cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Metabolism of Amphetamine in Tolerant Animals

The physiological and behavioral responses of animals to amphetamine change in a complex way when they are treated chronically with this drug. A marked tolerance develops to many of the peripheral effects of amphetamine (such as hyperthermia and increased blood pressure) and to some effects mediated by the central nervous system (Kosman and Unna, 1968; Brodie, Cho, and Gessa, 1970b). However, potentiation of other aspects of the behavioral response to amphetamine (such as stereotyped behavior and increased locomotor activity) has been observed following chronic administration (Ellinwood, 1971; Ellinwood, Sudilovsky, and Nelson, 1972; Rech, Tilson, and Marquis, 1975; Segal, 1975). The biochemical mechanisms sub-serving these behavioral changes are not well understood. Studies of neurotransmitter mechanisms in animals treated chronically with amphetamine suggest that compensatory reactions of many processes are involved, including increased neurotransmitter synthesis, altered receptor sensitivity, and activation of inhibitory serotonergic pathways (Koda and Gibb, 1973; Mandell and Morgan, 1970; Sparber and Tilson, 1972).
Automated purification and quantification of oligonucleotides.

We have developed automated methods for the trityl-on purification and quantification of synthetic oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotide purification is by solid-phase extraction cartridges using Amber...
Conditioned leg movement in the cat with massed trials, trace conditioning, and weak US intensity.

Six male cats served as subjects in a classical conditioning experiment designed to assess the development of an overt conditioned response with experimental parameters that had been demonstrated to produce conditioning of neuro-electrical activity in immobilized cats. The subjects were physically restrained by means of an adjustable full-body cast during the experimental sessions which consisted of 75 habituation trials (light flash alone) followed by 225 trials with light and shock paired in a trace conditioning manner, and 75 additional extinction trials (light alone). The subjects were divided into two groups, and three different experimental sessions were given to each on three consecutive days. Group I received low US intensity (18 v) conditioning on the first day, high US (45–85 v) conditioning on Day 2 and pseudoconditioning on Day 3. Group II received the same sessions, but in a pseudoconditioning —high US—low US order. The results indicated that a conditioned leg movement was produced when the CS was paired in a trace conditioning fashion with either the high or low intensity shock US. The development of the conditioned leg movement across trials was found to be very similar to that of the conditioned neural activity in a previous study using comparable stimuli and procedures.
Computer extracted measurements of intra-tumoral heterogeneity on H&E stained tissue images to distinguish short term and long term survivors in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma.

e20052Background: Molecular and morphologic heterogeneity is an important characteristic of cancer. This spatial and temporal tumor heterogeneity has important implications on tumor behavior and re...
Biomarkers for Barrett's esophagus - a contemporary review.

Introduction: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has a poor 5-year survival rate (10%–18%), and incidence has increased dramatically in the past three decades. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the precurso...
Working with Transgender and Gender Expansive Youth

Recent decades have brought increased awareness of the diverse mental health needs of transgender and gender expansive youth. Accordingly, interest continues to emerge in developing empirically based affirmative interventions that are specific to these needs. Previously supported treatments informed by Cognitive Behavioral Therapeutic frameworks can be adapted to effectively target a highly unique set of medical and psychosocial challenges relevant to gender-affirmative care. This chapter seeks to explore the current treatment components and associated empirical support of utilizing CBT approaches with transgender and gender expansive youth. Case examples and dialogues will be provided to illustrate implementation of these approaches.
21st Century Virology: Critical Steps

Modernization and refurbishing virology are rapidly advancing as we embark the third decade of the 21st Century. This is needed so as to deepen the impact of the global public health establishment on disease reduction and improvement in well-being. One of the worst global scenarios has occurred, despite alerts and caveats from scientist, namely, global warming, with severe consequences, which promote lower levels of health, lapses in care, vector spread, and provides complementary alternative evolutionary pathways for disease proliferation and progression.
The relationship between obesity and sleep timing behavior, television exposure, and dinnertime among elementary school-age children.

Study Objectives:The daily lifestyle behaviors of children have been shown to be associated with obesity. There are limited studies on the association of sleep timing behavior and body mass index (...
Open Development and Clinical Validation of Multiple 3D-Printed Nasopharyngeal Collection Swabs: Rapid Resolution of a Critical COVID-19 Testing Bottleneck.

ABSTRACT The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a severe international shortage of the nasopharyngeal swabs that are required for collection of optimal specimens, creating a critical bottleneck blocking clinical laboratories’ ability to perform high-sensitivity virological testing for SARS-CoV-2. To address this crisis, we designed and executed an innovative, cooperative, rapid-response translational-research program that brought together health care workers, manufacturers, and scientists to emergently develop and clinically validate new swabs for immediate mass production by 3D printing. We performed a multistep preclinical evaluation of 160 swab designs and 48 materials from 24 companies, laboratories, and individuals, and we shared results and other feedback via a public data repository (http://github.com/rarnaout/Covidswab/). We validated four prototypes through an institutional review board (IRB)-approved clinical trial that involved 276 outpatient volunteers who presented to our hospital’s drive-through testing center with symptoms suspicious for COVID-19. Each participant was swabbed with a reference swab (the control) and a prototype, and SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) results were compared. All prototypes displayed excellent concordance with the control (κ = 0.85 to 0.89). Cycle threshold (CT) values were not significantly different between each prototype and the control, supporting the new swabs’ noninferiority (Mann-Whitney U [MWU] test, P > 0.05). Study staff preferred one of the prototypes over the others and preferred the control swab overall. The total time elapsed between identification of the problem and validation of the first prototype was 22 days. Contact information for ordering can be found at http://printedswabs.org. Our experience holds lessons for the rapid development, validation, and deployment of new technology for this pandemic and beyond.
Nos/otros: poesía de la pandemia, parte 2

Presentacion y comentario de poemas sobre el tema de la pandemia del COVID-19 en America Latina Presentation and comments on poems on the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America
Distributed Computation over MAC via Kolmogorov-Arnold Representation.

Kolmogorov's representation theorem provides a framework for decomposing any arbitrary real-valued, multivariate, and continuous function into a two-layer nested superposition of a finite number of functions. The functions at these two layers, are referred to as the inner and outer functions with the key property that the design of the inner functions is independent of that of the original function of interest to be computed. This brings modularity and universality to the design of the inner function, and subsequently, a part of computation. This paper capitalizes on such modularity and universality in functional representation to propose two frameworks for distributed computation over the additive multiple access channels (MACs). In the first framework, each source encodes the inner representations and sends them over the additive MAC. Subsequently, the receiver computes the outer functions to compute the function of interest. Transmitting the values of the inner functions instead of the messages directly leads to compression gains. In the second approach, in order to further increase the compression rate, the framework aims to also bring computing the outer functions to the source sites. Specifically, each source employs a graph-coloring-based approach to perform joint functional compression of the inner and the outer functions, which may attain further compression savings over the former. These modular encoding schemes provide an exact representation in the asymptotic regime and the non-asymptotic regime. Contrasting these with the baseline model where sources directly transmit data over MAC, we observe gains. To showcase the gains of these two frameworks and their discrepancies, they are applied to a number of commonly used computations in distributed systems, e.g., computing products, $\ell_m$-norms, polynomial functions, extremum values of functions, and affine transformations.
Plate tectonics and Earth’s magnetism: a personal viewpoint

This is a brief description of the theory of Plate Tectonics, a new method of looking at Earth’s geological evolution developed in the 1960s. The observations that led to the concepts of plate tectonics, sea floor spreading and continental drift are reviewed, with emphasis on studies of the Earth’s magnetic field and its reversal properties. Data on seismology, topography of the ocean floor, the nature of the oceanic crust, and the loss of heat from the ocean floor are also discussed.
UV Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 across the UVC Spectrum: KrCl* Excimer, Mercury-Vapor, and Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) Sources.

Effective disinfection technology to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can help reduce viral transmission during the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic and in the future. UV devices emitting UVC irradiation (200 to 280 nm) have proven to be effective for virus disinfection, but limited information is available for SARS-CoV-2 due to the safety requirements of testing, which is limited to biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratories. In this study, inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in thin-film buffered aqueous solution (pH 7.4) was determined across UVC irradiation wavelengths of 222 to 282 nm from krypton chloride (KrCl*) excimers, a low-pressure mercury-vapor lamp, and two UVC light-emitting diodes. Our results show that all tested UVC devices can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2, among which the KrCl* excimer had the best disinfection performance (i.e., highest inactivation rate). The inactivation rate constants of SARS-CoV-2 across wavelengths are similar to those for murine hepatitis virus (MHV) from our previous investigation, suggesting that MHV can serve as a reliable surrogate of SARS-CoV-2 with a lower BSL requirement (BSL2) during UV disinfection tests. This study provides fundamental information on UVC's action on SARS-CoV-2 and guidance for achieving reliable disinfection performance with UVC devices. IMPORTANCE UV light is an effective tool to help stem the spread of respiratory viruses and protect public health in commercial, public, transportation, and health care settings. For effective use of UV, there is a need to determine the efficiency of different UV wavelengths in killing pathogens, specifically SARS-CoV-2, to support efforts to control the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic and future coronavirus-caused respiratory virus pandemics. We found that SARS-CoV-2 can be inactivated effectively using a broad range of UVC wavelengths, and 222 nm provided the best disinfection performance. Interestingly, 222-nm irradiation has been found to be safe for human exposure up to thresholds that are beyond those effective for inactivating viruses. Therefore, applying UV light from KrCl* excimers in public spaces can effectively help reduce viral aerosol or surface-based transmissions.
It's Always Somebody's Paris: An Examination of Place in Nonfiction Writing

IT’S ALWAYS SOMEBODY’S PARIS: AN EXAMINATION OF PLACE IN NONFICTION WRITING By Jessica E. Sculthorpe A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. Director: Dr. Elizabeth Hodges, Associate Professor, English Department This thesis examines the importance of place in nonfiction writing, using both the author’s personal experience as a student in Paris and the writings of other Americans in Paris, including members of the Lost Generation. The first two chapters examine the author’s experience as a young student in Paris. The third and fourth chapters contain the author’s reflection on the process of writing the thesis and an examination of the ways in which other writers have written about Paris in their own nonfiction writing.
Membrane Protein Insertion and Stability

The translocon is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that has the dual ability to insert a newly synthesized polypeptide chain into a cell membrane or secrete it across a cell membrane. This process has been exploited to assess the energetics of transmembrane-helices, as described in two recent studies by the von Heijne and White groups (published here and elsewhere). In a Perspective, MacKinnon discusses the implications of this work for membrane protein structure and function.
HAWSIM simulation of social services

This paper describes one aspect of a large developmental effort to convert and apply the full range of systems technology to community mental health programs. Community mental health is treated functionally as the delivery of health and welfare services which currently operates as a fragmented aggregate of unrelated means. In the attempt to design more efficient health and welfare systems, simulation models are built and subjected to perturbation analyses. HAWSIM, an acronym for Health And Welfare SIMulation was developed specifically as a problem oriented discrete event simulation language to build these models as a tool for management evaluation and program planning of public social services. The developmental history and application of HAWSIM are described including a brief overview of some of the problems in simulating social systems.
Germanium Nanocrystals Embedded in Sapphire

{sup 74}Ge nanocrystals are formed in a sapphire matrix by ion implantation followed by damage. Embedded nanocrystals experience large compressive stress relative to bulk, as embedded in sapphire melt very close to the bulk melting point (Tm = 936 C) whereas experience considerably lower stresses. Also, in situ TEM reveals that nanocrystals ion-beam-synthesized nanocrystals embedded in silica are observed to be spherical and measured by Raman spectroscopy of the zone center optical phonon. In contrast, reveals that the nanocrystals are faceted and have a bi-modal size distribution. Notably, the matrix remains crystalline despite the large implantation dose and corresponding thermal annealing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of as-grown samples those embedded in silica exhibit a significant melting point hysteresis around T{sub m}.
Structural and sequence elements important for recognition of Escherichia coli formylmethionine tRNA by methionyl-tRNA transformylase are clustered in the acceptor stem.

We show that the structure and/or sequence of the first three base pairs at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA and the discriminator base 73 are important for its formylation by E. coli methionyl-tRNA transformylase. This conclusion is based on mutagenesis of the E. coli initiator tRNA gene followed by measurement of kinetic parameters for formylation of the mutant tRNAs in vitro and function in protein synthesis in vivo. The first base pair found at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem in all other tRNAs is replaced by a C.A. "mismatch" in E. coli initiator tRNA. Mutation of this C.A. to U:A, a weak base pair, or U.G., a mismatch, has little effect on formylation, whereas mutation to C:G, a strong base pair, has a dramatic effect lowering Vmax/Kappm by 495-fold. Mutation of the second basepair G2:C71 to U2:A71 lowers Vmax/Kappm by 236-fold. Replacement of the third base-pair C3:G70 by U3:A70, A3:U70, or G3:C70 lowers Vmax/Kappm by about 67-, 27-, and 30-fold, respectively. Changes in the rest of the acceptor stem, dihydrouridine stem, anticodon stem, anticodon sequence, and T psi C stem have little or no effect on formylation.
An H/sub infinity / governor exciter controller design for a power system

The application of H/sub infinity / optimal control theory to the design of a supplementary excitation and governor control system to improve the stability and performance robustness of an electric power system is examined. This study is based on a single-machine, infinite-bus system. The effectiveness of the proposed controller was investigated using simulation of the nonlinear model. The simulation results show that the controlled system is robust in the face of different types of disturbances to which a power system can be subject, such as changes in voltage or power reference level, and three-phase short circuit at the infinite bus terminal. >
Developments in Anti-Trafficking Efforts: 2008–2011

Human trafficking has drawn increasing public attention since the early 2000s, accompanied by significant developments in anti-trafficking efforts (ATEs) around the world. Focusing on ATE developments since 2008, this article provides statistical data on 586 governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental agencies and organizations engaged in ATE, including their geographical bases and areas of operation, and the types of trafficking and victims on which these actors’ ATEs are focused. Second, this article analyzes changes between 2008 and 2011 in the prevalence and robustness of eight types of ATEs: (a) research; (b) policy advocacy; (c) awareness-raising; (d) prevention; (e) intervention; (f) law enforcement; (g) restoration; and (h) equipping. Data for this developmental analysis were gathered through an 85-measure structured content analysis of the Web sites from a panel of approximately 150 geographically diverse agencies and organizations, sampled purposively from a pool of over 586 actors. Fin...
Diagnostic indicators for shipboard systems using non-intrusive load monitoring

Field studies have demonstrated that the non-intrusive load monitor (NILM) can effectively evaluate the state of many electromechanical systems by analyzing the electrical power that they draw. This paper discusses NILM applications in the marine environment. Machinery power data collected from USCGC SENECA (WMEC-906), a 270-foot U.S. Coast Guard cutter, indicates that the NILM can successfully diagnose the failure of flexible couplings and the presence of leaks in cycling systems. This paper discusses both of these shipboard problems, and it details the methodology used to develop the metrics that diagnose them.
Characterization of VSG gene expression site promoters and promoter-associated DNA rearrangement events.

Abstract The expressed variant cell surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene of Trypanosoma brucei is located at the 3' end of a large, telomeric, polycistronic transcription unit or expression site. We show that the region 45 kb upstream of the VSG gene, in the expression site on a 1.5-Mb chromosome, contains at least two promoters that are arranged in tandem, directing the transcription of the expression site. DNA rearrangement events occur specifically, at inactivation of the expression site, and these events delete the most upstream transcribed region and replace it with a large array of simple-sequence DNA, leaving the downstream promoter intact. Because of the placement of simple-sequence DNA, the remaining downstream promoter now becomes structurally identical to previously described VSG promoters. The downstream promoter is repetitive in the genome, since it is present at several different expression sites. Restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping allows grouping of the expression sites into two families, those with and those without an upstream transcription unit, and the DNA rearrangement events convert the expression sites from one type to the other. Deletion of the upstream transcription unit also leads to the loss of several steady-state RNAs. The findings may indicate a role for promoter-associated DNA rearrangement events, and/or interactions between tandemly arranged promoters, in expression site transcriptional control.
Relationship between renal perfusion pressure and blood flow in different regions of the kidney

The present study examined the autoregulation of blood flow in different regions of the renal cortex and medulla in volume-expanded or hydropenic anesthetized rats. Blood flow was measured in the whole kidney by electromagnetic flowmetry, in the superficial cortex with implanted fibers and external probes for laser-Doppler flowmetry, and in the deep cortex and inner and outer medulla with implanted fibers for laser-Doppler flowmetry. At renal perfusion pressure > 100 mmHg, renal blood flow, superficial cortical blood flow, and deep cortical blood flow were all very well autoregulated in both volume-expanded and hydropenic rats. Inner and outer medullary blood flow were also well autoregulated in hydropenia, but blood flow in these regions was very poorly autoregulated in volume-expanded animals. As renal perfusion pressure was decreased below 100 mmHg in volume-expanded and hydropenic animals, renal blood flow, superficial and deep cortical blood flow, and inner and outer medullary blood flow all decreased. The results of these experiments demonstrate that blood flow in both the inner and outer portions of the renal medulla of the kidney is poorly autoregulated in volume-expanded rats but well autoregulated in hydropenic animals. In contrast, blood flow in all regions of the renal cortex is well autoregulated in both volume-expanded and hydropenic animals. These results suggest that changes in resistance in the postglomerular circulation of deep nephrons are responsible for the poor autoregulation of medullary blood flow in volume expansion despite well autoregulated cortical blood flow.
On the axiomatic foundations of circuit theory

This paper presents a set of fundamental axioms, which establish circuit theory as a purely mathematical discipline.
Transferring structural markup across translations using multilingual alignment and projection

We present here a method for automatically projecting structural information across translations, including canonical citation structure (such as chapters and sections), speaker information, quotations, markup for people and places, and any other element in TEI-compliant XML that delimits spans of text that are linguistically symmetrical in two languages. We evaluate this technique on two datasets, one containing perfectly transcribed texts and one containing errorful OCR, and achieve an accuracy rate of 88.2% projecting 13,023 XML tags from source documents to their transcribed translations, with an 83.6% accuracy rate when projecting to texts containing uncorrected OCR. This approach has the potential to allow a highly granular multilingual digital library to be bootstrapped by applying the knowledge contained in a small, heavily curated collection to a much larger but unstructured one.
Teaching and Learning: The Critical Balance in Effective Education

This lecture addresses the balance between teaching and learning and explores the notion that “we teach too much and our students learn too little.” Research in the areas of teaching and learning, in addition to personal experience in construction education, are used to show how appropriate teaching styles and a learner centered approach can be combined to improve learning and reinforce the belief that the true goal of education should be to produce self-motivated, independent lifelong learners. Data from an informal study of student perceptions are presented to show that much is achieved when faculty make it possible for students to be independent active learners and accept responsibility for their own learning.
Dexamethasone stimulates endothelin-1 gene expression in renal collecting duct cells

Aldosterone stimulates the endothelin-1 gene (Edn1) in renal collecting duct (CD) cells by a mechanism involving the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The goal of the present study was to determine if the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone affected Edn1 gene expression and to characterize GR binding patterns to an element in the Edn1 promoter. Dexamethasone (1μM) induced a 4-fold increase in Edn1 mRNA in mIMCD-3 inner medullary CD cells. Similar results were obtained from cortical collecting duct-derived mpkCCD(c14) cells. RU486 inhibition of GR completely blocked dexamethasone action on Edn1. Similarly, 24h transfection of siRNA against GR reduced Edn1 expression by approximately 50%. However, blockade of MR with either spironolactone or siRNA had little effect on dexamethasone induction of Edn1. Cotransfection of MR and GR siRNAs together had no additive effect compared to GR-siRNA alone. The results indicate that dexamethasone acts on Edn1 exclusively through GR and not MR. DNA affinity purification studies revealed that either dexamethasone or aldosterone resulted in GR binding to the same hormone response element in the Edn1Edn1 promoter. The Edn1 hormone response element contains three important sequence segments. Mutational analysis revealed that one of these segments is particularly important for modulating MR and GR binding to the Edn1 hormone response element.
Preparing Middle Grades Educators to Teach about World Cultures: An Interdisciplinary Approach

With the realities of standards-based accountability, it is imperative to model and demonstrate for students how subject areas and teaching methods transcend across traditional boundaries. In an effort to prepare future social studies educators to teach for global awareness and to meaningfully integrate critical literacy skills into their instruction, we initiated a collaborative model in our university's middle grades teacher education program with language arts and social studies methods courses. The development of cultural competency not only provides preservice teachers with the knowledge of diverse populations but also enables them to have an increased ability to affirm the cultures of others.
Philosophy of modern music

Translator's Introduction Preface Introduction Schoenberg and Progress Stravinsky and Restoration Notes.
Numerical prediction of ceiling jet temperature profiles during ceiling heating using empirical velocity profiles and turbulent continuity and energy equations

Abstract Transient development of temperature profiles of an unconfined ceiling jet, induced by a constant fire source, are modeled using the Favre-averaged turbulent continuity and energy equations using Prandtl mixing length along with the equation of state. The primary motivation is to examine if one can use existing empirical velocity profiles to obtain temperature profiles, during the transient heating, as well as the vertical component of velocity of the ceiling jet and thus use these transient ceiling jet temperature profiles in room fire models. The numerical predictions show that the approach is promising, however, the agreement with the experimental data (two different heights of 1·0 and 0·5 m) suffers near the ceiling. The numerical results generally under-predict the 1·0 m case and over-predict the 0·5 m case.
Developmental Effects on Children Suffering Disruption from Paternal Loss in Infancy

This article discusses selected consequences and responses of infants and children to paternal loss through demise or divorce. The authors integrate various developmental theories in analyzing the infant's or child's attempts to cope when faced with paternal loss. Developmental stage mastery of an infant or child may be disrupted by profound loss such as paternal death. Subsequent experiences following the disruption, such as the depressed state of the grieving maternal figure, may further impair the coping effectiveness of the infant or child.
Renal epithelial hyperplastic and neoplastic proliferation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

The early v late occurrence of tubular epithelial hyperplasia and the frequency and malignant potential of renal neoplasms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are controversial. The kidneys from 87 patients with documented or presumed ADPKD, removed at autopsy (n = 49) or prior to transplantation (n = 38), were thoroughly sectioned and examined. Hyperplastic polyps were found in 90.8% of the patients, even in the absence of renal insufficiency or marked renal enlargement. However, their number was significantly higher in the patients with advanced stages of the disease, and especially in those with a history of dialysis. Hyperplastic polyps were not detected in eight cases, seven of which had no evidence of epithelial hyperplasia, despite thorough examination of multiple sections. A total of 42 neoplasms were observed in 24.1 % of the patients. One patient had bilateral low-grade clear cell adenocarcinoma. Another patient had a transitional cell neoplasm. The remaining 39 neoplasms were microscopic adenomas. Neoplasms tended to occur more often in men and older patients. None of these neoplasms had been clinically diagnosed, and no metastasis had occurred. Nonneoplastic mass lesions were observed in two patients: one had malacoplakia and the other had xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
Multilevel covariance structure analysis of sibling substance use and intrafamily conflict

Conventional covariance structure analysis, such as factor analysis, is often applied to data that are obtained in a hierarchical fashion, such as siblings observed within families. A more appropriate specification is demonstrated which explicitly models the within-level and between-level covariance matrices of sibling substance use and intrafamily conflict. Participants were 267 target adolescents (mean age=13.11 years) and 318 siblings (mean age=15.03 years). The level of homogeneity within sibling clusters, and heterogeneity among families, was sufficient to conduct a multilevel covariance structure analysis (MCA). Parental and family-level variables consisting of marital status, socioeconomic status, marital discord, parent use, and modeling of substances were used to explain heterogeneity among families. Marital discord predicted intrafamily conflict, and parent marital status and modeling of substances predicted sibling substance use. Advantages and uses of hierarchical designs and conventional covariance structure software for multilevel data are discussed.
The effect of topical application of carcinogens on the palatal mucosa of the hamster.

Abstract Carcinogenic hydrocarbons 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene and 3,4-benzpyrene were respectively applied to the palatal mucosae, cheek pouches, and ears of two groups of forty hamsters each. Malignant neoplasia was elicited in 54, 100, and 100 per cent of the respective tissues of survivors when the former compound was used, and in 16, 94, and 100 per cent with the latter. These results indicate susceptibility of the intraoral mucosa to chemical carcinogenesis, although salivary flow may have tempered the response somewhat when compared to the incidence of pouch and ear lesions. The presence of induced carcinoma in two tissues (palate and pouch) which possess no physiologic or pathologic portal of entry leads one to question the importance of this factor in experimental oral carcinogenesis.
Mindfulness and self-acceptance

The present article will focus on the cognitive theory of mindfulness and its importance in achieving unconditional self-acceptance. The goal of the mindful perspective is to increase cognitive flexibility and to thereby increase behavioral flexibility and the ability to adapt to one’s current environment in a meaningful manner. Empirical evidence spanning four decades attests to the beneficial effects of a mindful vs. mindless perspective. The article will focus on the following aspects of mindfulness as they apply to self-acceptance: the importance of authenticity, the tyranny of evaluation, the benefits of mistakes, the mindlessness of social comparison, the trap of rigid categories, and the acceptance of self as a mindful choice. The article concludes with a number of mindfulness applications geared toward enhancing self-acceptance.
Critical two-phase flow

Abstract An overview of theories of critical flow, and the supporting evidence, is presented. It is argued that there is a diminishing return from increased theoretical complexity and that in many practical situations the problem is not sufficiently well defined to merit an elaborate approach. If basic scientific understanding is to be improved, detailed experiments will be required with control over certain conditions, such as the size and number of bubble nuclei, that are usually poorly known in practice.
Time series change detection using segmentation: A case study for land cover monitoring

Segmentation of a time series attempts to divide it into homogeneous subsequences, such that each of these segments are different from each other. A typical segmentation framework involves selecting a model that is used to represent the segment. In this paper, we investigate segmentation scores based on difference between models and propose two approaches for normalizing the difference based score. The first approach uses permutation testing to assign a p-value to model difference. The second approach builds on bootstrapping methodology used in statistics which estimates the null distribution of complex statistics whose standard errors are not analytically derivable by generating alternative versions of the data by a resampling strategy. More specifically, given a time series with either a single or two segments, we propose a method to estimate the distribution of model difference statistic for each segment. The proposed approach allows normalizing model difference statistic when complex models are being used in the segmentation algorithm. We study the strengths and weaknesses of the two normalizing approaches in the context of characteristics of land cover data such as seasonality and noise using synthetic and real data sets. We show that relative performance of normalization approaches can vary significantly depending on the characteristics of the data. We illustrate the utility of these approaches for detection of deforestation in Mato Grosso (Brazil).
Cast vs. wrought cobalt‐chromium surgical implant alloys

The measured tensile and fatigue strengths of wrought and heat-treated cobalt chromium-molybdenum-carbon alloys such as HS21 were found to be more than twice those of as cast alloys of the same composition. The resistance of wrought HS21 to crevice corrosion at metal-Teflon contacts in isotonic salt solution at 37 degrees C was found to be considerably greater than that of cast HS21, wrought HS25, wrought MP35, or 316L stainless steel which are currently used for surgical implants. The increased crevice corrosion resistance and mechanical strength of wrought HS21 as compared to as cast HS21 was attributed to greater chemical and structural homogeneity as well as to finer grain size and distribution of secondary phases. Fabrication of shaped implants from wrought HS21 is possible by techniques currently used for the fabrication of industrial parts from other wrought cobalt-chromium base alloys.
Entrapment of subvalvular mitral tissue causing intermittent failure of a St Jude mitral prosthesis.

Abstract Frequently portions of the mitral valve and sub-valvular apparatus are left intact during mitral valve replacement to help preserve left ventricular function. We describe a patient with paroxysmal congestive heart failure caused by intermittent entrapment of the subvalvular apparatus in the pro-sthesis, preventing complete valve closure. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:1121-3.)
Unreliable queueing systems

Abstract In this paper we analyze an unreliable queueing system that services customers. The service facility may have one or more identical servers that are subject to random breakdowns and repairs. The infinitesimal generator of the underlying Markov process has a block tri-diagonal structure. We demonstrate the computational tractability of an unreliable queueing system by the matrix geometric method.
Computing Fibonacci numbers quickly

Abstract We investigate the running time of several algorithms to compute the nth element of the Fibonacci sequence. Since the nth Fibonacci number grows exponentially with n, the number of bit operations instead of the number of integer operations was used as the unit of time. The number of bit operations used to compute fnof;n was reduced to less than 1 2 of the number of bit operations used to multiply two n-bit numbers. Our fastest algorithm is based on calculating Fibonacci numbers as the product of Lucas numbers.
Preservation of data for Earth system science - Towards a content standard

Various remote sensing agencies of the world have created a data rich environment for research and applications over the last three decades. Especially over the last decade, the volume and variety of data useful for Earth system science have increased quite rapidly. One of the key purposes of collecting these data and generating useful digital products containing derived geophysical parameters is to study the long-term trends in the Earth's behavior. Long-term observational data and derived products are essential for validating results from models that predict the future behavior of the Earth system. Given the significant resources expended in gathering the observational data and developing the derived products, it is important to preserve them for the benefit of future generations of users. Preservation involves maintaining the bits with no loss (or loss within scientifically acceptable bounds) as they move across systems as well as over time, ensuring readability over time, and providing for long-term understandability and repeatability of previously obtained results. In order to ensure long-term understandability and repeatability, it is necessary to identify all items of content that must be preserved and plan for such preservation. This paper discusses the need for a standard enumerating and describing such content items and reports on the progress made by NASA and the Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP Federation) in the U.S. towards such a standard.
Evaluation of the profitability of a new precision fungicide application system for strawberry production

This study evaluates farm-level risk and profitability of a new web-based expert system developed for precision fungicide management for strawberry production in a humid and warm climate. The Strawberry Advisory System (SAS) examined in this study allows for a temporally-variable, weather-dependent fungicide application to manage anthracnose and Botrytis fruit rot diseases in strawberry production in the southern United States (U.S.) and specifically Florida. Using results from six-year production trials combined with historical state-level data, we simulate the distribution of the ten-year net present value (NPV) of profits for SAS-based and traditional Calendar-based strawberry fungicide management. The joint probability distributions of yields and sale prices driven by weather variability are modeled with Monte Carlo stochastic simulation. The new expert system is estimated to significantly reduce crop losses (23.7% on average for anthracnose and 20% for Botrytis) and decrease fungicide use (47% on average for anthracnose and 49% for Botrytis), while increasing profit 41.6% on average in the case of anthracnose and 16.8% for Botrytis. Although the use of the new expert system increases the variability of yield and profit, SAS significantly increases both yield and profit compared to those of Calendar-based method. Based on the risk-adjusted profitability analysis, SAS is a preferred method of fungicide application. Assuming a representative Florida strawberry farm of 10.5 hectares (26 acres), the value of SAS is estimated on average to be $1.76 million for anthracnose and $0.89 million for Botrytis, over a ten-year horizon of use. SAS fungi management is a viable and practical decision-support system for fungicide application that can increase profit, and potentially reduce the environmental footprint from strawberry production. It can add significant economic value to the strawberry producer in the United States and in other countries.
Heat Transfer Coefficients for Tubes Submerged in Circulating Fluidized Bed

Convective heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for a tube immersed vertically in a circulating fluidized bed. Circulating fluidized beds operate in the dilute transport regime of two-phase (solid/gas) flow. The dominant mechanism for heat transfer to surfaces is particle-induced convection. In this study, experiments were carried out in a circulating fluidized bed of15 cm diameter and 11 m height. An instrumented tube of 9.5 mm diameter and 1.3 m length was placed vertically at the centeriine of the fluidized bed to measure convective heat transfer coefficients at several different elevations in the bed. Three types of particles, with mean diameters ranging from 68 to 2S1 urn, were used in the experiments at superficial gas velocities in the range of 1.3 to 8.2 m/s. Results showed that the convective heat transfer coefficients with solid/gas two-phase circulation were two to three times greater than those for single-phase gas convection at the same velocity. For a given gas velocity, t...
Influence of transition metal overlayers on the perpendicular magnetism of MBE-grown Co films

Abstract We have used in situ polar Kerr effect measurements to probe the magnetic behavior of MBE-grown Co films with and without overlayers of various non-magnetic transition metals (TM = Ag, Cu, Pd). We find a large peak in the coercivity, H c , near 2 A overlayer coverage for Ag and Cu.
Ionic association: A laser-raman study in the fuoss-onsager dilute-solution range

In this communication an investigation is reported in which ion-pair formation is sensed quantitatively by the laser-Raman technique using as the model electrolyte system solutions of AgNO3 in acetonitrile. The measurements were extended to the dilute-solution range in an attempt to intercompare the results forKa with those calculated from conductance studies and the Fuoss-Onsager theory of conductance. The highest dilution attained in the spectroscopic studies was in the region of 10⩼−3M. In the region of concentration overlap, it is found that the values forKa from the present laser-Raman studies and from the Fuoss-Onsager theory of conductance are, respectively, 84±14 and 70.3±1.2; corresponding values for the ion-size parameteraj fall in the range of 3.1–4.0 A. The latter are examined relative to the predictions spectroscopically for contact-ion pair formation at these high dilutions.
Modified extended Kalman filtering and a real-time parallel algorithm for system parameter identification

A modification of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm, which is called MEKF for short, it introduced. The modification is achieved by an improved linearization procedure. For this purpose, a parallel computational scheme is recommended, and it has immediate applications to identifying unknown system parameters of time-varying, linear, stochastic state-space models in real time. It should be noted that just like the EKF, the MEKF is also ad hoc in the sense that it is a real-time approximation method. Numerical examples with computer simulation are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure as compared to the EKF algorithm. >
MAP-mediated nuclear delivery of a cargo protein

Radiolabeled cytochrome c (Cyt c), either as a free protein or as cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-conjugates, was tested for cellular uptake and nuclear transport in Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and HeLa cells. Conjugation of Cyt c with either the amphipathic peptide model amphipathic peptide (MAP) or the cationic peptide oligoarginine via a disulfide linkage significantly increased the total internalization and nuclear localization of Cyt c in both cell lines, though to a greater extent following conjugation with MAP. The nuclear localization was also evaluated qualitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CLSM images depicted high amounts of colocalization of fluorescently labeled Cyt c-MAP and the nucleus in HEK293 cells. In addition, prevention of disulfide reduction at the cell surface, or comparison of reducible disulfide or non-reducible thioether MAP-conjugates, showed that maintenance of an intact conjugate using a stable linkage enhanced MAP-mediated nuclear delivery. Furthermore, nuclear transport of the MAP-cargo conjugate appears to be dependent on vesicle fusion events following internalization via endocytosis. The findings presented in this report demonstrate the MAP-mediated transport of a small protein such as Cyt c into the nuclear compartment, which can be used to improve current CPP-cargo delivery of macromolecules with nuclear biological functions.
The Compatibility of A Priori Knowledge and Empirical Defeasibility: A Defense of a Modest A Priori

L'A. repond a la critique radicale d'une conception modeste de la justification a priori, d'une part, et montre que celle-ci est suffisante pour garantir la connaissance a priori, d'autre part. Examinant les notions de defaisabilite et indefaisabilite empiriques en reference a D. Summerfield et P. Kitcher, l'A. defend une conception externaliste del a garantie a priori.
Case-based approach to handling aircraft malfunctions

Reasoning about physical systems in operation is a difficult task, and any attempt to automate the process must overcome the problems of modeling normal behavior, diagnosing faults, and predicting future behavior. This paper describes a prototypical case-based reasoner (CBR) that operates in the domain of in-flight fault diagnosis and prognosis of aviation subsystems, particularly jet engines. The reasoner operates on the observation that the ability of a CBR program to reason about physical systems can be significantly enhanced by the addition to the CBR program of a model of the physical system to describe the system's structural, functional, and causal behavior.
Towards Efficacy-Centered Game Design Patterns For Brain Injury Rehabilitation: A Data-Driven Approach

Games are often used in brain injury (BI) therapy sessions to help motivate patients to engage in rehabilitation activities. In this paper, we explore game design patterns as a mechanism to help game designers understand needs in BI therapy. Design patterns, originating from the work of Christopher Alexander, aim to provide a common language to support the creative work of designers by documenting solutions that have successful addressed recurring design problems. Through analyzing data we gathered on the use of commercial games in BI therapy, we generated a list of 14 'efficacy-centered game design patterns' that focused on game design considerations when addressing therapeutic goals in BI rehabilitation. We argue that our patterns can serve as a common language to support the design of BI rehabilitation games; additionally, our data-driven approach sets up a paradigm for generating game design patterns in related areas.