cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucose-stimulated sodium transport by the human intestine during experimental cholera

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Net sodium absorption from oral rehydration solution is increased by both glucose-sodium cotransport and solvent drag. The aim of this study was to measure the relative importance of glucose- sodium cotransport and solvent drag in the stimulation of net sodium absorption by oral rehydration solution. METHODS: Total intestinal perfusion was used in normal subjects with and without intrajejunal cholera toxin using three test solutions containing 100 mmol/L sodium and either 100 mmol/L mannitol (control), 100 mmol/L glucose, or no additional solute (hypotonic solution). The increase in sodium absorption greater than control with hypotonic solution represented sodium absorption stimulated by solvent drag; the further increase in sodium absorption induced by glucose, greater than that noted with the hypotonic solution, represented sodium absorption stimulated by cotransport. RESULTS: Without cholera toxin, solvent drag and cotransport promoted sodium absorption at rates of 62 and 33 mmol/h, respectively. With cholera toxin, solvent drag and cotransport promoted sodium absorption at rates of 44 and 71 mmol/h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Net sodium absorption caused by cotransport increased more than twofold after exposure of the intestine to cholera toxin (P < 0.003). This could be mediated by increased cotransport, a change in the stoichiometry of cotransport, or an increase in chloride permeability. (Gastroenterology 1997 May;112(5):1529-35)
Transitory Behavior of Synthetic Jets

The transitory behavior of an isolated synthetic (zero net mass flux) jet was investigated experimentally using PIV and hot-wire anemometry. In the present work, the synthetic jet was produced over a broad range of length- and time-scales, where three formation frequencies, f = 300, 917, and 3100Hz, several stroke lengths (between 5 and 50 times the slit width) and Reynolds numbers (between 85 and 408) were tested. The transitory behavior, following the onset of the input signal, in planes along and across the slit was measured. It was found that the time it takes the synthetic jet to become fully developed depends on the stroke length, formation frequency and Reynolds number. In general, the transients consist of four stages associated with the merging of vortices in both cross-stream and spanwise planes that grow in size, which lead to the pinch off of the leading vortex before the jet reaches its steady-state.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Psychological differences between stutterers and nonstutterers: A review of the experimental literature

Abstract Various theorists have maintained that stutterers are psychologically different from nonstutterers. However, evidence bearing on this point is contradictory. Projective psychological tests have failed to demonstrate any consistent disparities between these two populations. On the other hand, inventory-type test findings suggest that stutterers are somewhat more tense and socially withdrawn. This paper undertook the review of several other types of psychological investigations of stutterers and normal speakers. The collective findings of these projects indicate that stutterers do differ significantly from nonstutterers along several, diverse psychological dimensions. Interestingly, certain consistencies are apparent in the data reviewed. These regularities are discussed in terms of possible causes and effects of stuttering, and potentially useful therapy techniques.
Driver and Road Type Effects on Light-Duty Gas and Particulate Emissions

An instrumented minivan on a 30-mi (48-km) test route was used to measure second-by-second vehicle operating characteristics as well as tailpipe particulate and gas emissions. The research objectives were (a) to quantify the variability of gas and particulate emissions between 12 drivers and (b) to measure the relative emissions levels on freeways, signalized arterials, rural two-lane arterials, and local roads. The results reaffirm that individual drivers significantly affect emissions levels. All emissions concentrations were also systematically related to road type. Furthermore, drivers could be grouped by emissions level, but these groupings differed by pollutant and by road type. More data are needed to elucidate driver-road type interactions and to characterize the regional driver pool for more robust microscale emissions models. The relative importance of driver type compared with the importance of other factors known to affect emissions needs to be quantified. Finally, two key issues were identifi...
Induced dicentric chromosome formation promotes genomic rearrangements and tumorigenesis

Chromosomal rearrangements can radically alter gene products and their function, driving tumor formation or progression. However, the molecular origins and evolution of such rearrangements are varied and poorly understood, with cancer cells often containing multiple, complex rearrangements. One mechanism that can lead to genomic rearrangements is the formation of a “dicentric” chromosome containing two functional centromeres. Indeed, such dicentric chromosomes have been observed in cancer cells. Here, we tested the ability of a single dicentric chromosome to contribute to genomic instability and neoplastic conversion in vertebrate cells. We developed a system to transiently and reversibly induce dicentric chromosome formation on a single chromosome with high temporal control. We find that induced dicentric chromosomes are frequently damaged and mis-segregated during mitosis, and that this leads to extensive chromosomal rearrangements including translocations with other chromosomes. Populations of pre-neoplastic cells in which a single dicentric chromosome is induced acquire extensive genomic instability and display hallmarks of cellular transformation including anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Our results suggest that a single dicentric chromosome could contribute to tumor initiation.
Effects of Fetal Asphyxia on Brain Cell Structure and Function: Limits of Tolerance

The objective of this paper is to review the published information available on the effect of hypoxia on fetal cerebral integrity, and to attempt to define limits of fetal tolerance to asphyxia Data were obtained in experimental animals following imposed hypoxia or asphyxia. Studies were carried out in the fetus by physiologic, biochemical, histologic, and behavioral techniques. Human data were collected from newborns at birth and during subsequent development. It has been established that acute asphyxia of the fetus in utero may result in a spectrum of effects on the fetus, including death, or survival with permanent neurologic damage, or apparent complete recovery. The severity of damage depends on the degree and duration of asphyxia and a number of sensitizing factors, including prior metabolic and cardiovascular status of the fetus, differential sensitivity of the heart and brain to asphyxia, gestational age, plasticity, intermittency of asphyxial insults, and the pattern of intermittency. The fetus has a number of compensatory mechanisms that allow it to survive periods of oxygen limitation without permanent damage to the brain. The fetus can increase cerebral blood flow to increase oxygen delivery to the brain, and can decrease its metabolism by electrophysiological and behavioral state changes. Cerebral ischemia and reduced metabolism to < 50% of control is probably necessary for permanent brain damage to occur. In human pregnancy, factors consistent with intrapartum asphyxia lasting until delivery as a cause of fetal neurologic damage include absent fetal heart rate variability, umbilical cord arterial pH < 6.8, base access < -20 mEql-1, severe and prolonged newborn depression with Apgar score of < or = 3 at 10 min, seizure activity in the first day of life, and damage to the noncerebral organs and regions. However, these factors are neither independently nor collectively predictive of asphyxial brain damage. It is concluded that permanent neurologic damage or death can occur in the fetus due to single or repetitive episodes of hypoxia or asphyxia, but it is not yet possible to predict the occurrence or extent of such damage in an individual fetus.
Electronic structure of high-Tc superconductors studied using photoelectron spectroscopy☆

Abstract Fundamental information about the structure of the valence band and the chemical valence states of the various constituents of the LaSrCu, YBaCu, BiSrCaCu and TlCaBaCu oxides have been obtained using photoelectron spectroscopy. These results show that the one-electron theories do not adequately describe the electronic structure of these superconductors. The atomic origins of the features observed in the valence bands have been investigated by studying photoemission resonances and changes in excitation cross-sections with photon energy. Results to date suggest that these materials have varying densities of states at the Fermi level, valence bands composed of O 2p and Cu 3d states, and display no significant changes in the band structure associated with the superconducting behaviour when the temperature is lowered below T c . In addition, the complex surface chemistry of these oxides make it essential to study the surface stoichiometry and the interaction of simple molecules. O 2 and CO are found to interact only weakly with the surfaces of the materials studied to date, while the H 2 O and CO 2 react strongly, forming hydroxides and carbonates.
Pivoting the Role of Government in the Business and Society Interface: A Stakeholder Perspective

The growing popularization of stakeholder theory among management scholars has offered a useful framework for understanding the multiple and interdependent roles of government and business in an increasingly challenging political and regulatory environment. Despite this trend, attention to the role and responsibility of government to protect citizen rights has been limited. To the two traditional stakeholder theory views of government where the focal organization remains the firm, we propose to add two views by pivoting the government’s place and making it the focal organization. We thus describe governments as serving four roles in the business–government–society nexus (namely, “framework,” “business partner,” “interfering,” and “advocate”). For each role, we analyze typical governmental activities/behaviors, relationships with firms’ stakeholders, as well as the challenges and limits to these roles. We also focus on the central notion of salience amplification, as a means of checks and balances across stakeholders in order to safeguard citizen rights and reveal the greater good.
A stochastic learning algorithm for pixel-level background models

A new stochastic learning algorithm for use in nonparametric pixel-level background models is presented in this paper. For the first time, we propose the use of kernel density estimation (KDE) techniques in the model update step to identify outliers within the pixel-level sample collections and replace them with with recently observed background image features. A neighborhood diffusion process that improves on recently reported scene model learning techniques is presented, wherein information sharing between similarly structured adjacent background models is encouraged to promote spatial consistency within localized image regions. We demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm by comparison with the state-of-the-art ViBe system using the well known percentage correct classification (PCC) statistic and a new figure of merit, probability correct classification (PrCC), presented here for the first time.
Longitudinal Changes in Memory and Executive Functioning are Associated with Longitudinal Change in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in older adults

Impaired everyday function is a diagnostic criterion for dementia, and a determinant of healthcare utilization and caregiver burden. Although many previous studies have demonstrated a cross-sectional relationship between cognition (particularly executive functions and memory) and everyday function in older adults, very little is known about longitudinal relationships between these domains. This study examined the association between longitudinal change in episodic memory (MEM) and executive functioning (EXEC) and change in everyday function. Participants were a cognitively heterogeneous group of 100 elderly persons including those with normal cognition, as well as those with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. They were followed for an average of 5 years. Random effects modeling showed that change in both MEM and EXEC were independently associated with rate of change in informant-rated instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), even after controlling for age, education, and gender. Findings indicate that declines in MEM and EXEC over time make unique and independent contributions to declines in older adults' ability to function in daily life.
Response to ‘Factors aside from Helicobacter pylori play an important role in the occurrence of peptic ulcer in dialysis patients’

We thank Dr Tseng et al. for their useful comments and references about the effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy and the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)/aspirin in dialysis patients.1
The Simulation Analysis on the Heat Transfer Model of Bloom

A mathematical heat transfer model was built to simulate temperature, shell growth and phase transformations in continuous casting based on the technical conditions of the bloom caster of some steelmaking plant. The simulation result is coincided with the measurement. The effects of the operation parameters including casting speed, bloom size and steel melt superheat on the solidification process were discussed and the means of enhancing the bloom temperature was brought forward. The research results have been applied in the practical manufacture process to compute the best casting speed, to control the flow rate of secondary cooling water and to optimize the spray pattern of secondary cooling zone. The bloom quality and productivity could be improved.
Bilateral carotid dissections after a dental procedure: The role of stenting in unstable lesions

Cervical dissections are a rare but potentionally devastating complication of positioning in anesthetized patients. A 40-year-old woman was noted to have right arm weakness after a prolonged dental procedure. Imaging revealed bilateral carotid dissections with severe stenosis. The patient had further clinical deterioration despite therapeutic anticoagulation. Carotid stenting of the symptomatic left carotid artery led to improved flow and the patient had no further events. Caution should be exercised during prolonged neck hyperextension to avoid the potentially devastating complication of cervical dissection. Carotid stenting may be necessary to maintain adequate flow in patients with clinical instability despite medical therapy.
Computing Aspects of a Nonlinear Method of Sire Evaluation for Categorical Data

Abstract The threshold model equations are shown to correspond to a pseudo-linear model. A modification of Jacobi iteration "on data" is presented that does not require setting up the system of equations explicitly. Two iterative threshold model programs were developed; these involve absorption-inversion and iteration "on data". The programs were applied to a set of simulated data. Normal termination did not occur when the data contained fixed effects with observations only in an extreme category, and methods for solving such problems are described. The absorption-inversion program behaved erratically when the model was not of full rank; numerical accuracy problems precluded detection of dependencies between thresholds and other effects. The iteration "on data" version was fastest when only a single round of modified Jacobi was performed for each Newton-Raphson round. A round of iteration for the absorption-inversion program consumed 837, 11.8, and 1.24s of central processing unit time on a Personal Computer AT, an IBM 3081 mainframe, and a CRAY X-MP/48 supercomputer, respectively. Corresponding times for the iteration "on data" program were 55.2, 2.6, and .57s. The cost of a threshold model analysis would be three to five times larger than that of a linear model.
Analysis of fatal crashes in Georgia work zones

Studies on work zone crashes typically examine a combination of injury, fatal, and property damage crashes to identify factors that contribute to unsafe conditions within work zones. Few studies focus on fatal crashes within work zones, although a clear understanding of the driver, roadway, and work zone conditions associated with fatal crashes will facilitate the development of strategies aimed at improving safety and reducing fatal as well as nonfatal crashes. The Georgia Department of Transportation recently performed a study to identify the manner of collision, location, and construction activity associated with fatal crashes in work zones. This study is expanded further to examine the difference between fatal crash activity within work zones compared with fatal crashes in non-work-zone locations. Using data from three work zone locations in Georgia, fatal crash activity within work zones also was compared with nonfatal crashes within work zones. Finally, fatal crash activity was examined to determine...
7α- and 17α-substituted estrogens containing tridentate tricarbonyl rhenium/technetium complexes: Synthesis of estrogen receptor imaging agents and evaluation using MicroPET with technetium-94m

Abstract To develop technetium and rhenium-labeled imaging agents for estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast tumors, we have prepared tridentate metal tricarbonyl chelates substituted at the 7α- and 17α-positions of estradiol. Some of the Re(CO) 3 conjugates have high binding for the ER in vitro. The in vivo biodistribution of the highest affinity of these novel metal tricarbonyl conjugates, prepared as the 94m Tc labeled analogue, was evaluated by tissue dissection and microPET imaging. Although target tissue-selective uptake was not apparent, it is notable that microPET imaging identified the stomach as a major site of activity deposition, a site that might have been missed by standard tissue distribution studies.
Design and management of free water surface constructed wetlands to minimize mosquito production

Constructed wetland technology has broad applications for the treatment of many types of wastewaters and provides an ecological approach to mitigate the release of nutrients and toxic materials into the environment. However, design features, maintenance activities and the characteristics of the wastewater undergoing treatment contribute differentially to potential levels of mosquito production and, consequently, to threats to human and animal health from mosquito-borne pathogens. Of the variables typically considered when designing free-water surface constructed wetlands for the improvement of water quality of municipal and agricultural wastewaters, organic loading (i.e., biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids), nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and the configuration and maintenance of emergent vegetation can have strong effects on mosquito production. The production of Culex vectors of encephalitides and filarial worms is directly related to loading rates of organic matter and bottom-up enrichment of larval mosquito resources and their interaction with design features and management practices that reduce the physical and biological factors causing mortality of immature mosquitoes. As loading rates of organic matter and nutrients decline, the diversity of mosquitoes produced by treatment wetlands tends to increase and the relative abundance of Anopheles species, which are capable of vectoring the causative agents of malaria, increases in temperate man-made wetlands. Habitat features and management practices that create intermittently inundated substrate can lead to the production of other mosquitoes (i.e., Aedes, Psorophora) with floodwater life histories. Constructed wetland technology is expected to play an increasing role in water treatment and reclamation in tropical and subtropical countries where virulent mosquito-borne pathogens already cause significant levels of morbidity and mortality.
Leadership and Culture in Indonesian Politics . By R. William Liddle. Sydney: Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with Allen and Unwin, 1996. v, 314 pp. $34.95 (paper). Distributed by Paul and Company.

IntroductionPART ONE1 Suharto's Indonesia: Personal Rule and Political Institutions2 The Politics of Shared Growth: Some Indonesian Cases3 Politics and Culture in Indonesia4 The Relative Autonomy of the Third World Politician: Suharto and Indonesian Economic Development in Comparative PerspectivePART TWO5 Improvising Political Cultural Change: Three Indonesian Cases6 Indonesia's Democratic Past and Future7 Indonesia's Threefold Crisis8 The Politics of Development Policy9 Can All Good Things Go Together? Democracy, Growth and Unity in Post-Suharto Indonesia10 Media Dakwah Scriptualism: One Form of Islamic Political Thought and Action in New Order IndonesiaIndex
Automated screening for mutants affecting dopaminergic-neuron specification in C. elegans.

An automated sorting method using the COPAS Biosort machine allows the isolation of mutant C. elegans displaying differences in GFP expression in small numbers of cells. Compared to manual methods this increases the efficiency of the phenotypic selection step in cell-fate screens. We describe an automated method to isolate mutant Caenorhabditis elegans that do not appropriately execute cellular differentiation programs. We used a fluorescence-activated sorting mechanism implemented in the COPAS Biosort machine to isolate mutants with subtle alterations in the cellular specificity of GFP expression. This methodology is considerably more efficient than comparable manual screens and enabled us to isolate mutants in which dopamine neurons do not differentiate appropriately.
Excited delirium following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts).

Synthetic analogs of the cathinone molecule have seen increasing recreational use as substitutes for cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and methamphetamine. Repeated use of these drugs is associated with a paranoid hallucinatory delirium. A subset of patients using these substances develops a syndrome of extreme agitation and violent behavior that has been reported following the use of other stimulant drugs that also produce rapid changes in brain monoamines. This syndrome, characterized as “excited delirium,” presents to the acute care setting with a challenging combination of paranoia, severe agitation and violent behavior. These patients frequently suffer from dehydration, skeletal muscle damage and renal failure that may lead to multiorgan failure and death. Management of these individuals requires careful consideration of the consequences of interventions commonly implemented in medical settings to control dangerous aggressive behavior.
The Axisymmetric Deformation of Linearly and Nonlinearly Elastic Spinning Tubes Under End Thrusts and Torques

We consider the steady-state deformations of elastic tubes spinning steadily and attached in various ways to rigid end plates to which end thrusts and torques are applied. We assume that the tubes are made of homogeneous linearly or nonlinearly anisotropic material and use Simmonds' (1996) simplified dynamic displacement-rotation equations for shells of revolution undergoing large-strain large-rotation axisymmetric bending and torsion. To exploit analytical methods, we confine attention to the nonlinear theory of membranes undergoing small or large strains and the theory of strongly anisotropic tubes suffering small strains. Of particular interest are the boundary layers that appear at each end of the tube, their membrane and bending components, and the penetration of these layers into the tube which, for certain anisotropic materials, may be considerably different from isotropic materials. Remarkably, we find that the behavior of a tube made of a linearly elastic, anisotropic material (having nine elastic parameters) can be described, to a first approximation, by just two combined parameters. The results of the present paper lay the necessary groundwork for a subsequent analysis of the whirling of spinning elastic tubes under end thrusts and torques.
The influence of season on adenine nucleotide concentrations and energy charge in four marsh plant species

Seasonal changes in adenylate levels and adenylate energy charge (AEC) of four perennial marsh plant species growing in their natural environment were monitored. Leaf tissue was collected bimonthly from Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl., S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth., S. alterniflora Loisel. and Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene using a method designed for field sampling of adenine nucleotides. The AEC of all four plant species exhibited a strong seasonal variability. Comparison with above-ground biomass (g m−2) demonstrated a close relationship between AEC and growth. The AEC ratios peaked in early spring or summer (0.78-0.85) and then declined in late summer and early fall. The ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP ratios also fluctuated seasonally and in a pattern similar to that of the AEC.
Pulsed-laser deposition of Si nanoclusters

Growth properties of thin films of Si nanoclusters that were deposited on Si wafers by use of pulsed-laser ablation are discussed. The films were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and FTIR spectroscopy. Large nonlinear optical absorption was measured using a Free-Electron Laser at wavelengths near the infrared absorption band centered at 9.8 μm.
Microtubule dynamics: Treadmilling comes around again

Although it is generally believed that microtubules have minus ends bound to the centrosome and free plus ends that exhibit dynamic instability, recent observations show that the minus ends can be free and that modulation of dynamic instability at both ends can result in treadmilling and flux in interphase cells.
Two-dimensional electron gas charge-coupled devices

The two-dimensional electron gas charge-coupled device (2DEG-CCD) structure is an outgrowth of recent advances in 2DEG-FET structures for digital logic circuitry and microwave devices. The 2DEG-FET structures, which are known by severalacronyms such as HEMT, SDHT, TEGFET, HIGFET, and MODFET, utilize the abrupt heterointerface between two semiconductor materials and consequent conduction band discontinuity to confine electrons [1]. Due to confinement in the direction perpendicular to the interface, the resultant electron distribution is known as a two-dimensional electron gas. Because of the confinement dimensions and the low electron effective mass usually associated with group 111-V materials, quantum mechanics plays an important role in broadening the spatial electron distribution and defining allowed energy states. However, quantum effects typically play a minor role in understanding device behavior at temperatures above 77 K. 2DEG-FET devices have several attributes which include very high mobility of the channel charge (typically in excess of 5,000 cm2/V-sec at room temperature), high transconductance, and low voltage swing requirements. The 2DEG structure is attractive for CCD applications for several reasons. First, the high low-field mobility and use of a semi-insulating substrate suggest very high speed device operation. Second, the charge-handlin capabilty of the 2DEG-CCD structure is large compared with MESFET-type CCDs, and can exceed 1x101 carriers/cm2. Third, the lattice-matched heterointerface has a potentially lower interface trap density than the intrinsically mismatched silicon-silicon dioxide interface, as well as improved radiation hardness. Finally, the useful operating temperature of the 2DEG-CCD is expected to be lower than that of the silicon CCD. Other features of the 2DEG-CCD include fabrication compatibility with high-performance, low noise 2DEG-FET output circuitry and an anti-blooming gate structure.
The effects of smoking cessation on food craving.

Weight gain is considered a frequent consequence of smoking cessation. Several psychological mechanisms may play an important role in weight gain following smoking cessation. The present investigation examined changes in food craving associated with smoking cessation using psychophysiologic (i.e., salivation), self-report, and behavioral (i.e., ad lib consumption) measures of reactivity to food cues in a prospective design. Although quitters (n=16) evidenced weight gain (approximately 5 lbs.) at 1 week and 5 weeks post quit date and while control groups of smokers (n=11) and nonsmokers (n=16) did not, no support was found for increased craving assessed via self-report or salivation. The quitters did show evidence of increased craving as measured by ad lib consumption, while smokers and nonsmokers did not. However, the failure to find a significant Group by Session interaction limits our ability to make a strong statement concerning between-group differences on ad lib consumption.
Nanometer-scale self-assembly of amphiphilic copolymers to control and prevent biofouling

Bacterial infections occur on nearly 4% of all implanted medical devices, leading to a loss in patient quality of life, higher medical costs, and in some cases permanent disability. These infections typically form biofilms that limit the effectiveness of antibiotics and may require removal of the device. Since the infections are difficult to cure once established, methods to prevent the initial bacterial infection have been investigated. Biocidal surfaces can be effective in preventing bacterial colonization, but they do not prevent the non-specific adhesion of biomacromolecules that are the precursor to bacterial attachment. Self-assembled monolayers can prevent biomacromolecule adsorption, but their effectiveness diminishes over time due to monolayer desorption. Robust amphiphilic copolymers that self-assemble into distinct phases on the nanometer-scale can prevent biomacromolecule adsorption, and subsequent organism adhesion and biofilm formation. These coatings phase separate on the length scale of biomacromolecules and disrupt their adhesion mechanism. In this review, the development of amphiphilic polymer architectures that phase separate on the nanometer-scale is discussed with a focus on the different amphiphilic copolymer architectures used and their prevention of biofouling. Though a nascent technique in this field, phase separated amphiphilic copolymer coatings have significant potential to prevent bacterial infections on implanted medical devices.
Objective and subjective dimensions of travel impedance as determinants of commuting stress.

The stressful characteristics of commuting constraints are conceptualized in terms of both physical and perceptual conditions of travel impedance. This study develops and operationalizes the concept of subjective impedance, as a complement to our previously developed concept of impedance as a physically defined condition of commuting stress. The stress impacts of high-impedance commuting were examined in a study of 79 employees of two companies in the follow-up testing of a longitudinal study. Subjective impedance was overlapping but not isomorphic with physical impedance, and these two dimensions have differential relationships with health and well-being outcomes. The physical impedance construct received further confirmation in validational analyses and in predicted effects on various illness measures and job satisfaction. The newly constructed subjective impedance index was significantly related to evening home mood, residential satisfaction, and chest pain. Job change was also influenced primarily by commuting satisfaction. The results are discussed within an ecological framework emphasizing interdomain transfer effects and situational moderators of commuting stress.
The Strength of Admissibility Without Foundation

The following is part of a series of papers on theories for (iterated) admissible sets (cf. [10], [11], [12], [14], [15]). Although these theories are weak subsystems of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, they allow one to formalize and prove a fair amount of definability theory and generalized recursion theory. Using this machinery it is in general not very hard to establish the connections between theories for admissible sets and (for example) systems of second order arithmetic. A proof-theoretic analysis of theories for admissible sets therefore provides quite a uniform and powerful framework for the proof-theoretic treatment of many systems of set theory, second order arithmetic and constructive mathematics (see [12] and [15]). The strongest result in this direction so far is the pair of proof-theoretic equivalenceswhere T0 is Feferman's system for explicit mathematics of [5] and [6], (-CA) + (BI) is the usual system of second order arithmetic with the axiom of -comprehension and bar induction and KPi is Kripke-Platek set theory with ∈-inductionfor arbitrary formulas and the additional axiom.The least standard model of KPi is L(i0) where i0 is the first recursively inaccessible ordinal.In this paper we are mainly interested in the theory KPi0 which results from KPi by severely restricting the principles of induction. Basically, complete induction on the natural numbersis allowed only for ∆0-formulas, and (IND∈) is omitted completely.
FROM POLICY SCIENCE TO POLICY ANALYSIS: A QUARTER CENTURY OF PROGRESS?

This essay on the intellectual history of policy analysis traces the field from Merriam's concept of “intelligent planning” and Lass-well's vision of “policy sciences” to the present. Lasswell's vision is seen as a relevant if unrealized one in general dimensions. It is argued that the tie of policy analysis to traditional issues in political science is unbreakable and, because of this, attempts to develop an interdisciplinary policy science premised on the supposed unifying force of a common methodological core have led to fragmentation, not theoretical integration. The emergence of the synoptic/empirico-rational tradition and anti-synoptic/neo-pluralist traditions in policy analysis in the 1950's and 1960's are discussed and strengths and weaknesses noted. Divisions over the question of values and normative theory are highlighted. A concluding section discusses alternative views on the proper scope of policy analysis as an emerging discipline, contrasting the “handmaiden” and “ivory tower” alternatives. A six-dimension outline of a map for policy analysis as a field is presented and the continued utility of Lasswellian concerns emphasized in contrast to the stalemated debate between synoptic and anti-synoptic viewpoints in American policy analysis.
Observations on an Association Between the Dexaminid Amphipod Polycheria antarctica f. acanthopoda and Its Ascidian Host Distaplia cylindrica

Abstract The Antarctic circumpolar ascidian Distaplia cylindrica harbors individuals of the amphipod Polycheria antarctica form acanthopoda that live in domiciles excavated by the amphipod. There was no evidence this amphipod consumed its host ascidian tissues. This burrowing association with D. cylindrica may provide an important structural or chemical refuge from prospective fish predators.
Patterns of recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme after external irradiation followed by implant boost.

Abstract Purpose: To study patterns of recurrence in patients with focal primary glioblastoma treated on Northern California Oncology Group protocol 6G-82-2 including surgery, focal external beam radiotherapy (59.4–60 Gy) with oral hydroxyurea followed by temporary brain implant with high-activity iodine-125 sources (50 Gy), and six cycles of chemotherapy with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine. Methods and Materials: Serial brain imaging scans were available for review in 25 of 34 patients with glioblastoma who underwent brain implant boost. Of 381 scans performed between the date of diagnosis and the date of death or last follow-up, 362 (95%) were re-reviewed. Disease progression was scored as local (within 2 cm of the implant site), separate within the brain parenchyma (⩾ 2 cm from the implant site), subependymal, or systemic. Both initial and subsequent failures were scored. Results: Three patients are 5-year survivors, without evidence of disease, at 267, 292, and 308 weeks. Of the 22 initial sites of failure, 17 (77%) were local, three (14%) were separate brain lesions (one of which was due in retrospect to multicentric disease at diagnosis), one (5%) subependymal, and one (5%) systemic. Five patients with local failure later had other sites of failure, including a separate brain lesion in 1, subependymal spread in 3, and both in 1. One patient with separate brain failure later had local progression and then subependymal spread. Conclusion: Although there was a significant risk of separate brain lesions or subependymal spread over time, local tumor progression was the predominant pattern of failure.
The Socioeconomic Benefits to Military Families of Home-Basing of Armed Forces

The home-basing or relocation of military units from Outside Continental United States (OCONUS) to Continental United States (CONUS) and the proposed increase in time from three to six years at CONUS locations is hypothesized to generate considerable socioeconomic benefits. Analysis of the Survey of Army Families, 1987, and Army Family Survey Research data reveal that home-basing is likely to improve quality of spouse employment and the quality of family life of soldiers. An increase in time at a location by three years is likely to increase spouse earnings by 14 percent. An increase in spouse employment due to home-basing is also associated with an increase in spouse's satisfaction with Army life which, in turn, tends to increase spouse's desire for soldier-husband's retention in the Army. The home-basing is also likely to reduce child care costs to the Army and to the soldiers because of lower child care costs in CONUS relative to OCONUS. Three limitations of home-basing and Army policy measures for mit...
Pink Ribbons and Public Private Parts: On Not Imagining Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of all gynecological cancers. Diagnosis is often late-stage when the disease has spread and is harder to manage. Primarily non-visual and sometimes ambiguous early symptoms are exacerbated by the rarity and metaphoric/metonymic character of representations of the ovaries or ovarian disease in television, film, and literature. More representations of ovarian cancer in public and popular culture, as well as images that appeal to a wider range of sensory experience, may help the problem of late-stage diagnosis by producing greater practical awareness of the ovaries and ovarian disease.
On the time consistency of the government's social security benefit policy

Abstract It is shown that the government's social security benefit policy may be time-inconsistent when a worker's future benefit depends on his labor earnings history. When the future benefit is tied to current labor supply, the benefit will distort the worker's labor supply decision ex ante of retirement, but not ex post. Any excess burden associated with the government's benefit policy is taken into account in the open loop policy game, but is ignored in the closed loop game. This will generally imply that the benefit will be larger under the closed loop rule, ceteris paribus .
Numerical study of orographic-convective precipitation over the eastern Arabian Sea and the Ghat Mountains during the summer monsoon

Abstract When the western coast of India lies in the path of the low-level west-southwest wind crossing the Arabian Sea during the summer monsoon season, deep convection frequently develops over the ocean off the coast. In such a situation, the maximum rainfall occurs near the coast, not over the Western Ghats. In order to study the physics underlying orographic-convective precipitation over this area, a two-dimensional compressible moist cloud model is applied. The model is written in terrain-following coordinates and includes the Coriolis force and a planetary boundary layer parameterization. The initial fields of thermodynamic variables are specified using observed data gathered upstream of the offshore precipitating systems over the Arabian Sea. Two wind profiles are considered: vertically uniform and nonuniform flows. The latter profile represents a monsoonal westerly jet at low levels and easterlies in the layer above 5 km. Three cases are considered for each wind profile by including or omitting mo...
Henneman's ‘size principle’: current issues

Despite initial formulation over a quarter of a century ago, Henneman's ‘size principle’ remains a provocative concept. Evaluation of the size principle has focused on testing the possibility that motoneuron size is the basis for orderly motor-unit recruitment during the graded development of muscle force. Although the results have been largely inconclusive, these efforts have been central to our understanding of motor-control mechanisms. This article provides an assessment of the relevance of the ‘size principle’ to our current understanding of motor control.
Modifiable Impairments Predict Progressive Disability Among Older Persons

Our purpose was to determine the extent to which a predetermined set of modifiable impairments predicted progression of disability. Method: We conducted a 3-year follow-up of two community-based cohorts of older adults. The impairment areas included lower extremity, upper extremity, hearing, vision, and affect. Home management and social or productive activities were the domains of function investigated. Results: All five impairments were of at least borderline significance in predicting decline in both functional domains in both cohorts with the exception of hearing for home management activities. The five impairments together explained from 17% to 23% of the decline seen in the functional outcomes (partial R2s 0.17 to 0.23). Discussion: Five prevalent and potentially modifiable impairments explained much of the progressive disability experienced. Given the priority that older patients place on function as a health outcome, these impairments should be routinely assessed and modified.
Index profile control using Li(+) for Na(+) exchange in aluminosilicate glasses.

Two new techniques for altering the gradient-index profile shape are presented using ion exchange of Li+ for Na+ in an aluminosilicate glass. By varying the alkali concentration in the base glass and salt melt, the functional form of the index profile is modified to range in shape from convex to concave. The success of these techniques is attributed to the unusual characteristics of the initial system, which are shown to be caused by a nonlinear dependence of refractive index on dopant concentration.
FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODISM: A DESCRIPTION OF 2 UNUSUAL CASES

SOMEWHERE in the no-man's land between endocrinology, morphology and genetics lie the hermaphroditic anomalies. Unfortunately, the relative influence of any single factor in a particular case is all too often in doubt; great confusion still exists as to the role of the “sex” hormones, of the organizers, and of the genes. Not only is the nature of the developmental abnormalities not understood but in many cases one is ignorant of the true sex of the child, since it cannot be assumed that the actual somatic sex is always the same as that of the gonads. Furthermore, it is often impossible to predict with any degree of confidence the the course of psychosexual development (1, 2). Young (3) divided his patients into three groups, depending upon the status of the gonads. The true hermaphrodite was defined as the patient with both ovarian and testicular tissue. The male pseudohermaphrodite had testes and no evidence of ovaries but, depending upon the degree of the anomaly, might show hypospadias, cleft scrotum, ...
Antigen processing and presentation of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein

Abstract Antigen processing and presentation is the complex series of steps involving numerous compartments of cells derived from multiple lineages. This collective process is central to the initiation of specific cellular immune responses. Internalization of foreign proteins or infectious agents, degradation of proteins to peptides, and transfer to 1a heterodimers which are then translocated to the cell surface, comprise the pathway. This can be blocked by drugs which interfere with compartment acidification (ammonium chloride, methylamine, chloroquine), protein synthesis (emetine), vesicle trafficking (brefeldin A), and microtubule metabolism (taxol, colchicine, nocadazole).
Elementary function expansions for Madelung constants

The Madelung constant-essentially the Coulomb energy density of a crystal-is usually calculated via Ewald error function expansions or, for the simpler cubic structures, by the 'cosech' series of modern vintage. By considering generalised functional equations for multidimensional zeta functions, the authors provide explicit expansions for the spatial potential and energy density of three-dimensional periodic structures. These formulae, involving only elementary functions, are suitable for systematic calculation of Madelung constants of arbitrary point-charge crystals. They indicate how zeta function relations may be used for dimensional reduction of certain multiple sums arising in the special cubic cases.
Should the Insulin Resistance Syndrome be Treated in the Elderly

The insulin resistance syndrome represents the co-occurrence of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, central and overall obesity, and dyslipidaemia characterised by low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglyceride levels. Epidemiologic studies have revealed an increasing prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly populations. Indeed, recent data indicate that over 40% of US adults aged ≥60 years meet current criteria for the insulin resistance syndrome. Patients with this syndrome are at increased risk for the development of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus, two of the most significant health problems among people >65 years of age. Identification and treatment of the insulin resistance syndrome may thus represent an important approach to reducing the overall burden of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. While development of the insulin resistance syndrome is partly determined by modifiable environmental factors, there may be a genetic basis for the syndrome, with high levels of concordance among monozygotic twins. Ongoing research focusing on the pathophysiology of this syndrome has implicated insulin resistance as the central disorder underlying both the development of diabetes as well as the pro-thrombotic endothelial dysfunction characteristic of CVD. Studies aimed at reversing insulin resistance have identified weight loss, exercise and pharmacological treatment with metformin, thiazolidinediones, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and ACE inhibitors as potential therapies to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. However, although insulin sensitisation may be beneficial for preventing type 2 diabetes, there are no data yet available to show whether this strategy will reduce the incidence of CVD. Increased exercise and other healthy lifestyle changes form the cornerstone of therapy for elderly patients with the insulin resistance syndrome. In addition, active identification and aggressive management of traditional cardiovascular risk factors are the current standard of care. For elderly patients, recent studies have conclusively demonstrated the safety and efficacy of pharmacological management of elevated blood pressure and cholesterol levels.