cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matched interface and boundary method for elasticity interface problems

Elasticity theory is an important component of continuum mechanics and has had widely spread applications in science and engineering. Material interfaces are ubiquitous in nature and man-made devices, and often give rise to discontinuous coefficients in the governing elasticity equations. In this work, the matched interface and boundary (MIB) method is developed to address elasticity interface problems. Linear elasticity theory for both isotropic homogeneous and inhomogeneous media is employed. In our approach, Lame's parameters can have jumps across the interface and are allowed to be position dependent in modeling isotropic inhomogeneous material. Both strong discontinuity, i.e., discontinuous solution, and weak discontinuity, namely, discontinuous derivatives of the solution, are considered in the present study. In the proposed method, fictitious values are utilized so that the standard central finite different schemes can be employed regardless of the interface. Interface jump conditions are enforced on the interface, which in turn, accurately determines fictitious values. We design new MIB schemes to account for complex interface geometries. In particular, the cross derivatives in the elasticity equations are difficult to handle for complex interface geometries. We propose secondary fictitious values and construct geometry based interpolation schemes to overcome this difficulty. Numerous analytical examples are used to validate the accuracy, convergence and robustness of the present MIB method for elasticity interface problems with both small and large curvatures, strong and weak discontinuities, and constant and variable coefficients. Numerical tests indicate second order accuracy in both L ∞ and L 2 norms.
Stock price reaction and value relevance of recognition versus disclosure: the case of stock-based compensation

This study examines the equity price reaction to the pronouncements related to accounting for stock-based compensation and assesses the value relevance of recognition versus disclosure in financial reporting. We document that firms exhibit significant abnormal returns around the issuance of the Exposure Drafts proposing to require recognition of stock-based compensation costs, and also around the event reversing that decision to require disclosure only (while encouraging recognition). We also document that the abnormal returns are most pronounced for high-tech, high-growth, and start-up firms. Our results are consistent with the contracting theory, and show that disclosure is not a substitute for recognition. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Field Dependence of the Residual‐Resistivity Anisotropy in Sodium and Potassium

Recent measurements of the low-field, induced torque in sodium and potassium by Elliott and Datars show that the resistivity anisotropy increases with increasing magnetic field. The zero-field resistivity anisotropy, unexpected for cubic symmetry, is explained by the charge-density-wave (CDW) structure. Due to the wave-function mixing caused by the CDW potential, the momentum transfer (by isotropic impurities) is much larger for electrons near the CDW energy gap. This is modeled by an anisotropic relaxation time in k\ensuremath{\rightarrow} space. The Boltzmann transport equation in a magnetic field can then be solved exactly. The computed resistivity anisotropy is higher for ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$\ensuremath{\tau}g1 compared with its zero-field value. The effect of the magnetic field is to ``stir'' the electron distribution f(k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}); this feeds electrons into the region of rapid relaxation and thereby increases the resistivity anisotropy.
Complete Semiclassical Treatment of the Quantum Black Hole Problem

Abstract Two types of semiclassical calculations have been used to study quantum effects in black hole backgrounds, the WKB and the mean field approaches. In this work we systematically reconstruct the logical implications of both methods on quantum black hole physics and provide the link between these two approaches. Our conclusions completely support our previous findings based solely on the WKB method: quantum black holes are effectively p -brane excitations and, consequently, no information loss paradox exists in this problem.
Radial Temperature Profiles of X-Ray-emitting Gas within Clusters of Galaxies

Previous analyses of ASCA data of clusters of galaxies have found conflicting results regarding the slope of the temperature profile of the hot X-ray gas within clusters, mainly because of the large, energy-dependent point-spread function (PSF) of the ASCA mirrors. We present a summary of all ASCA-determined cluster temperature profiles found in the literature and find a discrepancy in the radial temperature trend of clusters based on which PSF-correction routine is used. This uncertainty in the cluster temperature profile in turn can lead to large uncertainties in the amount of dark matter in clusters. In this study, we have used ROSAT PSPC data to obtain independent relative temperature profiles for 26 clusters, most of which have had their temperature profiles determined by ASCA. Our aim is not to measure the actual temperature values of the clusters but to use X-ray color profiles to search for a hardening or softening of the spectra as a function of radius for comparison to ASCA-derived profiles. The radial color profiles indicate that outside of the cooling flow region, the temperature profiles of clusters are in general constant. Within 35% of the virial radius, we find that a temperature drop of 20% at 10 keV and 12% at 5 keV can be ruled out at the 99% confidence level. A subsample of non-cooling flow clusters shows that the condition of isothermality applies at very small radii too, although cooling gas complicates this determination in the cooling flow cluster subsample. The colors predicted from the temperature profiles of a series of hydrodynamical cluster simulations match the data very well, although they cannot be used to discriminate among different cosmologies. An additional result is that the color profiles show evidence for a central peak in metallicity in low-temperature clusters.
Reconfiguration of a Rolling Sphere: A Problem in Evolute-Involute Geometry

This paper provides a new perspective to the problem of reconfiguration of a rolling sphere. It is shown that the motion of a rolling sphere can be characterized by evolute-involute geometry. This characterization, which is a manifestation of our specific selection of Euler angle coordinates and choice of angular velocities in a rotating coordinate frame, allows us to recast the three-dimensional kinematics problem as a problem in planar geometry. This, in turn, allows a variety of optimization problems to be defined and admits infinite solution trajectories. It is shown that logarithmic spirals form a class of solution trajectories and they result in exponential convergence of the configuration variables.
Dependence of toxicity on molecular structure: group theory analysis.

Group theory was applied to a wide variety of toxic substances, drugs, and endogenous organic compounds to test the apparent empirical relationship between toxicity of a molecule and its degree of molecular symmetry. Many compounds in each classification were analyzed and separated into individual symmetry groups using “space-filling” molecular models. With few exceptions, an apparent relationship was noted between each symmetry group and the relative toxicities. A brief introduction to group theory is presented as well as the rationale and implications of these observations.
An Overlapping‐generations Model of Escape Clause Protection

The paper explores the efficiency consequences of using temporary protection to ease adjustment following an unexpected, permanent improvement in a country's terms of trade. In the model, workers trade off the potentially higher wage that the export sector has to offer with a lower job acquisition rate. An unexpected improvement in the terms of trade surprises old workers who cannot undo the decisions they made while young. Some old workers who had not planned to search for work in the export sector end up changing their plans, adding to the pool of searchers, creating congestion. Temporary protection can reduce congestion and make the transition to the new steady state smoother. Moreover, there are conditions under which the congestion externalities lead to multiple steady-state equilibria that can be Pareto-ranked. Temporary protection may lead to a permanent change in the allocation of resources, and this permanent change may be welfare-enhancing.
From Dendrimers to Knedel‐like Structures

Shell-crosslinked knedels are nanometer-sized (5–200 nm diameters), amphiphilic core-shell spheres that are prepared by the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers into polymer micelles, followed by crosslinking of side chain functionalities along the block composing the shell of the polymer micelles. Such structures resemble dendrimers in the basic structural components, and have the advantages of a rapid synthetic approach and the production of larger and broader size ranges.
Environmental tobacco smoke in commercial aircraft

Abstract Environmental tobacco smoke and other pollutants present in both smoking and nonsmoking cabin sections during commercial passenger flights on DC-10 aircraft were determined on four, 5-h smoking flights. The average concentrations of nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, CO 2 , CO, NO x , NO 2 , O 3 , PM2.5 and environmental tobacco smoke particles during a flight were determined with a briefcase sampling system. Concentrations of nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine and CO as well as temperature, humidity and pressure were determined as a function of time during the flight. A model to predict penetration of environmental tobacco smoke from the smoking to the nonsmoking section of the passenger cabin under a variety of flight conditions is derived from the data.
Multiband VLA Observations of the Faint Radio Core of 3CR 68.1

The large, powerful Fanaroff-Riley class II radio source 3CR 68.1 is an optically red quasar with strong evidence of dust reddening, intrinsic ultraviolet line absorption, and X-ray absorption. In the context of its large, extended radio structure and the evidence for intrinsic material along the line of sight, it is a good candidate for a quasar seen through the edge of an obscuring torus, as proposed by unified schemes. The compact radio core coincident with the optical position of the quasar is extremely weak compared with the very bright and luminous radio lobes, suggesting that the radio core might also suffer absorption. We observed 3CR 68.1 at six frequencies and show that the radio core has a flat spectrum with no evidence of free-free absorption or other strong absorption mechanisms. This result helps establish an empirical intrinsic lower range for core-to-lobe radio flux in the most powerful radio sources.
Rotor hovering performance using the method of fast free wake analysis

Experimental investigations have shown that the bound circulation distribution on a rotor blade is critically dependent on the location of the vortices in the wake. Consequently, in order to optimize rotor performance, compute blade loads, and determine acoustic signatures, it is necessary to use analytical methods which are capable of predicting wake geometry. The factors which contribute to the complexity of the problem both in hovering and forward flight are discussed. A simplified approach to a free wake analysis of rotors in hover is outlined and the analytical results compared with experimental data for two- and four-bladed rotors. ELICOPTER rotor aerodynamic analysis remains one of the more challenging of the unsolved problems of modern fluid mechanics. Although solutions are not required for successful design, as evidenced by the growing use of the helicopter, the availability of a consistent aerodynamic theory for the rotor could lead to formal rather than heuristic design optimization and would help to reduce the costly flight testing required to minimize vibration, noise and rotor fatigue loads. This paper will discuss some of the unsolved problems of rotor aerodynamics and suggest a simplified approach to defining the complex vortex structure of the rotor and its wake. Such simplification could facilitate the expansion of the mathematical models to include, for example, certain im- portant real fluids effects. Geometric Complexity In hovering flight the lifting rotor blade generates a spiralling, rapidly contracting wake which, unlike a lifting wing where the wake is transported rapidly downstream, remains in the vicinity of the rotor at least for the initial spiral. The bound circulation distribution along a following blade is strongly influenced by this wake because of its proximity to the blade and rapid initial contraction. Figure 1 sketches the geometry at the crucial first encounter of a blade with the rolled up tip vortex in the wake. Figure 2 shows a typical bound circulation distribution and wake geometry in hovering flight. The wake continues to distort under the influence of the self-induced velocities as it descends, which complicates the computation of induced velocities both at the blade and in the wake. In the forward flight case the wake geometry may be somewhat simplified since only the first spiral has any ap- preciable influence on the blade loads, further spirals being carried away from the rotor as it advances. On the other hand, the forward flight case is complicated by the existence of time varying airloads requiring the inclusion of a shed, as well as a trailing wake structure and the use of nonstationary flow theory. In the case of hovering flight, because of sym- metry, the flow is essentially stationary when viewed in the rotating system. Several alternative approaches to handling the geometric complexities outlined above have been proposed. The simplest
Canonical Forms and Similarity of Complex Concepts for Improved Ontology Alignment

Modern ontology languages such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL) allow defining complex concepts that involve restrictions, Boolean combinations, and exhaustive enumeration of individuals.Many of the current ontology alignment algorithms either do not consider the complex concepts in their alignment procedures or model them naively, thereby producing a possibly incomplete alignment. We introduce axiomatic and graphical canonical forms for modeling value and cardinality restrictions and Boolean combinations, and present a way of measuring the similarity between these complex concepts in their canonical forms. We integrate our approach in multiple ontology alignment algorithms. Our results indicate a significant improvement in the F-measure of the alignment. However, this improvement is at the expense of increased run time due to the additional concepts modeled.
Weak approximation on del Pezzo surfaces of degree 1

We study del Pezzo surfaces of degree 1 of the form w2=z3+Ax6+By6in the weighted projective space , where k is a perfect field of characteristic not 2 or 3 and A,Bk*. Over a number field, we exhibit an infinite family of (minimal) counterexamples to weak approximation amongst these surfaces, via a Brauer�Manin obstruction.
Emergence of particle-hole symmetry near optimal doping in high-temperature copper oxide superconductors

High-temperature copper oxide superconductors (cuprates) display unconventional physics when they are lightly doped whereas the standard theory of metals prevails in the opposite regime. For example, the thermoelectric power, that is the voltage that develops across a sample in response to a temperature gradient, changes sign abruptly near optimal doping in a wide class of cuprates, a stark departure from the standard theory of metals in which the thermopower vanishes only when one electron exists per site. We show that this effect arises from proximity to a state in which particle-hole symmetry is dynamically generated. The operative mechanism is dynamical spectral weight transfer from states that lie at least 2 eV away from the chemical potential. We show that the sign change is reproduced quantitatively within the Hubbard model for moderate values of the on-site repulsion, $U$. For sufficiently large values of on-site repulsion, for example, $U=20t$ ($t$ the hopping matrix element), dynamical spectral weight transfer attenuates and our calculated results for the thermopower are in prefect agreement with exact atomic limit. The emergent particle-hole symmetry close to optimal doping points to pairing in the cuprates being driven by high-energy electronic states.
SIRTF thermal design modifications to increase lifetime

An effort was made to increase the predicted lifetime of the SIRTF dewar by lowering the exterior shell temperature, increasing the radiated energy from the vapor cooled shields and reconfiguring the vapor cooled shields. The lifetime increases can be used to increase the scientific return from the mission and as a trade-off against mass and cost. This paper describes the configurations studied, the steady state thermal model used, the analytical methods and the results of the analysis. Much of the heat input to the outside dewar shell is radiative heat transfer from the solar panel. To lower the shell temperature, radiative cooled shields were placed between the solar panel and the dewar shell and between the bus and the dewar shell. Analysis showed that placing a radiator on the outer vapor cooled shield had a significant effect on lifetime. Lengthening the distance between the outer shell and the point where the vapor cooled shields are attached to the support straps also improved lifetime.
On a Conjecture of Candelas and de la Ossa

We prove that the metric completion of a canonical Ricci-flat Kahler metric on the nonsingular part of a projective Calabi–Yau variety X with ordinary double point singularities is a compact metric length space homeomorphic to the projective variety X itself. As an application, we prove a conjecture of Candelas and de la Ossa for conifold flops and transitions.
Local rule simulations of capsid assembly

Local rules theory describes virus capsid self-assembly in terms of simple local binding preferences of discrete subunit conformations. The theory offered a parsimonious explanation for the complexity and regularity of virus capsids that resolved several inconsistencies between experimental observations and prior theories. Simultaneously, it provided a valuable practical abstraction for simulating the assembly process. Local rule models offered important advantages over other methods in rapidly developing simulations of complex geometries and assembly processes. Subsequent extensions considerably augmented the range of assembly phenomena amenable to simulation studies. Here we review the development of local rule-based simulation models and their applications to basic biology and medicine. We conclude by discussing the future prospects of local rule models for in silico experimentation with capsid assembly.
Libraries, leadership, and the future

Discusses change and its impacts on libraries and what libraries must do to remain relevant. Poses seven questions. How wired is your library? How fast is your library? Is your library harvesting its knowledge? Does your library dare to be open? How good is your library at making friends? Does your library’s management get it? How much does your library weigh?
Dynamic Plastic Response of Aluminum at Temperatures Approaching Melt

This study uses the pressure-shear plate impact configuration to investigate the rate-controlling mechanisms of the dynamic plastic response of aluminum at strain rates of approximately 106 s−1 and at temperatures that approach melt. To achieve this combination of high strain rates and high temperatures, pressure-shear plate impact experiments are being conducted with modifications introduced by Frutschy[1] to enable the experiments to be conducted at high temperatures. So far, the shearing resistance has been measured at temperatures up to 906 K (632 °C), which is 81 pct of the melting temperature at the concurrent pressure. Several approaches are being explored to obtain even higher fractions of the melting temperature, possibly exceeding it.
Photoremovable protecting groups based on photoenolization

Publisher Summary This chapter describes photoremovable protecting groups based on photoenolization. A series of useful molecular systems known as phototriggers, photoswitches, photocaging groups, or photoremovable protecting groups have been used in a wide variety of applications. The most extensively used photoremovable protecting groups are based on o -nitrotoluene derivatives, which, on exposure to light, undergo intramolecular H-atom abstraction to form photoenols, followed by the elimination of their protected or caged substrate. Photoremovable protecting groups that use photoenolization of o -alkyl arylketones to release their protected group or caged substrate can be categorized into two major groups. First, there are arylketones that have a good leaving group on either the o -alkyl substituent or the α-position next to the aryl ketone. The second category of photoremovable protecting groups achieves the release of the caged compound by intramolecular lactonization of the photoenol alcohol moiety with an ester group. The reaction mechanism of photorelease from esters was determined using transient spectroscopy. Photoremovable protecting groups release their protected molecule through intramolecular lactonization, but the photorelease is initiated by cis – trans isomerization and the rate constants of release for the photoenols depend on the structure of the leaving group as well as the photoenols.
An empirical assessment of the impact of formal versus informal dispute resolution on poverty: A governance-based approach

Based on governance-related criteria, this article provides the empirical jurimetric verification of the how, where, when and why alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms provide efficiency enhancing channels to redress grievances in less developed countries. Based on data collected in 16 developing jurisdictions through a representative sample of poor rural households, the analyses contained in this paper identifies criteria within which ADR enjoys a comparative advantage over court-based formal dispute resolution procedures. The piece further addresses comparative and competitive aspects of formal versus informal dispute resolution and provides policy recommendations in order for the state to “assimilate” lessons drawn from the functioning of informal mechanisms.
A compact homogeneous S-space

AbstractUnder the continuum hypothesis, there is a compact homogeneousstrong S-space. 1 Introduction A space X is hereditarily separable ( HS ) iﬀ every subspace is separable. An S -space is a regular Hausdorﬀ HS space with a non-Lindel¨of subspace. A spaceX is homogeneous iﬀ for every x,y ∈ X there is a homeomorphism f of Xonto X with f(x) = y. Under CH , several examples of S-spaces have beenconstructed, including topological groups (see [4]) and compact S-spaces (see[7]). It is asked in [1, 5] whether there are compact homogeneous S-spaces. Aswe shall show in Theorem 4.2, there are under CH . This cannot be done in ZFC , since there are no compact S-spaces under MA + ¬ CH (see [12]); thereare no S-spaces at all under PFA (see [13]).In Section 2, we use a slightly modiﬁed version of the construction in [7, 10]to reﬁne the topology of any given second countable space, and turn it into aﬁrst countable strong S -space (i.e., each of its ﬁnite powers is an S-space). InSection 3, we show that if the original space is compact, then there is a naturalcompactiﬁcation of the new space which is also a ﬁrst countable strong S-space.If in addition the original space is zero-dimensional, then the ω
On spiking neural P systems and partially blind counter machines

A k-output spiking neural P system (SNP) with output neurons, $${{O_1},\ldots{,{O_k}}}$$ , generates a tuple $${({n_1},\ldots{,{n_k}})}$$ of positive integers if, starting from the initial configuration, there is a sequence of steps such that during the computation, each O i generates exactly two spikes aa (the times the pair aa are generated may be different for different output neurons) and the time interval between the first a and the second a is n i . After the output neurons generate their pairs of spikes, the system eventually halts. We give characterizations of sets definable by partially blind multicounter machines in terms of k-output SNPs operating in a sequential mode. Slight variations of the models make them universal.
On the inefficacy of limiting instructions - When jurors use prior conviction evidence to decide on guilt

The rationale for allowing into evidence a defendant's criminal record asserts that such evidence can be used for the limited purpose of impeaching a defendant witness's credibility and, in accord with judges' instructions, will not be used to assess likelihood of guilt. The effect that the defendant's prior record has on mock jurors' assessments of credibility and guilt was tested in a two (cases) x four (type of prior conviction) factorial design. Adults' ratings of the defendant's credibility did not vary as a function of prior record and were consistently the lowest of the credibility ratings of all witnesses. Conviction rates did vary by prior record, however, with the highest conviction rate occurring when the prior conviction was the same as the present charge and the lowest conviction rate occurring in the no-prior-conviction condition. Defendants with a previous conviction for perjury or a dissimilar crime were convicted at an intermediate rate. We concluded that the risk of prejudice to the defense under existing policy is greater than the unrealized potential benefit to the prosecution.
A finiteness theorem for Markov bases of hierarchical models

We show that the complexity of the Markov bases of multidimensional tables stabilizes eventually if a single table dimension is allowed to vary. In particular, if this table dimension is greater than a computable bound, the Markov bases consist of elements from Markov bases of smaller tables. We give an explicit formula for this bound in terms of Graver bases. We also compute these Markov and Graver complexities for all Kx2x2x2 tables.
Bank Growth Choices and Changes in Market Performance

Changes in bank market performance are compared for banks that choose not to grow, to branch, bank acquire, product expand, or some combination. Using the change in market value-to-book value ratios, banks that include acquiring other banks as part of their growth strategy have significant positive changes in performance. Positive performance by bank acquirers is in contrast to many studies, but prior research has not reviewed other growth activities in a single model, nor used market-based measures to review performance over longer time periods following bank expansion.
Invariant planar shape recognition using dynamic alignment

Abstract Closed planar shapes are modelled by an ordered sequence that represents the Euclidean distance between the centroid and all contour pixels of the shape. Shapes belonging to the same class have similar sequences, hence a procedure for classifying shapes is based on the degree of similarity between these sequences. In order to determine the similarity between sequences, a dynamic alignment process is developed to find the best correspondence between the sequences. Optimum alignment is obtained by expanding segments of the sequences to minimize a dissimilarity function between the sequences. Normalization with respect to scaling and rotation is described and an example illustrating the use of dynamic alignment for the classification of noisy shapes is presented.
Intrinsic Hand Muscle Activation for Grasp and Horizontal Transport

During object manipulation, the hand and arm muscles produce internal forces on the object (grasping forces) and forces that result in external translation or rotation of the object in space (transport forces). The present study tested whether the intrinsic hand muscles are actively involved in transport as well as grasping. Intrinsic hand muscle activity increased with increasing demands for grasp stability, but also showed the timing and directional tuning patterns appropriate for actively transmitting external forces to the object, during the translational acceleration and deceleration of object transport
Palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl and heteroaryl tosylates at room temperature.

Mild palladium-catalyzed aminations of aryl tosylates and the first aminations of heteroaryl tosylates are described. In the presence of the combination of L2Pd(0) (L = P(o-tol)3) and the hindered Josiphos ligand CyPF-t-Bu, a variety of primary alkylamines and arylamines react with both aryl and heteroaryl tosylates at room temperature to form the corresponding secondary arylamines in high yields with complete selectivity for the monoarylamine. These reactions at room temperature occur in many cases with catalyst loadings of 0.1 mol % and 0.01 mol % in one case, constituting the most efficient aminations of aryl tosylates by nearly 2 orders of magnitude. This catalyst is made practical by the development of a convenient method to synthesize the L2Pd(0) precursor. This complex is stable to air as a solid. In contrast to conventional relative rates for reactions of aryl sulfonates, the reactions of aryl tosylates are faster than parallel reactions of aryl triflates, and the reactions of aryl tosylates are f...
Non-exponential and oscillatory decays in quantum mechanics

The quantum-mechanical theory of the decay of unstable states is revisited. We show that the decay is non-exponential both in the short-time and long-time limits using a more physical definition of the decay rate than the one usually used. We report results of numerical studies based on Winter's model that may elucidate qualitative features of exponential and non-exponential decay more generally. The main exponential stage is related to the formation of a radiating state that maintains the shape of its wave function with exponentially diminishing normalization. We discuss situations where the radioactive decay displays several exponents. The transient stages between different regimes are typically accompanied by interference of various contributions and resulting oscillations in the decay curve. The decay curve can be fully oscillatory in a two-flavor generalization of Winter's model with some values of the parameters. We consider the implications of that result for models of the oscillations reported by GSI.
The myogenic response in isolated rat cerebrovascular arteries: smooth muscle cell model.

Abstract Previous models of the cerebrovascular smooth muscle cell have not addressed the interaction between the electrical, chemical, and mechanical components of cell function during the development of active tension. These models are primarily electrical, biochemical or mechanical in their orientation, and do not permit a full exploration of how the smooth muscle responds to electrical or mechanical forcing. To address this issue, we have developed a new model that consists of two major components: electrochemical and chemomechanical subsystem models of the smooth muscle cell. Included in the electrochemical model are models of the electrophysiological behavior of the cell membrane, fluid compartments, Ca 2+ release and uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and cytosolic Ca 2+ buffering, particularly by calmodulin (CM). With this subsystem model, we can study the mechanics of the production of intracellular Ca 2+ transient in response to membrane voltage clamp pulses. The chemomechanical model includes models of: (a) the chemical kinetics of myosin phosphorylation, and the formation of phosphorylated (cycling) myosin cross-bridges with actin, as well as attached (non-cycling) latch-type cross-bridges; and (b) a model of force generation and mechanical coupling to the contractile filaments and their attachments to protein structures and the skeletal framework of the cell. The two subsystem models are tested independently and compared with data. Likewise, the complete (combined) cell model responses to voltage pulse stimulation under isometric and isotonic conditions are calculated and compared with measured single cell length–force and force–velocity data obtained from literature. This integrated cell model provides biophysically based explanations of electrical, chemical, and mechanical phenomena in cerebrovascular smooth muscle, and has considerable utility as an adjunct to laboratory research and experimental design.
Human-robot interaction via the transfer of power and information signals

Constrained motion in a class of human-controlled robotic manipulators called extenders is discussed. Extenders are defined as a class of robot manipulators worn by humans to increase mechanical strength while the wearer's intellect remains the central control system for manipulating the extender. The human, in physical contact with the extender, exchanges power and information signals with the extender. The present analysis focuses on the dynamics and control of human-robot interaction in the sense of the transfer of power and information signals. General models for the human, the extender, and the interaction between the human and extender are developed. The stability of the system of human, extender, and the object being manipulated is analyzed, and the conditions for stable maneuvers are derived. An expression for the extender performance is defined to quantify the force augmentation. The trade-off between stability and performance is described. The theoretical predictions are verified experimentally. >
Distributed communications in collision channels with errors

Abstract Analysis of distributed communication networks in noisy collision channels is given. Both feedback and feedforward channel errors are considered. A finite number of buffered users is addressed. It is shown that channel errors lead to stabilization of unstable access protocols, i.e. to elimination of the saturation phenomena and to stabilization of a network in a unique, globally asymptotically stable steady state with relatively high-performance characteristics. Thus channel noise, possibly introduced intentionally, could be viewed as a decentralized stabilizing controller.
Universal scaling of nonequilibrium transport in the Kondo regime of single molecule devices

Scaling theories, most notably of the power law form, characterize a diverse array of naturally occurring phenomena. Seemingly unrelated systems with widely differing microscopic details can be described by relations with identical scaling exponents when the underlying dynamics are similar. This property, known as universality, is relevant when considering systems driven out of equilibrium by some perturbation. In a system with an emergent characteristic energy scale, examining the system response as a function of the perturbation scaled relative to that energy can reveal such universality. The many-body Kondo state in quantum dots, as observed in a variety of microscopic implementations[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], is an example of such a system. In these devices itinerant electrons in source and drain leads are coupled via tunneling barriers to a single magnetic impurity. At zero source-drain bias (V ), below an emergent Kondo energy scale, kBTK, the local moment of the impurity is screened by the conduction electrons. As a result of the screening process the (zero-bias) conductance, G, is enhanced at low temperatures (T 0) drives the system into the nonequilibrium Kondo regime.[10, 11, 12] G(T,V ) exhibits a resonance peak centered at V = 0. Theoretical treatments of idealized quantum dots have argued that G(T,V ) in the single channel Kondo state may be described by an analogous function in bias voltage and temperature. However, there is discussion regarding the energy scales and order to which this scaling will hold as well as the number of system specific coefficients required, their expected values, and the universality of these coefficients.[13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] Recent experiments by Grobis et al.[19] have shown that G(T,V ) measured in a single channel GaAs quantum dot (TK � 0.3 K) in the nonequilibrium regime is well described by a universal scaling function with two scaling parameters. In this Letter we test the universality of these results, applying the analogous analytical approach to 29 molecule-based devices with Kondo temperatures ranging from 35 K to 155 K. We find that the conductances of SMTs containing either C60[6, 20, 21] or a transition metal complex[22] are accurately described by the same scaled parameters as the GaAs dot[19]. We confirm the quadratic voltage and temperature dependence of G in the low energy limit. The values of the extracted scaling coefficients are quite consistent throughout the ensemble. We discuss possible explanations for the systematic differences between our coefficients and those inferred from previous experiments[19] and theoretical model predictions.
Canonical Variables for Multiphase Solutions of the KP Equation

The KP equation has a large family of quasiperiodic multiphase solutions. These solutions can be expressed in terms of Riemann-theta functions. In this paper, a finite-dimensional canonical Hamiltonian system depending on a finite number of parameters is given for the description of each such solution. The Hamiltonian systems are completely integrable in the sense of Liouville. In effect, this provides a solution of the initial-value problem for the theta-function solutions. Some consequences of this approach are discussed.
Oxygen Abundance Measurements of SHIELD Galaxies

We have derived oxygen abundances for eight galaxies from the Survey for H I in Extremely Low-mass Dwarfs (SHIELD). The SHIELD survey is an ongoing study of very-low-mass galaxies, with between 106.5 and 107.5 M ☉, that were detected by the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey. Hα images from the WIYN 3.5 m telescope show that these eight SHIELD galaxies each possess one or two active star-forming regions, which were targeted with long-slit spectral observations using the Mayall 4 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. We obtained a direct measurement of the electron temperature by detection of the weak [O III] λ4363 line in two of the H II regions. Oxygen abundances for the other H II regions were estimated using a strong-line method. When the SHIELD galaxies are plotted on a B-band L-Z diagram, they appear to suggest a slightly shallower slope to the relationship than normally seen. However, that offset is systematically reduced when the near-infrared luminosity is used instead. This indicates a different mass-to-light ratio for the galaxies in this sample and we suggest that this may be indicative of differing star formation histories in the lowest luminosity and surface brightness dwarf irregulars.
On the Relationship Between Property Price, Time-on-Market, and Photo Depictions in a Multiple Listing Service

This paper investigates the relationship of property price and time-on-market to the use of property photo depictions in a multiple listing service. Empirical testing reveals that price as a function of photo depictions is increasing at a decreasing rate for both interior and exterior photos. Testing also reveals that time-on-market as a function of property photos is increasing at a decreasing rate for interior photos, but is not related to exterior photos. Results are sensitive to the number of photos allowed by the Multiple Listing Service. Overall, the results suggest that additional photographs increase price, while simultaneously lengthening property marketing duration, ceteris paribus.
TERRORISM AND TOURISM: THE CASE OF TURKEY

Using a time series method called ‘transfer function’, this paper examines the effect of terrorism on tourism in Turkey. The results indicate that there exists a negative but small impact of terrorism, which is observed within approximately one year. However, terrorist attacks in Turkey have accounted for a reduction of six million foreign tourists over the last nine years. Moreover, the economic cost of terrorism in the tourism industry was more than $700 million in 2006. However, terrorist attacks in continental Europe and America, and an active war involving a neighboring country, had no effects on tourism in Turkey.
Silylated Phosphines and Phosphoranimines.

Abstract The N-silyl phosphoranimines [e.g., Me3SiN=P(OCH2CF3)Me2] undergo a variety of reactions including deprotonation/substitution of the P-Me groups, transilylation, and condensation with reactive phosphines. Some new 1,2-addition and oxidation reactions of the P=C systems, R2NP=CHR, R2NP(=NR)=CHR, and R2NP=CR-CH=CHR (R = SiMe3) are also reported.
Labor demand and trade reform in Latin America

There are concerns that trade reform and globalization will increase the uncertainty that the average worker, especially the relatively unskilled worker, faces. The increased competitiveness of product markets and greater access to foreign inputs, the argument goes, will lead to more elastic demand for workers. This may have adverse consequences for both labor market volatility and wage dispersion. The authors argue that while the case that trade liberalization should increase own-wage elasticities may be broadly compelling for competitive import-competing industries, it is less so for imperfectly competitive, nontradable, or export industries. They test the hypothesis using establishment-level panel data from three countries with periods of liberalization. The data provide only mixed support for the idea that trade liberalization has an impact on own-wage elasticities. No consistent patterns emerge. If globalization is making the lives of workers more insecure, it is probably working through some other mechanism.
Explicit solutions to quadratic BSDEs and applications to utility maximization in multivariate affine stochastic volatility models

Abstract Over the past few years quadratic Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (BSDEs) have been a popular field of research. However there are only very few examples where explicit solutions for these equations are known. In this paper we consider a class of quadratic BSDEs involving affine processes and show that their solution can be reduced to solving a system of generalized Riccati ordinary differential equations. In other words we introduce a rich and flexible class of quadratic BSDEs which are analytically tractable, i.e. explicit up to the solution of an ODE. Our results also provide analytically tractable solutions to the problem of utility maximization and indifference pricing in multivariate affine stochastic volatility models. This generalizes univariate results of Kallsen and Muhle-Karbe (2010) and some results in the multivariate setting of Leippold and Trojani (2010) by establishing the full picture in the multivariate affine jump-diffusion setting. In particular we calculate the interesting quantity of the power utility indifference value of change of numeraire. Explicit examples in the Heston, Barndorff-Nielsen–Shephard and multivariate Heston setting are calculated.
Thermally-Polymerized Rylene Nanoparticles.

Rylene dyes functionalized with varying numbers of phenyl trifluorovinyl ether (TFVE) moieties were subjected to a thermal emulsion polymerization to yield shape-persistent, water-soluble chromophore nanoparticles. Perylene and terrylene diimide derivatives containing either two or four phenyl TFVE functional groups were synthesized and subjected to thermal emulsion polymerization in tetraglyme. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicated that particles with sizes ranging from 70 to 100 nm were obtained in tetraglyme, depending on monomer concentration. The photophysical properties of individual monomers were preserved in the nanoemulsions, and emission colors could be tuned between yellow, orange, red, and deep red. The nanoparticles were found to retain their shape upon dissolution into water, and the resulting water suspensions displayed moderate to high fluorescence quantum yield.
Descent of Line Bundles to Git Quotients of Flag Varieties by Maximal Torus

Let G be a connected, simply connected semisimple complex algebraic group with a maximal torus T and let P be a parabolic subgroup containing T. Let \( \mathcal{L}_{P} {\left( \lambda \right)} \) be a homogeneous ample line bundle on the ag variety Y = G = P. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for \( \mathcal{L}_{P} {\left( \lambda \right)} \) to descend to a line bundle on the GIT quotient Y(λ)//T. As a consequence of this result, we get the precise list of P-regular weights λ for which the line bundle \( \mathcal{L}_{P} {\left( \lambda \right)} \) descends to the GIT quotient Y(λ)//T.
Estimating the returns to community college schooling for displaced workers

Abstract Studies show that high-tenure displaced workers typically incur substantial long-term earnings losses. As these losses have become increasingly apparent, policy makers have significantly expanded resources for retraining, much of which takes place in regular community college classes. To analyze the effectiveness of such training, we link administrative earnings records with the community college transcript records of workers displaced from jobs during the first half of the 1990s in Washington State. We explore several issues of statistical specification for regression models quantifying the impact of community college credits on earnings. These include (i) the need to allow for a transition period immediately after the end of workers’ schooling when their earnings may be temporarily depressed, (ii) whether earnings gains are strictly proportional to credits earned, and (iii) how to model worker-specific unobserved heterogeneity. In our preferred specification, we find that the equivalent of an academic year of community college schooling raises the long-term earnings of displaced workers by an average of about 9 percent for men and about 13 percent for women. However, these average returns mask substantial variation in the returns associated with different types of courses. On the one hand, we estimate that an academic year of more technically oriented vocational and academic math and science courses raise earnings by about 14 percent for men and 29 percent for women. On the other hand, we estimate that less technically oriented courses yield very low and possibly zero returns. About one third of the increase in earnings associated with more technically oriented vocational and academic math and science courses is estimated to be due to increases in wage rates, with the remainder attributable to increased hours of work.
Total Synthesis of the Mycolactones

[structure: see text] The first total synthesis of the mycolactones is reported. This work unambiguously confirms our earlier relative and absolute stereochemical assignment of the mycolactones.
Drop-turbulence interactions in a diffusion flame

A monodisperse stream of methanol drops injected along the axis of a turbulent, methane-fueled diffusion flame burning in still air is studied experimentally and theoretically, in order to determine mean and fluctuating phase velocities, mean drop number flux, drop size distributions, and mean gas phase temperature. Measured values were compared with the predictions of two separated flow analyses, namely deterministic separated flow and stochastic separated flow. The stochastic analysis yielded the best agreement with measurements, due to its providing for the turbulent dispersion of drops.