cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of spontaneous lymphoid leukemias in mice to injection of adrenal cortical extracts.

SummaryInjections of adrenal cortical extract into 13 mice of the inbred C58 and RIL strains in the terminal stages of spontaneous lymphoid leukemia resulted in the following responses: (a) .in acute response (maximum at 6 hours folloning initial injection) rebulting in a decrease of circulating leukocytes of the blood, a lymphopenia with a corresponding absolute polymorphonuclear leukocytosis and a decrease in the number of circulating immature lymphocytes. (b) These blood alterations become more pronounced following continuous daily injections and tend not to return to the leukemic blood picture within 24 hours after injection of the extract. (c) Regression of infiltrated thymuses and subcutaneous lymph nodes was observed. Regression of the spleen, although definite, was not so pronounced as that observed in other lymphoid tissues. (d) Extensive degenerative changes in immature lymphocytes in thymuses and lymph nodes resulting in pyknosis, dissolution and depletion of these cells. In the cpleen similar ...
Tuning the transport dynamics of small penetrant molecules in glassy polymers

Abstract The effects of network structure of crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) discs on dynamic penetrant transport behavior were investigated through gravimetric integral sorption studies. Samples of P(MMA-co-(EG) x DMA) were synthesized via an iniferter -mediated, thermally-initiated free radical polymerization procedure to produce polymers with controlled variations in network structure by altering the comonomer feed ratios of dimethacrylate crosslinkers and changing the crosslinker interchain bridge length. The front velocity in the Case II transport regime was shown to scale directly with the square root of the crosslinking density over varied thermal and structural conditions, and increasing the crosslinker interchain bridge length moved the observed penetrant transport behavior towards the Fickian regime. The demonstrated ability to tune the dynamic transport behavior through modification of the polymer network structure holds promise as a means to mitigate solvent-induced material failure due to cracking and crazing encountered in many high-tech applications.
Note on Two-Dimensional Stresses in Long Beams With Spanwise Variation of Load and Temperature

Abstract : Three different methods have been presented in the literature showing how to express the two- imension l stresses in the beam in a series involving the derivatives of the bending moment produced by a varying load on the beam. One of these methods has been used to show that the two-dimensional thermal stresses can be expressed in a series involving the d rivatives of the temperature. In all cases, only the first two or three terms in the series have been presented. This report shows a simple algebraic method of obtaining the terms in the series for both load and temperature and gives the first five or six terms for each stress. (Author)
Market Reform and Infrastructure Development in Transition Economies

This paper analyzes the determinants of investments in physical infrastructure over the first decade of market reform in Central and Eastern Europe and other former Soviet economies. Both market and political reform would be expected to have an impact on the level of infrastructure, but the relationship will likely differ for infrastructure which remains dependent on the public sector and that which becomes more dependent on private investment after such reforms. Results for a large cross section of transition economies show that market reform has had a positive impact on both traditional and newer types of infrastructure, with a stronger impact on the newer types which are more likely to be market-derived. The findings also suggest that market reform is more likely to push investors to develop infrastructure when political and market reforms are accomplished in tandem.
Cell division in Escherichia coli after changes in the velocity of DNA replication.

Abstract A method of computer analysis was developed to evaluate the kinetic changes in the rate of cell division in non-synchronous cultures of E. coli resulting from changes in the velocity or initiation of chromosome replication. This method takes into account that the cell division pathway in E. coli includes a reaction of indeterminate length described by a probability function that applies to the cell population. The analysis yields a hypothetical cell number kinetics as it would be observed if the stochastic element in the division pathway were absent. Since this derived cell number curve responds to experimentally induced perturbations of replication at defined times whereas the actual cell number curve reflects these perturbations only in a blurred fashion, replication and division events can be precisely correlated with this method. The method was applied to the evaluation of thymine starvation experiments with two Thy − derivatives of E. coli B/r ; one of the strains has a mutationally altered (60% increased) cell mass at initiation of chromosome replication. In both strains, the stochastic phase of the cell cycle had the same half-life value of 10 min and began 18 min after each termination of replication. This suggests that the time of cell division is linked to replication, not to cell mass or length. This interpretation is supported by results of experiments in which the rate of cell growth was altered at the time of thymine starvation.
SCALING OF DIMENSIONS OF SMALL INTESTINES IN NON-RUMINANT EUTHERIAN MAMMALS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR ABSORPTIVE MECHANISMS

The mucosal surface area of small intestines in non-ruminant eutherian mammals increases approximately in proportion to the 0.6 power of body mass, whereas resting metabolic rate (RMR) increases approximately with the 0.74 power of body mass; the mass exponent for field metabolic rates (FMR) may exceed 0.8. These relationships imply that the average rate of absorption of metabolic substrates, expressed per unit area of mucosal surface, is greater in large animals than in small. In the present paper I collate data from the literature relating mucosal surface area, fluid absorption and glucose transport rates to body size. Glucose-stimulated fluid absorption per unit area of mucosal surface increases with body size, whereas transcellular, carrier-mediated glucose transport per unit area decreases with body size. In perfused jejunal segments of normal human subjects the rates of fluid absorption per unit area of mucosa are five to ten times greater than in laboratory rats. The absorbed fluid contains glucose in amounts that may greatly exceed the maximum transport capacity of the apical glucose transporter. It follows that the paracellular component of glucose absorption increases with body size. Scaling of intestinal dimensions and transport therefore provides new information about the relative contributions of transcellular and paracellular pathways to absorption of nutrients.
Heat transfer from a spinning disk during semi-confined axial impingement from a rotating nozzle

Abstract Conjugate heat transfer from a uniformly heated spinning solid disk of finite thickness and radius during a semi-confined liquid jet impingement from a rotating nozzle is studied. The model covers the entire fluid region including the impinging jet on a flat circular disk and flow spreading out downstream under the spinning confinement plate and free surface flow after exposure to the ambient gaseous medium. The model examines how the heat transfer is affected by adding a secondary rotational flow under semi-confined jet impingement. The solution is made under steady state and laminar conditions. The study considered various plate materials such as aluminum, copper, silver, constantan and silicon. Ammonia, water, flouroinert FC-77 and MIL-7808 oil were used as working fluids. The range of parameters covered included Reynolds number (220–900), Ekman number (7.08 × 10−5–∞), nozzle-to-target spacing (β = 0.25–1.0), disk thicknesses to nozzle diameter ratio (b/dn = 0.25–1.67), Prandtl number (1.29–124.44) and solid to fluid thermal conductivity ratio (36.91–2222). It was found that a higher Reynolds number increased local heat transfer coefficient reducing the interface temperature difference over the entire disk surface. The rotational rate also increased local heat transfer coefficient under most conditions. An engineering correlation relating the Nusselt number with other dimensionless parameters was developed for the prediction of the system performance.
An h-likelihood method for spatial mixed linear models based on intrinsic auto-regressions

Summary We consider sparse spatial mixed linear models, particularly those described by Besag and Higdon, and develop an h-likelihood method for their statistical inference. The method proposed allows for singular precision matrices, as it produces estimates that coincide with those from the residual maximum likelihood based on appropriate differencing of the data and has a novel approach to estimating precision parameters by a gamma linear model. Furthermore, we generalize the h-likelihood method to include continuum spatial variations by making explicit use of scaling limit connections between Gaussian intrinsic Markov random fields on regular arrays and the de Wijs process. Keeping various applications of spatial mixed linear models in mind, we devise a novel sparse conjugate gradient algorithm that allows us to achieve fast matrix-free statistical computations. We provide two applications. The first is an extensive analysis of an agricultural variety trial that brings forward various new aspects of nearest neighbour adjustment such as effects on statistical analyses to changes of scale and use of implicit continuum spatial formulation. The second application concerns an analysis of a large cotton field which gives a focus to matrix-free computations. The paper closes with some further considerations, such as applications to irregularly spaced data, use of the parametric bootstrap and some generalizations to the Gaussian Matern mixed effect models.
Efficacy of oclacitinib (Apoquel®) compared with prednisolone for the control of pruritus and clinical signs associated with allergic dermatitis in client-owned dogs in Australia

Background Oral glucocorticoids are widely used to reduce pruritus and dermatitis associated with allergic dermatitis. Data suggest that oclacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, is a safe and effective alternative. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oclacitinib compared with prednisolone for the control of pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis in a single-masked, controlled clinical trial with a randomized complete block design. Animals Client-owned dogs (n = 123) with a presumptive diagnosis of allergic dermatitis and moderate to severe pruritus as assessed by the pet owner were enrolled. Methods Dogs were randomized to treatment with either oclacitinib (0.4–0.6 mg/kg orally twice daily for 14 days, then once daily) or prednisolone (0.5–1.0 mg/kg once daily for 6 days, then every other day) for 28 days. An enhanced visual analog scale (VAS) was used by owners to assess pruritus and by veterinarians to assess dermatitis, at all time points assessed. Results Both treatments produced a rapid onset of efficacy within 4 h. The mean reductions in pruritus and dermatitis scores were not significantly different between the treatments except on day 14, when reductions were more pronounced for oclacitinib than prednisolone (P = 0.0193 for owner pruritus scores; P = 0.0252 for veterinarian dermatitis scores). Adverse events were reported with similar frequency in both groups. Conclusion and clinical importance In this study, both oclacitinib and prednisolone provided rapid, effective and safe control of pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis, with substantial improvement in pruritus, reported by owners, and dermatitis, reported by veterinarians.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition Blocks Octopus Touch Learning without Producing Sensory or Motor Dysfunction

We trained a set of eight octopuses to discriminate by touch between smooth and rough plastic balls. A food reward was given for taking the positive ball and a 5-6 V AC electric shock for taking the negative ball. The animals were trained until they regularly accepted positive balls and rejected negative balls. We then injected four with L-NAME, blocking nitric oxide synthase, and four with D-NAME for control. We continued the training and found no alterations in behaviour during six successive training sessions. We looked, in particular, for signs of sensory or motor dysfunction and observed none. We then reversed the paradigm, making the formerly positive ball negative. All controls readily learned the reversal; soon taking all the positive balls and rejecting the negative ones entirely. The L-NAME injected animals did not learn the reversal. However, they gradually stopped taking the newly negative smooth ball and increased their positive responses to the formerly negative rough ball, eventually taking approximately equal numbers of each. This experiment provided evidence that L-NAME impaired learning without affecting sensory or motor functions or central retrieval and/or retention mechanisms.
ECG Predictors of Coronary Anatomy and Left Ventricular Function* Findings in Patients With Typical Angina Pectoris

In 90 patients with typical angina pectoris, resting ECGs and cardiac catheterization findings were independently reviewed to determine whether ECG findings could be used to predict the extent of disease and the state of the left ventricular (LV) function. Thirty consecutive patients in each of three ECG groups were studied: group 1, normal ECG; group 2, ST-T abnormalities; and group 3, Q wave infarction pattern. Triple vessel disease was present in 30 percent, 40 percent, and 66 percent of patients in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The ejection fraction (percent) (mean ± SD) was 65 ± 12, 64 ± 11, and 51 ± 16 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. With increasing ECG abnormality (group 1 to group 3), there was a tendency to both more extensive coronary disease and greater depression of left ventricular function. However, the resting ECG appeared to correlate better with the state of the LV function than with the extent of the coronary artery disease.
Multiphoton microscopy to identify and characterize the transition zone in a mouse model of Hirschsprung disease.

Background The distribution of ganglion cells in the transition zone of Hirschsprung Disease (HD) colons is extremely variable. Determining the resection margin based on intraoperative biopsies may be imprecise. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a novel imaging technology with the ability to visualize tissues in real time. In this study, we evaluate the potential of MPM to quantify ganglion cells in a murine model of HD.
Evaluation of Mixing Energy in Laboratory Flasks Used for Dispersant Effectiveness Testing

The evaluation of dispersant effectiveness used for oil spills is commonly done using tests conducted in laboratory flasks. The success of a test relies on replication of the conditions at sea. We used a hot wire anemometer to characterize the turbulence characteristics in the swirling flask SF and the baffled flask BF, the latter is being considered by the Environmental Protection Agency to replace the prior. We used the measurements to compute the velocity gradient, G and the energy dissipation rate per unit mass, . The study shows that the mixing in the BF is more uniformly distributed than that in the SF. Flask average energy dissipation rates in the SF were about 2 orders of magnitude smaller than those in the BF. The sizes of the microscales in the BF were found to be much smaller than that in the SF. Also, in the BF, the sizes of the microscales approached the size of oil droplets observed at sea 50-400 m, which means that the turbulence in the BF closely resembles the turbulence occurring at sea during breaking waves. Hence, the BF is preferable for dispersant testing in the laboratory.
Treatment Options to Manage Wound Biofilm

Background: Bioburden is an accepted barrier to chronic wound healing. Defining the significance, phenotype, clinical classification, and treatment guidelines has been historically lacking of evidence and based on paradigms that do not represent the scientific or clinical reality. The Problem: Chronic wound bioburden is typically abundant, polymicrobial, and extremely diverse. These microbes naturally adopt biofilm phenotypes, which are quite often viable but not culturable, thereby going undetected. The failures of culture-based detection have led to abandonment of routine bioburden evaluation and aggressive treatment or, worse, to assume bioburden is not a significant barrier. Predictably, treatment regimens to address biofilm phenotypes lagged behind our diagnostic tools and understanding. Basic/Clinical Science Advances: Microbial DNA-based diagnostic tools and treatment regimens have emerged, which provide and leverage objective information, resulting in a dramatic impact on outcomes. Relevance to Cl...
Size and shape characterization of hydrated and desiccated exosomes

Exosomes are stable nanovesicles secreted by cells into the circulation. Their reported sizes differ substantially, which likely reflects the difference in the isolation techniques used, the cells that secreted them, and the methods used in their characterization. We analyzed the influence of the last factor on the measured sizes and shapes of hydrated and desiccated exosomes isolated from the serum of a pancreatic cancer patient and a healthy control. We found that hydrated exosomes are close-to-spherical nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic radius that is substantially larger than the geometric size. For desiccated exosomes, we found that the desiccated shape and sizing are influenced by the manner in which drying occurred. Isotropic desiccation in aerosol preserves the near-spherical shape of the exosomes, whereas drying on a surface likely distorts their shapes and influences the sizing results obtained by techniques that require surface fixation prior to analysis.
A Reading Attitude Inventory for Elementary School Pupils

The item development, reliability, and validity of a scale to measure attitude toward reading among elementary school pupils are described. Results suggest that this scale will yield accurate and v...
Priming in sentence comprehension: Strategic or syntactic?

Two eye-tracking experiments and two self-paced reading experiments investigated processing of sentences containing reduced relative clauses. Processing of a reduced relative is facilitated when it is preceded by a sentence that has the same syntactic structure, as long as the preceding sentence contains the same critical verb as the target (LeDoux, Traxler, & Swaab, 2007; Pickering & Traxler, 2004; Traxler & Pickering, 2005). This study tests whether facilitative effects result from readers using the prime sentence as a strategic cue to predict an upcoming reduced relative target. This hypothesis was tested in three ways. In the first experiment, properties of the filler items were manipulated to reduce or eliminate the strategic value of repeated verbs as a structural cue. In the second experiment, noun overlap, rather than verb overlap, created a valid strategic cue to the upcoming sentence structure. In the third experiment, readers were warned that a reduced relative sentence would be forthcoming. Si...
Stereospecificity of intraventricularly administered acetylmethylcholine antinociception.

Abstract We have previously reported that the intraventricular injection of acetylcholine increases latency in the mouse tail-flick test, the ED50 being 7.3 ug (1). This effect was reversed by five narcotic-antagonist analgesics in the same order of potency in which they antagonized morphine, and was found to be due to muscarinic receptor stimulation. It was also pointed out at that time that the intraventricular injection of acetylcholine would block the writhing response to intraperitoneally administered p-phenyl-quinone. In this preliminary communication, we present our results of the effect of the intraventricular injection of acetyl-choline on writhing induced by intraperitoneally administered acetylcholine. In addition, we present results of our studies in which we demonstrated stereospecificity of intravetricularly administered ministered acetylmethylcholines in causing antinociception.
Different Protein Kinase C Isoforms Determine Growth Factor Specificity in Neuronal Cells

Although mitogenic and differentiating factors often activate a number of common signaling pathways, the mechanisms leading to their distinct cellular outcomes have not been elucidated. In a previous report, we demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (ERK) activation by the neurogenic agents fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and nerve growth factor is dependent on protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), whereas MAP kinase activation in response to the mitogen epidermal growth factor (EGF) is independent of PKCδ in rat hippocampal (H19-7) and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. We now show that EGF activates MAP kinase through a PKCζ-dependent pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and PDK1 in H19-7 cells. PKCζ, like PKCδ, acts upstream of MEK, and PKCζ can potentiate Raf-1 activation by EGF. Inhibition of PKCζ also blocks EGF-induced DNA synthesis as monitored by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in H19-7 cells. Finally, in embryonic rat brain hippocampal cell cultures, inhibitors of PKCζ or PKCδ suppress MAP kinase activation by EGF or FGF, respectively, indicating that these factors activate distinct signaling pathways in primary as well as immortalized neural cells. Taken together, these results implicate different PKC isoforms as determinants of growth factor signaling specificity within the same cell. Furthermore, these data provide a mechanism whereby different growth factors can differentially activate a common signaling intermediate and thereby generate biological diversity.
Retention of latent inhibition in a taste-aversion paradigm

Rats were preexposed to saccharin for five sessions. Then two groups were given a saccharin-lithium pairing while two other control groups received saccharin-placebo. One group in each of these conditions received the pairing 1 day after preexposure, the other after 24 days. Latent inhibition was demonstrated in the 1-day poisoned group (a very transient aversion was evident on the choice test). Substantial aversion, however, occurred in the 24-day subjects, indicating a dissipation of latent inhibition over time.
Improved separation of acetaldehyde-induced hemoglobin.

A fast-eluting minor variant of hemoglobin A, designated as HbA1, ACH, appears elevated after the incubation of red blood cell hemolysates with acetaldehyde (AcH) and has been proposed as a diagnostic marker for alcoholism or as an indicator for heavy drinking. We have developed an improved HPLC separation of this peak and others elevated by AcH using a polyaspartic acid column (PolyCAT A, PolyLC, Inc.) and a nonlinear buffer gradient with pH changes from 6.6 to 6.8. Saline-washed red blood cells were treated with sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) to remove unstable Schiff bases, and then hemolyzed by addition of an equal volume of H2O and 0.4 volumes of CCI4- HbA1-ACH and several others, including two peaks in the HbA1a+b cluster, Hb Pre-A1c, and HbA1d3 were significantly increased by AcH incubation, and the changes were, only partially reversible with time. Improved resolution of these peaks allows more accurate quantitation of AcH adducts of hemoglobin.
Na+-linked cotransport of glycine in vesicles of Ehrlich cells.

Vesicles have been prepared from Ehrlich cells by using a method based on the early experiments of Forte et al. (Forte, J.G., Forte, T.M. and Heinz, E. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 298, 827-841) with some minor modifications, using the filter technique. From electron micrographs and from the sensitivity of these vesicles towards osmotic pressure changes in the medium induced by (nonpermeant) sucrose, it is concluded that the vesicles are closed. The counterflow phenomenon with glycine and Na+-linked contransport of glycine appears to indicate that these vesicles are still functioning. The observation of the overshoot phenomenon interpreted in terms of theoretical predictions confirms that the active accumulation of glycine is energized by the Na+ electrochemical potential gradient. In particular, the contribution of the electrical components of these gradients is evidenced by the effects of the anion of the added sodium salt or of the addition of valinomycin. In contrrast to observations by others we found that ouabain does not directly affect Na+-linked cotransport of glycine whereas HgCl2 does so. Nor could any significant overshoot be demonstrated in the absence of an Na gradient. Since these vesicles were not metabolically active, these experiments do not exclude the possibility that in intact cells glycine is in addition transported primarily or partially actively.
Intersections With Validated Error Bounds for Building Interval Solid Models

Interval arithmetic has been considered as a step forward to counter numerical robustness problem in geometric and solid modeling. The interval arithmetic boundary representation (B-rep) scheme was developed to tackle this problem. In constructing an interval B-rep solid, robust and efficient computation of intersections between the bounding surfaces of the solid is a critical issue. To address this problem, a marching method based on a validated interval ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver was proposed, motivated by its potential for the interval B-rep model construction. In this paper, we concentrate on the issue of error control in model space using the validated ODE solver, and further explain that the validated ODE solver can be used in the construction of an interval B-rep solid model using such an error control.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Morphological study of microgametogenesis of Leucocytozoon simondi

The fine structure of the microgametocytes and microgametogenesis of Leucocytozoon simondi , a parasite of ducks and geese, was studied and compared to those of the related genus Plasmodia . The morphology of the microgametocyte of L. simondi is identical to that of avian malarial parasites. Prior to exflagellation, a kinetosome appears near the nucleus of the microgametocytes and is surrounded by poorly defined electron dense material. When the exflagellation begins, the host cell ruptures and the intracellular microgametocyte becomes extracellular. In the next stage, the extracellular microgametocyte protrudes through an interrupted space of the innermost membrane of the microgametocyte and becomes dumbbell shaped. At the same time, a condensation of chromatin material is observed at the periphery of the nucleus, and eventually the nuclear membrane disappears. Thus, the condensed chromatin masses are scattered in the cytoplasm. These masses are again enclosed by a membrane and migrate to a position near the axonemes. Several axonemes in various stages of assembly appear in the cytoplasm during the process of the exflagellation. The completed form of an axoneme is composed of nine peripheral doublets with central paired microtubules. Some of these axonemes extend toward the surface of the microgametocyte and form primary flagellar buds. Several axonemes and chromatin masses bounded by a membrane migrate into the primary bud together with a portion of cytoplasm. From the primary flagellar bud, secondary buds, each of which contains a single axoneme and a nucleus, grow out and form microgametes. The microgamete of L. simondi is a long undulated thread-like structure; it is composed of a single axoneme and a hook-shaped nucleus extending from the anterior end to the mid-portion.
Semiquantitative histologic evaluation improves diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma cuniculatum on biopsy

Carcinoma cuniculatum, a unique variant of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, has been only rarely reported in the esophagus. The present study was undertaken to determine if a previously observed common histologic pattern for carcinoma cuniculatum is diagnostically useful in esophageal mucosal biopsy specimens. Thirty-five esophageal mucosal biopsies obtained from 25 procedures in 11 patients with a resection-proven diagnosis of carcinoma cuniculatum were compared with 92 esophageal biopsies from 69 patients with benign diagnoses. All biopsies were assessed for the presence of hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, dyskeratosis, deep keratinization, intraepithelial neutrophils, neutrophilic microabscess, focal cytologic atypia, koilocyte-like cells, and keratin-filled cyst/burrows. Each feature, if present, was given one point, and the final histologic score was calculated for each biopsy by summing the points. The mean histologic score was 6.66 (s.d. 1.88) in biopsies from carcinoma cuniculatum vs a mean score of 1.93 (s.d. 1.75) for biopsies with benign diagnoses (P<0.0001). Using a cutoff value of 7 for carcinoma cuniculatum, 57% of biopsies (20/35) from 64% esophagogastroduodenoscopy procedures (16/25) in 91% patients (10/11) would be diagnostic, in comparison to the initial diagnostic rates of carcinoma of 9, 12, and 27%, respectively (P<0.0001 for all). None of the 92 benign biopsies showed a score of ≥7. Our results demonstrate that a semiquantitative histologic evaluation of mucosal biopsies taken from an esophageal mass greatly improves the diagnostic sensitivity from patients with carcinoma cuniculatum with 100% specificity. Larger studies are necessary to confirm the current findings.
Optimal control of Solow vintage capital model with nonlinear utility

An optimization problem with nonlinear utility is investigated in the well-known Ramsey vintage capital model described by nonlinear Volterra integral equations with an unknown function in the lower integration limits. The necessary and sufficient condition for an extremum is proven and a qualitative analysis is provided. A balanced growth case is found and a turnpike theorem is established for this problem. The obtained results demonstrate new phenomena as compared with the case of the linear utility optimization.
A Temporal Decorrelation Model for Polarimetric Radar Interferometers

This paper describes a physical model of the temporal changes that occur in vegetated land surfaces observed by a repeat-pass radar interferometer. We assume the temporal changes to be caused by a Gaussian-statistic motion of the vegetation elements, with motion variance changing along the vertical direction. We show that the temporal correlation between two interferometric radar signals is affected by the structural parameters of the vegetation, such as canopy height, and varies with the wave polarization. We validate the model using L-band data acquired by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory with the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar airborne radar. This work provides new insights into the role of temporal decorrelation in interferometric radar applications.
On the Theory of Convective Currents

A theory of steady state, saturated, convective currents is presented which includes the transfer of heat and momentum by lateral diffusion as well as the systematic entrainment of environmental air. The system of equations governing the behavior of such convective currents is derived and numerically integrated for a variety of initial and environmental conditions. In agreement with basic physical principles, it is found that the cloud height, mass, vertical velocity, temperature excess over the environment, and liquid water content all increase with increasing (a) initial temperature, (b) environmental relative humidity, and (c) environmental lapse rate; but all decrease as the diffusion coefficient increases. Also the cloud height, vertical velocity, temperature excess, and liquid water content increase with increasing initial velocity: however, the total mass of air decreases with increasing initial velocity, reflecting a lower rate of entrainment. Even with frictional drag in the form of momentum loss by diffusion, the updraft overshoots the level of zero buoyancy in the upper part of the cloud, giving rise to cloud temperatures at the cloud top which may be several degrees colder than the environment. When applied to an upper-air sounding taken near the time and location of a thunderstorm, the model gives the right order of magnitude for the cloud height, vertical velocity, and temperature excess over environment for a diffusion coefficient of k 1 = .001 sec −1 . While the life cycle of a convective cloud is certainly not a steady-state phenomenom, the theory probably affords a fair approximation of the convective cloud during the updraft stage. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1959.tb00002.x
Asymmetries of visuospatial attention are modulated by viewing distance and visual field elevation: pseudoneglect in peripersonal and extrapersonal space.

Many factors influence the degree of leftward error (pseudoneglect) that typifies the line bisection performance of normal subjects. We find that viewing distance also exerts a modulating influence on spatial attention in normal subjects, as it appears to do in neglect syndrome. Using forced-choice tachistoscopic line bisection, 38 right-handed subjects (15 male, 23 female) bisected horizontal lines (13.7 degrees w x 0.24 degrees h) presented in the midsagittal plane as a function of line elevation (- 3.6 degrees, 0 degrees, and 3.6 degrees relative to horizontal midline) and viewing distance (45 and 90 cm). We find a significant main effect of viewing distance, F (1, 37) = 10.04, p = .003, where pseudoneglect is larger in peripersonal (45 cm) than in extrapersonal (90 cm) space. We replicate an effect of line elevation, F (2, 74) = 4.40, p = .016, where pseudoneglect is greatest in the superior visual field (McCourt and Jewell, 1999). The interaction was not significant, p > .05. Thus, we find evidence for independent spatiotopic (viewing distance) and retinotopic (line elevation) effects on line bisection performance in normal observers, suggesting that the allocation of visuospatial attention is modulated within multiple frameworks.
EDTA-Facilitated Phytoremediation of Soil with Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the chelate EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), which is used in phytoremediation, on plant availability of heavy metals in liquid sewage sludge applied to soil. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was grown under greenhouse conditions in a commercial potting soil; the tetrasodium salt of EDTA (EDTA Na4) was added at a rate of 1 g kg-1 to half the pots. Immediately after seeds were planted, half of the pots with each soil (with or without EDTA) were irrigated with 60 ml sludge, and half were irrigated with 60 ml tap water. For the subsequent five irrigations, plants in soil with EDTA received either sludge or tap water containing 0.5 g EDTA Na4 per 1000 ml, and plants in soil without EDTA received sludge or tap water without EDTA. Of the four heavy metals whose extractable concentrations in the soil were measured (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn), only Zn had a higher concentration in sludge-treated soil with EDTA compared to sludge-treated soil w...
Unsteady state two-dimensional water content distribution and wetting fronts in soils☆

Abstract The unsteady state two-dimensional water flow equation for unsaturated soils was solved numerically with the aid of an alternating-direction implicit method. Water content distributions, wetting fronts, and water flux were predicted for an Ida silt loam soil with an impermeable barrier and a Webster clay loam soil with a groundwater table. It is concluded that the numerical method is stable and convergent for solving unsteady state two dimensional infiltration problems.
Fiber formation via solution spinning of the cellulose/ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate system

Fiber formation via the cellulose/ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate system by wet spinning has been investigated. This report presents a characterization of the structure and tensile properties of fibers spun under various coagulation conditions. Microscopic observations showed that the molecular size of coagulant was the dominant factor governing the crosssectional shape of the fibers. Density, birefringence, and crystallinity data indicated that a higher cellulose concentration and lower coagulation temperature favored development of a fiber with a denser and more oriented structure. Under optimum conditions, a welldefined fibrillar structure was obtained. Fiber tensile property measurements suggested the existence of a linear relationship between the fiber breaking tenacity and the product of the square of the Hermans' orientation factor and the infrared crystallinity index.
Patient-friendly detection of early peripheral arterial diseases (PAD) by budgeted sensor selection

Sensor networks provide a concise picture of complex systems and have been widely applied in health care domain. One typical scenario is to deploy sensors at different locations of human body and analyze the sensor measurements collectively to perform diagnosis of diseases. In this work, we are interested in differentiating peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients from healthy people by monitoring peripheral blood pressure waveforms using electric sensors. PAD is an important cause of heart disease, which causes no significant symptoms until in a late stage. Therefore its early detection is of significant clinical values. Currently, PAD diagnosis either require large equipment or complicated, invasive sensor deployment, which is highly undesired in terms of medical expenses and safety considerations. To solve this problem, we present a novel approach to address the issue of high deployment cost in PAD detection via sensor networks. Assuming we are given many possibilities for sensor placement, each with different deployment cost, our goal is to select a small number of sensors with minimal costs while delivering accurate diagnosis. We solve this problem by treating each sensor as a feature, and designing a budget-constrained feature selection scheme to choose a compact, optimal subset of sensors, inducing very low deployment cost in terms of invasive treatment, while giving competitive classification accuracy compared with state-of-the-art feature selection method.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Fruit Set and Berry Enlargement in Seedless Grapes of Vitis vinifera

ALTHOUGH an increased set of fruit as a result of gibberellic acid or related compounds has been observed in tomatoes1, there are insufficient data concerning the effect of this chemical on enlargement of fruit in any plant.
An autonomic ganglion neurone in a small branch of the right sciatic nerve of the rat.

IN the course of experiments involving an investigation of the behaviour of the perineural epithelium following section of the sciatic nerve1 two ganglia were observed associated with the nerve.
Quantitative metabolic profiling of valproic acid in humans using automated gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques

An automated gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay is described for the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) and 14 of its metabolites in plasma or urine. Quantitative analysis of the parent drug and its biotransformation products was carried out with the aid of trimethylsilyl derivatives, and was performed by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (normally of [M-CH3]+ species) using an HP 5790 mass selective detector (MSD) quadrupole mass spectrometer. The analysis was fully automated, in that simple injection, data acquisition, integration, quantification and report functions were carried out during unattended operation by an HP 59970C ChemStation computer system. The method exhibits good accuracy and high precision, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.990 for all standard curves. Replicate analyses of pooled plasma samples over a 4 month period exhibited an inter-day variation of less than 15% for the parent drug and ten of its metabolites. Moreover, the high dynamic range of the MSD instrument permitted quantification of VPA and minor metabolites thereof (e.g. the hepatotoxic terminal olefin, delta 4-VPA) at levels as disparate as 260 micrograms ml-1 (VPA) and 14 ng ml-1 (delta 4-VPA) in a single analysis. The high stability and sensitivity of the assay, combined with the fully automated features of the instrumentation, make the method ideally suited to expanded clinical studies and for the routine monitoring of potentially high-risk patients on VPA therapy.
Thiazolidinediones inhibit alkaline phosphatase activity while increasing expression of uncoupling protein, deiodinase, and increasing mitochondrial mass in C3H10T1/2 cells

Although there are a number of cell lines committed to differentiate into brown adipocytes, the stem-cell origin of brown fat remains unclear. To address this problem, we explored the effects of various pharmacological agents on differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells, a pluripotent stem-cell line of mesodermal origin. Histochemical and biochemical analysis revealed that, when these cells were treated with retinoic acid, they expressed the osteoblastic marker alkaline phosphatase. Upon addition of thiazolidinediones and insulin, these cells accumulated lipid and expressed the adipocyte marker aP2, indicating differentiation into adipocytes. Treatment during the growth phase with thiazolidinediones resulted in maximal lipogenesis indicating a need for clonal expansion for efficient adipogenic differentiation. Further analysis revealed that addition of thiazolidinediones to the cells increased (1) the lipolytic response of the cells to β3-agonists, (2) the expression of uncoupling protein (UCP), (3) the expression of mRNA for type II iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase (5′D-II), and (4) mitochondrial staining. These results suggest the anti-diabetic effects of thiazolidinediones may, in part, involve increased brown adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, this is the first direct evidence indicating that brown adipocytes and osteoblasts may arise from the same stem cell.
Cultural missionaries, maternal imperialists, feminist allies: British women activists in India, 1865–1945

Abstract Beyond memsahibs and religious missionaries, there were British women outside the formal imperial establishment who went to India because of their concern for the condition of Indian women. Five such women whose careers in India paralleled the development of British imperial power from firm self-confidence to approaching demise are Mary Carpenter (1807–1877), Annette Akroyd Beveridge (1842–1929), Margaret Noble-Sister Nivedita (1867–1911), Margaret Gillespie Cousins (1878–1954), and Eleanor Rathbone (1872–1946). An examination of their careers reflects how the categories of race and gender influence efforts to promote social reforms within an imperial relationship. Once in India these women functioned as cultural missionaries preaching a gospel of women's uplift based largely on models adapted from their experience in Britain. At least three of them became maternal imperialists who treated Indian women as daughters whom they were preparing for adult responsibilities as modern women. All five women were most able to cross the boundary of race as feminist allies when their skills most suited the needs of Indian women.
The Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene Resides in an HTF Island but Is Expressed in a Tissue-Specific Manner

Abstract The tissue distribution of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) in rats was analyzed by activity assays, and by Western and Northern blotting. ALDH2 was expressed at highest levels in liver. The mRNA levels were intermediate in the kidney and lung, while lower levels were found in spleen and heart. The transcript was undetectable in other tissues tested. The human ALDH2 5′ flanking region (−200 to +60) contains similar numbers of CpG and GpC dinucleotides and the rat ALDH2 gene was undermethylated in liver, kidney, and spleen. This suggests that the ALDH2 promoter resides in a Hpa II tiny fragment (HTF) island, unlike most genes expressed in a tissue-specific manner.
On using electrokinetics to interpret the flotation and interfacial behavior of manganese dioxide

The point of zero charge of manganese dioxide plays an important role in its flotation with physisorbing but not with chemisorbing collectors. Detailed flotation studies with oleate as the collector indicate two flotation and adsorption peaks in this system. The peak at low pH's appears to result from physisorption of oleate ions together with coadsorption of oleic acid molecules on the positively charged solid. At alkaline pH's, there is a second adsorption peak which must result from strong chemical interaction of oleate with the negatively charged surface. Electrokinetic experiments clearly indicate that oleate ions are the active collector species at both peaks. A procedure is proposed for estimating collector adsorption from electrokinetic data.
Alignment of an interferometric gravitational wave detector

Interferometric gravitational wave detectors are designed to detect small perturbations in the relative lengths of their kilometer-scale arms that are induced by passing gravitational radiation. An analysis of the effects of imperfect optical alignment on the strain sensitivity of such an interferometer shows that to achieve maximum strain sensitivity at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory requires that the angular orientations of the optics be within 10-8 rad rms of the optical axis, and the beam must be kept centered on the mirrors within 1 mm. In addition, fluctuations in the input laser beam direction must be less than 1.5 × 10-14 rad/Hz in angle and less than 2.8 × 10-10 m/Hz in transverse displacement for frequencies f > 150 Hz in order that they not produce spurious noise in the gravitational wave readout channel. We show that seismic disturbances limit the use of local reference frames for angular alignment at a level approximately an order of magnitude worse than required. A wave-front sensing scheme that uses the input laser beam as the reference axis is presented that successfully discriminates among all angular degrees of freedom and permits the implementation of a closed-loop servo control to suppress the environmentally driven angular fluctuations sufficiently.
Quality of Team Service The Role of Field Independent Culture, Quality Orientation, and Quality Improvement Focus

Consistent with cognitive cross-cultural frameworks, cultural tendencies toward field independence, corresponding team quality orientations, quality improvement focus, and patients’ratings of servi...
Diapause induction and changes in lipid composition in diapausing and reproducing faceflies, Musca autumnalis.

Abstract Diapause in Musca autumnalis, characterized by fat body hypertrophy and no oogenesis, was induced by combinations of cool temperatures and short photophases with the former appearing to be the primary stimulus. Physiological changes between the diapause and reproductive states occurred between photophases of 12 and 16 hr respectively at 65°C, although a certain percentage of diapause occurred regardless of the length of the photophase particularly in males. A simulated autumn environment induced a uniformly high percentage of diapause. Only adults during the first 2 days after ecdysis were sensitive to diapause induction, but approximately 20 days of exposure to the environment was necessary to fully enter diapause. Total lipids of flies entering diapause increased rapidly from 8 to 20 days after eclosion with greatly accelerated synthesis of triglycerides during this time. Free fatty acids also increased from 8 days to a peak at 15 days. Palmitoleic acid was predominant in the triglycerides and increased at the expense of palmitic and minor fatty acids during hypertrophy. Oleic acid remained relatively constant regardless of physiological state or age. Linoleic and linolenic acids were in highest amounts as free fatty acids in newly emerged adults. A larger percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in the triglycerides was also characteristic of diapausing flies.