cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dorsolateral frontal cortical ablations on stimulus equivalence and transposition in monkeys.

Abstract Four pigtail monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina ) with lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex made fewer transposition of brightness responses and more errors on a concurrently presented brightness discrimination than six unoperated controls. The same lesioned and unoperated monkeys exhibited markedly different equivalence responses of form, size, and orientation. The differences in equivalence responses were interpreted to mean that frontal ablations disrupt or slow the information extraction process by which objects and events are organized into a stable representation of the environment.
Male Friendship in Ming China: An Introduction

This introduction provides a historical and theoretical context for the four articles on Ming male friendship. It reviews relevant scholarship and tries to show how the four articles contribute to a better appreciation of the complexities of friendship as it was theorized and practiced by Chinese males in Ming China.
Ansa to recurrent laryngeal neurorrhaphy in the setting of laryngeal nerve sacrifice: a cadaveric study to evaluate a reconstructive option.

Abstract Objective In certain cases, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) has to be sacrificed. This often results in an inadequate length of residual RLN to be used in a reinnervation procedure. We investigated the length of the distal stump of the RLN from the inferior border of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (IPCM), where it is frequently compromised, to its entrance into the larynx. Our objective was to determine whether this residual nerve stock was sufficient for margin clearance and neurorrhaphy. Study design Cadaveric study Methods Recurrent laryngeal nerves were identified in fresh frozen cadavers. The IPCM was divided, revealing the distal stump of the RLN, which was measured. Results Dissection was performed in 20 cadavers (40 nerves). The average length of the right RLN and the left RLN from the IPCM until it entered the larynx was 15 mm and 14 mm, respectively. All residual RLN remnants were of sufficient length for neurorrhaphy. Conclusion Concomitant RLN reinnervation procedures in the setting of nerve sacrifice are not well described. A barrier to reinnervation in this setting may be insufficient residual nerve length for a neurorrhaphy. Often, when the RLN is sacrificed intraoperatively either iatrogenically or due to tumor invasion, it is close to the cricoarytenoid joint, at the inferior border of the IPCM. This study demonstrates that by splitting the IPCM, sufficient length can be obtained for neurorrhaphy.
Malnutrition-induced alterations of developing Purkinje cells.

Abstract To test whether or not malnutrition affects postmitotic, but still differentiating neurons, the development of Purkinje cell dendrites was studied in Golgi-Cox-stained preparations at 8, 11, 14, and 17 days postnatally. Significantly more dendritic aberrations involving branching and shape were observed in Purkinje cells from malnourished animals than from well-fed control animals. This work demonstrates that postnatal malnutrition in the rat affects growth of nonmitotic populations of neurons.
Light suppresses Fos expression in the shell region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus at dusk and dawn: implications for photic entrainment of circadian rhythms.

The transcription factor Fos is implicated in neuronal signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the mammalian circadian clock (Ikonomov and Stoynev, 1994; Klein et al., 1991; Kornhauser et al., 1996). Fos is expressed in two different regions within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the ventrolateral, retinorecipient, core region (Leak et al., 1999; Moga and Moore, 1997), Fos is induced by light and expression is closely linked, both temporally and functionally, to clock resetting and entrainment of circadian rhythms (Aronin et al., 1990; Beaule and Amir, 1999; Hastings et al., 1995; Kornhauser et al., 1996; Kornhauser et al., 1990; Rea, 1989, 1998; Rusak et al., 1990; Wollnik et al., 1995). In the dorsomedial shell region (Leak et al., 1999), Fos expression is rhythmic (Guido et al., 1999a,b; Rusak et al., 1992; Sumova and Illnerova, 1998; Sumova et al., 1998). Expression is high during the subjective day when photic sensitivity of the core is minimal, and low in the subjective night, when photic sensitivity of the core is maximal. Although it has been shown that the pattern of Fos expression in the shell tracks the photoperiod (Sumova et al., 2000), nothing is known about whether light influences the expression of Fos in the shell region or about the role of Fos expression in the shell in clock resetting and entrainment. In the present study we found that, in rats maintained in constant darkness, brief exposure to light in the early subjective day or night induced Fos in the core, as expected, and acutely suppressed the levels of Fos immunoreactivity in the shell region. Similar changes in Fos expression in the core and shell regions were seen after exposure to a brief entraining light. Light exposure in the mid-subjective day or night differentially affected Fos expression in the core, as previously shown, but had no effect on Fos expression in the shell region. The finding that Fos expression in the shell region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is suppressed by light at dawn and dusk suggests a critical role for the shell in photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in nocturnal rodents.
The activity-composition relationship of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in aqueous salt solutions: II. Vapor-liquid water equilibration of mixed salt solutions from 50 to 100°C and geochemical implications

The difference between oxygen and hydrogen isotope activity and composition ratios of water in mixed salt solutions in the system Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O was determined by means of a vaporliquid water equilibration method over the temperature range of 50 to 100°C. The observed isotope salt effects in complex mixed salt solutions to very high ionic strengths agree quantitatively with calculations based on the assumption of a simple additive property of the isotope salt effects of the individual salts in the solutions. Sofer and Gat (1972, 1975) and Horita and Gat (1989) also observed that this simple mixing rule applies to synthetic and natural chloride-mixed salt solutions at room temperature. Equations to convert between the isotope activity and composition scales for brines and fractionation factors between brines and other substances are presented. For most geochemical interactions between brines and other phases (vapor, gases, minerals) such as evaporation/boiling, mineral precipitation, and mineral/rock alteration, the isotope activity scale should be used. The isotope composition scale, on the other hand, is most useful for studies of mixing of different brines and formation of brines by mineral dissolution. Misusage of the two isotopic scales of brines will, and probably in the literature has, lead to incorrect conclusions in many isotopic studies of brine-dominated systems (origin of brines, temperature of mineral formation, isotope ratios of fossil fluids).
4569 Accuracy and implications of endoscopic ultrasound staging in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for evaluation of pancreatic cancer is expanding, although staging accuracy is controversial. Since vascular involvement of the portal vein (PV), superior mesenteric vein (SMV) or superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is generally thought to preclude curative resection, involvement of these vessels by EUS could reduce the number of surgeries for pancreatic cancer. Aims: Define the accuracy of vascular staging by EUS compared to surgical findings and determine clinically utility in predicting length of survival. Patients and Methods: Between July 1996 and October 1999, 30 patients were identified who had pancreatic adenocarcinoma, underwent EUS, and were felt to be resectable with pancreaticoduodenectomy. 15 patients from this group underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. The other 15 patients underwent laparotomy and were felt to be unresectable and/or had metastases. They were then either bypassed (n=9)or closed(n=6). Vascular invasion by EUS was defined as vessel compression or significant contact (=1 cm) of vessel wall by a hypoechoic mass. Surgical definition of vascular involvement was invasion requiring vein resection and graft (n=5), positive vascular margins (n=2) or intimate contact of a mass with a vessel requiring dissection/stripping off the vessel (n=1). Survival by EUS vascular involvement was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis for all 30 surgical patients. Results: Eight of 15 patients had involvement of a major vascular structure at surgery; all 8 underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Using surgery as the "gold standard", EUS correctly predicted vascular involvement in 6/8 (sensitivity 75%) whereas preoperative contrasted helical CT scan identified vascular involvement in 2/8. Seven patients did not have vascular involvement. Both EUS and CT correctly identified all in this group (specificity 100%). There were no EUS false positive cases. The positive predictive value of EUS for vascular involvement was 100% (6/6) and negative predictive value was 78% (7/9). The median survival for those with and with out vascular invasion was 286 days and 583 days respectively. There was a trend towards longer survival for those without vascular invasion but it did not reach statistical significance (p
Cell death programs in Yersinia immunity and pathogenesis

Cell death plays a central role in host-pathogen interactions, as it can eliminate the pathogen’s replicative niche and provide pro-inflammatory signals necessary for an effective immune response; conversely, cell death can allow pathogens to eliminate immune cells and evade anti-microbial effector mechanisms. In response to developmental signals or cell-intrinsic stresses, the executioner caspases-3 and -7 mediate apoptotic cell death, which is generally viewed as immunologically silent or immunosuppressive. A proinflammatory form of cell death that requires caspase-1, termed pyroptosis, is activated in response to microbial products within the host cytosol or disruption of cellular membranes by microbial pathogens. Infection by the bacterial pathogen Yersinia has features of both apoptosis and pyroptosis. Cell death and caspase-1 processing in Yersinia-infected cells occur in response to inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling by the Yersinia virulence factor YopJ. However, the molecular basis of YopJ-induced cell death, and the role of different death pathways in anti-Yersinia immune responses remain enigmatic. Here, we discuss the role that cell death may play in inducing specific pro-inflammatory signals that shape innate and adaptive immune responses against Yersinia infection.
Trends in quantitative equity management: survey results

In the second half of the 1990s, there was so much skepticism about quantitative fund management that Leinweber (1999), a pioneer in applying advanced techniques borrowed from the world of physics ...
Nitroxide decay assay measurements of free radical photo-initiation rates in polyester urethane coatings

The photo-initiation rate of free radicals in cured coatings can be measured using a free radical scavenger technique termed the nitroxide decay assay. Photo-initiation rate measurements on a series of weathered acrylic melamine coatings revealed that photo-initiation rate values drop rapidly from their initial value, at the onset of weathering, to lower values which remain constant, indicating non-autocatalytic photo-oxidation (Gerlock et al., Poly. Deg. and Stab., 20 (1988) 123). The sustained values reflect long term coating weatherability performance. In this paper, photo-initiation rates have been measured for a series of proprietary polyester urethane coatings. In contrast to the acrylic melamine results, photo-initiation rate values increase with weathering time, indicating that autocatalytic photo-oxidation occurs. The rate of increase varies with coating composition and weathering conditions. Small amounts of ultraviolet light at wavelengths shorter than 295 nm accelerate the onset of autocatalytic oxidation. Photo-initiation rate values that accurately reflect photo-oxidation processes occurring outdoors can be obtained with filtered xenon arc light.
Non-obstetric surgery during gestation: risk factors for lower birthweight.

Objective: To assess the risk for preterm birth and low birthweight for women undergoing non-obstetric surgery during gestation. Design: Two perinatal tertiary care centres. Population: Women undergoing non-obstetric surgery during gestation between January 1989 and June 1999. Materials and methods: A chart review was carried out. Cervical cerclages, procedures carried out under local anaesthesia or intravenous sedation, or carried out in combination with Caesarean delivery were excluded. Main outcome measures: Preterm birth (<37 weeks), birthweight. Results: A total of 116 of 69 800 women (0.2%) underwent non-obstetric surgery, with 96 women delivering under our care. Procedures were more commonly carried out in the second trimester (53%), versus the first (23%) or third trimester (24%). Surgery in the second trimester resulted in the lowest rate of preterm birth (11%). The overall preterm birth rate was 21% (20/96), with 13 out of 20 (65%) occurring between 35 and 37 weeks. The mean interval from surgery to delivery was 18.7 weeks. Rates of preterm birth were similar for either intra- versus extra-abdominal procedures, or general versus regional anaesthetic. Use of a general anaesthetic was associated with a significant decrease in birthweight (3053 vs 3515 g, P = 0.01) despite similar gestational ages at delivery (37.6 vs 38.6 weeks, P = 0.08). Multiple linear regression controlled for gestational age showed that general anaesthesia, longer surgery duration, and intra-abdominal procedures were all significant independent risk factors for lower birthweight. Conclusion: While non-obstetric surgery appears to be relatively safe during gestation, general anaesthesia, longer surgery time, and intra-abdominal procedures are associated with lower birthweights.
Imaging Individual Chaperonin and Immunoglobulin G Molecules with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

We have obtained nanometer-scale scanning tunneling microscope images of individual, randomly-spaced immunoglobulin G (IgG) and chaperonin molecules in ultrahigh vacuum. The methodology developed for routine imaging includes the use of a sputter-deposited Au(111) substrate for deposition, tunneling tip with diameters smaller than 10 nm, very dilute concentration of protein molecules in a volatile buffer for molecular deposition, and a vacuum environment for preserving the molecules for imaging for about 2 weeks. The imaged structures of both molecules agree well with X-ray data. Compression of the vertical dimension of the molecule was severe only in the relatively thick (14.6 nm) chaperonin but not in the thin (∼4 nm) IgG. Effects such as degradation and cleavage of individual molecules were also observed. An evaluation of the existing proposed imaging mechanisms is presented.
The Association of Self-Reported Backpack Use and Backpack Weight With Low Back Pain Among College Students

Abstract Objective Back pain has consistently ranked among the top general health complaints among college students, but few studies have examined risk factors for back pain in this age group. This cross-sectional survey evaluated the association between the self-reported annual low back pain with the estimated usual backpack weight among college students. Methods Data were collected from health education students during the spring semester of 2007 at the Colorado State University using an online survey. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression. Results Four hundred sixty-five (94.6%) health education students completed the online survey. The annual prevalence of low back pain was 29.2% (n = 136). A 25% increase in the odds of annual low back pain for each 4-kg increase in the estimated usual backpack weight was observed after adjusting for sex, smoking, reporting frequently feeling overwhelmed, and body mass index (adjusted odds ratio per 4-kg increase, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.32). There was no evidence of an increased association of annual low back pain with carrying a backpack weight greater than 10% of the students body weight compared with those carrying less (adjusted odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-1.65). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that increasing reported backpack weight is associated with increased prevalence of annual low back pain. However, these results do not provide evidence to support the recommendation that the backpack weight necessarily be less than 10% of body weight.
Concerning the Preservation of God’s Omnipotence

Numerous examples have been offered that purportedly show that God cannot be omnipotent. I argue that a common response to such examples (i.e., that failure to do the impossible does not indicate a lack of power) does not preserve God’s omnipotence in the face of some of these examples. I consider another possible strategy for preserving God’s omnipotence in the face of these examples and find it wanting.
Modeling Diesel Spray Flame Liftoff, Sooting Tendency, and NOx Emissions Using Detailed Chemistry With Phenomenological Soot Model

A detailed chemistry-based CFD model was developed to simulate the diesel spray combustion and emission process. A reaction mechanism of n-heptane is coupled with a reduced NOx mechanism to simulate diesel fuel oxidation and NOx formation. The soot emission process is simulated by a phenomenological soot model that uses a competing formation and oxidation rate formulation. The model is applied to predict the diesel spray lift-off length and its sooting tendency under high temperature and pressure conditions with good agreement with experiments of Sandia. Various nozzle diameters and chamber conditions were investigated. The model successfully predicts that the sooting tendency is reduced as the nozzle diameter is reduced and/or the initial chamber gas temperature is decreased, as observed by the experiments. The model is also applied to simulate diesel engine combustion under PCCI-like conditions. Trends of heat release rate, NOx and soot emissions with respect to EGR levels and start-of-injection timings are also well predicted. Both experiments and models reveal that soot emissions peak when the start of injection occurs close to TDC. The model indicates that low soot emission at early SOI is due to better oxidation while low soot emission at late SOI is due to less formation. Since NOx emissions decrease monotonically with injection retardation, a late injection scheme can be utilized for simultaneous soot and NOx reduction for the engine conditions investigated in this study.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An 8700 year paleoclimate reconstruction from the southern Maya lowlands

Abstract Analysis of a sediment core from Lago Puerto Arturo, a closed basin lake in northern Peten, Guatemala, has provided an ∼8700 cal year record of climate change and human activity in the southern Maya lowlands. Stable isotope, magnetic susceptibility, and pollen analyses were used to reconstruct environmental change in the region. Results indicate a relatively wet early to middle Holocene followed by a drier late Holocene, which we interpret as reflecting long-term changes in insolation (precession). Higher frequency variability is more likely attributable to changes in ocean/atmosphere circulation in both the North Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Pollen and isotope data show that most of the period of prehispanic agricultural settlement, i.e. ∼5000–1000 cal yr BP, was characterized by drier conditions than previous or subsequent periods. The presence of Zea (corn) pollen through peak aridity during the Terminal Classic period (∼1250–1130 cal yr BP) suggests that drought may not have had as negative an impact as previously proposed. A dramatic negative shift in isotope values indicates an increase in precipitation after ∼950 cal yr BP (hereafter BP).
Reactions of fragment ions in methane: ion—molecule reactions in methane and helium—methane mixtures

Abstract The rate constants and product distributions for the reactions of CH2+ and CH+ ions with methane have been measured over the range of ion kinetic energies from near thermal velocities to approximately 6 eV by using ion cyclotron resonance methods. The rate constant and product distribution for the reaction of He+ ions with methane are also measured at near thermal velocities, and the possibility for the production of excited CH2+ and CH+ ions by this latter reaction is examined.
Insurance status and stage of cancer at diagnosis among women with breast cancer

BACKGROUND Individuals without medical insurance or with limited insurance are less likely than those with broader insurance coverage to receive preventive services and to seek timely medical care. The authors examined the associations of insurance status with stage at diagnosis among women with breast cancer. METHODS This study included women age ≥40 years who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 1998 to 2003 and who were reported to the National Cancer Data Base. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations of insurance status with more advanced-stage breast cancer at diagnosis while controlling for other patient characteristics. RESULTS Among the 533,715 women with breast cancer who were included in the current analysis, the proportions with advanced-stage (III/IV) cancer at diagnosis ranged from 8% among privately insured patients to 18% among uninsured patients and 19% among Medicaid patients; differences in the proportions of women with advanced-stage cancer were statistically significant (P < .0001). Regression analyses indicated that, compared with privately insured patients, uninsured patients and Medicaid patients had a greater likelihood of diagnosis at stage II (odds ratio [OR], ∼≈1.5) or at stages III/IV (OR, 2.4) versus stage I (P < .001). Black and Hispanic patients also were significantly more likely than white patients to be diagnosed at a more advanced stage (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The results from this study provided strong evidence that patients without health insurance or with Medicaid coverage, as well as black and Hispanic patients, were more likely to present with advanced-stage breast cancer. These results are consistent with other reports that have documented less use of preventive services, including mammography, among uninsured women and delays in diagnosis and treatment for black and Hispanic women. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein β2 Is Involved in Growth Hormone-Regulated Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II Gene Expression in the Liver of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Previously, we showed that levels of different CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) mRNAs in the liver of rainbow trout were modulated by GH and suggested that C/EBPs might be involved in GH-induced IGF-II gene expression. As a step toward further investigation, we have developed monospecific polyclonal antibodies to detect rainbow trout C/EBPα, -β1, -β2, and -δ2 isoform proteins. Injection of GH into adult rainbow trout resulted in a significant increase of C/EBPβ1, C/EBPβ2, and C/EBPδ2 proteins in the liver. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that C/EBPβ2 binds to multiple sites at the 5′ promoter/regulatory region, introns, and the 3′ untranslated region of the IGF-II gene. GH treatment reduced C/EBPβ2 binding to several of these regions at 6 h after injection. The decreased occupancy of C/EBPβ2 coincided well with an increase of histone H4 acetylation at the proximal promoter and elevation of the IGF-II mRNA level. Immunoblotting analysis showed that C/EBPβ2 existed predominately as a t...
Subepidermal idioblasts and crystal macropattern in leaves of Ticodendron (Ticodendraceae)

Previously unknown leaf anatomy and foliar crystal macropattern are described for Ticodendron incognitum Gomez-Laurito and Gomez P. (monotypic eudicot family Ticodendraceae of a Fagales subclade with Betulaceae and Casuarinaceae). Leaf samples of five herbarium specimens were rehydrated, bleached, dehydrated to 100% ethanol, then xylol, mounted in Permount and viewed using polarizing microscopy. Large adaxial and abaxial hypodermal idioblasts occur. Numerous small druses populate palisade mesophyll, and fewer, larger druses populate the spongy mesophyll; this is the opposite of druse distribution in Fagaceae. Druses dominate major veins, many with visible cores, and some prisms occur. Minor veins exhibit isolated groups of 1–8 druses and rare prisms, but most terminal veins lack crystals. Many druses are misshapen or with epitactic crystals; several unusual variants of druses and prisms are common. Hypodermal idioblasts are an apomorphy for Ticodendraceae, but oil and resin cells occur in Myricaceae and Rhoipteleaceae of Fagales. Crystal forms and distribution differ from known Fagalean macropatterns.
Thermal Conductivity of Single-Crystal Silicon Microbridges Measured by Electrical Resistance Thermometry and Time-Domain Thermoreflectance

Accurate thermal conductivity values are essential to the modeling, design, and thermal management of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and devices. However, the experimental technique best suited to measure thermal conductivity, as well as thermal conductivity itself, varies with the device materials, fabrication conditions, geometry, and operating conditions. In this study, the thermal conductivity of boron doped single-crystal silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microbridges is measured over the temperature range from 77 to 350 K. The microbridges are 4.6 mm long, 125 μm tall, and two widths, 50 or 85 μm. Measurements on the 85 μm wide microbridges are made using both steady-state electrical resistance thermometry and optical time-domain thermoreflectance. A thermal conductivity of ∼ 77 W/mK is measured for both microbridge widths at room temperature, where both experimental techniques agree. However, a discrepancy at lower temperatures is attributed to differences in the interaction volumes and in turn, material properties, probed by each technique. This finding is qualitatively explained through Boltzmann transport equation modeling under the relaxation time approximation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Cytogenetical localization of the Amylase region in Drosophila melanogaster by means of translocations

Applying the translocation stocks T(2; 3) 108, T(1;2) OR 72 and T(1; 2) OR 32 it was found that flies hyperploid for the translocated sections are also hyperploid for the Amylase region. On the salivary chromosome map the amylase genes are therefore placed to the right of section 54B. An amylase gene transposed to heterochromatin by the translocation T(1;2) OR 32 with its breakpoint at 54A exhibits position-effect variegation. The amylase genes are therefore located between sections 54B and 55 on the salivary chromosome map.
Interpersonal self-consciousness

If one were to write a book titled TheVarieties of Self-Consciousness, one would start off with some distinctions. It will help to locate my topic in relation to those distinctions. The first distinction concerns that kind of self-consciousness which involves only the minimal ability on the part of a subject to self-represent, to be in mental states with first person content, be it conceptual or nonconceptual. This minimal ability involves very little as compared with the more sophisticated states of which humans are capable. First person content can be present in the perceptual states of a creature capable of representing only some of its physical states and its relations to the physical environment, and not capable of representing anything beyond that. So the first distinction is between this minimal case, and richer varieties of self-consciousness. Some writers use �self-conscious� to apply to a subject who is in any mental state involving first person content, and so they would appl.
The vibration transmissibility and driving-point biodynamic response of the hand exposed to vibration normal to the palm

Abstract Prolonged, intensive exposure to vibrations from palm and orbital sanders could cause finger disorders. They are likely to be associated with the biodynamic responses of the fingers. Although the biodynamic responses of the hand-arm system have been studied by many researchers, the detailed biodynamic responses distributed in the hand substructures have not been sufficiently understood. To advance the knowledge in this aspect and to aid in the development of improved finite element models of the substructures, this study simultaneously measured the overall driving-point biodynamic response and the distribution of vibration transmissibility at the fingers and back of the hand exposed to a flat plate vibration (as an approximate simulation of the operations of the palm and orbital sanders) and examined the relationship between these two measures of biodynamic responses. Ten subjects (five males and five females) participated in the experiment. A scanning laser vibrometer was used to measure the distributed vibration. This study confirmed that the distributed hand responses generally varied with locations on each finger, vibration frequencies, and applied hand force. Two major resonances were observed in the vibration transmissibility. At the first resonance, the transmitted vibrations at different locations were more or less in phase; hence, this resonance was also observed in the driving-point biodynamic response that measures the overall biodynamic response of the system. The second resonance was observed at the fingers. Because this resonant frequency varied greatly among the fingers and the specific segments of each finger, it is difficult to identify this resonance in the driving-point biodynamic response. The implications of the findings for further model developments and applications are discussed. Relevance to industry This study enhanced the understanding of the biodynamic responses of the fingers and hand exposed to vibrations on a contact surface with a large effective radius such as that found on palm and orbital sanders. The results can also be used to develop and/or validate models of the substructures of the hand-arm system, which can be further used to help design and analyze these tools and associated anti-vibration devices. The results may also be applicable to help develop location-specific frequency weightings to assess the risks of the finger vibration exposure.
In situ X-ray diffraction study of the effects of germanium and nickel concentrations on melting in gold-based contacts to gallium arsenide

Abstract Using X-ray diffraction in situ at 1 atm, the melting of the as-deposited film and the formation of the reaction product was investigated for gold, Au-Ge and Au-Ge-Ni contacts with various germanium and nickel concentrations. For the Au-Ge contact, the melting temperature of the as-deposited film was found to be 512±12 °C, 486±13 °C, 363±12 °C, and 363±12 °C with germanium concentrations of 0 wt.%, about 0.6 wt.%, 3 wt.% and 12 wt.% respectively. For the Au-Ge-Ni contacts, the melting temperature of the as-deposited film was 363±12 °C, 363±12 °C and 413±11 °C with germanium concentrations in the range 10–12 wt.% and nickel concentrations of 0 wt.%, 4 wt.% and 17 wt.% respectively. On subsequent cooling after the melting of the contact film, Au7Ga2 formed in Au-Ge contacts with 0–3 wt.% Ge and it melted on second heating at 405±5 °C, 387±18 °C and 337±12 °C for germanium concentrations of 0 wt.%, about 0.6 wt.% and 3 wt.% respectively. On subsequent cooling after the melting of the contact film, Au2Ga formed in Au-Ge contacts with 12 wt.% Ge and Au-Ge-Ni contacts; Au2Ga melted on second heating at 363±12 °C for Au-Ge-Ni contacts with 12 wt.% Ge and 4 wt.% Ni, and at 413±11 °C for Au-Ge-Ni contacts with 10 wt.% Ge and 17 wt.% Ni. Hence germanium decreased the melting temperatures of α-AuGa (gold-rich solid solution) and Au7Ga2 because of the presence of dissolved germanium in these phases. In addition, nickel increased the melting temperature of α-AuGa (gold-rich solid solution) and Au2Ga owing to the presence of dissolved nickel in these phases.
BINDING CONTRIBUTION BETWEEN SYNAPTIC VESICLE MEMBRANE AND PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEINS IN NEURONS: AN AFM STUDY

The final step in the exocytotic process is the docking and fusion of membrane-bound secretory vesicles at the cell plasma membrane. This docking and fusion is brought about by several participating vesicle membrane, plasma membrane and soluble cytosolic proteins. A clear understanding of the interactions between these participating proteins giving rise to vesicle docking and fusion is essential. In this study, the binding force profiles between synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membrane proteins have been examined for the first time using the atomic force microscope. Binding force contributions of a synaptic vesicle membrane protein VAMP1, and the plasma membrane proteins SNAP-25 and syntaxin, are also implicated from these studies. Our study suggests that these three proteins are the major, if not the only contributors to the interactive binding force that exist between the two membranes.
Modeling human coding of free response data

Summarization, recall, think-aloud, and question-answering protocol data are examples of free response verbal reports used for the purposes of revealing the structure and content of internal mental representations and processes within the field of discourse processes. Typically, two experienced coders independently semantically annotate a portion of collected protocol data and measures of agreement are used to determine the reliability of the coding. This methodology, however, does not provide an effective method for communicating in an unambiguous manner complex coding procedures to other researchers. To address this problem, an automated methodology called AUTOCODER for coding free response data is evaluated. The AUTOCODER system works by actively interacting with an experienced human coder who semantically annotates key words with ''word-concepts'' and sequences of word-concepts with ''propositions''. After training AUTOCODER on a set of 70 segmented and semantically annotated free response verbal reports originally generated by second grade and fifth grade students, AUTOCODER exhibited a good proposition agreement rate of 91% and a kappa agreement score of 65% with respect to an experienced human coder on an additional set of 24 unsegmented free response verbal reports. Limitations and general implications of these findings are also discussed.
In the shadow of giants: The work of mario pieri in the foundations of mathematics

A discussion is given of the research in the foundations of mathematics of Mario Pieri (1860-1913) and how it compares with the works of Christian von Staudt (1798-1867), Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932), David Hubert (1862-1943), and Alfred Tarski (1902-1983). The author demonstrates that the acceptance of Pieri’s results was overshadowed by the research of these four scholars, and argues that Pieri’s work merits a more significant place in the history of mathematics than it currently enjoys
On the nature of pre-existing states for an excess electron in water

Abstract The nature of the electronic eigenstates for an excess electron in pure water in the absence of solvent reorganization is investigated using solvent configurations generated from molecular dynamics simulation of liquid water at 283 K and a previously developed electron-water molecule pseudopotential. The electronic density of states is found to exhibit a significant tail at lower energies that is comprised of physically localized states, although these states are, at best, only shallowly trapped with respect to the free electron. The electronic absorption spectrum associated with the set of ground electronic states is found to be a diffuse infrared band in general accord with the spectrum observed experimentally at the earliest times following creation of an excess electron in water. However, this spectrum is insensitive to the degree of localization of the initial state, indicating that this result does not discriminate strongly among alternative descriptions of the electronic state present experimentally.
The informatics of a C57BL/6J mouse brain atlas.

The Mouse Atlas Project (MAP) aims to produce a framework for organizing and analyzing the large volumes of neuroscientific data produced by the proliferation of genetically modified animals. Atlases provide an invaluable aid in understanding the impact of genetic manipulation by providing a standard for comparison. We use a digital atlas as the hub of an informatics network, correlating imaging data, such as structural imaging and histology, with text-based data, such as nomenclature, connections, and references. We generated brain volumes using magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), classical histology, and immunohistochemistry, and registered them into a common and defined coordinate system. Specially designed viewers were developed in order to visualize multiple datasets simultaneously and to coordinate between textual and image data. Researchers can navigate through the brain interchangeably, in either a text-based or image-based representation that automatically updates information as they move. The atlas also allows the independent entry of other types of data, the facile retrieval of information, and the straight-forward display of images. In conjunction with centralized servers, image and text data can be kept current and can decrease the burden on individual researchers’ computers. A comprehensive framework that encompasses many forms of information in the context of anatomic imaging holds tremendous promise for producing new insights. The atlas and associated tools can be found at http://www.loni.ucla.edu/MAP.
Occurrence of planetary systems in the universe as a problem in stellar astronomy

Abstract In many problems involving binaries, rotating stars, and planetary systems, the angular momentum serves as an important parameter in addition to the mass, and merits some special considerations. In this paper the orientations in space of stellar angular-momentum vectors are first discussed in the light of empirical data, and their origin is then explained in terms of simple models. The mutual relations between these three kinds of cosmic objects are then examined. It is found that the formation of planetary systems is closely related to the braking of stellar rotation and must be genetically different from that of binaries. For this reason the frequency occurrence and perhaps even the nature of planetary systems around the main-sequence stars later than F 5 may be estimated from the rotational behavior of the main-sequence stars of early spectral types. According to this estimate the size of our own planetary system lies within the estimated range.
Epidemiology of Patellofemoral Instability Injuries Among High School Athletes in the United States

Background:Patellofemoral instability injuries, including dislocations and subluxations, are relatively rare in the general population but are believed to be much more common in young athletic patient populations, such as high school athletes. In spite of the relatively high risk, the epidemiology of such injuries in this population has not been clearly elucidated.Purpose:To provide a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of patellofemoral instability injuries among high school athletes in the United States.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Data were obtained from the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance System, High School RIO (Reporting Information Online), an Internet-based sports injury surveillance system. Athletic trainers from high schools across the country uploaded data regarding athlete exposures (defined as practice or game participation) and injuries across 22 sports from 2007-2008 through 2012-2013. Data were collected regarding athl...
A variation on the min cut linear arrangement problem

The Min Cut Linear Arrangement problem asks, for a given graphG and a positive integerk, if there exists a linear arrangement ofG's vertices so that any line separating consecutive vertices in the layout cuts at mostk of the edges. A variation of this problem insists that the arrangement be made on a (fixed-degree) tree instead of a line. We show that (1) this problem isNP-complete even whenG is planar; (2) it is easily solved whenG is a tree; and (3) there is a simple characterization for all graphs with cost 2 or less. Our main result is a linear-time algorithm to embed an outerplanar graphG into a spanning tree with cost at most maxdegree(G) + 1. This result is important because it extends to an approximation algorithm for the standard Min Cut Linear Arrangement Problem on outerplanar graphs.
Identification and interrogation of combinatorial histone modifications

Histone proteins are dynamically modified to mediate a variety of cellular processes including gene transcription, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis. Regulation of these processes occurs through the recruitment of non-histone proteins to chromatin by specific combinations of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). Mass spectrometry has emerged as an essential tool to discover and quantify histone PTMs both within and between samples in an unbiased manner. Developments in mass spectrometry that allow for characterization of large histone peptides or intact protein has made it possible to determine which modifications occur simultaneously on a single histone polypeptide. A variety of techniques from biochemistry, biophysics, and chemical biology have been employed to determine the biological relevance of discovered combinatorial codes. This review first describes advancements in the field of mass spectrometry that have facilitated histone PTM analysis and then covers notable approaches to probe the biological relevance of these modifications in their nucleosomal context.
COMMUNICATION SATISFACTION, JOB SATISFACTION, AND JOB PERFORMANCE

This field study of 327 hospital nurses investigated the relationship between perceived satisfaction with organizational communication and job satisfaction and job performance. The researcher developed a research model incorporating nine dimensions of communication satisfaction and hypothesized their varying relationships with job satisfaction and job performance. Correlation, multiple regression, and canonical correlation analyses revealed significant positive relationships between communication satisfaction and job satisfaction, and communication satisfaction and job performance. The communication satisfaction-job satisfaction link was stronger. The same facets of communication—supervisor communication, communication climate, and personal feedback—were found to be most strongly related to both job satisfaction and performance. Although the importance of the superior-subordinate communication relationship was confirmed, top management communication also was substantially related to job satisfaction and, to a lesser degree, job performance. Rank-order correlation results of this study were compared to several other studies and some congruent patterns were found.
Craniectomy for Malignant Cerebral Infarction: Prevalence and Outcomes in US Hospitals

Object Randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy of craniectomy for the treatment of malignant cerebral edema following ischemic stroke. We sought to determine the prevalence and outcomes related to this by using a national database. Methods Patient discharges with ischemic stroke as the primary diagnosis undergoing craniectomy were queried from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1999 to 2008. A subpopulation of patients was identified that underwent thrombolysis. Two primary end points were examined: in-hospital mortality and discharge to home/routine care. To facilitate interpretations, adjusted prevalence was calculated from the overall prevalence and two age-specific logistic regression models. The predictive margin was then generated using a multivariate logistic regression model to estimate the probability of in-hospital mortality after adjustment for admission type, admission source, length of stay, total hospital charges, chronic comorbidities, and medical complications. Results After excluding 71,996 patients with the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and posterior intracranial circulation occlusion, we identified 4,248,955 adult hospitalizations with ischemic stroke as a primary diagnosis. The estimated rates of hospitalizations in craniectomy per 10,000 hospitalizations with ischemic stroke increased from 3.9 in 1999–2000 to 14.46 in 2007–2008 (p for linear trend<0.001). Patients 60+ years of age had in-hospital mortality of 44% while the 18–59 year old group was found to be 24%(p = 0.14). Outcomes were comparable if recombinant tissue plasminogen activator had been administered. Conclusions Craniectomy is being increasingly performed for malignant cerebral edema following large territory cerebral ischemia. We suspect that the increase in the annual incidence of DC for malignant cerebral edema is directly related to the expanding collection of evidence in randomized trials that the operation is efficacious when performed in the correct patient population. In hospital mortality is high for all patients undergoing this procedure.
Mercury Arc Rectifiers

Mercury rectifiers have been known for about twenty-four years, but until the last few years their principles of operation have not been understood with any certainty, and all are not yet conclusively proved. In the first part of this paper, the probable mechanism of the electron source or cathode spot is out-lined, the source of the various losses is indicated, and the probable mechanism of arc back, that is, failure to rectify, is described. The second part of the paper is devoted to the principles of simple rectifier circuits, while the third shows a variety of rectifiers of different kinds and sizes.
Challenges associated with in-situ TEM in environmental systems: The case of silver in aqueous solutions

This work characterizes the effects of an electron beam on inducing microstructural evolution in Ag during environmental transmission electron microscopy. Two different processes, dissolution of Ag and deposition of Ag under the beam, were observed under different experimental conditions. The former primarily results from ionization induced by the primary beam and the latter primarily results from reduction of Ag+ ions in solution by secondary electrons generated in the substrate. The relative rates vary with the activity of silver in solution and beam current density. A simple model based on chemical kinetics describes the general response of the system as a function of beam current density and solution composition.
Osteoarthritis and body mass

Abstract Osteoarthritis is the second most common pathology found in anthropological collections. Although a great deal is known about osteoarthritis, it is not yet known whether in skeletal populations there is a correlation between osteoarthritis and body mass. In this study, lower limb and spinal osteoarthritis scores were taken to determine whether body mass and femoral length correlate with osteoarthritis on weight bearing joints. Osteoarthritis was measured using a four-point ordinal scale on a sample of 114 adult prehistoric Californian Amerinds. Body mass was calculated from femoral head breadth; femoral length was measured using standard procedures; and age and sex were determined through standard osteological procedures. Using Spearman correlations, body mass and femoral length did not correlate significantly with any of the osteoarthritis variables. Age correlated significantly with nearly all of the osteoarthritis variables (hip, r = 0.507; knee, r = 0.528; cervical, r = 0.513; thoracic, r = 0.647; lumbar, r = 0.507, P -values r -values = 0.835 and 0.654, P -values r = −0.202, P