cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency–wavenumber velocity spectra, Taylor's hypothesis, and length scales in a natural gravel bed river

[1] Macroscale turbulent coherent flow structures in a natural fast-flowing river were examined with a combination of a novel 2 MHz Acoustic Doppler Beam (ADB) and a Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) to characterize the streamwise horizontal length scales and persistence of coherent flow structures by measuring the frequency (f)-streamwise-wavenumber (ks) energy density velocity spectrum, E(f, ks), for the first time in natural rivers. The ADB was deployed under a range of Froude numbers (0.1–0.6) at high Reynolds numbers (∼106) based on depth and velocity conditions within a gravel bed reach of the Kootenai River, Idaho. The MLE employed on the ADB data increased our ability to describe river motions with relatively long (>10 m) length scales in ∼1 m water depths. The E(f, ks) spectra fell along a ridge described by V = f/ks, where Vis the mean velocity over depth, consistent with Taylor’s hypothesis. New, consistent length scale measures are defined based on averaged wavelengths of the low-frequencyE(f, ks) and coherence spectra. Energetic (∼50% of the total spectral energy), low-frequency (f 1 m/s,Lmwere found to be significantly longer than their corresponding coherence lengths, suggesting that the turbulent structures evolve rapidly under these conditions. This is attributed to the stretching and concomitant deformation of preexisting macroturbulent motions by the ubiquitous bathymetry-induced spatial flow accelerations present in a natural gravel bed river.
Attitudes of pregnant women towards collection of biological specimens during pregnancy and at birth

Summary Nechuta S, Mudd LM, Elliott MR, Lepkowski JM, Paneth N, the Michigan Alliance for the National Children's Study. Attitudes of pregnant women towards collection of biological specimens during pregnancy and at birth. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; 26: 272–275. Epidemiological investigations of maternal and child health may involve the collection of biological specimens, including cord blood and the placenta; however, the attitudes of pregnant women towards participation in the collection of biological specimens have been studied rarely. We evaluated attitudes towards collection and storage of biological specimens, and determined whether attitudes differed by maternal characteristics, in a cross-sectional study of pregnant women residing in Kent County, Michigan. Women were interviewed at their first visit for prenatal care between April and October 2006 (n = 311). Willingness to participate was highest for maternal blood collection (72%), followed by storage of biological specimens (68%), placenta collection (64%), and cord blood collection (63%). About one-quarter of women (25–28% by procedure) would not participate even if compensated. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with unwillingness to participate in maternal blood collection (OR = 2.16 [95% CI 1.15, 4.04]). Primiparity was associated with unwillingness to participate in cord blood collection (OR = 1.72 [95% CI 1.23, 2.42]). Among women willing to participate, Hispanic women were less likely to require compensation; while higher educated, married and primiparous women were more likely to require compensation. In conclusion, while many pregnant women were willing to participate in biological specimen collection, some women were more resistant, in particular Hispanic and primiparous women. Targeting these groups of women for enhanced recruitment efforts may improve overall participation rates and the representativeness of participants in future studies of maternal and child health.
Puzzled Circular food

Welcome to three new challenging mathematical puzzles. Solutions to the first two will be published next month; the third is as yet unsolved, so you may need extra luck with that one. Here, I concentrate on circular food, so you might want to eat something before jumping in.
The Case for the Constitutionality of the Social Security Act

The lawyer's task in this symposium is simple and unhappy. He need not speculate about the effects of the Social Security Act on life, on business, on government. He need not concern himself about the probabilities of expected benefits or suggested evils. Those thrilling jobs have been assigned exclusively to other contributors. Moreover, constitutional dogma teaches that, in his professional capacity of advising on constitutionality, the lawyer, as the judge, need not even persuade himself of the wisdom or folly, the desirability or undesirability, of the legislation-not even that the legislation is perhaps a little more wise than foolish or a little more foolish than wise. It is sufficient if the legislative determination has some reasonable support. The work of the Committee on Economic Security, the legislative hearings and the remainder of this symposium establish that support-and beyond peradventure. So the lawyer's job is simple: "to lay the article of the Constitution which is invoked beside the statute which is challenged" and, "uninfluenced by predilection for or against the policy disclosed in the legislation," see "whether the latter squares with the former."' Observers of the Supreme Court's work tell us, however, that the lawyer's job is not so mechanical. He must determine not whether the legislation squares with the Constitution but rather how the tribunal having the power of ultimate decision will decide. When the Supreme Court is that tribunal, he must guess what at least five of the nine Justices will decide. Their decision, he is told, may be influenced by conscious or subconscious predilections, by earlier conditioning and by psychological factors of varying degrees of unpredictability. And certainly, decision involves either intelligent comprehension or mistaken distortion of the problems with which the legislation deals, the difficulties which they present, the manner in which the legislation deals with them and the problems of choice which were resolved by the adoption of that method. The lawyer's job, then, involves all the speculation and uncer-
Abstract 4204: Isatin analog as bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor: A promising novel agent for multiple myeloma treatment

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal malignancy of plasma cells accumulating in the bone marrow. MM cells are highly dependent on the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment for growth and survival through interactions particularly with BM stromal cells (BMSCs), which secrete important MM growth factors and cytokines. Understanding and defining these BM factors are critical to provide the rationale to functionally target these factors and/or kinases as novel biologically based therapeutics for MM. Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase resembling the Src family, plays a key role in the development and function of normal B cells through activation of the B-cell antigen receptor signaling pathway on binding to antigens. Btk further phosphorylates PLC-γ, leading to activation of MAPK, NF-κB, and AKT signaling pathways. Earlier our group synthesized a novel series of 5,7-dibromoisatin analogs. Analogs 6, 11 and 13 were potential anti-cancer agents. In the present study, through docking studies we predicted that bromo isatin analog-11 directly interacts with Btk. We found that Isatin-11 inhibits Btk activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Isatin-11 down-regulates the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL on MM cells. Isatin-11 also activates caspase-3 and PARP-cleavage in MM cells. Taken together, these results suggest that targeting of Btk by Isatin-11 may represent a new therapeutic strategy to treat MM. Citation Format: Krishne Gowda, Manoj K. Pandey, Arun K. Sharma, Shantu Amin. Isatin analog as bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor: A promising novel agent for multiple myeloma treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4204. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4204
A Framework for ASP-Marketplaces

For organizations that plan to use online software applications via Internet one of the most important questions is, ”How do you choose the right ASP for the companies corporate needs?”. ASP marketplaces offer a plurality of pricing models and different levels of service. From whole system and whole service to single applications and methods, every digital product and service can be provided through an ASP marketplace. There is a need for ASP marketplaces, which gives the user a transparent insight into the ASP market. In this paper we define Application Service Providing in the context of Outsourcing. Then we analyze relevant software classes for ASP marketplaces. Finally we will set criteria to compare different levels of service of ASP marketplace. This paper gives an overview of key characteristics ASP marketplace provider must take into account by preparing the business process in order to successfully deliver application services.
Insight into lncRNA biology using hybridization capture analyses

Despite mounting evidence of the importance of large non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in biological regulation, we still know little about how these lncRNAs function. One approach to understand the function of lncRNAs is to biochemically purify endogenous lncRNAs from fixed cells using complementary oligonucleotides. These hybridization capture approaches can reveal the genomic localization of lncRNAs, as well as the proteins and RNAs with which they interact. To help researchers understand how these tools can uncover lncRNA function, this review discusses the considerations and influences of different parameters, (e.g., crosslinking reagents, oligonucleotide chemistry and hybridization conditions) and controls to avoid artifacts. By examining the application of these tools, this review will highlight the progress and pitfalls of studying lncRNAs using hybridization capture approaches.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Clues to long noncoding RNA taxonomy1, edited by Dr. Tetsuro Hirose and Dr. Shinichi Nakagawa.
Action spectrum for lethality of near-UV light on Haemophilus influenzae and lack of mutation.

Abstract Mutation and inactivation of H. influenzae have been measured following irradiation at various near-UV wavelenghts. Inactivation takes place most readily at 334 nm (but is unaffected by absence of excision or postreplication repair), and decreases markedly at longer wavelenghts. No induced mutations to resistance to novobiocin or streptomycin or to ability to utilize protoporphyrin instead of hemin were detected at any of the wavelenghts used. There were also no detectable induced mutations in an excision-defective strain after 334-nm irradiation. These results are in contrast to the in vitro mutation of purified transforming DNA we previously observed.
Interventional treatment of hepatic arterial and venous pathology: A commentary

Hepatic aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms and fistulas (arterial biliary and arterial portal) causing blecding or portal hypertension, and arteriovenous malformations causing high output cardiac failure in adults can be successfully managed by embolization techniques. Results of embolization in infantile hemangioendotheliomas are less uniform and tumors with massive arteriovenous shunting are difficult to manage. Transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunts using expendable stents have been successfully created in patients and have effectively controlled portal hypertension and variceal bleeding.
Bay K 8644-induced potentiation of the contractile response of rabbit iliac artery to caffeine in a Ca2+-free medium.

Abstract 1. 1. In a Ca2+-free medium caffeine (10 mM) was still able to cause a phasic contraction in rabbit iliac arteries. 2. 2. Bay K 8644 at 10−6 but not at 10−7 M potentiated the residual response to caffeine in a Ca2+-free medium. In a Ca2+-free medium with or without KCl (40 mM), Bay K 8644, however, caused no contraction. 3. 3. Nifedipine (10−6 M) did not affect the residual caffeine-response or the potentiating effect of Bay K 8644. Verapamil (10−6 M), however, inhibited both the caffeine response and the potentiation. 4. 4. Bay K 8644 (10−6 M) potentiated the contractile response to Ca2+ (0.01–2.4 mM) in a Ca2+-free medium containing KCl. The potentiation was equally inhibited by nifedipine or verapamil. 5. 5. La3+ (1 mM), EGTA (0.1 mM), or vanadate (10−4 M) completely inhibited the Bay K 8644-induced potentiation without affecting the residual caffeine response. 6. 6. These results suggest that the potentiating action of Bay K 8644 on the residual caffeine response in a Ca2+-deficient medium may not be related to voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. In addition, the activity of Ca2+-ATPase in sarcolemmal membranes may be important in this potentiation.
Initial membrane reaction in peptidoglycan synthesis. Interaction of lipid with phospho-N-acetylmuramylpentapeptide translocase

Abstract The initial membrane reaction in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan is catalyzed by phospho -N- acetylmuramyl (MurNAc)-pentapeptide translocase (UDP-MurNAc-Ala-γ d Glu-Lys- d Ala- d Ala undecaprenyl phosphate phospho-MurN Acpentapeptide transferase). In addition to the transfer reaction, the enzyme catalyzes the exchange of [ 3 H]uridine monophosphate with the uridine monophosphate moiety of UDP-MurN Ac-pentapeptide. Two distinct discontinuities are observed in the slopes of the Arrhenius plots of the exchange and transfer activities at 22 and 30°C for the enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus Copenhagen. Anisotropy measurements of perylene fluorescence and electron spin resonance measurements of N- oxyl -4′,4′- dimethyloxazolidine derivatives of 12-and 16-ketostearic acid intercalated into membranes from this organism define the lower ( T 1 = 16–22° C ) and upper ( T h = 30° C ) boundaries of a phase transition. These values correlate with the discontinuities observed for the activity measurements. Thus, it is proposed that the physical state of the lipid micro-environment of phospho-MurN Ac-pentapeptide translocase has a significant effect on the catalytic activity of this enzyme.
The boundaries of organ donation after circulatory death.

Before vital organs are procured, death statutes require the irreversible cessation of circulation and respiration or the irreversible cessation of brain functions. Dr. James Bernat asks, what duration of asystole proves irreversibility? A video roundtable discussion addresses key ethical aspects of organ donation after cardiac death. Moderator Atul Gawande is joined by George Annas, Arthur Caplan, and Robert Truog.
Putting the "ethics" into "research ethics".

Rosamond Rhodes has done us a great service by suggesting that we take a look at research ethics from a higher altitude in order to get “the big picture” (Rhodes 2005). She offers us a grand view, ...
Binding of tissue-specific factors to the enhancer sequence of hepatitis B virus.

Abstract We have identified tissue-specific factors, in human hepatoma cells, that bind specifically to the transcriptional enhancer sequence of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Two different types of protein factor were found in nuclear extracts of hepatoma cells by the gel mobility shift assay. One factor was observed in human hepatoma cells but not in human kidney, lung, or vein cells, or in embryonic mouse cells. The other was discovered in both human hepatoma cells and human vein cells. DNase I footprint analysis, using the enhancer fragment (164 bp, AccI-SphI) from HBV, revealed that two specific sites are recognized by the nuclear factors. These sites contain consensus octamer sequences which have been found in many other enhancer elements. These results strongly suggest that the two nuclear factors found in hepatoma cells play key roles in the function of the HBV enhancer.
Implications for improving paleolimnological inference models utilizing scale-bearing siliceous algae: transforming scale counts to cell counts

Microfossil remains of siliceous scale-bearing members of the Synurophyceae and Chrysophyceae have become of increasing importance in paleolimnological studies, especially ones involving the reconstruction of historical lakewater pH. Since the numbers of scales per cell for individual taxa are not known, inference models have been based on the relative abundances of scales, not cells. Theoretically, inference models based on the relative numbers of cells would be more appropriate. Morphometric characteristics of scales and cells were used to estimate the mean numbers of scales per cell for 38 taxa. The mean numbers of scales per cell ranged from a low of 27 to a high of 214; over 80% of the taxa had fewer than 100 scales per cell. A highly significant model for estimating the numbers of scales per cell was developed based on scale and cell surface area measurements. The application of the model in order to estimate the number of scales per cell for additional taxa, or ones found to have different morphometric measurements, is discussed.
The distribution and properties of the nonspecific N-methyltransferase in brain.

Abstract— The distribution and properties of a nonspecific N-methyltransferase in the rat brain are described. The enzyme N-methylates tryptamine and N-methyltryptamine as well as β-phenylethylamine, phenylethanolamine, tyramine and octopamine. The enzyme exhibits a pH optimum of 7·9 with phosphate buffer and has a Km for tryptamine of 28 μM. There are potent inhibitors to the enzyme that can be removed by dialysis. Enzymatic activity is present in the brains of a number of species including man, rat, mouse, guinea-pig and frog. Its activity is unevenly distributed in the brain with the highest activity in the cerebral cortex and striaturn of the rat and in the subcortical white matter in man. Studies of its subcellular distribution indicate that most of the N-methylation activity is released into the soluble fraction. Enzymatic activity is also present in a number of peripheral tissues of the rat.
On the use of protective aircraft thermohelmets for achieving high supersonic speeds

Abstract The problem of achieving high supersonic velocities ( M = 20 or more) in the atmosphere is the difficulty associated with achieving safe protection for an aircraft from high stagnation temperatures. There are no materials that can endure these temperatures for a long time. In this paper, several projects of disposable, composite thermohelmets with smart-controlled and individually moving rods are advanced to this effect, and unit-sintered ceramic thermohelmet structures are analyzed in more detail. The computation of failure wave velocity depending on eight different physical parameters is given in the steady-state, brittle regime. An analysis of this solution enables us to conclude that unit-sintered, disposable thermohelmets made of alumina will provide safe protection of aircraft for M = 20 or more. The necessity of the study of other ceramics or composites and projects is emphasized. The project entitled “Disposable Thermohelmet with Smart-Controlled and Individually Moving Rod”, was disclosed to Research Corporation Technologies in the invention Disclosure No. 388-BO97-92 with the priority date of 11 February 1992.
Assessing needs for computer pest management software in Nebraska agriculture

A mail survey was conducted to assess current computer hardware use and perceived needs of potential users for software related to crop pest management in Nebraska. Surveys were sent to University of Nebraska-Lincoln agricultural extension gents, agribusiness personnel (including independent crop consultants), and crop producers identified by extension agents as computer users. There were no differences between the groups in several aspects of computer hardware use (percentage computer use, percentage IBM-compatible computer, amount of RAM memory, percentage with hard drive, hard drive size, or monitor graphics capability). Responses were similar among the three groups in several areas that are important to crop pest management (pest identification, pest biology, treatment decision making, control options, and pesticide selection), and a majority of each group expressed the need for additional sources of such information about insects, diseases, and weeds. However, agents mentioned vertebrate pest management information as a need more often than the other two groups. Also, majorities of each group expressed an interest in using computer software, if available, to obtain information in these areas. Appropriate software to address these needs should find an audience among all three groups.
Spurious first-order phase transitions from topological effects on the lattice

Abstract The discrete nature of the topological charge, Q , leads to sudden jumps in observables when Q changes by ±1 in lattice gauge theory Monte Carlo simulations. This is especially apparent for couplings for which Q = 0 and Q = ±1 are the dominant configurations for the lattice being studied. Metastability of gauge configurations responsible for topological charge, and the strong dependence of quantities such as (ψψ) on Q leads to behavior that has very much the appearance of a first-order chiral phase transition. However, this is only a result of topological charge quantization, the effects of which disappear in the infinite-lattice limit, and not a true phase transition. The phenomenon is demonstrated with Monte Carlo simulations of two-dimensional U(1) lattice gauge theory. The possibility that some signals attributed to first-order chiral transitions in four-dimensional theories could be due to this effect is discussed.
Questions about mass spectrometry data.

I am writing to express my personal concerns about Hao Xin's article “University clears Chinese biophysicist of misconduct” (News of the Week, 28 Apr., p. [511][1]). On 19 April, Hao sent me an interview request regarding an alleged misconduct case against Xiao-Qing Qiu of Sichuan University. According to Hao, Qiu had told her that the mass spectrometric analysis (MS) I did for his project verified his hypothesis that there was a “thiolactone ring” present in the protein pheromonicin. Hao asked me to explain to her in lay terms what I did and what the significance of this ring was. Hao's email brought to my attention Qiu's paper, “An engineered multidomain bactericidal peptide as a model for targeted antibiotics against specific bacteria” ([1][2]). Reading the paper, I found that data from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis were used to confirm the presence of the thiolactone ring in pheromonicin (p. 1481). I told Hao that I performed an MS analysis for Qiu at his request in 2003, but the results of the analysis I performed do not support the findings of the above-referenced article. Qiu's stated interest with regard to the sample he provided to me in 2003 was, as above, in confirming the presence of the thiolactone ring in pheromonicin. On the basis of my memory and saved documents, his samples did not contain peptides at the predicted peptide masses within the mass measurement accuracy of the instrument or any masses matching the tryptic peptides of pheromonicin. I informed Qiu of this finding in early July of 2003. I do not know how Qiu obtained the MS data for his paper. However, I explained explicitly to Hao that the MS data presented in the paper have high mass measurement errors and should not have been used in the paper even if they were observed in mass spectra. The ultimate proof, of course, will be the reproducible production of the functional polypeptide based on Qiu's protocol. 1. 1.[↵][3]1. X.-Q. Qiu , Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 1480 (2003). [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5][PubMed][6][Web of Science][7] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.312.5773.511a [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%2Bbiotechnology%26rft.stitle%253DNat%2BBiotechnol%26rft.aulast%253DQiu%26rft.auinit1%253DX.%2BQ.%26rft.volume%253D21%26rft.issue%253D12%26rft.spage%253D1480%26rft.epage%253D1485%26rft.atitle%253DAn%2Bengineered%2Bmultidomain%2Bbactericidal%2Bpeptide%2Bas%2Ba%2Bmodel%2Bfor%2Btargeted%2Bantibiotics%2Bagainst%2Bspecific%2Bbacteria.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnbt913%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F14625561%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nbt913&link_type=DOI [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=14625561&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F313%2F5786%2F440.2.atom [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000186845200026&link_type=ISI
Combinatorial Libraries of Bis-Heterocyclic Compounds with Skeletal Diversity

Combinatorial solid-phase synthesis of bis-heterocyclic compounds, characterized by the presence of two heterocyclic cores connected by a spacer of variable length/structure, provided structurally heterogeneous libraries with skeletal diversity. Both heterocyclic rings were assembled on resin in a combinatorial fashion.
Effect of Suppressed Excitation on the Amplitude Distribution of 5 Minute Oscillations in Sunspots

Five minute oscillations on the Sun (acoustic and surface gravity waves) are excited by subsurface turbulent convection. However, in sunspots the excitation is suppressed because a strong magnetic field inhibits convection. We use three-dimensional simulations to investigate how the suppression of excitation sources affects the distribution of the oscillation power in sunspot regions. The amplitude of random acoustic sources was reduced in circular-shaped regions to simulate the suppression in sunspots. The simulation results show that the amplitude of the oscillations can be approximately 2-4 times lower in the sunspot regions in comparison to the quiet Sun, just because of the suppressed sources. Using SOHO MDI data we measured the amplitude ratio for the same frequency bands outside and inside sunspots and found that this ratio is approximately 3-4. Hence, the absence of excitation sources inside sunspots makes a significant contribution (about 50% or higher) to the observed amplitude ratio and must be taken into account in sunspot seismology.
Celsian formation in fiber-reinforced barium aluminosilicate glass–ceramic matrix composites

Abstract Hot pressing of barium aluminosilcate (BAS) glass or its composites reinforced with large diameter Textron chemical vapor deposited (CVD) silicon carbide SCS-6 monofilaments or small diameter multifilament Nicalon or Hi-Nicalon fibers resulted in the crystallization of both hexacelsian and monoclinic celsian phases. Effects of additions of monoclinic celsian seeds and strontium aluminosilicate (SAS) glass on crystal phase formation during hot pressing has been investigated. On doping BAS with 5 wt.% monoclinic celsian seeds or 10 wt.% SAS, only the celsian phase was formed in hot pressed monolithic specimens. However, in fiber-reinforced composites hot pressed under similar conditions, a small concentration of hexacelsian was still present as hexacelsian nucleates preferentially on surfaces and the presence of fibers provides a large surface area. When the additive concentration was increased to 10 wt.% celsian seeds or 20 wt.% SAS, celsian was the only phase detected from X-ray diffraction, with complete elimination of hexacelsian, in the hot pressed composites reinforced with large or small diameter SiC fibers.
Specific reading disability: a multiplanar view.

In the past three decades a revolution has altered the way society approaches people with disabilities. Social changes resulted in a significant increase in fundamental and applied research that seeks to improve the lives of people with disabilities by facilitating better understanding of the mechanisms, manifestations, prevention, and treatment of functional impairment. Specific Reading Disability (SRD) has benefited from this revolution. This review focuses on the evolution of SRD, new information in its neurobiology and management, and the challenges that remain. Evidence from a wide spectrum of research provides strong support for the role of phonology in Specific Reading Disability. Despite the mounting evidence, the case is far from completely established. Adults with compensated SRD read but still demonstrate disordered phonology (Felton et al. [1990] Brain Language 39:485-497). Whether poor phonology is causal or a covariant remains to be demonstrated. Of children with poor phonology, it is not known how many are poor readers. While phonology is associated with SRD, other studies have questioned the uniqueness of SRD. Challenges have been made to the method of classification, the uniqueness of phonological dysfunction as a mechanism in SRD and the response to treatment. In the final analysis all poor readers may have a common core of dysphonology, independent of whether their reading is discrepant from their IQ.
Synthesis and characterization of chains composed of nanometer size FeCrB particles

Abstract Ferromagnetic chains composed of nanometer size Fe Cr B particles have been synthesized by reducing a mixture of iron and chromium chloride solutions with potassium borohydride at ambient temperature in the presence of an applied magnetic field. The samples are characterized by inductively coupled plasma analysis, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and SQUID magnetometer measurements. The particle size could be varied from 28 to 60 nm by varying the ethanol content in the reaction medium. An increasing boron content with increasing ethanol in the reaction medium causes a decrease in crystallinity. The observed magnetic properties are correlated to the degree of crystallinity, chemical composition and particle size. The magnetic properties are improved significantly by annealing the chains at 500°C in Ar H 2 mixture. The incorporation of about 1 at% Cr into the Fe Cr B chains enhances significantly the corrosion resistance. The magnetic data are also found to support the chain of spheres model for the magnetization reversal.
Hyperbolic RC transmission line

The hyperbolic RC transmission line, defined by r = r0 sech2x and c = c0 cosh2x, is a new class of RC nonuniform line whose rc product is a constant. This line can be used to make quantitative comparisons of the performance of the three general shapes of nonuniform RC lines with a constant rc product.
A8.38 MMF treatment differentially regulates immune responses to vaccination by PNEUMOVAX but not prevnar in MRL/LPR mice

Background and Objectives Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) blocks the proliferation of activated B and T lymphocytes and is a common immunosuppressive used in the treatment of SLE. PneumoVax is a 23valent unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and Prevnar is a 13valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine conjugated to a protein carrier (a nontoxic recombinant variant of Diphtheria toxin). Currently it is not known if the conjugated polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine is more effective in eliciting stronger antibody responses in patients that are treated with immunosuppressive treatments and more specifically MMF. We evaluated immune responses elicited by the two pneumococcal vaccines in the MRL/lpr mouse model of SLE and the effect of MMF treatment. Materials and Methods Eight week old MRL/lpr mice were purchased from Jackson +Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME). Six groups of mice (5 in each group) were studied, 3 groups received MMF (100 mg/kg of body weight) in standard mouse chow while 3 groups were left untreated. The mice were then vaccinated with PneumoVax and/or Prevnar (0.05ml, intra-peritoneal) or left unvaccinated. Eight weeks later the mice were sacrificed. The serum was collected and analysed in a custom made ELISA for the presence of specific pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies. T and B lymphocytes were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 and TLR ligands respectively and cytokine production was analysed with specific ELISA assays. Results MMF treated and untreated MRL/lpr mice vaccinated with Pneumovax and Prevnar developed comparable levels of specific IgM pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody titers. Anti-polysaccharide IgG antibody titers decreased significantly in the MMF-treated group that received Pneumovax (p Conclusions MMF treatment inhibited IgG antibody responses directed against pneumococcal polysaccharides in MRL/lpr mice vaccinated with Pneumovax but not Prevnar. Moreover, the effect of MMF treatment on the T cell cytokine responses in mice vaccinated with Pneumovax vs Prevnar differed in the production of IL-4 and IFN-g, major cytokines for the regulation of specific antibody responses by B cells.
Isocyanide binding to the copper(I) centers of the catalytic core of peptidylglycine monooxygenase (PHMcc)

Binding of the Cu(I)-specific ligands 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (DIMPI) and isopropyl isocyanide (IPI) to the reduced form of peptidylglycine monooxygenase (PHM) is reported. Both ligands bind to the methionine-containing CuM center, eliciting FTIR bands at 2138 and 2174 cm–1, respectively, but appear unable to coordinate at the histidine-containing CuH center in the wild-type enzyme. This chemistry parallels that previously observed for CO binding to the reduced PHM catalytic core (PHMcc). However, in contrast to the CO chemistry, peptide substrate binding did not induce binding of the isocyanide at CuH. XAS confirmed the binding of DIMPI at CuM via the observation of a short Cu-C interaction at 1.87 A and by the lengthening of the Cu-S(methionine) bond length by 0.06 A. Similarly, FTIR studies on DIMPI binding to the M314I and H172A mutant forms of reduced PHMcc confirmed the assignment of the 2138-cm–1 IR band as a CuM-DIMPI complex, but surprisingly also showed DIMPI binding to CuH, as indicated by a band at 2148 cm–1. An inorganic complex, [Cu(1,2-Me2Im)2(DIMPI)](PF6), was synthesized and its crystal structure was determined as a model for the interaction of isocyanides with imidazole-containing Cu(I) complexes. Comparison of EXAFS data for the protein and model suggests that DIMPI probably binds to CuM in a tilted fashion, similar to that of ethyl isocyanide binding to myoglobin.
Strong limiting bounds for a sequence of moving maxima

Suppose Un,n ⩾ 1, is a sequence of independent U(0, 1) random variables, and an, n ⩾ 1, are integers satisfying 1 ⩽ an ⩽ n. Let Mn = max{Ui: n − an μn i.o.} = 0 or 1, and whether P{Mn < μn i.o.} = 0 or 1.
Characterization of the Plasmonic Fluorescence Enhancement of Poly (3-hexylthiophene) for Organic Solar Cell Applications

The dependence of surface-enhanced fluorescence of the semiconducting polymer poly (3-hexylthiophene) on the diameter of silver nanoparticles was studied. Particle suspensions with a high degree of monodispersity, ranging in diameter from 15 to 153 nm, were synthesized. Polymer films were spin-cast onto substrates containing immobilized silver particles. Fluorescence enhancement factors ranged from 0.9 to 4.9 and generally improved with increasing particle size. Normalization of the fluorescence enhancement to the number of interrogated particles showed an 800-fold increase in enhancement between the smallest and largest particles.
The Kv2.1 K + channel targets to the axon initial segment of hippocampal and cortical neurons in culture and in situ

Background The Kv2.1 delayed-rectifier K+ channel regulates membrane excitability in hippocampal neurons where it targets to dynamic cell surface clusters on the soma and proximal dendrites. In the past, Kv2.1 has been assumed to be absent from the axon initial segment.
Activity of datelliptium acetate (NSC 311152; SR 95156A) against solid tumors of mice.

Datelliptium acetate (NSC 311152) is a water soluble analogue of ellipticine. It is a solid tumor selective compound. In vitro, in a disk diffusion, soft agar colony formation assay (25 ug/disk), the compound demonstrated solid tumor selectivity (compared to leukemia L1210) against colon adenocarcinoma 38 and pancreas ductal carcinoma 03.
CCK-8 inhibits feeding-specific neurons in Navanax, an opisthobranch mollusc

Cholecystokinin has been implicated as a satiety factor in mammals because it inhibits feeding through peripheral and central mechanisms. The cellular mechanisms of the central actions of CCK have been difficult to study because of the complex circuitry of the mammalian brain. Navanax is an opisthobranch mollusc with a defined neural network for feeding behavior in which the central effects of CCK can be studied at the cellular level. Here we report the localization of CCK-immunoreactivity in neuronal cell bodies and varicose fibers in the buccal ganglion of Navanax and that CCK-8 inhibits buccal ganglion neurons selectively and at tenth picomolar concentrations: expansion motoneurons responsible for prey capture are strongly inhibited by CCK-8; circumferential motoneurons responsible for swallowing are weakly inhibited by CCK-8. A large cell, cell X, is described which is sensitive to very low doses of CCK-8. These data imply the existence of a CCK-like peptide with transmitter-like actions in the buccal ganglion of Navanax.
Patterns of speciation and limits to phylogenetic resolution.

The practice of phylogenetic systematics frequently Includes the assumption that cladogenesis occurs by a series of bifurcations. Consequently, a phylogenetic tree that includes one or more polytomous nodes is generally viewed as unresolved. However, while some polytomles surely represent a failure of resolution, others may be real or the best resolution that can be achieved. Therefore, polytomies should be considered as phylogenetic hypotheses in the same way as bifurcating topologies.
Characterization of rat alveolar type II cells in vitro by immunological, biochemical, and morphological criteria.

Using an anti-rat surfactant apoprotein antiserum which specifically reacts with cytoplasmic structures in alveolar type II cells on histopathology sections of rat lung, we have examined the immunoreactivity of pulmonary type II cells in vitro. Single cell suspensions of lung tissue were prepared from male Fischer 344 rats by intratracheal elastase digestion according to standard published methods. Cytocentrifuged preparations of the resulting cell suspensions revealed that approximately 40% of the cells stained positive for surfactant apoprotein using an immunoperoxidase staining technique. Without further cell fractionation steps, the cell suspensions were plated at colonial densities in growth medium. The cells that attached after 24 hours of incubation and at daily intervals were analyzed for surfactant apoprotein immunoreactivity as well as for proliferation, morphology, and phospholipid biosynthesis. The percentage of immunopositive cells increased with time from 75% at day 1 to 94% at 4 days after ...
Foetal and neonatal autopsy rates and use of tissue for research: the influence of 'organ retention' controversy and new consent process.

Results: Overall autopsy rates have been falling significantly between the three study periods (1999–2001 71.7%; 2001–2002 61.5%; 2003– 2004 50.5%). Autopsy rates have fallen significantly between 1990–1993 and 1999–2001 (P < 0.00005) and between 1990–1993 and 1999–2004 (P < 0.0000001). The autopsy rates for stillbirths and neonatal deaths have fallen significantly further since the ‘organ retention’ controversy but not significantly so following the new consenting process. Significantly fewer autopsies are performed on foetuses less than 20 weeks gestation in recent years than a decade ago (P < 0.0000001). There were more external or limited autopsies in later years (P = 0.015). Permission for the use of tissue for education and research is less frequent following the ‘organ retention’ controversy and particularly following the
Cerebrum Consultants A Rhetorical Case

Unlike undergraduate students in an introductory business- or technical- writing course, graduate students in an advanced professional-writing course seldom need to be motivated to study language, ...
Design methodology for the mechanical reliability of optical fiber

An engineering methodology for the mechanical reliability of optical fiber is developed within a fracture-mechanics framework. The model expresses allowable in-service and installation stresses as a fraction of fiber strength in a fatigue environment for a range of n values and fiber types. Failure probability is incorporated into the model by the measurement of the fiber-strength distribution appropriate to the application. For long-length applications, strength distributions of hundreds to thousands of kilometers of fiber are needed. A 400-km strength distribution captures the beginnings of the truncated portion of the distribution.
Supply chain management simulation: a prototype object-oriented supply chain simulation framework

In this paper, we discuss the design, development and testing of a prototype object-oriented framework for performing supply chain simulations. We define the primary objects required for supply chain simulations and design how each of these objects are related to each other to form a supply chain network. We also present how persistence is handled for instantiating supply chain network simulations from a database. Finally, we present a small example simulation to validate and illustrate the concepts.
Comparison of the PPVT, PPVT-R, and Intelligence Tests Used for the Placement of Black, White and Hispanic EMR Students.

Abstract Comparisons of the revised PPVT (PPVT-R), the PPVT, and placement IQ tests were made with 114 EMR students, 46 white, 44 black, and 24 Hispanic. The PPVT and PPVT-R correlate substantially for all three ethnic groups, but neither the PPVT nor PPVT-R, correlates to a significant degree with the placement IQ tests. Sizeable mean score differences were obtained on the PPVT, PPVT-R, and placement IQ tests as a function of test differences and text x race interactions.
Calix[4]pyrrole[2]carbazole: A New Kind of Expanded Calixpyrrole

The synthesis and anion binding properties of a new class of calixpyrrole analogue, containing two carbazole subunits in lieu of two of the four acetone bridging elements normally found in calix[4]pyrrole, is described. The compound exists in a winglike structure in the solid state, as judged from single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of both the free system and the corresponding benzoate anion complex. Evidence for anion binding in dichloromethane solution was obtained from static fluorescent quenching experiments; these latter revealed a slight preference for acetate relative to other carboxylate anions (e.g., benzoate, oxalate, succinate), as well as various other anionic substrates (i.e., chloride and dihydrogen phosphate). No evidence of binding was observed in the case of bromide, nitrate, and hydrogen sulfate.
Effects of person-job compatibility on managerial reactions to role ambiguity

Abstract This research examines the moderating effects of each of (a) need for achievement and locus of control, and (b) job scope characteristics, both independently and jointly, on managers' affective responses to role ambiguity. Data were collected from a sample of 89 middle-lower managerial personnel in a large, heavy-equipment manufacturing firm in the Midwest. Moderated regression and subgroup, joint-moderator analyses were performed on the data and the results provide support for the hypothesized moderating effects of personality and job characteristics. In particular, the results show that managers with either low need for achievement or external locus of control who work on unenriched, low-scope jobs respond most negatively to role ambiguity while no such relation exists for managers with high need for achievement or internal locus of control who work on enriched, high-scope jobs. Implications of the findings for stress management and work adjustment are discussed.
Remember–know models as decision strategies in two experimental paradigms

Abstract In the remember–know paradigm, subjects report the subjective basis for their “old” response to a memory probe to be either recollection of specific details (“remembering”) or familiarity (“knowing”). The response rates for these judgments are often taken as direct measures of underlying processes, but this process-pure account is implausible in view of the known effects of experimental paradigm. Here, we explore two such paradigms: the remember-first method, in which a remember response is solicited first, followed by “new” or “know” for nonremembered items; and the trinary paradigm, in which a single response adjudicates among the “remember,” “know,” and “new” alternatives. We expand these paradigms to include rating responses, allowing us to distinguish among a set of quantitative models. Subjects’ decision rules, inferred from the models providing the best fit, varied. In both experiments, however, a one-dimensional strength model described a majority (48 of 70) of subjects and the apparently natural process-pure model was rarely supported (4 subjects). The remember–know paradigm is commonly justified by the intuition that it recruits two processes, but in the present experiments “remember” and “know” responses most often depend on a single strength variable.
Ensuring future energy alternatives: the role of resource planning in forming long–range energy and environmental policies

Many of the energy and environmental issues facing the world can be characterised as a combination of 1) complex problems, 2) dispersed solutions, and 3) finite resources. Identifying and implementing rationale and environmentally responsible energy strategies under these conditions requires considerable co–ordination among policy–makers, technology developers, energy service providers and the public at large. At present, industrialised and developing economies are not technologically up to the challenge of substantially reducing CO2 emissions. As the case study from the New England electric sector shows, many more cost–effective options need to be developed and deployed in order to significantly reduce CO2 and other environmental emissions. With liberalisation of the energy sectors in most economies progressing rapidly, the ability to identify and implement effective, coordinated, and integrated policies is becoming very difficult. The New England case study presented here represents one approach where resource planning tools have been used to inform energy sector stakeholders of the alternatives and trade–offs between different energy, economic and environmental policies. Use of such tools to develop a knowledge infrastructure of feasible future energy alternatives is essential if policy–makers are required to truly implement cost–effective and environmentally responsible energy strategies.
Structural investigation of gas sensing Langmuir-Blodgett films of phthalocyanine ((C6H13)3SiOSiPcOGePcOH)

Abstract The crystal structure of the phthalocyanine ((C6H13)3SiOSiPcOGePcOH) (abbreviated as Si-Ge Pc dimer) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film was investigated using X-ray and electron diffraction to provide a structural basis for the observed conductivity change upon gas doping. The structure refinement was done using the linked-atom least-squares method. The structure determined for the Si-Ge Pc dimer is believed to result from the film deposition mechanism and is as follows: crystal system, monoclinic; space group, Pn; a = b = 14.28 A , c = 23.40 A , α = β = 90°, V = 4772 A 3 , Z = 2, and the calculated density is 1.015 g cm−3. The staggering angle between the two Pc rings is 5.5° and the final R value is 9.23%. It is the trihexyl tail group in the molecule that breaks the symmetry of the system and gives rise to the low film density. The phthalocyanine LB films have been used successfully as gas sensors and the gas-sensing mechanism has been modeled as gas adsorption on the film surface and then diffusion through the film. It is the low density and open structure of the film that facilitate the gas diffusion through the film and the charge transfer interactions between the gas molecules and the phthalocyanine rings, which give rise to the high sensitivity and fast response of the gas sensor.