cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preschool teachers’ literal and inferential questions and children's responses during whole-class shared reading

Abstract This study examined the extent to which preschool teachers used literal and inferential questions during classroom-based shared reading. Specific foci included (a) investigating the association among the level of literal or inferential language in the text, teachers’ text-related questions, and children's responses using sequential analysis, and (b) examining the relation between teachers’ inferential questioning and children's vocabulary outcomes. Participants included 25 preschool teachers and 159 four-year-old children. Teachers videotaped their whole-class shared reading of an informational narrative text. Teachers and children's extratextual talk was analyzed and children completed standardized vocabulary assessments in fall and spring of the academic year. When reading this informational narrative text, teachers posed, on average, slightly more inferential questions than literal questions. Significant sequential associations were observed between the level of teachers’ questions and child responses, with inferential questions consistently eliciting inferential child responses. Few characteristics of teachers’ questions were associated with children's vocabulary outcomes. Results suggest that preschool teachers can use inferential questioning to encourage children to participate in conversation at complex, inferential levels; informational texts appear to provide a successful context for this inferential discourse. Implications for teachers and allied professionals are discussed.
Activity-aware ECG-based patient authentication for remote health monitoring

Mobile medical sensors promise to provide an efficient, accurate, and economic way to monitor patients' health outside the hospital. Patient authentication is a necessary security requirement in remote health monitoring scenarios. The monitoring system needs to make sure that the data is coming from the right person before any medical or financial decisions are made based on the data. Credential-based authentication methods (e.g., passwords, certificates) are not well-suited for remote healthcare as patients could hand over credentials to someone else. Furthermore, one-time authentication using credentials or trait-based biometrics (e.g., face, fingerprints, iris) do not cover the entire monitoring period and may lead to unauthorized post-authentication use. Recent studies have shown that the human electrocardiogram (ECG) exhibits unique patterns that can be used to discriminate individuals. However, perturbation of the ECG signal due to physical activity is a major obstacle in applying the technology in real-world situations. In this paper, we present a novel ECG and accelerometer-based system that can authenticate individuals in an ongoing manner under various activity conditions. We describe the probabilistic authentication system we have developed and present experimental results from 17 individuals.
Nuclear fission: What have we learned in 50 years?

Abstract After a brief summary of the early paper of Bohr and Wheeler, our current understanding of the probability for fission, the deformation energy surface, the dynamics of the descent from saddle to scission and mass distributions is developed.
Blockade of morphine-induced analgesia and tolerance in mice by MK-801

Abstract The effect of MK-801 on morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and opioid binding sites was examined in mice. In Analgesia studies, mice received either naloxone or MK-801. Controls were injected with saline. Mice were then injected with morphine 10 or 30 min following naloxone or MK-801, respectively, and tested for analgesia (tail flick assay) 45 min later. Pretreatment with naloxone or MK-801 blocked morphine-induced analgesia. In tolerance studies, mice were pretreated with either saline or MK-801. Thirty minutes later, mice were injected with either saline or morphine (acutely or chronically) and tested for analgesia 24 h later. Pretreatment with MK-801 partially or completely blocked the development of acute and chronic tolerance, respectively. In binding studies, MK-801 displaced [ 3 H]naloxone poorly compared to naloxone or morphine. Together, these data suggest a role for NMDA receptors in morphine-induced analgesia and tolerance. The poor inhibition of the [ 3 H]naloxone binding sites by MK-801 supports the possibility that MK-801 might not act directly on the opioid receptors, but rather, inhibits morphine-induced analgesia and tolerance by some other mechanisms.
The presence of the rheumatoid factor in sera from patients with syphilis.

Sera from patients having syphilis gave positive tests for rheumatoid factor in 11 per cent of 147 cases studied when the F II latex and tanned sheep cell procedures were used. The sensitized sheep cell test was positive, however, in but one serum giving positive results by the F II tests. The factor in syphilis sera responsible for positive rheumatoid reactions was separable from Wasserman antibody. Seros ab patientes con syphilis habeva reactiones positive pro factor rheumatoide in 11 pro cento de un serie de 147 casos studiate per medio del technica a latex F II e a sensibilisate cellulas ovin. Tamen, le test a cellulas ovin esseva positive in solmente un caso de positivitate per le test a F II. Le factor in seros syphilitic que es responsabile pro le positive reactiones rheumatoide se provava separabile ab le anticorpore de Wassermann.
Location of carrageenan and incorporation of 35SO2–4 into sulfur amino acids in the red alga Chondrus crispus

Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (order Gigartinales), or Irish moss, is extensively harvested for its sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan (Mathieson 1982). Carrageenans, which are the structural components of the cell wall, constitute up to 70% of the dry matter of the seaweed. Chondrus plants actively assimilate sulfate from their environment and rapidly incorporate it into carrageenans (Jackson & McCandless 1979; Loewus et al. 1971; Tveter-Gallagher et al. 1981). Although the sulfate alkyltransferase enzymes, which play a key role in carrageenan biosynthesis, have been enriched in cell-free preparations of Chondrus (Wong & Craigie 1978), their location within the plant is still unknown. In most organisms, the dictyosomes synthesize, transport and release mucopolysaccharides onto the cell surface (Farquhar & Palade 1981). However, studies in the red alga Eucheuma isiforme suggest that sulfation of polysaccharides occurs within the cell wall rather than in the dictyosomes (LaClaire & Dawes 1976). Conflicting reports also exist as to the turnover of sulfate within cell walls of various species (de Lestang-Bremond & Quillet 1981; Millard & Evans 1982).
Sport – dank Technologie?

Meine kurze Auseinandersetzung mit dem Sport – die Technologie ist fur den Sport gut oder schlecht, die extremen Belohnungen fur die Sieger reizen dazu, „Dark Science“ einzusetzen…
A multi-institutional experience with stereotactic radiosurgery for solitary brain metastasis

Abstract Purpose : A multi-institutional experience in radiosurgery for solitary brain metastases was combined to identify factors associated with safety, efficacy, tumor control, and survival. Materials and Methods : A review of 116 patients with solitary brain metastases who underwent gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery at five institutions was performed. The median follow-up was 7 months following radiosurgery and 12 months following diagnosis. Minimum tumor doses varied from 8–30 Gy (mean, 17.5 Gy). Forty-five patients failed prior radiotherapy and 71 had no prior brain irradiation. Fifty-one patients had radiosurgery alone and 65 underwent combined radiosurgery with fractionated large-field radiotherapy (mean dose, 33.8 Gy). Results : Median survival was 11 months after radiosurgery and 20 months after diagnosis. Follow-up documented local tumor control in 99 patients (85%), tumor recurrence in 17 (15%), and documented radiation necrosis in one (1%). The 2-year actuarial tumor control rate was 67 ± 8%. Tumor histology affected survival (better for breast cancer, p = .004) and local control (better for melanoma and renal cell, p = .0003) in multivariate analyses. Combined fractionated radiotherapy and radiosurgery improved local control (p = .0111), but not survival in multivariate testing. Conclusion : Radiosurgery is effective in controlling solitary brain metastases with low morbidity. Further study is needed to better define optimum treatment parameters for radiosurgery.
Mechanisms in cellular metabolic regulation.

Abstract Studies on the regulation of genetic expression in mammalian systems have demonstrated that a significant amount of regulation occurs at the level of genetic translation. Studies in this report demonstrate that it is possible to measure the specific lifetime for a mRNA of a hepatic enzyme. Furthermore, the enzyme under study, serine dehydratase, was found to exist in two isozymic forms, the synthesis of each form apparently being regulated by different mechanisms. Such findings are in line with other studies in this area and demonstrate the complexity of the regulation of genetic expression in mammalian systems wherein one is dealing with multiple phenotypic populations of cells as opposed to prokaryotes which are self-sufficient.
Studying the vocational counseling process: A preliminary examination

Abstract In this study, we examined the effects of counselor empathic and coping/mastery self-disclosure statements on clients' impressions of an initial vocational counseling interview. A primary purpose of our study was to reconsider one aspect of the investigation of Watkins et al(1990), in which the counselor responses of self-disclosure, self-involvement, empathy and open question were found to have no differential effects on clients' impressions of vocational counseling. Even though we attempted to provide a more specific test of empathy versus self-disclosure responses, we for the most part also obtained a general lack of significance on the dependent variables. In conjunction with Watkins et al.'s findings, we provide some discussion of our results, and their potential meanings for vocational counseling and future vocational counseling research.
Perceived Risks and Benefits of Climbing Mt. Whitney: A Qualitative Application of Risk Homeostasis Theory

Mt. Whitney, the highest peak in the contiguous United States (14,505 ft, 4421 m), is part of the Sierra Nevada range located in California. It is unique in that the summit of Mt. Whitney can be accessed by a number of routes. A trail leads to the summit for hikers, as do classic 3rd and 4th class mountaineering routes, and several alpine climbs ranging 5.6-5.11d in difficulty (McNamara, 2004). There is significant potential for a wide spectrum of climbers to reach the summit of Mt. Whitney by way of the various routes. Few locations offer such a diversity of opportunities for a large majority of the population to potentially climb to the summit. There is, however, significant risk inherent in climbing Mt. Whitney; each year numerous accidents and fatali- ties occur (INYO SAR, 2008). Nevertheless, each year thousands of individuals voluntarily make the climb that is fraught with risk. Some climbers may not fully understand the risks involved with climbing; however, most understand that risks are inherent. However, risk perception is very subjective and can vary from individual to individual. Therefore, this study utilized a qualitative approach and applied risk homeostasis theory to provide a better understanding of the subjective perceptions of risk and benefits that climbers associated with climbing Mt. Whitney.
Battle-outcome prediction for an extended system of Lanchester-type differential equations

Abstract Battle-outcome-prediction conditions are given for an extended system of Lanchester-type differential equations for two different types of battle-termination conditions: (a) fixed-force-level-breakpoint battles, and (b) fixed-force-ratio-breakpoint battles. Necessary and sufficient conditions for predicting battle outcome are given in the former case for a fight to the finish, while sufficient conditions are given in the latter case. The former results are equivalent to those for the problem of classical analysis of determining (explicitly as a function of the initial conditions) the occurrence of a zero point for the solution to this extended system, although such results as given here have not appeared previously for nonoscillatory (in the strict sense) solutions.
Gibbs-type partition in chaotic dynamics.

A Gibbs-type partition of the chaotic motion is introduced. The distribution function of the spectral density defined on such partition is Gaussian. The variance of this distribution is the Fourier transform of the correlation function. We demonstrate this by direct numerical computations for the simple models of chaos. These results are the consequence of translational invariance and should be valid for the general case of chaotic motion described by differential equations.
Derivation of the characteristic transfer matrix of the interfacial layer in superlattices using the characteristic effective medium approximation

This is an analytic derivation of the characteristic matrix of the interfacial layer in a bilayer superlattice using the characteristic matrix technique. The derivation applies for near-normal incidence spectroscopy and presents the interfacial layer as a perturbation matrix. Calculations of the optical constants, absorption coefficient, skin depth, and optical conductivity of superlattices with and without interfacial layers between their primary constituent layers are presented and compared. The calculations employ values of the optical constants of the layered pair and the interfacial layer in between, all obtained from the characteristic effective medium approximation that was established in an earlier communication.
Selective effects of thyroid hormonal deprivation on growth and development of olfactory receptor sheet during the early postnatal period: A morphometric and cell count study in the rat

Light microscopic numerical and morphometric studies were conducted on the olfactory epithelium of postnatal normal and hypothyroid rats. The normal rat olfactory epithelium undergoes marked growth and development during the suckling period (days 1-25): thickness, 50%; area, x 8, total number of olfactory neurons, basal and supporting cells, x 10, x 11 and x 8, respectively. The effects of thyroid hormonal deprivation on these proliferative postnatal growth changes were studied by adding PTU (n-propylthiouracil, a reversible antithyroid goitrogen) to the litter's drinking water from birth to weaning (day 25). The general architecture of naso-olfactory cavities as well as the histology and thickness of the olfactory epithelium were unaffected in the hypothyroid pups. However, the surface area of the olfactory receptor sheet was reduced by 40%, the reduction occurring throughout the cavity, though not uniformly. The total number of olfactory neurons, supporting and basal cells were reduced by 33, 45 and 47%, respectively. These results indicate that the postnatal vertical accretion of olfactory neurons occurring across the epithelial thickness is unaffected in the hypothyroid pups, while the horizontal proliferation of neurons accompanying the expansion of the sheet's surface area is markedly reduced. The results suggest differential effects of thyroid hormones on these modes of proliferative growth and imply further that in addition to possible direct effects, the influence of thyroid hormones on developmental growth of the olfactory epithelial sheets may be secondary to effects on the underlying submucosal connective tissue.
Rheological properties of polyethylenes modified with dicumyl peroxide

Low- and high-density polyethylenes were modified using dicumyl peroxide. The modified polyethylenes were subjected to steady and oscillatory shearing flows. The viscous and elastic properties determined with a cone-and-plate rheometer are correlated to the molecular weight of the materials, which was determined with the aid of size exclusion chromatographic analysis. It was found that both the melt viscosity and elasticity increase with the amount of dicumyl peroxide used, and shear-thinning behavior becomes more intense. The Bueche master curve of viscosity is constructed by using a relaxation time based on the weight-average molecular weight for both virgin and modified resins.
The interaction mechanism between cavitation bubbles and particles of the solid and liquid phases

Abstract A theory which explains the effects of dispersion and coagulation in a cavitating liquid medium is proposed on the basis of a study of the interaction mechanism of a cavitation bubble and a particle of the material medium. Experimental results supporting the theory are given, together with recommendations for the production of more efficient cavitation.
Biology and behavior. A set-point hypothesis of psychological functioning.

This article provides a broad overview of an exploratory thesis designed to enhance an understanding of perturbations and rigidities of psychological functioning a set-point hypothesis of psychological functioning. Historical precedents and parallels with Keesey's set-point theory of obesity are offered. Basic tenets of the hypothesis are detailed, and relevance to clinical behavioral theory is outlined. It is concluded that the set-point hypothesis may provide a framework for conceptualizing clinical cases and optimizing interventions. The thesis appears to be testable; however, the articulation of specific methodologies and research designs must be undertaken before the ultimate usefulness of the set-point hypothesis can be determined.
Radiative Lifetimes of Eu I, II, and III and Transition Probabilities of Eu I

Radiative lifetimes of 12 odd-parity and 73 even-parity levels of Eu I, 26 even-parity levels of Eu II, and three even-parity levels of Eu III have been measured with time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence. These lifetimes are accurate to ±5%. In addition, Eu I branching fractions have been measured with Fourier-transform spectrometry. These are combined with the radiative lifetimes to yield absolute transition probabilities for 140 transitions of Eu I.
Eosinophils in allergy: Role in disease, degranulation, and cytokines

For over 100 years, the eosinophil has been associated with allergic disease. At present, eosinophils appear to be associated pathologically with asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, and certain eye diseases. The effector functions of eosinophils appear to be derived primarily from release of lipid mediators and proteins, including cytokines and granule proteins. Eosinophil degranulation results in the release of several cytotoxic cationic granule proteins. Furthermore, release of cytokines by eosinophils and other cells involved in inflammation amplifies and regulates localized immune responses. Altogether, the eosinophil's capacity to release and be influenced by a variety of mediators, including the granule proteins and cytokines, implicates this cell in the pathology of inflammation and in the perpetuation of the inflammatory response.
A Vanadium–Cerium Redox Flow Battery with an Anion‐Exchange Membrane Separator

Cardo-poly(etherketone)-based anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) were prepared and employed as separators in a vanadium–cerium redox flow battery (V-Ce RFB). V-Ce RFBs with AEM separators yielded energy efficiencies (EEs) ranging from 67 to 84 % at current densities between 20 and 80 mA cm−2. V-Ce RFBs using Nafion 212 as the separator had EEs ranging from 50 to 84 % and displayed a capacity and efficiency loss as a result of cation intermixing. Over 20 charge/discharge cycles, the RFB with the AEM separator yielded unchanged efficiencies and capacity, whereas the loss of capacity was 50 % with the Nafion separator. There was no substantial change in the ionic conductivity, ultimate tensile strength, and Young’s modulus of AEMs after 50 charge/discharge cycles. This suggests that AEMs are promising candidates as V-Ce RFB separators that: 1) are chemically and mechanically stable during cycling, and 2) act as efficient barriers that preclude the intermixing of vanadium and cerium cations.
Water solubility of atmospheric aerosols

Abstract The water solubility of large aerosol particles was measured. Two eight-stage Andersen impactors were used to collect aerosol for a 10-day period. Laboratory analysis determined that approx 30% of the material on the first two stages (≥ 4.6 μm radius) of the impactor was soluble. These particles would have been effective cloud condensation nuclei.
TH‐C‐WAB‐10: Gradient Assisted Non‐Connected Automatic Region (GANAR) Algorithm: Towards Robust PET‐Based Target Definition

Purpose: To develop and validate a PET‐based segmentation method that is robust under varying acquisition modes and reconstruction parameters. Methods and Materials: Gradient Assisted Non‐connected Automatic Region (GANAR) method generates texture feature images to segment distinct properties of the tumor with an optimized non‐connected region‐growing algorithm (twelve contours are generated). An expectation‐maximization algorithm is used to define the final region of interest. By incorporating texture feature information and parameter optimization, GANAR is less sensitive to acquisition mode and reconstruction parameters. The accuracy of GANAR was assessed using thirteen inhomogeneous and irregular‐shaped lesions from a Monte Carlo phantom simulated PET phantom. The robustness of GANAR was assessed using FDG PET/CT images of twenty patients acquired in 2D and3D modes, and reconstructed with varying parameters. In total, ten reconstructions per patient were used. The Dice and Modified Hausdorff Distance (MHD) metrics were used to quantify accuracy and robustness. GANAR was compared against conventional methods, such as threshold‐based, gradient‐based and region‐growing. Results: Using Dice, GANAR (0.89±0.04) was more accurate than the threshold (0.83±0.07), gradient (0.75±0.07), and region‐growing (0.80±0.08) methods. Likewise, using MHD GANAR (0.2±0.1 cm) was more accurate than the threshold (0.4±0.2 cm), gradient (0.5±0.1 cm), and region‐growing (0.4±0.2 cm) methods. GANAR was also more robust with higher Dice coefficient ranges of [0.85–0.98], than the threshold [0.69–0.93], gradient [0.66–0.98], and region‐growing [0.46–0.91] methods. Similarly, the GANAR's MHD ranges [0.02–0.18]cm was smaller than that of threshold [0.08–0.23]cm, gradient‐based [0.01–0.26]cm and region‐growing [0.13–0.70]cm methods. Conclusion: A new robust segmentation method was developed and validated against simulated PET phantoms and patient FDG PET/CT data. In both accuracy and robustness, the new method outperformed conventional segmentation algorithms.
Regulation of the two forms of glycogen phosphorylase by cAMP and its analogs in Dictyostelium discoideum.

We have recently reported the existence of two forms of glycogen phosphorylase (1,4-α-D-glucan: orthophosphate-α-glucosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.1) in Dictyostelium discoideum. During development the activity of the glycogen phosphorylase b form decreased as the activity of the a form increased. The total phosphorylase activity remained constant. The physical and kinetic properties of the Dictyostelium enzyme were similar to those of the mammalian enzyme. In mammals, cAMP regulates the conversion of the two forms by a cAMP dependent protein kinase (cAMPdPK). We report here that if cAMP is added to a single cell suspension, the Dictyostelium phosphorylase activity becomes independent of 5′AMP and a 104kd peptide appears. We also show the effect of several cAMP analogs on the phosphorylase activity in these single-cell suspensions. The cAMP analogs were selected on the basis of their affinities for the membrane-bound cAMP receptor or the cytoplasmic cAMPdPK. We found that relatively low levels, 100 μM, of cAMP or 2'd-cAMP added to aggregation-competent cells in shaking culture caused a loss of phosphorylase b activity and the appearance of phosphorylase a activity. The analog, 2'd-cAMP, has a high affinity for the cAMP receptor but a low affinity for the cAMPdPK. Two other analogs, Bt2-cAMP and 8-Br-cAMP, which have low affinities for the cAMP receptor but high affinities for the cAMPdPK, required high levels (500 μM) for ‘b’ to ‘a’ conversion. cDNAs to three cAMP-regulated genes-PL3, Dll, and D3-were used as controls in the above experiments. In order to determine if intracellular levels of cAMP were involved in the regulation of phosphorylase activity, both the phosphorylase and the PL3, D11 and D3 mRNA levels were examined in cells suspended in a glucose/albumin mixture - a medium in which adenylate cyclase is inhibited. Under these conditions, neither gene regulation nor a change in the phosphorylase b to a activity occurred in response to added extra cellular cAMP. The results suggest that an intracellular increase in cAMP is involved in the regulation of the two forms of glycogen phosphorylase in Dictyostelium.
Parametric estimation for normal mixtures

Described here are two approaches for estimating the parameters (a-priori probabilities, means, and covariances) of a mixture of normal distributions, given a finite sample X drawn from the mixture. One approach is based on a modification of the EM algorithm for computing maximum-likelihood estimates, while the other makes use of the Fuzzy c-Means algorithms for locating clusters. The reliability, accuracy, and efficiency of these two algorithms are compared using samples drawn from three artificial univariate normal mixtures of two classes.
Public release of cardiac surgery outcomes data in New York: What do New York state cardiologists think of it?

Correction: In the July 1997 issue of the American Heart Journal, the following article was published with some text and a table omitted. The article is therefore being republished in its entirety. Background and Objective: Since 1990, risk-adjusted outcomes for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery in New York state have been released to the public. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which referring cardiologists share these data with patients and use these data to make referrals. Methods: A survey questionnaire was sent to all cardiologists in New York in the New York State Chapter of the American College of Cardiology. Results: Four hundred fifty cardiologists responded to the survey. Most (94%) found the report “easy to read.” A majority (67%) found the report to be “very accurate” or “somewhat accurate” in capturing differences in the performance of cardiac surgeons, whereas 33% found it to be “not at all accurate.” Twenty-two percent reported that they “routinely discuss the reports with their patients,” and 38% responded that the information has affected their referrals to surgeons “very much” or “somewhat.” Conclusions: A majority of cardiologists has not generally changed their well-established referral patterns as a result of the New York coronary artery bypass graft surgery reports. However, there has been a modest impact on referrals resulting from the distribution of these reports. The findings also suggest that increased dialogue between clinicians and policy makers regarding the format and structure of public releases would be a valuable undertaking. (Am Heart J 1997:134:1120-8.)
Anticholinesterase Activity of Compounds Related to Geneserine Tautomers. N-Oxides and 1,2-Oxazines‖

A series of phenylcarbamate analogues of geneserine (8, 10, 12, 14) were synthesized from their counterparts, the phenylcarbamate analogues of physostigmine (2-5), by oxidation. The geneserine analogues can undergo tautomerism between N-oxide and 1,2-oxazine structures in a pH- and time-dependent manner. Assessment by (1)H NMR indicated that the N-oxide structure is adopted at neutral pH and that the compound exists in an equilibrium between several epimers. Evaluation of their biological action to inhibit human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), ex vivo, demonstrated that the N-oxide (7, 9, 11, 13, 15) and 1,2-oxazine (6, 8, 10, 12, 14) structures possessed similar potencies against AChE, but the latter structures were more potent against BChE. With the exception of the BChE selective inhibitor, 12, none of the geneserine analogues were as potent or enzyme subtype selective as their physostigmine analogue counterparts.
Effects of Aging and Gender on Interhemispheric Function

The ability of the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another via the corpus callosum is important for a wide variety of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, many of them comm...
Ultrastructural localization and semiquantitative analysis of glycoconjugates in the tectorial membrane.

Abstract The tectorial membrane of the gerbil cochlea was analyzed with lectin-gold cytochemical methods for demonstrating and characterizing glycoconjugates (GCs) in situ. Binding of lectins from Limax flavus (LFA), Lens culinaris (LCA), Datura stramonium (DSA), Ricinus communis (RCA I), Ulex europeusd (UEA I) and Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA L) was assayed semiquantitatively on ultrathin sections. Binding occurred throughout the tectorial membrane with all lectins except UEA I but the labelling density with a given lectin differed among substractures. The cover net disclosed the highest level of GC with four lectins whereas the fibrous layer revealed the lowest level. DSA, LCA and PHA L demonstrated considerable similarity between the cover net and the marginal band in content of GC with N-linked oligosaccharide. The cover net differed from the marginal band, however, in containing more RCA I reactive GC with terminal lactosamine. Hensen's stripe, with which inner hair cell stereocilia are thought to interact, differed from other substructures in containing the highest level of PHA L-reactive triantennate N-linked chains and except for the basal layer the lowest concentration of GC with terminal lactosamine. Fucosylated GC detectable with UEA I-gold was present at low levels in all substructures except the cover net and marginal band. Distribution of GCs in the fibrous layer and less consistently in the cover net differed between limbal and middle zones. The differences observed here in the carbohydrate composition among substructures in the tectorial membrane support and extend previous cytochemical observations and imply a role for different classes of GCs in determining the biophysical and physiological properties of the tectorial membrane.
How does innovative activity change as industries mature

Abstract In this paper, we use evidence on the activity of U.S. publicly traded firms from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s to investigate whether innovation – measured by patenting activity – declines during the mature phase of the industry life cycle. Overall, the analysis reveals that the general level of patenting activity is not lower in mature industries than in emerging industries. We also find no evidence of a shift from product to process innovation with industry maturity, and no evidence that leaders innovate less in mature industries than in non-mature industries.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulation of Ceramide-induced Apoptosis in Murine Hepatoma 1c1c7 Cells: A FUNCTION INDEPENDENT OF ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR *

The relationship between aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) content and susceptibility to apoptosis was examined in the murine hepatoma 1c1c7 cell line and a series of variants having different levels of AHR expression. Exposure of 1c1c7 cultures toN-acetylsphingosine (C2-ceramide) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, loss of viability, and induction of apoptosis as monitored by analyses of DNA fragmentation and caspase activation. A variant cell line (Tao) having ∼10% of the AHR content of 1c1c7 cells also arrested following exposure to C2-ceramide, but did not undergo apoptosis. Modulation of 1c1c7 and Tao AHR contents by transfection ofAhr antisense and sense constructs, respectively, confirmed the relationship between AHR content and susceptibility to C2-ceramide-induced apoptosis. C2-ceramide also induced the apoptosis of an AHR-containing cell line lacking the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein. AHR ligands (i.e. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and α-naphthoflavone) neither induced apoptosis nor modulated the development of apoptosis in C2-ceramide-treated 1c1c7 cultures. AHR content did not affect staurosporine- or doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. These results suggest the AHR modulates aspects of ceramide signaling associated with the induction of apoptosis but not cell cycle arrest, and does so by a mechanism that is independent of its interaction with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator and exogenous AHR ligands.
Parallel Implementation of High-Speed, Phase Diverse Atmospheric Turbulence Compensation Method on a Neural Network-based Architecture

Phase diversity imaging methods work well in removing atmospheric turbulence and some system effects from predominantly near-field imaging systems. However, phase diversity approaches can be computationally intensive and slow. We present a recently adapted, high-speed phase diversity method using a conventional, software-based neural network paradigm. This phase-diversity method has the advantage of eliminating many time consuming, computationally heavy calculations and directly estimates the optical transfer function from the entrance pupil phases or phase differences. Additionally, this method is more accurate than conventional Zernike-based, phase diversity approaches and lends itself to implementation on parallel software or hardware architectures. We use computer simulation to demonstrate how this high-speed, phase diverse imaging method can be implemented on a parallel, highspeed, neural network-based architecture-specifically the Cellular Neural Network (CNN). The CNN architecture was chosen as a representative, neural network-based processing environment because 1) the CNN can be implemented in 2-D or 3-D processing schemes, 2) it can be implemented in hardware or software, 3) recent 2-D implementations of CNN technology have shown a 3 orders of magnitude superiority in speed, area, or power over equivalent digital representations, and 4) a complete development environment exists. We also provide a short discussion on processing speed.
Core curriculum illustration: ovarian torsion

This is the tenth installment of a series that will highlight one case per publication issue from the bank of cases available online as part of the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) educational resources.
Analysis of large scale structures in separated shear layers

Abstract This paper focuses on the characterization of large scale structures of a reattaching shear layer developing behind a surface mounted square rib with and without superimposed acoustic excitation. The pattern recognition technique has been compared with traditional ensemble-averaging/Fourier decomposition technique for determination of coherent structure magnitude. The coherent structure amplitude is underestimated by the traditional Fourier decomposition technique due to the presence of phase jitter in the signal. The pattern recognition technique is insensitive to phase jitter and successfully predicts the large scale structure magnitude. Pattern recognition technique has also been compared with HZFB method [J. Fluid Mech. 230 (1991) 319] for determination of phase jitter. The magnitude of the phase jitter in the near field is low indicating coherence of the flow structures. Phase decorrelation begins to occur about three rib heights from the rib and is attributed to the phase jitter in the subharmonics resulting from random vortex merging in the reattachment region. The pattern recognition technique results show that large scale structures are predominant in the reattachment region contrary to the results of Fourier method which indicate that mostly random turbulent structures are present after reattachment. The coherent contribution is primarily from the most unstable fundamental mode in the near field region which gets redistributed to other modes due to random vortex merging and nonlinear interaction in the reattachment region.
Dynamical behavior of the activator-repressor circuit model under random fluctuations

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate possible impact of uncertainty on dynamical evolution of an activator–repressor circuit model, for some gene regulatory networks. Escape probability and mean residence time are computed in order to gain insights on the role played by random fluctuations. Some changes or bifurcations in mean residence time are also observed when key model parameters vary.
Ergonomic Evaluation of Checkstand Designs in the Retail Food Industry: A Report Based on Expert Assessment

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that musculoskeletal disorders are common in the U.S. retail food industry. Cashiers who use electronic scanners appear to be at especially high risk for upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). One potential source of biomechanical stress is the checkstand design. Checkstand design can greatly influence the cashier's posture and movement patterns during grocery checking tasks. It is hypothesized that designs which expose cashiers to stressful postures and unnatural movements may be associated with increased musculoskeletal complaints. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting an industrywide study to evaluate the prevalence and possible causes of musculoskeletal disorders among retail food workers. An objective of this research is to evaluate the relationship between CTDs and different checkstand designs. This article describes initial activities to identify ergonomic stressors associated with five common checkstand ty...
Relevant alternatives and closure

(1999). Relevant alternatives and closure. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 196-208.
The interaction of benzene with human hemoglobin as studied by 1H Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy.

The longitudinal relaxation rate, T1−1, of benzene in aqueous medium increased from 0.065 sec−1 in the total absence of hemoprotein to 2.38 sec−1 at 128 μM methemoglobin. Formation of cyanomethemoglobin decreased the relaxation rate of benzene from 2.38 sec−1 to 1.6 sec−1, while fluoromethemoglobin enhanced the relaxation rate to 5.4 sec−1. Variable temperature studies confirmed that exchange between free benzene and methemoglobin-complexed benzene occurred in the rapid exchange region of the temperature profile. Virtually no change in the relaxation rate of the methyl protons of a non-interacting internal reference, tetramethylammonium phosphate, was observed over the methemoglobin concentration range employed.
Benchmarking an optimal pattern of pollution trading: The case of Cub River, Utah

Abstract This paper employs a recently developed, dynamic trading algorithm to establish a benchmark pattern of trade for a potential water quality trading (WQT) market in the Cub River sub-basin of Utah; a market that would ultimately include both point and nonpoint sources. The algorithm accounts for three complications that naturally arise in trading scenarios: (1) combinatorial matching of traders, (2) trader heterogeneity, and (3) discreteness in abatement technology. The algorithm establishes as detailed a reduced-cost benchmark as possible for the sub-basin by distinguishing a specific pattern of trade among would-be market participants. As such, the algorithm provides a benchmark against which an actual pollution market's performance could conceivably be compared. We find that a benchmarked trading pattern for a potential Cub River WQT market – where each source, point or nonpoint, would be required to reduce its pollution loadings – may entail some point sources selling abatement credits to nonpoint sources.
The Impact of ICT on Intermediation in the Microfinance Industry

The microfinance industry provides financial services to the world's poor in hopes of moving individuals and families out of poverty. This research examines how information and communication technologies (ICTs) are changing the microfinance industry given recent advancements in mobile banking, Internet usage, and connectivity. By examining the microfinance market structure, we determine that ICTs impact intermediation and market structure among various players in the microfinance industry. We use a recent industry risk report to inform predictions of changes to the intermediation structure of the industry.
When religion makes grief worse: negative religious coping as associated with maladaptive emotional responding patterns

Past research has demonstrated negative religious coping's relation to dysfunctional moods during bereavement, but no study has examined negative religious coping's influence on emotion processes tied to loss. A total of 99 college students who had experienced a loss provided demographics and measures of social desirability, religiousness, spirituality, neuroticism, and two forms of religious coping. Participants also completed a Loss Interview (LI) that was designed to elicit grief by discussing memories of the deceased. Participants were also asked to evaluate their emotional state before the L1, immediately following the LI, one minute and five minutes after the LI. As hypothesised, negative religious coping predicted dysregulation of grief in the form of heightened reactivity and prolonged recovery. These results are the first ones to relate negative religious coping to maladaptive emotion patterns as well as identify specific aspects of religious coping relevant to dysfunction.
Deep relationships among California languages

The Hokan and Penutian language classifications, introduced by Dixon & Kroeber (1913), remain controversial nearly a century after they were first proposed. Recently developed computational methods for identifying historical relationships between languages are promising tools for assessing distant linguistic relationship proposals such as these. This paper uses a variation of the linguistic relatedness metric and multilateral clustering procedure developed by Kessler (1999, 2001) to study California language phylogenetics. The purpose is twofold: to evaluate the utility of this methodology for identifying deep relationships, and to re-examine the evidence for Hokan and Penutian groupings. While this paper illustrates several advantages of the methodology employed, it ultimately fails to provide any additional support for Hokan or Penutian. I conclude that while this result may be influenced by the sensitivity of the methodology to the composition of the input sample, it ultimately casts further doubt on the genealogical nature of the Hokan and Penutian classificatory groups.
A Dynamic Calibration Method for Pirani Gauges Embedded in Fluidic Networks

This paper describes in situ dynamic calibration of microfabricated Pirani gauges, which are commonly used to measure vacuum levels in microsystems that may include pumps, valves, and other pressure modulation elements. Calibration is accomplished with a configuration where two sides of the supporting membrane of a Pirani gauge are at different pressures: an interior pressure within the microsystems and an exterior ambient pressure that can be directly controlled. This particular configuration is increasingly common as Pirani gauges are embedded in complex fluidic pathways such as those found in micro-gas chromatographs and multistage gas pumps. In the dynamic calibration the ambient pressure is rapidly modulated, while the interior pressure in the sense gap of the Pirani gauge remains relatively unchanged. The exterior pressure that is equal to the interior pressure is determined by a regression model. The dynamic calibration procedure and subsequent error analysis are illustrated by application to a 162-stage monolithic Knudsen vacuum pump. For this device, dynamic calibration improves the estimated upstream pressure from 30 (as suggested by uncorrected static calibration) to 0.9 Torr, with a 95.4% confidence interval from 0.7 to 1.1 Torr, assuming normal (Gaussian) distribution. These results demonstrate that dynamic calibration can be significantly more accurate than conventional static calibration for certain types of devices. $\hfill[2013\hbox{-}0139]$
Captive Marine Birds Possessing a Functional Lateral Nasal Gland (Salt Gland)

DURING July, 1959, several species of marine birds were examined at the San Diego Zoo in California to determine whether they possess a functional lateral nasal gland (salt gland). This study was prompted by the observation that captive gulls may die unless given salt water to drink1 and by the practice of many zoos to incorporate salt tablets in the fish fed their marine birds to assure an adequate salt intake. This practice could be disastrous if the bird receiving the salt did not possess a functional salt gland capable of excreting the excess sodium chloride.
Conceptual issues in computer-aided diagnosis and the hierarchical nature of medical knowledge.

Attempts to formalize the diagnostic process are by no means a recent undertaking; what is new is the availability of an engine to process these formalizations. The digital computer has therefore been increasingly turned to in the expectation of developing systems which will assist or replace the physician in diagnosis. Such efforts involve a number of assumptions regarding the nature of the diagnostic process: e.g. where it begins, and where it ends. 'Diagnosis' appears to include a number of quite different cognitive processes, some of which seem more subject to formalization than others. Underlying the difficulties inherent in these efforts at formalization, is the hierarchical structure of medical knowledge including that of diseases. (By 'hierarchical structure', I mean no more than that our descriptions of clinical objects necessarily refer to different levels of organization; atomic, molecular, cellular, physiological system, entire patient). Since diagnosis is in part a form of classification, measures of similarity between the clinical findings of a particular patient and a potential disease, are needed. This is complicated by the fact that some diseases are described using the vocabularies of physics and chemistry, others with the vocabulary of psychology, and most, with terms taken from a number of different hierarchical levels. The differences between the descriptions made using these vocabularies will be seen to exert systematic (if not uniform) influences upon the diagnostic process.
Defining a mismatch: differences in usage of social networking sites between medical students and the faculty who teach them.

Background:Use of social networking sites (SNS) by medical students is increasing, and some students lack awareness of pitfalls arising from the intersection of social networking and medicine. Many institutions have developed guidelines on using SNS, but they are insufficient for students. Educators need new methods to train students on the appropriate use of this technology, but more information is needed before implementing change. Purposes: Differences in SNS usage between students and faculty were examined. The goal was to evaluate four content areas: SNS usage patterns, attitudes regarding activity on SNS, experience with patient interactions online, and awareness of institutional guidelines on use of SNS. Methods: A cross-sectional survey took place at Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, in 2012. Participants included all students and a cohort of faculty who teach them in a class on professionalism. Results: The response rate was 42% by students (300/711) and 78% by faculty (31/40)...