cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of a Wire-Wrapped Mechanical Crack Arrester for Pressurized Pipelines

Because of the difficulties which have been encountered in efforts to establish fracture toughness standards for arrest of running shear fractures in pressurized pipelines, the possibility of introducing mechanical crack arresters on such pipelines is currently being explored. The purpose here is to discuss the mechanics of the crack arrest process for a mechanical arrester which is fabricated by loosely thread wrapping ductile steel wire rod around a segment of the pipe. The net effect of the wire rod arrester as the crack approaches is to substantially increase the axial in-plane strain in the pipe wall adjacent to the fracture path from the value it would have in the absence of the arrester. The result is that, in the presence of the arrester, the growth of a circumferential tensile fracture can become more favorable than continued growth of the axial tensile fracture, and a criterion for arrest of the axial fracture based on this result is proposed. Through an analysis of rapid crack propagation in a pressurized pipeline, the arrest criterion leads to an expression for the minimum ductility of the wire rod necessary for crack arrest. The required minimum ductility for the wire rod is estimated for system parameters corresponding to available full-scale test data, and the results compare favorably with the independently measured actual ductility of the arrester material.
Inhibition of NADH-methemoglobin reductase by organic phosphates.

Abstract The organic phosphate allosteric effectors of hemoglobin, inositol hexaphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and ATP, interact with NADH-methemoglobin reductase (NADH-diaphorase). Significant inhibitory effects on the enzyme were found when dichlorophenolindophenol, or ferricyanide were used as electron acceptors in place of methemoglobin. In contrast, apparent stimulation of enzyme activity was observed when adult human methemoglobin was used as the electron acceptor. The latter is explained on the basis of the larger effect of the organic phosphate on the rate of reaction due to its interaction with the substrate methemoglobin to produce the favored T type of quaternary conformation. The inhibitory effect of inositol hexaphosphate on the enzyme is associated with a perturbation in the reactivity of essential sulfhydryl group(s) on the enzyme. It is suggested that the interaction of the organic phosphate with the enzyme as well as with the substrate is significant in determining the overall rate of methemoglobin reduction.
Radiology of the ambient cistern Part I: Normal

The angiographic and high-resolution, thin-section CT appearance of the normal ambient cistern is correlated with anatomic dissections and sections of normal, formalin-fixed cadaver brains. Each of three separate anatomic segments of the ambient cistern--the supratentorial segment, the tentorial edge and the subtentorial segment--has a characteristic CT appearance that can be correlated with specific vascular structures on routine angiography.
Example of two distinct potentials without point eigenvalues which have the same scattering operator with the reflection coefficient c (0)=-1

Abraham, DeFacio, and Moses and Brownstein have given examples of pairs of potentials, which support no point eigenvalues, but which have the same scattering operator. These potentials all have delta-function contributions to them. In the present paper, a pair of potentials is given, neither of which has a delta-function contribution, such that they both have the same simple scattering operator. Like the earlier examples, the new potentials violate the range condition of Faddeev and Deift and Trubowitz used in the proof of the one-to-one correspondence of potentials to scattering operators. Thus the present example is an addition to the list of long-range potentials with simple eigenfunctions and scattering operators.
Dissolved arsenic and antimony in the Black Sea

Abstract Water samples from the 1988 Black Sea Expedition were analysed for dissolved, inorganic arsenic and antimony speciation, and methylarsonic, methylstibonic, dimethylarsinic and dimethylstibinic acids. Inorganic arsenic was depleted in surface waters, increased rapidly with depth in the oxic water column, and then decreased in the anoxic waters. In oxygenated waters arsenate [As(V)] was the predominant species, while arsenite [As(III)] was the major form near the sulfide interface. Both arsenate and arsenite were found in the deep anoxic water. In contrast to arsenic, inorganic antimony displayed highest concentrations at the surface, decreased to the sulfide interface, and increased in the deeper anoxic water column. The speciation of antimony was dominated by Sb(V) in oxygenated waters, Sb(III) near the sulfide interface, and Sb(III) and (V) in the deep anoxic zone. Inorganic arsenic and antimony displayed apparent removal just above the sediment-water interface. The methylated arsenic and antimony acids were only detected in surface waters. These data demonstrate that arsenic and antimony are controlled by both biological and redox reactions. Like phosphate, arsenic appears to be linked with the cycling of organic matter in surface waters. However, at and below the sulfide interface their behaviors diverge. Antimony and phosphate are linked only by their apparent participation in the cycling of metal oxides near the sulfide interface. The abundance of thermodynamically unstable As(V) and Sb(V) in the deep anoxic waters of the Black Sea can be attributed primarily to the delivery of the pentavalent ions via detrital fluxes and the formation of deep waters, with subsequent slow rates of reduction.
Abstract IA-5: Dissecting tumor suppressor gene networksin vivo

Cancer arises through an evolutionary process whereby normal cells acquire mutations that erode growth controls, leading to the inappropriate expansion of aberrantly proliferating cells. Such mutations can involve activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor‐suppressor genes, each contributing one or more new capabilities to the developing cancer cell. However, cancer is not an inevitable consequence of oncogenic mutations; instead, cells acquiring such mutations can be eliminated or kept in check by innate tumor‐suppressor programs that can be activated in these damaged cells. Our laboratory studies tumor‐suppressor networks controlling apoptosis and senescence and how their disruption influences malignant behavior. We previously showed that apoptosis and cellular senescence are potent barriers to oncogene‐driven tumorigenesis and that each contributes to the antitumor action of many chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, not only do mutations that disrupt apoptosis and senescence promote tumor progression but, depending on the particular lesion, they can also reduce the efficacy of cancer therapy. To facilitate our research, we have recently developed new mouse cancer models based on the genetic manipulation of stem and progenitor cells ex vivo followed by transplantation of the altered cells into the appropriate organ of syngeneic recipient mice. This approach allows us to rapidly study the impact of many genes and gene combinations on tumorigenesis in a “mosaic” setting where tumor‐initiating cells are embedded in normal tissues. Furthermore, we have developed powerful methods for using RNAi to suppress gene function in vivo in either a stable and reversible manner. Current efforts in the laboratory strive to integrate mosaic mouse models, RNA interference, and cancer genomics to identify new components of tumor suppressor gene networks and characterize their impact on tumorigenesis and treatment response. In addition, we are developing new RNAi interference methods to explore the role of tumor suppressor genes in tumor maintenance, and the cell death mechanisms involved in tumor regression. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):IA-5.
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced alterations in colonic plasma membrane fluidity: restriction to the luminal region

Abstract Recently, work in this laboratory has shown that changes in the ‘dynamic’ component of fluidity, lipid composition and phospholipid methylation activity of distal colonic brush-border membranes could be detected after administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to rats of the Sherman strain for 5–15 weeks, i.e., before the development of colon cancer. The present experiments were therefore conducted to: (1) determine whether similar ‘premalignant’ biochemical changes could be detected in basolateral membranes of Sherman rats treated with this agent; and (2) clarify the relationship of these membrane changes to the malignant transformation process by examining the effect of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on these biochemical parameters in colonic antipodal plasma membranes of rats of the Lobund-Wistar strain. This particular strain of rats has previously been shown to be total resistant to the induction of tumors by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The results of the present experiments demonstrate that similar biochemical alterations could not be detected in the colonic plasma membranes prepared from either strain of rat treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. These data support the contention that the prior biochemical membrane alterations noted in brush-border membranes of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated animals are, in fact, related to the malignant transformation process and, furthermore, are confined to the luminal surface of distal colonic epithelial cells.
The thalamus and midbrain in Reye syndrome.

A previously healthy 5½-year-old male had Reye syndrome. He presented in coma with apnea 1 week after a viral infection and following 2 days of vomiting and progressive obtundation. He was in coma with dystonic posturing and intact brainstem function. Laboratory evaluation revealed initial hypoglycemia, and markedly elevated liver enzymes, prolonged clotting times, and elevated ammonia levels. No underlying metabolic disorder was present, and the patient completely recovered. On a modified diffusion-weighted image magnetic resonance imaging scan, restriction of diffusion in the thalamus and midbrain was observed. While abnormalities of the thalamus and midbrain have previously been reported, this is the first report of diffusion-weighted imaging indicating early impairment of water diffusion, a finding more commonly observed with stroke.
The Effects of a Zero Interval on Semantic Differential Rotated Factor Loadings

Summary A partial replication and extension of the semantic differential was used to test the effects of modified middle interval instructions on rotated factor loadings derived from Ss' responses. The partial replication is in good agreement with the findings published by Osgood et al. (5). However, the results from Ss responding to the modified middle interval instructions differ markedly from those in published and control conditions, yielding an interpretable fourth factor suggesting the achievement of more subtle nuance of meaning.
Surface hydrocarbon components of two species of Nasutitermes from trinidad

Colonies ofNasutitermes costalis (Holmgren) andN. ephratae (Holmgren) were collected from five locations in Trinidad. Cuticular hydrocarbons were characterized by gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry and quantified by capillary gas chromatography. Sixteen major components were identified; all but one component (12, 16-dimethyltriacontane) were common to both species. The methyl-branched hydrocarbons were predominant inN. costalis, while the majority of the hydrocarbon components inN. ephratae weren-alkanes. One hydrocarbon (11,15-dimethylheptacosane) was found in abundance in samples ofN. ephratae from Trinidad but was not previously reported from collections of this species in Panama. In addition to the morphology of the soldiers and alates and the architecture of the arboreal nests,N. costalis andN. ephratae from Trinidad can easily be separated by chromatograms of the hydrocarbons.N. costalis has an enormous 13,17-dimethylhentriacontane peak (mean = 42.4% of total hydrocarbon). InN. ephratae this peak is much smaller and the 12,16-dimethyltriacontane peak is completely missing.N. costalis from Trinidad andN. corniger from Panama appear to have cuticular hydrocarbon profiles that are more similar to one another than are those ofN. ephratae from Trinidad and Panama.
MYOTONIA CONGENITA (THOMSEN'S DISEASE) Early Diagnosis in Infancy

Abstract. A family with myotonia congenita. (Thomsen's disease) is reported in which the father and his two offspring are affected. The course was characterized by the early onset of clinical manifestations in both the father and his two children. In one child, a clinical and electrical diagnosis of the disease was made as early as two weeks of age. Early manifestations were breathing difficulty and eye closure myotonia. The importance of early recognition of the disorder is emphasized.
Introductory Psychology: Should it be Taught As a General Survey Course?

A rating study from two institutions indicates that students assess the survey course less favorably than they do the alternative proposed.
An overview of Analytical Electron Microscopy

Analytical electron microscopy techniques comprising imaging, chemical analysis and microdiffraction are described together with details of the instrumentation required. Using the analytical electron microscope (AEM), the materials scientist can gain combined chemical and crystallographic information with a spatial resolution and sensitivity not available in other imaging instruments. Examples of the application of the AEM to determine solute distribution and crystal structure data are given.
Medicine for the heart: the embodiment of faith in Morocco.

"Medicine for the Heart" is a Moroccan way of describing the power of the Quran to heal the heart, an organ and symbol that links spiritual, emotional, and physical experience. The recitation of Quranic verses offers housewives living in southeastern Saharan Morocco a way to manage emotions associated with recent social changes--emotions that distress the heart and the body. This article is a preliminary examination of how, in everyday life, the phenomenology of faith illuminates an embodied structure of well-being, where spiritual experience merges with physical and emotional experience. Combining the perspectives of the anthropology of experience and social psychology, I highlight some of the spiritual aspects of well-being that emerge in the household production of health, particularly in relation to the core cultural values of unity and interiority. The concept of the spiritual body locates this experience inside the body (in this case radiating from the heart) rather than outside (i.e., in cognitive or symbolic space).
Supernovae in close binaries

The impact of a supernova shell onto 2.82M⊙ and 20.0M⊙ main-sequence stars is investigated for various initial orbital separations, and various supernova shell masses and velocities. The inelastic collision between the star and the supernova shell, the shock propagation into the companion star, and other forms of momentum transfer such as the rocket effect are considered. The total momentum transfer due to the supernova is insufficient to eject the companion from the binary as long as the companion retains most of its mass, regardless of the initial orbital separation. Ejection of the companion may occur if the companion is nearly destroyed. Even in contact binaries destruction does not necessarily occur, and if the orbital separation exceeds 1012 cm, destruction of the companion becomes quite unlikely.
The chemistry of sulfur curing. Part I. Kinetics of vulcanization of an EPDM elastomer accelerated by zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate

The maximum cure rates of an EPDM rubber were determined by using the Monsanto oscillating disk rheometer and correlated against the initial concentrations of curing ingredients. Unaccelerated and ZnDMDC-accelerated sulfur curing systems were used. The results were interpreted to indicate that both unaccelerated and ZnDMDC-accelerated curing reactions proceed simultaneously in ZnDMDC-accelerated stocks. The maximum cure rates of the ZnDMDC-accelerated crosslinking reactions were found to be first-order in initial ZnDMDC concentration, second-order in initial cure site concentration, variable fractional order in initial sulfur concentration, and approximately zero-order in initial zinc oxide concentration. The maximum cure rates of the ZnDMDC-accelerated reaction were shown to be limited by the low solubility of ZnDMDC in the polymer. The maximum cure rates of the unaccelerated crosslinking reaction were found to be 0.6-order in initial sulfur concentration, 1.2-order in initial cure site concentration, and of a positive variable order in initial zinc oxide concentration.
Introduction to special section on Large Geomagnetic Storms

[1] Solar cycle 23 witnessed the accumulation of rich data sets that reveal various aspects of geomagnetic storms in unprecedented detail both at the Sun where the storm-causing disturbances originate and in geospace where the effects of the storms are directly felt. During two recent coordinated data analysis workshops (CDAWs) the large geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT) of solar cycle 23 were studied in order to understand their solar, interplanetary, and geospace connections. This special section grew out of these CDAWs with additional contributions relevant to these storms. Here I provide a brief summary of the results presented in the special section.
Emerging trends in nuclear energy

Abstract Nuclear energy is faltering in many places — especially in the USA: should we write it off as the bubble that burst? The author sees underlying trends that justify a more optimistic view of nuclear energy's future — the continuing tendency for the electricity intensity of economic activity to rise while the total energy intensity falls; a consistently favourable price trend for electricity compared with energy prices generally — a trend that may become more favourable if his judgement that nuclear plants will turn out to be very long-lived is borne out by events; the substitution of electricity-based processes in industry for older processes; and the development of ultra-safe reactors which will remove once and for all the fears of accidents such as the one that occurred at Three Mile Island.
Control of Hemoptysis by Bronchial Artery Embolization

Control of massive hemoptysis by embolization of bronchial arteries was achieved in two patients with bronchopleural fistula. Both patients would have been prohibitive risks for thoracotomy. The indications, contraindications, and technique of the procedure are presented as well as a review of the literature.
A 9mW direct RF sampling GPS receiver front-end in 0.13µm BiCMOS

A direct RF sampling GPS receiver front-end is presented in a 130nm BiCMOS process, occupying less than 2mm2 of die area. Downconversion of the GPS L1 signal is achieved by subsampling rather than by mixing. The number of building blocks and the complexity of the subsampling receiver are lower than of a conventional heterodyne GPS receiver with comparable performance metrics. The total power consumption from a supply voltage of 1.2V is less than 9mW. The total receiver NF is 3.8dB, the lowest reported NF of a subsampling receiver at this level of power consumption. The NF penalty due to subsampling is less than 1dB.
Reply to "Comment on 'Direct observation of relaxation modes in KNbO3 and BaTiO3 using inelastic light scattering' "

In the preceding Comment Fontana /ital et/ /ital al/. make three assertions basedon experimental facts they believe to be in contradiction with our results, andthen describe results and conclusions of their own recent Raman studies. Inparticular, they show spectra which they believe indicate that there is acoupled relaxation-soft phonon mode of /ital B//sub 2/ symmetry inorthorhombic KNbO/sub 3/. In our Reply we attempt to answer their threeobjections in some detail, and show why we do not believe their objections tobe valid. Additionally we describe the differences between their Ramanmeasurements and ours, which show clearly that there is no evidence of a/ital B//sub 2/ relaxation mode in orthorhombic KNbO/sub 3/, anddiscuss why we think such difference may have occurred.
Environmental Influences on the Spatial Ecology of Juvenile Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata): Results from Acoustic Monitoring

To aid recovery efforts of smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) populations in U.S. waters a research project was developed to assess how changes in environmental conditions within estuarine areas affected the presence, movements, and activity space of this endangered species. Forty juvenile P. pectinata were fitted with acoustic tags and monitored within the lower 27 km of the Caloosahatchee River estuary, Florida, between 2005 and 2007. Sawfish were monitored within the study site from 1 to 473 days, and the number of consecutive days present ranged from 1 to 125. Residency index values for individuals varied considerably, with annual means highest in 2005 (0.95) and lowest in 2007 (0.73) when several P. pectinata moved upriver beyond detection range during drier conditions. Mean daily activity space was 1.42 km of river distance. The distance between 30-minute centers of activity was typically <0.1 km, suggesting limited movement over short time scales. Salinity electivity analysis demonstrated an affinity for salinities between 18 and at least 24 psu, suggesting movements are likely made in part, to remain within this range. Thus, freshwater flow from Lake Okeechobee (and its effect on salinity) affects the location of individuals within the estuary, although it remains unclear whether or not these movements are threatening recovery.
A comparison of three methods for reducing iron-deficiency chlorosis in soybean.

Iron-deficiency chlorosis is common when soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is grown on calcareous soils. The objective of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of cultivar selection, foliar sprays, and FeEDDHA seed treatment for reducing chlorosis and increasing the yield of soybean planted in 15-cm rows. Three cultivars (Glacier', Council', and 'Traill') were grown in a factorial combination with two levels of foliar spray (control vs. two FeEDTA sprays) and two levels of seed treatment (control vs. FeEDDHA seed treatment). The cultivars gave an expected chlorosis response, with Glacier being the most susceptible, and Traill being the most resistant. Foliar sprays significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced chlorosis at two sites. Seed treatment with FeEDDHA did not reduce chlorosis although this treatment was effective in prior studies with soybean planted in 76-cm rows. Iron treatments did not reduce the chlorosis scores of Glacier to the level of Council or Traill without Fe treatments. Seed yields were significantly different for cultivars at all sites. Averaged across sites and Fe treatments, the yields were 1361, 1913, and 2203 kg ha 1 , for Glacier, Council, and Traill, respectively. Foliar sprays tended to increase the yield of Glacier at two sites and significantly increased the yield of all three cultivars at another site. The yield responses to foliar sprays, when obtained, were about 300 kg ha 1 . FeEDDHA seed treatment did not increase seed yield. Cultivar selection remains the most practical control measure for Fe-deficiency chlorosis of soybean grown in narrow rows.
Using Anthropology in a World on the Move

THE SOCIETY FOR APPLIED ANTHRO~O=OGY does me great honor in its gift of the Malinowski Award for 1985. It is humbling to find myself associated with the previous recipients of the award who have done so much to demonstrate that anthropology is more than an academic discipline or a literary conceit. It is some indication of how close-knit the company of anthropologists has been that I have known, at least slightly, all save two of the previous recipients. A number played a major role in shaping my own career and so perforce that of students who later worked with me. With Edward Spicer (1 976) and Alexander Leighton (1 984) I shared the experience of Poston, one of the camps where Japanese-Americans and their parents were interned during World War 11, the beginning of my concern for the indecency of forced resettlement, whether this be for what is known as development or because of the even greater indecency of war. That concern led to my involvement in a major study of the Gwembe Tonga who occupied what was to become the Lake Kariba Basin and were sacrificed so that a hydro-electric plant could be built to empower industrialization within Central Africa. From that study my colleague, Thayer Scudder, has gone on to create a general theory dealing with reactions to uprooting and stages of readjustment (Scudder and Colson 1982). His work as a consultant advising on the problems associated with resettlement brought him recognition at the 1984 meetings of the American Anthropological Association when he became the first recipient of its Solon Kimball Prize for Public and Applied Anthropology. A further spin-off of that Poston experience may be the recent founding ofa Center for the Study of Migration and Resettlement, the work of a group of graduate students at Berkeley who are concerned with what is happening to Laotian, Vietnamese, and Central
Low-dosage cefepime as treatment for serious bacterial infections

Since infection develops in significant numbers of hospitalized patients, the problem of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is of increasing concern. We evaluated the efficacy of cefepime 1 g bd as treatment for acute, moderately severe bacterial infection in 239 hospitalized patients (mean age 60 years). Of these patients, 204 were evaluated clinically for urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 90), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (n = 70), skin and soft tissue infection (S/STI) (n = 12) and bacteraemia which was associated with either UTI or LRTI (n = 32) but not included in the previously mentioned UTI and LRTI groups. Amongst the pathogens isolated (36 Gram-positive, 150 Gram-negative), the most predominant species were Escherichia coli in UTI and bacteraemia (n = 81), Streptococcus pneumoniae in LRTI and bacteraemia (n = 23), Haemophilus influenzae in LRTI (n = 16), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 4) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 2) in S/STI. The mean duration of treatment was 8.5 days and was the same for the 204 clinically evaluable patients. Overall, the clinical cure rate for cefepime was 94% (191/204). Pathogen eradication was achieved in 93% (185/199) of infections. Of the patients with associated bacteraemia, the clinical cure rate was 97% (31/32) and 94% (16/17) of the pathogens were eradicated. Cefepime therapy was well-tolerated. Treatment was discontinued in eight patients (3%) because of local intolerance and in five patients (2%) because of drug-related adverse events (rash, headache and pruritus). Cefepime 1 g bd is as safe and effective as other parenteral cephalosporins for the treatment of acute bacterial UTI, LRTI and S/STI, including those cases with associated bacteraemia. The bd dosing schedule and reported lack of cross-resistance with other cephalosporins against some species of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli make cefepime an attractive treatment option in hospitalized patients.
A dynamic model of adaptation to resource depletion: theory and an application to groundwater mining

Abstract This research develops an optimal control model that incorporates the opportunity for adaptation to resource depletion. In the context of groundwater mining for agricultural production, two traits supplement a conventional intertemporal depletion path: the relative allocation of groundwater among irrigated crops and endogenous switch times describing an intertemporal cropping pattern. Both planning and common property equilibria are derived. Results from an application to the Texas High Plains include: transition away from irrigation of sorghum occurs twice as fast when done optimally, and benefit to groundwater management ranges between $0.36 to $4.16 million as the interest rate varies from five to two percent.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=193*

Level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 193. The experimental data have been evaluated, and adopted levels, transitions, and other nuclear properties are given.
Severe contact dermatitis as a result of an antiseptic bath oil.

SUMMARY Siblings aged 7 and 5 years developed extensive truncal and flexural inflammation and desquamation unresponsive to standard eczema therapy. After delays in diagnosis, subsequent history revealed prior use of an antiseptic bath oil in a much stronger concentration than recommended. The case illustrates the severe irritant contact dermatitis that can arise following inadequate dilution of antiseptic bath oils, presumably as a result of skin contact with benzalkonium chloride and triclosan. Features that may direct attention to such irritant dermatitis are flexural predominance with superficial desquamation and rapid improvement after avoidance of exposure to the antiseptic solution.
One-Dimensional Particulate Electrogasdynamics

A theoretical analysis of a two-phase particulate electrogasdynamic flow is presented. The effect of the space charge induced electric field force on the solid particle charge carrier is included. The direct conversion of kinetic energy into electricity is accounted for by the electrical body force work term in the energy equation. A sample solution to the seven, ordinary, nonlinear, coupled, differential equations is presented for a typical electrogasdynamic energy conversion channel, L/D = 13. Results for the axial pressure, electric current, and potential distribution are given, as well as particulate and gas phase velocities and temperatures for 100 fj. diameter particles at two mass-loading ratios of MP* = 0.1 and MP* = 1.0. Nomenclature A = flow channel cross-sectional area, m2 j$F ^ = body force nondimensional parameter, dimensionless Bg = interphase heat-transfer parameter, dimensionless cg — specific heat of gas phase at const ant pressure, cal/g°K DH = flow channel hydraulic diameter, m D — flow channel diameter D = DH for a cylindrical flow channel, m dp =
Wavefront construction (WF) ray tracing in tetrahedral models — Application to 3‐D traveltime and ray path computations

Abstract : For the purpose of building a fast and accurate tool for the computation of traveltimes and ray paths for 3-D depth imaging, we combine the techniques of tetrahedral model representation and 3-D wavefront construction (WF) ray tracing. The scheme is robust and efficient in the presence of complex earth structures. To efficiently represent a 3-D complex earth structure, a 3-D tetrahedral model as well as an auxiliary Cartesian cubic grid is used. In each layer, the 'sloth' (the square of the slowness) is required to vary continuously, and specifically, in each cell, the sloth gradient is constant. The layers are separated by smoothly varying horizons. The tetrahedral model representation is based on the triangulation of the smooth horizons. WF ray tracing is used in the scheme. In WF ray tracing, rays are traced step-wise in traveltime through the model and are maintained by a triangular network, (1) to form the wavefront at each traveltime step, (2) to evaluate quantities, such as traveltimes and ray paths at the receivers, and (3) to interpolate new rays, whenever certain criteria are met. The quantities, such as traveltimes and ray paths, evaluated on a Cartesian cubic grid, are useful for depth imaging. For our kinematic ray tracing, which gives correct traveltimes and ray paths, an efficient alternative for dealing with caustics is presented.
Inter- and intra-individual variation in body temperatures of the galapagos land iguana (Conolophus Pallidus

Abstract 1. 1.|Measurements of the body temperature of free-ranging Conolophus pallidus during the hot season revealed significant inter- and intra-individual variation in midday body temperature (Th). 2. 2.|No sexual differences in mean tb were found between the the sexes at 07:00 h, during midday (12:00–16:00 h), or at 17:00 h. However, females were significantly more variable than males at midday. By 18:30 h, females had cooled to a significantly cooler Tb because of their smaller body mass. 3. 3.|Males exhibited no difference between mean body temperatures at midday and 17:00 h, but females showed a significant increase in Tb at 17:00 h just prior to entering a sleeping site for the night. 4. 4.|There were no significant differences between the sexes with respect to the rate of warming in the morning, the time of first movement in the morning or Tb at that time. Time and Tb at first activity were highly variable among days for each individuals.
Relative Value of Race, Family History and Prostate Specific Antigen as Indications for Early Initiation of Prostate Cancer Screening

Purpose: Many guidelines suggest earlier screening for prostate cancer in men at high risk, with risk defined in terms of race and family history. Recent evidence suggests that baseline prostate specific antigen is strongly predictive of the long-term risk of aggressive prostate cancer. We compared the usefulness of risk stratifying early screening by race, family history and prostate specific antigen at age 45 years.Materials and Methods: Using estimates from the literature we calculated the proportion of men targeted for early screening using family history, black race or prostate specific antigen as the criterion for high risk. We calculated the proportion of prostate cancer deaths that would occur in those men by age 75 years.Results: Screening based on family history involved 10% of men, accounting for 14% of prostate cancer deaths. Using black race as a risk criterion involved 13% of men, accounting for 28% of deaths. In contrast, 44% of prostate cancer deaths occurred in the 10% of men with the hig...
Does "Gramma-tik" You off?

The effectiveness of WordPerfect's Grammatik as a tool for business writing is the sub ject of this study. Results of this informal study suggest significant limitations to the effectiveness of this application as a guide for student writ ers. I reached this conclusion by having 12 students' papers critiqued by both Grammatik (affectionately known as Gramma) and by real English/ business communication professors to compare their values.
The transmission and control of gonorrhea

This article summarizes mathematical models that have been developed to address the unique epidemiologic features of gonorrhea infection. The annual incidence of gonorrhea in the US has been estimated at 2.6 million cases with an average duration of 55 days. This corresponds to a prevalence of about 400000 cases at any time or approximately 2% of the at-risk population. It appears that infective individuals in the high-risk population infect more than 1 individual during the course of their infection while infective individuals outside the high-risk core infect less than 1 susceptible person. At equilibrium these 2 rates combine to produce an overall average of 1 new infectee for each current infection. The implication of this assumption is that if core individuals can be identified and kept free of gonorrhea the disease would die out of the population. 3 control strategies have been suggested: 1) general screening of males and females 2) tracing those to whom an infection has spread by a diagnosed infected individual and 3) identifying infectious individuals by their infectees. The 3rd strategy which pursues the chain upstream is regarded as preferable in that it has a high likelihood of identifying both very active core individuals and asymptomatics. Field studies are needed to evaluate the costs for the discovery and cure of 1 person by each of these 3 strategies however so that cost-effective programs can be designed.
Preferences and Self-Disclosure in Relation to Psychotherapist Professional and Ethnic Identification

Summary This study examined the effects of psychotherapist ethnicity and expertise on preferences and self-disclosure. Thirty-four white Anglo American college students, 20 male and 14 female, listened to one of two matched psychotherapy tapes. The therapist was identified by background introductions as being either professional or nonprofessional and as either of Anglo American or Mexican American ethnicity. After hearing the tape, the Ss' perceptions and willingness to talk to the therapist were measured on a self-disclosure scale and an attitude-toward-therapist scale. Ss showed significantly higher self-disclosure to the therapist introduced as an Anglo American professional. The Mexican American nonprofessional also received significantly higher negative attitude-toward-therapist scores compared to the other therapist conditions.
Adjusted Body Weight, Pro: Evidence to Support the Use of Adjusted Body Weight in Calculating Calorie Requirements

The optimal nutrition regimen for obese hospitalized patients remains controversial, and clinicians use a variety of different methods for estimating needs of obese patients who require nutrition support. Adjusted body weight has been proposed as one method to improve the accuracy of predictive equations when calculating calorie expenditure of obese patients. Although adjusted body weight has been criticized as a "nonscientific method," several studies have investigated the accuracy of adjusted body weight calculations and found it comparable or superior to several prediction equations. This article will summarize the results and discuss the limitations of data from studies regarding calculations for obese hospitalized patients. The use of adjusted body weight is discussed in the context of what is clinically significant in calculations of energy expenditure and in light of the limitations of current outcome data.
Quantitative Assessment of Spray vs Immersion Fixation for Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Specimens

Whether spray or immersion fixation results in higher adequacy rates for thyroid fine-needle aspiration is not known. I compared 1-year adequacy rates, number of cells, and atypia rates for immersion fixation with split spray fixation and immersion. Adequacy rates increased from 71.9% (289/402) for complete immersion to 78.1% (332/425) with spray fixation of half of the slides ( P = .02). The spray-fixed slides had an average ± SD of 49.7 ± 47.5 cells compared with their paired immersed slides, with 25.4 ± 36.8 cells (96% more cells for spray fix; P < .001). Of the 402 immersion cases, 10 (2.5%) were diagnosed as atypical related to preparation artifact compared with 14 (3.3%) of cases with split preparation ( P = .48). Spray fixation results in 96% more follicular cells in scant thyroid aspirates than immersion fixation and a significant increase in adequate aspirates without a significant increase in the atypia rate related to preparation.
Nanostructure formation in spin-cast polystyrene films

The dependence of spin-cast polystyrene film thickness on silicon substrates is examined as a function of concentration (in toluene) and molecular weight. For uniform films ranging in thickness from 100 A to 1 µm, thickness follows a power law dependence on concentration, with the power varying from 1.25 at low molecular weights, to greater than 2 at the highest molecular weights examined. For very dilute concentrations, atomic force microscopy reveals that the films break up into a uniform distribution of voids or islands with submicron dimensions, as has been observed previously. The apparent film thickness (at molecular weight 690 000), is determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and is found to vary linearly with concentration for film thicknesses below ∼30 A, the thickness at which the film begins to break up. At this molecular weight, X-ray reflectivity results indicate that the limiting thickness of the remnant polymer regions is ∼30 A. Effects of annealing are also investigated. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
PROCESSING FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SENSORY QUALITY OF BRAUNSCHWEIGER

Liver pretreatment, nitrite level, cooking temperature, addition of calcium-reduced dried skim milk (CRDSM) and fat content were investigated for their effects on the sensory quality of braun-schweiger. Liver pretreatment, such as scalding at 93°C for 2 min, soaking in brine at 0°C for 1 hr or freezing, had a significant effect on color but not on the overall acceptability of the product. Braun-schweiger made with or without nitrite showed a difference in color but not in flavor. Cooking temperatures affected texture, flavor, overall acceptability, spreadability, product stability, and color of the finished product. The addition of 3.5% CRDSM enhanced the flavor and improved the stability of liver sausage cooked at high temperatures. Braunschweiger containing 20, 30, and 35% fat showed no significant differences in overall acceptability. High fat content in the product favored creamy texture and improved slice-ability but resulted in a light pink color.
Catatonia and burns

Two case reports describing symptoms of catatonia associated with thermal injury are reported. The incidence of catatonia in a burn unit was found to be about three times that in a general hospital.
Perirhinal cortex lesions produce variable patterns of retrograde amnesia in rats

Abstract Two experiments examined the contribution of the perirhinal cortex (PRh) to retrograde memory for the location of a platform in a water maze. In a previous study, we found that electrolytic lesions of the PRh produced retrograde amnesia, without a temporal gradient, for water-maze problems acquired 4 weeks and 2 days before surgery [Behav. Brain. Res. 114 (2000) 119]. In Experiment 1, we used the same mixed design as in our previous report (time of learning was a within-subjects factor), but PRh lesions were made by aspiration. Contrary to our earlier report, these PRh rats displayed good retention of both platform locations. Combined, these findings indicate that the lesion method may contribute importantly to the pattern of deficits observed. Experiment 2 was conducted similar to Experiment 1, except that a completely between-subjects design was used (time of learning was a between-subjects factor). Rats that received PRh lesions approximately 2 days after the last training session displayed impaired retention of the platform’s location, whereas rats that received PRh lesions 4 weeks after training did not. This finding of a temporally graded retrograde amnesia is consistent with our earlier report, and further suggests that the involvement of the PRh in the retention of water-maze problems is time-limited. However, also consistent with our earlier report, the PRh-lesioned rats in Experiment 2 that displayed a retention deficit rapidly reacquired the task. This finding, combined with the negative findings in Experiment 1, suggests that the contribution of the PRh to retrograde memory for platform locations is subtle and may not be due to impaired spatial memory abilities. Additionally, the conflicting results of Experiments 1 and 2 underscore the importance of the design employed in studies of retrograde amnesia in animals.
Challenges to improve confidence level of risk assessment of hydrogen technologies

Making large-scale distribution and use of hydrogen successful will require adequate risk control. In turn, control requires risk assessment. Despite many years of experience, in general, methods to determine risk lack still robustness: results being much too dependent on choices made by the analyst due to uncertainties, lack of data and different views. This can create frustration amongst people dependent on results. HySafe and other groups work in the right direction. This paper will review existing methodological weaknesses, current improvements in e.g. the context of developing risk-informed standards and emphasize the challenges to raise quality further. The Standard Benchmark Exercise Problems, SBEPs, were a good start but shall produce recommendations for CFD use or even certification of models. Scenario generation shall take advantage of historical incident data and newer methods such as Bayesian belief nets, and cover the entire hydrogen distribution system and not only garages and refueling stations; the analyses shall more explicitly present confidence intervals on results. Knowledge gaps on e.g. ignition probability shall be defined and filled.
The binding of products, metal ion, and a substrate analog to rabbit liver fructose bisphosphatase.

Abstract Binding of fructose-6-P and Pi to rabbit liver fructose bisphosphatase has been analyzed in terms of four negatively cooperative binding sites per enzyme tetramer. The association of fructose-6-P occurs in the absence of divalent metal ion, although the extent of binding is increased in the order Mg2+ d -fructofuranoside-1,6-P2 in the presence of Mn2+ closely resembles that found for fructose-1,6-P2 in the absence of Mn2+, although the measured constants are on average an order of magnitude smaller. Combination experiments with the three ligands show that the binding follows an identical ordered sequence, i.e., the tighter sites are initially occupied regardless of the ligand's identity. The binding of Pi or fructose-6-P is not altered by the presence of the other. Comparison of binding constant with Ki values obtained from steady-state assays permits identification of the catalytic sites expressed in the latter. The association of Mn2+ at the catalytic site can be induced by fructose-6-P or the substrate analog suggesting that a 1-phosphoryl group enhances but is not necessary for Mn2+ binding at this site. The binding of AMP is decreased in the presence of substrate analog relative to fructose-1,6-P2, suggesting that the 2-hydroxyl serves as a “molecular signal.” From the single and combined binding experiments, a calculation of the equilibrium constant for the overall hydrolysis reaction on the enzyme surface in the presence of Mn2+ has been carried out and an estimate made for the Mg2+ case.
Wintertime Evolution of the Temperature Inversion in the Colorado Plateau Basin

The Colorado Plateau, surrounded by a ring of mountains, has the meteorological characteristics of a basin. Deep, persistent potential temperature inversions form in this basin in winter. The formation, maintenance, and dissipation of these inversions are investigated using two to four times daily radiosonde data from the winter and early spring of 1989‐90. In winter, inversion evolution is forced primarily by synoptic-scale events. The buildup takes place over one or more days as warm air advection occurs above the basin with the approach of high pressure ridges. The breakup, which occurs with cold air advection above the basin as troughs approach, can occur over periods less than 12 h. Many approaching troughs modulate inversion strength and depth but are too weak to destroy the persistent inversion. Later in the winter and spring, the radiation-induced nocturnal inversion is destroyed nearly every day by the daytime growth of convective boundary layers from the basin floor and sidewalls.
Characterization of a 1:1 Cu-O2 adduct supported by an anilido imine ligand.

Copper(I) complexes of sterically hindered anilido imine ligands o-C 6 H 4 {N(C 6 H 3 i Pr 2 )}{C(R)=NC 6 H 3 i Pr 2 } - (L 1 , R = H; L 2 , R = CH 3 ) have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographicmethods. These complexes are highly reactive with O 2 , and in the case of L 2 the product of low-temperature oxygenation was fully characterized by spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic, and computational methods. The resonance Raman spectrum features an isotope-sensitive vibration at 974 cm - 1 (Δ( 1 8 O) = 66 cm - 1 ), consistent with assignment as an 0-0 stretch. Despite the asymmetric coordination environment provided by the supporting anilido imine ligand, the X-ray crystal structure confirms rather symmetric side-on binding of the O 2 moiety to the copper center, and the 0-0 bond length of 1.392(2) A indicates that this intermediate has significant Cu(lll)-peroxo character. Theoretical calculations support this interpretation and predict that while a fully optimized end-on singlet geometry can be obtained, it is higher in energy than the side-on isomer by 3.5 kcal mol - 1 at the CASPT2/TZP level.