cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of grid-drilling using computer simulation

A computer simulation method has been developed to find efficient drilling grids for mineral deposits. A well-known ore deposit is used as a model to develop an efficient pattern for undiscovered ore bodies in the same area or in other prospects where similar geometry is suspected. The model for this study is the Austinville, Virginia deposit, a Mississippi Valley-type deposit composed of 17 ore bodies totaling 34 million short tons (30 million metric tons). The method employs a computer program that simulates drilling the model deposit with different patterns, including various levels of follow-up drilling. Follow-up holes are drilled in fences at one half the original spacing around holes in the grid that show ore-grade mineralization. Each pattern is drilled 100 times from random starting locations to provide a range of outcomes of drilling, including the best, worst, and most likely. For this study, patterns of 100 drill holes were composed of 10 fences spaced 1000–5000 feet (305–1524 m) apart, each with 10 holes spaced 200–1000 feet (61–305 m) apart. In all, 25 grids were used with zero to three levels of follow-up drilling. The 600/2000 grid, with drill holes spaced 600 feet (183 m) apart in fences spaced 2000 feet (610 m) apart, was compared with the 200/5000 grid because they represented contrasting outcomes. The 600/2000 grid penetrated many ore bodies consistently but with few multiple hits to individual ore bodies; whereas the 200/5000 grid inconsistently penetrated few ore bodies with many multiple hits. The 600/2000 grid was more efficient than the 200/5000 grid at hitting large ore bodies of 1,000,000 short tons or greater (900,000 metric tons or greater) and was made more effective by adding one cycle of follow-up drilling. The 600/2000 grid had a 97% chance of hitting one or more large ore bodies with at least one drill hole per ore body, and the 200/5000 grid had a 64% chance. Once hit, there was an 82% chance that the largest ore body would be penetrated by three or more holes when using the 600/2000 grid and an 88% chance using the 200/5000 grid.
Fluorescence polarization assay for calmodulin binding to plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase: dependence on enzyme and Ca2+ concentrations.

Abstract Calmodulin (CaM) is a Ca2+ signaling protein that binds to a wide variety of target proteins, and it is important to establish methods for rapid characterization of these interactions. Here we report the use of fluorescence polarization (FP) to measure the Kd for the interaction of CaM with the plasma membrane Ca2+–ATPase (PMCA), a Ca2+ pump regulated by binding of CaM. Previous assays of PMCA–CaM interactions were indirect, based on activity or kinetics measurements. We also investigated the Ca2+ dependence of CaM binding to PMCA. FP assays directly detect CaM–target interactions and are rapid, sensitive, and suitable for high-throughput screening assay formats. Values for the dissociation constant Kd in the nanomolar range are readily measured. We measured the changes in anisotropy of CaM labeled with Oregon Green 488 on titration with PMCA, yielding a Kd value of CaM with PMCA (5.8 ± 0.5 nM) consistent with previous indirect measurements. We also report the binding affinity of CaM with oxidatively modified PMCA (Kd = 9.8 ± 2.0 nM), indicating that the previously reported loss in CaM-stimulated activity for oxidatively modified PMCA is not a result of reduced CaM binding. The Ca2+ dependence follows a simple Hill plot demonstrating cooperative binding of Ca2+ to the binding sites in CaM.
A Deterministic Inventory System with an Inventory-Level-Dependent Demand Rate

This analysis is concerned with the continuous, deterministic case of an inventory system in which the demand rate of an item is of a polynomial functional form, dependent on the inventory level. Differential and integral calculus are used to find the inventory function with respect to time. From this, the objective function (to maximize average profit per unit time) is developed. For the continuous, multiperiod situation, a non-linear programming algorithm—separable programming—is utilized to determine the optimal order level (the quantity to order up to) and the order point (the quantity at which an order is placed). A numeric example and a sensitivity analysis are also presented.
Leader Attributions for Subordinate Performance: Consequences for Subsequent Leader Interactive Behaviors and Ratings1

An important application of attribution theory deals with leader explanations for subordinate performance and their effects on future leader–member interactions and performance. In the present study, subjects worked on a 2-trial task in which there was a leader and 2 members. Leaders received performance feedback and an attributional explanation for subordinate performance after Trial 1, and subsequent Trial 2 behavior was videotaped. Results showed that attributions significantly affected the amount of time spent by the leader talking to the group during the second trial, as well as the number of negative leader comments. Level of performance was a significant determinant of subordinate ratings and reward/punishment recommendations. Attributions differentially affected the punishment advocated by leaders, with failure due to internal causes more likely to be punished than failure due to external causes. Implications for an attributional theory of leadership are discussed.
Search engine for handwritten documents

Search aspects of a system for analyzing handwritten documents are described. Documents are indexed using global image features, e.g., stroke width, slant as well as local features that describe the shapes of words and characters. Image indexing is done automatically using page analysis, page segmentation, line separation, word segmentation and recognition of words and characters. Two types of search are permitted: search based on global features of entire document and search using features at local level. For the second type of search, i.e., local, all the words in the document are characterized and indexed by various features and it forms the basis of different search techniques. The paper focuses on local search and describes four tasks: word/phrase spotting, text to image, image to text and plain text. Performance in terms of precision/recall and word ranking is reported on a database of handwriting samples from about 1,000 individuals.
Ultraviolet plumage reflectance distinguishes sibling bird species

Realistic studies of plumage color need to consider that many birds can see near-UV light, which normal humans cannot perceive. Although previous investigations have revealed that UV-based plumage reflectance is an important component of various intraspecific social signals, the contribution of UV signals to inter-specific divergence and speciation in birds remains largely unexplored. I describe an avian example of an interspecific phenomenon in which related sympatric species that appear similar to humans (sibling species) differ dramatically in the UV. Both UV video images and physical reflectance spectra indicate that the dorsal plumage of the tanager Anisognathus notabilis has a strong UV-limited reflectance band that readily distinguishes this species from its sibling congener Anisognathus flavinuchus. The main human-visible distinction between A. notabilis (olive back) and coexisting A. flavinuchus (black back) also occurs among different geographic populations of A. flavinuchus. Notably, however, olive- and black-backed taxa interbreed (differentiated populations of A. flavinuchus) unless the additional UV distinction is present (A. notabilis vs. A. flavinuchus). Thus, UV-based reflectance can be an essential component of plumage divergence that relates to reproductive isolation, a key attribute of biological species.
ID1, inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding, is an effector of the p53-dependent DNA damage response pathway.

ID1, inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding, plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and tumor-igenesis. It has been shown that ID1 is de-regulated in multiple cancers and up-regulation of ID1 is correlated with high grades and poor prognosis of human cancers. In contrast, the p53 tumor suppressor was found to be mutated or inactivated in most human cancers and loss of p53 results in early onset of multiple cancers. Although the biological functions of the ID1 oncogene and the p53 tumor suppressor have been intensively investigated, little is known about the upstream regulators of ID1 and the cross-talk between ID1 and p53. Here, we showed that ID1 is down-regulated in cells treated with various DNA damage agents in a p53-dependent manner. Interestingly, we found that DEC1, which was recently identified as a p53 target and mediates p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and senescence, is capable of inhibiting ID1 expression. Conversely, we found that knockdown of DEC1 attenuates DNA damage-induced ID1 repression. In addition, we identified several potential DEC1 responsive elements in the proximal promoter region of the ID1 gene. Moreover, we showed that overexpression of ID1 or ID1′, an isoform of ID1, promotes cell proliferation potentially through inhibition of p21 expression. Finally, we found that the extent of DNA damage-induced premature senescence was substantially decreased by overexpression of ID1 or ID1′. Taken together, our study suggests that p53 trans-repressional activity can be mediated by its own target DEC1 and ID1 is an effector of the p53-dependent DNA damage response pathway.
Wind Waves and Moveable-Bed Bottom Friction

Abstract Effects of moveable-bed bottom friction for wave observations and wave modeling are investigated using a state-of-the-art bottom friction model. This model combines the hydrodynamic friction model of Madsen et al. with a moveable-bed roughness model based on Grant and Madsen. Analyzing the present model for idealized swell cases, it is shown that swell might result in wave-generated sand ripples. The large change of roughness corresponding to initial ripple formation results in a preferred wave height for swell, related to bathymetric scales as generally occur in shelf seas away from the coast. The corresponding wave-generated bottom roughness is not defined by the local wave conditions, but is related to the overall energy balance of the wave field. Sediment data thus is imperative for the interpretation of observed decay rates and friction factors for swell. For idealized depth-limited wind seas, near-bottom wave motion is expected to generate partially washed-out ripples and moderate sheet-flo...
Properties of the product synthesized by vesicular stomatitis virus particles.

Abstract The product RNA synthesized by vesicular stomatitis virus particles has been characterized. One-half to one-quarter of the viral genome is transcribed in reactions run at 37 °C. Transcription is repetitive. The product is heterogeneous and probably consists of several distinct polynucleotides. Product and template complexes are present in multistranded structures. At least 50% of the viral particles (VSV-I), 30% of the VSV-II defective particle and probably none of the VSV-III defective particles, have enzyme. The defective particles do not have complementary sequences to each other or to the VSV-I viral RNA. The product transcribed at 37 °C by VSV particles is complementary to VSV-I and VSV-II, but not to VSV-III RNA. The RNA from all three viral particles are linear, covalent, polynucleotides. Product is synthesized by base-pairing to the template RNA and not by end addition.
How do different indices of obesity correlate with cardiometabolic disease risk factors in multiethnic youths

Objective: To investigate the relationship between cardiometabolic disease risk factors (CDRFs) among ethnic minorities and anthropometric factors including body mass index z score, waist circumfer...
THE DELIVERY OF HOUSING SERVICES: DETERMINING NEED AND PROVIDING FOR EQUITY WITHIN A LOCAL POLITICAL FRAMEWORK*

This article reports on a survey research project undertaken in South Bend, Indiana that attempted to determine if housing services provided by the city were delivered to those who needed them and if they were distributed equitably. With the implementation of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, decisions affecting the delivery of housing services shifted from a federal to a local political framework. The study showed that South Bend was able to successfully satisfy both federal program requirements and demands generated by important political constituencies, but it was not able to ensure that the housing services were delivered equitably to all residents.
Familial concentration of developmental language impairment.

A questionnaire concerning the history of treatment of developmental language disorder was used to evaluate the prevalence of these problems within the immediate family members of second-grade chil...
"Problem solving" in engineering: Research on students' engineering design practices and mathematical modeling practices

Engineers encounter a variety of problems in professional practice, ranging from well-defined to ill-defined; closed-ended to open-ended; and context-independent to context-dependent. Preparing engineering students to be able to address these different types of problems means that we must provide educational experiences that provide students with opportunities to develop a variety of skills, strategies and "ways of thinking." However, in order to prepare students for problem-solving in professional practice, we must understand how they approach problem-solving as undergraduates. In the current study, 90 students ranging from entering (first-year) engineering students to graduating engineering students, as well as graduating mathematics and graduating design students, will participate in this verbal protocol analysis study. Data collection is still underway, but preliminary findings suggest that the students draw on different design and mathematics strategies, and that their processes vary based on their previous design and mathematics experiences.
Cerebral blood flow during cardiac operations: Comparison of Kety-Schmidt and xenon-133 clearance methods

This study simultaneously compared the standard Kety-Schmidt and the modified xenon-133 ( 133 Xe) clearance techniques for measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO 2 ) during cardiac operations. The validity of the CBF method is important because our management of the patient during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is based, in part, on our understanding of the cerebral hemodynamics during CPB. In 20 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, CBF and CMRO 2 were determined by both methods. Measurements were made before onset of CPB and once during CPB. Ten patients underwent CPB with systemic normothermia (37°C) and 10 with systemic hypothermia (27°C). Anesthesia consisted of fentanyl and midazolam. CPB pump flows were kept at 2.2 to 2.4 L · min −1 · m −2 and α-stat pH management was used. Xenon-133 clearance significantly underestimated CBF and CMRO 2 relative to the Kety-Schmidt technique before CPB and at both bypass temperatures. Values obtained by 133 Xe clearance were approximately 50% of that measured by the Kety-Schmidt method. The modified 133 Xe technique as typically used during cardiac operations does not appear to measure CBF accurately; this leads to corresponding errors in CMRO 2 calculations. Determination of CMRO 2 and cerebral autoregulatory function during cardiac operations appears to be more appropriate if based on the more direct Kety-Schmidt technique. Accordingly, our management of CPB with respect to cerebral perfusion as it has been determined by the modified 133 Xe clearance method may require reassessment.
Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout

The American Rheumatism Association sub-committe on classification criteria for gout analyzed data from more than 700 patients with gout, pseudogout, rheumatoid arthritis, or septic arthritis. Criteria for classifying a patient as having gout were a) the presence of characteristic urate crystals in the joint fluid, and/or b) a topus proved to contain urate crystals by chemical or polarized light microscopic means, and/or c) the presence of six of the twelve clinical, laboratory, and X-ray phenomena listed in Table 5.
Effect of soil flooding on photosynthesis, carbohydrate partitioning and nutrient uptake in the invasive exotic Lepidium latifolium

Abstract Lepidium latifolium L. is an invasive exotic crucifer that has spread explosively in wetlands and riparian areas of the western United States. To understand the ecophysiological characteristics of L. latifolium that affect its ability to invade riparian areas and wetlands, we examined photosynthesis, chlorophyll concentration, carbohydrate partitioning and nutrient uptake in L. latifolium in response to soil flooding. Photosynthesis of flooded plants was about 60–70% of the rate of unflooded controls. Chlorophyll concentrations of flooded plants were about 60–70% of the unflooded plants during 15–50 days of flooding. Flooding resulted in an increase in leaf starch concentration, but root starch concentration was not significantly affected. However, concentrations of soluble sugar were significantly higher in both leaves and roots of flooded plants than unflooded controls. On day 50 after initial flooding, the concentrations of N, P, K and Zn in leaves of flooded plants were lower than in control plants. The concentrations of Mn and Fe in leaves of flooded plants were eight and two times those of control plants, respectively. In contrast, N, P, K and Zn concentrations of roots of flooded plants were slightly higher than in unflooded plants. The concentrations of Fe and Mn in roots of flooded plants were 15 and 150 times those of the control plants, respectively. The transport of P, K, and Zn to shoots decreased and that of Mn increased under flooding. The accumulation of N, K and Zn in roots decreased and that of Mn increased in response to flooding. The results suggested that the maintenance of relatively high photosynthesis and the accumulation of soluble sugar in roots of flooded plants are important adaptations for this species in flooded environments. Despite a reduction in photosynthesis and disruption in nutrient and photosynthate allocation in response to flooding, L. latifolium was able to survive 50 days of flooding stress. Overall, L. latifolium performed like a facultative hydrophyte species under flooding.
Development Of The Acoustic Lens

The ability to "see" underwater is critical to underwater navigation, target detection, target identification, tracking and particularly protection of valuable access against potential saboteurs. From available open literature, it seems that underwater imaging development peaked in the 1960's and early 1970's. Minimal new development has been reported in recent years. Similarly, acoustic lens development peaked at the same time and little or no new information has been published. In this report, the author will review the historical development of acoustic lens; address the development of medical acoustic imaging and other developments which may be utilized by underwater imaging systems.
A new uterine manipulator for operative laparoscopy and laparoscopic hysterectomy

A new, reusable uterine manipulator was developed to facilitate pelviscopic surgery and laparoscopic hysterectomy. The device is weighted to hold the uterus in an anteverted position and allow easy access to the cul-de-sac. It is spring loaded to create a tight seal for tubal insufflation. The instrument is calibrated in centimeters and has a sliding cervical plug that allows it to be inserted into the fundus to a depth of 15 cm for uterine manipulation during laparoscopic hysterectomy. The spring-loading mechanism holds the device firmly to the cervical tenaculum regardless of the depth of penetration, and rotates 180 degrees for use in the retroverted uterus.
The effect of prolactin and relaxin on insulin binding by adipocytes from pregnant women

The effects of prolactin and relaxin on insulin binding by isolated human adipocytes from women at term gestation were studied in vitro. It was found that prolactin decreases, and relaxin increases, insulin binding to the adipocytes. Both changes appear to be due to alterations in the affinity of the insulin receptors. These effects seem to be mediated through specific prolactin and relaxin receptors of the adipocyte and require the presence of an intact cellular cytoskeleton. This suggests that one hormone, for example, prolactin, can interact with its own specific receptor and thereby after the affinity of a heterologous receptor for its hormone (insulin). Heterologous hormone-receptor complex interactions ("cross-talk") may be widespread and could represent a fundamental mechanism in the functioning of the endocrine system.
Education for literacy

This paper begins by tracing the development of critical scholarship in the sociology of education, focusing on its attempts to explain academic failure for low-income youth. Next, it examines contemporary theoretical work in “critical” literacy—work that appears to have benefited from this sociological scholarship. Third, a brief account is offered of three historical instances of when critical literacy was practiced. Finally, the author concludes by arguing that the needs of culturally diverse and low-income students will be met to the extent that educators and students actively challenge the societal power structure within which they live.
Patient-Centered Competency-Based Education in Fixed Prosthodontics

Revision of a traditional fixed prosthodontic curriculum was undertaken in response to observed private practice patterns, recent literature in fixed prosthodontics, and an increasingly crowded dental school curriculum. The revision was further motivated by the commitment of the faculty to become patient-centered in all components of instruction. The resultant preclinical and clinical curriculum emphasizes patient care activities and minimizes student-generated laboratory products. This program is characterized as patient-driven, competency-based, and criterion-referenced, and it places heavy reliance on validated pedagogical strategies, which include evaluation of self and peers. The curriculum requires the development of good communication skills with peers, faculty, and commercial laboratories and creates time for the student to develop critical patient care skills without requiring more curriculum time. The new fixed prosthodontic curriculum appears to be consistent with current private general practice, national licensing examinations, and the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine's report to dental education.
Routine screening of hospital patients for secondhand tobacco smoke exposure: A feasibility study

Objective Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure causes over 40,000 deaths per year, but healthcare systems rarely address this risk factor. In September 2012, Massachusetts General Hospital initiated routine inpatient screening for SHS exposure by adding a question to the nurses' computerized admission assessment form (“Is smoking allowed in your home or car?”). We measured the implementation of this screening question over 1 year.
Number of inner-sphere water molecules in Gd3+ and Eu3+ complexes of DTPA-amide and ester-conjugates

The inner-sphere water coordination number for Eu3+ and Gd3+ complexed with five DTPA analogs, in which one or two terminal carboxylate groups are functionalized as propyl amides or propyl esters, have been studied using phosphorescence lifetime and nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) measurements. Both methods show that the water coordination number does not increase above that observed for the analogous DTPA complexes. The phosphorescence lifetime results indicate that all five Eu3+ complexes have one inner-sphere water molecule at 25 degrees C. The NMRD profiles for three of the Gd3+ complexes at 25 degrees C are also consistent with one inner-sphere water molecule, whereas two complexes have profiles consistent only with a mixture of complexes, 50% containing a single water molecule and 50% with none. Lowering the temperature alters the population of these species such that all five Gd3+ complexes have significantly less bound water on average at 5 degrees C. These results explain the anomalous temperature dependencies of the NMRD curves reported previously for the Gd(DTPA)-protein conjugates. We suggest that the Gd(DTPA)-conjugate systems have a fluxional coordination sphere whereby the amount of inner-sphere coordinated water varies from near zero at 5 degrees C to a high of two near 37 degrees C.
The Reemergence of Smokeless Tobacco

Abstract Smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco) is reemerging as a popular form of tobacco, particularly among male adolescents. In different regions of the United States, from 8 to 36 percent of male high-school students are regular users. The use of smokeless tobacco has been shown to cause oral–pharyngeal cancer. The strongest link is with cancers of the cheek and gum. White mucosal lesions (leukoplakia) are found in 18 to 64 percent of users, often at the site where the tobacco was held. Other associations have been suggested for cancers of the esophagus, larynx, and pancreas. Nitrosamines, found in high concentrations in smokeless tobacco, most likely have a role in its carcinogenicity. Other health problems include periodontal disease, acute elevations of blood pressure, and dependence. In early 1986, after action at the state level, Congress enacted a federal law requiring health-warning labels on packages of smokeless tobacco and a ban on electronic advertising. Other regulatory measures un...
Policies for curbing the HIV epidemic in the United States: Implications of a simulation model

Abstract An 8-compartment simulation model, with monthly steps and with different infectivities for 4 pre-AIDS phases of HIV, simulates the U.S. epidemic from 1976–2005. The use of AZT or other antiretroviral drugs is introduced under the assumptions that it halves the rate of conversion to AIDS, and that, with behavior change, it reduces transmission coefficients by 2 3 . Two policy scenarios are projected. They assume that 66 and 100% of HIV-infected persons whose CD4 count is less than 500 are identified by voluntary testing and are treated with AZT by the end of 1993—which might be approached with full subsidy of medical treatment and protection against discrimination. Without such policies, we project over 100,000 new AIDS cases and 110,000 HIV infections in 2005, and a $14 billion annual cost. Maximum use of AZT could reduce these numbers to 50,000, 45,000 and $10 billion, respectively. Such policies might draw support from the infected, the uninfected, economizing officials and pharmaceutical companies.
Relation between the major histocompatibility (B) locus and autoimmune thyroiditis in obese chickens.

Obese strain chickens develop circulating autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and lymphocytic infiltration of their thyroids during aging. Two alleles, B 1 and B 4 , are found with high gene frequency at the major histocompatibility (B) locus. Greater pathology and higher antibody titers are observed in B 1 B 1 and B 1 B 4 birds than in their B 4 B 4 siblings.
A model reference adaptive scheme for identification of a multicompartmental model for cell proliferation kinetics

A stable model reference adaptive approach is used to develop an algorithm for identifying the parameters of a multicompartmental model which portrays the progression of cells through the different phases of the cell cycle. The identification procedure is tailored to utilize a popular form of data that can be easily collected from cytokinetic experimentation viz., multiple DNA distribution curves via microfluorometry studies. Details of some necessary modifications of the procedure to overcome certain practical limitations of data collection arc described. Validation of the procedure is demonstrated by application to two data series (one collected on a CHO cell line and the other on a human lymphoma cell line) for identification of model parameters.
Seeing their surroundings: the effects of neighborhood setting and race on maternal distress ☆

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth at two points in time, we examine the relationship between maternal psychological distress and perceived neighborhood disorder for three groups: African Americans, Mexican Americans and whites. Findings show that across all racial groups neighborhood perceptions are more salient in shaping levels of distress than is objective neighborhood location. However, objective location (e.g., central city residence) does considerably influence how mothers perceive their neighborhoods in the first place. These results suggest that future research on the independent consequences of the neighborhood context should incorporate both subjective assessments and objective indicators of living arrangements. We also observe that perceived neighborhood disorder and psychological distress are affected by marital status, educational attainment, household income, and employment. Moreover, compared to their Mexican American and white counterparts, family structure (e.g., number of children) appears to be more detrimental in shaping outcomes for African American mothers.
The Color Line: Racial Norms and Discrimination in Urban Labor Markets, 1910–1950

In both northern and southern cities of the United States, African-Americans faced a web of social constraints on such activities as housing, shopping, and everyday interpersonal interactions. These constraints had implications for the labor market as well. In particular, norms against white subservience to blacks played an important role in determining the racial composition of occupations. Close attention to the operation of such social norms can add much explanatory power to conventional economic analyses of discrimination based on human capital and taste for discrimination.
The temperature and pressure dependence of critical field curves

A brief discussion is given of the analysis of recent critical field measurements. In particular, a negative volume coefficient of thermal expansion is predicted for tin in the superconducting state.
Energy transfer efficiency in three hymenopteran egg parasitoids ofHomoeocerus prominulus (Tagus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Coreidae)

Energy budgets of the solitary egg parasitoids,Anastatus ramakrishnae (Mani) andTrissolcus sp., and a gregarious egg parasitoid,Xenoencyrtus sp. nearniger Riek on the eggs ofHomoeocerus prominulus have been compared. Energy allocation for consumption, assimilation and metabolism were greater in the gregarious parasitoid than in the solitary parasitoids; on the other hand, higher production efficiency and lower assimilation efficiency were noticed in the solitary parasitoids than in the gregarious parasitoids. The rate of consumption, assimilation, production and metabolism of gregarious and solitary parasitoids have been compared in the light of their reproductive efficiencies.
Cell surface polarization, tight junctions, and eccentric inner cells characterize human teratocarcinoma embryoid bodies.

These studies demonstrate that human embryoid bodies can develop in vitro from human teratocarcinoma cell line HT-H. Furthermore, scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal that these embryoid bodies resemble the preimplantation embryo more than mouse embryoid bodies which are multilayered. This resemblance is based on (1) an eccentrically located group of inner cells within a thin-walled cyst, (2) apical junction complexes with tight, gap, and desmosomal junctions, as well as intermediate filaments associated with the outer cell layer and not the inner cells, and (3) mitochondria with an extremely dense matrix and few plate-like cristae. Observations of the cell surface indicate that microvilli have a polarized distribution and are localized to two areas (centrally and at intercellular borders) on the apical cell surface of compacted aggregates. Immunosurgery of cystic embryoid bodies indicates that at least half of them are characterized by inner cells enclosed by an impermeable outer cell layer. These developmental similarities with the preimplantation mouse embryo suggest that at least some HT-H teratocarcinoma cells express an embryo-like program for multicellular organization. HT-H embryoid body organization is characteristic of the preimplantation embryo in contrast to the organization reported for mouse embryoid bodies which resembles the postimplantation inner cell mass.
A neuro-evolutionary approach to micro aerial vehicle control

Applying classical control methods to Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) is a difficult process due to the complexity of the control laws with fast and highly non-linear dynamics. Such methods rely heavily on difficult to obtain models and are particularly ill-suited to the stochastic and dynamic environments in which MAVs operate. Instead, in this paper, we focus on a neuro-evolutionary method that learns to map MAV states (position, velocity) to MAV actions (e.g., actuator position). Our results show significant improvements in response times to minor altitude and heading corrections over a traditional PID controller. In addition, we show that the MAV response to maintaining altitude in the presence of wind gusts improves by a factor of five. Similarly, we show that the MAV response to maintaining heading in the presence of turbulence improves by factors of three.
Using Dynamic Analysis for Realistic Animation of Articulated Bodies

A major problem in computer animation is creating motion that appears natural and realistic, particularly in such complex articulated bodies as humans and other animals. At present, truly lifelike motion is produced mainly by copying recorded images, a tedious and lengthy process that requires considerable external equipment. An alternative is the use of dynamic analysis to predict realistic motion. Using dynamic motion control, bodies are treated as masses acting under the influence of external and internal forces and torques. Dynamic control is advantageous because motion is naturally restricted to physically realizable patterns, and many types of motion can be predicted automatically. Use of dynamics is computationally expensive and specifying controlling forces and torques can be difficult. However, there is evidence that dynamics offers hope for more realistic, natural, and automatic motion control. Because such motion simulates real world conditions, an animation system using dynamic analysis is also a useful tool in such related fields as robotics and biomechanics.
Biologic Effects of Ultrasound IV. Epidemiologic Studies

Epidemiologic studies form the basis for any policy regarding the clinical safety of ultrasound. An overview of experimental design and the difficulties inherent in such studies are discussed. An e...
My approach to the diagnosis of mesothelial lesions

Mesothelial lesions pose considerable diagnostic challenges not only because benign tumours, reactive proliferations and malignant mesothelioma can mimic one another, but also because the morphological patterns displayed by malignant mesothelioma can simulate a variety of epithelial and non-epithelial malignancies. Immunohistochemical markers can aid in distinguishing epithelioid malignant mesothelioma from metastatic adenocarcinoma, but because no single marker reliably separates all cases, a panel of stains is recommended. Immunohistochemical studies are of more limited value in sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma, and other features often play an essential role. The separation of reactive mesothelial proliferations from malignant mesothelioma on small biopsy can be quite difficult, as distinguishing features, such as stromal invasion, often cannot be adequately assessed. In adequately sampled lesions, however, the distinction between malignant mesothelioma, benign mesothelial proliferations and other tumours can be achieved in most cases by using a carefully intergrated approach that incorporates clinical and radiographic data, immunohistochemical studies and, in selected cases, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques.
In-situ pulse characterization for silicon micromachining

Femtosecond pulse characterization and adaptive pulse compression is demonstrated using surface second harmonic generation from a silicon wafer using multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan (MIIPS).
Tracheoscopy with the rapiscope to verify endotracheal tube placement

Abstract Study objective To determine whether tracheoscopy is an accurate and quick method for verifying correct placement of the tracheal tube after intubation. Design Prospective, randomized study. Setting Operating rooms of a teaching hospital. Patients 26 patients scheduled for surgery and general anesthesia. Interventions 8.0-mm tracheal tubes were inserted into both the trachea and the esophagus. Tracheoscopy was performed consecutively through both tracheal tubes by a variety of clinicians. Measurements The times taken to correctly identify the trachea and the esophagus were recorded. Main results Correct identification of either the esophagus or the trachea occurred with a 100% sensitivity and a 96% specificity. The mean time to recognize either the trachea or the esophagus was 22.0 seconds. Conclusions Tracheoscopy is a reliable method for quickly verifying proper endotracheal placement of a tracheal tube.
Toward a new breed of fact book

Fact books can evolve into a new generation of quintessential institutional research reports offering more of the comparative and unit- or topic-specific focus that better serves today's decision-making climate.
The LMS algorithm with momentum updating

Several modifications of the well-known least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm have been proposed for improved operation. The authors analyze one such recent innovation that corresponds to the ordinary LMS algorithm with an additional momentum term, parameterized by the factor alpha . The analysis of convergence in the mean yields some novel behavior insofar that it leads to complex eigenvalues of the transition matrix for the mean weight vector. The convergence in the mean-square analysis demonstrates that instability will occur as alpha tends closer to 1, a result not predicted by the analysis of convergence in the mean. >
Effects of sodium and magnesium cations on the "dark-" and light-induced chlorophyll a fluorescence yields in sucrose-washed spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract The effects of Na+ and Mg2+ on the “dark” level (O level) and light-induced (P level) fluorescence in sucrose-washed spinach chloroplasts were studied. Low concentrations of NaCl (2–10 mM) cause a significant decrease in both the O and P levels in the chlorophyll fluorescence transient. The effect on the O level may reflect changes in the bulk chlorophyll a. At 77 °K NaCl increases the F735 F685 emission peak ratio in dark-adapted and preilluminated chloroplasts, but has no significant effect on this ratio in sucrose-washed Photosystem II particles. This evidence is consistent with a sodium-induced excitation-energy distribution in favor of Photosystem I. In the presence of MgCl2, with or without NaCl, there is a slight decrease in the O and P level fluorescence as compared with the salt-free control, but an increase as compared with the NaCl-treated sample. Magnesium appears to override the sodium-induced changes. At low temperatures in chloroplasts and Photosystem II particles, MgCl2 has different effects on the F735 F685 ratio apparently depending on the state of the membrane. Magnesium, however, always induces an increase in the F695 F685 ratio. These results suggest that magnesium may influence Photosystem II reaction centers as well as energy distribution between the two photosystems.
Dads Who Do Diapers Factors Affecting Care of Young Children by Fathers

Although many fathers today spend more time with children than was the case in the past, physical care of young children remains primarily mothers’ work. Yet some fathers claim that they do work traditionally seen as the “mother’s job” every day. Using subsample data from the male respondent file of the National Survey of Family Growth 2002 (n = 613), this study examines factors associated with married or cohabiting fathers’ daily involvement in physical care of children under age 5 years. Logistic regression results show that daily involvement is more likely if fathers were raised by their biological fathers, received more education, have employed wives or partners, have a young male child, or receive public assistance; it is less likely if they have school-age children. This study suggests that paternal involvement in physical care of young children is shaped by multiple factors including childhood experiences, education, economic conditions, and current family context.
Effects of Mesh Motion on the Stability and Convergence of ALE Based Formulations for Moving Boundary Flows

This paper investigates the effects of mesh motion on the stability of fluid-flow equations when written in an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian frame for solving moving boundary flow problems. Employing the advection-diffusion equation as a model problem we present a mathematical proof of the destabilizing effects induced by an arbitrary mesh motion on the stability and convergence of an otherwise stable scheme. We show that the satisfaction of the so-called geometric conservation laws is essential to the development of an identity that plays a crucial role in establishing stability. We explicitly show that the advection dominated case is susceptible to growth in error because of the motion of the computational grid. To retain the bound on the growth in error, the mesh motion techniques need to account for a domain based constraint that minimizes the relative mesh velocity. Analysis presented in this work can also be extended to the Navier–Stokes equations when written in an ALE frame for FSI problems.
Small volume low mechanical stress cytometry using computer-controlled Braille display microfluidics

This paper describes a micro flow cytometer system designed for efficient and non-damaging analysis of samples with small numbers of precious cells. The system utilizes actuation of Braille-display pins for micro-scale fluid manipulation and a fluorescence microscope with a CCD camera for optical detection. The microfluidic chip is fully disposable and is composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slab with microchannel features sealed against a thin deformable PDMS membrane. The channels are designed with diffusers to alleviate pulsatile flow behaviors inherent in pin actuator-based peristaltic pumping schemes to maximize hydrodynamic focusing of samples with minimal disturbances in the laminar streams within the channel. A funnel connected to the microfluidic channel is designed for efficient loading of samples with small number of cells and is also positioned on the chip to prevent physical damages of the samples by the squeezing actions of Braille pins during actuation. The sample loading scheme was characterized by both computational fluidic dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental observation. A fluorescein solution was first used for flow field investigation, followed by use of fluorescence beads with known relative intensities for optical detection performance calibration. Murine myoblast cells (C2C12) were exploited to investigate cell viability for the sample loading scheme of the device. Furthermore, human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells stained by hypotonic DNA staining buffer were also tested in the system for cell cycle analysis. The ability to efficiently analyze cellular samples where the number of cells is small was demonstrated by analyzing cells from a single embryoid body derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Consequently, the designed microfluidic device reported in this paper is promising for easy-to-use, small sample size flow cytometric analysis, and has potential to be further integrated with other Braille display-based microfluidic devices to facilitate a multi-functional lab-on-a-chip for mammalian cell manipulations.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for chronic pain conditions: Variation in treatment outcomes and role of home meditation practice

Objective: This study compared changes in bodily pain, healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL), and psychological symptoms during an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program among groups of participants with different chronic pain conditions. Methods: From 1997-2003, a longitudinal investigation of chronic pain patients (n=133) was nested within a larger prospective cohort study of heterogeneous patients participating in MBSR at a university-based Integrative Medicine center. Measures included the Short-Form 36 Health Survey and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Paired t tests were used to compare pre–post changes on outcome measures. Differences in treatment effect sizes were compared as a function of chronic pain condition. Correlations were examined between outcome parameters and home meditation practice. Results: Outcomes differed in significance and magnitude across common chronic pain conditions. Diagnostic subgroups of patients with arthritis, back/neck pain, or two or more comorbid pain conditions demonstrated a significant change in pain intensity and functional limitations due to pain following MBSR. Participants with arthritis showed the largest treatment effects for HRQoL and psychological distress. Patients with chronic headache/migraine experienced the smallest improvement in pain and HRQoL. Patients with fibromyalgia had the smallest improvement in psychological distress. Greater home meditation practice was associated with improvement on several outcome measures, including overall psychological distress, somatization symptoms, and self-rated health, but not pain and other quality of life scales. Conclusion: MBSR treatment effects on pain, HRQoL and psychological well-being vary as a function of chronic pain condition and compliance with home meditation practice.
Kinetics of Solid‐State Reaction of Bi2O3 and Fe2O3

Bismuth oxide and iron oxide equimolar mixtures solid state reactions, determining rates from integrated X ray diffraction and activation energies
Towards supporting the architecture design process through evaluation of design alternatives

This paper addresses issues involved when an architect explore alternative designs including non-functional requirements; in our approach, non-functional requirements are expressed as state-charts. Non-functional requirements greatly impact the resulting design of a system because they naturally conflict with each other, crosscut the system at multiple points, and may be satisfied in a number of different ways. This makes correctly designing them early in the software lifecycle critical, since correcting them later can be extremely costly. Our approach supports an architect generating and evaluating many different design alternatives. This explorative process is not well supported by current techniques, which focus on documenting the result of this process, but not on assisting the designer during this process. We present an architecture-based approach that supports exploration of non-functional requirements expressed as statecharts. Our approach captures design alternatives of non-functional requirements separately, composes different system designs from these alternatives using a novel weaving technique, and analyzes the resulting design for specific qualities using simulation.