cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic categorization and visualization of lock behavior

We consider the problem of understanding locking behavior in large Java programs using a combination of data collection, data analysis, and visualization. Our technique starts by collecting partial information about all locks used in the program. It then analyzes this information to determine sets of locks with common behaviors and to determine, for each set of locks, how that lock is used, e.g. if it is used as a mutex, semaphore, read-write lock, etc. The result of the analysis is then presented to the user who can select specific locks for full analysis during a subsequent run. Visualizing locking information is particularly difficult since the time scale of a lock can be ten or more orders of magnitude different from the time scale of the overall run and locks can be used millions of times. We provide different visualizations and visualization techniques for this purpose. First, we analyze either the partial or full traces and identify patterns of how each lock is used and display just those patterns along with their frequency. Second, we provide a thread-centric view of locking that supports fish-eye views at the microsecond level as well as time compression. Third, we provide a lock-centric view that is based on the specific type of lock to show its particular behavior.
Haemagglutinin of influenza virus expressed from a cloned gene promotes membrane fusion

Enveloped animal viruses enter and infect cells by a process involving fusion of the viral membrane with a cellular membrane. In some cases (for example, Sendai virus1), the fusion event occurs at the plasma membrane; for many other viruses including influenza, entry occurs through the membranes of intracellular vesicles such as endosomes or lysosomes, where the fusion is triggered by the endogenous low pH2–6. This pH-dependent fusion activity has been studied in vitro using as targets cultured cells7–9, erythrocytes9,10 and liposomes11–13. Fusion is a function of the viral surface glycoproteins12 and occurs at a threshold pH that is characteristic of each virus species and strain8. In the case of influenza virus, there is strong evidence that the haemagglutinin glycoprotein has a key role in both virus infectivity and fusion activity9,12,14–16. Both processes require a post-translational proteolytic cleavage of the haemagglutinin precursor, HA0, into the active form of the molecule, HA, which consists of two disulphide-bonded subunits, HA1 and HA217,18. A new N-terminus is generated on the HA2 subunit, the C-terminus of which is embedded in the virus membrane19. At the low pH values required for fusion the cleaved HA undergoes a conformational change exposing this previously buried hydrophobic N-terminus of HA220, possibly enabling it to interact with the target membrane. While it has been established that HA is necessary for fusion, it is unclear whether HA alone is sufficient or whether other viral proteins are involved21. Here we use cells expressing HA from a cloned copy of the HA gene inserted into a recombinant simian virus 40 (SV40) vector22 to demonstrate that the HA molecule displays fusion in the absence of any other influenza virus-encoded components. These results open the possibility of using HA-mediated membrane fusion as a system to deliver foreign molecules into mammalian cells.
An efficient method for numerical predictions of the performance characteristics of fuel cells. I. Model development and validation

This study presents the model development and validation of an efficient method for numerical predictions of the performance characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. To efficiently execute extensive modeling in a short time period, the computational model uses a half-cell at the cathode with only one oxidant channel as the modeling domain. The original three-dimensional (3D) model is replaced with a reduced two-dimensional model. In terms of these computational models and reduced dimensions, mathematical formulations describing physical phenomena within fuel cells are developed. In addition, two-phase Darcy's laws, which are originally only applied to porous media, are further extended to describe the transport and formation of liquid water within channels. In this study, the Fortran programming language is used as a numerical program to implement iterative calculations and predict the overall performance characteristics for three different cases. By comparing the modeling and experimental polarization curves for case 1 and the modeling of points of current density vs. cell voltage (IV) of different computational models for cases 2 and 3, this computational model is found to possess a certain degree of accuracy and reliability. In addition, the complete extensive modeling also works more efficiently and with fewer computational resources.
Drawing Chemical Equipment with Adobe Illustrator, Part 1: Basic Drawing and Selection Tools

Adobe Illustrator CS3 provides sufficient tools to let authors of chemistry textbooks and laboratory manuals create complex drawings and publish their own original materials. This paper focuses on tools necessary for creating basic shapes: selection tools, drawings tools and text tools.
Scientific Visualization: A Necessary Chore

From the perspective of a computational scientist who models astrophysical fluid flows, the author describes the successes and frustrations he's had with the development and use of scientific visualization techniques. A biased view toward the future is also presented.
Surface radiation in the tropical Pacific

Monthly surface radiative fluxes have been calculated for the tropical Pacific between January 1970 and February 1978, using a radiative transfer parameterization. The radiative transfer parameterization included detailed treatments of the molecular and droplet absorptions, and surface and cloud reflections. The input data used in the calculations were obtained from the National Climatic Center (NCC), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and from the University of Hawaii. The results show that the distribution of surface radiation closely follows the distribution of cloudiness, and, to a lesser degree, humidity. The rms net error in the surface radiation estimates was about 15 W per sq m, with the largest contribution from uncertainties in the cloud cover and humidity data. The sensitivity of surface radiation parameterizations to input data errors is discussed, and some accuracy requirements for satellite retrievals of atmospheric and cloud parameters are proposed. The calculations are presented in the annually-averaged maps of surface radiation variations.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the hypothesis of molecular mimicry between islet cell antigens and microorganisms

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in humans and the non-obese diabetic mouse is a polygenic disease, resulting from an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells. At least in NOD mice, the process is mediated through a T helper 1-cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway. Although there is much circumstantial evidence to suggest that IDDM is environmentally induced, recent studies support the possibility that the inductive event involves cross-reactive immune responses to antigenic epitopes acting as molecular mimics between microbial proteins and autoantigens expressed by pancreatic insulin-secreting β cells.The following article reviews the evidence for this concept.
Fluid pinch-off in superfluid and normal 4He.

We present frames from high-speed videos of the pinch-off of liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ droplets. The temperature of the fluid droplets ranged from $1.33\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}4.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and the size of the drops was proportional to the temperature-dependent capillary length. We observed no qualitative difference between pinch-off in the normal and superfluid states. In both cases, the shape of the fluid in the final stages of pinch-off resembles a cone piercing a sphere, which is typical of other low-viscosity fluids. The evolution of the minimum neck radius ${r}_{\mathit{min}}$ can be characterized by power laws ${r}_{\mathit{min}}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{n}$, where $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the time remaining until pinch-off occurs. In the regime near pinch-off, the data from image analysis are consistent with $n=2∕3$. The data at the beginning of the pinch process when the neck is of the order of the capillary length are also described by $n=2∕3$, but with a different proportionality factor. There is an intermediate crossover regime characterized by $n=2∕5$.
CAN RATIONALIST ABDUCTIVISM SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION

According to Laurence BonJour, the problem of induction can be solved by recognizing the a priori necessity that inductive conclusions constitute the best explanations of inductive premises. I defend an interpretation of the key probability claims BonJour makes about inductive premises and show that they are not susceptible to many of the objections that have been lodged against them. I then argue that these purportedly necessary probability claims nevertheless remain deeply problematic and that, as a result, BonJour's proposal fails to provide a satisfactory resolution of the problem of induction.
The question of consistent boundary conditions when simulating reversed field pinch dynamics

The issue of proper boundary conditions when performing magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the reversed field pinch is examined. Of particular concern is the choice of constant current, which when combined with other commonly used boundary conditions may, under careless implementation, lead to an inconsistency. It is shown that this may cause erroneous results. Cases both with and without Hall terms are presented.
Association between lithium biphenylide and biphenyl

Abstract Addition of biphenyl to a dilute solution of lithium biphenylide in methyltetrahydrofuran produces a second species with lithium hyperfine coupling constant about twice that of the first. Dependence on the relative intensities of the spectra of the two species on concentration of biphenyl suggests an equilibrium between monomeric ion part and its dimer with biphenyl. Hyperfine splittings by the protons in only one biphenyl of the dimer are observed.
The structure of neighbor disconnected vertex transitive graphs

Abstract We define a graph to be neighbor disconnected if the removal of the closed neighborhood of a vertex leaves a disconnected induced subgraph. Our main theorem is that a vertex transitive graph is neighbor disconnected if and only if it is a wreath product of vertex transitive graphs, with the necessary restriction that one factor must be neighbor disconnected whenever the other factor is a clique. Among the applications, we describe all connected neighbor disconnected vertex transitive graphs of degree not exceeding 10, and characterize the generating sets of all neighbor disconnected Cayley graphs.
Positive commutators i[ƒ(P), g(Q)]

Abstract We consider commutators of the form R ƒ, g = i[ƒ(P), g(Q)] , where P , Q are an irreducible canonical pair of selfadjoint operators in Hilbert space ([ P , Q ] = − i ), and where ƒ, g are real-valued functions with ƒ′, g′ ϵ L 1 ( R ) . A necessary and sufficient condition for R ƒ, g to be of rank one [zero] is given. Some necessary and some sufficient conditions are given for R ƒ, g ⩾ 0 . For example, it is necessary that both ƒ, g are strictly monotone (unless R ƒ, g = 0 ). If K a is the set of bounded functions ƒ such that ƒ has an analytic continuation to a strip ¦ Im z¦ with ( Im z)( Im ƒ(z)) ⩾ 0 , then it is sufficient that ƒ ϵ K a and g ϵ K b with ab ⩾ π 2 .
“Since when has paper any value?”: Reading, materiality, and meaning in M.G. Vassanji’s fiction

Over the last fifteen years scholarship on postcolonial literatures has increasingly turned to readers as the focus of empirical study. While such research has helped make visible the agency of postcolonial readers in global literary exchanges, it has tended to overlook the many ways in which postcolonial subjects’ encounters with texts can exceed or circumvent literal reading. The Asian-African-Canadian novelist M.G. Vassanji has been particularly attuned to the physicality of paper, most definitively in two of his novels set in East Africa, The Gunny Sack (1989) and The Book of Secrets (1994). In this article I analyse how Vassanji’s characters, both literate and illiterate, engage paper’s physical properties to ground their everyday practices of memory, valuation, and interpretation. By attending to paper’s materiality in Vassanji’s work postcolonial studies can situate its own reading practices in the context of material ways of doing things with texts.
Contrasting effects of ocean acidification on tropical fleshy and calcareous algae

Despite the heightened awareness of ocean acidification (OA) effects on marine organisms, few studies empirically juxtapose biological responses to CO2 manipulations across functionally distinct primary producers, particularly benthic algae. Algal responses to OA may vary because increasing CO2 has the potential to fertilize photosynthesis but impair biomineralization. Using a series of repeated experiments on Palmyra Atoll, simulated OA effects were tested across a suite of ecologically important coral reef algae, including five fleshy and six calcareous species. Growth, calcification and photophysiology were measured for each species independently and metrics were combined from each experiment using a meta-analysis to examine overall trends across functional groups categorized as fleshy, upright calcareous, and crustose coralline algae (CCA). The magnitude of the effect of OA on algal growth response varied by species, but the direction was consistent within functional groups. Exposure to OA conditions generally enhanced growth in fleshy macroalgae, reduced net calcification in upright calcareous algae, and caused net dissolution in CCA. Additionally, three of the five fleshy seaweeds tested became reproductive upon exposure to OA conditions. There was no consistent effect of OA on algal photophysiology. Our study provides experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that OA will reduce the ability of calcareous algae to biomineralize. Further, we show that CO2 enrichment either will stimulate population or somatic growth in some species of fleshy macroalgae. Thus, our results suggest that projected OA conditions may favor non-calcifying algae and influence the relative dominance of fleshy macroalgae on reefs, perpetuating or exacerbating existing shifts in reef community structure.
Operating Speed Model for Low-Speed Rural Two-Lane Highways: Design Consistency Module for Interactive Highway Safety Design Model

Operating speed, with its deviations along tangent and curve segments of highways, is one of the most common measures to evaluate the consistency of rural two-lane highways. Several models, including the Design Consistency Module (DCM) of FHWA's Interactive Highway Safety Design Model, estimate operating speeds on higher-speed rural two-lane highways. The DCM includes operating speed models for evaluating design consistency on rural two-lane highways. Through 2009 the DCM was limited to higher-speed highways (posted speeds of 45 mph and higher). The goal of the research presented in this paper was to extend the capabilities of the DCM by developing an operating speed model for lower-speed rural twolane highways (i.e., those with posted speeds of 25 to 40 mph) using data collected by FHWA for that purpose. To determine the operating speed profile along a highway, models to estimate the 85th percentile speeds on tangents and curves were developed, and existing DCM models for acceleration and deceleration ra...
Normal brain-stem auditory evoked potentials with abnormal latency-intensity studies in patients with acoustic neuromas.

• Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) are highly sensitive for detecting acoustic neuromas but false-negative results occur. We studied BAEPs preoperatively in 39 cases of acoustic neuroma. Absolute and interpeak latencies ipsilateral to the tumor, and interaural latency differences, were normal in four patients with small tumors. In three of these, however, results of latency-intensity studies were abnormal. In one patient, the latency-intensity result became normal postoperatively. If acoustic neuroma is suspected, and BAEPs are normal by usual criteria, latency-intensity functions should be examined to maximize chances of detecting a small tumor.
Millimeter and submillimeter wave rotational spectrum and centrifugal distortion effects of D2S

Abstract The rotational spectrum of D 2 S in the ground vibrational state has been studied in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength region by means of a tunable, high-resolution microwave spectrometer. Sixty-six transitions, 53 of which fall at wavelengths between 1.00 and 0.45 mm have now been measured by microwave techniques. These transitions have been analyzed with a 22 parameter rotation-distortion Hamiltonian which includes distortion effects through P 10 . Only a partial set of terms in P 8 and P 10 is necessary, however. The rotational constants, and quartic and sextic distortion constants are (in Mc sec ): a = 164 571.118 ± 0.045, B = 135 380.313 ± 0.045, C = 73 244.068 ± 0.071, Δ J = 13.0763 ± 0.0026, Δ JK = −41.7800 ± 0.0066, Δ K = 29.2170 ± 0.0113, δ J = −1.95725 ± 0.00068, δ K = 47.2516 ± 0.0037, H J = 3.783 × 10 −3 ± 0.041 × 10 −3 , H JK = −3.206 × 10 −2 ± 0.020 × 10 −2 , H KJ = 6.373 × 10 −2 ± 0.044 × 10 −2 , H K = −3.620 × 10 −2 ± 0.075 × 10 −2 , h J = −9.84 × 10 −4 ± 0.16 × 10 −4 , h JK = 2.443 × 10 −2 ± 0.019 × 10 −2 , and h K = 8.804 × 10 −2 ± 0.065 × 10 −2 . The analysis of the spectrum is discussed.
Total synthesis of (±)-2-isocyanopupukeanane

Abstract The first total synthesis of (±)-2-isocyanopupukeanane, a sesquiterpenoid of marine origin, has been completed following a strategy in which a common intermediate serves both for this synthesis and that of an isomeric, naturally occurring allomone, 9-isocyanopupukeanane.
Forest proximity and residential land values

Abstract This study estimates a hedonic price equation for residential lands in some mountain counties of Colorado. Results suggest that per-acre price of land in a town is positively influenced by the town's proximity to ski resort and is negatively influenced by its proximity to forest. However, there is a positive fixed effect of having a protected forest such as a national park or wildlife refuge nearby, and the negative effect of proximity of forest is much lower with protected forests. Results suggest that increasingly bigger parcels of land command progressively lower per-acre prices.
Expression of Renin and Its mRNA in the Adult Rat Kidney With Chronic Ureteral Obstruction

Angiotensin II has been implicated in mediating renal vasoconstriction resulting from chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in both mature and developing animals. We have previously shown that chronic neonatal UUO results in increased distribution of renin and its mRNA in the obstructed kidney, as well as of immunoreactive renin in the intact opposite kidney. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of 24 hours versus 4 weeks of UUO on the distribution of renin mRNA and its protein in the adult rat kidney. Renin was detected by immunocytochemistry using a polyclonal anti-rat renin antibody. Renin mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization to an oligonucleotide complementary to renin mRNA. UUO of 24 hours' or 4 weeks' duration did not alter the distribution of renin and its mRNA in the obstructed kidneys as compared with sham-operated kidneys, although kidneys obstructed for 4 weeks had a significant increase in the percent of renin-containing juxtaglomerular apparatuses (JCA) when compared with the intact opposite kidneys (P
Treatment of Tactile Impairment in Young Children with Autism: Results with Qigong Massage

Background: Following the inclusion of sensory abnormalities in the diagnostic criteria for autism, evidence has emerged showing that tactile abnormalities in young children with autism are severe, universally present, and directly related to delay of early self-regulation milestones required for social development. Parent touch is the most effective means of stimulating early self-regulation, yet parents of children with autism avoid touch because their children respond abnormally to it. This suggests that tactile abnormalities pose a barrier to parent touch in autism, and that treatment of tactile abnormalities may improve developmental outcomes. We have developed a qigong massage treatment for tactile abnormalities in young children with autism. Here we evaluate whether tactile abnormalities decrease following treatment, and whether treatment results in improved selfregulatory outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed our qigong massage database for treatment effect on tactile abnormalities, self-regulatory delay, and parenting stress. Five-month interval data were available for 129 children with autism aged 3–6 years. Of these 129, 97 received treatment and 32 were in the wait-list control condition. There were no differences between treatment and control groups by age, gender, or severity of tactile impairment. Results: Treatment resulted in significant decreases of tactile impairment, self-regulatory delay, and parenting stress (p < .001 on all paired t-tests); mean decreases were 25.5%, 24.5%, and 35.8%, respectively. Results were significant compared to controls [F(3,122) = 11.27, p < .001]. In the pretreatment data, tactile impairment was directly related to self-regulatory delay; post-treatment, both variables decreased proportionally. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that tactile impairment in young children with autism is treatable with a qigong massage protocol. The direct relationship between tactile impairment and self-regulatory delay pretreatment, and the proportional decrease of both following treatment, suggest that tactile impairment is a cause of self-regulatory delay, and that qigong massage is a promising avenue to improve developmental outcomes in autism.
EVIDENCE AND CLINICAL DECISIONS: Asking the Right Questions to Obtain Clinically Useful Answers.

Orthodontists need to know the effectiveness, efficiency, and predictability of treatment approaches and methods, which can be learned only by carefully studying and evaluating treatment outcomes. The best data for outcomes come from randomized clinical trials (RCTs), but retrospective data can provide satisfactory evidence if the subjects were a well-defined patient group, all the patients were accounted for, and the percentages of patients with various possible outcomes are presented along with measures of the central tendency and variation. Meta-analysis of multiple RCTs done in a similar way and systematic reviews of the literature can strengthen clinically useful evidence, but reviews that are too broadly based are more likely to blur than clarify the information clinicians need. Reviews that are tightly focused on seeking the answer to specific clinical questions and evaluating the quality of the evidence available to answer the question are much more likely to provide clinically useful data.
Including affect-driven adaptation to the Pac-Man video game

Building affect-driven adaptive environments is a task geared toward creating environments able to change based on the affective state of a target user. In our project, the environment is the well-known game, Pac-Man. To provide affect-driven adaptive capabilities, diverse sensors were utilized to gather a user's physiological data and an emotion recognition framework was used to fuse the sensed data and infer affective states. The game changes driven by those affective states aim to improve the user experience by keeping or increasing player's engagement.
Regulation of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in intestinal epithelial cells by Enterobacteriaceae: implications for mucosal homeostasis

The commensal microbiota of the human colon profoundly impacts host gene expression and mucosal homeostasis. Secretory IgA antibodies, which influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota and provide immunity against pathogens, are transported across intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). To compare the effects of different colonic bacteria on pIgR expression, the human IEC line HT-29 was stimulated with various species representing the 4 major phyla of colonic bacteria. Only bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae (phylum Proteobacteria) induced expression of pIgR and other target genes of bacterial pattern recognition receptors. HT-29 cells responded to purified ligands for Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 but not TLR2. Expression of pIgR and transport of IgA were significantly reduced in colons of mice deficient in the TLR adaptor MyD88, consistent with a role for TLR signaling in the regulation of pIgR by colonic bacteria. Induction of pIgR expression in HT-29 cells required NF-kappaB signaling but not MAPK signaling, in contrast to the requirement for both NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling for induction of pro-inflammatory genes. These results suggest that commensal Enterobacteriaceae may promote intestinal homeostasis by enhancing pIgR expression in IEC.
Cooling solutions for a no-air-flow and low-junction-temperature application

Thermal management problems involving PCI cards are growing as devices and components on the cards are dissipating more power. The spacing limitation, i.e. spacing between cards, as well as airflow conditions seriously limit the effectiveness of many conventional cooling solutions that are usually at the disposal of thermal engineers. Novel cooling solutions are needed in order to meet the growing thermal requirements involving PCI cards. A heat-dissipating chip on a PCI card is located in a stagnant airflow area when the card is plugged into a conventional computer chassis. Worse yet, the maximum allowable junction temperature for the chip is extremely low at 70/spl deg/C. Various conventional cooling options are explored and tested. Taking practicality, reliability, and effectiveness all into consideration, a conclusion is reached that conventional heat sinks and fan/sink assemblies can not provide a satisfactory cooling solution. Instead, a heat pipe/heat sink assembly is designed and tested. Utilizing the high heat transfer capability of heat pipes, thermal energy dissipated from the chip can be efficiently transported from a stagnant airflow region to a specially designed heat sink located in an area on the PCI card where there is significant airflow. Test results and subsequent thermal analysis indicate that the heat pipe/heat sink assembly is a practical and satisfactory cooling solution for this particular application.
The role of employee reactions in predicting training effectiveness

Reactions to training programs tend to be poor predictors of training success, yet most training programs are evaluated based solely on trainee reactions. In this study, we proposed that distinguishing between affective and cognitive employee reactions may improve the prediction of trainee learning. Our results indicated that cognitive employee reactions are related to both employee learning and employee behavior. Moreover, contrary to popular notion, negative affective reactions best predicted employee learning. Implications and future research directions of the results are discussed.
The Internet, World-Wide Web, and Mosaic: an overview

Technology is revolutionizing education. Global networks, powerful personal computers, and user friendly, graphically oriented software are creating a new infrastructure that promotes rapid, efficient access to information. Images, text, audio, and video can be integrated into interactive multimedia presentations, providing a hierarchy of knowledge that can be traversed by the click of a mouse. The extensive use of images in our arena makes radiologic education a major beneficiary. Because the components (text, images) of educational presentations are stored electronically on a network rather than on the printed page, an individual component can be linked and bundled into as many different presentations as desired. Furthermore, components of information can exist on different computers throughout the world and yet be linked by software into a single presentation.
A Family of Nonparametric Statistics for LROC Curves

The location response operating characteristic (LROC) curve provides an elegant tool to evaluate observer performance in both correctly localizing a lesion in an abnormal image and distinguishing an abnormal image from a normal image, while the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is only able to evaluate an observer's performance of the latter task. At the beginning of this paper, we review a general family of nonparametric summary statistics for ROC curves. After we discuss a parametric LROC method, we propose an alternative nonparametric method to estimate the area under the LROC curve. Our estimator consists of a general family of nonparametric summary statistics for LROC curves. We illustrated the use of our estimator through a diagnostic imaging example.
Myocardial fibrosis as a risk stratifier for sudden arrhythmic death

, primarily occurs in individuals who have an underlying structural cardiac disease. Regardless of the type of the underlying cardiac condi-tion (heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy [DCM], hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [HCM], myocardial infarction [MI] and aging), SCD is almost always caused by ventricular tachycardia (VT), which then rapidly degenerates into ventricular fibril-lation (VF)
The Worldwide Diffusion of Market-Oriented Infrastructure Reform, 1977-1999

Why do countries differ so much in the extent to which they adopt neoliberal, marketoriented reform in their infrastructure industries? Building on world-society and neoinstitutional theories in sociology, this paper argues that international pressures of coercion, normative emulation, and competitive mimicry strongly influence the domestic adoption of market-oriented reform. The paper considers the effect of such pressures on the adoption of four reform elements: the privatization of state-owned firms, the formal separation of the regulatory authority from the executive branch, the de facto elimination of executive political influence on the regulatory authority, and the opening of the retail market to multiple service providers. It finds generally robust support for its arguments using a multivariate probit analysis of reform adoption in the telecommunications and electricity industries of as many as 71 countries and territories between 1977 and 1999. The results also suggest that the coercive effect of...
Evaluation of cell state techniques for optimal controller design

Cell state mapping is a powerful tool for analyzing the global behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems. This paper examines the main cell state techniques for designing optimal fuzzy controllers. The optimal design techniques are evaluated using the benchmark inverted pendulum problem. The performance measures used to evaluate the controller performance include time-optimality, the range of controllable initial states, and response characteristics. In addition, the techniques are evaluated with respect to time-space requirements, and scalability to larger problems. This study provides valuable insight and guidance on the applicability of cell state techniques to optimal fuzzy controller design. >
Global patterns of species richness : Spatial models for conservation planning using bioindicator and precipitation data

We used birds, butterflies, tiger beetles, mean annual precipitation, and spatial statistical models to investigate the applicability of using indicators of species richness for conservation planning on a continental scale. The models were applied to data collected on three grids of squares (each square 275 or 350 km on a side) covering North America, the Indian subcontinent, and Australia. We applied spatial statistical modeling techniques to determine the viability of using a single or multiple indicators to predict spatial patterns of spe- cies diversity of ecologically and phylogenetically unrelated taxa. Spatial models are optimal for these analy- ses because species data typically are not spatially independent, primarily owing to dispersion effects. Further- more, spatial models can be used to predict species numbers in areas where no observed data are available. We found that the number of tiger beetle species is a useful indicator of the number of butterfly species in North America and of the number of bird species on the Indian subcontinent, but it is not so useful as an in- dicator of either the number of bird or butterfly species in Australia or of the number of bird species in North America. We also found that the number of butterfly species is a useful indicator of the number of bird species in North America and Australia and that mean annual precipitation is useful for predicting the number of butterfly species in Australia. Although the general model used on all three continental areas is the same, the relative importance of potential indicators in predicting spatial patterns of other taxa changes from continent to continent. We attribute this change largely to differential biogeographical and ecological history, which must be taken into account in the selection and testing of potential indicators.
Methods and models for unravelling human evolutionary history

The rapid accumulation and increasing quality of human DNA sequence-variation data brought about by advances in genome-scale sequencing present opportunities to investigate human evolution. The authors discuss the statistical methods and models that can be used to gain insight into the evolution of human populations from analyses of large-scale genomic data sets, as well as the challenges associated with these approaches.
Two-Variable Expansion of the Scattering Amplitude for any Mass and Spin and Crossing Symmetry for Partial Waves

We derive an infinite number of sum rules for the process $a+b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c+d$, where $a$, $b$, $c$, and $d$ are particles of arbitrary mass and spin. Each of the sum rules involves a finite number of partial waves. They are implied by the crossing symmetry of the system and are complete. A classification of these relations into an independent set suggests a basis for the two-variable expansion of the scattering amplitude. The basis has the further virtue that it explicitly displays the kinematic singularities of the amplitude and the threshold and pseudothreshold zeros of the partial waves. The formalism is also valid for a decay process. The partial waves in the sum rules then refer to amplitudes where two of the three final particles are in a state of definite angular momentum, while the region of expansion becomes the Dalitz plot.
Toxicity of Selected Acaricides in a Glass-vial Bioassay to Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract. Twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, feeds on epidermal cells of foliage, destroys photosynthetic cells, and reduces yield, fiber quality, and seed germination of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. With a short life cycle, prolific fecundity, an arrhenotokous reproduction, and an ability to expeditiously digest and detoxify xenobiotics, twospotted spider mite has the propensity to develop resistance to insecticides. Despite mobility, small size, and difficulties associated with handling of twospotted spider mites, this study demonstrated that the 20-ml glass-vial bioassay is a useful technique to evaluate contact toxicity of acaricides against adult mites in a laboratory. A colony of twospotted spider mites was maintained on pinto beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. in a greenhouse. Abamectin with LC50 (95% CL) of 0.014 (0.01–0.02) µg per vial was 1,006 time more toxic than spiromesifen with a LC50 of 14.086 (7.592–42.371) µg per vial. The LC50 values of spiromesifen and propargite were compara...
Effectiveness, Adverse Effects, and Safety of Medical Marijuana

Increasingly, physicians across the country are being asked about medical marijuana. Although marijuana has been around for centuries, there is no consensus on its safety and effectiveness.
Catch and release cell sorting: Electrochemical desorption of T-cells from antibody-modified microelectrodes

The development of integrated microsystems capable of interrogation, characterization and sorting of mammalian cells is highly significant for further advancement of point-of-care diagnostics and drug discovery fields. The present study sought to design a novel strategy for releasing antibody-bound cells through electrochemical disruption of the underlying antibody (Ab) layer. A microsystem for selective capture and release of cells consisted of an array of individually addressable gold microelectrodes fabricated on a glass substrate. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel photolithography was employed to make the glass regions non-fouling, thus, ensuring selective localization of proteins and cells on the microelectrodes. The gold surfaces were decorated with anti-CD4 Ab molecules using standard alkanethiol self-assembly and carbodiimide coupling approaches. The Ab-functionalized electrodes selectively captured model T-lymphocytes (Molt-3 cells) expressing CD4 antigen while minimal cell adhesion was observed on PEG hydrogel-modified glass substrates. Importantly, application of a reductive potential (-1.2V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode) resulted in release of surface-bound T-cells from the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry and fluorescence microscopy were employed to verify that the detachment of captured T-cells was indeed due to the electrochemical disruption of the underlying alkanethiol-Ab layer. In the future, the cell sorting approach described here may be combined with microfluidic delivery to enable Ab-mediated capture of T-lymphocytes or other cell types followed by release of select cells for downstream gene expression studies or re-cultivation.
A Strategic Theory of Bureaucratic Redundancy

Do redundant bureaucratic arrangements represent wasteful duplication or a hedge against political uncertainty? Previous attempts at addressing this question have treated agency actions as exogenous, thus avoiding strategic issues such as collective action problems or competition. I develop a game-theoretic model of bureaucratic policy making in which a political principal chooses the number of agents to handle a given task. Importantly, agents have policy preferences that may be opposed to the principal's, and furthermore may choose their policy or effort levels. Among the results are that redundancy can help a principal achieve her policy goals when her preferences are not aligned with the agents'. But redundancy is less helpful if even a single agent has preferences relatively close to the principal's. In this environment collective action problems may cause multiple agents to be less effective than a single agent. Redundancy can also be unnecessary to the principal if the agent's jurisdiction can be terminated.
Melatonin Synthesis Enzymes in Macaca mulatta: Focus on Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.87)

Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT; serotonin N-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.87) plays a unique transduction role in vertebrate physiology as the key interface between melatonin production and regulatory mechanisms. Circulating melatonin is elevated at night in all vertebrates, because AANAT activity increases in the pineal gland in response to signals from the circadian clock. Circadian regulation of melatonin synthesis is implicated in a variety of human problems, including jet lag, shift work, insomnia, and abnormal activity rhythms in blind persons. In this report AANAT was studied in the rhesus macaque to better understand human melatonin regulation. AANAT mRNA is abundant in the pineal gland and retina, but not elsewhere; AANAT mRNA is uniformly distributed in the pineal gland, but is limited primarily to the photoreceptor outer segments in the retina. Day and night levels of pineal and retinal AANAT mRNA are similar. In contrast, AANAT activity and protein increase more than 4-fold at night in both tissues. The activity of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, the last enzyme in melatonin synthesis, is tonically high in the pineal gland, but is nearly undetectable in the retina; hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase mRNA levels exhibited a similar pattern. This supports the view that the source of circulating melatonin in primates is the pineal gland. The discovery in this study that rhesus pineal AANAT mRNA is high at all times is of special importance because it shows that posttranscriptional control of this enzyme plays a dominant role in regulating melatonin synthesis.
A hydrophilic self-anchoring material for orthopedic devices

A hydrophilic polymer matrix reinforced with a 3D braided graphite structure is presented as a novel alternative to traditional metallic materials for orthopedic devices. This material has the mechanical properties of bone in the dry state. When fitted into a mold and immersed in an aqueous medium, its swelling tendency causes the application of a radial force on the mold, anchoring the material in place and enhancing bone deposition. The swelling behavior of the poly(acrylic acid) matrix as a function of the concentration of AMA and glycerol was characterized and reduced to 38 vol.%. A push-out test was conducted to determine the strength of the implant/mold interface. This was measured to be 8.3 MPa using an aluminum mold. >
Genetic, Hormonal, and Neural Underpinnings of Human Aggressive Behavior

This chapter reviews the social neuroscience literature on human aggression, including research in molecular genetics, neuroendocrinology, neuroimaging, and social psychology. The findings indicate that (1) the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are critical components of the neural circuitry of aggression; (2) the serotonergic system plays a crucial role in modulating aggression; (3) testosterone and cortisol influence aggression, likely through modulation of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex; and (4) environmental risk factors (media violence) and protective factors (emotion regulation) may modulate aggression via alterations in these biological systems and neural circuits. We end the chapter by discussing new directions for future research.
Determination of Optimal Cap on Claim Settlements Based on the Criterion of Social Benefit Maximization

Caps on claimed damages constitute one of the form of proposed reforms of the tort system, especially in the United States. In this work, we establish models to capture both claimant and insurer’s behaviors under the regime of caps on damages. We establish an objective function of maximizing the social benefit, expressed as the sum of claimant and insurer’s benefits. Optimum upper limit that balances both claimant and insurer’s benefits is examined and our results show that the optimal value of the upper limit should be the expected value of the random claim payment no matter what kind of probability distribution it follows.
The Internationalization of Emerging Equity Markets Domestic Market Development or Retardation

Why have emerging equity markets grown so rapidly since 1990? This paper examines the link between foreign investment liberalizations and the expansion of these markets in Latin America. First, it is shown how international listings can transform a segmented local equity market from an equilibrium of low liquidity and market capitalization to an integrated market with high liquidity, diversifiable risk and market capitalization by altering the incentives of individuals to participate in the market. Second, benefits of liberalization for domestic stock market development and welfare across emerging equity markets are shown to be negatively related to both the degree of correlation between the domestic and world equity market and the relative size of the domestic equity market. Third, the price impact of international listing is shown to depend on the liquidity conditions in the domestic market prior to listing. Fourth, the relative benefits of various forms of investment liberalization for domestic stock market development are compared.
Towards efficient and precise queries over ten million asteroid trajectory models

The new generation of telescopes under construction return to the same area of the sky with sufficient frequency to enable tracking of moving objects such as asteroids, near-earth objects, and comets [4,5]. To detect these moving objects, one image may be subtracted from another (separated by several days or weeks) to differentiate variable and moving sources from the dense background of stars and galaxies. Moving sources may then be identified by querying against a database of expected positions of known asteroids. At a high-level, this task maps onto executing the query: “Return all known asteroids that are expected to be located within a given region at a given time.” We consider the problem of querying for asteroids in a specified interval in space and time, specifically as applied to populating the simulations of the data flow from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST).
RESEARCH FOCUS: Understanding continental subduction: A work in progress

A study by [Froitzheim et al. (2016][1], p. 223 in this issue of Geology ) adds new constraints to our rapidly evolving ideas and models regarding the process of continental subduction. Classic plate tectonics concepts suggested that continents do not subduct. Instead, when two continents collide at
Lipid metabolism in cultured cells VII. Linoleic acid content of cells grown on lipid-free synthetic medium.

SummaryThe fatty acid composition of L-strain mouse fibroblasts growing both in serum and in lipid-free synthetic medium was measured. Linoleic acid comprised about 17% of the total fatty acids in cells grown on serum-supplemented medium and about 6% in cells grown for prolonged periods in lipid-free chemically defined medium. In contrast to other fatty acids however linoleic acid was not synthesized from C14-acetate added to the growth medium. The most probable explanation of these anomalous findings is that cells under deficiency conditions can conserve traces of linoleic acid which are present below detectable levels in the culture environment. No synthesis of positional iso-mers of linoleic acid similar to that which may occur in linoleic acid deficiency in vivo was observed.
Two-Spotted Spider Mite and Hop Aphid Control on Cluster Hops with Acaricides

Thirteen compounds in 1966 and 12 compounds in 1967 were tested in replicated plots of cluster hops for control of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and hop aphids, Phorodon humuli (Schrank). Dicofol and tetradifon, used as standards, were as effective as any of the compounds tested for mite control. Azodrin® (3-hydroxy-N-methyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate) and Tranid®( exo -5-chloro-6-oxo- endo -2-norbornanecarbonitrile O -(methylcarbamoyl) oxime) were effective for control of both mites and aphids. Either could replace the presently used combinations of dicofol-malathion or tetradifon-malathion. Carbofuran, phorate, and phosalone were effective for control of hop aphids. Bayer 58733 (2,2,2-trichloro- N -(pentachlorophenyl) acetimidoyl chloride) was the only compound to show possible selective survival of phytoseiid mites. Mites at low population densities had a higher adult:egg ratio than mites at high population densities.
THE GENUS ASTERINEMA (ASCOMYCETES, MICROTHYRIACEAE)

The genus Asterinema is revised to include only the type species, A. caseariae, and a newly described variety, A. caseariae var. amazonensis. Asterinema glabratum is reduced to synonymy under A. caseariae, A. glabratum var. roupalae is recognized as Calothyriopsis roupalae, as recombined by Arx; A. jahnii is reduced to synonymy under Echidnodella miconiae, and A. philippinense is regarded as a nomen confusum. Eriothyrium miconiae is newly described as the anamorph of Echidnodella miconiae.
A Quantitative Study of Graduate Student Grief Experiences

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of grief among graduate students, the effects of their grief, types of support utilized, and risk of prolonged grief disorder. Approximately...