cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of range use, range defense, and intergroup spacing in moustached tamarin monkeys ( Saguinus mystax )

In this paper we examine patterns of group spacing and habitat utilization in neighboring groups of marked free-ranging moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax) inhabiting Padre Isla, a small island in the Amazon Basin of northeastern Peru, and describe the set of behavioral mechanisms used by tamarins to maintain the spatial isolation and social integrity of individual groups. Specifically, we address a series of questions regarding the importance of resource defense, mate defense, and territorial defense in intergroup interactions. From June through November 1990, we recorded 67 intergroup interactions involving members of our two main study groups. These interactions occurred at a rate of .14/observation hour and were of two general types. Vocal battles averaged 18 min in duration and were characterized by a series of high frequency, short syllable, long calls that were exchanged between groups separated by distances of greater than 25 m. Aggressive encounters averaged 26 min in duration and involved visual contact, alarm calls, scent marking, and sequences of chases and retreats. Intergroup confrontations did not cluster around the perimeter of a group's home range, and there was no evidence that moustached tamarins patrolled range borders. Our data indicate that 35% of aggressive encounters occurred in the vicinity of major feeding trees. Priority access to these sites is likely to have an important influence on tamarin foraging success. Mate defense and the exploration of new breeding opportunities also appear to be important functions of intergroup conflicts. Not only did the frequency of aggressive encounters increase during breeding periods, but three-fourths of all observed copulations occurred during or within 30 min of an encounter. Given the high degree of reproductive competition reported among tamarin females and the time and energy group members devote to intergroup aggression, maintaining access to a stable home range and the resources contained within that range appear to be critical functions of moustached tamarin social interactions.
Modeling Cotton Lint Yield Response to Irrigation Management as Influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation

The declining High Plains or Ogallala Aquifer motivates U.S. producers to optimize water use and yield of drought-tolerant crops like cotton [Gossypium hirsutum (L.)]. Systematic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) drive the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), resulting in predictable weather patterns in North America that could be exploited by irrigation strategies. Our objective was to compare cotton yield response to irrigation as altered by La Nina, Neutral, or El Nino phases for the Texas High Plains. We used actual 1959 to 2000 weather records with the simulation model GOSSYM to estimate lint yields for three progressively later emergence dates under 50 or 75% initial soil water conditions and all combinations of irrigation duration (0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wk) and rate (2.5, 3.75,and 5.0 mm d–¹). Simulated lint yield and its ratio to evapotranspiration generally decreased with emergence delays and increased with increasing irrigation amount and application rate. Growing season precipitation varied with ENSO phase, but April to June phase classification was inconsistent with fall conditions except for La Nina. Compared with yield estimates for Neutral and El Nino phases, limited rain during La Nina years reduced lint yields from 5 to 30% when initial soil water was 75 and 50%. Yield increased with increasing irrigation rate and duration during drier La Nina growing seasons, but irrigation benefits decreased during Neutral and El Nino years having greater precipitation. Early ENSO based extended forecasts for La Nina related consistently to irrigation effects on yield and could determine application strategies.
Increased Renal Medullary H2O2 Leads to Hypertension

We have recently reported that exaggerated oxidative stress in the renal medulla due to superoxide dismutase inhibition resulted in a reduction of renal medullary blood flow and sustained hypertension. The present study tested the hypothesis that selective scavenging of O2*- in the renal medulla would prevent hypertension associated with this exaggerated oxidative stress. An indwelling, aortic catheter was implanted in nonnephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats for daily measurement of arterial blood pressure, and a renal medullary interstitial catheter was implanted for continuous delivery of the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETC, 7.5 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and a chemical superoxide dismutase mimetic, 4-hydroxytetramethyl piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL, 10 mg. kg-1. d-1). Renal medullary interstitial infusion of TEMPOL completely blocked DETC-induced accumulation of O2*- in the renal medulla, as measured by the conversion rate of dihydroethidium to ethidium in the dialysate and by urinary excretion of 8-isoprostanes. However, TEMPOL infusion failed to prevent DETC-induced hypertension, unless catalase (5 mg x kg(-1) d(-1)) was coinfused. Direct infusion of H2O2 into the renal medulla resulted in increases of mean arterial pressure from 115+/-2.5 to 131+/-2.1 mm Hg, which was similar to that observed in rats receiving the medullary infusion of both TEMPOL and DETC. The results indicate that sufficient catalase activity in the renal medulla is a prerequisite for the antihypertensive action of TEMPOL and that accumulated H2O2 in the renal medulla associated with exaggerated oxidative stress might have a hypertensive consequence.
In Situ Monitoring of the Degradation of Iron Porphyrins by Dioxygen with Hydrazine as Sacrificial Reductant. Detection of Paramagnetic Intermediates in the Coupled Oxidation Process by 1H NMR Spectroscopy

The effects of using hydrazine rather than ascorbic acid on the coupled oxidation of (OEP)Fe(II)(py)(2) (OEP is the dianion of octaethylporphyrin, py is pyridine) have been investigated with the goal of directly detecting reactive intermediates during the process of heme degradation by dioxygen. The reaction products, [(OEOP)Fe(II)(py)(2)]Cl and (OEB)Fe(III)(py)(2) (OEOP is the monoanion of octaethyl-5-oxaporphyrin and OEB is the trianion of octaethylbilindione), and their yields are similar to those of the standard coupled oxidation process. The reaction has been monitored in situ in pyridine/dichloromethane mixtures by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The recently isolated and crystallographically characterized complex, (OEPO)Fe(py)(2) (OEOP is the trianion of octaethyloxaphlorin), has been identified as a key intermediate. Addition of dioxygen to (OEP)Fe(II)(py)(2) in pyridine with hydrazine present also produces two new transient species: (OEPO)Fe(py)(N(2)D(4)) and (OEPO)Fe(N(2)D(4))(2). These complexes have also be produced independently by low-temperature titration of hydrazine into a solution of {(OEPO)Fe}(2). Thus, hydrazine acts as an axial ligand during the early stages of the coupled oxidation process. However, the two hydrazine-containing complexes eventually are converted into (OEPO)Fe(py)(2) before [(OEOP)Fe(II)(py)(2)]Cl and (OEB)Fe(III)(py)(2) are formed. The observations reported here suggest that the coupled oxidation process can be divided into two stages. The first stage involves the meso C-H bond and results in introduction of oxygen at that site with the formation of the three intermediates: (OEPO)Fe(N(2)H(4))(2), (OEPO)Fe(N(2)H(2))(py), and (OEPO)Fe(py)(2). The second stage of the coupled oxidation process involves C-C bond breaking and the conversion of the hydroxylated heme, (OEPO)Fe(py)(2), into the final products, [(OEOP)Fe(II)(py)(2)](+) and (OEB)Fe(III)(py)(2).
Hydrothermal alteration in anthracite from eastern Pennsylvania: Implications for mechanisms of anthracite formation

Orthogonal joint sets (cleat) in anthracite-rank coal beds from eastern Pennsylvania contain two mineralogically and chemically different authigenic clay mineral assemblages. In localities from all four anthracite fields, the systematic cleat contains significant quantities (20 to 95 wt%) of authigenic rectorite, sudoite, or tosudite, which are clay minerals primarily associated with hydrothermal veins and ore deposits. The strike of systematic cleat in this region roughly parallels the inferred direction of lateral compressive stress during the Alleghany orogeny. The opposing nonsystematic cleat contains mostly authigenic NH 4 -illite, a clay that also occurs in the coal matrix. All of these authigenic clay minerals formed during anthracitization (T> 200 °C) by replacement of kaolinite and quartz, both of which formed during an earlier stage of coalification and are present in the joints and matrix of nearly all coal samples. These distinct mineralogical-structural relations are observed throughout the Anthracite region and suggest that (1) mineralogical variations in the coal joints are related primarily to permeability variations that were controlled by the orientation of Alleghanian stress fields, (2) hydrothermal fluids passed through the systematic cleat during anthracitization, and (3) hydrothermal alteration influenced diagenesis in this region. Hydrothermal alteration may be related to basin-wide fluid migrations that were driven by Alleghanian-age uplift. Basinal fluid flow, concentrated along permeable joints and detachment zones, could have efficiently transported heat from depth and thereby increased the rate of coalification and decreased the postulated minimum depths at which anthracitization occurred (perhaps ≤5km vs. 6-10 km).
Intranasal midazolam therapy for pediatric status epilepticus

Prolonged seizure activity in a child is a frightening experience for families as well as care providers. Because duration of seizure activity impacts morbidity and mortality, effective methods for seizure control should be instituted as soon as possible, preferably at home. Unfortunately, parenteral methods of medication delivery are not available to most caregivers and rectal diazepam, the most commonly used home therapy, is expensive and often ineffective. This brief review article examines recent research suggesting that there is a better way to treat pediatric seizures in situations where no intravenous access is immediately available. Intranasal midazolam, which delivers antiepileptic medication directly to the blood and cerebrospinal fluid via the nasal mucosa, is safe, inexpensive, easy to learn by parents and paramedics, and provides better seizure control than rectal diazepam.
Effect of sudden time displacement by air travel on synchronization of adrenal function.

Summary1) Excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the urine was measured at frequent intervals throughout 30 hours at 5 different times following a shift from CST to Japanese and Korean time. The excretion was synchronized with CST immediately after arrival in Japan, but became synchronized with the new time schedule by 9 days. 2) Sodium and potassium excretion patterns are similar to that of a previous study on Central Standard Time but synchronized with the new time schedule also in 9 days.
Towards an Alloiostrophic Rhetoric

This article describes the need and outlines a strategy for theorizing “alloiostrophic rhetoric” and the practices and possibilities of such a theory. In brief, alloiostrophic rhetoric is one that turns toward difference, diversity, and the other. It explores this rhetoric by asking three questions: Why is alloiostrophic rhetoric needed? What are its primary characteristics? How might alloiostrophic rhetoric be performed?
Arguing about Public Issues: What Can We Learn from Practical Ethics?

As most rhetoric teachers know from experience, arguments about controversial issues slide easily into disputes with an ethical edge. In Writing Arguments, John Ramage and John Bean note that the "line between ethical arguments ... and other kinds of values disputes is often pretty thin." Even issues that seem to involve "straight-forward practical values," Ramage and Bean explain, "can turn out to have an ethical dimension" (352). And the ethical dimension is especially strong in controversies that involve not simply disagreements but deep conflicts, such as the kinds of topics that are found in many controversy-oriented anthologies. For example, Robert Miller's The Informed Argument (4th ed.) has units on gun control, AIDS in the workplace, sexual harassment, immigration policies, culture and curriculum, and freedom of expression. Thayle Anderson and Kent Forrester's Point Counterpoint (2nd ed.) includes units on the wilderness, funeral practices, advertising, sex differences, bilingual education, obscenity, and the internment of Japanese residents during World War II. These kinds of topics involve serious disputes about what practices we should permit, whose rights we should protect, which values are most important, which policies are fairest, etc. Recognizing that controversial issues often invite ethical arguments, some textbook authors have begun to discuss principles of moral philosophy and methods from applied ethics, specifically as a way for students to tackle disputes with an ethical edge. For example, Ramage and Bean include a section titled "An Overview of Major Ethical Systems," in which the authors present the Utilitarian focus on consequences, the Kantian ethic of principles, and finally a comparison and integration of these approaches. The reason for knowing about these different ethical systems is that they provide strategies for examining controversial issues, such as capital punishment. In another textbook-the fifth edition of Writing and Reading Across the CurriculumLaurence Behrens and Leonard Rosen include a unit on "Business Ethics," including essays that discuss moral theory as well as some cases for analysis. As stated in the Instructor's Manual for the text, the authors included this unit in order "to introduce freshmen to the subject of ethics . . . to offer models for making ethical decisions; to provide cases upon which students can test those models; and to raise difficult, debatable questions about values" (71).
Black hope, white power: emancipation, reconstruction and the legacy of unequal schooling in the US - South, 1861–1880

Current explanations for the gap between African-American and white school achievement are inadequate; most cannot explain the high level of black school achievement in the decade after Emancipation. Further, traditional accounts of the origins of educational discrimination against African-Americans are inaccurate. The roots of educational discrimination began at the moment African-Americans first demanded access to education as slavery collapsed. White southerners responded to that demand with overwhelming force and violence, ranging from simple intimidation through incendiarism, physical violence, shootings and murder against students and teachers.
Impact of graphical fidelity on physiological responses in virtual environments

Higher quality computer graphics in interactive applications in the areas of virtual reality and games is generally assumed to create a more immersive experience for the end user. In this study we examined this assumption by testing to what degree graphical fidelity was associated with physiological arousal as measured by a galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor. Thirty-six subjects played two different video games at the highest and lowest graphical quality settings while their GSR activity was measured. No significant difference in GSR was observed that was associated with graphical quality. We conclude that, for applications in which an emotional response is desired, increased graphical quality alone does not predict a physiological arousal response.
International Comparison of Trends in Water Resources Management, An

Current problems involving water use and efforts to develop a legal framework to cope with the rising demand for water are surveyed. A comparison is made of legal steps taken by several countries to encourage efficienct water use. Recent trends in water management are shown to be in the direction of conservation, recovery, and reuse and are associated with available technology. Centralization of water resource management allows the best mechanism for monitoring use and consolidating the administrative structure so that regulations are resource- rather than use-oriented. This will allow a smooth transition from the old wasteful water rights laws and make the transfer of water from one place or use to another less constrained. Pricing has been found to be an effective conservation tool for reducing water use, while effluent charges promote recovery and reuse.
Metabolism of an insect diuretic hormone by Malpighian tubules studied by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The larger of two diuretic hormones of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, (Mas-DH) is a peptide of 41 residues. It is one of a family of seven currently known insect diuretic hormones that are similar to the corticotropin-releasing factor–urotensin–sauvagine family of peptides. We investigated the possible inactivation of Mas-DH by incubating it in vitro with larval Malpighian tubules (Mt), the target organ of the hormone. The medium was analyzed, and degradation products were identified, using on-line microbore reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RPLC-ESI-MS). This sensitive technique allows identification of metabolites of Mas-DH (present at an initial level of ≈1 μM). An accurate Mr value for a metabolite is usually sufficient for unambiguous identification. Mas-DH is cleaved by Mt proteases initially at L29–R30 and R30–A31 under our assay conditions; some Mas-DH is also oxidized, apparently at M2 and M11. The proteolysis can be inhibited by 5 mM EDTA, suggesting that divalent metals are needed for peptide cleavage. The oxidation of the hormone can be inhibited by catalase or 1 mM methionine, indicating that H2O2 or related reactive oxygen species are responsible for the oxidative degradation observed. RPLC-ESI-MS is shown here to be an elegant and efficient method for studying peptide hormone metabolism resulting from unknown proteases and pathways.
Regulation of TRPM8 channel activity

Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channel directly activated by cold temperatures and chemical agonists such as menthol. It is a well established sensor of environmental cold temperatures, found in peripheral sensory neurons, where its activation evokes depolarization and action potentials. The activity of TRPM8 is regulated by a number of cellular signaling pathways, most notably by phosphoinositides and the activation of phospholipase C. This review will summarize current knowledge on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of TRPM8 and its regulation by various intracellular messenger molecules and signaling pathways.
Approaches for electrical injection into photonic crystal nanocavities

We discuss two approaches for current injected photonic crystal defect membrane emitters. A vertical pn junction using spatially selective gain is reported as well transverse pn junctions created using selective ion implantation.
Caloric restriction for longevity: II—The systematic neglect of behavioural and psychological outcomes in animal research

Research on caloric restriction for longevity (CRL) has generated hundreds of articles on the physiology of food deprivation, yet almost no data on consequences in other domains. The first paper in this series outlined the generally positive physical effects of CRL; the second analyses the meagre and sometimes disturbing record of research on behaviour, cognition and affect. The available evidence suggests that nutrient-dense CRL in animals—just like nutrient-poor semi-starvation in people—is associated with a number of adverse effects. Changes include abnormal food-related behaviour, heightened aggression and diminished sexual activity. Studies of learning and memory in underfed rodents yield inconsistent findings; no information is available on cognitive effects in primates. To date, the CRL field has ignored other variables that are crucial to the human case and known to be disrupted by chronic hunger, including sociability, curiosity and emotionality. Promotion of CRL for people is irresponsible in the absence of more reassuring data on the full range of expected outcomes. Eating disorder specialists should be contributing to scientific and public discussions of this increasingly prominent paradigm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
An Image Coding Algorithm Using Spline Functions

This paper presents an image coding algorithm using spline functions that is competitive with the more conventional orthogonal transform methods at data rates of 1 bit/pixel or less. Spline coding has the added attraction of an optical implementation arising from the fact that least squares image approximations also produces least squares approximations to the image derivatives. A first order spline is used to approximate the proper order derivative of the image whose order is determined by an analysis presented in the paper. The image derivative is then encoded and transmitted to the user who reconstructs the image by a k-1 order integration which can be done optically.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Combinatorial properties of directed graphs useful in computing network reliability

This paper is concerned with the problem of computing the probability that a root vertex can communicate with all other vertices in a probabilistic directed graph. One method is to apply the inclusion-exclusion principle of probability theory to the event “at least one rooted spanning tree of the graph is working.” We prove combinatorial properties of graphs which allow us to derive a much condensed form of the inclusion-exclusion expression. Each term corresponds to an acyclic spanning subgraph of the original graph, with coefficient equal to (−1)b-n+1, where b and n are the number of edges and vertices of the subgraph, respectively.
Source of ovarian preovulatory progesterone.

AN increase in plasma progesterone has been detected before ovulation in several species. There is, however, no definitive information as to which ovarian compartments produce this progesterone. Previous results with the golden hamster have demonstrated a preovulatory progesterone surge after the critical period for gonadotrophin release on the afternoon of pro-oestrus (day 4)1,2. This is paralleled by the development of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) activity in the theca interna and granulosa of pre-ovulatory follicles3, suggesting they could be a source of preovulatory progesterone. As the interstitium also contains 3βHSD activity, it could be an additional source of progesterone3. Hamster corpora lutea, however, have negligible 3βHSD activity during pro-oestrus3 and are not capable of producing progesterone when isolated and incubated in vitro (Leavitt et al., unpublished work).
A finite element displacement model valid for any value of the compressibility

Abstract In this paper it is shown how the displacement formulation of the theorem of minimum potential energy can be used with the finite element method to approximate both compressible and incompressible equilibria of linearly elastic, isotropic solids. The procedure is shown to be equivalent to the more complicated “mixed principle” technique, due to the use of numerical integration applied to the computation of the element stiffness matrices. Criteria for the choice of integration formulas and elements are discussed, and numerical examples are presented.
Medical cyber physical systems

We discuss current trends in the development and use of high-confidence medical cyber-physical systems (MCPS). These trends, including increased reliance on software to deliver new functionality, wider use of network connectivity in MCPS, and demand for continuous patient monitoring, bring new challenges into the process of MCPS development and at the same time create new opportunities for research and development.
An Examination of Correlates and Effects Associated with a Concise Measure of Consumers' Nutrition Knowledge

This article presents a 6-item objective measure of nutrition knowledge and focuses on its relationship to consumer perceptions of nutritional information provided onfood labels and the role of knowledge in affecting product purchase likelihood evaluations. Supportfor the known group validityof the knowledge measure is offeredfrom comparisons of professional nutritionists and senior level nutrition/dietitian students with general samples of consumers. Resultsfrom the two main studies indicate that consumers with higher levels of nutrition knowledge have stronger motivation to acquire nutrition information and have morefavorable attitudes toward nutrition information than consumers with lower nutrition knowledge. Also, the knowledge measure is shown to moderate effects of suchfactors as product nutritional value and nutrition label format on consumers' reports of product purchase likelihood. These results indicate the importance of assessing the role of nutrition knowledge when examining consumers' comprehension and attitudes toward nutrition label information and the effects of label information on consumers' purchase likelihood evaluations.
Dabigatran: a primer for neurosurgeons.

Objective This study sought to present an overview of dabigatran, a new anticoagulant, and to discuss the implications for the perioperative management of patients taking dabigatran. Methods We reviewed the English literature pertaining to the new oral anticoagulant, dabigatran (Pradaxa). Results Dabigatran has the advantage of providing rapid and steady anticoagulation without requiring laboratory monitoring. However, the fact that no practical, reliable method of monitoring of the anticoagulant effects is available constitutes a challenge when contemplating urgent neurosurgical procedures in patients treated with this medication. Although the risk of intracranial hemorrhage with dabigatran was lower than with warfarin in the large trial leading to the approval of the drug, the management of these complications may be problematic because there is no current antidote. Conclusions We present a basic overview of dabigatran, discuss the implications for the perioperative management of patients taking this new anticoagulant, and offer recommendations for the management of intracranial hemorrhage related to this drug.
Radioassay and the thyroid gland

Abstract In the thyroid field, as in all biochemistry and physiology, extension of knowledge often follows the discovery of a way to measure a previously non-quantifiable parameter. The beauty of competitive radioassays is that it is possible to design, on a microscale, the method for measuring almost any substance of biologic interest. The preceding discussion has shown how, one after another, the problems in measuring TSH and the thyroid hormones have been overcome by this pervasive technique. No doubt it still has much to contribute to our understanding of biology and medicine.
Generalization of the quasi-geostrophic Eliassen-Palm flux to include eddy forcing of condensation heating

A modified Eulerian form of the Eliassen-Palm flux which includes the effect of eddy forcing on condensation heating is defined. With the two-dimensional vector flux in the meridional plane which is a function of the zonal mean eddy fluxes replaced by the modified flux, both the Eliassen-Palm theorem and a modified but more general form of the nonacceleration theorem for quasi-geostrophic motion still hold. Calculations of the divergence of the modified flux and of the eddy forcing of the moisture field are presented.
The effects of paclitaxel, dose density, and trastuzumab on treatment-related amenorrhea in premenopausal women with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Little information is available regarding the effects of new adjuvant treatment regimens on menstrual functioning in premenopausal women with early breast cancer. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of data from premenopausal women who received treatment for early breast cancer to evaluate the rates of amenorrhea in follow-up. The women who were included received treatment with either doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) or combined AC and paclitaxel (T) (AC-T) given either every 3 weeks, or as a dose-dense (DD) regimen, or as AC followed by weekly T with trastuzumab or followed by trastuzumab (AC-T+trastuzumab). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate amenorrhea during follow-up. RESULTS: Of 431 patients who were eligible for analysis, the average age at diagnosis was 13 years (range, 25-55 years), 61% of women received AC only, and 39% received AC-T. Of the 39% who received AC-T, 49% of women received DD therapy, 14% received AC-T+trastuzumab, and 71% of all patients received tamoxifen (TAM). The median follow-up was 33 months (range, 6-114 months). After adjusting for age, weight, gravidity, parity, age at menarche, smoking, alcohol use, TAM use, type and regimen of chemotherapy, and use of trastuzumab, the likelihood of remaining amenorrheic was not statistically different in patients who received AC-T versus AC (odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8-3.2), DD treatment versus treatment every 3 weeks (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.25-1.3), or AC-T + trastuzumab (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.22-1.61). Amenorrhea was associated significantly with TAM use and age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Recent advances in the adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer do not appear to have increased the risk of amenorrhea in premenopausal women. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Who and where is the renal baroreceptor?: the connexin hypothesis

Gap junctions are emerging as a fundamental mechanism for the control of renin synthesis and release. Connexin40 is prominent in juxtaglomerular cells. When missing, it results in hyperreninemia and hypertension. Schweda et al. offer exciting data demonstrating that connexin45, a connexin with different biophysical properties, can replace connexin40 functions related to the control of renin.
Control of spin-stabilized spacecraft with sloshing fluid stores

Spin-stabilized space craft with sloshing fluid stores are known to be a source of dynamic instability for certain spacecraft configurations. A time varying linear feedback control law was developed, using an equivalent spherical pendulum mechanical model of the fluid motion coupled to the main body dynamics, which stabilizes the highly nonlinear dynamic system within a large region of operation. The control law was also demonstrated to perform a pointing maneuver. A control design for a specific spacecraft is outlined and implemented by sensing only the main body angular rates and attitude
Techniques: spectroscopy at a stretch.

Two-dimensional spectroscopy can now be done using visible light. This allows the electronic couplings between energy levels to be measured directly and sheds new light on how molecules function in photosynthesis.
Current noise in surface layer integrated resistors

The excess noise ratio n−1, defined as the excess noise intensity over the thermal noise intensity, is used as a parameter for characterizing the current noise of integrated resistors. Theoretically n−1 is proportional to the square of the device current, inversely proportional to the square of the device width, and independent of the device length. This is well verified by experiment. The noise spectrum is of the form 1ƒα with α practically equal to unity, as expected for flicker noise. The effect of current crowding near the current-carrying contacts is investigated.
GRANULOMATOUS HEPATITIS: A COMPLICATION OF B.C.G. IMMUNOTHERAPY

Abstract Granulomatous hepatitis developed in three P.P.D.-negative patients who received intralesional injections of B.C.G. It is suggested that the method of administration and/or sensitivity to tubercular antigens may play a role in the development of this complication.
In-medium effects on charmonium production in heavy-ion collisions.

Charmonium production in heavy-ion collisions is investigated within a kinetic theory framework incorporating in-medium properties of open- and hidden-charm states in line with recent QCD lattice calculations. A continuously decreasing open-charm threshold across the phase boundary of hadronic and quark-gluon matter is found to have important implications for the equilibrium abundance of charmonium states. The survival of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ resonance states above the transition temperature enables their recreation also in the quark-gluon plasma. Including effects of chemical and thermal off-equilibrium, we compare our model results to available experimental data at CERN SPS and BNL RHIC energies. In particular, earlier found discrepancies in the ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}/\ensuremath{\psi}$ ratio can be resolved.
Compound mutations: a common cause of severe long-QT syndrome.

Background— Long QT syndrome (LQTS) predisposes affected individuals to sudden death from cardiac arrhythmias. Although most LQTS individuals do not have cardiac events, significant phenotypic variability exists within families. Probands can be very symptomatic. The mechanism of this phenotypic variability is not understood. Methods and Results— Genetic analyses of KVLQT1, HERG , KCNE1 , KCNE2 , and SCN5A detected compound mutations in 20 of 252 LQTS probands (7.9%). Carriers of 2 mutations had longer QTc intervals (527±54 versus 489±44 ms; P P P Xenopus oocytes was used to characterize the properties of variant slow delayed rectifier potassium ( I Ks ) channels identified in 7 of the probands. When wild-type and variant subunits were coexpressed in appropriate ratios to mimic the genotype of the proband, the reduction in I Ks density was equivalent to the additive effects of the single mutations. Conclusions— LQTS-associated compound mutations cause a severe phenotype and are more common than expected. Individuals with compound mutations need to be identified, and their management should be tailored to their increased risk for arrhythmias.
Simulation of spray–turbulence–flame interactions in a lean direct injection combustor

Abstract Large-eddy simulation (LES) of a liquid-fueled lean-direct injection (LDI) combustor is carried out by resolving the entire inlet flow path through the swirl vanes and the combustor. A localized dynamic subgrid closure is combined with a subgrid mixing and combustion model so that no adjustable parameters are required. The inflow spray is specified by a Kelvin–Helmholtz (or aerodynamic) breakup model and compared with LES without breakup, where the incoming spray is approximated using measured data just downstream of the injector. Overall, both time-averaged gas and droplet velocity predictions compare well with the measured data. The major impact of breakup is on fuel evaporation in the vicinity of the injector. Further downstream, a broad spectrum of drop sizes are recovered by the breakup simulation and produces spray quality, as in the no-breakup case. It is shown that the vortex breakdown bubble (VBB) is smaller with more intense reverse flow when there is heat release. The swirling shear layer plays a major role in spray dispersion and the VBB provides an efficient flame-holding mechanism to stabilize the flame. Unsteady features such as the efficient dispersion of the spray by the precessing vortex core (PVC) are well captured. Flame structure analysis using the Takeno flame index shows the presence of a diffusion flame in the central portion, whereas premixed burning mode is observed farther away. Instantaneous thermochemical states of fuel–air mixing and oxidation indicate significant departure from the gaseous diffusion limits, consistent with earlier observations. Additionally, particle–particle and particle–gas correlations are analyzed and discussed.
Perovskite-type oxide thin film integrated fiber optic sensor for high-temperature hydrogen measurement.

Small size fiber optic devices integrated with chemically sensitive photonic materials are emerging as a new class of high-performance optical chemical sensor that have the potential to meet many analytical challenges in future clean energy systems and environmental management. Here, we report the integration of a proton conducting perovskite oxide thin film with a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) device for high-temperature in situ measurement of bulk hydrogen in fossil- and biomass-derived syngas. The perovskite-type Sr(Ce0.8Zr0.1)Y0.1O2.95 (SCZY) nanocrystalline thin film is coated on the 125 μm diameter LPFG by a facile polymeric precursor route. This fiber optic sensor (FOS) operates by monitoring the LPFG resonant wavelength (λR), which is a function of the refractive index of the perovskite oxide overcoat. At high temperature, the types and population of the ionic and electronic defects in the SCZY structure depend on the surrounding hydrogen partial pressure. Thus, varying the H2 concentration cha...
Statistical studies of chaotic wave patterns.

We present statistical measurements of spatially and temporally chaotic surface waves in relatively large containers (10--30 wavelengths across) with various boundary geometries and wetting conditions. The patterns are measured using transmission optics and video image processing. Although the instantaneous patterns are highly disordered, they retain sufficient phase coherence that the time-averaged images have spatially periodic structure. The symmetry of the time-averaged images is related to the symmetry of the boundaries. The convergence of the averaging process is significantly slower than that of a Gaussian random process. An average image can be explained as arising from amplitude and phase fluctuations about a base wave pattern. The [ital form] of the base pattern is that expected near onset in an infinite system. The amplitude of the average image, which decreases with drive amplitude, is related to the variance of phase fluctuations. Despite the relatively large dimensions, the base pattern is box quantized by the cell walls. Nonhysteretic jumps occur between these states as the drive frequency is varied. Close to the jumps the patterns fluctuate between several quantized states. Some of the statistical methods utilized here could be employed to analyze spatiotemporal chaos in other systems.
An Intrinsic Case Study of Two Homeschooled Undergraduates’ Decisions to Become and Remain Music Education Majors:

The purpose of this intrinsic case study was to investigate two homeschooled undergraduates’ decisions to become and remain music education majors. Two senior music education participants’ data were used holistically to capture their experiences over a 12-month period. Individual interviews, weekly journals, and field notes comprised the data sources, whereas verification procedures included triangulation, member checking, and peer review. Participant profiles are included in the results as well as three themes: (a) remembered moments and the desire to facilitate those experiences for others; (b) parents, teachers, and other important role models within musical and teacher development; and (c) personal qualities and overcoming obstacles. Results reflect several past studies and highlight the need for homeschooled individuals to participate continually in field experiences at the undergraduate level.
Children's Reasoning about the Causes of Human Behavior.

Three studies examined young children's ability to predict how certain internal and external conditions affect behavior. Study 1 included 136 children from early preschool, late preschool, kindergarten, and second grade. A forced choice procedure revealed that even the youngest group could predict the effect of various internal-personal causes (e.g., interest, intelligence) and external-situational causes (e.g., rewards, adult pressure). Older preschoolers and second graders considered these internal causes more powerful than these external causes. With the same procedure, in Study 2 the 16 preschoolers predicted that both physical characteristics (e.g., strength, energy level) and the internal-personal characteristics of Study 1 affect performance in athletic activities. In addition, they considered the physical causes more important. Study 3 examined more complex types of causal reasoning. Younger preschoolers responded randomly but older preschoolers combined two causes to create a greater effect than one cause and used an external cause to enhance, rather than discount, an internal cause. The discussion focused on the cognitive development underlying developmental differences in the ability to predict behavior on the basis of one or two causes.
Comparison of serological and molecular panels for diagnosis of vector-borne diseases in dogs

Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) are caused by a diverse array of pathogens with varying biological behaviors that result in a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and laboratory abnormalities. For many reasons, the diagnosis of canine vector-borne infectious diseases can be challenging for clinicians. The aim of the present study was to compare CVBD serological and molecular testing as the two most common methodologies used for screening healthy dogs or diagnosing sick dogs in which a vector-borne disease is suspected. We used serological (Anaplasma species, Babesia canis, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and SFG Rickettsia) and molecular assays to assess for exposure to, or infection with, 10 genera of organisms that cause CVBDs (Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Ehrlichia, Francisella, hemotropic Mycoplasma, Neorickettsia, Rickettsia, and Dirofilaria). Paired serum and EDTA blood samples from 30 clinically healthy dogs (Group I) and from 69 sick dogs suspected of having one or more canine vector-borne diseases (Groups II-IV), were tested in parallel to establish exposure to or infection with the specific CVBDs targeted in this study. Among all dogs tested (Groups I-IV), the molecular prevalences for individual CVBD pathogens ranged between 23.3 and 39.1%. Similarly, pathogen-specific seroprevalences ranged from 43.3% to 59.4% among healthy and sick dogs (Groups I-IV). Among these representative sample groupings, a panel combining serological and molecular assays run in parallel resulted in a 4-58% increase in the recognition of exposure to or infection with CVBD. We conclude that serological and PCR assays should be used in parallel to maximize CVBD diagnosis.
MIMO channel capacity measurements using the VT-STAR architecture

The Virginia Tech Space-Time Advanced Radio (VT-STAR) has been used to collect and process narrowband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurements in a non line-of-sight (NLOS) indoor environment. Following the description of the radio architecture we report here initial representative results of the capacity measured in our indoor laboratory settings. As part of the validation process, the effect of pattern distortion associated with the orientation of the antenna arrays is discussed. We compare the theoretical capacity results of [2] with the measured capacities obtained by a MIMO configuration, receive diversity (with single transmit antenna), transmit diversity (with single receive antenna) and a single-input single output (SISO) channel only.
Green Light Generated by Frequency-Doubling in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 Thin Films

Thin films of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 are grown by off-axis magnetron sputtering on A12O3 and LiTaO3 substrates. When stoichiometry is precisely controlled, the films display excellent crystallographic and morphologic properties and have optical losses that are acceptable for frequency-doubling. LiNbO3/A12O3 samples have rocking curve widths as low as Δω = 76 arc sec and rms surface roughnesses less than 1 nm. Rocking curves performed with a resolution of 12 arc sec in 2θ indicate that there is very little tilt to the grains. Most of the width of the standard rocking curve is associated with variations in the interplanar spacing. The LiTaO3 films have similar characteristics. LiNbO3/LiTaO3 samples have rocking curve widths as low as Δω = 28 arc sec. Again, there is very little tilt misalignment to the grains, and the best samples have rms surface roughnesses less than 1 nm. The LiNbO3/LiTaO3 samples are typically 650 nm thick and many have optical losses less than 5 dB/cm. The LiNbO3/A12O3 samples, typically 250 nm thick, have losses of 5–7 dB/cm. The higher modal intensity at the surface of the thinner films increases surface scattering losses. We have generated green light by frequency doubling in LiTaO3 and LiNbO3 thin-film planar waveguides. Phase matching was achieved by both modal dispersion and quasi-phase matching.
Degradation of Ornithine Decarboxylase

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme in an essential metabolic pathway (Hayashi, 1989), is a growth-responsive oncoprotein (Auvinen et al., 1992), and associates with an elaborately controlled second protein that directs its degradation by the 26 S protease. Although this sounds like a job for ubiquitin, it is not. Instead, the protein that prompts the destruction of ODC is antizyme (AZ). Together ODC and AZ participate in an elaborately orchestrated process that provides a unique form of feedback regulation based not on allostery but on degradation. ODC is the initial and commonly rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of polyamines (Tabor and Tabor, 1984). These are small, ubiquitous, abundant, positively charged molecules essential for life. Putrescine (diaminopropane) is the product of ODC. Additional enzymes are required to produce higher polyamines by sequential addition of one aminopropyl group to form spermidine, and of a second to form spermine. The aminopropyl group is generated by the action of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. This enzyme is also labile and its destruction is regulated (Svensson and Persson, 1995), but little is known about the mechanism of this process. Recent reviews have considered the role of AZ in the degradation of ODC (Hayashi and Murakami, 1995; Hayashi et al., 1996).
The Molecular Biology of the Rod Photoreceptor cGMP Phosphodiesterase α- and β-Subunits

Defects in proteins that function in photoreceptor signal transduction are prime suspects as causes of some hereditary retinal degenerations. Recently, a defect in the gene encoding the β-subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase has been implicated as causative of the rd phenotype in mouse (Bowes et al. 1989, 1990), in which rod outer segments do not form properly prior to the onset of photoreceptor cell degeneration. We have characterized cDNA clones encoding the rod cGMP phosphodiesterase α -subunit of bovine, human, and mouse. We have further used bovine a-subunit sequences under low stringency conditions to identify clones encoding the mouse cGMP phosphodiesterase β-subunit. The similarity of the α-subunit sequences among species is greater than 90%, the similarity of mouse a and P-subunit cDNAs is approximately 73%. The open reading frames predict α-subunits of 100 kd, and a β-subunit of 99 kd. The domains most variable between the α-subunit are near the C-terminus; between the mouse α and β-subunit, at the N- and C-termini. A 230 residue segment thought to contain at least part of the active site is present in the C-terminal half of both the α and β-subunits, suggesting that each subunit may exhibit enzyme activity.
Interference Channel aided by an Infrastructure Relay

A Gaussian Interference Channel with an Infrastructure Relay (ICIR) is investigated. The relay has finite-capacity links to both sources and destinations that are orthogonal to each other and to the underlying interference channel. A general achievable rate region is presented by using the relay both to convey additional information from the sources (signal relaying) and to ease interference cancelation (interference forwarding). Outer bounds to the capacity region are also derived, and used to determine a number of regimes of interest where either signal relaying only or both signal relaying and interference forwarding are optimal.