cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention and management of complications following tracheal resections—lessons learned at the Massachusetts General Hospital

Tracheal surgery has developed and evolved over the last 50 years, becoming an integral part of the clinical practice of modern thoracic surgeons. Today, surgeons can safely and effectively operate on most patients suffering from post-intubation tracheal stenosis, tracheal tumors and other pathologies that result in an abnormal shape and function of the central airways. The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston witnessed first-hand the birth and growth of tracheal surgery under Dr. Hermes Grillo, becoming a reference center and accumulating one of the largest institutional experiences in the world. This vast experience of the management of patients with tracheal pathologies has allowed our group at MGH to refine the care of these patients, including their judicious preoperative evaluation, meticulous surgical treatment, and dedicated postoperative care. However, this experience has also provided valuable lessons on the potential complications that can arise after tracheal surgery. Here, we attempt to accumulate our institutional knowledge and experience to provide a summary of the key aspects to prevent complications following tracheal resections. Unfortunately, complications can occur despite strict adherence to the core principles of tracheal surgery, and therefore, we also highlight our institutional experience with the early recognition and management of the most common and dreaded complications.
Nasua nasua (narica) (Coatimundi)

Two male and two female animals were available for skin biopsy. Karyotypes from cultured cells agree well with one another. A small satellited pair of autosomes, placed first of the autosomes in row 4, is the marker element.
Report of an Action Research Project: The Hunting Park Community Leaders Survey - Problems and Prospects for Park Preservation

The field of park planning and management in Philadelphia is undergoing major review city wide in the 1980,s. A number of forces are evident in influencing new directions for the future of the city parks. The changing structure of park financing is increasing the needs of park users for an enhanced relationship with the park administration and with civic organizations that can unite their power and facilitate forward movement. Thus, education of community leaders and how they are taught to identify the driving and restraining forces that enhance or bar the way to further programs is critical in determining the quality and cost effectiveness of park management.
Cortical Representation of Intended Movements

The neural representation of reaching movements in the motor cortex of the monkey is discussed with respect to the coding of the direction of movement in the activity of single cells and neuronal populations. This code is then used to monitor the processing of directional information in various contexts involving delayed movements or directional transformations. Finally, some implications of these findings for the role of the motor cortex in planning and execution of reaching movements are discussed.
Eddy Dynamics and Kinematics of Convective Turbulence

This review of ‘convective’ turbulence focusses on mechanisms that determine how eddies are formed, grow and interact with each other. It is shown how these are related to the interactions of the turbulence with the rigid surfaces and other regions of fluid motion bounding the convective layer. The effects of weak cross winds and non-uniformity in surface conditions are also discussed.
Herbivory in the Northern Curly-Tailed Lizard ( Leiocephalus carinatus )

Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern curly-tailed lizard) is distributed throughout the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and the Bahamas, and has been introduced in southern Florida (Schwartz & Henderson 1991). Most species of Leiocephalus, and L. carinatus in particular, have an opportunistic diet (Henderson & Powell 2009). One important component of the curly-tailed lizard diet is arthropods—primarily ants, beetles, cockroaches, and lepidopterans (Schoener et al. 1982; reviewed in Henderson & Powell 2009). Curly-tailed lizards are also known predators of smaller lizards, particularly anoles (e.g., Schoener et al. 2002). In addition, their diet is comprised of up to 47% plant matter, most commonly fruits and flowers (Schoener et al. 1982), and Grant (1940) reported one observation of L. carinatus consuming flowers of the Beach Morning Glory (Ipomoea pescaprae) in the Cayman Islands. Despite the unusually high concentration of plant matter in the diet of these lizards, documented observations of herbivory in this group remain relatively rare. On 21–23 July 2013 we observed two separate events of herbivory in L. carinatus, in which individual adults were eating flowers from the Beach Morning Glory (Ipomoea pescaprae) on a private beach on Crooked Island, Bahamas (22.773 N, -74.205 W). Each lizard picked off parts of the flower petals and masticated and swallowed them, feeding for about five minutes each. On 23 July 2013, a third adult L. carinatus was observed in the same location with a wilted morning glory flower in its mouth (Fig. 1). Herbivory in lizards most commonly evolves in species that occur on small islands, and is thought to result from a lower abundance of available arthropod prey in those habitats (Schoener et al. 1982; Cooper & Vitt 2002; Dutra et al. 2011). Further, Schoener et al. (1982) and Cooper & Vitt (2002) found that larger lizards are more likely to consume plant matter than smaller lizards, perhaps because of the greater caloric needs associated with larger body size. Our observation of flower consumption by large L. carinatus on the small (148 km2) Crooked Island is consistent with both of these previously described patterns.
A data lens into MPPT efficiency and PV power prediction

Condition monitoring and forecasting applications require accurate PV models that can predict power from weather parameters. However PV output is also dependent on the potentially suboptimal behavior of the MPPT controller, which can introduce both inefficiencies and prediction challenges. In this work, we use a data-driven approach to show that MPPT controllers do not always operate at the optimal knee point of the I-V curve and propose methods to quantify these inefficiencies. Based on these findings, we develop novel machine learning PV models that predict current and voltage separately and capture the behavior of the MPPT system more accurately. We present evaluation results using data collected from a large solar farm, which shows that the proposed models can reduce estimation errors significantly as compared to state of the art methods.
Application of Dynamic Generation Control for Predatory Competitive Advantage in Electric Power Markets

This work extends investigations into the potential for coordinated control of a group of generators to act in a manner that destabilizes other machines, while maintaining nearly satisfactory performance within this control group. This control scheme raises the specter that dynamic control of generators might be used to gain predatory competitive advantage. To assess the risk of this behavior, it is useful to more carefully examine its technical feasibility. The work to be presented here will examine two questions in this context. First, to what extent is this control robust with respect to inclusion of realistic dynamic models, including the effect imprecisely known data describing the network and competitive generator units? Second, to what extent can this control be implemented using only local measurement information, such as that available from generator terminal measurements? This work demonstrates that the addition of governor and turbine dynamics into the model does not impede the ability of the feedback control to act in the predatory manner. It also demonstrates the possibility that the system state can be adequately recreated from a localized measurement set, such that this estimated state can act as a feedback source. Moreover, for the case study examined, the combined state observer and feedback design are shown to be quite robust, even when the design is based upon a model having parameter errors on the order of 20%.
Proton Radiography of Reverse Ballistic Impacts

Ceramics are important materials due to their high strength and hardness, particularly in armor systems such as personnel body armor where they are used extensively. Understanding the failure process for these types of systems is key to improving their performance. To better understand the process of failure in ceramic materials subjected to ballistic impacts, we planned and executed reverse ballistic experiments to study material failure during impact on a silicon carbide target. The primary diagnostic tool we used was proton radiography conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) using their 800 mega-electron-volt (MeV) linear accelerator. Proton radiography at this facility is capable of excellent spatial and temporal resolution with up to 31 frames of data captured with variable frame spacing and gate time. We report and discuss some of the results of these experiments.
DOES RIGHT VENTRICULAR DILATION AFTER PULMONARY VALVE REPLACEMENT PREDICT ADVERSE CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH REPAIRED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

The rationale for timing of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) has focused on pre-PVR threshold values of right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area (RVEDVi) that lead to normalization of RV size after valve implantation.
Interest in Research Participation Among Caregivers of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The goal of this study was to examine caregiver agreement to hear about local research opportunities by joining a clinical research registry. Data from this cross-sectional study were gathered, between 2014 and 2017, across two outpatient clinics: (1) a multidisciplinary Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) clinic (N = 5228) and (2) a general psychology clinic serving youth with, or at risk for, a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD; N = 5040). Overall, more than 8 in 10 caregivers agreed to join the registry. Several child clinical characteristics, as well as racial and sociodemographic factors, were predictive of parental agreement. Findings suggest caregivers of youth with ASD and NDD are amenable to joining the local research enterprise, however further work is needed to understand why some caregivers decline.
Realistic quark and lepton masses through SO(10) Symmetry

A model of quark and lepton masses based on SO (10) symmetry is presented. Almost all qualitative and quantitative features of the quark and lepton masses and the quark mixing angles are explained as consequences of various aspects of SO (10) invariance without any family symmetry. The threefold mass hierarchy as well as the phenomenologically successful relations m 0 τ ≃ m 0 τ , m 0 u ≃3 m 0 s1 m 0 c ≃1/3 m 0 d m 0 u / m 0 t ≪ m 0 d / m 0 b , tanΘ c ≃√ Θm 0 d / mΘ 0 s V cb Θ m 0 s / m 0 b and V ub ∼ V us V cb follow from a simple Yukawa structure at the unification scale. The model has predictions for tan β , proton decay branching ratios and neutrino mixing angles.
Cytomegalovirus renal infection: Rare manifestation of a common post‐transplant viral infection—A case series

Cytomegalovirus is the most common viral infection in organ transplant recipients that usually affects the brain, lungs, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Renal involvement of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is otherwise rare. We present six cases of biopsy-proven CMV renal infection. Five out of the six patients had detectable CMV viremia. Kidney biopsy revealed glomerulopathy in four cases and tubulointerstitial involvement in two cases. All patients exhibited decline in renal function at the onset of infection. Four out of six patients had improvement of renal function following treatment of CMV disease. To date, this is the largest case series of pure biopsy-proven CMV renal infection described in a single center.
Incidence and outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with deletion 17p: An Indian experience; challenges and opportunities

Abstract Background Deletion 17p (del17p) is a rare genomic aberration found in patients with CLL and its incidence is 5-9% in untreated patients and 30- 50% of relapsed and refractory cases. The presence of del 17p correlates with poor response to chemotherapy and unfavourable outcome. There is a paucity of data regarding incidence and outcome of CLL patients with del 17p from India. Methods This prospective study included consecutive treatmentnaive and relapsed/refractory patients who were diagnosed with CLL and registered at the Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, between June 2013 and December 2018. Del 17p was assessed by FISH in peripheral blood samples. Results Total 220 patients (150 new and 70 relapse/refractory) recruited in this study, del 17 p was found in 18 (12%) patients in new cases and 18 (25.5%) in relapsed/refractory cases. The median age in 36 cases were 57 years (35-80) with male:female ratio was 6:1. As per clinical Rai stage:5 cases were in stage 0 & I, 10 cases were in stage II, 8 cases were in stage III and 13 cases were in stage IV. ZAP-70 was positive in 58%, CD 38 was positive in 45%, CD49d was positive in 66% and 80% of cases were IGVH unmutated. Out of 18 newly diagnosed cases, 11 patients received treatment [ 4 – Ibrutinib, 4 -Bendamustine + Rituximab (BR), 2- Chlorambucil and Prednisolone (CP),1 -Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR)] while 7 patients were kept under observation. The overall response rate was 63.6% and complete response was 4 (36.36%). Out of 18 Relapse/refractory cases, 15 patients were required treatment (4- Ibrutinib, 4- BR, 5 -RCHOP/RCVP, 2 CP] with an overall response rate of 40% and CR rate of 12%. Eighteen patients died (11-disease progression, 4 infections and 3 -other reasons). Eight patients developed Richter’s transformation and died. The median progression free survival and overall survival was 14 months and 24 months respectively. Conclusions This is the first study on CLL with del17 p reported from India. Its incidence is 12 % in upfront cases and 25.5% in relapsed /refractory cases. Chemoimmunotherapy has dismal outcome and Ibrutinib was used in a limited number of patients because of financial constraints. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Spiking Reservoir Networks: Brain-inspired recurrent algorithms that use random, fixed synaptic strengths

A class of brain-inspired recurrent algorithms known as reservoir computing (RC) networks reduces the computational complexity and cost of training machine-learning models by using random, fixed synaptic strengths. This article offers insights about a spiking reservoir network, the liquid state machine (LSM), the inner workings of the algorithm, the design metrics, and neuromorphic designs. The discussion extends to variations of the LSM that incorporate local plasticity mechanisms and hierarchy to improve performance and memory capacity.
Design and Analysis of the Liquid Metal Free-Surface Divertor Cooling System

AbstractLiquid metal (LM) plasma-facing components (PFCs) have the potential to alleviate some of the difficult constraints of solid PFCs. The solid substrate that supports these liquids would see ...
Role of Claudin Proteins in Regulating Cancer Stem Cells and Chemoresistance-Potential Implication in Disease Prognosis and Therapy

Claudins are cell–cell adhesion proteins, which are expressed in tight junctions (TJs), the most common apical cell-cell adhesion. Claudin proteins help to regulate defense and barrier functions, as well as differentiation and polarity in epithelial and endothelial cells. A series of studies have now reported dysregulation of claudin proteins in cancers. However, the precise mechanisms are still not well understood. Nonetheless, studies have clearly demonstrated a causal role of multiple claudins in the regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key feature in the acquisition of a cancer stem cell phenotype in cancer cells. In addition, claudin proteins are known to modulate therapy resistance in cancer cells, a feature associated with cancer stem cells. In this review, we have focused primarily on highlighting the causal link between claudins, cancer stem cells, and therapy resistance. We have also contemplated the significance of claudins as novel targets in improving the efficacy of cancer therapy. Overall, this review provides a much-needed understanding of the emerging role of claudin proteins in cancer malignancy and therapeutic management.
An efficient job scheduling in isometric HPCLOUD using ZBLA optimization

Abstract Efficient scheduling of jobs in the cloud environment has become the important criteria to determine the system performance. To improve the user's satisfaction in scheduling of jobs there should be an efficient optimization algorithm to distribute the jobs in cloud environment which eventually leads to dynamic allocation of resources in distributed environment. An efficient optimization algorithm named Zone-Based Bee Life Algorithm (ZBLA) has been proposed on a Hyper Cubic Peer-to-Peer cloud (HPCLOUD) in a structured peer-to-peer framework implemented on the cloud environment. We have compared ZBLA with the Bees life algorithm (BLA) which allocates the jobs faster in addition the network is fault tolerant and scalable with the Isometric partitioned distributed computing paradigm.
Co-Located hepatitis C virus infection treatment within an opioid treatment program promotes opioid agonist treatment retention.

Abstract Background Co-located treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) within an opioid treatment program (OTP) addresses gaps in the HCV care continuum. Few reports have analyzed outcomes related to OUD treatment, such as retention, associated with co-located HCV treatment. Methods Patients (n = 89) treated for OUD and chronic HCV infection in a Northeast US OTP from January 2014 through July 2017 were compared to control patients (n = 199) being treated for OUD and diagnosed with but not treated for HCV during the same period. All patients received opioid agonist treatment (OAT). The outcome of interest is patient retention in the OTP from January 2014 through September 2018, analyzed using logistic regression and survival analysis based on OTP loss to follow-up dates. Results After adjusting for baseline covariates, patients who completed HCV treatment had 2.22 (95 % CI: 1.11, 4.45) increased likelihood of remaining in the OTP compared to patients in the control group. Survival analysis indicated the HCV treatment group had a significantly greater probability of being retained over the duration of the study compared with the control group. Conclusion Results indicate that a co-located model of care is associated with improved OTP treatment retention following HCV treatment, and suggest that co-locating HCV and OUD treatment has a secondary impact on keeping patients engaged in OAT.
From NCLB to ESSA: Implications for Teacher Preparation and Policy:

With the 2001 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the term highly qualified teacher (HQT) became an important component of teacher licensure, including for special...
Assessing Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulation for Low-Speed Flows with Heat Transfer

This paper reports wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) results of low-speed turbulent flows in a plane channel, in ribbed ducts, and around a film cooling jet. We compare our WMLESs to Piroz...
It Is Your Decision to Date Interracially: The Influence of Family Approval on the Likelihood of Interracial/Interethnic Dating:

Although attitudes toward interracial romantic relationships (IRRs) have generally improved over the years, many Americans still disapprove of their family members being in IRRs. Prior studies have...
Does completing advanced endoscopy fellowship improve outcomes after endoscopic mucosal resection

Background It was reported that about 60% of the physicians in the United States believed that their Gastroenterology fellowship poorly prepared them for large polyp resection. Aims Compare endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) efficacy and complication rates between skilled general gastroenterologists who perform high volume of EMR and advanced endoscopists. Methods We identified 140 patients with documented large colonic polyps treated by 4 providers using EMR technique at Carilion Clinic, in Roanoke, Virginia, USA between 01/01/2014-12/31/2017, with follow-up through 10-2018. Information on demographics, clinical and pathological features of high-risk polyps (i.e., size, histology, site, and degree of dysplasia), timing of surveillance endoscopies, tools used during resection, and skills of performing endoscopist's were extracted. The cumulative risks of polyp recurrence after first resection using EMR technique were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results One hundred and forty patients were identified (Mean age, 64.1±11.2 yrs; 47.1% males). Fiftyfive polyps (39.3%) were removed by 2 skilled gastroenterologists and 85 (60.7%) were removed by advanced endoscopists. Most of the polyps resected were located in the right colon (63.6%) and roughly half of the polyps were removed in piecemeal fashion. At follow-up endoscopy, the advanced endoscopy group had lower polyp recurrence rates. The median recurrence after polypectomy was significantly different between the groups (0.88 and 1.03 years for skilled gastroenterologists who did not complete and completed EMR hands-on workshops; respectively vs. 3.99 years for the advanced endoscopist who did not complete EMR hands-on workshop, p=0.03). Conclusions There is a need for additional EMR training since polyp recurrence was significantly different between the groups despite high rates of piecemeal resection in the advanced endoscopy groups.
Accuracy of the surgical risk preoperative assessment system universal risk calculator in predicting risk for patients undergoing selected operations in 9 specialty areas.

Abstract Background The universal Surgical Risk Preoperative Assessment System (SURPAS) prediction models for postoperative adverse outcomes have good accuracy for estimating risk in broad surgical populations and for surgical specialties. The accuracy in individual operations has not yet been assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Surgical Risk Preoperative Assessment System in predicting adverse outcomes for selected individual operations. Methods The SURPAS models were applied to the top 2 most frequent common procedural terminology codes in 9 surgical specialties and 5 additional common general surgical operations in the 2009 to 2018 database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP). Goodness of fit statistics were estimated, including c-indices for discrimination, Hosmer-Lemeshow graphs and P values for calibration, overall observed versus expected event rates, and Brier scores. Results The total sample size was 2,020,172, which represented 29% of the 6.9 million operations in the ACS NSQIP database. Average c-indices across 12 outcomes were acceptable (≥0.70) for 13 (56.5%) of the 23 operations. Overall observed-to-expected rates were similar for mortality and overall morbidity across the 23 operations. Hosmer-Lemeshow graphs over quintiles of risk comparing observed-to-expected rates of mortality and overall morbidity were similar for 52% and 70% of operations, respectively. Model performance was better in less complex operations and those done in patients with lower preoperative risk. Conclusion SURPAS displayed accuracy in estimating postoperative adverse events for some of the 23 operations studied, but not all. In the procedures where SURPAS was not accurate, developing disease or operation-specific risk models might be appropriate.
Genetics in prostate cancer: implications for clinical practice.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in our understanding of prostate cancer genetics have transformed the field. However, challenges in implementation and clinical application remain. The aim of this review is to discuss recent noteworthy publications in prostate cancer germline testing, genetically informed treatment, and polygenetic risk. RECENT FINDINGS The recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of two poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose inhibitors (olaparib and rucaparib) for the treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with mutations in DNA damage repair genes and updates to the National Cancer Center Network testing guidelines that expand the eligibility criteria for germline and somatic genetic testing in men with prostate cancer provide an opportunity for a larger portion of the prostate cancer population to access genetic testing and targeted therapies. Due to this, clinicians have needed to rapidly adapt their clinical workflows. Further, the field has renewed efforts to evaluate polygenetic risk profiles to better understand the complex genetic landscape beyond single genes. SUMMARY This review highlights advances in the understanding of prostate cancer genetics, and areas that remain less well defined. Collaboration between multidisciplinary team members is necessary to move this field forward and provide quality, optimal care.
The Microwave Magnetron

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanism of oscillation in a magnetron, the properties of a magnetron oscillator as compared to other microwave oscillators, and a review of recent contributions to the further development of the magnetron towards meeting the ever more exacting demands of modern navigation, ordnance, communication, industry, and basic research in physics. The main components of a magnetron include a cathode, a cylindrical anode, a resonant system or tank circuit, and a magnet. The trajectories of the electrons in an oscillating magnetron are extremely complicated and intersect in such an intricate manner that no coherent flow pattern is established. The application of the magnetron for various communication purposes is contingent on the possibility of modulating its output power. The magnetron is admirably suited for the pulse operation used in most radar applications. The interaction between different oscillations in the magnetron is also of importance with regard to noise. The noise may modulate a steady-state oscillation of another frequency.
Organometallic Reactions Involving Hydro-Nickel, -Palladium, and -Platinum Complexes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the involvement of hydro complexes in reactions, such as the isomerization, oligomerization, hydrosilylation, and hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydro complexes of the transition metals have been known for many years. A hydronickel intermediate was postulated in the nickel-catalyzed hydroalumination of alkynes where small amounts of Ni(acac)2 were found to accelerate the rate of cis-hydroalumination. Reduction with Hydrazine method is significant since it was the first one used in the preparation of PtHCl(PEt3)2 from PtCl2(PEt3)2. Protonation of triphenylphosphine, with a variety of acids has been shown to give hydroplatinum complexes. A convenient route for the preparation of a broad range of hydrosilyl platinum complexes is the reaction of the silyl with Pt(C2H4)(PPh3)2 in the absence of solvent. The oxidative addition of H2 to low-valent d8 complexes, such as IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2, is a common synthetic method for dihydro complexes. Hydro complexes of metals of this triad have been prepared by the hydrogenolysis of σ-bonded ligands. The thermolysis of PtC1(COC8H17)(PPh3)2 gives PtHCl(PPh3)2 and octene. The chloroplatinic acid-catalyzed addition of SiC13H to heptene-3 has been used to prepare n-heptyltrichlorosilane in good yield. In the presence of chloroplatinic acid, methylphenylsilane reacts with propylamine to yield either the mono- or disubstituted silane depending on the ratio of the reactants.
How to expand the 'sample size' of studies of drug market disruptions.

[1] make a valuable contribution byadding purity to the list of outcomes US methamphet-amine precursor regulations have been shown to affect,andbyshowingthatCanadianprecursorregulationsalsoaffected US methamphetamine purity.One minor clariﬁcation is that the natural outcome ofinterest is not purity, but purity-adjusted price. In manymarkets, the distribution chain changes purity-adjustedprice primarily by changing purity, so purity acts almostasasufﬁcientstatisticforpurity-adjustedprice[2].Some-times, however, purity itself is unresponsive to supplyshifts. Apparently that is the case with methamphet-amine in Hawaii, where the preference for ‘ice’ ensuresthatpurityisalwayshigh.Inthosemarkets,stablepurityshould not be seen as ‘possibly limiting its sensitivity toprecursor regulation’ unless one veriﬁes, ﬁrst, that priceper gram has also not changed.Themoreimportantquestionis:howcantheresearchcommunity expand the number of market disruptionsthat have been studied in this way? There are manypapersontheAustralianheroindroughtandnowasmallcollection (due mainly to Cunningham, Liu and co-authors[1])onNorthAmericanmethamphetaminepre-cursor controls. There are a few reports on the cocainemarketdisruptionsof 1989/90and1995(notablyCrane
Selectivity and Stereospecificity in Synthetic Applications of Radical Reactions

The advantages of radical reactions for Organic Synthesis are summarised. Based on the idea of the disciplined radical, it is now possible to design radical reactions which afford a good yield of a single desired product. The system needs to contain a disciplinary group. In the case of radical reactions involving tin hydrides, it is the weak tin-hydrogen bond that is the disciplinary group. For the esters of thiohydroxamic acids, the disciplinary group is the thione function. Examples are given. Recent work has involved the design of stereospecific radical reactions. The hindrance around one chiral center is used to control the formation of the second. The ketal of (+)-(2R,3R) tartaric acid gives excellent stereospecificity (≈24:1) with retention of configuration.
A structure-based design approach for the identification of novel inhibitors: application to an alanine racemase.

We report a new structure-based strategy for the identification of novel inhibitors. This approach has been applied to Bacillus stearothermophilus alanine racemase (AlaR), an enzyme implicated in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. The enzyme catalyzes the racemization of L- and D-alanine using pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. The restriction of AlaR to bacteria and some fungi and the absolute requirement for D-alanine in peptidoglycan biosynthesis make alanine racemase a suitable target for drug design. Unfortunately, known inhibitors of alanine racemase are not specific and inhibit the activity of other PLP-dependent enzymes, leading to neurological and other side effects. This article describes the development of a receptor-based pharmacophore model for AllaR, taking into account receptor flexibility (i.e. a 'dynamic' pharmacophore model). In order to accomplish this, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on the full AlaR dimer from Bacillus stearothermophilus (PDB entry, 1 sft) with a D-alanine molecule in one active site and the non-covalent inhibitor, propionate, in the second active site of this homodimer. The basic strategy followed in this study was to utilize conformations of the protein obtained during MD simulations to generate a dynamic pharmacophore model using the property mapping capability of the LigBuilder program. Compounds from the Available Chemicals Directory that fit the pharmacophore model were identified and have been submitted for experimental testing. The approach described here can be used as a valuable tool for the design of novel inhibitors of other biomolecular targets.
Using Professional Standards for Higher Education to Improve Student Affairs

The instruction and program quality at community colleges adheres to standards mandated through regional and national accreditation at institution and program levels. Community college personnel must understand their specific role in college and program accreditation and how accreditation is crucial for functions, such as accessing federal financial aid, guaranteeing credit hour transfers, and recognizing certification and licensure. The author presents an overview of the accreditation process and strategies for using the process to increase accountability.
SYSTEM DYNAMICS: AN INTRODUCTION & APPLICATIONS TO THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY

The field of nuclear technology has been developing for over 50 years and has moved from the laboratory into a very large commercial industry. The growth in the underlying science and engineering has been remarkable both in its breadth and depth. The ability to design, analyze, and understand the behavior of nuclear plants is firmly established. There remain many challenging technical problems, but success of the industry is not contingent upon solving those technical problems. Rather, the success of the industry will be determined by a wider array of concerns than pure technology. For instance, nuclear plants in the future will have to compete economically against efficient, versatile, and reliable fossil technologies. In addition, potential users must be assured that the indirect costs, such as those of environmental effects and waste disposal, are acceptable. Finally, public perceptions about risks must somehow be allayed, if not resolved. The objective of this paper is to provide an introduction to a tool that may be useful to the industry in addressing the types of issues suggested above. The tool discussed is system dynamics. It has been used with considerable success in many other fields in ways that are similar to the needs ofmore » the nuclear field. In the second section of the paper the authors provide some background on the system dynamics method and illustrate how system dynamics models are constructed. In section 3 they discuss two applications in the nuclear field, the first relating to construction of nuclear plants and the second in the operation of a nuclear utility in the social/political environment of today in the United States. They conclude with some summary comments.« less
Pre-Service Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Knowledge: A Continuum of Views on Effective Technology Integration.

This article reports a heuristic case study that explored how components of Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) manifested in the artifacts of post-Baccalaureate pre-service teachers. Self-reported perceptions of their technology integration competencies were high. End-of-semester presentations reflected three distinct views of technology integration: trendy, pragmatic, and pedagogical. The quality of TPK connections in lesson plans was mixed. Higher TPK scores were apparent in lesson plans associated with models of teaching with which they had the most familiarity as learners themselves. The appropriateness of their choice of technology to enhance student learning was related to the depth of their conceptual understanding of the pedagogy. This article concludes by echoing Shulman’s (1987) advice that teacher education courses and programs need to be structured in a way that explicitly address pedagogical reasoning.
Anthropological Genetics in the 21st Century: Introduction

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41465808.
Chemical vapor deposition membranes

This chapter is divided into four sections the first of which treats issues of general relevance to Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of membranes, the second reviews work on dense silica membranes, the third is devoted to Y_2O_3-stabilized ZrO_2 (YSZ) membranes, and the fourth treats CVD of Pd membranes.
Early identification of mental health problems in schools: The status of instrumentation.

Abstract When embedded within a continuum of mental health services including both prevention and treatment, school-based mental health identification programs can promote improved academic and mental health functioning among students. This article describes the scientific status of assessment instrumentation that may be used for early mental health identification in schools. Currently available instruments are described in terms of their ability to accurately detect youth with mental health problems. Implications for selecting mental health screening and assessment instruments and integrating them into schools are discussed. Finally, a range of approaches to early identification in schools as well as some of the broader ethical and practical issues related to the integration of these strategies into a school-wide continuum of services are presented.
The Challenge(s) of Rethinking History Education

(2011). The Challenge(s) of Rethinking History Education. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 581-586.
A centrin homologue is a component of the multilayered structure in bryophytes and pteridophytes

The multilayered structure (MLS), a component of the locomotory complex of plant sperm, has been utilized extensively by taxonomists in establishing phylogenetic relationships between the lower plants and algae. Unfortunately, there has been almost no biochemical characterization of the MLS and, in those studies that did attempt a characterization, conflicting results were obtained. We utilized antisera to the calcium-binding protein centrin to probe thin sections of the mid-stage spermatids of the anthocerotePhaeoceros laevis, the hepaticSphaerocarpos texanus, and the pteridophyteCeratopteris richardii embedded in L. R. White resin. The lamellar strip (LS; layers S2–S4) of the MLS in each of these species is labelled strongly with anti-centrin, but the S1 layer, composed of microtubules, is not. InCeratopteris, centrin is also detected in the amorphous electron opaque material that connects the basal bodies of the flagella. Both the MLS and the amorphous zones are putative microtubule organizing centers. Extracts from axenic cultures ofCeratopteris subjected for electrophoresis and Western blotting revealed a reactive band at 19.3 kDa, a protein similar in molecular mass to algal centrin. These data indicate that the MLS is composed at least partially of the protein centrin or a protein antigenically-related to centrin. This report is the first electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration that a centrin homologue is found in land plants and that it occurs at putative microtubule organizing centers.
Staining calcified dental tissues with food

The discoloration of enamel caused by food substances was found to be superficial and for dentin and cementum ingressive. Discoloration of cementum exceeded that of dentin, and dentin stained more than enamel. Coffee and soy sauce stained the calcified dental tissues more than the cola beverage and tea. The longer the staining time, the deeper was the discoloration.
Crisis Intervention by Social Workers in Fire Departments: An Innovative Role for Social Workers

This article describes a unique use of social workers as crisis response team (CRT) members in a nontraditional host setting, municipal fire departments in Arizona. The role of modern-day firefighters has changed dramatically and now includes responding to a wide variety of crises and emergencies other than fires, such as motor vehicle accidents, family abuse, suicides, mental health incidents, accidents, and shootings. These traumatic events can lead to compassion fatigue in medically trained first responders who lack training to address the emotional needs of those involved in these crisis situations or to provide follow-up to ensure that their needs are met postemergency. Originally, CRTs were developed in these fire departments to address the needs of firefighters themselves. However, their functions have expanded to address the needs of customers served by the fire department, both at the scene and during the postintervention period. Using principles of crisis intervention and trauma theory, social workers and social work students placed in these agencies are benefiting both firefighters and community members served by the fire department.
Hepatic irradiation in the management of metastatic hormone‐secreting tumors

Three patients with extensive liver metastases from hormone-secreting tumors were treated with external beam radiation therapy to palliate signs and symptoms of tumor mass and/or hormone secretion. These patients experienced an objective response of 3, 14, and 24 months duration, respectively, as measured by plasma hormone levels and/or computed tomography (CT) scanning. Using conventional fractionation, a dose of 2400 to 3000 rad was delivered without significant acute or late toxicity. Although these tumors have a long natural history (many years), even after the development of liver metastases, radiation therapy can provide effective palliation and should be considered as a therapeutic option.
Computation of isothermal sections of the Al-H-Mg system☆☆☆

Abstract The numerical method developed by Kaufman and Nesor is applied to calculate the phase diagrams of the binary systems Al-Li, Al-Mg and Li-Mg. Information on the thermodynamics of the solution as well as on the thermodynamics of the binary compounds are derived and, when available, compared with experimental results. Isothermal sections of the ternary system, Al-Li-Mg are estimated at temperatures of interest for the lithium battery developed at Argonne National Laboratory (T = 648, 673, 723 and 773 K). The calculations of these sections are based mainly on information derived from the analyses of the binary subsystems. Until further experimental evidence is obtained on the stability and existence of ternary compounds in the temperature range of interest for us, we have not included any ternary compound in our computations.
Internal features of Ammonitellas of Tornoceratids from the Middle Devonian Cherry Valley Limestone, New York State, USA

Abstract A previous study on the ammonitellas of Agoniatites vanuxemi ( Hall, 1879 ) from the Middle Devonian Cherry Valley Limestone of New York State, USA, showed remarkable preservation of the internal morphology. In this paper, the ammonitellas of another ammonoid, a member of the Tornoceratidae, from the Cherry Valley Limestone are studied. The tornoceratids come from a weathered friable shale layer. The ammonitellas examined are from juvenile specimens, many of which appear to be loose in the matrix. Specimens were studied in median cross section using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Shell walls and septa appear as more heavily etched grooves surrounded by large blocks of calcite. Membrane-like structures are associated with several embryonic septa in one specimen. In one specimen, a primary varix marks the end of the ammonitella. The first two septa join the shell wall of the initial chamber at its dorsalmost point. The first septum (= proseptum) is asymmetrically concave adapically and attaches to the dorsal wall of the initial chamber, which extends into the first chamber. The second septum attaches at the end of this extension. The third septum attaches to the dorsal wall of the ammonitella coil. This arrangement differs from that in Agoniatites , where all three septa join the dorsal wall of the ammonitella at a single point. This difference cannot be easily explained by the tighter coiling of the ammonitella of the tornorceratids because they are not closely related to the agoniatites. In addition, although the tornoceratid ammonitella is similar to that of the agoniatids in many ways, it is half the size.
Update: Science and security

Although ‘a substantial and serious technology transfer [to the Soviet Union] exists,’ open communication of federally funded research does not damage our national security, according to Dale R. Corson, president emeritus of Cornell University and chairman of the National Academy of Sciences' Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security. Corson characterized those technology transfers at a recent press conference on the panel's findings, which are summarized in their report, ‘Science Communications and National Security’ (Eos, October 5, p. 801). ‘A net flow of products, processes, and ideas is continually moving from the United States and its allies to the Soviet Union, through both overt and covert means,’ Corson said. While some of this technology transfer has not compromised national security (‘in part because a technology in question had little or no military significance’), a ‘substantial portion of the transfer has been damaging to national security,’ Corson explained. The ‘damaging transfers’ occur through the ‘legal as well as illegal sale of products, through transfers via third countries, and through a highly organized espionage operation.’
Behavioral Implications of Temporal Change in Cariogenesis

Abstract The understanding of process in the archaeological record can only be achieved through the use of a wide range of information. This paper utilizes data from biological anthropology by looking at change in frequency of dental caries with the shift to an agricultural based economy on the prehistoric Georgia coast after c. AD 1150. There is an increase in frequency of carious lesions which is more marked in the females, thus indicating a relatively greater impact of the dietary shift on them than on the males. Most likely, this disparity is due to subsistence role differences between the sexes: males maintained hunting responsibilities, while females were responsible for agricultural related activity, including food preparation.
Phase dynamics of high radiance fiber laser arrays with active phase control

The existing model of the LOCSET technique for the active phase synchronization of fiber laser arrays (T. Shay, Opt. Express, 2006) is extended to include relevant physical properties of the system, such as inherent optical path differences (OPD), line-width and group velocity dispersion (GVD), and we also include phase “jitter” of the master oscillator’s output in the model, which in experiments is implemented to induce spectral broadening for suppression of nonlinear frequency conversion. Linearization of the phase error signal, which incorrectly predicts convergence to a synchronous equilibrium state, is not performed. Instead, the closed-loop control dynamics are shown to be described by differential equations of Kuramoto type when phase corrector response dynamics are negligible. Linear stability analysis indicates that there is always one and no more than one dynamically stable state. The latter is shown to be normally synchronous, except when strong “jitter” is applied. A Liapounov function is found as subject to the validity of certain symmetry conditions.
Optical proximity correction and its application to CD control in high-speed microprocessors

Abstract Feature distortion, linewidth variation, and line-end shortening in lithographic pattern transfer seriously affect circuit performance. These so-called optical proximity effects are both optical and process related. Optical proximity correction (OPC) aims at minimizing these effects by pre-distorting the patterns of the mask. In this article, we present several approaches to OPC and the application of OPC to linewidth control in patterning the gate level of microprocessors.