cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Land Cover Mapping and Change Analysis in Northeastern Oregon Using Landsat Imagery

The necessity for the development of repeatable, efficient, and accurate monitoring of land cover change is paramount to successful management of our planetâ€™s natural resources. This study evaluated a number of remote sensing methods for classifying land cover and land cover change throughout a two-county area in northeastern Oregon (1986 to 2011). In the past three decades, this region has seen significant changes in forest management that have affected land use and land cover. This study employed an accuracy assessment-based empirical approach to test the optimality of a number of advanced digital image processing techniques that have recently emerged in the field of remote sensing.The accuracies are assessed using traditional error matrices, calculated using reference data obtained in the field. We found that, for single-time land cover classification, Bayes pixel-based classification using samples created with scale and shape segmentation parameters of 8 and 0.3, respectively, resulted in the highest overall accuracy. For land cover change detection, using Landsat-5 TM band 7 with a change threshold of 1.75 standard deviations resulted in the highest accuracy for forest harvesting and regeneration mapping
The Half-Yearly Oscillations in Middle and High Southern Latitudes and the Coreless Winter

Abstract In mid-tropospheric levels of the Southern Hemisphere, the temperature contrast between middle and high latitudes reaches two maxima near the times of the equinoxes, the strongest contrast being at the autumnal equinox. This variation is dominated by the seasonal changes over the Antarctic Ocean where the second (semiannual) harmonic of the mid-tropospheric meridional temperature gradient has a magnitude exceeding that of the first (annual) harmonic. The existence of the marked semiannual component in this region is shown to be a consequence of the difference between the heating and cooling rates in different latitudes where the mid-tropospheric annual temperature ranges are similar. In latitude 50S cooling in autumn is rapid compared with the warming in spring, the reverse being true at latitude 65S. This behavior is related to the heat budget of the oceanic upper layers. The semiannual maximum temperature gradients in the middle troposphere over the Antarctic Ocean, through increased cyclonic a...
One-Order-Statistic Estimation of the Scale Parameters of Weibull Populations

This paper calculates the minimum-variance unbiased one-order-statistic estimator of the parameter of a one-parameter exponential population. The estimator is given for N = 2(1)20 along with its efficiency with respect to an unbiased M-order-statistic estimator for a sample of N items which is truncated after M items have failed. Furthermore, it is shown that by using the estimator for exponential populations one can obtain a consistent estimator for the scale parameter of Weibull populations with any known shape parameter and with ## location parameter zero. A section on the use of the tabled data and a numerical example are included.
Education curricula in space science and technology: the approach of the UN-affiliated regional centres

Abstract UN-affiliated regional centres for space science and technology education are being established or are in operation in Africa (Morocco, Nigeria), Asia and the Pacific (India), Latin America and the Caribbean (Brazil, Mexico), and Western Asia (Jordan). Education curricula at the university level, embracing remote sensing, satellite communications, satellite meteorology, and space science have been developed for these centres. This article briefly reports on the structure of the most recent updated education curricula in the four disciplines that have been made available for implementation in 2002 and 2003, in the six official languages of the United Nations. This is also an effort to bridge the gap between such education curricula as they vary significantly between nations and among educational institutions in nations.
Revealing histone variant induced changes via quantitative proteomics

Histone variants are isoforms of linker and core histone proteins that differ in their amino acid sequences. These variants have distinct genomic locations and posttranslational modifications, thus increasing the complexity of the chromatin architecture. Biological studies of histone variants indicate that they play a role in many processes including transcription, DNA damage response, and the cell cycle. The small differences in amino acid sequence and the diverse posttranslational modification states that exist between histone variants make traditional analysis using immunoassay methods challenging. In recent years, a number of mass spectrometric techniques have been developed to identify and quantify histones at the whole protein or peptide levels. In this review, we discuss the biology of histone variants and methods to characterize them using mass spectrometry-based proteomics.
Computerized preparation of average CUSUM charts for clinical chemistry

Summary 1. Addition of the partially automated CUSUM method to existing methods of quality control in this clinical laboratory has provided a more sensitive means of detecting unacceptable laboratory error. 2. After having gained further experience with the method, it is expected that this method of quality control will become a part of the on-line quality control system for the clinical laboratory, thus effecting the stepwise introduction of total laboratory computerization so necessary for successful implementation.
Chemotherapy: Neoadjuvant trial design: time for a brave new world?

In the NOAH clinical trial, trastuzumab treatment for locally advanced breast cancer was associated with increased complete and overall response rate and improved event-free survival. The ability to identify this advantage in a relatively smaller number of patients (compared with adjuvant therapy trials) suggests that the neoadjuvant setting might serve to inform the design of adjuvant trials and indicate appropriate off-study adjuvant therapy.
Personality Moderators of the Experimenter Expectancy Effect: A Reexamination of Five Hypotheses

Researchers examining personality moderators of experimenter expectancy effects have focused on five hypotheses. Experimenters with stronger interpersonal control orientations, more positively evaluated interpersonal interaction styles, and greater ability to encode nonverbal messages are believed to be more likely to produce expectancy bias. Subjects with greater need for social approval and greater nonverbal decoding ability are believed to be more susceptible to bias. In this study each experimenter administered a photo-rating task under positive or negative expectancies to four subjects, each of whom also interacted with three other experimenters. All five personality moderator hypotheses were tested. Support was found only for the experimenter control orientation and subject need for social approval hypotheses. There was also evidence for a boomerang effect—subjects low in need for social approval gave ratings opposite to the experimenter's outcome expectancy. Finally, effects appeared stronger when ...
Application of the Magnetoresistive Tensor Model to the Hard Axis Behavior of 81/19 Permalloy Magnetoresistive Sensor Elements

Hard axis (HA) behavioral models for magnetoresistive sensors (from highly ordered thin films) often are developed in such a fashion as to concentrate on the HA behavior only. This work uses a tensor based approach and a single domain concept to demonstrate how to calculate the magnetoresistance (AMR) for a given resistor and concentrates on the in-plane AMR only.
THE TRADITIONS OF PLURALISM, ACCOMMODATION, AND ANTI-RADICALISM IN THE PESANTREN COMMUNITY

Western media and Western policy makers sometimes perceive traditional Islamic schools throughout the Islamic world as a source of radicalism. The history of pesantren in Indonesia shows that this is not only mistaken but also a perspective that leads the West away from a potential ally in the efforts to create a world of peaceful coexistence. The mystical traditions of pesantren form a strong basis from which most Indonesians have eschewed radical Islamism. These traditions are rooted in the popular Muslim folklore surrounding the foundation of Islam in Indonesia. This paper argues that more recent history shows the foundations of current debates regarding the establishment of shari`ah as the law of the land as well as some actions of the Suharto regime inadvertently encouraged the growth of radical Islamism. Finally, the paper concludes that, in order to fully understand the current situation and the future, more research is needed. A few starting points are discussed in this paper.
Evaluation of an Anger Therapy Intervention for Incarcerated Adult Males

Abstract An anger therapy intervention was developed for incarcerated adult males. The therapy was an extension of cognitive-behavioral approaches, incorporating principles and practices drawn from Buddhist psychology. Adult males from a Midwestern low-security prison were randomly assigned to either a treatment group (n= 16) or a waiting list control group (n= 15). Following a 10-session intervention, treated participants exhibited significant reduction in anger relative to those in the control group. Greater reductions in anger for the therapy group was mediated (p = .07), by greater reduction in egotism relative to the control group. Contrary to predictions, anger reduction was not mediated by increases in empathy. Implications for designing and delivering interventions in prison settings are discussed.
Physics of ligand migration in biomolecules

The study of migration of ligands in heme proteins is one of the methods used to obtain information about the dynamics and function of biomolecules. An appropriate description of the kinetics involves the modeling of transport over a series of sequential barriers. Utilizing random walk theory, the physics of ligand migration enters the modeling of the kinetics on several levels of description: By use of generalized Brownian motion theory, we develop models for biomolecular rates in presence of a frequency-dependent damping of the ligand motion. The results have the form of a modified Kramers relation. If more than one ligand moves inside a biomolecule, nonlinear blocking effects become important. The migration kinetics can then be adequately modeled by a multivariable stochastic process with nonlinear transition probabilities. Further, we discuss the limit of validity of a description of ligand migration in terms of a set of linearly coupled deterministic rate equations.
Chip-Based Parametric Comb Generation without an External Pump Laser

We demonstrate frequency comb generation spanning 900 nm in a silicon-nitride microresonator without the use of an external single-frequency pump laser. The dual-cavity design allows for self-selection of the microresonator resonance used for comb generation.
Rural western Navajo household income strategies

Sources of income in the contemporary rural Navajo local economy have been characterized as multiple and unstable. Data from recent interviews taken in a probability sample of Navajo households in the former Navajo-Hopi joint Use Area support these characterizations. Clusters representing different allocations of productive resources are derived by grouping households with similar income profiles. The clusters are further assessed for economic return and their demographic and social correlates. The results recommend a multiplex view of the local economy as an improvement over the standard dual economy approach to the study of socioeconomic change in developing areas. [Navajo local economy, methodology, intracultural variation, socioeconomic change, Navajo-Hopi Joint Use Area]
Transmembrane Domain of gp130 Contributes to Intracellular Signal Transduction in Hepatic Cells

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces the expression of acute phase plasma protein genes in hepatic cells through the action of gp130, the signal-transducing subunit of the IL-6 receptor. To identify whether the transmembrane domain of gp130 is required for signaling function, cytoplasmic forms of gp130 were constructed that consisted of the tetramerizing N-terminal domain of Bcr linked to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of gp130 (Bcr/gp130) or just to the cytoplasmic domain of gp130 (Bcr/gp130ΔTM). The expression and function of both constructs were determined in transiently transfected COS-1 and HepG2 cells. Bcr/gp130 is capable of interacting with JAK1, JAK2, and TYK2; is constitutively active; and induces gene expression through IL-6-responsive elements. In contrast, Bcr/gp130ΔTM, while expressed at a higher level than Bcr/gp130 and still able to interact with JAK1, is ineffective in recruiting the endogenous signal transduction pathways for inducing gene expression. However, Bcr/gp130ΔTM initiates partial signaling in the presence of overexpressed JAK1 and TYK2, but not JAK2. The data suggest that the transmembrane domain of gp130 is necessary for signal transduction and determines the interaction with members of the Janus kinase family.
Enzymatic synthesis and interconversion of UDP-d-glucose and UDP-d-galactose in the albumen gland of the snail, Helix pomatia

1. 1. The following enzyme activities were detected in Helix pomatia albumen gland homogenates: (1) UDP-d-galactose-4-epimerase (E.C. 5.1.3.2); (2) galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12); (3) galactokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.6); (4) UDP-d-glucose pyrophosphorylase (E.C. 2.7.7.9); (5) phosphoglucomutase (E.C. 2.7.5.1); (6) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49). 2. 2. It is concluded that these enzymes operate in maintaining the supply of UDP-d-galactose and of UDP-d-glucose for galactogen and glycogen synthesis respectively.
Finger Counting: Continuous Daily Diagnoses

Monitoring reading behaviour is a major aspect of the work of teachers of reading. Clearly, in order to plan a sensible reading programme, teachers need information about children’s reading performance and needs. This article describes the use of a finger counting system as one way for teachers to continually monitor children’s reading behaviour and development.
A re‐examination of the verbal aggressiveness scale: One factor or two?

The contribution of Infante and Wigley's theoretical work regarding trait verbal aggressiveness has been underscored by the numerous investigations into the nature, correlates, and consequences of trait verbal aggressiveness in a wide variety of social contexts. Although results consistent with theoretical expectations have been obtained when the Verbal Aggressiveness Scale (VAS) has been employed in a unidimensional form, recent evidence suggests that the precision of the VAS can be enhanced through multi‐dimensional interpretation. In the present study, evidence gleaned from (I) exploratory factor analyses, (2) interfactor correlations, and (3) reliability analyses, all cast doubt on a unidimensional interpretation of the VAS. Conceptual and methodological implications are discussed.
Observation of monopole strength in the 12C(e, e′p011B reaction

Abstract The location of the giant monopole resonance and, therefore, the compressibility is unknown in light nuclei. The forward-backward (e, e′p) angular correlation asymmetry from 12 C has been measured and found to be very sensitive to monopole strength in the giant dipole resonance region. Similar reactions will, thus, provide a sensitive tool in the search for monopole strength in light nuclei.
Radiolysis of Tributyl Phosphate by Particles of High Linear Energy Transfer

Tributyl Phosphate (TBP), used in chemical separation processes for used nuclear fuel, is susceptible to radiolysis causing losses in process performance. We have studied its degradation by exposing dry 1M TBP/n-dodecane solutions to gamma radiation from a cesium-137 source and in a mix of low and high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation by irradiating samples in the UC Irvine TRIGA® reactor and utilizing the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction. In a 1 M solution of TBP in n-dodecane the degradation of TBP (G−TBP) was found to be 0.36 and 0.14 μmol/J for low and high LET radiation, respectively. The formation of dibutyl phosphoric acid, DBP, (G+DBP) in this solution was found to be 0.18 and 0.047 μmol/J for low and high LET radiation, respectively. In samples exposed to low LET as well as a mix of low and high LET a variety of TBP degradation products containing phosphorus were observed indicating that other degradation products than DBP and the monobutyl diacid (MBP) were formed. Our results for both low and high LE...
An Unexpected Ally: Using Microsoft's SharePoint to Create a Departmental Intranet

In September 2008, the Albert S. Cook Library at Towson University implemented an intranet to support the various functions of the library's Reference Department. This intranet is called the RefPortal. After exploring open source options and other Web 2.0 tools, the department (under the guidance of the library technology coordinator) chose Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services 3.0, a proprietary product, as their intranet platform. Various components of SharePoint fulfill the Reference Department's needs, which include recording reference transactions, publishing policies and procedures, and sharing pertinent information at the reference desk. Several lessons and best practices have emerged since the department's initial SharePoint implementation. A survey of reference staff indicates satisfaction with the RefPortal, but more training is needed for the portal to be used to its maximum potential. Staff use of the portal has served as an example for other departments in the library and for the university. ...
Hydrocortisone administration for the treatment of refractory hypotension in critically ill newborns

The purpose of this observation was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of hydrocortisone (HC) for the treatment of refractory hypotension in term and preterm infants. A secondary purpose was to determine the utility of serum cortisol concentrations in predicting the response to treatment. This is a retrospective observational study of 117 infants treated with a standardized HC protocol for refractory hypotension. Refractory hypotension was defined as a mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than the gestational age (GA) despite a total inotrope dose of 20 μg per kg per min. Baseline serum cortisol concentrations were determined prior to treatment with stress dose HC. Treatment with HC increased the MAP at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after initiation, decreased the total inotrope dose at 6, 12 and 24 h, and was associated with resolution of oliguria. There was no correlation between the pretreatment baseline cortisol concentration and GA, birth weight or the response to treatment. The incidence of grades III to IV intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, bacterial or fungal sepsis and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) after HC treatment was similar to institutional historic controls prior to institution of this standardized HC protocol. HC treatment was associated with a rapid resolution of cardiovascular compromise. The incidence of significant side effects was similar to that in previously published reports, including a comparable incidence of SIP. On the basis of our results, measuring baseline serum cortisol concentration to guide the management of refractory hypotension is unwarranted.
Microencapsulation with carrageenan-locust bean gum mixture in a multiphase emulsification technique for sustained drug release

A multiphase emulsification technique was modified in this process of micro-encapsulating gentamicin sulphate, thus avoiding the necessity for a surfactant in preparing the secondary emulsion for a W/O/W emulsion. Various proportions of iota-carrageenan (i-C) and locus bean gum (LBG) were investigated for the W/O/W emulsion after forming the primary W/O emulsion with sorbitan trioleate, Span 85. Upon removal of the oil phase (chloroform) from the W/O/W emulsion by heating (60-65 degrees C), microcapsules or 'W/W' particles containing drug dissolved in sodium hyaluronate were spontaneously formed. These were dispersed in a solution of a mixture of 5-10 per cent w/v polyvinyl alcohol, PVA (average MW 50,000-106,000; 98 per cent hydrolysed) and 3 per cent v/v polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200), and dried to form the hydrogel film casts. Our in vitro experiments in isotonic phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C, showed that the release of gentamicin sulphate was dependent on concentration of LBG, and concentration or molecular weight of PVA. With the exception of PVA hydrogel matrix preparations containing 20 per cent w/v LBG, all other formulations showed a significant initial 'burst' release of drug within 6 h. The drug-containing microcapsules in the PVA hydrogel film with 20 per cent w/v LBG, exhibited an almost zero-order release of drug up to 140 h. It is postulated that an effective barrier or high-density membrane enveloping the microcapsules was formed between i-C and LBG because of their unique molecular configurations. This phenomenon, together with the possible adsorption of i-C molecules at the transient oil and outer aqueous phase interface, presumably eliminated the need for a permanent oil phase and/or an O/W surfactant normally required for preparing W/O/W emulsions.
Improving Hypertension Control in Diabetes Mellitus The Effects of Collaborative and Proactive Health Communication

Background— Communication between patients and clinicians using collaborative goals and treatment plans may overcome barriers to achieving hypertension control in routine diabetes mellitus care. We assessed the interrelation of patient–clinician communication factors to determine their independent associations with hypertension control in diabetes care. Methods and Results— We identified 566 older adults with diabetes mellitus and hypertension at the DeBakey VA Medical Center in Houston, Tex. Clinical and pharmacy data were collected, and a patient questionnaire was sent to all participants. A total of 212 individuals returned surveys. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the effect of patient characteristics, self-management behaviors, and communication factors on hypertension control. Three communication factors had significant associations with hypertension control. Two factors, patients’ endorsement of a shared decision-making style (odds ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 2....
Natural killer cells wear different hats: effector cells of innate resistance and regulatory cells of adaptive immunity and of hematopoiesis

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells were originally defined by their ability to lyse tumor cells or virus-infected cells and identified as one type of effector cells of the non-antigen specific innate resistance. However, many recent studies have widened the interpretation of the role of NK cells in immunity and shown that NK cells have important regulatory roles in innate resistance, antigen-specific adaptive immunity, and, possibly, in hematopoiesis. These functions of NK cells more than on their cytotoxic activity, are probably dependent on their ability to produce lymphokines, particularly interferon-γ (IFN-γ). NK cells are important for antigen-independent activation of phagocytic cells early in infection and for favoring the development of antigen-specific T helper cells type I, producing IFN-γ and IL-2. A role for NK cells in suppression of hematopoiesis and in induction of septic shock may represent a pathological exaggeration of the physiologic functions of NK cells in innate resistance.
Single-cell detection of mRNA expression using nanofountain-probe electroporated molecular beacons

New techniques for single-cell analysis enable new discoveries in gene expression and systems biology. Time-dependent measurements on individual cells are necessary, yet the common single-cell analysis techniques used today require lysing the cell, suspending the cell, or long incubation times for transfection, thereby interfering with the ability to track an individual cell over time. Here a method for detecting mRNA expression in live single cells using molecular beacons that are transfected into single cells by means of nanofountain probe electroporation (NFP-E) is presented. Molecular beacons are oligonucleotides that emit fluorescence upon binding to an mRNA target, rendering them useful for spatial and temporal studies of live cells. The NFP-E is used to transfect a DNA-based beacon that detects glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and an RNA-based beacon that detects a sequence cloned in the green fluorescence protein mRNA. It is shown that imaging analysis of transfection and mRNA detection can be performed within seconds after electroporation and without disturbing adhered cells. In addition, it is shown that time-dependent detection of mRNA expression is feasible by transfecting the same single cell at different time points. This technique will be particularly useful for studies of cell differentiation, where several measurements of mRNA expression are required over time.
Interpretation of visual space under drug-induced ergotropic and trophotropic arousal.

It was found that ergotropic arousal inducing drugs, such as psilocybin, a Ditran®-type ‘glycolate’ andd-amphet-amine, significantly lower human spatial distortion thresholds, i.e. these drugs, interfere with counter-adaptation to optical distortion, or the expectation to see the world undistorted. The trophotropic arousal inducing chlorpromazine® on the other hand promotes such counter-adaptation, i.e. the optimization of visual information. Optimization is independent from the rat at which the distorting stimulus is presented.
FGF19 action in the brain induces insulin-independent glucose lowering

Insulin-independent glucose disposal (referred to as glucose effectiveness [GE]) is crucial for glucose homeostasis and, until recently, was thought to be invariable. However, GE is reduced in type 2 diabetes and markedly decreased in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Strategies aimed at increasing GE should therefore be capable of improving glucose tolerance in these animals. The gut-derived hormone FGF19 has previously been shown to exert potent antidiabetic effects in ob/ob mice. In ob/ob mice, we found that systemic FGF19 administration improved glucose tolerance through its action in the brain and that a single, low-dose i.c.v. injection of FGF19 dramatically improved glucose intolerance within 2 hours. Minimal model analysis of glucose and insulin data obtained during a frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test showed that the antidiabetic effect of i.c.v. FGF19 was solely due to increased GE and not to changes of either insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity. The mechanism underlying this effect appears to involve increased metabolism of glucose to lactate. Together, these findings implicate the brain in the antidiabetic action of systemic FGF19 and establish the brain’s capacity to rapidly, potently, and selectively increase insulin-independent glucose disposal.
Using Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (hcmm) Data to Assess Lake Water Quality

A water quality investigation on Utah Lake was conducted during the same time period that the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite was collecting thermal infrared and reflectivity data. Relationships were established and evaluated among HCMM data and lake water quality parameters. Although remotely sensed reflective data have been previously utilized, this study was unique in that thermal emitted data were also correlated to algae concentrations and other indicators. Standard statistical evaluations were made along with utilization of color graphics techniques to identify and plot relationships. The emitted thermal energy was found to have high positive correlations with net algal concentrations and with the predominant species, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, a blue-green alga. No continuous correlation was found for a less abundant red pigment phytoplankton, Ceratium hirundinella. Similar trends, though for negative correlations, were shown for reflectivity data and algal concentrations throughout the spring and summer. Coincidence of areas of warmer emitted energy and darker relfected energy on colorgraphics displays clearly indicate lake areas of high algal concentrations. Night thermal data displayed a strong negative correlation with algal concentration, opposite to day thermal data. Color graphics of warmer day emitted energy and cooler night emitted energy further verify areas of high algal concentrations.
Synthesis and characterization of new fluorinated polyacrylates : 2

Abstract A series of new fluorinated acrylate polymers and copolymers (with methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate) has been prepared starting from 1,3-bis(hexafluoro-2-hydroxy-2-propyl)benzene (1,3-HFAB). 1,3-HFAB was first reacted with dimethylsulfate in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide to yield 1-(hexafluoro-2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-3-(hexafluoro-2-methoxy-2-propyl)benzene which was reacted with acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride to give the corresponding fluorinated acrylate or methacrylate monomers. The polymers were obtained by bulk or solution free radical polymerization techniques with α,α′-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The polymers had viscosities ranging from 0.21–0.41 dl g−1, and the polyacrylates formed brittle films by solution casting. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that they had thermal stability up to 391°C in nitrogen and glass transition temperatures from 50 to 104°C.
Fabrication of high-quality YBCO epitaxial films by ablation using the fourth harmonic of the Nd:YAG laser

Abstract A pulsed laser deposition technique is investigated for fabricating high-quality epitaxial films of YBa 2 Cu 3 O y superconductor using fourth harmonic of the YAG laser. The harmonic has a photon energy comparable to the KrF excimer laser and has potential for industrial use because of its effectiveness, safety and low running cost. High-quality films have been reproducibly prepared on SrTiO 3 (100) and MgO(100) single crystal substrates by optimizing the experimental conditions. Films on the respective substrates have critical temperatures T c =90 K and 85(±1) K and critical currents 0.6×10 6 and 0.5×10 6 A cm −1 . X-ray diffraction revealed a spectrum composed entirely of (00 l ) diffraction peaks ( l =1–13) which are sharply resolved by K α1 and K α2 X-rays of copper isotopes, indicating formation of epitaxial films having good crystallinity with c -axis orientation. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed good surface morphology: only a small number (0.5 μm −2 ) and small sizes (
In vitro and in vivo inhibition of chicken brain neurotoxic esterase by leptophos analogs

Abstract Inhibition of chicken brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) by a series of O -halogenated-phenyl- O -alkyl phenylphosphonates was studied in vitro . The “apparent” activity was found to consist of “true” NTE (sensitive to mipafox) plus a minor mipafox-resistant component. The pI 50 of O -(2,6-dichlorophenyl) O -methyl phenylphosphonate for “true” NTE was 6.65, whereas it was about 3 for mipafox-resistant hydrolysis of phenyl valerate. This compound is suitable as an alternative to mipafox in the assay of “true” NTE, whereas the use of leptophos oxon gives a less accurate measure. The ethoxy analogs are about as potent in vitro as the corresponding methoxy compounds. Leptophosoxon and ethoxyleptophosoxon are more potent in vitro inhibitors than desbromoleptophosoxon. Within a like group of chlorinated phenylphosphonates, a reasonable correlation between in vitro neurotoxic esterase inhibition of the oxon and in vivo delayed neurotoxic potential by the corresponding phosphonothionate exists. In vivo inhibition of “apparent” NTE from chicken brain, studied 24 hr after an oral dose, is dose dependent for leptophos, ethoxyleptophos, and desbromoleptophos, the latter one being a very potent in vivo inhibitor. Ethoxyleptophos and leptophos have about equal in vivo esterase inhibitory properties. For desbromoleptophos and leptophos there is good agreement between the minimum dose causing delayed neurotoxicity and the dose leading to substantial inhibition of “apparent” NTE; ethoxyleptophos, on the other hand, inhibits the esterase at a dose much lower than the one which is neurotoxic. Several possible explanations for this discrepancy are considered.
Partial regularity for subquadratic parabolic systems with continuous coefficients

We establish the partial regularity of solutions to quasilinear parabolic systems with elliptic part that grows subquadratically. More precisely, it is shown that there is an open subset with full measure, of the solution’s domain, on which the solution is Holder continuous. A key feature in this article is that we only require the coefficients of the system to be continuous with respect to the first two arguments. To prove the result, we use the A-caloric approximation method and an intrinsic scaling. To accommodate the subquadratic growth an adaptation of the A-caloric approximation lemma is also provided.
Lipid production from sweet sorghum bagasse through yeast fermentation

Abstract Cryptococcus curvatus has great potential in fermenting unconditioned hydrolysates of sweet sorghum bagasse. With hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid pretreated by microwave with lime, the maximal yeast cell dry weight and lipid content were 10.83 g/l and 73.26%, respectively. For hydrolysates obtained in the same way but without lime, these two parameters were 15.50 g/l and 63.98%, respectively. During yeast fermentation, glucose and xylose were consumed simultaneously while cellobiose was released from the residual bagasse. The presence of lime, on one hand, made cellulose more accessible to enzymes as evidenced by higher total reducing sugar release compared to that without during enzymatic hydrolysis step; on the other hand, it caused the degradation of sugars to non-sugar chemicals during pretreatment step. As a result, higher lipid yield of 0.11 g/g bagasse or 0.65 ton/hectare of land was achieved from the pathway of microwave pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis while 0.09 g/g bagasse or 0.51 ton/hectare of land was attained from the process of lime-assisted microwave pretreatment followed by the same enzymatic saccharification.
Temporal patterns in three-dimensional structure and activity of schools of the Atlantic silverside Menidia menidia

Temporal patterns in the structure and activity of schools of the Atlantic silverside Menidia menidia were investigated under laboratory conditions using a new computerized video technique for three-dimensional analysis. Fish were collected by seining at Middle Bridge, Pettaquamscutt River, South Kingstown, Rhode Island, USA. Approximately once a week from May to December, 1979, the behavior of a school was videotape-recorded in the laboratory at 30 min intervals from sunrise to sunset under a temperature and photoperiod regime simulating ambient field conditions. Four measurements of structure and activity were computed: (1) swimming speed (SPEED); (2) distance to nearest neighbor (NN); (3) mean direction of travel (DOT); (4) depth in the tank (DEPTH). Results demonstrated a strong seasonal rhythm in the behavior of schools, but were inconclusive in showing periodicities associated with daily, tidal or lunar cycles. NN and DEPTH were significantly different between spring, summer, fall and winter while SPEED changed significantly across 3 seasons (summer and winter were not significantly different). DOT was bimodally distributed, with peaks in spring and fall. Changes in these variables corresponded to shifts in the behavior of silversides from active, synchronized schools in spring and fall to inactive mills in summer and inactive non-schooling groups in winter. Changes in schooling behavior were only partly related to changes in temperature and photoperiod. Patterns of silverside schooling behavior correlated with their reproductive and migratory cycles and may represent an anti-predator strategy.
Experimental and theoretical study of the atmospherically important O2-H2O complex.

Abstract The theoretically predicted water–oxygen van der Waals adduct has been experimentally confirmed by vibrational characterization using matrix isolation spectroscopic studies at 10 K. Vibrational bands for asymmetric and symmetric OH-stretching for this adduct have been found at 3728 cm−1 and 3639 cm−1, respectively. Theoretical calculations performed with Gaussian 98 software at the MP2/6–311++G(2d,2p) level of theory support the alternative structure of the hydrated complex proposed by this study.
Penetration depth in concrete for nondeformable missiles

Abstract The ability of the NDRC equations to estimate the penetration depth in concrete structures has been reevaluated using the presently available test results. This study confirms the industry notion that the NDRC equations overpredict the penetration depth. The NDRC equations, when used with a safety factor, can give a penetration depth about two standard deviations away from the mean value. In a probabilistic formulation the use of this penetration depth is over-conservative and unrealistic. The NDRC equation is updated here statistically using the presently available test results. This statistical NDRC equation significantly improves the predicted penetration depth. However, the form of the NDRC equation may not be ideal. A new relationship is proposed here to estimate the penetration depth by introducing a dimensionless impact factor. It has been shown here that the proposed relationship is better than the NDRC or even the statistical NDRC equations.
Molecular Conformations of Monodendron-Jacketed Polymers by Scanning Force Microscopy

Scanning force microscopy on monodendron-jacketed linear polystyrenes demonstrated unusual conformations and ordering depending on the branching density and interplay between intramolecular and surface interactions of the dendritic coat. Single molecules were visualized as wormlike cylinders, which could be twisted to plectonemic coils or aligned in nematic-like order on the substrate. The attained resolution enabled identification of chain-end stacking, hairpin folds and crossovers of individual macromolecules. The structure of the more densely branched 3,4,5-tris[3‘,4‘,5‘-tris(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzyl was predominantly controlled by the intramolecular repulsion of the crowded dendron substituents which enforced an extended conformation of the molecular backbone. Formation of molecular monolayers was affected by wetting/dewetting events during casting, and the film structure did not depend on the substrate type. In contrast, the less crowded 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-tetradecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzoate...
On the learning of speechlike vocabularies

Summary A series of experiments dealing with the learning of ensembles of speechlike acoustic stimuli was performed. The stimulus ensembles differed with respect to the number of physical dimensions that were manipulated in generating the stimuli, and with respect to the extent to which the stimuli resembled speech. Results show that performance during learning is better when each stimulus is encoded into several physical dimensions than when the stimuli lie along a unidimensional continuum. Furthermore, as the stimuli become more like speech there is a deterioration of performance during learning, with the exception that performance is best when the stimuli are actually speech signals. Implications for theories of speech perception are discussed.
Natural killer inhibitory receptor expression associated with treatment failure and interleukin‐28B genotype in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Natural killer (NK) cells constitute a first line of defense against viral infections; their function is governed by the integration of signals from multiple activating and inhibitory surface receptors. We hypothesized that because NKs become rapidly activated by cytokines, response to anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy would be predicted by the phenotype and function of NKs. We used a cohort of 101 patients (55 African, 46 Caucasian-American) who received pegylated-interferon (IFN) and ribavirin for 48 weeks. Multiparameter FACS analysis was used to examine relative expression of 14 different inhibitory/activating receptors. Interleukin (IL)-28B genotyping (rs12979860) was also performed. Pretreatment levels of inhibitory receptors CD158a, CD158b, and CD158e were higher in patients who demonstrated poor viral decline within the first 28 days of therapy. Higher expression levels of inhibitory receptors NKG2A, CD158b, and CD158e were demonstrable in patients who failed to achieve sustained virologic response (SVR). Patients carrying the IL-28B T allele had higher NKG2A expression on effector NKs. We created a mathematical regression model incorporating race, viral level, and two inhibitory receptors. The area-under-the curve was 0.88, which is highly predictive of SVR. Moreover, the model performed complementarily with IL-28B across the CC, CT, and TT genotypes. Purified NKG2A neg NKs treated with pegylated-IFN-a for 4 hours demonstrated higher levels of IFN-c-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosisinducing ligand (TRAIL) compared with their NKG2A pos counterparts. Conclusions: These results provide novel insights into the associations of NK phenotype with IL-28B genotype and gene expression patterns, as well as the role of NKs in mediating IFN-induced viral clearance of chronic HCV infection. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;54:1559-1569)
A pressure-actuated open-field apparatus for rodents

An open-field grid test device is described that consists of a series of “electrical grating” contact switches mounted beneath a flexible Plexiglas field. Detection of movement occurs when the weight of the subject depresses the Plexiglas and closes one of the underlying switches. Calibration procedures and sources of supply for constructing the grids are described.
The ins and outs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein export

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important pathogen that infects approximately one-third of the world's population and kills almost two million people annually. An important aspect of M. tuberculosis physiology and pathogenesis is its ability to export proteins into and across the thick mycobacterial cell envelope, where they are ideally positioned to interact with the host. In addition to the specific proteins that are exported by M. tuberculosis, the systems through which these proteins are exported represent potential targets for future drug development. M. tuberculosis possesses two well-known and conserved export systems: the housekeeping Sec pathway and the Tat pathway. In addition, M. tuberculosis possesses specialized export systems including the accessory SecA2 pathway and five ESX pathways. Here we review the current understanding of each of these export systems, with a focus on M. tuberculosis, and discuss the contribution of each system to disease and physiology.
A probe for sampling interstitial waters of stream sediments and bog soils

Abstract A probe for sampling interstitial waters of stream sediments and bog soils is described. Samples can be obtained within a stratigraphic interval of 2–3 cm, to a depth of 60–80 cm, and with little or no contamination of the samples by sediment or air.
Progress towards a world-wide code of conduct

In this paper the work of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Task Group on Ethics is described and the recommendations presented to the General Assembly are reviewed. While a common code of ethics or conduct has been not recommended for consideration by the member societies of IFIP, a set of guidelines for the establishment and evaluation of codes has been produced and procedures for the assistance of code development have been established within IFIP. This paper proposes that the data collected by the Task Group and the proposed guidelines can be used as a tool for the study of codes of practice providing a teachable, learnable educational module in courses related to the ethics of computing and computation, and looks at the next steps in bringing ethical awareness to the IT community.
Peliosis hepatis after long-term androgen therapy.

Abstract Peliosis hepatic is a recognized, but rare, complication of androgen replacement therapy. We herein report such a complication with necropsy study of the liver so involved.
Interband magnetoabsorption study of the shift of the Fermi energy of a 2DEG with an in-plane magnetic field

We investigate experimentally and theoretically the effects of an in-plane magnetic field on the two-dimensional (2D) electron gas via a shift of the Fermi energy in the interband magnetoabsorption. It is shown that the Fermi edge may either shift up (blue) or down (red) in an in-plane magnetic field. The shift depends on the relative strength of two components: (i) the diamagnetic shift of subband edge and (ii) an increase of the 2D density of states which lowers the Fermi energy with respect to the subband edge.
β(X−{x}) for X not locally connected

Abstract Let X be a metric continuum, xϵX , and Y = β ( X −{ x }) − X . We prove that if Y is a continuum then Y is a decomposable continuum with one composant whenever X is not connected im kleinen at x . We give a sufficient condition for Y to be indecomposable. Finally we prove that Y is never a hereditarily indecomposable continuum although Y contains hereditarily indecomposable continua whenever X is hereditarily indecomposable.
On the bit-error probability of differentially encoded QPSK and offset QPSK in the presence of carrier synchronization

We investigate the differences between allowable differential encoding strategies and their associated bit-error probability performances for quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) and offset QPSK modulations when the carrier demodulation reference signals are supplied by the optimum (motivated by maximum a posteriori estimation of carrier phase) carrier-tracking loop suitable for that modulation. In particular, we show that in the presence of carrier-synchronization phase ambiguity but an otherwise ideal loop, both the symbol and bit-error probabilities in the presence of differential encoding are identical for the two modulations. On the other hand, when in addition the phase error introduced by the loop's finite signal-to-noise ratio is taken into account, it is shown that the two differentially encoded modulations behave differently, and their performances are no longer equivalent. A similar statement has previously been demonstrated for the same modulations when the phase ambiguity was assumed to have been perfectly resolved by means other than differential encoding.
The world society perspective: concepts, assumptions, and strategies

For decades the world society perspective has influenced comparative research on a broad range of issues across the social sciences. The perspective emerged to make sense of an empirical puzzle: why did nation-state after nation-state expand mass schooling after World War II? The perspective evolved to address broader issues such as the authority of science and its influence on the environmental movement, the expansion of the scope of citizenship and its impact on women's rights and, more recently, the rise of an international human rights regime on the one hand and the celebration of universities of excellence on the other hand. The world society perspective has motivated research that examines worldwide and regional trends and generates hypotheses to explain these cross-national developments and variations. This paper first clarifies some of the world society perspective's key assumptions and core arguments as applied to comparative education. Next, the paper situates the world society perspective withi...