cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clustering statistics, roughness feedbacks, and randomness in experimental step‐pool morphodynamics

Step pools are a common bed morphology in boulder-rich gravel streams, but predicting how mountainous landscapes will respond to environmental perturbations such as climate-related hydrological changes requires a better understanding of channel morphodynamics and factors that influence bed stability. Flume experiments exploring bed stabilization demonstrate feedbacks among surface roughness, coarse grain clustering, and surface grain size. Clustering is quantified by using a novel normalization of Ripley's K statistic designed for use in power law functions. At 95% confidence, many but not all beds stabilized with coarse grains becoming more clustered than complete spatial randomness. The clustering statistic predicts hydraulic roughness better than D84 does (the diameter at which 84% of grains are smaller), suggesting that the spatial organization of the bed can be a stronger control than grain size on flow hydraulics. Initial conditions affect the degree of clustering at stability, indicating sensitivity to history.
Teaching, learning, and evaluating: handwriting in Uruguayan public elementary schools in the 1830s

This article examines the Uruguayan state approach to the teaching of writing in public elementary education during the 1830s, and is an attempt to explain why state officials advanced new pedagogi...
Bi-Level Online Aggregation on Raw Data

In-situ processing has been proposed as a novel data exploration solution in many domains generating massive amounts of raw data, e.g., astronomy, since it provides immediate SQL querying over raw files. The performance of in-situ processing across a query workload is, however, limited by the speed of full scan, tokenizing, and parsing of the entire data. Online aggregation (OLA) has been introduced as an efficient method for data exploration that identifies uninteresting patterns faster by continuously estimating the result of a computation during the actual processing---the computation can be stopped as early as the estimate is accurate enough to be deemed uninteresting. However, existing OLA solutions have a high upfront cost of randomly shuffling and/or sampling the data.In this paper, we present OLA-RAW, a bi-level sampling scheme for parallel online aggregation over raw data. Sampling in OLA-RAW is query-driven and performed exclusively in-situ during the runtime query execution, without data reorganization. This is realized by a novel resource-aware bi-level sampling algorithm that processes data in random chunks concurrently and determines adaptively the number of sampled tuples inside a chunk. In order to avoid the cost of repetitive conversion from raw data, OLA-RAW builds and maintains a memory-resident bi-level sample synopsis incrementally. We implement OLA-RAW inside a modern in-situ data processing system and evaluate its performance across several real and synthetic datasets and file formats. Our results show that OLA-RAW chooses the sampling plan that minimizes the execution time and guarantees the required accuracy for each query in a given workload. The end result is a focused data exploration process that avoids unnecessary work and discards uninteresting data.
Melanoma topology reveals a stem-like phenotype that promotes angiogenesis

Tumor angiogenesis provides critical nutrients for cancer progression and may also facilitate pathways for dissemination during the process of metastasis. It is well established that cells that metastasize display characteristics of stem cells; however, the prevailing paradigm points to these stem-like cells residing in the hypoxic niche within the tumor interior. Controlling the geometry at the interface of a population of melanoma cells reveals a role for perimeter topology in promoting a stem-like state with enhanced tumorigenicity. We show that this putative melanoma-initiating cell (MIC) demonstrates significant enhancement in the secretion of proangiogenic molecules. This finding suggests the possibility of an "invasive niche" at the perimeter of a growing tumor that promotes a MIC state with angiogenic activity. Using several in vitro and in vivo models of tumor angiogenesis, we see concurrent stem-like characteristics with initiation of neovascularization. In the absence of hypoxia, precise topological cues induce signaling through integrin α5β1 and downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling to regulate the MIC secretome through the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) pathways. Inhibiting integrin α5β1 and ERK signaling attenuates both the MIC phenotype and proangiogenic signaling. These results suggest that topological cues in the periphery of malignant melanoma promote the MIC state-using mechanotransduction in lieu of low oxygen-to facilitate the formation of new vasculature for progression and invasion.
Neoplasia and Mononuclear Phagocyte Function

While the concept of immune surveillance has come under attack during the last decade (Prehn and Lappe, 1971; Prehn, 1972; Stutman, 1975; Prehn, 1976; Moller and Moller, 1976, 1978), there is substantial evidence that macrophages may play an important role in host defense against neoplasia (Alexander, 1976; Hopper and Pimm, 1976; Adams and Snyderman, 1979; Nathan et al., 1980). Macrophages are capable of infiltrating tumors and killing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, suppression of macrophage function can enhance tumor growth. Interestingly, there is substantial evidence that virulent tumors can enhance their ability to escape immunologically mediated destruction by releasing factors that affect mononuclear phagocyte function. At least some of the factors associated with tumors that alter macrophage function appear to be antigenically related to viral structural proteins.
Identitätsprozesse im Zusammenhang schulischer Übergänge

Identitat wird hier als offener Prozess verstanden, der – in Rekurs auf Keupp – in taglichen Verhandlungen des Individuums lebenslang vonstattengeht und sich asynchron in verschiedenen Identitatsbereichen vollzieht. Der Einzelne, im schulischen Kontext der einzelne Schuler, integriert, adaptiert und akkommodiert seine Erfahrungen und taglichen Wahrnehmungen und handelt so seine Identitat mit anderen und sich selbst aus. Ein unabwendbarer Impuls fur die Identitatsentwicklung sind biographische Ubergange, wie die schulischen Wechsel innerhalb der Bildungsbiografien. Das offene Konzept von Identitat wird in der ko-konstruktiven Vorstellung „Transition“ aufgenommen. Die komplexen Wandlungen in der Transition, in denen sowohl die Lebenszusammenhange der Uberganger wie der sozialen Umwelt massiv umstrukturiert werden, wirken auf die Genese des Selbstkonzepts. Dabei sind die Identitatsprozesse im deutschen Schulsystem an den entscheidenden Gelenkstellen beinahe durchgangig mit der Erfahrung von Selektion verbunden. Die Auslese und Orientierung in der neuen Schulumwelt pragen den individuellen Schuler, insbesondere die Genese seines akademischen und sozialen Selbstkonzepts. Ein besonderer Fokus wird im vorliegenden Artikel auf die Soziale Identitat als Gruppengefuhl und –zugehorigkeit gerichtet, die sich in bestimmten Schularten als protektive Ressource fur die Uberganger erweist.
Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation in Epithelial Repair

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in up to 30% of hospitalized patients in intensive care units and independently predicts a mortality rate of approximately 40%. Most frequently, AKI results from acute tubular necrosis following hypoperfusion of the renal proximal tubular (RPT) epithelium. Regeneration following AKI is mediated by surviving RPT cells (RPTC) that dedifferentiate, proliferate, migrate, and redifferentiate to restore the damaged epithelial monolayer. Growth factors are required for all four phases of regeneration; however, their regulation of dedifferentiation/redifferentiation is not fully understood. Dedifferentiation is characterized by loss of apical–basal polarity and the brush border, formation of stress fibers, elongated cell morphology, and expression of mesenchymal proteins. Activation of several signal transduction pathways by growth factors, including transforming growth factor-β, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor-2, mediates the phenotypic changes of dedifferentiation. The mechanism of RPTC redifferentiation is largely unexplored. The current literature suggests that several growth factors including bone morphogeneic protein-7, collagen IV, and hepatocyte growth factor mediate redifferentiation through negative regulation of signal transduction pathways that drive and maintain dedifferentiation.
Auditing Accounting Estimates, Including Fair Value Accounting Estimates

For accounting estimates that give rise to significant risks, the auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about whether: (a) management’s decision to recognize or not recognize the accounting estimates in the financial statements and (b) the selected measurement basis for the accounting estimates are in accordance with the requirements of the applicable financial reporting framework.
Commentary on Hofmann and Hayes: The Water Looks Inviting, but How and When Do We Jump in?:

In this issue, Hofmann and Hayes (p. 37) shined a light on our field’s lack of progress in reducing the prevalence and burden of mental illness and suggested that a paradigm shift is needed to make...
Methodological approaches to botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain, vaginismus, and vulvar pain disorders

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is increasingly used for pain, especially with muscle spasm. We describe our methodology for BoNT treatment of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women and place it in the context of the literature on techniques for this use. Databases were searched using terms “botulinum toxin,” “pelvic pain,” and “vaginismus.” Reports on vaginismus/vulvodynia/vestibulodynia (included if pelvic floor muscles were injected) were grouped as “vaginismus/vulvar pain disorders” (V/VPD). We analyzed the type of report, condition, toxin serotype/brand, dose/dilution, muscle selection, guidance technique, and anesthesia. Publications from the same authors without unique information were combined for specific analyses. Thirty-eight reports had analyzable information; many lacked complete information. Most were open-label prospective reports; there were four technical reports, one randomized comparison of doses and one placebo-controlled study of efficacy. Pelvic floor muscles were approached transvaginally, transperineally or transgluteally. BoNT brand/dose/dilution varied widely. Muscle localization techniques included anatomical landmarks only, electromyography, electrical stimulation with/without ultrasound, and fluoroscopy/CT scanning. Papers discussing analgesia utilized general anesthesia, conscious sedation with/without topical/local anesthesia, topical/local agent alone or pudendal block before or after injection. Cumulatively, 58–100% of patients with CPP and 71–100% of those with V/VPD improved. Serious adverse events (transient fecal incontinence/constipation, urinary incontinence/retention) were more frequent with higher doses. BoNT can be safely and tolerably injected into pelvic floor muscles in women as an out-patient procedure. This study identifies methodological factors to be considered in future studies and the critical need for high-quality clinical trials for this emerging treatment.
Undocumented and Mixed-Status Latinx Families: Sociopolitical Considerations for Systemic Practice

Millions of mixed-status Latinx immigrant families in the United States are facing extreme stress and fear of family separation stemming from harsh immigration enforcement practices. In this paper,...
Incidence of hereditary thrombophilia in patients with cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae.

Abstract Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) can develop as consequence of prior venous sinus thrombosis. However, the prevalence of prothrombotic conditions in patients with intracranial DAVFs is unknown and there is no consensus on the indications to screen for procoagulable conditions in these patients. We performed a retrospective review of patients presenting to our institution for management of cranial DAVF. Patient and DAVF characteristics were noted, in particular the incidence of hereditary thrombophilia (HT) detected by laboratory evaluation. Respective comparisons of patients with and without HT were performed using comparative statistics. There were 165 patients presenting for management of 171 DAVFs. A large proportion of DAVF were located at a large dural sinus (42.7%), which included superior sagittal, transverse, and sigmoid sinuses. On multivariate logistic regression analysis cortical venous drainage was independently associated with hemorrhagic presentation (OR 8.23, 95% CI 1.78–38.08; p = 0.007). A HT was detected in 18 of 61 patients (29.5%) who underwent a thrombophilia work-up. Location at a large dural sinus was not more common in patients with a HT (55.0% vs 54.5%; p = 0.97). There was also no difference in the presence of cortical venous drainage (56.5% vs 38.6%; p = 0.22) or hemorrhage on presentation (15.9% vs 5.0%; p = 0.22) in patients with and without a HT. In HT were found to be highly prevalent in our cohort, though our results do not suggest their presence greatly influences DAVF pathophysiology. Screening for procoagulable states is indicated in selected patients with an intracranial DAVF.
Disease management of aquatic animals

Abstract Historically, disease management in aquatic animals consisted of diagnosing a disease and finding treatment methods. However, aquatic disease management needs to go beyond diagnostics and treatment to include the determination of the epidemiology of the disease. Increased understanding as to the incidence, prevalence, causes, and other factors of a disease and its effect on the health of the animal can only increase the profitability of aquaculture. Conservative estimates of losses due to disease are estimated at US $6 billion annually and are a significant obstacle to the growth of the global aquaculture industry. Therefore, it is imperative that aquatic facilities develop risk analysis procedures to mitigate the frequency of disease outbreaks. Global trade has enabled transboundary diseases to become more commonplace, but the reduction of these types of diseases through the implementation of risk analysis methods on farms, regions, or countries is possible. Whether culturing fish, shrimp, or mollusks, the procedures outlined in this chapter will enable the culturist to improve farm, region, or country biosecurity practices.
Comparison of Weighted and Unweighted Population Data to Assess Inequities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Deaths by Race/Ethnicity Reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

This cross-sectional study compares the use of weighted and unweighted population data to assess inequities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths by race/ethnicity as reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
IL-4-BATF signaling directly modulates IL-9 producing mucosal mast cell (MMC9) function in experimental food allergy

Background This study group has previously identified IL-9–producing mucosal mast cell (MMC9) as the primary source of IL-9 to drive intestinal mastocytosis and experimental IgE-mediated food allergy. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expansion of MMC9s remain unknown. Objectives This study hypothesized that IL-4 regulates MMC9 development and MMC9-dependent experimental IgE-mediated food allergy. Methods An epicutaneous sensitization model was used and bone marrow reconstitution experiments were performed to test the requirement of IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) signaling on MMC9s in experimental IgE-mediated food allergy. Flow cytometric, bulk, and single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses on small intestine (SI) MMC9s were performed to illuminate MMC9 transcriptional signature and the effect of IL-4Rα signaling on MMC9 function. A bone marrow–derived MMC9 culture system was used to define IL-4–BATF signaling in MMC9 development. Results Epicutaneous sensitization– and bone marrow reconstitution–based models of IgE-mediated food allergy revealed an IL-4 signaling-dependent cell-intrinsic effect on SI MMC9 accumulation and food allergy severity. RNA-sequencing analysis of SI-MMC9s identified 410 gene transcripts reciprocally regulated by IL-4 signaling, including Il9 and Batf. In silico analyses identified a 3491-gene MMC9 transcriptional signature and identified 2 transcriptionally distinct SI MMC9 populations enriched for metabolic or inflammatory programs. Employing an in vitro MMC9-culture model system showed that generation of MMC9-like cells was induced by IL-4 and this was in part dependent on BATF. Conclusions IL-4Rα signaling directly modulates MMC9 function and exacerbation of experimental IgE-mediated food allergic reactions. IL-4Rα regulation of MMC9s is in part BATF-dependent and occurs via modulation of metabolic transcriptional programs.
Deconstructing Public Debt: Who Owes What to Whom?

This essay memorializes Giuseppe Eusepi contribution to political economy by refining the theme he and I set forth in 2017 in Public Debt: An Illusion of Democratic Political Economy. There, we claimed that it was illusory to describe democratic governments as being indebted. We did not advance our claim flippantly or lightly. To the contrary, we advanced it in full seriousness. In this essay, I dig beneath the surface of national indebtedness to examine just who owes what to whom when people refer to public debt. When this is done, public debt is seen to resemble a shell game in that repeated references to “our” debt camouflage the web of fiscal advantage and handicap that public borrowing spreads within a society. It is this pattern of advantages and handicaps more than the aggregate fact of indebtedness that is surely the most significant and most neglected feature of public debt.
Anomaly Detection in Astronomical Objects of Galaxies Using Deep Learning

Space exploration has been an area of study that has been probed since a very long time, and with the improvements in technology over time, the techniques and approaches have evolved and so have the amount and the nature of data received. The astronomical data we receive these days has increased to the extent that it is physically impossible to rely only on human effort to analyze all that data, as there is always new data being generated every day in large amounts. Aided with machine learning techniques, in our project, we explore different challenges faced by astronomers dealing with this huge data and look for relevant information according to each objective. Firstly, we propose to use Inception v3 for classification and Fast RCNN for image segmentation to detect and classify galaxies. These approaches contribute a great deal in certain areas of research that have massive amounts of redundant data to be discarded according to the need of the study with the help of good performance of Python in the domain that studies processing of images and Computer vision. Using this we can have a better look at relevant observations and can reach suitable conclusions accordingly using computational power, which reduces the need of researchers to go through each and every bit of data obtained from space telescopes, sky surveys, etc.
A 3D-Printed Metamaterial Slow Wave Structure for High-Power Microwave Generation

We present a high power microwave (HPM) source based on a metamaterial slow wave structure (MSWS). The MSWS is composed of a circular waveguide with periodic loading of two complementary split-ring resonator disks and was designed at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). This SWS has been studied and simulated to quantify its cold structure properties. Moreover, a backward wave oscillator (BWO) using the proposed SWS has been simulated using a particle-in-cell solver to evaluate its performance. In simulations this BWO has generated 88 MW peak power in a pulse duration on the order of 15 ns with frequency about 2.9 GHz. This SWS was fabricated using 3D printing and copper plating technology and was tested using the SINUS-6 pulsed electron beam accelerator at the University of New Mexico (UNM). This paper presents the results.
Simulated kinetic effects of the corona and solar cycle on high altitude ion transport at Mars

[1] We present results from the Mars Test Particle (MTP) simulation as part of a community‒wide model comparison in order to quantify the role of different neutral atmospheric conditions in planetary ion transport and escape. This study examines the effects of individual ion motion by simulating particle trajectories for three cases: solar minimum without the neutral corona, solar minimum with the inclusion of the neutral corona, and solar maximum with the inclusion of the neutral corona. The MTP simulates 1.5 billion test particles through background electric and magnetic fields computed by a global magnetohydrodynamic model. By implementing virtual detectors in the simulation, the MTP has generated velocity space distributions of pickup ions and quantifies the ion acceleration at different spatial locations. The study found that the inclusion of a hot neutral corona greatly affects the total O+ production and subsequent loss, roughly doubling the total escape for solar minimum conditions and directly contributing to high energy sources above 10 keV. The solar cycle influences the amount of O+ flux observed by the virtual detectors, increasing the O+ flux and total escape by an order of magnitude from solar minimum to maximum. Additionally, solar maximum case induces greater mass loading of the magnetic fields, which decreases the gyroradius of the ions and redirects a significant ion population downtail to subsequently escape.
Electron-Stimulated O− Desorption from O2 Condensed on a Rare-Gas Film: Evidence for an Indirect “Bounce” Trajectory

The electron-stimulated O− dissociation of O2 gas is well understood [1]. In the energy range from 4 to 10 eV, O− ions are produced by dissociative attachment (DA) via the transient \({{o}_{2}}\overline {} {{(}^{2}}{{\Pi }_{u}})\) state. This same DA process has been identified in electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of O− ions from O2 condensed on thick rare-gas (Ar, Kr, or Xe) films [2].
Effect of rubber interlayers on the fracture of glass bead/epoxy composites

The effectiveness of rubber interlayers between inorganic particles and polymer matrix for toughening has been a controversial subject. In this research, a series of rubber-encapsulated glass beads and its epoxy composites were prepared, and underlying mechanisms which can connect material parameters related with rubber interlayers with energy dissipation mechanisms, were investigated. The critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical strain energy release rate (GIC) of rubber-encapsulated glass bead filled epoxies were found to insignificantly depend on the existence and thickness of rubber interlayers. Microscopy studies on fracture process identified four different micro-mechanical deformations which can dissipate fracture energy: step formation, micro-shear banding, debonding of glass beads, and diffuse matrix shear yielding. It was found that the first two became less extensive and the others became more extensive as the thickness of rubber interlayers increases. This offsetting effect of micro-mechanical deformations seems to be the reason for the absence of significant toughening effect of rubber interlayers.
Threats to the Integrity of the Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen Compounds in Soil, Water, Atmosphere and Precipitation

Intensified application of nitrogenous fertilizers in the United States has produced severe stress of the natural nitrogen cycle by introducing unprecedented amounts of inorganic nitrogen. Thus, whereas the annual nutritional turnover of nitrogen amounts to 7 or 8 million tons, technology and agriculture introduce into the cycle a nearly equivalent amount of 10 million tons of nitrogen compounds. Soil bacteria rapidly convert nitrogenous fertilizer to nitrates, a large proportion of which drain off into streams and rivers. The result is increased eutrophication and potential hazard from nitrite poisoning, or methemoglobinemia. Surveys show that: (1) nitrate acquired by the Missouri River from Nebraska farmlands has increased in parallel with the increasing annual use of nitrogenous fertilizer in Nebraska since 1955 and that (2) high nitrate content of rivers in Illinois farmland is traceable almost entirely to fertilizer that drains into groundwater. Increased use of inorganic N fertilizer also appears to be associated with certain instances of dangerously high nitrate levels in vegetable foods. In the U.S. nitrogen oxides from automobile exhausts also represent an important stress on the N cycle.
From Metacomputing to Grid Computing: Evolution or Revolution?

The last decade have seen a considerable increase in computer and network performance, mainly as a result of faster hardware and more sophisticated software. In fact, the need for realistic simulations of complex systems relevant to the modeling of several modern technologies and environmental phenomena increasingly stimulates the development of new advanced computing approaches.Today it is possible to couple a wide variety of resources including supercomputers, storage systems, data sources, and special classes of devices distributed geographically, and use them as a single unified resource, thus forming what is popularly known as a computational grid. The initial aim of Grid Computing activities was to link supercomputing sites (Metacomputing); current objectives go far beyond this. According to Larry Smarr, NCSA Director, a Grid is a seamless, integrated computational and collaborative environment. Many applications can benefit from the grid infrastructure, including collaborative engineering, data exploration, high throughput computing, and of course distributed supercomputing [1, 2, 3].Grid applications (multi-disciplinary applications) couple resources that cannot be replicated at a single site even or may be globally located for other practical reasons. These are some of the driving forces behind the inception of grids. In this light, grids let users solve larger or new problems by pooling together resources that could not be coupled easily before.Hence the Grid is not only a computing paradigm for just providing computational resources for grand-challenge applications. It is an infrastructure that can bond and unify globally remote and diverse resources ranging from meteorological sensors to data vaults, from parallel supercomputers to personal digital organizers.Currently, there are many grid projects underway worldwide. A very comprehensive listing can be found in [4][5]. Moreover, two important international open forums, Grid (www.gridforum.org), and E-Grid (www.egrid.org) have been created in order to promote and develop Grid Computing technologies and applications. This talk aims to present the state-of-the-art of grid computing and attempts to survey the major international adventures in this area.
Glutamatergic neurons are present in the rat ventral tegmental area

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is thought to play an important role in reward function. Two populations of neurons, containing either dopamine (DA) or gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), have been extensively characterized in this area. However, recent electrophysiological studies are consistent with the notion that neurons that utilize neurotransmitters other than DA or GABA are likely to be present in the VTA. Given the pronounced phenotypic diversity of neurons in this region, we have proposed that additional cell types, such as those that express the neurotransmitter glutamate may also be present in this area. Thus, by using in situ hybridization histochemistry we investigated whether transcripts encoded by genes for the two vesicular glutamate transporters, VGluT1 or VGluT2, were expressed in the VTA. We found that VGluT2 mRNA but not VGluT1 mRNA is expressed in the VTA. Neurons expressing VGluT2 mRNA were differentially distributed throughout the rostro-caudal and medio-lateral aspects of the VTA, with the highest concentration detected in rostro-medial areas. Phenotypic characterization with double in situ hybridization of these neurons indicated that they rarely co-expressed mRNAs for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, marker for DAergic neurons) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, marker for GABAergic neurons). Based on the results described here, we concluded that the VTA contains glutamatergic neurons that in their vast majority are clearly non-DAergic and non-GABAergic.
The Thalamic Nuclei

Coincident with the involution of the interthalamic bridging gray matter in man, the number of constant midline nuclei are reduced in comparison with lower forms (Sheps, 1945; Feremutsche and Simma, 1953). The development of the massa intermedia varies and it may be absent in about a quarter of the population (Kuhlenbeck, 1954).
Kinetic-Equation Approach to Time-Dependent Correlation Functions

We have developed and, to some extent, solved a number of kinetic equations for displaced correlation functions in a classical fluid. These functions, of which the Van Hove neutron scattering function is a special example, are one-particle distribution functions obtained from a Gibbs ensemble which is initially, at $t=0$, in equilibrium except for one labeled particle whose distribution $W(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}})$ at $t=0$ differs from its equilibrium value $\ensuremath{\rho}{h}_{0}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}})$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the average fluid density, and ${h}_{0}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}})$ is the Maxwellian velocity distribution function. We investigate the time evolution of the (self-) distribution function of this labeled particle, ${f}_{s}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}},t)$, as well as the deviation from equilibrium, $\ensuremath{\eta}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}},t)$, of the total one-particle distribution function. The latter represents the density of fluid particles, labeled and unlabeled, at position $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}$ and velocity $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}$. Since both ${f}_{s}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}$ are linear functionals of $W$, they will satisfy exactly a linear non-Markovian kinetic equation of the form $f=\mathrm{B}f+\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{t}d{t}^{\ensuremath{'}}\mathrm{M}({t}^{\ensuremath{'}})f(t\ensuremath{-}{t}^{\ensuremath{'}})$. B is a time-in-dependent and M a time-dependent (memory) operator (nonsingular in $t$). Our kinetic equations (first- and higher-order) are based on neglecting or approximating M in such a way that the short-time behavior of ${f}_{s}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is described exactly. The rationale behind this scheme is that our choice of initial ensemble is precisely of the type generally assumed in the "derivation" of kinetic equations. The calculation of B is straightforward and depends in a very important way on whether the interparticle potential in the fluid is smooth or contains a hard core. In the former case, the first-order kinetic equation is of the Vlasov type with an effective potential given by the equilibrium direct correlation function, while in the latter case, B contains, in addition, a linear Enskog-type collision term. We show that this Vlasov equation (also derived previously by many authors) gives a damping linear in the wave number $k$ for small $k$ instead of the hydrodynamic ${k}^{2}$ dependence. The kinetic equation for systems with hard cores does not give correct hydrodynamic behavior. (For a one-dimensional system of hard rods, the first-order kinetic equation is exact.) We also obtain and solve a second-order kinetic equation, which is a generalized Vlasov-Fokker-Planck-type equation, for systems with continuous potentials.
WORD ASSOCIATES AND MEANING CONDITIONING

Change in rated meaning of nonsense syllables which have been paired with groups of meaningful words has been explained in two ways. Staats proposed mediation by an implicit response and Bousfield hypothesized mediation by common word associates. Data obtained in this study support Bousfield's explanation and do not refute the position of Staats.
Gabapentin enacarbil for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS)

Introduction: Gabapentin enacarbil is a new treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS). It is a prodrug of the anticonvulsant gabapentin. However, unlike gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil does not demonstrate saturable absorption. This allows for once-daily dosing and less variability in serum levels. Areas covered: This review focuses on therapies used to treat RLS, both historical and recent. Data from available trials are summarized, with a particular focus on the efficacy and safety of gabapentin enacarbil. Potential advantages and disadvantages of this therapy in comparison with other RLS treatment modalities are discussed. Expert opinion: Placebo-controlled trials of gabapentin enacarbil demonstrate considerable efficacy in the treatment of RLS. However, head-to-head trials comparing gabapentin enacarbil with other medications used in the treatment of RLS, including gabapentin, are lacking. Potential advantages with gabapentin enacarbil related to its pharmacokinetic profile are thus difficult to asc...
Structural Significance of “Button” or “Fish Scale” Texture in Phyllonitic Schist of the Brevard Zone, Northwestern South Carolina

A prominent textural feature of phyllonitic schist in the Brevard zone is the presence of many small lenticular discs. Petrographic analysis of the “button” or “fish-scale” texture in the fine-grained micaceous rocks in the Brevard zone in Oconee County, South Carolina, indicates that this texture has a polymorphic structure, formed by intense cataclasis, shearing, and partial recrystallization, that accompanied at least two periods of sheared-out folding. The texture can be categorically divided into two structural types. The first type is characterized by “buttons” that are made of platy minerals such as muscovite, sericite, chlorite, and graphite. The second type is an augen-shaped button characterized by inclusions surrounded by a lenticular envelope of platy minerals. Many homogenous micaceous rock units often lack mesoscopic fabric structures. However, recognition of this type of texture and its relation to other microstructures, which are often abundant in micaceous rocks, may allow a more comprehensive analysis of how such rocks have been deformed.
Detection, location, and imaging of fast moving targets using multifrequency antenna array SAR

Detection, location and SAR imaging of moving targets in clutter have attracted much attention. Locations of moving targets in the SAR image are determined not only by their geometric locations but also by their velocities that cause their SAR images de-focused, smeared, and mis-located in the azimuth dimension. Furthermore, the clutters may cause the detection of moving targets more difficult. Several antenna array based algorithms have been proposed to re-locate the moving targets in the SAR image. With a linear antenna array, the clutters may be suppressed using multiple phase centers. However, there are only two parameters involved in a linear antenna array, i.e., number of receiving antennas and the distance between two adjacent antennas. These two parameters physically limit the capability to detect the accurate locations of fast moving targets and such as vehicles, and only slowly moving targets, such as walking people, can be correctly re-located. In this paper, we propose an antenna array approach where transmitting single wavelength signals are generalized to transmitting multiple wavelength signals (called multi-frequency antenna array SAR). We show that, using multi-frequency antenna array SAR, not only the clutters can be suppressed but also locations of both slow and fast moving targets can be accurately estimated. For example, using two-frequency antenna array SAR system with wavelengths (lambda) 1 equals 0.03 m and (lambda) 2 equals 0.05 m, the maximal moving target velocity in the range direction is 1 5 m/s while using single frequency antenna array SAR system with wave length (lambda) 1 equals 0.03 m or (lambda) 2 equals 0.05 m, the maximal moving target velocity in the range direction are 3 m/s or 5 m/s, respectively. A robust Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) is developed and used for the location of fast and slowly moving targets. Simulations of SAR imaging of ground moving targets are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the multi-frequency antenna array SAR imaging algorithm.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optimization of heat transfer utilizing graph based evolutionary algorithms

Abstract This paper examines the use of graph based evolutionary algorithms (GBEAs) for optimization of heat transfer in a complex system. The specific case examined in this paper is the optimization of heat transfer in a biomass cookstove utilizing three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics to generate the fitness function. In this stove hot combustion gases are used to heat a cooking surface. The goal is to provide an even spatial temperature distribution on the cooking surface by redirecting the flow of combustion gases with baffles. The variables in the optimization are the position and size of the baffles, which are described by integer values. GBEAs are a novel type of EA in which a topology or geography is imposed on an evolving population of solutions. The choice of graph controls the rate at which solutions can spread within the population, impacting the diversity of solutions and convergence rate of the EAs. In this study, the choice of graph in the GBEAs changes the number of mating events required for convergence by a factor of approximately 2.25 and the diversity of the population by a factor of 2. These results confirm that by tuning the graph and parameters in GBEAs, computational time can be significantly reduced.
Sexual dimorphism in the white matter of rodents

Abstract Sexual dimorphism of astrocytes and neurons is well documented in many brain and spinal cord structures. Sexual dimorphism of oligodendrocytes (Olgs) and myelin has received less attention. We recently showed that density of Olgs in corpus callosum, fornix, and spinal cord of wild-type male rodents is more densely packed than in females; myelin proteins and myelin gene expression are likewise greater in males than in female rodents. However, glial cell proliferation and cell death were two times greater in female corpus callosum. Endogenous sex hormones, specifically lack of androgens, produce an Olg female phenotype in castrated male mouse. In vitro studies using Olgs culture also showed differences between males and females Olg survival and signaling pathways in response to sexual hormones. Sexual dimorphism of white matter tracts and glia in rodents indicates the necessity for controlling gender in the experimental studies of neurodegenerative disorders. Most importantly, our studies suggest that hormones may contribute to sexual dimorphism observed in certain human diseases including multiple sclerosis.
Generic Raman-based calibration models enabling real-time monitoring of cell culture bioreactors

Raman-based multivariate calibration models have been developed for real-time in situ monitoring of multiple process parameters within cell culture bioreactors. Developed models are generic, in the sense that they are applicable to various products, media, and cell lines based on Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) host cells, and are scalable to large pilot and manufacturing scales. Several batches using different CHO-based cell lines and corresponding proprietary media and process conditions have been used to generate calibration datasets, and models have been validated using independent datasets from separate batch runs. All models have been validated to be generic and capable of predicting process parameters with acceptable accuracy. The developed models allow monitoring multiple key bioprocess metabolic variables, and hence can be utilized as an important enabling tool for Quality by Design approaches which are strongly supported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC AND HEMODYNAMIC FINDINGS IN PULMONARY STENOSIS WITH INTACT VENTRICULAR SEPTUM.

In certain forms of heart disease when the diagnosis is readily apparent from clinical examination, it would be desirable to assess the degree of hemodynamic abnormality by the simplest method. If electrocardiographic data could provide a sufficiently accurate indication of altered function, the need for cardiac catheterization might be obviated. However, detailed electrocardiographic criteria1, 2 do not appear to correlate with the weight of the ventricle or the thickness of the ventricular wall.3 A more definitive result might be obtained from correlations of the electrocardiographic details with function, as attempted by Cosby and co-workers,4 rather than with anatomic structure. For this functional approach, Cabrera and Monroy5 disseminated the concepts of the systolic and the diastolic overloading of the ventricle. Statistical support for these ideas is not yet available even though modified views have been presented.6 Studies of correlation between the severity of pulmonary stenosis and electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy7–11 disclose a wide variability. From a functional view, the simplicity of the abnormality makes pulmonary stenosis an ideal disease to study; there is solely a systolic or pressure overload of the right ventricle. In order to overcome obstruction to outflow through the pulmonary valve, the right ventricular systolic contraction takes a longer time and becomes more powerful. Recent investigators12, 13 have compared the peak right ventricular systolic pressure with various aspects of the electrocardiogram. But as Haywood, Selvester, and Griggs14 realized, pressure data alone are insufficient to assess hemodynamic function; flow must also be considered. For example, to double the flow rate through an orifice, the pressure gradient must be quadrupled if there is no change in resistance to flow due to altered turbulence. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between the electrocardiographic data and hydraulic data that consider the effect of blood flow.
Ebstein's Malformation of the Tricuspid Valve: Study of a Case Together with Suggestion of a New Form of Surgical Therapy

SUMMARY A case of Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve has been studied. Because of the relative rarity of this defect and the lack of any adequate medical or surgical treatment, a suggested operation is presented for direct attack upon the deformities. Under direct vision by use of total cardiopulmonary bypass the paradoxically contracting atrialized ventricular tissue would be excluded by plication. At the same time, tricuspid valvular function would be improved by the bringing up of the abnormally placed tricuspid leaflets to their true annulus. Also, any patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect found present would be closed, and fenestrations in the leaflets of the tricuspid valve repaired by fine stitches. The goal of this proposed operation would be the creation of more effective right heart function.
Sodium handling by deep nephrons and the terminal collecting duct in glomerulonephritis

Sodium handling by deep nephrons and the terminal collecting duct in glomerulonephritis. The present study was designed to characterize the effects of anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) glomerulonephritis (GN) on sodium handling by surface nephrons, deep nephrons and the terminal collecting duct segment. Studies were performed in rats during hydropenia and volume expansion. In hydropenia, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and sodium excretion tended to be lower in rats with GN than in controls. However, the major differences between the control and GN animals were seen in volume expansion. In the volume expanded groups fractional excretion of sodium was greater in controls (3.20 ± 0.51%) than in GN (1.20 ± 0.36%, P
An analytical evaluation of GaAs grown with commercial and repurified trimethylgallium

An analytical study of the impurities in trimethylgallium (TMGa) and subsequent correlation of the effect of these impurities on resulting GaAs films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is presented. The effects of using fractional distillation techniques to improve the quality of TMGa and to help isolate and identify major source impurities in TMGa is detailed. Photothermal ionization data are presented which show the residual donor species present and their relative concentrations in the epitaxial layers. Correlations of the residual donor concentrations with TMGa preparation are made. It is demonstrated that high purity GaAs with μ77 K ≈ 125,000 cm2/V-sec can be grown by MOCVD using repurified trimethylgallium and arsine source materials.
An in vivo, luciferase-based, Agrobacterium-infiltration assay system: implications for post-transcriptional gene silencing

An in vivo assay system for analyzing transient luciferase expression in tobacco leaves infused with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is described. The system makes use of A. tumefaciens harboring T-DNA vectors containing either an intron-containing firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase (EC 1.13.12.7) gene or an intron-containing sea pansy (Renilla reniformis) luciferase (EC 1.13.12.5) gene. Single or mixed Agrobacterium lines were infiltrated into leaf tissues (Nicotiana tabacum or Nicotiana benthamiana) through stomatal openings and leaf disks from infused areas floated on reaction buffers specific to each enzyme. Photons emitted were then measured to determine reporter gene activity. Parameters affecting assay reliability and sensitivity were tested, including: buffer composition; bacterial density; infusion location; reaction kinetics; and environmental factors (light and temperature). The resulting in vivo assay system generates results comparable to those obtained using a commercially available in vitro dual-luciferase® reporter gene assay, and reports relative expression levels, as well as induction characteristics, analogous to those obtained using leaf tissue from stably transformed plants harboring the same promoter::gene constructs. Light and temperature were observed to markedly impact transient reporter activities. Co-expression of viral suppressors of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), HcPro, p19 and AC2, confirms the occurrence of PTGS within infused zones, and provides a convenient mechanism for PTGS analysis. The in vivo transient assay was used to examine the effect on PTGS of factors such as: promoter strength; incubation temperature and double-stranded RNA production. Results from these assays provide insight into the mechanism(s) used by plants to trigger and maintain PTGS.