cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Pauli Hamiltonian for local-potential problems

A recently published scheme for obtaining an approximate solution of the Dirac-Hartree-Fock equations for an atom is adapted and applied to the related Dirac-Slater problem. For a given $\mathrm{nl}$, one solves explicitly only for one large component orbital instead of the four determined in the Dirac-Slater calculations. The equation for this single component is closely akin to the Pauli equation. [We find that the Pauli mass-velocity and Darwin operators are accurate to only zeroth (instead of first) order in $\frac{(E\ensuremath{-}V)}{{c}^{2}}$. We present forms which are accurate to first order for cases in which the expansion in $\frac{(E\ensuremath{-}V)}{{c}^{2}}$ is valid.] Atomic calculations for uranium and plutonium demonstrate that this approximate method yields eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, spin-orbit parameters, and excitation energies in close agreement with the Dirac-Slater results. The method can be incorporated into existing nonrelativistic molecular and energy-band computer programs (such as those for the molecular scattered-wave method and the KKR and APW energy-band methods). This would then permit nearly relativistic solutions of the related problems without the complications introduced by the four-component-type solutions. We discuss implementation of the method for the scattered wave and APW methods.
Reflections on the Knife Edge

The accompanying article, written by John Murphy, a retired lawyer and lifelong outdoorsman from his beloved Colorado Rockies, draws the striking parallel between his experiences as a mountain climber and as a patient with metastatic melanoma facing the hope and uncertainty of experimental therapy. Both are life-threatening circumstances, demanding courage and hope, and challenging our soul in a way almost unique to human experience. Both involve a conscious choice to move forward into dangerous and uncertain territory, and require a determination to look death (John's “Reaper”) in the eye. Many remarkable books and films have been written about such experiences. I recall in particular the 2003 documentary film Touching the Void, about the incredible survival of a mountaineer who returned from a perilous fall in Peru. I highly recommend it to the reader. Another is Laura Hillenbrand's Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption (Random House, 2010), about the survival of a prisoner of war, the celebrated miler Louis Zamperini. Again, unbridled courage and undeniable hope turned futility into future. John Murphy's reflections remind us of the daily heroism of our patients who are holding tight to the lifeline offered by clinical research. Good climbing, John. All of us are with you on that Knife Edge, waiting for our turn to ascend... and hoping to be as courageous as you were then on Capitol Peak and are again now on the Knife Edge of a clinical trial. For our turn will come.
Customer Expectation and Warranty Cost — Nominal-the-Best Case

A fixed target, be it at zero or infinity, is assumed in Taguchi's method for formulating the quality loss function (QLF). The QLF only accounts for immediate issues within manufacturing facilities whereas warranty cost occurs during customer use. Variable customer expectation has not been considered in the Taguchi methodology. This article presents a methodology to predict warranty probability, the probability of customer complaint, on the basis of two independent variables; product performance and consumer expectation. It is expected that the formulation presented will serve as a basic model for predicting warranty loss using warranty probability due to a single characteristic under certain assumptions. The nominal-the-best case is considered in this article and warranty cost is estimated for an automotive example to demonstrate the methodology.
Change in overwintering mechanism of the Cucujid beetle, Cucujus clavipes

Abstract Overwintering larvae of the Cucujid beetle, Cucujus clavipes , were freeze tolerant, able to survive the freezing of their extracellular body fluids, during the winter of 1978–1979. These larvae had high levels of polyols (glycerol and sorbitol), thermal hysteresis proteins and haemolymph ice nucleators that prevented extensive supercooling (the supercooling points of the larvae were − 10°C), thus preventing lethal intracellular ice formation. In contrast, C. clavipes larvae were freeze suspectible, died if frozen, during the winter of 1982–1983, but supercooled to ∼ − 30°C. The absence of the ice nucleators in the 1982–1983 larvae, obviously essential in the now freeze-susceptible insects, was the major detected difference in the larvae from the 2 years. However, experiments in which the larvae were artifically seeded at − 10°C (the temperature at which the natural haemolymph ice nucleators produced spontaneous nucleation in the 1978–1979 freeze tolerant larvae) demonstrated that the absence of the ice nucleators was not the critical factor, or at least not the only critical factor, responsible for the loss of freeze tolerance in the 1982–1983 larvae. The lower lethal temperatures for the larvae were approximately the same during the 2 winters in spite of the change in overwintering strategy.
Sorting Out the Roles of Research in the Improvement of Practice.

This paper discusses the effectiveness of research-based educational approaches on classroom practice. In order to help educators maximize benefits from research in improving practice, it is important to inform them of the nature and roles of research. This essay begins by discussing current cynicism regarding the usefulness of research-based strategies in the field of education. Because of the large body of conflicting “research-based” information, many educators are finding themselves confused and alienated by the phrase “research shows.” Using examples of high-quality research that utilizes diverse methodologies, a framework is presented for thinking about various types of research and their implications.
Stride scheduling for time-critical collision detection

We present an event-based scheduling method for time-critical collision detection that meets time constraints by balancing and prioritizing computation spent on intersection tests without starvation. Our approach tests each potentially colliding pair of objects at a different frequency, with unbounded temporal resolution. We preserve believability by adaptively prioritizing intersection tests to reduce errors in collision detection, using information about the objects and scene. By combining kinetic sweep and prune with stride scheduling we interleave rendering, broad phase collision pruning, narrow phase intersection testing, and collision response. This approach accrues no per-frame overhead and allows interruption at any point in collision detection, including the broad phase.
Anemia was independently associated with mortality in very old persons

Source Citation den Elzen WP, Willems JM, Westendorp RG, et al. Effect of anemia and comorbidity on functional status and mortality in old age: results from the Leiden 85-plus Study. CMAJ. 2009;181...
ASPECTS OF URBAN LAND USE INVENTORY IN METROPOLITAN NEW YORK1

RESUME L'importance grandissante des enquetes visant a l'inventaire et aux pronostics de la croissance urbaine se traduit par un renouveau d'interet dans plusieurs secteurs de la recherche geographique. Cet article etudie certains problemes se rattachant au classement des usages du territoire, au mesurage des densites et a la delimitation de l'occupation urbaine a partir des resultats de telles enquetes. Une etude, entreprise par un comite conjoint de trois etats (Tri-State Committee) en vue de definir les besoins immediats et futurs de la region metropolitaine de New York dans le domaine des transports, constitue l'une des plus recentes et des plus completes de ces enquetes. Cette etude a necessite l'embauchage temporaire d'un personel considerable comprenant des enqueteurs sur le terrain, des compilateurs de documents cartographiques et des codificateurs des donnees statistiques; de plus, on utilise abondamment la mecanographie ainsi que d'autres precedes non-manuels. Les systemes de classement des usages du territoire ne sont que des formules de representation des attribute varies de l'occupation de sites divers et, lorsque l'on tente de grouper ces systemes dans un ordre hierarchique, il en resulte communement un degre excessif d'inflexibilite et de generalisation. Tant que l'on n'aura pas reussi aetablir un systeme satisfaisant de classement base sur les combinaisons spatiales et les exigences diverses des sites, il semble plus approprie de s'en remettre aux activites speciflques dominantes pour effectuer la codification. On a suppute la densite d'occupation par le nombre des residents et, dans une moindre mesure, par d'autres indices tels que le volume des ventes et la surface de plancher reservee aux activites des non-residents. On n'a fait que peu de progres dans l‘elaboration de formules de mesurage de densite applicables a toutes les formes d'occupation. On n'en est pas encore arrivea trouver une unite spatiale ni une echelle d'intensite appropriees, bien que l'usage de cartes marquees de points, comme celui d'une unite spatiale “mobile” et de dimension constante, representent un pas en avant. La delimitation de l'occupation urbaine par le moyen des usages du territoire, des densites ou des categories de proprietes est loin d'etre concluante. Les difficultes deviennent particulierement evidentes dans des secteurs tels qu'on en observe en bordure de la region metropolitaine de New York, ou le lotissement s'est traduit par un decoupage du terrain pour l'amenagement de proprietes de grandes dimensions. Il serait peut-etre valide de considerer les dimensions des cours et les caracteristiques du zonage pour arriver a une definition precise d'unites spatiales.
Pathogenesis of ovine lentivirus-induced arthritis: phenotypic evaluation of T lymphocytes in synovial fluid, synovium, and peripheral circulation.

Abstract Sheep and goats develop a chronic, progressive arthritis reminiscent of rheumatoid arthritis, but caused by lentiviruses related to human immunodeficiency virus. The distribution of T lymphocytes in peripheral circulation of two infected sheep with arthritis, one infected sheep with interstitial pneumonia, three asymptomatic sheep, and three uninfected sheep was evaluated. Sheep with clinical disease have depressed ratios of CD4/CD8 lymphocytes in peripheral circulation compared to asymptomatic and uninfected animals. In one sheep, the depressed ratio was due to an absolute increase in CD8-positive lymhocytes. The predominant lymphocyte populations in both synovial fluid and synovium from this animal were also CD8 positive. Macrophages were the other predominant cell population in synovial fluid and were infected with lentivirus. Little cell-free virus was detected in the synovial fluid, although 1 in 400 cells was infected as determined by infectious center assays. Infected cells in the synovial fluid had a reduction in virus gene expression compared to infected cells in peripheral circulation. This reduction in virus gene expression may be due to the presence of interferon-like activity in the synovial fluid.
Retrogradation of du wx and su2 wx Maize Starches After Different Gelatinization Heat Treatments

ABSTRACT Retrogradation of du wx and su2 wx starches after different gelatinization heat treatments was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Suspensions of 30% (w/w) starch were initially heated to final temperatures of 55–180°C. Gelatinized starch was cooled and stored at 4°C. Starch retrogradation in the storage period was influenced by initial heat treatments. Retrogradation of du wx starch was rapid: when initially heated to 80–105°C, retrogradation enthalpy was ≈10 J/g after one day at 4°C. The retrogradation enthalpy was ≈15 J/g after 22 days of storage, and reached a maximum of 16.2 J/g after 40 days of storage. For du wx starch, application of the Avrami equation to increases in retrogradation enthalpy suggests retrogradation kinetics vary with initial heating temperature. Furthermore, starch retrogradation may not fit simple Avrami theory for initial heating ≤140°C. Retrogradation of su2 wx starch was slow. After 30 days of storage at 4°C, the maximum retrogradation enthalpy for all init...
Carcinoma of the cervix uteri with metastases to the neck.

Eighteen of 746 women with invasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri who died had metastases to the cervical supraclavicular lymph nodes at the time of death; this is an incidence of 2.4%. The rate had no correlation with the staging of the primary tumors. Commonly, the patient had metastases to the chest, or other parts of the body, concomitantly with spread to the supraclavicular area. Two thirds of the women were dead in less than 6 months. The majority died of cachexia, uremia, hepatic failure, and cardiac disease, in that order. It appears that chemotherapy may prolong the life of these unfortunate women beyond one year after metastases appear in the neck.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural rearrangement in the Hookeriales with notes on West Indian taxa

The Hookeriales are evaluated to discern familial limits. Five families are recognized in the order: Hookeriaceae, Leucomiaceae, Daltoniaceae, Callicostaceae, and Adelotheciaceae fam. nov. Chaetomitrium Dozy & Molk., Chaetomitriopsis. Fleisch., Dimorphocladon Dix., and Elharveya Crum are transferred to the Hypnaceae. Hookeriopsis (Besch.) Jaeg. is split into four genera: Hookeriopsis s. str., Brymela Crosby & Allen, Thamniopsis (Mitt.) Fleisch., and Trachyxiphium Buck, gen. nov. The following new combinations are proposed to coincide with the recognition of these four genera rather than Hookeriopsis s. lat.: Brymela acuminata, B. callicostelloides, B. cuspidata, B. fissidentoides, B. fluminensis, B. obtusifolia, B. parkeriana, B. rugulosa, B. websteri, Thamniopsis cheiloneura, T. cruegeriana, T. diffusa, T. incurva, T. langsdorffii, T. pappeana, T. purpureophylla, T. secunda, T. sinuata, T. terrestris, T. undata, T. utacamundiana, T. versicolor, Trachyxiphium aduncum, T. guadalupense, T. heteroicum, T. hypnaceum, T. pernutans, T. subfalcatum, T. tenue, T. vagum, and T. variable. Excluded species are treated as Isopterygium plumicaule, Schizomitrium cirrhosum, and S. subsecundum. Schizomitrium belangerianum (Besch.) Buck, comb. nov. is considered distinct from S. depressum (Hedw.) Buck & Steere, and S. pallidum (Hornsch.) Crum & Anders. is shown to have a smooth seta sometimes. The taxonomy of the aquatic species of Cyclodictyon Mitt. and Lepidopilum (Brid.) Brid. is clarified, resulting in the recognition of three species, Cyclodictyon subtortifolium (Bartr.) Buck, comb. nov., C. roridum (Hampe) Kuntze and L. tortifolium Mitt. Two new combinations are proposed in Calyptrochaeta Desv., C. setigera and C. albescens.
Smart Weapons Operability Enhancement program

Smart Weapons Operability Enhancement (SWOE) is a coordinated, cooperative Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force effort to integrate and validate a targets in backgrounds scene generation process. The SWOE Process has been developed to generate realistic multi- spectral, including IR and MMW, scenes representative of the greatest possible range of world wide battlefield scenarios. This Process is based on fundamental physics formulations which produce accurate temporal and spatial distributions of the energy fields reaching any given weapon sensor aperture. There are six areas of specific focus: (1) codification of methods to make measurements in support of synthetic generation of battlefield scenes, (2) automation of information bases construction for a world wide range of battlefields, (3) multi-spectral scene physics modeling for a world wide range of battlefield scenarios, (4) synthetic battlefield background environment and target rendering, (5) integration of synthetic battlefield scene generation capabilities onto common computer workstations, and (6) integration of the SWOE Process into an architecture that is compatible for use with state-of-the-art distributed networks.
Protected Methionine Supplementation to a Barley-Based Diet for Cows During Early Lactation

Formulation of diets using barley and soybean meal should result in a diet that supplies less methionine than conventional corn and soybean meal diets. To evaluate this further, 28 high producing Holstein cows (10 primiparous and 18 multiparous) were fed a barley soybean meal diet without or with 15 g of added DL-methionine as 50 g of ruminally protected methionine product during wk 4 to 16 postpartum. Cows were fed a 15% CP total mixed diet consisting of (dry matter basis) 50% concentrate mix, 45% corn silage, and 5% chopped alfalfa hay. Yields of milk (30.3 and 29.8 kg/d), 4% fat-corrected milk (26.0 and 25.6 kg/d), and solids-corrected milk (26.3 and 25.9 kg/d) were similar for cows fed diets without or with added methionine. Percent of milk fat (3.08 and 3.16%) and solids-not-fat (8.66 and 8.71%) were similar, but percent protein (2.75 and 2.87%) was higher, from cows fed ruminally protected methionine. Methionine concentrations in arterial and venous serum were not significantly elevated by feeding ruminally protected methionine. Supplemental ruminally protected methionine did not increase milk production but did increase milk protein percentages in cows fed barley-based diets.
Variability Management in Information Intensive Services

In this paper we identify Variability as one of the principal elements that contributes towards complexity in Information Intensive Services (IIS). We also suggest an approach to model and manage Variability in IIS. We illustrate the concepts and solutions with the help of a real world case study from Financial Trade Services.
Necessity of routine pathological examination after surgical excision of wrist ganglions.

Purpose The value of routine pathological evaluation of ganglion cysts is questionable considering that the pretest odds of a wrist lesion being a ganglion cyst are usually high based on physical examination and surgical findings alone. This study evaluates the necessity of routine pathological examination of specimens derived from surgical removal of wrist ganglion cysts. Methods We identified 429 consecutive adult patients who underwent surgical excision of a wrist ganglion with routine pathological examination of the specimen between 1997 and 2008. The rates of concordant, discrepant, and discordant diagnoses were reported with 95% confidence intervals. The odds of a discrepant or discordant diagnosis were calculated. Results The prevalence of a concordant diagnosis was 98.6% (424 of 429; 95% confidence interval, 97.3% to 99.6%). The prevalence of a discrepant diagnosis was 1.4% (5 of 429; 95% confidence interval, 0.38% to 2.7%), and the prevalence of a discordant diagnosis was zero. The odds ratio was 0.012 for a discrepant diagnosis and zero for a discordant diagnosis. Conclusions This study suggests that, in patients with the clinical diagnosis of wrist ganglion cyst, quality of care would not be compromised by abandoning the practice of routinely submitting surgical specimens for pathological examination after excision of the ganglion cyst. Discrepant diagnoses are encountered infrequently and discordant diagnoses did not occur. We recommend pathological examination only when the clear gelatinous fluid typical of a ganglion cyst is not encountered at surgery.
The utility of three predictors of childhood myopia: a Bayesian analysis

Any treatment to prevent the onset of juvenile myopia will require predictive tests in order to determine which children should receive treatment. Three risk factors for myopia were evaluated for their ability to predict myopia: (a) refraction at school entry; (b) refraction in infancy; and (c) parental history of myopia. Bayes' theorem was used to estimate these conditional probabilities. Refraction at school entry had twice the power to predict myopia (probability of juvenile myopia given the child is near emmetropia at school entry = 0.53) compared to either infant refraction (0.21-0.28) or parental myopia (0.20-0.25). While a history of any parent having myopia had the highest test sensitivity (probability of a positive family history of myopia given juvenile myopia in the child = 0.90) and refraction at school entry the highest test specificity (probability of more hyperopia than +0.50 D at school entry given no juvenile myopia = 0.91), none of these three factors had high values for both sensitivity and specificity. Further work is required to develop a battery of tests which could predict the onset of juvenile myopia with both adequate sensitivity and specificity.
The ability of periurethral Escherichia coli to grow in a voiding system is a key for the dominance of E. coli cystitis

The generally accepted concept of the pathogenesis of cystitis is that bacteria on the periurethra migrate via the urethra to the bladder urine. To explore why Escherichia coli is the dominant organism isolated from cystitis, we examined two potential mechanisms that might account for the dominance of E. coli as the etiologic agent in cystitis in prepubertal, non-sexually active girls. First, the frequency of carriage of aerobic bacteria on the periurethra of two populations-healthy girls and girls after their first episode of cystitis was determined. Second, the survival capability of periurethral bacteria in urine under voiding conditions was examined. Two voids were simulated over 6 h by 10(2) dilution. A control was run in broth instead of urine. We found that Gram-positive bacteria, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci, were much more common on the periurethra than E. coli. E. coli did grow well in urine in an in vitro voiding system whereas most Gram-positive bacteria did not. Growth in urine despite voiding may be the key reason for the dominance of E. coli in cystitis.
Photoreduction of horse heart cytochrome c.

— During the course of studies on the mechanism of electron transport as catalyzed by cytochrome c, we have found that ferri-horse heart cytochrome c will undergo photoreduction. We have characterized the photoreduction of horse heart cytochrome c in regard to the photochemistry, the nature of the electron donor, and effect of solvent (pH, solvent perturbation, ionic strength). We conclude that ferri-horse heart cytochrome c undergoes photoreduction mediated by a light-induced heme excited state. Further, the protein moiety of cytochrome c serves in part to quench the formation of the excited state, and also to control the interaction of the electron donor and photo-excited cytochrome.
A Developmental Perspective on Peer Rejection: Mechanisms of Stability and Change

This study examines factors associated with the relative stability of peer rejection among elementary school-aged children. Forty-four initially rejected children (some of whom improved their social status while others remained rejected over a 2-year period) were recruited from a larger sociometric sample. Prospective analyses were conducted to determine whether peer nominated aggression and children's perceptions of their own status in fourth grade were predictive of status improvement by the end of fifth grade. In addition to prospective analyses, initially rejected children and their mothers were invited to participate in a retrospective interview about their social experiences over the past 2 school years. Results of prospective and retrospective analyses suggested that perceived social status, participation in extracurricular activities, locus of control, and parental monitoring were all positively related to status improvement among initially rejected children. Surprisingly, aggressive behavior also was positively related to status improvement among initially rejected boys.
Regulation of Articular Cartilage Volumetric and Compressive Properties by Sequential Application of IGF-1 and TGF-β1 During In Vitro Growth

Articular cartilage (AC) is a load bearing material that provides a low friction wear resistant interface in synovial joints. Naturally-occurring and stimulated intrinsic repair of damaged AC is challenging [1]. Thus, there is a need to guide the formation of tissue of specific size and mechanical properties for AC repair. Previous studies [2,3] with immature cartilage have shown that culture with medium containing TGF-β1 results in enhanced mechanical integrity while culture with IGF-1 results in diminished mechanical integrity. Conversely, culture with medium containing IGF-1 results in substantial volumetric growth while culture with TGF-β 1 results in little or no volumetric growth.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Vision Testing of Young and Retarded Children

Observations in a small population suggest that the Stycar system for vision testing is especially applicable to the evaluating of re tarded and other handicapped children func tioning at a young age level. Our experience suggests most children with mental ages above three years can be tested with this approach, despite their limitations of short attention span, distractibility, visual perceptual immaturity, and behavior problems. When adjustment is made for the children's mental ages, these difficulties seem minimized and success is probably equiva lent to that of other studies of preschool chil dren.
The internal auditor and the critical thinking process: a closer look

Examines the nature of critical thinking and its relationship to internal auditing and considers the various stages in the development of critical thinking skills. Builds on the work of Perry and Kurfiss, and identifies the four successively higher stages of thinking as: authority accepted; ambiguity acknowledged but anything goes; criteria considered; selections supported; judgements justified. Concludes that the task of the internal audit educator is to encourage and promote development of critical thinking skills at the highest level. At this highest stage internal auditors should be able to think independently and arrive at well‐justified judgements.
Activated platelets enhance ovarian cancer cell invasion in a cellular model of metastasis

Increased platelet counts and systemic coagulation activation are associated with ovarian cancer progression. Platelet activation occurs in the tumor microenvironment and may influence local invasion and metastasis. We used a cellular model of tumor invasion to investigate the effect of activated platelets on the human ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3. SKOV3 cells were exposed to washed, thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP)-activated or TRAP-naive platelets under various experimental conditions, and tumor cell invasion was assayed in Matrigel® chambers. The effect of platelets on the content of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and VEGF in SKOV3 cell conditioned medium was measured using an ELISA assay. TRAP-activated platelets stimulated a dose-dependent increase in SKOV3 cell invasion. Exposure to activated platelet membranes and to soluble proteins contained in activated platelet releasate both contributed to the observed increase in invasion. The inhibition of platelet activation with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) attenuated the invasive capacity of SKOV3 cells. Exposure to platelets resulted in significantly increased uPA and VEGF content of SKOV3 cell conditioned medium. Activated platelets enhance SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cell invasion through Matrigel® and increase the amount of uPA and VEGF secreted into SKOV3 cell conditioned medium. If generalizable to additional cell lines and human disease, this observation may partially explain the adverse prognosis associated with thrombocytosis in ovarian cancer. Platelets, therefore, may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention in human ovarian cancer.
Intracranial arteriovenous malformation: relationships between clinical and radiographic factors and cerebral blood flow.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) dramatically alter normal cerebral circulatory dynamics. Clinical and radiographic data from 62 patients were analyzed to determine their impact on total brain blood flow (TBF) measured by single-photon emission computed tomography. 48% of patients presented with hemorrhage and 34% with progressive deficits. 37% had angiographic steal and 21 % developed postoperative hyperemic complications. 40% were under 30 years old, 45% were between 30 and 50 years of age, and 15% were over 50. TBF was less than 70 ml/100 gm/min in 32% of patients, between 70 and 84 ml/100 gm/min in 40%, and greater than 84 ml/l00 gm/min in 27%. Female patients had higher TBF than males; 42% of females but only 17% of males had values greater than 84 ml/100 gm+frsal;min (p < 0.05). A trend toward decreased TBF with advancing age was noted. Intracranial hemorrhage was associated with lower TBF; 47% of patients with hemorrhage and 19% of those without had TBF of <70 ml/ 100 gm/min (p < 0.05). 89% of patients with AVMs less than 5 cm in diameter had TBF of ≤84 ml/100 gm/min, and 65% of those with larger AVMs had similarly low flows (p < 0.05). A trend toward lower TBF was observed in patients with unfavorable outcomes.
Comparative study of various extraction methods for the quantitative determination of free amino acids from brain tissue

Abstract Seven published extraction methods for the quantitative determination of the amino acids of biological fluids and tissues were applied to brain tissue and the experimental data analyzed statistically. All procedures employing organic solvents, i.e., 75% ethanol, acetone-HCl, and chloroform-methanol, yielded low values of the basic amino acids as compared to perchloric acid extraction. Of the acid extraction methods, trichloroacetic, sulfosalicylic, and perchloric acids gave essentially similar values for all but a few of the amino acids. Picric acid extracts demonstrated similarities to the organic solvents in giving low basic amino acid values as well as showing significant differences in a number of other amino acid values as compared to perchloric acid extracts. On the basis of these findings, perchloric acid extraction was judged to be the most suitable extraction method for free amino acid analysis of body tissues or fluids. When used in conjunction with a single-column ion-exchange resin automated technique and lithium citrate buffer elution, it makes possible the separation and quantitative analysis of all the amino acids, including glutamine and asparagine, usually found in biological fluids and tissues.
Evolutionary Conservation of Primate Lymphocryptovirus MicroRNA Targets

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rLCV) are closely related gammaherpesviruses in the lymphocryptovirus subgroup that express viral microRNAs (miRNAs) during latent infection. In addition to many host mRNAs, EBV miRNAs are known to target latent viral transcripts, specifically those encoding LMP1, BHRF1, and EBNA2. The mRNA targets of rLCV miRNAs have not been investigated. Using luciferase reporter assays, photoactivatable cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP), and deep sequencing, we demonstrate that posttranscriptional regulation of LMP1 expression is a conserved function of lymphocryptovirus miRNAs. Furthermore, the mRNAs encoding the rLCV EBNA2 and BHRF1 homologs are regulated by miRNAs in rLCV-infected B cells. Homologous to sites in the EBV LMP1 and BHRF1 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs), we also identified evolutionarily conserved binding sites for the cellular miR-17/20/106 family in the LMP1 and BHRF1 3'UTRs of several primate LCVs. Finally, we investigated the functional consequences of LMP1 targeting by individual EBV BART miRNAs and show that select viral miRNAs play a role in the previously observed modulation of NF-κB activation.
Direct operation of solid oxide fuel cells with methane fuel

Abstract The operation of Ni–YSZ anode supported SOFCs on methane fuel is described. Power densities as high as 0.52 W/cm2 at 700 °C and 1.27 W/cm2 at 800 °C were observed. Open circuit voltages (OCV) increased with increasing temperature to nearly 1.2 V, in good agreement with equilibrium calculations. Measurements of direct-methane SOFC stability showed that at lower temperatures, ≤ 700 °C, stable operation without coking occurred over a wide range of current densities. At higher temperatures, increasingly large currents were required to avoid coking and cell failure. In electrochemical impedance spectra, two electrode arcs were observed with the higher frequency arc increasing in size when the fuel was switched from hydrogen to methane. Mass spectrometer measurements showed that the expected reaction products—H2, H2O, CO, and CO2—all increased with increasing cell current density. The dominant products at 800 °C were H2 and CO, in agreement with thermodynamic predictions. Reasons for stable coke-free direct methane operation are discussed.
An Integrated Design System for Fans, Compressors, and Turbines: Part 2 — Interactive Interface

A new, comprehensive, flexible, integrated design system for the aerodynamic design of fans, compressors, and turbines was developed during the past decade. It operates in both batch and interactive modes. The system contains a flow path generator, a through-flow solver, a stacked airfoil geometry generator, and a flank-milled airfoil geometry generator. This paper describes the interactive interface in more detail. In particular, it describes the design considerations, appearance, and functionality of the interactive interface. Top level requirements were established before the interface was designed. These requirements are explained and some of the key reasoning that drove the high level design of the interface is discussed. The four principal windows in the interface are described in detail. The interactive interface that was developed has significantly increased the productivity of fan, compressor and turbine aero designers.© 2004 ASME
Responsibility and Weaver et al.

Paul Doty, Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry Emeritus at Harvard University, points to the scientific community's responsibility in the case of Weaver et al.
Absorption Pharmacokinetics of Atenolol in Patients with the Marfan Syndrome

The negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of β-blocker therapy have been reported to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with Marfan syndrome ; however, little is known about the pharmacokinetics of atenolol after oral administration of multiple doses to patients with the Marfan syndrome. We studied the pharmacokinetics of atenolol in 13 such patients aged 18.7 ± 2.9 years who were receiving 1.78 ± 0.58 mg/kg/day (70.1 ± 20.3 mg/m 2 /day) of atenolol for 6 weeks or longer. Mean ± SD percentage change in baseline heart rate after the administration of atenolol was -18.03 ±16.59% and mean ± SD percentage change in exercise heart rate after atenolol was -33.22 ±14.75% (P <.01). Six to 8 atenolol serum concentrations were collected in each patient during a 12-hour dosing interval and were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Serum atenolol concentrations at 0 (123 ± 70 μg/L) and 12 (116 ± 66 μg/L) hours were within 20% of each other and were thus assumed to be at steady-state. A one-compartment, steady-state pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and elimination was fitted to the concentration-time data for each patient using nonlinear regression. Maximal concentration was 343 ± 120 μg/L, and the mean half-life was 4.72 hours. Pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows : Absorption rate constant (k o ) was 1.03 ± 1.34 hr -1 ; elimination rate constant (k) was 0.230 ± 0.220 hr -1 ; the ratio of bioavailability to volume of distribution (f/V d ) was 0.00612 ± 0.00214 L -1 ; area under the concentration-time curve at steady-state (AUC) was 2919 ± 1175 μg/L ; and the time at which the highest concentration occurred (t max ) was 1.87 ± 0.16 hours. Additionally, the dose-normalized AUC ranged from 20.9 to 57.8 μg.hr/L. Although there was considerable variability in the pharmacokinetics of atenolol in patients with the Marfan syndrome, the variability was similar to that reported in patients without Marfan syndrome.
Electrical conductivity of poly(butadiene-co-2-vinyl pyridine) diblock copolymers doped with TCNQ

Abstract Diblock copolymers of various compositions consisting of polybutadiene blocks (PB) and poly(2-vinyl pyridine) blocks (P2VP) were prepared by anionic polymerizations. The P2VP block was converted to a polycation and reacted with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) while the PB block was left unchanged. Flexible and processible films of these block copolymers with conductivities as high as 10 −2 Scm −1 were cast from organic solvents. Conductivity measurements and wide angle X-ray diffraction results confirmed that there is an optimal ratio of TCNQ 0 to TCNQ − for which the conductivities are highest. It was found that this ratio was somewhat higher than expected because of the reaction of TCNQ 0 adjacent to TCNQ − anion-radicals and with the quaternized and unquaternized pyridine units. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the presence of essentially regular phase separation in the solid state of the simple salts of the block copolymers but phase separation in complex salts of the block copolymers was highly irregular.
Plant biomarkers in aerosols record isotopic discrimination of terrestrial photosynthesis

Carbon uptake by the oceans and by the terrestrial biosphere can be partitioned using changes in the 12C/13C isotopic ratio (δ13C) of atmospheric carbon dioxide1,2,3,4, because terrestrial photosynthesis strongly discriminates against 13CO2, whereas ocean uptake does not. This approach depends on accurate estimates of the carbon isotopic discrimination of terrestrial photosynthesis (Δ; ref. 5) at large regional scales6, yet terrestrial ecosystem heterogeneity7 makes such estimates problematic. Here we show that ablated plant wax compounds in continental air masses can be used to estimate Δ over large spatial scales and at less than monthly temporal resolution. We measured plant waxes in continental air masses advected to Bermuda, which are mainly of North American origin, and used the wax isotopic composition to estimate Δ simply. Our estimates indicate a large (5–6‰) seasonal variation in Δ of the temperate North American biosphere, with maximum discrimination occurring in late spring, coincident with the onset of production. We suggest that the observed seasonality arises from several factors, including seasonal shifts in the proportions of production by C3 and C4 plants, and environmentally controlled adjustments in the photosynthetic discrimination of C3-plant-dominated ecosystems.
Against global neoliberalism: Normative principles and policy alternatives

(1996). Against global neoliberalism: Normative principles and policy alternatives. New Political Science: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 21-42.
String Propagation in a Tachyon Background

The equation of motion of the tachyon field is obtained by requiring conformal invariance of the closed bosonic string propagator in a tachyon background. The cubic tachyon coupling is also obtained in this way. These equations are generalization of the Kosterlitz-Thouless flow equations and involve nonperturbative contributions to the ..beta.. functions.
Oceanography: The dark side of marine carbon

The fate of sinking particulate organic matter in the world ocean is a key source of uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. Model simulations suggest that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations depend critically on the depths that these particles typically reach.
Promoting mental health competency in residency training.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect our developmental–behavioral pediatrics (DBP) curricular model had on residents’ comfort with handling mental health issues. Methods From August 2007 to January 2010, residents participating in the Indiana University DBP rotation completed a self-assessment questionnaire at baseline and at rotation end. Residents rated their comfort with the identification, treatment, and counseling of mental health problems using a 5-point scale. Results Ninety-four residents completed both self-assessments. At baseline, categorical pediatric residents possessed higher comfort levels toward identification (mean 2.8 vs. 2.3 for non-categorical pediatrics residents, p p p p ≤ 0.05; 4.0 vs. 2.4 for treatment, p ≤ 0.05; and 4.0 vs. 2.4 for counseling, p ≤ 0.05). This remained true regardless of being a categorical pediatric resident, a parent, or primary care-oriented. Conclusion Our curricular model promotes residents’ comfort with handling common mental health issues in practice. Practice implications Increasing residents’ comfort may influence the frequency of active discussion of mental health issues during well-child visits and lead to earlier diagnosis and needed treatment.
A low background detection system for neutron reaction experiments

Abstract A low background detection system has been developed for (n, charged particle) experiments with 14 MeV neutrons. A telescope having two gas proportional ΔE -counters and a NaI(Tl) E -detector is used, along with a fast scintillation counter for the associated alpha particles from the T(d,n) 4 He neutron source. The charged particle time-of-flight t is measured as well as ΔE 1 , ΔE 2 , and E . Particle identification is effected by combining the ΔE and E signals in differential range analog circuit, and background suppression is accomplished by recording only those events for which t is in a predetermined range Δt . The telescope differs significantly from previous designs in having an E -detector of large area at the end of an evacuated drift tube, to provide good geometrical efficiency and time dispersion without excessive energy loss along the flight path. Optimum energy resolution is obtained by using a light filter to compensate for non-uniform phototube response. The time-of-flight gating technique reduces the data collection time required for a cross section measurement of any given statistical accuracy.
Comparison of exercise performance in left main and three‐vessel coronary artery disease

From a consecutive series of patients who underwent rest and exercise radionuclide angiography over several years, we retrospectively identified 34 patients with left main coronary artery disease and 103 patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease who did not have significant left main disease. The results of gated equilibrium radionuclide angiography were compared in these 2 groups. Multiple exercise hemodynamic, exercise electrocardiographic, and exercise radionuclide angiographic parameters were considered in an attempt to separate the 2 groups. The only parameter that was significantly different between the 2 groups was exercise heart rate. However, no value of the exercise heart rate could meaningfully separate the 2 groups. Despite their known difference in prognosis, patients with left main and three-vessel disease had very similar exercise performance and could not be distinguished from one another by exercise electrocardiography or exercise radionuclide angiography. The inability to distinguish these two groups is a clear limitation of noninvasive exercise modalities.
P5-01-17: HER2 Amplification in Primary Tumor: A Potential Marker for Presence of Circulating Tumor Cells in Inflammatory Breast Cancer Patients?

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare but aggressive form of invasive breast cancer accounting for 3–6% of all cases and have higher rates of distant recurrence. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are known to predict outcome in metastatic breast cancer (BC) patients, but little is known about their prognostic significance in non-metastatic BC. We hypothesized that CTCs can be identified in patients with IBCs and may correlate with primary tumor characteristics. Methods: All patients had blood samples collected at the time of primary surgery. CTCs (per 7.5 ml blood) were detected using the Cell Search™ system (Veridex) and were defined as nucleated cells lacking CD45 but expressing cytokeratins (CK) 8, 18, or 19. The presence of ≥ 1 epithelial cells meeting morphologic criteria for malignancy was considered a positive result. Statistical analyses employed Chi square and Fisher9s exact tests using STATA IC 11. Results: We prospectively evaluated 41 IBC patients enrolled in an IRB approved protocol undergoing surgery for stage I-III breast cancer. Median follow-up was 30 months. Mean age was 52 years. Thirty five patients (94%) had positive lymph nodes (LNs) at presentation, 30 (75%) had high-grade tumors and 20 (53%) had lymphovascular invasion. Eleven patients (28%) were ER positive, 11 (27%) were PR positive and 18 (44%) were HER2 positive. IBCs were more likely to be high grade (P Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-17.
Periodic conductance resonances in one-dimensional GaAs channels with nanoconstrictions

Abstract One-dimensional channels with 100 nm wide constrictions defined in inverted GaAs heterostructures by e-beam lithography display conductance oscillations which are strongly periodic in the electron density. These oscillations correspond to single electron charging of a segment isolated by a pair of potential barriers.
Surgery for Ebstein's Anomaly

Abstract The surgical treatment of Ebstein's anomaly is discussed from our experience with 5 patients who underwent successful operation together with 32 previously reported patients. Tricuspid valve replacement with a disc valve and primary closure of the atrial septal defect was performed in our 5 patients. In 3 patients plication of the atrialized ventricle with paradoxical movement was also employed. In the remaining 2 patients plication was not necessary. We believe that tricuspid valve replacement will usually be required for these patients. The low-profile Kay-Shiley disc valve with the Kay muscle guard is well suited for tricuspid valve replacement in patients with Ebstein's anomaly. The prosthesis should be placed above the coronary sinus to avoid injury to the conduction system. Elimination of the atrialized ventricle is an essential aspect of the procedure when paradoxical distention persists following repair or replacement of the tricuspid valve. Primary closure of the atrial septal defect also should be performed. All 5 of our patients were improved and remain in good condition four months, eleven months, one and one-half years, one and three-fourths years, and five years, respectively, following operation.
Low-noise optical amplification and signal processing in parametric devices

Recent progress in low-noise optical amplification and signal processing has raised prospects of practical devices operating below the conventional quantum limit. We review the basic principles, practical implementation, and performance of such devices. In particular, we focus on the operation and limitations of χ(3)-based nonlinear platforms, such as silica high-confinement fiber. Classified by the parametric process application, we discuss the use of low-noise parametric mixers as optical amplifiers, phase regenerators, wavelength converters, and signal multicasters.
Using self-report data to differentiate anxious and depressive symptoms in adolescents: Cognitive content specificityand global distress?

This investigation contrasted the cognitive content or cognitions of 162 inpatient adolescents (M=14.6,SD=1.6) in an effort to differentiate noncognitive anxiety and depressive symptoms. A principal-factors analysis with promax rotation of the Cognition Checklist (Beck, Brown, Steer, Eidelson, & Riskind, 1987) revealed that anxiety and depressive cognitions consisted of three factors, consistent with the tripartite theory of internalizing affect (Clark & Watson, 1991): specific anxiety cognitions, specific depressive cognitions, and general cognitions (overlapping depressive and anxious cognitions). Self-reported noncognitive depressive symptoms were significantly predicted by specific depressive cognitions and general cognitions; specific anxiety cognitions did not significantly predict depressive symptoms. Self-reported noncognitive anxiety symptoms were significantly predicted by specific anxiety cognitions and general cognitions, but were not predicted by specific depressive cognitions. Results were interpreted in light of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis (Beck, 1976) and the tripartite model of internalizing symptoms.