cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alu-repeat polymorphism in the gene coding for tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and risks of myocardial infarction among middle-aged men

An Alu-repeat polymorphism in the gene coding for tissue-type plasminogen activator has been described recently, and it has been hypothesized that this polymorphism may predict risk of coronary thrombosis. In a prospective cohort of nearly 15,000 apparently healthy men, presence of an Alu-repeat insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the gene coding for tissue-type plasminogen activator was determined among 369 study participants who subsequently suffered a first myocardial infarction (cases) and among a group of 369 age- and smoking-matched study participants who remained free of reported cardiovascular disease during follow-up (controls). The distributions of the II, DI, and DD genotypes of the tissue-type plasminogen activator polymorphism among men who subsequently suffered myocardial infarction (0.30, 0.50, 0.21) were virtually identical to those who remained free of disease (0.29, 0.50, 0.21; P = .9). There was no evidence of association between the Alu insertion polymorphism and risks of future myocardial infarction in models assuming either allelic recessive (relative risk, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.4, P = .8) or allelic dominant (relative risk, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.7 to 1.5, P = .8) modes of inheritance, nor were associations found in analyses stratified by age, family history, hypercholesterolemia, or the presence of other risk factors for premature coronary disease. Multivariate analysis had no important effects on these relationships. In this cohort of middle-aged US men, the presence of the insertion allele of the Alu-repeat polymorphism of the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene is not associated with future risks of myocardial infarction.
A spatially-detailed model of actin and myosin interaction in the cardiac myofilament including strain-based rates and cooperative mechanisms

The availability of increased computing power will make new classes of biological models possible. One such class will be spatially-explicit representations of subcellular machinery. We have developed such a model of the interaction of actin and myosin within one pair of thick and thin filaments in the cardiac sarcomere. We have chosen to model the smallest repeating unit that maintains fundamental spatial interactions thought to produce important and characteristic cardiac muscle responses at cell, tissue and whole heart levels. The model discussed differs from existing models by having spatially-explicit representations of actin, myosin, regulatory protein interactions including extensible links to capture filament compliances. Sample results are compared with experimental characterizations of real muscle. The model recapitulates a wide range of complex, non-linear behavior and hence provides a plausible and quantitative explanation for several unexplained phenomena in cardiac muscle. The execution of the model demands Monte Carlo-based simulations of Markov representations of Ca regulation and actin-myosin interactions with strain-dependent rates. In addition, the solution of the compliant realignment of the thick and thin filament binding sites requires an iterative solution technique that demands substantial computational resources. The model is suitable to serve as a basis for larger scale simulations.
BENEFIT OF CONVERTING TO RSLOGIX 5000 FROM RSLOGIX 500

Abstract In conjunction with Creative Pultrusions, Inc., a fiberglass reinforced polymer composites manufacturer in Alum Bank, PA, a senior project was designed to convert the machine operation code for their pultruders from the Rockwell Automation's RSLogix500 software to the RSLogix5000 software. This project was a capstone design for the Electro-Mechanical Engineering Technology program at Penn State Altoona. The specific aim was to show the benefits of RSLogix5000 while improving the pultruding system at Creative Pultrusions, Inc. By streamlining the existing code, troubleshooting could become more efficient. In order to convert the code, a complete understanding of the pultrusion process was necessary along with that of both the RSLogix500 software and RSLogix5000 software. This document will discuss background information pertaining to Creative Pultrusions, Inc., RSLogix500 software and RSLogix5000 software in addition to the machine code conversion and testing processes.
Spring Wheat Breeding

Wheat (various species of the genus Triticum) is a grass originating from the Levant area of the Middle East. However, only hexaploid common wheat (Triticum eastivum), and tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) are presently cultivated worldwide. Not only is wheat an important crop today, it may well have influenced human history. Wheat was a key factor enabling the emergence of civilization because it was one of the first crops that could be easily cultivated on a large scale, and had the additional advantage of yielding a harvest that provides long-term storage of food. Today, there are different classes and uses of wheat. Although, it is mainly used as a staple food to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads, wheat can also be used as livestock feed, for fermentation to make beer and other alcoholic liquids, and recently, as a source of bio-energy. Global wheat production must increase at about 2% annually to meet future demands. The potential of increasing the global arable land is limited; hence, future increases in wheat production must be achieved by enhancing the wheat productivity to the land already in use. The objectives of most breeding programs include: high and stable yields, superior end-use quality, desirable agronomic characteristics, biotic (mainly, pests) resistance, and abiotic (environmental stresses) tolerance. While it is virtually impossible to combine all these characteristics into a single ‘perfect’ variety, continuous breeding efforts toward achieving these objectives will ensure that new varieties possess as many desirable and economic traits as possible. Details of the different breeding approaches to enhance modern wheat breeding are discussed in this chapter.
Immune Responses in HIV Infection, Alcoholism, and Aging: A Neuroimaging Perspective

Biological changes that accrue during normal, healthy aging contribute to behavioral (cognitive and motor) decline attributable to structural and metabolic alterations in the brain. Superimposed on the pattern of the healthy aging brain are the consequences of frequent concomitants of aging such as hypertension and hormone deficiency. Even more complex are the brain modifications that can occur in the presence of comorbidities such as infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and alcohol dependence, each of which has independent deleterious effects on selective brain systems. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended the average life span of individuals infected with HIV [1–3]. Accompanying longevity and improved health with treatment are increased opportunity to initiate or resume high-risk activities such as unsafe drinking (estimates of alcoholism among HIV patients range from 8 to 63 %) [4–9], necessitating the consideration of the cumulative interactions of these disease processes on the aging brain [10].
Aqueous-Phase Hydrodechlorination of Trichloroethylene over Pd-Based Swellable Organically Modified Silica: Catalyst Deactivation Due to Sulfur Species

One of the problems of catalytic water treatment systems is that sulfur-containing species present in contaminated water have a detrimental effect on the catalytic performance because of strong int...
Tangent-V: Math Formula Image Search Using Line-of-Sight Graphs

We present a visual search engine for graphics such as math, chemical diagrams, and figures. Graphics are represented using Line-of-Sight (LOS) graphs, with symbols connected only when they can ‘see’ each other along an unobstructed line. Symbol identities may be provided (e.g., in PDF) or taken from Optical Character Recognition applied to images. Graphics are indexed by pairs of symbols that ‘see’ each other using their labels, spatial displacement, and size ratio. Retrieval has two layers: the first matches query symbol pairs in an inverted index, while the second aligns candidates with the query and scores the resulting matches using the identity and relative position of symbols. For PDFs, we also introduce a new tool that quickly extracts characters and their locations. We have applied our model to the NTCIR-12 Wikipedia Formula Browsing Task, and found that the method can locate relevant matches without unification of symbols or using a math expression grammar. In the future, one might index LOS graphs for entire pages and search for text and graphics. Our source code has been made publicly available.
Graduate study in physical acoustics at the University of Mississippi

The University of Mississippi is a Ph.D. granting institution with an R1 Carnegie designation placing it among schools with the highest level of research activity. The Department of Physics and Astronomy at Ole Miss has a diverse range of research opportunities, including two groups associated with recent Nobel Prizes. Along with programs in Computational Physics, High Energy Physics, Atmospheric Physics and Gravitation, the department is affiliated with the National Center for Physical Acoustics (NCPA). NCPA is an 85 000 square foot standalone facility on the campus of the University of Mississippi dedicated to the physics and engineering applications of acoustics. It has research groups dedicated to ultrasound, infrasound, aeroacoustics, atmospheric propagation, porous media, and ocean acoustics. Graduate students in physics and engineering are pursuing Ph.D. and M.S. degrees at NCPA, and four faculty members from the Physics department have their research laboratories in the facility. In addition to NCPA, the Physics department has affiliations with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), The European Center for Particle Physics (CERN), Fermilab and Belle II.The University of Mississippi is a Ph.D. granting institution with an R1 Carnegie designation placing it among schools with the highest level of research activity. The Department of Physics and Astronomy at Ole Miss has a diverse range of research opportunities, including two groups associated with recent Nobel Prizes. Along with programs in Computational Physics, High Energy Physics, Atmospheric Physics and Gravitation, the department is affiliated with the National Center for Physical Acoustics (NCPA). NCPA is an 85 000 square foot standalone facility on the campus of the University of Mississippi dedicated to the physics and engineering applications of acoustics. It has research groups dedicated to ultrasound, infrasound, aeroacoustics, atmospheric propagation, porous media, and ocean acoustics. Graduate students in physics and engineering are pursuing Ph.D. and M.S. degrees at NCPA, and four faculty members from the Physics department have their research laboratories in the facility. In addition to NC...
Non-neoplastic Diseases of Appendix

Multiple non-neoplastic disorders can affect the appendix. Acute appendicitis is the most common finding seen in appendectomies. However, other disease processes such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease can have appendiceal involvement. Infections and rare entities such as Rosai-Dorfman disease and IgG4-related disease are also important to keep in the differential diagnosis when evaluation appendiceal specimen. The gross and histologic findings that can be seen in appendiceal specimens are described in this chapter.
A comparison of the Functional Movement ScreenTM and the Landing Error Scoring System: A cohort study.

The Functional Movement Screen (FMSTM) is a nonspecific movement pattern assessment while the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a screen for movement patterns associated with lower extremity injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if the LESS and FMSTM are correlated or if they can be used as complementary assessments of preseason injury risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Methods FMSTM and LESS were used to conduct a cohort study of 126 male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division IA football players. One hundred and eleven players met the criteria for inclusion during data review. At risk and not at risk LESS scores of players and FMSTM exercise score status were compared using Welch's t-test. Associations between FMSTM composites and LESS scores were evaluated using linear regression. Results The average LESS score was 5.51±1.34, and the average composite FMSTM score was 11.77±2.13 (max=15). A poor FMSTM squat score (≤1 or asymmetry present) was associated with a higher LESS score (P 0.05). Composite FMSTM score was loosely associated with the LESS score (R-squared=0.0677, P=0.006). Prior history of an ACL injury and player position were not associated with LESS score on multivariate regression (P>0.05). Conclusions The LESS and FMSTM are not well correlated and may serve as complementary assessments for preseason injury risk. Level of evidence Level III.
Cislunar Navigation Accuracy Using Optical Observations of Natural and Artificial Targets

Onboard optical-based autonomous navigation (autonav) has the potential to significantly reduce reliance on ground-based assets, and it can provide a robust backup system for unexpected ground outa...
Intermediate Species in the Crystallization of Sodium Aluminate Hydroxy Hydrates

In highly alkaline “water-in-salt” Na2O:Al2O3:H2O solutions where the monomeric Al(OH)4- anion dominates, isolation of transitional species that seed crystallization of sodium aluminate salt hydrat...
Combining Appleby with RAMPS - Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy with Celiac Trunk Resection.

Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) minimizes the risk of a positive retroperitoneal margin and maximizes lymph node harvest in distal pancreatic cancers.1–7 In those with celiac trunk involvement, resection of the celiac trunk (modified Appleby procedure) is a surgical option in which postoperative liver perfusion relies on blood flow via superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and gastroduodenal artery (GDA).8, 9 A 66-year-old male was diagnosed with a 3.8 × 2.5 cm pancreatic body adenocarcinoma abutting the celiac trunk. Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX was initiated with a uniquely good response. Prior to surgery, a novel preoperative 3D simulation technique accounting for organ displacement during pneumoperitoneum with the goal of optimizing port placement and surgical decision making was employed. At surgery, a RAMPS procedure was performed with the renal vessels and adrenal gland being dissected first (reversed from typical open approach). Following dissection along the SMA towards the celiac axis, desmoplastic reaction enveloping the celiac trunk necessitated its resection. Arterial liver perfusion was confirmed with intraoperative ultrasound. L-RAMPS and modified Appleby procedure is a curative option for patients with distal pancreatic cancers that invade the celiac trunk and in whom the tumor biology is well controlled. A preplanned approach with 3D reconstruction accounting for organ displacement due to pneumoperitoneum optimizes surgical decision making and port placement for visual alignment caudally along the SMA.
Genomic Safe Harbor Expression of PAX7 for the Generation of Engraftable Myogenic Progenitors

Summary Inducible expression of PAX7 in differentiating pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) allows massively scalable generation of human myogenic progenitors, which upon transplantation into dystrophic muscles give rise to donor-derived myofibers and satellite cells. Therefore, PSC-derived PAX7+ myogenic progenitors represent an attractive therapeutic approach to promote muscle regeneration. Work to date has used lentiviral vectors (LVs) that randomly integrate inducible PAX7 transgenes. Here, we investigated whether equivalent induction of the myogenic program could be achieved by targeting the PAX7 transgene into genomic safe harbor (GSH) sites. Across multiple PSC lines, we find that this approach consistently generates expandable myogenic progenitors in vitro, although scalability of expansion is moderately reduced compared with the LV approach. Importantly, transplantation of GSH-targeted myogenic progenitors produces robust engraftment, comparable with LV counterparts. These findings provide proof of concept for the use of GSH targeting as a potential alternative approach to generate therapeutic PSC-derived myogenic progenitors for clinical applications.
Ethics, health disparities, and discourses in oncology nursing's research: If we know the problems, why are we asking the wrong questions?

Aims and objectives To disrupt conflations between 'health disparities research' and critical engagement with racism, whiteness, other oppressions and our profession's ongoing roles in white supremacy. Background In Oncology Nursing Society's (ONS) 2019-2023 research agenda, health disparities are highlighted as a top priority for nursing knowledge generation and intervention. The document concludes needs for increased 'minority and vulnerable population' participation in cancer clinical trials, reduced financial toxicity, behavioural interventions for risk reduction, incorporation of social determinants of health and technology to promote rural access to high-quality care. Design In this critical resistive, theoretical and ethical analysis on current discourses on health disparities research in oncology nursing, we ask: (a) What forces (stated and unstated) shape current oncology nursing discourses about health disparities?; (b) What assumptions about health and power are embedded in these discourses?; (c) Are we, as nurses and scientists, asking the right questions? Methods Line-by-line analysis of the ONS Research Agenda for 2019-2023 'Health Disparities' section. Results The health disparities described in this report are not new to the literature, nor are many of the proposed solutions. As noted, disparities such as disproportionate cancer-related morbidity and mortality across identities (gender, race and sexual orientation) have not improved and some have worsened over several decades. Conclusions That discourses on prioritising cancer-related health disparities persist while disparity-related outcomes remain largely unchanged presents challenges-both moral and pragmatic. We must ask, 'Rather than the concept of "health disparities," as presently understood in cancer nursing, what is the better approach to examine health equity and ethical nursing research practices?' Relevance to clinical practice This paper offers several starting places for nurses, especially with the following questions: 'Who does this harm?' Answer then revise: 'Who might this harm now?' Answer then revise: 'Are these harms worth the activity?' And repeat this process.
Hybrid improper antiferroelectricity—New insights for novel device concepts

Antiferroelectrics have been studied for decades, with most research focused on PbZrO3 or related compounds obtained through chemical substitution. Although there are several important antiferroelectrics found in AVO4 (A=Dy, Bi), orthorhombic ABC semiconductors (e.g., MgSrSi) and hydrogen-bonded antiferroelectric materials, experimentally demonstrated antiferroelectrics are far less common. Furthermore, antiferroelectrics have potential applications in energy storage and for strain and force generators. In recent years, hybrid improper ferroelectrics have been intensively studied, along which the hybrid improper antiferroelectric phase was proposed and demonstrated in (001) Ruddlesden-Popper A3B2O7 thin films from first-principles calculations. Later, the hybrid improper antiferroelectric phase was discovered experimentally in several Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites in bulk. Across the hybrid improper ferroelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition, several interesting phenomena were also predicted. In this snapshot review, we describe recent progress in hybrid improper antiferroelectricity.
Assessment of antioxidant properties and in-vitro bioaccessibility of some pomegranate products

In this research, pomegranate molasses, pomegranate sour sauces and pomegranate jams were evaluated in terms of some physicochemical properties including hydroxymethylfurfural, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility. While ascorbic acid of these products ranged between 0.89-19.78 mg 100g-1, total phenolic contents changed between 31.40-2061.10 mg gallic acid equivalent 100g-1. Antioxidant capacities of the products were determined as 34.01-2377.52 mg trolox equivalent 100g-1 with DPPH assay and 18.9-6439.0 mg trolox equivalent 100g-1 with CUPRAC assay. The bioaccessibilities regarding phenolic substance and antioxidant capacity after simulated gastrointestinal digestion ranged between 74-247% and 53-213%, respectively. High HMF levels, which were reflected on color and sensory features, have indicated the necessity of improving the production and storage conditions. On the other hand, the highest ascorbic acid, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate molasses and the bioaccessibility of pomegranate jams in terms of antioxidants showed the importance of consumption of these products in the daily diet. So, this study can be regarded as a case surveillance study that can be used by producers, nutritionals and authorities to make assessments on manufacturing conditions, consumer health and nutrition.
Misfit micrelytrines: revised identities for two extinct true bugs (Heteroptera)

It is no secret that fossilization can be a fickle process, being strongly influenced by a number of abiotic (e.g., habitat, oxygen level, isolation from other organisms, deposition, land disturbance, type of fossilization) and biotic (e.g., skeletal type, size of organism, life stage, population size) factors (e.g., Zherikhin, 2002). It also is a tremendously slow process, providing an extensive window of time for those forces to exert their influence. The result is a highly variable state of preservation from fossil to fossil. Some are extraordinarily true-to-life depictions of what the organism actually looked like millions of years ago (Li et al., 2013; Swanson et al., in press). Others, disarticulated and/or subject to geological pressures and upheavals, can fossilize less completely, with the resulting “depiction” difficult to interpret. More than occasionally, low preservational quality negatively affects taxonomic resolution, resulting in the misidentification or erroneous placement of fossil taxa (e.g., Popov, 2007; Fikacek & Schmied, 2013).
Chronic Pain Produces Reversible Memory Deficits That Depend on Task Difficulty in Rats

Abstract Cognitive impairment associated with chronic pain remains relatively poorly understood. Use of analgesic drugs and often present co-morbidities in patients can preclude conclusions of causative relationships between chronic pain and cognitive deficits. Here, the impact of pain resulting from spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury in rats on short and long-term memory was assessed in the novel object recognition task. To understand if chronic pain seizes the limited cognitive resources that are available at any given time, task difficulty was varied by using either very different (ie, easy task) or similar (ie, difficult task) pairs of objects. Nerve-injured, male rats exhibited no short or long-term memory deficits under easy task conditions. However, unlike sham-operated controls, injured rats showed deficits in both short and long-term memory by failing to differentiate similar objects in the difficult task version. In SNL rats, duloxetine produced anti-allodynic effects and ameliorated long-term memory deficits in the difficult task suggesting benefits of pain relief possibly complemented by noradrenergic mediated cognitive enhancement. Together these data suggest chronic pain reversibly takes up a significant amount of limited cognitive resources, leaving sufficient available for easy, but not difficult, tasks. Perspective: Memory deficits in a rat model of chronic pain were only seen when the cognitive load was high, ie, in a difficult task. Acute treatment with duloxetine was sufficient to relieve memory deficits, suggesting chronic pain induces memory deficits by seizing limited cognitive resources to the detriment of task-related stimuli.
A business rules approach to self-healing software architecture

Today's complex computing environments are constantly changing, and many computing systems must maintain flexibility in order to adapt to the business processes they were constructed to perform. Identifying a methodology to address software architectural changes during the design phase of the software development life-cycle (SDLC) can prevent future faults that may occur in the computing system. This research explores how business rules can be used as a methodology to enforce software architectural constraints in order to manage and correct structural changes that may introduce faults within the software architecture. Software architectural faults, when left uncorrected, may lead to system failure. Utilizing business rules provides us with a common language to model the structural architectural elements of the software architecture as well as identify and enforce the constraints designed within the architecture. In addition, since business rules are valid logical rules that can be automated and computed, building this rule logic within our software architecture will allow us to address software architectural changes with limited or no human interaction, therefore providing a capability to invoke self-healing qualities within the software architecture designs.
Intracameral tissue plasminogen activator after glaucoma surgery : indications, effectiveness, and complications

Purpose: To describe the authors' clinical experience with intracameral tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) after glaucoma surgery. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients who received intracameral tPA after glaucoma surgery at the Doheny Eye Institute from November 4, 1992, to June 14, 1994. There were 20 tPA administrations (18 eyes of 17 patients) in doses ranging from 6 to 25 μg. Indication for tPA administration was decreased bleb function secondary to blood/fibrin clot in aqueous outflow pathway. Results: Tissue plasminogen activator was given after trabeculectomy (5 drug administrations) and combined cataract extraction/trabeculectomy procedures (9 drug administrations), with increased filtration in 12 (86%). There were five (36%) instances of hyphema and three (21%) of hypotony. All hyphemas occurred after doses of 25 μg. Final IOP of 18 mmHg or lower and 6 mmHg or higher was achieved in 11 (92%) of 12 patients after a mean follow-up interval of 4.2 ± 4.7 months. The six remaining tPA irrigations were done in five patients after glaucoma drainage implant surgery (n = 4) or surgical/needle revision of a filtering bleb (n = 2). Conclusions: Aqueous outflow obstruction from blood/fibrin clot after glaucoma surgery may be treated effectively with intracameral tPA in doses of 6 to 25 μg. The authors recommend using a dose of less than or equal to 6 to 12.5 μg to minimize the risk of hyphema.
Royal death and living memorials: the funerals and commemoration of George V and George VI, 1936–52

The death, funerals and commemoration of George V and George VI have received relatively little attention. The elaborately staged funerals established new democratic spaces where people could affirm their loyalty and live broadcasts generated nationally shared experiences. New mass media were significant but the funerals also incorporated commemorative rituals established after the First World War including the two-minute silence and memorial appeals building on the war memorials movement. National philanthropic schemes or living memorials promoted young people's welfare inspired by both kings’ belief in the physical, moral and social benefits of outdoor recreation. Drawing extensively on unexplored sources, this article argues that royal death affirmed a shared Britishness, which strengthened the monarchy and enhanced social and national cohesion in the era of total war.
The escalation of commitment: An update and appraisal.

Introduction This chapter is about decision making in escalation situations. It is about the way people deal with predicaments in which things not only have gone wrong but in which corrective actions can actually deepen or compound the difficulty. Let me provide some examples. When people have lost money in common stocks or mutual funds, they often face a dilemma. Should they stick with their losing investments, increase their stake (perhaps through dollar cost averaging), or move their holdings to an entirely different investment vehicle? Virtually the same dilemma confronts people who are dissatisfied with their current jobs, careers, or marriages. They must decide whether it is wise to continue in these situations or start anew with different firms, occupations, or partners. Organizations must also cope with escalation dilemmas. Corporations can spend enormous sums developing new products, only to find that the consumer response is lukewarm. When this occurs, should the firm spend further resources to promote the lagging product as it currently exists, send it back to the laboratory for reengineering, or scrap it altogether? In the financial sector, banks face a similar predicament when they deal with problem loans. If the borrower is not making interest payments, banks must determine whether it is better to work with the troubled client (perhaps by providing additional financing), take additional collateral, or withdraw from the account altogether. Although these personal and organizational examples come from very different areas of experience, they do contain common elements.
Performance evaluation of a high order data compressor using neural networks

A hierarchical neural network based data compressor/decompressor has been proposed, trained and evaluated by the authors. Further performance evaluation of this network is presented. The network was trained using the nested training algorithm (NTA). The hierarchical neural network architecture employing NTA training has been used successfully to compress image data. This network exhibited a high degree of parallelism, which aids in training. The method exhibited strong generalization capabilities over a wide class of images. In addition, the network showed robustness when hidden nodes are damaged. >
Competitive Pressure and Lying in Search Markets

We study a labor market in which principals and agents must search for a trading partner, and agents have private information about the value of a match. We show that competitive pressure can induce agents to lie and overstate the value of the match. This leads to insufficient frictional unemployment and search, and lower average utility. The resulting social loss increases with the accuracy of the private information and the ease with which matches are created, and decreases with the time-value of money. An unemployment subsidy can eliminate the inefficiency. Changing how the surplus is split between principal and agent, by contrast, has no effect on the agents’ incentive to lie.
Gender-based faculty-pay differences in academe: A reduced-form approach

I test for gender differences in faculty salaries for the academic year 1987–1988, using a basic sample of 560 higher education institutions. The ratios of female faculty pay to male faculty pay are regressed on a reduced-form equation for implicit marginal productivity ratios and rate of departure ratios. Marginal productivities depend on faculty and administrative inputs and proxies for technology. Rate of departure ratios depend on various institutional characteristics, such as size, unionization, administrative intensity, Carnegie Foundation classification, type of ownership, and degree of faculty tenured. The results indicate that, after adjusting actual pay ratios for implicit marginal productivity ratios, female faculty pay is at least as high as male faculty pay for much of the sample (74 percent).
Isolation and Characterization of RNA Polymerase B from the Larval Fat Body of the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B has been extensively purified from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) by employing chromatography on ion-exchange columns of DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose and centrifugation on glycerol gradients. The isolated enzyme after electrophoresis on acrylamide gels shows one main band and one minor band, both having enzyme activity sensitive to α-amanitin. The catalytic and physicochemical properties of the enzyme are similar to those of other eucaryotic B-type RNA polymerases. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 530000, is inhibited 50% by α-amanitin at 0.04 μg/ml and shows maximum activity on denatured DNA at 5 mM Mn2+ and 100 mM ammonium sulfate. An antibody was obtained that cross-reacts with the pure enzyme and forms a precipitin line. This antibody does not cross react with either Escherichia coli RNA polymerase or with wheat germ RNA polymerase but does react with one of the B polymerases isolated from wing tissue of the silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi.
Anomalous Raman Scattering of Colloidal Yb3+,Er3+ Codoped NaYF4 Nanophosphors and Dynamic Probing of the Upconversion Luminescence

Size-dependent Raman spectra of the hexagonal (β)-phase Y6 3+ ,Er 3+ codoped NaYF 4 nanophosphors and dynamic probing of the upconversion luminescence (UCL) are reported. Raman scattering results show the normal red shifts of Raman peaks but anomalous line narrowing with decreasing the particle sizes. The phonon confinement effects are believed to be dominated by the surface vibrational energies in affecting UCL. Dynamic decay data are then applied to quantitatively verify the surface effects and size-dependent UCL. Dynamic probing is shown to be an efficient tool to both qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the upconversion nanophorphors (UCNPs) that have no "quantum efficiency." The findings are relevant to the engineering of the nanostructures of the UCNPs for the applications of the bioimaging and photodynamic therapy.
Acquisition of a Fixed Ratio Schedule in Adult Male Rats Neonatally Exposed to Ethanol and/or Cocaine

Acquisition of an operant learning task for sucrose reinforcement was examined in rats after neonatal exposure to ethanol and/or cocaine. Subjects were raised using an artificial rearing procedure from postnatal days 4 to 11 and were intragastrically fed a milk diet containing either ethanol (6 g/kg/day), cocaine (60 mg/kg/day), the combination (6 g/kg/day + 60 mg/kg/day), or an isocaloric control diet. There was also a suckled sham control. Adult male offspring (postnatal day 65 to postnatal day 68) were shaped to lever press for sucrose reinforcement and then began daily 15-min sessions of fixed ratio (FR) training. The number of days to acquire an FR 20 was measured. Neonatal exposure to the ethanol/cocaine combination significantly increased the number of days to reach the FR 20. There was also a trend for fewer of these subjects to reach the FR 20, although this difference was not statistically significant. These results suggest that subjects neonatally exposed to the ethanol/cocaine combination have difficulty learning an operant task. This impairment was unique to the ethanol/cocaine combination group and suggests that polydrug exposure during development may have a more adverse outcome than exposure to ethanol or cocaine alone.
SOLUBILITY OF ZIRCONIA IN SODA-BOROSILICATE GLASSES*

The solubility of zirconia at 1500° and at 2200°F. was determined for glasses containing Na2O, B2O3, Al2O3, and SiO2. The solubility at these same temperatures was also determined for glasses containing equal parts of boric oxide and silica and one or more of the following constituents in quantities of 10, 20, or 30%: Li2O, Na2O, K2O, MgO. CaO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, Al2O3, CaF2, and Na3AlF4.
Risk factors for delirium tremens development

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical characteristics associated with inpatient development of delirium tremens so that future treatment efforts can focus on patients most likely to benefit from aggressive therapy. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study among patients discharged with diagnoses related to alcohol abuse. SETTING: University-affiliated inner-city hospital. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred consecutive patients discharged between June 1991 and August 1992 who underwent evaluation and treatment for alcohol withdrawal or detoxification. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean age was 41.9 years, 85% were male, 57% were white and 84% were unmarried. Forty-eight (24%) of the patients developed delirium tremens during hospitalization. Bivariate analysis indicated that those who developed delirium tremens were more likely to be African-American, unemployed, and homeless, and were more likely to have gone more days since their last drink, and to have concurrent acute medical illness, high admission blood urea nitrogen level and respiratory rate, and low admission albumin level and systolic blood pressure. In multiple logistic regression analyses, patients who developed delirium tremens were more likely to have gone more days since their last drink (odds ratio [OR] 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09, 1.61) and to have concurrent acute medical illness (OR 5.1; 95% CI 2.07, 12.55). These risk factors were combined for assessment of their ability to predict the occurrence of delirium tremens. If no factors were present, 9% developed delirium tremens; if one factor was present, 25% developed delirium tremens; and if two factors were present, 54% developed delirium tremens. CONCLUSIONS: Inpatient development of delirium tremens was common among patients treated for alcohol detoxification or withdrawal and correlated with several readily available clinical variables.
Localization and regulation of renal Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter in diabetic rats

Localization and regulation of renal Na + /myo-inositol cotransporter in diabetic rats. We have examined theeffect of diabetes on sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT) mRNA levels and myo-inositol content in the kidney to test the hypothesis that diabetes-induced changes in renal myo-inositol levels are due to the regulation of SMIT mRNA levels.In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, after 3, 7 and 28 days of diabetes, SMIT mRNA levels in the whole kidney were increased three- to fivefold, and remained increased by about twofold after six months of diabetes. Insulin treatment of diabetic rats normalized blood glucose levels and prevented the increase in SMIT mRNA levels. Treating diabetic rats with sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor,corrected the abnormal accumulation of sorbitol but had no effect on the diabetes-induced increase in renal SMIT mRNA levels. The regional distribution of SMIT mRNA from normal rats showed a relative abundance in cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla of 1.0:3.4:7.0. After seven days of diabetes, the levels of SMIT mRNA and myo-inositol content were significantly increased only in the outer medulla. In situ hybridization studies revealed that SMIT mRNA in the outer medulla was predominately localized to the medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop and was not localized to any specific cell in the inner medulla. This distribution pattern was unchanged in diabetic rats. These studies show that diabetes causes an increase in renal SMIT mRNA, which is primarily localized to the outer medulla. Accumulation of myo-inositol by the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop may account for most of the increase caused by diabetes.
Notes on the Peruvian coastal current. 1. An introduction to the ecology of Pisco Bay

Abstract Biological calamities of the Peruvian Coastal Current have long been associated with undue warming of the surface water. These high water temperatures have most frequently been attributed to an incursion of fresher water from the north (“El Nino”). More recently they have also been ascribed to the intrusion of wedges of saltier, warm offshore water and even to the discharge from local streams. Re-examination of the warming processes in Pisco Bay indicates that solar radiation probably accounts for a large proportion of the high temperatures observed there. Such warming can occur whenever upwelling, the only effective source of cooling, ceases for any appreciable period. From available evidence, there appears to be an annual temperature range of about 7°C. Salinities of the current as a whole do not normally vary by as much as 2‰ whether the water be derived from upwelling, from offshore or from “El Nino.” The tanges of these characteristics are much more limited than in some coastal waters and about the same as for others. The actual temperature limits are very nearly the same as for the cycle in the Mediterranean. Consequently, before the relationship between temperature and the recurrent biological disasters can be understood, it is suggested that two peculiarities of the area should be studied in detail: (1) the process of upwelling which provides nutrient salts for the growth of phytoplankton and (2) the effect, if any, of that fraction of the birds' excreta dropped in the water on the nutrient cycle and on the character of the phytoplankton.
Laser resistant stainless steel endotracheal tube: Experimental and clinical evaluation

A fire due to endotracheal tube (ET) ignition is a catastrophic event that may occur during laser surgery of the upper airway, regardless of the wavelength utilized. Although methods exist that permit laser surgery without an ET, this is frequently not feasible. The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a double-cuffed stainless steel ET, first in the laboratory and subsequently in a clinical setting. Bench testing was performed using CO2 (both standard and milliwatt) and KTP/532 lasers. Only the distal polyvinyl chloride cuffed end of the tube was potentially ignitable, however, the appropriate use of saline to fill the cuffs allowed only for cuff perforation without ignition. Canine testing was performed in 10 animals: 4 dogs were intubated from 3 to 4.5 hours with the laser resistant stainless steel endotracheal tube (LRSS-ET) (Laser-Flex Tracheal Tube; Mallinckrodt Anesthesia Products, St. Louis, MO) and 2 with an aluminum tape wrapped red rubber ET. Visual and histological examination were performed in both groups at 3 and 7 days. Four dogs underwent CO2 laser laryngeal surgery with visual and histological examination performed at 7 days postoperatively. No untoward effects could be demonstrated due to the LRSS-ET. A clinical study was then performed in 24 patients who underwent laser surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract with either a CO2 or KTP/532 laser. In all cases ventilation was adequate, the shaft of the LRSS-ET proved impervious to the laser, and the distal end of the tube protected the tracheobronchial tree safely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Purification of microsomal epoxide hydrolase from liver of rhesus monkey: Partial separation of cis- and trans-stibene oxide hydrolase

Solubilized rhesus monkey liver microsomes were used as the starting material for the purification of epoxide (cis-stilbene oxide) hydrolase. Successive chromatography over DEAE-Sephacel followed by CM-cellulose resulted in two peaks of activity, CM A and CM B. Passage of these two eluates over separate hydroxyapatite columns resulted in two peaks of activity from CM A, HA A1, and HA A2, and one peak from CM B and HA B, with respective recoveries of 1, 7, and 0.2% of cis-stilbene oxide hydrolase activities. A similar recovery was found for benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide hydrolase, while trans-stilbene oxide hydrolase activity coeluted only in HA A2. Fraction HA A1 was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblots of the three eluates and solubilized microsomes incubated with anti-HA A1 demonstrated a single band at 49 kDa in each fraction. The three eluates were differentially affected by the inhibitors of epoxide hydrolase, trichloropropene oxide and 4-phenylchalcone oxide, and addition of Lubrol PX and phospholipid. Immunoprecipitation of HA A2 resulted in coprecipitation of cis- and trans-stilbene oxide hydrolase activity. Upon immunoprecipitation of solubilized microsomes, all the cis-stilbene oxide and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide, but only 50-60% of trans-stilbene oxide hydrolase activity was precipitated. These studies support findings with other species that (i) an immunochemically distinct cytosolic-like epoxide hydrolase exists in microsomes, and (ii) microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity can be separated during ion-exchange chromatography giving proteins with similar molecular weights and immunochemical cross-reactivity. The precipitation of cis- and trans-stilbene oxide hydrolase activity in eluate HA A2 provides convincing evidence that these isozymes are not structurally identical.
Juvenile offenders with and without disabilities: Risks and patterns of recidivism

Abstract Youth with disabilities are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system and tend to be repeat offenders. Current intervention strategies have produced differential effects between those with and without disabilities. Yet, little research has been done to examine the differences between these two populations regarding risks for and patterns of recidivism. This study compared patterns of repeated offenses committed by youth with and without disabilities by analyzing data from a large sample consisting of multiple cohorts with birth years from 1981 to 1988. Their average age at first referral was 13.97 and ranged between 5 and 19. The data was obtained from the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice (SCDJJ) Management Information System. We used survival/hazards analyses to examine patterns of repeat offending; censoring was considered for age 21, as this ended the potential time for a juvenile offense to occur by definition. It was found that offenders with disabilities had much higher risks for second and third referrals than those without disabilities and had their first contact with the juvenile justice system at an earlier age. The average time it took for an offender with a disability to be referred again was 2.75 years, compared to 7 years for those without disabilities. There is a need to develop intervention strategies that meet the unique needs of offenders with disabilities.
Photoinduced oxidation of arsenite to arsenate in the presence of goethite.

The photochemistry of an aqueous suspension of goethite in the presence of arsenite (As(III)) was investigated with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and solution-phase analysis. Irradiation of the arsenite/goethite under conditions where dissolved oxygen was present in solution led to the presence of arsenate (As(V)) product adsorbed on goethite and in solution. Under anoxic conditions (absence of dissolved oxygen), As(III) oxidation occurred, but the As(V) product was largely restricted to the goethite surface. In this circumstance, however, there was a significant amount of ferrous iron release, in stark contrast to the As(III) oxidation reaction in the presence of dissolved oxygen. Results suggested that in the oxic environment ferrous iron, which formed via the photoinduced oxidation of As(III) in the presence of goethite, was heterogeneously oxidized to ferric iron by dissolved oxygen. It is likely that aqueous reactive oxygen species formed during this process led to the fur...