cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Conductivity Reconstruction Using Three-dimensional Joint And Model-based Inversion For Controlled-source And Magnetotelluric Data

The growing use of the controlled-source electromagnetic method (CSEM) for exploration applications has been driving the technical development of data acquisition, as well as three-dimensional (3D) modeling and imaging techniques. However, targeting increasingly complex geological environments also further enhances the problems inherent in large-scale inversion, such as nonuniqueness and resolution issues. In this paper, we report on two techniques to mitigate these problems. We use 3D joint CSEM and MT inversion to improve the model resolution. Further, a hybrid model parameterization approach is presented, where traditional cell-based model parameters are used simultaneously within a parametric inversion.
An experimental study comparing English-only and Transitional Bilingual Education on Spanish-speaking preschoolers' early literacy development

Abstract A longitudinal, experimental–control design was used to test the hypothesis that native language instruction enhances English language learner's (ELL's) native language and literacy development without significant cost to English development. In this study, 31 Spanish-speaking preschoolers (aged 38–48 months) were randomly assigned to two Head Start classrooms differing only in the language of instruction (English and Spanish). As predicted, results showed that Spanish language instruction resulted in significantly higher growth on both Spanish oral vocabulary and letter–word identification measures. There were no significant differences between classrooms on these same measures in English. Results extend previous work by showing that Transitional Bilingual Education may be a viable alternative to traditional English-only models. Implications for theory, future research, and early childhood practice are discussed.
A compensatory subpopulation of motor neurons in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal paralytic disease that targets motor neurons, leading to motor neuron death and widespread denervation atrophy of muscle. Previous electrophysiological data have shown that some motor axon branches attempt to compensate for loss of innervation, resulting in enlarged axonal arbors. Recent histological assays have shown that during the course of the disease some axonal branches die back. We thus asked whether the two types of behavior, die-back and compensatory growth, occur in different branches of single neurons or, alternatively, whether entire motor units are of one type or the other. We used high-resolution in vivo imaging in the G93A SOD1 mouse model, bred to express transgenic yellow fluorescent protein in all or subsets of motor neurons. Time-lapse imaging showed that degenerative axon branches are easily distinguished from those undergoing compensatory reinnervation, showing fragmentation of terminal branches but sparing of the more proximal axon. Reconstruction of entire motor units showed that some were abnormally large. Surprisingly, these large motor units contained few if any degenerating synapses. Some small motor units, however, no longer possessed any neuromuscular contacts at all, giving the appearance of "winter trees." Thus, degenerative versus regenerative changes are largely confined to distinct populations of neurons within the same motor pool. Identification of factors that protect "compensatory" motor neurons from degenerative changes may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Interactions of Human P-glycoprotein with Simvastatin, Simvastatin Acid, and Atorvastatin

Purpose. In this study, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated efflux of simvastatin (SV), simvastatin acid (SVA), and atorvastatin (AVA) and inhibition of P-gp by SV, SVA, and AVA were evaluated to assess the role of P-gp in drug interactions.
Spin-lattice relaxation in ruby

Spin-lattice relaxation time calculation for ruby with low chromium concentration and at low temperature
Subaltern Struggles and the Politics of Place: Remapping Resistance in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands

In August 1996, I climbed a steep ridge overlooking a portion of the Kaerezi River valley in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands, its rugged mountains cascading toward the sunrise over Mozambique. The well-worn path, carved by the feet of children's daily travels to the small school in the next river valley, snaked its way up the slope. Fresh tracks bore the imprint of an oxen-drawn sledge, a popular mode of transport despite its violation of state conservation law. Nationalist guerrillas and Rhodesian forces traversed the same terrain in the 1970s, when armed skirmishes dotted what was then the white-owned Gaeresi Ranch. At Independence, the land became the state-administered Kaerezi Resettlement Scheme.' Fields were to be allocated to household heads, spatially separated from concentrated residential grids, to promote the administrative vision of orderly land use. Yet more than 15 years after Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, the planned linear resettlement grids consisted of unpeopled, barren plots marked by rusted metal stakes. Beyond these demarcated zones, local defiance of government policy inscribed the landscape with mud-and-wattle and sundried brick huts scattered across the river valley. Maize fields emanated from thatched huts in the heart of most homesteads, spreading out into pastures that climbed toward Mount Nyangani, Zimbabwe's highest peak. A bright blue cement house stood out sharply from the agrarian mosaic of green and brown hues. The construction of this brightly painted house precipitated a heated controversy in the early 1990s when I was conducting fieldwork on popular perceptions of resettlement policy in Kaerezi. Built upon colonial land use planning principles that physically and functionally separated residential, grazing, and arable spaces, state resettlement efforts sought to move Kaerezi farmers from their historically dispersed residences, placing them in concentrated linear residential grids. In the early 1990s, government officials repeatedly voiced threats to evict all Kaerezians who refused to move into the planned linear "villages," demarcated spaces located far from the natural water points and springs where settlers had sited their homesteads.2 The local chief, in an effort to assert his
Quantitative study of pattern and stability of resting electroencephalographic activity in a young adult group

Abstract Using an electronic analyser bipolar and monopolar resting EEG activity was studied in 182 young male adults, with the following findings: 1. 1. The electronic analyzer was found to be a reliable and valid technique for quantifying EEG activity. 2. 2. The pattern of EEG activity follows closely that found by visual means. The greatest activity was found in the alpha range with naked individual differences being found for all comparisons. 3. 3. Parieto-occipital activity was found to be similar to monopolar occipital activity indicating that the occipital area contributes most to the parieto-occipital activity. 4. 4. The shape of the EEG activity profile over 24 frequencies was found to be highly stable over a 9 mont period (3 records), but the amount of activity was significantly lower on the initial record. However, no difference in amount was found on records 2 and 3. 5. 5. Comparison of the stability of each subject's own EEG profile over the 24 frequencies revealed that over 50 per cent of the profiles were higly stable, but marked individual differences were found. Eight of the subjects' profiles were not significantly related over 3 trials with shifts in the amount of activity and not changes in shape of profile being responsible for the low concentrations Subjects with high alpha record showed the least change over time. 6. 6. Distribution of monopolar activity in occipital, parietal and frontal areas were all similar and also similar to activity in the parieto-occipital area. The greatest activity in all areas was in the alpha range. 7. 7. Stability of monopolar activity was similar to the stability of parieto-occipital activity over time. 8. 8. Organization over the cortex was was examined by comparing the relationship of profiles of activity in occipital, parietal, and frontal areas. Four definite groups with respect to cortical organization were found. Sixteen subjects had high occipital alpha with well organized activity. Seventeen had well organized cortical patterns, but no prominent occipital alpha. Eight had predominant slow activity with general disorganization and 5 subjects had multipeaks of activity with general disorganization of the electroencephalogram. 9. 9. Poor organization of brain wave activity recorded from the 3 monopolar leads was significantly related to instability of EEG activity over time.
Aneurysm formation: A late complication of venous by-pass grafting

A 74-year-old woman was hospitalized with a three-week history of an enlarging, pulsatile mass in her right thigh. Six years previously, successful right femoropopliteal bypass surgery with an autogenous saphenous vein had been performed because of intermittent claudication. For the past two years she had noted two-block claudication in the left calf. She had no history of cardiopulmonary disease or diabetes mellitus. Examination revealed a slightly obese woman with a blood pressure of 150/90 mm. Hg and pulse rate of 66 per minute. Pertinent physical findings were confined to the lower extremities. A nontender, pulsatile mass about 3 cm. in diameter was palpable in the right medial thigh 12 cm. below the inguinal ligament. Strong femoral pulses and a weak right popliteal pulse were present, but the left popliteal
Mapping location-based questions to inform mobile campus apps

This poster presents spatial analysis of location-based questions asked on a university campus to inform mobile campus application development. Location-based questions are inquiries that concern a georeferencable site. Findings indicate the majority of location-based questions concern the same site as the location where they were asked. Findings include the frequency and locations of questions asked across campus to inform mobile campus application development.
Senescence in the Worker Honey Bee Apis mellifera

Honey bees are social insects that exhibit striking caste-specific differences in longevity. Queen honey bees live on average 1-2 years, whereas workers live 2-6 weeks in the summer and about 20 weeks in the winter. It is not clear whether queen-worker differences in longevity are due to intrinsic physiological differences in the rate of senescence, to differential exposure to extrinsic factors such as predation and adverse environmental conditions, or both. To determine if the relatively short lifespan of worker bees involves senescence, we measured age-specific resistance to three different physiological stressors (starvation, thermal, and oxidative stress) while eliminating age-related differences in foraging activity and minimizing age-related differences in energy expenditure. Despite these manipulations, older worker bees were still significantly less resistant to all three stressors than were younger bees. These results indicate that the regulation of worker bee lifespan involves senescence, in addition to extrinsic factors.
Small AJ SATCOM Terminal Considerations

This paper provides parametric assessment of the performance variables in small anti-jam (AJ) satellite communications (SATCOM) terminals. Because of the small physical size, primary batteries are assumed for the power source. Link budgets to existing or postulated payloads are evaluated for low data rate (2.4 kbps to 75 bps) operation. Performance is evaluated for systems operating from UHF to EHF in the clear sky and jamming cases. Critical technology elements of the different terminals are evaluated. Solid state EHF power amplifiers and complex AJ signal processing using VHSIC approaches are evaluated. A trade-off matrix has been provided to summarize the preliminary study.
Discrimination Between and Within Colonies of Social Insects: Two Null Hypotheses

Social insect workers sacrifice personal reproduction to help queens reproduce, and have evolved recognition abilities enabling biased cooperation toward relatives. Nestmatcs arc recognized, and non-nestmates discriminated against, by olfactory labels derived from any or all of several sources: their own genotypes, each other, their queen and their environment. Evolutionary scenarios and genetic models have been developed from the roles of different cue sources observed in studies of different species. Discrimination may also occur within colonies containing more than one genetic line, though the kin preferences reported in this context have been weaker than expected. However, we should be cautious in ascribing adaptive significance to laboratory results, in the absence of natural environmental odor sources and in colonies of artificial genetic heterogeneity. The available evidence docs not rule out two null hypotheses: (1) While betwecn-colony discrimination is itself adaptive, the labels used in this context may be fortuitously based on any available odor idiosyncracies and not under selection. (2) Discrimination within colonies may be a nonadaptive side-effect of that between colonies.
Effects of nicotine administration following 12 h of tobacco deprivation: assessment on computerized performance tasks.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of acute nitotine administration, following a 12-h cigarette deprivation period, using a computerized performance assessment battery (PAB). The PAB was comprised of five tasks which were selected to reflect a variety of complex acquired behaviors, sometimes referred to as “cognitive performance”. Subjects were six healthy, male, cigarette smokers who practiced on the approximately 15 min PAB until their performance was stable across trials. In the training and baseline phase, subjects were tested following 5–30 min deprivation of cigarettes. Subjects were then tested following 12 h cigarette deprivation; 20 min before these sessions, subjects were given one piece of gum to chew. The gum contained 0, 2, or 4 mg nicotine, and it was chewed for 10 min at a rate of one chew every 2 s. There were two main findings: (1) when placebo (0 mg) gum was given, the time taken to complete the PAB tasks was significantly elevated above values obtained in the baseline condition; (2) compared to placebo, nicotine administration produced a dose-related decrease in the time taken to complete the tasks such that with either 2 or 4 mg, performance time was similar to that which occurred in the baseline cigarette smoking condition. Performance accuracy was not reliably affected by the experimental manipulations. These data indicate that the performance decrements observed in the placebo condition were specific to deprivation of nicotine following 12 h tobacco abstinence and are treatable using nicotine gum as a replacement formulation.
Bonding layer effects on the actuation mechanism of an induced strain actuator/substructure system

An integrated induced-strain actuator/substructure system requires a third-phase adhesive layer to provide bond between the adherends. The presence of the adhesive, which in general has relatively low stiffness and strength, brings about concern regarding losses in transferring the actuation mechanism from the actuator to the substructure and bonding failure regarding structural integrity. In this paper, an analytical model for an integrated actuator/adhesive/substructure system is developed to study the adhesive layer effects. The model is formulated on the basis of the theory of elasticity and solved by the principle of stationary complementary energy. The solution obtained is, in an approximate manner, in closed form. The results show that a relatively thick and/or compliant adhesive causes noticeable losses in the transfer of the actuation mechanism, particularly in the end zone near the actuator edges. Nevertheless, such an adhesive yields low interfacial shear and peeling stresses which are beneficial to the structural integrity.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Catalytic hydrosilylation of alkenes by a ruthenium silylene complex. Evidence for a new hydrosilylation mechanism

Novel ruthenium and osmium silylene species containing Si-H bonds have been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The ruthenium complex [Cp*(iPr3P)(H)2Ru=Si(H)Ph.Et2O][B(C6F5)4] catalyzes the hydrosilyation of alkenes with excellent substrate selectivity for primary silanes and exclusive anti-Markovnikov regiochemistry. Evidence for a novel mechanism involving direct addition of an alkene to the silylene Si-H bond is presented.
Fouling mitigation for hollow-fiber UF membrane by sonication

article i nfo Article history: This paper presents the experimental results of using ultrasonic waves to mitigate the fouling of the hollow- fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process. While sonication has been reported to effectively enhance the performance of flat-sheet membrane filtration systems, little information is available regarding hollow-fiber membrane even though hollow-fiber has been a popular membrane configuration for industrial applications. In this work, both online continuous and offline pulse ultrasonic irradiation processes have been employed and their effectiveness on the fouling mitigation were evaluated and reported. The effects of ultrasonic frequencies and power intensities on the permeate flux were evaluated employing a synthetic clay solution. Experimental results indicated that sonication at higher intensity and lower frequency substantially reduced membrane fouling and in turn enhanced the permeate flux of the filtration process. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Solution of the discrete coagulation equation

Abstract An approximate analytical solution of the discrete coagulation equation is obtained for an arbitrary initial distribution and a general form of the coagulation coefficient, β ij = c 0 + ∑ q=1 Q C q f iq g jq that encompasses most of the forms used in practice. The classic Smoluchowski solution for monodisperse initial distribution and constant βij is thus extended. The approximate nature of the solution arises from the solution for the total number concentration N∞(t ), in which certain moments of the distribution must be assumed constant. In implementing the solution these moments can be updated as a function of time, so that the present solution can be viewed as an alternative to direct numerical solution of the coagulation equation.
Intron encoded sequences necessary for trans splicing in transiently transfected Brugia malayi.

Trans splicing is a process found in a variety of organisms, including Leishmania [1], trypanosomes, a number of parasitic nematodes [2–6] and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans [7]. In nematodes, this process involves the addition of a 22 nt sequence, known as the spliced leader (SL), to the 5′ end of the nascent mRNAs [8]. In vitro biochemical systems employing nuclear extracts have been used to extensively dissect the trans splicing pathway in the intestinal parasite Ascaris suum [8–12]. These studies have resulted in the identification of a number of trans acting factors that are involved in trans splicing [11–13] and have also succeeded in identifying the structural factors in the SL pre-RNA that are necessary for correct processing of the nascent transcript [8]. Recently, a transient transfection system for the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi was employed to map the promoter domains in the sequences present upstream of the gene for the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) homologue of B. malayi. The native HSP70 message is trans spliced in vivo, with the SL added at a site that is located 47 nt upstream of the translational start [14]. Surprisingly, mRNAs transcribed from B. malayi embryos transfected with a synthetic transgene consisting of 659 nt upstream of the HSP70 ORF (including the native SL addition site) fused to a luciferase reporter gene were not trans spliced [15]. However, transgenes consisting of in frame fusions of the HSP70 659 nt upstream domain, exon1, intron 1 and part of exon 2 were correctly cis and trans spliced [15]. Furthermore, subsequent experiments employing a similar construct in which most of exon 1
Long-term outcome after mesenteric artery reconstruction: a 37-year experience.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was the definition of the late results and determining factors after mesenteric artery reconstruction (MAR) for atherosclerotic mesenteric ischemia. Methods: A retrospective review identified 48 consecutive patients (66 arteries) who underwent MAR for acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) of nonembolic origin (n = 23; 12 with and 11 without prior symptoms) and chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI; n=25) from 1963 to 2000 in a tertiary care referral center. The 29 women (60%) and the 19 men (40%) had a mean age of 64 years (range, 40 to 87 years). The operative procedures consisted of bypass grafting in 36 arteries (AMI, 12; CMI, 24), local endarterectomy (LEA) in 16 arteries (AMI, 9; CMI 7), and transaortic endarterectomy (TAE) in 14 arteries (AMI, 4; CMI, 10). The follow-up of the 34 survivors was complete in all but four patients and averaged 5.3 years (range, 30 days to 36 years). Radiographic documentation of vessel/graft patency was obtained in 33 of 34 survivors. Results: Single-vessel revascularization was performed more frequently in the AMI group than in the CMI group (91% versus 48%; P =.001). The perioperative ( P P =.002). Symptomatic recurrences developed in eight patients, all involving superior mesenteric artery thrombosis ( P Conclusion: Although MAR for CMI carries a low mortality rate, AMI remains a lethal and frequently unheralded problem. Long-term patency and symptom-free survival can be expected after successful MAR for AMI and is comparable with those rates achieved after MAR for CMI. The patency of the SMA is important in the prevention of symptomatic recurrences. Elective MAR is indicated in patients with CMI and warrants long-term surveillance. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:453-60)
High-content RNAi screening identifies the Type 1 inositol triphosphate receptor as a modifier of TDP-43 localization and neurotoxicity

Cytosolic aggregation of the nuclear RNA-binding protein (RBP) TDP-43 (43 kDa TAR DNA-binding domain protein) is a suspected direct or indirect cause of motor neuron deterioration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study, we implemented a high-content, genome-wide RNAi screen to identify pathways controlling TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. We identified ∼60 genes whose silencing increased the cytosolic localization of TDP-43, including nuclear pore complex components and regulators of G2/M cell cycle transition. In addition, we identified the type 1 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (ITPR1), an IP3-gated, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident Ca(2+) channel, as a strong modulator of TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Knockdown or chemical inhibition of ITPR1 induced TDP-43 nuclear export in immortalized cells and primary neurons and strongly potentiated the recruitment of TDP-43 to Ubiquilin-positive autophagosomes, suggesting that diminished ITPR1 function leads to autophagosomal clearance of TDP-43. The functional significance of the TDP-43-ITPR1 genetic interaction was tested in Drosophila, where mutant alleles of ITPR1 were found to significantly extended lifespan and mobility of flies expressing TDP-43 under a motor neuron driver. These combined findings implicate IP3-gated Ca(2+) as a key regulator of TDP-43 nucleoplasmic shuttling and proteostasis and suggest pharmacologic inhibition of ITPR1 as a strategy to combat TDP-43-induced neurodegeneration in vivo.
The early bird gets the carcass: Temporal segregation and its effects on foraging success in avian scavengers

ABSTRACT Temporal segregation is known to be an important mechanism of coexistence in many foraging guilds but has not been examined in avian scavengers. Given that carrion availability is higher in the morning than in the afternoon and that differences in wing-loading and nesting behavior may limit morning activity in some species, there is potential for temporal segregation in resource use to play an important role in the coexistence of avian scavengers. I predicted that Lappet-faced Vultures (Torgos tracheliotos), which have lower wing-loading and lower competitive abilities, would have higher abundance at carrion resources in the morning than White-backed Vultures (Gyps africanus) and Ruppell's Vultures (G. rueppellii). In addition, I predicted that differences in activity patterns among vulture species would affect foraging success. Using experimental carcasses, I examined the effect of time of day on foraging behavior. I quantified foraging success in roosting birds, measured as the proportion of in...
Corrugated Microstrip Coupled Lines for Constant Absolute Bandwidth Tunable Filters

This paper presents corrugated coupled lines for miniaturized fixed and tunable microstrip bandpass filters. The novel approach uses microstrip corrugated coupled-line concept to synthesize a coupling coefficient, which maintains a nearly constant absolute bandwidth across the tuning range. A miniaturized two-pole varactor tuned filter is demonstrated with a frequency coverage of 1.32-1.89 GHz and an insertion loss < 3 dB with a constant 1-dB bandwidth of 70 ± 4 MHz across the tuning range. In addition, a three-pole comb-line 4.7% fixed filter at 1.94 GHz shows a 3:1 resonator spacing reduction over the conventional approach with an insertion loss of only 1.1 dB. This technique will allow the design of miniaturized small bandwidth fixed and tunable microstrip filters.
Atypical aortic thrombus: should nonoperative management be first line?

Background Aortic thrombus in the absence of atherosclerotic plaque or aneurysm is rare, and its optimal management remains unclear. Although atypical aortic thrombus (AAT) has been historically managed operatively, successful nonoperative strategies have been recently reported. Here, we report our experience in treating patients with AAT that has evolved from a primarily operative approach to a first-line, nonoperative strategy. Methods Records of patients treated for AAT between 2008 and 2011 at our institution were reviewed. Results Ten female and three male patients with ages ranging from 27 to 69 were identified. Seven were treated operatively and 6 nonoperatively. Initial presentation was variable and included limb thromboembolic events ( n = 6), visceral ischemia ( n = 5), and stroke ( n = 1). Associated risk factors included hypercoagulability (76%; n = 10) and hyperlipidemia (38%, n = 5). In the nonoperative group, complete thrombus resolution was obtained via anticoagulation ( n = 5) or systemic thrombolysis ( n = 1). Complete thrombus extraction was achieved in all operative patients. There were 11 significant complications in 5 of the 7 patients (71%) in the operative group, including intraoperative lower extremity embolism, pericardial effusion, stroke, and 1 death. There was 1 complication in the patients treated nonoperatively. The median hospital length of stay was 9 days (range 3–49) for those treated nonoperatively and 30 days (range 4–115) for those undergoing operative thrombectomy. Conclusions Although AAT has traditionally been treated operatively, nonoperative management of AAT with anticoagulation or thrombolysis is feasible in selected patients and may lessen morbidity and length of hospitalization in those patients for whom it is appropriate.
Soft-switched square-wave half-bridge DC-DC converter

A constant-frequency zero-voltage-switched square-wave DC-DC converter is introduced, and results from experimental half-bridge implementations are presented. A nonlinear magnetic element produces the advantageous square waveforms, and provides isolated terminals from which the output voltage may be controlled. Semiconductor stresses and losses are minimized both by the square waveforms and by low switching losses. The active switches and the output rectifiers both exhibit zero-voltage switching. The active switches (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)) are operated at a fixed frequency with 50% duty cycle, which allows the use of a simple open-loop gate drive. Experimental implementations verify predicted operation.
PPAR-γ knockout in pancreatic epithelial cells abolishes the inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), decrease acute inflammation in both pancreatic cell lines and mouse models of acute pancreatit...
A fast infrared radiative transfer model based on the adding-doubling method for hyperspectral remote-sensing applications

Abstract A fast infrared radiative transfer (RT) model is developed on the basis of the adding–doubling principle, hereafter referred to as FIRTM-AD, to facilitate the forward RT simulations involved in hyperspectral remote-sensing applications under cloudy-sky conditions. A pre-computed look-up table (LUT) of the bidirectional reflection and transmission functions and emissivities of ice clouds in conjunction with efficient interpolation schemes is used in FIRTM-AD to alleviate the computational burden of the doubling process. FIRTM-AD is applicable to a variety of cloud conditions, including vertically inhomogeneous or multilayered clouds. In particular, this RT model is suitable for the computation of high-spectral-resolution radiance and brightness temperature (BT) spectra at both the top-of-atmosphere and surface, and thus is useful for satellite and ground-based hyperspectral sensors. In terms of computer CPU time, FIRTM-AD is approximately 100–250 times faster than the well-known discrete-ordinate (DISORT) RT model for the same conditions. The errors of FIRTM-AD, specified as root-mean-square (RMS) BT differences with respect to their DISORT counterparts, are generally smaller than 0.1 K.
Performance Analysis of Grease-Lubricated Journal Bearings Including Thermal Effects

A detailed analysis of the flow characteristics and lubrication effectiveness of grease in journal bearings is presented. Based on the ideal Bingham plastic model, the appropriate governing equations are developed which effectively handle the formation of a floating core as well as a core which may attach itself to either the shaft or the stationary bushing. The formulation and numerical solutions presented pertain to three-dimensional flows in finite journal bearings. Moreover, an extensive amount of computational results are presented, which take thermal effects into account according to the thermohydrodynamic theory.
LIDAR-Derived National Shoreline: Empirical and Stochastic Uncertainty Analyses

Abstract The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is mandated to map the national shoreline, which is depicted on NOAA nautical charts, serves as an important source in determining territorial limits, and is widely used in various coastal science and management applications. The National Geodetic Survey's primary method of mapping the national shoreline is through stereo compilation from tide-coordinated aerial photography. However, over the past decade, NGS has conducted several phases of research to develop, test, and refine light detection and ranging (LIDAR)–based shoreline mapping procedures. Although important, reliable estimates of uncertainty of these products have, unfortunately, lagged behind in development. We attempt here to outline possible solutions to this lack. Specifically, this study presents and compares two new methods of assessing the uncertainty of NGS' LIDAR-derived shoreline: an empirical (ground-based) approach and a stochastic (M...
Abstract action potential models for toxin recognition

In this paper, we present a robust methodology using mathematical pattern recognition schemes to detect and classify events in action potentials for recognizing toxins in biological cells. We focus on event detection in action potential via abstraction of information content into a low dimensional feature vector within the constrained computational environment of a biosensor. We use generated families of action potentials from a classic Hodgkin–Huxley model to verify our methodology and build toxin recognition engines. We demonstrate that good recognition rates are achievable with our methodology.
Bistatic polarimetric extension of GO/PO and GTD/PTD inverse scattering theories to aerial RCS analyses in wideband POL-SAR image interpretation

In order to correlate high resolution/precision interferometric POL-SAR images with the underlying ground truth, it is essential to develop the RCS matrix expressions for simple, canonical shapes in closed analytic form and to provide numerical algorithm verification analyses. This is achieved by extending the common geometrical optics (GO) and physical optics (PO) scalar RCS closed form solutions via the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD) of J.B. Keller and the Physical Theory of Diffraction (PTD) of P.Ya. Ufimtsev to the full polarimetric, slightly bistatic cases as required for proper implementation in modern wideband (multi spectral and impulse) POL-SAR systems calibration and image normalization procedures.
Controlling Nanostructures of Mesoporous Silica Fibers by Supramolecular Assembly of Genetically Modifiable Bacteriophages

A useful virus: The synthesis of a new family of mesoporous silica fibers is reported. Monodisperse filamentous bacteriophages self-assembled into highly ordered hexagonal lattices that were used as templates for the formation of silica nanostructures. Removal of the bacteriophage assembly through calcination led to the formation of mesoporous silica fibers with pore structures precisely defined by the bacteriophage assembly (see picture).
Computed SAR and thermal elevation in a 0.25-mm 2-D model of the human eye and head in response to an implanted retinal stimulator - part I: models and methods

Retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration lead to blindness through progressive loss of retinal photoreceptors. Attempts are under way to construct a visual prosthesis to recover a limited sense of vision for these patients with the aid of implantable electronic devices. The function of these microchips is to provide electrical stimulation to existing viable retinal tissues - living ganglion and bipolar cells - using an array of on-chip stimulus circuits, while the dominant mechanism for power and data communication for these implanted devices has been wireless inductive telemetry using coils. This paper describes methods and models used to estimate the heating induced in the human eye and surrounding head tissues subject to the operation of this retinal prosthesis. A two-dimensional 0.25-mm high-resolution human head model has been developed with the aid of a new semiautomatic graphical segmentation algorithm. Finite-difference-based numerical methods for both electromagnetic and thermal modeling have been used to determine the influence of the specific absorption rate (associated with 2-MHz inductive coupling to the implant) and of stimulator integrated circuit (IC) power on tissue heating under different operational conditions and different hypothesis on choroidal blood flow and properties of the complex implanted circuitry. Results, provided in Part II of this paper, show that temperature increases of approximately 0.6 and 0.4/spl deg/C are induced in the midvitreous of the human eye in the absence and presence of choroidal blood flow, respectively, for a 60-electrode retinal prosthesis chip. Correspondent temperature rises of approximately 0.19 and 0.004/spl deg/C on the retina are obtained for these cases. Comparison with in vivo experimental measurements on intraocular heating in dog eyes shows good agreement.
Variation in HLA Class I Antigen-Processing Genes and Susceptibility to Human Papillomavirus Type 16—Associated Cervical Cancer

Background. Persistent infection with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is a primary etiological factor for the development of cervical cancer. Genes involved in antigen processing influence both the repertoire of antigens presented by HPV16-infected cells and the nature of HPV16-specific immune responses. Genetic variation in these genes may affect protein structure and function and, consequently, the ability of an individual to clear HPV infection. Methods. Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5 genes (LMP2, TAP1, LMP7, TAP2, and Tapasin) were investigated for association with susceptibility to HPV16-associated cervical cancer. Sequencing of these genes resulted in the discovery of 15 previously unreported SNPs. Microsphere-array flow cytometry-based genotyping was conducted on 787 samples from Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women (241 randomly selected control subjects, 205 HPV16-positive control subjects, and 341 HPV16-positive case subjects with cervical cancer). Results. For 9 SNPs, 8 of which had not previously been reported in the context of cervical cancer, there were statistically significant differences between the genotype distribution in case subjects and that in control subjects. Haplotype analysis of 3 haplotype blocks revealed 3 haplotypes with significant differences in frequency in casecontrol comparisons. Both HPV16-specific and non-type-specific differences in genotype distribution were seen. Conclusions. Genes involved in antigen processing for HLA class I presentation may contribute to susceptibility to cervical cancer.
OXIDATIVE ASSIMILATION BY BACILLUS MEGATERIUM

Clifton, C. E. (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.). Oxidative assimilation by Bacillus megaterium. J. Bacteriol. 85:1365–1370. 1963.—Washed suspensions of Bacillus megaterium oxidized to CO2 about 39% of the U-C14-glucose supplied and incorporated about 37% of the label by the time a marked break in the rate of O2 consumption was noted. Almost one-half of the label was lost from the cells on acidification of the suspension. The remainder of the C14 was present in the supernatant fluid, primarily in forms as yet unidentified, but other than carbohydrate. Both the Embden-Meyerhof and hexose monophosphate pathways of oxidation were involved. Endogenous respiration appeared to be inhibited only to a slight extent in the presence of an exogenous substrate. C14 appeared in all fractions of the cells; the highest percentage of firmly bound C14 was present in hot 5% trichloroacetic acid-insoluble matter. A decrease in C14 content of the various fractions was noted during endogenous respiration of cells labeled during growth. Pyruvate and acetate were oxidized very slowly by B. megaterium. The results indicate the complexity of oxidative assimilation and the dynamic state of cellular metabolism.
Entorhinal cortex inhibits medial prefrontal cortex and modulates the activity states of electrophysiologically characterized pyramidal neurons in vivo.

The prefrontal cortex receives multiple inputs from the hippocampal complex, which are thought to drive memory-guided behavior. Moreover, dysfunctions of both regions have been repeatedly associated with several psychiatric disorders. Therefore, understanding the interconnections and modulatory interactions between these regions is essential in evaluating their role in behavior and pathology. The effects of entorhinal cortex (EC) stimulation on the activity of identified medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pyramidal neurons were examined using single-unit extracellular recordings and sharp-electrode intracellular recordings in anesthetized rats. Single-pulse electrical stimulation of EC induced a powerful inhibition in the majority of mPFC neurons examined during extracellular recording. Intracellular recording showed that EC stimulation evoked a complex synaptic response, in which the greater proportion of neurons exhibited excitatory postsynaptic events and/or a short lasting and a prolonged inhibitory postsynaptic response. Furthermore, stimulation of EC selectively produced an augmentation of the bistable up–down state only in the type 2 regular spiking neurons and in a subclass of nonintrinsic bursting neurons. Taken together, these data suggest that the potent inhibition observed following EC stimulation may mask a direct excitatory response within the mPFC which markedly potentiates the bistable states in a select subpopulation of mPFC pyramidal neurons.
Questioning the Assumptions of Deception Research

This article responds to Truth Default Theory (TDT) and Information Manipulation Theory II (IMT2). First, I discuss assumptions made by previous research on deception that TDT or IMT2 question. For example, TDT questions the assumption that nonverbal behaviors are important for detecting deception, and IMT2 questions the assumption that deception requires additional cognitive effort. Given TDT’s emphasis on context, I note that additional research is needed to identify antecedents of truth and lies. Furthermore, more research is needed to identify the characteristics of transparent liars. One suggestion is to integrate transparent liar research with IMT2’s proposition IM6. Further suggestions are offered about integrating research on prolific liars with IMT2 and integrating research on cognitive load and deception with IMT2.
Treatment of intraosseous defects with bioabsorbable barriers alone or in combination with decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: This study clinically compares the outcomes obtained from the use of a bioabsorbable barrier device in combination with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) to the results obtained from the barrier device used alone in the treatment of human intraosseous defects. Methods: The study consisted of 30 patients with one intraosseous periodontal defect each. The trial included defects with loss of attachment of ≥6 mm, with a radiographically detectable defect of at least mm and with at least 2 remaining osseous walls. After the hygienic phase, at baseline, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession (REC) were measured. During open flap debridement, the defects were randomly assigned to receive either a polylactic acid (PLA) barrier in combination with DFDBA (test) or a PLA barrier alone (control). Additionally, baseline osseous intrasurgical measurements of the periodontal defect were obtained to evaluate the amount of bone regeneration. PD, CAL, and REC were rem...
Cognitive Dissonance Theory After 50 Years of Development

Research and theoretical developments on the theory of cognitive dissonance are reviewed. After considering the self-consis- tency, self-affirmation, and aversive consequences revisions, the authors review research that has challenged each of the revisions and that supports the original version of the theory. Then, the authors review the action-based model of dissonance, which accepts the original theory's proposal that a sufficient cognitive inconsistency causes dissonance and extends the original theory by proposing why cognitive inconsistency prompts dissonance. Finally, the authors present results from experiments examining predictions derived from the action- based model and neural processes involved in dissonance reduction.
Imidazole Antibiotics Inhibit the Nitric Oxide Dioxygenase Function of Microbial Flavohemoglobin

Flavohemoglobins metabolize nitric oxide (NO) to nitrate and protect bacteria and fungi from NO-mediated damage, growth inhibition, and killing by NO-releasing immune cells. Antimicrobial imidazoles were tested for their ability to coordinate flavohemoglobin and inhibit its NO dioxygenase (NOD) function. Miconazole, econazole, clotrimazole, and ketoconazole inhibited the NOD activity of Escherichia coli flavohemoglobin with apparent Ki values of 80, 550, 1,300, and 5,000 nM, respectively. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Alcaligenes eutrophus enzymes exhibited similar sensitivities to imidazoles. Imidazoles coordinated the heme iron atom, impaired ferric heme reduction, produced uncompetitive inhibition with respect to O2 and NO, and inhibited NO metabolism by yeasts and bacteria. Nevertheless, these imidazoles were not sufficiently selective to fully mimic the NO-dependent growth stasis seen with NOD-deficient mutants. The results demonstrate a mechanism for NOD inhibition by imidazoles and suggest a target for imidazole engineering.
Three-dimensional free surface flow simulation of segregating dense suspensions

This paper presents a 3D numerical solution algorithm for the simulation of free surface flows of dense suspensions including particle migration phenomena. Segregation of the solid phase in processes such as powder injection molding and molding of semi-solid materials affects the rheology of the mixture and therefore the filling pattern. Segregation affects also the final properties and characteristics of such molded parts as a non-uniform particles distribution leads to non-uniform shrinkage, warpage and non-uniform mechanical properties. In this paper, particle migration is modeled using the diffusion flux model of Phillips et al. (Phys. Fluids A 1992; 4:30–40) and is extended to address 3D mold filling problems. The solution algorithm is validated against flow problems for which experimental and numerical data are available: circular Couette flow, piston-driven flow and sudden contraction–expansion flow. The particle migration model is then used to simulate mold filling problems in which the piston movement in the sleeve is known to induce particle migration before the material enters the cavity. An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation is developed and combined to a level-set front capturing method to simulate the piston movement and the evolution of the free surface in molding simulations. The ALE formulation is first compared with an Eulerian solution for the case of the piston-driven flow problem. The approach is then applied to injection molding problems to study the evolution of particle distributions during molding and in the final molded parts. Copyright © 2008 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating Current and Future Groundwater Resources of the Maldives

The water resources of the atolls of the Republic of Maldives are under continual threat from climatic and anthropogenic stresses, including land surface pollution, increasing population, drought, and sea-level rise (SLR). These threats are particularly acute for groundwater resources due to the small land surface area and low elevation of each island. In this study, the groundwater resources, in terms of freshwater lens thickness, total volume of fresh groundwater, and safe yield are estimated for the 52 most populous islands of the Maldives for current conditions and for the year 2030, with the latter accounting for projected SLR and associated shoreline recession. An algebraic model, designed in previous studies to estimate the lens thickness of atoll islands, is expanded in this study to also estimate volume of groundwater. Results indicate that average current lens thickness, groundwater volume, and per capita safe yield are approximately 4.6 m, 1,300 million liters, and 300 l/day, and that these values will decrease by approximately 10, 11, and 34%, respectively, by the year 2030. Based on results, it is demonstrated that groundwater, in terms of quantity, is a viable source of water for the islands of the Maldives both now and in coming decades, particularly for islands with large surface area and low population. Study results can provide water resource managers and government officials with valuable data for consideration in water security measures.