cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal undulatory swimming for a single fish-like body and for a pair of interacting swimmers

We establish through numerical simulation conditions for optimal undulatory propulsion for a single fish, and for a pair of hydrodynamically interacting fish, accounting for linear and angular recoil. We first employ systematic two-dimensional (2-D) simulations to identify conditions for minimal propulsive power of a self-propelled fish, and continue with targeted 3-D simulations for a danio-like fish; all at Reynolds number 5000. We find that the Strouhal number, phase angle between heave and pitch at the trailing edge, and angle of attack are principal parameters. For 2-D simulations, imposing a deformation based on measured displacement for carangiform swimming provides, at best, efficiency of 35 %, which increases to 50 % for an optimized motion; for a 3-D fish, the efficiency increases from 22 % to 34 %. Indeed, angular recoil has significant impact on efficiency, and optimized body bending requires maximum bending amplitude upstream of the trailing edge. Next, we turn to 2-D simulation of two hydrodynamically interacting fish. We find that the upstream fish benefits energetically only for small distances. In contrast, the downstream fish can benefit at any position that allows interaction with the upstream wake, provided its body motion is timed appropriately with respect to the oncoming vortices. For an in-line configuration, one body length apart, the efficiency of the downstream fish can increase from 50 % to 60 %; for an offset arrangement it can reach 80 %. This proves that in groups of fish, energy savings can be achieved for downstream fish through interaction with oncoming vortices, even when the downstream fish lies directly inside the jet-like flow of an upstream fish.
User Experience and Usability Comparison of Mental Health Intervention Websites

This paper presents an evaluation of usability and user experience perceptions of two suicide prevention websites to explore ways these critical resources may be improved. Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world and is most prevalent in teen and young adult populations. Studies have provided evidence that the Internet can influence behavior related to suicide. Therefore, this paper explores usability and user experience to better understand how the language, design, and ease of navigation contribute to user perceptions.
The Role of Shame and Virtues in the Self-Regulation of Decisions to Engage in Digital Piracy:

Digital piracy of DVDs, software, and music is a prevalent behavior worldwide and has significant financial and social costs for society. Yet legal remedies and technological ways of controlling di...
Cold War Origins of Long-Term Ecological Research in Alaska

This chapter examines the history of ecology in Alaska leading up to the creation of two Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) projects in Alaska in 1987, the Arctic LTER at Toolik Lake, and the Bonanza Creek LTER in Alaska’s interior boreal forest. Starting with the founding of the Navy’s Arctic Research Laboratory at Point Barrow, Alaska, in 1947, the chapter explores how Cold War imperatives, as well as programs such as the International Biological Program (IBP), and concerns about the environmental impact of energy development, all helped to support basic and applied ecological research in the Arctic. The evolving multidisciplinary research program at Barrow embraced human ecology, as well as physiological ecology, population ecology, and ecosystem ecology. When the Alaskan projects were added to the LTER network in 1987, many of the ecologists involved had substantial experience at Barrow, both in connection with the IBP and with research that preceded the IBP. Using a long-term historical perspective demonstrates how LTER projects built upon a solid foundation of earlier ecological work. I examine in particular the place and role of human ecology in such enterprises.
Supported Decision-Making: Emerging Paradigm in Research, Law, and Policy:

Supported decision-making (“SDM”) is an emerging paradigm in which people use friends, family members, and professionals to help them understand and address the situations and choices they encounte...
You Got Yourself A Whole New Life, and All I’ve Got is Half This Old One: Breaking Up and Moving On in the Social Media Age

Going through a break-up can be difficult. Break-ups are emotionally fraught; two people have to untangle their lives. While prior research has paid attention to the implications of a break-up on the involved parties’ mental and emotional well-being, and identified best practices for healing and growing from a break-up, these findings and practices are not well suited to how people’s lives and experiences are represented in social media. People know how to break-up offline; however, they – and by extension, social media algorithms that recommend or remind – lack the ability to accurately represent the experience of breaking up online. Features that encourage connection or reminiscence are ill-suited for handling break-ups, making suggestions at a time when they may not be perceived as appropriate or desired. In my dissertation, I use three interpretivist, interview-based studies to investigate people’s expectations of what is or is not appropriate behavior online after a break-up, and who to remain connected with on social media sites. My prior work established that algorithms are not always attuned to the nuances of human experiences like break-ups. Building on that work, my dissertation explores what people want when it comes to their online audiences and sharing behavior after going through a break-up, and leverages that understanding to offer design suggestions to improve both user experience and algorithmic systems in social media. My dissertation will result in empirical and design contributions that improve people’s online experiences when going through a break-up.
DETERMINATION OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN MILK FAT.

Abstract A concentrate of the polyunsaturated fatty acids of milk fat was prepared by low-temperature crystallization, and this concentrate was fractionated by chromatography on silica gel. Comparative analyses of the fractions by alkali isomerization, lipoxidase, and gas chromatography were carried out. Gas chromatography gave high determinations for nonconjugated dienoate and trienoate compared with the other two methods. This was attributed to the presence of unconjugatable positional isomers of linoleic and linolenic acids. The alkali isomerization and lipoxidase methods agreed closely for samples in which there was not much tetraenoate and pentaenoate. Most natural milk fat samples do not contain enough tetraenoate and pentaenoate to introduce significant error into the alkali isomerization method. The best estimate for cis,cis -conjugatable-dienoate was considered to be a combination of the lipoxidase and alkali isomerization methods, which minimizes errors due to conjugatable trans isomers of octadecadienoate and changes in background absorption. The presence of linoleate in milk fat was demonstrated by derivative formation and permanganate-periodate cleavage. The presence of positional isomers of linoleate was demonstrated. Although the cis,cis -conjugatable-dienoate determined by alkali isomerization and lipoxidase is mostly linoleate, the presence of cis,cis -conjugatable-octadecadienoate isomers cannot be excluded.
Selective Growth, Characterization, and Microstructure Fabrication of Undoped and Doped Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films

Abstract Novel processes have been developed to selectively grow polycrystalline diamond on various substrates (Si, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Si 3 N 4 , BN, sapphire, Mo, and Ta) using a gas mixture of CH 4 and H 2 by high pressure microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (HPMACVD). This has been achieved by selectively damaging the substrates by ultrasonic agitation using diamond particles in methanol. Microstructures of doped and undoped polycrystalline diamond have been fabricated on bare Si substrates as well as on oxidized Si substrates for microelectronic applications. The doping source for boron and phosphorus are B 2 O 3 (and other oxides) and P 2 O 5 (and other oxides), respectively. The films are analyzed by SEM, SIMS (dopant identification and depth profiling), current-voltage measurements, Raman spectroscopy, optical micrography, and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. The effects of annealing and hydrogen microwave plasma treatment on the resistivity of doped and undoped polycrystalline diamond thin films and on their morphology are described.
Bipolar, CMOS and BiCMOS circuit technologies examined for testability

A circuit-level testability comparison of bipolar, CMOS and BiCMOS logic technologies is presented. Process defects from each technology are examined to determine the fault models that best detect these defects. Commonalities and differences of fault models among the circuit types are described. The test cost required to obtain the same quality in each technology is described. It is shown that bipolar circuits can be effectively tested by the stuck fault model. To achieve high test coverage in CMOS circuits, stuck fault and current testing should be applied. Current testing can be effective in CMOS if the appropriate patterns are generated. BiCMOS requires delay testing. While current measurement could detect a few defects, it is not enough to replace delay test in BiCMOS. Delay testing may not detect all defects even if test vectors are available. Furthermore, it is expensive in test generation and test hardware cost. This suggests that design-for-test features may even be more important for BiCMOS circuits than for CMOS or bipolar circuits. >
The Coming Accounting Crisis

The accounting profession is facing a potential crisis not only from the overall shortage of accounting faculty driven by smaller numbers of new faculty entering the profession as many existing faculty retire but also from changes that have been less well documented. This includes: (1) changes in attitude towards the roles of teaching, service and research and (2) changes in performance measurement and compensation. If not adequately addressed, many institutions may have difficulty staffing adequate sections of accounting courses. Implications could include an even greater increase in teaching by non-tenure track faculty, which could have significant implications for accreditation and potentially on the quality of accounting education
The Origins of Turkey’s “Heterodox” Transition to Neoliberalism: The Özal Decade and Beyond

This article examines the origins of Turkey’s neoliberal transformation in world-historical perspective by highlighting interactions between the crisis of U.S. hegemony, social and political movements in Turkey, and Turgut Ozal's political career as the architect of the country’s neoliberal reforms. I argue that Turkey’s neoliberal transition during the “Ozal Decade (1980-1989/1993)” was not primarily related to resolving the profitability crisis of the existing national bourgeoisie (Istanbul-based industrial bourgeoisie) or reconstituting class power in favor of this segment of capital. The Turkish neoliberal project was more concerned with establishing a stable political-economic environment that would help Turkey's political society reassert its hegemony over civil society and allow for the penetration of the changing interests of the world-hegemonic power in the region. Because of these social and geopolitical concerns, Turkey's neoliberal reforms (1) contributed to the development of an alternative/rival segment of national bourgeoisie which had the potential to co-opt radicalized Islamic movements, (2) aimed at creating a large middle class society (instead of shrinking it), (3) utilized populist attempts at redistribution to lower segments of society to co-opt the grievances and anger of the masses. As a paradoxical consequence of these dynamics, income inequality decreased during Turkey’s transition to neoliberalism. Neoliberal reforms in the post-Ozal period – with similar “heterodox” features – resurrected and further deepened during “the Erdogan decade” (2002-present) although Erdogan did not share a single aspect of Ozal’s professional career as a neoliberal technocrat.
Matching algorithms to array processors

This paper first reviews a methodology of mapping regular computations onto VLSI array processors. In this mapping methodology, algorithms are described by dependence graphs (DGs). The objective of the mapping is to design an array to directly support the requirements of an algorithm. Several algorithm matching techniques are then proposed to ensure the efficient execution of algorithms on a given array. Since the communication links of a given array may not meet the requirements of an algorithm or the size of a given array may be too small for some algorithms (from the mapping point of view), algorithm matching can be viewed as constrained mapping. The matching can be achieved through different modifications of the mapping methodology. To reduce I/O lines, the DG is extended such that I/O are handled by boundary processing elements (PEs) only. Time sharing schemes are devised to match algorithms to mesh and hypercube arrays. To meet the array size constraints, partitioning, which decomposes large problems into several smaller subproblems, and multiprojection, which applies the mapping method multiple times, are also addressed.
Sorafenib-induced premalignant and malignant skin lesions

Purpose To review characteristics of patients who develop premalignant and malignant skin lesions while on sorafenib therapy and discuss implications for subsequent treatment of their primary malignancies. Background Sorafenib is a newly developed multitargeted protein kinase inhibitor reported to induce a variety of adverse cutaneous effects, rarely including actinic keratoses, keratocanthomas, and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Methods Published reports of individuals who have developed cutaneous lesions demonstrating atypia of the epidermis are reviewed. In addition, a 77-year-old man who developed not only an SCC but also verrucas within one month of taking sorafenib monotherapy for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung is described. Results Cutaneous lesions develop most commonly in Caucasian men older than 40 years without previous histories of skin cancer, within two weeks to three years of starting sorafenib therapy. Currently there is no definitive explanation for the relationship between sorafenib and cutaneous neoplasms. Management typically involves treatment of skin lesions with cryotherapy or excision with at least a brief discontinuation of sorafenib. In patients whose primary malignancies were responding well, sorafenib therapy was continued with close follow-up. Conclusions The possibility of rapidly developing actinic keratoses, keratocanthomas, verrucas, and SCC during treatment with sorafenib, warrants close dermatologic follow-up and a lower threshold for biopsy and treatment of suspicious cutaneous lesions. Development of a sorafenib-induced SCC is not an absolute contraindication for continued use of sorafenib therapy; however, the drug should be briefly discontinued until lesions are treated.
Rates of Uncatalyzed Peptide Bond Hydrolysis in Neutral Solution and the Transition State Affinities of Proteases

To assess the relative proficiencies of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of internal and C-terminal peptide bonds, the rates of the corresponding nonenzymatic reactions were examined at elevated temperatures in sealed quartz tubes, yielding linear Arrhenius plots. The results indicate that in neutral solution at 25 °C, peptide bonds are hydrolyzed with half-times of approximately 500 years for the C-terminal bond of acetylglycylglycine, 600 years for the internal peptide bond of acetylglycylglycine N-methylamide, and 350 years for the dipeptide glycylglycine. These reactions, insensitive to changing pH or ionic strength, appear to represent uncatalyzed attack by water on the peptide bond. Comparison of rate constants indicates very strong binding of the altered substrate in the transition states for the corresponding enzyme reactions, Ktx attaining a value of less than 10-17 M in carboxypeptidase B. The half-life of the N-terminal peptide bond in glycylglycine N-methylamide, whose hydrolysis might hav...
Ultracold atoms in optical lattice - from precision measurement to quantum optics

Ultracold atoms confined in an optical lattice offer an ideal platform for quantum manipulation and precision measurement. We report our latest results using fermionic isotope of Sr.
CEO Beliefs, Management Development, and Corporate Strategy: An Exploratory Study

This study explored possible relationships between management development (MD) and corporate strategy. First, the beliefs of CEOs and training officers (TO) concerning the role of MD in the strateg...
The Market's Assessment of the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999

We examine the impact of the events leading up to and including the passage of the Financial Services Modernization Act (FSMA) of 1999 on the stock returns of banks, brokerage firms, and insurance companies. We find that the impact is positive for all institutions. Bank gains are positively related to size and capitalization. Brokerage firms gain regardless of size, but the gains are inversely related to capitalization and insurance companies gain regardless of size or capital position. The strong positive reaction suggests that the market expects the institutions to benefit from the new opportunities created by the FSMA's passage.
Two views of our planet's future

David Orr explains how two environmentalists' manifestos bracket the debate on climate change — one favouring technological solutions, the other local interventions.
Structure of Small Virus-Like Particles Assembled from the L1 Protein of Human Papillomavirus 16

The papillomavirus major late protein, L1, forms the pentameric assembly unit of the viral shell. Recombinant HPV16 L1 pentamers assemble in vitro into capsid-like structures, and truncation of ten N-terminal residues leads to a homogeneous preparation of 12-pentamer, icosahedral particles. X-ray crystallographic analysis of these particles at 3.5 A resolution shows that L1 closely resembles VP1 from polyomaviruses. Surface loops contain the sites of sequence variation among HPV types and the locations of dominant neutralizing epitopes. The ease with which small virus-like particles may be obtained from L1 expressed in E. coli makes them attractive candidate components of a papillomavirus vaccine. Their crystal structure also provides a starting point for future vaccine design.
A Mixed-Lubrication Study of Journal Bearing Conformal Contacts

Numerical analyses of finite journal bearings operating with large eccentricity ratios were conducted to better understand the mixed lubrication phenomena in conformal contacts. The average Reynolds equation derived by Patir and Cheng was utilized in the lubrication analysis. The influence function, calculated numerically using the finite element method, was employed to compute the bearing deformation. The effects of bearing surface roughness were incorporated in the present analysis for the calculations of the asperity contact pressure and the asperity contact area. The numerical solutions of the hydrodynamic and asperity contact pressures, lubricant film thickness, and asperity contact area were evaluated based on a simulated bearing-journal geometry. The calculations revealed that the asperity contact pressure may vary significantly along both the width and the circumferential directions. It was also shown that the asperity contacts and the lubricant film thickness were strongly dependent on the bearing width, asperity orientation, and operating conditions.
Relationship Between a Coronal Mass Ejection-Driven Shock and a Coronal Metric Type II Burst

It has been an intense matter of debate whether coronal metric type II bursts are generated by coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven shocks or flare blast waves. Using unprecedented high-cadence observations from STEREO/SECCHI, we investigate the relationship between a metric type II event and a shock driven by the 2007 December 31 CME. The existence of the CME-driven shock is indicated by the remote deflection of coronal structures, which is in good timing with the metric type II burst. The CME speed is about 600 km s–1 when the metric type II burst occurs, much larger than the Alfven speed of 419-489 km s–1 determined from band splitting of the type II burst. A causal relationship is well established between the metric and decametric-hectometric type II bursts. The shock height-time curve determined from the type II bands is also consistent with the shock propagation obtained from the streamer deflection. These results provide unambiguous evidence that the metric type II burst is caused by the CME-driven shock.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR PARITY IMPURITY IN A NUCLEAR GAMMA TRANSITION

In this communication we present a preliminary account of an experimental investigation of parity admixture in nuclear states. Our measurements give evidence of a small parity admixture in a nuclear gamma transition of 482 keV in Ta181.
Nucleophilic substitution rates and solubilities for methyl halides in seawater

Ozone depletion potentials indicate that methyl bromide is among halogen containing gases which may be scheduled for international level regulation. The oceanic component of its global budget is currently unquantifiable because of a lack of surface seawater measurements. Given values for internal removal and for solubility, marine mixed layer modelling can set bounds for air-sea transfer. Rate constants have been measured in seawater, 0.5m NaCl and distilled water for attack on methyl bromide by the chief oceanic nucleophiles chloride ion and H2O, over much of the oceanographic temperature range (0°C to 22°C). Henry's Law constants have been determined for the same conditions. All results are consistent with classical aqueous phase research adjusted for ionic strength effects. The lifetime of methyl bromide with respect to chemical decay in seawater is three weeks at average surface temperatures, and a factor of ten larger and smaller at the extremes. Its dimensionless solubility ranges from 0.1 to 0.3. Analogous experiments are reported for the other natural methyl halides, CH3Cl and CH3I.
Health care decision-making of persons with dementia

This descriptive study examined the health care decision-making (HCDM) process of 20 community-dwelling care receivers (CR) with mild to moderate dementia and their family caregivers (CG). We condu...
Center-surround balance in receptive fields of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus

Abstract Among the receptive fields of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) there is wide variability in the relative prominence (balance) of the responses produced by center and by surround stimulation. A procedure for assessing balance is described and the results from a survey of balance for cells of the LGN of the squirrel monkey are reported. The results of this survey include the following: (a) about 60 per cent of the cells tested required the presence of a contrast spot imaged onto the center of the receptive field before a response to illumination of the surround could be obtained; (b) under a wide variety of stimulus conditions, a substantial number of LGN cells showed no direct response to surround stimulation and, thus, gave a near maximal response to diffuse-light stimulation; (c) a very few cells showed a surround-dominated response; (d) differences were found in the relative distributions of center-surround balance between those cells having excitatory and those having inhibitory centers; (e) the relationship between diameter of receptive field center and center-surround balance was found to differ for cells having excitatory and those having inhibitory centers; (f) for approximately one-third of the units examined, center-surround balance could be altered by raising the background light level—that alteration resulted in either an increase or a decrease in the dominance of the center component.
Procurement and Movement of Lithic Raw Materials in Shawnee Lookout Park, Ohio

Using lithic raw material data from the site 33Ha49 in Shawnee Lookout Park in Hamilton County, Ohio, this research explores the role that waterways play in lithic raw material procurement strategies. Explanations for the movement of flaked-stone artifacts include both geological and human processes. Utilizing optimal foraging theory, lithic raw material is considered a type of “currency” and becomes subjected to considerations of risk, energy expenditure, and efficiency. The use of waterways in lithic procurement could offer a way for groups to maximize their gain and acquire quality lithic raw materials. Using visual and petrographic identification techniques, the lithic raw materials were sourced to their locations in the Greater Ohio Valley. Statistical models considered stream location, distance, and quality and demonstrated the importance of streams in the procurement of these lithic raw materials. It was concluded that streams could be viable routes for obtaining lithic raw materials from source areas.
Analytical utility of valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of iron and its oxides, with spectral interpretation by cluster and band structure calculations

The valence band and core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of iron and its oxides are reported, and the valence band spectra interpreted by various calculation models. The paper focuses upon the valence band region, which shows significant differences between the metal and the following oxidized iron species: FeO, Fe3O4, α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH. The core region is of little analytical value as a means of distinguishing between these species, but the valence band region shows significant differences. These differences are consistent with spectra predicted by cluster and band structure calculations. Cluster calculations are valuable as a means for interpreting the spectra of iron oxides with multiple iron sites and defect characteristics.
Unoriented bordism for odd-order groups

Abstract We consider the action of the Burnside ring on equivariant unoriented bordism for an odd-order group. Known splittings of the bordism rings are shown to correspond to idempotents of the Burnside ring.
Genomic organization and promoter regulation of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit VII heart/muscle isoform (COX7AH).

Abstract We have isolated and characterized the human gene ( COX7AH ) for the contractile muscle isoform of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit VIIa. This subunit is one of the 10 nuclear encoded subunits of the 13-subunit holoenzyme that carries out the terminal step in the electron transport chain. Using transient transfection assays, we have located a 5′-flanking region sufficient to direct high level, skeletal myotube-specific reporter gene expression. This 792 bp basal promoter, which contains the single transcription start but no canonical TATA or CCAAT boxes, contains one MEF2 site, three E boxes, and an Sp1 site that show binding to their cognate factors, and are all required for full expression. Mutation and transactivation analysis suggest that there is functional interaction between these binding sites.
Alkyl nitrate formation from the atmospheric photoxidation of alkanes; a revised estimation method

The available experimental data concerning the yields of alkyl nitrates in the reactions of alkyl peroxy radicals with NO have been used to derive a revised expression for the estimation of alkyl nitrate yields in the atmospheric photooxidation of alkanes as a function of temperature and pressure. This revised expression gives more reasonable predictions of alkyl nitrate yields under high altitude tropospheric conditions than that which has been previously published.
High School and College Athletes' Attitudes Toward Sport Psychology Consulting

The purpose of the present study was to explore attitudes about sport psychology consulting of high school and college athletes living in the United States. The Sport Psychology Attitudes–Revised form (SPA-R; Martin, Kellmann, Lavallee, & Page, 2002) was administered to 362 high school and 431 college athletes. A 2 (Gender) × 2 (Age Group: High School and College) × 2 (Type of Sport: Physical Contact and Physical Non-contact) MANCOVA was conducted with past sport psychology consulting experience as a covariate and attitudes about sport psychology as dependent variables. Follow-up univariate and discriminant function analyses were then performed to identify the attitudes that maximized differences related to gender, age group and type of sport. Results revealed that male athletes, younger athletes and athletes who have been socialized in sports that involve physical contact may have a stigma toward seeking sport psychology consulting. Sport psychology consultants must be sensitive to how personal character...
Stability of antibody attachment in immunosorbent chromatography

Abstract Detachment of immobilized antibody from its support matrix in an immunosorbent system prepared by the cyanogen bromide activation route was demonstrated. The immunosorbent system, however, was stable under slightly basic conditions. Detachment of antibody from the support material occurred mainly during the elution of the antigen complexed with the immobilized antibody. The antibody was detached from the matrix by different elution buffers. The detachment pattern of antibody was independent of the number of cycles used and also independent of the support materials. A change in the molecular structure of the detached antibody occurred as revealed by an alteration in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the released antibody. The antibody detachment from the support matrix occurred in more than one antigen-antibody system suggesting that the leakage phenomenon may be a widespread disadvantage associated with the cyanogen bromide activation procedure. Detachment of the antibody could be reduced to −1 by immobilizing antibody on the properly oxidized polysaccharide support material or on the N -hydroxysuccinimide activated ester gel. Antibody dissociation from the matrix did not occur when antibodies were immobilized by either amine or amide attachment, thus, immunosorbents prepared by such strategies are suitable for the immunochromatographic purification of proteins from complex mixtures.
The chemistry and mineralogy of haloed burrows in pelagic sediment at DOMES Site A: The equatorial North Pacific

The chemical and mineralogical composition of burrowed sediment, recovered in 66 box cores at latitude 9°25′N and longitude 151°15′W in the equatorial Pacific, demonstrates the important role of infauna in determining the geochemistry of pelagic sediment. Haloed burrows, approximately 3 cm across, were present in many of the cores. Within early Tertiary sediment that was covered by less than 5 cm of surface Quaternary sediment in several cores, the burrows in cross-section consist of three units: (1) a dark yellowish-brown central zone of Quaternary sediment surrounded, by (2) a pale yellowish-orange zone (the halo) of Tertiary sediment, which is surrounded by (3) a metal-oxide precipitate; the enclosing Tertiary sediment is dusky brown. Several elements — Mn, Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Sb and Ce — have been leached from the light-colored halo, whereas Cr, Cs, Hf, Rb, Sc, Ta, Th, U, the rare earth elements exclusive of Ce, and the major oxides have not been leached. The metal-oxide zone, 1–5 mm thick, contains as much as 16% MnO2, as the mineral todorokite. The composition of the todorokite, exclusive of the admixed Tertiary sediment, resembles the composition of the metal deficit of the halo and also the composition of surface ferromanganese nodules that have been interpreted as having a predominantly diagenetic origin. Thus bioturbation contributes not only to the redistribution of metals within pelagic sediment, but also to the accretion of ferromanganese nodules on the sea floor.
Adult literacy as cultural practice

This chapter proposes a rationale for shifting the predominant adult literacy education model of decontextualized and monologic programs to a sociocultural approach. Such an approach takes into account the functions of literacy as a cultural practice within social relations in a particular social context.
GENERAL LINEARIZED MATRIX THEORY OF ELECTROCHEMICAL MASS TRANSFER WITH APPLICATIONS TO ELECTRODE PROCESSES AND ION EXCHANGE

Abstract A general linearized matrix theory for electrochemical mass transfer is presented. The accuracy of the theory when applied to cases where electric current exists is tested by comparing results with exact calculations of the effect of ionic migration on limiting currents at a rotating disk electrode with laminar flow and at a flat plate electrode adjacent to a stagnant fluid film. Application of the theory is further illustrated by using it to calculate the effect of ionic migration on limiting currents in a turbulent, law-of-the-wall boundary layer. Finally, the theory is used to evaluate commonly used “film-model” methods for generalizing binary mass-transfer correlations to multicomponent nonideal mixtures. For this last purpose, a film-model generalization method was developed for nonideal electrolyte mixtures. The method is equivalent to that used by Krishnamurthy and Taylor (1985) for mass-transfer in nonideal nonelectrolyte mixtures. Results using the film-model method are compared to matri...
Serum anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G titer correlates with grade of histological gastritis, mucosal bacterial density, and levels of serum biomarkers.

Abstract Objective. Clinical implications of serum anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer were unclear. This study investigated the associations of serum anti-H. pylori IgG titer with grade of histological gastritis, mucosal bacterial density and levels of serum biomarkers, including pepsinogen (PG) I, PGII, PGI/II ratio and gastrin-17. Material and methods. Study participants were from a screening program in northern China. Serum anti-H. pylori IgG measurements were available for 5922 patients with superficial gastritis. Serum anti-H. pylori IgG titer and serum biomarkers were measured using ELISA, and gastric biopsies were evaluated using standardized criteria. Results. In patients with mild, moderate or severe superficial gastritis, the mean serum anti-H. pylori IgG titers were 17.3, 33.4 and 54.4 EIU (p for trend < 0.0001), respectively. As mucosal H. pylori density score increased from 0 to 3, the mean serum anti-H. pylori IgG titers also increased from 24.7 to 44.8 EIU (p for trend < ...
EARLY INVASIVE BACTERIAL INFECTION AFTER ASPIRATION AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE

This study was performed to determine the clinical importance, incidence, and early identifying features of infection occuring in children in the first 48 hr after severe acute lung injury from aspiration. Charts from the past 6 yrs. were reviewed for all children at high risk for aspiration of pharyngeal secretions, requiring mechanical ventilation. (Drowning (13), aspirated foreign body (5), known aspiration of gastric contents (2), hydrocarbon aspiration (1)). Criteria for inclusion included survival ≥24 hr, and a blood culture obtained in the first 48 hr. Invasive infection was identified by positive blood culture. Possible infection was defined as: T>38.5°C, blood white cell count >10,000 or <5,000, and a potential pathogen in cultures of tracheal secretions. Of 21 high risk patients, 7 (.33%) had infections in the first 48 hr after aspiration. Five had invasive infection (S. pneumoniaet(4), P. cepacia (1)). Two possible infections occurred (S. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes). One child died in septic shock. Older age was associated with infection (mean 60 and 21 mo in infected and noninfected patients, respectively; p<.05). Other variables had no predictive value: immune deficiency, cardiac arrest, neutrophil count and trend, arterial to alveolar pO2 ratio and trend, antibiotic usage, assymetry on chest X-ray, and temperature. These observations are consistent with experimental data indicating the potential for invasive infection when bacteria are innoculated into severely injured lung. Since infection is difficult to predict in this high risk group, consideration should be given to immediate initiation of antibiotic therapy, and aggressive bacterioiogic surveillance.
Revealing stock–recruitment relationships in lobsters and crabs: is experimental ecology the key?

Abstract As is true for many fish and invertebrate fisheries, stock–recruitment relationships remain poorly understood for most commercially important species of lobsters and crabs. This paper gives a critical overview of advances in assessing the relative importance of pre- and post-settlement processes to the recruitment of 14 commercially and/or ecologically important lobsters and crabs. Three case studies (western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus, blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the American lobster, Homarus americanus) are used to illustrate where standard fishery survey methods, combined with field experiments, have provided insights into the form of stock–recruit relationships and the ecological processes that influence them. It is notable that larval supply-dominated cases, such as that of P. cygnus, may be less common than those dominated by post-settlement processes, such as C. sapidus, in which strong compensatory processes lead to non-linear spawner-to-recruit or juvenile-to-recruit relationships. In other cases, such as H. americanus, the influence of post-settlement controls remains controversial. Significant settler or juvenile-to-recruit linkages have been reported more often than spawner-to-recruit relationships, most likely because pre-settlement processes often mask the latter. Innovative field experiments, early life stage monitoring and spatial modeling have improved our understanding of the influence of competition, predation, cannibalism, sociality and movements to the demography of some of these species. Field experiments have been more widely used by American and Australian than European investigators. Ecological experiments are not a panacea, though, and can lead to misinterpretation, especially of the relative importance of mortality and emigration. Uncertainties about age and the relevant spatial scale at which to evaluate stock–recruitment relationships have posed further challenges. This review underscores the need to design ecological studies at a geographic scale that will better reveal the stock–recruitment relationship.
Constant visual and haptic time delays in simulated bilateral teleoperation: Quantifying the human operator performance

Visual feedback and force feedback (haptics) are the two streams of information in a robotic bilateral teleoperation where the operator manipulates a robot in a remote location. Delivering the visual and the haptic information depends in part on the characteristics of the communication network and results in a nonsynchronized delay. The goal is to study the effect of constant nonsynchronized and synchronized time delay of visual and haptic information on the human teleoperation performance. The experimental setup included a virtual reality environment, which allows the operator to manipulate the virtual objects in a simulated remote environment through a haptic device that renders the force feedback. The visual and the haptic information were delayed independently in the range of 0—500 ms, creating 121 different scenarios of synchronized and nonsynchronized delays. Selecting specific parameters of the remote virtual environment guaranteed stable teleportation, given the time delays under study. The experimental tasks included tracing predefined geometrical shapes and a pick-and-place task, which simulates both structured and unstructured interactions under the influence of guiding forces. Eight subjects (n = 8) participated in the experiment performing three repetitions of three different teleoperation tasks with 121 combinations of visual and haptic time delays. The measured parameters that were used to assess the human performance were the task completion time and the position errors expressed as a function of the visual and the haptic time delay. Then, regression and ANOVA analyses were performed. The results indicated that the human performance is a function of the sum of the two delays. As the sum of the two delays increases, the human performance degrades and is expressed with an increase in completion time and position errors. The performance degradation is more pronounced in the pick-and-place task compared to the tracing task. In scenarios where the visual and the haptics information were out of synchronization, the human performance was better than intentionally delaying one source of information in an attempt to synchronize and unify the two delays. The results of this study may be applied to any teleoperation tasks over a network with inherent time delays and more specifically to telesurgery in which performance degradation due to time delay has a profound effect on the quality of the healthcare delivered, patient safety, and ultimately the outcomes of the surgical procedure itself.
Dexamethasone in adenotonsillectomy

Edema contributes substantially to the postoperative discomfort and morbidity of adenotonsillectomy. In a double-blind study, 58 children undergoing adenotonsillectomy were given a single intraoperative dose of either dexamethasone or saline. The steroid markedly affected the postoperative course in the first day after surgery. According to parental reports, the percentage of patients vomiting was reduced from 48 to 4%. Severe throat pain was reported in 57% of controls and only 20% of dexamethasone patients. Twice as many steroid patients as controls tolerated some soft food on the first postoperative day. It appears that dexamethasone can greatly improve patient diet and comfort after adenotonsillectomy.
A Universal Calibration Curve for Ballistic Galvanometers

Universal curve for determining sensitivity of ballistic galvanometers under all conditions of circuit resistance.---On closed circuit, the throws produced by a given discharge depend on the circuit resistance because of its effect on the damping. No simple relation between sensitivity and circuit resistance is known which is applicable to a wide range of instruments and damping. However if sensitivity is expressed as a fraction of undamped sensitivity, and circuit resistance as a fraction of critical damping resistance, a general mathematical relation between these two quantities is obtained which is true for all moving-coil type instruments. Numerical data are given and also the curve. A special damping coil may be treated as an equivalent parallel circuit, and the joint effect determined accordingly. The accuracy is limited only by the precision of measurement of undamped sensitivity and critical damping resistance, as no approximations are involved in the derivation.
Effect of structure on the spectra emitted by solid nitrogen during electron bombardment

Abstract Spectra emitted from solids subjected to electron bombardment at low temperature have been found to exhibit a dependence on deposition flow rate. It is shown that the observed changes may be ascribed to the effect of deposition temperature on the structure of the solid.
Differential reactivity to lactate infusions: The relative role of biological, psychological, and conditioning variables

Abstract Nine patients with panic disorder experienced a lactate-induced panic attack, whereas nine controls did not. Higher preinfusion anxiety levels and heart rates were associated with panic disorder, and high baseline anxiety ratings were associated with atypical, severe lactate-induced panic attacks. Nevertheless, it was difficult to reconcile patients' and controls' reactivity to lactate as entirely secondary to baseline differences. Subjects differed qualitatively in the types of specific symptoms experienced and quantitatively in their anxiety and heart rate responses. In most cases, panic began with various central perceptual changes; peripheral cardiovascular and autonomie symptoms followed later. No patient rated a lactate-induced panic attack as identical to a naturally occurring attack. Not only did specific symptoms differ in their severity and order of production, but lactate-induced panic lacked the typical fears of dying, going crazy, or losing control. The results suggest that though environmental effects, expectancy biases, and baseline psychological states play salient roles in modifying the experience of a lactate-induced panic attack, they do not fully account for lactate sensitivity. The relative role that biological, psychological, and conditioning factors play in lactate-induced panic is discussed.
Digitizing, coding, annotating, disseminating, and preserving documents

We examine some research issues in pattern recognition and image processing that have been spurred by the needs of digital libraries. Broader -- and not only linguistic -- context must be introduced in character recognition on low-contrast, tightly-set documents because the conversion of documents to coded (searchable) form is lagging far behind conversion to image formats. At the same time, the prevalence of imaged documents over coded documents gives rise to interesting research problems in interactive annotation of document images. At the level of circulation, reformatting document images to accommodate diverse user needs remains a challenge.
On the Use of Framed Knowledge in Language Comprehension.

Abstract Notions like “frames”, “scripts” etc. are now being used in programs to understand connected discourse. We will describe a program in this vein which understands simple stories about painting. (Jack was painting a chair. He dipped a brush into some paint. Q : Why?) In particular, problems of matching, read time inference, and undoing false conclusions will be stressed. The program makes heavy use of real world knowledge, and there is an extensive discussion of various issues in knowledge representation and how they affect frame representations: modularity, the need for problem solving, worldly vs control knowledge, and cleanliness. The paper concludes with an extensive discussion of the program's shortcomings.
Mean-Field Theory for Grayscale Texture Synthesis Using Gibbs Random Fields

Abstract In this paper, we show how methods developed in the context of statistical physics can be used to analyzegrayscale texture synthesis procedures based on the probabilistic paradigm of Gibbs random fields (GRF). In particular, we show, using the mean-field equations of the texture GRF, the existence of a bifurcation point indicating the presence of a phase transition in the textural pattern. Using simulations, we show that a numberof interesting phenomena occur at the bifurcation temperature like a sudden decrease in energy, sharp peaks insimilarity measures between textural patterns, and sudden saturation of the mean-field variables. We argue thatfor texture synthesis, it is sufficient to simulate the mean-field equations near the bifurcation temperature. 1 Introduction The use of random field models for images is now well established in the image processing and computer vision literature. These random field models arise very often in the context of Bayesian formulations as our a priori
Modeling of liquid encapsulated gallium melts

Abstract Liquid encapsulation crystal growth from the melt plays an important role in space processing. Use of an encapsulant may avoid evaporation of volatile components and may control thermocapillary flow, which becomes important in microgravity. In the present work the fluid physics of encapsulated liquid gallium is studied analytically and numerically in preparation to forthcoming experiments. It is shown that flow in the viscous encapsulant is essentially negligible and that liquid encapsulation reduces flow velocities in the encapsulated electronic melt. Flow velocity in the gallium is the main parameter in the studies.
Hippocampal interneurons are abnormal in schizophrenia.

Objective The cellular substrate of hippocampal dysfunction in schizophrenia remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that hippocampal interneurons are abnormal in schizophrenia, but that the total number of hippocampal neurons in the pyramidal cell layer is normal.