cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Five Examples Illustrating the Study of Form and Function

Observations of form, in humans and other animals, began in prehistoric times and must have been associated, often or always, with speculations about living activ? ities and perhaps about life itself. Such associations seem to east light on the careful representation of the body and limbs, and especially of the heart, in the cave paintings of Paleolithic times. Knowledge of anatomy and primitive ideas about illness and healing?the lore of function applied?were definitely formulated in ancient times and codified by Greek and other early scholars including Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Galen. And it is true today, as well, that even the most uninformed person has sometimes made obser? vations on, and felt concern about the structure and function of his or her body. Form and function, then, are areas of deep and intrinsic interest to people. The powerful methods of science have extended our
Endoscopic Management of the Difficult Benign Esophageal Stricture

The incidence of benign esophageal strictures is decreasing, likely due to the widespread use of proton pump inhibitors. Although most strictures respond well to dilation, a minority of them, mostly those of nonpeptic origin, may be difficult to manage. Challenges include the need for repeat dilations, not being able to reach a minimum diameter, and inability to provide significant symptomatic relief. The mainstay of management of benign esophageal strictures is esophageal dilation. Several techniques for dilation exist. The use of a specific dilation technique is dictated by the character of the stricture. Adjuncts to the management of difficult benign esophageal strictures include steroid injection, use of cautery, and more recently, the use of removable stents. As a result of these improvements on endoscopic techniques, the indications for surgical intervention in difficult esophageal strictures are changing and likely will decrease in the future.
Locating basic colors in the OSA space

The color specimens developed by the OSA Committee on Uniform Color Scales are intended to provide a uniform sampling of the three-dimensional domain of realizable surface colors. The research of this article confirms the distinction between basic and nonbasic color terms and defines the locations of the eleven basic surface colors within the OSA space through systematic, monolexemic color naming of 424 samples of the OSA set seen against a gray background. It is concluded that the coordinate system of the OSA color space is well suited to the specification of color order: The locations of the basic colors are reasonably arranged and can be conveniently and precisely visualized.
Aggressive behavior in the rat.

Analysis of attack and defense patterns among dominant colony rats and introduced strangers indicates that laboratory rats show a range of attack and defensive behavior equivalent to that of wild rats. This analysis also suggests that specific attack and defensive reactions have evolved as tactics enabling the attacking animal to bite, or the defending animal to protect, vulnerable back and head sites of the defender. Examination of specific behaviors obtained in “aggression,” “fighting,” or “dominance” tasks suggests that no commonly employed psychological test provides an adequate measure of intraspecific attack behavior.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RAT PANCREATIC SOMATOSTATIN

A peptide representing the major form of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was isolated from 600 rat pancreata by using anti-somatostatin affinity chromatography, gel permeation chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolated peptide elutes with the same retention time as synthetic somatostatin-14 in isocratic HPLC and its amino acid composition is in agreement with that of the tetradecapeptide. We propose that the structure of the major rat pancreatic somatostatin is identical to that of somatostatin-14 characterized in other species.
A study of prostaglandin F2α as the luteolysin in swine: I. Effect of prostaglandin F2α in hysterectomized gilts

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine if prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is luteolytic in swine. In Experiment 1, four bilaterally hysterectomized gilts were injected with PGF2α at 0800 (10mg) and 2000 hours (10mg) and four gilts received .9% saline at the same times on day 17 after onset of estrus. Treatments were reversed in the two groups of gilts 21 days later. All eight PGF2α treated gilts exhibited estrus an average of 88.0 ± 13.5 hours after treatment and average duration of estrus was 66.0 ± 16.4 hours. Saline treated controls did not exhibit estrus. Two additional gilts were hysterectomized bilaterally and the saphenous artery catheterized on day 7 after onset of estrus. PGF2α injected on day 17 resulted in a precipitous decline in plasma progestin concentration and onset of estrus by 110 and 90 hours in gilts 1 and 2, respectively. Another bilaterally hysterectomized gilt, with CL marked with India ink, received PGF2α on day 17. Estrus occurred 92 hours later and, on day 4, regression of marked CL to corpora albicantia and presence of newly formed CL was confirmed at laparotomy. In Experiment 2, 12 bilaterally hysterectomized gilts were treated with PGF2α at 0800 (10mg) and 2000 hours (10mg) on either day 8, 11, 14 or 17 after onset of estrus. None of the gilts treated on days 8 and 11 exhibited estrus. Two of three gilts treated on day 14 and all three gilts treated on day 17 exhibited estrus at an average of 116.0 ± 9.8 hours post-treatment. Average duration of estrus was 49.6 ± 8.8 hours.
Olfactory bulb ablation and hormonally induced mating in spayed female mice.

Abstract Bilateral removal of the olfactory bulbs severely attenuated the estrogen-progesterone induced display of sexual receptivity in spayed female mice of the Swiss-Webster and C57B1/6 strains. This attenuation was observed in both preoperatively sexually inexperienced females and in preoperatively sexually experienced females. Apparently, the olfactory system is importantly involved in the mediation of the hormonally induced display of feminine sexual behavior in mice.
Systems with weighted components

Abstract The literature on “weighted k -out-of-n” systems is briefly reviewed. The concept may result in systems with quite a broad array of possible structures and thus seems more aptly described by the phrase “systems with weighted components (SWCs)”. It is observed that a system with weighted components of order n is equivalent to a coherent system of order no greater than n. We describe how to obtain the equivalent coherent system. While not every coherent system is equivalent to an SWC, necessary and sufficient conditions on the parameters of an SWC are identified for the two systems to be equivalent. We then examine how the component weights influence the lifetime of the SWC and the reliability importance and structural importance of its components. Consecutive linear SWCs are also studied. We conclude with a general summary and discussion and some commentary on the calculation of the reliability of an SWC.
Endothelial function and the regulation of muscle protein anabolism in older adults

Sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with aging, is a major contributor to frailty and morbidity in older adults. Recent evidence has emerged suggesting that endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism may significantly contribute to the development of sarcopenia. In this article we review: 1) recent studies and theories on the regulation of skeletal muscle protein balance in older adults; 2) the link between insulin resistance of muscle protein synthesis and endothelial dysfunction in aging; 3) mechanisms for impaired endothelial responsiveness in aging; and 4) potential treatments that may restore the endothelial responsiveness and muscle protein anabolic sensitivity in older adults.
Behavioral evolution in the major worker subcaste of twig-nesting Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): does morphological specialization influence task plasticity?

Polymorphism frequently correlates with specialized labor in social insects, but extreme morphologies may compromise behavioral flexibility and thus limit caste evolution. The ant genus Pheidole has dimorphic worker subcastes in which major workers appear limited due to their morphology to performing defensive or trophic functions, thus providing an ideal model to investigate specialization and plasticity. We examined worker morphology, brood-care flexibility, and subcaste ratio in 17 species of tropical twig-nesting Pheidole by quantifying nursing by major workers in natural colonies and in subcolonies lacking minors, in which we also measured brood survival and growth. Across species, majors performed significantly less brood care than minors in intact colonies, but increased rates of brood care 20-fold in subcolonies lacking minors. Brood nursed by majors had lower survival than brood tended by minors, although rates of brood growth did not vary between subcastes. Significant interspecific variation in rates of brood care by major workers did not lead to significant differences in brood growth or survival. Additionally, we did not find a significant association between the degree of major worker morphometric specialization and rates of nursing, growth, or survival of brood among species. Therefore, major workers showed reduced efficacy of brood care, but the degree of morphological specialization among species did not directly compromise task plasticity. The compact nests and all-or-nothing consequences of predation or disturbance on colony fitness may have influenced the evolution of major worker brood-care competency in twig-nesting Pheidole.
Genes essential for cell viability that are linked to tumor suppressor genes play a role in cancer susceptibility.

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is one of the most important genetic mechanisms in tumorigenesis and leads to the inactivation of “so called” tumor suppressor genes that regulate growth and differenti...
Cardiovascular Cine Film Quality

AbstractThe detection of a cardiovascular stenosis involves the complex interaction of technique selection, system performanceand anatomy. Technique selection for instance involves choosing the correct focal spot, pulse width, KVp, and frame rate for a given patient and projection angle. In order to provide guidance in this selection process, these variables wereinvestigated in terms of their impact on image quality. Conclusions which were confirmed clinically are summarized interms of recommended techniques for a range of patient sizes. The confirmation includes clinical films which demonstratesthe effects of parameter changes.IntroductionA typical contrast agent used for cine angiography contains .370 milligrams of iodine per milliliter. For a vessel filledwith this media, the film contrast or density difference between the vessel and the background depends on vessel size, KVpand system performance. Considering first a perfect system, (only subject contrast) this contrast will be influenced by KVpand patient size as shown in Table 1.Note that contrast is a decreasing function of KVp, the ideal system will then maintain a minimum KVp consistent withthe focal spot and pulse width selection.
Imagining heaven and earth at Mount of the Holy Cross, Colorado

Rumors of a giant cross hidden deep in the Colorado Rocky Mountains finally proved true in 1873 with William Henry Jackson's photograph of Mount of the Holy Cross. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Thomas Moran further immortalized the cross, with many Americans imagining the peak as a Christian symbol of the righteous conquest of the West. Multiple geographical imaginations have since been quilted into the cultural fabric of the peak, such as a pilgrimage shrine, national monument, topographic oddity, Fourteener and water wilderness. The place identity, spiritual geography and iconography of these geographical imaginations are examined through participant observation and archival sources including folklore, poetry, newspaper articles, government surveys and postcards. Some geographical imaginations prove to be unexpectedly temporary, such as the national monument designation, and others surprisingly enduring, such as pilgrimage.
The Lure of the Unknown

Using event-related fMRI, Bunzeck and Duzel show that midbrain regions putatively housing dopamine cell bodies activate more for novel pictures than for negative pictures, pictures requiring a motor response, or repeated pictures. These findings indicate that midbrain regions preferentially respond to novelty and suggest that novelty can serve as its own reward.
Reply to Cognitive Therapy and Schizophrenia

These interesting articles on cognitive deficits and rehabilitation in schizophrenic patients stimulate many questions, two of which are discussed in this reply. First, it seems likely that skepticism regarding the utilization and efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation strategies is born of despair that these treatments will ever be funded and delivered. This unfortunate state of affairs can only be corrected by effective social and political lobbying for adequate funding for mental health care. Second, the traditional tension between allocation and stage models of attention/information-processing deficits in schizophrenic patients may now be resolved by emerging theories that creatively integrate elements of stage and allocation theories. As we test these integrated theories, old "distinctions" seem to disappear and a clearer picture of information-processing dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients is emerging.
(+)-trans-Pinononic acid: hydrogen-bonding patterns in a non-racemic δ-keto acid

The title keto acid, (+)-trans-3-acetyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutanecarboxylic acid, C 9 H 14 O 3 , derived from (-)-verbenone, aggregates in the solid as helical acid-to-ketone hydrogen-bonding chains extending in the b-cell direction [O...O = 2.711 (3) A]. Each of the carboxyl-O atoms has a close C-H contact to a separate neighboring molecule. Comparisons are drawn with the corresponding (-)-cis-epimer, as well as with the homologous (+)- and (±)-cis-pinonic acids.
An anisotype GaAs/In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As heterojunction field-effect transistor for digital logic applications

An anisotype heterojunction field-effect transistor (A-HJFET) for GaAs digital integrated circuit applications is proposed. A thin, highly doped, strained In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As (x >
Searching for a Partner

Sperm and eggs contain only half the usual number of chromosomes, so that after these two germ cells fuse at conception the new organism starts life with the correct genetic double dose. In this issue, [ McKim et al .][1] report that in fruit flies the order of events during the generation of these haploid germ cells (meiosis) is quite different from what had been expected based on studies of meiosis in the yeast Saccharomyces . In his research commentary, Haber explains what we know about meiotic recombination and how to view the varying accounts of its mechanisms as revealed by studies of yeasts and flies. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5352/876
The ultrastructure of the pecten oculi in the chick.

The ultrastructure of the bridge of the pecten oculi was studied in the newlyhatched chick. Whereas most of the bridge resembled the pleats in being composed of small blood vessels and intervening pigment cells, the distal portion of the bridge consisted of polarized pigment cells only. The processes of the pigment cells extended into the vitreous body and were covered by a discontinuous dense lamina, believed to be continuous with that of the internal limiting membrane of the retina. It did not form a complete separation between the bridge and the vitreous body. Intercellular spaces were not conspicuous, although the considerable structural variations dependent on the techniques employed need to be stressed.
Adsorption and desorption of CO and H2 on Rh(111): Laser-induced desorption☆

Abstract Isosteric heats of adsorption Δ H ad of CO and sticking coefficients S for CO and H 2 on Rh(111) are determined by laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) in which a pulsed laser beam is focused onto the surface, and rapid local heating yields a desorption signal that is proportional to the adsorbate coverage θ . Δ H ad for CO falls from 32.0±2 kcal/mol at low coverage to 14 kcal/mol at saturation, and the desorption pre-exponential factor v d decreases from 10 14±0.5 to 10 10 s -1 . Δ H ad , v d , and S of CO all decline sharply above θ = 0.2, corresponding to the occupation of a second binding state. Sticking coefficients for CO and hydrogen indicate precursor intermediates in adsorption.
Using Historical Nonfiction and Literature Circles to Develop Elementary Teachers’ Nature of Science Understandings

Explicit instruction of the nature of science (NOS) may be problematic if the NOS is portrayed as either a solely a cognitive or discursive endeavor, overlooking other aspects of epistemology, such as aesthetic ways of knowing. Here the aesthetic stance refers to individual’s responses during reading as they create links between the text and their own lives, prompting personal and emotional connections. From an aesthetic orientation, exploring historical nonfiction science texts via literature circles allows alternative possibilities for participants to create personal connections to the NOS. This article presents practical techniques and theoretical rationales for teaching the NOS using literature circles and concluding thoughts regarding narrative pedagogy and research possibilities associated with this instructional approach in elementary science teacher education.
Association between peanut allergy and asthma morbidity.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between peanut allergy and asthma morbidity in school-age children. Study design The study involved a medical chart review to assess the association of peanut allergy with asthma morbidity in children beyond age 3 years. Peanut allergy was assessed by specific and validated criteria. A Poisson regression model was used to compare the frequency of systemic steroid use and of hospitalization for asthma beyond age 3 years in children with asthma with and without peanut allergy. Results Children with peanut allergy had a 2.32-times greater rate of hospitalization (P = .03) and a 1.59-times greater rate of systemic steroid use (P Conclusions Peanut allergy serves as an early marker for asthma morbidity. Early prevention and intervention can improve quality of care.
An Analysis of Gastric Pouch Anatomy in Bariatric Surgery

The goal of most bariatric surgeons has been to construct small volume pouches in the proximal stomach to restrict the intake of food. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that in addition to pouch volume, specific gastric pouch anatomy plays a significant role in weight loss. The physical properties and dynamics of the pouch in our form of gastric bypass were compared with those in the most commonly performed bariatric procedures by creating a model. Our weight loss data were reviewed and compared with data reported in the literature. According to LaPlace’s and Poiseulle’s Laws, a long narrow cylinder will have less wall tension and slower flow rate of material than a wider cylinder. Bariatric procedures with narrow pouches appear to produce better weight loss. Long narrow pouches should have less tendency to enlarge and should delay the transit of material to a greater degree than wider pouches according to the LaPlace’s and Poiseuille’s Laws. Our data and the data of others strongly suggest that long narrow pouches are the most effective operations in bariatric surgery.
Effect of ring strain on the thiolate-disulfide exchange. A computational study.

B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ and MP2/6-31+G* calculations of the reactions of HS- with small cyclic disulfides (dithiirane, 1,2-dithietane, 1,2-dithiolane, and 1,2-dithiane) were performed to determine the reaction mechanism. For the five- and six-membered rings, the reaction proceeds via the addition−elimination pathway, consistent with acyclic analogues. The smaller, more strained three- and four-membered rings react by the SN2 mechanism. Addition of the nucleophile cannot be accommodated by the small rings without concomitant ring cleavage.
Using Machine Learning Techniques to Reduce Data Annotation Time

Manually annotating large databases in any domain is costly and time-consuming. We present a semi-automatic annotation tool for this purpose that uses Random Forests as bootstrapped classifiers. We...
Sensitivity to Flg22 Is Modulated by Ligand-Induced Degradation and de Novo Synthesis of the Endogenous Flagellin-Receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING2

FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) is the plant cell surface receptor that perceives bacterial flagellin or flg22 peptide, initiates flg22-signaling responses, and contributes to bacterial growth restriction. Flg22 elicitation also leads to ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of FLS2 within 1 h. Why plant cells remove this receptor precisely at the time during which its function is required remains mainly unknown. Here, we assessed in planta flg22-signaling competency in the context of ligand-induced degradation of endogenous FLS2 and chemical interference known to impede flg22-dependent internalization of FLS2 into endocytic vesicles. Within 1 h after an initial flg22 treatment, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf tissue was unable to reelicit flg22 signaling in a ligand-, time-, and dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that flg22-induced degradation of endogenous FLS2 may serve to desensitize cells to the same stimulus (homologous desensitization), likely to prevent continuous signal output upon repetitive flg22 stimulation. In addition to impeding ligand-induced FLS2 degradation, pretreatment with the vesicular trafficking inhibitors Wortmannin or Tyrphostin A23 impaired flg22-elicited reactive oxygen species production that was partially independent of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1. Interestingly, these inhibitors did not affect flg22-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, indicating the ability to utilize vesicular trafficking inhibitors to target different flg22-signaling responses. For Tyrphostin A23, reduced flg22-induced reactive oxygen species could be separated from the defect in FLS2 degradation. At later times (>2 h) after the initial flg22 elicitation, recovery of FLS2 protein levels positively correlated with resensitization to flg22, indicating that flg22-induced new synthesis of FLS2 may prepare cells for a new round of monitoring the environment for flg22.
Therapeutic Ultrasound-Enhanced Thrombolysis in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction:

Thrombolytic therapy is widely used to treat the patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STE-MI). Due to logistic and economic reasons, only 10% of patients with acute myocardial infarction can be treated with the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Optimal flow (TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) 3 flow) is achieved in only about 60% of cases by enzymatic thrombolysis. Therapeutic ultrasound (US) exerts an effect on thrombolysis by micromechanical processes or indirectly by supporting enzymatic thrombolysis. This review examines relevant experimental and clinical published data. Technical issues in therapeutic US-enhanced thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction and advancements of the techniques during recent 10 years are discussed.
Experimental Reproduction of Severe Disease in CD/CD Pigs Concurrently Infected with Type 2 Porcine Circovirus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus:

Three-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived (CD/CD) pigs were inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2, n 19), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV, n 13), concurrent PCV2 and PRRSV (PCV2/PRRSV, n 17), or a sham inoculum (n 12) to compare the indepen- dent and combined effects of these agents. Necropsies were performed at 7, 10, 14, 21, 35, and 49 days postinoculation (dpi) or when pigs became moribund. By 10 dpi, PCV2/PRRSV-inoculated pigs had severe dyspnea, lethargy, and occasional icterus; after 10 dpi, mortality in this group was 10/11 (91%), and all PCV2/ PRRSV-inoculated pigs were dead by 20 dpi. PCV2-inoculated pigs developed lethargy and sporadic icterus, and 8/19 (42%) developed exudative epidermitis; mortality was 5/19 (26%). PRRSV-inoculated pigs developed dyspnea and mild lethargy that resolved by 28 dpi. Microscopic lesions consistent with postweaning multisys- temic wasting syndrome (PMWS) were present in both PCV2- and PCV2/PRRSV-inoculated pigs and included lymphoid depletion, necrotizing hepatitis, mild necrotizing bronchiolitis, and infiltrates of macrophages that occasionally contained basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lymphoid and other tissues. PCV2/ PRRSV-inoculated pigs also had severe proliferative interstitial pneumonia and more consistent hepatic lesions. The most severe lesions contained the greatest number of PCV2 antigen-containing cells. PRRSV-inoculated pigs had moderate proliferative interstitial pneumonia but did not develop bronchiolar or hepatic lesions or lymphoid depletion. All groups remained seronegative to porcine parvovirus. The results indicate that 1) PCV2 coinfection increases the severity of PRRSV-induced interstitial pneumonia in CD/CD pigs and 2) PCV2 but not PRRSV induces the lymphoid depletion, granulomatous inflammation, and necrotizing hepatitis character- istic of PMWS.
Rounds reports: Early experiences of using printed summaries of electronic medical records in a large teaching medical hospital.

This article describes the rationale, processes, technology, and results of creating of a paper-based rounds report that is now used by our entire institution for efficient inpatient work rounds an...
An Army of Educators: Gender, Revolution and the Cuban Literacy Campaign of 1961

The conventional scholarly narrative of gender in post-revolutionary Cuba is that the revolutionary government prevented the emergence of an expressly feminist movement by addressing women's basic needs and simultaneously eliminating autonomous space for female organising. Recent scholarship has increasingly considered women's participation in revolutions in order to understand women's roles in post-revolutionary societies. Looking beyond armed insurrection for instances of female participation in revolution, this article considers women's roles in the Cuban Literacy Campaign. An analysis of the testimonies of female former volunteer teachers and of the official rhetoric and content of the campaign suggests that the broader narrative of cooption, while certainly accurate overall, threatens to obscure instances in which women did challenge traditional gender norms in meaningful ways. This paper argues that the Cuban Literacy Campaign and the participation of women in that campaign significantly impacted Cuban patriarchal culture at a crucial moment of consolidation for the revolutionary regime. In other words, though the male-led revolution did not give women the space to organise against patriarchy, by actively participating in the revolution, women did help change the nature of Cuban patriarchy.
What makes fisheries data informative

Informative data in fisheries stock assessment are those that lead to accurate estimates of abundance and reference points. In practice, the accuracy of estimated abundance is unknown and it is often unclear which features of the data make them informative or uninformative. Neither is it obvious which model assumptions will improve estimation performance, given a particular data set. In this simulation study, 10 hypotheses are addressed using multiple scenarios, estimation models, and reference points. The simulated data scenarios all share the same biological and fleet characteristics, but vary in terms of the fishing history. The estimation models are based on a common statistical catch-at-age framework, but estimate different parameters and have different parts of the data available to them. Among the findings is that a ‘one-way trip’ scenario, where harvest rate gradually increases while abundance decreases, proved no less informative than a contrasted catch history. Models that excluded either abundance index or catch at age performed surprisingly well, compared to models that included both data types. Natural mortality rate, M, was estimated with some reliability when age-composition data were available from before major catches were removed. Stock-recruitment steepness, h, was estimated with some reliability when abundance-index or age-composition data were available from years of very low abundance. Understanding what makes fisheries data informative or uninformative enables scientists to identify fisheries for which stock assessment models are likely to be biased or imprecise. Managers can also benefit from guidelines on how to distribute funding and manpower among different data collection programmes to gather the most information.
Sexual Dimorphism in Human Lipid Metabolism

The existing work demonstrates that striking differences exist between men and women in lipid kinetics. These differences cannot be explained simply by the presence and action of sex hormones and are not always due to secondary, phenotypic traits that characterize men and women (e.g., body-composition, regional fat distribution). In fact, some of these secondary traits may even be the result of sexual dimorphism in metabolism, and being of female or male genotype also determines intermediary metabolism. This review provides an overview of the currently available information regarding sexual dimorphism in human lipid metabolism but does not provide an in-depth account of current knowledge (due to limited space); it will be a broad introduction to those interested in the field and will, hopefully, stimulate further efforts to unravel the secrets of male and female metabolism. What has been discovered so far regarding differences in lipid metabolism between men and women is likely only the tip of the iceberg; clearly, more work is necessary to fully understand human substrate metabolism and the implications the presence of sexual dimorphism in the control of substrate kinetics has on the prevention and treatment of disease.
A Social Deafferentation Hypothesis for Induction of Active Schizophrenia

The “social brain” of humans reflects widespread neural resources dedicated to understanding the conversational language, emotionality, states of mind, and intentions of other persons. A social deafferentation (SDA) hypothesis for induction of active schizophrenia is proposed. Analogous to hallucinations produced by sensory deafferentation, such as phantom limb, the SDA hypothesis assumes that high levels of social withdrawal/isolation in vulnerable individuals prompt social cognition programs to produce spurious social meaning in the form of complex, emotionally compelling hallucinations and delusions representing other persons or agents. Arguments against the SDA hypothesis are discussed, and predictions deriving from the hypothesis are offered.
Realizing the full potential of virtual reality: human factors issues that could stand in the way

Reviews several significant human factors issues that could stand in the way of virtual reality realizing its full potential. These issues involve maximizing human performance efficiency in virtual environments, minimizing health and safety issues, and circumventing potential social issues through proactive assessment.
New features of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III lipid-lowering guidelines

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy to reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk contain a number of features that distinguish them from the previous ATP guidelines. These new features include modifications in lipid/lipoprotein levels considered optimal, abnormal, or reflective of risk; increased focus on primary prevention through use of Framingham risk scoring to define risk in persons with multiple lipid/nonlipid risk factors; and increased focus on the association of the metabolic syndrome with CHD risk. The introduction of the category of CHD risk equivalents-including persons with atherosclerotic disease, diabetes, or 10-year CHD risk > 20% based on Framingham scoring-results in an increase over previous guidelines in the proportion of patients categorized as being at high risk and therefore eligible for more intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering therapy. Use of the new secondary therapeutic target of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol should improve management of lipid risk factors in patients who have elevated triglyceride levels after LDL-C goals have been met. These new features of the NCEP ATP III guidelines should improve identification and treatment of patients with dyslipidemias associated with CHD risk.
Politics, Neutrality, and the Good

A large number of prominent philosophers have in recent years advocated the thesis that the modern nation-state should adopt a stance of neutrality toward questions about the nature of the human good. The government, according to this way of thinking, has two proper goals, neither of which require it to make assumptions about what the constituents of a flourishing life are. First, the state must protect people against the invasion of their rights and uphold those principles of justice without which there can be no stable and lasting social order. This goal is accomplished through a guarantee of basic civil liberties and the enforcement of a criminal code that prohibits murder, theft, fraud, and other widely recognized harms. Second, the state should promote the general welfare of the citizens by providing them with or helping them acquire the resources they need in order to lead lives of their own choosing. There are certain all-purpose means that people need in order to accomplish their goals—money, health, opportunities for employment—and it is legitimate for the state to pursue policies that enable citizens to acquire these goods. It may build roads, raise an army, regulate the economy, insure standards of safety, and supervise any other projects that give people the basic wherewithal they need to pursue their own ends.
Tissue micromotion induced stress around brain implants

The long-term consequences of tissue micromotion against stationary brain implants are poorly understood. Our aim here is to measure surface micromotion in the rodent somatosensory cortex and estimate mechanical stresses induced in the brain tissue due to micromotion against stationary implants. A differential variable reluctance transducer (DVRT) was used in adult rats to monitor micromotion normal to the somatosensory cortex surface. Using finite element models of the brain, we then estimated shear and normal stresses in the brain tissue in the vicinity of the brain implants. Surface micromotion was observed to be few tens of microns due to pressure changes during respiration and 2-4/spl mu/m due to vascular pulsatility. Maximum shear stress values of up to 2.5-3.5 KPa were estimated near the tip of a 50/spl mu/m diameter implant. Tissue micromotion on the surface of the somatosensory cortex can lead to significant shear and normal stress build-up in the brain tissue in the vicinity of cylindrical brain implants. The impact of the mechanical stress on brain tissue viability and function under chronic in-vivo conditions needs to be assessed in future studies.
Comparing the results of laboratory and World-Wide Web samples on the determinants of female attractiveness

The Internet provides a new method to obtain subjects. Arguments supporting the use of the Internet as an experimental medium include the ease of data collection, limited resources needed, and ability to gain a sample more representative of the population. However, it has not been demonstrated that the Internet provides the conditions necessary to yield valid data. This paper compares results from experiments conducted over the Internet and in a laboratory. Correlating the means from the Internet samples to the laboratory samples on important interactions yielded values near 1.0, indicating that the two data sets are driven by the same psychological variables. Further evidence of the validity of these Web studies comes from regression analyses. However, more studies of this sort are needed to further identify what types of experiments may be validly conducted over the Internet.
Where is the required lattice match in horizontal growth of nanowires

The horizontal growth of nanowires (NWs) using the surface-directed vapor–liquid–solid (SVLS) process has been demonstrated for a number of semiconductors and shows the unique ability of eliminating post-growth alignment steps. However, the epitaxial relationship between horizontal NWs and their underlying surface has not been well understood, as it becomes more convoluted in systems with closely matched lattice and crystal symmetry. We have unraveled one of the main mechanisms driving the lateral growth by investigating a highly-mismatched system comprising TiO2 anatase, a 4-fold symmetry crystal, grown on substrates with lower and higher symmetries including sapphire and GaN. Counter-intuitively, our results reveal that the lattice match with substrate exists along the width of the NWs. We demonstrate the first set of examples that rule out the requirement for having a lattice match along the NW growth axis, which is observed in the non-VLS growth of epitaxial quantum wires. Unlike wurtzite or zinc-blende crystals that have a preferred lattice orientation regardless of the substrate crystal structure, we observe new evidence on strict control of the substrate on shape, faceting and orientation of nanocrystals that could offer a selective route for tailoring TiO2 NW properties and functions at the ensemble level.
Time-restricted feeding and the realignment of biological rhythms: translational opportunities and challenges

It has been argued that circadian dysregulation is not only a critical inducer and promoter of adverse health effects, exacerbating symptom burden, but also hampers recovery. Therefore understanding the health-promoting roles of regulating (i.e., restoring) circadian rhythms, thus suppressing harmful effects of circadian dysregulation, would likely improve treatment. At a critical care setting it has been argued that studies are warranted to determine whether there is any use in restoring circadian rhythms in critically ill patients, what therapeutic goals should be targeted, and how these could be achieved. Particularly interesting are interventional approaches aiming at optimizing the time of feeding in relation to individualized day–night cycles for patients receiving enteral nutrition, in an attempt to re-establish circadian patterns of molecular expression. In this short review we wish to explore the idea of transiently imposing (appropriate, but yet to be determined) circadian rhythmicity via regulation of food intake as a means of exploring rhythm-setting properties of metabolic cues in the context of improving immune response. We highlight some of the key elements associated with his complex question particularly as they relate to: a) stress and rhythmic variability; and b) metabolic entrainment of peripheral tissues as a possible intervention strategy through time-restricted feeding. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for translating these ideas to the bedside.
Cognitive and Neural Contributions to Understanding the Conceptual System

The conceptual system contains categorical knowledge about experience that supports the spectrum of cognitive processes. Cognitive science theories assume that categorical knowledge resides in a modular and amodal semantic memory, whereas neuroscience theories assume that categorical knowledge is grounded in the brain's modal systems for perception, action, and affect. Neuroscience has influenced theories of the conceptual system by stressing principles of neural processing in neural networks and by motivating grounded theories of cognition, which propose that simulations of experience represent knowledge. Cognitive science has influenced theories of the conceptual system by documenting conceptual phenomena and symbolic operations that must be grounded in the brain. Significant progress in understanding the conceptual system is most likely to occur if cognitive and neural approaches achieve successful integration.
The effect of diets on the utilization of the food by the African giant snail,Achatina fulica bowdich

Eine spezielle Diat (Starke oder Fleisch) induziert keine Adaptation inAchatina fulica in dem Sinn, dass mehr Kohlehydrate, bzw. Proteine resorbiert werden als mit normalem Futter.
Spectrum assignment in infrastructure based cognitive radio networks

Spectrum assignment is an important research problem in cognitive radio networks. Different from the conventional spectrum assignment algorithms which are mainly designed for ad hoc networks, in this paper, a new spectrum assignment algorithm for infrastructure based cognitive radio networks is proposed. This algorithm aims at maximizing the average bandwidth per flow, and avoiding the spectrum waste by idle secondary basestations. We have performed packet-level simulation studies to compare the performance of our proposed algorithm with two graph-coloring based algorithms. The simulation results show that our algorithm can dramatically improve network throughput, decrease the average packet delay, and average packet drop ratio.
Capital mobility and savings-investment correlations: panel data evidence from transition economies

This study examines the relationship between savings and investment for 26 transition economies using a panel data set covering the 1991 to 2002 period. Estimates of the saving coefficient based on cross-sectional, fixed-effect, random-effect and mean-group estimators range from 0.263 to 0.315, which are significantly less than one.
A novel Monte Carlo-molecular dynamics scheme for simulation of electronic mobilities in compensated and uncompensated semiconductors

The author has investigated multi-ion modifications to ionized impurity scattering in doped GaAs and their effects on electronic transport parameters. It is found through coupled EMC-MD (ensemble Monte Carlo-molecular dynamics) simulations that a proper treatment of impurity scattering has to include both the many-body contributions and the dynamic nature of the screening process. The simpler single-site, two-body models based on static screening are inadequate and do not yield close agreement with experimental data. The multi-ion descriptions, on the other hand, have been shown to yield the correct mobility values without having to invoke arbitrary fitting parameters. Also, electronic mobility is seen to fall with increasing material compensation as a result of reductions in the free-carrier concentration, which weaken screening and thus strengthens the long-range Coulomb forces. Finally, on the basis of the present results, one can realistically conclude that other parameters of interest, such as the diffusion coefficients and the autocorrelation functions, will decrease and that the noise power spectral density will increase at higher doping and material compensation ratios. >
INFORMATION PROCESSING VS PUPIL DIAMETER

The effects of information processing on pupil diameter were investigated. Results showed that pupil diameter was significantly greater than a baseline diameter when Ss were required to process inf...
Declines in physiological functional capacity with age: A longitudinal study in peak swimming performance

We followed up swimming performance times of 321 women and 319 men who participated in the US Masters Swimming Championships over a 12-yr period. All swimmers placed in the top 10 in their age grou...
Impaired Quadriceps Rate of Torque Development and Knee Mechanics After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Patellar Tendon Autograft

Background:Rate of torque development (RTD) measures the ability of a muscle to produce torque quickly. Decreased quadriceps RTD may impair performance of sporting tasks after surgery. Currently, little is known about variations in quadriceps RTD between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–reconstructed and noninjured limbs.Purpose:To determine the differences in RTD of the quadriceps, the rate and timing of knee extensor moment (KEM) development, and knee flexion excursion during running after ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:This study involved 21 patients (11 female) 6 months after ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft (median [IQR]: age, 18 [16-20] years; mass, 68.18 [61.34-75] kg; height, 1.74 [1.66-1.78] m). Patients performed four 5-second maximal voluntary isometric strength trials of both limbs on an isokinetic dynamometer. RTD was calculated as the mean slope of the torque-time curve between 20% and 80% of...
Biopsy of vertebral and paravertebral structures with a new coaxial needle system

The authors describe a coaxial needle system for use in percutaneous CT-guided biopsy, citing it as safer and less dependent on operator experience than the tandem needle technique
Paraquat and radiation effects on mouse C3HI 10T12 cells

Abstract The dipyridilium compound, paraquat, has been used in conjunction with mouse C 3 H 10T12 cells to determine if this superoxide (O 2 2 ) generating agent acts to oncogenically transform, chromosomally after or influence cytokinetics or cellular survival. Paraquat alone is a cytotoxic agent and is additionally a weak radiosensitizer. A 0.1 mM 24 hour treatment results in about 30% cell survival and enhances the cell killing effects of 137 Cs gamma rays by a factor of about 1.2. The drug appears to function lethally by initiating an interphase cell death, and additionally slows the movement of cycling cells through the cell cycle. It is a poor inducer of SCE's and combined effects with radiation are strictly additive. Paraquat oncogenically transforms cells but not in a dose-dependent manner, yet combined treatments with 3 Gy result in transformation frequencies greater than expected for additive effects. Depending on the endpoint examined, which may be related to the degree of nuclear involvement, paraquat either acts additively (SCE's) or with greater than an additive effect (cell survival and oncogenic transformation).
Interdisciplinary Explorations: Promoting Critical Thinking via Problem-Based Learning in an Advanced Biochemistry Class

Interdisciplinary approaches to research in the sciences have become increasingly important in solving a wide range of pressing problems at both global and local levels. It is imperative then that science majors in higher education understand the need for exploring information from a wide array of disciplines. With this in mind, interdisciplinary instruction has the potential to bring new insights and methods to enhance learning and promote critical thinking skills while itself modeling the benefits of interdisciplinary practice in research. This paper explores an interdisciplinary collaboration between a librarian and a chemist seeking to improve student research and critical thinking skills through the utilization of problem-based learning. A module exploring the interdisciplinary nature of science was implemented for an advanced Biochemistry class and delivered in a library setting. Initial findings of this pilot project suggest that the implementation of a carefully constructed, problem-based curricul...