cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of ALDH1 Promoter Polymorphisms With Alcohol‐Related Phenotypes in Southwest California Indians

Background: Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A1) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of acetaldehyde and the synthesis of retinoic acid. Two polymorphisms in the promoter region of ALDH1A1—ALDH1A1*2 and ALDH1A1*3—have recently been identified and described in small samples of Asian, Caucasian, and African individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these polymorphisms in a sample of Southwest California Indians and to test for associations with alcohol dependence and other substance-related behaviors. Methods: The participants in this study were 463 adult men and women recruited from 8 contiguous Indian reservations. A structured interview was used to gather information on demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, and personal drinking and drug use history. A blood sample was obtained from each participant, and leukocyte DNA was extracted and used to genotype for the presence of the ALDH1A1 promoter polymorphisms. Results: Twenty-seven participants (6%) possessed ALDH1A1*2 (frequency, 0.03), two participants possessed ALDH1A1*3, and one participant displayed both of these alleles. Individuals with an ALDH1A1*2 allele had lower rates of alcohol dependence and regular tobacco use than those without this allele. Individuals with ALDH1A1*2 also reported a significantly lower maximum number of drinks ever consumed in a 24-hr period, reported drinking fewer drinks per occasion when they first started drinking regularly, and reported lower expectations of alcohol's effects compared with individuals without this allele. Conclusions: Results from this study suggest that ALDH1A1*2 may be associated with protection from the development of alcohol and other substance use disorders.
Risk factors of Candida colonization in the oropharynx of patients admitted to an intensive care unit.

Summary Objectives Candida colonization is an important precursor for candidiasis. However, there is little information about its risk factors in critically ill patients. We aimed to identify risk factors for oropharyngeal Candida colonization in critically ill patients. Patients, materials and methods This is a prospective observational study of 110 patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (MICU). Oropharyngeal swabs were obtained on day one and day four. Characteristics of patients colonized with Candida species at admission or not colonized were compared. In addition, patients becoming colonized during their ICU stay were compared to patients who did not. Results Independent risk factors for a positive Candida sample at the time of admission were: a history of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use before admission (OR: 5.24, 95% CI: 1.36–20.19), the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.84, 95%CI: 1.02–7.92) and a lower BMI (OR: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.84–0.97). Chronic kidney disease was associated with a decreased frequency of Candida colonization (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.01–0.46). No independent risk factors could be identified for patients who gained Candida during their ICU hospitalization. Patients with Candida colonization frequently had abnormal oral bacterial flora. Conclusions Diabetes mellitus, PPI use and a lower BMI are risk factors for Candida colonization in critically ill patients being admitted to the MICU.
Self-efficacy, knowledge, health beliefs, quality of life, and stigma in relation to osteoprotective behaviors in epilepsy

It is well reported in the epilepsy literature that use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) leads to bone loss. Validated instruments were administered to assess knowledge, health behavior, quality of life, and stigma, to determine their effects on self-efficacy for osteoprotective and self-management behaviors. This adult epilepsy population had a mean age of 45, with 20 years of AED exposure. Fifty subjects were Caucasian and 44 were non-Caucasian. By one-way ANOVA, there were significant differences in self-efficacy based on ethnicity, medical assistance, status, and seizure frequency. Differences in knowledge based on ethnicity, education, and income were also noted. Regression analysis revealed that the factors that most predict self-efficacy for calcium, exercise, and self-management do not parallel each other. Age and ethnicity were predictive of self-efficacy for epilepsy self-management only. Medical management factors varied among the models. Overall quality of life was a positive predictor for both calcium and exercise self-efficacy.
Hunting health care-associated infections from the clinical microbiology laboratory: Passive, active, and virtual surveillance

We face an exciting future in modern health care. Advances have markedly prolonged the human life span, but accompanied by this increased life expectancy is the increasing challenge of controlling health care-associated infectious diseases. In order to manage this problem, timely and comprehensive
Comments on " $\alpha$ -Plane Representation for Type-2 Fuzzy Sets: Theory and Applications

This comment points out a misnomer and two errors in a previous paper by the author ( IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1189-1207, Oct. 2009), and because one of the errors relates the term "α-plane" to the term "z-slice," it also connects these two terms more correctly.
SenseLearner: Word Sense Disambiguation for All Words in Unrestricted Text

This paper describes SENSELEARNER --- a minimally supervised word sense disambiguation system that attempts to disambiguate all content words in a text using WordNet senses. We evaluate the accuracy of SENSELEARNER on several standard sense-annotated data sets, and show that it compares favorably with the best results reported during the recent SENSEVAL evaluations.
Conflict Images: An Assessment of the Middle East Debates in the United Nations

W oodrow Wilson once called the Assembly of the League of Nations a forum "where the thought of the little nation, along with the thought of the big nation is brought to bear upon ... those matters which affect the good understanding between nations upon which the peace of the world depends."' He praised it as a debating body "where the stifled voice of humanity is at last to be heard," and "where the moral judgment of mankind can sway the opinion of the world."2 The United Nations General Assembly has been similarly characterized. It, too, has been depicted as a mirror of world aspirations, a forum where small as well as large nations of the world paint a verbal picture of how closely the actions of the members of the world community conform to acceptable norms of international behavior. It has been called a stage where nations play to a world-wide audience to "win friends and influence people, secure collective legitimization of their positions and policies, and [to] seek the collective denunciation of their rivals."3 Since the Assembly is the world's most inclusive and potentially influential debating society, widely watched among political elites, it is important to study the verbal behavior that occurs there for its substance, manner of presentation, and its effects on the politics of the assembled nations. Examination of verbal behavior provides important clues about the perceptions of political leaders, their hopes and fears, their goals, and their probable actions.4
Vibrational Relaxation Measurements of Carbon Monoxide in a Shock-Tube Expansion Wave

A novel technique has been developed for use in the study of collisional energy transfer and chemical reaction rates in rapidly cooled gases. The principal feature is that the shock heated test gas sample is stationary during the cooling process so that the temporal behavior of a particular nonequilibrium property may be continuously monitored. The technique has been applied to the measurement of the vibrational de‐excitation rate of carbon monoxide in an argon heat bath, using the fundamental infrared emission band of CO to follow its vibrational temperature throughout the expansion. In contrast to some recent investigations which indicate enhanced vibrational de‐excitation rates, the present experiments show that when translation–vibration collisions control the relaxation process the characteristic vibrational relaxation time of carbon monoxide diluted in argon is the same no matter whether it is measured in a compression (shock wave) or expansion environment.
High-pressure NMR study of metal complexes in supercritical fluids

Abstract Results of high-pressure NMR investigations of subcritical and supercritical-fluid solutions of metal complexes in ethylene and C02 are presented. To our knowledge, this is the first report of high-pressure NMR studies of metal chelates in supercritical fluids. Examples presented include 19 F NMR studies of two β-diketone metal chelates dissolved in subcritical CO 2 -methanol mixtures and a 1 H NMR study of the (1,5-cyclooctadiene) dimethylplatinum (II) (Pt-COD) complex in supercritical ethylene. High-pressure NMR chemical shifts as a function of density for supercritical ethylene are also presented. The results show the utility of the NMR technique to study a variety of metal complexes in subcritical and supercritical fluids.
Middle ear cancer: a population-based study.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Primary carcinoma of the middle ear is a rare clinical entity, best suited for evaluation using a population-based database. The objective of this study was to utilize the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to determine the incidence, treatment, and survival of middle ear carcinoma. Study Design: Analysis of national cancer database. Method: Using SEER*Stat software, records for patients diagnosed with middle ear carcinoma between 1973 and 2004 were extracted from the SEER database. Five-year, observed survival was analyzed, with significant differences determined by the Wilcoxon statistic. Results: The 5-year observed survival rate for the 215 patients in this study was 36.4%. Histologic subtypes included squamous cell carcinoma (62.8%), adenocarcinoma (18.2%), other carcinomas (13.0%), and noncarcinomas (6.0%), with 5-year survival rates of 23.9%, 65.0%, 60.0%, and 38.6%, respectively (P = .003). Of the 123 patients with known stage, 23.6% had local, 69.1% had regional, and 7.3% had distant disease, with their 5-year survival rates being 64.9%, 34.2%, and 0%, respectively (P < .001). Treatment included surgery (31.2%), radiation (16.3%), surgery and radiation (38.6%), or no treatment (8.4%) with 5-year survival of 69.2%, 14.6%, 26.4%, and 0%, respectively (P < .001). Conclusions: Patients with primary middle ear carcinoma have a relatively poor prognosis. However, subsets of patients, such as those with adenocarcinomas and with localized tumors, demonstrated significantly better survival. Surgery alone had significantly better survival than the other treatment groups, presumably due to less advanced disease in this treatment group. These data are useful in counseling patients and understanding the natural history of middle ear carcinoma. Laryngoscope, 2009
Early History of the Meru of Mt Kenya

The Meru are a people who live on and adjoining the N.E. slope of Mt. Kenya. Their oral traditions, collected from the oldest living members, suggest that the group originated on Manda Island, part of an archipelago off the Kenya Coast. During the early 1700s their ancestors were conquered by a neighbouring people, probably Arabs from one of the nearby trading principalities. In consequence, the Meru chose to flee.Existing evidence suggests that their subsequent period of migration lasted approximately thirty years. During the initial stage, they crossed the River Tana, somewhere near its mouth, then followed its southern bank inland. Later, the group left the river and moved northwest through a basically arid region, where water was obtainable only from seasonal rivers or swamps. Initially, the migrants moved northward, crossing these wet areas. Subsequently, when changing ecological conditions forced them westwards, they followed one of the seasonal river systems to the foothills of Mt. Kenya.Available data provides little to link the Meru experience with other migratory trends. There is no evidence, for instance, to connect it either with the Bantu migrations from Shungwaya (S. Somalia) or that of Kikuyu-speaking peoples towards Mt. Kenya. Further research will be required to resolve the problem.
Evaluation of Healthcare Services: Asking the Right Questions to Develop New Policy and Program-Relevant Knowledge for Decision-Making

This article presents a framework for thinking about the key questions that need to be answered to develop new policy and program-relevant knowledge that can be used to make more informed decisions. It is a primer for administrators, policy makers and others about how to identify the knowledge they need to make decisions regarding new or existing programs. The article covers three related dimensions in evaluation: types of evaluations, key domains of inquiry and generic research questions. While the questions are generic, they can be readily adapted to any new and/or existing healthcare program evaluation. Examples of how the generic questions can be adapted to primary healthcare clinics and home care are presented.
Individual Differences in Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Physiological–Emotional Responses to Pictures

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is the modulation of heart rate along with respiration. Individual differences in RSA reflect parasympathetic cardiac control. Low RSA is linked to emotional dysregulation, perhaps from an inability to modulate the parasympathetic nervous system to emotion. For the current study, pictures of varying emotional contents were presented to participants with low and high RSA. During some pictures, acoustic probes were delivered to elicit startle. Emotional responding was assessed from subjective and physiological reactions to pictures. Results suggested that low RSA participants exhibited attenuated cardiac orienting compared to high RSA participants. Startle, corrugator electromyogram, and subjective responses to pictures were similar across groups. Thus, differences in RSA account for differences in orienting to emotional pictures but not physiological–emotional responding.
The Holy Grail and the quest for the gold standard.

In this issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology , Jaremko et al[1][1] report that apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are not always reliable to discriminate medulloblastomas from pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs according to the 2007 WHO classification of brain tumors[2][2], instead of
Bleeding in Very Old Patients on Vitamin K Antagonist Therapy

A common topic in clinical anticoagulation research used to be bleeding risk in old age. Times have changed, as well as the population of patients on anticoagulants, and the topic now is bleeding risk in very old patients. What is it about age that stimulates clinical investigators to launch studies of age and bleeding risk with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy? First, the decision to initiate a VKA must always follow a consideration of the risks and benefits of therapy, regardless of age, and one should have a reasonable knowledge of the risk of bleeding at various age intervals. Second, the elderly, however defined, are the major users of oral anticoagulants because the 2 most common indications for such treatment, atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thromboembolism, are most prevalent in the elderly. Third, a number of studies suggest that older individuals are at greater risk of bleeding than their younger counterparts with similar diagnoses.1–4 Fourth, the perception, real or not, that older age is associated with a greater risk of bleeding represents a barrier to the treatment of the elderly with oral anticoagulants for well-established indications. Multiple studies document that individuals with AF are undertreated or not treated at all with VKA therapy, thus denying one of the most effective stroke prevention therapies to a large segment of the population most in need.5–8 The consequence of this paradox is exemplified by the recent Apixaban versus Acetylsalicylic Acid to Prevent Strokes (AVERROES) study with a new direct factor Xa inhibitor, apixaban, in which investigators randomized patients with AF who were thought to be poor candidates for a VKA (mean age, 70±10 years) to apixaban versus aspirin.9 The principal criticism of this study was the rationale behind the decisions not to treat patients with a …
Early Metabolic and Structural Changes in the Rat Brain Following Trauma in vivo Using MRI

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by acute physiological changes that may play a significant role in the final outcome for the patient. The understanding of tissue alterations at an early stage following TBI is critical for injury management and prevention of more severe secondary damage. In this study we investigated the early post-traumatic neuro-metabolic changes, and changes in tissue water diffusion using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) following mild to moderate controlled cortical impact injury on six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats on a 7.0 Tesla animal MRI system. Significant reduction in N-acetylaspartate, glutamate and choline was observed as early as 3 hours following injury. Lactate continued to increase in the ipsilateral hippocampus even at 5 hours indicating increased demands for energy closer to the injury site. Such changes were not observed on the contralateral side at 5 hours. Decreased apparent diffusion coefficient and increased fractional anisotropy was observed among regions in close proximity to impacted regions (ipsilateral hippocampus and bi-lateral thalamus) immediately following TBI, with the ipsilateral hippocampus most affected, followed by ipsilateral thalamus and contralateral thalamus. Remote regions such as the ipsilateral olfactory area were affected to a lesser degree. At the 4 hour time point a large inter-individual variation was observed with an overall trend towards recovery in the ipsilateral hippocampus while the thalamus continued to experience significant changes. Combined information from MRS and DTI suggests a distance effect from the site of injury and the existence of a therapeutic window of about 2-4 hours to limit the cascade of events that may lead to secondary injury.
Adeno-associated virus-mediated brain delivery of 5-lipoxygenase modulates the AD-like phenotype of APP mice

The 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) enzymatic pathway is widely distributed within the central nervous system. Previous works showed that this protein is up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that its genetic absence results in a reduction of Amyloid beta (Aβ) levels in the Tg2576 mice. Here by employing an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector system to over-express 5LO in the same mouse model, we examined its contribution to their cognitive impairments and brain AD-like amyloid pathology. Our results showed that compared with controls, 5LO-targeted gene brain over-expression in Tg2576 mice results in significant memory deficits. On the other hand, brain tissues had a significant elevation in the levels of Aβ peptides and deposition, no change in the steady state levels of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), BACE-1 or ADAM-10, but a significant increase in PS1, nicastrin, and Pen-2, three major components of the γ-secretase complex. Additional data indicate that the transcription factor CREB was elevated and so were the mRNA levels for PS1, nicastrin and Pen-2. These data demonstrate that neuronal 5LO plays a functional role in the pathogenesis of AD-like amyloidotic phenotype by modulating the γ-secretase pathway. They support the hypothesis that this enzyme is a novel therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of AD.
Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure

Abstract Geological data indicate that global mean sea level has fluctuated on 103 to 106 yr time scales during the last ∼25 million years, at times reaching 20 m or more above modern. If correct, this implies substantial variations in the size of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). However, most climate and ice sheet models have not been able to simulate significant EAIS retreat from continental size, given that atmospheric CO2 levels were relatively low throughout this period. Here, we use a continental ice sheet model to show that mechanisms based on recent observations and analysis have the potential to resolve this model–data conflict. In response to atmospheric and ocean temperatures typical of past warm periods, floating ice shelves may be drastically reduced or removed completely by increased oceanic melting, and by hydrofracturing due to surface melt draining into crevasses. Ice at deep grounding lines may be weakened by hydrofracturing and reduced buttressing, and may fail structurally if stresses exceed the ice yield strength, producing rapid retreat. Incorporating these mechanisms in our ice-sheet model accelerates the expected collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to decadal time scales, and also causes retreat into major East Antarctic subglacial basins, producing ∼17 m global sea-level rise within a few thousand years. The mechanisms are highly parameterized and should be tested by further process studies. But if accurate, they offer one explanation for past sea-level high stands, and suggest that Antarctica may be more vulnerable to warm climates than in most previous studies.
A study of direct loading of beta-cyclodextrins on glass beads as chromatographie separators

Beta-cyclodextrin(β-CD) was successfully loaded on the surface of glass beads without spacer group or cross-linking agent. The directly loaded β-CD was stable in toluene and methanol flows but critically hurt in more polar solvent such as water and dimethylformamide. Cross-linking could stabilize the directly bonded β-CD glass beads. Pore openings of cyclodextrin can be narrowed or blocked by end-capping agent, spacer groups, and cross-linking agents. The β-CD directly bonded glass beads have a capability to form inclusion complexes with larger host molecules because this method can avoid pore narrowing and blocking problems.
Omentum mimicking cystic masses in the pelvis

Three female patients with ultrasound criteria of pelvic cysts but with wads of omentum mimicking cystic structures are reported. In 2 patients the omentum was involved in an inflammatory process; in the third, normal omentum was found filling old surgical defects. All were confirmed surgically.
Using Peer Modeling to Teach Self-Regulation

Abstract The author used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to model self-regulation subprocesses as latent concepts in an examination of the effectiveness of peer modeling for teaching self-regulation. The design was a nonequivalent pretestposttest control group design with 63 participants (52 women and 11 men). The experimental group received self-regulation training through a self-regulation videotape and a peer-advocated action plan. The control group received no training. Difference scores were calculated for both groups and analyzed with analysis of variance. The author used a 50-item Likert-type Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI) as a pretest and posttest to measure participants' self-regulatory attitudes and behaviors. The experimental group performed significantly better than the control group. The author used CFA to test the goodness of fit between a hypothesized model of self-regulation and the sample data. On the basis of a priori specification of the CFA model, the author predicted that response...
Improving rainfall estimation from ground based radar measurements using neural networks

Neural network is a nonparametric method to represent the relationship between radar measurements and rainfall rate. The performance of neural network based rainfall estimation is subject to many factors such as the representativeness and sufficiency of the training dataset, the generalization capability of the network to new data, seasonal changes, and regional changes. Improving the performance of the neural network in real time context is of great interest. In this paper, the goal is to improve rainfall estimation based on Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks. The principal components analysis (PCA) technique is used to reduce the dimensionality of the training dataset. Reducing the dimensionality of the input training data will reduce the training time as well as reduce the network complexity. More importantly, the small scale uncertainty will be removed during PCA such that the network is less likely overfitted. In addition, “Rain/No Rain” detection is performed using an adaptive neural network running simultaneously with the rainfall estimation neural network. The “Rain/No Rain” detection can eliminate those “No Rain” data inputs from the training set.
Fundamentals of Computer-Aided Circuit Simulation

1. Circuit Equation Formulation.- 1.1 Branch Constitutive Equations.- 1.2 Nodal Analysis.- 1.3 Modified Nodal Analysis.- 1.4 Sparse Tableau Analysis.- 2. Linear Equation Solution.- 2.1 Gaussian Elimination.- 2.2 LU Transformation.- 2.3 LU Transformation Variations.- 2.4 Determinants.- 2.5 Accuracy Enhancement.- 2.6 Iterative Methods.- 3. Sparse Matrix Methods.- 3.1 Sparse Matrix Storage.- 3.2 Optimal Ordering.- 4. Nonlinear Equation Solution.- 4.1 Newton-Raphson Iteration.- 4.2 Convergence and Termination.- 4.3 Variations of Newton-Raphson Iteration.- 4.4 Internal Device Node Suppression.- 5. Numerical Integration.- 5.1 Introduction to Integration Formulas.- 5.2 Application of Integration Formulas.- 5.3 Construction of Integration Formulas.- 5.4 Truncation Error of Integration Formulas.- 5.5 Stability of Integration Methods.- 5.6 Automatic Timestep Control.- 6. Adjoint Networks and Sensitivity.- 6.1 Adjoint Networks.- 6.2 Element Sensitivity.- 6.3 Small-Signal Sensitivities.- 6.4 Noise and Group Delay Response.- 7. Pole-Zero Evaluation.- 7.1 Two-Port Transfer Functions.- 7.2 Muller's Method.- 8. Statistical Analysis.- 8.1 Distributions.- 8.2 Tracking and Pivots.- 8.3 Pivot Sorting Algorithm.- 8.4 Correlation.- References.
Changing family routines at kindergarten entry predict biomarkers of parental stress

This study tested associations among parenting stress prior to a child’s kindergarten entry, the sustainability of family routines, and biomarkers of stress among parents following the kindergarten transition. Parents (N = 51) with higher prekindergarten scores on the Parenting Stress Index Short Form reported lower Family Routines Inventory scores following school entry relative to their baseline. Declining family routines, in turn, were associated following kindergarten entry with greater 5-day mean and variance in evening cortisol, and higher C-reactive protein, an inflammatory mediator. However, only the cortisol findings remained significant controlling for baseline physiology. These findings support a family systems, social-ecological approach to life course development, wherein even mild challenges posed by children’s normative transitions may reveal differences in parents’ biobehavioral functioning.
The Importance of the Horizontal Distribution of Heating during Extratropical Cyclone Development

Abstract Diagnostic and modeling results reveal that atmospheric heating typically acts to intensify extratropical cyclones. In addition, both the Petterssen–Sutcliffe and Zwack–Okossi development equations reveal that this relationship depends on the proportionality that exists between surface geostrophic vorticity tendency and the negative of the horizontal Laplacian of atmospheric heating. Because of this Laplacian relationship, the impact of a heating field with a given magnitude and vertical distribution depends on its horizontal distribution. This paper will show how horizontal heating distributions that differ by relatively small amounts over their entire extent can yield vorticity tendency responses that could contribute to either development or decay of an underlying cyclone.
A metabolic syndrome severity score to estimate risk in adolescents and adults: current evidence and future potential.

The ongoing epidemic of obesity among children and adults worldwide has heightened the need for tools to identify obesity-related risk [1]. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascu...
Computations of equilibrium and non-equilibrium turbulent channel flows using a nested-LES approach

A new nested-LES approach for computation of high Reynolds number, equilibrium, and non-equilibrium, wall-bounded turbulent flows is presented. The method couples coarse-resolution LES in the full computational domain with fine-resolution LES in a minimal flow unit to retain the accuracy of well-resolved LES throughout the computational domain, including in the near-wall region, while significantly reducing the computational cost. The two domains are coupled by renormalizing the instantaneous velocity fields in each domain dynamically during the course of the simulation to match the wall-normal profiles of single-time, ensemble-averaged kinetic energies of the components of ‘mean’ and fluctuating velocities in the inner layer to those of the minimal flow unit, and in the outer layer to those of the full domain. This simple renormalization procedure is shown to correct the energy spectra and wall shear stresses in both domains, thus leading to accurate turbulence statistics. The nested-LES approach has been applied to computation of equilibrium turbulent channel flow at , 2000, 5000, 10 000, and non-equilibrium, strained turbulent channel flow at . In both flows, nested-LES predicts the skin friction coefficient, first- and higher-order turbulence statistics, spectra and structure of the flow in agreement with available DNS and experimental data. Nested-LES can be applied to any flow with at least one direction of local or global homogeneity, while reducing the required number of grid points from of conventional LES to or in flows with two or one locally or globally homogeneous directions, respectively.
Body image in transplant recipients and living organ donors.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to describe the current evidence regarding the prevalence and significance of concerns about body image in transplant recipients and organ donors. RECENT FINDINGS Body image and organ integration concerns have been reported as main themes in the psychological adaptation to transplantation. Their prevalence, severity, description and impact vary wildly. There is a lack of validated instruments to measure body image or organ integration in transplant patients. For organ recipients, satisfaction with body image depends on the organ, genre, pretransplant medical illness, time since transplantation and post-transplant medication regimen. Complete or partial denial of the graft is frequently reported. For organ donors, body image is influenced by the type of surgical incision. There is little evidence that body image or organ integration impact medical or psychological outcomes after transplantation or organ donation. SUMMARY Body image is becoming a significant component of measuring the quality of life in transplant patients. Body image may become a factor in decisions about if and when to pursue transplant for nonlife-threatening conditions (e.g. face transplantation), about the type of incision or about the immunosuppressant regimen. For mental health professionals, understanding the complexities of body image and organ integration will help enhance the assistance provided before and after transplant or donation.
EFFECT OF RAPID TRANSPOSITION AROUND THE EARTH ON DIURNAL VARIATION IN BODY TEMPERATURE.

SummaryThe diurnal pattern of body temperature was observed on 3 members of a family including a 6-year-old child for 2 weeks covering the period during and after an east-bound flight which resulted in an advance of daily routine as much as 10 hours. Adjustment of diurnal rhythm to a new local time was discussed with reference to the speed of transposition. With a rapid shift of local time zones the characteristics of the normal pattern were disturbed, but gradually approximated the new time pattern (approximately 40-50 minutes shift per day).
Propaganda Wars and the English Succession Crisis

In the Elizabethan era, an age lacking electronic technologies for surveillance and war, human assets were crucial. Necessary assets were soldiers, mariners, and spies, but also men educated well enough to help perform the intellectual work of government such as research and propaganda. Christopher Marlowe, critics have speculated and often unjustifiably presupposed, was one of the human assets. For decades scholars have been pondering what precisely was the ‘good service’ that Marlowe did for the queen mentioned in the 29 June 1587 PC certificate ordering Cambridge University to give Marlowe his M.A.1 Scholars typically write that he was a ‘government spy’ or ‘government agent’ (see Breight 1993), but what does this mean? Clearly the regime understood the uses of education and this is why Oxford and Cambridge, as well as theInns of Court, expanded so much from about the middle to the end of the sixteenth century.2 The government recruited many servants from the universities such as Marlowe’s dangerous acquaintances, Robert Poley and Richard Baines, who both matriculated at Cambridge in 1568 (Nicholl, 133–4). But while Poley and Baines have not left us any writings other than intelligence oriented information, Marlowe has given us perhaps the most intense output of political drama ever produced in so short and outstanding a life. Poley and Baines are demonstrably members of an active surveillance underworld of agents provocateurs and prison spies. They are in the trenches, Baines as an infiltrator of the English seminary at Rheims, and Poley as the key inside man in the Babington Plot.3 Marlowe, on the other hand, has not been connected to surveillance in these ways. Marlowe was an intellectual. He apparently called himself a scholar (Wernham 1976, 345). He knew French, Latin, and Greek (Hardin, 388), and possibly other languages. He wrote plays and poems, and did translations. Marlowe’s scholarly talents would make him valuable not as a field agent but as an intellectual asset inside the Cecilian apparatus.
Abstract 4754: Overexpression of TSH and ERBB2 (HER2) receptors is associated with sharply decreased survival in high grade serous ovarian cancer

Objective. To test if hormone or growth factor receptor expression is associated with survival among patients with high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS OvCa) we analyzed tumor mRNA expression microarray and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods. HGS OvCa patients were surgically staged prior to treatment with IP (n = 90) or IV-only (n = 398) chemotherapy. Multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression tested associations of expression of 9 hormone or growth factor receptors with progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Hazard ratios are hazard per each one standard deviation increase in gene expression. Expression was analyzed as a continuous variable by restricted mean survival analysis. Mean PFS or OS were compared between IP and IV groups by permutation testing stratified by expression. P-values were two-tailed. Results. Expression of ESR1, PGR, FSHR, LHCGR, MET, and EGFR were not associated with PFS or OS. TSHR expression was associated with decreased OS (HR 1.22 (1.06-1.41), p = 0.005) and PFS (HR 1.18 (1.05-1.33), p = 0.006) among IV-only treated patients. ERBB2 expression was associated with decreased OS (HR 1.48 (1.05-2.10), p = 0.027) among patients who received IP chemotherapy. Using multigene (ESR2, PGR, TSHR, and ERBB2) analysis, among the IP group, ERBB2 (HR 1.76 (1.11-2.79), p = 0.015) and ESR2 (HR 0.28 (0.08-0.93), p = 0.037) were associated with OS. Only TSHR expression was associated with decreased OS (HR 1.22 (1.06-1.41), p = 0.005) and decreased PFS (HR 1.18 (1.05-1.33), p = 0.007) on multigene analysis of IV-only treated patients. OS and PFS decreased steeply at high expression of TSHR and ERBB2. Among patients with upper 10th percentile TSHR expression, no significant difference in mean OS or PFS was observed between patients treated with IP versus IV-only chemotherapy. Patients with lower TSHR expression ( Conclusions. Among HGS OvCa patients treated with IV-only chemotherapy, increased tumor TSHR expression was associated with decreased OS and PFS. High TSHR expression characterized patients who did not benefit from IP chemotherapy. Citation Format: Brandon-Luke L. Seagle, Monica Dandapani, Chen Hui Luo, Claire Hoppenot, Robert Samuelson, Kevin H. Eng, Kunle Odunsi, Shohreh Shahabi. Overexpression of TSH and ERBB2 (HER2) receptors is associated with sharply decreased survival in high grade serous ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4754.
Effect of Oak Chips on Evolution of Phenolic Compounds and Color Attributes of Bog Bilberry Syrup Wine During Bottle-Aging

This study investigated the evolution of phenolic compounds of bog bilberry syrup wine during a bottle-aging process, and further estimated the oak chip treatment on the wine color alteration. The wine was macerated with oak chips (2 or 5 g/L under light or medium toasting level) for 20 d and then bottle-aged for 6 mo. Results showed that the oak chip treatment significantly increased the content of phenolic compounds and enhanced the copigmented anthocyanin level before aging. It also resulted in an increase on a* and C* but a decrease on L* , b* , and H* of the wine. During aging process, a content decrease of total phenol and antioxidant capacity of the wine was observed. Phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, and anthocyanins reduced the content, whereas flavonol increased the content. Free and copigmented anthocyanin levels decreased, whereas polymerized anthocyanins level increased. This process caused an increase on L* , b* , and H* , but a decrease on a* and C* . The oak chip treatment delayed the wine color change and its effect was mainly depended on the addition amount. Partial least square regression revealed that flavonol glycosides, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins displayed a positive correlation with L* , b* , and H* , but a negative correlation with a* and C* . Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, myricetin-3-O-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin exerted a more important effect on the color alteration in wine.
Defibrotide (Defitelio): A New Addition to the Stockpile of Food and Drug Administration-approved Oligonucleotide Drugs.

On 1 April 2016, the Food and Drug Administration approved Defitelio, known for many years as Defibrotide (DF), for marketing in the United States. The indication is severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease (sVOD) following high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation, a toxicity of therapy with a high mortality. Defibrotide is not the kind of oligonucleotide drug beloved by molecular biologists and proponents of personalized medicine. Its very complicated mechanism of action, which is still elusive, is without question nonsequence specific, and almost certainly based on the charge-charge interactions of its constituents with biological macromolecules, which are almost certainly proteins.
Demonstration of full system reaches of 100G SR4, 40G sWDM, and 100G CWDM4 transmissions over universal fiber

A universal fiber was fabricated to have reduced coupling loss with conventional multimode fiber. We demonstrated single mode and VCSEL-based multimode transmissions including 100G SR4, 40G sWDM, and 100G CWDM4 at full system reaches for the respective transmission technology for the first time.
Signals of selection in conditionally expressed genes in the diversification of three horned beetle species.

Species radiations may be facilitated by phenotypic differentiation already present within populations, such as those arising through sex-specific development or developmental processes biased toward particular reproductive or trophic morphs. We sought to test this hypothesis by utilizing a comparative transcriptomic approach to contrast among and within-species differentiation using three horned beetle species in the genus Onthophagus. These three species exhibit differences along three phenotypic axes reflective of much of the interspecific diversity present within the genus: horn location, polarity of sexual dimorphism, and degree of nutritional sensitivity. Our approach combined de novo transcript assembly, assessment of amino acid substitutions (dN/dS) across orthologous gene pairs, and integration of gene function and conditional gene expression data. We identified 17 genes across the three species pairs related to axis patterning, development, and metabolism with dN/dS >1 and detected elevated dN/dS in genes related to metabolism and biosynthesis in the most closely related species pair, which is characterized by a loss of nutritional polyphenism and a reversal of sexual dimorphism. Further, we found that genes that are conditionally expressed (i.e. as a function of sex, nutrition, or body region) within one of our focal species also showed significantly stronger signals of positive or relaxed purifying selection between species divergent along the same morphological axis (i.e. polarity of sexual dimorphism, degree of nutritional sensitivity, or location of horns). Our findings thus reveal a positive relationship between intraspecific differentiation due to condition-specific development and genetic divergences among species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Treated Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Increased from 2009 to 2015 Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents in the United States.

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this brief is to describe changes in the treated prevalence of medically managed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among insured school-aged children and adolescents in the United States from 2009 to 2015. We examine the differences between those with employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) and with Medicaid insurance. Methods: We utilized two large longitudinal administrative datasets containing medical and drug claims data on individuals with ESI and Medicaid insurance from Truven Health MarketScan® Administrative Claims Databases. Treated prevalence was measured as the percentage of school-aged children and adolescents enrolled in a calendar year who met the criteria for medically managed ADHD in the same calendar year. Subjects were eligible for inclusion if they were aged 6–17 years and were continuously enrolled during a calendar year. Results: The annual prevalence of treated ADHD among school-aged children and adolescents with ESI increased from 4.5% in...
The measurement of Everyday Cognition (ECog): Development and validation of a short version

Background This study describes the development and validation of a shortened version of the Everyday Cognition scales (ECog) (1), an informant-rated questionnaire designed to detect cognitive and functional decline.
Preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes: A disease of the fetal membranes

Preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes (pPROM) remains a significant obstetric problem that affects 3-4% of all pregnancies and precedes 40-50% of all preterm births. pPROM arises from complex, multifaceted pathways. In this review, we summarize some old concepts and introduce some novel theories related to pPROM pathophysiology. Specifically, we introduce the concept that pPROM is a disease of the fetal membranes where inflammation-oxidative stress axis plays a major role in producing pathways that can lead to membrane weakening through a variety of processes. In addition, we report microfractures in fetal membranes that are likely sites of tissue remodeling during gestation; however, increase in number and morphometry (width and depth) of these microfractures in pPROM membranes suggests reduced remodeling capacity of membranes. Microfractures can act as channels for amniotic fluid leak, and inflammatory cell and microbial migration. Further studies on senescence activation and microfracture formation and their role in maintaining membrane homeostasis are needed to fill the knowledge gaps in our understanding of pPROM as well as provide better screening (biomarker and imaging based) tools for predicting women at high risk for pPROM and subsequent preterm birth.
Home and School Environmental Influences on Adolescents’ Sociopolitical Group Participation: Implications for Increasing Youth Involvement:

The potential benefits associated with sociopolitical group involvement for participating youth have been well documented in the existing literature. Yet, little is known about what motivates volun...
Histone deacetylase inhibitors reduce differentiating osteoblast-mediated protection of acute myeloid leukemia cells from cytarabine

The bone marrow microenvironment protects acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells during chemotherapy and is a major factor in relapse. Here, we examined which type(s) of bone marrow cells are responsible for the relapse of AML following treatment with cytarabine (Ara-C), and we identified a means to inhibit this protection. To determine the protective cell type(s), AML cells were treated with Ara-C, and AML cell survival in the presence or absence of osteoblast lineage cells was assessed. Cultured AML cells and patient bone marrow isolates were each significantly protected from Ara-C-induced apoptosis by co-culture with differentiating osteoblasts. Moreover, pretreating differentiating osteoblasts with the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) vorinostat and panobinostat abrogated the ability of the differentiating osteoblasts to protect AML cells. Together, our results indicate that differentiating osteoblasts have the potential to promote residual AML in the bone marrow following standard chemotherapy and act via a mechanism requiring HDACi-sensitive gene expression. Using HDACi to target the leukemic microenvironment in combination with Ara-C could potentially improve treatment of AML. Moreover, other strategies for manipulating bone marrow osteoblasts may also help eradicate AML cells and reduce relapse.
24 GHz FET oscillator with slot antenna for quasi-optical transmitter

Microwave quasi-optical integrated circuits has a potential for low cost manufacturing, simple design, small size and high efficiency. Several works for the quasi-optical components were reported[1]. Due to its planar configuration, monolithic technology can also be applied. In order to meet these requirements, in particular simple design and small size, we proposed a layered structure with a slot formed in the ground plane of the microstrip circuit[2][3]. The slot is electromagnetically coupled through a microstrip to slotline transition to realize the layered structure. Thus, an antenna and a circuit are fabricated on both sides of a dielectric substrate. This paper describes the design and the experimental results of the 24 GHz negative resistance oscillator circuit for layered quasi-optical transmitter components. The technology for the 10 GHz negative resistance oscillator was scaled for use at a higher frequency with a HEMT (HJFET) as the oscillator source and a 1-λ, slot antenna as the radiator. The design concept for layered quasi-optical transmitter compoments was confirmed by fabrication and measurement at 24 GHz.