cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cultural Psychological Analysis of Collective Memory as Mediated Action: Constructions of Indian History

The present research applies a cultural psychological perspective on collective memory as mediated action to examine how constructions of a national past serve as tools that both reflect and shape national identity concerns. We employ a situation-sampling method to investigate collective memory in a series of studies concerning intergroup relations in the Indian context. In Study 1, participants (N = 55) generated three historical events that they considered important/relevant for Indian history. In Study 2, participants (N = 95) rated the importance and relevance of these events in a within-participant design. Illuminating the psychological constitution of cultural reality, frequency of recall (Study 1) and ratings of importance/relevance (Study 2) were greater for nation-glorifying events celebrating ingroup triumph than for typically silenced, critical events acknowledging ingroup wrongdoing. Moreover, these patterns were stronger among participants who scored higher in national identification. In Studies 3 (N = 65) and 4 (N = 160), we exposed participants to different categories of events in a between-participants design. Illuminating the cultural constitution of psychological experience, participants exposed to typically silenced, critical events reported lower national identification and greater perception of injustice against marginalized groups than did participants exposed to nation-glorifying events. Together, results illuminate a conception of collective memory as mediated action. Producers invest memory products with an identity-interested charge that directs subsequent intergroup relations toward identity-consistent ends.
The Evolving Cyberthreat to Privacy

Cyberthreats create unique risks for organizations and individuals, especially regarding breaches of personally identifiable information (PII). However, relatively little research has examined hackings distinct impact on privacy. The authors analyze cyber breaches of PII and found that they are significantly larger compared to other breaches, showing that past breaches are useful for predicting future breaches.
Chemokines and Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel growth and is a critical biological process under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Angiogenesis can occur under physiologic conditions that include embryogenesis and the ovarian/menstrual cycle. In contrast, pathologic angiogenesis is associated with chronic inflammation/chronic fibroproliferative disorders and tumorigenesis of cancer. Similarly, aberrant angiogenesis associated with chronic inflammation/fibroproliferative disorders is analogous to neovascularization of tumorigenesis of cancer. Net angiogenesis is determined by a balance in the expression of angiogenic compared with angiostatic factors. CXC chemokines are heparin-binding proteins that display unique disparate roles in the regulation of angiogenesis. Based on their structure, CXC chemokines can be divided into two groups that either promote or inhibit angiogenesis, and they are therefore uniquely placed to regulate net angiogenesis in both physiologic and pathologic conditions.
Genre-typical narrative arcs in films are less appealing to lay audiences and professional film critics

People tend to like stimuli-ranging from human faces to text-that are prototypical, and thus easily processed. However, recent research has suggested that less typical stimuli may be preferred in creative contexts, such as fine art or music lyrics. In an archival sample of movie scripts, we tested whether genre-typicality predicted film ratings as a function of rater role (novice audience member or expert film critic). Genre-typicality was operationalized as the profile correlations between linguistic arcs (across five segments, or acts) for each script and within-genre averages. We predicted (1) that critics would prefer more disfluent (genre-atypical) films and general audiences would prefer fluent (genre-typical) films, and (2) that these differences would be most pronounced for genres expected to be more entertaining (e.g., action/adventure) than challenging (e.g., tragedy). Partly consistent with our hypotheses, the results showed that critics gave higher ratings to action/adventure films with less typical positive emotion arcs. However, regardless of audience-member or professional-critic status, higher ratings were attributed to films that were more genre-atypical (or disfluent), in terms of analytic thinking, narrative action, and emotional tone, across all genres except family/kids films. Such findings support the growing literature on the appeal of disfluency in the arts and have relevance for researchers in psychology and computer science who are interested in computational linguistic approaches to attitudes, film, and literature.
Evaluation of Aspiration in Infants With Laryngomalacia and Recurrent Respiratory and Feeding Difficulties.

Importance Laryngomalacia is the most common laryngeal anomaly and is commonly associated with stridor in children, but the recurrent respiratory and/or feeding difficulties associated with this condition may pose a threat to the well-being of the affected child. Objective To describe the prevalence of aspiration in pediatric patients with laryngomalacia who present with recurrent respiratory issues and/or feeding difficulty. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective review of medical records involved 142 pediatric patients. These patients received a laryngomalacia diagnosis, presented with recurrent respiratory and/or feeding difficulties, and underwent a modified barium swallow (MBS) study at a tertiary referral children’s hospital from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015. Each patient was assessed for aspiration and swallowing discoordination. Data collection and analysis were performed from December 1, 2016, to September 30, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Demographic data, presenting symptoms, medical comorbidities, and feeding and dysphagia details were collected and analyzed. Speech-language pathologists reviewed all MBS reports to identify the presence and type of aspiration (ie, silent vs nonsilent) with different textures and consistencies of food and liquid. Results A total of 395 patients were diagnosed with laryngomalacia in 2015. One hundred forty-two of these patients (35.9%) presented with recurrent respiratory issues and/or feeding difficulties and were referred for MBS study for further evaluation. Ninety-two (64.8%) were male, with a median (interquartile range) age at the time of MBS study of 7.9 (3.2-20.5) months. Among these patients, 128 (90.1%) had swallowing dysfunction documented during the MBS study. Aspiration was identified in 60 patients (42.3%), and silent aspiration was documented in 59 (98.3%) of these 60 patients. Epilepsy or seizures (risk difference [RD], 11%; 95% CI, 5%-17%), laryngeal cleft (RD, 8%; 95% CI, 3%-13%), and premature birth (RD, 15%; 95% CI, 5%-25%) were statistically significantly associated with abnormal MBS findings. Conclusions and Relevance Swallowing dysfunction and aspiration were commonly found in pediatric patients with laryngomalacia and recurrent feeding and/or respiratory issues; these children should undergo an MBS study for dysphagia and silent aspiration.
Global Entrepreneurship: Environment and Strategy

This second edition of a Choice Outstanding Academic Title improves coverage of the global environments in which entrepreneurs operate. In Global Entrepreneurship: Environment and Strategy, Nir Kshetri explores and illuminates the economic, political, cultural, geographical, and technological environments that affect entrepreneurs as they exploit opportunities and create value in economies around the world. Grounded in theory, the book begins by laying out the concepts, indicators, and measurements that have unique impacts on entrepreneurs in different regions. This framework sets the scene for a close examination of global variations in entrepreneurial ecosystems and finance. Kshetri methodically examines entrepreneurship patterns in diverse economies through the lenses of economic system, political system, culture and religion, and geography (both by country and continent) – and for the first time, includes an entire chapter on entrepreneurship in Latin America. All new for this edition, Global Entrepreneurship offers case studies at the end of each chapter to illustrate relevant concepts, as well as two detailed cases in an appendix, to encourage broader reflection.
Adaptive optics correction using coherently illuminated diffractive objects

Adaptive Optics (AO) is an established technique for improving image quality and compensating for aberrations induced by focusing through samples with varying thickness and refractive index. Future optical data storage schemes with multiple data layers may require the correction capabilities of AO systems. However, the diffractive phase introduced by light reflected from optical storage media might be problematic for high-performance systems. A laser beam focused onto grooved media has a reflection with a baseball-shaped variation in the pupil, caused by the overlap in diffracted orders with the zero-order reflection. This pupil variation is significant in intensity, and simulations and experiments show that there is an associated small variation in phase. If the diffractive phase is sufficiently small, measurement of the total phase with aberrations by a wavefront sensor could enable application of AO correction with diffractive media samples. Simulations and experiments are presented to examine the capability of an adaptive optics microscope system to compensate for diffractive effects with a coherently illuminated sample. AO systems are commonly implemented with incoherent objects, but this could be extended to other applications by characterizing the performance of an AO system with a coherent reflection from a diffractive surface. Data storage media are used as targets for investigating these intensity and phase variations caused by coherence effects, with well-defined grating parameters creating diffraction patterns that are modeled and verified experimentally. There are potential applications outside of data storage, such as coherent freespace optical communication.
Rapid Brain Nicotine Uptake from Electronic Cigarettes

This study sought to determine brain nicotine kinetics from use of the increasingly popular electronic cigarette (E-cig). Methods: In 17 E-cig users (9 men and 8 women), brain uptake of nicotine after inhalation from E-cigs was directly assessed using 11C-nicotine PET. The brain nicotine kinetics were compared with those from smoking combustible cigarettes (C-cigs). Results: A single puff of E-cig vapor caused the nicotine concentration in the brain to rise quickly (mean time to reach 50% of maximum brain nicotine concentration, 27 s), with a peak amplitude 25% higher in women than men, resembling previous observations with C-cigs. Nonetheless, the accumulation from E-cigs (24%) was less than that from C-cigs (32%) in both men and women. Conclusion: E-cigs can deliver nicotine to the brain with a rapidity similar to that of C-cigs. Therefore, to the extent that rapid brain uptake promotes smoking reward, E-cigs might maintain a degree of nicotine dependence and also serve as a noncombustible substitute for cigarettes.
Thermal transport across the interface between liquid n-dodecane and its own vapor: A molecular dynamics study.

There are two possible thermal transport mechanisms at liquid–gas interfaces, namely, evaporation/condensation (i.e., heat transfer by liquid–vapor phase change at liquid surfaces) and heat conduction (i.e., heat exchange by collisions between gas molecules and liquid surfaces). Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we study thermal transport across the liquid–vapor interface of a model n-dodecane (C12H26) under various driving force conditions. In each MD simulation, we restrict the thermal energy to be transferred across the liquid–vapor interface by only one mechanism. In spite of the complex intramolecular interactions in n-dodecane molecules, our modeling results indicate that the Schrage relationships, which were shown to give accurate predictions of evaporation and condensation rates of monatomic fluids, are also valid in the prediction of evaporation and condensation rates of n-dodecane. In the case of heat conduction at the liquid–vapor interface of n-dodecane, the interfacial thermal conductance obtained from MD simulations is consistent with the prediction from the kinetic theory of gases. The fundamental understanding of thermal transport mechanisms at liquid–gas interfaces will allow us to formulate appropriate boundary conditions for continuum modeling of heating and evaporation of small fuel droplets.
Practice Changes in Postoperative Feeding after Elective Colorectal Surgery: From Prospective Randomized Study to Everyday Practice:

Early postoperative feeding is the standard of care after colorectal surgery and is associated with improved outcomes. A controlled study performed at our center demonstrated faster bowel function recovery and shorter hospital stay without an increase in postoperative morbidity for a solid versus clear-liquid diet on postoperative day (POD) 1 after colorectal surgery. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of these findings on the practice of diet advancement by board-certified general surgeons (GS) and colorectal surgeons (CRS) at an urban teaching hospital. Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery were prospectively evaluated. Data were compared with that of a study cohort that underwent elective colorectal surgery reported in 2012. Early postoperative feeding in the more recent cohort statistically increased for all cases on POD 0 and POD 1. Diet advancement over time revealed significant changes in early feeding on POD 0 for patients operated on by CRS (0% vs 83%; P < 0.0001) but not GS (13% vs 13%; P = 1). Patients operated on by either CRS or GS and offered early feeding on POD 1 did not significantly differ between time periods. Despite well-documented evidence of the advantages of early feeding, GS, but not CRS, remain reluctant to administer early diets to patients after colorectal surgery.
Adverse events and residual lesion rate after cold endoscopic mucosal resection of serrated lesions ≥10 mm.

Abstract Background and Aims Cold EMR is being increasingly used for large serrated lesions. We sought to measure residual lesion rates and adverse events after cold EMR of large serrated lesions. Methods In a single academic center, we retrospectively examined a database of serrated class lesions ≥10 mm removed with cold EMR for safety and efficacy. Results Five hundred sixty-six serrated lesions ≥10 mm in size were removed from 312 patients. We successfully contacted 223 patients (71.5%) with no reported serious adverse events that required hospitalization, repeat endoscopy, or transfusion. The residual lesion rate per lesion at first follow-up colonoscopy was 18 of 225 (8%; 95% confidence interval, 5-12.1). Lesions with residual were larger at polypectomy compared with lesions without recurrence (median, 23 mm versus 16 mm, P = .017). Conclusion Cold EMR appears to be safe and effective for the removal of large serrated lesions.
Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Strikes along the Southeastern Coastline of the United States

Lindner, B.L.; Holden, W.; Neuhauser, A., and Evsich, R., 2020. Climatology of tropical cyclone strikes along the southeastern coastline of the United States. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(6), 1162–1177. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.It has been theorized that tropical cyclones originating in or passing through the Gulf of Mexico (hereafter referred to as GOM tropical cyclones) may significantly impact communities along the Atlantic coast of the southeastern United States. To explore this hypothesis, site-specific climatologies were compiled using National Hurricane Center records of tropical cyclones that passed within 139 km of either Savannah, Georgia, or Wilmington, North Carolina, during the years 1851–2018. Return periods for tropical cyclones are longer for Savannah than for Wilmington, particularly for intense hurricanes. Intense GOM hurricanes are weakened by land interaction, which would result in longer return periods. A secondary maximum in the number of tropical storms early in hurricane season is more pronounced with proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, which is again consistent with the contribution from GOM tropical cyclones. Moreover, the percentage of tropical cyclones that passed near Savannah but did not make landfall is higher than that for Wilmington, again an indication of the significance of GOM tropical cyclones. Further evidence of the influence of GOM tropical cyclones is seen in the difference in approach angle and translational velocity between tropical storms and hurricanes. In addition, translational velocities for tropical cyclones increase with latitude, and translational velocities for tropical cyclones near either Savannah or Wilmington increase as the hurricane season progresses. Both relationships are likely due to the interaction of tropical cyclones with synoptic and planetary-scale winds. The median date for tropical cyclones has shifted earlier in recent decades for both Savannah and Wilmington, which is potentially an indication of climate change. An improved understanding of the climatology of tropical cyclones could lead to enhanced city planning, building codes, infrastructure, and resource management.
Sex-based trade-offs in the innate and acquired immune systems of Sternotherus minor.

Longevity patterns in most vertebrates suggest that females benefit most from maintenance investment. A reversed longevity pattern in loggerhead musk turtles (Sternotherus minor) allowed us to test trade-offs between maintenance and survivorship. We tested the hypothesis that the sex with greater longevity has greater maintenance than the sex with shorter longevity. We also compared the following parameters between sexes: Bactericidal ability (BA) and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios (HLR). Baseline blood samples were collected from turtles in the field; a subset of turtles was returned to a laboratory for experiments of acquired immune responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). We found no support for the original hypothesis of reversal in sex-dependent immune trade-offs (difference between sex SRBC titers: p = .102; interaction between treatment and sex: p = .177; difference between treatments: p < .001; effect of sex on BA: p = .830; effect of sex on HLR: p = .717). However, we did find support for sex-dependent differences in immunity in the relationship between HLR and body condition (BCI) (effect of BCI on HLR: p = .015). In field conditions, we found that males with higher body condition indices express stressed phenotypes more than males with lower body condition indices (p = .002). However, females expressed similar stress loads across all body conditions (p = .900). Testosterone concentrations were assayed in free-living turtles and were not related to any of the immune parameters. Our results suggest that the immune systems play an important role in balancing sex-specific responses to different selective pressures in S. minor.
Yoga, Meditation, and Neoliberal Penality: Compliance or Resistance?:

In this essay, I argue that a normative commitment to dismantling mass incarceration requires us to examine the effects of self-care and self-disciplinary practices within carceral spaces. I take u...
What can science fiction tell us about the future of artificial intelligence policy

This paper addresses the gap between familiar popular narratives describing Artificial Intelligence (AI), such as the trope of the killer robot, and the realistic near-future implications of machine intelligence and automation for technology policy and society. The authors conducted a series of interviews with technologists, science fiction writers, and other experts, as well as a workshop, to identify a set of key themes relevant to the near future of AI. In parallel, they led the analysis of almost 100 recent works of science fiction stories with AI themes to develop a preliminary taxonomy of AI in science fiction. These activities informed the commissioning of six original works of science fiction and non-fiction response essays on the themes of “intelligence” and “justice” that were published as part of the Slate Future Tense Fiction series in 2019 and 2020. Our findings indicate that artificial intelligence remains deeply ambiguous both in the policy and cultural contexts: we struggle to define the boundaries and the agency of machine intelligence, and consequently find it difficult to govern or interact with such systems. However, our findings also suggest more productive avenues of inquiry and framing that could foster both better policy and better narratives around AI.
Unsupervised Classification with ICA Mixture Models

This chapter presents an unsupervised classification algorithm based on an ICA mixture model (Lee et al., 1998d). The mixture model is a model in which the observed data can be categorized into several data classes. The data in each class is generated by a linear mixture of independent sources and is called an ICA class. The goal of the learning algorithm is first to find the independent sources and the mixing matrix for each ICA class and second to compute the posterior probability of the class membership of a given data point. The first step of the algorithm employs a standard ICA algorithm to learn the basis vectors (mixing matrix) and the bias terms. In the second step, the algorithm computes for each ICA class the probability of the ICA class given the data. This approach can be seen as an extension of the Gaussian mixture model in which the clusters can have non-Gaussian structure. Performance on a standard classification problem, the Iris flower data set, demonstrate that the new algorithm achieves highly competitive classification results.
The coding sequence of Duffy blood group gene in humans and simians: restriction fragment length polymorphism, antibody and malarial parasite specificities, and expression in nonerythroid tissues in Duffy- negative individuals

The coding and untranslated flanking sequences of Duffy gene (FY) in humans and simians are in a single exon. The difference between the two codominant alleles, FY*A and FY*B, is a single change at nucleotide 306: guanidine is in FY*A and adenine is in FY*B. This produces a codon change that subsequently modifies the amino acid at position 43 of gpFy, the major subunit of the Duffy blood group protein complex. The glycine at this position in antigen Fya exchanges with aspartic acid in antigen Fyb. The guanidine at nucleotide 306 creates an additional Ban I restriction site in FY*A. Ban I digestion of DNA-PCR amplified products of FY*B and FY*A yields three and four fragments, respectively. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) studies show that Fy(a+b-) and Fy(a-b+) whites are FY homozygous, that most Fy(a-b-) blacks have FY*B, and most Fy(a+b-) blacks are FY*A/FY*B heterozygous. In the black population a silent FY*B is very common, but a silent FY*A has not been found yet. On RNA blot analysis, the gpFy cDNA clone detected mRNA in the lung, spleen, and colon but not in the bone marrow of Duffy-negative individuals. Therefore, there is no null phenotype in Fy(a-b-) blacks. The gpFy homology between human and chimpanzee is 99% with a single residue change at position 116 (valine to isoleucine), whereas a 94% homology is found in squirrel and rhesus monkeys, and there is a 93% homology in aotus monkey when compared with humans. The N-terminal exocellular domain of simian gpFy helps to identify a set of amino acids critical for antibody and malarial parasite specificities.
Lithium alters the morphology of neurites regenerating from cultured adult spiral ganglion neurons

Abstract The small-molecule drug lithium (as a monovalent ion) promotes neurite regeneration and functional recovery, is easy to administer, and is approved for human use to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium exerts its neuritogenic effect mainly by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3, a constitutively-active serine/threonine kinase that is regulated by neurotrophin and “wingless-related MMTV integration site” (Wnt) signaling. In spiral ganglion neurons of the cochlea, the effects of lithium and the function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 have not been investigated. We, therefore, set out to test whether lithium modulates neuritogenesis from adult spiral ganglion neurons. Primary cultures of dissociated spiral ganglion neurons from adult mice were exposed to lithium at concentrations between 0 and 12.5 mM. The resulting neurite morphology and growth-cone appearance were measured in detail by using immunofluorescence microscopy and image analysis. We found that lithium altered the morphology of regenerating neurites and their growth cones in a differential, concentration-dependent fashion. Low concentrations of 0.5–2.5 mM (around the half-maximal inhibitory concentration for glycogen synthase kinase 3 and the recommended therapeutic serum concentration for bipolar disorder) enhanced neurite sprouting and branching. A high concentration of 12.5 mM, in contrast, slowed elongation. As the lithium concentration rose from low to high, the microtubules became increasingly disarranged and the growth cones more arborized. Our results demonstrate that lithium selectively stimulates phases of neuritogenesis that are driven by microtubule reorganization. In contrast, most other drugs that have previously been tested on spiral ganglion neurons are reported to inhibit neurite outgrowth or affect only elongation. Lithium sensitivity is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for the involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3. Our results are, therefore, consistent with, but do not prove lithium inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity in spiral ganglion neurons. Experiments with additional drugs and molecular-genetic tools will be necessary to test whether glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates neurite regeneration from spiral ganglion neurons, possibly by integrating neurotrophin and Wnt signals at the growth cone.
An Irregular Agglutinin and Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)

SummaryAn irregular agglutinin found in the serum of an Rh-positive mother of an erythroblastic child sired by an Rh-negative father is described in this communication. This agglutinin differs‡ from that designated as anti-Hr by Levine, because it agglutinated all Rh-positive as well as Rh-negative blood samples.
Reversal learning in an escape situation

Rats were trained on a series of successive, spatial habit reversals with shock escape for reinforcement and criteria of either of 6 or 12 consecutive correct trials per problem. There was a tendency, particularly with the less stringent criterion, for the Ss to regress after having reached a point of single-error reversing. A possible explanation based upon motivational level was given for this regression.
Preparation of stable fulvene and difulvene aldehydes from benzaldehydes and an indene-derived enamine: formation of novel indene-fused benzodiazepines and attempted syntheses of di- and tricarbaporphyrinoid systems

Abstract Although carbaporphyrins and related systems have been widely studied, far less work has been carried out on the synthesis of porphyrin analogues with more than one carbocyclic subunit. Fulvene aldehydes are potentially valuable intermediates for studies of this type. A versatile methodology has been developed where benzaldehydes are reacted with an indene-derived enamine in the presence of dibutylboron triflate to give fulvene monoaldehydes. This chemistry allows halo, alkyl, methoxy or cyanovinyl units to be introduced and the resulting fulvenes are stable compounds that are easily purified by column chromatography. Isophthalaldehydes afford difulvene dialdehydes that are equally stable and these can be reduced with CeCl3-NaBH4 to give the related dicarbinols. The difulvene dialdehydes failed to give macrocyclic products when reacted with o-phenylenediamine in the presence of CeCl3 but instead gave unprecedented bis-indene-fused benzodiazepines. Fulvene monoaldehydes also reacted under these conditions to give benzodiazepine products in good yields. These results highlight the potential utility of fulvene aldehydes for synthetic applications both inside and outside of the area of porphyrin analogue chemistry.
Gbit/s serialiser/deserialiser subsystem for GaAs large-scale optoelectronic integration

A 10 : 1 serialiser/deserialiser subsystem with fast byte synchronisation and link control functions has been designed. The subsystem, consisting of 1030 gates, was implemented on GaAs using a refractory-gate MESFET process and is part of an optoelectronic transmitter/receiver chip set for fibre-optic computer communication links. An operating speed of 1 Gbit/s was achieved with a power dissipation of only 1.2 W.
High-Resolution Mapping of Scar-Related Atrial Arrhythmias Using Smaller Electrodes With Closer Interelectrode Spacing

Background— The resolution of mapping is influenced by electrode size and interelectrode spacing. Smaller electrodes with closer interelectrode spacing may improve mapping resolution, particularly in scar. The aims of this study were to establish normal electrogram criteria in the atria for both 3.5-mm electrode tip linear catheters (Thermocool) and 1-mm multielectrode-mapping catheters (Pentaray) and to compare their mapping resolution in scar-related atrial arrhythmias. Methods and Results— Normal voltage amplitude cutoffs for both catheters were validated in 10 patients with structurally normal atria. In 20 additional patients with scar-related atrial arrhythmias, similar sequential mapping with both catheters was performed. Normal bipolar voltage amplitude was similar between 3.5- and 1-mm electrode catheters with a fifth percentile of 0.48 and 0.52 mV, respectively ( P =0.65). In patients with scar-related atrial arrhythmias, the total area of bipolar voltage <0.5 mV measured using 1-mm electrode catheters was smaller than that measured using 3.5-mm catheter (14.7 versus 20.4 cm2; P =0.02). The mean bipolar voltage amplitude in this area of low voltage was significantly higher with 1-mm electrode catheters (0.28 and 0.17 mV; P =0.01). Importantly, 54.4% of all low voltage data points recorded with 1-mm electrode catheter had distinct electrograms that allowed annotation of local activation time compared with only 21.4% with 3.5-mm electrode tip catheters ( P =0.01). Overdrive pacing with capture of the tachycardia from within the area of low voltage was more frequent with 1-mm electrode catheters (66.7 versus 33.4; P =0.01). Conclusions— Mapping with small closely spaced electrode catheters can improve mapping resolution within areas of low voltage.
Theory of photoemission from the Ni 2p core level

Photoemission spectra are calculated for the Ni 2p core level within a small-cluster many-body scheme. The interplay between Coulomb, exchange, and spin-orbit interactions is discussed, as well as the role of extra-atomic screening. The spin-dependent transfer of spectral weight, both within and across the levels, is considered. Effects due to circular, linear, and unpolarized excitation are also examined. Local final-state configurations are reported, and a physical interpretation of the various spectral features is given. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Multiple epidural hematomas following ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Although extra-axial hematomas are a well-known complication of ventricular shunting, epidural hematomas are uncommon in this setting. We report an unusual case of multiple epidural hematomas in a pat
Cutting-Edge and Cross-Cutting: Connecting the Dots between Nanotechnology and High School Chemistry

This editorial suggests opportunities for celebrating this year’s National Chemistry Week theme of nanotechnology by incorporating ideas from consumer products and technological materials to address two issues often faced by the precollege teaching community in their classes. First, the relevance of introductory chemistry topics to students’ lives is considered, then how cross-cutting concepts that connect chemistry to other disciplines can be facilitated through this year’s National Chemistry Week theme.
Laser Beat-Wave Accelerator for Ultra-High Energies

Parallel intense laser beams ?0, k0 and ?1,k1 shone on a plasma with frequency separation equal to the electron plasma frequency ?pe is capable of creating a coherent large longitudinal electric field EL = ??? mc ?pe/e of the order of 1-10GeV/cm for plasma density 1018-20 cm-3 through the forward Raman scattering. A concept of applying this process to an ultra-high energy (100-1000 TeV range) accelerator is considered. Associated physics questions such as the laser beam propagation, self-trapping, filamentation, the longitudinal dephasing etc. are discussed. As a method to overcome the longitudinal dephasing, the relativistic forward Brillouin scattering process is proposed, where the frequency separation of two lasers is now ?pi with ?pi being the ion plasma frequency.
Mobility of Organic and Inorganic Constituents from Energy and Combustion-Related Wastes under Codisposal Conditions

The criteria for determining toxicity of a solid waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) are the levels of NIPDW contaminants as determined using the extraction procedure (EPA-EP). This procedure is predicted on a scenario of disposal of the solid waste in a municipal landfill, resulting in contact with an acidic leaching medium. The scenario includes a 95/5 municipal waste/industrial waste ratio. The experimental definition of the leaching rates of various contaminants under the conditions of this scenario is the object of this work. The experimental design included the use of large scale lysimeters (1.8 M in diameter x 3.6 M height) packed with 1.5 metric tons of municipal waste. A flow rate of -6.5 1/day of distilled water was added to the lysimeters for the generation of municipal waste leachate (MWL). The MWL was used to leach a variety of industrial wastes, including resource recovery ashes, an API separator sludge/incinerator ash mixture, and a coking plant wastewater treatment sludge. The resulting leachates were analyzed for both inorganic and organic constituents. Inorganic constituents showed two distinct types of leaching behavior. Freely soluble elements (B, Na, Ca, etc.) gave leaching curves which showed exponential declines. Acid-soluble elements (Ni, Zn)more » eluted as peaks as the pH of the leachate decreased. Organic constituents gave leaching curves which were dependent on solubility: either an exponential decline (freely soluble compounds) or a relatively flat curve at or near the solubility limit. The availability of this data base has allowed the development of a laboratory extraction procedure for the prediction of contaminant migration in municipal landfills. 6 references, 4 figures, 3 tables.« less
Mouse forepaw lumbrical muscles are resistant to age-related declines in force production

A progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and force generating capacity occurs with aging. Mice are commonly used in the study of aging-associated changes in muscle size and strength, with most models of aging demonstrating 15-35% reductions in muscle mass, cross-sectional area (CSA), maximum isometric force production (Po) and specific force (sPo), which is Po/CSA. The lumbrical muscle of the mouse forepaw is exceptionally small, with corresponding short diffusion distances that make it ideal for in vitro pharmacological studies and measurements of contractile properties. However, the aging-associated changes in lumbrical function have not previously been reported. To address this, we tested the hypothesis that compared to adult (12month old) mice, the forepaw lumbrical muscles of old (30month old) mice exhibit aging-related declines in size and force production similar to those observed in larger limb muscles. We found that the forepaw lumbricals were composed exclusively of fibers with type II myosin heavy chain isoforms, and that the muscles accumulated connective tissue with aging. There were no differences in the number of fibers per whole-muscle cross-section or in muscle fiber CSA. The whole muscle CSA in old mice was increased by 17%, but the total CSA of all muscle fibers in a whole-muscle cross-section was not different. No difference in Po was observed, and while sPo normalized to total muscle CSA was decreased in old mice by 22%, normalizing Po by the total muscle fiber CSA resulted in no difference in sPo. Combined, these results indicate that forepaw lumbrical muscles from 30month old mice are largely protected from the aging-associated declines in size and force production that are typically observed in larger limb muscles.
Selective formation of He + (n=3) in He 2+ -Li collisions

Excited-state formation in inelastic He/sup 2 +/-Li collisions at kinetic energies up to 7 kev (center of mass) has been diagnosed by dispersal and detection of both visible and soft x-ray radiation emanating from the intersection of He/sup 2 +/ and Li beams. The theoretical predictions of Shipsey et al., that He/sup +/(n=3) is preferentially formed, are found to be valid. The cross section for this selective process is sufficiently high to support the suggested application for production of super-radiance at the He II Lyman ..cap alpha.. and Lyman ..beta.. wavelengths, 304 A and 256 A, respectively.
From local to global coordination: lessons from software reuse

Software reuse offers the promise of reducing product costs and increasing system reliability by making it possible to share code. However, software reuse in practice has proved much harder. This paper examines three cases of software reuse to understand why reuse remains elusive. The findings show that reuse encounters three coordination problems: the work required to traverse boundaries, the effects of organizational and environmental changes, and the coordination required to align and assemble multiple pieces of software.
Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: Links with Defense Style in Substance Abuse Patients and Comparison with Nonclinical Norms

One-hundred fourteeen adults undergoing voluntary inpatient treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) completed the Relationship Profile Test (RPT; Bornstein et al. 2003), and Bond, Gardner, and Christian’s (1983) Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Analyses examined gender differences in RPT subscale scores and evaluated patterns of RPT-DSQ correlations in the SUD sample; a secondary analysis compared RPT scores in the present sample with those of Bornstein et al.’s (Journal of Personality Assessment 80:64–74, 2003) nonclinical sample. Results supported the construct validity of the RPT as a measure of destructive overdependence (DO), dysfunctional detachment (DD), and healthy dependency (HD) and provided preliminary clinical norms for the DO, DD, and HD scales. Findings also documented potential limitations of the RPT in SUD patients. Continued evaluation is needed to assess the utility of the RPT in clinical populations.
The effects of higher cigarette prices on tar and nicotine consumption in a cohort of adult smokers.

The objective of this paper is to estimate the demand for tar and nicotine in cigarettes as a function of cigarette prices in a cohort of cigarette 11 966 smokers followed for 5 years. Data for the analysis come from a longitudinal telephone survey of 11 966 smokers who were interviewed in 1988 and 1993 as part of the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT). Separate models are estimated for three age groups to account for differences in levels of addiction and brand loyalty across age. We found that smokers respond to higher cigarette prices by reducing the number of cigarettes smoked per day but also by switching to cigarettes that are higher in tar and nicotine per cigarette. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New graduate nurses' perception of the workplace: have they experienced bullying?

This study investigated the bullying experience in the workplace of newly licensed registered nurses (RNs). Preventing newly licensed nurses from leaving the profession is important, especially because there is a nursing shortage. Education of staff and administrators provides recognition of negative behaviors in the workplace. Participants in this research study included 135 newly licensed RN's from 5 nursing schools in Northwestern Ohio licensed in years 2007–2010. Quantitative methods and a descriptive design process included chi-square tests and descriptive statistical methods. Bullying workplace behaviors were identified by participants utilizing the survey tool, the Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised, and a questionnaire on work relationships and bullies recognized in the workplace. Nursing peers, physicians, or a patient's family were the main sources of bullying, and 29.5% had considered leaving the nursing profession. Education of staff is imperative for providing recognition of negative behaviors in the workplace. Bullying occurs in the workplace and is affecting the new graduates' work performance. Retaining newly graduated nurses is the ultimate goal for maintaining RN's in the workforce.
Anaplastic transformation of thyroid cancer: review of clinical, pathologic, and molecular evidence provides new insights into disease biology and future therapy.

Background. Anaplastic thyroid cancer ranks among the most lethal of all human malignancies. Its rarity and rapidly fatal course have made it a difficult cancer to both study and treat. Unfortunately, there has been little progress in the management and control of this malignancy. Anaplastic transformation, or the intratumoral evolution of anaplastic carcinoma from pre-existing differentiated thyroid cancer, has become a well-accepted process, despite a limited understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Methods. It is through review of the literature that an understanding of the aggressive disease biology can be developed. The aim of this review is to evaluate the relevant clinical, pathologic, and molecular studies to develop an insight into the mechanisms that underlie the intratumoral molecular evolution of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Results/Conclusion. It is based on an understanding of this process that effective treatments for this aggressive malignancy are currently being developed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 662–670, 2003
Semantic prefetching objects of slower web site pages

The structure of most web sites consists of a composition of web pages that require varying amounts of time to render. Typically, web pages with large amount content (text/images/code) require more time to render than web pages with a smaller aggregate content size. Most users expect this discrepancy among web page rendering times. In this paper, we will describe a semantic link prefetching technique that uses object bundling to expedite the rendering time of slower web pages, at the cost of extending the rendering speed of faster web pages within an established threshold value limit. Study results show that our approach enhances the overall rendering time of slower web pages with imperceptible time extension to other, faster rendering web pages.
The petrogenesis of topaz rhyolites from the western United States

High-silica topaz-bearing rhyolites of Cenozoic age are widely distributed across the western USA and Mexico. They are characteristically enriched in fluorine (>0.2 wt.%) and incompatible lithophile elements (e.g. Li, Rb, Cs, U, Th, Be). In addition to topaz, the rhyolites contain garnet, bixbyite, pseudobrookite, hematite and fluorite in cavities or in their devitrified groundmasses. Magmatic phases include sanidine, quartz, oligoclase and Fe-rich biotite. Allanite, fluorite, zircon, apatite and magnetite occur in most; pyroxene, hornblende, ilmenite and titanite occur in some. The rhyolites crystallized over a wide temperature interval (850° to 600° C) at \(f_{0_2 } \) that ranges from QFM to NNO. The REE patterns of most topaz rhyolites are almost flat (La/YbN=1 to 3) and have deep Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.01 to 0.02). Both parameters decrease with differentiation. Titanite-bearing rhyolites have prominent middle REE depletions. Topaz rhyolites appear to have evolved from partial melts of a residual granulitic source in the Precambrian lower crust. According to the proposed model, the passage of hot mafic magmas through the crust produced partial melts as a result of the decomposition of F-rich biotite or amphibole. An extensional tectonic setting allowed these small batches of magma to rise without substantial mixing with contemporaneous mafic magmas.
Chemical investigation of the structural basis of the emulsifying activity of gum arabic

Abstract Gum arabic, an exudate from Acacia trees, has a unique combination of excellent emulsifying properties and low solution viscosity. These properties make gum arabic very useful in several industries but especially in the food industry where it is used as a flavor encapsulator and stabilizer of citrus oil emulsion concentrates in soft drinks. Gum arabic is a mixture of principally polysaccharides and proteoglycans, the latter being arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Gum arabic also contains trace levels of lipids. Our hypothesis is that these lipids are attached to the gum arabic AGPs as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipids, as found in rose and other AGPs, and that these lipids make important contributions to the emulsifying activity of gum arabic. To test this hypothesis, chemical treatments expected to cleave GPI lipid anchors have been applied to gum arabic, and the resulting effects on structure and emulsifying activity have been examined. Treatment of gum arabic with nitrous acid resulted in diminished emulsifying activity, loss of some glucosamine and nitrogen, but very little effect on the principal carbohydrate composition. Treatment with 50% aqueous HF at 0 °C resulted in diminished emulsion properties but also significant loss of arabinosyl residues. The approximately 1–3% subfraction of gum arabic components that adsorb at the surface of oil droplets has higher abundance of GPI linker components, much higher relative lipid content, much higher nitrogen content, and somewhat higher emulsifying action than the whole gum. These results are consistent with roles of both lipid and protein in the emulsifying activity of the gum.
Physics-Based Modeling of Bearing Based on Finite Element Modeling Technique

The physical condition of rolling element ball bearings can be estimated using analytical and empirical methods or predicted grossly using artificial intelligence techniques such as expert systems, fuzzy logic, and neural network, etc. When the operational condition of a bearing is dynamic and there is a need to determine the actual stresses and tolerances of the bearing concisely, then it is wiser to develop a physics-based model of the bearing using finite element modeling (FEM) techniques. Applying such FEM techniques, one can virtually examine any of the possible mechanical characteristics of different types and sizes of ball bearings operating under different speeds and environmental conditions. Understanding such mechanical characteristics is crucial to accurate fault diagnosis of the bearings in practice. For example, such mechanical characteristics can be digitized or mathematically modeled in order to reduce the computational extent of the analysis as well as serve as a reference look-up table for better and faster fault diagnosis purposes than current practices. It can also be applied to determine the remaining useful life of the ball bearing more precisely. In this paper, we present our technical approach toward the development of a physics-based finite element model of rolling element bearings and provide some examples based on results of this research effort.© 2003 ASME