cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gravitational Million–Body Problem: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Star Cluster Dynamics

The globular star clusters of the Milky Way contain hundreds of thousands of stars held together by gravitational interactions, and date from the time when the Milky Way was forming. This 2003 text describes the theory astronomers need for studying globular star clusters. The gravitational million-body problem is an idealised model for understanding the dynamics of a cluster with a million stars. After introducing the million-body problem from various view-points, the book systematically develops the tools needed for studying the million-body problems in nature, and introduces the most important theoretical models. Including a comprehensive treatment of few-body interactions, and developing an intuitive but quantitative understanding of the three-body problem, the book introduces numerical methods, relevant software, and current problems. Suitable for graduate students and researchers in astrophysics and astronomy, this text also has important applications in the fields of theoretical physics, computational science and mathematics.
On the vibrational spectra and structural parameters of methyl, silyl, and germyl azide from theoretical predictions and experimental data

The infrared and Raman spectra of methyl, silyl, and germyl azide (XN3 where X=CH3, SiH3 and GeH3) have been predicted from ab initio calculations with full electron correlation by second order perturbation theory (MP2) and hybrid density function theory (DFT) by the B3LYP method with a variety of basis sets. These predicted data are compared to previously reported experimental data and complete vibrational assignments are provided for all three molecules. It is shown that several of the assignments recently proposed [J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem.) 434 (1998) 1] for methyl azide are not correct. Structural parameters for CH3N3 and GeH3N3 have been obtained by combining the previously reported microwave rotational constants with the ab initio MP2/6-311+G(d,p) predicted values. These "adjusted r0" parameters have very small uncertainties of +/-0.003 A for the XH distances and a maximum of +/-0.005 A for the heavy atom distances and +/-0.5 degrees for the angles. The predicted distance for the terminal NN bond which is nearly a triple bond is much better predicted by the B3LYP calculations, whereas the fundamental frequencies are better predicted by the scaled ab initio calculations. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
When and How Does Depersonalization Increase Conformity to Group Norms in Computer-Mediated Communication?

The experiment reported herein examined how depersonalization, operationalized as the lack of individuating information, affects conformity to a group norm in anonymous computer-mediated communication. Participants made a decision about choice dilemmas and exchanged their decisions and supporting arguments with three ostensible partners via computer, who unanimously endorsed the position opposite of the participant’s. As predicted, depersonalization led to a more extreme perception of the group norm, better recall of the interactants’ arguments, and more positive evaluations of the interactants’ arguments through group identification, albeit only for women. Moreover, depersonalization was more likely to facilitate conformity to group norms among those with higher need for public individuation and among women. A test of indirect effects showed that group identification and extremity of the perceived group norm mediated the effects of depersonalization on conformity.
Objective and Subjective Observations of Low-temperature Thermoplactic Materials

There is much more to a therapist's selection of materials for splints than the qualities of conformability and rigidity, although these are important in a busy clinic. As new materials become available, they may replace existing materials in popularity as more therapists become open to trying them.
E-Book Management: A Multiple Access Points Approach

Currently no dedicated electronic-books (e-books) management system exists that effectively and consistently searches across different e-book databases. The University of South Alabama Biomedical Library has explored multiple ways to improve accessibility to its e-book collection, including federated search engines, WorldCat Local QuickStart, an Electronic Resource Management system, the online catalog, and alphabetical/subject lists. Despite exploring numerous tools and approaches, biomedical librarians have yet to discover a single process to effectively and efficiently manage their e-book collection. Therefore, multiple methods are employed, including enabling title searches by uploading the e-book collection to Serials Solutions, listing e-books by subject and alphabetically, using WebFeat for cross-platform content searching, and employing location limits for e-books in the online catalog. Although requiring disparate tools and methods, a multiple access points approach has currently proven the best ...
Parallel programming paradigms illustrated (abstract only)

There are many different ways to write parallel programs. We illustrate a variety of relevant language paradigms by presenting implementations of the Game of Life, a simple simulation motivated by living organisms. Featured paradigms include shared memory, GPU acceleration, message passing, and Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS).
A parallel algorithm for finding the maximum value

Abstract A new parallel algorithm for finding the maximum value of a data set is proposed. Execution times are investigated by taking into account the effect of the overhead time of communication for four kinds of interconnection networks; cube connection array, linear array, mesh array, and three-dimensional mesh array. The optimal numbers of processors are derived in the case where the number of processors is less than the number of data. Those are O (N 1 2 ), O (N 2 3 ), O (N 3 4 ), and O (N) , respectively, for linear array, mesh array, three-dimensional mesh array, and cube-connected arrays.
Neonatal and Longterm outcome following intrauterine drainage of Congenital Hydrothorax (HT)

Neonatal and Longterm Outcome Following Intrauterine Drainage of Congenital Hydrothorax 1478
Mutagenicity of proanthocyanidins

Several procyanidins with different degrees of polymerization (dimers, a trimer and a polymer) and extracted from different natural sources were found to be non-mutagenic in the Salmonella mutagenesis assay system. A mutagenic impurity in procyanidin B-4 was isolated by means of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified as rutin with UV spectrometry, co-chromatography on reversed-phase HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Characterization of the independent and combined effects of two inhibitors on oxidative drug metabolism in rat liver microsomes

To evaluate how two inhibitors influence oxidative drug metabolism, this study investigated the inhibitory effects of mexiletine with cimetidine and mexiletine with lidocaine, both individually and in combination, on the oxidative metabolism of two probe substrates, aminopyrine and aniline in rat liver microsomes. Mexiletine was a competitive inhibitor of aminopyrine N-demethylation, whereas cimetidine was a mixed type of inhibitor (Ki = 2.00 +/- 0.04 and 0.20 +/- 0.02 mM, respectively). For aniline hydroxylation, mexiletine exhibited a mixed type of inhibition, whereas lidocaine was a noncompetitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.60 +/- 0.07 and 8.50 +/- 0.12 mM, respectively). The combined inhibition of either mexiletine with cimetidine or mexiletine with lidocaine on aminopyrine and aniline metabolism was close to the fully additive effects of the individual compounds when their individual concentrations were below a 2-fold Ki concentration, regardless of the apparent kinetic inhibition type. The combined inhibition was less than fully additive when the individual concentrations were twice the Ki or above. These results demonstrate that, when two inhibitors of oxidative drug metabolism are combined, both the Ki values and the concentrations of inhibitors play important roles in determining the extent of additive inhibition of enzyme activity.
Crack‐Wake Debonding and Toughness in Fiber‐ or Whisker‐Reinforced Brittle‐Matrix Composites

Solutions are obtained for the mechanics of debonding in the crack wake in fiber- or whisker-reinforced composites for the case where a finite shear traction exists at the fiber/matrix interface in the debonded zone. These solutions are then applied to derive expressions for the steady-state toughness increases obtained in bonded composites wherein the toughness contribution is provided by crack-wake fiber/matrix debonding and crack bridging. The solutions for an unbonded composite containing a frictional fiber/matrix interface can be obtained from the derived equations in the limit of the fiber/matrix interface toughness equal to zero. In this limit, the debond crack length reduces to the slip length and the expressions for the crack opening and the predicted toughness increase reduce to previously derived expressions for unbonded composites. The steady-state toughness is found to depend sensitively on the interface toughness, the fiber fracture strength, and the shear tractions in the debonded zone including other material parameters, such as fiber radius and volume fraction and the moduli of the constituent phases. It is shown that in order to obtain finite toughness increases, the fiber/matrix interface toughness must be less than a critical value dependent on the fiber fracture strength, fiber radius and volume fraction, and fiber and matrix moduli. The predictions of the model are applied to published experimental results from a detailed and complete study of toughness increases in a bonded whisker-reinforced composite.
Fate of patent processus vaginalis: a case against routine contralateral exploration for unilateral inguinal hernia in children

Unilateral inguinal hernia in a young child poses a management dilemma. Most paediatric surgeons prefer to explore the contralateral side routinely based on the reports showing a high (50%–100%) incidence of patent processus vaginalis (PPV) in young infants, while autopsy studies have shown that in 20%–30% of the population the PPV remains patent. We reviewed all the patients who underwent bilateral explorations for clinically apparent unilateral inguinal hernia and studied the pattern of positive explorations according to patient's age at the time of operation. We also retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent unilateral inguinal herniotomy during the same period to see the incidence of development of contralateral inguinal hernias. Between January 1973 and December 1985 there were 941 patients with unilateral inguinal hernia under 2 years of age; 390 underwent contralateral explorations while 551 underwent unilateral inguinal herniotomy only. A PPV was present in 191 (49%) patients on contralateral exploration with the incidence of 100%, 66%, 52%, 51%, 52%, 43%, 39%, 30%, and 25% in children below 1 week, 1 week to 1 month, 1 to 2 months, 2 to 3 months, 3 to 4 months, 4 to 5 months, 5 to 6 months, 6 to 12 months, and 12 to 24 months, respectively. Of the 551 patients who underwent unilateral inguinal herniotomy, 54 subsequently developed a hernia on the contralateral side. It appears that the process of obliteration of the PPV continues in the first few months of life and only about 10% of patients with a unilateral inguinal hernia go on to develop a contralateral hernia clinically. Therefore, the presence of a PPV at exploration does not necessarily mean possible development of a hernia at a later stage and hence need not be considered a reason for routine exploration of the contralateral inguinal region.
The d’Alembert–Lagrange equation exploited on a Riemannian manifold

In this paper, we present a geometric exploitation of the d’Alembert–Lagrange equation (or alternatively, Lagrange form of the d’Alembert’s principle) on a Riemannian manifold. We develop the d’Alembert–Lagrange equation in a geometric form, as well as an explicit analytic form with respect to an arbitrary frame in a coordinate neighborhood on the configuration manifold. We provide a procedure to determine the governing dynamic equations of motion. Examples are given to illustrate the new formulation of dynamic equations and their relations to alternative ones. The objective is to provide a generalized perspective of governing equations of motion and its suitability for studying complex dynamic systems subject to nonholonomic constraints.
MAGNETICALLY TORQUED THIN ACCRETION DISKS

We compute the properties of a geometrically thin, steady accretion disk surrounding a central rotating, magnetized star. The magnetosphere is assumed to entrain the disk over a wide range of radii. The model is simplified in that we adopt two (alternate) ad hoc, but plausible, expressions for the azimuthal component of the magnetic field as a function of radial distance. We find a solution for the angular velocity profile tending to corotation close to the central star and smoothly matching a Keplerian curve at a radius where the viscous stress vanishes. The value of this "transition" radius is nearly the same for both of our adopted B-field models. We then solve analytically for the torques on the central star and for the disk luminosity due to gravity and magnetic torques. When expressed in a dimensionless form, the resulting quantities depend on one parameter alone, the ratio of the transition radius to the corotation radius. For rapid rotators, the accretion disk may be powered mostly by spin-down of the central star. These results are independent of the viscosity prescription in the disk. We also solve for the disk structure for the special case of an optically thick alpha disk. Our results are applicable to a range of astrophysical systems including accreting neutron stars, intermediate polar cataclysmic variables, and T Tauri systems.
A High Pressure Differential Manometer

A unique manometer has been designed and successfully used to measure pressure drops of a few millimeters of mercury at static pressures up to 10,000 psia. The manometer, which utilizes a column of water and mercury, is a primary standard because the mercury surface is visible at all times. It is designed for static pressures up to 20,000 psi; however, very minor revisions would make the manometer suitable for pressures up to 50,000 psi. A description of the manometer and pertinent equations is included.
Asymptotic behavior of singular values and singular functions of certain convolution operators

Abstract The singular values and singular functions of the convolution operator K · = ∫ 0 x K ( x − y ) · d y , 0≤1, are studied under the conditions that K ( u ) is mildly smooth and K (0) ≠ 0. It is shown that these singular values and functions are asymptotic to those of the operator with K ( u ) ≡ 1. A study of the kernel K ( u ) = e αu reveals that the results obtained are the best possible. Numerical and computational implications for the solution of convolution integral of the first kind, g = Kf , are briefly discussed.
Disorders of Glucose Metabolism in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

New-onset diabetes mellitus, clinically similar to type 2 diabetes, will affect a small proportion (1%-6%) of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are treated with HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs). However, insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance will develop during PI treatment in a considerable proportion of patients. Dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and loss of peripheral fat frequently coexist with insulin resistance, but it is not clear whether all of these result from a common pathogenic mechanism. Recent data suggest that insulin resistance may also be associated with HIV infection in patients not receiving PI therapy. The long-term consequences of insulin resistance in this population are not known. The effect of switching to other antiretroviral therapies has not been fully determined. Treatment of established diabetes mellitus should generally follow existing guidelines. There is no clinically useful screening test that will determine the existence and degree of insulin resistance in individual patients. It is therefore reasonable to recommend general measures to increase insulin sensitivity in all patients infected with HIV, such as weight reduction for obese persons and regular aerobic exercise.
Stochastic Sensing with Protein Pores

Biosensors are required in a wide variety of applications for which existing technologies are inadequate. Recently, sensor elements with favorable properties have been made by engineering transmembrane protein pores. Analyte molecules modulate the ionic current passing through the engineered pores under a transmembrane potential. Stochastic sensing, which uses currents from single pores, is an especially attractive prospect. This approach yields both the concentration and identity of an analyte, the latter from its distinctive current signature. In one example, the bacterial pore-forming protein staphylococcal α-hemolysin (αHL) has been altered to permit the detection of divalent metal cations by using mutagenesis to place a cation binding site within the conductive pathway. In a second example, the hemolysin pore has been modified with cyclodextrins, which act as non-covalent molecular adapters, to allow the detection of a variety of small organic molecules. The great promise and wide applicability of stochastic sensing warrants efforts aimed at the development of a practicable device.
Wind resource assessment of the Southern Appalachian Ridges in the Southeastern United States

Abstract The analysis of wind data collected throughout the Southern Appalachian Mountain region of the Southeastern US is presented. Data were collected at 50 m above ground level on nine ridge top sites between 2002 and 2005. Monthly average wind speeds, power densities, wind sheers, and turbulence intensities, along with monthly maximum gusts, are presented. Measured annual average wind speeds are compared to AWS TrueWind predictions. Diurnal variations in wind speed are also reported. Annual wind roses for each site are presented. Annual wind speeds range from 5.5 to 7.4 m/s with the highest annual average wind speeds found on ridges near the northern TN–NC border. A 20% winter and nighttime enhancement of the wind speed was observed. The prevailing wind is from the westerly directions. The estimated annual energy outputs from a small wind farm consisting of fifteen 1.5 MW GE turbines range from 50 to 75 MkWh, and estimated capacity factors range from 25% to 35%. This analysis suggests that ridges in the region are suitable for utility-scale wind development.
The effect of coal oxidation on methane production and microbial community structure in Powder River Basin coal

Abstract Vast reserves of coal represent a largely untapped resource that can be used to produce methane gas, a cleaner energy alternative compared to burning oil or coal. Microorganisms are able to utilize coal as a carbon source, producing biogenic methane. The conversion of coal to methane by microorganisms has been demonstrated experimentally by a number of research groups, but coal handling and treatment prior to incubation often goes unreported and may impact biogenic methane production. Microcosm experiments were designed to assess how prior exposure of coal to oxygen might influence methane production (e.g., as in a dewatered coal-bed natural gas system). Microcosms containing oxidized and un-oxidized coal samples from the Powder River Basin were incubated with and without inoculation with an enrichment culture derived from coal. Gas chromatography and pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were used to assess how coal oxidation affects methane production and microbial community structure within microcosm samples. Although the magnitude of methane production differed between experiments, the oxidized coal microcosms consistently produced between 50 and 100 micromoles less methane per gram of coal than the un-oxidized microcosms. Additionally, un-inoculated microcosms produced levels of methane comparable to their inoculated counterparts, demonstrating the importance of native, coal-associated microbial assemblages in biogenic methane production. Specific methanogens were identified in the different treatments and their relative prevalence supported the relative level of methane production. Common coal-associated bacterial groups such as δ- and γ- Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes and Firmicutes were prevalent in different microcosms, though the presence of specific bacteria was not correlated with methane production. These data suggest that while coal oxidation decreased methane production, oxidation was not a primary factor in the variation between microcosm community structures.
Impacts of research universities on technological innovation in industry: evidence from engineering research centers

Abstract NSF engineering research centers (ERCs) constitute the most upstream performer of R&D among university–industry–government research centers. Findings from surveys and interviews with 355 firms participating in the 18 ERCs established between 1985 and 1990 indicate that firms participate primarily to gain access to upstream modes of knowledge rather than specific products and processes. Findings also point to problematic continuation of industrial support for ERCs following termination of NSF funding after reaching the maximum number of years (11) permitted under the program, and related pressures on ERCs to direct their research portfolios towards shorter-term, more applied research.
Evaluation of alternative nitrogen fertilizers for corn and winter wheat production.

As natural gas, and thus N fertilizer, prices increase, farmers are looking for ways to decrease N costs in farming operations. To potentially alleviate this cost burden, alternative synthetic N fertilizers are available as potential management tools for increasing crop yields and N use efficiency, and decreasing volatilization. In North Carolina specifically, little data exists on these new, synthetic N fertilizer products being marketed to farmers. Therefore, we undertook a study to compare them with aqueous urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) [(NH 2 ) 2 CO, NH 4 NO 3 ] during a 2-yr field experiment. Corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in the three physiographic regions of North Carolina with four fertilizer sources (NutriSphere [Specialty Fertilizer Products, Leawood, KS], Environmentally Smart Nitrogen Polymer Coated Urea or ESN [Agrium Inc., Alberta, Canada] UCAN-23 [Yara, Tampa, FL], and UAN) at up to six fertilizer rates. The use of the alternative products did not regularly produce more corn or wheat grain compared to UAN, while wheat straw yield was greater with NutriSphere, UCAN, and UAN compared to ESN in three of four site years. Also, an aerobic incubation experiment was performed to evaluated N release profiles of the fertilizers at 25°C. The study found that NutriSphere and UCAN release time was similarly to UAN, while ESN showed a slower release profile. However, any difference in release did not affect yields of spring planted corn, NutriSphere and ESN increased corn stover yields in 3 of 6 site-years. In determining whether to use these alternative N fertilizer products, farmers should consider location, climatic conditions, and fertilizer costs in comparison to UAN.
Characterization of a new phase of ammonia borane

An uncharacterized phase of ammonia borane (AB) was previously identified while investigating the thermal aging of this hydrogen rich solid state material. This phase was identified as a key intermediate for the release of hydrogen from AB prompting the current characterization study. The new phase (AB*) was investigated extensively using in situ solid state MAS NMR spectroscopy, including 11B, 15N and 1H NMR. Single-pulse excitation, cross polarization and T1 relaxation experiments for all nuclei collectively demonstrated a significant increase in mobility of AB in the new phase compared to the room temperature phase of AB, consistent with a highly mobile solid. This implies a disruption of the extensive dihydrogen bonding network, allowing increased motional freedom. Complementary studies by in situ X-ray diffraction showed AB* to have the same crystal lattice as AB, but suggested an expanded lattice, providing support for increased mobility. NMR measurements of AB embedded into a mesoporous scaffold were also consistent with high mobility in AB*. These data suggest that a breakdown of the extensive hydrogen bonding network occurs before hydrogen can be released and will be an important factor in the practical use of AB as a hydrogen storage material.
Small‐angle x‐ray scattering studies of crazed glassy polymers

A small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) study of the relaxed craze structure in polystyrene was performed using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory 10-m SAXS facility. Coupled with known results from transmission electron microscopy studies, the SAXS patterns can be interpreted as scattering from an open-cell foam with void spaces interspersed among the fibrils. Results have shown the scattering centers in crazed polystyrene can be modeled as cylinders the axes of symmetry of which are parallel to the tensile axes. Scattering centers are bimodal in their size distribution, with aspect ratios of 1.0 and 2.6. Crazes in lower-molecular-weight polystyrene have more and larger scattering centers than crazes in higher-molecular-weight polystyrene, while variations in strain rate and test temperature during craze formation have no effect on the relaxed craze morphology. A comparison of SAXS patterns from polystyrene and polycarbonate indicates that the morphologies of their respective crazes are significantly different.
JNK3 contributes to c-jun induction and apoptosis in 4-hydroxynonenal-treated sympathetic neurons.

4-hydroxynoneal (HNE), an end product of lipid peroxidation, induces apoptosis in many cell types, including neural cells. HNE toxicity is often accompanied by activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathway. Here we have evaluated the hypothesis that the primary JNK associated with neurons, JNK3, contributes to HNE-induced neuronal apoptosis. First, we demonstrate that HNE induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in sympathetic neurons. Second, we show that HNE-induced c-Jun phosphorylation and c-jun induction are attenuated in JNK3-deficient neurons. Third, we show that HNE neurotoxicity is significantly inhibited by JNK3 deficiency. In summary, these results indicate that JNK3 plays a critical role in HNE-induced c-Jun activation and apoptosis in sympathetic neurons.
Turbulent scattering in an exponential atmosphere - A wave-optical solution

The thin-screen model for scattering of radiation by a turbulent atmosphere is generalized to the case where the mean phase change decreases exponentially as a function of distance across the screen. This is of interest because it models the effect of turbulent scattering in an isothermal average atmosphere. We present both the change in average intensity and average bending angle in terms of the r-m-s scattering angle introduced by the turbulence. We find, for example, that the effect of turbulent scattering on the mean scattering angle (and hence Doppler residuals) is approximately the same as that obtained from more heuristic calculations. The effect depends on wavelength only to the extent that the refractivity is a function of wavelength.
Seismic shear-axial failure of reinforced concrete columns vs. system level structural collapse

Abstract Column shear-axial failure in existing vulnerable reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings constructed before the mid-1970s is a major seismic risk. Element failure in current earthquake engineering practice is equitable to structural collapse, i.e. in evaluating near collapse response of a structure, failure of an element will trigger building retrofitting. Responses of damaged structural systems due to seismic ground motions and other severe hazards demonstrate that structures have significant capacity to redistribute lateral and more importantly, gravity loads. A 10-story RC building with characteristics representative of pre-1970s building structures is designed in accordance with design methods of the 1960s. Using available shear capacity models the potential shear failure of the columns is evaluated. An analytical model accounting for a column shear-axial failure is implemented in the computer program OpenSees. The building is analyzed under an inverted triangular-load pushover and its lateral and gravity load redistribution after column shear-axial failure is studied. A dynamic analysis is performed to examine behavior under an actual ground motion record. The Lucerne earthquake station record is used to analyze the structure under a “pulse” type excitation. Shear-axial failure is implemented in the two most shear-critical columns to model their loss of strength and the redistributions of lateral and gravity forces during those failures. The structure’s ability to redistribute loads and resist progressive collapse under both analyses is examined and conclusions are reported.
“It’s Not Easy to Know Who I Am” Gender Salience and Cultural Place in the Treatment of a “Delinquent” Adolescent Mother

This article explores meanings of subjective gender and cultural place of a biracial, bicultural, unmarried 15-year-old mother with a substantial trauma history and court involvement. The treatment, which took place in a church-run maternity home, addressed oppositional behavior and anger and evoked profound questions of gender and culture. These clinical data are discussed from a multidimensional model of gender, race, and ethnicity; cultural meanings; psychological trauma; and power. Remarkable for examples of ego strength and insight, material in the case study provides some understanding of a profoundly traumatized yet resilient girl who has struggled through her experiences—and in her treatment—to keep making sense of her life.
Status of Lake Trout Rehabilitation on Six Fathom Bank and Yankee Reef in Lake Huron

Abstract Six Fathom Bank, an offshore reef in the central region of Lake Huron's main basin, was stocked annually with hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush during 1985–1998, and nearby Yankee Reef was stocked with hatchery-reared lake trout in 1992, 1997, and annually during 1999–2001. We conducted gill-net surveys during spring and fall to evaluate performances of each of the various strains of lake trout, as well as the performance of the entire lake trout population (all strains pooled), on these two offshore reefs during 1992–2000. Criteria to evaluate performance included the proportion of “wild” fish within the population, spawner density, adult survival, growth, maturity, and wounding rate by sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Although naturally reproduced age-0 lake trout fry were caught on Six Fathom Bank and Yankee Reef, wild lake trout did not recruit to the adult population to any detectable degree. The density of spawning lake trout on Six Fathom Bank (>100 fish/305 m of gill net) dur...
Simulations of precipitation using NRCM and comparisons with satellite observations and CAM: annual cycle

The accurate representation of rainfall in models of global climate has been a challenging task for climate modelers owing to its small space and time scales. Quantifying this variability is important for comparing simulations of atmospheric behavior with real time observations. In this regard, this paper compares both the statistical and dynamically forced aspects of precipitation variability simulated by the high-resolution (36 km) Nested Regional Climate Model (NRCM), with satellite observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 dataset and simulations from the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) at T85 spatial resolution. Six years of rainfall rate data (2000–2005) from within the Tropics (30°S–30°N) have been used in the analysis and results are presented in terms of long-term mean rain rates, amplitude and phase of the annual cycle and seasonal mean maps of precipitation. Our primary focus is on characterizing the annual cycle of rainfall over four land regions of the Tropics namely, the Indian Monsoon, the Amazon, Tropical Africa and the North American monsoon. The lower tropospheric circulation patterns are analyzed in both the observations and the models to identify possible causes for biases in the simulated precipitation. The 6-year mean precipitation simulated by both models show substantial biases throughout the global Tropics with NRCM/CAM systematically underestimating/overestimating rainfall almost everywhere. The seasonal march of rainfall across the equator, following the motion of the sun, is clearly seen in the harmonic vector maps. The timing of peak rainfall (phase) produced by NRCM is in closer agreement with the observations compared to CAM. However like the long-time mean, the magnitude of seasonal mean rainfall is greatly underestimated by NRCM throughout the Tropical land mass. Some of these regional biases can be attributed to erroneous circulation and moisture surpluses/deficits in the lower troposphere in both models. Overall, the results seem to indicate that employing a higher spatial resolution (36 km) does not significantly improve simulation of precipitation. We speculate that a combination of several physics parameterizations and lack of model tuning gives rise to the observed differences between NRCM and the observations.
Cure for a headache

Sometimes it seems that you are simply banging your head against a brick wall, as the frustrations of contemporary life seem to conspire against you. For us, life’s headaches are common enough, but what if you spent your life battering your head against a wall—intentionally? How would you avoid headaches, concussions, “shaken baby” syndrome, or even retinal detachments? The pileated woodpecker ( Dryocopus pileatus ) illustrated on this month’s cover is North America’s largest woodpecker, with only the ivory billed and imperial woodpecker of Mexico, if either species is not extinct, being larger. Woodpeckers hammer their lives away for feeding, nest construction, and drumming. A canopy dweller with a voracious appetite, D pileatus depends on a diet rich in protein, with ants the preferred food. Various berries and wild fruits may represent a mainstay in the autumn and winter months. The hollowed nest cavity is extraordinary in size, up to 8 inches in diameter and 2 feet deep. The drumming is species specific and may be used for communication or territorial display, but is not related to feeding. As a result of these …
Strategies for lot acceptance testing using CMOS transistors and ICs

Direct-correlation and simple overstress methods for estimating IC response in strategic and space environments from laboratory transistor and IC data are investigated. Transistors and ICs were irradiated at dose rates from 0.2 rad(SiO/sub 2/)/s to 10/sup 6/ rad(SiO/sub 2/)/s. Over a wide range of process conditions and hardness levels, laboratory measurements of threshold voltage shift due to oxide trapped charge correlate well with IC leakage current at high dose rates for ICs with gate-oxide-dominated response. For ICs whose response is dominated by parasitic field-oxide structures, laboratory measurements of both transistor and IC leakage currents correlate well with IC hardness at high dose rates. For dose levels up to approximately=500 krad(SiO/sub 2/), it is shown that a simple factor-of-three overtest can be used as a conservative estimate of radiation hardness for strategic applications, provided that both functional and parametric testing is performed following X-ray irradiation at a dose rate of approximately=2000 rad(SiO/sub 2/)/s. For space environments, a laboratory irradiation to 1.5 times the required system level followed by a one-week 100 degrees C biased anneal gave conservative estimates of IC hardness. >
Ito cell expression of a nuclear retinoic acid receptor.

Although it has been suggested that retinoids regulate Ito cell proliferation and collagen synthesis, little is known about the ability of Ito cells to respond to retinoids in vivo. Because retinoids may mediate their molecular effects through nuclear receptors, Ito cells were examined for the presence of one of these receptors, nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β. The modulation of nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β expression was also studied during cell culture and hepatic fibrogenesis. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that Ito cells freshly isolated from normal rat liver contained nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β messenger RNA at levels significantly higher than those found in other hepatic cell types. Ito cells also contained messenger RNA for two other nuclear retinoic acid receptors, nuclear retinoic acid receptor-α and nuclear retinoic acid receptor-γ. Using an antibody to human nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β, the nuclear presence of this receptor was demonstrated in normal Ito cells. In contrast, Ito cells cultured for at least 7 days had no detectable messenger RNA or nuclear staining for nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β despite a 20 ± 5-fold increase in the messenger RNA level of another retinoid binding protein, cellular retinol binding protein. Analysis of Ito cells isolated from rats with carbon tetrachloride—induced hepatic fibrosis revealed an 81% ± 3% decrease in nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β messenger RNA levels in these cells when compared with normal Ito cells. No difference in the messenger RNA levels of cellular retinol binding protein was found in Ito cells isolated from either normal or fibrotic liver. The effect of retinoid treatment on Ito cell nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β messenger RNA level was also studied because retinoic acid treatment of other cells has been shown to induce nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β gene expression. Treatment for 48 hr with either 10−6 mol/L retinoic acid or 10−5 mol/L retinyl acetate induced the expression of nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β messenger RNA in primary cultured Ito cells. These data demonstrate that Ito cells possess a nuclear retinoic acid receptor allowing them to respond to retinoic acid in vivo. Increased Ito cell proliferation and collagen synthesis during cell culture or hepatic fibrosis may result in part from decreased Ito cell retinoid responsiveness as reflected by the loss or decrease in nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β gene expression observed under these two conditions. Furthermore, the ability of retinoids to induce Ito cell nuclear retinoic acid receptor-β messenger RNA expression suggests that Ito cell retinoid unresponsiveness during cell culture and hepatic fibrogenesis is reversible. (HEPATOLOGY) 1992;15:336–342.
Relations between Ricci curvature and shape operator for submanifolds with arbitrary codimensions

First we define the notion of k-Ricci curvature of a Riemannian n- manifold. Then we establish sharp relations between the k-Ricci curvature and the shape operator and also between the k-Ricci curvature and the squared mean cur- vature for a submanifold in a Riemannian space form with arbitrary codimension. Several applications of such relationships are also presented.
Are peripheral and neuraxial blocks with ultrasound guidance more effective and safe in children

Summary Background and aims: The efficacy and safety of ultrasound guided (USG) pediatric peripheral nerve and neuraxial blocks in children have not been evaluated. In this review, we have looked at the success rate, efficacy and complications with USG peripheral nerve blocks and compared with nerve stimulation or anatomical landmark based techniques in children. Methods: All suitable studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE Drugs and Cochrane Evidence Based Medicine Reviews: Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews databases were identified. In addition, citation review and hand search of recent pediatric anesthesia and surgical journals were done. All three authors read all selected articles independently and a consensus was achieved. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing USG peripheral and neuraxial blocks with other techniques in children were included. Results: Ultrasound guidance has been demonstrated to improve block characteristics in children including shorter block performance time, higher success rates, shorter onset time, longer block duration, less volume of local anesthetic agents and visibility of neuraxial structures. Conclusion: Clinical studies in children suggest that US guidance has some advantages over more traditional nerve stimulation–based techniques for regional block. However, the advantage of US guidance on safety over traditional has not been adequately demonstrated in children except ilio-inguinal blocks.
Electrical Connector Acceptability Rating (ECAR): Ergonomic Guidelines for Electrical Connectors for Vehicle and Component Assembly:

In the past, the Electrical Connector Capability Rating (ECCR) [1] system was developed to determine to what extent connector effort contributed to first run in-plant disconnects. The ECCR independent variables were connector type, accessibility, connector orientation, obscurity, arm distance, and body position. There was a 98% positive correlation between connector effort and disconnect rates when efforts exceeded 25 pounds. There was a 67% correlation between connector effort and disconnect rates for efforts above 17 pounds. Combined, these circumstances affected approximately thirty per cent of the connector population. Of all connections, 68% had efforts below 17 pounds and were not significantly affected by effort alone.The Connectors Study [2] was conducted to recommend a means of evaluating the manual mating of electrical connectors considering force required to complete the connection and postures used during mating. The independent variables were force and travel distances, grip type, wrist postu...
Croissance et finance

De nombreuses et recentes contributions ont cherche a expliquer pourquoi des differences de productivite persistaient entre les pays riches et les pays pauvres et pourquoi certains pays s’eloignent de la frontiere technologique mondiale, que ce soit en termes de PIB par tete ou de croissance, tandis que d’autres au contraire la rejoignent.Dans cet article, nous analysons l’impact des imperfections du marche du credit sur la performance relative de croissance d’un pays et sur la convergence ou la divergence des economies, suivant l’observation de Lucas selon laquelle les flux de capitaux ne vont pas des pays riches vers les pays pauvres alors que le rendement marginal du capital est plus eleve pour ces derniers. Nous analysons egalement l’interaction entre les imperfections du marche du credit et les politiques macroeconomiques.Nous montrons que l’interaction entre le developpement financier et les variables macroeconomiques comme la productivite ou la volatilite macroeconomique dans des regressions reliant croissance et finance est riche en conclusions empiriques, par exemple sur la convergence et la divergence ou sur les effets sur la croissance des politiques macroeconomiques contra-cycliques.
Domestic Sources of China's Emerging Grand Strategy:

China's emerging grand strategy has deep domestic roots, which can be examined in terms of cultural tradition, socioeconomic development, and strategic choices. China's cultural tradition emphasizes he wei gui (priority to peace) and he er bu tong (unity in diversity). China's modernization demands a peaceful environment. In fact, the majority of Chinese elites and common people have realized that China cannot become rich and strong without a peaceful environment. Peaceful development is a strategic choice made by leaders from Deng Xiaoping to Hu Jintao. A rising China is facing cultural, economic, environmental, and political challenges. This study also highlights the difficulty of practicing China's emerging grand strategy.
The discrimination of vibratory patterns on a tactile matrix

The ability of observers to discriminate static vibrotactile patterns was examined on a tactile matrix of 64 vibrators. Observers were presented with pairs of patterns that varied in symmetry, number of pattern elements (numerosity), and number of common pattern elements (communality), and were asked to judge whether the members of the pair were the same or different. Errors were primarily related to communality, while variation in symmetry had no effect on performance. Only at high levels of communality did numerosity affect performance differentially. Confusions resulted when few of many elements in the patterns differed. The levels of performance were found to be inferior to those reported by investigators who examined such relationships in patterns presented to more widespread body loci. A discussion of models of confusion in such tasks is presented.
Long-term treatment of disk-interference disorders of the temporomandibular joint with anterior repositioning occlusal splints

Forty patients with three different types of symptomatic disk-interference disorders were treated with anterior repositioning splint therapy for 8 weeks. At the end of that period 80% of the patients were free of joint sound and pain. Each patient's splint was then gradually modified until the patient's original occlusal condition was reestablished. Each patient was then allowed to function in that position. The patients were reevaluated an average of 2 1/2 years later. Seventy-five percent of the patients had no joint pain and 66% had a return of joint sounds. Sixty-six percent of the patients did not find the need to seek additional treatment for jaw pain and dysfunction.
Human physiology at extreme altitudes on Mount Everest

Extreme altitude presents an enormous physiological challenge to the human body because of severe oxygen deprivation. The American Medical Research Expedition to Everest was specifically designed to study man under these conditions, and successfully obtained physiological data above 8000 meters, including a few measurements on the summit itself. The results show that man can tolerate the extreme hypoxia only by an enormous increase in ventilation, which results in an alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 7.5 torr on the summit and an arterial pH of over 7.7. Even so, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen is apparently less than 30 torr, and maximum oxygen uptake is about 1 liter per minute. Additional measurements of ventilation, blood physiology, and metabolic and psychometric changes clarified how man responds to this hostile environment.
Automatic generation of high-performance multipliers for FPGAs with asymmetric multiplier blocks

The introduction of asymmetric embedded multiplier blocks in recent Xilinx FPGAs complicates the design of larger multiplier sizes. The two different input bitwidths of the embedded multipliers lead to two different shifting factors for the partial product outputs. This makes even the most straightforward multiplier design less intuitive. In this paper, we present a methodology and set of equations to automatically generate the Verilog for a multiplier using asymmetric embedded multiplier cores. The presented technique also uses intelligent rearrangement of the multiplier block outputs into partial product terms to reduce the overall delay of the circuit. Multipliers created with our generator are faster and use fewer DSP blocks than those created using Xilinx Core Generator or by simply using the '*' operator in Verilog. It also uses fewer LUTs than those created using the '*' operator. Finally, the presented generator can create multipliers larger than possible with Core Generator, and is limited only by the number of available embedded multipliers.