cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shell Cross-Linked Nanoparticles Containing Hydrolytically Degradable, Crystalline Core Domains

Shell cross-linked knedel-like nanoparticles (SCKs) possessing an amphiphilic core−shell morphology consisting of a cross-linked shell and a hydrolytically degradable, crystalline core domain were synthesized from poly(e-caprolactone)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PCL-b-PAA) amphiphilic diblock copolymers via a two-step process: self-assembly of PCL-b-PAA into polymer micelles followed by cross-linking of the hydrophilic shell layer via condensation reactions between the carboxylic acid functionalities of PAA and the amine groups of 2,2‘-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine). PCL-b-PAA was prepared from the selective hydrolysis of a poly(e-caprolactone)-b-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PCL-b-PtBA) precursor, which was synthesized by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of e-caprolactone (e-CL) followed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of tert-butyl acrylate (tBA). Selective hydrolysis of the tert-butyl ester groups of the PtBA block by reaction with trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI), followed by reaction with aqueous...
Effects of quinidine on some reactions and ion translocations catalyzed by the Na+, K+ -ATPase complex.

Abstract Inhibitory effects of quinidine on the Na + ,K + -ATPase activity have been reported before. Here, the results of more detailed studies of the effects of quinidine on the various reactions and ion translocations catalyzed by the Na + ,K + -ATPase complex are presented. Quinidine, in a dose-related fashion, inhibits the Na + ,K + -ATPase and the K + -dependent p -nitrophenylphosphatase activities of enzyme preparations obtained from the beef heart, the human red cell and the rat brain. These effects of the drug are partially antagonized by increasing K + concentrations. The sensitivity of the K + -dependent p -nitrophenylphosphatase to quinidine is greater than the sensitivity of the Na + ,K + -ATPase to the drug. Quinidine, unlike cardiac glycosides, does not stimulate the p -nitrophenylphosphatase activity in the absence of K + . Inhibitory effects of quinidine on the Na + -dependent phosphorylation of the enzyme complex by ATP, and the K + -stimulated breakdown of the phosphoenzyme are demonstrated. Experiments on the effects of quinidine on Rb + influx in intact human red cells, and on Na + efflux in ATP-filled ghosts of red cells, show that the drug inhibits the coupled transports of Na + and K + that are catalyzed by the Na + ,K + -ATPase complex. Although these studies demonstrate similar effects of quinidine and ouabain on the Na + ,K + -ATPase complex, they also indicate subtle differences between the mechanism and the nature of the interaction of the two drugs with the enzymic transport system.
Sites and mechanism of action for the effects of intrathecal noradrenaline on thermoregulation in the rat

1. In unanaesthetized rats, intrathecal injection of 0.30 mumole noradrenaline (NA) at the level of the lumbar enlargement produced a transient rise in core temperature followed by prolonged hypothermia and tail skin vasodilation.2. Studies of the distribution of [(3)H]NA injected at the lumbar enlargement revealed that at least 97% of the activity recovered from the central nervous system was located in the spinal cord, primarily within the thoracic and upper lumbar segments. Thus, the thermoregulatory effects of intrathecal NA are not likely to be due to an action at supraspinal sites.3. Studies with [(3)H]NA also indicated that significant levels of unmetabolized labelled NA were present in plasma as early as 3 min after intrathecal injection. However, by 15 min after injection, 75% of this radioactivity had disappeared. There was a good temporal correlation between the transient appearance of high levels of NA in plasma and the initial hyperthermic effect of NA. Moreover, the hyperthermia was not inhibited by mecamylamine-induced ganglionic blockade. These results indicate that the initial hyperthermic effect of intrathecal NA is due to a direct action of this monoamine at peripheral sites subsequent to leakage from the spinal subarachnoid space.4. In anaesthetized rats, NA (0.30 mumole) and clonidine (0.035 mumole) injected intrathecally at the lumbar enlargement produced a sustained decrease in neural activity recorded from the lumbar sympathetic chain, a finding which suggests that the vasodilation and hypothermia produced by intrathecal NA are due to an inhibition of sympathetic outflow.5. To investigate the spinal site of action of NA on thermoregulation, rats were prepared with spinal catheters which extended either to the upper cervical region or the lower sacral area. Studies with [(3)H]NA showed that these modifications of the catheter lengths altered the accessability of NA to the intermediolateral nucleus (i.m.l.) of the spinal cord. Injections of NA through the cervical and sacral catheters elicited thermoregulatory effects which differed from those elicited by injections near the lumbar enlargement. The differences were consistent with the hypothesis that the hypothermia and tail skin vasodilation elicited by NA injected at the lumbar enlargement are mediated, at least in part, via a direct inhibitory effect of this monoamine on sympathetic preganglionic neurones located in the i.m.l.6. The effect on mean arterial blood pressure of intrathecal injection of NA (0.30 mumole) at the lumbar enlargement was examined in unanaesthetized rats fitted with chronic arterial catheters. These injections produced an immediate increase in blood pressure. However, this effect was transient and, during most of the time when NA-induced vasodilation and hypothermia were present, blood pressure was normal or only slightly elevated. Thus, it is not likely that a baroreceptor-mediated reflex inhibition of sympathetic outflow contributed significantly to the vasodilatory or hypothermic action of NA.
Methodologic aspects of sodium appetite: An addendum

The study was concerned with development of better methods for inducing an abrupt enhancement of sodium appetite. Rats were administered a single subcutaneous injection of the natriuretic drug, furosemide (10 or 20 mg), or the mineralocorticoid hormone, desoxycorticosterone (5 or 10 mg), or a combination of the two substances (10 mg of furosemide and 5 mg of desoxycorticosterone). Intakes of 3% saline, water, and food were measured for 4 days preceding and 4 days following the injections. The most potent natrorexigenic treatments were the high dose of desoxycorticosterone and the combination of furosemide and desoxycorticosterone.
Equity and Its Socialist Equivalent in the Polish Legal System

Similarly to other civil law countries, there was never a separate field of equity in Poland. The duality of law and equity did not exist and the court system was uniform. Considerations of equity could serve as correctives to the established legal rules but did not constitute a well developed body of precepts applicable in given situations. References to equity were frequently found in Polish prewar statutes1 and judicial decisions as well as legal writings. In particular, the great Polish legal philosopher Leon Petraiycki, the founder of the psychol ogical school of law, attached great importance to "emotions" (along the lines of feelings of equity) as a necessary element in every legal system.2 With the advent of communism, the application of equitable considera tions became, on many occasions, different from what it used to be previously, but the concept itself survived the political upheaval and change in the governmental and legal structure of the country. Some of the important postwar legislative enactments, such as the Statute on State Liability3 resorted to the concept of equity. An historical examination of the scope of the concept of equity and its application to concrete situations presented to the courts would be an interesting undertaking. However, in a short study devoted to
Relevance of Slide-Dip and Residual Bioassay Comparisons to Detection of Resistance in Spider Mites

Field and laboratory studies were performed on spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) from San Joaquin Valley cotton fields to investigate grower claims of resistance to the miticide dicofol. Laboratory bioassays described field-collected susceptible and resistant Tetranychus urticae Koch. By a slide-dip bioassay there was a 5.7-fold resistance; by a residual bioassay, a 544-fold resistance. A 1,000-ppm discriminating concentration of dicofol, using a residual bioassay, was selected for detecting dicofol-resistant mites. Field miticide trials were performed at two locations; one contained a high proportion of spider mites capable of surviving 1,000-ppm discriminating concentrations of dicofol, and the other had no such survivors. Field dicofol efficacy was poor and excellent, respectively, at these two locations. Species identifications made throughout the growing season showed that the location where dicofol was very effective contained almost entirely T. turkestan; Ugarov and Nikolski. The location where dicofol performed poorly contained nearly all T. urticae . throughout the season. The field results verified the significance of laboratory findings; there is a strong resistance to dicofol residues in some spider mites in the San Joaquin Valley. Sole reliance on topical bioassays such as the slide-dip method may result in overlooking or underestimating field resistance problems such as the one described herein.
A New Approach to Poisson Approximation of Simple Point Processes Using Compensators

Consider a simple point process N on the line, and let \({\hat{N}}\) be its compensator. We use a result of Kallenberg (1990, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields86, 167–202) to give a new approach to estimate the total variation distance between the distributions of N and that of a Poisson process when \({\hat{N}}\) has small jump sizes.
A tribute to marshall dimock

(1994). A tribute to marshall dimock. International Journal of Public Administration: Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 1975-1978.
Pancreatic epithelial plasticity mediated by acinar cell transdifferentiation and generation of nestin-positive intermediates

Epithelial metaplasia occurs when one predominant cell type in a tissue is replaced by another, and is frequently associated with an increased risk of subsequent neoplasia. In both mouse and human pancreas, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia has been implicated in the generation of cancer precursors. We show that pancreatic epithelial explants undergo spontaneous acinar-to-ductal metaplasia in response to EGFR signaling, and that this change in epithelial character is associated with the appearance of nestin-positive transitional cells. Lineage tracing involving Cre/lox-mediated genetic cell labeling reveals that acinar-to-ductal metaplasia represents a true transdifferentiation event, mediated by initial dedifferentiation of mature exocrine cells to generate a population of nestin-positive precursors, similar to those observed during early pancreatic development. These results demonstrate that a latent precursor potential resides within mature exocrine cells, and that this potential is regulated by EGF receptor signaling. In addition, these observations provide a novel example of rigorously documented transdifferentiation within mature mammalian epithelium, and suggest that plasticity of mature cell types may play a role in the generation of neoplastic precursors.
Determination of aflatoxins in peanut products using disposable bonded-phase columns and post-column reaction detection.

Description d'une technique de chromatographie liquide pour le dosage des aflatoxines B1, B2, G1, G2 dans des solutions et des extraits d'arachide
A Sample-Path Condition for the Asymptotic Uniform Distribution of Clearing Processes

In this note we show that the asymptotic time-average distribution of a functional of cumulative input process associated with an imbedded point process follows as asymptotic uniform distribution almost surely under a mild regulatory sample-path condition. Examples from stochastic clearing processes, inventory systems and renewal theory are provided.
α-Dystrobrevin isoforms differ in their colocalization with and stabilization of agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor clusters

Abstract In skeletal muscle, α-dystrobrevin (αDB) is expressed throughout the sarcolemma with high concentrations at the neuromuscular junction. Mice lacking αDB display a mild muscular dystrophy and perturbations at the neuromuscular junction that include disruptions to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cluster stability and patterning. In adult skeletal muscle, three alternatively spliced isoforms (αDB1, αDB2, αDB3) are expressed, while two other splice variants (αDB1(−) and αDB2(−)) are expressed only during early development. αDB is clearly important in AChR stabilization; however, the degree to which individual αDB isoforms and their specific functional domains contribute to AChR cluster stability is not fully understood. To investigate this, we established a primary muscle cell culture system from αDB knockout mice and stably expressed individual αDB isoforms using retroviral infection. A comparison between wild-type and αDB knockout muscle cells showed that in the absence of αDB, fewer AChR clusters formed in response to agrin treatment, and these AChR clusters were very unstable. Retroviral expression studies revealed that the largest isoforms (αDB1, αDB1(−), αDB2, αDB2(−)) colocalized with agrin-induced AChR clusters and rescued the AChR cluster formation defects back to wild-type levels, while only the first three isoforms fully rescued AChR cluster stability back to wild-type levels. αDB2(−) conferred an intermediate level of stability to the AChR clusters. In contrast, αDB3 showed no specific colocalization with AChR clusters and little effect on AChR cluster formation or stabilization. Twice as much syntrophin was found associated with αDB2 compared with αDB2(−) in myotubes suggesting that increased recruitment of syntrophin by αDB may enhance the stability of AChR clusters. Taken together, these data demonstrate that different αDB isoforms have different functional capabilities in the formation and maintenance of AChR clusters in muscle cells, and that these differences are likely due to the presence of different functional domains in each isoform.
Understanding and overcoming the immunosuppressive effects of glioma induced immunosuppression

Meeting abstracts Utilizing tumors as a source of vaccination antigens in immunotherapy has demonstrated promising results with minimal toxicity. Unfortunately, researchers have failed to overcome the overpowering suppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment. Recently we demonstrated that the
Acute kidney injury: A conspiracy of toll-like receptor 4 on endothelia, leukocytes, and tubules

Ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) contributes to considerable morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and can contribute to rejection during kidney transplantation. Maladaptive immune responses can exacerbate injury, and targeting these responses holds promise as therapy for AKI. In the last decade, a number of molecules and receptors were identified in the innate immune response to ischemia–reperfusion injury. This review primarily focuses on one pathway that leads to maladaptive inflammation: toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and one of its ligands, high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1). The temporal–spatial roles and potential therapeutics targeting this particular receptor–ligand interaction are also explored.
Temperature Dependence of Critical Current in Diffusion Processed Nb3Sn

Comprehensive critical current data for a short sample of General Electric diffusion processed Nb3Sn superconducting tape have been obtained by current-voltage (I-V) observation in magnetic fields up to 100 kOe (10 T) over the temperature range 4.2 K - 18 K. Cursory data obtained for a number of other short samples of diffusion processed Nb3Sn suggest that the results presented here are typical. Data on vapor deposited Nb3Sn reported by Aron and Ahlgrenl are generally similar in the range 10-60 kOe (1-6 T) where overlap occurs.
Faraday Wave Turbulence on a Spherical Liquid Shell

Millimeter-radius liquid shells are acoustically levitated in an ultrasonic field. Capillary waves are observed on the shells. At low energies (minimal acoustic amplitude, thick shell) a resonance is observed between the symmetric and antisymmetric thin film oscillation modes. At high energies (high acoustic pressure, thin shell) the shell becomes fully covered with high-amplitude waves. Temporal spectra of scattered light from the shell in this regime exhibit a power-law decay indicative of turbulence.
Responsibility for believing

Many assume that we can be responsible only what is voluntary. This leads to puzzlement about our responsibility for our beliefs, since beliefs seem not to be voluntary. I argue against the initial assumption, presenting an account of responsibility and of voluntariness according to which, not only is voluntariness not required for responsibility, but the feature which renders an attitude a fundamental object of responsibility (that the attitude embodies one's take on the world and one's place in it) also guarantees that it could not be voluntary. It turns out, then, that, for failing to be voluntary, beliefs are a central example of the sort of thing for which we are most fundamentally responsible.
Comparing Methods for Assessing Forest Soil Net Nitrogen Mineralization and Net Nitrification

A variety of analytical techniques are used to evaluate rates of nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification in soils. The diversity of methods takes on added significance in forest ecosystem research where high soil heterogeneity and multiple soil horizons can make comparisons over time and space even more complex than in agricultural Ap horizons. This study compares (a) the three most common incubation periods (7, 14, and 28 day) used in potential net N mineralization and nitrification measurements, and (b) three methods of net nitrification assessment (potential net nitrification, in situ net nitrification, and nitrification potential) in the context of a long-term, paired-watershed N manipulation experiment. Results suggest that the 28-day incubation may be most appropriate in these northeastern U.S. forest soils to allow time for patterns of N dynamics to emerge following the disturbance associated with sampling and incubation. All nitrification measurement methods studied showed similar effects of forest type and watershed treatments. Each method could be an appropriate choice depending on objectives. The nitrification potential method should be studied further to determine its sensitivity to detect alterations in N dynamics in forest soils.
Use of MRI to Estimate the Therapeutic Window in Acute Stroke Is Perfusion-Weighted Imaging/Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Mismatch an EPITHET for Salvageable Ischemic Brain Tissue?

Marc Fisher MD Kennedy Lees MD Section Editors: The fundamental goal of many acute stroke therapies is rapid arterial recanalization leading to reperfusion of critically hypoperfused brain tissue. Clinical benefits of this therapeutic approach require the presence of a salvageable penumbra. It is estimated that salvageable tissue is present in up to 80% of patients with stroke who present rapidly, but these capricious zones of potentially recoverable parenchyma typically disappear within the first 6 to 12 hours after symptom onset.1 The rate of disappearance of the penumbral tissue appears to vary considerably between individuals based on a variety of physiological factors, predominantly the availability of adequate collateral circulation. How to quickly and reliably identify these fortunate patients who may have a prolonged therapeutic window has been the ultimate quest of a large volume of modern cerebrovascular neuroimaging research. A leading approach to this challenge has been to estimate the ischemic penumbra based on the difference between the volume of tissue that exhibits a disturbance in cerebral blood flow, as assessed by perfusion-weighted MRI (PWI), and the volume of tissue that has already developed evidence of advanced ischemic injury reflected by cytotoxic edema on diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI).2 The “mismatch” regions (areas of PWI abnormality that do not have corresponding DWI lesions) have been considered likely to benefit from reperfusion therapies. This hypothesis has been assessed in a variety of recent clinical trials, including DIAS, DEDAS, DIAS II, DEFUSE, and now, most recently, EPITHET.3–7 EPITHET was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to determine whether intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, administered 3 to 6 hours after stroke onset, would reduce infarct growth in patients with PWI/DWI mismatch.7 Because technology to rapidly and accurately determine which patients have a PWI/DWI mismatch was not available, both mismatch and nonmismatch patients were …
Early postnatal cocaine exposure causes sequential, dose-dependent, enduring but reversible supersensitivity in 5-HT2A receptor-mediated function during development in male mice

This report investigated whether postnatal exposure to cocaine affects the index of 5-HT2A receptor function during development by utilizing the ability of the 5-HT2A/C agonist DOI to induce the head-twitch response (HTR) in mice. Thus, several groups of mice litters were treated with varying doses of cocaine (0, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, IP) twice daily from postnatal days 5 to 14. Then, different groups of cocaine-exposed male mice pups along with their corresponding age-matched vehicle-exposed control groups were HTR tested once during development on the following postnatal test days: 15, 16, 18, 20, 30, 45, and 60. The HTR testing involved administration of DOI (0.5 mg/kg, IP) and counting the frequency of the behavior for the next 20 min. Cocaine exposure caused bell-shaped, dose-dependent, enduring but reversible increase in DOI-induced HTR frequency (mean +/- SEM) during development. The developing pups were most sensitive to low and intermediate doses of cocaine (0.5-5 mg/kg). The greatest degree of increase in HTR frequency in response to DOI challenge occurred in the 1 mg/kg cocaine-exposure group on most test days. The onset of HTR supersensitivity varied from 48 h (5 mg/kg) to 144 h (0.5 mg/kg) following the termination of chronic cocaine exposure. Moreover, maximal supersensitivity for the latter doses of cocaine occurred 96 and 384 h postcocaine treatment, respectively. Other cocaine exposure groups attained their maxima sometime between the latter time periods. The duration of persistence of 5-HT2A receptor supersensitivity varied with different doses of cocaine: the 10-mg/kg group was supersensitive up to 384 h postcocaine treatment, the 1- and 5-mg/kg groups up to 744 h; and the 0.5-mg/kg group up to 1104 h. Although developmentally cocaine-exposed pups exhibit some similarities (i.e., exquisite sensitivity and bell-shaped dose-response) in 5-HT2A receptor adaptation to mature adult mice exposed to cocaine, they also differ from mature adult cocaine-exposed mice in the onset of appearance as well as the enduring persistence of the induced supersensitivity.
Electric flux tube in a magnetic plasma

In this paper we study a methodical problem related to the magnetic scenario recently suggested and initiated by Liao and Shuryak [Phys. Rev. C 75, 054907 (2007)] to understand the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP): the electric flux tube in a monopole plasma. A macroscopic approach, in which we interpolate between a Bose condensed (dual superconductor) medium and a classical gas medium, is developed first. Then we work out a microscopic approach based on detailed quantum mechanical calculations of the monopole scattering on the electric flux tube, evaluating induced currents for all partial waves. As expected, the flux tube loses its stability when particles can penetrate it: We make this condition precise by calculating the critical value for the product of the flux tube size times the particle momentum, above which the flux tube dissolves. Lattice static potentials indicate that flux tubes seem to dissolve at $Tg{T}_{\mathrm{dissolution}}\ensuremath{\approx}1.3{T}_{c}$. Using our criterion one gets an estimate of the magnetic density $n\ensuremath{\approx}4.4\ensuremath{-}6.6$ fm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at this temperature.
Cortisol from Human Nerve

Cortisol was found in myelinated nerve fibers of the lumbo-sacral plexus (2.0 to 6.0 µg per gram of tissue) and in the sympathetic chain with dorsal root ganglia (0.2 to 0.4 µg per gram of tissue).
Vitamin E, membrane fluidity, and blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive rats

Vitamin E treatment was found to lower blood pressure, and increase membrane fluidity in rats. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of the antioxidant, vitamin E, on the blood pressure and erythrocyte membrane fluidity in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats. Membrane fluidity was assessed using spin labeling technique and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Two different spin labels were used in this study, 5-doxylstrearic acid (5-SASL) and 16-doxylstearic acid (16-SASL). The rats were given vitamin E, 3 days/week for 3 weeks and blood pressure was measured once weekly, using the tail-cuff method. Subsequently, blood was taken via heart puncture and erythrocytes were prepared for spin labeling. The fluidity of the membrane in the nonpolar region of erythrocytes from hypertensive rats was found quite different from that of normal rats as judged by the spectra of 16-SASL. The values of maximum splitting parameter of the EPR spectra of the spin label 5-SASL incorporated in erythrocyte membrane from both SHR and WKY rats, and the effects of vitamin E on membrane fluidity were compared. The maximum splitting parameter calculated from EPR spectra was larger for SHR than WKY rats. Additionally, the maximum splitting parameter calculated for vitamin E treated SHR and WKY rats were lower than those of their respective controls. As expected, the blood pressure of the SHR rats was found to be higher than that of the WKY rats. Vitamin E treated SHR and WKY rats showed significantly lower blood pressure than their controls.
Ab Initio Evaluation of the Potential Surface for General Base- Catalyzed Methanolysis of Formamide: A Reference Solution Reaction for Studies of Serine Proteases

To elucidate the catalytic power of enzymes it is crucial to have clear information about the corresponding reference reactions in solution. This is needed since catalysis is defined by comparing enzymatic reactions to the relevant uncatalyzed reactions. Unfortunately, the energetics of the reference reactions of many important classes of enzymatic reactions have not been fully determined by experimental studies. In many cases it is hard to determine whether the given reaction involves a stepwise or a concerted mechanism. It is also hard to estimate the activation barrier for steps which are not rate determining. Fortunately, it is possible now to use computational approaches to augment the available experiments and to elucidate the shape of free energy surfaces of various reference reactions. Here we present a systematic study of the reference solution reaction for studies of serine proteases, i.e., the base-catalyzed and general base/acid catalyzed methanolysis of formamide. The present work is based on...
Disgust has arrived.

Disgust has arrived as an emotion attracting intense study by clinical psychologists. The purpose of this essay is to address several themes adumbrated in the articles in this special series. Topics covered include disgust and evolutionary theories of phobia, disgust and cognition, and the relation between disgust and cannibalism, violence, and fine art.
A Transtheoretical Approach to Case Formulation

Abstract In answer to the need for a comprehensive, systematic, yet flexible case formulation method, the present article describes the Causal Analysis and Synthesis of Events (CASE) system, a transtheoretical case formulation method. This method of functional case formulation is useful in terms of explicating the problem and identifying potential areas for intervention when dealing with clinical problems of both an intrapersonal and interpersonal nature. Further, this formulation method may improve communication between the therapist and the client during case conceptualization and facilitate dialogue between therapists of different theoretical orientations. This paper describes the case formulation method and includes an example incorporating this case formulation technique for a young man with social phobia.
UPTAKE OF TRITIUM-LABELED IDOXURIDINE (IDU) BY HEALING OCULAR TISSUE.

Employing autoradiographic techniques, the uptake of tritium-labeled iodoxuridine in the wounded lens epithelium of frogs and rabbits was followed. It was demonstrated that this uptake occurs at the same time and in the same intracellular locus as does that of the natural nucleoside, thymidine.
Secondary ion formation from functional polymer systems in static secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract The process of emission of structurally related secondary ions from functional polymers under keV ion bombardment is investigated. Competition between ion formation mechanisms is apparent in static SIMS analysis of functionalized polymer systems. Complementary positive and negative “ion pair” emission is favorable when the fragmentation of the polymer structure results in charge stabilized ions. These processes are illustrated by SIMS analysis of poly(aryl methacrylates) and by comparison to previous laser desorption mass spectrometry results of the same materials. The generation of n -mer fragment ions, from bond breaking along the chain of a polymer, is illustrated by the analysis of a series of functionalized nitrogen containing polymers and from poly(styrene sulfonic acid). In these cases, pre-existing localized charge at the surface of a polymer has a direct effect on the measured peak intensities and the presence or absence of structurally related ions. The analysis of polymeric surface reactivity due to different solid state isomeric structures at the surface is investigated through the surface modification of isomeric poly(vinyl pyridines) (P2VP and P4VP). This allows for differentiation of these systems as well as insight into the extent of static SIMS primary ion modification of the material under analysis.
Abstract PL07-03: Mechanisms of protective tumor immunity.

Efficacious cancer immunotherapies will likely require combinations of strategies that enhance tumor antigen presentation and antagonize negative immune regulatory circuits. We demonstrated that vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete GM-CSF followed by antibody blockade of CTLA-4 accomplishes clinically significant tumor destruction with minimal toxicity in a majority of stage IV metastatic melanoma and some advanced ovarian carcinoma patients. The extent of tumor necrosis in post-treatment biopsies was linearly related to the natural logarithm of the ratio of infiltrating CD8+ effector T cells to FoxP3+ Tregs, suggesting that further Treg inhibition might increase the frequency of clinical responses. Through an analysis of cytokine deficient mice, we delineated a critical role for GM-CSF in Treg homeostasis. GM-CSF is required for the expression of the phosphatidylserine binding protein MFG-E8 in antigen presenting cells, whereas the uptake of apoptotic cells by phagocyte-derived MFG-E8 maintains peripheral Treg activity. The pharmacologic inhibition of MFG-E8 function through genetic or engineering-based approaches blocks Treg induction, which intensifies vaccine-induced responses, leading to the regression of established tumors in mice. The clinical translation of these therapeutic strategies to Phase I testing in humans is underway. The detailed analysis of patients achieving sustained clinical benefits from irradiated, autologous GM-CSF secreting tumor cell vaccines and CTLA-4 antibody blockade also affords a rich opportunity to identify antigens associated with immune-mediated tumor destruction and to delineate mechanisms of therapeutic immunity. We elucidated several of the molecular pathways that underlie these antitumor effects, including the NKG2D system and multiple secreted/or cell surface proteins that contribute to tumor promoting inflammation. The therapy-induced antibodies manifest functional activity in vitro, antagonizing tumor cell survival, invasive potential, and angiogenesis. These findings support a key role for humoral immunity in tumor destruction, and highlight interest in more detailed characterization of the antitumor B cell repertoire in vaccinated patients. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):PL07-03. Citation Format: Glenn Dranoff. Mechanisms of protective tumor immunity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL07-03.
Satellites and Riemannian geometry

In an axially symmetric three-dimensional Riemann-spacegik(u1,u2)−u3 represents the cyclic parameter-, a gravitational potential ϕ(u1,u2) is given. For all masspoints with equal total energy and equal angular momentum there exists a function Ψ(u1,u2) by means of which the equations of motion can be reduced to a simple ordinary second-order differential equation. The function ϕ can be interpreted as the velocity with which the masspoint moves in the two-dimensional spaceu1,u2.
Chromosomal boundaries in S. cerevisiae.

Abstract Chromatin boundary elements or insulators in metazoans delimit distinct chromosomal domains of gene expression. Recently, DNA sequences with properties similar to boundary elements were also discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . These sequences block the spread of transcriptionally silent chromatin, the yeast equivalent of metazoan heterochromatin, and are referred to as ‘heterochromatin barriers’. These barriers share no sequence homology but all consist of multiple binding sites for various regulatory proteins. Current data suggest that barriers may function in yeast by recruiting a protein complex that precludes nucleosome assembly and thereby disrupts a contiguous array of nucleosomes required for the spread of silent chromatin.
The Impact of Errors in Copy Number Variation Detection Algorithms on Association Results

The inaccuracy of copy number variation (CNV) detection on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays has recently been brought to attention. Such high error rates will undoubtedly have ramifications on downstream association testing. We examined this effect for a wide range of scenarios and found a noticeable decrease in power for error rates typical of CNV calling algorithms. We compared power using CNV calls to the log relative ratio and found the latter to be superior when error rates are moderate to large or when the CNV size is small. It is our recommendation that CNV researchers use intensity measurements as an alternative to CNV calls in these scenarios.
The effect of lattice contraction and charge transfer on the magnetic susceptibility of Chevrel compounds

The magnetic susceptibilities of SnMo6S8, PbMo6.35S8, and PbMo6.2S8 have been measured. There appear to be transitions at about 40 and 100 K. The behavior of the susceptibility is believed to be caused by changes in the lattice, affecting the charge transfer from the tin or lead atoms to the Mo6S8 clusters.
Depressed excitability and integrated EEGs following hippocampal afterdischarges

Abstract Rats with chronic hippocampal electrode implants had afterdischarges induced with electrical stimulus intensities of 115, 200, and 800% of a previously determined threshold. Afterdischarge duration, postictal EEG depression duration, and the duration of postictal electrical hypoexcitability were assessed. Afterdischarge duration varied inversely with stimulus intensity as did the duration of postictal hypoexcitability. However, the duration of postictal EEG depression increased with stimulus intensity. This dissociation between postictal neuroexcitability and EEG depression is discussed in terms of possible underlying cholinergic mechanisms.
In vitro incorporation of deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates into DNA

Summary ADP replaces ATP in promoting the incorporation of deoxyribonucleoside di- and triphosphates into DNA in a bacterial in vitro system. Analysis of the nucleotides present in the cell lysate suggests that diphosphates are incorporated through intermediates different from deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.
An introduction to Spanish-American literature

This is a revised, updated edition of Jean Franco's classic Introduction to Spanish-American Literature, first published in 1969 and much recommended ever since. Its coverage ranges from colonial times to the present day, the later chapters having been radically rewritten to take account of the most recent developments in both literature and criticism. The book sets the literary works discussed in their historical, political and economic context, and explores the impact on Latin-American literature of European cultural traditions. English translations are provided for Spanish quotations in the text, and the extensively updated reading lists of primary and secondary material refer not only to Spanish texts but also, where available, to editions in English.
Radioactive iodine therapy decreases recurrence in thyroid papillary microcarcinoma

Background. The most appropriate therapy for papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) is controversial. Methods. We reviewed the therapy and outcome of 407 patients with PMC. Results. Three hundred-eighty patients underwent total thyroidectomy, and 349 patients received I-131 therapy. The median followup was 5.3 years. Forty patients developed recurrent disease. On univariate analysis, development of disease recurrence was correlated with histological tumor size > 0.8 cm (𝑃=0.0104), age 0.8 cm, positive lymph nodes, and no I-131 therapy were significant. The 5-year RFS for patients treated with I-131 was 95.0% versus 78.6% (𝑃<0.0001) for patients not treated with I-131. Patients with lymph node metastasis who did not receive I-131 had a 5-year RFS of 42.9% versus 93.2% (𝑃<0.0001) for patients who received I-131. Conclusions. Recommend I-131 remnant ablation for patients with PMC, particularly patients with lymph node metastasis.
Terrace scarp deflation as a renewable source for eolian sediments in an Arctic periglacial setting

Glacial, glaciofluvial, and glaciolacustrine sediments deposited by the retreating Vibekes Glacier are being actively reworked into sand dunes and loess sheets on the tops of glaciofluvial terraces downvalley from Vibekes Glacier and Vihekes S o. Active permafrost precludes trenching below 0.5 to 1.0 meters. However, sedimentary structures, deflationary and abrasion features in shallow and surface deposits are visible. Although an armored pavement inhibits sediment deflation on the horizontal terrace surfaces, a combination of fluvial erosion, mass-wasting, and eolian processes on terrace scarps provides a continuing source of sand- and silt-size materials for redeposition.
Edoxaban: Review of Pharmacology and Key Phase I to III Clinical Trials

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) remain the standard therapy for anticoagulation in prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). Due to numerous limitations of VKAs, target-specific oral anticoagulants have been developed. Edoxaban is a direct activated factor X inhibitor with attractive features among which are once daily dosing, no need for routine monitoring, and minimal drug-drug interactions. In patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, edoxaban was superior to enoxaparin in preventing VTE. Furthermore, a recent large-scale phase III trial in patients with symptomatic VTE demonstrated that edoxaban was noninferior to warfarin in preventing recurrent VTE and reduced bleeding. In the largest trial of anticoagulation in patients with AF to date, edoxaban was noninferior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism and reduced bleeding and cardiovascular mortality. This review provides an overview of the pharmacology, clinical trial results, and potential indications for edoxaban.
Confining the Poor to Ignorance? Eighteenth‐Century American Experiments with Charity Education

In 1738, the English evangelist George Whitefield traveled to the new colony of Georgia intending to establish “a house for fatherless children.” Inspired by both August Hermann Francke, the German Pietist who had great success educating and maintaining poor orphans in Halle, and by charity schools established in Great Britain, Whitefield's orphan house and charity school, named Bethesda, opened its doors early in 1740. For years, Whitefield devoted himself tirelessly to ensuring the success of the Bethesda school, preaching throughout Britain and North America on its behalf. Whitefield's preaching tour on behalf of his beloved Bethesda is well known for its role in catalyzing the religious revivals known collectively as the Great Awakening. The tour also marked an important shift in the history of education in America. News of the establishment of the orphanage at Bethesda coincided with new efforts to school the poor throughout the colonies. Drawing on both the British and German models of charity schooling that were highly influential for Whitefield, eighteenth-century Americans began or increased commitments to charity schooling for poor children. But the European models were not adopted wholesale. Instead, local administrators of the schooling experiments deviated from these models in a striking way. In America, elites offered some children the opportunity for extensive charity instruction, but not necessarily children at the bottom of the social hierarchy. This article will argue that the execution of these charity schooling programs was contingent upon local social conditions, specifically what appears to have been local elites' desire to maintain a certain social order and ensure a continued supply of cheap labor.
Tetracycline-inducible gene expression in mycobacteria within an animal host using modified Streptomyces tcp830 regulatory elements

Inducible expression systems are powerful tools for studying gene function. Though several inducible expression systems are now available for mycobacteria, none have been used to modulate bacterial gene expression during an animal infection. A tetracycline-inducible expression system from Streptomyces coelicolor was successfully adapted for use in mycobacteria. To prevent baseline expression without induction, S. coelicolor tetR gene was overexpressed using the acetamidase promoter and regulatory gene block. Target gene expression was controlled by the S. coelicolor tcp830 promoter and operator allele. The -10 promoter consensus sequence of the tcp830 promoter was modified to better resemble known strong mycobacterial promoters. Using this system, induction of tetR fully repressed tcp830-dependent expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to baseline levels. Addition of anhydrotetracycline led to a 62-fold induction of GFP expression in vitro and 15-fold induction in a mouse mycobacterial peritonitis model in the presence of maximal tetR expression. Chemically regulatable gene expression during animal infection may be a useful tool in studying mycobacterial pathogenesis.
Perfluorocarbon emulsion improves cerebral oxygenation and mitochondrial function after fluid percussion brain injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral ischemia is a common secondary sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Experimental models of stroke have demonstrated reductions in ischemia after perfluorocarbon (PFC) administration; however, there are no published reports of PFC efficacy after TBI. The current study analyzed the effect of the PFC emulsion Oxygent (AF0144; Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp, San Diego, CA) on cerebral oxygenation, mitochondrial redox potential, and free radical formation after lateral fluid percussion injury. METHOD: After fluid percussion injury, five 2.25 ml/kg doses of PFC or saline were administered to rats breathing 100% O 3 , and oxygen tension was recorded. In a second experiment, a single bolus (11.25 ml/kg) of PFC or saline was given after injury, and redox potential and free radical formation were measured at 1 or 4 hours with Alamar blue dye and dihydrorhodamine 123, respectively. RESULTS: Cerebral oxygen tension was significantly increased in both injured and sham animals treated with 11.25 ml/kg of PFC as compared with saline (P < 0.05). Likewise, PFC significantly increased mitochondrial redex potential as compared with saline at 4 hours after injury (P < 0.01). Mitochondrial peroxynitrite and peroxide production also increased with the administration of PFC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The current study demoristrates that a PFC emulsion can significantly increase cerebral oxygenation after TBI and enhance mitochondrial function at 4 hours after injury as compared with saline. This study demonstrates a new therapeutic potential for PFC to enhance cerebral oxygenation and aerobic metabolism after TBI. However, the increased free radical formation with high-dose PFCs suggests the need for further studies combining PFCs with free adical scavengers.
Antidiscrimination Laws and Social Research on Disability: The Minority Group Perspective

In recent years, assessments of the difficulties confronting disabled persons have been altered both by the passage of antidiscrimination laws and by an emerging minority group model, based on a sociopolitical definition of disability, that has challenged studies shaped by the functional limitations paradigm. Unlike the latter orientation, the sociopolitical definition indicates that stigmatizing attitudes are the primary source of discrimination against disabled individuals. Both legal scholars and behavioral scientists also have neglected attitudinal research that seems at least comparable to the evidence cited by the Supreme Court to support the Brown decision. Further investigations based on the postulates of the minority group model and the concept of aesthetic anxiety may provide a means of combatting the effects of unconscious aversion toward disabled people in the courts.
Palliative Interventional Pulmonology Procedures in the Incarcerated Population with Cancer: A Case Series

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in incarcerated population and lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in this group. Inmates are excluded from most published surveys and research, thus the effectiveness of lung cancer palliation in this population is not known. To report the feasibility and safety of palliative interventional pulmonary procedures in inmates with cancer. Retrospective review of registry data from a single center. Inmate data on prospectively enrolled data registry (2009–2012) from the interventional pulmonology procedural registry at Virginia Commonwealth University was extracted and analyzed for safety and efficacy. Inmates with lung cancer and advanced malignancies with pleural or airway metastasis requiring airway debulking (mechanical/thermal), airway stenting, and tunneled pleural catheter (TPC) placement were included in the analysis. A total of 16 procedures were performed in 12 incarcerated patients. These included six TPC placements in six patients. Ten procedures were performed in seven patients with airway obstruction. These procedures included rigid and flexible bronchoscopy with mechanical (rigid and balloon dilation) and thermal (laser, argon plasma coagulation, and cautery) tumor debulking and dilation, airway stenting, and tracheostomy in one case. All six TPC patients had immediate symptomatic relief and improved lung aeration on chest radiograph. Three of six patients had successful auto-pleurodesis. In the seven patients with airway obstruction, three patients reported symptomatic relief and one had resolution of post-obstructive pneumonia. No immediate- or long-term procedure-related complications were reported. Incarcerated patients with advanced malignancy may benefit from interventional pulmonology procedures with low complications. Palliative interventional pulmonology procedures in inmates should not be withheld solely on their incarceration status.