cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave spectrum, structure, quadrupole coupling constants, dipole moment, and barrier to internal rotation of N-methylhydroxylamine

Abstract The microwave spectrum has been observed and analyzed for five isotopic species of N -methylhydroxylamine. For the normal species the rotational constants (in Megahertz) are A = 38 930.771 ± 0.005, B = 3939.607 ± 0.002, and C = 8690.716 ± 0.001. These data show that the molecule exists in the trans conformation, with structural parameters that include the following: CN = 1.460, NO = 1.461, NH = 1.007, and OH = 0.962. Hyperfine structure analyses have yielded the complete inertial axis 14 N quadrupole coupling constant tensor, and thus the tensor values in the electric field-gradient principal axis system as follows: χ xx = 4.41 ± 0.30, χ yy = 1.93 ± 0.45, and χ zz = −6.34 ± 0.30 MHz. The total electric dipole moment has been found to have the value μ T = 0.71 D, and the barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group is 3.55 kcal/mole.
Origins of Attachment: The Role of Context, Duration, Frequency of Observation, and Infant Age in Measuring Maternal Behavior:

A total of 32 Caucasian women and their first-born infants (16 male, 16 female) were observed in multiple naturalistic and single free-play interactions at 1-, 4- and 9-months infant age: setting and coding procedures were held constant. Infant-mother attachment quality was assessed at 1 year. Analyses examined similarities among and differences between data derived from the two interactional contexts, and the relative utility of each in explaining individual differences in attachment quality. Data from individual naturalistic observations were not as reliable as data consolidated across naturalistic observations. Additionally, maternal sensitivity, as measured by repeated naturalistic observations, was far superior to sensitivity measured in the free-play context in accounting for individual differences in attachment quality-securely attached infants experienced higher levels of maternal sensitivity than did insecurely attached infants. Conversely, it was difficult to distinguish between naturalistic and...
Combined effects of host quality and local mate competition on sex allocation inLariophagus distinguendus

Many parasitoid wasps are known to adjust sex ratio in response to either local mate competition (LMC) or host quality. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the combined effects of these two factors on sex allocation. The sex allocation pattern inLariophagus distinguendus, a parasitoid of granary weevil larvae, is contrasted to the expectations of Werren's (1984) model combining LMC and host quality. Several predictions of the model are confirmed, but others are not. Sex ratio on both large and small hosts declines with proportion of small hosts attacked in a manner consistent with the model. However, when only one host size is parasitized, sex ratio is not independent of that host size, as predicted by the model. Various possibilities for the deviation between expected and observed are discussed. A partial LMC/host quality model is developed which allows for some matings outside the natal patch, and predictions of this model conform more closely to the pattern observed inL. distinguendus. Finally, the application of parasitoid studies to basic questions in evolutionary ecology is briefly discussed.
Epitope Repertoire of Human CD4+ T Cells on Tetanus Toxin: Identification of Immunodominant Sequence Segments

Sequence regions of tetanus toxin-forming CD4+ cell epitopes in 8 HLA-disparate subjects were identified. Overlapping synthetic peptides corresponding to the complete tetanus toxin sequence were used to test, in a proliferation assay, unselected blood CD4+ cells or CD4+ cell lines propagated by stimulation with tetanus toxoid. The CD4+ cell lines recognized most peptides recognized by the blood CD4+ cells and they recognized additional peptides. Their responses were stronger than those of unselected blood CD4+ cells. Two peptides were recognized by all subjects: one largely overlapped a tetanus toxin sequence region previously identified as a "universal" T cell epitope. Thirteen other peptides elicited a CD4+ cell response in 6 or 7 of the 8 subjects, and another 10 elicited responses in 5 subjects.
Electron Transfer Dissociation of Milk Oligosaccharides

For structural identification of glycans, the classic collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra are dominated by product ions that derived from glycosidic cleavages, which provide only sequence information. The peaks from cross-ring fragmentation are often absent or have very low abundances in such spectra. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) is being applied to structural identification of carbohydrates for the first time, and results in some new and detailed information for glycan structural studies. A series of linear milk sugars was analyzed by a variety of fragmentation techniques such as MS/MS by CID and ETD, and MS3 by sequential CID/CID, CID/ETD, and ETD/CID. In CID spectra, the detected peaks were mainly generated via glycosidic cleavages. By comparison, ETD generated various types of abundant cross-ring cleavage ions. These complementary cross-ring cleavages clarified the different linkage types and branching patterns of the representative milk sugar samples. The utilization of different MS3 techniques made it possible to verify initial assignments and to detect the presence of multiple components in isobaric peaks. Fragment ion structures and pathways could be proposed to facilitate the interpretation of carbohydrate ETD spectra, and the main mechanisms were investigated. ETD should contribute substantially to confident structural analysis of a wide variety of oligosaccharides.
Identification of HilD-Regulated Genes in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) encodes a type III secretion system required for invasion of host gut epithelial cells. Expression of SPI-1 virulence genes is controlled by a complex hierarchy of transcription factors encoded within and outside SPI-1. The master regulator of SPI-1, HilA, is itself regulated by three homologous transcription factors, HilD, HilC, and RtsA. HilD activates transcription of hilA and other target genes in response to environmental conditions associated with the intestinal microenvironment of the host. We have mapped the binding of HilD across the S. Typhimurium genome using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq). Thus, we have identified 17 regions bound by HilD, including 11 novel targets. The majority of HilD targets are located outside SPI-1. We demonstrate transcription activation of 8 genes by HilD; four of these genes have not been previously described as being regulated by HilD, including lpxR, which encodes a lipid A deacylase important for immune evasion. We also show that HilD-activated genes are frequently activated by HilC and RtsA, indicating extensive overlap of the HilD, HilC, and RtsA regulons.
Increased Activity in Human Visual Cortex during Directed Attention in the Absence of Visual Stimulation

When subjects direct attention to a particular location in a visual scene, responses in the visual cortex to stimuli presented at that location are enhanced, and the suppressive influences of nearby distractors are reduced. What is the top-down signal that modulates the response to an attended versus an unattended stimulus? Here, we demonstrate increased activity related to attention in the absence of visual stimulation in extrastriate cortex when subjects covertly directed attention to a peripheral location expecting the onset of visual stimuli. Frontal and parietal areas showed a stronger signal increase during this expectation than did visual areas. The increased activity in visual cortex in the absence of visual stimulation may reflect a top-down bias of neural signals in favor of the attended location, which derives from a fronto-parietal network.
The Limits of Cost-Benefit Calculation: Commentary on Bennis, Medin, & Bartels (2010).

Bennis, Medin, and Bartels (2010, this issue) correctly identify real limits to the efficacy of cost-benefit analysis in comparison to moral rules. In this commentary, I suggest that those very same limits apply to decision making in general. Cost-benefit analysis may be the best way to arrive at decisions under a set of “closed-world assumptions” like those described by Bennis et al. But those assumptions virtually never hold, and in the absence of those assumptions, cost-benefit analysis often substitutes counting for thinking.
Real-time, low-complexity, low-memory solution to ECG-based heart rate detection

This paper addresses the issue of heart rate detection from noisy ECG data, and presents a method with low complexity and low memory requirements that can detect QRS complex in the presence of noise and muscle artifacts. On the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database we were able to detect 99.3% of QRS complexes with 0.47% false detection. This method can also be applied to heart rate detection using phonocardio signals.
Structural Basis for Rab11-mediated Recruitment of FIP3 to Recycling Endosomes

The Rab11 GTPase regulates recycling of internalized plasma membrane receptors and is essential for completion of cytokinesis. A family of Rab11 interacting proteins (FIPs) that conserve a C-terminal Rab-binding domain (RBD) selectively recognize the active form of Rab11. Normal completion of cytokinesis requires a complex between Rab11 and FIP3. Here, we report the crystal structure and mutational analysis of a heterotetrameric complex between constitutively active Rab11 and a FIP3 construct that includes the RBD. Two Rab11 molecules bind to dyad symmetric sites at the C terminus of FIP3, which forms a non-canonical coiled-coiled dimer with a flared C terminus and hook region. The RBD overlaps with the coiled coil and extends through the C-terminal hook. Although FIP3 engages the switch and interswitch regions of Rab11, the mode of interaction differs significantly from that of other Rab-effector complexes. In particular, the switch II region undergoes a large structural rearrangement from an ordered but non-complementary active conformation to a remodeled conformation that facilitates the interaction with FIP3. Finally, we provide evidence that FIP3 can form homo-oligomers in cells, and that a critical determinant of Rab11 binding in vitro is necessary for FIP3 recruitment to recycling endosomes during cytokinesis.
Prescription patterns for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Michigan Medicaid: a comparison by prescriber type

Due to a limited number and disparate distribution of pediatric rheumatologists in the US, a variety of physician types provide care to children with rheumatologic diseases. However, little is known about how that care may differ across prescribing physician groups. Our objective was to compare medication claims for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) by type of prescribing physician. We performed a retrospective cohort study of children with JIA using Michigan Medicaid data for 7/1/2005-6/30/2007, employing descriptive and bivariate analyses by age, medication type, and prescriber type. Among 397 children, there was no difference in the frequency of medication claims for children with internist versus pediatric rheumatologist prescribers. Children with non-rheumatologist prescribers were less likely to have claims for disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologic agents. Differential use of DMARDs and biologic agents by rheumatologists indicates the importance of referring children with JIA for specialty care.
Theory of new primary standard of the Carnegie Institution of Washington

The theory of a new primary standard for measuring any component of the Earth's magnetic field is developed. The magnetometer consists of a Helmholtz-Gaugain coil which provides a standard field opposed to that component of the Earth's magnetic field which is to be measured, and a rotating coil used as a null detector. The voltage generated in the rotating coil is detected by an alternating-current amplifier. The constant of the Helmholtz-Gaugain coil is computed from the formulas developed by C. Snow from the mutual inductance between two concentric cylinders. Corrections are computed for the fact that the Helmholtz-Gaugain coils are helices, for the axial components of current, for the effect of the lead-in wires, and for non-uniformities in winding. The finite size of the detector is not a limitation on the accuracy since it is taken into account in the computation. Consequently, the accuracy of the coil-constant of the new standard depends only upon constructional accuracy. Inhomogeneity in the field of the Helmholtz-Gaugain coil necessitates the use of small correction-terms to the voltage of fundamental frequency generated in the detector and produces odd harmonics of the fundamental frequency in the detector. The errors in orientating the Helmholtz-Gaugain coil are also examined. The limiting sensitivity of the detector is calculated from the thermal agitation of electricity in the coil of the detector.
Tyrosine hydroxylase in rat brain: developmental characteristics.

— The development of tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosine 3-hydroxylase, EC 1.14.3.a) activity has been examined in whole rat brain and in various regions and subcellular fractions thereof. The specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase increased almost 15-fold from 15 days of gestation to adulthood. With maturation, those regions of the brain that contain only terminals of the catecholaminergic neurons showed the greatest increases in enzyme activity. There was a shift in the subcellular distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase from the soluble fraction in the fetal brain to the synaptosomal fraction in the adult brain. Tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.2.1) and the specific uptake mechanism for norepinephrine appear to develop in a coordinated fashion.
A comparison of ownership structures and innovations of US and Japanese firms

This study analyzes the impact of ownership structure on innovation in the US and Japan. Agency theory is used to develop links between the distinct patterns of ownership in the US and Japan to differences in innovation. Empirical evidence shows that ownership concentration and the identity of the investors with large ownership positions affects innovation. This relationship differs across the two countries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerial oxidation of tetraethyl silicate and effect on ammonia catalyzed hydrolysis

Colloidal suspensions of Si0{sub 2} in ethanol prepared by the ammonia catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethyl silicate (TEOS) in ethanol have been routinely used for over 10 years to prepare antireflective (AR) coatings on the fused silica transmissive optical components of high power fusion lasers. Very high purity coatings are required to avoid laser damage and these are obtained when the TEOS is fractionally distilled under N{sub 2} prior to use. Recently we found that products from aerial oxidation of distilled TEOS, had a significant effect on the particle size of our coating suspensions to the detriment of the optical performance. We require particle sizes less than 20 nm to avoid light loss due to scatter and contaminated TEOS gave suspensions with much higher particle sizes. Oxidation products were identified by GC mass spectroscopy and included acetaldehyde, acetic acid, silicon acetates and reaction products of these compounds with ethanol. Acetic acid and silicon acetates were found to be the major cause of large particle formation. These could be removed by careful redistillation preferably in the presence of a small quantity of magnesium ethoxide. Storage in sealed containers over N{sub 2} avoided further problems.
Sulfone and phosphinic acid analogs of decaprenolphosphoarabinose as potential anti-tuberculosis agents.

Abstract Mycobacteria biosynthesize a cell wall structure that is rich in polysaccharides containing arabinofuranose residues. The source of these arabinofuranose residues is decaprenolphosphoarabinose (1), the donor substrate for mycobacterial arabinosyltransferases. We have previously demonstrated that an analog of 1, C-phosphonate 7, prevented the growth of mycobacteria and this compound is currently undergoing testing for efficacy in tuberculosis-infected mice. We describe here the synthesis and testing of additional analogs of 1 that contain either a sulfone (8–14) or phosphinic acid (15–19) moiety in place of the phosphodiester functionality. Screening of these compounds in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv revealed that while some of these compounds possessed low to modest activity, none was as potent as 7.
Ecologists should not use statistical significance tests to interpret simulation model results

Simulation models are widely used to represent the dynamics of ecological systems. A common question with such models is how changes to a parameter value or functional form in the model alter the results. Some authors have chosen to answer that question using frequentist statistical hypothesis tests (e.g. ANOVA). �怀is is inappropriate for two reasons. First, p-values are determined by statistical power (i.e. replication), which can be arbitrarily high in a simulation context, producing minuscule p-values regardless of the effect size. Second, the null hypothesis of no difference between treatments (e.g. parameter values) is known a priori to be false, invalidating the premise of the test. Use of p-values is troublesome (rather than simply irrelevant) because small p-values lend a false sense of importance to observed differences. We argue that modelers should abandon this practice and focus on evaluating the magnitude of differences between simulations. A growing number of authors in the ecological literature use statistical methods common to experimental ecology to analyze the output of ecological simulation models. For example, authors may use analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test whether model runs with different parameter values or different functional forms produce statistically different outputs. We view significance testing applied to simulation model output as a misuse of statistical theory. In this article we explain our reasoning with the goals of discouraging the practice, encouraging instead a focus on the magnitude of differences between simulations (i.e. effect sizes), and sparking discussion regarding when ‐ if ever ‐ statistical significance tests could be appropriate. �怀e perils of placing too much emphasis on statistical
On the design and maximum-likelihood decoding of space-time trellis codes

In this letter, we present a simple generalization of the maximum ratio combining principle for space-time coded systems. This result leads to a maximum-likelihood decoder implementation that does not depend on the number of receive antennas and avoids the loss in performance incurred in the decoders proposed by Tarokh and Lo (1998) and Biglieri et al. The insights offered by this decoding rule allow for a simple and elegant proof for the space-time code design criterion in systems with large number of receive antennas. We further present an upper bound on probability of error that captures the dependence of space-time code design on the number of receive antennas. Finally, we present a computationally efficient approach for constructing space-time trellis codes that exhibit satisfactory performance in systems with variable number of receive antennas.
Characterization of rotational molding grade polyethylene powders

Rotational molding grade polyethylene powders are classified according to sieve size, to typically–35 mesh, and by flowability, usually determined by pouring freeflowing powder from a funnel onto a fixed base cone. In the latter case, the static angle of repose is then measured. This study concentrates on general methods of characterizing powders and relating these methods of flowability of five selected commercial rotational molding grade polyethylene powders. The techniques described in this study include methods for measuring particle size distribution, particle shape characteristics, static and dynamic angles of repose, powder shear strength, and angle of internal friction. All powders examined had similar particle size distribution profiles, with distributions skewed to the coarser, −35 mesh size particles. The static and dynamic angles of repose were quite similar and the latter were essentially independent of the volume fraction of powder in the rotating cylinder and of the speed of rotation of the cylinder. All powders had shape parameters–elongational ratio, chunkiness, circularity, and roundness–that were essentially similar and independent of particle size, and the compressibilities of the bulk powders were not strongly dependent on powder bed height.
Perceived Self-Efficacy and Grandparenting

Objectives This study identifies grandparents who feel efficacious in their role and the consequences of such beliefs for actual involvement with an adolescent grandchild. Methods The sample of 883 grandparents comes from two related studies of rural families, the Iowa Youth and Families Project and the Iowa Single Parent Project. Our research questions are answered by testing a series of bivariate and multivariate regression models. Results Results show much variability in perceptions of being able to influence one's grandchild. Church attendance, knowledge of one's own grandparents, a farm history, a strong grandparent-parent bond, proximity, and having fewer grandchildren emerged as significant predictors of grandparents' perceptions of efficacy. Grandparents with strong self-efficacious beliefs play an active role in the lives of their grandchildren. Discussion With an increasing number of grandparents taking responsibilities for their grandchildren, a greater understanding of the experiences and resources that enhance their sense of personal efficacy in this role warrants priority in generational studies.
Lightness recovery for pictorial surfaces

We introduce a new formulation of the lightness problem for images of artworks, such as paintings or frescoes. As artists often paint the effects of light, the albedo field can contain a component that mimics an illumination field. Therefore, new insights are needed to distinguish the effects of physical illumination and painted shading. Because paint has a small dynamic range compared to light, these two signals can be distinguished using dynamic range. We describe a variational method to estimate the physical illumination component. We show our method produces estimates of the illumination intensity field for multispectral images of works of art that compare very well with ground truth, which is known. Our method outperforms other state-of-the art lightness recovery algorithms. For (R,G,B) images of frescoes found on the web, where ground truth is not known, our method produces results that appear to be very good, too.
Impact of electrode design and surgical approach on scalar location and cochlear implant outcomes.

Objectives/Hypothesis Three surgical approaches: cochleostomy (C), round window (RW), and extended round window (ERW); and two electrodes types: lateral wall (LW) and perimodiolar (PM), account for the vast majority of cochlear implantations. The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between surgical approach and electrode type with final intracochlear position of the electrode array and subsequent hearing outcomes. Study Design Comparative longitudinal study. Methods One hundred postlingually implanted adult patients were enrolled in the study. From the postoperative scan, intracochlear electrode location was determined and using rigid registration, transformed back to the preoperative computed tomography which had intracochlear anatomy (scala tympani and scala vestibuli) specified using a statistical shape model based on 10 microCT scans of human cadaveric cochleae. Likelihood ratio chi-square statistics were used to evaluate for differences in electrode placement with respect to surgical approach (C, RW, ERW) and type of electrode (LW, PM). Results Electrode placement completely within the scala tympani (ST) was more common for LW than were PM designs (89% vs. 58%; P < 0.001). RW and ERW approaches were associated with lower rates of electrode placement outside the ST than was the cochleostomy approach (9%, 16%, and 63%, respectively; P < 0.001). This pattern held true regardless of whether the implant was LW or PM. When examining electrode placement and hearing outcome, those with electrode residing completely within the ST had better consonant-nucleus-consonant word scores than did patients with any number of electrodes located outside the ST (P = 0.045). Conclusion These data suggest that RW and ERW approaches and LW electrodes are associated with an increased likelihood of successful ST placement. Furthermore, electrode position entirely within the ST confers superior audiological outcomes. Level Of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 124:S1–S7, 2014
Cascading policies provide fault tolerance for pervasive clinical communications

We implemented an end-to-end notification system that pushed urgent clinical laboratory results to Blackberry 7510 devices over the Nextel cellular network. We designed our system to use user roles and notification policies to abstract and execute clinical notification procedures. We anticipated some problems with dropped and non-delivered messages when the device was out-of-network, however, we did not expect the same problems in other situations like device reconnection to the network. We addressed these problems by creating cascading "fault tolerance" policies to drive notification escalation when messages timed-out or delivery failed. This paper describes our experience in providing an adaptable, fault tolerant pervasive notification system for delivering secure, critical, time-sensitive patient laboratory results.
Cholesterol Monohydrate Dissolution in the Presence of Bile Acid Salts

The molecular-level dissolution of cholesterol monohydrate single crystal (001) surfaces was systematically investigated in aqueous solutions of chenodeoxycholate (CDC) and ursodeoxycholate (UDC) u...
The genus Geitleria ( Cyanophyceae or Cyanobacteria ): Distribution of G. calcarea and G. floridana n. sp.

The calcifying cave inhabitant atmophytic blue-green algaGeitleria calcarea is reported from new localities in Florida and in the Cook Islands.—G. floridana n. sp., is described from caves in Florida. The calcified sheath has the shape of a quadratic prism and is built of crystalline acicular subunits about 0.1 µm in diameter. The subunits mostly form a rhombic lattice pattern but in some cases, they are not distinguishable and then the surface of the sheath is smooth.
Effect of solvents on eosinophile-stimulating substance of erythrocyte stroma.

Summary1. A series of experiments with variously treated RBC stroma injected intra-peritoneally into mice clearly demonstrates that an eosinophile-stimulating substance previously noted is not a lipid. 2. The experiments further establish that the substance is either a protein or a protein-carbohydrate compound. 3. The possibility is raised that the physical state of material (gel or insoluble suspension) may determine the eosinophilic response.
Matrix crack interacting with a delamination in an impacted sandwich composite beam

Abstract Delamination interacting with matrix cracking is a characteristic failure mechanism that is observed in the damage evolution of laminated composites subjected to low velocity impact. This failure mode can be studied in isolation by investigating the low velocity impact response of sandwich panels that have thin face sheets bonded to a core. In these panels, failure is seen to initiate in the core (akin to the matrix) by cracking, leading to delamination between the core and the face sheet. Experimental and modeling results for the flexural response and failure mechanisms of sandwich composite beams under three point bend loading, both for quasi-static and impact loading are presented. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used to obtain the surface strain field during the response event as well as capturing the onset of failure. A 2D, plane strain finite element (FE) model using the Smeared Crack Approach (SCA) has been developed to predict the response, and to capture the interactive failure seen in the experiments. The FE model accurately captures the response seen in the experiments as well as the mode of failure and the progression.
Investigation on Sterilization Temperature of Yellow Rice Wine

There were two kinds of sterilization temperature for yellow rice wine: wine boiling temperature at 85～95 ℃ and bottled wine sterilization temperature at 80～88 ℃. The factors influencing sterilization temperature of yellow rice wine included heat-resistant lactobacillus, other heat-resistant bacteria, mycotic spore, heat-resistant α-amylase, and solids quantity etc. Yellow rice wine rancidity was induced mainly by lactobacillus fermentation. (Tran. by YUE Yang)
Discussion and Analysis on Co-construction and Sharing of Public Health Medical Information Resources

The paper elaborates the necessity of co-construction and sharing of public health medical information resources.It introduces how to construct co-construction and sharing system from resource access,resource distribution,fund input,literature collection and technical support,it also points out that the construction of this system would promote the further development of disease control and prevention career.
Modeling Issues Related to the Hydrodynamics of Three-Dimensional Steady Planing

A three-dimensional numerical model using vortex lattice methods is developed to solve the steady planing problem. This paper examines assumptions related to high-speed planing hydrodynamics, including those used by two-dimensional slender-body theories. Emphasis is placed upon the investigation of various modeling issues such as the zero pressure condition on the free surface and the treatment of the flow off the chines. Numerical results including hydrodynamic forces and pressure distributions are presented and compared with experiments. A simple model to include the effect of gravity in the near field is also examined. The models described here can be incorporated into design methodologies for predicting the hydrodynamic force and moment acting on planing hulls with general shape
Gene Silencing and Chromatin Modification by Polycomb Complexes in Flies and Humans

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with gene slicing and chromatic modification by polycomb complexes. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are general chromatin repressors that are conserved from flies to humans. Most PcG members were identified through genetic screens in Drosophila on the basis of their roles in silencing homeotic ( Hox ) genes. In the most severe PcG mutants, the ABD-B Hox protein accumulates throughout the A–P axis, which transforms most segments into copies of the eighth abdominal segment. Thus, complete loss of PcG silencing in fly embryos causes wholesale disruption of segmental differentiation. Under conditions of less severe PcG loss, adult flies display modest alterations in segment identity yielding, for example, legs with extra sex comb bristles. Genetic studies show that individual subunits of these PcG complexes are each required for Hox gene silencing in vivo , indicating that these biochemically separable complexes work together to achieve silent chromatin states. This chapter further discusses the molecular functions and workings of each PcG complex. Following this, it describes the functions of the three PcG complexes. It also deals with PcG partnership with other chromatin silencing enzymes and looks into polycomb silencing in stem cell maintenance. Finally, it describes the connection between PcG repressors and cancer.
Direct small-molecule inhibitors of KRAS: from structural insights to mechanism-based design

KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer. In addition to holding this distinction, unsuccessful attempts to target this protein have led to the characterization of RAS as 'undruggable'. However, recent advances in technology and novel approaches to drug discovery have renewed hope that a direct KRAS inhibitor may be on the horizon. In this Review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the structure, dynamics, mutational activation and inactivation, and signalling mechanisms of RAS. From this perspective, we then consider potential mechanisms of action for effective RAS inhibitors. Finally, we examine each of the many recent reports of direct RAS inhibitors and discuss promising avenues for further development.
Predictors of Time to Union After Operative Fixation of Closed Ankle Fractures.

Background. Ankle fractures are common and represent a significant burden to society. We aim to report the rate of union as determined by clinical and radiographic data, and to identify factors tha...
Chronic TrkB agonist treatment in old age does not mitigate diaphragm neuromuscular dysfunction.

Previously, we found that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through the high‐affinity tropomyosin‐related kinase receptor subtype B (TrkB) enhances neuromuscular transmission in the diaphragm muscle. However, there is an age‐related loss of this effect of BDNF/TrkB signaling that may contribute to diaphragm muscle sarcopenia (atrophy and force loss). We hypothesized that chronic treatment with 7,8‐dihydroxyflavone (7,8‐DHF), a small molecule BDNF analog and TrkB agonist, will mitigate age‐related diaphragm neuromuscular transmission failure and sarcopenia in old mice. Adult male Trk B F 616A mice ( n = 32) were randomized to the following 6‐month treatment groups: vehicle‐control, 7,8‐DHF, and 7,8‐DHF and 1NMPP1 (an inhibitor of TrkB kinase activity in Trk B F 616A mice) cotreatment, beginning at 18 months of age. At 24 months of age, diaphragm neuromuscular transmission failure, muscle‐specific force, and fiber cross‐sectional areas were compared across treatment groups. The results did not support our hypothesis in that chronic 7,8‐DHF treatment did not improve diaphragm neuromuscular transmission or mitigate diaphragm muscle sarcopenia. Taken together, these results do not exclude a role for BDNF/TrkB signaling in aging‐related changes in the diaphragm muscle, but they do not support the use of 7,8‐DHF as a therapeutic agent to mitigate age‐related neuromuscular dysfunction.
Invasive aspergillosis related to ibrutinib therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

We report a case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient taking ibrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We hypothesize that ibrutinib promoted this infection by suppressing innate immune responses against Aspergillus. Clinicians should be aware of potential Aspergillus infections in patients treated with this drug.
The Senator Will See You Now

On May 4, 2017, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the American Health Care Act of 2017 (“AHCA”) by a picayune margin of just four votes. Commonly referred to as the most recent legislation designed to “repeal and replace” the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”), the Senatorial counterpart to the ACHA, known as the Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017 (“BCRA”), today rests in the hands of 52 Republican, 46 Democratic and 2 Independent U.S. Senators, as the nation waits for word on the fate of the ACA and President Obama’s legacy in the spectrum of health care reform.
Task-Constrained Trajectory Planning of Free-Floating Space-Robotic Systems Using Convex Optimization

This paper addresses the trajectory-planning problem for a free-floating space-robotic system for which there are no actuations on the base spacecraft. The mission considered is that the end effect...
Te lo pido por favor: Estrategias de cortesía de hablantes de herencia del español mexicano

El presente estudio analiza la realizacion de peticiones de 30 alumnos universitarios que han adquirido el espanol como lengua de herencia y compara sus estrategias de cortesia linguistica con las estrategias producidas en las peticiones de 30 nativo-hablantes del norte de Mexico. Este analisis se realiza en el momento en que estos alumnos se enfrentan con la tarea de escribir a interlocutores hipoteticos que representan diferentes grados de poder y distancia social. Las peticiones se analizan de acuerdo a cuatro medidas de cortesia linguistica: (1) la forma de tratamiento, (2) la franqueza del acto principal, (3) el uso de las estrategias de cortesia positiva y (4) el uso de las estrategias de cortesia negativa. Se observa que los participantes siguen la norma monolingue en cuanto al tratamiento y la formacion del acto principal de la peticion, exhibiendo variacion estilistica segun las dinamicas de poder y distancia social del interlocutor, pero que hay diferencias sutiles en el uso de estrategias positivas y negativas en comparacion a los nativo-hablantes, lo cual apoya la inclusion de la instruccion pragmatica explicita en la ensenanza de espanol como lengua de herencia
A Comprehensive Study of Game Theory Applications for Smart Grids, Demand side Management Programs and Transportation Networks

Game theory is a powerful analytical tool for modeling decision makers strategies, behaviors and interactions. A Decision maker’s act and decisions can benefit or negatively impact other decision makers interests. Game theory has been broadly used in economics, politics and engineering field. For example, game theory can model decision making procedure of different companies competing with each other to maximize their profit.
The Asian financial crisis: market inefficiency and speculative bubbles

A significant body of economic literature considers the collapse of Thailand's financial market as one of the causes of the Asian financial crisis during the years 1997-1998. The phenomenon subsequently raises the question of whether the stock market of Thailand at the time was working efficiently or characterised substantially by speculative bubbles. Empirical tests are, however, rare. The present study revisits the 1997 Asian financial crisis and empirically investigates the presence of market inefficiency and speculative bubbles in the Thai stock market using monthly data spanning January 1985 to December 1998. A variety of contemporary econometric tests provide substantial evidence for the existence of market inefficiency, speculative bubbles and overvalued stocks in the Thai stock market during the Asian remarkable economic growth in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The findings also contribute to the scholarly research on this topic by offering additional insights into the anatomy and dynamic behaviour of Thai stock prices during the crisis episode.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism of Ephedrines and Related Molecules

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), the difference in absorbance of left and right circularly polarized infrared radiation during vibrational excitation, provides information on the solution conformation of biological molecules.1,2 The fast time scale of vibrational excitation allows observation of discrete vibrational bands for conformers that are averaged on the NMR time-scale, and the added dimensions of sign and conformational sensitivity introduced with circular dichroism permit additional resolution of features that overlap in the parent infrared absorption spectra. We have recently investigated a series of molecules with two chiral centers and a variety of possible intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded conformations. These molecules include six ephedra drugs,3 where R and R’ are H or CH3, and the chirality at C1 is S and that at C2 is R for ephedrines and S for pseudoephedrines. The other molecules studied, related structurally to ephedrines, are the antiarrhythmic drug propranolol and a series of substituted 1,2-diphenylethanes Ephedrines [(R,R)-hydrobenzoin, (1R,2R)-diphenylethylenediamine and (1S,2S)-2-amino-l,2-diphenylethanol]. The absorbance and VCD spectra in the OH-and NH-stretching regions have been measured and interpreted by comparison with ab initio geometry, vibrational frequency and intensity calculations for a group of low energy conformers of each compound.
Clocks within the hourglass

Eta Carinae is a spectacular star. With a mass perhaps 100 times that of the Sun, it is very luminous, and barely stable. Even though it is 8,000 light years away, it became one of the brightest stars in the sky during an outburst about 150 years ago. Periodic but intensifying emission of X-rays from the star probably herald another outburst in January (although it is unlikely to be as violent). Observations of the coming outburst should, however, help us to determine whether Eta Carinae is a binary, and what causes it to emit X-rays.
The Langley 8-ft Transonic Pressure Tunnel Laminar-Flow-Control Experiment

The NASA’s response to the oil shortage and price increases of the 70’s was the creation of the Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) Program. Its objective was to provide aerodynamic and controls technology that would enable the design of commercial transports with substantially better fuel efficiency than those in service at the time. This program had a number of facets, most of which were centered on supercritical airfoil/wing and winglet technology, and included both industry and NASA in-house research components. This paper concerns one of the NASA in-house activities, the Langley Laminar Flow Control (LFC) Project, which was carried out in the Langley 8-foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel (8-ft TPT). The idea for such an undertaking came from Dr. Werner Pfenninger in 1975 and stemmed, primarily, from a desire to know more about the compatability of a high performance supercritical wing with laminar flow control. The possible adverse effect of a large supersonic zone and its associated wave structure on the stability of a suction controlled boundary layer was a particular concern.
DHA in the Second 6 Months of Life

The first 12 months of life is by far the most rapid growth period during the entire life span. The birth weight of a healthy term infant typically doubles in 4 months and nearly triples in 12 months (1). Therefore, an infant who weighs 3.5 kg at birth will weigh 7.0 kg at 4 months of age and 9.6 kg at 12 months of age. After the exceptional initial growth period, gains in body weight and length moderate and become linear for the next few years. In addition to physical growth, the infant passes many developmental ­milestones as well. During the first year of life motor development progresses from ­rolling over to crawling to standing (2), and more subtle advances also occur such as rapid maturation of visual acuity (3).
Optogenetic entrainment of the septo-hippocampal circuit is state conditional and attenuates spatial accuracy

Summary The manipulation of pattern generators in order to impose temporal organization on target nodes while accounting for dynamic changes in behavior and cognitive demand remains a significant challenge for the use of neurostimulation as a therapeutic treatment option. While perturbation through optogentic stimulation can reveal circuit mechanisms that create and locally integrate temporal organization, it is unclear whether superseding endogenous signals with artificial oscillations would benefit or impede hippocampus-dependent cognition or how cognitive demand might affect artificial septo-hippocampal entrainment. Optogenetic MS stimulation in wild-type rats in 3 conditions showed that septal input is more likely to supersede endogenous hippocampal LFP oscillations when animals are at rest or performing a hippocampus-dependent spatial accuracy task. Stimulation during a hippocampus-independent task, however, resulted in compensatory endogenous oscillations. Although stimulation effects on the inter-spike interval of hippocampal pyramidal cells mirrored task-conditional theta entrainment of the LFP, place field properties were unaffected. Analyses of spatial behavior indicate that optogenetic stimulation can attenuate performance and specific measures of goal zone estimation accuracy but otherwise does not affect the rat’s ability to navigate to the target quadrant. The results suggest that the behavioral effect of temporally organizing the septo-hippocampal circuit relative to an artificial theta signal is limited to the accuracy of the rat’s approximation of the goal zone location. These results have significant implications for the therapeutic use of optogenetic stimulation as a means of attenuating cognitive deficits associated with temporal discoordination.
Gendered "Long Arm" of Parental Education? Life Course Influences on Later Life Functional Limitations in India.

Objective: We adopt a novel approach to mediation analysis to account for interrelated life course social processes that constitute later life health disparities. We examine gender-specific direct ...
Can Online College Education Make Students Smarter and More Moral? A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Two Online College Course Assignments on Students’ Moral Competence

Higher education institutions in the United States have historically been tasked with the responsibility of scaffolding the moral development of students. Although empirical evidence suggests that attending colleges and universities can foster students’ moral development and reasoning, the effect of online higher education remains mainly unknown. The current study has examined the effect of two online psychology courses, Developmental Psychology and Research Methods Lab, and their respective assignments on students’ moral competence. The findings revealed that students’ moral competence in both courses was improved; this improvement was partly attributed to online group discussions in the Developmental psychology course. No other assignments were found to be significant contributors of students’ moral competence. Limitations and implications of the findings were discussed.
Arteriovenous Malformations: Endovascular Indications and Technique

Endovascular treatment (EVT) is one of the three main pillars of management of brain arteriovenous malformation (b-AVM). Constant advances in microcatheter technology, embolic agents, and new angiography systems with reduced radiation exposure are likely to continue to expand the role of endovascular therapy in b-AVM treatment. Factors such as natural history, location, size, angioarchitecture, rupture status, and presence of symptoms are considered when determining the role of EVT in the overall patient management. The goal of EVT is defined by these aspects in conjunction with patient medical history and desire of the patient to undergo treatment, as well as local availability of technology and operator experience. Despite the increasing number of case series reporting b-AVM cure after EVT, it is still largely considered a neoadjuvant treatment prior to microsurgery and stereotactic radiosurgery (Liu et al., Interv Neuroradiol 16:47–57, 2010). Nonetheless, it is an important therapeutic option, alongside radiosurgery, for deep-seated lesions.