cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHINA'S SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES AND INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS: THE ENGINES FOR GROWTH

The numerous special economic zones (SEZs) and industrial clusters that emerged after the country's reforms are without doubt two important engines of China's remarkable development. However, after 30 years of development, they also face many significant challenges in moving forward. This paper summarizes the development experiences of China's SEZs and industrial clusters (their formation, success factors, challenges, and possible areas or measures for policy intervention), based on case studies, interviews, field visits, and extensive reviews of the existing literature in an attempt to benefit other developing countries.
S-Prism Reactor: The Fast Reactor for GNEP

GNEP (Global Nuclear Energy Partnership) has the objectives for a recycling program to reduce nuclear waste and reduce the risk of proliferation. These goals are important for the perception of the nuclear industry and for the industry to have a successful future. A fast reactor is much better suited for these goals than the existing Light Water Reactors or the development of an Advanced Light Water Reactor. The S-PRISM reactor is a fast reactor design by GE that is cost-effective and feasible for implementation, due to its low cost for design certification. The GNEP program has the ability to achieve its objectives for a recycling program by implementing the S-PRISM reactor.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The aortic stenosis complex: aortic valve, atherosclerosis, aortopathy.

Abstract Background Aortic stenosis may be related to coronary atherosclerosis in patients with tricuspid aortic valve, while aortic dilatation often is present in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. We sought to define associations among aortic stenosis, coronary atherosclerosis, and thoracic aortic aneurysm in patients with tricuspid or bicuspid aortic valve undergoing surgery for aortic stenosis in a large referral medical center. Methods Two hundred seventy patients with severe aortic stenosis (tricuspid 175, bicuspid 95) undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) were studied. Results Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery plus AVR was required more often in tricuspid compared to bicuspid aortic valve [62.2% versus 26.3%; p Conclusion Incidence of coronary atherosclerosis is high in patients with aortic stenosis, both in those with tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valve. Incidence of ascending aortic aneurysm is high in patients with bicuspid, but not those with tricuspid aortic valve. These findings should be taken into consideration in the evaluation and management of patients with the aortic stenosis complex.
Autoantibodies in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration bind to cytoplasmic antigens of Purkinje cells in humans, rats and mice and are of multiple immunoglobulin classes☆

Purkinje cell autoantibodies in sera of six female patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence for immunoglobulin isotype and species specificity. Four patients had gynecologic cancer, one breast cancer and one lymphoma. Control sera from 125 patients were negative for Purkinje cell antibodies of IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes. These included neurologically normal cancer patients, cancer patients with paraneoplastic syndromes not involving the cerebellum and patients with non-neoplastic neurologic disorders. IgG antibodies in the six PCD sera bound to discrete cells in the cerebellum of human, rat and mouse (titers 1000-128,000). Antibodies of IgM class were additionally found in two sera (titers 100 and 500) and IgA in a third serum (titer 1000). Antibodies of each isotype gave a similar staining pattern, highlighting the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells in a coarse granular pattern, and the peripheral cytoplasm of discrete molecular layer cells. Antibodies of IgE class were not found. Rodent cerebellar tissue was found to be a useful substitute for human tissue in clinical testing for Purkinje cell antibodies, and has the advantage of being readily available in highly viable state. Its use should facilitate further characterization of the autoantigen(s) of PCD, and possibly the development of an animal model involving passive transfer of immunoglobulins. Screening for IgM and IgA Purkinje cell antibodies in addition to IgG may increase the yield of positive results in clinical serological testing.
Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes During Manufacture and Ripening of Brick Cheese

Abstract Brick cheese was made by the washedcurd procedure from pasteurized whole milk inoculated to contain ca. 1×10 2 to 1×10 3 Listeria monocytogenes [strain Scott A, Ohio, V7, or California]/ml. Cheeses were ripened (15°C/95% relative humidity) with a surface smear for 2, 3, or 4 wk to simulate production of mild, aged, or "Limburger-like" brick cheese, respectively, and then stored an additional 20 to 22 wk at 10°C. Populations of strains Scott A, Ohio, V7, and California increased 1.89, 1.72, .83, and .86 orders of magnitude, respectively, following completion of brining ca. 32h after the start of cheese making. All four L. monocytogenes strains leached from cheese into brine during 24h and survived in brine at 10°C at least 5 d after removal of cheese. Strains Scott A and Ohio grew rapidly during the initial 2 wk of smear development and attained maximum populations of ca. 6.6 and 6.2, 7.0 and 6.9, and 5.6 and 5.1 log 10 /g in 4-wk-old slice (pH 6.0 to 6.5), surface (pH 6.5 to 6.9), and interior (pH 5.6 to 6.2) samples of cheese, respectively. Numbers of strains Scott A and Ohio generally decreased 1- to 7-fold during 20 to 22 wk at 10°C. Strains V7 and California failed to grow appreciably in any cheese during or after smear development, despite pH of 6.8 to 7.4 in fully ripened cheese; the strains were never isolated from 2- and 3-wk-old cheese and with direct plating were detected sporadically at levels generally ≤4.0 log 10 /g in cheese aged ≥4 wk. Cold enrichment of slice, surface, and interior samples of cheeses aged ≥4 wk generally yielded positive results for L. monocytogenes ; strains V7 and California were detected in all cheeses after 20 to 22 wk at 10°C. At 10ppm, methyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, or methyl disulfide (compounds commonly produced during ripening of brick and Limburger cheese) failed to inhibit appreciably growth of L. monocytogenes .
Cerium dioxide as a recycle reagent for thermochemical hydrogen production by modification of the sulfur dioxide-iodine cycle

Abstract CeO 2 was reacted in aqueous SO 2 under SO 2 pressure and steam pressure at 377K to yield a variable composition sulfite-sulfate, containing also water of hydration, admixed with unreacted CeO 2 . On heating with I 2 at 745–775K, some of the sulfite was oxidized to sulfate, and hydrolysis was concurrent to yield HI. Yields of HI as large as 47% were measured. S 2 was a concomitance product also, by I 2 -catalyzed disproportionation, such that sulfite consumption was 95% for both reactions. A thermochemical cycle for H 2 production utilizing CeO 2 as a recycle reagent is described. Cycle stoichiometry and cycle constraints are discussed. CeO 2 is the end product of the highest temperature reaction, and the enthalpy of oxidation of the by-product S 2 can be utilized in situ at > 1000K to improve thermal efficiency.
Guide to Developing High-Quality, Reliable, and Valid Multiple-Choice Assessments.

Chemistry faculty members are highly skilled in obtaining, analyzing, and interpreting physical measurements, but often they are less skilled in measuring student learning. This work provides guidance for chemistry faculty from the research literature on multiple-choice item development in chemistry. Areas covered include content, stem, and response construction; item analysis; item difficulty; and item discrimination. The goal is to help faculty construct high-quality, reliable, and valid multiple-choice items to evaluate students’ ability to meet learning objectives and to demonstrate proficiency in the content domain under study. Using item-writing guidelines based upon the research literature allows faculty to create assessments that are reliable and valid, with greater ability to discriminate between high- and low-achieving students.
Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids

Abstract A new automated system for the analysis of nitrate via reduction with a high-pressure cadmium column is described. Samples of urine, saliva, deproteinized plasma, gastric juice, and milk can be analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, or both with a lower limit of detection of 1.0 nmol NO 3 − or NO 2 − /ml. The system allows quantitative reduction of nitrate and automatically eliminates interference from other compounds normally present in urine and other biological fluids. Analysis rate is 30 samples per hour, with preparation for most samples limited to simple dilution with distilled water. The application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of 15 NO 3 − in urine after derivatization to 15 NO 2 -benzene is also described.
Effects of cataract extraction with intraocular lens placement on scanning laser polarimetry of the peripapillary nerve fiber layer.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the effects of cataract extraction with intraocular lens placement on scanning laser polarimetry of the peripapillary nerve fiber layer. DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: Thirty-four eyes of 33 patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery with intraocular lens were imaged using the GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer within 4 weeks before and at least 4 weeks after cataract surgery. Preoperative and postoperative mean images were compared. The effects of cataract severity and type, and intraocular lens material, were also examined. RESULTS: Comparison of preoperative and postoperative mean scanning laser polarimetry measurements revealed that eyes in which acrylic intraocular lenses (n = 11) were placed had a significant increase in scanning laser polarimetry for the total band circumference, and superior, inferior, and nasal quadrants ( P ≤ .041). Placement of silicone (n = 15) and polymethylmethacrylate (n = 8) intraocular lenses did not result in statistically significant changes in scanning laser polarimetry measurements. However, eight of 34 eyes (23.5%) had changes of 15% or more postoperatively in the total circumference measurement, including eyes with acrylic, silicone, and polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract extraction with intraocular lens was associated with a statistically significant change in mean scanning laser polarimetry values in eyes that received an acrylic intraocular lens. In individual patients, clinically important changes (15% or greater) in scanning laser polarimetry measurements were not uncommon irrespective of intraocular lens type. New baseline scanning laser polarimetry measurements may be warranted in eyes that undergo cataract extraction with intraocular lens.
Robust Nonlinear Data Smoothers: Definitions and Recommendations

Abstract Nonlinear data smoothers provide a practical method of finding smooth traces for data confounded with possibly long-tailed or occasionally “spikey” noise. While they are natural tools for analyzing time-series data, they can be applied to any data set for which a sequencing order can be established. Their resistance to the effects of unsupported extreme observations and their ability to respond rapidly to well-supported patterns make them valuable as tools for finding patterns not constrained to specific parametric form and as versatile data-cleaning algorithms. This paper defines some robust nonlinear smoothers that have performed well in Monte-Carlo trials and makes brief recommendations based upon that study.
Lameness in dairy cattle: A debilitating disease or a disease of debilitated cattle? A cross-sectional study of lameness prevalence and thickness of the digital cushion.

Abstract Lameness is the most significant challenge for the dairy industry to overcome, given its obvious disruption of animal welfare and severe economic losses. Sole ulcers and white line abscesses are ubiquitous chronic diseases with the highest associated economic losses among all foot lesions. Their underlying causes are still not fully understood. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the association between claw horn lesions and the thickness of the digital cushion. The thickness of the digital cushion was evaluated by ultrasonographic examination of the sole at the typical ulcer site. A total of 501 lactating Holstein dairy cows were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of sole ulcers was 4.2 and 27.8% for parity 1 and parity >1, respectively. The prevalence of white line disease was 1.0 and 6.5% for parity 1 and >1, respectively. The prevalence of lameness (visual locomotion score ≥3) was 19.8 and 48.2% for parity 1 and >1, respectively. The prevalence of sole ulcers and white line diseases was significantly associated with thickness of the digital cushion; cows in the upper quartile of digital cushion thickness had an adjusted prevalence of lameness 15 percentage points lower than the lower quartile. Body condition scores were positively associated with digital cushion thickness. The mean gray value of the sonographic image of the digital cushion had a negative linear association with digital cushion thickness (R 2 =0.14), indicating that the composition of the digital cushion may have changed with its thickness. Furthermore, digital cushion thickness decreased steadily from the first month of lactation and reached a nadir 120 d after parturition. These results support the concept that sole ulcers and white line abscesses are related to contusions within the claw horn capsule and such contusions are a consequence of the lesser capacity of the digital cushion to dampen the pressure exerted by the third phalanx on the soft tissue beneath.
Catalysis in the development of clean energy technologies

Among the most enduring challenges for scientists and engineers interested in catalysis is the development of clean energy conversion processes. Much of the research reported in the first 100 volumes of Catalysis Today has been devoted to this subject; e.g., synthesis of clean fuels, catalytic combustion, natural gas utilization, and control of emissions from stationary and mobile sources, for example. There is a clear relationship between energy use and our standard of living, creating an ever increasing demand for affordable energy. At the same time, environmental considerations require that this energy be generated and used with minimal impact on our surroundings. There are essentially three approaches to the use of fossil fuels to meet this challenge: (1) Lower emission technologies: more usable Btu/lb emission; (2) Higher efficiency: more usable Btu/Btu fuel; (3) “Renewable” energy: usable Btu without consuming non-renewable fossil fuel. Catalysis can and will play a central role in each of these approaches.
Synthesis of amidine derivatives of alkylthiosulfuric acids as potential antiradiation agents

Abstract Two methods were used to prepare a series of amidine derivatives of alkylthiosulfuric acids to be used as potential antiradiation agents. In one method an equimolar mixture of an amidine and an aminothiosulfuric acid was reacted in boiling methanol to give the corresponding substituted N-(alkylthiosulfuric acid) amidine. In the other method an amidine was reacted with an aminoalkyl- thiosulfuric acid. The following compounds were prepared:
A survey of toxicology information

The structure of toxicology information is outlined. Key resources, both print and electronic, are described and the role of organizations is discussed on national and world levels. The section on computerized information covers systems such as TOXNET, CIS, and the ANSWER workstation.
A novel reinforcement procedure for use in perceptual experiments with normal and language-impaired children.

with or without language impairments has been devised which adds intrinsic ' interest to otherwise tedious clinical or experimental sessions and has a low rate of satiation. The procedure involves the child "winning" colorful stickers to make a picture throughout testing sessions. When investigating either very young children or children with language impairments, it is dearly important to establish that the results obtained from experimental tests are not significantly affected by the subject's ability to understand the test instructions or by his capacity to produce a verbal response. In operant conditioning, a specific response to a stimulus is learned as a consequence of systematic reinforcement of correct responses. McReynolds (1966) reported that the use of operant conditioning techniques is a successful means of consistently eliciting required responses from young or non-verbal children. When using operant conditioning procedures with young children, it is essential to establish that the reinforcer being used is providing consistent, nonfluctuating reinforcement, that is not easily satiated. This is particularly important in sensory or perceptual experiments which may have little intrinsic interest for a young child and yet require that attention be sustained over a large number of trials.
Single-stage BAHA implantation in adults and children: is it safe?

Objective Most surgeons perform pediatric bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) implantation in two stages. This study examined the safety and efficacy of single-stage BAHA implantation in adults and children. Methods Retrospective review of 32 ears: 18 pediatric (ages 6 to 13 years) and 14 adult patients who underwent single-stage BAHA surgery between 2002 and 2006. Results A total of eight (25%) ears experienced complications. Overall, four (13%) ears required revision in the operating room. In the pediatric group, there were three (16.7%) ears with skin complications; two required operative revision. In the adult group, there were five (36%) ears with skin complications; two required operative revision. Conclusions In both adults and children, the single-stage technique for BAHA implantation is safe and efficient. All complications were related to skin reaction. Safety profiles for 1- and 2-stage surgery are similar, although the single-stage procedure is more cost effective, avoids a second procedure, and provides for earlier hearing rehabilitation.
Effect of Sample Geometry on Magnetomorphic Oscillations in the Hall Effect in Cadmium at Liquid-Helium Temperatures

Size-effect oscillations in the Hall resistivity have been studied in a monocrystal of highly pure cadmium at liquid-helium temperatures. Samples ranging in thickness from 2.01 to 0.09 mm were prepared from a single monocrystal by successively reducing the thickness using spark planing followed by electropolishing. The probes were not removed during this process to ensure that the samples were representative of a common background of orientation, strain, purity, and surface condition. The magnetic field was applied parallel to the hexagonal axis, and dependence on thickness parallel to this direction was studied in the period, phase, and amplitude of the oscillations. The amplitude was observed to increase as thickness was reduced. The oscillations are not strictly periodic, but the apparent period is proportional to the reciprocal thickness. The phase of the oscillations is determined to be zero, although existing theory predicts a phase of $\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2}$. It is concluded that the lens-shaped pocket of electrons in the third Brillouin zone is responsible for the oscillations. The radius of curvature of the lens apex in the hexagonal direction is determined to be ${k}_{F}=1.37$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A study of the temperature dependence of the amplitude of the oscillations implies that the mean free path is in the millimeter range at liquid-helium temperatures. A careful search for short-period oscillations observed by other researchers was fruitless. Data from an electropolished sample were compared to those from a spark-planed sample of the same dimensions; the amplitude of the oscillations was found to be twice as large in the spark-planed sample data as in the electropolished sample data. A slight increase in amplitude was effected by abrading an electropolished sample with No. 600 SiC paper. This enhancement in amplitude implies that an appreciable number of electrons scatter specularly at the electropolished surfaces. It is suggested that a very thin distorted layer at the crystal surface may be necessary to observation of the short-period oscillations.
Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB)

This review develops the hypothesis that a metabolite of leucine termed β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) plays a key role in animal metabolism and that in certain circumstances insufficient amounts of HMB are either consumed in the diet or produced endogenously to supply tissue needs. The origin and metabolism of HMB is reviewed including the role of HMB in cholesterol biosynthesis. HMB feeding studies in animals are reviewed, which indicate that dietary supplementation of HMB can improve immune function and health and can increase the fat content of milk in lactating animals. Seven human studies are reviewed where HMB was fed. The results of both animal and human studies indicate that dietary supplementation of HMB is safe, as evidenced by lack of physical adverse effects and a lack of effect on blood hematology and chemistry. The only consistent change in blood chemistry was a decrease in LDL cholesterol, which changed 7% (P < .01). In humans undergoing resistance training, HMB supplementation increased lean mass gains from 50 to 200%, with similar percentage increases in strength when compared with unsupplemented subjects. The effects of HMB on muscle size and function seems to result from a diminution of exercise-related muscle damage and muscle protein breakdown. A general hypothesis is proposed that HMB is metabolized to HMG-CoA in tissues such as muscle, mammary tissue, and certain immune cells and is used for de novo cholesterol synthesis. In times of stimulated growth and/or differentiation. HMG-CoA may be rate-limiting for cholesterol synthesis, which could limit cell growth or function. It is proposed that feeding HMB can provide a saturating source of cytosolic HMG-CoA for cholesterol synthesis and in turn allow for maximal cell growth and function.
Recognition of bacterial plant pathogens: local, systemic and transgenerational immunity

Bacterial pathogens can cause multiple plant diseases and plants rely on their innate immune system to recognize and actively respond to these microbes. The plant innate immune system comprises extracellular pattern recognition receptors that recognize conserved microbial patterns and intracellular nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that recognize specific bacterial effectors delivered into host cells. Plants lack the adaptive immune branch present in animals, but still afford flexibility to pathogen attack through systemic and transgenerational resistance. Here, we focus on current research in plant immune responses against bacterial pathogens. Recent studies shed light onto the activation and inactivation of pattern recognition receptors and systemic acquired resistance. New research has also uncovered additional layers of complexity surrounding NLR immune receptor activation, cooperation and sub-cellular localizations. Taken together, these recent advances bring us closer to understanding the web of molecular interactions responsible for coordinating defense responses and ultimately resistance.
A Differential Geometric Approach to Motion Planning

We propose a general strategy for solving the motion planning problem for real analytic, controllable systems without drift. The procedure starts by computing a control that steers the given initial point to the desired target point for an extended system, in which a number of Lie brackets of the system vector fields are added to the right-hand side. The main point then is to use formal calculations based on the product expansion relative to a P. Hall basis, to produce another control that achieves the desired result on the formal level. It then turns out that this control provides an exact solution of the original problem if the given system is nilpotent. When the system is not nilpotent, one can still produce an iterative algorithm that converges very fast to a solution. Using the theory of feedback nilpotentization, one can find classes of non-nilpotent systems for which the algorithm, in cascade with a precompensator, produces an exact solution in a finite number of steps. We also include results of simulations which illustrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
EFFECTS OF EMBRYONIC ESTROGEN ON DIFFERENTIATION OF THE GONADS AND SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE ZEBRA FINCHES

Male zebra finches sing to court females, whereas females do not normally sing. In parallel, the telencephalic brain regions that control song are larger in volume and contain larger cells in males than in females. The vocal control organ (syrinx) is also larger in males. Some evidence suggests that the sexual differentiation of both anatomy and behavior is under the regulation of gonadal hormones during early development, yet recent data conflict with the idea that the sole source of masculinization of the neural song system is the testes. In the present experiment, we treated genetic males with estradiol benzoate on embryonic day 5 and measured the volume of and neuron soma size in robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) and the high vocal center (HVC), two telencephalic song control nuclei. We also weighed the syrinx, the muscles of which are the target of the motor pathway containing the two brain regions. The estrogen treatment disrupted testicular morphology, and induced an oviduct in six of seven animals, but it had no effect on any of four measures of masculinization of the neural song system. These results suggest that normal testicular tissue is not required for masculine development of the neural song system. J. Exp. Zool. 278:405–411, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The angluar reflectance of single-layer gradient refractive-index films

Normal incidence measurements of single-layer gradient refractive-index antireflection films, produced by a chemical etch-leach process on glass sensitized by a phase-separating heat treatment, indicate very low reflection over a broad wavelength regime, 0.35–2.5 μm. First-surface measurements of the reflectance of the gradient index films have now been made, in the visible regime, at off-normal incidence (to 70°) using polarized light. These measurements show that significant reflection reduction is obtained even at high angles of incidence—5.7% reflectance from the filmed glass at 70° compared to 16.4% for the unfilmed glass. Furthermore, although the films exhibit a weak wavelength dependence at high angles, they continue to be effective over a broad spectral region. The optical properties observed are in good agreement with computations based on a gradient refractive-index film with a step at the air-film interface. The optical properties of the film offer considerable advantage over conventional interference films in many applications.
Biomechanical Basis of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Protein Misfolding Diseases: Designing a New AFM Probe to Study Amyloid-Mediated Membrane Disorders

Most important biological interactions with its environment occur at interfaces such as a lipid cellular membrane. These interactions are often dynamic and show time-dependent changes in material properties (e.g, viscoelastic properties). A detailed understanding of biomechanical properties at molecular and subcellular level is vital for basic understanding of normal/abnormal biological processes. Indeed, abnormal changes in the mechanics of biological systems are often indicators of pathophysiological states. For example, amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), a protein present in neural plaques formed in Alzheimer's disease and cholesterol are reported to alter cell membrane mechanical properties leading to neuronal degeneration. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides an ideal tool to image the structure and examine the mechanics in physiologically relevant medium. We have created a new cantilevered probe for AFM for the study of nano-to-microscale mechanics of biological interfaces. We used it to examine the role of Aβ1-42 insertion in DPPC lipid monolayers and its effect on the viscoelastic properties that underlie altered membrane fluidity. Real-time analysis of mechanical properties of the model membrane monolayer in the presence of Aβ1-42 shows a decrease in the viscosity of the monolayers over time, consistent with increased membrane fluidity. The finding is consistent with changes in membrane permeability due to Aβ-inserted pores.
Temperature dependence of vibrational relaxation in the HF–DF, HF–CO2, and DF–CO2 systems. II

The laser excited fluorescence method has been employed to determine rate constants for V → V, R and V → R, T relaxation HF(ν = 1) and DF(ν = 1) by CO2 over the temperature range from 295 to 670°K. The self‐deactivation rates for HF(ν = 1) and DF(ν = 1) by ground state molecules and the rate of V → V, R transfer from HF(ν = 1) and DF(ν = 1) to the CO2 (00°1) state exhibit a marked decrease with increasing temperature. The results provide additional evidence for the conversion of the large vibrational energy defects of the present systems into rotational motion of the hydrogen halide under the influence of a sizable attractive intermolecular potential well.
High precision and high sensitivity measurements of osmium in seawater.

We present improved chemical separation and mass spectrometric procedures that permit precise and accurate determination of Os concentration and isotopic composition in seawater samples. Water samples (50 mL) with added 190Os tracer are heated to 300 °C at 128 bar in quartz carius tubes with CrVIO3. This allows tracer−sample equilibration via complete oxidation of all Os species to OsO4, which is then separated and purified using distillation. Samples are measured using negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry. A new loading technique using face-to-face double-filament geometry is developed that reduces organic interference and improves effective ionization efficiency, which is about 5% for 200 fg of Os (1 fg of Os = 3 × 106 atoms). The total yield of the chemical procedure is ∼90%, and the total procedural blank is 3.6 fg. We applied the new procedure on seawater depth profiles from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans and found that (1) the improved procedure results in an increase in Os conc...
Conservation laws and reflection mappings with an application to multiclass mean value analysis for stochastic fluid queues

Abstract In this paper we derive an alternative representation for the reflection of a continuous, bounded variation process. Under stationarity assumptions we prove a continuous counterpart of Little's law of classical queueing theory. These results, together with formulas from Palm calculus, are used to explain the method for the derivation of the mean value of a buffer fed by a special type stochastic fluid arrival process.
Exercise and the aging immune system

Aging is associated with a decline in the normal functioning of the immune system that is described by the canopy term "immunosenescence". This contributes to poorer vaccine responses and the increased incidence of infection and malignancy seen in the elderly. Regular exercise has been associated with enhanced vaccination responses, lower numbers of exhausted/senescent T-cells, increased T-cell proliferative capacity, lower circulatory levels of inflammatory cytokines ("inflamm-aging"), increased neutrophil phagocytic activity, lowered inflammatory response to bacterial challenge, greater NK-cell cytotoxic activity and longer leukocyte telomere lengths in aging humans, all of which indicate that habitual exercise is capable of regulating the immune system and delaying the onset of immunosenescence. This contention is supported by the majority of animal studies that report improved immune responses and outcomes to viral infections and malignancies due to exercise training. However, whether or not exercise can reverse, as well as prevent, immunosenescence is a contentious issue, particularly because most longitudinal exercise training studies do not report the same positive effects of exercise on immunity that have been widely reported in studies with a cross-sectional design. In this review, we summarize some of the known effects of exercise on immunosenescence, discuss avenues for future research, and provide potential mechanisms by which exercise may help rejuvinate the aging immune system.
Longitudinal in Vivo Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Infected and Activated Brain Macrophages in a Macaque Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis Correlates with Central and Peripheral Markers of Encephalitis and Areas of Synaptic Degeneration

Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis is characterized by infiltration of the brain with infected and activated macrophages; however, it is not known why disease occurs after variable lengths of infection in 25% of immunosuppressed acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. We determined in vivo correlates (in peripheral blood and the central nervous system) for the development and progression of lentiviral encephalitis by longitudinally following infected and activated macrophages in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET). Using human postmortem brain tissues from both lentivirus-infected encephalitic patients and cell culture systems, we showed that the PET ligand [3H](R)-PK11195 bound specifically to virus-infected and activated macrophages. We longitudinally imaged infected and activated brain macrophages in a cohort of macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus using [11C](R)-PK11195. [11C](R)-PK11195 retention in vivo in the brain correlated with viral burden in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, and with regions of both presynaptic and postsynaptic damage. Finally, longitudinal changes in [11C](R)-PK11195 retention in the brain in vivo correlated with changes in circulating monocytes as well as in both natural killer and memory CD4+ T cells in the periphery. Our results suggest that development and progression of simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis in vivo correlates with changes in specific cell subtypes in the periphery. A combination of PET imaging and the assessment of these peripheral immune parameters may facilitate longitudinal assessment of lentiviral encephalitis in living patients as well as evaluation of therapeutic efficacies.
Common movement disorders affecting the larynx: a report from the neurolaryngology committee of the AAO-HNS.

Laryngeal physiology depends on dynamic neuromuscular forces acting on a basic framework of cartilage and specialized soft tissues, that is, the vocal folds. A working understanding of this organ in health and disease requires knowledge of specific neurological processes that may affect voice, swallowing, and airway regulation. Neuromuscular impairment continues to be a dominant topic in the study of laryngeal disorders. This subcommittee presentation reviews important aspects of the neurolaryngeal history and physical examination. After this foundation, 4 common movement disorders affecting the larynx are covered in separate subsections. These are stroke, Parkinson’s disease, laryngeal tremor, and spasmodic dysphonia. State-of-the-art reviews reflecting our understanding of these clinical issues are presented in this summary.
A molecular analysis of the human estrogen receptor.

Abstract The human myometrial estrogen receptor, isolated in buffer containing diisopropylftuorophosphate (DFP) to inhibit proteolytic activity, was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation. Sucrose gradient analysis in dilute Tris buffer, pH 7.5, without KCl indicates that the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor sediments as an 8 S, 5 S and 4 S estrogen-binding protein (EBP). Isolation of the estrogen receptor without DFP yields predominantly a proteolytic fragment of the receptor which sediments as a 3 S EBP in gradients having low salt or high salt concentrations, and has a molecular weight of 30,000 to 40,000. The nuclear form of the estrogen receptor has a sedimentation coefficient of 3.8 ± 0.04 S in sucrose gradients containing high salt concentrations, a molecular Stokes radius of 38.5 ± 0.9 A , and a molecular weight of 60,000 to 70,000, values similar to the cytoplasmic form of the receptor. The cytoplasmic estrogen receptor shows a temperature-enhanced activation as indicated by its increased affinity for isolated uterine nuclei. In contrast to the activated estrogen receptor from the rat or calf uterus, the human uterus does not produce a 5 S EBP (a dimer of the 4 S EBP with another macromolecule) in high salt concentration at 0–4°C. In sucrose gradients containing 0.15 M KCl, centrifugation at 0, 6, 12, 20, and 25°C indicates that the human estrogen receptor undergoes a temperature dependent increases in its sedimentation coefficient from 4 S to 5 S and a transformation similar to that of the rat or calf estrogen receptor, but it is more readily dissociated by high salt or low temperature; the preferred form of the human estrogen receptor under more physiological conditions is the 5 S EBP dimer.
Chemotactic activity of plasma and lung lymph in sheep with endotoxemia: Effect of hydroxyl radical scavengers

The formation and release of circulating chemoattractants has been considered to be responsible for the initial pulmonary leukostasis and subsequent pulmonary vascular injury seen with endotoxemia. Oxygen radicals released from granulocytes can produce these factors. Our purpose was (1) to determine whether chemotaxins are released with endotoxemia and whether the lung is the source of these factors and (2) if there is a cause and effect relationship between the release of chemoattractants and the lung injury. Lung lymph flow, QL, lymph protein clearance, and vascular pressures were used to monitor lung vascular integrity. Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused into 12 sheep. Six sheep were pretreated with dimethyl thiourea (DMTU), a scavenger of hydroxide ion radicals. Chemotactic activity (CA) of plasma and lung lymph was determined during baseline, the pulmonary hypertensive phase, and the permeability phase of the lung injury. It was found that endotoxemia was associated with generation of a granulocyte chemotactic factor in plasma but not in lung lymph. The peak increase in plasma CA occurred after the early pulmonary leukostasis. Pretreatment with DMTU eliminated the increased CA but had no effect on the initial leukopenia or the lung injury. It was concluded that (1) the lung is not the major source of increased CA after endotoxin and (2) increased plasma CA occurs but does not appear to be causative of the initial pulmonary leukostasis or the granulocyte-induced lung injury.
Surface roughness at the Si(100)-SiO 2 interface

We have studied the statistical properties of random surface roughness at the Si-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The spectral properties of the HRTEM roughness on normally prepared and intentionally roughened samples appears to be well characterized as a first-order autoregressive or Markovian process which corresponds to an exponential decay in the autocovariance function rather than the usual Gaussian approximation which has been widely used. Such an exponential decay is characterized by tails in the spectrum which are directly attributable to the discrete or steplike nature of the interface roughness which is restricted to occur on crystalline atomic sites. Using a simplified model, we have estimated the effect of projecting the two-dimensional interface roughness through the cross-section thickness to form the one-dimensional boundary studied here. For an isotropic medium, we find that the statistical character of the roughness is preserved during this transformation, but that the rms fluctuation of the roughness is attenuated so that the actual interface is rougher than indicated by the HRTEM technique. After correcting for such averaging, the parameters estimated from the HRTEM are more in agreement with the same parameters used to fit the surface-roughness-limited Hall mobility in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor devices.
Vanadium sublimates from the fumaroles of Izalco volcano, El Salvador

Abstract Prior to the recent discovery of high-temperature vanadium sublimates at the fumaroles of Izalco volcano, El Salvador, the only vanadium minerals known were those formed at low-temperature surface conditions. Six new vanadium compounds have already been discovered at Izalco volcano, and five of these have been elevated to mineral status. Two of the minerals are among the most vanadium-rich compounds known in nature. Field studies and studies of the crystal chemistry of the sublimate phases have allowed delineation of the conditions of exsolution of vanadium-bearing gases from the magma and conditions of sublimation of the vanadium compounds. A vanadium halogen or oxyhalogen gas phase was exsolved from a basaltic magma when the magma was 550 m below the summit crater. As the gas rose to the fumaroles and mixed with the atmosphere, the oxygen fugacity rose from that of the magma to at least 10 −3,5 bar. At the fumaroles, the vanadium compounds sublimated at various temperatures, but a minimum temperature of 760° can be determined for one of the phases based on geothermometry determined from phase relations in the system CuO-V 2 O 5 . The studies have demonstrated that a vanadium-bearing gas can segregate from a magma with normal basaltic concentrations of vanadium.
Influence of the carrier distribution on carrier-carrier scattering in GaAs.

Hot electrons in GaAs in the presence of a highly nonequilibrium plasma generated by a 150-fs laser pulse are shown to have an energy-loss rate to the plasma that is two to four times higher than a hot electron in the presence of a cooler, thermalized plasma of the same density. The increased energy-loss rate due to the nonequilibrium plasma is consistent with the reduced screening that has been predicted for such a plasma. In addition, the linewidth of the hot acceptor luminescence peak, which is used to measure the energy-loss rate, is found to be constant under fs laser excitation as the injected carrier density is increased up to about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. This finding disagrees with a recent prediction. Possible reasons for the disagreement are considered.
Finiteness conditions for a hopf algebra with a nonzero integral

In [l] Heyneman and the present author considered various finiteness conditions for a coalgebra and its linear dual algebra. The purpose of this paper is to specialize the ideas of [I] and [3, 41 to Hopf algebras with a nonzero left integral, and to study the antipode and one-dimensional ideals of the dual algebra. Suppose A is a Hopf algebra which has a nonzero left integral. Then if D CA is a finite-dimensional subcoalgebra, D(=) is finite-dimensional. In particular, A is locally finite. If the coradical A,, is a reflexive coalgebra, then A is right strongly reflexive (cofinite right ideals of A* are finitely generated). By the discussion of [ 1, Sect. 3.71 one can expect many Hopf algebras with a nonzero left integral over an infinite field to be reflexive-in particular, for many Hopf algebras with a nonzero left integral over an infinite field all finitedimensional right A*-modules are rational. Let Jr C A* (resp., ST) d enote the space of left (resp., right) integrals for A. If t: A + A is any injective bialgebra map then t*(Jr) = Jr. In particular s*(jJ = Jr where s is the antipode of A. Using this observation we prove that s is bijective if sL f (0). We d iscuss the connection between the one dimensional ideals of A* and the grouplikes of A. The conclusions we draw generalize some of the results of [S]. Let J-C A be an injective hull of k . 1 (as a left A-comodule). If s1 # (0) then we show JA, = A. If A,, is a Hopf subalgebra in addition then A = A, for some n (thus Rad A* is nilpotent). This paper could easily be formulated in terms of the theory of injectives in the category of right A-comodules, but we choose to use basic properties of idempotents for the sake of completeness.
Late Paleozoic Glaciation: Part V, Karroo Basin, South Africa

The Dwyka Tillite of Carboniferous-Permian age lies at the base of the Gondwana sequence within the Karroo basin of South Africa. The formation consists of up to 1,000 m of massive diamictite and locally contains laminated interbeds (some with isolated stones interpreted as dropstones), irregularly bedded diamictites, and, at places, deformed sandstone bodies. Much of the Dwyka is interpreted as true tillite formed by wasting in place of debris-laden ice; other facies include subaqueous-mudflow deposits composed of mobilized till and subaqueous and outwash material. Glacially striated basement floors abound; these, with rarer boulder pavements, clast studies, and the trends of glacial valleys, indicate that a continental ice sheet lay north of the Karroo basin, centered in Rhodesia and Zambia. The sheet extended southward to near the south coast of Africa, and in the east merged with another that lay over Swaziland, Mozambique, and then-attached Antarctica. Lobes from the latter reached into Natal and as far as the easternmost Cape Province from regions that now are occupied in part by the Indian Ocean. Another ice lobe apparently entered the Karroo basin on the northwest and extended southward from South-West Africa and on southeastward. Facies distributions suggest that an unfrozen arm of the sea reached as far as the coast of South-West Africa from near the Falkland Islands. Published paleomagnetic data indicate that the Gondwana continents, grouped around southern Africa, moved across the South Pole during the late Paleozoic. Glaciation apparently ensued when broad continental areas reached near-polar positions and expanses of open water were sufficiently near at hand to provide evaporative moisture.
Evolutionary Genetics of Division of Labor in Colonies of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)

We observed division of labor in worker honey bees from three genetically distinct sources (two selected strains and a wild-type source) in a common colony environment. We demonstrate a genotypic component to variability in those elements of individual behavior necessary for the evolution of the individual and colony-level behavioral phenotype-variability in task specialization and variability in the age-based system of division of labor. We present a model for individual behavior that integrates the effects of variability in individual genotypes with the current model of age and environmental determinism. Sources of variation involving interaction of genotype and environment are not individually specified, but an analysis of foraging behavior shows that such interactions can be significant. This conflicts with the traditional view of the colony environment as a source of behavioral resemblance among workers. The colony environment may, in some cases, actually amplify phenotypic differences among individu...
"De-satiation" produced by liquid diet in rats satiated for glucose solution.

Abstract Previous work has shown that after rats have drunk a glucose solution to “satiety,” and during the time when solution intake would remain inhibited, intake can be reinstated by offering powdered glucose. This “de-satiation” phenomenon shows that solution intake comes to an end before any limit on caloric or solute intake has been reached. Here we show that a milk-based liquid diet can also reinstate ingestion in the solution-sated rat. And such a rat increases its intake further when the diet is diluted with water. Therefore, the original “satiety” for glucose solution does not reflect a refusal of fluid per se, or of water; nor does it reflect an inhibition on the lapping response.