cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time ordering in kicked qubits

We examine time ordering effects in strongly, suddenly perturbed two-state quantum systems (kicked qubits) by comparing results with time ordering to results without time ordering. Simple analytic expressions are given for state occupation amplitudes and probabilities for singly and multiply kicked qubits. We investigate the limit of no time ordering, which can differ in different representations.
Relation of cardiovascular response to the hypotensive effect of metoprolol

The influence of cardioselective beta blockade on systemic hemodynamics and cardiac performance was assessed in 17 essential hypertensive patients treated with metoprolol (50 to 100 mg twice daily) for 1 month. Eleven patients had a significant reduction of mean arterial pressure (<10 mm Hg); the other six patients did not show significant blood pressure change. There was no difference in response of heart rate or cardiac output between the two groups [−14 ± 1.6 (SE) vs. −9.5 ± 2.08 bpm, NS, and −0.55 ± 0.39 vs. 0.80 ± 0.35 L/min, NS, respectively]. Mean transit time was significantly prolonged in both groups (1.9 ± 0.56 vs. 1 ± 0.53 seconds, NS), and changes in ejection fraction in the two groups were not significant. The only significant difference between the two groups was in the response of total peripheral resistance (−1.4 ± 3.04 vs. +10.2 ± 3.77 U · M2, p < 0.05). The reduction in heart rate correlated significantly with control heart rate (r = −0.71, p < 0.001) and the decrease in cardiac output correlated significantly (r = −0.77, p < 0.001) with the initial cardiac output. The changes in mean arterial pressure did not correlate with changes in cardiac output (r = 0.116). On the other hand, there was a significant correlation of 0.68 (p < 0.01) between the changes in mean arterial pressure and the changes in total peripheral resistance. Changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) were not significant in the nonresponders (1.8 ± 0.9 to 0.6 ± 0.2 ng/ml, NS), and the reduction of plasma renin activity was significant in the group of responders (5.5 ± 2.4 to 1.7 ± 0.8 ng/ml, p < 0.05). However, there was no correlation between the changes of mean arterial pressure and either initial PRA or the change in PRA. As regards plasma catecholamines (measured in nine patients), there was a tendency to reduction in both responders and nonresponders (411 ± 84 to 319 ± 67 ng/L and 562 ± 141 to 388 ± 166, respectively); but changes did not reach statistical significance in both groups. It was concluded that metoprolol reduces cardiac output by slowing heart rate; this reduction of cardiac output was not related to decreased cardiac performance. The mechanism of blood pressure reduction seems to be related to the response of systemic resistance to the diminution in cardiac output and not to the decrease in cardiac output per se, inasmuch as the latter occurred in both responders and nonresponders.
Production of protease inhibitors by postsurgical macrophages.

Abstract The deposition and lysis of fibrin are important processes in normal peritoneal healing. Since macrophages secrete a neutral plasminogen activator, we studied the production of plasminogen-dependent, fibrinolytic activity by postsurgical macrophages. Peritoneal exudate macrophages were collected from rabbits after resection and reanastomosis of their ileum. Intracellular plasminogen activator (PA) activity of resident (nonsurgical) macrophages was 8.4 ± 1.8 milli-Plough units (mPU)/ 106 cells. Postsurgical Day 1 macrophages had significantly less activity (0.33 ± 0.056 mPU/106 cells) compared to resident cells. Thereafter, the PA activity gradually increased and reached control levels by Postsurgical Day 7. The PA activity secreted by postsurgical macrophages into serum-free medium after 48 hr of culture was also determined. Conditioned medium from macrophages collected on Postoperative Days 1–5 exhibited less PA activity than buffer controls. PA activity was detected after acid treatment of the conditioned medium to remove acid-labile inhibitors. The activities of PA in acid-treated conditioned medium increased gradually and reached nonsurgical levels by Postsurgical Day 7. In spent medium from macrophages collected on Postsurgical Days 1–3, high levels of urokinase inhibitory activities were secreted; production gradually decreased during the later postoperative period. This inhibitory activity of macrophage-conditioned medium on urokinase-like PA activity was partially diminished by acidification of the media. These results support the hypothesis that macrophages in the postsurgical exudate may play an important role in the fibrinolytic process during peritoneal wound healing, perhaps through production and secretion of plasminogen activator as well as acidlabile and resistant protease inhibitors.
A model for optimum filtration of a lubrication system

Abstract A steady state model is proposed for the filtration of a simple lubrication system consisting of an engine and a filter. It is shown that the optimum filter, in an economic sense, is one that filters all particles above a particular “cut-off” size, and none below that size. Real filters do not behave in this way. Rather, with increasing particle size, an increasing fraction of particles is captured. The cut-off size can be determined, in principle, from a series of field tests. A recent filtration theory is used to suggest a method to design a filter which most nearly approaches the optimum filter.
Odd-skipped related 1 (Odd1) is an essential regulator of heart and urogenital development

Abstract The Odd-skipped related 1 ( Odd1 ) gene encodes a zinc finger protein homologous to the Drosophila Odd-skipped class transcription factors that play critical roles in embryonic patterning and tissue morphogenesis. We have generated mice carrying a targeted null mutation in the Odd1 gene and show that Odd1 is essential for heart and intermediate mesoderm development. Odd1 − / − mutant mouse embryos fail to form atrial septum, display dilated atria with hypoplastic venous valves, and exhibit blood backflow from the heart into systemic veins. In contrast to other transcription factors implicated in atrial septum development, Odd1 mRNA expression is restricted to the central dorsal domain of the atrial myocardium during normal heart development. Moreover, expression patterns of known key regulatory genes of atrial septum development, including Nkx2.5 , Pitx2 , and Tbx5 , are unaltered in the developing heart in Odd1 − / − mutants compared to that of the wild-type littermates. Furthermore, homozygous Odd1 − / − mutant embryos exhibit complete agenesis of adrenal glands, metanephric kidneys, gonads, and defects in pericardium formation. Detailed molecular marker analyses show that key regulators of early intermediate mesoderm development, including Lhx1, Pax2, and Wt1, are all down-regulated and nephrogenic mesenchyme undergoes massive apoptosis, resulting in disruption of nephric duct elongation and failure of metanephric induction in the Odd1 − / − mutant embryos. These data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heart morphogenesis and urogenital development.
Comparison of 16-MeV proton, 14-MeV neutron, and fission-neutron damage in copper

Abstract The irradiation damage structures produced in high-purity copper by a fluence of 3 × 10 16 particles/cm2 of 16 MeV protons, 14 MeV neutrons, and fission neutrons ( E > 1 MeV ) were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The damage consists of vacancy-and-interstitial clusters or sessile Frank dislocation loops oriented on {111} planes of the copper matrix, and ranges in size from 25 A (lower limit of resolution) to 200A in diameter. p]The size-density distributions of the clusters in the 14 MeV neutron and 16 MeV proton irradiated samples were virtually identical, and the average size of the clusters in these two groups of specimens was substantially larger than was the case for those in the fission-neutron-irradiated copper.
Substance Use Disorders in an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinical Sample

The prevalence and clinical correlates of substance use disorders (SUDs) were examined in a clinical sample of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). As part of their intake interview into an observational study of the course of OCD, 323 participants completed a battery of standardized measures. Twenty-seven percent of the sample met lifetime criteria for a SUD. 70% of participants with comorbid SUDs reported that OCD preceded SUD onset by at least one year. Younger age at OCD onset and presence of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) were each associated with increased risk of alcohol use disorders but only BPD was associated with increased risk of drug use disorders. SUDs affect more than one-quarter of individuals who seek treatment for OCD. Individuals with a juvenile-onset of OCD or comorbid BPD may be especially vulnerable to SUDs. Further research is needed to identify risk factors for SUDs and to better understand their impact on OCD course.
Toward a scientifically based understanding of Milton H. Erickson's strategies and tactics: hypnosis, response sets and common factors in psychotherapy

This article updates and extends earlier efforts (e.g. Sherman and Lynn, 1990; Lynn and Sherman, 2000) to characterize Erickson's work on the basis of the scientific literature and Kirsch and Lynn's (see Kirsch and Lynn, 1998) response set theory. It identifies therapeutic mechanisms and learning processes inherent in Erickson's work that constitute ‘common factors’ potentially responsible for the effectiveness of diverse psychotherapeutic and hypnotherapeutic approaches. We argue that many of Erickson's creative techniques were effective in establishing a strong therapeutic alliance and engendering, fortifying and maintaining positive response sets while removing impediments to the automatic activation of positive response sets and altering or deautomatizing maladaptive response sets. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Control System Features of the Argonne 6 GeV Synchrotron Light Source

As accelerators become more complex, their control systems are presented with an ever-increasing amount of data, precision, and parameter relationship complexity. Fortunately, the commercial proliferation of CAE workstations, the ever-increasing capability of microprocessors, and the advances made in multicomputer communication will enable accelerator control systems to keep pace with these needs.
Synthesis of 2,2'-bipyrroles and 2,2'-thienylpyrroles from donor-acceptor cyclopropanes and 2-cyanoheteroles.

Two new series of 2,2‘-bipyrroles and 2,2‘-thienylpyrroles have been prepared by trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf)-mediated reaction of donor−acceptor cyclopropanes with 2-cyanopyrroles and 2-cyanothiophene, respectively. This method opens the door toward a wide variety of unsymmetrical bipyrroles and thienylpyrroles.
Laboratory study of the fine structure of short surface waves due to breaking: Two-directional wave propagation

[1] This study was stimulated by the need to identify the influence of breaking on the evolution of the short surface wave field responsible for microwave scattering. Laboratory measurements of the fine space-time structure of short gravity-capillary waves and Ku band scattering at grazing and moderate incidence from spilling and plunging breaking waves in a laboratory wave channel are presented. Unsteady breaking waves are generated by focusing wave groups in space-time domains. A scanning laser slope gauge was used for measuring capillary-gravity waves with wavelengths of 2 mm to 10 cm and frequency ranges of up to 150 Hz. A dual polarized (VV, HH) coherent pulsed Ku band scatterometer with a 3 ns temporal resolution was used to simultaneously obtain Doppler spectra of the scattered signals from the breaking area for grazing angles from 6° to 25°. Two-dimensional filtering in the wave number-frequency plane as well as plus/minus Doppler spectra were used to separate the direction of propagation of the surface waves within the breaking region. It was found that the breaking splash is the main source of the surface wave generation. The short surface wave slope field produced by breaking could be separated into short (4–8 mm wavelength), fast waves and free gravity-capillary waves. Both types of waves were found to be co- and counterpropagate relative to the dominant wave propagation direction. The Doppler spectrograms reveal the presence of high-frequency waves at the moment of breaking that can be associated with short, fast waves. The low-frequency part of the Doppler spectrogram is consistent with the appearance of free waves.
Early Social Networks Predict Survival in Wild Bottlenose Dolphins

A fundamental question concerning group-living species is what factors influence the evolution of sociality. Although several studies link adult social bonds to fitness, social patterns and relationships are often formed early in life and are also likely to have fitness consequences, particularly in species with lengthy developmental periods, extensive social learning, and early social bond-formation. In a longitudinal study of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), calf social network structure, specifically the metric eigenvector centrality, predicted juvenile survival in males. Additionally, male calves that died post-weaning had stronger ties to juvenile males than surviving male calves, suggesting that juvenile males impose fitness costs on their younger counterparts. Our study indicates that selection is acting on social traits early in life and highlights the need to examine the costs and benefits of social bonds during formative life history stages.
Catalytic and chemical competence of regulation of cdc25 phosphatase by oxidation/reduction.

Cdc25 phosphatases belong to the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that contain an active-site cysteine and form a phosphocysteine intermediate. Recently, oxidation/reduction of active-site cysteines of PTPs, including Cdc25, has been proposed to serve as a form of reversible regulation for this class of enzymes. Here we provide in vitro evidence that supports the chemical and kinetic competence for oxidation/reduction of the active-site cysteines of Cdc25B and Cdc25C as a mechanism of regulation. Using kinetic measurements and mass spectrometry, we have found that the active-site cysteines of the Cdc25's are highly susceptible to oxidation. The rate of thiolate conversion to the sulfenic acid by hydrogen peroxide for Cdc25B is 15-fold and 400-fold faster than that for the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B and the cellular reductant glutathione, respectively. If not for the presence of an adjacent (back-door) cysteine in proximity to the active-site cysteine in the Cdc25's, the sulfenic acid...
The effectiveness of antibrowning dip treatments to reduce after-cooking darkening in potatoes.

: After-cooking darkening (ACD) is an inherent and undesirable trait that develops in cooked potatoes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sodium acid sulfate (SAS) dip treatments compared to other antigraying treatments and a control to reduce ACD in boiled, Katahdin potatoes. Dip treatments were applied for 3 min prior to boiling and included: 3% SAS, 3% citric acid (CA), 3% sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), along with a distilled water control. SAS- and CA-treated potatoes had slightly, but significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher b* and chroma values, which indicates a more intense yellow potato color, with less graying, compared to the control. SAS- and CA-treated potatoes also had significantly (P≤ 0.001) lower pH values for inner and outer potato surfaces than the control. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were detected for total phenolic or mineral contents among treatments. CA and SAPP samples had slightly, but significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher moisture contents than the control. Sensory test results showed no significant differences for color, aftertaste, or overall acceptability. However, CA-treated samples were rated significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower for flavor than all other treatments and panelists commented on sour notes. CA- and SAS-treated potatoes were scored slightly, but significantly lower for texture than other treatments due to a waxy outer layer. However, SAS was the most acidic dip treatment, but did not significantly affect flavor. Overall, results suggest that SAS was similarly accepted by consumers in comparison to CA and SAPP, which is the industry standard to reduce ACD. Practical Application: After-cooking darkening (ACD) is an undesirable potato trait that occurs after potatoes have been processed. Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) has been used as the industry standard to reduce ACD. Sodium acid sulfate (SAS) treatments prior to boiling appeared to be comparable to SAPP and citric acid in effectiveness to reduce ACD. SAS did not negatively affect the flavor of boiled potato samples according to sensory results. The SAS treatment may be more beneficial for potatoes intended for potato salad products.
Balanced coherent heterodyne detection with double sideband suppressed carrier modulation for high performance microwave photonic links

Optical transmission of microwave signals offers many advantages such as increased bandwidth; immunity to electromagnetic interference; reduction of size, weight and power consumption; and low, frequency independent loss over long distances. But microwave photonic links often lack the performance required to replace traditional microwave links. We present a microwave photonic link architecture that enables high gain and dynamic range, low noise figure, and multi-octave bandwidth operation. Our method uses double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation together with a balanced coherent heterodyne detection scheme. The modulation method increases link linearity by producing amplitude modulation based on the optical field rather than intensity. The combination of carrier suppression, optical amplification, phase-locked local oscillator insertion, and balanced detection provide high performance microwave photonic links.
Characterization of the acetylcholine-reducing effect of the amyloid-β peptide in mouse SN56 cells

Abstract We previously reported that the amyloid- β protein (A β ) reduces the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in a mouse septal cell line, SN56, without causing death of the cells. Here, we report that the ACh-reducing effect of either A β 1–28 or A β 1–42 (100 nM; 48 h) in SN56 cells can be prevented by a co-treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein (75 μ M) and tyrphostin A25 (50 μ M). Treatment of the cells with either of these inhibitors alone increased ACh levels. An enhancement of the cellular ACh content was also obtained with aphidicolin, a compound which inhibits DNA synthesis. However, co-treatment of the cells for 48 h with aphidicolin (500 nM) and A β 1–42 (100 nM) did not prevent the reduction in ACh levels caused by the peptide. Furthermore, this effect could not prevented by a pre-treatment with vitamin E (50 μ g/ml). These results suggest that the ACh-reducing effect of A β in SN56 cells is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation, but is not dependent on DNA synthesis and may not be mediated by free radicals.
Lithium motion in Li0.33 TiS2 and Li0.94 TiS2

Abstract We have studied the motion of lithium ions in LixTiS2 (x = 0.33, 0.94) using pulsed NMR techniques. The temperature dependences of the spin lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1ϱ) suggest comparable activation energies for lithium ion diffusion for both samples, 3370 K, but an appreciably longer hopping time for the x = 0.94 sample. Low temperature values of T2 agree with calculated and measured second moments for both materials.
The mitochondrial inhibitor malonate enhances NMDA toxicity in the neonatal rat striatum

Abstract Intra-striatal injections of the mitochondrial inhibitor malonate elicit age-dependent neuronal damage in rat brain; injury is more extensive in older animals than in young adults. We investigated the neurotoxic potential of malonate in the immature rat brain. We found that 7-day-old (P7) rats were highly resistant to malonate neurotoxicity. Yet, although intra-striatal injections of 1 μmol malonate did not elicit overt tissue injury in P7 rats, co-administration of this dose of malonate with a dose of NMDA close to its toxicity threshold (2.5 nmol) doubled the severity of resulting excitotoxic injury.
Synchronized Whole Cell Oscillations in Mitochondrial Metabolism Triggered by a Local Release of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiac Myocytes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or Ca2+ overload can trigger depolarization of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm) and cell injury. Little is known about how loss of ΔΨm in a small number of mitochondria might influence the overall function of the cell. Here we employ the narrow focal excitation volume of the two-photon microscope to examine the effect of local mitochondrial depolarization in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Remarkably, a single local laser flash triggered synchronized and self-sustained oscillations in ΔΨm, NADH, and ROS after a delay of ∼40s, in more than 70% of the mitochondrial population. Oscillations were initiated only after a specific threshold level of mitochondrially produced ROS was exceeded, and did not involve the classical permeability transition pore or intracellular Ca2+ overload. The synchronized transitions were abolished by several respiratory inhibitors or a superoxide dismutase mimetic. Anion channel inhibitors potentiated matrix ROS accumulation in the flashed region, but blocked propagation to the rest of the myocyte, suggesting that an inner membrane, superoxide-permeable, anion channel opens in response to free radicals. The transitions in mitochondrial energetics were tightly coupled to activation of sarcolemmal K ATP currents, causing oscillations in action potential duration, and thus might contribute to catastrophic arrhythmias during ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Peyronie’s disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management

AbstractObjective:Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a progressive fibrotic disorder of the penis that is characterized by formation of collagen plaques on the tunica albuginea of the penis that may result in penile deformity, pain (typically early in the disease course), and often occurs in conjunction with erectile dysfunction. This review’s purpose is to raise awareness of PD among primary care physicians, who are likely to provide the initial diagnosis and information to patients.Methods:PubMed was searched for articles related to epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of PD. Reference lists of relevant articles were also examined for further pertinent research. Following the goals of this review, references were selected based on their appropriateness for a primary care audience.Results:The symptoms of PD may physically limit intercourse and impose a severe physical and psychological burden. The course of PD includes an early ‘inflammatory’ phase that may last 1–18 months and a subsequent ‘stable’ phase. In...
Geochemical techniques to discover open cave passage in karst spring systems

Abstract Dissolved O 2 (DO) and pH data provide a novel, inexpensive field method to detect open cave passages in karst spring systems that can be complemented by laboratory measurements of major elements and nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) levels, and stable isotopes. Karst springs in east-central Missouri that have no known air-filled passages (“phreatic” springs) typically have low DO and pH values ( 60% saturation and >7.7, respectively) that resemble surface waters due to the equilibration of DO with the overlying cave atmosphere and the simultaneous degassing of dissolved CO 2 . Traverses down phreatic spring branches show exchange with the atmosphere causes an increase in DO only a short distance downstream of the spring orifice, while the pH concurrently increases due to the degassing of CO 2 . Further downstream both parameters tend to level off reflecting a general approach to equilibrium under surface conditions, though this process is more rapid for DO than for pH. In contrast, the DO and pH along cave spring branches change little from values at the cave entrance. Additionally, (1) degassing processes affect the saturation state of calcite, with cave springs being the most saturated with respect to calcite, (2) phreatic springs typically have lower TSS and E. coli levels than open cave springs due to slower and less variable flow delivery, longer residence times, and less turbulent flow, and (3) phreatic springs tend to plot on the global meteoric water line (MWL), while waters from open cave systems tend to be enriched in 18 O and D and can plot below the line due to evaporation and exchange of the water with the overlying cave atmosphere.
Surfactant-templated organic functionalized mesoporous silica with phosphino ligands

Ordered organic functionalized mesoporous silica containing covalently bonded diphenylphosphinoethyl ligands was synthesized using a surfactant-templating approach. Briefly, hydrolysis and condensa...
Viscous dissipation effects in microtubes and microchannels

Abstract The effects of viscous dissipation on the temperature field and ultimately on the friction factor have been investigated using dimensional analysis and experimentally validated computer simulations. Three common working fluids, i.e., water, methanol and iso-propanol, in different conduit geometries were considered. It turns out that for microconduits, viscous dissipation is a strong function of the channel aspect ratio, Reynolds number, Eckert number, Prandtl number and conduit hydraulic diameter. Thus, ignoring viscous dissipation could affect accurate flow simulations and measurements in microconduits.
A volumetric study of CyberKnife hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy as salvage for progressive malignant brain tumors: initial experience

Abstract Objective: Radiosurgery is frequently offered to patients with progressive malignant brain tumors if radiation therapy or chemotherapy fails to provide local control. The use of single-shot regimens, however, is limited by the risk of complications when the tumor is large, surrounded by edema or has been pre-treated with radiation. Hypofractionation may confer safety but has not been tested for these difficult tumors. We report the results of hypofractionation as an alternative option in a small cohort of progressive malignant brain tumors. Methods: Hypofractionated CyberKnife radiotherapy was chosen for 18 progressive malignant brain tumors (six high-grade gliomas and 12 metastatic lesions) in 15 patients because of size, previous treatment with radiation or surrounding edema. The mean dose was 21 ± 4 Gy and the number of fractions was 5 ± 0.6. The volume of each tumor at treatment was compared with the volume at follow-up. Results: Thirteen of the 18 tumors (72%) showed a volume decrease. The a...
Diffusion Effects in Cross-Linked Bilayers

We investigate peptide interactions with model membranes and how they affect phase dynamics and mobility. Previously, we have studied lipid phase rearrangement due to cross-linking lipids in the headgroup position. Clustering and possible subanomalous diffusion inhibit domain coalescence and alter the conformation energy minimum. Building on this, our current efforts investigate peptide perturbations in lipid bilayers. We cross-link transmembrane peptides on the surface of lipid vesicles to examine the interactions between the helices, mimicking B cell receptor clustering. We conduct these studies by modifying the transmembrane portion of the mIgM receptor and incorporating the resulting peptide into the bilayer. We analyze these associations using microscopy, FRAP, FRET and CD spectroscopy.
Manufacturing’s role in corporate environmental sustainability ‐ Concerns for the new millennium

The natural environment and the manufacturing function are becoming inextricably linked. As the new millennium approaches and progresses, profitability, productivity and environmental consciousness are increasingly viewed as integral goals of manufacturing organizations. The issues facing manufacturing organizations, in general, and the manufacturing function in particular, are discussed in this paper. Some of the current practices and future requirements for an environmentally sustainable manufacturing enterprise are included in this discussion. Even though the focus is on manufacturing strategy and operations, issues relevant to the overall organization and other functions are also included. In the final analysis, this field and topic is relatively novel to most organizations, ample room exists for both practitioners and researchers for making progress in the next millennium.
Zooplankton of the Hereford Inlet Estuary, southern New Jersey

In Hereford Inlet Estuary, high salinity prevails and copepods dominate the zooplankton, accounting for 89% of the population with Oithona, Temora and Acartia representing the most abundant species. Peaks of abundance for zooplankton occurred in the spring and late summer/ early fall with minimum in the winter period. The annual cycle of abundance and qualitative nature of the zooplankton are similar to that described by Deevey (1960) for coastal waters outside Delaware Bay. A tentative hypothesis for the control of the cycle is that zooplankton is recruited primarily from coastal water outside the inlet with occasional contributions of fauna from the mouth of Delaware Bay.
Rheological properties of chitosan–tripolyphosphate complexes: From suspensions to microgels

Complex fluids formed by crosslinking of chitosan (CS, 330 kDa) with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) have been studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and rheology. The effects of chitosan/TPP ratios, initial chitosan or TPP concentrations, and ultrasonication time on the chitosan–TPP complex formation have been investigated. It was found that the optimum condition for CS–TPP nanoparticle formation occurred at CS/TPP mass ratio of 3.75 and with 9 min sonication treatment (energy output 3.75 W/mL). At the same initial chitosan concentration, small particle sizes (i.e., particle size < 300 nm) resulted in the formation of CS–TPP nanoparticle suspensions, which showed a lower viscosity than pure chitosan solutions, and their viscosities increased as the CS–TPP nanoparticles sizes increased. Centrifugation of CS–TPP particles of larger particle sizes (i.e., 360–870 nm) at 11,000 × g caused the formation of CS–TPP microgels. Dynamic rheological studies indicated that both storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased with particle sizes. During centrifugation processing, strong centrifugal force surmounted the electrostatic repulsion between CS–TPP particles and caused particles to stick with each other to form CS–TPP microgels. The water contents of microgels negligibly depended on particle size, suggesting that the free volumes of microgels were not affected by particle size, therefore supporting our pseudo-hard sphere assumption for CS–TPP nanoparticles.
Single Versus Bi-Directional (Reversal) Gear Tooth Bending Stress and Life (S-N) Evaluation

The significant gear fatigue bending life variation between the single directional versus bi-directional loading had been observed over the decades, but very limit information has been revealed. To gain the comprehend understanding of this subject for practical usages, the author thus first tried to apply the conventional popular fatigue theories to evaluate the difference, but in vein. This report is to describe the course of assessment and also propose a new method to minimize the discrepancy between the theoretical and test results.
Tissue distribution and properties of the lactate and supernatant Malate dehydrogenase isozymes of the grayling, Thymallus arcticus (Pallas)

By gel exclusion chromatography the molecular weight of T. arcticus LDH was estimated to be 135,000–140,000 and that of MDH to be 65,000–70,000. Employing electrophoretic mobility in starch gel, molecular hybridization, and immunoprecipitation, the LDH isozymes could be classified into three major groups designated a, b and c and a minor group designated β. The c group was found exclusively in the eye. All tissues examined contained a, b and c group isozymes. The interaction of skeletal muscle a-group isozymes with rabbit anti-weak fish (Cynoscion regalis) A4 LDH antiserum was weak and, therefore, similar to that of the group of isozymes of Prosobium cylindraceum previously designated f (Massaro, '72). Starch gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6 resolved three major isozymes of supernatant MDH. In skeletal muscle, two additional minor, weakly detectable isozymes were observed. These exhibited a greater net negative charge than the major isozymes and may be conformational isozymes.
Improved Postfixation Treatment of Glutaraldehyde Fixed Porcine Aortic Valves by Monosodium Glutamate

The use of bioprosthetic valves remains limited due to poor long-term durability primarily because of tissue calcification-associated degeneration. Release of locally cytotoxic residual aldehyde after glutaraldehyde fixation is one of the major causes of this degeneration. In this study, monosodium glutamate was used as postfixation treatment to bind residual aldehyde in order to block its toxic effects. Thirty-six pieces of fresh porcine aortic valves were fixed by 0.625% glutaraldehyde for 14 days, and then 18 of them were treated with 1% monosodium glutamate for another 3 days before they were implanted subcutaneously into the backs of two groups of rats (n = 9 in each group) for 45 and 90 days, respectively. Retrieved specimens were examined grossly, and calcium analysis and measurements of tissue collagen and water content were carried out. The results showed that, compared with glutaraldehyde fixed specimens, monosodium glutamate postfixation treated specimens had less calcification (calcium 104.93 + 50.94 versus 141.58 +/- 58.10 at 45 days and 103.07 +/- 76.48 versus 199.33 +/- 53.44 at 90 days, micrograms/mg dry weight, p < 0.01), higher collagen content (hydroxyproline 5.50 +/- 1.29 versus 3.58 +/- 1.48 at 45 days and 5.64 +/- 0.87 versus 4.25 +/- 0.65 at 90 days, micrograms/mg wet weight, p < 0.01), and higher water content (68.00 +/- 6.95% versus 61.33 +/- 8.83% at 90 days, p < 0.05) (mean +/- SD, paired t test). We conclude that monosodium glutamate couples with residual aldehyde, which significantly reduces calcification of glutaraldehyde fixed porcine aortic valves while preserving a higher tissue collagen and water content after implantation. The preserved tissue collagen and water content of the implants is closer to that of unimplanted native valves.
Cerebral Doppler studies in the fetus and newborn infant

The goal of developing reliable commercial Doppler systems for measuring vessel diameter and velocity changes during the cardiac cycle appears to be near. Reaching this goal would enable us to obtain volume-flow information continuously. In animal experiments, continuous measurements of Doppler velocity, pressure, and flow add important insights into hemodynamic measurements. Incorporating Doppler methods in microcirculatory research could also provide a link between the microcirculatory and the macrocirculatory hemodynamic research. Although Doppler methods have been validated, Doppler findings in clinical research (using commercial systems) must be considered at best to reflect qualitative circulatory alterations indicating directions of change. Because of inherent technologic limitations and considerable intersubject and intrasubject variability, direct extrapolation of the numeric findings from one study to the other can lead to misleading conclusions. The Doppler results are also influenced by measurement conditions and equipment settings. However, Doppler-derived information can be used as an adjunct to clinical management in many of the diseases discussed above. As with any physiologic variable, serial measurements probably are of greater value than single measurements. With continued improvement in technology, Doppler methods hold promise of becoming an important adjunct in cerebral hemodynamic monitoring in perinatal-neonatal intensive care units.
Malignant Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of the Lip: A Case Report and Comprehensive Literature Review

Malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (MEH), also known as high-risk epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, is a low- to intermediate-grade vascular malignancy originally described as a vascular neoplasm of endothelial origin. This very rare vascular neoplasm has been described mainly in soft tissue, but also in various organs and locations, including the liver, lung, brain, colon, lymph nodes, peritoneum, spleen, bone, skin, heart, soft tissues, and vascular system. Several cases have been described in the head and neck, including the submandibular gland, parotid gland, nasal cavity, parapharyngeal space, maxilla, maxillary sinus, occipital bone, oral cavity, thyroid gland, neck, scalp, larynx, and mandible. This case report is the first description of MEH presenting as an exophytic lower-lip lesion.
Structural basis of natural promoter recognition by a unique nuclear receptor, HNF4alpha. Diabetes gene product.

HNF4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α) plays an essential role in the development and function of vertebrate organs, including hepatocytes and pancreatic β-cells by regulating expression of multiple genes involved in organ development, nutrient transport, and diverse metabolic pathways. As such, HNF4α is a culprit gene product for a monogenic and dominantly inherited form of diabetes, known as maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). As a unique member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, HNF4α recognizes target genes containing two hexanucleotide direct repeat DNA-response elements separated by one base pair (DR1) by exclusively forming a cooperative homodimer. We describe here the 2.0 A crystal structure of human HNF4α DNA binding domain in complex with a high affinity promoter element of another MODY gene, HNF1α, which reveals the molecular basis of unique target gene selection/recognition, DNA binding cooperativity, and dysfunction caused by diabetes-causing mutations. The predicted effects of MODY mutations have been tested by a set of biochemical and functional studies, which show that, in contrast to other MODY gene products, the subtle disruption of HNF4α molecular function can cause significant effects in afflicted MODY patients.
Modeling AFM-induced PEVK extension and the reversible unfolding of Ig/FNIII domains in single and multiple titin molecules.

Abstract Molecular elasticity is associated with a select number of polypeptides and proteins, such as titin, Lustrin A, silk fibroin, and spider silk dragline protein. In the case of titin, the globular (Ig) and non-globular (PEVK) regions act as extensible springs under stretch; however, their unfolding behavior and force extension characteristics are different. Using our time-dependent macroscopic method for simulating AFM-induced titin Ig domain unfolding and refolding, we simulate the extension and relaxation of hypothetical titin chains containing Ig domains and a PEVK region. Two different models are explored: 1) a series-linked WLC expression that treats the PEVK region as a distinct entropic spring, and 2) a summation of N single WLC expressions that simulates the extension and release of a discrete number of parallel titin chains containing constant or variable amounts of PEVK. In addition to these simulations, we also modeled the extension of a hypothetical PEVK domain using a linear Hooke's spring model to account for "enthalpic" contributions to PEVK elasticity. We find that the modified WLC simulations feature chain length compensation, Ig domain unfolding/refolding, and force-extension behavior that more closely approximate AFM, laser tweezer, and immunolocalization experimental data. In addition, our simulations reveal the following: 1) PEVK extension overlaps with the onset of Ig domain unfolding, and 2) variations in PEVK content within a titin chain ensemble lead to elastic diversity within that ensemble.
Effects of ligands on ion-pairing behavior of benzylic lithium compounds

The 11 adduct of t-butyllithium and α-methylstyrene (II) has been generated in cyclopentane in the presence of a variety of ether and t-amine ligands as well as unsolvated, giving stable solutions in every case. NMR spectra of the solvated species are the same for all ligands but differ from that of the unsolvated compound. The results are consistent with a salt which contains a conjugated t-benzylic anion and exists as a loose ion-pair in the presence of ligands and as a tight ion-pair in cyclopentane alone. In contrast, benzyllithium behaves like a tight ion-pair in the presence of all ligands tried. Steric hindrance to tight ion-pairing at Cα of II is concluded to be responsible for the results observed. A covalently-bonded dilithium compound, 4,4-dimethyl-2-lithio-2-(p-lithiophenyl)pentane has been generated.
The clinical context and patient participation in post-diagnostic consultations.

Abstract Objective Although patient participation is an important feature of patient-centered health care, few studies have examined how the clinical context affects patient involvement in medical encounters. This investigation examined the way patients communicate with physicians in two diverse post-diagnostic settings, post-angiogram consultations and initial lung cancer visits. Methods From transcripts and audiorecordings of post-angiogram consultations (n = 88) and initial lung cancer visits (n = 62) within a VA hospital in the United States, three measures of patient participation were coded—number of active participation behaviors (questions, acts of assertiveness, and expressions of concern), proportion of patients’ utterances in the form of active participation, and conversational involvement (ratio of patient utterances to physician plus patient utterances). Mixed linear regression procedures assessed the independent effects of the clinical setting, physicians’ facilitative communication (partnership-building and supportive talk), and patients’ age, education, and ethnicity on patient participation. Results Not only was their less talk in the post-angiogram consultations compared with the lung cancer visits, heart patients also were less conversationally involved (accounted for 25% of the talk) than were lung cancer patients (45% of the talk) and their doctors used proportionally less facilitative talk than did the lung cancer physicians. In both settings, patients were more conversationally engaged when proportionally more of the physicians’ talk was facilitative. Conclusions The clinical context has a profound effect on patient participation. However, within individual settings, physicians can increase patient involvement by using partnering and supportive communication. Practice implications Clinicians and administrators should assess clinical practices that restrict patient involvement in ways that could affect quality of decision-making.
Allosteric regulation of the binding of [3H]acetylcholine to m2 muscarinic receptors

Abstract Muscarinic receptors of the m2 subtype expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells were labeled with [ methyl - 3 H]acetylcholine([ 3 H]ACh), and the rate of dissociation in the presence and absence of several compounds known to exert allosteric effects on labeled antagonist binding was observed. At 25 °, [ 3 H]ACh bound to the receptors with a K d of 1.2 nM and dissociated with a half-time of 1.6 min. This binding was sensitive to appropriate concentrations of guanine nucleotide and the muscarinic antagonist N -methylscopolamine (NMS). Gallamine, tetrahydroaminoacridine, physostigmine, obidoxime, and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester (TMB-8) all inhibited the binding of [ 3 H]ACh and all slowed the rate of dissociation of [ 3 H]ACh in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the nature of some of the allosteric effects differed from previous studies that used other labeled ligands. In particular, TMB-8, which is very effective in slowing the dissociation of the antagonist [ 3 H]NMS, had much weaker effects on the dissociation of [ 3 H]ACh. Furthermore, TMB-8 was able to partially reverse the stronger effects of gallamine on the dissociation of [ 3 H]ACh, consistent with the possibility that TMB-8 and gallamine share a common site on the receptor. In summary, the binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors is subject to allosteric regulation, and assays using [ 3 H]ACh may be especially useful in the evaluation of potential allosteric regulators of muscarinic systems.
Age and race effects on pain sensitivity and modulation among middle-aged and older adults

Abstract This study tested the effects of aging and race on responses to noxious stimuli using a wide range of stimulus modalities. The participants were 53 non-Hispanic blacks and 138 non-Hispanic white adults, ages 45 to 76 years. The participants completed a single 3-hour sensory testing session where responses to thermal, mechanical, and cold stimuli were assessed. The results suggest that there are selected age differences, with the older group less sensitive to warm and painful heat stimuli than middle-aged participants, particularly at the knee. This site effect supports the hypothesis that the greatest decrement in pain sensitivity associated with aging occurs in the lower extremities. In addition, there were several instances where age and race effects were compounded, resulting in greater race differences in pain sensitivity among the older participants. Overall, the data suggest that previously reported race differences in pain sensitivity emerged in our older samples, and this study contributes new findings in that these differences may increase with age in non-Hispanic blacks for temporal summation and both heat and cold immersion tolerance. We have added to the aging and pain literature by reporting several small to moderate differences in responses to heat stimuli between middle- and older-age adults. Perspective This study found that the greatest decline in pain sensitivity with aging occurs in the lower extremities. In addition, race differences in pain sensitivity observed in younger adults were also found in our older sample.
Computer Generated Lenticular Stereograms

Computer generated true three dimensional hardcopy using lenticular sheets offers advantages over alternative hardcopy methods. Easier to record than holographic stereograms and offering full color, lenticular displays have image quality similar to barrier displays but without problems of brightness. Two different means of computer generation are possible. For both, a sequence of perspective views are calculated then merged into a single composite image or stereogram. Interlacing these views is usually done optically but a computational method is also considered. Efforts have been made at direct writing of holograms but can be achieved much more readily for lenticular stereograms since a much lower spatial frequency will suffice. The resolution needed depends upon the pitch of the cylindrical lenses in the lenticular sheet and the number of perspective views to be interlaced. We consider the use of 300 dpi laser printers and show that while the resolution is sufficient, linewidth and spacing are problematic. We also consider production of full color stereograms and discuss the problems caused by dithering for color palette generation. Higher resolution output devices such as digital film recorders offer much greater potential for panoramic, full color display and direct writing of lenticular stereograms is considered a viable, cost effective technique to generate autostereoscopic 3D display.