cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twin Boundaries and Stacking Faults in Monazite (Monoclinic LaPO4)

Monazite (LaPO4) was indented at room temperature. Deformation twin boundaries and stacking faults were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Kinked deformation twins were also characterized and analyzed. Three types of stacking faults associated with climb-dissociated partial dislocations were observed. Two were found on twin boundaries, and a third in the lattice. Formation mechanisms are discussed. The superimposition of stacking faults along twin boundaries during deformation twinning and the glide of climb-dissociated partial dislocations allowed by stacking fault migration are discussed. The possible relationship between the formation mechanisms for these defects and the low-temperature recrystallization and self-annealing of defects in monazite is considered.
The contribution of extrasynaptic signaling to cerebellar information processing.

The diversity of synapses within the simple modular structure of the cerebellum has been crucial for study of the phasic extrasynaptic signaling by fast neurotransmitters collectively referred to as “spillover.” Additionally, the accessibility of cerebellar components for in vivo recordings and their recruitment by simple behaviors or sensory stimuli has allowed for both direct and indirect demonstrations of the effects of transmitter spillover in the intact brain. The continued study of spillover in the cerebellum not only promotes our understanding of information transfer through cerebellar structures but also how extrasynaptic signaling may be regulated and interpreted throughout the CNS.
Structural changes in a binary mixed phospholipid bilayer of DOPG and DOPS upon saposin C interaction at acidic pH utilizing 31P and 2H solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Saposin C (Sap C) is known to stimulate the catalytic activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucosylceramidase (GCase) that facilitates the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide to ceramide and glucose. Both Sap C and acidic phospholipids are required for full activity of GCase. In order to better understand this interaction, mixed bilayer samples prepared from dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) and dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) (5:3 ratio) and Sap C were investigated using (2)H and (31)P solid-state NMR spectroscopy at temperatures ranging from 25 to 50 degrees C at pH 4.7. The Sap C concentrations used to carry out these experiments were 0 mol%, 1 mol% and 3 mol% with respect to the phospholipids. The molecular order parameters (S(CD)) were calculated from the dePaked (2)H solid-state NMR spectra of Distearoyl-d70-phosphatidylglycerol (DSPG-d70) incorporated with DOPG and DOPS binary mixed bilayers. The S(CD) profiles indicate that the addition of Sap C to the negatively charged phospholipids is concentration dependent. S(CD) profiles of 1 mol% of the Sap C protein show only a very slight decrease in the acyl chain order. However, the S(CD) profiles of the 3 mol% of Sap C protein indicate that the interaction is predominantly increasing the disorder in the first half of the acyl chain near the head group (C1-C8) indicating that the amino and the carboxyl termini of Sap C are not inserting deep into the DOPG and DOPS mixed bilayers. The (31)P solid-state NMR spectra show that the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) for both phospholipids decrease and the spectral broadening increases upon addition of Sap C to the mixed bilayers. The data indicate that Sap C interacts similarly with the head groups of both acidic phospholipids and that Sap C has no preference to DOPS over DOPG. Moreover, our solid-state NMR spectroscopic data agree with the structural model previously proposed in the literature [X. Qi, G.A. Grabowski, Differential membrane interactions of saposins A and C. Implication for the functional specificity, J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 27010-27017] [1].
Sputter deposition of high resistivity boron carbide

We have succeeded in the rf magnetron sputter deposition of high resistivity boron carbide (B 1−x C x ). This has been accomplished by the sputter depositing the boron carbide from a methane saturated boron carbide target. We show that the composition and optical band gap of the sputter deposited material are functions of the applied rf power. Furthermore, boron carbide/silicon heterojunction diodes fabricated via sputtering compare favorably with those fabricated from borane cage molecule sources using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).
Cortisol inactivation overload: a mechanism of mineralocorticoid hypertension in the ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome.

The more severe mineralocorticoid manifestations in the ectopic ACTH syndrome compared to pituitary Cushing's disease have been attributed to hypersecretion of 11-deoxycorticosterone. Another difference between the two forms of ACTH-excess, however, is a more severe degree of hypercortisolism in the ectopic syndrome. Cortisol can become a potent mineralocorticoid if its peripheral metabolism is interfered with as occurs in the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. This mechanism also occurs in an experimental model of the apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome induced by licorice derivatives. We have tested the hypothesis that cortisol is a major mineralocorticoid in the ectopic ACTH syndrome because of two factors, marked hypersecretion and incomplete peripheral metabolism of cortisol as a result of an overload of metabolizing enzymes. Two measures of the peripheral metabolism of cortisol were found to be markedly decreased in two patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome. The cortisol turnove...
Code-Change Impact Analysis Using Counterfactuals

In this paper we present a framework for what-if analysis of programs based on Lewis' theory of counterfactuals. The framework can be used to statically perform change impact analysis for source code. It enables us to verify assertions about a changed version of the program without actually incorporating the changes. We present a logical calculus that precisely characterizes structural modifications to source code and their impact on the behavior of the program.
Sub-500-ps 64-b ALUs in 0.18-/spl mu/m SOI/bulk CMOS: design and scaling trends

In this paper, we present: 1) design of a single-rail energy-efficient 64-b Han-Carlson ALU, operating at 482 ps in 1.5 V, 0.18-/spl mu/m bulk CMOS; 2) direct port of this ALU to 0.18-/spl mu/m partially depleted SOI process; 3) SOI-optimal redesign of the ALU using a novel deep-stack quaternary-tree architecture; 4) margining for max-delay pushout due to reverse body bias in SOI designs; and 5) performance scaling trends of the ALU designs in 0.13-/spl mu/m generation. We show that a direct port of the Han-Carlson ALU to 0.18-/spl mu/m SOI offers 14% performance improvement after margining. A redesign of the ALU, using an SOI-favored deep-stack architecture improves the margined speedup to 19%. A 10% margin was required for the SOI designs, to account for reverse body-bias-induced max-delay pushout. Preconditioning the intermediate stack nodes in the dynamic ALU designs reduced this margin to 2%. Scaling the ALUs to 0.13-/spl mu/m generation reduces the overall SOI speedup for both architectures to 9% and 16%, respectively, confirming the trend that speedup offered by SOI technology decreases with scaling.
Free and N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer-bound Geldanamycin Derivative Induce Different Stress Responses in A2780 Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

The effects of geldanamycin (GA), 17-(3-aminopropylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (AP-GA), and N -(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-AP-GA conjugate [P(AP-GA)] on A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells at an equitoxic dose (2× IC50) were compared by the gene expression array analysis. All treatments resulted in similar gene expression profiles up to 12 h ( e.g. , down-regulation of CDK4 and up-regulation of APAF-1 ), although P(AP-GA)-treated cells showed delayed gene expression because of time-dependent internalization of the conjugate and intracellular drug release from P(AP-GA). However, AP-GA-treated cells showed elevated expression of HSP70 and HSP27 after 6 h compared with that observed by GA and P(AP-GA) treatments. Depletion of C-Raf, an HSP90 client protein, was observed in all treatments up to 12 h. Confocal microscopy using mesochlorin e6 as a model drug revealed that drug release caused by the lysosomal cleavage of glycylphenylalanylleucylglycine oligopeptide spacer, used as GA derivative copolymer attachment/release point, was moderately fast. These results suggested that AP-GA treatment may activate stress-response pathways, whereas P(AP-GA) treatment may suppress them and trigger signaling pathways essential to cell growth arrest and death by inducing an HSP90-active factor. Although GA and P(AP-GA) treatments induced a time-dependent increase in HSP70 and HSP27 protein expression (detected by Western blotting analysis), AP-GA treatment resulted in more rapid and more intense expression of both proteins. Our results suggest that conjugation of AP-GA to N -(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer may be able to modulate the cell stress responses induced by AP-GA because of differences in its internalization mechanism, subcellular localization, and intracellular concentration gradients.
Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis: First controlled data

We studied the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on 18 women and 2 men with primary biliary cirrhosis, mainly stages I and II. After a 3-mo observation period, patients were randomized to a 9-mo treatment period with ursodeoxycholic acid, 10 mg/kg · day, or placebo. Two patients on placebo left the study. In all patients on ursodeoxycholic acid, mean values of serum glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase fell significantly by 48%-79% after 18–24 wk; 7 of 10 showed a mean decrease of 35% in immunoglobulin M after 24 wk. Prothrombin time, serum bilirubin, albumin, the antipyrine breath test, and plasma disappearance of indocyanine green were normal initially and did not change. Total serum bile acid concentrations increased; ursodeoxycholic acid became the predominant bile acid. No significant improvement occurred in the placebo group. Hepatic histology improved in 6 patients of the ursodeoxycholic acid group but deteriorated in 4 patients receiving placebo. In studies with erythrocyte membranes, changes in electron spin resonance revealed that ursodeoxycholic acid was less toxic than chenodeoxycholic or deoxycholic acid, and coaddition of ursodeoxycholic acid prevented their toxic effect.
ABC2: Adaptively Balancing Computation and Communication in a DSM Cluster of Multicores for Irregular Applications

Graph-based applications have become increasingly important in many application domains. The large graph sizes offer data level parallelism at a scale that makes it attractive to run such applications on distributed shared memory (DSM) based modern clusters composed of multicore machines. Our analysis of several graph applications that rely on speculative parallelism or asynchronous parallelism shows that the balance between computation and communication differs between applications. In this paper, we study this balance in the context of DSMs and exploit the multiple cores present in modern multicore machines by creating three kinds of threads which allows us to dynamically balance computation and communication: compute threads to exploit data level parallelism in the computation, fetch threads that replicate data into object-stores before it is accessed by compute threads, and update threads that make results computed by compute threads visible to all compute threads by writing them to DSM. We observe that the best configuration for above mechanisms varies across different inputs in addition to the variation across different applications. To this end, we design ABC2: a runtime algorithm that automatically configures the DSM using simple runtime information such as: observed object prefetch and update queue lengths. This runtime algorithm achieves speedups close to that of the best hand-optimized configurations.
How Hollow is the Prize? Minority Mayors and State Government Intervention in Municipal Finance

With the election of Mayor Carl Stokes (Cleveland, Ohio) and Mayor Richard Hatcher (Gary, Indiana) during the late-1960s, scholars were given the opportunity to examine the effect of minority political incorporation on local policy. Studies have consistently shown that the benefits of increased minority political empowerment were substantial, but most minority mayors experience considerable difficulties in garnering enough resources to support a policy agenda that favors the interests of their minority voters. The political and policy activities of most minority mayors are constrained by the social, economic, and political context of local governance. Increased levels of descriptive representation of racial minorities have been achieved, yet the ability of these leaders to provide considerable substantive representation remains a challenge. Following the “hollow-prize” rhetoric, many cities with minority mayors continue to struggle with weak local economic performance. In the last five years, higher levels of municipal fiscal distress across the nation have many state governments concerned. Nineteen state governments are authorized by state legislation to seize control over the finances of local governments experiencing severe budgetary troubles. While attempting to improve the solvency of local governments, state intervention programs transfer of power from locally elected officials to state-appointed financial managers and agencies. If cities led by minority mayors have higher levels of fiscal distress, their likelihood of being “taken over” may also be higher. Are minority mayors more likely to endure a state intervention? The socio-economic complexities that minority mayors tend to face may, essentially, threaten minority political representation. State intervention programs present minority mayors with another institutional barrier. Their decreased executive and legislative authority would further hinder minority mayor’s capacity to address the policy needs of their constituents. Also, racial minorities are underrepresented amongst the various financial managers, agencies, boards and commissions that have been appointed by state government. Minority voters could potentially be supporting minority officials who have little to no control over policy-making while those responsible for decision-making do not represent their interests and are not accountable to the voters. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which the outcomes of representational politics are ignored in instances of state intervention in minority mayor cities. In other words, do the municipal financial reform policies reflect the policy interests of minority groups? A large-N dataset using the 2010 U.S. Census, municipal financial reports, annual budgets, and state oversight reports will be analyzed. State intervention programs in minority mayor and non-minority mayor cities will be examined as well as those programs in cities with considerably large minority populations.
TREATMENT OF PSEUDO-EISENMENGER SYNDROME

Eisenmenger syndrome poses a challenging dilemma due to its high mortality and limited therapies. Though uncommon, a similar physiology has been observed which mimics Eisenmenger syndrome in presentation, yet differs dramatically in prognosis and treatment. A 55 year-old woman was admitted to a
Demonstration and Extraction of a Sex Attractant from Female Angoumois Grain Moths

Using a modified “Y-choice” olfactometer, it was demonstrated that female Angoumois grain moths, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), produce a substance attractive to males. Overt male reactions included darting about, rapid wing whining, and attempts to copulate with nearby objects, including other males. Sticky-trap tests demonstrated that virgin females were more attractive than mated females of the same age. Females were not attractive until at least 20 minutes old, but many continued to be slightly attractive several hours after death. Attractiveness was greatest between 48 and 77 hours after emergence, when males exhibited frequent mating dances lasting up to 30 seconds. Solvent extracts of homogenized female moths were attractive to males. Benzene and ethyl ether extracts were the most attractive with methylene chloride and acetone extracts much less attractive. Samples of 0.1 female-equivalent were as attractive as single live virgin females in sticky-trap bioassays.
The “4-D” World of Higher Education: A New Context for Student Support Services

Not long ago, one might have thought that student services and information technologies were only marginally related. The former was humanistic and personal, the latter technical and impersonal. This article will suggest that the digital revolution in the university and in the culture as a whole mandates the widespread adoption of technology in all facets of student support services. In exchange for developing new skills, one can also discover powerful new tools for meeting student needs.
A Tertiary Carbon–Iron Bond as an FeICl Synthon and the Reductive Alkylation of Diphosphine-Supported Iron(II) Chloride Complexes to Low-Valent Iron

Ligand-induced reduction of ferrous alkyl complexes via homolytic cleavage of the alkyl fragment was explored with simple chelating diphosphines. The reactivities of the sodium salts of diphenylmethane, phenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane, or diphenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane were explored in their reactivity with (py)4FeCl2. A series of monoalkylated salts of the type (py)2FeRCl were prepared and characterized from the addition of 1 equiv of the corresponding alkyl sodium species. These complexes are isostructural and have similar magnetic properties. The double alkylation of (py)4FeCl2 resulted in the formation of tetrahedral high-spin iron complexes with the sodium salts of diphenylmethane and phenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane that readily decomposed. A bis(cyclohexadienyl) sandwich complex was formed with the addition of 2 equiv of the tertiary alkyl species sodium diphenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane. The addition of chelating phosphines to (py)2FeRCl resulted in the overall transfer of Fe(I) chloride concurrent with...
Does the Presence of Foreign Troops Affect Stability in the Host Country

Troops were deployed on an unprecedented scale during the Cold War. Much of the network of deployments established during that time has persisted long after the end of the Cold War. We look to contribute to a growing literature addressing the costs and benefits associated with hosting foreign troops. We ask: Does the presence of foreign troops affect stability in the host country? To answer this question, we develop an argument in which deployed troops are seen as a costly signal of the deploying state’s interest in and commitment to stability in the host country. The presence of foreign troops positively affects the perceived stability of the host country and the robustness of their legal and political institutions. This bolsters the enforcement of agreements between the host government and latent and manifest opposition groups to pursue alternatives to fighting. We test this logic using instrumental variables regressions in which we endogenize deployment motivations. All tests support the expectation that the presence of foreign troops reduces the likelihood of the occurrence of civil conflict in the host state.
Biosensors: An Introduction

Biological Elements. Immobilisation of Biological Component. Transducers I--Electrochemistry. Transducers II--Optical Methods. Transducers III--Other Transducers. Performance Factors. Important Applications. Experimental Examples. Commercial Applications. Index.
Anesthetic Considerations for Complex Endovascular Aortic Repair

Endovascular therapy for aortic pathology continues to open new frontiers in managing aortic pathology. Anesthesiology and perioperative medicine has had to evolve accordingly to care for this complex patient population. This chapter focuses on anesthetic and perioperative care considerations for complex endovascular aortic repair. The importance of a thorough preoperative evaluation and open discussion of the procedural plan is emphasized. Depending on the complexity of the procedure, anesthesia technique may differ. Key considerations include specific hemodynamic and neurologic monitoring, appropriate spinal cord protection, and techniques to induce temporary hypotension to facilitate more proximal aortic graft deployments.
Heme oxygenase-1 regulates sirtuin-1-autophagy pathway in liver transplantation: From mouse to human.

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a major risk factor of early graft dysfunction and a key obstacle to expanding the donor pool in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although graft autophagy is essential for resistance against hepatic IRI, its significance in clinical OLT remains unknown. Despite recent data identifying heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) as a putative autophagy inducer, its role in OLT and interactions with sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), a key autophagy regulator, have not been studied. We aimed to examine HO-1-mediated autophagy induction in human OLT and in a murine OLT model with extended (20 hours) cold storage, as well as to analyze the requirement for SIRT1 in autophagy regulation by HO-1. Fifty-one hepatic biopsy specimens from OLT patients were collected under an institutional review board protocol 2 hours after portal reperfusion, followed by Western blot analyses. High HO-1 levels correlated with well-preserved hepatocellular function and enhanced SIRT1/LC3B expression. In mice, HO-1 overexpression by genetically modified HO-1 macrophage therapy was accompanied by decreased OLT damage and increased SIRT1/LC3B expression, whereas adjunctive inhibition of SIRT1 signaling diminished HO-1-mediated hepatoprotection and autophagy induction. Our translational study confirms the clinical relevance of HO-1 cytoprotection and identifies SIRT1-mediated autophagy pathway as a new essential regulator of HO-1 function in IR-stressed OLT.
Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria: Williams, Brian Glyn Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 400 pp., $39.50 ISBN 978-0-8122-4867-8 Publication Date: October 2016

Perhaps one of the greatest military quandaries of our time is how to identify and counter groups claiming to be waging jihad in defense or promotion of Islam. In Counter Jihad: America's Military ...
Large Gallstone and Sludge

Cholelithiasis is a common cause of symptomatic gallbladder disease. Although PET/MR imaging may have no significant role in the evaluation of cholelithiasis, it can help to differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder wall thickening.
90Y radioembolization dosimetry using a simple semi-quantitative method in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Glass versus resin microspheres.

Abstract Introduction There are two different types of 90 Y Microspheres, glass and resin, in the market for 90 Y radioembolization ( 90 Y-RE). This study aimed to investigate the dose of radiation delivered through glass vs. resin-based 90 Y-RE to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Methods In this retrospective study, 10 patients with ICC underwent 90 Y-RE, five underwent glass (Glass group) and other 5 resin (Resin group) microspheres. Technetium-99m macro-aggregated albumin (Tc-99m MAA) shunt study was performed two weeks before 90 Y-RE. Within 2 h from 90 Y-RE, Bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT was obtained. Regions of interest (ROIs) were segmented around the targeted tumor and the liver. Tumor and liver volumes, corresponding radioactive counts, and tumor to liver count ratio were calculated using MIM software and compared between Glass and Resin groups. Results Mean hepatopulmonary shunt fraction was 7.1 vs. 6.2% for the Glass and Resin groups (p = 0.83), with no extrahepatic activity. There was no difference in the activity and tumor uptake of administered Tc-99m MAA between both groups (p = 0.71 and p = 0.63). Mean administered activity of 90 Y in the Glass group was higher than the Resin group (73.2 ± 24.3 vs. 44.5 ± 18.2 mCi, p 90 Y uptake was significantly higher in the Glass group compared to the Resin group (41.3% vs. 33.5%, p 90 Y dose ratio was significantly higher in the Glass group compared to the Resin group, 4.9 ± 0.7 versus 2.4 ± 0.3 respectably (p Conclusions Both 90 Y glass and resin-based microsphere 90 Y-RE are feasible and safe in patients with ICC, while 90 Y glass microsphere delivers higher dose of 90 Y to the targeted tumors. Advances in knowledge While both 90 Y glass and resin-based microsphere yttrium-90 radioembolization are feasible and safe treatment options for in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 90 Y glass microsphere delivers higher dose of 90 Y to the targeted tumors. Implications for patient care Both of 90 Y glass and resin-based microsphere can be safely and feasibly used for treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, difference in dose of 90 Y delivered to the targeted tumors should be clinically considered while choosing the microsphere type.
I am who I connect with: the interplay of a group leader's leadership identity, intra-organisational ties, and group outcomes

This article conceptually explores the role of intra-organisational ties of group leaders in influencing group outcomes. We use insights from the leadership identity construction theory to bridge the gap between the group leadership literature and the leadership networks literature. We propose that group leaders' leadership identity influences their instrumental ties with their subordinates, other group leaders, and higher-level managers. These networks, in turn, play a significant role in influencing the group's outcomes such as its power and organisational resource access potential that thus affect the group's performance.
Lead exposure and academic achievement: evidence from childhood lead poisoning prevention efforts

Though the adverse consequences of lead exposure in children have been well known for over a century, the recent Flint water crisis has drawn renewed attention to the impacts of lead exposure on human health and development. This study considers connections to educational outcomes, asking whether population-level lead exposure in early childhood influences later academic achievement and racial achievement gaps. It assesses the effectiveness of recent local- and state-level lead hazard control programs in mitigating exposure and uses this source of exogenous variation in early childhood exposure across birth cohorts to draw inferences about the long-term effects of lead on mean student test scores. Our findings indicate that lead hazard control grants reduced lead poisoning incidents by over 70% of the baseline prevalence. And each one percentage point reduction in lead poisoning in early childhood translated to a growth of 0.04 standard deviations in student math test scores and 0.08 standard deviations in student reading scores. This same reduction in lead poisoning narrowed both the white-Hispanic math achievement gap and white-Hispanic reading achievement gap by 0.06 standard deviations, implying important downstream consequences for economic inequality.
Taxonomy of the ant genus Carebara Westwood (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Malagasy Region

The genus Carebara is revised for the Malagasy region, and based on the examination of over 10,000 specimens, twenty-three species are recognized. Twenty one of these are described as new (C. barasp. n., C. berivelosp. n., C. betsisp. n., C. creoleisp. n., C. demetersp. n., C. dotasp. n., C. haintenysp. n., C. hiragasysp. n., C. jajobysp. n., C. kabosysp. n., C. lovasp. n., C. mahafalysp. n., C. malagasysp. n., C. omasisp. n., C. placidasp. n., C. raberisp. n., C. salegisp. n., C. sampisp. n., C. tanasp. n., C. tananasp. n., C. vazimbasp. n.), and two are redescribed, C. grandidieri Forel (= C. voeltzkowi Forel n. syn.) and C. nosindambo Forel. A lectotype is designated for C. nosindambo. C. creoleisp. n. is known only from Mauritius and Seychelles, C. grandidieri Forel is distributed in Comoros, Madagascar and Mayotte, and the other twenty-one species are endemic to Madagascar. Most of the Carebara species recorded in this work are endemic to a specific habitat (ecoregion), but some of them (C. barasp. n., C. grandidieri Forel, C. jajobysp. n., C. kabosysp. n., and C. nosindambo Forel) are widespread within Madagascar across all major habitats. The worker caste of Carebara can be differentiated from other genera in the Myrmicinae subfamily by the presence of the following combination of characters: antennae of eight to eleven segments, with a two-segmented club; anterior clypeal margin without central isolated seta (rarely present in some species or specimens), and usually with four distinct setae; mandibles with four to seven teeth (except in one species from Ghana - C. crigensis with three teeth); and palp formula 2,2 or 1,2. We report that almost all Carebara species found in the Malagasy region have intermediates (distinct forms) in the major worker subcaste, with the largest major workers showing remnants of queen flight sclerites and ocelli. The widespread presence of intermediates in the major worker subcaste expands the morphological boundaries of Carebara. We present an overview of the natural history of Carebara in the Malagasy region, an illustrated key for the identification of the known Malagasy species of Carebara, as well as high-resolution images and distribution maps. Unique identifiers are used for all specimens studied, including type material, and the raw data that forms the basis of this study are available on www.antweb.org (open access).
Mn(III) species formed by the multi-copper oxidase MnxG investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

The multi-copper oxidase (MCO) MnxG from marine Bacillus bacteria plays an essential role in geochemical cycling of manganese by oxidizing Mn2+(aq) to form manganese oxide minerals at rates that are three to five orders of magnitude faster than abiotic rates. The MCO MnxG protein is isolated as part of a multi-protein complex, denoted as Mnx, which includes one MnxG unit and a hexamer of MnxE3F3 subunit. During the oxidation of Mn2+(aq) catalyzed by the Mnx protein complex, an enzyme-bound Mn(III) species was trapped recently in the presence of pyrophosphate (PP) and analyzed using parallel-mode electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Herein, we provide a full analysis of this enzyme-bound Mn(III) intermediate via temperature dependence studies and spectral simulations. This Mnx-bound Mn(III) species is characterized by a hyperfine-coupling value of A(55Mn) = 4.2 mT (corresponding to 120 MHz) and a negative zero-field splitting (ZFS) value of D = - 2.0 cm-1. These magnetic properties suggest that the Mnx-bound Mn(III) species could be either six-coordinate with a 5B1g ground state or square-pyramidal five-coordinate with a 5B1 ground state. In addition, as a control, Mn(III)PP is also analyzed by parallel-mode EPR spectroscopy. It exhibits distinctly different magnetic properties with a hyperfine-coupling value of A(55Mn) = 4.8 mT (corresponding to 140 MHz) and a negative ZFS value of D = - 2.5 cm-1. The different ZFS values suggest differences in ligand environment of Mnx-bound Mn(III) and aqueous Mn(III)PP species. These studies provide further insights into the mechanism of biological Mn2+(aq) oxidation.
Disposition from the Short Stay Unit

One of the primary goals in the use of the chest pain unit (CPU) is the identification of patients with possible acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Another important goal of the CPU in this group of patients undergoing evaluation is the distinction of patients that should be admitted to hospital for further inpatient care from those that can be safely discharged without an increased risk of adverse cardiac events. This focus on risk assessment and prevention of events through referral for definitive care when needed is at the core of the CPU’s value. Risk assessment is primarily short term in nature in the CPU (e.g., “Is this patient having an ACS now?”), but established processes of care that efficiently dovetail the CPU with the broader outpatient and inpatient settings can have a major impact on long-term event prevention as well. The use of straightforward criteria to select appropriate patients for entry into the CPU and a well-designed observation process employing serial patient assessments and diagnostic testing both aid in distinguishing patients who need admission versus those that can be safely discharged. Discharge planning considerations are also important as is the recognition of nonmedical barrier to safe discharge. The following sections will review these items in more detail such that the clinician-administrator is able to develop a safe, effective, and efficient CPU guideline for disposition of patients with potential ACS.
Finding transactive contributions in whole group classroom discussions

Automatic analysis of discussion logs from studies of computer supported collaborative learning has become more prevalent as technology for machine learning and text mining have become more powerful and usable. We extend this effort to analysis of transcripts of whole group classroom discussions. We argue in favor of adapting a transactivity based framework developed for analysis of collaborative learning discussions for use in the context of whole class discussions. Results from an evaluation of this technology applied to transcripts from 3 class periods of middle school math demonstrate promising results, specifically Cohen's Kappa of .69 in comparison with human annotators for identifying transactive contributions and .68 for identifying which prior utterance a transactive contribution relates to. Potential applications for teacher professional development, automatic assessment of learning processes, and real time support for classroom discussion facilitators is discussed. Implications for theory building related to learning in classroom discussions is also addressed.
Water Quality and Sustainability of the Hudson River Estuary

The same physical, chemical, and biological attributes that make estuaries valuable and productive ecosystems have attracted large populations to their shores. In heavily urbanized estuaries like the Hudson, this has resulted in degraded water quality and decline in ecosystem function. Efforts over the past several decades, however, are leading to an ongoing recovery of the estuary. The aim of this work is not to return the estuary to its preimpacted or natural state, but rather to create a sustainable environment that will support a rich and productive ecosystem while providing benefits to the surrounding human population.
Abstract 19668: Caspase Recruitment Domain-Containing Protein 9 Knockout Rescues Heart Function by Reducing Fibrosis and Hypertrophy in a Pressure-Overload Model of Murine Heart Failure

Introduction: Nearly 1 in 3 adults aged over 20 in the US presents with hypertension, which can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertensive heart disease, and heart failure. The progressions of each are tied closely to elevated systemic and local inflammation. Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing Protein 9 (CARD9), a cytosolic protein expressed in macrophages and neutrophils, mediates secretion of inflammatory cytokines by these cells, which infiltrate the myocardium after injury and perpetuate a sustained inflammatory response. We recently reported rescued myocardial function by knockout of CARD9 (CARD9 -\- ) in high-fat diet feeding. Macrophage deletion has been reported to ameliorate the progression of TAC-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Combined, these findings suggest that CARD9 may be a valuable target in a TAC model of heart failure. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that knockout of CARD9 would rescue progression of TAC pressure-overload induced hypertrophy, fibrosis, and failure. Methods: C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and CARD9 -\- mice were assigned to thoracic aortic constriction (TAC) or to sham (CONT). To assess heart function, fractional shortening (FS), was measured by echocardiogram 1, 2, and 3 months post-surgery. Results: FS was compromised in WT-TAC compared to WT-CONT at 1 (35.2 vs. 47.8; p -\- TAC at any time point. At 3 months, mice were sacrificed. Heart weight/tibia length was elevated in WT-TAC compared to WT-CONT (11.7 vs. 6.7; p -\- TAC. Histological results of Masson’s trichrome stain suggested hypertrophy in both TAC groups, but revealed less fibrosis in CARD9 -\- TAC than in WT-TAC. Conclusion: CARD9 is a novel target for TAC-induced cardiac dysfunction, at least in part through reductions in fibrosis and hypertrophy. Further study is needed to investigate signaling transduction involved, as well as the extent to which CARD9 -\- may be protective in order to determine if it is a potential target for intervention in hypertensive heart disease.
Social thermoregulation and socio-physiological effect in the subterranean Mashona mole-rat (Fukomys darlingi)

Abstract A strict underground style of life is one of the greatest challenges for mammals partly due to the high energetic cost of obtaining food by digging through a mechanically resistant substrate. Any energy saving adaptation, for example the effect of social thermoregulation, is thus very important for subterranean mammals. It has also been suggested that social mammals may suffer from “isolation stress” if measured alone, because the presence of other family member(s) may decrease the stress levels and thus their metabolic rates. This phenomenon known as a socio-physiological effect should be conspicuous when the metabolism of huddling individuals is measured within a species΄ thermoneutral zone (TNZ), where no energetic costs for body warming or cooling exist. In our study, we measured the resting metabolic rates of a social species of African mole-rat, the Mashona mole-rat (Fukomys darlingi), in individuals, pairs and groups of three to eight individuals. Measurements were carried out at ambient temperature below the species’ TNZ (20 °C) to test the effect of social thermoregulation and at a temperature within the species’ TNZ (30 °C) to test the socio-physiological effect. In pairs, the Mashona mole-rat saved 25% of its individual energetic expenses at the temperature below the TNZ. With increasing group size, energetic savings rose up to four animals, but no savings were found in larger groups. At the temperature within the TNZ, mole-rats saved 10% of individual energetic expenses in pairs, but the difference was not significant. Also, no energetic savings were found in larger groups within the TNZ. Our results on thermoregulatory savings in the TNZ are in contrast with extremely high energetic savings found by other authors in different mole-rat species.
Macropinosome formation, maturation and membrane recycling: lessons from clathrin-independent endosomal membrane systems.

Macropinocytosis is a form of endocytosis that brings large fluid-filled endosomes into the cell interior. Macrophages and dendritic cells are especially active in this process, but all cells can b...
Do State Corporate Tax Incentives Create Jobs? Quasi-experimental Evidence from the Entertainment Industry:

Policy makers allocate billions of dollars each year to tax incentives that increasingly favor creative industries. This study scrutinizes that approach by examining motion picture incentive progra...
Evaluation of student perceptions with 2 interprofessional assessment tools-the Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning instrument and the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale-following didactic and clinical learning experiences in the United States.

PURPOSE This study investigated changes in students' attitudes using 2 validated interprofessional survey instruments-the Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning (CHIRP) instrument and the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale (IPAS)-before and after didactic and clinical cohorts. METHODS Students from 7 colleges/schools participated in didactic and clinical cohorts during the 2017-2018 year. Didactic cohorts experienced 2 interactive sessions 6 months apart, while clinical cohorts experienced 4 outpatient clinical sessions once monthly. For the baseline and post-cohort assessments, 865 students were randomly assigned to complete either the 14-item CHIRP or the 27-item IPAS. The Pittman test using permutations of linear ranks was used to determine differences in the score distribution between the baseline and post-cohort assessments. Pooled results were compared for the CHIRP total score and the IPAS total and subdomain scores. For each score, 3 comparisons were made simultaneously: overall baseline versus post-didactic cohort, overall baseline versus post-clinical cohort, and post-didactic cohort versus post-clinical cohort. Alpha was adjusted to 0.0167 to account for simultaneous comparisons. RESULTS The baseline and post-cohort survey response rates were 62.4% and 65.9% for CHIRP and 58.7% and 58.1% for IPAS, respectively. The post-clinical cohort scores for the IPAS subdomain of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities were significantly higher than the baseline and post-didactic cohort scores. No differences were seen for the remaining IPAS subdomain scores or the CHIRP instrument total score. CONCLUSION The IPAS instrument may discern changes in student attitudes in the subdomain of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities following short-term clinical experiences involving diverse interprofessional team members.
Adaptation and Selection Shape Clonal Evolution During Residual Disease and Recurrence

Summary The survival of residual tumor cells following therapy and their eventual recurrence constitutes one of the biggest obstacles to obtaining cures in breast cancer, but it remains unclear how the clonal composition of tumors changes during tumor relapse. We used cellular barcoding to directly monitor clonal dynamics during tumor recurrence in a genetically engineered mouse model. We found that the clonal diversity of tumors progressively decreased during tumor regression, residual disease, and recurrence. Only a fraction of subclones survived oncogene withdrawal and persisted in residual tumors. The minimal residual disease phase itself was accompanied by a continued attrition of clones, suggesting an ongoing process of selection during dormancy. The reactivation of dormant residual cells into recurrent tumors followed several distinct evolutionary routes. Approximately half of the recurrent tumors exhibited a striking clonal dominance in which one or two subclones comprised the vast majority of the tumor. The majority of these clonal recurrent tumors exhibited evidence of de novo acquisition of Met amplification, and were sensitive to small-molecule Met inhibitors. A second group of recurrent tumors exhibited marked polyclonality, with thousands of subclones and a clonal architecture very similar to primary tumors. These polyclonal recurrent tumors were not sensitive to Met inhibitors, but were instead dependent upon an autocrine IL-6 – Stat3 pathway. These results suggest that the survival and reactivation of dormant tumors can proceed via multiple independent routes, producing recurrent tumors with distinct clonal composition, genetic alterations, and drug sensitivities.
Predicting synthesizable multi-functional edge reconstructions in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted tremendous interest as functional materials due to their exceptionally diverse and tunable properties, especially in their edges. In addition to the conventional armchair and zigzag edges common to hexagonal 2D materials, more complex edge reconstructions can be realized through careful control over the synthesis conditions. However, the whole family of synthesizable, reconstructed edges remains poorly studied. Here, we develop a computational approach integrating ensemble-generation, force-relaxation, and electronic-structure calculations to systematically and efficiently discover additional reconstructed edges and screen their functional properties. Using MoS2 as a model system, we screened hundreds of edge-reconstruction to discover over 160 reconstructed edges to be more stable than the conventional ones. More excitingly, we discovered nine new synthesizable reconstructred edges with record thermodynamic stability, in addition to successfully reproducing three recently synthesized edges. We also find our predicted reconstructed edges to have multi-functional properties—they show near optimal hydrogen evolution activity over the conventional edges, ideal for catalyzing hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) and also exhibit half-metallicity with a broad variation in magnetic moments, making them uniquely suitable for nanospintronic applications. Our work reveals the existence of a wide family of synthesizable, reconstructed edges in 2D TMDCs and opens a new materials-by-design paradigm of ‘intrinsic’ edge engineering multifunctionality in 2D materials.
Interacting with Autonomous Platoons: Human Driver’s Adaptive Behaviors in Planned Lane Changes

With an increasing reliance on autonomous driving technologies, mixed traffic is expected to emerge as a dominant mode in the traffic ecosystem of the coming future, which will drastically change how the human drivers of manual vehicles perceive and interact with autonomous vehicles. From the standpoint of human-automation interaction, a question arises whether it is humans or vehicles algorithms that should adapt themselves to the myriads of traffic situations. To address this question, the current paper recruited eleven participants to a medium-fidelity driving simulation study, and collected driving performance and gaze behaviors during the planned lane changes when they were expected to cut their ways through vehicle platoons of different time headways. The results showed a varying degree of adaptive behaviors and risk attitudes from participants in response to the different headways during the lane change. Due to this large individual variation in mixed traffic interaction, highly adaptive algorithm for autonomous platoon is much desired. In this regard, some behavioral markers for planned lane change was recommended in this paper.
Developing a Model of Antecedents to Middle Managers’ Strategic Role Conflict

Strategic role conflict has been identified in the literature as a hindrance, even an impediment, to effective middle-management involvement in strategy. Despite a growing body of theoretical work ...
Elucidating mechanisms involved in flavor generation of dry-aged beef loins using metabolomics approach

The present study was conducted to identify flavor-related chemical compounds and to elucidate beef flavor development in response to dry-aging. Paired grass-fed beef loins (n = 18) were obtained at 7 d postmortem, cut into two sections and assigned to 3 aging methods: conventional dry-aging (DA), vacuum packaged wet-aging (WA) and dry-aging in a bag (DW) for 28 days. Following aging, samples were analyzed for UPLC-MS metabolomics, volatile, fatty acid profiling, and consumer sensory comment analysis. Greater number of proteins and nucleotides derived metabolites were liberated in dry-aged samples compared to WA (P 0.05), higher concentrations of volatile compounds were found in the dry-aged (P < 0.05). Dry-aging process decreased the presence of terpenoid and steroid lipid group, which could possibly result in reducing undesirable flavor of grass-fed beef.