cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drought and grazing patch dynamics under different grazing management

Abstract Land deterioration does not occur uniformly over time or over a landscape. The differential use of preferred areas in the landscape results in uneven distribution of animal impact, and periods of below average precipitation compound the effects of herbivory, providing periods of accelerated deterioration. This study investigates whether rotational grazing during a drought cycle allows reduction of deterioration caused by patch-selective grazing in large (1800–2100 ha) paddocks by providing adequate rest between grazing events. From 1995 through 2000, herbaceous and bare ground changes were measured on adjacent heavily grazed and lightly grazed patches in rotationally and continuously grazed paddocks. The weather interacted with grazing treatment ( p p p p p 4 midgrasses and C 4 shortgrasses. Grazing treatment did not influence species aerial biomass composition ( p >0.1). When monitoring to effect sustainable use, the commonly used parameter of species composition appears to be a much less sensitive indicator of change than bare ground and basal area. This study provides evidence that, in large paddocks in this environment, rotational grazing can reduce the deterioration and allow improvement of both shortgrass and midgrass patches.
Communicating with energy harvesting transmitters and receivers

This paper provides a general framework for utility maximization of a wireless network with energy harvesting nodes. The focus is on applying this framework to the single-link problem with an energy harvesting transmitter and an energy harvesting receiver. For the general utility maximization problem, it is shown that if the utility of a network can be expressed instantaneously as a function of the powers of the nodes, then the maximum utility achieving power policy for each node can be found using a water-filling approach for each user. This is achieved by expressing the general utility maximization problem as a pair of nested problems focusing on energy efficiency and adapting to energy harvests separately. The framework extends the previous results on offline optimization of energy harvesting transmitters to networks with all energy harvesting nodes including receivers and relays as well as any network utility, provided that the achieved utility is instantaneous and additive in time. The implications of the energy efficiency problem on the energy harvesting problem are demonstrated over an energy harvesting transmitter-receiver pair, and simulation results are presented to exhibit the performance of the optimal policy along with some alternatives for a range of storage capacities.
A general theory of ratio scalability with remarks about the measurement-theoretic concept of meaningfulness

The role of mathematics in empirical science is puzzling, mysterious, and in my opinion has defied rational explanation. Why mathematics should be so enormously productive and effective in the handling of empirical phenomena is clearly an important foundational problem in science, but one for the most part that has been ignored. This is somewhat surprising given the rich theory and the abundance of results that have been developed in the philosophy and foupdations of mathematics. While there have been and still are great debates about the acceptability of the use of certain inf'mitistic and nonconstructive procedures in mathematical proofs, very little of these concerns have spilled over into science. The empirical sciences seem to have accepted without question the validity of the Platonic/Cantorian development of mathematics, and freely employ infinitistic and nonconstructive methods in their modeling of empirical phenomena. What is particularly surprising about this is that most empirically oriented scientists shy away from strong metaphysical commitments, and at the foundational level of their science usually promulgate the use of rather conservative methodologies. There are obviously many ways of approaching the problem of explaining the role of mathematics in empirical science. The one employed in this paper, which falls under an interdisciplinary branch of science generally known as measurement theory, tries to explicate the underlying assumptions for the proper assignment of numbers to empirical variables. While this is only one aspect of justifying mathematical procedures, it is an important and necessary first step. However, depending upon one's philosophy of science and mathematics, even this restricted problem has a variety of approaches. The approach I take is heavily colored by a vision I have of what a good theory of measurement would look like. The part that is relevant to this paper goes as follows: I see the empirical world as a finite collection of
Limit cycles in a continuous fermentation model

The existence of limit cycles in a mathematical model for a continuous fermentation process is investigated. Estimation of perimeters and the relative positions of limit cycles are also discussed.
The relationship between self-reported pulse rates and exam scores

Introductory psychology students took their own pulses during a normal lecture class and during four exams. There was no systematic relationship between absolute pulse rate and exam scores. However, consistently high correlations were found between pulse-rate change scores and test performance: The greater the increase in pulse rate, the lower the exam score.
The distribution of stress around a single underground opening in a layered medium under gravity loading

Abstract The finite-element method is used in order to compute the stresses in horizontally layered structures. The distribution of stress around openings of several shapes, located in a center layer of a three-layer medium, is studied in detail. Consideration is given to the influence of the geometry of the situation (i.e. thickness of the center layer and shape of the opening) and of the contrast in the mechanical properties between the center layer and the confining homogeneous medium (i.e. ratio of the elastic moduli). The method of solution and the numerical results presented prove its worth in the analysis of repeatable situations encountered in rock mechanics practice (e.g. mining and development workings in layered deposits).
Hybridization of White, Yellow, and Striped Bass in the Toledo Bend Reservoir

Abstract Long-term stocking of non-native Morone saxatilis (Striped Bass) in Toledo Bend Reservoir may have had adverse effects on the integrity of the native Morone chrysops (White Bass) and M. mississipiensis (Yellow Bass) genome through introgression. We examined microsatellite genotypes for evidence of hybridization in a sample of Striped. White, and Yellow Bass but found only four potential hybrids. Despite the introduction of millions of Striped Bass over four decades, there is no evidence for either a hybrid swarm or substantial introgression. Low numbers of hybrids may be the result of poor hybrid survival, little reproduction between species, or a combination of both.
The carbohydrate of ovomucoid.

Abstract Ovomucoid, prepared from domestic chicken egg white by precipitation from a trichloroacetic acid solution with acetone and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, was analyzed for d -galactose (1%), d -mannose (4.7%), d -glucosamine (14.6%), and N-acetylneuraminic acid (0.5%). Oxidation with sodium periodate was followed by determining the consumption of oxidant and the destruction of the sugar residues, which showed that 47% of the d -mannose, 64% of the d -glucosamine, and about 30% of the d -galactose were oxidized in 1–2 days. Reduction of the periodate-oxidized ovomucoid with NaBH4, followed by hydrolysis with 0.1 N acid and dialysis, afforded fractions whose compositions are discussed with reference to the structure of the carbohydrate residues in ovomucoid.
Predictors of Intractable Epilepsy in Childhood: A Case‐Control Study

Little is known about what factors predict intractable epilepsy at the time of initial diagnosis. We performed a case-control study to identify early predictors of medically intractable epilepsy in children. Cases were children who had an average of one seizure or more a month over a 2-year period and who, during that time, had failed trials of at least three different antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Controls were children who had epilepsy, who had been seizure-free for > or = 2 years, and who had never, before becoming seizure-free, met the definition for intractable epilepsy. Strong univariate associations were noted between intractability and several factors: infantile spasms (IS) remote symptomatic epilepsy, a history of status epilepticus (SE) before the diagnosis of epilepsy, neonatal seizures, and microcephaly. Cases were significantly younger than controls at onset (1.8 vs. 5.8 years); this was not due solely to cases with onset during the first year of life but was an association apparent throughout the age range studied. With multiple logistic regression, independent predictors of intractability were IS, odds ratio (OR) = 10.42, p = 0.03; age at onset with a decreasing risk with increasing age, OR = 0.77 per year, p less than 0.0001; remote symptomatic epilepsy, OR = 2.24, p = 0.04; and SE, OR = 3.30, p = 0.04. These findings complement those of recent cohort studies of remission of epilepsy and provide useful leads for future prospective studies of intractable epilepsy.
Microscopic analysis of core deformation for nuclei in the proton-rich XeNd region☆

Abstract A shell model study in terms of a severely truncated pseudo-SU 3 basis has been made of typical rotational-limit nuclei in the proton-rich XeNd region. The competition between prolate and oblate shapes and E2 properties have been studied.
Seismic response of intake towers including dam–tower interaction

The seismic response of the intake–outlet towers has been widely analyzed in recent years. The usual models consider the hydrodynamic effects produced by the surrounding water and the interior water, characterizing the dynamic response of the tower–water–foundation–soil system. As a result of these works, simplified added mass models have been developed. However, in all previous models, the surrounding water is assumed to be of uniform depth and to have infinite extension. Consequently, the considered added mass is associated with only the pressures created by the displacements of the tower itself. For a real system, the intake tower is usually located in proximity to the dam and the dam pressures may influence the equivalent added mass. The objective of this paper is to investigate how the response of the tower is affected by the presence of the dam. A coupled three-dimensional boundary element-finite element model in the frequency domain is employed to analyze the tower–dam–reservoir interaction problem. In all cases, the system response is assumed to be linear, and the effect of the internal fluid and the soil–structure interaction effects are not considered. The results suggest that unexpected resonance amplifications can occur due to changes in the added mass for the tower as a result of the tower–dam–reservoir interaction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Financial analysis and planning: an overview

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to review and synthesize important literature pertaining to financial analysis and planning. This article will also show readers how financial data and theory can be integrated with alternative management methodologies in useful financial analysis and planning. Some potential research topics in these areas are also indicated.
The influence of centrifugal forces on the B field structure of an axially symmetric equilibrium magnetosphere

A model is presented of an axially symmetric pole-on magnetosphere in MHD force balance, in which both plasma thermal pressure gradients and centrifugal force are taken into account. Assuming that planetary rotation leads to differentially rotating magnetotail field lines, the deformation of magnetotail field lines under the influence of both thermal plasma pressure and centrifugal forces was calculated. Analytic solutions to the Grad-Shafranov equation are presented, which include the centrifugal force term. It is shown that the nonrotational magnetosphere with hot thermal plasma leads to a field configuration without a toroidal B(phi) component and without field-aligned Birkeland currents. The other extreme, a rapidly rotating magnetosphere with cold plasma, leads to a configuration in which plasma must be confined within a thin disk in a plane where the radial magnetic field component B(r) vanishes locally.
Toward an integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation: some preliminary findings

Between 1999 and 2003, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) made a preliminary effort to integrate an analysis of mitigation and adaptation to climate change impact vulnerabilities in two ways: top-down and bottom-up. This paper briefly describes these early experiments and summarizes their findings, both about climate change vulnerability reduction and about the challenges of integrated analysis, expanding upon results previously reported [Wilbanks et al. (Environment 45/5:28–38, 2003); ORNL (Integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation as responses to concerns about impacts of global climate change, ORNL Working paper 2003); ORNL and CUSAT 2003; Wilbanks 2005].
Chromosome structure in relation to the chromosome cycle

The observational and experimental evidence reviewed here indicates that the chromonema is a fundamental and permanent component of the chromosome. As a structure persistent through the mitotic cycle, it provides a mechanism for the maintenance of the linear order of the genes, its chromomeric organization furnishing morphological evidence of its linear differentiation. Other theories of chromosome structure, which regard the chromonema as transitory in the mitotic cycle, are inadequate in light of present knowledge of chromosome behavior and genetical function
Single Institution Prospective Evaluation of the Over-the-Wire Greenfield Vena Caval Filter

Purpose To assess the technical and clinical success of the over-the-wire (OTW) Greenfield inferior vena caval (IVC) filter. Materials and Methods Prospective evaluation of the OTW Greenfield filter in 47 patients was performed during the course of 18 months. Technical success and deployment problems were documented. Caval perforation, leg asymmetry, and tilt were evaluated with a postprocedure, noncontrast computed tomographic (CT) scan. Follow-up was performed at 6- and 12-month intervals after the procedure and included a clinical history, chart review, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examination of the IVC. Results Ninety-one percent of filters were placed without technical difficulties and 100% were successfully deployed. Technical difficulties included sheath kinking prior to deployment ( n = 3), initial incomplete filter opening ( n = 1), and wire entrapment within the filter ( n = 1). Of 38 patients evaluated with CT, there was no case of caval perforation. Twenty-one patients (55%) demonstrated tilt and 14 (37%) had leg asymmetry. Tilting occurred more frequently when the filter was placed from a femoral approach (51%) than from a jugular approach (12%). Of patients with leg asymmetry, the vena cava was narrow in anteroposterior (AP) dimension in five (36%). Of 13 deaths, none were attributed to pulmonary embolism. One patient (2%) had a recurrent pulmonary embolus. Two of 16 patients (12%) with MR imaging follow-up had documented IVC thrombosis. Conclusions The OTW Greenfield filter has an effective delivery system, with few difficulties encountered during deployment. Filter tilt and leg asymmetry are common. The etiology of leg asymmetry is likely multifactorial but is often associated with a cava with a small AP diameter. Because OTW deployment appears to offer no benefit in centering the filter, the authors have elected to remove the wire prior to filter deployment to avoid possible entanglement. MR imaging follow-up reveals an acceptable incidence of IVC thrombosis.
Targeted filter evolution for improved image reconstruction resolution

Government, commercial, scientific, and defense applications inimage processing often require transmission of large amounts of data across bandwidth-limited channels. Applications require robust transforms simultaneously minimizing bandwidth requirements and image resolution loss. Image processing algorithms take advantage of quantization to provide substantial lossy compression ratios at the expense of resolution. Recent research demonstrates that genetic algorithms evolve filters outperforming standard discrete wavelet transforms in conditions subject to high quantization error. While evolved filters improve overall image quality, wavelet filters typically provide a superior high frequency response, demonstrating improved reconstruction near the edges of objects within an image. This paper presents an algorithm to generate transform filters that optimize edge reconstruction, improving object edge resolution by up to 24%. Such filters provide an increased object resolution over standard wavelets and traditionally evolved filters for varied applications of image processing.
Theoretical Study of Elementary Steps in the Reactions between Aluminum and Teflon Fragments under Combustive Environments

Gas-phase reactions between aluminum particles and Teflon fragments were studied to develop a fundamental understanding of the decomposition reactions and combustion processes of the Al−Teflon composites. The reactions were investigated theoretically using ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level, with the final thermokinetic data obtained with coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ). Among reactions under oxygen-lean conditions, CF3 + Al → CF2 + AlF channel is the fastest, followed by the CF2 + Al → CF + AlF and CF + Al → C + AlF channels. Under oxygen-rich conditions, reactions of COF with aluminum are probed to be faster than those involving COF2 species. Reaction path multiplicity has been considered. Our results show that multiplicity plays a very important role in determining the reaction order, that is first order or addition−elimination reactions of Al with CF3 are predicted to be faster than those proceeding through direct abstraction or second order. In addition, the present kine...
Structure and complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding rat fibroblast tropomyosin 4

We have isolated and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 248 amino acid residue fibroblast tropomyosin, TM-4. The TM-4 sequence is encoded by eight exons, which span approximately 16,000 bases. The position of the intron-exon splice junctions relative to the final transcript are identical to those present in other vertebrate tropomyosin genes and the Drosophila melanogaster TMII gene. We have found no evidence that the rat TM-4 gene is alternatively spliced, unlike all the other tropomyosin genes from multicellular organisms that have been described. Typical vertebrate tropomyosin genes contain some, or all, of alternatively spliced exons 1a and 1b, 2a and 2b, 6a and 6b, and 9a, 9b, 9c and 9d in addition to common exons 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8. The rat fibroblast TM-4 mRNA is encoded by sequences most similar to exons 1b, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7, 8 and 9d. Two exon-like sequences that are highly similar to alternatively spliced exons 2b and 9a of the rat beta-tropomyosin gene and the human TMnm gene have been located in the appropriate region of the gene encoding rat fibroblast TM-4. However, several mutations in these sequences render them non-functional as tropomyosin coding exons. We have termed these exon-like sequences, vestigial exons. The evolutionary relationship of the rat TM-4 gene relative to other vertebrate tropomyosin genes is discussed.
Simulations of levelled RFID localisation for indoor moving objects

We propose to apply the efficient, cost-effective, interference-resistant levelled RFID localisation methods to compute the estimated position of a moving entity in real time within an indoor environment. Passive types of RFID tags affixed onto the floor are selected as known reference nodes as their cost and implementation are more efficient. The results of the simulation indicate that the methods are highly accurate in the tracking of the indoor mobile entity.
Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration Among Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition Support

We investigated the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for pulmonary aspiration in all tube-fed adult patients over 6 months. Twelve aspiration events occurred among 276 patients (prevalence, 4.4%; 95% confidence interval, 2.2% to 7.6%). The incidence of aspiration was 2.4 per 1000 tube-feeding days (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.9 per 1000). Despite 17% overall mortality, there was no excess mortality and little morbidity associated with aspiration. The major risk factors for aspiration were patient age (p less than .015) and location in the hospital (p less than .008): the probability of aspiration in the intensive care units (n = 113) was 0.9% compared with 4.9% on medical or surgical wards (n = 142), 16.7% among patients transferred from the intensive care unit to the ward (n = 18), and 33% among patients transferred from the ward to the intensive care unit (n = 3). Pulmonary aspiration is an uncommon and generally benign event among enterally supported patients. More frequent aspiration among ward than intensive care unit patients suggests that aspiration is not an inevitable consequence of severe illness, but can be prevented with adequate nursing care and pulmonary precautions. The fear of aspiration is not a sufficient cause to withhold enteral nutrition support in acutely ill patients.
Photoelectron mean free paths in barium stearate layers

Abstract Barium stearate monolayers were deposited on polished clean germanium and copper substrates using the Blodget technique. Film thicknesses were determined by ellipsometry by assuming the films were optically isotropic with a refractive index of 1.5 and an absorption coefficient of zero. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy intensity ratios, obtained at 223 K to minimize vaporization, were used to determine electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFP) in the barium stearate layers. The substrate photoelectron lines cover a binding energy range of 1200 eV. IMFP values range from approximately 27 ± 5 A at about 230 eV to 65 ± 12 A at about 1480 eV kinetic energy. The approximately linear shape of this function, together with the throughput function of the instrument, suggests that over the binding energy range of 0–600 eV, the photoelectron mean free paths and throughput effects in the Hewlett-Packard instrument approximately cancel.
Glucose dehydrogenase from pig liver. I. Isolation and purification.

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose dehydrogenase has been isolated from pig liver and crystallized from an ammonium sulfate solution. 2. 2. This enzyme is capable of using either NAD or NADP, with a preference for NAD. If NADP is used, the enzyme will catalyze reactions where either glucose 1-phosphate or glucose 6-phosphate is the substrate. 3. 3. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 235 000 and Stokes radius of 4.02 mμ. It is an unusually compact enzyme for its molecular weight. 4. 4. The pH of maximum activity is 9.9 at an ionic strength of 0.1 M. The temperature range of greatest activity is 30–35°.
Mathematical models for mutations in cultures of diploid cells

Abstract Some mathematical models are developed for colonies of diploid cells in which a two-stage mutational process of the form AA → Aa → aa is occuring. All of the models involve simplifying assumptions of one kind or another, and an attempt is made to decide which of the models may be the most realistic. Suggestions are also made for using the theory to estimate mutation rates.
Spring nitrogen on winter wheat. II: A flexible multicomponent rate recommendation system

A recently developed system to predict the optimum N fertilizer rate for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell) at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 30 is based on the relationship between measured economic optimum N rate at GS 30 and wheat tissue N content measured at GS 30. However, winter wheat often needs an earlier application of spring N to achieve optimum yield. We therefore developed a test to determine which fields need this earlier (GS 25) application, and to predict the optimum N rate with split-application management using the tissue test or as a single spring application. The optimum N rate at GS 25 was measured over 5 yr, both with and without GS 30 N applications [...]
Painting Landscapes of Religion in America: Four Models of Religion in Democracy

This article explores the role and place of religion in contemporary democratic societies, particularly in American public life. Four models are proposed for thinking about religion in public: (1) Religion over the Public Landscape (in which religion is necessary for the health of public and political life); (2) Religion Banned from the Public Landscape (in which religion is kept mostly out of public and political life); (3) Public Landscape as Religious Space (in which the health of the republic depends on a shared, civil religion); and (4) Public Landscape as Varied Topography (in which religion is not initially treated as a special case, but rather is treated like any other more or less comprehensive view that may offer a voice in public and political debate). I champion this final model and argue that the risk of allowing religion in public and political exchange is not as great as the promise of inviting it in.
Empowering Youth to Change Their World: Identifying Key Components of a Community Service Program to Promote Positive Development.

Abstract Prior to graduating from high school, the vast majority of youth in the United States will take part in at least one community service activity. Although it is frequently assumed that community service is inherently beneficial to those that take part, the activities and processes of youth service programs tend to be unsystematic and vary widely. In addition, empirical assessment of youth service programs is inconsistent and often lacks methodological rigor. The present paper addresses these concerns in a preliminary evaluation of both the process experience and the outcomes of a theoretically grounded school-based community service program for urban adolescents. The evaluation focuses on identifying key components of a youth community service program, assessing whether the program was experienced as it was intended, and providing preliminary data on participant outcomes. Findings indicate that the program was experienced as both empowering (i.e., guided by student initiative, preferences, and strengths) and promoting a sense of community (i.e., encouraged cooperation and collective decision making). Results also suggest that taking part in the community service program increased youths' self-reported empathy and intent to be involved in future community action, as compared to a group of matched controls. Implications and recommendations for developing and evaluating service-learning or community service programs in the schools are discussed.
Validity of a new disk grading scale for estimating glaucomatous damage: correlation with visual field damage.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the correlation of a new disk grading system, the disk damage likelihood scale (DDLS), with the visual field damage in patients with glaucoma. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: Charts of 75 patients (150 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 41 patients (82 eyes) with low-tension glaucoma (LTG), and 25 patients (50 eyes) with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXFG) were reviewed retrospectively. DDLS stages and vertical disk sizes were recorded. A masked observer staged the Humphrey field analyzer (program 24-2) visual fields using the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson (HPA) visual field staging system. Mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) values were obtained. The correlation of DDLS with the visual field parameters and HPA staging system were evaluated. Findings were assessed by the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS: In the 282 eyes studied, the DDLS was strongly correlated with both MD (Pearson r = − 0.695, P r = .703, P r = .711, P P 2.0 mm) were not evaluated, because there was an insufficient number of cases. CONCLUSION: DDLS, a new system for estimating glaucomatous disk damage, strongly correlates with the degree of glaucomatous visual field damage.
Electric Field Effects on Air/Solution Interfaces

Experiments to measure the effect of applied electric fields on the surface tension of aqueous solutions are difficult and have so far proved inconclusive. The effect of fields on both the surface pressure and surface excess of adsorbed solutes can be calculated from the simpler measurements of surface potential, using Maxwell relations from a thermodynamic analysis of the Volta effect. Examples for the air/water interface of NaCl and sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions are given. The results are compared with data for insoluble spread monolayers and contrasted with electrocapillarity. The effect of electric fields on the surface tension of water itself remains obscure.
On Rank and Nullity.

This note explains how Emil Artin's proof that row rank equals column rank for a matrix with entries in a field leads naturally to the formula for the nullity of a matrix and also to an algorithm for solving any system of linear equations in any number of variables. This material could be used in any course on matrix theory or linear algebra.
Sustainable development of bioenergy sector: An integrated methodological framework

Climate change and sustainable development are interrelated issues, which are of vital importance to government policy and corporate decision makers. The sustainability evaluation of a biomass-based technology with consideration of stakeholder interests can provide a foundation for implementing energy and environmental policies. This study aims to develop an integrated and structured methodological framework for analysing biofuel systems in pursuit of sustainable large scale production. The integrated assessment framework can assist to formulate integrative and transparent policies for sustainable biomass certification. The proposed framework uses first the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to aid in extracting knowledge and judgments from stakeholders. AHP determines the critical criteria and indicators representing conflicting stakeholders' interests which can be incorporated in creating a dynamic system model for landscape-scale bioenergy modelling and assessment. An integrated AHP and system dynamics approach is currently being applied to assess the sustainable development of forest bioenergy sector in Maine, USA.
Internalized masculinity and women's discourse: A critical analysis of the (Re)production of masculinity in organizations

This study examines the discursive construction of masculine subjectivities in organizations and highlights ways in which the categories of men and masculinity are frequently central to feminist analyses, but remain taken for granted, hidden and unexamined. Generally, once men's dominance or the patriarchy is noted in studies men seem to disappear from the analyses. The study problematizes masculinity and explores the ways in which women negotiate their identities by internalizing masculine values and norms through their discursive choices in their organizational roles. Five in‐depth interviews were conducted with Black women managers who live in Jamaica. The participants’ discourse reveals ways in which they contribute to the construction of a more hegemonic and resistant patriarchy through their use of language and other discursive choices as managers. Implications for feminist theory and research are also discussed.
On analog simulation of ionization cooling of muons

Analog simulation, proposed here as an alternative approach for the study of ionization cooling of muons, is a scaled cooling experiment, using protons instead of muons as simulation particles. It is intended to be an effective and flexible, quick and inexpensive experiment for the understanding and validation of unprecedentedly complicated cooling physics, for the demonstration and optimization of various elaborated techniques for beam manipulation in 6D phase space. It can be done and perhaps should be done before the costly and time-consuming development of extremely challenging, muon-specific cooling technology. In a nutshell, the idea here is to build a toy machine in a playground of ideas, before staking the Imperial Guard of Napoleon into the bloody battlefield of Waterloo.
Late normal tissue injury from permanent interstitial implants.

Abstract Purpose: To develop a simple method of calculating biologically effective doses in high-dose regions of permanent interstitial implants. Methods and Materials: The incomplete repair model is used to clarify the relationship between dose, D , and biologically effective dose (BED), for permanent interstitial implants. The relationship is used to ascertain the BED at high-dose regions that may occur in 125 I, 103 Pd, and 198 Au prostate implants. Results: The relationship between D and BED is nonlinear and is given by BED( D ) = D + D 2 / D λ , where D λ = [( t λ / t μ ) + 1](α/β), t λ and t μ are the half-lives of the isotope and of sublethal damage repair respectively, and α/β is the α:β ratio. Idealized geometrically identical 125 I, 103 Pd, and 198 Au prostate implants with minimum target dose (MTD) of 160 Gy, 120 Gy, and 64 Gy, respectively, are considered. The BED for 103 Pd and 198 Au will be less than the BED for 125 I, for doses up to about 2.5 times the MTD. For higher doses, the BED for 103 Pd may be significantly higher than for 125 I. Conclusion: Permanent interstitial implants using short-lived isotopes may have regions with very high biologically effective doses.
The ability of debris, heavily freighted with coarse clastic materials, to flow on gentle slopes

Observations of many debris-flow deposits on gently-sloping alluvial fans have disclosed that debris commonly is heavily loaded with coarse clastic material and contains large isolated blocks. The paper describes how debris charged with coarse granular material can transport large blocks, yet flow on gentle slopes. Experimental results of mixing sand-sized particles with a slurry of clay plus water indicate that 45–55 vol. % of a single size, and up to 64% of two selected sizes, can be added before interlocking occurs. Theoretical analysis of multi-size classes suggest that 89 to more than 95 vol. % debris can be clastic materials without significant particle interlocking. The clay fraction, even if minor, plays a critical role in determining strength properties of debris. The mixture of clay plus water provides a cohesive slurry that supports fine-grained particles within the debris, as well as reduces the effective normal stresses between the particles. The increased unit weight of the clay plus water plus fine-grained particles allows the support of coarser grained particles. The pyramiding upon the clay-water slurry continues until the entire debris mass is supported in a virtually frictionless position because of the reduced effective normal stress and the lack of particle interlocking. Thus, the ability of debris flows to support large blocks can be understood in terms of the high unit weight of the displaced debris plus the strength of the fluid phase; that is, the blocks float in the debris as a result of a small density difference between the blocks and the debris, plus the cohesive strength of the clay-water slurry. Also, the ability of coarse clastic debris to flow on gentle slopes probably is a result of poor sorting of debris-flow materials which contain minor amounts of clay. The poor sorting allows the debris to have a high density yet have essentially no interlocking of clasts. The high density of the debris reduces effective normal stresses between clasts, thereby reducing apparent friction of the mixture.
Effects of experience on feeding success by larval white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis

Laboratory experiments on larval white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, showed that first feeding success on mixed zooplankton was zero, and less than 5% on Artemia nauplii, for larvae of different sizes. Experience increased success from 20% after 2 days to 69% after 14 days when larvae fed on Artemia nauplii, and to 42% after 4 days of feeding on zooplankton. This increase was attributed to learning in larvae less than 5·0 mm s.l., and in part to size-related factors in larvae greater than 5·0 mm s.l.
Impacts of Different Window-Shading Assemblies on Energy, Thermal Comfort and Daylighting for a South-Facing, Mid-Rise Office Building in Florida

With an ever increasing cooling energy demand of buildings in hot and humid climates like in Florida, using a well designed window-shading system is considered as an efficient strategy that minimizes the direct sunlight reaching indoors and thus reduces the overall energy loads. While reduction in energy loads is important, the indoor comfort of occupants should not be compromised. Individual thermal and solar properties of glazing and shading systems only provide information based on static evaluations but it is very important to assess the efficiency of these systems as a whole assembly under the site specific conditions. This research was conducted to evaluate the impacts of using different types of window-shading assemblies on the overall performance of a south-facing office building in Florida through 1) calculating total energy consumption; and 2) analyzing indoor thermal and visual comfort. The results were then presented to suggest economic and efficient design strategies for south oriented facades.
Distributed Detection Over Gaussian Multiple Access Channels With Constant Modulus Signaling

A distributed detection scheme where the sensors transmit with constant modulus signals over a Gaussian multiple access channel is considered. The deflection coefficient of the proposed scheme is shown to depend on the characteristic function of the sensing noise and the error exponent for the system is derived using large deviation theory. Optimization of the deflection coefficient and error exponent are considered with respect to a transmission phase parameter for a variety of sensing noise distributions including impulsive ones. The proposed scheme is also favorably compared with existing amplify-and-forward and detect-and-forward schemes. The effect of fading is shown to be detrimental to the detection performance through a reduction in the deflection coefficient depending on the fading statistics. Simulations corroborate that the deflection coefficient and error exponent can be effectively used to optimize the error probability for a wide variety of sensing noise distributions.
Signaling and regulation of G protein-coupled receptors in airway smooth muscle

Signaling through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediates numerous airway smooth muscle (ASM) functions including contraction, growth, and "synthetic" functions that orchestrate airway inflammation and promote remodeling of airway architecture. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the GPCRs that have been identified in ASM cells, and discuss the extent to which signaling via these GPCRs has been characterized and linked to distinct ASM functions. In addition, we examine the role of GPCR signaling and its regulation in asthma and asthma treatment, and suggest an integrative model whereby an imbalance of GPCR-derived signals in ASM cells contributes to the asthmatic state.
How buyers and operations personnel evaluate service

Abstract This article examines the differences between buyers and operations personnel in their perceptions of the importance of service criteria in the evaluation of suppliers. The differences found reflect the objectives of the two functional areas. Interview data suggest that integration of these functional areas may be an important future marketing and service approach.
Improving Nonparametric Detectors via Stochastic Resonance

This paper investigates the problem of stochastic resonance in some non-parametric detection schemes such as the sign detector, Wilcoxon detector and dead-zone limiter detector. Detection performance comparisons are made between the original detectors and noise modified detectors. Potential improvement of detection performance via stochastic resonance (SR) for each detection scheme is determined. The optimal SR noise for the sign detector is derived. Asymptotic detection performance is evaluated for the three detectors. For the finite sample size problem, we demonstrate improvability via some detection examples where the detection performance of these detectors can be improved when suitable noise is added.
Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of Intracranial Pressure Predicts Outcome Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is a recently developed technique suitable for describing scaling behavior of variability in physiological signals. The purpose of this study is to explore applicability of DFA methods to intracranial pressure (ICP) signals recorded in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). In addition to establishing the degree of fit of the power-law scaling model of detrended fluctuations of ICP in TBI patients, we also examined the relationship of DFA coefficients (scaling exponent and intercept) to: 1) measures of initial neurological functioning; 2) measures of functional outcome at six month follow-up; and 3) measures of outcome, controlling for patient characteristics, and initial neurological status. In a sample of 147 moderate-to-severely injured TBI patients, we found that a higher DFA scaling exponent is significantly associated with poorer initial neurological functioning, and that lower DFA intercept and higher DFA scaling exponent jointly predict poorer functional outcome at six month follow-up, even after statistical control for covariates reflecting initial neurological condition. DFA describes properties of ICP signal in TBI patients that are associated with both initial neurological condition and outcome at six months postinjury.
Adult‐type T‐cell lymphoma in an adolescent with human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 seropositivity

Recently, a form of T-cell lymphoma associated with seropositivity for human T-lymphotrop virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antibody has been described in the adult population. The lymphoma frequently presents with massive hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and circulating malignant cells, with a normal bone marrow. HTLV-1-associated lymphoma has been seen most frequently in adults from Japan, the Caribbean, and the southeastern United States. We report the first known case of a child with a lymphoma having the clinical and serological features of an HTLV-1-associated T-cell lymphoma.
Stochastic Multi-Scale Methods for Turbulent Flow Simulations

The use of currently available methods for turbulent flow simulations is faced with significant problems: one has the choice between efficient methods with relatively low predictive power (which require evidence in each case) or relatively accurate but very expensive methods. The unification of these methods would be very helpful for a better understanding of the generality of modeling assumptions, and to make an optimal use of characteristic advantages of models. Previously, this problem was addressed on the basis of deterministic equations, which resulted in many different heuristic interpolation procedures. These problems can be solved by addressing the question considered at the more general level of stochastic equations: in this way it is possible to obtain consistent stochastic multi-scale methods which imply corresponding deterministic equations. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Geometry-guided progressive lossless 3D mesh coding with octree (OT) decomposition

A new progressive lossless 3D triangular mesh encoder is proposed in this work, which can encode any 3D triangular mesh with an arbitrary topological structure. Given a mesh, the quantized 3D vertices are first partitioned into an octree (OT) structure, which is then traversed from the root and gradually to the leaves. During the traversal, each 3D cell in the tree front is subdivided into eight childcells. For each cell subdivision, both local geometry and connectivity changes are encoded, where the connectivity coding is guided by the geometry coding. Furthermore, prioritized cell subdivision is performed in the tree front to provide better rate-distortion (RD) performance. Experiments show that the proposed mesh coder outperforms the kd-tree algorithm in both geometry and connectivity coding efficiency. For the geometry coding part, the range of improvement is typically around 10%~20%, but may go up to 50%~60% for meshes with highly regular geometry data and/or tight clustering of vertices.
Calcium Dependence of Hypoosmotically Induced Potassium Release in Cultured Astrocytes

A major mechanism in cell volume regulation after hypoosmotic stress is K+ release. Our studies show that in astrocytes, K+ release during hypoosmotic stress is a Ca(2+)-dependent process. Agents that increase intracellular Ca2+, such as ionomycin and ouabain, potentiated hypoosmotically stimulated K+ release, while compounds that block Ca2+ entry during hypoosmotic stress, such as nimodipine, bepridil, and MK- 801, inhibited hypoosmotically stimulated K+ release. Similarly, chelation of intracellular Ca2+ blocked hypoosmotically induced K+ release. Caffeine and U-73122 also inhibited K+ efflux under hypoosmotic conditions, suggesting that intracellular Ca2+ release from Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release stores and inositol trisphosphate-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores play a role in the mechanism of K+ release. Blocking the activity of calmodulin, and of CaM kinase, attenuated hypoosmotically induced K+ release. Our findings indicate that entry of extracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores play a key role in the activation of K+ release under hypoosmotic conditions and thus in cell volume regulation.
Ground-water studies in New Mexico using tritium as a tracer

A new method for ground-water investigations is described which employs tritium as a tracer. Tritium is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation and hydrogen-bomb explosions, the latter causing large peaks in the tritium concentration of rain water. These peaks show up subsequently in underground water. Thus, an 'apparent' age of ground-water samples can be determined, enabling inference as to hydrological quantities such as the rate of flow of aquifers and the size of recharge reservoirs. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method, measurements were made on ground-water samples from New Mexico. Since the tritium content of the samples was extremely low, the tritium was enriched by electrolysis, and its concentration determined by the use of the low- level counting techique. (auth)