cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ODP Leg 146 Examines Fluid Flow in Cascadia Margin

For the better part of 2 decades, it has been known that dewatering of sediments accreted to or subducted beneath accretionary wedges is a fundamental aspect of the subduction-accretion process. Yet, evidence for fluid flow in modern accretionary wedges is largely secondary and based on the presence of geochemical and/or thermal anomalies [e.g., Vrolijk et al., 1991]; the analysis of seismic velocity as an indicator of porosity, which suggests a progressive loss of pore volume in a landward direction [e.g., Bray and Karig, 1985]; and the occurrence of secondary sediment microstructures characteristic of fluid movement [e.g., Maltman et al., 1992]. The only quantitative measurements of fluid expulsion at surface vents are based on submersible-deployed, seepage-meter data [e.g., Carson et al., 1990], and these results—coupled with the surface area of the vents—indicate flow rates significantly greater than can be supported by steadystate dewatering [Le Pichon et al., 1992]. The fluid budgets and mass fluxes associated with accretion are poorly constrained. Results of previous drilling suggest two distinct modes of fluid flow: channelized flow along fault zones (primarily the decollement [e.g., Mascle and Moore, 1990]) or diffuse flow, which is apparently accommodated by a pervasive fracture permeability [e.g., Taira et al., 1992].
MicroRNAs in the Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 (MEF2)-regulated Gtl2-Dio3 Noncoding RNA Locus Promote Cardiomyocyte Proliferation by Targeting the Transcriptional Coactivator Cited2

Understanding cell cycle regulation in postmitotic cardiomyocytes may lead to new therapeutic approaches to regenerate damaged cardiac tissue. We have demonstrated previously that microRNAs encoded by the Gtl2-Dio3 noncoding RNA locus function downstream of the MEF2A transcription factor in skeletal muscle regeneration. We have also reported expression of these miRNAs in the heart. Here we investigated the role of two Gtl2-Dio3 miRNAs, miR-410 and miR-495, in cardiac muscle. Overexpression of miR-410 and miR-495 robustly stimulated cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation. Interestingly, unlike our findings in skeletal muscle, these miRNAs did not modulate the activity of the WNT signaling pathway. Instead, these miRNAs targeted Cited2, a coactivator required for proper cardiac development. Consistent with miR-410 and miR-495 overexpression, siRNA knockdown of Cited2 in neonatal cardiomyocytes resulted in robust proliferation. This phenotype was associated with reduced expression of Cdkn1c/p57/Kip2, a cell cycle inhibitor, and increased expression of VEGFA, a growth factor with proliferation-promoting effects. Therefore, miR-410 and miR-495 are among a growing number of miRNAs that have the ability to potently stimulate neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferation.
Clark & Ansay, Introduction to the Law of the United States

Review of D.S. CLARK,T. ANSAY,eds., Introduction to the Law of the United States, Kluwer, Deventer & Boston 1993.
Prefouling behavior of suspended particles in petroleum fluid flow

The production and transportation of petroleum uids will be severely a ected by the deposition of suspended particles (i.e. asphaltenes, diamondoids, paran/wax, sand, etc.) in petroleum uid production wells and/or transfer pipelines. In certain instances, the amount of precipitation is rather large causing complete fouling of these conduits. Therefore, it is important to understand the behavior of suspended particles during petroleum uid ow conditions. In this paper, we present an analytical model for the prefouling behavior of suspended particles corresponding to petroleum uids production conditions. We predict the rate of particle deposition during various turbulent ow regimes. The turbulent boundary layer theory and the concepts of mass transfer are utilized to model and calculate the particle deposition rates on the walls of owing conduits. The developed model accounts for the eddy di usivity and Brownian di usivity as well as for inertial e ects. The analysis presented in this paper shows that rates of particle deposition (during petroleum uid production) on the walls of the owing channel due solely to di usional e ects are small. It is also shown that deposition rates decrease with increasing particle size. However, when the process is momentum controlled (large particle sizes), higher deposition rates are expected.
Teaching Challenge

This paper reflects on the author's experience with the course "CS294: Projects in Artificial Intelligence," at Stanford University during the fall quarter of 2004. To gain a better understanding of artificial intelligence through collaborative project work, he and his students participated at the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge. Although they failed to finish the course, their robot named Stanley was able to go further than any other robot had gone in the Grand Challenge. The experience taught his students some valuable new lessons about working in large teams that are focused on true challenge problems
Factors influencing the distribution and coexistence of Pachygrapsus crassipes and Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Decapoda: Grapsidae) in a California salt marsh

Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall and Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana), coexisting grapsid crabs, were studied in a tidal marsh near Santa Barbara, California, USA. Both species are found in intertidal mud burrows along banks of the slough channels. H. oregonensis occupies the entire intertidal vertical range on the mud banks, whereas P. crassipes inhabits primarily the uppermost zone (above +1.4 m). In areas where both species occur in large numbers, the density of H. oregonensis in the uppermost zone is less than in areas with only a few P. crassipes. P. crassipes does not excavate burrows, but moves into and enlarges the existing burrows of H. oregonensis. P. crassipes also preys upon H. oregonensis, but burrowing provides the latter with partial refuge from predation. Population structures of the two species differ in the number of small crabs that occur in different areas of the slough. Few small specimens of P. crassipes are found along the upstream muddy banks of the slough, whereas young specimens of H. oregonensis are abundant in these areas. Physical factors such as salinity and siltation may restrict settlement or reduce survivorship of small P. crassipes. A balance between the predatory/competitive abilities of P. crassipes and the greater tolerance of H. oregonensis to physical stresses is proposed as a mechanism of coexistence.
Mortality in Patients with Primary Unipolar Depression, Secondary Unipolar Depression, and Bipolar Affective Disorder: A Comparison with General Population Mortality:

Mortality data are presented from a two to fourteen year follow-up of 705 primary unipolar depressives, 302 secondary unipolar depressives, and 586 patients with bipolar affective disorder (BAD) hospitalized at a tertiary care facility. Death ascertainment was made through a record-linkage process. Using sex- and age-standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), the mortality experience of the study population was compared with that of Iowa, the geographical area served by the admitting medical facility for this study group. Results show that risk for all-cause mortality was most pronounced during the first two years following hospital discharge, although secondary unipolar depressives continued to show a significant excess of deaths throughout the entire follow-up period. Deaths occurring from natural causes were significantly excessive only during the initial portion of the follow-up. Deaths from unnatural causes were significantly excessive throughout follow-up except for patients with bipolar affective disorder.
Angular Dependence of the Magnetic Properties of Steels Under the Action of Uniaxial Stress

Angular dependence of structure sensitive magnetic properties such as coercivity and permeability has never been adequately explained by a quantitative physical model or theory. The present study investigates the angular dependence of magnetic properties of materials with different microstructures. Measurements were taken under compressive and tensile uniaxial stress. The materials investigated were plain carbon steels with compositions of 0.1 %–0.8% carbon. Alloy steels with compositions of 2.25 % Cr and 1.0 % Mo were also investigated. The effects of uniaxial stress on permeability along the direction of the stress can be described by including an effective field Hσ given by: $${\text{H}_\sigma } = 3\sigma \left( {\text{d}\lambda /d\text{M}} \right)\left( {{{\cos }^2}\phi - v{{\sin }^2}\phi } \right)/\left( {2{\mu _o}} \right)$$ Experimental results are compared to model using Hσ.
Ribavirin is an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase.

Ribavirin inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase in an in vitro reaction. Ribavirin-59-diphosphate was close to 40% more inhibitory than ribavirin-59-triphosphate. Unphosphorylated ribavirin had a reduced, but detectable, effect as an inhibitor, compared with the phosphorylated forms. The compounds seem to have a direct effect on the viral polymerase, and no chain termination was observed in the presence of ribavirin-59-triphosphate. Combination of any of the ribavirin derivatives tested with 39-azido-39-deoxythymidine (zidovudine)-59-triphosphate resulted in an increase of its anti-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase activity in the in vitro assay.
The “occluded” internal mammary artery graft: Restoration of patency after apparent occlusion associated with progression of coronary disease

We report an instance of coronary reconstruction with internal mammary artery (IMA) in which catheterization demonstrated patency at 1 week, loss of patency at 1 year, and return of patency associated with progression of proximal coronary disease at 5 years. Although narrowing or distal occlusion of IMA grafts has long been recognized, and it has been suggested that this is a physiological or reversible phenomenon, this is the first instance in which reversibility has been documented.
The First-Best Theory of Taxation and Transfers

Having covered the mainstream normative theory of public expenditures in Chapter 2 through 9, the mainstream first-best theory of taxation is easy to describe. We saw that first-best public expenditure theory addresses two fundamental questions: in what area of economic activity can the government legitimately become involved and what decision rules should the government follow in each area? Chapter 10 explores the public choice perspective on distribution that argues there is no need for a social welfare function to resolve the distribution question. Instead, public assistance is seen as an extension of private charity, which results from a consumer externality. Hence, public assistance transfers are labeled pareto-optimal redistributions: equity as efficiency. The chapter discusses the empirical relevance of pareto-optimal redistributions and considers some other motivations for charitable giving. It concludes with a discussion of the prospect-of-upward-mobility (POUM) hypothesis, which is an explanation for why there is not more public redistribution in democracies
The impact of traditional risk factor development on the life course of cardiovascular diseases.

This report discusses the profound impact of established risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), from the perspective of both shortterm and lifetime risks. Emerging data have confirmed the major importance of aggregate risk factor burden in middle and older age on remaining lifetime risks for CVD. The relatively new concept of the ideal cardiovascular health factor profile will play a central role in plans to improve the longevity, healthy longevity, and quality of life and health care costs of all Americans. In this context, the agenda of the Jackson Heart Study should promote understanding of and identify means for enhancing the roles of CVD prevention and health promotion among African Americans. Ethn Dis . 2012; 22(3, Suppl 1):S1-30–S1-34
Height, height-related SNPs, and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer

Adult height has been associated with risk of several site-specific cancers, including melanoma. However, less attention has been given to non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). We prospectively examined the risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in relation to adult height in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS, n=117 863) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, n=51 111). We also investigated the relationships between height-related genetic markers and risk of BCC and SCC in the genetic data sets of the NHS and HPFS (3898 BCC cases, and 8530 BCC controls; 527 SCC cases, and 8962 SCC controls). After controlling for potential confounding factors, the hazard ratios were 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.15) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.13) for the associations between every 10 cm increase in height and risk of SCC and BCC respectively. None of the 687 height-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was significantly associated with the risk of SCC or BCC, nor were the genetic scores combining independent height-related loci. Our data from two large cohorts provide further evidence that height is associated with an increased risk of NMSC. More studies on height-related genetic loci and early-life exposures may help clarify the underlying mechanisms.
Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior

The theory of reasoned action and its extension, the widely used theory of planned behavior, state that intention to perform a behavior follows reasonably (but not necessarily rationally) from specific beliefs that people hold about the behavior, and that people act on their intentions when they have the required skills and when situational factors do not impede behavioral performance. The relevance of the reasoned action approach for understanding media effects lies in its direct applicability to the question of how exposure to media information leads to behavior change. Seen through a reasoned action lens, media are one of multiple sources of information that form the basis of beliefs that guide people's intention to perform a particular behavior. These theories explain how media affect behavior, when they are most likely to affect behavior, which factors they can directly influence, and the likely magnitude of media effects on behavior. Keywords: cognitive processes; decision making; mass communication theory; media psychology
Acetonitrile cluster solvation in a cryogenic ethane-methane-propane liquid: Implications for Titan lake chemistry

The atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, exhibits interesting UV- and radiation-driven chemistry between nitrogen and methane, resulting in dipolar, nitrile-containing molecules. The assembly and subsequent solvation of such molecules in the alkane lakes and seas found on the moon's surface are of particular interest for investigating the possibility of prebiotic chemistry in Titan's hydrophobic seas. Here we characterize the solvation of acetonitrile, a product of Titan's atmospheric radiation chemistry tentatively detected on Titan's surface [H. B. Niemann et al., Nature 438, 779-784 (2005)], in an alkane mixture estimated to match a postulated composition of the smaller lakes during cycles of active drying and rewetting. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to determine the potential of mean force of acetonitrile (CH3CN) clusters moving from the alkane vapor into the bulk liquid. We find that the clusters prefer the alkane liquid to the vapor and do not dissociate in the bulk liquid. This opens up the possibility that acetonitrile-based microscopic polar chemistry may be possible in the otherwise nonpolar Titan lakes.
Abstract 1222: Developing kinase inhibitors with polypharmacological profiles for the treatment of resistant cancers

Small molecule kinase inhibitors targeting a specific oncoprotein driving cancer cells have shown great clinical success in the past (e.g. imatinib against leukemia). However, resistance to targeted therapies quickly arises due to plasticity associated with cancer cell signaling and tumor heterogeneity. One way to overcome this problem is to rationally design drugs with polypharmacology that can target multiple signaling pathways engaging in cancer cell proliferation and survival. To this end, we have developed a strategy based on combining phenotypic screens of small molecule inhibitors and affinity-based mass spectrometry to identify drugs with multi-targeted properties and piloted this approach using the highly resistant KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. We began this study by screening kinase inhibitors targeting MEK, ERK, PI3K, Akt and mTOR and found that the lung cancer cells were largely resistant to single drugs but showed enhanced sensitivity towards triple inhibition of MEK, ERK and PI3K. These cell lines were then screened with a library of covalent and non-covalent kinase inhibitors in an attempt to identify a small molecule inhibitor that could mimic the activity of the triple drug combination. This led to the discovery of SM1-71 that not only recapitulated the growth inhibitory activity of MEK+ERK+PI3K inhibition, but also blocked phosphorylation of ERK, Akt, mTOR and S6K in cells. Target profiling of the drug was carried out using chemoproteomics, which revealed that SM1-71 inhibited 55 kinases at a 1μM concentration. Dose-dependent evaluation further determined the IC50 of inhibition across the 55 kinases and rank ordered them based on binding affinity. Top hits including MEK1, MEK2, ERK1, ERK2, AURKA, SRC and RPS6KA3 were confirmed using alternate kinase screens and cellular assays. Growth factor receptors such as IGF1R, MET and EGFR were also identified and further validated using cell-based assays. Taken together, these results elucidated the polypharmacology associated with SM1-71 and uncovered key targets responsible for inducing strong cytotoxicity in KRAS mutant lung cancer cells. Through the combination of phenotypic screens and mass spectrometry-based target identification, we have demonstrated the proof of principle for developing kinase inhibitors with polypharmacology targeting resistant cancers. Citation Format: Suman Rao, Tan Li, Robert Everley, Guangyan Du, Peter Sorger, Nathanael Gray. Developing kinase inhibitors with polypharmacological profiles for the treatment of resistant cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1222. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1222
Connecting concepts, creating worlds

Review of Aesthetics of Religion: A Connective Concept, eds. Alexandra Grieser and Jay Johnston, Religion and Reason, 58 (Berlin and Boston, de Gruyter, 2017).
X-ray luminescence imaging of water, air, and tissue phantoms

X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is an emerging hybrid molecular imaging modality. In XLCT, high energy x-ray photons excite phosphors emitting optical photons for tomographic image reconstruction. During XLCT, the optical signal obtained is thought to only originate from the embedded phosphor particles. However, numerous studies have reported other sources of optical photons such as in air, water, and tissue that are generated from ionization. These sources of optical photons will provide background noise and will limit the molecular sensitivity of XLCT imaging. In this study, using a water-cooled electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera, we performed luminescence imaging of water, air, and several tissue mimicking phantoms including one embedded with a target containing 0.01 mg/mL of europium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS:Eu3+) particles during x-ray irradiation using a focused x-ray beam with energy less than the Cerenkov radiation threshold. In addition, a spectrograph was used to measure the x-ray luminescence spectrum. The phantom embedded with the GOS:Eu3+ target displayed the greatest luminescence intensity, followed by the tissue phantom, and finally the water phantom. Our results indicate that the x-ray luminescence intensity from a background phantom is equivalent to a GOS:Eu3+ concentration of 0.8 μg/mL. We also found a 3-fold difference in the radioluminescence intensity between liquid water and air. From the measurements of the emission spectra, we found that water produced a broad spectrum and that a tissue-mimicking phantom made from Intralipid had a different x-ray emission spectrum than one made with TiO2 and India ink. The measured spectra suggest that it is better to use Intralipid instead if TiO2 as optical scatterer for future XLCT imaging.
Partial Groupoid Embeddings in Semigroups

We examine a number of axiom systems guaranteeing the embedding of a partial groupoid into a semigroup. These include the Tamari symmetric partial groupoid and the Gensemer/Weinert equidivisible partial groupoid, provided they satisfy an additional axiom, weak associativity. Both structures share the one mountain property. More embedding results for partial groupoids into other types of algebraic structures are presented as well.
Quality @ a distance includes preservice teachers

As virtual high schools proliferate, the issue of quality in education a distance must include a focus on high schools and the training of teachers to teach in them. The authors of this paper designed a novel approach to a course that aims to introduce new and practising teachers to distance education so they can develop a holistic appreciation of quality education at a distance.
Selecting IDDQ Tests

Issues in computing I DDQ test sets are discussed. I DDQ test sets are computed using different fault models. They also differ in the source of the tests. Based on this, I DDQ test generation is classified as either: (i) direct; or (ii) indirect.
Racial Residential Segregation and Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy Among Women in Chicago: Analysis of Electronic Health Record Data

Background Racial residential segregation is associated with higher rates of chronic hypertension, as well as greater risk of preterm birth and low birthweight. However, few studies have examined associations between segregation and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP). Methods Electronic health records from 4,748 singleton births among non-Hispanic black women at Prentice Women's Hospital in Chicago, IL (2009-2013) were geocoded to the census tract level. Residential segregation was measured using the Gi* statistic, a z-score measuring the extent to which each individual's neighborhood composition deviates from the composition of the larger surrounding area. Segregation was categorized as low (z 1.96). We estimated cross-sectional associations of segregation with HDP using multilevel logistic regression models with census tract random intercepts. Models adjusted for neighborhood poverty and maternal characteristics. We also examined effect modification by neighborhood poverty. Results Overall, 27.2% of women lived in high segregation, high-poverty neighborhoods. Racial residential segregation was not associated as a main effect with HDP in models adjusting for neighborhood poverty and maternal characteristics. However, at higher levels of neighborhood poverty (>20%), women living in high- and medium-segregated neighborhoods had greater odds of HDP relative to those in low-segregation neighborhoods (P interaction: 0.002). Conclusions In this sample of non-Hispanic black women in Chicago, racial residential segregation was associated with greater prevalence of HDP among those living in higher poverty neighborhoods. Understanding sources of heterogeneity in the relationship between segregation and health will help refine targeted intervention efforts to reduce disparities.
Hyperammonaemia and IEM

Hyperammonaemia is a metabolic emergency and prompt treatment is paramount to optimize neurological outcome. Ammonia is extremely neurotoxic and increased levels can arise from an inherited or acquired defect in hepatic detoxification. Inborn errors of metabolism leading to hyperammonaemia mainly affect the hepatic urea cycle due to single enzyme deficiencies, transporter defects or mitochondrial dysfunction. Primary hyperammonaemia is a consequence of direct urea cycle dysfunction whereas secondary hyperammonaemia can result from disturbance of the urea cycle by toxic metabolites or substrate deficiencies. Immediate recognition and early initiation of specific treatment are of utmost importance. Prognostic factors include duration of hyperammonaemic coma and the extent of ammonia accumulation (Haberle et al. Orphanet J Rare Dis 7:32, 2012). The principles of management in the acute situation aim to rapidly remove ammonia, decrease production and replace rate limiting amino acids.
Post-High School Transition for Individuals With Down Syndrome

Abstract As individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are living longer, there is a growing need to support this population across the lifespan. In particular, the transition out of high school marks a critical time point that sets the course for the rest of adulthood, especially for the outcomes of community-based living, post-secondary education, employment, and community engagement. Little is known about these outcomes in adults with DS, who may experience unique post-school challenges and opportunities relative to those with other intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this paper, we review the state of the literature on post-high school transition outcomes in DS and infuse a phenotypic approach to highlight individual and environmental characteristics associated with these outcomes. We also emphasize current service delivery needs and gaps in the evidence base that must be addressed in order to best support this population during the critical post-high school transition period.
War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II

When do states choose to adopt a penitent stance towards the past? When do they choose to offer apologies for historical misdeeds, offer compensation for their victims and incorporate the darker sides of history into their textbooks, public monuments and museums? When do they choose not to do so? And what are the political consequences of how states portray the past? This book pursues these questions by examining how governments in post-1945 Austria, Germany and Japan have wrestled with the difficult legacy of the Second World War and the impact of their policies on regional politics in Europe and Asia. The book argues that states can reconcile over historical issues, but to do so requires greater political will and imposes greater costs than is commonly realized. At the same time, in an increasingly interdependent world, failure to do so can have a profoundly disruptive effect on regional relations and feed dangerous geopolitical tensions.
Evidence that Gulf toadfish use pulsatile urea excretion to communicate social status

Abstract Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta), a highly territorial marine teleost species, are believed to communicate through chemicals released across the gill during pulsatile urea excretion. While freshwater teleost and crustacean urinary signals have been shown to relay information about dominance to reduce physical aggression in future encounters, the use of chemical signals to convey social status in marine teleosts is understudied. Behavior and urea excretion patterns were monitored in pairs of male toadfish during an initial agonistic encounter and in a 2nd encounter where a subset of pairs had their nares blocked to determine how olfaction, and thus chemical communication, play a role in establishing dominance. Anosmic toadfish did not experience increases in aggressive behavior, unlike other species previously studied. However, behavior and the pattern of urea excretion were disrupted in anosmic pairs compared to control pairs. Specifically, control subordinate fish had an increase in their dominance index during the 2nd encounter, a response that anosmic subordinate fish did not experience suggesting that without the ability to smell, subordinate fish cannot recognize their opponent and assess their fighting ability and have a reduced chance of winning. These anosmic subordinate fish also had an increase in pulse frequency, perhaps reflecting an increased effort in communication of status. Future research is needed to conclude if peaks in agonistic behavior are coordinated around the time of urea pules. However, the observed changes in behavior and pulsatile urea excretion due to anosmia in the present study provide evidence that toadfish use pulsatile urea excretion to release signals for chemical communication during agonistic encounters.
Use of Preoperative Imaging in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Context Preoperative imaging is performed routinely to guide surgical management in primary hyperparathyroidism, but the optimal imaging modalities are debated. Objective Our objectives were to evaluate which imaging modalities are associated with improved cure rate and higher concordance rates with intraoperative findings. A secondary aim was to determine whether additive imaging is associated with higher cure rate. Design, setting, and patients This is a retrospective cohort review of 1485 adult patients during a 14-year period (2004-2017) at an academic tertiary referral center that presented for initial parathyroidectomy for de novo primary hyperparathyroidism. Main outcome measures Surgical cure rate, concordance of imaging with operative findings, and imaging performance. Results The overall cure rate was 94.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.95). Cure rate was significantly improved if sestamibi/single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was concordant with operative findings (95.9% vs. 92.5%, P = 0.010). Adding a third imaging modality did not improve cure rate (1 imaging type 91.8% vs. 2 imaging types 94.4% vs. 3 imaging types 87.2%, P = 0.59). Despite having a low number of cases (n = 28), 4-dimensional (4D) CT scan outperformed (higher sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) all imaging modalities in multiglandular disease and double adenomas, and sestamibi/SPECT in single adenomas. Conclusions Preoperative ultrasound combined with sestamibi/SPECT were associated with the highest cure and concordance rates. If pathology was not found on ultrasound and sestamibi/SPECT, additional imaging did not improve the cure rate or concordance. 4D CT scan outperformed all imaging modalities in multiglandular disease and double adenomas, and sestamibi/SPECT in single adenomas, but these findings were underpowered.
Does Facet Distraction Affect Patient Outcomes After ACDF

Study Design:Retrospective cohort studyObjective:The aim of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between the amount of facet distraction and postoperative patient-reported outcomes ...
A smart city simulation platform with uncertainty

Smart city simulators are useful tools for simulating various scenarios with the impact of human/non-human factors, and evaluating efficiency and influence of services. Although current simulation platforms have made achievements in aspects like energy consumption modeling and urban planning, there are still gaps in integrating various domains together and involving the randomness of reality at the same time. Thus, we propose an open-source smart city simulator to provide more comprehensive features to satisfy diverse demands in scenario construction, information exchange, and urban services with more similarity to the real world, which can suit the needs of both city designers in plan evaluation and researchers in multi-domain data generation for data-driven models. Functions of the proposed simulator including three main components: (1) basic structure layers for constructing networks with map data, (2) event layers for receiving and exchanging information of (emergency) events, and (3) service layers for providing urban services in transportation, emission, and energy domains and responding to events. To better simulate unexpected circumstances in the real world, the randomness of reality is embodied in the uncertainty of sensing, devices, and events. Finally, two cases are designed in the demo to present functions of different layers and data generation with uncertainty.
High-fidelity wind farm simulation methodology with experimental validation

Abstract The complexity and associated uncertainties involved with atmospheric-turbine-wake interactions produce challenges for accurate wind farm predictions of generator power and other important quantities of interest (QoIs), even with state-of-the-art high-fidelity atmospheric and turbine models. A comprehensive computational study was undertaken with consideration of simulation methodology, parameter selection, and mesh refinement on atmospheric, turbine, and wake QoIs to identify capability gaps in the validation process. For neutral atmospheric boundary layer conditions, the massively parallel large eddy simulation (LES) code Nalu-Wind was used to produce high-fidelity computations for experimental validation using high-quality meteorological, turbine, and wake measurement data collected at the Department of Energy/Sandia National Laboratories Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) facility located at Texas Tech University's National Wind Institute. The wake analysis showed the simulated lidar model implemented in Nalu-Wind was successful at capturing wake profile trends observed in the experimental lidar data.
Solving realistic security-constrained optimal power flow problems

We present a decomposition approach for obtaining good feasible solutions for the security-constrained alternating-current optimal power flow (SCACOPF) problem at an industrial scale and under real-world time and computational limits. The approach aims at complementing the existing body of literature on bounding the problem via convex relaxations. It was designed for the participation in ARPA-E's Grid Optimization (GO) Competition Challenge 1. The challenge focused on a near-real-time version of the SCACOPF problem where a base case operating point is optimized taking into account possible single-element contingencies, after which the system adapts its operating point following the response of automatic frequency drop controllers and voltage regulators. Our solution approach for this problem relies on state-of-the-art nonlinear programming algorithms and employs nonconvex relaxations for complementarity constraints, a specialized two-stage decomposition technique with sparse approximations of recourse terms, and contingency ranking and pre-screening. The paper also outlines the salient features of our implementation, such as fast model functions and derivatives evaluation, warm-starting strategies, and asynchronous parallelism. We discuss the results of the independent benchmark of our approach done by ARPA-E's GO team in Challenge 1, which found that our methodology consistently produces high quality solutions across a wide range of network sizes and difficulty. Finally, we conclude by outlining potential extensions and improvements of our methodology.
“That's the one I wanted”: when do competitors copy their opponents' choices?

This paper explores the interactive effect of competitiveness and choice structure on symbolic (noninstrumental) choices in competitive situations. When individuals in competitive situations learn the stated preference of their opponent, their own choice depends on their competitiveness and on whether they are in an inclusive-choice situation (in which both competitors can end up with the same option) or an exclusive-choice situation (in which they cannot). We obtained this predicted interaction in an imagined video game challenge (Studies 1 and 3), cooking contest (Study 2), and March Madness bracket competition (Study 4). Highly competitive people copied their opponent's choices in exclusive-choice situations, and seemed to do this because they wanted to frustrate their opponent (Studies 3 and 4).
Energy comparison of AES and SHA-1 for ubiquitous computing

Wireless sensor networks and Radio Frequency Identifiers are becoming mainstream applications of ubiquitous computing. They are slowly being integrated into our infrastructure and therefore must incorporate a certain level of security. However, both applications are severely resource constrained. Energy scavenger powered sensor nodes and current RFID tags provide only 20 μ W to 50 μ W of power to the digital component of their circuits. This makes complex cryptography a luxury. In this paper we present a novel ultra-low power SHA-1 design and an energy efficient ultra-low power AES design. Both consume less than 30 μ W of power and can therefore be used to provide the basic security services of encryption and authentication. Furthermore, we analyze their energy consumption based on the TinySec protocol and come to the somewhat surprising result, that SHA-1 based authentication and encryption is more energy efficient than using AES for payload sizes of 17 bytes or larger.
The Declining Swing Ratio: Incumbent Insulation or Realignment?

Elections presumably serve as the vehicle to reflect voters’ sentiments and reactions to parties. From one election to another each major party has the opportunity to stake out positions, criticize the opposing party, and vote for or against legislation. Voters then have the opportunity to register their reactions. If voters are unhappy with a party, and particularly the one in power, then those unhappy can register their reactions by voting for the other party. As the percentage unhappy with a party increases, it should register as a greater decrease in the percentage of seats held by the party.In the House of Representatives this dynamic has played out with the two major parties over almost 150 years. In recent decades, however, the evidence suggests that national partisan shifts in voter sentiment are having less effect in changing House outcomes. In the first half of the twentieth century there were more close House elections and shifts in partisan sentiment affected a substantial number of House outcomes. A relatively high percentage of seats changed party from one election to another (Jones, 1964). The swing ratio, or the change in party control of House seats in response to a shift in voting for House candidates, was relatively high.Over the last fifty years the evidence indicates that shifts in the national partisan percentage of the vote received were having less effect. The percentage of seats in which party control shifted following elections was steadily declining. Fewer incumbents were losing their seats and fewer House members were feeling the threat of a competitive race. The swing ratio, or the relationship of changes in the percentage of House seats relative to the change in the partisan percentage of the vote, was declining.This paper addresses two matters. First, does including more recent elections support the conclusion that the swing ratio has declined? The evidence indicates that decline has occurred, but that the answer also depends to some degree on just how the swing ratio is defined. Second, what explains those changes? The conventional explanation has been that whatever changes are occurring are because of a growing incumbency effect which has created fewer close races. With fewer close races, the impact of electoral swings is reduced and electoral insulation from changing national partisan support occurs. This analysis presents an alternative possibility derived from the realignment perspective. The argument is that over a lengthy time period each party has pursued a core constituency and now does better in many districts because of the nature of the constituency and not just the activities of incumbents.
Iteration space tiling for distributed memory machines

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of compiling nested loops for distributed memory machines. The relatively high communication start-up costs in these machines renders frequent communication very expensive. Motivated by this, we present a method for aggregating a number of loop iterations into tiles where the tiles execute atomically. Since synchronization is not allowed during the execution of a tile, partitioning the iteration space into tiles must not result in deadlock. We present an approach to determine the shape, size, allocation and scheduling of tiles for efficient parallel execution of 2-level tightly nested loops on distributed memory machines with given execution and communication costs.
Public disclosure, risk, and performance at bank holding companies

This paper examines the relationship between the amount of information disclosed by bank holding companies (BHCs) and their subsequent risk profile and performance. Using data from the annual reports of BHCs with large trading operations, we construct an index of publicly disclosed information about the BHCs' forward-looking estimates of market risk exposure in their trading and market-making activities. The paper then examines the relationship between this index and the subsequent risk and return in both the BHCs' trading activities and the firm overall, as proxied by equity market returns. The key findings are that more disclosure is associated with lower risk, especially idiosyncratic risk, and in turn with higher risk-adjusted returns. These findings suggest that greater disclosure is associated with more efficient risk taking and thus improved risk-return trade-offs, although the direction of causation is unclear.
The phenomenon of conglomerate crystallization.

Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with ceil constants: a = 9.212(7), b = 14.250(13), c = 10.117(3) A and β = 92.46(4)°; V = 1326.82 A3 and D(calc., Z = 4) = 1.885 gm cm−3. A total of 3407 data were collected over the range of 4° ⩽ 2θ ⩽ 55°; of these, 2786 (independent and with I ⩾ 3σ(I)) were used in the structural analysis. The final R(F) and Rw(F) residuals were, respectively 0.032 and 0.052. The Rh-N(NO2) distances are 2.030(1) and 2.026(1) A, while the RhN(amine) distances, rans to the NO2 nitrogens are 2.090(1) and 2.091(1) A, values distinctly longer than the other two RhN distances (2.078(1) and 2.060(1) A). The latter are the RhN distances to the terminalNH2 ligands which are trans to each other. Thus, we observe a trans effect, which is more pronounced in the Rh than the Co analogue. Parallel with the increase in metalN distances (going from Co to Rh) is an increase in the torsional angles CNCN which, in the former case, are 42.6, −40.4 and 39.3° while in the Rh compound are −50.7,41.2 and −48.2°. Interestingly, the metal NC, NCC and CCN angles are little altered. The NO distances are 1.214(1), 1.240(1), 1.236(1) and 1.212(1) A, which are nearly identical with those found for the analogous Co isomer. The CN are 1.485(2), 1.495(2), 1.507(2), 1.495(2), 1.488(2) and 1.494(2) A, while the CC bonds are 1.516(2), 1.528(2) and 1.515(2) A. These values are also comparable with those obtained for the Co isomer and, in fact, the pattern of the bonds is nearly identical in both. Given the above, it is revealing that the Rh compound crystallizes as a racemate. We attribute this difference to the weaker hydrogen bonding between the oxygens of the NO2 ligands and the terminal NH2 hydrogens, a situation created by the inherently longer RhN bonds. In fact, the shortest intramolecular H bond present is O3⋯H2, which is ca. 2.45 A and for which the As was the case with the Co analogue, the Cl− anion is associated with the hydrogens of the secondary nitrogens (trans to the −NO2) ligands, the Cl⋯H7 distance being 2.16(2) A and the
Defective mononuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome of humans, mink, and cattle

Chemotaxis of mononuclear leukocytes from humans, mink, and cattle was evaluated in vitro using a morphologic Boyden chamber technique and a new 51-Cr-labeled mononuclear radioassay with a double micropore filter system. Significantly decreased mononuclear leukocyte chemotactic response were noted when human, mink, or cattle Chediak-Higashi cells were tested using autologous serum or endotoxin-activated autolotous serum. A similar Chediak-Higashi mononuclear leukocyte defect was noted in humans when kallikrein or dialyzable transfer factor were used as the chemotactic stimulus. Studies using smaller pore filters in the chemotactic chamber exaggerated the chemotactic defect. Serum from Chediak-Higashi subjects had normal chemotactic activity. Additional studies on the spontaneous (random) locomotion of Chediak-Higashi mononuclear leukocytes revealed normal results when a capillary tube assay system was used, but abnormal results were obtained when a Boyden chamber micropore filter assay was used, demonstrating fundamental differences in these two assays of random locomotion. It is clear from these studies that defective mononuclear leukocyte chemotaxis is another feature of the imparied host defenses in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome that may contribute to the marked susceptibility to pyogenic infections so characteristic of this dease.
A study of the relation between ocean storms and the Earth's hum

We previously showed that the Earth's “hum” is generated primarily in the northern oceans during the northern hemisphere winter and in the southern oceans during the summer. To gain further insight into the process that converts ocean storm energy into elastic energy through coupling of ocean waves with the seafloor, we here investigate a 4-day-long time window in the year 2000 that is free of large earthquakes but contains two large “hum” events. From a comparison of the time functions of two events and their relative arrival times at the two arrays in California and Japan, we infer that the generation of the “hum” events occurs close to shore and comprises three elements: (1) short-period ocean waves interact nonlinearly to produce infragravity waves as the storm reaches the coast of North America; (2) infragravity waves interact with the seafloor locally to generate long-period Rayleigh waves; and (3) some free infragravity wave energy radiates out into the open ocean, propagates across the north Pacific basin, and couples to the seafloor when it reaches distant coasts northeast of Japan. We also compare the yearly fluctuations in the amplitudes observed on the two arrays in the low-frequency “hum” band (specifically at 240 s) and in the microseismic band (2–25 s). During the winter, strong correlation between the amplitude fluctuations in the “hum” and microseismic bands at BDSN is consistent with a common generation mechanism of both types of seismic noise from nonlinear interaction of ocean waves near the west coast of North America.
Consequence of herbivory for the fitness cost of herbicide resistance: photosynthetic variation in the context of plant–herbivore interactions

The cost of adaptations may depend on environmental conditions. We consider how the fitness cost of resistance to the herbicide triazine in Amaranthus hybridus interacts with folivory from the beetle Disonycha glabrata. Triazine-resistant (TR) genotypes suffer a fitness cost because of a pleiotropic reduction in the light reaction of photosynthesis, which in turn often leads to a reduction in photosynthetic rate. We found that the fitness cost of triazine resistance was 360% greater in the presence than absence of D. glabrata. This resulted from multiple phenotypic trade-offs, with TR plants suffering greater herbivory and displaying a diminished tolerance of damage. Our work highlights the importance of incorporating appropriate ecological variation into the assessment of fitness trade-offs. The results of this study also illustrate the potential for herbivores to impose selection on photosynthetic variation, and for variation in resource acquisition to obscure fitness costs.
Practical applications of bacterial functional genomics.

(2007). Practical Applications of Bacterial Functional Genomics. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 213-242.