cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Analysis of Laminated Beams and Plates, Part II: Vibrations and Wave Propagation

A summary of the recent developments in the analysis of laminated beams and plates with an emphasis on vibrations and wave propagations in presented. First, a review of the recent studies on the free-vibration analysis of symmetrically laminated plates is given. These studies have been conducted for various geometric shapes and edge conditions. Both analytical (closed-form, Galerkin, Rayleigh-Ritz) and numerical methods have been used. Because of the importance of unsymmetrically laminated structural components in many applications, a detailed review of the various developments in the analysis of unsymmetrical ly laminated beams and plates also is given. A survey of the nonlinear vibrations of the perfect and geometrically laminated plates is presented next. It is seen that due to the bending-stretching coupling, the nonlinear behavior of the unsymmetrically laminated perfect and imperfect plates, depending upon the boundary conditions, may be hardening or softening type. Similar behavior also is observed for imperfect isotropic and laminated plates. Lastly, the developments in studying the wave propagation in laminated materials are reviewed. It is seen that a significant effort has been spent on developing appropriate continuum theories for modeling the composite materials. Some recent studies on the linear and nonlinear transient response of laminated materials also are described.
Echoes of Ghadr: Lala Har Dayal and the Time of Anticolonialism

This essay reads Lala Har Dayal’s Hints for Self-Culture (1934) in order to highlight how anticolonial agitator Lala Har Dayal imagines a history appropriate for a future anticolonial utopia. By simultaneously tracking Har Dayal’s “promiscuous afterlives” in Punjab in the 1930s and offering a close reading of Hints for Self-Culture , Elam argues that the writer offers an insurgent political theory of utopia heralded under the sign of anticolonial critique. In the case of Hints for Self-Culture , this takes the form of a radical self-making process toward the creation of a future utopian project. In Har Dayal’s hands, however, such a project requires a doubling back of history; a political project that torques the present back onto its impossible pasts. Hints for Self-Culture does this in two significant moves, in ways that the bulk of this essay explores. First, Har Dayal returns to nineteenth-century philosopher Herbert Spencer in order to produce a radical self-making project for the present. Second, Har Dayal offers a utopian vision of a future World-State, which, as the product of radical self-making, is a radical world-making project that repeatedly glances backward. At each of these stages, a palimpsestic utopia emerges, with the figures of the past not fully erased but having morphed into something of use.
Poly(arylene ether) Ionomers with Pendant Quinuclidium Groups and Varying Molecular Weight for Alkaline Electrodes

The properties of the ionomer used to construct electrodes for direct methanol anionic fuel cells are critically important to the fuel cell performance. In this study, a new polymer backbone with a higher degree of fluorination for increased hydrophobicity has been shown to improve both the alkaline anode and cathode performance. It was also shown that decreasing the molecular weight of the ionomer improves fuel cell performance. Finally, higher fuel cell performance was observed with quinuclidinium head groups on the anionic ionomer, in comparison to the more traditional trimethyl ammonium cation. The improvements in performance appear to be due to improved mass transport of reactants and products through the electrode as a result of increased free volume within the electrode and a more efficient construction of the electrical double layer at the ionomer/catalyst interface.
WiMap: Fast handover for 802.11 mobile devices

Low latency handover is desired to support real time applications, such as VoIP. We introduce WiMap, a new handover scheme that uses past information of handovers. Through our analysis and simulation, we show that WiMap performs 50% faster than traditional handover solutions. WiMap does not require modifications to the access points or WLAN infrastructure and thus can be efficiently implemented.
Manganese tricarbonyl transfer (MTT) reagents in the construction of novel organometallic systems

Abstract Naphthalene and related conjugated polycyclic arenes readily coordinate through one carbocyclic ring to Mn(CO) 3 + . The resulting complexes, e.g., (η 6 -naphthalene)Mn(CO) 3 + , function as very effective manganese tricarbonyl transfer (MTT) reagents, largely because of facile η 6 →η 4 ring slippage. The MTT complexes can be used to synthesize a range of novel organometallic systems, including metal–carbonyl-capped metallocenes, and homo- and heteronuclear bimetallic naphthalene complexes. They are also the basis for the complexation and activation of benzothiophenes to desulfurization and of hydroquinones to deprotonation and self-assembly into supramolecular quinonoid coordination networks.
An Extensible Language for Service Dependency Management

Service dependency management in service-oriented component platforms is described with languages, which cannot be easily adapted to domain-specific requirements. This prevents the development of language concepts, which are more suitable for the cognitive space and intuition of domain experts than general-purpose languages. We use a model-driven approach to create an extensible language supporting the creation of new language concepts. With this approach, languages for service dependency management can be extended to have the desired concepts and expressiveness.
The measurement of wisdom: A preliminary effort

The Foundational Value Scale (FVS) is a newly developed assessment device to measure the construct of wisdom. Factor analysis of this scale indicated five components: Harmony, Warmth, Intelligence, Nature, and Spiritual. The factors had adequate internal reliability and test–retest reliability. These dimensions were only slightly related to several other constructs (e.g., stress and depression). The FVS was not significantly related to approval motivation. The FVS appears to be a useful scale that taps several wisdom-related dimensions. Better knowledge about wisdom could be potentially useful in understanding topics about which community psychologists have particular interest. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) may complicate the course of many forms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) and has been shown to portend a worse outcome. The etiology of PH is likely multifactorial and might differ among the diseases with variable contributions of many potential factors. Whether the impact of PH and thereby the course of the disease can be modified by therapy requires further study. This chapter provides an overview of the prevalence, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical implications of PH in ILD. The potential role of therapy is discussed and a review of current treatment trials is provided.
Closing the Gender Gap: The Case for Gender-Specific Alcoholism Research.

As the number of women who use alcohol increases, so does the number of women who engage in alcohol abuse and develop alcohol dependence. The recent increased focus on women and gender differences in alcoholism research has largely come about following recognition that the face of alcoholism is changing, with alcoholism rates among men remaining stable and rising among women, particularly in younger women. As such, the need to understand gender differences in both acute and long-term effects of alcohol abuse has never been more critical. Gender differences in the long-term effects of chronic alcoholism on the brain and other systems are currently under debate, often with a focus on proclaiming whether men or women suffer the most impact. However, the story appears to be more complex than that. The issue of how alcoholism interacts with gender is complicated, as gender differences in many factors including alcohol metabolism, alcoholism progression, problematic drinking patterns, neurobiology, hormones, and psychiatric comorbidities will contribute to the differences in structural and functional outcomes observed experimentally across domains of inquiry. While women are now much more commonly included in studies of alcohol’s effects on the brain, there remains a need for more explicit examinations of gender effects.
Usefulness of a hand-carried cardiac ultrasound device to detect clinically significant valvular regurgitation in hospitalized patients

The accuracy of a hand-carried cardiac ultrasound (HCCU) device for the diagnosis of valvular regurgitations using color-flow Doppler was assessed. One hundred twenty hospitalized patients with at least mild valvular regurgitation by standard echocardiography were evaluated by 2 cardiologists using HCCU. The HCCU operator identified 99% of clinically significant valvular regurgitations and assessed the severity correctly in 83% of cases. For mild regurgitation, the HCCU sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 93%, respectively, resulting in correct assessments of severity in 71% of cases. HCCU used by trained cardiologists has high sensitivity for the detection and accurate assessment of the severity of clinically relevant valvular regurgitation.
Effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and in a conditioned place aversion assay in mice: agonist actions at kappa opioid receptors

Salvinorin A is a naturally occurring hallucinogen derived from the plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is also a potent and selective kappa opioid receptor agonist in vitro. It has been shown that kappa agonists decrease dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens and cause conditioned place aversion in rodents. To study the effects of salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens, and to determine whether salvinorin A induces conditioned place preference or aversion and changes in locomotor activity in the mouse. In the first experiment, changes in dopamine levels in these brain regions after administration of salvinorin A were measured with in vivo microdialysis. In the second experiment, we examined whether salvinorin A led to conditioned place preference or aversion, and changes in locomotor activity during conditioning sessions. The higher doses of salvinorin A studied (1.0 mg/kg and 3.2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased dopamine levels in the caudate putamen, but not in the nucleus accumbens, and this effect was completely blocked by pre-injection with 10 mg/kg of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine. The same doses of salvinorin A caused conditioned place aversion and decreased locomotor activity. The inhibitory effect of salvinorin A on striatal dopamine levels may contribute to its induction of conditioned place aversion and decreases in locomotion in mice. These findings are consistent with the in vitro characterization of salvinorin A as a kappa opioid receptor agonist. It is of interest that a compound such as salvinorin A, that lowers striatal dopamine levels and leads to conditioned place aversion in rodents, is self-administered by humans under certain conditions.
Circle of Treason: A CIA Account of Traitor Aldrich Ames and the Men He Betrayed. 1st edition by Grimes, Sandra and Vertefeuille, Jeanne

Former CIA officers Sandra Grimes and Jeanne Vertefeuille offer an insiders' account of the CIA investigation, by a small dedicated team of which they were an integral part, which led to the arrest...
A Test in Context: Critical Evaluation of Natriuretic Peptide Testing in Heart Failure

Circulating natriuretic peptide measurements have been used extensively over the past 15 years to diagnose and monitor patients with heart failure. We are still learning how complex the dynamics of natriuretic peptides can be in the interpretation of test results in individual patients. Although natriuretic peptide measurements are widely used in practice, there are questions regarding why these peptides may not necessarily track with blood volume or invasive hemodynamic measurements in individual patients. Interpretation of natriuretic peptide measurements will depend on many factors, including special patient populations, obesity, renal function, the state of congestion or decongestion, and whether patients are receiving specific therapies. Natriuretic peptide measurements have clearly revolutionized clinical care for patients with heart failure, but further research should provide insights to help use these measurements to individualize patient care beyond the current guidelines.
Drosophila as a Model for Photoreceptor Dystrophies and Cell Death

It is the silver anniversary of the isolation of Drosophila retinal degeneration mutants. The genes are still of substantial interest. Progress in neurobiology, developmental genetics and signal transduction has intensified as new molecular biology methods are applied. Retinal degeneration mutants display substantial cell death, informative by its specificity and its relationship with the visual excitation cascade. Other visual mutants best known for defects in visual pigment or phototransduction have various dystrophies. Light treatments and carotenoid deprivation also result in well-defined photoreceptor cell abnormalities. Since retinal degeneration in Drosophila was recently reviewed (1, 2, 3), the purpose of this paper is limited to presenting an overview and our recent data.
The German student movement and the literary imagination: transnational memories of protest and dissent

By reading fiction as a form of historiography, Susanne Rinner thoughtfully emphasizes the importance of memory as a layered process, where alternative narratives are created to “construct opportun...
A Standard Method of Producing Shock in Dogs by a Single Massive Hemorrhage.

The problem of producing consistently fatal shock in dogs by a single massive bleeding is complicated by the great variability in the tolerance of these animals to hemorrhage. If bled a fixed volume per unit of body weight, the results are inconstant due to the wide range in the blood volume/body weight ratio in this species. Removal of a fixed percentage of the measured blood volume is likewise unreliable because of the variability in the magnitude of compensatory replacement of both plasma and cells (i.e., with tissue fluid and splenic reserve). Dogs subjected to a single massive hemorrhage by either method may compensate sufficiently to restore the blood volume above the critical level where progressive shock develops or they may fail to compensate and die immediately. The problem is to bleed in such a way that the outcome will be fatal after a period of time sufficiently long to produce the characteristic changes associated with hemorrhagic shock.The method which has been developed to meet this proble...
Abstract 4178: N-cadherin haploinsufficiency prolongs survival in a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer

Cadherin switching (E-cadherin to N-cadherin) associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition is implicated in the transition from benign tumors to invasive, malignant cancer and the subsequent metastatic dissemination of tumor cells. Although N-cadherin upregulation has been observed in many cancer types including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), the importance of this cell adhesion receptor in disease progression is not well understood. The concomitant expression of oncogenic KrasG12D and a mutant Trp53R172H allele in the developing murine pancreas results in metastatic PDA that recapitulates the cognate features of human pancreatic cancer providing an excellent animal model to identify genetic changes required for tumor progression. Here we determine the consequences of genetically blocking the switch to N-cadherin in a mouse model of PDA. Two independent N-cadherin mutant alleles were used in these genetic studies. Remarkably, pancreatic cancer mice heterozygous for N-cadherin (n=17) survived 25% longer (177 vs. 142 days, p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4178.
Classification of the Cryphocricinae (Hemiptera: Naucoridae)

The subfamily Cryphocricinae as now restricted (Usinger, 1941) consists of the single genus Cryphocricos Signoret (1850). Cryphocricos is one of the least known and most unique genera of water bugs. Less than a dozen specimens were recorded in the literature from 1850 to 1941 and nothing at all was published concerning the biological or morphological peculiarities of the group until that time.
Nixon's Archival Legacy

The American Political Science Association is dedicated to establishing archival policies that serve the scholarly needs of political scientists. A long-standing ally in this effort, the American Historical Association, has been joined in recent years by the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, the Organization of American Historians and the Society of American Archivists. As the APSA representative on the National Archives Advisory Committee since January 1971, when I succeeded Harold Lasswell, I have worked closely with Evron M. Kirkpatrick, Walter E. Beach and Thomas E. Mann as well as Officers and Council Members in advancing policies I believe best serve us as research scholars and as citizens.
Experimental aesthetics : implications for aesthetic education of naive art observers

ABSTRACT Two experiments that evoked aesthetic judgments from naive art observers were conducted at a large midwestern university. Data analyses showed that naive art observers are sensitive to aesthetics and that people who have had little or no formal education in art or aesthetics have a basic knowledge of art. The subjects' interest in the experiments indicated that classes in art appreciation, workshops, and seminars would be appreciated by students of all academic majors.
The role of nutrition in the care of the elderly patient.

Nutrition has a direct bearing on the health of the geriatric patient. For the rapidly growing elderly population, nutrient deficiencies are a reality, especially deficiencies in calcium, iron, vitamins A, C, and the water-soluble B vitamins. The risk of malnutrition increases with the progressive physiological and socioeconomic changes of aging. The quality of the diet can be further compromised by physical and mental disabilities, chronic alcoholism, overmedication, and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, reduced immunity, and osteoporosis. Geriatric patients may be undernourished on entering the hospital. Many questions remain concerning the nutritional status, nutritional requirements, cause of deficiencies, nutrient supplementation, drug treatment, and the role of nutrition in the overall care of the elderly patient.
Consideration of the necessity and feasibility strengthening drug research supervision in China

We compared features and supervision of drug research institutes in China and developed country,and summarized the development of drug research supervision and regularity in China by analyzing the existing problems in drug research supervision.We put forward rationalization proposals to improve the drug research supervision.We analyzed the results of survey research,field research,literature comparison and other forms,and found that there are certain disparities of supervision and management in drug research in China.We hope to establish regulatory system of drug research,system of inspection and supervision,and laboratory practice of preclinical drug research in order to improve the regulations of drug research supervision.
The mechanism of late deceleration of the heart rate and its relationship to oxygenation in normoxemic and chronically hypoxemic fetal lambs

The responses of fetal heart rate and blood pressure to a transient reduction in uterine blood flow were studied in normoxemic and chronically hypoxemic lambs. In normoxemic fetuses, a reduction in uterine blood flow, if prolonged sufficiently, produced reflex bradycardia mediated through chemoreceptors and was associated with a decrease in carotid arterial Po 2 to below 20 torr. The bradycardia was associated with a marked decrease in left ventricular output as measured by electromagnetic flowmeter; both were abolished by atropine. In chronically hypoxemic fetuses, a reduction in uterine blood flow produced a delayed deceleration of the heart rate which consisted of three components: reflex bradycardia due to chemoreceptor stimulation; baroreceptor-mediated reflex bradycardia which involved the slow and late recovery of the heart rate; and nonreflex bradycardia which was probably secondary to hypoxic myocardial depression. Quantitative analysis revealed a relationship between the components of delayed deceleration and the status of fetal oxygenation prior to the reduction in uterine blood flow. The lower the carotid arterial Po 2 , the shorter was the delay in the onset of bradycardia, the greater the decrease in heart rate, and the more prolonged the duration of bradycardia. The conclusion is that the response of fetal heart rate to a transient reduction in uterine blood flow is related to the duration of the reduction and to the status of fetal oxygenation prior to the decrease in uterine blood flow.
Factors contributing to early embryonic mortality in gilts bred at first estrus.

Gilts bred at first (n = 18) and third (n = 18) estrus were assigned in replicates of equal numbers to be slaughtered on d 3, 15 and 30 post-mating to assess fertilization rate, embryonic losses and serum concentrations of estrogen (estradiol-17 beta + estrone) and progesterone. Mean number of ovulations was lower among gilts bred at first vs third estrus (12.2 vs 14.5; P less than .05), with no difference in fertilization rate (100 vs 98%). Embryonic survival was lower (P less than .05) among gilts bred at first vs third estrus on d 15 (78.1 vs 95.4%) and 30 (66.7 vs 89.4%) of gestation. Serum estrogen (pg/ml) and progesterone (ng/ml) levels, although lower in gilts bred at first vs third estrus, were not significantly different at the three stages of gestation studied. The ratio of progesterone to estrogen in gilts bred at first estrus was higher than in those bred at third estrus on d 15 (439 +/- 71 vs 210 +/- 17) and 30 (597 +/- 106 vs 179 +/- 50), but was lower on d 3 (187 +/- 37 vs 444 +/- 123; stage of gestation X estrous period interaction, P less than .05). These data suggest that changes in the ratio of systemic levels of estrogen and progesterone may be related to early embryonic mortality in gilts bred at pubertal estrus.
Lower incidence of unsuspected lymph node metastases in 521 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.

AbstractBetween 1983 and 1991 we saw 521 consecutive patients who elected to undergo radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. We performed staging pelvic lymphadenectomy to avoid radical prostatectomy in patients with pelvic lymph node metastases who would be unlikely to be cured by the operation. However, we found that significantly fewer patients had lymph node metastases than historical reports would have led us to predict. Of 32 patients with clinical stage A1 disease none had positive nodes, compared to 2 of 61 (3.3%) with stage A2, 10 of 189 (5.3%) with stage B1 and 23 of 236 (9.7%) with stage B2 disease. We conclude that this lower incidence of nodal involvement relative to previous reports reflects a true change in the stage at which prostate cancer currently is diagnosed. We postulate that a higher index of suspicion, earlier detection, more aggressive intervention to establish the diagnosis, use of ultrasound guided prostate biopsies and more widespread screening for p...
Micromagnetic Cancer Cell Immobilization and Release for Real-Time Single Cell Analysis

Abstract Understanding the interaction of live cells with macromolecules is crucial for designing efficient therapies. Considering the functional heterogeneity found in cancer cells, real-time single cell analysis is necessary to characterize responses. In this study, we have designed and fabricated a microfluidic channel with patterned micromagnets which can temporarily immobilize the cells during analysis and release them after measurements. The microchannel is composed of plain coverslip top and bottom panels to facilitate easy microscopic observation and undisturbed application of analytes to the cells. Cells labeled with functionalized magnetic beads were immobilized in the device with an efficiency of 90.8±3.6%. Since the micromagnets are made of soft magnetic material (Ni), they released cells when external magnetic field was turned off from the channel. This allows the reuse of the channel for a new sample. As a model drug analysis, the immobilized breast cancer cells (MCF7) were exposed to fluorescent lipid nanoparticles and association and dissociation were measured through fluorescence analysis. Two concentrations of nanoparticles, 0.06 µg/ml and 0.08 µg/ml were tested and time lapse images were recorded and analyzed. The microfluidic device was able to provide a microenvironment for sample analysis, making it an efficient platform for real-time analysis.
Detection of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury by Machine Learning Classification Using Resting State Functional Network Connectivity and Fractional Anisotropy

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may adversely affect a person's thinking, memory, personality, and behavior. While mild TBI (mTBI) diagnosis is challenging, there is a risk for long-term psychiatric, neurologic, and psychosocial problems in some patients that motivates the search for new and better biomarkers. Recently, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) has shown promise in detecting mTBI, but its validity is still being investigated. Resting state functional network connectivity (rsFNC) is another approach that is emerging as a promising option for the diagnosis of mTBI. The present work investigated the use of rsFNC for mTBI detection compared with dMRI results on the same cohort. Fifty patients with mTBI (25 males) and age-sex matched healthy controls were recruited. Features from dMRI were obtained using all voxels, the enhanced Z-score microstructural assessment for pathology, and the distribution corrected Z-score. Features based on rsFNC were obtained through group independent compo...
Advances in MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of proteins in cardiac tissue, including the heart valve☆

Significant progress has been made for tissue imaging of proteins using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS). These advancements now facilitate mapping of a wide range of proteins, peptides, and post-translational modifications in a wide variety of tissues; however, the use of MALDI IMS to detect proteins from cardiac tissue is limited. This review discusses the most recent advances in protein imaging and demonstrates application to cardiac tissue, including the heart valve. Protein imaging by MALDI IMS allows multiplexed histological mapping of proteins and protein components that are inaccessible by antibodies and should be considered an important tool for basic and clinical cardiovascular research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MALDI Imaging, edited by Dr. Corinna Henkel and Prof. Peter Hoffmann.
Integrating Personalized Technology in Toxicology: Sensors, Smart Glass, and Social Media Applications in Toxicology Research

Rapid proliferation of mobile technologies in social and healthcare spaces create an opportunity for advancement in research and clinical practice. The application of mobile, personalized technology in healthcare, referred to as mHealth, has not yet become routine in toxicology. However, key features of our practice environment, such as frequent need for remote evaluation, unreliable historical data from patients, and sensitive subject matter, make mHealth tools appealing solutions in comparison to traditional methods that collect retrospective or indirect data. This manuscript describes the features, uses, and costs associated with several of common sectors of mHealth research including wearable biosensors, ingestible biosensors, head-mounted devices, and social media applications. The benefits and novel challenges associated with the study and use of these applications are then discussed. Finally, opportunities for further research and integration are explored with a particular focus on toxicology-based applications.
Evaluation of identifier field agreement in linked neonatal records.

To better address barriers arising from missing and unreliable identifiers in neonatal medical records, we evaluated agreement and discordance among traditional and non-traditional linkage fields within a linked neonatal data set. The retrospective, descriptive analysis represents infants born from 2013 to 2015. We linked children’s hospital neonatal physician billing records to newborn medical records originating from an academic delivery hospital and evaluated rates of agreement, discordance and missingness for a set of 12 identifier field pairs used in the linkage algorithm. We linked 7293 of 7404 physician billing records (98.5%), all of which were deemed valid upon manual review. Linked records contained a mean of 9.1 matching and 1.6 non-matching identifier pairs. Only 4.8% had complete agreement among all 12 identifier pairs. Our approach to selection of linkage variables and data formatting preparatory to linkage have generalizability, which may inform future neonatal and perinatal record linkage efforts.
Nuclei Isolation from Nematode Ascaris

Preparing nuclei is necessary in a variety of experimental paradigms to study nuclear processes. In this protocol, we describe a method for rapid preparation of large number of relatively pure nuclei from Ascaris embryos or tissues that are ready to be used for further experiments such as chromatin isolation and ChIP-seq, nuclear RNA analyses, or preparation of nuclear extracts (Kang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016).
Anatomy and Topography

The chromaffin cell may be defined, according to Coupland (1965), as “an element developed from neuroectoderm, innervated by preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers, capable of synthesizing and secreting catecholamines and storing them in sufficient quantities to give a positive chromaffin reaction with aqueous solutions of potassium dichromate or chromate.” To this we should add the words “under the light microscope” because chromaffinity may still be seen under the electron microscope when absent on light microscopy. Other tissue elements containing phenolic compounds may give a positive chromaffin reaction [e. g., enterochromaffin cells or mast cells containing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) or dopamine], but are not true chromaffin cells by strict definition and should be called chrome-reacting cells (Coupland, 1965) (Table 2-1).
The impact of irreproducibility and competing protection from P2Y 12 antagonists on the discovery of cardioprotective interventions.

Scientists and clinicians have been concerned by the lack of a clinically suitable strategy for cardioprotection in patients with acute myocardial infarction despite decades of intensive pre-clinical investigations and a surprising number of clinical trials based on those observations which have uniformly been disappointing. However, it would be a mistake to abandon this search. Rather it would be useful to examine these past efforts and determine reasons for the multiple failures. It appears that earlier clinical trials were often based on results from a single experimental laboratory, thus minimizing the importance of establishing reproducibility in multiple laboratories by multiple scientists and in multiple models. Clinical trials should be discouraged unless robust protection is demonstrated in pre-clinical testing. After approximately 2005 a loading dose of a platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonist became increasingly widespread in patients with acute myocardial infarction prior to revascularization and quickly became standard-of-care. These agents are now thought to be a cause of failure of recent clinical trials since these pleiotropic drugs also happen to be potent postconditioning mimetics. Thus, introduction of an additional cardioprotective strategy such as ischemic postconditioning which uses the same signaling pathway as these P2Y12 antagonists would be redundant and doomed to failure. Additive cardioprotection could be achieved only if the second intervention had a different mechanism of cardioprotection. This concept has been demonstrated in experimental animals. So lack of reproducibility of earlier studies and failure to examine interventions in experimental animals also treated with anti-platelet agents could well explain past failures. These realizations should clear the way for development of interventions which can be translated into successful clinical treatments.
Taming of the Wild: IoT in Public Spaces

The progression of wireless communication into lower power, smaller form factor devices has heralded the age of the Internet of Things (IoT). Predictions show the integration of IoT devices into all facets of our public and private lives. It is not hard to imagine an IoT-enabled home that allows a user to interact with their personal environment or an IoT-enhanced store that advertises available products, enhanced with targeted offers to nearby or frequent shoppers. However, there are many dangers inherent in the use of IoT in public spaces, including violations of a user's privacy and overwhelming the limited bandwidth in dense IoT deployments. Challenges lie at all layers of the IoT ecosystem and privacy must ultimately be built into the devices and protocols we use.
Green energy futures: Responsible mining on Minnesota’s Iron Range

Abstract Controversial mining projects are being proposed across the U.S. in the quest for supplies of precious and rare earth elements to fuel green energy technologies, like wind turbines and electric vehicles. This new prospecting is, in part, the result of geopolitical tensions over China's export limits. While the U.S. has ample resources of rare earths, the main challenge is a lengthy permitting process that pits environmental opponents, especially native tribes, against developers who claim a "responsible" mining agenda. The article examines these tensions through a case study of Polymet's proposal for an open pit mine along Lake Superior in Minnesota. Over 80,000 public comments were submitted for and against the project, making it the most contested project in state history. The research is based on interviews, field visits, media reports and participant observation at siting hearings. The article synthesizes two emerging areas of energy social theory, the geologic turn in geography/anthropology and STS interests in responsible innovation, to reveal the new vulnerabilities and opportunities that are being coproduced with the new energy economy. I examine how stakeholders are making sense of mining's landscape and livelihood impacts, while addressing the need for just energy futures that balance short-term resource needs with long-term sustainability.
The relationship between dietary protein content, body condition, and Δ15N in a mammalian omnivore.

Seasonal reductions in food availability may cause animals to catabolize endogenous tissue and the resulting loss of lean mass can hinder their ability to forage and reproduce. While several studies have considered nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) as an indicator of catabolism, relationships between protein intake, body condition, and tissue δ15N have not been assessed simultaneously in controlled conditions. We conducted a feeding experiment on laboratory mice (Mus musculus) to test the effects of low (5%) versus high (30–40%) dietary protein content on lean mass, fat mass, and tissue δ15N. This approach enables the distinction between use of exogenous and endogenous nitrogen, illuminating a framework of protein metabolism and tissue synthesis. As expected, lean mass and body fat were lower in mice fed low-protein diets. Nitrogen isotope discrimination (Δ15N) between blood plasma-diet and liver-diet did not differ between diet treatments. In contrast, Δ15N for hair decreased while Δ15N for muscle and RBC increased in the low-protein treatment. These patterns suggest that animals in negative nitrogen balance catabolize labile endogenous protein (e.g., muscle) to maintain vital tissues (e.g., liver) required to survive. Consequently, muscle and RBC δ15N values appear to be the most useful in assessing the nutritional state of animals. Our combination of direct measurements of body condition with δ15N analysis suggest how nitrogen isotopes can be better used as tracers of catabolic and anabolic activity by demonstrating connections between tissue-specific metabolic processes and Δ15N, thus refining the application of δ15N as a tool for assessing nitrogen balance in wild animals.
Extensor Mechanism Injury in the Pediatric Population-A Clinical Review.

The extensor mechanism of the knee—consisting of the four muscles of the quadriceps, the quadriceps tendon, the patella, and the patellar ligament—is essential for lower extremity function during both standing and ambulation. The presence of articular cartilage and growing physes in the pediatric knee, coupled with the generation of significant tensile force, creates an opportunity for pathology unique to the pediatric population. Tibial tubercle fractures and patella injuries are quite rare, and even pediatric-trained orthopaedic surgeons may not be exposed to these injuries on a regular basis. It is the intent of this article to discuss the current literature regarding the mechanism of injury, diagnostic workup, classification, indications for surgical versus non-surgical management, and techniques for operative management for both tibial tubercle and patella (transverse and sleeve) fractures.
Optimal regimen of cisplatin in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck yet to be determined.

Head and neck cancers account for more than 550,000 cases and 380,000 deaths annually worldwide and are the 6 th most common cancer type (1). Head and neck cancers can arise in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, thyroid, and salivary glands and include a variety of histopathologic tumors. Squamous cell cancer (SCC) is the most common pathological type of head and neck cancer (2).
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Central Nervous System Catheter Infections

Abstract Central nervous system catheters are used to treat hydrocephalus in children and are the most common neurosurgical procedure performed in the United States. Unfortunately, these catheters are frequently infected with biofilm-forming bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and other bacteria. Biofilm formation significantly affects the immune response to infection, clinical symptoms, and the treatment required for these infections. Currently, catheters must be removed in addition to providing treatment with antibiotics. This chapter reviews the pathogenesis of central nervous system catheter infection as well as current recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Outstanding questions include the contribution of glia such as microglia and astrocytes to pathogenesis as well as the impact of inflammation on neurologic outcomes in infants and children. Further study is needed to design optimal treatment options to resolve and prevent these infections.
Growth and Differentiation of Neural Cells in Defined Media

The anatomical, physiological, and biochemical complexity of mammalian nervous systems is greater than that in other tissues and presents a formidable barrier to elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of these systems. Not only are there an abundance of complex cellular phenotypes, but the interactions of neural cells are exceedingly complex. One approach to this problem is to use culture methods in an attempt to simplify and control experimental variables.
The Basic Physics of Electricity and Magnetism

All matter in the universe, the air we breathe, the paper pages of this book, are all made up of atoms. Take for example a copper wire, since most electrical cables are made of copper. If a piece of copper wire were cut into smaller and smaller pieces we would eventually get down to the size of an atom. An atom of copper would be the smallest part of material that could exist and still keep its identity as copper.
THE TRH-INDUCED TSH RESPONSE: A POSSIBLE NEUROENDOCRINE MARKER

ABSTRACT Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates from the anterior pituitary gland the release of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin. In 1972 it was first reported that about 25% of depressed patients show a deficient response of TSH for which no endocrine explanation was apparent. Thirty-seven studies involving in toto 771 depressed patients have confirmed this observation. In depression, TSH blunting seems not to be related to such factors as increasing age, previous drug intake, severity of illness, diagnostic subtypes (e.g. primary vs. secondary; unipolar vs. bipolar), thyroid hormone elevation or cortisol elevation. In some patients the fault has been observed both during depression and remission. It is doubtful that a blunted TSH response is specific for depression. It has also been observed in some alcoholic, manic and anorectic patients, but not in schizophrenic patients. This points to the need for further specificity studies. Pathophysiologic significance and clinical utility of the TSH response fault remains to be determined. The fault probably reflects a defect in central regulation of the pituitary-thyroid-axis rather than a disturbance secondary to some other endocrine change. It may represent a biological bridge between some depressed patients and some patients with other mental disorders.
Eighty-two-year-old man with a systolic murmur.

Clinical Introduction An 82-year-old man with a history of coronary artery bypass surgery, hypertension and small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumour underwent cardiac risk evaluation prior to surgical resection of his tumour. He was asymptomatic from a cardiovascular perspective, but his activity level was less than four metabolic equivalents. Physical examination was notable for a 2/6 systolic murmur at the apex. ECG showed sinus rhythm. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed (figure 1 and online supplementary video 1). Supplementary file 1 QUESTION: The findings in figure 1 are most likely due to which of the following? Atrioventricular conduction block. Acute severe aortic regurgitation. Patent ductus arteriosus. Atrial flutter. Severe mitral stenosis.
Organ-mounted robot localization via function approximation.

BACKGROUND Organ-mounted robots adhere to the surface of a mobile organ as a platform for minimally invasive interventions, providing passive compensation of physiological motion. This approach is beneficial during surgery on the beating heart. Accurate localization in such applications requires accounting for the heartbeat and respiratory motion. Previous work has described methods for modeling quasi-periodic motion of a point and registering to a static preoperative map. The existing techniques, while accurate, require several respiratory cycles to converge. METHODS This paper presents a general localization technique for this application, involving function approximation using radial basis function (RBF) interpolation. RESULTS In an experiment in the porcine model in vivo, the technique yields mean localization accuracy of 1.25 mm with a 95% confidence interval of 0.22 mm. CONCLUSIONS The RBF approximation provides accurate estimates of robot location instantaneously.
SideTrail: Verifying Time-Balancing of Cryptosystems

Timing-based side-channel attacks are a serious security risk for modern cryptosystems. The time-balancing countermeasure used by several TLS implementations (e.g. s2n, GnuTLS) ensures that execution timing is negligibly influenced by secrets, and hence no attacker-observable timing behavior depends on secrets. These implementations can be difficult to validate, since time-balancing countermeasures depend on global properties across multiple executions. In this work we introduce the tool SideTrail, which we use to prove the correctness of time-balancing countermeasures in s2n, the open-source TLS implementation used across a range of products from AWS, including S3. SideTrail is used in s2n’s continuous integration process, and has detected three side-channel issues that the s2n team confirmed and repaired before the affected code was deployed to production systems.
The Effect of a Comprehensive Dementia Care Management Program on End‐of‐Life Care

Author(s): Jennings, Lee A; Turner, Maurice; Keebler, Chandra; Burton, Carl H; Romero, Tahmineh; Wenger, Neil S; Reuben, David B | Abstract: Background/objectivesAlthough Alzheimer disease and other dementias are life limiting, only a minority of these patients or their proxy decision makers participate in advance care planning. We describe end-of-life care preferences and acute care and hospice use in the last 6 months of life for persons enrolled in a comprehensive dementia care management program.DesignObservational, retrospective cohort.SettingUrban, academic medical center.ParticipantsA total of 322 persons enrolled in dementia care management after July 1, 2012, who died before July 1, 2016.InterventionDementia care comanagement model using nurse practitioners partnered with primary care providers and community organizations to provide comprehensive dementia care, including advance care planning.MeasurementsAdvance care preferences, use of Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST), hospice enrollment, and hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits in the last 6 months of life obtained from electronic health record data.ResultsNearly all decedents (99.7%, N = 321) had a goals-of-care conversation documented (median = 3 conversations; interquartile range = 2-4 conversations), and 64% had advance care preferences recorded. Among those with recorded preferences, 88% indicated do not resuscitate, 48% limited medical interventions, and 35% chose comfort-focused care. Most patients (89%) specified limited artificial nutrition, including withholding feeding tubes. Over half (54%) had no hospitalizations or ED visits in the last 6 months of life, and intensive care unit stays were rare (5% of decedents). Overall, 69% died on hospice. Decedents who had completed a POLST were more likely to die in hospice care (74% vs 62%; P = .03) and die at home (70% vs 59%; P = .04).ConclusionsEnrollees in a comprehensive dementia care comanagement program had high engagement in advance care planning, high rates of hospice use, and low acute care utilization near the end of life. Wider implementation of such programs may improve end-of-life care for persons with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:443-448, 2019.