cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Enrollment in Lecture and Laboratory Enhances Student Performance and Retention.

Laboratories have been a cornerstone in teaching and learning across multiple scientific disciplines for more than 100 years. At the collegiate level, science laboratories and their corresponding lectures are often offered as separate courses, and students may not be required to concurrently enroll in both. In this study, we provide evidence that enrolling in an introductory laboratory concurrently with the corresponding lecture course enhances learning gains and retention in comparison to students who enroll in the lecture alone. We examined the impact of concurrent versus nonconcurrent enrollment on 9,438 students' withdrawal rates from and final grades in the general chemistry lecture at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor using multiple linear and binary logistic regression analyses, respectively, at a significance level of 0.05. We found that concurrent enrollment in the lecture and laboratory positively impacts (1) the odds of retention in the lecture by 2.2 times on average and (2) final lecture grades by up to 0.19 grade points on a 4.0 scale for the lowest-scoring students according to university-level mathematics and chemistry placement exam scores. These data provide important results for consideration by curriculum advisors and course planners at universities that do not require concurrent enrollment in general chemistry as well as other science courses. In the face of current budget cuts that threaten to shorten or eliminate laboratory experiences altogether at multiple educational levels, this study demonstrates the value of laboratories in promoting science learning and retention. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 659–682, 2012
What cancer is teaching us about cellular metabolism

Past metabolic studies have focused on terminally differentiated cells. These studies suggested that cells maintain bioenergetics through cell-autonomous uptake of available extracellular nutrients, including glucose, lipids, and amino acids, and feeding the catabolites of these nutrients into the TCA cycle. However, recent studies using different mammalian cell types have led to the discovery that mammalian cells lack the cell autonomous ability to take up nutrients. When cultured in the absence of receptor ligands, mammalian cells lack the ability to take up sufficient nutrients to sustain ATP synthesis. In mammalian cells the uptake of extracellular nutrients is directed by growth factor signaling. Cellular dependence on ligand-directed nutrient uptake establishes a mechanism by which all cells in multicellular organisms might be rendered dependent on receptor dependent signals for survival. In addition, the receptors that direct nutrient uptake, when maximally stimulated, can direct a cell to take up glucose in excess of its needs. The major oncogenic determinants of glucose uptake are receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K, Akt, and TOR. Their activation results in the conversion of intermediate metabolism to aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg Effect). The net effect of this metabolism is a diversion of available amino acids into protein synthesis and the establishment of an alternative mitochondrial/ cytoplasmic citric acid cycle that converts glucose into lipids. Although cell growth can be supported effectively by aerobic glycolysis, the conversion from growth to proliferation relies on a cell’s ability to switch from glucose to glutamine for the support of bioenergetics. The oncogene myc has recently been implicated in this conversion. This conversion allows glucose metabolites to be redirected into the pentose phosphate shunt and into serine biosynthesis to support nucleotide production and the maintenance of cellular redox. A role for intracellular metabolites in oncogenic signaling and cellular differentiation has also been recently suggested through studies of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase mutations in cancer. The discovery of cancer-associated mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 that produce a novel metabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate, provides the most compelling example of this principle to date. The implications of these recent findings to carcinogenesis and to the development of novel therapeutics for cancer treatment will be discussed.
Seasonal trends of heart failure hospitalizations in the United States: A national perspective from 2000 to 2011 ☆

[1] Muntinghe FL, Verduijn M, Zuurman MW, et al. CCR5 deletion protects against inflammation-associated mortality in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol Jul 2009;20(7):1641–9. [2] Hutter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, et al. Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/ Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med Feb 12 2009;360(7):692–8. [3] Afzal Ali R, Kiechl Stefan, Daryani Yousef P, et al. Common CCR5-del32 frameshift mutation associated with serum levels of inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease risk in the Bruneck population. Stroke Jul 2008;39(7):1972–8. [4] Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, et al. Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. Circulation Sep 27 2005;112(13):1965–70. [5] Rossol M, Pierer M, Arnold S, et al. Negative association of the chemokine receptor CCR5 d32 polymorphism with systemic inflammatory response, extra-articular symptoms and joint erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11(3): R91. [6] Muntinghe FL, Gross S, Bakker SJ, et al. CCR5Delta32 genotype is associated with outcome in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract Nov 2009;86(2):140–5.
An energy release rate criterion for mixed mode fracture

The initial energy release rate for a branch crack propagating at an arbitrary angle from an existing crack tip is obtained in a simple fashion and in closed form by using a continuity assumption. It is then postulated that the branch crack propagates in the direction which causes the energy release rate to be a maximum and that initiation occurs when the value of this release rate reaches a critical value. It is shown that these postulates yield results identical to the maximum stress theory, since the direction in which the maximum circumferential stress occurs is also the direction causing the maximum energy release rate.
Microwave dielectric properties of layered perovskite A2B2O7 single-crystal fibers

Abstract Single-crystal fibers of the layered perovskite A 2 B 2 O 7 (A=La, Nd, Ca, B=Ti, Nb) family were grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth technique. The dielectric constant and loss at 9 GHz were measured by a perturbation waveguide technique. The Nd 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Ca 2 Nb 2 O 7 exhibited low losses, below 0.0009. The single-crystal fiber geometry is well suited to the waveguide measurement technique and offers a rapid evaluation of the microwave dielectric properties of a range of materials.
A surface penning ionization study of NH3 on Ni(111)

Abstract Surface Penning ionization electron spectroscopy was used to investigate the properties of chemisorbed and condensed multilayers of ammonia on Ni(111). We find that the Penning spectroscopy of chemisorbed ammonia provides similar information to ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy: we detect emission from the 3a 1 and 1e molecular orbitals of NH 3 . We also find a new peak which we assign to emission from Ni sites whose local work function differs from that of the clean Ni(111) surface. The Penning spectrum of condensed ammonia layers is similar to that of chemisorbed ammonia, but has higher intensity and different peak intensity ratios. Possible reasons for this behavior are suggested. Penning studies of NH 3 adsorbed on a Ni(111) surface precovered with hydrogen or oxygen show that the precoverage does not substantially modify the ammonia spectrum.
Comparison of statistical methods for separating iron deficient from sufficient soils

Abstract Two correlation data sets for the DTPA soil test and one for the NH4HCO3‐DTPA soil test were used to evaluate various soil test correlation methods. Visual, graphical, Mitscherlich, Chi‐square, optimum predictive value, and two‐ and three‐class analysis of variance methods were compared. Critical levels were identified for each method and transition or marginal zones were determined for those methods which facilitate their identification. Critical levels ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 ppm NH4HCO3‐DTPA extractable iron and from 3.5 to 4.8 ppm DTPA extractable iron. Generally, transitional zones were very similar for all methods with both soil tests. Based on these results the Chi‐square method, supported by visual and/or graphical methods, is recommended because of their simplicity and ability to identify transition or marginal zones.
Anti-idiotypic antibodies bear the internal image of a human tumor antigen

Goat antibodies to idiotypes (anti-idiotypic antibodies; Ab2) that recognize an idiotype associated with the combining site of a BALB/c mouse IgG2a monoclonal antibody (Ab1) to human gastric carcinoma were used to immunize BALB/c mice and rabbits. A monoclonal anti-anti-idiotypic antibody (Ab3) of IgG1 isotype was obtained after immunization of mice. The Ab3 and the Ab1 showed identical binding specificities and bound with similar avidities to the same tumor antigen. The induction of Ab1-like Ab3 by Ab2 was not restricted to mice, since Ab3 could also be induced in rabbits. Both the mouse- and the rabbit-derived Ab3 bound the same gastrointestinal cancer-associated antigen as Ab1. These findings indicate that Ab2 induced the formation of antigen-specific Ab3, probably because it bears the internal image of the tumor-associated antigen. This Ab2 may therefore have potential for modulating the immune response of cancer patients to their tumors.
Influence of lifestyle and evaluative criteria for apparel on information search among non-employed female consumers

This study was designed to investigate the influence of lifestyle and apparel evaluative criteria on information search in apparel purchasing decisions among non-employed female consumers. A random sample of non-employed female consumers (n = 476) was collected via a self-administered questionnaire mailed across the nation. Principal Components Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation was used to reduce the number of lifestyle, evaluative criteria, and information search activity items. As a result of Stepwise Multiple Regression Analyses, it was found that relationships existed among evaluative criteria, lifestyle, and informarion search patterns. Search profiles were developed to describe the four consumer information search patterns in terms of their lifestyle and evaluative criteria. Results will benefit consumers, marketers, and legislators because an understanding of consumer information seeking activities is essential in the design of efficient communication among these three groups.
Innovative Framework for Orbital Debris Mitigation through Satellite Rejuvenation

This paper presents a conceptual framework for orbital debris mitigation through satellite rejuvenation. Instead of developing complex robotic technologies, the concept focuses on relatively simple use of inspection and rejuvenation module designs. Our approach would inspect the dysfunctional satellite, and rejuvenate it if it is found to be serviceable. Otherwise, the approach would deorbit the dysfunctional satellite. Though only described in this paper as a concept, a review of the state of the art indicates that the concept could be advantageous to mitiage orbital debris. I. Introduction PACE systems operate in a harsh and hostile environment. Following launch, there is little flexibility to modify any aspect of their operation with the exception of software updates via uplink. This inaccessibility makes them susceptible to technological obsolescence and failures. Historical analysis indicates that approximately one out of every seven satellites launched fail before reaching their end of life (EOL). Some of these failures result from malfunction of the launch vehicle, which can either cause complete destruction of the satellite or lead to the satellite being placed in the wrong orbit. Other reasons for failures stem from breakdown of one or more components during their operation or due to collision with space debris. With each satellite costing hundreds of millions of dollars and huge capital investment involved in space missions, the space industry today has become extremely averse to risks. This environment, where cost of failure is unacceptably large, has stifled innovation and has driven space systems design towards use of greater redundancy and proven technology. We propose a unique concept for rejuvenating these defunct satellites which have either reached EOL or failed during the course of its mission. We also investigate the possibility of de-orbiting the defunct satellite in case the satellite is found to be damaged beyond repair. We believe that this will have the following advantages: 1) Greater probability of return on the huge investment involved in developing and launching space missions, 2) Extended design life, 3) Reduce development costs and risks in new satellite designs. These benefits, especially 3, will allow a greater room for innovation and development of better systems. Further, a rejuvenated satellite with regain additional maneuvering capability, thus mitigating potential orbital debris generated from the collision with other orbital debris.
Development of ambulatory ischemia detection devices

This paper presents the preliminary results of ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) devices for the automated detection of myocardial ischemia. We focus on the reduction of interfering artifacts such as baseline wander and motion artifacts that corrupt ambulatory ECG signals and affect accuracy of ST analysis. Several digital signal processing techniques are developed for testing recorded ECG signals. Computer simulation results are presented to show feasibility of these life-saving devices.
Buckman's Paradox: variability and constraints on ammonoid ornament and shell shape

Buckman's Law of Covariation states that ammonoid shell shape and ornamentation are typically correlated, such that compressed, involute forms have light ornament while more inflated, evolute forms have heavier ornament. Such covariation has been observed in many ammonoid groups, and implies a link between the morphogenesis of shell shape and ornamentation. However, other evidence suggests that while ornament growth is controlled by the genetic-developmental program of the ammonoid, shell shape is strongly influenced by environmental factors. These differing viewpoints lead to Buckman's Paradox – are ornamentation and shell shape tightly linked, as implied by Buckman's covariation, or is the morphogenesis of ornament controlled genetically, while shell shape is controlled environmentally? To address this issue, the variability of shell shape and rib morphology has been compared for a group of endemic acanthoceratid ammonites from the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America. If Buckman's Law holds due to a morphogenetic connection between shell shape and ornamentation, we would expect taxa with more variable shell shapes to also show more variable rib features and growth. Morphometric analysis of seven shell shape and two rib characters for the Western Interior acanthoceratids finds no such correlation, suggesting that shell shape and rib growth are controlled by different processes. Indeed, rib growth appears to be more constrained than shell shape, consistent with the view that ornamentation is more tightly controlled by the developmental-genetic growth program of the ammonoid. These results emphasize the complexity of ammonoid morphogenesis and highlight our limited understanding of the causes underlying Buckman's Law.
Hemicastration of neonatal boars: hormonal responses and testicular messenger RNA for insulin-like growth factor-I

Abstract The objectives of these studies were to define more completely the hormonal responses of neonatal boars to hemicastration, especially that for inhibin, and to examine the possible involvement of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in steroidogenic compensation by the remaining testis. In Experiment 1, boars were either hemicastrated (HC) or left as intact controls (IC) at 7 days of age. Blood samples were obtained on day 7 and every 4 days thereafter until day 31 when boars were fully castrated. Individual testicular weights of HC boars at day 31 were 86% higher than those for IC boars. Boars in the HC group had higher concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone in plasma and lower concentrations of inhibin than did IC boars, while there was no effect of treatment on concentrations of luteinizing hormone, growth hormone or testosterone. In Experiment 2, boars were HC or left as IC at day 7 and fully castrated at day 9. Blood samples were taken on each day for quantification of testosterone concentrations, and RNA was extracted from day 9-testes for Northern analysis with a probe for IGF-I. There was no difference between treatments for concentrations of testosterone on either day, or for IGF-I mRNA on day 9. However, boars from one litter had greater expression of IGF-I mRNA than did other boars. In conclusion, responses in hormonal secretion following hemicastration of neonatal boars are similar to those in other domestic animals. The compensatory secretion of testosterone in HC boars is apparently not regulated by IGF-I at 2 days following treatment. Further study would determine if IGF-I is involved earlier in the response, or if genetic differences exist in the regulation of testicular IGF-I production.
Arboreal Galois representations

Let \(G_{\mathbb{Q}}\) be the absolute Galois group of \(\mathbb{Q}\), and let T be the complete rooted d-ary tree, where d ≥ 2. In this article, we study “arboreal” representations of \(G_{\mathbb{Q}}\) into the automorphism group of T, particularly in the case d = 2. In doing so, we propose a parallel to the well-developed and powerful theory of linear p-adic representations of \(G_\mathbb{Q}\). We first give some methods of constructing arboreal representations and discuss a few results of other authors concerning their size in certain special cases. We then discuss the analogy between arboreal and linear representations of \(G_{\mathbb{Q}}\). Finally, we present some new examples and conjectures, particularly relating to the question of which subgroups of Aut(T) can occur as the image of an arboreal representation of \(G_{\mathbb{Q}}\).
Initiation of spherical elastic-plastic boundaries due to loading at a spherical cavity☆

The spherical waves in an elastic-plastic, isotropically work-hardening medium generated by radial stress uniformly applied at a spherical cavity r=r0 are studied (r denoting radial distance). The radial stress and its time derivative at the cavity may be discontinuous at time t=t0. If the applied radial stress is continuous while its time derivative is not, the discontinuity at (r0, t0) propagates into r > r0 along the characteristics and/or the elastic-plastic boundaries. If the applied radial stress itself is discontinuous, the discontinuity may propagate into r > r0 in the form of a shock wave, or a centered simple-wave, or a combination of both. In any case, the solutions in the neighborhood of (r0, t0) are obtained for all possible combinations of discontinuous loadings applied at r=r0. This is a systematic study on the nature of the solution near (r0, t0) where the applied load is discontinuous. Solutions for special materials, such as linearly work-hardening or ideally-plastic ones, and for special applied loadings at the cavity obtained by other workers, in which the nature of the solutions near (r0, t0) are assumed a priori rather than determined, are compared with the results obtained here. Some of the solutions are found to be in error because of incorrect a priori assumptions.
Microstructure and nucleation behaviour of lead particles in rapidly quenched immiscible alloys

Analyse par microscopie electronique en transmission et calorimetrie differentielle a balayage de la germination heterogene des gouttelettes de plomb lors de la solidification des alliages Al-3%Pb et Cu-20%Pb.
Particle Size Distribution Inferred from Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy

Particle size distributions determined by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are investigated for samples of interacting hard spheres. Polydispersity in the samples is determined from the SAXS data by fitting the Porod region to the form factor of a sphere of uniform electron density smeared by a Gaussian distribution of sphere diameters. We find good agreement between SAXS-determined particle size distributions and those calculated from TEM image analysis.
Social Pacts and Inflation Control in New Democracies The Impact of “Wildcat Cooperation” in Argentina and Uruguay

This article examines both the advocacy of social pacts in new democracies and the common assumption that labor presents the chief obstacle to social pacts. Game theory is used heuristically to demonstrate that in slack labor markets business will be more opposed to pacts than labor because individual workers will make more concessions at the plant level than labor confederation leaders will offer in peak-level negotiations. An examination of wage bargaining in the first 3 years of the new Argentine and Uruguayan democracies supports this hypothesis. The article closes with a reexamination of the wage-centered debate on inflation in contemporary new democracies.
Temporal patterns of grazer-periphyton interactions in laboratory streams

SUMMARY. 1. The snail Juga silicuta (500 m−2) and the caddisfly Dicosmoecus gilvipes (50 m−2) were introduced into separate laboratory streams on days 1, 9, 16 and 28 of algal development. The mayfly Baetis spp. (500 m−2) was introduced on days 1 and 16, and two streams did not receive grazers. We assessed the interaction between succession in the pcriphyton, herbivore type and time of encounter in a 40-day experiment. 2. In ungrazed streams, the chlorophyte Scenedesmus obliquus was the most abundant early colonizer. The relative abundance of diatoms increased after day 9, and at day 40 the algal assemblage consisted of a thick mat of diatoms and S. obliquus with an overstorey of filaments of the chlorophyte Stigeoclonium tenue. In general, introductions of grazers at any stage altered this pattern by removing biomass, accelerating the replacement of S. obliquus by diatoms, and suppressing the growth of filaments. Grazing also reduced the relative abundance of the larger diatom Nitzschia oregona but increased the relative abundance of the smaller adnate diatoms Nitzschia frustulum var. perpusilla and Navicula minima. 3. Dicosmoecus decreased algal biomass and altered successional trajectories to a greater degree than either Juga or Baetis. Dicosmoecus rapidly grazed the entire substrate, whereas Juga and Baetis only cleared patches in the assemblages. Little alteration in algal development was observed in the Baetis streams after day 16, probably because (he periphyton assemblages attained a size and structure that prevented effective grazing by Baetis. 4. The patchy grazing patterns of Juga and Baetis resulted in more diverse algal assemblages than either the Dicosmoecus grazed or ungrazed streams. In natural streams, the temporal and spatial pattern of grazing relative to the developmental stage of the periphyton may contribute to maintaining a mosaic of algal patches in different serai stages.
The Implicit Rules of Combat

Conspecific violence has been pervasive throughout evolutionary history. The current research tested the hypotheses that individuals implicitly categorize combative contexts (i.e., play fighting, status contests, warfare, and anti-exploitative violence) and use the associated contextual information to guide expectations of combative tactics. Using U.S. and non-U.S. samples, Study 1 demonstrated consistent classification of combative contexts from scenarios for which little information was given and predictable shifts in the acceptability of combative tactics across contexts. Whereas severe tactics (e.g., eye-gouging) were acceptable in warfare and anti-exploitative violence, they were unacceptable in status contests and play fights. These results suggest the existence of implicit rules governing the contexts of combat. In Study 2, we explored the reputational consequences of violating these implicit rules. Results suggest that rule violators (e.g., those who use severe tactics in a status contest) are given less respect. These are the first studies to implicate specialized mechanisms for aggression that use contextual cues of violence to guide expectations and behavior.
X-ray Diffraction of Intermetallic Compounds: A Physical Chemistry Laboratory Experiment

Here we describe an experiment for the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory in which students synthesize the intermetallic compounds AlNi and AlNi3 and study them by X-ray diffractometry. The compounds are synthesized in a simple one-step reaction occurring in the solid state. Powder X-ray diffractograms are recorded for the two compounds as well as for the elements Al and Ni, all of which have cubic crystal structures. The students analyze the measured spectra to determine both the type of cubic lattice present and the unit cell dimension for comparison with the literature. The experiment demonstrates the utility of X-ray diffraction for structure determination.
Macroscale equilibrium conditions for two-phase flow in porous media

Abstract Flow in porous media is typically modeled at a length scale, referred to as the macroscale, such that a point of the system encompasses tens to hundreds of pore diameters. For such a system description, thermodynamic equilibrium conditions involve equality of the temperatures and chemical potentials of the system components at a point as well as mechanical conditions expressing an equilibration of forces at interfaces between phases and at common lines where interfaces come together. These force balances must be expressed in terms of macroscale thermodynamic variables and are obtained here. In addition, perturbations from the equilibrium state involve changes in the macroscale variables describing the amount of volume of a phase, area of an interface, or length of common line per volume of the system. A variational analysis provides the expressions for independent variations of these quantities, important information for completion of a continuum mechanical description of the system physics involving exploitation of the entropy inequality.
Coping and Adjustment in Children with Cancer: A Meta-Analytic Study

The current meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of coping strategies on psychological and physical adjustment in children with cancer (n = 1230). Coping strategies were operationalized in accordance with two coping taxonomies; the first is based on the general orientation of the child's coping attempts (approach or avoidance), and the second is based upon coping efforts to regulate the stressor and/or feelings of distress attributed to it (problem-focused and emotion-focused). Approach, avoidance, and emotion-focused coping were unrelated to overall adjustment. A small-to-medium but negative association was found between problem-focused coping and adjustment, indicating more use of the strategies that compose this dimension are associated with poorer adjustment. However, homogeneity analyses also indicated significant variation for all of these effect sizes. Follow-up moderator analyses found coping-adjustment relations were both dependent upon time since diagnosis and the particular stressor the child was dealing with during treatment.
Additional data favoring use of anticoagulant therapy in myocardial infarction. A population-based study.

A community-wide study was conducted in metropolitan Baltimore in which the survival of 1,307 patients with acute myocardial infarction was examined according to use of anticoagulants. The adjusted in-hospital case-fatality rate was lower for patients receiving anticoagulants (18%) than for those not receiving this therapy (31%). This difference persisted in each period examined in the study (1966 and 1967 or 1971) and was found in 17 of 20 participating hospitals. For hospital survivors followed up for as long as ten years, a better survival was again found for those treated with anticoagulants in the acute phase compared with those not treated. (JAMA242:1261-1264, 1979)
Interfacial catalysis of aldol reactions by prolinamide surfactants in reverse micelles

L-Proline and their derivatives are among the most important class of organic catalysts. Three prolinamide surfactants were designed and synthesized. Although the surfactants carried identical catalytic groups, their headgroups contained different functionalities that affected their ability to self-assemble under reverse micelle conditions and hydrogen-bond with the reactants. The surfactant with a zwitterionic headgroup capable of strong aggregation was found to have the highest activity. The self-association of the surfactants played critical roles in the enhanced activity. The location of the catalytic groups at the surfactant/polar solvent interface also endowed unusual selectivity in the catalyzed aldol reactions.
On Efficiently Producing Quality Tests forCustom Circuits in PowerPC™ Microprocessors

Custom circuits, in contrast to those synthesized by automatic tools, are manually designed blocks of which the performance is critical to the full chip operation. Testing these blocks represents a major challenge and thus a crucial time-to-market factor in today's PowerPC microprocessor design environment. This paper investigates various methodologies for testing custom blocks. Issues of efficiently obtaining proper circuit models for ATPG tools as well as producing quality tests will be analyzed and discussed. Tradeoffs among various methods will be analyzed and compared. Experience and results based on recent PowerPC microprocessors will be reported.
The three-dimensional structure of a circumstellar maser

A 900-day observation of the line profile of the unusual 1667 MHz OH maser in the bipolar nebula OH 231.8+4.2 has indicated that it varies sinusoidally by a factor of about 3, with a period of 684 + or - 40 days. This is in agreement with recent IR observations. The phase of the variations varies strongly with velocity. By interpreting phase differences in terms of the line-of-sight light travel time, the emission at each of 15 velocity intervals was assigned a relative line-of-sight distance. The overall, 70-day phase lag across the profile implies that this is one of the largest circumstellar masers, with a radius of at least 6000 AU, and that the source is expanding, since the redshifted emission has the greatest phase lag and is thus on the far side of the source. This data, together with maps previously made of OH 231.8+4.2 with the VLA at a number of velocities within the 1667 MHz line profile, reveals the three-dimensional structure of the maser. This structure agrees with the qualitative model previously suggested on the basis of VLA data alone.
The synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA precursor molecules in yeast.

Abstract Experiments are presented which firmly establish the ribosomal precursor nature of the 38-S RNA molecule found in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by showing that (1) the kinetics of the 38-S molecule are consistent with a precursor-product relationship with ribosomal RNA, (2) the molecule is methylated, (3) the kinetics of methylation are similar to those of uracil labeling, (4) the methyl label can be chased into ribosomal RNA and (5) the cistrons coding for 38-S RNA are homologous to those coding for ribosomal RNA.
High Throughput Systolic SOM IP Core for Fpgas

We have designed a modular SOM systolic architecture that can classify data vectors with thousands of elements in real time. The architecture is described as a soft IP core in synthesizable VHDL. The SOM neural network size, the input data vectors dimension, the weight and data element bitwidth precision etc. are all designer tunable parameters. Several SOM neural network instances have been synthesized and their performance evaluated for different Xilinx Virtex-II and Virtex II-Pro FPGAs. Moderate to large size SOM networks that can process data vectors with as many as 4096 elements can fit into a single FPGA device and clocked at frequencies as high as 150 MHz. This makes the architecture a useful co-processor candidate for the real-time categorization of large-size genomics and proteomics datasets.
Studies on Vaccination of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Against Edwardsiella ictaluri

Enteric septicemia of cattish (ESC), caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, has become the most significant disease problem affecting the commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, industry in the United States. Although antibiotics are used extensively for the control of ESC, there are inherent problems associated with their use. Consequently, experiments were initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination program that used immersion and oral delivery methods to administer a killed E. ictaluri vaccine to fry and fingerling channel cafish. In a preliminary pond study with laboratory challenge, mortality in a group vaccinated with a combination of immersion and oral procedures was only 5.0% in both high- and low-dose challenges. This was significantly different (P c 0.01) from non-vaccinated controls, which had 46.7%mortality in the lowdose challenge and the 6 1.7% mortality in the highdose challenge. This corresponds to relative percent survival (RPS) values of 89.3 and 91.9 respecti...
On digraphs with circulant adjacency matrices

Pour une partie K de Zn le graphe oriente de Cayley X de Zn par rapport a K est un graphe dont l'ensemble V(X) est dans Zn et dont l'ensemble d'aretes E(X) est forme de couples ordonnes (h, h+k) avec h∈Z n et h∈K. On etudie ici l'ensemble, note Fn de ces graphes X tel que K est vide ou tel que, pour tout i∈K, i et n sont premiers entre eux et (i, n)=1. On propose une enumeration des elements de Fn, en determinant les classes d'equivalence, et un algorithme pour obtenir ses groupes d'automorphismes
Violence against Women as a Public Health Issue

Violence can be considered "infectious" in rape-prone cultures that celebrate violence and domination. The number of annual injuries and deaths due to violence against women and girls is high enough to demand the type of active interventions and public policies that have been targeted at infectious diseases by public health agencies. In this article, we review data on the physical and mental health effects that violence has on victims of domestic violence, rape, stalking, and sexual harassment. We also focus on the economic costs to the health care system, business and industry, families, and the broader society that accrue as a result of the widespread violence against women and girls. Victims' suffering can never be accounted for by economic data, but those data may be helpful in pushing governments to allocate funds and agencies to take preventive actions.
Ocular parameters related to drug delivery in the canine and equine eye: aqueous and vitreous humor volume and scleral surface area and thickness.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the ocular surface area, scleral thickness, and the aqueous and vitreous humor volumes in the canine and equine eye. Animals studied Fourteen canine and 16 equine cadaver eyes. PROCEDURE: Eyes were measured either fresh or following fixation in formalin. Ocular surface area was calculated using the fluid displacement method. Globes were hemisected and aqueous and vitreous humor were collected and quantitated. Scleral thickness was measured by digital caliper, by image projection, and by ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM). RESULTS: Mean +/- standard deviation (SD) scleral surface areas in canine and equine eyes were 12.87 +/- 2.24 and 57.23 +/- 5.63 cm2, respectively. Mean +/- SD aqueous humor volume was 0.77 +/- 0.24 in the dog and 3.04 +/- 1.27 mL in the horse. Mean vitreous humor volume was 1.7 +/- 0.86 mL for the canine eye and 26.15 +/- 4.87 mL for the equine eye. In canine and equine eyes, the sclera was thinnest at the ocular equator: 0.34 +/- 0.13 mm (canine) and 0.53 +/- 0.1 (equine). There were no significant differences between the direct caliper and projected thickness measurements or differences between measurements in the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants of the eye. Scleral thickness in fresh tissue was greater than in fixed tissue at most sites. CONCLUSIONS: The UBM measurement method appeared to be most consistent and reproducible when compared to direct measurement techniques. Formalin fixation of the eyes was associated with significantly thinner scleral tissue than with fresh ocular tissue.
Where Is the Social Project

In the last decade, a range of participatory and activist practices have emerged as the self-proclaimed inheritors of architecture's social project. From Architecture for Humanity's aid in poor and...
A New Class of Repression Modules Is Critical for Heme Regulation of the Yeast Transcriptional Activator Hap1

Heme plays key regulatory roles in numerous molecular and cellular processes for systems that sense or use oxygen. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, oxygen sensing and heme signaling are mediated by heme activator protein 1 (Hap1). Hap1 contains seven heme-responsive motifs (HRMs): six are clustered in the heme domain, and a seventh is near the activation domain. To determine the functional role of HRMs and to define which parts of Hap1 mediate heme regulation, we carried out a systematic analysis of Hap1 mutants with various regions deleted or mutated. Strikingly, the data show that HRM1 to -6, located in the previously designated Hap1 heme domain, have little impact on heme regulation. All seven HRMs are dispensable for Hap1 repression in the absence of heme, but HRM7 is required for Hap1 activation by heme. More importantly, we show that a novel class of repression modules—RPM1, encompassing residues 245 to 278; RPM2, encompassing residues 1061 to 1185; and RPM3, encompassing residues 203 to 244—is critical for Hap1 repression in the absence of heme. Biochemical analysis indicates that RPMs mediate Hap1 repression, at least partly, by the formation of a previously identified higher-order complex termed the high-molecular-weight complex (HMC), while HRMs mediate heme activation by permitting heme binding and the disassembly of the HMC. These findings provide significant new insights into the molecular interactions critical for Hap1 repression in the absence of heme and Hap1 activation by heme.
Role of the Obstetric Clinical Nurse Coordinator

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The scheduling of procedures on the unit was formally an ad hoc process. This resulted in no true clinical oversight of the procedures being scheduled. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, The Joint Commission, and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services call for regulation surrounding the elective induction of labor of pregnancies before 39 weeks gestation. There also are controlled criteria for exclusions to these guidelines. Gaps in adhering to the guidelines as well as patient and physician dissatisfaction resulted in the vision of a single point of contact for all women entering the obstetric unit for planned procedures. Proposed Change To have the obstetric clinical nurse coordinator play the role of the clinical nurse expert to shepherd women through the final stages of their pregnancies, help guide their transition from outpatient to inpatient setting, and ensure adherence to guidelines of scheduled procedures. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Before initiation of the role, the hospital had a high nulliparous elective induction rate. This translated to a failed induction rate of 25%. This number proved to be staggering and bolstered support of a clinical expert to monitor scheduled procedures. Six‐months postimplementation of the role, the rate of failed inductions decreased dramatically to 2% with enforcement of cervical Bishop scoring and adherence to the guidelines related to medical versus elective inductions. This remarkable change in the model of care also resulted in fewer elective inductions scheduled overall from 15% to 8%. The clinical nurse coordinator also is a driver of family‐centered care. Women come to the unit already having established a relationship and point of contact in the inpatient units. This has resulted in high patient satisfaction scores with year‐to‐date overall inpatient satisfaction at 90.4% via Press Ganey. The number of delayed or cancelled inductions has decreased dramatically as well, and health care provider satisfaction has increased. Implications for Nursing Practice The role was not easily understood when first presented and resistance of the idea was met initially. The need for this change and desire to have a clinical nurse expert in the role, once occupied by a unit clerk, was met with skepticism. However, this model is now regarded as an exemplar of patient‐focused, quality care. The quantitative and qualitative positive results affirm the vision of this role.
Indium flux synthesis of RE4Ni2InGe4 (RE = Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm): an ordered quaternary variation on the binary phase Mg5Si6.

The quaternary compounds RE4Ni2InGe4 (RE = Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm) were obtained as large single crystals in high yields from reactions run in liquid In. The title compounds crystallize in the monoclin...
Pharmacogenomics of antihypertensive drugs: past, present and future

Hypertension pharmacogenomics holds the promise of leading to individualized drug treatment approaches for the approximately 1 billion individuals worldwide with hypertension. Prior to 2000, the literature on hypertension pharmacogenomics was quite limited. The last decade has seen a substantial growth in the literature, with several examples of genes that appear to play an important role in antihypertensive response. The last decade has also made apparent the numerous challenges in hypertension pharmacogenomics, and addressing those challenges will be important. Moving forward, it seems clear that collaboration among researchers to allow replication or joint analyses will be essential in advancing the field, as will the use of genome-wide association approaches. The next decade should clearly define the clinical potential for hypertension pharmacogenomics.
Cooperation and Community: Economy and Society in Oaxaca

Cooperation and Community: Economy and Society in Oaxaca. Jeffrey H. Cohen. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999. 209 pp.
Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Techniques and review of 100 bronchoscopies.

The use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument for diagnostic bronchoscopy in a pulmonary disease service is described, and the first 100 bronchoscopies are analyzed. The examination is performed at the bedside or in the treatment room under local anesthesia. Transnasal passage of the bronchoscope is the preferred route. The range of bronchoscopic view is greater than with the rigid bronchoscope, extending to subsegmental level. It was judged that flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy yielded diagnoses in four of 24 cases where rigid tube bronchoscopy would likely have failed; a precise diagnosis of the cause of hemoptysis was made in 12 instances or 59 percent of 17 patients without parenchymal shadows in the chest roentgenogram. Bronchial brushing and biopsy are readily performed through the instrument, and patients on ventilatory assistance are easily examined through a tracheotomy or endotracheal tube. The procedure is well accepted by patients, and there have been no complications. The flexible bronchoscope should replace rigid tube bronchoscopy for diagnostic purposes.
HARP: hard-wired routing pattern FPGAs

Modern FPGA architectures provide ample routing resources so that designs can be routed successfully. The routing architecture is designed to handle versatile connection configurations. However, providing such great flexibility comes at a high cost in terms of area, delay and power. We propose a new FPGA routing architecture\footnoteThis work was supported in part by a grant from NSF under contract CAREER CCF-0347891 that utilizes a mixture of hardwired and traditional flexible switches. The result is 24% reduction in leakage power consumption, 7% smaller area and 24% shorter delays, which translates to 30% increase in clock frequency. Despite the increase in clock speeds, the overall power consumption is %, including dynamic power, reduced by 8%.
The sliding of robot fingers under combined torsion and shear loading

The authors are concerned with finding the magnitudes of applied moment and force which will cause a robot finger to slip on the surface of a grasped object. Friction and contact models used in previous grasp analyses are reviewed, and an improved model which includes torsion-shear interaction is described. Experimental measurements of the initiation of sliding as a function of loading are reported. These measurements suggest that a simple linear function of torsion and shear magnitudes will adequately predict the onset of the slip in many tasks. The use of this function is illustrated in two measures of slip susceptibility for grasp planning. >
Improving antivirus accuracy with hypervisor assisted analysis

Modern malware protection systems bring an especially difficult problem to antivirus scanners. Simple obfuscation methods can diminish the effectiveness of a scanner significantly, often times rendering them completely ineffective. This paper outlines the usage of a hypervisor based deobfuscation engine that greatly improves the effectiveness of existing scanning engines. We have modified the Ether malware analysis framework to add the following features to deobfuscation: section and header rebuilding and automated kernel virtual address descriptor import rebuilding. Using these repair mechanisms we have shown as high as 45% improvement in the effectiveness of antivirus scanning engines.
Semi-classical correction for quantum-mechanical scattering

A straightforward theoretical prescription is described for combining any approximate quantum scattering calculation with a semi-classical correction. The correction involves the standard semi-classical approximation to the time evolution operator, so that only real time trajectories are needed, by transforming to an initial value representation the calculations require only an average over the phase space of initial conditions. To the extent that the semi-classical approximation is accurate, the net result for the S matrix is exact. Application to one-dimensional barrier transmission shows the semi-classical approximation to do a very good job, for energies above, near to, or far below the barrier.