cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidation-lithiation of nickel, iron and cobalt in contact with molten carbonate

Abstract The oxidation of nickel, iron and cobalt foils is followed by measuring the open-circuit potential, and is optically monitored. Intense gas evolution, with particle motion, is found to occur throughout the process. A fundamental explanation is given for the three stages of the oxidation-lithiation process of the nickel electrode. A large window of possibilities for the oxidation of iron is observed. The open-circuit potential evolution of cobalt is similar to that of nickel, due to the similarity of oxidation stages. A very high dissolution and/or disintegration rate under CO 2 evolution is observed for metallic cobalt samples. A solid-state based mechanism for the oxygen reduction reaction on NiO is proposed.
A natural continuous interpolating structure for continued fractions

A continued fraction in the complex plane is a discrete expansion having approximants {F n } for n = 1,2... There is a naturally derived function F(t), continuous and piecewise differentiable for t > 0, such that F(n) = F n for each n.
Life threatening anaphylactoid reaction to celecoxib

Abstract Rationale Antiinflammatory drugs with nonselective anti-cyclooxygenase activity may provoke severe adverse reactions in intolerant subjects. However, life threatening anaphylactoid reactions caused by selective inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase-2 isozyme are not well recognized. Methods A severe anaphylactoid reaction to celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor is described. Results A 37 years old healthy nonatopic female with questionable hypersensitivity to sulphonamide antimicrobials but no previous history of intolerance to nonsteroidal-antiinflammatory drugs was prescribed celecoxib (Celebrex ® ) for dysmenorrhea. She used the drug for seven months with good clinical efficacy and tolerance. The following month after a single dose of celecoxib she developed general pruritus, urticaria, facial angioedema, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diaphoresis and syncope. In the emergency room she was treated with antihistamines, and discharged to home after overnight observation with the diagnosis of possible food allergy due to the proximity of the event to a meal. Benadryl and EpiPen were prescribed, however discontinuation of celecoxib was not recommended. The next month after a single dose of celecoxib she experienced the same sequence of symptoms including syncope despite immediate use of EpiPen and oral antihistamine. She recovered in a hospital following treatment with epinephrine, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Conclusions Since selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are used with increasing frequency, the medical community should be aware of the possibility of dramatic systemic anaphylactoid reactions to these agents in individuals without atopic disease, aspirin intolerance or sulphonamide-related drugs.
Some Observations on the Submicroscopic Structure of Cytoplasmic Particles Isolated from a Higher Plant

The “mitochondrial fraction” isolated from young Skunk-cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) flowers was fixed with OsO4 and examined in the electron microscope. Particles which had been exposed briefly to water before fixation clearly showed an external membrane and an internal organization. Small granules, a larger dense body, and uniform filaments, approximately 35mμ wide, were seen within the particles. The possibility that these particles (mitochondria) are composed of an internal mass of interwoven filaments or tubules is considered.
Effects of nonlinear diffusion on diffraction from binary multilayers

This paper reports on the problem of compositional stability of metallic thin films which is a technologically important one and it is therefore not surprising that many experimental studies have been devoted to it. One way of investigating diffusion in metallic thin films is to produce multilayer films containing alternate layers of two elements and to measure the rate of decay of satellite x-ray intensity resulting from such composition modulation as a function of annealing time.
Non‐stomatal limitation of CO2 assimilation in three tree species during natural drought conditions

The effect of drought on CO2 assimilation and leaf conductance was studied in three northern hardwood species: Quercus rubra L., Acer rubrum L. and Populus grandidentata Michx. Leaf gas exchange characteristics at two CO2 levels (320 and 620 μl I−1) and temperatures from 20 to 35°C were measured at the end of a dry period and shortly after 10 cm of rainfall. The effects of drought varied with species, temperature and CO2 level. Calculated values of internal CO2 concentration showed little or no decline during drought. Differences in assimilation, before vs after the rains, were most apparent at the higher CO2 level. These latter two observations indicate nonstomatal disruption of CO2 assimilation during the dry period. In P. grandidentata there was a substantial interaction between drought and temperature, with a resultant shift in the temperature for maximum assimilation to lower temperatures during drought. During drought, internal CO2 concentrations increased sharply in all three species under the combined conditions of high temperatures and the higher CO2 level.
Bone marrow as source of cells in reactions of cellular hypersensitivity. III. Adjuvant arthritis in the rat

Adult Lewis rats were thymectomized, irradiated (900 r), and given bone marrow cells from normal (BN × Lewis) F1 donors. Passive transfer of adjuvant arthritis was carried out with lymph node cells of Lewis donors sensitized 9 days earlier. The recipients showed clinical arthritis starting at 3-8 days and were sacrificed at 9-13 days. Live cell suspensions from affected joints and lymphoid tissues were assayed for F1 marrow-derived cells by an indirect fluorescence technic. The results suggest that a majority of cells in the joint lesions of adjuvant arthritis are hematogenous and derived from bone marrow precursors.
The complexity and stability of ecosystems

Early studies suggested that simple ecosystems were less stable than complex ones, but later studies came to the opposite conclusion. Confusion arose because of the many different meanings of ‘complexity’ and ‘stability’. Most of the possible questions about the relationship between stability–complexity have not been asked. Those that have yield a variety of answers.
A 96-well microplate incorporating a replica molded microfluidic network integrated with photonic crystal biosensors for high throughput kinetic biomolecular interaction analysis

A nanoreplica molding process has been used to produce polymer microfluidic channels, with integrated label-free photonic crystal biosensors as the bottom surface of the channels. Multiple flow channels are gathered in parallel so that an imaging detection instrument may simultaneously monitor the binding kinetics of many biomolecular interactions. In this work, the flow channel pattern has been adapted to a 96-well microplate format in which, for each 12-element row of the microplate, a single well serves as a common access port for 11 flow channels that are connected to separate microplate wells. Application of pneumatic pressure or suction to the common well serves to drive forward or backward flow to the channels. The system is demonstrated by measuring the kinetic binding interaction of protein A with IgG molecules of high, medium, and low affinity. The approach offers a means for minimizing the volume of reagent required to functionalize the biosensor surface, while retaining compatibility with the microplate assay fluid-handling methods that are most commonly used in biological research.
“A Disease of the Outside People” Native American Men’s Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been identified as one of the most serious issues facing Native American women. Despite epidemic rates of IPV in urban and reservation communities, less is known about IPV in Native American populations than with any other racial group, and the existing literature and intervention research are scant. Many Native American scholars assert that IPV was rare and severely sanctioned in pre-contact societies. The present community-level, qualitative study used ethnographic and grounded theory approaches to examine the beliefs and perspectives of nine men from a Great Lakes reservation community who had experiences with IPV. These men believed that IPV was an increasing problem in the community and that it was not a part of traditional pre-contact culture but instead is a problem brought on by colonization and the introduction of alcohol. They indicated that returning to traditional tribal values was key to sobriety and nonviolence. Study themes suggest the importance of the historical social context and Native cultural values as essential elements in prevention and treatment initiatives. The study supports current Native American approaches to IPV and the ecological feminist framework for understanding violence against women. The article concludes with suggestions for culturally sensitive approaches for future research in Native American communities. Language: en
Characterization of multilayer rough surfaces by use of surface-plasmon spectroscopy.

Earlier attempts to characterize rough surfaces by means of surface-plasmon spectroscopy have been unsuccessful [H. Raether, Surf. Sci. 125, 624 (1983)]. In the present paper we show that certain assumptions in the theoretical model were inappropriate. Correcting these assumptions we are able to obtain excellent agreement between predicted and experimental intensities of both specular and diffuse scattering from a rough surface.
Ultrastructural and Functional Studies of Cilia from Patients with Asthma, Aspirin Intolerance, and Nasal Polyps*

"Triad" asthmatics often have sinus disease, nasal polyps, and obstructive airways disease. This presentation is reminiscent of the symptoms of persons afflicted with various forms of ciliary dyskinesia. Therefore, we examined tissues from seven "triad" asthmatic patients for ciliary structural or functional abnormalities. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed no specific abnormalities. Cultures of nasal epithelia were maintained for up to 20 weeks. They showed normal ciliary activity which was not influenced by perfusing the tissue with medium containing aspirin. In contrast, control tissue from a patient with situs inversus and sinusitis showed the expected structural and functional ciliary abnormalities. In culture, the ciliary function of tissue from this patient could be partly restored by perfusion with ATP or ATPase.
Spatial disconnection of plankton dynamics in an Ozark reservoir

Abstract Havel, J.E. and R.G. Rhodes. 2009. Spatial disconnection of plankton dynamics in an Ozark reservoir. Lake Reserv. Manage. 25:28–38. This two-year study examined spatial distribution and seasonal population dynamics of algae and zooplankton in Table Rock Lake (Missouri, USA), a large clear reservoir threatened by increased development in the watershed. Regular samples were collected from a polymictic up-lake site (10 m deep, mean Secchi transparency 1.0 m) and a monomictic down-lake site (37 m deep, 4.0 m Secchi) in the productive James River arm. Average abundance and biovolume of most algae groups showed no statistically-discernable difference between these two sites, and maximum cell densities were similar in magnitude (∼ 105 cells/mL). Exceptional were the chlorophytes, which had their highest abundance up-lake. Based on taxonomic composition, both sites appear to be dominated by pelagic algae, with little evidence of riverine immigrants. Algae and zooplankton showed rapid seasonal changes in ...
Unique crystalline structure and performance of poly(ethylene terephthalate) melt spun fibers

Modification of the threadline dynamics has effected significant alternations in the structure and improvements in the properties of high-speed melt spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers. Key process parameters extant in the threadline dynamics, such as temperature, tensile stress, and deformation time, were independently controlled through proper implementation of on-line perturbations. The placement of a liquid isothermal bath in close proximity to the spinneret in the melt spinning threadline provided tremendous increase in the spinning stress while at the same time controlled the filament temperature corresponding to development of the desired fiber structure. Characterization of the fiber structure and physical properties has been carried out using birefringence measurements, density, shrinkage, x-ray diffraction, DSC, FTIR spectroscopy, and tensile tests. The results provided sufficient evidence to support the existence of a unique crystalline morphology that led to the significantly improved tensile properties and excellent dimensional stability of the resulting fibers. This unique crystalline morphology was typically characterized by the presence of a larger amount of extended chain segments and an enhanced molecular connectivity. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The impact of eye movements on a verbal creativity task

Bilateral eye movements (EMs) have been shown to induce cognitive enhancements for episodic memory, attention, and divergent thinking. Increased interhemispheric interaction has been suggested as a possible mechanism behind the EM effect, but other theories, including an increase in attentional control following EMs have also been proposed. The present research explored whether the bilateral EM effect could be extended to a creativity task that draws heavily on convergent thinking. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four EM conditions (bilateral, centre control, right-centre, or left-centre) and were presented with compound remote associate problems. After 7 s, participants were asked to make a solution/non-solution judgement to a target word presented in the left or right visual field. Bilateral and right-centre EM conditions exhibited enhanced performance on the task, with the bilateral condition demonstrating the best performance for solution targets and the right-centre condition presenting...
Do positive or negative stressful events predict the development of new brain lesions in people with multiple sclerosis

Background Stressful life events have long been suspected to contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity. The few studies examining the relationship between stressful events and neuroimaging markers have been small and inconsistent. This study examined whether different types of stressful events and perceived stress could predict the development of brain lesions. Method This was a secondary analysis of 121 patients with MS followed for 48 weeks during a randomized controlled trial comparing stress management therapy for MS (SMT-MS) to a waitlist control (WLC). Patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans every 8 weeks. Every month, patients completed an interview measure assessing stressful life events and self-report measures of perceived stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, which were used to predict the presence of gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) and T2 lesions on MRI scans 29–62 days later. Participants classified stressful events as positive or negative. Negative events were considered ‘major’ if they involved physical threat or threat to the patient's family structure, and ‘moderate’ otherwise. Results Positive stressful events predicted decreased risk for subsequent Gd+ lesions in the control group [odds ratio (OR) 0.53 for each additional positive stressful event, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30–0.91] and less risk for new or enlarging T2 lesions regardless of group assignment (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55–0.99). Across groups, major negative stressful events predicted Gd+ lesions (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.18–2.64) and new or enlarging T2 lesions (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.11–2.23) whereas moderate negative stressful events, perceived stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms did not. Conclusions Major negative stressful events predict increased risk for Gd+ and T2 lesions whereas positive stressful events predict decreased risk.
Jonathan W. Warren, Racial Revolutions: Antiracism and Indian Resurgence in Brazil . Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001. 368 pp. $74.95 cloth; 22.95 paper

Racial Revolutions comes at a crucial time for indigenist policy in Brazil. Newly elected president Luis Inacio Lula da Silva takes over with several orders for the permanent protection of Indian reserves on his desk, completed but left unsigned by outgoing president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Lula's party, the Workers Party, has a strongly progressive social platform on issues of racial discrimination but no track record or firm positions on Indian issues. Fundamental changes in Brazilian Indian law have been proposed and may come before Congress early this year. Three fatal attacks on Indians occurred in January 2003, the first month of Lula's presidency. One of these cases, the murder by youths of a seventy-seven year-old Indian man in Porto Alegre, recalls the fatal 1997 immolation of a visiting Pataxo leader while sleeping at a bus stop in Brasilia, a well-publicized case with which Jonathan Warren opens his book. Finally, anthropologists who work with Indians in Brazil are still dealing with the repercussions of serious ethical charges involving research among the Yanomami Indians raised against senior Amazonianists by journalist Patrick Tierney in his book Darkness in El Dorado (2000).
Interview: Richard M Weinshilboum talks to Hannah Branch, Assistant Commissioning Editor

Richard Weinshilboum, MD, is the Mary Lou and John H Dasburg Professor for Cancer Genomics Research, Chair of the Division of Clinical Pharmacology and a Professor of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester (MN, USA). He received his BA in Chemistry and Zoology from the University of Kansas (KS, USA) and an Exchange Fellowship from Tuebingen University (Germany) before gaining his MD from the University of Kansas Medical School (KS, USA). He completed his Internal Medicine Residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MA, USA). Weinshilboum is a coprincipal investigator of the Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Drug Metabolizing Enzymes research group, one of the 14 scientific research centers comprising the NIH Pharmacogenomics Research Network (USA), a nationwide collaboration of scientists involved in the discovery and translation of genomics in order to enable safer and more effective drug therapies. The Mayo Clinic NIH Pharmacogenomics Research Net...
Differentiation of the Chloride Extrusion Mechanism During Seawater Adaptation of a Teleost Fish, The Cichlid Sarotherodon Mossambicus

Opercular membranes isolated from the freshwater-adapted euryhaline teleost, Sarotherodon mossambicus , and mounted in Ussing-style chambers, have low conductance and current and do not actively transport chloride. In contrast, membranes isolated from seawater-adapted S. mossambicus have high conductance and generate large currents representing net chloride extrusion. Full development of this chloride secretion process requires 1-2 weeks, the time-course of which provides the first unambiguous measurement of changes in net extrarenal salt secretion associated with a teleost's adaptation to seawater. Tissues from seawater-adapted fish contain typical chloride cells, when observed with the electron microscope, which appear as large cells with fluorescence microscopy after staining with dimethylaminostyrylaethylpyridiniumiodine. These cells are absent from the freshwater tissue, although rudimentary chloride cells are present, appearing as small cells with fluorescence microscopy. Following seawater transfer, the number of chloride cells increases only during the first 3 days. Subsequent chloride cell hypertrophy is highly correlated with the quantity of chloride extrusion. These data strongly implicate the chloride cell as the salt-secretory cell-type. When cortisol was injected into freshwater fish, chloride cell density increased but chloride secretion was not activated. It appears that development of salt extrusion involves increased numbers (controlled, at least in part, by cortisol) and differentiation of chloride cells, including activation of membrane active-transport sites. The opercular membrane from S. mossambicus provides a valuable model for studying these physiological and morphological events.
Analysis and design of low-energy flip-flops

Develops a methodology for selecting and optimizing flip-flops for low-energy systems with constant throughput. Characterization metrics, relevant to low-energy systems are discussed, providing insight into timing and energy parameters at both the circuit and system levels. Transistor sizes are optimized for minimal delay under constrained energy consumption. This methodology is applied to characterization of various flip-flop styles and their comparison in 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology under scaled supply voltages. A transmission-gate master-slave latch-pair has the largest internal race margin, lowest energy consumption, and has energy-delay product comparable to much faster pulse-triggered latches.
Purification of a tumor-specific PNA-binding glycoprotein, gp200, from a human embryonal carcinoma cell line.

Abstract A 200-kDa peanut agglutinin (PNA)-binding glycoprotein, gp200, has been purified and partially characterized from the human embryonal carcinoma cell line, HT-E (833k). Tissue distribution analysis of this molecule by lectin blotting with PNA of detergent-extracted proteins from human cell lines and tissues demonstrated expression limited to nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. The 200-kDa protein was purified with lectin affinity and gel filtration chromatography. Purification to apparent homogeneity was demonstrated by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Characterization of gp200 revealed it to be a surface integral membrane glycoprotein; however, gp200 could also be purified from the culture media of EC cells, suggesting gp200 has an extracellular role. The carbohydrate groups of gp200 are N-linked and partially sialylated and contain terminal galactose residues. These initial studies suggest that the PNA-deflned glycoprotein, gp200, is a candidate for a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor marker.
Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis method for simultaneous detection of trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine

Trichloroethylene (TCE, CAS 79-01-6) is a widely used industrial chemical, and a common environmental pollutant. TCE is a well-known carcinogen in rodents and is classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans". Several analytical methods have been proposed for detection of TCE metabolites in biological media utilizing derivatization-free techniques; however, none of them is suitable for simultaneous detection of both oxidative metabolites and glutathione conjugates of TCE in small volume biological samples. Here, we report a new combination of methods for assessment of major TCE metabolites: dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC), and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl) glutathione (DCVG). First, DCA and TCA were extracted with ether. Second, the remaining aqueous fraction underwent solid phase extraction for DCVC and DCVG. Then, DCA and TCA were measured by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography ion exchange negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, while DCVC and DCVG were measured by reverse phase positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. This method was applied successfully to measure all 4 TCE metabolites in as little as 50 microl of serum from mice orally exposed to TCE (2100 mg/kg, 2h). Serum concentrations (mean+/-standard deviation) of the TCE metabolites obtained with this method are comparable or equivalent to those previously reported in the literature: DCA, 0.122+/-0.014 nmol/ml (limit of detection: 0.01 nmol/ml); TCA, 256+/-30 nmol/ml (0.4 nmol/ml); DCVG, 0.037+/-0.015 nmol/ml (0.001 nmol/ml); DCVC, 0.0024+/-0.0009 nmol/ml (0.001 nmol/ml). This method opens new opportunities to increase throughput and decrease number of animals required for mechanistic studies on TCE in rodents.
A Note on Regression in the Multivariate Poisson Distribution

Abstract The regression of Xp on X 1, · · ·, Xp -1, when the random vector X = (X 1, · · ·, Xp ) follows a p-variate (p > 2) Poisson distribution, is obtained. Various sets of sufficient conditions for the linearity of the regression are given. It is shown that the regression is linear in one of the regressors if all the rest are zero, without any restrictions on the distribution of X.
Adaptive Resonance Theory: How a brain learns to consciously attend, learn, and recognize a changing world

Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, is a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain autonomously learns to categorize, recognize, and predict objects and events in a changing world. This article reviews classical and recent developments of ART, and provides a synthesis of concepts, principles, mechanisms, architectures, and the interdisciplinary data bases that they have helped to explain and predict. The review illustrates that ART is currently the most highly developed cognitive and neural theory available, with the broadest explanatory and predictive range. Central to ART's predictive power is its ability to carry out fast, incremental, and stable unsupervised and supervised learning in response to a changing world. ART specifies mechanistic links between processes of consciousness, learning, expectation, attention, resonance, and synchrony during both unsupervised and supervised learning. ART provides functional and mechanistic explanations of such diverse topics as laminar cortical circuitry; invariant object and scenic gist learning and recognition; prototype, surface, and boundary attention; gamma and beta oscillations; learning of entorhinal grid cells and hippocampal place cells; computation of homologous spatial and temporal mechanisms in the entorhinal-hippocampal system; vigilance breakdowns during autism and medial temporal amnesia; cognitive-emotional interactions that focus attention on valued objects in an adaptively timed way; item-order-rank working memories and learned list chunks for the planning and control of sequences of linguistic, spatial, and motor information; conscious speech percepts that are influenced by future context; auditory streaming in noise during source segregation; and speaker normalization. Brain regions that are functionally described include visual and auditory neocortex; specific and nonspecific thalamic nuclei; inferotemporal, parietal, prefrontal, entorhinal, hippocampal, parahippocampal, perirhinal, and motor cortices; frontal eye fields; supplementary eye fields; amygdala; basal ganglia: cerebellum; and superior colliculus. Due to the complementary organization of the brain, ART does not describe many spatial and motor behaviors whose matching and learning laws differ from those of ART. ART algorithms for engineering and technology are listed, as are comparisons with other types of models.
The probability monopoly

Probability is a very special case of fuzziness. It always faces two limits. First, it works with bivalent sets A. Second, probability measures need small infinities. A probability measure maps the sets in a sigma-algebra to the unit interval /spl lsqb/O, 1/spl rsqb/. Fuzzy theory challenges the probability monopoly. Probabilists have attacked it with gusto to keep their monopoly status, to have, the only uncertainty theory in the unit interval /spl lsqb/O, 1/spl rsqb/. But the fuzzy math is sound. Its world view of shades of gray has a deep intuitive ring. And the new fuzzy products have come into their own in the marketplace. >
A comparison of tonsillectomy with the harmonic scalpel versus electrocautery.

Abstract Objective: We sought to test whether the use of the harmonic scalpel would cause less pain and more rapid recovery in tonsillectomy patients versus the use of electrocautery. Design and Setting: In a private practice community hospital, we conducted a prospective nonrandomized comparison of 156 pediatric tonsillectomy cases. Local anesthetic infiltrations and steroids were used at the discretion of the surgeon. Outcome variables consisted primarily of immediate- and mid-term pain, pain medications required, time to eating, morbidities and charges. Results: There were no differences between the groups on an intention-to-treat basis except for costs, which were higher in the harmonic scalpel group. When rescue use of electrocautery was required to control bleeding in the in the harmonic scalpel patients, more pain and longer times to taking food were noted. Conclusions: Used with discretion the harmonic scalpel is equivalent to electrocautery for tonsillectomy. Significance: The harmonic scalpel does not provide a major benefit over more conventional methods of tonsillectomy. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:333-8.)
Diacylglycerol directly stimulates the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase

Studies with detergent:lipid mixed micelles reveal that diacylglycerol directly stimulates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor. Kinetic analyses indicate that diacylglycerol activates the kinase by causing a marked increase in the affinity of the receptor for insulin. In contrast, diacylglycerol has no effect on the insulin receptor's catalytic activity or its affinity for ATP. Stimulation of the insulin receptor is not a result of protein kinase C activation. First, phorbol myristate acetate, a potent activator of protein kinase C, has no effect on insulin receptor activity. Second, the activation by diacylglycerol is not stereospecific, in marked contrast to the specificity for 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol in the activation of protein kinase C. Because circulating levels of insulin are below the Kd of the insulin receptor for insulin, the ability of diacylglycerol to modulate the affinity of the receptor for ligand suggests that increases in cellular levels of diacylglycerol directly sensitize the receptor to insulin.
Cancer vaccine development.

A new era involving the evaluation of recombinant cancer vaccines has begun with the concurrent emergence of insights and technologies in the fields of molecular biology and immunology. These advances include:
Pharmacologic treatments for pediatric bipolar disorder.

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 50 - N° 12 - p. 1290
Numerical Modeling of Wave Breaking Induced by Fixed or Moving Boundaries

374 Abstract In this paper, several numerical aspects of an existing model for fully nonlinear waves are improved and validated to study ware breaking due to shoaling over a gentle plane slope and wave breaking induced by a moving lateral boundary. The model is based on fully nonlinear potential flow theory and combines a higher-order Boundary Element Method (BEM) for solving Laplace's equation at a given time and Lagrangian Taylor expansions for the time updating of the free surface position and potential. An improved numerical treatment of the boundary conditions at the intersection between moving lateral boundaries and the free surface (corner) is implemented and tested in the model, and the free surface interpolation method is also improved to better model highly curved regions of the free surface that occur in breaking waves. Finally, a node regridding technique is introduced to improve the resolution of the solution dose to moving boundaries and in breaker jets. Examples are presented for solitary wave propagation, shoaling, and breaking over a 1:35 slope and for wave breaking induced by a moving vertical boundary. Using the new methods, both resolution and extent of computations are significantly improved compared to the earlier model, for similar computational efforts. In all cases computations can be carried out up to impact of the breaker jets on the free surface.
Using symbolic algebra in algorithmic level DSP synthesis

Current multimedia applications require the design of data-path intensive circuits. Unfortunately, current design tools and methods support design abstraction at a level that is inferior to the expectation of designers. Namely, most arithmetic-level optimizations are not supported and they are left to the designers' ingenuity. In this paper, we show how symbolic algebra can be used to construct an arithmetic-level decomposition algorithm. We also introduce our tool, SymSyn, that performs arithmetic library mapping and optimization of data-flow descriptions into data paths using arithmetic components.
The Disabled Female Body as a Metaphor for Language in Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar

In 1953, when Sylvia Plath wrote in her poem “Admonition” that If you dissect a bird To diagram the tongue You’ll cut the chord Articulating song. (1–4) she was addressing the inadvertent violence ...
Teleradiology interpretations of emergency department computed tomography scans.

Abstract Background: Teleradiologist interpretation of radiographic studies during after-hours Emergency Department (ED) care has the potential to influence patient management. Study Objectives: We sought to characterize frequencies of discrepancies between teleradiology and in-house radiology interpretations for computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study comparing teleradiologist and in-house radiologist interpretations of CT scans obtained between 7:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. from the ED at a Level I trauma center. For each scan, discrepancies were characterized as major, minor, or no discrepancy. Follow-up data were used to characterize major discrepancies. Results: Of 787 studies sent to teleradiology, 550 were scans of the head, cervical spine, chest, or abdomen and pelvis. Major discrepancies were identified in 32 of 550 studies (5.8%; 95% confidence interval 4.1%–8.1%), including 7 of 160 head CT scans, 1 of 29 cervical spine CT scans, 3 of 64 chest CT scans, and 21 of 297 abdominopelvic CT scans. We attributed 8 of the 32 major discrepancies to a teleradiology misinterpretation, with one case leading to an adverse event. Conclusions: We identified major discrepancies due to teleradiologist misinterpretation in 8 of 550 studies, with one patient suffering an adverse event. Our findings support the cautious use of teleradiology interpretations.
The performance of village intermediaries in rural credit delivery under changing penalty regimes: Evidence from Senegal

This article concerns the use of village intermediaries to mitigate asymmetric information problems in rural credit delivery. We consider an example from Senegal and examine the intermediaries’ screening of loan applicants. The results show that, when the intermediaries expected to incur a substantial penalty in the event of borrower default, they engaged in appropriate screening, allocating credit to borrowers likely to repay their loans. When the default penalty was lowered, however, the intermediaries engaged in opportunistic screening, emphasising political affiliation and consanguinity in their lending decisions. These results reveal both the potential efficacy of village intermediaries in allocating credit and their extreme sensitivy to penalty regimes.
Radio-over-Fiber Techniques for Millimeter Wave Wireless Applications

This paper investigates the use of Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) techniques for the implementation of cost-effective, future-ready indoor millimeter-wave wireless networks. A broad range of technical challenges stemming from the high carrier frequencies and wide signal channels of millimeter-wave systems are considered. A number of techniques for exploiting and leveraging advanced analog and digital wireless technologies-including MIMO — in these systems are proposed and evaluated. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed simple RoF system techniques for realizing ultra high-capacity systems supporting > 75 Gb/s wireless data access.
Reducing the Analytical Bottleneck for Domain Scientists: Lessons from a Climate Data Visualization Case Study

The gap between large-scale data production rate and the rate of generation of data-driven scientific insights has led to an analytical bottleneck in scientific domains like climate, biology, and so on. This is primarily due to the lack of innovative analytical tools that can help scientists efficiently analyze and explore alternative hypotheses about the data and communicate their findings effectively to a broad audience. In this article, by reflecting on a set of successful collaborative research efforts between with a group of climate scientists and visualization researchers, the authors introspect how interactive visualization can help reduce the analytical bottleneck for domain scientists.
Analysing the Metro Cityring in Copenhagen

This paper will discuss that when planning new infrastructure it is important that the infrastructure is well suited for the planned operation. This is especially important in case of high frequent operation underground (e.g. metro systems) since it is too expensive to modify the infrastructure later. This paper describes the importance of adapting new infrastructure to the future operation. This will be done based on analyses carried out for the planned ring metro in Copenhagen. The analyses include: (1) different operation alternatives depending on the running time and the number of trains in operation; (2) the necessity of withdrawing rolling stock in case of problems; (3) changes in the frequency during the day; and (4) the stability of the system. The analyses have shown that the possibility to withdraw rolling stock in case of problems and the possibility of changing the frequency is sensitive to the scheduled plan of operation. This is because the possibilities of withdrawing rolling stock and changing the frequency influence the stability of the system. Altogether, this paper demonstrates that the use of micro simulation in the planning phase of new infrastructure can improve the later operation. This is because it is possible to evaluate the future operation and the need for improved infrastructure.
Time-Dependent Changes in Drug Sensitivity Expressed by Mammalian Cells After Exposure to Trypsin

Immediately after a 5-minute exposure to 0.025% trypsin, Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with anticancer drugs exhibited changes in drug sensitivity. Depending on the drug, cells immediately became more sensitive, less sensitive, or showed no change in sensitivity at all. The deviation from normally expected survival values ranged from fourfold to fifty-fold and varied with time (of drug treatment) after trypsinization. By the 12th hour post trypsinization, the drug survival responses had returned to values obtained with untrypsinized cells.
Information Essential to a Food and Drug Administration Evaluation of Medical Plastics

The FDA has established no standard for safety and efficacy of plastics used with medical devices. The term “medical grade plastic” is an industrial term with no defined values. New legislation is needed to assure the patient of the lack of toxicity, acute and chronic, from device materials.
Circadian Rhythm Disruption in the Critically Ill: An Opportunity for Improving Outcomes.

Objectives:Circadian rhythms are severely disrupted among the critically ill. These circadian arrhythmias impair mentation, immunity, autonomic function, endocrine activity, hormonal signaling, and ultimately healing. In this review, we present a modern model of circadian disruption among the critic
Clinical Microscopy: Autoverification of Macroscopic Urinalysis

This article describes a software design application used to automatically verify macroscopic urinalysis. Two different laboratory information system vendor software utilities are used. Instrument-specific automated verification software is used to verify normal and negative findings and a rule-based system is used to autoverify abnormal macroscopic data when user-designed criteria have been satisfied. The two software plans support an autoverification performance rate of better than 92% for all macroscopic urinalysis performed daily in a large teaching hospital laboratory. Benefits of this design include enhanced workflow, decreased turnaround time, improved patient care, reduced laboratory overhead, and consistent reporting of results.
Spectral Decomposition of Matrices for High School Students

This topic has developed over a period of seven years in a summer "Junior Research" program sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The participants were high school students, mostly about to be seniors, who were selected on the basis of their mathematical talent. The author was assisted at various times by I. D. Berg, A. K. Snyder, G. A. Stengle, and T. M. Morrisette. (There are obvious reasons for not mentioning the names of the students, even those who made quite good contributions.) The development of the subject may be judged by the early report [10]. Even in the context of mathematics available at this level, several problems have arisen naturally that seem intractable by any standards, and many meaningful research projects were carried out by the students. Some of these will be described below. Mathematicians will recognize special cases of the spectral theorem (here not restricted to normal matrices) and some properties of field extensions. The final results obtained may be extracted by suitable specialization from those of [3], [6], [7], [8], and [9]; however, the techniques of these articles are quite different from the ones developed here all of which have been successfully presented to (and partially developed by) high school students.
Contrasting Novel and Repetitive Stimuli in Creativity Training

CHIP BORGSTADT AND JOHN A. GLOVER University of Nebraska The stimuli for students' practice of creative behaviors have varied. Early studies ( 4 ) reported facilitative effects of repetitive presentation of stimuli. More recent research ( 1 ) has utilized presentation of novel stimuli. The current report is baed on recently developed feedback and reinforcement procedures ( 1 ) and contrasts the two approaches to presenting stimuli. Twenty sixth-graders in a regular classroom took the unusual uses or the product-improvement subtests of creativity determined at random according to standard directions ( 5 ) on the first day of the study. Subsequently, students were randomly assigned to a novel-stimulus or a repetitive-stimulus. Each day for the next five days students were presented with a picture and asked to write a new, "creative" story according to previously developed directions ( 2 ) . The novel-stimulus group received one of five pictures each day (randomly ordered across students) while the repetitive-stimulus group was given the same picture each day, determined by a random draw from the five available. Previously developed behavior management procedures (1 ) were in effect. Students were administered the alternate form of the creativity subtest on Day 7. All stories were typed in standard form, randomly ordered, and not identifiable by student or condition. Two independent raters given standard directions ( 1 ) were employed for assessing levels of creativity in the stories. Interrater reliability determined by the Pearson r was .71.
On Translator's Subjectivity from the Perspective of George Steiner's Hermeneutics——Big Breasts and Wide Hips as a Case

Traditional translation theories are focused on the source text and the writer,with the translator placed in a marginalized position,subordinating to the writer. With the maturation of cultural turn in translation studies,new theories began to shift their focus to the translator, thus establishing the translator's status as a hot-discussing subject in translation circle. Based on the previous study of subjectivity and four stages of George Steiner's hermeneutics translation theory,and a deliberate comparison and contrast of the Chinese and English version of Big Breasts and Wide Hips,this paper analyzes translation features in the translated Big Breasts and Wide Hips,and concludes that Goldblatt exerts his subjectivity at each stage of his actual translating process from the choice of translated text to interpretation,and then to creative work of art on language level.
Prostaglandins and Thromboxane

This article attempts to delineate the role of the prostanoids in thermal injury, based on clinical and experimental trials. It also describes the authors’ concept of the cause of progressive dermal ischemia in the thermal injury and possible therapeutic measures to prevent or reduce this detrimental effect.
Evidence that cytochrome b5 acts as a redox donor in CYP17A1 mediated androgen synthesis.

Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) is an important drug target for castration resistant prostate cancer. It is a bi-functional enzyme, catalyzing production of glucocorticoid precursors by hydroxylation of pregnene-nucleus, and androgen biosynthesis by a second CC lyase step, at the expense of glucocorticoid production. Cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) is known to be a key regulator of the androgen synthesis reaction in vivo, by a mechanism that is not well understood. Two hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism by which cyt b5 increases androgen biosynthesis. Cyt b5 could act as an allosteric effector, binding to CYP17A1 and either changing its selective substrate affinity or altering the conformation of the P450 to increase the catalytic rate or decrease unproductive uncoupling channels. Alternatively, cyt b5 could act as a redox donor for supply of the second electron in the P450 cycle, reducing the oxyferrous complex to form the reactive peroxo-intermediate. To understand the mechanism of lyase enhancement by cyt b5, we generated a redox-inactive form of cyt b5, in which the heme is replaced with a Manganese-protoporphyrin IX (Mn-b5), and investigated enhancement of androgen producing lyase reaction by CYP17A1. Given the critical significance of a stable membrane anchor for all of the proteins involved and the need for controlled stoichiometric ratios, we employed the Nanodisc system for this study. The redox inactive form was observed to have no effect on the lyase reaction, while reactions with the normal heme-iron containing cyt b5 were enhanced ∼5 fold as compared to reactions in the absence of cyt b5. We also performed resonance Raman measurements on ferric CYP17A1 bound to Mn-b5. Upon addition of Mn-b5 to Nanodisc reconstituted CYP17A1, we observed clear evidence for the formation of a b5-CYP17A1 complex, as noted by changes in the porphyrin modes and alteration in the proximal FeS vibrational frequency. Thus, although Mn-b5 binds to CYP17A1, it is unable to enhance the lyase reaction, strongly suggesting that cyt b5 has a redox effector role in enhancement of the CYP17A1 mediated lyase reaction necessary for androgen synthesis.
Inexact Block Coordinate Descent Methods for Symmetric Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Symmetric nonnegative matrix factorization (SNMF) is equivalent to computing a symmetric nonnegative low rank approximation of a data similarity matrix. It inherits the good data interpretability of the well-known nonnegative matrix factorization technique and has better ability of clustering nonlinearly separable data. In this paper, we focus on the algorithmic aspect of the SNMF problem and propose simple inexact block coordinate decent methods to address the problem, leading to both serial and parallel algorithms. The proposed algorithms have guaranteed convergence to stationary solutions and can efficiently handle large-scale and/or sparse SNMF problems. Extensive simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms compared to recent state-of-the-art algorithms.