cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Does Evolutionary History Alter the Relationship between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function

A positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function (B-EF) has been identified across a wide variety of ecological communities, both aquatic and terrestrial. Despite the ubiquity of this relationship, its underlying mechanism has been questioned. In particular, the lack of consistent transgressive overyielding in diverse communities (when the yield of a particular ecosystem function from a diverse community is greater than that of the maximum of any monoculture) has led researchers to question whether species complementarity underlies this pattern. Recently, it has been demonstrated that transgressive overyielding and complementarity can emerge if experiments are run long enough, suggesting that adaptation may play a role on relatively short time scales. Herein, we use two models that depict autotrophic and heterotrophic competitors and conduct a series of in silico biodiversity ecosystem function experiments. We demonstrate that the “ancestry” of species, that is, whether they have coevolved in the presence of competitors or in monocultures, determines the extent to which transgressive overyielding can occur. We find that experiments conducted using species with a coevolved history tend to generate more frequent and larger transgressive overyielding and also better predict the long-term effects of diversity on ecosystem function. Our work has important implications for the interpretation of previous meta-analyses and may provide important insight for the management and reconstruction of aquatic (and terrestrial) communities.
Evaluation of Stormwater Biofilter Media for Escherichia coli Removal in a Laboratory Microcosm

Recreational water sites such as beaches along lakes, rivers, or oceans, are one of the most popular activities in many parts of the world. Recently rainfall and runoff due to rainfall events has been associated with increasing microbial levels in recreational water. This runoff can lead to beach closures and potentially unsanitary conditions at popular swim- ming beaches. The impact of stormwater on beach water quality has led to a myriad of option for controlling stormwater. Some of these include grass buffer partitions, stormwater detention basins, media fi lters, catch basin inserts, and infi ltration units. Biofi lters, or infi ltration units are gaining popularity as a treatment option for stormwater around the Great Lakes basin, but we are aware of no studies that have looked at the indicator organism (i.e. Escherichia coli, or E.coli) removal potential of these infi ltration units and the media used in them. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the per- formance of a stormwater biofi lter medium in removing the indicator organism E.coli in a laboratory system. When several laboratory biofi lter system were challenged with E.coli concentrations of 2.82E3 and 2.85E5 E.coli/100mL of simulated stormwater in a 1.25 cm rain event, the systems were able to remove between 83 and 100% of the E.coli in this infl uent. During a subsequent 1.25 cm rain event with E.coli-free water, the biofi lter was able to retain 68%-100% of the E.coli originally inoculated into the system. The results of this study indicate that these systems hold promise for mitigation of E.coli from storm water near recreational beaches. These fi ndings will assist beach managers, engineers, and municipal stake holders evaluate the usefulness of biofi lter infi ltration as a storm water management tool in order to decrease E.coli input into beach areas.
The autoactivation of trypsinogen.

The ability of trypsinogen to catalyze its own activation was studied at pH 8.1 in the presence of Ca++ ions. The lag phase portion of the classical S-shaped curve of activation was shortened by increasing the trypsinogen concentration but was extended by pretreatment of the zymogen with diisopropyl fluorophosphate or soybean trypsin inhibitor. Despite these pretreatments, however, full activation was achieved. In confirmation of the proposed catalytic activity of trypsinogen, acetyltrypsinogen, which cannot be activated by trypsin or acetyltrypsin, was able to activate chymotrypsinogen at a rate about 10-5 that of trypsin and to hydrolyze p-toluenesulfonyl arginine methyl ester at a very slow rate. Pretreatment of the acetyltrypsinogen with diisopropyl fluorophosphate and soybean trypsin inhibitor did not affect the rate at which it carried out these two reactions, thus excluding the presence of trypsin or acetyltrypsin. The conclusion is drawn that the activities observed were not due to contamination of the zymogen preparations with active enzyme but were due to an activity inherent in the zymogens. The S-shaped curve of trypsinogen activation is now interpreted as two separate phases: a slow initial formation of trypsin by self-activation of the zymogen, followed by a rapid acceleration of the reaction due to catalysis by the product, trypsin.
Emotion Regulation Frequency and Success: Separating Constructs from Methods and Time Scale

Research on emotion regulation (ER) has largely focused upon two related lines of inquiry: ER frequency and ER success. First, research on ER frequency has focused upon the relationship between how often individuals attempt to use ER strategies in everyday life which is typically measured by subjective reports on questionnaires and interpreted as trait ER. Second, research on ER success has focused on the degree to which experimentally instructed use of different strategies results in change of one or more measures of affect as measured by relatively objective measures. Therefore, distinctions between ER frequency and success are very often confounded by time scale (ER frequency measured in the long-term, ER success measured in the short-term) and methods (ER frequency measured with subjective questionnaires, ER success measured with more objective affective variables). I offer examples from the literature on ER and offer suggestions for ways to uncouple ER frequency and success from the methods that are currently being used to measure them. Clarity on the distinction between these constructs should lead to the most appropriate interpretation of results from current studies and more precisely inform clinical interventions that target one or more ER process.
Efficient and ultra-compact computational metamaterials for integrated photonics and free-space applications

We applied nonlinear optimization to design metamaterials as free-space polarizers, integrated fiber couplers, polarization/wavelength splitter, and other linear mode converter devices. Such devices exhibit at least comparable or better performance than their conventional counterparts, but occupy a much smaller size.
An empirical model of magnetospheric chorus amplitude using solar wind and geomagnetic indices

[1] Magnetospheric chorus is an Extremely Low Frequency/Very Low Frequency (ELF/VLF, 0.3–30 kHz) electromagnetic wave phenomenon which plays an important role in the acceleration and loss of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts. One must therefore possess accurate estimates of chorus amplitudes in order to model radiation belt dynamics. The goal of this study is to design an empirical model of chorus amplitude, the output of which can be used as input to models of radiation belt dynamics. In pursuit of this goal, we compare two related empirical models of chorus amplitude that we have developed based on THEMIS data from June 2008 through December 2011 which use multiple regression to predict equatorial chorus amplitudes as a function of L and MLT. One model uses only AE* and Kp as model inputs, and the other model utilizes solar wind measurements and geomagnetic indices. The models perform similarly, with each one achieving a median RMS prediction error of 0.39 log10 pT (a factor of 2.5 in amplitude). The coefficients of determination of chorus amplitude for the full model and the AE*/Kp model are 0.034 and 0.026, respectively, meaning that these models explain 3.4 and 2.6 percent of the variance of chorus amplitude. We present a parametric analysis, showing the expected effects on chorus amplitude from a modeled substorm and solar wind pressure pulse, as well as modeled chorus amplitude over the course of the month of September 2008. The model outputs give important insight into the global evolution of equatorial chorus amplitude as a function of geomagnetic storm and substorm phase.
Reflective Light Modulation by Cephalopods and Fishes in Shallow Nearshore Habitats

Abstract : Camouflage mechanisms are not well known despite the general misconception that they are. Moreover, quantification of camouflage (especially of opaque organisms) is particularly wanting. We have four objectives: (1) Acquire imagery of camouflaged animals and their backgrounds in coral reef and temperate rock reef environments; (2) collect corresponding in situ irradiance and reflectance data from the animal and background; (3) Develop a suite of image analysis methods to quantify the type and degree of crypsis; (4) Construct a comparative digital photographic and video library of shallowwater marine animals in the camouflage categories of Uniform, Mottle and Disruptive. The central focus is on cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish and squid) because they have the most diverse and changeable camouflage patterns known in biology. Several fishes with changeable coloration (groupers and flounders in particular) are studied comparatively.
Preparation of Infectious Cell-Free Herpes-Type Virus Associated with Marek's Disease

Cell-free transmission of the herpes-type virus of Marek's disease was obtained by demineralized water treatment of infected chick embryo fibroblasts.
Focus Formation by a Murine Sarcoma-Leukemia Virus Complex I. Theoretical Analysis

The transformation of cells in culture by a murine sarcoma-leukemia virus complex leads to the formation of identifiable foci. Titration patterns of focus counts vs. virus dilutions have been explained as being due to the interactions of three virions: leukemia, defective sarcoma, and competent hybrid. This interaction is analyzed quantitatively and equations are derived which permit determination of the composition of a sarcoma virus pseudotype as well as use of the technique for the assay of exogeneous leukemia virus. The analysis is based on the statistical distribution of virions in the culture cells and assumes that all virions have equal probability of infecting a cell and that transformation of any one cell will lead to focus formation. Limitations of the assumptions and expected measurement accuracy are discussed.
Millimeter-wave dielectric leaky-wave antennas

A dielectric leaky-wave antenna with a new perturbation scheme is developed. The attenuation constant with different gap width between metal patches is determined experimentally. The dielectric waveguide used is an anisotropic sapphire rod. The conventional effective dielectric constant (EDC) method is modified to calculate the unperturbed propagation constant and then used to predict the main beam position. The experimental data agree quite well with that of the simulation.
Effect of molecular weight and end capping on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) ultrasound contrast agents

Ultrasound contrast agents (CA) consist of stabilized gas bubbles that, when injected intravenously, provide an acoustic impedance mismatch, producing additional contrast to a diagnostic ultrasound scan. These agents must be smaller than 8 μm in order to pass safely through the capillaries, contain gas for an impedance mismatch and should be stable enough to survive the duration of the imaging session. A double emulsion technique has previously been optimized within our laboratory to create CA with 50:50 poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Although a great deal of research has focused on the effects of molecular weight and end capping on solid PLGA particles, very little has been done to examine the effects of these parameters on hollow CAs formed in a double emulsion. Non-end capped PLGA was found to provide maximum enhancement at a molecular weight of 66.0 kDa, giving an ultrasound enhancement of roughly 18.5 dB. The enhancement demonstrated by CA formed using the end-capped PLGA rose to a maximum enhancement of 19 dB at the highest commercially available molecular weight of 82.4 kDa. A strong correlation was seen between ultrasound enhancement, stability under ultrasonic conditions, surface morphology and zeta potential. This study shows the influence of polymer characteristics on the resulting properties of CA and the ability to tailor CAs to particular applications by varying the polymer choice. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Conformational Dynamics of Calcium-Triggered Activation of Fusion by Synaptotagmin

Synaptotagmin triggers rapid exocytosis of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles in response to Calcium (Ca2+) ions. Here, we use a novel Nanodisc-based system, designed to be a soluble mimetic of the clamped synaptic vesicle-bilayer junction, combined with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy to monitor the structural relationships among SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor), Synaptotagmin C2 domains, and the lipid bilayer in real time during the Ca2+-activation process. We report that Synaptotagmin remains rigidly fixed on the partially assembled SNARE complex with no detectable internal rearrangement of its C2 domains, even as it rapidly inserts into the bilayer. We hypothesize that this straightforward, one-step physical mechanism could explain how this Ca2+- sensor rapidly activates neurotransmitter release from the clamped state.
Reproducibility, accuracy, and correction of isotherm data measured by chromatography

Abstract Using the methods of frontal analysis and elution by characteristics points, the isotherm of 3-phenyl-1-propanol was determined on four commercially available 10-μm ODS C18 packing materials: KROMASIL, VYDAC, YMC and ZORBAX. Each stationary phase was packed into five 10×0.46 cm I.D. columns. A methanol-water mixture (45:55, v/v) was used as the mobile phase and solvent. The column efficiencies and capacity factors were also determined for a series of compounds: m-cresol, benzyl alcohol, methyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, 2-isopropylphenol, and 2,6-dimethylphenol, all eluted under infinite dilution conditions. The average total column porosities were derived from the uracil retention volume, the internal and external porosities by reversed size-exclusion chromatography. Different columns packed with material from the same lot have significantly different thermodynamic properties. Corrections of isotherm data based on the difference between column retention factors and phase ratios do not compensate correctly for the deviations observed but corrections based on the difference of external porosites of the column do.
Pulsatile Flow of a Chemically-Reacting Nonlinear Fluid

Many complex biological systems such as blood and polymeric materials can at times be approximated as single constituent homogeneous fluids whose properties can change due to the chemical reactions that take place. For instance, the viscosity of such fluids could change both due to the chemical reactions and the flow. Here, we investigate the pulsatile flow of a chemically-reacting fluid whose viscosity depends on the concentration of a species (constituent) that is governed by a convection-reaction-diffusion equation and the velocity gradient, which can thicken or thin the fluid. We study the competition between the chemical reaction and the kinematics in determining the response of the fluid.
Neuroanatomic and cognitive abnormalities related to herpes simplex virus type 1 in schizophrenia

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) tends to replicate in the temporal cortex and can damage the limbic system. The presence of serum antibodies to HSV-1 is associated with cognitive impairment in adults with schizophrenia, suggesting that cerebral gray matter abnormalities might distinguish patient subgroups defined by HSV-1 exposure. We assessed 43 adult outpatients with schizophrenia. The assessment included clinical interviews, neurocognitive testing, anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging and measures of serum IgG antibodies specific to herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. We then compared 25 patients who tested positive for antibodies to HSV-1 with 15 who were seronegative for both HSV-1 and HSV-2. The seropositive patients performed significantly worse than the seronegative patients on four neuropsychological measures of psychomotor speed, executive functioning, and explicit verbal memory. Voxel-based morphometric analyses revealed that the same patients showed reduced gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate and areas of the cerebellum. Finally, performance on the test of psychomotor speed and executive functioning that showed the largest between- group effect size correlated with reduced gray matter volume in some of the same brain regions (cingulate and cerebellum) that distinguished the two HSV-1 subgroups. In these outpatients with schizophrenia, HSV-1 seropositivity and performance on a cognitive test that is highly sensitive to it co-localize to closely overlapping brain regions.
A Case for Personal Virtue

In response to Vice President Cheney's famous dismissal of conservation as a mere "sign of personal virtue," I argue that personal virtue may be a necessary even if not a sufficient condition for "a sound, comprehensive energy policy." The most effective and worthwhile approach to energy policy is one that seeks both to change the overall system of energy production and distribution and to foster cultural change and personal virtue. I conclude with a selective list of personal virtues that may contribute to the development of a sustainable energy infrastructure.
Methylene Blue in the Treatment of Refractory Shock From an Amlodipine Overdose

Amlodipine is a potent vasodilator with a long half-life and delayed onset of action that is particularly concerning after an overdose. Vasodilation occurs through stimulation of nitric oxide release with increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. Methylene blue inhibits guanylate cyclase. This enzyme is responsible for the production of cGMP. Methylene blue also has the ability to scavenge nitric oxide, as well as inhibit nitric oxide synthase. We report the use of methylene blue for refractory shock in a patient with amlodipine toxicity.
Geochemical factors controlling free Cu ion concentrations in river water

Copper speciation was determined monthly at seven sites on four rivers in southern New England to understand which geochemical factors control free metal ion concentrations in river water. Samples were conventionally filtered (<0.45 μm) and then ultrafiltered (3.000 molecular weight cut-off) to determine Cu speciation in the truly dissolved size fraction. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was used to quantify natural organic complexation and cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry (CSSWV) to measure directly both Cu sulfide complexes and total EDTA concentrations. The results showed both dissolved organic matter (DOM) and sulfide complexation dominate Cu speciation and control the concentrations of free ion. Free Cu2+ was calculated to be in the subnanomolar range for the majority of the year. Only in the winter months, when concentrations of DOM and metal sulfides complexes were at a minimum were free metal ions directly measurable by DPASV at low nanomolar concentrations. The extent of sulfide complexation appears to be dominated by the size of headwater marshes (upstream sampling sites) and by the amount of sewage treatment plant effluent (downstream sites). DOM complexation was related to the organic matter composition and followed model organic ligands. Indirect evidence suggests variations in river water pH and Ca2+ (metal competition) has only a minor role in Cu complexation. Measured concentrations of total EDTA suggest this synthetic ligand can control Cu speciation in some highly developed watersheds; however, competition from Ni (and possibly Fe) limits the extent of this complexation.
Esophageal and upper esophageal sphincter motor function in babies

The incidence of concomitant feeding and airway-related disorders is high among premature infants and babies with congenital anomalies. The cause of these disorders is commonly attributed to foregut dysfunction, and the approach to diagnosis and management is largely empiric. Management strategies usually are based on the failure to improve feeding tolerance with advancing maturation and the presence of supraesophageal complications of reflux disease. Very little information exists about the functional development of deglutitive and airway-protective mechanisms in neonates. The purpose of this article is to review the available information on esophageal and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) motor function in human infants. Understanding the maturation of the motor functions of the pharynx-UES and esophagus and related airway-protection responses is essential for determining the pathophysiologic basis of feeding-related airway disorders.
Comprehensive system model for CO 2 DIAL

The Simulation and Optimization Numerics for DIAL (SONDIAL) code is described. An overview of the code structure is given consisting of individual models for the lidar hardware linked to a set of models for the natural environment through which the laser energy must traverse. The affects of the environment are contained in the field models. A detailed description of the field models is given including the effects of the atmosphere, plume and target on the return statistics of the radiation. The atmosphere attenuates and scatters the laser light. Atmospheric extinction has both spectral and temporal structure that can cause bias and correlation in the DIAL measurements. The results of FASCODE calculations utilizing the HITRAN database are used to assess the magnitude of these effects. Atmospheric turbulence spatially modulates the intensity footprint at the target and modifies the statistics of the return light collected by the receiver aperture. The roughness of the target produces speckle at the receiver, the statistics of which are given by the intensity distribution on the target surface. An albedo model that includes the effects of (macroscopic) spatial reflectivity variations of typical natural targets on the system single-shot signal-to-noise ratio is described. To address the effect of footprint size and position on effluent detection sensitivity, an overlap calculation between a Gaussian plume model and the optical footprint is performed. Validation comparisons between the model and experimental data are given.
Strategy constraints of Polish foreign-trade organizations

Abstract This paper presents reflections on the survey of the general managers of Polish foreign-trade organizations (FTOs). The study focuses on business deals with Western partners and the associated problems. The relative inefficiency of Polish FTOs is due to: 1. 1. Poor working relations between the FTOs and the Polish manufacturing sector; 2. 2. Inadequate knowledge of modern marketing techniques; 3. 3. The lack of clear-cut strategies regarding how to develop foreign markets; and 4. 4. Rigidity of national planning and management systems in Poland. As far as organizational solutions to correct the deficiencies are concerned, the experience of foreign branches of FTOs and the modifications of their cooperative links with the Polish manufacturing sector appear to be the most promising.
A Research Agenda for an Institutional Media

This article presents a new institutionalism theory of news rooted in the open-systems approach developed in organizational theory. It argues that news media develop standard routines and practices—institutions—in response to three kinds of uncertainty: whether or how they will make a profit, establish their legitimacy, and find timely information. These routines and practices become taken-for-granted assumptions about how to produce news that span across news organizations to compose an institutional regime of news. It is argued that this regime constrains journalists working within major mainstream media organizations to produce extraordinarily homogeneous kinds of news. Directions for future research are suggested.
Crystal structure of a deubiquitinating enzyme (human UCH-L3) at 1.8 Å resolution

Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases catalyze the removal of adducts from the C-terminus of ubiquitin. We have determined the crystal structure of the recombinant human Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase (UCH-L3) by X-ray crystallography at 1.8 A resolution. The structure is comprised of a central antiparallel beta-sheet flanked on both sides by alpha-helices. The beta-sheet and one of the helices resemble the well-known papain-like cysteine proteases, with the greatest similarity to cathepsin B. This similarity includes the UCH-L3 active site catalytic triad of Cys95, His169 and Asp184, and the oxyanion hole residue Gln89. Papain and UCH-L3 differ, however, in strand and helix connectivity, which in the UCH-L3 structure includes a disordered 20 residue loop (residues 147-166) that is positioned over the active site and may function in the definition of substrate specificity. Based upon analogy with inhibitor complexes of the papain-like enzymes, we propose a model describing the binding of ubiquitin to UCH-L3. The UCH-L3 active site cleft appears to be masked in the unliganded structure by two different segments of the enzyme (residues 9-12 and 90-94), thus implying a conformational change upon substrate binding and suggesting a mechanism to limit non-specific hydrolysis.
Structure and magnetism of V-doped SnO2 thin films: effect of the substrate

We report on the structure and magnetism of V-doped SnO2 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. The structure and magnetic properties of the films strongly depend on the substrates on which the films are grown. Films grown on Al2O3 substrates are single crystalline and show anisotropic in-plane magnetic moments, while films grown on Si substrates are nanocrystalline and show no anisotropy. Compared with that of single-crystalline films, the magnetic moment of nanocrystalline films is higher at low V concentration, decreases more quickly as the V concentration increases, and is more sensitive to vacuum annealing. Our results suggest important roles for spin–orbit coupling and defects in the magnetism of diluted magnetic oxides.
Model of plasmon decay for electron cascade simulation

Abstract A dominant energy loss mechanism for electrons in radiation cascades is the excitation of plasmons. Once created, plasmons eventually decay through interband transitions, leading to the production of additional charge carriers that are responsible for much of the signal measured by the detector. The cross-sections for exciting plasmons and charge carrier pairs follow from the material's dielectric function. The energy distribution of the resulting secondary particles can be obtained from the one-electron orbitals in the random phase approximation (RPA). We apply this method to a nearly free electron crystal for plasmon decays. A Monte Carlo simulation of the resulting decay cascade is carried out for material parameters appropriate to silicon, using the Callaway–Tosatti dielectric function for cascading electrons and holes. Parameters that characterize the detector performance (mean energy to produce a charge carrier pair and the Fano factor) are determined, and are found to be sensitive to the low-energy electronic structure.
The best returns come from intangible resources: an integrated approach

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to propose an integrated model for intangible resources, which will contribute to breaking down the old paradigm, and bring it to managers' attention that the best returns are likely to come from intangible resources.Design/methodology/approach – The theoretical approach is based on the concept of core competencies as defined by Hamel and Prahalad, and further developed in Andriessen's Making Sense of Intellectual Capital. It also explores the benchmarking concept presented in Viedma's “Intellectual capital benchmarking system”.Findings – Business practitioners and scholars have been developing new methods and models to understand intellectual capital. Unfortunately, these methods and models present a view on both tangible and intangible resources of an organisation that is non‐integrated and reinforces the traditional management focus on tangible assets only.Research limitations/implications – The method proposed here is being prepared to be tested in a large energy com...
Messenger RNA Changes during Drought Stress in Maize Leaves

Summary The effects of drought stress on the transcription of cellular mRNAs were investigated in intact maize seedlings. Poly A(+) RNA was prepared from leaves of well-watered control, stressed and rewatered seedlings and the functional mRNAs were identified by in vitro translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and gel electrophoresis. The findings suggest that drought stress affects mRNA transcription and/or accumulation. All of the translatable mRNAs found in control were also present in stressed plants. In addition, stressed seedlings contained two unique mRNAs encoding for proteins of 24 kD and 26 kD which disappeared rapidly on rewatering. An analysis of mRNA species associated with ribosomes suggest that these were qualitatively identical to those existing in whole tissues.
Identification of atherosclerosis-modifying genes: pathogenic insights and therapeutic potential

Atherosclerosis is a common, complex trait, with genetic variation in many genes and the environment contributing to risk for this condition, which has multiple and highly variable phenotypic manifestations. Progress has been made in the identification of atherosclerosis-modifying genes in both human studies and through the use of animal models. In the future, it may be possible to administer a genetic test for variation in a handful of the most common atherosclerosis-modifier genes, and thus predict if a patient is likely to develop atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. These patients could then be treated aggressively to lower their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and other risk factors, including counseling to make adjustments in their lifestyle. This review will summarize the methods and results thus far in the identification of atherosclerosis-modifier genes.
Developing Your Own Integrated Art-Social Studies Lessons Using the Discipline-Based Art Education Model: A Procedural Guide for Classroom Teachers

This article serves as an addendum to the previous article, ‘Children's Ideas About Selected Art and Economic Concepts Before and After an Integrated Unit of Instruction’. It is addressed to preservice and inservice teachers and provides a seven-step procedural guide for developing integrated art-social studies lessons using the discipline-based art education model. The seven steps in the process include (1) choosing a social studies concept, (2) locating a work of art, (3) researching the content and context of the image, (4) developing guided discussion questions, (5) developing an art production activity, (6) developing an activity to reinforce the social studies concept, and (7) planning a variety of assessments. Explanations and helpful tips are provided by the author for each step. By following the seven steps, meaningful teaching and learning in both disciplines, art and social studies, is assured.
Harrison and hick on god and animal pain

L'A. s'interroge sur la souffrance animale et sa relation a Dieu en s'appuyant sur les travaux de John Hich et de Peter Harrison. Distinguant la souffrance animale de la souffrance humaine parce que la premiere n'est pas objet de conscience a l'inverse de la seconde, l'A. pose sa problematique de la maniere suivante : que peut representer pour une creature de faire l'experience de la souffrance tout en n'ayant pas la conscience de faire cette experience ? Reprenant a son compte cette distinction, l'A. cherche a l'approfondir dans ces pages
Factors Contributing to Disproportionality in the Child Welfare System: Views from the Legal Community

A critical shortcoming in the existing body of research addressing racial disproportionality in the child welfare system is the lack of inclusion of external stakeholders in attempts to understand and address this issue.This article reports the results ofa study designed to develop a deeper understanding of disproportionality from the views of the legal community, a critical stakeholder in child welfare. Using a qualitative approach, with focus groups as the method of data collection, data were collected to provide a greater depth of information that could be used alongside existing studies to develop an enhanced understanding of disproportionality in the child welfare system. Factors contributing to disproportionality include cultural bias, a fearful agency climate, communication barriers, ineffective service delivery, and workforce issues. Recommendations from focus group participants and implications are presented.
Nanotube Formation between Cyclodextrins and 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene

Adduct formation between α-, β-, γ-, and (permethyl)γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) on the one hand and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) on the other was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy in a DMF/wate...
Self‐handicapping orientation and tendencies toward verbal aggressiveness

This study explored tendencies toward verbal aggressiveness by individuals who differ in the extent to which they engage in face saving strategies. Two‐hundred ten participants completed the Self‐Handicapping and Verbal Aggressiveness Scales. Results indicated that differences exist between high and moderate, and law self‐handicappers on their tendencies toward verbal aggressiveness. Participants who reported using more self‐handicapping behaviors (highs and moderates) reported higher levels of verbal aggressiveness than low self‐handicappers. The results suggest that verbal aggressiveness may be considered as a self‐handicapping strategy for those higher in self‐handicapping orientation.
Lignin decomposition is sustained under fluctuating redox conditions in humid tropical forest soils

Lignin mineralization represents a critical flux in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, yet little is known about mechanisms and environmental factors controlling lignin breakdown in mineral soils. Hypoxia is thought to suppress lignin decomposition, yet potential effects of oxygen (O2 ) variability in surface soils have not been explored. Here, we tested the impact of redox fluctuations on lignin breakdown in humid tropical forest soils during ten-week laboratory incubations. We used synthetic lignins labeled with 13 C in either of two positions (aromatic methoxyl or propyl side chain Cβ ) to provide highly sensitive and specific measures of lignin mineralization seldom employed in soils. Four-day redox fluctuations increased the percent contribution of methoxyl C to soil respiration relative to static aerobic conditions, and cumulative methoxyl-C mineralization was statistically equivalent under static aerobic and fluctuating redox conditions despite lower soil respiration in the latter treatment. Contributions of the less labile lignin Cβ to soil respiration were equivalent in the static aerobic and fluctuating redox treatments during periods of O2 exposure, and tended to decline during periods of O2 limitation, resulting in lower cumulative Cβ mineralization in the fluctuating treatment relative to the static aerobic treatment. However, cumulative mineralization of both the Cβ - and methoxyl-labeled lignins nearly doubled in the fluctuating treatment relative to the static aerobic treatment when total lignin mineralization was normalized to total O2 exposure. Oxygen fluctuations are thought to be suboptimal for canonical lignin-degrading microorganisms. However, O2 fluctuations drove substantial Fe reduction and oxidation, and reactive oxygen species generated during abiotic Fe oxidation might explain the elevated contribution of lignin to C mineralization. Iron redox cycling provides a potential mechanism for lignin depletion in soil organic matter. Couplings between soil moisture, redox fluctuations, and lignin breakdown provide a potential link between climate variability and the biochemical composition of soil organic matter.
Possible Measurement of the Nucleon Axial-Vector Form Factor in Two-Pion Electroproduction Experiments

Current-algebra techniques and the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current are used to derive a low-energy theorem for the reaction $e+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e+N+\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\pi}$ (soft). Particular attention is paid to satisfying the requirements of gauge covariance. Except for recoil corrections, the resulting matrix element is proportional to the nucleon axial-vector form factors, and we suggest that this electromagnetic process may be used to measure ${g}_{A}({k}^{2})$.
Incidence and severity of chronic pain at 3 and 6 months after thoracotomy: meta-analysis.

Abstract This systematic review was performed to determine the incidence and the severity of chronic pain at 3 and 6 months after thoracotomy based on meta-analyses. We conducted MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar searches of databases and references for English articles; 858 articles were reviewed. Meta-regression analysis based on the publication year was used to examine if the chronic pain rates changed over time. Event rates and confidence intervals with random effect models and Freeman-Tukey double arcsine variance-stabilizing transformation were obtained separately for the incidence of chronic pain based on 1,439 patients from 17 studies at 3 months and 1,354 patients from 15 studies at 6 months. The incidences of chronic pain at 3 and 6 months after thoracotomy were 57% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51–64%) and 47% (95% CI, 39–56%), respectively. The average severity of pain ratings on a 0 to 100 scale at these times were 30 ± 2 (95% CI, 26–35) and 32 ± 7 (95% CI, 17–46), respectively. Reported chronic pain rates have been largely stable at both 3 and 6 months from the 1990s to the present. Perspective This systematic review's findings suggest that reported chronic pain rates are approximately 50% at 3 and 6 months and have been largely stable from the 1990s to the present. The severity of this pain is not consistently reported. Chronic pain after thoracotomy continues to be a significant problem despite advancing perioperative care.
Left ventricular non-compaction and dyssynchrony

A 43-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse was admitted for shortness of breath. His electrocardiogram showed right-axis deviation and a complete left bundle branch block (QRS = 160 ms) indicating a significant conduction delay in the left ventricle (LV) ( Panel A ). On admission, he had jugular vein distension to 10 cm, bibasilar rales, …
Fast marching level set methods for three-dimensional photolithography development

The fast marching method, introduced by Sethian, is a numerical technique for solving the Eikonal equation, and results from combining upwind schemes for viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations, narrow band level set methods, and a fast min-heap algorithm. On a rectangular grid of N total points, the fast marching level set method computes the solution to the Eikonal equation from given initial data in O(N log N) steps. In a series of papers, we have applied this technique to a wide collection of problems, including construction of geodesics on surfaces, computer vision, and shape-from-shading. In this paper, we analyze the application of the fast marching method to photolithography development.
Immunochemical evidence for induction of the alcohol-oxidizing cytochrome P-450 of rabbit liver microsomes by diverse agents: ethanol, imidazole, trichloroethylene, acetone, pyrazole, and isoniazid.

Abstract Isozyme 3a of rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, also termed P-450ALC, was previously isolated in this laboratory from animals administered ethanol or imidazole, and the purified cytochrome was shown to function in the reconstituted system as an oxygenase in catalyzing the oxidation of ethanol and other alcohols. Although liver microsomes from animals treated in various ways exhibit increased alcohol-oxidizing activity, evidence was not available as to whether this was due to enzyme induction or to other factors influencing the activity. Immunochemical quantitation of P-450 isozyme 3a has now been achieved by use of purified antibody to this cytochrome in NaDodSO4/PAGE/blotting and dot-blotting techniques. The specific content of isozyme 3a in liver microsomes was found to be increased from 2- to greater than 4-fold by administration of the following agents, in increasing order of effectiveness as inducers: isoniazid, trichloroethylene, pyrazole, ethanol, imidazole, and acetone. Isozyme 3a represents about 5% of the total P-450 in control animals and is increased to as high as 27% by acetone treatment. Isozyme 3a-dependent butanol-oxidation activity, determined by the inhibitory effect of antibody on the various microsomal preparations, was found to increase proportionally with increased content of this cytochrome.
Extracting Urban Occupational Plans Using Cultural Algorithms [Application Notes]

Cultural Algorithms can be used to evolve structural functional models of urban centers. The population of the Cultural Algorithm is a set of urban planning agents, each of whom competes to build up a high level model of the site from a set of building blocks. These building blocks are produced through the use of techniques from Data Mining and Complex Systems. The best model is compared with existing models of modern cities in order to identify the similarities and differences between ancient and modern cities. The resultant comparison suggests that early Monte Alb?n exhibited a sector-based model that is characteristic of some modern cities. In addition, the plan generated by the Cultural Algorithm is able to add insight into the plan generated by a site expert. This suggests that such an approach can be generalized to other urban sites and foster a new understanding of the urbanization process.
O-Acetyl Oximes as Transformable Directing Groups for Pd-Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalization

O-Acetyl oximes serve as effective directing groups for Pd-catalyzed sp(2) and sp(3) C-H functionalization reactions. The C-H functionalization products can be subsequently transformed into ortho- or beta-functionalized ketones, alcohols, amines, and heterocycles.
1ƒ noise as an electromigration characterization tool for W-plug vias between TiN/AlCu/TiN metallizations

Low-frequency measurements were performed on W-plug via structures connecting two TiN/Al-0.5%Cu/TiN levels in order to evaluate the potential application of noise measurements as a characterization tool for electromigration reliability. Noise measurements were performed with ambient temperature ranging from 87°C to 180°C and applied current from 5.9 to 23.8 mA through 1.0 μm and 0.8 μm vias, corresponding to sample temperatures up to 195.2°C. The noise spectral density was found to be in the form of 1ƒ. The noise magnitude was consistently higher for both vias when the electron flow was from upper level to lower level compared to the opposite direction. The noise activation energy Ea obtained from the temperature dependence of voltage noise power spectral density at 10 Hz showed different behavior for the 1.0 μm via compared to the 0.8 μm via. For the smaller via, Ea = 0.36–0.37 eV regardless of the electron flow direction, whereas for the larger via, Ea = 0.47 eV for electron flow from upper level to lower level and Ea = 0.37 eV for electron flow from lower level to upper level.
Chloroplast phosphoribulokinase associates with yeast phosphoriboisomerase in the presence of substrate

Pea chloroplastic phosphoribulokinase and yeast phosphoriboisomerase partition independently of one another in a two-phase polyethyleneglycol, dextran system, but apparent interaction is seen when ribose-5-phosphate is added to the two-phase system. It appears that the pea leaf kinase recognizes yeast isomerase when it is carrying metabolite.
The Discovery Channel Telescope: early integration

The Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT) is a 4.3-meter astronomical research telescope being built in northern Arizona as a partnership between Discovery Communications and Lowell Observatory. The telescope will be able to support substantial instrument payloads at Cassegrain, Nasmyth, and prime foci, and high observing cadences. The first-light configuration will be as an f/6.1 Ritchey-Chretien at Cassegrain with a 30 arc-minute field-of-view. Major facility work is complete, and the telescope is currently in the integration phase with first-light anticipated in 2011. We present an overview of the design and progress to date, and include plans for final integration, commissioning, and early science.
Regulation and Autoregulation of the Promoter for the Latency-associated Nuclear Antigen of Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 has been established as the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and certain AIDS-associated lymphomas. KSHV establishes latent infection in these tumors, invariably expressing high levels of the viral latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) protein. LANA is necessary and sufficient to maintain the KSHV episome. It also modulates viral and cellular transcription and has been implicated directly in oncogenesis because of its ability to bind to the p53 and pRb tumor suppressor proteins. Previously, we identified the LANA promoter (LANAp) and showed that it was positively regulated by LANA itself. Here, we present a detailed mutational analysis and define cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors for the core LANAp. We found that a downstream promoter element, TATA box, and GC box/Sp1 site at -29 are all individually required for activity. This architecture places LANAp into the small and unusual group of eukaryotic promoters that contain both the downstream promoter element and TATA element but lack a defined initiation site. Furthermore, we demonstrate that LANA regulates its own promoter via its C-terminal domain and does bind to a defined site within the core promoter.