cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species composition and abundance of mammalian communities

Ecologists have long sought to understand the mechanisms underlying the assembly and structure of communities. Such understanding is relevant to both basic science and conservation-related issues. The macroecological approach to this problem involves asking scientific questions using a large number of communities in order to elucidate generalities in pattern and process. Such analyses are typically conducted using a substantial amount of data from a particular taxonomic group across a diversity of systems. Large community databases are available for a number of taxa, but no publicly available database exists for mammals. Given the logistical challenges of collecting such data de novo, compiling existing information from the literature provides the best avenue for acquiring the necessary data. Here, we provide a data set that includes species lists for 1000 mammal communities, excluding bats, with species-level abundances available for 940 of these communities. All communities found in the literature that included complete, site-specific sampling data, composed of species lists with or without associated abundances, were included in the data set. Most, but not all, sites are limited to species groups that are sampled using a single technique (e.g., small mammals sampled with Sherman traps). The data set consists of 7977 records from 1000 georeferenced sites encompassing a variety of habitats throughout the world, and it includes data on 660 mammal species with sizes ranging from 2 g to >500 kg. The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
Prediction of the structures of the plant-specific regions of vascular plant cellulose synthases and correlated functional analysis

Seed plants express cellulose synthase (CESA) protein isoforms with non-redundant functions, but how the isoforms function differently is unknown. Compared to bacterial cellulose synthases, CESAs have two insertions in the large cytosolic loop: the relatively well-conserved Plant Conserved Region (P-CR) and a Class Specific Region (CSR) that varies between CESAs. Absent any atomic structure of a plant CESA, we used ab initio protein structure prediction and molecular modeling to explore how these plant-specific regions may modulate CESA function. We modeled P-CR and CSR peptides from Arabidopsis thaliana CESAs representing the six clades of seed plant CESAs. As expected, the predicted wild type P-CR structures were similar. Modeling of the mutant P-CR of Atcesa8 R362K (fra6) suggested that changes in local structural stability and surface electrostatics may cause the mutant phenotype. Among CSRs within CESAs required for primary wall cellulose synthesis, the amino sequence and the modeled arrangement of helices was most similar in AtCESA1 and AtCESA3. Genetic complementation of known Arabidopsis mutants showed that the CSRs of AtCESA1 and AtCESA3 can function interchangeably in vivo. Analysis of protein surface electrostatics led to ideas about how the surface charges on CSRs may mediate protein–protein interactions. Refined modeling of the P-CR and CSR regions of GhCESA1 from cotton modified their tertiary structures, spatial relationships to the catalytic domain, and preliminary predictions about CESA oligomer formation. Cumulatively, the results provide structural clues about the function of plant-specific regions of CESA.
Spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 gene, SMN1. The severity of SMA is variable. The SMN2 gene produces a fraction of the SMN messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript produced by the SMN1 gene. There is an inverse correlation between SMN2 gene copy number and clinical severity. Clinical management focuses on multidisciplinary care. Preclinical models of SMA have led to an explosion of SMA clinical trials that hold great promise of effective therapy in the future.
Development and Evaluation of Prototype Transparent Electrodynamic Screen (EDS) Integrated Solar Collectors for Automated Dust Removal

The integration of transparent electro-dynamic screen (EDS) on the front surface of solar mirrors and glass cover plates of photovoltaic panels has a strong potential to significantly reduce the frequency of water-based cleaning needed to mitigate losses from dust depositions present in arid regions. The objective of our research was to develop and evaluate prototype transparent EDS-integrated mirrors and solar panels for their self-cleaning functions, with an aim to keep the collectors clean at a low cost without water or manual labor. This paper focuses on the design, fabrication, and laboratory evaluation of a prototype EDS integrated second surface mirrors and solar panels. The EDS consists of a set of parallel transparent electrodes screen-printed on the optical surface and embedded in a thin transparent dielectric film. By applying three-phase, low current, low frequency high voltage-pulses to the electrodes, electro-dynamic repulsion forces and a traveling wave are created for removing dust particles from the surface of the collectors. Design and construction of an environmental test chamber to simulate different atmospheric conditions of semi-arid and arid areas with respect to temperature, RH, and dust deposition conditions are briefly described. A non-contact specular reflectometer was designed, constructed and calibrated for measuring specular reflection efficiency of the mirrors. Laboratory evaluation of the performance of the EDS-integrated collectors was completed using humidity controlled environment test chamber where the prototype mirrors and panels were examined for their self-cleaning action. In each experiment, the solar collectors were loaded with dust until the specular reflectance of the test mirror or the short circuit current of the panel showed a significant decrease. The EDS was then operated for one minute and the relative output was recorded. The results show that the specular reflectivity of EDS mirrors and the short circuit current of the EDS panels can be restored by more than 90% of the values measured under the clean conditions.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Decision Accuracy in Computer-Mediated versus Face-to-Face Decision-Making Teams

Changes in the way organizations are structured and advances in communication technologies are two factors that have altered the conditions under which group decisions are made. Decisions are increasingly made by teams that have a hierarchical structure and whose members have different areas of expertise. In addition, many decisions are no longer made via strictly face-to-face interaction. The present study examines the effects of two modes of communication (face-to-face or computer-mediated) on the accuracy of teams' decisions. The teams are characterized by a hierarchical structure and their members differ in expertise consistent with the framework outlined in the Multilevel Theory of team decision making presented by Hollenbeck, Ilgen, Sego, Hedlund, Major, and Phillips (1995). Sixty-four four-person teams worked for 3 h on a computer simulation interacting either face-to-face (FtF) or over a computer network. The communication mode had mixed effects on team processes in that members of FtF teams were better informed and made recommendations that were more predictive of the correct team decision, but leaders of CM teams were better able to differentiate staff members on the quality of their decisions. Controlling for the negative impact of FtF communication on staff member differentiation increased the beneficial effect of the FtF mode on overall decision making accuracy.
Effect of fetal growth restriction on ultrasonographically measured cardiac size

The effect of fetal growth restriction on cardiac size is controversial. It has not been established whether cardiac size of small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses is smaller or larger than appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses. Such controversy may stem from heterogeneity in study population in previous reports. Both fetal hypoxemia and increased impedance to flow in fetoplacental vessels, two findings often encountered in severe fetal growth restriction, may lead to cardiomegaly. Therefore we have measured cardiac dimensions and cardiothoracic indices in a homogeneous group of SGA fetuses without ultrasonographic or Doppler evidence of fetal distress or increased umbilical artery flow impedance (n=10). This group was compared with AGA fetuses matched for sex and estimated fetal weight (n=20). No differences were observed between the two groups in cardiac and chest measurements and indices. Heart circumference and area significantly correlated with fetal weight, both among AGA (r=0.88 for both; P<0.0001), as well as SGA fetuses (r=0.89 and 0.88, respectively; P=0.0006 and 0.0008).
SIMULATIONS OF THE SOLVENT STRUCTURE FOR MACROMOLECULES: SOLVATION MODEL FOR B‐DNA AND Na+‐B‐DNA DOUBLE HELIX AT 300°K

The structure of water and the energy of its interaction with a fragment of B-DNA composed of 12 based-pairs and with the corresponding sugar and phosphate units and Na+ ions (at each phosphate group) are analyzed using Monte Carlo stimulations. The sample of water molecules, at the stimulated temperature of 300 degrees K, is composed of 447 water molecules. The results are discussed either in terms of a statistical analysis over the two million stimulated conformations (after equilibration) or with reference to an "average configuration." A comparison is made with a simulation previously presented for the same system but without counterions. Isotherms at different relative humidity, hydration, and tentative reactivity scales for different sites; the hydration number at each site; and the structure of interphosphate and intraphosphate hydrogen bonded filaments of water are reported and discussed. The stabilization of the B-conformation induced by the solvent with counterion ("ion-induced compression effect") is analyzed on the basis of the above findings. The analysis presented is very detailed to allow refined interpretations of spectroscopic (infrared, Rahman, and nmr) and scattering (x-rays and neutron beams) data on DNA in solution.
Some remarks on the mathematical biophysics of organic assymetry

Das Vorhandensein bilateraler Asymmetrie bei Organismen ist an und fur sich biophysikalisch verstandlich. Schwierigkeiten entstehen jedoch beim Versuch die auffallende Ungleichheit in den Haufigkeiten des Vorkommens von Rechts- und Linksasymmetrie biophysikalisch zu deuten. Es werden zwei Moglichkeiten fur solch'eine Deutung besprochen. Die eine stutzt sich auf die fundamentale Asymmetrie des elektromagnetischen Feldes, und wird als biologisch weniger geeignet angesehen. Die andere, welche dem Verfasser als wahrscheinlicher erscheint, beruht auf der Asymmetrie der organischen Molekule.
Histone H2B Deacetylation at Lysine 11 Is Required for Yeast Apoptosis Induced by Phosphorylation of H2B at Serine 10

Chromatin alterations, induced by covalent histone modifications, mediate a wide range of DNA-templated processes, including apoptosis. Apoptotic chromatin condensation has been causally linked to the phosphorylation of histone H2B (serine 14 in human; serine 10 in yeast, H2BS10ph) in human and yeast cells. Here, we extend these studies by demonstrating a unidirectional, crosstalk pathway between H2BS10 phosphorylation and lysine 11 acetylation (H2BK11ac) in yeast. We demonstrate that the H2BK11 acetyl mark, which exists in growing yeast, is removed upon H(2)O(2) treatment but before H2BS10ph occurs, in a unidirectional fashion. H2B K11Q mutants are resistant to cell death elicited by H(2)O(2), while H2B K11R mutants that mimic deacetylation promote cell death. Our results suggest that Hos3 HDAC deacetylates H2BK11ac, which in turn mediates H2BS10ph by Ste20 kinase. Together, these studies underscore a concerted series of enzyme reactions governing histone modifications that promote a switch from cell proliferation to cell death.
On the heat flux vector for flowing granular materials—Part I: effective thermal conductivity and background

Heat transfer plays a major role in the processing of many particulate materials. The heat flux vector is commonly modelled by the Fourier's law of heat conduction and for complex materials such as non-linear fluids, porous media, or granular materials, the coefficient of thermal conductivity is generalized by assuming that it would depend on a host of material and kinematical parameters such as temperature, shear rate, porosity or concentration, etc. In Part I, we will give a brief review of the basic equations of thermodynamics and heat transfer to indicate the importance of the modelling of the heat flux vector. We will also discuss the concept of effective thermal conductivity (ETC) in granular and porous media. In Part II, we propose and subsequently derive a properly frame-invariant constitutive relationship for the heat flux vector for a (single phase) flowing granular medium. Standard methods in continuum mechanics such as representation theorems and homogenization techniques are used. It is shown that the heat flux vector in addition to being proportional to the temperature gradient (the Fourier's law), could also depend on the gradient of density (or volume fraction), and D (the symmetric part of the velocity gradient) in an appropriate manner. The emphasis in this paper is on the idea that for complex non-linear materials it is the heat flux vector which should be studied; obtaining or proposing generalized form of the thermal conductivity is not always appropriate or sufficient. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of a clinical value for the repair half-time (T1/2) of the trigeminal nerve based on outcome data from gamma knife radiosurgery for facial pain.

Abstract Stieber, V. W., Robbins, M., Balamucki, C., DeGuzman, A., Tatter, S. B., Ekstrand, K. E., McMullen, K. P., Branch, C., Shaw, E. G., Bourland, J. D., Lovato, J., Munley, M. T. and Ellis, T. L. Determination of a Clinical Value for the Repair Half-Time (T1/2) of the Trigeminal Nerve Based on Outcome Data from Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Facial Pain. Radiat. Res. 168, 143–148 (2007). Stereotactic radiosurgery (GKRS) using the Leksell Gamma Knife is a treatment option for patients with trigeminal pain. We analyzed a database of 326 GKRS procedures performed over 4.6 years at three discrete dose levels commonly described in the published literature. Logistic regression was used to model the logit of response as a function of treatment time. The resulting coefficient was converted to an estimated probability of response for the shortest and longest treatment times in clinical practice. The two estimated probabilities were then compared to yield the estimated difference in the biologically effective do...
Compromised white matter tract integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging.

Background Current investigations suggest that brain white matter may be qualitatively altered in schizophrenia even in the face of normal white matter volume. Diffusion tensor imaging provides a new approach for quantifying the directional coherence and possibly connectivity of white matter fibers in vivo. Methods Ten men who were veterans of the US Armed Forces and met the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and 10 healthy, age-matched control men were scanned using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance structural imaging. Results Relative to controls, the patients with schizophrenia exhibited lower anisotropy in white matter, despite absence of a white matter volume deficit. In contrast to the white matter pattern, gray matter anisotropy did not distinguish the groups, even though the patients with schizophrenia had a significant gray matter volume deficit. The abnormal white matter anisotropy in patients with schizophrenia was present in both hemispheres and was widespread, extending from the frontal to occipital brain regions. Conclusions Despite the small sample size, diffusion tensor imaging was powerful enough to yield significant group differences, indicating widespread alteration in brain white matter integrity but not necessarily white matter volume in schizophrenia.
Side effects in melanoma patients receiving adjuvant interferon alfa-2b therapy: a nurse’s perspective

The aim of this review was to examine the toxicity profile of adjuvant interferon (IFN) alfa-2b in melanoma patients from a nursing perspective and to summarize practical information to guide the effective management of common IFN toxicities to improve patient comfort. This is a narrative summary of both research and review articles identified by searching PubMed, National Cancer Institute, and American Cancer Society websites. It also assesses recognized guidelines on the management of adjuvant IFN toxicity relevant to nurses who are caring for patients receiving adjuvant IFN therapy. Adjuvant high-dose IFN alfa-2b (HDI) as compared with observation significantly prolongs relapse-free survival in patients with melanoma at high risk for recurrence after surgical resection; however, treatment compliance and patient quality of life can be compromised by its toxicity profile. HDI toxicities affect a number of organ systems and the majority of patients will experience some side effects. Common toxicities such as flu-like symptoms, fatigue, anorexia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities are discussed, along with both pharmacological and nonpharmacological management strategies. The considerable side effects of HDI can be managed using established strategies. Oncology nurses play a significant role in the management of patients with melanoma receiving adjuvant HDI, and their prompt recognition of side effects, together with an understanding of effective pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions, will improve patient comfort; this has the potential to positively influence treatment adherence and completion of the recommended treatment course.
Suppression of Maternal Lymphocyte Mitogenic Responses by Supernatants From Short‐Term Placental Cell Cultures

: Human placental cells were freed from lymphocyte contamination on discontinuous BSA gradients. Supernatants from short-term cultures of these purified placental cell suspensions were predominantly suppressive for maternal lymphocyte blast transformation to phytohemagglutinin and in the mixed lymphocyte culture. The suppressor factor was nondialyzable and did not contain IgG or human chorionic gonadotropin.
A comparison of liquid and gas phase surface preparation of III-V compound semiconductors for atomic layer deposition

Native oxide removal and surface termination of InAs(100) and InSb(100) using liquid and gas phase HF chemistries were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Aqueous HF etching removed the native oxides on InAs and produced elemental As, which reoxidized when exposed to air. On InSb the native oxides were not completely removed due to F-termination, which passivated the surface. Gas phase HF etching of InSb native oxide completely removed Sb"2O"5 producing a stoichiometric semiconductor surface terminated by F atoms on primarily In surface sites. On InAs gas phase HF completely removed As"2O"3 producing two surface stoichiometries. For the majority of HF to water molar ratios studied, a stoichiometric bulk metal and an As-rich overlayer were produced. For a lean HF composition, an As-rich bulk metal and In-rich overlayer were produced. Deposition of Al"2O"3 by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 170^oC directly onto F-terminated InSb produced a chemically sharp Al"2O"3/InSb interface. ALD of Al"2O"3 on an In-rich overlayer on InAs resulted in an interfacial layer containing As-oxide.
Amorphization and crystallization in Al–Ni–La during mechanical milling

Abstract The phase transformation reactions that occur in Al 85 Ni 10 La 5 alloy during mechanical milling were studied by using fully and partially amorphous ribbons (comprised of fcc-Al, Al 3 Ni, Al 11 La 3 and amorphous phases) as starting materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study showed that the Al 3 Ni phase crystallized, whereas the Al 11 La 3 phase amorphized during mechanical milling. The results reported herein indicated that, irrespective of the phase constitution of the starting materials, the microstructure that evolved following mechanical milling was comprised of the same phases; namely: fcc-Al, Al 3 Ni and amorphous phases. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that the difference in the structural stability of the Al 3 Ni and Al 11 La 3 phases are related to the chemical short-range order of the solute atoms in the amorphous phase. The results described in this paper provide an alternative approach to study glass forming ability during mechanical milling.
Pyrophosphate as a selective inhibitor of macromolecule synthesis in normal and leukemic leukocytes

Abstract Pyrophosphate (PPi) was shown to inhibit RNA, DNA and protein synthesis of intact human leukocytes and HeLa cells and to inhibit such enzymes as DNA polymerase and amino acyl synthetase. The results with intact leukocytes and the demonstration in inhibition of bacterial growth suggest that PPi is readily transported into the cell and is not efficiently degraded by pyrophosphatase. A possible regulatory role for PPi is suggested.
Photochemical control of bacterial signal processing using a light-activated erythromycin.

Bacterial cells control resistance to the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin using the MphR(A) repressor protein. Erythromycin binds to MphR(A), causing release of the PmphR promoter, activating expression of the 2′-phosphotransferase Mph(A). We engineered the MphR(A)/promoter system to, in conjunction with a light-activatable derivative of erythromycin, enable photochemical activation of gene expression in E. coli. We applied this photochemical gene switch to the construction of a light-triggered logic gate, a light-controlled band-pass filter, as well as spatial and temporal control of gene expression.
Improvement in Academic Screening Instruments? A Concurrent Validity Investigation of the K-FAST, MBA, and WRAT-3

The present study examined the extent to which the scores from the K-FAST, MBA, and WRAT-3 are comparable in degree of correlation and mean scores in a sample of university students (N = 62). Results generally provided concurrent validity evidence for the three academic screening tests, although several significant differences were found between measures. An examination of test intercorrelations and test content revealed that the reading and writing domains are not assessed similarly across batteries. The intercorrelations between reading scores were relatively low, ranging from .31 (K-FAST and WRAT-3) to .48 (MBA and WRAT-3). The MBA provides the broadest assessment of reading (word recognition, word comprehension, passage comprehension), followed by the K-FAST. The WRAT-3 Reading test assesses mainly word recognition, as demonstrated by a .68 correlation with the MBA Identification test. The MBA also provides the broadest assessment of writing (punctuation, capitalization, spelling, word usage), followe...
Self-Assembly of Aromatic-Functionalized Amphiphiles: The Role and Consequences of Aromatic−Aromatic Noncovalent Interactions in Building Supramolecular Aggregates and Novel Assemblies

This feature article presents an overview of a study of several different aromatic-functionalized amphiphilesfatty acid and phospholipid derivatives. These amphiphiles form organized assemblies when the fatty acids are spread as monolayers at the air−water interface or when the phospholipids are dispersed in aqueous solutions. For a wide range of aromatic chromophorestrans-stilbene derivatives and a series of “vinylogues” (1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene), diphenylacetylenes, and azobenzenes such as phenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl derivatives and modified stilbenes (styryl thiophenes and styryl naphthalenes)assembly formation is accompanied by formation of aggregates of the aromatic groups. Results of experimental studies and simulations indicate that in many cases the aromatics form a small, stable “unit aggregate” characterized by strong “noncovalent” edge-to-face interactions among adjacent aromatics. Although the unit aggregates exhibit characteristic spectral shifts and s...
Research on Computer Programming as a Cognitive Activity: implications for the study of classroom teaching

Abstract Over the past decade, researchers have begun to study classroom teaching in terms of the knowledge structures and cognitive processes that teachers use to design instruction. In the process, researchers have borrowed many theoretical principles from cognitive research across a wide range of content domains, including computer programming. Although research on computer programming has proven to be a rich source of cognitive theory, many of its implications have yet to be exploited vis‐a‐vis the study of classroom teaching. The purpose of this paper is to review cognitive research on computer programming selectively, and to suggest how it could be used to open new avenues of research in the fields of teacher education and instructional supervision.
A theory of the value of children

This paper uses a non-standard value assumption--uncertainty reduction--to explain parenthood. We begin by reviewing the inadequacies of normative and standard rational choice explanations of shifts in fertility behavior. Then we propose a theory of the value of children based on the uncertainty-reduction assumption. Next we generate a range of hypotheses that follow both from this assumption and from a subsidiary assumption of marital solidarity enhancement. Finally, we explore the extent to which implications based on these new ideas are supported by the relevant empirical literature.
Necroptosis as an alternative form of programmed cell death

The family of death receptors plays a critical role in regulating cell number and eliminating harmful or virally infected cells. Agonistic stimulation of death receptors is known to lead two alternative cell fates by either activating NF-κB to promote cell survival or inducing apoptosis to lead to cell death; and now a third pathway, termed necroptosis or programmed necrosis has been identified. Interestingly, a death-domain containing kinase, RIP1, is involved in mediating all three pathways, with its kinase activity specifically involved in regulating necroptosis. The availability of necrostatin-1, a specific inhibitor of RIP1 kinase, made it possible to dissect the distinct functional domains of RIP1. Recent genome-wide siRNA screens have identified multiple players of necroptosis that may interact with and/or regulate RIP1 kinase and mediate the signaling pathway and execution of necroptosis. Necroptosis and necrostatins provide an exciting new opportunity for developing new treatments for multiple human diseases involving necrosis and inflammation.
A dermatologist's perspective on the final sunscreen monograph

The final sunscreen monograph, released on May 21, 1999, defined the upper limit for sun protection factor rating to 30+, revised the list of accepted active agents allowed in sunscreens, and changed the permissible wording of product labeling. These changes are important to the dermatologist who uses sunscreens as part of skin cancer prevention.
Changing Computer Skills of Incoming Undergraduate Business Majors

The research assesses the changing computer skills of incoming business students at the undergraduate level between the years 1990 and 1996. It was found that significant improvements have taken place in almost all areas of computing skills over a six-year time period. These skills pertain to word processing, database, and spreadsheets as well as computer hardware basics. There is one area where students' knowledge has reduced over time. This area is computer programming. More and more students are learning these skills at an early age and more of them have access to personal computers. A vast majority of students are familiar with current computing topics such as Internet and multi-media. The research revealed that Hispanics and Black students are somewhat disadvantaged as to their access to personal computers when compared with whites and Asian Americans. However, the study did not determine if computing skills are affected by the racial background of students. The present study has some significant imp...
The development and implementation of quality assurance programs to support nutritional measurements

The National Institute of Standards and Technology administers quality assurance programs devoted to improving measurements of nutrients and related metabolites in foods, dietary supplements, and serum and plasma samples. These programs have been developed in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health to assist measurement communities in their efforts to achieve accurate results that are comparable among different laboratories and over time. Targeted analytes include micronutrients, botanical markers, nutritional elements, contaminants, fatty acids, and vitamin D metabolites.
Proximate ray tracing and wave aberration coefficients

Algebraic ray-trace equations for axially symmetric optical systems are expanded in terms of system parameters and paraxial variables. The transfer parameter used is optical path, and equations are given for second-, fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-order differences in optical path of a ray from the axial value. Selected rays are traced to a tilted reference sphere in the exit pupil, optical path differences of given order are equated to the wave aberration polynomial of corresponding order and with proper coordinates, and the resulting linear equations are solved for wave aberration coefficients.
Novel coordination of dicyanamide, [N(CN)2]−: preferential binding of the amide nitrogen

CoII[N(CN)2]2(H2BiIm)2, 1, and {CoII[N(CN)2](H2BiIm)2}Cl, 2 (H2BiIm = 2,2′-biimidazole) have been structurally, spectroscopically, and magnetically characterized with both containing dicyanamides bound in unprecedented manners; namely, solely via the amide nitrogen for 1, and via an imide N forming 1-D helical chains for 2.
Physical modulation of intracellular signaling processes by locational regulation

Recent observations in the field of signal transduction suggest that where a protein is located within a cell can be as important as its activity measured in solution for activation of its downstream pathway. The physical organization of the cell can provide an additional layer of control upon the chemical reaction networks that govern ultimately perceived signals. Using the cytosol and plasma membrane as relevant compartmental distinctions, we analyze the effect of relocation on the rate of association with a membrane-associated target. We quantify this effect as an enhancement factor E in terms of measurable parameters such as the number of available targets, molecular diffusivities, and intrinsic reaction rate constants. We then employ two simple yet relevant example models to illustrate how relocation can affect the dynamics of signal transduction pathways. The temporal profiles and phase behavior of these models are investigated. We also relate experimentally observable aspects of signal transduction such as peak activation and the relative time scales of stimulus and response to quantitative aspects of the relocation mechanisms in our models. In our example schemes, nearly complete relocation of the cytosolic species in the signaling pair is required to generate meaningful activation of the model pathways when the association rate enhancement factor E is as low as 10; when E is 100 or greater, only a small fraction of the protein must be relocated.
GAL1-SceI directed site-specific genomic (gsSSG) mutagenesis: a method for precisely targeting point mutations in S. cerevisiae

Background Precise targeted mutations are defined as targeted mutations that do not require the retention of other genetic changes, such as marker genes, near the mutation site. In the yeast, S. cerevisiae, there are several methods for introducing precise targeted mutations, all of which depend on inserting both a counter-selectable marker and DNA bearing the mutation. For example, the marker can first be inserted, and then replaced with either a long oligonucleotide carrying the mutation (delitto perfetto) or a PCR fragment synthesized with one primer containing the mutation (SSG mutagenesis).
Learning from Taiwan: Experience with Universal Health Insurance

In this issue, Wen and colleagues analyze trends in life expectancy in Taiwan before and after the introduction of national health insurance. Their results suggest a substantial payoff for investin...
Effect of furan derivatives on the anodic dissolution of Fe

Abstract Electrochemical aspects of Fe dissolution and corrosion inhibition have been investigated by steady state polarization and differential capacitance measurements. The inhibitors (furfuryl amine, furoic acid, tetrahydrofurfuryl amine and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol) brought about marked changes in the Tafel parameters of the dissolution reaction of Fe. The inhibition efficiency of these compounds was found to be explainable on the basis of structure-dependent electron donor properties. Significance of their protective action has been analyzed in terms of their influence on corrosion potential, corrosion current, cathodic partial process and anodic partial process. The particular problem of inhibitor participation in the anodic partial process has been examined.
Electrohydrodynamic cone-jet bridges: Stability diagram and operating modes

Abstract An electrohydrodynamic cone-jet bridge is formed when two opposing Taylor cones are bridged by a liquid jet. We used high-speed video imaging to systematically investigate the operating regimes of the cone-jet bridge established between a nozzle and a liquid pool that were closely separated. There was a stability island for the cone-jet bridge in the voltage-flow rate operating diagram, and the stable bridge could only be formed above a minimum flow rate and at an intermediate range of voltages. In the vicinity of the stability island, the cone-jet bridge broke up via a thinning or beading mode.
UV–Vis absorption study of some tetragonal chromium (III) complexes

Abstract A UV–Vis absorption study was performed in order to elucidate the electronic energy levels of three tetragonal chromium (III) complexes, namely trans -[Cr(en) 2 (CN) 2 ]ClO 4 , trans -[Cr(cyclam)(CN) 2 ]ClO 4 , and trans -[Cr(NH 3 ) 4 (CN) 2 ]ClO 4 . The absorption spectra of the preceding complexes have been analyzed via Gaussian analysis to locate the quartet band maxima of the tetragonal components. The deconvoluted band maxima were then fitted with the tetragonal energy matrices of d 3 configuration with full configuration interaction, neglecting spin–orbit interaction. The ligand field parameters D q , D t , and D s along with the electron correlation parameters have been extracted via the fitting procedure. The significance of these parameters and the translated angular overlap model parameters has been discussed. We have also uncovered in the spectrum of the ethylenediamine complex the low intensity doublet absorption bands and a high intensity charge transfer band which have been tentatively assigned.
Experience with a space efficient way to store a dictionary

The paper, “Computer Programs for Detecting and Correcting Spelling Errors” by James L. Peterson [3], listed methods for checking and correcting spelling errors. One significant method, however, was not included: a probabilistic technique suggested by Carter, Floyd, Gill, Markovsky, and Wegman [1]. The present note discusses aspects of these practical space efficient algorithms for testing set membership—a simple abstraction of looking a word up in a dictionary. An implementation of one of these algorithms uses only 20 percent of the space used by the Stanford SPELL program described by Peterson.
Quantitative Inference in a Mechanical Design Compiler

This paper presents the ideas underlying a program that takes as input a schematic of a mechanical or hydraulic power transmission system, plus specifications and a utility function, and returns catalog numbers from predefined catalogs for the optimal selection of components implementing the design. It thus provides the designer with a high level ``language'''' in which to compose new designs, then performs some of the detailed design process for him. The program is based on a formalization of quantitative inferences about hierarchically organized sets of artifacts and operating conditions, which allows design compilation without the exhaustive enumeration of alternatives.
INTERACTION OF β3 INTEGRIN-DERIVED PEPTIDES 214–218 AND 217–231 WITH αIIbβ3 COMPLEX AND WITH FIBRINOGEN Aα-CHAIN

Abstract β 3 integrin-derived peptides 214–218 and 217–231 have been shown previously to inhibit platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding to platelets and to purified receptor. In this paper we study the activity of both peptides in inhibition of binding of biotinylated fibrinogen to activated platelets and to immobilized α IIb β 3 receptor. We found that the mechanism of this inhibition by both peptides is different. 125 I-labeled 214–218 peptide binds to α IIb β 3 but in contrast, 125 I-labeled 217–231 peptide binds to the Aα-chain of native and γ′ fibrinogen, as judged by the cross-linking study. In solid phase assay both purified α IIb β 3 and 217–231 peptide bound extensively to native and recombinant fibrinogen, and to fibrinogen with either D574E or D97E mutations in the Aα-chain. Binding of purified α IIb β 3 to γ′ fibrinogen was markedly impaired whereas binding of 217–231 was only slightly impaired in comparison with native fibrinogen. Binding of 217–231 to fibrinogen fragment X was also reduced suggesting that sequences other than RGDS and RGDF may represent binding sites for this peptide. We hypothesize that the close vicinity of fibrinogen binding site (217–231) and of the site participating in conformational changes of the α IIb β 3 receptor (214–218) may facilitate fibrinogen interaction with its receptor. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Changes in prometaphase chromosome motion are dependent on experimentally induced changes in kinetochore structure.

Prometaphase PtK1 cells are treated with low concentrations of sucrose in order to analyze its effects on kinetochore structure, microtubule (MT) associations with the developing kinetochore and chromosome congression. Prometaphase cells treated with 0.15M sucrose slows chromosome congression, yet chromosomes form a metaphase configuration. However, 0.2M sucrose treatment prevents chromosome congression and affects some of the kinetochore MT linkages with the kinetochore, resulting in loss of chromosome congression. We use time lapse video microscopy and ultrastructural analysis to correlate changes in the linkages in the kinetochore MTs and the kinetochore to explain these findings. It appears hyperosmotic shock treatment can produce non-functional linkages between kinetochore MTs and kinetochores such that chromosome congression is affected. When non-functional linkages are formed, the presence of both a corona and matrix-like material is also present, proximal to the kinetochore. The role of this material and its organization at the klnetochore is discussed in its relation to generating mitotic forces.
An investigation of publications in accounting journals 1970–1982

Abstract This investigation, which relates to publications in 19 accounting journals during a period from 1970 through 1982, provides information to help readers gain a clearer perspective of the publication environment in accounting. First, it presents the responses from the editors of the 19 journals to a questionnaire regarding circulation, average number of manuscripts submitted per year, acceptance rates, desired mix of authors, normal notification period, and the frequency with which revisions are requested. Second, main section articles from the 19 journals are categorized as written by either practitioners, academicians, or practitioners and academicians together. Journals are classified as either “practitioner” or “academic.” The effects of a change in editor are considered. Several of the conclusions are as follows: (1) composition of some of the journals in relation to the three categories and the number of articles published annually changed over the 13-year period considered; (2) the number of articles published in practitioner journals far exceeded those in academic journals, and (3) a change in editor had a significant effect for several journals.
Newly identified organic anion-binding proteins in rat liver cytosol

Abstract Previously, all organic anion binding activity in the Y protein (ligandin-containing) fraction of rat liver cytosol has been attributed to the glutathione S -transferases. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine has resolved the Y protein fraction into organic anion-binding fractions of two distinct molecular weights: (a) M r 45 000 containing the glutathione S -transferases, and (b) M r 35 000 referred to as Y′. Two proteins (D v and D 1 ) were purified from the Y′ fraction. D v is a basic protein consisting of four subunits of M r 8000–9000 and selectively binds 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate and sulfobromophthalein. D 1 is a monomer ( M r 40 000) which exhibits high affinity binding for Rose Bengal. D v protein bound a broad spectrum of organic anions. Antibody raised in rabbits to rat D v showed no cross-reactivity with purified glutathione S -transferases A, B, or C. Thus, we have identified organic anion-binding proteins which are unrelated to the glutathione S -transferases, but which were previously associated with the crude Y-fraction. The relative abundance of these proteins and their binding characteristics suggest their role in hepatic organic anion transport.
Postural stability, tardive dyskinesia and developmental disability

The postural stability of four adult populations was examined through force platform methods. The four groups were classified as: (1) developmentally disabled (severely and profoundly mentally retarded) with tardive dyskinesia; (2) developmentally disabled but with no history of neuroleptic medication; (3) tardive dyskinetic but of normal intelligence; and (4) a normal and healthy control group. Postural conditions included standing still with arms at side, standing still with one arm or both arms parallel to the ground, and standing still while swinging both arms in the sagittal plane. The findings showed that both tardive dyskinetic and/or developmentally disabled groups exhibited greater sway and variability in centre of pressure motion in contrast to the control group. The developmentally disabled with tardive dyskinesia group also exhibited a strong tendency to produce a different form to the postural sway strategy in that they produced rhythmical centre of pressure motions during stance that were, to some degree, task dependent. The findings show that the combined effects of developmental disability and tardive dyskinesia produce qualitatively and quantitatively different features in postural stability patterns. The data suggest that postural stability measures may be a useful index to assess tardive dyskinesia.
Treatment of early trauma and dissociation in eating disorders of late onset

A subgroup of older patients with a strikingly consistent pattern of symptoms and historical detail is presented with an outline for treatment. Deviation from standard approaches to treatment for eating disorders is discussed as a consequence of managing not only severe eating disorder symptoms, but also severe dissociative and personality disorders. Based on the work of Putnam (1989) and case material, an outline of treatment is presented that includes: (1) diagnosis, (2) history and alter identification, (3) initial stabilization, (4) acceptance of diagnosis, (5) communication between alters, (6) metabolism of trauma, and (7) integration. The integration of cognitive-behavioural, psychodynamic, and feminist-relational techniques is discussed as a way to help these patients overcome both eating and dissociative disorder symptoms. Though treatment of this subgroup is considerably longer and more intensive than standard approaches (e.g. twice weekly for several years), case studies reveal that prognosis is generally good if patients remain in treatment. Other indicators of good prognosis include the patient's ability to remain or return to premorbid levels of employment.
Patterns of Asthma Death and Near-Death in an Inner-City Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Although the pathophysiology of asthma is increasingly understood, asthma deaths continue to increase, especially among non-Caucasians in inner-city urban areas including East Harlem, which has the highest mortality rate in the United States. The cause for this increase is uncertain, but several factors, including poor access to appropriate medical management, the overuse of beta agonists, environmental precipitants, or more severe disease, have been proposed as contributing factors. The Mount Sinai Hospital is a 1300-bed, tertiary care university hospital located at the juncture of East Harlem, an inner-city, predominantly Hispanic and African-American neighborhood, and Carnegie Hill, an affluent, predominantly Caucasian residential area. We examined asthma deaths (13) and near-deaths (20) at the Mount Sinai Hospital from 1986 to 1992 to determine risk factors and compared them to an age- and demographically matched control group. All of the information was based on retrospective patient chart reviews, and the parameters considered included ethnicity, insurance status, poverty level, and medications including the use of beta agonists. All of the asthma deaths and near-deaths except 1 occurred in low-income African-American and Hispanic patients (x = 16.9) However, steroid and beta-agonist usage were comparable in the adverse outcome group compared to the control group. Our results confirm that adverse outcome asthma in East Harlem occurred predominantly among non-Caucasians of low socioeconomic status. We conclude that ethnicity and socioeconomic status play an important role in asthma death and near-death at our institution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Health inequality and governance in Scotland since 2007.

politicians ignore at their peril. While the SNP have skilfully tapped into this mindset to advance their cause for independence, it may prove to be no more than tactical manoeuvring rather than a genuine attempt to chart a quite different and distinctive destiny for a population of around 5 million people. In a global economy, no country is an island and to keep at bay the rapacious transnational conglomerates, including the big consultancies and ‘advisers’ that are busy hollowing out the public realm in England, demands both eternal vigilance and political courage of a kind that will tax the most socially enlightened politician. This is perhaps the true nature of the experiment underway in Scotland, namely, the attempt to break with the Anglo-Saxon tradition and to replace it with an ethos marked by collectivism, reciprocity and a commitment to public services. As Fox concludes, to succeed may well require taking account of Scotland’s unique culture, history and politics. But, against this context, as Fox points out, reducing health inequalitywhile at the same time increasing economic growth is perhaps the greatest challenge and one for which we
HYPERNEPHROMA IN A HORSESHOE KIDNEY

Horseshoe kidney is not a rare anomaly. It was found once in every 142 operations on the kidneys at the Mayo Clinic±, while Carlier and Gerard², in the extensive compilation of statistics from the literature of the world, collected 81 cases in approximately 69,000 autopsies, an incidence of one in 858. However, as far as we were able to ascertain, the case here presented is the first reported case of a hypernephroma occurring in such a kidney. The case, aside from being unique, has several other unusual features, both from the clinical and pathological aspects.