cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 13C‐ and 14C‐labeled 3‐(dichloroacetyl)‐5‐(2‐furanyl)‐2,2‐dimethyloxazolidine

Synthesis of 3-(dichloroacetyl)-5-(2-furanyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine ( common name : furilazole) labeled with carbon-14 and carbon-13 are described. Two routes for the synthesis of labeled trimethylsilyl cyanide, a precursor to furilazole, are described. One method can be canied out on milligram scale and is suitable for a high specific activity preparation while the second method is suitable for preparation on gram scalc. Carhon-14 labeled furilazole was obtain from isotopically labeled potassium cyanide in 5 steps with an overall yield of 28-34%.
Diagonalization of the transfer matrix of a nonintersecting string model

Abstract In this paper we obtain the eigenvectors of the transfer matrix of a nonintersecting string model using the Bethe Ansatz. The result is in agreement with Baxter's conjecture of weak equivalence of the present model with the six-vertex model.
Analysis of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives by micellar electokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC)

Abstract Recently two new explosives, TNAZ, 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine, and CL-20, hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, have attracted interest as possible replacements for or inclusion in various military propellants and explosives. Analysis of these two compounds as well as 12 other nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives could be accomplished by capillary electrophoresis using the technique of MECC, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Analysis times of less than 10 minutes could be done using this method. Increased sensitivity for some explosives could be accomplished, as well, by using UV detection at 185nm rather than 254nm which is typically used.
Racemization rates of asparagine-aspartic acid residues in lysozyme at 100°C as a function of pH

Abstract The racemization of asparagine (ASN) and aspartic acid (ASP) in lysozyme at 100°C between pH 4 and 8 has been investigated by comparing the overall ASX (ASP + ASN) racemization rate in lysozyme with that in polyaspartic acid. Between pH 4 and 6, the racemization rate of ASN is roughly similar to that of ASP, while at pH 8 the ASN racemization rate is much faster. The racemization of ASX residues may be a contributor to the thermoinactivation of lysozyme.
Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Suppressors of Invertebrate Antiviral RNA Silencing

The natural maintenance cycles of many mosquito-borne viruses require establishment of persistent non-lethal infections in the invertebrate host. While the mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood, antiviral responses directed by small RNAs are important in modulating the pathogenesis of viral infections in disease vector mosquitoes. In yet another example of an evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen, some plant and insect viruses have evolved to encode suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). Whether or not mosquito-borne viral pathogens encode VSRs has been the subject of debate. While at first there would seem to be little evolutionary benefit to mosquito-borne viruses encoding proteins or sequences that strongly interfere with RNA silencing, we present here a model explaining how the expression of VSRs by these viruses in the vector might be compatible with the establishment of persistence. We also discuss the challenges associated with interrogating these viruses for the presence of suppressor proteins or sequences, as well as the candidates that have been identified in the genomes of mosquito-borne pathogens thus far.
Is occupational organic solvent exposure a risk factor for scleroderma

Objective The primary objective was to determine whether occupational exposure to organic solvents is related to an increased risk of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Methods Occupational histories were obtained from 178 SSc patients and 200 controls. Exposure scores were computed for each individual using job exposure matrices, which were validated by an industrial expert. Results Among men, those with SSc were more likely than controls to have a high cumulative intensity score (odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.1-7.6) and a high maximum intensity score (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.1) for any solvent exposure. They were also more likely than controls to have a high maximum intensity score for trichloroethylene exposure (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.0-10.3). Among men and women, significant solvent-disease associations were observed among SSc patients who tested positive for the anti-Scl-70 autoantibody; these trends were not observed among the men and women who tested negative for anti-Scl-70. Conclusion These results provide evidence that occupational solvent exposure may be associated with an increased risk of SSc.
Measurement of immunoreactive angiotensin peptides in rat tissues: some pitfalls in angiotensin II analysis.

Abstract Angiotensin II, the major effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, is an endocrine and paracrine regulator of tissue function. To determine its physiological role, it is important to quantify angiotensin II and related fragment peptides in tissues and plasma as a first step toward understanding angiotensin II metabolism within tissues. A fully characterized, sensitive, and reproducible immunochemical assay has been developed for quantitating angiotensin II immunoreactivity in tissues and plasma. We identified two methodological events of critical importance, incompletely addressed in previously reported studies. First, the nonspecific interference resulting from Sep-Pak processing was found to be due to hydrophobic impurities in the octadecasilane absorbant which were eliminated by washing the Sep-Pak with tetrahydrofuran and hexane before use. Second, a significant discrepancy was observed in the recoveries of angiotensin II and 125 I-angiotensin II added to tissue extracts following high-pressure liquid chromatography. Angiotensin II immunoreactivity extracted from decapitated rat adrenal gland, brain, and kidney (target organs for angiotensin II), ovary and uterus (potential target organs for angiotensin II), and plasma has been characterized. The predominant component of the angiotensin II immunoreactivity was the biologically active octapeptide angiotensin II. However, in the brain, the ratio of angiotensin II to C-terminal angiotensin II immunoreactive fragments was lower than observed in other tissues studied. Other angiotensin II C-terminal immunoreactive peptide fragments-the biologically active heptapeptide and the biologically inactive angiotensin(3–8) and angiotensin(4–8)—were also detected in variable quantities in the various tissues.
Martial Law and the Writ of Habeas Corpus in Hawaii

On the same day that the Japanese made their attack upon Pearl Harbor, the governor of the Territory of Hawaii, Mr. Poindexter, issued a proclamation declaring martial law.2 At the same time, Lieutenant-General Short proclaimed that, at the request of the governor, he was assuming the position of military governor of the Territory. As military governor, General Short and his successors 8 have governed Hawaii by decrees issued in the form of general orders. From Pearl Harbor to March 10, 1943, one hundred and eighty-one general orders were issued from the office of military governor which completely regulated civilian life.4 To enforce compliance with these orders military commis-
State Performance-Based Budgeting in Boom and Bust Years: An Analytical Framework and Survey of the States

The authors examine the track record of applying performance-based budgeting (PBB) across three time periods within a sample of U.S. state governments: (1) throughout the 1990s, (2) in the early 2000s, and (3) during the Great Recession. State-level PBB is analyzed according to four elements: (1) the development of performance measures, (2) its applicability to budgeting and management processes, (3) its utility across the business cycle, and (4) its usefulness for budget players. An analytical framework is devised that highlights the “publicness” of American government, draws on the principal–agent model, and considers incentive mechanisms theory. Findings confirm that a good performance measurement system takes time to develop and operate well and that PBB functions more effectively for executive management than legislative purposes. PBB is used more by the states during strong economic times as opposed to during economic downturns. More importantly, PBB is only selectively applied by legislators in most states, whereas top executive policy makers, middle managers, and staff embrace and utilize PBB systems more extensively.
Emergency department visits for asthma: the role of frequent symptoms and delay in care

Background Use of the emergency department (ED) for asthma care is a costly form of health care that is largely preventable. However, little is known about how to reduce the number of people using the ED for asthma care. Objective To identify modifiable factors related to ED visits for asthma among a diverse nonelderly adult population. Methods This study used cross-sectional data from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey. A total of 4,359 adult respondents ages 18 to 64 years who reported being diagnosed as having asthma and experiencing symptoms in the past year were included. Any ED visits due to asthma in the previous 12 months among all nonelderly respondents with asthma, with stratification by those with daily or weekly symptoms and with less frequent symptoms, were examined. Results Adults with daily or weekly asthma symptoms, with fair or poor health status, and who delayed care for asthma because of cost or insurance issues were more likely to visit the ED for asthma. Stratification of the study population into those with daily or weekly symptoms and those with less frequent symptoms revealed that delay in care due to cost or insurance issues and fair or poor health status remained significant for both groups. Latinos and women were more likely to visit the ED in the severe asthma group, whereas Asian, African American, and uninsured adults were more likely to visit the ED in the group with less severe asthma. Conclusions Results suggest that to prevent ED visits for asthma, it is important to control asthma symptoms. However, it is equally if not more important to reduce delays in receiving asthma care.
A comparison of apoptosis and necrosis induced by hepatotoxins in HepG2 cells.

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), an N-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is cytotoxic and carcinogenic in rodent liver. While DBC leads to necrotic lesions in the liver, the induction of apoptosis by DBC has not been investigated. The focus of this study was to determine the degree to which apoptosis and necrosis contributed to DBC cytotoxicity in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). To determine if these effects were unique to DBC, the results were compared to another hepatotoxin, aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)). DBC produced a distinct biphasic LDH release curve within 24 h of exposure. During the same time period lower concentrations of DBC (<10 microM) induced the formation of DBC-DNA adducts and increased p53 protein levels followed by apoptotic cell death. However, increasing the concentration of DBC to 80 microM led to lower DNA adduct and p53 protein levels. At this concentration, intracellular ATP levels were rapidly depleted followed by cell swelling and loss of membrane integrity consistent with necrotic cell death. In contrast to DBC, a biphasic LDH release curve was not observed for AFB(1). Instead, AFB(1) induced a concentration-dependent increase in apoptosis that reached two- to threefold higher levels than DBC. These results suggest that differences exist in the extent and type of cell death induced by DBC and AFB(1) at equimolar concentrations. Apoptosis and necrosis result from low and high concentrations of DBC, respectively, and may be dependent upon intracellular ATP levels.
Movement and containment of microbial contamination in the nutrient mist bioreactor

In vitro plant cultures tend to get contaminated easily with bacteria and fungi because they are grown for long times in sugar-rich media. Contamination of bioreactors is particularly problematic as larger volumes entail larger losses. To study the movement and develop subsequent control of contaminants in the mist bioreactor, the spore-forming microbes Penicillium chrysogenum and Bacillus subtilis were deliberately inoculated into three possible locations in the reactor: the growth chamber (GC), the medium reservoir (R), or the mist-generating chamber (MG). Compared to inoculation into either R or MG regions, the growth of P. chrysogenum inoculated into the GC required 3 more days (c. 60% more time) to move throughout the rest of the reactor. In contrast, regardless of where B. subtilis was inoculated (GC, R, or MG), it took 7d to contaminate the entire system. The movement of filamentous fungi and bacteria seems to follow the same route of contamination throughout this reactor. Once visibly present in the reactor, neither contaminant was controllable by addition of the biocide, Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM). Both microbes were completely inhibited if PPM was added to the MG at the time of inoculation and then again 2-d post-inoculation of plants. Reactors were fun for 3 wk. Plants remained free of contamination. These results will prove useful in the implementation of large-scale in vitro culture systems.
Genetic Code: Aspects of Organization

The pattern of organization of the genetic code decreases to a minimum the phenotypic effects of mutation and of base-pairing errors in protein synthesis. Single base changes, especially transitions, usually cause either no amino acid change or the change to a chemically similar amino acid. The degree of degeneracy of the codons for an amino acid is correlated with their guanine-cytosine content. The code gives greater protection (by both degeneracy and guaninecytosine content of codons) to those amino acids that appear more frequently in proteins. Increased reliability of the protein-synthesis system afforded by this pattern of organization nay have determined the fitness of the present code.
Magnesium Doping of GaN by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition

P-type GaN films were grown on sapphire substrates in a horizontal metalorganic chemical vapor deposition system using (C5H5)2Mg (Cp2Mg) as the p-dopant source. It is found that the acceptor concentration in the post-growth annealed GaN samples increases with the Mg flow rate and reaches a peak value of 1×1019 cm−3 at Mg flow rate of 0.84 ĉmol/min. The films remain semi-insulating even after annealing when the Mg flow rate is higher than 1.08 ĉmol/min. The effects of annealing temperature and duration on the electrical properties of GaN are also investigated. The results confirm that a 800 °C, 30 minutes post-growth annealing in N2 ambient is sufficient to activate most of the Mg atoms. In addition, study of rapid thermal annealing of Mg-doped GaN was carried out and the results show that the p-type acceptor concentration obtained is comparable to the results obtained using furnace annealing process. Finally, GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) are demonstrated using undoped layer as the n-type base layer in a p-on-n structure. The light emission spectra are dominated by the 430 nm peak, accompanied with two relatively weak peaks located at 380nm and 550nm.
Use of an expanding directory interface for WWW legal resources

The Internet contains many legal resources which supplement more established online sources, but effective resource discovery tools are critical for end users [10]. The Directory of Internet-Accessible Legal Resources (DIALeR), http://legalsearch.ils.unc.edu/, was developed to aid in rapid discovery and navigation between high-quality legal sites. The resources in the DIALeR (MS SQL) database were selected by law librarians with an eye towards finding reputable WWW sites that are building significant repositories of public domain documents. The back-end DIALeR interface enables these librarians to easily build, modify, and customize a tree structure of legal topics. The current interface includes portions of the tree that closely follow long-established print indices of the law. For the user, the DIALeR design facilitates the location of document archives, databases, and other topically focused WWW sites via nagivation through a client interface to the underlying database of resources. Constructed from custom COM component software and Active Server Page (ASP) scripts, the DIALeR client interface mimics the wellknown Explorer tool for navigating the file system in MS Windows. Menu items showing a plus-sign (+) can be expanded into sub-items; those with a minus-sign (-) can be contracted; and final items (annotated hyperlinks leading to relevant WWW sites) appear in a separate right-hand frame. While DIALeR's human selection and indexing of resources aids first-order resource discovery, finer-grain searching is achieved through local search tools available at individual sites, e.g., full-text search engines are commonly found at text-rich legal sites.
Effects of water-soluble adrenocortical steroids on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis of the guinea pig.

Abstract Hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone, both as the water-soluble hemisuccinate, have no effect on the permeability of the minute blood vessels produced by histamine, histamine release by Compound 4880, and do not inhibit the passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in the guinea pig when administered at the time of passive sensitization and again three hours later at the time of intravenous challenge.
Piecewise deterministic Markov processes

In this paper we construct and study a class of Markov processes whose sample paths are piecewise deterministic and whose random jumps can have limiting points in finite time intervals. A characterization of the infinitesimal generators of such processes will be given
Photon Antibunching and Possible Ways to Observe It

I discuss the photon antibunching effect and point out that there exist many states which exhibit the effect and demonstrate a simple procedure for generating them mathematically. I also suggest here a possible approach to the experimental observation of the effect.
The Plumber’s Nightmare Phase in Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends. A Self-Consistent Field Theory Study.

Using self-consistent field theory, the Plumber’s Nightmare and the double diamond phases are predicted to be stable in a finite region of phase diagrams for blends of AB diblock copolymer (DBC) an...
“[No] Doctor but My Master”: Health Reform and Antislavery Rhetoric in Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

This essay examines Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) in light of new archival findings on the medical practices of Dr. James Norcom (Dr. Flint in the narrative). While critics have sharply defined the feminist politics of Jacobs’s sexual victimization and resistance, they have overlooked her medical experience in slavery and her participation in reform after escape. I argue that Jacobs uses the rhetoric of a woman-led health reform movement underway during the 1850s to persuade her readers to end slavery. This essay reconstructs both contexts, revealing that Jacobs links enslaved women’s physical and sexual vulnerability with her female readers’ fears of male doctors’ threats to modesty and of their standard bleed-and-purge treatments. Jacobs illustrates that slavery damages women’s health as much as heroic medicine, and thus merits the political activism of her readers. Specifically, Jacobs dramatizes her conflicts with the rapacious physician-master at moments that are crucial to women’s health: marriage, pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood. Ultimately, this essay advances a new understanding of the role of health reform in social change: it galvanized other movements such as women’s rights and abolition, particularly around issues of bodily autonomy for women and African Americans.
Absolute differential and integral electron excitation cross sections for atomic oxygen: 9. Improved cross section for the ³P → ¹D transition from 4.0 to 30 eV

The O I (³P → ¹D) transition cross section has been remeasured for a new set of incident energies. In addition, a new O2 (a ¹Δg ← X ³Σg−) reference cross section set has been used to normalize the relative measurements. The previous results of Doering and Gulcicek (1989) have been revised to reflect the improved reference cross section set. The new results combined with the revised Doering and Gulcicek (1989) values show that theory and experiment are in excellent agreement at incident energies greater than 9 eV. However, at lower incident energies, the experimental cross section rises to a sharp peak near 6 eV. The peak in the experimental cross section is 5.4 × 10−17 cm² (±35%) at 6 eV, approximately a factor of 2 larger than the theoretical cross section. The shape of this cross section vs. incident energy has many implications for aeronomy.
Preliminary structure analysis of canavalin from jack bean.

Abstract The plant seed protein canavalin has been crystallized alter trypsinization by using vapor diffusion to effect isoelectric precipitation. The space groups and cell dimensions are R3 with a = 81.3 A , γ = 111 ° and having extremely high R32 pseudo symmetry, P63 with a = 126 A and c = 51 A , C222 1 , with a = 136 A , b = 152 A , and c = 131 A . X-ray data combined with electron microscopy suggests the molecule to be composed of six identical subunits. each of 18,500 daltons, arranged in a staggered hexameric ring and related by perfect or near perfect 3 2 point group symmetry. The outside diameter of the molecule is approximately 65 A and there appears to be a large solvent channel coincident with the molecular triad.
Application of Photocatalytic Hollow Glass Microbeads in the Cleanup of Oil Spills

ABSTRACT Crude oil films on water are dissolved by photocatalytic oxidation. The photocatalyst, titanium dioxide, when excited by near-ultraviolet light, accelerates the oxidation of both the alipathic and the aromatic components of crude oil. The photocatalyst is maintained at the air-oil interface through attachment to sandlike ceramic microbeads that are hollow and buoyant. Experiments in the laboratory show that the near-ultraviolet solar irradiance is not rate limiting in the 25 to 50 W/m2 range. Thus the rate of cleanup is not expected to vary with season or latitude except in the Arctic winter. The projected cleanup times range from one week to several months. Times are shorter when larger amounts of beads are applied per barrel of oil and when the beads are smaller, more buoyant, or less aggregated by the oil. The rate of cleanup was found to be limited by oxygen mass transport and was accelerated by waves. Photocatalytic oxidation of crude oil, like natural noncatalytic oxidation, results in elim...
Erratum: “Silicon oxidation and Si–SiO2 interface of thin oxides” [J. Mater. Res. 2, 216(1987)]

After this article was published in the March/April issue of Journal of Materials Research, two errors were brought to our attention by its authors. First, the present affiliation footnote should be attributed to N. M. Ravindra. Second, the next to the last sentence of the abstract contains an incorrect unit of measure. The phrase “...silicon atoms of 1 mm size...” should be “...silicon atoms of 1 nm size... .” The corrected sentence should read: “Attempts aimed at correlating the high-resolution transmission electron micrographs with some physical parameters like the refractive index and the dielectric breakdown lead to considerations of the importance of the effect of protrusions of silicon atoms of 1 nm size into SiO2 layers on the interface properties.”
Data Compression For A Radiology Image Display System with Visual Directory

The miniature image display is used as a visual directory of images in an examination to facilitate image selection on a display console. However, the miniature images, generated from the patient image database, are redundant information for a picture archiving system. In a compressed picture archiving system, this is neither economic nor efficient without further design of both the display and the compression subsystems. This paper reports some possible image compression algorithms, with proper image decomposition methods, which can be used efficiently for the miniature image predisplay and the full resolution diagnostic image display by sharing the same compressed image database.
A mediational model of racial discrimination and alcohol-related problems among african american college students.

Objective:Racial discrimination has been identified as an important predictor of alcohol-related outcomes for African Americans. The goal of the current study was to extend previously found links between lifetime discrimination, alcohol use, and alcohol problems as well as to elucidate the affective mechanisms underlying these associations, as moderated by gender.Method:A multiple-groups structural equation model was computed using survey data collected from 619 students from a historically Black college/university.Results:The final model provided excellent fit to the data, explaining 6% of the variance in alcohol consumption and 37% of the variance in alcohol problems. Discrimination was a significant predictor of alcohol-related problems but not, by and large, level of use. For men, anger—but not discrimination-specific anger—was a significant partial mediator of the link between discrimination and both alcohol use and alcohol problems. Depression partially mediated the link between discrimination and a...
Satellite-derived synoptic climatology in data-sparse regions

Synoptic-scale 'moisture bursts' are defined, based on infrared GOES imagery, and their synoptic climatology is developed. Quantitative analysis of satellite-derived individual channel radiance data and vertical eigenfunctions of complete channel data yield rich structural detail; these details do not appear in FGGE analyses in regions void of conventional meteorological data.
Thermal effects on the mechanical properties of SiC fibre reinforced reaction-bonded silicon nitride matrix composites

The elevated temperature four-point flexural strength and the room temperature tensile and flexural strength properties after thermal shock were measured for ceramic composites consisting of 30 vol pct uniaxially aligned 142 micron diameter SiC fibers in a reaction bonded Si3N4 matrix. The elevated temperature strengths were measured after 15 min of exposure in air at temperatures to 1400 C. Thermal shock treatment was accomplished by heating the composite in air for 15 min at temperatures to 1200 C and then quenching in water at 25 C. The results indicate no significant loss in strength properties either at temperature or after thermal shock when compared with the strength data for composites in the as-fabricated condition.
Eastern Mountain and Desert Region: ABSTRACT

That part of California east of the San Andreas rift and east of the western edge of the Sierra Nevada has been consistently ignored as a possible future oil province. Nevertheless, the subdivision of the region north of the Garlock fault and east of the Sierra Nevada is worthy of some attention by petroleum geologists. About 40,000 feet of sediments in the region range in age from pre-Cambrian to Quaternary, with most periods represented. Structural deformation is generally complex, but regional metamorphism is lacking. An oil seep is known from Paoha Island in Mono Lake. In general, geologic conditions are similar to those in northeastern Nevada where there is currently an active exploratory program. The principal factors which would assist exploration in this region are the concepts of discovery-thinking prevalent among geologists in the Mid-Continent and in the Rocky Mountains. Carbonate rocks may be source beds and also reservoirs; the general regional geology concerns features of basins superimposed upon geosynclines; lateral continuity is prevalent; saturated zones may be thin; structural deformation largely concerns competent strata. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2385------------
The Life and Career of Justice Robert H. Jackson

Introduction Robert H. Jackson was one of the most influential Justices of the Supreme Court in the twentieth century. His tenure on the Court ran from 1941 to his death in 1954, and during that time he participated in landmark cases involving the programs implemented by Roosevelt's New Deal to rescue the country from Depression, having previously served the administration in other roles. He authored a memorable dissent in United States v. Korematsu, the notorious Japanese internment case.1 He is also remembered for the role he served as the chief American prosecutor before the International Military Tribunal that tried Nazi leaders after World War II. In some ways, Jackson's fierce independence and the lessons he learned growing up in a small town were the ideal training for the demands and competitiveness of the nation's highest Court. That Jackson's words and beliefs still have relevance in the twenty-first century is evidenced by the fact that both recent Supreme Court appointees quoted him during the confirmation hearings.2 In this essay, I will examine how Jackson's life experiences influenced his legal career and informed his jurisprudence, and to what extent Jackson lived up to his own vision of the role of a Supreme Court Justice.
Spatial and temporal performance of 3D optical surface imaging for real-time head position tracking.

Purpose: The spatial and temporal tracking performance of a commercially available 3D optical surface imaging system is evaluated for its potential use in frameless stereotactic radiosurgery head tracking applications. Methods: Both 3D surface and infrared (IR) marker tracking were performed simultaneously on a head phantom mounted on anxyz motion stage and on four human subjects. To allow spatial and temporal comparison on human subjects, three points were simultaneously monitored, including the upper facial region (3D surface), a dental plate (IR markers), and upper forehead (IR markers). Results: For both static and dynamic phantom studies, the 3D surface tracker was found to have a root mean squared error (RMSE) of approximately 0.30 mm for region-of-interest (ROI) surface sizes greater than 1000 vertex points. Although, the processing period (1/fps) of the 3D surface system was found to linearly increase as a function of the number of ROI vertex points, the tracking accuracy was found to be independent of ROI size provided that the ROI was sufficiently large and contained features for registration. For human subjects, the RMSE between 3D surface tracking and IR marker tracking modalities was 0.22 mm left-right (x-axis), 0.44 mm superior-inferior (y-axis), 0.27 mm anterior-posterior (z-axis), 0.29° pitch (around x-axis), 0.18° roll (around y-axis), and 0.15° yaw (around z-axis). Conclusions: 3D surface imaging has the potential to provide submillimeter level head motion tracking. This is provided that a highly accurate camera-to-LINAC frame of reference calibration can be performed and that the reference ROI is of sufficient size and contains suitable surface features for registration.
High-resolution measurement of Fe Kα x rays produced by MeV/amu iodine ions

Using a high-resolution Bragg spectrometer equipped with a LiF crystal, the authors have measured the $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays of Fe produced by incident $^{127}\mathrm{I}$ projectiles of energy 100 and 167 MeV. Distinct satellite structure corresponding to $K$ x-ray emission in the presence of multiple $L$ vacancies was resolved. The observed spectra consisted of six major components, from which it is concluded that initial ${L}_{1}$ vacancies transfer before x-ray emission via fast $2s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p$ Coster-Kronig transitions. The authors have determined the energy, width, and intensity of the individual satellite peaks, and find that the number of $M$ vacancies increases with $L$ vacancies and that the degree of $M$-shell ionization is greater at the lower beam energy. Relative ionization intensities were determined by taking into account the effects of $L$-shell rearrangement prior to $K$-x-ray emission. It is found that these intensities are reasonably well represented by a binomial distribution giving ionization probabilities ${p}_{L}$ of 0.41 and 0.44 at 100 and 167 MeV, respectively.
On the importance of surface dislocation sources in Harper-Dorn creep

Etude theorique du fluage de Harper-Dorn en se basant sur les observations de Raman et Raj qui suggerent que l'importance des sources de dislocation a la surface ne peut pas etre surveillee quand le fluage par dislocation et diffusion contribue de facon insignifiante au fluage total
Antenna array beam pattern synthesis via goal programming

It is interesting to note that the field of operations research and that of radar both began in World War II and, initially, the success of one was greatly influenced by that of the other. It is a matter of historical record [6] that one of the very first problems investigated by the early operational research groups was that of the siting and implementation of radar in both air battles and U-boat detection. Since World War II, the tools of the OR analyst have been refined and increased while, at the same time, the modern radar system has become vastly larger and more complex. In this paper we address one particular problem associated with the radar system: the synthesis of the beam patterns produced by largescale antenna arrays. The solution of this important problem is achieved by means of the implementation of a relatively new tool of optimization (speci-
Toxicology of Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 2. Disposition Studies with 14C-Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether and 14C-Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Acetate After Dermal Application to Rats:

Human dermal exposure to diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE) and its acetate derivative (DGBA) may occur through contact with a variety of commercial products. Absorption and elimination of dermally applied doses of 14C-DGBE and 14C-DGBA were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats. The materials were applied under occlusion for 24 hr at dose levels of 0.2 and 2.0 g/kg (undiluted) and as a 10% aqueous solution (0.2 g/kg DGBE). Preliminary washing efficiency studies with soap and water indicated that greater than 89% of each chemical could be removed from rat skin following 5-min exposures. Female rats excreted a larger proportion of the applied dose of DGBE than did male rats. Similar results were obtained with the low dose of DGBE applied neat or as a 10% aqueous solution, suggesting that the low dose represents a saturating dose. The total recovered 14C for all studies with 14C-DGBE ranged from 83% to 89%, with 14C-DGBA, from 80% to 88%. Urinary excretion accounted for the majority of recovered 14C in all st...
The impact of resistance training on distance running performance

Traditionally, distance running performance was thought to be determined by several characteristics, including maximum oxygen consumption (VO(2max)), lactate threshold (LT), and running economy. Improvements in these areas are primarily achieved through endurance training. Recently, however, it has been shown that anaerobic factors may also play an important role in distance running performance. As a result, some researchers have theorised that resistance training may benefit distance runners. Because resistance training is unlikely to elicit an aerobic stimulus of greater than 50% of VO(2max), it is unlikely that resistance training would improve VO(2max) in trained distance runners. However, it appears that VO(2max) is not compromised when resistance training is added to an endurance programme. Similarly, LT is likely not improved as a result of resistance training in trained endurance runners; however, improvements in LT have been observed in untrained individuals as a result of resistance training. Trained distance runners have shown improvements of up to 8% in running economy following a period of resistance training. Even a small improvement in running economy could have a large impact on distance running performance, particularly in longer events, such as marathons or ultra-marathons. The improvement in running economy has been theorised to be a result of improvements in neuromuscular characteristics, including motor unit recruitment and reduced ground contact time. Although largely theoretical at this point, if resistance training is to improve distance running performance, it will likely have the largest impact on anaerobic capacity and/or neuromuscular characteristics. The primary purpose of this review is to consider the impact of resistance training on the factors that are known to impact distance running performance. A second purpose is to consider different modes of resistance exercise to determine if an optimal protocol exists.
On the experimental determination of yield surfaces and some results of annealed 304 stainless steel

Abstract Factors affecting the experimental determination of yield surfaces are discussed. They include the elastic moduli and the zero offset strain, the strain domain used to determine the yield stress, the probing path, and the strain rate of probing. To obtain yield surfaces consistently, it is necessary to account for these factors. The initial and subsequent yield surfaces of annealed AISI type 304 stainless steel have been experimentally determined in the axial-torsional stress space. Three loading paths have been studied. They are a pure axial path, a pure torsional path, and a proportional axial-torsional path. Each path includes loading, unloading, reloading, and the cyclically steady state.
2 THE IN VIVO DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OF PORCINE SKIN-DERIVED PROGENITORS

Skin-derived progenitors (SKP) are capable of generating both neural and mesodermal progeny in vitro: neurons, Schwann cells, adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes, thus exhibiting characteristics similar to embryonic neural crest stem cells. SKP show distinct transcriptional profiles when compared with neurospheres/neural stem cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and skin-derived fibroblasts, indicating a novel type of multipotent stem cell derived from the dermis of the skin. However, it remains unclear whether SKP cells can produce ectoderm and mesoderm lineages or other germ layers in vivo, although oocyte-like structures can be induced from porcine SKP in vitro. Embryonic chimeras are a well-established tool for investigating cell lineage determination and cell potency through normal embryonic development. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo developmental potential of porcine SKP by chimera production. Porcine SKP cells and fibroblasts were isolated from the back skin of Day 35 to 50 GFP transgenic fetuses. Individual cells or clusters of male GFP transgenic SKP and skin-derived GFP-expressing fibroblasts were injected into pre-compact in vitro-fertilized (IVF) embryos, respectively and then transferred into corresponding surrogates 24 h post-injection. Additional injected embryos were cultured in PZM3 medium for another 2 days until the blastocyst stage and subsequently stained with Hoechst 33342. Interestingly, in some of the chimeras the injected SKP cells migrated and dispersed into different locations of the host blastocysts, whereas in others they remained as a cluster of cells within the chimeric blastocysts. In contrast, the fibroblast cells were not observed to spread around the host blastocysts. Two chimeric fetuses were recovered at the middle of gestation and a litter of viable piglets was born. Genomic DNA was extracted from various tissues of chimeric piglets and subjected to PCR amplification. Two chimeric fetuses and 2 out of 6 piglets carried the GFP transgene in SKP-derived chimeras, but GFP was not present in the fibroblast-derived chimeric fetuses (n = 6). Surprisingly, the GFP transgene was present in various tissues of two SKP-derived chimeric piglets, including lung, heart, liver, artery, kidney, brain, skin, muscle, gut, ovary, pancreas and stomach, thus representing the 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). In addition, SRY was detected in several tissues of the two GFP-positive female chimeric piglets, confirming the chimerism of these piglets. Therefore, it appears that porcine SKP can contribute to various cell types of the 3 germ layers and have a broader developmental potency than previously expected. Alternatively, pre-compact (4-cell and 8-cell stage) embryos may provide a unique environment for reprogramming skin-derived progenitors into a more primitive state by the process of embryonic compaction. This study was funded by NIH National Center for Research Resources (R01RR013438) and Food for the 21st Century at the University of Missouri.
Preparation of liposomes entrapping a high specific activity of 111In3+-bound inulin.

Abstract Targeting liposomes to specific tissues or cells require the unequivocal determination of the uptake of liposomes at the cellular level. The present report describes the preparation of liposomes entrapping a high specific activity of 111 In 3+ -bound inulin, and the potential applications of a multiple labeling technique for characterizing the extent of uptake of liposomes by tissues or different cells in a given tissue in vivo. The labeling method involves the application of the technique of acetylacetone-mediated, ionophoric loading of 111 In 3+ into liposomes entrapping an inulin derivative to which a strong chelating agent, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), is bound. Subsequent ionophoric removal of the weakly bound 111 In 3+ by incubating the previously 111 In 3+ -loaded liposomes with 10 mM nitrilotriacetic acid and 100 μM tropolone at room temperature for 20 min results in the preparation of liposomes entrapping 111 In 3+ -DTPA-inulin. Our method of preparation yields net efficiencies of converting 63–78% of the externally added 111 In 3+ to liposome-entrapped 111 In 3+ -DTPA-inulin.
Adsorption breakthrough behavior: Unusual effects and possible causes

Adsorption of water vapor on silica gel, at influent humidities from 6 to 80% at 25 and 50°C, yielded breakthrough curves of unusual shapes. Breakthrough patterns varied from the expected sigmoidal shape at low humidity to a curve resembling the tangent function, but symmetric about the stoichiometric breakthrough time. Unusual shapes were found to be due to subtle combination of Type-IV isotherm behavior and heat effects. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the performance. The results show that complex breakthrough behavior need not be ascribed to complicated causes (such as diffusion in bidisperse pores), which require multiparameter fitting of experimental data. In fact, the effects may be predicted from properties measured in simple independent experiments, though some care is required to account for the effects accurately.
Fatty acid composition of lipids which copurify with band 3.

Abstract In a previous study ( L. R. Maneri and P. S. Low (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263 , 16170–16178 ) we determined that the anion transport protein, band 3, was significantly stabilized by lipids containing saturated and/or long chain fatty acids. To determine whether this thermodynamic preference is reflected in the composition of lipids tightly associating with the anion transporter in vivo , we have analyzed the fatty acid content of phospholipids co-isolating with the purified integral domain of band 3. Our data demonstrate that although stearic acid comprises only 14% of the bulk lipid fatty acids of the red cell membrane, it constitutes ∼68% of the fatty acids of lipids co-isolating with band 3. Certain other long chain fatty acids were also enriched in the adherent lipids. These results suggest that the fatty acids which most effectively stabilize band 3 also have the highest affinity for the transport protein.
Tuning exchange bias in epitaxial Ni/MgO/TiN heterostructures integrated on Si(1 0 0)

Abstract Epitaxial Ni thin films are integrated with tunneling barrier MgO on Si(1 0 0) substrate. During pulsed laser deposition, early island-like structure transformed into uniform thin film with increasing number of laser pulses. This led to transitions in exchange bias from positive to negative and back to positive, which is ascribed to morphology associated residual strain. The Ni island structure has a coercive field as high as 3 times of that of the continuous film. The current work holds a tremendous promise in the realization of magnetic devices integrated with the Si-platform.
Metal-insulator-metal point-contact diodes as a rectifier for rectenna

The rectenna (rectifying antenna), if extended to operate at visible light, will revolutionize the way sunlight is harvested for electricity. The focus of this work is to develop a suitable rectifier component of the rectenna for rectifying high-frequency radiation. In this work, a point-contact metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diode based on Nb-Nb 2 O 5 and Nb-TiO 2 was fabricated and successfully tested at low frequency. Fabrication of point-contact MIM diodes was greatly simplified by adopting a facile fabrication approach. The ultra-thin (less than 5 nm) insulator layer was deposited via anodic oxidation (of the metal layer), a non-vacuum technique. The second metal is in the form of a bent wire and hence results in a point-contact diode area. An optimization study was carried out to deposit a smooth insulator film with the desired chemical composition. Although researched for more than six decades, suitable MIM devices for high-frequency rectification (with all the desired rectifier behavior) have not yet been developed, mainly because of the many technical difficulties involved. One such difficulty is the lack of optimization of material properties of MIM structures. A systematic study to fill in this lack of knowledge that relates material properties to MIM device performance is reported here. Based on this systematic study, we find a strong correlation between the work function and electron affinity of the metal and insulator, respectively, on MIM device performance.
The phosphoprotein protein PEA-15 inhibits Fas- but increases TNF-R1-mediated caspase-8 activity and apoptosis.

We have characterized a phosphoprotein protein with a death effector domain that has a novel bifunctional role in programmed cell death. The 15-kDa phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA-15) inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis and increases tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNF-R1)-mediated apoptosis in the same cell type in a ligand-dependent manner. Phosphorylation appears to play a role in its differential effects, since point mutations at one or both phosphorylation consensus sites within PEA-15 destroy its effect on Fas-mediated, but not TNF-R1-mediated, apoptosis. Furthermore, the differential effect is evident at the level of caspase-8 activity which is inhibited via Fas activation, but increased via TNF-R1 activation upon PEA-15 expression. These results show that PEA-15 provides a potential mechanism during development for distinguishing between diverse extracellular death-inducing signals that culminate either in apoptosis or in survival.
MYC and the Control of Apoptosis

MYC expression is tightly correlated with cell-cycle progression in normal tissues, whereas unchecked MYC expression is among the most prominent hallmarks of the hyperproliferation associated with most forms of cancer. At first glance it might seem counterintuitive that MYC is also among the most robust agents of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in mammalian cells. However it is clearly beneficial for a multicellular organism to have a mechanism for triggering death in cells that express potentially oncogenic levels of MYC. Decades of intense study have begun to provide an understanding of the mechanisms that regulate MYC's seemingly split personality. Key features of MYC-induced apoptosis will be discussed here along with examples of how our understanding of this pathway might be exploited for the therapeutic benefit of cancer patients.