cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOSPITAL EMPLOYEE DINING ENVIRONMENT: EMPLOYEE PERCEPTIONS BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER RENOVATION

The purpose of this study was to determine if customers' perceptions of the dining experience changed as a result of renovating the hospital staff cafeteria. Subjects for the study were hospital employees who ate a least one meal in the cafeteria during data collection. A questionnaire was used to assess food quality, atmosphere, cleanliness, server performance, and food purchased. Findings showed that mean scores were higher after the renovation for 75% of the characteristics that had significant differences between phases of renovation.
Design, modeling, fabrication and testing of a high aspect ratio electrostatic torsional MEMS micromirror

As an essential part of an optical imager project, there was the need for a very high aspect ratio MEMS optical scanning mirror (5 mm ? 150 ?m clear aperture), capable of a ?2? sweep at 1 kHz with an applied voltage less than 200 V. This paper reports on the design, fabrication, modeling and testing of such an electrostatically actuated MEMS mirror. Fabrication involves using a 1?0?0 n-type double side polished silicon wafer, along with surface and bulk micromachining techniques, to produce a mirror with nickel torsion springs and nickel electrostatic actuators. There were 8 masks and 20 processing steps required. The performance of these devices was measured and found to be within the required specifications. Analysis involved developing models to predict the dynamic behavior of these MEMS micromirrors. A basic parallel plate capacitor model was adjusted with finite element analysis to account for fringing fields. Young's modulus of the electroplated nickel was determined to be 110 GPa from a comparison of the model with the results of dynamic testing, and the residual strain test structures led to a value of 0.0029 for the residual strain. Each of these values is within the rather wide range of published values. Once these values were determined, the model agreed very well with the measurements of the dynamic angular response of the mirror.
Mechanism of the Albumin Agglutination Phenomenon

Summary. The albumin agglutination phenomenon is due to antibodies which cause agglutination of all human red cells when these cells are suspended in an albumin medium. Two sera with this property were studied. We suggest that the reaction is due to non-specific adsorption of antigen-antibody complex onto red cells. The antibody is a gamma globulin directed at albumin which has been altered by the addition of acetyl tryptophanate or caprylate. These chemicals are added as stabilizers in the manufacture of albumin to prevent denaturation when the albumin is heated. Since unaltered (native) albumin does not react with these antibodies, blood or plasma transfusion to patients with this serologic abnormality should present no unusual hazard. A non-reactive albumin should be used in crossmatching blood for such patients. Therapeutic human serum albumin and plasma products containing stabilized albumin are probably contraindicated in these patients.
Experimental study of the kinetically-limited decomposition of ZnGeAs2 and its role in determining optimal conditions for thin film growth

Abstract To understand the thermochemistry and determine the rate limiting steps of ZnGeAs 2 thin-film synthesis, experiments were performed to measure the (a) thermal decomposition rate and (b) elemental composition and deposition rate of films produced with pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The decomposition rate is kinetically limited with an activation energy of 1.08±0.05 eV and an evaporation coefficient of ∼10 −3 . We show that ZnGeAs 2 thin film synthesis is a metastable process with the kinetically-limited decomposition rate playing a dominant role at the elevated temperatures needed to attain epitaxy. Our conclusions are in contrast to those of earlier reports that assumed the growth rate is limited by desorption and the resulting low reactant sticking coefficient. The thermochemical analysis presented here can be used to predict optimal conditions for ZnGeAs 2 film physical vapor deposition and thermal processing.
Behavioral response of migrating wood frogs to experimental timber harvest surrounding wetlands.

Behavioral responses to ecological disturbances such as timber harvest, fire, or drought provide insight into wildlife habitat requirements. To determine the behavioral response of adult wood frogs (Lithobates sylvatica (LeConte, 1825)) to timber harvest in oak–hickory forest, we conducted experimental timber harvest surrounding replicate breeding sites, monitored freely moving frogs using radiotelemetry, and tested the repeatability of behavioral responses with two experimental displacements. We found no evidence that wood frogs use recent oak–hickory clearcuts as habitat. Timber harvest was not a complete barrier to movement, as frogs surviving increased predation and desiccation risks reached drainages used as nonbreeding habitat. Frogs did not alter the direction of travel and traversed similar distances (i.e., total distance and net distance from breeding site) before and after timber harvest. However, rate of travel (i.e., maximum distance traversed in 1 day) increased following timber harvest and f...
Nocturnal homing in the tropical amblypygid Phrynus pseudoparvulus (Class Arachnida, Order Amblypygi).

Arthropods are renowned for their navigational capabilities, with numerous examples known from insects and crustaceans. Early studies of amblypygids (Class Arachnida, Order Amblypygi) also suggest complex nocturnal navigation, despite their apparent lack of visual adaptations to the low-light conditions of a tropical understory. In a series of two studies, we use the tropical amblypygid, Phrynus pseudoparvulus, to assess their nocturnal homing ability. Our first experiment displaced and tracked resident and nonresident individuals. Resident individuals, displaced up to 4.5 m from their home refuges and released onto their home tree, were more likely to return to their previously occupied refuge than were nonresident individuals that were collected from trees outside the study area and released at the same locations. In a follow-up study, we displaced amblypygids longer distances (6–8.7 m) from their home trees and tracked them by telemetry. These individuals returned to home trees, typically within 1–3 nights, often via indirect paths. Taken together, our results provide evidence that P. pseudoparvulus are able to navigate home, often taking indirect routes, and can do so through a mechanism other than path integration.
The value of information to decision makers: an experimental approach using card-based decision gaming

This paper describes a novel experimental method for determining the value of different types of information to military decision makers. The experimental method used a simple scenario and a set of serials constructed from cards, each presenting a single piece of information and presented sequentially. Each of a number of pairs of players were taken through the scenario and asked to judge when they would make each of a pair of escalating responses to the situation. The data proved well suited to analysis using a probit model and is consistent with the hypothesis of a Bayesian decision mechanism with normally distributed ‘action points’. The methodology allowed the determination of weights for each of a number of different classes of information, together with estimates of the human and situational elements of variation, including estimates of the ‘prior belief’ of the different pairs of players.
Image Guided Transoral Approach to the Pterygopalatine Fossa

Objectives: We present a transoral approach using image guidance to approach inferiorly based lesions of the pterygopalatine fossa. Study Design: Case report. Methods: A 49-year-old male presenting with a benign cyst of the inferior pterygopalatine fossa. The presentation, workup, and management are discussed. Results: The patient underwent a computed tomography scan that confirmed the location of the lesion in the left pterygopalatine fossa. An image guidance system was used to effect a complete transoral resection of the benign cyst. Conclusions: Benign lesions of the pterygopalatine fossa may be successfully accessed using a transoral approach with image guidance, which minimizes postoperative morbidity.
Development, reliability and validation of the Diabetes Emotional Adjustment Scale in Spanish: preliminary findings.

Objective:The development of instruments to measure emotional maladjustment in diabetic Hispanic populations has received little attention. We present the development and validation of the Diabetes Emotional Adjustment Scale in Spanish.Method:An eighteen-item self-administered scale was construed to assess emotional adjustment in Spanish-speaking diabetic patients and the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed. The scale was applied to a sample of sixty patients and scale scores were correlated with scores on a battery of Spanish versions of established measures of psychological distress, to assess concurrent validity. Test-retest reliability was established four years later re-examining thirty-eight of the initial sixty-patients sample.Results:Split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were satisfactory. There were significant correlations between the scale results and measures of depression, trait-anxiety, family adjustment, and locus of control of behavior. A principal component ana...
Trends in application of gas-phase bioreactors

Gas-phase biological processes areeffective systems for treating air contaminatedwith biodegradable compounds. The greatestamount of experience with gas-phase processesexists with odor control and sulfide oxidation.Organic contaminant concentrations are limitedby oxygen transfer and clogging to values ofapproximately 1000 ppmv and loading rates ofapproximately 20 g/m3·h with empty bed contacttimes and air flux values of approximatelyone-minute and 1 m3/m2·min, respectively.Outlet contaminant concentrations attainableare generally near the non-detect level andnearly always below 50 ppbv. Very fewcontaminant concentration profiles have beenpublished and most performance and processresponse modeling has been based on in/outcontaminant values. Based on limited pilot andlaboratory scale profile data, it appears thatmany systems treating less soluble organics maybe fully or partially mass transport limited. The principal control problem in biofilters ismoisture content. Systems should be designedwith capacity to periodically add moisture tothe bed. In systems treating sulfides orchlorinated organics acid is produced and pHcontrol and corrosion can be problems. Cloggingdue to excess microbial growth results inincreased head loss, channelization, anddecreased performance. Initial head loss isusually less than 10 mm/m but increases as runtimes become extended. Typical of plug flowbiological processes, the highest removal ratesoccur near the inlet. Transient contaminantconcentration pulses tend to result in deeperpenetration into the bed where activity islower.
Volatilization of aqueous nitrite nitrogen catalyzed by transition metals

VOLATILIZATION OF AQUEOUS NITRITE NITROGEN CATALYZED BY TRANSITION METALS L. H. Wullstein, Associate Professor, and M. L. Bruening, Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (l~e~ived in USA 12 February 1972; received Jnl~ for publication 21 February 1972) We report here a preliminary note attesting to the catalytic effect of iron and manganese on the volatilization of nitrite as nitric oxide from aqueous systems of ferrous sulfate and manganous sulfate. Related reactions may be involved in the gaseous loss of nitrogen from the lithosphere and hydrosphere since nitrite can be formed in the environment by microbial activities responsible for nitrate reduction or ammonium oxidation. Therefore, certain transition metal reactions may, in part, be responsible not only for the return of biologically fixed nitrogen to the atmosphere but for the volatilization of applied fertilizer nitrogen as well 1 General procedures and methods employed were similar to those previously reported ~ except all experimentation and gas chromatographic analyses were conducted within a controlled atmosphere chamber (Fig. I). Detailed methodology and engineering is to be published elsewhere (manuscript in review). Nitric oxide analyses were made with a Beckman, GC-5, chromatograph equipped with a helium ionization detector. A 1.6 M x 0.3125 cm stainless steel column containing molecular sieve 5A was used for gas separation at a flow rate of 30 cc/min and a column temperature of 80°C. Previous standardization tests indicate the detection limit for nitric oxide in the system employed to be I0 "s moles. The chamber atmosphere was flushed with helium and subsequently cycled through the catalytic furnace to reduce the concentration of impurities. The final atmosphere established was essentially helium containing not more than one ppm each of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Detectable concentrations of nitric oxide or nitrous oxide were not found. We have been unsuccessful, however, in establishing valid standard curves for nitrogen dioxide or its dimer. Thus, the possibility exists nitrogen dioxide or the tetroxide may have bee[, present. Nevertheless, it would be expected That all hut trace amounts of these oxides were removed by the catalytic furnace. Experimental preparations were made within the chamber only after the high purity helium atmosphere was established. The purity was maintained
Orthophosphite as a buffer for biological studies

Abstract The second ionizable hydrogen of orthophosphorous acid was found to be 50% neutralized at pH 6.5 and an ionic strength of 0.08. Increase in temperature from 0 ° to 50 ° caused a pH increase of only 0.15 pH unit in 0.05 M phosphite buffer solution. Phosphite solutions were resistant to oxidation by molecular oxygen at temperatures up to 60 ° and over a pH range of 1.5–7.6, and were stable upon storage at room temperature. The salts CaHPO 3 and MgHPO 3 were considerably more soluble than the corresponding phosphate salts. The above properties of phosphite, together with their demonstrated inertness in a variety of biological reactions, invites consideration of phosphite as a buffer for biological studies in the pH range of 5.5–7.5.
A calcium-metalloribozyme with autodecapping and pyrophosphatase activities.

A previously-isolated ribozyme with capping activity has self-decapping activity, here characterized alongside its additional, somewhat parallel, pyrophosphatase reaction. Decapping is 10−50 times ...
Improved cross validation of a static ubiquitin structure derived from high precision residual dipolar couplings measured in a drug-based liquid crystalline phase.

The antibiotic squalamine forms a lyotropic liquid crystal at very low concentrations in water (0.3-3.5% w/v), which remains stable over a wide range of temperature (1-40 °C) and pH (4-8). Squalamine is positively charged, and comparison of the alignment of ubiquitin relative to 36 previously reported alignment conditions shows that it differs substantially from most of these, but is closest to liquid crystalline cetyl pyridinium bromide. High precision residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) measured for the backbone 1H-15N, 15N-13C′, 1Hα-13Cα, and 13C′-13Cα one-bond interactions in the squalamine medium fit well to the static structural model previously derived from NMR data. Inclusion into the structure refinement procedure of these RDCs, together with 1H-15N and 1Hα-13Cα RDCs newly measured in Pf1, results in improved agreement between alignment-induced changes in 13C′ chemical shift, 3JHNHα values, and 13Cα-13Cβ RDCs and corresponding values predicted by the structure, thereby validating the high quality o...
Geoarchaeology and the search for the first Americans

Abstract Research into the origins and subsequent development of the first American cultures (“Paleoindians”), in particular the timing and place of their arrival, has provoked heated, contentious debates in North American archaeology since the 19th century. Many of the questions in this archaeological puzzle are fundamentally geological and thus many of the answers have come from the geosciences, including geology, geography, and soil science, and at a wide range of spatial scales. Stratigraphy, perhaps the most basic principle in both archaeology and geology, first established the antiquity and chronology of the earliest artifact assemblages at sites such as Folsom and Clovis in New Mexico by demonstrating clear association of artifacts and Pleistocene fauna. Geologists and paleontologists further provided age estimates of sites in the absence of other forms of numerical age control. Geologists also were prominently involved in developing the radiocarbon method and applying it to Paleoindian sites. Many Paleoindian sites also yielded not only extinct fauna, but stratigraphic records with evidence of markedly different depositional environments in the past. These sites were inviting to geologists because many investigators had backgrounds in Pleistocene paleontology. The ancient fauna and the striking contrasts between past and present depositional environments drew the attention of archaeologists and earth scientists alike who recognized the paleoenvironmental implications. At regional, subcontinental scales the peopling of the New World has been a question revolving around lowered seas levels and fluctuating glacier margins. Modeling sea-level changes and the paleogeography of the “Bering Land Bridge” and the high-precision dating of ice retreat over Canada is helping to understand the environmental conditions faced by Native American forbears in Beringia and the environment, route(s), and timing of their entry into North America.
How Spiders Make a Living

Although the beneficial status of the spiders as insectivores has been widely recognized for quite some time, biologists by and large seem to be rather unfamiliar with the specific feeding habits of this very diverse order. We present an overview of the feeding patterns of 10 groups of common agroecosystem spiders to inform entomologists and ecologists concerned with issues of natural biological control. The various spider groups discussed in this article exhibit a very diverse range of life styles and foraging modes, which is reflected in the diversity of their feeding patterns. Implications of the insectivorous activities of these predators for natural pest control are discussed.
Thermodynamic components of freezing stress.

Abstract A biophysical basis is provided for finding functional components of freezing stresses in plant genotypes. Potential energies of water associations with plant substances, activation energies of transitions of water distributions, and inhibition of freezing kinetics are major plant characteristics which interact with environmental variables to determine the nature and energies of freezing stresses. A partition of chemical potential based on phase of association and based on exchangeable kinetic energy with respect to activation limits is required to evaluate these plant components and the stress energies of freezing.
Growth of solutal dendrites: A cellular automaton model and its quantitative capabilities

A model based on the cellular automaton (CA) technique for the simulation of dendritic growth controlled by solutal effects in the low Peclet number regime was developed. The model does not use an analytical solution to determine the velocity of the solid-liquid (SL) interface as is common in other models, but solves the solute conservation equation subjected to the boundary conditions at the interface. Using this approach, the model does not need to use the concept of marginal stability and stability parameter to uniquely define the steady-state velocity and radius of the dendrite tip. The model indeed contains an expression for the stability parameter, but the process determines its value. The model proposes a solution for the artificial anisotropy in growth kinetics valid at zero and 45° introduced in calculations by the square cells and trapping rules used in previous CA formulations. It also introduces a solution for the calculation of local curvature, which eliminates mesh dependency of calculations. The model is able to reproduce qualitatively most of the dendritic features observed experimentally, such as secondary and tertiary branching, parabolic tip, arms generation, selection and coarsening, etc. Computation results are validated in two ways. First, the simulated secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) is compared with literature values. Then, the predictions of the classic Lipton-Glicksman-Kurz (LGK) theory for steady-state tip velocity are compared with simulated values as a function of melt undercooling. Both comparisons are found to be in very good agreement.
Role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in the regulation of ventricular Ca2 + signaling in intact mouse heart

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)R)-mediated Ca(2+) signaling is a major pathway regulating multiple cellular functions in excitable and non-excitable cells. Although InsP(3)-mediated Ca(2+) signaling has been extensively described, its influence on ventricular myocardium activity has not been addressed in contracting hearts at the whole-organ level. In this work, InsP(3)-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) signals were studied in intact hearts using laser scanning confocal microscopy and pulsed local-field fluorescence microscopy. Intracellular [InsP(3)] was rapidly increased by UV flash photolysis of membrane-permeant caged InsP(3). Our results indicate that the basal [Ca(2+)] increased after the flash photolysis of caged InsP(3) without affecting the action potential (AP)-induced Ca(2+) transients. The amplitude of the basal [Ca(2+)] elevation depended on the intracellular [InsP(3)] reached after the UV flash. Pretreatment with ryanodine failed to abolish the InsP(3)-induced Ca(2+) release (IICR), indicating that this response was not mediated by ryanodine receptors (RyR). Thapsigargin prevented Ca(2+) release from both RyR- and InsP(3)R-containing Ca(2+) stores, suggesting that these pools have similar Ca(2+) reuptake mechanisms. These results were reproduced in acutely isolated cells where photorelease of InsP(3) was able to induce changes in endothelial cells but not in AP-induced transients from cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that IICR does not directly regulate cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of IICR in intact hearts. Consequently, our work provides a reference framework of the spatiotemporal attributes of the IICR under physiological conditions.
A verified compiler for an impure functional language

We present a verified compiler to an idealized assembly language from a small, untyped functional language with mutable references and exceptions. The compiler is programmed in the Coq proof assistant and has a proof of total correctness with respect to big-step operational semantics for the source and target languages. Compilation is staged and includes standard phases like translation to continuation-passing style and closure conversion, as well as a common subexpression elimination optimization. In this work, our focus has been on discovering and using techniques that make our proofs easy to engineer and maintain. While most programming language work with proof assistants uses very manual proof styles, all of our proofs are implemented as adaptive programs in Coq's tactic language, making it possible to reuse proofs unchanged as new language features are added.In this paper, we focus especially on phases of compilation that rearrange the structure of syntax with nested variable binders. That aspect has been a key challenge area in past compiler verification projects, with much more effort expended in the statement and proof of binder-related lemmas than is found in standard pencil-and-paper proofs. We show how to exploit the representation technique of parametric higher-order abstract syntax to avoid the need to prove any of the usual lemmas about binder manipulation, often leading to proofs that are actually shorter than their pencil-and-paper analogues. Our strategy is based on a new approach to encoding operational semantics which delegates all concerns about substitution to the meta language, without using features incompatible with general-purpose type theories like Coq's logic.
Experimental evidence for a hydrous transition zone in the early Earth's mantle

Abstract Partition coefficients of H2O between β and γ phases of olivine stoichiometry and coexisting ultra mafic melt have been estimated to be > 0.1 ± 0.04 (1σ) and 0.04, respectively; based on experiments at 15–16.5 GPa, 1300–1500°C in a hydrous KLB-1 peridotite system. The high H2O contents of β (1.5–3 wt%) and γ phases (0.7 wt%) would form a reservoir for H2O after cooling and crystallization of a hydrous magma ocean. Subsequent upwelling of this hydrous mantle would release H2O at the β phase-olivine boundary near 400 km depth, inducing partial melting of the peridotite to produce hydrous ultramafic magma. Most subducting hydrous minerals dehydrate at pressures shallower than 6.5 GPa if the down-dragged hydrous peridotite follows a P-T path hotter than 900°C at 8 GPa and cannot re-hydrate the transition zone. Therefore, the above proposed partial melting would gradually deplete the H2O reservoir, which is consistent with the decrease in the activity of ultramafic magmatism and the apparent degree of melting of komatiites from the Archean to the Mesozoic.
It Loses Something in the Translation: Syntax and Survival of Key Words in Science and Nonscience Press Releases.

This article examines the relationship between public relations practitioner and journalist in the transmission of the language of science to the public. By comparing the output of a public relations office with the newspaper stories that appeared as a result of the office's effort, the authors show that while newspapers simplify both science and nonscience releases, some science stories are less edited than nonscience releases. The findings support the notion that the media sharpen and level science stories, but they also suggest that simple apportionment of releases and articles into science and nonscience categories does not fully explain the process. That is because some science stories are edited differently than other science stories.
The 2005 eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano: Chronology and processes derived from ASTER spaceborne and field-based data

Abstract Kliuchevskoi volcano, located on the Kamchatka peninsula of eastern Russia, is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in the world. Its location and diversity of eruption styles make satellite-based monitoring and characterization of its eruptive activity essential. In 2005, the Kamchatka Volcano Emergency Response Team (KVERT) first reported that seismic activity of Kliuchevskoi increased above background levels on 12 January (Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) Report, 2005. Kliuchevskoi Volcano, 14 January through 13 May 2005. ( http://www.avo.alaska.edu/activity/avoreport.php?view=kam info&id=&month=January&year=2005 ). Cited January 2007). By 15 January Kliuchevskoi entered an explosive–effusive phase, which lasted for five months and produced basaltic lava flows, lahar deposits, and phreatic explosions along its northwestern flank. We present a comparison between field observations and multispectral satellite image data acquired by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument in order to characterize the eruptive behavior. The ASTER instrument was targeted in an automated urgent request mode throughout the eruption timeline in order to collect data at the highest observation frequency possible. Brightness temperatures were calculated in all three ASTER wavelength regions during lava flow emplacement. The maximum lava flow brightness temperatures, calculated from the 15 m/pixel visible near infrared (VNIR) data, were in excess of 800 °C. The shortwave infrared (SWIR) data were radiometrically and geometrically corrected, normalized to the same gain settings, and used to estimate an eruptive volume of 2.35 × 10 − 2 km 3 at the summit. These data were also used to better constrain errors arising in the thermal infrared (TIR) data due to sub-pixel thermal heterogeneities. Based on all the ASTER data, the eruption was separated into three phases: an initial explosive phase (20 January–31 January), an explosive–effusive phase (1 February–8 March), and a subsequent cooling phase. Decorrelation stretch (DCS) images of the TIR data also suggested the presence of silicate ash, SO 2 , and water vapor plumes that extended up to 300 km from the summit. The ASTER rapid-response program provided important multispectral, moderate spatial resolution information that was used to detect and monitor the eruptive activity of this remote volcano which can be applied to other eruptions worldwide.
Emergence, agency, and interaction-notes from the field

This article describes the development of several interactive installations and robotic artworks developed through the 1990s and the technological, theoretical, and discursive context in which those works arose. The main works discussed are Petit Mal 1989-1995, Sympathetic Sentience 1996-1997, Fugitive I 1996-1997, Traces 1998-1999, and Fugitive II 2001-2004-full documentation at www.simonpenny.net/works . These works were motivated by a critical analysis of cognitivist computer science, which contrasted with notions of embodied experience arising from the arts. The works address questions of agency and interaction, informed by cybernetics and artificial life.
Intraoperative Evaluation of Cortical Bony Margins with Frozen-Section Analysis

OBJECTIVES: To describe and evaluate the efficacy of frozen-section analysis of cortical bone margins in surgery of the craniofacial skeleton.STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients undergoing oncologic resection of various head and neck neoplasms with osseous involvement by the senior author (Y.D.) from 1998 to 2003.RESULTS: Frozen-section analysis of cortical bone was performed in 38 patients. Adequate specimens for histological analysis were obtained in all patients. Frozen sections were positive in 21 of 22 patients with bone invasion on decalcified specimens. After validating our technique for frozen analysis of cortical bone in 13 patients, the method had a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 100% in 25 patients. Malignancies diagnosed on frozen cortical bone specimens included squamous cell carcinoma (15), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (3), and sarcoma (3). Frozen cortical margins altered the extent of bony resection in 8 patients.CONCLUSION: A simple technique for a...
Race and Redistricting: What the Print Media Conveys to the Public about the Role of Race

In a series of voting rights cases, the U.S. Supreme Court held that race-based redistricting, particularly the intentional formation of majority–minority districts (districts in which voters of color constitute a majority of eligible voters) may be unconstitutional if race was the predominant factor in the formation of the district. TheCourtstatedthat“redistrictinglegislationthatissobizarreonitsfacethatitis unexplainable on grounds other than race” may violate the Constitution because of the messages such districts send to the public (Shaw v. Reno, 1993). Yet neither the Court nor social scientists have examined whether the existence of raceconsciousmajority–minoritydistrictssendsmessagestovotersandwhatthenature of these messages may be. This research begins to address this scientific issue. In a quantitative content analysis, we examined messages about racial redistricting conveyed to citizens via the print media. Our sample consisted of 355 newspaper articlesaboutredistrictingincludedintheLexis–Nexisdatabasebetween1990and 2005.Wefoundthatnewspapercoverageofracialdistrictingcontainsmessagesto citizensaboutthemotivesinvolvedinredistricting,theindividualsandgroupswho are responsible for it, and its actual and expected effects. This finding is consistent with the Supreme Court’s assumption that districts, particularly bizarrely shaped ones, convey distinct messages to voters. The specific messages communicated varied in important ways across the articles. Newspapers in states subject to
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome: Report of a Case

Hajdu-Cheney syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by short stature, joint hypermobility, distinctive craniofacial and skull abnormalities, dental anomalies, and acroosteolysis of the distal phalanges. Cystic kidneys have been associated with some cases. We report a case of a 12-year-old girl with renal failure who underwent bilateral nephrectomies. Histopathological examination revealed polycystic kidneys with numerous nodules located throughout the kidney composed of basaloid epithelial cells.
Body modeling and model-based tracking for neuroethology.

The accurate tracking of an animal’s movements and postures through time has broad applicability to questions in neuroethology and animal behavior. In this paper we describe methods for precision body modeling and model-based tracking of non-rigid animal movements without the use of external markers. We describe the process of obtaining high-fidelity urethane casts of a model organism, the weakly electric knifefish Apteronotus albifrons, and the use of a stylus-type 3-D digitizer to create a polygonal model of the animal from the cast. We describe the principles behind markerless model-based tracking software that allows the user to translate, rotate, and deform the polygon model to fit it to digitized video images of the animal. As an illustration of these methods, we discuss how we have used model-based tracking in the study of prey capture in nocturnal weakly electric fish to estimate sensory input during behavior. These methods may be useful for bridging between the analytical approaches of quantitative neurobiology and the synthetic approaches of integrative computer simulations and the building of biomimetic robots. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Searching for biomarker patterns characterizing carotid atherosclerotic burden in patients with reduced renal function

Background. Evidence linking chronic kidney disease (CKD) with the increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications is firm. It is becoming clear that testing functions of the vascular endothelium in conjunction with various biomarkers may better the definition of CV risk profile in CKD patients. Methods. Using Multiplexed analysis of 16 markers reflecting pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, metabolic and anti-fibrinolytic factors in a series of 75 patients with CKD, who underwent echo-coloured Doppler study of carotid arteries, we analysed the contribution of each parameter to the characterization of atherosclerotic burden. As control group we enrolled 33 healthy individuals. Results. On univariate analysis, intima-media thickness, number of atherosclerotic plaques and internal diameter of carotid arteries were strongly interrelated. Starting with these indicators of carotid atherosclerosis, we extracted by principal component analysis a single composite atherosclerosis severity score that accounted for 68% of the total variance of original variables. Biomarkers significantly related to severity of carotid atherosclerosis were MMP9, t-PAI-1, IL-6, NT-proBNP, IL-8 and VEGF. In multiple linear regression models adjusting for clinical variables the gain in prediction power was achieved when we added MMP9 and t-PAI-1 to the basic model. IL-6 produced the highest increase in the multiple R2 of the basic model. The combination of MMP9, t-PAI-1, IL-6, NTproBNP, IL-8 and VEGF added to the basic model achieved gain in prediction power of þ 7.5%. In this expanded model, IL-6 was the only biomarker that significantly predicted the severity of atherosclerosis. Conclusion. Multiplexed screening revealed that IL-6, MMP-9, tPAI-1 and VEGF showed a tight correlation with carotid atherosclerotic burden in patients with CKD.
Exploring the Benefits of Symbiotic Routing

It is increasingly common to see multiple wireless networks existing in the same environment, being accessed by devices of the individual networks as well as by ``hybrid'' devices capable of communicating on multiple networks. Typically these networks do not cooperate or share resources, resulting in sub-optimal network performances. The efficiency of such networks can be increased by exploiting hybrid nodes to enable network interactions that allow cross-network performance optimizations and cross-network information and service sharing. Such mutually beneficial interactions of the networks is referred to as symbiotic networking. In this paper, we investigate the potential performance gains of such interactions for the routing protocols and the effect of the network parameters on these potential gains. We use both simulation and mathematical frameworks that model the routing performances of both symbiotic and independent networking to quantify the routing benefits of symbiotic networking. Our results show that symbiotic networking can provide vital support to co-located networks, which is especially important in resource-constrained networks such as wireless sensor networks or mobile ad hoc networks.
A receiver architecture for intra-band carrier aggregation

Carrier aggregation is an attractive approach to increasing the data rate in wireless communication. The basic idea is to transmit and receive data on two (or more) different carriers, thus raising the data rate proportionally. For example, Release 10 of the LTE mobile phone standard supports both intra-band and inter-band aggregation. A receiver supporting several carriers may simply employ multiple signal paths and corresponding frequency synthesizers but at the cost of high power and extremely stringent isolation requirements among the local oscillators.This research introduces an efficient carrier aggregation receiver architecture that employs one receive path and a single synthesizer. The block-downconversion scalable receiver translates all of the channels to the baseband and utilizes a new digital image rejection technique to reconstruct the signals. A receiver prototype realized in 45-nm CMOS technology along with an FPGA back end provides an image rejection ratio of at least 70~dB across the entire band with a noise figure of 3.8~dB while consuming 15~mW, a factor of four less than the prior art.
Mated Flight Control Issues for Space Exploration Systems

Several unique issues related to mated flight control have been broadly identified. These issues include redundancies in subsystems, controllability, command and control authority distribution, information flow across elements, and changes and variability in system characteristics due to variable mated configurations during operations. Architectural options for mated flight control are discussed in the context of evolving space systems.
Description of Treponema azotonutricium sp. nov. and Treponema primitia sp. nov., the First Spirochetes Isolated from Termite Guts

Long after their original discovery, termite gut spirochetes were recently isolated in pure culture for the first time. They revealed metabolic capabilities hitherto unknown in the Spirochaetes division of the Bacteria, i.e., H(2) plus CO(2) acetogenesis (J. R. Leadbetter, T. M. Schmidt, J. R. Graber, and J. A. Breznak, Science 283:686-689, 1999) and dinitrogen fixation (T. G. Lilburn, K. S. Kim, N. E. Ostrom, K. R. Byzek, J. R. Leadbetter, and J. A. Breznak, Science 292:2495-2498, 2001). However, application of specific epithets to the strains isolated (Treponema strains ZAS-1, ZAS-2, and ZAS-9) was postponed pending a more complete characterization of their phenotypic properties. Here we describe the major properties of strain ZAS-9, which is readily distinguished from strains ZAS-1 and ZAS-2 by its shorter mean cell wavelength or body pitch (1.1 versus 2.3 micro m), by its nonhomoacetogenic fermentation of carbohydrates to acetate, ethanol, H(2), and CO(2), and by 7 to 8% dissimilarity between its 16S rRNA sequence and those of ZAS-1 and ZAS-2. Strain ZAS-9 is proposed as the type strain of the new species, Treponema azotonutricium. Strains ZAS-1 and ZAS-2, which are H(2)-consuming, CO(2)-reducing homoacetogens, are proposed here to be two strains of the new species Treponema primitia. Apart from the salient differences mentioned above, the genomes of all three strains were similar in size (3,461 to 3,901 kb), in G+C content (50.0 to 51.0 mol%), and in possession of 2 copies of the gene encoding 16S rRNA (rrs). For comparison, the genome of the free-living spirochete Spirochaeta aurantia strain J1 was analyzed by the same methods and found to have a size of 3,719 kb, to contain 65.6 mol% G+C, and also to possess 2 copies of the rrs gene.
Analysis of Factors Controlling Soil Carbon in the Conterminous United States

Mapsofsoilorganiccarbon(SOC)andinorganic carbon(SIC)were generated from the State Soil Geographical database (STATSGO) and were overlain with land-cover, topography (elevation and slope), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and mean annual temperature (MAT) databases to study the effects of environmental driving factors (or ‘‘state factors’’) in the conterminous USA. In the USA, human disturbance has significantly reduced SOC and SIC in the surface layer. The SOC decreases as elevation increases. Level topography has twice the SOC content of other slope classes. Soil organic C increases as MAP increases up to values of 700–850 mm yr 21 . There is no obvious pattern in SIC as MAP increases until MAP exceeds 1000 mm, at which point on SIC drops dramatically. For natural vegetation with MAP , 1000 mm, SOC decreases as MAT increases (within restricted ranges of elevation and topography). The relationship between SOC versus MAT varies with MAP, and SOC is most sensitive to temperature in low and moderate MAP regions and in the upper soil layers. This GIS-based analysis is a relatively coarse evaluation given the nature of the database, but does provide a first quantitative assessment of soil C to ‘‘state factors’’ for the USA as a whole using commonly available digital databases.
Pulsed laser deposition: prospects for commercial deposition of epitaxial thin films

In this paper we briefly define pulsed laser deposition, current applications, research directed at gaining a better understanding of the pulsed laser deposition process, and suggest some future directions to enable commercial applications.
COLORED FACIAL COSMETICS

Colored facial cosmetics are designed to add color, blend pigmentation defects, and meet the fashion needs of the individual. Products that fit into this category primarily include facial foundations, but also face powders and blushes. The formulation and use of colored facial cosmetics is an area of dermatology where medicine, science, art, and appearance all intermingle. This makes the study of colored cosmetics challenging and fascinating. Colored cosmetics are of medical significance for their ability to function as camouflaging aids, yet it also is important to recognize dermatoses that rarely may be related to their use. The formulation and efficacy of colored facial cosmetics is grounded firmly in the science of cosmetic chemistry and skin physiology. Colored cosmetics are valued for their appearance-enhancing capability and the intangible aspects of well-being that their use imparts. This article discusses the art and science of colored cosmetics to provide a fund of knowledge useful to the physician in tackling problems related to appearance and dermatologic disease.
Moral Knowledge as Practical Knowledge

In the area of moral epistemology, there is an interesting problem facing the person in my area, ancient philosophy, who hopes to write a historical paper which will engage with our current philosophical concerns. Not only are ancient ethical theories very different in structure and concerns from modern ones (though with the rapid growth of virtue ethics this is becoming less true), but the concerns and emphases of ancient epistemology are very different from those of modern theories of knowledge. Some may think that they are so different that they are useful to our own discussions only by way of contrast. I am more sanguine, but I am quite aware that this essay's contribution to modern debates does not fall within the established modern traditions of discussing moral epistemology.
Simultaneous Design of Controllers and Instrumentation: ILQR/ILQG

The instrumentation, i.e., sensors and actuators, in feedback control systems often contain nonlinearities, such as saturation, deadzone, quantization, etc. Standard synthesis techniques, however, assume that the actuators and sensors are linear. This technical note is intended to modify the LQR/LQG methodology into the so-called Instrumented LQR/LQG (referred to as ILQR/ILQG), which allows for simultaneous synthesis of optimal controllers and instrumentation.
For Reason and Realism in Marketing

The author responds to the comments by Peter and by Zinkhan and Hirschheim on his 1990 JM article, “Truth in Marketing Theory and Research.”
N-cadherin function is required for differentiation-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization in lens cells in vitro.

Members of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules participate in calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesions that are necessary for the cell sorting events that regulate early developmental processes. Although individual cadherin molecules have been shown to participate in tissue histogenesis, the regulation of function of these receptors in cell differentiation has been more difficult to identify. We have determined that N-cadherin linkage to the cytoskeleton is correlated with lens cell differentiation in vivo. Through the use of a chick embryo lens culture system that mimics differentiation in vivo, we have determined that N-cadherin linkage to the cytoskeleton is altered and lens differentiation is blocked by function-blocking antibodies to N-cadherin. In the presence of the N-cadherin function-blocking antibody, NCD-2, both N-cadherin and filamentous actin are prevented from organizing at the cortical membranes. This correlates with an inhibition of lens morphogenesis and differentiation. These results are paralleled by changes in the expression of the molecular components of the cadherin-catenin complex and their linkage to the actin cytoskeleton. In the presence of NCD-2, expression of N-cadherin, alpha-catenin, and beta-catenin is inhibited and their association with the cytoskeleton blocked. Overall cadherin expression, however, remains unchanged as demonstrated by studies with a pan-cadherin antibody. This is accompanied by an increase in expression of the cadherin cytoskeletal protein plakoglobin. Although the cells have tried to compensate for the loss of N-cadherin by up-regulation of another cadherin(s) and plakoglobin, this is unable to compensate for N-cadherin function. The data strongly suggest that N-cadherin and its associated cytoskeleton play an important role in the differentiation process that leads to the formation of the crystalline lens.
The seismic traffic footprint: Tracking trains, aircraft, and cars seismically

Although naturally occurring vibrations have proven useful to probe the subsurface, the vibrations caused by traffic have not been explored much. Such data, however, are less sensitive to weather and low visibility compared to some common out-of-road traffic sensing systems. We study traffic-generated seismic noise measured by an array of 5200 geophones that covered a 7 × 10 km area in Long Beach (California, USA) with a receiver spacing of 100 m. This allows us to look into urban vibrations below the resolution of a typical city block. The spatiotemporal structure of the anthropogenic seismic noise intensity reveals the Blue Line Metro train activity, departing and landing aircraft in Long Beach Airport and their acceleration, and gives clues about traffic movement along the I-405 highway at night. As low-cost, stand-alone seismic sensors are becoming more common, these findings indicate that seismic data may be useful for traffic monitoring.