cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A second subunit of CD8 is expressed in human T cells.

Abstract The CD8 glycoprotein plays important functions in T cell development and in T cell activation. In rodents, CD8 is a heterodimer, consisting of an alpha-chain (Lyt2) and a beta-chain (Lyt3). In humans, only the alpha-chain has been detected, and it has been thought that CD8 consists of homodimers of this protein. We have isolated functional cDNA clones encoding human CD8 beta, and show that the CD8 beta protein is expressed on the surface of CD8+ human T cells. cDNA clones encoding multiple forms of the human CD8 beta-chain have been isolated and characterized. These structural variants, which are likely to arise by alternative splicing, differ in the sequences encoding the cytoplasmic domain, which can consist of 19, 30, or 52 amino acids. One of the cDNAs lacks nucleotide sequences corresponding to a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and may encode a secreted CD8 beta protein. The protein product of the human CD8 beta gene can be detected by a recently described anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody, 597. Expression of the epitope recognized by this antibody requires co-expression of the CD8 alpha and CD8 beta gene products. About 90% of human CD8 alpha positive thymocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes express CD8 beta at the cell surface. Expression of the CD8 beta chain is thus conserved between human and rodents, and the variant CD8 beta polypeptides may have distinct roles in T cell function and development.
Conventional Food Waste Management Methods

Abstract To begin to transition to more sustainable methods of food waste management, it is necessary to first understand the advantages and disadvantages of incumbent technologies that are currently being used, and how the phase of the food waste material (solid, liquid, or packaged) influences the options that are technically viable. Some of the existing methods, including food donation, animal feed production, and composting, are considered to offer beneficial use pathways for food waste materials. However, in most cases, these pathways require a high level of waste homogeneity and purity, thus imposing practical limits on how much waste material can be managed. Other conventional methods, including wastewater treatment, incineration and landfilling, are generally considered much less sustainable and environmentally favorable. However, because these technologies have few if any restrictions on the types of waste processed, they have been deployed at large scale to achieve relatively low cost. In all cases, it is necessary to comprehend the full spectrum of environmental, economic, and social impacts to ensure that application of alternative food waste management technologies achieves the intended sustainability goals.
Dynamics of Symmetrical Communication Within Organizations: The Impacts of Channel Usage of CEO, Managers, and Peers:

Focusing on channels used by members of the organization in different positions, this study aims to examine the antecedents of two-way symmetrical communication in an organization. Using two-way sy...
Characterization of megapouch in patients with restorative proctocolectomy

Megapouch is a rare functional complication of restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis characterized by pouch ± small bowel dilatation with no evidence of obstruction on endoscopy and imaging. Little is known about clinical characteristics and outcomes of this entity. We included all patients diagnosed with megapouch at our institution, identified from a pouch database. Data on baseline characteristics, management, and outcomes were documented and analyzed from electronic medical records. Appropriate statistical measures were used. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Twenty-three patients with megapouch were identified. The mean age was 40.7 years; 95.6% had underlying ulcerative colitis; most common indication for colectomy was medically refractory disease (56.5%). Abdominal pain (82.6%) and bloating (52.2%) were most common presenting symptoms. Most common finding on pouchoscopy was pouch dilatation (81.8%), while barium or gastrografin enemas and MRI/CT mostly revealed dilatation of pouch and/or small bowel. Fourteen (66.7%) patients required some forms of surgery—six patients required pouch excision and three required either pouch redo or revision. Rates of pouch failure and IBD-related 1-year hospitalization were higher among patients managed surgically versus those managed medically (p = 0.007 and 0.024, respectively), while need for escalation of IBD-therapy was comparable between the groups (p = 0.133). No deaths were reported and no patient had recurrence of megapouch. IPAA revision or redo did not lead to more IBD-related morbidity. Majority of our patients with megapouch required surgery. In selected patients, redo pouch offered cure. Rates of pouch failure and IBD-related 1-year hospitalization were higher among patients managed surgically.
Analysis of language use in public library storytimes

Public libraries are well positioned to support young children’s growth and development, yet few studies have examined programming to determine the extent to which they actually do. The current stu...
A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization

Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization. Here we utilize a growing resource-citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban biotic homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while similarities occur to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the taxa living locally in a region. At the same time, the communities found in high-intensity development were less explained by regional context than communities from other land cover types were. We also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.
VARIATIONS IN QUALITY MEASURE COMPLIANCE IN PRESCRIPTIONS FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS AMONG OUTPATIENT CARDIOLOGY PRACTICES: INSIGHTS FROM THE NCDR PINNACLE REGISTRY®

Among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), little is known about contemporary compliance with quality measures as outlined in the 2016 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults with Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter. Measures include appropriate oral anticoagulant,
Abstract 342: Helix-loop-helix Transcription Factor Id3 Promotes Ischemia-induced Angiogenesis

The development of new blood vessels is important during the progression of many diseases including cancer, obesity, and ischemia. While inhibiting blood vessel growth can prevent excess adiposity ...
Hot deformation behavior of 7A04 aluminum alloy at elevated temperature: constitutive modeling and verification

The hot deformation behaviour of one 7XXX series aluminium alloy, 7A04, has been studied by conducting isothermal hot compression tests with degree of compression up to 55% at the temperature ranging from 350 °C to 480 °C and strain rates ranging from 0.002 s−1 to 20s−1. Based on characteristic of the flow stress obtained from those tests, an extended Voce equation, which constant parameters were modified as Arrhenius-type type equation, was given and used to calculate the flow stresses under the conditions of the hot deformation. The parameters of extended Voce equation were determined by experimental results. The comparison between the experimental and predicted flow stress values at the hot compression parameters range indicated good agreement. The average absolute relative error, root mean square error and the correlation coefficient were found to be 4.9%, 4.8 MPa and 0.997, respectively, which confirmed the extended Voce model had good accuracy. Additional, a finite element simulation model of isothermal hot compression process was used to verify the new Voce equation and the results verified the accuracy of the new equation. The main softening mechanism of the hot deformation was dynamic recovery and was confirmed by optical microstructures.
Yoga versus educational film intervention in restless legs syndrome: extension of trial may be beneficial to patients.

Citation:Hunasikatti M. Yoga versus educational film intervention in restless legs syndrome: extension of trial may be beneficial to patients. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(5):827.
Wnt signaling modulator DKK1 as an immunotherapeutic target in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives Wnt pathway mutations are a hallmark of endometrioid and clear cell subtypes of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). However, no drugs targeting the Wnt pathway in EOC are FDA-approved. Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), a modulator of the Wnt pathway, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. We aimed to examine the role of DKK1 and the effects of a monoclonal antibody against DKK1 (DKN-01) in vivo and in a murine model of ovarian cancer. Methods We examined in vitro the role of DKK1 and the effects of DKK1 inhibition in EOC cell lines. We then studied in vivo the role of DKN-01 and DKK1 overexpression on tumor burden and anti-tumor immune cell populations using the ID8 syngeneic mouse model. Results DKN-01 did not phenotypically alter ES2 cells in vitro; however, DKK1 inhibition promoted Wnt signaling. Tumor burden and immune populations were unchanged in ID8 challenged mice treated with mDKN01. Mice challenged with ID8 cells overexpressing DKK1 had tumor burden similar to controls (p = 0.175). However, the overexpression of DKK1 decreased CD45+ leukocyte infiltration into the peritoneum (p = 0.008) and omentum (p = 0.032), reducing both natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells, and reducing interferon-gamma (IFNγ) expression on activated CD8 T cells. Conclusions Our results suggest that DKK1 inhibition does not affect tumor growth in the ID8 ovarian cancer model. DKK1 overexpression alters anti-tumor immune populations within the tumor microenvironment. Thus, our findings confirm DKK1 as a new therapeutic target in EOC and suggest that DKK1 inhibition may function best in a combinatorial, immune-modulatory therapy.
Intimate sovereigns: Patriarchy, the fraternal horde, and the limits of power in Armenia:

Since the mid-1990s, Armenia has been dominated politically and economically by an oligarchy. While the figures who form this oligarchy are known as corrupt and brutal in their use of force in gove...
Potential of temperature- and salinity-driven shifts in diatom compatible solute concentrations to impact biogeochemical cycling within sea ice

Sea-ice algae are an important source of primary production in polar regions, yet we have limited understanding of their responses to the seasonal cycling of temperature and salinity. Using a targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, we found that axenic cultures of the Antarctic sea-ice diatom, Nitzschia lecointei, displayed large differences in their metabolomes when grown in a matrix of conditions that included temperatures of –1 and 4°C, and salinities of 32 and 41, despite relatively small changes in growth rate. Temperature exerted a greater effect than salinity on cellular metabolite pool sizes, though the N- or S-containing compatible solutes, 2, 3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate (DHPS), glycine betaine (GBT), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and proline responded strongly to both temperature and salinity, suggesting complexity in their control. We saw the largest (> 4-fold) response to salinity for proline. DHPS, a rarely studied but potential compatible solute, had the highest intracellular concentrations among all compatible solutes of ~85 mM. When comparing the culture findings to natural Arctic sea-ice diatom communities, we found extensive overlap in metabolite profiles, highlighting the relevance of culture-based studies to probe environmental questions. Large changes in sea-ice diatom metabolomes and compatible solutes over a seasonal cycle could be significant components of biogeochemical cycling within sea ice.
Accurate Small–Signal Discrete–Time Model of Dual Active Bridge using Saltation Matrices

The nonlinear nature of dual active bridge (DAB) converters arises from switching between linear dynamics at controlled intervals. In this paper, we model DAB as a hybrid dynamical system consisting of a finite number of modes with linear dynamics and switching surfaces specifying the transition between the modes. In the conventional phase shift modulation (PSM) strategy, the phase shift φ governs the mode transitions and can be used to control DAB output voltage and power. We incorporate φ as a system state and calculate a linearization about a nominal trajectory with so-called saltation matrices that capture the first-order effects of perturbing the states between mode transitions. We demonstrate this linearization provides an accurate discrete-time small-signal model of the DAB.
Trends, Perioperative Adverse Events, and Survival of Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery.

Importance Information regarding the performance and outcomes of noncardiac surgery (NCS) in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is scarce, with limited longitudinal follow-up data that are mostly limited to single-center reports. Objective To examine the trends, patient characteristics, and outcomes associated with NCS among patients with LVAD. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study examined patients enrolled in Medicare undergoing durable LVAD implantation from January 2012 to November 2017 with follow-up through December 2017. The study included all Medicare Provider and Analysis Review Part A files for the years 2012 to 2017. Patients identified byInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) andInternational Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) procedure codes for new LVAD implantation were included. Data analysis was performed from November 2019 to February 2020. Exposures NCS procedures were identified using theICD-9-CMandICD-10procedural codes and divided into elective and urgent or emergent. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), defined as in-hospital or 30-day all-cause mortality, ischemic stroke, or intracerebral hemorrhage after NCS. Early ( Results Of the 8118 patients with LVAD (mean [SD] age, 63.4 [10.8] years; 6484 men [79.9%]), 1326 (16.3%, or approximately 1 in 6) underwent NCS, of which 1000 procedures (75.4%) were emergent or urgent and 326 (24.6%) were elective. There was no difference in age between patients who underwent NCS and patients who did not (mean [SD] age, 63.6 [10.6] vs 63.4 [10.9] years). The number of NCS procedures among patients with LVAD increased from 64 in 2012 to 304 in 2017. The median (interquartile range) time from LVAD implantation to NCS was 309 (133-606) days. The most frequent type of NCS was general (613 abdominal, pelvic, and gastrointestinal procedures [46.2%]). Perioperative MACEs occurred in 169 patients (16.9%) undergoing emergent or urgent NCS and 23 patients (7.1%) undergoing elective NCS. Urgent or emergent NCS was associated with higher mortality early (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 8.78; 95% CI, 7.20-10.72;P Conclusions and Relevance One of 6 patients with LVAD underwent NCS. Perioperative MACEs were frequent. Higher mortality risk transcended the early postoperative period in urgent or emergent and elective surgical procedures.
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to the Valuation of American-style Derivatives: A Use of Particle Swarm Optimization

In this paper, we evaluate American-style, path-dependent derivatives with an artificial intelligence technique. Specifically we use swarm intelligence to find the optimal exercise boundary for an American-style derivative. Swarm intelligence is particularly efficient (computation and accuracy) in solving high-dimensional optimization problems and hence perfectly suitable for valuing complex American-style derivatives (e.g. multiple-asset, path-dependent) which require a high-dimensional optimal exercise boundary.
Neurologic complications of congenital heart disease in adults.

Abstract Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a heterogeneous group of structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system that are present at birth. Advances in childhood medical and surgical treatment have led to increasing numbers of adults with CHD. Neurological complications of CHD in adults are varied and can include an increased risk of stroke not only related to the underlying congenital defect and its surgical management but also due to atherosclerotic disease associated with advancing age. In addition to cerebrovascular events, CHD in adults is also associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, cognitive impairment, psychiatric disease, and epilepsy. Collaborative multidisciplinary care with contributions from neurologists and cardiologists with expertise in adult CHD is necessary to provide optimal long-term care for this complex and rapidly evolving population.
The effects of social spending on entrepreneurship in developed nations

Understanding how national policy can spur entrepreneurial activity is central to entrepreneurship research. Over the past decade, there has been a limited set of research findings to suggest that social spending may increase entrepreneurship in addition to serving more direct social purposes. We examine the topic through the lens of market failure theory and Austrian economics. In accordance with the Austrian perspective, we theorize that social spending increases the opportunity cost of entrepreneurship, thereby decreasing the attractiveness of entrepreneurship in comparison to salaried employment. Drawing from a sample of 31 developed countries spanning 2004–2011, we investigate the effects of social spending on entrepreneurial attitudes and activity. Our results indicate that country level social spending negatively affects entrepreneurial activity, business ownership, and the public’s view of entrepreneurship as a career choice. The findings suggest that social spending may be better suited for addressing social issues compared to spurring entrepreneurial attitudes or activity. Our findings have implications for both the entrepreneurship and national policy literature.
A Center Dedicated to Preserving a Constitution Designed for a Moral and Religious People

This article introduces the Robertson Center for Constitutional Law, an academic center established within Regent University School of Law in June 2020. The Robertson Center will pair academic writing with courtroom advocacy to promote first principles in constitutional law such as originalism, separation of powers, judicial modesty, and religious liberty. The article explains the importance of institutions like the Robertson Center in preserving, protecting, and defending our Constitution. The decisions of the Supreme Court and, ultimately, the preservation of the Constitution itself rest downstream from culture. Institutions like the Robertson Center combat one of the greatest threats to our constitutional order—the failure to pass to subsequent generations the character, virtue, and knowledge required to preserve the constitutional safeguards.
The diverse antimicrobial activities of human milk oligosaccharides against Group B Streptococcus.

Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a gram-positive bacterial pathobiont that is the etiological cause of severe perinatal infections. GBS can colonize the vagina of pregnant patients and invade tissues causing ascending infections of the gravid reproductive tract that lead to adverse outcomes including preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and maternal or fetal demise. Additionally, transmission of GBS during labor or breastfeeding can also cause invasive infections of neonates and infants. However, human milk has also been shown to have protective effects against infection; a characteristic that is likely derived from antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of molecules that comprise human milk. Recent evidence suggests that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), short-chain sugars that comprise 8-20% of breast milk, have antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against GBS and other bacterial pathogens. Additionally, HMOs have been shown to potentiate the activity of antibiotics against GBS. This review presents the most recent published work that studies the interaction between HMOs and GBS.
Arab Money: Why Isn't the United States Getting Any

Arab money, more formally known as Islamic finance, is starting to play an important role in international finance. The young Islamic finance sector has grown tremendously despite staggering world economic conditions. Because of this unprecedented growth, the international community seeks to harness such profitable returns while simultaneously scrutinizing Islamic financial institutions and charities that may be funding terrorism, a serious worldwide concern. As such, this Comment seeks to show that the best way for nations to standardize, scrutinize, and take advantage of these lucrative and often nebulous investments is to invite, and then regulate Islamic banks. European nations, in particular the United Kingdom, have done just that and have become a hub for Islamic banking outside the Middle East and Southeast Asia. The United States, on the other hand, has not. This Comment argues that the reasons for such disparity lie in the United States‘ statutory and constitutional framework, both of which present obstacles for Islamic banking. In * J.D. 2011, University of Pennsylvania Law School; B.A. 2008, The George Washington University. I would like to thank God, my family, and my friends for their support and encouragement, as well as Nabil Issa and Professor David Skeel for offering their time and expertise. I would also like to thank the editors at the University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law for their keen eyes. All errors are our own. 1 Translated from Arabic as ―In the Name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.‖ THE HOLY QURAN, I:1 (Abdullah Yusuf Ali trans., 3rd ed. 1946). 2 Translated from Arabic as ―Praise be to God, The Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds.‖ Id. at I:2. 1 Billah: Arab Money: Why Isn't the United States Getting Any Published by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository, 2014 BILLAH.DOC 4/24/2011 9:52 AM 1056 U. Pa. J. Int‟l L. [Vol. 32:4 contrast, the United Kingdom has worked around these impediments, and so this Comment studies the British banking model as a means to provide a primarily education-based solution for the United States to invite and then regulate Islamic finance. Such an invitation would allow the United States to take advantage of the growth in the Islamic finance industry and ease some of the nation‘s financial straits. Among other advantages, it would also allow the United States to reach out to Muslim communities, preventing them from radicalizing like some parts of the Islamic world. For these benefits, the United States should learn from the positives of the British banking system and seek out Arab money.
Dilworth Truncations of Geometric Lattices

In the paper “Dependence relations in a semi-modular lattice” [5], Dilworth described a construction which represents the elements of a quasimodular point lattice (i. e., a point lattice satisfying the semimodular axiom above points or atoms) as closed sets of a matroid (i. e., a dependence structure satisfying the exchange property). This representation yields an injection of the quasimodular lattice into the geometric lattice of closed sets of the matroid which preserves the rank and meets, but not necessarily joins. Natural examples of quasimodular lattices can be obtained by taking a geometric lattice L of rank n and identifying all the elements of rank less than a fixed positive integer k. Using Dilworth’s construction, we obtain a geometric lattice D k (L) of rank n − k + 1 which contains a copy of the upper n−k levels of L. The lattice D k (L) is now called the k th Dilworth truncation of L. For example, the 2nd Dilworth truncation of the Boolean algebra of all subsets of an n-element set S is isomorphic to the lattice of partitions on S.
Mass Customized Large Scale Production System with Learning Curve Consideration

This paper presents the structure for modeling a large scale production system with learning curve considerations. The model will be used to develop a scheduling method that facilitates the production performance for mass customized products. Mass customization is an important manufacturing management strategy but it might lead to unnecessary production losses. Most manufacturing systems’ throughput is constrained by one or more bottlenecks and the critical bottleneck may shift from one work station to another. The proposed scheduling method will consider learning curve effects and employ the concept of Shifting Bottleneck Procedure to guide production scheduling decisions. Ultimately, the goal is to improve the throughput of large scale assembly manufacturing systems. A simulation model of a wind turbine assembly line case study is also presented to validate the capability of the proposed method.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)

Realistic statistical models often give rise to probability distributions that are computationally difficult to use for inference. Fortunately, we now have a collection of algorithms, known as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), that has brought many of these models within our computational reach. MCMC is a simulation technique that allows one to make (approximate) draws from complex, high dimensional probability distributions. Over the last 20 years a staggering amount of research has been done on both the theoretical and applied aspects of MCMC. This article does not intend to be a complete overview of MCMC but only hopes to get the reader started in the right direction. To this end, this article begins with a general description of the types of problems that necessitate the use of MCMC. It then introduces the fundamental algorithms and addresses some general implementation issues. Discussion of the Markov chain theory underpinning MCMC algorithms has intentionally been avoided. Keywords: hierarchical modeling; simulation methods; Bayesian Statistics; Gibbs sampling; Metropolis–Hastings algorithm
Microbial activity in surficial sediments overlying acoustic wipeout zones at a Gulf of Mexico cold seep

[1] Down core concentration gradients of dissolved methane and sulfate; isotope gradients of methane, dissolved inorganic carbon, and authigenic carbonate; and organic matter elemental ratios are incorporated into a vent evolution model to describe spatial and temporal variability of sedimentary microbial activity overlying acoustic wipeout zones at Mississippi Canyon (MC) 118, Gulf of Mexico. We tested the hypothesis that these zones indicate areas where sediments are exposed to elevated fluid flux and therefore should contain saturated methane concentrations and enhanced microbial activity from sulfate reduction (SR), anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), and methanogenesis (MP). Thirty surficial cores (between 22 and 460 cm deep) were collected from sediments overlying and outside the wipeout zones and analyzed for pore water and solid phase constituents. Outside the wipeout zones, sulfate and methane concentrations were similar to overlying-water values and did not vary with depth; indicating low microbial activity. Above the wipeouts, nine cores showed moderate activity with gently sloping sulfate and methane concentration gradients, methane concentrations <20 μM, and isotope depth gradients indicative of organic matter oxidation. In stark contrast to this moderate activity, four cores showed high microbial activity where sulfate concentrations were depleted by ∼50 cm below seafloor, maximum methane concentrations in the decompressed cores were above 4 mM, and down core profiles of δ13C-CH4 and δ13C-dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) indicated distinct depth zones of SR, AOM, and MP. Bulk organic matter analysis suggested that the high activity was supported by an organic source that was enriched in carbon (C:N ∼15) and depleted in δ15N and δ13C compared to other activity groups, possibly due to the influx of petroleum or chemosynthetically fixed carbon. Within high activity cores, the δ13C-DIC values were similar to the δ13C-CaCO3 values, a result expected for authigenic carbonate recently precipitated. However, these values were dissimilar in moderate activity cores, suggesting that microbial activity was higher in the past. This study provides evidence that the fluid flux at MC 118 varies over time and that the microbial activity responds to such variability. It also suggests that sediments overlying wipeout zones are not always saturated with respect to methane, which has implications for the formation and detection of gas hydrate.
Ultrastructure of the testis in the teleost Poecilia latipinna. Spermiogenesis with reference to the intercentriolar lamellated body.

Spermiogenesis in Poecilia latipinna can be divided into three distinct phases. In early spermatids a satellite of the proximal centriole forms the intercentriolar lamellated body, a transient structure which disappears in late spermatids marking the final spermatid—sperm transition. During the intermediate phase of the spermatid development, nuclear chromatin condenses and the nucleus forms a deep notch in which the centrioles and proximal portion of the flagellum reside in the mature sperm.
Slope characteristics of Europa: Constraints for landers and radar Sounding

[1] Limited Galileo-derived topographic mapping of four major terrain types on Europa provides slope characteristics useful for designing spacecraft instruments and for terrain comparisons. Topographic data are derived using stereo and photoclinometric analysis of Galileo images at resolutions of 10 to 200 m (with a few sites sampled at ∼500 m resolution). Similar data are also presented for dark and bright terrains on Ganymede as well as preliminary results for polar terrains on Enceladus. RMS slopes for ridged plains, matrix, and crater deposits on Europa are typically between 10 and 15° at 10–100 m length scales, significantly steeper overall than typical landing sites on Mars. Terrains on Ganymede may be even rougher. Smooth dilational bands on Europa, however, have RMS slopes of ∼5°, the shallowest slope statistics of any major terrain type on Europa. Aside from these areas almost no smooth areas larger than a few kilometers across occur on Europa.
Wolf kill rates across winter in a low-density moose system in Alaska

Wolf (Canis lupus) kill rates are fundamental to understanding predation, but are not well known at low moose (Alces alces) densities. We investigated kill rates of 6 wolf packs (2–10 wolves/pack) during 2 winters on the Yukon Flats, a region of eastern Interior Alaska where moose were the sole ungulate prey of wolves occurring at densities <0.2 moose/km2. Our objectives were to compare kill rates with those from areas of greater moose densities, and to determine potential trends in kill rates across the winter. We located moose killed by wolves in February–March 2009, and November 2009–March 2010 using aerial tracking techniques and global positioning system (GPS) location clusters. Wolves killed more moose in early than late winter (βMONTH = −0.02 moose/pack/day, 95% CI = −0.01 to −0.04), and kill rate estimates (mean, 95% CI) were greatest in November (0.033 moose/wolf/day, 0.011–0.055) and least in February (0.011, 0.002–0.02). Kill rates were similar between February and March 2009 (0.019 moose/wolf/day, 0.01–0.03) and 2010 (0.018, 0.01–0.03). Prey composition was primarily adult females (39%) and young-of-the-year (35%). We attribute an elevated kill rate in early winter to predation on more vulnerable young-of-the-year. Kill rates in our study were similar to those from other studies where moose occurred at greater densities. We suggest that very few, if any, wolf–moose systems in Alaska and the Yukon experience a density-dependent phase in the functional response, and instead wolves respond numerically to changes in moose density or availability in the absence of alternative prey. Through a numerical response, wolf predation rates may approximate the annual growth potential of the moose population, contributing to persistent low densities of moose and wolves on the Yukon Flats. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The development of young American adults' attitudes about the risks associated with nuclear power

Young American adults' assessment of the risks associated with nuclear power was examined by using data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSAY). A structural equation model was estimated using LISREL8 to examine the development of young adults' attitudes toward nuclear power. Many factors that have been associated with general attitudes toward science and technology were found to have no effect on young adults' assessment of the risks of nuclear power. Science achievement, academic science attitudes, and enrolment in high school and college science courses were found to have no effect on young adults' attitudes. Twelfth grade students who believed that the risks of nuclear power were relatively low were more likely to hold the same beliefs as young adults. Plans to have a career in science, mathematics, or engineering in grade twelve had the second greatest total effects, while gender's total effects were nearly identical in magnitude. Partisan identification had the fourth greatest total eff...
Anonymity and Attitudes toward Work

133 aides and attendants in a state mental health facility completed a job satisfaction questionnaire and a scale describing their supervisor's behavior. Approximately half the respondents were ask...
Electric field mediated transport in nanometer diameter channels

Nanoporous polycarbonate (PCTE) nuclear-track-etched membranes were used to effect electric field modulation of the mass transport of cationic, anionic, and neutral species in aqueous buffer. The permeability response to electric fields depended on the molecular charge and electrolyte concentration. Solute and solvent fluxes through nanopores under an electrical potential result from a balance of diffusion, electroosmosis, and ion migration. The Debye length, K -l , associated with the electrical double layer within the pores relative to the pore diameter, 2a, plays a critical role in determining electrokinetic transport behavior. The channel walls adsorb anions preferentially to produce a largely immobile negative charge density, leaving a large and mobile cation population to mediate transport in the channel. By adjusting the supporting electrolyte concentration, κa can be tuned such that the electrical double layer is either small in relation to the pore (κa ≥ 1) or more diffuse and spanning the pore (κa < 1). Electroosmotic transport, mediated primarily by buffer cations, dominates when κa < 1. In this case the pores are essentially permselective, and anion electromigration is virtually eliminated. When κa ≥1, the sign of the applied potential can be used to select for anion vs cation/neutral molecule transport.
Storage and Retrieval Changes that Occur in the Development and Release of PI.

A Bayesian statistical procedure that separates storage from retrieval as discussed previously by Chechile (1973) and Chechile and Meyer (1975) was employed to study the development and release of proactive interference in the Brown-Peterson paradigm. Both the storage and retrieval components showed a reliable build-up and release of PI, but the storage and retrieval changes were found to be uncorrelated. A two factor theory of PI is developed that stresses both the concept of response competition at the time of test to explain the retrieval changes as well as the concept of interference in the transfer process between short- and long-term memory to explain the storage changes.
Delayed triggering of oestrogen induced apoptosis that contrasts with rapid paclitaxel-induced breast cancer cell death.

Delayed triggering of oestrogen induced apoptosis that contrasts with rapid paclitaxel-induced breast cancer cell death
Metabolism and absorption of methyl parathion by tobacco budworms resistant or susceptible to organophosphorus insecticides

Abstract Factors involved in insecticide resistance were evaluated by using 14 C-labeled methyl parathion and aldrin to compare rates of absorption and metabolism by Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae that were resistant (R) and susceptible (S) to methyl parathion. Tests with third-stage R and S larvae suggested that the rate of insecticide absorption from the cuticular surface was not a major resistance factor. Further evidence for this assumption was demonstrated by the resistance of R larvae to injected and orally administered doses of methyl parathion. Smaller amounts of unmetabolized methyl parathion and aldrin were recovered from S larvae, an indication that differences in metabolism were probably related to the resistance.
On Interpreting Ordinal Analogies to Multiple Regression and Path Analysis

Proposals for multivariate analysis with ordinal variables based on analogies with product-moment formulae are criticized on the grounds that such analogies do not provide a basis for interpreting the resulting statistics in terms of evidence bearing on an hypothesis concerning the presence or absence of some specified relation in the data. Thus, it is concluded that the long-standing problem of multivariate analysis with ordinal data still awaits a satisfactory solution. It is suggested further that the fundamental difficulty obstructing work on the problem is the lack of clear, precise formulation of what constitutes a multivariate ordinal relation.
Location-based MAC Protocols for Mobile Wireless Networks

We consider medium access control (MAC) protocols for mobile ad hoc networks that are designed for MAC layer broadcasts. For example, such protocols could be used to transmit traffic information among vehicles. We analyze the performance of two simple MAC protocols, when multi-user interference is explicitly modeled via the received signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). One protocol is a simple slotted Aloha protocol with spatial reuse; the second protocol uses location information to determine the channel access. For both protocols we focus on a one dimensional model and measure performance in terms of the average number of nodes that receive each message in one hop.
Hexairidium Clusters Supported on γ-Al2O3: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity for Toluene Hydrogenation

[Ir6(CO)15]2- was formed by surface-mediated synthesis on γ-Al2O3 powder by treatment of adsorbed [Ir(CO)2(acac)] in CO at 100 °C and 1 atm. The supported clusters were characterized by infrared and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies and by extraction into solution by cation metathesis. Treatment of γ-Al2O3-supported [Ir6(CO)15]2- in He at 300 °C led to decarbonylation without disruption of the cluster frame, giving Ir6/γ-Al2O3, as indicated by EXAFS data determining a first-shell Ir−Ir coordination number of 4.05 ± 0.07 (where the error bounds represent precision, not accuracy), matching that of the supported [Ir6(CO)15]2-, with a first-shell Ir−Ir coordination number of 4.07 ± 0.03. The supported Ir6 clusters were found to be catalytically active for toluene hydrogenation at temperatures in the range of 60−100 °C; the turnover frequency at 60 °C with a toluene partial pressure of 50 Torr and a H2 partial pressure of 710 Torr was 1.7 × 10-3 s-1. The catalyst was stable in ope...
Positive energy Sturmian states for two-Coulomb-center problems

Properties of two-center Coulomb Sturmian basis sets are discussed. Analytic and numerical techniques to calculate these functions and coupling matrix elements are developed. A class of Sturmian functions is found that has no analytic continuation to negative energies and is not present in one-center potentials. Advantages of Sturmian sets over conventional eigenstate sets are emphasized. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Connection Machine: PDE solution on 65 536 processors

Abstract The Connection Machine is a massively parallel architecture with 65 536 single-bit processors and 32 Mbytes of memory, organized as a high-dimensional hypercube. A sophisticated router system provides efficient communication between remote processors. A rich software environment, including a parallel extension of COMMON LISP, provides access to the processors and network. Virtual processor capability extends the degree of fine-grained parallelism beyond 1 000 000. We describe the hardware and the parallel programming environment. We then present implementations of SOR, Multigrid and Conjugate Gradient algorithms for solving Partial Differential Equations on the Connection Machine. Measurements of computational efficiency are provided as well as an analysis of opportunities for achieving better performance. Despite the lack of floating-point hardware, computation rates above 100 Mflops have been achieved in PDE solution. Virtual processors prove to be a real advantage, easing the effort of software development while improving system performance significantly.
The Acetylation of Ephedrine in Dilute Aqueous Solution

Abstract The acetylation of ephedrine in about a one per cent aqueous solution by means of acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium bicarbonate has been studied. Yields of 96 to 97 per cent of N‐acetylephedrine may be obtained by using approximately 3.6 moles of anhydride per mole of ephedrine, but for the reaction to proceed in a literally quantitative manner, four times that amount of anhydride is required, and the reagent must be added portionwise. Yields are adversely affected by sodium acetate and by a large excess of bicarbonate. The influence of these agents is discussed.
Mott-Hubbard transition in infinite dimensions.

We present a solution of the Hubbard model at half filling in the limit of infinite dimensions which corresponds to the Mott-Hubbard insulating phase. We describe the metal-insulator transition between this regime and the Fermi-liquid regime. Our analysis is based on an analytic consideration and exact Monte Carlo simulations at low but finite temperatures.
Space-time coding over fading channels with alpha-stable noise

This paper addresses the performance of space-time coding over fading channels with impulsive noise which is known to accurately capture network interference. We use the symmetric alpha stable noise distribution and adopt two models which assume dependent and independent noise components across receive antennas. We derive pairwise error probability (PEP) of orthogonal space-time block codes (STBC) with a benchmark genie-aided receiver (GAR), or the minimum distance receiver (MDR) which is optimal in the Gaussian case. For general space-time codes we propose a maximum-likelihood (ML) receiver, and its approximation at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The resulting asymptotically optimal receiver (AOR) does not depend on noise parameters and is computationally simple. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to supplement our analytical results and compare the performance of the receivers.
Reconstructive gastric surgery

Among 173 patients undergoing reconstructive gastric operations, including 115 patients who received Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, 25 with jejunal interpositions, 11 with conversion of Billroth II to Billroth I, 8 with closure of gastroenterostomy, 5 with pyloric reconstruction and 9 with other operations, only 2 immediate postoperative mortalities occurred. A perfect or good result was obtained in 108 of 156 patients (69 per cent) at long term follow-up, while a fair result was achieved in 35 patients (22 per cent) and a poor result in 13 patients (9 per cent). We concluded that reconstructive gastric operations were safe and had clearly improved 7 of 10 patients in this series.
Response of the tracheobronchial epithelium to hemoprotein tracers.

The response of the tracheobronchial epithelium to intratracheal administration of microperoxidase, cytochrome c, myoglobin, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was investigated in hamsters and gerbils. Using diaminobenzidine cytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy, we found that cytochrome c was the only tracer to reach lateral intercellular spaces, most probably due to its toxic effect on the airway epithelium. Myoglobin did not bind to the plasma membrane and hence was not internalized by the epithelial cells. Both HRP and microperoxidase were seen in contact with the plasma membrane and within pinocytotic vesicles, the fate of which was not apparent. As early as 5 min after administration, HRP was distributed in a diffuse and intense manner in a small percentage of ciliated and nonciliated cells but by 30 min this effect had decreased significantly. HRP was seen in the basement membrane and lamina propria beneath some intensely reactive cells at 5 and 30 min. Whether these cells reflect a degenerate condition and hence are incapable of excluding HRP or whether HRP is itself toxic is unknown. The rapid rate at which these cells appear raises the possibility that they may represent a conduit that allows small but significant amounts of foreign molecules to reach subepithelial mast cells thus triggering or augmenting the Type I hypersensitivity response.
Resource limitation and the role of a hemiparasite on a restored prairie.

Hemiparasitic plants tend to thrive in and significantly affect plant communities in low-nutrient, high-light environments. Hemiparasites are assumed to be weak competitors for light but strong parasites, leading to the prediction that effects on hosts and communities should be a function of resource supply. We investigated the effects of light and mineral nutrients on hemiparasite–host relations in two experiments. Removal of the hemiparasite, addition of fertilizer, and full sun significantly increased total aboveground dry mass in small plots on a restored tallgrass prairie. After 3 years, removal of Pedicularis canadensis almost doubled the mass of grasses and had smaller effects on forb species, but the impact of the parasite was independent of resource level. Fertilizer increased grass growth only in full sun, increased non-legume forb growth only when shade was applied, and tended to depress legume growth when shaded. Light manipulation did not affect the hemiparasite across 4 years of manipulation but fertilizer increased P. canadensis shoot mass. A complementary greenhouse experiment with Andropogon gerardii as host produced qualitatively similar effects and showed that shade reduced root growth of both the host and the parasite. These results do not support common assumptions regarding hemiparasite–host relations under field conditions but indicate that a small hemiparasite can significantly affect prairie productivity regardless of resource supply.