cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategy and Evaluation of The Implementation of Moral Values at Islamic Universities

Penerapan nilai-nilai Islam pada Perguruan Tinggi Islam merupakan hal yang diterapkan dalam tiap aspek kehidupan kampus dan oleh seluruh civitas academia kampus. Nilai-nilai Islam adalah hasil eloborasi antara aturan yang berlaku dengan aspek ibadah dan moralitas. Penerapannya berhubungan dengan perilaku tiap individu hubungannya dengan Allah dan dengan manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk penerapan nilai-nilai Islam di Perguruan Tinggi Islam. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam, observasi dan studi dokumen. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tiga Perguruan Tinggi Islam yaitu UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia dan Universitas Muhammadiyyah Jakarta dengan nara sumber berasal dari pimpinan kampus, fakultas, staf dan mahasiswa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan nilai-nilai Islam pada tiga Perguruan Tinggi tersebut sudah terlaksana namun belum optimal. Hal yang menjadi kendala ialah hambatan pada penerapan ini baik level atas hingga bawah ditambah lagi kebijakan yang belum tertulis atau tersedia pada buku pedoman penerapan. Belum adanya Standar dalam evaluasi penerapan nilai Islam menjadi kendala dalam penerapan sehingga tidak dapat diketahui kategori atau tingkatan penerapan nilai-nilai Islam. (The implementation of Islamic values in campus life is the realization of Islamic values in the form of norms in every aspect of campus life carried out by all levels of the campus community. The elaboration of Islamic values is embodied in the form of legal norms, state, and morals framed in aspects of worship and morality. However, the realization is associated with the behavior of each individual in relation to Allah (hablumminallah) and its relationship with humans (hablumminanas). The purpose of this study is to know the depiction of the application of Islamic values in Islamic universities.The method used is qualitative research method with in-depth interview, documentation, and observation. This research was conducted at three Islamic universities, namely UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, UAI, and UMJ with sources from university leaders, faculties, departments, staffs and students. The results show that Islamic values have been applied at the three campuses but not yet optimal, because there are obstacles both at the level of leaders and at the level of students and staff. Barriers at the level of leaders related to the policy agreement to apply Islamic values for all academic communities that affects the availability of a guidebook containing Islamic values. The guidebook could not be used effectively as a medium of socialization for all academic communities. These obstacles also affect the evaluation of the implementation of Islamic values, where the three campuses do not have a standard for evaluation to use in all parts of campuses. Therefore, it is difficult to know the level of the application of Islamic values.)
Hyperpigmented Ocular Lesions in a 13-year-old Girl.

1. Malcolm M. Kates, BS/BA* 2. Jaclyn Otero, MD† 3. Molly Posa, MD† 1. *College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 2. †Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL A 13-year-old girl presents to an outpatient pediatric clinic with a bilateral frontal headache and “dark spots” on her eyes over the last 3 days. The spots initially appeared red to her but are now described as dark in color. The lesions are not painful, but she has been tearful for the past week, purportedly in anticipation of an upcoming surgical procedure for an osteochondroma diagnosed 3 months ago. She reports biweekly mild frontal headaches that have not changed in severity or frequency during the past 3 months and have been attributed to skipping meals. She denies changes in vision, photophobia, double vision, eye pain, eye drainage, ocular trauma, fever, nausea, or vomiting. Neither the patient nor her pediatrician noticed any ocular dark spots at her health supervision visit 2 months before this visit. She …
Risk Communication After Health Care Exposures: An Experimental Vignette Survey With Patients:

Purpose. We investigated how health care systems should communicate with patients about possible exposures to blood-borne pathogens that may have occurred during their care. Our goal was to determine how best to communicate uncertain risk information in a way that would minimize harm to patients, maintain their trust, and encourage patients to seek follow-up treatment. Methods. Participants (N = 1103) were randomized to receive one of six vignette surveys; 997 (98.4%) responded. All vignettes described the same event, but differed by risk level and recommendations (lower risk v. higher risk) and by communication mode (telephone, letter, social media). We measured participants' perceived risk of blood-borne infection, trust in the health care system, and shared decision making about next clinical steps. Open-ended questions were analyzed using grounded thematic analysis. Results. When the vignette requested patients to undergo testing and practice certain health behaviors (higher risk), participants' likelihood of seeking follow-up testing for blood-borne pathogens and their understanding of health issues increased. Perceived trust was unaffected by risk level or communication processes. Qualitative data indicated a desire for telephone communication from providers known to the patient. Limitations. It is not clear whether higher risk language or objective risk levels in vignettes motivated patients' behavioral intentions. Conclusion. Using higher risk language when disclosing large-scale adverse events increased participants' willingness to seek follow-up care. Implications. Health care organizations' disclosures should focus on the next steps to take after health care exposures. This communication should involve helping patients to understand their personal health issues better, make them feel that they know which steps to take following the receipt of this information, and encouraging them to seek follow-up infectious disease testing in order to better take care of themselves.
The Hypomanic Edge: The Link Between (A Little) Craziness and (A Lot of) Success in America

Based on in-depth interviews of successful entrepreneurs, and on the biographers of his historical subjects, Gartner defines the hypomanic temperament and its manifestations. Then he demonstrates its power in action, offering some portraits that span America's history - Columbus who discovered America, John Winthrop who defined it, Alexander Hamilton who pointed to its future, Andrew Carnegie who built its fortune, Louis B. Mayer who glorified its ideals in movies, and Craig Venter, who is inventing its genetic future. Though these men are extraordinary figures, Gartner says many Americans carry the genes that have made them the most successful citizens in the world.
The development of the revised version of the Educational Outcome Expectancy Scale

Lent, Brown, & Hackett's (1994) social cognitive career theory (SCCT) proposes that the three processing mechanisms that underlie the development of educational interests, persistence, and achievement are self efficacy (SE), outcome expectancies (OEs), and goal representations. The researcher had two goals for this paper: to revise a measure of educational outcome expectancies, the Educational Outcome Expectancy Scale-Revised (EOE-R; Springer, Larson, Tilley, & Casser, 2001) and obtain initial validity and reliability estimates for the measure. The researcher conducted an exploratory factor analysis and provided reliability estimates. He also obtained estimates of convergent validity for the measure using a measure of college SE, the College Self-Efficacy Instrument (CSEI; Solberg, O'Brien, Villareal, & Kennel, 1993) and a measure of personality, the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, 1982; Tellegen & Waller, in press). In addition, he obtained an estimate of criterion validity using a measure of satisfaction for college students, the Your First College Year measure (YFCY; Astin, 1993). The results supported a 23-item single-factor model with internal consistency of a=.93. The results also supported convergent and criterion validity estimates of the EOE-R with expected significant correlations with the CSEI, with some primary scales of the MPQ, and with the YFCY. The results supported the positive correlation between educational OE and college SE as theorized in SCCT and found in the literature. The results added to the relative lack of literature by supporting a relation between educational OE and some facets of personality. Finally, results also support the positive relation between OE and satisfaction as conceptually discussed (Bandura, 1986; Lent et al., 1994). Additional Analyses included exploration of a six-factor solution for the EOE-R and EOE-R scores by college major.
Communication Issues in Integrative Oncology

Integrative oncology is an emerging subspecialty in oncology practice that engages the whole patient—body, mind, spirit, and community. In integrative medicine, the patient and the practitioner are partners in the healing process, with the relationship being a centerpiece of the paradigm. Integrative oncologists strive to combine the best of conventional interventions with evidence-based (as much as possible) complementary therapies into a personalized treatment regimen. Open and honest bidirectional communication that establishes a mutually respectful trusting relationship is a key component of the integrative oncology consultation. Whereas integration of complementary therapies is widely sought by patients living with and beyond malignant diagnoses, special communication issues are presented by patients choosing to pursue solely alternative therapeutic pathways. Attempting to understand patient motivations and fears fosters a greater potential that they may deflect potentially useless or harmful “treatments.”
Relaxation Time and Moisture Effects in the Superionic Conductor Sodium β″-Alumina

We measured T1, T1ρ, and T2 of 23Na for a powder sodium β″-alumina sample over the temperature range 185°K to 800°K and observed a broad asymmetric minimum near 5°C. We also studied the effects of absorbed water on T1.
The past, present, and future of mass incarceration in the United States

The United States is the world’s warden, incarcerating a larger proportion of its people than any other country. Since the 1970s, the U.S. inmate population has increased by more than sixfold (Manza and Uggen, 2006: 95). A staggering 7 million people–or approximately 1 in every 31 adults—are either incarcerated, on parole or probation, or under some other form of state supervision today (Glaze, 2010; Pew Center on the States, 2009). These figures understate the enormous and disproportionate impact that this bold and unprecedented social experiment has had on certain groups in the United States. If current trends continue, one in three Black males and one in six Hispanic males born recently are expected to spend some time in prison during their lives (Bonczar, 2003). Since the late 1990s, the phenomenon of mass incarceration has been a growing source of scholarly interest. Today the carceral state is a subject of rising public interest. In 2009, Wired magazine included emptying the country’s prisons on its “Smart List” of “12 Shocking Ideas that Could Change the World,” and Parade magazine featured Sen. Jim Webb’s (D-Va.) call to end mass incarceration on its front page (Webb, 2009). Two related questions have long dominated discussions of mass incarceration: Why did the U.S. incarceration rate, which had been reasonably stable for much of the 20th century, shoot up in the 1970s and continue to climb for decades despite a fluctuating and then plummeting crime rate? And what precisely is the relationship between the incarceration rate and the crime rate? Today a scholarly consensus is congealing that the dramatic rise in the incarceration rate contributed to only a modest dent in the crime rate. Although identifying the causes of mass incarceration in the United States remains a central concern, the focus is shifting. This special issue of Criminology & Public Policy showcases several emerging frontiers in research on mass incarceration that have enormous public policy implications: penal
American Option Valuation with Particle Filters

A method to price American–style option contracts in a limited information framework is introduced. The pricing methodology is based on sequential Monte Carlo techniques, as presented in Doucet, de Freitas, and Gordon’s text Sequential Monte Carlo Methods in Practice, and the least–squares Monte Carlo approach of Longstaff and Schwartz (Rev Financ Stud 14:113–147, 2001). We apply this methodology using a risk–neutralized version of the square–root mean–reverting model, as used for European option valuation by Heston (Rev Financ Stud 6:327–343, 1993). We assume that volatility is a latent stochastic process, and we capture information about it using particle filter based “summary vectors.” These summaries are used in the exercise/hold decision at each time step in the option contract period. We also benchmark our pricing approximation against the full–state (observable volatility) result. Moreover, posterior inference, utilizing market–observed American put option prices on the NYSE Arca Oil Index, is made on the volatility risk premium, which we assume is a constant parameter. Comparisons on the volatility risk premium are also made in terms of time and observability effects, and statistically significant differences are reported.
The Need to Distinguish Denationalized and Postnational

Linda Bosniak's critical examination of citizenship is a major contribution to the debate about the definition of citizenship.1 It makes important distinctions and clarifies several difficult issues, thereby allowing us to move ahead. I agree with much of what Bosniak is arguing and with some of her suggestions as to how we can advance our understanding of citizenship and its possible new meanings. My comments will focus on a few particular points where I would engage the question of theorization and interpretation differently.
Providing Fine-Grained Access Control for Mobile Programs Through Binary Editing

Abstract : With the advent of WWW, there is considerable interest in programs that can migrate from one host to another and execute. For instance, Java programs are increasingly being used to add dynamic content to a web page. When a user accesses the web page through a browser, the browser migrates the Java program and executes it at the user's site. Mobile programs are appealing because they support efficient utilization of network resources and extensibility of information servers. However, since they cross administrative domains, they have the ability to access a host site's protected resources. For instance, they can potentially read a user's private files, access and modify personal information, and steal proprietary information. In this paper, we present a novel approach for allowing a site to protect and control the local resources that external Java programs can access. In this approach, a site uses a declarative policy language to specify a set of constraints on accesses to local resources and the conditions under which they apply. A set of code transformation tools enforce these constraints on a Java program by integrating the code for checking access constraints into the program and the site's resource definitions. Executions of the resulting modified mobile program and resources satisfy all access constraints, thereby protecting the site's resources. Because this approach does not require resources to make an explicit call to a reference monitor, as implemented in the Java runtime system, the approach does not depend upon a particular runtime system implementation.
Luminescence of CuInS2

Abstract The emission of CuInS 2 is studied as a function of the exact composition in terms of deviations from molecularity and stoichiometry. By means of temperature-dependent (4.2–220 K) and excitation-intensity-dependent measurements, the two broad emission bands usually present are correlated with donor-acceptor transitions. In In-rich material the acceptor is located at 0.10 eV above the valence band. This acceptor is ascribed to V Cu . In Cu-rich CuInS 2 the acceptor level is located at 0.15 eV above the valence band, which is attributed to either V In or Cu In . Two donor levels are identified, their ionization energies being about 35 and 72 meV. These donors are present in both In and Cu-rich samples and may originate from either intrinsic defects or impurities (Fe). Also, the influence of quenching of the crystals as well as the effect of different crystal growth methods (melt-growth and vapour-growth) on the emission is studied.
Relationships between bat occupancy and habitat and landscape structure along a savanna, woodland, forest gradient in the Missouri Ozarks

Many land-management agencies are restoring savannas and woodlands using prescribed fire and forest thinning, and information is needed on how wildlife species respond to these management activities. Our objectives were to evaluate support for relationships of bat site occupancy with vegetation structure and management and landscape composition and structure across a gradient of savanna to forest in the Missouri Ozark Highlands, USA. We selected study sites that were actively managed for savanna and woodland conditions and control areas on similar landforms that had succeeded to closed-canopy forest. We used Anabat detectors to survey bats during the summers of 2010, 2011, and 2012. We fit single-species site-occupancy models to estimate detection probability and site occupancy. We evaluated a priori hypotheses in an information theoretic approach by evaluating support for candidate models that included habitat, landscape, and management effects. Site occupancy of evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) was negatively related to poletimber and sawtimber density and positively related to fire frequency, while northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) site occupancy was positively related to poletimber density and negatively related to understory stem densities. Site occupancy of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis), and tri-colored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) were mostly not related to local vegetation structure and site occupancy was high across the savanna, woodland, forest gradient. We found more consistent and larger effect sizes for landscape-scale than for habitat-scale relationships; therefore, land managers should be cognizant of large-scale patterns in land cover when making local management decisions for these species. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The DOE Bioenergy Research Centers: History, Operations, and Scientific Output

Over the past 7 years, the US Department of Energy’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research has funded three Bioenergy Research Centers (BRCs). These centers have developed complementary and collaborative research portfolios that address the key technical and economic challenges in biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. All three centers have established a close, productive relationship with DOE’s Joint Genome Institute (JGI). This special issue of Bioenergy Research samples the breadth of basic science and engineering work required to underpin a diverse, sustainable, and robust biofuel industry. In this report, which was collaboratively produced by all three BRCs, we discuss the BRC contributions over their first 7 years to the development of renewable transportation fuels. We also highlight the BRC research published in the current issue and discuss technical challenges in light of recent progress.
Prevention and control of reciprocal T-B cell diversification: implications for lupus-like autoimmunity.

Abstract Autoimmunity is fundamentally a continuously evolving process. The autoimmune responses shift, drift and diversify with time not only to other epitopes in the original antigen but also to other related and sometimes to unrelated antigens. We have described a form of immune diversification—reciprocal T–B epitope spreading—where the activation of first T cells by epitopes from an autoantibody molecule could lead to help provided to a variety of B cells displaying a cross-reactive version of the original epitope. The response spreads in this way until large cohorts of T and B cells have expanded in lupus-prone mice. Such reciprocal T–B cell response can also be induced in normal animals, its extent is limited by the emergence of inhibitory T cells. The induction of such inhibitory T cells is generally impaired in lupus mice. The delivery of T cell epitopes via plasmid DNA vectors, however, can overcome this impairment in lupus mice. The inhibitory T cells thus induced can suppress autoantibody production and lupus disease by ablating or inhibiting autoreactive B cells. Thus, T–B diversification that develops spontaneously in lupus mice could be curtailed in normal animals by inhibitory T cells that emerge whenever there is an impending ‘danger’ of pathologic autoimmunity. We have successfully exploited this regulatory potential of the normal immune response to inhibit clinical autoimmunity. Understanding the mechanisms of autoimmune diversification in lupus mice and of its down-regulation in normal animals may pave the way for developing novel treatments for autoantibody-mediated diseases such as lupus.
Microchannel pyroelectric anemometer

Abstract A pyroelectric (LiTaO 3 ) anemometer chip is mounted into the wall of a small micromachined channel in silicon capped by an anodically bonded Pyrex plate. The flow response of the sensor is calibrated against a commercial thermal-flow monitor and a volumetric displacement monitor. The experimental results show that this element is capable of monitoring flows as small as 0.01 seem. The characteristics of this element for gas flow in extremely small channels are discussed.
Augmentative and alternative communication for children with developmental disabilities

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) encompasses all forms of communication from simple gestures, manual signs, and picture communication boards to American Sign Language and sophisticated computer-based devices that can speak in phrases and sentences for their users. This paper provides an overview of the research literature on AAC and children with developmental disabilities and highlights recent trends. It also provides some suggested directions for future research. MRDD Research Reviews 1997;3:363–368. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Combining functional and structural tests improves the diagnostic accuracy of relevance vector machine classifiers.

Purpose To investigate whether combining optic disc topography and short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) data improves the diagnostic accuracy of relevance vector machine (RVM) classifiers for detecting glaucomatous eyes compared with using each test alone. Methods One eye of 144 glaucoma patients and 68 healthy controls from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study were included. RVM were trained and tested with cross-validation on optimized (backward elimination) SWAP features (thresholds plus age; pattern deviation; and total deviation) and on Heidelberg retina tomograph II (HRT) optic disc topography features, independently and in combination. RVM performance was also compared with 2 HRT linear discriminant functions and to SWAP mean deviation and pattern standard deviation. Classifier performance was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) generated for each feature set and by the sensitivities at set specificities of 75%, 90%, and 96%. Results RVM trained on combined HRT and SWAP thresholds plus age had significantly higher AUROC (0.93) than RVM trained on HRT (0.88) and SWAP (0.76) alone. AUROCs for the SWAP global indices (mean deviation: 0.68; pattern standard deviation: 0.72) offered no advantage over SWAP thresholds plus age, whereas the linear discriminant functions AUROCs were significantly lower than RVM trained on the combined SWAP and HRT feature set and on HRT alone feature set. Conclusions Training RVM on combined optimized HRT and SWAP data improved diagnostic accuracy compared with training on SWAP and HRT parameters alone. Future research may identify other combinations of tests and classifiers that can also improve diagnostic accuracy.
DETERMINANTS OF MEMBRANE ASSOCIATION FOR POLIOVIRUS PROTEIN 3AB

Poliovirus protein 3AB may serve as the lipophilic carrier of a protein primer (VPg or 3B) used for the initiation of genomic viral RNA synthesis. In order to study the membrane-protein interactions of 3AB required for its role in poliovirus RNA replication, we have developed an in vitro membrane association assay capable of distinguishing membrane-bound from non-membrane-bound proteins that are cotranslated together in the presence of canine microsomal membranes. This assay utilizes equilibrium sedimentation analysis in high density sucrose gradients to measure membrane association of both wild type and mutated forms of 3AB. Using this assay and other biochemical assays, we have identified the following properties of the 3AB-membrane interaction: (a) 3AB is able to post-translationally associate with microsomal membranes, (b) 3AB is able to associate with membranes in a manner consistent with that of an integral membrane protein, (c) 3AB contains a critical hydrophobic sequence within the carboxyl-terminal half of the protein that is required for membrane association, and (d) the introduction of charged residues into this hydrophobic sequence disrupts the 3AB membrane-protein interaction. Taken together, these studies indicate that poliovirus protein 3AB associates tightly with biological membranes de novo in a manner that would allow it to serve as a lipophilic anchor for the assembly of the poliovirus RNA replication complex.
NOTES ON THE FLORAL MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF TESSMANNIANTHUS CARINATUS (MELASTOMATACEAE)

This work reports the second collection of Tessmannianthus carinatus Almeda, a species previously known only from the type. Two flowering trees were encountered at the type locality of Cerro Jefe, Panama. Species in this genus are very rare and the colors and posture of fresh floral parts have seldom been observed and described. The first known images of flowers at anthesis are here provided. In addition, observations on the posture and color of the stamens were made, including dissections of a flower preserved in spirit, and scanning electron micrographs of the unusual anther apices. Lastly, anatomical sections were conducted of these flowers which revealed the presence of styloids in the hypanthium, anthers and styles. These crystals had only been reported from the wood of one species in the genus and their presence suggests a relationship to the tribes Astronieae and Henrietteeae
Ultrasound evaluation of the fetal heart: is it possible?

High-resolution sonography has opened a new window for the health care professional providing prenatal care. CHDs are the most common and most significant anomalies seen in nurseries today. Understanding patterns of inheritance and recurrence rates of congenital heart disease opens a new horizon for affected families. The indications for fetal echocardiography are significant and available. With appropriate training, health care professionals anticipate that routine sonography in the future will include a basic fetal heart examination.
Stilbene and NE 213 Characteristics Related to Their Use for Neutron Spectroscopy

The pulse discrimination technique permits scintillators to be used for neutron spectroscopy, in the presence of gamma rays, to investigate a wide variety of problems. The influence of shape and size of stilbene and NE 213 scintillators on their gamma-ray and neutron efficiencies and on the shape correction has been investigated. The neutron efficiency and the shape correction factor enter into the spectrum conversion function which is needed to reduce a recoil-proton energy distribution to a neutron spectrum. Gamma-ray and neutron efficiencies from 0.1 to 24 MeV have been graphed as a function of length. Graphs of the shape correction factor and the spectrum conversion function, up to 24-MeV neutron energy, have been made for various dimensions and similar volumes. These graphs and the summary tables can be used to select the size and shape of a detector to minimize the spread of the correction factor over a given range of neutron energy and to increase the neutron efficiency consistent with conditions of a given experiment or application.
Dynamic route descriptions: tradeoffs by usage goals and user characteristics

Principles are empirically established for various multimodal representations of route descriptions that are found to facilitate aspects of user navigation performance on significantly different levels. Some representations clearly minimize navigation completion time, navigation error, and/or distraction to focal view, while others hinder these goals. Furthermore, user characteristics such as brain lateralization and information type preference relate to significant differences in representation effectiveness. "Best Choice" route depictions are presented based on experimental participant performance data from a simulated navigation task. Results may be useful in information design for helmet-mounted displays and other wearable computing devices.
Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of Cs6[(UO2)4(W5O21)(OH)2(H2O)2]: a new polar uranyl tungstate

The hydrothermal reaction of UO{sub 3}, WO{sub 3}, and CsIO{sub 4} leads to the formation of Cs{sub 6}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 4}(W{sub 5}O{sub 21})(OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}] and UO{sub 2}(IO{sub 3}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O). Cs{sub 6}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 4}(W{sub 5}O{sub 21})(OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}] is the first example of a hydrothermally synthesized uranyl tungstate. It's structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic data: tetragonal, space group I4cm, a=15.959(2)A, c=14.215(1)A, Z=4, MoK{alpha}, {lambda}=0.71073A, R(F)=2.84% for 135 parameters with 2300 reflections with I>2{sigma}(I). The structure is comprised of two-dimensional {sub {infinity}}{sup 2}[(UO{sub 2})4(W{sub 5}O{sub 21})(OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]{sup 6-} anionic layers that are separated by Cs{sup +} cations. The coordination polyhedra found in the novel layers consist of UO{sub 7} pentagonal bipyramids, WO{sub 6} distorted octahedra, and WO{sub 5} square pyramids. The UO{sub 7} polyhedra are formed from the binding of five equatorial oxygen atoms around a central uranyl, UO{sub 2}{sup 2+}, unit. Both bridging and terminal oxo ligands are employed in forming the WO{sub 5} square pyramidal units, while oxo, hydroxo, and aqua ligands are found in the WO{sub 6} distorted octahedra. In the layers, four (UO{sub 2})O{sub 5} polyhedra corner share with equatorial oxygen atoms to form a U{sub 4}O{sub 24} tetramermore » entity with a square site in the center; a tungsten atom populates the center of each of these sites to form a U{sub 4}WO{sub 25} pentamer unit. The pentamer units that result are connected in two dimensions by edge-shared dimers of WO{sub 6} octahedra to form the two-dimensional {sub i}nfinity{sup 2}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 4}(W{sub 5}O{sub 21})(OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]{sup 6-} layers. The lack of inversion symmetry in Cs{sub 6}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 4}(W{sub 5}O{sub 21})(OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}] can be directly contributed to the WO{sub 5} square pyramids found in the pentamer units. In the structure, all of these polar polyhedra align their terminal oxygens in the same orientation, along the c axis, thus resulting in a polar compound.« less
Chemical Development of an α2δ Ligand, (3S,5R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methyloctanoic Acid

Three synthetic approaches, suitable for the large scale manufacture of the α2δ-ligand, (3S,5R)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methyloctanoic acid 3, have been evaluated. The selected seven step manufacturing process has then been optimized and used to deliver over 20 kg of API; salient features of the synthesis include the use of 4,4,4-trimethoxybutyronitrile as an efficient four carbon amino acid equivalent. Highly selective kinetic resolution of the C3 stereocentre was accomplished via diastereoselective hydrolysis of a cyanoester intermediate using Amano Lipase PS-SD. Extensive process optimisation of the route starting from (R)-2-methylpentanol, led to significant improvements through telescoping, with less than 62 kg of solvent being needed to produce 1 kg of API.
Selective Photoexcitation of the Thione and Thiol Forms of N-Hydroxypyridine-4(1H)-Thione: A Tautomeric Heteroaromatic System

The strong solvent-dependence of the tautomeric equilibrium exhibited by N-hydroxypyridine-4(1H)-thione (4-NHPT) and the distinct absorption properties of the thione and thiol tautomers offer the r...
15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Natural-abundance 15N spectra of aliphatic oximes†

15N chemical shifts of the Z and E isomers of twenty-two ketoximes and fourteen aldoximes have been determined at the natural-abundance level of 15N, using Fourier transform methods. The influences of π delocalization, methyl substituents and solute concentration on the oxime nitrogen shielding have been determined. The 15N shifts for oximes of several cycloalkanones have been measured and the influence of ring size on the chemical shifts is discussed.
Force and displacement measurements of the distal fibula during simulated ankle loading tests for high ankle sprains.

Background: Syndesmosis (high ankle) sprains produce disruption of the distal tibiofibular ligaments. Forces on the distal fibula that produce these injuries are unknown. Methods: Twenty-seven fresh-frozen lower extremities were used for this study. A load cell recorded forces acting on the distal fibula from forced ankle dorsiflexion and applied external foot torque; medial-lateral and anterior-posterior displacements of the distal fibula were recorded. Fibular forces and axial displacements were also recorded with applied axial force. Results: During forced ankle dorsiflexion and external foot torque tests, the distal fibula always displaced posteriorly with respect to the tibia with no measurable medial-lateral displacement. With 10 Nm dorsiflexion moment, cutting the tibiofibular ligaments approximately doubled fibular force and displacement values. Cutting the tibiofibular ligaments significantly increased fibular displacement from applied external foot torque. Fibular forces and axial displacements ...
Influence of cooling rate on the microstructure and retained austenite in an intercritically annealed vanadium containing HSLA steel

The influence of cooling rate from the intercritical αγ region on the microstructure of a vanadium bearing HSLA steel was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Oil quenching produced an essentially ferrite-martensite dual phase structure with ∼4 vol pct of fine particle and thin film retained austenite. In contrast, the slower air cooling resulted in a larger amount (∼10 vol pct) of retained austenite in addition to the ferrite and martensite phases. A major portion of the retained austenite in the air cooled specimen was of the blocky morphology (1 to 6 μm , with the remainder eing the submicron variety, similar to that of the oil quenched specimen. In conformance with the terminology of earlier studies, “retained” ferrite and “transformed” ferrite were observed in the air cooled steel while oil quenching completely suppressed the transformed ferrite. Retained ferrite, the cleaner of the two in terms of precipitate content, is the high temperature ferrite that coexists with the austenite at the intercritical temperature and which is retained on cooling. The transformed ferrite, on the other hand, forms from the decomposition of the austenite and contains banded carbonitrides (row precipitation) much like the initial microstructure of the HSLA steel.
Fuzzy logic-based formulation of the organizer of intelligent robotic systems

A fuzzy logic-based methodology is proposed to model the organization level of an intelligent robotic system. The user input commands to the system organizer are linguistic in nature and the primitive events-tasks from the task domain of the system are, in general, interpreted via fuzzy sets. Fuzzy relations are introduced to connect every event with a specific user input command. Approximate reasoning is accomplished via a modifier and the compositional rule of inference, whereas the application of the conjunction rule generates those fuzzy sets with elements all possible (crisp) plans. Themost possible plan among all those generated, that is optimal under an application dependent criterion, is chosen and communicated to the coordination level. Off-line feedback information from the lower levels is considered asa-priori known and is used to update all organization level information. An example demonstrates the applicability of the proposed algorithm to intelligent robotic systems.
Asymmetric information, strategic behavior, and discrimination in the labor market

The neoclassical model of labor market discrimination assumes the presence of either prejudiced preferences, biased assessments of worker productivity, or monopsony power. We show that when market agents control asymmetric information, strategic behavior can induce discriminatory hiring practices even when these market features are absent. Moreover, strategic interaction many distort public policies to the point of harming the segments of the work force they were designed to support.
Proposed Standard-Weight (Ws) Equations for Kokanee, Golden Trout and Bull Trout

ABSTRACT We developed standard-weight (Ws) equations for kokanee (lacustrine Oncorhynchus nerka), golden trout (O. aguabonita), and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) using the regression-line-percentile technique. The Ws equation for kokanee of 120–550 mm TL is log10 Ws = −5.062 + 3.033 log10 TL, when Ws is in grams and TL is total length in millimeters; the English-unit equivalent is log10 Ws = −3.458 + 3.033 log10 TL, when Ws is in pounds and TL is total length in inches. The Ws equation for golden trout of 120–530 mm TL is log10 Ws = −5.088 + 3.041 log10TL, with the English-unit equivalent being log10Ws = −3.473 + 3.041 log10TL. The Ws equation for bull trout of 120–850 mm TL is log10Ws = −5.327 + 3.115 log10TL, with the English-unit equivalent being log10Ws = −3.608 + 3.115 log10TL.
NI-40MR IMAGING AND SPECTROSCOPY PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AND IDH-MUTATION STATUS IN DIFFUSE LOW-GRADE GLIOMA.

Infiltrating low-grade gliomas (LGGs) comprise a heterogeneous class of central nervous system tumors with variable outcome. Commonly, tumors of this type recur at a higher grade upon undergoing malignant transformation (MT). The goal of this study is to further evaluate the imaging characteristics associated with MT using state-of-the-art functional magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Our study comprised 125 patients who received informed consent before undergoing surgical resection of lesions recurring from a previously diagnosed LGG. In addition to standard anatomical imaging, each patient received functional physiologic and metabolic imaging that included diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), and long-echo metabolic spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Tissue sample targets were chosen based on regions of suspected tumor and obtained through image-guided surgery. Each target was analyzed for histopathological markers that included IDH-mutation, relative tumor content, necrosis, CA9 status (measure of hypoxia), MIB-1 status, cellular density, SMI-31 status and vascular status. Malignant transformation was shown to have occurred in 56% of patients (44% Grade III and 12% Grade IV), while 44% of patients remained at Grade II. Significant differences were observed for lesion-level measures of choline to N-acetylasparate index (CNI), normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC), and normalized Cerebral Blood Volume (nCBV) and Peak Height (PH) for patients whose lesions had undergone malignant transformation. Interestingly, measures of the ADC predicted the presence of IDH-mutations within Grade II lesions. These results are being consolidated into a multi-parametric algorithm for predicting malignant transformation, which could be of clinical interest in managing patients with recurrent LGG. Further analysis is ongoing for in vivo parameters at the region of tissue excision and correlation with histopathology.
A time-frequency approach to the adjustable bandwidth concept

Abstract The aim of the adjustable bandwidth concept (ABC) is to enhance nonstationary signals in noise by bringing out the main features so that they be effectively used in detection and classification algorithms. We show that the method transforms a time-frequency distribution by means of individual time-frequency transformations into a set of final time-frequency distributions. Each step of the procedure can be understood and formulated in terms of the kernel method. Explicit expressions are derived and examples are given. The formulation suggests further enhancements of the method.
Calcium permeable AMPA receptors and autoreceptors in external tufted cells of rat olfactory bulb.

Abstract Glomeruli are functional units of the olfactory bulb responsible for early processing of odor information encoded by single olfactory receptor genes. Glomerular neural circuitry includes numerous external tufted (ET) cells whose rhythmic burst firing may mediate synchronization of bulbar activity with the inhalation cycle. Bursting is entrained by glutamatergic input from olfactory nerve terminals, so specific properties of ionotropic glutamate receptors on ET cells are likely to be important determinants of olfactory processing. Particularly intriguing is recent evidence that AMPA receptors of juxta-glomerular neurons may permeate calcium. This could provide a novel pathway for regulating ET cell signaling. We tested the hypothesis that ET cells express functional calcium-permeable AMPA receptors. In rat olfactory bulb slices, excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in ET cells were evoked by olfactory nerve shock, and by uncaging glutamate. We found attenuation of AMPA/kainate EPSCs by 1-naphthyl acetyl-spermine (NAS), an open-channel blocker specific for calcium permeable AMPA receptors. Cyclothiazide strongly potentiated EPSCs, indicating a major contribution from AMPA receptors. The current–voltage (I–V) relation of uncaging EPSCs showed weak inward rectification which was lost after >∼10 min of whole-cell dialysis, and was absent in NAS. In kainate-stimulated slices, Co 2+ ions permeated cells of the glomerular layer. Large AMPA EPSCs were accompanied by fluorescence signals in fluo-4 loaded cells, suggesting calcium permeation. Depolarizing pulses evoked slow tail currents with pharmacology consistent with involvement of calcium permeable AMPA autoreceptors. Tail currents were abolished by Cd 2+ and (±)-4-(4-aminophenyl)-2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX), and were sensitive to NAS block. Glutamate autoreceptors were confirmed by uncaging intracellular calcium to evoke a large inward current. Our results provide evidence that calcium permeable AMPA receptors reside on ET cells, and are divided into at least two functionally distinct pools: postsynaptic receptors at olfactory nerve synaptic terminals, and autoreceptors sensitive to glutamate released from dendrodendritic synapses.
Defect Chaos of Oscillating Hexagons in Rotating Convection

Using coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations, the dynamics of hexagonal patterns with broken chiral symmetry are investigated, as they appear in rotating non-Boussinesq or surface-tension-driven convection. We find that close to the secondary Hopf bifurcation to oscillating hexagons the dynamics are well described by a single complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) coupled to the phases of the hexagonal pattern. At the band center these equations reduce to the usual CGLE and the system exhibits defect chaos. Away from the band center a transition to a frozen vortex state is found.
INCORRECT PROCEDURES USED BY PRIMARY GRADE PUPILS IN SOLVING OPEN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION SENTENCES

Most elementary school arithmetic curricula introduce children to the language of number sentences and to the solution of open sentences early in their study of mathematics. Number sentences represent a major component of the language of mathematics, and some command of addition and subtraction sentences serves a useful purpose even at the first-grade level. True comprehension of these sentences, such as is shown in the ability to solve open sentences, is essential to an understanding of the basic operations of addition and subtraction. Consider, for example, addition sentences having a missing addend. Learning to work with such sentences can be an important means of helping pupils attain an understanding of subtraction and of making them aware of the inverse relationship between the two operations. Various types of open sentences are useful also for modelling and solving many story problems. In addition, it may be said that pupils do not have a true understanding of the equals sign and of equations until they have shown some mastery of open sentences. In view of the importance of this general topic and of the difficulties that many pupils have in solving open sentences, it would appear to be essential that teachers have as much information as possible concerning pupils' difficulties and the factors that might help to explain them.