cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normative Accountability: How the Medical Model Influences Transgender Identities and Experiences

The medicalization of gender variance is a key force in transgender people's experiences of embodiment, identity, and community. While most directly dictating experiences of diagnosis and medical classification, it is important to acknowledge that the effects of medicalization are widespread across social contexts and institutions. I explore the medical model of transgender identity, with special attention to its current diagnostic classification, in order to highlight how transgender people's interactional experiences of gender are shaped by medical authority. I review literature that highlights the operation of the medical model as a normative accountability structure in its influence across multiple institutions of social life including health and healthcare, transgender community groups, and legal classification.
A study of the kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of formic acid on carburized and graphitized Ni(110) using AES, LEED and flash desorption

The decomposition of formic acid on Ni(110)(2 × 1)C, Ni(110)(4 × 5)C surface carbides and Ni(110)-graphite, an overlayer of graphitic carbon, was studied using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) to characterize the nature of the surfaces. On the carbide surface the autocatalytic mechanism observed previously for clean Ni(110) was suppressed, and the decomposition occurred via a multicentered ring transition state involving the adsorbed intermediate HCOO. The first-order rate constant for this step was 1012 exp {−25,000/RT} s−1. The reaction probability was unity for the carbide surfaces as on the clean surface, and adsorption of formic acid was dissociative, producing adsorbed hydrogen atoms and HCOO(a). The selectivity of the carbide surface for hydrogen production was 10 times that of the clean surface, due to the formation of a different reaction intermediate. In addition, the graphitic overlayer reduced the probability of decomposition on the surface by at least an order of magnitude; the Ni(110)-graphite surface was essentially inactive for the decomposition.
Cross-architecture performance predictions for scientific applications using parameterized models

This paper describes a toolkit for semi-automatically measuring and modeling static and dynamic characteristics of applications in an architecture-neutral fashion. For predictable applications, models of dynamic characteristics have a convex and differentiable profile. Our toolkit operates on application binaries and succeeds in modeling key application characteristics that determine program performance. We use these characterizations to explore the interactions between an application and a target architecture. We apply our toolkit to SPARC binaries to develop architecture-neutral models of computation and memory access patterns of the ASCI Sweep3D and the NAS SP, BT and LU benchmarks. From our models, we predict the L1, L2 and TLB cache miss counts as well as the overall execution time of these applications on an Origin 2000 system. We evaluate our predictions by comparing them against measurements collected using hardware performance counters.
A MODEL OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT PORTFOLIO AND REAL-EXPENDITURE BEHAVIOR: 1952–1965†

s of Doctoral Dissertations 693 is based on the very good forecasts of 1965 (based on estimation through 1964) and evidence of structural change in 1966. Interestingly, the model seemed to forecast the effects of credit conditions in 1966 on debt issue and capital outlays very well. Thus, we suspect that the variables representing the demand for capital services are responsible for the extrapolation problems in 1966. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.163 on Sun, 20 Nov 2016 04:22:43 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
On the numerical evaluation of electrostatic fields in composite materials

A classical problem in electrostatics is the determination of the effective electrical conductivity in a composite material consisting of a collection of piecewise homogeneous inclusions embedded in a uniform background. We discuss recently developed fast algorithms for the evaluation of the potential and electrostatic fields induced in multiphase composites by an applied potential, from which the desired effective properties may be easily obtained. The schemes are based on combining a suitable boundary integral equation with the Fast Multipole Method and the GMRES iterative method; the CPU time required grows linearly with the number of points in the discretization of the interface between the inclusions and the background material.A variety of other questions in electrostatics, magnetostatics and diffusion can be formulated in terms of interface problems. These include the evaluation of electrostatic fields in the presence of dielectric inclusions, the determination of magnetostatic fields in media with variable magnetic permeability, and the calculation of the effective thermal conductivity of a composite material. The methods presented here apply with minor modification to these other situations as well.
Return On Investment From Childhood Immunization In Low- And Middle-Income Countries, 2011–20

An analysis of return on investment can help policy makers support, optimize, and advocate for the expansion of immunization programs in the world’s poorest countries. We assessed the return on investment associated with achieving projected coverage levels for vaccinations to prevent diseases related to ten antigens in ninety-four low- and middle-income countries during 2011–20, the Decade of Vaccines. We derived these estimates by using costs of vaccines, supply chains, and service delivery and their associated economic benefits. Based on the costs of illnesses averted, we estimated that projected immunizations will yield a net return about 16 times greater than costs over the decade (uncertainty range: 10–25). Using a full-income approach, which quantifies the value that people place on living longer and healthier lives, we found that net returns amounted to 44 times the costs (uncertainty range: 27–67). Across all antigens, net returns were greater than costs. But to realize the substantial positive re...
Mitigation of Coral Reef Warming Across the Central Pacific by the Equatorial Undercurrent: A Past and Future Divide.

Global climate models (GCMs) predict enhanced warming and nutrient decline across the central tropical Pacific as trade winds weaken with global warming. Concurrent changes in circulation, however, have potential to mitigate these effects for equatorial islands. The implications for densely populated island nations, whose livelihoods depend on ecosystem services, are significant. A unique suite of in situ measurements coupled with state-of-the-art GCM simulations enables us to quantify the mitigation potential of the projected circulation change for three coral reef ecosystems under two future scenarios. Estimated historical trends indicate that over 100% of the large-scale warming to date has been offset locally by changes in circulation, while future simulations predict a warming mitigation effect of only 5–10% depending on the island. The pace and extent to which GCM projections overwhelm historical trends will play a key role in defining the fate of marine ecosystems and island communities across the tropical Pacific.
Effect of water temperature on isoproterenol-induced water intake.

SummaryWhen female rats were administered the β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (25 μg/kg body weight, s.c.), and allowed access to water at 6.0, 10.5, 25.0, 29.6, 35.8 and 39.3°, to drink, increasing amounts of water were ingested during the 1 hr test period as water temperature increased up to 29.6°. Water intake decreased when water at temperatures higher than this was offered. A similar increase in water intake with increasing water temperature was also observed in untreated control rats. Thus, the effect of water temperature on water intake was not a function of the thirst induced by administration of isoproterenol but is a characteristic of normally hydrated rats.
Corrigendum to "Visualization of microbleeds with optical histology in mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy" [105, May 2016, 109-113].

Author(s): Lo, Patrick; Crouzet, Christian; Vasilevko, Vitaly; Choi, Bernard | Abstract: The authors regret omission of an acknowledgment of funding provided by National Institutes of Health grant R01 NS020989. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Fixed Points in Metric Spaces

A metric space is a set equipped with a function which assigns a numerical “distance” to each pair of points. These objects arise naturally in many areas of mathematics. In Section 9.1 we prove a classical result due (essentially) to S. Banach that under appropriate hypotheses, an endomorphism ψ of a nonempty metric space has a unique fixed point x—indeed x is the limit (in the sense of ever decreasing distance) of the sequence x 0,ψx 0,ψ 2 x 0,… with any starting x 0. To illustrate the scope of this theorem we devote each of the remaining sections to an application. Section 9.2 establishes that an initial-value problem of ordinary differential equations has a unique solution. Section 9.3 introduces a tree-syntax for recursive specification in which repeated execution produces an infinite (but nonrecursive) syntax tree. The independence of the resulting infinite tree from “calling strategy” follows from the uniqueness assertion in the Banach theorem. Finally, we show in Section 9.4 that the language defined by a context-free grammar often arises as the unique fixed point of the Banach theorem.
Probing Electron Transfer Reactions in Model Photosynthetic Systems by Raman Spectroscopy

Model systems which display the essential characteristics of the photo-induced electron transfer process in the photosynthetic reaction center have been studied using electrochemical methods together with resonance Raman (RR) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The objective is to develop an understanding of the experimental factors which are important for producing highly efficient charge separation between an electron donor molecule and an electron acceptor. In the photosynthetic reaction center complex the quantum yield for charge separation is near 1.0. The primary electron transfer between the bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) special pair (P) and bacteriopheophytin (BPh) is extremely fast (ca. 3 ps) and the energy depleting charge recombination reaction is prevented by a series of dark electron transfer steps from BPh to secondary electron acceptors. The dark process is thermodynamically driven, as each of the successive acceptor species have decreasing reduction potentials. Various approaches have been used to mimic the photosynthetic process including covalently bonded donor-acceptor species, triads, tetrads, etc. as reviewed recently [1]. Another approach has been to prepare organized systems in which the donor and acceptor species are separated spatially. Vesicles [2], bilayers [3] and Langmuir-Blodgett [4] monolayers have all been used for this purpose. The success of the model system studies has been evaluated in terms of the kinetics of the charge separation step and the quantum yield.
Civil-Military Relations in Eastern Europe, 1945–90: A Cross-National Analysis

The preceding chapters examined civil-military relations in Hungary and the applicability of some theoretical approaches to the Hungarian case. In this chapter the focus shifts to the entire region, more precisely, to the five non-Soviet Warsaw Pact (NSWP)states aside from Hungary (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, and Romania). It is not and cannot be my purpose to offer comprehensive analyses of civil-military relations of Eastern Europe within the framework of this chapter. Instead, I merely seek to illustrate the fundamental argument that civil-military relations in Eastern Europe — despite important similarities — were very different throughout 1945–90 and the existing models thus far considered are incapable of accommodating the individual cases.
Pregnancy and Neurological Disorders

Pregnancy and the associated hormonal and physiological changes can have major effects on the maternal neurological state. There are several common neurological symptoms or disorders that develop in the mother during pregnancy, including eclampsia-induced seizures, depression, stress, and cognitive changes. Many of these symptoms resolve themselves after delivery when the hormonal levels return to normal, but some may remain or become exacerbated. Thus, there appears to be a relationship between the altered hormonal levels associated with pregnancy and the observed neurological symptoms.
The Sting of Social: How Emphasizing Social Consequences in Warning Messages Influences Perceptions of Risk

AbstractThis research examines the effects of warning messages that emphasize the social consequences of negative health outcomes. The authors demonstrate that highlighting social (vs. health) consequences leads to greater perceived temporal proximity of and increased perceived vulnerability to the outcome, thereby affecting risk perceptions, behavioral intentions, and customer perceptions of actual experience. They document this effect across five studies in different health domains including flossing (Study 1), soda consumption (Study 2), smoking (Study 3), and unprotected ultraviolet light exposure (Studies 4 and 5). These findings point to the important role of the consequence type highlighted in warning messages, which can have a significant impact on risk perceptions and consumer experiences.
Utilization and Cost of Health Care Services During the First Episode of Psychosis.

OBJECTIVE Because of the chronicity, severity, and marked psychosocial impairment that may characterize the illness, schizophrenia is an incredibly costly disease. Recent data indicate that intervention earlier in the course of schizophrenia produces cost savings. This study compared health service utilization and associated costs for patients receiving treatment for first-episode psychosis (FEP) delivered within the early-intervention (EI) model at the Prevention and Recovery Center for Early Psychosis (PARC) and for a matched sample of FEP patients receiving treatment as usual at a geographically similar mental health clinic. METHODS This study was a retrospective assessment of 76 PARC patients and 75 patients receiving treatment as usual who were matched by age, race, sex, and diagnosis. Clinical and health service utilization data were extracted from the Midtown and Regenstrief Medical Record Systems, and differences between demographic variables, health service utilization, and cost of services were compared. RESULTS Although individuals at PARC had higher physician and nurse visit costs, these were offset by a decrease in costs for acute service utilization. The PARC cohort did not show any difference from the comparison group in terms of total outpatient clinic services used and had fewer inpatient, psychiatric crisis, and emergency room services. Cost analyses reflected a total estimated savings of just over $6,900 per patient. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate not only that EI results in cost savings but that increasing medical services may be key in reducing the use of acute services, presumably because of a reduction in psychiatric and general medical pathology.
From the MDGs to the Post-2015 Agenda: Analysing Changing Development Priorities

The post-2015 agenda will be the single most important force shaping the future of international development. This paper analyses the content of that agenda. It provides both a cross-sectional view and a dynamic analysis of trends. This shows not only the likely post-2015 priorities but also trajectory: an insight into those issues and ideas which are falling down, continuing on, and rising up the international development agenda. The aim of the paper is to give researchers, strategists, policy-makers, advisors and others an overview of shape and direction at the core of international development. This will help them to plan and prioritise more effectively.
Cocaine: Modernity’s Two Orders of Colonialisms

This chapter discusses cocaine as an agency of a double colonialism, an external or primary colonization of colonial space such as of the Americas (Peru and Mexico), and an internal or secondary colonization of the nervous systems of metropolitan space and subjects by means of drugs. The chapter analyzes the neurochemical scheme of cocaine molecules and their actions upon the central nervous system as a mimetic counterpart to the two schemes of two colonial conquests. The military success of the small number of Spanish conquests of American empires relied on their tactical and strategic deployment of the symbolic order; the deployment of chemical symbols to isolate cocaine and other drugs from colonial plants enabled German organic chemistry to develop drugs as a powerful weapon against the nervous system inside the metropolis. In this regard, cocaine is the schematic continuation of colonial history on the level of molecules and nerves.
The Explosion of Virtual Nursing Care

The call for care model innovation is clear, spearheaded by rising healthcare costs, changing payer expectations, overall fiscal and workforce shortages, and an increasingly comorbid patient population requiring significant, long-term support. As part of care model innovation, the leveraging of technology is key.
A test of the nest sanitation hypothesis for the evolution of foreign egg rejection in an avian brood parasite rejecter host species

Hosts of avian brood parasites have evolved diverse defenses to avoid the costs associated with raising brood parasite nestlings. In egg ejection, the host recognizes and removes foreign eggs laid in its nest. Nest sanitation, a behavior similar in motor pattern to egg ejection, has been proposed repeatedly as a potential pre-adaptation to egg ejection. Here, we separately placed blue 3D-printed, brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) eggs known to elicit interindividual variation in ejection responses and semi-natural leaves into American robins’ (Turdus migratorius) nests to test proximate predictions that (1) rejecter hosts should sanitize debris from nests more frequently and consistently than accepter hosts and (2) hosts that sanitize their nests of debris prior to the presentation of a foreign egg will be more likely to eject the foreign egg. Egg ejection responses were highly repeatable within individuals yet variable between them, but were not influenced by prior exposure to debris, nor related to sanitation tendencies as a whole, because nearly all individuals sanitized their nests. Additionally, we collected published data for eight different host species to test for a potential positive correlation between sanitation and egg ejection. We found no significant correlation between nest sanitation and egg ejection rates; however, our comparative analysis was limited to a sample size of 8, and we advise that more data from additional species are necessary to properly address interspecific tests of the pre-adaptation hypothesis. In lack of support for the nest sanitation hypothesis, our study suggests that, within individuals, foreign egg ejection is distinct from nest sanitation tendencies, and sanitation and foreign egg ejection may not correlate across species.
Laterally vibrating lithium niobate MEMS resonators with 30% electromechanical coupling coefficient

This paper demonstrates laterally vibrating lithium niobate (LN) microelectromechanical (MEMS) resonators operating at 500 MHz with an electromechanical coupling coefficient (k t 2) around 30% — the highest ever attained for this class of resonators. This accomplishment is made possible by the use of direct bonding of bulk X-cut LN wafers to high resistivity silicon and a resonator electrode layout that permits harnessing the full capabilities of the film.
Why Software Is Like Baseball

In baseball, the practice of sabermetrics uses data to make objective decisions about which players to draft, which players to play, how much to pay players, and which personnel trades between teams make the most sense. Applying such thinking to software projects might help software teams find hidden value and operate more efficiently and effectively.
A novel 3D printed half-width microstrip leaky-wave antenna

A half-width mictrostrip leaky-wave antenna (HWMLWA) fabricated using a Polyjet 3D printer is presented. The dielectric region of the antenna is 3D (3-dimensional) printed and it is followed by a sputter deposited copper (Cu) layer and electroplating of a thick layer. This layer is patterned using a demascene-like process. The antenna structure consists of a long strip of line which is shorted to the ground plane using continuous metal folded on one edge. The measured and simulated return loss matches over a frequency range of 1 to 10 GHz. Radiation pattern measured results at 6 GHz show a gain of 6.82dB with main lobe at 58 degrees, which also matches closely with simulated results. 3D printing allows for rapid prototyping of complex antennas structures and it is utilized for the fabrication of a LWA, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time.
The dark oracle: perspective-aware unused and unreachable address discovery

Internet traffic destined for unused or unreachable addresses provides critically important information on malicious and misconfigured activity. Since Internet address allocation and policy information is distributed across many devices, applications, and administrative domains, constructing a comprehensive map of unused and unreachable ("dark") addresses is challenging. In this paper, we present an architecture that automates the process of discovering these dark addresses by actively participating with allocation, routing, and policy systems. Our approach is to adopt a local perspective revealing unreachable external addresses and unused private and local addresses, and enabling the detection of threats coming into and out of a network. To validate the approach, we construct a prototype system called the Dark Oracle that uses internal and external routing data and host configuration information, such as DHCP logs, to automatically discover dark addresses. We experimentally evaluate the prototype using data from a large enterprise network, and a regional ISP, and from deployment of the Dark Oracle on a large academic network.
Institution-Building under Foreign Occupations: Lessons from the Colonial Past

This paper seeks to explain variation in state-building outcomes under foreign occupations. Why do some state-building missions produce long-lasting institutional transformation, while others leave a legacy of failed institutions? I explore this question through a comparative study of the American colonization of the Philippines (1898-1941) and the Japanese colonization of Taiwan (1895-1945), which produced contrasting state-building outcomes despite having similar background conditions. In contrast to recent work in post-conflict studies that emphasizes state-building intensity and institutional design, this paper focuses on process - the process through which foreign agents transform war-torn or traditional societies into modern states. I argue that two key factors affect the ability of occupiers to integrate new rules and organizational structures into the existing institutions of a target society to create a functional state: (i) the extent of discretionary authority granted to the occupational regime by its home government and (ii) the ability of native elites to interfere with the institution-building effort. The greater freedom foreign agents have to engage in on-the-ground experimentation, the more likely they are to successfully integrate new institutions into the native social order. However, contrary to conventional wisdom, the most effective institutions emerge when native elites possess the capacity to veto the institution-building program of foreign agents. Only when new institutions are undergirded by the self-serving interests of local powerholders do they become enforceable, for foreign occupiers lack both the manpower and the legitimacy necessary to compel widespread compliance to new rules.
Cognitive Analysis of Decision Support for Antibiotic Prescribing at the Point of Ordering in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Computerized decision support systems have been used to help ensure safe medication prescribing. However, the acceptance of these types of decision support has been reported to be low. It has been suggested that decreased acceptance may be due to lack of clinical relevance. Additionally, cognitive fit between the user interface and clinical task may impact the response of clinicians as they interact with the system. In order to better understand clinician responses to such decision support, we used cognitive task analysis methods to evaluate clinical alerts for antibiotic prescribing in a neonatal intensive care unit. Two methods were used: 1) a cognitive walkthrough; and 2) usability testing with a ‘think-aloud’ protocol. Data were analyzed for impact on cognitive effort according to categories of cognitive distance. We found that responses to alerts may be context specific and that lack of screen cues often increases cognitive effort required to use a system.
Toxicogenomics: making progress by maintaining a focus on the fundamentals of toxicology

The study of gene expression is based upon the implicit assumption that altered expression is a key component underlying toxicological outcomes. A goal is to discover patterns of expression that can provide insight regarding genes that are involved in particular types of toxicity. This can enhance our understanding of key events that contribute to toxicity and there is considerable interest in identifying gene expression patterns that are indicative of toxicity, prior to its detection by classical means. The application of genomic technology to toxicology provides exciting new opportunities. However, toxicogenomics is a tool, it will not solve all of our problems. Key, basic aspects of risk assessment are: 1) rational selection of doses to be tested; 2) dose-response relationships, including the existence of thresholds; 3) species to species extrapolation issues; and 4) exposure assessment. These should be taken into account when genomic technologies are employed. In particular, one needs to be cognizant of the fact that dose influences mechanism, mechanism changes with dose and, therefore, effects that are produced by high doses do not necessarily occur at low doses. Furthermore, a change in the pattern of gene expression is not necessarily indicative of toxicity. In order to succeed as we embrace new molecular tools and incorporate them into research in toxicology, including risk assessment, it is imperative that the fundamental principles of toxicology are kept at the forefront.
Food Systems: Pathways for Improved Diets and Nutrition

The United Nations has declared 2016-2025 as the Decade of Action on Nutrition. The emphasis of this decade is on alleviating malnutrition in all its forms. Food systems are 1 of 6 priorities for achieving this goal. This brief uses a food-systems approach to analyze the effects of agriculture production, commercialization, and sex on diet quality and nutrition.
Job Negotiations in Academic Medicine: Building a Competency-Based Roadmap for Residents and Fellows

Negotiation skills are critical to career success, yet many physicians feel ill-equipped to negotiate for professional opportunities. Enhancing competencies in this arena may be especially critical for women and underrepresented minorities to reduce disparities in compensation and resources that begin upon entry into the workforce as junior faculty. This perspective offers a comprehensive overview of negotiation strategies and the job search process for individuals finishing medical training and seeking first-time employment. First, we extrapolate lessons from clinical medicine to provide a negotiation roadmap for residents and fellows. We use both a clinical and an employment scenario to illustrate the concept of principled negotiation in which negotiating partners elicit each other's values and interests and identify options for mutual gain. We then describe approaches to seeking and negotiating job opportunities and discuss typical timelines for these activities. We supply a list of professional needs to consider before a negotiation begins and introduce the concept of a best alternative to negotiated agreement to help ensure essential requirements are met in a final employment offer. Finally, we explore the utility of third-party assistance and published benchmarks and offer best practices for negotiating.
Growing care gaps, shrinking state? Home care workers and the Fair Labor Standards Act

Home care work will be among the fastest growing jobs in the USA in the next 10 years, linked to the increase in people aged over 65. Located at the intersection of health care, social policy and the state, home care work is notable for its low pay, job insecurity and irregular hours. The legal and economic precarity of home care workers has roots in the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). We analyse the FLSA and subsequent amendments regarding home care workers, as a vehicle for exploring American state intervention into and apparent retreat from the social safety net and promoting collective well-being.
The Interaction of Cognitive Interference, Standing Surface, and Fatigue on Lower Extremity Muscle Activity.

Abstract Background Performing cognitive tasks and muscular fatigue have been shown to increase muscle activity of the lower extremity during quiet standing. A common intervention to reduce muscular fatigue is to provide a softer shoe-surface interface. However, little is known regarding how muscle activity is affected by softer shoe-surface interfaces during static standing. The purpose of this study was to assess lower extremity muscular activity during erect standing on three different standing surfaces, before and after an acute workload and during cognitive tasks. Methods Surface electromyography was collected on ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, and knee flexors and extensors of fifteen male participants. Dependent electromyography variables of mean, peak, root mean square, and cocontraction index were calculated and analyzed with a 2 × 2 × 3 within-subject repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Pre-workload muscle activity did not differ between surfaces and cognitive task conditions. However, greater muscle activity during post-workload balance assessment was found, specifically during the cognitive task. Cognitive task errors did not differ between surface and workload. Conclusions The cognitive task after workload increased lower extremity muscular activity compared to quite standing, irrespective of the surface condition, suggesting an increased demand was placed on the postural control system as the result of both fatigue and cognitive task.
Metabolic studies reveal that ruminal microbes of adult steers do not degrade rumen-protected or unprotected L-citrulline

In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to determine the metabolism of rumen-protected or unprotected l-citrulline (Cit) plus l-glutamine (Gln) by ruminal microbes. In the in vitro experiment, whole ruminal fluid (3 mL, containing microorganisms) from steers was incubated at 37 oC with 5 mM Cit plus 6 mM Gln (in a rumen-protected or unprotected form) for 0, 0.5, 2, or 4 h after which times 50 µL samples were collected for AA and ammonia analyses. In the in vivo experiment, at 0.5 h before and 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after cannulated adult steers consumed 0.56 kg dried-distillers' grain mixed with 70 g Cit plus 70 g Gln (in a rumen-protected or unprotected form), samples of ruminal fluid and jugular venous blood were obtained for AA analyses. Results from both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated extensive hydrolysis of rumen-unprotected Gln into glutamate, but little degradation of the rumen-protected Gln or rumen-protected and unprotected Cit by ruminal microbes. Concentrations of Cit and arginine in the plasma of steers consuming rumen-protected or unprotected AA increased at 1 and 2 h after the meal, respectively, when compared with values at 0 h. Collectively, these novel findings indicate that ruminal microbes of adult steers do not degrade extracellular Cit in a rumen-protected or unprotected form. Our results refute the view that all dietary AAs are extensively catabolized by ruminal microorganisms and also have important implications for dietary supplementation with Cit to ruminants to enhance the concentration of arginine in their plasma and their productivity.
Eliciting Students’ Perspectives About Their Co-Teaching Experiences:

This column explores the value of eliciting perspectives from students with and without disabilities about their experiences in co-taught settings. Research focused on co-teaching and eliciting fee...
Wild Abandon: American Literature and the Identity Politics of Ecology

The American wilderness narrative, which divides nature from culture, has remained remarkably persistent despite the rise of ecological science, which emphasizes interconnection between these spheres. Wild Abandon considers how ecology's interaction with radical politics of authenticity in the twentieth century has kept that narrative alive in altered form. As ecology gained political momentum in the 1960s and 1970s, many environmentalists combined it with ideas borrowed from psychoanalysis and a variety of identity-based social movements. The result was an identity politics of ecology that framed ecology itself as an authentic identity position repressed by cultural forms, including social differences and even selfhood. Through readings of texts by Edward Abbey, Simon Ortiz, Toni Morrison, Margaret Atwood, and Jon Krakauer, among others, Alexander Menrisky argues that writers have both dramatized and critiqued this tendency, in the process undermining the concept of authenticity altogether and granting insight into alternative histories of identity and environment.
Adsorption Sites, Bonding Configurations, Reactions and Mass Transport Surface

Section 26.2 discusses the essential concepts of infrared (IR) spectroscopy as it pertains to studies of surfaces and interfaces, focusing on different potential measurement geometries and the type of information that can be extracted from an IR absorption measurement. Section 26.3 provides a brief overview of low-energy ion scattering (LEIS)-based quantification of surface composition and thin film structure. The fundamentals of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) have already been covered in a previous chapter and are therefore not addressed here. Section 26.4 presents examples from a variety of different fields to illustrate how the combination of these three techniques has yielded quantitative information on adsorption sites, bonding configurations, surface reactions, and mass transport. These examples include ultrashallow monolayer doping of semiconductors, growth of ultrathin metal oxide layers, characterization of catalyst model surface structure, reactivity of transition-metal surfaces with nitrogen and hydrogen plasmas, dielectric surface etching and functionalization, and gas storage in nanoporous materials.
Spectral Properties of Point Interactions with Fermionic Symmetries

The history of quantum systems with zero-range interactions can be traced back to the 1930s, with the pioneering paper of Bethe and Peierls on the quantum theory of the diplon. The past two decades have witnessed a renewed interest in this class of models among both physicists and mathematicians. Advances in experimental techniques have made possible to produce systems of particles whose two-body range of interactions is virtually zero, leading to a class of phenomena yet to be understood in terms of basic principles of quantum mechanics. The main focus here is on particularly relevant spectral properties of these systems, such as their stability or the presence/absence of singular spectral phenomena (e.g., Efimov effect), in dimension three. In particular, our work gives an (almost) complete picture of the spectrum for two identical fermions interacting with a third particle of a different nature in a three dimensional space, provided that the latter has a sufficiently large mass compared to the fermions. Possible future developments are also discussed.
Changes in Opioid Therapy Use by an Interprofessional Primary Care Team: A Descriptive Study of Opioid Prescription Data.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to describe changes in opioid-therapy prescription rates after a family medicine practice included on-site chiropractic services. Methods The study design was a retrospective analysis of opioid prescription data. The database included opioid prescriptions written for patients seeking care at the family medicine practice from April 2015 to September 2018. In June 2016, the practice reviewed and changed its opioid medication practices. In April 2017, the practice included on-site chiropractic services. Opiod-therapy use was defined as the average rate of opioid prescriptions over all medical providers at the practice. Results There was a significant decrease of 22% in the average monthly rate of opioid prescriptions after the inclusion of chiropractic services (F1,40 = 10.69; P Conclusion This study demonstrates that there were decreases in opioid-therapy prescribing rates after a family medicine practice included on-site chiropractic services. This suggests that inclusion of chiropractic services may have had a positive effect on prescribing behaviors of medical physicians, as they may have been able to offer their patients additional nonpharmaceutical options for pain management.
VTA and Anterior Hippocampus Target Dissociable Neocortical Networks for Post-Novelty Enhancements.

The detection of novelty indicates changes in the environment and the need to update existing representations. In response to novelty, interactions across the VTA-hippocampal circuit support experience-dependent plasticity in the hippocampus. While theories have broadly suggested plasticity-related changes are also instantiated in the cortex, research has also shown evidence for functional heterogeneity in cortical networks. It therefore remains unclear how the hippocampal-VTA circuit engages cortical networks, and whether novelty targets specific cortical regions or diffuse, large-scale cortical networks. To adjudicate the role of the VTA and hippocampus in cortical network plasticity, we used fMRI to compare resting-state functional coupling before and following exposure to novel scene images in human subjects of both sexes. Functional coupling between right anterior hippocampus and VTA was enhanced following novelty exposure. However, we also found evidence for a double dissociation, with anterior hippocampus and VTA showing distinct patterns of post-novelty functional coupling enhancements, targeting task-relevant regions versus large-scale networks, respectively. Further, significant correlations between these networks and the novelty-related plasticity in the anterior hippocampal-VTA functional network suggest that the central hippocampal-VTA network may facilitate the interactions with the cortex. These findings support an extended model of novelty-induced plasticity, in which novelty elicits plasticity-related changes in both local and global cortical networks. Significance Statement: Novelty detection is critical for adaptive behavior, signaling the need to update existing representations. By engaging the bidirectional hippocampal-VTA circuit, novelty has been shown to induce plasticity-related changes in the hippocampus. However, it remains an open question how novelty targets such plasticity-related changes in cortical networks. We show that anterior hippocampus and VTA target cortical networks at different spatial scales, with respective enhancements in post-novelty functional coupling with a task-relevant cortical region and a large-scale memory network. The results presented here support an extended model of novelty-related plasticity, in which engaging the anterior hippocampal-VTA circuit through novelty exposure propagates cortical plasticity through hippocampal and VTA functional pathways at distinct scales, targeting specific or diffuse cortical networks.
Team-Based Decision-Making in Traumatic Brain Injury

Before shared decision-making was introduced, the prevailing model for the doctor-patient relationship was paternalism, in which the doctor determines the best course of treatment without regard for the patient’s wishes or choices. In this model, which prevailed until the 1960s, the physician is seen as the authority, and the patient is passive, does not ask questions, and accepts the decisions of the doctor. Patients were often not even counseled about their prognosis for concerns that it would interfere with their healing process. During this time, patients accepted without question their doctors’ decisions or else were considered noncompliant. With the rise of the civil rights movement in the late 1960s came a movement of unrest though, and patients began to advocate for a shift in the doctor-patient relationship. Beauchamp and Childress introduced the four principles of biomedical ethics, that of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, which are the prevailing tenets of bioethics today. Veatch proposed a contractual model for doctor-patient relations that incorporate sharing the patient’s values in order to share the decision-making, which will preserve the moral integrity of both patient and physician.
A framework for evaluating the smoothness of data-mining results

The data-mining literature is rich in problems that are formalized as combinatorial-optimization problems. An indicative example is the entity-selection formulation that has been used to model the problem of selecting a subset of representative reviews from a review corpus [11,22]or important nodes in a social network [10]. Existing combinatorial algorithms for solving such entity-selection problems identify a set of entities (e.g., reviews or nodes) as important. Here, we consider the following question: how do small or large changes in the input dataset change the value or the structure of the such reported solutions? We answer this question by developing a general framework for evaluating the smoothness (i.e, consistency) of the data-mining results obtained for the input dataset X. We do so by comparing these results with the results obtained for datasets that are within a small or a large distance from X. The algorithms we design allow us to perform such comparisons effectively and thus, approximate the results' smoothness efficiently. Our experimental evaluation on real datasets demonstrates the efficacy and the practical utility of our framework in a wide range of applications.
ON-LINE LEARNING WORLDS FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS INSTRUCTION

The pace at which high speed, high powered computers are being produced mandates a new mindset from those empowered to produce the manpower for the next millennium. The past decade has quickly produced the majority of job opportunities that specify "computer experience required" for both business and industry, and educational environments. Purdue University and Ivy Tech State College Lafayette recognize that on-going computer instruction is a viable solution to some of the instructional goals defined as a result of manpower needs in our society. As such, this poster/demonstration presents the preliminary works of this collaborative effort to develop on-line learning worlds for teaching computer application skills that have the potential to increase learning, recall, retention, and ultimately transfer into both workplaces. Included in the demonstration will be preliminary data and analysis of student performance, overall learning, and comments/feedback from students participating in the learning worlds project.
Incorporating durational modification in voice transformation.

Voice transformation is the process of using a small amount of speech data from a target speaker to build a transformation model that can be used to generate arbitrary speech that sounds like the target speaker. One common current technique is building Gausian Mixture Models to map spectral aspects from source to target speakers. This paper proposes the use of duration models to improve the transformation models and output speech quality. Testing across seven target speakers shows a statistically significant improvement in a popular objective metric when duration modification is performed both during training and testing of a Gaussian Mixture Model mapping based voice transformation system.
Performance and Scalability of a Large-Scale N-gram Based Information Retrieval System

Information retrieval has become more and more important due to the rapid growth of all kinds of information. However, there are few suitable systems available. This paper presents a few approaches that enable large-scale information retrieval for the TELLTALE system. TELLTALE is an information retrieval environment that provides full-text search for text corpora that may be garbled by OCR (optical character recognition) or transmission errors, and that may contain multiple languages. It can find similar documents against a 1 kB query from 1 GB of text data in 45 seconds. This remarkable performance is achieved by integrating new data structures and gamma compression into the TELLTALE framework. This paper also compares several different types of query methods such as tf.idf and incremental similarity to the original technique of centroid subtraction. The new similarity techniques give better performance but less accuracy.
Molybdenum Carbonyl‐Catalyzed Alkynol Cycloisomerization: Preparation of 2‐Phenyl‐2,3‐Dihydrofuran

2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran R Styrene oxide I 1-Phenyl-3-butyn-1-ol 1 P 2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran 2 Keywords: alcohols and diols, unsubstituted; grignard and related reactions; cleavage, miscellaneous; alkylation, C-alkylation; heterocycles, five-membered, one oxygen; esters, miscellaneous; metal-catalyzed reactions, molybdenum; cyclization, cycloaddition; addition, to CC; triethylamine; styrene oxide, cancer suspect agent; palladium acetate
Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on neuronal activity in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus.

The present study examined the regional localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)- and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers within the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the effects of CRF, administered intracerebroventricularly (0.1–3.0 μg) or intraraphe (0.3–30 ng), on discharge rates of putative 5-HT DRN neurons were quantified using in vivo single unit recording in halothane-anesthetized rats. CRF-IR fibers were present at all rostrocaudal levels of the DRN and exhibited a topographical distribution. CRF produced predominantly inhibitory effects on DRN discharge at lower doses and these effects diminished or became excitatory at higher doses. Inhibition of DRN discharge by CRF was attenuated by the nonselective CRF antagonist, DPheCRF12–41 and the CRF-R1-selective antagonist, antalarmin, implicating the CRF-R1 receptor subtype in these electrophysiological effects. The present findings provide anatomical and physiological evidence for an impact of CRF on the DRN-5HT system.