cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disputed territory, defensive alliances and conflict initiation

In this study, we evaluate the effects of alliance behavior on the probability of militarized conflict initiation with specific emphasis placed on the issues at stake in the conflict. After much debate over the relationship between alliances and conflict, recent research suggests that specific types of alliances, namely defensive pacts for target states, decrease the likelihood that potential challengers will initiate militarized disputes. Revisiting the alliance–conflict relationship, we allow the type of issue at stake to vary in order to determine whether this deterrent effect holds even when the most salient of issues are under contention. Specifically, we introduce indicators for whether the two states are competing over territorial issues, a high-salience stake that is particularly conflict-prone. Using a number of different indicators for territorial competition and examining several different time periods, analyses suggest that targeted defensive alliances do indeed have a deterrent effect against...
Discriminating Between Right Coronary Artery and Circumflex Artery Occlusion by Using a Noninvasive 18-Lead Electrocardiogram

• BACKGROUND Differentiating occlusion of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (also called the circumflex artery) from occlusion of the right coronary artery is often difficult because either may be associated with a pattern of acute inferior myocardial infarction on the electrocardiogram. • OBJECTIVES To determine if an inexpensive 18-lead electrocardiogram can provide useful information in differentiating sites of coronary occlusion. • METHODS Continuous 18-lead electrocardiograms, including standard 12-lead, right ventricular, and posterior leads, were recorded in 38 and 50 subjects undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions in the right coronary artery and the circumflex artery, respectively. • RESULTS ST-segment elevation in the posterior leads was twice as frequent during occlusion of the circumflex artery as during right coronary occlusion (P < .001). ST-segment elevation in the right ventricular leads and inferior leads occurred more often during occlusion of the right coronary artery than during occlusion of the circumflex artery. ST-segment depression in lead aVL is highly suggestive of right coronary occlusion, whereas ST-segment elevation in posterior leads without depression of the ST segment in lead aVL is highly sensitive and specific for occlusion of the circumflex artery. • CONCLUSIONS ST-segment changes in the 18-lead electrocardiogram can be used to differentiate between occlusions of the circumflex artery and occlusions of the right coronary artery. Knowing which vessel is occluded before percutaneous coronary intervention can help in planning the procedure and recognizing when patients are at high risk for disturbances in conduction at the atrioventricular node. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2007;16:63-71)
Comparing results of large clinical trials to those of meta‐analyses

We consider methods for assessing agreement or disagreement between the results of a meta-analysis of small studies addressing a clinical question and the result of a large clinical trial (LCT) addressing the same clinical question. We recommend basing conclusions about agreement upon the difference between the two results (relative risk, log-odds ratio or similar summary statistic), in the light of the estimated standard error of that difference. To estimate the standard error of the meta-analytic result we recommend a random effects analysis, and where a between-studies variance component is found, that component of variance should be used twice: once in the estimated standard error for the meta-analytic result and again in the standard error of the LCT result (augmenting the internal standard error of that statistic). Such broadening of the standard error reduces the appearance of disagreement. We also offer a critique of a different published approach, which is based on consistency of findings of statistical significance, a matter of how the two results regard zero, which is a poor measure of how closely they agree with each other.
Lossless Image Compression Based on DPCM-IWPT

In this paper a new lossless image compression method named DPCM-IWPT is proposed. First, wavelet packets transform (WPT) and lifting scheme (LS) are described. Then an application of the LS to WPT is presented which leads to the generation of integer wavelet packets transform (IWPT). After analyzing and implementing the effect of differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) on lossless image compression, a new method combining DPCM and IWPT (DPCM-IWPT) is proposed. Comparing with IWT and IWPT, the method DPCM-IWPT shows better performance in lossless image compression.
Down from the ivory tower: climate science faces the real world.

It would be an overstatement to suggest that the science of Earth’s climate system has led a sheltered life. For one thing, it has grown out of a long history of public service (e.g., weather forecasting for the public and private sectors; oceanography and marine meteorology for naval applications). For another, public interest in climatic events — ice ages, nuclear winter, El Nino, sea-level change — is sufficiently high that climate is nearly continuously in the news and has been for years. However, compared to many other branches of science — biomedicine and nuclear physics come to mind — the community of scientists who investigate the workings of Earth’s climate has tended to avoid the spotlight. They did this with fair success until recently, when global warming came along. Now, they are thrust into the glare of public scrutiny due to the controversy over projections of the rise of global temperatures associated with increases of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Earth’s climate is an extraordinarily complicated physical, chemical, and biological system. Simulating its behavior is both challenging and fraught with uncertainty due to chaotic processes within the climate system itself and lack of knowledge about future atmospheric composition as well as both known and unknown deficiencies in the computer models used for the simulations. When public scrutiny becomes part of the equation, matters become even more complicated, because explaining the complexities of the climate’s behavior to the lay public is a challenge unto itself. Unfortunately, this challenge is not always met successfully. For example, there is widespread, interchangeable use of the terms “greenhouse effect” and “global warming,” an error that introduces only confusion into the ongoing discussion. It is perhaps worthwhile to emphasize the difference between the two here. What we call, with some imprecision, the greenhouse effect is a climate system process, in which gases in Earth’s atmosphere absorb and re-radiate the heat given off by Earth’s surface and by the atmosphere itself. The net effect of this is to insulate the planet and to keep the place livable. Without our atmosphere, Earth’s average temperature would be around –18oC (0oF) rather than the balmy 15oC (59oF) or so that we enjoy today. The greenhouse effect is as real as gravity and, in many respects, more well understood at the quantum level. Global warming, on the other hand, is one possible result of the net effect of all climate system processes when the system is perturbed somehow. The perturbation of concern just now,
Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates erythropoiesis when administered enterally.

Background: Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) are potent growth factors involved in development. IGF-I stimulates proliferation of erythropoietic progenitors and parenteral IGF-I administration stimulates in vivo erythropoiesis in animals. IGF-I and IGF-II are both present in mammalian milks and when milk-borne, are resistant to neonatal gastrointestinal degradation. Whether milk-borne IGF-I or IGF-II regulates neonatal erythropoiesis in not known. We hypothesized that physiological doses of enteral IGFs stimulate erythropoiesis in suckling rats.Methods: Eight day-old Sprague Dawley rats were artificially fed for 4 days with rat milk substitute (RMS) or RMS supplemented with physiological levels of IGF-I or IGF-II. Rats fed IGF-I and IGF-II were compared to control RMS. Blood and marrow were collected; measures of red cell mass, measures of erythropoietic stimulus, and indices of iron status were measured.Results: Rats fed IGF-I had higher hemoglobin (Hb) levels (100 ± 10 g/l), compa...
TEER Measurement Techniques for In Vitro Barrier Model Systems

Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) is a widely accepted quantitative technique to measure the integrity of tight junction dynamics in cell culture models of endothelial and epithelial monolayers. TEER values are strong indicators of the integrity of the cellular barriers before they are evaluated for transport of drugs or chemicals. TEER measurements can be performed in real time without cell damage and generally are based on measuring ohmic resistance or measuring impedance across a wide spectrum of frequencies. The measurements for various cell types have been reported with commercially available measurement systems and also with custom-built microfluidic implementations. Some of the barrier models that have been widely characterized using TEER include the blood–brain barrier (BBB), gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and pulmonary models. Variations in these values can arise due to factors such as temperature, medium formulation, and passage number of cells. The aim of this article ...
Order optimal energy efficient transmission policies in the small delay regime

In a wireless system with stochastically arriving traffic, scheduling the amount of data transmitted at any time is a basic technique for improving the energy efficiency. A discrete-time model for transmission scheduling over a fading channel is considered in this paper. The arrived data is placed into a transmission buffer, once the data is removed after the buffer; it is transmitted over the fading channel. The channel is modeled as a block-fading channel with Gaussian noise. For this model the optimal trade-off between the average queueing delay and the long-term average power was characterized in the asymptotic regime of large delays. The average power decreases as the average delay increases at the optimal rate. This rate can be achieved by a sequence of policies on the buffer occupancy via a simple threshold rule.
Interaction-driven opinion dynamics in online social networks

Online social networks provide a globally available, massive-scale infrastructure for people to exchange information and ideas. A topic of great interest in social networks research is how to model this information exchange and, in particular, how to model and analyze the effects of interpersonal influence on processes such as information diffusion, influence propagation, and opinion formation. Recent empirical studies indicate that, in order to accurately model communication in online social networks, it is important to consider not just relationships between individuals, but also the frequency with which these individuals interact. We study a model of opinion formation in social networks proposed by De Groot and Lehrer and show how this model can be extended to include interaction frequency. We prove that, for the purposes of analysis and design, the opinion formation process with probabilistic interactions can be accurately approximated by a deterministic system where edge weights are adjusted for the probability of interaction. We also present simulations that illustrate the effects of different interaction frequencies on the opinion dynamics using real-world social network graphs.
Modern Latin America

Modern Latin America, Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. xvii +436 pp., maps, photographs, tables, figures, appendices, suggestions for further reading, index. $15.95 (paper). ISBN 0-19-505534-9.
Higher Education Opportunity Act and Textbook Prices: Theoretical Approach

Section 133 of the Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA), which took effect on July 1, 2010, requires academic institutions to supply textbook information on their courses at the time students register for the courses. One of the rationales for this provision is that it gives students extra time to purchase the textbook from suppliers other than a college or university textbook store. It is argued that this should put a downward pressure on prices in the textbook store. This paper constructs a theoretical model to check the validity of this argument. The findings indicate that this policy does not necessarily reduce textbook prices. On the contrary, under some conditions the textbook prices in college and university bookstores could increase. Given that students and parents often complain about the cost of textbook prices, examination of this issue is well-warranted and has important implications for consumers and policymakers.
Content Collaboration: Customizing E-Book Viewers for Library Patrons

The development of Occam's Reader has been a watershed moment for academic libraries and interlibrary loan. One of the unintended outcomes from the Occam's Reader system is an opportunity to partner with a publisher and use its content in a library-developed viewer. This process is termed content collaboration. Content collaboration is simply the use of publisher-provided content in a presentation platform, a viewer that the library develops or customizes. The customization of the viewer is a tremendous opportunity for the academic library to develop a viewing platform that can directly address the unique expectations and concerns at the user's home institution.
T/Tn Antigen Vaccine is Effective and Safe in Preventing Recurrence of Advanced Human Breast Carcinoma

Since 1974, and as of March, 1993, we have used T/Tn antigen vaccine in safe, specific, effective, long-term intradermal vaccination against recurrence of advanced breast carcinoma (CA). Staging is by the pathologic TNM system. Treatment is ad infinitum. Of 19 consecutive breast carcinoma patients vaccinated, six Stage IV, six Stage III, and seven Stage II all survived > 5 years postoperatively. Three Stage III, three Stage IV, and five Stage II patients (i.e., 11) survived > 10 to > 18 years. Five others are alive but have not reached 10 years; three of them have no evidence of disease (NED). Three patients died of CA before reaching 10 years. An additional three breast CA patients are being treated for > 2 years, but, < 5 years postoperatively, they are NED. The vaccination are presented as a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction with significant inflammation with increase of helper T lymphocytes and decrease of T suppressor/cytotoxic cell ratio.
The Effects of Nitrogen on Electrical and Structural Properties in TaSixNy/SiO2/p-Si MOS Capacitors

In this work, we report the effects of nitrogen on electrical and structural properties in TaSixNy /SiO2/p-Si MOS capacitors. TaSixNy films with various compositions were deposited by reactive sputtering of TaSi2 or by co-sputtering of Ta and Si targets in argon and nitrogen ambient. TaSixNy films were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. It was found that the workfunction of TaSixNy (Si>Ta) with varying N contents ranges from 4.2 to 4.3 eV. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows no indication of interfacial reaction or crystallization in TaSixNy on SiO2, resulting in no significant increase of leakage current in the capacitor during annealing. It is believed that nitrogen retards reaction rates and improves the chemical-thermal stability of the gate-dielectric interface and oxygen diffusion barrier properties.
Pure Logic of Many-Many Ground

A logic of grounding where what is grounded can be a collection of truths is a “many-many” logic of ground. The idea that grounding might be irreducibly many-many has recently been suggested by Dasgupta (2014). In this paper I present a range of novel philosophical and logical reasons for being interested in many-many logics of ground. I then show how Fine’s State-Space semantics for the Pure Logic of Ground (plg) can be extended to the many-many case, giving rise to the Pure Logic of Many-Many Ground (plmmg). In the second, more technical, part of the paper, I do two things. First, I present an alternative formalization of plg; this allows us to simplify Fine’s completeness proof for plg. Second, I formalize plmmg using an infinitary sequent calculus and prove that this formalization is sound and complete.
CONTINUOUS CELL STRAINS DERIVED FROM HUMAN ATHEROMATOUS LESIONS AND THEIR VIRAL SUSCEPTIBILITY.

SummaryOf 60 biopsies of atheromatous lesions, 40 were grown in tissue culture, and 11 were successfully transferred for 6 or more passages. Four of the aorta or A cell strains were carried for about 30 passages over a period of about 6 months. After this they become senescent and degenerate like the Wistar fibroblast strains. However, the A cell strains may be revived from the large stocks of cells being maintained in a liquid nitrogen depository. The cultures appear to consist of a mixture of fibroblastic and endothelioid cells. The cells have a high susceptibility to DNA viruses (pox-, herpes- and adenovirus groups) and to RNA viruses (myxo-, reo-, and picor-navirus groups). They seem to be particularly susceptible to some of the rhinoviruses which have a limited host cell range.
What sounds beautiful looks beautiful stereotype The matching of attractiveness of voices and faces

This study experimentally tested whether individuals have a tendency to associate attractive voices with attractive faces and, alternately, unattractive voices with unattractive faces. Participants viewed pairings of facial photographs of attractive and unattractive individuals and had listened to attractive and unattractive voice samples and were asked to indicate which facial picture they thought was more likely to be the speaker of the voice heard. Results showed that there was an overall tendency to associate attractive voices with attractive faces and unattractive voices with unattractive faces, suggesting that a “what-sounds-beautiful-looks-beautiful” stereotype exists. Interestingly, there was an even stronger propensity to pair unattractive voices to unattractive faces than for the attractive voice–face matching.
Energy-Filtered Tem of Ag-Co Thin Films

TEM grids containing Ag65Co35 thin films were annealed under protocols corresponding to maximum giant magnetoresistance (GMR) response in thicker films. These films were examined using high resolution TEM, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI), which revealed small (50 nm diameter) Ag particles and very small (approximately 2 nm diameter) clusters in a suspending matrix of Ag-Co alloy. Cobalt maps did not reveal individual cobalt clusters, indicating that if such clusters exist, they are smaller than the 1–2 nm resolution limit of the technique.
A study of curative factors in group psychotherapy with adolescents.

(1981). A Study of Curative Factors in Group Psychotherapy with Adolescents. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 345-354.
Intestinal stenosis of Garré: A rare cause of small bowel obstruction in the virgin abdomen.

Introduction Small bowel obstruction (SBO) in the virgin abdomen usually requires operative intervention. Intestinal stenosis of Garre is a rare and frequently missed cause of SBO following hernia repair.
Automatic Reachability Analysis for Nonlinear Hybrid Models with C2E2

C2E2 is a bounded reachability analysis tool for nonlinear dynamical systems and hybrid automaton models. Previously it required users to annotate each system of differential equations of the hybrid automaton with discrepancy functions, and since these annotations are difficult to get for general nonlinear differential equations, the tool had limited usability. This version of C2E2 is improved in several ways, the most prominent among which is the elimination of the need for user-provided discrepancy functions. It automatically computes piece-wise (or local) discrepancy functions around the reachable parts of the state space using symbolically computed Jacobian matrix and eigenvalue perturbation bounds. The special cases of linear and constant rate differential equations are handled with more efficient algorithm. In this paper, we discuss these and other new features that make the new C2E2 a usable tool for bounded reachability analysis of hybrid systems.
A Scaphoid Stress Fracture in a Female Collegiate-Level Shot-Putter and Review of the Literature

Scaphoid stress fractures are rare injuries that have been described in young, high-level athletes who exhibit repetitive loading with the wrist in extension. We present a case of an occult scaphoid stress fracture in a 22-year-old female Division I collegiate shot-putter. She was successfully treated with immobilization in a thumb spica splint for 6 weeks. Loaded wrist extension activities can predispose certain high-level athletes to sustain scaphoid stress fractures, and a high index of suspicion in this patient population may aid prompt diagnosis and management of this rare injury.
Photosynthesis and Field Environmental Productivity Indices

Based on the effects of water status, temperature, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on net CO2 uptake measured over 24-h periods in the laboratory, net CO2 uptake and productivity have recently been predicted month-by-month in the field for agaves and cacti using an environmental productivity index (EPI). EPI is the product of a Water Index, a Temperature Index, and a PAR Index, each of which can have a maximum value of unity when field values of that environmental factor do not limit net CO2 uptake. A Nutrient Index, similarly ranging from 0.00 to 1.00, has recently been proposed to handle edaphic limitations on net CO2 uptake. In distinction to other productivity indices that customarily focus on only one environmental factor, EPI thus incorporates simultaneous effects of water, temperature, PAR, and even nutrients. Using EPI, the productivity of agaves, cacti, and potentially other species can be predicted over wide geographical regions and under any environmental conditions.
Evidence-Based Therapeutic Approaches for mCRPC Patients: Rational Sequence of Standard Treatment Options and Design for Future Drug Development

A number of recently approved therapies are changing the clinical picture of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, studies have not yet determined the optimal sequence and combination of these therapies. We can make some inferences from the available data about the safety and efficacy of treatments, however we are unable to say with certainty what treatment paradigm is most effective. Moreover, we continually observe a wide variation in both expectations and results between subjects that makes it challenging to establish a single best practice. A reasonable strategy, given the limited data, is to treat patients based on age, performance status, drug side-effect profiles, sites of cancer metastasis, history of prior therapies and response, patient preference, and cost-related issues. Given our understanding of drug side-effect profiles and a lack of curative treatments, it may also be a rule of thumb to proceed with less toxic therapies first to minimize adverse events while delaying disease progression.
Learning from human performance cross-cutting aspects of inspection findings

This paper presents a methodology for tracking, assessing, and addressing Human Performance cross-cutting aspects of United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission inspection report findings at a nuclear power plant. This methodology provides for learning from cross-cutting aspects in the area of Human Performance and implementing changes to improve plant performance. This methodology also utilizes crosscutting aspects as leading indicators for the identification of a potential Substantive Cross-Cutting Issue in the area of Human Performance. The importance of identifying emerging trends through the use of Human Performance cross-cutting aspects is discussed. Insights are provided in applying a plant’s Corrective Action Program to assess and understand cross-cutting aspects of Human Performance, identifying common themes, and addressing gaps in Human Performance to improve plant performance.
Achieving uniform nMOS device power distribution for sub-micron ESD reliability

The ESD reliability of the advanced sub-micron technologies is a major concern because of the shallow LDD junctions. This paper will show that by achieving uniform power distribution during the entire ESD event in a large multi-finger nMOS device of 0.6 mu m technology, protection levels in excess of 10 kV can be realized. The evidence of this uniform power distribution resulting from the multi-finger parasitic npn turn-on is shown through an emission microscopy analysis. >
CAST: Contraction Algorithm for Symmetric Tensors

Tensor contractions represent the most compute- intensive core kernels in abinitio computational quantum chemistry and nuclear physics. Symmetries in these tensor contractions make them difficult to load balance and scale to large distributed systems. In this paper, we develop an efficient and scalable algorithm to contract symmetric tensors. We introduce a novel approach that avoids data redistribution during contraction of symmetric tensors while also bypassing redundant storage and maintaining load balance. We present experimental results on two parallel supercomputers for several symmetric contractions that appear in the coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) quantum chemistry method. We also present a novel approach to tensor redistribution that can take advantage of parallel hyperplanes when the initial distribution has replicated dimensions, and use collective broadcast when the final distribution has replicated dimensions, making the algorithm very efficient.
Patient and primary care provider attitudes and adherence towards lung cancer screening at an academic medical center.

Low dose CT (LDCT) for lung cancer screening is an evidence-based, guideline recommended, and Medicare approved test but uptake requires further study. We therefore conducted patient and provider surveys to elucidate factors associated with utilization. Patients referred for LDCT at an academic medical center were questioned about their attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs on lung cancer screening. Adherent patients were defined as those who met screening eligibility criteria and completed a LDCT. Referring primary care providers within this same medical system were surveyed in parallel about their practice patterns, attitudes, knowledge and beliefs about screening. Eighty patients responded (36%), 48 of whom were adherent. Among responders, non-Hispanic patients (p = 0.04) were more adherent. Adherent respondents believed that CT technology is accurate and early detection is useful, and they trusted their providers. A majority of non-adherent patients (79%) self-reported an intention to obtain a LDCT in the future. Of 36 of 87 (41%) responding providers, only 31% knew the correct lung cancer screening eligibility criteria, which led to a 37% inappropriate referral rate from 2013 to 2015. Yet, 75% had initiated lung cancer screening discussions, 64% thought screening was at least moderately effective, and 82% were interested in learning more of the 33 providers responding to these questions. Overall, patients were motivated and providers engaged to screen for lung cancer by LDCT. Non-adherent patient "procrastinators" were motivated to undergo screening in the future. Additional follow through on non-adherence may enhance screening uptake, and raising awareness for screening eligibility through provider education may reduce inappropriate referrals.
Predator trait evolution alters prey community composition

Predators have potentially strong effects on prey abundance, growth, life histories, and behavior, but the net direction and strength of these effects depend on traits in the predator population. Trait evolution that occurs on ecological timescales is common and may affect species interactions. Using laboratory microcosms of a bacterivorous ciliate (Colpidium sp.) and a diverse community of bacteria, we tested the hypothesis that predator trait evolution in response to temperature variability and nutrient concentration alters the composition of the prey community using a two-phase experiment. The first phase consisted of a selection experiment, in which microcosm communities were randomly assigned to one of eight fully factorial treatments of high or low nutrients, variable or stable temperatures, and with or without Colpidium. The second phase was a reciprocal transplant experiment, in which a subsample of each microcosm community from the selection experiment was transferred to one of four common garden environments, consisting of all combinations of high or low nutrients and variable or stable temperature. Nutrient enrichment directly decreased bacterial species richness and altered the community composition, but also indirectly increased bacterial species richness through decreases in ciliate peak density and, subsequently, ciliate abundance. Moreover, the evolutionary effects of nutrient enrichment on predator traits were more pronounced in some contemporary common garden environments, and undetectable in others. Our findings suggest that historical and contemporary environments are equally important to consider in understanding how trait evolution affects community structure.
Adverbial clauses and speaker and interlocutor gender in Shakespeare’s plays

This study draws on previous findings regarding adverbial clauses in relation to speaker and interlocutor gender in a corpus of current actual speaker data. Our aim is to examine those same relations in a corpus of Shakespeare’s comedies and histories. Mondorf (2004) investigated four types of adverbial clauses in a corpus of modern speech and found that the women used more causal, conditional and purpose clauses than the men, while the men used more concessive clauses. Mondorf’s explanation for this difference is that women use the three clause types that mitigate the speaker’s commitment to the truth of the proposition, while men tend to use more concessives, which strengthen the commitment. She also found that in mixed-gender conversations these trends were generally intensified. However, other analyses have indicated that these patterns do not hold across contexts. Much more research is called for to understand the localized relations among adverbial clause usage, speaker gender and context in particular settings. One question to pursue is whether we can see gendered patterns of adverbial usage in historical varieties of English. Accordingly, in this study we analyse dialogue in Shakespeare’s plays to ascertain whether Mondorf’s findings can be extrapolated to the language of these fictional speakers. The results indicate that Shakespeare generally does not use the adverbial clauses to portray the gender of the characters in ways similar to those of actual, modern speakers. Only small differences are found, regarding purpose clauses in the histories and conditional clauses in the comedies. The analysis indicates that female and male characters speak very similarly with regard to syntax, and adverbial clauses contribute to the construction of characters in very localized contexts.
Design of a state-space controller employing a deadbeat state observer for ups inverters

The design of a digital state-space controller employing a deadbeat state observer is presented for uninterruptible power source (UPS) inverter applications with inductor-capacitor (L-C) filters. Conventionally, the inductor current and capacitor voltage values are utilized as the measured feedback variables for the controller, and the load current is either measured or estimated. In the proposed method, the inductor current sensor is not used, and an output load current sensor is used. The proposed state-space controller utilizes the estimated current and voltage states from an observer as the feedback values, and the measured output load current information as the feedforward value. The advantage of the proposed method is that the measured load current information accurately compensates the observer and control system pole deviation due to the load current variation, and thus it increases the overall system robustness with only one current sensor. The proposed control scheme exhibits low total harmonic distortions and fast transient responses. Experiments are performed on a UPS prototype to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Added Healthcare Charges Conferred by Smoking in Outpatient Plastic Surgery.

Background A history of smoking confers additional risk of complications following plastic surgical procedures, which may require hospital-based care to address. Objectives To determine if patients with a smoking history experience higher rates of complications leading to higher hospital-based care utilization, and therefore greater healthcare charges, after common outpatient plastic surgeries. Methods Using ambulatory surgery data from California, Florida, Nebraska, and New York, we identified adult patients who underwent common facial, breast, or abdominal contouring procedures from January 2009 to November 2013. Our primary outcomes were hospital-based, acute care (hospital admissions and emergency department visits), serious adverse events, and cumulative healthcare charges within 30 days of discharge. Multivariable regression models were used to compare outcomes between patients with and without a smoking history. Results The final sample included 214,761 patients, of which 10,426 (4.9%) had a smoking history. Compared to patients without, those with a smoking history were more likely to have a hospital-based, acute care encounter (3.4% vs 7.1%; AOR = 1.36 [1.25-1.48]) or serious adverse event (0.9% vs 2.2%; AOR = 1.38 [1.18-1.60]) within 30 days. On average, these events added $1826 per patient with a smoking history. These findings were consistent when stratified by specific procedure and controlled for patient factors. Conclusions Patients undergoing common outpatient plastic surgery procedures who have a history of smoking are at risk for more frequent complications, and incur higher healthcare charges than patients who are nonsmokers. Level of Evidence 2
Porcine malignant hyperthermia during sevoflurane anaesthasia

Πeριγράφeται πeριστατικό κακοήθους υπeρθeρμίας, που παρατηρήθηκe κατά τη διάρκeια χeιρουργικής αναισθησίας σe χοίρο μe τη χρησιμοποίηση σeβοφλουρανίου. Η ιδιαιτeρότητα του συγκeκριμένου πeριστατικού έγκeιται στο γeγονός ότι το σύνδρομο eκδηλώθηκe μe μόνο σύμπτωμα την υπeρθeρμία του ζώου, eνώ υπήρχe σημαντική καθυστέρηση στην eκδήλωση συμπτωμάτων από το καρδιοαναπνeυσακό σύστημα. Η καθυστέρηση αυτή οφeίλeται πιθανώς στη συγχορήγηση φαρμακeυτικών ουσιών τόσο κατά τη διάρκeια της προαναισθητικής αγωγής όσο και κατά τη διάρκeια της χeιρουργικής eπέμβασης. Η θeραπeυτική αντιμeτώπιση της κακοήθους υπeρθeρμίας θα πρέπeι να αναλαμβάνeται μόνον eφόσον αυτή δeν eπηρeάζeι την eξέλιξη του eφαρμοζόμeνο υ πeιραματικού πρωτοκόλλου και eφόσον το ζώο δeν προβλέπeται να υποστeί eπιπλέον πόνο ή ταλαιπωρία μeτά την ανάνηψη του.
Deconstruct the Graham’s Paradox

In the normative theory of trade, much mainstream attention focuses on trading gains under conditions that are sufficient (Samuelson PA, Am Econ Rev 28:261–266, 1938; Kemp MC, Econ J 87:803–819, 1962; Grandmont J-M, McFadden, D, J Int Econ 2:109–125, 1972; Kemp MC, Wan H Jr. The welfare economics of international trade, Harwood Academic, London, 1993), but not necessary (Kemp MC, Negishi T, Swed J Econ 72:1–11, 1970; Wan H Jr., Int Econ 2:173–180, 1972). Sometimes trade gain reduces to none, say for economies with solely miniscule partners, but never negative. But in justifying tariffs, Graham (Q J Econ 37:199–227, 1923) asserted intriguingly trade might cause countries actual loss, not zero gain. He assumed externalities in terms of Marshallian increasing returns in a country’s production. After many challenges and debates, Chipman (Q J Econ 84:347–385, 1970) affirmed Graham’s counter example with parametrized externalities, where a country’s production set depends increasingly on aggregate industry, country, or world output. One can gain further insight, relying upon a convenient example (Helpman E, Krugman PR, Market structure and foreign trade: Increasing returns, imperfect competition and the international economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985) and the tractable, parametric map approach for global analysis. It turns out apparently unknown in the literature, here the externality causes multiple equilibria. There always exists another more intuitive alternative equilibrium, with both countries enjoy equal gain. Graham’s demonstration against free trade rests on the counterintuitive alternative in country-industry matching. The tariff he promoted is dominated by a simple interstate bargaining. His case merits reconsideration but not simple acceptance.
Mental health in the wake of terrorism: making sense of mass casualty trauma

On the morning of September 11, 2001, with the attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) and the Pentagon, the world that many of us thought we knew, was altered. While thousands of people were directly exposed to or witnessed the attacks from close proximity, millions around the globe watched the events in real time or repeatedly over time on news channels. The attacks of 9/11 will likely be the most witnessed terrorist acts in modern history. The events that unfolded on and after 9/11, and the subsequent terrorism around the globe have created a climate of fear and anxiety. These are the psychological outcomes that terrorists seek to inflict. Terror can only be effective if it leaves lingering concerns about safety; if it disrupts the most basic ways citizens manage and control their lives. The overall goal of this volume is to document and critically examine the comprehensive and wide-ranging mental health response after 9/11. Specifically, this volume aims to examine: Whether the research on the psychological consequences of 9/11 suggest a unique and substantial emotional and behavioral impact among adults and children. In what way the impact of these attacks exceeded the individual level, affected communities and specific professional groups, and tested different leadership styles. How professional communities of mental health clinicians, policy makers and researchers were mobilized to respond to the emerging needs post-disaster. What are the lessons learned from the work conducted after 9/11, and the implications for future disaster mental health work and preparedness efforts.
Role of transcription, translation, and protein turnover in controlling the distribution of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in the lens.

Purpose. To determine the principle site (epithelium or superficial cortex) of gene transcription and mRNA translation for the regulatory enzyme of lens cholesterol biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-[3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR). To evaluate the contribution of waning enzyme synthesis versus enzyme turnover by proteolysis in accounting for the disappearance of HMGR protein from elongated fiber cells. Methods. Young rats were treated with lovastatin, a drug that increases transcripts of the HMGR gene and translation of HMGR mRNA in lens secondary to inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. The relative concentration of HMGR mRNA in lens epithelium and superficial cortex was estimated by a competitive reverse transcriptase-po1ymerase chain reaction system. Relative HMGR protein levels were estimated by Western blot analysis. Because lovastatin i s cleared rapidly from the lens, the half-life of HMGR protein in epithelium and cortex was estimated by following the disappearance of the increased pool of enzyme protein from each compartment with time after halting drug treatment. Results. Between 75% and 90% of the total content of HMGR mRNA and protein in the epithelium and the superficial cortex of control rat lens was located in the cortex. Treatment with lovastatin increased the content of the mRNA in epithelium and cortex by approximately 0.4-fold and HMGR protein content approximately 5-fold. Although the concentration of HMGR mRNA and protein was similarly increased in epitheliunm and superficial cortex, approximately 85% to 90% of the total increase in mRNA and protein content was located in the cortex because of that area's greater mass. The half-life for the disappearance of the increased pool of HMGR protein from epithelium and cortex was similar at approximately 14 to 17 hours. Conclusions. The bulk of HMGR gene transcription and mRNA translation apparently is confined to elongating fiber cells. The 10-fold greater increase in enzyme protein than mRNA levels after lovastatin treatment indicates that enzyme concentration in lens is controlled mainly by effects on HMGR mRNA translation or rates of HMGR proteolysis. The observed rapid turnover of enzyme protein in the epithelium and the superficial cortex, if applicable to the deeper cortex and the homeostatic state (absence of drug exposure), suggests that the gradual disappearance of HMGR protein from the lens could be caused by waning of enzyme synthesis rather than to proteolysis in the absence of continuing enzyme synthesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :2133-2141.
Evaluating the Robustness of Ultrasound Beamforming with Deep Neural Networks

We evaluated the robustness of deep neural network (DNN) beamforming to noise, gross sound speed errors, and phase aberration. Training data was generated using simulations and the training data consisted of the responses from point target responses. Performance was compared to standard delay-and-sum (DAS). When the channel SNR was 10 dB, the CNR for DNN and DAS beamforming were 5.4±0.1 dB and 5.0±0.1 dB, respectively. When the channel SNR was −10 dB, the CNR for DNN and DAS beamforming were 4.1±0.3 dB and 1.9±0.1 dB, respectively. When the assumed sound speed was 10% larger than the actual sound speed, the CNR for DNN and DAS beamforming were 4.9±0.2 dB and 4.7±0.3 dB, respectively. When a near field phase screen aberration profile with FWHM of 2.5 mm and RMS of 30 ns was introduced, the CNR for DNN and DAS beamforming were 2.9±0.5 dB and 0.8±1.1 dB, respectively. Overall, these results show that DNN beamforming was more robust to the examined sources of image degradation than DAS.
A Case Study of Public Trust, Collective Action, and Water

Public trust is a critical component in the governance of public resources. The structure of that governance can have a profound impact on the level of trust citizens have in the way resources are allocated. This study relates the findings of an exit poll conducted during the primaries for the 2016 presidential elections. The questions related to the level of trust voters had regarding their local government and their subsequent attitudes toward the water conservation messaging from those governments. The findings support national survey findings that citizens in the United States have a high level of trust in local government, which enables longer-term solutions to collective action problems.
Targeted Drug Delivery to Hepatic Stellate Cells for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is caused by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix during chronic liver injuries. Although clinical evidence suggests that liver fibrosis can be reversed, there is no standard therapy for liver fibrosis. Moreover, there is a lack of diagnostic tools to detect early-stage liver fibrosis. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is the key step during liver fibrogenesis, and its mechanism has been extensively studied by various cell culture and animal models. Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to activated HSCs is therefore critical for the successful treatment of liver fibrosis. A number of protein markers have been found to be overexpressed in activated HSCs, and their ligands have been used to specifically deliver various antifibrotic agents. In this review, we summarize these HSC-specific protein markers and their ligands for targeted delivery of antifibrotic agents.
RAPID AND REVERSIBLE CALCIUM RELEASE FROM SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN VITRO

Extensive efforts have been made in many laboratories in an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism of calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) release. The release of Ca 2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) both in vivo and in vitro can be induced by several different methods. For instance, (1) an increase of the extravesicular Ca 2+ from about 0·1 μM to several μM (so-called Ca 2+- induced Ca 2+ release); (2) the addition of drugs such as caffeine; (3) substitution of permeable anions for impermeable ones, or substitution of impermeable cations for permeable ones, which is expected to produce membrane depolarization; and (4) the addition of proton ionophores. This chapter discusses experimental procedures involving SR preparation, stopped-flow studies of Ca 2+ release, efflux assay of passively loaded Ca 2+ . The spectrophotometric monitoring of changes in the extra-vesicular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ o ]) with arsenazo III as a Ca 2+ indicator is one of the most successful methods in reported studies of Ca 2+ uptake and Ca 2+ release kinetics. However, the rate of Ca 2+ release is too rapid to follow by hand mixing in the conventional dual wavelength spectrophotometric method.
LEARNING AND INTERPRETING THE GENE REGULATORY GRAMMAR IN A DEEP LEARNING FRAMEWORK

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in identifying gene regulatory sequences, but they have provided limited insight into the biology of regulatory elements due to the difficulty of interpreting the complex features they learn. Several models of how combinatorial binding of transcription factors, i.e. the regulatory grammar, drives enhancer activity have been proposed, ranging from the flexible TF billboard model to the stringent enhanceosome model. However, there is limited knowledge of the prevalence of these (or other) sequence architectures across enhancers. Here we perform several hypothesis-driven analyses to explore the ability of DNNs to learn the regulatory grammar of enhancers. We created a synthetic dataset based on existing hypotheses about combinatorial transcription factor binding site (TFBS) patterns, including homotypic clusters, heterotypic clusters, and enhanceosomes, from real TF binding motifs from diverse TF families. We then trained deep residual neural networks (ResNets) to model the sequences under a range of scenarios that reflect real-world multi-label regulatory sequence prediction tasks. We developed a gradient-based unsupervised clustering method to extract the patterns learned by the ResNet models. We demonstrated that simulated regulatory grammars are best learned in the penultimate layer of the ResNets, and the proposed method can accurately retrieve the regulatory grammar even when there is heterogeneity in the enhancer categories and a large fraction of TFBS outside of the regulatory grammar. However, we also identify common scenarios where ResNets fail to learn simulated regulatory grammars. Our results provide a framework for interpreting the regulatory rules learned by ResNets, and they demonstrate that the ability and efficiency of ResNets in learning the regulatory grammar highly depends on the nature of the prediction task.
A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of the Use of Enteral Nutrition Plus Pharmacologic Prophylaxis or Enteral Nutrition Alone.

Background: Due to the risk of development of stress ulcers in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, pharmacologic prophylaxis is often utilized. However, some literature describes the use of enteral...