cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of buried uPVC pipes subjected to earthquake shake

The earthquake shake has a significant impact on the response of buried infrastructures; however, no study has been conducted on the behavior of buried flexible pipes subjected to earthquake shake. This paper investigates the transverse response of buried unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes subjected to transverse earthquake shake. A robust finite element model has been used to conduct this research. The influence of the pipes’ diameter, backfill height, peak ground acceleration, weight of the backfill, location of the rock layer, and predominant frequency of the earthquake has been investigated to provide insight into the seismic response of these buried flexible pipes. The results showed that the earthquake shake significantly increases the pipe wall thrust, pipe wall bending moment, and vertical diameter change. The results also showed that increasing the backfill height or the peak ground acceleration remarkably increases the earthquake response of the buried pipe. In addition, it was found that the weight of the backfill soil does not have a significant impact on the earthquake response of the pipe. However, the location of the earthquake shake is found to have a notable impact on the seismic response of the pipe; the closer the rock layer to the soil surface, the higher the seismic response. Finally, the results showed that increasing the predominant frequency of the earthquake shake decreases the earthquake response of the pipe. The results reported in this research are very useful to manufacturers of plastic pipes, pipeline design engineers, and researchers interested in the response of buried infrastructures.
The Role of Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy in Surgical Neuro-Oncology: Series of 100 Consecutive Patients.

Background Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is an adjuvant treatment for intracranial lesions that are treatment refractory or in deep or eloquent brain. Initial studies of LITT in surgical neuro-oncology are limited in size and follow-up. Objective To present our series of LITT in surgical neuro-oncology to better evaluate procedural safety and outcomes. Methods An exploratory cohort study of all patients receiving LITT for brain tumors by a single senior neurosurgeon at a single center between 2013 and 2018. Primary outcomes included extent of ablation (EOA), time to recurrence (TTR), local control at 1-yr follow-up, and overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes included complication rate. Outcomes were compared by tumor subtype. Predictors of outcomes were identified. Results A total of 91 patients underwent 100 LITT procedures; 61% remain alive with 72% local control at median 7.2 mo follow-up. Median TTR and OS were 31.9 and 16.9 mo, respectively. For lesion subtypes, median TTR (months, not applicable [N/A] if 85% predicted longer TTR (P = .006, log-rank analysis). Complication rate was 4%. Conclusion Our series of LITT in surgical neuro-oncology, 1 of the largest to date, further evidences its safety and outcomes profile.
From instability to irregularities

Abstract Some of the most important plasma instabilities and the irregularities they produce in the Earth's ionosphere are analyzed and discussed. These include collisional interchange instabilities associated with equatorial spread F, collisional drift waves in midlatitude sporadic E-layers, Farley-Buneman waves in the auroral electrojet, and thermal parametric instabilities excited by strong HF radio waves. The instabilities are analyzed in light of a few cross-cutting themes. One is the shortcoming of eigenvalue analysis which can fail to predict important transient behavior. Another is the importance of finite parallel (to B) wave numbers which are generally thought to be stabilizing but which are vital for some instabilities. Some heuristic approaches to analyzing fundamentally nonlinear processes are reviewed. Finally, ways of utilizing irregularities as incisive ionospheric diagnostics are highlighted.
On Neoclassicism and the Numbing of the Negro Mind

Neoclassical art of the 19th century utilized classical techniques that highlighted the norms of western culture. This umbrella of technique was applied to Americans of both European and African descent. Black neoclassical artists were constantly negotiating between the prescribed rules of the white art world and their unique personal experiences with black culture. As a result, Eurocentric constraints limited the African American voice and resulted in African Americans framing their perspective within a Eurocentric lens. “On Neoclassicism and the Numbing of the Negro Mind” is a commentary on the stifling effect of westernized expectations on black artists. This free-verse poem explores the relationship between white influences and the black artist while acknowledging the contradiction therein. The poem concludes by praising the enduring nature of black artists’ unique perspective.
Clump Distance to the Magellanic Clouds and Anomalous Colors in the Galactic Bulge

I demonstrate that the two unexpected results in the local Universe: 1) anomalous intrinsic (V-I)_0 colors of the clump giants and RR Lyrae stars in the Galactic center, and 2) very short distances to the Magellanic Clouds (LMC, SMC) as inferred from clump giants, are connected with each other. The (V-I)_0 anomaly is partially resolved by using the photometry from the phase-II of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) rather than phase-I. The need for V- or I-magnitude-based change in the bulge (V-I)_0 is one option to explain the remaining color discrepancy. Such change may originate in a coefficient of selective extinction A_V/E(V-I) smaller than typically assumed. Application of the (V-I)_0 correction (independent of its source) doubles the slope of the absolute magnitude - metallicity relation for clump giants, so that M_I(RC) = -0.23 + 0.19[Fe/H]. Consequently, the estimates of the clump distances to the LMC and SMC are affected. Udalski's (1998c) distance modulus of mu_{LMC} = 18.18 +/- 0.06 increases to mu_{LMC} = 18.27 +/- 0.07. The distance modulus to the SMC increases by 0.12 to mu_{SMC} = 18.77 +/- 0.08. I argue that a more comprehensive assessment of the metallicity effect on M_I(RC) is needed.
Post-Conflict Transitional Justice Choices and the Concomitant Resistance to These Decisions: Negotiating transitional justice: firsthand lessons from Colombia and beyond, by Mark Freeman and Iván Orozco, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020, x + 255 pp., £27 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-316-63815-6Resistance and transitional justice, edited by Briony Jones and Julie Bernath, New York, Routledge, 2017, x + 157 pp., £31 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-315-22834-1

While the 2016 peace accord between the government of Colombia and the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) received international notoriety, including a Nobel Peace Prize for former Colom...
Performance analysis of infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on Type-II superlattices

Abstract In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the n-p-n infrared heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) based on Type-II superlattices has been demonstrated. Different kinds of Type-II superlattices were carefully chosen for the emitter, base, and collector to improve the optical performance. The effects of different device parameters include emitter doping concentration, base doping concentration, base thickness and energy bandgap difference between emitter and base on the optical gain of the HPTs have been investigated. By scaling the base thickness to 20 nm, the HPT exhibits an optical gain of 345.3 at 1.6 μm at room temperature. For a 10 μm diameter HPT device, a −3 dB cut-off frequency of 5.1 GHz was achieved under 20 V at 150 K.
Frederick Douglas's Constitution: From Garrisonian Abolitionist to Lincoln Republican

This Article explores how the great black abolitionist Frederick Douglass was both a constitutional actor and a constitutional theorist. Unlike most constitutional actors, Douglass was not a judge, lawyer, professor, or an elected official. Nevertheless, throughout much of his life, Douglass shaped the Constitution through his actions. He was also shaped by the Constitution as he went from being a fugitive slave – and thus an “object” of the Constitution – to being a free citizen and an appointed officeholder. He became a constitutional theorist who brought his theories into action through his speeches, writings, and activities as an abolitionist, as an antislavery activist, and then as a spokesman for African Americans during the Civil War. This Article provides insights into antebellum constitutional thought and the background to the Fourteenth Amendment. This Article also explores our understanding of the Constitution and its relationship to slavery through the lens of Frederick Douglass. First, the Article looks at how the Constitution impacted Douglass and how Douglass was himself a “constitutional actor,” even though he held no public office and was not even considered a U.S. citizen under the holding in Dred Scott v. Sandford. For example, Douglass was a constitutional actor when he escaped from slavery – and thus came under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution; when he married in New York but was still a fugitive from Maryland; when he applied for, and received, a copyright for his first autobiography, even though he was a fugitive slave at the time; and when he left the United States for Great Britain without a passport. This Article also explores Douglass’s constitutional theories and understandings and how he used the Constitution to oppose slavery. I argue, in part, that his understanding of the Constitution and his approach to constitutional interpretation changed as his life circumstances changed. Thus, when he returned from England, he was a free man because British friends had purchased his liberty. This led him to a new understanding of how to approach the Constitution and how to fight slavery under the Constitution. While essentially a work of legal history, this Article also offers ways of understanding constitutional theory and the elements of being a constitutional actor. The Article also raises issues of interstate comity and the recognition in one state of a status created in another. While not explicitly stated – because this is a work of legal history – this Article obviously has implications for modern issues surrounding marriage equality, child-custody based on interstate recognitions of status changes, the interstate recognition of gender transitions, and the legal rights of non-citizens within the United States.
Nutritional Influences on Skeletal Muscle and Muscular Disease

Skeletal muscle comprises 40% to 55% of mature body weight in horses, and its mass is determined largely by rates of muscle protein synthesis. In order to support exercise, appropriate energy sources are essential: glucose can support both anaerobic and aerobic exercise, whereas fat can only be metabolized aerobically. Following exercise, ingestion of nonfiber carbohydrates and protein can aid muscle growth and recovery. Muscle glycogen replenishment is slow in horses, regardless of dietary interventions. Several heritable muscle disorders, including type 1 and 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, can be managed in part by restricting dietary nonstructural carbohydrate intake.
Glycemic control is associated with dyslipidemia over time in youth with type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study

BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia has been documented in youth with type 2 diabetes. There is a paucity of studies examining dyslipidemia over time in youth with type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate lipids at baseline and follow-up and associated risk factors in youth with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We studied 212 youth with type 2 diabetes at baseline and after an average of 7 years of follow-up in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Abnormal lipids were defined as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 100, or triglycerides >150 (all mg/dl). We evaluated participants for progression to abnormal lipids (normal lipids at baseline and abnormal at follow-up), regression (abnormal lipids at baseline and normal at follow-up), stable normal, and stable abnormal lipids over time for HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides. Associations between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and adiposity over time (area under the curve [AUC]) with progression and stable abnormal lipids were evaluated. RESULTS HDL-C progressed, regressed, was stable normal, and stable abnormal in 12.3%, 11.3%, 62.3%, and 14.2% of participants, respectively. Corresponding LDL-C percentages were 15.6%, 12.7%, 42.9%, and 28.8% and triglycerides were 17.5%, 10.8%, 55.7%, and 16.0%. Each 1% increase in HbA1c AUC was associated with a 13% higher risk of progression and stable abnormal triglycerides and a 20% higher risk of progression and stable abnormal LDL-C. Higher adiposity AUC was marginally (p = 0.049) associated with abnormal HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS Progression and stable abnormal LDL-C and triglycerides occur in youth with type 2 diabetes and are associated with higher HbA1c.
Las otras fuentes de Guaman Poma: sus lecturas castellanas

La invasion europea y la destruccion del imperio incaico provoco la profusion de una extensa nomina de obras escritas acerca del mundo andino. En la decada de 1 S60, en particular, proliferaron tratados que a menudo enfocaban el regimen anterior indigena y la situacion contemporanea del Virreinato de aquel entonces, y que tenian propositos reformadores de una sociedad colonial peruana mas justa en el futuro (lo!wann, 1965: 779-797). la situacion de la poblacion nativa aJUlina motivo indudablemente el caracter contemporaneamente social de muchas de aquellas obras; el Inca desaparecido fue materia para otros. Ironicamente, los andino5 de entonces no se veian a traves de aquellos textos, aunque estaban presentes como informantes anonimos. Gracias a talts documentos se ha podido conocer las preocupaciones e incertidtanbres de los europeos durante la primera centuria de su hegemonia en los Andes (Murra, 1970: 5). Sin embargo, se desconoce ampliamente la contraparte de esa vision, la perspectiva de los indigenas andinos en el mismo periodo. La respuesta andina a lo sucedido en el Peru posterior a 1532 esta potencialmente disponible en una escasa cantidad de obras escritas por autores autoctonos como Diego de Castro Tito Cussi Yupanqui (1570), Juan de Santacruz Pachacuti (1613? ), El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1609 .. 1616) y Felipe .Guaman Poma de Ayala (1615). La Nuet·a cronica y buen gobierno de Guaman Poma se destaca de este grupo por su extenso comentario sobre el Virreinato en tiempos del autor. Como otras obras, esta "coronica nueva:" narra la historia de los Incas, pero la especial contribucion del autor a los escritos indigenas fue su tratado sobre el ••buen gobierno:" el mejor desempeno de instituciones coloniales corno la encomienda y el corregimiento, y las actividades evangelicas e inquisitoriales de la Iglesia colonial. El periodo de tiempo referido en la obra comprende cerca de cincuenta anos, empezando en las postrimerias de la decada de 1560 con la incursion de Cristobal de Albornoz a la provincia de Lucanas, y continuando hasta mediados de la segunda decada del siglo diecisiete con las relaciones de las campanas de extirpacion de idolatrias. efectuadas en Huarochiri por Francisco de Avila. Excepto el estudio de N. Wachtel (197la) sobre la vision andina de la Conquista en el que la Nuel'a coronica figura como fuente importante, el texto no ha sido
India 2012: The Challenges of Governance

In January 2012, the government of India faced significant challenges to achieving three key objectives of high growth, inclusive development, and improved governance. The economy was experiencing a growth slowdown, persistently high inflation, and infrastructure and energy deficits. Policy reforms were hampered by several recent corruption scandals, widespread citizen protests against corruption, and disagreements with coalition partners. Could India make the right decisions needed to lift hundreds of millions of citizens out of poverty?Learning Objective:Discuss the role of political institutions in economic development; familiarize students with recent developments in India's economic and business environment.
A comparative study of male and female pelves in children with a consideration of the etiology of pelvic conformation

Abstract The pelves of 59 girls and 16 boys between the ages of 5 and 15 years were studied roentgenologically by a modification of the Thoms' method. In 42 (71.2 per cent) of the girls and in all of the boys, the pelvic inlet was anthropoid or dolichopellic in type. In 10 other girls, while the pelves were not of the pure anthropoid type, marked anthropoid characteristics were observable. In all except one of the children of pre-puberty age (11 years or less), both girls and boys, the pelvic inlet was essentially anthropoid in type. Uniformly these inlets exhibited an inward bulge in the regions of the acetabula. The pelves of the prepubertal children were indistinguishable with respect to sex, except for a possible difference in the position of the greatest transverse diameter of the inlet. In the children of post-pubertal age, there were definite developments in the pelves which distinguished them from those of the younger children; there were also marked differences between the pelves of the two sexes.
Antagonist drug selectivity for radioligand binding sites on voltage-gated and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-gated Ca2+ channels

Drugs that block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-gated channels have been shown to reduce experimental hypoxic-ischemic neuronal injury. To determine if any such compounds interact with both types of channels, and might therefore be prototypes for new anti-ischemic drugs with dual therapeutic actions, we compared the affinities of channel blockers for voltage-gated Ca2+ channel binding sites labeled by (+)-[3H]PN 200-110 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-gated channel sites labeled by [3H]MK-801. Combined effects were most prominent with dextromethorphan, followed by D-888, verapamil and dextrorphan.
Boussingault, Jean Baptiste

1802–1887 French chemist, and pioneer in nutritional research. Keywords: nutrition research; nitrogen metabolism; fat synthesis
Registration of brain images with tumors: towards the construction of statistical atlases for therapy planning

A deformable registration method is proposed to register a brain atlas with tumor-bearing brain scans. The tumor mass effect is first simulated in the (normal) atlas, using a biomechanical model of mass effect. The tumor-bearing atlas is subsequently warped to the patient's scan by a deformable registration method, built upon the idea of HAMMER registration algorithm developed for normal brains. The potential of using the pattern of deformation around the tumor region to optimize the location of tumor seed and other parameters of the tumor model is also explored. Quantitative evaluation on simulated data shows that the proposed method achieves accuracy similar to that achieved in registration of images without tumors. Moreover, limited registration results on real tumors are promising.
Synthesis of methylenebis(phosphonate) analogs of dinucleotide pyrophosphates.

A facile method is described for preparation of nonsymmetrical P1,P2-methylenebis(phosphonate) diesters based on the 31P-NMR-controlled reaction of methylenebis(phosphonate) monoesters with diisopropylcarbodiimide, resulting in the formation of the intermediate P1,P4-disubstituted bicyclic trisanhydride. This intermediate, after treatment with an another nucleoside, carbohydrate, or alcohol followed by hydrolysis, is converted into the corresponding methylenebis(phosphonate) diester. An analog of a natural dinucleotide pyrophosphate can be obtained when a nucleoside 5′-methylenebis(phosphonate) is coupled with another nucleoside. This method is suitable for preparation of metabolically stable (resistant to phosphodiesterase cleavage) analogs of NAD, FAD, and related natural pyrophosphates. The resulting compounds are useful for mechanistic studies of enzymes that use the natural pyrophosphates as cofactors or substrates, and in development of inhibitors that have potential applications as therapeutic agents. Keywords: NAD analogs; nucleoside 5′-methylenebis(phosphonate); P1,P4-disubstituted bicyclic trisanhydrides; MAD analog
Glassy carbon electrodes coated with cellulose acetate for adsorptive stripping voltammetry

Abstract The utility of glassy carbon electrodes coated with cellulose acetate for adsorptive stripping voltammetry of oxidizable organic compounds is evaluated. This surface modification alleviates the co-adsorption problem commonly encountered at conventional electrodes. Interferences from electro-inactive surfactants and, in certain situations, from adsorbable electroactive substances, are minimized. Quantitation of the drugs, chlorpromazine and trimipramine, is not affected by the presence of up to 120 mg 1−1 albumin or gelatin. The chlorpromazine response is not affected by the bilirubin or perphenazine peaks which overlap at uncoated electrodes. The adsorptive stripping response at the coated electrode is evaluated with respect to hydrolysis time, preconcentration time, concentration dependence, reproducibility, and other variables. The detection limit for chlorpromazine is 1.3 × 10−8 M (5-min preconcentration). Applicability to assays of urine and serum samples is illustrated.
Cascade model of fully developed turbulence

A simple system of quadratically nonlinear equations representing a hierarchy of frequency scales is derived from a cutoff version of Burgers' equation. When forced, the model system reproduces a number of qualitative features of fully developed turbulence. In equilibrium, the model exhibits, in addition to the energy, an extensive isolating integral of the motion that is cubic in the velocity.
Complete Model Development for an Optical Current Transformer

Optical current transformers/transducers (OCTs) produce digital and analog signals. In recent years, they have become more available, playing an increasingly important role in electric power grid upgrades. This requires developing accurate models for relay testing and relay performance evaluations to ensure that the system equipment is safe. This study presents several models developed for OCT: analog, digital, and complete models. It applies previously studied and presented frequency-response characteristics to develop a transfer function using a complex curve-fitting method. An analog circuit model is constructed from the developed transfer function via a network synthesis method. A digital model is presented by transforming the developed transfer function into a digital domain transfer function using bilinear transformation. The digital model implementation is performed by the direct form I block diagram. The optics model and electronics model of the device are developed separately and are then combined to present a complete model. The Jones calculus method is used for optical modeling, and a developed transfer function is used for electronics modeling. All of the developed models are verified through the frequency-response results and tested with PSpice and Matlab Simulink programs. The results show that the developed models can be used as legitimate OCT models.
A new suction-electrode system

Abstract 1. 1. Details are given of the construction of an electrode holder, with exchangeable glass (or polyethylene) capillary tips, and of a hydraulic device that permits application of graded negative pressure through the electrodes. The holder is designed to be mounted on a micromanipulator. 2. 2. The device is easy to build in any laboratory. It can be used for continous recording from, or stimulation of, tissues while they are submerged in saline. 3. 3. The optimal conditions for recording with suction electrodes have been determined and examples are given of their application.
Prototyping With SUMMiT™ Technology, Sandia’s Ultra-Planar Multi-Level MEMS Technology

Sandia National Laboratories, a world leader in the development and application of surface micromachining technology, offers its ultra-planar, multi-level SUMMiT™ technology for prototyping devices for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). By incorporating advanced fabrication processes, such as chemical mechanical polishing and five levels of polysilicon (four mechanical and one ground), in a well-characterized, base-lined technology, the SUMMiT™ (Sandia’s Ultra-planar, Multi-level, MEMS Technology) process offers a virtually limitless range of microelectromechanical systems that can be fabricated for both commercial and military applications [1]. Sandia’s SUMMiT™ process, licensed to industry for volume production, is available from Sandia for agile prototyping through the SAMPLES™ Program. The SAMPLES™ (Sandia’s Agile MEMS Prototyping, Layout tools, Education, and Services) Program, offers participants the opportunity to access state-of-the-art MEMS technology to prototype an idea and produce hardware that can be used to sell a concept. The four components of the SAMPLES™ Program provide: • Education and training on Sandia’s SUMMiT™ designand visualization tools, fabrication process, and reliability issues; • Layout tools for design including visualization and checking of design rules; • Fabrication in the 5-level SUMMiT™ technology; • Post-fabrication services such as release, packaging, reliability characterization, and failure analysis. This paper discusses the SUMMiT™ technology, its capabilities, and the infrastructure for prototyping within the technology through the SAMPLES™ Program.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Current-mode integrator for voltage-controllable low frequency continuous-time filters

A novel differential current-mode integrator (CMI) for voltage-controllable low frequency continuous-time filters is presented. An example fifth-order lowpass filter using the proposed CMI and on-chip capacitors was implemented in an AMI 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS process, and it achieved -3 dB cutoff frequencies ranging from 160 Hz to 5.6 kHz, by changing a single control voltage.
True aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery, cranial Paget's disease and hypertension: A triad

A further case presenting the triad of findings, aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery, Paget's disease of the skull and chronic vascular hypertension has been reported. This brings the number of such cases to three. In each, the patient was a female in the later years of life. This additional example lends support to the hypothesis previously presented by the author, that an aneurysm is unlikely to develop in this rare locus unless, in addition to weakening of the arterial wall by intrinsic factors (developmental defects of media and atherosclerotic changes), there is also a loss of osseous support due to softening of overlying bone. Paget's disease, by producing not only bone softening but increased arterial stress due to the greatly increased meningeal arterial blood flow, seems particularly likely to predispose to aneurysm formation. That atherosclerotic involvement of the vessel is also a significant factor is indicated by the consistent finding of hypertension and by the advanced age of all 3 patients reported.
THE TITHONUS ERROR IN MODERN GERONTOLOGY

Tithonus asked Aurora for eternal life, when he meant eternal youth. Modern gerontological research makes the same mistake in its preoccupation with death, as if it were a programmed event in an organism's life history. Gerontology ought instead to investigate senescence, the decreasing effectiveness of mechanisms by which adult organisms avoid death or loss of fitness. Such studies should measure rates of decline in a diversity of adaptations and compare them within and between individuals and relate these rates and their correlations to genetic and environmental factors. The death of a studied organism must necessarily end its usefulness in providing valuable data. It is of little scientific significance.
Megafaunal communities in rapidly warming fjords along the West Antarctic Peninsula: hotspots of abundance and beta diversity.

Glacio-marine fjords occur widely at high latitudes and have been extensively studied in the Arctic, where heavy meltwater inputs and sedimentation yield low benthic faunal abundance and biodiversity in inner-middle fjords. Fjord benthic ecosystems remain poorly studied in the subpolar Antarctic, including those in extensive fjords along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Here we test ecosystem predictions from Arctic fjords on three subpolar, glacio-marine fjords along the WAP. With seafloor photographic surveys we evaluate benthic megafaunal abundance, community structure, and species diversity, as well as the abundance of demersal nekton and macroalgal detritus, in soft-sediment basins of Andvord, Flandres and Barilari Bays at depths of 436–725 m. We then contrast these fjord sites with three open shelf stations of similar depths. Contrary to Arctic predictions, WAP fjord basins exhibited 3 to 38-fold greater benthic megafaunal abundance than the open shelf, and local species diversity and trophic complexity remained high from outer to inner fjord basins. Furthermore, WAP fjords contained distinct species composition, substantially contributing to beta and gamma diversity at 400–700 m depths along the WAP. The abundance of demersal nekton and macroalgal detritus was also substantially higher in WAP fjords compared to the open shelf. We conclude that WAP fjords are important hotspots of benthic abundance and biodiversity as a consequence of weak meltwater influences, low sedimentation disturbance, and high, varied food inputs. We postulate that WAP fjords differ markedly from their Arctic counterparts because they are in earlier stages of climate warming, and that rapid warming along the WAP will increase meltwater and sediment inputs, deleteriously impacting these biodiversity hotspots. Because WAP fjords also provide important habitat and foraging areas for Antarctic krill and baleen whales, there is an urgent need to develop better understanding of the structure, dynamics and climate-sensitivity of WAP subpolar fjord ecosystems.
Viewpoint: Ethical standards or accounting standards for developing countries: which one should come first?

With the formation of the International Accounting Standards Committee in the 1970s the natural progression in the 1980s was to bring together developing and underdeveloped nations in the path towards standardization. What the standard‐setting body wished to do was to introduce these countries to the codified set of international accounting standards. Raises the key question of priority. Should the focus of international accounting bodies with regard to the needs of developing countries be on harmonization or standardization of accounts in the coming decade, or should it be on developing the proper and ethical environment for sound business practices? Puts forward the belief, based on personal experience, that imposing international accounting standards on developing countries, at this time, is still hasty and immature.
Building a just and secure world: popular front women’s struggle for peace and justice in Chicago during the 1960s

by Amy Schneidhorst, New York, Continuum Publishing, 2011, 272 pp., $120.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1441109729 In Building a Just and Secure World: Popular Front Women’s Struggle for Peace and Justice in...
TiB whisker coating on titanium surfaces by solid-state diffusion: Synthesis, microstructure, and mechanical properties

The study demonstrates the feasibility of synthesizing TiB whiskers on titanium (Ti) surfaces by solid-state diffusion to form a hard and wear-resistant coating. The microstructural and mechanical properties of the TiB coating layer have also been investigated. The TiB coating was formed by the solid-state diffusion of boron (B) from a powder mixture containing amorphous boron, Na2CO3 powder, and charcoal (activated) powder. The diffusion process was carried out at various temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1000 °C for various periods of time ranging from 1 to 24 hours. The amount of Na2CO3 in the mixture was also varied. It has been found that pristine and extremely fine TiB whiskers form on the surfaces of titanium, with the whiskers growing more or less normal to the surface. A maximum coating thickness of about 218 µm was observed for the pack diffusion conditions at 850 °C for 24 hours with 15 pct Na2CO3. The kinetics of TiB formation was found to follow the growth rates in bulk composites. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the coatings revealed the dominant TiB peaks with a very few TiB2 peaks, with small intensity at higher temperature and time. The surface hardness of the coated layer increased to a Vickers hardness of about 550 kgf/mm2 due to the presence of TiB whiskers in the coating. It is shown that pack diffusion of boron in the solid state is a simple and very effective means of generating hard and wear-resistant coatings on titanium.
Development and Validation of an Individual Supervisory Conference Rating Scale for Use in Speech-Language Pathology

An Individual Supervisory Conference Rating Scale (ISCRS) was developed and validated to provide a conference rating instrument for researchers, supervisors, and supervisees in speech-language path...
297 EFFECT OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION (IUGR) ON FATTY ACID SYTHESIS

The effects of IUGR on fetal triacylglycerol fatty acid (FA) synthesis was studied in 26 pregnant rats by 3H2O injection. IUGR was induced by uterine artery ligation on one horn and litters from the opposite horn served as controls. The specific activity of FA at 19 days of gestation in the liver was lower in the IUGR fetus, as compared to controls, 44.6±13 vs. 87.9±10 cpm/μmole FA, (p<.05). At 21 days of gestation, the specific activity of FA remains lower in the IUGR group, (40.6±7.8 vs. 75.8±9.8 cpm/μmole p<.05). In lung, the specific activity of FA was 25.7±5.4 cpm/μmole in IUGR fetuses as compared to 46.6±9 cpm/μmole in controls at 19 days (p<.05). This difference persisted at 21 days (32.2±2.4 vs. 42.6±3.0 cpm/μmole in IUGR and controls, respectively, p<.05). The total fatty acid content per ogran for both liver and lung was also reduced in the IUGR group. However, when expressed per unit organ weight, (gram) the IUGR fetuses have a significantly higher FA content at 21 days than the controls. This observation is probably related to a proportionally greater reduction in the accretion rates of substrates other than fat during growth. The data indicates that fetal growth retardation induced by placental vascular insufficiency is associated with reduced fat synthesis probably on the basis of reduced placental transfer of precursors for fatty acid synthesis. Similar phenomenon may be present in human IUGR infant.
Cauda Equina Syndrome with Acute Lumbar Burst Fracture

Although neurologic injury is rarely associated with burst fractures (<4%), some patients with thoracolumbar or lumbar burst fractures sustain cauda equina syndrome. This syndrome is typically characterized by decreased anal tone, perianal hypoesthesia, bowel and bladder dysfunction, decreased or absent reflexes in the lower extremity, and decreased lower extremity muscle strength. The approach and timing of surgical management of such a patient are controversial. Advocated approaches range from posterior decompression with spinal arthrodesis to anterior vertebral corpectomy and arthrodesis. Recommended timing ranges from immediate to delayed. This article characterizes these controversies and summarizes the results in the literature.
Individual Forecasting Ability

Are some analysts ‘superstars’? Financial press coverage of analysts' performance suggests that there are superior financial analysts. One example of this coverage is the Institutional Investor ‘All American Research Team’, based on surveys of money managers, who nominate and rank analysts. In this paper, I explore the question of individual superiority by examining one aspect of analysts' services: earnings forecasting. Forecasts of future earnings are of interest to investors, as inputs to investment decisions, and also to researchers, as data on earnings expectations.
Patterns of Participation in a Self-Help Group for Parents of Children with Cancer

Some parents of children with cancer participate in self-help groups to gain the support they need to deal with the stress and crises they experience. This article reports on a study of 95 participants and non-participants in one such group. The results showed that participants and non-participants did not differ on the bases of gender, education, income, or attitudes toward the medical system. However, parents who lived closer to the hospital, whose children had been diagnosed one to four years previously, and who reported a high degree of stress from their child's illness were more likely to participate in the group.
Bivariant Chow groups and the topology of envelopes

Abstract Let K be an algebraically closed field and let Sch K denote the category of schemes over K. Our objective is to extend the operational Chow theory to presheaves (of sets) on Sch K . More generally, we introduce bivariant Chow groups CH p ( f : F → G ) , p ∈ Z for a representable morphism of presheaves on Sch K . These are then studied with the help of the topology of envelopes on Sch K .
Physical dependence on ethanol: Rate of ethanol clearance from the blood and effect of ethanol on body temperature in rats

Abstract An inhalation procedure for the administration of ethanol without the use of pyrazole was employed to produce physical dependence on ethanol in rats. A reduction in body temperature was noted at the latter part of the induction phase and in the early hours of withdrawal. In the withdrawal phase the animals experienced convulsions on handling and sponataneous signs of withdrawal. To investigate the rates of ethanol clearance from the blood po and ip routes of ethanol administration were used. A significant enhancement of the rate of ethanol disappearance from the blood was measured in the animals at 48 hr following 10 days of ethanol exposure. Also at this 48-hr time period the usual hypothermic response to ethanol administration was lost in these animals as compared to a control group and to animals receiving ethanol ip, at 7 days after exposure to ethanol vapor. The data indicated that the loss of hypothermic effect from ethanol might be a factor in the increased rate of ethanol clearance. However, in studying the rate of ethanol disappearance from the blood in nondependent animals at 34°C which prevented hypothermia, there was no difference in the rates of ethanol clearance as compared to controls at 23.5°C where the hypothermic effect from ethanol was present. It appears that body temperature does not play a role in the observed acceleration of ethanol clearance from the blood in animals which have undergone withdrawal.
Unimolecular Decomposition of the 2-Oxepinoxy Radical: A Key Seven-Membered Ring Intermediate in the Thermal Oxidation of Benzene

The Gibbs free energy profiles for the unimolecular decomposition of the 2-oxepinoxy radical at temperatures ranging from 298 to 1250 K have been obtained using the B3LYP method. Intermediates and ...
Synthesis and Properties of (Alkylthio)methyl-Substituted Poly(oxyalkylene)s and (Alkylsulfonyl)methyl-Substituted Poly(oxyalkylene)s

(Alkylsulfonyl)methyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene)s were synthesized in two steps. (Alkyl-thio)methyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene)s were made by the reaction of poly[oxy(chloromethyl)ethylene] (CE), poly[oxy(chloromethyl)ethylene-co-oxyethylene] (CEE), or poly[oxy-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)trimethylene] (BCT) with sodium alkanethiolates. Then they were oxidized to (alkylsulfonyl)methyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene)s using m-chloroperbenzoic acid. Their structures were confirmed by NMR and IR. The polymer glass transition temperatures (T g 's) decreased as the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl side chains increased, except for the T g of (n-pentylsulfonyl)methyl-substituted CE (the number of carbon atoms in the side chain is 5). Its T g was about that of (butylsulfonyl)methyl-substituted CE. TGA studies showed that side-chain length did not affect the thermal decomposition behavior. However, polymers with different backbones had slightly different thermal decomposition behaviors. The solubility of the (alkylsulfonyl)methyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene)s strongly depended on the side-chain length. (Methylsulfonyl)methyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene)s were soluble only in polar solvents, such as DMAc, DMSO, and formic acid. (Alkylsulfonyl)methyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene)s with long alkyl side chains were also soluble in less polar solvents, such as CHCl 3 and THF.
Turtle cortical neurons survive glutamate exposures that are lethal to mammalian neurons.

Abstract Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter in turtle and mammalian cortex. In high concentrations it is toxic to mammalian neurons and is an important mediator in the pathway that leads to neuronal death from anoxia. Turtle neurons are remarkably resistant to anoxic injury and we sought to determine whether part of this resistance could be attributed to the sensitivity of turtle neurons to glutamate toxicity. Embryonic turtle cortical neurons were grown for 25 days in dissociated cell culture using a modification of a method developed for murine cortical cell culture. Turtle neurons in dissociated culture were found to express glutamate receptors which include bothN-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor types. Remarkably, these neurons survive 5 minute exposures to glutamate in concentrations up to 3 mM, doses 30 times the LD50 and 6 times the LD100 for mouse cortical neurons12. Elucidating the mechanism for this resistance may suggest new strategies for brain protection.
Nature and mode of action of vaccinia virus products that block activation of the interferon-mediated ppp(A2'p)nA-synthetase.

Abstract In this report it has been shown that inhibition of the 2–5A synthetase in IFN-treated, vaccinia virus-infected mouse L and human HeLa S3 cells is related to specific viral functions. This inhibition occurs concomitantly with degradation of ATP and with dephosphorylation of ppp(A2′p)nA. At least two viral-mediated enzyme activities are thought to be involved in this process, an ATPase and a phosphatase. The ATPase activity was established after determining the extent of hydrolysis of ATP, the nature of 2–5A, and the relative abundance of the different oligomers. Cytoplasmic cell extracts and purified vaccinia virions were bound to poly (I):(C) agarose, incubated with 3H]ATP, [α-32P]ATP, or [γ-32P]ATP, and the extent of hydrolysis of ATP was determined by TLC. Authentic 2–5A and the relative abundance of the various oligomers were characterized by enzymatic and alkali treatments and identification by TLC and HPLC analysis. The phosphatase activity was measured by TLC after determining the degree of dephosphorylation of 2–5A from the extent of labeling at the 5′-OH termini with [γ-32P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase. While free 5′-OH termini were not observed in oligomers synthesized with bound poly (I):(C) agarose enzyme fractions from IFN-treated, uninfected cells, a strong phosphorylation was found in oligomers from IFN-treated, infected cells. These findings suggest that it is the contribution of these viral enzyme activities that renders vaccinia virus resistant to interferons.
Binary Blind Identification of Wireless Transmission Technologies for Wide-Band Spectrum Monitoring

Spectrum monitoring is important to ensure the safe operation of mission critical systems as well as the satisfactory performance of non-critical applications over wireless. In this paper, we present a novel blind technology identification (BTI) approach that utilizes only binary representation of spectrum activities to identify transmission technologies that are present in the radio spectrum. Spectrum observations are modeled as Boolean OR mixtures on the underlying signal sources, and the binary independent component analysis technique is applied. Not only can we reveal the latent independent wireless technologies, but their transmission statistics and activities at each time slot can also be inferred. Evaluation results on both synthetic and real spectrum traces show that without any high-level features, the proposed methodology achieves high inference accuracy in noisy measurements.
A finite element technique for determining mode I stress intensity factors: Application to no-slip bimaterial crack problems

Abstract A comparative finite element technique, using conventional finite elements, is presented for the determination of mode I stress intensity factors in two-dimensional crack problems. Given a crack problem to be solved and an auxiliary crack problem for which the mode I stress intensity factor K I is readily available, it is argued that the ratio of K I s for these two problems can be approximated by the ratio of corresponding crack opening displacements near the crack tips, as obtained from finite element solutions. The geometry and loading of the auxiliary problem need not be related to those of the problem to be solved; however, it is essential that the mesh configurations around the crack tips be identical so that numerical errors inherent to the finite element discretization process be the same for the two problems. The validity of this technique is checked for several two-dimensional problems for cracks in homogeneous material whose solutions are available in the literature. Then, it is verified that the method applies to problems of no-slip cracks at a bimaterial interface, in which the no-slip condition is enforced by including no-slip blocks along the crack faces. Finally, this technique is used to predict the stress intensity factors for a four-point bending specimen with an edge no-slip crack at the bimaterial interface.
Practical Demonstration Of A Learning Control System For A Five-Axis Industrial Robot

The overall complexity of many robotic control problems, and the ideal of a truly general robotic control system, have led to much discussion of the use of neural networks in robot control. This paper discusses a learning control technique which uses an extension of the CMAC network developed by Albus, and presents the results of real time control experiments which involved learning the dynamics of a 5 axis industrial robot (General Electric P-5) during high speed movements. During each control cycle, a training scheme was used to adjust the weights in the network in order to form an approximate dynamic model of the robot in appropriate regions of the control space. Simultaneously, the network was used during each control cycle to predict the actuator drives required to follow a desired trajectory, and these drives were used as feedforward terms in parallel to a fixed gain linear feedback controller. Trajectory tracking errors were found to converge to low values within a few training trials, and to be relatively insensitive to the choice of feedback control system gains.
Effect of time delay on surgical performance during telesurgical manipulation.

ABSTRACT Background: Telementoring allows a less experienced surgeon to benefit from an expert surgical consultation, reducing cost, travel, and the learning curve associated with new procedures. However, there are several technical limitations that affect practical applications. One potentially serious problem is the time delay that occurs any time data are transferred across long distances. To date, the effect of time delay on surgical performance has not been studied. Materials and Methods: A two-phase trial was designed to examine the effect of time delay on surgical performance. In the first phase, a series of tasks was performed, and the numbers of robotic movements required for completion was counted. Programmed incremental time delays were made in audiovisual acquisition and robotic controls. The number of errors made while performing each task at various time delay intervals was noted. In the second phase, a remote surgeon in Baltimore performed the tasks 9000 miles away in Singapore. The number ...