cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Sociology and Social Movements

Until the 1970s, the study of social movements was firmly within a diverse sociological tradition that explored the relationship between social structure and political behavior, and was preoccupied with explaining variation in the political orientation of movements: their ideologies, aims, motivations, or propensities for violence. Subsequently, a breakaway tradition redefined the central problem, radically narrowing the scope of interest to the process of mobilization—how social groups, whoever they are and whatever their aims, marshal resources, recruit adherents, and navigate political environments in order to grow and succeed. Critics would later insist that the construction of meaning, the formation of collective identities, and the stimulation and amplification of emotions play vital and neglected roles in mobilization, but these alternatives did not challenge the narrowed construction of the problem itself. The resulting subfield has largely abandoned the quest to explain variation in the political...
Left-to-right ventricular interaction with a noncontracting right ventricle.

Left ventricular systole is known to contribute to generation of right ventricular pressure and stroke volume. To study the interactions in a dilated noncontractile right ventricle after cardiopulmonary bypass we created a variable volume, neo-right ventricle by excision and replacement of the right ventricular free wall with a xenograft pericardial patch. We investigated the interactions in eight dogs with neo-right ventricle, instrumented to measure cardiac pressures and cardiac output in control conditions (n = 69) and during partial pulmonary artery occlusion (n = 50). Results: The size of the neo-right ventricle was increased from original right ventricular volume V0 to V1 (V1= V0 + 54 ± 23 ml), V2 (V2 = V0 + 124 ± 85 ml), and V3 (V3 = V0 + 223 ± 162 ml). Cardiac output increased with increasing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, indicating that the Frank-Starling mechanism was operating in the left ventricle. However, cardiac output decreased with increasing neo-right ventricular size (p
Detection and Prognostics on Low-Dimensional Systems

This paper describes the application of known and novel prognostic algorithms on systems that can be described by low-dimensional, potentially nonlinear dynamics. The methods rely on estimating the conditional probability distribution of the output of the system at a future time given knowledge of the current state of the system. We show how to estimate these conditional probabilities using a variety of techniques, including bagged neural networks and kernel methods such as Gaussian process regression (GPR). The results are compared with standard method such as the nearest neighbor algorithm. We demonstrate the algorithms on a real-world dataset and a simulated dataset. The real-world dataset consists of the intensity of an NH3 laser. The laser dataset has been shown by other authors to exhibit low-dimensional chaos with sudden drops in intensity. The simulated dataset is generated from the Lorenz attractor and has known statistical characteristics. On these datasets, we show the evolution of the estimated conditional probability distribution, the way it can act as a prognostic signal, and its use as an early warning system. We also review a novel approach to perform GPR with large numbers of data points.
Some Correlates of Social Acquiescence

(1961). Some Correlates of Social Acquiescence. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 133-141.
Morphometric Analysis of Skeletal Growth in the Lepospondyls Microbrachis pelikani and Hyloplesion longicostatum (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli)

ABSTRACT Although morphological evidence alone appears insufficient to resolve the problem of extant amphibian ancestry, comparison of developmental processes and functional correlates of ontogenetic change may provide a basis for evaluating relationships among extinct and extant tetrapods. In the first allometric study of cranial and postcranial growth in any lepospondyl, I investigate skeletal development in the microsaurs Microbrachis pelikani and Hyloplesion longicostatum using traditional measurement-based and geometric morphometric analyses. Regression analyses against both skull and centrum lengths for M. pelikani indicate positive allometric scaling of the interclavicle plate length, pubis, and ilium, and negative scaling of the diameter of the orbit. Preliminary data for H. longicostatum support negative scaling of neural arch height and posterior centrum height. Results from geometric morphometrics suggest slight widening of the cheek in M. pelikani, rather than marked elongation. Overall, crani...
The need for flexibility in the operative management of type III paraesophageal hernias

Abstract Background A myriad of operation exist to treat type III paraesophageal hernias (T3PH). How does one choose? Methods A retrospective review of a consecutive series of resident-preformed T3PH repair. Results Three patients with T3PH were operated on during a 6-year period. The presentation of each patient was unique. Three different surgical procedures were used to treat these patients depending on the patient’s condition at presentation, the location of the gastroesophageal junction, and the documentation of reflux. Transabdominal hernia reduction and a modified Hill procedure was used in 1 patient; a transthoracic hernia reduction was supplemented with a either a Belsy-Mark IV fundoplication or a Collis-Nissen gastroplasty in the other 2 patients. Patients were discharged home 7 (3–13) days postoperatively, and at a mean follow-up of 23 (2–60) months, all patients are asymptomatic and without radiographic recurrence. Conclusion Operative selection for T3PH should be flexible depending on the (1) urgency of symptoms, (2) location of the gastroesophageal junction, and (3) evidence for gastroesophageal reflux.
A Goal-Setting and Feedback Intervention to Increase ID-Checking Behavior: An Assessment of Social Validity and Behavioral Impact.

A participative goal-setting and feedback intervention increased cashiers' identification-checking behavior at a large grocery store. The cashiers' identification-checking percentages increased from 0.2% at baseline to 9.7% during the intervention phase and then declined to 2.3% during withdrawal. At the control store, the percentages of identification-checked purchases were 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.7%, respectively, during the A-B-A phases at the intervention store. A comprehensive social-validity assessment showed ID-checking to be accepted by both cashiers and customers.
Determining Membrane Protein–Lipid Binding Thermodynamics Using Native Mass Spectrometry

Membrane proteins are embedded in the biological membrane where the chemically diverse lipid environment can modulate their structure and function. However, the thermodynamics governing the molecular recognition and interaction of lipids with membrane proteins is poorly understood. Here, we report a method using native mass spectrometry (MS), to determine thermodynamics of individual ligand binding events to proteins. Unlike conventional methods, native MS can resolve individual ligand binding events and, coupled with an apparatus to control the temperature, determine binding thermodynamic parameters, such as for protein-lipid interactions. We validated our approach using three soluble protein-ligand systems (maltose binding protein, lysozyme, and nitrogen regulatory protein) and obtained similar results to those using isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance. We also determined for the first time the thermodynamics of individual lipid binding to the ammonia channel (AmtB), an integral membrane protein from Escherichia coli. Remarkably, we observed distinct thermodynamic signatures for the binding of different lipids and entropy-enthalpy compensation for binding lipids of variable chain length. Additionally, using a mutant form of AmtB that abolishes a specific phosphatidylglycerol (PG) binding site, we observed distinct changes in the thermodynamic signatures for binding PG, implying these signatures can identify key residues involved in specific lipid binding and potentially differentiate between specific lipid binding sites.
First-Principles Prediction of Ternary Interstitial Hydride Phase Stability in the Th–Zr–H System

Computational methods that characterize the thermodynamic properties of metal hydrides that operate at high temperatures, i.e., T > 800 K, are desirable for a variety of applications, including nuclear fuels and energy storage. Ternary hydrides tend to be less thermodynamically stable than the strongest binary hydride that forms from the metals. In this paper we use first-principles methods based on density functional theory, phonon calculations, and grand potential minimization to predict the isobaric phase diagram for 0 K ≤ T ≤ 2000 K for the Th–Zr–H element space, which is of interest given that ThZr2Hx ternary hydrides have been reported with an enhanced stability relative to the binary hydrides. We compute free energies including vibrational contributions for Th, Zr, ThH2, Th4H15, ZrH2, ThZr2, ThZr2H6, and ThZr2H7. We develop a cluster analysis method that efficiently computes the configurational entropy for ThZr2H6 interstitial hydride and conclude that the configurational entropy is not a major dri...
Screening Recommendations for Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

Clinical Question What are the screening guidelines for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for asymptomatic, nonpregnant adolescents and adults in the United States? Bottom Line Patients with a high risk of infection, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), who use injection drugs, or who live in a household where someone is infected with HBV; men who have sex with men; or patients who come from countries with a high prevalence of HBV infection, should be screened.
Cardiac hemodynamics immediately following aortic valve surgery.

Comments and summary There have been a few reports concerning hemodynamic studies following cardiac surgery.6, 7, 8 The present study describes a method of obtaining serial hemodynamic profiles on postoperative cardiac patients and presents data from a group of patients with isolated acquired aortic valve disease. Perhaps the most striking finding in this study is that the average patient following Starr-Edwards valve replacement for acquired aortic valvular disease demonstrated essentially normal hemodynamics, despite the fact that all of the patients had been limited by their heart disease preoperatively. Even patients with decreased cardiac indices preoperatively, unless they also had marked left ventricular failure, promptly returned to normal in the postoperative period. Patients with preoperative evidence of marked left ventricular failure, however, and also patients who immediately postoperatively evidenced reduced cardiac indices did not do so well. Many of them evidenced continued low cardiac indices, low systemic blood pressures, and left ventricular failure; all three of the hospital deaths were in this group. There was very little difference following Starr-Edwards valve replacement in patients with predominant aortic stenosis and those with predominant aortic regurgitation. The postoperative hemodynamic data also indicated that coronary perfusion was superior to myocardial hypothermia in its protective effects on the heart and the consequent myocardial performance in the early postoperative period. From the data presented here, there did not seem to be any significant difference between left coronary perfusion and bilateral coronary perfusion.
Mechanisms of Alcohol Craving and Their Clinical Implications

Craving for alcohol is frequently given as a reason for drinking and is often used as a surrogate measure in studies of alcoholism and its treatment. Despite this wide use, there is little consensus on what craving for alcohol means, the best way to measure it, what mechanism accounts for the urge to drink, or what is its true relationship to alcohol use. This chapter reviews theoretical and measurement issues about the possible mechanisms involved in craving for alcohol and the clinical implications of evidence supporting them. Until recently, most instruments for assessing craving assumed it was a univariate construct and usually contained only one or a few items. Several multi-item and multidimensional rating instruments have now been developed that offer the promise of more useful assessment of clinically relevant behavior. Most models of craving have assumed that a consistent and positive relationship exists between craving and drinking. The incentive sensitization model and the cognitive theory of dr ug use and drug urges may account better than the older models for the frequent clinical observation of a dissociation between craving and drinking. However, no single model or theory of craving accounts for the wide variation in findings reviewed here, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may be involved. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach is necessary to elucidate the nature of craving for alcohol and its implications for pharmacological and psychosocial treatment of alcoholism.
What’s the Best Way to Treat GE Junction Tumors? Approach Like Gastric Cancer

The debate as to the optimal classification, staging, and treatment of gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) tumors wages on, and one must acknowledge that there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach. However, in this review we are charged with defending the position that all GEJ tumors are best treated like gastric cancer. We submit that, as stated, this is not a defensible position and that a clear definition of terms is warranted. Given the rarity of squamous cell carcinoma and the dramatic rise in incidence of adenocarcinoma of the GEJ in the West, we define GEJ "tumors" to mean adenocarcinomas of the GEJ. Furthermore, on the basis of their location, pathogenesis, and biologic behavior, we submit that few would argue with the contention that Siewert type I GEJ tumors are best treated like distal esophageal cancer and that Siewert type III GEJ tumors are best treated like gastric cancer. The real debate concerns the management of Siewert type II GEJ tumors, which arise immediately at the esophagogastric junction. Thus, for the purposes of this review, we have taken the liberty of redefining the question as what's the best way to treat adenocarcinomas of the true GEJ (i.e., Siewert type II tumors), and we submit that these tumors are in fact best treated like gastric cancer. This approach ensures that patients receive those therapies needed for the locoregional and systemic control of their disease together with a surgical procedure that optimizes complete tumor and regional lymph node resection while limiting morbidity.
NMR in the Study of Surfaces; 1H CRAMPS and 29Si CP-MAS Studies of Silica

Both 1H and 29Si magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR techniques are very useful for characterizing structure and dynamics of the silica surface. 1H→29Si cross polarization (CP) provides a largely surface selective 29Si approach, although D2O exchange experiments demonstrate that a small percentage of silanols are not accessible to water and hence behave as interior silanols. The 1H→29Si CP strategy also permits a correlation of CRAMPS-derived information on silanol hydrogen bonding with the 29Si CP-MAS-derived distinction between single silanol (Q3) silicons and geminal silanol (Q2) silicons. A working model of the structure of the silica surface can be constructed as a composite of 100 and 111 faces of β-cristobalite.
Most American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Members Have Not Adopted the American Society of Anesthesiologists-Recommended Nil Per Os Guidelines.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons members have integrated the current American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) nil per os (NPO) guidelines into their preoperative instructions. Materials and Methods We designed and implemented a cross-sectional study and enrolled a random sample of private-practice American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons members who practice in the United States. The predictor variables were year of graduation from residency, dual degree (MD and DDS or DMD) or single degree, and region. The primary outcome variable was adoption of the ASA NPO guidelines, defined as recommending fasting times of 2 hours for clear liquids and 6 hours for solid foods. To collect data, a systematic online search was implemented. Appropriate univariate and bivariate statistics were computed, and the level of significance was set at .05; in addition, 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results The study sample was composed of 431 oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs). Almost all of the study sample (99.1%) did not adopt the ASA guidelines. The fasting recommendations were different from 2 hours for clear liquids and 6 hours for solid foods. However, recommendations of 2 hours or greater for clear liquids were made by 99.8% of OMSs, and recommendations of 6 hours or greater for solid foods were made by 99.3%. Only 4.4% of OMSs made different recommendations for clear liquids and solid foods. No substantial association was found between whether OMSs adopted the most current ASA guidelines and the year they graduated from residency or the obtainment of dual degrees. Conclusions OMSs in private practice are overwhelmingly recommending longer fasting times for clear liquids and solid foods on their Web sites when compared with the current ASA guidelines before ambulatory anesthesia. The ASA guidelines are based on meta-analysis; therefore, deviations in practice, although not incorrect, may call for discussion.
Novel elevated silicide source/drain (ESSOD) by load-lock LPCVD-Si and advanced silicidation processing

The Si epitaxial growth layer on the active region was formed selectively under the low temperature condition of 620/spl deg/C without a conventional SEG system. This technology was achieved using the conventional low-temperature "Load-Lock LPCVD-Si" deposition system and selective etching with HNO/sub 3/, CH/sub 3/COOH and HF based solutions. Low resistive and low leakage shallow n/sup +p and p/sup +n junctions were realized by the E_levated S_ilicide So_urce/D_rain (ESSOD) structure using this technology. Furthermore, contact resistances of about 2.0/spl sim/3.O/spl Omega/ were obtained for 0.35/spl mu/m diameter with A_l-plug/c_ollimated Ti/TiN/Ti/T_i-silicide/e_pitaxial-Si c_ontact (ACTEC) structure on both n/sup +/- and p/sup +/-ESSOD regions. >
Together for a Better Education Program (Juntos Para Una Mejor Educación)

A new program entitled Together for a Better Education Program or Juntos Para Una Mejor Educacion (2011) targets underserved and minority audiences to help build a stronger alliance with families, schools and community based youth serving agencies to help youth reach their goals for a rewarding future. The primary goal of the program is to allow the dream of college to be a reality for youth as well as their families. This six (6) session workshop series is designed so families and youth participate in activities and lessons congruently to develop and reach shared goals focused on graduating from high school and attending post-secondary education.
Hematology journals do not sufficiently adhere to reporting guidelines: a systematic review.

Background Reporting guidelines and trial/review registration policies have been instituted in order to minimize bias and improve research practices. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the policies of Hematology journals concerning reporting guideline adoption and trial/review registration. Methods We performed a web-based data abstraction from the Instructions for Authors of 67 Hematology journals catalogued in the Expanded Science Citation Index of the 2014 Journal Citation Reports to identify whether each journal required, recommended, or made no mention of the following reporting guidelines: EQUATOR, ICMJE, CONSORT, MOOSE, QUOROM, PRISMA, STARD, STROBE, ARRIVE, and CARE. We also extracted whether journals required or recommended trial or systematic review registration. We emailed editors three times to determine which types of studies their journal accepts. Results Forty-eight percent (32/67) of hematology journals do not adhere to any reporting guidelines. For responding journals, the QUOROM statement, MOOSE, CARE, and PROSPERO were the least often mentioned, whereas the ICMJE guidelines, CONSORT statement, and general trial registration were most often mentioned. Discussion Reporting guidelines are infrequently required or recommended by hematology journals. Furthermore, few require clinical trial or systematic review database registration. A higher rate of adherence to reporting guidelines can prevent bias from entering the literature. Participation from all stakeholders, including authors and journal editors, to improve reporting guideline and policy practices is required. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Red blood cell transfusions during sickle cell anemia vaso-occlusive crises: a report from the magnesium in crisis (MAGiC) study.

BACKGROUND Little is known about red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practices for children hospitalized for a sickle cell vaso-occlusive pain crisis (VOC). We hypothesized that transfusion would be associated with the development of acute chest syndrome (ACS), lower hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and lack of hydroxyurea therapy. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This is a secondary analysis of all children admitted for a sickle cell pain crisis enrolled in the Magnesium in Crisis (MAGiC) randomized trial; all had HbSS or S-β0 thalassemia. ACS development and transfusion administration were prospectively collected during the parent trial. All Hb values during the hospitalization were recorded, as was parent report of child receiving hydroxyurea. Relative risks (RRs) of transfusion were compared between groups. RESULTS Of 204 enrolled children, 40 (19.6%) received a transfusion. Of the 30 children who developed ACS, 22 (73.3%) received transfusions compared to 18 of 174 (10.3%) without ACS: the RR of transfusion in children with ACS was 7.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4-11.5). Among those without ACS, the lowest Hb was most strongly associated with transfusions: RR was 3.1 (95% CI 2.0 – 4.7) for each 1 g/dL decrease in lowest Hb. In a binary recursive partitioning model for those without ACS, a lowest recorded Hb level of less than 6.3 g/dL was significantly associated with transfusion during admission (p < 0.01). Hydroxyurea use was not associated with transfusions in any analysis. CONCLUSION ACS increased the RR of transfusion in children hospitalized for VOC sevenfold. In children without ACS, transfusion was associated with lowest Hb concentration, particularly Hb concentration of less than 6.3 g/dL.
Abstract P133: Melanocortin 4 Receptor is Required for the Effect of Testosterone Supplement on Metabolic Parameters and Blood Pressure

Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) activation causes appetite suppression and sympathetic nervous system activation. Blockade of MC4R increases food intake and in some cases, decreases BP. MC4R has been implicated as playing a role in obesity and hypertension. Previously we observed that testosterone supplementation in male Zucker rats improved insulin resistance and the characteristics of metabolic syndrome, but increased BP. Similarly, testosterone increases BP in male SHR, and blockade of the MC4R reduces BP in both young and old male SHR. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that testosterone supplementation (T) requires activated MC4R to attenuate metabolic parameters, and to increase BP. Male obese MC4R -/- and Wistar Hannover rats (WT) were treated with T (MC4R-KO+T vs WT+T: 22 mg/10 mm silastic pellet) or placebo (empty pellets; MC4R-KO+P, and WT+P), beginning at 10 wks of age for 6 weeks. In WT animals, T reduced body weight by 13% compared to placebo (367 gr vs 432gr; p ® ) in WT+T by 38% compared to placebo (50±2.9 gr vs 31±3.2 gr; p ® ) was not affected by T in either MC4R-KO+T or WT+T (p:NS). Finally, unlike our previous studies in obese Zucker and SHR males, T failed to affect mean arterial pressure or heart rate (by telemetry) in MC4R-KO+T rats compared to control MC4R-KO+P (MAP: 122±2 mmHg vs 122±1 mmHg; n=3, p:NS; HR:309±5 bpm vs 320±17 bpm; n=3, p:NS). These data suggest that the effect of T on metabolic parameters and BP may be mediated at least in part by MC4R since in the absence of active MC4R, T is not able to affect either body composition or BP. Also, these data gave a potential new insight into the mechanism by which T contributes to BP control and adipose tissue regulation. More studies are necessary to clarify the role of MC4R in mediating the effects of testosterone. Supported by NIH-R01HL66072, R01HL69194, PO1HL51971 (JFR), 14POST18640015 (ROM).
Abstract WP383: Does Test-enhanced Learning Improve Retention of Patient/Family Stroke Education?

Background: Despite delivery of hospital-required stroke education, retention by patients/families is poor. We examined knowledge retention using a test-enhanced learning strategy for provision of ...
Pulmonary Vascular Disease

The pulmonary vasculature is an anatomic compartment that is frequently overlooked in the histologic review of lung biopsy samples, other than those obtained specifically to assess pulmonary vascular disease.1 Though often of a nonspecific nature, the histologic pattern of vascular remodeling may at times suggest its underlying pathogenesis and provide clues to the cause of pulmonary hypertension.2 Disproportionately severe vascular pathology may further indicate alternate disease processes, such as congestive heart failure or thromboemboli, contributing to the patient’s overall respiratory condition.
Multimodal Discrimination between Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease and Prediction of Cognitive Decline

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are associated with widespread changes in brain structure and function, as indicated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometry and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose position emission tomography (FDG PET) metabolism. Nevertheless, the ability to differentiate between AD, MCI and normal aging groups can be difficult. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify the combination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, MRI morphometry, FDG PET metabolism and neuropsychological test scores to that best differentiate between a sample of normal aging subjects and those with MCI and AD from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The secondary goal was to determine the neuroimaging variables from MRI, FDG PET and CSF biomarkers that can predict future cognitive decline within each group. To achieve these aims, a series of multivariate stepwise logistic and linear regression models were generated. Combining all neuroimaging modalities and cognitive test scores significantly improved the index of discrimination, especially at the earliest stages of the disease, whereas MRI gray matter morphometry variables best predicted future cognitive decline compared to other neuroimaging variables. Overall these findings demonstrate that a multimodal approach using MRI morphometry, FDG PET metabolism, neuropsychological test scores and CSF biomarkers may provide significantly better discrimination than any modality alone.
Examining the use of ‘natural’ in breastfeeding promotion: ethical and practical concerns

References to the ‘natural’ are common in public health messaging about breastfeeding. For example, the WHO writes that ‘Breast milk is the natural first food for babies’ and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has a breastfeeding promotion campaign called ‘It’s only natural’, which champions breastfeeding as the natural way to feed a baby. This paper critically examines the use of ‘natural’ language in breastfeeding promotion by public health and medical bodies. A pragmatic concern with selling breastfeeding as ‘natural’ is that this may reinforce the already widespread perspective that natural options are presumptively healthier, safer and better, a view that works at cross-purposes to public health and medicine in other contexts. An additional concern is that given the history of breastfeeding in the USA, ‘natural’ evokes specific and controversial conceptions of gender and motherhood.
Free-living Bacterial Communities Are Mostly Dominated by Oligotrophs

In response to resource availability, bacteria have evolved two distinct ecological strategies. Copiotrophic bacteria grow fast and are heavily favored by selection where the resource is abundant. In contrast, oligotrophic bacteria grow slowly but more efficiently and are highly adaptive in nutrient-poor environments (Koch, 2001). Although oligotrophs and copiotrophs are ubiquitous, except for a few well-characterized environments like the open ocean and animal gut, the relative abundance of oligotrophic and copiotrophic bacteria and their importance in the global ecosystem are still unclear. In addition, although several studies have demonstrated the impact of nutrient availability on the bacterial community structure under experimental conditions (Klappenbach et al., 2000, Nemergut et al., 2016), the role of nutrients in shaping the structures of bacterial communities in their natural habitats remains largely unknown. Using the ribosomal RNA operon (rrn) copy number to capture the bacterial ecological strategy, we analyzed 44,045 samples from two large bacterial community repositories that cover 78 environmental types. Here we show that animal-associated microbiota are dominated by copiotrophs while plant-associated and free-living bacterial communities are mostly dominated by oligotrophs. Our results suggest that nutrient availability plays an important role in determining the structure and ecological strategy of bacterial communities in nature. We demonstrate that the average and distribution of rrn copy number are simple yet robust predictors of the ecological strategy of bacterial communities that can be applied to all sequence-based microbial surveys to link the community structure and function.
TRAF3IP2, a novel therapeutic target in glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (glioblastoma) remains one of the deadliest cancers. Pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic mediators present in tumor microenvironment (TME) facilitate communication between tumor cells and adjacent non-malignant cells, resulting in glioblastoma growth. Since a majority of these mediators are products of NF-κB- and/or AP-1-responsive genes, and as TRAF3 Interacting Protein 2 (TRAF3IP2) is an upstream regulator of both transcription factors, we hypothesized that targeting TRAF3IP2 blunts tumor growth by inhibiting NF-κB and pro-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic mediators. Our in vitro data demonstrate that similar to primary glioblastoma tumor tissues, malignant glioblastoma cell lines (U87 and U118) express high levels of TRAF3IP2. Silencing TRAF3IP2 expression inhibits basal and inducible NF-κB activation, induction of pro-inflammatory mediators, clusters of genes involved in cell cycle progression and angiogenesis, and formation of spheroids. Additionally, silencing TRAF3IP2 significantly increases apoptosis. In vivo studies indicate TRAF3IP2-silenced U87 cells formed smaller tumors. Additionally, treating existing tumors formed by wild type U87 cells with lentiviral TRAF3IP2 shRNA markedly regresses their size. Analysis of residual tumors revealed reduced expression of pro-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic/pro-angiogenic mediators and kinesins. In contrast, the expression of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was increased. Together, these novel data indicate that TRAF3IP2 is a master regulator of malignant signaling in glioblastoma, and its targeting modulates the TME and inhibits tumor growth by suppressing the expression of mediators involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, growth, and malignant transformation. Our data identify TRAF3IP2 as a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma growth and dissemination.
Graduate Medical Education Financing and the Role of the Volunteer Educator

Health reform did not adequately address funding for medical education. Physicians must nevertheless make sure the next generation of doctors receives a high-quality education.
Understanding risky behaviors during adolescence: A model of self-discovery through experimentation

Abstract This paper presents a theory of risky “anti-social” behavior that links economic motives with aspects of personality development during adolescence. We show that a model in which adolescents go through a process of self-discovery and the costs and benefits of risky behavior (such as engaging in a criminal act) are revealed to them through experiential learning can replicate the pattern of initiation and desistance in such conduct typically observed in the data. In this setting, farsighted individuals have an incentive to experiment with risky behavior to resolve the uncertainty over their personality; contrary to popular belief, this means that a greater concern for the future may be linked to a stronger incentive to pursue risky activities at a young age. We also show that while stigma reduces the incentive to experiment, its effect on the prevalence of risky behavior is ambiguous. We discuss how imperfect self-knowledge may interact with other factors associated with risky behavior over the life course, including increasing penalties for repeat offenders and self-control problems.
Malprogramming of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism due to Excessive Early Cholesterol Exposure in Adult Progeny

SCOPE: The programming of hepatic lipid dysfunction in response to early cholesterol exposure and the influencing effects of postnatal diet is evaluated in apoE⁻/⁻ mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: In two separate studies, female mice are assigned to a standard chow (S) or a cholesterol‐enriched chow (C) diet during gestation and lactation. Male offspring from each dam are weaned on a postnatal S or a hypercaloric western (W) diet resulting in four experimental groups: S–S and C–S (Experiment 1) and S–W and C–W (Experiment 2). At weaning, litters from hypercholesterolemic mothers weighed less (p 0.05) is observed between S–W and C–W in serum and hepatic lipid profiles; however, serum AST and ALT are higher (p < 0.05) in C–W versus S–W offspring. CONCLUSION: The degree of hepatic lipid deposition observed in adult offspring exposed to excessive early cholesterol is influenced by the postnatal diet.
Making Function Part of the Conversation: Clinician Perspectives on Measuring Functional Status in Primary Care

Objectives Although there is increasing interest in using functional status to guide clinical decision making, function is seldom routinely assessed in primary care. We explored clinician perspectives on barriers and facilitators to routine measurement of older adults' functional status in primary care settings. Design Qualitative study using semistructured interviews. Setting Primary care and geriatrics clinics at six Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Participants Twenty-four primary care providers, including 17 from primary care clinics and 7 from geriatrics clinics. Measurements We conducted interviews to elicit clinician perspectives about functional status measurement, including barriers and facilitators to routine assessment. We analyzed transcripts iteratively using a hybrid inductive and deductive thematic approach. Results Interviews revealed three distinct aspects to measuring function: screening and assessment, documentation, and use of data to inform care. Barriers and facilitators to screening and assessment included time availability, clinic processes, and degree of interdisciplinary environment. Barriers and facilitators to documentation included the usability and integration of electronic instruments into workflows and the availability of a standardized location to document function in the electronic medical record. Barriers and facilitators to use of data included the availability of a standardized location to retrieve data on function, the availability of appropriate referrals and services, and provider knowledge of available resources to address functional impairments. To address these barriers, providers emphasized the critical importance of connecting measurement of function directly to improved patient care. Conclusion Although clinicians emphasized the importance of measuring function, they also cautioned against additional workload burdens, cumbersome electronic documentation, and measurement of function without ensuring that these data are used to improve care. Approaches to functional status measurement must address these barriers to improve care and outcomes for older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:493-502, 2019.
MPWiFi: Synergizing MPTCP Based Simultaneous Multipath Access and WiFi Network Performance

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) enables a client to exploit multiple wireless paths simultaneously for improved throughput and mobility resilience. However, MPTCP clients in WiFi networks may easily lower the achievable throughput of the network due to excessively created connections over access points (APs), particularly those that own a weak link quality. This is caused by the fact that the maximal achievable throughput of a WiFi AP can be easily affected by the number of connections accessing it and the link qualities of those connections. In this paper, we first verify such effects through extensive experiments and analysis. We then propose a novel scheme, denoted MPWiFi, to solve this issue while keeping the benefits of MPTCP based multipath access in WiFi networks. Our scheme allows a MPTCP client to obtain resources on its best WiFi path freely and suppresses its subflows in additional paths when congestion happens. As a result, the degrading to the WiFi AP's achievable throughput is greatly prevented with acceptable influences on the benefits of MPTCP clients (i.e., their multipath access is intervened only on congested non-best APs). The fairness to MPTCP clients is also guaranteed through their best WiFi connection. The proposed solution is implemented along with the Linux Kernel MPTCP implementation. Extensive real-world deployment based experiments and NS3 simulation show that the proposed scheme can effectively alleviate the adverse impact of MPTCP based multipath access in WiFi networks while keeping its benefits.
Functional and Structural Improvement with a Catalytic Carbon Nano-Antioxidant in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Complicated by Hypotension and Resuscitation.

Abstract Hypotension worsens outcome after all severities of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with loss of cerebral autoregulation being a potential contributor. Previously, we demonstrated that intra...
Interviewing for the helping professions: a comprehensive relational approach (2nd ed.)

Interviews are the foundation of helping relationships. They are used to build professional relationships, convey expectations, procure information, and render insights and feedback. Yet this build...
Nonmonotonic Plasticity: How Memory Retrieval Drives Learning

What are the principles that govern whether neural representations move apart (differentiate) or together (integrate) as a function of learning? According to supervised learning models that are trained to predict outcomes in the world, integration should occur when two stimuli predict the same outcome. Numerous findings support this, but – paradoxically – some recent fMRI studies have found that pairing different stimuli with the same associate causes differentiation, not integration. To explain these and related findings, we argue that supervised learning needs to be supplemented with unsupervised learning that is driven by spreading activation in a U-shaped way, such that inactive memories are not modified, moderate activation of memories causes weakening (leading to differentiation), and higher activation causes strengthening (leading to integration).
Antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. Recovered from urban community gardens

Abstract This study analyzed Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus spp. from vegetables and soil in three urban community gardens in metro Detroit, Michigan. Bacteria were identified by PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). E. coli was isolated from 11 of 19 (57.9%) soil samples and 23 of 48 (48%) vegetables, whereas Enterococcus spp. from 17 of 19 (89.5%) soils and 38 of 48 (79%) vegetables. The most common Enterococcus species identified in soil were Ent. mundtii (29.4%), Ent. casseliflavus (11.8%), Ent. durans (11.8%), and Ent. faecalis (11.8%). In contrast, Ent. faecalis (81.6%) was most abundant in vegetables. Disk diffusion revealed that 18 of 34 E. coli (52.9%) and 45 of 55 Enterococcus spp. (81.8%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Ampicillin resistance was the only resistance phenotype observed in E. coli. Streptomycin resistance prevailed in Enterococcus spp. and was demonstrated by 11 of 17 (64.7%) isolates in soil and 30 of 38 (78.9%) from vegetables. WGS on selected isolates based on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles showed the predominance of multidrug efflux pumps in E. coli regardless of their susceptibility phenotypes. Enterococcus spp. carried resistance genes to aminoglycoside, macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin (MLS), and tetracycline. Prophage and Tn916 were identified in E. coli and Enterococcus spp., respectively. The data revealed diverse E. coli and Enterococcus spp. associated with urban food production environment. The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and resistance genes in vegetables indicates potential food safety concern due to the ready-to-eat nature of most vegetables.
Diagnostic performance of CT angiography to detect pulmonary vein stenosis in children

To assess the diagnostic efficiency of CT angiography (CTA) to detect pulmonary vein stenosis in children. We retrospectively identify patients between 0 and 3 years old with confirmed pulmonary vein stenosis with conventional angiography or surgery and available CTA. Patients without confirmed stenosis of the pulmonary veins were included as controls. We excluded patients with previous surgery involving the pulmonary veins, exclusively right-heart conventional angiography or insufficient data in the operation note to confirm the status of the pulmonary veins. Two pediatric radiologists evaluated and determine the presence of stenosis and the pulmonary veins affected. Disagreement between the readers were solved by consensus with a third reader. A pediatric cardiologist reviewed the available angiographic images to determine the presence of stenosis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated. Kappa statistics was performed. 26 patients (15 boys, 11 Girls) were included. Conventional angiography (n = 20) and cardiothoracic surgery (n = 6) confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary vein stenosis in 13 children. The diagnostic performance at patient level showed the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 84.6%, 92.3%, 91.6%, 87.5%, and 88.4%, respectively. The interobserver was k = 0.76. The performance at pulmonary vein level showed the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 63.3%, 97.4%, 90.4%,85.7% and 87.9%, respectively. The interobserver agreement was k = 0.62. Computed Tomography Angiography is an excellent and reliable image technique for ruling in pulmonary vein stenosis in young children.
The Deep In-Memory Architecture (DIMA)

This chapter describes the Deep In-memory Architecture (DIMA) by first showing how the algorithmic data-flow of commonly used ML algorithms is well-matched to DIMA’s intrinsic architectural data-flow. This attribute of DIMA is unsurprising since it implements a highly efficient matrix-vector multiply (MVM) operation. In spite of being intrinsically analog, DIMA’s surprising robustness to PVT variations is explained through the lens of a Shannon-inspired model of computation. The various stages of analog computations in DIMA are described along with practical circuit and architectural design guidelines. Finally, circuit-aware system models of DIMA’s energy, delay, and functionality are presented and employed to evaluate DIMA’s decision-making accuracy, energy, and latency trade-offs.
Kinetics of the functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Implications on surface group distributions, adsorption and catalysis

Abstract The post-synthesis functionalization (grafting) kinetics of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) with organo-trimethoxysilanes (R-TMS) is studied via solution 1H NMR spectroscopy. The process involves a rapid adsorption/desorption pre-equilibrium followed by reaction of R-TMS with surface silanols. Grafting rates are affected by the functional group in R-TMS. For example, the grafting rate of aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (AP-TMS) is one order of magnitude higher than other R-TMS. High concentrations of AP-TMS result in substrate-inhibition kinetics, likely due to steric and mobility constraints for reactant alignment at high coverage. The higher rates of AP-TMS grafting indicate a catalytic effect of amine groups. This effect depends on the amine's basicity and can be used to control the grafting rates and degree of condensation of other R-TMS. Adjusting the rate of mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MP-TMS) grafting using amines gives MP-MSN materials of varying adsorptive and catalytic activities, illustrated by Pd scavenging experiments and use of Pd@MP-MSN as catalysts for a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.
Time-Based Deals: How Non-Monetary Discounts Can Reduce the Post-Promotion Dip: An Abstract

Oftentimes, marketers and retailers offer promotions to attract customers. While offering such deals may increase revenue temporarily, it often also causes undesirable effects subsequent to the withdrawal of such deals. Once having seen the product go on sale at a lower price, customers may not be willing to buy it at the regular price anymore.
Climate justice and rights-based litigation in a post-Paris world

In spite of the 2015 Paris Agreement requiring all Parties, irrespective of their development status, to take climate action, the operationalization of climate justice in global climate governance ...
Do darters (Etheostoma sp.) in streams with introduced trout exhibit increased wariness

Introduced predators can negatively affect native prey species via either direct predation or through indirect effects such as behavioral changes or habitat shifts that lead to declines in growth, condition, and reproductive success. In freshwater habitats, salmonid fishes are one of the most common introduced predators worldwide. Most studies of effects of salmonids on native prey species have focused on direct predation, with fewer studies examining how behavior of prey is affected. We used a snorkeling protocol to examine whether introduction of rainbow (Oncorhyuchus mykiss) and brown (Salmo trutta) trout in streams was associated with increased wariness in two small prey fishes, darters in the genus Etheostoma. Wariness was measured as flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which individuals flee from an approaching threat (snorkeler), for darters in four rivers with and four rivers without introduced trout. Darters in rivers with trout had longer FIDs, indicating that they were less tolerant of risk than darters in control rivers. Increased wariness could lead to darters decreasing activities associated with foraging and reproduction, which could have long-term negative effects on populations of these prey fishes.