cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Role Balance, Job Satisfaction, and Life Satisfaction in Women School Counselors:

Many prior studies have reported that school counselors are at risk for experiencing mental health difficulties (e.g., professional burnout) as a result of their participation in a wide variety of service-oriented roles. The majority of school counselors are women, which underscores the importance of examining these individuals' unique work-related and life experiences. As such, this study explored the relationships among multiple role balance, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction in a sample of 133 women school counselors. Findings revealed that multiple role balance and job satisfaction were each positively predictive of overall life satisfaction, even after accounting for the effects of age, years of experience as a school counselor, and location of school environment. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Urinary functional outcomes and toxicity five years after proton therapy for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer: Results of two prospective trials

AbstractBackground. To assess genitourinary (GU) function and toxicity in patients treated with image-guided proton therapy (PT) for early- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer and to analyze the impact of pretreatment urinary obstructive symptoms on urinary function after PT. Material and methods. Two prospective trials accrued 171 prostate cancer patients from August 2006 to September 2007. Low-risk patients received 78 cobalt gray equivalent (CGE) in 39 fractions and intermediate-risk patients received 78–82 CGE. Median follow-up was five years. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and GU toxicities (per CTCAE v3.0 and v4.0) were documented prospectively. Results. Five transient GU events were scored Gr 3 per CTCAE v4.0, for a cumulative late GU toxicity rate of 2.9% at five years. There were no Gr 4 or 5 events. On multivariate analysis (MVA), the only factor predictive of Gr 2 + GU toxicity was pretreatment GU symptom management (p = 0.0058). Patients with pretreatment IPSS of 15–25 had a...
Antimicrobial effect of electrolyzed water for inactivating Campylobacter jejuni during poultry washing

The effectiveness of electrolyzed (EO) water for killing Campylobacter jejuni on poultry was evaluated. Complete inactivation of C. jejuni in pure culture occurred within 10 s after exposure to EO or chlorinated water, both of which contained 50 mg/l of residual chlorine. A strong bactericidal activity was also observed on the diluted EO water (containing 25 mg/l of residual chlorine) and the mean population of C. jejuni was reduced to less than 10 CFU/ml (detected only by enrichment for 48 h) after 10-s treatment. The diluted chlorine water (25 mg/l residual chlorine) was less effective than the diluted EO water for inactivation of C. jejuni. EO water was further evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing C. jejuni on chicken during washing. EO water treatment was equally effective as chlorinated water and both achieved reduction of C. jejuni by about 3 log10 CFU/g on chicken, whereas deionized water (control) treatment resulted in only 1 log10 CFU/g reduction. No viable cells of C. jejuni were recovered in EO and chlorinated water after washing treatment, whereas high populations of C. jejuni (4 log10 CFU/ml) were recovered in the wash solution after the control treatment. Our study demonstrated that EO water was very effective not only in reducing the populations of C. jejuni on chicken, but also could prevent cross-contamination of processing environments.
Outstanding High School Coaches

(2012). Outstanding High School Coaches. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 24-29.
Book reviews: Cisco mobile IP configuration, troubleshooting, and management

Mobility in communication has become a reality - or has it? While mobile voice communication is a commodity today, this is far from true for data communication. Although wireless Internet access with smart phones, PDAs, and even laptops (at popular hot spots) has spread widely, this doesn't create true mobility for end users. True mobility requires more than a wireless connection wherever and whenever needed. Not only must the physical and data layers support handovers and roaming between cells and various types of wireless networks, but networking protocols must support moves between subnets and networks seamlessly without losing the connection. These protocols must also support the running applications without hiccups. This will mean the real convergence of desktop computing and cellular communications. In Mobile IP Technology and Applications, Stefan Raab and Madhavi W. Chandra clearly define mobility and its requirements. They explain the mobile Internet protocol in detail to the level of message flows.
Evidence of teaching in atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) by mother dolphins foraging in the presence of their calves

Teaching is a powerful form of social learning, but there is little systematic evidence that it occurs in species other than humans. Using long-term video archives the foraging behaviors by mother Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) were observed when their calves were present and when their calves were not present, including in the presence of non-calf conspecifics. The nine mothers we observed chased prey significantly longer and made significantly more referential body-orienting movements in the direction of the prey during foraging events when their calves were present than when their calves were not present, regardless of whether they were foraging alone or with another non-calf dolphin. Although further research into the potential consequences for the naive calves is still warranted, these data based on the maternal foraging behavior are suggestive of teaching as a social-learning mechanism in nonhuman animals.
Stoichiometric (Ni,Mg)-Cordierite Glass–Ceramics

Both the properties and crystallization behavior of xNiO· (2−x)MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2 glasses for x=0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 are studied. The glass transition temperature and dilatometric softening temperature decrease as increasing amounts of nickel are substituted for magnesium. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the glasses is largely independent of the glass composition—the CTE for all nickel containing glasses is ca. 4.0 ppm/K, which is slightly higher than the CTE for the nickel-free glass (ca. 3.8 ppm/K). The crystallization behavior of the glasses is studied using differential thermal analysis data and high-temperature X-ray diffraction data. All glasses crystallize to form a β-quartz solid solution at the surface; this phase transforms to cordierite at higher temperatures and/or longer annealing times. The crystallization temperature of the β-quartz is related to the occurrence of phase separation. The temperature at which β-quartz transforms to hexagonal cordierite increases with increasing amounts of nickel. Glasses where x≥0.50 crystallize to form a spinel phase in the bulk of the glass. The spinel crystallization temperature decreases with increasing amounts of nickel substituted for magnesium. The spinel composition is dependent on the initial glass composition and crystallization temperature. Competing transformation processes (spinel in the bulk and cordierite at the surface) in glasses where x≥0.75 result in a compound activation energy value.
Optimization of inspection and maintenance decisions for infrastructure facilities under performance model uncertainty: A quasi-Bayes approach

We present an optimization model to find joint inspection and maintenance policies for infrastructure facilities under performance model uncertainty. The objective in the formulation is to minimize the total expected social cost of managing facilities over a finite planning horizon. As in recent optimization models, performance model uncertainty is accounted for by representing facility deterioration as a mixture of known models taken from a finite set. The mixture proportions are assumed to be continuous random variables, with probability densities that are updated over time. In this paper, we relax the assumptions of fixed and error-free inspections. We present a parametric study to analyze the effect of initial performance model uncertainty and bias on the expected total cost of managing a facility. The main observation is that reducing the initial variance in model uncertainty may be more important than reducing the initial bias. Our study also shows that cost savings can result from relaxing the constraint of a fixed inspection schedule.
Improving NIDS Performance Through Hardware-based Connection Filtering

Traffic volume and diversity can have a significant impact on the ability of network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) to report malicious activity accurately. Based on the observation that a great deal of traffic is, in fact, not important to accurate attack identification, we investigate connection filtering as a method for improving the performance of NIDS. We describe three different classes of connection filters that were developed to explore the design space and trade off's in load reduction versus alarm rates. We implement instances of each filter class on a network processor that can be used with any NIDS that runs on commodity hardware, and evaluate the impact of each filter in a series of laboratory-based tests. First, we establish an idealized maximum performance by using static connection filters for all benign traffic. Next, we show that volume sensitive random connection filters can improve performance significantly with respect to alarm rates under heavy traffic load. Finally, we show that dynamic connection filters that attempt to infer benign traffic can improve performance almost to the level of idealized static filters. These results underscore the potential for hardware-based connection filtering as an effective means for improving the performance of NIDS.
The World Trade Organization Under Challenge: Democracy and the Law and Politics of the WTO's Treatment of Trade and Environment Matters

This article examines how the World Trade Organization addressed trade and environment issues through a political process, as opposed to the judicial one, which has been the focus of most WTO legal scholarship. It examines the operation of the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment, treating the Committee as a site to assess central concerns of governance - that is, who governs - in a globalizing economy. Northern environmental interest groups and many northern academics criticize the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment for failing to propose substantive changes to WTO law in order to grant more deference to national environmental policies having extraterritorial effects. The article, through its focus on the positions and roles of state and non-state actors, provides an empirical grounding to better assess the democratic accountability of the WTO's handling of trade-environment matters. It examines the representativeness of national trade agencies before the Committee on Trade and Environment, the impact of a sophisticated WTO international secretariat in framing debates, shaping knowledge and the appreciation of alternatives, and the role of powerful commercial interests and transnational environmental advocacy groups pressing for their conflicting goals. The basic question addressed is who is represented and how are they represented in determining law's contours through the political process at the WTO. Building from this assessment, the article concludes by examining the prospects and limits of a World Environment Organization.
Lack of enteral nutrition—effects on the intestinal immune system

Background Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) results in a loss of mucosal immune function by alterations in both phenotype and function of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). We hypothesized that the observed changes with TPN administration are caused by the lack of enteral feeding, and not to the TPN solution itself. Methods Mice received oral feeding (Control), TPN alone (TPN), or TPN plus oral feeding (TPN+Food). Mice were killed after 7 days, and bacteriological cultures from spleen, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes obtained, with bacterial translocation (BT) being defined as a positive culture. IEL phenotype was analyzed by flow cytometry. IEL messenger RNA (mRNA) cytokine expression used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Results BT significantly ( P P versus Control 2.9 ± 1.1% and TPN+Food 2.1 ± 0.3% (mean ± SD). Height of the villus-crypt complex was significantly decreased in TPN mice (315 ± 16 μm) compared with Control (431 ± 27 μm) and TPN+Food (421 ± 26 μm) groups. IEL phenotypes significantly changed with TPN administration: CD4 + CD8 − as well as CD4 + CD8 + subpopulations were reduced compared with Control or TPN+Food mice; as were the CD8αβ + thymus-dependent, and CD8 + CD44 + mature IEL. IEL cytokine mRNA expression was also significantly altered with TPN: IL-2 and IL-10 expression declined, and IL-4 IL-6, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor beta- 1 (TGF-β 1 ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were increased, when compared with Control or TPN+Food mice. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the major factor responsible for TPN-induced BT and IEL-changes is the lack of enteral feeding and not the administration of the TPN solution itself.
RUNNING SPRINGS: SPEED AND ANIMAL SIZE

Trotting and hopping animals use muscles, tendons and ligaments to store and return elastic energy as they bounce along the ground. We examine how the musculoskeletal spring system operates at different speeds and in animals of different sizes. We model trotting and hopping as a simple spring-mass system which consists of a leg spring and a mass. We find that the stiffness of the leg spring (k(leg)) is nearly independent of speed in dogs, goats, horses and red kangaroos. As these animals trot or hop faster, the leg spring sweeps a greater angle during the stance phase, and the vertical excursion of the center of mass during the ground contact phase decreases. The combination of these changes to the spring system causes animals to bounce off the ground more quickly at higher speeds. Analysis of a wide size range of animals (0.1-140 kg) at equivalent speeds reveals that larger animals have stiffer leg springs (k(leg) [symbol: see text] M0.67, where M is body mass), but that the angle swept by the leg spring is nearly independent of body mass. As a result, the resonant period of vertical vibration of the spring-mass system is longer in larger animals. The length of time that the feet are in contact with the ground increases with body mass in nearly the same way as the resonant period of vertical vibration.
The Effects of a Pre-Workout Energy Drink on Measures of Physical Performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a pre-workout commercial energy drink on parameters of exercise performance, including anaerobic power, muscular endurance, speed, and reaction time. This study used a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel design. Participants visited the laboratory on two different occasions. On the first visit, participants were assessed for anaerobic power (via a vertical jump test), muscular endurance, reaction time, reactive sprint test, and aerobic power (via a 1.5 mile run). On the second visit, participants were randomly assigned to ingest four ounces of the energy drink beverage or a similar-tasting placebo beverage 30-minutes prior to engaging in these same physical performance tests. The energy drink treatment had no effect on anaerobic power (vertical jump), reaction time, reactive sprint test, or aerobic power. For the push-up to fatigue test, a significant difference (p = 0.014) was observed with the energy drink treatment enhancing performance by 12% as compared to the placebo treatment (improvement of ~ 4%). For the sit-up to fatigue test, a non-significant difference (p = 0.075) was observed with the energy drink treatment resulting in an enhancement of performance by ~13% as compared to no improvement for the placebo treatment. In light of these findings, individuals whose upper-body muscular endurance performance is part of their physical fitness assessment program may benefit from pre-workout energy drink consumption. In contrast, individuals needing to demonstrate anaerobic/aerobic power, or reactive abilities should not expect an improvement in performance from pre-workout energy drink consumption.
Introduction: The Dilemmas of O 2 and Hooh Activation

More than a billion years of life on earth under reducing conditions produced metal sulfides, iron(II), iron, and residual saturated hydrocarbons that could not be oxidized in the absence of dioxygen. This anaerobic form of life can still be found on earth under conditions such as the bottom of the Black Sea and in deep sea vents in the Oceans. It has not produced any organism with a complex central nervous system.1
Why be an Intellectually Humble Philosopher

In this paper, I sketch an answer to the question “Why be an intellectually humble philosopher?” I argue that, as far as philosophical argumentation is concerned, the historical record of Western Philosophy provides a straightforward answer to this question. That is, the historical record of philosophical argumentation, which is a track record that is marked by an abundance of alternative theories and serious problems for those theories, can teach us important lessons about the limits of philosophical argumentation. These lessons, in turn, show why philosophers should argue with humility.
Anatomy of the cavernous sinus

The macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the parasellar skull base region has been increasingly investigated in recent years. As a result, the intracavernous anatomy of the nerves III through VI, the internal carotid artery (ICA) with its branches, and the related osseous structures and adjacent dural folds are well described [3, 12, 21, 23, 25, 33–37, 41, 42, 47, 51].
What drives the US portfolio investments to the European Union countries

This study identifies the major determinants of the US portfolio equity and debt investments in the European Union (EU) countries during 1997-2012. It examines whether the EU financial development has promoted the US portfolio investments. The results indicate that the higher stock market development accelerated by the European Monetary Union formation has boosted the portfolio equity flows. The stock market size has the larger positive effect on the equity flows than the stock market liquidity. The results also suggest that the higher bank development has decreased the portfolio investments. More bank credit flows have diminished the equity and debt flows. Finally, the results confirm that the financial crisis has not weakened the stock market development effect on the portfolio investments. The stock market liquidity has continued to be the main investment driver during the crisis period 2008-2012. The EU countries are still considered as the safe destinations for the US portfolio investments given their better macroeconomic fundamentals and institutions to better insulate themselves from crisis.
An Unacceptable Exception: The Ramifications of Physician Immunity from Medical Procedure Patent Infringement Liability

Medical procedures present a unique challenge to the patent system. Without patents, investors may be unwilling to commit resources to the costly development of new procedures. However, patents on these procedures may decrease public access to the procedures, which may harm society's interest in accessible medical care. In response to these concerns, Congress enacted 35 U.S.C. section 287(c), which does not prohibit patents on medical procedures, but instead makes them unenforceable against physicians and their associated healthcare entities. This legislation is problematic because it violates the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The United States' violation of this agreement sends a message to other countries to do the same and weakens the ability to strengthen intellectual property protection abroad. To cure this violation, Congress should enact a TRIPS-compliant compulsory licensing system. Fully enforceable medical procedure patents are not advisable because of the unique ethical considerations that these patents present. However, eliminating medical procedures from patentability reduces the incentives both to innovate and to disclose, and creates the additional risk that costly procedures will go undeveloped. Compulsory licensing balances these interests by ensuring that medical procedures are widely available to the public, while providing financial remuneration for inventors and investors.
The Force-Elongation Curve of a Thin Fibrous Network

Specimens from low-density weblike handsheets were tested in a tensile tester. In a test the direction of extension was frequently reversed and the specimen reextended to obtain a series of force-elongation curves. For Kraft woodpulp specimens the force-elongation behavior was well represented by an exponential equation involving three parameters: a modulus of elasticity C2, a length parameter xc related to average segment length between network bonds, and an elongation value x0 at which the curve starts. The unstrained length of a specimen l increases, and the parameters xc and C2 tend to decrease with each successive reextension curve. For a series of specimens of increasing area density representative values of xc/l tend to decrease and C2 to increase. For a series of specimens made from pulps beaten increasing amounts representative values of xc/l tend to decrease and C2 to increase. Some features of the tensile behavior can be modeled by a system of parallel Filaments of equal length to which longer parallel filaments with an exponential length distribution have been added. Upon extension the filaments assume load successively, thus simulating the force-elongation behavior of a paper network. By thinking in terms of this model it is possible to anticipate intuitively much of the behavior of a paper network.
Solvent effects on halothane: 19F nuclear magnetic resonance in solvents and artificial membranes.

This study of solvent effects on halothane 19 F nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts was undertaken in order to elucidate environmental factors contributing to observed halothane 19 F NMR shifts in the presence of phospholipid suspensions in aqueous media. Halothane 19 F NMR chemical shifts are correlated by Hildebrand’s δ function or refractive index for non-hydrogen-bonding solvents. No significant correlation was observed for other solvent properties, such as dielectric constant. Water and alcohols show positive deviations from the correlation with δ. Halothane molecules associated with both synthetic and natural phospholipid multilayer vesicles show significant line broadening of the fluorine signal and appear to be in an environment which may be characterized by a δ value of 9.3 ± 0.3 (cal/cm 3 ) 1/2 by comparison with the observed correlation of chemical shift with δ in isotropic solvent systems.
Rapidly Progressive IgA Nephropathy: A Case Report With Review of Clinical Presentation, Prognostic Factors and Therapeutic Modalities

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis in the Western world. Generally, the diagnosis of IgAN is based on clinical history, laboratory data, and histopathological reports. The rapidly progressing and crescentic subtype is quite uncommon. The clinical picture and spectrum of severity upon presentation varies between individual cases. In this case report, we present a previously healthy 20-year-old Latin American male with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies seropositive rapidly progressing IgAN leading to severe acute renal impairment, uremic pericarditis, and uremic encephalopathy. Prognostic markers and histopathological types of injury have been proposed as tools to assess severity of disease and in guiding therapeutic options. This case report highlights histopathological, serological, and clinical characteristics of severe IgAN. J Med Cases. 2016;7(6):230-233 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2498w
Toys and Games

Children’s toys are the material culture that reflects their play, games are the form their play takes, and stories articulate their play. Archaeological finds are not always clear about the artifacts they give up, and what we see as toys may have had some other purpose. If no explanatory documentation exists, and only the artifact or a single image exists, we can only guess at the purpose of the “toy” or how a game may have been played. Fortunately, many toys and games have a long history, and how children play today, and how they played centuries ago, are strikingly similar.
Methadone Inpatient and Discharge Prescribing Patterns for Pain at an Academic Health System

Abstract Background: Methadone is effective for the treatment of chronic pain, but its unique pharmacology requires additional considerations with dosing and monitoring. Objective: The study objective was to evaluate methadone prescribing for pain and subsequent monitoring. Methods: This retrospective chart review at a single center reviewed patients who received methadone over a two-year period. Results: Of the 100 patients, most were noncancer cases (60%) with unspecified pain (50%). The majority of methadone treatments were initiated by medicine service (37%), followed by burn service (27%), and trauma (10%). Forty-two percent of the patients were being followed by the palliative care team, primarily for the medicine patients (80%). Patients on the burn service had significantly higher oral morphine equivalent (χ2 = 10.6, p = 0.01) and longest length of stay (χ2 = 37.9, p = 0.0001). Patients on medicine service were significantly more likely to have an outpatient discharge plan for methadone starts in ...
The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Depsipeptide Has Differential Activity in Specific Cytogenetic Subsets of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).

Recruitment of histone deacetylases and DNA hypermethylation of promoter regions of specific genes are two mechanisms of transcriptional repression and gene silencing which have been linked, and are implicated in differentiation block in AML. We hypothesized that the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI) depsipeptide could result in transcriptional de-repression, upregulation of specific target genes and differentiation of the leukemic clone in AML. Eighteen patients (pts), median age 60 years (range 25–77) with relapsed or refractory AML were enrolled on a multicenter Phase II study of depsipeptide in AML. Patients were stratified into 2 groups on study entry: Group A (n=14) included patients without specific chromosomal abnormalities known to recruit histone deacetylases. Group B (n=4) included patients with chromosomal aberrations such as the t(8;21), inv 16 and t(15;17) known to recruit histone deacetylases. Depsipeptide was administered intravenously at a dose of 18mg/m2/d on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28 day cycle. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained prior to (hour 0), and after 4 (hr 4) and 24 hrs (hr 24), on days 1 and 8 of the first cycle of therapy for evaluation of histone acetylation by flow cytometry, and gene re-expression by REAL-time RT-PCR. Target genes of interest include MDR1 , a target of HDI mediated upregulation, and p15 INK4B ( p15 ), a target of DNA hypermethylation in AML. MDR1 and p15 copy numbers are expressed as a normalized quotient of MDR1 and p15 , respectively, to the housekeeping gene ABL. The drug has been well tolerated. The most common adverse effects noted included grade 1/2 nausea, vomiting and fatigue. No objective evidence of response (CR or PR) or other evidence of antileukemic activity has been seen in group A. In contrast, 2 of 4 pts (50%) in Group B, have had a disappearance of bone marrow blasts (blast percentage AML1 gene {1 had t(8;21) and the other had a novel translocation t(4;21)}. Interestingly both of these responding pts and one other pt (75%) in cohort B demonstrated an increase in H3 acetylation at 4 and/or 24 hrs, in contrast to 4 of 14 pts (28%) in cohort A. There was an overall mean increase of 41% in MDR1 expression at hr 4 on days 1 and 8 (p=0.04). p15 expression was also upregulated at hr 4 on days 1 and 8 (91% mean increase, p=0.01). We conclude that the HDI, depsipeptide, may have anti-leukemic activity in specific cytogenetic subsets of AML known to recruit histone deacetylases, and this is associated with a concomitant increase in histone acetylation. In addition, upregulation of specific target genes occurred in patient derived mononuclear cells, following depsipeptide treatment. The study remains open to accrual for pts with specific chromosomal abnormalities known to recruit histone deacetylases.
Information-distilling quantizers

Let X and Y be dependent random variables. We consider the problem of designing a scalar quantizer for Y to maximize the mutual information between its output and X, and study fundamental properties and bounds for this form of quantization. Our main focus is the regime of low I(X; Y), where we show that for a binary X, there always exists an M-level quantizer attaining mutual information of Ω(−M · I(X;Y)/log(I(X;Y)) and that there exist pairs of X, Y for which the mutual information attained by any M-level quantizer is O(−M · I (X;Y)/ log (I(X;Y))).
Enabling reliable main memory using STT-MRAM via restore-aware memory management: work-in-progress

As an important non-volatile memory technology, STT-MRAM is widely considered as a universal memory solution in current processors. Employing STT-MRAM as the main memory offers a wide variety of benefits, but also results in unique design challenges. In particular, read disturbance characterizes accidental data corruption in STT-MRAM after it is read, leading to a need of restoring data back to memory after each read operation. These extra restores significantly degrade system performance and energy efficiency, greatly changing the timing scenarios that conventional designs were optimized for. As a result, directly adopting conventional, restore-agnostic memory management techniques may lead to suboptimal designs for STT-MRAM. In this work, we propose Restore-Aware Policy Selection (RAPS), a dynamic and hybrid row buffer management scheme that factors in the inevitable data restores in STT-MRAM-based main memory. RAPS monitors the row buffer hit rate at run time, dynamically switching between the open- and close-page policies. By factoring in restores, RAPS accurately captures the optimal design points, achieving optimal policy selections at run time. Our experimental results show that RAPS significantly improves system performance and energy efficiency compared to the conventional policies.
The structure and function of retroviral long terminal repeats.

During the natural course of reverse transcription, sequences from the 5′ (R-U5) and 3′ (U3-R) ends of retroviral genomic RNA are fused through the direct repeat sequence, R, and duplicated to form a linear duplex molecule with long terminal repeats (LTRs). Subsequent insertion of this molecule into a site within the chromosomal DNA of an infected host cell allows the viral DNA to function as a template for the transcription of new viral RNA molecules. Synthesis of these molecules is catalyzed by the host RNA polymerase II and initiates at the U3-R border. The 3′-ends of these molecules are generated by cleavage and polyA addition at the R-U5 boundary. A direct consequence of this pathway is that sequences immediately upstream from the transcription start are virus-coded and derive from the 3′-end of viral RNA. By analogy with the structures of cellular pol II promoters, elements which instruct the host polymerase when and where to initiate viral RNA synthesis should lie within these upstream sequences. The central role in viral replication of this host-dependent transcription step and the broad spectrum of host cell-specific transcription patterns mean that many biological properties of retroviruses will be determined by sequences within the LTR.
Dynamic Continuum of Molecular Assemblies for Controlling Cell Fates

Biological systems have evolved to create a structural and dynamic continuum of bio-macromolecular assemblies for the purpose of optimizing the system's functions. The formation of these dynamic higher-order assemblies is precisely controlled by biological cues. However, controlling the self-assembly of synthetic molecules spatiotemporally in or on live cells is still a big challenge, especially for performing functions. This concept article introduces the use of in situ reactions as a spatiotemporal control to form assemblies of small molecules that induce cell morphogenesis or apoptosis. After briefly introducing a representative example of a natural dynamic continuum of the higher-order assemblies, we describe enzyme-instructed self-assembly (EISA) for constructing dynamic assemblies of small molecules, then discuss the use of EISA for controlling cell morphogenesis and apoptosis. Finally, we provide a brief outlook to discuss the future perspective of this exciting new research direction.
SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SEARCH FOR MECHANISMS OF ENZYMIC CATALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study on mechanisms of enzymic catalysis. Enhancement of the polar interactions by restricting motions of polar groups in their local environment and by high polarizability but low permanent polarization of oily regions in local environments can rigidify the structure. The similarity of the imidazole-carboxylate geometry in subtilisin to that in the chymotrypsin and trypsin suggests that electronic tricks and specificity have developed independently in evolution, but are frequently linked. The sensitivity of the viscosity within membrane bilayers to the same factors that influence soluble proteins through changes in the properties of bulk phase water suggests that, compensation is not limited to soluble proteins. The study states that the analogy is not perfect, but it provides a rough description of the way the protein conformation can produce a special electronic situation.
Association of Prevalent Stroke with Hospitalization for Seizure: Patterns and Prognoses

Abstract Introduction: Despite the close relationship between stroke and seizures, little is known about stroke trends and inpatient mortality among patients with seizures. Materials and Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was used to analyze the prevalence and trends of stroke among patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of seizures between 2006 and 2014. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification was used to identify patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of seizures and those with a secondary diagnosis of stroke. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between inpatient hospital mortality and stroke. Adjusted prediction of mortality post estimates of logistic regression was used to analyze mortality by stroke status overtime. Findings: A total of 400,391 (weighted 1,980,707) patients with seizures were identified between 2006 and 2014, including 61,039 weighted (3%) with a secondary diagnosis of stroke patients. Among patients with a primary diagnosis of seizures, having a secondary diagnosis of stroke doubled the odds of in-hospital death (odds ratio = 2.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.74-2.34; P
Conditional survival probability of patients with pancreatic cancer.

e14693 Background: Conditional survival gives more accurate estimate of survival probability for patients who have survived one or more years since initial diagnosis. The aim of this study was to a...
Energy Prediction of the Chicago Metropolitan Area Using Distributed Transportation MBSE Framework

Energy consumption impact of vehicle powertrain is traditionally assessed using standard and regulatory drive cycles. In this paper, energy consumption is determined by studying all the trips occurring in the Chicago Metropolitan Area in a 24 hour period. The data is generated by combining Polaris, an agent based traffic flow model with SVTrip, a stochastic model that generates 1 Hz vehicle speed profiles and Autonomie, a detailed vehicle level modeling tool used to predict fuel consumption. Different scenarios are constructed to define trips for different timeframes and assumptions. Vehicle fleet distribution, vehicle technologies and automation levels are applied to represent an appropriate vehicle fleet for each scenario. Analysis of energy consumption is then discussed with a particular emphasis on the impact of powertrain technology and vehicle types.
Hierarchical transcriptional regulation of quorum-sensing genes in Vibrio harveyi

In vibrios, quorum sensing controls hundreds of genes that are required for cell density-specific behaviors including bioluminescence, biofilm formation, competence, secretion, and swarming motility. The central transcription factor in the quorum-sensing pathway is LuxR/HapR, which directly regulates ~100 genes in the >400-gene regulon of Vibrio harveyi. Among these directly controlled genes are 15 transcription factors, which we predicted would comprise the second tier in the hierarchy of the quorum-sensing regulon. We confirmed that LuxR binds to the promoters of these genes in vitro and quantified the extent of LuxR activation or repression of transcript levels. RNA-seq indicates that most of these transcriptional regulators control only a few genes, with the exception of MetJ, which is a global regulator. The genes regulated by these transcription factors are predicted to be involved in methionine and thiamine biosynthesis, membrane stability, RNA processing, c-di-GMP degradation, sugar transport, and other cellular processes. These data support a hierarchical model in which LuxR directly regulates 15 transcription factors that drive the second level of the gene expression cascade to influence cell density-dependent metabolic states and behaviors in V. harveyi.
A novel sleep stage scoring system: Combining expert‐based features with the generalized linear model

In this study, we aim to automate the sleep stage scoring process of overnight polysomnography (PSG) data while adhering to expert-based rules. We developed a sleep stage scoring algorithm utilizing the generalized linear modelling (GLM) framework and extracted features from electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyography (EMG) and electrooculogram (EOG) signals based on predefined rules of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Manual for Scoring Sleep. Specifically, features were computed in 30-s epochs in the time and frequency domains of the signals and were then used to model the probability of an epoch being in each of five sleep stages: N3, N2, N1, REM or Wake. Finally, each epoch was assigned to a sleep stage based on model predictions. The algorithm was trained and tested on PSG data from 38 healthy individuals with no reported sleep disturbances. The overall scoring accuracy reached on the test set was 81.50 ± 1.14% (Cohen's kappa, κ = 0.73 ± 0.02 ). The test set results were highly comparable to the training set, indicating robustness of the algorithm. Furthermore, our algorithm was compared to three well-known commercialized sleep-staging tools and achieved higher accuracies than all of them. Our results suggest that automatic classification is highly consistent with visual scoring. We conclude that our algorithm can reproduce the judgement of a scoring expert and is also highly interpretable. This tool can assist visual scorers to speed up their process (from hours to minutes) and provides a method for a more robust, quantitative, reproducible and cost-effective PSG evaluation, supporting assessment of sleep and sleep disorders.
Empirical lognormality of biological variation: implications for the 'zero-force evolutionary law'

The zero-force evolutionary law (ZFEL) of McShea et al. states that independently evolving entities, with no forces or constraints acting on them, will tend to accumulate differences and therefore diverge from each other. McShea et al. quantified the law by assuming normality on an additive arithmetic scale and reflecting negative differences as absolute values, systematically augmenting perceived divergence. The appropriate analytical framework is not additive but proportional, where logarithmic transformation is required to achieve normality. Logarithms and logarithmic differences can be negative but the proportions they represent cannot be negative. Reformulation of ZFEL in a proportional or geometric reference frame indicates that when entities evolve randomly and independently, differences smaller than any initial difference are balanced by differences larger than the initial difference. Total variance increases with each step of a random walk, but there is no statistical expectation of divergence between random-walk lineages.
Chapter 8 – Fractal Surfaces

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses IRm -valued multivariate continuous fractal functions and some of their properties. It presents tensor product fractal surfaces and the way tensor product can be used to obtain fractal-like surfaces from univariate IR-valued continuous fractal functions. The chapter also presents nontensor product fractal surfaces defined on certain polyhedra in IRn. It presents the construction of nontensor product fractal surfaces in a general setting. This construction is based on recurrent iterated function systems and emphasizes the interpolatory nature of fractal surfaces in IRn + m. The chapter also discusses some properties of fractal surfaces. Among those are oscillation, regularity and differentiability, Holder continuity, and the box dimension. It presents the way moments of IR-valued multivariate fractal functions can be recursively calculated.
Topological effects on separation of alkane isomers in metal−organic frameworks

Abstract Polymorphism in metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) means that the same chemical building blocks (nodes and linkers) can be used to construct isomeric MOFs with different topological networks. The choice of topology can substantially impact the pore network of the MOF, changing the sizes and shapes of the pores, which has implications for adsorption and separation applications. In this work, we look at the influence of topology in 38 polymorphic MOFs on the separation of linear and branched C4–C6 alkane isomers, a separation of great importance to the petrochemical industry. We find that the MOF Cu2(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) in nbo topology (nbo-Cu2BDC) has particularly high affinity for linear alkanes due to its small pore size, which excludes the branched isomers. Upon studying this MOF in further detail, we find that it can take either of two conformations: a cubic conformation, which is typical of nbo MOFs, and a unique star conformation that contains 1D triangular and hexagonal channels. The determination of which conformation the MOF will adopt depends on steric effects between the nodes and linkers.
Strategies for Extending Zeolite Stability in Supercritical Water Using Thermally Stable Coatings

Increasing the stability of zeolites in liquid, near-critical, and supercritical water at temperatures greater than 200 °C is required for many important chemical processes, notably including hydro...
Effects of Storm Events on Phosphorus Concentrations in a Forested New England Stream

Phosphorus is considered the primary limiting nutrient in the freshwater aquatic ecosystems; thus, excessive concentrations of phosphorus (P) in streams and lakes can lead to eutrophication. Understanding the transport of P from minimally impacted watersheds provides a benchmark for quantifying human enhancement of P loss from the landscape. To better understand storm event transport of P from small watersheds of northern New England, we examined hourly variations in P in its multiple forms during three rain events at Livermore Cove Brook, New Hampshire, USA. The three storm events had different hydrological characteristics that resulted in different maximum total P concentrations. Streamwater P levels rose quickly at the onset of each event, remained high for a few hours during peak flow, and subsided as flow decreased. Dissolved organic P was the dominant species of P in the streamwater during baseflow and event flow. For each event, P concentrations were higher on the rising limbs of the hydrograph, resulting in clockwise hysteresis of the concentration-discharge relationships. Different behavior of the more inorganic, soluble reactive P hysteresis curve suggests a different source than the other P species. Both particulate and dissolved organic P were highest an hour before peak discharge and storm event water, suggesting quick mobilization of sources proximal to the stream. Soluble reactive P peaked an hour after discharge and storm event water, suggesting slower mobilization or more distal sources. Overall, these results show that storms create episodic peak concentrations of P that constitute a substantial flux of P to downstream lakes and wetlands. Consequently, efforts to manage P in New England lakes likely require greater attention to P transport during episodic storm events and their contribution to annual P loading.
Curvature-Dependent Binding of Cytochrome c to Cardiolipin

Cytochrome c binds cardiolipin on the concave surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, before oxidizing the lipid and initiating the apoptotic pathway. This interaction has been studied in vitro, where mimicking the membrane curvature of the binding environment is difficult. Here we report binding to concave, cardiolipin-containing, membrane surfaces and compare findings to convex binding under the same conditions. For binding to the convex outer surface of cardiolipin-containing vesicles, a two-step structural rearrangement is observed with a small rearrangement detectable by Soret circular dichroism (CD) occurring at an exposed lipid-to-protein ratio (LPR) near 10 and partial unfolding detectable by Trp59 fluorescence occurring at an exposed LPR near 23. On the concave inner surface of cardiolipin-containing vesicles, the structural transitions monitored by Soret CD and Trp59 fluorescence are coincident and occur at an exposed LPR near 58. On the concave inner surface of mitochondrial cristae, we estimate the LPR of cardiolipin to cytochrome c is between 50 and 100. Thus, cytochrome c may have adapted to its native environment so that it can undergo a conformational change that switches on its peroxidase activity when it binds to CL-containing membranes in the cristae early in apoptosis. Our results show that membrane curvature qualitatively affects peripheral protein-lipid interactions and also highlights the disparity between in vitro binding studies and their physiological counterparts where cone-shaped lipids, like cardiolipin, are involved.
Overcoming Chemotherapy Resistance in SCLC

Abstract SCLC is an aggressive form of lung cancer with a very poor prognosis. Although SCLC initially responds very well to platinum-based chemotherapy, it eventually recurs and at recurrence is nearly universally resistant to therapy. In light of the recent advances in understanding regarding the biology of SCLC, we review findings related to SCLC chemotherapy resistance. We discuss the potential clinical implications of recent preclinical discoveries in altered signaling pathways, transcriptional landscapes, metabolic vulnerabilities, and the tumor microenvironment.
Who Says Life Is Fair? Itemizing the IRS Budget for Accountability

The tax code, at present, affords great discretion to the IRS in enforcing its individual provisions. This discretion contributes to distrust among taxpayers, bureaucratic inefficiency, and waste. By allocating funding for specific tax programs, Congress can restore trust, streamline the tax process, and make wiser use of taxpayer dollars.