cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytokeratin is a superior marker for detection of micrometastatic biliary tract carcinoma

Background The incidence of lymph node micrometastases in patients with biliary tract carcinoma is unknown. We evaluated the utility of three antibodies for immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of micrometastatic disease in patients with gallbladder and bile duct carcinoma. Materials and methods Surgical specimens from 35 patients with biliary tract carcinoma were evaluated. Histologically involved tissues were stained with the following antibodies using standard IHC techniques: cytokeratin (AE1:AE3), CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), and EMA (epithelial membrane antigen). The antibodies with the greatest degree of positive staining were then used to evaluate the lymph nodes of patients with histologically negative lymph nodes. Micrometastatic disease was defined as clustered atypical cells Results All of the primary tumors and histologically positive lymph nodes demonstrated staining with cytokeratin and CEA antibodies, whereas only 83% were positive for EMA. Therefore, cytokeratin and CEA antibodies were used to evaluate histologically negative lymph nodes. Anti-cytokeratin immunostaining detected micrometastatic disease in two patients. Staining with anti-CEA was negative in all specimens. Overall, two of 15 patients with histologically node negative biliary tract carcinoma had occult micrometastases. Conclusion Cytokeratin immunostaining enables detection of micrometastases in histologically negative lymph nodes in patients with biliary tract carcinoma. Prospective protocols incorporating cytokeratin staining of the lymph nodes may help determine the incidence and clinical significance of occult micrometastatic disease in these patients.
A measurement study on overhead distribution of value-added internet services

During the last two decades, several value-added services (e.g., IP multicast, IP traceback, etc.) have been proposed to extend the functional capabilities of the Internet. Due to the increasing role of these services, there is a need to better understand their impact on the network. In this paper, we present an experimental study on the intersection characteristics of end-to-end Internet paths and trees. We analyze these characteristics to understand the scale and the distribution of ''state overhead'' that is incurred on the routers by various value-added network services. For the reliability of our analysis, a representative, end-to-end router-level Internet map is essential. Although several maps are available, they are at best insufficient for our analysis. Therefore, in the first part of our work, we exert a measurement study and present an alternative approach to obtain an end-to-end router-level map conforming to our constraints. In the second part, we conduct various experiments using our map and shed some light on the scale and distribution of the state overhead of value-added Internet services in both unicast and multicast environments.
Beyond Balancing: Toward an Integrated Approach to Children's Rights

Discussions of children's rights often are framed in terms of balancing—balancing parents' and children's rights, balancing rights to autonomy and protection, balancing rights and responsibilities. By its nature, such a comparative inquiry pulls for relativist reasoning, but such an approach undermines the universalism that is at the root of the concept of human rights. Like the international human rights instruments that preceded it, the Convention on the Rights of the Child is based on “recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family.” Whether grounded in religious or secular ethical reasoning, human rights are directed toward a world in which the Golden Rule—a regime of mutual respect—serves as the guidepost for the social order. Building from that premise, recommendations are offered for social scientists' contributions to creation and preservation of such societies.
NF-κB Activates Prostate-Specific Antigen Expression and Is Upregulated in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer

The transcription factor NF-κB regulates gene expression involved in cell growth and survival and has been implicated in progression of hormone-independent breast cancer. By expressing a dominant-active form of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, by exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha, or by overexpression of p50/p65, we show that NF-κB activates a transcription regulatory element of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-encoding gene, a marker for prostate cancer development, treatment, and progression. By DNase I footprinting, we identified four NF-κB binding sites in the PSA core enhancer. We also demonstrate that androgen-independent prostate cancer xenografts have higher constitutive NF-κB binding activity than their androgen-dependent counterparts. These results suggest a role of NF-κB in prostate cancer progression.
We Can No Longer Afford a Monolingual Norm.

In her Keynote Article, Johanne Paradis does a service for the research and the clinical communities with this comprehensive review of the literature encompassing bilingualism and specific language impairment (SLI). Her work and the work of her colleagues for more than a decade have been persistent in bringing these two threads together: using bilingual (BL) data to speak to theoretical issues and using research findings to inform clinical practice. I am not alone in my appreciation (and admiration) of her many contributions, which are nicely pulled together here and placed in better perspective than in the several articles that have presented much of the work in isolation.
Comparison of individual lead and combined lead frequency parameters of signal averaged electrocardiograms

Short-time Fourier analysis was performed on signal-averaged electrocardiograms (SAEs) for subjects with and without sustained ventricular tachycardias (SVTs). The ratio of low frequency (0-25 Hz) to high frequency (25-50 Hz) was computed for a 100-ms window moved through the SAE. This was done for each of the three orthogonal leads. These ratios were tested to see if the could distinguish between subjects with and without SVT. Also, for each subject, a geometric mean of the three lead ratios was computed at each shift, to see if this parameter could distinguish the two groups. >
Efficacy of Stenorol® (Halofuginone).III. For the Control of Coccidiosis in Turkeys

Abstract Halofuginone at 3 ppm in the ration was tested against turkey coccidial infections caused by four species, in a series of eight battery trials of 16 days duration. The drug was evaluated against infections caused by Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, and E. dispersa. As measured by livability, weight gain, feed efficiency, morbidity, dropping score, lesion score, and oocyst production the drug was highly effective in Beltsville Small White turkeys. The drug at 3 ppm appeared to be about equally effective against all four species and almost completely prevented infection or the effects of infection in some experiments, except when the challenge was too severe.
THE GENDER SYSTEM AND INTERACTION

▪ Abstract The gender system includes processes that both define males and females as different in socially significant ways and justify inequality on the basis of that difference. Gender is different from other forms of social inequality in that men and women interact extensively within families and households and in other role relations. This high rate of contact between men and women raises important questions about how interaction creates experiences that confirm, or potentially could undermine, the beliefs about gender difference and inequality that underlie the gender system. Any theory of gender difference and inequality must accommodate three basic findings from research on interaction. (a). People perceive gender differences to be pervasive in interaction. (b). Studies of interaction among peers with equal power and status show few gender differences in behavior. (c). Most interactions between men and women occur in the structural context of roles or status relationships that are unequal. These s...
Design of a cylindrical high-voltage high-temperature vacuum insulator

A design for a high temperature, HV insulator is presented. This design exploits the temperature dependent thermal and electrical properties of alumina and a unique structural insulator design to increase the high voltage hold-off characteristics of the insulator, reduces thermal flux through the insulator, and alleviate stresses caused by mismatch between insulator and electrode thermal expansion coefficients. The designed insulators insulate graphite electrodes at temperatures approaching 1000/spl deg/C and potentials up to 50 kV. In this paper, the general methodology of designing these insulators is explored, and some limited performance data is presented.
The expression of microRNA-451 in human endometriotic lesions is inversely related to that of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and regulates MIF expression and modulation of epithelial cell survival

STUDY QUESTION What is the role of microRNA-451 (miR-451) in human endometriotic tissue? SUMMARY ANSWER miR451 expression was elevated in endometriotic lesion tissue. MiR451 modulated the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and limited cell survival. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY microRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression which have been reported to be mis-expressed in endometriotic tissue. The exact pattern of expression and role of miR451 in endometriosis is currently unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Thirty women with endometriosis are included in the study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Matched eutopic (N = 30) and endometriotic lesion tissue (N = 43) were collected. miR-451, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), cyclin E1 (CCNE) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA expression were examined by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR while MIF protein expression was evaluated by western blot analysis. miR-451 regulation of MIF in vitro translation was confirmed by 3'untranslated region (UTR) reporter assays and western blot analysis. The effect of miR-451 on cell survival was assessed using a human endometrial epithelial cell line (HES). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Compared with eutopic endometrium, both MIF mRNA and protein were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in endometriotic lesions and this was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in miR-451 expression. Transfection of HES cells with luciferase reporter constructs for MIF revealed that miR-451 specifically bound to the 3'UTR to regulate expression. Further, forced expression of miR-451 induced a significant (P < 0.05) down-regulation of both MIF mRNA and protein in HES cells which was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in cell survival. Inhibition of MIF using a specific antagonist verified that reduction of MIF contributes to HES cell survival. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION miR-451 and MIF expression were only examined in tissue from women with endometriosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data support the hypothesis that miR-451 is elevated in endometriotic tissue and, through regulating MIF expression, may function to limit endometriotic lesion cell survival. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health/NICHD by grant NIH HD069043 to W.B.N. The authors have no competing interests.
COASTAL KELVIN WAVES IN THE PRESENCE OF A SLOWLY VARYING TOPOGRAPHY

The evolution equation is derived for a weakly nonlinear coastal Kelvin wave propagating in slowly varying topography in an f-plane ocean. For weak transverse variations in the topography, the wave evolution is governed by a perturbed Korteweg–de Vries equation. In the absence of transverse variation, wave dispersion vanishes and the evolution equation reduces to a nonlinear advection equation with variable coefficients. As a general property of these equations, the total mass flux associated with the Kelvin wave is not conserved; residual mass must be generated. It is shown by an asymptotic analysis that this residual mass field is in balance with a mean geostrophic current long after the passage of the Kelvin wave. This result is verified using a numerical model. The physical mechanism evolved in the generation of the residual mass can be understood in terms of potential vorticity conservation.
A "dual-tree" scheme for fault-tolerant multicast

To protect against possible network node or link failure and achieve high reliability of communications, pre-planned failure recovery schemes are needed in modern high-speed communication networks. A couple of schemes have been previously reported for multicast communications. We present a scheme based on a "dual-tree" structure in which a secondary tree for fault-tolerance purpose is built as a complement to a primary multicast tree. The secondary tree provides alternative delivery paths that can be activated when link or node failure is detected in the primary multicast tree. Simulation experiments show that this scheme has shorter restoration time and cause less multicast tree cost increase after restoration than some schemes proposed previously.
Sex pheromone blend of Manduca sexta: responses of central olfactory interneurons to antennal stimulation in male moths

Recently, chemical analysis of solvent rinses of the external surfaces of pheromone glands from female Manduca sexta revealed a blend of 12 aldehydes, including the previously identified sex pheromone component, (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal (bombykal). Previous electrophysiological studies showed that olfactory (deutocerebral) interneurons in the antennal lobes of males exhibited a wide range of responsiveness to pheromonal stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna. These experiments were performed with crude extracts of pheromone glands as well as two synthetic compounds: the major pheromone component, bombykal, and (E,Z)-11,13-pentadecadienal, a mimic of a second component of the female's pheromone blend. Using intracellular methods, we have now reexamined similar olfactory interneurons, using each of the 12 chemically identified components as well as synthetic blends of various combinations of them. Eight of the 12 components isolated from female glands elicited some form of response in olfactory interneurons in males. In accordance with biochemical and behavioral data, the most potent are bombykal and two trienals, (E,E,E)- and (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-hexadecatrienal. We also conclude that the C15 dienal is selective for one of the trienal receptors on the antenna, but is much less potent than the natural trienal stimulant.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Star-Shaped Metal-Containing Polymers for Optical Applications

We report here on our continued investigations of the synthesis and characterization of new metal-containing polymers incorporating 8-hydroxyquinoline. We reported earlier on three types of linear metal-containing polymers with ether, ester and amide functionalities in the chain’s backbone. In this report, we extended our previous studies by targeting star-shaped metal-containing polymers. Again, these polymers still have the favorable structural characteristics, which would allow for a large degree of control over their physio-chemical properties.
Medical Expulsive Therapy versus Early Endoscopic Stone Removal for Acute Renal Colic: An Instrumental Variable Analysis

Purpose: The use of medical expulsive therapy to hasten stone passage potentially decreases expenditures around episodes of renal colic. However, these efficiency gains may be mitigated if patients treated with medical expulsive therapy have frequent health care encounters due to pain while waiting for the stones to pass.Materials and Methods: Using claims data (2002 to 2006) we identified adult men with acute renal colic. We compared 6-week payments as well as frequency of hospitalization and emergency department revisits associated with an initial course of medical expulsive therapy with those for early endoscopic stone removal. To account for unmeasured confounding we performed an instrumental variable analysis, exploiting variation in recommended treatments based on the day of the week that a patient's first emergency department visit occurred.Results: Overall 1,835 and 4,397 men underwent medical expulsive therapy or early endoscopic stone removal, respectively. Although minimal differences existed b...
High‐throughput screening for the development of a monoclonal antibody affinity precipitation step using ELP‐z stimuli responsive biopolymers

This study provides a detailed investigation into the performance of a stimuli responsive ELP-Z based process for monoclonal antibody (mAb) affinity precipitation. A multidimensional high-throughput screening (HTS) proto- col was developed and employed to investigate the effects of a varietyof operating conditions on mAbyield and aggregation during the process. Precipitation efficiency of ELP-Z in the absence of mAb was first determined as a function of temperature and sodium sulfate concentration and con- ditions producing high yields were identified. HTS was then employed to determine appropriate conditions for the initial capture and co-precipitation of mAbs at high yields using ELP-Z. mAb elution from ELP-Z was then examined using HTS and the mAb yields and aggregate content of the overall process were determined. It was observed that mAb aggregation was sensitive primarily to the elution conditions and that this behavior was antibody specific and a strong function of operating temperature and elution pH. Impor- tantly, for both mAbs examined in this study, the results indicated that room temperature operation and appropriate elution pH could be readily employed to produce both high mAb yields and low aggregate content using this approach. This study demonstrates the ability of ELP-Z based affinity precipitation for mAb purification and shows that HTS can be successfullyemployed torapidlydevelop a robust and high yield process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2664-2676.
Evidence for different contributions of archaea and bacteria to the ammonia-oxidizing potential of diverse Oregon soils.

A method was developed to determine the contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammoniaoxidizing bacteria (AOB) to the nitrification potentials (NPs) of soils taken from forest, pasture, cropped, and fallowed (19 years) lands. Soil slurries were exposed to acetylene to irreversibly inactivate ammonia monooxygenase, and upon the removal of acetylene, the recovery of nitrification potential (RNP) was monitored in the presence and absence of bacterial or eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors. For unknown reasons, and despite measureable NPs, RNP did not occur consistently in forest soil samples; however, pasture, cropped, and fallowed soil RNPs commenced after lags that ranged from 12 to 30 h after acetylene removal. Cropped soil RNP was completely prevented by the bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor kanamycin (800 g/ml), whereas a combination of kanamycin plus gentamicin (800 g/ml each) only partially prevented the RNP (60%) of fallowed soils. Pasture soil RNP was completely insensitive to either kanamycin, gentamicin, or a combination of the two. Unlike cropped soil, pasture and fallowed soil RNPs occurred at both 30°C and 40°C and without supplemental NH4 (<10 MN H4 in solution), and pasture soil RNP demonstrated 50% insensitivity to 100 M allyl thiourea (ATU). In addition, fallowed and pasture soil RNPs were insensitive to the fungal inhibitors nystatin and azoxystrobin. This combination of properties suggests that neither fungi nor AOB contributed to pasture soil RNP and that AOA were responsible for the RNP of the pasture soils. Both AOA and AOB may contribute to RNP in fallowed soil, while RNP in cropped soils was dominated by AOB. Until 2005 the majority of ammonia (NH3) oxidation in natural environments was thought to be carried out by a phylogenetically distinct group of NH3-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). This nitrification paradigm was challenged by reports that thaumarchaeota carry the genes that encode the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) (55); the isolation of “Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus” strain SCM1, an obligate autotrophic thaumarchaeal NH3 oxidizer (35); the detection of archaeal amoA gene transcripts in soil (54, 55); and the realization that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were widely distributed (19) and often more numerous than AOB in soil (36), marine (40), and hot spring (52, 57) ecosystems. Others have correlated either the AOA (7, 46, 58) or AOB amoA gene copy abundance (17, 32) with nitrification activity and detected the expression of AOA amoA mRNA (43, 60). To our knowledge there is no published work that has directly distinguished NH3-oxidizing activity by AOA from NH3-oxidizing activity by AOB in soils.
Statement on Exercise: Benefits and Recommendations for Physical Activity Programs for All Americans A Statement for Health Professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association

Physical inactivity is recognized as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Regular aerobic physical activity increases exercise capacity and plays a role in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.1 2 3 4 5 The known benefits of regular aerobic exercise and current recommendations for implementation of exercise programs are described in this revised report.6 Exercise training increases cardiovascular functional capacity and decreases myocardial oxygen demand at any level of physical activity in apparently healthy persons as well as in most subjects with cardiovascular disease. Regular physical activity is required to maintain these training effects. The potential risk of physical activity can be reduced by medical evaluation, risk stratification, supervision, and education.4 Exercise can help control blood lipid abnormalities, diabetes, and obesity. In addition, aerobic exercise adds an independent blood pressure–lowering effect in certain hypertensive groups with a decrease of 8 to 10 mm Hg in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements.7 8 9 10 There is a direct relation between physical inactivity and cardiovascular mortality, and physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease.11 12 13 14 There is a dose-response relation between the amount of exercise performed from approximately 700 to 2000 kcal of energy expenditure per week and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged and elderly populations.14 15 The greatest potential for reduced mortality is in the sedentary who become moderately active.15 Most beneficial effects of physical activity on cardiovascular disease mortality can be attained through moderate-intensity activity (40% to 60% of maximal oxygen uptake, depending on age).14 15 16 The activity can be accrued through formal training programs or leisure-time physical activities. Although most of the supporting data are based on studies in men, more recent findings …
Characterization of High-k Dielectric Films with Tunneling AFM

In this paper, we report the leakage current characterization of HfO 2 high-k dielectric thin films by using tunneling AFM, which utilizes a conducting AFM probe to detect current passing through the sample and the probe while simultaneously acquiring a topographic image. We have studied tunneling current behavior of HfO 2 films by characterizing the hot spots, which are characterized by excessive local leakage current, as well as the overall current distribution. Tunneling AFM results show sensitive dependence of tunneling current with variation of film thickness. The current distribution can be described approximately by a log-normal distribution, which is consistent with the characteristics of the thickness variation. Furthermore, the film structure and thickness were also characterized with TEM and spectroscopic ellipsometry.
Design and implementation of a digital teleultrasound system for real-time remote diagnosis

Presents the design and implementation of a digital image capture and distribution system that supports remote ultrasound examinations and, in particular, real-time diagnosis for these examinations. The system was designed in conjunction with radiologists and staff in the Department of Radiology at the University of Virginia Hospital. Based on readily available microcomputer components, our teleultrasound system handles the acquisition, digitizing, and reliable transmission of still and moving images generated by an ultrasound machine. The digital images have a resolution of 640/spl times/480 with an 8-bit color plane, con be captured at rates up to 30 frames/sec, and are compressed and decompressed in real-time using specialized hardware. While scalable to communications networks of any transmission speed, initial deployment is envisioned for 1.5 Mbit/s T-1 leased lines. To achieve real-time still image distribution and to reduce the bandwidth necessary for motion video, the teleultrasound design employs lossy image compression based on the JPEG standard. The effects of JPEG compression on diagnostic quality are being studied in a separate signal detection study with the Department of Radiology at the University of Virginia. >
Silicon as a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries: where size, geometry and structure matter

Silicon has attracted huge attention in the last decade because it has a theoretical capacity ∼10 times that of graphite. However, the practical application of Si is hindered by three major challenges: large volume expansion during cycling (∼300%), low electrical conductivity, and instability of the SEI layer caused by repeated volume changes of the Si material. Significant research efforts have been devoted to addressing these challenges, and significant breakthroughs have been made particularly in the last two years (2014 and 2015). In this review, we have focused on the principles of Si material design, novel synthesis methods to achieve such structural designs, and the synthesis-structure-performance relationships to enhance the properties of Si anodes. To provide a systematic overview of the Si material design strategies, we have grouped the design strategies into several categories: (i) particle-based structures (containing nanoparticles, solid core-shell structures, hollow core-shell structures, and yolk-shell structures), (ii) porous Si designs, (iii) nanowires, nanotubes and nanofibers, (iv) Si-based composites, and (v) unusual designs. Finally, our personal perspectives on outlook are offered with an aim to stimulate further discussion and ideas on the rational design of durable and high performance Si anodes for the next generation Li-ion batteries in the near future.
SEE LABS RUN: A DESIGN-ORIENTED LABORATORY FOR TEACHING DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

Design engineers must have an intuitive understanding of the behavior of dynamic systems. Teaching the mathematical tools for analyzing and designing dynamic systems presents the challenge of maintaining the connection to the physical world. This paper describes a novel sequence of undergraduate laboratory experiments that illustrates basic concepts in dynamic system analysis and motivates their use as design tools. The approach taken connects the laboratory sessions with a design goal for a dynamic mechanical device that the students can see, touch, re-design and modify. The device used is called the “Dashpod,” a simple, pneumatically-actuated, selfstabilizing, dynamic hopping machine. Through coordinated laboratory sessions and lectures, students used classroom concepts to improve the machine’s hopping motion. This paper describes the purpose and design of the Dashpod, presents examples of how it was integrated into laboratory exercises and shows results of student evaluations.
Protons and pleomorphs: aerobic hydrogen production in Azotobacters

As obligate aerobic soil organisms, the ability of Azotobacter species to fix nitrogen is unusual given that the nitrogenase complex requires a reduced cellular environment. Molecular hydrogen is an unavoidable byproduct of the reduction of dinitrogen; at least one molecule of H2 is produced for each molecule of N2 fixed. This could be considered a fault in nitrogenase efficiency, essentially a waste of energy and reducing equivalents. Wild-type Azotobacter captures this hydrogen and oxidizes it with its membrane-bound uptake hydrogenase complex. Strains lacking an active hydrogenase complex have been investigated for their hydrogen production capacities. What is the role of H2 in the energy metabolism of nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter? Is hydrogen production involved in Azotobacter species' protection from or tolerance to oxygen, or vice versa? What yields of hydrogen can be expected from hydrogen-evolving strains? Can the yield of hydrogen be controlled or increased by changing genetic, environmental, or physiological conditions? We will address these questions in the following mini-review.
Security Risk Analysis of Enterprise Networks Using Attack Graphs

In this chapter we present our methodology of security risk analysis of Enterprise Networks using Attack Graphs. We explain our methodology using three examples. Attack graphs provide the cumulative effect of attack steps to show how each of these steps can potentially enable an attacker to reach his goal. However, one limitation of attack graph is that it assumes that a vulnerability can always be exploited. In reality, there is a wide range of probabilities that different steps can be exploited. It is dependent on the skill of the attacker and the difficulty of the exploit. Attack graphs show what is possible without any indication of what is likely. In this section, we present a methodology to estimate the security risk using the scores of individual vulnerabilities.
Your First Rape is Free...Your Second Rape Will Cost You Seven Figures

Long associated with equal opportunities within the realm of athletics, Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is also applicable to sexual harassment – inclusive of its most severe form, sexual assault. Although nowhere in the law does it reference athletics, sexual harassment, or sexual violence, through a series of case law and guidance from the Office for Civil Rights that has had four decades of development and impact, we arrive at a place where we are today that has far-reaching implications for colleges, universities, school districts, and any other entities or organizations receiving Federal funding. The following paper delves into one liberal arts institution, Amherst College, and its efforts to respond to and mitigate sexual misconduct on its campus. To this end, the author reviewed publicly available documents pertaining to the policies and procedures, both revised and implemented, by Amherst College following recent technical guidance by the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights. The author recommends additional considerations for Amherst College and similarly situated institutions.
A Virtue-Based Approach to Primary Education

Education is a bifurcated process by which knowledge is generated and transferred through learning tangible skills and intangible virtues. This paper utilizes Amartya Sen’s approach in Development as Freedom in which he characterizes welfare as a function of an individual’s capability set. I advocate that to achieve a normative quality of welfare pursuant to the capability of education a particular state of consciousness or midfare must be achieved. I characterize this midfare as Intellect, which is defined by a particular subset of virtues that prioritize the Finnisian basic value of knowledge over all other subjective pursuits. Pursuant to the normative midfare of Intellect, an optimal level of welfare can be achieved. I also assess a possible relativist critique to Intellect which views subjective notions of truth as comparable or even preferred to truth in its objective form. From this discussion, the desire is that a practical working model of Intellect will be reached in order for it to be implemented within transitioning curricula throughout the world.
THG as a probe for photodegradation analysis of EO polymers

For the first time, we use the THG channel of our multi-photon microscope as a sensitive probe to detect the photodegradation of EO polymers where the mechanisms of photodegradation can be single-, two-, and three-photon excitation and photo-oxidation.
W/Pt and Ti/Pt Based Contacts to Algaas/Gaas Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

Ti/Pt and W/pt was used form contacts on hevily doped InAs and InGaAs emitter layers of heterojunction Bipolar transistors (HBTs). The as deposited contacts were ohmic for Ti/Pt on InAs and W/Pt on InGaAs. The rapid thermal annealing was performed in the temperature range of 300-600 C. The contact characteristics of Ti/Pt and W/Pt were compared with Au/Cr contacts.
An Electrophoretic Protein Analysis and Numerical Taxonomic Study of the Genus Taphrina

The buffer-soluble proteins of the yeast phase of 31 species of Taphrina (50 isolates) were analyzed using Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The general protein profile revealed an average...
The Effects of Thermal and Transient Annealing on the Redistribution of Indium Implanted Silicon

The redistribution of indium in silicon has been studied as a function of dose during rapid thermal annealing. The results show little redistribution of indium for doses 1×1015 cm−2. For a 350keV/5×1015 cm−2 indium implant, the annealed sample showed significant indium precipitation and near surface defects. These data are contrasted to an earlier study of a 300keV/1×1015 cm−2 indium-implanted silicon sample that was furnace annealed for 30 minutes at 1050°C. The fu rance annealed sample showed redistribution to both implant damage and the amorphous-crystalline interface as well as a tail on the backside of the implant due to interstitial diffusion. This interstitial tail is clearly minimized in the transient annealed sample.
LGR5-Targeted Antibody–Drug Conjugate Eradicates Gastrointestinal Tumors and Prevents Recurrence

Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in men and women worldwide. The adult stem cell marker LGR5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing, G protein-coupled receptor 5) is highly expressed in a significant fraction of gastrointestinal tumors of the colon, liver, pancreas, and stomach, relative to normal tissues. LGR5 is located on the cell surface and undergoes rapid, constitutive internalization independent of ligand. Furthermore, LGR5-high cancer cells have been shown to exhibit the properties of tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSC). On the basis of these attributes, we generated two LGR5-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) by tethering the tubulin-inhibiting cytotoxic drug monomethyl auristatin E to a highly specific anti-LGR5 mAb via a protease cleavable or noncleavable chemical linker and compared them in receptor binding, cell internalization, and cytotoxic efficacy in cancer cells. Here, we show that both ADCs bind LGR5 with high specificity and equivalent nanomolar affinity and rapidly internalize to the lysosomes of LGR5-expressing gastrointestinal cancer cells. The anti-LGR5 ADCs effectively induced cytotoxicity in LGR5-high gastrointestinal cancer cells, but not in LGR5-negative or -knockdown cancer cell lines. Overall, we demonstrate that the cleavable ADC exhibited higher potency in vitro and was able to eradicate tumors and prevent recurrence in a xenograft model of colon cancer. These findings provide preclinical evidence for the potential of LGR5-targeting ADCs as effective new therapeutics for the treatment and eradication of gastrointestinal tumors and CSCs with high LGR5 expression. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1580-90. ©2016 AACR.
ADSORPTION OF DINITROPHENOL HERBICIDES FROM WATER BY MONTMORILLONITES

The adsorption of two dinitrophenol herbicides, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) and 4,6-dinitro-o-sec-butyl phenol (dinoseb), by two reference smectite clays (SWy-2 and SAz-1) was evaluated using a combination of sorption isotherms, Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and molecular dynamic simulations. Clays were subject to saturation with various cations, and charge reduction. The DNOC adsorption decreased with increasing pH indicating that DNOC was primarily adsorbed as the neutral species. The FTIR spectra of DNOC-clay films showed that DNOC molecules are oriented parallel to the clay surface. Interlayer cations have a strong effect on adsorption depending largely on their hydration energies. Weakly hydrated cations, e.g. K + and Cs + , resulted in greater sorption compared to more strongly hydrated cations such as Na + or Ca 2+ . Lower hydration favors direct interactions of exchangeable cations with −NO 2 groups of DNOC and manifests optimal interlayer spacings for adsorption. In the presence of sorbed DNOC, an interlayer spacing for K-SWy-2 of between 12 and 12.5 A was maintained regardless of the presence of water. This d -spacing allowed DNOC molecules to interact simultaneously with the opposing clay layers thus minimizing contact of DNOC with water. The charge density of clays also affected sorption by controlling the size of adsorption domains. Accordingly, DNOC adsorption by low-charge clay (K-SWy-2) was much higher than by high-charge clay (K-SAz-1) and Li-charge reduction greatly enhanced dinoseb adsorption by K-SAz-1. Steric constraints were also evident from the observation that adsorption of DNOC, which contains a methyl substituent, was much greater than dinoseb, which contains a bulkier isobutyl group. Adsorption of DNOC by K-SAz-1 was not affected in the presence of dinoseb, whereas dinoseb adsorption was greatly reduced in the presence of DNOC.
Quantification of Pea enation mosaic virus 1 and 2 during infection of Pisum sativum by one step real-time RT-PCR

Pea enation mosaic virus 1 (PEMV1) and Pea enation mosaic virus 2 (PEMV2) are two viruses in an obligate symbiosis that cause pea enation mosaic disease mainly in plants in the Fabaceae family. This virus system is a valuable model to investigate plant virus replication, movement and vector transmission. Thus, here we describe growth conditions, virus detection methods, and virus accumulation behavior. To measure the accumulation and movement of PEMV1 and PEMV2 in plants during the course of infection, we developed a quantitative real-time one-step reverse transcription PCR procedure using the SYBR-green® technology. Viral primers were designed that anneal to conserved but distinct regions in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of each virus. Moreover, the normalization of viral accumulation was performed to correct for sample-to-sample variation by designing primers to two different Pisum sativum housekeeping genes: actin and β-tubulin. Transcript levels for these housekeeping genes did not change significantly in response to PEMV infection. Conditions were established for maximum PCR efficiency for each gene, and quantification using QuBit® technology. Both viruses reached maximum accumulation around 21days post-inoculation of pea plants. These results provide valuable tools and knowledge to allow reproducible studies of this emerging model virus system virus complex.
A general framework for discretely sampled realized variance derivatives in stochastic volatility models with jumps

Abstract After the recent financial crisis, the market for volatility derivatives has expanded rapidly to meet the demand from investors, risk managers and speculators seeking diversification of the volatility risk. In this paper, we develop a novel and efficient transform-based method to price swaps and options related to discretely-sampled realized variance under a general class of stochastic volatility models with jumps. We utilize frame duality and density projection method combined with a novel continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) weak approximation scheme of the underlying variance process. Contracts considered include discrete variance swaps, discrete variance options, and discrete volatility options. Models considered include several popular stochastic volatility models with a general jump size distribution: Heston, Scott, Hull–White, Stein–Stein, α-Hypergeometric, 3/2 and 4/2 models. Our framework encompasses and extends the current literature on discretely sampled volatility derivatives, and provides highly efficient and accurate valuation methods. Numerical experiments confirm our findings.
JOURNAL CLUB: Structured Feedback From Patients on Actual Radiology Reports: A Novel Approach to Improve Reporting Practices.

OBJECTIVE. Patient perceptions of radiology reports are largely unknown. The objective of the present study is to describe our experience receiving structured feedback from patients on actual radiology reports as a means of improving reporting practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Eight reports (two for radiographs, two for ultrasound images, two for CT scans, and two for MR images) were randomly selected from our system for review. For each report, patients were asked to rate their level of comprehension, identify any problems in the report, and, in the free-text portion of the feedback form, indicate any questions about the report that they may have. Potentially confounding factors were also examined. RESULTS. A total of 104 patients (46 men and 58 women) participated in the study (for a total of 832 evaluations). The median score for report comprehension was 2.5 (on a scale of 1–5), with the most common problems affecting comprehension identified as “unclear or technical language” (mentioned in 59.6% of ev...
Bankruptcy, Morality & Student Loans: A Decade of Error in Undue Hardship Analysis

In an effort to stem perceived abuses of the bankruptcy system, Congress adopted a rule in 1976 that created a time-based conditional limitation on the discharge of federally guaranteed student loans in bankruptcy. The only means of overcoming the limitation was the showing of an “undue hardship,” which was undefined by the legislature. This gave rise to two judicially created, means-based tests that were used to determine if the debtor was attempting to abuse the bankruptcy system. By the time the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA) was enacted, the time-based restriction was gone, leaving only the undue hardship exception to student debtors seeking relief against an expanded pool of protected creditors. Meanwhile, the judiciary has largely continued to apply the same two means-based tests from 1978. However, using a detailed analysis of statutory history, statutory construction, and case law, this paper reveals deep flaws in the fundamental reasoning that underpins the current judicial rationale. Through an uncritical acceptance of specious moral arguments, coupled with the concomitant failure to objectively assess the history and plain language of BAPCPA, both the judiciary and some of the staunchest critics of the conditional discharge have failed to recognize the erroneous application of the bankruptcy regulations as envisioned by BAPCPA. However, the research also demonstrates that, with modest changes, the courts could provide a more humane, ethical, and equitable treatment of student loan debtors that not only comports with current law, but is actually mandated by it.
The Role of Ru Redox in pH-Dependent Oxygen Evolution on Rutile Ruthenium Dioxide Surfaces

Summary Rutile RuO 2 is known to exhibit high catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and large pseudocapacitance associated with redox of surface Ru; however, the mechanistic link between these properties and the role of pH is yet to be understood. Here, we report that the OER activities of the (101), (001), and (111) RuO 2 surfaces increased, whereas the potential of a pseudocapacitive feature just before OER shifted to lower potentials ("super-Nernstian" shift) as pH increased on the reversible hydrogen electrode scale. This behavior contrasts with that of the (100) and (110) surfaces, which showed pH-independent Ru redox and OER activity. The link between catalytic and pseudocapacitive behavior illustrates the importance of this redox feature in generating active sites, thus building new mechanistic understanding of the OER.
A Reaction to Reading Assessment and Intervention: A Broadening of Perspective

This commentary addresses an issue of the School Psychology Review which was devoted to the theme of reading assessment and intervention. The perspective of this commentary is that of reading speci...
Native point defects in Ga x Al 1 − x As y P 1 − y

The dependence on alloy composition $x$ and $y$ of the deep levels associated with vacancies and with antisite defects in the quaternary alloy ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{As}}_{y}{\mathrm{P}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}$ is predicted.
Detecting code injection by cross-validating stack and VAD information in windows physical memory

Memory forensics involves analysis of the physical memory contents of a computer system to derive information such as the source of a malfunction or malicious activity. Some malicious activity is implemented by injecting code into a running process, which is often undetectable by traditional anti-malware techniques. In this work, we present a method using stack analysis to locate injected code. The execution stack is an essential data structure in process memory and is a source of useful information regarding the execution of code on a computer system. Previous work has focused on using the stack for extracting forensically sensitive information using API analysis. In this work, we demonstrate how stack analysis can detect code injected in process memory, and we provide useful information even when other techniques fail. Our approach can locate injected code when VAD structure nodes have been modified by the malware to remain stealthy, and when the protection of the memory region has been made to appear as normal. We have implemented a plugin using the open source Volatility tool and have tested it on a malware-infected memory image.
Conductive Mechanism of Bi-Doped Thick-Film Dielectric in High-Temperature Aging With Bias

The increase in high-temperature electronic applications is a challenge for the reliability of electronic packaging. Thick-film technology has the potential of operating at 300 °C. In a previous study of electrical reliability for multilayer thick films, bismuth (Bi) from the binder of a commonly used PtPdAu thick-film conductor diffused into the dielectrics during the multiple firing steps. If the dielectric was thin and the Bi was continuous through the dielectric, a significant increase in leakage current was observed between the two layers of conductor during 300 °C aging with bias. This paper studied the mechanism of leakage current increase in Bi-doped thick-film dielectrics. Two dielectrics, $D1$ and $D2$ , were intentionally doped with Bi in various weight concentrations. Capacitors fabricated with these Bi-doped dielectrics had a significant leakage current increase in a short time during aging at 300 °C with a 100-V bias in either polarity. Insulating substrate (sapphire) and conductive substrate (Pt foil) were used to replace the 96% Al2O3 ceramic substrates to study the leakage current mechanism by separating the influences of leakage current and bias voltage (electric field). Doping Bi into the multilayer dielectric created traps during the firing process. Without leakage current, the traps were not activated during aging. When bias was applied to the top electrode, the electron flow through the dielectric activated the traps, resulting in the increase of leakage current. Traps created by doping with Bi in the thick-film dielectric, $D1$ , were measured by ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, and the trap energy was at 3.2–3.3 eV in $D1$ with 3 wt% of doped Bi.