cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Evidence for Enhanced NO Dimerization in Aromatic Hosts: Implications for the Role of the Electrophile (NO)2 in Nitric Oxide Chemistry

Nitric oxide dimerization in gas phase and aromatic hosts (benzene) has been investigated with ab initio quantum mechanics. Using the (RO)MP2-aug-cc-pVDZ method, the computed bond dissociation energy (ON···NO) and geometry of (NO)2 in the gas phase are consistent with the reported spectroscopic data. A relatively strong interaction (−5.4 kcal/mol) between (NO)2 and benzene indicates that aromatic surrounding enhances the NO dimerization. Calculations on reactions of phosphine and methanethiol with NO and (NO)2 show that the dimer is much more reactive. This explains reactions of NO with phosphines and thiols.
Sound Velocity in Metals

Longitudinal-sound velocity in metals is investigated using a lattice model which incorporates band-structure effects, umklapp processes, and exchange and correlation effects among electrons, as opposed to the jellium model and the simple Hartree screening used by Bohm and Staver. These added corrections are shown to be important and are necessary in explaining the anisotropy.
An Exploratory Look at Online Instruction Delivery Across Electronic Devices

We present the results from a usability pilot study to determine if students will perform better accessing and synthesizing course materials between laptops and mobile devices, and also to determine whether or not the students' satisfaction will be higher on mobile devices than laptops. From the results of the study, we highlight some potential gaps in online instruction delivery across devices.
Accelerating Spectrum sharing technologies

Spectrum sharing potentially holds the promise of solving the emerging spectrum crisis. However, technology innovators face the conundrum of developing spectrum sharing technologies without the ability to experiment and test with real incumbent systems. Interference with operational incumbents can prevent critical services, and the cost of deploying and operating an incumbent system can be prohibitive. Thus, the lack of incumbent systems and frequency authorization for technology incubation and demonstration has stymied spectrum sharing research. To this end, industry, academia, and regulators all require a test facility for validating hypotheses and demonstrating functionality without affecting operational incumbent systems. This article proposes a four-phase program supported by our spectrum accountability architecture. We propose that our comprehensive experimentation and testing approach for technology incubation and demonstration will accelerate the development of spectrum sharing technologies.
Suborbital-scale surface and deep water records in the subtropical North Atlantic: implications on thermohaline overturn

Abstract We reconstruct millennial-scale variations in sea surface hydrography and deep water flow in the northwestern subtropical Atlantic (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 172 Sites 1056 and 1063) with a focus on Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 9. Together with published records from this region, the new data also afford a longer-term perspective on millennial-scale changes in meridional overturning circulation spanning two full interglacial intervals (MIS 9 and 11) as well as two full glacial intervals (MIS 10 and 12). Planktic foraminiferal δ18O values indicate relatively stable conditions during the peak warmth of MIS 9, but three large cold excursions disrupt the otherwise smooth transition toward glacial MIS 8. There is no unique response in the Site 1063 benthic foraminiferal δ13C values that would suggest a concomitant decrease in the relative flux of NADW during these events. Similarly, there is no persistent correlation between millennial-scale variations in surface and deep water hydrography over the entire MIS 8–13 interval. While millennial-scale variations at the sea surface are most pronounced during glacial intervals (and the transitions toward glacial intervals), millennial-scale variations in the deep water hydrography tend to be largest during the warm periods. This observation supports that rapid changes in thermohaline circulation are sensitive to driving forces other than those directly related to ice sheet size. Time series analysis shows that spectral power in the benthic foraminiferal δ13C record contains periodicities related to the second (∼10 kyr) and fourth harmonics (∼5 kyr) of precession in this record (∼20 kyr) pointing to the importance of tropical processes.
Isolation and partial amino acid sequence analysis of nerve growth factor from the guinea pig prostate

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been purified from the guinea pig prostate using a modification of the Bocchini-Angeletti method for isolating 2.5S NGF from mouse submaxillary glands. As with the mouse preparation, guinea pig prostate NGF appears to migrate as a high molecular weight entity at physiological pH. Following dissociation, NGF, active in neurite proliferation assays and similar in size to mouse 2.5S NGF, can be isolated by chromatography on a column of carboxymethyl-cellulose at pH 4.8. Based on gel filtration, SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis, and amino-terminal sequence studies, this material consists of two, noncovalently linked, identical polypeptide chains each with a molecular weight of about 13,000. The amino-terminal third of the polypeptide chain is at least 90% identical to the corresponding region of the murine molecule, confirming the homology of the guinea pig prostate protein to NGFs obtained from different tissues in other species. However, in contrast to the mouse preparation, the putative high molecular weight form of guinea pig NGF does not contain a subunit with arginine esteropeptidase activity. Although there is an abundance of this enzymatic activity in the homogenate, it does not appear to be associated with the fractions containing NGF. This apparent difference in the mouse and guinea pig material is of interest because the mouse γ subunit, possessing the arginine esteropeptidase activity, has been alleged to participate in the processing of a precursor of the β NGF polypeptide chain.
TH‐D‐BRD‐07: Nanodosimetry as a Tool for Predicting the RBE of Therapeutic Proton Beams

Purpose: One of the uncertainties in proton therapy is the depth dependence of cell survival RBE. Nanodosimetry is an experimental gas‐based technique that can also be simulated with Monte Carloradiation transportation codes. Agreement between experimental and simulated nanodosimetric data has previously been presented. Here we explore the use of simulated nanodosimetric distributions for prediction of RBE in a spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) of 200 MeV protons.Method and Materials: A previously published model converting nanodosimetric data to frequency distributions of double strand breaks (DSBs) of different complexity (number of associated breaks) was used as the starting point. A radiobiological model of cell survival using these frequency distributions and assigning different relative lethality to simple and complex DSBs was developed and model parameters were chosen to reproduce the characteristics of LET‐dependent RBE for V79 cell survival. GEANT4 was used to calculate proton spectra at 8 different depths within a 200 MeV SOBP (3 cm width), serving as input to a dedicated Monte Carlo simulation code for nanodosimetry. Cell survival RBE values as a function of protondose were determined at each SOBP depth. Results: With an SOPB protondose of 1.63 Gy (corresponding to a dose of 1.8 GyE for an assumed RBE of 1.1), the predicted RBE for V79 cell survival had an entry value of 1.23, decreasing to a minimum of 1.17 in the SOBP plateau, and then increasing to about 1.25 in the proximal SOBP, followed by an avalanche‐type increase to a value of 1.39 at the distal SOPB end. Conclusions: The depth dependence of V79 survival RBE was predicted using simulated nanodosimetric data within a proton SOBP. We found that the predicted RBE decreased slightly in the SOBP plateau, increased by about 10% in the proximal SOBP, and increased steeply by 20% in the distal SOPB.
Taxonomic Distinction of Two New Protein Specific, Hydrolytic Anaerobes: Isolation and Characterization of Clostridium proteolyticum sp. nov. and Clostridium collagenovorans sp. nov.

Summary The cellular and physiological properties of two new proteolytic Clostridium strains were investigated. Both strains were obligately anaerobic gram-positive rods which formed refractile endospores with a cortex layer. Strain SG was isolated from a sewage digester and strain CG was isolated from a chicken manure digester. The DNA G + C content for strain SG and CG was 24.22 and 29.54 mol% G + C., respectively. The optimal pH and temperature for their growth were 6.0-8.0 and 30-37°C., respectively. These strains exhibited both extracellular protease and collagenase activities. They fermented gelatin, collagen and a variety of other proteinaceous substrates but did not ferment single or mixtures of amino acids or saccharides. Acetate and CO 2 were major products with H 2 , ethanol, iso-butyrate and iso-valerate formed in traces ( Clostridium species, the names Clostridium collagenovorans sp. nov. is proposed for strain SG and Clostridium proteolyticum sp. nov. for strain CG. Clostridium collagenovorans , type strain SG, has been deposited as DSM 3089; whereas, Clostridium proteolyticum has been deposited as DSM 3090.
A new approach for cancelable iris recognition

The iris is a stable and reliable biometric for positive human identification. However, the traditional iris recognition scheme raises several privacy concerns. One's iris pattern is permanently bound with him and cannot be changed. Hence, once it is stolen, this biometric is lost forever as well as all the applications where this biometric is used. Thus, new methods are desirable to secure the original pattern and ensure its revocability and alternatives when compromised. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme which incorporates iris features, non-invertible transformation and data encryption to achieve "cancelability" and at the same time increases iris recognition accuracy.
Growth of Ge-on-Si Structures using Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Remote Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (RPCVD) has been successfully used to grow GexSi1-x/Si (x = 0.1 - 1.0) heteroepitaxial structures at low temperatures (∽450°C). This technique utilizes a noble gas (Ar or He) r-f plasma to decompose reactant gases (SiH4 and GeH4) and drive the chemical deposition reactions in the gas phase as well as on the substrate surface. Growth of pure Ge on Si is of great interest because it provides a promising technique for making suitable low-cost substrates for thin-film Ge photodetectors as well as GaAs devices on Si substrates. The realization of these applications depends on the ability to grow high-quality epitaxial Ge layers on Si substrates. Since GaAs is lattice matched to Ge, growth of Ge layers on Si substrates with good crystalline perfection would permit the integration of GaAs and Si devices. Islanding was observed after the growth of pure Ge films directly on Si(100) for a wide range of plasma powers (7W ∽ 16W) in RPCVD. Cross-sectional TEM analysis showed that the islands have complicated facet structures, including {311} planes. Graded Gex Si1-x buffer layers with different Ge profiles have been used prior to the growth of Ge. It was found that uniform Ge films can be obtained using a buffer with an abrupt Ge profile, and the dislocation density in the Ge film decreases with increasing distance from the substrate.
Adaptation of an Instrument for Measuring the Cognitive Complexity of Organic Chemistry Exam Items

Experts use their domain expertise and knowledge of examinees’ ability levels as they write test items. The expert test writer can then estimate the difficulty of the test items subjectively. However, an objective method for assigning difficulty to a test item would capture the cognitive demands imposed on the examinee as well as be assignable by any domain expert familiar with the examinee group. One such instrument for assigning objective complexity of general chemistry exam items has already been reported. A revised instrument for assigning objective complexity of organic chemistry exam items is presented including the reliability and validity studies of the rubric.
Exact methods in the unbalanced, two-way analysis of variance - a geometric view

In the days when analyses of variance were typically performed on a desk calculator, approximate methods such as unweighted means were generally preferred to exact least squares methods when dealin...
The prevalence and biologic significance of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a general obstetric population.

Circulating antibodies to negatively-charged phospholipids have been implicated in the genesis of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, it has yet to be established that these antibodies are causative or that they are invariably associated with untoward perinatal outcomes. To address this issue, the prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies was recorded in a low-risk obstetric population, and the outcomes of untreated pregnancies were evaluated. Two of 737 patients (0.27%) had lupus anticoagulant documented by a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time that did not correct with mixing studies. In comparison, greatly elevated concentrations of immunoglobulin M-anticardiolipin antibodies or immunoglobulin G-anticardiolipin antibodies were identified in 16/737 (2.2%) patients by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spontaneous abortions occurred in both lupus anticoagulant-positive patients, suggesting that the activated partial thromboplastin time used was a relatively insensitive but specific marker for antiphospholipid antibody-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes. In contrast, although 12 of 16 anticardiolipin antibodies-positive pregnancies were complicated by perinatal loss, preterm delivery, or fetal growth retardation, four patients had uncomplicated pregnancies. Moreover, the distribution of anticardiolipin antibodies concentrations in these four patients was not clustered among the lowest anticardiolipin antibodies values, and anticardiolipin antibodies concentrations correlated weakly with adverse outcomes. These findings suggest that antiphospholipid antibodies are related to adverse pregnancy outcomes in a complex fashion and that therapy is not always required for acceptable outcomes in patients without other risk factors.
α,ω-Bis(thioacetyl)oligophenylenevinylene Chromophores from Thioanisol Precursors

The selective cleavage of arylmethyl thioethers provides a convenient protocol for the synthesis of all-E isomers of α,ω-bis(thioacetyl)oligophenyenevinylene molecules (OPVs). The S-methyl group is tolerant of Wittig-type and Heck-type reactions for forming OPV structures and can be converted to the S-acetyl group by treatment with sodium thiomethoxide and acetyl chloride. The thermal conditions of the deprotection/reprotection step concurrently isomerize the conjugated chromophore to the all-E isomer, regardless of the stereochemistry of the starting olefins. This approach is demonstrated for a variety of linear and [2.2]paracyclophane containing OPVs, which have been characterized by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. Additionally, these S-acetyl-terminated OPVs self-assemble on gold surfaces. Monolayers containing these molecules were characterized by water contact angle measurements, ellipsometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Diurnal heart rate reactivity: a predictor of severity of experimental coronary and carotid atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Elevated awake resting heart rate (HR) has been shown to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Since coronary ischaemic events appear to peak during transition from sleep to awake HR, we sought to determine whether the degree of diurnal HR fluctuation (dHRV) is an independent predictor of coronary and peripheral atherogenesis. In this study, we varied both baseline HR and dHRV using sino-atrial node ablation (SNA) in a primate model of diet-induced atherogenesis and determined the degree of plaque formation relative to both HR parameters. METHODS: HR was recorded continuously for 6 months by an implantable intraaortic sensor/transmitter in 17 active unrestricted male cynomolgus monkeys. In nine monkeys, SNA was employed to create a wide spectrum of dHRV, and the power amplitude of dHRV was determined for the daily HRV cycle with power spectral analysis. After a 6-month diet induction period, percent coronary and carotid stenosis, intimal thickness and area were quantitated in each animal. RESULTS: Total serum cholesterol and mean HR were no different between high ( n= 10) and low ( n= 7) dHRV groups (866 mg% vs. 740 mg%, P> 0.2 and 130 +/- 22 and 115 +/- 13, P> 0.1, respectively). Percent carotid stenosis was markedly greater in both high HR and dHRV animals ([HR], 54 +/- 19 vs. 35 +/- 10, P< 0.04) and ([dHRV], 54 +/- 17 vs. 32 +/- 10, P< 0.01). Significant increases in all measures of coronary atherogenesis were found in high dHRV animals when compared with those with low dHRV (percent stenosis: 48% +/- 22 vs. 23% +/- 16, P< 0.02), (lesion area: 1.2 +/- 0.8 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.3, P< 0.02), and (intimal thickness: 0.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.1 +/- 0.1, P< 0.01), respectively. While there was a trend towards greater coronary atherogenesis in animals with high HR, this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Elevated HR and dHRV are both associated with enhanced experimental atherosclerotic plaque formation. However, a greater degree of carotid and coronary atherogenesis is observed in animals with high dHRV. These findings suggest that elevated dHRV is a stronger predictor for susceptibility to atherogenesis than elevated HR alone. Such a relationship may be attributed to the potential role of dHRV in modulating the frequency of adverse near wall haemodynamic forces, which have been shown to induce atherosclerotic plaques. Lowering of dHRV in humans by exercise or pharmacological agents may have a beneficial role in retarding atherosclerotic plaque induction, progression and complication.
Children's Conceptualization of Force: Experimenting and Problem Solving.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of constructivist instruction on children's conceptualization of force as compared to instruction based on text and demonstration, and to further identify children's reasoning patterns across levels of conceptualization. The sample consisted of 67 third-graders from four classrooms in two elementary schools in a southeastern state. The experimental group interacted with activities, which are closely bound to the development of the concept of force. The control group learned the same subject matter through lectures and demonstrations designed by the class teacher. Both groups were pre-tested and post-tested on a task instrument. Informal classroom observations were conducted to ensure that the teachers were implementing the treatment as expected. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative research procedures. A chi-square test of independent samples was employed to test the significance of the change. Results showed t...
Simulation of Electron Swarm Parameters in Air

The electron transport of air in a uniform electric field is investigated by a Monte–Carlo simulation. The simulation results obtained are compared with the available data in the literature. The result of Monte–Carlo simulation shows that electron molecule collision cross sections adopted in the simulation result in good agreement with the experimental values over the range of E/N investigated (E is the electric field and N is the gas number density of background gas molecules).
The Fourier transform of linearly varying functions with polygonal support

New formulas for the two-dimensional Fourier transform of functions with polygonal support and linear amplitude variation are derived from the corresponding formula for a constant function. These expressions, valid for all nonzero values of the transform variable k, are superior to those previously reported, which fail when k is perpendicular or parallel to any edge of the polygon. These transforms have applications in diffraction theory and computational electromagnetics. >
A Laser-Accelerator Injector Based on Laser Ionization and Ponderomotive Acceleration of Electrons

A new laser-accelerator injector based on the high-energy electrons ejected from a laser focus following the ionization of high-charge states of gases has been investigated. This method can generate electron pulses with MeV energies and pulse widths substantially less than the laser pulse width using terawatt lasers. Experiments at intensities of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{18}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{cm}{}^{2}$ show that two highly directional electron beams with energies up to 340 keV are produced in the laser polarization direction. These highly directional beams are inconsistent with simulation results using Ammosov-Delone-Krainov (ADK) tunneling theory to model the ionization process. It is shown that this is likely due to the release of electrons with larger canonical momentum than predicted by ADK theory.
Direct Observations of Electrochemical Reactions within Au-YSZ Thin Films via Absorption Shifts in the Au Nanoparticle Surface Plasmon Resonance

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of Au nanoparticles embedded in an YSZ matrix was monitored at 500 °C under varying gas exposure concentrations of H2 and O2 in N2. Because the peak position of the SPR band relies closely on the number of driven oscillating free electrons per gold nanoparticle, we were able to monitor electrochemical charge transfer from Au nanoparticles to diffusing oxygen ions by monitoring the optical properties of the Au−YSZ nanocomposite thin film, specifically the peak position of the SPR band. A direct relation was observed for the change in the equilibrium ratio, pH21/4/pO21/8, contributing to oxygen ion diffusion into and out of the YSZ matrix, and the change in the square of the SPR band peak position. Free electron theory states that this change in the square of the SPR band peak position is directly proportional to the change in conduction electrons available per Au nanoparticle; thus, our observations agree with the expected trend for charge transfer vs the redox gas ...
Changes in enzyme activities and microbial biomass of tallgrass prairie soil as related to burning and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract Microbial biomass and enzyme activities are affected by management practices and can be used as sensitive indicators of ecological stability. Microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN) and eight enzyme activities involved in the cycling of C, N, P and S were studied in the surface (0–5 cm) of an Irwin silty clay loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic, Pachic Arguistoll) in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Treatments of annual spring burning and N fertilization were initiated in 1986 and encompassed: (1) unburned–unfertilized, (2) burned–unfertilized, (3) burned–fertilized, and (4) unburned–fertilized. Activities of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, deaminase, denitrifying enzyme, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and arylsulfatase were assayed. Long-term burning and N fertilization of the tallgrass prairie soil reduced MBC and MBN relative to the unburned–unfertilized treatment. The effects of burning and N fertilization varied among the enzymes and the time of sampling. Long-term burning significantly (P
Limitations of fringe-parameter estimation at low light levels*

Fundamental limitations of estimating the amplitudes and phases of interference fringes at low light levels are determined by the finite number of photoevents registered in the measurement. By modeling the receiver as a spatial array of photon-counting detectors, results are obtained that permit specification of the minimum number of photoevents required for estimation of fringe parameters to a given accuracy. Both a discrete Fourier-transform estimator and an optimum joint maximum-likelihood estimator are considered. In addition, the Cramer–Rao statistical error bounds are derived, specifying the limiting performance of all unbiased estimators in terms of the collected light flux. The performance of the spatial sampling receiver is compared with that of an alternate technique for fringe-parameter estimation that uses a barred grid and temporal sampling of a moving fringe.
Isolated plasmacytoma involving the brain parenchyma and cerebral spinal fluid

![Figure][1] A 32-year-old man with an Ig A-λ plasma cell myeloma was diagnosed in early 2011. He underwent chemotherapy with bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone and achieved a complete response. In August 2011, the patient underwent an autologous stem cell transplant with high-dose
Policing STS: A Boundary-Work Souvenir from the Smithsonian Exhibition on "Science in American Life":

The firestorm surrounding the Smithsonian Institution's new permanent exhibition on "Science in American Life" (SAL) makes social constructivism look good, three times over. Not only is nature surrounded by interpretative flexibility, and not only is science surrounded by interpretative flexibility, but so too are representations of science. Some people like the exhibit and others do not.1 The American Physical Society has taken an early lead in attacking the exhibition, not for lack of accuracy but for lack of balance in depicting science largely through its negative consequences while slighting its positive achievements (Holden 1994). I rather like much of the show, dislike other bits, and get agitated most by what is left out (but I do not mean "better living through chemistry," which comes through loud and clear to these ears). A social constructivist from Edinburgh would, when confronted with diverse readings of this public representation of science, look first for the positions and interests of the diverse readers, so let me announce mine. I was the lone sociologist on the Advisory Board for SAL, a group of fifteen scholars and scientists who met with museum curators in Washington, D.C., several times
The effects of nerve transection in walking legs of lobster on acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase adenosine triphosphatase and protein composition☆

Abstract 1. 1. Nerve bundles of the lobster walking leg were transected and choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine, adenosinetriphosphatase and protein composition determined 1–12 weeks later in segments proximal and distal from the cut. 2. 2. Motor nerve function of the distal stump remained unimpaired when electrically stimulated. Sensory input was completely interrupted. 3. 3. Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine dropped rapidly within 1 week while the decline of acetylcholinesterase was slower and not as profound. 4. 4.Adenosinetriphosphatase declined by one-third and remained at this level. 5. 5. Protein bands moving slowly in disc electrophoresis increased while rapidly moving bands decreased.
Freezing points of binary mixtures of methane

The experimental freezing-point data of the methane-n-hexane and the methane-n-octane binaries are presented and compared with the methane–carbon dioxide system investigated by Donnelly and Katz. A step-by-step variation of the freezing point in the paraffin homologous series is exploited to provide reasonably accurate extrapolation of the experimental data on the two binaries and scattered freezing-point data on the methane-n-butane mixture to other paraffin hydrocarbon mixtures of methane in which the heavier constituent ranges from ethane to n-nonane, inclusive. A composite graph of the freezing points of the various binaries with methane, from ethane to n-nonane, is presented.
A further simplification of variable schedule self-reinforcement procedures

Abstract A simpler alternative to two previously described self-reinforcement procedures is suggested, and its advantages are discussed. While any procedure availing itself of chance will suffice to permit such self-reinforcement procedures, simplicity is desirable because of a likely correlation between simplicity and usefulness.
THE ROLE OF AGGREGATED hGH IN THERAPY OF hGH DEFICIENT CHILDREN

These studies were designed to define the growth promoting and immunogenic potential of aggregated hGH contained in clinical grade hGH1 used in the therapy of hGH deficient children. Samples of clinical grade hGH were fractionated into aggregated and monomeric components by Sephadex gel filtration. The absorbance at 280 ran of the gel filtration fractions indicated that various lots of clinical grade hGH contained between 38.4-60.9% polymeric hGH (P1), 29.6-12.8% dimeric hGH (P2) and 26.3-43% monomeric hGH (P3). The radioimmunoreactivity of P1, P2 and P3 was 5, 30 and 100% of an hGH standard, respectively. One group of patients receiving clinical grade hGH (2 U, M-W-F) had growth rates of 1.6±0.3 and 8.1±0.6 cm/yr before and during therapy, respectively. A second group of patients receiving an amount of P3 (monomeric hGH) contained in 2 U of clinical grade hGH (28.2% P3) had growth rates of 1.6±0.6 and 10.9±0.6 cm/yr before and during therapy, respectively. Antibodies to monomeric hGH were detected in sera of 54% of the first group and in 0% of the second group of patients within 9 months of onset of therapy. We conclude that 1) the growth promoting potential of clinical grade hGH resides solely in the monomeric hGH fraction, and 2) aggregated hGH stimulates formation of antibodies to monomeric hGH during therapy with clinical grade hGH. 1Clinical grade hGH was generously supplied by NIAMDD, NIH and National Pituitary Agency.
Arrestin1 mediates light-dependent rhodopsin endocytosis and cell survival.

Summary Background: Arrestins are pivotal, multifunctional organizers of cell responses to GPCR stimulation, including cell survival and cell death. In Drosophila norpA and rdgC mutants, endocytosis of abnormally stable complexes of rhodopsin (Rh1) and fly photoreceptor Arrestin2 (Arr2) triggers cell death, implicating Rh1/Arr2-bearing endosomes in pro-cell death signaling, potentially via arrestin-mediated GPCR activation of effector kinase pathways. In order to further investigate arrestin function in photoreceptor physiology and survival, we studied Arr2's partner photoreceptor arrestin, Arr1, in developing and adult Drosophila compound eyes. Results: We report that Arr1, but not Arr2, is essential for normal, light-induced rhodopsin endocytosis. Also distinct from Arr2, Arr1 is essential for light-independent photoreceptor survival. Photoreceptor cell death caused by loss of Arr1 is strongly suppressed by coordinate loss of Arr2. We further find that Rh1 C-terminal phosphorylation is essential for light-induced endocytosis and also for translocation of Arr1, but not Arr2, from dark-adapted photoreceptor cytoplasm to photosensory membrane rhabdomeres. In contrast to a previous report, we do not find a requirement for photoreceptor myosin kinase NINAC in Arr1 or Arr2 translocation. Conclusions: The two Drosophila photoreceptor arrestins mediate distinct and essential cell pathways downstream of rhodopsin activation. We propose that Arr1 mediates an endocytotic cell-survival activity, scavenging phosphorylated rhodopsin and thereby countering toxic Arr2/Rh1 accumulation; elimination of toxic Arr2/Rh1 in double mutants could thus rescue arr1 mutant photoreceptor degeneration.
A real-time fall detection system using a wearable gait analysis sensor and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier

In this study, we report a custom designed wireless gait analysis sensor (WGAS) system for real-time fall detection using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Our WGAS includes a tri-axial accelerometer, 2 gyroscopes and a MSP430 micro-controller. It was worn by the subjects at either the T4 or at the waist level for various intentional falls, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) test. The raw data of tri-axial acceleration and angular velocity is wirelessly transmitted from the WGAS to a nearby PC, and then 6 features were extracted for fall classification using a SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier. We achieved 98.8% and 98.7% fall classification accuracies from the data at the T4 and belt positions, respectively. Moreover, the preliminary data demonstrates an impressive overall specificity of 99.5% and an overall sensitivity of 97.0% for this WGAS real-time fall detection system.
Summary of symposium on the physics of volcanic processes

I am glad to avail myself of the opportunity afforded by your Committee on Meetings to make a brief summary of the program. This Symposium has provided a splendid outlook on the problem of volcanology and, without doubt, has clarified the subject in the minds of those who have been fortunate enough to be present this afternoon. In the time available it is probably not possible to make an adequate summary, but I should like to make a few general comments at this time and to recall the scope of the program.
Thyroid Function in Normals: Influences on the Electroencephalogram and Cognitive Performance

Recently it has been suggested that thyroid function may influence neuropsychological processes not only as a result of thyroid disease but also through normal neurophysiologic adaptive mechanisms. In 69 normal university students, levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were assayed in blood samples and related to measures of cognitive performance and to spectral measures of the EEG recorded during cognitive performance. Significant relationships were found between T3 levels and delta power in the EEG from occipital leads, with higher T3 associated with less EEG power in the left hemisphere and greater power in the right hemisphere. Higher T3 levels were associated with poorer performance on several cognitive tasks, particularly for males, although the males with higher T3 levels also showed faster correct responses on a word fluency task. These results seem to support the hypothesis that an individual's characteristic level of thyroid function is relevant to normal neuropsychological processes.
Application security support in the operating system kernel

Application security is typically coded in the application. In kernelSec, we are investigating mechanisms to implement application security in an operating system kernel. The mechanisms are oriented towards providing authorization properties, and this goal drives the design of permissions and protection mechanisms.The resulting system is dynamic, allowing the set of permissions for a program to evolve during program execution. This reduces the need for users and applications to be aware of protection mechanism, since the protection mechanism provides the user with more freedom in how they do things. We explore these properties through a number of examples.KernelSec also supports a group (role) mechanism which can define constrained groups enabling groups which only grow, only shrink, are constant, are mutually exclusive with other groups, and which allow inheritance. Moreover groups are used to regulate group membership and allow group administration by non-privileged users.
Differences in Attitudes between Women and Men toward Computerization

Using the principles of innovation of diffusions, this longitudinal study examines the gender differences in attitudes toward computerization at a liberal arts university. The data shows that women...
The Impact of an Educational Program on Provision of Services to Ethnically Diverse Elders

The Stanford Geriatric Education Center cosponsored a conference to train service providers to work more effectively with a culturally diverse population of elders. At the end of the conference, participants identified specific new strategies their agencies should implement to increase their effectiveness with ethnic elders. A telephone follow-up 6 months later reached 44 of the 55 participants. They reported an average of 6 implemented strategies from an average of 10 originally identified; 86% reported 2 or more strategies implemented. Over half of the respondents reported successfully recruiting and promoting new ethnic staff and volunteers.
Ultrasensitive and rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef juice using immunoassay based on field-effect enzymatic detection

Ultrasensitive and rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 in beef juice was carried out using a novel immuno-detection approach. The detection system was realized by incorporating the recently developed technique of field-effect enzymatic detection with the immunosensing method. The detection of unprocessed samples resulted in a detection limit of 19 CFU mL−1 with an assay time of 67 min. The ultrasensitive detection of the original sample was due to the intrinsic amplification provided by the system. The direct detection without performing pre-enrichment significantly shortened the assay time. The voltage-controlled signal amplification of the detection system also facilitated the transduction of the electrical signal through the bulky immune complex so that the detection did not rely on the use of mediators or other diffusional substances. The novel detection approach can be used as a detection platform for ultrasensitive, specific and rapid detection of microorganisms and other types of analytes that can be detected using immunoassay.
The Uneasy Case for Intellectual Property Rights in Traditional Knowledge

Should traditional knowledge - the understanding or skill possessed by indigenous peoples pertaining to their culture and folklore and their use of native plants for medicinal purposes - receive protection as intellectual property? This Article examines nine major arguments from the moral, political and legal philosophy of property for intellectual property rights and contends that, as applied to traditional knowledge (TK), they justify at most a modest package of rights under domestic and international law. The arguments involve desert based on labor; firstness; stewardship; stability; moral right of the community; incentives to innovate; incentives to commercialize; unjust enrichment, misappropriation and restitution; and infringement and dilution. These arguments do, however, support “defensive” protection for TK: that is, halting the use of TK by nonindigenous actors in obtaining patents and copyrights. These arguments also support the dissemination of TK on the internet and via other digital media and the selective use of trademarks. The force of these conclusions resides in the importance of a vibrant public domain, and the absence of any plausible limiting principle that would allow more robust rights in TK for indigenous groups without permitting equally robust rights for nonindigenous groups.
Pertussis in the Preantibiotic and Prevaccine Era, with Emphasis on Adult Pertussis

Pertussis was first recognized as an epidemic disease in the 16th century. The classic illness is a three-stage illness (catarrhal, spasmodic, and convalescent), with a distinctive cough, and its characteristics today are similar to those in the prevaccine era. In the prevaccine era, the calculated attack rate was 872/100,000 population, and the majority of cases occurred in children <5 years of age. On average, there were 7,300 deathslyear; the death rate began to decline before antimicrobial therapy and vaccination. Reported pertussis in adults was rare, but numerous investigators noted that atypical cases of pertussis were common in adults.
EpiFire: An open source C++ library and application for contact network epidemiology

Contact network models have become increasingly common in epidemiology, but we lack a flexible programming framework for the generation and analysis of epidemiological contact networks and for the simulation of disease transmission through such networks. Here we present EpiFire, an applications programming interface and graphical user interface implemented in C++, which includes a fast and efficient library for generating, analyzing and manipulating networks. Network-based percolation and chain-binomial simulations of susceptible-infected-recovered disease transmission, as well as traditional non-network mass-action simulations, can be performed using EpiFire. EpiFire provides an open-source programming interface for the rapid development of network models with a focus in contact network epidemiology. EpiFire also provides a point-and-click interface for generating networks, conducting epidemic simulations, and creating figures. This interface is particularly useful as a pedagogical tool.
A model relating yield to individual plant area for predicting growth compensation in Central African field tobacco

SUMMARY A model based on the concept of the circle of influence of a plant is used to estimate the relationship between yield and area/plant for tobacco crops with gaps in stand. The model predicts the average yield of plants in any configuration that includes missing plants and is used to predict the economic consequences of loss in stand from pest or other damage.
Time Determination for Spacecraft Users of the Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS)

Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation is performed by time measurements. A description is presented of a two body model of spacecraft motion. Orbit determination is the process of inferring the position, velocity, and clock offset of the user from measurements made of the user motion in the Newtonian coordinate system. To illustrate the effect of clock errors and the accuracy with which the user spacecraft time and orbit may be determined, a low-earth-orbit spacecraft (Seasat) as tracked by six Phase I GPS space vehicles is considered. The obtained results indicate that in the absence of unmodeled dynamic parameter errors clock biases may be determined to the nanosecond level. There is, however, a high correlation between the clock bias and the uncertainty in the gravitational parameter GM, i.e., the product of the universal gravitational constant and the total mass of the earth. It is, therefore, not possible to determine clock bias to better than 25 nanosecond accuracy in the presence of a gravitational error of one part per million.
Heterogeneity of Error Variance and the Assessment of Moderating Effects of Categorical Variables: A Conceptual Review

Homogeneity of within-subgroup error (residual) variance is a necessary statistical assumption for the appropriate use of moderated multiple regression (MMR) for assessing the effects of categorica...
Relative benefits of stimulant therapy with OROS methylphenidate versus mixed amphetamine salts extended release in improving the driving performance of adolescent drivers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

OBJECTIVE. Automobile accidents are the leading cause of death among adolescents, and collisions are 2 to 4 times more likely to occur among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Studies have demonstrated that stimulants improve driving performance. This study compared 2 long-acting stimulant medications during daytime and evening driving evaluations. METHODS. Adolescent drivers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were compared on a driving simulator after taking 72 mg of OROS methylphenidate, 30 mg of mixed amphetamine salts extended release, or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study design. During laboratory testing, adolescents drove a driving simulator at 5:00 pm, 8:00 pm, and 11:00 pm. Driving performance was rated by adolescents and investigators. RESULTS. The study included 35 adolescent drivers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (19 boys/16 girls). The mean age was 17.8 years. The overall Impaired Driving Score demonstrated that OROS methylphenidate led to better driving performance compared with placebo and mixed amphetamine salts extended release, whereas mixed amphetamine salts extended release demonstrated no statistical improvement over placebo. Specifically, relative to placebo, OROS methylphenidate resulted in less time driving off the road, fewer instances of speeding, less erratic speed control, more time executing left turns, and less inappropriate use of brakes. OROS methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts extended release worked equally well for male and female adolescents and equally as well with teenagers who have combined and inattentive subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CONCLUSIONS. This study validates the use of stimulants to improve driving performance in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In the study, OROS methylphenidate promoted significantly improved driving performance compared with placebo and mixed amphetamine salts extended release.
A Latino on the Ballot: Explaining Coethnic Voting Among Latinos and the Response of White Americans

In recent campaigns, candidates have sought to attract votes from the growing Latino electorate through ethnic cues. Yet, we know very little about the impact of appeals to ethnicity. This article examines the role that ethnic cues play in shaping the political opinions and choices of Latinos, as well as the response of non-Hispanic White Americans (Anglos). We take up the simplest of group cues, the ethnicity of the candidate. We argue that candidate ethnicity is an explicit ethnic cue that alters the political choices of Latinos through priming of their ethnic linked fate, but only affects Anglos through spreading activation of primed ethnic attitudes to national identity considerations. Evidence from an experiment that manipulated exposure to candidate ethnicity information provides evidence for these claims. Our results help to explain coethnic voting among Latinos and resistance to Latino candidates among Anglos.
Muscle moment arm and normalized moment contributions as reference data for musculoskeletal elbow and wrist joint models.

Abstract A geometric musculoskeletal model of the elbow and wrist joints was developed to calculate muscle moment arms throughout elbow flexion/extension, forearm pronation/supination, wrist flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation. Model moment arms were verified with data from cadaver specimen studies and geometric models available in the literature. Coefficients of polynomial equations were calculated for all moment arms as functions of joint angle, with special consideration to coupled muscles as a function of two joint angles. Additionally, a “normalized potential moment (NPM)” contribution index for each muscle across the elbow and wrist joints in four degrees-of-freedom was determined using each muscle's normalized physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and peak moment arm (MA). We hypothesize that (a) a geometric model of the elbow and wrist joints can represent the major attributes of MA versus joint angle from many literature sources of cadaver and model data and (b) an index can represent each muscle's normalized moment contribution to each degree-of-freedom at the elbow and wrist. We believe these data serve as a simple, yet comprehensive, reference for how the primary 16 muscles across the elbow and wrist contribute to joint moment and overall joint performance.
Computer simulation of elastic properties of grain boundary materials

Lattice statics and lattice dyanamics computer simulation methods are applied to investigate the elastic properties of grain boundaries in fcc metals. The elastic constants in the GB reigon are found to differ significantly from their bulk ideal-crystal values. Due to the broken symmetry in the GB region a pronounced anisotropy of the elastic properties is observed. Whereas Young’s moduli are found to increase in the GB region, the shear moduli and Poisson’s ratios generally decrease. The magnitude of these effects is shown to depend sensitively on the GB structure.