cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interstitial cells of Cajal in the cynomolgus monkey rectoanal region and their relationship to sympathetic and nitrergic nerves

The morphology of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the circular muscle layer of the cynomolgus monkey internal anal sphincter (IAS) and rectum and their relationship to sympathetic and nitrergic nerves were compared by dual-labeling immunohistochemistry. Contractile studies confirmed that nitrergic nerves participate in neural inhibition in both regions whereas sympathetic nerves serve as excitatory motor nerves only in the IAS. Muscle bundles extended from myenteric to submucosal edge in rectum but in the IAS bundles were further divided into “minibundles” each surrounded by connective tissue. Dual labeling of KIT and smooth muscle myosin revealed KIT-positive stellate-shaped ICC (ICC-IAS) within each minibundle. In the rectum intramuscular ICC (ICC-IM) were spindle shaped whereas stellate-shaped ICC were located at the myenteric surface (ICC-MY). ICC were absent from both the myenteric and submucosal surfaces of the IAS. Nitrergic nerves (identified with anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase antibodies or NADPH diaphorase activity) and sympathetic nerves (identified with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibody) each formed a plexus at the myenteric surface of the rectum but not the IAS. Intramuscular neuronal nitric oxide synthase- and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers were present in both regions but were only closely associated with ICC-IM in rectum. Minimal association was also noted between ICC-IAS and cells expressing the nonspecific neuronal marker PGP9.5. In conclusion, the morphology of rectal ICC-IM and ICC-MY is similar to that described elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract whereas ICC-IAS are unique. The distribution of stellate-shaped ICC-IAS throughout the musculature and their absence from both the myenteric and submucosal surfaces suggest that ICC-IAS may serve as pacemaker cells in this muscle whereas their limited relationship to nerves suggests that they are not involved in neuromuscular transmission. Additionally, the presence of numerous minibundles, each containing both ICC-IAS and nerves, suggests that this muscle functions as a multiunit type muscle.
Iconic Memory and Aging

Previous attempts to measure the capacity of iconic memory in elderly adults have been unsuccessful, demonstrating in one case that 80% of the elderly adults tested could not perform above chance level. The present experiments illustrated that the partial report paradigm designed by Sperling (1960) could be used with elderly adults to obtain such a measure. Both the young and older adults exhibited a strong partial report superiority that declined with delays in the cue interval. The effect of the perceived organization of an array on readout from iconic memory also was examined. Contrary to Merikle (1980), the differences due to the display layout were attributed to better acuity for one type of display and not to perceptual organization factors.
A general basis for yield, failure and potential functions in plasticity

A new concept based on the use of a function expressed as a (complete) polynomial expansion in terms of the three invariants of the stress tensor is proposed for deriving yield, failure and plastic potential functions for use in plasticity based constitutive laws. A mathematical interpretation and physical meaning of the proposed concept are provided by using the idea of the singular nature of constiutive matrices in incremental hypoelastic laws. It is suggested that the proposed function and (polynomial) forms of material moduli can be synonymous. A number of specialized forms of the general function are adopted and their values at failure from advanced three-dimensional tests for a number of (geological) media are evaluated. The results indicate the possibility that there exist invariant numbers associated with the functions(s) that may apply to a wide range of materials. Some ideas on implementation of the proposed concept are also presented.
Obesity Increases Risk of Organ Failure after Severe Trauma

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an independent risk factor for a variety of diseases, including postinjury morbidity and mortality. Obesity is associated with a proinflammatory state that could affect the postinjury inflammatory response and increase risk of organ dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between obesity and postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study of patients at risk for postinjury MOF. Inclusion criteria were age older than 15 years, Injury Severity Score > 15, ICU admission within 24 hours of injury, and survival longer than 48 hours after injury. Isolated head injuries were excluded. Organ dysfunction was assessed using the Denver multiple organ failure score. RESULTS: Data were collected on 716 severely injured patients, 70% were men and 83% were victims of blunt trauma. There was no relationship between body mass index and injury severity or the amount of blood transfused within 12 hours of injury. Postinjury MOF was observed in 123 of 564 (22%) nonobese patients and 56 of 152 (37%) obese patients. Obesity was independently associated with MOF (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7) after adjusting for patient age, injury severity, and amount of blood transfused during resuscitation. In this study population, obesity was also associated with increased length of ICU and hospital stay but not death. CONCLUSIONS: Obese patients are at increased risk of postinjury MOF. Study of the obesity-related inflammatory profile could provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction and identify therapeutic targets for both obese and nonobese patients. Increased morbidity and length of stay in obese trauma patients implies greater resource allocation for this population.
Next-generation nanocrystals for cellular imaging: Non-blinking, non-bleaching phosphors

Nanocrystals that have unusual or exceptional optical properties have shown promise as transformative probes for biological imaging. Phosphorescent upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have proven to be especially promising as biological labels, and single-particle studies of UCNPs have shown that they exhibit nearly ideal properties as single molecule imaging probes. UCNPs absorb two or more photons in the near infrared and emit one at shorter wavelengths in the visible or nIR, an unusual characteristic that distinguishes them from all luminescent chemicals in the cell, and one that suggests background-free cellular imaging. We have shown that UCNPs do not blink on and off as most other probes do, and that they posses remarkable photostability, resisting photobleaching under continuous irradiation long after organic dyes, proteins, and even quantum dots are extinguished. We have recently developed synthetic methods for control of UCNP size, and completed a combinatorial lanthanide scan in order to tune emission wavelengths for multicolor upconverted imaging. We have also developed methods for studying single nanocrystal lifetimes and emission spectra, which has allowed us to understand lanthanide-lanthanide communication within the nanocrystal.
Structure, regulation, and pricing of water in the United States: A study of the Great Lakes region

Abstract The structure and regulation of the U.S. water industry is more complex than is often apparent and pricing practices vary substantially. While not representative of the region or nation, a survey of the largest water systems in the wider Great Lakes region is illustrative as well as revealing of salient considerations within the sector. Data from Wisconsin provide additional perspective with regard to trends in costs and prices for water. The context of rising costs and prices, and growing concerns about accountability and sustainability, suggests consideration of pricing practices as well as the role of economic regulation in the water sector.
Hyperreality and Globalization

As the globe shrinks due to multinationalization, world tourism, world sports, and increasingly instantaneous world communication and transportation, there is a threat that cultures will be absorbed into a global commrecial culture. This analysis argues that the result is not so much homogenization and obliteration of cultures marching under the banner of multinational brands, as it is the creation of a sterilized, sanitized, and trivialized version of consumer life as spectacle. This article concludes some possibilities for resisting these trends.
Reasons for (not) signing the state registry: surveying Department of Motor Vehicles customers in New York state

ContextPrior research examining rationales for enrolling as an organ donor is biased because of its reliance on college student samples and retrospective recall.ObjectiveTo characterize New York state residents' registry enrollment decisions in close proximity to a registration opportunity.DesignSurveys were conducted with customers exiting Department of Motor Vehicle offices.ParticipantsA total of 1325 customers were surveyed upon exiting 1 of 18 Department of Motor Vehicle offices spanning 9 counties.Main Outcome MeasureCustomers making donation-relevant transactions (ie, license renewal/registration) reported whether they had registered as a donor that day, and all other customers reported whether they had registered as a donor in the past. Customers reported reasons to justify their enrollment decision through short interview questions.ResultsAmong current donation-relevant transactions (n = 299), 27% reported enrolling in the registry. Of remaining customers, 39% reported enrolling in the state regis...
Software metrics: An overview of an evolving methodology

Abstract A direct, algorithmic software metric is a rule for assigning a number or identifier to software. It is calculated algorithmically from the software alone. This paper describes (with examples) lines of code, cyclomatic complexity v(G), average nesting depth , and the software science length, effort , and time metrics. Software metrics that are to be used for time, cost, or reliability estimates should be validated statistically via data analyses that take into consideration the application, size, implementation language, and programming techniques employed. Such research should concentrate on metrics useful for large programs. Those that work for some languages may work for similar languages as well, i.e., those in the same “family”. Observing and measuring the work of professional programmers constructing software is probably the best means to conduct this type of analysis. We propose that this be a true joint effort, with early involvement between researchers and practitioners to establish what to measure and how to measure them. The critical need is for software metrics that can be calculated early in the software development cycle to estimate the time and cost involved in software construction.
An engineered two-iron superoxide reductase lacking the [Fe(SCys)4] site retains its catalytic properties in vitro and in vivo

Superoxide reductases (SORs) contain a characteristic square-pyramidal [Fe(NHis)4(SCys)] active site that catalyzes reduction of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide in several anaerobic bacteria and archaea. Some SORs, referred to as two-iron SORs (2Fe-SORs), also contain a lower-potential [Fe(SCys)4] site that is presumed to have an electron transfer function. However, the intra- and inter-subunit distances between [Fe(SCys)4] and [Fe(NHis)4(SCys)] iron centers within the 2Fe-SOR homodimer seem too long for efficient electron transfer between these sites. The possible role of the [Fe(SCys)4] site in 2Fe-SORs was addressed in this work by examination of an engineered Desulfovibrio vulgaris 2Fe-SOR variant, C13S, in which one ligand residue of the [Fe(SCys)4] site, cysteine 13, was changed to serine. This single amino acid residue change destroyed the native [Fe(SCys)4] site with complete loss of its iron, but left the [Fe(NHis)4(SCys)] site and the protein homodimer intact. The spectroscopic, redox and superoxide reactivity properties of the [Fe(NHis)4(SCys)] site in the C13S variant were nearly indistinguishable from those of the wild-type 2Fe-SOR. Aerobic growth complementation of a superoxide dismutase (SOD)-deficient Escherichia coli strain showed that the presence of the [Fe(NHis)4(SCys)] site in C13S 2Fe-SOR was apparently sufficient to catalyze reduction of the intracellular superoxide to nonlethal levels. As is the case for the wild-type protein, C13S 2Fe-SOR did not show any detectable SOD activity, i.e., destruction of the [Fe(SCys)4] site did not unmask latent SOD activity of the [Fe(NHis)4(SCys)] site. Possible alternative roles for the [Fe(SCys)4] site in 2Fe-SORs are considered.
Cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive compulsive disorder

Brain metabolism was measured with positron emission tomography and [18F] 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose in normal subjects and in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) while they performed a continuous auditory discrimination task designed to evaluate the functional localization of sustained attention. Data on 8 nondepressed patients with OCD were compared with 30 normal volunteers. We observed significantly higher normalized regional metabolism both in the right orbital frontal cortex (p = 0.002, two-tailed t test) and in the left anterior orbital frontal cortex (p = 0.017, one-tailed t test) and in patients with OCD as compared to normal controls. We observed no normalized glucose metabolic differences in basal ganglia structures in patients with OCD as compared to our normal controls. There were no statistical differences in global glucose metabolic values between the OCD and the control group. Our findings are consistent with the findings of Baxter et al. (Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:211-218, 1987). Regions in the parietal cortex also appear to show differences in this preliminary study.
Are mountain gods vindictive? Competing images of the Japanese alpine landscape

This article underscores the importance of folk religious concepts in understanding the way in which people interact with the environment that envelops and sustains them. Images of rural Japan have drawn almost exclusively on the tradition of irrigated rice cultivation combined with ancestor worship. Alternative concepts have been overlooked or ignored, fostering the sense of a uniform heritage. The author highlights one such alternative, which derives from the tradition of hunting, gathering, and slash-and-burn cultivation within a spirit-imbued landscape. The contrast between perspectives is illustrated by a historical encounter between a British mountaineer and the residents of two communities located at different elevations within the same watershed. Resume L'auteur souligne l'importance des concepts religieux populaires dans la comprehension des interactions entre les gens et l'environnement qui les entoure et assure leur subsistance. Les images du Japon rural ont tourne presque exclusivement autour de la tradition de la culture irriguee du riz et du culte des ancetres. Les concepts alternatifs ont ete meconnus ou ignores, favorisant ainsi la perception d'un patrimoine culturel uniforme. L'auteur met en evidence une de ces alternatives, issue de la tradition de la chasse, de la cueillette et de la culture sur brulis, dans un paysage habite par les esprits. Le contraste entre les points de vue est illustre par une rencontre historique entre un alpiniste britannique et les habitants de deux villages situes a des altitudes differentes dans un meme bassin versant.
Effect of extracts of injured nerve on initiating the regenerative response in the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat.

Abstract The uptake of 2-deoxy-[ 14 C]glucose (2-DG) by motor neurons in adult rat hypoglossal nuclei was studied 3 days after subepineural injection of ‘crude’ soluble protein extracts from intact and injured peripheral nerves into normal hypoglossal nerves. Injured nerve extracts were obtained from ‘proximal’ and ‘distal’ segments of sciatic nerves which were transected between two ligatures 3 days earlier. In one group of animals the hypoglossal nerve (experimental) was injected with a particular nerve extract. In another group of animals (control) the hypoglossal nerve was injected with physiological saline solution. Both proximal and distal nerve extracts caused a significant increase in 2-DG uptake. In turn, no 2-DG was detected after treatment with uncut nerve extracts or saline. These findings support the ideas that a substance(s) produced upon nerve injury is taken up by the axons and transported to the cell bodies where it triggers certain metabolic regenerative changes.
Bacterial signal transduction: a FHAscinating glimpse at the origins of phospho-dependent signal transduction.

being adjacent to tRNA genes. These regions share many of the features of pathogenicity islands [5] and, moreover, nine of the tRNAs and ten other locations shared by both UPEC and EHEC are occupied with different organismspecific islands in both genotypes. Welch et al. also compared the UPEC genome sequence with uropathogen-specific islands that had been sequenced previously from other UPEC strains. Comparisons revealed that the same UI integrated into different loci in different strains. Furthermore, even when the same island was integrated at the same location there were significant differences in gene order, orientation and overall composition. The high degree of variation observed within UIs is thought to reflect both the diversity of isolates that constitute the UPEC and the array of niches that UPEC have evolved to inhabit within the host. However, the heterogeneity of these UIs also led Welch et al. to question whether these regions conformed to the original definition of a pathogenicity island and, indeed, whether there should be a unifying definition for pathogenicity islands at all. We find again that the comparison of multiple related genomes has reinforced some of our ideas of bacterial evolution and muddied the waters for others. However, it is ever more clear that E. coli have evolved by the retention of a core of DNA, or a scaffold, onto which regions unique to each genotype have been bolted. Although not the whole story, the impact that these unique regions have on the modus operandi of different pathogenic E. coli strains is becoming ever more evident, helped by genome sequences such as this one. But perhaps the most intriguing question – which has yet to be answered by genomics – relates to the actual source of this foreign DNA that has so influenced the development of some of our most menacing microbial foes.
Approaches to deorphanization of human and microbial cytochrome P450 enzymes

One of the general problems in biology today is that we are characterizing genomic sequences much faster than identifying the functions of the gene products, and the same problem exists with cytochromes P450 (P450). One fourth of the human P450s are not well-characterized and therefore considered "orphans." A number of approaches to deorphanization are discussed generally. Several liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches have been applied to some of the human and Streptomyces coelicolor P450s. One current limitation is that too many fatty acid oxidations have been identified and we are probably missing more relevant substrates, possibly due to limits of sensitivity.
Assignment of 13C Resonances in the Phencyclone-Norbornadiene Adduct Via 2D NMR. 13C Evidence for Hindered Rotation of Unsubstituted Bridgehead Phenyl Rings

Abstract 13C NMR chemical shift assignments were obtained for the Diels-Alder adduct of phencyclone with norbornadiene in CD2Cl2 and in CDCl3 solution. The 13C spectrum at 50.3 MHz, as well as the 1H spectrum at 200.1 MHz, show evidence for hindered rotation of the two unsubstituted bridgehead phenyl rings of the adduct at ambient temperatures. In CD2Cl2 solution, all 19 of the unique 13C nuclei of this molecule give rise to individual 13C resonances. The 1H assignments which were made earlier, together with one-bond and long-range 2D heteronuclear correlation experiments, allowed the assignment of all 13C chemical shifts in the molecule.
Electron microscope observations of twinning and phase transformations in indium sulfide crystals

Thin crystals of indium sulfide with the crystal structures corresponding to the compositions InS and In6S7 have been grown by means of a chemical transport reaction. Phase transitions have been induced by beam heating in the electron microscope and have been identified by electron diffraction. Crystals of InS occasionally contain twins when examined in the electron microscope. The twins presumably originate during the growth process. On subjecting these crystals to high intensity electron irradiation in the electron microscope large numbers of twins are nucleated. On continued electron irradiation structural transformations occur in these crystals. Crystals with the orthorhombic InS structure transform to the monoclinic In6S7 structure and on further electron irradiation a further transformation to the tetragonal In2S3 structure occurs. When crystals with the monoclinic In6S7 structure are subjected to high electron beam intensities in the electron microscope, a structural transformation also occurs and the crystals transform to the tetragonal In2S3 structure. Durch eine chemische Transportreaktion werden dunne Indiumsulfidkristalle hergestellt, deren Kristallstruktur mit den Verbindungen InS und In6S7 ubereinstimmt. Phasenubergange werden durch Elektronenstrahlheizung im Elektronenmikroskop erzeugt und durch Elektronenbeugung identifiziert. InS-Kristalle zeigen bei der Untersuchung im Elektronenmikroskop gewohnlich Zwillingsbildung. Die Zwillingsbildung wird wahrscheinlich wahrend des Herstellungsprozesses verursacht. Wenn diese Kristalle einer hochintensiven Elektronenbestrahlung im Elektronenmikroskop ausgesetzt werden, wird eine grose Zahl von Zwillingsbildungen erzeugt. Bei fortgesetzter Elektronenbestrahlung erscheinen Strukturanderungen in diesen Kristallen. Kristalle mit der orthorombischen InS-Struktur gehen in die monokline In6S7−Struktur uber und bei weiterer Elektronenbestrahlung erfolgt ein weiterer Ubergang zu der tetragonalen In2S3−Struktur. Wenn Kristalle mit der monoklinen In6S7−Struktur im Elektronenmikroskop hohen Elektronenstrahlintensitaten ausgesetzt werden, tritt ebenfalls ein Ubergang der Kristalle zur tetragonalen In2S3−Struktur auf.
An Undergraduate Laboratory: The Effect of Nanoparticle Self Assembly on the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites

Recent research into the effect of nanoparticle organization on the electrical properties of nanocomposite films was used to create a hands-on laboratory for undergraduate education in nanomanufacturing. Students created two composites using solvent-based solution and polymer emulsion to show that a non-random microstructure can produce the required electrical conductivity with less added nanoparticles. Students evaluated the materials by 4-point probe and scanning electron microscopy.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The experience of rheumatoid arthritis pain and fatigue: Examining momentary reports and correlates over one week

Objective. To evaluate the daily experience of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an ecologically valid manner; Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) was employed. Diurnal cycles and within-day variation of self-reported pain and fatigue were examined as were relationships between pain, fatigue, daily stressful events, and sleep. Methods. Thirty-five patients with RA were alerted with an electronic beep 7 times per day for 7 consecutive days. Assessments were recorded at each beep. Upon awakening each day, sleep information was reported. Results. There were large individual differences in variation of pain and fatigue. Stressors were associated with increased pain but not fatigue. Subjects with poor sleep had higher levels of pain and fatigue. Diurnal cycles of pain and fatigue were found, yet were observed for only some patients (37% and 34%, respectively). Conclusion. The use of EMA deepens our understanding of the pain and fatigue experienced by RA patients. This method may help identify subgroups of patients who are highly “psychoreactive” to environmental stimuli and/or who have diurnal patterns to their symptoms. It may also be used to improve existing instruments.
The new political and cultural elite

This article introduces the political leaders and opinion makers who came to power after the "velvet revolutions" in Hungary, Poland, and Russia. Who are these people? In the photographs taken during the first few, ecstatic months after the breakdown of the communist regime, we see the faces of middle-aged men, full of youthful anticipation. They seem to be aware that they were entrusted with the dreams of millions improving living standards, achieving political sovereignty, freedom of speech, religion, and civil association, more goods on the shelves, shorter queues, access to MTV, and shedding the negative connotations of the term "Eastern" in describing their geographic location in Europe. In this article, we describe this group in terms of their family backgrounds, political affiliations, credentials, and their past appearances in positions of authority. In painting this picture, we hope to assess the extent of the changes in the upper echelons of power, which, we expect is indicative of the institutional changes that have and will in the future influence the character of the new regimes themselves.
Sadness as Pleasure-Seeking Prime and Anxiety as Attentiveness Prime: The “Different Affect–Different Effect” (DADE) Model

According to popular interpretations of both the mood repair and affect-as-information theories, affective states of the same valence should have equivalent influences on behavior. We propose, instead, the Different Affect–Different Effect (DADE) model. Building on cognitive and psychoevolutionary theories of affect, we predict that while sadness leads to seeking pleasurable stimuli (consistent with mood repair predictions), anxiety leads to becoming more attentive (consistent with affect-as-information predictions). These predictions are tested using consumption stimuli and, across two experiments, results were consistent with our hypotheses. This research helps resolve apparent discrepancies among our findings and those found in previous mood repair and affect-as-information literatures. Specifically, we suggest that in previous demonstrations of mood repair through seeking pleasurable stimuli, the mood-state in question was most closely related to that of sadness. Likewise, we argue that in previous demonstrations of sadness leading to greater attentiveness, the procedure used to evoke sadness is also likely to have evoked anxiety.
Comparative Analysis of Selected Sampling Methods for Adult Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton

We evaluated the reliability and efficiency of various sticky traps and 2 direct-count sampling methods for estimating the abundance of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) adults in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., during a 3-yr period. Comparing sticky traps of various sizes, orientations, and placements, horizontally oriented traps (7.6 by 7.6 cm) with the upper surface exposed consistently captured the most adults per square centimeter over the season when placed at ground level at field edges followed by those placed within fields at ground level. Before insecticide applications, captures on all trap types and counts using a leaf-turn method and an oiled black pan method were highly correlated with the abundance of immatures in the field the same week, and even better correlated with immatures counted 1 wk later. After insecticide application, correlations were lower and more variable. Regression equations relating adult abundance to immature populations varied significantly between sites and over years for all adult sampling methods. Thus, robust predictive relationships could not be formulated. The 2 direct-count methods were highly correlated with one another, but the leaf-turn method was much less variable between individual samplers than the black pan method when estimating populations in the same field. Accounting for sample sizes needed for an acceptable level of precision and the per unit cost (time) of each sampling method, the black pan method was 3.5 times more costly than the leaf-turn method, and sticky traps were from 3.6 to 19.7 times more costly in estimating populations in the same fields. On average it took ≈6 min to estimate adult populations With a precision (SE/mean) of 0.25 using the leaf-turn method. Based on between-sampler variability, and cost considerations, the leaf-turn method was the most reliable and efficient technique for estimating adult abundance of those examined.
Bioaccumulation and Effects of Heavy Metals in Crayfish: A Review

Metal pollution is a global problem which represents a growing threat to the environment. Because of bioaccumulation and negative effects of heavy metals, their bioavailability needs to be monitored. Many studies showed accumulation of metals in crayfish tissues as dose- and time-dependent without significant differences in tissue concentration levels comparing males and females. Muscles and exoskeleton were considered as specific for accumulation of mercury and nickel, respectively. Cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, and chromium accumulated mainly in hepatopancreas. By analyzing these specific tissues, it is possible to deduce the bioavailability and, by presumption, the level of environmental pollution by specific metals. However, in the case of zinc and copper, their utility is limited to assessing bioavailability because rapid depuration of these metals renders them less useful for long-term environmental monitoring programs. The literature reporting heavy metal impacts on freshwater crayfish, with reference to accumulation levels, is reviewed and summarized with respect to their suitability as bioindicators. Summarized published data from unpolluted or control localities can be used as referential values in crayfish, and consequently help with evaluation of monitored sites.
Duration- and fetch-limited growth functions of wind-generated waves parameterized with three different scaling wind velocities

[1] Under steady wind forcing, wave development follows the duration- and fetch-limited growth laws. These growth functions are used extensively to obtain the sea state information when only limited observations of the environmental variables are available. Validation and verification of wave models also employ numerical experiments of duration- and fetch-limited wave growth as benchmark tests. The reference wind speed reported in most of the wave-growth data is the equivalent neutral wind speed at 10 m elevation, U10. It is generally believed that a more suitable scaling wind speed is either the wind friction velocity, u*, or the wind speed at an elevation proportional to the wavelength of the ocean surface fluctuation, Uλ/2. The connection among the growth functions using different velocity scales is the drag coefficient of the ocean surface. In this paper, the similarity relation of the drag coefficient based on wavelength scaling is applied to the conversion of the wave growth functions from U10 to Uλ/2 and u* scaling. The results are in good agreement with field measurements that include direct u* measurements. Comparisons with numerical model output are also described.
Computer-generated graphic models of the N2-substituted deoxyguanosine adducts of 2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo[a]pyrene and the O6-substituted deoxyguanosine adduct of 1-naphthylamine in the DNA double helix.

Abstract Computer models of three deoxyguanosine-carcinogen adducts in double-helical DNA are presented. The carcinogen moiety is rotated and the best fit within the double helix is evaluated. The 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) derivative, 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-AAF, is found to be situated within the minor groove, has very little freedom of rotation and causes little helical distortion. The (+)-anti-benzo[a]-pyrene (BP)-diol epoxide-N2 adduct, 10β-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-7β,8α,9α-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP, has a similar fit with a greater degree of steric interaction, suggesting that this adduct could cause some local destabilization. The 1-naphthylamine (NA) derivative, N1-(deoxyguanosine-O6-yl)-1-NA, resides within the major groove, does not perturb the helix and has considerable freedom of movement.
An electromyographic study of some muscles crossing the elbow joint.

Pairs of fine wire electrodes were inserted into the lateral, medial and long heads of the triceps brachii, into the anconeus, biceps brachii, brachialis and brachioradialis muscles. Each pair of electrodes was connected to an EMG integrator coupler in an eight channel recorder. Many movements and exercises were studied, and the relative contribution made by each muscle to any given movement was appraised. The anconeus initiates extension of the elbow and acts to maintain extension and to stabilize the elbow joint during other motions involving the upper extremity. The anconeus is responsible for fine control, but its activity frequently decreases when the more powerful triceps brachii contracts or when it loses its mechanical advantage at full extension. In pronation, the anconeus is very active; whereas during supination the anconeus is less active, and the triceps counteracts the powerful pull of the biceps brachii. The long head of the triceps also works as an adductor of the arm. When the triceps assists the anconeus in stabilizing the joint, the biceps brachii, brachialis and event the brachioradialis may contract to counteract any tendency to further extend the joint.
A New Look at Transgenerational Trauma Transmission: Second‐Generation Latino Immigrant Youth

Transgenerational trauma, which was first documented in the 1960s to describe trauma symptoms experienced by descendants of holocaust survivors, has been linked to psychological and physiological transmission factors. Although traumatization still occurs among contemporary immigrant groups, particularly Latino immigrants, little attention has been paid to the experiences of these individuals. The authors present the relevant cultural considerations and conditions that support the need for proactive assessment of transgenerational trauma in U.S.-born Latino youth. El trauma transgeneracional, que fue documentado por primera vez en los anos 60 para describir los sintomas de trauma experimentados por descendientes de los supervivientes del holocausto, ha sido relacionado con factores de transmision psicologicos y fisiologicos. Aunque la traumatizacion todavia ocurre entre grupos de inmigrantes en la actualidad, particularmente en inmigrantes latinos, se ha prestado escasa atencion a las experiencias de estos individuos. Los autores presentan las consideraciones y condiciones culturales relevantes que apoyan la necesidad de realizar una evaluacion proactiva del trauma transgeneracional en la poblacion de jovenes latinos nacidos en los Estados Unidos.
Poeciliid Biology: The Next Generation

Poeciliid Biology: The Next Generation Ecology and Evolution of Poeciliid Fishes, by Jonathan P. Evans, Andrea Pilastro, and Ingo Schlupp (Eds), Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press,...
Tropical precipitation rates during SOP-1, FGGE, estimated from heat and moisture budgets

Using the NASA Goddard Laboratory analyses collected during the first FGGE Special Observing Period, global estimates of precipitation rates were derived for the domain between 30-deg N to 30-deg S, and the results were compared to OLR patterns and to each other to evaluate their consistency and reliability. Regional averages are presented to examine the variability of rainfall rates among selected regions of the Southern Hemisphere tropics. Finally, precipitable water was computed and compared to results derived from SMMR estimates and to the precipitation patterns. Results show that the heat and moisture budget estimates of precipitation compare favorably. Vertical profiles reveal that maximum convective heating occurs in the middle troposphere. The profile of the South Pacific convergence zone region compares best with profiles obtained over the western North Pacific.
The Dragon in the School’s Backyard: A Review of Literature on the Uses of Technology in Urban Schools

The introduction of technology into classrooms during the 1980s was heralded by many as the dawn of a new era in American education. Proponents argued that technology had the potential to fundamentally transform the nature of teaching and learnÂ­ing. However, over time, this dream became a nightmarish reality. Likewise, educaÂ­tors concerned about the chronic underachievement of urban learners often fell prey to the allure of technology as a tool for reversing the hisÂ­torical influences of poverty, discrimination, inequity, chronic underÂ­achievement, and lack of opportunity. However, twenty-five years after the introduction of the computer into the classroom, many of the expecÂ­tations associated with technology in education remain unrealized. This chapter hopes to discuss some of the issues and trends associated with technology adoption and usage at urban schools.
Evaluation of two key machine intelligence technologies

This paper summarizes the theory of PLS and K-PLS and support vector machines (SVMs). The advantage of these algorithms is that the regression component can be trained in essentially real time, and these trained algorithms have been shown to provide comparable and consistent results when compared to results obtained by SVMs. A performance trade-off is made between several SVM kernels and K-PLS (as a learning system) using the Gaussian radial basis function kernel. K-PLS and its variants and SVM's provide the theoretical capability to achieve a global minimum, but SVM's are slightly better known. Both approaches can provide very nearly the same non-linear (or linear) decision and regression boundaries, but SVM's are frequently more difficult to train. The hypothesis guiding the research is that K-PLS will provide these boundaries and decision regions with slightly more accuracy and less effort in a real environment, with less computational time. Specifically, for the screen film mammogram data set used, K-PLS resulted in the best performance, with an Az of 0.968. SVM kernels and their respective Az performance results were: 0.870 for the hyperbolic tangent, 0.930 for the s2000, 0.922 for the GRBF, 0.926 for the 2 nd order polynomial and dot product kernels. In addition, K-PLS achieved this superior performance result in 53.4% of the time using the GRBF kernel.
Radionuclide and electric accelerator sources for food irradiation

Abstract Radiation processing of food requires radiation sources with high intensity, penetrability, reliability, and the flexibility to be adapted to current food processing techniques. Current proposed regulations limit the radiation sources which can be utilized to radionuclides (i.e. 5.27-y Co-60; or 30.2-y Cs-137) or electrically-driven accelerators (i.e. X rays up to 5 MeV, electron beams up to 10 MeV). Therefore, the power; throughput; and use efficiency of these sources are important factors affecting the design; installation; operation; and economics of large-scale food-processing facilities. An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these sources is presented here, with special attention to the current status of both technologies, and with emphasis on the needs of the food-processing industry.
BEHAVIORAL MOMENTUM: THE EFFECTS OF THE TEMPORAL SEPARATION OF RATES OF REINFORCEMENT

In Part 1 of the experiment, rats responded under a variable-interval (VI) 30-s schedule and a VI 120-s schedule, with each in effect for a block of consecutive sessions. That is, the two VI schedules were presented in successive conditions. In Part 2 the VI schedules alternated each day, and in Part 3 the schedules alternated within the session as a multiple schedule. For half of the rats in Parts 1 and 2, the VI schedule alternated every few minutes within the session with a stimulus that signaled extinction. For each part, once response rates had stabilized, resistance to change was measured by prefeeding and extinction. When the schedules were examined in successive conditions (Part 1), resistance to extinction was greater under the VI 120-s schedule of reinforcement than under the VI 30-s schedule, but no consistent differences in resistance to prefeeding were observed between the two VI schedules. When the VI schedules alternated each day (Part 2), resistance to extinction was greater under the VI 120-s schedule. However, no consistent differences in resistance to prefeeding were observed between the VI schedules without extinction in Group A, but resistance to prefeeding was greater under the VI 30-s schedule for rats with the added extinction component in Group B. When the VI schedules alternated within the session as a multiple schedule (Part 3), resistance to extinction and resistance to prefeeding were greater under the VI 30-s schedule. The data suggest that different rates of reinforcement, and their accompanying discriminative stimuli, must be compared within the same session (or at least on alternate days) to produce data consistent with the behavioral momentum model.
Tapered transmission lines with a controlled ripple response

A synthesis procedure is presented which generalizes Klopfenstein's Dolph-Chebyshev design of a tapered transmission line to give a response with all lobe heights in the passband individually specified. This iterative technique permits the design of tapered transmission line sections with frequency responses of a wide variety. A rippled response can also be produced, with the peak and trough of each ripple cycle separately prescribed. A mixed response, part lobelike and part rippled, is also feasible. The computer program used in this technique is simple to write and economical to run. Experience has shown that the convergence is rapid, and that practical specifications lead to physically realizable tapers. >
Dual Control of Interparticle Forces in Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are known to self-assemble into large aggregates through interparticle and external forces. Understanding how interparticle interaction forces affect the construction and organization of nanomaterials is of growing importance to the development of the self-assembly technique. Current studies tend to focus on the individual factors and lack the collective effects from multiple forces as virus, lipid, or peptide does. The dual control on the self-assembly process of citrate-capped Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) mediated by the interparticle forces is reported. This self-assembly process is governed by the collective effects of both thiol-containing biomolecules and the ionic strength of dielectric medium. Thiol-containing biomolecules can effectively replace surface citrate molecules on AuNPs forming stable AuS bonds, leading to the lowering of surface potential or charge. Ionic strength of the solution can decrease the ion binding and the screening length of the double-layer repulsion. When these two factors are in play simultaneously, they collectively affect the AuNPs self-assembly process through the interparticle interactions by contributions from both factors, which have been interrogated based on the classical Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory. It is interesting to observe the existence of a quasi-stable state existed between two aggregated states, where two factors cancel each other and the AuNPs remain well dispersed, indicating that their concurrent effects are not simply additive. The results provide new insight to the assembly process of metal nanoparticles, and may open up new avenues to manipulate process.
Orientational order parameter in cubic D2

Abstract We present an NMR study of the orientational order parameter 2 θ −1> T =0 in cubic D 2 as a function of the concentration C of molecules with an angular momentim J = 1. The splitting o the Pake doublet sharply decreases as C tends towards the critical concentration. Analysis of the results in terms of a first-order theory by Harris leads to a zero point motion of the angular momentum of about 0.02, which is in agreement with theoretica; predictions.
Determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for a recently introduced atypical antidepressant, fluoxetine and its demethylated metabolite, norfluoxetine. Prior to analysis, aliquots of alkalinized plasma were extracted with n -hexane and isoamyl alcohol, followed by back-extraction with diluted phosphoric acid. These extracts were injected into a 10 μm, reversed-phase C 18 column with phosphate and acetonitrile as the mobile phase and detection at 214 nm. Peak height ratios were linearly correlated up to 800 μg/l. Acceptable coefficients of variation were demonstrated for both within-run and day-to-day studies. Selected drugs were checked for interference. The essay was used to monitor nine patients receiving 20 to 80 mg of fluoxetine per day. Plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine ranged from 37 to 301 μg/l and 29 to 326 μg/l respectively.
Production of ultracold molecular ion

We present experimental data to produce ultracold, internal ground-state molecular ions via sympathetic cooling with ultracold atoms. Ultracold molecular ions find applications in ultracold chemistry, precision measurement and quantum computation.
Clinical trials in the 21st century: the case for participant-centered research.

Informed consumers of the 21st century increasingly will be hesitant to enroll in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) because they will be unwilling to (a) submit to random assignment; (b) complete assessments that are too lengthy, intrusive, or irrelevant; or (c) comply with protocols that do not meet their needs. Research centered on the needs and interests of participants is likely to engender greater participation and commitment than are traditional RCTs. Recommendations for making clinical trials more participant centered include: (a) expanding our conceptualizations of study validity, (b) involving consumers as advisers in the development and execution of clinical trials, and (c) offering participants reasonable alternatives to random assignment.
Consistent runtime thermal prediction and control through workload phase detection

Elevated temperatures impact the performance, power consumption, and reliability of processors, which rely on integrated thermal sensors to measure runtime thermal behavior. These thermal measurements are typically inputs to a dynamic thermal management system that controls the operating parameters of the processor and cooling system. The ability to predict future thermal behavior allows a thermal management system to optimize a processor's operation so as to prevent the on-set of high temperatures. In this paper we propose a new thermal prediction method that leads to consistent results between the thermal models used in prediction and observed thermal sensor measurements, and is capable of accurately predicting temperature behavior with heterogenous workload assignment on a multicore platform. We devise an off-line analysis algorithm that learns a set of thermal models as a function of operating frequency and globally defined workload phases. We incorporate these thermal models into a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique that limits the maximum temperature during runtime. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed system in predicting the thermal behavior of a real quad-core processor in response to different workloads. In comparison to a reactive thermal management technique, our predictive method dramatically reduces the number of thermal violations, the magnitude of thermal cycles, and workload runtimes.