cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Face of IBD

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD: Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]) have emerged as global diseases. Historically these diseases were considered to affect nearly exclusively western Caucasian population and individuals of Jewish ethnicity. However, more recent studies have demonstrated an increasing incidence worldwide, including in regions of the world like Asia where these diseases were previously considered uncommon. They are now known to affect individuals of every ethnicity. Large consortia-based studies on African Americans and East Asians demonstrate that while there is a considerable sharing of genetic architecture with Caucasians, there are also ethnicity-specific risk alleles observed only in a specific racial or ethnic group. Similarly, there is also a variation in the prevalence of and susceptibility to environmental influences across geography and race. Elegant migration studies have demonstrated that when individuals migrate from a region of low-IBD incidence to one of high incidence, the first-generation immigrants continue to remain at a low risk while the risk of IBD in the second-generation immigrants is similar to that of the country of residence suggesting an important role of changing environmental influences.
A Joint Model for Semantic Sequences: Frames, Entities, Sentiments

Understanding stories – sequences of events – is a crucial yet challenging natural language understanding task. These events typically carry multiple aspects of semantics including actions, entities and emotions. Not only does each individual aspect contribute to the meaning of the story, so does the interaction among these aspects. Building on this intuition, we propose to jointly model important aspects of semantic knowledge – frames, entities and sentiments – via a semantic language model. We achieve this by first representing these aspects’ semantic units at an appropriate level of abstraction and then using the resulting vector representations for each semantic aspect to learn a joint representation via a neural language model. We show that the joint semantic language model is of high quality and can generate better semantic sequences than models that operate on the word level. We further demonstrate that our joint model can be applied to story cloze test and shallow discourse parsing tasks with improved performance and that each semantic aspect contributes to the model.
Novel natural withanolides induce apoptosis and inhibit migration of neuroblastoma cells through down regulation of N-myc and suppression of Akt/mTOR/NF-κB activation.

// Chitra Subramanian 1 , Patrick T. Grogan 2 , Valerie P. Opipari 3 , Barbara N. Timmermann 4 and Mark S. Cohen 1, 5 1 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 4 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA 5 Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Correspondence to: Mark S. Cohen, email: cohenmar@med.umich.edu Keywords: neuroblastoma; withanolides; N-myc; Akt/mToR/NFKB; apoptosis Received: December 15, 2016 Accepted: September 04, 2017 Epub: February 07, 2018 Published: March 06, 2018 ABSTRACT Despite recent advances in intensive chemotherapy treatments, long-term success is achieved in less than 30% of children with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). Key regulatory pathways including the PI3K/Akt, mTOR and NF-κB are implicated in the pathogenesis of NB. Although drugs targeting these individual pathways are in clinical trials, they are not effective due to the activation of compensatory mechanisms. We have previously reported that natural novel withanolides from Physalis longifolia can potently inhibit these key regulatory pathways simultaneously. In the present study, we examined the efficacy and mechanisms through which novel withanolides and their acetate derivatives (WGA-TA and WGB-DA) from P.longifolia kill NB cells. The results from the study demonstrated that our novel acetate derivatives are highly effective in inhibiting the proliferation, shifting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Analysis of oncogenic pathway proteins targeted by withanolides indicated induction of heat shock response due to oxidative stress. Dose dependent decrease in clients of HSP90 chaperone function due to suppression of Akt, mTOR, and NF-κB pathways led to decrease in the expressions of target genes such as cyclin D1, N-myc and Survivin. Additionally, there was a dose dependent attenuation of the migration and invasion of NB cells. Furthermore, the lead compound WGA-TA showed significant reduction in tumor growth of NB xenografts. Taken together, these results suggest that withanolides are an effective therapeutic option against NBs.
Organization of central pathways mediating the Hering-Breuer reflex and carotid chemoreflex.

How are respiratory reflex pathways organized centrally? Surprisingly little data are available in the literature that clearly address this basic question. It is generally assumed that afferents from carotid chemoreceptors, vagally-mediated slowly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR) and other cardiopulmonary receptors modulate the respiratory rhythm through paucisynaptic central pathways that directly excite or inhibit the respiratory oscillator. The distinct response patterns specific to differing respiratory afferents suggest that the corresponding central pathways are not organized the same. However, precisely how varying central reflex pathways are organized to selectively modulate the respiratory rhythm is not clear.
Formal trust model for multiagent systems

Trust should be substantially based on evidence. Further, a key challenge for multiagent systems is how to determine trust based on reports from multiple sources, who might themselves be trusted to varying degrees. Hence an ability to combine evidence-based trust reports in a manner that discounts for imperfect trust in the reporting agents is crucial for multiagent systems. This paper understands trust in terms of belief and certainty: A's trust in B is reflected in the strength of A's belief that B is trustworthy. This paper formulates certainty in terms of evidence based on a statistical measure defined over a probability distribution of the probability of positive outcomes. This novel definition supports important mathematical properties, including (1) certainty increases as conflict increases provided the amount of evidence is unchanged, and (2) certainty increases as the amount of evidence increases provided conflict is unchanged. Moreover, despite a more subtle definition than previous approaches, this paper (3) establishes a bijection between evidence and trust spaces, enabling robust combination of trust reports and (4) provides an efficient algorithm for computing this bijection.
Bounded Integral Controller for Nonlinear MIMO Systems with Inputs Constraint

In this paper, a bounded integral controller (BIC) is developed for nonlinear multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems to handle the sum of squares constraint of control inputs. The BIC guarantees the inputs constraint independently from the plant parameters, and keeps the properties of traditional integral controller (IC) with eliminating tracking errors and achieving disturbances rejection. The closed-loop stability is analyzed with the input-to-state (practical) stability (ISpS). Two simulation cases with practical applications are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the BIC design.
Best approximation of functions in generalized Hölder class.

Here, for the first time, error estimation of the functions $g\in H_{z}^{(w)}$ and $\tilde{g}\in H_{z}^{(w)}$ classes using $TC^{1}$ method of F. S. (Fourier Series) and C. F. S. (Conjugate Fourier Series), respectively, are determined. The results of (Dhakal in Int. Math. Forum 5(35):1729–1735, 2010; Dhakal in Int. J. Eng. Technol. 2(3):1–15, 2013; Kushwaha and Dhakal in Nepal J. Sci. Technol. 14(2):117–122, 2013) become the particular cases of our Theorem 2.1. Some important corollaries are also deduced from our main theorems.
An Exploratory Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral vs Client-Centered Therapies for Child-Mother Dyads Bereaved from Terrorism

The study was an evaluation of Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT; Cohen et al. 2017) with child-caregiver dyads who experienced the death of a loved one from terrorism, using a hybrid efficacy/effectiveness design in which there were no required minimum symptom levels. Forty children ages 4–17 years old whose fathers died in the line of duty on 9/11/2001 and their mothers participated in an RCT comparing TF-CBT and Client-Centered Therapy (CCT). At baseline, mothers’ PTSD, depression, and prolonged grief symptoms were highly elevated, whereas children’s were at normative levels. Using intent-to-treat analysis, condition-by-time interactions showed significantly greater symptom reduction for mothers receiving CBT than those receiving CCT. For the children, both treatments led to significant symptom improvements.
Monoclonal antibody to Abelson lymphoma cells

The Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) is a defective transforming retrovirus that rapidly induces a variety of hematopoietic neoplasms including those of B-celis when injected into mice (reviewed in Risser 1982; Rosenberg and Baltimore 1980). A-MuLV is a genetic recombinant between Moloney MuLV (M-MuLV) and a normal cellular proto-oncogene, c-abl (Goff et al., 1980). The strain of A-MuLV used here encodes a novel gag-abl fusion protein of 160 kd (Goff et al 1981; Grunwald et al 1982). This v-abl product is a phosphoprotein that will phosphorylate itself and other proteins on tyrosine residues in immuno-precipitates (Van de Ven et al 1980; Witte et al 1980; Sefton et al 1981). Using tumor regressor antiserum Witte et al (1979) identified a cellular protein of 150 kd (NCP150) in uninfected cells that is serologically related to the v-abl product; thus NCP150 is a candidate for the c-abl product. Ponticelli et al (1982) demonstrated that NCP150 shares 5 phosphopeptides with v-abl pl60. Wang and Baltimore (1983) demonstrated that c-abl mRNA was found in all normal cells and cell lines tested, though in highest quantities in mouse thymocytes and NIH 3T3 cells. We report here the isolation of a monoclonal antibody, 442, which reacts with normal protein(s) that have molecular properties reminiscent of those of the c-abl product or some receptors for growth factors (Cohen et al 1982).
Ratiometric Fluorogenic RNA-Based Sensors for Imaging Live-Cell Dynamics of Small Molecules

Imaging the cellular dynamics of metabolites and signaling molecules is critical for understanding various metabolism and signal transduction pathways. Genetically encoded RNA-based sensors are eme...
Factor Xa inhibitors in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices

Warfarin is standard anticoagulation therapy for patients with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD). However, warfarin requires regular monitoring and dosage adjustments and fails for many patients, causing thromboembolic and bleeding events. Factor Xa inhibitors have been shown to be noninferior to warfarin in preventing strokes and are associated with less intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation. We evaluated treatment safety and effectiveness in CF-LVAD patients who switched from warfarin to a factor Xa inhibitor (apixaban or rivaroxaban) after warfarin failure. This was a retrospective, single-center study of patients treated between 2008 and 2018. We assessed the occurrence of stroke, non-central nervous system (CNS) embolism, pump thrombosis, and major gastrointestinal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage during therapy. We identified seven patients: five were male, the average body mass index was 30 kg/m2, and average age was 56 years. Preimplantation comorbidities included hypertension (all patients) and diabetes mellitus, ischemic cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and previous myocardial infarction (four patients each). Overall, patients received warfarin for 3968 days and apixaban/rivaroxaban for 1459 days. The warfarin group was within the therapeutic INR range (2.0–3.0) 30% of the time. Complication rates did not differ between warfarin and apixaban/rivaroxaban: strokes, 0.20 vs none, non-CNS embolism, 0.54 vs none; pump thrombosis, 0.27 vs none; major gastrointestinal bleeding, 0.20 vs 0.50; intracranial hemorrhage, 0.13 vs none. Factor Xa inhibitors may be viable treatment options for CF-LVAD patients for whom warfarin therapy has failed. Large prospective studies are necessary to confirm these results.
Positive information facilitates response inhibition in older adults only when emotion is task-relevant

Emotional information is integral to everyday life and impacts a variety of cognitive abilities including response inhibition, a critical skill for maintaining appropriate and flexible behaviour. However, reported effects of emotion on response inhibition are inconsistent in younger adults, and very limited in older adults. Effects of aging are especially relevant because emotion regulation improves with aging despite declining inhibitory control over neutral information. Across three studies, we assessed the impact of emotional facial expressions on response inhibition in younger and older adults while manipulating attention to task stimuli. Emotional faces (versus neutral faces) altered response inhibition only when task instructions required explicit attention to emotional attributes of the faces. When directly comparing fear faces to happy faces, both age groups had better response inhibition to happy faces. Age further influenced differences across conditions, in that happy faces enhanced response inhibition relative to neutral faces in older adults but not younger adults. Thus, emotional response inhibition for task-relevant (but not task-irrelevant) positive information is enhanced in late life compared to early adulthood. The present work extends the nascent literature on emotional response inhibition in aging, and proffers a framework to reconcile the mixed literature on this topic in younger adults.
Neurovascular Consequences of Systemic Disease: Lupus and Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Cognitive dysfunction is a common feature in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, with a prevalence of ranging from 55–80% in SLE patients (Ainiala et al., Arthritis Rheum 45:419–423, 2001; Brey et al., Neurology 58:1214–1220, 2002; Hanly et al., J Rheumatol 31:2156–2162, 2004; Sanna et al., J Rheumatol 30:985–992, 2003; Sibbitt et al., J Rheumatol 29:1536–1542, 2002). Cognitive impairment often involves the subcortical brain, causing difficulties with working memory as well as a reduction in information-processing and executive functioning, such as planning, organizing, or multi-tasking (Leritz et al., J Int Neuropsychol Soc 6:821–825, 2000). The etiology of cognitive dysfunction in SLE is still under investigation, with current studies demonstrating that cognitive dysfunction cannot be fully explained by SLE disease activity or treatments or prior strokes (Brey et al., Neurology 58:1214–1220, 2002; Rivest et al., J Rheumatol 27:680–684, 2000). Alternative explanations, such as infection, malignancy, medication adverse effect (e.g. steroid-induced psychosis), metabolic disturbances (e.g. uremia) need to be aggressively evaluated and excluded (“The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes,” Arthritis Rheum, 42:599–608, 1999; Futrell et al., Neurology 42:1649–1657, 1992; West et al., Am J Med 99:153–163, 1995).
Does social capital boost or block renewable energy siting? South African solar politics in comparison

Abstract Why do some towns host more renewable energy than others? This mixed-methods study uses policy adoption theory to test whether social resources, namely social capital, affect which localities adopt the most solar power plants, and whether social capital’s effects vary by policy regimes, geography, or development. I focus on utility scale solar plants over 10 kW in installed capacity. Using GIS, statistical models, and qualitative case studies, I test what factors shape solar siting under seven policy regimes worldwide. I examine democratic, early adopters of renewable power in their regions, including auctions in South Africa (2011–2018), Germany (2014–2018), and California (2010–2018), contrasted with feed-in tariffs in Germany (2004–2008 and 2008–2011), Japan (2012–2017), and Vermont (2010–2018). I find that bridging social capital acts as an obstacle in several countries, including South Africa, regardless of a country’s geography, development, or choice of feed-in tariff or auction policy. Better opportunities for public participation in siting could improve South Africa’s chance for a just transition to renewable energy.
CD200–CD200R immune checkpoint engagement regulates ILC2 effector function and ameliorates lung inflammation in asthma

The prevalence of asthma and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) is increasing at an alarming rate. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are copious producers of type 2 cytokines, which leads to AHR and lung inflammation. Here, we show that mouse ILC2s express CD200 receptor (CD200R) and this expression is inducible. CD200R engagement inhibits activation, proliferation and type 2 cytokine production, indicating an immunoregulatory function for the CD200-CD200R axis on ILC2s. Furthermore, CD200R engagement inhibits both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways in activated ILC2s. Additionally, we demonstrate both preventative and therapeutic approaches utilizing CD200R engagement on ILC2s, which lead to improved airway resistance, dynamic compliance and eosinophilia. These results show CD200R is expressed on human ILC2s, and its engagement ameliorates AHR in humanized mouse models, emphasizing the translational applications for treatment of ILC2-related diseases such as allergic asthma.
Plasma Neurofilament Light and Future Declines in Cognition and Function in Alzheimer's Disease in the FIT-AD Trial.

Background Utilities of blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials remain unknown. Objective To evaluate the ability of plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) to predict future declines in cognition and activities of daily living (ADL) outcomes in 26 older adults with mild-to-moderate AD dementia from the FIT-AD Trial. Methods Plasma NfL was measured at baseline and 3 and 6 months. Cognition and ADL were assessed using the AD Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog) and AD Uniform Dataset Instruments and Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD), respectively, at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the associations between baseline or change in plasma NfL and changes in outcomes. Results Higher baseline plasma NfL was associated with greater rate of decline in ADAS-Cog from baseline to 6 months (standardized estimate of 0.00462, p = 0.02853) and in ADL from baseline to 12 months (standardized estimate of -0.00284, p = 0.03338). Greater increase in plasma NfL in short term from baseline to 3 months was associated with greater rate of decline in memory and ADL from 3 to 6 months (standardized estimate of -0.04638 [0.003], p = 0.01635; standardized estimate of -0.03818, p = 0.0435) and greater rate of decline in ADL from 3 to 12 month (standardized estimate of -0.01492, p = 0.01082). Conclusion This study demonstrated that plasma NfL might have the potential to predict cognitive and function decline up to 12 months. However, future studies with bigger sample sizes need to confirm the findings.
Imaging of Cholangiocarcinoma

The chapter describes the major non-invasive imaging techniques used in cholangiocarcinoma imaging. These include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), as well as nuclear/hybrid imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT. US is typically used as a first-line screening exam, whereas contrast-enhanced, multiphasic CT and MR are the primary imaging examinations for diagnosis, staging, and surgical planning, due to their excellent performance. PET/CT is becoming increasingly used and has shown additional value in optimizing management in select cases, such as in the detection of lymph node and distal metastatic disease. Imaging utilizes the anatomical classification of cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal) along with the major described morphologic growth patterns (mass-forming, periductal infiltrating, and intraductal polypoid); in general, it reflects the heterogeneous presentation of cholangiocarcinoma, with characteristic but nonspecific features that include a metabolically active mass with irregular, peripheral arterial hyperenhancement with gradual centripetal delayed enhancement, as well as biliary ductal dilation with abrupt cutoff at stricture/thickening or mass with normal-caliber distal duct. Herein, we discuss the strengths and limitations of non-invasive imaging modalities in cholangiocarcinoma management.
Velocity-tunable beam of continuously decelerated polar molecules for cold ion-molecule reaction studies

Producing high densities of molecules is a fundamental challenge for low-temperature, ion-molecule reaction studies. Traveling-wave Stark decelerators promise to deliver high density beams of cold, polar molecules but require non-trivial control of high-voltage potentials. We have overcome this experimental challenge and demonstrate continuous deceleration of ND3 from 385 to 10 m/s, while driving the decelerator electrodes with a 10 kV amplitude sinewave. In addition, we test an alternative slowing scheme, which increases the time delay between decelerated packets of ND3 and non-decelerated molecules, allowing for better energy resolution of subsequent reaction studies. We characterize this source of neutral, polar molecules suitable for energy-resolved reaction studies with trapped ions at cold translational temperatures. We also propose a combined apparatus consisting of the traveling-wave decelerator and a linear ion trap with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and discuss to what extent it may achieve cold, energy-resolved, ion-neutral reactions.
Regulatory Barriers to Change

Regulatory barriers are major factors in determining the speed at which the technologies described in the previous chapter have been deployed. Some of these barriers are the result of the regulatory process not putting in place the necessary initial conditions for new technologies to be adopted or to be adopted in a cost effective manner. The lack of widespread deployment of interval metering is a prime example of this kind of barrier. Other barriers to change are the result of inefficient prices for regulated services, such as average cost pricing of transmission and distribution network services and annual average cost pricing of retail electricity. In this chapter we discuss these barriers and how to overcome them.
High-pT Higgs boson production at hadron colliders to O( alpha sGF3).

We study high-pT Higgs boson production in hadron collisions at one loop to order O(αsGF3). In particular, we investigate the process g+q(q¯)→q(q¯)+H, where q=u,d,c,s, or b, for the CERN LHC (a √s=14 TeV proton-proton collider). Our results are compared to the O(αsGF3) and O(αsGF) calculations. The associated production of a high-pT Higgs boson with a b quark or antiquark at O(αsGF3) is comparable to the O(αsGF3) and O(αsGF) processes because of the large top quark mass and the additional contribution of electroweak gauge and Goldstone bosons. The associated production of light quarks, however, is not significant. We also comment on new physics effects in the framework of the electroweak chiral Lagrangian.
Building a repository of network traffic captures for information assurance education

Network traffic analysis is one of the essential skills of information security professionals. To help students develop these skills, pre-recorded network trace files were needed so students could perform hands-on exercises in network security labs. Due to legal and privacy reasons, however, it is not feasible to record traffic on public networks. Traditionally, the main sources of the network traffic captures have been from the public domain or from dedicated physical networking labs. The trace files in the public domain are free but often out-dated and limited. Additionally, the cost of using a private networking lab to record traffic is just too high. Developments in virtual machine technology have now made it possible to create a portable and expandable private virtual networks at a minimal cost. The network is composed of virtual machines running different guest operating systems and applications. We used this diversified virtual network to generate normal and irregular traffic, including traffic of malicious attacks. Transmitted packets were recorded as trace files in libpcap format and were added to our local repository of network traffic captures. The network traces were later provided to students for analyses in hands-on labs.
High-density plasma sources

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the challenges for ionized physical vapor deposition plasma source design. Ionized physical vapor deposition (I-PVD), in comparison with other process steps for ULSI (ultra large-scale integration) fabrication, presents some interesting and unique challenges in the selection of a plasma source. One general approach to enhancing the ionization of the sputtered material is to increase the distance between the sputter target and substrate in order to generate a “high-density plasma” in the space created. Several types of high-density plasma sources are employed for I-PVD processes and are described in this chapter. Most approaches to I-PVD use some form of DC magnetron discharge as a source of sputtered metal. Inductively coupled plasmas (ICP) and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasmas are used as secondary plasma sources to enhance the ionization of metal atoms sputtered from DC magnetron sources. Finally, the hollow cathode magnetron source, developed especially for I-PVD, combines sputtering and ionization in a single source.
Policy and Custodial Grandparents

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion inMarquette Elder's Advisor by an authorized administrator of Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contactmegan.obrien@marquette.edu.
Cognitive effects of quetiapine in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies

A recent large-scale randomized controlled clinical trial, the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's Disease study, found a significant worsening of cognitive functioning in a sample of patients with Alzheimer's disease. To date there have been no equally powered studies examining the cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotics in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies, the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. This case report describes a significant cognitive improvement observed through the use of an atypical antipsychotic in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies. The observed divergence in cognitive responsiveness is discussed mechanistically on both the clinical and neuromolecular level. Limitations to this case study design are presented and discussed. The prudence of caution in importing the results of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's Disease study to the dementia with Lewy bodies population is summarized and presented for psychiatrists, neurologists and primary care providers, with an intent to stimulate discussion and further research.
Culture and the Structure of Tyrannylessness

The Occupy movement is famous for all kinds of things that it didn't invent. Practices like the general assembly, the people's microphone, the hand signals, and the tactic of occupation are a major...
Mechanism of Acetaminophen‐Induced Apoptosis in Cultured Cells: Roles of Caspase‐3, DNA Fragmentation Factor, and the Ca2+ and Mg2+ Endonuclease DNAS1L3

We have recently shown that acetaminophen induces many of the apoptotic traits in hepatoma cells and lymphocytes (Boulares et al. (2002d). In an effort to further investigate the mechanism by which non-metabolized acetaminophen induces apoptosis, we have now examined the roles of caspase-3, the DNA fragmentation factor, and the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-regulated Ca2+ and Mg2+-dependent endonuclease DNAS1L3 in the induction of such death process. This was achieved with the use of MCF-7 cells, a caspase-3-deficient breast adenocarcinoma cell line, thymocytes isolated from DFF45 (the inhibitory and chaperone subunit of the DNA fragmentation factor subunit, DFF40) deficient mice, and HeLa cells, a DNAS1L3-deficient cervical carcinoma cell line. MCF-7 exhibited a marked resistance to acetaminophen treatment. Ectopic expression of human caspase-3 significantly potentiated the cytotoxic effect of acetaminophen and promoted the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol of treated cells suggesting a direct role for caspase-3 in acetaminophen-induced apoptosis. Expression and cleavage of DFF45 were required but not sufficient for acetaminophen-induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. DFF45 gene knockout rendered thymocytes resistant against acetaminophen-induced generation of both large and internucleosomal DNA fragments. The treatment of HeLa cells with acetaminophen resulted in internuclesomal DNA fragmentation only after transfection of these cells with a plasmid encoding the DNAS1L3 gene suggesting that this endonuclease is required for acetaminophen-induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. DNAS1L3 expression potentiated the cytotoxic effect of acetaminophen in HeLa cells suggesting an active role in the death process induced by this drug. Altogether, these results demonstrate the specific roles of caspase-3, DNA fragmentation factor, and DNAS1L3 in the process of acetaminophen-induced apoptosis in cultured cells.
CWR22: The First Human Prostate Cancer Xenograft with Strongly Androgen-dependent and Relapsed Strains Both in Vivo and in Soft Agar

Most patients' prostate cancers respond to androgen deprivation but relapse after periods of several months to years. Only two prostate cancer xenografts, LNCaP and PC-346, have been reported to be responsive to androgen deprivation and to relapse subsequently. Both of these tumors shrink slightly, if at all, and relapse less than 5 weeks after androgen withdrawal. After androgen withdrawal, the human primary prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 regresses markedly, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) falls up to 3000-fold in the blood of mice. PSA usually returns to normal. In some animals, the tumor relapses and is then designated CWR22R. In these animals, PSA starts to rise approximately 2-7 months, and tumor begins to grow 3-10 months after castration. Animals with CWR22 need to be euthanized because of large tumors 6-12 weeks after the transplantation of CWR22. Androgen withdrawal prolongs life approximately 3-4-fold.
Methodology for synthesis, testing, and verification of pipelined architecture processors from behavioral-level-only HDL code and a case study example

A goal of computer designers is to reduce the development cycle time for complex pipelined architecture core processor systems. A research effort is described which had a major objective of determining if an approach and methodology could be developed which will allow complex pipelined architecture processors with stringent system functional, timing, and performance requirements to be correctly and efficiently synthesized from a high behavioral-level-only HDL design description, thus reducing development cycle time. A second research objective was to synthesize to target FPGA technology using primarily standard available PC based CAD tools. Contributions include a developed approach and methodology which are verified by presentation of the results of a case study example which resulted in the correct synthesis of a FPGA prototype of a behavioral-level-only HDL described pipeline architecture processor. Correct synthesis was verified via experimental testing of the processor prototype.
The characteristic semigroup of a topological space

Abstract The main result of this paper is that two T 2 topological spaces are homeomorphic if and only if their corresponding characteristic semigroups are isomorphic. Certain classes of topological spaces are then characterized in terms of their characteristic semigroups.
Selective expression of the interleukin-2 gene discriminates between the auto- and allo-mixed lymphocyte reaction

Abstract The in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is a useful model to study alloresponsiveness to histocompatibility antigens. Secretion of different cytokine proteins in the supernatant of allo-MLR cultures has been reported in a few studies with no reference to results in auto-MLR. Since most cytokines are autocrine factors, their levels in the supernatant may not reflect the actual intracellular production. Therefore, we studied cytokine gene expression in auto- and allo-MLR by Northern dot blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. mRNA for IL-β and IL-8 was detected in both auto- and allo-MLR by Northern dot blotting. mRNA for IL-2, γ-IFN, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) was not found by Northern dot blotting and could only be detected by RT-PCR. Expression of mRNA for IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, γ-IFN and IL-2R by RT-PCR analysis was seen in both auto- and allo-MLR. There was slightly increased expression of γ-IFN, IL-2R and TNF-α in allo-MLR in comparison to auto-MLR. However, IL-2 was exclusively expressed in allo-MLR and was detected as early as 5 h of initiation of culture. These results indicate that mRNA expression for a number of cytokines can be seen in both auto- and allo-MLR suing RT-PCR analysis. However, the consistent expression of IL-2 in the allo-MLR indicates that it is an important cytokine which discriminates an allo- from a autoresponse. These findings suggest that detection of IL-2 gene expression by RT-PCR may be useful for immune monitoring of allograft rejection.
Switching properties of a partially set square-loop ferrite core

The switching properties of a partially set square-loop ferrite core depend not only upon the initial flux level, but also upon how that flux level was attained, and are therefore complex. Experimental results that describe some of this history dependence are presented. A thin-ring core ( OD/ID = 1.10 ) was partially set by switching it from negative remanence ( -\phi_{r} ) to some flux level (φ ps ) using a rectangular PARTIAL SET pulse of duration T ps . This pulse was followed by a rectangular TEST pulse having a variable amplitude F to determine the properties of switching from each partially set state. Three types of data were taken during the TEST pulse: 1) switching voltage waveforms [i.e., \phi(t) ] for a given φ ps and F , with T ps as a parameter, 2) peak switching voltage vs. F [i.e., \phi_{p}(F) ] curves for a given φ ps , with T ps , as a parameter, and 3) \dot{\phi}_{p}(F) curves for a given T ps , with φ ps as a parameter. The \dot{\phi}(t) waveforms changed considerably as T ps was varied, even though F and φ ps were constant (e.g., peaking time was reduced from 0.5 μs to less than 0.1 μs as T ps was reduced from 100 μs to 5 ns). The slope and threshold of the \dot{\phi}_{p}(F) curves were lowered considerably as φ ps was increased from -\phi_{r} to -0.36\phi_{r} (e.g., the slope was reduced by 40 percent and the threshold was reduced by 14 percent for T_{ps} = 0.9 \mu s). Presently used switching models are not able to account for these effects. Related phenomena also occur when the core is switched from -\phi_{r} with an MMF which is not constant throughout the entire switching process. The experimental results are discussed relative to the future development of an appropriate switching model.
Electron degradation spectra in helium.

Electron degradation and subexcitation spectra have been computed for helium gas containing a source of electron with initial energy of 1.99, 10, or 30 keV. The yield of primary ionizations was also obtained and the results analyzed. A new type of plot illustrates the slow variation of the mean energy per ion pair with respect to the initial electron energy.
Generalized Solvation Heat Capacities

The partial molar heat capacity associated with a constant-pressure solvation process is extended to define a total of six generalized solvation heat capacities, each of which contain unique physical information. These arise from all the possible cross derivatives of the reversible heat of solvation (with respect to T and N), each evaluated at either constant pressure or constant volume. The resulting quantities may be interconverted using expressions that depend on the solvent equation of state and the solute partial molar volume. Moreover, contributions to each of the solvation heat capacities arising from the temperature dependence of the solute−solvent interaction energy and the solvent-reorganization energy (at either constant pressure or constant volume) are formally identified. For the self-solvation of a molecule in its own pure fluid, the latter quantities may be extracted directly from experimental data, while for more general solvation processes additional input is required, either from compute...
Runway performance of goldfish as a function of complete and incomplete reduction in amount of reward

Two experiments are reported in which goldfish failed to show the inverse relation between resistance to extinction and amount of reward and failed also to show the depression effect under conditions analogous to those which most clearly produce these effects in rats.
Role of Carbides in Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Alloy 600 and Controlled-Purity Ni-16% Cr-9% Fe in Primary Water at 360°C

Abstract Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of two commercial alloy 600 (UNS N06600) conditions (heat-treated at low temperature [600LT] and at high temperature [600HT]) and two controlled-purity Ni-16% Cr-9% Fe alloys (carbondoped mill-annealed [CDMA] and carbon-doped thermally treated [CDTT]) were investigated using constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests in primary water (0.001 M lithium hydroxide [LiOH] + 0.01 M boric acid [H3BO3]) with 1 bar (100 kPa) hydrogen overpressure at 360°C and 320°C. Heat treatments produced two types of microstructures in the commercial and controlled-purity alloys: one dominated by grain-boundary carbides (600HT and CDTT) and one dominated by intragranular carbides (600LT and CDMA). CERT tests were conducted over a range of strain rates and at two temperatures with interruptions at specific strains to determine the crack depth distributions. Results showed IGSCC was the dominant failure mode in all samples. For the commercial alloy and controlled-purity a...
Multivariate models of parent-late adolescent gender dyads: the importance of parenting processes in predicting adjustment.

Although parent-adolescent interactions have been examined, relevant variables have not been integrated into a multivariate model. As a result, this study examined a multivariate model of parent-late adolescent gender dyads in an attempt to capture important predictors in late adolescents’ important and unique transition to adulthood. The sample for this study consisted of 151 male and 324 female late adolescents, who reported on their mothers’ and fathers’ parenting style, their family environment, their mothers’ and fathers’ expectations for them, the conflict that they experience with their mothers and fathers, and their own adjustment. Overall, the variables had significant relationships with one another. Further, the male-father, male-mother, and female-father structural equation models that were examined suggested that parenting style has an indirect relationship with late adolescents’ adjustment through characteristics of the family environment and the conflict that is experienced in families; such findings were not evident for the female-mother model. Thus, the examination of parent-late adolescent interactions should occur in the context of the gender of parents and their late adolescents.
Soap films as a tool for the study of colloidal stability

The same factors that govern the stability of hydrophobic colloidal systems influence the behaviour of thin detergent films. The study of soap films can therefore clarify many of the problems relating to colloidal stability, and vice versa. The advantages and limitations of the soap film approach are discussed. An interesting way of performing such experiments is to investigate the thickness of slowly formed soap films. Some results of this method are set forth.
Coping patterns in Latino families of children with asthma.

Abstract Introduction Using the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP), this study examined coping behaviors in 26 Latino parents of children with asthma. Methods Correlations and t tests were used to look at variables related to the parents' coping patterns and to compare their frequency of usage of these patterns. Results The parents in this study were most likely to cope with their child's asthma by making active attempts to understand this condition, doing activities with family members, and maintaining an optimistic perspective. Child and family variables were not significantly associated with parents' usage of coping patterns. Discussion These results shed light on coping in Latino families of children with asthma and contribute to a growing framework of research and practice regarding health problems in this population. The aforementioned results can enhance health care professionals' understanding of the experiences of these families and help develop and expand culturally sensitive interventions to positively affect their health and psychological needs.
Does National Context Influence Democratic Satisfaction? A Multi-Level Analysis:

Previous research, using standard regression analyses, suggests that national context affects citizens’ satisfaction with democracy. We note that these standard techniques are inappropriate for examining the interaction between national and individual-level data, and we show empirically that these techniques have in fact led to severely biased findings in past studies. We therefore utilize a multi-level model to reassess existing theoretical claims. We find support for the claim that a consensual political system reduces the difference in democratic satisfaction between winners and losers. We do not find support, however, for existing arguments that citizen satisfaction is influenced by economic growth, corruption, democratic longevity, or changes in political freedoms. More generally, we argue that the bias produced by traditional statistical techniques is so severe that scholars must discontinue their use in future research.
Government crisis communication on the microblog: a theory framework and the case of Shanghai metro rear-end collision

Crisis brings various damages including a tarnished reputation. To protect and restore its reputation is an important task for a government agency in times of crisis. A microblog, which is attracting more and more public attention, can be used as a platform for the government to communicate with the public in order to manage its reputation in times of crisis. However, there is not enough research done in this area. In this paper, the author develops a general framework for a government agency to conduct crisis communication on the microblog. At the end of the paper, the case of a Shanghai City Metro rear-end collision is introduced to show how the government can use the framework to respond to a crisis.
Wall shear stress gradient analysis within an idealized stenosis using non-Newtonian flow.

Objective The endothelium is functionally regulated by the magnitude and spatiotemporal gradients of wall shear stress (WSS). Although flow separation and reversal occur beyond high-grade stenoses, little is known of the WSS pattern within clinically relevant mild to moderate stenoses. Methods An axisymmetric geometry with 25, 50, and 75% stenosis criteria (quantified in accordance with the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial) was used to generate a high-resolution, hybrid, tetrahedral-hexahedral computational mesh with boundary-layer enrichment to improve near-wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) computation. Time-dependent computational fluid dynamic analysis was performed using a non-Newtonian Carreau-Yasuda model of blood to yield the shear-dependent viscosity. Results Transition to secondary flow patterns was demonstrated in stenoses of 25, 50, and 75%. A focal region with near-wall flow reversal and retrograde WSS was identified within the stenosis itself and was found to migrate cyclically during the cardiac pulse. A zone of zero WSS and divergent WSSG that shifts in toward the throat with increasing stenotic severity was identified. Focal zones of high WSSG with converging and/or diverging direction were uncovered within the stenosis itself, as were expected changes in the distal poststenotic region. These zones of divergent WSSG shift over a substantial length of the stenosis during the course of the cardiac cycle. Conclusion Luminal WSS demonstrates dynamic direction reversal and high spatial gradients within the distal stenosis throat of even clinically moderate lesions. These findings shed light on the complex vessel wall hemodynamics within clinical stenoses and reveal a mechanical microenvironment that is conducive to perpetual endothelial functional dysregulation and stenosis progression.
George Orwell’s Animal Farm: a case study in leadership/management for undergraduate nursing students

Many BSN curricula require a "leadership and management" course. At George Mason University, that course is Leadership and Management in Nursing and Health Science. This article describes how George Orwell's classic novel Animal Farm was used as a case study in leadership and management. This exercise complemented the traditional course material, united the class in a common intellectual exercise, and fostered creative thinking. A nursing student, Anne Lord, offers reaction to the assignment as a signed "In-Box" exemplar.
Point contact spectra between two different superconductors, as a function of temperature

Abstract Clean metallic point contacts between two different superconductors have been studied over a temperature range which includes both critical temperatures. Thus, a single point contact will exhibit all three microconstriction types, S:S, N:S, and N:N. Distinctive spectral features characterize each contact type and the transitions from S:S to N:S and from N:S to N:N are observed to be smooth. Data for point contacts using Nb, Pb, and Ag are presented and discussed.
Recent developments in environmental law in Eastern Europe

(1992). Recent developments in environmental law in Eastern Europe. Environmental Claims Journal: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 117-131.
Steady Inspiratory Flow in a Model Symmetric Bifurcation

Flow in a bifurcating tube system typifying a major bronchial bifurcation is studied experimentally with a two color, two velocity component laser Doppler anemometer. The flow loop is composed of a pumping station, flow stratifiers and a constant head pressure tank; it can accommodate steady, pulsatile or oscillatory flow. The test section is a symmetric bifurcation of constant cross sectional area and has a branching angle of 70 deg. The test section is a cast of clear silicon rubber in a plexiglass mold that was milled on a numerically controlled milling machine. The flow division ratio from the parent to daughter branches is about unity. Steady flow results that model the inspiratory phase at Reynolds numbers of 518, 1036 and 2089, corresponding to Dean numbers of 98, 196 and 395, show that in the bifurcation plane velocity profiles in the daughter branches are skewed toward the inner wall. In the transverse plane, "m" shaped velocity profiles are found with low velocity at the center. Secondary flow patterns, which are responsible for such phenomena, are first observed at the axial position where the flow begins to turn. Flow separation was not observed at any point in the bifurcation.