cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IconIntent: automatic identification of sensitive UI widgets based on icon classification for Android apps

Many mobile applications (i.e., apps) include UI widgets to use or collect users' sensitive data. Thus, to identify suspicious sensitive data usage such as UI-permission mismatch, it is crucial to understand the intentions of UI widgets. However, many UI widgets leverage icons of specific shapes (object icons) and icons embedded with text (text icons) to express their intentions, posing challenges for existing detection techniques that analyze only textual data to identify sensitive UI widgets. In this work, we propose a novel app analysis framework, IconIntent, that synergistically combines program analysis and icon classification to identify sensitive UI widgets in Android apps. IconIntent automatically associates UI widgets and icons via static analysis on app's UI layout files and code, and then adapts computer vision techniques to classify the associated icons into eight categories of sensitive data. our evaluations of IconIntent on 150 apps from Google Play show that IconIntent can detect 248 sensitive UI widgets in 97 apps, achieving a precision of 82.4%. When combined with Supor, the state-of-the-art sensitive UI widget identification technique based on text analysis, Supor +IconIntent can detect 487 sensitive UI widgets (101.2% improvement over Supor only), and reduces suspicious permissions to be inspected by 50.7% (129.4% improvement over Supor only).
Bringing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for New Drugs into the Clinical Laboratory: Removing Obstacles in Our Fight against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

ABSTRACT There are now several new antibiotics available to treat multidrug-resistant pathogens, and susceptibility testing methods for these drugs are increasingly available at the time of drug approval. However, lack of clarity regarding verification requirements remains a formidable barrier to introducing such testing in clinical laboratories, making these drugs practically unavailable for patient use. We propose a change in the framework for bringing in testing for new antibiotics, focusing on quality control rather than underpowered verification studies.
Part I Primer: The Elements of Sentence Algebra

Part I Chapters 2 through 8 present the “grammar” of math-based writing that I call sentence algebra. In Part I, we will use the sentence algebra system to investigate sentences as if they were little message-carrying machines that can be modeled with functional equations. In these equations, up to eight different algebraic variables represent the machines’ components. The equations themselves record how each machine’s components are arranged and interconnected so that they operate together to accomplish the work of message encoding (by writers), transmission (via documents), and communication (to readers, who then decode the message text). After you complete the Part I chapters, when you write a sentence and see it on the page or screen or when you read a sentence written by someone else, you should be able to understand technically how that sentence works beneath its surface.
Neural correlates of the ADHD self-report scale.

Abstract Background The ADHD Self Report Scale is a self-report measure that assesses attentional problems. We sought to validate the ASRS by establishing neural correlates using functional magnetic imaging in healthy controls and individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), who commonly exhibit attentional problems. Methods ASRS questionnaires and functional MRI data in conjunction with the Multi-source Interference Task (MSIT) were collected from 36 healthy control and 36 BD participants. We investigated task specific changes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC, Brodmann area 32) and their correlations with ASRS subscale scores, inattention and hyperactivity, in both cohorts. Results As hypothesized, the dACC showed significant increases in BOLD activation between the interference and noninterference conditions. For the ASRS scale as well as its Inattention and Hyperactivity subscales, there was a significant negative correlation with the dACC BOLD for the whole group. Conclusions The ASRS is sensitive to attentional difficulties in BD, suggesting that it is a valid tool for assessing attentional difficulties in patients with BD.
Later emergency provider shift hour is associated with increased risk of admission: a retrospective cohort study

Background Understanding factors that drive admissions is critical to containing cost and optimising hospital operations. We hypothesised that, due to multiple factors, emergency physicians would be more likely to admit a patient seen later in their shift. Methods Retrospective study examining all patient visits at a large academic hospital from July 2010 to July 2016. Patients with missing data (n=191) were excluded. 294 031 emergency department (ED) visits were included in the final analysis. The exposure of interest was the time during the shift at which a patient was first evaluated by the clinician, and outcome was hospital admission. We used a generalised estimating equation with physician as the clustering level to adjust for patient age, gender, Emergency Severity Index (ESI, 1=most severe illness, 5=least severe illness) and 24 hours clock time. We also conducted a stratified analysis by three ESI categories. Results From the 294 031 ED visits, 5977 were seen in the last hour of the shift. Of patients seen in the last shift hour, 43% were admitted versus 39% seen at any other time during the shift. There was a significant association between being evaluated in the last hour (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.06) and last quarter (RR 1.02, 1.01 to 1.03) of shift and the likelihood of admission. Patients with an ESI Score of 4–5 saw the largest effect sizes (RR 1.62, 0.996–2.635 for last hour and RR 1.24, 0.996–1.535 for last quarter) but these were not statistically significant. Additionally, there was a trend towards increased likelihood of admission later in shift; the relative risk of admission was 1.04 in hour 6, (1.02–1.05), 1.03 in hour 7 (1.01–1.05), 1.04 in hour 8 (1.01–1.06) and 1.06 in hour 9 (1.013–1.101). Conclusions There is a small but significant association between a patient being evaluated later in an emergency physician’s shift and their likelihood of being admitted to the hospital.
Fuel dynamics following wildfire in US Northern Rockies forests

Accumulation of dead woody material is a critical management concern following wildfires, especially given the possibility of subsequent wildfires. Forest structure and fuel accumulation are largely driven by site climatic conditions, so variability in site conditions is important to consider in management beyond the one-size fits all model for post-fire fuel dynamics. Moreover, dead woody material provides important ecological functions for forested ecosystems. Understanding when surface fuels biomass is highest following wildfires and how these dynamics change after repeated fires affords land management agencies opportunities to adjust fuel reduction strategies without removing large quantities of dead trees that are important in these post-fire landscapes for a variety of ecosystem services, including wildlife, water and nutrient retention, and soil stabilization. Here, we examined how surface fuels and standing dead trees change over time, by burn severity, site climate, and with repeated fires at seven different years since- fire (1-24 years) across 182 sites from ten wildfires in central Idaho. Downed woody fuel loads were higher on moister and cooler sites. Large-diameter woody fuels saw significant increases after about 14 years post-fire while smaller woody fuels had the highest loads at 20 years post-fire. Surface fuel loads varied by burn severity and years since fires, with the highest loadings at longer years since fire and sites burned in stand replacing fire. Litter and duff had not sufficiently accumulated to compensate for continued decomposition, resulting in lower forest floor biomass through 24 years post fire. Density of snags of all sizes generally declined after 7-9 years, but large diameter snags were still standing 24 years post fire. Repeated fires resulted in >40% reduction in both surface fuels and standing trees compared to once-burned areas at the same years since fire. Burned landscapes can serve a great ecological benefit by providing an infusion of both standing and downed dead woody debris. Additionally, though some sites burned in stand replacing fires exceed recommended surface fuel loadings, these ecological considerations should be weighed against concerns about reburning potential and fire fighter hazards.
The effectiveness of building wall boration in controlling the neutron responses in a fusion facility

The relative effectiveness of reducing neutron induced responses in a building by borating the concrete wall was examined. Discussions are presented for the three major variables affecting the boration effectiveness - boron concentration, boration thickness and the area of coverage. Only the generalized neutron sources and room scattering conditions have been used. The data and formula derived from this analysis are useful in the study of design variations.
Liquefaction Mitigation of Sands with Nonplastic Fines via Microbial-Induced Partial Saturation

AbstractA review of liquefaction case histories shows that sand deposits containing some fines were common in past liquefaction events. While current liquefaction mitigation measures are mostly app...
Latin America’s Dependency Theory: A Counter–Cold War Social Science?

This chapter examines how Latin American dependency theory became a global counter–Cold War social science. To do so, it focuses on a transnational network of economists and sociologists, diplomats and policymakers, whose nexus was the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (CEPAL in Spanish and Portuguese). By shaping the theory and practice of economic development in the region, the economists in this network, referred to as cepalinos, became the fundamental point of reference for the generation of social scientists who came of intellectual age in the global 1960s and whose work gave rise to the concept of dependency. As “dependency theory” circulated across the region and flowed from South to North, it became the counterpart to the Cold War-imbued modernization theory.
Proposal on the use of Xenon-133 against COVID-19

Since we are able to bring ionizing radiation in the form of a gas cloud to the respiratory system, we have wondered whether Xenon-133 inhalation could be exploited as a treatment option against Covid-19 respiratory virus infections, and urge colleagues in the scientific research community who have the capability to do so to explore the merits of using Xenon-133 in this way to determine whether its usefulness against the Covid-19 virus is indeed genuine.
What’s bugging your gut?

The gastrointestinal microbiome has been implicated in shaping host immune and metabolic responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in this process. Although both commensal bacteria and pathogenic bacteria activate host pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, it is not clear how Tregs sensing commensals promote tolerance. To address this issue, Wang and colleagues employed a mouse model using Myd88-deficient Tregs (Foxp3EGRP-CreMyD88d/d) to elucidate the role of MyD88 in the induction of mucosal Tregs and the mechanisms to promote healthy commensalism. The authors assessed differences in Tregs and their effect on the regulation of microbiota and gut inflammation. The authors discovered that MyD88 signaling promoted the generation of antigen-specific–induced Tregs at gut mucosa, and that Treg cell–specific MyD88 deficiency increased immune dysregulation and aggravated the severity of experimental colitis. Compared with mice with intact MyD88–Tregs, these mice exhibited significantly decreased iTreg number and IL-10+Foxp3+ cells with an emergence of IL-17+ and RORγt+ cells in the gut. In colitis models, disease was more severe. This suggests that defects in MyD88 signaling–Tregs resulted in colonic inflammation via T helper 17 (TH17) skewing. The authors also showed that Treg cell–specific MyD88 deficiency altered gut microbial communities to those that promote TH17 inflammation, impaired intestinal IgA production, and allowed bacteria to translocate deeper into tissues. Restoration of IgA in these mice inhibited TH17 skewing and decreased bacterial penetration. This suggests that Tregs promote IgA production to control bacterial exposure and inhibit inflammation. Together, these data suggest that Tregs promote tolerance and limit inflammation through MyD88 signaling. Treg exposure to symbiotic bacteria promoted IL-10+Induced-Treg number, promoted IgA production to influence commensal communities, and controlled inflammation in experimental colitis in a MyD88-dependent manner. These functions enable the maintenance of healthy commensalism and restrain microbiota-driven dysregulated immune responses. This work provides exciting insight into how Tregs interact with the microbiota to control inflammation and promote health. S. Wang et al. , MyD88 adaptor-dependent microbial sensing by regulatory T cells promotes mucosal tolerance and enforces commensalism. Immunity 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.014 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/immunity/abstract/S1074-7613(15)00258-7
Army rugby center funding plan

We seek to apply the systems engineering process to one of West Point's Association of Graduates (AOG) fundraising project. The United States Military Academy (USMA) receives a substantial portion of its funding from the federal government, yet must look to outside sources to underwrite the cost of some projects. The proposed rugby center is one of these projects. USMA's rugby team consistently finishes within the top four schools in the nation, but it lacks an adequate training facility. We examine the process used to raise the money to fund such a facility. Fundraising is often thought of as an art, rather than a systematic process. Despite the delicate nature of fundraising, it can still benefit from a detailed systems engineering examination. We seek to bring together the art of fundraising and the mechanics of systems engineering to produce a better result.
The Relationship between Critical Current and Microstructure of Internal Tin Wire

Prior work on internal tin wire has shown that an increase in critical current results when the Nb3Sn reaction temperatures (650–730°C) are preceded by low temperature diffusion heat treatments that distribute the tin. These heat treatments produce a more uniform tin distribution through the niobium filament array before substantial Nb3Sn formation has occurred. Heat treatments as long as 19 days have been proposed as the optimal heat treatment for the conductor. However, it is possible to substantially reduce the low temperature heat treatment time while retaining the same high critical current. The success of shortened heat treatments may be interpreted on the basis of the Cu-Sn reaction, diffusion kinetics and the Nb3Sn growth kinetics.
Apoptosis: Death cycle and Swiss army knives

When a cell starts to undergo programmed cell death, cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria, where it usually acts in an electron-transfer chain, to the cytosol. One of the relatively recent dogmas of apoptosis is that the death-suppressing protein Bcl-2 acts before cytochrome c in this pathway. But two new papers could overturn this dogma, by showing that Bcl-2 can also protect cells after cytochrome c has been released.
Has Gender Mainstreaming Failed? A Comment on International Development Agency Experience in the South

2005 marks a decade since governments across the world signed the Beijing Platform for Action (PfA) that endorsed a policy to promote gender equality and empower women. Gender mainstreaming was ide...
A low-high-junction solar-cell model developed for use in tandem cell analysis

Abstract A comprehensive low-high ( L - H ) junction solar cell model has been developed. It accounts for actual solar spectrum related photogeneration of carriers in all regions of the n - p - p + cell and allows for any value of rear surface-recombination-velocity (SRV). In typical GaAs L - H junction solar cells, photogeneration in the p + region, but not the p region, is found to be negligible. The L - H junction's space-charge-layer recombination current density is also negligible. Assigning a non-infinite value of rear surface SRV makes this model applicable to tandem multi-junction structures made from materials with different band gaps.
Scattering of high-energy deuterons from carbon

Abstract The scattering of high-energy deuterons from spin zero target is treated within the framework of the Glauber approximation. The optical potential which describes the scattering process is constructed in terms of the nucleon-nucleus scattering amplitude. The numerical results for the angular distribution, the vector and tensor polarizations for the scattering of 420 MeV deuterons from carbon are compared with the experimental data of Button and Mermod.
Note on the oscillations of collapsible tubes.

Evidence that the conditions downstream of an elastic constriction can strongly influence the frequency and existence of oscillations in collapsible tubes is presented. A lumped negative resistance model is used to describe oscillations in collapsible tubes. An extension of the existing theory is presented which takes into account the influence of distributed loads on the collapsible tube.
Carson McCullers's Primal Scenes: The Ballad of the Sad Café

Abstract The signature characteristic of Carson McCullers's fiction is her abiding preoccupation with loneliness. Time and again McCullers has acknowledged this preoccupation, and it has become commonplace among critics to observe that a dread of alienation drives her fiction.1 I call attention to this obsession to note the convergence of southern writer McCullers's perception that unspeakable isolation is the fundamental human condition and French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan's theory that identity is predicated on alienation. According to Lacan, we are not alone in the beginning because the child perceives itself as part of the mother's body; but to define itself as an “I” separate from the mother, the child must submit to loss–the loss of the mother's body.
The versatile Chamberlain-Towne projection: Its value in cases of trauma to the temporomandibular joint area

Abstract Because most radiologists have had little experience with mandibular injuries, it is imperative, in cases of suspected fracture, that the roentgenographic examination of the mandible provides a clear demonstration of the entire mandible. Visualization of the condylar process is particularly important, since a poorly functioning temporomandibular joint is the usual result of an undiagnosed and hence untreated fracture. Numerous recent standard radiography textbooks do not mention the Chamberlain-Towne projection among the views for visualizing the mandible, 9, 14 However, this projection offers a very effective way of demonstrating the condylar region and the temporomandibular joint proper, supplementing the usual posteroanterior and oblique views of a routine mandible examination. Laminagraphy is helpful in certain cases, but with the inclusion of a Chamberlain-Towne projection in the routine examination it has usually not been necessary.
Surgical treatment of penile cancer: a follow-up report.

One hundred and fifteen patients with penile cancer were treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1952 through 1975. A full follow-up is reported and factors involving the prognosis are analyzed. Although the clinical error of staging was near 30%, the lymphography results suggest that this study may result in added improvement in preoperative staging. Early diagnosis, adequate surgical resection, and lymph node dissection will improve the survival significantly. When dealing with an individual patient the prognosis is poor when any one or more of the following factors are present: the lesion involves the shaft; there is a positive margin at the surgical resection; total penectomy is necessary to obtain tumor-free margin; lymphography is positive for tumor involvement of lymph nodes; lymph node dissection has not been performed; positive lymph nodes are found on surgical exploration. The good prognostic factors include: a lesion confined to the glans and partial penectomy is sufficient to obtain a tumor-free margin of resection; no clinical evidence (including lymphography) of lymph node involvement; performance of lymph node dissection. The histological grading of the tumor should not influence the clinical decision for treatment in our opinion at this time, based on our current results. Further prospective studies of different factors involved in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of penile cancer are suggested.
Treatment of experimental pulmonary arteriosclerosis with cortisone, heparin and fibrinolysin

Summary The effect of cortisone, heparin, fibrinolysin, and heparin and fibrinolysin in combination on developing pulmonary arteriosclerosis was studied in dogs in which pulmonary hypertension was produced by a systemic artery to pulmonary artery shunt. Cortisone acetate 2.5–3.5 mg/kg/day was given intramuscularly. Heparin, 500–750 units twice daily, was injected subcutaneously. Fibrinolysin was administered intravenously every other day in doses sufficient to maintain fibrinolytic activity measured a few hours after infusion. Duration of treatment was 1–7 months, beginning either just bef ore hypertension was produced or one month after-ward, but before intimal lesions had appeared. The treated dogs in each group developed the same amount and type of pulmonary arteriosclerosis as the controls.
Linguistic Acculturation and Context on Self-Esteem: Hispanic Youth Between Cultures

Immigrant adolescents must negotiate two cultures: the host culture and their native culture. This study explored how self-esteem is moderated by the effect of linguistic acculturation and context. An ordinary least-squares regression model, controlling for fixed effects, produced results supporting the hypothesis that linguistic acculturation moderates the effect of context on self-esteem. The self-esteem of Hispanic adolescents who were less linguistically acculturated was found to be more favorable when with family than with friends and the reverse was found for the more linguistically acculturated participants. Adolescents in the middle of the linguistic acculturation process had the widest variance in self-esteem between times they were with their families and times in other contexts; they experienced more positive self-esteem with anyone but family. Findings underscore the need to better understand the complex process of linguistic acculturation and its effects on self-esteem. This research also demonstrates the practical utility of a fixed-effects model for reducing bias in cross-cultural research.
Determination of grain boundary volume expansion by HREM

Abstract High resolution electron microscopy (HREM) has provided invaluable insight into the structure of grain boundaries at the atomistic level. Quantitative HREM methods are now in development which, combined with atomistic simulations, can provide further insight into grain boundary structure-energy correlations. For example, the volume expansion (or excess free volume, δ), a thermodynamic parameter directly related to the grain boundary energy, is represented by the normal component of the rigid body translation. Although its magnitude is small, it can be determined experimentally using statistical techniques which locate and fit the peak and valley positions in an experimental HREM image, i.e., a direct measurement of the lattice fringe displacements is made. We have modified the lattice fringe displacement technique such that a measurement accuracy of better than ±0.002a0 can be achieved. Precise knowledge of the position and intensity of the image contrast and a detailed understanding of the sources of error are required. This paper provides a detailed description of the lattice fringe displacement technique as well as a detailed assessment of the sources of error in the measurement.
The awash national park, ethiopia : A clash of cows and cultures

The Awash Valley is well known for anthropological studies. Several fossil-rich sites representing all stages of hominid evolution, including the one that yielded "Lucy," have attracted worldwide attention since the 1970s. Also, the anubis-hamadryas baboon hybrid zone in Awash National Park has been the focus of primatologists since the 1960s. What we know less about are the various indigenous pastoral populations that live in the very places where the hominid fossils and baboons have been studied and where shrinking resources are undermining their traditional livelihoods. In this paper, I focus on attempts to create a collaborative natural resource management system for the park and surrounding areas and highlight barriers uncovered along the way.
Getting Mad But Ending Up Sad The Mental Health Consequences for African Americans Using Anger to Cope With Racism

Anger is a common reaction to stressful life events. However, little is known about anger’s use and efficacy as a coping strategy for racism. Is anger a coping strategy for racism that improves mental health? Or does anger operate in an opposing way, deteriorating mental health? The analyses for this research focused on a probability sample of African Americans who reported experiences of acute (n = 246) or chronic (n = 120) racial discrimination in a survey interview. General linear model results revealed that using anger to cope with racial discrimination negatively affected the general well-being and psychological distress of African Americans. These findings raise concerns about the effectiveness (or lack therefore of) of anger as a common coping mechanism for racism, given the deleterious effects it may have on African Americans’ mental health.
Diminished left ventricular dyssynchrony and impact of resynchronization in failing hearts with right versus left bundle branch block.

Objectives We compared mechanical dyssynchrony and the impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in failing hearts with a pure right (RBBB) versus left bundle branch block (LBBB). Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy is effective for treating failing hearts with conduction delay and discoordinate contraction. Most data pertain to LBBB delays. With RBBB, the lateral wall contracts early so that biventricular (BiV) pre-excitation may not be needed. Furthermore, the magnitude of dyssynchrony and impact of CRT in pure RBBB versus LBBB remains largely unknown. Methods Dogs with tachypacing-induced heart failure combined with right or left bundle branch radiofrequency ablation were studied. Basal dyssynchrony and effects of single and BiV CRT on left ventricular (LV) function were assessed by pressure-volume catheter and tagged magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Results Left bundle branch block and RBBB induced similar QRS widening, and LV function (ejection fraction, maximum time derivative of LV pressure [dP/dtmax]) was similarly depressed in failing hearts with both conduction delays. Despite this, mechanical dyssynchrony was less in RBBB (circumferential uniformity ratio estimate [CURE] index: 0.80 ± 0.03 vs. 0.58 ± 0.09 for LBBB, p Conclusions Less mechanical dyssynchrony is induced by RBBB than LBBB in failing hearts, and the corresponding impact of CRT on the former is reduced. Right ventricular-only pacing may be equally efficacious as BiV CRT in hearts with pure right bundle branch conduction delay.
New diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserines from the marine microalga Nannochloropsis granulata and their nitric oxide inhibitory activity

Chemical investigation of polar lipids from the marine eustigmatophyte microalga Nannochloropsis granulata led to the isolation of six betaine lipid diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine (DGTS), namely, (2S)-1,2-bis-O-eicosapentaenoylglyceryl-3-O-4′-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (1), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-arachidonoylglyceryl-3-O-4′-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (2), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-myristoylglyceryl-3-O-4′-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (3), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoylglyceryl-3-O-4′-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (4), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoleoylglyceryl-3-O-4′-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (5), and (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-linoleoylglyceryl-3-O-4′-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (6). Structures of the isolated DGTSs were elucidated based on both spectroscopic technique and degradation methods. This is the first report of isolation of 1 in pure state, and 2–6 are all new compounds. The isolated betaine lipids showed dose-dependent nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Further study suggested that these betaine lipids (1–6) inhibit NO production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells through downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, indicating the possible use as an anti-inflammatory agent. This is the first report of DGTS with anti-inflammatory activity.
Savings, Investment, and Growth in Eastern Europe

Even modest investment rates may achieve satisfactory rates of growth in the reforming economies of Eastern Europe because their relative capital scarcity implies high rates of productivity for capital. The most serious obstacle to private investment is uncertainty about the reform process, which can potentially rule out all but the most profitable projects. This problem sharply increases the payoff from accelerating the structural reform process. Regarding savings, critical aspects are the changes in methods of financing resulting from economic reform, and the availability of foreign savings, both in the form of loans and foreign direct investment.
Analytical challenges in chemical-enzymatic drug targeting

Abstract The development of new methods of chemical enzymatic drug targeting (chemical delivery systems and soft drugs) relies on specific and sensitive analytical techniques. High-performance liquid chromatography has been a powerful technique that can separate complex mixtures of chemical species involved in the enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo and in vitro to produce the targeted drug. The successful chemical separation requires specificity of interaction of the chromatographic column and the solute to resolve compounds with characteristic (sometimes subtle) chemical differences. Differing lipophilicity and the ionic or neutral nature of the species are the primary factors to be considered during method development. Improving the specificity toward the analyte has often been necessary to provide adequate detection limits for tissue samples derived from the site of action. Chromatography lacks, however, the power of identifying unknown species. Mass spectrometry, both coupled with chromatography and as a technique providing direct specificity, may represent a viable solution. These issues, including future perspectives, are discussed in this review.
Before and after retrofit - response of a building during ambient and strong motions

Abstract This paper presents results obtained from ambient vibration and strong-motion responses of a thirteen-story, moment-resisting steel framed Santa Clara County Office Building (SCCOB) before being retrofitted by visco-elastic dampers and from ambient vibration response following the retrofit. Understanding the cumulative structural and site characteristics that affect the response of SCCOB before and after the retrofit is important in assessing earthquake hazards to other similar buildings and decision making in retrofitting them. The results emphasize the need to better evaluate structural and site characteristics in developing earthquake resisting designs that avoid resonating effects. Various studies of the strong-motion response records from the SCCOB during the 24 April 1984 (MHE) Morgan Hill ( M s =6.1), the 31 March 1986 (MLE) Mt. Lewis ( M s =6.1) and the 17 October 1989 (LPE) Loma Prieta ( M s =7.1) earthquakes show that the dynamic characteristics of the building are such that it (a) resonated (b) responded with a beating effect due to close-coupling of its translational and torsional frequencies, and (c) had a long-duration response due to low-damping. During each of these earthquakes, there was considerable contents damage and the occupants felt the rigorous vibration of the building. Ambient tests of SCCOB performed following LPE showed that both translational and torsional periods of the building are smaller than those derived from strong motions. Ambient tests performed following the retrofit of the building with visco-elastic dampers show that the structural fundamental mode frequency of the building has increased. The increased frequency implies a stiffer structure. Strong-motion response of the building during future earthquakes will ultimately validate the effectiveness of the retrofit method.
On the distribution of quadratic forms in normal random variables

This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for a quadratic form in singular normal random variables to be distributed as a given linear combination of independent noncentral chi-square variables. Using this result, an extension of Cochran's theorem to quadratic forms of noncentral chi-square variables is derived.
Rhodium(II) dimers: The preparation and structureof[(p-CH3C6H4NC)8Rh2I2]-[PF6]2

Abstract Oxidation of [(p-CH3C6H4NC)4Rh][PF6] with one half mole of iodine or bromine produces [(p-CR3C6R4NC)8Rh2X2][PF6]2. The crystal structure of the iodide complex establishes the existence of a direct RhRh bond (2.785 A) with pseudooctahedral coordination about each rhodium completed by terminal isocyanide and iodide ligands.
Use of XML and Java for collaborative petroleum reservoir modeling on the Internet

The GEMINI (Geo-Engineering Modeling through INternet Informatics) is a public-domain, web-based freeware that is made up of an integrated suite of 14 Java-based software tools to accomplish on-line, real-time geologic and engineering reservoir modeling. GEMINI facilitates distant collaborations for small company and academic clients, negotiating analyses of both single and multiple wells. The system operates on a single server and an enterprise database. External data sets must be uploaded into this database. Feedback from GEMINI users provided the impetus to develop Stand Alone Web Start Applications of GEMINI modules that reside in and operate from the user's PC. In this version, the GEMINI modules run as applets, which may reside in local user PCs, on the server, or Java Web Start. In this enhanced version, XML-based data handling procedures are used to access data from remote and local databases and save results for later access and analyses. The XML data handling process also integrates different stand-alone GEMINI modules enabling the user(s) to access multiple databases. It provides flexibility to the user to customize analytical approach, database location, and level of collaboration. An example integrated field-study using GEMINI modules and Stand Alone Web Start Applications is provided to demonstrate the versatile applicability of this freeware for cost-effective reservoir modeling.
Aqueous oxidation of green leaf volatiles by hydroxyl radical as a source of SOA: Kinetics and SOA yields

Abstract Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are a class of oxygenated hydrocarbons released from vegetation, especially during mechanical stress or damage. The potential for GLVs to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) via aqueous-phase reactions is not known. Fog events over vegetation will lead to the uptake of GLVs into water droplets, followed by aqueous-phase reactions with photooxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (OH). In order to determine if the aqueous oxidation of GLVs by OH can be a significant source of secondary organic aerosol, we studied the partitioning and reaction of five GLVs: cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, methyl salicylate, methyl jasmonate, and 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol. For each GLV we measured the kinetics of aqueous oxidation by OH, and the corresponding SOA mass yield. The second-order rate constants for GLVs with OH were all near diffusion controlled, (5.4–8.6) × 109 M−1 s−1 at 298 K, and showed a small temperature dependence, with an average activation energy of 9.3 kJ mol−1 Aqueous-phase SOA mass yields ranged from 10 to 88%, although some of the smaller values were not statistically different from zero. Methyl jasmonate was the most effective aqueous-phase SOA precursor due to its larger Henry's law constant and high SOA mass yield (68 ± 8%). While we calculate that the aqueous-phase SOA formation from the five GLVs is a minor source of aqueous-phase SOA, the availability of other GLVs, other oxidants, and interfacial reactions suggest that GLVs overall might be a significant source of SOA via aqueous reactions.
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering from Silver Nanoparticle Arrays on Silver Mirror Films: Plasmon-Induced Electronic Coupling as the Enhancement Mechanism

Analysis of surface enhanced Raman scattering spectra from 20 different molecules adsorbed on substrates composed of silver nanoparticles immobilized on silver mirror films revealed competitive Raman enhancement from different types of molecules simultaneously present on the surface. The observed SERS behavior could not be explained using local field enhancement or charge-transfer models. A different SERS mechanism is proposed based on plasmon-induced electronic coupling between the oscillating electrons in the metal and the electronic system of adsorbed molecules. It is suggested that this mechanism has general applicability to other SERS-exhibiting systems.
Heparin and other glycosaminoglycans stimulate the formation of amyloid fibrils from alpha-synuclein in vitro.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and results from loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The aggregation and fibrillation of alpha-synuclein have been implicated as a causative factor in the disease. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are routinely found associated with amyloid deposits in most amyloidosis diseases, and there is evidence to support an active role of GAGs in amyloid fibril formation in some cases. In contrast to the extracellular amyloid deposits, the alpha-synuclein deposits in Lewy body diseases are intracellular, and thus it is less clear whether GAGs may be involved. To determine whether the presence of GAGs does affect the fibrillation of alpha-synuclein, the kinetics of fibril formation were investigated in the presence of a number of GAGs and other charged polymers. Certain GAGs (heparin, heparan sulfate) and other highly sulfated polymers (dextran sulfate) were found to significantly stimulate the formation of alpha-synuclein fibrils. Interestingly, the interaction of GAGs with alpha-synuclein is quite specific, since some GAGs, e.g., keratan sulfate, had negligible effect. Heparin not only increased the rate of fibrillation but also apparently increased the yield of fibrils. The molar ratio of heparin to alpha-synuclein and the incorporation of fluorescein-labeled heparin into the fibrils demonstrate that the heparin is integrated into the fibrils and is not just a catalyst for fibrillation. The apparent dissociation constant for heparin in stimulating alpha-synuclein fibrillation was 0.19 microM, indicating a strong affinity. Similar effects of heparin were observed with the A53T and A30P mutants of alpha-synuclein. Since there is some evidence that Lewy bodies may contain GAGs, these observations may be very relevant in the context of the etiology of Parkinson's disease.
Pathologic changes noted in rats fed D&C Red No. 10 [monosodium salt of 2-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid] for two years

Abstract Two hundred and fifty 3-week-old Osborne-Mendel rats divided into 5 groups of 50 rats each, and each group equally divided by sex, were started on a 2-year feeding experiment on D & C Red No. 10 which was mixed into the diet at levels of 1%, 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.01%, and 0% (controls) and fed ad libitum. The color had no apparent effect on the growth rate of test rats. Percentage of rats surviving on the 2-year test was increased by the addition of the color to the diet. Slight to moderate splenic enlargement was noted in 1% and 0.25% feeding level rats. Grossly 42% of the rats had pneumonia, 17% had nephritis, 17% had pituitary lesions, and 43% of the females had mammary tumors. Other incidental gross pathology randomly distributed among these 250 rats included lymphosarcoma in 7 rats, subcutaneous tumors in 5 males, endometrial sarcomas in 4 females, thyroid tumors in 4 rats, testicular tumors in 3, hepatic tumors in 2, abdominal lipoma in 1, leukemia in 1, ovarian tumor in 1, cystic ovaries in 5, ovarian abscesses in 2, and 1 rat each with a splenic infarct, a large abdominal hematoma, and a foot-pad granuloma. Approximately 800 tissue sections from these 250 rats were prepared for microscopic study. Histopathology attributable to D & C Red No. 10 toxicity occurred only in the spleen and bone marrow. Since survival of the test animals is considered to be more important to these animals than their slight to moderate splenic and bone marrow hyperplasia, it is apparent that D & C Red No. 10 had a beneficial effect in this experiment. However, because of the undesirable side effects of splenomegaly and bone-marrow hyperplasia at the 1% and 0.25% feeding levels, the 0.05% level should be considered the “no-effect” level.
Effects of dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethyl formamide and dimethyl acetamide on myocardial contractility and enzyme activity.

DMSO, DMF and DMA were all shown to increase the force of contraction of the electrically-driven guinea-pig left atrium. These responses were not altered by α- or β-adrebergic receptor antagonists nor by reserpine-pretreatment of guinea-pigs. The effect of DMSO on intact muscle was completely reversible, in contrast to DMF and DMA, which were toxic at high concentrations. All three solvents stimulated Ca2+ transport and inhibited Na+, K+ -dependent ATPase activity, DMSO stimulated adenyl cyclase but did not affect the degree of stimulation induced by isoproterenol, whereas DMF inhibited both the basic activity and the isoproterenol-induced stimulation. The relative potencies of these solvents (DMF > DMSO = DMA) in increasing myocardial contractility correlates with their ability to stimulate microsomal Ca2+ transport. The greater inhibition of Na+, K+ -ATPase by high concentrations of DMF and DMA, and the inhibition of adenyl cyclase by DMF, may account for the greater toxicity of these compounds in atria, compared with DMSO.
Engineering a critical realignment of the electorate: The case of the socialists in France

For the first time, largely owing to the Socialists' ability to gain and retain the allegiance of the electorate, France has experienced a major electoral realignment without a concomitant change in governmental system. The Socialists' success results from three major factors: their pre‐1981 electoral strategy which involved refashioning their traditional ideology and rhetoric to appeal to a new, emerging portion of the electorate, the wage‐earners; their subsequent ideological flexibility, which included a move toward more pragmatic politics along with an opening to the centre; and the failure of their rivals on the moderate and the extreme right to mount a lasting challenge with their own counter‐ideologies and policy initiatives.
LINE-1-Derived Poly(A) Microsatellites Undergo Rapid Shortening and Create Somatic and Germline Mosaicism in Mice

Interspersed and tandem repeat sequences comprise the bulk of mammalian genomes. Interspersed repeats result from successive replication by transposable elements, such as Alu and long interspersed element type 1 (L1). Microsatellites are tandem repeats of 1–6 base pairs, among which poly(A) microsatellites are the most abundant in the human genome. The rise and fall of a microsatellite has been depicted as a life cycle. Previous studies have demonstrated that Alu and L1 insertions are a major source of A-rich microsatellites owing to the concurrent formation of a poly(A) DNA tract at the 3′-end of each insertion. The fate of such poly(A) tracts has been studied by surveying the length distribution of genomic resident Alu and L1 insertions. However, these cross-sectional studies provide no information about the tempo of mutation immediately after birth. In this study, de novo L1 insertions were created using a transgenic L1 mouse model and traced through generations to investigate the early life of poly(A) microsatellites. High frequencies of intra-individual and intergenerational shortening were observed for long poly(A) tracts, creating somatic and germline mosaicism at the insertion site, whereas little variation was observed for short poly(A) alleles. As poly(A) microsatellites are the major intrinsic signal for nucleosome positioning, their remarkable abundance and variability make them a significant source of epigenetic variation. Thus, the birth of poly(A) microsatellites from retrotransposons and the subsequent rapid and variable shortening represent a new way with which retrotransposons can modify the genetic and epigenetic architecture of our genome.
Effects of the binding of calcium ions on the structure and dynamics of the ΦX174 virus investigated using molecular dynamics

It is known that the presence of calcium ions (Ca2 + ) is necessary for the enterobacterial virus ΦX174 to inject its DNA into the host cell, and that some mutations in the major capsid proteins lead to better survivability at higher temperatures. Our goal in the current study is to determine the physical changes in both the wild-type and mutant virus due to the binding of Ca2 + . Thus, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the ΦX174 major capsid protein complex with and without Ca2 + bound. Our results show that binding of Ca2 + leads to energetic and dynamical changes in the virus proteins. In particular, the results suggest that binding of Ca2 + is energetically favorable and that the mutation leads to increased fluctuations of the protein complex (especially with the calcium ions bound to the complex), which may increase the rate of genome packaging and ejection for ΦX174.
Prolonged evaluation of patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma stage of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Eight cases with stage IV allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) (corticosteroid-dependent asthma stage) were observed for a total of 82 patient years with individual patients observed for 7 to 19 years (mean 10.2) years. One case is the first case of ABPA diagnosed in the United States in 1967. A second case has been observed through four stages of ABPA. None of these eight cases has demonstrated pulmonary deterioration by clinical, chest roentgenogram, or pulmonary function analysis. After diagnosis, the maintenance dose of prednisone in seven of eight cases was a low to moderate dose alternate-day prednisone. These results suggest that continuous observation and management of episodes of pulmonary consolidation or asthma exacerbations may prevent the progression of ABPA to stage V (fibrotic end stage). The total IgE may remain elevated in these patients, and therapy should not attempt to reduce total serum IgE to normal levels. After prolonged therapy with prednisone for asthma and control of ABPA, the IgE and IgG antibody indices against Aspergillus fumigatus may remain elevated or may be below the levels that are of diagnostic value.
Feminism and the Gender Gap--A Second Look

Using data from the 1984 American National Election Study, we reconsider the argument that feminism helps women realize their feminine values and policy preferences. Using an operational definition that allows us to identify male and female feminists, we find that feminism has a similar impact on the values and policy preferences of men and women, suggesting that feminism leads to feminist, not feminine values. In addition, we examine Conover's conclusion that the gender gap is due entirely to feminist women and find a gender gap among feminist men and women, potentially feminist men and women, and nonfeminist men and women.