cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size effects in LiF micron-scale single crystals of low dislocation density

This study examines the size-dependent deformation response of pure LiF single crystals using microcompression testing. Microcrystals with an 〈001〉 orientation and sample diameter D ranging from 1 to 20 μm were fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB)-milling from bulk crystals having a low initial dislocation density. Both as-grown and γ-irradiated crystals were examined to characterize the effect of an increased point defect density on the size-affected plastic flow response. Similar to previously studied face-centered cubic (FCC)-derivative metals, both types of LiF microcrystals exhibit typical size-dependent plastic flow behavior: a dramatic size-dependent and statistically varying flow stress, atypically high strain hardening rates at small plastic strains, and fast intermittent strain bursts. The size-dependent strengthening obeys a power law, σ ∼ D−m, where m ≈ 0.8, and this rapid hardening results in engineering flow stresses of 650 MPa in 1-μm samples. The findings are evaluated against possible dislocation mechanisms that could be responsible for the observed size effects.
Competition by inhibitory oligonucleotides prevents binding of CpG to C-terminal TLR9

TLR9 recognizes unmethylated CpG-containing DNA commonly found in bacteria. Synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG-motifs (CpG ODNs) recapitulate the activation of TLR9 by microbial DNA, whereas inversion of the CG dinucleotide within the CpG motif to GC (GpC ODNs) renders such ODNs inactive. This difference cannot be attributed to binding of ODNs to the full-length TLR9 ectodomain, as both CpG and GpC ODNs bind comparably. Activation of murine TLR9 requires cleavage into an active C-terminal fragment, which binds CpG robustly. We therefore compared the ability of CpG and GpC ODNs to bind to full-length and C-terminal TLR9, and their impact on the cleavage of TLR9. We found that CpG binds better to C-terminal TLR9 when compared with GpC, despite comparably low binding of both ODNs to full-length TLR9. Neither CpG nor GpC ODNs affected TLR9 cleavage in murine RAW 264.7 cells stably expressing TLR9-Myc. Inhibitory ODNs (IN-ODNs) block TLR9 signaling, but how they do so remains unclear. We show here that inhibitory ODNs do not impede TLR9 cleavage but bind to C-terminal TLR9 preferentially, and thereby compete for CpG ODN binding both in RAW cells and in TLR9-deficient cells transduced with TLR9-Myc. Ligand binding to C-terminal fragment thus determines the outcome of activation through TLR9.
Type II Magnetic Levitation on Sinter‐Forged YBa2Cu3Ox Superconductor

Submicrometer powder of single-phase YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} (YBC), prepared from nitrate salts, were free-sintered and sinter-forged at 1223 K. The levitation force on magnets exerted by the superconductor was found to depend on the thickness of the superconductor, the shear strain imposed during sinter-forging, and the time and temperature of the high-pressure oxygen anneal after sinter-forging. The first result is direct proof of the type II nature of the YBC superconductor. In the second experiment a shear strain of 300% increased the levitation force by a factor of 3. The third result confirmed that YBC transforms to the tetragonal structure at 1223 K, which must be restored to the orthorhombic structure by annealing at lower temperature. Optimum results were obtained when the specimens were annealed in pressurized oxygen (3 MPa) for 50 h at 673 K.
PANEL ANALYSIS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: AN OVERVIEW

The advantages, disadvantages, and issues involved in the panel analysis of travel behavior are discussed. Increased statistical efficiency, possibility of improved prediction, and the ability to observe changes and examine behavioral dynamics, are among the advantages panel data offer. Their disadvantages, on the other hand, stem from the added biases and costs of panel survey, and increased complexity involved in the analysis. Following a discussion of response lags, leads, and other dynamic elements of travel behavior, the paper offers a brief review of statistical methods available for the analysis of panel data. Use of panel data and dynamic models for demand forecasting is then described, followed by sample size, interview frequency, and other considerations in panel survey design and administration.
LASER-POLARIZED LIQUID XENON

Abstract We present the first liquid-phase studies of hyperpolarized Xe, Xe in which the polarization of 129 Xe is much greater than thermal. Using grams of Xe of natural isotopic composition with 6% polarization of the 129 Xe, we examined the lifetime of the 129 Xe polarization in the liquid as a function of field and temperature. Our measurements showed that surface effects make a significant contribution to the relaxation rate. Lifetimes in excess of 30 min were observed. The long lifetimes and high polarization present several new applications for liquid Xe.
Spectral Evolution of an Earth-like Planet

We have developed a characterization of the geological evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and surface in order to model the observable spectra of an Earth-like planet through its geological history. These calculations are designed to guide the interpretation of an observed spectrum of such a planet by future instruments that will characterize exoplanets. Our models focus on planetary environmental characteristics whose resultant spectral features can be used to imply habitability or the presence of life. These features are generated by H2O, CO2, CH4, O2, O3, N2O, and vegetation-like surface albedos. We chose six geological epochs to characterize. These epochs exhibit a wide range in abundance for these molecules, ranging from a CO2-rich early atmosphere, to a CO2/CH4-rich atmosphere around 2 billion years ago, to a present-day atmosphere. We analyzed the spectra to quantify the strength of each important spectral feature in both the visible and thermal infrared spectral regions, and the resolutions required to optimally detect the features for each epoch. We find a wide range of spectral resolutions required for observing the different features. For example, H2O and O3 can be observed with relatively low resolution, while O2 and N2O require higher resolution. We also find that the inclusion of clouds in our models significantly affects both the strengths of all spectral features and the resolutions required to observe all these.
Regioselective Wacker Oxidation of Internal Alkenes: Rapid Access to Functionalized Ketones Facilitated by Cross-Metathesis

Wacka wacka: The title reaction makes use of a wide range of directing groups (DG) to enable the highly regioselective oxidation of alkenes, and occurs predictably at the distal position. Both E and Z alkenes afford valuable functionalized ketones and cross-metathesis was shown to facilitate the preparation of the starting materials. BQ=benzoquinone.
Cutting A Pie Is Not A Piece Of Cake

Is there a division among n players of a cake using n-1 parallel vertical cuts, or of a pie using n radial cuts, that is envy-free (each player thinks he or she receives a largest piece and so does not envy another player) and undominated (there is no other allocation as good for all players and better for at least one)? David Gale first asked this question for pies. We provide complete answers for both cakes and pies. The answers depend on the number of players (two versus three or more players) and whether the players' preferences satisfy certain continuity assumptions. We also give some simple algorithms for cutting a pie when there are two or more players, but these algorithms do not guarantee all the properties one might desire in a division, which makes pie-cutting harder than cake-cutting. We suggest possible applications and conclude with two open questions.
Heat Transfer from Parallel Flow Through Isosceles Triangular and Rectangular Tube Bundles

Etude analytique du transfert de chaleur lors de l'ecoulement laminaire longitudinal a travers un reseau de barres de forme rectangulaire ou triangulaire
Unconditional and Conditional Takeover Offers: Experimental Evidence

This article compares the predictions of finite-shareholder models of conditional and unconditional takeover offers with the outcomes of laboratory experiments. In addition to differentiating between types of offers, the experimental designs span small and large firms as well as different levels of offer premiums. It is found that in unconditional offers to large groups of subjects (28-40), the symmetric Nash equilibrium predicts observed tendering frequencies quite accurately. For other experimental designs, the results are mixed. The analysis of shareholder tendering strategies from the experiment yields insight into (i) the effects of takeover offer designs, (ii) the appropriateness of finite-shareholder models for research, and (iii) the costs of free riding when shareholders are nonatomistic. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
A clustering coefficient network formation game

Social and other networks have been shown empirically to exhibit high edge clustering--that is, the density of local neighborhoods, as measured by the clustering coefficient, is often much larger than the overall edge density of the network. In social networks, a desire for tightknit circles of friendships -- the colloquial "social clique" -- is often cited as the primary driver of such structure. We introduce and analyze a new network formation game in which rational players must balance edge purchases with a desire to maximize their own clustering coefficient. Our results include the following: • Construction of a number of specific families of equilibrium networks, including ones showing that equilibria can have rather general binary tree-like structure, including highly asymmetric binary trees. This is in contrast to other network formation games that yield only symmetric equilibrium networks. Our equilibria also include ones with large or small diameter, and ones with wide variance of degrees. • A general characterization of (non-degenerate) equilibrium networks, showing that such networks are always sparse and paid for by lowdegree vertices, whereas high-degree "free riders" always have low utility. • A proof that for edge cost α ≥ 1/2 the Price of Anarchy grows linearly with the population size n while for edge cost a less than 1/2, the Price of Anarchy of the formation game is bounded by a constant depending only on a, and independent of n. Moreover, an explicit upper bound is constructed when the edge cost is a "simple" rational (small numerator) less than 1/2. • A proof that for edge cost α less than 1/2 the average vertex clustering coefficient grows at least as fast as a function depending only on a, while the overall edge density goes to zero at a rate inversely proportional to the number of vertices in the network. • Results establishing the intractability of even weakly approximating best response computations. Several of our results hold even for weaker notions of equilibrium, such as those based on link stability.
The design of patent pools: the determinants of licensing rules

Patent pools are an important but little-studied economic institution. In this article, we first make a set of predictions about the licensing terms associated with patent pools. The theoretical framework predicts that (i) pools consisting of complementary patents are more likely to allow members to engage in independent licensing and (ii) the requirement that firms license patents to the pool (grantbacks) should be associated with pools that consist of complements and allow independent licensing. We then examine the terms of 63 pools, and show that licensing rules are consistent with these hypotheses.
Size, diet, and condition of age-0 Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) during warm and cool climate states in the eastern Bering sea

Abstract The revised Oscillating Control Hypothesis for the Bering Sea suggests that recruitment of groundfish is linked to climatic processes affecting seasonal sea ice that, in turn, drives the quality and quantity of prey available to young fish for growth and energy storage during their critical life history stages. We test this notion for age-0 (juvenile) Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ) by examining the variability in size, diet, and energetic condition during warm (2003–2005), average (2006), and cool (2007–2011) climate states in the eastern Bering Sea. Juvenile cod stomachs contained high proportions of age-0 walleye pollock (by wet weight) during years with warm sea temperatures with a shift to euphausiids and large copepods during years with cool sea temperatures. Juvenile cod were largest during years with warm sea temperatures and smallest during years with cool sea temperatures. However, energetic status (condition) of juvenile cod was highest during years with cool sea temperatures. This result is likely linked to the shift to high quality, lipid-rich prey found in greater abundance on the shelf and in the stomach contents of juvenile cod during cool years. Our examination of juvenile cod size, diet, and energetic status provided results that are similar to those from studies on juvenile pollock, suggesting that the common mechanisms regulating gadid recruitment on the eastern Bering Sea shelf are climate state, prey quality and quantity, and caloric density of gadids prior to winter.
Knoevenagel Adducts as Trimethylenemethane Dipole Surrogates

Knoevenagel adducts derived from readily available acetoxyacetone and malonic acid derivatives served as trimethylenemethane surrogates for formal 1,3-difunctionalization through a sequence of selective γ-deprotonation/α-alkylation and palladium(0)-catalyzed allylic alkylation. Herein, we report the discovery and development of a three-component 1,3-difunctionalization of Knoevenagel adducts as well as a unique palladium(0)-catalyzed branch-selective allylic alkylation.
Efficient Semiparametric Estimation of Censored and Truncated Regressions via a Smoothed Self‐Consistency Equation

An asymptotically efficient likelihood-based semiparametric estimator is derived for the censored regression (tobit) model, based on a new technique for estimating the density function of the residuals in semiparametric models that involve an underlying partially observed regression. Smoothing the selfconsistency equation for the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of the distribution of the residuals yields an integral equation, which in some cases can be solved explicitly. The resulting estimated density is smooth enough to be used in a practical implementation of the profile likelihood estimator, but is still sufficiently close to the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator to allow estimation of the semiparametric efficient score. The parameter estimates obtained by solving the estimated score equations are then asymptotically efficient. Details of the method and proofs are given specifically for the censored regression (tobit) model, with a summary of analogous results for the case of random censoring and for truncated regression. Simulation results are also presented.
Effect or ractopamine on growth and body composition of pigs during compensatory growth.

The purpose of this study was to measure the growth and body composition of pigs during normal or compensatory growth from 60 to 100 kg, without (cont) or with ractopamine (rac) supplementation (20 mg/kg of diet). Thirty-four pigs were scanned by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for body composition analysis at a starting weight of 61.4 ± 0.3 kg and at a final weight of 100.4 ± 0.5 kg. Half the pigs were fed ad libitum throughout (8 cont and 9 rac). The other half were fed at maintenance for 8 weeks and then scanned again by DXA. Following the maintenance feeding, the pigs were fed ad libitum (9 cont and 8 rac) to the final weight. Compensatory growth resulted in a 30% increase in the rate of weight gain (1.23 v. 0.94 kg/day, P 0.05). Feeding rac resulted in a 13% increase in the rate of weight gain (1.15 v. 1.02 kg/day, P < 0.05), consisting of a 29% increase in the rate of lean tissue deposition (0.86 v. 0.67 kg/day, P < 0.05) and an 18% reduction in the rate of fat deposition (0.27 v. 0.33 kg/day, P < 0.05). The effects of ractopamine on the rates of fat and lean tissue deposition were similar for pigs continuously fed ad libitum and those experiencing compensatory growth. Both compensatory growth and the addition of ractopamine to the diet resulted in an improvement in efficiency of protein deposition; however, ractopamine also resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of energy deposition. For both growth rate and lean tissue deposition, there was an additive effect for ractopamine and compensatory growth. Thus, feeding ractopamine will enhance the growth and body composition during compensatory growth in swine.
Coherent Transport of Angular Momentum: The Ranque-Hilsch Tube as a Paradigm

: The mechanism for efficient and coherent angular momentum transport remains one of the unsolved puzzles in astrophysics despite the enormous efforts that have been made. We suggest that important new insight could be gained in this problem through an experimental and theoretical study of a laboratory device (Ranque-Hilsch tube) that displays a similar enhanced angular momentum transfer which cannot be explained by a simple turbulent model. There is already good experimental evidence to suggest that the cause of this enhancement is the formation of aligned vortices that swirl around the symmetry axes very much like virtual paddle blades.
Sequencing Lifeline Repairs After an Earthquake: An Economic Approach

Recoveries after recent earthquakes in the U.S. and Japan have shown that large welfare gains can be achieved by reshaping current emergency plans as incentive-compatible contracts. We apply tools from the mechanisms design literature to show ways to integrate economic incentives into the management of natural disasters and discuss issues related to the application to seismic event recovery. The focus is on restoring lifeline services such as the water, gas, transportation, and electric power networks. We put forward decisional procedures that an uninformed planner could employ to set repair priorities and help to coordinate lifeline firms in the post-earthquake reconstruction.
Hitchin-Thorpe inequality for noncompact Einstein 4-manifolds

We prove a Hitchin–Thorpe inequality for noncompact Einstein 4-manifolds with specified asymptotic geometry at infinity. The asymptotic geometry at infinity is either a cusp bundle over a compact space (the fibered cusps) or a fiber bundle over a cone with a compact fiber (the fibered boundary). Many noncompact Einstein manifolds come with such a geometry at infinity.
Counting Real Connected Components of Trinomial Curve Intersections and m-nomial Hypersurfaces

We prove that any pair of bivariate trinomials has at most five isolated roots in the positive quadrant. The best previous upper bounds independent of the polynomial degrees were much larger, e.g., 248832 (for just the non-degenerate roots) via a famous general result of Khovanski. Our bound is sharp, allows real exponents, allows degeneracies, and extends to certain systems of n-variate fewnomials, giving improvements over earlier bounds by a factor exponential in the number of monomials. We also derive analogous sharpened bounds on the number of connected components of the real zero set of a single n-variate m-nomial.
Comparing different freeze-out scenarios in azimuthal hadron correlations induced by fast partons

I review the linearized hydrodynamical treatment of a fast parton traversing a perturbative quark–gluon plasma. Using numerical solutions for the medium’s response to the fast parton, I obtain the medium’s distribution function, which is then used in a Cooper–Frye freeze-out prescription to obtain an azimuthal particle spectrum. Two different freeze-out scenarios are considered which yield significantly different results. I conclude that any meaningful comparison of azimuthal hadron correlation functions to RHIC data requires implementing a realistic freeze-out scenario in an expanding medium.
A numerical study of fluids with pressure‐dependent viscosity flowing through a rigid porous medium

Much of the work on flow through porous media, especially with regard to studies on the flow of oil, are based on "Darcy's law" or modifications to it such as Darcy-Forchheimer or Brinkman models. While many theoretical and numerical studies concerning flow through porous media have taken into account the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the porous solid, they have not taken into account the fact that the viscosity of the fluid and drag coefficient could depend on the pressure in applications such as enhanced oil recovery. Experiments clearly indicate that the viscosity varies exponentially with respect to the pressure and the viscosity can change, in some applications, by several orders of magnitude. The fact that the viscosity depends on pressure immediately implies that the "drag coefficient" would also depend on the pressure. In this paper we consider modifications to Darcy's equation wherein the drag coefficient is a func- tion of pressure, which is a realistic model for technological applications like enhanced oil recovery and geological carbon sequestration. We first outline the approximations behind Darcy's equation and the modifications that we propose to Darcy's equation, and derive the governing equations through a systematic approach using mixture theory. We then propose a stabilized mixed finite element formulation for the modified Darcy's equation. To solve the resulting nonlinear equations we present a solution procedure based on the consistent Newton-Raphson method. We solve rep- resentative test problems to illustrate the performance of the proposed stabilized formulation. One of the objectives of this paper is also to show that the dependence of viscosity on the pressure can have a significant effect both on the qualitative and quantitative nature of the solution.
Pre‐eclampsia and premature labour among pregnant women with haematuria

The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women to estimate the prevalence and associated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women with microhaematuria. Between 1 January 1993 and 15 March 1993 at University of Washington Medical Center, 328 consecutive births were identified, and demographic data, medical history, laboratory data and pregnancy outcomes were abstracted from hospital charts. The presence or absence of haematuria was determined in 276/328 cases. Sixteen per cent (44/276) of the women were found to have haematuria. Those with haematuria were at increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia (odds ratio [OR] = 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1, 28.2) and premature labour (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.5, 9.7). These associations persisted after controlling for age, race, and urinary tract infection (UTI) (pre-eclampsia OR = 9.1, 95% CI 2.5, 33.7; premature labour OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.2, 15.3). Infants of women with haematuria were at a non-significantly increased risk of low Apgar scores (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 0.7, 11.9) and low birthweight (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 0.7, 4.7). In this observational study, microscopic haematuria was prevalent among pregnant women and was independently associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal complications.
Equations relating structure functions of all orders

Exact equations are given that relate velocity structure functions of arbitrary order with other statistics. ‘Exact’ means that no approximations are used except that the Navier–Stokes equation and incompressibility condition are assumed to be accurate. The exact equations are used to determine the structure function equations of all orders for locally homogeneous but anisotropic turbulence as well as for the locally isotropic case. The uses of these equations for investigating the approach to local homogeneity as well as to local isotropy and the balance of the equations and identification of scaling ranges are discussed. The implications for scaling exponents and investigation of intermittency are briefly discussed.
A Representation of Acoustic Waves in Unbounded Domains

Compact, time-harmonic, acoustic sources produce waves that decay too slowly to be square-integrable on a line away from the sources. We introduce an inner product, arising directly from Green’s second theorem, to form a Hilbert space of these waves and present examples of its computation. 1 c � 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capital will not become more expensive as the world ages

Aging of populations and convergence between developed and developing countries in per capita incomes are shaping the evolution of saving, investment, capital flows, and, in particular, the cost of capital. When considering these trends, the existing literature argues for either continued, low interest rates, or sharply rising ones. This paper presents an alternative view: modest rises in interest rates, which result from a combination of increases in the global weight of high-saving developing economies (limiting declines in global saving), and decelerations in the rate of growth in developing countries (constraining upward pressure in global investment). For the majority of countries, slowing capital demand resulting from decelerating growth, coupled with structural changes that influence its attractiveness as a destination for capital, moderate increases in interest rates. Changes in key assumptions do not alter this view. More specifically, the small rise in interest rates persists even in a scenario where growth in developing countries decelerates more slowly, or when elasticities governing the behavior of saving and investment are varied.
Polyene cyclizations using mercury (II) triflate-N,N-dimethylaniline complex - participation by internal nucleophiles

Abstract The cyclization of a number of functionalized polyenes with mercuric triflate - N,N-dimethylaniline complex (Nishizawa's reagent) to give bicyclic or tricyclic products has been studied. Suitably positioned internal nucleophiles, such as carbonyl, hydroxy and β-ketoester groups were found to participate to varying extent, in the termination of these cyclizations.
Optical and Scintillation Properties of Inorganic Scintillators in High Energy Physics

This paper presents a comparative study of optical and scintillation properties for various inorganic crystal scintillators, which are used, or actively pursued, by the high energy physics community for experiments. Transmittance, excitation and photo-luminescence spectra were measured for samples with a dimension of 1.5 radiation length. The transmittance data are compared to the theoretical limit calculated by using refractive index, assuming no internal absorption. Refractive index of lutetium oxyorthosilicate and lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate was measured by using a V-prism. Light output was measured for these samples with Tyvek paper wrapping, and the result is presented with the quantum efficiency of the readout devices taken out. Temperature coefficient of the light output was also measured. The result of these measurements will be used in the summary table of the inorganic scintillator section for the 2008 edition of the particle data book.
Do futures benefit farmers

Simulations are used to analyze welfare and market- and farm-level effects of making futures available to producers of a storable commodity. Key features of the model are the explicit consideration of dynamic impacts due to inventories, and of aggregate market effects associated with futures adoption by some producers. Application to the natural rubber market shows that futures availability can lead to sizeable market- and farm-level effects. Futures availability enhances consumer welfare, reduces non-adopter welfare, and yields important welfare gains for adopters when their market share is small and welfare losses when they account for a sufficiently large market share.
Informed content delivery across adaptive overlay networks

Overlay networks have emerged as a powerful and highly flexible method for delivering content. We study how to optimize throughput of large transfers across richly connected, adaptive overlay networks, focusing on the potential of collaborative transfers between peers to supplement ongoing downloads. First, we make the case for an erasure-resilient encoding of the content. Using the digital fountain encoding approach, end hosts can efficiently reconstruct the original content of size n from a subset of any n symbols drawn from a large universe of encoding symbols. Such an approach affords reliability and a substantial degree of application-level flexibility, as it seamlessly accommodates connection migration and parallel transfers while providing resilience to packet loss. However, since the sets of encoding symbols acquired by peers during downloads may overlap substantially, care must be taken to enable them to collaborate effectively. Our main contribution is a collection of useful algorithmic tools for efficient summarization and approximate reconciliation of sets of symbols between pairs of collaborating peers, all of which keep message complexity and computation to a minimum. Through simulations and experiments on a prototype implementation, we demonstrate the performance benefits of our informed content-delivery mechanisms and how they complement existing overlay network architectures.
On the spectral norm of a random Toeplitz matrix

Suppose that $T_n$ is a Toeplitz matrix whose entries come from a sequence of independent but not necessarily identically distributed random variables with mean zero. Under some additional tail conditions, we show that the spectral norm of $T_n$ is of the order $\sqrt{n \log n}$. The same result holds for random Hankel matrices as well as other variants of random Toeplitz matrices which have been studied in the literature.
Association between diabetes and perinatal depression among low-income mothers.

Context Perinatal depression affects at least 10% to 12% of new mothers, and diabetes complicates up to 9% of pregnancies. Prior research shows a higher rate of major depression among individuals with diabetes. Objective To examine the association between diabetes and depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period among a sample of low-income women. Design, Setting, and Patients Retrospective cohort study using data from New Jersey's Medicaid administrative claims database of 11 024 women who gave birth between July 1, 2004, and September 30, 2006, and who were continuously enrolled in Medicaid for 6 months prior to delivery and 1 year after giving birth. Main Outcome Measures Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between prepregnancy diabetes or gestational diabetes and perinatal depression. Depression was defined as an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnosis for depression or a prescription drug claim for an antidepressant medication, and diabetes was defined as having a diabetes diagnosis or filling a prescription for a diabetes medication. Both measures were assessed during the 6 months prior to and up to 1 year following delivery. Results In the sample of women who gave birth, 15.2% (n = 100) with prepregnancy or gestational diabetes and 8.5% (n = 886) without diabetes were depressed during pregnancy or postpartum. After adjusting for age, race, year of delivery, and gestational age at birth, women with diabetes compared with those without diabetes had nearly double the odds of experiencing depression during the perinatal period (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-2.36). Women with diabetes and no prenatal indication of depression (n = 62, 9.6%) had higher odds than their counterparts without diabetes (n = 604, 5.9%) of receiving a postpartum depression diagnosis or taking an antidepressant medication in the year following delivery (odds ratio, 1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.23). Conclusion Prepregnancy or gestational diabetes was independently associated with perinatal depression, including new onset of postpartum depression, in our sample of low-income new mothers.
Bonus-Malus Systems

Abstract Bonus-malus is a merit-rating technique used in most of Europe and Asia, and some Latin American and African countries. Policyholders from a given risk cell are subdivided into bonus-malus classes. Their claims histories then modify the class upon each renewal. Markov chain theory provides the tools for the design, evaluation, and comparison of these systems. In this article, definitions and examples of bonus-malus systems are provided (Section 2). The main actuarial tools for the study and design of bonus-malus systems are reviewed (Section 3). In the discussions that follow, Krupa Subramanian outlines a model for analyzing market shares in a competitive environment, a crucial research topic given current deregulation trends, and Pierre Lemaire compares actuarial with regulatory approaches to bonus-malus.
Frequency responses of streamwise-constant perturbations in channel flows of Oldroyd-B fluids

Non-modal amplification of disturbances in streamwise-constant channel flows of Oldroyd-B fluids is studied from an input-output point of view by analysing the responses of the velocity components to spatio-temporal body forces. These inputs into the governing equations are assumed to be harmonic in the spanwise direction and stochastic in the wall-normal direction and in time. An explicit Reynolds number (Re) scaling of frequency responses from different forcing to different velocity components is developed, showing the same Re dependence as in Newtonian fluids. It is found that some of the frequency response components peak at non-zero temporal frequencies. This is in contrast to Newtonian fluids, where peaks are always observed at zero frequency, suggesting that viscoelastic effects introduce additional time scales and promote development of flow patterns with smaller time constants than in Newtonian fluids. The temporal frequencies, corresponding to the peaks in the components of frequency response, decrease with an increase in viscosity ratio (ratio of solvent viscosity to total viscosity) and show maxima for non-zero elasticity number. Our analysis of the Reynolds-Orr equation demonstrates that the energy-exchange term involving the streamwise/wall-normal polymer stress component τ xy and the wall-normal gradient of the streamwise velocity ∂ y u becomes increasingly important relative to the Reynolds-stress term as the elasticity number increases and is thus the main driving force for amplification in flows with strong viscoelastic effects.
Growth of preferential attachment random graphs via continuous-time branching processes

Some growth asymptotics of a version of ‘preferential attachment’ random graphs are studied through an embedding into a continuous-time branching scheme. These results complement and extend previous work in the literature.
Korea's Growth Performance: Past and Future

South Korea is arguably the premier development success story of the last half century. Rapid growth coincided with extensive state interventions in the economy, and considerable controversy exists as to how much this performance should be credited to the country's state-led development strategy and to what extent the lessons from that experience might be portable or applied elsewhere. The salience of this issue has grown as South Korea has become a more important provider of development assistance and advice. Now the country faces challenges in maintaining its superior economic performance, notably interrelated problems revolving around the country's demographics, long-term fiscal position, and lagging productivity in the services sector domestically, and a taxing environment externally. Finally, the country confronts scenarios involving potential instability, collapse, and/or absorption of its neighbor, North Korea.
OVATION: Oval variation, assessment, tracking, intensity, and online nowcasting

Abstract. The location of the auroral oval and the intensity of the auroral precipitation within it are basic elements in any adequate characterization of the state of the magnetosphere. Yet despite the many ground-based and spacecraft-borne instruments monitoring various aspects of auroral behavior, there are no clear and consistent answers available to those wishing to locate the auroral oval or to quantify its intensity. The purpose of OVATION is to create a tool which does so. OVATION is useful both for archival purposes and for space weather nowcasting. The long-running DMSP particle data set, which covers both hemispheres, and has operated since the early 1980s, and which will continue to operate well into the next decade, is chosen as a calibration standard. Other data sets, including global images from Polar UVI, SuperDARN boundaries, and meridian scanning photometer images, are cross-calibrated to the DMSP standard. Each incorporated instrument has its average offset from the DMSP standard determined as a function of MLT, along with the standard deviations. The various data can, therefore, be combined in a meaningful manner, with the weight attached to a given boundary measurement varying inversely with the variance (square of the standard deviation). OVATION currently spans from December 1983 through the present, including real-time data. Participation of additional experimenters is highly welcomed. The only prerequisites are a willingness to conduct the prescribed cross-calibration procedure, and to make the data available online. The real-time auroral oval location can be found here: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Aurora/ovation live/northdisplay.html. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; energetic particles, precipitating; magnetosphere – ionosphere interactions)
Biomimetic synthesis of (+/-)-pinnatal and (+/-)-sterekunthal A.

Concise biomimetic syntheses of the antimalarial naphthoquinones (±)-pinnatal and (±)-sterekunthal A are described.
The Versatile Chemistry and Noncentrosymmetric Crystal Structures of Salt‐Inclusion Vanadate Hybrids

Three unique structure types of the vanadate-based mixed-metal oxide systems (salt)·MnII-Vv-O and (salt)·CuII-Vv-O are presented, with a focus on the role of the asym. vanadate units. Lattice parameters were obtained for (CsCl)2Mn(VO3)2, (CsBr)2Mn(VO3)2, (RbCl)2Mn(VO3)2, (CsCl)2Cu(VO3)2, (CsCl)Mn2(V2O7), (KCl)2Cu(VO3)2, (RbCl)2Cu(VO3)2 and (CsBr)2Cu(VO3)2. The two structure types found in the (AX)2M-(VO3)2 series differ in the propagation direction of the metavanadate chains which is thought to be due to the presence (or absence) of a Jahn-Teller distortion of the metal (d9 Cu2+ vs. d5 Mn2+) ion.
Statistical analysis of cavity RF faults

During commissioning of the CEBAF accelerator, it was found that cavities could not be operated reliably at the gradients achieved for short periods during individual cavity commissioning. The principal hypothesis for the cause of about two thirds the faults seen is charging of the cold ceramic RF window, which is 7.6 cm off the beam axis. Beginning in February 1995, most RF systems faults were automatically logged. Simple statistical analysis of the accumulated fault data was first applied in July 1995, with a substantial drop in fault rate recorded. The intent of the analysis was to predict the gradient for each cavity at which it would fault once every ten days, leading to a fault rate for the machine of about 33/day (330 cavities). This analysis method was pursued through July 1996 with substantial benefit. Cavity gradients were increased thereafter to obtain information for an upgrade to 6 GeV, with concomitant fault rate increases. In late 1996 and early 1997, in situ helium discharge processing was employed in 88 cavities to reduce field emission. The methods used for the analysis of 30000+ faults recorded between February 1995 and December 1997 are presented. Comparisons of performance before and after helium processing are presented.
Guaranteed robustness properties of multivariable nonlinear stochastic optimal regulators

We study the robustness of optimal regulators for nonlinear, deterministic and stochastic multiinput dynamical systems, under the assumption that all state variables can be measured. We show that, under mild assumptions, such nonlinear regulators have a guaranteed infinite gain margin; moreover, they have a guaranteed 50 percent gain reduction margin and a 60 degree phase margin in each feedback channel, provided that the system is linear in the control and the penalty to the control is quadratic, thus extending the well-known properties of LQ regulators to nonlinear optimal designs. These results are also valid for infinite horizon, average cost, stochastic optimal control problems.
On the buyability of voting bodies

We study vote buying by competing interest groups in a variety of electoral and contractual settings. While increasing the size of a voting body reduces its buyability in the absence of competition, we show that larger voting bodies may be more buyable than smaller voting bodies when interest groups compete. In contrast, imposing the secret ballot— which we model as forcing interest groups to contract on outcomes rather than votes— is an e¤ective way to …ght vote buying in the presence of competition, but much less so in its absence. We also study more sophisticated vote buying contracts. We show that, regardless of competition, the option to contract on both votes and outcomes is worthless, as it does not a¤ect buyability as compared to contracting only on votes. In contrast, when interest groups can contract on votes and vote shares, we show that voting bodies are uniquely at risk of being bought.
Solid‐Solution Ranges of the n= 2 and n= 3 Superconducting Phases in Bi2(SrxCa1 −x)n+1CunOy and the Effect on Tc

The cation solubility limits of the n= 2 and n= 3 superconducting phases in the Bi2(SrxCa1 −x)n+1CunOy system were established along tie lines with compatible phases via electron probe microanalysis on bi- (or poly-) phasic samples prepared at 860°C. Pb additions (15 mol% of the Bi content) were used to facilitate formation of the n= 3 phase. In each case football-shaped volumes in composition space were established as the solubility limits which bordered on the nominal compositions 2212 or 2223 (Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu) with the long axis parallel to the Sr-Ca side of the quaternary (i.e., Sr-to-Ca intersolubility) but also extending toward Bi and Cu. This means that, for the most part, the superconducting phases are alkaline-earth deficient relative to the ideal 2212 and 2223 compositions. The Pb content in the 2223 phase is typically 10% of the Bi content. Tc variations could be correlated with variations in Sr or (Sr + Bi) content and the length of the c-axis parameter.
Selecting a reduced-rank transformation for STAP-a direct form perspective

We introduce the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) metric as a tool for selecting a rank reduction transformation that maximizes the output SINR of a direct form space-time adaptive processor. The SINR metric is used to identify the eigenvectors with the greatest impact on the output SINR which become the columns of the rank reduction transformation. The SINR metric method exhibits a graceful degradation in performance as the rank of the transformation approaches one.
Institutional issues and strategies for sustainable agriculture: View from within the land-grant university

Sustainable agricultural research and education have gained acceptability within the land-grant system, but they still must be fully integrated into its fabric. Challenges remain in three key areas: knowledge generation, research and education, and funding. New biological and ecological knowledge is needed on plant-animal-human-environment interactions from the microbial level on upward so that we can move beyond anecdotal evidence of biological integration efficiencies to scientific understanding of the underlying processes and opportunities for human intervention. Socioeconomic research must address human motivations to change farming methods and the likely impacts of these changes on farmers, consumers, other species, and the quality of the environment.Generating this knowledge will affect the integration of research and education. Having farmers set the research and outreach agenda dissolves the old distinction between research and extension. This situation is complicated by budgetary stress and uncertainty about the dividing line between public and private responsibilities. The funding of sustainableagriculture creates a dilemma. Earmarked funding has helped legitimize sustainable agriculture in the land-grant university, but if it fails to become integrated into the routine land-grant research and education agenda, it will lose its newly gained momentum in the event those funds disappear.
Effect of biofilms on crevice corrosion of stainless steels in coastal seawater

Abstract The effect of biofilms on crevice corrosion of stainless steels (SS) UNS S31603 (type 316L SS), S31725 (type 317LM SS), N08904 (type 904L SS), and N08367 (6XN) in coastal seawater was inve...
Synthesis of N-(2-methylpropyl)-2E-undecene-8,10-diynamide, a novel constituent of Echinacea angustifolia

The first synthesis of a diacetylenic amide from Echinacea is reported. The key steps included the reaction of an aldehyde with the monoanion of a diacetylene and the reductive removal of a propargylic alcohol.
Drop-size distributions and spatial distributions in an annular centrifugal contactor

Annular centrifugal contactors were developed as single, compact units utilized to transfer desired species between immiscible fluid phases. Critical to understanding the mass-transfer characteristics in the annular mixing region is a clear picture of the distribution of droplet sizes of the fluids involved. To date, very little experimental data appears in the literature. We fill that void by using laser fluorescence and optical methods to directly observe and measure drop-size distributions for a silicone oil/water system in a centrifugal contactor. The shape and characteristics of the log-normal distributions, including the Sauter mean diameter and distribution means, are elucidated in terms of rotor speed and organic phase fraction. The size distribution of entrained air bubbles is also examined. The results presented here will be invaluable in validating and expanding the predictive capacity of the many models that have been developed to describe the flow within these devices. Published 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2219–2226, 2013
Novel Bounds on the Capacity of the Binary Deletion Channel

We present novel bounds on the capacity of the independent and identically distributed binary deletion channel. Four upper bounds are obtained by providing the transmitter and the receiver with genie-aided information on suitably-defined random processes. Since some of the proposed bounds involve infinite series, we also introduce provable inequalities that lead to more manageable results. For most values of the deletion probability, these bounds improve the existing ones and significantly narrow the gap with the available lower bounds. Exploiting the same auxiliary processes, we also derive, as a by-product, two simple lower bounds on the channel capacity, which, for low values of the deletion probability, are almost as good as the best existing lower bounds.
Why Parents Play Favorites: Explanations for Unequal Bequests

Economists have invested a great deal of effort in trying to understand the motivation for family transfers, yet recent empirical work testing the seemingly appealing models of altruism and exchange has led to decidedly mixed results. A major stumbling block has been the lack of adequate data. We take a fresh look at the issue using responses to an innovative survey question that directly asks mother about the planned division of their estates. We find that both altruism and exchange are frequently offered as explanations of behavior and are of nearly equal importance. Furthermore, the explanations are consistent with observable characteristics of the mother, lending support to the validity of the question. We also find that among step or adopted families, genetic ties play an important role. Because motivating factors appear to differ across families the lack of a consensus among previous researchers about motives ought not to be surprising.