cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restructuring Argentina's airline networks: Successes and challenges

Abstract Argentina's aviation networks underwent significant restructuring after the 2015 election of President Mauricio Macri. Historically constrained by poor aviation infrastructure, economic uncertainty, currency devaluations, labor unrest, comparatively weak passenger demand, and operational barriers to low-cost carriers (LCCs), Argentina's airline networks have experienced deep restructuring in both providers and network interactions. With less than 0.3 trips per capita in Argentina, compared to 3.0 in the mature U.S. aviation market, analysts argue that there is significant potential for moving bus and automobile travelers to airlines, and to expanding Argentina's airline connectivity profitably throughout the region. LCCs such as Flybondi, Norwegian, Air Europa, Sky, JetSmart, and others are challenging long-standing transportation relationships in the region and developing new routes for consumers. A set of interlinked questions aims to understand Argentina's changing aviation geography. Comparing O-D data from 1972, 1982, 1996, and 2019, the results indicate a significant reorganization of Argentinas domestic and regional network interactions, with modest adjustments to its global north-south connections. Challenges include outcomes of a recent change in Argentina's government and the long-term impact of the global COVID19 pandemic on the aviation system.
Safety of robotic first rib resection for thoracic outlet syndrome.

Abstract Objectives Robotic first rib resection (R-FRR) is an emerging approach in the field of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) that has technical advantages over traditional open approaches, including superior exposure of the first rib and freedom from retracting neurovascular structures. We set out to define the safety of R-FRR and compare it with that of the conventional supraclavicular approach (SC-FRR). Methods We queried a prospectively maintained, single-surgeon, single-institution database for all FRR operations performed for neurogenic TOS and venous TOS. Preoperative, intraoperative, and complications were compared between approaches. Results Seventy-two R-FRRs and 51 SC-FRRs were performed in 66 and 50 patients, respectively. These groups were not significantly different in age, body mass index, sex, type of TOS, or preoperative use of opioids. Length of procedure and hospital stay were not different between groups. Postoperative inpatient self-reported pain (visual analog scale score 4.7 vs 5.2; P = .049) and administered morphine milligram equivalents (37.5 vs 81.1 MME, P Conclusions R-FRR provides outstanding exposure of the first rib and eliminates retraction of the brachial plexus and its consequences.
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartat-Enzephalitis in der Epileptologie

Die NMDA-Rezeptor-Enzephalitis (NMDARE) stellt eine der haufigsten Formen der Autoimmunenzephalitiden dar und wird durch IgG-Antikorper gegen die GluN1-Untereinheit des NMDA-Rezeptors (NMDAR) vermittelt. Epileptische Anfalle sind eine haufige Manifestation im Laufe der Erkrankung und treten bei einem Teil der Patienten als Erstmanifestation auf. Interiktale und iktale EEG-Veranderungen konnen in vielen Fallen im EEG nachgewiesen werden. Neben unspezifischen EEG-Veranderungen wie generalisierten oder fokalen Verlangsamungen wurden auch typische EEG-Muster der NMDARE beschrieben. Rhythmische frontal betonte δ‑Aktivitat mit uberlagernden Salven von β‑Aktivitat (sog. „extreme delta brush“), die Erhohung der „beta:delta power ratio“ und temporale „rhythmische sinusoidale α‑Aktivitat“ konnten vermehrt bei Patienten mit NMDARE beobachtet werden. Der Immuntherapie kommt eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Therapie der epileptischen Anfalle im Rahmen der NMDARE zu. Eine alleinige Behandlung mit Antikonvulsiva fuhrt haufig zu einer unzureichenden Anfallsreduktion. Epileptische Anfalle treten meist in der Akutphase der Erkrankung auf. Ein Grosteil der Patienten wird im Verlauf anfallsfrei und eine dauerhafte antikonvulsive Therapie ist in der Regel nicht notwendig.
GRB990123, The Optical Flash and The Fireball Model

We compare the ongoing observations of the remarkable burst GRB990123, the mother of all bursts, with the predictions of the afterglow theory. We show that the observations agree with the recent prediction that a reverse shock propagating into the ejecta would produce a very strong prompt optical flash. This reverse shock has also produced the 8.46GHz radio signal, observed after one day. The forward shock, which propagates into the ISM is the origin of the classical afterglow. It has produced the prompt X-ray signal as well as the late optical and IR emission. It would most likely produce a radio emission within the next few weeks. The observations suggest that the initial Lorentz factor of the ejecta was $\sim 200$. Within factors of order unity, this crude model explains all current observations of GRB990123.
Cross-Calibration of Prodigy and Horizon A Densitometers and Precision of the Horizon A Densitometer

We performed this study to enable a reliable transition for clinical study participants and patients from a GE Lunar Prodigy to a Hologic Horizon A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner and to assess the reproducibility of measurements made on the new DXA scanner. Forty-five older adults had one spine, hip, and total body scan on a Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner and 2 spine, hip, and total body scans, with repositioning, on a new Hologic Horizon A DXA scanner. Linear regression models were used to derive cross calibration equations for each measure on the 2 scanners. Precision (group root-mean-square average coefficient of variation) of bone mineral density (BMD) of the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine (L1-L4), and total body fat, bone, and lean mass, appendicular lean mass, and trabecular bone score (TBS) was assessed using the International Society of Clinical Densitometry's (ISCD's) Advanced Precision Calculation Tool. Correlation coefficients for the BMD and body composition measures on the 2 scanners ranged from 0.94 to 0.99 (p<0.001). When compared with values on the Prodigy, mean BMD on the Horizon A was lower at each skeletal site (0.136 g/cm2 lower at the femoral neck and 0.169 g/cm2 lower at the lumbar spine (L1-4)), fat mass was 0.47 kg lower, and lean mass was 4.50 kg higher. Precision of the Horizon A scans was 1.60% for total hip, 1.94% for femoral neck, and 1.25% for spine (L1-4) BMD. Precision of TBS was 1.67%. Precision of total body fat mass was 2.16%, total body lean mass was 1.26%, appendicular lean mass was 1.97%, and total body bone mass was 1.12%. The differences in BMD and body composition values on the 2 scanners illustrate the importance of cross-calibration to account for these differences when transitioning clinical study participants and patients from one scanner to another.
Gender, development and the state in India: by Carole Spary, Abingdon, Routledge, 2020, xii + 257 pp., £36.99 (paperback), ISBN 9780367661045

Carole Spary’s book sheds important insight on the nexus between the Indian state, development policy, and gender inequality. The primary concern is to determine the extent to which the language an...
Effect of APOE and CD33 on Cognitive Decline.

Objective An Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis is preceded by a long period of cognitive decline. We previously demonstrated increased risk of decline among individuals possessing one or more APOE e4 alleles together with a family history of AD. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility that such an increased risk might be due to AD risk genes with small effects in combination with APOE. Methods Participants in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) over the age of 65, who contributed DNA, and had two or more evaluations with an abbreviated version of the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m) were eligible for the study (n = 7451). A genetic risk score (g-score) was derived using AD risk genes’ meta-analyses data, assigning risk according to the number of risk alleles and summed over all the risk genes. Trajectories of cognitive function were modeled in four groups of Caucasian participants with and without one or more APOE e4 alleles and either a high or low g-score: APOE e4-/low g-score; APOE e4-/high g-score; APOE e4+/low g-score; and APOE e4+/high g-score. Post hoc analyses evaluated interactions between individual genes and APOE. Results Individuals in the APOE e4+/high g-score group exhibited the greatest cognitive decline over time (p<.0001). This risk appeared to be greater than the sum of the effects of either high g-score or APOE e4 alone. When gene interactions were individually tested with APOE, a statistically significant interaction with CD33 was discovered (p = 0.04) although the interaction was no longer significant when adjusted for multiple comparisons. Conclusions Individuals with multiple AD risk genes in addition to having one or more APOE e4 alleles are at greater risk of cognitive decline than individuals with either APOE e4 or a high genetic risk score. Among those with one or more APOE e4 alleles, having one or more copies of the CD33 C (risk) allele may further increase the risk of cognitive decline.
The Perception of Benefit of Vocalization on Sport Performance When Producing Maximum Effort

Summary Objectives/hypothesis The purpose of this study was to describe athlete belief of performance benefit when using voice during force production tasks and to determine if vocalization during effortful tasks was correlated to perception of voice impairment. The hypotheses were as follows: (1) there is a belief among athletes that voicing during high-effort tasks improves performance and (2) the use of the voice during high-effort tasks is correlated with the perception of voice impairment. Study Design An anonymous, online survey was used to query presence and timing of voicing during force production. The Voice Handicap Index-10 and a visual analog scale for perceived phonatory effort were included in the survey. Methods The data obtained from the survey were evaluated using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Correlation coefficients were calculated to determine if there was a relationship between voice production and the perception of voice disorder. Results Three hundred seventy-eight participants' survey responses were used in the data analyses. The results indicated that 56% of the participating athletes indicated belief that the production of voice during maximum effort provided a performance advantage. There was no correlation between individuals who used voice during force production and the perception of voice impairment. Conclusions Findings indicated that most athletes believe that producing voice during maximum effort improves performance without a perception of voice impairment. Further research should be completed to objectively measure force production in both grunt and nongrunt trials concurrently with measures of vocal function.
Microbial Production of Long-chain Dicarboxylic Acids from n -Alkanes:Part I. Screening and Properties of Microorganisms Producing Dicarboxylic Acids

Microorganisms which produced n-alkane ω,ω′-dicarboxylic acid (DC) from n-alkane were selected from natural sources. It was found that the best three producers thus obtained belonged to yeast. All of the stock cultures which are able to assimilate n-alkane and are belonged to genus Candida and Pichia were also found to produce DC from n-alkane.Candida cloacae 310, a representative strain selected from natural source, was able to produce DCs having 5 to 16 carbon atoms from various n-alkanes. Among them, DCs with 5 to 9 carbon atoms were more heavily accumulated than those with more than 9, except those with the same number of carbon atoms as the substrates which were the main products from the substrates with less than 15 carbon atoms. It was also clearly demonstrated that DCs with odd carbons alone were produced from n-alkanes with odd carbons, while DCs with even carbons alone from n-alkanes with even carbons.Then, cultural conditions of Candida cloacae 310 were studied for the production of DC-12 from ...
Characterization of the promoter region of the human thrombospondin gene. DNA sequences within the first intron increase transcription.

Thrombospondin (TSP) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein whose synthesis and secretion by mesenchymal cells is regulated at the level of gene transcription by platelet-derived growth factor. To examine the transcriptional regulation of the TSP gene at the molecular level, a genomic clone containing the human TSP promoter and flanking sequence was isolated and characterized. A 3.8-kilobase pair (kb) DNA fragment containing the first three exons, the first two introns, and 2.2 kb of 5′-flanking region was sequenced, and the site of transcription initiation was determined by both primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping. Consensus sequences for several potential regulatory elements were found in the 5′-flanking sequence, including a TATA box consensus sequence, TTTAAAA, located 24 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site. A chimeric gene was constructed containing the first intron, the first exon, and 2.0 kb of 5′-flanking sequence of the TSP gene fused to the promoterless gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. When transfected into COS-1 or NIH3T3 cells this gene construct was transcribed, indicating the presence of a functional promoter in the TSP sequence. Transient transfection studies using deletion mutants of this TSP-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct were performed to locate cis-acting regulatory sequences. The deletion of flanking sequence 5′ to position −234 had little or no effect on transcriptional activity, whereas deletions of 5′-flanking sequence extending further in the 3′ direction resulted in the gradual loss of transcriptional activity. The removal of the first intron resulted in a 4-fold decrease in transcript levels, indicating the presence of a cis-acting positive element(s) in the first intron of the human TSP gene. This element(s) was further localized to the region between position +576 and position +727.
Analysis of Multiple Discrete Responses

In Chapter 11 we introduced some contemporary approaches to analyzing longitudinal data for which the responses are continuous measurements. In fact, most people imply continuous responses when they refer to longitudinal data. The analysis of discrete longitudinal data is a relatively new, though active, subject. Readers who are interested in methodological developments may find many unanswered questions in this chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to shed some light on this growing subject. In the statistical literature, the topic may be tagged with clustered or correlated discrete/binary outcomes. So far, most progress has been made toward the binary outcomes; hence, therein lies the focus of this chapter.
Volumetric Muscle Loss: Persistent Functional Deficits Beyond Frank Loss of Tissue

Open fracture is a common occurrence in civilian and military populations. Though great strides have been made in limb salvage efforts, persistent muscle strength deficits can contribute to a diminished limb function after the bone has healed. Over the past decade, a growing effort to establish therapies directed at de novo muscle regeneration has produced several therapeutic approaches. As this effort progresses and as therapies reach clinical testing, many questions remain regarding the pathophysiology of the volumetric loss of skeletal muscle. The current study demonstrates, in a rat "open fracture" model, that the volumetric loss of skeletal muscle results in persistent functional deficits that are dependent on muscle length and joint angle. Moreover, the injured muscle has an increased stiffness during passive stretch and a reduced functional excursion. A case study of a patient with an open type III tibia fracture resulting in volumetric muscle loss in the anterior and posterior compartment is also presented. Eighteen months after injury and tibia healing, persistent functional deficits are apparent with many of the same qualities demonstrated in the animal model. Muscle architectural adaptations likely underlie the altered intrinsic functional characteristics of the remaining musculature.
Fiduciary Duties in Business Entities Revisited

The trend of Kansas courts looking to Delaware precedent has continued unabated. However, the trend of homogenization of fiduciary duty law as applied to different forms of entity has suffered some setbacks with respect to partnerships and limited liability companies. In addition, the law of corporate directors’ and officers’ fiduciary duties underwent a major paradigm shift shortly after publication of the original article. Like the original, the modest goal of this Article is to survey generally the law of fiduciary duties with respect to Kansas corporations, partnerships (general and limited liability), limited partnerships, and limited liability companies, and to illustrate the extent to which corporate law concepts and precedents are being applied (or not applied) in the context of these other forms of business organization. Part II considers fiduciary status, Part III the duty of care, and Part IV the duty of loyalty.
Costs and Benefits of Opisthobranch Swimming and Neurobehavioral Mechanisms1

After opisthobranch molluscs dislodge from the substrate during onset of swimming, the ensuing flexion or undulatory motions are usually not well oriented with respect to predators, prey or suitable substrate. Swimming motions are effective in launching animals off the substrate and elevating them into the water column where they are primarily transported passively by ambient waves and tidal currents. Both active swimming and passive transport on ambient currents may provide escape from predators, search for food and mates, and dispersal to new and potentially adaptive locations. However, loss of contact with the substrate and launching into the water column may also bring a high cost in terms of exposure to diverse risks. I illustrate several forms of opisthobranch swimming and describe their mechanisms and roles. In addition, adaptations of some opisthobranchs to reduce the risks of exposure to predators during swimming are suggested. These adaptations include small size, transparency or inconspicuous color to reduce predation while swimming, and neurobehavioral mechanisms of rheotaxis and geomagnetic sensitivity.
Multiple Discrete Random Variables

In Chapter 5 we introduced the concept of a discrete random variable as a mapping from the sample space S = {si} to a countable set of real numbers (either finite or countably infinite) via a mapping X(si)‘ In effect, the mapping yields useful numerical information about the outcome of the random phenomenon. In some instances, however, we would like to measure more than just one attribute of the outcome.
Why Does the Deliverer Come έκ Σιών (Romans 11.26)

A viable interpretation of Rom. 11.25-27 must be able to explain four interrelated problems: (1) Paul’s use of καi οűтως to connect vv. 25 and 26, (2) the phrase Πȃς Ἰσραήλ in v. 26, (3) how Paul intends for his citation of Isa. 59.20, 27.9 to support his argument, and (4) why Paul’s citation of Isa. 59.20 says the deliverer comes έκ (rather than ένeκeν) Σiών. Beginning with the change to Isa. 59.20, this article argues that Paul is intentionally altering Isaiah’s salvation-historical scheme, in keeping with his earlier arguments in chs. 10—11, such that the glorification of the Gentiles draws Israel into the realm of salvation rather than vice versa. Paul cites and redacts Isa. 59.20 to support his claim for an in-time instrumentality at work through the ingathering of the Gentiles for the sake of Israel’s salvation, analogous to the jealousy arguments found earlier in Rom. 11.
A simple model for the MOS transistor in saturation

Abstract A model is proposed that takes into account mobility reduction, carrier velocity saturation effects and length modulation for an NMOS transistor. The model ensures continuity of output conductance and its derivative with respect to the drain voltage at the onset of saturation and is made simple by the use of empirical formulas for the drain current in both linear and saturation regions.
Chemical wave refraction phenomena.

Motivated by recent work of Steinbock, T\'oth, and Showalter [Science 267, 868 (1995)] examining chemical wave propagation within membrane labyrinths soaked with Beluosov-Zhabotinsky reagent, we have investigated refraction phenomena using similar tools, with an eye to verify the general applicability of Snell's law for such nonlinear waves, as well as to unearth the physiochemical origin of the drastically reduced trigger wave velocities we find within quasi-two-dimensional porous media. Altered reaction-diffusion kinetics appear to play no role. Rather, our results indicate intramembrane wave-front curvature, induced perhaps by differential wetting properties, to be the mechanism responsible for these refraction effects. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Coupled-mode equations for multimode waveguide systems in isotropic or anisotropic media

Coupled-mode theory for parallel waveguides is extended to include systems with multimode guides. The basic set of coupled differential equations is similar to that for single-mode guides, but the matrices are more broadly defined to allow for coupling among all the modes. Cases of anisotropic dielectric waveguides and/or an anisotropic embedding medium are also considered.
Toward Responsive Beginning Language Curricula.

:This article proposes, on the basis of a host of curricular factors, a stratification of foreign language programs in U.S. institutions of higher learning into two graded and curricularly distinctive phases. An initial phase, the general education phase, would be comprised predominantly of nonmajors who enroll in beginning language courses with the premeditated purpose of satisfying a language requirement or investing on their own a modest amount of credit hours to explore or study a second language. A subsequent phase, the professional phase, would begin with courses intended for prospective majors and minors who are customarily predisposed to commit enough time to reach the necessary proficiency level required for their professional goal. This curricular distinction serves to underscore the particular situation and the particular mission of the general education phase and to propose a particular curricular model, the Indiana Model. This model provides, within the current and autonomous structure of the American educational system, a mechanism for selecting, prioritizing, and structuring the most responsive objectives for general-education foreign language teaching.
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in HIV-infected patients: geographic, behavioural, and immunological factors.

We read with great interest the article by Petros Karakousis and colleagues regarding non-tuberculous mycobacteria in HIV-infected individuals and wish to draw attention to certain aspects overlooked by this review. Although comprehensive the focus on Mycobacterium avium complex fails to consider that there are about 77 other mycobacterial species. Aside from Mycobacterium avium complex Mycobacterium fortuitum Mycobacterium kansasii Mycobacterium xenopi Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium gordonae are among many other mycobacterial species responsible for a third of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Furthermore although we are fully aware of the importance and effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the prevalence of opportunistic infections little attention was given to epidemiological behavioural and geographic factors that profoundly impact infectious diseases. (excerpt)
Three-dimensional mathematical analysis of particle shape using X-ray tomography and spherical harmonics: Application to aggregates used in concrete

The properties of composites made by placing inclusions in a matrix are often controlled by the shape and size of the particles used. Mathematically, characterizing the shape of particles in three dimensions is not a particularly easy task, especially when the particle, for whatever reason, cannot be readily visualized. But, even when particles can be visualized, as in the case of aggregates used in concrete, three-dimensional (3-D) randomness of the particles can make mathematical characterization difficult. This paper describes a mathematical procedure using spherical harmonic functions that can completely characterize concrete aggregate particles and other particles of the same nature. The original 3-D particle images are acquired via X-ray tomography. Three main consequences of the availability of this procedure are mathematical classification of the shape of aggregates from different sources, comparison of composite performance properties to precise morphological aspects of particles, and incorporation of random particles into many-particle computational models.
The coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus requires the cell nucleus and host transcriptional factors.

Abstract Replication of avian infectious bronchitis virus in permissive BHK-21 cells is blocked when these cells are enucleated or irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to infection, or if cells are treated with α-amanitin during the virus growth cycle. This coronavirus, like influenza virus, can replicate normally in the presence of α-amanitin in Chinese hamster ovary cells which possess a drug-resistant RNA polymerase II. These findings indicate that avian infectious bronchitis virus requires the intact cell nucleus and one or more host transcriptional functions for productive infections. Preliminary data suggest that these cellular functions involve some aspect of virus-directed RNA synthesis.
Chromosome Segregation: Pulling from the Poles

Dual wavelength video microscopy has been used to evaluate how chromatids move poleward upon chromosome separation at anaphase. The data reveal that poleward microtubule flux provides the dominant force for separating chromatids in Drosophila embryos during anaphase A.
Pyogenic Granuloma of the Ampulla of Vater

Abstract Background Pyogenic granuloma (PG), also called lobular capillary hemangioma, is a benign vascular proliferation in skin or oral mucosa after local trauma or irritation. PG is rarely reported in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Patient and methods A sixty-three-year-old woman presented with recurrrent melena and anemia. 1 cm Erythematous semi-pedunculated polypoid lesion was seen on the ampulla of Vater. The mucosal patterns were not suggestive of adenoma or that of an invasive lesion. The polypoid lesion was completely removed en bloc using an endoscopic snare with coagulation current. Immediate post-polypectomy pulsatile bleeding developed and hemostasis was achieved with endoclip application without pre-injection. Results Pathology showed ampullary PG. To date, the patient has not developed further GI bleeding and her anemia resolved. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ampullary PG. In the medical literature, less than two dozen cases of PG are reported in the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and colon. These patients usually present with gross or occult GI bleeding and anemia. GI PG can be curatively treated with endoscopic polypectomy or surgical resection.
Postthaw blastomere survival is predictive of the success of frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles.

Objective To investigate the predictors of postthaw blastomere survival and the relationship of blastomere survival to the outcome of frozen–thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Design Retrospective study. Setting An IVF unit in a tertiary care facility. Patient(s) Infertile women undergoing FET cycles with embryos cryopreserved on day 3 postinsemination. Intervention(s) FET cycles. Main outcome measure(s) Embryo survival postthaw, pregnancy (PR), clinical pregnancy, and implantation rates. Result(s) A significant impact of postthaw blastomere survival on the outcome of FET cycles was noted. The thawed embryos in the low survival tertile resulted in significantly impaired implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and PR compared to embryos in the high survival tertile. An inverse association was noted between serum P levels on the day of hCG administration and postthaw blastomere survival. Conclusion(s) We have demonstrated that postthaw blastomere survival is predictive of success of FET cycles. The relationship of poor postthaw embryo survival in the setting of elevated P is novel and not hitherto described.
Constant variance enhancement: a digital processing technique

An image enhancement process is one in which the image is manipulated for the purpose of increasing the information extractable by the human visual system. Constant variance enhancement is a technique which employs a high pass filtering to reduce the local average to zero for all regions of the picture and then applies a gain factor equal to the reciprocal of the local standard deviation to produce an output picture in which all local regions have equal variance. An example of a constant variance enhancement is presented with pictures illustrating the various mathematical stages of the processing operations. The concept of differential luminance gain is introduced as a crude measure of enhancement effectiveness and is numerically evaluated for the illustrative processing. The significance of negative differential luminance gain is considered, and ways of dealing with these spurious results are considered.
A New Infrared Spectrometer in the 12.5–25 Micron Region

In order to extend wavelength region to 25 microns a Perkin-Elmer. Infracord has been adapted for use with a KBr prism. Design of the instrument and its performance characteristics will be described Experiments have been performed to illustrate several classes of chemical problems for which the 12.5 to 25 micron region of the spectrum is particularly useful in solving. Typical spectra are shown.
Behaviour of rubella virus in human diploid cell strains I. Growth of virus

Observations upon the growth of four strains of rubella virus in human diploid cell strains (HDCS) are reported. Sixtythree cell strains, derived from 29 fetuses by means of an organ culture technique, were studied. All HDCS tested were susceptible to rubella virus, and a chronic infection could be established readily in them. The virus multiplied and was continuously produced at a low level for a maximum of 27 weeks while cell subcultivation proceeded normally. Stationary cell populations produced virus for at least 30 weeks. Experiments to define the growth curves of rubella virus were performed in skin and lung cell strains. Strains of lung cell origin yielded greater amounts of virus than skin cell strains. Both growth curve and chronic infection experiments showed that a maximum of approximately 30% of the cells were infected at any given time. Pharyngeal mucosa cells were stored for three months in the frozen state while chronically infected with rubella. Their life history and virus yield after resuscitation did not differ from unfrozen cells.
The cost of growth in young fish larvae, a review of new hypotheses

Copyright (c) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Rapid growth is of paramount importance for young fish larvae, as mortality due to predation declines rapidly with increasing size of the larvae. Therefore, recent studies have focused on the rates of growth in larvae of freshwater and marine fish species. High rates of growth mean high rates of energy expenditure for synthesis of body components, and as energy may be limiting in the youngest life stages, the cost of growth has been a central issue. In juvenile and adult fish, the cost of growth represents approximately 40% of the energy content of the newly synthesised tissue, and with growth rates of up to about 25% d −1 the energy demands for growth represent a large fraction of the energy available. As growth is energetically costly, it has been an axiom that there is a positive relationship between the rate of growth and the rate of energy expenditure (above maintenance level). However, there is accumulating evidence from studies of larval Rutilus rutilus, Chondrostoma nasus, Coregonus wartmanni, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Esox lucius and Clupea harengus that the rates of metabolism and of growth are not correlated in the youngest stages growing at the highest rates, i.e., at very high growth rates, larval-weight specific metabolism does not increase in proportion to the rate of growth. Two recent hypotheses dealing with this apparent decoupling of the rates of growth and metabolism are discussed: (1) a possible decrease in the cost of synthesis of a unit of protein with increasing rates of growth or (2) a change in the energy allocation between growth and other energy demanding processes, so that energy is switched from maintenance functions to growth processes. Further, in order to channel as much energy as possible into growth, it has been hypothesised that protein degradation in larval fish may be low. A low rate of protein degradation means a high rate of retention of synthesised proteins and this would reduce the cost of growing. The few data on protein degradation in larval fish are conflicting but none support the hypothesis that it is low. Only the first of the two hypotheses concerning the decoupling of the rates of growth and of metabolism can be experimentally tested, namely the hypothesis dealing with a possible variability in the costs of protein synthesis. An appropriate experimental procedure for testing this hypothesis is forwarded. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Factors That Predict Acute Hospitalization Discharge Disposition for Adults With Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Cuthbert JP, Corrigan JD, Harrison-Felix C, Coronado V, Dijkers MP, Heinemann AW, Whiteneck GG. Factors that predict acute hospitalization discharge disposition for adults with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Objective To identify factors predicting acute hospital discharge disposition after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Secondary analysis of existing datasets. Setting Acute care hospitals. Participants Adults hospitalized with moderate to severe TBI included in 3 large sets of archival data: (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central Nervous System Injury Surveillance database (n=15,646); (2) the National Trauma Data Bank (n=52,012); and (3) the National Study on the Costs and Outcomes of Trauma (n=1286). Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure Discharge disposition from acute hospitalization to 1 of 3 postacute settings: (1) home, (2) inpatient rehabilitation, or (3) subacute settings, including nursing homes and similar facilities. Results The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and length of acute hospital length of stay (LOS) accounted for 35% to 44% of the variance in discharges to home versus not home, while age and sex added from 5% to 8%, and race/ethnicity and hospitalization payment source added another 2% to 5%. When predicting discharge to rehabilitation versus subacute care for those not going home, GCS and LOS accounted for 2% to 4% of the variance, while age and sex added 7% to 31%, and race/ethnicity and payment source added 4% to 5%. Across the datasets, longer LOS, older age, and white race increased the likelihood of not being discharged home; the most consistent predictor of discharge to rehabilitation was younger age. Conclusions The decision to discharge to home a person with moderate to severe TBI appears to be based primarily on severity-related factors. In contrast, the decision to discharge to rehabilitation rather than to subacute care appears to reflect sociobiologic and socioeconomic factors; however, generalizability of these results is limited by the restricted range of potentially important variables available for analysis.
General anesthesia and contrast-enhanced computed tomography to optimize renal percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: multi-institutional intermediate-term results.

Abstract Introduction: Percutaneous renal ablation is often performed under conscious sedation and without contrast-enhanced imaging. We evaluated intermediate-term outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT)–guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) under general anesthesia (GA) at two high-volume centers. Materials and Methods: Prospectively maintained Institutional Regulatory Board–approved databases were searched to identify patients treated with percutaneous RFA using contrast-enhanced CT under GA. A total of 163 masses in 151 patients were treated. Enhancement on imaging or a positive biopsy at 4 to 6 weeks was considered incomplete ablation. Positive findings beyond this interval were defined as local recurrence. Results: The median follow-up was 18 months (range, 1.5–70). Median tumor size was 2.3 cm (range, 1–5.4). Of the 130 (80%) masses with definitive pathology, 70% were renal cell cancer. Five masses had evidence of viable tumor at 4 to 6 weeks posttreat...
Analytical Solution of the Motion of Spinning Thrusting Spacecraft with Transverse Ramp-Up Torques

During axial thrusting of a spinning spacecraft, misalignments and center-of-mass oset result in velocity pointing errors. These pointing errors cause the spacecraft to deviate from its desired trajectory. In the typical case, the axial thrust behaves like a step function, jumping from zero to its maximum value. Alternatively, by linearly ramping-up the axial thrust from zero to its maximum value, the velocity pointing errors are signicantly reduced compared to those arising from the step function. Analytical solutions for the ramp-up case are found for the angular velocities, the Euler angles, the inertial velocities, and the inertial displacement. The analytical solutions closely match numerical simulations.
An apparent gravitational lens with an image separation of 2.6 arc min

Observations are reported which confirm Paczynski's 1986 speculation that the previously known (Arp and Hazard, 1980) pair of 19th magnitude quasars 1146+111B,C are actually two images of a single object produced by a gravitational lens. The image split is 157 arcsec, more than 20 times greater than any previously reported, thus indicating an exceptionally massive lensing object. The data supporting the lens hypothesis are remarkably similar, high signal-to-noise, moderate resolution spectra of the two components. Both spectra show strong Mg II 2798-angstrom emission at z = 1.012 plus or minus 0.001 with indistinguishable redshifts (delta v = 126 plus or minus 309 km/s), widths (FWHM = 64 plus or minus 4 angstroms) and detailed profile shapes. Both spectra also show broad troughs at 6180 angstroms and several weaker continuum features. Neither object exhibits the O II 3727-A forbidden line which is frequently strong in Mg II emission objects. If the foreground galaxy clustering apparent in a deep R band charge-coupled device image proves insufficient to explain the large image splitting, other possibilities such as massive dark objects (e.g. a black hole of about 10 to the 15th solar masses) or a cosmic string may be indicated.
On the measurement of electronic spin-scattering anisotropy in the presence of magnetic interaction effects, using the dHvA Waveshape Analysis method

We derive an expression for the harmonic content of the oscillatory magnetization (de Haas-van Alphen effect) which is valid in the most general case, when the harmonic amplitudes and the relative harmonic phases of the pure Lifshitz-Kosevitch (LK) theory are modified by an arbitrary combination of magnetic interaction (MI), spin-scattering anisotropy (SSA) and exchange shift effects. The calculation produces several conclusions which bear directly upon the possibility of generally being able to determine separately the up-spin and down-spin conduction electron lifetimes in the presence of magnetic impurities, by means of measurements of the amplitudes and relative phase of the fundamental and second harmonic dHvA oscillations. We have shown that not only does SSA shift the first and second LK harmonics in phase, by amountsΔΘ1 andΔΘ2, but SSA also shifts the second harmonic magnetic interaction component by an amount 2ΔΘ1. We find that, in general, the combined effect of both MI and SSA on the observable relative phase angle, (2 Θ1−Θ2), can either add or cancel. In the limit in which the second harmonic is dominated by the MI component it can be shown that (2 Θ1−Θ2) goes to π, regardless of the amount of SSA, so that no useful information regarding SSA can be obtained from (2 Θ1−Θ2) in this case. Measurable quantities and measurement techniques, for the determination of SSA, are discussed briefly.
Age and growth characteristics of the Starry Skate, Raja stellulata, with a description of life history and habitat trends of the central California, U.S.A., skate assemblage

Skates are prevalent in fisheries worldwide, but rarely are they identified to species. This is of conservation and management concern since skates exhibit a broad range of life history characteristics. The present study investigated the age and growth of the Starry Skate, Raja stellulata, and compared it to other regional skates inhabiting the U.S. West Coast. Age and growth parameters were determined using two vertebral preparation techniques: gross sectioning and histological sectioning. Gross section age estimates ranged from zero to 11 years and growth was described by the two parameter von Bertalanffy growth function (2 VBGF; L ∞ = 915 mm total length (TL) and k = 0.13 year-1; n = 189). Histological section age estimates ranged from zero to 15 years and growth was also described by the 2 VBGF (L ∞ = 1092 mm TL, k = 0.06 year-1; n = 68). Histological section results reflect a more conservative life history, specifically a lower von Bertalanffy growth coefficient, but had slightly biased results and a smaller sample size than the gross section results. An age and depth trend was found within the central California skate assemblage, in which habitat depth and maximum age were positively correlated.
Ethical Followership An Examination of Followership Beliefs and Crimes of Obedience

This study seeks to “reverse the lens” in leadership and ethics research by investigating whether follower (rather than leader) characteristics are associated with intentions to engage in unethical...
Diazomethane: improved analytical and distillation techniques for small quantities and some synthetic applications.

Abstract An improved design of apparatus for the small-scale (about 5 μmol to about 50 mmol) preparation of diazomethane is described. The diazomethane is generated from commonly used precursors and distilled by aeration in a glass apparatus connected by Teflon tubing and without a condenser. A new simple and reasonably accurate procedure for assay of diazomethane is described. This depends on reaction with excess [ 14 C]benzoic acid in toluene followed by quantitative removal of the excess acid by partitioning with pH 10 aqueous buffer and assaying the methyl [ 14 C]benzoate in the toluene by liquid scintillation counting. Examples are given of the use of accurately known amounts of diazomethane and [ 14 C] diazomethane for the preparation of methylated derivatives of [2- 14 C]barbital, 4′-hydroxy-[2- 14 C]phenobarbital, and mephobarbital. Small amount(s) of dimethyl-barbital ( O -methyl) were separated and partly characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and NMR.
Three-dimensional geometry of the Heineke-Mikulicz strictureplasty.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the regional geometry of the Heineke-Mikulicz (HM) strictureplasty. The HM intestinal strictureplasty is commonly performed for the treatment of stricturing Crohn's disease of the small intestine. This procedure shifts relatively normal proximal and distal tissue to the point of narrowing and thus increases the luminal diameter. The overall effect on the regional geometry of the HM strictureplasty, however, has not been previously described in detail. METHODS HM strictureplasties were created in latex tubing and cast with an epoxy resin. The resultant casts of the lumens were then imaged using computed tomography. Using 3-dimensional vascular reconstruction software, the cross-sectional areas were determined and the surface geometry was examined. RESULTS The HM strictureplasty, while increasing the lumen at the point of the stricture, also results in a counterproductive luminal narrowing proximal and distal to the strictureplasty. Within the model used, cross-sectional area was diminished 25% to 50% below baseline. This effect is enhanced when 2 strictureplasties are placed in close proximity to each other. CONCLUSIONS The HM strictureplasty results in alterations in the regional geometry that may result in a compromise of the lumen proximal and distal to the location of the strictureplasty. When 2 HM strictureplasties are created in close proximity to each other, care should be undertaken to assure that the lumen of the intervening segment is adequate.
Tunnel diode d-c power converter

The tunnel diode d-c converter serves to generate direct current of a desired potential, when the d-c supply is only a fraction of 1 volt, as may be encountered in connection with silicon solar cells; thermoelectric, thermionic devices; chemical fuel cells; and others. Not only will this paper describe such a converter but also demonstrate how to analyze circuit problems involving a highly nonlinear device, such as a tunnel diode; furthermore how, by intensifying a nonlinearity, the analysis of a nonlinear problem becomes simpler. The price paid for this simplification is reduced accuracy, but this price often appears attractive because of the radical problem-simplification which can be realized.
A review of meta-analyses conducted on psychotherapy outcome research

Abstract Meta-analysis is a newly developed means of reviewing large collections of literature concerning any general topic which has been subjected to empirical study. It is a quantitative approach which relies upon the numerical aggregation of many studies to draw conclusions about the topic under scrutiny. It is often considered to be less prone to the subtle biases which may be inevitably present in more traditional qualitative literature reviews. To date, six meta-analyses have been published using the psychotherapy outcome research: Smith and Glass (1977); Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980); Landman and Dawes (1982); Miller and Berman (1983); Shapiro and Shapiro (1982); and Prioleau, Murdoch, and Brody (1983). The major issue addressed by all six meta-analyses is the efficacy, or lack thereof, of psychotherapy in general, and the differential effectiveness of some schools of therapy as compared to other schools. Following a brief review of these studies, general criticisms of the meta-analytic technique are offered, with references made to those studies which best exemplify these faults. Conclusions and implications are drawn about both the meta-analytic strategy itself, and the lessons which have been learned about the practice of psychotherapy from these quantitative reviews. Suggestions for resolving persistent meta-analytic problems and for future research directions in psychotherapy are also offered.
Natural convection around a semi-infinite vertical plate: Higher-order effects

Abstract On the basis of the first two terms in the boundary-layer expansion, it is shown by means of a global energy-rate balance that the leading-edge effect upon the total heat-transfer rate is given by a1kΔT where a1 has the value 0·625 at a Prandtl number of 0·72. As a result, the average Nusselt number for the semi-infinite plate is given by (for σ = 0·72): N = 0·476G 1 4 + 0·625 + O(G − 1 12 ) (1) where the O(G− 1 12 ) term is indeterminate, arising from the appearance of an eigenfunction in the boundary-layer expansion. Direct comparison of (1) with experimental data is precluded by the necessity of first determining finite-plate effects which, on the basis of recent analyses of the trailing-edge region for the forced-flow problem, are expected to contribute a term of O(G 1 16 ) to (1).