cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Untapped Potential of the Congressional Review Act

The Congressional Review Act (CRA) authorizes fast-track procedures for resolutions disapproving agency rules. The near-universal assumption is that the CRA is relevant only when a new President seeks, with the support of Congress, to cancel regulations promulgated during the previous administration. Yet the CRA has substantially greater unrealized potential to reverse adverse judicial rulings, or, more ambitiously, to entrench preferred statutory interpretations. When the agency, the President, and congressional majorities agree on the correct reading of a statute, they can secure formal legislative endorsement of this interpretation through the following two-step process: First, the agency promulgates an interpretive rule construing the statute to mean the opposite of what the agency actually favors—for example, by interpreting a statute to prohibit a regulation that the agency would like to adopt. (In the case of an adverse judicial ruling on the statute’s meaning, the agency’s rule could simply restate the court’s reading of the statute.) Next, Congress and the President use the CRA to disapprove that interpretive rule—thus establishing, via a formal exercise of legislative power, that the statute has the meaning the agency rule rejected. This strategy would be a lawful way for the executive and legislative branches to override judicial rulings regarding the meaning of the agency’s authorizing statute, and more generally to clarify or alter statutory law in a manner that bypasses the filibuster and other legislative roadblocks.
Child Sexual Abuse

Child sexual abuse is an important medical, psychological, social, and legal topic. It affects young people of all ages and families of all colors, ethnic groups, and social classes. This article discusses the epidemiology of child sexual abuse, intrafamilial and extrafamilial patterns of abuse, clinical features of child abuse victims, the role of the medical provider in the collection and interpretation of potential forensic evidence, and the forensic psychiatric and psychological evaluation of children who may have been abused. Although medical providers vary in levels of training and expertise in this specialty field of medicine, appropriate training, supervision, and peer review are critical components in the interpretation of potential forensic evidence. The forensic evaluator should follow a standardized process for interviewing the alleged victim in order to collect accurate data. The forensic evaluator should consider the various reasons why a child might make false allegations of abuse as well as false denials of abuse. Keywords: child abuse; child maltreatment; child sexual abuse; allegations of sexual abuse; forensic psychiatric evaluation; pedophilia
Pharmacogenetic applications of the Human Genome project.

Basic research and clinical studies are underway to identify genetic polymorphisms that underlie drug effects. What obstacles must we overcome before we can use genetic analysis to predict the ability of patients to respond to certain treatments?
Structural aspects of the phonon spectra of La 1 − x Sr x MnO 3

The lightly doped ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ system was investigated using x-ray diffraction and far-infrared spectroscopy in the insulating range for $x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.125$ on single crystalline samples. Special emphasis was set on the evolution of the Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion. With increasing doping concentration $x$ the optical phonon excitations broaden and merge into three groups, consistent with a weakening of the orthorhombic JT distortion. The temperature and doping dependence of the phonon anomalies are related to the complex phase diagram, which is governed by electronic, magnetic, and structural degrees of freedom. Indications for a magnon-phonon coupling are found for specific phonon modes.
A new type of conjugative transposon encodes resistance to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and streptomycin in Vibrio cholerae O139.

Vibrio cholerae O139 is the first non-O1 serogroup of V. cholerae to give rise to epidemic cholera. Apparently, this new serogroup arose from an El Tor O1 strain of V cholerae, but V. cholerae O139 is distinguishable from V. cholerae El Tor O1 by virtue of its novel antigenic structure and also its characteristic pattern of resistances to the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and furazolidone. We found that the first three of these antibiotic resistances are carried on an approximately 62-kb self-transmissible, chromosomally integrating genetic element which we have termed the SXT element. This novel conjugative transposon-like element could be conjugally transferred from V. cholerae O139 to V cholerae O1 and Escherichia coli strains, where it integrated into the recipient chromosomes in a site-specific manner independent of recA. To study the potential virulence properties of the SXT element as well as to improve upon the live attenuated O139 vaccine strain Bengal-2, a large internal deletion in the SXT element was crossed on to the Bengal-2 chromosome. The resulting strain, Bengal-2.SXT(s), is sensitive to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and colonizes the intestines of suckling mice as well as wild-type strains do, suggesting that the SXT element does not encode a colonization factor. Derivatives of Bengal-2.SXT(s) are predicted to be safe, antibiotic-sensitive, live attenuated vaccines for cholera due to the O139 serogroup.
Modeling Change Without Breaking Promises

Promise theory defines a method by which static service bindings are made in a network, but little work has been done on handling the dynamic case in which bindings must change over time due to both contingencies and changes in policy. We define two new kinds of promises that provide temporal scope for a conditional promise. We show that simple temporally-scoped promises can describe common network behaviors such as leasing and failover, and allow an agent to completely control the sequence of sets of promises to which it commits with another agent, over time. This allows agents to adapt to changing conditions by making short-term bilateral agreements rather than the long-term unilateral agreements provided by previous promise constructions.
Bootstrapping by monte carlo versus approximating the estimator and bootstrapping exactly: Cost and performance

Approximations to the bootstrap estimate of bias and variance may be obtained by replacing the estimate to be bootstrapped by one which is linear, or ,or quadratic, , in the resampling vector p. The bootstrap bias and variance of and may then be evaluated analytically. These estimators are discussed and then investigated via a Monte Carlo experiment when is the least squares regression coefficient estimate. Included amongst these bias and variance estimates are the standard jackknife, Jaeckel's [1972] infinitesimal jackknife, and Hinkley's [1977] jackknife. Good performers included a quadratic infinitesimal jackknife and the Monte Carlo evaluated bootstrap when the number of replicates was about 6 or 7 times the sample size. Poor performers included the standard jackknife and Hinkley's. Further, when computational costs were held equal, bootstrapping by Monte Carlo did better than the jackknife.
Vibrational energy levels of hydrogen cyanide

THE infra-red spectrum of HCN vapour has been examined with fairly high dispersion in the region near 2µ The following bands were observed:
Experimental approaches to well controlled studies of thin-film nucleation and growth.

Particular features and the performance of two experimental systems are described for quantitative studies of thin-film nucleation and growth processes including epitaxial depositions. System I consists of a modified LEED-Auger instrument combined with high-resolution electron microscopy. System II is a UHV electron microscope adapted for in-situ deposition studies. The two systems complement each other ideally, and the combined use of both can result in a comprehensive investigation of vapor deposition processes not obtainable with any other known method.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A POLICE GANG UNIT: AN EXAMINATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS*

Although researchers have begun to document the programs and activities performed by police gang units, little research has examined why police gang units are created and why they have responded to local gang problems in the way they have over the past 10 years. Using a multimethodological research design, the present study examines the factors that shaped a Midwestern police department's response to its community's gang problem. The results from the present study lend support for the institutional perspective. The data suggest that the gang unit was created as a consequence of pressures placed on the police department from various powerful elements within the community and that, once created, the unit's response was largely driven by its need to achieve and maintain organizational legitimacy.
Expression of murine Lhx5 suggests a role in specifying the forebrain

A LIM homeobox gene, Lim5, is known to be expressed in the forebrain of Xenopus and zebrafish (Toyama et al. [1995] Dev. Biol. 170:583-593). Results from developmental and comparative studies of its mouse ortholog, Lhx5, indicate that this gene may play important roles in forebrain development. Lhx5 expression is detected in the most anterior portion of the neural tube at the headfold stage, overlapping partially with Otx2 expression domain. After neural tube closure, Lhx5 is expressed as a transverse stripe, covering most of the diencephalic primordium. This expression recedes to restricted areas as Dlx gene expression occurs. By midgestation, both genes, Lhx5 and Dlx5, are expressed in the diencephalon and ventral telencephalon in an alternating complementary pattern. It may be that Dlx inhibits Lhx5, and this may represent a step of early regionalization of the forebrain. Lhx5 is also expressed in midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord, overlapping extensively with Lhx1 starting from day E10.5 of gestation. The early, persistent, and dynamic expression of Lhx5 suggests a regulatory function in forebrain formation.
The treatment of brain stem and thalamic gliomas with 78 Gy of hyperfractionated radiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose: To see whether increasing the dose of hyperfractionated radiation therapy from 72 to 78 Gy would increase survival time in patients with gliomas, particularly those with brain stem or thalamic tumors. Methods: Seventy-eight patients with a clinical and radiographic of a brain stem or thalamic glioma were enrolled in a trial to receive 78 Gy (1.0 Gy twice a day). Six patients with disease in other sites were also treated. The initial response to therapy was determined by comparing pretreatment magnetic resonance images and neurological examinations with those obtained within 2 weeks of completing therapy; subsequent responses were determined from bimonthly follow-up images. Time-to-tumor progression was measured from the date radiation therapyp began until the date of documented radiographic or clinical progression. Survival time was measured from the date radiation therapy began until the date of death. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate the effects of specific variables on survival. Results: Of 81 evaluable patients, 68 erceoved ≥ 76 Gy, 10 received between 70 ad 75 Gy, and 3 received between 60 and 68 Gy. The overall response or stabilization rate was 70.4%. Tumor size decreased in 30.8% of patients; 39.5% had stable disease, and 29.6% had immediate progression. The median survival time was 12.7 months (16.1 months for adults and 10.8 months for children). The median time to tumor progression was 9.0 months (11.4 months for adults and 8.4 months for children). A duration of symptoms ≤ 2 months and a diffuse lesion were each associated with shorter survival and progression times. Conclusion: For patients with brain stem or thalamic gliomas, increasing the dose of radiation therapy from 72 to 78 Gy did not significantly improve survival. Different treatment strategies are clearly needed.
The misorientation index: Development of a new method for calculating the strength of lattice-preferred orientation

Abstract Using orientation data from experimentally deformed olivine, we explore some practical problems with the J-index, a commonly applied measure of fabric strength. We show that the J-index is highly dependent on several factors, including the number of discrete data in the orientation distribution function (ODF), and arbitrary numerical parameters specified for its calculation. Because of this non-uniqueness, we conclude that the J-index is difficult to interpret and should only be applied with caution. As an alternative to the J-index, we propose a new measure of fabric strength that is based on the distribution of uncorrelated misorientation angles. This “M-index” is shown to be insensitive to the parameters specified for its calculation. For typical deformed olivine samples, we show that ∼ 150 discrete data are adequate to quantify fabric strength using the M-index technique. The M-index correlates well with seismic anisotropy, particularly for materials of the same fabric type. Therefore, we conclude that the M-index technique is well-suited for the quantification of fabric strength and the comparison of like materials.
Advance directives and surrogate laws. Ethical instruments or moral cop-out?

The Patient Self-Determination Act has spawned a great deal of activity by states as well as by hospitals. Advance directives have become firmly established by law, and statutes establishing hierarchies of surrogates have proliferated. Such activities are intended to foster informed patient choice when it comes to end-of-life matters. Whether, ultimately, they will do this or whether they will, in fact, reduce ethical medical decision making will depend on the way these instruments and laws are used. In this article, I caution against the almost unbridled enthusiasm with which these steps have been greeted. Whether health care professionals will use these instruments to enhance dialogue and to see choice as being made not only by and for individuals but by and for individuals who are enmeshed in community remains to be seen. The federal Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA), which became effective in December 1991, has spawned a rash of legislation
A new interpretation of the anomalous properties of vitreous silica

Abstract This paper deals with the theory of pure silica glass. Earlier theoretical work is reviewed first and then the following topics are treated: The nature of bonding as the basis for the new model; The distribution of oxygen angles and the volume of silicas; New interpretation of acoustic losses, pressure and temperature dependence of the compressibility, thermal expansion and specific heat.
ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN VERTICAL CYLINDER EPITAXY REACTORS.

Momentum, heat, and mass transfer processes were studied in a vertical cylinder reactor for the epitaxial growth of Si from SiCl/sub 4/ in H/sub 2/ by chemical vapor deposition. An analytical solution to the problems of heat and mass transfer in a tapered annulus based on constant transport properties and fully developed laminar flow is presented. The mean gas-phase temperature and deposition rate distribution of silicon are calculated within the reactor by using a developing temperature model. Results of experimental studies of silicon deposition from SiCl/sub 4/ in H/sub 2/ at 1200/sup 0/C in a vertical cylinder reactor are compared with the analytical results and with other models of diffusion-controlled chemical vapor deposition. This study provides an analytical method for calculating epitaxial deposition rate distributions in vertical cylinder reactors, and for designing reactors to improve the yield and uniformity of epitaxial growth. 7 figures, 2 tables.
The Kirkwood-Buff theory of solutions and the local composition of liquid mixtures.

The present paper is devoted to the local composition of liquid mixtures calculated in the framework of the Kirkwood−Buff theory of solutions. A new method is suggested to calculate the excess (or deficit) number of various molecules around a selected (central) molecule in binary and multicomponent liquid mixtures in terms of measurable macroscopic thermodynamic quantities, such as the derivatives of the chemical potentials with respect to concentrations, the isothermal compressibility, and the partial molar volumes. This method accounts for an inaccessible volume due to the presence of a central molecule and is applied to binary and ternary mixtures. For the ideal binary mixture it is shown that because of the difference in the volumes of the pure components there is an excess (or deficit) number of different molecules around a central molecule. The excess (or deficit) becomes zero when the components of the ideal binary mixture have the same volume. The new method is also applied to methanol + water and...
Hepatitis C Virus RNA Synthesis in a Cell-Free System Isolated from Replicon-Containing Hepatoma Cells

A number of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins, including NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, were detected in membrane fractions from Huh7 cells containing autonomously replicating HCV RNA replicons. These membrane fractions were used in a cell-free system for the analysis of HCV RNA replication. Initial characterization revealed a reaction in which the production of replicon RNA increased over time at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. Heparin sensitivity and nucleotide starvation experiments suggested that de novo initiation was occurring in this system. Both Mn2+ and Mg2+ cations could be used in the reaction; however, concentrations of Mn2+ greater than 1 mM were inhibitory. Compounds shown to inhibit recombinant NS3 and NS5B activity in vitro were found to inhibit RNA synthesis in the cell-free system. This system should be useful for biochemical analysis of HCV RNA synthesis by a multisubunit membrane-associated replicase and for evaluating potential antiviral agents identified in biochemical or cell-based screens.
Keck I laser guide star AO system integration

With the much anticipated delivery of the Lockheed Martin Coherent Technology Quasi-CW laser, the W. M. Keck Observatory was able to complete the installation and integration of the Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System on the Keck I telescope. The Keck I LGSAO system was developed to provide redundancy for the Keck II system as well as balancing the instrumentation load between the two telescopes and interferometers. With the improved sodium coupling efficiency of the laser and a center launching system, the Keck I laser performance is expected to exceed those on the Keck II system. We present the challenges of integrating the Keck I Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System on an operational telescope. We will present issues and performance data related to the primary subsystem components such as the laser itself, the Selex Galileo Avionica launch telescope, the Mitsubishi fiber transport, and the Adaptive Optics System. The paper will also focus on the integration and testing performed at the W. M. Keck headquarters as well as the summit of Mauna Kea. We will present initial first light performance of the Keck I LGSAO System and compare those to the existing Keck II LGSAO System.
Cornus florida L. mortality and understory composition changes in western Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

JENKINS, M. A. (Twin Creeks Natural Resources Center, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN 37738) AND P S. WHITE (Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599). Cornus florida mortality and understory composition changes in western Great Smoky Mountains National Park. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 129: 194-206. 2002.-Remeasurement of woody vegetation on permanent plots in western Great Smoky Mountains National Park indicated that understory composition and dominance have changed over the past two decades (between 1977-1979 and 1995-2000). We observed heavy mortality of Cornus florida L., likely as a result of infection by Discula destructiva Redlin, a destructive fungus that causes dogwood anthracnose. Mortality was highest in smaller size classes and seedling density generally decreased. Cove and alluvial forests, where heavy shading favors dogwood anthracnose, had the highest mortality. While still high, mortality in oak-hickory and oak-pine forests was lower than that of cove and alluvial forests. Cornus florida density more than doubled on three plots located within an area that burned in 1976, likely as a result of sprouting and reduced shading in these fire-thinned stands. Over the same two decades, the importance of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. greatly increased in cove, alluvial, oak-hickory, and oak-pine stands. Changes in understory composition in conjunction with the widespread loss of C. florida may greatly impact numerous ecological relationships in these forests, including calcium availability, nutrient cycling, and food source availability for wildlife.
Probability of Detection for Cooperative Sensor Systems

In this paper, the authors quantify how communication increases the effective range of detection of unattended ground sensors. Statistical analysis used to evaluate the probability of detection for multiple sensors using one, two, and infinite levels of cooperation. levels of cooperation are defined as the levels of communication between sensors. One level of cooperation means that one sensor passes its state information to several other sensors within a limited communication range, but this information is not passed beyond this range. Two levels of cooperation means that the state information received by this first set of sensors is relayed to another set of sensors within their communication range. Infinite levels of cooperation means that the state information is further percolated out to all sensors within a communicating group. With large numbers of sensors, every sensor will have state information about every other sensor regardless of communication range. With smaller numbers of sensors, isolated groups may form, thus lowering the probability of information transfer.
Dissecting the Toad: Unpacking Shestov’s Thought on Gogol Through Rozanov

The question of Nikolai Gogol’s (1809–1852) alleged ‘realism’ has a long history in Russian criticism, ever since the first responses to his art, including those of Vissarion Belinskii (1811–1848). From the last decade of the nineteenth century, this debate continued, but in most cases on the theological or aestheticized-existential-biographical ground characteristic of Russian Symbolism. Lev Shestov’s (1866–1938) scarce responses to Gogol seem to go in a different direction, restoring the immediate context of Gogol’s art, that is, its engagement with the Romantic philosophy of nature and its artistic representation. This article is an extensive commentary on Shestov’s thought on Gogol, and on its indebtedness to, and development of, Romantic aesthetics. Two detours of the commentary lead through Pavel Florenskii (1882–1937) and, particularly, Vasilii Rozanov (1856–1919), whose responses to Gogol are shown to deepen Shestov’s thought.
Modulation of selected cell signaling genes in mouse liver by fumonisin B1.

Abstract Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced primarily by Fusarium verticillioides and related fungi, common contaminants of corn throughout the world. FB1 is a carcinogen and causative agent of several lethal animal diseases, including equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema. Liver is the primary target organ in mice. In vivo and vitro, cells exposed to FB1 undergo a mixture of necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Our previous studies showed gender differences in hepatotoxicity caused after 5 day FB1 treatment. Gene alterations in cytokine network and apoptosis signaling molecules were also observed after an acute single dose of FB1. To further investigate the gene alterations after a subchronic FB1 exposure and its correlation to observed gender differences, male and female BALB/c mice (five per group) were injected subcutaneously with either saline or 2.25 mg/kg per day of FB1 for 5 days. FB1 caused increased expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-18 and interferon γ (IFNγ) in male liver, with a similar increase in females except for IL-1β and IL-18. Control females showed higher basal levels of IL-1α, IL-1Ra, IL-10, IL-12 p40 and IFNγ compared with males. Expression of TNF receptor 55 and TNF receptor associated death domain (TRADD) was increased, with no changes in Fas signaling molecules, Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), Fas associated death domain (FADD) and Fas-associated protein factor (FAF). Expression of oncogenic transcription factors, c-Myc, B-Myc, Max and Mad, and apoptotic genes, namely Bcl-2, Bax and Bad, was increased after FB1 treatment. FB1 caused an activation of cytokine network in liver, particularly the TNFα signaling pathway, suggesting its involvement in hepatotoxic mechanisms. Induction of IL-1Ra and oncogenes is a likely mechanism for the cancer promoting properties of FB1, through a mechanism involving apoptotic necrosis, oncotic necrosis and consequent regeneration.
Determination of steady state behavior for periodic discrete filtering problems

Abstract Periodic Kalman-Bucy filters that are observable and controllable have a periodic steady state error covariance. Using symplectic matrix representations of covariance updates, a “composite” covariance update for an entire period can be defined by matrix multiplication. The steady state periodic covariance at a given time (modulo the period) is known to be the solution of an associated algebraic Riccati equation; computation of this single covariance determines the entire periodic solution. Two methods are presented for determining the composite covariance update without the numerical difficulties that may be encountered if straightforward matrix multiplication of symplectic matrices is used. Applications to the practical computation of the steady state covariance are discussed.
Vanadium — an element in search of a role

Abstract After too many years of neglect, vanadium has recently begun to interest the biochemist, largely as a result of the discovery that it can act as a potent inhibitor of the sodium pump. Although it is an essential trace metal — even the predominant metal in certain organisms — the biological functions of vanadium remain unknown.
Energy storage solutions for premium power

Most utility power quality problems are caused by sags, surges, and momentary outages which last from several cycles to several seconds. Modern loads are very sensitive to these short duration glitches resulting in major losses in revenue through system down-time and loss of product from work in process. Many of these problems are caused by normal transients as equipment and factories go on-line or shut down. Others are caused by lightening strikes and faults on the distribution system. Although power utility companies attempt to minimize the interruptions through filtering and system management, power quality problems continue to cost American industry billions of dollars a year. Batteries have been used for many years in uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) to protect critical loads. However, because many new facilities have a network of broadly distributed critical loads, a UPS on the order of one to several megawatts is needed to support the total plant rather than several small kilowatt installations. This paper reports on the implementation of such a utility scale power quality management system.
P02-148 - Structural neural correlates of anorexia nervosa: a review of neuroimaging studies

Objectives Many research groups have used neuroimaging techniques in order to investigate brain abnormalities in patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The results of structural studies, which utilised CT scan and MRI, have revealed both global brain abnormalities and region-specific brain abnormalities. The central disturbance in AN is that of a distorted body image and food refusal. The purpose of the present study was to analyze structural neuroimaging studies in order to revel the possible existence of a neural basis of AN symptoms. Methods Published reports from refereed journals of the last twenty years are collected, analyzed and synthesized into a summary of the most significant neuroimaging findings. We used as keywords “anorexia”, “neuroimaging”, “MRI”, “CT”, “manual measurement”, “voxel based morphometry” differently matched together. Results Structural studies have showed total decreases in both gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM), with an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Several structural follow-up studies reported that GM, WM and CSF abnormalities are fully reversible after recovery, whilst other authors reported that GM decreases persists after recovery. Region-specific structural studies have principally revealed a decrease in extrastriate body area, precuneus, parietal lobe and, following recovery, the anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusions These results showed a global GM vulnerability in AN patients and that the specific GM regions affected are principally involved in the processing of body-image and mental images, and in the regulation of hunger and satiation. Although these results are still under debate, findings suggest that AN symptoms could have a neural substrate.
TU‐E‐BRB‐05: Real‐Time Dose Reconstruction for Treatment Monitoring

Purpose: To reconstruct in real‐time the dose distribution of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)delivered to a patient during treatment.Method and Materials: First, we use a GPU‐based FSPB algorithm to calculate the dose deposition coefficients Dij for all IMRT field. Dij is the dose contribution of the ith beamlets to the jth voxel on the patient image, and it is pre‐computed and stored in the memory. During the treatmentdelivery,MLC leaf positions will be read in real‐time from either the MLC controller or the cine EPIDimages. Then the delivereddose distribution is generated using the Dij matrix and the leaf positions. In this work, we simulate this process using the MLC DynaLog files in retrospective. We extract the leaf positions and fractional MU every 50 ms from the MLC DynaLog files and converted them to a beam mask Bi using an in‐house software based on MATLAB. The accumulated dose distribution delivered up to a time point is then computed by convolving Dij with Bi. Results: It takes on average less than 1 s to pre‐calculate Dij for each beam. It takes on average 0.2 s to update the accumulative dose distribution on patient's geometry. It is expected that this time can be further reduced by 10 to 20 times when we implement it on GPUs to meet the real‐time requirement. Conclusion: We have developed a dose reconstruction algorithm with pre‐calculated dose deposition coefficients using GPU‐based FSPB algorithm. The results indicate that real‐time dose reconstruction during treatmentdelivery is feasible, enabling dose‐based real‐time treatment monitoring.
Oxide Charge Trapping Induced by Ion Implantation in SiO2

Experimental measurements directed at understanding oxide modifications induced by Na+ and Al ion implantation are described. Both implanted species created high dark conductivity in unannealed specimens. This had a temperature dependence independent of ion type suggesting that the conductivity is related to displacement damape. Internal photoemission studies showed that Na+ implantation had produced a barrier lowering at both interfaces and also permitted sub-threshold photoemission starting with photons of about 1 eV. Thermal annealing returned the oxide to its insulating state and removed the sub-threshold photoemission. Photo-depopulation measurements indicated that the oxide still contained electron traps not present in the unimplanted samples.
Re-deciphering the tectonic jigsaw puzzle of northern Eurasia

Abstract Northern Eurasia consists of the East European, Siberian, North China, and Alai-Tarim cratons, fragments of the supercontinent Rodinia, and the orogens of the Baikalides, Timanides, Uralides, Altaids, and Mongolides. These can be collectively classified as the Central Asian supercollage. The Baikalides and Timanides host Meso- and Neoproterozoic magmatic arc terranes that were sutured with the adjacent East European and Siberian cratons in the end of the Neoproterozoic. The Paleozoic part of the supercollage consists of three almost synchronous and subparallel Neoproterosoic to Paleozoic magmatic arc and turbidite superterranes, as well as overlap assemblages, bent into the world’s largest oroclines. Analysis of their structural pattern, supported by paleontological, lithological, and paleomagnetic data, indicates that these superterranes might have been produced via formation of arc–backarc systems at the margin of combined North China, East European and Siberian cratons and then deformed during Paleozoic westward-directed strike-slip translation between the clockwise rotating Siberian and eastward moving North China cratons. It is proposed that this development took place against the respective breakup of the above-mentioned cratons from the northern and southern margins of Eastern Europe in the Neoproterozoic, initially as a group of cratons called Nena, which reassembled in late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic times into Laurasia, part of the new supercontinent Pangea. In Mesozoic–Cenozoic times, the subduction-related continental growth of northern Eurasia continued in the Nipponide, Kamchatka and Kolyma–Alaska orogenic collages of the northern Circum-Pacific, which consist of Paleozoic to Cenozoic turbidite to island arc superterranes and overlap assemblages, generally younging towards the Pacific oceanic plate and also severely oroclinally bent. It is proposed that terranes of the Kolyma–Alaska and Kamchatka collages were translated westward, dextrally relative to Siberia, whereas Nipponides were translated northward, relative to North China, similarly to the better constrained Mesozoic–Cenozoic reconstructions of southeastern Asia. The two groups of collages started to collide along the Mongol-Okhotsk suture zone in the south of the Siberian craton in the end of the Mesozoic and then continued to collide along the presently active plate boundary at the island of Sakhalin. The proposed scenario suggests similarities in Paleozoic evolution of the Central Asian and Mesozoic–Cenozoic evolution of the northern Circum-Pacific supercollages, both possibly formed in response to westward subduction and related strike-slip translation of the (Paleo)-Pacific oceanic plates. The individual superterranes might have been consequently translated for as much as 4000–6000 km and oroclinally bent during such translation or/and rotation of the adjacent cratons.
Calculation of molecular parameters for stepwise polyfunctional polymerization

Our recursive method is extended to calculate several new parameters for stepwise polyfunctional polymerization. In the pregel region we calculate weight average molecular weight, Mw, for polydisperse reactants and effective average functionality, fe, of a reacting mixture. These quantities are useful for systems employing reactive oligomers. We also calculate weight average number of branches per molecule, Bw, and the weight average of a longest chain. These should be useful for viscosity relations. In the postgel region we give relations for the extent of reaction in the soluble fraction. This result can be used to calculate sol properties directly from existing pregel relations. We also calculate the weight fraction of pendant chains on the gel, wp, and the average molecular weight of the elastically effective network chains, Mc,w.
De novo mutations producing unstable Hbs or Hbs M. II. Direct estimates of minimum nucleotide mutation rates in man.

Cases of unstable hemoglobin and hemoglobin M disease that have appeared as de novo mutants over a span of approximately 50 years were used in derivingminimal, direct estimates of mutation rates per nucleotide per generation in man. The estimates are based upon analysis of data related to 40 cases of unstable Hbs and 15 of Hbs M that arose in 13 countries. The estimated rate calculated using all de novo β-gene mutants is 7.4×10-9 per nucleotide per generation; that derived using de novo α-gene mutants is 10.0×10-9. Subsequent calculations of mutation rates per α- and β-chain gene and extrapolation of these rates to a hypothetical gene of 1000 nucleotides yield an estimated mutation rate of 8.6×10-6 per 1000 nucleotides per generation. Even though some instances of false paternity may have biased these estimates in an upward direction, underreporting of Hb M cases, and particularly of unstable hemoglobins, makes it likely that the cited values are minimal estimates of mutation rates at the molecular level.
Some mathematical considerations in the treatment of the equilibria for the solvent extraction of metals with dibasic ligands

Abstract Mathematical relationships have been derived to show that the solvent extraction of metals with dibasic acids may be considered to be an extension of the monobasic case. However, predictions of the nature of the extracted species becomes less certain in the former situation.
Simulation-based assessment to identify critical gaps in safe anesthesia resident performance.

Background Valid methods are needed to identify anesthesia resident performance gaps early in training. However, many assessment tools in medicine have not been properly validated. The authors designed and tested use of a behaviorally anchored scale, as part of a multiscenario simulation-based assessment system, to identify high- and low-performing residents with regard to domains of greatest concern to expert anesthesiology faculty. Methods An expert faculty panel derived five key behavioral domains of interest by using a Delphi process (1) Synthesizes information to formulate a clear anesthetic plan; (2) Implements a plan based on changing conditions; (3) Demonstrates effective interpersonal and communication skills with patients and staff; (4) Identifies ways to improve performance; and (5) Recognizes own limits. Seven simulation scenarios spanning pre-to-postoperative encounters were used to assess performances of 22 first-year residents and 8 fellows from two institutions. Two of 10 trained faculty raters blinded to trainee program and training level scored each performance independently by using a behaviorally anchored rating scale. Residents, fellows, facilitators, and raters completed surveys. Results Evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the assessment scores was procured, including a high generalizability coefficient (ρ = 0.81) and expected performance differences between first-year resident and fellow participants. A majority of trainees, facilitators, and raters judged the assessment to be useful, realistic, and representative of critical skills required for safe practice. Conclusion The study provides initial evidence to support the validity of a simulation-based performance assessment system for identifying critical gaps in safe anesthesia resident performance early in training.
Comments on "Design and Evaluation of Digital Closed Loop Controller for the Regulation of Muscle Force by Recruitment Modulation"

Discussion autour des effets des agents anesthesiants sur les fonctions motrices et neuromotrices
Risk of fracture prevention in spina bifida patients: correlation between bone mineral density, vitamin D, and electrolyte values

Purpose The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), vitamin D, and electrolyte blood values in patients with spina bifida, to find a possible therapeutic regimen and an intervention to reduce the risk of fractures in this population.
Splenic Arteries and Veins in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease

The goal of this study was to verify the existence and prevalence of large vessel lesions outside the central nervous system in young patients with sickle cell disease. Thus, 17 spleens resected because of episodes of sequestration or infarction and 41 controls were studied. Anomalies of arteries and veins were detected in all spleens from sickle cell disease patients, but no definite correlation with age, sex, type of sickle hemoglobin, or frequency of sequestration episodes could be established. The most consistent lesions were intimal proliferation affecting large arteries and veins, reduplication of the internal elastic lamina of large arteries, and a lesion not previously documented in this condition, that of subendothelial infiltration of the large veins by activated T cells. Endotheliitis showing some similarity with the one seen in sickle cell disease spleens was noted in 5 of 41 spleens of patients who did not suffer from sickle cell disease. However, when present it was usually mild. Very limited damage to the arterial elastica was noted in only 1 of the 41 controls. Minimal endothelial proliferation was seen in 2 of 41 controls.
A Multistage Longitudinal Comparative (MLC) Design Stage II Evaluation of the Changing Lives Program (CLP): The Possible Selves Questionnaire—Qualitative Extensions (PSQ-QE)

The study reported in this paper, a Multistage Longitudinal Comparative (MLC) Design Stage II evaluation conducted as a planned preliminary efficacy evaluation (psychometric evaluation of measures, short-term controlled outcome studies, etc.) of the Changing Lives Program (CLP), provided evidence for the reliability and validity of qualitative measures under development as well as the utility of unifying qualitative (e.g., open coding, theoretical sampling/saturation, etc.) and quantitative (e.g., quasi-experimental designs, advanced statistical analysis, psychometric analysis, etc.) research methods and procedures for evaluating intervention programs. Specifically, when analyzed using Relational Data Analysis, response data from the Future Possible Selves Questionnaire yielded theoretically meaningful categories with robust levels of reliability and construct and concurrent (external) validity. Additionally, the pattern of qualitative change for participants in the intervention condition, the CLP, were f...
PLZT linear array page composer

Abstract The 9/65/35 PLZT slim-looped ferroelectric electro-optic material is being used for a linear array page composer. Various properties such as switching speed, contrast ratio and lifetime characteristics are described.
High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of sugar and glycerol phosphates on quaternary ammonium resins

Abstract Twenty-six sugar and glycerol phosphates were separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography on an alkyl quaternary ammonium column at pH 6.0 with 0.1 M sodium acetate eluant. Capacity, asymmetry, and response factors of the compounds vary widely. Secondary acidic dissociation constants of 14 of these phosphates were determined in an attempt to explain the separation mechanism.
Survey of pediatric surgeons on current practices of bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery in children.

Abstract Background Guidelines regarding bowel preparation exist for the adult but not the pediatric population. Our aim was to evaluate the bowel preparation practices, including antibiotic usage for elective colorectal operations in children. Methods A survey was designed and administered to a nationwide group of pediatric surgeons to ascertain current practices of bowel preparation. Results Four hundred ninety-three surveys were administered, and 136 physicians responded (28%). Mechanical bowel preparation was used by 96% of the respondents. Preoperative intravenous antibiotics were used by 99% of respondents. The number of years in practice did not significantly affect the use of oral antibiotics ( P = .62) or the duration of intravenous antibiotics ( P = .78). Conclusions There is a wide variation in bowel preparation practices in children. A prospective, randomized trial would be helpful to identify the role of oral antibiotics and optimal duration of intravenous antibiotics in this population.
Effects of rumen fill on short-term ingestive behavior and circulating concentrations of ghrelin, insulin, and glucose of dairy cows foraging vegetative micro-swards.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate changes in foraging behavior, hunger-related hormones, and metabolites of dairy cows in response to short-term variations in rumen fill (RF). The effect of RF on intake rate, jaw movements, bite rate and dimensions, and concentrations of plasma ghrelin, and serum insulin and glucose were measured in 4 rumen-cannulated lactating dairy cows (612±68kg, empty live weight; 237±29 d in milk) foraging micro-swards of vegetative orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.). The treatments compared were the removal of different proportions of total rumen contents: 1.00 (RF0), 0.66 (RF33), 0.33 (RF66), or 0 (RF100). Treatments were randomly applied 2h before foraging sessions in a 4×4 Latin square design. Micro-swards were weighed before and after foraging sessions. Cows were allowed to take a maximum of 15 bites with no time restriction. Eating time, intake rate, total jaw movements, and bite mass, depth, area, and rate were determined. Plasma was analyzed for ghrelin and serum for insulin and glucose immediately before and 2h after the treatments were applied. Intake rate, bite mass, and bite area increased, whereas bite depth decreased as RF decreased. The RF did not affect bite rate or total jaw movements. Decreasing RF resulted in increased plasma concentrations of ghrelin and tended to increase serum insulin, with reduced concentrations of serum glucose. Incremental variation in plasma ghrelin and serum insulin correlated with bite depth and mass, whereas changes in serum glucose correlated with intake rate, bite area, depth and mass, as well as with herbage intake per jaw movement. The present study elucidates some of the underlying endocrine physiology of cattle with short-term temporal variations of RF and their effects on some components of foraging behavior.
Locomotor status and the development of spatial search skills.

The principal objective of this experiment was to investigate whether previous reports of a relation between locomotor status and stage 4 object permanence performance generalized to performance on a different object localization task. A secondary objective was to evaluate the contribution of visual tracking as a mediating variable in the relation between locomotor experience and search performance. Precrawling (n= 20), crawling (n= 10), and creeping (n= 18) infants (M= 33 weeks old) were tested using a search task in which either they or the hiding containers were rotated 180° before search was permitted. The results revealed that locomotor status was related to search performance following a displacement of the infant, but not following a displacement of the containers. Moreover, visual tracking of the correct container was not related to locomotor status, even though it was related to search performance. These findings suggest that the effects of locomotor experience on infants' search performance are quite specific and are mediated by a variety of factors that do not necessarily generalize across search tasks.
A general route to Earth abundant element absorber layers for thin film photovoltaics with high yield using molecular precursors and non-toxic solvents

Earth abundant absorber materials are the most promising candidates for terawatt-scale thin film photovoltaics due to the robust supply chains for the elements involved. The strongest initial candidate appears to be Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS), but there are other potential material systems such as FeS 2 , CuO, and PbS that are just beginning to be re-examined with solution phase processing. Here we report a new, facile, and scalable chemical route to Earth abundant element thin film solar cells by coating a solution of highly soluble, inexpensive, and commercially available precursors in an environmentally friendly non-toxic solvent to form device quality films. Air-stable CZTS photovoltaic devices with 4.1% total area power conversion efficiency are obtained. We have generalized the chemical route and have used it to also fabricate PbS devices that are 1.5% efficient.