cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optogenetic Stimulation of C1 and Retrotrapezoid Nucleus Neurons Causes Sleep State–Dependent Cardiorespiratory Stimulation and Arousal in Rats

C1 catecholaminergic neurons and neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus are integrative nodes within the brain stem network regulating cardiorespiratory reflexes elicited by hypoxia and hypercapnia, stimuli that also produce arousal from sleep. In the present study, Channelrhodopsin-2 was selectively introduced into these neurons with a lentiviral vector to determine whether their selective activation also produces arousal in sleeping rats. Sleep stages were identified from electroencephalographic and neck muscle electromyographic recordings. Breathing was measured using unrestrained whole body plethysmography and blood pressure by telemetry. During nonrapid eye movement sleep, unilateral photostimulation of the C1 region caused arousal in 83.0±14.7% of trials and immediate and intense cardiorespiratory activation. Arousal during photostimulation was also observed during rapid eye movement sleep (41.9±5.6% of trials), but less reliably than during nonrapid eye movement sleep. The cardiorespiratory responses elicited by photostimulation were dramatically smaller during rapid eye movement sleep than nonrapid eye movement sleep or wakefulness. Systemic α1-adrenoreceptor blockade reduced the cardiorespiratory effects of photostimulation but had no effect on the arousal caused by photostimulation during nonrapid eye movement sleep. Postmortem histology showed that neurons expressing Channelrhodopsin 2–mCherry were predominantly catecholaminergic (81%). These results show that selective activation of C1 and retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons produces state-dependent arousal and cardiorespiratory stimulation. These neurons, which are powerfully activated by chemoreceptor stimulation, may contribute to the sleep disruption associated with obstructive sleep apnea.
The Children Left Behind.

This article explores some of the deficits in our educational system in regard to non-hearing students. It has become agonizingly clear that non-hearing students are being left out of the gallant sweep to enrich our children’s educations. The big five areas of literacy, at best, present unique challenges for non-hearing students and, in some cases, the challenges are insurmountable. These children need advocates not only to help them succeed, but also to heighten awareness of their struggle so that future generations may be aided by the studies of today.
Fault Recovery Using Evolvable Fuzzy Systems

Autonomous systems must survive for long periods without relying on humans for fault recovery. Faults may be impossible to analyze remotely and redundant hardware is frequently not allowed. The only recourse may be to replace the existing control strategy. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic controller architecture that executes a replacement control strategy for autonomous systems. This paper shows this architecture is ideally suited for fault recovery in autonomous systems with imprecisely defined faults. The controller is evolved in-situ and evaluated intrinsically
CodY-Mediated Regulation of Guanosine Uptake in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT CodY is a global transcriptional regulator known to control expression of more than 100 genes and operons in Bacillus subtilis. Some of the most strongly repressed targets of CodY, the nupNOPQ (formerly, yufNOPQ ) genes, were found to encode a guanosine transporter. Using DNase I footprinting experiments, we identified two high-affinity CodY-binding sites in the regulatory region of the nupN gene. The two sites are located 50 bp upstream and 163 bp downstream of the transcription start site. The downstream site was responsible for 6- to 8-fold nupN repression in the absence of the upstream site. When the upstream site was intact, however, only a minor contribution of the downstream site to nupN regulation could be detected under the conditions tested. Both sites contained 15-bp CodY-binding motifs with two mismatches each with respect to the consensus sequence, AATTTTCWGTTTTAA. However, the experimentally determined binding sites included additional sequences flanking the 15-bp CodY-binding motifs. An additional version of the 15-bp CodY-binding motif, with 5 mismatches with respect to the consensus but essential for efficient regulation by CodY, was found within the upstream site. The presence of multiple 15-bp motifs may be a common feature of CodY-binding sites.
Bypassing Big Pharma

There have been many resounding victories in the war against coronary artery disease. Among those are antiarrhythmic drugs, pacemakers, coronary bypass surgery, coronary angioplasty, reperfusion therapy, and statins. But the one goal that has continuously eluded us has been the clinical availability of an effective cardioprotective agent. Although reperfusion therapy has partially achieved the goal of limiting infarct size in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, the logistics usually prevent restoration of perfusion until after a significant amount of myocardium has been lost to infarction. In 1974, when Braunwald1 proposed that priority should be given to the identification of interventions that would make the myocardium resistant to infarction, nobody knew what an arduous task that would be. In the beginning, “big pharma” was a strong partner in this quest, and many drugs were evaluated. The first wave of drugs like β-blockers and calcium antagonists were examined because it was believed that they would reduce oxygen consumption and that an improvement in the supply-demand relationship in the heart would suppress infarction. Unfortunately, the determinants of oxygen consumption in the ischemic heart are very different from those in the well-perfused heart, and not surprisingly, these drugs were ineffective. Then, the focus shifted to antioxidants and antiinflammatory agents. Their preclinical performance was inconsistent, and the clinical trials that they spawned were all decidedly negative. Most recently, a great deal of money was spent on the development of the sodium–hydrogen exchange blocker cariporide, which again failed in clinical trials. Adenosine and insulin suffered similar fates. With each negative trial, the industry has become increasingly leery of cardioprotective interventions, and most companies are now very reluctant to include primary cardioprotectants in their development pipelines. Nobody knows …
Influence of ship emissions on air quality and input of contaminants in southern Alaska National Parks and Wilderness Areas during the 2006 tourist season

Abstract The impact of ship emissions on air quality in Alaska National Parks and Wilderness Areas was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model inline coupled with chemistry (WRF/Chem). The visibility and deposition of atmospheric contaminants was analyzed for the length of the 2006 tourist season. WRF/Chem reproduced the meteorological situation well. It seems to have captured the temporal behavior of aerosol concentrations when compared with the few data available. Air quality follows certain predetermined patterns associated with local meteorological conditions and ship emissions. Ship emissions have maximum impacts in Prince William Sound where topography and decaying lows trap pollutants. Along sea-lanes and adjacent coastal areas, NO x , SO 2 , O 3 , PAN, HNO 3 , and PM 2.5 increase up to 650 pptv, 325 pptv, 900 pptv, 18 pptv, 10 pptv, and 100 ng m −3 . Some of these increases are significant (95% confidence). Enhanced particulate matter concentrations from ship emissions reduce visibility up to 30% in Prince William Sound and 5–25% along sea-lanes.
Species delimitation in Trametes: a comparison of ITS, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1 gene phylogenies

Trametes is a cosmopolitan genus of white rot polypores, including the "turkey tail" fungus, T. versicolor. Although Trametes is one of the most familiar genera of polypores, its species-level taxonomy is unsettled. The ITS region is the most commonly used molecular marker for species delimitation in fungi, but it has been shown to have a low molecular variation in Trametes resulting in poorly resolved phylogenies and unclear species boundaries, especially in the T. versicolor species complex (T. versicolor sensu stricto, T. ochracea, T. pubescens, T. ectypa). Here we evaluate the performance of three protein-coding genes (TEF1, RPB1, RPB2) for species delimitation and phylogenetic reconstruction in Trametes. We obtained 59 TEF1, 34 RPB1 and 55 RPB2 sequences from 69 individuals, focusing on the T. versicolor complex and performed phylogenetic analyses with maximum likelihood and parsimony methods. All three protein-coding genes outperformed ITS for separating species in the T. versicolor complex. The multigene phylogenetic analysis shows the highest amount of resolution and supported nodes separating T. ectypa, T. ochracea, T. pubescens and T. versicolor with strong support. In addition three slineages are resolved in the species complex of T. elegans. The T. elegans complex includes three species: T. elegans (based on material from Puerto Rico, Belize, the Philippines), T. aesculi (from North America) and T. repanda (from Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Venezuela). The utility of gene markers varies, with TEF1 having the highest PCR and sequencing success rate and RPB1 offering the best backbone resolution for the genus.
Scalable Memcached Design for InfiniBand Clusters Using Hybrid Transports

Mem cached is a general-purpose key-value based distributed memory object caching system. It is widely used in data-center domain for caching results of database calls, API calls or page rendering. An efficient Mem cached design is critical to achieve high transaction throughput and scalability. Previous research in the field has shown that the use of high performance interconnects like InfiniBand can dramatically improve the performance of Mem cached. The Reliable Connection (RC) is the most commonly used transport model for InfiniBand implementations. However, it has been shown that RC transport imposes scalability issues due to high memory consumption per connection. Such a characteristic is not favorable for middle wares like Mem cached, where the server is required to serve thousands of clients. The Unreliable Datagram (UD) transport offers higher scalability, but has several other limitations, which need to be efficiently handled. In this context, we introduce a hybrid transport model which takes advantage of the best features of RC and UD to deliver scalability and performance higher than that of a single-transport. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort aimed at studying the impact of using a hybrid of multiple transport protocols on Mem cached performance. We present comprehensive performance analysis using micro benchmarks, application benchmarks and realistic industry workloads. Our performance evaluations reveal that our Hybrid transport delivers performance comparable to that of RC, while maintaining a steady memory footprint. Mem cached Get latency for 4byte data size, is 4.28µs and 4.86µs for RC and hybrid transports, respectively. This represents a factor of twelve improvement over the performance of SDP. In evaluations using Apache Olio benchmark with 1,024 clients, Mem cached execution time using RC, UD and hybrid transports are 1.61, 1.96 and 1.70 seconds, respectively. Further, our scalability analysis with 4,096 client connections reveal that our proposed hybrid transport achieves good memory scalability.
A Markov Decision Approach to Feedback Channel Capacity

We introduce a general framework for treating channels with memory and feedback. First, we generalize Massey’s concept of directed information [7] and use it to characterize the feedback capacity of general channels. Second, we present coding results for Markov channels. Third, a dynamic programming framework for computing the capacity of Markov channels with output feedback is presented.
Multiple supply (class-G) linear modulator and PA for non-CE modulation

A class-G PA consisting of a class-E PA and class-G supply modulator is fabricated in a 130nm process. It operates from 1.65 and 3.3 V supplies and the die area is 2×2mm. It achieves a measured Pout of 29.2dBm with a PAE of 72%. It can amplify signals with peak-to-average ratios of ∼3–20dBm, or act as power control for constant envelope signals. It achieves an EVM value of 4.6%-rms for a root-raised cosine filtered, QPSK modulated signal similar to that specified in the WCDMA standard (Data rate = 3.84 MB/s) and an average efficiency of 45%, compared to 17% for a similar class-B PA.
Symptoms and correlates of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence

Forty-nine male weight lifters, all users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire to investigate addictive patterns of use. At least one DSM-III-R symptom of dependence was reported by 94% of the sample. Three or more symptoms, consistent with a diagnosis of dependence, were reported by 57%. Dependent users (n = 28) could be distinguished from non-dependent users (n = 21) by their use of larger doses, more cycles of use, more dissatisfaction with body size, and more aggressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that dosage and dissatisfaction with body size were the best predictors of dependent use. Patterns of other substances used, although not predictive of AAS dependence, revealed very low cigarette use and at the same time high alcohol consumption. These data support the notion that AASs are addicting, and suggest that dissatisfaction with body size may lead to dependent patterns of use. The implications for both prevention and treatment are discussed.
Behavioral Studies of Pavlovian Conditioning

The purpose of this review is to bring to the attention of neuroscientists some of the current thinking of psychologists who study learning processes from a behavioral perspective. The past 20 years have seen enormous changes in the ways that psychologists conceptualize and study elementary learning processes; however, many of those changes are poorly appreciated by the neuroscience community at large. The review is organized into two parts. First, I described a framework in which to think about the conduct of learning experiments (Rescoria & Holland, 1976). Although that framework will seem simple minded to some, it provides an overall structure within which to place the study of learning, a structure that helps one avoid certain distressingly common conceptual pitfalls. Second, I describe some properties of a carefully stud­ ied example of learning that has dominated modern theorizing: Pavlovian conditioning. That description emphasizes not only basic data but also certain key notions in modern theories of pavlovian associative learning. Of course, it is impossible to provide an exhaustive review of either the theory or data in this area. Instead, my goal is to give a flavor of current thinking.
Alcohol dependence-induced regulation of the proliferation and survival of adult brain progenitors is associated with altered BDNF-TrkB signaling

Effects of withdrawal from ethanol drinking in chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIE)-exposed dependent rats and air-exposed nondependent rats on proliferation and survival of progenitor cells in the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were investigated. Rats were injected with 5'-Bromo 2-deoxyuridine 72 h post-CIE to measure proliferation (2 h-old cells) and survival (29-day-old cells) of progenitors born during a time-point previously reported to elicit a proliferative burst in the hippocampus. Hippocampal and mPFC brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB) expression were measured 3 h or 21d post-CIE to evaluate neurotrophic signaling during a time point preceding the proliferative burst and survival of newly born progenitors. CIE rats demonstrated elevated drinking compared to nondependent rats and CIE rats maintained elevated drinking following protracted abstinence. Withdrawal from CIE increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus and mPFC, and subsequently increased proliferation in the hippocampus and mPFC compared to nondependent rats and controls. Protracted abstinence from CIE reduced BDNF expression to control levels, and subsequently reduced neurogenesis compared to controls and nondependent rats in the hippocampus. In the mPFC, protracted abstinence reduced BDNF expression to control levels, whereas increased oligodendrogenesis in dependent rats compared to nondependent rats and controls. These results suggest a novel relationship between BDNF and progenitors in the hippocampus and mPFC, in which increased ethanol drinking may alter hippocampal and cortical function in alcohol dependent subjects by altering the cellular composition of newly born progenitors in the hippocampus and mPFC.
Atomic to Nanoscale Investigation of Functionalities of an Al2O3 Coating Layer on a Cathode for Enhanced Battery Performance

Surface coating has been identified as an effective approach for enhancing the capacity retention of layered structure cathode. However, the underlying operating mechanism of such a thin coating layer, in terms of surface chemical functionality and capacity retention, remains unclear. In this work, we use aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and high-efficiency spectroscopy to probe the delicate functioning mechanism of an Al2O3 coating layer on a Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 cathode. We discovered that in terms of surface chemical function, the Al2O3 coating suppresses the side reaction between the cathode and the electrolyte during battery cycling. At the same time, the Al2O3 coating layer also eliminates the chemical reduction of Mn from the cathode particle surface, therefore preventing the dissolution of the reduced Mn into the electrolyte. In terms of structural stability, we found that the Al2O3 coating layer can mitigate the layer to spinel phase transformation, which otherwise will...
Evaluating programs aimed at promoting positive youth development: A relational development systems-based view

ABSTRACTWhether discussing the process involved in positive youth development (PYD), articulating an approach (or philosophy) of youth programs associated with PYD, or enacting a program aimed at promoting PYD, ideas derived from relational developmental systems (RDS) metatheory are pertinent. Accordingly, we discuss the RDS metamodel and explain the approach to PYD research and to PYD program evaluation associated with it. We suggest that the approach to research and evaluation derived from RDS-based ideas offers developmental scientists a set of ideas and tools for research and evaluation methodology that contrast in several ways to methodology associated with different metatheoretical bases. We present a model of program evaluation, termed Evolutionary Evaluation, as a sample case of such an RDS-based approach. We discuss RDS-based approaches to understanding causality and, as well, to using theory-based research and evaluation to promote social justice.
IDH-1 Mutation Status Predicts for Better Overall Survival in Patients With Primary Glioblastoma Receiving Radiation and Temozolomide

Orbital and Periorbital Complications of Proton Beam Radiation Therapy for Intraocular Tumor Y.J. Choi, S. Kim, H.K. Choung, and Y.S. Yu; Department of Ophthalmology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Seoul, South Korea
Amicable Number Triples

(1913). Amicable Number Triples. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 84-92.
Political Sophistication and the Use of Candidate Traits in Candidate Evaluation

Most research on voting behavior has attempted to explain how individuals, in general, determine their candidate preference. Recently, however, some scholars have concluded that we must recognize that different individuals make these evaluations differently. Knight (1985) found that political sophistication affected the extent to which individuals rely on issues and ideology when evaluating presidential candidates. This paper finds that political sophistication has little systematic impact on the relative use of candidate's personal traits in evaluating the candidates.
Labeling a Parasitic Wasp, Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with Trace Elements for Mark—Recapture Studies

Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), a parasitoid of larvae of Heliothis spp., was labeled by rearing it in host larvae that were fed diet containing 1,000-2,000 parts per million of one or more of four trace elements: cesium (Cs), dysprosium (Dy), rubidium (Rb), or strontium (Sr). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for the analysis of the labels. Cs and Dy concentrations in Cs-labeled and Dy-labeled parasitoids overlapped those found in parasitoids reared on unlabeled diet. Although the amounts of Rb and Sr in labeled parasitoids declined after they emerged as adults and ceased to be exposed to a trace element source, parasitoids labeled with these elements were distinguishable from field-collected, unlabeled insects up to 20 d after adults emerged. Although development time of males and females and adult longevity of females differed between unlabeled and labeled parasitoids, the differences were small and the direction of the differences reversed between experiments, suggesting that the trace elements had little effect on development time or adult longevity.
Robot-assisted versus standard laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Background and objectives Over the years, there has been a continual shift toward more minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as the use of laparoscopy in colorectal surgery. Recently, there has been increasing adoption of robotic technology. Our study aims to compare and contrast robot-assisted and laparoscopic approaches to colorectal operations. Methods Forty patients undergoing laparoscopic or robotic colorectal surgery performed by 2 surgeons at an academic center, regardless of indication, were included in this retrospective review. Patients undergoing open approaches were excluded. Study outcomes included operative time, estimated blood loss, length of stay, complications, and conversion rate to an open procedure. Results Twenty-five laparoscopic and fifteen robot-assisted colorectal surgeries were performed. The mean patient age was 61.1 ± 10.7 years in the laparoscopic group compared with 61.1 ± 8.5 years in the robotic group (P = .997). Patients had a similar body mass index and history of abdominal surgery. Mean blood loss was 163.3 ± 249.2 mL and 96.8 ± 157.7 mL, respectively (P = .385). Operative times were similar, with 190.8 ± 84.3 minutes in the laparoscopic group versus 258.4 ± 170.8 minutes in the robotic group (P = .183), as were lengths of hospital stay: 9.6 ± 7.3 and 6.5 ± 3.8 days, respectively (P = .091). In addition, there was no difference in the number of lymph nodes harvested between the laparoscopic group (14.0 ± 6.5) and robotic group (12.3 ± 4.2, P = .683). Conclusions In our early experience, the robotic approach to colorectal surgery can be considered both safe and efficacious. Furthermore, it also preserves oncologically sufficient outcomes when performed for cancer operations.
Instabilities in the Propagation of Arbitrarily Polarized Counterpropagating Waves in a Nonlinear Kerr Medium

The stability of strong optical waves counterpropagating in a nonlinear optical material has important implications for nonlinear optical processes such as optical bistability and phase conjugation. Nonlinear Kerr media are perhaps the simplest nonlinear optical material to model, yet the interaction of light waves in these materials can exhibit very rich and complicated behavior [1–5]. SILBERBERG and BAR-JOSEPH [3] have predicted that the output intensities of two strong waves with parallel polarization, counterpropagating in a nonlinear Kerr medium with finite response time, can show oscillatory as well as chaotic behavior. KAPLAN and LAW [5] have recently demonstrated that multistable polarization states are possible in the steady-state outputs of two counterpropagating vector fields in a nonlinear Kerr medium with an infinitely fast response time. This complicated steady-state behavior has motivated us to study the time dependence of the output polarizations of counterpropagating vector fields in a nonlinear Kerr medium. The inclusion of temporal effects enables us to study theoretically the stability of the polarization of the transmitted waves in order to determine whether oscillatory, hysteretic, or chaotic behavior occurs. In this paper, we present numerical results that demonstrate the existence of hysteretic bistability in the output polarizations.
Fixated on rejection: Attentional blindness following socially rejecting faces in people with defensive self-esteem

AbstractPeople with defensive self-esteem (high explicit and low implicit self-esteem) respond more negatively to ego threat than do those with secure (high explicit and implicit) self-esteem. We examined whether they would also be more attentive to a cue indicating the presence of such threat–namely, a face signaling social rejection. In a rapid serial visual presentation task, participants with defensive self-esteem made more errors than those with secure self-esteem following a picture of a rejecting face than following either an accepting face or a negative control image. Our findings suggest a possible relationship between defensive self-esteem and rejection sensitivity. Potential negative ramifications of this sensitivity to rejection cues are discussed.
A Plant Bacterial Pathogen Manipulates Its Insect Vector's Energy Metabolism

Insect-transmitted plant-pathogenic bacteria may alter their vectors9 fitness, survival, behavior, and metabolism. Because these pathogens interact with their vectors on the cellular and organismal levels, potential changes at the biochemical level might occur. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus ( C Las) is transmitted in a persistent, circulative, and propagative manner. The genome of C Las revealed the presence of an ATP translocase that mediates the uptake of ATP and other nucleotides from the media to achieve its biological processes such as growth and multiplication. Here, we showed that the level of ATP and many other nucleotides were significantly higher in C Las-infected psyllids. Gene expression analysis showed up-regulation for ATP synthase subunits while the ATPase enzyme activity showed a decrease in ATPase activity. These results indicated that C Las stimulated Diaphorina citri to produce more ATP and many other energetic nucleotides while it may inhibit their consumption by the insect. As a result of ATP accumulation, the adenylated energy charge (AEC) increased and the AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios decreased in C Las-infected D. citri . Survival analysis confirmed a shorter lifespan for C Las-infected D. citri . In addition, electropenetrography showed a significant reduction in total non-probing time, salivation time, and time from the last E2 (phloem ingestion) to the end of recording indicating that C Las-infected psyllids were at a higher hunger level and they tended to forage more often. This increased feeding activity reflects the C Las induced energetic stress. In conclusion, C Las alters the energy metabolism of its psyllid vector, D. citri, in order to secure its need for energetic nucleotides. IMPORTANCE Insect transmission of plant pathogenic bacteria involves a propagation and circulation of the bacteria within their vectors. The transmission process is complex and requires specific interactions at the molecular and biochemical levels. The growth of the plant pathogenic bacteria in the haemolymph of their vectors indicated that the haemolymph contains all the necessary nutrients for their growth. In addition to nutrients, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus ( C las) can uptake energetic nucleotides such as ATP from its vector, Diaphorina citri , using ATP-translocase. In this study, we found that the C Las pathogen manipulates the energy metabolism of its insect vector. The accumulation of ATP in C Las-infected D. citri indicated that C Las induces ATP production to fullfill its need for this energetic compound. As a result of ATP accumulation, a shorter lifespan and altered feeding behavior were observed. These findings increase our knowledge of insect transmission of the persistent-circulative-propagative type of plant pathogens vectored by insects.
Identification of IgE as the Allergy-Associated Ig Isotype.

The important role of IgE in the pathogenesis of most allergic disorders makes it appropriate to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its discovery and identification as the allergy-associated Ig isotype and to recall the role of two papers published in The Journal of Immunology on this milestone.
A Note on Stochastic Dominance

This note is to set the record straight and focus on the strict definition of stochastic dominance.
Lasting impression of violence: Retained bullets and depressive symptoms

Background Over 70,000 nonfatal firearm injuries occur in the US annually, frequently leaving victims injured with retained bullets. The long-term psychological risks associated with retained bullets remains unstudied. By serving as a constant reminder of injury, we hypothesized that the presence of retained bullets after firearm injury is associated with increased PTSD and depression symptom severity.
Invertebrates and Their Use by Humans

Over 95% of the animals on the planet are invertebrates. Despite this, their usage by humans is limited to a relatively few species. Food uses for invertebrates include shell-fish, such as crustaceans (e.g., shrimp, crabs, and lobsters) and mollusks (e.g., oysters), honey from bees, Cephalopod ink for Italian and Spanish dishes, such as black pasta and squid in ink soup, and the Echinoderms, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins. Nonfood uses of invertebrates include silk produced by the mulberry silkworm ( Bombyx mori ), pearls (formed in marine oysters), beeswax, and molluscan dyes, such as the Tyrian or royal purple used to dye clothes for Roman and Byzantine emperors. The biomedical uses of invertebrates include the sequencing of the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and Caenorhabditis elegans , the use of jellyfish ( Aequorea victoria ) g reen fluorescent protein, and therapy maggots. Other uses of invertebrates include vermiculture. Many of the invertebrates used by humans are produced by aquaculture and analogous systems, but capture harvesting is still widespread. There is tremendous scope for greater utilization of more invertebrates, their proteins and other constituents, and their associated microbiomes.
Intercultural Competence in Emerging Markets: A Critical Review and Research Proposal

Researchers and practitioners agree that intercultural competence is essential for managers and employees due to the globalized business world faced by their organizations. Cross-border interaction...
Reconfigurable High Voltage Load for Pulsed Power Applications

The evaluation of pulsed power systems and their constituent components requires unconventional loads with exceptional voltage, current, impulse energy, and continuous power dissipation capability. This paper presents the design and construction of a reconfigurable resistive load with active temperature monitoring for the evaluation of ultra-high voltage pulsed power modulators and semiconductor devices. The load consists of a network of 15 ceramic resistors (outer diameter of 2.54 cm and length of 30.48 cm) mounted vertically in an oil filled aluminum tank. To enable exceptionally high-power dissipation, the oil is pumped through the tank and through a radiator. A microcontroller based module activates a fan on the radiator if a preset oil temperature is surpassed. Experimental results gathered demonstrate that the load withstood 10 kW at 10 kV for 30 minutes, and that the temperature of the oil reached 80 °C.
Improved survival in murine lupus as the result of selenium supplementation.

Selenium is a trace mineral and a required nutrient for animals and humans. Selenium intake appears to be inversely correlated with the risk of developing cancer. Since immunological effects of selenium have been described we studied the capacity of selenium to modify the lupus-like disease of NZB/NZW female mice. Our data indicate that selenium supplementation (sodium selenite 4 parts per million in the drinking water) significantly improves survival in these autoimmune mice: mean survival 55.6 +/- 4.6 weeks (mean +/- s.e.) for treated mice versus 36.1 +/- 1.9 weeks for controls (P less than 0.04). Additionally, selenium supplemented mice had significantly higher natural killer cell activity (P less than 0.001). However, no obvious effects of selenium supplementation on autoantibody production were observed.
Creating Brightline Rules for Tribal Court Jurisdiction Over Non-Indians: The Case of Trespass to Real Property

The 2010 passage of the Tribal Law and Order Act will invest significantly more resources in tribal courts. As tribal courts expand, conflicts between sovereignties – tribal, state, and federal – are likely to occur with much greater frequency. Tribal court civil jurisdiction over non-Indians will be among the issues most frequently appealed into federal courts. I offer this piece to propose a new and novel solution; that tribal courts be extended civil jurisdiction in a piecemeal process that vests absolute tribal court jurisdiction over non-Indians for those civil offenses over which tribes have the greatest interest. This article takes one of the most common jurisdictional questions, tribal court jurisdiction over non-Indians in cases of trespass to land, and argues that a bright-line rule favoring tribal court jurisdiction in this instance is legally mandated, will pragmatically conserve judicial resources, and recognizes the broad tribal sovereignty recently reaffirmed by Congress.
The effects of temperature on relaxation in frog skeletal muscle: the role of parvalbumin

Isolated muscle fibers fromRana temporaria tibialis anterior muscles were microinjected with aequorin. The force responses and the Ca2+ transients associated with twitch and tetanic contractions were studied at several temperatures. The declines of the Ca2+ transients were well described by single exponential equations and the effects of temperature were complex (multi-exponential). To determine if these temperature effects on the Ca2+ transients were influenced by the Ca2+ indicator itself, samples of the injected aequorin were studied in vitro using a Gibson stopped-flow apparatus. The quenching of aequorin luminescence with either EGTA or de-calcifiedRana temporaria parvalbumin were mono-exponential. These overall quenching reactions had single exponential temperature dependencies. The effects of temperature on the declines of the single fiber Ca2+ transients did not appear to be influenced by the kinetics of the aequorin reaction. The disparity in the effects of temperature on the single fiber Ca2+ transients versus the in vitro quenching of aequorin luminescence with parvalbumin, were interpreted to indicate that in twitch and tetanic contractions of these fibers, it was unlikely that soluble Ca2+ binding proteins played a major role in the regulation of myoplasmic Ca2+.
Estimating multi-year 24/7 origin-destination demand using high-granular multi-source traffic data

Abstract Dynamic origin-destination (OD) demand is central to transportation system modeling and analysis. The dynamic OD demand estimation problem (DODE) has been studied for decades, most of which solve the DODE problem on a typical day or several typical hours. There is a lack of methods that estimate high-resolution dynamic OD demand for a sequence of many consecutive days over several years (referred to as 24/7 OD in this research). Having multi-year 24/7 OD demand would allow a better understanding of characteristics of dynamic OD demands and their evolution/trends over the past few years, a critical input for modeling transportation system evolution and reliability. This paper presents a data-driven framework that estimates day-to-day dynamic OD using high-granular traffic counts and speed data collected over many years. The proposed framework statistically clusters daily traffic data into typical traffic patterns using t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and k-means methods. A GPU-based stochastic projected gradient descent method is proposed to efficiently solve the multi-year 24/7 DODE problem. It is demonstrated that the new method efficiently estimates the 5-min dynamic OD demand for every single day from 2014 to 2016 on I-5 and SR-99 in the Sacramento region. The resultant multi-year 24/7 dynamic OD demand reveals the daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and yearly change in travel demand in a region, implying intriguing demand characteristics over the years.
Picture Titles: How and Why Western Paintings Acquired Their Names

Julius Caesar opens his treatise The Gallic Wars by commenting that “Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres” (“all Gaul is divided into three parts”). One opens Ruth Bernard Yeazell”s Picture Title...
Impact of Management Practices on Carbon and Water Fluxes in Corn–Soybean Rotations

Corn [Zea mays L.] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are important US crops, and soil management typically comprises tillage activities, yet improvements in management practices may have substantial impact on C and water dynamics. This study’s aim was to determine management impact on C and water fluxes. Four eddy covariance stations monitored evapotranspiration (ET) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in 2016–2017 in two corn–soybean–rotation systems—a conventional and a transitional system to reduced till with cover crop (i.e., aspirational). Net biome production (NBP), gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE), and inherent water use efficiency (IWUE*) were calculated. Aspirational site NEP was higher than the conventional site with 565 vs. 421 g C m⁻² in corn, and 108 vs. −64 g C m⁻² in soybean. The aspirational RE was lower than under conventional management for both corn and soybean. Aspirational corn GPP was lower than conventional with 1285 and 1405 g C m⁻², and no difference in soybean with 750 and 742 g C m⁻². Linear regression (p < 0.05) showed higher NEP regression slopes in spring in the conventional compared with the aspirational system, with −0.016 and −0.004 in soybean, and −0.012 and −0.005 in corn. The soybean-years were a C source in both management systems. Although annual ET was similar among crops and management with 589 to 610 mm, the growing season IWUE* was higher under conventional management. Reduced tillage substantially improved C dynamics in corn and soybean, whereas ET was less affected.
Three Paths of Design

In Part III–IV, I describe three different paths that may be taken to design or redesign the relevant Hualish culture for a particular variant at a certain level. Regardless of path, the general process is the same: first, determine which specific organizational variant to design or redesign; next, determine the desired targets for vital signs; and finally, evaluate and select relevant elements for the four HOPE structural components to achieve the desired targets for vital signs.
The global lake area, climate, and population dataset.

An increasing population in conjunction with a changing climate necessitates a detailed understanding of water abundance at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Remote sensing has provided massive data volumes to track fluctuations in water quantity, yet contextualizing water abundance with other local, regional, and global trends remains challenging by often requiring large computational resources to combine multiple data sources into analytically-friendly formats. To bridge this gap and facilitate future freshwater research opportunities, we harmonized existing global datasets to create the Global Lake area, Climate, and Population (GLCP) dataset. The GLCP is a compilation of lake surface area for 1.42 + million lakes and reservoirs of at least 10 ha in size from 1995 to 2015 with co-located basin-level temperature, precipitation, and population data. The GLCP was created with FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data principles in mind and retains unique identifiers from parent datasets to expedite interoperability. The GLCP offers critical data for basic and applied investigations of lake surface area and water quantity at local, regional, and global scales. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12328214
Estados de negación, corporativismo y criminalización de la denuncia contra la violencia institucional

En su libro Estados de negacion , el sociologo Stanley Cohen precisaba que existen tres formas de negar la barbarie o la atrocidad. Una de ellas es la negacion literal , donde se niega el propio hecho. En segundo lugar, estaria la negacion interpretativa , por medio de la cual no se niega lo ocurrido, pero se realiza una reinterpretacion de ello. Por ultimo, estaria la negacion inculpatoria , que no niega lo ocurrido ni su interpretacion, pero si sus efectos [1] . La negacion siempre es un fenomeno sociologico importante porque lleva a impunidad, la amnesia y la desmemoria. Pero, no es lo mismo la negacion se lleve a cabo por parte de un individuo o grupo, que aquella que realiza el Estado: “En el Estado espanol o Cataluna no hay tortura”. “Lo que ha ocurrido no es tortura sino la utilizacion reglamentaria de la fuerza minima indispensable / actuacion bajo los principios de oportunidad, congruencia y proporcionalidad”; “En el Estado espanol y en Cataluna no hay tortura y si la hay es un caso aislado que se investiga y se va hasta las ultimas consecuencias.” Esta suele ser la forma en que las autoridades espanolas y catalanas niegan en las tres categorias de Cohen la existencia de la tortura y los malos tratos. Es un Estado de negacion en que varios poderes del Estado se blindan para negar la existencia de un crimen de Estado. [1] Cohen, S., [2001] 2005. Estados de negacion. Ensayo sobre atrocidades y sufrimiento (States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering). 1era ed. Buenos Aires: Departamento de Publicaciones, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Buenos Aires, British Council Argentina.
Industrialization is associated with elevated rates of horizontal gene transfer in the human microbiome

Horizontal Gene Transfer, the process by which bacteria acquire new genes and functions from non-parental sources, is common in the human microbiome. If the timescale of HGT is rapid compared to the timescale of human colonization, then it could have the effect of "personalizing" bacterial genomes by providing incoming strains with the genes necessary to adapt to the diet or lifestyle of a new host. The extent to which HGT occurs on the timescale of human colonization, however, remains unclear. Here, we analyzed 6,188 newly isolated and sequenced gut bacteria from 34 individuals in 9 human populations, and show that HGT is more common among bacteria isolated from the same human host, indicating that the timescale of transfer is short compared to the timescale of human colonization. Comparing across 9 human populations reveals that high rates of transfer may be a recent development in human history linked to industrialization and urbanization. In addition, we find that the genes involved in transfer reflect the lifestyle of the human hosts, with elevated transfer of carbohydrate metabolism genes in hunter gatherer populations, and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among pastoralists who live in close contact with livestock. These results suggest that host-associated bacterial genomes are not static within individuals, but continuously acquire new functionality based on host diet and lifestyle.
REFLEX CONTROL OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM IN MAN

Publisher Summary The low pressure side of the cardiovascular system, which includes the systemic venules and veins, the right heart, the lungs, and the left atrium, contains about 80 to 85% of the blood volume. It functions as a dynamic reservoir for the circulation, capable of slow adjustments in its total volume and of rapid adjustments in volume between the systemic veins and the cardiopulmonary vessels. By these volume changes, it ensures that the venous return to the heart is maintained so that the cardiac output is adjusted to fulfil the metabolic demands of the body. The systemic venous system undergoes continuous changes incapacity to maintain a relatively constant volume of blood in the heart and lungs. This provides for an appropriate filling pressure of the chambers of the heart, which in turn is a primary determinant of the stroke volume. These changes in capacity are accomplished both passively and actively.
Packaging Rf Devices and Modules

The sections in this article are 1 RF Packages 2 Performance of RF Packages 3 Reliability 4 Case Study 5 CAD Issues for RF Packaging 6 Advanced Packaging Concepts 7 Summary
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the novel synthetic opioid, U-47700, in male rats.

Abstract Novel synthetic opioids are appearing in recreational drug markets worldwide as adulterants in heroin or ingredients in counterfeit analgesic medications. Trans-3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl-benzamide (U-47700) is an example of a non-fentanyl synthetic opioid linked to overdose deaths. Here, we examined the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of U-47700 in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with intravenous (i.v.) catheters and subcutaneous (s.c.) temperature transponders under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. One week later, rats received s.c. injections of U-47700 HCl (0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) or saline, and blood samples (0.3 mL) were withdrawn via i.v. catheters at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 min post-injection. Pharmacodynamic effects were assessed at each blood withdrawal, and plasma was assayed for U-47700 and its metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. U-47700 induced dose-related increases in hot plate latency (ED50 = 0.5 mg/kg) and catalepsy (ED50 = 1.7 mg/kg), while the 3.0 mg/kg dose also caused hypothermia. Plasma levels of U-47700 rose linearly as dose increased, with maximal concentration (Cmax) achieved by 15–38 min. Cmax values for N-desmethyl-U-47700 and N,N-didesmethyl-U-47700 were delayed but reached levels in the same range as the parent compound. Pharmacodynamic effects were correlated with plasma U-47700 and its N-desmethyl metabolite. Using radioligand binding assays, U-47700 displayed high affinity for μ-opioid receptors (Ki = 11.1 nM) whereas metabolites were more than 18-fold weaker. Our data reveal that U-47700 induces typical μ-opioid effects which are related to plasma concentrations of the parent compound. Given its high potency, U-47700 poses substantial risk to humans who are inadvertently exposed to the drug.