cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recombinant gamma interferon increases the binding of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes and a Leu-3+T lymphocyte clone to cultured keratinocytes and to a malignant cutaneous squamous carcinoma cell line that is blocked by antibody against the LFA-1 Molecule

Abstract Because keratinocytes (KCs) express HLA-DR in a wide variety of skin diseases in which mononuclear leukocytes are observed in close apposition to KCs (i.e., graft-versus-host disease), and since gamma interferon (IFN-γ) induces HLA-DR expression on KCs, we asked whether IFN-γ treatment of KCs would influence the adherence of mononuclear leukocytes. When allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) and a Leu-3 + T cell clone were coincubated with IFN-γ-treated KCs (300 U/ml, 3 days), there was a marked increase in binding compared with nontreated KCs. Similar binding results were obtained using a cutaneous squamous carcinoma cell line (SCL-1) after IFN-γ treatment. The IFN effect was relatively specific for IFN-γ, as neither IFN-α nor-β had any effect. Tumor necrosis factor exposure (500 U/ml, 3 days) increased the binding of the Leu-3 + T cell clone to both KCs and SCL-1 cells. Neutrophils displayed a less marked (but statistically significant) increase in binding to IFN-γ-treated KCs. Using the Leu-3 + cell clone and SCL-1 cells, detailed kinetic analysis of the effect of IFN-γ on binding was performed. The increased adherence between the cells began to appear after only 7 hours of treatment with r-IFN-γ (300 U/ml) and reached a plateau at 48 hours, with significantly enhanced binding continuing for at least 48 hours after removal of IFN-γ. The mechanism of binding was explored by preincubation of the PBML/Leu-3 + T cells with anti-LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen) antibody (0.6–6.0 μg/ml), which totally inhibited the binding with no effect by anti-LFA-2 or-3 or class I or II antibodies despite documented binding of these antibodies to the cells. These results suggest that, after exposure to IFN-γ, the ability of KCs to bind mononuclear leukocytes is strongly enhanced, and this adherence may be important in leukocyte trafficking in the skin as well as contributing to altered KC-leukocyte interaction, which may be of fundamental importance in a variety of skin disease.
Alternative beta-titanium alloys for orthodontic wires.

Abstract Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn metastable beta-titanium alloy (TMA, Ormco) supplements the stainless steel and nickel-chromium-cobalt alloys traditionally used in orthodontic practice. The titanium wire has a lower modulus of elasticity (E) and a higher yield strength to modulus ratio (YS/E), which results in clinically desirable lower forces and greater elastic recovery (springback). In this study, three alternative beta titanium alloys were evaluated. Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr, Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn and Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al were obtained as 5/8 inch diameter rods, quartered and swaged to 0.234 inch and drawn to 0.024 inch diameter, with final cold reductions (CR) of 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%. Tensile, cold bend, microstructural and surface analyses were conducted with standard methods. While E for Ti 15-3-3 varied between 10.8±0.4×10 6 and 11.7±0.2×10 6 psi, E was constant for Ti 38-6-44 at 11.6±0.3×10 6 psi and for Ti 10-2-3 at 11.8±0.4×10 6 psi. YS/E generally increased with CR for Ti 15-3-3 and Ti 10-3-3 having maximum values of 1.71×10 −2 and 1.72×10 −2 , respectively at 80% CR, values slightly higher than TMA. Ti 15-3-3 also exhibited the highest ductility. Surface quality and optical microstructure of all alloys were similar, except for a very fine grain size in Ti 10-2-3. The combination of the above properties in Ti 15-3-3 could lead to improved formability and springback in clinical usage. Results from the ADA Specification 32 cold bend test showed that this method should not be used as a measure of ductility, but rather as a measure of formability of the finished wires.
Electro-optical and optical-optical switching of dual microring resonator waveguide systems

We present design and simulation results on two types of inplane, resonant 2 x 2 optical switches in the strip-waveguided silicon-on-insulator (SOI) system. Both switches are intended for cascading into N x N matrices, and the intersecting strips in the second floating ring switch facilitate construction of an N x N crossbar cross-connect. We examine complex index perturbations of both rings due to electrical injection of free carriers into the rings or to the generation of electron-hole pairs induced by above-bandgap control light focused upon the rings. Switching behavior produced by free-carrier-plasma dispersion, Franz-Keldysh, quantum-confined Stark, Kerr, and thermooptic effects are investigated and compared at the 1.33, 1.55, and 10.6 mm wavelengths. A study of design tolerances and their consequences shows that the 10.6 mm wavelength is preferred from the standpoint of photolithographic feasibility and the stronger carrier-optic effect. The SOI high index contrast requires small coupling gaps for the 1.33 and 1.55 mm wavelengths, which in turn necessitates a high photolithographic precision.
Sparsity based interferometric imaging

Correlative interferometric imaging relies on reconstructing object intensity by using the cross-correlation across distant sensor measurements. While Fourier inversion is commonly used, the problem can also be cast as a constrained optimization problem involving positivity and boundary constraints. This paper replaces the boundary constraint with a 1 norm constraint that is known to induce sparsity under certain conditions. An experimental example demonstrates that such constrained optimization can potentially provide reconstruction whose extent conforms closely to that of the source.
Local catalytic effect of cesium on the oxidation of silicon.

Observation de deux differents types de sites de cesium. L'effet du cesium est local, mais le coefficient d'adhesion initial ne se correlle pas avec le moment dipolaire de Cs
Highly reversible Li/dissolved polysulfide batteries with binder-free carbon nanofiber electrodes

Conventional lithium–sulfur batteries suffer from rapid capacity fade which limits their commercialization applications. Li/dissolved polysulfide cells with binder-free, interwoven, self-standing carbon electrodes show outstanding performance in terms of capacity utilization and reversibility. To further understand this system, we present here a binder-free carbon nanofiber (CNF) paper electrode with large interspaces between fibers, low manufacturing cost, and high polysulfide loadings. The 3D interwoven structure of the CNF paper electrode allows transitions between high-order polysulfides (charged products) and lithium sulfide (discharged product) to occur within a confined environment. Crystalline Li2S is found within the large interspaces of the 3D electrode framework after the 1st discharge, avoiding the formation of dense passivation layers on the cathode. The robust porous CNF paper electrode leads to superior electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 1094 mA h g−1 after 80 cycles at a C/5 rate and Coulombic efficiencies above 98% with a sulfur loading of 1.7 mg cm−2. A stable reversible capacity of ∼900 mA h g−1 is obtained with a much higher sulfur loading of 5.1 mg cm−2, making this battery configuration promising for practical applications.
Evolution of Ribonuclease in Relation to Polypeptide Folding Mechanisms

Comparisons of the N-terminal region of pancreatic RNAase in seven species are presented, taking into account cow, bison, deer, rat, pig, kangaroo, and turtle. The available limited evidence on hypervariable regions indicates that there is still an evolutionary constraint on them. It is proposed that there is a selection pressure acting on all regions of a protein sequence in evolution. Mutations that tend to obstruct the folding process can lead to various intensities of selection pressure.
Photoconductive enhancement effects of graphene quantum dots on ZnO nanoparticle photodetectors

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a new class of zero dimensional carbon materials and have fascinating optical and electric properties. Many different methods for GQDs synthesize have been reported and GQDs have been proved very promising for biomedical imaging and photovoltaics applications. In order to further investigate the application of GQDs, here we report solution processable ultraviolet (UV) photodetector fabricated from ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and from GQDs synthesized from hydrothermal method. The photodetector employing GQDs showed enhanced photoresponsivity and improved transient response. These improvements are explained by referring to the energy band diagram of the interfacial region of ZnO NPs and GQDs. The GQDs in this work demonstrated high potential for solution processable optoelectronics.
Operative vs Non-Operative Management in Sterile Necrotizing Pancreatitis

Background: The clinical management of sterile pancreatic necrosis is still a matter of debate. In this study we analyzed the clinical course and outcome of patients with sterile necrotizing pancreatitis treated surgically versus nonsurgically. Study Design: Between May 1982 and December 1993, 249 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) entered this study, of which 172 (69 percent) had intraoperatively or fine needle aspiration-proven sterile NP. One hundred seven of 172 patients underwent surgery (S group) with necrosectomy and continuous postoperative closed lavage and 65 of 172 were treated by nonsurgical means (NS group). Results: Median Ranson and admission APACHE II scores were 4.7 (range, 1 to 10) and 11 (range, 1 to 29) in the S group, significantly higher than those in the NS group with 3.0 (range, 0 to 6) (p=0.022) and 8 (range, 1 to 23) (p=0.036). After 48 hours of intensive care treatment, APACHE II scores persisted at 10.5 (range, 1 to 29) in the S group and decreased to 6 (range, 0 to 15) (p=0.013) in the NS patients. Median Creactive protein (CRP) levels on admission were 179 mg/L and 68.5 mg/L (p=0.023), respectively. Within 72 hours, 61 (94 percent) of 65 NS-managed patients responded to intensive care therapy, whereas organ complications persisted or increased and thus led to surgery in the S group. Mortality rates were 13.1 percent in the surgically treated patients and 6.2 percent in the nonsurgically treated patients (p=NS). Conclusions: Most patients with limited and sterile pancreatic necrosis respond to intensive care treatment. Indication for surgery in sterile NP should be based on persisting or advancing organ complications despite intensive care therapy. APACHE II scores and adraission CRP levels represent a helpful tool in decision making for surgical or nonsurgical management of NP.
Induction of Neurogenesis in Nonconventional Neurogenic Regions of the Adult Central Nervous System by Niche Astrocyte-Produced Signals

The central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals regenerates poorly; in vivo, neurogenesis occurs only in two restricted areas, the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Neurogenic potential depends on both the intrinsic properties of neural progenitors and the environment, or niche, in which progenitor cells reside. Isolation of multipotent progenitor cells from broad CNS regions suggests that the neurogenic potential of the adult CNS is dictated by local environmental cues. Here, we report that astrocytes in the neurogenic brain regions, the SGZ and SVZ, of adult mice release molecular signals, such as sonic hedgehog (Shh), that stimulate adult neural progenitors to reenter the cell cycle and generate new neurons in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation of SGZ astrocytes or application of Shh caused de novo neurogenesis from the non-neurogenic neocortex of adult mice. These findings identify a molecular target that can activate the dormant neurogenic potential from nonconventional neurogenic regions of the adult CNS and suggest a novel mechanism of neural replacement therapy for treating neurodegenerative disease and injury without transplanting exogenous cells.
Synthesis and characterization of a chondroitin sulfate-polyethylene glycol corneal adhesive

Purpose To describe the synthesis of a chondroitin sulfate–polyethylene glycol (CS-PEG) adhesive and characterize its physical and biological properties in vitro and in vivo. Setting Johns Hopkins University and a research facility, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Methods Metabolic activity (WST-1 reagent) was used to evaluate the cytocompatibility of the adhesive with rabbit primary epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells. Full-thickness corneal incisions (3.0 mm) in ex vivo porcine eyes were sealed with the adhesive, and burst pressure was evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the material in maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP). Finally, a partial-thickness incision was made in a swine cornea and then sealed using the adhesive. Two weeks postoperatively, both eyes were enucleated and examined grossly and histologically. Results In vitro results showed cytocompatibility of the tissue adhesive with corneal cells and an ability to seal full-thickness corneal incisions exposed to IOPs of 200 mm Hg and higher. Histological evidence from in vivo data confirmed that the CS-PEG material is biodegradable, induces minimal inflammatory response, resists epithelial cell ingrowth, and does not induce scar formation. Conclusions The new adhesive was effective in restoring IOP and withstanding pressures greater than 200 mm Hg after being applied to a full-thickness corneal incision. The adhesive material was biocompatible with the 3 types of cells found in corneal tissue. When the adhesive was implanted in a live swine model, no adverse side effects were observed.
Human factors considerations in the design of language interfaces in AAC.

The design and development of new augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems and techniques must often include a focus on the presentation, selection, and processing of language items. We define this as the language interface and argue that researchers must take into account the broad base of knowledge available from the fields of human factors and human–computer interaction in the design process. This article will present an overview of these fields and discuss design principles that are relevant to AAC language interfaces. These principles will be discussed with respect to a number of currently available techniques. In addition, design case studies will be presented on some techniques currently under investigation. Finally, issues related to evaluation will be discussed.
Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of cycloalkenones: translation of high endo selectivity to trans junctions.

Intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions of cyclobutenone and larger cycloalkenones are described. High levels of endo addition attained from Lewis acid catalysis translate to trans hydrindene junctions upon fragmentation of the tricyclic adducts.
A millimeter wave receiving antenna with an omnidirectional or directional scannable azimuth pattern and a directional vertical pattern

A millimeter wave receiving antenna capable of providing either 1) an omnidirectional azimuthal and a directional vertical pattern or 2) a directional azimuthal pattern capable of being scanned when it is used to illuminate a parabolic cylinder is described. The antenna consists of a modified dielectric rod antenna fed from a circular waveguide operating in the TE_{01} mode.
Design and empirical evaluation of search software for legal professionals on the WWW

Abstract Our research focuses on designing effective search aids for legal researchers interested in law-related information on the world wide web. In this paper we report on the design and evaluation of two software systems developed to explore models for browsing and searching across a user-selected set of WWW sites. A directory services tool, LIBClient, provides a hierarchical index of legal information resources in an interface emphasizing ease-of-use by Internet novices and management of multiple-site searching. To study the relative effectiveness of LIBClient in the hands of legal professionals, nineteen law students were observed using LIBClient and, in separate trials, the popular general-purpose search services to perform known-item searches within a fixed time limit. The experiment indicates the value of LIBClient for focused searching, most properly as a supplement to general-purpose search engines. Motivated by observations from the LIBClient study, a second retrieval experiment explores the effectiveness of a radically different LIBClient design in which the LIBClient interface is combined with a crawler-enhanced search engine, IRISWeb. The LIBClient–IRISWeb system enables full-text searching using natural language queries across a set of WWW pages collected by the IRISWeb crawler. The page harvesting process relies on a cascading set of filters to define the final set of WWW pages to be collected, including user selections in LIBClient, search results from site-specific search engines, and the hyperlink structure at target sites. To evaluate the LIBClient–IRISWeb method, the queries used in the user study are submitted to the system, with excellent retrieval results. In conclusion, our research points to the promise of WWW search tool designs that tightly couple directed browsing with query-based search capabilities using new forms of search automation.
The influence of multiple photoperiods and pinealectomy on gonads, pelage and body weight in male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus.

Abstract 1. 1. Chronic exposure of male Microtus pennsylvanicus to photoperiods with 8, 10 and 12 hr of light per day results in gonadal regression, molt to winter pelage and significant reductions in body weight and food consumption relative to voles kept on photoperiods with 13 and 14 hr of light per day. 2. 2. A precise critical daylength is observed in this species as exposure to photoperiods with 12 or fewer hours of light per day results in complete gonadal involution, seasonal molt and loss of body weight. 3. 3. Pinealectomy abolishes all short-photoperiod induced responses in this species.
Quality of Work and Need for Supervision among Physicians and Nurses of a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

This article reports the perception of the quality of work and the desire for supervision among physicians and nurses of a pediatric intensive care unit. Results indicated that, whereas staff members in general evaluated patient-related activities as challenging and attractive, they perceived organizational aspects of their work less positively and thus worthy of change. Notably, physicians rated the quality of their work environment higher and indicated more job satisfaction than nurses. Furthermore, senior doctors perceived themselves as better stress copers than other staff members. However, both professional groups demonstrated a strong wish for multidisciplinary team supervision. The findings indicate that supervision is essential when working in this context.
Should urgent ERCP be performed in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis without acute cholangitis

Endoscopists who perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are frequently pressured to perform urgent (usually night or weekend) ERCP in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis in the belief that this procedure reduces morbidity and mortality. However, with the exception of those patients with concurrent acute cholangitis, data that urgent ERCP with biliary compression is helpful in all patients with acute gallstone pancreatitis are lacking. In this Practice Point commentary, I discuss the findings and limitations of a meta-analysis conducted by Petrov et al. that pooled data from three randomized, controlled trials that included 450 patients in total. Four other randomized, controlled trials on this topic were excluded from the analysis because of methodologic problems. The authors concluded that early ERCP was not associated with a significant reduction in complications or mortality in patients with predicted mild or severe acute biliary pancreatitis.
Interval to Biochemical Failure Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Patients With High-Risk Prostate Cancer Treated by Combined-Modality Radiation Therapy

Purpose To validate the prognostic value of interval to biochemical failure (IBF) in patients with high-risk prostate cancer (HiRPCa) treated with combined-modality radiation therapy (CMRT) with or without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Methods and Materials We conducted a retrospective review of HiRPCa (prostate-specific antigen >20 ng/mL, Gleason score [GS] 8-10, or clinical T stage T3-T4) treated with either dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) or CMRT. Interval to biochemical failure was classified as ≤18 or >18 months from the end of all therapy to the date of biochemical failure (BF). Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to evaluate the prognostic value of IBF ≤18 months for distant metastasis (DM) and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM). Results Of 958 patients with a median follow-up of 63.2 months, 175 patients experienced BF. In those with BF, there were no differences in pretreatment clinical characteristics between the EBRT and CMRT groups, except for a higher proportion of patients with GS 8-10 in the CMRT group (70% vs 52%, P =.02). Median IBF after all therapy was 24.0 months (interquartile range 9.6-46.0) in the EBRT group and 18.9 months (interquartile range 9.2-34.5) in the CMRT group ( P =.055). On univariate analysis, IBF ≤18 months was associated with increased risk of DM and PCSM in the entire cohort and the individual EBRT and CMRT groups. On multivariate analysis, only GS 9-10 and IBF ≤18 months, but not the radiation therapy regimen or ADT use, predicted DM (hazard ratio [HR] 3.7, P P P P Conclusions Short IBF was highly prognostic for higher DM and PCSM in patients with HiRPCa. The prognostic value of IBF for DM and PCSM was not affected by the radiation therapy regimen or ADT use.
Electric quadrupole transitions from high spin states in the beta-vibrational band of 154Gd

Abstract The interband E2 γ-ray transitions between the rotational levels of the γ-vibrational band and ground-state band in 154Gd were investigated for spins up to 10+ by studying the 154 Sm (α, 4 n γ) 154 Gd reaction. These transitions were analysed in terms of the rotation-vibration interaction.
Rehabilitation Counseling: Evolution and Current Status

This article provides a brief review of the evolution and current status of rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation counseling practice is described along with the required competencies of rehabilitation counselors in providing services to individuals with disabilities. The professional status of the discipline is reviewed in terms of programs for educational preparation, professional associations, accreditation, regulation of practice, ethical mandates, and research. Finally, continuing challenges for the discipline are identified.
Separation of preadolescents from infant rhesus monkeys

Each of eight infant rhesus monkeys was paired with a preadolescent conspecific for two months and then separated. Four of the infants were mother-reared and four were isolate-reared. Separation responses were compared with data from preseparation and reunion phases of the study for all pairs. The results indicate that (1) although males interact with infants in a parental fashion, preadolescent females show a greater capacity for parental behavior, (2) both preadolescents and normal (mother-reared) infants contribute to the development of a social bond, (3) isolate infants contributed little to the development of a social bond and were relatively less-valued as social partners by their preadolescent cagemates.
Prospective comparison of ventilatory equivalent versus peak oxygen consumption in predicting outcomes of patients with heart failure.

In patients with heart failure (HF), peak exercise oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) is an important prognostic tool on which critical clinical decisions are made. However, recent retrospective data have suggested that ventilatory equivalent (VE = ventilation [liters per minute]/VO 2 [liters per minute]) may be a stronger predictor of outcomes than VO 2 in patients with HF on modern medical therapies. We prospectively collected baseline demographics, cardiovascular history, hemodynamics, and exercise ventilatory data from 221 consecutive patients with HF who underwent treadmill exercise VO 2 testing. The composite primary end point was death or heart transplantation. Mean follow-up was 508 days, during which 27 events occurred (13 deaths and 14 transplantations). One-year event-free survival was 88% (n = 104 with 1-year follow-up). Mean age was 49 years, 68% were men, 84% were taking β blockers, 82% were taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and 21% had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Mean VO 2 was 16 ± 5 ml/kg/min. Mean VE was 47.4 ± 15.2. Univariate predictors of events included lower VO 2 (p 2 , or their combination confirmed VO 2 as an independent predictor of event-free survival (p ≤0.0002); VE did not independently predict outcomes. Other independent predictors were higher heart rate at rest (p ≤0.02) and presence of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (p ≤0.04). In conclusion, peak VO 2 , but not VE, predicts clinical outcomes of patients with HF who are treated with contemporary medical therapies.
Theory of thermohyperelasticity for near-incompressible elastomers

Elastomers are often used in hot and confining environments in which thermomechanical properties are important. It appears that published constitutive models for elastomers are mostly limited to isothermal conditions. In this study, athermohyperelastic constitutive model for near-incompressible elastomers is formulated in terms of the Helmholtz free energy density ϕ. Shear and volume aspects of the deformation are decoupled. Thermomechanical coupling occurs mostly as thermal expansion. Criteria for thermodynamic stability are derived in compact form. As illustration, a particular expression for ϕ is presented which represents the thermomechanical counterpart of the conventional two-term incompressible Mooney-Rivlin model. It is used to analyze several adiabatic problems in a rubber rod.
Disordered bosons: Condensate and excitations.

The disordered Bose-Hubbard model is studied numerically within the Bogoliubov approximation. First, the spatially varying condensate wave function in the presence of disorder is found by solving a nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. Using the Bogoliubov approximation to find the excitations above this condensate, we calculate the condensate fraction, superfluid density, and density of states for a two-dimensional disordered system. These results are compared with experiments done with $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ adsorbed in porous media.
REACTIONS OF ADULT AND IMMATURE SQUIRREL MONKEYS TO INTERGROUP EXPOSURE

Initial encounters between unfamiliar animals raise the practical problem of controlling aggression and provide the opportunity to examine changes in social structure that may occur as groups merge. Social interactions and spatial grouping patterns were examined in newly formed squirrel monkey groups, in which a subgroup of familiar adults was introduced to a subgroup of familiar immature squirrel monkeys. Yearlings (10–11 months) and subadults (20–50 months) generally remained spatially distinct from adults, and intergroup interactions often consisted of adult-initiated antagonism. Adults exhibited sexual segregation in their spatial grouping patterns and interactions, whereas yearlings and subadults generally showed sexual integration. These data suggest that there is considerable adult resistance to integration of unfamiliar immatures into established adult social groups. Zoo Biol 17:519–524, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Benefits of Multiple Boundary Spanning Roles in Purchasing

SUMMARY Previous research has focused on purchasing managers’ experience with role stressors and the negative effect of stress on job attitudes and performance. The potential benefits of having multiple responsibilities and a diverse role set have been overlooked. This study explored the relationship between purchasing managers’ involvement in multiple boundary spanning roles and their perceptions of positive social outcomes related to work. The relationship of these social benefits to job satisfaction was also evaluated. The relationships were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicated positive relationships between each variable in the model. The implications for recruitment, supervision, and job design are discussed.
TREATMENT OF HÆMOPHILIA (FACTOR-VIII DEFICIENCY) WITH HUMAN ANTIHÆMOPHILIC FACTOR PREPARED BY THE CRYOPRECIPITATE PROCESS

Abstract A plasma fraction rich in antihaemophilic factor (A.H.F.) made by the cryoprecipitate process has been evaluated in the treatment of 11 bleeding episodes in eight haemophilic patients. In-vitro assay of the material as diluted for infusion showed the average bag of cryoprecipitate contained 113 units of A.H.F. but there was a great deal of variability. The activity of cryoprecipitate after infusion into patients was, on average, 81% of the in-vitro activity. 393 precipitates were used for the treatment of the 11 bleeding episodes. This material could be made easily by the hospital blood bank, and no other supplies of A.H.F. concentrate were needed once a stock of precipitates had been built up. After the extraction of A.H.F., the whole blood was used for most routine blood-transfusion purposes. No excessive blood-loss or complications due to haemorrhage were noted in any patient. One patient developed jaundice 2 months after therapy, but otherwise no serious complications arose from the use of the material. In particular, there has been no resistance to therapy or development of a circulating anticoagulant, although the latter complication has been observed elsewhere. A provisional scheme for the treatment of haemophilic patients is given.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of physostigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of physostigmine in subjects with Alzheimer's disease. Methods Plasma physostigmine concentration and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition were measured in blood samples collected during and after a single high-dose (1 to 1.5 mg for 45 to 60 minutes) and a sustained low-dose steady-state intravenous infusion in nine subjects with Alzheimer's disease. Escalating doses (0.5 to 25 mg/day) were administered during a 2-week period. A dose (2 to 12 mg/day) that optimized cognition in each subject was identified and then administered in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design for 1 week. Results The elimination half-life of physostigmine was 16.4 ± 3.2 (SE) minutes. Clearance and volume of distribution were 7.7 ± 0.9 (SE) L/min and 2.4 ± 0.6 (SE) L/kg, respectively. Butyrylcholinesterase inhibition half-life was 83.7 ± 5.2 (SE) minutes. During sustained steady-state infusion, plasma physostigmine concentration (r = 0.95) and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (r = 0.99) were linearly correlated with the dose. In five cognitive responders, the memory enhancement was significantly correlated (r = 0.86; p < 0.05) with butyrylcholinesterase inhibition. Conclusions These results showed that, in cognitive responders, memory enhancement by physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease is correlated directly to the magnitude of plasma cholinesterase inhibition. Furthermore, during single-dose conditions, the dynamic half-life is five-fold longer than the kinetic half-life. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 58, 299–309; doi:
How I treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare clonal blood disorder that manifests with hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure, and thrombosis. Many of the clinical manifestations of the disease result from complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is the only curative therapy for PNH. Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks terminal complement activation, is highly effective in reducing hemolysis, improving quality of life, and reducing the risk for thrombosis in PNH patients. Insights into the relevance of detecting PNH cells in PNH and other bone marrow failure disorders are highlighted, and indications for treating PNH patients with bone marrow transplantation and eculizumab are explored.
Characteristics of tight binding repressors of the lac operon.

Abstract A number of tight binding lac repressor mutants (Itb) have been analyzed. The mutant repressors could be shown to have altered DNA binding properties, which can include an increased affinity for operator DNA, an increased affinity for non-specific DNA, or a decreased affinity for non-specific DNA. Inducer binding of the repressors is normal even though the induction profile of the Itb strains is similar to that of Is mutants. In general, the investigated Itb repressors can be divided into three groups, of which type I shows an increase in affinity for operator as well as for non-specific DNA. A typical example for this type is the well-characterized X86 repressor. Type II repressors show only an increase in affinity for operator DNA. This new type of mutant repressor is of particular interest, since its further analysis might provide information on which amino acid residues of the repressor are directly involved in the specific interaction between repressor and operator. Type III repressors do not show a considerable change in affinity for wild-type operator but might have an increased affinity for Oc operators. Some of these repressors also have a decreased affinity for non-specific DNA.
Theoretical considerations of cross-immunity, recombination and the evolution of new parasitic strains.

We explore the dynamics of multiple strains of a parasite in order to assess the conditions under which a novel strain, perhaps a mutant or migrant, may invade a population that already carries an endemic strain. Multiple strain dynamics can be modeled through coinfection or complete cross-immunity. We examine these three modes to discuss the relationships among cross-immunity, the basic reproductive rates of each strain, and the invasion of the new strain. Superinfection is more restrictive than coinfection in the proportion of parameters that allows invasion. The coinfection model is extended to allow haploid strains to undergo recombination within the host. We investigate the effects of recombination and cross-immunity on the invasion of new strains. Interestingly, although recombination is understood to generate diversity, it is not always advantageous.
Noise power spectra of images from digital mammography detectors.

Noise characterization through estimation of the noise power spectrum (NPS) is a central component of the evaluation of digital x-ray systems. We begin with a brief review of the fundamentals of NPS theory and measurement, derive explicit expressions for calculation of the one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NPS, and discuss some of the considerations and tradeoffs when these concepts are applied to digital systems. Measurements of the NPS of two detectors for digital mammography are presented to illustrate some of the implications of the choices available. For both systems, two-dimensional noise power spectra obtained over a range of input fluence exhibit pronounced asymmetry between the orthogonal frequency dimensions. The 2D spectra of both systems also demonstrate dominant structures both on and off the primary frequency axes indicative of periodic noise components. Although the two systems share many common noise characteristics, there are significant differences, including markedly different dark-noise magnitudes, differences in NPS shape as a function of both spatial frequency and exposure, and differences in the natures of the residual fixed pattern noise following flat fielding corrections. For low x-ray exposures, quantum noise-limited operation may be possible only at low spatial frequency. Depending on the method of obtaining the 1D NPS (i.e., synthetic slit scanning or slice extraction from the 2D NPS), on-axis periodic structures can be misleadingly smoothed or missed entirely. Our measurements indicate that for these systems, 1D spectra useful for the purpose of detective quantum efficiency calculation may be obtained from thin cuts through the central portion of the calculated 2D NPS. On the other hand, low-frequency spectral values do not converge to an asymptotic value with increasing slit length when 1D spectra are generated using the scanned synthetic slit method. Aliasing can contribute significantly to the digital NPS, especially near the Nyquist frequency. Calculation of the theoretical presampling NPS and explicit inclusion of aliased noise power shows good agreement with measured values.
Initiation and flow behavior of the 1980 Pine Creek and Muddy River lahars, Mount St. Helens, Washington

Two large, high-velocity lahars (volcanic debris flows) were triggered by a pyroclastic surge during the first few minutes of the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens. The initial surge cloud evolved progressively by gravity segregation from a gas-mobilized, highly inflated density flow to a dense, water-mobilized, basal debris flow (lahar) and accompanying ash cloud as it flowed down the east flank of the volcano. The main source of the water for the lahars was probably from eroded snow and ice incorporated into the flow by turbulent mixing, but ground water, expelled together with the rock debris by the initiating volcanic explosions, also may have contributed. Peak lahar discharge from the Pine-Muddy fan, upper Smith Creek, and Ape Canyon probably exceeded 250,000 m 3 /s initially but decreased exponentially in the downstream direction. Total volume of the lahars was in excess of 1.4 × 10 7 m 3 . Initial peak-flow velocities in excess of 30 m/s also decreased markedly downstream. Where flow was not impeded, velocity was strongly related to the depth-slope term (R 2/3 S 1/2 ) from the Manning uniform-flow equation as a power-law function. During much of the route traveled, lahar flow appears to have been supercritical. Deposits left in channels were generally thin relative to flow depth (0 to 2.5 m). Particles up to small boulder size were randomly distributed in the poorly sorted, nonstratified matrix, indicating complete suspension in a fully developed debris-flow slurry; however, much larger clasts were transported as “bed-load.” Computed sediment concentrations of matrix slurry samples ranged from 84% to 91% solids by weight and were similar for the two lahars. Two indirect methods for computing peak-flow velocity, previously only tentatively applied to debris flows, were tested for accuracy by comparing computed lahar arrival times with recorded arrival times at Swift Reservoir. The computed velocities appear to be ∼15% slower than the recorded velocities, which is consistent with the restriction that the velocity formulas produce only minimum values.
Classical conditioning model of panic disorder: response to Wolpe and Rowan

We refute Wolpe and Rowan's (1989) classical conditioning theory of panic disorder based upon several lines of evidence presented above. While there is no doubt that hyperventilation and conditioning are important factors in the production of panic attacks, Wolpe and Rowan's (1989) hypothesis is inconsistent with recent data concerning the limited role of hyperventilation and the importance of cognitive mediation in the production of panic attacks.
Targeted follicular delivery of macromolecules via liposomes

Abstract The hair follicle, hair shaft and sebaceous gland collectively form what is recognized as the pilosebaceous unit. This complex, 3-D structure within the skin, possesses a unique biochemistry, metabolism and immunology. Recent studies have focused on the hair follicle as a potential pathway for both localized and systemic drug delivery. Targeted drug delivery may enhance current therapeutic approaches to treating diseases of follicular origin. In a growing number of topical studies, liposomes have been shown to target drug delivery to the pilosebaceous unit. Presented here is a summary of some of our recent work with a particular focus on studies which have demonstrated targeted follicular delivery via liposomes.
Dislocation arrangements in polycrystalline NiAl after room-temperature deformation

Etude effectuee en vue de montrer que les structures de dislocations presentes apres une deformation a temperature ambiante de NiAl polycristallin varient avec la composition. Trois echantillons sont deformes (45,48 et 50 at% Al) a environ 2% a une vitesse de deformation de 1x10 -4 s -1 a temperature ambiante. Etude egalement de NiAl stoechiometrique sous tension a 1x10 -6 s - 1.
Effect of selenium on incisor depigmentation and carbon tetrachloride poisoning in vitamin E-deficient rats.

SummaryMale weanling rats were fed a vit E- and selenium-deficient basal diet containing 10% soybean protein. In one experiment the diet was supplemented with 1% cod liver oil and in another it was not. On these diets the rats exhibited a significantly reduced growth rate, increased tooth decoloration, and increased sensitivity to CCl4 poisoning, as compared with rats given alpha-tocopherol, selenium, or both. When cod liver oil (1%) was present in the deficient diet, a 43% incidence of deaths due to lung hemorrhage and/or liver necrosis resulted, as well as a reduction in growth rate and greater degree of incisor depigmentation. Sensitivity to CCl4 poisoning, however, was not as marked. Vit E or selenium protected against the lung and liver syndrome, but selenium now provided only slight protection against tooth depigmentation.
Optimal Regularization Methods for Inverse Heat Transfer Problems

The Tikhonov regularization method has been used to find the unknown heat flux distribution along the boundary when the temperature measurements are known in the interior of a sample. Mathematically, the inverse problem is ill-posed, though physically correct, and prone to instability. This paper discusses the fundamental issues concerning the selection of optimal regularization parameters for inverse heat transfer calculations. Towards this end, a finite-element-based inverse algorithm is developed. Five different methods, that is, the maximum likelihood (ML), the ordinary cross-validation (OCV), the generalized cross-validation (GCV), the L-curve method, and the discrepancy principle, are evaluated for the purpose of determining optimal regularization parameters. An assessment of these methods is made using 1-D and 2-D inverse steady heat conduction problems where analytical solutions are available. The optimal regularization method is also compared with the Levenberg-Marquardt method for inverse heat transfer calculations. Results show that in general the Tikhonov regularization method is superior over the Levenberg-Marquardt method when the input data errors are noisy. With the appropriately determined regularization parameter, the inverse algorithm is applied to estimate the heat flux of spray cooling of a 3-D microelectronic component with an embedded heating source.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The angle between two cones

Abstract The solution to a geometric problem arising in the theory of ordinary differential equations is given. The angle between two cones defined relative to a decomposition H=U⊗V, where H is a Hilbert space, is determined in terms of the angle between the subspaces and the cone constants.
The initiation and growth of en échelon veins

Abstract Numerical models are used to understand the evolution of mode I (opening) fractures from spatially random distributions in a brittle elastic material. En echelon arrays commonly develop because mechanical fracture interaction promotes growth for this geometry. This provides a new mechanism for en echelon vein formation in rock which is distinctly different than previously proposed mechanisms. It is suggested that some macroscopic en echelon vein arrays may have served as zones of weakness that localized later shear zone development in a manner analogous to that observed by experimentalists examining micro-cracking and subsequent shear rupture of rocks loaded under compression. Sigmoidally shaped veins and vein fillings are explicitly modeled showing that they can form in response to the mechanical interaction of neighboring fractures which redirects the propagation path. Numerical comparison of sigmoidal veins formed by brittle fracture and by ductile shear zones demonstrates some of the pitfalls of failing to correctly identify the mechanism of formation.
Fixed-Point Approaches to Computing Bertrand-Nash Equilibrium Prices Under Mixed-Logit Demand

This article describes numerical methods that exploit fixed-point equations equivalent to the first-order condition for Bertrand-Nash equilibrium prices in a class of differentiated product market models based on the mixed-logit model of demand. One fixed-point equation is already prevalent in the literature, and one is novel. Equilibrium prices are computed for the calendar year 2005 new-vehicle market under two mixed-logit models using (i) a state-of-the-art variant of Newton's method applied to the first-order conditions as well as the two fixed-point equations and (ii) a fixed-point iteration generated by our novel fixed-point equation. A comparison of the performance of these methods for a simple model with multiple equilibria is also provided. The analysis and trials illustrate the importance of using fixed-point forms of the first-order conditions for efficient and reliable computations of equilibrium prices.
Zooplankton fisheries of the world: A review

About 20 species of zooplankters (copepods, mysids, euphausiids, sergestids, and Scyphomedusae) are commercially fished and utilised as food or feed today. The annual world catch of crustacean zooplankton is probably a little less than 210,000 tons and accounts for 11% of the total crustacean catch in the world. The present status of plankton harvesting in various parts of the world is described. Problems in development of plankton fisheries are discussed.
Interstitial inorganic phosphorus concentrations in lakes mendota and wingra

Abstract Interstitial P levels in Lake Mendota and Lake Wingra were evaluated as a function of season and water column and sediment depth. Interstitial water was obtained by the centrifugation-filtration method. Temporal variations were observed over the entire 15 cm sediment depth interval examined in all four locations evaluated. Interstitial reactive P (IRP) levels in Lake Mendota ranged from 0.014–1.67 mg l−1 at the 5–6 m water column depth and from 1.20–5.75 mg l−1 at the 18–19.5 m depth. IRP levels in Lake Wingra ranged from 0.029–2.15 mg l−1 at 3.5 m and from 0.191–3.96 mg l−1 at 2 m. Variations in interstitial P were attributed to variations in oxidation state of Fe as influenced by oxygen transport and reduction rates.
Walking Activity, Body Composition and Blood Pressure in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

Background Individuals with intellectual disabilities engage in limited physical activity which places their health at risk. This study examined the walking activity, body composition and blood pressure of adults with intellectual disabilities. Methods A group of male and female adults (n = 103) wore a pedometer for 7 days and were categorized into walking levels based on step counts. Measures of health variables were also taken. Results Mean blood pressure was 126/82 mmHg and 125/79 mmHg for males and females, respectively. Approximately 80% of the sample was overweight or obese. Most participants accumulated 5000–7999 steps/day while the fewest accumulated >10 000 steps/day. Individuals who walked more did not have significantly lower blood pressure or healthier body composition. Conclusion The intensity of walking may have been inadequate for individuals in the higher walking levels to achieve health benefits. Furthermore, intake of high-fat food may have contributed to blood pressure and body composition and countered the benefits of walking.