cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionic strength and the polyvalent cation receptor of shark rectal gland and artery.

The dogfish shark Squalus acanthias regulates plasma osmolality and extracellular volume by secreting a fluid from its rectal gland which has a higher NaCl and lower urea concentration than plasma. We have previously identified the presence of a calcium-sensing receptor or polyvalent cation sensing receptor (CaSR) on vascular smooth muscle of the rectal gland artery (RGA) and rectal gland tubules (RGT). Activity of the CaSR is influenced by changes in ionic strength. This led us to speculate that the ingestion of invertebrate sea animals increased plasma ionic strength, resulting in inhibition of the receptor, relaxation of RGA, and reversal of inhibition of chloride secretion by the RGT. In contrast, ingestion of fish could diminish ionic strength and have the opposite effect. To study the effect of changes in extracellular ionic strength, shark Ringers solutions were adjusted to three different ionic strengths with NaCl, but the osmolarities were kept constant by varying the concentration of urea. High ionic strength inhibited and low ionic strength enhanced the response to increasing external Ca2+ from 2.5 to 4.7 mM in RGT. The increase in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) of cells in low, normal, and high ionic strength Ringers solution was 344 ± 60, 201 ± 26, and 114 ± 15 nmol/L, respectively. The [Ca2+]i responses of RGA to external Ca2+ in Ringers of three different ionic strengths were 323 ± 43, 231 ± 14, and 56 ± 11 nmol/L, respectively. Activation of the CaSR by spermine was reduced by more than 50% by high ionic strength in both RGT and RGA. Whether the small changes in shark plasma ionic strength that occur after a shark ingests marine animals with lower and higher ionic strength modulates salt secretion by the rectal gland is not yet known. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:235–239, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Negative viscosity can enhance learning of inertial dynamics

We investigated how learning of inertial load manipulation is influenced by movement amplification with negative viscosity. Using a force-feedback device, subjects trained on anisotropic loads (5 orientations) with free movements in one of three conditions (inertia only, negative viscosity only, or combined), prior to common evaluation conditions (prescribed circular pattern with inertia only). Training with Combined-Load resulted in lower error (6.89±3.25%) compared to Inertia-Only (8.40±4.32%) and Viscosity-Only (8.17±4.13%) according to radial deviation analysis (% of trial mean radius). Combined-Load and Inertia-Only groups exhibited similar unexpected no-load trials (8.38±4.31% versus 8.91±4.70% of trial mean radius), which suggests comparable low-impedance strategies. These findings are remarkable since negative viscosity, only available during training, evidently enhanced learning when combined with inertia. Modeling analysis suggests that a feedforward after-effect of negative viscosity cannot predict such performance gains. Instead, results from Combined-Load training are consistent with greater feedforward inertia compensation along with a small increase in impedance control. The capability of the nervous system to generalize learning from negative viscosity suggests an intriguing new method for enhancing sensorimotor adaptation.
A Comparative Study of Business Process Reengineering in China

This research investigates the current status of business process reengineering (BPR) in China by answering the following two questions: How do Chinese business executives view benefits, critical success factors, and major obstacles of BPR implementation? What are the managerial implications of BPR in China? Data were collected by means of survey questionnaires to senior managers in Beijing and Shanghai. Of the 195 survey questionnaires out, 110 usable returns were received, a 56.4 return rate. As far as the 110 usable returns are concerned, 62.4% of them were answered by presidents, vice presidents, chief financial officers (CFO) or chief information officers (CIO), with the remaining 37.3% by middle level managers or their equivalent. Statistic analysis results indicate that while BPR has played an important role in making the enterprises in China more effective and efficient, its implementation has been uneven among various types of business sectors and ownerships. We find that management support, cross-functional communications, cross-unit project team, and measurable BPR objectives are the top of the list for critical success factors, whereas a culture that resists changes & new ideas, lack of innovation incentives to state-owned enterprises, seniority, not performance, based promotion, and unemployment pressure of process restructuring are the top four obstacles in China.
Mutations in a gene encoding the alpha subunit of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae G protein indicate a role in mating pheromone signaling.

Mutations which allowed conjugation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells lacking a mating pheromone receptor gene were selected. One of the genes defined by such mutations was isolated from a yeast genomic library by complementation of a temperature-sensitive mutation and is identically to the gene GPA1 (also known as SCG1), recently shown to be highly homologous to gene encoding the ..cap alpha.. subunits of mammalian G proteins. Physiological analysis of temperature-sensitive gpal mutations suggests that the encoded G protein is involved in signaling in response to mating pheromones. Mutational disruption of G-protein activity causes cell-cycle arrest in G/sub 1/, deposition of mating-specific cell surface aggultinins, and induction of pheromone-specific mRNa, all of which are responses to pheromone in wild-type cells. In addition, mutants can conjugate without the benefit of mating pheromone or pheromone receptor. A model is presented where the activated G protein has a negative impact on a constitutive signal which normally keeps the pheromone response repressed.
Interdecadal Variability in a Zonally Averaged Ocean Model: An Adjustment Oscillator

Abstract A meridional-plane, hemispherical ocean model is developed to study interdecadal variability of the thermohaline circulation (THC). The model differs from previous formulations of zonally averaged ocean models by using a prognostic equation to calculate the meridional velocity. This allows the incorporation of an adjustment timescale comparable to the advective timescale of the meridional overturning. An interdecadal oscillation is documented for an idealized ocean of homogeneous salinity forced by a time-independent surface heat flux. The governing equations are linearized about a basic state in order to isolate the effect of parameter changes on the oscillation. An eigenvalue analysis reveals that the frequency of the oscillation is independent of the advective timescale. Instead, the interdecadal timescale of the oscillation is set by the slow adjustment of the overturning intensity to a meridional pressure gradient anomaly. The oscillatory instability, on the other hand, is dependent on both ...
Contamination and Decontamination

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and many forms of it. Contamination fears and washing or cleaning compulsions represent a distinct and robust variant of OCD. Some individuals with contamination fear express a concern that they or others may be harmed by the disease, whereas others report a more vague sense of distress, revulsion, and “dirtiness” without specific fears of harm. Contamination-related OCD symptoms may be characterized not only by fear but also by disgust, as well as the sympathetic magic beliefs that are thought to be the characteristics of disgust processes. Sympathetic magic beliefs are evident in patients with contamination-related OCD. Although most treatment-outcome studies have indicated that contamination-related OCD responds to treatments, one study found that these patients were less likely to show stronger response than patients with other forms of OCD. One factor that may affect treatment response is the role of disgust in the habituation response. Disgust, as compared to fear, may show a slower and attenuated response to exposure-based treatments.
Reduction of Intensity Noise in Hollow Core Optical Fiber Using Angle-Cleaved Splices

When spliced to solid core optical fiber, a hollow core optical fiber (HCF) exhibits multipath interference. Reflections at the air/glass interfaces add coherently in transmission, producing intensity fluctuations. This can lead to excess intensity noise at the output of a fiber segment. In this letter, angle-cleaved splices were performed on HCFs to reduce this noise without significant alteration of the fiber’s optical properties. Cleave angles ranging from 7° to 12° produced splices with return losses less than −50 dB and excess insertion losses typically around 1 or 2 dB. A 37-dB reduction in intensity noise over a flat-cleaved splice was achieved with negligible increase in higher order mode generation or polarization-dependent loss.
Unhealthy weight control behaviors mediate the association between weight status and weight-specific health-related quality of life in treatment-seeking youth who are obese

Examine whether unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors (WCBs) mediate the relationship between youth weight status and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in treatment-seeking youth who are overweight and obese (OV/OB). 82 youth 10–17 years of age who were OV/OB and attending an outpatient obesity-related medical appointment completed measures assessing unhealthy and extreme WCBs and disease-specific HRQOL. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire and medical staff measured youth height and weight. Regression analyses revealed that unhealthy WCBs mediated the associations between youth weight status and emotional and social avoidance disease-specific HRQOL, such that higher body mass index (BMI) predicted unhealthy WCBs, which were ultimately associated with poorer emotional and social HRQOL. Mediation analyses were not significant for total, physical, teasing/marginalization, and positive attributes disease-specific HRQOL. In addition, extreme WCBs did not mediate the association between youth weight status and any subscales of the disease-specific HRQOL measure. Weight status is an important predictor of disease-specific HRQOL in OV/OB youth; however, the association with emotional and social HRQOL is partially accounted for by youth engagement in unhealthy WCBs. Clinicians and researchers should assess WCBs and further research should explore and evaluate appropriate intervention strategies to address unhealthy WCBs in pediatric weight management prevention and treatment efforts.
Sputtered Tantalum Photonic Crystal Coatings for High-Temperature Energy Conversion Applications

Recent advances in photonic crystals have enabled high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion by allowing near-perfect spectral control. In this paper, photonic crystals fabricated in thick tantalum (Ta) coatings, sputtered onto a metallic substrate, were investigated as a potential replacement for photonic crystals fabricated in bulk refractory metal substrates in TPV applications. A 2-D photonic crystal was fabricated in a 30- $\mu \rm m$ thick Ta sputtered coating using standard semiconductor processes as a proof-of-concept for a selective emitter/solar absorber. The reflectance of the fabricated photonic crystal coating was characterized before and after 1 h anneals at 700, 900, and 1100 $^\circ$ C, and after a 24 h anneal at 900 $^\circ$ C. To protect its surface during the anneals, a thin conformal hafnia (HfO $_2)$ layer was deposited by atomic layer deposition on the photonic crystal. The photonic crystal showed high spectral selectivity in good agreement with numerical simulations and sustained the anneals with minimal structural degradation or change in its optical properties. This study presents a promising alternative to bulk substrates as a relatively low-cost and easily integrated platform for nanostructured devices in high-temperature energy conversion systems.
College Students with Disabilities: Increasing Opportunities for Student Success

This article explores the growing number of students with disabilities enrolled in postsecondary educational settings and the need for faculty to reconsider the format of the traditional lecture by utilizing learning strategies and interventions that have proven successful in the literature. Research studies and literature reviews have investigated the needs of students with disabilities. Our goal was to select examples of three strategies (guided notes, response cards, and think-pairshare) that can be blended purposefully in lectures across different academic disciplines to increase the opportunities for student success.
Au−Cu Alloy Nanoparticles with Tunable Compositions and Plasmonic Properties: Experimental Determination of Composition and Correlation with Theory

For plasmonic alloy nanoparticles, theoretical modeling and experimental characterization are both central to our capabilities involving predictable synthesis and targeted applications. This article uses composition-tunable colloidal Au−Cu nanoparticles as a model system for exploring the issue of reliable experimental determination of composition in plasmonic alloy nanoparticles and correlation of this experimental data with theoretical predictions. Highly uniform spherical Au1-xCux alloy nanoparticles were synthesized with compositions ranging from x = 0 to 0.5. The particle compositions were analyzed independently using both powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which represent two of the most common nanoparticle composition analysis techniques. The plasmon resonance frequencies, determined experimentally for each sample using UV−vis spectroscopy, red shift with increasing copper content as expected. These experimentally determined plasmon resonance frequencies ...
First motions from seismic sources

ABSTRACT An application of dynamic dislocation theory gives the elastodynamic radiation resulting from the sudden occurrence of an earthquake due to faulting. The fault plane is visualized as a geometrical discontinuity across which there exists a sudden discontinuity in either one component of the strain tensor or one component of the displacement vector. It is shown that there are eight independent models, if unilateral faulting is assumed; and an argument is presented to demonstrate the likelihood that unilateral faulting does not exist in nature. For bilateral faulting the eight independent models are reduced in number to five. Of these five, two are more likely to occur in nature than the others. One of these, the displacement dislocation model, has a first-motion radiation pattern formally identical with that of a double couple in an unfaulted medium. The second, the shearstrain dislocation model, has a first-motion radiation pattern formally identical with that of an isolated force in an unfaulted medium. The latter type of mechanism may occur in deep-focus earthquakes. Another type of radiation, corresponding to the single couple in an unfaulted medium, results from the sudden release of shear strain in a laminar region.
Source Distribution of Antibiotics in Water Environment and its Impact on Human Health

The article reviews the type,source and affects of antibiotic contamination in water environment on ecological environment and human health.Such antibiotics as used for medicine,agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery and discharged from industrial wastewater were pointed out to be the main pollution source.The antibiotic contamination in water environment has changed the aquatic microbial flora,led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains.It also has caused the residues in agricultural products and then brought severe allergic reactions and toxic side effects.Those increase the economic burden of patients.Some protective and management measures were put forward,such as to strengthen management,to improve the professional skills of that who engaged in medicine,to select the best treatment,to strengthen the health education and to properly utilize the antibiotics in agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery.
Unanswered Questions and Future Directions in Post-Traumatic Arthritis

While there is increasing interest in PTA as a disease process, the area is relatively unstudied. In many cases joint injuries are managed mainly by orthopedic surgeons. Orthopedic surgeons have used surgical management as the primary (and often only) form of treatment to prevent PTA after joint injury. In part this is because no pharmacologic therapies are currently available to limit PTA development after joint injury. Several new lines of research indicate that there may be opportunities to modulate the post-injury response to limit the development of PTA. Still there are key areas of knowledge that need to be addressed. These are: (1) Who is at risk to develop PTA? (2) How do we follow disease progression of PTA? (3) How do we effectively modify the response to joint injury to prevent PTA? and (4) What is the effect of surgical repair on the post-injury response?
Prolonged extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support in man.

Prolonged extracorporeal circulation (ECC) (2 to 17 days) was carried out for cardiac or pulmonary support in 6 patients. One survived; all patients who died had irreversible pulmonary damage. ECC can be carried out without complications for over 2 weeks with the use of membrane oxygenators, no reservoirs, venoarterial bypass, and titrated low-dose heparin. The major problems are early selection of patients who may require ECC support and control of infection.
Woody Legume Community Structure

Apparently many former grasslands and savannas have changed because of anthropogenic disturbances caused by the introduction of numerous domestic grazing animals (cattle and other species), the reduction of light, fluffy fuel (grasses by herbivory), and a concomitant reduction of fire frequency (Van Auken 2000, 2009). In southwestern North America, these changes have led to encroachment of various woody species including species of Prosopis, Senegalia, and Vachellia (the latter two previously acacias). The conditions required for the establishment (encroachment), growth, and dominance of the woody plants in many of these former grasslands have been difficult to understand. Global change phenomena including increased levels of atmospheric CO2 and concomitant elevated temperature do not seem to be the main cause of the encroachment, which appears to be a management problem or phenomena (Van Auken 2000, 2009).
Diverse Markets and Public Action

This chapter has two aims, first to consolidate the general framework which has developed in the course of this study, then second, to outline some of the arenas for public action which are opened up by a recognition of substantive market diversity.
Abstract 23: Loss of Astrocytic AMPK Leads to Exacerbation of Stroke in Mice

Background: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is emerging as a key sensor of brain energy balance. It acutely regulates cellular metabolism and chronically regulates gene expression, reducing ene...
Water for Electricity Generation in the United States

Abstract The power sector in the United States is a major user of water primarily for cooling thermoelectric power plants. Those water needs are determined by the fuel, power cycle (steam cycle, combined cycle, etc.), cooling technology, and prevailing climatic conditions. In addition, water is used to generate power at dams, produce fuels, transport fuels, and operate emissions controls on-site. Because of the power sector's dependence on water, it is vulnerable to water constraints. Namely, if water is too scarce, abundant, hot, or cold, it induces strain on the power sector that can lead to blackouts. However, there are different solutions available, including source switching (either switching to different fuels or source of cooling water), advanced technologies, and cross-sectoral integration.
Insidious Incentives: A Critical Exercise to Explore Knowing, Context, and Multiple Views.

Critical thinking requires that we dig beneath the surface of organizational issues to explore multiple views, context, and aspects of knowing. In this exercise, students explore these deeper issue...
Force-Sensing Catheters During Pediatric Radiofrequency Ablation: The FEDERATION Study.

BackgroundBased on data from studies of atrial fibrillation ablations, optimal parameters for the TactiCath (TC; St. Jude Medical, Inc) force‐sensing ablation catheter are a contact force of 20 g a...
Ideological Congruence: Illusion or Imperfection?

Paul Warwick (2016) argues that much of the research on ideological congruence leaves the erroneous impression that a close match of median left-right voter opinions and government ideological positions usually emerges from elections. I propose further clarifications. I offer a “natural metric” based on the average distances from the median voter of the most distant and the closest parties competing in all these countries’ elections. I suggest that by these standards average ideological congruence in the Western liberal democracies in the last 20 years has been fairly successful, but not as successful as it could be.
Structure of 29F in the rotation-aligned coupling scheme of the particle-rotor model

Abstract Recent results from RIKEN/RIBF on the low-lying level structure of 29F are interpreted within the Particle-Rotor Model. We show that the experimental data can be understood in the Rotation-aligned Coupling Scheme, with the 5 / 2 + ground state as the bandhead of a decoupled band. In this picture, the energy of the observed 1 / 2 1 + state correlates strongly with the rotational energy of the core and provides an estimate of the 2 + energy in 28O. Our analysis suggests a moderate deformation, ϵ 2 ∼ 0.16 , and places the 2 + in 28O at ∼ 2.5 MeV.
TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING LIQUID STATE TRANSITIONS IN POLYSTYRENE

Various instrumental methods applied or developed at MMI over the past ten years to study liquid state transitions are presented. T>T g transition studies with an emphasis on polystyrene are discussed. Instrumental techniques cover the areas of dielectric relaxation, thermal methods, dynamic mechanical relaxation, and computer statistical analysis of tabulated literature data, as well as the spectroscopic methods of Fourier transform infrared and electron spin resonance.
On the partial identification of a new causal measure for ordinal outcomes

Abstract In a recent paper, Chiba (2017) proposed a new causal measure for ordinal outcomes. We derive the sharp bounds of Chiba (2017)’s causal measure, assuming fixed marginal distributions of the potential outcomes. We illustrate our results via a numeric example.
Critical Nuclei Size, Rate, and Activation Energy of H2 Gas Nucleation.

Electrochemical measurements of the nucleation rate of individual H2 bubbles at the surface of Pt nanoelectrodes (radius = 7–41 nm) are used to determine the critical size and geometry of H2 nuclei leading to stable bubbles. Precise knowledge of the H2 concentration at the electrode surface, CH2surf, is obtained by controlled current reduction of H+ in a H2SO4 solution. Induction times of single-bubble nucleation events are measured by stepping the current, to control CH2surf, while monitoring the voltage. We find that gas nucleation follows a first-order rate process; a bubble spontaneously nucleates after a stochastic time delay, as indicated by a sudden voltage spike that results from impeded transport of H+ to the electrode. Hundreds of individual induction times, at different applied currents and using different Pt nanoelectrodes, are used to characterize the kinetics of phase nucleation. The rate of bubble nucleation increases by four orders of magnitude (0.3–2000 s–1) over a very small relative cha...
Monolithic intrinsic coincident polarimeter using organic photovoltaics

Polarimeters have broad applications in remote sensing, astronomy, and biomedical imaging to measure the emitted, reflected, or transmitted state of polarization (SOP). An Intrinsic Coincident full-Stokes Polarimeter (ICP) was previously demonstrated by our group, in a free space configuration, by using stain-aligned polymer-based organic photovoltaics (OPVs). These were tilted to avoid back-reflection cross-talk. In this paper, we present a theoretical model of a monolithic ICP which considers the back-reflection’s influence. This includes a comparison between the free space model to the new monolithic model. Experimental demonstrations yield less than 3% error between our model and the experiment data.
On the Role of Ecological Experimentation in Resource Management: Managing Fisheries Through Mechanistic Understanding of Predator Feeding Behaviour

The field of fisheries management truly diverged from its academic parent discipline of ecology at the time of the revolutionary development of quantitative fisheries models. With emergence and elaboration of the yield-per-unit-effort and yield-per-recruit models of Beverton and Holt (1957), Ricker (1954, 1958) and others more recently (e. g., Cushing 1981), fisheries resource management attained status as a recognizably separate, academic discipline. Over the past three decades (1960–1990), a different sort of revolution has been occurring in the parent field of ecology. Ecology in this period has matured from an observational to an experimental and process- exploring science (e. g., Connell 1972). I will argue here that the fields of fisheries resource management and ecology are now suffering from their separation academically and could profit from enhanced integration.
Comments on “The Optimal Size of the Criminal Court System”

Professor Noam’s formulation is essentially of the following kind: Z is total losses caused by crime, B is the budget cost of the court system, hence, the total cost caused by crime is $$TC = Z+B.$$ (i)
What causes business cycles to elongate, or recessions to intensify?

Abstract In this paper we use both New Keynesian and Classical monetary models to explain why volatility transfers from high to low frequency cycles occur, causing the business cycle to elongate, and how they could reverse. Our results show that an increase in inflation aversion or a reduction in the commitment to output stabilization would create volatility transfers sufficient to give rise to a great moderation, while a reversal of those commitments would take it away again. In short, the lower frequency cycles become more volatile at the expense of traditional business cycle frequencies, even though there are no reversals in the parameters that govern the economy’s underlying economic behaviour, dynamics or volatility. This implies we should expect less frequent but more severe recessions, with smoother business cycle expansion phases in between. We identify moderate expectations for output or earnings growth to be the key element that under-pins these results.
Predicting monthly streamflows and their variability from limited historic records in the Tárcoles watershed, Costa Rica

Lack of instrumentation in many developing nations makes it difficult to gauge available water resources, an essential part of national socioeconomic wellbeing. Costa Rica is a developing country that has considerable hydrologic data. This study establishes a simple model from limited data to predicted mean monthly flows and their interannual variability at unmonitored locations, within the densely populated Tarcoles watershed of Costa Rica. Relationships between basin area and percentiles of historic flows are derived as a matrix of monthly flow percentiles and averages that can be transformed into potential flows. The station used to validate the model has limited records and contains apparently abnormal flows, nonetheless results indicate considerable success of the model. It could further be refined and tested with more discharge stations. In turn, the modelling approach could be used to predict monthly flows and their variability within the Tarcoles basin as well as other countries where information may be lacking.
Induction Chemotherapy Response as a Guide for Treatment Optimization in Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma

PURPOSEMultimodal therapy is a well-established approach for the treatment of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC); however, the optimal sequence of the various treatments modalities is yet ...
GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS ASSOCIATED MYOCARDITIS: A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH

Cardiac manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) are rare. We present a case of GPA with myocarditis and arrhythmia with a multi-disciplinary approach to management. A 48 year-old male presented with dyspnea and hemoptysis. He had elevated inflammatory markers, transaminitis, kidney
The Gap Between Engineering Schools and Industry: A Strategic Initiative

The long-standing gap between engineering education and the industry (the Gap) has been acknowledged in literature extensively. In this paper, the Gap has been addressed philosophically from three different aspects: the demarcation between science and engineering, the causes of the Gap, and the strategy for bridging the Gap. The targeted education level in this paper is the bachelor level. The Gap is caused by the absence of feedback from the industry to engineering schools. This paper contributes to the philosophy of engineering education by proposing a strategic initiative to bridge the Gap. The expected outcomes of the proposed initiative are the following: Reclassification of the majors available in engineering schools and redesigning the knowledge taught in these schools to match industry needs. These outcomes could be achieved by firstly giving engineers the opportunity to write about their own experience at an industry level in engineering journals and, through their writing, schools get an idea of what is going on in the industry. Secondly, accrediting agencies such as ABET should grant a higher rank to engineering schools based on what they have done over time to bridge the Gap. Lastly, PhD research could be utilized to improve the undergraduate curriculum. A PhD student could work for a company, then return to school two years later to present their findings and observations.
The effect of pressure and temperature of self-diffusion coefficients in several concentrated deuterium oxide diamagnetic electrolyte solutions

The pressure dependences of the self-diffusion coefficients of deuterium oxide in 4.5m solutions of LiCl−D2O and CsCl−D2O (also 7m) and 3.06m CaCl2−D2O have been measured by the NMR spin-echo method at 30°C, 60°C, and 90°C. Shear viscosities and densities of these solutions have also been determined over the same range of experimental conditions. The experimental data show that the diffusion constantD decreases with the increasing structure-making ability of the electrolyte cation Ca+2>Li+. In contrast, the diffusion coefficient for D2O in the 4.5 and 7m CsCl solutions is equal to that for pure D2O at 30°C but lower at 60°C and 90°C. It has been found that the Stokes-Einstein equation relates well the diffusion coefficients to shear viscosity in these concentrated electrolyte solutions.
Open Space Box: communication to support Big Data in orbit

Communication to and from a small spacecraft can be at an extremely slow Baud rate, means both sending and receiving any communication will take some time. Extract, Transform and Load tools designed to transmit and receive data needs to have a flexible protocol. The Open Space Box model provides this base for smaller spacecraft to provide users data in a fashion that is pervasive within satellites as well as the ground stations. It also autonomically distinguishes data streams and disseminates relevant information to the related end users. Streaming Data can also be considered the generation of Big Data. At a ground station, the receiving of data can create the problem of Big Data and its management. Messages are sent in batch mode and communications are done using MapReduce.
Entry and Survival in the Export Market: Spillovers from Foreign and Outward-Looking Domestic Firms in Ethiopia

This paper examines spillovers from domestic-exporting and foreign-owned firms to the export entry and exit of local manufacturing firms in Ethiopia for the period 1996-2010. We find that downstream and upstream foreign-owned exporting firms improve the probability of domestic firms’ entering into export markets. Besides, foreign-owned exporting firms generate intraindustry spillovers that increase the export entry and survival rates of local firms. Spillovers from domestic exporters enhance the exporting likelihood of firms in input-supplying sectors. Moreover, exporting domestic and foreign-owned firms generate backward productivity spillovers that advance the export entry and survival of domestic firms through productivity gains.
Core Decompression with Synthetic Grafting as a Joint Preservation Strategy in Humeral Avascular Necrosis Due to Sickle Cell Anemia: A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral or humeral heads in patients with sickle cell anemia is a common and painful condition. There is currently no gold standard treatment protocol for this condition. Typically, the pain is managed with narcotics and activity restriction until there has been collapse of the subchondral bone with a degree of arthrosis sufficient to warrant total joint arthroplasty. This method entails prolonged pain for the patient and decreases the ability to function occupationally and recreationally. CASE REPORT A 51-year-old African-American woman with a history of sickle cell anemia presented for the evaluation of significant bilateral shoulder pain that was confirmed to be AVN via radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging of both her humeral heads without joint collapse. She tried and failed conservative management with physical therapy and optimization of sickle cell treatment with pain medications for years, so she desired surgical management. Arthroscopically assisted core decompression of her humeral heads with synthetic grafting was performed in an attempt at joint preservation. CONCLUSION This report demonstrates a technique of staged decompression of necrotic bone in the bilateral humeral heads with synthetic bone grafting to determine if this could function as a joint preservation strategy. This procedure was considered successful to alleviate the patients' pain in both of her arms. The application of this procedure is significant because it could be used in various future medical joint preservation cases for a wide range of patients.
Generating Functions and Generalized Dedekind Sums

We study sums of the form $\sum_\zeta R(\zeta)$, where $R$ is a rational function and the sum is over all $n$th roots of unity $\zeta$ (often with $\zeta =1$ excluded). We call these generalized Dedekind sums, since the most well-known sums of this form are Dedekind sums. We discuss three methods for evaluating such sums: The method of factorization applies if we have an explicit formula for $\prod_\zeta (1-xR(\zeta))$. Multisection can be used to evaluate some simple, but important sums. Finally, the method of partial fractions reduces the evaluation of arbitrary generalized Dedekind sums to those of a very simple form.
Drilling down in the fight against bacterial superbugs

Light-activated molecular nanomachines can resensitize antibiotic-resistant bacteria to antibiotics by drilling holes in their cell wall.
A Library of FSM-based Floating-Point Arithmetic Functions on FPGAs

In this paper, we present a new low-latency method based on Finite State Machines (FSMs) for basic arithmetic as well as trigonometric functions in single-precision IEEE-754 standard format on a Virtex-7 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Basic floating-point arithmetic methods are optimized to reduce latency for scalar operations where the cost of pipelining cannot be amortized over longer data streams. We provide additional trigonometric functions necessary for image correlation that are not found in other open-source libraries. Our trigonometric functions are optimized for use in system-on-chip FPGA architectures where Block Random Access Memories (BRAMs) are needed for buffering data and not available to hold large lookup tables. Results are presented comparing delay, area, operating frequency, and memory utilization of our new methods to previous works presented in the literature as well as the built-in Vivado IP. Comparisons show that the proposed approach offers key improvements in delay and area for basic arithmetic operations. Specific to trigonometric functions, our implementations offer a reduction in memory requirements and a higher operating clock frequency compared to existing works.
Reducing feature size in femtosecond laser ablation of fused silica by exciton-seeded photoionization: publisher's note.

This publisher’s note contains corrections to Opt. Lett.45, 1994 (2020).OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.385011
Impact of hospital-acquired complications in long-term clinical outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract Objective Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) usually have prolonged hospitalizations due to the need to closely monitor their neurological status. Therefore, these patients have higher risk of experiencing hospital-acquired complications (HACs), which can complicate their clinical course and recovery. However, there is no evidence on the impact of HACs of long-term clinical outcomes. We aimed to identify if HACs are independent risk factors for poor clinical outcomes at 12–18 months of follow-up. Patients and Methods Retrospective analysis of 323 patients with SAH diagnosis from 2013 until June 2018. We collected patient-related factors (age, sex, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity), comorbidities (hypertension, smoke status, diabetes, coronary heart diseases, prothrombotic diseases and hypercholesterolemia), clinical variables (Hunt-Hess grade, modified Fisher grade, treatment, delayed cerebral ischemia), aneurysm characteristics (location, size) and HACs (pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), urinary tract infection (UTI), external ventricular drainage (EVD) infections, sepsis, hyponatremia and acute respiratory distress syndrome). Poor outcomes were defined as mRS ≥ 3. Results 204 patients were included in the primary analysis. 82 (40.2%) experienced one or more HACs during their hospital course. Patients that developed HACs have significantly increased ICU (12.1 ± 6.6 vs 24.3 ± 23.6, p Conclusions HACs are an independent risk factor of sustaining poor clinical outcomes 12–18 months after a SAH. Furthermore, HACs are significantly related with the occurrence of DCI, with non-routine discharge and 90-day poor functional outcomes.
College on the Margins: Higher Education Professionals’ Perspectives on Campus Basic Needs Insecurity

BackgroundA substantial share of undergraduates are basic needs insecure, meaning they lack consistent access to essential material goods like food and shelter. These material hardships are associa...
Neighborhood Racial Composition and Gun Homicides.

This cross-sectional study examines disparities in gun homicide rates among neighborhoods of different racial composition for fixed levels of socioeconomic status.
Human Intestinal Tissue Explant Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles Reveals Sex Dependent Alterations in Inflammatory Responses and Epithelial Cell Permeability

Consumer products manufactured with antimicrobial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The human GI-tract is complex and there are physiological and anatomical differences between human and animal models that limit comparisons between species. Thus, assessment of AgNP toxicity on the human GI-tract may require tools that allow for the examination of subtle changes in inflammatory markers and indicators of epithelial perturbation. Fresh tissues were excised from the GI-tract of human male and female subjects to evaluate the effects of AgNPs on the GI-system. The purpose of this study was to perform an assessment on the ability of the ex vivo model to evaluate changes in levels of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and mRNA expression of intestinal permeability related genes induced by AgNPs in ileal tissues. The ex vivo model preserved the structural and biological functions of the in-situ organ. Analysis of cytokine expression data indicated that intestinal tissue of male and female subjects responded differently to AgNP treatment, with male samples showing significantly elevated Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) after treatment with 10 nm and 20 nm AgNPs for 2 h and significantly elevated RANTES after treatment with 20 nm AgNPs for 24 h. In contrast, tissues of female showed no significant effects of AgNP treatment at 2 h and significantly decreased RANTES (20 nm), TNF-α (10 nm), and IFN-γ (10 nm) at 24 h. Smaller size AgNPs (10 nm) perturbed more permeability-related genes in samples of male subjects, than in samples from female subjects. In contrast, exposure to 20 nm AgNPs resulted in upregulation of a greater number of genes in female-derived samples (36 genes) than in male-derived samples (8 genes). The ex vivo tissue model can distinguish sex dependent effects of AgNP and could serve as a translational non-animal model to assess the impacts of xenobiotics on human intestinal mucosa.
A General Decoupled Framework for State Estimation Based on Synchrophasor Measurements

This paper is concerned about phasor-based linear state estimation of three-phase power grids which contain non-transposed lines and unsymmetrical branches. It builds upon our previous work where the linear measurement equations were decoupled into three independent sets via the symmetrical component transformation. Such a transformation may however not fully decouple the measurement equations if there are non-transposed transmission lines and unsymmetrical branches in the system. This paper addresses this limitation by deriving additive terms that compensate for the remaining coupling between sequence measurements after the application of the conventional transformation. It will be shown that general unbalanced three-phase power grids can still be transformed into three decoupled subsystems and their state estimation solution can be obtained in parallel by the proposed approach.
Verbal Working Memory and Short-term Memory: Bilingual vs Monolingual Children

Language learning is an incredible process for children. T he study aims to assess the effect of early L2 immersion on L1 development and phonological working memory, and short-term memory. Specifically, the researchers compared the performance of a group of bilinguals and monolinguals aged 5-7. This study from a cognitive perspective supports the hypothesis that exposure to an L2 in sequential bilingual children exerts an affirmative influence on their cognitive development. There were 56 Turkish-speaking upper-middle-class students as participants of the study. The researchers designed to examine the impact of L2 learning on phonological short-term and working memory development by performing tasks measuring phonological working memory and short-term memory and L1 linguistic skills in a group of bilinguals and monolinguals. The findings reflected that bilingual students outperformed their monolingual peers once the bilinguals’ performance with monolinguals was compared to all possible variables. The study results support the hypothesis that intensive and early exposure to an L2 may increase verbal working memory and verbal short-term memory abilities in sequential bilingual children while not decreasing their linguistic performance in L1. The results of articulatory abilities, naming, phonological discrimination, sentence completion, and grammatical comprehension assessments indicated that bilinguals notably performed better than monolinguals. This indicates that exposure to L1 enables bilingual children to develop the L1 for a significant amount of time sufficiently. Keywords: bilingual; monolingual; working memory; verbal working memory; short-term memory
Acute communicating hydrocephalus after intracranial arachnoid cyst decompression: A report of two cases.

Background Arachnoid cysts (AC) may cause hydrocephalus and neurological symptoms, necessitating surgical intervention. Cyst drainage may result in postoperative complications, however, these interventions are not normally associated with the subsequent development of acute hydrocephalus. Herein, we present two unique cases of AC drainage with postoperative development of acute communicating hydrocephalus. Case description Case 1. A 75-year-old female presented with progressive headaches, cognitive decline, and questionable seizures. Her neurological examination was non-focal, but a head computed tomography scan (CT) identified a large right frontal AC with mass effect. She subsequently underwent craniotomy and decompression of the cyst. Postoperatively, her neurological examination deteriorated, and a head CT demonstrated new communicating hydrocephalus. The opening pressure was elevated upon placement of an external ventricular drain. Her hydrocephalus improved on follow-up imaging, but her neurological examination failed to improve, and she ultimately expired. Case 2. A 61-year-old female presented with headache and seizures attributed to a left parietal AC. She underwent open craniotomy for fenestration of the cyst into the Sylvian fissure. Postoperatively, her neurologic examination deteriorated, and she developed acute communicating hydrocephalus. She was initially managed with external ventricular drainage (EVD). The hydrocephalus resolved after several days, and the EVD was subsequently removed. Late follow-up imaging at 2 years showed that the regression of the AC was maintained. Conclusion Acute development of hydrocephalus is a potential complication of intracranial AC fenestration. A better understanding of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics may better inform as to the underlying cause of this complication.
Apocalypse or renaissance or something in between? Toward a realistic appraisal of The Learning Mystique.

The purpose of this article is to offer what the author hopes will be seen as progress toward a more constructive reading of Gerald Coles's (1987) important book, The Learning Mystique
Health care utilization and end-of-life care for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND Health care utilization in older adults (age ≥60 years) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been well studied. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 330 consecutive older patients who were diagnosed with AML between May 1, 2005 and December 23, 2011, at 2 hospitals in Boston to examine their health care utilization and end-of-life care. Using multivariable logistic and linear regression models adjusting for covariates, we also compared health care utilization between patients who received intensive induction chemotherapy (n = 197; cytarabine/ anthracycline combination) versus nonintensive chemotherapy (n = 133; single-agent therapy). RESULTS The median number of hospitalizations for the entire cohort was 4.2 (range, 1-18 hospitalizations). Patients who died spent a mean of 28.3% of their life after diagnosis in the hospital and 13.8% of their life attending outpatient clinic appointments. Although the majority of patients (87.9%) died during the 2-year follow-up period, a minority received palliative care (16.2%) or hospice (23.1%) services. Within 30 days of death, 84.5% of patients were hospitalized, and 61% died in the hospital. Among the patients who died, those who received intensive induction therapy (vs nonintensive therapy) spent 30% more of their life after diagnosis in the hospital (P < .0001) and were less likely to receive hospice services (odds ratio, 0.45; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS The current findings highlight the intensity of health care utilization among older patients with AML, regardless of treatment modality. Despite the poor prognosis, palliative care and hospice services are rarely used. Future work should study novel health care delivery models to optimize care throughout the course of illness and at the end of life. Cancer 2015;121:2840-2848. © 2015 American Cancer Society