cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Talbot effect for the cubic non-linear Schröedinger equation on the torus

We study the evolution of the one dimensional periodic cubic Schrodinger equation (NLS) with bounded variation data. For the linear evolution, it is known that for irrational times the solution is a continuous, nowhere differentiable fractal-like curve. For rational times the solution is a linear combination of finitely many translates of the initial data. Such a dichotomy was fist observed by Talbot in an optical experiment performed in 1836, [20]. In this paper we prove that a similar phenomenon occurs in the case of the NLS equation.
Rapid and Pervasive Changes in Genome-wide Enhancer Usage during Mammalian Development

Enhancers are distal regulatory elements that can activate tissue-specific gene expression and are abundant throughout mammalian genomes. Although substantial progress has been made toward genome-wide annotation of mammalian enhancers, their temporal activity patterns and global contributions in the context of developmental in vivo processes remain poorly explored. Here we used epigenomic profiling for H3K27ac, a mark of active enhancers, coupled to transgenic mouse assays to examine the genome-wide utilization of enhancers in three different mouse tissues across seven developmental stages. The majority of the ∼90,000 enhancers identified exhibited tightly temporally restricted predicted activity windows and were associated with stage-specific biological functions and regulatory pathways in individual tissues. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that evolutionary conservation of enhancers decreases following midgestation across all tissues examined. The dynamic enhancer activities uncovered in this study illuminate rapid and pervasive temporal in vivo changes in enhancer usage that underlie processes central to development and disease.
Mucosal Immunity of the Adolescent Female Genital Tract

This study sought to characterize mucosal immunity of the adolescent genital tract during the cycle and determine if adolescents have more suppressed immunoglobulin levels in the follicular phase than adults. Daily from cycle day 9 until ovulation, then every other day until menses, cervical secretions for IgA, IgG, and cytokines were collected via Weck-Cel sponge and serum for luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone was obtained from three adolescent girls (mean age 16.8 years). Immunoglobulin and cytokine levels varied during the menstrual cycle, reaching their nadir around ovulation. Compared with 13 adults, adolescents had a greater drop in IgG in the follicular phase (mean beta-953 vs. -269 microg/mL/day, p = .045), but a similar rate of rise in IgG in the luteal phase (mean beta +118 vs. +100 microg/mL/day, p = .252). Rates of change in IgA did not differ between adolescents and adults for either phase. Although limited by the small sample size, these findings suggest that adolescents may be more sensitive to unopposed estrogen and warrant further investigation.
A Stable Penalty Method for the Compressible Navier--Stokes Equations: III. Multidimensional Domain Decomposition Schemes

This paper, concluding the trilogy, develops schemes for the stable solution of wave-dominated unsteady problems in general three-dimensional domains. The schemes utilize a spectral approximation in each subdomain and asymptotic stability of the semidiscrete schemes is established. The complex computational domains are constructed by using nonoverlapping quadrilaterals in the two-dimensional case and hexahedrals in the three-dimensional space. To illustrate the ideas underlying the multidomain method, a stable scheme for the solution of the three-dimensional linear advection-diffusion equation in general curvilinear coordinates is developed. The analysis suggests a novel, yet simple, stable treatment of geometric singularities like edges and vertices. The theoretical results are supported by a two-dimensional implementation of the scheme. The main part of the paper is devoted to the development of a spectral multidomain scheme for the compressible Navier--Stokes equations on conservation form and a unified approach for dealing with the open boundaries and subdomain boundaries is presented. Well posedness and asymptotic stability of the semidiscrete scheme is established in a general curvilinear volume, with special attention given to a hexahedral domain. The treatment includes a stable procedure for dealing with boundary conditions at a solid wall. The efficacy of the scheme for the compressible Navier--Stokes equations is illustrated by obtaining solutions to subsonic and supersonic boundary layer flows with various types of boundary conditions. The results are found to agree with the solution of the compressible boundary layer equations.
Antimalarial Agents. III. Mechanism of Action of Artesunate against Plasmodium berghei Infection

The antimalarial agent, artesunate has been observed to suppress the infection growth rate of Plasmodium berghei in CF1 mouse red blood cells. The inhibition of growth was due to a number of biochemical mechanisms. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in the Plasmodium berghei was inhibited significantly by the drug with marginal inhibition of protein synthesis. The inhibition of DNA synthesis seemed to be due to a block of purine synthesis at the regulatory enzyme site of inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase. Whereas there was no evidence to demonstrate that the drug alkylated nucleotide bases or caused cross linking of DNA strands of the plasmodium, the drug did appear to cause non-specific binding to bases that interfered with template activity. There was marked inhibition of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polymerase activity with moderate inhibition of DNA polymerase activity. The drug caused significant reduction of basal oxygen consumption of Plasmodium berghei with a significant inhibition of succinic acid dehydrogenase activity. The drug interacted with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), suggesting the possibility that artesunate may interfere with energy required for cell growth.
SAR Image Autofocus By Sharpness Optimization: A Theoretical Study

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) autofocus techniques that optimize sharpness metrics can produce excellent restorations in comparison with conventional autofocus approaches. To help formalize the understanding of metric-based SAR autofocus methods, and to gain more insight into their performance, we present a theoretical analysis of these techniques using simple image models. Specifically, we consider the intensity-squared metric, and a dominant point-targets image model, and derive expressions for the resulting objective function. We examine the conditions under which the perfectly focused image models correspond to stationary points of the objective function. A key contribution is that we demonstrate formally, for the specific case of intensity-squared minimization autofocus, the mechanism by which metric-based methods utilize the multichannel defocusing model of SAR autofocus to enforce the stationary point property for multiple image columns. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the objective function has a special separble property through which it can be well approximated locally by a sum of 1-D functions of each phase error component. This allows fast performance through solving a sequence of 1-D optimization problems for each phase component simultaneously. Simulation results using the proposed models and actual SAR imagery confirm that the analysis extends well to realistic situations.
A comparison of different conceptualizations of perceived alternatives in turnover research

The present study compared the relative predictive validity of different formulations of perceived alternatives in turnover models. These formulations varied according to different levels of specificity and proximity to turnover criteria and were examined within the framework of the Mobley turnover theory (1977; Mobley, Griffeth, Hand and Meglino, 1979). A sample of 244 nurses was administered a survey assessing determinants of turnover. Six months later voluntary turnover data were collected. While intention to quit and turnover were significantly predicted by their antecedents, the results were not entirely supportive of Mobley's theory. Methodological and theoretical reasons were advanced for the inconsistent findings.
Studies of Vibrational Surface Modes. II. Monatomic fcc Crystals

We report the first thorough study of vibrational surface modes in realistic crystal models. This study was based on calculations for monatomic fcc crystals with (111), (100), and (110) surfaces. The most important general result is the following: In addition to the class of surface-mode branches that persist into the long-wavelength limit, studied extensively by previous workers, there is a second class of surface modes that exist only at relatively small wavelengths (of the order of an atomic spacing). The existence of such modes was pointed out in two earlier publications, but a detailed examination of the properties of these modes is presented in the present paper. For the (111) surface, there are five distinct surface-mode branches; for the (100) surface there are apparently at least 19; and for the (110) surface there are ten. A number of series of mixed (or pseudosurface) modes have also been identified. Many of the surface modes are primarily localized in the second layer beneath the surface or some deeper layer, rather than the surface layer itself. At some symmetry points, modes are obtained in which a single layer vibrates almost independently. Several cases have been found in which surface-mode branches attempt to cross each other and as a result exhibit hybridization. The surface modes and mixed modes have been studied throughout the interior of the two-dimensional Brillouin zone, as well as along the symmetry lines. The dispersion curves are shown, graphs are given for the attenuation of many of the modes with distance from the surface, and the polarizations of the modes are described. The behavior of the modes with respect to uniform changes in the density and changes in the surface force constants has been investigated: In all cases the Gr\"uneisen parameters for surface modes and bulk modes are approximately the same for uniform changes in density. If the surface force constants are increased by neglecting the relaxation of the surface particles, the surface-mode frequencies are increased, as one expects. In some cases, these frequencies are raised into the bulk continua and the modes become delocalized. This fact implies that the surface relaxation is important, and the qualitative features of the surface-mode spectrum are sensitive to changes in the surface force constants. Although the calculated surface-mode spectra are rather complicated, all of the surface modes and mixed modes can be explained in terms of a simple phenomenological model in which these modes are regarded as "peeling off" from the bulk bands in a systematic fashion: A mode which is primarily localized in the first layer peels off first from a given bulk band, then (if the perturbation due to the surface is strong enough) a second mode which is primarily localized in the second layer peels off, etc., with the $n$th-layer mode having the same character in the $n$th layer as the first-layer mode has in the first layer.
Effect of laser in situ keratomileusis on optic nerve head topography and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) produces significant changes in optic nerve head (ONH) topography and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness as measured by the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) and to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of topical betaxolol on these changes. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. Methods: In this prospective randomized double-masked comparative case series, 34 patients having LASIK for myopia were randomly assigned to receive topical betaxolol 0.5% solution or placebo twice a day for 2 days before the procedure and 7 days after the procedure. Preoperative and postoperative (1 week and 1 and 3 months) images were made with the HRT. Four HRT parameters (rim area, rim volume, mean RNFL thickness, and cup shape measure) were analyzed in a masked fashion. The Student paired t test was used for statistical analysis. Results: No significant changes from baseline occurred in any HRT parameter in either patient group or when the patients were evaluated as a single group. Conclusions: Laser in situ keratomileusis did not adversely affect ONH morphology or RNFL thickness as measured by HRT. Since no neural damage was detected, the potential neuroprotective effect of betaxolol could not be evaluated.
Effects of pressure on the composition density distribution in the ultracentrifuge

The effects of pressure on the composition density distribution in a binary density gradient at sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge are rigorously examined. A computer algorithm is described for the necessary iterative computations. The pressure effect is found to be significant in runs where a long column length, high angular velocity, and a salt with a high pressure correction coefficient are simultaneously employed. Such conditions are sometimes encountered in current studies in which high precision is required to measure the compressibility of proteins.
Lithographically patterned magnetic calorimeter x-ray detectors with integrated SQUID readout

Abstract We describe the design, fabrication and performance of a fully lithographically patterned magnetic microcalorimeter X-ray detector. The detector is fabricated on the same chip as a low-noise SQUID that measures the change in the magnetic sensor film's magnetization as the film is heated by absorbed X-rays. Our proof-of-principle detectors use a 100 μm ×100 μm – 2 μm paramagnetic Au:Er film coupled to a low-noise on-chip SQUID via a meandering superconducting pickup loop that also provides the magnetic field bias to the film. Absorption of 6 keV X-rays in the film causes heating on the order of 1 mK with a decay time of 1 ms or less, the fastest reported using a magnetic calorimeter. However, the resolution is currently poor due to poor Au:Er film properties and non-optimized coupling to the SQUID. We describe the design and fabrication of this device and present measurements of the heat capacity, decay time constant and effective thermal conductance of the microcalorimeter as a function of temperature. Because the SQUID and calorimeter are lithographically patterned on the same substrate, this technology can be readily applied to the fabrication of arrays of multiplexed magnetic microcalorimeter detectors.
Rapid analysis of naphthalene and its metabolites in biological systems: Determination by high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection and by plasma desorption/chemical ionizations mass spectometry

Abstract A rapid procedure for the determination of naphthalene and its metabolites in bile of rainbow trout and mice is described. The integrated analytical techniques combine high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet fluorescence detection and plasma desotption/chemical ionization mass spectrometry for identification and quantitation. After separation by reverse-phase liquid chromatography, naphthalene and its metablolites are detected and quantitated by ultraviolet fluoresence spectometry. Identification of two metabolites is confirmed by mass spectometry. A direct insertion probe tip for a conventional chemical ionization mass spectometer was modified to obtain spectra of thermally labile compounds. A spectrum of less than 100 ng of naphthyl glucuronide, a labile glucuronic acid conjugate of 1-naphthol, was obtained with this system.
Development of interstitial cells of Cajal and pacemaking in mice lacking enteric nerves

Abstract Background & Aims: Development of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) requires signaling via Kit receptors. Kit is activated by stem cell factor (SCF), but the source of SCF in the bowel wall is unclear and controversy exists about whether enteric neurons express the SCF required for ICC development. Methods: Glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) knockout mice, which lack enteric neurons throughout most of the gut, were used to determine whether neurons are necessary for ICC development. ICC distributions were determined with Kit immunofluorescence, and function of ICC was determined by intracellular electrical recording. Results: ICC were normally distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of GDNF−/− mice. Intracellular recordings from aganglionic gastrointestinal muscles showed normal slow wave activity at birth in the stomach and small intestine. Slow waves developed normally in aganglionic segments of small bowel placed into organ culture at birth. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed similar expression of SCF in the muscles of animals with and without enteric neurons. Expression of SCF was demonstrated in isolated intestinal smooth muscle cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that enteric neurons are not required for the development of functional ICC. The circular smooth muscle layer, which develops before ICC, may be the source of SCF required for ICC development. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;117:584-594
The RhsD-E subfamily of Escherichia coli K–12

The Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome contains a family of five large, unlinked sequences known as the Rhs elements. They share several complex homologies, the most prominent being a 3.7 kb Rhs core. The elements are divided into two subfamilies, RhsA-B-C and RhsD-E, according to the sequence similarities of the cores. The RhsD core is 3747 bp long compared to 3714 bp for RhsA. Despite a 22% sequence divergence, the RhsD core conserves features previously noted for RhsA. Similar to RhsA, the RhsD core maintains a single ORF, the start codon coinciding with the first nucleotide of the homology. The RhsD core-ORF continues 177 codons beyond the homology, resulting in a carboxy terminal extension unrelated to that of RhsA. The RhsD core retains all 28 copies of the repeated motif GxxxRYxYDxxGRL(I/T) seen in RhsA. The other member of the RhsD-E subfamily, RhsE, has been mapped to minute 32 of the E. coli map. It appears defective in that it contains only the last 1550 bp of the 3.7 kb core. Its sequence is more closely related to that of RhsD than RhsA. In addition, RhsE and RhsB share a 1.3 kb homology, known as the H-repeat. The H-repeats from RhsE and RhsB are more closely related than their cores, showing only 1% nucleotide divergence.
From Neurotransmitters to Neurotrophic Factors to Neurogenesis

New neurons continue to be produced in adult mammals, including humans, predominantly in the anterior subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. This update focuses on the emerging concept that adult CNS neurogenesis can be regulated by targeting neurotransmitter receptors, which, in turn, drive expression of crucial neurotrophic and growth factors. Such an approach might enable the development of pharmacological treatments that harness the endogenous potential of the CNS to replace lost cells in neurological disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. This review samples in vivo studies in adult mammals from 2006 to mid-2008. It also provides some considerations for navigating toward translation to human disorders. Among them are the formidable problems of scaling up production of new neurons within the two “niches” of the brain and delivering sufficient numbers to distant degenerating regions for cell replacement. However, an exped...
Method of colonoscopy in 42 consecutive patients presenting after prior incomplete colonoscopy.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Cecal intubation is one of the goals of colonoscopy. We sought to describe the methodology used by a single experienced examiner to perform colonoscopy in a consecutive group of patients with challenging colons. METHODS: Records of 42 consecutive patients with one or more prior unsuccessful attempts at colonoscopy by a gastroenterologist or surgeon and referred for a repeat attempt at colonoscopy were reviewed. RESULTS: Colonoscopy was complete to the cecum in 40 of the 42 patients (95%). An array of methods was employed, including propofol sedation (n = 2), pediatric colonoscope (n = 8), an external straightener (n = 9), external straightener with pediatric colonoscope (n = 2), upper endoscope (n = 8), guidewire exchange (n = 3), and enteroscope with a colon straightener (n = 1) or an enteroscope straightener (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: A variety of methods and instruments were employed to achieve a high cecal intubation rate during colonoscopy in a group of patients with prior incomplete colonoscopies. Others may find one or more of these methods useful in patients with challenging colons.
Effective use of a computer aided design system

At present many firms (large and small) have computer aided design facilities of some sort. However, possession of such facilities does not necessarily imply that they are efficiently utilized. Therefore, it is germane to ask how these facilities can be most effectively used, and what properties the operating system must have to ensure efficacy. This paper discusses these and related questions. The properties discussed are relevant to a wide class of computer aided design systems. Nevertheless to achieve clarity of presentation, these properties are treated in terms of a specific computer aided design system developed by Philco-Ford. However, the discussion applies to computer aided design in general.The properties of a successful computer aided design system are listed below and discussed in subsequent paragraphs:1. An adequate standards program, which limits the scope of the system to practical proportions, reduces duplication, and provides a communication medium;2. Program modularity and a general file structure which afford programming ease and speed, and which enhance user flexibility by permitting programs to be run in various sequences;3. Verification procedures which ensure that the right problem is being solved, and that all design rules and standards are being followed;4. Communication between those who design the system and those who use it in order to “tune” system parameters and determine good strategies, and afford continual assessment of capabilities.
Induction of the RI cAMP-binding protein in the "neurite-minus" N1A-103 mouse neuroblastoma cell line.

Abstract We examined the effects of agents/conditions that raise intracellular cAMP concentration in the induction of the 47,000-dalton R I cAMP-binding protein in the “neurite-minus” N1A-103 mouse neuroblastoma cells. The amount of R I in cell extracts was quantitated by photoaffinity labeling with 8-N 3 -[ 32 P]cAMP and by ELISA and Western blot. Our results showed that treatment of the N1A-103 neuroblastoma cells with 20 μM forskolin or 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, or reducing the serum concentration in the culture medium from 10% to 1% caused a 3–4 fold increase in the amount of R I . Our results suggest that the induction of R I can occur independent of morphological differentiation in the mouse neuroblastoma cells.
GROUP PROCESSES IN SOLVING COMPLEX NOVEL PROBLEMS- IMPLICATIONS FOR EXECUTIVES' DECISION MAKING

This study examined the group problem-solving process with 115 subjects in face-to-face groups responding to complex novel problems. A working theory of group problem-solving behavior in organizational settings was partially tested in a role-play task simulating top executive decision-making. Two problem-solving conditions were examined, a search condition (joint problem-solving) and a no-search condition (authority, impose and vote/mechanistic procedures). No significant differences were found between conditions with respect to (a) type of issue resolutions (integrative versus win-lose), (b) individual goal attainment, and (c) individual member's acceptance. Surprisingly, the direction of the results for completely achieved goals was opposite from that predicted. The findings may have been a result of perceived role ambiguity attributed to the confederate group leader.
Groundwater discharge to a headwater valley, northwestern Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract The role of headwater valleys within groundwater flow systems, and the manner in which gullies affect that role, need to be identified to assess the hydrologic effects of gully erosion in such valleys. This paper examines groundwater discharge to a gully in a small alluvial headwater valley in Northwestern Nevada, U.S.A., and qualitatively evaluates the effects of the gully on streamflow regulation. Field observations of groundwater flow were made during and following snowmelt in Spring 1985. Measurements of hydraulic heads were made in wells and piezometers, and groundwater discharge from the gully was measured volumetrically. Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities of meadow strata were determined with field and laboratory tests. Specific conductance of gully outflow was monitored and used to estimate components of groundwater discharge with a mass-balance technique. An approximate water balance was calculated based on measured snowmelt volume, precipitation, groundwater discharge, and water-table elevations. Results indicate that despite the low primary permeability of the rhyolitic bedrock, a large proportion of groundwater discharged to the gully consists of water moving through fractures or faults in bedrock. Erosion of the gully has removed relatively low-permeability alluvium that formerly restricted groundwater discharge from the meadow. Groundwater discharge in response to snowmelt recharge is now probably more rapid and of shorter duration than prior to erosion.
The Sects and the Breakthrough into the Modern World: On the Centrality of the Sects in Weber's Protestant Ethic Thesis*

THE PROBLEM Of the kind of social organization necessary to bring about radical social change was raised by Marx in 1843-1844 in his essay on Hegel's philosophy of law. In this essay Marx specified the kind of social organization capable of bringing about the total, socialist revolution as the proletariat, a class, in society but not of it, conscious of itself and of its enemies, and organized as a party. (See also Marx and Engels, 1848). In the historical development of Marxism, Marx' answer was reinforced, but also narrowed and specified, by Lenin's classical (1902) formulation of the revolutionary cadre party. In a world in which many now talk of revolution, both in the "Third World," and even in modem industrialized countries, it may be of some use to re-examine the question of the kind of social organization involved in generating radical social change, and to reexamine the Marxist answer.
Polymorphic CA/GT and GA/CT microsatellite loci for Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Ten polymorphic dinucleotide (CA/GT and GA/CT) microsatellite loci suitable for population genetic screening were characterized from enriched partial Ostrinia nubilalis genomic libraries. Sequence from 126 enriched small insert genomic library clones identified 25 CA/ GT and 58 GA/CT loci that were unique. Perfect repeats tended to be short ( n = 10–12). Ten microsatellites, PCR amplified from a Crawfordsville Iowa population showed a mean of 10 alleles per locus (range six to 20), and six of 10 loci showed heterozygote deficiency. Amplification of eight loci was observed in the sister species O . furnicalis .
Form, Content, and Critical Distance: The Role of 'Creative Personalization' in Language and Content Courses

Many academic programs maintain a rigid philosophical and pedagogical separa- tion between introductory language courses and upper-division, so-called "content" courses. Such programs tend to consign matters ofform to the elementary- through advanced-level language sequence, placing emphasis on meaning in literature and culture courses. This article offers sug- gestions for drawing attention to form and content in both types of courses. By implementing strategies for revising traditional speaking and writing tasks through "creative personalization, " teachers may guide students to enhance critical thinking skills across the 1anguageAiteratuue cur- riculum, and to become more aware of the interdependence ofform and content in their own speech and writing.
Abstract 3431: Functional characterization of ARID2 in melanoma and melanocytes

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA In a recent exome sequencing study conducted by our laboratory, AT-rich interaction 2 (ARID2) was found to be mutated in 9% of melanoma samples. Of all the novel melanoma genes identified, ARID2 had the highest loss of function mutation burden—suggesting that ARID2 is likely inactivated in melanoma. Although it is well-established that ARID2 is a member of the ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, the mechanisms by which ARID2 functions as a tumor suppressor remain unclear, and its role in melanoma is completely unknown. The goal of this project is to characterize the role of ARID2 in melanoma genesis. Our preliminary data indicates that ARID2-mutant melanoma cells express low levels of both ARID2 and MITF—the master regulator of melanocyte differentiation and a lineage oncogene. On the other hand, other SWI/SNF components appear necessary for survival of an ARID2-mutant cell line. Ongoing efforts in the laboratory include soft agar assays and mouse xenografts to determine whether knockout of ARID2 via CRISPR technology can transform immortalized primary melanocytes. We are also investigating the larger SWI/SNF dependency of these mutant cell lines. By studying ARID2 inactivation in melanoma, we ultimately seek to pinpoint targetable vulnerabilities of ARID2-mutant cells from many cancer types. Citation Format: Flora Luo, Levi Garraway. Functional characterization of ARID2 in melanoma and melanocytes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3431. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3431
Physics-Based Simulation Model of Post-Earthquake Fire Spread

This article describes a new model that simulates the spread of post-earthquake urban fires. Adapting and integrating compartment fire models, this new model explicitly represents: (1) the evolution of fire within a room or roof; (2) room-to-room spread within a building through doorways, by burning through walls and ceilings, and by leapfrogging between windows; and (3) building-to-building spread by window flame impingement; radiation from window flames, room gas, and roof flames; and branding. The model can be used to explore how much, how fast, where, and by what modes fires will spread, and what factors influence fire spread.
Instantaneous three-dimensional flow visualization by rapid acquisition of multiple planar flow images

A flow visualization system is described that provides 3-D snapshots of instantaneous flow structures by rapidly acquiring successive image planes from within the flow. For each 3-D snapshot, up to 20 planar images are collected at the rate of 10,000,000 images/s. Flow visualization at successive planes is by planar particulate scattering or planar laser-induced fluorescence using a laser sheet rapidly swept once across the flow by a 30,000-rpm polygon scanner. Variations in the laser sheet intensity are monitored by placing an on-edge image of the sheet on the periphery of every planar flow image. The camera is a high-speed image converter coupled by fiber optics to a slow-scan CCD camera. The fiber optics provide 2.5 times better light gathering efficiency than lens coupling without reducing the available spatial resolution. The overall measurement technique shows excellent potential as demonstrated with a selection of 3-D measurements.
An Analytical Self-consistent Solution for the Free Energy of a 1-D Chain of Atoms Including Anharmonic Effects

The self-consistent method of lattice dynamics (SCLD) is used to obtain an analytical solution for the free energy of a periodic, one-dimensional, mono-atomic chain accounting for fourth-order anharmonic effects. For nearest-neighbor interactions, a closed-form analytical solution is obtained. In the case where more distant interactions are considered, a system of coupled nonlinear algebraic equations is obtained (as in the standard SCLD method) however with the number of equations dramatically reduced. The analytical SCLD solutions are compared with a numerical evaluation of the exact solution for simple cases and with molecular dynamics simulation results for a large system. The advantages of SCLD over methods based on the harmonic approximation are discussed as well as some limitations of the approach.
ENHANCEMENT OF REPLICATION OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES TREATED WITH HETEROLOGOUS ANTI-LYMPHOCYTE SERUM

Abstract Heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum (A.L.S.), an immunosuppressive agent, transformed human peripheral lymphocytes into lymphoblasts in vitro and induced the production of an interferonlike agent. Despite the presence of an antiviral agent in A.L.S.-treated cultures the transformation of lymphocytes to lymphoblasts by A.L.S. was associated with an increased susceptibility to vesicular stomatitis virus (v.s.v.), which replicated to hundredfold higher titres in transformed than in control cultures. The degree of enhancement of v.s.v. replication in A.L.S.-treated lymphocyte cultures was directly related to the percentage of lymphoblasts in the culture at the time of virus inoculation, and lymphoblasts were destroyed as a consequence of virus infection. These findings suggest that lymphoblasts, reportedly found in tissues of patients treated with A.L.S., may serve as new host cells for the replication of many viruses which might otherwise be innocuous in man. Severe viral infections may thus constitute a potential hazard for patients receiving A.L.S. therapy.
An Extension of Jessor and Jessor's Problem Behavior Theory from Marijuana to Cigarette Use

Results of a survey of nearly 5,000 high school seniors were analyzed to apply Jessor and Jessor's Problem Behavior Theory and Kandel's legal-illegal distinction in drug use to cigarette and marijuana smoking. The findings support the utility of conceptualizing cigarette use as a problem behavior within Problem Behavior Theory in that the patterning of cigarette correlates was functionally similar to that of marijuana. However, the degree of peer support for use was considerably greater for marijuana than for cigarettes, supporting Kandel's legal-illegal drug distinction. The additional explained variance in marijuana use in the current study attests to the importance of utilizing respondents' standards and perceived standards of reference sources in research on social influences on mood-altering substances among youth.
Concurrent Infection in Chickens with Fowlpox Virus and Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus as Detected by Immunohistochemistry and a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique

A concurrent infection of chickens with infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), a herpesvirus, and fowlpox virus (FWPV), an avipoxvirus, is described. Two techniques, an immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were used to examine 11 tissue samples from chickens clinically diagnosed as FWPV-infected, but only IHC was used to examine six tissue-paraffin blocks prepared from turkeys suspected of having FWPV infection. By multiplex PCR, both FWPV and ILTV were detected from three chicken samples (FI-90, FI-93, and FI-94); both FWPV and ILTV were detected from only two samples (FI-93 and FI-94) by IHC. All chicken samples were positive for FWPV by both PCR and IHC. Viral DNA from these samples was further confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis. When turkey samples were analyzed by the double-stain IHC, all six samples showed the presence of FWPV antigens, but no ILTV antigens. The double IHC technique, using monoclonal antibodies against FWPV and ILTV, was successful in simultaneous demonstration of specific FWPV and ILTV antigens colocalized in infected tissue samples as well as within individual cells. This paper emphasizes the importance of reliable tests that detect specifically the presence of ILTV and FWPV in infected tissue samples. The multiplex PCR assay holds potential to be versatile, rapid, and more sensitive (100%) than IHC (67%) for the simultaneous detection of two different avian viruses. Furthermore, the presence of mixed infection should always be kept in mind in the virologic analysis of respiratory sickness of poultry.
Multiyear Home-Range Ecology of Common Side-blotched Lizards in Eastern Oregon with Additional Analysis of Geographic Variation in Home-range Size

Abstract We studied the spatial ecology of Common Side-blotched Lizards (Uta stansburiana) in the northern Great Basin desert of eastern Oregon. Over 3 yr (2007–2009) we collected 3675 coordinates from 51 males and 60 females during the breeding season (mid-May to early July). We found significant variation among years and between the sexes in home-range size, but contrasting evidence for a relationship between body size and home-range size. Lizard home ranges overlapped those of other lizards extensively and the number of overlapping home ranges within and between the sexes as well as the percentage of unique home range varied among study years. However, we found no evidence that lizards are minimizing their overlaps with the same sex and maximizing their overlaps with the opposite sex. By studying home ranges over multiple years we found that lizards exhibit strong year-to-year fidelity in home-range location, which may be a consequence of relatively high interannual survival. We also present long-term ...
America's China trade in historical perspective : the Chinese and American performance

This volume explores commercial relations between the United States and China from the eighteenth century until 1949, fleshing out with facts the romantic and shadowy image of "the China trade." These nine chapters by specialists in the field have developed from papers they presented at a conference supported by the national Committee on American-East Asian Relations. The work begins with an Introduction by John K. Fairbank, then moves on to analysis of the old China trade up to the American Civil War, centering on traditional Chinese exports of tea and silk. A second section deals with American imports into China--cotton textiles and textile-related goods, cigarettes, kerosene. Finally, the impact of the trade on both countries is assessed and the operations of American-owned and multinational companies in China are examined. For both the United States and China, the economic importance of the trade proves to have been less than the legend might suggest.
Dietary Fat and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Iowa Women

OBJECTIVE —To examine the associations between reported intakes of dietary fat and incident type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We studied the relation between dietary fatty acids and diabetes in a prospective cohort study of 35,988 older women who initially did not have diabetes. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire at baseline, and 1,890 incident cases of diabetes occurred during 11 years of follow-up. RESULTS —After adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, demographic factors, and dietary magnesium and cereal fiber, diabetes incidence was negatively associated with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, vegetable fat, and trans fatty acids and positively associated with ω-3 fatty acids, cholesterol, and the Keys score. After simultaneous adjustment for other dietary fat, only vegetable fat remained clearly related to diabetes risk. Relative risks across quintiles of vegetable fat intake were 1.00, 0.90, 0.87, 0.84, and 0.82 ( P = 0.02). Diabetes risk was also inversely related to substituting polyunsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids and positively correlated to the Keys dietary score. CONCLUSIONS —These data support an inverse relation between incident type 2 diabetes and vegetable fat and substituting polyunsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids and cholesterol.
The generalized index model for object-oriented database systems

A proposal is presented for a general indexing method, called a generalized index, for object-oriented databases which can be implemented on all kinds of hierarchical and nonhierarchical structures. A generalized index is a domain based indexing structure in which are maintained the value and object identities of an attribute, the class(es) to which that value belongs, and the name of the attribute and/or the path to which that attribute value belongs. This information is stored in a tree structure referred to as IndexTree. The necessary concepts for the object-oriented data model are discussed. A survey of some of the existing indexing methods is given. The authors show how the generalized index structure can be used for complex objects, class hierarchies, and nested objects as well as for primitive classes. >
Novel SEM based imaging using secondary electron spectrometer for enhanced voltage contrast and bottom layer defect review

The challenge of high quality SEM imaging of defects at the bottom of dense and high aspect ratio structures is addressed here. We present a method that leverages the natural voltage contrast developed along dense topographies, by amplifying the information from the bottom of dense structures, using a secondary electron spectrometric technique. This improves both the detection limits and the defect image quality helping to obtain the defect root cause.
Learning How to Make Life Swing

How do we explain the contradiction between the centrality of African-American culture in the U.S. and the simultaneous marginality of African-American people in contemporary American society? Pursuing an answer to this question through my ethnographic work on the Lindy Hop led to a radical rethinking of current approaches to cultural appropriation. This article serves as an intervention into ethnographic research on race and ethnicity by synthesizing Wacquant's carnal sociology with his call for the formation of an analytical theory of racial domination. This synthesis, in which theory and method work reciprocally, offers a new model for undertaking research in the areas of race and ethnicity by which we are able to differentiate and dissect the material and symbolic mechanisms that generate racial domination in particular historical contexts.
Attitude emergence: an effective interpretation scheme for persuasive discourse

Previous approaches have used a reasoning mechanism called belief percolation to determine the actual speech intent of the speaker (e.g., (Wilks and Bien 1979)). In this paper, a similar mechanism, called attitude emergence, is proposed as a mechanism for inferring a speaker's attitude toward the propositions in a persuasive discourse. It is shown that in order to adequately interpret the statements in advertisements, associations of relevant semantic information, through bridging inferences, are to be percolated up through attitude model contexts to enhance and calibrate the interpretation of statements. A system called BUYER is being implemented to recognize speech intents through attitude emergence in the domain of food advertisements taken from Reader's Digest. An example of BUYER's processing is also presented in the paper.
NMR Methodology for Paramagnetic Proteins

While it has long been recognized that both the hyperfine shifts and paramagnetic relaxation can provide unique and valuable information on the electronic, magnetic, and molecular structural properties of the active site of paramagnetic metalloproteins, access to this information has been thwarted by the absence of a systematic and reliable strategy for assigning the resonances to specific nuclei in the molecule. Thus the initial excitement about and interest in NMR spectroscopy of paramagnetic proteins in the late 60s to middle 70s faded somewhat on the full realization of the apparent barriers to unambiguous signal assignment. The early strategies for assigning hyperfine-shifted resonances in a paramagnetic protein relied on a number of methods, of which most had only a very limited applicability. On the one hand was the least definitive method, namely, the comparison of the shifts of model compounds with those of intact proteins; the selection of appropriate models often relied heavily on intuition (La Mar, 1979). While immensely useful as a starting point in the absence of other data, this method is unreliable except as a guide for the design of more definitive experiments. On the other extreme was the very direct approach represented by the specific isotope labeling of individual functional groups of native prosthetic groups. This, however, involves laborious synthetic methodology and is restricted to the class of b-type hemoproteins where the reversibly removable heme could be replaced by one with only 2H for 1H or 13C for 12C substitution at restricted positions (Mayer et al., 1974; La Mar et al., 1978; La Mar et al., 1980a, b, 1981a, b, 1985, 1988; Satterlee et al., 1983; de Ropp et al., 1984; Sankar et al., 1987). Both of the above strategies, moreover, are restricted by their nature to identifying signals solely from residues directly coordinated to the paramagnetic metal ion.
A probability density function approach to distributed sensors' path planning

A novel artificial-potential function approach is presented for planning the paths of distributed sensor networks in a complex dynamic environment. The approach implements a novel potential function generated from a probability density function (PDF) parameterized by an adaptive Gaussian mixture that is optimized to meet network-level objectives, such as cooperative track detection. The PDF represents the goal density that would be obtained by sampling a statistically-significant number of sensors from the mixture. However, since a smaller number of sensors may be deployed, and each sensor is represented by a disk, the potential function is generated by multiplying the PDF by a likelihood update model that produces networks with disjoint fields-of-view. The approach is demonstrated through numerical simulations involving ocean sensor networks deployed in a region of interest near the New Jersey coast.
Creating Civic Bureaucrats

ABSTRACT Kirlin (1996a; 1996b) argued that big questions of public management should be placed within a democratic framework emphasizing government's role in creating “civic infrastructure.” For this study, those who build civic infrastructure are called “civic bureaucrats,” and new measures (Civic Bureaucrat Scale and subscales:civic skills, faith in the public, deliberative democracy value, civic motivation, and political system value) are used to examine which factors are associated with encouraging public servants, such as U.S. city planners, to pursue democratic processes. These measures are different from those that examine public service or public participation, and are more focused on finding public servants guided by democratic values. Variables that might influence civic bureaucrats are individual, job, work, and community characteristics. Regression results found Civic Bureaucrat levels associated with gender (being a woman), dedication to civic duty, citizens bashing government, cities’ civic ...