cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Comparison of Measured and Calculated Total Knee Replacement Force Envelopes during Walking in the Presence of Normal and Abnormal Gait Patterns

Knee joint forces measured from instrumented implants provide important information for testing the validity of computational models that predict knee joint forces. The purpose of this study was to validate a parametric numerical model for predicting knee joint contact forces against measurements from four subjects with instrumented TKRs during the stance phase of gait. Model sensitivity to abnormal gait patterns was also investigated. The results demonstrated good agreement for three subjects with relatively normal gait patterns, where the difference between the mean measured and calculated forces ranged from 0.05 to 0.45 body weights, and the envelopes of measured and calculated forces (from three walking trials) overlapped. The fourth subject, who had a “quadriceps avoidance” external moment pattern, initially had little overlap between the measured and calculated force envelopes. When additional constraints were added, tailored to the subject’s gait pattern, the model predictions improved to complete force envelope overlap. Coefficient of multiple determination analysis indicated that the shape of the measured and calculated force waveforms were similar for all subjects (adjusted coefficient of multiple correlation values between 0.88 and 0.92). The parametric model was accurate in predicting both the magnitude and waveform of the contact force, and the accuracy of model predictions was affected by deviations from normal gait patterns. Equally important, the envelope of forces generated by the range of solutions substantially overlapped with the corresponding measured envelope from multiple gait trials for a given subject, suggesting that the variable strategic processes of in vivo force generation are covered by the solution range of this parametric model.
Victorian Writing about Risk: Imagining a Safe England in a Dangerous World

List of illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction: the practice of paradise 1. Banishing panic: J. R. McCulloch, Harriet Martineau and the popularization of political economy 2. The rhetoric of visible hands: Edwin Chadwick, Florence Nightingale and the popularization of sanitary reform 3. Groundless optimism: regression in the service of the ego, England and empire in Victorian ballooning memoirs 4. The uses of pain: cultural masochism and the colonization of the future in Victorian mountaineering memoirs 5. A field for enterprise: the memoirs of David Livingstone and Mary Kingsley Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.
Professors' Influence on Students' Beliefs, Values, and Attitudes in the Classroom.

AbstractThis article reviews how psychology research has defined beliefs, values, and attitudes (BVAs); how they relate to each other; and how they may be influenced, especially in the academic setting. The purpose of this article is to (a) describe the nature of and the interrelationships between BVAs, (b) discuss their relevance to the academic environment, and (c) explore how the knowledge and understanding of the role of BVAs may enhance student learning. One area of influence is the nature of a power differential. The presence of a power differential may influence individuals of a lower stratum to alter their BVAs so that they are more closely aligned to their respected superior. One example of this power differential is the professor-student relationship. Focus will be directed to how the BVAs of undergraduate college students may be influenced by the classroom setting as nurtured by the professor.
Synthesis of oligomeric zirconium polythioethers

Synthesis of zirconium oligomeric polythioethers was effected using aqueous solution and interfacial techniques: The products are insoluble in all tried solvents and possess ZrOH endgroups but no detectable quantities of RSH, ZrCl, or ZrNEt-endgroups.
Combined impact of climate and land use changes on streamflow and water quality in eastern Massachusetts, USA

In this study, the combined impact of climate and land use changes on streamflow and water quality is analyzed by using a GIS-based watershed simulation model, AVGWLF, to simulate the future changes in streamflow and nitrogen load under different climate change and land use change scenarios in watersheds of eastern Massachusetts. The results show that climate change and land development have more impact on changing the seasonal distributions of the streamflow and nitrogen load than on altering average annual amounts of the streamflow and nitrogen load. The monthly streamflows in late fall and winter increase, while those in the summer months decrease, mainly affected by climate change. Nitrogen loads in late fall and winter months increase greatly, while those in spring and summer months have mixed responses affected by both climate and land use changes.
Photodisintegration of Polarized and Aligned Deuterons

The reaction d( gamma ,n)p is studied for gamma energies of 20 to 180 Mev, using unpolarized gamma rays and polarized and aligned deuterons. The differential proton production cross section is calculated as a function of gamma energy, scatteringangle, and relative ( gamma -beam)-(polarization axis)- (alignment axis) orientations. (T.F.H.)
MEDIATION OF AUGMENTED MONOCYTE ADHESIVENESS BY THROMBOXANE

We examined the potential contribution of thromboxanes in human monocyte adherence to plastic. Monocyte adherence to plastic could be augmented by various stimuli including lipopolysaccharide, chemotactic peptide, and supernates of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. Increments in monocyte adhesiveness were suppressed by inhibition of cyclooxygenase, thromboxane synthetase, or by antiserum to thromboxane B2. Neither prostaglandin E2 or F2α significantly affected baseline or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocyte adherence. Additional experiments confirmed incremental production of thromboxane B2 by monocytes after incubation with lipopolysaccharide. Thromboxane B2 itself did not stimulate monocyte adhesiveness. These data demonstrate that monocytes release thromboxane A2 following stimulation and suggest that thromboxane A2 may play a significant role in monocyte-substrate attachment.
AN EVALUATION OF PREFERENCE FOR VIDEO AND IN VIVO MODELING

We assessed preference for video or in vivo modeling using a concurrent-chains arrangement with 3 children with autism. The two modeling conditions produced similar acquisition rates and no differential selection (i.e., preference) for all 3 participants.
Efficacy of dicalcium and defluorinated rock phosphates as dietary phosphorus sources for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphates (DFP) as dietary phosphate sources for channel catfish, and to test the effect of their solubility in neutral ammonium citrate (NAC) on phosphorus utilization. The following phosphates were tested: DCP with a NAC solubility of 90.7%, DFP with a high NAC solubility (HDFP, 85.4%), a DFP with a medium NAC solubility (MDFP, 62.7%), and a DFP with a low NAC solubility (LDFP, 44.6%). In Experiment 1, 12 purified diets (32% protein and 2.9 kcal digestible energy g −1 ) containing either DCP, HDFP, or MDFP and four levels of total phosphorus 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, or 0.8% were tested. In Experiment 2, four purified diets containing either DCP, HDFP, MDFP, or LDFP at 0.49 total phosphorus (0.40% available phosphorus based on DCP) were tested. Juvenile channel catfish (4.8 g fish −1 and 3.8 g fish −1 for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were raised under laboratory conditions and fed twice daily to approximate satiation for 12 weeks. In Experiment 1, weight gain and feed consumption increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased linearly as dietary phosphorus concentration increased regardless of phosphate type. Fish fed diets containing HDFP consumed significantly more feed, had a lower FCR, and gained more weight than fish fed diets containing DCP and MDFP regardless of dietary phosphorus concentration. Bone ash and phosphorus concentrations showed a similar pattern as weight gain in regard to response to dietary phosphorus concentration. As dietary phosphorus concentration increased, bone ash and phosphorus concentration increased linearly regardless of phosphate type. Fish fed diets containing HDFP had higher bone ash and phosphorus concentration than those fed diets containing DCP and MDFP regardless of dietary phosphorus concentration. In Experiment 2, fish fed the HDFP diet consumed significantly more feed than other groups of fish and gained significantly more weight than fish fed diets containing DCP and MDFP, but not more than fish fed the diet containing LDFP. Feed conversions were the same for all fish regardless of treatment. There were no significant differences in bone ash and bone phosphorus concentrations among the treatments. These data indicate that DCP and DFP are equally efficacious for use as phosphorus sources for channel catfish. The data do not support the contention that a higher NAC solubility correlates to a higher utilization of phosphorus for channel catfish.
Engineering Oilseed Plants for a Sustainable, Land-Based Source of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular and mental health benefits of including very long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely eicospentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosohexaenoic acid (DHA) in the human diet. Certain fish oils can be a rich source of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids although processed marine oils are generally undesirable as food ingredients because of the associated objectionable flavors and contaminants that are difficult and cost-prohibitive to remove. Oilseed plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as flax and walnut oils, contain only the 18-carbon omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid, which is poorly converted by the human body to EPA and DHA. It is now possible to engineer common omega-6 rich oilseeds such as soybean and canola to produce EPA and DHA and this has been the focus of a number of academic and industrial research groups. Recent advances and future prospects in the production of EPA and DHA in oilseed crops are discussed here.
Blind MIMOME Wiretap Channel with Delayed CSIT

We study the Gaussian MIMOME wiretap channel where a transmitter wishes to communicate a confidential message to a legitimate receiver in the presence of eavesdroppers, while the eavesdroppers should not be able to decode the confidential message. Each node in the network is equipped with arbitrary number of antennas. Furthermore, channels are time varying, and there is no channel state information available at the transmitter (CSIT) with respect to eavesdroppers' channels; and transmitter only has access to delayed CSIT of the channel to the legitimate receiver. The secure degrees of freedom (SDoF) for such network has only been characterized for special cases, and is unknown in general. We completely characterize the SDoF of this network for all antenna configurations. In particular, we strictly improve the state-of-the-art achievable scheme for this network by proposing more efficient artificial noise alignment at the receivers. Furthermore, we develop a tight upper bound by utilizing 4 important inequalities that provide lower bounds on the received signal dimensions at receivers which supply delayed CSIT or no CSIT, or at a collection of receivers where some supply no CSIT. These inequalities together allow for analysis of signal dimensions in networks with asymmetric CSIT; and as a result, we present a converse proof that leads to characterization of SDoF for all possible antenna configurations.
The effects of phencyclidine on visually evoked potentials of rhesus monkeys

Phenyclidine (Sernylan) was given intramuscularly to 12 rhesus monkeys and electroencephalograms and visually evoked potentials to photic stimulation were recorded. Phencyclidine has profound effects upon VEP's, particularly a marked enhancement of positive components maximal around 100 msec after stimulus presentation. Most likely these effects are related to the level of surgical anesthesia, Stage III, phase I. A correlation was suggested between the increased amplitude of VEP's and the psychotic clinical manifestations of visual perceptual distortions. Physicians and investigators should be aware of the striking effects of this compound, now widely used as a street drug "angel's mist" of "angel's dust", on neurophysiological functions.
An Examination of Attributes Affecting Consumers' Perceptions of E-tailer Quality

An experimental task is carried out in which participants rank e-tailers described in terms of five attributes (reputation of retailer, site usability, security, delivery, and customer support). Conjoint models estimated at the individual level reveal that the most important attribute to perceptions of e-tailer quality is security, followed by site usability and reputation of retailer. Agglomerate hierarchical clustering, based upon the relative importance of attributes to participants, is used to group individuals into different segments. A profile for each segment is provided in terms of demographic and behavioral customer characteristics.
Maximizing the Lifetime of Query-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the problem of maximizing the lifetime of a query-based wireless sensor network in which all of the sensor nodes are both producers and consumers of network resources. Of particular concern is the problem of selecting a common transmission range for all of the sensor nodes, the resource replication level (or time-to-live counter), and the active/sleep schedule of nodes while satisfying connectivity and quality-of-service constraints. To this end, we first formulate a general, mixed-integer programming model that selects the optimal operating parameters in each period of a finite planning horizon. Subsequently, we examine in detail specific connectivity and quality-of-service constraints that can be considered within this framework. Due to the complexity of the model, we formulate an alternative linearized version that can be solved more efficiently. Additionally, we devise a simple algorithm to solve a special case of the problem when alive nodes are always active. Computational results indicate that the maximum attainable lifetime can be significantly improved by adjusting the key operating parameters as sensor nodes fail over time due to energy depletion.
Acquisition of multiple nuclei and the activity of DNA polymerase α and reinitiation of DNA replication in terminally differentiated adult cardiac muscle cells in culture

Abstract Terminally differentiated ventricular cardiac muscle cells isolated from the adult rat and maintained in cell culture have been observed to acquire multiple nuclei. In one cultured myocyte as many as 10 nuclei have been counted. Apparently, these multiple nuclei are formed by DNA replication followed by karyokinesis; the cells must then fail to complete mitosis and divide. To investigate whether DNA synthesis was occurring, the cells were cultured in the presence of [3H]thymidine and then processed for autoradiography. Mononucleated, binucleated, and multinucleated cells incorporate [3H]thymidine into DNA as evidenced by the high concentration of silver grains over their nuclei. Peak periods of incorporation were observed to occur at 10- to 12-day intervals; at 11, 23, and 33 days after initially placing the cells in culture. When the cells were maintained in the presence of [3H]thymidine continuously from Day 7 to Day 17 of culture, 23% of the cells became labeled. If the cells were cultured continuously for 30 days in the presence of [3H]thymidine, from Day 10 to Day 40, 56% of the cells were labeled. Isopycnic gradient analysis indicates that this thymidine incorporation was into DNA that was being replicated semiconservatively; these experiments did not eliminate the possibility, however, that this incorporation was due to amplification of specific genes, such as those coding for the contractile proteins. The activity of DNA polymerase α also returns to these cells. These studies demonstrate that the terminally differentiated mammalian ventricular cardiac muscle cell, previously thought to have permanently lost the capacity to replicate DNA during early development, is able to reinitiate semiconservative DNA replication when grown in culture.
P‐154: High Efficiency White‐Phosphorescent OLED with Host‐Free Yellow Emitter

A white PHOLED with high power efficiency of 55 lm/W has been demonstrated by using a host-free yellow phosphorescent emitter sandwiched by double blue phosphorescent emitters. The white PHOLED with host-free yellow phosphorescent emitter achieved a comparable device performance to that of using complicated host-guest doped system. Based on this device concept as well as the molecular engineering of blue host material, highly efficient white PHOLED can be achieved.
Synthesis of methyl ω-deuterated tetradecanoate and hexadecanoate

Abstract Methyl ω-deuterated tetradecanoates have been prepared in high purity by two synthetic routes from methyl hydrogen tetradecanedioate. One method utilizes the selective reducing properties of sodium borodeuteride and sodium cyanoborodeuteride towards, acid chloride, ester, tosyloxy, and iodo groups to introduce the deuterium label at only the carboxyl group of methyl hydrogen tetradecanedioate. The second procedure utilizes a coupling reaction between an organic halide and lithium di-(trideuteriomethyl) cuprate (I). Corresponding ω-deuterated derivatives of methyl hexadecanoate may be prepared by the same methods from methyl hydrogen hexadecanedioate. The two methods should be generally applicable in the synthesis of ω-deuterated alkanoic acids.
Faces as reinforcers : effects of pairing condition and facial expression

The reinforcing properties of faces were investigated in two experiments in which tones were first paired with an adult female face and subsequently tested for their ability to potentiate visual fixation when compounded with a checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 1, infants who had been presented six pairings of a 65-dB, 1000-Hz tone with a smiling face later fixated a checkerboard pattern significantly more when it was compounded with the tone than when it was tested alone. Infants in random and backward controls fixated the checkerboard pattern roughly equal amounts in the presence absence of the tone, and infants in a no tone control did not exhibit a novelty response when shifted from the face to the checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 2, facial expression was varied across groups and the effects on conditioning of a 65-dB tone that immediately preceded the face were studied. On test trials, greater fixation in the presence of the tone than in its absence was observed when a smiling or a surprised expression was presented, but not when a neutral expression was presented. Differences scores (fixation on tone minus no tone test trials) were significantly geater than zero in the smiling and surprised conditions, and significantly greater in the surprised condition than in the neural condition. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a conditioned visual fixation paradigm for the study of the reinforcing properties of faces and of infant associative learning in general, and suggest that the expression portrayed by a face contributes to its effectiveness as a reinforcer. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ab Initio Study of Structure and Spectra of MnH2, MnH2-, and MnH3

Molecules of manganese hydrides MnH 2 , MnH 2 -, and MnH 3 were studied using large basis sets up to spdfg quality and the coupled cluster technique for the treatment of electron correlation. Both MnH 2 and MnH 2 - have linear equilibrium structures in their high spin ground electronic state, the MnH 2 - molecule having a rather flat bending potential. The MnH 3 molecule is Y-shaped with valence angle α(H-Mn-H) = 44.6° in the 5 B 2 ground electronic state due to the strong Jahn-Teller distortion of the trigonal planar structure. The harmonic vibrational frequencies, IR intensities, and the relative energies of excited states were calculated. Fundamental vibrational wavenumbers and electron affinity were also found for MnH 2 . The results are compared with available spectroscopic data.
Perturbation of Electron-Beam Doses as a Function of Ssd due to the use of Shielding Blocks on the Clinac-18

Many radiotherapylinear accelerators use electron beam applicators which extend close to the patient’s surface when treating at the regular distance. The relatively large size of these applicators often necessitates the use of a larger SSD than that designed by the manufacturer. In such cases, the addition of shielding blocks to the applicator can significantly alter the factors which should be used to calculate the dose rate at the new SSD as compared with the unshielded beam condition. In some typical clinical situations, errors of greater than 60% may result from failure to account for this perturbation. This paper presents the proper correction of the dose vs SSD function for the presence of such shielding blocks for the Clinac‐18 linear accelerator.
Acanthamoeba culbertsoni Elicits Soluble Factors that Exert Anti-Microglial Cell Activity

Acanthamoeba culbertsoni is an opportunistic pathogen that causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), a chronic and often fatal disease of the central nervous system (CNS). A hallmark of GAE is the formation of granulomas around the amoebae. These cellular aggregates consist of microglia, macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, which produce a myriad of proinflammatory soluble factors. In the present study, it is demonstrated that A. culbertsoni secretes serine peptidases that degrade chemokines and cytokines produced by a mouse microglial cell line (BV-2 cells). Furthermore, soluble factors present in cocultures of A. culbertsoni and BV-2 cells, as well as in cocultures of A. culbertsoni and primary neonatal rat cerebral cortex microglia, induced apoptosis of these macrophage-like cells. Collectively, the results indicate that A. culbertsoni can apply a multiplicity of cell contact-independent modes to target macrophage-like cells that exert antiamoeba activities in the CNS.
Tablet computers in support of rural and frontier clinical practice

Abstract Purpose Healthcare organizations are increasingly faced with an environment in which they must implement health information systems to achieve higher standards for efficiency and quality of care while at the same time being asked to provide needed services with fewer resources. This is particularly challenging for rural health systems where access to resources is often more limited. This study investigates the potential value of iPad tablets for enhancing health services delivery by primary care physicians in rural Nevada. Methods Five physicians from rural Nevada were selected to receive iPads and funding for apps that would enhance their medical practices. Following a year of use, data was gathered on each physician's actual use and perceived value of the iPads. A case study approach was taken using both an online survey and semi-structured phone interviews to collect case data. Results Use and perceived usefulness of the iPad was mixed but generally positive with some physicians utilizing it much more than others. The iPads were primarily used by the physicians to access medical information through online resources (e.g. Epocrates and UpToDate) for reference and diagnostic purposes, although they were also used for some interaction with patients. All felt that resources available through the iPad were limited and that better applications would improve the usefulness of the iPad, particularly in regard to graphical and video content suitable to sharing with patients. Conclusions Physicians in this study felt that the iPad could fill a need between smartphones and desktops, which were their primary technology tools prior to receiving the iPad, but that useful medical applications and resources are currently limited for the iPad. In particular, better graphical and video content would improve the usefulness of the iPad as a tool for patient interactions. Apps that store content locally would serve to mitigate inconsistent internet access that is still common in rural settings, increasing the usefulness of the iPad in that context. Tablets like the iPad also have potential for use in accessing the electronic medical record systems that are increasingly being implemented in rural hospitals and healthcare facilities.
Sanitizer Efficacy against Murine Norovirus, a Surrogate for Human Norovirus, on Stainless Steel Surfaces when Using Three Application Methods

Human noroviruses are major etiologic agents of epidemic gastroenteritis. Outbreaks are often accompanied by contamination of environmental surfaces, but since these viruses cannot be routinely propagated in laboratory cultures, their response to surface disinfectants is predicted by using surrogates, such as murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1). This study compared the virucidal efficacies of various liquid treatments (three sanitizer liquids, 5% levulinic acid plus 2% SDS [LEV/SDS], 200 ppm chlorine, and an isopropanol-based quaternary ammonium compound [Alpet D2], and two control liquids, sterile tap water and sterile tap water plus 2% SDS) when delivered to MNV-1-inoculated stainless steel surfaces by conventional hydraulic or air-assisted, induction-charged (AAIC) electrostatic spraying or by wiping with impregnated towelettes. For the spray treatments, LEV/SDS proved effective when applied with hydraulic and AAIC electrostatic spraying, providing virus reductions of 2.71 and 1.66 log PFU/ml, respectively. Alpet D2 provided a 2.23-log PFU/ml reduction with hydraulic spraying, outperforming chlorine (1.16-log PFU/ml reduction). Chlorine and LEV/SDS were equally effective as wipes, reducing the viral load by 7.05 log PFU/ml. Controls reduced the viral load by 3 log PFU/ml with wiping. Results indicated that both sanitizer type and application methods should be carefully considered when choosing a surface disinfectant to best prevent and control environmental contamination by noroviruses.
Improvement on Thermoelectric Characteristics of Layered Nanostructure by Ion Beam Bombardment

We made p-type nanoscale super lattice thermoelectric cooling devices which consist of multiple periodic layers of Si 1−x Ge x / Si, The thickness of each layer ranges between 10 and 50 nm. The super lattice was bombarded by 5 MeV Si ion with different fluencies aiming to form nano-cluster quantum dot structures. We estimated the thermo-electric efficiency of the so fabricated devices, measuring the thin film cross plane thermal conductivity by the 3rd harmonic method, measuring the cross plane Seebeck coefficient, and finally measuring the cross plane electric conductivity before and after ion bombardment. As predicted, the thermo-electric Figure of Merit of the films increases with increasing Si ion fluencies. In addition to the effect of quantum well confinement of the phonon transmission, the nano-scale crystal quantum dots produced by the incident Si beam further adversely affects the thermal conductivity by absorbing and dissipating phonon along the lattice, and therefore further reduces the cross plane thermal conductivity, This process increases the electron density of state therefore increasing Seebeck coefficient, and the electric conductivity.
Random access, electric vehicle charge management

In this work, we propose a strategy for managing the charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) that simultaneously avoids overloads and provides equal access to the charging resources. The random access approach leverages techniques developed for media access control (MAC) of shared wireless communication channels. The method has advantages over presently proposed PEV charge management schemes in that it (1) requires no specific knowledge of individual customers, (2) is inherently democratic, and (3) requires very little communications between the vehicle and the power distribution system. The technique could be readily implemented with a charge management device located at the distribution substation, or located along a distribution feeder.
Self-adjoint Wheeler-DeWitt operators, the problem of time, and the wave function of the Universe

We discuss minisuperspace aspects of a nonempty Robertson-Walker universe containing a scalar matter field. The requirement that the Wheeler-DeWitt (WDW) operator be self-adjoint is a key ingredient in constructing the physical Hilbert space and has nontrivial cosmological implications since it is related to the problem of time in quantum cosmology. Namely, if time is parametrized by matter fields we find two types of domains for the self-adjoint WDW operator: a nontrivial domain is comprised of zero current (Hartle-Hawking-type) wave functions and is parametrized by two new parameters, whereas the domain of a self-adjoint WDW operator acting on tunneling (Vilenkin-type) wave functions is a single ray. On the other hand, if time is parametrized by the scale factor both wave function types give rise to nontrivial domains for the self-adjoint WDW operators, and no new parameters appear in them.
Measurements of the gegenschein from space.

OSO-6 measurements of gegenschein, comparing relative sky brightness data with ground based observations
A mathematical model/computer simulation of adaptive system interaction

An idealized mathematical model of adaptive-system behavior, using conventional economic decision-theory assumptions, is stated. The data-processing capacity of this model is analyzed, revealing that it would be rapidly overwhelmed by even moderate complexity. To circumvent this difficulty, a practical algorithmic approximation is developed. This, in turn, is tested by basing computer simulations of both single adaptive systems and small-group interactional systems upon it. Simulants respond to conditioning, are able to master complex sequences of decisions, are able to put ideas together to synthesize solutions to problems, interact with other simulants in a way that tends to produce interactional patterns (mini-cultures) which serve their survival, and perform in a manner deemed realistic by a wide range of simulation participants. It is thus concluded that the underlying mathematical model of adaptive-system behavior is supported as a valid paradigm for further theoretical research and instruction in the economics of adaptive-system decision making Participant interest in the simulations themselves–as evidenced by requests to participate again–and resulting measurable gains in insight into the economics of interaction–as evidenced by rapidly increasing ability to both anticipate and control the behavior of simulated others–indicate that they, too, could serve as research and instructional tools. Theoretical research applications could range from explorations of the consequences of memory size, risk taking, or analytical foresight upon the performance of individual adaptive systems, to investigations of the effects of changes in size, interactional patterns, normative or enforcement systems for social systems (such as families, friends, classrooms, work groups, military units, and so forth). Instructional applications could include practicums in decision theory and conditioning in academic settings such as economics, sociology, and psychology, and in a wide variety of applied settings such as counseling, therapy, rehabilitation, teaching, training, management, and marketing. Applied research efforts might investigate the effectiveness of simulation as a means of measuring or enhancing such skills as leadership, teaching, training, or adaptability, as discussed above.
Defining treatment margins for six field conformal irradiation of localized prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose: To define the "ideal margins" to be used for the delivery of six-field conformal radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: For a typical patient, 3-D based 6-field conformal treatment plans were generated using uniform margins ranging from 0.5–2.5 cm (in 0.25 cm increments). In a step-wise fashion the minimum margins required to encompass the gross tumor volume within the 90% isodose shell were identified. Additional margins were then added to account for extracapsular penetration, setup and patient movement error as well as for organ movement. Assumptions about the relative tolerance of surrounding normal tissues were also incorporated into the final decisions regarding margins. Results: For the various areas of interface, between the prostate and surrounding normal tissues "ideal margins" varied from 0.75-2.25 cm. Conclusion: The use of nonuniform "ideal margins" appears to insure adequate coverage of the tumor, while minimizing the volume of surrounding dose limiting normal tissues irradiated. This approach should in theory improve the tumor control and complication probabilities compared to using conventional treatment techniques and to using a 6-field conformal technique with uniform margins.
Fool's solitaire on joins and Cartesian products of graphs

Peg solitaire is a game generalized to connected graphs by Beeler and Hoilman. In the game pegs are placed on all but one vertex. If x y z form a 3-vertex path and x and y each has a peg but z does not, then we can remove the pegs at x and y and place a peg at z . By analogy with the moves in the original game, this is called a jump. The goal of the peg solitaire game on graphs is to find jumps that reduce the number of pegs on the graph to 1.Beeler and Rodriguez proposed a variant where we instead want to maximize the number of pegs remaining when no more jumps can be made. Maximizing over all initial locations of a single hole, the maximum number of pegs left on a graph G when no jumps remain is the fool's solitaire number F ( G ) . We determine the fool's solitaire number for the join of any graphs G and H . For the Cartesian product, we determine F ( G ? K k ) when k ? 3 and G is connected and show why our argument fails when k = 2 . Finally, we give conditions on graphs G and H that imply F ( G ? H ) ? F ( G ) F ( H ) .
Preparation and properties of high titer antisera against the beta sub-unit of human chorionic gonadotropin.

Abstract In order to develop a high titer, sensitive, and specific antiserum for the measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),‡ a purified preparation of the beta sub-unit of hCG was conjugated to hemocyanin and the hCG-hemocyanin complex was used to immunize rabbits. The antiserum thus generated had a higher titer than that produced after immunization with the free beta sub-unit of hCG. The small amount of cross reactivity with human luteinizing hormone was virtually eliminated after immunoabsorption of the antiserum with a luteinizing hormone-Sepharose column. The resulting antiserum showed a high specificity to hCG.
Confirmation of the oxygen defect in the Chevrel-phase SnMo6S8 from 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy☆

Abstract We report the measurement of 119 Sn Mossbauer spectra in both the pure and oxygen-containing Chevrel-phase ternary superconductor SnMo 6 S 8 . A detailed analysis provides microscopic confirmation that Sn sites are associated with an oxygen-containing point defect. The isomer shift and quadrupole interaction for the oxygen-free Sn site (Sn1) and oxygen associated Sn site (Sn2) are sufficiently distinct to identify the two sites. It is shown that the reduction in T c by substitution of oxygen for sulfur in the Chevrel phases is not due to charge transfer from the metal ion.
Orai1 and Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 are required for store-operated Icat-SOC current, Ca2+ entry, and proliferation of primary vascular smooth muscle cells

Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is important for multiple functions of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), which, depending of their phenotype, can resemble excitable and nonexcitable cells. Similar to nonexcitable cells, Orai1 was found to mediate Ca2+-selective (CRAC-like) current and SOCE in dedifferentiated cultured SMC and smooth muscle-derived cell lines. However, the role of Orai1 in cation-selective store-operated channels (cat-SOC), which are responsible for SOCE in primary SMC, remains unclear. Here we focus on primary SMC, and assess the role of Orai1 and Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β, or PLA2G6) in activation of cat-SOC current (Icat-SOC), SOCE, and SMC proliferation. Using molecular, electrophysiological, imaging, and functional approaches, we demonstrate that molecular knockdown of either Orai1 or iPLA2β leads to similar inhibition of the whole cell cat-SOC current and SOCE in primary aortic SMC and results in significant reduction in DNA synthesis and impairment of SMC prolifer...
The value of medical student research: the experience at Stanford University School of Medicine

At Stanford University School of Medicine, students are encouraged to conduct research, requiring a substantial amount of funding and effort on the part of teaching staff. We questioned one graduating class and all medical teachers to determine the value of the research experience to students, as well as staff satisfaction. Seventy-three per cent of students and 80% of teaching staff responded. Ninety per cent of students had performed research resulting in at least one published manuscript for 75% and a presentation at a national meeting for 52%. Almost all thought the experience taught them to ask questions, review the literature critically, and analyse data. Three-quarters responded that the experience motivated them to pursue further research, and 60% indicated that they plan a full-time academic career. The majority of teaching staff who worked with students found it rewarding and thought the student had had a valuable experience. We conclude that our curriculum provides a positive opportunity for students to develop an investigative approach to medical problems.
Magnesium sulfate attack on portland cement paste — II. Chemical and mineralogical analyses

Abstract Many of the chemical and mineralogical changes in pastes made with portland cement (PC) and with portland cement plus silica fume (PC-SF) subjected to magnesium sulfate attack occurred in a zone which was referred to as “transition zone”. This zone extended from the surface double-layer inwards where only few changes could be detected. The width of the transition zone varied according to the character of the paste, being greater for the PC paste. Among the characteristic features of the transition zone were the continuous increases in (1) the Ca/Si ratio of the CSH gel, and (2) the bulk CaO/SiO2 ratio of the paste from the surface inwards. In addition, the transition zone had a smaller amount of unhydrated cement particles and exhibited a strong differentiation in the relative amount of the residual phases. The mechanism of the magnesium sulfate attack involved the formation of two counter diffusion patterns. Hydroxide ions, (OH)−, diffused outwards from the paste, whereas SO42− ions diffused inwards from the surface. Due to the lower Ca/Si ratio of the CSH gel in the PC-SF paste and its alteration products, the PC-SF paste was more susceptible to the magnesium sulfate attack than the PC paste. A schematic model is presented which is based on the microstructure (presented in Part I) and the spatial chemical and mineralogical variations. The model attempts to provide explanation and trace the progression of magnesium sulfate attack.
Arms Races and Escalation: A Closer Look

The relationship between arms races and war is a critical consideration in both peace research and strategic planning. This study reconsiders the work of Michael Wallace which has postulated that a...
A Critical Review of Environmental Sustainability Reporting in the Consumer Goods Industry: Greenwashing or Good Business?

As U.S. firms have extended their global reach to embrace new sources of suppliers, they have also been faced with increased pressures to demonstrate that they are socially and environmentally responsible by adhering to sustainable supply chain management practices. Many firms have therefore embraced “sustainability reporting” as a means of ensuring all stakeholders that they are paying attention to their social and environmental impacts while also maintaining their economic viability. Although guidelines for sustainability reporting have been developed by various international organizations, including the World Resources Institute, the World Business Council on Sustainable Development and the United Nations, sustainability reporting and the reporting framework are voluntary endeavors. As a result, the guidelines may not be followed, and incomplete reporting or inconsistent reports may be disseminated. The objective of this research is to identify common reporting practices as well as discrepancies in environmental reporting of selected U.S.-based consumer goods companies. These global companies are also transporting and distributing products worldwide, giving rise to the second objective of this research which is to summarize environmental reporting practices with respect to transportation and distribution. This research shows that the companies reviewed for this study under-reported carbon emissions and greenhouse gases, often omitting emissions resulting from transportation and distribution; changed performance metrics between reporting periods; and generally engaged in inconsistent reporting practices. The research also shows that upstream supply chain partners tend to provide more thorough reports regarding environmental impacts than downstream supply chain partners.
Microtomographic imaging in the process of bone modeling and simulation

Micro-computed tomography ((mu) CT) is an emerging technique to nondestructively image and quantify trabecular bone in three dimensions. Where the early implementations of (mu) CT focused more on technical aspects of the systems and required equipment not normally available to the general public, a more recent development emphasized practical aspects of micro- tomographic imaging. That system is based on a compact fan- beam type of tomograph, also referred to as desktop (mu) CT. Desk-top (mu) CT has been used extensively for the investigation of osteoporosis related health problems gaining new insight into the organization of trabecular bone and the influence of osteoporotic bone loss on bone architecture and the competence of bone. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by excessive bone loss and deterioration in bone architecture. The reduced quality of bone increases the risk of fracture. Current imaging technologies do not allow accurate in vivo measurements of bone structure over several decades or the investigation of the local remodeling stimuli at the tissue level. Therefore, computer simulations and new experimental modeling procedures are necessary for determining the long-term effects of age, menopause, and osteoporosis on bone. Microstructural bone models allow us to study not only the effects of osteoporosis on the skeleton but also to assess and monitor the effectiveness of new treatment regimens. The basis for such approaches are realistic models of bone and a sound understanding of the underlying biological and mechanical processes in bone physiology. In this article, strategies for new approaches to bone modeling and simulation in the study and treatment of osteoporosis and age-related bone loss are presented. The focus is on the bioengineering and imaging aspects of osteoporosis research. With the introduction of desk-top (mu) CT, a new generation of imaging instruments has entered the arena allowing easy and relatively inexpensive access to the three-dimensional microstructure of bone, thereby giving bone researchers a powerful tool for the exploration of age-related bone loss and osteoporosis.
Benzo(a)pyrene and other polynuclear hydrocarbons in charcoal-broiled meat.

The possible production of carcinogenic polynuclear hydrocarbons in the charcoal broiling of food has been investigated. Fifteen steaks were cooked and the polynuclear compounds were extracted, separated by chromatography, and identified spectrometrically. Many polynuclear hydrocarbons were identified, but no nitrogen heterocyclic compounds were detected. The carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene was present in the average amount of 8 micrograms per kilogram of steak.
A second look at the etiology of spinal cord damage in surgery of the abdominal aorta

The report of Atef A. Salam, et al. in this issue touches on an aspect of the causative factors of spinal cord d~anage in surgery of the abdominal aorta that has not been appropriately explored in the past, namely the role that the distal (pelvic) component of the arterial blood supply of the spinal cord plays in the etiology of this complication. The current, widely accepted concept of the causative mechanism of this complication originated, in a large measure, from the conclusions of the articles referenced in this article as 1 and 4. The conclusion of the authors of these articles, after an extensive analysis of their own experience and the experience of others reported in the literature, was that in the instances of uneventful surgical procedures on the abdominal aorta requiring interruption of aortic blood flow the complication of paraplegia "is due to the inadvertent blockage of an arteria radicularis magna (ARM), often called the artery of Adamkiewicz. Because the anatomic irregularity responsible for the mishap cannot be identified with safety :and reliability before operation, the complication as defined above was judged unpredictable and therefore unavoidable. It is to be noted that these authors focused their attention on the puzzling causative mechanisms of the so-called anterior spinal cord syndrome, in which interference with the pelvic arterial system played no part, and therefore they did not concern themselves with the potential importance of pelvic collateral arterial circulation. No, valid evidence has been brought forth since
Intermediate coupling regime in the AdS/CFT correspondence

The correspondence between the 't Hooft limit of $N=4$ super Yang-Mills theory and tree-level type-IIB superstring theory on ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{5}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{S}}^{5}$ in a Ramond-Ramond background at values of $\ensuremath{\lambda}{=g}^{2}N$ ranging from infinity to zero is examined in the context of unitarity. A squaring relation for the imaginary part of the holographic scattering of identical string fields in the two-particle channels is found, and a mismatch between weak and strong 't Hooft coupling is pointed out within the correspondence. Several interpretations and implications are proposed.
Interrogation of EGFR‐Targeted Uptake of TiO2 Nanoconjugates by X‐ray Fluorescence Microscopy

We are developing TiO2 nanoconjugates that can be used as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Nanoscale TiO2 can be surface conjugated with various molecules and has the unique ability to induce the production of reactive oxygen species after radiation activation. One way to improve the potential clinical usefulness of TiO2 nanoparticles is to control their delivery to malignant cells by targeting them to cancer‐cell‐specific antigens. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one potential target that is enriched in epithelial cancers and is rapidly internalized after ligand binding. Hence, we have synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles and functionalized them with a short EGFR‐binding peptide to create EGFR‐targeted NCs. X‐ray fluorescence microscopy was used to image nanoconjugates within EGFR‐positive HeLa cells. Further labeling of fixed cells with antibodies against EGFR and Protein A nanogold showed that TiO2 nanoconjugates can colocalize with receptors at the cell’s plasma membrane. Interestingly, with in...