cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Societal Context of Bilingual Education

Bilingual education is a term that draws strong reactions from those inside and outside the educational system. Here I examine social factors that contribute to the tensions surrounding this debate. The most dramatic conflict can be seen in the contemporary English-only movement and the countervailing English-Plus coalition. Despite the public arguments presented by English-only proponents and shrinking federal and state resources to support bilingual education programs, there has been a growing acceptance of the potential benefits of bilingual services among educational practitioners and researchers. Consequently, conflicting views will continue to characterize public discussion of bilingual education.
Overview of Compaction Data Analysis Techniques

AbstractIn this review article, the techniques that have been utilized to assess the compactional behaviour of pharmaceutical materials were presented, and the advantages, limitations and modifications of some of these methods were discussed. It was concluded that despite some of these techniques, such as Heckel equation, F-D curves, energy of compaction, tensile strength and hardness measurements, have received considerable attention, none of them was found to be satisfactory for the comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms involved in the compaction of the solid particulate matter.
Identifying HIV risk-reduction strategies for Hispanic populations in Broward County.

Purpose To improve the effectiveness of behavioral interventions for Hispanic young adults, we studied their perceived risks for HIV infection, lifetime and more recent sexual experiences, use of condoms, and HIV-antibody testing histories. Methods Logistic regression was used to analyze computer-assisted telephone-interview surveys of 1,596 randomly selected Hispanic residents of 12 high AIDS-incidence ZIP-code areas. Results After we controlled for gender, age, marital status, educational attainment, and language of preference, differences were found by country of origin. Those coming from Peru (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.45; 95%CI = 1.85–6.43) and Colombia (AOR = 1.94; 95%CI = 1.12–3.36) were more likely than U.S.-native Hispanics to perceive their risk of acquiring HIV as above average. Sexually active Mexicans (AOR = 1.80; 95%CI = 1.04–3.10) were significantly more likely than U.S. natives to have used a condom in the past 12 months. Young adults coming from Puerto Rico (AOR = 0.55; 95%CI = 0.33–0.91) were less likely than U.S.-native Hispanics to have ever been tested for HIV. Virginity and sexual abstinence were unrelated to country of origin, but respondents interviewed in Spanish were more likely than those interviewed in English to be sexually active (AOR = 2.57; 95% = 1.39–4.75). Conclusions To maximize the impact of behavioral interventions, risk-reduction programs must adjust for social and cultural differences within the Hispanic-American population.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Biotransformation, Clearance, and Catabolism*

The nature of adrenocorticotropic hormone in circulation has been studied after iv injection of C3H3-methylated ACTH into hypophysectomized adult male rats. The tritium labeling of ACTH by reductive methylation led to no discernible loss of biological activity but resulted in some decrease in immunoreactivity. After iv injection of C3H3-methylated ACTH, the disappearance of radioactivity, bioactivity, and immunoreactivity was determined at various times postinjection. Total radioactivity was cleared from plasma in a multiphasic manner, and the disappearance of immunoreactivity approximately paralleled radioactivity. In contrast, bioactivity decreased at a much more rapid rate. Gel exclusion chromatography (Sephadex G-50 fine) of plasma at various times after injection of C3H3-methylated ACTH revealed three components of radioactivity. The major component, up to 30 min postinjection, chromatographed with control C3H3-methylated ACTH; the amount and proportion of this component decreased with time after inj...
Recent advances in quantitative neuroproteomics

The field of proteomics is undergoing rapid development in a number of different areas including improvements in mass spectrometric platforms, peptide identification algorithms and bioinformatics. In particular, new and/or improved approaches have established robust methods that not only allow for in-depth and accurate peptide and protein identification and modification, but also allow for sensitive measurement of relative or absolute quantitation. These methods are beginning to be applied to the area of neuroproteomics, but the central nervous system poses many specific challenges in terms of quantitative proteomics, given the large number of different neuronal cell types that are intermixed and that exhibit distinct patterns of gene and protein expression. This review highlights the recent advances that have been made in quantitative neuroproteomics, with a focus on work published over the last five years that applies emerging methods to normal brain function as well as to various neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and drug addiction as well as of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. While older methods such as two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis continued to be used, a variety of more in-depth MS-based approaches including both label (ICAT, iTRAQ, TMT, SILAC, SILAM), label-free (label-free, MRM, SWATH) and absolute quantification methods, are rapidly being applied to neurobiological investigations of normal and diseased brain tissue as well as of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). While the biological implications of many of these studies remain to be clearly established, that there is a clear need for standardization of experimental design and data analysis, and that the analysis of protein changes in specific neuronal cell types in the central nervous system remains a serious challenge, it appears that the quality and depth of the more recent quantitative proteomics studies is beginning to shed light on a number of aspects of neuroscience that relates to normal brain function as well as of the changes in protein expression and regulation that occurs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
Accelerometers for bridge load testing

This paper describes a load-test procedure using accelerometer response and compares the results with that obtained using the traditionally used strain-gage data. The load rating provides an approximate load capacity of a bridge based on the available capacity of a critical girder for a predefined loading path. The results indicate that the accelerometer can conveniently extract information of bridges independent of their physical conditions. Application of accelerometers can remarkably enhance the response measurement of cracked concrete girders for bridge load rating. The proposed procedure can be useful in monitoring bridge performance over time and measuring the effectiveness of bridge retrofitting by comparing pre- and post-repair capacities.
Low energy electron microscopy studies of Ge and Ag growth on Si(111)

In this paper we demonstrate how low energy electron microscopy can be used to study in situ, and in real time, the growth of thin films on single-crystal surfaces. By studying the growth of Ge and Ag on both the clean and the Sb-terminated Si(111) surface we show how nucleation, growth, island formation, island shapes, thermal stability and the formation of dislocations in the grown films may be observed. Pre-adsorption of Sb strongly modifies the growth of Ge and Ag films on Si(111), leading to more uniform coverage and smoother films in both cases.
Performance modeling & simulation of complex systems (A systems engineering design & analysis approach)

Modeling of the Multi-mission Image Processing System (MIPS) will be described as an example of the use of a modeling tool to design a distributed system that supports multiple application scenarios. This paper examines: (a) modeling tool selection, capabilities, and operation (namely NETWORK 2.5 by CACl), (b) pointers for building or constructing a model and how the MIPS model was developed, (c) the importance of benchmarking or testing the performance of equipment/subsystems being considered for incorporation the design/architecture, (d) the essential step of model validation and/or calibration using the benchmark results, (e) sample simulation results from the MIPS model, and (f) how modeling and simulation analysis affected the MIPS design process by having a supportive and informative impact.
Essentials of physical management and rehabilitation in arthritis

E FFECTIVE physical management and rehabilitation of arthritic disorders requires first an accurate diagnosis, or when that is impossible, a diagnostic formulation that presupposes an understanding of (1) the nature of the disease process; (2) its location, either intraor extra-articular; (3) its potential for permanent joint damage; and (4) the overall prognosis for periarticular structures or joints involved. The second requisite for appropriate physical management is an understanding of rationale for and the limitations of both physical and rehabilitative therapeutics as well as pharmacological measures. It will be the object of this communication to attempt to put into perspective what is known and thereby to establish what it is reasonable to use in the physical management of a variety of common “arthritic” problems.
A Nanoporous Ag−Fe Mixed-Metal−Organic Framework Exhibiting Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations upon Guest Exchange

The reaction of solutions of Fe(Pyac)3 [PyacH=3-(4-pyridyl)-2,4-pentanedione] and AgNO3 produces two types of porous mixed-metal-organic frameworks (M'MOFs). With lower AgNO3 concentrations, the product (M'MOF1) has a 2D honeycomb structure with Ag:Fe=1:1 and pores of ca. 12x16 A. When a higher concentration of AgNO3 is employed, however, the product (M'MOF2) has Ag:Fe=3:2 and a porous 1D ladder structure. A variety of nonpolar solvents serve as guests in M'MOF2: with 1,2-C6H4Cl2, [AgNO3]3[Fe(Pyac)3]2(1,2-C6H4Cl2)5.5 (M'MOF2a); with C6H5Br, [AgNO3]3[Fe(Pyac)3]2(C6H5Br)6 (M'MOF2b). M'MOFs 2a and 2b can be interconverted by treatment with the appropriate solvent, in single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations.
Towing large nets by single warp at abyssal depths: methods and biological results

Abstract Adequately sampling deep-water nekton is difficult because of the great time required for tows, avoidance of nets by larger animals, and the sparse fauna. These problems have been compounded by the small nets usually used for such sampling. This paper describes the equipment, techniques, difficulties, and results of towing large midwater and bottom trawls single warp at depths below 2000 m from chartered commercial fishing vessels. Use of large nets (107 m 2 mouth pelagic rope trawl and 29.6 m headrope otter trawl) is a method which minimizes the effects on sample sizes and compositions of the above factors. Tows with large opening-closing midwater trawls and otter trawls between 2000 and 4300 m off northern California collected specimens of rare species and unusually large individuals of other species. Included among these are five fish species not previously reported from off California: Bathysaurus mollis (Synodontidae), Barathronus pacificus (Aphyonidae), Echinomacrurus occidentalis (Macrouridae), Dysalotus oligoscolus (Chiasmodontidae), and Bellocia alvifrons (Alepocephalidae). Fishes decreased with depth by numbers of species, numbers of individuals, and by weight. Decapod crustaceans did not show similar trends. Cephalopods were uncommon at all depths sampled. Coryphaenoides filifer (Macrouridae), a nominally benthic fish species, was unexpectedly abundant in midwater between 2000 and 3100 m. It constituted 54.6% of the fish biomass collected at these depths. Its abundance did not appear to be related to sex, size, or reproduction. Food habits of Coryphaenoides armatus and C. yaquinae (Macrouridae), the most abundant benthic fish species, differed. The former ate primarily nekton; the latter, benthic infauna. Occurrence in stomachs of beaks from shallow living squid and of epipelagic barnacles suggests that carrion may form a significant part of the diets of these species. One ripe and five ripening female C. armatus , all longer than 740 mm TL, were collected. Estimated fecundity of the ripest was 6.2 × 10 6 eggs. Based on these and previous captures, C. armatus females mature at a large size, have a high fecundity relative to other macrourids, may not spawn simultaneously, and may be semelparous.
A dual cone-beam CT system for image guided radiotherapy: Initial performance characterization

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a recently developed benchtop dual cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) system with two orthogonally placed tube/detector sets. Methods: The benchtop dual CBCT system consists of two orthogonally placed 40 × 30 cm flat-panel detectors and two conventional x-ray tubes with two individual high-voltage generators sharing the same rotational axis. The x-ray source to detector distance is 150 cm and x-ray source to rotational axis distance is 100 cm for both subsystems. The objects are scanned through 200° of rotation. The dual CBCT system utilized 110° of projection data from one detector and 90° from the other while the two individual single CBCTs utilized 200° data from each detector. The system performance was characterized in terms of uniformity, contrast, spatial resolution, noise power spectrum, and CT number linearity. The uniformities, within the axial slice and along the longitudinal direction, and noise power spectrum were assessed by scanning a water bucket; the contrast and CT number linearity were measured using the Catphan phantom; and the spatial resolution was evaluated using a tungsten wire phantom. A skull phantom and a ham were also scanned to provide qualitative evaluation of high- and low-contrast resolution. Each measurement was compared between dual and single CBCT systems. Results: Compared to single CBCT, the dual CBCT presented: (1) a decrease in uniformity by 1.9% in axial view and 1.1% in the longitudinal view, as averaged for four energies (80, 100, 125, and 150 kVp); (2) comparable or slightly better contrast (0∼25 HU) for low-contrast objects and comparable contrast for high-contrast objects; (3) comparable spatial resolution; (4) comparable CT number linearity with R2 ≥ 0.99 for all four tested energies; (5) lower noise power spectrum in magnitude. Dual CBCT images of the skull phantom and the ham demonstrated both high-contrast resolution and good soft-tissue contrast. Conclusions: The performance of a benchtop dual CBCT imaging system has been characterized and is comparable to that of a single CBCT.
The reaction of cyclopentadienylidine, fluorenylidene and tetrachlorocyclopentadienylidene with alcohols. A laser flash photolysis study

Rate constants of reaction of cyclopentadienylidene, fluorenylidene and tetrachlorocyclopentadienylidene with alcohols and other quenchers were determined by laser flash photolysis methods. The rate constants of reaction of cyclopentadienylidene and fluorenylidene with various alcohols were determined and found to increase with increasing alcohol acidity. Alcohols as a group reacted faster with cyclopentadienylidene and fluorenylidene than likely ylide formers such as pyridine, ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran. Bronsted plots of the reaction of cyclopentadienylidene and fluorenylidene with alcohols are linear with slopes of 0·061 and 0·082, respectively. In the case of tetrachlorocyclopentadienylidene, an ylide type of reaction mechanism with alcohols is indicated. Tetrachlorocyclopentadienylidene reacts most rapidly with the least acidic alcohol studied and this carbene reacts more rapidly with tetramethylurea, pyridine and tetrahydrofuran than with methanol.
Long-term treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome-associated cerebral arterial thromboses with intravenous immunoglobulin: a case report

We report a now 13-year-old male with trisomy 21, hypothyroidism, and insulin-dependent diabetes who developed acute hemiplegia due to the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) at age four. The risks of long-term anticoagulation were initially considered to be high; hence, he was treated with monthly infusions of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) at 2 g/kg for 2 years and then every other month for 7 years. Antiphospholipid antibodies were no longer detectable within 6 months and have continued to be negative. There was no clinical deterioration or further changes on magnetic resonance arteriography over 7 years. IVIG may be an alternative therapeutic choice for children with APS who are not candidates for conventional anticoagulation.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SALIVA PROTEIN ANALYSIS.

Abstract Lemon juice-stimulated parotid saliva samples from twenty-one healthy individuals were each subjected to six different total protein assaying methods: micro-Kjeldahl, biuret, Lowry, Greenberg, Warburg and Christian, and Waddell. To prove statistically the reproducibility of each method, all of the tests were done in duplicate. The total protein values were found to vary significantly with the method and among the individuals. The significant variation among the individual samples indicated different proportions of protein species. This sample individuality is demonstrated as differences among the molecular characteristics tested. This is the first study indicating the magnitude and variation of the differences obtainable when using these methods. The method used in making the total protein assay is an important consideration when comparisons among individuals are made, using a statistic involving the parotid saliva total protein.
NASCAR Racing Fans: Cranking Up an Empirical Approach

Proposant une approche empirique des fans de courses de stock-car aux Etats-Unis, l'A. explore l'interrelation entre leur comportement collectif et ses consequences pour l'individu. Il presente des donnees sur : 1. la composition demographique des fans des courses NASCAR (National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing), notamment sur la classe sociale, la race et la categorie de sexe ; 2. le phenomene culturel et subculturel des fans, et notamment le role des heros dans la vie des fans ; 3. le sens de la communaute des fans ; 4. la maniere dont ils creent leur identite autour des normes et des valeurs de la course ; 5. leur structure organisationnelle.
Detection of three avian respiratory viruses by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay

Acute respiratory tract infections are leading causes of morbidity in poultry farms throughout the world. Avian pneumovirus (APV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been recognized as the most important pathogens of both chicken and turkeys. Single-virus reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (sRT-PCR) assays are used extensively to detect these viruses in clinical samples. This study reports the development and evaluation of a single-tube multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) assay for simultaneous and specific detection of APV, AIV, and NDV. Specific primers for each virus were selected that amplified products of predicted sizes from each virus in the mRT-PCR as well as in the sRT-PCR assays (438, 218, and 532 bp for APV, AIV, and NDV, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of mRT-PCR assay were compared with those of the sRT-PCR. The mRT-PCR assay was as sensitive as the sRT-PCR assays because virus detection limits were similar in both assays. The detection limits of mRT-PCR assay were 10(0.5) tissue culture infective dose (50%) (TCID50)/ml, 10(1.2) TCID50/ml, and 10(0.7) TCID50/ml for APV, AIV, and NDV, respectively. Overall, there was an excellent correlation between mRT-PCR and sRT-PCR assays. No product amplification was obtained with nucleic acid from infectious bronchitis virus and reovirus using these primer sets. In summary, mRT-PCR assay holds potential to be an economical and rapid diagnostic method for the simultaneous detection of 3 avian respiratory viruses in chickens and turkeys.
A parallel computer implementation of power system transient stability assessment using the transient energy function method

The development of a parallel version of the transient energy function method program on an IBM 3090-600E supercomputer is described. The step-by-step procedure for converting a sequential code to a parallel environment is detailed. The parallel code was tested on a 50 generator Ontario Hydro network. With six parallel processors, an elapsed time speedup of 5.36 was obtained. >
The tryptophan requirement of the kitten.

1. To estimate the tryptophan requirement of the kitten, six male and six female kittens were presented diets containing 0·7, 0·9, 1·1, 1·3, 1·5 and 3·0 g tryptophan/kg diet for six experimental periods lasting 10 d in accordance with a 6 × 6 balanced Latin-square design.2. Mean daily weight gain and nitrogen retention (N intake minus urinary and faecal N) plateaued at 1·1 g tryptophan/kg diet indicating that the minimal tryptophan requirement of the kitten was 1·1 g/kg diet.3. Plasma tryptophan concentration exhibited a marked increase at dietary tryptophan concentrations above 1·3 g/kg diet.
THE VISUAL ACUITY OF THE HONEY BEE

1. Bees respond by a characteristic reflex to a movement in their visual field. By confining the field to a series of parallel dark and luminous bars it is possible to determine the size of bar to which the bees respond under different conditions and in this way to measure the resolving power or visual acuity of the eye. The maximum visual acuity of the bee is lower than the lowest human visual acuity. Under similar, maximal conditions the fineness of resolution of the human eye is about 100 times that of the bee. 2. The eye of the bee is a mosaic composed of hexagonal pyramids of variable apical angle. The size of this angle determines the angular separation between adjacent ommatidia and therefore sets the structural limits to the resolving power of the eye. It is found that the visual angle corresponding to the maximum visual acuity as found experimentally is identical with the structural angular separation of adjacent ommatidia in the region of maximum density of ommatidia population. When this region of maximum ommatidia population is rendered non-functional by being covered with an opaque paint, the maximum visual acuity then corresponds to the angular separation of those remaining ommatidia which now constitute the maximum density of population. 3. The angular separation of adjacent ommatidia is much smaller in the vertical (dorso-ventral) axis than in the horizontal (anterio-posterior) axis. The experimentally found visual acuity varies correspondingly. From this and other experiments as well as from the shape of the eye itself, it is shown that the bee's eye is essentially an instrument for uni-directional visual resolution, functional along the dorso-ventral axis. The resolution of the visual pattern is therefore determined by the vertical angular separation of those ocular elements situated in the region of maximum density of ommatidia population. 4. The visual acuity of the bee varies with the illumination in much the same way that it does for the human eye. It is low at low illuminations; as the intensity of illumination increases it increases at first slowly and then rapidly; and finally at high intensities it becomes constant. The resolving power of a structure like the bee's eye depends on the distance which separates the discrete receiving elements. The data then mean that at low illuminations the distance between receiving elements is large and that this distance decreases as the illumination increases. Since such a moving system cannot be true anatomically it must be interpreted functionally. It is therefore proposed that the threshold of the various ommatidia are not the same but that they vary as any other characteristic of a population. The visual acuity will then depend on the distance apart of those elements whose thresholds are such that they are functional at the particular illumination under investigation. Taking due consideration of the angular separation of ommatidia it is possible to derive a distribution curve for the thresholds of the ommatidia which resembles the usual probability curves, and which describes the data with complete fidelity.
Mitigation of target support contamination using an adaptive decomposition technique

ERIM has developed PSHE techniques for removing additive target support contamination from narrowband RCS measurements. These techniques have been extended to improve performance in the presence of noise, data artifacts and signal model mismatch by using adaptive decomposition techniques to isolate and identify target and contamination returns as part of the editing process. Tests on simulated data suggest that the adaptive technique can provide robust scattering mechanism identification and extraction in the presence of noise, and provide contamination mitigation performance comparable to that obtained by spectral variants in low noise situations.
Flux Pinning Properties in YBCO Thin Films With Self-Aligned Magnetic Nanoparticles

In this work, we conducted a systematic investigation on both self-field and in-field performance of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) thin films with self-aligned (ordered) Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles and compared with a pure YBCO reference sample. The doping architectures include YBCO films with ordered Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the top, Fe2O3:CeO2 nanocomposite on the top, with self-aligned Fe2O3 nanoparticles at the bottom and with multilayered nanoparticles in the matrix. All samples were prepared by pulse laser deposition (PLD). We explored the self-field and in-field performance (Jcsf and Jcin-field(H//c)) of the YBCO films with the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) in a physical property measurement system (PPMS) at various temperatures and correlated with their microstructural characteristics. This work suggests that the self-aligned Fe2O3 nanoparticles can form in YBCO matrix without severe deterioration of YBCO superconducting properties. Instead, they work as effective pinning centers at all temperatures measured and the multilayer sample and the sample with Fe2O3 : CeO2 nanocomposite show the best pinning properties among all the samples examined.
Use of the Jigsaw Technique in Laboratory and Discussion Classes.

A method for improving student performance in laboratory courses is described. Students work in small, interdependent groups in which each person contributes a unique piece of a research project. The technique is designed to encourage student cooperation during the research enterprise. Results indicate that students evaluate the approach favorably and that their academic performance improves. Some applications and potential problems of the technique are discussed.
HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in the United States: Geographically Explained Variance Across Racial and Ethnic Groups

Objectives. We explored how variance in HIV infection is distributed across multiple geographical scales among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the United States, overall and within racial/ethnic groups.Methods. People who inject drugs (n = 9077) were recruited via respondent-driven sampling from 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system. We used multilevel modeling to determine the percentage of variance in HIV infection explained by zip codes, counties, and MSAs where PWID lived, overall and for specific racial/ethnic groups.Results. Collectively, zip codes, counties, and MSAs explained 29% of variance in HIV infection. Within specific racial/ethnic groups, all 3 scales explained variance in HIV infection among non-Hispanic/Latino White PWID (4.3%, 0.2%, and 7.5%, respectively), MSAs explained variance among Hispanic/Latino PWID (10.1%), and counties explained variance among non-Hispanic/Latino Black PW...
Multiplex primer prediction software for divergent targets

We describe a Multiplex Primer Prediction (MPP) algorithm to build multiplex compatible primer sets to amplify all members of large, diverse and unalignable sets of target sequences. The MPP algorithm is scalable to larger target sets than other available software, and it does not require a multiple sequence alignment. We applied it to questions in viral detection, and demonstrated that there are no universally conserved priming sequences among viruses and that it could require an unfeasibly large number of primers ( approximately 3700 18-mers or approximately 2000 10-mers) to generate amplicons from all sequenced viruses. We then designed primer sets separately for each viral family, and for several diverse species such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments of influenza A virus, Norwalk virus, and HIV-1. We empirically demonstrated the application of the software with a multiplex set of 16 short (10 nt) primers designed to amplify the Poxviridae family to produce a specific amplicon from vaccinia virus.
Technical Note—New Results Concerning Probability Distributions with Increasing Generalized Failure Rates

The generalized failure rate of a continuous random variable has demonstrable importance in operations management. If the valuation distribution of a product has an increasing generalized failure rate (that is, the distribution is IGFR), then the associated revenue function is unimodal, and when the generalized failure rate is strictly increasing, the global maximum is uniquely specified. The assumption that the distribution is IGFR is thus useful and frequently held in recent pricing, revenue, and supply chain management literature. This note contributes to the IGFR literature in several ways. First, it investigates the prevalence of the IGFR property for the left and right truncations of valuation distributions. Second, we extend the IGFR notion to discrete distributions and contrast it with the continuous distribution case. The note also addresses two errors in the previous IGFR literature. Finally, for future reference, we analyze all common (continuous and discrete) distributions for the prevalence of the IGFR property, and derive and tabulate their generalized failure rates. Subject classifications: probability distributions; hazard rate functions; revenue management; supply chain management. Area of review: Operations and Supply Chains. History: Received November 2011; revisions received May 2012, November 2012, January 2013; accepted May 2013.
Optical and electron-beam control of semiconductor switches

Two ongoing research projects on bulk semiconductor switches which can be closed and opened on command are described. Both types of switches have the advantage of requiring small energies to support the conductivity and switching action on a nanosecond time scale. The switch mechanism in one of the projects is based on laser quenching of photoconductivity in semiconductors containing certain deep level impurities. Investigators in GaAs and CdS crystals have demonstrated the quenching effect. The second project deals with electron-beam control of the semiconductor switch. The electrons are injected through a contact into the cathode region of a semiconductor switch. Through cathodoluminescence processes it is possible to obtain bulk ionization, thereby overcoming the space-charge limitations. A switch-current/electron-beam-current ratio of more than 1500 at current densities of 60 A/cm/sup 2/ has been achieved so far. >
EFFECTS OF SERUM ON MEMBRANE TRANSPORT I. SEPARATION AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF FACTORS WHICH DEPRESS LYSINE OR STIMULATE ADENOSINE TRANSPORT IN RABBIT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

The effects of normal rabbit serum (NRS) on two transport systems in rabbit lung macrophages have been examined. A 20 min preincubation with serum was required for the effects, which were retained for at least 40 min after serum was removed. No serum was present during the transport studies. (a) Preincubation with 0.5 or 1.0% NRS resulted in depression of lysine transport to 59 ± 2.6% (SE, 31 observations) of control levels. The activity was heat stable to 100°C for 30 min and lost after dialysis. Pretreatment with serum did not alter the intracellular concentration of lysine attained when cells were then incubated with 10 mM lysine for 30 min. The relative depression of lysine transport by serum was unaltered by preloading with such high concentrations of lysine. (b) Preincubation with 5% NRS resulted in enhancement of adenosine transport by 35 ± 2.3% (SE, 60 observations). Activity was stable to heating at 65°C for 40 min but lost at 100°C for 20 min. It was nondialyzable. Total radioactivity accumulated after 30 min incubation with 1 mM adenosine was unaffected by serum pretreatment. The two activities were separable by passage over Sephadex G25.
A program data flow analysis procedure

The global data relationships in a program can be exposed and codified by the static analysis methods described in this paper. A procedure is given which determines all the definitions which can possibly “reach” each node of the control flow graph of the program and all the definitions that are “live” on each edge of the graph. The procedure uses an “interval” ordered edge listing data structure and handles reducible and irreducible graphs indistinguishably.
Méthodes formelles pour le respect de la vie privée par construction

Le respect de la vie privee par construction est de plus en plus mentionne comme une etape essentielle vers une meilleure protection de la vie privee. Les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication donnent naissance a de nouveaux modeles d’affaires et de services. Ces services reposent souvent sur l’exploitation de donnees personnelles a des fins de personnalisation. Alors que les exigences de respect de la vie privee sont de plus en plus sous tension, il apparait que les technologies elles-memes devraient etre utilisees pour proposer des solutions davantage satisfaisantes. Les technologies ameliorant le respect de la vie privee ont fait l’objet de recherches approfondies et diverses techniques ont ete developpees telles que des anonymiseurs ou des mecanismes de chiffrement evolues. Cependant, le respect de la vie privee par construction va plus loin que les technologies ameliorant simplement son respect. En effet, les exigences en terme de protection des donnees a caractere personnel doivent etre prises en compte au plus tot lors du developpement d’un systeme car elles peuvent avoir un impact important sur l’ensemble de l’architecture de la solution. Cette approche peut donc etre resumee comme « prevenir plutot que guerir ». Des principes generaux ont ete proposes pour definir des criteres reglementaires de respect de la vie privee. Ils impliquent des notions telles que la minimisation des donnees, le controle par le sujet des donnees personnelles, la transparence des traitements ou encore la redevabilite. Ces principes ne sont cependant pas suffisamment precis pour etre directement traduits en fonctionnalites techniques. De plus, aucune methode n’a ete proposee jusqu’ici pour aider a la conception et a la verification de systemes respectueux de la vie privee. Cette these propose une demarche de specification, de conception et de verification au niveau architectural. Cette demarche aide les concepteurs a explorer l’espace de conception d’un systeme de maniere systematique. Elle est completee par un cadre formel prenant en compte les exigences de confidentialite et d’integrite des donnees. Enfin, un outil d’aide a la conception permet aux concepteurs non-experts de verifier formellement les architectures. Une etude de cas illustre l’ensemble de la demarche et montre comment ces differentes contributions se completent pour etre utilisees en pratique.
Teaching radiology to medical students: an integrated approach.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives This study assessed medical student satisfaction with radiology lectures integrated into the 3rd-year student internal medicine clerkship, compared with faculty lectures in an independent radiology course, and investigated the effects of integrated instruction on departmental compensation from the medical school. Materials and Methods Students' evaluations were compared, with two-way analysis of variance, for faculty who presented lectures in an integrated radiology course and faculty who presented lectures in an independent radiology course from July 1998 to June 2001. Radiology department compensation from the medical school for each course was computed per contact hour. Results For the integrated course (663 evaluations), the mean overall faculty rating was 1.44 (1 = excellent, 5 = poor), lower (more positive) than the mean overall rating of 1.53 for the independent course (518 evaluations) (P = .037). The interaction between type of instruction and topic was significant only for chest and musculoskeletal imaging, which were rated more positive and less positive in the integrated course, respectively (P Conclusion Student ratings of faculty lectures in an integrated course were excellent and comparable to those in an independent radiology course. The medical school differentiated the efforts of radiology faculty in the two courses through its budgeting process, awarding greater compensation per contact hour for participation in the integrated course. If only lecture hours are considered, compensation was greater for the independent course.
Fracture Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Impulsive Loading

The need to accurately predict the response of structures under impact loadings has led to an interest in the mechanical properties of component materials at high rates of loading. The mechanism of cracking and its propagation play an important role in evaluation of the response of fiber reinforced concrete structures subjected to impulsive loading. In the present study, single-edge notched beams were tested under high velocity impact loads. A computer assisted instrumented Charpy test system was employed in performing the impact tests. Development and testing of a new fiber optic sensor, for the determination of internal Crack Opening Displacements (COD) in fiber reinforced concrete is described.
The spatial relationships among cutaneous, muscle sensory and motoneuron axons during development of the chick hindlimb

Previous studies have suggested that interactions with other axons are important in sensory axon pathfinding in the developing chick hindlimb. Yet the nature of these interactions remains unknown, in part because information about the spatial relationships among the different kinds of axons is lacking. To obtain this information, we combined retrograde axonal tracing with an immunofluorescent labelling approach that distinguishes between sensory and motoneuron axons. This allowed us to follow the trajectories of sensory axons having a known destination, while also identifying their neighbors. We found that as sensory and motoneuron axons meet in the spinal nerves and travel into the limb, sensory axons remain bundled together. The large bundles that are present proximally gradually split into smaller bundles as the axons course distally in the spinal nerves; more distally, some bundles join to again form large bundles. Younger, later-growing sensory axons appear to grow primarily along bundles of older sensory axons that grew out earlier. Starting from very proximal levels, axons projecting along an individual cutaneous nerve are found together in bundles that are situated in characteristic regions of each spinal nerve. Some of these bundles are initially interspersed with bundles of axons projecting along other nerves, thereby indicating that the initial position of a cutaneous axon in the spinal nerves does not strictly determine its subsequent trajectory. As they travel distally, bundles of axons projecting along one cutaneous nerve gradually join one another, becoming increasingly separated from axons having different destinations. In contrast, muscle sensory axons are situated adjacent to motoneuron axons innervating the same muscle for much of their course. This suggests that muscle sensory axons may be guided to the appropriate muscles by fasciculating along motoneuron axons. Taken together, the results show that sensory axons projecting along different nerves are different from one another and respond to cues in their environment to navigate through the spinal nerves and plexus. Thus, sensory neurons must be intrinsically specified with respect to their peripheral targets. Sensory axons appear to respond differentially to the axons they encounter, segregating from axons that project along different nerves and often growing with axons destined for the same nerve, suggesting that fasciculation may aid pathfinding.
Situation Review and Suggestions for the Food Safety Administration in China

The concept of food safety and the situation review of food safety administration in China were introduced. Some barriers andchallenges were discussed, some strategies were suggested. For example, to re-construct the administrative bodies, to transform the functionof administrative organs, to improve the regulatory system, to conduct strictly the market compliance, to establish the unified system ofstandardization, to formulate the safety surveillance and vigilance net, and to develop the public education.
Advising women at high risk of breast cancer.

Women with any family history of breast cancer assume a high probability of risk. Counseling women involves ascertainment of an accurate family history and use of the best predictive models to assess both the risk of a known mutation and the risk of breast cancer. This risk must then be considered in the contexts of both the woman’s lifetime and the next decade, in each instance carefully separating the risk of developing cancer from the risk of mortality. These two risks are often emotionally melded in women who have watched a loved one die of cancer. The options for a woman at significantly increased risk of breast cancer include optimal surveillance, chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgery. This entire field is in continuing evolution as better methods of diagnosis, screening, and chemoprevention continue to enter clinical practice.
Identification and Identity

When Harry Frankfurt chose a title for the first volume of his essays, he must have been thinking of the direction in which his work was going rather than the direction from which it had come. Retrospect would have led him to the titles of the founding essays in his research program, such as “Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person” or “Identification and Externality.” Instead he named the volume after the essay that set the theme for his future work, “The Importance of What We Care About.” In the years since the publication of that volume, Frankfurt has explored many topics suggested by its wonderfully resonant title: how our caring about things makes them important to us; how the process of caring about them is important to us; and how important a matter it is which things we care about. What I most admire about Frankfurt's essays on these topics is their candor in reporting one man's efforts to understand life as he finds it. Reading this work, one has the sense of receiving dispatches from anexamined life. Frankfurt's reflections on caring, in particular, are clearly an expression of what the author cares about, and as such they command a respect that transcends any disagreement. Disagreement there is bound to be, however, when philosophy cuts so close to the bone.
A National Survey on the Professional Role Conceptions of Journalists in Kenya

The professional role conceptions of journalists have for many years remained a central strand in journalism studies. The present research investigates the professional role conceptions that Kenyan journalists perceive to be the most important in their work. Similarly, the professional role they consider the most important is further analyzed in relation to demographics (age, gender, education, contract type, media type, and media ownership). Findings from a national survey of 504 Kenyan journalists indicate that “providing citizens with information” is the most important role (61.3 percent), followed by “advocate for social change” (51.7 percent). The other major roles include to “support official policies” (46.9 percent), “motivate people to participate in civic activities” (45.6 percent), and “act as watchdog of government” (35.3 percent). The most important role—providing citizens with information—is backed across all demographics with a strong mean of 4.4 on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (“not im...
Factors influencing drainage setting and cost for cutaneous abscesses among pediatric patients

Abstract Objective To evaluate the clinical and microbiological factors associated with skin and soft tissue infections drained in the emergency department (ED) vs operative drainage (OD) in a tertiary care children's hospital. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among children aged 2 months to 17 years who required incision and drainage (ID 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-7.44; P = .01) and labial location (OR, 37.81; 95% CI, 8.12-176.03; P P Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 72% of the 300 abscesses cultured and 12.3% were clindamycin resistant. OD was more expensive than I&D in the ED. Per abscess that underwent I&D, OD is $3804.29 more expensive than I&D in the ED while controlling for length of stay. Discussion Clinical factors associated with OD rather than I&D in the ED included history of abscess, increased abscess length, and labial location. Microbiological factors did not differ based on I&D setting. For smaller, nonlabial abscesses, ED drainage may result in significant cost savings.
Presynaptic gain control by endogenous cotransmission of dopamine and GABA in the olfactory bulb

Sensory systems, including the olfactory system, encode information across a large dynamic range, making synaptic mechanisms of gain control critical to proper function. Here we demonstrate that a ...
Designing and analyzing healthcare insurance policies to reduce cost and prevent the spread of seasonal influenza

Getting seasonal flu vaccines and seeking medical treatments are two effective strategies to prevent the spread of seasonal influenza. However, less than half of Americans received flu vaccines in the 2014--2015 flu season. A high cost-sharing rate in healthcare insurance policies results in few patients to visit doctors, leading to slow recovery rate. In this paper, we design insurance policies, including vaccination incentives and cost-sharing, to encourage the insurants to receive a flu vaccine and prevent the spread of seasonal influenza. Dynamic interaction between a single insurer and multiple insurants is formulated as a Stackelberg vaccination game and agent-based modeling is implemented to simulate the spread of flu in a population under different insurance policies. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed mechanism can effectively improve vaccination behavior and maintain low infection rates even with a highly contagious flu.
Sound Loop Superoptimization for Google Native Client

Software fault isolation (SFI) is an important technique for the construction of secure operating systems, web browsers, and other extensible software. We demonstrate that superoptimization can dramatically improve the performance of Google Native Client, a SFI system that ships inside the Google Chrome Browser. Key to our results are new techniques for superoptimization of loops: we propose a new architecture for superoptimization tools that incorporates both a fully sound verification technique to ensure correctness and a bounded verification technique to guide the search to optimized code. In our evaluation we optimize 13 libc string functions, formally verify the correctness of the optimizations and report a median and average speedup of 25% over the libraries shipped by Google.