cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teacher Responses to Classroom Incivility Student Perceptions of Effectiveness

Incivility occurs frequently in college classrooms. However, recommendations to teachers for handling student incivility are based on anecdotal evidence. To address this gap in knowledge, students (N = 150) in the current study evaluated the effectiveness of several teacher responses to classroom incivility. Incidents of incivility, described in vignettes, varied in disorderliness and harmfulness. Students perceived ignoring incivility as the only ineffective response. Direct confrontation of uncivil students in class or outside of class received the highest overall ratings of effectiveness, and students tended to see immediate responses to disorderly behaviors as more effective than delayed responses. These results suggest that students perceive teachers as having a responsibility to manage classroom incivility, especially when it disrupts classroom order.
Statistical evaluation of early- and mid-lactation dairy cow responses to dietary sodium bicarbonate addition

Abstract Our objectives were to examine, using mixed model statistical analysis, effects of dietary NaHCO 3 on performance of early- and mid-lactation dairy cows and to determine if there is an optimal level of dietary buffer addition. A database was developed from 27 studies published between 1980 and 1999 that included a total of 30 experiments, 73 dietary treatments and 369 cows. Dietary NaHCO 3 was categorized according to amount in the diet as control (0.0 g/kg), moderate (7.0–10.0 g/kg), or high (10.5–15.0 g/kg) with NaHCO 3 concentrations outside these ranges not included. Forage type in the rations was categorized as maize silage (MS), when it was the sole or main dietary forage, or as forage other than MS (NMS) when alfalfa hay, or silages based on alfalfa, barley, sorghum, triticale, or wheat were the sole or main dietary forages. The statistical model included the fixed effects of buffer concentration and forage type, and the random effect of study. Dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) did not differ among buffer treatments for cows fed NMS, but cows fed MS without NaHCO 3 addition consumed 1.24 kg/d less DM ( P 3 feeding levels in cows fed MS. Milk production, milk protein proportion, and protein yield were unaffected by buffer treatments regardless of forage type, but milk fat proportion of cows fed MS based diets was 2.7 g/kg higher ( P 3 was included. Addition of NaHCO 3 at 7.0–10.0 g/kg of dietary DM was optimal for early- and mid-lactation cows fed MS based diets, but addition of NaHCO 3 to NMS based diet was not supported. However, forage type was confounded with acid detergent fibre content of the diet, differences in response to buffer treatments between forage type might be partially because of variation in the fibre contents of the forage.
Habitat and host associations of Craterellus tubaeformis in northwestern Oregon.

Knowledge of the habitat and host associ- ations of Craterellus tubaeformis (winter chanterelle) is the key to understanding the ecological character- istics needed for its conservation. In this study, a sur- vey of forest types in northwestern Oregon for my- corrhizal associates is performed and the hypotheses that stand age and the volume of well-decayed, coarse, woody debris (CWD) are significant to the standing crop biomass and the probability of C. tu- baeformis occurrence are tested. Host associations were identified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) typing. Habitat associations were tested by measurements on 64 plots in the Coast and Cascade Ranges of northwestern Oregon. Data analysis found that stand age and well-decayed, coarse, woody debris were related significantly to the probability of C. tubaeformis occurrence but not to standing crop biomass. Results indicated the volume of well-decayed CWD is particularly important to the probability of C. tubaeformis occurrence in stands less than 100 yr of age. Well-decayed CWD was the sub- stratum for 88% of C. tubaeformis sporocarps across all stands, despite the fact that ground area coverage of CWD ranged only from 3 to 26%. Slope, elevation and aspect were not related to the probability of C. tubaeformis occurrence or standing crop biomass. The occurrence of C. tubaeformis in northwestern Oregon is highly correlated to the presence of west- ern hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and their mycor- rhizal association was confirmed. Craterellus tubaefor- mis also can form mycorrhizae with Douglas-fir (Pseu- dotsuga menziesii) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) but is encountered only rarely in stands without a hemlock component. In northwestern Oregon, the presence of Hydnum spp. in a stand is a good indi- cator of the presence of C. tubaeformis. Differences in genetic sequences between C. tubaeformis popula- tions in western North America, eastern North Amer-
Thermalization of heavy quarks in the quark-gluon plasma

Charm- and bottom-quark rescattering in a quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is investigated with the objective of assessing the approach toward thermalization. Employing a Fokker-Planck equation to approximate the collision integral of the Boltzmann equation we augment earlier studies based on perturbative parton cross sections by introducing resonant heavy-light quark interactions. The latter are motivated by recent QCD lattice calculations that indicate the presence of ``hadronic'' states in the QGP. We model these states by colorless (pseudo-) scalar and (axial-) vector D and B mesons within a heavy-quark effective theory framework. We find that the presence of these resonances at moderate QGP temperatures substantially accelerates the kinetic equilibration of c quarks as compared to using perturbative interactions. We also comment on consequences for D-meson observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Writing about patients: II. Patients' reading about themselves and their analysts' perceptions of its effect

Thirty American analysts who have published articles that include clinical material were interviewed about their methods for ensuring patient confidentiality. Eight of these analysts had patients who had read about themselves or heard their cases presented, though their analyst had not requested permission to use this material. Eighteen patients had been asked and gave their consent to have their material used. Twelve of these patients were shown the material written about them. The analysts' thoughts and reactions to their experiences of obtaining consent and having their patients read material about themselves, and of disguising material without asking consent and then having it inadvertently discovered and read by their patients, are discussed. Their views of the effect on their patients of reading written material about themselves are elaborated with case illustrations.
Criteria and guidelines for selecting the appropriate LAN(s): what nobody tells you

With “The Year of the LAN” turning into the “Decade of the LAN” it is about time that the facts were presented in a concise, logical, and understandable manner. The plethora of documentation on LANs (Local Area Networks) and data communication is enough to baffle the mind. It is the purpose of this paper to set forth clearly the latest developments in the LAN industry. Criteria and guidelines for selecting optimal network configurations will be discussed, and examples will be given.
AIDS and drug use prevention intervention for confined youthful offenders.

This paper presents pilot work to develop and test an intervention designed to reduce high-risk behaviors that lead to the development of HIV infection in adolescents. The intervention was designed for youth that have high-risk behaviors, a history of drug use or both. The intervention was based upon Peer Counseling and Leadership Techniques (PCLT) that have been successfully implemented with adult offender populations. These methods were modified to address the specific needs of another hard to reach and high-risk population?youthful offenders. The specific aims of the pilot study were two fold: (1) to evaluate the modifications of the intervention, and (2) to test the short-term outcomes regarding knowledge acquisition, enhancement of self-esteem, and readiness to change behavior.
Linkages of remote sea surface temperatures and Atlantic tropical cyclone activity mediated by the African monsoon

Warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in North Atlantic and Mediterranean (NAMED) can influence tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the tropical East Atlantic by modulating summer convection over western Africa. Analysis of 30 years of observations demonstrates that warm NAMED SST is linked to a strengthening of the Saharan heat low and enhancement of moisture and moist static energy in the lower troposphere over West Africa, which favors a northward displacement of the monsoonal front. These processes also lead to a northward shift of the African easterly jet that introduces an anomalous positive vorticity from western Africa to the main development region (50°W–20°E; 10°N–20°N) of Atlantic TCs. By modulating multiple African monsoon processes, NAMED SST explains comparable and approximately one third of the interannual variability of Atlantic TC frequency as that explained by local wind shear and local SST, respectively, which are known key factors that influence Atlantic TC development.
Psychiatric hospitalization history and parole decisions

The present study investigates the impact of a recent history of psychiatric hospitalization on obtaining parole for an exit cohort of male offenders. Legal variables (number of prior imprisonments, prior arrest for violent crime, use of violence in current offense, conviction for drug-related offense, history of drug use, and annual prison infraction rate), social and community support variables (marital status, education, area of conviction, family support, and occupation), and extralegal variables (race and age at release) are all examined, along with psychiatric hospitalization history, for their impact on the parole decision-making process and, ultimately, the percentage of maximum sentence served. The results from logistic regression and multiple regression indicate that psychiatric hospitalization history significantly reduces the likelihood of receiving parole and increases the percentage of maximum sentence served. This relationship persists once other variables have been controlled. Possible explanations and policy implications are discussed.
Protein folding theory: from lattice to all-atom models.

▪ Abstract This review focuses on recent advances in understanding protein folding kinetics in the context of nucleation theory. We present basic concepts such as nucleation, folding nucleus, and transition state ensemble and then discuss recent advances and challenges in theoretical understanding of several key aspects of protein folding kinetics. We cover recent topology-based approaches as well as evolutionary studies and molecular dynamics approaches to determine protein folding nucleus and analyze other aspects of folding kinetics. Finally, we briefly discuss successful all-atom Monte-Carlo simulations of protein folding and conclude with a brief outlook for the future.
Evidence for an Asian origin of stem anthropoids

In PNAS, Chaimanee et al. (1) report a previously undescribed species of primate, Afrasia, from the late Middle Eocene of Burma. They identify Afrasia as the sister taxon to the African genus Afrotarsius but slightly more primitive than it and allied with stem Anthropoidea of south Asia. Anthropoidea is the taxonomic group that today includes New and Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. If upheld, the biogeographic significance of these results is profound: If Afrasia and Afrotarsius are as closely related as Chaimanee et al. (1) propose, there must have been a late Middle Eocene geographic connection between the primate faunas of Asia and Africa. Further support for intercontinental connections between south Asia and Africa is found among other contemporaneous mammalian groups, including anomaluroid and hystricognathous rodents (2). More provocatively, Chaimanee et al. (1) consider the south Asian late Middle Eocene family Amphipithecidae to be a stem catarrhine clade and suggest that Catarrhini (the group of Old World anthropoids) also originated in south Asia and dispersed to Africa.
Granular quantization noise in a class of delta-sigma modulators

The trend toward digital signal processing in communication systems has resulted in a large demand for fast accurate analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, and advances in VLSI technology have made /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator-based A/D converters attractive solutions. However, rigorous theoretical analyses have only been performed for the simplest /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator architectures. Existing analyses of more complicated /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators usually rely on approximations and computer simulations. In the paper, a rigorous analysis of the granular quantization noise in a general class of /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators is developed. Under the assumption that some input-referred circuit noise or dither is present, the second-order asymptotic statistics of the granular quantization noise sequences are determined and ergodic properties are derived. >
Study of the mechanism of enantioseparation of macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases

CHAPTER 1. General Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 General Introduction 1.2 Literature Review Macrocyclic Glycopeptides as Chiral Selectors for HPLC 1.3 References CHAPTER 2. The Manifestation of Charge Transfer Interactions and IonDipole Interactions in the Linear Solvation Energy Relationship Abstract 2.
ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS ON INTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

▪ Abstract This review explores the potential energy, soil, and water constraints on highly productive agricultural systems. It focuses on the process of agricultural intensification during the past 50 years, and it shows that multiple constraints—as opposed to a single constraint, such as energy—are needed to assess the future sustainability of intensive agricultural production. Recent studies documenting changes in total factor productivity based on long-term experimental trials and field surveys are discussed in detail. The results of these studies are worrisome; they indicate that degradation in soil quality and in the overall natural resource base may threaten the long-run viability of several of the world's most intensive agricultural systems. Other studies are reviewed that support a more optimistic view of resource availability and the ability of improved technology and management to overcome these physical constraints. However, the combined evidence suggests that the increase in agricultural pric...
Identifying women at risk of unintended pregnancy: a comparison of two pregnancy readiness measures.

Abstract Purpose Recently, there has been interest in developing a predictive measure to assess pregnancy readiness/intention in clinical settings. Two such measures have been created but tested primarily in pregnant or postpartum populations. This study examined agreement between the pregnancy readiness measures in a diverse population of nonpregnant women. Methods Women completed short questionnaires while waiting for clinical appointments. Participants’ responses to the pregnancy readiness measures were cross-tabulated to assess the level of agreement between the measures. Logistic regression was used to determine factors related to disagreement between the measures. Complete information was available for 220 women. Results Almost 55% of women had disagreement between the pregnancy readiness measures. Women with a high school education or less had 2.60 times the odds of disagreement (95% confidence interval 1.23–5.49), and women who did not use contraception had 2.40 times the odds of disagreement (95% confidence interval 1.18–4.87). Conclusions Although both pregnancy readiness measures are promising tools that could potentially be adapted for use in public health or clinical settings, there are limitations to these measures. These measures should be further tested and refined through the use of qualitative methods to ensure that a valid measure is created for use in non-pregnant populations.
Colon: Diseases and Disorders

The colon has an important role in the maintenance of the overall health of the human body. However, it is not exempt from disease and when affected can lead to a significant impairment on the quality of life, as well as an increase in morbidity and mortality. Similar to the rest of the gastrointestinal tract, the colon can be affected by systemic or local diseases, by infectious pathogens, by exposure to certain drugs, or as a consequence of surgery. This article will focus on the description of colitis and its different etiologies, diverticular disease, functional disorders, and Hirschsprung's disease. Inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer are described elsewhere.
Scientifically literate action: key barriers and facilitators across context and content

Scientific literacy can also be described as a level of public understanding of science that encourages one to act in concert with scientific consensus. Investigating actions concerned with environmental conservation, we examine the context specificity of this form of scientifically literate action and the differential motivations that predict such action across contexts. We report on a large sample of employees of a mixed urban/ rural county in the USA, representing a diverse range of careers, who completed an anonymous survey about their environmental conservation actions at home, at work and in the public sphere. Results indicate that individuals engage at different action levels overall and for different reasons across contexts; limited support was found for the importance of perceived knowledge attainment ability in predicting scientifically informed actions. Implications for policy and program designers and scholars interested in scientific literacy are discussed.
A Perspective on Good Practice in Community College Assessment.

Community colleges are increasingly pressed to develop assessment approaches of genuine value to students, faculty, and other stakeholders. Numerous institutional examples illustrate a set of principles for good practice in planning, implementing, and sustaining community college assessment.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Practitioner's Treatment Guide to Using Mindfulness, Acceptance, and Values-Based Behavior Change Strategies

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is described by Eifert and Forsyth as a third-wave behavior therapy. Rather than focusing on symptom reduction, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy’s main goals are to help clients accept their thoughts and feelings and to live in ways which are consistent with their values. Anxiety symptoms are not viewed as problematic; instead, the struggle to control and master symptoms is seen to be the main source of suffering. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy has been researched and used to treat a wide-range of disorders. In Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders, the focus is on the treatment of anxiety disorders specifically. Within this approach, anxiety is not viewed as something which is negative, nor as something which must be reduced or eliminated. Alternatively, anxiety is viewed as a part of the full range of human experience. In order to lead more satisfying lives, people who experience anxiety should not attempt to rid themselves of anxiety. Instead they must make the choice to act in ways that are consistent with their values, rather than using anxiety as an excuse for not participating fully in life. In addition to an abbreviation for Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT is an acronym for the three primary steps within the therapy: Accept Thoughts and Feelings, Choose Directions, and Take Action. The book is titled a “treatment guide” and it is, in part, a manual for conducting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders. The book is much more comprehensive than merely a how-to guide for therapy, however. It is divided into three main sections.
State-of-the-art of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease research in 2008.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are two of the leading causes of chronic intestinal conditions in the world. This issue of World Journal of Gastroenterology (WJG ) presents a series of papers from world experts who discuss the current knowledge and opinions on these important conditions. Although great strides have been made in the diagnosis, treatment and pathology of IBS and IBD; much has yet to be explained. The etiologies and risk factors of these multifactorial conditions remain elusive. Specific diagnostic biomarkers need to be developed and safer treatments developed. The burden of IBS and IBD on the healthcare system is felt with repeated medical care visits and high costs. IBS and IBD patients can account for 30%-50% of office visits at gastroenterology services/clinics. Over one million people have IBD in the United States, with 30 000 new cases being diagnosed every year. One-quarter million people in the UK are afflicted with IBD. The cost of medical care in the United States for IBD is estimated to be $1.8 billion/year.
The Silencing Mediator of Retinoic Acid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor (SMRT) Corepressor Is Required for Full Estrogen Receptor α Transcriptional Activity

Multiple factors influence estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activity. Current models suggest that the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) corepressor functions within a histone deactylase-containing protein complex that binds to antiestrogen-bound ER and contributes to negative regulation of gene expression. In this report, we demonstrate that SMRT is required for full agonistdependent ER activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that SMRT, like ER and the SRC-3 coactivator, is recruited to an estrogen-responsive promoter in estrogen-treated MCF-7 cells. Depletion of SMRT, but not histone deacetylases 1 or 3, negatively impacts estradiol-stimulated ER transcriptional activity, while exogenous expression of SMRT’s receptor interaction domains blocks ER activity, indicating a functional interaction between this corepressor and agonist-bound ER. Stimulation of estradiol-induced ER activity by SMRT overexpression occurred in HeLa and MCF-7 cells, but not HepG2 cells, indicating that these positive effects are cell type specific. Similarly, the ability of SMRT depletion to promote the agonist activity of tamoxifen was observed for HeLa but not MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, impairment of agoniststimulated activity by SMRT depletion is specific to ER and not observed for receptors for vitamin D, androgen, or thyroid hormone. Nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) depletion increased the transcriptional activity of all four tested receptors. SMRT is required for full expression of the ER target genes cyclin D1, BCL-2, and progesterone receptor but not pS2, and its depletion significantly attenuated estrogen-dependent proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these data indicate that SMRT, in conjunction with gene-specific and cell-dependent factors, is required for positively regulating agonist-dependent ER transcriptional activity.
Developing a Nursing Perspective on Spirituality and Healing

The author of this column presents an overview of selected research and nursing theoretical thinking on spirituality and then offers a beginning exploration of the interrelationships of spirituality and healing. Work in both the totality and simultaneity paradigms is highlighted in the belief, following Nightingale, that spirituality and healing are crucial concepts in both paradigms, although currently defined differently if at all. Some nursing theorists give little or no attention to spirituality, while others such as Watson, Neuman, and Roy, in varying degrees, explicitly discuss the concept. Beginning theoretical conceptualizations have been offered in Rogers’ science by, most notably, Reed, then Malinski and Smith. Healing and spirituality have been linked, although not necessarily in the same study. General directions for research using nursing theoretical frameworks and, in some cases, research methods derived from particular theories/models, are suggested.
Development of a positive psychology intervention for patients with acute cardiovascular disease

The management of depression and other negative psychological states in cardiac patients has been a focus of multiple treatment trials, though such trials have not led to substantial improvements in cardiac outcomes. In contrast, there has been minimal focus on interventions to increase positive psychological states in cardiac patients, despite the fact that optimism and other positive states have been associated with superior cardiovascular outcomes. Our objective was to develop an 8-week, phone-based positive psychology intervention for patients hospitalized with acute cardiac disease (acute coronary syndrome or decompensated heart failure). Such an intervention would consist of positive psychology exercises adapted for this specific population, and it would need to be feasible for practitioners and patients in real-world settings. By adapting exercises that were previously validated in healthy individuals, we were able to generate a positive psychology telemedicine intervention for cardiac patients that focused on optimism, kindness, and gratitude. In addition, we successfully created a companion treatment manual for subjects to enhance the educational aspects of the intervention and facilitate completion of exercises. Finally, we successfully performed a small pilot trial of this intervention, and found that the positive psychology intervention appeared to be feasible and well-accepted in a cohort of patients with acute cardiac illness. Future studies should further develop this promising intervention and examine its impact on psychological and medical outcomes in this vulnerable population of cardiac patients.
Caste, class, and gender: Production and reproduction in North India

Major changes in the technology and economic organisation of Indian agriculture have had far‐reaching effects on other aspects of social life. A critical area of neglected research has been the effect that the changing technology and accompanying social relations of production have had on women's role in agricultural production and on gender relations. Research carried out in a village in North India concretises general statistical trends affecting the lives of Indian women under capitalist development. Female participation in production activities mirrors their caste and class positions. Differential participation directly affects, and is intimately related to, other aspects of women's lives. The article also discusses some of the major contradictions for women's status stemming from the transformation of agrarian relations.
NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT IN THE METROPOLITAN ECONOMY: A Policy Review

This article introduces policymakers and scholars to several issues in the development of city neighborhoods and their residents. It constructs a literature review around a tree diagram of problems...
The Role of Whitecap Bubbles in Air–Sea Heat and Moisture Exchange

Abstract In high winds, the sea surface is no longer simply connected. Whitecap bubbles and sea spray provide additional surfaces that may enhance the transfer of any quantity normally exchanged at the air–sea interface. This paper investigates the role that the air bubbles in whitecaps play in the air–sea exchange of sensible and latent heat. Bubble spectra published in the literature suggest that an upper bound on the volume flux of bubbles per unit surface area in Stage A whitecaps is 3.8 × 10−2 m3 m−2 s−1. This estimate, a knowledge of whitecap coverage as a function of wind speed, and microphysical arguments lead to estimates of the sensible (QbS) and latent (QbL) heat fluxes carried across the sea surface by air cycled through whitecap bubbles. Because QbS and QbL scale as do the usual turbulent or interfacial fluxes of sensible and latent heat, these bubble fluxes can be represented simply as multiplicative factors fS and fL, respectively, that modulate the 10-m bulk transfer coefficients for sensi...
Between Development and Deforestation: Negotiating Citizenship in a Commodified Landscape

In recent years logging companies have moved into areas occupied by Penan hunter-gatherers of Sarawak. Since 1987 the Penan have resisted the activities of those companies by erecting blockades and engaging in other acts of civil disobedience. In the process they have become something of a cause celebre within the international tropical rainforest conservation movement, representatives of which have attempted to intervene on their behalf. Such foreign intervention, though welcomed by the Penan, is resented by government officials. This article examines theforms of rhetoric employed by three parties involved in this debate: (1) the Penan themselves, (2) Western environmentalists, and (3) the Sarawak state and Malaysian federal governments. Each has constructed the Penan, and the rainforest, in particular ways. It is in part because of differences in these constructions, and because of the contested meanings of concepts such as "conservation" and "development", that efforts to resolve this conflict have been unsuccessful. Finally, I consider the implications of this debate for Penan participation as citizens in Malaysian society. ABSTRAK Di tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini syarikat-syarikat balak telah pun memasuki kawasan yang didiami oleh kaum Penan Sarawak. Sejak tahun 1987 kaum Penan telah menentang aktiviti syarikat-syarikat dengan mendirikan penghalang- penghalang dan melibatkan diri dalam kegiatan-kegiatan di luar undang-undang awam. Dalam proses tersebut mereka telah menjadi seolah-olah cause celebre dikalangan pergerakan- pergerakan pemuliharaan hutan hujan tropika antarabangsa dan cuba campur tangan bagi pihak mereka. Campur tangan luar seperti ini, walaupun dialu-alukan oleh kaum Penan, tidak digemari oleh pegawai-pegawai Kerajaan. Makalah ini mengkaji bentuk retorik yang digunakan oleh tiga kelompok yang terlibat dalam perdebatan ini: (1) Kaum Penan itu sendiri, (2) pencinta alam barat, dan (3) Kerajaan Sarawak dan Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia. Tiap satunya telah 'mentafsir' kaum Penan, hutan hujan tropika tersebut dengan caranya yang tersendiri. Oleh kerana perbezaan dalam 'pentafsiran' ini dan perbezaan pendapat tentang maksud konsep seperti 'pemuliharaan' dan 'pembangunan'lah, pada sebahagiannya, maka usaha untuk menyelesaikan konflik ini tidak berjaya. Akhirnya, saya membincangkan implikasi perdebatan ini terhadap penglibatan kaum Penan sebagai warga dalam masyarakat Malaysia.
Social and Cognitive Factors Associated With Preventative Health Care Behaviors of Culturally Diverse Adolescents

Purpose The aim of the present study was to examine whether culturally diverse adolescents’ self-reported engagement in preventative health care behaviors is associated with the following social and cognitive variables: health self-efficacy, value placed on health, perceived barriers to health promotion, and perceptions regarding primary caregivers’ and peers’ engagement in preventative health care behaviors. Procedure A cross-sectional study involving 108 high school students in health education classes was conducted. The majority of these participants (59.3%) identified as a racial minority, and 68% of these participants were female. Results Health self-efficacy, value placed on health, and perceptions regarding primary caregivers’ and peers’ engagement in preventative health care practices were all significantly correlated with the participating adolescents’ self-reported engagement in preventative health care behaviors. Primary caregivers’ and peers’ engagement in preventative health care behaviors emerged as significant predictors of the participating adolescents’ preventative health care behaviors. Conclusions Present findings suggest that family and peers are likely role models for adolescents in the area of preven-tative health care behaviors. Thus, interventions to promote these behaviors among adolescents similar to those in the present study need to be family, school, and community-based.
Identification of maize-derived dominant gametophyte factors

The use of gametophyte factors to protect specialty-type maize has long been advocated, but as of yet, they have made very little impact on preventing pollen contamination due to the complications associated with breeding with these materials, mainly the additive nature of the alleles. A dominant gametophyte factor (DGF) overcomes this problem, allowing for less time consuming production of gametophytic hybrids, but effectively utilized sources do not exist. Tcb1-s, a known DGF, is a teosinte introgression into maize and the leading candidate for utilization, however, it has several issues that limit its effective use in expediting the breeding process for gametophytic hybrids. The use of maize for a source of DGFs may overcome this problem; with the idea years of selection by farmers would likely have minimized any segregation for yield associated with these alleles, making their use for production of gametophytic hybrids an appealing option for modern breeders. Through screening and backcrossing selected maize accessions, we identified DGFs in seven accessions from race Maiz Dulce, which we document here as a starting point for identification of additional maize-derived DGFs. These accessions did not appear to segregate for yield, a marked improvement over existing DGFs. Additionally, we assessed the compatibility of identified maize-derived DGFs from one accession, and showed that, while lines are generally compatible, they are not obligately so since a single accession may segregate for multiple gametophyte factors. There is, therefore, a need to consider the compatibility of pairs of DGFs early in the inbreeding process. Maize-derived DGFs provide a more effective method of producing gametophytic hybrids, making their production economical enough to be brought to market. The use of DGFs has wider potential to benefit any producers interested in preventing pollen contamination with gametophytic hybrids through the same benefits provided to breeders for organic and other specialty systems. In combination with Ga1-m resistance, maize-derived DGFs provide a long-term gametophytic solution to pollen contamination, in a more expeditious way.
Testimony Before the United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet, Hearing on Section 512 of Title 17 (113th Congress)

This written testimony was prepared for presentation to the House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet at its March 13, 2014 hearing on the safe harbor provisions in Section 512 of Title 17 of the Copyright Act. The hearing was held in the context of a comprehensive legislative review of the United States copyright system, which was announced by House Judiciary Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.) in April of 2013. Included with the text of the testimony are written responses to Questions for the Record (QFRs) posed after the hearing by Representatives Collins and Jeffries. The recorded hearing can be streamed from the website of the House Judiciary Committee.
Closed-Loop Brain Model of Neocortical Information-Based Exchange

Here we describe an "information based exchange'" model of brain function that ascribes to neocortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus distinct network functions. The model allows us to analyze whole brain system set point measures, such as the rate and heterogeneity of transitions in striatum and neocortex, in the context of neuromodulation and other perturbations. Our closed-loop model is grounded in neuroanatomical observations, proposing a novel "Grand Loop" through neocortex, and invokes different forms of plasticity at specific tissue interfaces and their principle cell synapses to achieve these transitions. By implementing a system for maximum information based exchange of action potentials between modeled neocortical areas, we observe changes to these measures in simulation. We hypothesize that similar dynamic set points and modulations exist in the brain's resting state activity, and that different modifications to information based exchange may shift the risk profile of different component tissues, resulting in different neurodegenerative diseases. This model is targeted for further development using IBM's Neural Tissue Simulator, which allows scalable elaboration of networks, tissues, and their neural and synaptic components towards ever greater complexity and biological realism.
Deep echinoderm phylogeny preserved in organic molecules from Paleozoic fossils

Isolation of organic molecules directly from Paleozoic to Cenozoic fossils has been documented, which raises important, new questions about the conditions of preservation and the range of paleobiological issues that can be addressed with these new data. Herein, molecules are isolated from fossil echinoderms exceeding 445 Ma in age. Previously, morphological data have been insufficient to establish a consensus regarding early echinoderm evolution. Thus, organic molecules extracted from fossil echinoderm specimens (mostly Paleozoic) belonging to the classes Asteroidea, Blastoidea, Crinoidea, Diploporita, Echinoidea, and Edrioasteroidea are used to assess the position of crinoids and blastozoans within competing echinoderm phylogenetic hypotheses. Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy of organic molecules in fossil extracts are used to compare relationships among hypotheses. These new data support the hypothesis that living eleutherozoans diverged early from stemmed echinoderms, crinoids are nested within the clade that includes other blastozoans, and edrioasteroids are a distinct clade.
Comparison of generalized and localized hyperalgesia in patients with recurrent headache and fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVES Research suggests that dysregulated pain modulation may play an important role in recurrent headaches and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). The primary objective of this study was to investigate algesic responses in localized cervical and pericranial regions (ie, headache-specific areas) and distal locations (ie, trochanter and gluteal) in patients with primary headaches (tension-type and migraine). The headache patients' algesic responses were compared with those of a sample of patients with musculoskeletal pain who report generalized hyperalgesia, or FMS. METHODS Seventy patients with mixed headache diagnoses and 66 patients with FMS underwent a standardized examination of generalized hyperalgesia based on American College of Rheumatology criteria. RESULTS Twenty-eight of the 70 headache patients reported the presence of widespread TP pain, suggesting generalized hyperalgesia. Headache diagnosis was unrelated to the presence or absence of generalized hyperalgesia. The subset of headache patients with generalized hyperalgesia did not differ from the FMS patients in pain sensitivity in the cervical and pericranial areas. Regression analyses revealed that pressure pain sensitivity was significantly related to self-reported pain only in the headache patients with generalized hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that extensive dysregulation in pain modulation is important for a substantial minority of recurrent headache patients, who seem to be quite similar to FMS patients. Differential treatment planning targeting generalized hyperalgesia may be useful in treating headache patients exhibiting generalized hyperalgesia more effectively.
Speculations on Insulin Action

The over-all function of insulin is to facilitate anabolic processes; it favors the storage of energy reserves, such as glycogen and fat, the incorporation of amino acids into proteins, and is indispensable to permit other anabolic hormones to accomplish their specific purposes. Two phases in the action of insulin can be distinguished: (1) an immediate effect, most clearly recognized in muscle, adipose, and mammary gland tissue, which sets in within a few minutes after addition of the insulin; and (2) a delayed effect, dealing with the restoration of optimal function in tissues from a long-term severely diabetic animal, which takes some 4-6 hours or more, and has been most studied in rat liver. In liver slices from animals with long-standing severe diabetes there are a number of metabolic defects—decreased glucose phosphorylation, decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased fatty acid synthesis, decreased peptide synthesis, and increased glucose-6-phosphatase activity; these defects are repaired within 6-72 hours after the injection of insulin into the diabetic rat liver donor.
Foam Generation Hysteresis in Porous Media: Experiments and New Insights

Foam application in subsurface processes including environmental remediation, geological carbon-sequestration, and gas-injection enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has the potential to enhance contamination remediation, secure \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) storage, and improve oil recovery, respectively. Nanoparticles are a promising alternative to surfactants in creating foam in harsh environments. We conducted \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\)-in-brine foam generation experiments in Boise sandstones with surface-treated silica nanoparticle in high-salinity conditions. All the experiments were conducted at the fixed \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) volume fraction and fixed flow rate which changed in steps. The steady-state foam apparent viscosity was measured as a function of injection velocity. The foam flowing through the cores showed higher apparent viscosity as the flow rate increased from low to medium and high velocities. At very high velocities, once foam bubbles were finely textured, the foam apparent viscosity was governed by foam rheology rather than foam creation. A noticeable hysteresis occurred when the flow velocity was initially increased and then decreased, implying multiple (coarse and strong) foam states at the same superficial velocity. A normalized generation function was combined with CMG-STARS foam model to cover full spectrum of foam behavior in the experiments. The new model successfully captures foam generation and hysteresis trends in presented experiments in this study and data from the literature. The results indicate once foam is generated in porous media, it is possible to maintain strong foam at low injection rates. This makes foam more feasible in field applications where foam generation is limited by high injection rates that may only exist near the injection well.
Linguistic characterization in Dream of the Red Chamber

(1980). Linguistic characterization in Dream of the Red Chamber. WORD: Vol. 31, Studies Presented to Professor Robert A. Fowkes on the Occasion of his Retirement, 1978, pp. 109-117.
The Uncivil Latina

This article centers on the institutional barriers Latinas face in their professional development. An autoethnographic approach is employed to explore common themes faced by Latinas that hinder the...
Abstract #2301: Combined Bcl2 /mTOR inhibition leads to enhanced radiosensitization via autophagy and apoptosis in non-small lung numor nenograft model

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Purpose: Radiotherapy has a central role in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The effectiveness of this modality, however, is often limited, in part due to the presence of defects in cell death pathways. In this study, we hypothesized that combination of an apoptosis-induced agent and an inducer of autophagy with radiation could potentially act in additive or synergistic cytotoxicity in vitro or in vivo. Methods: Clonogenic assay was used to determine radiosensitivity. H460 lung cancer xenografts was generated and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tumor sections for tumor cell proliferation (Ki67 staining), angiogenesis (von Willebrand Factor staining), and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 antibody staining). Autophagy was determined by p62 protein, which is named sequestosome 1(SQSTM1) and links polyubiquitinated proteins to the autophagic machinery in vivo and punctuate localization of GFP-LC3 fusion protein, which observed under a confocal fluorescence microscope in vitro. Apoptosis measured using the Annexin V-fluorescent isothiocyante apoptosis detection kit I (Pharmingen) with flow cytometry in vitro. Autophagy was induced by rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, and apoptosis was induced by AT-737, a Bcl2 inhibitor. Results: The combination of ABT-737 and rapamycin markedly enhanced sensitivity of H460 cells to radiation (DER=2.47, p=0.002) in clonogenic assay. This enhanced radiosensitization was associated with an increase in characteristic punctuate localization of GFP-LC3 and in cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that both apoptosis and autophagy were induced simultaneously. We found that the combination of ABT-737 and rapamycin with radiation showed a dramatically tumor growth delay in a mouse hind limb xenograft model in vivo , and was well tolerated compared to control. In addition, the concurrent administration of ABT-737, rapamycin and radiation in vivo significantly decreased cell proliferation by 77% (P=0.001) and vascular density by 67.5% (p=0.09) compared to radiation alone. Consistent with the in vitro results, the tri-modality treatment showed a dramatically 14-fold increase in caspase-3 activity as a marker for apoptosis and a significant 8-fold decrease in p62 protein level for detecting autophagic flux in the lung tumor xenograft model. Conclusions: These results suggest that concurrent up-regulation of autophagy and apoptosis may be utilized as a novel strategy to enhance radiation therapy in lung cancer . Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 2301.
Improvements to the snow melting process in a partially double moment microphysics parameterization

Polarimetric upgrades to the U.S. radar network have allowed new insight into the precipitation processes of tropical cyclones. Previous work by the authors compared the reflectivity at horizontal polarization and differential reflectivity observations from two hurricanes to simulated radar observations from the WRF model, and found that the aerosol-aware Thompson-Eidhammer microphysical scheme performed the best of several commonly used bulk microphysical parameterizations. Here we expand our investigation of the Thompson-Eidhammer scheme, and find that though it provided the most accurate forecast in terms of wind speed and simulated radar signatures, the scheme produces areas in which the differential reflectivity was much higher than observed. We conclude that the Thompson-Eidhammer scheme produces drop size distributions that have a larger median drop size than observed in regions of light stratiform precipitation. Examination of the vertical structure of simulated differential reflectivity indicates that the source of the discrepancy between the model and radar observations likely originates within the melting layer. The treatment of number production of rain drops from melting snow in the microphysical scheme is shown to be the ultimate source of the enhancement of differential reflectivity. A modification to the scheme is shown to result in better fidelity of the radar variables with the observations without degrading the short-term intensity forecast. Additional tests with an idealized squall line simulation are consistent with the hurricane results, suggesting the modification is generally applicable. The modifications to the Thompson-Eidhammer scheme shown here have been incorporated into updates of the WRF model starting with version 3.8.1.
Remodeling of repolarization and arrhythmia susceptibility in a myosin-binding protein C knockout mouse model

Ventricular myocytes isolated from the myosin-binding protein C knockout hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mouse model demonstrate decreased repolarizing K+ currents and action potential and QT interval ...
Nongradient Models in Hydrodynamic Scaling

The aim of this expository article is to explain, by means of some well understood examples, the difference between gradient and nongradient systems in the context of diffusive hydrodynamic scaling limits.