cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of post-extinction exercise on cocaine-primed and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats.

Rationale Voluntary aerobic exercise has shown promise as a treatment for substance abuse, reducing relapse in cocaine-dependent people. Wheel running also attenuates drug-primed and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats, an animal model of relapse. However, in most of these studies, wheel access was provided throughout cocaine self-administration and/or extinction and had effects on several parameters of drug seeking. Moreover, the effects of exercise on footshock stress-induced reinstatement have not been investigated.
Definitive treatment of supernumerary lower chest wall primary breast cancer.

Ectopic breast tissue is estimated to occur in 1% of the population.1 These include accessory mammary glands (polymastia), supernumerary nipples (hyperthelia) along “milk lines” from the axilla to the groin. Embryologic mammary ridges regress during development, excluding the 2 pectoral areas, later forming the breasts. Failure of regression may yield supernumerary breast tissue.2 Some cases have been associated with congenital urologic anomalies3 and familial inheritance.4 Though difficult to accurately characterize, between 0.28% and 0.6% of breast cancers have been reported to occur in ectopic breast tissue away from the milk line,1,5 or “mammae erraticae.” Reported sites include the axillae,6-8 vulva,9 sub-inframammary fold,10 thigh in a male,11 perineum12, buttock, and face.13 Few publications discuss treatment implications. We report our approach to staging, diagnosis, and treatment and review of the literature for accessory breast cancer.
Finite-Element Computation of Magnetic Force Densities on Permeable Particles in Magnetic Separators

Magnetic force densities are computed by differentiation of the magnetic energy density distribution obtained by finite-element analysis. The computed forces on small permeable particles are shown to agree reasonably well with a classical formula by Oberteuffer. The method is applied to both planar separators and axisymmetric magnetic separators, including those used for biomolecular screening.
Non-Coding RNAs Including miRNAs and lncRNAs in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease

It has been recognized for decades that proteins, which are encoded by our genome and produced via transcription and translation steps, are building blocks that play vital roles in almost all biological processes. Mutations identified in many protein-coding genes are linked to various human diseases. However, this "protein-centered" dogma has been challenged in recent years with the discovery that the majority of our genome is "non-coding" yet transcribed. Non-coding RNA has become the focus of "next generation" biology. Here, we review the emerging field of non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and their role in cardiovascular function and disease.
Grand challenges for life-cycle assessment of biofuels.

Biofuels are widely touted as viable, albeit not straightforward, alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels. To best determine their utilization, many practitioners turn to life-cycle assessment (LCA) to ascertain the “environmental footprint”. Although parameters such as resource and land use, along with infrastructure, can be incorporated into LCA algorithms, many have noted that the methodological approach still needs careful attention. In this Feature, McKone et al. outline seven grand challenges that need to be engaged and surmounted to provide the best way forward for biofuel use.
Serotonergic and SCP b -like innervation of the atrial complex in Gyratrix hermaphroditus (Platyhelminthes, Kalyptorhynchia) revealed with CLSM

The platyhelminth reproductive system is a complex series of canals, glands, and sclerotic components that figure prominently in our understanding of reproductive physiology, taxonomy, and evolution of the Platyhelminthes. Yet, there is limited information on its innervation, especially for free-living species of Rhabdocoela, the most speciose and ecologically diverse assemblage. Here, innervation of the reproductive system in the common marine kalyptorhynch, Gyratrix hermaphroditus, is studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), fluorescent phalloidin, and antibodies to serotonin (5HT) and small cardioactive peptide b (SCPb). Results show that portions of the female atrial system (uterus, female gonopore) are innervated by peptidergic (SCPb) neurons that may function to control muscles involved in egg movement. In contrast, portions of the male atrial system (male atrium, male gonopore) are innervated by both peptidergic and serotonergic neurons. These neurons form a complex series of hoops around the musculature of the male atrium that houses prostate stylet type II. It is hypothesized that 5HT is the primary myoexcitatory neurotransmitter, and that it acts either synergistically with SCPb to trigger muscle contractions of the male atrium and protract the copulatory stylet, or that SCPb plays an inhibitory role during contraction of the male atrium. A comparison of the distribution of peptidergic and serotonergic neurons in G. hermaphroditus with other free-living species and parasitic rhabdocoels (Neodermata) reveals similarities in innervation of comparable (though probably not homologous) reproductive organs. These results suggest that the atrial systems of phylogenetically diverse species may share a common neuronal physiology despite their structural differences and potential independent evolutionary origins within the Platyhelminthes.
Church-Based Social Support and Mortality

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to see if support provided and received from fellow church members reduced the deleterious effects of financial strain on mortality in late life. Methods. Interviews were conducted with a nationwide sample of 1,500 older adults in 2001 and 2004. Participants were asked in 2001 about financial strain, church-based social support, and a range of private and public religious practices. Mortality status was determined at the follow-up interview in 2004. Results. The findings indicated that providing social support to fellow church members reduced the effects of support providers’ own financial problems on mortality. In contrast, the data suggested that receiving support from people at church did not have the same stress-buffering effect. Discussion. Finding ways to help older adults become more involved in providing support to others at church may form the basis for developing interventions aimed at improving their quality of life.
Emergent abdominal decompression with patch abdominoplasty in the pediatric patient

Abstract Background/Purpose: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is the cardiac, pulmonary, and renal dysfunction that occurs as a result of elevated intraabdominal pressure. The authors present their experience with patch abdominoplasty (PA) in pediatric patients as a means to treat and prevent ACS. Methods: The charts of patients who underwent PA were reviewed retrospectively. ACS was defined as the increased oxygen requirements and elevation of peak inspiratory pressures (PIP) associated with abdominal distension and worsening renal and or cardiac function. Results: A total of 23 patients (13 boys) were treated (average age, 23 months). Diagnoses included necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, n=13), trauma (n = 3), Hirschsprung's enterocolitis (n = 2), perforated bowel (n = 4), and bilateral Wilms' tumor with bowel obstruction (n = 1). Oxygen requirements decreased after patch abdominoplasty (mean preoperative FIO 2 , 0.87 ± 24, mean postoperative, 0.67 ± 24 [ P =.01]). The PIP decreased significantly in the 13 patients who survived (mean preoperative PIP, 33 ± 8, mean postoperative PIP, 27 ± 7 [ P =.01]). These PIPs failed to respond in the 8 nonsurvivors (mean preoperative PIP, 35 ± 10, mean postoperative PIP, 33 ± 14 [ P value not significant]). Six of the 8 nonsurvivors had NEC. Complications of intraabdominal abscess and enterocutaneous fistula were seen in 5 patients, all of who had NEC. Conclusions: Patch abdominoplasty effectively decreases airway pressures and oxygen requirements associated with ACS. Complications with PA occur primarily in patients with NEC. Failure to respond with a decrease in PIP and FIO 2 requirements is an ominous sign. J Pediatr Surg 35:705-708. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Thermal and photodiffusion of Ag in S-rich Ge-S amorphous films

We have investigated silver diffusion driven by heating or irradiation with light in sulfur-rich Ge‐S thin films close to the composition Ge S . Quantitative data regarding the amount of diffused silver has been gathered using Rutherford backscattering 20 80 spectrometry. Thermal diffusion produces films with 35 at.% silver in the glassy matrix at saturation while photodiffusion forms a film with a maximum concentration of 43 at.% silver. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to establish that silver penetrates deeper in the chalcogenide film and the diffusion kinetics lacks an induction period when irradiation with light is applied. The shifts in the binding energies of the participating elements suggest that sulfur is in an oxidized state and is mainly coupled with germanium for thermal diffusion while in the case of photodiffusion it reacts predominantly with silver. ! 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Site of the Stimulatory Action of Vasopressin on Sodium Transport in Toad Bladder

Vasopressin increases the net transport of sodium across the isolated urinary bladder of the toad by increasing the mobility of sodium ion within the tissue. This change is reflected in a decreased DC resistance of the bladder; identification of the permeability barrier which is affected localizes the site of action of vasopressin on sodium transport. Cells of the epithelial layer were impaled from the mucosal side with glass micropipettes while current pulses were passed through the bladder. The resulting voltage deflections across the bladder and between the micropipette and mucosal reference solution were proportional to the resistance across the entire bladder and across the mucosal or apical permeability barrier, respectively. The position of the exploring micropipette was not changed and vasopressin was added to the serosal medium. In 10 successful impalements, the apical permeability barrier contributed 54% of the initial total transbladder resistance, but 98% of the total resistance change following vasopressin occurred at this site. This finding provides direct evidence that vasopressin acts to increase ionic mobility selectively across the apical permeability barrier of the transporting cells of the toad bladder.
Validation of a Paediatric Early Warning Score: first results and implications of usage

Timely recognition of deterioration of hospitalised children is important to improve mortality. We developed a modified Paediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) and studied the effects by performing three different cohort studies using different end points. Taking unplanned Paediatric Intensive Care Unit admission as end point and only using data until 2 h prior to end point, we found a sensitivity of 0.67 and specificity of 0.88 to timely recognise patients. This proves that earlier identification is possible without a loss of sensitivity compared to other PEWS systems. When determining the corresponding clinical condition in patients with an elevated PEWS dichotomously as ‘sick’ or ‘well’, this resulted in a total of 27 % false-positive scores. This can cause motivational problems for caregivers to use the system but is a consequence of PEWS design to minimise false-negative rates because of high mortality associated with paediatric resuscitation. Using the need for emergency medical interventions as end point, sensitivity of PEWS is high and it seems, therefore, that it is also fit to alert health-care professionals that urgent interventions may be needed. Conclusion: These data show the effectiveness of a modified PEWS in identifying critically ill patients in an early phase making early interventions possible and hopefully reduce mortality.
Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism

Clinical, genetic, and neuropsychopharmacological studies of developmental factors in alcoholism are providing a better understanding of the neurobiological bases of personality and learning. Studies of the adopted-away children of alcoholics show that the predisposition to initiate alcohol-seeking behavior is genetically different from susceptibility to loss of control after drinking begins. Alcohol-seeking behavior is a special case of exploratory appetitive behavior and involves different neurogenetic processes than do susceptibility to behavioral tolerance and dependence on the antianxiety or sedative effects of alcohol. Three dimensions of personality have been described that may reflect individual differences in brain systems modulating the activation, maintenance, and inhibition of behavioral responses to the effects of alcohol and other environmental stimuli. These personality traits distinguish alcoholics with different patterns of behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuropharmacological responses to alcohol.
A NOTE ON HIGHWAY CAPACITY

This note shows that on a homogeneous, uninterrupted flow highway there can be three kinds of capacity for any location: one for acceleration flow, one for deceleration flow and another for stationary flow. It is the stationary (equilibrium) flow capacity that one should adopt as the ideal capacity of a roadway, as defined by the highway capacity manual.
A Preliminary Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale Among African American College Students

The mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) is a widely used measure of mindfulness that has been used in examining the construct of mindfulness in a variety of populations. However, the MAAS has been validated in primarily White samples to date. Mindfulness may be a promising construct among African Americans, but no measure of mindfulness has been validated for African Americans. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the MAAS in a sample of African American college students (n = 569). Measures of psychological distress and psychological flexibility were given in addition to the MAAS through an online survey portal. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the MAAS showed a unidimensional factor structure in the present sample. In addition, the MAAS showed excellent internal consistency and was related to lower levels of psychological distress and higher psychological flexibility. This preliminary study suggests that researchers studying mindfulness among African Americans may use the MAAS with evidence supporting its utility.
Identification of accounting firm alumni with their former firm: Antecedents and outcomes☆

This research develops and tests a model of the identification of accounting firms' alumni with their former accounting firm. The model encompasses (1) both organizational and individual factors associated with the alumni's identification with their former firm and, in turn, (2) the effect of alumni identification on the alumni's inclination to benefit their former firm (i.e. send business to the firm). The results provide insights into the organizational processes within accounting firms from a perspective not examined by prior literature, namely the perspective of accounting firm alumni. The paper's results support the view that alumni are an important asset for accounting firms. The results also suggest that accounting firms can manage this asset. Accounting firm policies that operate while alumni are still employees affect alumni identification, which in turn affects alumni's inclination to benefit their former firm. In addition, the effort accounting firms expend maintaining their alumni base is also associated with alumni's inclination to benefit their former firm. Future research that examines factors related to accounting firm success (e.g. socialization, mentoring) should also consider perspectives of accounting firm alumni and the benefits that can accrue to the firm after the employee has departed.
Occupational Differences in the Influence of Communication on Stress and Burnout in the Workplace

This article reports on research that explored the experience of stress and burnout, and the influence of communicative variables on stress and burnout, in four distinct employee groups within a single organization. Research and theory reviewed suggest that distinctions in job characteristics and organizational subcultures should influence relationships among stressors, burnout, and communicative behaviors for different occupations. The research conducted bears this out. There were not large differences among employee groups in terms of levels of stress, burnout, and satisfaction, or in the relationships between stressors and burnout and between burnout and satisfaction. However, the role of communication in the burnout process varied in the different employee groups. Participation in decision making had a large impact on burnout for administrative employees and support from co-workers had a large effect on burnout for nursing employees.
Effect of Information Feedback on Bidder Behavior in Continuous Combinatorial Auctions

Combinatorial auctions---in which bidders can bid on combinations of goods---can increase the economic efficiency of a trade when goods have complementarities. Recent theoretical developments have lessened the computational complexity of these auctions, but the issue of cognitive complexity remains an unexplored barrier for the online marketplace. This study uses a data-driven approach to explore how bidders react to the complexity in such auctions using three experimental feedback treatments. Using cluster analyses of the bids and the clicks generated by bidders, we find three stable bidder strategies across the three treatments. Further, these strategies are robust for separate experiments using a different setup. We also benchmark the continuous auctions against an iterative form of combinatorial auction---the combinatorial clock auction. The enumeration of the bidding strategies across different types of feedback, along with the analysis of their economic implications, is offered to help practitioners design better combinatorial auction environments. This paper was accepted by Lorin Hitt, information systems.
A general method to design and reconfigure loop-based linear arrays

Loop-based defect-tolerant design of linear arrays is easy to manufacture, test and reconfigure. Previous researchers have given ad hoc designs for specific number of neighbors and interconnection patterns. In this paper, we give general results on design and reconfiguration for any number of neighbors and interconnection patterns to achieve best cost/performance.
Does Type of Child Risk Affect Whether Mothers Seek Assistance for Intimate Partner Violence From Civil or Criminal Court

We examined whether risks to children of intimate partner violence survivors affected the type of legal assistance accessed. We hypothesized that the level and type of perceived child risk would be associated with whether women sought a protection order in civil court or filed charges against a current or former intimate partner in criminal court. Using data from a sample of predominantly African American women (N=293), we found that some forms of child risk were positively associated with seeking a civil order of protection but negatively associated with pressing criminal charges. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are presented.
NEW TERRA NULLIUS NARRATIVES AND THE GENTRIFICATION OF AFRICA'S "EMPTY LANDS"

Extraterritorial ownership and control of sub-Saharan African land have a long and troubledhistory. This research investigates a much-studied practicethe recent enclosure of African landand resourcesbut asks a little-studied question: how are non-Africans reasserting terra nulliusnarratives of the past to justify the present transformation of African landscapes? The answersuggested here lies in a bulwark of de facto terra nullius claims couched in security needs of theglobal North and referenced to the low density of Africas rural population, its land and laborunder-utilization, the ambiguity of its land tenure and related low yields, and its arrestedcivilization. De facto terra nullius is neither narrow in scope nor static in application. It isstirring again as a potent justificatory logic for north-south land relations.
Fusible Heat Sink Materials: An Identification of Alternate Candidates

Fusible heat sinks are a possible source for thermal regulation of space suited astronauts. An extensive database search was undertaken to identify candidate materials with liquid solid transformations over the temperature range of -18 C to 5 C; and 1215 candidates were identified. Based on available data, 59 candidate materials with thermal storage capability, DeltaH values higher than that of water were identified. This paper presents the methodology utilized in the study, including the decision process used for materials selection.
Designing the Identity of a New State: Kosovo Flag

Abstract‘Designing the Identity of a New State: Kosovo Flag’ provides a summary of the process that lead to adoption of the Kosovo visual identity as part of Kosovo’s declared independence in 2008. Select disqualified entry proposals from the formation of the Kosovo state emblem and flag are discussed. The article reviews elements of American and Albanian emblems and colors which remain popular with Kosovo’s ethnic Albanian majority. The article includes quotes and abstracts from personal interviews with the author from relevant designers that participated in the process of developing Kosovo’s visual identity.
Safety of Chemical DVT Prophylaxis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury with Invasive Monitoring Devices

Patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have an increased risk of developing a deep vein thrombosis (DVT), but the risk of hemorrhage expansion with intracranial monitoring devices remains unknown. We sought to determine the safety of chemical DVT prophylaxis in severe TBI patients with invasive intracranial pressure monitors. We retrospectively reviewed all patients with severe TBI admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit of a large tertiary care center over a three-year period. 155 patients were included with an incidence of DVT of 12 %. The median length of time to a stable head CT was 2 days, and the median time to initiation of chemical DVT prophylaxis was 3.6 days. The odds of DVT increased with intraparenchymal hemorrhage [OR 7.21, 95 % CI (1.43–36.47), p = 0.0169], non-White ethnicity [OR 7.86, 95 % CI (1.23–50.35), p = 0.0295], female gender [OR 13.93, 95 % CI (2.47–78.73), p = 0.0029], smoking [OR 4.32, 95 % CI (1.07–17.51), p = 0.0405], no anticoagulation [OR 25.39, 95 % CI (4.26–151.48), p < 0.001], and an IVC filter [OR 15.82, 95 % CI (3.14–79.76), p < 0.001]. Twenty-eight (18 %) of these subjects experienced in-hospital mortality. The risk of in-hospital death was significantly increased among those who did not receive anticoagulation. This study found no association between DVT formation, hemorrhage expansion, or increased risk from invasive monitoring devices between various doses of unfractionated heparin (UH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). We conclude that DVT prophylaxis with either LMWH or UH is safe with intracranial pressure monitors in place.
Explaining Linguistic Choices as Identity Negotiations

ABSTRACT A negotiation model to explain linguistic code choices is presented, taking account of three sets of factors: (1) a person's own personality system, (2) his group identities and group behavioural norms, and (3) the dynamics of each interaction. The model allows for individual variations in choices, with the proviso that their meanings are constrained by reference to a common interpretative component shared by all members of the speech community. Choices are viewed as either unmarked or marked in well-defined role relationships; unmarked choices are negotiations to identify with the terms of the role relationship, and marked choices are negotiations to dis-identify. In weakly-defined role relationships, all choices initially are exploratory, but the speaker's aim is to have his choice accepted as unmarked so that the relationship is identified by his definition. Examples of negotiation maxims which speakers follow and which influence attitudes toward other participants are also presented.
Short-wavelength interband cascade infrared photodetectors operating above room temperature

High temperature operation (250–340 K) of short-wavelength interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) with InAs/GaSb/Al0.2In0.8Sb/GaSb superlattice absorbers has been demonstrated with a 50% cutoff wavelength of 2.9 μm at 300 K. Two ICIP structures, one with two and the other with three stages, were designed and grown to explore this multiple-stage architecture. At λ = 2.1 μm, the two- and three-stage ICIPs had Johnson-noise-limited detectivities of 5.1 × 109 and 5.8 × 109 cm Hz1/2/W, respectively, at 300 K. The better device performance of the three-stage ICIP over the two-stage ICIP confirmed the advantage of more stages for this cascade architecture. An Arrhenius activation energy of 450 meV is extracted for the bulk resistance-area product, which indicates the dominance of the diffusion current at these high temperatures.
Abstract 693: A yeast synthetic lethal screen identifies a conserved interaction between PLK1 and CKS1b affecting cancer cell viability

The CKS1b gene is located on chromosome 1q21 and is frequently amplified in breast, lung and liver cancers. CKS1b codes for a conserved regulatory subunit of cyclin-CDK complexes that functions at multiple stages of cell cycle progression. We used a high throughput screening protocol to mimic cancer-related over-expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants to identify genes whose functions become essential only when CKS1 is over- expressed, a genetic interaction termed synthetic dosage lethality (SDL). Mutations in genes affecting the mitotic entry checkpoint and genes affecting mitotic exit are evident among the SDL interactions identified. The mitotic entry checkpoint controls the stability of the mitotic inhibitor Swe1 (Human WEE1), resulting in delayed mitosis when cell polarity is disrupted. Swe1 is a tyrosine kinase that inhibits the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complex by phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine-19 on Cdc28 (Human CDK1). We find that the SDL interaction between Cks1 and the mitotic entry checkpoint requires both Swe1 and the Cdc28 tyrosine-19 residue. The mitotic exit network is a signaling cascade that controls post-anaphase inhibition of CDK activity necessary for progression into G1. Since the polo-like kinase Cdc5 (Human PLK1) functions in both the mitotic entry and mitotic exit pathways, we investigated the effect of targeting PLK1 in breast cancers with varying expression of CKS1b. We analyzed published datasets and found that growth inhibition resulting from PLK1 knockdown was strongly correlated with increased CKS1b expression levels in breast cancer cell lines [Marcotte, R., Brown, K., Suarez, F., & Sayad, A. (2012). Cancer Discovery, 2:172]. We independently confirmed sensitivity to PLK1 knockdown in 8 breast cancer cell lines in which 3 of 4 sensitive lines had high CKS1b expression and 3 of 4 insensitive lines had low CKS1b expression. We modified CKS1b expression in hMEC cells and showed that increased expression enhanced apoptosis upon PLK1 knockdown while decreased CKS1b expression abrogated sensitivity. Thus identification of a yeast synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) interactions identifies a conserved interactions that may be targeted to kill cancer cells. Citation Format: Robert J. Reid, Xing Du, Ivana Sunjevaric, Vinayak Rayannavar, John Dittmar, Matthew Maurer, Rodney Rothstein. A yeast synthetic lethal screen identifies a conserved interaction between PLK1 and CKS1b affecting cancer cell viability. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 693. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-693
Natalizumab for Multiple Sclerosis: A Case in Point for the Impact of Translational Neuroimmunology

Advances in translational neuroimmunology over the last two decades have revolutionized the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. A pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis is the presence of leukocytes in the areas of disease activity in the CNS. Natalizumab inhibits the trafficking of lymphocytes from the blood into the brain and spinal cord by blocking the adhesion molecule α4-integrin. Representing the enormous success of a molecular targeted approach, natalizumab was the first mAb approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, only a few months after its approval, natalizumab was withdrawn from the market because of an unanticipated life threatening adverse effect: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Natalizumab was later reintroduced with required adherence to a strict monitoring program. In this article, we review the bench-to-bedside journey of natalizumab, along with the lessons learned from postmarketing studies.
Measurement and Structural Invariance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Hispanic and Caucasian Firefighters: A Bias-Corrected Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Approach.

This study compared across Hispanic and Caucasian firefighters the relative fit of the four-factor Emotional Numbing and Dysphoria posttraumatic stress disorder models to the more recently proposed...
Botulinum toxin: State of the art

Botulinun neurotoxin (BoNT) has emerged as one of the most multipurpose therapeutic agents in modern medicine with more clinical applications than any other drug currently on the market. Initially developed in the treatment of strabismus and neurologic movement disorders, the use of botulinun neurotoxin has been expanding during the past 3 decades to include the treatment of a variety of ophthalmologic, gastrointestinal, urologic, orthopedic, dermatologic, dental, secretory, painful, cosmetic, and other conditions. In addition to onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox), abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport), incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin), and RimabotulinumtoxinB (Myobloc or NeuroBloc) there are other novel botulinun neurotoxin products currently in development. With a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms of botulinun neurotoxin and advances in biotechnology, future botulinun neurotoxin products will likely be even more effective and customized to the specific indication and tailored to the needs of the patients. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Der unbekannte Kunde – Potenziale der Integration von Kundendaten

Kunden haben heutzutage zahlreiche analoge und digitale Moglichkeiten, mit Unternehmen in Kontakt zu treten. Neben dem personlichen Besuch einer Unternehmensfiliale oder eines Vertriebspartners konnen Kunden bspw. telefonisch, per E‑Mail, uber Internetauftritte, durch Online Social Networks oder mithilfe von Mobile Apps Kontakt mit Unternehmen aufnehmen. Haufig werden bei diesen Interaktionen kundenbezogene Daten generiert. In Abhangigkeit des gewahlten Kanals und des Anlasses der Interaktion werden die entstandenen Daten bei vielen Unternehmen in verschiedenen Datenbanken innerhalb oder auserhalb des Unternehmens, bspw. bei Tochtergesellschaften oder Vertriebspartnern, gespeichert. Dies liegt zum einen am unterschiedlichen Zweck der Datenbanken, kann aber auch auf datenschutzrechtliche Grunde oder auf das historische Wachstum der Unternehmens-IT zuruckzufuhren sein. Ein umfassendes Kundenverstandnis wird durch diese Fragmentierung der Kundeninformationen deutlich erschwert. Diese Problematik greift der vorliegende Beitrag auf. Anhand eines Praxisbeispiels aus der Automobilindustrie wird aufgezeigt, wie entschieden werden kann, welche im Unternehmen vorhandenen Kundendaten zusammengefuhrt und welche Daten von Tochtergesellschaften oder externen Partnern integriert oder vom Unternehmen zusatzlich erhoben werden sollten. Ziel der Datenintegration ist es dabei, in den verschiedenen Unternehmensbereichen ein besseres Verstandnis der Kundenbedurfnisse zu ermoglichen und letztlich eine durchgangige Customer Experience zu bieten – unabhangig davon, aus welchem Anlass und uber welchen Kanal der Kontakt zwischen Unternehmen und Kunden stattfindet.
The Nixon Doctrine and U.S. Relations with the Republic of Afghanistan, 1973–1978: Stuck in the Middle with Daoud

The overthrow of the monarchy in Afghanistan in 1973 was a seminal moment in the country's history and in U.S. policy in Central Asia. The return of Mohamed Daoud Khan to power was aided by the Peo...
Clinical presentation and treatment paradigms in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and spinal vascular malformations.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder that causes angiodysplasia and results in mucocutaneous telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations of organs. Although central nervous system vascular malformations can occur anywhere along the neuraxis, spinal vascular malformations are rare. We present our experience with the presentation and management of spinal vascular malformations in patients with HHT. Of the more than 800 patients with the diagnosis of HHT screened at our institution from 1995 through 2017, four patients with spinal vascular malformations (age range 1 month-77 years; 2 male, 2 female) were identified, three of whom came to clinical attention after significant neurological deterioration from previously unknown malformations. A review of the literature including our patients demonstrated 29 total spinal arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) in 28 HHT patients (69% male). The lesions were located predominantly in the thoracic spine (65.5%). Three lesions were not treated, 17 were treated with embolization, 6 were surgically resected, and 3 were treated with embolization and surgery. In 14 cases, the patients presented with hemorrhage of the AVF. Overall, 79% of patients achieved complete or near-complete occlusion, with 75% reporting improvement in neurological function. Discovery of spinal lesions often occurs after neurological decline because current screening protocols do not include evaluation of the patient for spinal lesions. Most patients benefit from intervention, which is tailored to the characteristics of the patient and their malformation. Given the often-severe neurological deficit encountered at presentation, we favor a protocol that screens HHT patients for spinal vascular malformations.
Higher Education Classroom Community Game

Gamification is used to create a classroom community wherein students are encouraged to contribute to, and benefit from, peer learning. This chapter describes the author’s experience using a semester-long game to enhance classroom community in higher education courses. These courses include larger sections and general education courses. Students develop, and then share with peers, a deeper personal connection to course content. The games can be implemented partially or fully, depending on instructor preference. Methods to track and report student progress are discussed, as well as considerations for those wishing to include attendance in the game.
Markets and Prices

The article summarizes the economist's notion of a market and relative price in terms of trade of goods or services in both exchange and planned economies. Pricing efficiency and characteristics of efficient price movement through time are covered. The article concludes with a discussion of the role of the quantity of money or other macroeconomic factors in arriving at the level of prices. Price is the basic signal of exchange in economic systems. Price is found (discovered) in a market where buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers) of a commodity come together to negotiate an exchange at a price.
The Czech Republic and extremist criminal activity

Abstract Crime with an extremist subtext is a constantly discussed topic, both in professional circles and among the public, because the radicalization, professionalization and internationalism of extremists represent an everyday security threat. Today, this issue is becoming even more topical because extremism is very closely associated with terrorism, which in recent years has been increasing, especially in Europe. From an internal view, extremism is closely related to the issue of socially excluded localities, which is an area that deserves special attention. During the post-revolutionary era, when the borders opened and the space for the pluralism of opinions was created, there was a sharp rise in extremism. At present, while a successful or less successful struggle with illegal migration occurs in Europe, we can assume that it will be a breeding ground for extremism. In recent years, there have been a number of preventative activities in the Czech Republic which should positively affect crimes related to extremism. The purpose of this article is to try to use the analysis of the available statistical criminal data to find out whether the Czech Republic is successful in fighting against this phenomenon. Attention will also be paid to the extremist behaviour of the younger generations, as young people are more inclined towards this kind of criminal activity.
Chapter 11 – SAMPLING

Publisher Summary Statistical sampling is the process by which a portion of the whole population or universe is selected for examination with the intent to generalize from that sample to the entire population. Samples are selected because data obtained in through sampling can be collected quickly when needed and at a lower cost than collecting data on every element of the subject under study. The chapter discusses simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and disproportionate sampling. It also discusses the process of weighting sample results to adjust for disproportionate sampling and varying response rates and to produce population estimates. Simple random sampling approach involves selecting elements or members from a group or population at random. Systematic sampling is used for selecting elements from a list. The members of the group are listed in some type of actual or implied order and a given number of members are selected from the group by picking every nth item from the list, with the starting point selected randomly.
Gender-Pay Equity in Academic Neurosurgery at United States Public Universities.

Background Compensation has historically been unequal for men versus women in medical fields, particularly in surgical subspecialties. Objective We analyzed associations between gender and compensation and identified factors associated with compensation among male and female academic neurosurgeons in the United States (US) public institutions. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of available data for the 2016-2017 fiscal years associated with male and female neurosurgical faculty from public, academic institutions within the US. The data used for analysis included total annual salary, which consisted of the base salary and additional compensation. Other gleaned data included faculty demographics, training, and academic appointments. The male and female neurosurgeons' data were separated into two respective gender groups and then were compared. Predictors of compensation were identified using univariable and non-imputed and multiply-imputed multivariable statistical models. Results The cohort was comprised of 460 neurosurgery faculty members (female n=34; male n=426). Total annual salaries were comparable between the genders. Females were more likely to be younger (p=0.001), to have completed neurosurgery training recently (p=0.003), to have had fellowship training (p=0.011), and to have lower h--indices (p=0.003) compared to males. Males and females differed in academic ranks (p=0.035) and neurosurgical subspecialties (p=0.038). Midwest (a[Formula: see text])=-US$337,516.7, p=0.002), South (a[Formula: see text]=-US$302,500.5, p=0.003), and West (a[Formula: see text]=-US$276,848.8, p=0.005) practices were independent predictors of lower annual compensation. Chair position (a[Formula: see text]=US$174,180.3, p=0.019) and associate professorship (a[Formula: see text]=US$126,633.4, p=0.037) were independent predictors of higher annual compensation. Gender was not a significant predictor of total annual compensation. Conclusions Total salaries were not different between male and female neurosurgeons in public, academic institutions in the US. Gender was not a significant predictor of total annual compensation. This study is applicable to public institutions in states with Freedom of Information Act reporting requirements.
Injury Length and Arteriole Constriction Shape Clot Growth and Blood-Flow Acceleration in a Mouse Model of Thrombosis

Objective: Quantitative relationships between the extent of injury and thrombus formation in vivo are not well understood. Moreover, it has not been investigated how increased injury severity trans...
Ultrastructural Studies of Arenaviruses

The morphology and morphogenesis of all arenaviruses are remarkably similar: 1) virus particles are round or pleomorphic and vary widely in size (60 to 350 nm diameter), 2) they have a membranous envelope and surface projections, and 3) they have characteristic ribosome-like granules in varying numbers within an u~structured interior. Viral morphogenesis occurs via budding upon plasma membranes. Despite the distinctiveness of these virion characteristics, ultrastructural study of in vivo arenavirus infections proved difficult. In salivary gland cells of Calomys callosus, Machupo virus clearly matured upon plasma membranes and yielded salivary secretions containing large numbers of particles. However, in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and central nervous system, where widespread infection of particular host species was anticipated from immunofluorescence, only modest numbers of virus particles were found. Inclusion bodies, easily identified in infected cells in culture, were impossible to discern in vivo. Some cytopathology was spatially associated with virus particles in lymphoid tissues. Ultrastructural study of in vivo arenavirus infections has proven excessively difficult without an immuno-electron microscopic contribution.
The Representation Power of Neural Networks: Breaking the Curse of Dimensionality.

In this paper, we analyze the number of neurons and training parameters that a neural networks needs to approximate multivariate functions of bounded second mixed derivatives -- Korobov functions. We prove upper bounds on these quantities for shallow and deep neural networks, breaking the curse of dimensionality. Our bounds hold for general activation functions, including ReLU. We further prove that these bounds nearly match the minimal number of parameters any continuous function approximator needs to approximate Korobov functions, showing that neural networks are near-optimal function approximators.
Michael J. Thompson: A Remarkable Scientist, Leader, and Friend

The international research community lost a shining star on October 15, 2018. It was on that day that many were shocked and deeply saddened by the news that Michael J. Thompson passed away unexpectedly. Michael was an outstanding solar physicist, known for his exceptional accomplishments in advancing the understanding of the structure and dynamics of the solar interior. Michael was an internationally recognized leader in the field of helioseismology, in large part for his pioneering efforts in developing inversion techniques and applying them to modern data to advance understanding of the physics of the Sun. His many noteworthy achievements as a research scientist were celebrated in September 2019 with the workshop that these proceedings document. Dynamics of the Sun & Stars: Honoring the Life & Work of Michael Thompson was a wonderful gathering of Michael’s family, friends and colleagues to discuss the science that was his passion and to commemorate his many professional achievements.
The curious case of advance conflict waivers

In the United States the law governing lawyers strictly limits and, in some cases prohibits, transactions between lawyers and clients that would be legal if they involved two non-lawyers. For examp...
Dream-Texts Integrating and Disintegrating: Philip Roth’s Goodbye Columbus, Carl Jung’s “Individual Dream Symbolism in Relation to Alchemy,” and Jean Rhys’s Good Morning, Midnight

This chapter analyzes cases in which dream-texts act as a force for narrative and thematic integration, specifically Neil Klugman’s “Island Dream” from Philip Roth’s novella Goodbye, Columbus and the sequence of dream reports from Carl Jung’s “Individual Dream Symbolism in Relation to Alchemy.” With Roth, the chapter shows how the integrative functions of the dream-text are deployed in literary narratives. Jung’s piece on dreams and alchemy represents one of the most sophisticated uses of the dream-text in the quest for wholeness in the modernist era. This chapter contrasts these integrative approaches with Jean Rhys’s novel Good Morning, Midnight. Good Morning, Midnight challenges authoritarian models of modernist integrative dream interpretation and asserts the emancipatory possibilities of disintegration.
Systemic organic acidemias: Identification, diagnosis, management and long term complications

Systemic organic acidemias are intoxication-type inborn errors of metabolism which can present in the neonatal period and beyond with metabolic acidosis, vomiting, and lethargy, and progress to coma and without adequate treatment ultimately death. There should be a low threshold for consideration of this family of disorders in individuals that present with the above symptoms, present with a sepsis-like picture, have developmental delay or intellectual disability, or develop disease-specific long term complications (e.g., cardiomyopathy seen in propionic acidemia, renal failure seen in the methylmalonic acidemias). Late diagnosis with intellectual disabilities or disease-specific complications are thought to becoming less common in areas with universal newborn screening since it includes many of these disorders and allows for early treatment and avoidance of severe presentations. In general, treatment in the acute setting focuses on decreasing toxin production by reversal of catabolism, removal of toxin precursors, use of toxin scavengers (e.g., levocarnitine to bind propionic acid in propionic acidemia) and attempting to improve enzyme function by using supra-physiologic doses of cofactors. Long term therapy has similar approaches.
Assembly-Language Programming

This chapter focuses on the assembler concepts that a programmer writing in C and C++ must know. The assembler is a tool for converting the ideas into machine instructions. High-level languages can be used too, using compilers and interpreters to convert the language into the machine's language. High-level languages are able to write larger programs with a similar degree of effort, but they move the user away from the machine and it is difficult to extract the full power of the computer when the user is no longer in full control. The chapter also discusses some assembler directives; are the instructions to the assembler that do not result in any actual executable machine coded instructions, but are essential to provide information to the assembler. The define space (DS) assembler directive assigns a number to the symbolic address or container. It does not do anything to the value of a variable. The memory is allocated but is not initialized. Other common assembler directives, the EQUate (EQU) directive assigns a specific value to a label. It enables the user to control where variables are stored, as in hand coding, but allows symbolic addresses to be used, as in assembly-language coding to improve readability.