cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embracing Technology and Pop Culture Trends in Physical Education: Ready, Set, (Pokémon) Go!

As physical education teachers, it is important to remain current with trends and continue to add fresh, innovative ideas to our lessons. This responsibility means that educators must continue to seek ways to better understand students and encourage a physically active lifestyle. This article provides strategies for embracing technology and the pop culture trend, Pokemon Go, in a geocaching physical education unit. Skeptics may argue that Pokemon Go does anything but promote fitness and physical activity, claiming that individuals walk aimlessly with their eyes glued to a screen. However, teachers can choose to approach this trend with opportunistic eyes and imaginative ideas. This article offers physical educators an application of the theory to practice framework, identifying how technology and pop culture trends can translate to the physical education classroom.
The Chemoprevention of Ovarian Cancer: the Need and the Options.

Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the most lethal of all gynecological cancers, with a 5-year survival around 46%, mainly due to limitations in early diagnosis and treatment. Consequently, the chemoprevention of OvCa emerges as an important option to control this dismal disease. Here, we discuss the role of risk assessment in the design of chemoprevention strategies for OvCa, describe candidate agents, and assess future directions in this field. OvCa chemoprevention represents an opportunity for all women, especially those at high risk such as carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The use of oral contraceptives confers substantial protection against OvCa including women at high risk, which increases with longer use. Despite strong evidence for their efficacy, safety concerns and the magnitude of the requisite interventional clinical trials seem to have precluded definitive studies of oral contraceptives for this application. Several other classes of drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, retinoids, angiopreventive agents, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown promise for OvCa chemoprevention. Currently, no agent is proven by interventional trials to possess chemopreventive properties against OvCa. The key opportunities in the chemoprevention of OvCa include the development of surrogate biomarkers for OvCa, the molecular definition of OvCa risk that will help select those who may benefit the most from chemoprevention, the identification of additional agents likely driven by understanding the molecular pathogenesis of OvCa, and the development of dedicated resources and support mechanisms for OvCa. Overall, there is significant optimism for the future of OvCa chemoprevention.
Localization Phenomena and Carrier-Carrier Interaction in Fluorine-Graphite Intercalation Compounds

We have used fluorine-intercalated GICs to vary the amount of disorder in a two-dimensional material. The amount of disorder increases with increasing fluorine concentration. For dilute fluorine concentrations, C x F fibers are in a weak disorder regime. A transition to a strong localization regime is observed at higher fluorine concentrations. In both regimes, we have measured the temperature-dependent resistivity and the magnetoresistance. The experimental magnetoresistance is explained using theoretical models corresponding to the regimes of weak and strong disorder.
Optically Pumped Semiconductor Platelet Lasers in External Cavities

The new type of laser under discussion is based upon optical pumping in semiconductors. Various individual features of such a device have already been realized [1] and the attractiveness of these individual features is that they potentially combine pleasingly in the newly developed laser [2,3].
Drinking water disinfection byproducts and risk of orofacial clefts in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.

BACKGROUND Maternal exposure to drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBP)s may contribute to orofacial cleft (OFC) development, but studies are sparse and beset with limitations. METHODS Population-based, maternal interview reports of drinking water filtration and consumption for 680 OFC cases (535 isolated) and 1826 controls were linked with DBP concentration data using maternal residential addresses and public water system monitoring data. Maternal individual-level exposures to trihalomethanes (THM)s and haloacetic acids (HAA)s (µg/L of water consumed) were estimated from reported consumption at home, work, and school. Compared to no exposure, associations with multisource maternal exposure <1/2 or ≥1/2 the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)s for total THMs (TTHM)s and HAAs (HAA5) or Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)s for individual THMs and HAAs (if non-zero) were estimated for all OFCs and isolated OFCs, cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip ± cleft palate (CL/P) using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Compared to controls, associations were near or below unity for maternal TTHM, HAA5, and individual THM exposures with all OFCs and isolated OFCs, CP, and CL/P. Associations also were near or below unity for individual HAAs with statistically significant, inverse associations observed with each OFC outcome group except CL/P. CONCLUSIONS This study examined associations for maternal reports of drinking water filtration and consumption and maternal DBP exposure from drinking water with OFCs in offspring. Associations observed were near or below unity and mostly nonsignificant. Continued, improved research using maternal individual-level exposure data will be useful in better characterizing these associations.
Clearance of FGF-23 during continuous renal replacement therapy.

FGF-23 is a 32 kDa protein that is a key regulator of phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism. Emerging evidence also demonstrates that FGF-23 increases within 24 hours of acute kidney injury (AKI) and may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes. We conducted this study to evaluate FGF23 clearance during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) in critically ill patients with AKI. We demonstrate that plasma clearance of FGF-23 during CVVH is ∼11 mL/min and the mean sieving coefficient is 0.27 ± 0.1. Future studies will need to clarify FGF-23's role in adverse outcomes among AKI patients, and whether therapies aimed at reducing FGF-23 levels may be beneficial.
Integrity in Law’s Empire

In this paper I focus on Dworkin's arguments for the distinctive political virtue of integrity, arguing that we have serious reasons to doubt that the case for integrity has been made. I approach Dworkin’s complex argument in two main steps, following his two main arguments for the distinct value of integrity. The first, and more direct argument, is based on what Dworkin takes to be the grounds for rejecting “checkerboard laws”. The second argument is the one that ties the value of integrity to political legitimacy by way of articulating the value of integrity in light of its affinity with Fraternity, the idea of a “true community”, and the associative obligations such communities engender. I try to show in this paper that both of these lines of argument are not convincing.
Training program for Research Educators of sequential course-based undergraduate research experiences

Science education studies have shown that a sequence of course-based research experiences has many positive effects for undergraduates. To maximize those benefits, we created a training program for the instructors (aka Research Educators). The program guides them in how to move students early in their college years through the process of science such that students then can successfully apply their learning to conduct real research projects. The key to instructors' training is creating a supportive community of practice in which everyone participates, including by taking leading roles.
Building Empowerment, Resisting Patriarchy: Understanding Intervention against Domestic Violence among Grassroots Women in Gujarat, India

This research explores how empowerment programs impact gender-based violence and the social structures that lead to such violence in the first place. Drawing from interviews with former participants in empowerment programs that focus on building community leaders, the study examines how grassroots women lead interventions and their effects on leaders’ and survivors’ lives. We find that although most survivors had displayed some agency in independently resisting violence, their efforts were more effective when coupled with a support network and access to resources. With the intervention of leaders, the survivors were able to better negotiate for justice with a renewed sense of agency. For the leaders, participation in programs gave them an identity independent of their status within the family. They promoted change by developing independent, innovative intervention strategies that worked despite the tight structural constraints of gendered norms.
Do Sentencing Enhancements for Drunk Driving Decrease Recidivism? A Regression Discontinuity Approach

Using micro-level data on drunk driving arrests in Arkansas, this paper exploits discontinuities in sentencing enhancements at various blood alcohol content (BAC) levels to estimate causally the effect of the increasing penalties on recidivism. Specifically, the research design examines defendants just above and just below a BAC level of 0.15 to see if the effect of an increased license suspension by an additional two months has an effect on recidivism. The paper finds that increased penalties in the neighborhood of the discontinuity in the form of license suspensions have no statistically significant effect on drunk driving recidivism, suggesting that the increased penalty does not deter defendants from committing another drunk driving offense in the future. The paper’s focus on suspension of privileges as a form of punishment, coupled with its rich micro-level data (15,973 defendants from two jurisdictions) and research design that enables reliable causal inferences and estimation, make it contrast with numerous studies in the extant literature.
Small-Scale Challenges to the $\Lambda$CDM Paradigm.

The dark energy plus cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) cosmological model has been a demonstrably successful framework for predicting and explaining the large-scale structure of Universe and its evolution with time. Yet on length scales smaller than $\sim 1$ Mpc and mass scales smaller than $\sim 10^{11} M_{\odot}$, the theory faces a number of challenges. For example, the observed cores of many dark-matter dominated galaxies are both less dense and less cuspy than naively predicted in $\Lambda$CDM. The number of small galaxies and dwarf satellites in the Local Group is also far below the predicted count of low-mass dark matter halos and subhalos within similar volumes. These issues underlie the most well-documented problems with $\Lambda$CDM: Cusp/Core, Missing Satellites, and Too-Big-to-Fail. The key question is whether a better understanding of baryon physics, dark matter physics, or both will be required to meet these challenges. Other anomalies, including the observed planar and orbital configurations of Local Group satellites and the tight baryonic/dark matter scaling relations obeyed by the galaxy population, have been less thoroughly explored in the context of $\Lambda$CDM theory. Future surveys to discover faint, distant dwarf galaxies and to precisely measure their masses and density structure hold promising avenues for testing possible solutions to the small-scale challenges going forward. Observational programs to constrain or discover and characterize the number of truly dark low-mass halos are among the most important, and achievable, goals in this field over then next decade. These efforts will either further verify the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm or demand a substantial revision in our understanding of the nature of dark matter.
Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Aerophagia in an Adolescent with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Aerophagia is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by excessive swallowing of air associated with abdominal distension and pain, flatulence, belching, nausea, and vomiting. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an antecedent-based behavioral intervention on aerophagia with an adolescent female diagnosed with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), severe intellectual disability, and herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system with chronic static encephalopathy. Results from a functional analysis and multiple-component aerophagia assessment suggested that aerophagia persisted in the absence of social consequences (i.e., maintained by automatic reinforcement), and was sensitive to activity-based antecedent manipulations. Results from the behavioral treatment evaluation yielded clinically and statistically significant decreases in aerophagia with behavioral treatment alone, and with combined behavioral-pharmacological treatment.
Spring discharge and thermal regime of a groundwater dependent ecosystem in an arid karst environment

Abstract In semi-arid regions, groundwater-dependent ecosystems rely on stable hydro-thermal regimes where refugia have supported aquatic biota for millennia. In karst systems, springs provide consistent flows and stenothermal conditions that buffer extremes. Our objective was to assess the impacts of spring discharge on instream temperatures, using the pristine Devils River in Texas as a case study, where climate change and groundwater development threaten to reduce spring flows and aquatic habitats of protected species (Devils River minnow and Texas hornshell mussel). Instream temperatures and discharge were monitored for three years above and below the Finegan Spring complex. These time series were extended back 30 years using temperature data from North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) land surface models. Monitoring data revealed that springs contributed ~40% of total river discharge. Spring temperatures were consistently 22.6 ± 0.3 °C providing thermal refugia to 200 m of river—cooling the streamflow in summer and warming it in winter, with a noted stratification overturning each winter. High correlations between NLDAS air and soil temperatures and instream temperatures allowed the water temperature record to be extended over 30 years. While air and soil temperatures increased 0.35 °C and 0.30 °C per decade, spring inputs from karst aquifer buffer downstream temperature increases to 0.12 °C per decade. Furthermore, spring discharge reduced the duration of extreme thermal habitat thresholds by 50–70%. A similar approach could be applied to other groundwater dependent ecosystems with sparse temperature data. The results underscore the importance of spring discharge in maintaining heterogeneous aquatic habitats in karst terrain.
Comparing the accuracy of the da Vinci Xi and da Vinci Si for image guidance and automation

BACKGROUND Current laparoscopic surgical robots are teleoperated, which requires high fidelity differential motions but does not require absolute accuracy. Emerging applications, including image guidance and automation, require absolute accuracy. The absolute accuracy of the da Vinci Xi robot has not yet been characterized or compared to the Si system, which is now being phased out. This study compares the accuracy of the two. METHODS We measure robot tip positions and encoder values assessing accuracy with and without robot calibration. RESULTS The Si is accurate if the setup joints are not moved but loses accuracy otherwise. The Xi is always accurate. CONCLUSION The Xi can achieve submillimetric average error. Calibration improves accuracy, but excellent baseline accuracy of the Xi means that calibration may not be needed for some applications. Importantly, the external tracking systems needed to account for setup joint error in the Si are no longer required with the Xi.
Magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography and ultrasound for the diagnosis of female pelvic pathology

We sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging compared with computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) when evaluating for five common pelvic pathologies among women presenting to the emergency department (ED) with right lower quadrant abdominal pain. This prospective, single-center study was conducted at an academic ED as a sub-analysis of a direct comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of CT and MR in the evaluation of appendicitis. Patients were eligible for participation in the parent study if they were at least 12 years old and had a CT performed for evaluation of possible appendicitis. In the current study, only female patients who also underwent pelvic US were included. Three radiologists independently interpreted each MR examination specifically for the presence of pelvic pathology, knowing that patients had initially undergone imaging evaluation for possible appendicitis. The determination of an independent expert panel of two radiologists and one emergency physician based on surgical pathology, comprehensive chart review, clinical information, and follow-up phone calls served as the reference standard. Test characteristics of MR, CT, and US were calculated based on this; the main outcome measure was the summary sensitivity and specificity of MR versus CT and US. Forty-one participants were included with a mean age of 27.6 ± 10.8 years. The MR consensus interpretation had an overall sensitivity and specificity of 57.1% (CI 38.8–75.5%) and 97.2% (CI 94.7–99.6%) respectively, for detecting any of the five pelvic pathologies. By comparison, CT exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 66.7% (CI 50.0–83.5%) and 98.3% (CI 96.4–100.0%) while it was 64.3% (CI 46.5–82.0%) and 97.7% (CI 95.6–99.9%) for US, respectively. No significant differences were identified when comparing these modalities. Overall, Fleiss’ kappa interrater reliability value for MR interpretation was 0.75, corresponding to substantial agreement between the three readers. In women who might otherwise undergo multiple imaging tests to evaluate gastrointestinal versus pelvic pathologies, our data suggest that MR may be an acceptable first-line imaging test.
Use of Portable Sleep Testing to Diagnose Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Patient with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia and Worsening Nocturnal Hypoxemia, an Individualized Approach

IntroductionHigh-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is the mainstay of therapy for acute hypoxic respiratory failure (AHRF) in severe COVID-19 pneumonia when conventional oxygen therapy is inadequate. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can worsen AHRF, and the use of positive airway pressure (PAP) leads to improvement in these selected patients. Obtaining inpatient sleep testing for qualification of ambulatory PAP therapy is challenging. We report the successful use of home sleep testing (i.e. WatchPAT™) in the hospital setting for a patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and undiagnosed severe OSA. Case A 32-year-old woman with medical history of morbid obesity (BMI 51) presented with hypoxia secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia. Initial oxygen saturation was 88% on room air, and chest radiograph showed bilateral patchy infiltrates and consolidations. On admission, she was treated with IV remdesivir, dexamethasone, azithromycin, and IV ceftriaxone. Overnight, supplemental oxygen requirements escalated to 10 liters per minute via nasal pendent, and she was transferred to the ICU. Given her body habitus and nocturnal desaturations, co-existing OSA was suspected, and the patient was empirically started on auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with inline oxygen supplementation. This resulted in improvement in her oxygen desaturations, and she was transferred out of the ICU the next day. Subsequently, a portable home sleep apnea test (i.e. WatchPAT™) was performed, showing an elevated AHI of 31.4/hour, and confirming a severe OSA diagnosis. The patient was prescribed home-going CPAP and discharged home without supplemental oxygen. At her two-month follow-up visit, the patient had a residual AHI of 0.3. Discussion In our patient with increased risk for sleep-disordered breathing, CPAP use with inline oxygen supplementation before trial of HFNC stabilized her respiratory status and shortened her intensive care stay. Performing a portable sleep study in the hospital expedited this patient's workup and facilitated the immediate ambulatory treatment of her underlying sleep-disordered breathing. Without initiation of this treatment in the hospital and during her recovery at home, this patient's severe untreated OSA would likely have prolonged her hospital course and negatively influenced her recovery. Portable sleep studies are an accurate tool to diagnose sleep apnea in selected hospitalized patients and lead to earlier treatment initiation compared to outpatient in-lab polysomnography, especially for COVID-19 patients where safety regulations might prohibit their presence in the lab. Utilizing a portable sleep study in the hospital setting for COVID-19 positive patients can be an efficient and effective intervention, as shown in our unique case.
Effect of High Pressure Processing and heat treatment on in vitro digestibility and trypsin inhibitor activity in lentil and faba bean protein concentrates

Abstract This study investigated the effects of HPP and heat treatment on digestibility and trypsin inhibitor activity in lentil protein concentrate (LPC) and faba bean protein concentrate (FPC). LPC and FPC with 15 g protein/100 g were treated with HPP (600 MPa/5 °C/4 min) or heat (95 °C/15 min), then subjected to in vitro digestion. Digesta were analyzed by SDS-PAGE for hydrolyzed protein fraction patterns and their concentrations. The concentration of peptides and free amino acids was also determined. The effect of HPP and heat treatment on trypsin inhibitor activity was determined for 5 g protein/100 g LPC and FPC. HPP and heat treatments led to different hydrolyzed peptide patterns after gastric digestion. HPP resulted in comparable or greater gastric digestibility than untreated controls, but higher gastric proteolysis than heat treatment. Neither treatment impacted overall in vitro protein digestibility, for either LPC or FPC. HPP slightly reduced trypsin inhibitor activity (~8% for LPC, ~6% for FPC), while heat treatment led to much greater reductions (86% for LPC, ~78% for FPC) than untreated controls. Overall, HPP and heat treatment did not negatively impact lentil and faba bean protein quality, which is useful information for developing new food product applications.
Improvements in Function Following Inpatient Activity-Based Therapy for Children With Acute Flaccid Myelitis.

Background Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is an illness defined by rapid onset of flaccid paralysis in one or more limbs or bulbar muscles, with MRI findings of predominantly spinal cord gray matter abnormalities spanning one or more spinal segments following a viral illness. Individuals with AFM may require rehabilitation to promote recovery. Activity-based restorative therapy (ABRT) has previously been shown to result in positive outcomes in children with neurologic deficits related to AFM. Objectives This study examined functional changes in a group of children with AFM who participated in ABRT in an inpatient setting. Methods Retrospective chart review of children with AFM admitted to a single inpatient rehabilitation unit from 2014 to 2018. Children were assessed using the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM), Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM), and the Physical Abilities and Mobility Scale (PAMS) as part of routine clinical care; the Modified Rankin Scale for Neurologic Disability was completed retrospectively. Results Children showed significant improvements across all outcome measures, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large. Significant change was also seen across all muscle groups on MMT, with effect sizes ranging from small to large. Consistent with previous reports, children demonstrated better function in distal than proximal muscle groups at both admission and discharge. Conclusion Children with AFM who participated in ABRT increased muscle strength and made functional gains across all outcome measures. These results support the utility of rehabilitation in the long-term care of children with AFM and residual neurologic deficit.
Early-life heat stress exposure impacts dairy calf feeding and thermoregulatory behavior

Abstract Heat stress has well-known influences on dairy calf physiology, but less is understood about calf behavioral responses to heat stress. Herein, we evaluated milk replacer intake, standing activity, and lying behaviors of calves exposed to prenatal or postnatal heat stress or both. Holstein calves were born to dams experiencing heat stress (HT; shade of a freestall barn) or cooling (CL; shade, fans, and soakers) during late gestation [∼44 d before calving, prenatal; mean daily temperature-humidity index (THI) = 78]. They were then subsequently exposed to postnatal heat stress (shade and natural ventilation of an open-sided barn) or cooling (shade of the barn and forced ventilation by fans) from birth to weaning (56 d; mean daily THI = 77; n = 12 per prenatal × postnatal treatment). Heat stress was confirmed by elevated respiration rate and rectal temperature of the prenatal dam and the postnatal calf. Calves were group-housed with automatic milk feeders, from which milk replacer (MR) intake was assessed. Calf behavior was monitored using loggers and video. Postnatal-HT calves tended to consume less MR per hour in the late morning and drank less MR per visit relative to postnatal-CL calves. Postnatal-HT calves spent more time lying laterally and less time lying sternally in a tucked position during overnight hours. Prenatal-HT calves stood longer across the day, particularly overnight, compared with prenatal-CL calves. This study characterized behavioral responses of preweaning dairy calves exposed to chronic heat stress or active cooling during early-life developmental windows.
Applying Machiavelli to Iraq

Our paper will explore how Machiavelli’s political thought can be applied in class to a case study of Iraq. This lesson provides an opportunity to combine topics often discussed separately in political theory, comparative politics, and international relations. The invasion of Iraq and removal of the Baathist regime provides an opportunity to apply the political thought to a situation of new state formation and internal conflict. The key themes that are illustrated are political order and the establishment of a republican form of government. We also incorporate the use of a student response system (Turning Point) in our lecture to stimulate student interest and participation. This allows for the use of a problem-solving approach that allows students to step into the shoes of Iraqi leaders and founding fathers.
Single-Phase Fluid Streams

Convective heat transfer within single-phase fluid streams is considered in this chapter. The simultaneous presence of a velocity and temperature gradient field within this single-phase medium and the resulting convective heat transfer can be influenced by the compressibility, chemical reactions, turbulence, radiation, electromagnetic fields, and thermobuoyancy. The effects of these mechanisms on the intraphasic heat transfer are discussed by considering the governing equations and by examining some illustrative examples.
Patterns of Talk: A Micro-Landscape Perspective

This paper provides a introduction to conversation analysis. CA is traced from its roots to ethnomethodology, and five features of talk are examined (turn taking procedures, adjacency pairs, presequences, formulations, and accounts). Clinical examples are provided. The relevance of CA to clinicians, researchers and supervisors is also discussed. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Acknowledgements The author would also like to acknowledge Ron Wilson and Michael Moerman for helpful editorial and analytical comments. Portions of this paper were presented at the 51st Annual AAMFT Conference, Anaheim, California. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol4/iss1/1 Patterns of Talk: A Micro-Landscape Perspective
The diverse functions of germline P-granules in Caenorhabditis elegans.

P-granules are conserved cytoplasmic organelles, similar to nuage, that are present in Caenorhabditis elegans germ cells. Based on the prevailing sterility phenotype of the component mutants, P-granules have been seen as regulators of germ cell development and function. Yet, specific germline defects resulting from P-granule failure vary, depending on which component(s) are inactivated, at which stage of development, as well as on the presence of stress factors during animal culture. This review discusses the unifying themes in many P-granule functions, with the main focus on their role as organizing centers nucleating RNA regulation in the germ cell cytoplasm. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80:624–631, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated Batch Characterization of ICF Shells with Vision-Enabled Optical Microscope System

Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) shells are mesoscale objects with nano-scale dimensional and nanosurface finish requirements. Currently, the shell dimensions are measured by white-light interferometry and an image analysis method. These two methods complement each other and give a rather complete data set on a single shell. The process is, however, labor intensive. We have developed an automation routine to fully characterize a shell in one shot and perform unattended batch measurement. The method is useful to the ICF program both for production screening and for full characterization. It also has potential for Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) power plant where half a million shells need to be processed daily.
Determinants of Joint Attention in Young Siblings' Play

The nature of joint attention (JA) engagement of 32 sibling pairs (M age older sibling = 55.21 months; M age younger sibling = 19.60 months) was assessed in a free play context. Relations among JA engagement states, both siblings' age, temperament, and language, and older sibling theory of mind were explored. The frequency of coordinated JA was related to features of temperament of both the younger siblings (emotionality) and the older siblings (activity level and sociability). Younger siblings' age was significantly related to siblings' engagement in coordinated JA, whereas the older siblings' age and theory of mind correlated with the frequency of passive JA engagement. Implications regarding the role of partner characteristics in young sibling JA interactions will be discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi-level approach for document clustering

The divisive MinMaxCut algorithm of Ding et al.[3] produces more accurate clustering results than existing document cluster methods. Multilevel algorithms [4, 1, 5, 7] have been used to boost the speed of graph partitioning algorithms. We combine these two algorithms to construct faster and more accurate algorithm. In this new algorithm, the original graph is coarsened, partitioned by the divisive MinMaxCut algorithm and then decoarsened. A refining algorithm is also applied to improve the accuracy at each level.
3. Absorption detection at the quantum limit: Probing high-finesse cavities with modulation techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of various modulation techniques and appropriate experimental configurations that let one benefit from the signal enhancement aspect of a cavity while at the same time avoiding the introduction of additional noise in the detection process. Dramatic progress has been achieved in optical detection sensitivity by joining molecular spectroscopy with resonator physics. The methods discussed in this chapter emphasizes the importance of separating the molecular signal from the cavity's stored field and the advantage of detecting signals where only fundamental physical processes introduce noise. One exciting application of the spectroscopic method discussed in the chapter is high-resolution, vibration overtone spectroscopy. Coupling this method with large, intracavity beam modes and slow moving molecules, it is expected that hyperfine structures and recoil splitting will be measured in overtone transitions in the near future. The precision with which these transitions can be measured should also make it possible to realize a comb-like series of frequency references from the near-infrared region into the visible.
Fast adaptive on time control for transient performance improvement

In this paper, a simple but effective method to improve the load transient performance in constant on time (COT) control is proposed along with its circuit implementation. In COT control, if on time (Ton) is too small because of high frequency or conventional adaptive on time control, it might become comparable to minimum off time of the system and hence can create undershoot at load step up. On the other hand, if Ton is too large and load step down is occurred at the beginning of Ton, large overshoot can be created at the output. To solve this issue, this paper presents a new method to increase the Ton at load step up or/and decrease at load step down very quickly to reduce undershoot or/and overshoot at output. The main feature of this proposed method is that it can reduce output undershoot and overshoot both by using one simple circuit and as the change of Ton is proportional to the output change, chance of ringing back problem is very small compared to methods presented in prior arts. Another advantage is that as Ton change occurs only in transient period when duty cycle is saturated, it does not affect the small signal property of COT control. Moreover, the proposed methods are very much compatible with state of art single phase and multiphase COT control structures. Simulation and test results in both single and multiphase operation are also presented in the paper to verify the proposed concept.
Progress on Z-pinch Inertial Fusion Energy

The long-range goal of the Z-pinch IFE program is to produce an economically-attractive power plant using high-yield Z-pinch-driven targets (~3 GJ) with low rep-rate per chamber (~0.1 Hz). He present mainline choice for a Z-pinch IFE power plant uses an LTD (Linear Transformer Driver) repetitive pulsed power driver, a Recyclable Transmission Line (RTL), a dynamic hohlraum Z-pinch-driven target, and a thick-liquid wall chamber. The RTL connects the pulsed power driver directly to the Z-pinch-driven target, and is made from frozen coolant or a material that is easily separable from the coolant (such as low activation ferritic steel). The RTL is destroyed by the fusion explosion, but the RTL materials are recycled, and a new RTL is inserted on each shot. The RTL concept eliminates the problems of a final optic, high-speed target injection, and pointing and tracking N beams (N~100). Instead, the RTL concept must be shown to be feasible and economically attractive. Results of Z-pinch IFE studies over the last three years are discussed, including RTL experiments at the 10 MA level on Saturn, RTL structural studies, RTL manufacturing/cost studies, RTL activation analysis, power plant studies, high-yield IFE target studies, etc. Recent funding by a U.S. Congressional initiative of $4M for FY04 is supporting research on (1) RTLs, (2) repetitive pulsed power drivers, (3) shock mitigation [because of the high yield targets], (4) planning for a proof-of-principle full RTL cycle demonstration [with a 1 MA, 1 MV, 100 ns, 0.1 Hz driver], (5) IFE target studies for multi-GJ yield targets, and (6) Z-pinch IFE power plant engineering and technology development.
Visualizing the production and arrangement of peptidoglycan in Gram-positive cells

Decades of study have revealed the fine chemical structure of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall, but the arrangement of the peptidoglycan strands within the wall has been challenging to define. The application of electron cryotomography (ECT) and new methods for fluorescent labelling of peptidoglycan are allowing new insights into wall structure and synthesis. Two articles in this issue examine peptidoglycan structures in the model Gram-positive species Bacillus subtilis. Beeby et al. combined visualization of peptidoglycan using ECT with molecular modelling of three proposed arrangements of peptidoglycan strands to identify the model most consistent with their data. They argue convincingly for a Gram-positive wall containing multiple layers of peptidoglycan strands arranged circumferentially around the long axis of the rod-shaped cell, an arrangement similar to the single layer of peptidoglycan in similarly shaped Gram-negative cells. Tocheva et al. examined sporulating cells using ECT and fluorescence microscopy to demonstrate the continuous production of a thin layer of peptidoglycan around the developing spore as it is engulfed by the membrane of the adjacent mother cell. The presence of this peptidoglycan in the intermembrane space allows the refinement of a model for engulfment, which has been known to include peptidoglycan synthetic and lytic functions.
Upper mantle Q structure beneath old seafloor in the western Pacific

The Pacific Lithosphere Anisotropy and Thickness Experiment ocean bottom seismometer array south of the Shatsky Rise allows imaging the attenuation structure of the upper mantle in the oldest parts of the Pacific Ocean. The array consisted of eight seismometers with a lateral extent of 200 km by 600 km. Intermediate- and deep-focus earthquake sources in the Mariana and Izu-Bonin subduction zones provide paths that probe different depths beneath the seafloor. Acceleration spectra from the vertical component of P waves are inverted for the attenuation operator and corner frequency. Pn propagation indicates very high Qp values in the lithosphere, of order 1000, while path-average Qp values in the upper mantle are on the order of 400. The variety of source epicentral distances and depths enables us to deduce the vertical Qp−1 structure of the upper mantle. Using the amplitude spectra directly in a weighted least squares problem that accounts for the effects of triplications in the traveltime curves, we invert for Qp−1 as a function of depth. We demonstrate that Qp is frequency dependent and adopt a power law dependence with coefficient α = 0.27. We resolve three distinct layers using a reference frequency of 1 Hz with Qp on the order of 145 at depths 100–250 km, Qp on the order of 350 at depths 250–410 km, and very high Qp with attenuation indistinguishable from zero for depths below 410 km. The P waves have a component of scattering, and thus, Qp−1 represents the maximum intrinsic attenuation beneath normal undisturbed oceanic lithosphere.
Synthesis of [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose from highly reactive [18F]tetraethylammonium fluoride prepared by hydrolysis of [18F]fluorotrimethylsilane.

Abstract 18 F-Labeled fluorotrimethylsilane was prepared by nucleophilic substitution of chlorotrimethylsilane with reactor produced [ 18 F]fluoride. Hydrolysis of fluorotrimethylsilane by aqueous tetraethylammonium hydroxide followed by removal of water with a mechanical pump gave a powerful source of no carrier added nucleophilic 18 F. Reaction of this purified 18 F preparation with 4,6-benzylidene-1-β-O-methyl d -mannopyranoside-2.3-cyclic sulfate was complete in 2 min at 80°C and gave two labeled products with similar retention times on reverse phase HPLC. Allowing for decay and handling losses during deprotection, the maximum yield of [ 18 F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro- d -glucose from no-carrier added tetraethyl-ammonium fluoride was 50%. Incorporation of 18 F into organic products was 30% complete in 10 min at room temperature. An identical time-course was observed for reaction of 3-O-triflyl-1,2-5,6-diisopropylidene- d -allofuranose, the starting material for 3-deoxy-3-fluoro- d -glucose. Reaction of tetraethylammonium fluoride with chlorotrimethylsilane was more rapid and much more tolerant of water than the fluorosugar reactions. Chlorotrimethylsilane can be used to recover unreacted 18 F from reaction mixtures.
The Immigrant's University: A Study of Academic Performance and the Experiences of Recent Immigrant Groups at the University of California

One of the major characteristics of globalization is the large influx of immigrant groups moving largely from underdeveloped regions to developed economies. California offers one of the most robust examples of a large-scale, postmodern demographic transition that includes a great racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity of immigrant groups, many of which place a high value on education. As a window into a larger global phenomenon, this study looks at immigrant student participation in the University of California (UC) — one of the largest research universities systems in the world, chartered and subsidized by a state with the largest immigrant population in the US. We provide an initial exploration of the dynamics of race and ethnicity, major, and the differing socioeconomic backgrounds of immigrant students, and in comparison to ‘native’ students. Utilizing data from the Student Experience in the Research University Survey of the UC's students, we show that more than half the undergraduate students in the UC system have at least one parent that is an immigrant. The ratio is even higher at UC Berkeley. Among the major conclusions offered in this study: there are a complex set of differences between various ‘generations’ of immigrant students that fit earlier historical waves of immigrant groups to the United States; the startling number and range of students from different ethnic, racial, cultural, and economic backgrounds points to the need for an expanded notion of diversity beyond older racial and ethnic paradigms; and while there are growing numbers of immigrant students at Berkeley from different parts of the world, and often from lower-income families, there is a high correlation with their socioeconomic capital, described as a variety of factors, but most prominently the education level of their parents and family.
FUZZY-WAVELET RBFNN MODEL FOR FREEWAY INCIDENT DETECTION

Traffic incidents are nonrecurrent and pseudorandom events that disrupt the normal flow of traffic and create a bottleneck in the road network. The probability of incidents is higher during peak flow rates when the systemwide effect of incidents is most severe. Model-based solutions to the incident detection problem have not produced practical, useful results primarily because the complexity of the problem does not lend itself to accurate mathematical and knowledge-based representations. A new multiparadigm intelligent system approach is presented for the solution of the problem, employing advanced signal processing, pattern recognition, and classification techniques. The methodology effectively integrates fuzzy, wavelet, and neural computing techniques to improve reliability and robustness. A wavelet-based denoising technique is employed to eliminate undesirable fluctuations in observed data from traffic sensors. Fuzzy c-mean clustering is used to extract significant information from the observed data and to reduce its dimensionality. A radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is developed to classify the denoised and clustered observed data. The new model produced excellent incident detection rates with no false alarms when tested using both real and simulated data.
Propagation and Scattering in Radially Flowing Media

The first-order (in v/c) vector wave equation for electromagnetic waves in moving media is solved for radially moving media. Two modes of flow are considered, the two-dimensional case of media flowing radially, symmetrically with respect to the z axis, and the three-dimensional case where the flow is symmetrical with respect to the origin. It is shown that the solution differs from the case of media at rest by a scalar multiplicative factor, involving the radius and the velocity. Propagation of a plane wave is discussed, and the local behavior is interpreted in terms of a ray propagating in the moving medium. It is shown that for an outgoing flow, the ray moves away from the origin in the finite domain. At large distances the ray enters and emerges from the medium in the same direction. Scattering by a cylinder and by a sphere, symmetrical with respect to the two-, and three-dimensional flow, respectively, are discussed. It is shown that the scattering amplitude is velocity-independent. This result is contrasted with former cases of scattering in moving media.
Enantiocontrolled solid-state photodimerizations via a chiral sulfonamidecinnamic acid

The supramolecular patterns of three polymorphs of a chiral sulfonamidecinnamic acid reveal components effectively organized into predetermined hydrogen-bonded dimers with favorable <3.8 A olefin spacing for enantioselective single-crystal-to-single-crystal [2 + 2] photodimerization reactions.
Enhancing specificity without sacrificing sensitivity: potential benefits of using microvolt T-wave alternans testing to risk stratify the MADIT-II population.

The MADIT-II study (Moss et al., N Engl J Med 2002;346:877–883) demonstrated that implantation of a cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) reduced mortality from 19.8% to 14.2% during 20 months of follow-up in patients with prior myocardial infarction and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤0.30. Concerns have been raised both about the cost and potential morbidity of implanting ICDs in a large group of patients when only a small fraction of the patients would be expected to benefit from the treatment. This concern has given rise to the hope that an effective means of risk stratifying the MADIT-II population might be developed so that ICD therapy can be directed to only those patients who are at significant risk and thus likely to benefit from treatment for purposes of primary prevention of arrhythmic death. Electrophysiology study (EPS) is probably not suitable for this purpose because of its established relatively high false negative rate and because it is itself an invasive procedure. QRS width has been proposed for this purpose but prospective data demonstrating its effectiveness in stratifying the MADIT-II population for risk of arrhythmic death are absent. Initial data suggest that microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) testing does appear to be a suitable candidate for risk stratifying the MADIT-II population. These data indicate that approximately 30% of the MADIT-II population test negative for MTWA and that these patients are at extremely low risk for sudden cardiac death and cardiac arrest. Furthermore, MTWA is an inexpensive non-invasive test which can be repeated over time to monitor whether a patient who initially tests negative develops arrhythmic risk with the progression of the underlying disease. As studies of MTWA testing in the MADIT-II population come to publication, a database will likely be formed which will establish MTWA as an effective means of stratifying the MADIT-II population. ICD therapy may not be indicated in patients who test MTWA negative, and conversely the remaining patients may enjoy a greater mortality benefit than that observed in the MADIT-II trial. Furthermore, widespread MTWA testing might have the further benefit in those patients who do not test negative of serving as a call to action to referring physicians to direct those patients to ICD therapy, thereby greatly increasing the number of appropriate patients who actually receive potentially life saving therapy.