cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Call admission control for CDMA systems with Interference Guard Margin (IGM)

A call admission control (CAC) scheme and a resource-reservation estimation (RRE) method suitable for the interference-based wireless system, such as wide-band code division multiple access (W-CDMA), are proposed in this work. The proposed CAC scheme gives preferential treatment to high priority handoff calls by pre-reserving a certain amount of interference margin called the interference guard margin (IGM). The amount of guard margin is determined by the measurement performed by the RRE module in base stations. Each RRE module dynamically adjusts the level of guard margin by considering traffic conditions in neighboring cells based upon handoff requests. A service model is adopted to support multiple services, which includes mobile terminal's data rate, different levels of priorities, mobility and rate adaptivity characteristics. Simulations are conducted with OPNET to study the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of the objective function, blocking probabilities and system utilization under different traffic conditions.
Effects of arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) containing snake venom peptides on parthenogenetic development and in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes

The ability of synthetic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-containing peptides to induce intracellular calcium transients similar to those observed at fertilization by spermatozoa in the bovine has been reported (Campbell et al., 2000: Biol Reprod 62:1702–1709; Sessions et al., 2006. Mol Reprod Dev). These results also indicated the ability of synthetic RGD-containing peptides to induce activation and subsequent parthenogenetic development to the blastocyst stage, although, at numbers lower than observed with control in vitro fertilization (IVF). Evidence has been provided indicating the important effect of surrounding regions on the biological activity of the RGD sequence (Zhu and Evans, 2002; Sessions et al., 2006). The current experiments were designed to use natural RGD-containing sequences (disintegrins) to understand their effects. A total of three RGD-containing snake venom peptides (Kistrin (K), Elegantin (Ele), and Echistatin (Ech)) and one nonRGD-containing venom (Erabutoxin B (EB; control) were used at three concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 µg /ml) to induce parthenogenetic development to the blastocyst stage and in conjunction (1.0, 5.0, and 10 µg/ml) with spermatozoa to evaluate competitive inhibition of fertilization and subsequent development. A (P 0.01) from IVF control. Fertilization was significantly reduced (P 0.05) was observed in EB (nonRGD) treated oocytes. These results support the involvement of a disintegrin–integrin interaction at fertilization in the bovine resulting in activation and subsequent development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 88–96, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Convergent route to the spirohexenolide macrocycle.

Using key functional dissections, the synthesis of spirohexenolides is examined through a three-component strategy that features a 1,2-addition to couple tetronate and aldehyde components forming the C2−C3 bond and a Stille coupling to install the third sulfone-containing component. The macrocycle is completed by an intramolecular Julia−Kocienski reaction to form the C10−C11 trans-disubstituted olefin. Application of this strategy is described in progress toward the synthesis of (±)-spirohexenolide B.
Should We Treat Acute HIV Infection

Critical advances in the early diagnosis of HIV now allow for treatment opportunities during acute infection. It remains unclear whether treatment of acute HIV infection with antiretroviral therapy improves long-term clinical outcomes for the individual and current guidelines are not definitive in recommending therapy at this stage of infection. However, treatment of acute HIV infection may have short-term benefit on viral set point when compared to delayed therapy as well as reducing the risk of transmission to others. Herein we review the immunological and clinical literature to discuss whether we should treat acute HIV infection, both from the perspective of the individual HIV-infected patient and from the public health perspective. As transmission of drug-resistant HIV variants are of concern, we also review recent clinical trial data to provide recommendations for which specific antiretroviral treatment regimens should be considered for the treatment of acute HIV infection.
Voting on the 'Optimal' Size of Government

Viewing fiscal policies as the outcome of democratically resolved conflicts of households over public goods and taxes, the "economic model of politics" proposes a public choice approach, which does not rely on social welfare functions. With it, a country's overall budget can be derived endogenously, electoral fluctuations explained on the basis of changes to the individuals` income and wealth, and political behavior described in terms of the individuals' decisions regarding votes, abstentions, and party membership. The model suggests that a country`s wealth distribution is a crucial variable affecting its economic stability and the government`s size relative to output.
Melatonin suppression of postacastration serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone responses in the male mongoose, Herpestes auropunctatus

Abstract The effect of melatonin treatment on postcastration serum LH and FSH levels during the latter stages of the breeding season and during the recrudescence phase of the seasonal reproductive cycle of the male mongoose was evaluated. Melatonin treatment (20 μg/day for 10 days) during the latter stages of the breeding season and during the recrudescence phase effectively reduced the postcastration gonadotropin response. Higher doses of melatonin (200 μg/day for 10 days) failed to reduce the postcastration elevation of LH and FSH. The role of melatonin in the regression and recrudescence processes of the annual reproductive cycle is discussed.
Diode compression of an intense relativistic electron beam

Experiments are reported on the compression of an intense relativistic electron beam. The compression is aided by an externally driven current flow along the axis of the diode. It is found that the compressions achieved with the externally driven axial ’’wire’’ current are limited by the magnitude of the externally driven current and are substantially less than those obtained from the self‐pinching of an e‐beam from a low‐impedance generator.
Continuous tuning of cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide nanoparticle size in a water-in-supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsion.

The size and size dispersion of cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide semiconductor nanoparticles can be continuously tuned over a wide range of values by adjusting the density of the fluid phase in water-in-supercritical CO 2 microemulsions. The average size of the ZnS nanoparticles decreases linearly from approximately 9.1 to 1.9 nm with increasing fluid density from 0.86 to 0.99 gcm -3 at a water-to-surfactant ratio (W value) of 10. At a W value of 6, the particle size can be tuned from 7.0 to 1.5 nm in the same density range. In the case of CdS nanocrystals, the size varied from 7.1 to 2.0 nm when the W value was 10 and from 4.0 to 1.3 nm when the W value employed was 6, in the same density range. Monodispersive CdS and ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reaction of cadmium or zinc nitrate with sodium sulfide, using two water-in-supercritical CO 2 microemulsions as nanoreactors followed by protection with a fluorinated-thiol stabilizer. The stabilizer is introduced at 6 and 16 minutes after the mixing of the two microemulsions where the intensity of the characteristic absorption peak due to the quantum confinement properties of the CdS and ZnS nanoparticles (280 and 360 nm) reaches a maximum, respectively. The supercritical CO 2 microemulsion method represents a simple approach to use a density-tunable solvent for synthesizing size-controlled semiconductor nanoparticles over a broad range of values.
Observations on experimental wound repair in the adductor muscle and the Leydig cells of the oyster Crassostrea gigas

Abstract This study is an extension of previous work performed by Pauley and Sparks to describe and understand more thoroughly the histopathology associated with experimental injuries in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas . Descriptions are given of the effect of talc injections into two different tissues of the oyster, the adductor muscle and the Leydig cells. The oyster possesses the ability to successfully combat a nontoxic substance such as talc, with the adductor muscle more capable of effectively repairing wounds made by such a foreign body than are the Leydig cells. A description of open and healed surface ulcerations found on the oyster mantle is given. Discussion of the repair process is given for mollusks, other invertebrates, and vertebrates.
Nonprofit sustainability during times of uncertainty

Nonprofit organizations in the United States depend on a diverse set of funding streams to sustain their operations. This study examines the ability of nonprofits to leverage funds from the private sector during the current economic downturn within four areas receiving federal funding for community and economic development. Both survey research and individual interviews were used to examine how nonprofits within these areas are incorporating their board members and community leaders to continue services during a time of resource scarcity.
Time decay of the thermoremanent magnetization in spin-glasses as a function of the time spent in the field-cooled state

We have measured the time decay of the thermoremanent magnetization (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{TRM}}$) in Ag: Mn as a function of the wait time (${t}_{w}$) that the sample spent in the field-cooled state before the field was removed. When the results are analyzed in terms of a stretched exponential, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{TRM}}(t)={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}\mathrm{exp}[\frac{\ensuremath{-}C{(\ensuremath{\omega}t)}^{1\ensuremath{-}n}}{(1\ensuremath{-}n)}]$, we find that the effect of ${t}_{w}$ can be empirically characterized as an exponential decrease of the relaxation frequency with increasing wait time: $\ensuremath{\omega}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\ensuremath{-}{t}_{w}}{{t}_{0}})$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}=3.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${t}_{0}=650$ sec. This fact has two implications, First, even though the field-cooled magnetization is constant in time, the field-cooled state is not in equilibrium for finite ${t}_{w}$. And second, if ${t}_{w}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ then the field-cooled spin-glass will have a permanent magnetic moment.
On the regime boundaries of moisture in granular materials

Abstract In modelling pellet strength, researchers have presented analyses for the three regimes of pellet strength (the pendular, funicular and capillary regimes) without defining quantitatively the boundaries of the regimes. The problem reduces to a determination of the upper limit of moisture content of a pellet in the pendular state. For a pellet comprised of randomly packed, equal-sized spherical particles, this upper limit of moisture content is computed at 13.6 vol.% corresponding to a saturation of 34.1 vol.%.
Ecological Theories as Cultural Narratives: F. E. Clements's and H. A. Gleason's “Stories” of Community Succession

This article discusses the work of two American ecologists of the first half of the twentieth century, F. E. Clements and H. A. Gleason, who differed in terms of their understanding of community su...
Synthesis of androst-4-en-3β-ol-11,17-dione

Abstract The synthesis of androst-4-ene-3β,11β-diol-17-one (V) from androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione is described. Oxidation of the acetate of (V) and deacetylation provided androst-4-en-3β-ol-11,17-dione (IX) which was also prepared from androst-4-ene-3β,17β-diol-11-one (VI).
A guide to vision-based map building

This paper describes a simple vision-based mapping system for mobile robot navigation in an unknown outdoor environment, consistent with the efforts of Georgia Tech's team for the DARPA-sponsored Learning Applied to Ground Robots (LAGR) project. This approach, which has been robust to different environments and responsive to time-critical constraints, is a good example of robotics in practice
Outcomes of the Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in the Medicare Population

Recently, we reported on a series of 529 patients who under-went the sleeve gastrectomy (SG) without experiencing agastrointestinal leak [1]. The results indicate that the proce-dure is becoming more standardized and thus safer. TheCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServices(CMS)approvedcoverageforthegastricbypassandtheadjustablegastricbandfor individuals who meet the National Institutes of Healthcriteria for weight loss surgery in 2006. However, CMS hasonly recently issued a directive regarding Medicare reim-bursement for SG. During this consideration, two concernshavearisen:(1)thelimitednumberofSGsurgeriesreportedinthe Medicare age group and (2) the potential for a greater riskof complications occurring in the Medicare age group com-pared to younger adults. We reexamined our retrospectivechart review of 766 laparoscopic SG patients and found 15subjects who fell into the Medicare age group (≥65 years ofage). Here, we report on our results.Ofthe15patients,therewere8femalesand7males.Allwerewhite, and none had insurance coverage. The average preopera-tiveweightandBMIwere124.5kgand43.3kg/m
Exploring the Social Habitat for Hunting: Toward a Comprehensive Framework for Understanding Hunter Recruitment and Retention

Decades of decline in the number of hunters in the United States have made hunter recruitment and retention (HRR) a high priority within the North American wildlife management community. Sociodemographic changes (e.g., urbanization, shifting racial/ethnic composition, parcelization of rural properties) suggest a need to re-examine conventional knowledge of HRR processes and develop insight that reflects contemporary contexts. In this article, we emphasize the “social habitat” for hunting and adopt a social–ecological model of hunting behavior to explore the myriad factors that interact to influence HRR at multiple scales. We examine the dynamic, hierarchical social structures that influence HRR, including forces that operate at the individual, micro (e.g., family), meso (e.g., community), and macro (e.g., society) levels. The review suggests that future research addressing HRR could expand to account for a broader, more diverse social habitat for hunting that includes these multiple scales.
Polyelectrolyte-coated gold nanorods and their interactions with type I collagen

Gold nanorods (AuNRs) have unique optical properties for numerous biomedical applications, but the interactions between AuNRs and proteins, particularly those of the extracellular matrix (ECM), are poorly understood. Here the effects of AuNRs on the self-assembly, mechanics, and remodeling of type I collagen gels were examined in vitro. AuNRs were modified with polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) to minimize cytotoxicity, and AuNRs with different terminal polymer chemistries were examined for their interactions with collagen by turbidity assays, rheological tests, and microscopy. Gel contraction assays were used to examine the effects of the PEM-coated AuNRs on cell-mediated collagen remodeling. Polyanion-terminated AuNRs significantly reduced the lag (nucleation) phase of collagen self-assembly and significantly increased the dynamic shear modulus of the polymerized gels, whereas polycation-terminated AuNRs had no effect on the mechanical properties of the collagen. Both polyanion- and polycation-terminated AuNRs significantly inhibited collagen gel contraction by cardiac fibroblasts, and the nanoparticles were localized in intra-, peri-, and extracellular compartments, suggesting that PEM-coated AuNRs influence cell behavior via multiple mechanisms. These results demonstrate the significance of nanoparticle-ECM interactions in determining the bioactivity of nanoparticles.
Spiro[4.5]decanes by photoannelation. Total synthesis of (−)-acorenone

Abstract An efficient synthesis of the optically active spiro[4.5]decane sesquiterpene acorenone is described. The key carbon-carbon bonds are formed by a (2+2) photochemical cycloaddition between 2,2-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone and an alkene derived from limonene.
Response of Soybean to Low Concentrations of Ozone: I. Reductions in Leaf and Whole Plant Net Photosynthesis and Leaf Chlorophyll Content

Since most commercially grown soybean plants in the USA are subjected to low or moderate levels of ambient O₃ pollution it is important to understand whether exposure to O₃ influences CO₂ exchange in this species. Therefore, for 8 weeks soybean (Glycine max cv. Hodgson) plants were exposed to O₃ for 6.8 h daily in controlled environment chambers. Four treatments were used: 0.01, 0.05, 0.09, and 0.13 µL L⁻¹ O₃ in filtered air. Net photosynthesis (Pₙ), dark respiration, and chlorophyll content were measured in all treatments for both individual leaves of various ages and for whole plants. Measurements of CO₂ exchange were made nondestructively with an infrared gas analysis system using either plexiglass cuvettes (leaves) or continuously stirred tank reactors (plants). The Pₙ of whole plants was reduced by 10, 11, and 22% in the 0.05, 0.09, and 0.13 µL L⁻¹ treatments, respectively, compared with the 0.01 µL L⁻¹ treatment. Among individual leaves of similar ages, exposure to O₃ also resulted in declines in Pₙ and this occurred at all leaf ages. There was a significant linear relationship between Pₙ and O₃ concentration for both individual leaves and for whole plants. Chlorophyll contents of whole plants and individual leaves were also reduced by O₃ exposure. Chlorophyll content and Pₙ were correlated with each other for both individual leaves and whole plants. Changes with leaf age were typical for Pₙ and for chlorophyll content. There was no apparent effect of O₃ treatment on dark respiration. The observed reduction in Pₙ at low levels of O₃ (coupled with reports of O₃-induced reduction in growth and yield) suggests that ambient O₃ pollution in the USA is currently causing decreased Pₙ in field-grown soybean which can lead to a significant loss in yield.
Vitamin E concentrations in different regions of the spinal cord and sciatic nerve of the rat.

Since the spinal cord and peripheral nerves are vulnerable to the effects of vitamin E deficiency, vitamin E concentrations in various discrete regions of these parts of the nervous system of the rat were determined. Furthermore, as acrylamide toxicity and vitamin E deficiency share some neuropathological features, tissue vitamin E concentrations in acrylamide-treated rats were also studied. Male Sprague Dawley rats (200 to 250 g body weight) were fed normal rat chow with or without 0.03% acrylamide in their drinking water. After 24 days, the animals were sacrificed and the tissues assayed for vitamin E by a liquid chromatographic method. Vitamin E concentrations decreased from cerebral cortex to spinal cord with no concentration gradients between different levels of the spinal cord. Sciatic nerve concentration of alpha tocopherol was as high as that of cerebral cortex, and the former also contained measurable amounts of gamma tocopherol. Vitamin E concentrations in the majority of nervous tissue samples remained unchanged with acrylamide treatment.
Enantiodivergent Formal Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Cyclophellitol from d-Xylose Based on the Latent Symmetry Concept

Formal synthesis of (+)- and (−)-cyclophellitol from d-xylose has been accomplished through utilization of the latent plane of chirality present in the starting carbohydrate. The synthetic pathway is suitable for preparation and biological evaluation of cyclophellitol analogues in both enantiomeric series.
Unusual properties of midband states in systems with off-diagonal disorder.

It is known that off-diagonal disorder results in anomalous localization at the band center, whereas diagonal disorder does not. We show that the important distinction is not between diagonal and off-diagonal disorder, but between bipartite and nonbipartite lattices. We prove that bipartite lattices in any dimension (and some generalizations that are not bipartite) have zero energy (i.e., band-center) eigenfunctions that vanish on one sublattice. We show that ln[vert bar][psi][sub [ital j]][vert bar] has random-walk behavior for one-dimensional systems with first-, or first- and third-neighbor random hopping, leading to exp([minus][lambda] [radical][ital r]) localization of the zero-energy eigenfunction. Addition of diagonal disorder leads to a [ital biased] random walk. First- and second-neighbor random hopping with no diagonal disorder leads to ordinary exponential [exp([minus][lambda][ital r])] localization. Numerical simulations show anomalous localization in dimensions 1 and 2, with additional periodic structure in some cases.
Minstrel remixed: a reconstruction and exploration

Over the course of my Ph.D. research I will explore how symbolic 'creative' systems can accomplish things in interactive storytelling and games that can't be accomplished by other systems. I can broadly split content generation systems to fit into two categories: those that assemble or resequence fixed pieces of content, and those that use genetic algorithm style explorations to generate content. The former tends to be limited in what it can produce while the latter is difficult to author and direct. In exploring 'creative' systems I hope to define a new category without these difficulties or find a way of improving the output of one of the existing categories. Additionally and more generally, I seek to investigate how we can construct and then evaluate 'creative' systems.
Intracellular metabolism of Sendai virus nucleocapsids

Abstract We examined the intracellular pathways that Sendai virus polypeptides P and NP take into nucleocapsids by use of pulse-chase labeling and cell fractionation. Although most molecules of the major polypeptide NP entered nucleocapsids by way of a large soluble pool with slow exit kinetics, a fraction of NP molecules appeared to bypass this pool, entering nucleocapsids directly after synthesis. In contrast, all molecules of the minor polypeptide P passed directly into nucleocapsids, never appearing in a soluble pool. These data indicate that Sendai virus nucleocapsid assembly occurs in two steps: condensation of NP with viral genomic RNA followed by addition of P (and probably L) to the structure. The data also explain, in part, why newly synthesized P is rapidly incorporated into virions (Portner, A., and Kingsbury, D. W. (1976). Virology 73 , 79–88). We identified a population of nucleocapsids that had previously been unrecognized. This fraction, representing about half of all intracellular nucleocapsids, sedimented at low centrifugal forces, as if attached to a large cellular organelle such as the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton. The labeling data suggested that these “bound” nucleocapsids, rather than the “free” nucleocapsids, were the source of supply for virion assembly.
A terrestrial animal-borne video system for large mammals

Animal-borne video and environmental data collection systems (AVEDs) are integrated sensor systems that collect video from the animal's perspective and combine it with data from other sensors, including audio, location, temperature, acceleration, and other data. By placing sensor data within the context of video, AVEDs provide a unique perspective not offered by other methods and facilitate research into animal behavior and foraging tactics, animal energetics, wildlife damage issues, and inter- and intra-specific interactions. Marine AVEDs have outpaced their terrestrial counterparts in technological sophistication and store all data onboard. Terrestrial systems have been transmission-based and thus have been deployed on species that are easily tracked or habituated to humans. We present the first terrestrial, store-onboard AVED developed for large mammals and demonstrate the utility of our AVEDs by quantifying and describing contacts among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Our system was largely developed from commercially available equipment and included a camera, microcomputer, and a sensor board attached to a neck collar with affixed battery packs. We deployed the system on 2 semi-wild and 2 free-ranging deer. We collected 12.2, 12.3, 30.3, and 41.6h of video during our deployments; the 2 lowest recording durations were the result of blown fuses in the battery packs. We observed 11 contacts among white-tailed deer during 4 deployments. Contacts comprised a total of 22.8min (x@?=2.1min/contact, SE=0.7). Our AVEDs revealed several behaviors during contacts between individual white-tailed deer, including inspection, avoidance, and grooming. These data are not captured by other techniques (e.g., radio telemetry) and demonstrate the utility of continuous video and other sensors from the animal's perspective. Although AVEDs are a powerful new tool for wildlife research and management, their use should be preceded by careful formulation of research and management objectives.
Association between visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and clinicopathological outcomes in non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Visceral adiposity has been inconsistently associated with clinicopathologic features and outcomes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, most studies were conducted in non-Western populations. We evaluated the associations between visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and clinicopathological characteristics of non-metastatic ccRCC patients in a Western population. Methods: The medical records of 220 surgically treated ccRCC patients with documented preoperative body mass index (BMI) and computed tomography (CT) scans were retrospectively reviewed. Nineteen patients with stage IV disease were excluded. Visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were computed from preoperative CT scans. Correlations between obesity measures were assessed with Pearson correlation. Associations between obesity measures and pathologic features were evaluated using logistic regression models adjusted for sex. Overall survival (OS) probabilities were estimated using Cox regression analysis. The log-rank test was used for group comparisons. Results: The study cohort comprised 150 men and 51 women. Women had higher SFA (p = 0.01) but lower VFA (p < 0.001) than men. BMI was highly correlated with SFA (r = 0.804) and moderately correlated with VFA (r = 0.542). SFA and VFA were weakly correlated (r = 0.367). An increased BMI was associated with a better OS (p = 0.028). When adjusting for sex, neither SFA nor VFA was significantly associated with tumour grade, stage, or OS. Conclusions: Consistent with prior reports, our study suggests that increased BMI is associated with a better OS for patient with non-metastatic ccRCC. Despite the high correlation between SFA and BMI, neither SFA nor VFA were significantly associated with tumour stage, grade, or OS in the current study; however, further studies in larger cohorts are required to validate this finding.
Personality characteristics of adult children of alcoholics, other adults from dysfunctional families, and adults from nondysfunctional families

This study used the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) to examine the personality characteristics of adult children of alcoholics. The sample was noncollege age adults (N = 174). Subjects responding to advertisements were grouped into Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOA) (56%), Adults with Dysfunctional Family Histories (ADFH) (21%), or Adults without Identified Dysfunctional Family Histories (AIDFH) (23%). Results indicated that the ACOA group was different from the AIDFH group on nine of the 28 CPI scales, but there were no significant differences between the ACOA and ADFH groups. The validity of clinical impressions of ACOAs and the utility of considering ACOAs as a distinct field of study are discussed.
Corn grain yield as influenced by timing of evapotranspiration deficits

Field experiments were conducted at two sites with differing root zone water holding capacities. Corn grain yield was measured as a function of water management treatments. Stress development in given treatments was generally limited to one of three periods (planting-to-12-leaf, 12-leaf-to-blister-kernel, and blister-kernel-to-physiologic-maturity) during the growing season. Stress levels were defined as low (L), moderate (M) or severe (S) and were based on degree of soil water depletion and an allowable level of leaf xylem pressure depression in midafternoon. Yield vs seasonal ET exhibited linear relationships. Slope of an estimated upper bound function was 0.28 T/ha-cm of water use. Maximum seasonal grain yields were consistently produced with an L-L-L stress sequence allowing about 30–40% depletion of the root zone available water capacity (to 122 cm depth) between irrigations. A trickle irrigated treatment that maintained near zero soil water potential averaged about 4% more yield than the 30–40% depletion criteria, but this difference was not significant at P=0.05. Results, when normalized as relative yield (Y/Ym) vs relative seasonal evapotranspiration (ET/ETm), indicated an upper bound slope of 1.50% yield loss per 1% decline in seasonal ET from the ETm level. When stress was concentrated in the 12 leaf to blister kernel period, the yield reduction slope was 2.60%. Average observed Y/Ym ratios were 0.95 for M-L-L, 0.92 for S-L-L, 0.85 for L-M-L, 0.62 for L-S-L, 0.62 for L-S-L, 0.90 for L-L-M, and 0.69 L-L-S stress sequences. If water stress is limited to one growth period per season an upper bound yield attainment is likely if irrigations relieve stress before available root zone storage capacity is 90–95% depleted in the planting to 12 leaf period, 80–90% depleted in 12 leaf to blister kernel period or when a programmed depletion to 100% available water exhaustion near physiological maturity is achieved in the later grain fill period. Yield reduction of less than 5 % from potential levels appears likely in the climatic setting of this study when root zone available water depletions are limited to 60–70% in the early vegetative period (assumes near field capacity moisture at planting), 30–40% in the 12 leaf to blister kernel period, and 50–60% in the later grain fill period.
A Biological Interpretation of Transient Anomalous Subdiffusion. II. Reaction Kinetics

Reaction kinetics in a cell or cell membrane is modeled in terms of the first passage time for a random walker at a random initial position to reach an immobile target site in the presence of a hierarchy of nonreactive binding sites. Monte Carlo calculations are carried out for the triangular, square, and cubic lattices. The mean capture time is expressed as the product of three factors: the analytical expression of Montroll for the capture time in a system with a single target and no binding sites; an exact expression for the mean escape time from the set of lattice points; and a correction factor for the number of targets present. The correction factor, obtained from Monte Carlo calculations, is between one and two. Trapping may contribute significantly to noise in reaction rates. The statistical distribution of capture times is obtained from Monte Carlo calculations and shows a crossover from power-law to exponential behavior. The distribution is analyzed using probability generating functions; this analysis resolves the contributions of the different sources of randomness to the distribution of capture times. This analysis predicts the distribution function for a lattice with perfect mixing; deviations reflect imperfect mixing in an ordinary random walk.
A product theorem for ΩBΓG

Abstract This paper gives a product decomposition theorem for the space ΩBΓ G of loops on the classifying space of G-foliations. The proof is based on some observations about the interrelation of G with FГG, the homotopy fiber of the natural map v:BГ G →BG . Some applications and consequences of the main theorem are given. We make a conjecture, which is confirmed in low codimensions by our results, about the loop space ΩBГ q for the classifying space BГ q of smooth codimension-q foliations.
The Factor V Leiden and the G20210A Prothrombin Gene Mutations are Rare in Women with Fetal Death

Problem: To determine if there is an association between two commonly inherited thrombophilias, the factor V Leiden and the G20210A prothrombin mutations, and fetal death. Method of study: We used a case–control study design to compare the frequencies of these mutations in women with fetal death and controls. Fetal death was the intrauterine death of the conceptus ≥10 weeks gestation. Controls had one live birth, no miscarriages, and no fetal death. Results were compared using chi square analysis. Results: One hundred and seventy-five cases and controls were identified. There were 4.6% of cases and 3.8% of controls heterozygous for the factor V Leiden mutation (NS), and 1.3% of cases and 1.7% of controls heterozygous for the prothrombin mutation (NS). Conclusion: In our population, neither the factor V Leiden nor the G20210A prothrombin mutations are associated with fetal death. Further evidence is required before routine screening for these mutations can be recommended.
The dissociation of CO on modified Mo(110) surfaces

Abstract The kinetics of the dissociation of carbon monoxide on clean and modified molybdenum (110) surfaces has been investigated by means of isothermal and temperature-ramped photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS and XPS). In contrast to most previous studies both the activation energy E and the prefactor A were determined, in the expression for the rate constant k r = ν N m = A exp (− E/kT) , where ν is the rate of the reaction and N m is the amount of molecular adsorbate. Results were obtained on unmodified Mo and in the presence of C, O, S, or K. The results show that co-adsorbates strongly influence E and A , which vary from about 0.82 eV and 10 12 s −1 in the presence of sulfur to about 0.37 eV and 10 4 s −1 in the presence of carbon, but the effects on k r tend to compensate. Also, the reaction poisons itself since the combined effect of atomic (C + O) is to lower the rate constant. As expected, sulfur poisons the reaction. However, this is not because k r for dissociation is reduced but because the desorption probability of undissociated CO increases. Potassium increases the adsorption probability but is not a very effective promoter on Mo(110), probably because CO dissociation precedes desorption on this surface even in the absence of potassium. A phenomenological rate equation is introduced in order to account for the observed kinetics, including the compensation effect.
An Embodied Approach to Perception By What Units Are Visual Perceptions Scaled

When humans perceive the environment, angular units of visual information must be transformed into units appropriate for the specification of such parameters of surface layout as extent, size, and orientation. Our embodied approach to perception proposes that these scaling units derive from the body. For example, hand size is relevant for scaling the size of a strawberry, whereas an extent across a meadow is scaled by the amount of walking required to traverse it. In his article, Firestone (2013, this issue) argued that our approach is wrong; in fact, he argued that it must be wrong. This reply to Firestone’s critique is organized into three parts, which address the following questions: (a) What is the fundamental question motivating our approach? (b) How does our approach answer this question? (c) How can we address Firestone’s arguments against our approach? A point-by-point critique of Firestone’s arguments is presented. Three conclusions are drawn: (a) Most of Firestone’s arguments reflect a misunders...
Effects of posttrial electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation on avoidance learning in rats

Abstract Rats bearing electrodes implanted unilaterally in the mesencephalic reticular formation were given either electrical stimulation (90 sec of 6 sec on-3 sec off; 0.01 msec biphasic, 300 Hz) or sham stimulation each day for 25 days immediately after a single trial in an active avoidance task. Although both implanted groups learned more slowly than unoperated controls, the performance of stimulated animals was significantly better than that of the stimulated control animals. When stimulation was discontinued (trials 26–50) level of performance did not decrease. The performance of animals given sham stimulation on trials 1–25 improved significantly when they were subsequently given posttrial stimulation (trials 26–50). These findings confirm previous reports indicating that avoidance learning is facilitated by posttrial electrical stimulation of the MRF.
Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance study of codonanticodon interaction in 5-fluorouracil-substituted E. coli transfer RNAs

Codon-anticodon interaction was investigated in fully active 5-fluorouracil-substituted E. coli tRNAVal1 (anticodon FAC) by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Binding of the codon GpUpA results in the upfield shift of a 19F resonance at 3.9 ppm in the central region of the 19F NMR spectrum, whereas trinucleotides not complementary to the anticodon have no effect. The same 19F resonance shifts upfield upon formation of an anticodon-anticodon dimer between the 19F-labeled tRNA and E. coli tRNATyr2 (anticodon QUA). These results permit assignment of the peak at 3.9 ppm to the 5-fluorouracil at position 34 in the anticodon of fluorouracil-substituted tRNAVal1. The methionine codon ApUpG also causes a sequence-specific upfield shift of a peak in the central part of the 19F NMR spectrum of fluorinated E. coli tRNAMetm. However, ApUpG has no effect on the 19F spectrum of 19F-labeled E. coli tRNAMetf, indicating possible conformational differences between the anticodon loop of initiator and chain-elongating methionine tRNAs. 19F NMR experiments detect no binding of CpGpApA to the complementary FpFpCpG (replaces Tp psi pCpG) in the T-loop of 5-fluorouracil-substituted tRNAVal1, in the presence or absence of codon, suggesting that the tertiary interactions between the T- and D-loops are not disrupted by codon-anticodon interactions.
Surface enrichment in polymer blends — A neutron reflection test

Abstract In polymer melts of protonated and deuterated polystyrene (PS and d-PS) surface segregation of d-PS occurs at temperatures and compositions in the one phase region close to the coexistence curve for phase separation. Neutron reflection is capable of obtaining detailed information on surface segregation, as corroborated by a test on a polymer blend containing 10% volume fraction of d-PS where a thermal treatment caused a surface enrichment of d-PS up to 28%.
Finite-range integration procedure for stripping with CDCC wavefunctions

Abstract The Buttle-Goldfarb finite-range integration procedure is adapted for use with continuum discretized coupled channels (CDCC) wavefunctions. A simple modification of the previous zero-range CDCC stripping calculation is obtained. CDCC results are contrasted with those from the adiabatic procedure.
EL RIESGO DE LAS MERCADERÍAS EN LA COMPRAVENTA INTERNACIONAL EN LA CONVENCIÓN DE VIENA SOBRE COMPRAVENTA INTERNACIONAL DE MERCADERÍAS (CVCIM)

La Convencion de Viena sobre compraventa internacional regula el instituto del riesgo, vinculando su transmision al comprador con sucesos comerciales relevantes en los tipos contractuales mas frecuentes en el trafico. En la Convencion, la perdida o deterioro accidental de las mercaderias, posterior a la transmision del riesgo al comprador, no le libera de su obligacion de pagar el precio, ni menos aun le autoriza para invocar dicha perdida, o deterioro, como incumplimiento contractual, salvo que el mismo pruebe que su causa fue la conducta del vendedor. Mientras el riesgo no se transmita al comprador, el vendedor debe soportar la perdida o deterioro que experimenten las mercaderias, debiendo, igualmente, cumplir su obligacion de entrega; si no lo hace, hay incumplimiento contractual, con las consecuencias juridicas que este produce.
Integrating critical interface elements for intuitive single-display aviation control of UAVs

Although advancing levels of technology allow UAV operators to give increasingly complex commands with expanding temporal scope, it is unlikely that the need for immediate situation awareness and local, short-term flight adjustment will ever be completely superseded. Local awareness and control are particularly important when the operator uses the UAV to perform a search or inspection task. There are many different tasks which would be facilitated by search and inspection capabilities of a camera-equipped UAV. These tasks range from bridge inspection and news reporting to wilderness search and rescue. The system should be simple, inexpensive, and intuitive for non-pilots. An appropriately designed interface should (a) provide a context for interpreting video and (b) support UAV tasking and control, all within a single display screen. In this paper, we present and analyze an interface that attempts to accomplish this goal. The interface utilizes a georeferenced terrain map rendered from publicly available altitude data and terrain imagery to create a context in which the location of the UAV and the source of the video are communicated to the operator. Rotated and transformed imagery from the UAV provides a stable frame of reference for the operator and integrates cleanly into the terrain model. Simple icons overlaid onto the main display provide intuitive control and feedback when necessary but fade to a semi-transparent state when not in use to avoid distracting the operator's attention from the video signal. With various interface elements integrated into a single display, the interface runs nicely on a small, portable, inexpensive system with a single display screen and simple input device, but is powerful enough to allow a single operator to deploy, control, and recover a small UAV when coupled with appropriate autonomy. As we present elements of the interface design, we will identify concepts that can be leveraged into a large class of UAV applications.
Irreversible enzyme inhibitors. LXXXIII. Candidate active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase. VIII. Derivatives of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine. II†‡

2,4-Diamino-6-(p-aminophenethyl)pyrimidines with a 5-phenylbutyl (XIX) and 5-(p-chlorophenyl) (VIII) substituent were synthesized by condensation of the corresponding pyrimidine-6-carboxaldehydes (XVI, X) with the Wittig reagent derived from p-nitro-benzyl bromide, followed by catalytic hydrogenation. Selective bromoacetylation of VIII and XIX afforded the candidate active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase, namely, 6-(p-bromoacetamidophenethyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidine with a 5-(p-chlorophenyl)- (IV) and 5-phenylbutyl- (III) substituents. Although III and IV were excellent reversible inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase, neither showed any inactivation of the enzyme; in contrast, the corresponding 2-amino-6-(p-bromoacetamidophenethyl)-5-phenylbutyl-4-pyrimidinol (II) - which differs from III only in the 4-substituent (NH2 vs. OH) - was an excellent active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of dihydrofolic reductase, but II was a poor reversible inhibitor. Thus the conformations of II and III are most probably different when complexed to dihydrofolic reductase.
INTRAAMNIOTIC ADMINISTRATION OF NUTRIENTS

The effects of intraamniotic administration of nutrients on fetal metabolism was investigated.Four fetal lambs with carotid(CA), femoral artery(FA) and amniotic fluid(AF) catheters were used. 13 studies were performed 5-21days post-surgery,at 122-138days gestation.At study,20g of either glucose (n=6) or L-amino acids (n=7) were injected into the AF.Changes in fetal metabolism were followed for 4hrs.Fetal levels of the injected nutrient rose quickly: After glucose injection: CA O2 sat. decreased(−5.7±1.4%,p<0.02); lactate increased(+8.1±1.4mg/dl,p<0.01);and pH decreased(-0.04±0.01,p<0.02).These changes were maximal at 3hrs.Hgb showed a trend to increase and O2 content was stable. The CA-FA glucose concentration difference widened (from 0.7to2.7mg/dl, n=3,p<0.10), as glucose levels rose.After amino acid injection: urea increased(+3.6±0.6mg/dl,p<0.002);ammonia rose(+123±28ug/dl,p<0.05);O2 sat. decreased (-8.4±1.9%, p<0.005) ;O2 content decreased (-1.2±0.2ml/dl,p<0.01);pH fell (-0.05±0.01,p<0.005) and Hgb rose (1.0±0.3gm/dl, p<0.05).These changes plateaued by 3-4hrs.AF injection of nutrients had more noxious effects on the fetus than has been seen with intestinal supplementation.However,the quantity of nutrients administered via AF was greater,as was the change in fetal nutrient levels.
Aerosol Transport in the Southern Sierra Nevada.

Abstract Aerosol transport and meteorology were investigated during 10 days in August 1985, at three elevations in the southern Sierra. Ground weather station and pilot balloon data revealed the diurnal variation of the topographic winds to be remarkably similar from day to day unless disrupted by synoptic meteorological events. Vertical aerosol and meteorological profiles were collected up to 250 m above ground level at one of the study sites using tethered balloon systems. Afternoon aerosol concentrations and horizontal fluxes were significantly higher than those in the morning and evening. No vertical gradients in aerosol concentration were detected expect during the evening profiles for coarse aerosols.
Digits forward and digits backward as two separate tests: Normative data on 1567 school children

Abstract Although Wechsler's decision to combine the Digits Forward and Digits Backward sections of the Digit Span subtest of the WISC (and WISC‐R) was justifiable regarding their utilization in a general test of intelligence, such combination may deprive the examiner of important information that could have been derived from the separate data. Specifically, the Digits Backward operation usually requires the subject to form an internal visual engram from the auditorally presented numerical sequences and, in addition, to utilize both forward and backward visual scanning mechanisms. The Digits Forward section may be successfully accomplished without such operations, especially for the short numerical sequences. The Digits Backward section, then, can be a useful test of certain aspects of visual processing, and therefore of particular value in the diagnosis of children with neurologically based learning disabilities (who so often suffer with impairments in this area). Separate data for Digits Forward and Dig...