cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of the BCGS-FFT method to 3-D induction well logging problems

Electromagnetic induction logging is one of the most important measurements in borehole characterization of an oil reservoir. With the ever increasing number of deviated and horizontal wells aiming for improved hydrocarbon production, simulation of induction well logging in realistic three-dimensional (3-D) environments has become an important subject of research. In this paper, we investigate a fast spectral-domain solver for the second-kind integral equation arising from Maxwell's equations for 3-D induction logging. We combine an iterative stabilized biconjugate-gradient (BiCGSTAB) technique with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm (BCGS-FFT method) to compute electromagnetic fields in 3-D inhomogeneous media at induction frequencies. The electric field integral equation is discretized through the use of the magnetic vector potential to weaken the singularity associated with the dyadic Green's function. The computational time and computer memory requirements of this BCGS-FFT method are O(NlogN) and O(N), respectively, where N is the total number of unknowns.
Low-lying electronic states of cyclopentadienone.

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the low-lying electronic states of cyclopentadienone (C5H4O). The cyclopentadienone anion (C5H4O–) was generated in the gas phase via reaction of atomic oxygen radical anions (O–) with cyclopentanone (C5H8O). Photoelectron imaging was used to gain access to the first three electronic states of C5H4O, including the X 1A1 ground state and the 3B2 and 3A2 excited states. The first two state assignments are supported by the Franck–Condon simulations of the vibrational progressions observed in the X 1A1 and 3B2 bands in the photoelectron spectra. The adiabatic electron affinity of cyclopentadienone in the ground state is determined to be EA(X 1A1) = 1.06 ± 0.01 eV, and the corresponding values for the first two excited states are EA(3B2) = 2.56 ± 0.02 eV and EA(3A2) = 3.45 ± 0.01 eV. These experimental determinations are in excellent agreement with the CCSD(T) theory predictions, lending further confidence to the above state assignments. On the basis o...
Poly(L-valine). Conformational dependence on the degree of polymerization: infrared studies.

The infrared spectra of poly(L-valine)'s with varying degrees of polymerization have been investigated, as well as copolymers of L-alanine and L-valine. The spectra of nujol mulls of various molecular-weight poly(L-valine)'s, isolated directly from the polymerization media, as well as spectra of these same samples after treatment with strong acid, are recorded. In the 700–250-cm−1 region, bands at 543 and 414 cm−1 are found to increase with increasing degree of polymerization in the nujol mulls, but are missing in the acid-treated samples. These bands are assigned to the L-valine residues with an β-helixlike local conformation. It is inferred that the polymerization proceeds initially in the β form, and after a critical degree of polymerization the chains adopt an appreciable amount of an α-helixlike local conformation.
Steady state analysis of DC to DC resonant converter

The authors describe the steady-state analysis of DC-to-DC resonant converters in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain. Closed-form expressions are derived in the time domain using a general method of determining the steady-state response of a linear time-invariant system with a periodic input. A comparative study is performed of the results obtained by the frequency domain and time domain methods to describe the operation of a DC-to-DC resonant converter. The analytical results obtained by this method are quite close to those from computer simulations. >
Performance optimization for on-chip sensors to detect recycled ICs

IC recycling has become a grave problem in today's globalized semiconductor industry, with potential impact to critical infrastructures. In order to mitigate this problem, various Design-for-Anti-Counterfeit (DfAC) measures have been recently proposed. In this paper, we look at DfAC strategies based on recycling sensors, most notably the ones based on a pair of ring oscillators, which rely on integrated circuit aging phenomena to detect usage of ICs in the field. We introduce a novel optimization technique that generalizes to most recycling sensors suggested so far in literature and gives manufacturers exact control over parameters that determine sensor performance, such as yield, misprediction and area overhead. A detailed analysis of various factors affecting recycling sensor performance is presented and an optimization problem is formulated and verified using simulations, in order to demonstrate the accuracy of the approach.
Surgical Irrigation of Open Fractures--A Change in Practice?

The open fracture — in which the broken bone is exposed to the world outside the body — has long been a devastating injury. From the time of Hippocrates until after the American Civil War, the recommended treatment for an open fracture was amputation, with death from sepsis occurring in approximately 50% of patients. The adoption of antiseptic technique and formal surgical debridement in the late 19th century, and the introduction of antibiotic agents and improved surgical stabilization in the 20th century, all but eliminated death as an outcome. These advances, however, have not eliminated infection or nonunion, which remain . . .
Another Way to Talk: Exploring Photovoice as a Strategy to Support Safe Disclosure Among Men and Women With HIV

HIV status disclosure can reduce stigma and facilitate medication adherence and safer sex among people living with HIV (PLH). Effective disclosure interventions are limited, however, and new strategies are necessary. We conducted a pilot Photovoice-based project with 38 PLH in four cities in the Midwest and Northeast U.S. and explored how the project affected disclosure perspectives and experiences. Participants attended three group Photovoice sessions, one individual session, and an optional photo exhibit. Qualitative strategies of theme and narrative analysis of photos and session transcripts revealed that participants discussed three categories of disclosures to others: fearful, reluctant, and open. The project supported all disclosure types, helping fearful participants manage their emotions, reluctant participants plan for more effective disclosures, and open participants share their HIV status. Pilot findings suggest that Photovoice should be further developed and studied as a safe and powerful strategy to improve disclosure and subsequent health and prevention outcomes among PLH.
Determinants of Off-Farm Labor Force Participation: Implications for Low Income Farm Families

Using Current Population Survey (CPS) data, off-farm labor participation models are developed for U.S. farm operators and spouses for 1978 and 1984. Actual data for a sample of low income farm households are used in conjunction with the estimated models to determine if these families possess characteristics conducive to off-farm work. Members of low income farm families are less likely to work off-farm. Participation in off-farm work among older farm families is constrained by the farm operator's education and the ages of both spouses. Among younger farm families, the presence of young children and regional location represent important constraints.
Quasi-ballistic Electronic Thermal Conduction in Metal Inverse Opals.

Porous metals are used in interfacial transport applications that leverage the combination of electrical and/or thermal conductivity and the large available surface area. As nanomaterials push toward smaller pore sizes to increase the total surface area and reduce diffusion length scales, electron conduction within the metal scaffold becomes suppressed due to increased surface scattering. Here we observe the transition from diffusive to quasi-ballistic thermal conduction using metal inverse opals (IOs), which are metal films that contain a periodic arrangement of interconnected spherical pores. As the material dimensions are reduced from ∼230 nm to ∼23 nm, the thermal conductivity of copper IOs is reduced by more than 57% due to the increase in surface scattering. In contrast, nickel IOs exhibit diffusive-like conduction and have a constant thermal conductivity over this size regime. The quasi-ballistic nature of electron transport at these length scales is modeled considering the inverse opal geometry, s...
Democratic Theory and the Public Interest: Condorcet and Rousseau Revisited.

Bernard Grofman and Scott Feld argued in the June 1988 issue of this Review that Jean-Jacques Rousseau's contributions to democratic political theory could be illuminated by invoking the theorizing of one of his eighteenth-century contemporaries, the Marquis de Condorcet, about individual and collective preferences or judgments. Grofman and Feld's claims about collective consciousness and the efficacy of the public interest provoke debate. One focus of discourse lies in the application of Condorcet's jury theorem to Rousseau's theory of the general will. In this controversy David M. Estlund and Jeremy Waldron in turn raise a variety of issues of theory and interpretation; Grofman and Feld then extend their argument, and propose clarifications.
Development of heterotypic combinations of dissociated embryonic chick cells.

Summary1. The behavior in vitro of dissociated and reaggregated mesonephric and limb-bud cells of the early chick embryo was studied in heterotypic, isochronic and heterochronic combinations, 2. Under the conditions examined, all cell types incorporated in the cell suspensions reappeared eventually in the aggregates to form tissue-like groupings that developed in accordance with their tissues of origin. 3. Manifestation of the characteristic histogenetic activity by cells of a given type in a heterotypic combination decreased in proportion to their share in the total population. If present below a certain liminal proportion, the cells did not reconstitute their typical tissue fabric, although equal amounts, when cultured separately, would differentiate histotypically.
Variations in Occipitocervical and Cervicothoracic Alignment Parameters Based on Age: A Prospective Study of Asymptomatic Volunteers Using Full-Body Radiographs.

STUDY DESIGN Cross-Sectional Cohort Study OBJECTIVE.: To describe age-stratified normative values of novel occipitocervical, cervical, and cervicothoracic alignment parameters. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Full-body radiographic images obtained without stitching or vertical distortion represent an ideal method to evaluate occipitocervical alignment and horizontal gaze. METHODS One hundred twenty adults with no back or neck symptoms were recruited. Age, sex, body mass index, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Oswestry Disability Index scores were recorded. Radiographic parameters measured included: center sacral vertebral line, chin brow vertical angle (CBVA), orbital tilt (OrT), orbital slope, occipital slope (OS), occipital incidence, occiput-C2 (O-C2) lordosis, cervical lordosis (C2-C7, CL), T1 slope (TS), neck tilt, thoracic inlet angle (TIA), cervicothoracic kyphosis (C6-T4), and C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (C2-7 SVA). Interobserver reliability was calculated for all measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC). A Pearson correlation was used to determine relationships between variables. RESULTS A total of 115 patients were analyzed; average age as 50.1 years (range 22-78). All measured variables had an ICC >0.6. CL (r = -0.33, P < 0.001), TS (r = 0.42, P < 0.001), TIA (r = 0.24, P = 0.010), and C7 SVA (r = 0.48, P < 0.001) all increased with age. OrT (r = -0.88, P < 0.001) and OS (r = 0.73, P < 0.001) were both strongly correlated with CBVA and each other (r = -0.83, P ≤ 0.001). Both measures were also correlated with the C2-C7 SVA (OrT, r = 0.41, P < 0.001; OS, r = -0.29, P = 0.002) and O-C2 angle (OrT, r = 0.46, P < 0.001; OS, r = -0.28, P = 0.003). C6-T4 angulations was negatively correlated with NDI scores in this population (r = -0.25, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION We present age-based normative values for occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, and cervical alignment parameters using a novel biplanar radiographic imaging technique. We introduce measures of craniocervical alignment that might provide surgeons with an intuitive way to account for the position of the orbit when planning cervical deformity correction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
Investigation of Infection of Pediatric Mycoplasma Pneumonia in Shenyang Area

Objective: To investigate the infection of pediatric mycoplasma pneumonia( MP) in Shenyang area. Methods: A total of 4 228 children were diagnosed respiratory tract infection in our hospital from Jan 2012 to Dec 2012. Serum MP-Ab titer were detected by passive particle agglutination test. And the incidences in different seasons,ages and sex were analyzed. Results: Among 4 228 samples,1 135 samples were positive,positive rate was 26. 84%. The positive rate of male( 22. 89%) was significantly lower than that of female( 31. 61%). The positive rate in the group of less than 1 year old,from 1 to 3 years old,from 4 to 6 years old,from 7 to 15 years old was 7. 52%,26. 06%,43. 55% and 60. 87% respectively,with significant differences among the different groups( P 0. 01). The positive rate in spring,summer,autumn,and winter was 23. 20%,20. 26%,39. 02%, and 29. 90% respectively,with significant differences among the seasons( P 0. 01). Conclusions: The incidence of MP was closely related to age,sex and season. The positive rate increases with the age of children. The morbidity is higher in the female and the most common in autumn.
PSS/E-based Simulation System Design for Functional Verification on the Power Dispatching Automation System

The power dispatching automation system has been widely used in the power dispatching center, so it 's very urgent and important to ensure the system's functions, performance and reliability to meet the dispatching demand through functional verification of the system. This paper presents a simulation system design, which use PSS/E software as calculation engine. The simulation system can simulate continuous operation of the power grid, and the power dispatching automation system is driven to run based on the simulated data.The case study shows that the proposed scheme is feasible and has good application prospect.
Building a Better World with Our Information: The Future of Personal Information Management, Part 3

Part 1 in "The Future of" series covers the fundamentals of personal information management (PIM) and then explores the seismic shift, already well underway, toward a world where our information is always at hand (thanks to our devices) and "forever" on the web. Part 2, "Transforming Technologies to Manage Our Information," provides a more focused look at technologies for managing information. The opening chapter discusses "natural interface" technologies of input/output to free us from keyboard, screen, and mouse. Successive chapters then explore technologies to save, search, and structure our information. A concluding chapter introduces the possibility that we may see dramatic reductions in the "clerical tax" we pay as we work with our information. Focus in this concluding Part 3 to the series shifts to the practical and to the near future. What can we do, now or soon, to manage our information better? And, as we do so, how might we build a better world? Part 3 is in three chapters: Chapter 10. Group Information Management and the Social Fabric in PIM. How do we preserve and promote our PIM practices as we interact with others at home, at school, at work, at play and in wider, even global, communities? Chapter 11. PIM by Design. What principles guide us? How can developers build better tools for PIM? How can the rest of us make better use of the tools we already have? Chapter 12. To Each of Us, Our Own concludes with an exploration of the ways each of us, individually, can develop better practices for the management of our information in service of the lives we wish to live and toward a better world we all must share.
Cyclopentane Peptide Nucleic Acids

Incorporating a cyclopentane ring into the two-carbon unit of a peptide nucleic acid backbone increases its binding affinity to complementary nucleic acid sequences. This approach is a general method to improve binding and can be applied at either purine or pyrimidine bases.
65. Wordsworth’s I Travelled among Unknown Men

(1943). 65. Wordsworth’s I Travelled among Unknown Men. The Explicator: Vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 63-64.
Effect of Thaw Conditions on Ground Beef

Three sampling periods were selected to acquire ground beef packages from two retail stores. Initially, samples were subjectively evaluated for color and overall appearance. Microbial load and taxonomy were determined and the samples were subsequently frozen. After frozen storage, one-half of the packages were thawed at 5 C for 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h, whereas the other samples were thawed at 25 C for the same periods. After thawing, samples were evaluated for the same characteristics as before freezing. Samples from each treatment were also evaluated for flavor, odor and overall acceptability. Appearance traits, taste and microbial load were affected (P < .05) by thaw time and temperature. Major groups of bacteria identified were: micrococci, Pseudomonas , streptococci, staphylococci, Flavobacterium , lactobacilli and coliforms. Salmonella and pathogenic Staphylococcus were not found. Those microorganisms which were identified were considered to be responsible for deterioration of appearance and taste attributes. Increased coliform growth at 25 C, especially after 8 h, suggests a need to thaw ground beef at refrigerated temperature to reduce public health concern. Results suggest that a proper thaw time and temperature to maintain acceptable appearance and taste of ground beef would be 24 h or less at refrigerated temperature.
Anesthesia for Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation

Kidney transplants are the most common solid organ abdominal transplant and are occasionally performed simultaneously with pancreas transplants in diabetic patients. Preoperative evaluation of potential transplant recipients should focus on the potential for occult cardiovascular disease while also screening for other signs of end-organ dysfunction. Intraoperatively, it is of utmost importance to ensure adequate graft perfusion to limit the risk of postoperative graft dysfunction or rejection. Postoperative care of the kidney or pancreas transplant patient should focus on ensuring normalization of volume status, electrolyte concentrations, and glycemic control.
Anisotropic elastic scattering and moving media

Classical anisotropic scattering in the laboratory is examined for a moving-target medium. Legendre expansions of the scattering probability function f(v',v) are given in the physical region for the general case of anisotropic elastic scattering in the center-ofmass system, and the low-order expansion coefficients are listed. The effects of a moving medium are also studied in the angle transformation from center-of-mass to laboratory system, and kinematical constraints linking angles, masses, and particle and material speeds.are listed. (1 figure) (auth)
Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of benzaldehyde dimethane sulfonate (BEN) (NSC 281612)

1377 Background: BEN is an alkylating agent being developed for clinical evaluation based upon its in vitro and in vivo activity against renal cell carcinomas. Materials and Methods: We developed LC/MS and LC/MS/MS assays to quantitate BEN and characterize its metabolites. We then used those assays to study: 1) the stability of BEN in plasma and whole blood; 2) the protein binding of BEN in plasma; 3) the concentration versus time profiles of BEN and metabolites in plasma of mice given a 20 mg/kg i.v. dose of BEN; and 4) the structures of BEN metabolites. Results: At 4°C, there was less than 2% decomposition of BEN in mouse, rat, dog, or human plasma over 4 h. At 37°C, BEN decomposed in mouse plasma with a t1/2 of 4.3-9.8 h. In mouse blood at 37°C, BEN concentrations decreased with a t1/2 of approximately 20 min. As BEN (m/z 380) concentrations decreased, a new material with m/z 396 appeared. Concentration of metabolite with m/z 396 peaked at 60 min, and declined thereafter with a t1/2 of approximately 12 min. At concentrations of 150 and 450 ng/ml, BEN was 74-85% protein bound in mouse, rat, dog, and human plasma with no obvious species differences. After a 20 mg/kg i.v. bolus dose to mice, peak plasma concentrations of BEN were 107 ± 27 ng/ml. Plasma BEN concentrations declined mono-exponentially with a t1/2 of 5 min. The Vc was 91 l/kg and BEN clearance was 13.15 l/min/kg. BEN metabolites with m/z 396, 258, 336, 347, and 276 were detected in plasma, quantitated, and expressed as BEN equivalents. Peak concentrations of the metabolite with m/z 396 were 86 ± 11 ng/ml and occurred at 5 min after BEN injection. Plasma concentrations of the m/z 396 metabolite decreased mono-exponentially with a t1/2 of approximately 7 min. Peak concentrations of the metabolite with m/z 258 were 15 ng/ml and occurred at 10 min before decreasing mono-exponentially with a t1/2 of 17 min. Peak plasma concentrations of metabolites with m/z 336, 347, and 276 were 47, 24, and 85 ng/ml, respectively, and occurred at 5, 15, and 5 min, respectively. The t1/2 for metabolites with m/z 336, 347, and 276 were 21, 280, and 16 min, respectively. LC/MS/MS fragmentation showed the metabolites with m/z 396 and 258 to be the benzoic acid metabolite of BEN and the mono-N-dealkylated metabolite of BEN, respectively. The structures of metabolites with m/z 336, 347, and 276 were not elucidated. Glucuronides of metabolites with m/z 396, 258, 336, and 276 were also detected in plasma. Glutathione adducts of BEN or any of the metabolites were not observed. Conclusion: BEN has a high clearance and undergoes extensive metabolism. Identification of the enzymes responsible for BEN metabolism, potential interspecies differences in BEN metabolism, and activity of BEN’s metabolites will be important for optimal clinical development of BEN. Support: NCI N01-CM-07106.
Introduction to EMI/EMC Design for Printed Circuit Boards

Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMI/EMC) first became a concern in the 1940’s and 1950’s, mostly as motor noise that was conducted over power lines and into sensitive equipment. During this period, and through the 1960s, EMI/EMC was primarily of interest to the military to ensure electromagnetic compatibility. In a few notable accidents, radar emissions caused inadvertent weapons release, or EMI caused navigation systems failure, so military EMI/EMC was concerned chiefly with electromagnetic compatibility, especially within a weapons system of a airplane or ship.
Electrochemically Induced Phase Evolution of Lithium Vanadium Oxide: Complementary Insights Gained via Ex-Situ, In-Situ, and Operando Experiments and Density Functional Theory

Understanding the structural evolution of electrode material during electrochemical activity is important to elucidate the mechanism of (de)lithiation, and improve the electrochemical function based on the material properties. In this study, lithium vanadium oxide (LVO, LiV3O8) was investigated using ex-situ, in-situ, and operando experiments. Via a combination of in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory results, a reversible structural evolution during lithiation was revealed: from Li poor α phase (LiV3O8) to Li rich α phase (Li2.5V3O8) and finally β phase (Li4V3O8). In-situ and operando energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) provided tomographic information to visualize the spatial location of the phase evolution within the LVO electrode while inside a sealed lithium ion battery.
Mobile Phone Ratiometric Imaging Enables Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Lateral Flow Immunoassays without External Optical Filters.

Paper-based diagnostic tests based on the lateral flow immunoassay concept promise low-cost, point-of-care detection of infectious diseases, but such assays suffer from poor limits of detection. One factor that contributes to poor analytical performance is a reliance on low-contrast chromophoric optical labels such as gold nanoparticles. Previous attempts to improve the sensitivity of paper-based diagnostics include replacing chromophoric labels with enzymes, fluorophores, or phosphors at the expense of increased fluidic complexity or the need for device readers with costly optoelectronics. Several groups, including our own, have proposed mobile phones as suitable point-of-care readers due to their low cost, ease of use, and ubiquity. However, extant mobile phone fluorescence readers require costly optical filters and were typically validated with only one camera sensor module, which is inappropriate for potential point-of-care use. In response, we propose to couple low-cost ultraviolet light-emitting dio...
Automatic semantic role labeling for Chinese verbs

Recent years have seen a revived interest in semantic parsing by applying statistical and machine-learning methods to semantically annotated corpora such as the FrameNet and the Proposition Bank. So far much of the research has been focused on English due to the lack of semantically annotated resources in other languages. In this paper, we report first results on semantic role labeling using a pre-release version of the Chinese Proposition Bank. Since the Chinese Proposition Bank is superimposed on top of the Chinese Tree-bank, i.e., the semantic role labels are assigned to constituents in a treebank parse tree, we start by reporting results on experiments using the handcrafted parses in the treebank. This will give us a measure of the extent to which the semantic role labels can be bootstrapped from the syntactic annotation in the treebank. We will then report experiments using a fully automatic Chinese parser that integrates word segmentation, POS-tagging and parsing. This will gauge how successful semantic role labeling can be done for Chinese in realistic situations. We show that our results using hand-crafted parses are slightly higher than the results reported for the state-of-the-art semantic role labeling systems for English using the Penn English Proposition Bank data, even though the Chinese Proposition Bank is smaller in size. When an automatic parser is used, however, the accuracy of our system is much lower than the English state-of-the-art. This reveals an interesting cross-linguistic difference between the two languages, which we attempt to explain. We also describe a method to induce verb classes from the Proposition Bank "frame files" that can be used to improve semantic role labeling.
Voice and Identity in a Bicultural/Bilingual Environment

Researchers have noted that with the onset of adolescence, girls' voices become muted and school achievement drops. Girls learn that the expression of strong feelings leads to distance from others, and that full use of their bodies and minds cause others discomfort. Self-esteem suffers and girls become “at risk” for destructive behaviors. Most studies have been done with middle class Caucasian girls. Those few studies done with young girls of color speak of girls “on the margin” who seem to resist losing their voices and their self-esteem. This article describes a study involving 5th–8th grade girls participating in an Advisory group program at a grammar school in a predominantly Mexican community of a large city. Group sessions were taped and analyzed for common themes including voice and self-esteem. Focus was directed to the influence of the bicultural/bilingual environment in analysis of group content. Implications for practice are included.
Truth, Selection and Scientific Inquiry

In this paper I examine various ways in whichphilosophers have made connections between truth andnatural selection. I introduce several versions ofthe view that mechanisms of true belief generationarise as a result of natural selection and argue thatthey fail to establish a connection between truth andnatural selection. I then turn to scientific truthsand argue that evolutionary accounts of the origin ofscientific truth generation mechanisms also fail. Iintroduce David Hull's selectionist model ofscientific development and argue that his account ofscientific success does not rely on connecting truthand natural selection. I argue that Hull's model,which severs the connection between truth andselection, can account for some aspects of scientificchange, but it still leaves us plenty of questionsabout what aspects of our individual cognitive make-upcontribute to scientific change and how they do so. I introduce an evolutionary approach to scientificcognition that shows how some of these questions canbe answered without making an explanatory appeal toselection for true belief generating mechanisms.
Minimax Problems in Combinatorial Optimization

Classical minimax theory initiated by Von Neumann, together with duality and saddle point analysis, has played a critical role in optimization and game theory. However, minimax problems and techniques appear in a very wide area of disciplines. There are many interesting and sophisticated problems formulated as minimax problems. For example, many combinatorial optimization problems, including scheduling, location, allocation, packing, searching, and triangulation, can be represented as a minimax problem. Many of these problems have nothing to do with duality and saddle points, and they have not been considered in any general uniform treatment. Furthermore, many minimax problems have deep mathematical background, nice generalizations, and lead to new areas of research in combinatorial optimization. In this survey, we discuss a small but diverse collection of minimax problems, and we present some results (with a few key references) and open questions.
John D. Dwyer (1915-2005)

The death of John Dwyer on December 6th, 2005 at age 90 has left a void in the academic community of St. Louis. Dwyer was Professor Emeritus at St. Louis University from the time of his retirement in 1985. His long tenure at St. Louis University began in 1953 where he served as Department Chairman from the time of his arrival until 1963. A botanist, Dwyer 's association with the Missouri Botanical Garden is equally protracted, beginning as a Research Associate in 1954. He trained a long succession of biologists during his tenure of 32 years at the university and he continued working with students at the Garden long after his retirement. His career began in New York at Fordham University near the New York Botanical Garden and not so far from Newark, New Jersey where he was born in 1915. At Fordham he completed his B.S. in 1936 and his Ph.D. in 1941 while beginning his research with tropical plants. He married Marie Rita Rozelle of New York in 1942 and after graduation, John worked at several col leges in New York State (St. Francis College in Brooklyn, Siena College in Loudonville and finally at Union College in Schenectady) and his children remem ber growing up in Albany, New York. John was a gifted systematist and a classics scholar, frequently helping others with Latin translations and giv ing classes in botanical Latin to staff and students at the university and at the Missouri Botanical Garden. His broad research interests included the Ochnaceae, Lecythidaceae, Apocynaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Legumin osae, Rubiaceae and many other families. John's research with Ochnaceae took up much of his earlier years followed by a concentration on Leguminosae and in his final years he worked mostly with Rubiaceae, part ly in conjunction with his student, Victoria Hayden, and with David Lorence. In the early years when the staff at the Missouri Botanical Garden was much smaller (pre Ron Liesner days), it was Dwyer who made general determinations, getting material sorted into families and genera to make the specimens available to other botanists. Tom Croat reports that it was John Dwyer who sat with him after any expedition to Barro Colorado Island to put names on plants. He said, "I was amazed at how many plants he knew and it was impressive for a beginner like me". Even after his retirement years, after his legs would no longer carry him into the Garden's John D. Dwyer in 1966.
Effect of levels of immersion on performance and presence in virtual occupational tasks

Occupational training has seen a shift towards newer, more immersive and interactive instruction delivery methods, including virtual reality. Much of this research, however, has not fully examined ...
Targeted Synthesis for Programming with Data Invariants

Programmers frequently maintain implicit data invariants, which are relations between different data structures in a program. Traditionally, such invariants are manually enforced and checked by programmers. This ad-hoc practice is difficult because the programmer must manually account for all the locations and configurations that break an invariant. Moreover, implicit invariants are brittle under code-evolution: when the invariants and data structures change, the programmer must repeat the process of manually repairing all of the code locations where invariants are violated. A much better approach is to introduce data invariants as a language feature and rely on language support to maintain invariants. To handle this challenge, we introduce Targeted Synthesis, a technique for integrating data invariants with invariant-agnostic imperative code at compile-time. This technique is nontrivial due to the complex structure of both invariant specifications, as well as general imperative code. The key insight is to take a language co-design approach involving both the language of data invariants, as well as the imperative language. We leverage this insight to produce two high-level results: first, we support a language with iterators without requiring general quantified reasoning, and second, we infer complicated invariant-preserving patches. We evaluate these claims through a language termed Spyder, a core calculus of data invariants over imperative iterator programs. We evaluate the expressiveness and performance of Spyder on a variety of programs inspired by web applications, and we find that Spyder efficiently compiles and maintains data invariants.
A Global Optimization Algorithm for the Solution of Tri-Level Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming Problems

A novel algorithm for the global solution of a class of tri-level mixed-integer quadratic optimization problems containing both integer and continuous variables at all three optimization levels is presented. The class of problems we consider assumes that the quadratic terms in the objective function of the second level optimization problem do not contain any third level variables. To our knowledge, no other solution algorithm can tackle the class of problems considered in this work. Based on multi-parametric theory and our earlier results for tri-level linear programming problems, the main idea of the presented algorithm is to recast the lower levels of the tri-level optimization problem as multi-parametric programming problems, in which the optimization variables (continuous and integer) of all the upper level problems, are considered as parameters at the lower levels. The resulting parametric solutions are then substituted into the corresponding higher-level problems sequentially. Computational studies are presented to asses the efficiency and performance of the presented algorithm.
Bacterial Anti-adhesives: Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization

Bacterial adhesion to the skin and mucosa is often a fundamental and early step in host colonization, the establishment of bacterial infections, and pathology. This process is facilitated by adhesins on the surface of the bacterial cell that recognize host cell molecules. Interfering with bacterial host cell adhesion, so-called anti-adhesive therapeutics, offers promise for the development of novel approaches to control bacterial infections. In this review, we focus on the discovery of anti-adhesives targeting the high priority pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. This organism remains a major clinical burden, and S. aureus nasal colonization is associated with poor clinical outcomes. We describe the molecular basis of nasal colonization and highlight potentially efficacious targets for the development of novel nasal decolonization strategies.
Anxiety Disorders in Emerging Adulthood

Emerging adulthood (EA) is a newly recognized developmental stage that spans from the end of adolescence (age 18) to the beginning of adulthood in high-income countries (ages 25–30). This stage is characterized by tremendous excitement, as EAs explore various identities and experiment with different careers and relationships. However, this stage is also inherently unstable and is a period of heightened risk for mental disorders. Anxiety disorders appear to be particularly prevalent during EA and are associated with difficulty navigating the developmental transitions that occur during this life stage. In this chapter, we explore the epidemiology of anxiety disorders during EA as well as risk factors for the development of these disorders. We also consider factors relevant to the treatment of anxiety disorders in EAs, including the importance of addressing barriers to care and social factors that may be maintaining symptoms. Finally, we discuss future directions for research in this area.
Using Clinical Characteristics and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Categorize Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Subtypes.

Objective The type 1 and type 2 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) categorization system was recently proposed to validate the patients' perspective of disease and to capture a more comprehensive spectrum of symptoms. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical manifestations of SLE subtypes and to determine the correlation between the patient- and physician-reported measures used in the model. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of patients with SLE in a university clinic. Patients completed the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) and 2011 American College of Rheumatology fibromyalgia (FM) criteria. Active SLE was defined as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score ≥6, clinical SLEDAI score ≥4, or active lupus nephritis. We identified 4 groups: type 1 SLE (active SLE without FM), type 2 SLE (inactive SLE with FM), mixed SLE (active SLE with FM), and minimal SLE (inactive SLE without FM). Results In this cohort of 212 patients (92% female, mean age 45 years), 30% had type 1 SLE, 8% had type 2 SLE, 13% had mixed SLE, and 49% had minimal SLE. Regardless of SLE disease activity, patients with FM (21%), reported higher SLAQ scores, patient global assessment scores, and self-reported lupus flare that resulted in discordance between patient- and physician-reported measures. Conclusion Fatigue, widespread pain, sleep dysfunction, and mood disorders are common symptoms in SLE. Identifying these symptoms as type 2 SLE may be a method to improve patient communication and understanding. The level of type 2 SLE impacts patients' perception of disease and self-reported symptoms. The SLAQ may need to be reinterpreted based on the FM severity scale.
The effect of the fall of the Berlin Wall on children’s noncognitive skills

The noncognitive skill of conscientiousness has been linked to favourable labour market and health outcomes. But how is conscientiousness affected by events that happen in childhood? We investigate...
Deep Generative Model for Malware Detection

Malware detection play different roles in a computer system and exhibit high degrees of importance with respect to system security. Malware detection is the process of attempting to infer the reputation score of the files via the applications. However, malware detection approaches are challenged by the large, dynamic, and heterogeneous space of benign binaries that they must track. In this research, we use deep generative models to develop two a semi-supervised Bayesian models for malware detection, in which we model the data generating process to be dependent on a Gaussian mixture. Furthermore, we propose the efficient stochastic gradient optimization technique used in deep generative models makes our model suitable for large data sets. Extensive experimental results on one real-world dataset demonstrate that our model is the effectiveness. Moreover, the semi-supervised deep generative scheme achieves comparable or even better results in malware detection when compared with classic and alternative machine learning models. This demonstrates the feasibility of deep generative model and presents a promising new approach to malware detection.
Comparison of modular analytical wake models to the Lillgrund wind plant

Efficient and accurate wake models are required for wind plant performance modeling and the suite of engineering processes that support wind plant layout, control, and monitoring. Although many analytical and engineering wake models with low computational costs have been proposed, their ability to represent the power production of large wind plants in a wide range of atmospheric conditions is not completely understood. The following validation study reviews the underlying theory for analytical wake models, outlines quality control procedures for observational data, and compares model results with observational data from the Lillgrund Wind Plant. Lillgrund makes a valuable case study for wake modeling because of its regular arrangement and the relatively close spacing of constituent wind turbines, which lead to regular and significant wake interactions within the wind plant and the development of deep array flow conditions. Formulations for the velocity deficit, wake-added turbulence, and wake superposition methods are considered in a modular sense, yielding many possible configurations to represent wind turbine wakes, of which seven are examined in detail. Velocity deficit models that account for flow conditions in the near wake are better able to reproduce power production for wind turbines in the transitional region of the wind plant, where wind turbines experience as many as five wakes from upstream turbines. In the deep array, where power production reaches asymptotic values and wake statistics become quasi-periodic, wake superposition schemes become the largest driver in error reduction; using the linear or maximum wake superposition methods can reduce the relative root mean square error by as much as 40% in the deep array.
Surface Acoustic Wave H2 and O2 Sensors Based on Conducting Metal Oxides/Langasite for Elevated Temperature Applications

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors are promising candidates for gas species sensing at various conditions ranging from room temperature to high temperatures when functionalized with relevant sensing materials. At increased temperatures, limited sensing materials are available for integration with these devices. Conducting oxides such as indium oxide (IO) or indium tin oxide (ITO) are promising sensing layers for conductivity-based SAW sensors at temperatures below 500°C. In our work, we developed a reflective delay line sensor on langasite (LGS) with IO and ITO sensing layers for H2 and O2 for applications at 350 °C.
Interventional Pulmonology: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Bronchoscopy.

Background Interventional pulmonology is a rapidly evolving subspecialty of pulmonary medicine that offers advanced consultative and procedural services to patients with airway diseases, pleural diseases, as well as in the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic malignancy. Areas of uncertainty The institution of lung cancer screening modalities as well as the search of additional minimally invasive diagnostic and treatment modalities for lung cancer and other chronic lung diseases has led to an increased focus on the field of interventional pulmonology. Rapid advancements in the field over the last 2 decades has led to development of various new minimally invasive bronchoscopic approaches and techniques for patients with cancer as well as for patients with chronic lung diseases. Data sources A review of literature was performed using PubMed database to identify all articles published up till October 2020 relevant to the field of interventional pulmonology and bronchoscopy. The reference list of each article was searched to look for additional articles, and all relevant articles were included in the article. Therapeutic advances Newer technologies are now available such navigation platforms to diagnose and possibly treat peripheral pulmonary nodules, endobronchial ultrasound in diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar adenopathy as well as cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases. In addition, flexible and rigid bronchoscopy continues to provide new and expanding ability to manage patients with benign and malignant central airway obstruction. Interventions are also available for diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and emphysema that were traditionally treated with medical management alone. Conclusions With continued high quality research and an increasing body of evidence, interventional bronchoscopy has enormous potential to provide both safe and effective options for patients with a variety of lung diseases.
A Highly Efficient 18–40 GHz Linear Power Amplifier in 40-nm GaN for mm-Wave 5G

A medium-power, highly-efficient broadband linear power amplifier (PA) is designed in a 40-nm GaN technology that covers the key 5G FR2 band of 24–40 GHz. Load-pull simulations suggest better device broadband performance and peak power-added-efficiency (PAE) around $V_{\text {DD}} =4$ –6 V. Measurement data corroborates the simulations and this PA achieves a small-signal 3-dB bandwidth (BW) of 18.0–40.3 GHz, with max. PAE/ $P_{\text {SAT}}$ of 42.1%/18.6 dBm at 28 GHz, and 26.0%/17.2 dBm at 38 GHz at $V_{\text {DD}} = 4$ V. When tested with a 9 MHz $\times \,\, 100$ MHz 256-quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) 5G new radio (NR) signal, it achieves an adjacent-channel-leakage-ratio (ACLR) of −27 dBc with $P_{\text {OUT, AVG}}$ /PAE of 11.3 dBm/13.9% at 28 GHz. When compared with state-of-the-art broadband PAs, it achieves the best $S_{21}~3$ -dB BW with excellent peak PAE and linearity. This work also reports the best PAE for broadband medium-power millimeter-wave GaN PA at $P_{\text {SAT}}~\sim 20$ dBm.
Power Control of a Three-phase Grid-connected Inverter using a Proportional-Resonant Control Method under Unbalanced Conditions

The three-phase grid system can become unbalanced for reasons such as single-phase loads and single-phase renewable energy sources connected to the grid. This unbalance not only affects inverter operation, but also impacts other loads connected to the grid. The traditional control methods for three-phase grid-connected inverter operation such as the proportional-integral (PI) control and proportional-resonant (PR) control have been used for balanced system conditions. The technique proposed here utilizes a PR controller to balance the grid currents while simultaneously injecting a commanded power into the grid. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of this control method.