cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical interatomic potential for carbon, with application to amorphous carbon

An empirical interatomic potential is introduced, which gives a convenient and relatively accurate description of the structural properties and energetics of carbon, including elastic properties, phonons, polytypes, and defects and migration barriers in diamond and graphite. The potential is applied to study amorphous carbon formed in three different ways. Two resulting structures are similar to experimental $a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}$, but another more diamondlike form has essentially identical energy. The liquid is also found to have unexpected properties.
95 GHz polarimetric radar measurements in a cloud compared with model computations

Abstract The first 95 GHz polarimetric radar measurements obtained in an ice-crystal cloud are presented together with model computations. The radar measurements consist of the horizontal and vertical polarization reflectivity factors (Z HH and Z VV ) and degrees of polarization ( DP H and DP V ). Simultaneous shadow image measurements of ice crystals are obtained from a 2D-C probe in a closely located wind tunnel. These images provide the size distribution and shape information for the models. The ice crystals are mainly composed of stellar and hexagonal plates. The finite difference time domain method is used for electromagnetic scattering computations. A three dimensional canting distribution is incorporated in the study. The simulated Z HH values compare very well with the radar measurements (i.e., the mean values are within 1 dB). Z VV also compares well well for a specific canting distribution as do the mean values of DP H , DP V and Z DR (differential reflectivity). It is observed that Z HH (unlike Z VV ) is not very sensitive to the orientation of planar crystals, but it is sensitive to the change in their thickness. Hence, Z HH is a preferable radar measurand for estimating ice crystal mass.
Maximum power point tracker for a multiple-input Ćuk dc-dc converter

Photovoltaic modules require a maximum power point tracker in order to achieve maximum conversion efficiency when the maximum power point changes based on solar irradiance, temperature, cells age, and other factors. The need to track the maximum power point while combining multiple-input sources has stimulated research on maximum power point trackers for multiple input dc-dc converters. When compared to prior work, a multiple-input Cuk dc-dc converter seems to be an adequate choice when combining PV modules with alternative energy sources, such as fuel cells, because it provides current source interface and is capable of stepping up and down input voltages. This paper proposes a multiple-input Cuk dc-dc converter topology. Ripple correlation control is used to find the maximum power point of a photovoltaic array.
Molecular-scale drug Entrapment as a Precise Method of Controlled Drug Release IV: Entrapment of Anionic Drugs by Polymeric Gelation

A physicochemical approach to the preparation of drug-containing matrix systems is described in which a soluble anionic drug may be entrapped on a molecular scale in coagulated (gelled) polymer emulsion systems. The resultant dried product (or drug-xerogel system) was designed to provide controlled, prolonged release. The phenomenon of gelation of the polymer emulsions by the addition of a divalent cation (Mg+2) was utilized for the entrapment of various drug materials. A solid, highly reproducible entrapment compound of sodium phenobarbital, magnesium sulfate, and a styrene-acrylic copolymer latex was prepared and subjected to in vitro and in vivo prolonged-release studies. The physical factors influencing both entrapment and drug release were investigated. A significantly increased duration of therapeutic effectiveness was established by the in vivo results. Rats, fed dry polymer powder in their diet, exhibited no toxic effects in a 27-day study. The validity and reproducibility of the entrapment procedure were demonstrated.
Effects of different types of interdependence and response conditions in the minimal social situation

Abstract Two experiments are conducted on pairs of persons who are interdependent but interacting without awareness of their interdependence. The purpose of the studies is to determine the conditions under which the development of a mutually advantageous interchange can occur despite the limitations of these “minimal social” conditions. Two types of interdependence are compared (mutual fate control vs. a combination of fate control and behavior control) as are two conditions of response elicitation (simultaneous vs. ad lib responding). The results show that the evolution of a mutual adjustment depends jointly on these two factors. Under conditions of simultaneous responding, two persons related in the mutual fate control manner establish the desired interchange more frequently than those related in the fate control-behavior control manner. In contrast, under conditions of ad lib responding, the latter pairs make the mutual adjustment more dependably. The bases of these mutual adjustment processes are considered and some possible implications of the work are discussed.
Transnational Corporations and Livelihood Transformations in the Peruvian Andes: An Actor-Oriented Political Ecology

This article argues for the use of an actor-oriented approach in political ecology studies that links the activities of transnational corporations with local human and environmental change. It argues for the use of sustainable livelihoods frameworks as one way of linking these actor-oriented approaches to local economic, social, and environmental change. Drawing on case study research of Newmont Mining Corporation's activities in the Peruvian Andes as an example of corporate focused actor-oriented research, the article offers new insights into the role of corporations in shaping social and ecological change in the developing world. The case study illustrates how household access to resources in the region has been transformed since 1990 by the changing behavior and activities of the corporation through three different time periods.
Increment-threshold spectral sensitivity of the rhesus monkey as a function of the spectral composition of the background field.

Increment-threshold spectral sensitivity was measured on rhesus monkeys. Homogeneous 20° backgrounds were used, illuminated by a planckian radiator (2854°K white) producing 3000 trolands retinal illuminance and also that white plus an intense spectral-line field of 10 000 td. The white background produced sensitivity functions with pronounced peaks at approximately 450 nm, 535 nm, and 610 nm. Adding intense red, green, or blue light to the background served to eliminate or nearly eliminate the peak in the spectral region nearest the spectral-background component. For the red and green lines, the peaks in the other parts of the spectrum were only slightly reduced. For the blue line, the entire function was altered, with greater reduction of sensitivity through the entire visible spectrum, resulting in a function with a single broad peak in the 570–90 nm region. The results are discussed in terms of the summation of component receptor mechanisms, the possible implications for a fourth linked red-plus-green mechanism to account for the blue adaptation results and a comparison is made with results from electrophysiological studies.
ABCC6 deficiency is associated with activation of BMP signaling in liver and kidney

Mutations in ABCC6 (ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 6), an orphan transporter expressed in the liver, are the cause of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Since ABCC6 was reported to affect matrix Gla protein (MGP), an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), we studied BMP signaling and expression in various tissues of mice with and without functional ABCC. Enhanced BMP signaling was found in all examined tissues in the absence of ABCC6. Despite this, the expression of particular BMP proteins varied widely between tissues. Interestingly, the expression of most BMP proteins in the liver moved in the opposite direction to the same BMP proteins in kidneys in response to ABCC6 alterations. Thus, ABCC6 deficiency stimulates BMP signaling by acting on the expression of multiple BMPs.
An assay for phentolamine using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Abstract A new method is presented for the detection of phentolamine by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The electrochemical detector was used in the oxidative mode at +900 mV potential versus Ag AgCl reference. The on-column detection limit for phentolamine using this method was 3 ng, and detector response was linear for 3–1000 ng injected on column. The coefficient of variation for replicate injections was 2.4%. The measurement of phentolamine in biological samples was accomplished using yohimbime as the internal standard; retention time for yohimbine was 3.0 min while phentolamine eluted at 4.75 min. Biological samples were buffered to pH 9.2 and extracted with diethyl ether, followed by back extraction into 0.1 n HCl. The extraction efficiency for this method was 99.4% for phentolamine in serum and 59.3% in liver tissue. The detection limit for phentolamine was 5 ng/ml for 1.0-ml serum samples, and was 10 ng/ml for 1.0-ml liver homogenate samples. The disappearance of phentolamine from serum and liver after administration of a single ip dose of phentolamine to mice was determined using this method. Absorption from the ip route was rapid, with peak phentolamine concentrations achieved in 15 min or less. The elimination half-life of phentolamine in serum was approximately 50 min and was paralleled by disappearance of phentolamine in the liver.
The role of spiral CT using the pulmonary embolus protocol: a comparison of emergency department and hospitalized populations

Purpose: To compare the incidence of CT scan-detected pulmonary embolism, the CT scan-detected alternative findings (ancillary findings and alternative radiologic diagnoses), and the patient characteristics in emergency department and in hospitalized patients. Materials and methods: 81 spiral CT scans in 79 consecutive adult emergency department patients were retrospectively identified by computer search. During the same 9-month interval, 131 consecutive adult in-patients were similarly identified. The in-house and emergency department populations were compared in respect of incidence of pulmonary embolism and alternative findings using χ 2 analysis. Results: 81 emergency department scans and 135 in-patient scans were evaluated. Of these, 22 emergency department scans (27.1 %) and 37 in-patient scans (27.4 %) were positive for pulmonary embolism. Of the scans that were negative for a pulmonary embolism, 45 emergency department scans (76.2 %) and 88 in-patient scans (89.8 %) were positive for alternative findings. These included atelectasis, adenopathy, metastatic disease, and pneumomediastinum. Alternative radiologic diagnoses on scans negative for pulmonary embolism occurred in 8/59 emergency department patients (13.5 %) and in 17/98 in-patients (17.3 %). These included pneumonia, tumor, mucus plugging, pericardial effusions, and thoracic aortic dissection. Conclusions: No significant difference exists between the emergency department and in-patient populations for the incidence of pulmonary embolism on spiral CT scans. Although a significant difference did exist between these populations in respect to alternative findings, the high percentage of alternative findings in both populations shows a possible advantage of CT over the traditional test, the ventilation-perfusion scan. Therefore, spiral CT should not be limited to the in-patient population as the first-line imaging modality for the diagnostic evaluation of pulmonary embolism.
Parallel sums and norm convergence

LetA andB be the impedance operators of two resistive Hilbert ports. Then theparallel sum ofA andB, denotedA: B, is defined to be the joint impedance of the parallel interconnection ofA andB. We survey some results about the norm convergence of limɛ↓0(A+ɛI): (B+ɛI). By means of several new examples, we investigate the relation between such norm convergence and range inclusion conditions.
Optimizing Measurement Designs with Budget Constraints: The Variable Cost Case.

A procedure for determining the optimal number of conditions to use in multifaceted measurement designs when resource constraints are imposed is presented. The procedure is illustrated for the case in which the costs per condition vary within the same facet.
Provision of Psychosocial Care for Cancer Patients Service Delivery in Urban and Rural Settings

Although common, psychosocial distress is frequently under diagnosed and untreated in the US health care system. Previous research shows that cancer patients have unmet psychosocial needs, and prov...
Cesium uranate, Cs2UO4: heat capacity and entropy from 5 to 350 K and standard Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K

Abstract The heat capacity of a sample of very pure Cs 2 UO 4 was determined from 5 to 350 K by adiabatic calorimetry. No unusual thermal behaviour was observed. The following thermodynamic results for Cs 2 UO 4 were obtained: heat capacity at constant pressure: C p o (298.15 K) = (152.76±0.31) J K −1 mol −1 ; entropy: S o (298.15 K) = (219.66±0.44) J K −1 mol −1 ; { H o (298.15 K) − H o (0)} = (30815±62) J mol −1 ; { G o (298.15 K) − H o (0)}/298.15 K = −(116.31±0.23) J K −1 mol −1 . The enthalpy of formation of Cs 2 UO 4 recently reported by O'Hare and Hoekstra and the entropies of Cs 2 UO 4 , Cs, U, and O 2 were used to calculate the standard Gibbs energy of formation: ΔG f o (Cs 2 UO 4 , c, 298.15 K) = −(1774.8±3.6) kJ mol −1 .
Abstract 1081: Expression of TGFβ3 and its effects on migratory and invasive behavior in prostate cancer cells: Involvement of PI3K/Akt pathway

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) is a secreted protein that is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes and has been implicated as a factor in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Studies have indicated that different TGFβ isoforms may exert differential effects on cancer cells during different stages of the disease, however very little is known about the expression patterns of the 3 isoforms in prostate cancer. Non-traditional signaling pathways including PI3-kinase have been associated with TGFβ-mediated effects on cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Whether or not TGFβ isoforms play a differential role in migration and invasion of prostate cancer, and act through PI3-Kinase, has not been investigated. In the present study, we have carried out expression analysis of TGFβ isoforms and signaling components in cell line models representing different stages of prostate cancers and studied the differential effects of specific isoforms on migratory, invasive behavior and induction of the PI3-Kinase and MAPK/ERK pathways. TGFβ1 and TGF-β3 were expressed in all cell lines, with TGFβ3 increasing in metastatic cell lines. TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 induced motility and invasive behavior in PC3 cells, with TGFβ3 being more potent in inducing invasive behavior. TGF-β3 caused a significant increase in the phosphorylation of AKT (pAKT), a downstream target of PI3-Kinase, in PC3 cells. LY294002, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, blocked this induced migration and phosphorylation of AKT. Inhibitors of TGFβRI (SB431524) and Smad-3 (SIS3) blocked TGF-β induced motility and TGFβ isoform induced pAKT. There was no differential isoform effect on the phosphorylation of ERK (pERK). PD98059, a MAPK/ERK inhibitor, did inhibit any TGFβ induced migration and pERK, but did not affect isoform induced pAKT. Furthermore, TGFβ isoforms may be differentially phosphorylating Smad-2 and Smad-3 in PC3 cells. Based on these results, we conclude that TGFβ3 is expressed in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines and is involved in induction of invasive behavior in these cells. Furthermore, these effects of TGFβ3 are mediated via the PI3-Kinase pathway and are TGFβRI and Smad-3 dependent. Grant support: MBRS-RISE 2R25GM060414, NIH 1P20MD002285-02 and RCMI G12RR03602 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1081. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1081
A comparison of the accuracy of four methods for clustering jobs

Four methods of cluster analysis were examined for their accuracy in clustering simulated job analytic data. The methods included hierarchical mode analysis, Ward's method, k-means method from a random start, and k-means based on the results of Ward's method. Thirty data sets, which differed according to number of jobs, number of population clusters, number of job dimensions, degree of cluster separation, and size of population clusters, were generated using a monte carlo technique. The results from each of the four methods were then compared to actual classifications. The performance of hierarchical mode analysis was significantly poorer than that of the other three methods. Correlations were computed to determine the effects of the five data set variables on the accuracy of each method. From an applied perspective, these relationships indicate which method is most appropriate for a given data set. These results are discussed in the context of certain limitations of this investigation. Suggestions are al...
Use of radiolabeled monoclonal anti-B1 antibody for B lymphocyte imaging in rhesus monkeys

Imaging tissues rich in B lymphocytes in man using a radiolabeled monoclonal anti-B cell antibody would be extremely useful in the clinical staging of non-Hodgkins lymphomas. Studies were done in rhesus monkeys using radiolabeled monoclonal anti-B1 antibody to determine the feasibility of such an approach. Immunohistologic studies demonstrated that infused monoclonal anti-B1 binds in vivo with specificity to B cells in lymph nodes and spleen. The kinetics of clearance of 131I-labeled anti-B1 were determined. The B lymphocyte-rich spleen could be readily visualized by gamma camera scanning without significant background and without the need for image intensification or blood background subtraction techniques. These data support the feasibility of using anti-B1 for staging B cell lymphomas in man.
MIT virtual source GaNFET-RF compact model for GaN HEMTs: From device physics to RF frontend circuit design and validation

A physics-based compact transport and charge model for RF-GaN HEMTs has been developed, including device self-heating, non-linear access region behavior, noise, etc. The model is validated against measurements from device-level DC up to circuit-level. The model is implemented in Verilog-A that is a suitable base for circuit simulations.
Obtaining A Mask Set - From A Users Point Of View

Variables are listed that must be considered and included in mask inspection specification when a mask set is obtained from a mask maker. There is nothing more discouraging and abstract than obtaining a mask set from a mask maker to a certain criteria. Put yourself in the mask users shoes. You thought you had written a thorough and concise mask specification. Careful consideration was given to the requirements that would insure good die yield. Attention was paid to the masking processes in use to fabricate your device. Considerations were made for type of resist, exposure equipment, develop and etch techniques and other process variables which will affect the geometries which are transferred from mask to wafer. Then the mask maker informs you of what is actually achievable on fabricated plates and the compromises begin.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Religiosity, Afterlife Beliefs, and Bereavement Adjustment in Adulthood

SUMMARY Research in gerontology and bereavement adjustment often fails to examine the effects of religiousness and beliefs in the afterlife on grief. It was hypothesized that religiosity and belief in life after death would play different roles for younger and older adults regarding bereavement adjustment. Sample characteristics suggested that the interaction effect between age and religiosity or age and belief in life after death on bereavement adjustment could not be tested. However, aspects of bereavement adjustment, in particular physical health and efforts to cope, were found to be influenced by age, religiosity, and cause of death. Implications and directions for future research and counseling are discussed.
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and Williams syndrome: epigenetic effects on abnormal social behavior.

Williams syndrome is a condition caused by a deletion of ~26-28 genes on chromosome 7q11.23 often characterized by abnormal social behavior and disrupted oxytocin and vasopressin functioning. The observation that individuals with Williams syndrome exhibit oxytocin and vasopressin dysregulation is compelling. There is currently a lack of evidence that any of the genes typically deleted in Williams syndrome have any direct effect on either oxytocin or vasopressin. In this perspective article, we present a novel epigenetic model describing how DNA methylation may impact the expression of key genes within the oxytocin and vasopressin systems, which may ultimately influence the social behavior observed in Williams syndrome. We draw support from data pooled from a prior empirical research study (Henrichsen, et al., 2011), demonstrating that OXTR is overexpressed in Williams syndrome. These preliminary findings may create new opportunities to target the oxytocin and vasopressin systems with the specific goal of improving outcomes in Williams syndrome and other psychiatric conditions.
Structure and dynamics of a predicted ferredoxin-like selenoprotein in Japanese encephalitis virus

Homologues of the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (GPx) have been previously identified in poxvuses and in RNA viruses including HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Sequence analysis of the NS4 region of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) suggests it may encode a structurally related but functionally distinct selenoprotein gene, more closely related to the iron-binding protein ferredoxin than to GPx, with three highly conserved UGA codons that align with essential Cys residues of ferredoxin. Comparison of the probe JEV sequence to an aligned family of ferredoxin sequences gave an overall 30.3% identity and 45.8% similarity, and was statistically significant at 4.9 S.D. (P < 10-6) above the average score computed for randomly shuffled sequences. A 3-dimensional model of the hypothetical JEV protein (JEV model) was constructed by homology modeling using SYBYL, based upon a high resolution X-ray structure of ferredoxin (PDB code: 1awd). The JEV model and the model from 1awd were subsequently subjected to molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous medium using AMBER 6. The solution structure of the JEV model indicates that it could fold into a tertiary structure globally similar to ferredoxin 1awd, with RMSD between the averaged structures of 1.8 A for the aligned regions. The modeling and MD simulations data also indicate that this structure for the JEV protein is energetically favorable, and that it could be quite stable at room temperature. This protein might play a role in JEV infection and replication via TNF and other cellular stimuli mediated via redox mechanisms.
Stream Flow in Relation to Ohia Forest Decline on the Island of Hawaii

: Dieback of the ohia forest over a large part of the Hilo watershed and adjacent areas has resulted in a severe loss of the overstory crown component of the vegetation. The decline could cause serious damage to the watershed. To evaluate possible changes in conditions in the Hilo area since the decline began, stream flow, water quality, and precipitation data from 1929 to 1980 were collected and analyzed. The limited data available do not indicate that the ohia decline has resulted in a significant change in either annual stream flow or peak stream flow of a stream discharging from the ohia forest in the Hilo area. Suspended sediment production of two streams remains well within accepted levels as does the chemical makeup of components dissolved in the streams.
Geometric irreversibility and compliance hysteresis in the lung

Abstract Two gross linear dimensions of each of 8 excised human lungs have been monitored over the complete inflation/deflation cycle and compared with the quasi-static pressure: volume curves recorded simultaneously. All lungs displayed geometric irreversibility, but to varying extents. A statistical analysis revealed a direct proportionality between the magnitude of geometric and compliance hysteresis, the correlation exceeding the 99.9 % significance level. These relationships are interpreted mathematically using the Helmholtz approach to interfacial properties as the most appropriate in describing the behaviour of a matrix of surfaces as complex as lung. This analysis indicates that compliance hysteresis can be attributed wholly to geometric irreversibility. At least, this effect must contribute as much to the pressure: volume loop as any arising from an irreversible dependence of surface tension upon surface area imparted by the surfactant.
Ultrastructural distinction between reticular and collagenous fibers with an ammoniacal silver stain

Reticular and collagenous fibers stain differently when subjected to ammoniacal silver reduction. A variety of tissues were subjected to such a "reticulin" technique and the association of reaction product with intercellular connective tissue elements was studied with the electron microscope. The reaction with reticular fibers was primarily associated with the interfibrillar matrix, and was globular in form having a wide variety of particle sizes. Conversely, in dermal collagen the unit fibrils were stained rather than the interfibrillar matrix. The precipitate was punctate in form and was associated with the cross striations of unit collagen fibrils. Large microfibrils also reacted positively with the stain, imparting a faint periodicity. Basement membranes were stained uniquely. The underlying plasmalemma and the lamina densa were heavily stained with silver while the lamina lucida was relatively unstained. The unit fibrils of the lamina reticularis stained in the same manner as dermal unit collagen while the ground substance remained unstained. This represents a clear distinction between the argentophilic characteristics of collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, and basement membranes.
Characterization of In Situ Dry Matter and Nitrogen Digestion of Various Corn Grain Forms

Abstract Corn was harvested and stored as either dried shelled, dried ear, high moisture shelled, or high moisture ear. Shelled corns were rolled and ear corns were ground through a forage harvester. High moisture corns were stored in sealed drums. Each corn type was subjected to in situ ruminal digestion with incubation times through 100h for both original forms and ground at 5mm. Dry matter, N, and nonprotein DM digestion rates were determined. Unground dried shelled corn possessed the fastest and high moisture ear corn the slowest rate of DM digestion; however, extent of digestion was greatest for high moisture corns within 16h of ruminal exposure. Grinding increased the rate of shelled corn digestion. Nitrogen digestion rate was fastest for high moisture ear corn and slowest for dried shelled corn. Grinding increased the rate of nitrogen digestion for all corn forms except high moisture shelled corn. Generally, correction for bacterial nitrogen contamination resulted in increased rate of nitrogen digestion. Dried shelled corn possessed the fastest rate of nonprotein DM digestion. Ratio of nitrogen to nonprotein DM rates ranged from .56 to 1.24 for dried shelled corn and high moisture ear corn, respectively. Grinding narrowed this range. Digestion rates of corn forms may not necessarily reflect initial (1 to 16h) extent of ruminal nutrient availability.
Three methods for quantifying software development effort uncertainty

Abstract Software development effort estimates have several major sources of uncertainty. Among these uncertainties are the size of the project, the development attribute ratings, and the error of the estimation model. This paper presents three methods which quantify the effects of these uncertainties on development effort estimates. One method takes advantage of the invertibility of the nonlinear effort models to approximate the effort probability distribution. In the case of a single software configuration item, this methods yields the exact probability distribution. A second method uses Taylor series to estimate mean and variance of effort, and then specifies its probability distribution by invoking the Central Limit Theorem. The third method, specific to the Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), invokes a Monte Carlo simulation technique to approximate the effort probability distribution. The results of case studies based on the COCOMO model are presented and compared. The mathematical details are provide...
Genetic Improvement of Fresh Market Tomatoes for Yield and Fruit Quality Over 35 Years in North Carolina: A Review

Improving tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for higher yield, disease resistance, and better quality is required to make the tomato industry more attractive for tomato growers. Advanced breeding lines and hybrids of fresh market tomatoes were developed and evaluated in replicated yield trials with the objective of identifying superior inbred lines and hybrids in North Carolina. Numerous breeding lines and hybrids have been released from the North Carolina State University tomato breeding program. The objective of this review was to estimate the genetic gain achieved through breeding fresh market tomatoes for fruit yield and quality traits over the period from 1975 through 2009. No review on genetic gain has been performed for a fresh market tomato breeding program. This review describes the current status of fresh market tomato breeding and provides a foundation for future studies. Analysis of the data from replicated yield trials revealed that, although there was no genetic gain for total yield, a signi...
Electronic states for the In3P2 and In2P3 clusters

Abstract Complete active-space multi-configuration self-consistent field followed by multi-reference singles+doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) computations that included up to 2.5 million configurations were carried out on the electronic states of In 3 P 2 and In 2 P 3 clusters. Nearly-degenerate 2 A 1 and 2 B 1 (C 2v ) electronic states are found with distorted trigonal bipyramid and edge-capped tetrahedral geometries together with 2 E′ (D 3h ) for In 3 P 2 , while a distorted structure with 2 B 1 symmetry and for In 2 P 3 was found to be the lowest although the distortion from the ideal (D 3h ) structure was only 0.25 eV.
Effect of Red Blood Cells on Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation in Tortuous Arterioles

Thrombosis is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, which can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. Thrombosis may form in tortuous microvessels, which are often seen throughout the human body, but the microscale mechanisms and processes are not well understood. In straight vessels, the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) is known to push platelets toward walls, which may affect platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. However in tortuous vessels, the effects of RBC interactions with platelets in thrombosis are largely unknown. Accordingly, the objective of this work was to determine the physical effects of RBCs, platelet size, and vessel tortuosity on platelet activation and thrombus formation in tortuous arterioles. A discrete element computational model was used to simulate the transport, collision, adhesion, aggregation, and shear-induced platelet activation of hundreds of individual platelets and RBCs in thrombus formation in tortuous arterioles. Results showed that high shear stress near the inner sides of curved arteriole walls activated platelets to initiate thrombosis. RBCs initially promoted platelet activation, but then collisions of RBCs with mural thrombi reduced the amount of mural thrombus and the size of emboli. In the absence of RBCs, mural thrombus mass was smaller in a highly tortuous arteriole compared to a less tortuous arteriole. In the presence of RBCs however, mural thrombus mass was larger in the highly tortuous arteriole compared to the less tortuous arteriole. As well, smaller platelet size yielded less mural thrombus mass and smaller emboli, either with or without RBCs. This study shed light on microscopic interactions of RBCs and platelets in tortuous microvessels, which have implications in various pathologies associated with thrombosis and bleeding.
Strengths and Chemistry of Filter Cakes from Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion

Excessively hard filter cakes have occurred during filtration of fine particles from hot gases in pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) power plants. Hence, shear strengths were measured (at ...
Liquid-liquid equilibria with an equation of state based on the significant structure model

Abstract Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for class II + class V, class I + class II, and class I + class V mixtures were correlated with a recently proposed equation of state (EOS) and local composition mixing rules. It was found the Suzuki EOS with the local composition mixing rules was successful in correlating liquid-liquid equilibrium data for mixtures of an alcohol and shorter chain hydrocarbons (class II + class V) with two interaction parameters, kij and lij, which correct the interaction energy and the local composition terms. However, for alcohol and long chain hydrocarbon mixtures, we found that only qualitative agreement was possible for the more polar phase. This can be explained in terms of the dielectric constants of the pure components. For class I + class II mixtures and class I + class V mixtures, the local composition mixing rules gave fair agreement with the data. Correlation of the data with random mixing rules is also shown for comparison along with the Soave EOS equation. It was found that both the Soave EOS and Suzuki EOS produced similar results with random mixing rules and that the liquid density had little effect on the calculations.
Molecular-dynamics study of structural anisotropy and anelasticity in metallic glasses.

Molecular-dynamics simulations have been carried out to study the structural anisotropy in anelastically deformed glassy metals. Two model glass structures, a single-component glass of 4394 particles interacting via a modified Johnson potential and a two-component glass of 2048 particles with the Lennard-Jones potentials, were thermomechanically deformed below their glass-transition temperature. The structural anisotropy caused by anelastic deformation is dominated by the bond-orientational anisotropy (BOA) with a large sixth-order spherical-harmonic component in both model structures. The sixth-order BOA could be associated with the local bond-orientational order (BOO) of the basic local structural units, such as tetrahedral and icosahedral clusters. We propose a scheme to describe the structure of the glasses and their mechanical properties, based upon the sixth-order local BOO.
The Penetration of Cathode Rays in Molybdenum

Penetration of cathode rays into a target.---(1) $X$-ray spectrum method. The farther a ray penetrates into the target the more the x-rays excited by it are absorbed by the target material before coming out. X-rays just harder than the $K$ absorption limit are absorbed more strongly than those just softer. If the intensity of the spectrum emitted, except for the characteristics, is a continuous function of the wave-length and if the discontinuity in absorption coefficient is ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{K}$ and the observed ratio of intensities on each side of the discontinuity is $R$, then the logarithmic mean depth of penetration $\overline{x}={{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}log {R}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, for voltages above the minimum necessary to excite radiation of the absorption limit frequency, 20 kv. in case of Mo. (2) Results for molybdenum. To reduce the effect of stray x-rays, a calcite crystal was used and narrow slits which limited the incident beam to 8\ensuremath{'} 30\ensuremath{''}. The voltages needed to make the mean depth of excitation of this frequency equal to 1, 2 and 3 \ensuremath{\mu} were found to be about 24, 44 and 67 kv. respectively. The increased difficulty of penetration beyond the first micron is probably due to the deflection of the cathode rays by the atoms.Definite time exposure method of measuring ionization currents.---Instead of using a stop-watch to measure the time for a given deflection, an instrument was devised which would open the lead shutter in front of the ionization chamber for a definite time interval, from 1 to 120 seconds, with great accuracy. This instrument contained a ratchet wheel driven by an escapement actuated by current impulses from a master clock.
Understanding entheses: bridging the gap between clinical and anthropological perspectives.

An enthesis is the interface where tendon meets bone, providing both muscle anchorage and stress dissipation. Previous anthropological research suggests size and complexity of entheses observable in osteological material, are indicative of the strain magnitude resulting from repetitive muscle contractions during the performance of daily routines. These proposed ‘‘musculoskeletal stress markers’’ are routinely incorporated into bioarcheological studies as evidence of general activity patterns past human populations participated in. However, much of how this complex osteotendinous interface develops and responds to mechanical strains is poorly understood. The following review seeks to shed light on this structural enigma by synthesizing current findings in both the clinical and anthropological literature, in the interest of generating new conversations in how entheses respond to contractual forces and the systemic influences (i.e., genetics, hormones), that surround their morphological development. Only once we truly understand the etiology of tendon insertion sites, will the value of enthesial research in reconstructing human behavior be determined. Anat Rec, 295:1239–1251, 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arsenites and antimonites as ligands toward π-cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl

π-Cyclopentadienyldicarbonylmanganese(I) complexes of methyl, ethyl, butyl and phenyl arsenites and antimonites have been prepared for comparison with the analogous phosphite systems. The carbonyl IR spectra suggest that the order of decresaing electron density on the manganese atom is Sb(OR)3 ≳ P(OR)3 ⪢ As(OR)3, and E(O-alkyl)3 ⪢ E(O-aryl)3 where E = P, As, and Sb.
Factor analysis of aphasic syntactic comprehension disorders

Background: Many people with aphasia have impaired sentence comprehension. Previous studies using factor analysis have suggested that a single factor accounts for performance on measures of sentence comprehension (e.g., Caplan, Baker, & Dehaut, 1985). However, this work has been limited to measures of accuracy on single sentence comprehension tasks. This research was supported by grants from NIDCD (DC00942 to David Caplan and DC007564 to Gayle DeDe). We are grateful to Sue Kemper for comments on an earlier draft and suggestions regarding CFAs. Aims: The purpose of this study is to further examine the factor structure underlying aphasic sentence comprehension using accuracy, reaction time (RT), and on‐line measures using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Methods & Procedures: A total of 42 people with aphasia and 40 non‐brain‐damaged controls were tested on 11 sentence types and five tasks. Accuracy and RT data are reported for the whole sentence presentation version of sentence–picture ma...
On Completions of Filter Spaces

: Completion theory is established for T2 filter spaces by adapting methods previously developed for Cauchy spaces.
The BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 activates HIV latency through antagonizing Brd4 inhibition of Tat-transactivation

Latent HIV reservoirs are the primary hurdle to eradication of infection. Identification of agents, pathways and molecular mechanisms that activate latent provirus may, in the presence of highly active antiretroviral therapy, permit clearance of infected cells by the immune system. Promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase (Pol) II is a major rate-limiting step in HIV gene expression. The viral Tat protein recruits human Super Elongation Complex (SEC) to paused Pol II to overcome this limitation. Here, we identify the bromodomain protein Brd4 and its inhibition of Tat-transactivation as a major impediment to latency reactivation. Brd4 competitively blocks the Tat-SEC interaction on HIV promoter. The BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 dissociates Brd4 from the HIV promoter to allow Tat recruitment of SEC to stimulate HIV elongation. JQ1 synergizes with another latency activator prostratin, which promotes Pol II loading onto the viral promoter. Because JQ1 activates viral latency without inducing global T cell activation, this and other closely related compounds and their antagonization of Brd4 to promote Tat-SEC interaction merit further investigations as effective agents/strategies for eliminating latent HIV.
Effect of sample timing on LS channel estimation

As block coding and intelligent receiver combining in multi-antenna systems moves from the theorectical into the physical domain, it is necessary to apply robust analysis to the problems encountered with the development of real radio systems that are often overlooked during theoretical development of methods and processes. One such problem is the lack of synchronization between the transmitter and receiver sampling clocks. This text attempts to analyze the significance of poorly correcting for differences in the transmit and receive sample clocks by simulating the BER of an Alamouti space-time coded system under a variety of sample rates and clock offsets. The results can be used to estimate the impact on link quality by a given sampler's estimation error using the empirical model given.
Acute Alcohol Effects on Opiomelanocortinergic Regulation

To assess acute effects of alcohol on forebrain and pituitary opiomelanocortinergic regulation, a model was developed in which experienced (previously introduced to ethanol administration, so the subjective response was not a novel stimulus) male Sprague-Dawley rats received pulsatile intragastric ethanol infusions during the dark (active) photophase to produce and sustain (for 3 hr) behaviorally relevant (0, 40 to 70, 80 to 110, or 120 to 150 mg/dl) plasma ethanol levels. The effects of alcohol on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (H-P-A) axis function were biphasic with respect to dosage (inhibition with low dosage and stimulation with higher dosages) and time (initial stimulation with higher dosages was followed by rapid return to control levels even though elevated plasma ethanol levels were maintained). The effects of alcohol on H-P-A activation were also inconsistent; some of the animals did not appear to respond even though elevated (i.e., >100 mg/dl) plasma ethanol levels were produced. Induction of moderate (80 to 110 mg/dl) plasma ethanol levels acutely (within 30 min) increased immunoreactive (i) β-endorphin concentrations in the ventral tegmental area of the brain; higher (120 to 150 mg/dl) plasma ethanol levels increased iβ-endorphin concentrations in both the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, whereas iss-endorphin concentrations were not significantly altered in other brain areas. High (120 to 150 mg/dl) plasma ethanol levels also increased mediobasohypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (biosynthetic precursor of forebrain β-endorphin) mRNA concentrations at 3 and 6 hr after initiation of ethanol infusions. Results demonstrate that atraumatic induction of physiologically meaningful plasma alcohol levels by gastric ethanol infusion activates the forebrain opiomelanocortinergic opioid system and exerts complex effects on the interrelated H-P-A system, consistent with evidence that these systems may interact to mediate or modulate some responses to alcohol ingestion.
Disruption of axo-glial junctions causes cytoskeletal disorganization and degeneration of Purkinje neuron axons.

Axo–glial junctions (AGJs) play a critical role in the organization and maintenance of molecular domains in myelinated axons. Neurexin IV/Caspr1/paranodin (NCP1) is an important player in the formation of AGJs because it recruits a paranodal complex implicated in the tethering of glial proteins to the axonal membrane and cytoskeleton. Mice deficient in either the axonal protein NCP1 or the glial ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT) display disruptions in AGJs and severe ataxia. In this article, we correlate these two phenotypes and show that both NCP1 and CGT mutants develop large swellings accompanied by cytoskeletal disorganization and degeneration in the axons of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. We also show that αII spectrin is part of the paranodal complex and that, although not properly targeted, this complex is still formed in CGT mutants. Together, these findings establish a physiologically relevant link between AGJs and axonal cytoskeleton and raise the possibility that some neurodegenerative disorders arise from disruption of the AGJs.
Reproducibility of Visual Field End Point Criteria for Standard Automated Perimetry, Full-Threshold, and Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm Strategies: Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study

Purpose To compare the interthreshold and intrathreshold strategy agreement of visual field end point criteria for standard automated perimetry (SAP) with the full-threshold (FT) algorithm and the Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (SITA). Design Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Methods The interstrategy group included a randomly selected eye of 173 participants in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study who had undergone FT algorithm and SITA analysis within three months (sequence 1, FT + SITA). Intrastrategy agreement for the FT algorithm (sequence 2, FT + FT) was tested for 44 (25.4%) participants who had undergone FT analysis within one year of the FT used in the interstrategy pairing, and for 89 patients (51.4%) who had undergone SITA analysis within one year before (sequence 3, SITA + SITA). Four different end point criteria using Statpac II indices were tested. Interstrategy agreement was compared with intrastrategy agreement using κ statistics. Results FT + SITA agreement (κ) for pattern standard deviation (PSD) P P = .07) when comparing FT + FT with SITA + SITA (κ = 0.77). GHT results were more likely to be abnormal on the SITA analysis than on the FT analysis. No other significant differences were found. Conclusions To minimize misinterpreting abnormal GHT results on SITA as evidence of change when switching strategies, both SITA and FT should be performed and compared within a short period. Other indices are comparable between the two strategies.
Preventive dental health care experiences of preschool‐age children with special health care needs

Purpose This study examined the preventive dental health care experiences of young children with special needs and determined the feasibility of conducting clinical dental examinations at a community-based early intervention services center. Methods Study methods included 90 parent interviews and dental examinations of their preschool-age children. Results Thirteen percent of the children received optimal preventive care, defined as twice daily tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste and two preventive dental visits in the prior 12 months; 37% experienced care that fell short in both areas. Optimal care was more common among children of parents who reported tooth brushing was not a struggle and those with a personal dentist. Parents' opinion of the study experience was generally positive. Conclusions Few children with special needs receive effective preventive care early, when primary prevention could be achieved. Barriers to optimal care could be readily addressed by the dental community in coordination with early intervention providers.