cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identity and regulation of nutrients limiting phytoplankton production in the shallow estuaries near Beaufort, N.C.

Inorganic nutrients limiting phytoplankton production in the shallow estuarine system near Beaufort, N. C., were identified by nutrient enrichment techniques. Nitrogen was the primary limiting nutrient; phosphorus also was limiting at times. Samples receiving a complete enrichment medium plus organic substrates poor or lacking in nitrogen and phosphorus showed no significant increase in relative photosynthesis over unenriched controls, even though there was a significant decrease in the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the enriched samples. This suggested that microbial immobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus during decomposition of organic matter may limit nutrient availability to phytoplankton and in part account for the general paucity of inorganic nutrients present in this shallow system. An estimated 6 x 109 g carbon, 1 x 108 g nitrogen and 2 x 107 g phosphorus enters the estuarine system in the form of partially decayedSpartina alterniflora each year, primarily from September–March. To utilize the readily available fraction of this detrital material estuarine microbes would have to immobilize 2.4 x 107 g nitrogen and 1.6 x 106 g phosphorus. The data also suggested that an annual cycle in nutrient concentration in the estuarine system in part may result from shifts in the equilibrium between microbial immobilization and remineralization.
Simultaneous calorimetric detection of rotons and photons generated by particles in superfluid helium

Abstract A charged particle stopped in superfluid helium produces both excitations in the liquid (phonons and rotons) and photons by fluorescence. Using a calorimeter with a response time of 50 μs we are able to time-resolve in a single detector signals from the photons and from the excitations of the liquid at 25 mK. The implications of this observation for the detection of low energy solar neutrinos are discussed.
The Diversity Gain of Retransmissions in Poisson Networks

The interference in wireless networks is temporally correlated, since the node or user locations are correlated over time and the interfering transmitters are a subset of these nodes. This correlation impacts the diversity achievable with multiple transmissions over a link. In this paper, we focus on a link in a Poisson field of interferers and show that there is no diversity gain in using retransmissions, even with independent Rayleigh fading on all channels, in stark contrast to what the diversity would be if interference was independent from time slot to time slot. To show this, we first derive the joint success probability of n transmissions in closed-form, which is based on the so-called diversity polynomial, which captures the degree of dependence of the transmission success events. The main conclusion is that ignoring interference correlation can lead to significant errors in the network performance evaluation.
SCMTR: A Chloride-Selective, Membrane-Anchored Peptide Channel that Exhibits Voltage Gating

The design, synthesis, and characterization of a synthetic chloride membrane transporter, SCMTR (synthetic chloride membrane transporter, “scimitar”), are presented. The compound [CH3(CH2)17]2NCOCH2OCH2CO-GGGPGGG-OBzl inserts rapidly into liposomes and planar lipid bilayers. SCMTR has a 1.3 ± 0.01 nS chloride diffusion pathway (>10:1 Cl/K selectivity). Evidence was also obtained for voltage gating behavior.
A Procedure for Granulokinetic Investigation in the Developing Bovine Using Chromium-51

SummaryA procedure for the study of in-travascular granulocyte kinetics in the bovine utilizing chromium-51 as a cell label is described. The high degree of purity of labeled, serially isolated granulocyte fractions allows an accurate assessment of the various kinetic parameters. The procedure is applicable to the developing bovine and may be of particular importance in the evaluation of granulokinetic parameters in the critical neonatal period.
Non-Obscuration of Education of Architects

(1974). Non-Obscuration of Education of Architects. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 28, Pedagogical Catalog 2, pp. 55-56.
THEOLOGY AND THE SCIENCE WARS: WHO OWNS HUMAN NATURE?

. Lluis Oviedo examines in his article the current conflict over human nature and the role of the sciences in the debate, suggesting that there may be a role for theology to play as well. In this essay I examine and respond to some aspects of Oviedo's article and suggest that the nature of the conflict needs to be nuanced to understand it as a conflict not between scientific and philosophical/social-scientific views of human nature but among scientists, social scientists, and philosophers over the role of science in thinking about human nature. I analyze some of the obstacles for theology's becoming involved and propose that thinking about what are distinctively theological questions as opposed to scientific ones may be an appropriate starting point.
Persistence of invariants in “casual” systems

Abstract A theorem is proved which defines a property of a class of “causally connected” functions. It is shown that even though the precise functional connections are unknown, this property may be used in the study of complex parent systems to characterize the behavior of the parent system from information about the behavior of a component subsystem, to identify the component subsystem whose responses underlie responses of the intact parent system or to ascertain whether the properties of the subsystem are altered by extracting the subsystem from the parent system. It is suggested that this property may be especially useful in the study of biological parent systems whose subsystems, such as “receptors” or enzymes, often are not accessible to direct study while present in the intact parent system.
Co‐occurring conditions associated with FMR1 gene variations: Findings from a national parent survey

Parents enrolling in a national survey of families of children with fragile X (FX) reported whether each of their children had been diagnosed or treated for developmental delay or eight conditions frequently associated with FX: attention problems, hyperactivity, aggressiveness, self-injury, autism, seizures, anxiety, or depression. This article reports results for 976 full mutation males, 259 full mutation females, 57 premutation males, and 199 premutation females. Co-occurring conditions were frequently reported for all FMR1 gene variations. The number of co-occurring conditions experienced was strongly associated with parent reports of their child's ability to learn, adaptability, and quality of life. Most individuals with the full mutation experienced multiple co-occurring conditions, with a modal number of 4 for males and 2 for females. Most (>80%) full mutation males and females had been diagnosed or treated for attention problems. Premutation males, when compared with a matched group of non-FX males, were more likely to have been diagnosed or treated for developmental delay, attention problems, aggression, seizures, autism, and anxiety. Premutation females were more likely to have been diagnosed or treated for attention problems, anxiety, depression, and developmental delay. Clusters of conditions were identified, seeming to occur in an additive fashion. Self-injury, autism, and seizures rarely occurred in isolation, but were more likely in individuals who also had problems with attention, anxiety, and hyperactivity. The findings provide a reference point for future studies on the prevalence and nature of co-occurring conditions in FX; suggest the possibility that certain conditions cluster together; provide evidence that male and female carriers experience elevated rates of co-occurring conditions compared with matched groups of non-carrier children; and emphasize the importance of including an assessment of co-occurring conditions in any clinical evaluation of individuals with abnormal variation in the FMR1 gene.
Neuroendocrine biomarkers of aging in the rat

The genome and environmental agents are believed to regulate aging processes mainly via the homeostatic and integrative mechanisms of the body, which consist primarily of the neuroendocrine, immune and cell-to-cell communicating systems. Of these, the neuroendocrine system is considered to be the most important since it regulates to a greater or lesser degree all body functions, in old age as well as in early and mature life. We have studied mainly three aging events in the rat: the reproductive decline, development of numerous mammary and pituitary tumors and the decrease in GH secretion and protein synthesis. We have found that all three are caused primarily by faults that develop in hypothalamic function, particularly the decline in norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) activity. This decline appears to be caused largely by damage to hypothalamic neurons as a result of the chronic action of hormones, toxins, free radicals, cross linkages, lipofuscin accumulation and "wear and tear". Administration of drugs that increase hypothalamic NE and DA activity can delay or reverse all three aging events. Changes in hormone secretion, estrous cycles, tumor development and protein synthesis can be measured and used as "biomarkers of aging" in the rat.
Thermal Averages in a Quantum Point Contact with a Single Coherent Wave Packet

A novel formal equivalence between thermal averages of coherent properties (e.g., conductance) and time averages of a single wave packet arises for Fermi gases and certain geometries. In the case of one open channel in a quantum point contact (QPC), only one wave packet history, with the wave packet width equal to the thermal length, completely determines the thermally averaged conductance. The formal equivalence moreover allows very simple physical interpretations of interference features surviving under thermal averaging. Simply put, pieces of the thermal wave packet returning to the QPC along independent paths must arrive at the same time in order to interfere. Remarkably, one immediate result of this approach is that higher temperature leads to narrower wave packets and therefore better resolution of events in the time domain. In effect, experiments at 4.2 K are performing time-gated experiments at better than a gigahertz. Experiments involving thermally averaged ballistic conductance in 2DEGS are presented as an application of this picture.
Petrology and Structure of a Salina (Silurian) Dolomitized Algal Stromatolite Complex, Northwestern Ohio: ABSTRACT

A unique algal stromatolite complex is located southwest of Maumee, Ohio, on the Niagaran reef-bank system that contributed to the isolation of the Michigan basin during the Cayugan Epoch. Overlying strata have been eroded so that the individual features of the complex may be studied in essentially their original paleogeographic setting. Major features in the study area include tidal channels, natural carbonate levees, algal mounds, scour channels, laminations, ripple marks, desiccation cracks, and gypsum and anhydrite molds. The dolomite rocks in the area may be subdivided into eight microfacies as follows: (1) mound; (2) End_Page 534------------------------------ mound scour channel; (3) mound transition; (4) intermound; (5) blanket; (6) laterally linked hemispheroid; (7) mud flat; and (8) tidal channel. Each of these microfacies is characterized by a particular algal mat frequency, the degree of development and the nature of laminations, and by the amount of mechanically deposited sediment. Major rock types are stromatolite-constructed dolomite mudstone, wackestone, and packstone. Nearly all samples are characterized by the partial or pervasive development of a filamentous (and presumably algal) microstructure. Burrows and pellets are uncommon in all of the microfacies. Ostracods are common. Laminations are well developed in all of the microfacies except the mound microfacies. Breccias are common especially in algal mounds and are due to mineralization by sulfate minerals, and dedolomitization, desiccation, and solution collapse. The general sequence of mineralization was: (1) formation of microcrystalline xenotopic dolomite, probably by replacement of an initial CaCO3 mud, accompanied by the formation of gypsum and anhydrite; (2) dedolomitization, primarily in the mound microfacies; (3) partial replacement of calcite and dolomite by celestite; (4) replacement of some calcite, dolomite, and celestite by fluorite; and (5) limited formation of medium crystalline, idiotopic, and hypidiotopic dolomite by a process of local source dolomite crystallization and recrystallization. Comparison with several Recent carbonate analogs in the Persian Gulf and Bahamas suggests that most of the eight microfacies were formed in a supratidal environment. End_of_Article - Last_Page 535------------
Layer-dependent magnetic properties at Fe surfaces using spin-polarized electron emission spectroscopy (SPEES)

Abstract We have studied the angle-resolved energy distribution of spin-polarized electrons emitted during ion-surface scattering. At clean Fe surfaces, electron spin polarization values (ESP) of up to 48% are found. Varying the scattering angle of the ions from 1° to 45°, we find that the layer-dependent, average ESP at the topmost surface layer is enhanced by 32% compared to that of the bulk and that the mean free path of electrons with energy 4–10 eV is about 3 atomic distances. The absence of a magnetically dead layer at Fe surfaces covered with one monolayer of O is revealed by the existence of a nonzero surface ESP.
Finite-size effects in thin gadolinium films

Magnetic transition studies have been made by measuring the electrical resistivity of thin Gd films as a function of temperature. The shift of the Curie temperature, Tc, with film thickness, d, can be characterized by a critical exponent, λ, such that [Tc(∞) − Tc(d)]Tc(∞) ∼ bdλ. The value of the shift exponent λ was found to be 0.91 ± 0.02. The effect on Tc of annealing the Gd films has also been examined. The values of Tc obtained from electrical resistivity measurements are independent of annealing temperatures up to 573 K for 30 minutes.
Two-position roll modulation of lift for aerodynamic braking of a Mars entry vehicle.

Two position roll modulation of lift for aerodynamic braking for soft landing on Mars, solving boundary value problem by quasi- linearization
Curriculum Reform in Middle Level and High School Mathematics.

Reform in mathematics has broad support, and it is nudging changes in standardized testing. Those changes will require a sustained effort over a number of years.
A pathway for hospital librarians: why is it vital?

Objectives: By the mid 2000s, reports of hospital librarians losing jobs and hospital libraries closing were rife. In 2005, Vital Pathways: The Hospital Libraries Project was established by 2005/06 MLA President M.J. Tooey, AHIP, FMLA, to assess the truth of these reports and to study and develop strategies to support hospital librarians. Throughout this long-term project, opportunities were sought to understand the issues more clearly.
Optical implementation of a time-domain beam former.

We report on an optical implementation of a time-domain beam former that uses a low-cost, low-power, two-dimensional spatial light modulator (liquid-crystal television) to generate eight beams from eight sensors. The optical architecture can be classified as a vector-matrix multiplier. The vectors are formed from sampled sensor values by a low-power total-internal-reflection electro-optic device, and the readout is done with a linear photodiode array detector. The experimental response of the broadside beam is given.
Light-Induced Increase in Two-Level Tunneling States in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

We observe an increase of the low-temperature internal friction of hydrogenated amorphous silicon prepared by both hot-wire and plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition after extended light-soaking at room temperature. This increase, and the associated change in sound velocity, can be explained by an increase of the density of two-level tunneling states, which serves as a measure of the lattice disorder. The amount of increase in internal friction is remarkably similar in both types of films although the amount and the microstructure of hydrogen are very different. Experiments conducted on a sample prepared by hot-wire chemical-vapor deposition show that this change anneals out gradually at room temperature in about 70 days. Possible relation of the light-induced changes in the low-temperature elastic properties to the Staebler-Wronski effect is discussed.
Population Diagram Analysis of Molecular Line Emission

We develop the use of the population diagram method to analyze molecular emission in order to derive physical properties of interstellar clouds. We focus particular attention on how the optical depth affects the derived total column density and the temperature. We derive an optical depth correction factor that can be evaluated based on observations and that incorporates the effect of saturation on derived upper level populations. We present analytic results for linear molecules in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). We investigate numerically how subthermal excitation influences the population diagram technique, studying how the determination of kinetic temperature is affected when the local density is insufficient to achieve LTE. We present results for HC3N and CH3OH, representative of linear and nonlinear molecules, respectively. In some cases, alternative interpretations to the standard optically thin and thermalized picture yield significantly different results for column density and kinetic temperature, and we discuss this behavior. The population diagram method can be a very powerful tool for determining physical conditions in dense clouds if proper recognition is given to effects of saturation and subthermal excitation. We argue that the population diagram technique is, in fact, superior to fitting intensities of different transitions directly, and we indicate how it can be effectively employed.
Wildfire activity in rainforests in western Patagonia linked to the Southern Annular Mode

Increased wildfire activity in relation to future climate warming is likely for temperate rainforest biomes where fire depends on anomalously dry fuel conditions. Tree-ring fire history records were developed from fires scars in western Patagonia, and synchrony in fire activity was examined to determine the role of regional climate variability in promoting fires. Interannual variability in the multicentury fire history records was related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Interannual fire synchrony and decadal-scale trends in wildfires document a strong influence of broad-scale climatic variability on wildfiresinwesternPatagonia.SAMisaboveaverageduringyearsofregionaldroughtthatcoincidewithwidespreadfires. Analyses of contingent interactions of ENSO, PDO and SAM revealed that fire frequencies were greater than expected onlywhenSAMwasinitspositivephase,regardlessofthephaseofENSOandPDO.Thefire-enhancinginfluenceofSAM was greatest when PDO was also positive, which indicates Pacific-wide warmer conditions. There is a strong increase in wildfire activity coincident with warming anddrying trends duringthe 20thcentury and with variability in SAM, which is predicted to continue to be in this fire-conducive phase for the 21st century. Additional keywords: drought, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), fire history, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Pilgerodendron uviferum, southern South America.
Investigation of the Pb depletion in single and dual pulsed laser deposited epitaxial PZT thin films and their structural characterization

We have investigated the Pb depletion in laser ablated PZT (PbZr 1-xTi xO3) films through a systematic study of PZT target-laser interactions for both single laser and dual-laser ablation methods. The study includes films deposited from a stoichiometric and an excess PbO PZT targets. The films were deposited on single crystal SrTiO 3 [100] substrates at 550uC with a background oxygen pressure of 500 mT. Single laser deposited films at a laser fluence of 5J/cm 2 produced the highest Pb content while dual-laser ablated films where an excimer and a CO 2 pulsed lasers were synchronized for ablation produced high Pb content for an excimer laser fluence of less than 2J/cm 2 . This enabled the growth of particulate-free PZT films with high Pb content. ICCD imaging of the plasma plumes showed variations in the expansion profiles at different laser fluencies that correlated well with the Pb content observed in the deposited films.
Qute: quality-of-monitoring aware sensing and routing strategy in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used to monitor the physical environment. In a highly redundant sensor network, sensor readings from nearby sensors often have high similarity. In this work, we are interested in how to decide an appropriate sensing rate for each sensor node, in order to maximize the overall Quality-of-Monitoring (QoM), while ensuring that all readings can be transmitted to the sink. Note that a feasible sensing rate allocation should satisfy both energy constraint on each sensor node and flow conservation through the network. In order to capture the statistical correlations among sensor readings, we first introduce the concept of correlation graph. The correlation graph is further decomposed into several correlation components, and sensor readings from the same correlation component are highly correlated. For each correlation component, we defined a general utility function to estimate the QoM. The utility function of each correlation component is a non-decreasing submodular function of the total sensing rates allocated to that correlation component. Then we formulate the QoM-aware sensing rate allocation problem as a utility maximization problem under limited power supply on each node. To tackle this problem, we adopted an efficient algorithm, called Qute, by jointly considering both the energy constraint on each node and flow conservation through the network. Under some settings, we analytically show that Qute can find the optimal QoM-aware sensing rate allocation which achieves the maximum total utility. We conducted extensive testbed verifications of our schemes, and experimental results validate our theoretical results.
Markets in Oaxaca: Are they really unique?

Ralph L. Beals. The Peasant Marketing System of Oaxaca, Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. ix + 419 pp. Illustrations, maps, figures, appendices, bibliography, and index. $20.00. Scott Cook and Martin Diskin, eds. Markets in Oaxaca, Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976. 285 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, glossary, bibliography, and index. $9.95.
Blood-brain barrier to H3-γ-aminobutyric acid in normal and amino oxyacetic acid-treated animals ☆

Abstract Distribution of radioactivity was examined in various tissues following the administration of H3-γ-aminobutyric acid, injected intraperitoneally to adult mice and intraventriculariy to adult rabbits. In mice treated with amino oxyacetic acid, a potent inhibitor of γ-aminobutyrate-a-ketoglutarate transaminase, no significant amount of radioactivity was found in brain after intraperitoneal injection of labeled γ-aminobutyric acid. After intraventricular injection of labeled γ-aminobutyric acid to rabbits similarly treated, small amounts of radio activity did appear in liver and blood, but electrophoretic characterization showed that the label was not in γ-aminobutyric acid itself but in other metabolites. In untreated mice and rabbits, in which metabolism of γ-aminobutyric acid occurred normally, the label from injected H3-γ-aminobutyric acid was found by electrophoresis to be distributed over several major metabolites. The radioactivity that seemed to move into or from brain in these untreated animals was largely attributable to these labeled metabolites. These labeled derivatives of γ-aminobutyric acid, at present unidentified except glutamine, were discussed. The present results demonstrate that the blood-brain barrier in adult animals is impermeable to both blood-borne γ-aminobutyric acid and endogenous cerebral γ-aminobutyric acid.
Assessing the Violent Offending and Violent Victimization Overlap Among Discharged Psychiatric Patients

Prior studies have documented linkages between mental disorder and both offending and victimization. However, few studies have examined the violent offending–violent victimization overlap among mentally disordered individuals and none have examined the factors that are jointly related to their covariation. Here, we assess this overlap during the first ten weeks following hospital discharge among a large sample of psychiatric patients from three large cities. Findings indicate that: (1) violent offending and violent victimization show substantial covariation; (2) although each of the two outcomes were predicted by a few unique risk factors, several risk factors were similarly predictive of both outcomes; and (3) even after adjusting for demographic, clinical, and social risk factors, the correlation between violent offending and violent victimization remained robust. Implications for theory, research, and policy are highlighted.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Is Venus alive?’”]

In his comment, Frederick Scarf asserts that many statements and interpretations contained in my Forum are wrong and that he proposes to correct the record. The opposite is in fact the case, and his response adds no substantiation to the claim that there is extensive lightning and currently active volcanism at Venus. My colleagues and I have shown (H. A. Taylor, Jr., et al., “Reply,” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 91, p. 4599, 1986) that there is a high degree of correlation between the electric field noise and the ionospheric disturbances driven by the solar wind—ionosphere interaction and that the noise is not preferentially clustered over mountainous terrain. These results run counter to the interpretation of the noise as evidence of lightning and I stand on this evidence.
Green tea polyphenols avert chronic inflammation-induced myocardial fibrosis of female rats.

Green tea proposes anti-inflammatory properties which may attenuate chronic inflammation-induced fibrosis of vessels. This study evaluated whether green tea polyphenols (GTP) can avert fibrosis or vascular disruption along with mechanisms in rats with chronic inflammation. Forty 3-month-old female rats were assigned to a 2 (placebo vs. lipopolysaccharide, administration) × 2 (no GTP vs. 0.5% GTP in drinking water) factorial design for 12 weeks. Masson’s trichrome staining evaluated myocardial fibrosis in coronary vessels and surrounding myocardium. Whole blood specimens were counted for differentials. Spleen tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression was determined by real-time RT–PCR. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by mean separation procedures. After 12 weeks, lipopolysaccharide administration induced myocardial fibrosis in vessels and surrounding myocardium, spleen TNF-α mRNA expression, and leukocytes, while GTP supplementation in drinking water significantly averted such observation. GTP attenuates myocardial fibrosis through a suppression of chronic inflammation and innate immune responses.
A dependence of hadronic charm production

Abstract In a low-density model of nuclear shadowing we determine the ratio of total cross sections for hadronic charm production in pA and pp collisions at various c.m. energies. Defining σ p A→ c c =A α σ pp → c c , we find that α is bigger than 0.96 for all physically existing nuclie at present collider energies. We also find that the total cross section of hadronic charm production is mostly determined by a cc mass value of about twice the threshold energy.
Force generation in muscle.

The force of muscle contraction is generated by the interaction of a myosin crossbridge with an actin filament. Although the power stroke, in which myosin exerts force on an actin filament over a distance of 5-10 nm, must involve large protein conformational changes, the exact nature of these changes in conformation remains unknown. The observation that actin can be moved by myosin heads attached to a glass substratum confines the location of the force:producing elements to the head region of myosin and an actin filament (Toyoshima et al . , N a t u r e 1987, 328:536-539). Thus, recent work on force production has concentrated on the structures and interactions of these two proteins.
Physical and kinetic distinction of two ornithine decarboxylase forms in Physarum

Abstract Two forms of ornithine decarboxylase ( l -ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) can be isolated from crude plasmodial homogenates of Physarum polycephalum. Both forms catalyze the stoichiometric production of putrescine and CO2 from ornithine, yet they are distinguished by (a) a large difference in their affinity for coenzyme (apparent K m values of 0.13 and 33 μM); (b) a differential stability to extended dialysis of crude homogenates at 4°C; and (c) the tendency of the low affinity form to polymerize when suspended in low ionic strength borate and phosphate buffers. These forms appear to be alternate states of a basic catalytic subunit in that (a) they both demonstrate monomer and dimer molecular forms of 80 000 and 160 000 daltons, respectively, depending on the buffer content; (b) they coelute from DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange columns; and (c) they vary in activity in approximately equivalent yet opposite directions in response to factors which alter this organism's growth or metabolism. These data suggest that ornithine decarboxylase activity may be modulated by the control of the transition of this enzyme between the active and the relatively less active form.
What's hot and what's not: general principle for image understanding applied to combat vehicle identification

A study was conducted with military users expert in vehicle identification to understand the effects of various types of prior knowledge on their performance in identifying vehicles in thermal imagery. Subject's abilities to identify line drawings and color photographs, as well as their ability to accurately describe vehicle engine and exhaust locations were compared to their ability to identify the same vehicles' thermal signatures. High correlation was found between identification performance on all types of prior knowledge and thermal imagery identification. The most significant correlation was knowledge of vehicle engine and exhaust locations with respect to thermal vehicle identification. The authors concluded that familiarity with vehicle sin line drawings and photos, without knowledge of thermal signature and emissive sources, such as engines and exhausts, was not sufficient for effective performance in combat vehicle identification with thermal sights.
Clinical science and human behavior.

The debate between mentalism/cognitivism and behaviorism is analyzed, and it is concluded that behaviorism is the philosophy more closely associated with psychology as a behavioral science, the cognitive approach being more closely aligned with biological science. Specific objections to mentalistic interpretations of behavioral phenomena are detailed, and examples from clinical psychology are used to show the importance of behavioral approaches in applied domains. It is argued that the relation between behavior theory and clinical psychology is critical to the continued advancement of applied psychology. Behavior analysis is offered as a direct, applied extension of behavior theory as well as a highly practical and effective approach for understanding, explaining, and modifying the factors that contribute to and maintain maladaptive behaviors.
The search goes on: Parameter effects on the return migration decision

In this paper we present an experiment designed to test some of the predictions of the Harris-Todaro model of migration. In particular, we examine determinants of an individual's return migration decisions. Data issues in the developing world and with migration data in general limit empirical testing of the model. In such a data environ-ment, laboratory experiments can add insight to the theory. We introduce an external opportunity to a traditional labour market search experiment to examine whether it extends search and unemployment in a primary market. Our results generally support the predictions of the model. The experiments predict that the possibility of return, the cost of return, and the existence of trophy wage opportunities in the urban market all reduce the likelihood of return migration.
Graph-Based Posterior Regularization for Semi-Supervised Structured Prediction

We present a flexible formulation of semisupervised learning for structured models, which seamlessly incorporates graphbased and more general supervision by extending the posterior regularization (PR) framework. Our extension allows for any regularizer that is a convex, differentiable function of the appropriate marginals. We show that surprisingly, non-linearity of such regularization does not increase the complexity of learning, provided we use multiplicative updates of the structured exponentiated gradient algorithm. We illustrate the extended framework by learning conditional random fields (CRFs) with quadratic penalties arising from a graph Laplacian. On sequential prediction tasks of handwriting recognition and part-ofspeech (POS) tagging, our method makes significant gains over strong baselines.
Tunable ultra-narrow band-pass filters based on volume Bragg grating

90% efficient large aperture tunable optical filters having very narrow spectral width and realized by the incoherent association of a volume Bragg grating and a Fabry-Perot etalon are described and demonstrated.
Measurements of Liquid Acetone Fluorescence and Phosphorescence for Two-Phase Fuel Imaging

The fluorescence and phosphorescence from liquid acetone was studied to aid the development of quantitative mixing measurements in liquid-fueled systems. The timeresolved spectrum of the acetone fluorescence and phosphorescence was captured under typical operating conditions using two excitation wavelengths (266 and 285 nm). A chamber of liquid acetone was purged and pressurized with nitrogen gas for various durations before the measurements. The lifetime for phosphorescence from liquid acetone was found to vary from <175 ns to 3.5 µs, depending on the duration of the N2 pressurization, the detection wavelength and the excitation wavelength. The N2 pressurization presumably removes dissolved O2 and shows little enhancement in the overall lifetime beyond 24 hours in the current setup. The measured phosphorescence lifetimes increased with detection wavelength, which is related to the observed red shift in the phosphorescence spectra with delay time after the laser pulse. The phosphorescence to fluorescence ratio was measured to be 0.035 for 266 nm excitation and 0.080 for 285 nm excitation. The overall short lifetimes and low phosphorescence signal are related to the vibrational distribution established in the triplet state for the different excitation wavelengths.
Sampling Efficiency of Longlines for Shortraker and Rougheye Rockfish using Observations from a Manned Submersible

Abstract Populations of demersal rockfish of the genus Sebastes are challenging to assess because they inhabit rocky areas that are difficult to sample with trawl gear. In contrast, longline gear can sample rocky areas, but several factors besides fish density can affect the relationship between catch rates and density. In this study, longline catch rates of shortraker rockfish Sebastes borealis and rougheye rockfish S. aleutianus were compared with observations of density from a manned submersible to evaluate the species’ catchability on longline gear. On separate occasions, rockfish behavior in the presence of longline gear was observed from the submersible. Densities averaged 3.0 shortraker and rougheye rockfish (combined) per 330 m2 of bottom (the effectively sampled area of a 100-m transect). Longline catch rates averaged 2.7 shortraker and rougheye rockfish per skate of 45 hooks. Longline catch rates were not statistically affected by submersible observations. There was a positive trend between dens...
Implementation of a digital optical phase conjugation system and its application to study the robustness of turbidity suppression by phase conjugation

In this work, we report a novel high capacity (number of degrees of freedom) open loop adaptive optics method, termed digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC), which provides a robust optoelectronic optical phase conjugation (OPC) solution. We showed that our prototype can phase conjugate light fields with ~3.9 x 10−3 degree accuracy over a range of ~3 degrees and can phase conjugate an input field through a relatively thick turbid medium (μsl ~13). Furthermore, we employed this system to show that the reversing of random scattering in turbid media by phase conjugation is surprisingly robust and accommodating of phase errors. An OPC wavefront with significant spatial phase errors (error uniformly distributed from – π/2 to π/2) can nevertheless allow OPC reconstruction through a scattering medium with ~40% of the efficiency achieved with phase error free OPC.
Changes in circulatory indices of thrombosis and fibrinolysis during total knee arthroplasty performed under tourniquet

Abstract Deep vein thrombosis may begin during surgery with the tourniquet inflated. Arterial levels of fibrinopeptide A, thrombin—antithrombin complexes, D-dimer, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity, and t-PA antigen were measured before surgery, during surgery with the tourniquet inflated, and following deflation of the tourniquet in 12 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Minimal increases in fibrinopeptide A, thrombin—antithrombin complexes, and D-dimer were noted during surgery with the tourniquet inflated, but significant increases occurred immediately following deflation of the tourniquet. In 10 patients, intravenous heparin administration significantly suppressed the rise in fibrinopeptide A, but did not significantly alter the increases in either thrombin—antithrombin complexes, D-dimer, t-PA antigen, or t-PA activity. This study provides further evidence that deep vein thrombosis begins during surgery.
Computational field theory of polymers: opportunities and challenges

This article highlights my group's recent progress in developing a new class of computer simulation tools for studying the equilibrium self-assembly and thermodynamic properties of complex polymeric fluids. Our approach utilizes well known formal methods for converting "particle-based" statistical mechanical models of fluids into field theories, but builds on the formalism to develop practical strategies for conducting numerical simulations. This (FTS) approach has the advantage of being efficient in treating polymeric fluids at high density and high molecular weight, unlike conventional simulation methods. I report on recent advances in the methodology and emerging applications, as well as challenges for the future.
Factors affecting the open circuit voltage in amorphous silicon solar cells

The authors examine, by means of numerical modeling, the factors which determine and limit the open circuit voltage of a-Si p-i-n solar cells. It is found that a good front contact which blocks minority carriers enhances the open circuit voltage when the acceptor doping in the emitter is low. However, these effects do not lead to as much improvement of the solar cell conversion efficiency as might be expected because of a decrease in the fill factor which accompanies the increase in V/sub oc/. The authors also show that tail state recombination is an important parameter which limits V/sub oc/. >
Efaproxiral: A Radiation Enhancer Used in Brain Metastases from Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVETo review the mechanism of action and clinical data of efaproxiral use in brain metastases of breast cancer.DATA SOURCESArticles were identified through MEDLINE (1966–June 2005) and EMBASE (1980–May 2005) searches using the key words efaproxiral and RSR13. Published abstracts over the previous 10 years from various scientific meetings, including American Society of Clinical Oncology and San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, were also searched for investigations of efaproxiral. Data on efaproxiral were also provided by Allos Therapeutics.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll published clinical data in humans regarding efaproxiral use in brain metastases from breast cancer were selected for this review. In addition, published studies in humans that discussed the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of efaproxiral were evaluated.DATA SYNTHESISEfaproxiral is a synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin that results in a shift of the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve to the right. Theref...
The assessment of risk to recidivate among a juvenile offending population

The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice has implemented a new fourth-generation risk/need assessment to assess the risk to re-offend for juveniles referred to the department. The new assessment, the Positive Achievement Change Tool, or PACT, is adapted from the validated Washington State Juvenile Court Assessment, on which the Youth Assessment Screening Inventory (YASI) was also modeled. This study validated the PACT assessment, and examined whether the instrument is as predictive of female delinquency as it is of male delinquency, utilizing subsequent official delinquency referral as the dependent measure. Gender differences were explored and illustrated the instrument to be effective in predicting female and male delinquency, yet the factors predicting female delinquency did not mimic those predictive of male delinquency. Furthermore, for both male and female juveniles, a score of environmental and personal characteristics and situations had a stronger relationship with recidivism than did a score of official criminal history.
Mining Multi-Level Associations with Fuzzy Hierarchies

In this paper we investigate application of fuzzy concept hierarchies to mining multi-level knowledge from large datasets via a well-known attribute-oriented induction approach (Han and Kamber, 2000). We analyze in detail the original process of fuzzy hierarchical induction and extend it with two new characteristics which improve applicability of the original approach to scientific data mining. These are a consistency of our fuzzy induction model, and an approximate drilling-down technique allowing a user to retrieve estimated explanations of the generated abstract concept. An application to discovery of multi-level association rules from environmental data stored in a toxic release inventory is presented
Characterization of an enantioselective odorant receptor in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti.

Enantiomers differ only in the left or right handedness (chirality) of their orientations and exhibit identical chemical and physical properties. In chemical communication systems, enantiomers can be differentially active at the physiological and behavioral levels. Only recently were enantioselective odorant receptors demonstrated in mammals while their existence in insects has remained hypothetical. Using the two-microelectrode voltage clamp of Xenopus oocytes, we show that the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, odorant receptor 8 (AaOR8) acts as a chiral selective receptor for the (R)-(—)-enantiomer of 1-octen-3-ol, which in the presence of other kairomones is an attractant used by blood-sucking insects to locate their hosts. In addition to steric constraints, chain length and degree of unsaturation play important roles in this recognition process. This is the first characterization of an enantioselective odorant receptor in insects and the results demonstrate that an OR alone, without helper proteins, can account for chiral specificity exhibited by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs).
The Urban Street Gang after 1970

▪ Abstract This review discusses research on the urban street gang after the 1960s, the period in which social scientists began to conceptualize the gang outside of the social-problems framework. Street-gang research has changed dramatically in the past three decades in accordance with general shifts in sociological research, including developments in gender studies, economic sociology, and race and ethnic relations. This review addresses these major trends and debates and highlights suggestions for areas of future inquiry that build on innovations of contemporary scholars.
Discharge lamps for Rb atomic clocks: The role of rf-power

Rubidium atomic clocks that fly on GNSS satellites employ the light from rf-discharge lamps for atomic signal generation and detection. In this application, the performance of the atomic clock and the capabilities of the navigation system depend sensitively on the lamp's stability. In order to better understand the mechanisms that might lead to instability in these lamps, and hence the satellite clocks, we studied the optical emission from a Rb/Xe lamp as a function of the lamp's rf-power. Surprisingly, we found that the electron density in the plasma was essentially independent of increases in rf-power above its nominal value (i.e., “rf-power gain”), and that the electron temperature was only a slowly varying function of rf-power gain. The primary effect of rf-power was to increase the temperature of the neutrals in the plasma, which was manifested by an increase in Rb vapor density. Assuming that increased Rb density proportionally increases the lamp's light intensity, we predict that the sensitivity of GNSS-quality Rb clocks to changes in lamp rf-power, |∂y/∂[ΔP rf /P rf ]|, is on the order of 1.0×10−14/%.
Computational 3-D modeling and site-directed mutation of an antibody that binds Neu2en5Ac, a transition state analogue of a sialic acid.

An antibody against a transition state analog (TSA) may share some common features with an enzyme that produces such a transition state. SIC172 antibody binds specifically to Neu2en5Ac, a TSA of Neu5Ac in the sialidase reaction, but has no catalytic activity. To understand how the antibody recognizes Neu2en5Ac and to find out if it is possible to convert it to a catalytic antibody, we made and sequenced the SIC172 ScFv, and constructed a 3-D model of it. The VH-CDR3 contains a unique sequence with Cys at H95. The 3-D model showed that Cys-H95 is exposed inside the antigen-binding cavity. After affinity docking, 4 types emerged. In type I, the carboxyl group of Neu2en5Ac is located near the Cys-H95 and neighboring positively charged residues. The change of Cys-H95 to Asp by site-directed mutation decreased the binding activity, while a change to Arg did not. These and other mutation experiments, and further modeling of mutant Fv, support the 3-D model and docking type I. A comparison with sialidase indicates that SIC172 antibody appears to have some groups of residues that are conserved at the active site of the enzyme. The possibility of Neu2en5Ac-binding antibody being converted to a catalytic antibody is discussed.
Various Species of Sulfathiazole Form I

Sulfathiazole crystallized from ethanol, a mixture of ethanol and benzene, a mixture of chloroform and acetone, isopropyl alcohol, or 10% and 1% ammonia solutions gives Form I, which consists of varying proportions of a melting species and another species which undergoes solid-solid transition. This was confirmed both microscopically and by differential scanning calorimetry. Crimping of the samples crystallized from ammonia solutions causes the separation of the peaks representing these species and gives a thermogram identical to that obtained from samples crystallized from alcohol. Grinding appears to destroy the melting species and to have a significant effect on the transition temperature but not on the heat of transition. The calculated average heat of transition, for ground samples crystallized from both ammonia solutions and from alcohol, is 1652 ± 56 cal./mole. IR spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns of the powder did not show any major differences between samples crystallized from either solvent.