cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF MEIOSIS IN RANUNCULUS ACRIS

The purpose of this paper is to describe the behavior of the nuclei during the meiotic phase in Ranunculus acris L. It has been shown before (Sorokin, I926) that the extreme polymorphism of the morphological character in R. acris is accompanied by variations of the nuclear idiograms, and that, on the contrary, races of R. acris which are morphologically indistinguishable from each other may have different chromosome numbers. The present paper deals with a 14-chromosome race of this plant, which was collected at the New York Botanical Garden. The methods used in the study were the same as described in the paper already mentioned. THE EARLY STAGES
Pro-oxidant properties and cytotoxicity of AZT-Monophosphate and AZT

The effects of zidovudine (AZT) and AZT-monophosphate (AZT-MP) on lipid peroxidation and oxidative cell injury were studied. When microsomal membranes from rat livers were peroxidized by a superoxide-driven, Fe-catalyzed oxy-radical system (ORS), both AZT-MP and, to a lesser extent AZT, but not thymidine, concentration dependently (2-100 microM) enhanced lipid peroxidation (TBARS formation) up to 51% above control. Significance (p < 0.05) was achieved by 6.7 microM AZT-MP. When cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells were incubated with the ORS for 60 min, total glutathione (GSH) decreased by 40% and 24-h cell survival, determined by the tetrazolium salt MTT assay, decreased by 38%. Using this cell system, AZT-MP (7-100 microM) promoted cell death further; at 20 microM 50% (p < 0.01), cell death was induced. In comparison, AZT was less effective. Concurrently, AZT-MP significantly promoted ORS-mediated loss of GSH. These cytotoxic effects were further exacerbated by low extracellular magnesium. Interestingly, when the endothelial cells were exposed to an iron-independent peroxynitrite generating system (SIN-1), the AZT-MP effects were absent. We propose that these pro-oxidant properties of AZT-MP are iron dependent. Because AZT-MP is a major phosphorylated metabolite, the data suggest that potential pro-oxidative activities may be associated with AZT use when catalytic iron is present.
A new set of bending Td symmetry coordinates for MX4 molecules

The conventional set of Td symmetry coordinates for the bending modes of MX4 molecules can lead to ambiguous geometries when displacements from equilibrium are large. It is proposed here to use internal coordinates that are haversines of the bending angles divided by their sum. The A1 representation becomes a constant, enabling recovery of the bending angles unambiguously, analytically, and without approximation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel T cell receptor single-chain signaling complex mediates antigen-specific T cell activity and tumor control

Adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells to treat cancer has shown promise in several clinical trials. Two main strategies have been applied to redirect T cells against cancer: (1) introduction of a full-length T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a tumor-associated peptide—MHC, or (2) introduction of a chimeric antigen receptor, including an antibody fragment specific for a tumor cell surface antigen, linked intracellularly to T cell signaling domains. Each strategy has advantages and disadvantages for clinical applications. Here, we present data on the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of a single-chain signaling receptor incorporating a TCR variable fragment as the targeting element (referred to as TCR-SCS). This receptor contained a single-chain TCR (Vα-linker-Vβ) from a high-affinity TCR called m33, linked to the intracellular signaling domains of CD28 and CD3ζ. This format avoided mispairing with endogenous TCR chains and mediated specific T cell activity when expressed in either CD4 or CD8 T cells. TCR-SCS-transduced CD8-negative cells showed an intriguing sensitivity, compared to full-length TCRs, to higher densities of less stable pepMHC targets. T cells that expressed this peptide-specific receptor persisted in vivo, and exhibited polyfunctional responses. Growth of metastatic antigen-positive tumors was significantly inhibited by T cells that expressed this receptor, and tumor cells that escaped were antigen-loss variants. TCR-SCS receptors represent an alternative targeting receptor strategy that combines the advantages of single-chain expression, avoidance of TCR chain mispairing, and targeting of intracellular antigens presented in complex with MHC proteins.
The determination of arsenic in organic compounds

Techniques of wet combustion of organic compounds and methods of estimating arsenic were studied in an effort to formulate a single procedure which would combine the features of universal applicability, ease of operation, and a high degree of precision and accuracy. Six new variations in procedure were evolved and compared with two standard methods against analytically pure p -arsanilic acid. Statistical evaluation of the results of nearly five hundred assays indicated that all six variants were superior to the standard methods examined. Three of the six variants were selected for further examination as to applicability to various types of organic arsenicals. While no one method would suffice for all types, one of the variations was found to be adequate for those types of arsenicals used as drugs. A group of representative official preparations was assayed and the results indicated that the new procedure was applicable as a general method for all official arsenicals. It is recommended that the new procedure be considered for the estimation of arsenic in official preparations.
The impact of self interest and desire for liking on the selection of communicative strategies

Effects on selection of message strategies of variables relevant to two communicative objectives, task and interpersonal, were studied. Subjects composed a message in response to one of four situations: high or low self interest in compliance, or high or low desire for liking by the message recipient. Self interest influenced the degree of pressure exerted on the message recipient. Desire for liking altered usage of strategies which conveyed attitudes about the message recipient or attempted to alter reactions to the communicator. In a second study, subjects selected strategies from a list provided by the experimenter rather than actually composing messages. Under this procedure, the effects of the independent variables disappeared. An argument is advanced that message construction may be the more useful approach in determining effects of situational variables on the selection of message strategies, as well as more valuable in elaborating the strategies themselves.
Inhibition of Alzheimer β-Fibrillogenesis by Melatonin

It is generally postulated that the amyloid β protein (Aβ) plays a central role in the progressive neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease. Important pathologic properties of this protein, such as neurotoxicity and resistance to proteolytic degradation, depend on the ability of Aβ to form β-sheet structures or amyloid fibrils. We report that melatonin, a hormone recently found to protect neurons against Aβ toxicity, interacts with Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 and inhibits the progressive formation of β-sheets and amyloid fibrils. These interactions between melatonin and the amyloid peptides were demonstrated by circular dichroism and electron microscopy for Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for Aβ1–40. Inhibition of β-sheets and fibrils could not be accomplished in control experiments when a free radical scavenger or a melatonin analog were substituted for melatonin under otherwise identical conditions. In sharp contrast with conventional anti-oxidants and available anti-amyloidogenic compounds, melatonin crosses the blood-brain barrier, is relatively devoid of toxicity, and constitutes a potential new therapeutic agent in Alzheimer's disease.
Sensitivity of gold nano conductors to voids, substitutions and electric field: ab initio results

Gold nanowires are good candidates for nano-electronics devices. A previous study has shown that the beryllium-terminated BeO (0001) surface may be a useful platform for supporting gold nano-conductors, since it preserves the nano wire configuration and does not restrict its conductivity. Here, we used ab initio simulations to determine the sensitivity of potential gold nano-conductors to the presence of point defects, O2 substitutions and to an applied perpendicular electric field, as in field effect transistors. We found that the presence of the point defects causes only small changes in the atomic bond lengths of the NW, does not alter the NW configuration, but may affect the overall conductivity. Single or double voids on the same channel reduce the conductance by 28 % at most, but when the voids arrange in a way that only one channel remains for conductance, it reduces by factor of two to ≈1 G 0 (G 0 = 2e 2/h). The presence of a single O2 molecule as a substitution reduces the electron availability in the neighboring Au atoms, in most cases reducing the conductance. The perpendicular electric field, which is typical for field effect transistors, affects the electron density distribution, shifts and changes the conductance spectra profile, but does not decrease the conductivity.
Effects of oxidized soybean oil on the vitamin A nutrition of the rat

Three lots of cold-pressed soybean oil were treated with bubbling oxygen for 70, 80, and 180 hrs. at 70°C. and fed to rats at a level of 18% in diets which were nutritionally adequate but devoid of vitamin A. Untreated soybean oil was fed in similar control diets. Subgroups of 15 weanling rats each were given graded injections of vitamin A acetate intramuscularly each week. Diarrhea developed in the rats fed the diets containing oxidized oil. This condition soon subsided in the groups receiving vitamin A injections but not in the vitamin A-free group. Diarrhea was not noted in the rats receiving the untreated soybean oil, without respect to the amount of vitamin A they received. The rats on the vitamin A-free diets developed deficiency more rapidly when the diet contained oxidized rather than the untreated oil. The food efficiencies of the groups fed the oxidized oils were lower than the controls. The intestines of the groups receiving the oxidized oils were distended with fluid and were hemorrhagic. Enlarged kidneys were noted in the vitamin A-deficient control as well as in test rats. The retroperitoneal lipids of the groups on the oxidized oil were less unsaturated, had lower refractive indices, higher peroxide values, and higher carbonyl values than comparable groups fed the control oil. Vitamin A deficiency decreased the unsaturation of the kidney and liver lipids but increased that of the retroperitoneal lipids. Injections of increasing amounts of vitamin A produced increases in the unsaturation of the body lipids. The kidney lipids of the groups on the oxidized oil diets were less unsaturated and contained more peroxidic compounds than the controls. Vitamin A deficiency increased the peroxidic compounds in the kidney and liver lipids, even in rats fed the control oil. The liver lipids of the groups fed oxidized oil were less unsaturated, lower in vitamin A content, and higher in peroxide compounds than the controls. The vitamin A content of the whole blood varied in relation to the amounts injected. The content of tocopherol in the tissues were not affected significantly by the oxidized oil in the diet. The evidence indicates that severely oxidized oil may destroy vitamin A in the tissue of the rat, thereby hastening the development of deficiency on vitamin A-free diets, reducing the storage of injected vitamin A, and increasing the vitamin A requirement. These effects are with abused oil and should not be interpreted to mean that the mildly oxidized oils and fats, such as those in the diets of human beings in this country are toxic.
Component And Subsystem Evaluation In A Systems Context Using Hardware In The Loop

Hardware in the loop (HIL)/rapid control prototyping (RCP) is generally acknowledged to be a cost- and time-effective approach to test controllers/components/subsystems in a system context. Argonne National Laboratory has been using HIL to evaluate the potential of a plug-in hybrid battery in a vehicle (battery HIL). Argonne has also constructed a vehicle platform on wheels to evaluate different power train components on a chassis dynamometer - the mobile advanced technology testbed (MATT). This paper describes these two HIL projects and gives some preliminary results on all electric range (AER) tests conducted on both HIL platforms. These results are compared to simulation results obtained from Argonne's power train system analysis toolkit (PSAT).
Ann Hawthorne, ed., The Picture Man: Photographs by Paul Buchanan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. 126 pp. Cloth, $24.95; paper $12.95.

(1994). Ann Hawthorne, ed., The Picture Man: Photographs by Paul Buchanan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. 126 pp. Cloth, $24.95; paper $12.95. American Journalism: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 282-284.
A decoupled predictor-directed stream prefetching architecture

An effective method for reducing the effect of load latency in modern processors is data prefetching. One form of hardware-based data prefetching, stream buffers, has been shown to be particularly effective due to its ability to detect data streams and run ahead of them, prefetching as it goes. Unfortunately, in the past, the applicability of streaming was limited to stride intensive code. In this paper, we propose predictor-directed stream buffers (PSB), which allows the stream buffer to follow a general address prediction stream instead of a fixed stride. A general address prediction stream complicates the allocation of both stream buffer and memory resources because the predictions generated will not be as reliable as prior sequential next-line and stride-based stream buffer implementations. To address this, we examine using confidence-based techniques to guide the allocation and prioritization of stream buffers and their prefetch requests. Our results show, when using PSB on a benchmark suite heavy in pointer-based applications, that PSB provides a 23 percent speedup on average over the best previous stream buffer implementation, and an improvement of 75 percent over using no prefetching at all.
Too much Facebook? An exploratory examination of social media fatigue

This research examines social media fatigue and its proposed antecedents.Respondents with greater confidence experienced less social media fatigue.Respondents with greater privacy concerns experienced more social media fatigue.Social media helpfulness and social media fatigue are positively related.Respondents with greater self-efficacy experienced greater social media fatigue. Social media usage levels continue to climb generating copious amounts of content. As more people crowd social media (e.g. Facebook), and create content, some research points to the existence of a concept called social media fatigue. Social media fatigue is defined as a user's tendency to back away from social media participation when s/he becomes overwhelmed with information. Lang's (2000) limited capacity model is used to understand the role of information overload for social media fatigue. This research examines the concept of social media fatigue and its proposed antecedents: social media efficacy, helpfulness, confidence and privacy concerns. Using confirmatory regression, this research determined that privacy concerns and confidence have the greatest predictive value for social media fatigue. This paper has theoretical implications for not only LCM but also other technology acceptance models such as TAM and UTAUT and UTAUT2. It also has implications for those trying to engage with online audiences and their subsequent reactions to that attempt at engagement. Several future research ideas are explored as well.
Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions of η6 Complexes of Iridathiabenzene with Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten Carbonyls

The iridathiabenzene analogues [η6-Cp*Ir(C,S-2,5-Me2T)]M(CO)3, where M = Cr (3), Mo (5), W (7), of (η6-arene)M(CO)3 are prepared from M(CO)3(NCMe)3 and Cp*Ir(C,S-2,5-Me2T) (2), where C,S-2,5-Me2T i...
The "Lament of Edward II": Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda

Oeuvre de la litterature anglo-normande du 14 eme siecle, la lamentation d'Edouard II est a la fois une oeuvre de poesie lyrique et de propagande politique. Doutant qu'elle soit l'oeuvre d'Edouard lui-meme, l'auteur s'interroge sur les raisons et le contexte de cet ecrit. Il apparait qu'il etait destine a justifier l'accession au pouvoir de son successeur Edouard III. En conclusion,l'A. montre que dans cette oeuvre les themes litteraires, religieux et moraux se superposent offrant une reflexion sur la chute des puissants et la misericorde divine.
Predicting Police Aggression: Comparing Traditional and Non-Traditional Prediction Models

Psychologists can help to reduce inappropriate aggressive behavior through careful screening of police officer candidates. The purpose of this study was to identify whether the IAT Reasoning Test (IAT), a measure of trait aggression, and a Monetary Delay Discounting Task (MDDT), a measure of behavioral control, could predict on-the-job police aggression better than the MMPI-2. We administered the MMPI-2, the IAT, and the MDDT to 85 police officers. Three prediction models were created using scores on the IAT and the MDDT, and scales from the MMPI-2. Model 1 included the IAT and the MDDT. Model 2 included MMPI-2 scales Hostility (HO), Overcontrolled Hostility (OH), and Anger (ANG). Model 3 included MMPI-2 scales Frequency (F), Hysteria (HY), and Psychopathic Deviate (PD). We found that Model 1 was the only predictor of supervisors’ ratings of on-the-job aggression, however, the predictive utility of this model was attributable primarily to the MDDT predictor. Based on these findings, we suggest that using measures of behavioral control during preemployment screening may help to identify potentially aggressive police officer candidates.
Ab initioLCAO‐MO‐SCF Calculation of chlorpromazine and promazine

Ab initioLCAO-MO-SCF Gaussian basis function calculations have been performed for chlorpromazine and promazine. By prescreening for the size of the integrals before calculation, it was only necessary to calculate 12 million out of the possible 38.5 million integrals for chlorpromazine. By a novel procedure of processing the integral tapes for the SCF it was possible to cut down significantly on the amount of time for the SCF. The SCF calculations converged smoothly for both promazine and chlorpromazine. There is a sizeable energy gap between the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbitals in these molecules (which is of the order of −0.3 a.u.) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (which is of the order of + 0.15 a.u.). The gross atomic populations of chlorpromazine and promazine resemble each other and differ only somewhat on the carbon atom to which the substituent is attached and the carbons and their hydrogens adjacent to it.
Management of Posttraumatic Kyphosis After Thoracolumbar Injuries

Spinal trauma is relatively common, and each year approximately 10,000 to 17,000 people in the United States will sustain a spinal cord injury, and approximately 150,000 to 160,000 will fracture their spinal column. Posttraumatic spinal deformity is a common potential complication of spinal injury and poses as the greatest challenge in spinal surgery. Successful treatment of posttraumatic spinal deformity is dependent on careful patient selection and appropriate surgical intervention. Surgery should be considered in the presence of significant or increasing deformity, increasing back and/or leg pain, “breakdown” at levels above or below the deformity, pseudarthrosis or malunion, and increasing neurological deficit. The goals of surgery should be to decompress the neural elements if neurological claudication or neurological deficit is present and to recreate normal sagittal contours and sagittal and coronal balance and to optimize the chances for successful fusion. These goals can be achieved through an all-anterior, all-posterior, or a combined anterior and/or posterior approach, assuming that close attention is paid to using the appropriate bone-grafting techniques, selecting technically sound segmental instrumentation, and providing appropriate biomechanical environment for maintenance of correction and successful fusion.
Inversion with regularization for the retrieval of tropospheric aerosol parameters from multiwavelength lidar sounding

We present an inversion algorithm for the retrieval of particle size distribution parameters, i.e., mean (effective) radius, number, surface area, and volume concentration, and complex refractive index from multiwavelength lidar data. In contrast to the classical Tikhonov method, which accepts only that solution for which the discrepancy reaches its global minimum, in our algorithm we perform the averaging of solutions in the vicinity of this minimum. This averaging stabilizes the underlying ill-posed inverse problem, particularly with respect to the retrieval of number concentration. Results show that, for typical tropospheric particles and 10% error in the optical data, the mean radius could be retrieved to better than 20% from a lidar on the basis of a Nd:YAG laser, which provides a combination of backscatter coefficients at 355, 532, and 1064 nm and extinction coefficients at 355 and 532 nm. The accuracy is improved if the lidar is also equipped with a hydrogen Raman shifter. In this case two additional backscatter coefficients at 416 and 683 nm are available. The combination of two extinction coefficients and five backscatter coefficients then allows one to retrieve not only averaged aerosol parameters but also the size distribution function. There was acceptable agreement between physical particle properties obtained from the evaluation of multiwavelength lidar data taken during the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment in 1998 (LACE 98) and in situ data, which were taken aboard aircraft.
Problem solver for distributed software agent

This paper explores a planner that uses knowledgelet and Local Closed World information. Starting with planning theory, basics of planning such as universal base conditional effect of operators, variables in an operator schema, are discussed. The paper ends with a complete problem solver that takes advantage of new features such as knowledgelet, conditional effect of an operator, variables in an operator schema, universal base, and relevance of operators to a problem.
New aspects relating to the behaviour of composites in space

Abstract This describes some of the specialized testing being performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory specifically for the WideField Plantetary Camera II (WFPC II) program (as the operational heart of the Hubble Telescope) toward screening polymeric materials as regards outgassing behaviour. The WFPC II is designed to replace WFPC I (presently in orbit) and to correct the Hubble's present optical difficulties. In addition, the WFPC II is being fabricated as an ultraviolet-imaging science instrument. As such, this poses unique, stringent cleanliness requirements and very low levels of contamination-allowables. These cleanliness requirements thus become absolutely crucial to mission performance. Hopefully, this testing will generate additional interest and continued research activity in further elucidating the chemistry involved in outgassing and contamination behaviour.
Pollen Morphology of the Oklahoma Narrowly Endemic Plants Physaria angustifolia (Brassicaceae/Cruciferae) and Penstemon oklahomensis (Plantaginaceae), With Special Reference To Their Natural History

Abstract The morphology, taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and conservation status of the Oklahoma narrow endemics, Physaria angustifolia (Brassicaceae/Crucifereae) and Penstemon oklahomensis (Plantanginaceae), are reviewed and supplemented with original pollen morphological descriptions that include comparisons to taxa within their respective families. These descriptions are considered extensions of the original taxonomic descriptions, which lacked pollen morphology. Physaria angustifolia is an annual up to 4.0 dm in height found on limestone glades of southeastern Oklahoma and northeastern Texas. The taxon is considered imperiled in Oklahoma, with a state Natural Heritage rank of S2. The pollen has a reticulate surface and five apertures and is identical to most other members of the genus. Penstemon oklahomensis is a perennial herb 4.0–6.0 dm in height found throughout central Oklahoma and at a single site in Texas. The taxon is considered vulnerable, with a state Natural Heritage rank of S3. The pollen ...
Evolving Challenges and Research-Needs Concerning Ebola

As the recent Ebola outbreak and global responses to it have continued to evolve, several major questions concerning research in developing countries arise, about which social science research is critically needed. Much of the debate about deployment of Ebola treatments and vaccines has focused on whether randomized clinical trials or other study designs or compassionate use should be employed (e.g., whether, in studies, standard of care or an alternative intervention should be a control arm).1,2 Recently, favipiravir was found to decrease death rates from 30% to 15% among patients with low to medium viral levels,3 leading to calls to use this drug more widely—to administer it instead of placebos in other studies and to roll it out more broadly in the population as a whole—which poses additional key questions. Vaccine trials are also advancing, with the completion of phase I trials.4 Several additional dilemmas are thus emerging concerning ethics and public health that have still received little, if any, attention.
Photobiological hydrogen-producing systems

Hydrogen photoproduction by micro-organisms combines the photosynthetic properties of oxygenic and non-oxygenic microbes with the activity of H2-producing enzymes in nature: hydrogenases and nitrogenases. The overall efficiency of the process depends on the separate efficiencies of photosynthesis and enzymatic catalysis. This tutorial review discusses the biochemical pathways for H2 production in different organisms, barriers to be overcome, and possible suggestions for integrating photobiological H2 production with fermentative, anaerobic systems for a potentially more efficient process.
An isotropic frequency-independent antenna system for simultaneous omnidirectional Doppler shift removal

Simultaneous omnidirectional Doppler shift removal may be accomplished by using a frequency-scanned line source antenna aligned in the direction of net motion. A progressive phase shift along the antenna, which varies linearly with frequency, is required to match the Doppler variation with angle. Simultaneous omnidirectional radiation is accomplished by transmitting bandlimited white noise into the antenna. The resulting antenna system is isotropic, frequency-independent, and radiates a narrow-band signal, as observed by a distant receiver.
Integration of high-end and low-end animation tools: a case study of the production pathway for the Chicago Bulls broadcast animation

The broadcast animation division of High Voltage Software was contracted by the Chicago Bulls Organization to complete an animated opening to be shown at the United Center and on television before each home game. A team of animators and compositors developed a production pathway based on the use of motion capture data to coordinate the use of high-end NURBS based animation and lower-end polygonal based animation tools, and compositing software.
Somitomeres: mesodermal segments of vertebrate embryos

Somitomeres were discovered in the head of the chick embryo (Meier , 1979), with the use of stereo scanning electron microscopy. The old question of whether the heads of the craniates are segmented is now settled, ilt least for the paraxial mesoderm. Somitomeres have now been identified in the embryos of a chick, quail, mouse, snapping turtle, newt, anuran (Xenopus) and a teleost (the medaka). In all forms studied, the first pair of somitomeres abut the prosencephalorr but caudal to that, for each tandem pair of somitomeres in the amniote and teleost, there is but one somitomere in the amphibia. The mesodermal segments of the shark embryo are arranged like those of the amphibia. lntroduction It is now known that the paraxial mesoderm of vertebrate embryos is segmented from the tip of the head to the tip of the tail. Ten years ago, in the course of a study of the induction of the otic placode in chick embryos, Stephen Meier removed the head ectoderm and examined the underlying paraxial head mesoderm with stereo scanning electron microscopy, his intent being to visu alize the material that he thought was inducing the otic placode. He serendipitously discovered that the paraxial head mesoderm beneath the prospective otic placode is organizedinto segmental units, which he named 'somitomeres' (Meier, reTe).
Spontaneous myocardial calcium oscillations: are they linked to ventricular fibrillation?

The physiological oscillation of cytosolic [Ca2+] that underlies each heart beat is generated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to an action potential (AP) and occurs relatively synchronously within and among cells. When the myocardial cell and SR Ca2+ loading become sufficiently high, the SR can also generate spontaneous, i.e., not triggered by sarcolemmal depolarization, Ca2+ oscillations (S-CaOs). The purpose of this review is to describe properties of S-CaOs in individual cells, myocardial tissue, and the intact heart, and to examine the evidence that may link S-CaOs to the initiation or maintenance of ventricular fibrillation (VF). The SR Ca2+ release that generates S-CaOs occurs locally within cells and spreads within the cell via Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release. The localized increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] due to S-CaOs may equal that induced by an AP and causes oscillatory sarcolemmal depolarizations of cells in which it occurs. These oscillatory depolarizations are due to Ca2+ activation of the Na/Ca exchanger and of nonspecific cation channels. Asynchronous occurrence of diastolic S-CaOs among cells within the myocardium causes inhomogeneity of diastolic SR Ca2+ loading; this leads to inhomogeneity of the systolic cytosolic [Ca2+] transient levels in response to a subsequent AP, which leads to heterogeneity of AP repolarization, due to heterogeneous Ca2+ modulation of the Na/Ca exchanger, nonspecific cation channels, and of the L-type Ca2+ channel. In a tissue in which asynchronous S-CaOs are occurring in diastole, the subsequent AP temporarily synchronizes SR Ca2+ loading and release within and among cells. Varying extents of synchronized S-CaOs then begin to occur during the subsequent diastole. The partial synchronization of this diastolic S-CaOs among cells within myocardial tissue produces aftercontractions and diastolic depolarizations. When S-CaOs are sufficiently synchronized, the resultant depolarizations summate and can be sufficient to trigger a spontaneous AP.S-CaOs occurrence within some cells during a long AP plateau also modulates the removal of voltage inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channels and increases the likelihood for "early afterdepolarizations" to occur in myocardial tissue. S-CaOs have an apparent modulatory role in the initiation of VF in the Ca2+ overload model and in the reflow period following ischemia. Likewise, in non-a priori Ca2+ overloaded hearts, S-CaOs modulate the threshold for VF induction (induced typically by alternating current) but may not be essential for VF induction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
NikoΣtpatoΣ ΔieitpeΦoyΣ ΣkambΩniΔhΣ

Publication by Eugene Vanderpool of the ostrakon with the name (Inv. No. P 27691) vindicates an inference made by Gustav Gilbert, Beitrage zur innern Geschichte Athens , 144 f. There he claimed that Nicostratus son of Dieitrephes (P.A. 11011) and Nicostratus (P.A. 11051), who is mentioned by Aristophanes, Wasps 81 f, were identical. Gilbert supposed that the qualities implied of Nicostratus in that passage were of the type to endear him to Nicias.
The Source of Alabama's Abundance of Arbitration Cases: Alabama's Bizarre Law of Damages for Mental Anguish

This Article gives an overview of arbitration litigation in Alabama, including the evolution of mental anguish jurisprudence in contract cases, especially with regard to the automobile and home industries; a proposal to bring Alabama law in line with controlling authorities through substantive and procedural reforms; and an appendix listing a decade of arbitration cases decided by Alabama appellate courts.
Enabling Advanced Visualization Tools in a Web-Based Simulation Monitoring System

Simulations that require massive amounts of computing power and generate tens of terabytes of data are now part of the daily lives of scientists. Analyzing and visualizing the results of these simulations as they are computed can lead not only to early insights but also to useful knowledge that can be provided as feedback to the simulation, avoiding unnecessary use of computing power. Our work is aimed at making advanced visualization tools available to scientists in a user-friendly, Web-based environment where they can be accessed anytime from anywhere. In the context of turbulent combustion for example, visualization is used to understand the coupling between turbulence and the turbulent mixing of scalars. Although isosurface generation is a useful technique in this scenario, computing and rendering isosurfaces one at a time is expensive and not particularly well-suited for such a Web-based framework. In this paper we propose the use of a summary structure, called contour tree, that captures the topological structure of a scalar field and guides the user in identifying useful isosurfaces. We have also designed an interface which has been integrated with a Web-based simulation monitoring system, that allows users to interact with and explore multiple isosurfaces.
Impingement of filler droplets and weld pool dynamics during gas metal arc welding process

A mathematical model and the associated numerical technique have been developed to simulate, for the first time, the dynamic impinging process of filler droplets onto the weld pool in spot gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Filler droplets driven by gravity, electromagnetic force, and plasma arc drag force, carrying mass, momentum, and thermal energy periodically impinge onto the base metal, leading to a liquid weld puddle. Transient weld pool shape and the complicated fluid flow in the weld pool caused mainly by the combined effect of droplet impinging momentum and surface tension are calculated.
Sevoflurane-Induced Structural Changes in a Four-α-Helix Bundle Protein†

The mechanisms whereby volatile general anesthetics reversibly alter protein function in the central nervous system remain obscure. Using three different spectroscopic approaches, evidence is presented that binding of the modern general anesthetic sevoflurane to the hydrophobic core of a model four-alpha-helix bundle protein results in structural changes. Aromatic residues in the hydrophobic core reorient into new environments upon anesthetic binding, and the protein as a whole becomes less dynamic and exhibits structural tightening. Comparable structural changes in the predicted in vivo protein targets, such as the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, may underlie some, or all, of the behavioral effects of these widely used clinical agents.
SEED LIPIDS OF THE MIRACLE FRUIT (SYNSEPALUM DULCIFICUM)

The lipids from the Miracle Fruit seeds comprised 10.15% of the dry weight. The neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids were separated by silicic acid chromatography and the fatty acid composition of each fraction determined. The non-saponifiable lipids, amounting to 1.6% of the neutral lipids were separated into several fractions by thin-layer chromatography and the components of each analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The hydrocarbon fraction contained the n-alkane series from C17 to C32 with the C29 and C31 members present in relatively large quantities. The major triterpene alcohols were α-and β-amyrin and the major sterol was identified as δ7 spinasterol. Two short-chain alchols were also present.
FIR Adaptive filters based on hirschman optimal transform

In this paper, we derive a "convolution theorem" suitable for the Hirschman optimal transform (HOT), a unitary transform derived from a discrete-time, discrete-frequency version of the entropy-based uncertainty measure first described by Hirschman. We use the result to develop transform domain adaptive filters. First, we show how our method can be used to implement a fast block-LMS adaptive filter that we call the HOT block-LMS adaptive filter. This filter requires slightly less than half of the computations that are required in FFT-based block-LMS adaptive filler. We also develop another transform-based adaptive filter algorithm that uses a sliding window instead of a block of data. The HOT version of these sliding algorithms is also significantly computationally more efficient (by radicN, where N is the filter order) than the sliding DFT version. Because our work is at an early stage, we develop simulations that explore basic convergence characteristics
Longitudinal dependence of the daily geomagnetic variation during quiet time

[1] The daily variation of the geomagnetic field during quiet time at equinox features a longitudinal dependence, which is observed in the dip-latitude/longitude frame. Two explanations are considered: (1) the longitudinal changes of the geomagnetic latitude at constant dip-latitude and (2) the longitudinal variations of the main field, which modulates the ionospheric dynamo e.m.f. and determines and constrains the field-aligned currents (FAC) that flow between ionospheric hemispheres to maintain the current continuity. The Prairie View ionospheric dynamo model simulates this inter-hemispheric coupling within the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) by using magnetic coordinates, and is used for this investigation. Two distinct types of magnetic variation observed at midlatitudes in African and American sectors are explained by the differences in geomagnetic latitude. IGRF longitudinal effects are also in evidence. They account for one singular feature (a large positive excursion of the declination around 4 LT at Plateau). At African midlatitudes, they improve the horizontal component amplitude and the morning decrease of the declination, which are better reproduced with IGRF than with a dipolar main field. FAC, which generate a variation of the geomagnetic field of up to 40% of the horizontal current contribution around midday, are essential to simulate these three cases.
Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: ‘Ten species’ of Astraptes fulgerator reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

Abstract Hebert and colleagues (2004) used a short region of the mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene as a delimiter for ten putative species from among 466 individuals of the skipper butterfly currently known as Astraptes fulgerator from Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Their data are reanalysed to assess cluster stability and clade support using Neighbor‐Joining bootstrap, population aggregation analysis and cladistic haplotype analysis. At least three, but not more than seven mtDNA clades that may correspond to cryptic species are supported by the evidence. Additional difficulties with Hebert et al.’s interpretation of the data are discussed.
Ethnic Minority Status, Depression, and Cognitive Failures in Relation to Marital Adjustment in Ethnically Diverse Older Women.

The authors investigated the relationship between marital adjustment and ethnic minority status, depressive symptomatology, and cognitive failures among 78 married, community-dwelling, and predominantly non-European-American older women (ages 57 to 89 years). Respondents were screened to rule out dementia. Level of depressive symptoms, self-report of cognitive failures, and marital adjustment scores were obtained. As hypothesized, higher depressive symptomatology and cognitive failures were associated with worse marital adjustment (p < .05 for both). The same was true for membership in a nondominant ethnic group, albeit only when ethnic status was considered outside the context of the other two independent variables. These results have clinical implications and fit within the theoretical framework of the socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, 1992) applied to marriage in older age, a conceptualization formulated by Bookwala and Jacobs in 2004.
GPR Wave Scattering From Complex Objects Using the Semi-Analytic Mode Matching Algorithm: Coordinate Scattering Center Selection

The semi-analytic mode matching (SAMM) algorithm is a quick and efficient computational method that models wave scattering from objects in half spaces. This algorithm relies on appropriately choosing coordinate scattering centers (CSCs) for modal expansions, and successful automation of the CSC selection process is the goal of this paper. CSCs are found for several complex shaped scattering test objects by considering the radius of curvature (ROC) function for each object. The CSCs are found to be largely independent of frequency and located at cusps in the ROC function for scattering objects of modest aspect ratios. Additional CSCs may be required in numbers that are directly proportional to the aspect ratios of more complicated objects, but again, the extra CSC locations are largely independent of frequency. Excellent results are found comparing SAMM and finite-difference frequency domain for 2-D scattering objects that are 0.1-15 wavelengths in size.
Exacerbated autoimmunity in the absence of TLR9 in MRL.Fas(lpr) mice depends on Ifnar1

TLR9 suppresses TLR7-driven pathogenesis in the MRL.Fas(lpr) murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus, but the mechanisms by which TLR7 promotes and TLR9 prevents disease in this and other lupus models remain unclear. Type I IFNs (IFN-I) have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus both in patients and in several murine models of disease, but their role in MRL.Fas(lpr) mice is controversial. Using MRL.Fas(lpr) mice genetically deficient in a subunit of the receptor for IFN-I, Ifnar1, we show that IFN-I contribute significantly to renal disease in this model. Ifnar1 had no effect on anti-nucleosome or anti-Sm autoantibody titers, but instead regulated anticytoplasmic and anti-RNA specificities. Moreover, Ifnar1 deficiency prevented the exacerbation of clinical disease observed in Tlr9-deficient animals in this lupus model. Thus, IFN-I signaling is an important mediator of lupus pathogenesis and anti-RNA Ab production that is dysregulated in the absence of Tlr9.
Recent Advances and Unanswered Questions in Deep Molluscan Phylogenetics

Abstract. Despite the diversity and importance of Mollusca, evolutionary relationships among the eight major lineages have been a longstanding unanswered question in Malacology. Early molecular studies of deep molluscan phylogeny, largely based on nuclear ribosomal gene data, as well as morphological cladistic analyses largely failed to provide robust hypotheses of relationships among major lineages. However, three recent molecular phylogenetic studies employing different markers and more data have significantly advanced understanding of molluscan phylogeny by providing well-supported topologies and generally congruent results. Here, evolutionary relationships among the major lineages of Mollusca and implications of recent findings for understanding molluscan evolution are reviewed. Most notably, all three of the recent studies reviewed herein recovered a monophyletic Aculifera, a clade including Aplacophora (Neomeniomorpha + Chaetodermomorpha; worm-like molluscs) and Polyplacophora (chitons). This findin...
Minimizing communication in sparse matrix solvers

Data communication within the memory system of a single processor node and between multiple nodes in a system is the bottleneck in many iterative sparse matrix solvers like CG and GMRES. Here k iterations of a conventional implementation perform k sparse-matrix-vector-multiplications and Ω(k) vector operations like dot products, resulting in communication that grows by a factor of Ω(k) in both the memory and network. By reorganizing the sparse-matrix kernel to compute a set of matrix-vector products at once and reorganizing the rest of the algorithm accordingly, we can perform k iterations by sending O(log P) messages instead of O(k · log P) messages on a parallel machine, and reading the matrix A from DRAM to cache just once, instead of k times on a sequential machine. This reduces communication to the minimum possible. We combine these techniques to form a new variant of GMRES. Our shared-memory implementation on an 8-core Intel Clovertown gets speedups of up to 4.3x over standard GMRES, without sacrificing convergence rate or numerical stability.
The Social Organization of Legal Services to Indigent Defendants

This article draws together materials portraying appointed counsel services in a variety of jurisdictions to illustrate the role of court organization in shaping legal services to indigent defendants. Many criminal courts are bifurcated into preliminary hearing and trial courts. Legal representation of indigents is frequently organized to parallel these stages. As a result, indigent defendants receive defense services from a succession of different lawyers at different stages of their cases. This occurs in three ways. First, some defendants legally eligible for appointed counsel at the inception of their cases have counsel appointed for them only at the trial court after initially employing their own counsel at the preliminary hearing. The dual court system encourages such one-stage representation by private lawyers by facilitating their withdrawal between stages of a case. Second, indigents may also have different private lawyers appointed to represent them at different stages because judges, interested in efficiently running their court calls, desire that particular lawyers represent indigents in their courtrooms. Finally, defender offices often assign different lawyers to different stages as a result of both the demands by judges that defenders be assigned exclusively to their courtrooms and the costs of delivering continuous legal services in a tiered judicial system. For indigent defendants the sequential system of representation may adversely affect the quality of case preparation and undermine a sound attorney-client relationship.
Adjoint Operators and Interpolation of Linear Operators

This lecture is dedicated to the memory of Professor Jean Favard whose course I had the privilege of attending when I was a student in Paris.
STUDIES IN THE DYNAMICS OF GENETICALLY VARIABLE POPULATIONS. I. FREQUENCY- AND DENSITY-DEPENDENT SELECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Changes in genetic composition and in fitness of karyotypes in synthetic populations of Drosophila melanogaster carrying fourth chromosomes marked with recessive mutants in repulsion were measured as functions of initial population composition and density. There was no detectable influence of initial population density on the magnitude of chromosome frequency change or on adaptive values of karyotypes, but both measures proved sensitive to population composition. That fitness be measured zygote-to-zygote is argued to be of dubious necessity in all contexts except demonstration of frequency-dependent selection. Some prior reports cited as evidence of the operation of density-dependent selection, like the present study, contain no evidence that the rate of natural selection is influenced by population crowding. Reports that do demonstrate density-dependent selection suggest that the relationship between fitness and crowding differs from that assumed in most theoretical treatments. Further work is needed to elucidate the interaction between fitness, population crowding, and population composition.