cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adults as Students: Ego Development and the Influence of the Academic Environment

ion; it is related to and based upon observable behavior but is not itself directly observable. She proposes no formal definition of ego development, but refers to the ••milestones" of that development (Loevinger, 1966). Because of the difficulty in defining the concept of ego development, the best way to understand it is through a careful description of the stages, themselves. In Loevinger•s scheme, there is a succession of milestone sequences. These milestone sequences represent broad patterns of change involving many aspects of personality. Milestone sequences are the observable behaviors that rise to prominence as one moves through a specific stage of ego development. The behavior, then, falls off as one moves to the next stage. 22 Loevinger uses the term "milestone" to differentiate from the polar variables that are aspects of one's development. For example, conformity is considered a milestone sequencei it continues to a certain point in one's ego development (the Conformist stage), then falls off. But, a behavior such as the tendency to stereotype, is a polar variable; it moves along a linear line. As a person develops, the tendency to stereotype decreases (Loevinger, 1966). She moves away from measuring polar (or dualistic) variables toward defining and measuring qualitative shifts in a trait that mark steps in a continuous progression (Knefelkamp, 1980). Loevinger's stages (See Table I) progress as follows (Loevinger, 1982): Presocial (I-1) stage-very infantile and entirely oriented toward the gratification of needs; Impulsive (I-2) stage -characterized by children being l'rrwcl:al Symbiotic: lm(Julsi"-~
Chapter 30 Lumbosacral radiculopathies

Publisher Summary Low back pain is one of the most common causes of disability, and a major reason for medical consultation and specialist referral. It may be accompanied by clinical evidence of lumbosacral radiculopathy involving most commonly the L5 or S1 root, or both. Regardless of any clinical signs of root involvement, patients are commonly evaluated by imaging procedures such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. However, the findings from such studies are often difficult to interpret, because anatomical abnormalities become increasingly common with advancing age and their presence may be unrelated to the symptoms for which the patient is seeking medical attention. In addition to their role in helping to establish the presence of a lumbosacral radiculopathy, electrophysiological studies are helpful in determining the severity and prognosis of root lesions and therefore have a role in guiding management. Abnormal findings also suggest that vague symptoms have an organic basis although the converse—that normal findings indicate a nonorganic basis—is not necessarily true at all.
POLYGENIC RISK FOR ANXIETY SHAPES PATTERNS OF COMORBIDITY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER

Background Anxiety disorders are one of the most common comorbid conditions in people with bipolar disorder and are associated with unfavorable outcomes, including increased recurrence, higher rates of alcohol and substance abuse, and more frequent suicide attempts. However, the causal direction has remained unclear: Does poorer outcome lead to anxiety, or does comorbid anxiety result in poorer outcomes? Methods Here we used a Polygenic Risk Score (PGS) for anxiety to approach this question in a sample of 1754 adults with bipolar I or schizoaffective bipolar disorder previously characterized by the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) and genotyped on Affymetrix 6.0 arrays. Anxiety PGS was calculated on the basis of results from the largest published GWAS meta-analysis of anxiety disorders (Otowa et al., 2016). Markers were LD clumped and the p-value threshold was set at 1. First we examined anxiety disorder comorbidity by creating a categorical ‘anxiety disorders’ variable comprising any DSM anxiety disorder diagnosis. Results Anxiety PGS was significantly associated with anxiety comorbidity (X2=7.756, df=1, p Discussion Taken together, these findings indicate that genetic risk for anxiety contributes to patterns of comorbidity in bipolar disorder, increasing risk for some anxiety disorders and for anorexia. Other common comorbidities and clinical features appear unrelated to genetic risk for anxiety, suggesting distinct etiologies.
Blood volume flow measurement using a flexible ultrasound transducer (Conference Presentation)

The aim of this research study is to develop a flexible ultrasound transducer capable of determining the blood volume flow. Currently, there are a few different methods of measuring fluid flow inside a vessel using ultrasound. In Doppler shift and time transit flowmeters, a wedge has been used to mount a piezoelectric transducer in order to create a known angle between the direction of fluid flow and the direction of generated wave propagation. In general, the flat nature of piezoelectric transducers has restricted the application of this method to mounting surfaces with known geometry. However, in a recent study, a flexible piezo-composite ultrasonic transducer was developed using PZT-5H and a passive polymer matrix (PDMS). Due to the flexibility of this unique transducer, it can be mounted on surfaces of unknown and varying geometry. In the context of measuring the blood flow rate in a human vessel, the transducer can be integrated into a wearable device capable of determining the orientation and position of the vessel’s path using wave time of flight. In this article, we measured a flow speed using the flexible transducer embedded on a curved surface of a tissue-mimicking material, in which water flows through an artificial flow vessel aligned in a known angular direction. Then, the velocity of the flowing medium in the vessel is estimated by using the Doppler shift method. The experimental results will provide the fundamental background for application of the flexible transducer to the wearable device capable of measuring the blood flow and the pressure.
Robustness of Recovery in Locating Array-Based Screening Experiments

Locating arrays (LAs) are experimental designs for screening interactions in engineered systems. LAs are often highly unbalanced, requiring advanced techniques to recover the terms that significantly influence system performance. While perfect recovery is achieved in the absence of noise, real systems are noisy. Therefore, in this paper, we study the robustness of recovery in the presence of noise. Using known models to generate synthetic data, we investigate recovery accuracy as a function of noise. Separation is introduced into LAs to allow more coverage for each t-way interaction; when separation is higher, recovery in noisy scenarios should improve. We find that locating arrays are able to recover the influential terms even with high levels of noise and that separation appears to improve recovery. Under the pessimistic assumption that noise depends on the range of responses, it is no surprise that terms with small coefficients become indistinguishable from noise.
Virus Survival During Sludge Treatment

ABSTRACT Most enteric viruses in wastewater are bound to solids and become components of sludge during normal operations at a treatment facility. Anaerobic digestion of sludge causes viral inactivation but the amount depends on the temperature and time of digestion as well as on certain properties of the sludge such as ammonia concentration and pH. Enteric viruses are also inactivated in sludge through drying by evaporation and during lime treatment if held above pH 11. One of the most effective methods of inactivating viruses in sludge is with heat. Temperatures attained during efficient composting readily cause viral inactivation even though certain components of sludge, such as detergents, can stabilize viruses against heat. The exposure time required for virus inactivation by heat drops rapidly at temperatures near 60°. Irradiation of sludge with either beta or gamma rays also causes viral inactivation but the doses required are much greater than needed to inactivate sludge pathogens of greater size, such as enteric bacteria.
A BREAK IN THE DAM? INDIA’S NEW PROFIT ATTRIBUTION PROPOSAL AND THE ARM’S LENGTH STANDARD

On April 18, 2019, the Indian Central Board of Direct Taxes released a public consultation document on amending India’s rules for profit attribution to permanent establishments. This remarkable document is the first time a national government has proposed what in essence amounts to an abandonment of the arm’s length standard (ALS), the governing standard in transfer pricing for over 80 years, in favor of a formulary system. Given that the OECD has also raised the option of using formulas to allocate profits to market jurisdictions, India’s unilateral move may signal the proverbial break in the ALS dam, with the potential of leading to an abandonment of the ALS in favor of a unitary tax system.
Critical Closing Pressure Measured in Stroke Patients with Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy and Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound

Critical Closing Pressure (CrCP) is a non-invasive approach to estimate intracranial pressure. In 15 stroke patients, we found a strong correlation (R2 = 0.7) between CrCP derived from Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy and from Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound
Combining clustering and classification for the regionalization of environmental model parameters: Application to floodplain mapping in data-scarce regions

Abstract Prediction in data-scarce regions is one of the challenging issues in environmental problems. In hydrology, this issue is commonly addressed by utilizing regression or similarity-based regionalization techniques. The core of similarity-based regionalization techniques is a physical/climatic similarity metric that is typically predetermined from the knowledge about the physics of the problem and study area. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) reduce the subjectivity that exists in the selection of the physical/climatic similarity metric by establishing a systematic approach, and (2) propose a generic similarity-based regionalization framework that estimates the parameters of environmental models in data-scarce regions. The efficacy of the proposed framework is evaluated for the regionalization of a statistical model that creates probabilistic floodplain maps in data-scarce regions. Results show a trained Support Vector Machine (SVM) with ten basin descriptors and accuracy of 86% is an appropriate physical/climatic similarity metric that creates reliable floodplain maps in the Arkansas-White-Red region.
18 – Carcass chilling

Publisher Summary This chapter presents that to effectively reduce microbial contamination on carcasses, it is essential to control their proliferation on the carcass surface and as such it is imperative to maintain an adequate chilling process. Due to metabolic activity in pre-rigor muscle of carcasses, the average carcass temperature may increase to about 40 °C immediately following slaughter. Carcasses are typically cooled before being further processed; however, the period of time it takes carcasses to cool from temperatures as high as 40 °C to chiller temperatures provides an opportunity for proliferation of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, especially psychrotrophic organisms. Ideally for the safety of the product the carcass should be chilled as rapidly as possible and, as such, minimize the growth of the microflora on the carcass surface and, although psychrotrophic growth is a certainty on chilled carcasses, the extent to which it occurs must be controlled by ensuring that the chilling process is under control. Alternatively, carcasses may be hot boned; that is, the carcass is boned while hot and the resulting primals are chilled. The advantage of hot boning is more rapid chilling of the meat due to better heat dissipation with the relative increase in surface area of smaller portions; however, the problem with wet cut surfaces is that they are easily contaminated and prone to high rates of evaporative weight loss. Most hot boned carcasses are chilled using batch systems.
Physicalism Without Fundamentality

Physicalism should be characterized in a way that makes it compatible with the possibility that the physical world is infinitely decomposable. Some have proposed solving this problem by replacing a widely accepted No Fundamental Mentality requirement on physicalism with a more general No Low-Level Mentality requirement. The latter states that physicalism could be true if there is a level of decomposition beneath which nothing is mental, whereas physicalism is false otherwise. Brown (Erkenntnis 82:1339–1350, 2017a) argues that this solution does not work. He devises an infinitely decomposable possible world in which physicalism should come out as true even though there is mentality all the way down. I propose a solution that circumvents his argument. The key is to specify the sort of mentality that physicalism cannot abide at any level, namely, mentality that does not consist solely in a structural-dynamic arrangement of entities. I also argue that the problem Brown identifies has significant implications for what is at stake in the debate over physicalism’s truth or falsity—implications he undersells.
Analysis of Services Performed by Recreational Therapists

The purpose of this study was to determine services performed by recreation therapists. This study surveyed currently practicing CTRSs to determine the workload and elements of service provision. A total of 1178 CTRSs responded to the survey (23.6%). A total of 18,539 hours of direct therapy interventions were provided by 812 fulltime therapists in a week; or an average of 23 hours of direct care services per therapist. CTRSs had, on average, 108 client therapy contacts per week per therapist. The number of treatment groups offered, one-on-one interventions, and other weekly tasks were also explored. Types of services provided were significantly different by population served. The discipline should explore the creation of a data center to gather critical data to understand and determine the nature of services provided by CTRSs. It is a critical step for the discipline to grow, defend, and/ or maintain important RT services. Subscribe to TRJ
Ribosomal proteins: mutant phenotypes by the numbers and associated gene expression changes

Ribosomal proteins are highly conserved, many universally so among organisms. All ribosomal proteins are structural parts of the same molecular machine, the ribosome. However, when ribosomal proteins are mutated individually, they often lead to distinct and intriguing phenotypes, including specific human pathologies. This review is an attempt to collect and analyse all the reported phenotypes of each ribosomal protein mutant in several eukaryotes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, Mus musculus, Homo sapiens). These phenotypes were processed with unbiased computational approaches to reveal associations between different phenotypes and the contributions of individual ribosomal protein genes. An overview of gene expression changes in ribosomal protein mutants, with emphasis on ribosome profiling studies, is also presented. The available data point to patterns that may account for most of the observed phenotypes. The information presented here may also inform future studies about the molecular basis of the phenotypes that arise from mutations in ribosomal proteins.
Fictitious play in zero-sum stochastic games.

We present fictitious play dynamics for stochastic games and analyze its convergence properties in zero-sum stochastic games. Our dynamics involves players forming beliefs on opponent strategy and their own continuation payoff (Q-function), and playing a greedy best response using estimated continuation payoffs. Players update their beliefs from observations of opponent actions. A key property of the learning dynamics is that update of the beliefs on Q-functions occurs at a slower timescale than update of the beliefs on strategies. We show both in the model-based and model-free cases (without knowledge of player payoff functions and state transition probabilities), the beliefs on strategies converge to a stationary mixed Nash equilibrium of the zero-sum stochastic game.
The persistence of wishful thinking.

Comments on the article by Fredrickson and Losada (see record 2005-11834-001). Recently the current authors (Brown, Sokal, & Friedman, 2013) debunked the widely cited claim made by Fredrickson and Losada (2005) that their use of a mathematical model drawn from nonlinear dynamics (namely, the Lorenz equations from fluid dynamics) provided theoretical support for the existence of a pair of critical positivity-ratio values (2.9013 and 11.6346) such that individuals whose ratios fall between these values will "flourish," whereas people whose ratios lie outside this ideal range will "languish." For lack of space in our previous article, we refrained from addressing, except in passing, the question of whether there might be empirical evidence for the existence of one or more critical positivity ratios ("tipping points"). In response to our critique, Fredrickson and Losada (2013) withdrew their nonlinear dynamics model, but Fredrickson (December December 2013) reaffirmed some claims concerning positivity ratios on the basis of empirical studies. We would therefore like to comment briefly on these claims and the alleged supporting evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Factors of soil formation in the 21st century

Abstract The year 2021 marks the 80th anniversary of the publication of Factors of Soil Formation. A System of Quantitative Pedology by Hans Jenny. Given the exponential surge in annual citations of the book over the past 30 years, and this important milestone in its history, it is an opportune time to examine what the book presents, and how it is relevant to transdisciplinary research in the 21st Century. The book did not originate the concept of soil forming factors, which were by then already widely accepted in soil science, but instead translated it into a quantitative scientific framework through rigorous definition of the soil system, and the identification and separation of dependent and independent variables. The initial formulation of the theoretical framework was inspired by thermodynamics, but with pedologically-relevant state variables. Subsequent formulations of the model by Jenny articulated the connection and utility to examining energy and mass fluxes through the soil system, a point of departure for recent efforts to bring open system, non-equilibrium thermodynamic methods to bear on soil research. The State Factor theory is a powerful lens to examine a number of academic and societally relevant issues in the 21st century, such as the role of the biotic factor and its interplay with the physical soil environment. However, the most critical, and understudied, state factor is the effect of humans on soil systems. Earth science must embrace the challenge, and obligation to society, to explore the human footprint on the planet, and devise ways to remediate its impact.
Inequality, Exclusion, and Tolerance for Political Dissent in Latin America:

Although many countries meet electoral standards of democracy, often these regimes fail to promote social inclusion or meaningful representation. We argue that systems of exclusion have deleterious...
Spatial association of mobility and COVID-19 infection rate in the USA: A county-level study using mobile phone location data

Abstract Introduction Human mobility has been a central issue in the discussion from the beginning of COVID-19. While the body of literature on the relationship of COVID transmission and mobility is large, studies mostly captured a relatively short timeframe. Moreover, spatial non-stationarity has garnered less attention in these explorative models. Therefore, the major concern of this study is to see the relationship of mobility and COVID on a broader temporal scale and after mitigating this methodological gap. Objective In response to this concern, this study first explores the spatiotemporal pattern of mobility indicators. Secondly, it attempts to understand how mobility is related to COVID infection rate and how this relationship has been changed over time and space after controlling several sociodemographic characteristics, spatial heterogeneity, and policy-related changes during different phases of Coronavirus. Data and method This study uses GPS-based mobility data for a wider time frame of six months (March 20-August’20) divided into four tiers and carries analysis for all the US counties (N = 3142). Space-time cube is used to generate the spatiotemporal pattern. For the second objective, Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Spatial Error Model (SEM), and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) were used. Result The spatial-temporal pattern suggests that the trip rate, out-of-county trip rate, and miles/person traveled were mostly plummeted till the first wave reached its peak, and subsequently, all of these mobility matrices started to rise. From spatial models, infection rates were found negatively correlated with miles traveled and out-of-county trips. Highly COVID infected areas mostly had more people working from home, low percentages of aged people and educated people, and high percentages of poor people. Conclusion This study, with necessary policy implications, provides a comprehensive understanding of the shifting pattern of mobility and COVID. Spatial models outperform OLS with better fits and non-clustered residuals.
Thyroid Storm-Induced Acute Liver Dysfunction and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Thyroid storm-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a very rare complication of untreated/undertreated Graves' disease. It is considered to be a medical emergency as it can rapidly lead to hemodynamic instability in patients due to multi-organ failure. Although the exact pathogenesis of this hematological phenomenon remains poorly understood, it is believed to be triggered by the uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn prematurely activates the coagulation cascade. In this report, we present the case of a 48-year-old female who presented with symptoms of abdominal pain, dyspnea, and unintentional weight loss for the past several weeks. Her vital signs, overall clinical picture, and laboratory tests confirmed thyroid storm complicated by DIC and acute liver injury. The patient made a significant recovery after the initiation of methimazole therapy.
Characteristics of Poor Versus Affluent Counties

A statistical analysis of the 1980–1990 data is used to identify the concomitants of income poverty and characteristics of the poverty population. This analysis forms one basis for discussion of representative counties as case studies in each of the cores of poverty as well as examples of affluent counties. In addition, the author discusses some general characteristics of poor versus affluent counties.
Scientific Jury Selection in Voir Dire

The purpose of voir dire is to find a fair and impartial jury. In reality, however, jury selection often becomes a battleground on which both prosecution and defense search out jurors who are likely to favor their side. With experience, counsel can develop a “critical eye,” using insightful observation to identify favorably inclined jurors. Both the defense and the prosecution can dismiss, without cause, a limited number of potential jurors based on their subjective judgments alone. Such factors as race, physical stature, gender, age, religion, general appearance, presentation, and expressed beliefs may be seen as indicators that a potential juror will favor one side or the other. More recently, this intuitive approach has been expanded by the use of computers and sophisticated statistical techniques. Technology has elevated human judgments to a new and higher state in the systematic selection of prospective jurors during voir dire.
Interplay between Solid‐State NMR and Single‐Crystal X‐Ray Diffraction

The complementary relationship between solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and diffraction techniques, specifically single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), is explained and illustrated. It is demonstrated how solid-state NMR and single-crystal XRD can be combined advantageously, allowing structural chemists to investigate the detailed structures of materials in a way that could not be achieved by using a single technique alone. By using few examples involving zeolites and organic host-guest complexes, the importance of a combined approach with solid-state NMR and single-crystal XRD for detailed structural characterization is illustrated. Keywords: solid-state NMR; X-ray diffraction; crystallography; zeolites; host-guest complexes; crystal structure; disorder; dynamics
Long Range Interaction between CW Laser Beams in an Atomic Vapor

Can photons in a vacuum exert forces on each other? This is an old question and the standard modern answer is yes, but since the forces are due to the exchange of virtual electrons and po-sitions[l], the forces are extremely weak and have never been observed experimentally. We would like to describe some recent experiments which demonstrate that photons in laser beams can exert very strong forces on each other in an atomic vapor [2]. These forces are due to the exchange of real atoms rather than virtual electrons and positrons.
Comparative Deletion And Optimality In Syntax

This paper investigates the syntax of comparative deletion and comparative subdeletion in English and argues that the apparently paradoxical behavior of these two types of clausal comparative constructions is due to a derivational distinction between them: comparative deletion involves overt movement plus deletion of a compared phrase, while comparative subdeletion involves covert movement of the compared phrase. Although this derivational difference must be stipulated in standard approaches, it follows from general constraints on the relation between movement and deletion in English in a model of syntax in which syntactic constraints are ranked and violable, and well-formedness is determined by evaluating competing representations against the set of constraints, as in Optimality Theory. The analysis receives independent support from the interaction of comparatives and ellipsis, and achieves a higher level of descriptive and explanatory adequacy than alternative analyses that do not make reference to ranked and violable constraints.
Marketing Strategy, Constituent Influence, and Resource Allocation: An Application of the Miles and Snow Typology to Closely Held Firms in Chapter 11 Bankruptcy

Abstract This study utilizes the Miles and Snow typology within the context of firms in Chapter 11 bankruptcy. We specifically examine (1) the impact of constituent influence on management's choice of strategic archetype (prospector, defender, or reactor) and (2) whether successful emergence from Chapter 11 is more likely when managers propose prospector strategies which focus on marketing and product innovation, defender strategies which focus on cost efficiency, or reactor strategies which have no clearly defined orientation. Results of the study suggest that when firms are in distress, external constituents influence them not to pursue reactor strategies. Further findings indicate that firms with prospector strategies and well-defined marketing plans are most likely to emerge from Chapter 11.
Abstract Theories in HOL

Abstract Abstract theories are widely used in mathematics because the provide a convenient way to reason about classes of structures. Abstract theories provide proofs about abstract structures which can then be used to reason about specific instances of those structures. Abstract theories are useful for specifying and verifying computer systems because they provide structure and guidance in the specification and verification processes and provide a convenient method of theorem reuse. This report describes and documents a package for using abstract theories in the HOL theorem proving system.
Biologically Active Metabolites Synthesized by Microalgae

Microalgae are microorganisms that have different morphological, physiological, and genetic traits that confer the ability to produce different biologically active metabolites. Microalgal biotechnology has become a subject of study for various fields, due to the varied bioproducts that can be obtained from these microorganisms. When microalgal cultivation processes are better understood, microalgae can become an environmentally friendly and economically viable source of compounds of interest, because production can be optimized in a controlled culture. The bioactive compounds derived from microalgae have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, among others. Furthermore, these microorganisms have the ability to promote health and reduce the risk of the development of degenerative diseases. In this context, the aim of this review is to discuss bioactive metabolites produced by microalgae for possible applications in the life sciences.
Business Model Innovation for Sustainability

A systematic approach to innovating business models can help identify new business models that encourage sustainable use of products and services, or facilitate wider adoption of new environmentally friendly technologies. This article provides a brief summary of a conceptual framework (fully described in Girotra and Netessine 2014) that we have developed to systematize the study and identification of new business models. Our approach advocates that the key to identifying new business models is understanding the context of decision making in existing models and the associated inefficiencies. We propose a three step approach: First, existing business models must be audited for identifying information and incentive misalignment inefficiencies that destroy value. Next, new business models can be identified by changing the context of the decision associated with the most consequential of these inefficiencies. We conjecture that four elements of the decision context are most significant: What decisions are made, When they are made, Who makes them, and Why they are made. We provide a set of idea triggers to stimulate brainstorming of new business models by changing one of these four Ws. Finally, we advise that generated business models should be analyzed and experimented with to identify the most promising ones. We close the article by describing the design of a pedagogical program based on this framework.
Dielectric related effects in micromachined electrostatic actuators

The paper discusses the advantages of using electrostatic actuation at the microscale and the issues associated with the use of narrow air gaps (hundreds of Angstroms to hundreds of microns), thin dielectric films (few thousands of Angstroms) and very high fields (over 2 MV/cm) in microdevices. The attention is focused on the touch-mode electrostatic actuators. Studies on the effect of the dielectric and electrode material, of the ambient humidity and gas, of the driving signal and the operating mode are reported. The failure modes are identified and some solutions are given. Electrostatic microactuators operating without failures for over 40 million cycles are reported. Areas of further study are identified. The paper serves as an invitation to the members of the DEI Society to join the efforts of the MEMS community in the study and development of micro-and meso-scale electrostatic actuators.
A chiral 2-D donor-acceptor array of a bipyrazine N-oxide and tetracyanoethylene

Hexamethylbipyrazine-N,N‘,N‘ ‘,N‘ ‘‘-tetraoxide (1) is synthesized in racemic form and cocrystallized with tetracyanoethylene to give a donor−acceptor (DA) networked lattice. The resulting DA2 cocrystal contains homochiral 2-D DA arrays (layers) cohered by 2.7 A NO···CC DA bonds with periplanar O p-orbital/CC orientations. Layer formation is stereoselective, while interlayer relations yield a racemic lattice.
Immunosuppressive activity of a porcine high-molecular weight uterine macromolecule is associated with transforming growth factor-β

A > or = 230 kDa lymphocyte suppressor component recovered from uterine luminal protein (ULP) secretions of Landrace and Yorkshire gilts on day 15 of pregnancy was further purified by anion-exchange (DEAE Sepharose CL-6B) and gel filtration (Sepharose CL-6B) chromatography. Macromolecules within each peak fraction were tested for suppression of thymidine (TdR) incorporation into phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). A neutralizing antibody to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) was added to additional cultures in order to determine whether suppressor activity of high-molecular weight macromolecules was associated with TGF-beta. The > or = 230 kDa component suppressed (P or = 4 x 10(6) Da (> or = 4 MDa), eluted at the void volume) which suppressed (P or = 4 MDa macromolecule which suppresses proliferative responses of PBL and likely serves as a carrier for TGF-beta.
Implementing international education standards: The global challenges

In June 2004, the International Association for Accounting Education and Research (IAAER) in cooperation with the Southern African Accounting Association (SAAA) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) hosted a Globalization Roundtable in Durban, South Africa, on the theme of Implementing International Education Standards: The Global Challenges. This was supported by the KPMG Foundation. The Roundtable was held to familiarize members of the international academic community with the International Education Standards (IES) developed and released by IFAC to provide quality and consistency in global accounting education. Attendees at the Roundtable were asked to discuss the IES, identify implementation challenges, particularly in emerging countries, and resources to meet those challenges, including any additional implementation guidance or assistance. This report summarizes the deliberations.
Efficient Energy Conversion of the 14 MeV Neutrons in DT Inertial Confinement Fusion

In DT fusion 80 % of the energy released goes into 14 MeV neutrons, and only the remaining 20 % into charged particles. Unlike the charged particles, the uncharged neutrons cannot be confined by a magnetic field, and for this reason cannot be used for a direct conversion into electric energy. Instead, the neutrons have to be slowed down in some medium, heating this medium to a temperature of less than 103 K, with the heat removed from this medium to drive a turbo-generator. This conversion of nuclear into electric energy has a Carnot efficiency of about 30 %. For the 80 % of the energy released into neutrons, the efficiency is therefore no more than 24 %. While this low conversion efficiency cannot be overcome in magnetic confinement concepts, it can be overcome in inertial confinement concepts, by surrounding the inertial confinement fusion target with a sufficiently thick layer of liquid hydrogen and a thin outer layer of boron, to create a hot plasma fire ball. The hydrogen layer must be chosen just thick and dense enough to be heated by the neutrons to 100,000 K. The thusly generated, fully ionized, and rapidly expanding fire ball can drive a pulsed magnetohydrodynamic generator at an almost 100 % Carnot efficiency, or possibly be used to generate hydrocarbons.
The epidemiology of overweight and related lifestyle behaviors: racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status differences among American youth.

Background Differences in the prevalence of youth at or above the 85th percentile of age- and gender-adjusted body mass index (BMI) by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status were examined among youth in 8th and 10th grades. The possible role of a number of lifestyle behaviors and family/parenting factors in explaining these differences was then explored. Methods Cross-sectional survey data were used from nationally representative samples in the Monitoring the Future study from 1998 to 2003 (N=39,011 students). Data were analyzed in 2006. Results Minority, low-income males, and male youth were more likely have a BMI at or above the 85th percentile. Frequency of eating breakfast, eating fruits and vegetables, and exercising regularly were inversely associated with being at or above the 85th percentile. The number of hours youth spend per week watching television was positively associated with being at or above the 85th percentile. These lifestyle behaviors proved more important than the family/parenting variables examined. Conclusions The overrepresentation of youth at risk of overweight or overweight among racial/ethnic minority and low-income populations mimics the excess morbidity of overweight and obesity-related health conditions in these same populations. Differences in lifestyle behaviors and family characteristics might help to explain these subgroup differences starting at an early age. While there is growing need to modify these behaviors in the population at large, the need is greatest among minorities and low-socioeconomic status youth.
Parental Feeding Patterns and Child Weight Status for Latino Preschoolers

Summary Objective: To examine the relationships between parental patterns regarding child feeding and child body mass index (BMI) percentile in Latino parent—preschooler dyads participating in a clinical trial. Methods: This secondary analysis examined data collected during a randomized clinical trial of a culturally tailored healthy lifestyle intervention focused on childhood obesity prevention, Salud Con La Familia. We analyzed 77 Latino parent—child dyads who completed baseline and 3-month follow-up data collection, assessing associations between preschool child BMI percentile and parental response to the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) over time. Results: Higher child BMI was related to higher parental CFQ concern scores (r = 0.41, p < .001). A general inverse association between child BMI percentile and parental responsibility was also observed (r = −0.23, p = .040). Over the 3-month period, no statistically significant associations between changes in the CFQ subscale scores and changes in child BMI percentile were identified. Conclusions: Child BMI percentile consistent with overweight/obese is associated with parental concern about child weight and child BMI percentile consistent with normal weight is associated with perceived responsibility for feeding. Emphasizing parental responsibility to help children to develop healthy eating habits could be an important aspect of interventions aimed at both preventing and reducing pediatric obesity for Latino preschoolers. © 2012 Asian Oceanian Association for the Study of Obesity. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BIGD.FOR: a Fortran program to calculate trace-element partition coefficients for natural mafic and intermediate composition magmas

Abstract BIGD.FOR is designed to calculate mineral-melt partition coefficients for mafic igneous systems ranging from alkali and tholeiitic basalt to andesites and dacites. The building blocks for this program are mineral-melt expressions for olivine, plagioclase, augite, pigeonite, orthopyroxene, spinel (magnetite and chromite), ilmenite, and apatite. The necessary input information is the major element composition of the mineral and melt and temperature. The program is available for both Macintosh or IBM-compatible equipment.
How Pediatric Residents Spend Their Time at Work on the Wards and at Home† 1778

Objectives: (1) To investigate how pediatric post-graduate year-1(PGY-1) residents spend their work days during their inpatient ward rotation.(2) To assess how pediatric post-graduate years 1 thru 3 (PGY 1-3) residents spend their time outside of work.
Processes of Recovery in Serious Mental Illness: Findings from a Multinational Study

ABSTRACT As part of a growing literature describing processes of recovery in psychotic disorders, this report presents findings of an intensive, international study. Open-ended qualitivite interviews were conducted in Italy, Norway, Sweden, and the United States with a total of twelve individuals who have experience of recovery in psychosis. All interviews were translated into English and transcribed. Investigators from each of these countries collaborated in analyzing the interviews and identifying common elements across the twelve narratives. Themes were identified in each of the following areas: 1) how the individual deals with his or her difficulties; 2) the role of material resources; 3) the various roles of formal and informal health systems; 4) the roles, and absence, of significant others; and 5) the roles of social and cultural factors. Salient themes included the person's determination to get better, establishing a degree of self–control, and struggling to achieve a normal life; the need for mat...
Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award to Gerald L. Alexanderson for Distinguished Service to Mathematics

The Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics is the most prestigious award made by the Mathematical Association of America. This award, first presented in 1990, is the successor to the MAA Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics, given since 1962. The award is for service to mathematics that has been widely recognized as extraordinarily successful, with contributions made that influence the field of mathematics or mathematics education
Oxygen-18 incorporation in NICI mass spectrometry: the role of O2, H2O and rhenium oxides in surface-assisted oxidation reactions

Abstract Surface-assisted oxidation reactions in the chemical ionization (CI) source have been studied using oxidation yield determinations and oxygen-18 incorporation measurements with 18 O 2 or H 2 18 O added to the negative ion chemical ionization buffer gas (N 2 or Ar). Oxidation yield measurements show that O 2 , but not H 2 O, affects the oxidation yield. Using 18 O 2 , 18 O incorporation was found to be consistently lower in the ionized products of surface-assisted reactions compared with the products of gas-phase ion/molecule reactions. In addition, the degree of 18 O incorporation was influenced by ion source temperature, with an increase in ion source temperature reducing the degree of incorporation. Although H 2 O has a negligible effect upon the efficiency of surface-assisted oxidation reactions, water-derived oxygen is efficiently incorporated by the products of surface-assisted oxidation reactions. In experiments with H 2 18 O + O 2 mixtures a correlation between the 18 O content of the oxidized products and the 18 O content of filament-derived ReO 4 − was observed. This correlation, and the detection of rhenium oxides on ion source surfaces, suggest that filament-derived rhenium oxides may play a role in the activation of ion source surfaces towards the selective surface-catalyzed oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons.
To achieve our highest goals, we must be willing to abandon them

Someday computer scientists may build systems of astronomical complexity that provide profound benefit to humanity. However, the question today is how such feats will ultimately be achieved. As is common with technology, present limitations to modern approaches challenge our imagination to search for new paradigms and organizing principles. To examine the prerequisites to achieving our most ambitious objectives, this talk will contemplate the implications of recent counterintuitive results from experiments with evolutionary algorithms that suggest that search (which is a metaphor for innovation in general) is sometimes most effective when it is not explicitly seeking an objective. In particular, through several experiments in interactive evolution and with an algorithm called "novelty search," a picture of innovation is emerging in which objectives can help to guide us one stepping-stone away from our present understanding, yet ultimately become handcuffs that also blind us to essential orthogonal discoveries on the road to long-term innovation. While the implications of these insights for reaching our highest goals are in part sobering, the silver lining is that much can be gained by liberating ourselves from the temptation to frame all our projects in terms of what they ultimately aim to achieve. Instead, with evidence in hand, we can exploit the structure of the unknown by orienting ourselves towards discovery and away from the shackles of mandated outcomes.
The Impact of Downsizing on the Social Capital Resources and Career Prospects of African- American Survivors

This study examines African–American survivors’ perceptions of how downsizing impacted their access to social capital resources and its effect on their careers. Layoffs can negatively affect the composition of the survivors’ social ties at work and their access to career-related social capital resources. Using interview data, I find that most respondents lost contacts who offered social capital resources, which they perceived as detrimental to their career advancement. They also did not discuss having immediate access to additional sources of social capital resources. The implications of layoffs for the advancement of historically disadvantaged groups and organizations’ ability to maintain a diverse workforce are discussed.
Basic Biomechanics of the Lower Extremity

This article describes common principles of biomechanics for running, jumping, and kicking. These activities form the basis for much of sports activity. Understanding human movement allows the physician to prescribe appropriate prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation to patients.
Redox Stratification and Salinization of Three Kettle Lakes in Southwest Michigan, USA

Redox stratification, especially hypolimnetic anoxia resulting from eutrophication, and salinization resulting from application of salts for road deicing is investigated in three kettle lakes in southwest Michigan. Two of the lakes (Asylum and Woods Lakes) are located in urban Kalamazoo, Michigan, and the third (Brewster Lake) is located in rural Hastings, Michigan. In summer, the water columns of all three lakes are distinctly redox stratified, with anoxic hypolimnia and significant accumulation of reduced solutes (e.g., Mn(II), Fe(II), ammonia) in the lake bottom waters. Extremely elevated conductivity, chloride, sodium, and potassium levels are observed in the urban Asylum and Woods Lakes compared to the rural Brewster Lake, presumably due to runoff of road salt deicers applied in the surrounding watershed. These significant changes in water quality are of concern because they may detrimentally impact lake mixing, biodiversity, and ecosystem function in the urban lakes.
Effect of TiO 2 pigment type on the UV degradation of filled coatings

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the photoreactivity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigments on the photodegradation of polymeric coatings used in exterior applications. Two polymer matrices, an amine-cured epoxy (EP) and an acrylic urethane (AU), containing three types of TiO2 pigments, classified by different levels of photoreactivity, were studied. Specimens were exposed on an ultraviolet (UV) weathering chamber, the Simulated Photodegradation by High Energy Radiant Exposure device at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Two exposure conditions were used: ambient, dry condition [25°C and 0% relative humidity (RH)] and high temperature, wet condition (55°C and 75% RH), which is similar to more severe outdoor exposures. The physical and chemical degradations of the filled coatings were monitored at periodic intervals using a combination of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Progression of degradation on the coating surfaces was characterized by LSCM in terms of changes in surface roughness and morphology, pigment agglomerate size, and the occurrence of pits or holes in the coatings. The observed physical changes were correlated to the chemical changes measured by ATR-FTIR as a function of UV exposure time. Both EP and AU systems showed less degradation in terms of surface roughness and morphological changes under the dry conditions compared to the wet exposure conditions. It was observed that both the pigment type (and hence photoreactivity) and particle dispersion strongly affected the degradation of both EP and AU systems.