cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Technique for Investigating Graupel and Hail Development

Abstract A technique is described for simulating the development of particles in a storm when data on the internal composition and wind-field structures are available. Simulations such as these can be used to investigate particle growth mechanisms. The method is used to simulate particle development in a hailstorm that occurred in northeastern Colorado on 22 July 1976. Wind fields derived from triple-Doppler radar scans during six periods are used for the calculations and the temporal evolution of the winds during a measurement period is considered. Particles of different types and sizes are initialized at positions throughout the storm at the beginning of the analysis period from radar data using correlations from the in-situ measurements. Particles are “nucleated” within updrafts at later times. Particle growth and sedimentation are calculated according to the habits of particles as they are carried through the storm until they fall to the ground. The liquid water content and drop-size distribution at p...
Dynamic transverse susceptibility in Au–Fe–Au nanoparticles

A precision radio-frequency (RF) transverse modulation technique based on a resonant tunnel diode oscillator (TDO) has been used to study the dynamic transverse susceptibility in novel single domain Fe nanoparticles synthesized using reverse-micelle chemistry. The RF data exhibits peaks at characteristic anisotropy fields. In addition, the dynamic susceptibility shows remarkable consistency with static magnetic measurements (MH) done using a SQUID magnetometer. Overall, these RF experiments are well suited to probe the magnetic anisotropy in nanophase materials.
Comparison of complications following frontal sinus fractures managed with exploration with or without obliteration over 10 years

Two hundred twelve patients were treated for facial or skull trauma at the West Virginia University Hospital between the years 1977 and 1987. Sixty-six of these patients had frontal sinus or nasofrontal duct trauma. Follow-up information was obtained on 64 of these patients through clinic visits, chart review, questionnaires to patients and physicians, and telephone calls to the patients. Follow-up greater than 1 year was obtained on 52 patients. Sixty-four patients were managed either with a frontal sinus obliteration or with an open exploratory procedure. The incidence of complications occurring in the past 10 years after each of these procedures is compared. Because the indications for each procedure vary somewhat, data is presented on fracture etiology, associated injuries, specific fracture location, fracture displacement, severity of injury, and associated cerebrospinal fluid leaks.
Preparation and properties of the oxyfluoride systems V2O5−xFx and VO2−xFx

Partial substitution of fluorine for oxygen in VO2 and V2O5 was achieved by reacting V and V2O5 under 1.33 kb pressure in the presence of concentrated or dilute solutions of HF. Two new phases having the composition V2O5−xFx (0 < x < 0.025) and VO2−xFx (0 < x < 0.2) were prepared. X-Ray diffraction studies have been carried out on both phases and show the structure of V2O5−xFx to be orthorhombic and isostructural to V2O5, while VO2−xFx has a tetragonal structure of the rutile type (for x ⩾ 0.03). Single-crystal-resistivity data show V2O5−xFx to be a semiconductor, whereas VO2−xFx undergoes a metallic to semiconductor transition at a temperature solely dependent upon the value of x.
State-space model identification and feedback control of unsteady aerodynamic forces

Abstract Unsteady aerodynamic models are necessary to accurately simulate forces and develop feedback controllers for wings in agile motion; however, these models are often high dimensional or incompatible with modern control techniques. Recently, reduced-order unsteady aerodynamic models have been developed for a pitching and plunging airfoil by linearizing the discretized Navier–Stokes equation with lift-force output. In this work, we extend these reduced-order models to include multiple inputs (pitch, plunge, and surge) and explicit parameterization by the pitch-axis location, inspired by Theodorsen׳s model. Next, we investigate the naive application of system identification techniques to input–output data and the resulting pitfalls, such as unstable or inaccurate models. Finally, robust feedback controllers are constructed based on these low-dimensional state-space models for simulations of a rigid flat plate at Reynolds number 100. Various controllers are implemented for models linearized at base angles of attack α 0 = 0 ° , α 0 = 10 ° , and α 0 = 20 ° . The resulting control laws are able to track an aggressive reference lift trajectory while attenuating sensor noise and compensating for strong nonlinearities.
The super line graph L2

Abstract In Bagga et al. (1995) the authors introduced the concept of the super line graph of index r of a graph G, denoted by L r (G) . The vertices of L r (G) are the r-subsets of E ( G ) and two vertices S and T are adjacent if there exist s ∈ S and t ∈ T such that s and t are adjacent edges in G. In this paper, some properties of super line graphs of index 2 are presented, and L 2 (G) is studied for certain classes of graphs.
An Energy Efficient Manipulator Design Approach: Application to a Leg in Swing Phase

The importance of energy efficiency of a robotic manipulator is clearly evident when the manipulator has to use on-board power. With miniature machines, this issue is even more important since the size and the weight guides the performance of a design. In this paper, a design methodology is proposed which may allow a robot to follow desired trajectories approximately without actuator inputs. Actuator inputs are used to further modify the trajectories. The design philosophy has the following key elements: (i) the inertia matrix of the device is suitably altered using mass distribution; (ii) compliant elements are introduced to take away the gravity terms; and (iii) additional springs are used to create certain periodic gait motion. This design philosophy is applied on a two dof leg executing a swing motion. It is found that the passive motion of the designed leg is close to the desired trajectories but is not exact. Actuators are added to get the desired response fully. Power input for two legs with and without this design philosophy, are then compared.
Excluded volume effects on the rate of renaturation of DNA

The rate of renaturation of T2 DNA hits been investigated by using complementary DNA strands of different length. The length of the shorter strand ranged from 0.02 to 1.0 times the length of the longer strand. An excluded volume theory is developed to include this type of reaction as well as the DNA–RNA hybridization reaction. Experimental and theoretical rates of renaturation of DNA are found to be in agreement. For the cases studied, the rate was never greater than twice that observed for short strands of the same length renaturing with themselves. The products of renaturation reactions are also considered.
Regulation of Prostaglandin G/H Synthase-2 Expression by Interleukin-1 in Human Osteoblast-like Cells

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an important factor in bone metabolism, and its actions may be mediated in part via prostaglandins. Prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS), a critical enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins, has two isoforms, PGHS-1, which is generally constitutively expressed, and PGHS-2, which is inducible. This study examines the effects of IL-1 on PGHS-2 mRNA expression in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells, the human osteoblast-like initial transfectant (HOBIT) cell line, and primary human osteoblastic (HOB) cells. IL-1 induced PGHS-2 mRNA expression in MG-63 cells within 1 h, and expression was maintained for 24 h. There was a dose-related increase in PGHS-2 mRNA levels with 1–100 ng/ml of IL-1. Induction of PGHS-2 protein and media prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) paralleled induction of PGHS-2 mRNA levels. IL-1 similarly induced PGHS-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 production in HOBIT and HOB cells. Among other potential agonists, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was a potent inducer of PGHS-2 expression, while forskolin (FSK), serum, and prostaglandins had little effect. Cycloheximide enhanced effects of both IL-1 and PMA, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is not required for induction of PGHS-2. Twenty-four hours of PMA pretreatment blocked the induction of PGHS-2 by PMA but not by IL-1, suggesting that IL-1 induction of PGHS-2 mRNA is not dependent on the protein kinase C pathway. Although FSK alone had little effect, it enhanced induction of PGHS-2 mRNA by IL-1. PGHS-1 was constitutively expressed and showed little change with treatment. In summary, we show that IL-1 is a potent inducer of PGHS-2 expression and PGE2 production in human osteosarcoma cells as well as in osteoblastic cells derived from normal human bone.
Dynamics of silica-supported catalysts determined by combining solid-state NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations.

The molecular dynamics of a series of organometallic complexes covalently bound to amorphous silica surfaces is determined experimentally using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations (DFT). The determination is carried out for a series of alkylidene-based catalysts having the general formula [(≡SiO)M(ER)(═CHtBu)(R′)] (M = Re, Ta, Mo or W; ER = CtBu, NAr or CH2tBu; R′ = CH2tBu, NPh2, NC4H4). Proton−carbon dipolar coupling constants and carbon chemical shift anisotropies (CSA) are determined experimentally by solid-state NMR. Room-temperature molecular dynamics is quantified through order parameters determined from the experimental data. For the chemical shift anisotropy data, we validate and use a method that integrates static values for the CSA obtained computationally by DFT, obviating the need for low-temperature measurements. Comparison of the room-temperature data with the calculations shows that the widths of the calculated static limit di...
Self-administration of cocaine and remifentanil by monkeys: choice between single drugs and mixtures.

Cocaine and opioids are often co-abused. As yet, however, there is no clear evidence that the drugs interact to make the mixture a more effective reinforcer. The present study examined the relative reinforcing potency and maximum effectiveness of the cocaine–opioid combination in monkeys given a choice between cocaine–opioid mixtures and the single-component drugs. Rhesus monkeys were allowed to choose between injections of cocaine (100 μg/kg/inj) and other doses of cocaine (10–560 μg/kg/inj) or remifentanil (0.03–3.0 μg/kg/inj). A dose-addition model was used to select dose combinations for mixtures of cocaine and remifentanil predicted to be equivalent to 100 μg/kg/inj of cocaine in reinforcing effect if the drugs were additive. The monkeys were then allowed to choose between (a) cocaine and mixtures predicted to be equivalent to 100 μg/kg/inj of cocaine, (b) increasing doses of the mixtures and the single-component drugs, and (c) cocaine or remifentanil at doses that were in the highest safe range. Generally, monkeys preferred the mixtures over 100 μg/kg/inj of cocaine, evidence for superadditivity. However, preferences for the mixture ceased when relatively high doses of single-component drugs were offered as alternatives. When doses within the mixture were raised and offered with relatively high doses of the single drugs, there was no clear preference for either option. The highest dose of remifentanil was chosen over the highest dose of cocaine by all monkeys. The current results indicate that cocaine–opioid combinations can be super-additive in terms of potency, but are not, at maximum, more effective than the single-component drugs.
Lung volume and expiratory flow rates from pre- to post-puberty

The purpose was to determine if the airways and lungs grow disproportionately from pre- to post-puberty in boys and girls. We hypothesized that the airways grow at a slower rate than lung volume (i.e. dysanapsis growth) during puberty and boys would exhibit more dysanaptic growth compared to girls. Twenty-one pre-pubescent children [11 boys (pre 10.1 ± 0.5 years, post 15.3 ± 0.5 years); 10 girls (pre 9.4 ± 1.0 years, post 14.1 ± 1.0 years)] performed pulmonary function tests (PFTs) ~5 years ago from an original cohort of 40 children. These 21 children performed PFTs, which included forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow at 50 % FVC (FEF50). Static pressure at 50 % of FVC [Pst(L)50 %] was estimated based on age. Dysanapsis ratio (DR) was calculated [FEF50 × FVC−1 × Pst(L) 50 % −1 ]. Maturation status was determined via Tanner stages. Stage of maturation was not different (p > 0.05) between boys and girls (4.2 ± 0.6 stage vs. 3.7 ± 0.7 stage, respectively). FVC and FEF50 increased (p 0.05) from pre- to post-puberty. FEF50 and FVC significantly increased and DR decreased (p 0.05) compared to girls. These data suggest that dysanaptic growth occurs during puberty and that it is not different between boys and girls.
Biochemical and spatial control of human pluripotent stem cell mesoderm formation

Purpose: This study aims to develop the surface architecture enabling selective in-situ capturing of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and subsequent rapid endothelialization on blood-contacting surfaces under arterial flow. First, based on ex vivo cellular potentials on various surface-bound candidate ligands, the best-suited pair of cell receptor exclusively expressed on endothelial lineage cells and surface-bound ligand is defined. Second, prolonged activation of intracellular signaling transduction pathways of EPCs adhered on surface-bound ligand is examined. Lastly, in-situ capture of EPCs and endothelialization in a porcein model is verified. Methods: Methods included (1) covalent bonding of molecules [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and two VEGF receptor antibodies and Tie-1 and -2 antibodies] on vinyl alcoholcopolymer; (2) culture of human mononuclear cells(MCs) on these proteinbound substrates and histocytochemical analyses; and (3) implantation of stent in coronaries. Results: Proteins were covalently bound to the copolymer surface via activation of hydroxyl group. Among molecules examined, only VEGF exhibited high adhesion and proliferation characteristics and a quite high differentiation potential of MCs with culture time. Day-order continuous activation of intracellular signaling transduction pathways (phosphorylation of VEGF receptor, FAK, ERK and Akt) was observed for ECs adhered on VEGF-bound substrate. Implantation study using VEGF-bound stents showed that cells expressing VEGF receptor adhered on stent surface followed by endothelialization was observed within several days. Conclusions: This study concludes that surface-bound VEGF enables selective capture of EPCs and complete endothelialization in vivo, and simple surface architecture promise to exert non-thrombogenic potential to cardiovascular devices.
A unified model for predicting earthquake-induced sliding displacements of rigid and flexible slopes

Abstract Permanent sliding displacement represents a common damage parameter for evaluating the seismic stability of slopes. Recently developed empirical models for the sliding displacement of shallow (rigid) sliding masses have demonstrated that including multiple ground motion parameters in the predictive model (e.g., peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity) improves the displacement prediction and reduces it uncertainty. A unified framework is developed that extends these empirical displacement models for application to flexible sliding masses, where the dynamic response of the sliding mass is important. This framework includes predicting the seismic loading for the sliding mass in terms of the maximum seismic coefficient (kmax) and the maximum velocity of the seismic coefficient-time history (k–velmax). The predictive models are a function of the peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), the natural period of the sliding mass (Ts), and the mean period of the earthquake motion (Tm). The empirical predictive models for sliding displacement utilize kmax and k–velmax in lieu PGA and PGV, and include a term related to the natural period of the sliding mass. This unified framework provides a consistent approach for predicting the sliding displacement of rigid (Ts = 0) and flexible (Ts > 0) slopes.
The Development of a Risk Assessment Model for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS): A Case-Control Study

A risk assessment model for CTS was developed from a case-control study consisting of two case- and one control groups: (1) 25 non-work related CTS patients (NW-CTS), (2) 22 work-related CTS patients (W-CTS), and (3) 50 healthy workers (HEALTHY) having had no CTS symptom history. Personal susceptibility, psychosocial stress at work, and ergonomic hazards were surveyed by using a questionnaire directed toward CTS (reliability of each scale ≤7). Three logistic regression models were developed and cross-validated for (1) W-CTS/HEALTHY, (2) NW-CTS/HEALTHY, and (3) CTS/HEALTHY, resulting in 89%, 84%, and 88% of correct classification performance, respectively. While the first two models include personal and ergonomic factors, the last model does only personal factors. This suggests that injury causation of NW-CTS patients be attributable mainly to their ‘high’ personal susceptibility to CTS rather than exposure to adverse work conditions, while for W-CTS patients work exposure and/or personal susceptibility ca...
Beta-1 adrenergic agonist treatment mitigates negative changes in cancellous bone microarchitecture and inhibits osteocyte apoptosis during disuse.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays an important role in mediating bone remodeling. However, the exact role that beta-1 adrenergic receptors (beta1AR) have in this process has not been elucidated. We have previously demonstrated the ability of dobutamine (DOB), primarily a beta1AR agonist, to inhibit reductions in cancellous bone formation and mitigate disuse-induced loss of bone mass. The purpose of this study was to characterize the independent and combined effects of DOB and hindlimb unloading (HU) on cancellous bone microarchitecture, tissue-level bone cell activity, and osteocyte apoptosis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-mos, were assigned to either normal cage activity (CC) or HU (n = 18/group) for 28 days. Animals were administered either daily DOB (4 mg/kg BW/d) or an equal volume of saline (VEH) (n = 9/gp). Unloading resulted in significantly lower distal femur cancellous BV/TV (-33%), Tb.Th (-11%), and Tb.N (-25%) compared to ambulatory controls (CC-VEH). DOB treatment during HU attenuated these changes in cancellous bone microarchitecture, resulting in greater BV/TV (+29%), Tb.Th (+7%), and Tb.N (+21%) vs. HU-VEH. Distal femur cancellous vBMD (+11%) and total BMC (+8%) were significantly greater in DOB- vs. VEH-treated unloaded rats. Administration of DOB during HU resulted in significantly greater osteoid surface (+158%) and osteoblast surface (+110%) vs. HU-VEH group. Furthermore, Oc.S/BS was significantly greater in HU-DOB (+55%) vs. CC-DOB group. DOB treatment during unloading fully restored bone formation, resulting in significantly greater bone formation rate (+200%) than in HU-VEH rats. HU resulted in an increased percentage of apoptotic cancellous osteocytes (+85%), reduced osteocyte number (-16%), lower percentage of occupied osteocytic lacunae (-30%) as compared to CC-VEH, these parameters were all normalized with DOB treatment. Altogether, these data indicate that beta1AR agonist treatment during disuse mitigates negative changes in cancellous bone microarchitecture and inhibits increases in osteocyte apoptosis.
Limitation of OAI + AttPSM in EUVL

In extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), the application of off-axis illumination (OAI) leads to degradation in aerial image contrast, resulting in an unacceptably high mask error enhancement factor as the pattern pitch becomes smaller, even if an attenuated phase-shifting mask (AttPSM) of optimized attenuation is employed. We show that this is an intrinsic problem of OAI and cannot be remedied by adopting a thinner absorber, a smaller chief ray angle of incidence at the object side, or a projection optics box with a higher numerical aperture. Based on simulation results using the best conditions for OAI, we may conclude that single-patterning EUVL will probably end at a technology node with the minimum pitch of 22 nm, unless we can come up with other innovative ways for performing EUVL imaging or designing and formulating resists with blurs less than 5 nm at reasonable exposure dose.
Improving in Situ Cosmogenic Chronometers

New radiocarbon ages for Sierra Nevada deglaciation, the first 10 Be measurements from the Laurentide terminal moraine, and calculations based on paleomagnetic field strength have the potential to substantially improve the accuracy of cosmogenic age estimates. Specifically, three new constraints apply to the interpretation of measured abundances of in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al: (1) A suite of minimum-limiting radiocarbon dates indicates that the Sierra Nevada was deglaciated at least several thousand years earlier than assumed when Nishiizumi et al. (1989) first calibrated 10Be and 26 Al production rates based on polished bedrock surfaces in the range, with retreat beginning by 18,000 cal yr B.P. and completed by 13,000 cal yr B.P. (2) Concentrations of 10Be in moraine boulders and glacier-polished bedrock in New Jersey show little variance (10%, 1σ) and can be used to calculate a preliminary 10Be production rate (integrated over the past 21,000-22,000 cal yr B.P. at 41°, 200-300 m altitude) that is about 20% lower than currently accepted. (3) Calculations of the effect of past geomagnetic field-strength variations on production rates suggest that the use of temporally averaged production rates may generate age errors of >20%; however, cosmogenic exposure ages can be corrected for this effect, although the corrections currently are imprecise. Many previously reported late-Pleistocene 10Be and 26Al exposure ages are probably too young and are less accurate and less precise than implied by reported uncertainties. The discrepancy between accepted production rates and those calculated from Laurentide exposures, when considered together with the Sierran deglacial chronology and the model results, suggest that correlations between cosmogenic and other numerical ages, especially for brief events like the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events, will not be robust until temporal variations and the altitude/latitude scaling of production rates are fully understood and quantified at levels comparable to current analytic uncertainties (∼3%).
Influence of displacer properties on displacement chromatography of proteins: A theoretical study

Abstract A theoretical framework has been established for the selection/design of polymeric displacers for displacement chromatography of proteins. This framework is based on the stoichiometric displacement model and Martin's additive theory. With this framework, computer simulations of displacement chromatography have been performed to establish linkages between separation characteristics and properties of the displacer. Specifically, the performance characteristics of heterogeneous displacers have been compared to homogeneous displacers, and the influence of the number of interaction ligands on displacement performance has been determined. Some of the results have been compared with previous experimental data, and it has been shown that the theoretical framework provides qualitatively useful guidelines for the selection/design of displacers.
The Hearing Gods of the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions

Towards the end of the Early Assyrian period, the phrase “Then DN will hear his prayers” appears as a formulaic conclusion to the royal inscriptions. This phrase became routine during the first half of the Middle Assyrian period (1362-963 BCE). It invoked the names of various deities, and the rationale behind the appropriation of particular deities is often missing for modern readers. This paper investigates the assorted uses of this phrase and concludes that the inclusion of specific deities was not haphazard, but intentional.
A model for the membrane topology of the NS3 protein as predicted from the sequence of segment 10 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1

Segment 10, encoding nonstructural proteins 3 (NS3) and 3a (NS3a) of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 (EHDV-1) was sequenced. Computer motif recognition programs were used for interpretation of the sequence data to predict a structure for NS3. Integral membrane protein theories were then applied to produce a general topological model for the EHDV-1 NS3 protein. Homology was observed between EHDV-1 NS3 integral membrane motifs and those similarly observed in the cognate proteins of other orbiviruses.
The allometry of saguaro height

extremely anisometric relation on the elastic stability of stems were estimated by computing the critical buckling height Hci, for each of the 118 stems on the basis of the mean density-specific stiffhess (i.e., the quotient of Young's elastic modulus E and bulk tissue density p) determined for a single section from a mature saguaro stem. E/p was nearly equivalent to that of tissue samples of sclerenchyma isolated from other plant species. Since the slope of Hci, vs. D equals 2/3 ; 0.67 when E/p ; a constant, the safety-factor for saguaro stems (i.e., Hci,/H) appeared to be size-dependent such that it decreased with increasing plant height (i.e., Hci,/H cx D1-69). However, the mean safety-factor computed for the 118 saguaro specimens was 9.64, indicating that, on the average, plant height was well below Hcn, Additionally, circumstantial evidence suggests that saguaro stems become more stiff as they increase in size (and age) and that the rate of stem growth decelerates over time. The former would obtain a near size-independent safety-factor against elastic buckling while the latter protracts the time required to reach the critical buckling height. Comparisons among the allometries of H and Hci, for saguaro, other cacti, nonwoody, and highly branched tree species indicated that saguaro size overlaps with the lower size-range of the largest known dicot and gymnosperm tree specimens likely as a consequence of the high E/p of mature saguaro stems.
Self-Assembly, Molecular Ordering, and Charge Mobility in Solution-Processed Ultrathin Oligothiophene Films

Symmetrical α,ω-substituted quarter-(T4), penta-(T5), sexi-(T6), and heptathiophene (T7) oligomers containing thermally removable aliphatic ester solubilizing groups were synthesized, and their UV−vis and thermal characteristics were compared. Spun-cast thin films of each oligomer were examined with atomic force microscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to evaluate the ability of the material to self-assemble from a solution-based process while maintaining complete surface coverage. Films of the T5−T7 oligomers self-assemble into crystalline terraces after thermal annealing with higher temperatures required to affect this transformation as the size of the oligomers increases. A symmetrical α,ω-substituted sexithiophene (T6-acid) that reveals carboxylic acids after thermolysis was also prepared to evaluate the effect of the presence of hydrogen-bonding moieties. The charge transport properties for these materials evaluated in top-contact thin film transistor devices were found t...
Progress in nutritional immunology

Optimum but balanced food intake maintains healthy growth and disease-free lifespan. However, imbalanced and over-nutrition promotes obesity, diabetes, malignancy, osteoporosis, infectious diseases, etc. In 1936, McCay reported that calorie restriction prevents weight gain and extend lifespan in rodents. In early 1970, Dr. Good at University of Minnesota and Dr. Walford at UCLA began studies in mice by reducing protein and calorie intake and studying their impact on immune function. Dr. Good's group (Jose, Fernandes, Kramer, Cooper, Day, etc.) reported changes in humoral and cellular immunity at present known as innate and adaptive immune function. Later, much interest was devoted by late Dr. Good on studying the role of calorie restriction (CR) and the role of zinc on immunity, particularly their role on aging, autoimmunity, and malignancy. Both functional role of T-cells, NK-cells and B-cells and their interaction during CR was studied extensively. We recently decided to pursue the beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids (fish oil) with and without CR on controlling autoimmune-disease in NZB x NZW F1 mice. Our results indicated that n-3 FA when fed ad-libitum prolongs lifespan higher than commonly consumed n-6 FA (corn oil) in these mice. Moreover, n-3 FA + CR is found to be more effective than n-6 FA + CR. Some of the beneficial changes by n-3 FA include enhancing antioxidant enzymes and lowering Th-1/Th-2 cytokines, adhesion molecules, COX-2/PGE(2) levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha etc. The decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines were also found to protect against bone loss in OVX mice. Further, Fat-1 transgenic mice (which make n-3 FA endogenously in vivo from n-6 FA) when fed CR revealed decreased NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity and increased expression of life-prolonging gene SIRT1. Also CR and n-3 FA decreases body weight and increases insulin sensitivity, as well. Thus, to prevent obesity decreased calorie intake with n-3 FA supplement is far more effective and may have protection against CVD, malignancy, autoimmunity, and osteoporosis. The CR studies undertaken in primates and recently in humans are showing very encouraging results. In order to understand more precisely the role of diet and nutrition, new approaches exploring the link through nutrigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics may soon provide insight into controlling age-related diseases by following a balanced food intake.
Drainage and nutrient attenuation in a riparian interception-wetland: southern Minnesota, USA

Riparian wetlands have multiple source waters that require understanding to effectively manage water quantity and quality. Source waters were determined in an interception-wetland located a relatively flat clayey till terrain in southern Minnesota. Data loggers were used to measure precipitation, water stage from monitoring wells and a tile-drain outlet. Over 70 oxygen (δ18O), hydrogen (δD) and geochemical water samples were collected from seven locations over different seasons (9 events) from 1996 to 1999. Results indicate the dominant source water input to the wetland was drained shallow groundwater beneath intensively managed cropland (P = 0.000). Evapotranspiration was the dominant export pathway. Nitrate–nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations significantly decreased (P = 0.000) in the cattail-willow portion of the wetland. Total phosphorous (TP) concentrations were relatively high in the grass portion of the wetland (673 ± 549 μg L−1), and relatively low in the cattail-willow portion of the wetland (139 ± 85 μg L−1) because source waters were low in TP. Overall, the interception-wetland design limited out-of-bank flooding, yet allowed sufficient gradient between the cropland and the wetland outlet to minimize potential crop damage and provide hydraulic storage for nutrient attenuation.
Cyclosporin‐mediated increase in kidney glutathione and effects on γ‐glutamyl‐cycle enzymes

The unprecedented ability of cyclosporin A, when given for six days at a dose of 25 mg/kg/d or 50 mg/kg/d, to cause a marked and sustained increase in renal glutathione (GSH) concentration in rat kidney is described. This response was particular to the kidney insofar as the GSH concentration in the liver was not increased in response to a lower dose of cyclosporin and was decreased in the liver of animals treated with the higher dose of the drug. The increase in kidney GSH concentration did not appear to be due to an increased rate of production or to an inhibition of the degradation of the tripeptide. This suggestion is based on the finding that the activities of the GSH synthesis pathways, GSSG-reductase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, were unchanged or decreased, respectively, and those of the catabolic enzymes, GSH-peroxidase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, were unchanged or increased, respectively. It is suggested that the elevation of renal GSH content in the face of diminished synthetic capacity and an apparent increased utilization may result from an enhanced uptake of GSH as the result of alterations caused by cyclosporin in the renal transport system.
OmicsAnalyzer: a Cytoscape plug-in suite for modeling omics data.

Summary: OmicsAnalyzer is a Cytoscape plug-in for visual omics-based network analysis that (i) integrates hetero-omics data for one or more species; (ii) performs statistical tests on the integrated datasets; and (iii) visualizes results in a network context. Availability: Implemented in Java, OmicsAnalyzer runs with Cytoscape 2.6 and 2.7. Binaries, documentation and video walkthroughs are freely available at http://vrac.iastate.edu/~jlv/omicsanalyzer/ Contact: ude.etatsai@deiluj; ude.etatsai@epacsten
Observation of NBOHC Excitation in Pulsed Yb-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

We present observations of interactions involving nonbridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) defects in a pulsed Yb-doped fiber amplifier. When operated at high peak power, the amplifier produces a visible red luminescence, possibly attributable to the NBOHC defect, with five distinct, apparently gain-narrowed, emission bands. Interestingly, both the absorption and continuous-wave-excited emission spectra seem to decompose into five Gaussian bands that are consistent with the locations of the bands observed in the pulse-excited spectrum.
Efficacy of Scalp Cooling in Preventing Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Docetaxel and Cyclophosphamide Chemotherapy.

Abstract Background Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is a distressing adverse effect of many chemotherapy agents. The TC (docetaxel [Taxotere] and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy regimen is typically associated with complete alopecia. Scalp cooling with cold caps has been reported to minimize or prevent CIA. We conducted a prospective study to assess efficacy of scalp cooling in preventing CIA among women receiving adjuvant TC chemotherapy for breast cancer. Methods Women at the Weill Cornell Breast Center who independently elected to use scalp cooling with cold caps during adjuvant TC chemotherapy were asked to participate. Degree of hair loss was assessed by a single practitioner using Dean's alopecia scale (grade 1/excellent [ 75% hair loss]), by digital photographs, and by patient self-report of hair thinning or the need to wear a wig/head covering, or both. Assessments were made before each chemotherapy treatment and at follow-up visits between 3 weeks and 3 months after completion of chemotherapy. Results Of 20 evaluable patients, 10% reported a need to wear a wig/head covering at the follow-up visit. Dean's alopecia score was excellent for 65% of patients, good for 25% of patients, and moderate or poor for 10% of patients. The majority of patients reported hair thinning after every chemotherapy cycle. No patient discontinued therapy because of an intolerance to cold caps. Conclusion Scalp cooling with cold caps appears to be effective in preventing CIA among the majority of women undergoing treatment with TC chemotherapy.
A Raster Scanning Reflectance Imager for Non-Model Based Quantification of Tissue Scatter

It has been shown that locally resolved reflectance measurements can directly quantify scatter changes in tissues without the need for computationally expensive model-based reconstruction schemes. Imaging systems exploiting non-model based reconstruction schemes are faster compared to the conventional model based schemes and thus have the potential for imaging tissue pathologies in real-time. In this report, the scanning system is described in terms of the design, construction and testing for multi-wavelength reflectance imaging capable of measuring scatter changes with 100 micron resolution of tissue. Imaging fields of up to 256 by 256 pixels were used in this current system, with a design for a 100 micron spot to allow sampling of the local scatter values in this size of region. Tissue phantoms with varying scattering and absorption profiles within the region of interest were used to test the performance of this system. The results demonstrate the ability of the instrument to measure scatter changes independent of local absorber concentration. This new scanning system should allow visualization of tumor-associated scatter changes in situ, with full spectral resolution across the visible range.
Effect of substrate and bond coat on contact damage in zirconia-based plasma-sprayed coatings

Abstract This paper reports a Hertzian indentation study of damage modes in zirconia-based plasma-sprayed coatings on metal substrates, with and without bond coats. The structure of the study is as follows: (i) measurement of Hertzian indentation stress-strain curves, first on individual bulk material components (controls) and then on the composite layer structures, to quantify the degree of plasticity, (ii) micrographic analysis of the corresponding subsurface damage modes, particularly of the yield zones, in both coatings and underlayers; (iii) finite clement modelling of the clastic-plastic stress fields in the adjacent layers, again with a focus on the yield zones, It is demonstrated that the substrate can have a profound influence on the damage distribution, depending on the degree of clastic-plastic mismatch relative to the coating. The bond coal, by virtue of its relative thinness, plays a lesser role in the damage intensity, notwithstanding an apparent improvement in substrate adhesion. Indentation variables followed are applied load, to examine the evolution of damage, and number of cycles, to examine fatigue. The results indicate the power and simplicity of the Hertzian technique as a route to mechanical characterization of coating structures: for identifying damage modes, especially yield (but also fracture, in the present case delamination fracture); for evaluating damage parameters, such as Young's modulus and the yield stress, from FEM analysis or stress-strain curves and yield zone microscopy; and for quantifying design concepts, e.g. maximum sustainable bearing stress and damage tolerance.
The message management asynchronous backtracking algorithm

In this paper we show how the asynchronous backtracking algorithm, a well-known distributed constraint satisfaction algorithm, produces unnecessary messages and introduce our optimized algorithm, message management asynchronous backtracking, which reduces the number of messages the agents send. The message management mechanism removes the redundant messages, keeps the message queue updated, and handles messages by package instead of individually in order to improve efficiency. Our test results shows that the algorithm significantly reduces the total number of messages sent and drastically reduces the number of cycles used when solving instances of the graph colouring problem.
The 3 GeV synchrotron injector for SPEAR

A dedicated 3-GeV injector synchrotron for the storage ring SPEAR has been constructed at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SSRL. The injector consists of an RF-gun, a 120-MeV linear accelerator, a 3-GeV booster synchrotron, and associated beam transport lines. General design features and special new developments for this injector are presented, together with operational performance. >
Science, Modernity, and the Making of China's One‐Child Policy

CHINA'S ONE-CHILD-PER-COUPLE POLICY represents an extraordinary attempt to engineer national wealth, power, and global standing by drastically braking population growth. Since its introduction in 1979-80, officials claim, the policy has averted over 300 million births, with profound effects on virtually every aspect of Chinese life.l Outside China the policy has attracted acute attention from a world surprised by the fall in fertility to subreplacement levels and troubled by the human costs incurred in the process.2 Yet despite the policy's external notoriety and internal might, its origins remain shrouded in mystery.3 Where did the idea come from of restricting all the couples in a country of 1 billion to one child? What made such a radical idea thinkable? Such questions have rarely been posed, let alone satisfactorily answered. In the absence of scholarly research on these matters, in the United States public discourse about the policy has been shaped by larger strands in American political discourse, in particular anticommunism and the rightto-life position in the abortion debate. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, powerful media images of coerced abortions, family planning jails, orphanage dying rooms, and much more gave fresh life to Cold War notions of China as "totalitarian Other," the foil to the "democratic West." In America China is all too often seen through binaristic East-West lenses that make it different from, and always less than, the United States (poor not rich, backward not modern, unfree not free, superstitious not scientific) (e.g., Zhang 1998). These Othering practices, while worrying in themselves, are also problematic because they have a broad range of political, cultural, and intellectual effects that generally go unnoticed. The pervasive discourse on China as intellectually backward and politically repressive, for example, has contributed to a view of the one-child policy as a product of China's (restric
Application of machine-learning techniques toward the creation of a consistent and calibrated global chlorophyll concentration baseline dataset using remotely sensed ocean color data

This paper introduces a machine-learning approach to satellite ocean color sensor cross calibration. The cross-calibration objective is to eliminate incompatibilities among sensor data from different missions and produce merged daily global ocean color coverage. The approach is designed and investigated using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard of the Terra satellite and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Data from these two sensors show apparent discrepancies originating from differences in sensor design, calibration, processing algorithms, and from the rate of change in the atmosphere and ocean within 1(1/2) h between sensor imaging of the same regions on the ground. The discrepancies have complex, noisy, and often contradictory time and space variabilities. Support vector machines are used to bring MODIS data to the SeaWiFS representation where SeaWiFS data are considered to exemplify a consistent ocean color baseline. Support vector machines are effective in learning and resolving convoluted data relationships between the two sensors given a variety of bio-optical, atmospheric, viewing geometry, and ancillary information. The method works accurately in low chlorophyll waters and shows a potential to eliminate sensor problems, such as scan angle dependencies and seasonal and spatial trends in data. The results illustrate that MODIS and SeaWiFS differences are noisy and highly variable, which makes it difficult to extrapolate the cross-calibration knowledge onto new time and space domains and to define representative global ocean color datasets for support vector machine training.
Original papers: Differentiating stress induced by greenbugs and Russian wheat aphids in wheat using remote sensing

Outbreaks of greenbug and Russian wheat aphid appear in the Great Plains almost every year and have had significant impacts on wheat yields. Early detection of aphid infestation is a critical part of integrated pest management (IPM) for wheat production. A study was done to determine the feasibility of using remote sensing techniques to detect stress in wheat caused by aphid infestation. The purpose of this greenhouse study was to characterize and differentiate stress in wheat due to infestation by greenbugs and Russian Wheat aphids using a hand-held Cropscan radiometer. Reflectance data and derived vegetation indices from the 16 bands of the radiometer were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED statistical analysis procedure. Results show that it is possible to detect the stress caused by the two aphid species and to discriminate between the two aphid-induced stresses in wheat using remote sensing. Ratio-based vegetation indices (based on 800/450nm and 950/450nm) were found useful in differentiating the two stresses in wheat. However, more canopy-level-studies are needed to identify bands and indices that might have potential to differentiate the two stresses on wheat under field conditions.
Local Friction Coefficients in Axisymmetric Extrusions of Aluminum

The results from steady-state extrusion studies with commercially pure aluminum using the visioplasticity method for analysis showed that interfacial friction between billet and tool influences the velocity distribution in the entire plastic zone. It was found that for well-lubricated billets, the tool-billet interface tends toward a stream line. It was found further that a reversal in sign of the resolved shear stresses and the coefficients of friction occurs in the interfacial material in the conical section of the die. An explanation for this anomaly has not yet been found, but it is believed that this behavior is due to the mechanism of plastic flow within the billet.
Exponential growth of LBL films with incorporated inorganic sheets.

The fastest growth pattern of layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled films is exponential LBL (e-LBL), which has both fundamental and practical importance. It is associated with “in-and-out” diffusion of flexible polymers and thus was considered to be impossible for films containing clay sheets with strong barrier function, preventing diffusion. Here, we demonstrate that e-LBL for inorganic sheets is possible in a complex tricomponent film of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and Na+-montmorillonite (MTM). This system displayed clear e-LBL patterns in terms of both initial accumulation of materials and unusually thick individual bilayers later in the deposition process with film thicknesses reaching 200 µm for films composed of 200 pairs of layers. Successful incorporation of MTM layers was observed by scanning electron microscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Surprisingly, the growth rate was found to be nearly identical in films with and without clay layers, which suggests fast permeation/...
Transport energetics of the folic acid analogue, methotrexate, in L1210 leukemia cells. Enhanced accumulation by metabolic inhibitors.

Energy-dependent transport of the folic acid analogue, methotrexate, was studied in L1210 murine leukemia cells. A number of metabolic inhibitors were found to enhance the unidirectional influx and accumulation of methotrexate. This phenomenon was studied in detail with sodium azide. The azide-induced increase in the unidirectional influx of methotrexate was associated with a rise in both the maximum transport velocity and the influx Michaelis constant. The effect of azide on influx was not related to an increase in the passive diffusion of methotrexate. Addition of pyruvate, an energy substrate for those metabolic processes inhibited by azide, was found to depress methotrexate influx in the presence and absence of azide. The unidirectional efflux of methotrexate was slowed by azide. Efflux from cells loaded to high levels of methotrexate in the presence of azide was a two-component process with the major part of intracellular methotrexate exiting at a slow and constant velocity. The data suggested that azide reduces the maximum transport velocity and the Michaelis constant for the unidirectional efflux process. In the absence of azide the electrochemical potential for intracellular methotrexate exceeds that for extracellular methotrexate. The data indicate that azide further increases this electrochemical potential difference. These studies therefore suggest that energy-dependent transport of methotrexate is enhanced in the presence of azide in the L1210 leukemia cell.