cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron and nitrogen nutrition of equatorial Pacific plankton

In the equatorial Pacific Ocean between 9°N and 3°S, experiments were conducted to test the effects of iron addition on phytoplankton nitrogen metabolism, community structure and growth. Addition of 1 nM Fe to seawater samples increased the final concentration of chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in incubation bottles relative to the controls. The initial net rates of production were rapid, averaging 0.64 doublings day−1, and were unaffected by Fe enrichment. Ammonium was the major inorganic nitrogen source for the indigenous phytoplankton community, and little nitrate was taken up despite its high ambient concentration. Biomass-specific (N-specific) NO3− and NO2− uptake rates were enhanced two-fold following Fe addition, but NH4+ uptake rates were unaffected. In response to Fe enrichment, the phytoplankton community switched from using primarily NH4+ -nitrogen (regenerated production) for growth to NO3− -nitrogen (new production). This change in nitrogenous nutrition was accompanied by a shift in phytoplankton community composition. High ambient NH4+ concentrations (0.58 μM) at 3°S were sufficient to saturate uptake rates, but did not inhibit the enhancement of NO3− or NO2− utilization by Fe. Short-term 59Fe uptake rates of phytoplankton in the equatorial Pacific were similar to those of Fe-deficient phytoplankton cultures and exceeded by 40 times those of phytoplankton in Fe-rich coastal waters. These results indicate that in equatorial Pacific waters Fe is in short supply and limits the rate of NO3− and NO2− utilization, but does not severely limit the growth rate of the indigenous phytoplankton community.
Completely decentralised code with Gray-code-like property

Motivated by applications such as decentralised feedback control with communication constraints, presented is a coding scheme for continuous variables that bears a Gray-code-like property, but can be implemented with both encoding and decoding decentralised (which Gray code cannot). It is proved that the code constructed achieves the highest possible efficiency given the Gray-code-like requirement and the decentralised implementation constraint.
Transfer of frozen–thawed blastocysts that underwent quarter laser-assisted hatching at the day 3 cleaving stage before freezing

Abstract Objective To examine the pregnancy potential of frozen–thawed blastocysts that underwent quarter laser-assisted hatching (AH) at the cleaving stage before freezing and to compare clinical and embryo characteristics between the groups that succeeded in and failed to achieve pregnancy. Design Prospective observational study. Patient(s) Thirty-four of 112 patients with frozen blastocysts requiring transfer of thawed embryos between January 2000 and December 2001. Setting Assisted reproductive technology unit in a tertiary medical center. Intervention(s) Embryos of patients undergoing blastocyst transfers routinely underwent quarter AH using a nontouch 1.48-μm diode laser. Blastocysts not transferred were cryopreserved using a six-step freezing protocol with glycerol as the cryoprotectant. Main outcome measure(s) Postthaw embryo survival and zona pellucida (ZP) maintenance, implantation rate, and clinical pregnancy rate per transfer of thawed blastocysts. Result(s) A total of 118 frozen blastocysts was thawed. Of these, 89 (75.4%) embryos survived and were transferred in 35 cycles. Assisted hatching–manipulated ZP tolerated the freeze–thaw procedures without shape distortion in surviving embryos. Eleven (31.4%) clinical pregnancies with 15 intrauterine gestational sacs occurred, for an implantation rate of 16.9%. Those who succeeded in pregnancy tended to have more embryos available before freezing, more original blastocysts of good quality for freezing, and more surviving blastocysts after thawing for transfer than did those who failed to achieve pregnancy. Conclusion(s) An acceptable clinical pregnancy rate was obtained from transfer of thawed blastocysts that underwent laser AH on the ZP at the day 3 cleaving embryo stage in fresh cycles in selected patients. Embryo characteristics before freezing played major roles in determining implantation potential of thawed embryos.
Multiple scattering of anisotropic radiation through a layer of clouds

A method by which the transport of anisotropic radiative multiple scattering can be predicted is developed in this paper. A one-dimensional integral intensity model and a three-dimensional diffusion intensity model are both constructed. The former provides a closed-form solution, while the latter involves successive approximation and Gauss's quadrature. On the basis of these methods, the reflection and transmission of solar radiation in a homogeneous cloud layer are computed. The results differ from those for isotropic and Rayleigh scattering assumptions and illustrate the effects on transmission and reflectivity of optical thickness, wavelength, incidence angle, and albedo of single scattering.
Sources, uses, and forms of data in the new product development process

This paper presents qualitative and exploratory research investigating the role that managing knowledge and information plays in new product development (NPD). A set of 20 in-depth interviews uncovered eight basic types of information used throughout the NPD process and three general approaches to managing information needed in the NPD process. Although some exemplary companies seem to do an outstanding job of collecting and disseminating information, the majority of firms struggle. NPD process automation solutions tackle part of the problem, ignoring nonquantitative data forms and the full picture of information use throughout the entire development process.
Current trials and future directions of the Southwest oncology group breast cancer committee

The first adjuvant breast cancer trial in the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) was initiated in 1974. The trial eventually demonstrated that combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone was superior to singleagent chemotherapy with melphalan in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients. Subsequently, SWOG has performed a series of adjuvant chemotherapy trials either alone or in collaboration with other cooperative groups. Over the past 5 years, SWOG has accrued more than 8000 patients to different clinical trials in primary and advanced breast cancer as well as to a series of ancillary biologic studies primarily evaluating new prognostic factors, such as hormone receptor status and flow cytometry
Imaging the basic function unit of small/medium animal via diagnostic CT with an adaptor-and-holder assembly (AAHA): feasibility study

Imaging the basic functional unit (BFU) of small/medium animal - an organ's smallest assembly of diverse cells that functions like the organ itself - is of significance in pre-clinical research. A BFU is usually a spheroid with its horizontal, transverse and vertical radii equal to ~50 μm and its dimension is virtually the same in small/medium animal and human. Apparently, state-of-the-art diagnostic CT scanners can't image the BFU of small/medium animal directly because of its insufficient spatial resolution. Micro-CT is of sufficient spatial resolution, but its contrast, temporal and spectral resolutions are inferior to its counterparts of diagnostic CT. We propose to image the basic function unit of small/medium animal using diagnostic CT with an adaptor-and-holder assembly (AAHA). In data acquisition, the adaptor rotates in phase with x-ray source, but the animal holder spins at an angular velocity that is opposite to the direction of adaptor rotation. Consequently, the pose of the animal remains unchanged in data acquisition, which can reduce animal's visceral motion substantially. With such an AAHA device, the spatial resolution can be increased more than 2.5 times, while the temporal resolution can potentially be increased 2 times if super-short scan is exercised. In practice, the AAHA device may not align perfectly and rotate rigorously in phase with x-ray source. Hence, motioncompensated reconstruction is needed. With a preliminary evaluation conducted in the feasibility study, it is believed that, a diagnostic CT with the AAHA device may enable imaging small/medium animal at superior spatiotemporal and contrast resolution in comparison to micro-CT.
Annealing of the photoluminescence W-center in proton-irradiated silicon

Abstract We study radiation defects generated by 55 MeV protons in float-zone silicon using photoluminescence (PL) and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). The investigated material is weakly phosphorus-doped and contains varying amounts of interstitial oxygen ( 14 …1.7×10 17 cm −3 ). Special attention is paid to the as of yet unidentified luminescence W-center. Its isochronal annealing behavior (40–160°C) is discussed in conjunction with the evolution of the cluster damage-related features in the DLTS spectrum. We find the annealing rate of the W-center to be independent of the oxygen content and thus exclude oxygen as a constituent of the center. There is no evident correlation between the main peaks in the DLTS spectrum and the W-center. However, a weak signal at E C -0.075 eV is found to be a good candidate for a DLTS signal of the center. Further studies are needed to relate the formation of the W-center to the interstitials and/or vacancies released from damage clusters during annealing, which might help in identifying the constituents of the complex defect.
Server-class DDR3 SDRAM memory buffer chip

IBM System i®, System p®, and System z® servers require an efficient ultrareliable high-performance memory subsystem. The fourth-generation IBM advanced memory buffer (AMB) chip provides industry-leading performance, scalability, and reliability for the double-data-rate 3 (DDR3) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) subsystems employed across a wide range of server platforms. The new IBM AMB employs a cyclic redundancy code-protected packet-protocol-based 6.4-Gb/s host channel, as well as dual 9-byte/10-byte wide 800 to 1,333-Mb/s SDRAM interfaces with dynamic calibration for optimal signal integrity under varied device and system environmental conditions. Applications support industry-standard dual inline memory module (DIMM) and low-latency high-capacity proprietary DIMM packages in conventional multichannel and redundant array of independent memory system architectures. A fully configured daisy-chain topology contains up to 256 GB of memory per host channel. This paper describes the IBM AMB chip architecture, design, and key engineering aspects.
Chemical bonding and graded interfacial transition regions at transition metal, Hf(Zr), /high-k gate dielectric, Hf(Zr)O2, interfaces

One of the most significant and challenging process integration issues for high-k dielectrics is the replacement of poly-Si gates in CMOS devices with either dual metal gates, or a single mid-band gap metal. The issue is the stability of the metal gate/high-k gate dielectric interface with respect to post-deposition thermal processing. Ab initio quantum chemistry calculations address this issue, and two questions have been resolved, providing results that are consistent with the experiment. The interface between a metal gate electrode and a high gate electrode and oxide dielectric cannot be atomically abrupt after post-deposition thermal processing. Instead there must be a chemically-graded interfacial transition region that mitigates some of the benefits of replacing dual poly-Si gates by metals, except for gate-last processing. However, electrical stress and heating during device operation will be significant driving force atomic motion, and the formation of an interfacial transition region.
Fetal fuels VI. Metabolism of α-ketoisocaproic acid in fetal rat brain☆

The metabolic regulation of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid was studied in fetal brain from rats. Starvation of the mother for days 18-20 did not alter CO2 evolution from alpha-ketoisocaproic acid in fetal brain slices but significantly diminished the incorporation of the branched-chain keto acids into leucine. When fetal brain slices from starved mothers were exposed to graded concentrations of labeled alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (0.05-2.5 mM), over 70% of the labeled products were consistently represented by leucine and less than 30% by CO2. Both beta-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate, alone and in combination, diminished the amount of 14CO2 that evolved from alpha-ketoisocaproic acid-1-14C, but had no effect on the conversion of the keto acid to labeled leucine. It is concluded that exogenous alpha-ketoisocaproic acid is preferentially converted to leucine by fetal brain slices independent of the nutritional state of the mother. During maternal starvation, beta-hydroxybutyrate, by restraining irreversible decarboxylation of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, could act to salvage the keto acid for conversion to leucine. Thus alpha-ketoisocaproic acid metabolism in the fetal brain may be regulated in part by altered metabolic functions in this structure and in part by changing components in circulating fuel mixtures reaching the fetus from the starved mother.
Methylation of trimethyl lead species in the environment; an abiotic process?

Abstract The methylation of trimethyl lead acetate in a lake sediment has been studied. In this environment (Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, U.S.A.) it appears unnecessary to invoke a biological route to methylation. The results in this case can be explained in entirety by disproportionation processes.
Determinants of military expenditures in developing countries

(1987). Determinants of military expenditures in developing countries. Arms Control: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 295-324.
Functional integral approach to classical statistical dynamics

The functional integral method for the statistical solution of stochastic differential equations is extended to a broad, new class of nonlinear dynamical equations with random coefficients and initial conditions. This work encompasses previous results for classical systems with random forces and initial conditions with arbitrary statistics and provides new results for systems with nonlinear interactions which are nonlocal in time. Closed equations of motion for the correlation and response functions are derived which have applications in the calculation of particle motion in stochastic magnetic fields, in the solution of stochastic wave equations, and in the description of electromagnetic plasma turbulence. As an illustration of the new results for nonlocal interactions, the electromagnetic dispersion tensor is calculated to first order in renormalized theory.
Predicting Tc as a function of stoichiometric holes per total O in simple ceramic superconductors

Abstract It is plausible that the magnitude of superconducting T c in simple cuprates depends on stoichiometric holes per total O ( h / y ) which in turn reflect special charge lattice commensurabilities. Accordingly one realizes that distinct T c families exist with the highest T c at the highest Cu/O ratios in unsubstituted well ordered compounds. Examples for the highest T c family are compounds such as CuBa 2 CaCu 2 O y , y ∼6 with h / y =1/6 and charge lattice commensurability corresponding to every third Cu nominally 3+ denoted by k =3. Successively lower T c are obtained for the lower h / y of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 or Sr 2 CuO 3+ z . For substitutional series such as (La 1− x Sr x ) 2 CuO 4 , T c are further limited by an optimization at higher charge lattice commensurabilities of k =6.
The aquatic drift patterns of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Larval (5th-final instar) drift patterns of five species of black flies (Prosimulium mixtum, Stegopterna mutata, Simulium tuberosum FG, S. vittatum IIIL-1, and S. vittatum IS-7) were analyzed. The diel drift patterns were not species-specific, but consistently exhibited a marked increase after sunset, preceded by a period of minimal drift. The drift minimum generally occurred during or shortly after the period of maximum water temperature. Larvae showed significantly more nocturnal than diurnal drift. Pupal drift was attributed to accidental detachment from the substrate. Adult drift was over 90% diurnal and usually composed primarily of teneral individuals. Upstream larval movements of the S. vittatum and S. tuberosum complexes were each less than 6.5% of the total upstream and downstream larval movements. The proportion of parasitized larvae of the S. vittatum and S. tuberosum complexes was generally higher in the benthos than in the drift.
Combining gene expression QTL mapping and phenotypic spectrum analysis to uncover gene regulatory relationships

Gene expression QTL (eQTL) mapping can suggest candidate regulatory relationships between genes. Recent advances in mammalian phenotype annotation such as mammalian phenotype ontology (MPO) enable systematic analysis of the phenotypic spectrum subserved by many genes. In this study we combined eQTL mapping and phenotypic spectrum analysis to predict gene regulatory relationships. Five pairs of genes with similar phenotypic effects and potential regulatory relationships suggested by eQTL mapping were identified. Lines of evidence supporting some of the predicted regulatory relationships were obtained from biological literature. A particularly notable example is that promoter sequence analysis and real-time PCR assays support the predicted regulation of protein kinase C epsilon (Prkce) by cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (Creb1). Our results show that the combination of gene eQTL mapping and phenotypic spectrum analysis may provide a valuable approach to uncovering gene regulatory relations underlying mammalian phenotypes.
An ERα/modulator regulatory network in the breast cancer cells

Estrogens control multiple functions of hormone-responsive breast cancer (BC) cells [1]. They regulate diverse physiological processes in various tissues through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms that result in activation or repression of gene expression. Transcription regulation upon estrogen stimulation is a critical biological process underlying the onset and progress of the majority of breast cancer [2]. However, ERα requires distinct co-regulator complex or modulators for efficient transcriptional regulation. To have insight into the regulatory network of ERα and discover the novel modulators of ERα which acted by distinct mechanisms, we proposed an analytical method based on a linear regression model to identify translational modulators and the relationship between genes for network. To comprehend the network associated with ERα, a dynamic gene expression profile and ChIP-Seq data shown to characterize the breast cancer cell response to estrogens are utilized. The role of modulators within molecular mechanism can be learned from the exploration of these two data sets. Based on the active or repressive function of the ERα, active or repressive function of a modulator, and agonist or antagonist effect of a modulator on the ERα, the ERα/modulator/target relationships were categorized into 27 classes.
LOWER BOUNDS ON SELF-FOCUSING SO AS TO MAINTAIN RING INTEGRITY NEAR THE INITIATION OF ACCELERATION IN AN ELECTRON RING ACCELERATOR.

Relationships necessary for ring stability are derived between the self-focusing forces of an electron ring and the magnetic field gradient defocusing forces present near and just subsequent to the start of ring acceleration.
Five-Factor Model personality profiles of drug users

Personality traits are considered risk factors for drug use, and, in turn, the psychoactive substances impact individuals' traits. Furthermore, there is increasing interest in developing treatment approaches that match an individual's personality profile. To advance our knowledge of the role of individual differences in drug use, the present study compares the personality profile of tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin users and non-users using the wide spectrum Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality in a diverse community sample. Participants (N = 1,102; mean age = 57) were part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program in Baltimore, MD, USA. The sample was drawn from a community with a wide range of socio-economic conditions. Personality traits were assessed with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), and psychoactive substance use was assessed with systematic interview. Compared to never smokers, current cigarette smokers score lower on Conscientiousness and higher on Neuroticism. Similar, but more extreme, is the profile of cocaine/heroin users, which score very high on Neuroticism, especially Vulnerability, and very low on Conscientiousness, particularly Competence, Achievement-Striving, and Deliberation. By contrast, marijuana users score high on Openness to Experience, average on Neuroticism, but low on Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. In addition to confirming high levels of negative affect and impulsive traits, this study highlights the links between drug use and low Conscientiousness. These links provide insight into the etiology of drug use and have implications for public health interventions.
The effects of transportation network failure on people’s accessibility to hurricane disaster relief goods: a modeling approach and application to a Florida case study

Following the catastrophic and devastating Atlantic Hurricane seasons in 2004 and 2005, there has been increased interest in formulating planning directives and policy aimed at minimizing the societal impacts of future storms. Not all populations will evacuate an area forecast to be affected by a hurricane, so emergency managers must plan for these people who remain behind. Such planning includes making food, water, ice, and other provisions available at strategic locations throughout an affected area. Recent research has tackled problems related to humanitarian and relief goods distribution with respect to hurricanes. Experience shows that the torrential rains and heavy winds associated with hurricanes can severely damage transportation network infrastructure rendering it unusable. Scanning the literature on hurricane disaster relief provision, there are no studies that expressly consider the potential damage that may be caused to a transportation network by strong storms. This paper examines the impacts of simulated network failures on hurricane disaster relief planning strategies, using a smaller Florida City as an example. A relief distribution protocol is assumed where goods distribution points are set up in pre-determined locations following the passage of a storm. Simulation results reveal that modest disruptions to the transportation network produce marked changes in the number and spatial configuration of relief facilities. At the same time, the transportation network appears to be robust and is able to support relief service provision even at elevated levels of hypothesized disruption.
Determination of Proliferation Index By MIB‐1 Immunostaining in Early Stage Breast Cancer Using Quantitative Image Analysis

: Several clinicopathologic variables influence prognosis in breast cancer, including stage, histologic grade, nodal status, and tumor size. Multiple studies have shown an independent value of proliferation index as a prognostic variable for the stratification into favorable and unfavorable groups. The monoclonal antibody MIB-1 reacts with the same antigen site, not epitope, as recognized by the Ki-67 antibody. Like Ki-67, MIB-1 reacts with cells in the late G1, S, M and G2 phases of the cell cycle, but MIB-1 has the advantage of reacting with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material. The authors investigated the feasibility of using image analysis to quantitate the MIB-1 antibody staining (proliferation index [PI]) and predict survival in a series of 230 patients with stage I and stage II breast cancer. In a univariate Cox regression model, larger values of MIB-1 were related to shorter survival times (p 11 %, respectively. Higher clinical stage was associated with higher MIB-1 values and shorter survival (p = 0.01, and p = 0.003, respectively). Tumor size (p = 0.02) and nodal status (p = 0.05) were also associated with higher values of MIB-1. After adjusting for age, clinical stage, nodal status, and tumor size in a multivariate analysis, MIB-1 retained its prognostic significance (p < 0.0001) when considered as either a continuous or categorical variable. There were no significant associations between MIB-1 determined proliferation index and age (p = 0.54), histologic grade (p = 0.69), nuclear grade (p = 0.06) or the presence of vascular invasion (p =.66). There is a strong statistical relationship between cell proliferative activity, as determined by MIB-1 expression, and survival in early stage breast cancer.
Increased glucose improves recovery of neuronal function after cerebral hypoxia in vitro

The rat hippocampal slice preparation was used to evaluate the effect of increasing glucose levels in the perfusion medium on the recovery of synaptic function after a standardized hypoxic insult. Slices exposed to low glucose (5 mM) did not recover from a standard hypoxic insult (10 min of 95% N2/5% CO2 atmosphere). Following the same insult, 39% of the control (10 mM glucose) slices recovered their synaptic function, while 93% of the slices provided with high glucose level (20 mM) exhibited recovery of synaptic function. Thus, a dose-dependent effect of glucose on recovery of neuronal function following an intermediate period (10 min) of oxygen deprivation was found. The high-glucose-treated slices could tolerate a severe hypoxic insult of 15 min or even 20 min from which 94% and 81% of them recovered, respectively. Only 21% of the control (10 mM glucose) slices recovered their synaptic activity following 15 min of hypoxia, and none survived 20 min of that insult. The adverse effects of hyperglycemia reported in vivo were not seen in our study. This may be due to the sustained perfusion of the brain slice preparation, which could limit accumulation of lactic acid during hypoxia. However, treatment of slices with lactic acid prior to and during the hypoxic insult did not worsen the outcome. Alternatively, glucose may protect against the damaging effects of oxygen free radicals formed during reoxygenation. Nevertheless, the antihypoxic effect of glucose appears to be a metabolic one, since L-glucose (the non-metabolic analog of D-glucose) was innocuous in this respect.
Influence of Ice on the Infiltration of Petroleum into Frozen Coarse-grained Soil

Abstract Knowledge of how contaminants spread through frozen ground is required to better protect water quality and environmental health. This study investigates the effect of pore ice on vertical and lateral movement of a petroleum product in coarse-grained soils. Time lapse photography is used to track diesel product migrating through two-dimensional flumes packed with wetted soil frozen to −5°C. Results from these flow studies indicate that the presence of pore ice blocks pore space, causing increased lateral movement of petroleum, creates preferential pathways resulting in increased petroleum penetration depths, and can restrict infiltration of petroleum into soils with high ice saturations.
Photochemistry and photobiology of psoralens.

— The photochemistry and photobiology of psoralens have been rcvicwed on the basis of selected literature. In addition to the well establishcd photoaddition of psoralens to DNA. photoreac-tions involving RNA. tRNA and proteins warrant further studies. Although thymine seems to be one of the predominant bases for the psoralen photocycloaddition in DNA. photoreactions of other bases such as adenine and the mechanisms other than cycloaddition should also be investigated in order to fully assess the specificity of psoralen photoreactions and their application BS a probe for biopolymer structure and as a tool for photobiological studies of microorganisms. The relativc photobiological importance of monoaddition vs crosslinking of psoralens to nucleic acids also remains to be fully elucidated.
Rapid in vivo assay for murine lymphatic leukaemia viruses.

SEVERAL rapid in vitro methods1–5 for the quantitative assay of murine lymphatic leukaemia viruses (MuLV) have replaced the once standard in vivo bioassay for leukaemogenicity6,7, which was slow, cumbersome, and relatively costly. The in vitro procedures, however, suffer from two limitations: first, some MuLV propagated serially in vitro may lose leukaemogenicity while retaining infectivity in vitro8, so the in vitro assays do not necessarily correlate with biological activity in vivo; second, some wild-type MuLV extracted from normal or neoplastic tissues in vivo seem to require a period of adaptation to in vitro growth conditions before they can be assayed reliably by in vitro methods9.
Variable QRS morphologies in Ebstein's anomaly: What is the mechanism?

Case presentation A 13-year-old girl with Ebstein’s anomaly presented with tachycardia brought on by exertion. Electrocardiogram revealed an irregular, broad complex tachycardia with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology and left axis deviation, with a shortest RR interval of 220 ms (Figure 1A). Atrial activity with no fixed relationship to subsequent QRS complexes could be seen, with occasional subtle changes in QRS morphology. Intravenous procainamide restored sinus rhythm with a narrow QRS duration (80 ms), normal axis, and neither right bundle branch block in the anterior precordial leads nor ventricular preexcitation (Figre 1B). A 4-wire electrophysiology study was performed with a apping catheter positioned in the lateral high right atrium nd diagnostic catheters at the His bundle (HIS), coronary inus (CS), and right ventricle (RV). At baseline, the QRS orphology was the same as that recorded clinically (Figure B). The earliest intracardiac ventricular electrogram was een on the RV catheter simultaneous with QRS onset and V interval of 45 ms (Figure 2A). A left-sided atrial ectopic eat (earliest atrial activation on CS leads) caused a shift to right bundle branch block QRS morphology and prolonation of the HV interval to 50 ms (Figure 2B), a pattern eproducible with CS pacing. Programmed atrial stimulaion (S1 700 ms) with decreasing S2 coupling intervals from he lateral high right atrium demonstrated decremental atrioentricular (AV) conduction with increasing LBBB QRS orphology, progressively earlier activation on the RV atheter ahead of QRS, and a negative HV interval. At 00/360 ms, there was a shift to the previously seen right undle morphology with a normal HV interval and RV
Correlation of cytotoxicity with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract Cytotoxicity of immune lymph node cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was maximal 9 days after injection of encephalitogenic emulsion. The ability of these cells to passively transfer EAE was also maximal at this time. Immune spleen cells were more cytotoxic than lymph node cells 9 days after injection; however, these cells did not passively transfer EAE. Twelve days after injection of encephalitogenic emulsion immune spleen cells passively transferred EAE with resulting mild histopathologic lesions. At this time the spleen cells were 50% more cytotoxic than comparable lymph node cells. Cyclophosphamide suppressed the development of clinical EAE and the development of cytotoxic lymphoid cells. It also reduced clinical signs and cytotoxic activity of lymph node cells. Spleen cell cytotoxic activity was enhanced by Cyclophosphamide. It was concluded that cytotoxic activity of lymph node and spleen cells was correlated with the ability of these cells to produce EAE. Lymph node cell populations differed qualitatively and/or quantitatively from immune spleen cell populations in EAE. Capacity to passively transfer EAE coincided with the maximal Cytotoxicity of the lymphoid cells from each tissue.
A cluster grouping technique for texture segmentation

We propose an algorithm for texture segmentation based on a divide-and-conquer strategy of statistical modeling. Selected sets of Gaussian clusters, estimated via expectation maximization on the texture features, are grouped together to form composite texture classes. Our cluster grouping technique exploits the inherent local spatial correlation among posterior distributions of clusters belonging to the same texture class. Despite its simplicity, this algorithm can model even very complex distributions, typical of natural outdoor images.
Cloning and sequencing of a secY homolog from Streptomyces scabies.

Abstract The complete DNA sequence of the Streptomyces scabies (Ss) secY homolog and partial sequences of adjacent upstream and downstream open reading frames (ORFs) have been determined. The nucleotide sequence of a 2-kb region predicts a polypeptide of 437 amino acids in length with homology to the SecY protein family. The Ss secY homolog lies upstream from a sequence that has homology to the adenylate kinase gene (adk) family. The translational stop codon of the putative SecY ORF overlaps the predicted start codon for the Adk ORF. Another ORF that lies upstream from the secY homolog has sequence similarity to the genes that code for the L15 r-protein. Within the 243-bp intergenic region between the L15 and SecY coding sequences, the presence of a streptomycete-like promoter sequence and an 18-bp inverted repeat suggests that the secY homolog and the adjacent downstream sequences may be transcribed independently of the L15 coding sequence. Transcript analysis indicates that the secY homolog is expressed in both Ss and Streptomyces lividans . The proposed gene and transcript organization of the L15-SecY-Adk coding regions in the Ss clone resembles that of Micrococcus luteus which, like the streptomycetes, has a G + C-rich genome.
Current Trends in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Acute myelogenous and chronic myelogenous leukemia are uniformly fatal if left untreated. Treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic agents results in a cure for a small percentage of patients and substantial toxicities in all patients that receive treatment. The first of a new generation of “targeted therapies” has recently been introduced. It is hoped that these agents will demonstrate enhanced efficacy and a decreased toxicity profile. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg™) is the first antibody-targeted therapy approved for use in patients with acute myelogeneous leukemia, arsenic trioxide (Trisenox®) has demonstrated efficacy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia, and imatinib mesylate (Gleevec™) has proven efficacy in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Initially, these agents were granted FDA approval for use in those who were refractory to or intolerant of conventional treatment options. Research is ongoing to further define the full therapeutic potential of these agents and to discov...
The effects of heterogeneity in parameters in wireless cellular network modeling

The paper addresses the issue of heterogeneity in the modeling of wireless cellular networks. Wireless network modeling is a complex task because of the large number of parameters involved and the intricate nature of wireless networks. In order to simplify network modeling, researchers often make the assumption of homogeneity; for instance, all cells in a cellular network are assumed to have the same size and capacity, all nodes have the same bandwidth requirements, etc. However, in the real world, networks do not conform to such assumptions of homogeneity; heterogeneity is more prevalent. Therefore, it is important to understand how it affects the modeling of wireless networks so that we can improve the task of network design. We introduce heterogeneity to various modeling parameters and study its effect on the network behavior. We show that heterogeneity can hide several subtleties, which, if not properly modeled, can lead to misleading conclusions. Our goal is to raise the awareness of the community to the importance of heterogeneity and the attention that we need to devote to its realistic modeling.
Allying tobacco control with human rights: invited commentary

The recognition that tobacco control and human rights concerns overlap is quite recent. This commentary reflects upon tobacco control's growth through allying with other domains, and details a particular effort to build alliances between tobacco control and human rights practitioners.
A frequency-domain technique for statistical timing analysis of clock meshes

We propose a frequency-domain modeling technique with applications on the statistical timing analysis of clock mesh/grid networks. Using transmission lines to model clock mesh edges, we express the means and (co)variances of the sink arrival times as polynomial functions of the arrival times of the input signals and the wire widths of the mesh edges, with up to second order accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed frequency-domain statistical timing analysis technique is efficient and accurate. The relative mean error is less than 1% and relative variance error less than 3%.
Studies on amylose and its derivatives. Part III. The effect of temperature on the intrinsic viscosities of amylose in several solvents

The intrinsic viscosities of several amylose fractions dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), formamide and 0.5 M KCl have been measured in the temperature range 25 to 55°C. The temperature coefficient of viscosity was found to be negative for amylose in DMSO and formamide, but was negligible in 0.5 M KCl. A recent extension of the FLORY solution theory proposed by KURATA and STOCKMAYER has been used successfully to describe the behaviour of amylose solutions, and from this an equation representing Θ conditions for amylose at 25°C. is proposed. Die Strukturviskositaten einiger in Dimethylsulfoxyd (DMSO), Formamid und 0,5 m KCl geloster Amylosefraktionen wurden in einem Temperaturbereich von 25–55°C gemessen. Es zeigte sich, das der Temperaturkoeffizient der Viskositat fur Amylose in DMSO und Formamid negativ, dagegen in 0,5 m KCl vernachlassigbar ist. Eine neuere, von KURATA und STOCKMAYER vorgeschlagene Erweiterung der Losungstheorie von FLORY wurde erfolgreich zur Beschreibung des Verhaltens der Amyloselosung angewandt. Hieraus wird eine Gleichung vorgeschlagen, welche die Θ-Bedingungen fur Amylose bei 25°C darstellt.
LARGE SCALE EXPERIMENTS WITH NAIVE BAYES AND DECISION TREES FOR FUNCTION TAGGING

This paper describes the use of two machine learning techniques, naive Bayes and decision trees, to address the task of assigning function tags to nodes in a syntactic parse tree. Function tags are extra functional information, such as logical subject or predicate, that can be added to certain nodes in syntactic parse trees. We model the function tags assignment problem as a classification problem. Each function tag is regarded as a class and the task is to find what class/tag a given node in a parse tree belongs to from a set of predefined classes/tags. The paper offers the first systematic comparison of the two techniques, naive Bayes and decision trees, for the task of function tags assignment. The comparison is based on a standardized data set, the Penn Treebank, a collection of sentences annotated with syntactic information including function tags. We found out that decision trees generally outperform naive Bayes for the task of function tagging. Furthermore, this is the first large scale evaluation of decision trees based solutions to the task of functional tagging.
Adolescent Interactions With Gangs, Family, and Neighborhoods: An Ethnographic Investigation

This qualitative article explores the experiences of two Mexican American families. Both families live in impoverished urban neighborhoods where violence and gang activity are common. Both families have adolescent sons, with varying degrees of interactions with gangs. In-depth interviews with the two adolescent males, enhanced with other family member interviews, are central to this investigation. The purpose of this article is to explore themes and expand on issues surrounding these two adolescents and their families. Specific issues to be uncovered include neighborhood and family dynamics and the adolescents' relationships and interactions with peers and gangs. More specifically, this article will provide insight into the lives of two contrasting adolescents who are embedded in these poor urban neighborhoods. Their stories elucidate the degree to which households and families are connected, or disconnected, with their surrounding neighborhood, community, and gang presence.
Vx32: lightweight user-level sandboxing on the x86

Code sandboxing is useful for many purposes, but most sandboxing techniques require kernel modifications, do not completely isolate guest code, or incur substantial performance costs. Vx32 is a multipurpose user-level sandbox that enables any application to load and safely execute one or more guest plug-ins, confining each guest to a system call API controlled by the host application and to a restricted memory region within the host's address space. Vx32 runs guest code efficiently on several widespread operating systems without kernel extensions or special privileges; it protects the host program from both reads and writes by its guests; and it allows the host to restrict the instruction set available to guests. The key to vx32's combination of portability, flexibility, and efficiency is its use of x86 segmentation hardware to sandbox the guest's data accesses, along with a lightweight instruction translator to sandbox guest instructions. We evaluate vx32 using microbenchmarks and whole system benchmarks, and we examine four applications based on vx32: an archival storage system, an extensible public-key infrastructure, an experimental user-level operating system running atop another host OS, and a Linux system call jail. The first three applications export custom APIs independent of the host OS to their guests, making their plug-ins binary-portable across host systems. Compute-intensive workloads for the first two applications exhibit between a 30% slowdown and a 30% speedup on vx32 relative to native execution; speedups result from vx32's instruction translator improving the cache locality of guest code. The experimental user-level operating system allows the use of the guest OS's applications alongside the host's native applications and runs faster than whole-system virtual machine monitors such as VMware and QEMU. The Linux system call jail incurs up to 80% overhead but requires no kernel modifications and is delegation-based, avoiding concurrency vulnerabilities present in other interposition mechanisms.
Investigation of image quality and NEC in a TOF-capable PET scanner

The purpose of this work is to determine the benefit which can be achieved in image quality for a time-of-flight (TOF) capable 3D whole-body PET scanner. We simulate a 3D whole-body time-of-flight PET scanner with a complete modeling of spatial and energy resolutions. The simulated scanner has a diameter of 84-cm, an axial FOV of 25-cm, and uses a 4times4times30-mm3 pixelated LaBr3 Anger-logic detector. Multiple simulations were performed for a 27-cm diameter and 70-cm long uniform cylinder with hot spheres (22,17,13, and 10-m diameter) in central slice, and 10-mm diameter hot spheres in a slice at 1/4 axial FOV (8:1 activity uptake ratio with respect to background). Image reconstruction was performed with a list-mode iterative TOF algorithm and data were currently analyzed for true coincidences after attenuation correction for timing resolutions of 300,600,1000-ps and non-TOF. Our results show that contrast recovery improves with TOF (NEMA NU2-2001 analysis). Detectability for 10-mm diameter hot spheres estimated using a non-prewhitening matched filter (NPW SNR) also improves with TOF and best results are obtained for timing resolution les300 ps
Trans-Disciplinary Soil Physics Research Critical to Synthesis and Modeling of Agricultural Systems

Synthesis and quantification of disciplinary knowledge at the whole system level, via the process models of agricultural systems, are critical to achieving improved and dynamic management and production systems that address the environmental concerns and global issues of the 21st century. Soil physicists have made significant contributions in this area in the past, and are uniquely capable of making the muchneeded and exciting new contributions. Most of the exciting new research opportunities are trans-disciplinary, that is, lie on the interfacial boundaries of soil physics and other disciplines, especially in quantifying interactions amongsoil physicalprocesses, plant andatmospheric processes, and agricultural management practices. Some important knowledge-gap and cutting-edge areas of such research are: (1) quantification and modeling the effects of various management practices (e.g., tillage, no-tillage, crop residues, and rooting patterns) on soil properties and soil–plant–atmosphere processes; (2) the dynamics of soil structure, especially soil cracks and biochannels, and their effects on surface runoff of water and mass, and preferential water and chemical transport to subsurface waters; (3) biophysics of changes in properties and processes at the soil–plant and plant–atmosphere interfaces; (4) modeling contributions of agricultural soils to climate change and effects of climate change on soil environment and agriculture; and (5) physical (cause-effect) quantification of spatial variability of soil properties and their outcomes, new methods of parameterizing a variable field for field-scale modeling, and new innovative methods of aggregating output results from plots to fields to larger scales. The current status of the various aspects of these research areas is reviewed briefly. The future challenges are identified that will require both experimental research and development of new concepts, theories, and models.
SYMPATHY AND SEPARATION: BENJAMIN RUSH AND THE CONTAGIOUS PUBLIC*

This essay considers Benjamin Rush's concern with the political organization of sympathy in post-Revolutionary America and how this concern shaped his response to the threat of post-Revolutionary “mobocracy.” Like many of his contemporaries, Rush worried about the contagious volatility of large public assemblies engendered by the Revolution. For Rush, regular gatherings of the people out of doors threatened to corrupt visions both of an orderly and emancipatory public sphere and of the virtuous and independent citizens required by republican government. Rush feared that the unregulated communication of passion between bodies gathered in public might unleash what Michael Meranze has called an “anarchy of reciprocal imitations.” It was in eighteenth-century theories of sympathy that this idea of contagious mimesis was most rigorously developed and most widely disseminated. Rush's medico-political understanding of sympathy, acquired during his years as a medical student in Edinburgh, provides an important framework for understanding his post-Revolutionary reform efforts, particularly those focused on the spatial choreography of the American citizenry.
Tingupa tlingitorum , n. sp., a new milliped from Haines, Alaska, USA, with notes on the generic distribution and a revised key to species (Chordeumatida: Tingupidae)

Tingupa tlingitorum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Tingupidae) is proposed for male and female millipeds from Haines, Alaska, USA. It constitutes the first Alaskan record of the family and third of the order, and represents generic and familial range extensions of ca. 1,050 mi (1,680 km) from the previous northern limit in Oregon. Tingupa sp. is also reported from Idaho, the first generic and familial records from this state, and the Queen Charlotte Islands, the first records for both Canada and British Columbia. A revised key to species and a new familial distribution map are presented.