cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutation Induced Modulation of Hydrogen Bonding to P700 Studied Using FTIR Difference Spectroscopy

Site-directed mutagenesis in combination with Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy has been used to study how hydrogen bonding modulates the electronic and physical organization of P700, the primary electron donor in photosystem I. Wild-type PS I particles from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and a mutant in which ThrA739 is changed to alanine (TA(A739) mutant) were studied. ThrA739 is thought to provide a hydrogen bond to the chlorophyll-amolecule of P700 (the two chlorophylls of P700 (P700 + ) will be called PA and PB (PA + and PB + )). The mutation considerably alters the (P700 + - P700) FTIR difference spectra. However, we were able to describe all of the mutation induced changes in the difference spectra in terms of difference band assignments that were proposed recently (Hastings, G., Ramesh, V. M., Wang, R., Sivakumar, V. and Webber, A. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 12943-12949). Upon comparison of mutant and wild type (P700 + -P700) FTIR difference spectra, it is shown that (1) the 13 3 ester carbonyl modes of PA and PB are unaltered upon mutation of ThrA739 to alanine. (2) The 13 3 ester carbonyl modes of PA + /PB + upshift/downshift upon mutation. These oppositely directed shifts indicate that the mutation modifies the charge distribution over the pigments in the P700 + state, with charge on PB being relocated onto PA. We also show that the 13 1 keto carbonyl mode of PB/PB + is unaltered/ downshifted upon mutation, as is expected for the above-described mutation induced charge redistribution in P700 + . Although the 13 3 ester carbonyl modes of the chlorophylls of P700 in the ground state are unaltered upon mutation, the 13 1 keto carbonyl mode of PA upshifts upon mutation, as does the 13 1 keto carbonyl mode of PA + . For P700 in the ground state, bands that we associate with HisA676/HisB656 upshift/downshift upon mutation. For the P700 + state, bands that we associate with HisA676/HisB656 also upshift/downshift upon mutation. These observations are also consistent with the notion that the mutation leads to the charge on PB + being relocated onto PA + . In addition, we suggest that a hydrogen bond to the 13 1 keto carbonyl of PA is still present in the TA(A739) mutant, probably mediated through an introduced water molecule.
The effects of anticholinergic drugs on attention span and short-term memory skills in children.

Aims Studies have shown cognitive problems in adults treated with anticholinergics. It is unclear if children are also susceptible to anticholinergic adverse effects. This study evaluates the effects of long-acting oxybutynin and tolterodine on short-term memory and attention in children with urgency and urge incontinence. Methods Children with urgency or urge incontinence were recruited to take part in a prospective, randomized double-blinded placebo controlled trial using long-acting oxybutynin or tolterodine. Patients underwent a baseline test of their memory/recall ability and attention span using a standardized developmental/neuropsychological assessment tool. They were then randomized to either medication or placebo with retesting in 2 weeks, at which time they were crossed. They were retested after the second 2 weeks. Results Fourteen childrens (9 boys and 5 girls), ranging in age from 5 to 11 (M = 7.7) participated in the study. Attention and Memory scores increased over time in all children, however, the analyses showed no significant negative effects of anticholinergic medications on Attention or Memory. Indeed, though not statistically significant, trends were for improvement in test scores in both areas. Conclusions Our results in a double blinded cross-over trial suggest that long-acting oxybutynin and tolterodine do not have a deleterious effect on children's attention and memory. Other cognitive functions may be affected. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:315–318, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Divide Between “Evidenced‐Based” Approaches and Practitioners of Traditional Theories of Family Therapy

Evidenced-based approaches continue to grow in the field of family therapy. However, practicing family therapists do not always embrace these approaches. In this article, we explore factors contributing to practitioners' concerns with evidence-based treatments and suggest a broader, more clinically palatable view of evidenced-based treatment. We also suggest how family therapy researchers, practitioners, and educators might begin to close the researcher-clinician divide in the best interest of all concerned.
Brief Report: Expanding the Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale

The Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale (BSAS) is a 23-item condensed version of the Sexual Attitudes Scale that was developed in response to concerns about the psychometric properties of measure as well as colleagues’ requests for a shorter instrument (Braun-Courville and Rojas Journal of Adolescent Health 45:156–162, 2009; Hendrick and Hendrick The Journal of Sex Research 23:502–526, 1987, Social and Personal Relationships 23:881–899, 2006). Even though it is relatively new, the BSAS may contribute to policy-making because it can be used to assess changes in sexual behavior associated with interventions. The purpose of the present brief report is to contribute to the assessment of the scale’s validity. This was done by comparing results of the current study, conducted in 2011, to the results from the original measurement. Results both challenged and supported the validity of the BSAS.
Dental ceramics: current thinking and trends

Dental ceramics are presented within a simplifying framework allowing for understanding of their composition and development. The meaning of strength and details of the fracture process are explored, and recommendations are given regarding making structural comparisons among ceramics. Assessment of clinical survival data is dealt with, and literature is reviewed on the clinical behavior of metal-ceramic and all-ceramic systems. Practical aspects are presented regarding the choice and use of dental ceramics.
Interactive Effects of Physical Activity and APOE-ε4 on BOLD Semantic Memory Activation in Healthy Elders

Evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) is associated with the maintenance of cognitive function across the lifespan. In contrast, the apolipoproteinE-e4 (APOE-e4) allele, a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is associated with impaired cognitive function. The objective of this study was to examine the interactive effects of PA and APOE-e4 on brain activation during memory processing in older (ages 65-85) cognitively intact adults. A cross-sectional design was used with four groups (n=17 each): (1) Low Risk/Low PA; (2) Low Risk/High PA; (3) High Risk/Low PA; and (4) High Risk/High PA. PA level was based on self-reported frequency and intensity. AD risk was based on presence or absence of an APOE-e4 allele. Brain activation was measured using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants performed a famous name discrimination task. Brain activation subserving semantic memory processing occurred in 15 functional regions of interest. High PA and High Risk were associated with significantly greater semantic memory activation (famous>unfamiliar) in 6 and 3 of the 15 regions, respectively. Significant interactions of PA and Risk were evident in 9 of 15 brain regions, with the High PA/High Risk group demonstrating greater semantic memory activation than the remaining three groups. These findings suggest that PA selectively increases memory-related brain activation in cognitively intact but genetically at-risk elders. Longitudinal studies are required to determine whether increased semantic memory processing in physically active at-risk individuals is protective against future cognitive decline.
Molecular modeling of the morphology and transport properties of two direct methanol fuel cell membranes: Phenylated sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone ketone) versus Nafion

We have used molecular dynamics simulations to examine membrane morphology and the transport of water, methanol, and hydronium in phenylated sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone ketone) (Ph-SPEEKK) and Nafion membranes at 360 K for a range of hydration levels. In Ph-SPEEKK, the average pore diameter is smaller, the sulfonate groups are more closely packed, the hydronium ions are more strongly bound to sulfonate groups, and the diffusion of water and hydronium is slower relative to the corresponding properties in Nafion at comparable hydration levels. The aromatic carbon backbone of Ph-SPEEKK is more rigid and less hydrophobic than the fluorocarbon backbone of Nafion. Water network percolation in Ph-SPEEKK occurs at a hydration level (λ) of ∼8 H2O/SO3−. At λ = 20, water, methanol, and hydronium diffusion coefficients were 1.4 × 10−5, 0.6 × 10−5, and 0.2 × 10−5 cm2/s, respectively. For λ > 20, wide pores develop leading to an increase in methanol crossover and ion transport.
Individual Differences, Perceived Task Characteristics, and Preferences for Teaching and Coaching

Abstract One hundred ninety-two undergraduate physical education students participated in this study of the influence of individual differences, group, and task factors on respondents' preferences for teaching or coaching. The individual difference factors were gender, managerial potential (Gough, 1984), and sex role attributes (Spence & Helmreich, 1986). The group and task differences were measured by a specially developed scale that was factor analyzed to yield six factors: job status, job significance, job variety and control, job identity, ease of discipline, ease of motivation. Subgroup analyses showed that men preferred more to coach than women did, and women preferred more to teach than men did. Men and women perceived greater job variety in coaching and greater control in teaching. The genders did not differ in managerial motivation or in any of the other perceived characteristics of the teaching and coaching roles. Finally, preference for teaching or coaching was influenced by gender, perceived e...
Board trace fatigue models and design guidelines for electronics under shock-impact

Driven by the trends towards miniaturization and increased functionality, modern electronic systems are being built into more intricate and smaller packages. The mechanical robustness of these smaller and more complex packages is of great concern to the electronics industry. With advances in packaging technology, more reliable interconnects are being designed as a result of which the accountability for failure shifts to copper traces which form the primary failure mode. Previous researchers have addressed copper trace fatigue reliability [Farley 2009] and existence of copper-trace failures in drop-shock [Tee 2009]. This paper addresses the need for life prediction models for PWB copper traces in shock and vibration environments. The study focuses on high cycle fatigue of copper traces which is simulated by subjecting the PWB to vibrations in first mode until failure. Owing to the complexity of the test vehicle, global-local finite element models were developed for simulating the board response. The study addresses the need for empirical rules for trace layout on the PWB which ensure maximum reliability. The effect of trace orientation, trace-pad fillet angle and trace width on its reliability has been investigated. Using Digital Image Correlation based strain responses and Finite Element Model based stress responses, mathematical models for damage accumulation and life prediction of copper traces have been formulated and validated with experimental failure statistics.
TPMT and MTHFR genotype is not associated with altered risk of thioguanine‐related sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Children's Oncology Group

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is a complication of therapy for pediatric ALL and may be modified by thiopurine methyltransferase activity as well as by MTHFR genotype. We assessed TPMT *3A, *3B, *3C, and MTHFR C677T and A1298C germline genetic polymorphisms among 351 patients enrolled in the thioguanine treatment arm of CCG-1952 clinical trial. TPMT and MTHFR C677T genotypes were not associated with SOS risk. The combination of MTHFR and TPMT variant genotypes was not associated with SOS risk. These suggest that germline genetic variation in TPMT and MTHFR do not significantly alter SOS risk in patients exposed to thioguanine. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2086–2088. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of Collapse Potentials Using Single Oedometer Test Results

Collapsibility is a property of some soils and constructed fills whose volume suddenly decreases with an increase in moisture content under practically unchanged total vertical stress. This phenomenon, associated with unpredictable breakdown of soil and/or fill structure, has always been a topic of hot discussions and tough decisions. The necessity to evaluate and control collapsible soils and fills has brought to life different laboratory and field methods of collapse potential measurements. Single and double ring oedometer tests became the most popular and relatively inexpensive source of collapse potential information all over the world. Numerous graphs, charts, and empirical formulas introduced for different regions summarize engineering laboratory and field experience in this area. This paper presents an analytical method for a conservative estimation of soil collapsibility utilizing oedometer test results. Simple formulas are offered for the prediction of maximum additional settlement of water saturated natural soils and fills under practically unchanging total vertical stresses. Derived formulas are illustrated with test results published in literature.
Explicit Safety Property Strengthening in SAT-based Induction

Strengthening a property allows it to be falsified/verified at an earlier induction depth. In this paper, we propose new preprocessing techniques for explicitly identifying co-invariants for a given safety property which are then added to that property for faster verification. First, we employ a path-oriented decision making engine to quickly identify several states which have paths to states violating the property. Next, we generate a set of candidate co-invariants and propose an induction-based technique to learn true co-invariants among those candidates. All the learned co-invariants are minimized using resolution and added to the original property to strengthen it. Experiments show that the induction depth needed to prove many safety properties can be significantly reduced via our strengthening, thereby achieving more than an order of magnitude runtime improvements
CC4-05: Patient Views of KRAS Testing for Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Background/AimsASCO provisional clinical guidelines (2009) recommend that patients with metastatic colon cancer (mCRC) be tested for mutations in the Kristen ras (KRAS) oncogene, and that those with a mutated KRAS gene (KRAS+) not be offered anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy as they are unlikely to benefit from the therapy. For patients without the mutation (KRAS-), anti-EGFR therapy may extend life but it is often associated with severe side-effects. The objectives of this study were to explore mCRC patients? understanding of KRAS testing vis-?-vis their treatment decision making, including their preferences for aggressive chemotherapy or palliative care.MethodsWe conducted 21 semi-structured, in-person or telephone, interviews with mCRC patients (40?70 min duration). We developed a codebook through a reflexive, iterative process, and used the AtlasTi software for coding and data analysis.ResultsWe identified 115 patients with mCRC who had a KRAS test conducted 6/1/10-4/11/11. Of these, we selected a diverse sample with respect to KRAS status, clinical factors, and demographics. Participants were 63 years old on average, mostly white (57%), and KRAS+ (52%). KRAS+ patients more often recalled having had the test than did KRAS- patients (50% vs. 11%). Most participants felt the test was potentially useful in directing their treatment, because it is ?scientific,? although several would question its accuracy if anti-EGFR drugs were contraindicated. A few KRAS+ patients were disappointed in the results. Patients frequently described their physician as ?the expert,? and used the internet mainly to validate current treatment. They underscored the importance of their physician?s ?fighting? for them. Most patients desired aggressive treatment and had not considered declining chemotherapy.DiscussionMost respondents did not recall having the KRAS test, and most appeared to view the test as inconsequential to their treatment considerations. Confidence in their physician?s optimism and recommendations were of greater consequence. Imaging scans, conducted repeatedly to measure progression of illness, seemed to carry more salience in their treatment experience than did the KRAS test.
An Empirical Model of the Motion of Turbulent Vortex Rings

D IMENSIONAL arguments indicate that the motion of both axial turbulent puffs (strongly turbulent masses of fluid moving through surroundings with which they readily mix)1 and turbulent vortex rings2 will remain similar at all distances from their virtual sources if their spreading rates are linear and their translational velocities decay as the inverse cube of the distance from their respective virtual sources. This hypothesis appears to be well substantiated for the case of the rapidly spreading turbulent puffs.1-3 However, the validity of the model is much more difficult to determine for the case of the vortex ring, where the extremely slow ring growth leads to the prediction of very large virtual origins. In fact, recent experiments4 indicate that measurements would be required at least 1000 diam from the discharging orifice, in order to satisfactoril y test the similarity model. Since such measurements have not been made and do not appear to be in the offing, the following empirical model is proposed for use in engineering calculations. Quantitative agreement with experimental results is good to distances on the order of 70 diam from the discharging orifice. The model is based on measurements of air vortex rings, seeded with a mist of dioctyl phthalate droplets, traveling through quiescent air. The time of flight was recorded by using the signal from a hot-wire anemometer to stop an electronic event timer as the vortex passed the anemometer. The hot-wire circuitry was also used to flash a stroboscope, thereby illuminating the vortex to an open-lensed camera, which recorded its geometry. All measurements were repeated at least thirty times and the mean values were used in further computations. It was apparent from the data that the behavior of the rings is very accurately described by (t - tv)/to = C[(x - x (D
Enhancing the 3-dB Bandwidth via the Gain-Lever Effect in Quantum-Dot Lasers

We investigate the small-signal modulation response of two-section, gain-lever, quantum-dot semiconductor lasers. A three-pole modulation function is derived from a 3-D set of rate equations, and a 70% 3-dB bandwidth enhancement is computed and experimentally realized in an undoped quantum-dot gain-lever laser under extreme asymmetric-bias conditions. Finally, it is demonstrated that the 3-dB bandwidth is three times the free-running relaxation oscillation frequency in these types of laser structures, as opposed to 1.55 times in the case of conventional single-section lasers.
Silencing TNFα with lipidoid nanoparticles downregulates both TNFα and MCP-1 in an in vitro co-culture model of diabetic foot ulcers.

Abstract Diabetes is one of the most formidable diseases facing the world today, with the number of patients growing every year. Poor glycemic control yields a host of complications, such as impaired wound healing. This often results in the formation of diabetic foot ulcers, which carry a poor prognosis because they are notoriously difficult to treat. Current therapies do not address the increased number of infiltrating macrophages to the wound bed that overproduce tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which increases fibroblast apoptosis and collagen dismantling and decreases angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the potential of RNA interference therapy to reduce the inappropriately high levels of TNFα in the wound bed. Although TNFα is a challenging gene silencing target, our lipidoid nanoparticles potently silence TNFα mRNA and protein expression at siRNA doses of 5–100 nM without inducing vehicle-related gene silencing or cell death. We also describe the creation of an in vitro macrophage–fibroblast co-culture model, which reflects the TNFα and monocyte chemotactant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) cross-talk that exists in diabetic wounds. Because TNFα induces fibroblasts to produce MCP-1, we show that silencing TNFα results in a downregulation of MCP-1, which should inhibit the recruitment of additional macrophages to the wound. In co-culture experiments, a single lipidoid nanoparticle dose of 100 nM siTNFα downregulated TNFα and MCP-1 by 64% and 32%, respectively. These data underscore the potential of lipidoid nanoparticle RNAi treatment to inhibit a positive feedback cycle that fuels the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers. Statement of significance Diabetic foot ulcers are a rapidly growing issue worldwide, with current ulcer treatments not as effective as desired. RNA interference therapy represents a largely untapped possible solution to impaired wound healing. We show that siRNA-loaded lipidoid nanoparticles silence the overexpression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in inflammatory macrophages which leads to a subsequent downregulation of fibroblast-produced macrophage chemotactant protein-1 (MCP-1). Both TNFα and MCP-1 are critical components of the inflammatory feedback loop that exists in chronic wounds. In contrast to the majority of wound drug delivery studies, our study utilizes macrophage/fibroblast co-culture experiments to recapitulate a multicellular wound environment in which cytokine signaling influences inflammation. Results underscore the therapeutic potential of siRNA nanoparticles directed against TNFα in inhibiting two key inflammatory targets in chronic wounds.
Cystic intraparenchymal meningioma in a child: case report.

We encountered an unusual case of a cystic and intraparenchymal meningioma in a child. This combination of features has not been reported previously
Making Learning Meaningful: Engaging Students in Ways That Matter to Them

Among the better predictors of persistence is goal realization, the ability of a student to articulate in their own words why they are in college and what they intend to do with their education. This chapter explores the importance of goal realization to student success and the kinds of policies and practices that when enacted well can help students make meaning of and appreciate the relevance of their experiences inside and outside the classroom to their personal circumstances.
Applications of Pulsed Co2 Laser Processing of Silicon

The absorption of CO 2 laser radiation in doped silicon is dominated by free-carrier transitions, which is an extrinsic absorption property. For applications where one would like to preferentially deposit the pulse energy in heavilydoped layers, the CO 2 laser is found to be preferable to other laser systems that oscillate at a photon energyexceeding the bandgap.The advantages of laser processing with below-bandgap radiation are illustrated by three different applications that areeither impossible or much more difficult to achieve with a visible or ultraviolet laser: (1) the melting of buried layerswithout melting the material that encapsulates the molten layer, (2) the melting of shallow layers at the surface, and(3)the annealing of lattice imperfections caused by high-temperature diffusion of phosphorus dopants into small diffusion wells.
Cell-cycle-dependent regulation of androgen receptor function

The androgen receptor (AR) is a critical oncogene in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. In this study, we demonstrate cell-cycle-dependent regulation of AR activity, localization, and phosphorylation. We show that for three AR-target genes, androgen-stimulated AR transactivation is highest during the G1 phase, decreased during S-phase, and abrogated during G2/M. This change in AR transactivation parallels changes in AR localization and phosphorylation. A combination of imaging techniques and quantitative analysis reveals nuclear AR localization during interphase and the exclusion of the majority, but not all, AR from chromatin during mitosis. Flow cytometry analyses using a phospho-S308 AR-specific antibody in asynchronous and chemically enriched G2/M PCa cells revealed ligand-independent induction of S308 phosphorylation in mitosis when CDK1 is activated. Consistent with our flow cytometry data, IP-western blotting revealed an increase in S308 phosphorylation in G2/M, and the results of an in vitro kinase assay indicated that CDK1 was able to phosphorylate the AR on S308. Pharmacological inhibition of CDK1 activity resulted in decreased S308 phosphorylation in PCa cells. Importantly, using a combination of anti-total AR and phospho-S308-specific antibodies in immunofluorescence experiments, we showed that the AR is excluded from condensed chromatin in mitotic cells when it was phosphorylated on S308. In summary, we show that the phosphorylation of the AR on S308 by CDK1 during mitosis regulates AR localization and correlates with changes in AR transcriptional activity. These findings have important implications for understanding the function of AR as an oncogene.
A quality assessment system: the search for validity

Quality assessment and assurance should involve all of dentistry, not just third party payment plans. One evaluation system is described and a draft outline of guidelines for criteria and standards is presented. An important, and usually neglected, aspect of the use of the system is illustrated by the presentation of some quantitative data from the review of a dental care program. Concerns about the validity of various elements are discussed, together with the difficulty of establishing such validity. Nevertheless, there are indications that the system is able to distinguish among different levels of quality using a dichotomous scale. More research in the field is urged.
The changing pattern of diagnosing primary hyperparathyroidism in young patients.

Abstract Background Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is increasing in adults but rarely reported in young patients where routine blood work is obtained more judiciously. We aim to determine how PHPT is currently being diagnosed in young patients and examine surgical outcomes. Method We retrospectively analyzed PHPT patients 24 years of age or less who underwent parathyroidectomy from 2001 to 2014. Patients were divided into 2 time periods: 2001 to 2007 (A) and 2008 to 2014 (B). Incidentally, diagnosed patients lacked objective symptoms of PHPT and had no family history. Results Forty young patients met inclusion criteria: 16 in group A and 24 in group B. Those in group A compared with group B had similar mean age, preoperative calcium, and parathyroid hormone ( P > .05). Incidental diagnosis was more common in the contemporary group (42% vs 25%, P = .001). Conclusions Current diagnosis of PHPT in young patients is increasingly incidental. This trend may be attributed to the more liberal use of labs in younger patients.
Changes in Caregiver Knowledge and Perceived Competency Following Group Education about Sensory Processing Disturbances: An Exploratory Study

Parents or teachers (n = 10) of children diagnosed on the autism spectrum and exhibiting sensory processing disorders (SPD) attended a series of six weekly educational sessions designed to increase the participants' knowledge of SPD, skills in interacting with children exhibiting SPD and confidence in intervening with children exhibiting undesirable behaviours stemming from SPD. The sessions consisted of group classroom instruction with instructional methods including PowerPoint-assisted lecture/discussion and short video clips. Pre-test and post-test assessment was made of the participants' (a) self-perceived knowledge of sensory processing concepts; (b) actual knowledge of sensory processing concepts; and (c) self-rated competency for dealing with children exhibiting behaviours related to SPD. Statistical analysis revealed significant gains were achieved on all measures. The results were interpreted as indicating that group classroom instruction is an effective means of increasing such caregivers' self-perceived knowledge of sensory processing concepts, actual knowledge of sensory processing concepts and self-rated competency for dealing with children exhibiting behaviours related to SPD. Future research to assess the short-term and long-term impacts of these gains and to gauge the relative effectiveness of various contents for such sessions is recommended. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning from social media: utilizing advanced data extraction techniques to understand barriers to breast cancer treatment

Past examinations of breast cancer treatment barriers have typically included registry, claims-based, and smaller survey studies. We examined treatment barriers using a novel, comprehensive, social media analysis of online, candid discussions about breast cancer. Using an innovative toolset to search postings on social networks, message boards, patient communities, and topical sites, we performed a large-scale qualitative analysis. We examined the sentiments and barriers expressed about breast cancer treatments by Internet users during 1 year (2/1/14–1/31/15). We categorized posts based on thematic patterns and examined trends in discussions by race/ethnicity (white/black/Hispanic) when this information was available. We identified 1,024,041 unique posts related to breast cancer treatment. Overall, 57 % of posts expressed negative sentiments. Using machine learning software, we assigned treatment barriers for 387,238 posts (38 %). Barriers included emotional (23 % of posts), preferences and spiritual/religious beliefs (21 %), physical (18 %), resource (15 %), healthcare perceptions (9 %), treatment processes/duration (7 %), and relationships (7 %). Black and Hispanic (vs. white) users more frequently reported barriers related to healthcare perceptions, beliefs, and pre-diagnosis/diagnosis organizational challenges and fewer emotional barriers. Using a novel analysis of diverse social media users, we observed numerous breast cancer treatment barriers that differed by race/ethnicity. Social media is a powerful tool, allowing use of real-world data for qualitative research, capitalizing on the rich discussions occurring spontaneously online. Future research should focus on how to further employ and learn from this type of social intelligence research across all medical disciplines.
Cnidarian Immunity: From Genomes to Phenomes

Cnidarians rely on the innate immune defenses based on self/non-self recognition, signaling and effector responses to kill pathogens and heal wounds. Like other invertebrates, the immune system of cnidarians can be classified into several functional components and many of these elements have now been described in various cnidarian model systems. These include recognition receptors, toll-like receptors and peptidoglycan binding proteins, prophenoloxidase and melanin synthesis for an impermeable melanin barrier, anti-microbial proteins and molecules, reactive oxygen-producing and scavenging systems and wound repair and cellular systems. This chapter will summarize the current state of knowledge of cnidarian immune pathways and mechanisms. We will summarize the available data, guiding the reader through the steps of initiating and executing an immune response: recognition, signaling, effector and repair mechanisms. We will also explore the current research of constitutive immunity observed in healthy organisms and elicited immune responses seen in naturally infected organisms or organisms exposed to live pathogens or pathogen associated molecular patterns. We will connect these known immune pathways with how they are expressed and regulated and how this may influence the wide variation in disease resistance observed in the field, both within and between species. The overarching goal of this chapter is to take the reader from a genomic to phenotypic perspective, while keeping pathways and mechanisms in a whole organism and ecological context, whenever possible.
Novel mitigation techniques for OFDM in a Doppler spread channel

The performance of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system degrades in the Doppler spread channel due to intercarrier interference (ICI) resulting from loss of orthogonality. In this paper, multirate sampling theory is applied to a standard OFDM system to reduce ICI. Using the N-point FFT receiver causes circular interference from the periodic extension spectrum of the channel spectrum. The periodic extension spectra due to sampling can be shifted further away from the fundamental spectrum if the sampling rate is increased (upsampling), thus resulting in less ICI for the edge subcarriers. The new detection scheme recovers the data from the outer carriers first. The ICI of the inner carriers is then reduced via a sequential interference cancellation technique, as detection moves from the outer carriers to the inner carriers. Using this method, the error floor is reduced. Upper and lower bounds on probability of error when using BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes, with the upsampling and new detection scheme cases are presented numerically. Also, simulations are done to verify the analytical results.
Partitioning of Chlorine Between Nacl Brines and Ferro-Pargasite: Implications For the Formation of Chlorine-Rich Amphiboles In Mafic Rocks

Determining the partitioning of chloride between fluid and rock has relevance to a wide range of geological processes, including high-grade metamorphism, economic deposit formation, and seawater-oceanic crust interactions. Calcium amphiboles, particularly those that are iron-rich, are a common host for chlorine and have the potential to reveal information about the ambient fluid composition, if the crystal-chemical controls on chlorine incorporation are known. In this study we investigated the incorporation of chlorine into synthetic ferro-pargasite [NaCa_2(Fe_4Al)(Al_2Si_6)O_(22)(Cl,OH)_2] formed mostly at 700 °C, 0.2 GPa, and oxygen fugacities (f_(O2)) between Co–CoO and wustite–magnetite (−20.2 < log(f_(O2)) < −17.5) for durations of 3–28 days. Starting mixtures consisted of reagent oxides and metallic iron to which chlorine was added as either a stock solution of NaCl brine up to 5 molal (m) (equivalent to mole fraction of NaCl, X_(NaCl), up to 0.082), or by mixing NaCl ± water directly with the starting mixture to achieve higher concentration brines by homogenization at elevated pressures and temperatures. Good yields of amphibole were obtained, with the most common additional phases being plagioclase, hedenbergite, and halite. At low salinities the Cl content of the amphibole, determined by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) of individual grains, increases linearly to about 0.045 anions per formula unit (apfu) as the brine concentration increases to about 1.7 m NaCl (X_(NaCl) = 0.03). Thermodynamic modeling of the partitioning of Cl– between brine and the amphibole yields a constant value for the equilibrium constant (K_a) of 0.78 ± 0.09 at 700 °C and 0.2 GPa over the range 0.1–2.0 m NaCl with the empirically derived relationship for the activity of Cl– in amphibole (ɑ^(ɑmph)_(Cl)_-) being ɑ^(ɑmph)_(Cl)_- ═ (X^(o(3)_(Cl))^(2/3). This activity-composition relationship suggests much less random mixing of Cl^–, OH^–, and O2^– at the O(3) site. At salinities above 1.7 m NaCl, the Cl content of the amphibole is fairly insensitive to the brine concentration. Only at halite saturation (83 m NaCl, or X_(NaCl) = 0.60, at 700 °C and 0.2 GPa) is there a noticeable increase in the Cl content of the amphibole, with a bimodal distribution centered at 0.2 and 0.7 Cl apfu observed in the highest salinity synthesis. The implication of this study is that (1) amphiboles with Cl contents above about 0.1 apfu (∼0.4 wt.% Cl) require ambient brines at halite saturation, and (2) oceanic crust reacting with homogeneous seawater could incorporate 50–200 ppm Cl via the presence of 8–31 wt.% ferro-pargasite in the oceanic crust, respectively.
Third‐Person Effect: Perceptual and Behavioral Component

The third-person effect model posits that individuals believe themselves to be unaffected by socially undesirable media messages but that they perceive that other people are negatively influenced. This discrepancy is known as the third-person effect's perceptual component. Because others may be adversely affected, individuals may act to restrict socially undesirable messages. This action comprises the behavioral component. In this entry, assumptions, key concepts, and research involving each component are considered. Keywords: media theory; public opinion; self
Secretory Products of the Human GI Tract Microbiome and Their Potential Impact on Alzheimer's Disease (AD): Detection of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in AD Hippocampus.

Although the potential contribution of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiome to human health, aging and disease is becoming increasingly acknowledged, the molecular mechanics and signaling pathways of just how this is accomplished is not well understood. Major bacterial species of the GI tract, such as the abundant Gram-negative bacilli Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), secrete a remarkably complex array of pro-inflammatory neurotoxins which, when released from the confines of the healthy GI tract, are pathogenic and highly detrimental to the homeostatic function of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). For the first time here we report the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in brain lysates from the hippocampus and superior temporal lobe neocortex of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains. Mean LPS levels varied from 2-fold increases in the neocortex to 3-fold increases in the hippocampus, AD over age-matched controls, however some samples from advanced AD hippocampal cases exhibited up to a 26-fold increase in LPS over age-matched controls. This ‘Perspectives’ paper will further highlight some very recent research on GI tract microbiome signaling to the human CNS, and will update current findings that implicate GI tract microbiome-derived LPS as an important internal contributor to inflammatory degeneration in the CNS.
ALK-Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Potentially Fatal Presentation.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disorder that can be familial in etiology or a result of infections, malignancy, and autoimmune or inflammatory disorders. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is common in patients admitted to intensive care units and can confound and delay the diagnosis of HLH. We present a case of a 69-year-old female who presented with dyspnea and malaise. Her condition declined rapidly with laboratory parameters consistent with DIC. In addition, she had a ferritin of 32,522 ng/mL, low haptoglobin, and elevated LDH, and bone marrow biopsy showed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytes. She was started on HLH-directed therapy, and later, a diagnosis of ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma was made on an excisional inguinal lymph node biopsy specimen. Our case emphasizes the importance of prompt recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of HLH while workup for a primary disorder is still being pursued.
Development and Testing of EyeRemember: A Memory Aid App for Wearables for People with Brain Injury

EyeRemember is a mobile app designed to run on wearable electronic devices and serve as an external memory aid for people with brain injury (BI). EyeRemember allows users to voice-record information about family, friends and caregivers (referred to as ‘contacts’ in the app). The technology detects the presence of Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacons carried by the user’s contacts and reminds users of the recorded information when contacts are present. EyeRemember was first developed for Google Glass and later for Android Wear smartwatches. Both versions were developed in accordance with user-centered design principles, by including end-users and identifying their needs, wants and limitations throughout the design process. This paper describes the features and functionality of EyeRemember, its interaction with BLE beacons and the implementation of the user-centered design process used to collect ongoing feedback from people with brain injury, their caregivers and clinicians at Shepherd Center, a rehabilitation hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The research design and results of clinical testing are also described. Results indicate EyeRemember is a clinically effective tool for memory compensation for some people with BI and suggests combining wearable computers with BLE beacons may be effective assistive technology. These results support previous research summarized in systematic guidelines recommending the use of external memory aids for memory compensation after BI and indicate it is likely these guidelines are applicable to novel and emerging technologies. The results also further validate previous research demonstrating systematic instruction as an effective method for training the use of technology for people with memory problems.
Prompt Flare and Disk Formation in Tidal Disruptions by Massive Black Holes

The ubiquitous observational signature in the disruption of a star by a massive black hole is a bright UV/X-ray flare with a light curve decaying at late times as \(t^{-5/3}\). The flare is the product of the stellar debris falling back towards the black hole, self-intersecting, and eventually forming an accretion disk. The time elapsing between the disruption of the star as it passes periapsis, the onset of the subsequent flare from material falling back, and the ultimate formation of the accretion disk depends on the black hole mass, the characteristics of the star, and the strength of the encounter. We present preliminary results from a class of tidal disruption events that until now have not been considered in which the disruption-flare-disk sequence develops promptly. These tidal disruption events are from ultra-close encounters between main-sequence stars and intermediate mass black holes.
Factors associated with physical inactivity in adult breast cancer survivors-A population-based study.

BACKGROUND Physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer-specific mortality. Although factors associated with physical inactivity in breast cancer survivors have been studied, a detailed examination at the population level is still lacking. METHODS We addressed this gap in 1236 women with a diagnosis of breast cancer from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Cancer Survivorship module. Physical inactivity was defined as self-reported absence of leisure time physical activity. Factors examined in the multivariable logistic regression model included sociodemographic, behavioral factors, access to health care, health history, current cancer treatment, and pain from cancer or treatment. RESULTS Overall, older age (≥65 years: OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.25-5.55) and being underweight (BMI <18.5: OR = 6.11, 95% CI: 1.35-27.66), were identified as significant factors associated with physical inactivity. In models adjusting for sociodemographics (Model 1), and the prior plus behavioral factors (Model 2), pain from cancer or treatment was significantly associated with physical inactivity (Model 2: OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.16-4.28); however, after fully adjusting for all variables (Model 3), there was no longer evidence of a significant association between pain from cancer and physical activity in female survivors with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS We identified demographic (older age) and physical (low BMI and pain) factors to be significantly associated with physical inactivity among breast cancer survivors. Future interventions to promote physical activity in breast cancer survivors could benefit by taking into account these factors to develop tailored recommendations for increasing activity.
Formation, Evolution, and Tuning of Frequency Combs in Microelectromechanical Resonators

This paper presents the formation, evolution, and tuning of frequency combs in a piezoelectric micromechanical resonator, based on nondegenerate parametric pumping. The frequency combs consist of precisely spaced spectral lines located close to the mechanical resonance modes of a drumhead microelectromechanical resonator. We investigate the parameter space of different dynamical regimes, wherein induced signal/idler tones break down into combs, and evolve into triangular-envelope shaped spectrums. Furthermore, we discuss the tuning mechanisms of frequency combs and study the dependency of the center frequency of combs and the frequency spacing between the spectral lines on the pump power and frequency. We demonstrate the evolution of combs in a mechanical system with direct electrical excitation and readout. This paper offers ultra-compact ( $30~\mu \text{m}$ in diameter), low-power (−13 dBm of threshold power) and highly tunable integrated frequency comb sources as low-cost alternatives to optomechanical frequency combs. [2018-0254]
Cancer therapy-induced cardiovascular toxicity: old/new problems and old drugs

Cardio-oncology has emerged as an exciting new field at the intersection of cardiology and oncology. While improved oncology treatment efficacy has increased survival rates in cancer patients, the ...
The flexible N-terminus of BchL protects its [4Fe-4S] cluster in oxygenic environments and autoinhibits activity

The dark-operative protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (DPOR) enzyme contains two [4Fe-4S]-containing component proteins (BchL and BchNB) that assemble in an ATP-dependent fashion to coordinate electron transfer and reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide. Photosyn-thesis generates an oxygenic environment that is non-optimal for [Fe-S] clusters and we here pre-sent an elegant evolutionarily conserved mechanism in BchL to protect its [4Fe-4S] cluster. We present a crystal structure of BchL in the nucleotide-free form with an ordered N-terminus that shields the [4Fe-4S] cluster at the docking interface between BchL and BchNB. Amino acid sub-stitutions that perturb the shielding of the [4Fe-4S] cluster produce an unstable, but hyper-active enzyme complex, suggesting a role for the N-terminus in both auto-inhibition and enzyme stabil-ity. Upon ATP binding, a patch of amino acids, Asp-Phe-Asp (DFD patch), situated at the mouth of the BchL ATP-binding pocket promotes inter-subunit cross stabilization of the two subunits and relieves the auto-inhibition by the N-terminus. A linked BchL dimer with one de-fective ATP-binding site does not support substrate reduction, illustrating that nucleotide binding to both subunits is a prerequisite for the inter-subunit cross stabilization. We propose that ATP-binding produces a conformational compaction of the BchL homodimer leading to a release of the flexible N-terminus from blocking the [4Fe-4S] cluster and promotes complex formation with BchNB to drive electron transfer. The auto-inhibitive feature and release mechanism appear unique to DPOR and is not found in the structurally similar nitrogenase.
Financial Incentives and Professionals’ Work Tasks: The Moderating Effects of Jurisdictional Dominance and Prominence

This research addresses the important question of how organizations can use financial incentives to influence the work tasks of their professional workforce—a constituency that is notoriously diffi...
Performance Art and Illiberal Democracy: Marina Abramović's The Cleaner in Belgrade

In September 2019, Marina Abramovic's exhibition, The Cleaner, billed as her “European retrospective,” opened in Belgrade. The funding for the exhibit was secured through a direct intervention that...