cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Brief: Mars and Venus missions extended

The European Space Agency will continue to operate the Mars Express and Venus Express missions through early-May 2009, the ESA announced on 27 February. Mars Express had been scheduled to end in October 2007 and Venus Express in June. The extension of the two missions will allow both satellites to continue mapping their respective planets as well as allow the scientists involved to conduct comparative planetology. These new studies could provide insight into how the planets formed and how life first emerged within the Solar System. Additional information about Mars Express can be found at http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/ and Venus Express at http://www.esa.int/ SPECIALS/Venus.Express/
High Throughput Femtosecond-Laser Machining of Micro-Tension Specimens

Femtosecond laser-based machining shows great promise for micro-scale specimen fabrication as this technique combines fast and precise milling while minimizing surface damage. Whereas focused ion beam (FIB) based micromachining techniques achieve milling rates smaller than ~1 µm3/s, femtosecond lasers can achieve milling rates up on the order of 103 µm3/s, allowing for high throughput specimen fabrication and experimentation. Utilizing only a femtosecond laser and a precison three-axis positioning stage, microtensile specimens were created with gauge widths less than 50 µm from bulk metals.
Wind and eddy-related shelf/slope circulation processes and coastal upwelling in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Wind- and eddy-driven circulation on the Louisiana-Texas shelf and slope are investigated during 1993-1994 by integrating measurements from satellite sensors (sea surface temperature, sea surface height) and in situ measurements from satellite-tracked drifting buoys and midwater shelf current meters. Four distinct circulation regimes were identified during autumn/winter including a down-coast jet on the west Louisiana and Texas inner shelf regions, cross-shelf entrainment within the Texas jet, seaward entrainment by slope eddies, and weak cyclonic circulation on the outer Louisiana shelf. The inner shelf coastal jet (20-98 cm s -1 ), associated with strong northeasterly winds, developed between the 10 m and 30 m isobaths seaward of the main sea-surface temperature front. Maximum current speeds were measured along the Texas coast between 29 N and 26° N. Although down-coast flow occurred 80% of the time, current reversals of 1-3 days resulted from northwesterly winds during frontal passages. A high velocity cross-shelf jet (13-59 cm s -1 ) was identified at 28° N, where an anticyclone/cyclone eddy pair entrained surface drifters onto the slope. During summer, prolonged current reversals with surface velocities of 20-50 cm s -1 occurred on the Louisiana-Texas shelf as a result of strong southerly wind stress over the south Texas shelf and moderate southerly/southwesterly wind stress over the Louisiana shelf. A ∼20-km wide zone of relatively cool waters (23°C-26°C) was detected along the coast between 23° and 28° N, subsequent to the current reversal. In situ measurements over three consecutive summers revealed that this coastal upwelling lasts four to six weeks in summer along the south Texas and north Mexican coast.
Long-time behavior of material-surface curvature in isotropic turbulence

The behavior at large times of the curvature of material elements in turbulence is investigated using Lagrangian velocity-gradient time series obtained from Direct Numerical Simulations of isotropic turbulence. The main objectives are: to study the asymptotic behavior of the pdf curvature as a function of initial curvature and shape; and, to establish whether the curvature of an initially plane material element goes to a stationary probability distribution. The evidence available in the literature about the asymptotic curvature-pdf of initially flat surfaces is ambiguous and the conjecture is that it isquasi-stationary. In this work several material-element ensembles of different initial curvatures and shapes are studied. It is found that, at long times the moments of the logarithm of curvature are independent of the initial pdf of curvature. This, it is argued, supports the view that the curvature attains a stationary distribution at long times. It is also shown that, irrespective of initial shape or curvature, the shape of any material element at long times is cylindrical with a high probability.
Discrete Electromagnetic Emissions in Planetary Magnetospheres

The present state of knowledge and observations of discrete electromagnetic emissions detected in the magnetospheres of earth and the outer planets are reviewed. The history of ground observations and satellite observations is included. Active experiments studying wave propagation, wave-wave and wave-particle interactions, and the generation and triggering of discrete emissions are addressed. The various theories proposed to explain the phenomena are examined, and computer simulations of wave-particle interactions and the generation and triggering of discrete emissions are reviewed. Related phenomena observed at frequencies above both the electron cyclotron frequency and the plasma frequency are considered. Areas of future investigation are discussed.
Global Perspectives in the Geography Curriculum: Reviewing the Moral Case for Geography

To tell the truth, I wasn’t quite sure what to expect from a book about the “moral case” for geography. The title intrigued me and resonated well with my own beliefs about the importance of the dis...
Molecular Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Protein That Mediates the Attachment of Erythroblasts to Macrophages

We have previously identified a novel protein that mediates the attachment of erythroblasts to macrophages in vitro. This attachment promotes terminal maturation and enucleation of erythroblasts (Hanspal and Hanspal, Blood 84:3494, 1994). This protein is referred to here as Emp for erythroblast macrophageprotein. Two immunologically related isoforms of Emp with apparent molecular weights of 33 kD and 36 kD were detected in macrophage membranes. The complete amino acid sequence of the larger isoform of Emp was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a full-length 2.0-kb cDNA that was isolated from a human macrophage cDNA library using affinity-purified anti-Emp antibodies. Of the 2,005 bp, 1,185 bp encode for 395 amino acids representing 43 kD (the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE] molecular mass is 36 kD). Northern blot analysis of human macrophage poly(A) RNA detected a message for Emp of 2.1 kb. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative transmembrane domain near the N-terminus. To investigate the structure/function relationships of Emp, recombinant fusion proteins of full-length and truncated Emp were produced in bacteria, COS-7, and HeLa cells. Cell binding assays showed that the N-terminus is exposed on the cell surface. The recombinant Emp functions as a cell attachment molecule when expressed in heterologous cells. Furthermore, we showed that the demise of erythroblasts in the absence of Emp-mediated erythroblast-macrophage association is accompanied by apoptosis. We postulate that Emp-mediated contact between erythroblasts and macrophages promotes terminal maturation of erythroid cells by suppressing apoptosis. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
A general treatment of expanding systems

The general theory proposed in the previous paper will be applied to multiple meson processes. This is a field theoretical justification of the Landau theory of multiple meson production, based on a hydrodynamical analogy. According to our calculation, mesons enclosed in a narrow disk will expand in the direction perpendicular to the disk and give a sharp angular distribution in favor of recent experimental data.
Shadow Prices for a Nonconvex Public Technology in the Presence of Private Constant Returns

Diamond and Mirrlees have shown that public sector shadow prices should be set equal to the private producer prices in some circumstances even if taxes are not optimal when the public production technology is convex and some of the private sector firms have constant-returns-to-scale technologies. In this article, it is shown that the optimal public production plan maximizes profits using the private producer prices on a subset of the public production set if this set is nonconvex. Sufficient conditions for profit maximization using these prices to identify the optimal public production plan on the whole public production set are also identified.
Policy Gridlock in Waste Management

Current federal hazardous and low-level radioactive waste management policies (under conjoint federalism) fail to balance national concerns for consistency with state concerns for equity, discretion, and adequate resources. Congress should expand conjoint federalism to permit states to charge differential fees on imported hazardous waste as it does for low-level radioactive waste. For low-level radioactive waste, clarification of the “take title” issue makes the present framework for state discretion implementable, given sufficient time.
Author reply: Nutrition science mustn't accept a lower level of evidence

We thank the Fentons for giving us the opportunity to emphasize and clarify certain points in our article titled “Evidence-based criteria in the nutritional context.”1 The Fentons recognize the distinction we made between the strength of the evidence and the confidence we might have in a particular nutrient intake recommendation. They reject the use of that distinction for nutrition, emphasizing that their results should be “consistent.” This is not the world in which we live and in which nutritional policy has to be forged and implemented. Across its full range, from micronutrients to protein, nutrition does not have the kind of evidence the Fentons advocate. This is not an indictment of nutrition as a science; it is simply recognition of the following facts: 1) we cannot get RCT-level evidence for many, and …
Perceptions of Police Use of Deadly Force

Recent police shootings of unarmed suspects have brought to bear harsh criticism of law enforcement use of deadly force. Two studies sought to investigate perceptions of police misuse of deadly force. Study 1 showed that as number of officers decreased and number of shots increased, perceptions of misuse of force were augmented. Number of shots per officer significantly predicted perceptions of misuse of force. Study 2 investigated the effects of social dominance orientation, blind patriotism, and right-wing authoritarianism. Results showed a significant interaction between number of officers, number of shots fired, and social dominance orientation. This personality variable was an especially strong predictor of misuse of force in situations involving the largest number of shots fired per officer.
Public Engagement and the Impact of Fairness Perceptions on Decision Favorability and Acceptance

Drawing on the social-psychological theory about justice, the current study uses survey data collected during a public engagement process related to nuclear energy to test the relative impact of pe...
Translational autoregulation of thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase

The folate-dependent enzymes, thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are critical for providing the requisite nucleotide precursors for maintaining DNA synthesis and DNA repair. In addition to their essential roles in enzyme catalysis, these two enzymes have now been shown to function as RNA binding proteins. Using in vitro and in vivo experimental model systems, we have shown that the functional consequence of binding of TS protein to its own cognate mRNA, as well as binding of DHFR to its own DHFR mRNA, is translational repression. Herein, we review and update studies focusing on the translational autoregulatory control of TS and DHFR expression and discuss the molecular elements that are required for these specific RNA-protein interactions. Moreover, we present evidence showing that abrogation of these normal translational autoregulatory feedback mechanisms provides the molecular basis for the rapid development of cellular drug resistance.
Characterization of the cholesteric phase of filamentous bacteriophage fd for molecular alignment.

Residual dipolar couplings arise from small degrees of alignment of molecules in a magnetic field and have proven to provide valuable structural information. Colloidal suspensions of rod-shaped viruses and bacteriophages constitute a frequently employed medium for imparting such alignment onto biomolecules. The stability and behavior of the liquid crystalline phases with respect to solution conditions such as pH, ionic strength, and temperature vary, and characterization should benefit practical applications as well as theoretical understanding. In this Communication we describe the pH dependence of the cholesteric liquid crystalline phase of the filamentous bacteriophage fd and demonstrate that the alignment tensor of the solute protein is modulated by pH. We also report the interesting observation that the relative sign of the residual dipolar coupling changes at low pH values. In addition, we demonstrate that the degree of alignment inversely scales with the lengths of the phage particles for phages with identical mass and charge per unit length.
The relationship of nasal disorders to lower respiratory tract symptoms and illness in a random sample of children.

We examined the relationship of nasal disorders, defined as frequent colds and sinus trouble, to lower respiratory tract symptoms in a random population of 718 children aged 4 to 11 years in East Boston, Massachusetts. Frequent colds were significantly associated with maternal smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 3.00; 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 1.97, 4.58), and so was sinus trouble (OR = 4.73; 95% Cl = 1.78, 12.51). After adjustment for maternal smoking, age and sex, frequent colds (OR = 2.88; 95% Cl = 1.87, 4.42) and sinus trouble (OR = 4.95, 95% CI = 1.83, 13.39) remained significant predictors of lower respiratory tract symptoms in separate logistic regressions. If one restricted the cohort to the 513 children who also had personal smoking information and adjusted for this variable as well, the results for colds were unchanged (OR = 2.94; 95% Cl = 1.78, 4.84) but the results for sinus trouble were now not statistically significant (OR = 2.30, 95% Cl = 0.67, 7.94). We conclude that nasal disorders are associated with lower respiratory tract symptoms in children. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of carbon dioxide gas on German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) knockdown, recovery, movement and feeding

Abstract. Carbon dioxide anaesthesia differentially affects the knockdown and recovery of cockroaches, depending on the strain and the length of time that the colony has been subjected to a CO2 regime. Adult males from two laboratory and two field-collected strains of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica, are knocked down within 7–45 s after exposure to CO2. After 5 min of CO2 exposure, presumptive recovery (i.e. the time for the cockroach to right itself after knockdown) for laboratory strains occurs significantly sooner than for field-collected strains. Control cockroaches, exposed to compressed air rather than CO2, exit harbourage cups rapidly (≤3.20 min). However, although allowed a recovery period of 5 min, significant movement impairment occurs for all cockroach strains anaesthetized with CO2. Carbon dioxide exposure significantly reduces consumption of 2.15% hydramethylnon bait and delays mortality even when 24 h is allowed for recovery before bait placement. Cockroaches allowed to recover for 48 h after 5 min of CO2 exposure consume significantly more bait and die significantly faster than CO2 exposed groups allowed 24 h of recovery, and mortality is not significantly different from nonanaesthetized bait-fed controls.
Social development strategies of a non-governmental grassroots women’s organisation in Nigeria

Social development initiatives of rural and poor urban women in Africa are efforts that redress the post-colonial economic development planning oversights of many African nations. Grass roots movements are responsive initiatives that have provided rural women with bottom-up management and planning opportunities focused on quality of life issues for themselves, their families, the community, and, ultimately, the nation. Since 1982, Country Women’s Association of Nigeria (COWAN), a non-governmental organisation, has addressed the needs of rural and urban poor women through economic activities that have empowered them and increased their levels of self-sufficiency. With COWAN’s emphasis on popular participation and indigenous leadership, macro-community development practices are employed, as is the recognition of individual and collective skills and talents. Social workers of today should be aware of commonalities that exists in the struggles of these and other Third World women, for their struggles are not unlike those of oppressed groups found in the USA and other developed countries.
CDC Pregnancy Flu Line: Monitoring Severe Illness Among Pregnant Women with Influenza

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented the Pregnancy Flu Line (PFL) during the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) pandemic and continued operation through the 2010–2011 influenza season to collect reports of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths among pregnant women with influenza. The system documented the severe impact of influenza on pregnant women during both seasons with 181 ICU/survivals and 37 deaths reported during the 2009 fall pandemic wave and 69 ICU/survivals and ten deaths reported in the subsequent influenza season (2010–2011). A health department survey suggests PFL participants perceived public health benefits and minimum time burdens.
Effects of Urban Areas and Echo Merging on Radar Echo Behavior

Abstract The temporal histories of 702 convective echoes measured in the St. Louis area during the 1973 summer were studied to discern potential effects on echo behavior of the urban influences and those effects resulting from the merger of two or more echoes. The 190 echoes that merged grew faster (50%), became taller (52%), and lasted longer (122%) than non-merger echoes. The average echo top growth 10 min after a merger was 1500 m, and on any given day 80% of the heights of merger echoes at a given stage of echo life were higher than those of non-merger echoes. The 137 echoes that crossed the urban area were longer lasting (119%), faster growing (61%), taller (30%), and more merged (44% vs 23%) than the non-urban echoes. The 61 urban echoes that subsequently merged over or beyond St. Louis were demonstrably longer lasting (110 vs 44 min) and taller (4800 m at 10 min after entry into the urban area and 5900 m at urban exit) than 76 urban echoes that did not merge. The urban echo that merged was also mea...
Contamination by Dust Particles and Intensive Desiccation.

As is stated by H. B. and M. Baker in their 1912 article, it was a letter in regard to desiccated calomel that led them to study the effects of intensive desiccation on boiling points and other physical properties of liquids, a field in which the many investigators who have since entered it have obtained results that are outstandingly discordant. In looking back at the work of Smith and Menzies, published in 1911, one can readily see that, in working with calomel, they were fortunate in being able to heat the substance to be desiccated for months at 115°, while the drying agent, in another portion of the same apparatus, could be kept at room temperature. But one can recall also a feature of the work that is not obvious, namely, that, by reason of the methods used, their dry system was presumably unusually free from contamination with atmospheric dust. Recent work in this laboratory has again brought to our attention the importance of atmospheric dust.
Feasibility of implementing rapid oral fluid HIV testing in an urban University Dental Clinic: a qualitative study

More than 1 million individuals in the U.S. are infected with HIV; approximately 20% of whom do not know they are infected. Early diagnosis of HIV infection results in earlier access to treatment and reductions in HIV transmission. In 2006, the CDC recommended that health care providers offer routine HIV screening to all adolescent and adult patients, regardless of community seroprevalence or patient lifestyle. Dental providers are uniquely positioned to implement these recommendations using rapid oral fluid HIV screening technology. However, thus far, uptake into dental practice has been very limited. The study utilized a qualitative descriptive approach with convenience samples of dental faculty and students. Six in-depth one-on-one interviews were conducted with dental faculty and three focus groups were conducted with fifteen dental students. Results were fairly consistent and indicated relatively high levels of acceptability. Barriers and facilitators of oral fluid HIV screening were identified in four primary areas: scope of practice/practice enhancement, skills/knowledge/training, patient service/patient reactions and logistical issues. Oral fluid HIV screening was described as having benefits for patients, dental practitioners and the public good. Many of the barriers to implementation that were identified in the study could be addressed through training and interdisciplinary collaborations.
Using Multiple Criteria To Evaluate Public Policies: The Case of School Desegregation

This article suggests a framework by which to organize information and evaluate policy alternatives. In this framework, equity, efficiency, effectiveness, and political feasibility are criteria for choosing policy alternatives. In addition, the framework includes strategies—the policy formulation and the compliance structure—for achieving these values. Among the three major types of school desegregation policy alternatives implemented since Brown v. Board of Education —freedom of choice, mandatory reassignment, and magnet—voluntary—the magnet-voluntary alternative appears to achieve the greatest equity, efficiency, and effectiveness because it relies primarily on market-like incentives and an incremental decision-making approach.
Enhanced chlorophyll associated with tropical instability waves in the equatorial Pacific

High resolution mooring time series are used to quantify significant chlorophyll anomalies associated with tropical instability waves (TIWs) in the equatorial Pacific. Distinct peaks characterized by very high chlorophyll (up to 3.5 mg m -3 ) are observed in association with TIW cold cusps. These high-chlorophyll peaks appear to differ with respect to scale and intensity from those previously observed at subductive fronts. The physical processes responsible for the observed chlorophyll distributions are not mutually exclusive, and include advection, horizontal mixing, enhanced upwelling and concentration of biomass at fronts. Given the potentially large spatial extent of these high chlorophyll bands, their importance as regions of increased productivity and CO 2 uptake is discussed.
The predatory strike of free ranging praying mantises, Sphodromantis lineola (Burmeister). II: Strikes in the horizontal plane.

The predatory behavior of free ranging praying mantises, Sphodromantis lineola (Burmeister), in response to prey at various positions in the midsagittal plane, was examined using hi
Psychotherapy as a Process of Value Stabilization

The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) and a confidence rating scale (CRS) were given to 13 experienced psychotherapists and 62 of their clients in field settings at the beginning and termination of therapy, or after 6 months. Results from the RVS demonstrate that therapists are more value stable than their clients and that clients shift their value systems toward their therapists' value configurations. Results from the CRS indicate that therapists are more confident than are clients and that clients' confidence increases across therapy.
Ecosystem and macrophyte primary production of the Fort River, Massachusetts

Primary production and ecosystem respiration of the Fort River ecosystem, a medium size (mean discharge 1.4 m3/sec) lowland stream in central Massachusetts, U.S.A., were measured using diurnal oxygen techniques from May 1972 to November 1973. During the summer of 1973, vascular hydrophyte production was measured with a modified cropping technique. Whole ecosystem gross primary production ranged from 0.44 g O2/m2:day in winter to 6.50 g O2/m2.day in summer, and averaged 1.78 g O2/m2.day for 12 months. Mean ecosystem respiration was 3.65 g O2/m2.day for 12 months. Mean ecosystem respiration was 3.65 g O2/m2.day. Macrophyte gross production (59.9 g O2/m2.year) constitutes 9.2% of annual ecosystem productivity and 15.2% of summer primary production. Macrophytes were little grazed and entered food webs only after death, as detritus. Decomposition occurred near the site of production at relatively rapid rates, thus transport of dead macrophyte material in stream water was low. Data from this and other stream ecosystems suggest that in general, streams are only moderately productive ecosystems which depend to varying degrees on watershed-derived organic matter inputs.
Current Interpretations of Poe: Existential or Transcendent

Richard P. Veler, ed. Papers on Poe: Essays in Honor of John Ward Ostrom. Springfield, Ohio: Chantry Music Press at Wittenberg University, 1972. 236 pp. $5.95.
Medical, Surgical and Interventional Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Obstruction

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are classified as having hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) if a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient is present at rest or during provocation, as with Valsalva maneuver or exercise. Management of HCM in general and HOCM in particular encompasses (1) activity restriction with avoidance of volume depletion, (2) prevention of sudden cardiac death, (3) control of symptoms, and (4) screening of relatives. Those patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) should be offered an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Pharmacologic treatment of symptoms in patients with HOCM consists of negative inotropic drugs, namely beta blockers, and disopyramide; a nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB), usually verapamil, may be used in patients with noncardiac side-effects of beta blockers. Patients who have a dual-chamber pacemaker (PM) or ICD should undergo a trial of pacing with short atrioventricular (AV) delay. For patients with intolerable symptoms despite optimal conservative therapy, septal reduction therapy (SRT) should be considered and should be performed by experienced operators in institutions with multidisciplinary HCM programs. Younger patients with extreme hypertrophy are usually offered septal myectomy, while older patients, and those with important comorbidities are usually directed to alcohol septal ablation (ASA). For patients for whom either therapy is appropriate, there should be a balanced discussion with the patients of the benefits and risks of the 2 procedures.
White matter disease: Optimizing rituximab therapy for neuromyelitis optica

Rituximab is an immunosuppressive monoclonal antibody therapy that is used in some cases to help prevent relapses of neuromyelitis optica, an inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease. A new study provides evidence supporting efficacy and a strategy for optimizing the timing of repeated courses of treatment for the individual patient.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

World Anthropologies: Disciplinary Transformations within Systems of Power. Gustavo Lins Ribeiro and Arturo Escobar, eds. Wenner-Gren International Symposium Series. Oxford: Berg, 2006. 341 pp.
Protein-bound polysaccharide activates dendritic cells and enhances OVA-specific T cell response as vaccine adjuvant

Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor mushroom. It has been used traditionally in Asian countries for its immune stimulating and anti-cancer effects. We have recently found that PSK can activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). TLR2 is highly expressed on dendritic cells (DC), so the current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of PSK on DC activation and the potential of using PSK as a vaccine adjuvant. In vitro experiments using mouse bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) demonstrated that PSK induces DC maturation as shown by dose-dependent increase in the expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII, and CD40. PSK also induces the production of multiple inflammatory cytokines by DC, including IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6, at both mRNA and protein levels. In vivo experiments using PSK as an adjuvant to OVAp323-339 vaccine showed that PSK as adjuvant leads to enlarged draining lymph nodes with higher number of activated DC. PSK also stimulates proliferation of OVA-specific T cells, and induces T cells that produce multiple cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. Altogether, these results demonstrate the ability of PSK to activate DC in vitro and in vivo and the potential of using PSK as a novel vaccine adjuvant.
Identification of beta carbolines isolated from fluorescent human lens proteins.

WITH ageing, a number of significant changes occur in the chemistry of the human lens. In the central region of the organ there is a slow transformation of protein to high molecular weight (HMW) aggregates greater than 50 × 106 (refs 1 and 2). It has been suggested that the relatively high concentration of such protein species in older lenses may cause significant light scattering3,4 and may be a contributing factor in the development of senile cataract characterised by central sclerosis and opacification1. An age-dependent increase in the insoluble protein fraction has also been observed5–8 and recent experiments indicate that the HMW species is an intermediate in the formation of this material15. Marked changes in the polypeptide chains of human lens proteins probably largely attributable to post-translational transformation, have also been observed16.
Regression of atherosclerosis

Abstract This report summarizes the rationale, design and results of studies that have used serial angiography to evaluate the effects of dietary and drug therapy on coronary atherosclerosis. These prospective randomized trials characteristically use an observer panel or computer-assisted quantitative methods to assess change in angiographically recorded coronary lesions. Angiograms are performed in accordance with exacting standards that replicate angiographic projections and provide stable vascular tone. Angiographic trials, the first of which was the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Type II (NHLBI) coronary intervention study, have rapidly increased in number and diversity. In 1987, Blankenhorn et al. reported the results of the Cholesterol-Lowering Atherosclerosis Study (CLAS), which documented a decline in the rate of coronary disease progression, a decline in the number of new lesions and regression of existing lesions in native vessels in patients who had previously had bypass graft surgery. Similar beneficial results were observed with bypass grafts. The Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidaemias (POSCH) found that the beneficial effects of lipid-lowering therapy on angiographic measurements correlated with a decrease in the number of deaths and non-fatal myocardial infarctions during the 10-year follow-up. The Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS) and the Arteriosclerosis Specialized Center of Research (SCOR) trial have also demonstrated an improvement in angiographic measurements after aggressive hypolipidaemic therapy in patients with known coronary disease and substantially elevated blood lipid levels. The results from randomized trials reported to date suggest that, in patients with known coronary disease and hyperlipidaemia, aggressive lipid-lowering therapy reduces the rate of progression of arteriographic disease and, in a small number of patients, induces regression of existing coronary lesions.
Adjoint-Based Control of Fluid-Structure Interaction for Computational Steering Applications

The primal and adjoint, time-dependent fluid—structure interaction (FSI) formulations are presented. A simple control strategy for FSI problems is formulated based on the information provided by the solution of the adjoint FSI problem. A well-known benchmark FSI problem is computed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Such control strategies as proposed in this paper are useful for computational steering or so-called Dynamics Data Driven Application System (DDDAS) simulations, in which the computational model is adjusted to include the information coming from the measurement data, and control strategies may be employed to computationally steer the physical system toward desired behavior.
Electron affinities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determined by the kinetic method

The kinetic method has been applied in the determination of electron affinities (EA) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using electron attachment desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DCI-MS) and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Electron-bound dimers of PAHs (viz. solvated radical anions) are generated in the ion source and they fragment competitively upon collisional activation to yield the intact monomeric molecular radical anions. The ratio of the abundances of these two ions reflects the difference in electron affinities of the PAHs. Relative electron affinities are ordered as phenanthrene < perylene < 1,2-benzanthracene < benzo [ghi] perylene < anthracene < pyrene < fluoranthene < biphenylene on the basis of multiple pairwise measurements. On the assumption that the effective temperature of the electron-bound dimers is constant, under fixed desorption conditions, and using phenanthrene (EA = 0.307 eV), anthracene (EA = 0.556 eV), pyrene (EA = 0.591 eV) and fluoranthene (EA = 0.63 eV) as reference compounds, the electron affinities of several PAHs are estimated as perylene (0.35 eV), 1,2-benzanthracene (0.39 eV), benzo [ghi] perylene (0.42 eV) and biphenylene (0.89 eV). The calculated effective temperature using the known EAs of the reference compounds, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene, is 1251 K. The high effective temperature in the electron-bound dimer is ascribed to both the weak binding in the electron-bound dimer and to the choice of ionization conditions. The same methodology was applied to estimate the electron affinities of substituted PAHs. For alkyl-substituted PAHs, e.g. 1-methylanthracene, the estimated electron affinity (0.55 ± 0.10 eV) is consistent with electron transfer equilibrium studies. However, for halogenated PAHs, the ratio of fragment ion abundances does not correlate with the known electron affinity difference when a PAH and a halogenated PAH comprise the electron-bound dimer. This is suggested to be due to differences in the structures of the cluster ions generated upon halogen substitution. The expected affinity results are obtained when the electron-bound dimer is comprised of two halogenated PAHs. Estimated electron affinity values for 1-bromopyrene (0.72 ± 0.10 eV) and 9-bromoanthracene (0.61 ± 0.10 eV) are slightly higher than the electron affinities of pyrene and anthracene, respectively.
Conversion of indole-3-ethanol to indole-3-acetic Acid in cucumber seedling shoots.

Indoleethanol-14C was applied to intact cucumber seedlings and to hypocotyl segments. The presence of indoleacetic acid-14C in tissue extracts was demonstrated by thin layer radiochromatography. There was no evidence of conversion of indoleacetic acid to indoleethanol. It is suggested that the growth-promoting activity of indoleethanol is due to its conversion to indoleacetic acid.
Why Do American Construction Professionals Choose to Work Abroad on U.S. Embassy Projects

This qualitative research study examines some of the motivating factors and personality traits found in American construction professionals who have experience working on United States embassy projects. In response to global terrorism in the 1990s, the United States federal government has entered into a phase of building newer, more secure embassy buildings in several countries across the globe. Construction professionals who choose to work on these projects are faced with a multitude of conditions which would not likely be found in U.S. domestic projects. Twenty construction professionals were interviewed about topics such as motivations to work overseas and personal challenges encountered abroad. Structured, videotaped interviews were used as an investigative research tool. Analysis and conclusions are based upon the interviewees' responses.
Numerical simulations and observations of surface wave fields under an extreme tropical cyclone

Abstract The performance of the wave model WAVEWATCH III under a very strong, category 5, tropical cyclone wind forcing is investigated with different drag coefficient parameterizations and ocean current inputs. The model results are compared with field observations of the surface wave spectra from an airborne scanning radar altimeter, National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) time series, and satellite altimeter measurements in Hurricane Ivan (2004). The results suggest that the model with the original drag coefficient parameterization tends to overestimate the significant wave height and the dominant wavelength and produces a wave spectrum with narrower directional spreading. When an improved drag parameterization is introduced and the wave–current interaction is included, the model yields an improved forecast of significant wave height, but underestimates the dominant wavelength. When the hurricane moves over a preexisting mesoscale ocean feature, such as the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico or a warm- and co...
Half sommerfeld approximation for finite journal bearings.

Sommerfeld approximation of oil film solution of full finite journal bearings, based on reynolds equation
Space-time structure of the morning aurora inferred from coincident DMSP-F6, -F8, and Søndrestrøm incoherent scatter radar observations

Abstract On rare occasions, observations from the DMSP-F6 and -F8 spacecraft and the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar coincide in space. Such coincidence offers a unique opportunity to study temporal vs spatial variations on a small scale. We discuss data from one of those occasions, with observations made in the dawn sector in the presence of moderate auroral precipitation during a magnetically quiet period. The DMSP satellites measured vertical electron and ion flux and cross-track plasma drift while the radar measured the ionospheric electron density distribution and line-of-sight plasma velocities. We combine these data sets to construct a two-dimensional map of a possible auroral pattern above Sondrestrom. It is characterized by the following properties. No difference is seen between the gross precipitation patterns measured along the DMSP-F6 and -F8 trajectories (separated by 32 km in magnetic east-west direction and some 4 s in travel time in magnetic north-south direction), except that they are not exactly aligned with the L shells. However, F6 and F8 observed minor differences in the small-scale structures. More significant differences are found between small-scale features in the DMSP precipitation measurements and in radar observations of the E-region plasma density distribution. These measurements are separated by 74 km, equivalent to 2.4°, in magnetic longitude, and 0–40 s in time along the spacecraft trajectories (varying with magnetic latitude). Large-scale magnetospheric-ionospheric surfaces such as plasma flow reversal, poleward boundary of the keV ion and electron precipitation, and poleward boundary of E-region ionization, coincide. The combined data suggest that the plasma flow reversal delineates the polar cap boundary, that is, the boundary between precipitation characteristic for the plasma mantle and for the plasma sheet boundary layer.
Black Political Ideologies: Conceptions of African-American Subjugation and Social Welfare Policy Intervention

Social welfare policies are influenced significantly by the political ideologies of conservatism, liberalism, and radicalism. Although these ideologies are relevant to all racial groups, they reflect the political traditions of white America and omit those of people of color. African Americans have a long history of political ideologies that have grappled with solutions to the problem of racial subjugation. Using Michael Dawson's categorization of black political ideologies, this article examines how each ideology proposes to resolve the social problem of African-American subjugation, and it describes how each conceptualizes the role of social welfare policy intervention in eradicating African-American oppression.
Conjugated Polymer-Based Fluorescence Turn-On Sensor for Nitric Oxide

A turn-on fluorescent sensor for NO (g) in solution was synthesized using a bipyridyl-substituted poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivative (CP1) as the sensory scaffold. The action of NO (g) upon the CP1−Cu(II) complex reduces it to the CP1−Cu(I) complex with a concomitant 2.8-fold increase in emission intensity. The reagent is selective for NO (g) versus other biological reactive nitrogen species, except for nitroxyl, and has a detection sensitivity limit of 6.3 nM.
Carpenter's syndrome: Acrocephalopolysyndactyly. An autosomal recessive syndrome

A patient representing a “new” syndrome characterized by the association of acrocephaly, peculiar facies, brachysyndactyly of the fingers, preaxial polydactyly and syndactyly of the toes, hypogenitalism, obesity, and mental retardation is described. Additional features of this syndrome are coxa valga, genu valgum, pes varus, congenital heart disease, and abdominal hernias. Review of the literature disclosed 12 similar cases: ten familial in four families and two sporadic. The frequent occurrence of this syndrome in siblings suggests autosomal recessive inheritance. No chromosomal aberrations or biochemical defects were identified. An embryologic explanation for the phenotypic overlap between this “new” syndrome, Apert's acrocephalosyndactyly, and the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome is discussed.
A multidimensional view of resistance to organizational change: Exploring cognitive, emotional, and intentional responses to planned change across perceived change leadership strategies

In this survey research study, the researcher employed a causal-comparative, or ex post facto, design to explore the relationship between how union employees of a U.S. county government perceived implementation of a new electronic performance appraisal process and how they responded to the planned organizational change along cognitive, emotional, and intentional dimensions. Using Chin and Benne's seminal classification of change strategies (1961), three groups of respondents were formed according to how they perceived the change implementation process: as rational-empirical, normative-reeducative, or power-coercive. Multiple analysis of covariance was used to explore cognitive, emotional, and intentional response differences across the three groups. The findings suggest that a significant relationship exists between the perception of planned organizational change leadership strategy and response to change along cognitive, emotional, and intentional dimensions. Hypothesis testing revealed that perception of a rationalempirical or normative-reeducative change leadership strategy elicits positive responses along cognitive, emotional, and intentional dimensions; perception of a power-coercive strategy produces ambivalence across those dimensions. The study offers insights into the complex nature of resistance and the relationship between change leadership strategy and response to planned organizational change.
Interpretability of magnetic diagnostics in tokamks—search for a locked mode in the TFTR (tokamak)

Abstract The interpretability of magnetic diagnostics is discussed in the context of searching for a locked mode in a tokamak. Apparent external signatures of a locked-mode perturbation determined by a magnetic locked-mode diagnostic route are found under some circumstances to be at variance with the interior structure of the perturbation measured by an electron cyclotron emission diagnostic route. This discrepancy suggests the possibility that locked-mode detector signals may be misinterpreted under some conditions. It is conjectured that toroidally asymmetric ‘halo’ currents may be partly responsible for the locked-mode detector response and observed detrimental effects on the discharge.
Methanococcus jannaschii Genome: Revisited

Analysis of genomic sequences is necessarily an ongoing process. Initial gene assignments tend (wisely) to be on the conservative side (Venter, 1996). The analysis of the genome then grows in an iterative fashion as additional data and more sophisticated algorithms are brought to bear on the data. The present report is an emendation of the original gene list of Methanococcus jannaschii (Bult et al., 1996). By using a somewhat more updated database and more relaxed (and operator-intensive) pattern matching methods, we were able to add significantly to, and in a few cases amend, the gene identification table originally published by Bult et al. (1996).
774 HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE FOLLOWING VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTION

Previous investigations of the humoral immune response to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection were hampered by the insensitivity of the complement-fixing antibody test. Development of the indirect fluorescent method for detecting antibody to VZV-membrane antigen provided a means of separating immune from susceptible individuals and confirmed the ability of zoster immune globulin (ZIG) to attenuate disease if given to susceptible children shortly after exposure. Because of the important role of antibody in modifying clinical disease, we have evaluated the neutralizing antibody response in neonates and older children with VZV infection. Utilizing a newly developed ‘semi-micro’ plaque reduction assay we found (i) that the titer of neutralizing antibody was enhanced 2-4 fold by the addition of complement and (ii) that complement-dependent neutralizing antibody occasionally was detectable when anti-membrane antibody was negative (<1:2). These results suggest that neutralizing antibody titers may be required to fully assess the VZV immune status of exposed newborn and immuno-suppressed children. In addition, this test may define the role of humoral immunity in modulating VZV reactivation.
Evaluation of potential reaction mechanisms leading to the formation of coniferyl alcohol α-linkages in lignin: a density functional theory study

Five potential reaction mechanisms, each leading to the formation of an α-O-4-linked coniferyl alcohol dimer, and one scheme leading to the formation of a recently proposed free-radical coniferyl alcohol trimer were assessed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These potential reaction mechanisms were evaluated using both the calculated Gibbs free energies, to predict the spontaneity of the constituent reactions, and the electron-density mapped Fukui function, to determine the most reactive sites of each intermediate species. The results indicate that each reaction in one of the six mechanisms is thermodynamically favorable to those in the other mechanisms; what is more, the Fukui function for each free radical intermediate corroborates with the thermochemical results for this mechanism. This mechanism proceeds via the formation of two distinct free-radical intermediates, which then react to produce the four α-O-4 stereoisomers.