cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the stability of Quercus lobata and Populus fremontii on river levees assessed using static winching tests

Tree stability is of great importance not only in forestry, but also in other contexts, such as dam and levee integrity. Extensive damage to New Orleans after levee failures during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 prompted widespread reevaluation of effects of trees and treefalls on the integrity of levees. We undertook a static winching study of western cottonwood (Populus fremontii Wats.) and valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) trees on levees in the California Central Valley. We hypothesized that Quercus would be stronger; and that the size-stability relationship for both species would be non-linear. We further hypothesized that critical turning moments would decrease with greater soil moisture and with greater sheltering from neighbouring trees. As expected, the critical turning moments increased with tree size and that relationship was non-linear. Size-controlled critical turning moments of Quercus were much greater than Populus, but large inter-site variation made the difference non-significant. While the critical turning moments were not significantly influenced by differences in soil moisture, soil bulk density or soil texture for these sites, significant variation among sites suggest that history or unmeasured components of the environment can exert a strong influence on tree stability. Mirroring trends seen in natural wind disturbances of forests, larger trees were more likely to uproot, while smaller trees exhibited a more even mix of trunk breakage and uprooting. Pulled trees with greater abundance of very close neighbours showed no differences in critical turning moments compared with trees with no nearby (i.e. within 5 m) neighbours. The largest trees had critical turning moments exceeding 1 million newton-meters, demonstrating that large healthy trees in unrestrictive soil conditions can be extremely stable. While the maximum turning moments reported here are above those reported in the literature, when corrected for size, the trees of this study were in the upper range but not beyond turning moments previously reported, suggesting that opengrown trees may not have critical turning moments that greatly exceed those of forest and plantation trees.
The Short-Circuit Characteristics of D-C Generators

KNOWLEDGE of the short-circuit characteristics of d-c machines is an essential factor in the design of d-c electric systems having a large low-voltage machine capacity concentrated in a small area. This information is particularly important in the design of systems such as those encountered aboard ship where circuit breakers, fuses, relays, and other protective equipment must be so applied and co-ordinated as to provide a high degree of reliability and service continuity. Available information relative to d-c short-circuit currents has been limited to theoretical analyses based on formal solution of the differential equations of current flow and the machine inductance and resistance values. As a tool in the routine design of d-c systems, this information has not been adequate, particularly when estimates must be made of the effect of fault resistance, choice of machine construction, and so forth.
Serial analysis of the vascular endothelial transcriptome under static and shear stress conditions.

We have utilized serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to analyze the response of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) to laminar shear stress (LSS). Primary cultures of HCAECs were...
R. F. Cavity Design for the NSLS

The r. f. cavity design for the Booster, VUV ring and X-ray ring of the NSLS is described together with the mechanical design of tuners, coupling and monitoring loops and the temperature control systems. The results of higher order mode measurements as compared with Superfish calculations are also presented.
Simulation of Flow About Flapping Airfoils Using Finite Element Incompressible Flow Solver

Ae niteelemente owsolverbasedonunstructuredgridsisemployedforstudyingtheunsteadye owpastoscillating airfoils. The viscous e ow past a NACA0012 airfoil at various pitching frequencies is simulated. The variation of the force coefe cient with reduced frequency is compared to experimental and other numerical studies. The effect of variation of the amplitude of the pitching motion on the force coefe cient shows that the critical parameter for thrust generation is not the reduced frequency but the Strouhal number based on the maximum excursion of the trailing edge. The e ow about theairfoil in a combined pitching and heaving motion, a modefound in many insects, is also simulated. The effects of varying the phase angle between the pitch and the heave motions is studied. The thrust coefe cient was compared with experimental studies and good agreement is obtained. It is found that the maximumthrustcoefe cient isobtained forwhen thepitchmotionleads theheavemotion by 120 deg andmaximum propulsive efe ciency occurs at a phase angle of 90 deg.
Electrocardiography and Lung Function in Brass Instrument Players

Electrocardiograms during rest and brass instrument playing, pulmonary function, and peak intraoral pressures were determined for 45 young male brass instrument players. The pulmonary function results revealed significantly larger vital capacities, residual volumes, total lung capacities, and expiratory flow rates. Peak intraoral pressures were higher in the brass instrument players than those previously reported for other wind instrument players, with trumpeters exhibiting the highest pressures. The ECGs obtained during instrument playing indicated a sinus bradycardia at the start of playing followed by a tachycardia, similar to the response to the Valsalva maneuver. Cardiac arrhythmias during instrument playing were prevalent in these musicians, with premature atrial and ventricular contractions occurring predominantly during inspiration.
Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Measurement During Apnea Testing in Pediatric Patients

Several variables affect the rate at which PaCO2 increases during apnea testing in the determination of brain death. In many cases, arterial blood gases (ABGs) are obtained at predetermined times in an attempt to demonstrate a PaCO2 value greater than 60 mmHg. This practice may result in the need to obtain multiple ABGs, terminating the apnea test before the PaCO2 is 60 mmHg, or waiting too long with a resultant compromise of hemodynamic status or arterial desaturation. We have found that transcutaneous CO2 (TC-CO2) monitoring can be used to guide the time to obtain ABGs during apnea testing. TC-CO2 monitoring was used during apnea testing in eight patients ranging in age from 1 to 16 years. In patients 1 and 2, when an ABG was obtained when the TC-CO2 value equaled 60 mmHg, the PaCO2 was less than 60 mmHg in all four cases (one ABG drawn for each apnea test in the two patients). When an ABG was obtained with the TC-CO2 value equal to 70 mmHg (n= 16), the TC-CO2 to PaCO2 difference was 2–11 mmHg (5.8 ± 2.7 mmHg) and the PaCO2 ranged from 59 to 72 mmHg (64.4 ± 3.2 mmHg). When an ABG was obtained with the TC-CO2 value equal to 80 mmHg (n= 14), the TC-CO2 to PaCO2 difference was 2–8 mmHg (5.4 ± 1.9 mmHg) and the PaCO2 ranged from 72 to 83 mmHg (75.4 ± 3.2 mmHg). TC-CO2 monitoring can be used to help judge the timing of ABG analysis during apnea testing in children. When the TC-CO2 value reached 70 mmHg, we noted that the PaCO2 was greater than 60 mmHg in 15 of 16 cases.
The Odious Debt Problem: From Cuba to Iraq

The Iraq war brought to light the issue of "Odious" debt and debt repudiation. The key issue is simply this: why should the average Iraqi citizen be responsible to repay billions of dollars borrowed by an illegitimate regime, not elected and worse a brutal dictatorship that left no room for dissent. Surely, Iraqi citizens cannot be expected to repay these debts or should they? This concept is hardly new and dates back years. There is precedent in international law to back it as well a previous cases in history.
Liberating sex, knowing desire: scientia sexualis and epistemic turning points in the history of sexuality

This study considers the role of epistemic turning points in the historiography of sexuality. Disentangling the historical complexity of scientia sexualis, I argue that the late 19th century and the mid-20th century constitute two critical epistemic junctures in the genealogy of sexual liberation, as the notion of free love slowly gave way to the idea of sexual freedom in modern western society. I also explore the value of the Foucauldian approach for the study of the history of sexuality in non-western contexts. Drawing on examples from Republican China (1912—49), I propose that the Foucauldian insight concerning the emergence of a ‘homosexual identity’ in the West can serve as a useful guide for thinking about similar issues in the history of sexuality and the historical epistemology of sexology in modern East Asia.
A 450 MHz CMOS RF power detector

An RF power detector based on a CMOS logarithmic/limiting amplifier achieves 50 dB dynamic range at 450 MHz. The logarithmic accuracy is +/- 1dB over the temperature range 0 to 85 degC. The chip is fabricated in 0.35 um double-poly triple-metal CMOS and consumes 10 mA with a 3 V supply.
Fracture Analysis of Chemically Strengthened Glass Disks

The increase in fracture strength in chemically strengthened, soda-lime glass disks compared with nonstrengthened ones is investigated analytically and experimentally. An empirical stress-relaxation function is proposed to predict the stress profile through the disk as a result of ion exchange, with parameters determined from experimental data. The function accounts for stress increase due to concentration rise and decrease caused by stress relaxation, which depends on concentration, treatment time, and exchange temperature. The surface-flaw closure distance caused by the compressive stress profile is computed using an existing model. The size of the most severe surface flaw for chemically strengthened disks is computed using fracture mechanics, assuming knowledge of the experimental failure strength. The predicted flaw size is slightly smaller than that calculated for a similar sample of nonstrengthened disks and the strengthening is underpredicted by a factor of 2. Reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.
Polymorphism and Gene Conversion in Mouse α-Globin Haplotypes

We have cloned and characterized three distinct a-globin haplotypes obtained from inbred strains of the mouse, Mus domesticus. We report here the complete nucleotide sequence of the six a-globin genes that the haplotypes contain. Our analysis of these genes and those from one other previously described haplotype indicates that recurrent gene conversion events have played a major role in their history. The pattern of nucleotide substitutions suggests that conversions have occurred both within and between haplotypes. Limited segments of coding and noncoding DNA have been involved in these gene conversion events. In two of the haplotypes, the nonallelic genes of each maintain DNA sequence identity over discrete intervals and encode the same a-globin polypeptide. On the other hand, the coding regions of some genes have accumulated replacement changes that result in distinct a-globins. In one instance, these changes appear to reflect positive selection of advantageous mutations. HE locus encoding a-hemoglobin production in T members of the genus Mus features a large number of allelic alternatives. To date, 14 haplotypes have been identified in both wild populations and inbred strains of mice by means of immobilized gradient isoelectric focusing (WHITNEY et al. 1979, 1985). This sensitive technique revealed the conservative variations exhibited by the allelic complexes. These involve the number of distinct a-globin chains synthesized by a haplotype (one or two), the amino acid sequences of the globin chains produced (five different a-globin chains are known), and the relative proportions of a-chains synthesized. Tables 1 and 2 summarize this information for each of the eight haplotypes described in inbred strains. This biochemical and genetic evidence is intriguing in that, while a wide variety of haplotypes are present in mouse populations, their distinguishing features (2. e., neutral amino acid changes at four positions, and levels of a-chain expression) are quite subtle and may be due to the presence of a select few alterations at the DNA level. The existence of a variety of a-globin haplotypes offers an opportunity to examine the molecular events that led to this diversity in the mouse a-globin gene complex. While it has been shown that tandemly duplicated genes are responsible for the presence of two distinct a-chains in BALB/c mice (NISHIOKA and LEDER 1979; LEDER et al. 1981; A. LEDER, personal communication), the number of functional genes in other haplotypes is unclear. Since genomic blotting data indicate that the remaining haplotypes each pos’ Present address: The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609. The sequence data presented in this article have been submitted to the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under the accession number Y00306.
A New High Sensitivity Differential Colorimeter

A new high precision, tristimulus, filter colorimeter suitable both for research and for industrial use has been developed. The instrument can reproducibly measure C.I.E. (International Commission on Illumination) tristimulus values X, Y, and Z, and ratios of tristimulus values, sample to standard, to four significant figures for most colors. Color differences considerably smaller than those which a trained observer can visually detect can be measured on all colors from whites to blacks of about density 4. The luminous apparent reflectance of carefully polished black glass has been measured as 0.012 percent. Tables of value functions and alignment charts have been prepared which permit rapid conversion of instrumental measurements into color coordinates or coordinate differences of equal visual spacing in a modified Adams chromatic value system. A slide rule has been devised for the rapid calculation of total color difference, ΔE.
Endocrine-related adverse events following ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma: a comprehensive retrospective review from a single institution

Novel immune checkpoint blockade with ipilimumab, an antibody blocking the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), is revolutionizing cancer therapy. However, ipilimumab induces symptomatic, sometimes severe, endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that are inconsistently recognized and reported. The objective of this review was to comprehensively characterize the incidence, presentation, and management of endocrinopathies following ipilimumab therapy in a single center that is highly specialized in immune checkpoint blockade. We carried out a retrospective analysis of endocrine irAEs in melanoma patients receiving ipilimumab therapy in clinical trials between 2007 and 2013. A total of 256 patients were included in this analysis. We reviewed pituitary-, thyroid-, and adrenal-related hormone test results, as well as radiographic studies and the clinical histories of patients, to identify and characterize cases of hypophysitis, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and adrenal dysfunction. Following ipilimumab therapy, the overall incidence of hypophysitis was 8% and that of hypothyroidism/thyroiditis 6%. Primary adrenal dysfunction was rare. Therapy with a combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab, an anti-programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, also called PD1) receptor antibody, was associated with a 22% incidence of either thyroiditis or hypothyroidism and a 9% incidence of hypophysitis. Symptomatic relief, in particular, for hypophysitis, was achieved in all patients with hormone replacement, although endogenous hormone secretion rarely recovered. In summary, we observed that CTLA4 blockade alone, and in particular in combination with PD1 blockade, is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic, sometimes severe, hypophysitis as well as thyroid dysfunction. Prompt initiation with hormone replacement reverses symptoms. Evaluation and reporting of endocrine irAEs in clinical trials should be done using standardized diagnostic criteria and terminology.
Possible Serotonin Syndrome Associated with Buspirone Added to Fluoxetine

OBJECTIVE:To report the development of a possible serotonin syndrome in a patient taking buspirone and fluoxetine.CASE SUMMARY:A 37-year-old white man taking fluoxetine 20 mg/d for generalized anxiety disorder developed confusion, diaphoresis, incoordination, diarrhea, and myoclonus after buspirone was added to the drug regimen.DISCUSSION:Serotonin syndrome is a potentially lethal condition of serotonin hyperstimulation, which may develop rapidly or over the course of several weeks. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome typically occur following additions or increases of serotonin-enhancing drugs. Although buspirone has variable effects on post- and presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors that may reduce the risk of serotonin syndrome when administered as a single agent, it may cause an adverse reaction when given with other serotonergic drugs.CONCLUSIONS:Symptoms consistent with serotonin syndrome may develop with the concurrent administration of buspirone and fluoxetine.
OBPC SYMPOSIUM: MAIZE 2004 & BEYOND – PLANT VIRUS-BASED VECTORS IN AGRICULTURE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

The study of plant viruses and their interaction with the plant host has contributed greatly to our understanding of plant biology. The recent development of plant viruses as transient expression vectors has not only enhanced our understanding of virus biology and antiviral defense mechanisms in plants, but has also led to the use of plant viral-based vectors as tools for gene discovery and production of recombinant proteins in plants for control of human and animal diseases. An overview of the state-of-the-art of viral expression systems, is presented, as well as examples from our laboratory on their use in identifying nuclear targeting motifs on viroid molecules and development of therapeutic proteins for control of animal diseases.
Delayed postoperative C5 root palsy and the use of neurophysiologic monitoring.

Although advances have been made in surgical technique and intraoperative monitoring, the rate of postoperative C5 palsy remains the same. We attempt to define characteristics which may predict risk of developing postoperative C5 palsy. Retrospective chart review identified 644 patients undergoing cervical procedures. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion was performed in 456, anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) in 78, posterior laminectomy and fusion (PLF) in 106, and posterior open-door laminoplasty in 4 patients. All patients had neurophysiologic monitoring [somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP), spontaneous electromyogram (EMG), and/or motor-evoked potential (MEP)]. Postoperative C5 root palsy occurred in 5 (2 with ACCF and 3 with PLF) cases (1.4 %). In all cases, there were no changes in intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. C5 palsy did not occur before postoperative day 2. Patients undergoing cervical decompression remain at risk for C5 root palsy despite use of monitoring. Given that all patients experienced delayed onset of C5 palsy, MEP, SSEP, and EMG may not be sensitive enough to assess the risk of developing C5 palsy.
Regulation of PKC by Protein–Protein Interactions in Cancer

Protein kinase C (PKC) was first identified in 1977 by Nishizuka’s group as a proteolytically activated protein kinase. It was subsequently found that the enzyme is activated by calcium and anionic phospholipids. Unsaturated diacylglycerol (DAG) was then found to be an essential activator of PKC, linking PKC activation to tyrosine kinase- or G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis. In addition to phospholipids, DAG, and calcium (depending on the isozyme), PKC isozymes are also regulated by protein–protein interactions. In a variety of experimental models, PKC isozymes have been found to mediate different and often opposing roles in tumor growth, and their activities are further regulated by these multiple intra- and intermolecular protein–protein interactions. In clinical samples, the levels of protein or activities of PKCs are dysregulated when compared to normal tissue of the same origin and correlate with poor prognosis. PKC regulates multiple aspects of tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and apoptosis, making it a major regulator in the transformation to malignant phenotype. This review focuses on the current understanding of PKC regulation by protein–protein interactions as it relates to cancer. We summarize known roles for each domain of PKC and discuss intramolecular interactions that regulate the activation state of the enzyme, as well as intermolecular interactions that determine the specificity of the signaling of each PKC isozyme. We also demonstrate how identification of the molecular sites of specific protein–protein interactions within PKC and between PKC and other proteins has led to the design of effective isozyme-selective activators and inhibitors of PKC and discuss how these pharmacological tools can assist in determining the role of specific PKC isozymes in tumorigenesis.
Visualizing the Mechanism of Epoxide Hydrolysis by the Bacterial Virulence Enzyme Cif.

The CFTR inhibitory factor (Cif) is an epoxide hydrolase (EH) virulence factor secreted by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sequence alignments reveal a pattern of Cif-like substitutions that proved to be characteristic of a new subfamily of bacterial EHs. At the same time, crystallographic and mutagenetic data suggest that EH activity is required for virulence and that Cif’s active site remains generally compatible with a canonical two-step EH mechanism. A hallmark of this mechanism is the formation of a covalent hydroxyalkyl-enzyme intermediate by nucleophilic attack. In several well-studied EHs, this intermediate has been captured at near stoichiometric levels, presumably reflecting rate-limiting hydrolysis. Here we show by mass spectrometry that only minimal levels of the expected intermediate can be trapped with WT Cif. In contrast, substantial amounts of intermediate are recovered from an active-site mutant (Cif-E153Q) that selectively targets the second, hydrolytic release step. Utilizing Cif-...
How Efficient is American Agriculture

S MORE attention is given to high policy for agriculture one can detect a growing awareness of two major economic difficulties that affect agriculture adversely, namely its inefficiency in a long run setting and its instability in a short run context.' This approach is clearly evident in the report of the "Colmer Committee" in its Post-War Agricultural Policies (House Report No. 2728, 79th Congress, 2d Session), the Land-Grant report on PostWar Agricultural Policy and in recent statements issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. As yet, however, neither of these problems has been adequately formulated. The reasons are several, but chief among them is the fact that each has been viewed mainly as a series of particular maladjustments within agriculture and not as general economic problems that have their origin primarily in the economic instability and development of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy.2 Moreover little is known about the magnitudes of either the allocative inefficiency or the aggregate instability of agriculture. Nor has anyone undertaken a straightforward inquiry to determine: How efficient and how stable is agriculture? Economic thinking on these issues has not gotten down to anything approaching economic characteristics and basic causes. This is clearly evident when it comes to the existing economic inefficiency of agriculture where the stock remedy consists of more technological gadgets and better farm management. A more serious analytical obstacle arises from the fact that the more articulate sectors of agriculture-those that actually predominate in agricultural economics-are strongly wedded to the erroneous presupposition that
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis, Aloe capensis).

Aloe vera, a succulent plant prevalent in hot, dry regions of Asia, Africa, and other areas, has been used in traditional medicine for many centuries. It is easily propagated in most places where the climate is hot and dry.
A Model for Boll Weevil Ovipositional Site Selection

A model for the selection of boll weevil oviposition sites by size category is presented. The predictions of the preference model are similar to ten weekly experimental distributions obtained throughout the 1978 growing season. Chi-squared goodness of fit tests support the model predictions; whereas, the nonpreference hypothesis for ovipositional site selection is statistically rejected.
Vilazodone hydrochloride, a combined SSRI and 5-HT1A receptor agonist for major depressive disorder.

Objective Vilazodone (VIIBRYD, Trovis Pharmaceuticals; New Haven, Connecticut, also known as 659746, EMD68843, SB-659746-A) is a newly introduced antidepressant that has taken approximately a decade from its discovery to approval by the Food and Drug Administration. This paper will review the chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, drug-drug interaction potential, dosing, and administration of this agent. Data sources Medline/PubMed/IPA/EMBASE databases were searched using the terms "vilazodone," "659746," "EMD68843," and "SB-659746-A." All English-language papers from 1985 to April 2012 were reviewed for relevance. Bibliographies of all papers were reviewed to identify further papers. Study selection All English-language papers from 1985 to present appearing in these searches were reviewed for relevance to this paper. In addition, their bibliographies were reviewed to identify any papers not identified in the searches. Data are expressed as mean or mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise noted. Data synthesis Vilazodone is the first combined selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)/5-HT1A receptor agonist antidepressant. Vilazodone must be administered with food to optimize bioavailability. The primary route of elimination is metabolism followed by excretion of metabolites. Advancing age and renal and hepatic impairment do not alter its disposition. Early phase II clinical trials were unable to demonstrate antidepressant efficacy. However, later phase III trials using 40 mg daily doses were able to demonstrate superior efficacy compared with placebo treatment. Adverse events, warnings, and precautions mirror those of other SSRIs. Conclusion Although there are theoretical reasons why 5-HT1A agonism may be a desirable additional property in antidepressants, there is no evidence to date that vilazodone has any advantage over existing post-tricyclic antidepressants. It has a narrow therapeutic dosing range whose upper boundary is close to that producing intolerable gastrointestinal and central nervous system adverse events. Further research will clarify and refine the role of vilazodone in the management of psychiatric disorders.
Spatiotemporal Outlier Detection: Did Buoys Tell Where the Hurricanes Were?

ABSTRACTData points that exhibit abnormal behavior, either spatially, temporally, or both, are considered spatiotemporal outliers. Spatiotemporal outlier detection is important for the discovery of exceptional events due to the rapidly increasing amount of spatiotemporal data available, and the need to understand such data. A tropical cyclone system or a hurricane can be considered an abnormal activity of the atmosphere system. Discovery of such an abnormality usually leverages data from a satellite or radar. Not many people have thought about using a weather buoy, a floating device that provides meteorological and environmental information in real time for open ocean and coastal zones. The aim of this research is to see if a spatiotemporal outlier approach can help to discover the evolution and movement of the hurricane system from weather buoy observations. This article leverages an algorithm, spatiotemporal local density-based clustering of applications with noise (ST-LDBCAN), which has been developed ...
Strategy of the Transfer Pricing of Transnational Corporation to Adjust Exchange Rate Risk

Recently, exchange rate has been made the focus of attention bue to the dispute over whether RMB will be revalued. Among the TP strategies of transnational corporations, the most important strategy is to adjust exchange rate. In order to avoid exchange rate risk, transnational corporations employ transfer pricing to adjust risk, not only evaluating individual performance, but also enhancing competition of transnational corporation.
Volunteerism and the Citizen-Student: Long Term Impact on Well-Being and Health

This editorial focuses on volunteerism research completed on older adults and the potential mental and physical health impacts it may have on college-aged students.
Complications après le traitement de l’instabilité de l’épaule antérieure : Bankart versus Latarjet

Introduction The purpose of this study was to utilize a large population cohort to compare complication and reoperation rates following the Latarjet procedure to those following the current gold standard, arthroscopic Bankart repair. Materials and methods Using CPT codes, a population database was used to generate a cohort of patients who underwent the Latarjet procedure and Bankart repair between 2007 and 2014 in the United States (US). Complications following either procedure were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 codes, including deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolus (DVT/PE), nerve injury, surgical site infection (SSI), hematoma, capsulitis, and dislocation, while CPT codes were used to determine overall and procedure specific reoperations, including irrigation and debridement (I&D), open reduction, and lysis of adhesions/manipulation under anesthesia (LOA/MUA). A multivariate logistic regression that accounted for differences in patient demographics and comorbidities was used to compare complication and reoperation rates. Results A total of 5331 consecutive patients who underwent shoulder stabilization procedures between 2007 and 2014 were identified and included. A total of 4764 patients underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair (71.6% male), 428 patients underwent open Bankart repair (68.7% male) and 139 patients underwent Latarjet (75.5% male). Over the 7-year time period, there were significant increases in the annual rates of both arthroscopic Bankart repair (P > 0.001) and Latarjet (P = 0.016) procedures performed. In contrast, the number of open Bankart repairs decreased (P = 0.002). The odds of reoperation at 90 days, 6 months, and 1 year following the Latarjet procedure was 350% (P > 0.001), 210% (P > 0.001), and 250% (P > 0.001) greater than arthroscopic Bankart repair. Similarly, the odds of a DVT/PE diagnosis (OR 8.2, P = 0.02) was significantly greater following Latarjet as compared to arthroscopic Bankart repair. The odds of a postoperative SSI, nerve injury, adhesive capsulitis or I&D were not significantly different between patients undergoing the Latarjet procedure and arthroscopic Bankart repair. Conclusions The rate of utilization of Latarjet and arthroscopic Bankart repair has increased in the US in the past seven years in conjunction with increased treatment of anterior shoulder instability, while the rate of open stabilization has decreased. The odds of requiring a reoperation or developing any postoperative complication were greater following Latarjet as compared to arthroscopic Bankart repair. In contrast to historical data, the odds of postoperative SSI, nerve injury, and/or postoperative I&D in patients undergoing Latarjet were no different than that of patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair.
Sarcomeric protein modification during adrenergic stress enhances cross-bridge kinetics and cardiac output.

Posttranslational modifications to sarcomeric regulatory proteins provide a mechanism to modulate cardiac function in response to stress. In this study, we demonstrate that neurohormonal stress pro...
Drosophila Argonaute2 turnover is regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway

Argonaute (AGO) proteins play a central role in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, which is a cytoplasmic mechanism important for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. In Drosophila, AGO2 also functions in the nucleus to regulate chromatin insulator activity and transcription. Although there are a number of studies focused on AGO2 function, the regulation of AGO2 turnover is not well understood. We found that mutation of T1149 or R1158 in the conserved PIWI domain causes AGO2 protein instability, but only T1149 affects RNAi activity. Mass spec analysis shows that several proteasome components co-purify with both wildtype and mutant AGO2, and knockdown of two proteasome pathway components results in AGO2 protein accumulation. Finally, AGO2 protein levels increase after treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Our results indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in AGO2 protein turnover.
Preoperative Clinical Evaluation of Adult Lumbar Scoliosis

Complication rates for complex adult lumbar scoliosis surgery are high. Standardized protocols encompassing a comprehensive set of perioperative processes have been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of a spectrum of complications associated with complex adult lumbar scoliosis surgery. To increase patient safety and reduce risk, an entire team should work together appropriately and effectively to deliver care for the adult lumbar scoliosis patient from their preoperative state through to their recovery.This chapter describes preoperative patient evaluation in adult lumbar scoliosis surgery. Areas of focus include (1) the appropriate management of medical conditions; (2) the role, composition, and activities of a multidisciplinary conference review team; and (3) considerations for the management of osteoporosis. A comprehensive systematic preoperative surgical evaluation process is described. Patient evaluation approaches and processes are scientifically supported by the evidence-based Seattle Spine Team Protocol and by recently published research literature.
Transcending human spondyloarthritis: Implications of the ecologic record from the Permian to the present

Spondyloarthropathy is recognized as far back as the Permian, 300 million years before present, increased in prevalence over geologic and modern time and is now essentially trans-mammalian in distribution. Four aspects allow spondyloarthropathy to be studied across phylogenetic lines and through time: Stability of disease characteristics and its spectrum, occurrence sufficiently early in life to for remains to be identified, absence of bias in skeletal preservation and lack of significant effect on organismal survival. Identified in mammal-like reptiles, dinosaurs and other more recent reptiles, it is with mammals that the disease became endemic. It strongly penetrated some early mammal lineages which were short-lived, in contrast to its geometric increase in population penetrance over geologic time. Prevalence increased seven fold in horses, rhinoceros and non-human primates and its current occurrence is independent of captive or free-ranging status. In addition to inflicting musculoskeletal morbidity, the disease is associated with behavior changes, some possibly related to interferon modulation. Spondyloarthropathy is considered a disease and rightly so, given its impact on mobility, health and behavior. However, it seems paradoxical that a phenomenon which has such negative effects would persist, let alone increase in population penetrance.
Durability Analysis Using Fracture Mechanics For Avionics Integrity

Avionic assemblies are complex hybrid structures formed out of many dissimilar materials that have been joined together to accomplish the desired electronic function. The structural integrity of these complex microscale structures is critical to the reliability of the electronic system. This paper discusses the principal results of a research program to investigate the application of fracture mechanics techniques for life prediction to these small structures.
Clinical Applications of the Eosinophilic Esophagitis Diagnostic Panel.

Abstract: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a recently recognized upper gastrointestinal (GI) allergic disorder characterized by esophageal dysfunction (e.g, dysphagia) and esophageal eosinophilia of ≥15 eosinophils/high‐power field (HPF) in patients who have persistent esophagitis on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. The histologic method is the gold standard of EoE diagnosis. However, EoE clinical symptoms do not always correlate with histology, and the histologic method has sensitivity and specificity issues due to the patchiness of EoE and the subjective nature of the method. The “EoE transcriptome” was initially discovered in 2006, which led to the invention of the EoE diagnostic panel (EDP). In addition to providing a definitive EoE diagnosis with high accuracy, the EDP has been useful in elucidating several key elements about the disease such as the efficacy of specific drugs such as swallowed glucocorticoids and anti–IL-13 humanized antibody therapy, the relationship between EoE and proton pump inhibitor–responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE), and predicting the disease course and responsiveness to therapy. The EDP’s long-term potential lies in its plasticity to incorporate new genes and uncover novel disease pathogenesis. We expect that the EDP will be increasingly helpful for personalized medicine approaches and improved diagnostics and disease monitoring.
Ameloblastoma of the Jaw in Three Species of Rodent: a Domestic Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus), Syrian Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and Amargosa Vole (Microtus californicus scirpensis)

Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive tumour derived from the odontogenic epithelium of the developing tooth germ. This uncommon odontogenic tumour is generally considered benign, but rarely, both distant metastasis and cytological atypia occur and this malignant version is referred to as malignant ameloblastic carcinoma. Here we document a spontaneous malignant ameloblastic carcinoma in a rat (Rattus norvegicus) with metastasis to the submandibular lymph node. We also describe ameloblastomas in two other muroid rodents, an Amaragosa vole (Microtus californicus scirpensis) and a Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a malignant ameloblastic carcinoma in any animal and the first report of ameloblastoma in a vole and hamster.
Utilization of buprenorphine and methadone among opioid users who inject drugs.

ABSTRACTBackground: There has been a rise in opioid abuse and related injection drug use in the United States, and treatment for opioid use disorders may be underutilized. The study aim was to describe utilization of opioid agonist therapy (OAT), and assess factors associated with utilization of OAT, among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the Seattle metropolitan area. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2015 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) system among PWID in the Seattle area. Persons aged ≥18 years who injected drugs in the past year were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. Local supplemental questions assessed whether participants had received methadone or buprenorphine treatment in the past year. The analysis was restricted to participants who reported use of any opioids in the past year. Analyses compared the demographic, health insurance status, duration of injection drug use, prior history of overdose, prior receipt of hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus (HCV/HIV)...
Corneal Response to Injury and Infection in the Horse

This article describes the natural responses of the immune system and the cornea to injury and infection. The process of reepithelialization and reformation of stromal collagen is discussed, as are the clinical signs and manifestations of the effects of the healing response when it is routine and when it is pathologic. Excessive inflammatory or immune responses by host tissues can cause further damage that may be present from the antecedent injury or the effect of a pathogen. The clinical signs and manifestations of wound healing as well as potential therapeutic interventions are described.
The Extent, Nature, and Consequences of School Victimization: A Review of Surveys and Recent Research

ABSTRACTThe authors present a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the extent, correlates, and consequences of school-based incidents of victimization in the United States. The primary sources of data on crime and victimization in schools, including periodic, nationally representative surveys, are reviewed. These data are used to describe the scope and types of victimization most frequently encountered by students while in school, as well as historic shifts in trends. The authors also summarize the main correlates of school victimization both at the individual and school levels; describe the health, psychological, behavioral, and peer-network consequences of school victimization; and discuss the factors that can mitigate its consequences for youths. The discussion concludes by outlining future directions for this important line of research.
Carbon nanotubes based biosensor for detection of cancer antigens (CA-125) under shear flow condition

Abstract The detection and determination of the cancer biomarkers is very crucial to diagnose at the early stages. We implement to design the biosensor which can improve the detection by reducing the process time, cost and space. The research approach mainly is focused on developing a surface modification protocol for better sensitivity under the shear flow rate conditions using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The interdigitated electrode transducer was modified using functionalized CNTs for signal enhancement. The biosensor was integrated with PDMS microfluidic channels for controlled self-driven flow. In this article, the role and functionality of the CNTs for signal enhancement are summarized. The experimental results provide the evidence of disease-specific antigen (CA-125) detection from a micro volume of biofluid sample using the CNTs modified interdigitated electrodes under capillary flow condition.
Genome-wide Occupancy Analysis by ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq

Interaction between protein complexes and the genome mediates essential functions including gene regulation, genome integrity, and chromatin organization. Recent advances in chromatin immunoprecipitaion (ChIP)-chip and ChIP-Seq technologies have enabled genome-wide identification of occupancy of transcription factors and modified histones that is critical for uncovering gene regulatory networks. This review discusses ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq technology, their pitfalls, insights from genome-wide occupancy studies, and applications pertaining to vertebrate retina.
Λ ( 1600 ) : A strange hybrid baryon

We use the method of QCD sum rules to investigate a possible hybrid baryon with the quantum numbers of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}.$ Using a current composed of uds quarks in a color octet and a gluon, a strange hybrid, the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{H},$ is found about 500 MeV above the $\ensuremath{\Lambda},$ and we identify it as the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1600).$ Using our sigma or glueball model we predict a large branching fraction for the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{H}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}+\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ resonance), and the experimental search for this decay mode could provide a test of the hybrid nature of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1600).$
Early Development in Fragile X Syndrome: Implications for Developmental Screening

Abstract Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited form of intellectual disability, is not obvious at birth. The average age of diagnosis is around 36 months, a figure that has remained unchanged over the past decade. A primary challenge has been the lack of a definitive profile of early development in FXS. This chapter reviews the research that has been conducted relevant to this question. Research has been severely hampered by the fact that in the absence of population screening of newborns, it is virtually impossible to identify a sufficient and representative sample of infants to study. The research that has been conducted suggests that critical neurobiological processes are almost certainly affected in utero and in the early months of development. Consequently, many but not all males with FXS show delays during the latter part of the first year of life. This statement would be less true for females and for premutation carriers. We predict that a best case scenario for promoting earlier identification would be through regular developmental screening of infants in pediatric practice and rapid referral for genetic testing of any infant with developmental delays. Even if these policies could be implemented effectively, however, diagnosis of FXS would, at best, occur at an average age of 16–18 months. More research on early development is needed to further enhance understanding of clinical symptoms during the first year of life, but thus far it appears that a signature FXS profile will be difficult to identify. Population screening, such as newborn screening, will be the only realistic approach to identifying all children with FMR1 gene mutations.
Biologic agents in rheumatoid arthritis: an update for managed care professionals.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune inflammatory arthritis that clinically manifests as joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. If left untreated, persistent synovial inflammation can progress to cartilage and bone destruction and ultimately to major longterm disability and mortality. Synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate, leflunomide, and sulfasalazine, have markedly improved clinical symptoms and slowed joint damage in RA patients. However, despite the effectiveness of synthetic DMARDs, many patients who use them continue to have clinical symptoms of inflammation and progressive joint destruction. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of RA have led to the identification of novel cellular and molecular therapeutic targets. Biologic agents aimed at these targets have provided some evidence of effectiveness that is transforming the management of RA. OBJECTIVE: To inform health care providers about some of the recent advances in RA pathogenesis and innovative biologic therapies that have shown effectiveness in improving clinical outcomes and inhibiting radiographic progression. SUMMARY: Although the specific trigger of the autoimmune response in RA is not known, pathogenesis is generally believed to be associated with the generation of autoantibodies through interactions of antigen-presenting cells with the adaptive immune system (CD4 + T cells and B cells). The main inflammatory mediators of joint inflammation and destruction in RA are tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, chemokines, and proteases. Advances in our understanding of the key cells and inflammatory cytokines have led to the development of targeted biologic agents. As of 2011, 5 TNF-alpha inhibitors are approved for use by the FDA: infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol. In randomized clinical trials, all of these agents have been shown to be effective in reducing clinical signs of inflammation in RA patients who have failed synthetic DMARDs. Multiple studies have demonstrated significant benefits of early treatment with TNF-alpha inhibitors combined with methotrexate. Other FDA-approved biologic agents for treating moderate-tosevere RA include abatacept, rituximab, and tocilizumab. All biologic agents carry an increased risk of infections. Additional potential side effects include infusion and injection site reactions for intravenous and subcutaneously administered agents, respectively. All patients being considered for biologic agents should be screened annually for tuberculosis and should receive pneumococcal, influenza, and hepatitis B vaccinations.