cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction in incident stroke risk with vigorous physical activity: evidence from 7.7-year follow-up of the national runners' health study.

Background and Purpose— The purpose of this study was to assess the dose–response relationship between vigorous physical activity (running distance, km/d) and the participant-reported physician-diagnosed stroke. Methods— Age-adjusted survival analysis of 29 279 men and 12 123 women followed prospectively for 7.7 years. Results— One hundred men and 19 women reported incident strokes. Per km/d run, the age- and smoking-adjusted risk for stroke decreased 12% in men (P=0.0007), and 11% in men and women combined (P=0.001), which remained significant when further adjusted for baseline diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and BMI (8% and 7% reduction per km/d run, respectively, P=0.03). Men and women who ran ≥2 km/d (ie, exceeded the recommended AHA/CDC and NIH guideline activity level) had significantly lower risk than those who ran less (P=0.05), and those who ran ≥4 km/d had significantly lower risk than those who ran 2 to 3.9 km/d (P=0.02). Men and women who ran ≥8 km/d were at 60% lower risk than t...
Transient stresses in a transversely isotropic elastic solid caused by a moving dislocation

The plane stress field induced in an unbounded, transversely isotropic, elastic solid by a dislocation moving parallel to the material symmetry axis, is reduced to a residue calculation. The dislocation, which is suddenly applied, causes a jump in displacement across the expanding fault. The speed of the dislocation is subsonic with respect to the material propagation speeds. Explicit results are obtained for the shear stress along the axis containing the dislocation and are related to several hexogonal crystals.
Direct write metallization for photovoltaic cells and scaling thereof

Atmospheric solution processing can help toward a significant cost reduction of photovoltaics. We investigate the use of direct write deposition approaches for deposition of metallization for a variety of solar cell materials. We are studying inkjet printing and aerosol spraying of metal contacts for Si, CIS/CIGS and organic photovoltaics. We have developed metal organic decomposition inks for metals such as: silver, nickel, copper and aluminum. All of these can be deposited in lines with 30–40 µm width and conductivities close to that of bulk metals. For silicon photovoltaics materials have been developed to facilitate Ohmic contact formation through an anti reflection coating. Initial research has been focusing on small cells, but in order to transfer the technology to production it has to be demonstrated on large area cells as well. For this the Atmospheric Processing Platform (APP) was developed at NREL. This platform allows us to scale the deposition of the developed inks and processing to large area (Up to 157 mm × 157 mm) and prototype contact patterns. The APP consists of several deposition, processing and characterization units, most located in a controlled environment. The atmospheric deposition tools in the APP are: inkjet printing, aerosol spraying and ultrasonic spraying. A rapid thermal processing unit is integrated for thermal processing. XRF and XRD can be accessed without leaving the controlled environment to determine the composition and structure of the deposited material. Sputter deposition and evaporation are also part of the APP, even though these techniques are not atmospheric. Details of the individual platforms in the APP will be given together with results of direct write contacts on large area cells.
Ocular Nutritional Supplements: Are Their Ingredients and Manufacturers' Claims Evidence-Based?

Purpose To compare ingredients contained in top-selling brands of ocular nutritional supplements with the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and AREDS2 formulae and investigate the validity of claims made by manufacturers of leading brands of ocular nutritional supplements. Design Descriptive. Participants None. Methods We examined the 5 top-selling brands of ocular nutritional supplements in the United States according to dollar sales tracked by SymphonyIRI (Waltham, MA) from June 2011 to June 2012. We reviewed the ingredients and manufacturer claims of 11 ocular nutritional supplements on the companies' consumer information websites; the ingredients were compared with those contained in the AREDS and AREDS2 formulae. Main Outcome Measures Proportion of ocular nutritional supplements that contained the same ingredients, in the same doses, as the AREDS or AREDS2 formula; proportion of nutritional supplements with unsubstantiated claims made by the manufacturer. Results All of the ocular nutritional supplements contained the ingredients from the AREDS or AREDS2 formula; 36% (4/11) of the supplements contained equivalent doses of AREDS or AREDS2 ingredients; 55% (6/11) included some information about the AREDS on their consumer information websites. Product descriptions from 4 of the 11 supplements (36%) stated that the supplements were important to maintain general eye health; none of these supplements duplicated the AREDS or AREDS2 formula. All the individual supplements claimed to "support," "protect," "help," or "promote" vision and eye health, but none specified that there is no proven benefit in using nutritional supplements for primary prevention of eye disease. Conclusions The majority of top-selling ocular nutritional supplements did not contain the identical ingredient dosages of the AREDS or AREDS2 formula and had product description claims that lacked level 1 evidence, underscoring the importance of ophthalmologists educating their patients on the evidence-based role of nutritional supplements in the management of eye health.
The Parents with Children in Foster Care Satisfaction Scale

Abstract The authors describe an instrument designed to assess the service satisfaction of parents who have children in out of home placement. Survey items were generated through interviews and focus groups with parents and experienced social workers. Pilot testing of the items resulted in a 24-item scale. The scale demonstrated high reliability with a Cronbach's alpha of .97. Validity was examined through the inclusion of a general satisfaction scale. A correlation of .6 between the scales provides evidence for a moderate level of validi-ty for the scale. Suggestions for using the parent satisfaction scale to improve service quality are included.
Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: It's All About Context

Neuroinflammation is now regarded as both an early event and prime mover in the pathobiology of Alzheimer disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease that represents a growing public health threat. As the resident innate immune cells within the central nervous system, microglia are centrally positioned as key orchestrators of brain inflammation. It is now accepted that numerous forms of activated microglia exist. Furthermore, while some types of reactive microglia are detrimental, others can actually be beneficial. In the context of AD etiopathology, much debate surrounds whether these enigmatic cells play “good” or “bad” roles. In this article, we distill a complex clinical and experimental literature focused on the contribution of microglia to AD pathology and progression. A synthesis of the literature only seems possible when considering context– the conditions under which microglia encounter and mount immunological responses to AD pathology. In order to carry out these diverse contextual responses, a number of key receptors and signaling pathways are variously activated. It will be critically important for future studies to address molecular mediators that lead to beneficial microglial responses and therefore represent important therapeutic targets for AD.
New insights into the history of rice domestication

The history of rice domestication has long been a subject of debate. Recently obtained genetic evidence provides new insights into this complex story. Genome-wide studies of variation demonstrate that the two varietal groups in Oryza sativa (indica and japonica) arose from genetically distinct gene pools within a common wild ancestor, Oryza rufipogon, suggesting multiple domestications of O. sativa. However, the evolutionary history of recently cloned domestication genes adds another layer of complexity to the domestication of rice. Although some alleles exist only within specific subpopulations, as would be expected if the domestications occurred independently, other major domestication alleles are common to all cultivated O. sativa varieties. Our current view of rice domestication supports multiple domestications coupled with limited introgression that transferred key domestication alleles between divergent rice gene pools.
Crystallographic Evidence for a Free Silylium Ion

Evidence for a three-coordinate silyl cation is provided by the crystal structure of [(Mes)3Si][H-CB11Me5Br6].C6H6 (where Mes is 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl). Free (Mes)3Si+ cations are well separated from the carborane anions and benzene solvate molecules. Ortho-methyl groups of the mesityl substituents shield the silicon atom from the close approach of nucleophiles, while remaining innocent as significant ligands themselves. The silicon center is three-coordinate and planar. The downfield 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift in the solid state (226.7 parts per million) is almost identical to that in benzene solution and in "gas phase" calculations, indicating that three-coordination can be preserved in all phases.
Can accountable care organizations "disrupt" our fragmented child health system?

An accountable care organization (ACO) is a hospital partnership with physicians (primary care and subspecialty/specialty care providers) that is accountable for both the cost and quality of providing care to a specified population. ACO agreements with a private health plan or public payer (Medicaid or Medicare) can be a full, partial, or no-risk arrangement with a negotiated allocation for any generated savings. ACOs should have a focus on a population, operate within an integrated system with shared physician and hospital control, and receive a capitated payment, all of which allow for a more innovative approach to providing care. Therefore, ACOs may be our best hope to “disrupt” the current fragmented pediatric health care system to achieve better child health as well as better care. “Disruptive” Internet and mobile innovations have revolutionized many areas of our lives, and similarly, ACOs should be considered another great example of a potentially beneficial “disruptive innovation.” ACOs will change our traditional ways of providing care, which are now based on individual face-to-face physician encounters. These innovations will alter the ways we monitor … Address correspondence to Stephen Berman, MD, FAAP, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mail Stop B032 13123 E. 16th Ave, E-mail: Stephen.Berman{at}childrenscolorado.org
Development of a Compact, Lightweight, Passive Fabry-Perot Radiometer for Measurements of Trace Gases in the Martian Atmosphere

Progress on the development of a differential radiometer based upon the Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) for methane (CH4), water vapor (H2O) and formaldehyde (CH2O) detection in the atmosphere of Mars is presented. The proposed FPI based instrument is designed to make absorption measurements of trace gases in the Martian atmosphere. The measurements can be made from a satellite platform using nadir and limb viewing modes of operation or from a ground platform such as a lander in a direct sun viewing mode. The FPI technique offers a unique combination of high spectral resolution enabling great specificity with high optical throughput permitting a large signal to noise ratio. A version of this instrument for measuring column CO2, O2, and H2O vapor on Earth has been highly developed at Goddard over the last five years and has had extensive testing from both ground and aircraft platforms. The instrument has been further advanced through an ISAL (Instrument Synthesis and Analysis Lab) studies to reduce the size and power requirements to be more appropriate for a Mars mission.
Review Essay: Defying Insider-Outsider Categorization: One Researcher's Fluid and Complicated Positioning on the Insider-Outsider Continuum

WEAVER-ZERCHER stellt in Writing the Amish: The Worlds of John A. Hostetler die wesentlichen ethnographischen Arbeiten zusammen, die sich mit der Rolle von HOSTETLER als Altamischer und als Verbindungsglied zwischen der Kultur der Amischen und der Wissenschaftswelt beschaftigen. Hervorgegangen ist dieses Projekt aus einem unabgeschlossen gebliebenen Buch des spaten HOSTETLER mit teilweise autobiographischem, teilweise wissenschaftlichem Charakter. Mithilfe von Essays und Kommentaren werden HOSTETLERs Originalbeitrage zu Amischen-Kultur und Sozialwissenschaften nachvollzogen und erweitert, die helfen den Weg zu verstehen, den HOSTETLER uber Jahrzehnte von einem Advokaten der Amischen zu einem Anthropologen haben werden lassen. Die Anfange dieser Reise fallen in eine Zeit, in der HOSTETLERs Familie von der "Peachy Amish"-Gemeinde verbannt wurde und er selbst als junger Erwachsener nicht Mitglied der Gemeinde wurde, sonst eine universitare Laufbahn begann. Ausgehend von WEAVER-ZERCHERs Band entwerfe ich eine Re-Konzeptualisierung der Insider-Outsider-Positionierung, und zwar nicht als fixe und binare Konstruktion, sondern als flussige Positionierung innerhalb eines Kontinuums. Denn Writing the Amish: The Worlds of John A. Hostetler ist ein einzigartiges Beispiel fur die problematische Konzeptualisierung der Forschungsposition als Insider oder als Outsider. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0603161
Emergent relation between surface vapor conductance and relative humidity profiles yields evaporation rates from weather data

The ability to predict terrestrial evapotranspiration (E) is limited by the complexity of rate-limiting pathways as water moves through the soil, vegetation (roots, xylem, stomata), canopy air space, and the atmospheric boundary layer. The impossibility of specifying the numerous parameters required to model this process in full spatial detail has necessitated spatially upscaled models that depend on effective parameters such as the surface vapor conductance (Csurf). Csurf accounts for the biophysical and hydrological effects on diffusion through the soil and vegetation substrate. This approach, however, requires either site-specific calibration of Csurf to measured E, or further parameterization based on metrics such as leaf area, senescence state, stomatal conductance, soil texture, soil moisture, and water table depth. Here, we show that this key, rate-limiting, parameter can be estimated from an emergent relationship between the diurnal cycle of the relative humidity profile and E. The relation is that the vertical variance of the relative humidity profile is less than would occur for increased or decreased evaporation rates, suggesting that land–atmosphere feedback processes minimize this variance. It is found to hold over a wide range of climate conditions (arid–humid) and limiting factors (soil moisture, leaf area, energy). With this relation, estimates of E and Csurf can be obtained globally from widely available meteorological measurements, many of which have been archived since the early 1900s. In conjunction with precipitation and stream flow, long-term E estimates provide insights and empirical constraints on projected accelerations of the hydrologic cycle.
Foreign Policy and the Rational Public

American public opinion about foreign policy is neither volatile nor capricious. Contrary to much conventional wisdom, collective opinion has tended to be rather stable. When it has changed, it has done so by responding in rational ways to international and domestic events that have been reported and interpreted by the mass media and by policymakers and other elites. The public has not always successfully judged the best interests of the United States or that of people elsewhere, nor have elites and the media always reported truthfully and interpreted correctly. Nevertheless, we maintain that Americans, as a collective body, have done well with whatever information has been provided, and that they have formed and changed their policy preferences in a reasonable manner. This conclusion is based upon analysis, both quantitative and historical, of a comprehensive set of data on foreign policy opinion changes in the United States from the 1930s to the 1980s.
Predicting fine root lifespan from plant functional traits in temperate trees

Summary • Although linkages of leaf and whole-plant traits to leaf lifespan have been rigorously investigated, there is a limited understanding of similar linkages of whole-plant and fine root traits to root lifespan. In comparisons across species, do suites of traits found in leaves also exist for roots, and can these traits be used to predict root lifespan? • We observed the fine root lifespan of 12 temperate tree species using minirhizotrons in a common garden and compared their median lifespans with fine-root and whole-plant traits. We then determined which set of combined traits would be most useful in predicting patterns of root lifespan. • Median root lifespan ranged widely among species (95‐336 d). Root diameter, calcium content, and tree wood density were positively related to root lifespan, whereas specific root length, nitrogen (N) : carbon (C) ratio, and plant growth rate were negatively related to root lifespan. Root diameter and plant growth rate, together (R 2 = 0.62) or in combination with root N : C ratio (R 2 = 0.76), were useful predictors of root lifespan across the 12 species. • Our results highlight linkages between fine root lifespan in temperate trees and plant functional traits that may reduce uncertainty in predictions of root lifespan or turnover across species at broader spatial scales.
Trunk-To-Trunk Leaping in Wild Callimico goeldii in Northern Bolivia

Abstract Compared to other species of tamarins and marmosets, callimicos (Callimico goeldii) are characterized by hindlimb and hindfoot elongation, and a pattern of locomotion dominated by leaping to and from vertical supports in the forest under-story. We present field data on trunk-to-trunk leaping in a habituated group of callimicos in northern Bolivia. We measured the DBH of the takeoff and landing platform, and the distance traveled during 110 trunk-to-trunk leaps. Our results indicate that mean distance leapt by callimicos was 1.8 m (range 0.2–4.3m). There were no significant differences in the size of takeoff (mean = 10.3 cm) and landing platforms (mean = 9.9 cm). In addition, longer leaps did not occur on larger diameter supports than did shorter leaps. Although tree trunks and saplings were the most commonly used takeoff and landing platforms, 31.8% of the time callimicos jumped to and from bamboo culms. These data highlight the facts that trunk-to-trunk leaping represents a highly specialized pa...
Lawyering Skills Principles and Methods Offer Insight as to Best Practices for Arbitration

The expansion in the use of arbitration means that many people, including lawyers, are somehow involved in the process of settling a dispute through arbitration. Persons who establish the procedures governing an arbitration, handle an arbitration, or teach a course about it often have questions about what the best practices for an arbitration hearing are. This article suggests that one important source of best practices for arbitration, which the literature too often ignores, is litigation and trial lawyering skills principles and methods (litigation principles). In Section I, this article will discuss the subject of litigation principles and illustrate how specific principles and methods foster the values of problem-solving, aiding the decision-maker, and presenting an organized and persuasive case. Section II will provide general background on what arbitration is. Section III, will focus on describing how a prototypical arbitration process might look. In Section IV, the article will raise procedural, and related, issues upon which either rule-makers or advocates likely seek guidance. The section discusses specific litigation principles and applies them to recommend best practices as to these arbitration issues. Finally, in Section V, the article will conclude by discussing the utility of this approach to developing best practices for scholars, teachers, and practitioners.
Evaluation of forest management effects on the mineral soil carbon pool of a lowland, mixed-species forest in Maine, USA

Abstract: Concerns about climate change have increased interest in ways to maximize carbon (C) storage in forests through the use of alternative forest management strategies. However, the influence of these strategies on soil C pools is unclear. The primary objective of this study was to test for differences in mineral soil C stocks among various silvicultural and harvesting treatments that were initiated in the 1950s and have been maintained since on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in central Maine, USA. Five mineral soil cores below the surface organic horizon to a depth of 1 m were collected from each replicate (n = 2) of selection, shelterwood, and commercial clearcut treatments. For these treatments, the mean mineral soil C stock was 47.7 ± 16.4 Mg ha-1 (mean ± SD). We found no significant differences in average mineral soil C stocks among treatments. However, a post hoc power analysis indicated that the probability of detecting a significant treatment effect was only 6%. We determined that 98 stan...
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Permethrin in Bovine Tissues

A method is presented for the determination of permethrin (m-phenoxybenzyl cis,trans-(+/-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) in bovine tissues. Fat and muscle samples were cleaned up first by liquid-liquid partition on a bonded phase chromatographic column. Final cleanup of fat and muscle was performed on a short Florisil column. Liver, kidney, spleen, and heart tissues only required cleanup on a Florisil column before quantitation of permethrin by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.
Branding politics: Emotion, authenticity, and the marketing culture of American political communication

This article examines and critiques the logic and practices of branding that inform contemporary American political campaigns within the context of ethical surplus, sign value versus use value, emotion and reason, and the tension of authenticity and cynicism. The original research is based upon 38 one-on-one, in-depth interviews with political consultants, including media strategists, communication directors, and advertising producers who are involved in the encoding and cultural production of political discourse. The qualitative findings illuminate a professional ideology among these elite practitioners that obfuscates the pursuit of power by strategizing texts that involve emotional evocation rather than rational deliberation and embed candidates within signifiers of and proxies for authenticity. These efforts are intended to strike a disinterested, non-instrumental pose on behalf of the “branded candidates” they represent.
Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis

Introduction. Aim of this study is to determine if HbA1c levels are a reliable predictor of glycemic control in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Methods. 200 unique patients referred for liver transplantation at University of Tennessee/Methodist University Transplant Institute with a HbA1c result were included. Three glucose levels prior to the "measured" A1c (MA1c) were input into an HbA1c calculator from the American Diabetes Association website to determine the "calculated" A1c (CA1c). The differences between MA1c and CA1c levels were computed. Patients were divided into three groups: group A, difference of 1.5. Results. 97 (49%) patients had hemoglobin A1c of less than 5%. Discordance between calculated and measured HbA1c of >0.5% was seen in 47% (n = 94). Higher level of discordance of greater than >1.5 was in 12% of patients (n = 24). Hemoglobin was an independent predictor for higher discordance (odds ratio 0.77 95%, CI 0.60-0.99, and p value 0.04). HbA1c was an independent predictor of occurrence of HCC (OR 2.69 955, CI 1.38-5.43, and p value 0.008). Conclusion. HbA1c is not a reliable predictor of glycemic control in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, especially in those with severe anemia.
Optimal commitment strategies for distributed generation systems under regulation and multiple uncertainties

Abstract This paper formulates a model that assesses the economic and policy implications of the adoption and operation of microgrids. The recent climate agreement between the US and China as well as the historic Lima accord on climate change are prompting a massive demand in climate-friendly technologies. Given the increasing demand for electricity and the mounting costs of electricity supply associated with maximizing system performance through an optimal economic scheduling of microgrids, decision makers and policymakers are already facing the problem of sketching energy management strategies for localized operation and grid penetration. We employ a modified Benders' decomposition approach to explore the optimal scheduling of supply from different technology units in the microgrid in the face of supply and demand uncertainties. We guarantee that the power generated by the units meets systemic load while satisfying the primary operational and technological constraints. We implement our model in a quantitative numerical analysis where we investigate the operational regulation in the light of a public environmental policy. We extend prior research on this subject by uncovering a greater reliance on the grid under simultaneous uncertainties in demand and supply. We unlock a strategy for a proper mitigation of the effects of emissions. We find that carbon abatement policy can be used to motivate microgrids operators to invest in fuel cells and natural gas technologies when dealing with uncertainty.
Sexual Partner Typologies and the Association Between Drug Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men

Numerous partner and relationship characteristics are associated with sexual risk behavior among young men who have sex with men (YMSM), including being in a serious relationship and having older partners. However, most research in this area is limited by its reliance on variable-centered approaches. Using multilevel latent class analysis, this study identified subgroups of sexual partner types with a particular emphasis on examining whether partner type moderated the association between drug use and condomless anal sex (CAS). Data were utilized from an ongoing cohort study of YMSM (ages 16–29) recruited from previous studies as well as peers and serious partners of existing cohort members. A total of 469 participants reported on 1596 sexual partners in the past 6 months. We identified four distinct sexual partner typologies, which we refer to as: casual, older-online, much older, and serious. Results indicated that rates of CAS were highest for older-online and serious partners. Additionally, there was a positive association between drug use and CAS among a predominantly marijuana using sample, but only for serious partners. While previous research has found that CAS is highest in serious relationships, findings suggest that there may be another type of partnership in which CAS is likely to occur (older partners met online). If confirmed, these results suggest interventions focused on the intersection of marijuana use and CAS may be particularly important among YMSM with serious partners.
Implementing a Prison Medicaid Enrollment Program for Inmates with a Community Inpatient Hospitalization

In 2011, North Carolina (NC) created a program to facilitate Medicaid enrollment for state prisoners experiencing community inpatient hospitalization during their incarceration. The program, which has been described as a model for prison systems nationwide, has saved the NC prison system approximately $10 million annually in hospitalization costs and has potential to increase prisoners’ access to Medicaid benefits as they return to their communities. This study aims to describe the history of NC’s Prison-Based Medicaid Enrollment Assistance Program (PBMEAP), its structure and processes, and program personnel’s perspectives on the challenges and facilitators of program implementation. We conducted semi-structured interviews and a focus group with PBMEAP personnel including two administrative leaders, two “Medicaid Facilitators,” and ten social workers. Seven major findings emerged: 1) state legislation was required to bring the program into existence; 2) the legislation was prompted by projected cost savings; 3) program development required close collaboration between the prison system and state Medicaid office; 4) technology and data sharing played key roles in identifying inmates who previously qualified for Medicaid and would likely qualify if hospitalized; 5) a small number of new staff were sufficient to make the program scalable; 6) inmates generally cooperated in filling out Medicaid applications, and their cooperation was encouraged when social workers explained possible benefits of receiving Medicaid after release; and 7) the most prominent program challenges centered around interaction with county Departments of Social Services, which were responsible for processing applications. Our findings could be instructive to both Medicaid non-expansion and expansion states that have either implemented similar programs or are considering implementing prison Medicaid enrollment programs in the future.
Unified treatment of tidal disruption by Schwarzschild black holes

Stars on orbits with pericenters sufficiently close to the supermassive black hole at the center of their host galaxy can be ripped apart by tidal stresses. Some of the resulting stellar debris becomes more tightly bound to the hole and can potentially produce an observable flare called a tidal-disruption event (TDE). We provide a self-consistent, unified treatment of TDEs by nonspinning (Schwarzschild) black holes, investigating several effects of general relativity including changes to the boundary in phase space that defines the loss-cone orbits on which stars are tidally disrupted or captured. TDE rates decrease rapidly at large black hole masses due to direct stellar capture, but this effect is slightly countered by the widening of the loss cone due to the stronger tidal fields in general relativity. We provide a new mapping procedure that translates between Newtonian gravity and general relativity, allowing us to better compare predictions in both gravitational theories. Partial tidal disruptions in relativity will strip more material from the star and produce more tightly bound debris than in Newtonian gravity for a stellar orbit with the same angular momentum. However, for deep encounters leading to full disruption in both theories, the stronger tidal forces in relativity imply that the star is disrupted further from the black hole and that the debris is therefore less tightly bound, leading to a smaller peak fallback accretion rate. We also examine the capture of tidal debris by the horizon and the relativistic pericenter precession of tidal debris, finding that black holes of $1{0}^{6}$ solar masses and above generate tidal debris precessing by 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} or more per orbit.
A pilot study of raltegravir and cisplatin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

TPS5602 Background: Metnase is a recently characterized DNA repair component present in anthropoid primates. Metnase, the fusion of a SET histone methylase domain and a Transposase nuclease (Tn) do...
Neural networks underlying language and social cognition during self-other processing in Autism spectrum disorders

The social communication impairments defining autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may be built upon core deficits in perspective-taking, language processing, and self-other representation. Self-referential processing entails the ability to incorporate self-awareness, self-judgment, and self-memory in information processing. Very few studies have examined the neural bases of integrating self-other representation and semantic processing in individuals with ASD. The main objective of this functional MRI study is to examine the role of language and social brain networks in self-other processing in young adults with ASD. Nineteen high-functioning male adults with ASD and 19 age-sex-and-IQ-matched typically developing (TD) control participants made "yes" or "no" judgments of whether an adjective, presented visually, described them (self) or their favorite teacher (other). Both ASD and TD participants showed significantly increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) during self and other processing relative to letter search. Analyses of group differences revealed significantly reduced activity in left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), and left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) in ASD participants, relative to TD controls. ASD participants also showed significantly weaker functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) with several brain areas while processing self-related words. The LIFG and IPL are important regions functionally at the intersection of language and social roles; reduced recruitment of these regions in ASD participants may suggest poor level of semantic and social processing. In addition, poor connectivity of the ACC may suggest the difficulty in meeting the linguistic and social demands of this task in ASD. Overall, this study provides new evidence of the altered recruitment of the neural networks underlying language and social cognition in ASD.
Nutrient fluctuations in marine systems: press versus pulse nutrient subsidies affect producer competition and diversity in estuaries and coral reefs.

Resource subsidy regimes, which range from presses to pulses, are common structuring forces in communities, yet research contrasting their effects is lacking. Many coastal marine ecosystems, including estuaries and coral reefs, have experienced increased nutrient subsidies while concurrently shifting to macroalgal dominance; however, the role of subsidy regime in transitions remains unknown. We created concentration–frequency distributions of nutrients in Cook’s Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia, and Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve, CA, USA. Both showed relatively high pulses interspersed by press concentrations. We grew dominant macroalgae alone and together in microcosms approximating these subsidy regimes to quantify individual performance and competitive outcomes. Subsidy regime changed growth and competitive abilities of macroalgae from both ecosystems but with divergent effects. In nutrient-limited reefs, different species were favoured under each enrichment regime, suggesting a fluctuating nutrient environment enhances diversity. In contrast, in eutrophic estuaries, enrichment of both regimes facilitated a single competitive dominant, suppressing diversity. Functional form groups did not predict responses to subsidy regime, likely because classifications ignore temporal variability in resource supplies. Because climate change will alter rainfall patterns globally, further accelerating nutrient subsidies from land to sea, understanding species’ responses to nutrient subsidy regimes is key to predicting the fate of coastal communities.
“Music Sensitivity: A Comparison of Mongoloid and Normal Children”: A Comment

(1970). “Music Sensitivity: A Comparison of Mongoloid and Normal Children”: A Comment. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 205-206.
Role of fibronectin in pancreatitis-associated lung injury.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) in humans can lead to increased vascular permeability in the lungs and respiratory failure. Fibronectin plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of the pulmonary epithelium and endothelium. However, its importance in pancreatitis-associated lung injury has not been defined. AP was produced by infusing caerulein (5 ug/kg/hr) in rats for 8 or 24 hr. Lung injury was assessed histologically and by determining lung microvascular permeability by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) analysis. Organ distribution of a target particle given intravenously was determined by the vascular clearance of magnetic iron oxide particles. Plasma fibronectin was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. After 8 hr of cerulein infusion, serum amylase increased 8-fold. Pancreatitis correlated with lung injury. BAL at 8 hr showed a 90% increase (P < 0.05) in albumin levels. Histological analysis at 8 hr revealed an increased number of leukocytes within the lungs. By 8 hr, plasma fibronectin significantly decreased 25% (P < 0.05) and the pulmonary uptake of iron oxide increased 111% (P < 0.05). By 24 hr, these effects had nearly resolved. These results indicate that decreases in serum fibronectin and increases in pulmonary leukocyte margination during acute pancreatitis may compromise the integrity of the air–blood barrier and also increase the pulmonary uptake of circulating pathogenic materials, thus making lung injury more likely.
Differences in registering and voting between native-born and naturalized Americans

Relatively little is known about the differences in voting behavior between immigrantsand native-born Americans, primarily due to a lack of good quality data on the national level. Using data from the Voting and Registration Supplement to the November 1996 Current Population Survey (CPS), we examine whether variables known to affect electoral participation among the citizen population are also important among naturalized citizens. We find that naturalized citizens are less likely to register and to vote than native-born citizens, net of other factors. Citizens born abroad in Europe, Latin America, and Asia are less likely to register and those born abroad in Europe and Asia are less likely to vote than those born in the U.S. Among naturalized citizens, region of origin does not remain a major explanatory variable once time in the U.S. is considered.
Theory of goal-oriented communication in infinite executions

Our model of goals in finite executions, as first introduced in Chapter 2, captured many natural goals for communication, as illustrated in Chapter 3. This framework only captured goals that could be modeled as the user trying to reach a certain state of the environment by communicating with the server, though; another kind of goal that is not captured by this framework is a goal in which the user tries to maintain effective communication with the server over time. As such goals arise naturally in many contexts, we are motivated to introduce a new framework that does capture such goals—in fact, we’ll even see at the end of this chapter, in Section 6.4, that this new framework can even capture the finite-execution framework as a special case, and so the new framework will subsume the earlier framework, at the cost of some (moderate) additional technical complexity.
Human Ecology: Insights on Demographic Behavior

Human ecology, defined as ‘the study of the form and the development of the community in human populations’ (Hawley 1950, p. 68, Hawley 1971) for which the unit of analysis ‘is not the individual but the aggregate which is either organized or in the process of being organized’ (Hawley 1950, p. 67), has offered valuable insights into demographic phenomena for many years. Given the nature of the ecological paradigm, contributions are most evident in macro-level demographic theory and research, as illustrated by studies of population growth, concentration, and deconcentration of urban populations, national and international systems of cities, and human migration both within and across the boundaries of nation states. Fundamental to its relevance for demography are human ecology's systemic approach and its conceptualization of population as having ‘operational significance only when clothed with a set of institutions and located in a space-time context’ (Hawley 1998, pp. 11–12).
Introduction and Opening Remarks

This is the Second Attribution-Personality Theory Conference here at CSPP. Today we honor one of the founding fathers of attribution theory, Ned Jones. In so doing, we have set the conference theme, namely on the concepts derived from the work of Jones, essentially on the self and self-fulfilling prophecies. Certainly Weary’s, Berglas’ and Arkin’s papers owe much to Jones’ work with self presentation and self perception.
CoCo: sound and adaptive replacement of java collections

Inefficient use of Java containers is an important source of run-time inefficiencies in large applications. This paper presents an application-level dynamic optimization technique called CoCo, that exploits algorithmic advantages of Java collections to improve performance. CoCo dynamically identifies optimal Java collection objects and safely performs run-time collection replacement, both using pure Java code. At the heart of this technique is a framework that abstracts container elements to achieve efficiency and that concretizes abstractions to achieve soundness. We have implemented part of the Java collection framework as instances of this framework, and developed a static CoCo compiler to generate Java code that performs optimizations. This work is the first step towards achieving the ultimate goal of automatically optimizing away semantic inefficiencies.
Genome-edited skin epidermal stem cells protect mice from cocaine-seeking behaviour and cocaine overdose.

Cocaine addiction is associated with compulsive drug seeking, and exposure to the drug or to drug-associated cues leads to relapse, even after long periods of abstention. A variety of pharmacological targets and behavioural interventions have been explored to counteract cocaine addiction, but to date no market-approved medications for treating cocaine addiction or relapse exist, and effective interventions for acute emergencies resulting from cocaine overdose are lacking. We recently demonstrated that skin epidermal stem cells can be readily edited using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and then transplanted back into the donor mice. Here, we show that the transplantation, into mice, of skin cells modified to express an enhanced form of butyrylcholinesterase—an enzyme that hydrolyses cocaine—enables the long-term release of the enzyme and efficiently protects the mice from cocaine-seeking behaviour and cocaine overdose. Cutaneous gene therapy through skin transplants that elicit drug elimination may offer a therapeutic option to address drug abuse. The transplantation of skin cells genetically modified to express an enzyme that hydrolyses cocaine into mice leads to long-lasting levels of the enzyme in the circulation and protects the mice from cocaine-seeking behaviour and cocaine overdose.
Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans.

Because segregation may shield blacks from discrimination as well as increase their exposure to concentrated poverty, its net impact on the mental well-being of black Americans is unclear. We investigated the intersection between segregation, neighborhood poverty, race, and psychological well-being. Using data from the nationally representative 2008–2013 National Health Interview Survey merged with U.S. Census data, we examined the association between black–white metropolitan segregation (D-index and P-index) and psychological distress (a binary indicator based on the Kessler 6 score ≥ 13) for blacks and whites. Furthermore, we assessed whether neighborhood poverty explains and/or modifies the association. Logistic regression models were estimated separately for blacks and whites as well as for each segregation index. Higher D- and P-indices were associated with higher odds of psychological distress for blacks. Neighborhood poverty explained some, but not all, of the association. In models that allowed for the impact of metropolitan segregation to vary by neighborhood poverty, higher segregation was found to be detrimental for blacks who resided in high poverty neighborhoods but not for those living in low poverty neighborhoods. We found no evidence that segregation impacts the mental health of whites—either detrimentally or beneficially—regardless of neighborhood poverty level. The impact of segregation differs by neighborhood poverty and race. The psychological harm of structural racism, resulting in segregation and concentrated poverty, is not additive but multiplicative, reflecting a “triple jeopardy” for blacks, whereby their mental health is detrimentally impacted by the compounded effects of both neighborhood distress and racial segregation.
HPV VACCINATION: INCREASING PARENTAL AWARENESS ON PREVENTING CANCER IN THEIR CHILDREN

HPV is responsible for almost all cervical, anal, oropharynx, penile, vaginal cancers and 90% of genital warts (Rahman, Laz, McGrath, & Berenson, 2014). HPV infection often occurs shortly after initiation of sexual activity. In one study of college-aged women, the cumulative incidence of any HPV infection at 1 year after sexual intercourse was 28.5%, and increased to almost 50% by 3 years (Wang & Palefsky, 2015). HPV is usually transmitted through vaginal or anal intercourse, but it can occur through oral-genital or genital-genital contact as well (Wang & Palefsky, 2015). Currently in the United States, there are three vaccines approved for the prevention of HPV. The Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine administration of HPV vaccine at ages 11 and 12 for girls and boys, with catch-up vaccinations through age 26 for females and age 21 for males.
Increasing Compliance with a New Interunit Handoff Process: A Quality Improvement Project.

Introduction Current literature demonstrates that standardizing interunit patient handoff improves communication, information transfer, and patient safety. However, few studies have focused on increasing staff compliance with new handoff processes. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to incorporate both user input into process design and on-the-job coaching with a newly introduced nurse handoff process between the postanesthesia care unit and Medical/Surgical units. We hypothesized that staff compliance would be 100% within 90 days. Methods The team's intervention consisted of (1) involving representative frontline nursing staff in the standardization and modification of the handoff process and (2) providing on-the-job coaching as the new process was being trialed at the bedside. We designed the handoff process during a 2-day workshop and a 1.5-week pilot. Data included the number of observed noncompliant process elements and handoff duration. Three sequential 30-day plan-do-study-act cycles were followed, during which compliance observations and user feedback were used to refine the design and coaching iteratively. Results A total of 1,800 process elements were observed and coached throughout a 90-day trial period. The number of observed noncompliant elements decreased from 15% (92) to 4% (22) from the first 30-day interval to the final 30-day interval. There was no undesirable increase in handoff duration (mean, 8.05 ± 4.72 minutes), and several potential errors-related to orders, charting, and patient placement-were prevented by using the new handoff. Conclusions User input and on-the-job coaching resulted in iteratively increasing frontline compliance with a new standardized handoff process.