cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries

Based on ever-growing societal demand for stable energy supply, recent times have witnessed an increasing emphasis on developing energy storage devices such as batteries with improved specific energy and specific power. Among the myriad energy-storage technologies, rechargeable lithium ion batteries are widely used as energy sources for a range of portable electronic devices because of their relatively high specific energy storage capabilities [1]. However, the highest energy storage capacity achieved by a state-of-the-art lithium ion battery is too low to meet current demands in larger applications such as in the automotive industry [1]. The limitation is due, in part, to the limited ionic conductivity of currently used organic electrolytes coupled with their volatility, electrochemical instability and flammability, which raises safety concerns. The development of new generation of lithium ion batteries with significantly improved energy storage would require the selection of novel electrolyte materials with improved performance without compromising on safety standards. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of room temperature ionic liquids because they have extremely low vapor pressure, are stable at high temperatures, are highly resistant to oxidation and reduction, possess high ionic conductivity and have tunable electrochemical properties. However, the ionic conductivity of ionic liquids doped with lithium salt is extremely sensitive to the molecular structure of the ions as well as the extent of coordination between neighboring ionic species. In an effort to understand how atomistic interactions determine transport properties of ionic liquids, in the current study, we simulated lithium salt doped pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids using fundamental atomistic simulations. Properties such as density and self-diffusion coefficients were determined from molecular dynamics simulations and compared to experimental data to validate our model. Our simulations indicate that the mobility of lithium ions is limited due to association with multiple salt anions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A functional central limit theorem for empirical processes under a strong mixing condition

This paper introduces a functional central limit theorem for empirical processes endowed with real values from a strictly stationary random field that satisfies an interlaced mixing condition. We proceed by using a common technique from Billingsley (Convergence of probability measures, Wiley, New York, 1999), by first obtaining the limit theorem for the case where the random variables of the strictly stationary ρ′-mixing random field are uniformly distributed on the interval [0, 1]. We then generalize the result to the case where the absolutely continuous marginal distribution function is not longer uniform. In this case we show that the empirical process endowed with values from the ρ′-mixing stationary random field, due to the strong mixing condition, doesn’t converge in distribution to a Brownian bridge, but to a continuous Gaussian process with mean zero and the covariance given by the limit of the covariance of the empirical process. The argument for the general case holds similarly by the application of a standard variant of a result of Billingsley (1999) for the space D(−∞, ∞).
Theory of metal fatigue at elevated temperatures

Abstract A previous paper in this journal (vol. 3, no. 1, 1966) showed that the fatigue phenomena of metals in the cold regime could be accounted for on the basis of loss of irrecoverable energy due to plasticity. This paper is an extension of the previous paper into the hot regime where the viscosity of the metal is its most important property. The irrecoverable energy lost per cycle is computed, and the assumption is again made that failure by fatigue will occur when the total energy loss equals the energy required for failure under a constant static load. A formula for the number of cycles to failure is developed and the results compared with experimental data. Good agreement is obtained. The combination of the present paper with the previous one mentioned above thus provides a self-consistent theoretical framework to account for the phenomena of fatigue in the cold regime and also in the hot regime under the conditions of stress-cycling, strain-cycling, and temperature-cycling.
Group C streptococcal sinusitis

The group C streptococci have emerged as important human pathogens. A case of group C streptococcal sinusitis in a 6-year-old girl is reported and four cases of group C streptococcal sinusitis are reviewed. Age less than 18 years, central nervous system complications, and a delay in the institution of adequate therapy were features common to all five cases. Three patients were bacteremic with group C streptococci and two patients died. These cases suggest that when beta-hemolytic streptococci are isolated from sinus culture, serogrouping should be performed. When group C streptococci are identified, appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be instituted and one should be alert for suppurative intracranial complications.
Public and private hospitals in Bangladesh: service quality and predictors of hospital choice.

This study compares the quality of services provided by public and private hospitals in Bangladesh. The premise of the paper was that the quality of hospital services would be contingent on the incentive structure under which these institutions operate. Since private hospitals are not subsidized and depend on income from clients (i.e. market incentives), they would be more motivated than public hospitals to provide quality services to patients to meet their needs more effectively and efficiently. This premise was supported. Patient perceptions of service quality and key demographic characteristics were also used to predict choice of public or private hospitals. The model, based on discriminant analysis, demonstrated satisfactory predictive power.
Exploiting dependencies of pairwise comparison outcomes to predict patterns of gene response

The analysis of gene expression has played an important role in medical and bioinformatics research. Although it is known that a large number of samples is needed to determine the patterns of gene expression accurately, practical designs of gene expression studies occasionally have insufficient numbers of samples, making it difficult to ascertain true response patterns of variantly expressed genes. We describe an approach to cope with the challenge of predicting true orders of gene response to treatments. We show that true patterns of gene response must be orderable sets. In experiments with few samples, we modify the conventional pairwise comparison tests and increase the significance level α intelligently to deduce orderable patterns, which are most likely true orders of gene response. Additionally, motivated by the fact that a gene can be involved in multiple biological functions, our method further resamples experimental replicates and predicts multiple response patterns for each gene. Using a gene expression data set of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with chemopreventive chemical compounds and DAVID to annotate and validate gene sets, we showed that compared to the conventional method of fixing α, this method increased enrichment significantly. A comparison with hierarchical clustering showed that gene clusters labelled by response patterns produced by our method were much more enriched. One of the clusters contained 3 transcription factors, which hierarchical clustering failed to place into one cluster, that have been found to participate in multiple biological networks. One of the transcription factors is known to play an important role in pathways affected by the studied chemical compounds. This method can be useful in designing cost-effective experiments with small sample sizes. Patterns of highly-variantly expressed genes can be predicted by varying α intelligently. Furthermore, clusters are labeled meaningfully with patterns that describe precisely how genes in such clusters respond to treatments.
Human DNA2 Is a Mitochondrial Nuclease/Helicase for Efficient Processing of DNA Replication and Repair Intermediates

DNA2, a helicase/nuclease family member, plays versatile roles in processing DNA intermediates during DNA replication and repair. Yeast Dna2 (yDna2) is essential in RNA primer removal during nuclear DNA replication and is important in repairing UV damage, base damage, and double-strand breaks. Our data demonstrate that, surprisingly, human DNA2 (hDNA2) does not localize to nuclei, as it lacks a nuclear localization signal equivalent to that present in yDna2. Instead, hDNA2 migrates to the mitochondria, interacts with mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma, and significantly stimulates polymerase activity. We further demonstrate that hDNA2 and flap endonuclease 1 synergistically process intermediate 5' flap structures occurring in DNA replication and long-patch base excision repair (LP-BER) in mitochondria. Depletion of hDNA2 from a mitochondrial extract reduces its efficiency in RNA primer removal and LP-BER. Taken together, our studies illustrate an evolutionarily diversified role of hDNA2 in mitochondrial DNA replication and repair in a mammalian system.
How large delays build up in a GI/G/1 quqe

LetW k denote the waiting time of customerk, k≥ 0, in an initially empty GI/G/1 queue. Fixa> 0. We prove weak limit theorems describing the behaviour ofW k /n, 0≤k≤n, given Wn >na. LetX have the distribution of the difference between the service and interarrival distributions. We consider queues for which Cramer type conditions hold forX, and queues for whichX has regularly varying positive tail. The results can also be interpreted as conditional limit theorems, conditional on large maxima in the partial sums of random walks with negative drift.
Automated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for chromatographers

Automated ‘open access’ mass spectrometry with liquid interfaces is now considered routine in our laboratories at Sandwich, UK. Synthetic chemists log samples into a queue on the mass spectrometer and return a short time later to take the mass spectrum and the sample away. The whole process occurs without any intervention by a mass spectroscopist (D. V. Bowen, M. Dalton, G. Perkins, F. Pullen and D. Richards, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. Vol. 8, p. 632 (1994)). Fast response liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is a further development in ‘open access’ mass spectrometry driven by the needs of chromatographers, for whom it is important that the identity of each component present in a high-performance liquid chromatographic separation is known. This Communication describes the development of such a system for our laboratories.
Global interactive transport simulations of nuclear war smoke

Global circulation model simulations are reported in which smoke created by fires following a large nuclear war is allowed to move with the model winds. A substantial fraction of smoke generated over NATO and Warsaw Pact territories in July moves rapidly upward and across the Equator in less than two weeks, but the dispersal of smoke in January is less pronounced. Decreases in Northern Hemisphere land surface temperature are large in July, but less severe in January
Atomic models higher up

Abstract There exists a countable structure M of Scott rank ω 1 C K where ω 1 M = ω 1 C K and where the L ω 1 C K , ω -theory of M is not ω -categorical. The Scott rank of a model is the least ordinal β where the model is prime in its L ω β , ω -theory. Most well-known models with unbounded atoms below ω 1 C K also realize a non-principal L ω 1 C K , ω -type; such a model that preserves the Σ 1 -admissibility of ω 1 C K will have Scott rank ω 1 C K + 1 . Makkai [M. Makkai, An example concerning Scott heights, J. Symbolic Logic 46 (1981) 301–318. [4] ] produces a hyperarithmetical model of Scott rank ω 1 C K whose L ω 1 C K , ω -theory is ω -categorical. A computable variant of Makkai’s example is produced in [W. Calvert, S.S. Goncharov, J.F. Knight, J. Millar, Categoricity of computable infinitary theories, Arch. Math. Logic (submitted for publication). [1] ; J. Knight, J. Millar, Computable structures of rank ω 1 C K J. Math. Logic (2004). [2] ].
Reading Comprehension in Adolescents with LD: What We Know; What We Need to Learn

The changing job market requires a sophisticated array of literacy skills that adolescents with learning disabilities reading below grade level have not yet acquired. This summary of the research on reading comprehension highlights emerging findings and related instructional conditions necessary to achieve optimal student outcomes with limited instructional time. Limitations in the existing evidence base are addressed via four factors for future research and development agendas: (a) use theory to inform research and practice, (b) study the role that dosage plays as an independent variable, (c) study tiered models of instruction that are applicable for use in middle and high school settings, and (d) study factors that can enhance scaling of reading comprehension interventions.
Engineering approaches to conditions created by a combination of karst and faulting at a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama

Abstract Foundations for a major expansion and modification of a multistory hospital in Birmingham, AL, were founded on faulted and karst-dissolutioned dolomite. The foundation approach had to accommodate a high degree of uncertainty concerning local conditions due to limited access for exploration and extremely variable rock conditions. The scope of the construction included excavation of a subbasement into rock with associated tiebacks to support adjacent foundations, installation of rock-bearing shear walls and rock anchors under the existing hospital, and installation of rock-bearing caissons and wall foundations outside the existing hospital. Local complications included areas of highly shattered rock, a generally pinnacled rock surface with average relief of 3–6 m (10–20 ft), locally very deep cutters and pits, areas where dolomite was weathered to sand or weak rock up to 3 m (10 ft) thick, and pockets of flowing sand and mud near the rock surface. Because of the complexity of site conditions and limited initial access to the site, on-site geotechnical services required innovative approaches to gather additional information on the highly variable and ambiguous rock conditions and adapt detailed foundation design and foundation approaches to the actual conditions encountered. These approaches included triple-tube coring of shattered rock at selected caisson locations; development of a technique for installation of rock anchors into shattered rock, determination of required undercut depths, and remediation at individual foundations where rock was shattered, disaggregated, or steeply pinnacled; characterization of individual cutters by airtrack probing for remediation information in wall foundations; low-angle coring for cutter characterization in the tieback area; change in foundations from walls to caissons or caissons to mat foundations in select areas; and above all, careful judgment-based design. Limitations of characterization methods are also discussed. A fundamental understanding of karst processes and three-dimensional conceptualization was an essential part of the engineering required for this project.
Application of a Ge(Li) gamma detector-cadmium radiator arrangement for low level neutron flux measurements

Abstract A neutron detection system is described which is based on the application of a Ge(Li) gamma detector to the observation of the 558-keV gamma radiation emitted following neutron capture in cadmium radiator foils placed around the detector housing. It is pointed out that the detection efficiency for such a system is essentially independent of the cadmium neutron capture cross section and the neutron spectrum shape for a flux having only a small epithermal component. Expressions are developed for calculating the efficiency of this type of system for several different radiator-foil geometries in an isotropic flux having a small but non-negligible epithermal component. Experimental evaluation of this system is carried out in an approximately isotropic flux situation for three radiator-foil arrangements including: 1) a circular disk perpendicular to and centered on the detector axis; 2) a cylindrical shell around the detector coaxial with the detector axis; 3) a rectangular foil along the side of the detector. Flux determinations for these three different geometries are in good agreement.
Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study from 1974 to 2009.

Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported associations between fine particles (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm; PM:2.5) and mortality. However, concerns have been raised regarding the sensitivity of the results to model specifications, lower exposures, and averaging time. Objective: We addressed these issues using 11 additional years of follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study, incorporating recent lower exposures. Methods: We replicated the previously applied Cox regression, and examined different time lags, the shape of the concentration–response relationship using penalized splines, and changes in the slope of the relation over time. We then conducted Poisson survival analysis with time-varying effects for smoking, sex, and education. Results: Since 2001, average PM:2.5 levels, for all six cities, were < 18 µg/m3. Each increase in PM2.5 (10 µg/m3) was associated with an adjusted increased risk of all-cause mortality (PM2.5 average on previous year) of 14% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7, 22], and with 26% (95% CI: 14, 40) and 37% (95% CI: 7, 75) increases in cardiovascular and lung-cancer mortality (PM2.5 average of three previous years), respectively. The concentration–response relationship was linear down to PM2.5 concentrations of 8 µg/m3. Mortality rate ratios for PM2.5 fluctuated over time, but without clear trends despite a substantial drop in the sulfate fraction. Poisson models produced similar results. Conclusions: These results suggest that further public policy efforts that reduce fine particulate matter air pollution are likely to have continuing public health benefits.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of monoamine oxidase B in brain astrocytes and serotonergic neurons

An antiserum to monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) was used to define the distribution of this metabolic enzyme in the adult rat brain immunocytochemically. MAO-B is specifically located in two major central nervous system cell classes, astrocytes and serotonin-containing neurons. Double-immunofluorescence experiments using antisera to glial fibrillary acidic protein and MAO-B showed that both protoplasmic and fibrillary astrocytes throughout the brain contain MAO-B, whereas oligodendrocytes do not contain the enzyme. Areas lacking a blood-brain barrier, such as the specialized circumventricular organs, also contain MAO-B-positive cells. A double-immunofluorescence experiment using antisera to serotonin and MAO-B enabled the positive identification of neurons containing both molecules. The catecholamine-containing neurons of the brain did not contain detectable amounts of MAO-B. The specific distribution of MAO-B in the adult central nervous system indicates that the role of MAO-B in monoamine metabolism may be more specifically defined than previously believed.
Reagents for astatination of biomolecules. 2. Conjugation of anionic boron cage pendant groups to a protein provides a method for direct labeling that is stable to in vivo deastatination.

Cancer-targeting biomolecules labeled with 211At must be stable to in vivo deastatination, as control of the 211At distribution is critical due to the highly toxic nature of α-particle emission. Unfortunately, no astatinated aryl conjugates have shown in vivo stability toward deastatination when (relatively) rapidly metabolized proteins, such as monoclonal antibody Fab‘ fragments, are labeled. As a means of increasing the in vivo stability of 211At-labeled proteins, we have been investigating antibody conjugates of boron cage moieties. In this investigation, protein-reactive derivatives containing a nido-carborane (2), a bis-nido-carborane derivative (Venus Flytrap Complex, 3), and four 2-nonahydro-closo-decaborate(2-) derivatives (4−7) were prepared and conjugated with an antibody Fab‘ fragment such that subsequent astatination and in vivo tissue distributions could be obtained. To aid in determination of stability toward in vivo deastatination, the Fab‘−borane conjugates were also labeled with 125I, and...
STEREOCONTROLLED CYCLIZATION OF UNACTIVATED ALKENE ONTO CATIONIC DIENYL IRON TRICARBONYL SYSTEMS

Abstract Treatment of pentadienol-Fe(CO)3 complexes, having alkene functionality in the side chain, with boron trifluoride, results in a stereospecific cyclization by reaction of the alkene with a stabilized carbocation intermediate; the stereochemical outcome was confirmed by X-ray structure determination of one of the products.
The control of nest depth in a digger wasp (Sphex ichneumoneus L.)

Abstract Golden digger wasps, Sphex ichneumoneus L. (Sphecidae), are a solitary, ground-nesting species that dig burrows to particular depths in the soil. I develop and evaluate alternative hypeses about the mechanisms controlling digging behaviour. By altering the wasps' burrows as thare digging, I show that they are not digging for some prescribed length of time nor are they diggingtil they reach some suitable environmental characteristic deep in the soil. Rather, they appear be digging until they reach a particular tunnel length, making corrections if the tunnel is too shallor too deep. This distance can be altered somewhat by surface environmental conditions.
Holocene Vegetation and Climate History of the Northern Bighorn Basin, Southern Montana

Records of Holocene vegetation and climate change at low elevations (<2000 m) are rare in the central Rocky Mountain region. We developed a record of Holocene vegetation and climate change from 55 14C-dated woodrat middens at two low-elevation sites (1275 to 1590 m), currently vegetated by Juniperus osteosperma woodlands, in the northern Bighorn Basin. Macrofossil and pollen analyses show that the early Holocene was cooler than today, with warming and drying in the middle Holocene. During the Holocene, boreal (Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis) and montane species (J. scopulorum) were replaced by a Great Basin species (J. osteosperma). J. osteosperma colonized the east side of the Pryor Mountains 4700 14C yr B.P. Downward movement of lower treeline indicates wetter conditions between 4400 and 2700 14C yr B.P. Increased aridity after 2700 14C yr B.P. initiated expansion of J. osteosperma from the east to west side of the Pryor Mountains.
Effects of indomethacin on coronary hemodynamics, myocardial metabolism and anginal threshold in coronary artery disease.

Abstract The effects of orally administered indomethacin or placebo on coronary hemodynamics were studied in 23 patients with coronary artery disease. After indomethacin administration the systemic arterial pressure increased by 12 ± 4% and the myocardial oxygen consumption by 24 ± 11 %. Coronary sinus flow did not change and coronary vascular resistance increased slightly. Oxygen saturation of the arterial blood did not change, but coronary sinus saturation decreased substantially. Hemodynamic values returned to normal 150 minutes after administration of indomethacin. During rapid atrial pacing, coronary sinus flow increased 79 ± 14% above the rest value when pacing was done before indomethacin administration; only a 56 ± 12% increase was seen when pacing was repeated after indomethacin. Peak heart rate achieved during atrial pacing, severity of angina and the degree of ST-segment depression were not altered by indomethacin treatment. Orally administered indomethacin has a mild coronary vasoconstrictive effect that does not interfere substantially with the expected increase in myocardial blood flow during rapid atrial pacing. Anginal threshold is not altered by orally administered indomethacin.
The quest for power efficient computing

Summary form only given. As the promises of convergence begin to materialize, and as Moore's law inexorably drives computing to your fingertips, new computing and communications usage models are striving to harness the bounty of "limitless" transistors. From relatively well understood enterprise or gaming environments to the more esoteric bio-computing or intelligent homes of tomorrow, the applications seem limitless. However, on the technology front, power and performance are at opposite ends of the fulcrum, in the constant quest to achieve a balance. How should this problem be approached, without sacrificing ever escalating user requirements of security, manageability, and business anywhere and at any time? Dr. Vrsalovic speaks about the latest trends, including the transition to multiple processing cores, increased process efficiencies, approaches to architecture design, and their implications on the quest for power efficient computing
The structure and function of thioester-containing proteins in arthropods

Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) form an ancient and diverse family of secreted proteins that play central roles in the innate immune response. Two families of TEPs, complement factors and α2-macroglobulins, have been known and studied in vertebrates for many years, but only in the last decade have crystal structures become available. In the same period, the presence of two additional classes of TEPs has been revealed in arthropods. In this review, we discuss the common structural features TEPs and how this knowledge can be applied to the many arthropod TEPs of unknown function. TEPs perform a wide variety of functions that are driven by different quaternary structures and protein-protein interactions between a common set of folded domains. A common theme is regulated conformational change triggered by proteolysis. Structure-function analysis of the diverse arthropod TEPs may identify not just new mechanisms in innate immunity but also interfaces between immunity, development and cell death.
Bayesian cuboid prediction intervals: An application to tensile-strength prediction

Abstract Given past and current measurements from a production process, we develop a numerical method to construct a simultaneous (cuboid) interval for a number of future measurements. In particular, in the tensile-strength prediction problem, destructive tensile-strength measurements of bars are available from past castings and a current casting, and a prediction interval is required for a number of future measurements from the current casting. Bayesian predictive methods naturally provide simple weighting functions which combine all the data and are, therefore, fully implemented to construct the prediction interval. Using two numerical algorithms, we describe a computational procedure to obtain the cuboid prediction intervals for the tensile-strength problem. Our method provides substantially shorter intervals than the one currently used.
Older adult engagement in activities: all motivations are not created equal

Engaging in cognitive and social activities is related to higher cognitive function in older adults (Hertzog, Kramer, Wilson, & Lindenberger, 2008). However, some older adults engage in activities that help maintain cognitive functioning, and some do not. The present research was aimed at discovering the motivations that underlie older adult engagement in activities. Thirty-three older adults aged 60-87 years provided information about the activities in which they participated and their motivations to engage in these activities. Results indicated that people were generally motivated by factors in the Material World (Forbes, 2011), such as motivation for achievement. Moreover, contrary to socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, 1993), older adults were least motivated by factors within the Social World, such as motivation for nurturance. Lastly, it appears possible to predict motivation for activities based on the characteristics of the activity using Multilevel Modeling. Further research could form...
Spherical array superdirective beamforming based on spherical harmonic decomposition of the soundfield

This paper provides a new analytical method to calculate superdirective mode coefficients of the spherical array beamforming based on spherical harmonic decomposition of the soundfield. Furthermore, N2 law of the spherical receiving arrays is proven: given the highest mode extracted N max , the Maximum Directivity Factor (DF) is (N max +1)2. Computer simulation is conducted for the spherical array with 20 hydrophones located at the vertex of a dodecahedron, which can be optionally mounted on open sphere or rigid sphere. The resulting directivity index (DI) for N max =1 and 2 corresponds to the theoretical DI at low frequencies. The operating frequency range is from 100Hz to about 5kHz. The proposed method to calculate the superdirective mode coefficients is also applicable for arrays of any shape and any form of expansion, indicating its wide usage in superdirectivity beamforming.
Energy efficiency: Is re-distribution worth the gains?

Abstract We explore who are the winners and losers when an energy efficiency standard is introduced (ESS). Whilst there are potentially significant aggregate gains to Arizona from the introduction of an EES, if the standard is aggressive it may lead to non-participants suffering. Potential solutions to the winner/loser conundrum are also explored.
Culturally responsive leadership: best practice in integrating immigrant students

Immigration to the US has fluctuated with economic conditions and with American immigration policies (Vernez and Abrahamse 1996). Historically, most immigrants settled in urban areas, while suburba...
Cognitive systems and the supersized mind

In Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, action, and cognitive extension (Clark 2008), Andy Clark bolsters his case for the extended mind thesis and casts a critical eye on some related views for which he has less enthusiasm. To these ends, the book canvasses a wide range of empirical results concerning the subtle manner in which the human organism and its environment interact in the production of intelligent behavior. This fascinating research notwithstanding, Supersizing does little to assuage my skepticism about the hypotheses of extended cognition and extended mind. In particular, Supersizing fails to make the case for the extended view as a revolutionary thesis in the theoretical foundations of cognitive science.
Organization of mesoscale convective systems: 1. Numerical experiments

[1] The shear-parallel and shear-perpendicular linear mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are studied by a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic cloud resolving model. On the basis of previous observational studies, a unique “reference layer” can be defined for both MCSs. A shear-parallel MCS can be distinguished from a shear-perpendicular MCS by the shear and moist instability in the reference layer only regardless of the shear at the other levels. This drastically simplifies the problem at hand. The reference layer is located below 400 mbar. It must be thicker than 200 mbar, and the mean shear of the layer must be larger than 2 m s−1 per 100 mbar. Its stratification is unstable or near neutral. The shear-parallel MCS is produced when the reference layer is near neutral or less unstable. In its first phase the new cells are produced by the basic wave propagation mechanism, modified by the shear. The growth rate is relatively small, and there is no cold pool in this phase. In the second phase the updrafts become strong and expand. A cold pool is formed along the shear-parallel direction, and the new cells are formed along the edge of the cold pool. The interaction between the shear and the updraft plays a major role in the formation of the shear-parallel MCSs. The cold pool outflow convergence and the interaction between the cold pool and the shear are also important in the second phase. On the other hand, the shear-perpendicular MCS is produced when the reference layer is highly unstable. The cold pool is always strong, and the interaction between the shear and cold pool plays a major role in the formation of the linear structure in agreement with the theory proposed by Rotunno et al. (1988). Sensitivity experiments indicate that both types of MCS organization can exist without precipitation or a cold pool and in the dry system. This finally provides a foundation for the theoretical analysis presented in the companion paper.
The effects of cocaine on neutral amino acid uptake by human placental basal membrane vesicles.

Objective: Prior studies have demonstrated that cocaine binds to human placental microvillous membrane vesicles at a single high-affinity site and that both 10 and 500 nmol/L cocaine inhibit sodium-dependent alanine uptake. The purpose of this study was to characterize cocaine binding to human placental basal plasma membrane and to determine the effects of cocaine on basal vesicle uptake of alanine and leucine. Study Design: Basal vesicles were isolated from the placentas of uncomplicated human pregnancies with no history of cocaine use. The binding of tritiated cocaine to basal vesicle membrane and the uptakes of tritiated cocaine, alanine, and leucine were determined with filtration assays. Alanine and leucine uptakes were measured in the presence and absence of sodium and 10 and 500 nmol/L cocaine. Cocaine binding was characterized with Scatchard analyses, and uptakes were compared by means of Student t tests. Results: Tritiated cocaine bound to basal membrane at two separate high-affinity sites. Sodium-dependent alanine uptake was significantly inhibited only by 500 nmol/L cocaine. Sodium-independent amino acid uptake was unaffected by cocaine. Conclusion: Cocaine may interfere with fetal growth by impairing the activity of sodium-dependent amino acid transporters in both the microvillous and basal membrane. These membranes may be differentially sensitive to the effects of cocaine on such transporters.
Towards zero-energy urban areas

Abstract When the Earth Summit concluded at Rio in 1992, the world was challenged to lessen its impact on the Earth. Nine years later, we live in a riskier world with more people, more consumption, more waste and more poverty, but with less biodiversity, less forest area, less available fresh water, less soil, and less stratospheric ozone layer. We all know that we are further away from sustainability. But how far? Professor Thomas Spiegelhalter from the Department of Architecture at Carnegie-Mellon University, USA poses this question and what needs to be done now to start redressing the balance.
Darwin's error? Patrick Matthew and the catastrophic nature of the geologic record

In 1831, the Scottish horticulturalist Patrick Matthew (1790–1874) published a clear statement of the law of natural selection in an Appendix to his book Naval Timber and Arboriculture, which both Darwin and Wallace later acknowledged. Matthew, however, was a catastrophist, and he presented natural selection within the contemporary view that relatively long intervals of environmental stability were episodically punctuated by catastrophic mass extinctions of life. Modern studies support a similar picture of the division of geologic time into long periods of relative evolutionary stability ended by sudden extinction events. Mass extinctions are followed by recovery intervals during which surviving taxa radiate into vacated niches. This modern punctuated view of evolution and speciation is much more in line with Matthew's episodic catastrophism than the classical Lyellian–Darwinian gradualist view.
RLS-A reduced labeled samples approach for streaming imbalanced data with concept drift

In the streaming data milieu, the input data distribution is not static and the models generated must be updated when concept drift occurs, to maintain the classification performance. Updating a model requires retraining with the new incoming labeled samples. However, labeling data is a costly and time-consuming process and designing algorithms which do not require all the instances in the stream to be labeled, is needed. In this paper, a new Reduced Labeled Samples (RLS) framework is proposed, which can handle concept drift in imbalanced data streams, by selectively labeling only those set of samples which are the most useful in characterizing the drift, and thereby generating an updated model with fewer labeled samples. Experimental comparison with state of the art imbalanced stream classification algorithms shows that the RLS framework achieves comparable or better performance with requiring only 18% of the samples to be labeled.
Evaluation of ethanol analysis on brain and liver by head-space gas chromatography

Abstract An evaluation of the reliability of ethanol analysis in brain by the head-space gas chromatographic method has shown the following. 1. (a) This method may be used directly, without prior distillation, with homogenized brain tissue; 2. (b) a good correlation exists with values obtained on blood (blood/brain ratio of 0.97 and 1.32 for blood ethanol concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 g/dl respectively); 3. (c) in non-preserved blood, there is a 15% deviance in the correlation resulting from changes in ethanol concentration; 4. (d) the same evaluation applied to ethanol analysis in liver reveals a poor correlation between the results in liver and blood; this is believed to result mainly from natural oxidative losses of ethanol in liver, and also from the variable fat content of the liver samples analyzed. Caution is emphasized with regard to interpretations of blood/brain and blood/liver ethanol concentration ratios for the purpose of determining pre- and post absorption stages of intoxication where samples involved are not properly preserved.
Photoconductivity In Granular Films Of Y-Ba-Cu-O

We demonstrate that granular films of Y-Ba-Cu-0 can detect broadband optical radiation, at temperatures up to 100 K. A lower bound of D* has been measured and found to be 108 cm-Hz172 /Watt, and a response time of 20 nanoseconds has been determined.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cell interactions in alveolar macrophage-mediated suppression of the immune response: an unusual suppressor pathway involving a population of T-cells that express Lyt-1, L3T4, and I-J.

Studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that incubation of murine alveolar macrophages (AM) with SRBC-primed spleen cells (SC) results in suppression of the in vitro plaqueforming cell (PFC) response and that suppression is mediated by a soluble factor contained in supernatants obtained from cultures of AM and SC. In the present study, immunological techniques employing monoclonal antibody (MoAb) were used to isolate various T-cell subsets in order to determine the phenotype of the cells which interact with AM to produce suppression. Spleen cell populations depleted of Thy-1+-, Lyt-1+-, L3T4+-, or I-J+-bearing cells failed to generate suppressive supernatants when cultured with AM. Depletion of Lyt-2+ T-cells (the classical suppressor/effector subset) did not alter the ability of the remaining cell population to cooperate with AM for generation of suppressive supernatants. Direct suppression of the PFC response in cultures containing AM was abrogated after treatment of the spleen cells with anti-I-J, but not anti-Lyt-2 MoAbs. Reconstitution of the AM-mediated suppressive response with enriched populations of SC required the presence of T-cells which expressed Lyt-1, L3T4, and I-J. These results suggest the existence of an unusual suppressor pathway involving I-J restriction but which appears to be mediated by the interaction of AM with a population of T-cells that expresses surface markers characteristic of T-helper cells.
Behavioral training restores temporal processing in auditory cortex of long-deaf cats.

Temporal auditory processing is poor in prelingually hearing-impaired patients fitted with cochlear prostheses as adults. In an animal model of prelingual long-term deafness, we investigated the ef...
Adjuvant Taxanes in the Treatment of Breast Cancer: No Longer at the Tip of the Iceberg

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality, and a cure is desperately needed. Adjuvant chemotherapy with anthracycline-based regimens has been proven to decrease the risk of relapse and cancer-related mortality in women with early-stage breast cancer. The taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) have been incorporated into several adjuvant chemotherapy regimens in recent studies. Some of these trials are now mature and have demonstrated a definitive benefit with the use of taxanes. Thus, taxanes should be incorporated into the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. To date, the available data do not allow one to select a single best taxane, schedule, or overall regimen.
Influence of shells and pairing on the fission probabilities of nuclei below radium

Abstract Realistic level densities have been employed in analysing experimental fission probabilities. The inclusion of shell and pairing effects allows one to obtain reliable information concerning the fission barriers as well as the saddle point pairing and level densities.
The Clinical Spectrum of Herpes Simplex Viremia

The vast majority of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in adults are relatively benign in their clinical manifestations. However, this ubiquitous virus clearly produces a diverse spectrum of disease. Although mucocutaneous HSV infection and reactivation can be associated with more generalized symptoms, the presence of viremia had previously been considered a rare occurrence. In the mid-1900s, HSV was isolated from the blood of an immunocompetent child with herpetic rhinitis [1], signaling the possibility of more widespread infection in clinically benign disease. Subsequently, though, sensitive HSV culture techniques were unable to identify viremia in immunocompetent pediatric patients with clinical HSV infection [2]; studies of blood cultures for HSV in immunocompetent adults have not been published. More recently, highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have altered our understanding of the natural history of HSV infection. HSV DNA has been found in the blood in 34% of children with primary gingivostomatitis [3], in 24% of adults with primary genital
Cultural Interventions: Arab American Aesthetics between the Transnational and the Ethnic

Much of contemporary writing on diaspora stresses, as Gilroy and Clifford do, the inadequacies of national and ethnic identities. As people move (and are moved) across the globe, they transform loc...
Measuring outcome after liver transplantation: A critical review

As the number of liver transplantations performed around the world and the survival rates increase, attention is turning to the broad impact this procedure has on patients' quality of life (QOL), including their physical and psychosocial functioning and their perceived sense of well-being. There exists a small body of literature that examines the global effects of liver transplantation on QOL. The purpose of this article is to discuss the general framework used to assess QOL and to critically review the studies that have broadly examined QOL outcomes after liver transplantation. The reviewed studies used measures that led to broad assessment of the various domains of QOL. Although the instruments used to measure QOL in these studies are largely validated, there is significant heterogeneity in this literature in terms of the instruments used, leading to difficulties in making generalizable conclusions among the studies. Although limited by internal validity problems, the available data suggest improvement in QOL by liver transplantation. Additionally, a large recent study that used the Liver Transplant Database Quality of Life Questionnaire also reported a subset of patients in whom QOL seemed to worsen after liver transplantation. Knowledge of the factors related to QOL outcome after liver transplantation is important because it might allow development of new interventions that may have an impact on future allocation decisions.
Vertical distribution of infauna in sediments of a subestuary of central Chesapeake Bay

The vertical distribution of infauna was quantified in eight strata from 0–35 cm in sand and mud sediments of a lower mesohaline subestuary of Chesapeake Bay. Large numbers of small polychaetes, amphipods, and clams occurred in the upper 5 cm of both sediment types, whereas large clams (Macoma balthica in mud andMya arenaria in sand) extended down to 30 cm and comprised most of the biomass in their respective sediment types. There was extensive overlap of the species inhabiting both sediment types. Vertical stratification within and among species apparently reflected constraints on burrowing depth related to body size rather than resource partitioning among competitors. The maximal sediment penetration of 35 cm, which was exhibited byHeteromastus filiformis, was considerably less than the maximal penetration for deep burrowing species in some marine infaunal communities. Several species which burrowed deeper than 5 cm exhibited significant temporal shifts in their vertical distribution.
Thrombolysis for intraventricular hemorrhage after endovascular aneurysmal coiling.

Objective and Importance: Current applications of lytic therapy for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) rely on exclusion of vascular abnormalities as etiology. Its use in patients with recently coiled aneurysms remains far from considered safe. We report a patient with subara chnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and massive IVH from aneurysmal rupture, which was safely treated with intraventricular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) after endovascular coiling. We also review two other similar cases reported in the literature. Clinical Presentation: A 61-year-old man presented with a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm causing SAH and IVH (Hunt & Hess grade IV, Fisher grade III with IVH). During coiling of the aneurysm, extravasation of contrast was noted on fluoroscopy. Follow-up head computed tomography (CT) scan showed casted ventricles. Once in the intensive care unit, the patient progressed to coma, which did not improve with external ventricular drainage alone. Intervention: After endovascular coiling of the aneurysm, intraventricular rt-PA was administered. Isovolemic injections of 2 mg rt-PA every 12 hours were performed for a total of four doses. No clinical or radiological evidence of worsening SAH/IVH was documented. At the time of discharge, the patient was awake but requiring assistance with activities of daily living. Conclusion: We report the safe administration of intraventricular rt-PA after endovascular coiling of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Two other similar cases were found in the literature and are reviewed. Hindrance of aneurysmal cavity thrombosis by early administration of rt-PA (increasing the risk of rerupture) remains a widespread concern. The lack of such instances should therefore be acknowledged. We propose that inclusion of such patients in trials assessing safety/efficacy of thrombolytic theray in the treatment of patients with intracranial hemorrhage should be carefully considered.
On the size of the multiplier groups of cyclic difference sets

Abstract Using a result of Cohen [J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 51 (1989), 227–236], we get an upper bound for the size of the multiplier group of a cyclic difference set; this generalizes a result of Ho [J. Algebra 148 (1992), 325–336] on the multiplier groups of cyclic projective planes to arbitrary λ.