cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency Dependences of Ultrasonic Wave Velocity and Attenuation in Fiber Composites. Theory and Experiments

In high temperature composites interphases are added between the fibers and the matrix to improve their thermal and mechanical properties. Chu and Rokhlin have determined interphasial elastic properties and interphasial damage for ceramic and intermetallic matrix composites by measuring bulk wave phase velocities along different directions in the composites [1, 2, 3, 4]. Effective interphasial moduli were found from velocity data using micromechanical models. More recently, fatigue damage in the fiber-matrix interphases in SiC/Ti-15-3 composites has been assessed using both the ultrasonic wave velocity and scattering (attenuation) measurements as functions of the stages of the fatigue life cycle [5, 6]. It has been found that the velocity and attenuation (scattering) of ultrasonic waves in these composites are very dependent on the interphase properties due to the large diameters of the fibers. On the other hand the frequency dependences of the wave velocity and attenuation have not been fully studied experimentally.
PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN FISSION YEAST

ABSTRACT Protein synthesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, from the start of sexual induction all the way to sporulation, was monitored by pulse-labelling, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and gel autoradiography. About a dozen radiolabelled bands, out of about 60 bands discernible after staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue, are identified as synthesized preferentially during development. Many vegetative bands, synthesized during the cell cycle, are synthesized during development at much reduced rates or not at all. Developmentally regulated bands may appear early or late in the sequence. In general, protein synthesis in a developing culture peaks after conjugation and decreases drastically soon after, hours before the appearance of the first spores. KEYWORDS Protein synthesis; sexual development; flocculation; copulation; conjugation; meiosis; sporulation; fission yeast; Schizosaccharomyces pombe; amino acid uptake.
A YopH PTP1B Chimera Shows the Importance of the WPD-Loop Sequence to the Activity, Structure, and Dynamics of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases.

To study factors that affect WPD-loop motion in protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), a chimera of PTP1B and YopH was created by transposing the WPD loop from PTP1B to YopH. Several subsequent mutations proved to be necessary to obtain a soluble, active enzyme. That chimera, termed chimera 3, retains productive WPD-loop motions and general acid catalysis with a pH dependency similar to that of the native enzymes. Kinetic isotope effects show the mechanism and transition state for phosphoryl transfer are unaltered. Catalysis of the chimera is slower than that of either of its parent enzymes, although its rate is comparable to those of most native PTPs. X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to probe the structure and dynamics of chimera 3. The chimera’s structure was found to sample an unproductive hyper-open conformation of its WPD loop, a geometry that has not been observed in either of the parents or in other native PTPs. The reduced catalytic rate is attributed to the protein’s ...
Prognostic influence of BRCA 1 somatic mutations in African Amercian versus Caucasian ovarian cancer patients.

e17054Background: Racial disparities in outcomes exist between African-American (AA) and Caucasian (C) patients (pts) with high grade epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Not all disparity is explained...
Backscatter from Near — Surface Bubble Clouds

A new surface backscatter model is proposed with geometry suggested by recent ocean observation. Volume scatterers in this model are vertical cylinders of elliptical cross section. The Born approximation backscatter result for this geometry shows substantial agreement with high frequency backscatter data. We examine backscatter cross sections as a function of wind speed, acoustic frequency, and grazing angle. It is demonstrated that almost all the high frequency backscatter in the model results from specular reflection from surfaces of volume scatterers. Some preliminary speculations are offered for the application of this model to the low frequency surface reverberation problem, where data are scarce.
Reduction of Autophagic Accumulation in Pompe Disease Mouse Model Following Gene Therapy.

Background Pompe disease is a fatal neuromuscular disorder caused by a deficiency in acid α-glucosidase, an enzyme responsible for glycogen degradation in the lysosome. Currently, the only approved treatment for Pompe disease is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which increases patient survival, but does not fully correct the skeletal muscle pathology. Skeletal muscle pathology is not corrected with ERT because low cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor abundance and autophagic accumulation inhibits the enzyme from reaching the lysosome. Thus, a therapy that more efficiently targets skeletal muscle pathology, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV), is needed for Pompe disease. Objective The goal of this project was to deliver a rAAV9-coGAA vector driven by a tissue restrictive promoter will efficiently transduce skeletal muscle and correct autophagic accumulation. Methods Thus, rAAV9-coGAA was intravenously delivered at three doses to 12-week old Gaa-/- mice. 1 month after injection, skeletal muscles were biochemically and histologically analyzed for autophagy-related markers. Results At the highest dose, GAA enzyme activity and vacuolization scores achieved therapeutic levels. In addition, resolution of autophagosome (AP) accumulation was seen by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis of autophagy-related proteins. Finally, mice treated at birth demonstrated persistence of GAA expression and resolution of lysosomes and APs compared to those treated at 3 months. Conclusion In conclusion, a single systemic injection of rAAV9-coGAA ameliorates vacuolar accumulation and prevents autophagic dysregulation.
Clinical Trials and Novel/Emerging Treatment

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is increasing in incidence and presents a therapeutic challenge, as most patients present at an advanced unresectable stage and face an adverse prognosis. Recent next-generation sequencing studies indicate that these tumors are enriched with several actionable mutations, perhaps more than other gastrointestinal cancers. Morphologically, these tumors are diverse and may be mass-forming, intraductal, or periductal. Therefore, the traditional, “one-size-fits-all” approach is not ideal for this cancer. Historically, liver-directed approaches have been more commonly used in hepatocellular cancer, while systemic chemotherapy remains the primary approach for the advanced stage of ICC. This paradigm has fortunately begun to change, and patients with ICC now have multiple treatment options including liver-directed and targeted therapies based on underlying mutational profile. These novel strategies along with a multitude of ongoing clinical trials including approaches with immunotherapy offer considerable promise towards improving the clinical outcome of this cancer.
Body mass index and carpal tunnel syndrome: a Mendelian randomization study

Abstract Introduction We investigated whether higher body mass index (BMI) may causally increase risk of carpal tunnel syndrome using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods The exposure included genetic instruments comprising independent variants associated with BMI (n=322,154). Associations of these variants with CTS were obtained from a genome-wide association study conducted in UK Biobank (UKB; 12,312 cases/389,344 controls) with replication in the FinnGen cohort (4,505 cases/86,854 controls). Causal effects were estimated using inverse-variance weighted regression, and sensitivity analyses probed robustness of results. Results A 1-standard deviation (4.7kg/m2) increase in genetically instrumented BMI increased the odds of CTS in UKB (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.48-2.02, P=2.68×10−12; 16.8 additional cases per 1000 person-years [95% CI 11.0-23.5]). This effect was consistent in the replication sample and across sensitivity analyses. Discussion These data support a causal effect of higher BMI on susceptibility to CTS. Clinical investigations of weight loss for treatment of CTS may be warranted.
The Distribution of Annual and Long-Run US Earnings, 1981-2004

Numerous authors have presented evidence of increased dispersion in the distribution of annual earnings in the United States from the late 1970s through 2004 or later. However, the dispersion of long-run earnings measured over many years has received relatively little attention because of the limited availability of appropriate data. This article uses the Social Security Administration's Continuous Work History Sample, which documents the earnings histories of 3.3 million workers, to examine changes in both the annual and the long-run distributions of earnings during 1981–2004 for men and women. For men, the results indicate an increase in long-run earnings inequality of roughly the same magnitude as the trend seen in annual earnings dispersion, but there has been very little increase in the dispersion of long-run earnings among women. If calculations are restricted to a sample of women who work every year of the observation period, a trend of increased earnings dispersion emerges, but much less so than that observed for men.
Anesthetic and Post-operative Pain Management

Patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, especially the moderate to severe types, require frequent surgical intervention. Anesthetic management and post-operative pain management benefit from careful preparation and a multimodal analgesic approach. Perioperative challenges that are of primary concern for anesthesiologists include airway challenges, intravenous catheter placement challenges, neuraxial and regional anesthesia placement difficulty, and significant intraoperative blood loss. Historical concern for malignant hyperthermia has been refuted and will not be discussed. Airway management may be difficult because of facial dysmorphism, macroglossia, megalocephaly, cervical instability, a short neck, and thoracic kyphoscoliosis with pectus carinatum. These skeletal abnormalities, along with frequent fractures, lead to bony protrusions and irregular bony landmarks that may make neuraxial and regional anesthesia more challenging. An additional perioperative concern is the potential for osteogenesis imperfecta patients to sustain additional fractures while undergoing surgery and anesthesia. Careful planning is required to successfully manage OI patients and the anesthetic challenges they pose and avoid complications in these fragile patients.
Distinguishing and treating depression, anxiety, adjustment, and post-traumatic stress disorders in brain tumor patients

Cancer patients often suffer from psychiatric disorders as a result of their disease and its treatment. Rates of depression, anxiety, adjustment, and post-traumatic stress disorders are particularly high for individuals with cancer and differentiating between these conditions is important for providing both appropriate and high-quality care. Patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors are particularly susceptible to psychiatric morbidities as a result of direct neuropsychiatric effects from the tumor itself, as well as psychological distress stemming from their diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment. However, these morbidities are often underdiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and undertreated. Many tools exist for screening, diagnosing, and treating psychiatric disorders in brain tumor patients, and palliative care settings are well suited to both identify and treat psychiatric disorders in brain tumor patients. This review summarizes our current knowledge of psychiatric disorders in patients in patients with brain tumors, highlights the susceptibility of brain tumor patients to psychiatric conditions, provides recommendations for differentiating and treating these conditions, and emphasizes the need for further research. The goal of this review is to inform healthcare providers of the opportunities to address psychiatric morbidities in patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors, particularly in palliative care settings, and identify areas in need of additional research.
Signaling pathways involved in environmental sensing in Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi is a unicellular parasite and the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. The parasite has a digenetic life cycle alternating between mammalian and insect hosts, where it faces a variety of environmental conditions to which it must adapt in order to survive. The adaptation to these changes is mediated by signaling pathways that coordinate the cellular responses to the new environmental settings. Major environmental changes include temperature, nutrient availability, ionic composition, pH, osmolarity, oxidative stress, contact with host cells and tissues, host immune response, and intracellular life. Some of the signaling pathways and second messengers potentially involved in the response to these changes have been elucidated in recent years and will be the subject of this review.
A Note on the Immersion Number of Generalized Mycielski Graphs.

The immersion number of a graph $G$, denoted im$(G)$, is the largest $t$ such that $G$ has a $K_t$-immersion. In this note we are interested in determining the immersion number of the $m$-Mycielskian of $G$, denoted $\mu_m(G)$. Given the immersion number of $G$ we provide a lower bound for im$(\mu_m(G))$. To do this we introduce the "distinct neighbor property" of immersions. We also include examples of classes of graphs where im$(\mu_m(G))$ exceeds the lower bound. We conclude with a conjecture about im$(\mu_m(K_t))$.
Pollinator community species richness dilutes prevalence of multiple viruses within multiple host species

Most pathogens are embedded in complex communities composed of multiple interacting hosts, but we are still learning how community-level factors, such as host diversity, abundance, and composition, contribute to pathogen spread for many host-pathogen systems. Evaluating relationships among multiple pathogens and hosts may clarify whether particular host or pathogen traits consistently drive links between community factors and pathogen prevalence. Pollinators are a good system to test how community composition influences pathogen spread because pollinator communities are extremely variable and contain several multi-host pathogens transmitted on shared floral resources. We conducted a field survey of four pollinator species to test the prevalence of three RNA viruses (deformed wing virus, black queen cell virus, and sacbrood virus) among pollinator communities with variable species richness, abundance, and composition. All three viruses showed a similar pattern of prevalence among hosts. Apis mellifera and Bombus impatiens had significantly higher viral prevalence than Lasioglossum spp. and Eucera pruinosa. In each species, lower virus prevalence was most strongly linked with greater pollinator community species richness. In contrast, pollinator abundance, species-specific pollinator abundance, and community composition were not associated with virus prevalence. Our results support a consistent dilution effect for multiple viruses and host species. Pollinators in species-rich communities had lower viral prevalence than pollinators from species-poor communities, when accounting for differences in pollinator abundance. Species-rich communities likely had lower viral prevalence because species-rich communities contained more native bee species likely to be poor viral hosts than species-poor communities, and all communities contained the highly competent hosts A. mellifera and B. impatiens. Interestingly, the strength of the dilution effect was not consistent among hosts. Instead, host species with low viral prevalence exhibited weaker dilution effects compared to hosts with high viral prevalence. Therefore, host species susceptibility and competence for each virus may contribute to variation in the strength of dilution effects. This study expands biodiversity-disease studies to the pollinator-virus system, finding consistent evidence of the dilution effect among multiple similar pathogens that infect "replicate" host communities.
Self-Focusing in Guided and Un-guided Media

We numerically compare the self-focusing of a Gaussian beam in bulk media to that of guided modes in a cylindrical rod waveguide. We demonstrate delivery of higher power than anticipated from the bulk media calculations.
Human-Centered Design for Spaceflight Participant Safety and Experience: A Case Study of Blue Origin Suborbital Flight

This article presents a case study using Human-Centered Design (HCD) to improve the safety and experience of Spaceflight Participants (SFPs) in commercial space transportation suborbital flight sce...
Parallel k nearest neighbor graph construction using tree-based data structures

Construction of a nearest neighbor graph is often a neces- sary step in many machine learning applications. However, constructing such a graph is computationally expensive, es- pecially when the data is high dimensional. Python's open source machine learning library Scikit-learn uses k-d trees and ball trees to implement nearest neighbor graph construc- tion. However, this implementation is ine cient for large datasets. In this work, we focus on exploiting these under- lying tree-based data structures to optimize parallel execu- tion of the nearest neighbor algorithm. We present parallel implementations of nearest neighbor graph construction us- ing such tree structures, with parallelism provided by the OpenMP and the Galois framework. We empirically show that our parallel and exact approach is e cient as well as scalable, compared to the Scikit-learn implementation. We present the rst implementation of k-d trees and ball trees using Galois. Our results show that k-d trees are faster when the number of dimensions is small (2d N); ball trees on the other hand scale well with the number of dimensions. Our implementation of ball trees in Galois has almost linear speedup on a number of datasets irrespective of the size and dimensionality of the data.
Problems with an S1-Symmetry

In this chapter we present an index theory for the case in which G = S1. It is an extension (cf. [55]) of the geometric S1-index due to Benci [10]. Also see Fadell-Rabinowitz [41].
Demonstration of smooth muscle cells in bovine arteriosclerosis

Summary Vascular smooth muscle cells were demonstrated in normal blood vessels m different organs of young healthy beef cattle using fluorescein-labeled antibodies against myosin of smooth muscle of bovine aorta. The fluorescent antibodies against bovine myosin were purified by column chromatography. Bright green fluorescence of antibovine myosin was found in the muscular wall of the bovine aorta, the carotid artery as well as in small and medium-sized arteries and veins of sections of lung, kidney, liver, heart, stomach, uterus, and skeletal muscles. Twenty arteriosclerotic lesions of the thoracic aorta of 14 older dairy cows with an average age of five years were studied by light and fluorescence microscopy. Bovine arteriosclerotic lesions were classified in three types of lesions: orange (fatty) streaks, fibrous plaques and calcified plaques with frequent metaplastic bone formation. All lesions showed a substantial proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the intima of the bovine aorta as determined by the localization of the specific fluorescent antimyosin.
Republicanism: Philosophical Aspects

Republicanism is the doctrine that public power should always serve the common good of all those subject to its rule. This raises the question how to do so most effectively, either through particular policies or through constitutional structure (‘the republican form of government’). The republican philosophical tradition began with Plato and Aristotle, flowered in the writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero, and reappeared with the revival of learning in such authors as Niccolo Machiavelli, James Harrington, John Adams, and Immanuel Kant. More recently Philip Pettit, Jurgen Habermas, and others have returned to the republican conception of liberty as nondomination, and how to secure this through the rule of law, popular sovereignty, and the checks and balances of well-designed deliberative politics. Republicanism seeks freedom and justice through law and government in pursuit of the common good.
Molecular Diversity of L-type Calcium Channels EVIDENCE FOR ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF THE TRANSCRIPTS OF THREE NON-ALLELIC GENES*

The diversity of L-type calcium channels was probed using the polymerase chain reaction and primers based on regions conserved in the L-type skeletal muscle (CaCh 1) and cardiac calcium channels (CaCh 2). Related sequences were amplified from human heart, hamster heart, rabbit heart, mouse ovary, mouse BC3H1 cells, and hamster insulin-secreting (HIT) cells. Sequencing of various clones revealed the presence of alternate splicing in gene products coding for CaCh 1, CaCh 2, and a related calcium channel. This related gene product, which we refer to as neuroendocrine or CaCh 3, is expressed in brain and endocrine cells. The diverse products can be explained by the use of alternate exons of equal size, which account for changes in amino acid composition, in combination with an alternate splice acceptor site or an exon skipping event, which produces channels of variable length. Four variants were defined for the gene 3 product, subtypes 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d that differed in both the sequence of the third membrane spanning segment of the fourth repeat unit (IVS3) and in the size of the linker between this and the fourth membrane spanning segment (IVS4). Three CaCh 2 variants were cloned, subtypes 2a, 2c, and 2d, that are homologous to the a, c, and d variants of CaCh 3. For the skeletal muscle calcium channel only two variants were isolated. They are homologous to those of the a and c subtypes of CaCh 2 or 3, in that they differ only in the size of the IVS3 to IVS4 linker. These results demonstrate that calcium channel diversity is created by both the expression of distinct genes and the alternate splicing of these genes.
The Life and Career of William R. Maples, Ph.D.

The objective of this paper is to develop an overview of William R. Maples' distinguished career in forensic anthropology. Influences central to his career choice and the historical development of his professional life are described. A discussion of his key contributions to the fields of primatology and forensic anthropology are then summarized. Included in this discussion is a chronological survey of citations of Maples' works derived from the Social Sciences Citation Index. Integral to this summary of Maples' life are his varied and intriguing case studies.
Perpendicularly Oriented Polycrystalline BaFe11.1Sc0.9O19 Hexaferrite with Narrow FMR Linewidths

We demonstrate low ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidths and high remanence magnetization in polycrystalline M-type Sc-doped Ba ferrites having anisotropy fields of ∼8 kOe and perpendicular orientation of the spontaneous magnetization vector. This is a result of applying a unique processing technique that makes use of a polymer network-assisted alignment of hexaferrite particles in high magnetic fields. The resulting compacts exhibit high squareness (M r /M s ∼92%) and low FMR linewidths (∼530 Oe) at X-band and Ka-band. This represents an ∼ 74% decrease in linewidth compared with previous reports for polycrystalline BaM ferrites using conventional processes. We also have detailed origins of the FMR linewidth broadenings in terms of some important theoretical models. These materials have potential for use in low frequency self-biased microwave/ millimeter devices such as circulators and isolators.
Coarse-Grid Selection for Parallel Algebraic Multigrid

The need to solve linear systems arising from problems posed on extremely large, unstructured grids has sparked great interest in parallelizing algebraic multigrid (AMG). To date, however, no parallel AMG algorithms exist. We introduce a parallel algorithm for the selection of coarse-grid points, a crucial component of AMG, based on modifications of certain parallel independent set algorithms and the application of heuristics designed to insure the quality of the coarse grids. A prototype serial version of the algorithm is implemented, and tests are conducted to determine its effect on multigrid convergence, and AMG complexity.
Fulminant hepatitis B reactivation leading to liver transplantation in a patient with chronic hepatitis C treated with simeprevir and sofosbuvir: a case report

Hepatitis B and C coinfection is commonly seen in clinical practice. In coinfected individuals, high levels of hepatitis C viremia are often associated with low levels of serum hepatitis B DNA. Hepatitis B reactivation in hepatitis C-infected patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin has been reported, but severe or fulminant reactivation is uncommon. Hepatitis C treatment-associated hepatitis B reactivation in patients with chronic hepatitis C and isolated core antibody has not been reported previously. A 59-year-old white woman with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1B and isolated hepatitis B core antibody initiated treatment with simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C. She responded very well to treatment initially with near normalization of aminotransferases and hepatitis C viral load suppressed to below the level of quantification after 4 weeks of treatment. At week 11 of a planned 12-week course, she developed fulminant hepatic failure due to hepatitis B reactivation and ultimately required liver transplantation. Fortunately, her posttransplant clinical course was unremarkable. This is the first report of hepatitis B reactivation in a patient with isolated hepatitis B core antibody leading to fulminant hepatic failure and liver transplantation after initiation of treatment with sofosbuvir, simeprevir, and ribavirin for hepatitis C. This case raises the concern for the risk of severe hepatitis B reactivation in hepatitis B and C-coinfected patients or chronic hepatitis C-infected patients with isolated hepatitis B core antibody treated with direct-acting antiviral drugs for hepatitis C.
Biodegradation data evaluation for structure/biodegradability relations

Previous attempts at structure/biodegradability relations (SBRs) and available biodegradation data are reviewed and it is concluded that (1) not enough rate data on large numbers of chemicals are available to develop quantitative SBRs and (2) attempted qualitative SBRs have suffered from either poor documentation of the biodegradation evaluation or they have used limited biodegradation test data. Because of the poor reproducibility of biodegradation tests, a weight-of-evidence evaluation procedure is proposed. A system for collecting and evaluating biodegradation data from screening tests, biological treatment simulations, grab sample tests and field studies is described and study-specific and summary biodegradability codes in combination with reliability codes are developed that can be used for structure/biodegradability relations.
Understanding and Improving Classroom Emotional Climate and Behavior Management in the “Real World”: The Role of Head Start Teachers' Psychosocial Stressors

Research Findings: This article reports on two studies. Study 1 considered ways in which Head Start teachers' (n = 90) psychosocial stressors are related to teachers' ability to maintain a positive classroom emotional climate and effective behavior management in preschool classrooms. Study 2 tested the hypothesis that among teachers randomly assigned to a treatment condition (n = 48), psychosocial stressors serve as important predictors of their use of an intervention designed to improve classroom emotional climate and behavior management. Practice or Policy: Findings from Study 1 were mixed; notably, teachers' personal stressors were moderately predictive of lower use of effective strategies of behavior management in the classroom. Findings from Study 2 suggest that psychosocial stressors are not a barrier to teachers' use of intervention services. Contrary to our expectations, teachers reporting more stressors attended more training sessions than did teachers reporting fewer stressors. Teachers reportin...
Insecticidal Dusts Against Japanese Beetles and European Chafers for Disinsectization of Transport Vehicles

Micronized dust formulation of carbaryl, DDT, malathion, and Drione® (no. 797 product of the Niagara Chemical Division containing 1% pyrethrins, 1.88% ammonium fluosilicate, 10% piperonyl but oxide, 38.13% amorphous silica gel and 49% petroleum hydrocarbons by weight and used as a 51% active ingredient material) were tested in plywood chambers against adult Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, or European chafers, Amphimallon majalis (Razoumowsky), to find suitable materials for the disinsectization of transport vehicles. Carbaryl and DDT were the most suitable. One hour of exposure to applications of 1 g active material per 28 m3caused intoxication and some kill of Japanese beetles within 2 hours and complete kill within 24 hours. European chafers were less susceptible; after exposure to 4 g active material per 28 m3, carbaryl and DDT caused intoxication and some kill within 2 hours but did not cause complete kill within 48 hours. Intoxicated females of both species were able to emit eggs, but the severity of intoxication would probably interfere with normal deposition of eggs, and survival would be doubtful.
Identification of a classic cytokine-induced enhancer upstream in the human iNOS promoter

The human inducible NOS (iNOS) promoter transcriptionally regulated by 5′ flanking region extending 16 kb upstream that contains cytokine-responsive DNA motifs. In this study, we further identified a classic inducible enhancer located between –5 and –6 kb in the hiNOS upstream promoter. This 1 kb promoter sequence functions as a cytokine-inducible enhancer in an orientation- and position-independent manner in human lung A549 and liver AKN1 cells. This DNA enhancer also confers cytokine inducibility to the heterologous thymidine kinase (TK) promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis was applied, and confirmed cytokine-inducible in vivo DNA-protein interactions within this enhancer region. In vivo functional binding of both NF-κB (p65/p50) and Stat-1α at the –5.8 kb human iNOS promoter site was significantly increased in A549 cells after cytokine stimulation, while only Stat-1α bound at the –5.2 kb site. These results identify the –5 to –6 kb promoter region as a classic transcriptional enhance...
Cell cycle variations in HeLa 65 plasma membrane alkaline phosphatase

Abstract HeLa plasma membranes from M, G 1 , and S phase cells were isolated from growing synchronous cell cultures. It was found that the specific activity of plasma membrane alkaline phosphatase was over three times higher in the M phase cell than in the G 1 and S phase cell. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis showed that the S phase plasma membrane contained 5.5 times more alkaline phosphatase protein than did the plasma membrane from mitotic cells, and 11.0 times more than the G 1 phase plasma membrane. This would indicate that the high specific activity in mitosis was due to modification of the alkaline phosphatase protein resulting in increased enzymatic activity.
Instrumentation and Control of AGS Slow External Beam

Techniques used to set up and optimize the slow external beam at the Brookhaven AGS are described. These include television, counter telescopes, spill monitors, insulated plates, secondary emission chambers and irradiation of foils. Servo loops used to control the intensity and correct the momentum dispersion of the beam are described.
SIMULATION OF A MEDIATED ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS

Mediated electrosynthesis is a cyclic process involving electrochemical generation of a redox agent and use of that agent to effect a chemical reaction. This process is applicable to a large number...
Public Discourse and Scientific Controversy: A Spiral-of-Silence Analysis of Biotechnology Opinion in the United States

Spiral-of-silence theory tries to account for the dynamics through which visible dissent decreases as public opinion begins to appear hegemonic; it argues that fear of social isolation inhibits the expression of opinions perceived to be in the minority. This analysis applies spiral-of-silence theory to public opinion about biotechnology in the United States. Although comparisons to Europe may disguise this fact, a substantial minority of United States citizens have reservations about biotechnology and genetic engineering. Our exploratory analysis reveals some evidence that a spiral of silence developed for these issues, as well as uncovering more willingness to speak among those who believe themselves more knowledgeable about science and differences in willingness among groups who apply different forms of moral reasoning to biotechnology issues. The results have implications for recognizing the privileged position of consequentialist or utilitarian arguments about science and technology in United States s...
Economists Do a Lousy Job Teaching Students about Inflation

Inflation was not always defined as an increase in the price level. It used to be defined as an increase in the money supply. Then, in the discussion of the definition, it was noted that such increases were often accompanied by increases in prices of both assets and goods. The increase in the money supply was the inflation; the rise in the price level was an associated effect of inflation. That definitional focus of inflation on the money supply was abandoned as economists started to develop better measures of the price level. As they explored the problems with measuring the price level, they developed conventions as to what goods would be included in “inflation.” Eventually, inflation became thought of as the change in the price level of produced goods. Economists created formal measures of output (produced goods) and price indices, developing well-specified concepts such as real GDP, GDP Deflator, CPI, core CPI, and CPE, among others. People’s conceptions of inflation followed those formal measures, and earlier monetary definitions of inflation faded. That led to the way most people think of inflation today — as an increase in the price level of goods as measured by a produced goods inflation index. What is left out of these “produced goods price” definitions of inflation is assets. Thus, as inflation has become associated with changes in the price level of produced goods, the price of assets slowly moved out of definition of inflation, and what might be called asset inflation fell from economist’s radar screen. The problem with that definition of inflation as only relating to produced goods is an arbitrary convention — a convention that hides the inescapable definitional ambiguity surrounding inflation. It is that definitional ambiguity that makes it difficult to discuss the recent history of inflation, which has experienced large increases in the money supply, but only small increases in the goods prices. Is this an inflationary period? It would definitely be an inflationary period in the earlier money supply definition of inflation. In that earlier definition, the increases in the money supply would be seen as the likely cause of an asset inflation.
Mindreading Animals: The Debate over What Animals Know about Other Minds

Robert W. Lurz, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, 264 pages, ISBN: 0 262 016 052 (hbk), $35.00 Do nonhuman animals view other agents as minded beings? Does a chimpanzee know that a conspecific can se...
Global dynamics and robustness of reversible autocatalytic reaction–diffusion systems

Abstract Global asymptotic dynamics of a representative cubic-autocatalytic reaction–diffusion system, the reversible Selkov equations, are investigated. This system features two pairs of oppositely signed nonlinear terms so that the asymptotic dissipative condition is not satisfied, which causes substantial difficulties in an attempt to attest that the longtime dynamics are asymptotically dissipative. An L 2 to H 1 global attractor of finite fractal dimension is shown to exist for the semiflow of the weak solutions of the reversible Selkov equations with the Dirichlet boundary condition on a bounded domain of dimension n ≤ 3 . A new method of rescaling and grouping estimation is used to prove the absorbing property and the asymptotical compactness. Importantly, the upper semicontinuity (robustness) in the H 1 product space of the global attractors for the family of solution semiflows with respect to the reverse reaction rate as it tends to zero is proved through a new approach of transformative decomposition to overcome the barrier of the perturbed singularity between the reversible and non-reversible systems by showing the uniform dissipativity and the uniformly bounded evolution of the union of global attractors under the bundle of reversible and non-reversible semiflows.
Dynamical influences on atomic oxygen and 5577 Å emission rates in the lower thermosphere

Effects of the mean meridional circulation, diurnal and semidiurnal tides, and eddy and molecular diffusion on O concentrations and 5577 A emission rates are examined. Vertical winds play an important role in producing variations in these quantites, and accounting for the equatorial emission rate structures inferred from the WINDII experiment on UARS. Smaller secondary effects are produced by tidal variations in the major species concentrations and in temperature-dependent chemical reaction rates.
Impact of diet-induced weight loss on the cardiac autonomic nervous system in severe obesity.

Objective: To determine the impact of diet-induced weight loss on cardiac autonomic nervous system modulation and arrhythmias in subjects with severe obesity and the influence of a high-fat or a high-carbohydrate diet regimen on heart rate variability in reduced-obese individuals. Research Methods and Procedures: Eight severely obese subjects (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2) underwent a 3-month weight loss program followed by a 3-month reduced-weight maintenance regimen. Thereafter, each subject was admitted for an inpatient period of 17 days on two separate occasions. A high-carbohydrate (60%) or high-fat (55%) diet of appropriate energy content for weight maintenance was prescribed during each inpatient phase. Heart rate variability was derived from a 24-hour Holter monitoring system in all subjects during their inpatient stay. Cardiac Holter monitoring was performed at three occasions (baseline, diet phase I, and diet phase II), including the second night of a two overnight calorimetry chamber stay. Results: After the diet regimen, there was a 10% decrease in weight. There were no significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, arrhythmias, glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, respiratory exchange ratio, and resting energy expenditure between experiments. Mean heart rate was lower after weight loss compared with baseline (p < 0.001). After weight loss, there was an increase in the parasympathetic indices of heart rate variability showing an increase in cardiac vagal modulation (all p < 0.05). Discussion: Weight loss is associated with significant improvement in autonomic cardiac modulation through enhancement of parasympathetic modulation, which clinically translates into a decrease in heart rate.
TEST OF A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PREVALENCE OF DMFT

The writer of this report, with his group, has performed a unique service by testing the methods of estimating caries-experience, published by Viegas in this Journal's Spring Issue of 1969.
Core journals in computer science

Attempts to identify the `core' primary journals in the newly emerging discipline of computer science. Two measures of significance have been used to draw up a core list of journals: Productivity in terms of the number of source items drawn from each journal for review in a secondary journal (Computer Reviews); and extent of use, as reflected by the frequency with which the journals are cited in a leading primary journal (IEEE Transactions on Computers) over a period of two years. This study has shown that the primary journal is the most favored medium for scholarly communication, and that computer science journal literature has consolidated into a relatively few very productive and highly cited primary journals. These core journals are indispensable in any specialized collection of computer science literature.
Field-induced anisotropy in concentrated systems of rigid particles and macromolecules

This paper presents experimental results on the use of spectroscopic optical polarimetry to study structure in dense systems of rigid particles and rigid polymer liquid crystals. These measurements probe microstructural anisotropy induced by the application of electric fields in the case of dense suspensions of rigid spheres, or flow fields in the case of polymer liquid crystals. It is demonstrated that conservative linear dichroism can measure moments of the particle pair distribution function in dense suspensions. In liquid crystals, the dichroism is a result of field-induced anisotropy in the defect structure of the material.
The initial transient behavior of a thermoelectric generator

Efficiency and steady-state behavior of thermoelectric devices have been treated in the literature.1?3 More recently, considerable work has been done on the transient behavior of incremental variations about a quiescent operating point.4 The procedure used avoids the inherent nonlinearities of the problem by creating a linearized mathematical model, and it can be extended to many problems of the small-signal case. However, there are certain problems which this method will not handle, the main one of which is large-signal dynamic behavior. A particularly important example is the problem of the start-up transient of a thermoelectric generator under load, which is discussed in this paper.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 217

Abstract The available nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A=217 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, and spin and parity assignments are given.
Riesz bases and their dual modular frames in Hilbert C∗-modules

Abstract We investigate dual frames of modular frames and Riesz bases in Hilbert C ∗ -modules. In Hilbert C ∗ -modules, a Riesz basis may have many dual modular frames, and it may even admit two different dual modular frames both of which are Riesz bases. We characterize those Riesz bases that have unique duals. In addition, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a dual of a Riesz basis to be again a Riesz basis, and prove some new related results.
ORIGIN OF LONG-CHAIN ALKYLCYCLOHEXANES AND ALKYLBENZENES IN A COAL-BED WAX

Abstract A coal-bed wax was fractionated and analyzed using capillary column GC and combined GC/MS. It was found that the major components in the wax were n-alkanes (55.6%), cyclic/branched alkanes (26.0%), and several homologous series of alkylbenzenes (5.7%). All alkylbenzene isomers (except 6-n-alkyl-m-xylene) were positively identified by comparison with the retention times and mass spectra of newly synthesized authentic standards. 5-n-Alkyl-m-xylene, 2-n-alkyl-p-xylene, 4-n-alkyl-m-xylene, 4-n-alkyl-o-xylene, 2-n-alkyl-m-xylene, and 3-n-alkyl-o-xylene were identified for the first time from geological sources. All of these long-chain alkyl compounds (e.g., n-alkylcyclohexanes, n-alkylbenzenes, n-alkyl-o-toluenes, n-alkyl-p-toluenes, and 5-n-alkyl-m-xylenes) have similar total carbon number distributions and maxima with a slight even over odd carbon number preference between C28–C30. Moreover, the carbon number distributions of these compounds resembled those of the n-alkanes found in the same wax with slight odd over even carbon preference between C27–C21. This indicates that the alkylcyclohexanes and alkylbenzenes may have the same fatty acid precursors as the n-alkanes. The alkylcyclohexanes and alkylbenzenes could have been formed by direct cyclization and aromatization, while the n-alkanes could have been formed by decarboxylation of the straight chain fatty acids. This explanation is further supported by the identification of homologous series of tetramethyl-n-alkylbenzenes and pentamethyl-n-alkylbenzenes with relatively high abundances at C15, C16, and C18, and a fatty acid distribution with maxima at C16 and C18. Based on these findings, mechanisms for the conversion of fatty acids or alcohols to alkylcyclohexanes and alkylbenzenes are proposed.
Performance enhancement of automatic generation control for a multi-area power system in the presence of communication delay

This paper presents the effect of communication delay on Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and introduces a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based control to achieve the optimal performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) in the presence of communication delay. Future of power system and smart grid has tied in open communication infrastructures and study of power system without considering communication parameters will not be practical, realistic and accurate. Effect of communication parameters such as delay of communication link and packet loss has not been considered in most of the studies investigating automatic generation control and its performance using different methods and optimization techniques. This paper investigates the effect of communication delay on decentralized load frequency control in different scenarios. Integrator controller is the most common controller in LFC studies because of its design simplicity. However, this study takes advantage of PID controller, which has the best performance but the most complex design using genetic algorithm to find the optimal gains of the PID controllers. The results show that by use of genetic algorithm, automatic generation control still can keep track of load deviations and keep the frequency and tie-lines power close to their nominal and scheduled values even in the presence of significant communication delay.
Implementing and Evaluating a Model Checker for Transactional Memory Systems

Transactional Memory (TM) is a promising technique that addresses the difficulty of parallel programming. Since TM takes responsibility for all concurrency control, TM systems are highly vulnerable to subtle correctness errors. Due to the difficulty of fully proving the correctness of TM systems, many of them are used without any formal correctness guarantees. This paper presents ChkTM, a flexible model checking environment to verify the correctness of various TM systems. ChkTM aims to model TM systems close to the implementation level to reveal as many potential bugs as possible. For example, ChkTM accurately models the version control mechanism in timestamp-based software TMs (STMs). In addition, ChkTM can flexibly model TM systems that use additional hardware components or support nested parallelism. Using ChkTM, we model several TM systems including a widely-used industrial STM (TL2), a hybrid TM (SigTM) that uses hardware signatures, and an STM (NesTM) that supports nested parallel transactions. We then demonstrate how ChkTM can be used to find a previously unreported correctness bug in the current implementation of eager-versioning TL2. We also verify the serializability of TL2 and SigTM and strong isolation guarantees of SigTM. Finally, we quantitatively analyze ChkTM to understand the practical issues and motivate further research in model checking TM systems.
Prediction of centrifugation times for equilibrium and velocity sedimentation on various gradients.

Abstract Computer and calculator programs have been prepared which can predict sedimentation times for a significant fraction of the kinds of density gradient centrifugation experiments currently being carried out in biochemistry. Gradients of sucrose, glycerol, or CsCl were accommodated for linear or several forms of convex or concave gradient profiles. Times of sedimentation to various uniformly spaced points between the meniscus and the bottom of the tube, or to a point near the isopycnic density, are predicted.