cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pilot and Revision of a Basal-Bolus Dosing Guideline for the Management of Hyperglycemia in Noncritically Ill Adult Patients

The use of basal-bolus insulin (BBI) regimens for the treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia has become standard of care. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a newly piloted dosing guideline and utilize the results to adjust it prior to its implementation hospital-wide. This was an institutional review board approved, prospective, and multiphase study. An interdisciplinary team was developed and created a dosing guideline, which was followed by a 3-month, single-unit pilot of the guideline in noncritically ill adult patients. The resulting data were used to revise the guideline. Forty-three patients were included. There was a significant decrease in median blood glucose (BG) with use of the guideline (219 mg/dL [162-281] vs 190 mg/dL [136-246], P < .05) in patients not utilizing it. There was also a significant increase in the number of values within the target range of 70 to 180 mg/dL (30.2% vs 41.4%, P < .05). Moreover, there was comparable hypoglycemia before and after the intervention ...
Effects of guanabenz on bladder function after spinal cord injury

The effect of guanabenz, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, on urinary bladder function and neurological recovery was studied in cats subjected to a 400 gm-cm contusion injury of the thoracic spinal cord. Eight cats were treated with 1.3 mg/kg of guanabenz three hours after injury and then twice daily for eight weeks. Four injured cats were used as controls (untreated), and 12 intact cats were used as normal controls. Cystometrograms were used to measure bladder function in all the animals studied. Guanabenz given intraperitoneally significantly improved urinary bladder function and neurological recovery. It appears that treatment of spinal cats with guanabenz has an ameliorative effect on functional reorganization of the central spinal pathways modulating spasticity, micturition, and lower limb function.
Compositional variation and the origin of deep crustal reflections

Abstract Identifying the sources of crustal reflections is essential for deriving more geological information from deep crustal reflection profiles. Theoretical and model studies help place constraints on the role of compositional variation in producing deep crustal reflections. Analysis of laboratory-derived velocities and densities of rock types typical for the continental crust indicates that reflection coefficients are generally small, but significantly, 17% of the possible reflection coefficients have magnitudes between 0.1 and 0.2. Comparison between reflection coefficients derived from well logs and reflections observed in associated seismic profiles indicates that constructive interference associated with geological layering is at least as important as the magnitude of the reflection coefficients for producing detectable reflections. Constructive interference can increase reflection amplitude by two to three times but is limited to a relatively narrow range of layer thickness. For a typical 10–40 Hz seismic wavelet and typical crustal velocities of about 6 km/s, constructive interference occurs for layer thickness ranging between about 35 and 80 m. Layers thinner than 35 m interfere destructively. If reflections result from compositional variation, seismic models of hypothetical and observed geologic relations provide analogs for interpreting complex reflection patterns observed in deep crustal reflection profiles. Such models show reflection patterns similar to those observed in the reflection profiles. The models indicate that the reflections could originate in the complexly deformed and intruded terranes that are common in the crystalline crust and it may not be necessary to appeal to unobserved phenomena such as special lamellae or fluid-filled fractures to explain the reflections.
An extended database design methodology for uncertain data management

Abstract Many real world systems require the support of database management systems (DBMS) that can handle vague or imprecise data. Fuzzy theory has been shown to be particularly suitable for this purpose. Indeed there have been several proposals for extending the relational data model in order to represent and query fuzzy data. However, little work has been done in modeling uncertainty at the conceptual schema level or for mapping such a schema to a relational DBMS. To fill this gap, we propose fuzzy entity-relationship methodology (FERM), which is a comprehensive methodology for design and development of fuzzy relational databases. FERM includes an extended fuzzy entity-relationship model to capture imprecision at the schema level as well as generic rules for mapping this schema to relational databases. In this paper, we also show the application of FERM to build a prototype of a fuzzy database for a discrete control system for a semiconductor manufacturing process.
Investigating the possibility of using different hub height wind turbines in a wind farm

Many researchers have focused on the layout design of a wind farm using the computational methods. Most of previous researches focused on relevant large cell size and using same hub height wind turbines. In this paper, the authors investigate the possibility of using different hub height wind turbines in a wind farm. A limited area (2 km × 2 km) with constant wind speed and direction is considered as the potential wind farm area, and a nested genetic algorithm is used as optimisation algorithm. Two different hub height wind turbines are introduced with two different cell sizes. Power output, cost, payback period, and total profit are selected as evaluation criteria when comparing the layouts with same hub height wind turbines with the layouts with different hub height wind turbines. The results demonstrate that it is feasible and possible to use different hub height wind turbines in a wind farm.
Situational context as influence on evaluation design and use

This paper is one of several commissioned by the Secondary Transition Institute of the University of Illinois to identify needed research on program evaluation methods (See Stake, 1986 ). Here I examine evaluators' attention to situational context.
Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma

As a former colleague of Oppenheimer's, Jeremy Bernstein has written a biographical profile that is both personal and historical, bringing the reader close to the life and workings of an extraordinary and controversial man. Without Oppenheimer's totally remarkable leadership at Los Alamos, the atomic bomb would not have happened, and World War II would have ended very differently. "Bernstein, combining the grace of a New Yorker writer with the insight of a theoretical physicist, draws a fine and fascinating portrait."-Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
Evidence That a Starfish Egg Src Family Tyrosine Kinase Associates with PLC-γ1 SH2 Domains at Fertilization

Abstract The initiation of calcium release at fertilization in the eggs of most animals relies on the production of IP3, implicating the activation of phospholipase C. Recent work has demonstrated that injection of PLC-γ SH2 domain fusion proteins into starfish eggs specifically inhibits the initiation of calcium release in response to sperm, indicating that PLC-γ is necessary for Ca2+release at fertilization [Carrollet al.(1997)J. Cell Biol.138, 1303–1311]. Here we investigate how PLC-γ may be activated, by using the PLC-γ SH2 domain fusion protein as an affinity matrix to identify interacting proteins. A tyrosine kinase activity and an egg protein of ca.Mr58 K that is recognized by an antibody directed against Src family tyrosine kinases associate with PLC-γ SH2 domains in a fertilization-dependent manner. These associations are detected by 15 s postfertilization, consistent with a function in releasing Ca2+. Calcium ionophore treatment of eggs did not cause association of the kinase activity or of the Src family protein with the PLC-γ SH2 domains. These data identify an egg Src family tyrosine kinase as a potential upstream regulator of PLC-γ in the activation of starfish eggs.
Understanding the Food and Drug Administration Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS)

The Director's Forum series is written and edited by Robert Weber and Scott Mark and is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. As the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process becomes more stringent with regard to postmarketing surveillance for medications, directors of pharmacy will need to understand expectations of inpatient pharmacy services to ensure patient safety and meet requirements. This article provides background information regarding the FDA Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) programs and potential implications for hospital pharmacy.
PACAP/PAC1R signaling modulates acetylcholine release at neuronal nicotinic synapses

Abstract Neuropeptides collaborate with conventional neurotransmitters to regulate synaptic output. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) co-localizes with acetylcholine in presynaptic nerve terminals, is released by stimulation, and enhances nicotinic acetylcholine receptor- (nAChR-) mediated responses. Such findings implicate PACAP in modulating nicotinic neurotransmission, but relevant synaptic mechanisms have not been explored. We show here that PACAP acts via selective high-affinity G-protein coupled receptors (PAC1Rs) to enhance transmission at nicotinic synapses on parasympathetic ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons by rapidly and persistently increasing the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous, impulse-dependent nicotinic excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). Of the canonical adenylate cyclase (AC) and phospholipase-C (PLC) transduction cascades stimulated by PACAP/PAC1R signaling, only AC-generated signals are critical for synaptic modulation since the increases in sEPSC frequency and amplitude were mimicked by 8-Bromo-cAMP, blocked by inhibiting AC or cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and unaffected by inhibiting PLC. Despite its ability to increase agonist-induced nAChR currents, PACAP failed to influence nAChR-mediated impulse-independent miniature EPSC amplitudes (quantal size). Instead, evoked transmission assays reveal that PACAP/PAC1R signaling increased quantal content, indicating that it modulates synaptic function by increasing vesicular ACh release from presynaptic terminals. Lastly, signals generated by the retrograde messenger, nitric oxide- (NO-) are critical for the synaptic modulation since the PACAP-induced increases in spontaneous EPSC frequency, amplitude and quantal content were mimicked by NO donor and absent after inhibiting NO synthase (NOS). These results indicate that PACAP/PAC1R activation recruits AC-dependent signaling that stimulates NOS to increase NO production and control presynaptic transmitter output at neuronal nicotinic synapses.
Anthocyanins and polyphenol oxidase from dried arils of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Abstract Anthocyanins are natural pigments responsible for red, purple, and blue colouration in plants. Human consumption of anthocyanins is increasing because of the rising awareness and interest in their potential health benefits. Pomegranate is one of the major sources of polyphenolic phytochemicals, such as anthocyanins. Dried pomegranate raisins ( anardana ) are consumed in large quantities in Asian countries, and contain substantial amounts of anthocyanins. Five anthocyanins were found to be present in pomegranate raisins. Drying adversely affected the amount of anthocyanins, with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) playing a possible role in oxidative degradation of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are heat-stable compounds, and inactivation of PPO by processing at high temperature for short periods may prevent PPO-catalysed anthocyanin oxidation in pomegranate arils. Pomegranate PPO kinetics were partially characterised by investigating the effect of substrate (catechol) concentration; optimum pH for PPO activity was found to be 6.0.
Illegal Immigration and the International System, Lessons from Recent Legal Mexican Immigrants to the United States

Contrary to conventional views, the process of illegal Mexican immigration does not necessarily originate in the most backward or rural segments of the Mexican population and is not necessarily destined to the agricultural sector of the U.S. economy. Data from a recent sample of formerly undocumented Mexican immigrants indicate that an important segment of this population has nonrural origins, comparatively high levels of education, industrial and service occupational backgrounds, and that most are headed for urban areas and occupations rather than rural areas and agricultural occupations in the United States. These results question the common interpretation that the illegal flow of immigrants is a consequence of economic dualism and rural backwardness in Mexico. They support instead the idea that such immigration is an outgrowth of the accelerating contradictions brought about by capitalist development in Mexico and in other nations in the U.S. periphery. Such international labor transfers are analyzed here as integral components of the progressive articulation of the world economy, a process quite apt to continue linking the U.S. and the Mexican economies. Recently proposed U.S. programs to deal with illegal immigration are reviewed from this perspective. Limitations of using the nation-state as the main unit of analysis and of having an exclusively national perspective on the illegal movement are highlighted.
Identification and Analysis of Multivalent Proteolytically Resistant Peptides from Gluten: Implications for Celiac Sprue

Dietary gluten proteins from wheat, rye, and barley are the primary triggers for the immuno-pathogenesis of Celiac Sprue, a widespread immune disease of the small intestine. Recent molecular and st...
Common oversights in the evaluation of the patient with multiple injuries

The causes of commonly occurring diagnostic oversights in the multiple injured patient are reviewed. A systematic approach to the multiple injured or unconscious patient is offered which includes a standard series of radiographs, "a trauma survey", and knowledge of commonly associated injuries. The identification of certain skeletal injuries should automatically suggest the possibility of other associated skeletal, visceral, or vascular injuries. Oversights could be significantly reduced by obtaining a standard series of radiographs, specifically looking for evidence of commonly missed injuries and always considering the possibility of frequently associated injuries.
PROPOSED MODEL FOR PREDICTING MOTORIST DELAYS AT TWO-LANE HIGHWAY WORK ZONES

Maintenance activity on two‐lane highways often requires the closure of one travel lane. Vehicles in both directions of travel are served via the one remaining lane. Under such conditions, alternating right of way into the highway's work zone is provided to each direction of travel. This so‐called “one‐way traffic control” typically creates significant motorist delays. This paper describes a proposed technique for estimating vehicle delays and queue lengths on two‐lane highways operating under one‐way traffic control. Using parameter estimates derived through empirical data, the procedure estimates the average amount of time right of way is extended to each direction of travel during a given time period of operation. Average motorist delays and queue lengths occurring over the given time period are then computed using deterministic queueing theory. The proposed technique can aid highway agencies in determining the appropriate physical lengths and/or hours of operation for two‐lane highway work‐zone segments.
Cordifolide A, a Sulfur-containing Clerodane Diterpene Glycoside from Tinospora cordifolia

Cordifolide A (1), a novel unprecedented sulfur-containing clerodane diterpene glycoside, together with other two new diterpene glycosides, cordifolides B (2) and C (3), and four known analogues, was isolated from a methanol-soluble extract of the stems of Tinospora cordifolia. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation, with that of cordifolide A (1) confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis. All isolates were evaluated for their in vitro immunomodulatory activity using mouse bone marrow-derived dentritic cells (BMDCs).
The neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3, and NGF display distinct patterns of retrograde axonal transport in peripheral and central neurons

The pattern of retrograde axonal transport of the target-derived neurotrophic molecule, nerve growth factor (NGF), correlates with its trophic actions in adult neurons. We have determined that the NGF-related neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), are also retrogradely transported by distinct populations of peripheral and central nervous system neurons in the adult. All three 125I-labeled neurotrophins are retrogradely transported to sites previously shown to contain neurotrophin-responsive neurons as assessed in vitro, such as dorsal root ganglion and basal forebrain neurons. The patterns of transport also indicate the existence of neuronal populations that selectively transport NT-3 and/or BDNF, but not NGF, such as spinal cord motor neurons, neurons in the entorhinal cortex, thalamus, and neurons within the hippocampus itself. Our observations suggest that neurotrophins are transported by overlapping as well as distinct populations of neurons when injected into a given target field. Retrograde transport may thus be predictive of neuronal types selectively responsive to either BDNF or NT-3 in the adult, as first demonstrated for NGF.
Sealing technology for aircraft gas turbine engines

Experimental evaluation under simulated engine conditions revealed that conventional mainshaft seals have disadvantages of high gas leakage rates and wear. An advanced seal concept, the self-acting face seal, has a much lower gas leakage rate and greater pressure and speed capability. In endurance tests (150 hr) to 43 200 rpm the self-acting seal wear was not measurable, indicating noncontact sealing operation was maintained even at this high rotative speed. A review of published data revealed that the leakage through gas path seals has a significant effect on TSFC, stall margin and engine maintenance. Reducing leakages by reducing seal clearances results in rubbing contact, and then the seal thermal response and wear determines the final seal clearances. The control of clearances requires a material with the proper combination of rub tolerance (abradability) and erosion resistance. Increased rub tolerance is usually gained at the expense of reduced erosion resistance and vice versa.
Evidence for universal chaotic behavior of a driven nonlinear oscillator

A bifurcation diagram for a driven nonlinear semiconductor oscillator is measured directly, showing successive subharmonic bifurcations to f/32, onset of chaos, noise band merging, and extensive noise-free windows. The overall diagram closely resembles that computed for the logistic model. Measured values of universal numbers are reported, including effects of added noise.
An index of portfolio diversification

Abstract A recurring question in the literature concerning diversification is what is the minimum number of securities required to achieve adequate diversification. The problem is that studies on this topic assume equally distributed holdings. In reality, portfolios are not evenly divided. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the ability of five different measures of diversification to provide meaningful information about the degree of diversification of an unevenly distributed stock portfolio. The complement of the Herfindahl index was found to be the best of the five measures and its explanatory power was deemed to be adequate for general use.
N‐Fatty Acylation of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1, But Not of Intact Fumonisin B1, Strongly Enhances In Vitro Mammalian Toxicity

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most abundant of a series of sphingosine‐analog mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides, the major fungal contaminant of stored corn (maize) world‐wide. Fumonisins were originally isolated as environmental tumor promoters, and they remain a concern because they are frequent contaminants of corn‐derived food products intended for direct human consumption. FB1 inhibits ceramide synthase, which may account for its acute toxic effects, but understanding of its tumor promotion mechanism has been limited by the general lack of understanding in the field. There is no evidence for functional metabolism of fumonisins in mammals, but abiogenic conversions during food processing are a concern because some known conversion products retain biological activity, including hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1). HFB1, formed by alkaline removal of FB1 side chains, is a frequent contaminant of lime‐treated corn products such as tortillas and tortilla chips. Humpf et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 273, 19060, 1998) ...
RAMAN SCATTERING STUDIES OF FOLDED SHEARING PHONONS IN KC12n (n=2 ≈ 6)

Raman measurements were performed on KCl2, (n=2%6) in the very low frequency region (10~50 cm-1) at room temperature. We assign the observed Raman peaks to the folded ks phonons from the c-axis transverse acoustic branch of pristine graphite. A simple linear chain model was used to deduce the shearing force constants between the layers.
Perspectives on nuclear fusion

Abstract Controlled thermonuclear fusion is potentially a major vast new energy source. A reactor based on nuclear fusion would be inherently safe, environmentally friendly, and fuels are cheap, abundant and widely available. The JET tokamak experiment has approached the plasma conditions needed in a thermonuclear reactor based on magnetic confinement concepts. In single deuterium discharges, breakeven has been achieved and, for the first time with deuterium-tritium fuels, ~ 1.7MW of fusion power was achieved in a 2s pulse. The total energy release was 2MJ. These results were obtained transiently, limited by a high impurity influx. For long-pulse, high-power operation, plasma dilution has been identified as a major threat to a reactor. Improved impurity control in the pumped divertor configuration in a New Phase of JET (1992–1996) is envisaged. Experimental results support a plasma model based on a single phenomenon and MHD limits. Together, these are used to define the size and operating conditions of a reactor. A Next Step device, ITER, would demonstrate the scientific feasibility of ignition under reactor conditions and this is discussed within the context of an international collaborative program.
Behavior Matters—Cognitive Predictors of Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Background It is difficult to longitudinally characterize cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) due to motor deficits, and existing instruments aren’t comparable with assessments in other dementias. Methods The ALS Brief Cognitive Assessment (ALS-BCA) was validated in 70 subjects (37 with ALS) who also underwent detailed neuropsychological analysis. Cognitive predictors for poor survival were then analyzed in a longitudinal cohort of 171 ALS patients. Results The ALS-BCA was highly sensitive (90%) and specific (85%) for ALS-dementia (ALS-D). ALS-D patients had shorter overall survival, primarily due to the poor survival among ALS-D patients with disinhibited or apathetic behaviors after adjusting for demographic variables, ALS site of onset, medications, and supportive measures. ALS-D without behavioral changes was not a predictor of poor survival. Conclusion ALS-D can present with or without prominent behavioral changes. Cognitive screening in ALS patients should focus on behavioral changes for prognosis, while non-behavioral cognitive impairments may impact quality of life without impacting survival.
Bone mineral density and osteonecrosis in survivors of childhood allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Our purpose was to evaluate frequency and severity of bone mineral decrements and frequency of osteonecrosis in survivors of pediatric allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT). We retrospectively reviewed demographic information, treatment, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies (hips and knees), and bone mineral density (BMD) studies of 48 patients as measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT). In all, 24 patients were male; 37 were Caucasian. Median age at alloBMT was 10.3 years (1.6–20.4 years). Of the 48 patients, 43 underwent QCT. Median time between alloBMT and imaging was 5.1 years (1.0–10.2 years). Median BMD Z-score was −0.89 (−4.06 to 3.05). BMD Z-score tended to be associated with female sex (P=0.0559) but not with age at BMT, race, primary diagnosis, time from alloBMT, T-cell depletion of graft, total-body irradiation, or acute/chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). MR showed osteonecrosis in 19 of 43 (44%). We found no associations between osteonecrosis and sex, race, diagnosis, age at BMT, history of GVHD, time from BMT, or T-cell depletion. Seven patients (15%) had MR changes of osteonecrosis and BMD Z-scores of less than –1 s.d. We conclude that pediatric alloBMT survivors have decreased BMD and are at risk of osteonecrosis. They should be monitored to assure early intervention that may ameliorate adverse outcomes.
Response of the cation-sensitive glass electrodes to alkyl-substituted ammonium ions

The response of cation-sensitive glass electrodes to alkyl-substituted ammonium ions has been evaluated. Increasing ion size results in decreasing electrode selectivity, progressively greater deviations from the Nernst slope, and increasing equilibration times. Direct potentiometric measurements should be suited to the estimation of smaller alkyl-substituted ammonium ions in the presence of multivalent cations.
Preferences, Technology, and the Environment: Understanding the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis

We derive a simple expression for the income-pollution path using the standard static model of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). This expression makes it straightforward to identify the general characteristics of utility and pollution functions that lead to such a curve. We show that suitable preferences can always lead to an EKC while there is no technology that yields an EKC for all types of preferences, and we derive a sufficient condition for technology that leads to an EKC for almost all types of preferences. Our results hold for a model with multiple goods with different pollution intensities and for a production economy with nonconstant relative price of consumption and environmental effort. We derive our results without assuming specific functional forms and we encompass several other models as special cases.
Evaluating the present‐day simulation of clouds, precipitation, and radiation in climate models

[1] This paper describes a set of metrics for evaluating the simulation of clouds, radiation, and precipitation in the present-day climate. As with the skill scores used to measure the accuracy of short-term weather forecasts, these metrics are low-order statistical measures of agreement with relevant, well-observed physical quantities. The metrics encompass five statistical summaries computed for five physical quantities (longwave, shortwave, and net cloud radiative effect, projected cloud fraction, and surface precipitation rate) over the global climatological annual cycle. Agreement is measured against two independent observational data sets. The metrics are computed for the models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3, which formed the basis for the Fourth Assessment of the IPCC. Model skill does not depend strongly on the data set used for verification, indicating that observational uncertainty does not limit the ability to assess model simulations of these fields. No individual model excels in all scores though the ‘‘IPCC mean model,’’ constructed by averaging the fields produced by all the CMIP models, performs particularly well across the board. This skill is due primarily to the individual model errors being distributed on both sides of the observations, and to a lesser degree to the models having greater skill at simulating largescale features than those near the grid scale. No measure of model skill considered here is a good predictor of the strength of cloud feedbacks under climate change. The model climatologies, observational data sets, and metric scores are available on-line.
Remarks on the modulating function method for impulse response identification

This note concerns the applications of the modulating function method to the input-output relation y(t)= \int\liminf{0}\limsup{t}\phi(t-s)u(s)ds . The problem is to determine the coefficients c k in the differential equation \sum\liminf{k=0}\limsup{N}c_{k} \phi^{(k)}(t)=0 from integral transforms of y(t) and u(t) over a finite interval [ 0, T ]. The main objective is to present a device which obtains the c k 's via the inversion of a system of N linear equations, whereas the straightforward approach leads to a system involving twice as many equations.
Simplified radiative transfer for combined Rayleigh and isotropic scattering

We consider the vector equation of radiative transfer describing the Stokes parameters of light, with a scattering law corresponding to a combination of Rayleigh and isotropic scattering. We show that this vector description can be reduced to a renormalized scalar equation of transfer for the intensity I in the asymptotic limit of either near-thermodynamic equilibrium or that corresponding to a source-free, weakly absorbing system. A simple quadrature result is also obtained for the state of polarization of the light. We apply this analysis to the classic diffuse reflection problem, and numerical results indicate an improvement in accuracy over the usual scalar equations of transfer predictions for this scattering law. As part of our solution methodology for the diffuse reflection problem, we introduce a new analytic technique based upon the source function in the equation of transfer.
Changing attitudes regarding the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring for treating depression

This study examined the impact of depression on attitude formation concerning the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring as a treatment technique. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981a), we predicted that mild depression would enhance peripheral precessing by minimizing message elaboration. Subjects in the mixed-sex sample of 101 individuals were assigned to one of eight conditions which varied the quality of the persuasive intervention (high or low), the credibility of the source (high or low), and the level of depression reported by the subject (non-depressed, depressed). Consistent with predictions, depression enhanced peripheral processing. More highly depressed individuals responded more to the peripheral cue (source credibility) than did non-depressed subjects, although the quality of the interventions had an impact under both conditions. As with other recent studies, however, this attitudinal change did not generalize to behavioral indicators. The implications of these findings for further research and application are discussed. This study examined the impact of depression on attitude formation concerning the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring as a treatment technique. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981a), we predicted that mild depression would enhance peripheral precessing by minimizing message elaboration. Subjects in the mixed-sex sample of 101 individuals were assigned to one of eight conditions which varied the quality of the persuasive intervention (high or low), the credibility of the source (high or low), and the level of depression reported by the subject (non-depressed, depressed). Consistent with predictions, depression enhanced peripheral processing. More highly depressed individuals responded more to the peripheral cue (source credibility) than did non-depressed subjects, although the quality of the interventions had an impact under both conditions. As with other recent studies, however, this attitudinal change did not generalize to behavioral indicators. The implications of these findings for further research and application are discussed.
Irregular, long-period boundary oscillations beyond ∼100 Re: GEOTAIL plasma observations

Near the tail boundary beyond about 100 Re, GEOTAIL often measures irregular, long-period oscillations in plasma velocity and density. Flow speed and density oscillate between magnetosheath values and values an order of magnitude less. The oscillations can persist for days. A typical oscillation lasts 100 minutes, but the range is large. The oscillations are highly asymmetric in that the increasing phase of the oscillation is an order of magnitude faster than the decreasing phase. This asymmetry shows that they are a distinct class of oscillations, not previously explicitly reported, and that they are not mere consequences of tail flapping in a variable solar wind. The changes in flow direction through an oscillation imply that the oscillation results from a motion of the boundary toward and away from the spacecraft with an amplitude between 5 and 10 R(sub e). A consideration of options suggests that the most plausible cause of these oscillations is the 'breathing' of the magnetotail that attends the substorm cycle.
Mitofusins are required for angiogenic function and modulate different signaling pathways in cultured endothelial cells

The mitofusin proteins MFN1 and MFN2 function to maintain mitochondrial networks by binding one another and initiating outer mitochondrial membrane fusion. While it has recently been recognized that vascular endothelial cells rely upon mitochondria as signaling rather than energy-producing moieties, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in endothelial cell function has not been addressed. To begin to understand what role mitochondrial dynamics play in this context, we examined the regulation of MFN1 and MFN2 and the consequences of siRNA-mediated knockdown of these proteins in cultured endothelial cells. Treatment with VEGF-A led to the upregulation of MFN2 and, to a lesser extent, MFN1. Knockdown of either MFN led to disrupted mitochondrial networks and diminished mitochondrial membrane potential. Knockdown of either MFN decreased VEGF-mediated migration and differentiation into network structures. MFN ablation also diminished endothelial cell viability and increased apoptosis under low mitogen conditions. Knockdown of MFN2 uniquely resulted in a decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen species as well as the blunting of the gene expression of components of the respiratory chain and transcription factors associated with oxidative metabolism. In contrast, ablation of MFN1 led to the selective reduction of VEGF-stimulated Akt-eNOS signaling. Taken together, our data indicate that mitochondrial dynamics, particularly those mediated by the mitofusins, play a role in endothelial cell function and viability.
Alcohol Use Disorders Increase the Risk for Mechanical Ventilation in Medical Patients

Background: Annually, more than 300,000 patients receive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit in the United States. The hospital mortality for ventilated patients may approach 50%, depending on the primary diagnosis. In trauma and surgical patients, a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is common and is associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study is to determine whether the presence of AUD and the development of alcohol withdrawal are associated with an increased use and duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with medical disorders that commonly require intensive care unit admission. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a large all-payer inpatient database representing approximately 1,000 hospitals. For the years 2002 to 2003, adult patients with 1 of the 6 most common diagnoses associated with medical intensive care unit admission were included in the study. Both univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine whether AUD and alcohol withdrawal were independently associated with the use and duration of mechanical ventilation in these patients. Results: There were a total 785,602 patients who fulfilled 1 of the 6 diagnoses, 26,577 (3.4%) had AUD, 3,967 (0.5%) had alcohol withdrawal, and 65,071 (8.3%) underwent mechanical ventilation (53% <96 hours, 47%≥96 hours). Independent of the medical diagnosis, AUD was associated with an increased risk of requiring mechanical ventilation (13.7 vs 8.1%, odds ratio=1.49, 95% confidence interval [1.414; 1.574], p<0.0001) but was not associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. However, the presence of alcohol withdrawal was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (57 vs 47%≥96 hours, odds ratio=1.48, 95% confidence interval [1.266; 1.724], p<0.0001). Conclusions: In patients with medical diagnoses associated with intensive care unit admission, AUD increases the risk for mechanical ventilation while the development of alcohol withdrawal is associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation.
Multiple sclerosis lesions of the auditory pons are not silent

To understand the relationship between brainstem lesions and auditory neurology in patients with multiple sclerosis, we compared behavioural, electrophysiological and imaging data in 38 patients with probable or definite multiple sclerosis and normal or near normal hearing. Behavioural measures included (i) general hearing tests (audiogram, speech discrimination) and (ii) hearing tests likely to be critically dependent upon brainstem processing (masking level difference, interaural time and level discrimination). Brainstem auditory evoked potentials provided the electrophysiological data. Multiplanar high-resolution MRI of the brainstem provided the anatomical data. Interaural time discrimination for high-frequency sounds was by far the most sensitive of all tests with abnormalities in 71% of all subjects. Whenever any other test was abnormal this test was always abnormal. Interaural time discrimination for low-frequency sounds and evoked potentials were closely related and next most sensitive with abnormalities in ∼40% of all subjects. Interaural level discrimination and masking level difference were least sensitive with abnormalities in <I0% of subjects. Speech discrimination scores correlated significantly with the masking level differences, as well as with interaural time discrimination for high-frequency sounds. Pontine lesions were found in five of the 16 patients, in whom an objective method for detecting magnetic resonance lesions could be applied. All four with lesions involving the pontine auditory pathway had marked abnormalities in interaural time discrimination and evoked potentials. None of the other 12 had evoked potentials abnormalities. We conclude that neurological tests requiring precise neural timing can reveal behavioural deficits for multiple sclerosis lesions of the auditory pons that are otherwise ‘silent’. Of all neurological systems the auditory system at the level of the pons is probably the most sensitive to multiple sclerosis lesions, because of its exceptional dependence upon neural timing in the microsecond range and the lack of redundancy in the encoding of high-frequency sounds. Precise neural timing may be critical for some aspects of speech processing.
A comparison of the ecology of planktonic bacteria in fresh and salt water

The planktonic bacteria inhabiting fresh and salt waters are not physiologically identical; most marine bacteria, for example, require sodium and some marine forms can thrive at 1,000 atm of pressure in the deep sea. Despite this difference, the conclusion of this review is that the ecology of planktonic bacteria is virtually identical in fresh and salt waters. The differences are small and mostly a matter of relative proportion of various processes. That is, similar bacterial processes occur in fresh and salt waters but in each environment, one process may be more important than another. For example, bacteria in freshwaters are exposed to high amounts of refractory dissolved organic carbon from soil and stream runoff, while many marine bacteria are exposed to relatively more of the labile organic matter from decaying algae. Also, under anaerobic conditions the sulfur cycle will be dominant in the sea while the carbon-methane cycle will be more important in freshwaters. In spite of the presence of relatively high amounts of methane in the sea, there is thus far little evidence that a significant amount of methane is being oxidized. Not enough is yet known to determine if there are differences in the grazing of bacteria in the two systems. Small, flagellated protozoans are very important grazers in freshwater and marine systems but there is some evidence from salt waters that ciliates are also important grazers. Marine ecosystems also contain large animals that can filter out bacteria. Sponges are the dominant suspension feeders on coral reefs, mussels and oysters are dominant in estuarine and marsh systems, and a large appendicularian may filter significant amounts of bacteria through a mucous net. Ecological understanding of the aquatic bacteria has advanced rapidly in the past two decades. One reason is the basic similarity between microbial ecology in fresh and salt waters and the consequent interchangeability of techniques.
THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF NITROUS OXIDE IN THE DOG

The cardiovascular effects of nitrous oxide were studied in thirteen dogs. Nitrous oxide depressed the myocardial contractile force in the dog as measured with the Brodie Walton gauge. Cardiac output, central venous pressure, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were not significantly changed. Sympathetic nervous responses were neither inhibited nor continuously stimulated by this agent. The effect of nitrous oxide on the efficiency of the heart is discussed.
Frequency dependence of the FMR linewidth in single crystal barium ferrite platelets

Measurements of the frequency dependence of the room-temperature ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth have been performed in well-characterized barium hexaferrite single crystals at millimeter-wave frequencies. A shorted waveguide measurement technique was used to obtain very clean FMR profiles in the frequency range of 55 to 90 GHz. FMR field values versus frequency determined from these profiles show good agreement with theoretical values for uniform mode precession. The FMR linewidth increases linearly with frequency at a rate of 0.54+or-.02 Oe/GHz, and has a zero frequency extrapolation close to zero. These data yield a Landau-Lifshitz damping frequency of 4.6*10/sup 6/ rad/s. >
Rheology of curing thermosets: A review

Over the past decade great strides have been made in the measurement, modeling and application of the rheology or viscosity history of curing thermosets. This paper will review the work that lead to the formulation of a simple predictive model to simulate the viscosity path of curing epoxies and to the use of the model in the understanding of the epoxy lamination process. Subsequent work by others that has clearly refined, extended, and simplified the method will be discussed.
Comparison of mouse and human keratin 18: A component of intermediate filaments expressed prior to implantation

Abstract Keratin 18 is a type-I keratin that is found in a variety of simple epithelial tissues. In mice, the corresponding protein, called Endo B, is expressed at the 4- to 8-cell stage of mouse development and may be one of the first intermediate-filament proteins synthesized after fertilization. A cDNA clone for keratin 18, designated pK 18, was isolated from a human placental cDNA library by hybridization with the mouse Endo-B probe. It was characterized by hybridization selection of RNA, translation, immunoprecipitation, Northern blotting, and sequence analysis. Synthetic T7 polymerase transcripts of the cDNA were indistinguishable in size from keratin-18 mRNA, suggesting that pK 18 represents a full-length copy of the RNA. The cDNA insert is 1,428 nucleotides long and contains a single open reading frame of 1,342 nucleotides coding for 429 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence is 89.7% identical with that of Endo B. The only extensive difference between the two sequences is due to 9 additional amino acids being present in the last half of the N-terminal domain of keratin 18. The 38-nucleotide-long 3′ noncoding region of the cDNA is 75% identical with the corresponding portion of Endo B. The 5′ noncoding regions are 59% identical. The expression of keratin-18 mRNA was found to vary more than tenfold when HeLa cells and BeWo trophoblastic cells were compared.
Effect of HRT in a continuous flow reactor on orthophosphate removal from swine wastewater and the economic evaluation for the land application.

One of the objectives of this study was to evaluate a laboratory-scale continuous reactor for orthophosphate (OP) removal from swine wastewater and to minimise HRT so as to minimise the volume of reactor such that a continuous-flow device could be developed for land application of swine manure. The laboratory-scale reactor exhibited very high OP removal when the wastewater was enriched with magnesium (Mg2 + ) and the solution pH was increased to 8.5 with NaOH at room temperature. Three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) (150, 90, 40, and 10 min) were tested in the laboratory, and OP removals were 96, 94, 93, and 95%, respectively. Also, in this research, economic evaluation based on the chemical cost, several devices, pumps, and processing of product (minus income) are reported for an up-scale process. The whole process costs $113,756/year.
Chemical enhancement of CO2 exchange in natural waters

Exchange of CO2 under low turbulence conditions and high pH can be enhanced by hydration reactions of CO, with hydroxide ions and water molecules in the boundary layer. A series of field experiments was performed on several lakes, including alkaline closed-basin lakes, using enclosures (helmets) to study the enhancement process in nature. In addition, the enhancement of CO, exchange was studied in laboratory experiments with freshwater and seawater. The results of the experiments are compared with published theoretical calculations. Within the experimental uncertainties and shortcomings of the chemical enhancement models, reasonable agreement was observed between experimental and theoretical results for seawater. The experiments indicate, in accordance with theory, that chemical enhancement has a minor effect on air-sea gas exchange of CO, under average oceanic turbulence conditions. However, for the equatorial CO, source regions, with high temperatures and low winds, the calculated CO, enhancement amounts to 4-8% of the total exchange. The observations on lakes show poorer agreement with models, which is attributed to experimental uncertainty and poor characterization of the chemistry of the lake waters. The experiments show that chemical enhancement of CO, is ubiquitous for the alkaline closed-basin lakes with enhancements of up to a factor of three. Air-water gas transfer for slightly soluble gases is retarded in the frst several hundred microns of the liquid (Liss 1983). Slightly soluble gases arc defined as those that have Ostwald solubility coefficients (0) of < 10, where p is the volum,e of gas at temperature T and partial pressure