental emissions. Electric vehicles’ uncertain behaviors creates a level of uncertainty, thus, the system reliability due to electric vehicle operation is also assessed in this research. A well-known PG&E 69-bus distribution system is chosen for simulations and case studies. Since microgrids have different distributed energy resources along with electric vehicles, which may generate uncertainty for distribution system operations, this research considers uncertain calculation modeling to get more accurate results in simulations and case studies. Sensitivity analysis has been performed for demand and price uncertainties and results are presented for corresponding system performances. The results validate the proposed methodology for an efficient operation of electric vehicles in microgrids integrated distribution systems.
Types of Mixed Integer Linear Programming Problems

In this chapter a number of standard ILP problems will be formulated. As in Chap. 4, we shall look at some straightforward problems that are easy to formulate and then consider harder ILP problems. For many of the problem types a case study is provided, and for some of these, a model relating to the case is supplied in MCOL.
An Agency Costs Theory of Employee Benefits Plan Law

This Article breaks new ground by using agency costs analysis to conceptualize the relationship between benefit plan sponsors and plan participants. The analysis provides normative insights on how governance mechanisms may mitigate agency costs. It also illuminates how those normative insights can be used to improve positive law. Courts, scholars, and policymakers have long tried to force employee benefit plan relationships into the pigeonholes used in donative trust law, and often bemoaned the results. Changing trends in benefit plan typology and importance have increased the disconnect between the relationships that exist in donative trusts and those in benefit plans. This Article argues that it is time to bring a new lens, agency costs analysis, to bear on the challenges in building governance mechanisms that enable American workers to accumulate the financial resources they need for a secure retirement and decrease the social safety net costs of supporting superannuated individuals.
Controlled bioactivation of titanium disc: A constant composition kinetic approach

Abstract Titanium is widely used in orthopedic applications. To improve osseointegration, the surface composition and topography of pure titanium is often modified to impart bioactivity. These surface modifications typically involve coating titanium in a calcium phosphate mineral layer. This work presents a unique method for the well-controlled bioactivation of titanium discs. Using the constant composition (CC) method combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Ca-P mineralization on titanium surfaces was studied across a range of thermodynamic driving forces (σ), and the effects of both KOH and NaOH used in the alkali treatment were investigated. Our findings indicate that the use of KOH in the alkali treatment of titanium discs is more effective in forming a fibrous titanate layer. The formation of a titanate layer promotes the formation of ocotacalcium phosphate [Ca 8 H 2 (PO 4 ) 6 .5H 2 O, OCP] coating directly bound to the disc surface. These findings highlight importance of the alkali metal chosen in the base treatment of titantium discs, a critical step in several bioactivation processes.
Effects of 21st birthday brief interventions on college student celebratory drinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction College students' 21st birthday celebrations often involve consumption of extreme amounts of alcohol as well as alcohol-related risks. This systematic review aims to determine whether birthday-focused, individually-targeted, no-contact (email or letter-based) brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) reduce college students' 21st birthday celebratory drinking.
Contraceptive Counseling in Obese Women

Obesity continues to be a problem worldwide and is more commonly surfacing in young reproductive-age women. In obese reproductive-age women, effective contraceptive counseling can be difficult but is critical as pregnancy can carry serious maternal and neonatal morbidities. The high association of medical comorbidities makes individualized counseling essential. Several tools have been developed to assist clinicians in counseling these women. Ensuring obese women are using the most effective methods of contraception will help reduce unintended pregnancy, and subsequently obesity-related morbidities in this population.
Contributions of autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrifiers to soil NO and N2O emissions

Soil emission of gaseous N oxides during nitrification of ammonium represents loss of an available plant nutrient and has an important impact on the chemistry of the atmosphere. We used selective inhibitors and a glucose amendment in a factorial design to determine the relative contributions of autotrophic ammonium oxidizers, autotrophic nitrite oxidizers, and heterotrophic nitrifiers to nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from aerobically incubated soil following the addition of 160 mg of N as ammonium sulfate kg−1. Without added C, peak NO emissions of 4 μg of N kg−1 h−1 were increased to 15 μg of N kg−1 h−1 by the addition of sodium chlorate, a nitrite oxidation inhibitor, but were reduced to 0.01 μg of N kg−1 h−1 in the presence of nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine], an inhibitor of autotrophic ammonium oxidation. Carbon-amended soils had somewhat higher NO emission rates from these three treatments (6, 18, and 0.1 μg of N kg−1 h−1 after treatment with glucose, sodium chlorate, or nitrapyrin, respectively) until the glucose was exhausted but lower rates during the remainder of the incubation. Nitrous oxide emission levels exhibited trends similar to those observed for NO but were about 20 times lower. Periodic soil chemical analyses showed no increase in the nitrate concentration of soil treated with sodium chlorate until after the period of peak NO and N2O emissions; the nitrate concentration of soil treated with nitrapyrin remained unchanged throughout the incubation. These results suggest that chemoautotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria are the predominant source of NO and N2O produced during nitrification in soil.
Mechanical and electrical properties investigation of micro-size single metal-coated polymer particle

Micro-sized metal coated polymer particles are widely used in the anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA). The mechanical properties of the metal coated polymer particles are crucial important for the processing and reliability performance of ACA materials in driver IC package application. In this paper, mechanical characterization and electrical property of individual Ni/Au coated micro-size polymer particles were investigated by using the compression tester equipped with a flat indenter. There are three different diameters of metal coated polymer particles (3µm, 5µm, 10µm) selected to be evaluated the mechanical characterization. The mechanical properties of particles such as recovery rate, compression ratio and compression modulus, K value, were discussed through force-displacement curve by using micro-compression tester machine. The relationship between mechanical properties and different loading rate (0.5∼5.0 mN/sec.), loading force (10∼100mN) and particle size (3µm, 5µm, 10µm) were discussed in the research work. Due to the high temperature bonding process in driver IC package application, the stable mechanical property of metal particles of ACA at high temperature is important. The particular particle displays significantly force-displacement curve at the higher temperature (150°C) because of the polymer characterization. The electrical property of a metal-coated polymer particle is also important for ACA interconnection process. Contact resistance characteristic of a single metal-coated polymer particle was evaluated in this work. The contact resistance of a single metal-coated polymer particle through different thickness of metal coating layer, different loading force, and different loading rates from the micro-compressor was investigated. The electrical resistant influence through difference deformation of particles was discussed here. The electrical conductivity mostly depends on the metallic coating materials and deformation of particles. The investigation here would like apply a significant guiding to the manufacture design of metal coated polymer particle for the Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive packaging applications.
Regulation of Plant Gene Expression by Auxins

Application of the plant hormone auxin to intact plants, isolated plant parts, and cultured cells can have dramatic effects on subsequent growth and developmental processes (e.g., cell division, cell enlargement, cell differentiation, and organogenesis). It is generally believed that endogenous auxins play roles in plant growth and development similar to those observed when exogenous auxins are applied to plants or plant parts. Recent results from plants transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens auxin-biosynthetic genes supports the above contention (Klee et al., 1988). The mechanism(s) by which auxins affect plant growth and developmental processes is largely a mystery, but at least some of the processes are thought to involve changes in gene expression (Guilfoyle, 1986). In recent years, a number of cDNA clones for auxin-responsive mRNAs have been identified and characterized (Baulcombe and Key, 1980; Czarnecka et al., 1984; Hagen et al., 1984; McClure and Guilfoyle, 1987; Theologis et al., 1985; van der Zaal et al., 1987; Walker and Key, 1982). The genes encoding these mRNAs have also been identified in some cases (Ainley et al., 1988; Czarnecka et al., 1988; Hagen et al., 1988; McClure et al., 1989). Experiments to determine the functions of the auxin-responsive gene products and the signal transduction pathways involved in auxin-induced gene expression are only now being initiated. Here, we describe some the auxin-responsive mRNAs and genes that have been identified.
Keeping the peace, outside and in: Argentina's UN missions

In the early 1990s, Argentina's military was participating extensively in international peacekeeping missions, a radical departure from the military's traditional focus. This article explores the domestic implications of this participation and shows that while the government's and the military's motivations for participation differ considerably, peacekeeping has coincided with the priorities of both. Peacekeeping fits neatly with the internationalist perspective of the government at the same time as it facilitates the military's professional goals. UN participation has thus provided a much needed point of convergence for Argentina's government and armed forces.
The potential role of external beam radiation in preventing restenosis after coronary angioplasty

The potential role of radiation in the prevention of coronary artery restenosis after angioplasty has generated much recent interest. Animal research and pilot clinical efforts have focused primarily on intraluminal methods of radiation delivery. This article reviews the experience to date with external beam radiation in restenosis prevention and suggests issues that should be considered from the standpoint of both external beam and intravascular radiotherapy. External beam radiation can certainly play an effective role in clinical studies of coronary artery restenosis, and a multicenter randomized trial of external beam radiation after coronary angioplasty has been initiated.