cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor in Thrombospondin 1-Mediated Tumor Cell Invasion

Abstract We previously showed that thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) upregulates the plasminogen/plasmin system and promotes breast tumor cell invasion. Preliminary data from our laboratory using neutralizing antibodies suggested that the upregulation in breast tumor cell invasion seen in response to TSP-1 involved the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). To confirm these findings in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we developed three other strategies to study the role of uPAR in tumor cell adhesion and TSP-1-mediated tumor cell invasion: (a) enzymatic cleavage of uPAR with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C; (b) inhibition at the mRNA level with a uPAR antisense construct (cells named LKAS-MDA); (c) inhibition of plasminogen binding with the lysine analogue ϵ-aminocaproic acid. Adhesion to laminin and type I and type IV collagen with and without the addition of ϵ-aminocaproic acid was studied. Tumor cell invasion was studied in a modified Boyden chamber collagen invasion assay. Antisense uPAR inhibition decreased uPAR expression by 48–66% and cell-associated urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) by 30–68%. Additionally, antisense uPAR inhibition induced a 68–70% reduction in uPA and plasmin activities. Antisense uPAR transfection increased tumor cell adhesion by 46–53%. A similar effect was observed in ϵ-aminocaproic acid-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. TSP-1-mediated tumor cell invasion was almost completely inhibited by either antisense uPAR inhibition or treatment with phospholipase C or ϵ-aminocaproic acid. We conclude that uPAR plays a crucial role in the regulation of tumor cell adhesion and TSP-1-mediated tumor cell invasion.
Propagation of plane waves of finite amplitude in elastic solids

Abstract Sollutions in the large are given for some simple boundary and initial value problems involving the propagation of plane waves of finite amplitude in elastic solids. These solutions are in the form of centred simple waves and shocks. Attention is focussed on the propagation of shear disturbances.
Adsorption of 4-Nitrocatechol, 4-Nitro-2-Aminophenol, and 4-Nitro-1,2-Phenylenediamine at the Metal (Hydr)Oxide/Water Interface: Effect of Metal (Hydr)Oxide Properties☆

Abstract Aromatic ligands possessing three combinations of phenolate and amino ligand donor groups ortho to one another have been used to compare the adsorption properties of six (hydr)oxide mineral preparations as a function of ligand concentration, surface loading, pH, and ionic strength. Strong adsorption of 4-nitrocatechol onto Ti(IV)-, Fe(III)-, and Al(III)-bearing surfaces, moderate adsorption of 4-nitro-2-aminophenol onto Ti(IV)- and Fe(III)-bearing surfaces and weak (to negligible) adsorption onto Al(III)-bearing surfaces, and negligible adsorption of 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine onto all surfaces was observed. Stoichiometries of surface complex formation and intrinsic equilibrium constants for adsorption ( K s intr ) were determined using the computer program FITEQL. The charge-to-radius ratios of these +III and +IV surface-bound metals ions are high, yielding a strong ionic contribution to bonding and higher K s intr values for anionic phenolate ligand donor groups than for neutral amino groups. In the case of Ti(IV) and Fe(III) surface metals, significant polarizability of the d orbital LUMO yields a weak-to-moderate covalent contribution to bonding with neutral amino groups. Even when differences in surface area, site density, and protonation equilibria are taken into account, extents of aromatic ligand adsorption onto (hydr)oxide minerals composed of the same metal ion are substantially different. Hence, differences in crystal and surface structure and differences in the stoichiometry of the solid (OH − vs O 2− ) significantly affect adsorption.
Using a just-in-time selling strategy to strengthen supply chain linkages

A two-stage JIT-selling strategy is proposed as an alternative for strengthening buyer–seller linkages throughout the supply chain. The impact of implementation of such a strategy on organizational performance is investigated. Stage 1 of the JIT-selling strategy requires implementation and execution of selling tactics that build value during the selling process based on the organization's JIT related capabilities, such as zero-defect production, on-time delivery and quantity precision. Stage 2 requires development of single-source relationships with customers that result in the full integration of on-site sales representatives into customers’ purchasing processes. Data related to implementation of the JIT-selling strategy and organizational performance were collected from 175 manufacturers, and the relationship between the constructs was assessed using correlation and structural equation modelling techniques. Results support the proposition that implementation of a JIT-selling strategy to strengthen suppl...
Differential involvement of opioid receptors in intrathecal butorphanol-induced analgesia: compared to morphine.

Abstract The present experiments were performed to investigate the differential involvement of the opioid receptor subtypes in the antinociception of intrathecal (IT) butorphanol compared to IT morphine. A single dose (26 nmol) of IT nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA), and naltrindole (NTI) demonstrated a significant attenuation in the overall antinociception of IT butorphanol (52 nmol) or IT morphine (26 nmol). However, IT butorphanol elicits thermal antinociceptive effect through κ > δ ⩾ μ, whereas morphine acts on μ > δ >> κ. These results indicate that the antinociceptive effect of both IT butorphanol and IT morphine are mediated through μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors in different relative orders.
Acute cardiovascular effects of two central phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase inhibitors in unanesthetized desoxycorticosterone-salt hypertensive rats.

Abstract SKF 64139, an inhibitor of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), has a marked hypotensive effect in models of sodium-dependent hypertension. The mechanism of this effect is obscure, the compound having in addition α-adrenoceptor blocking properties. We compared the acute effects of SKF 64139 with those of LY 134046, another PNMT inhibitor with minimal α-blocking capacity, in desoxycorticosterone-salt hypertensive rats. The former agent produced profound hypotension whereas the latter caused only bradycardia. Both induced a similar pronounced suppression of PNMT activity in the C1 and C2 region of the medulla oblongata. These results suggest that the α-adrenergic effect rather than PNMT inhibition accounts for the acute lowering of blood pressure in this model.
Determination of a Domain in Complex Space by its Automorphism Group

We consider results, both in one complex variable and several, which show that the algebraic or geometric structure of the automorphism group of a domain z can determine that domain. The domains considered include Ω = B, the unit ball in C n , and Ω = C n . Various illustrative examples are provided.
THE VIABILITY OF PUBLIC HEARINGS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

ANALYSIS OF TRANSCRIPTS OF HEARINGS ON PROPOSED HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS IN KANSAS, NEBRASKA, IOWA AND MISSOURI
Multiscale local discriminatory feature representations for automatic face recognition

In automatic face recognition, strong discriminatory feature extraction is very important. In this paper a new approach to extract powerful local discriminatory features is introduced. Instead of using traditional wavelet features, the authors examine multiscale local statistical characteristics to achieve strong discriminatory features based on important wavelet subbands. Meanwhile, to efficiently utilize potentials for the extracted multi- MLDFs, an integrated recognition system is developed, where multi-classifiers first conduct the corresponding coarse classification, then a decision fusion scheme by associating different priorities with each of the classifiers makes the final recognition. Our experiments showed this technique achieves superior performance to popular methods such as PCA/Eigenface, HMM, wavelet features, and neural networks, etc.
Phase-space procedure for calculating multitime correlation functions of the electromagnetic field

It is pointed out that a method recently described by Hillery and Zubairy can be generalized to yield the multitime correlation function in any order for an interacting quantum field in the form of a phase-space average. The correlations are expressible as $c$-number integrals with the help of the coherent-state propagator, but the associated phase-space density is complex.
Determination of the N = 16 Shell Closure at the Oxygen Drip Line

The neutron unbound ground state of $^{25}\mathrm{O}$ ($Z=8$, $N=17$) was observed for the first time in a proton knockout reaction from a $^{26}\mathrm{F}$ beam. A single resonance was found in the invariant mass spectrum corresponding to a neutron decay energy of ${770}_{\ensuremath{-}10}^{+20}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$ with a total width of 172(30) keV. The $N=16$ shell gap was established to be 4.86(13) MeV by the energy difference between the $\ensuremath{\nu}1{s}_{1/2}$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}0{d}_{3/2}$ orbitals. The neutron separation energies for $^{25}\mathrm{O}$ agree with the calculations of the universal $sd$ shell model interaction. This interaction incorrectly predicts an $^{26}\mathrm{O}$ ground state that is bound to two-neutron decay by 1 MeV, leading to a discrepancy between the theoretical calculations and experiment as to the particle stability of $^{26}\mathrm{O}$. The observed decay width was found to be on the order of a factor of 2 larger than the calculated single-particle width using a Woods-Saxon potential.
A Power-Efficient Wireless System With Adaptive Supply Control for Deep Brain Stimulation

A power-efficient wireless stimulating system for a head-mounted deep brain stimulator (DBS) is presented. A new adaptive rectifier generates a variable DC supply voltage from a constant AC power carrier utilizing phase control feedback, while achieving high AC-DC power conversion efficiency (PCE) through active synchronous switching. A current-controlled stimulator adopts closed-loop supply control to automatically adjust the stimulation compliance voltage by detecting stimulation site potentials through a voltage readout channel, and improve the stimulation efficiency. The stimulator also utilizes closed-loop active charge balancing to maintain the residual charge at each site within a safe limit, while receiving the stimulation parameters wirelessly from the amplitude-shift-keyed power carrier. A 4-ch wireless stimulating system prototype was fabricated in a 0.5-μm 3M2P standard CMOS process, occupying 2.25 mm2. With 5 V peak AC input at 2 MHz, the adaptive rectifier provides an adjustable DC output between 2.5 V and 4.6 V at 2.8 mA loading, resulting in measured PCE of 72 ~ 87%. The adaptive supply control increases the stimulation efficiency up to 30% higher than a fixed supply voltage to 58 ~ 68%. The prototype wireless stimulating system was verified in vitro.
Defective photochemical repair in epithelium predisposed to field cancerization

Capability for repairing ultraviolet radiation damage was studied in the desquamated buccal cells of 34 individuals with histories of cancer of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract, and of 3 asymptomatic smokers. Repair was evaluated in terms of the cellular uptake of an acridine marker for thymine dimer, in response to visible light and an enzyme derived from baker's yeast possessing photoreactivating ability (cytochrome b2). A repair deficit was displayed by the tested cells regardless of disease stage, treatment, or cure. Cultured diploid human cells which had been incubated with calf thymus DNA or Simian virus 40 developed a comparable repair deficit showing both dose-relationship and specificity for the incubated DNA. It is proposed that incorporated DNA, by failing to respond adequately to repair mechanisms, may increase the cell's sensitivity to mutagenic agents.
Eribulin Mesylate (E7389): Review of Efficacy and Tolerability in Breast, Pancreatic, Head and Neck, and Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Background Eribulin mesylate is a halichondrin B analogue that acts as a nontaxane microtubule dynamics inhibitor. Eribulin was approved in the United States in 2010 for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer for patients who have received at least 2 metastatic breast cancer chemotherapeutic regimens, including an anthracycline and a taxane. Eribulin is administered as a single agent at 1.4 mg/m 2 IV for 2 to 5 minutes on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Objectives The goals of this article are to review eribulin's medication profile, including pharmacology, pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and tolerability. Recommendations are provided at the end of the article based on the published information. Methods PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Clinical Trials.gov were searched from the beginning of each database through January 3, 2012, for relevant articles on human studies published in English. Search terms included eribulin , eribulin mesylate , and Halaven . Clinical trials, case reports, comparative studies, meta-analyses, evaluation studies, controlled clinical trials, and randomized controlled trials were included as search limits. The references from selected articles were also reviewed to identify additional publications. Eisai, the manufacturer of eribulin mesylate, was also contacted for information regarding trials listed in Clinicaltrials.gov but not yet published. Results One Phase III trial was identified that evaluated eribulin for use in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Four Phase II trials were identified that studied eribulin in patients with head and neck, pancreatic, and non–small cell lung cancers. The median overall survival among previously treated metastatic breast cancer patients treated with eribulin was 13.1 months compared with 10.6 months ( P = 0.041) with other active chemotherapy for this setting. In non–small cell lung cancer, median overall survival in eribulin-treated patients has been reported as 9.4 months in an unselected population and varies according to taxane sensitivity: 12.6 months in taxane-sensitive disease versus 8.9 months in taxane-resistant disease. Patients with head and neck or pancreatic cancers did not experience improvements in response rates or survival outcomes when treated with eribulin in clinical trials. Conclusions Eribulin is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer and has demonstrated a survival benefit compared with standard treatment options in this setting. Non–small cell lung cancer patients had improved response rates when treated with eribulin in open-label, nonrandomized, Phase II trials reported in abstract form. Eribulin was not effective in the treatment of head and neck or pancreatic cancer in Phase II trials.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia after corneal graft

Purpose To describe the clinical features and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) after corneal graft. Design Retrospective case series of 4 patients. Methods Four eyes of 4 patients treated for OSSN after corneal graft in an institutional setting were included. All 4 patients were treated with topical chemotherapy and additionally 1 patient each was treated with excisional biopsy and photodynamic therapy. The main outcome measure was the recurrence of OSSN and the clarity of corneal graft after treatment. Results The mean time interval between corneal graft and diagnosis of OSSN was 36 months (range, 2 to 73 months). All 4 eyes were on chronic treatment with topical steroids for a minimum duration of 2 months and 2 eyes had previous herpes keratitis. Misdiagnosis of graft rejection was found in 2 cases. The mean tumor basal diameter was 18 mm (range, 14- to 25-mm) and the tumor involved a mean of 76% of the corneal surface (range, 15% to 90%). Management was successful in all cases using topical mitomycin C (n = 1), topical interferon alpha2b (n = 4), and photodynamic therapy (n = 1). At mean follow-up of 20 months, tumor control was achieved in all cases and all 4 eyes showed chronic graft opacification with vascularization but no intraocular tumor. Conclusion Corneal OSSN should be considered in patients using chronic topical steroids for corneal graft. Nonsurgical management with topical chemotherapy or photodynamic therapy can achieve tumor control.
Recovery of the hopping response after complete spinal cord transection in the cat

Abstract The hopping response reappears in the hind limb of the cat after complete spinal cord transection at postoperative day X = 11.6. This response is hypermetric and slow compared with that in the normal cat and only forward, medial, and lateral hopping can be elicited. Anatomical and physiological changes in the spinal cord which may account for the reappearance of the hopping response are discussed.
Humor in context: Fire service and joking culture

Although theorizing about humor has occurred for several decades, scant research exists that examines humor in the broad context of human resource development. Humor exists in workplaces and it is historicized in the professional and organizational contexts of workers. This paper explores aspects of a joking culture within the specific work context of fire service. Research methods employed in this study include literature review that is augmented by critical incidents from the author's work history in fire service. Purposes of humor are explored within the context of fire service, and suggestions for further study are provided.
The power of Jesus' parables : Were they polemical or irenic?

Parable interpretation is currently dominated by the view that Jesus' parables had a dynamic and life-changing effect on his audiences. This article challenges that view, arguing that it arises from an inappropriate application of the theological view of parables as 'language-events' to historical research. Using J.L. Austin's concept of 'performative language' as a starting point, examples are adduced of instances in which stories and other cultural productions are described as 'doing things' to audiences. These include D. Freedberg's work on the power of images, examples from ancient writers (Plutarch, Augustine) and evidence from traditional (West African) culture where words are attributed with power. An attempt to reconstruct the cultural milieu ('performance arena') of Jesus' parabolic speech is made using K.E. Bailey's work with contemporary Middle Eastern villagers and A. Luria's psychological research on Uzbek peasants in the 1930s; both of which suggest that Jesus' 'Mediterranean Jewish peasant' audiences would have experienced the parables as opaque, rather than as 'earth-shattering'. W.R. Herzog's hypothesis that the parables were used by Jesus in a 'pedagogy of the oppressed' is presented as one plausible 'performance arena', and an alternative model is developed using studies of Eastern European Jewish folklore where parables are used to ameliorate 'problematic social situations'. The Parable of the Wicked Tenants (Mk 12.1-9) is used as a case study of a parable that might have been used for irenic, rather than provocative, purposes.
Spatial Clustering Overview and Comparison: Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Computational Expense

Cluster analysis continues to be an important exploratory technique in scientific inquiry. It is used widely in geography, public health, criminology, ecology, and many other fields. Spatial cluster detection is driven by geographic information corresponding to the location of activities, requiring appropriate and meaningful treatment of space and spatial relationships combined with observed attributes of location and events. To date, this has meant utilizing dedicated measures and techniques to structure and account for distance, neighbors, contiguity, irregular geographic morphology, and so on. Unfortunately, all spatial clustering approaches, regardless of their theoretical underpinning, statistical foundation, or mathematical specification, have limitations in accuracy, sensitivity, and the computational effort required for identifying clusters. As a result, a major challenge in practice is determining which technique(s) will provide the most meaningful insights for a particular substantive issue or p...
The Effect of Length on the Structural Properties of an Achilles Tendon Graft as Used in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

BackgroundThe clinical outcomes of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are varied. No previous studies have investigated the effect of graft length on the structural properties of the graft.HypothesisGraft length significantly affects the structural properties of posterior cruciate ligament grafts.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsEight Achilles tendon grafts were tested under tensile loads up to 400 N at 3 different lengths: long (75 mm), medium (48 mm), and short (34 mm). These 3 lengths represent midtunnel fixation, inlay fixation, and fixation near the ligament insertions.ResultsShortening the graft from both long to medium and from medium to short increased the stiffness by approximately 25%. Long and medium grafts displaced significantly more than medium and short grafts, respectively.ConclusionThe effective length of a graft, which is determined by where it is fixed, should be considered an important variable in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Structural comparison of monomeric variants of the chemokine MIP-1beta having differing ability to bind the receptor CCR5.

MIP-1β, a member of the chemokine family of proteins, tightly binds the receptor CCR5 as part of its natural function in the immune response, and in doing so also blocks the ability of many strains of HIV to enter the cell. The single most important MIP-1β residue known to contribute to its interaction with the receptor is Phe13, which when mutated reduces the ability of MIP-1β to bind to CCR5 by more than 1000-fold. To obtain a structural understanding of the dramatic effect of the absence of Phe13 in MIP-1β, we used multidimensional heteronuclear NMR to determine the three-dimensional structure of the MIP-1β F13A variant. We had previously shown that, unlike the wild-type protein which has been shown to be a tight dimer, the F13A mutant is monomeric even at high concentrations [Laurence, J. S., Blanpain, C., Burgner, J. W., Parmentier, M., and LiWang, P. J. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 3401−3409], leading to significant changes in the NMR spectra of F13A and the wild-type protein. We have obtained a total of...
Interfacial properties of unsymmetrical bolaform amphiphiles with one ionic and one nonionic head group

We report the results of a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the equilibrium interfacial properties of unsymmetrical bolaform surfactants that possess one ionic and one nonionic head group. By synthesizing the surfactant (11-hydroxyundecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) and by performing measurements of the equilibrium surface tension of aqueous solutions of HTAB as a function of surfactant concentration, we conclude that the hydroxyl group of HTAB is associated with the aqueous subphase, thus forcing this surfactant to adopt a looped configuration at the surface of aqueous solutions. Surface tension measurements of HTAB as a function of added salt reveal the surface pressure of this class of surfactant to be less sensitive to the ionic strength of the aqueous subphase than classical surfactants such as dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) or symmetrical ionic bolaform surfactants. Through the development of a molecular thermodynamic model for Gibbs monolayers of HTAB, we reveal that the effects of added salt on the electrostatic and configurational contributions to the surface pressure tend to compensate each other (thus giving rise to the experimentally measured insensitivity to added salt). In contrast, the effects of salt on the electrostatic and configurational contributions to the surface pressure of a Gibbs monolayer of DTAB are found to be additive.
Information on the Spatial Distribution of Job Opportunities within Metropolitan Areas

Abstract This paper investigates the knowledge that people have of the spatial distribution of job openings within their metropolitan area. Respondents to a survey conducted in Atlanta in 1993 were asked to rank areas within the Region based on the number of job openings for workers without college degrees. To judge the accuracy of the answers, a variety of methods are employed to obtain the true rankings. Results indicate that both whites and blacks have poor information, with blacks the worse informed, and that the black disadvantage is entirely attributable to residential segregation.
The roles of gallium hydride and Brønsted acidity in light alkane dehydrogenation mechanisms using Ga-exchanged HZSM-5 catalysts: A DFT pathway analysis

Abstract We have used density functional theory (DFT) to study light alkane dehydrogenation by Ga-exchanged HZSM-5 by considering two types of catalytic sites: a mono-Al site of the form Z − [HGaX] + (X = H, CH 3 , OH, Cl) and a di-Al site of the form Z 2− [GaH] 2+ . For the mono-Al site, we report a new, direct one-step dehydrogenation mechanism; however, we conclude in general that mono-Al sites in ZSM-5 are not likely responsible for alkane dehydrogentation, as calculated activation energies are too high compared to experimental values (∼60 kcal/mol versus 39 kcal/mol). Instead, we propose [GaH] 2+ residing near di-Al sites (Z 2− [GaH] 2+ ) are more active sites for dehydrogenation. We report a three-step mechanism for di-Al sites consisting of (1) C–H activation, followed by (2) alkene desorption and (3) H 2 removal. We find that as Al–Al distance increases, the activation barrier for C–H activation decreases (ranging from 85.72 to 38.38 to 19.69 kcal/mol), while the barrier for H 2 removal increases (ranging from 15.49 to 36.71 to 47.38 kcal/mol)—resulting in an optimal Al–Al separation distance of 4.53 A arising from these competing trends. As a result, we propose a simple ‘structure-to-activity’ correlation based on the Sabatier principle, which could be used to model and design the catalyst with required dehydrogenation activity.
The Maryland self-referral law: History and implications

Many previous studies have shown that nonradiologist physicians who can refer advanced MRI and CT examinations to themselves or within their practices use these modalities at a much higher rate than those who refer their examinations to unaffiliated radiology facilities. This led Maryland to pass a unique self-referral law in 1993 to directly address self-referred advanced imaging. The authors discuss the politics and economics of self-referral and provide a comprehensive review of the creation, progression, and impact of this landmark law.
Comments on undercooling effects in microsegregation modelling

Kraft, Roosz, and Rettenmayr have recently incorporated several theoretical models for dendritic growth into a numerical model for predicting the microsegregation behavior in binary alloys; see also the recent review by Battle. More specifically, Kraft et al. have included the models developed by Burden and Hunt, and Laxmanan, into their calculations of microsegregation behavior. The main purpose of this article is (i) to clarify certain points made by Kraft et al. with respect to the Lmin model, i.e., the model developed by Laxmanan which invokes the minimum undercooling (MU) principle for tip radius and spacings selection, and (ii) to discuss the significance of some of the assumptions made in various growth models to solve the diffusion problem. The diffusion field surrounding the tips of a growing dendritic or cellular array, or even a single isolated dendrite, is quite complex, and the full significance of the various approximations made to characterize these fields, and develop predictive mathematical relations, have not yet been fully appreciated. Likewise, the MU principle is often confused with what appears superficially, and mathematically, to be an identical growth principle, viz. the maximum velocity (MV) principle that has been employed for dendrites growing freely into an initially undercooledmore » melt.« less
Studies of neutron emission during the start-up phase of the Alcator C tokamak

Alcator C operations commenced with discharge cleaning and tokamak operation using hydrogen filling gas. Before and during these experiments no deuterium gas was allowed into the device. The earliest operation resulted in dosimeter readings of a few roentgen per shot in the vicinity of the limiter and a localized source of neutron emission of up to 109 neutrons per shot which were subsequently identified as having photonuclear origin. After seven months of operation, conditions were achieved that resulted in substantially lower photonuclear activity. Subsequently, deuterium fill gas was allowed into the device and measurement of neutron flux and energy spectra indicated that the majority of neutron emissions in Alcator C high-density deuterium discharges were consistent with having thermonuclear origins.
Superresolved imaging architectures with volume holograms

In classical optical imaging systems, lenses perform an analog processing function: they bring the image in focus by compensating the quadratic phase error added to the wavefront by free-space propagation. Because of the surface nature of optical wavefronts, such systems can acquire only 2D projections of 3D real objects. Higher-dimensional images (depth in combination with color, time evolution, etc.) require sampling of several intensity distributions, either by mechanical scanning of a single detector or by multiple detectors operating in parallel.
Illumination of the dental operatory

Recommendations are provided for the design of a lighting system that meets the needs of the dentist and tolerances of the patient. Three areas—the intraoral cavity, the area around the patient’s head, and the remainder of the room—are treated separately in this design of a lighting system for the dental operatory.
Investment banks advising takeover targets

Should takeover target firms hire top-tier investment bank advisors? For a sample of mergers and acquisitions between publicly traded U.S. acquirers and targets, in deals in which targets hire top-tier banks, targets earn higher premiums and abnormal returns; the probability of stock payment is lower, especially when bidder stock is potentially overvalued; acquirers, however, do not necessarily earn lower abnormal returns, and combined returns are higher. Controlling for self-selection does not erode, but, in some cases even strengthens the results. The evidence suggests that top-tier investment banks advising targets benefit shareholders of client firms by making better deals, instead of simply bargaining against the acquirers. The findings shed light on the role of advisor incentives when linking advisor quality and shareholder wealth.
Basic Principles of Microwave Power Heating

This article outlines the various parameters that are employed in the design of a microwave power applicator as well as the physical principles of the microwave energy conversion process that underlie the optimization of energy consumption and product quality.
The molecular structure of human ceruloplasmin: Evidence for subunits

Abstract 1. 1. Human ceruloplasmin (mol. wt. = 143100; s° 20,w = 7.11 S) can be dissociated into a variety of discrete subunits by either of two kinds of treatment which increase its negative charge density. 2. 2. Exposure of ceruloplasmin to carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 10.2) results in dissociation into half-molecule subunits with mol. wt. = 82500 and s° 20,w = 5.48 S, while exposure to borate-NaCl buffer (pH 12.5) results in dissociation into quarter-molecules with mol. wt. 37700 and s° 20, w = 2.63 S. In both cases the dissociation is accompanied by loss of blue color and oxidase activity and by release of prosthetic copper. This loss of “native” properties appears to be irreversible, as there is no recovery of initial color or activity upon neutralization. 3. 3. When ceruloplasmin is reacted with succinic anhydride under neutral conditions so as to modify more than 90% of the free amino groups, it dissociates into half-molecules with mol. wt. = 87900 and s° 20, w = 4.06 S. The dissociation process also results in loss of blue color and oxidase activity and in release of prosthetic copper. 4. 4. Exposure of the succinylated ceruloplasmin half-molecules to borate-NaCl buffer (pH 12.5) results in further dissociation into eighth-molecules having apparently equivalent molecular weights (17200). No new free amino groups are detectable by assay with the ninhydrin reagent, indicating that the eighth-molecule subunitsdo not arise from peptide-bond cleavage. 5. 5. The calculated values of the frictional ratio, f f 0 , for ceruloplasmin half-, quarter-, and eighth-molecules (1.87, 1.64 and 2.06, respectively) are distinctly greate than the corresponding value for native ceruloplasmin (1.48), suggesting a significant increase in asymmetry upon dissociation into subunits. 6. 6. After acrylamide-gel electrophoresis at pH 12.0, the eighth-molecule subunits are resolved into two closely spaced bands, of equal protein-staining intensity. This finding, together with the ultracentrifugal evidence, suggests equal amounts of two polypeptide chains, identical in size but differing slightly in net charge. 7. 7. Double-diffusion experiments in agar gel reveal that either type ceruloplasmin half-molecule gives a reaction of partial identity with rabbit specific anti-ceruloplasmin serum. However, neither the quarter-molecule nor the eighth-molecule gives any reaction with the antiserum. 8. 8. The simplest model for the quaternary structure of human ceruloplasmin therefore is an octamer, α4β4, which may undergo sequential dissociation to produce half-, quarter- or eighth-molecules.
Transplacental transfer and metabolism of bupropion

Objective. In order to evaluate the potential use of bupropion as smoking cessation therapy during pregnancy, the aim of this investigation was to determine transplacental transfer and metabolism of bupropion and its distribution among placental tissue and maternal and fetal circuits of the dually perfused placental lobule.Methods. Placentas obtained from healthy term pregnancies were perfused with bupropion at two concentrations 150 ng/ml and 450 ng/ml, along with the marker compound antipyrine 20 μg/ml. Radioactive isotopes of the two drugs were co-transfused to enhance their detection limits. Concentrations of bupropion and its metabolite were determined by liquid chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry.Results. The fetal/maternal concentration ratio of bupropion was 1.07 ± 0.22. Following 4 h of its perfusion, 48 ± 6% of bupropion was retained by placental tissue, 32 ± 5% remained in the maternal circuit, and 20 ± 6% was transferred to the fetal circuit. A metabolite of bupropion, threohy...
Blackamerica's Challenge to European Colonialism The Waller Affair, 1891-1895

At the close of the nineteenth century, Africa was the scene of an intense Anglo-French colonial rivalry. Nowhere was this competition keener than in the East African island of Madagascar. While Christian missionaries vied for control of the Malagasy's souls and English and French merchants strove to exploit the island's economic resources, the Quai d'Orsay and Whitehall fought for political influence over the native monarchy. France ultimately emerged triumphant and annexed Madagascar in 1896. In doing so, however, Paris was responding to pressure from a third source represented by a Blackamerican whose interest in Madagascar was only incidentally connected with that of Britain. Confronted by a rising tide of institutionalized racism at home, a substantial segment of the Negro community in the United States looked to Africa as well as to other nonwhite, underdeveloped areas as havens from prejudice and exploitation, and also as legitimate fields of economic endeavor. The Parsons Weekly Blade, one of a number of Afro-American newspapers obsessed in the 1 890s with the idea that racial equality could be achieved through black capitalism, came out in 1895 for annexation of both Cuba and Hawaii: "We want these and
Lossless Compression Algorithm for REBL Direct-Write E-Beam Lithography System

Future lithography systems must produce microchips with smaller feature sizes, while maintaining throughputs comparable to those of today's optical lithography systems. This places stringent constraints on the effective data throughput of any maskless lithography system. In recent years, we have developed a datapath architecture for direct-write lithography systems, and have shown that compression plays a key role in reducing throughput requirements of such systems. Our approach integrates a low complexity hardware-based decoder with the writers, in order to decompress a compressed data layer in real time on the fly. In doing so, we have developed a spectrum of lossless compression algorithms for integrated circuit layout data to provide a tradeoff between compression efficiency and hardware complexity, the latest of which is Block Golomb Context Copy Coding (Block GC3). In this paper, we present a modified version of Block GC3 called Block RGC3, specifically tailored to the REBL direct-write E-beam lithography system. Two characteristic features of the REBL system are a rotary stage resulting in arbitrarily-rotated layout imagery, and E-beam corrections prior to writing the data, both of which present significant challenges to lossless compression algorithms. Together, these effects reduce the effectiveness of both the copy and predict compression methods within Block GC3. Similar to Block GC3, our newly proposed technique Block RGC3, divides the image into a grid of two-dimensional "blocks" of pixels, each of which copies from a specified location in a history buffer of recently-decoded pixels. However, in Block RGC3 the number of possible copy locations is significantly increased, so as to allow repetition to be discovered along any angle of orientation, rather than horizontal or vertical. Also, by copying smaller groups of pixels at a time, repetition in layout patterns is easier to find and take advantage of. As a side effect, this increases the total number of copy locations to transmit; this is combated with an extra region-growing step, which enforces spatial coherence among neighboring copy locations, thereby improving compression efficiency. We characterize the performance of Block RGC3 in terms of compression efficiency and encoding complexity on a number of rotated Metal 1, Poly, and Via layouts at various angles, and show that Block RGC3 provides higher compression efficiency than existing lossless compression algorithms, including JPEG-LS, ZIP, BZIP2, and Block GC3.
Biphasic effects of catecholamines on pituitary prolactin release in vitro.

The in vitro effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine on prolactin release by the rat pituitary were studied in a 4-hr incubation system. The addition of 10 or 20 ng of epinephrine or norepinephrine to 1 ml of a physiological medium containing ½ male rat pituitary significantly increased prolactin release, whereas doses of 200–1000 ng markedly inhibited prolactin release. Incorporation of 2–40 ng of dopamine into the medium had no effect, whereas 80–640 ng significantly decreased prolactin release. These results indicate that the effects of catecholamines on pituitary prolactin release in vitro are dose dependent. (Endocrinology 87: 673, 1970)
On the Causality and Cause of Returns to Organizational Status Evidence from the Grands Crus Classés of the Médoc

This paper identifies the causal symbolic effect of status on the prices organizations charge for their products. I exploit the classification of the châteaux of the Medoc, which sorted 61 wine pro...
Complex transgene locus structures implicate multiple mechanisms for plant transgene rearrangement

Summary To more fully characterize the internal structure of transgene loci and to gain further understanding of mechanisms of transgene locus formation, we sequenced more than 160 kb of complex transgene loci in two unrelated transgenic oat (Avena sativa L.) lines transformed using microprojectile bombardment. The transgene locus sequences from both lines exhibited extreme scrambling of non-contiguous transgene and genomic fragments recombined via illegitimate recombination. A perfect direct repeat of the delivered DNA, and inverted and imperfect direct repeats were detected in the same transgene locus indicating that homologous recombination and synthesis-dependent mechanism(s), respectively, were also involved in transgene locus rearrangement. The most unexpected result was the small size of the fragments of deliv- ered and genomic DNA incorporated into the transgene loci via illegitimate recombination; 50 of the 82 delivered DNA fragments were shorter than 200 bp. Eleven transgene and genomic fragments were shorter than the DNA lengths required for Ku-mediated non-homologous end joining. Detection of these small fragments provided evidence that illegitimate recombination was most likely mediated by a synthesis- dependent strand-annealing mechanism that resulted in transgene scrambling. Taken together, these results indicate that transgene locus formation involves the concerted action of several DNA break-repair mechanisms.
A signal processing approach to symmetry detection

We present an algorithm that detects rotational and reflectional symmetries of two-dimensional objects. Both symmetry types are effectively detected and analyzed using the angular correlation (AC), which measures the correlation between images in the angular direction. The AC is accurately computed using the pseudopolar Fourier transform, which rapidly computes the Fourier transform of an image on a near-polar grid. We prove that the AC of symmetric images is a periodic signal whose frequency is related to the order of the symmetry. This frequency is recovered via spectrum estimation, which is a proven technique in signal processing with a variety of efficient solutions. We also provide a novel approach for finding the center of symmetry and demonstrate the applicability of our scheme to the analysis of real images
Involvement of site-specific FAK phosphorylation in sphingosine-1 phosphate- and thrombin-induced focal adhesion remodeling: role of Src and GIT

Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) and thrombin are agents with profound but divergent effects on vascular endothelial cell (EC) barrier properties. We have previously reported that S1P-induced focal adhesion (FA) remodeling involves interactions between focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, and G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting proteins GIT1 and GIT2 and suggested a critical involvement of focal adhesions in the EC barrier regulation. In this study, we examined redistribution of FA proteins (FAK, paxillin, GIT1, and GIT2) and site-specific FAK tyrosine phosphorylation in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells stimulated with thrombin. In contrast to S1P, which we have shown to induce peripheral translocation of FA proteins associated with cortical actin ring formation, thrombin caused the redistribution of FA proteins to the ends of the newly formed massive stress fibers. S1P and thrombin induced distinct patterns of FAK site-specific phosphorylation with the FAK Y576 phosphorylation site targeted by SIP challenge and phosphorylation of three FAK sites (Y397, Y576, and Y925) in response to thrombin stimulation. Pharmacological inhibition of Src with Src-specific inhibitor PP2 abolished S1P-induced translocation of FA proteins, cortical actin ring formation, and FAK [Y576] phosphorylation. However, PP2 failed to alter thrombin-induced morphological changes and exhibited only partial inhibition of FAK site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation. These observations highlight the differential mechanisms of focal adhesion protein complex remodeling and FAK activation by S1P and thrombin and link differential FA remodeling to EC barrier regulation.
Different cytotoxicity responses to antimicrobial nanosilver coatings when comparing extract-based and direct-contact assays.

This study was performed to understand how the choice of cytotoxicity assay format affects the observed biocompatibility of nanosilver (nAg). nAg coatings are physical coatings containing silver (Ag) that have feature sizes of 100 nm or less, often in the form of nanoparticles or grains. They are used on medical devices to prevent infection, but in spite of this intended benefit, observations of potential cytotoxicity from nAg have been reported in numerous published studies. For medical device regulation, cytotoxicity testing is part of a biocompatibility evaluation, in which specific test methods are chosen based on the technological characteristics and intended use of a device. For this study, nAg-coated tissue culture polystyrene surfaces were prepared using magnetron sputter coating, resulting in nAg films of 0.2 to 311 µg cm−2 Ag. These coatings exhibited nanometer-scale morphologies and demonstrated a > 4log10 reduction in Escherichia coli viability. It was observed that extracts of nAg caused no cytotoxicity to L929 mouse fibroblasts, but cells cultured directly on nAg coatings (direct-contact assay format) showed a dose-dependent reduction in viability by up to 100% (P < 0.001). Results using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure Ag release suggested that extracts of nAg are not toxic because the dissolved Ag in those samples becomes less cytotoxic over time, probably owing to the reaction with cell culture media and serum (six-fold cytotoxicity reductions observed over a 24-h period). These findings highlight the potential value of direct-contact cytotoxicity testing for nAg in predicting biological interactions with cells or tissue in vivo. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The Mirage of Permanent Boundaries: Politics of Forest Reservation in the Western Himalayas, 1875-97

Forests of the Western Himalayas, particularly the hill districts of colonial Punjab in India, became sites of intense negotiations over issues of demarcation of state property and definition of user rights in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, even as the debates over the Indian Forest Act came to a close. In implementing newfound powers, the Forest Department was frustrated, first, by the character­isation of the region as anomalous by the Revenue Department, and second, by overt resistance from local communities. In the web of interests and ideologies, emerging interactions between state and social actors were crystallised, and defined the contours of state-society relationships. In the process of negotiating the demarcation of forests, inter-departmental rivalries between the Revenue and Forest Departments intersected with the tension between central direction and local autonomy. Legal categories enshrined in the law were reinterpreted in imaginative dimensions to correspond with local practices and new ways of imagining forests emerged that defied, and sometimes contradicted, the spirit of the law. The result could be seen as a compromise between positions of extensive and intensive territorialisation within the state, which graded forests hierarchically in new categories, nested within the law and created a supra-tenure that went beyond legal categories. Such an optic helps in better understanding and explaning the variation in the project of territorialisation in colonial India.
Postoperative Analgesia following Thoracotomy: Danger of Delayed Respiratory Depression

Narcotic anesthesia is commonly used for patients with depressed myocardial function. Post-thoracotomy analgesia is increasingly provided by epidural narcotic analgesia. Combination of the two techniques may have resulted in respiratory depression and death in a 66-year-old ischemic heart disease patient following thoracotomy.