cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Violent Minds: Modernism and the Criminal

Just as cultural attitudes toward criminality were undergoing profound shifts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, modernist authors became fascinated by crime and its perpetrators, as well as the burgeoning genre of crime fiction. Throughout the period, a diverse range of British and American novelists took the criminal as a case study for experimenting with forms of psychological representation while also drawing on the conventions of crime fiction in order to imagine new ways of conceptualizing the criminal mind. Matthew Levay traces the history of that attention to criminal psychology in modernist fiction, placing understudied authors like Wyndham Lewis, Dorothy Sayers, Graham Greene, and Patricia Highsmith in dialogue with more canonical contemporaries like Joseph Conrad, Henry James, Dashiell Hammett, and Gertrude Stein. Levay demonstrates criminality's pivotal role in establishing quintessentially modernist forms of psychological representation and brings to light modernism's deep but understudied connections to popular literature, especially crime fiction.
Comparative industrial policy and cybersecurity: the US case

This paper investigates the relationship between the US government and its domestic cybersecurity sector drawing on the special issue framework. We show how there has been, and argue that we will l...
Designing and Evaluating a Digital Family Health History Tool for Spanish Speakers

Digital family health history tools have been developed but few have been tested with non-English speakers and evaluated for acceptability and usability. This study describes the cultural and linguistic adaptation and evaluation of a family health history tool (VICKY: VIrtual Counselor for Knowing Your Family History) for Spanish speakers. In-depth interviews were conducted with 56 Spanish-speaking participants; a subset of 30 also participated in a qualitative component to evaluate the acceptability and usability of Spanish VICKY. Overall, agreement in family history assessment was moderate between VICKY and a genetic counselor (weighted kappa range: 0.4695 for stroke—0.6615 for heart disease), although this varied across disease subtypes. Participants felt comfortable using VICKY and noted that VICKY was very likeable and possessed human-like characteristics. They reported that VICKY was very easy to navigate, felt that the instructions were very clear, and thought that the time it took to use the tool was just right. Spanish VICKY may be useful as a tool to collect family health history and was viewed as acceptable and usable. The study results shed light on some cultural differences that may influence interactions with family history tools and inform future research aimed at designing and testing culturally and linguistically diverse digital systems.
Translatome Analyses Using Conditional Ribosomal Tagging in GABAergic Interneurons and Other Sparse Cell Types.

GABAergic interneurons comprise a small but diverse subset of neurons in the mammalian brain that tightly regulate neuronal circuit maturation and information flow and, ultimately, behavior. Because of their centrality in the etiology of numerous neurological disorders, examining the molecular architecture of these neurons under different physiological scenarios has piqued the interest of the broader neuroscience community. The last few years have seen an explosion in next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches aimed at identifying genetic and state-dependent subtypes in neuronal diversity. Although several approaches are employed to address neuronal molecular diversity, ribosomal tagging has emerged at the forefront of identifying the translatomes of neuronal subtypes. This approach primarily relies on Cre recombinase-driven expression of hemagglutinin A (HA)-tagged RiboTag mice exclusively in the neuronal subtype of interest. This allows the immunoprecipitation of cell-type-specific, ribosome-engaged mRNA, expressed both in the soma and the neuronal processes, for targeted quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) or high-throughput RNA sequencing analyses. Here we detail the typical technical caveats associated with successful application of the RiboTag technique for analyzing GABAergic interneurons, and in theory other sparse cell types, in the central nervous system. Published 2020. U.S. Government. Basic Protocol 1: Breeding mice to obtain RiboTag homozygosity Support Protocol 1: Detection of ectopic Cre recombinase expression Basic Protocol 2: The RiboTag assay Support Protocol 2: Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) assay of RiboTag-derived cell-type-specific RNA Support Protocol 3: Construction of cell-type-specific RNA-seq library Support Protocol 4: Secondary analyses of RiboTag-derived RNA-seq dataset.
Sociology and the Climate Crisis

What would it mean for sociology to make climate change a core disciplinary concern? This article reviews research on a selection of trends brought on by the climate crisis: (a) compounding and cum...
Does Initial Appropriation Create New Obligations

A popular argument against the unilateral appropriation of unowned resources maintains that such appropriation is impossible because it implies a power to unilaterally impose novel obligations on others—a power which people cannot have given that they are moral equals. However, Bas van der Vossen has recently argued that initial appropriation does not create obligations in this way; rather, it merely alters the empirical facts that, together with obligations, determine people’s practical moral requirements. This paper argues that van der Vossen is mistaken. Specifically, it contends that the creation of obligations is accompanied by a distinctive kind of variation in the obliged party’s practical requirements across possible worlds. Given that initial appropriation entails such variation, the paper argues that such appropriation does, in fact, create obligations.
Discovery of Variability of the Progenitor of SN 2011dh in M 51 Using the Large Binocular Telescope

We show that the candidate progenitor of the core-collapse SN?2011dh in M?51 (8?Mpc away) was fading by 0.039 ? 0.006?mag?yr?1 during the 3?years prior to the supernova, and that this level of variability is moderately unusual for other similar stars in M?51. While there are uncertainties about whether the true progenitor was a blue companion to this candidate, the result illustrates that there are no technical challenges to obtaining fairly high precision light curves of supernova-progenitor systems using ground-based observations of nearby (<10?Mpc)?galaxies with wide-field cameras on 8?m class telescopes. While other sources of variability may dominate, it is even possible to reach into the range of evolution rates required by the quasi-static evolution of the stellar envelope. For M?81, where we have many more epochs and a slightly longer time baseline, our formal 3? sensitivity to slow changes is presently 3?mmag?yr?1 for an MV ?8?mag star. In short, there is no observational barrier to determining whether the variability properties of stars in their last phases of evolution (post-carbon ignition) are different from earlier phases.
The school-community connection: social justice leaders’ community activism to promote justice for students

This research examines social justice leaders’ community activism in response to three local and national political contexts. Grounded in literature that advances ecological models of school leader...
Laceration of Aberrant Internal Carotid Artery Following Myringotomy: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Introduction:The presence of an aberrant internal carotid artery (ICA) in the middle ear is rare. Patients may be asymptomatic or complain of conductive hearing loss, otalgia, pulsatile tinnitus, o...
Conditional deletion of ROCK2 induces anxiety-like behaviors and alters dendritic spine density and morphology on CA1 pyramidal neurons

Rho-associated kinase isoform 2 (ROCK2) is an attractive drug target for several neurologic disorders. A critical barrier to ROCK2-based research and therapeutics is the lack of a mouse model that enables investigation of ROCK2 with spatial and temporal control of gene expression. To overcome this, we generated ROCK2fl/fl mice. Mice expressing Cre recombinase in forebrain excitatory neurons (CaMKII-Cre) were crossed with ROCK2fl/fl mice (Cre/ROCK2fl/fl), and the contribution of ROCK2 in behavior as well as dendritic spine morphology in the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and basolateral amygdala (BLA) was examined. Cre/ROCK2fl/fl mice spent reduced time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and increased time in the dark of the light-dark box test compared to littermate controls. These results indicated that Cre/ROCK2fl/fl mice exhibited anxiety-like behaviors. To examine dendritic spine morphology, individual pyramidal neurons in CA1 hippocampus, mPFC, and the BLA were targeted for iontophoretic microinjection of fluorescent dye, followed by high-resolution confocal microscopy and neuronal 3D reconstructions for morphometry analysis. In dorsal CA1, Cre/ROCK2fl/fl mice displayed significantly increased thin spine density on basal dendrites and reduced mean spine head volume across all spine types on apical dendrites. In ventral CA1, Cre/ROCK2fl/fl mice exhibited significantly increased spine length on apical dendrites. Spine density and morphology were comparable in the mPFC and BLA between both genotypes. These findings suggest that neuronal ROCK2 mediates spine density and morphology in a compartmentalized manner among CA1 pyramidal cells, and that in the absence of ROCK2 these mechanisms may contribute to anxiety-like behaviors.
Intellectual Property and Human Rights

Contents: Acknowledgements Introduction Laurence R. Helfer PART I REDISCOVERING THE HISTORICAL UNDERSTANDING OF CREATORS' RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 1. Peter K. Yu (2007), 'Reconceptualizing Intellectual Property Interests in a Human Rights Framework' PART II CLARIFYING AMBIGUOUS OR UNDERDEVELOPED LEGAL NORMS 2. Laurence R. Helfer (2007), 'Toward a Human Rights Framework for Intellectual Property' 3. Audrey R. Chapman (2009), 'Towards an Understanding of the Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications' 4. Margaret Chon (2007), 'Intellectual Property "From Below": Copyright and Capability for Education' 5. Graeme W. Austin and Amy G. Zavidow (2008), 'Copyright Law Reform Through a Human Rights Lens' 6. Hans Morten Haugen (2008), 'Human Rights and TRIPS Exclusion and Exception Provisions' 7. Christophe Geiger (2006), '"Constitutionalising" Intellectual Property Law? The Influence of Fundamental Rights on Intellectual Property in the European Union' PART III ADVOCATING THE RECOGNITION OF NEW LEGAL NORMS 8. Rosemary J. Coombe (1998), 'Intellectual Property, Human Rights and Sovereignty: New Dilemmas in International Law Posed by the Recognition of Indigenous Knowledge and the Conservation of Biodiversity' 9. Alicia Ely Yamin (2003), 'Not Just A Tragedy: Access to Medications as a Right Under International Law' 10. Molly Beutz Land (2009), 'Protecting Rights Online' 11. Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan (2009), 'Time for a Paradigm Shift? Exploring Maximum Standards in International Intellectual Property Protection' PART IV INSTITUTIONAL AND STRATEGIC ISSUES 12. Laurence R. Helfer (2004), 'Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and New Dynamics of International Intellectual Property Lawmaking' 13. Peter K. Yu (2012), 'Intellectual Property and Human Rights in the Nonmultilateral Era' 14. Lisa Forman (2008), '"Rights" and Wrongs: What Utility for the Right to Health in Reforming Trade Rules on Medicines?' PART V CRITICAL OR CAUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES 15. Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss (2010), 'Patents and Human Rights: Where is the Paradox?' 16. Laurence R. Helfer (2008), 'The New Innovation Frontier? Intellectual Property and the European Court of Human Rights' 17. Thomas W. Pogge (2005), 'Human Rights and Global Health: A Research Program'
Factors Associated with Access to the General Curriculum for Students with Intellectual Disability

Beginning in 1997, federal legislation required schools provide access to academic curricula to students with intellectual disability. The extent of such access for students with significant intellectual disability currently is not known. This study examined access (defined by scope and intensity of content instruction and depth of knowledge) provided to students with significant intellectual disability, and relationship between curriculum access and a set of teacher and student characteristics. A survey of 644 teachers from nine states found that these students, on average, were exposed to 17 out of 27 English language arts strands and 10 out of 16 math strands. Canonical correlation analyses suggested that students’ symbolic communication level had the strongest association with students’ access. Cluster analysis suggested students experience three types of access to English language arts and four types of access to math instruction, and the cluster groups significantly differed by teacher and student variables. These findings suggest several policy and practice actions to better support meaningful participation in the general education curriculum among students with intellectual disabilities.
Apple Cube Fifth Avenue

(2008). Apple Cube Fifth Avenue. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 67-69.
Coupling of Energy to Folate Transport in Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus casei cells can accumulate folate to an intracellular concentration in excess of 500 muM and to concentration gradients (relative to the extracellular compartment) of several thousand-fold. Maximum rates of folate transport are achieved rapidly (t(1/2) < 1 min) after the addition of glucose to energy-depleted cells and occur at intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate concentrations above 625 muM. The rate of folate transport and the adenosine 5'-triphosphate content of cells are both extremely sensitive to arsenate and decrease in parallel with increasing concentrations of the inhibitor, indicating a requirement for phosphate-bond energy in the transport process. The energy source is not a membrane potential or a pH gradient generated via the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase, since dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (an adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (a proton conductor) have little effect on the uptake process. The K(+)-ionophore, valinomycin, is an inhibitor of folate transport, but does not act via a mechanism involving dissipation of the membrane potential. This can be deduced from the facts that the inhibition by valinomycin is relatively insensitive to pH, is considerably greater in Na(+)- than in K(+)-containing buffers, and is not enhanced by the addition of proton conductors. Folate efflux is not affected by valinomycin, glucose, or various metabolic inhibitors, although a rapid release of the accumulated vitamin can be achieved by the addition of unlabeled folate together with an energy source (glucose). These results suggest that the active transport of folate into L. casei is energized by adenosine 5'-triphosphate or an equivalent energy-rich compound, and that coupling occurs not via the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase but by direct interaction of the energy source with a component of the transport system.
Diagnosis meets physical failure analysis: what is needed to succeed?

The process of root-causing failures is necessary and critical for ICs given both aggressive designs and new manufacturing processes. Economic considerations makes the whole root-causing process better, faster and cheaper. Progress requires development not just on individual tools but on the whole global process.
Gender Bias in the Allocation of Curative Health Care in Minia, Egypt

Research indicates that girls' disadvantage in 1–4 mortality is unusually high inEgypt, yet the relevance of intra-family differences in power for the distributionof health resources is debated. This analysis compares effects of the involvementof various family members on choice of provider, place of care, and total expendituresfor curative care among 129 girls and boys with diarrhea in Minia, Egypt. Girlshave lower odds than boys of visiting doctors versus lay providers and privateversus informal facilities, and the involvement of fathers in prior discussionsabout care may be important to reduce this disparity. Median expenditures forcurative care also are lower for girls than boys, particularly when fathers arenever involved in choice of care. Future research should examine the extent towhich these disparities in care reflect differences in the quality of care received.
Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? Blind Assumptions in Theory Development

This article uses the six key specification decisions for entrepreneurship research (purpose, theoretical perspective, focus, level of analysis, time frame, and methodology) outlined in Low and MacMillan (1988) to explore unstated assumptions in entrepreneurship theory development. An article by Shane and Venkataraman (2000), “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research,” is analyzed and recommended as a model for clarity. A recommendation is made that the field of entrepreneurship needs to develop communities of scholars identified with specific research questions and issues.
Enhanced processor budget for QoS management in multimedia systems

Resource reservation and QoS negotiation is a common way to guarantee timely progress of programs in distributed multimedia systems. For this, determining the available resource capacity, resource budget, is important. The resource budget depends on resource characteristics (e.g., processor, memory, disk, and network bandwidth) and scheduling algorithms. The paper provides an improved processor budget for the fixed-priority scheduling algorithm, which is most common in commercial real-time operating systems. The improvement is possible by noting that, in multimedia systems, there is a prefixed set of task periods for the finite set of QoS options and parameters. Our approach explicitly takes these periods into account and calculates the tight bound of the processor budget using the linear programming technique. This bound significantly improves Liu and Layland bound (Liu and Layland, 1973) and also it is proved to be better than any other bounds in the literature. We also show how this bound is effectively used for resource reservation and QoS re-negotiation for adapting to dynamic workload.
Retrospective analysis of intravertebral collateral enhancement in patients with central venous obstruction

To compare prevalence and patterns of intravertebral collateral enhancement in patients with and without central venous obstruction (CVO). Chest CTs performed between 1/1/2000 and 12/15/2012 with reports containing terms indicating CVO were identified. All contrast enhanced CTs were examined for the presence of CVO and collateral venous pathways. If intravertebral collateral enhancement was present, the pattern was recorded as nodular, linear, or both. In 209 suspected cases of CVO, 53 (25 %) were confirmed with obstruction and 156 (75 %) were without obstruction. In patients with CVO, 47 % (25/53) demonstrated collateral venous flow through an intravertebral marrow pathway compared to 5 % (8/156) of patients without CVO (P < 0.0001). The most common level of enhancement was the upper thoracic spine, involving only the vertebral body. Nodular, linear, and combined nodular-linear enhancement patterns were seen with similar frequency. Nodular intravertebral collateral enhancement was mistaken for sclerotic metastases in 33 % (3/9) of cases. Intravertebral collateral enhancement was seen in almost half the patients with CVO and when nodular enhancement is present, it is important to differentiate between metastatic lesions and enhancement related to CVO.
Rapid rumor ramification: approximating the minimum broadcast time

Given an undirected graph representing a network of processors, and a source node containing a message that must be broadcast to all the nodes, find a scheme that accomplishes the broadcast in the minimum number of time steps. At each time step, any processor that has received the message is allowed to communicate the message to at most one of its neighbors in the network, i.e. can communicate via a telephone call to a neighbor. This has been termed the minimum broadcast time problem under the telephone model and is known to be NP-complete. The minimum broadcast time in a graph is closely related to the poise of the graph. The poise of a tree is defined to be the quantity (maximum degree of any node in the tree+diameter of the tree). The poise of a graph is the minimum poise of any of its spanning trees. Computing the poise of a graph is shown to be NP-hard and an algorithm for computing a spanning tree of approximately minimum poise is derived. This algorithm is then used to derive an O(log/sup 2/n/log log n)-approximation for the minimum broadcast time problem on an n-node graph. Our algorithm extends to many generalizations of the problem such as the multicast problem, a telephone model allowing conference calls, and to the closely related minimum gossip time problem. >
Electrophilic Cyclization with N-Iodosuccinimide: Preparation of 5-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-Iodo-2-(4-Methylphenyl)Furan

5-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-iodo-2-(4-methylphenyl)furan 2-(4-Bromophenyl)oxirane 4-Ethynyltoluene Lithium diisopropylamide 1-(4-Bromophenyl)-4-methylphenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol Chromium trioxide 1-(4-Bromophenyl)-4-methylphenyl)but-3-yn-1-one N-Isosuccinamide Keywords: electrophilic cyclization; iodosuccinamide; halofurans; unsymmetrical iodofurans; hydriotic acid; sonogashira coupling-addition-cyclocondensation; one-pot; safety; waste disposal
PC based loop drawing generation

Generating instrument loop drawings can be easy using PC-based software that provides consistent time saving designs while minimizing errors and maximizing throughput. The application presented provides a tool to maintain loop records and create drawings from a database. Checking is easier, and maintenance of wiring variations is improved for plant operations. Comparisons are made between manual and database-derived loop drawings. The application will run on a DOS-based personal computer with a hard drive. Examples using both AutoCAD or MicroStation and dBASE III Plus are described. >
Effect of trace carbon on the uv-induced behavior of aluminum nitride ceramics

The effect of uv irradiation on the material properties of AlN containing low oxygen content (<0.3 wt. %) has been investigated. Upon irradiation with a 150 W Hg-Xe arc lamp, increases in dielectric loss and thermal conductivity drops were observed. Changes in the optical properties, including formation of an absorption band at 650 nm, and photodarkening were also observed. All samples were characterized for trace impurities including carbon, calcium, and oxygen. The magnitude of the uv-induced drops in dielectric loss and the absorption at 650 nm of samples tested were found to depend on the presence of trace levels of residual carbon. UV-induced increases in dielectric loss show an inverse relationship, and formation of an absorption band shows a direct relationship to carbon content.
The low-temperature properties of the one-dimensional fluid

The low-temperature properties of a one-dimensional fluid with hard core attractive nearest-neighbor interactions have been investigated. The fluid exhibits a critical behavior nearT=0 which is, in some respects, analogous to that of the one-dimensional Ising models. With the proper choice of scaling variables the singular part of the appropriate thermodynamic potential has the same homogeneous scaling form as the Ising model. The correlations in the scaling region have a more complex structure than in the Ising model but do have a long-ranged part of scaling form. TheT=0 limit in the scaling region gives states of low density and zero pressure whose correlations are those of a two-phase state, of which one component is a perfect crystal phase and the other is a zero density phase. The positive pressureT=0 states are single-phase perfect crystal states whose long-range order develops continuously asT approaches zero. Those Fourier components of the correlations, which correspond to reciprocal lattice vectors, diverge asT approaches zero; hence, the transition is second-order, unlike higher-dimensional systems.
The role of physical disabilities in early career: Vocational choice, the school-to-work transition, and becoming established

Abstract This article examines the impact of physical disabilities on early career opportunities, particularly in vocational choice, the school-to-work transition, and becoming established in early career paths. Using motivation theory, the paper presents a framework for understanding how people with disabilities identify career goals, form expectancies about being able to achieve career goals, and perceive barriers to achieving those goals during early career development. The article then identifies the individual differences and situational factors that may moderate the relationships between physical disabilities and early career opportunities. Finally, the article concludes with directions for future research and implications for how employers, governmental agencies, and individuals with disabilities can implement more effective early career development strategies.
Calculation of the electromagnetic absorption edge in superconducting alloys

The theoretical shape of the electromagnetic absorption edge in superconducting alloys is calculated. The results agree with the experimental data better than those which have been calculated much more easily by assuming the alloys are in the Pippard limit or the London limit. Nevertheless, the experimental absorption edges are somewhat steeper than the calculated ones.
Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial.

In this study a psychosocial treatment for 47 Ss (aged 9-13 years) with anxiety disorders was investigated. A 16-session cognitive-behavioral treatment was compared with a wait-list condition. Outcome was evaluated using child self-report, parent report, teacher report, cognitive assessment, and behavioral observations. Pretreatment-posttreatment changes and maintenance of gains at 1-year follow-up were examined. Results revealed that many treated Ss were found to be without a diagnosis at posttest and at follow-up and to be within normal limits on many measures. The child's perception of the therapeutic relationship and the therapist's perception of parental involvement were measured but were not related to outcome. Discussion focuses on characteristics of effective child therapy and the need for further research on treatment components and alternative treatment methods.
Ni–P–SiC composite produced by pulse and direct current plating

Abstract This study attempted to incorporate 300 nm SiC particles into a Ni–P alloy matrix by pulse current (PC) and direct current (dc) plating. The effects of bath composition and operating conditions of electrodeposited Ni–P–SiC composite coatings were studied, and the micro-hardness of the deposits was determined. Both plating methods showed that the phosphorus content in the deposit falls with increasing SiC content in the bath, and that the SiC content in the composite coating rises with rising SiC content in the bath. The pulse plating deposit with SiC particles 0.2–1.5 wt.% was higher than direct current plating with SiC particles 0.2–0.5 wt.% in deposits. The wear-proof shows that the tribological behavior of Ni–P–SiC of the PC plating is better than that of the dc plating deposit, due to the higher ultra-fine SiC particles.
Bilateral discoid medial menisci with extensive intrasubstance cleavage tears: MRI and arthroscopic correlation

Summary Although rare, the discoid meniscus can become problematic in active individuals. The arthroscopist is then presented with a challenging treatment problem. Through the current techniques of arthroscopy and MRI, the diagnostic and treatment difficulties are lessened; however, our understanding of the discoid meniscus is incomplete. Currently, the need exists for correlation between arthroscopy and MRI. We present a case of bilateral complete discoid medial menisci with symptomatic extensive intrasubstance horizontal cleavage tears. Both arthroscopy and MRI views of the lesions, pre- and post-operative, are presented. A review and discussion of the literature is included.
Electron diffraction analysis of an AB2-type Laves phase for hydrogen battery applications

A multicomponent AB2 type nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) battery alloy prepared by high-pressure gas atomization (HPGA) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in both the as-atomized and heat treated condition. TEM examination showed a heavily faulted dendritic growth structure in as-atomized powder. Selected area diffraction (SAD) showed that this region consisted of both a cubic C15 structure with lattice constant a=7.03 A and an hexagonal C14 structure with lattice parameter a=4.97 A, c=8.11 A. The orientation relationship (OR) between the C14 and C15 structures was determined to be (111)[110]C15//(0001)[1120]C14. An interdendritic phase possessing the C14 structure was also seen. There was also a very fine grain region consisting of the C14 structure. Upon heat treatment, the faulted structure became more defined and appeared as intercalation layers within the grains. Spherical particles rich in Zr and Ni appeared scattered at the grain boundries instead of the C14 interdendritic phase. The polycrystalline region also changed to a mixture of C14 and C15 structures. The phase stability of the C15 and C14 structures based on a consideration of atomic size factor and the average electron concentration is discussed.
Stereocontrolled syntheses of some conformationally restricted analogs of serotonin

Abstract Syntheses of serotonin analogs 2 and 3 are described including a case of retention in the Mitsunobu reaction. An unusual stereoselectivity in a reductive amination sequence is also described. Dopamine and serotonin activity of the eight analogs has been determined.
The Effect of Corporal Punishment and Verbal Abuse on Delinquency: Mediating Mechanisms

While the link between parenting and delinquency is well established, there is less consensus among scholars with regards to the processes that account for this link. The current study had two objectives. The first was to disentangle the effects of African American parents’ use of corporal punishment and verbal abuse on the conduct problems of their preteen children. The second was to investigate the mechanisms that explain this relationship, such as having low self-control or a hostile view of relationships, whereby these harsh parenting practices increase a youth’s involvement in problem behavior. Further, we are interested in specifically addressing how these mechanisms may operate differently for males versus females. Analyses utilized structural equation modeling and longitudinal data spanning approximately 2.5 years from a sample of 704 (54.2 % female) African American children ages 10–12. The results indicated that verbal abuse was a more important predictor of conduct problems than corporal punishment. Additionally, we found that the mechanisms that mediated the impact of verbal abuse and corporal punishment on conduct problems varied by gender. For males, most of the effect of verbal abuse was mediated by low self-control, whereas anger/frustration was the primary mediator for females. Implications of these results and directions for future study are also discussed.
An invariant measure of disorder in patterns.

An invariant measure is introduced to quantify the disorder in extended locally striped patterns. The measure is invariant under Euclidean motions of the pattern, and vanishes for a uniform array of stripes. Irregularities such as point defects and domain walls make nonzero contributions to the measure. Analysis of patterns generated in a reaction-diffusion system suggests two additional properties of the measure: (1) Apart from small fluctuations, it is invariant for distinct patterns generated at fixed control parameters. (2) It exhibits a jump at the onset of pattern dynamics. {copyright} {ital 1995} {ital The} {ital American} {ital Physical} {ital Society}.
Active management of timing guardband to save energy in POWER7

Microprocessor voltage levels include substantial margin to deal with process variation, system power supply variation, workload induced thermal and voltage variation, aging, random uncertainty, and test inaccuracy. This margin allows the microprocessor to operate correctly during worst-case conditions, but during typical conditions it is larger than necessary and wastes energy. We present a mechanism that reduces excess voltage margin by (1) introducing a critical path monitor (CPM) circuit that measures available timing margin in real-time, (2) coupling the CPM output to the clock generation circuit to adjust clock frequency within cycles in response to excess or inadequate timing margin, and (3) adjusting the processor voltage level periodically in firmware to achieve a specified average clock frequency target. We implemented this mechanism in a prototype IBM POWER7 server. During better-than-worst case conditions our guardband management mechanism reduces the average voltage setting 137-152 mV below nominal, resulting in average processor power reduction of 24% with no performance loss while running industry-standard benchmarks.
Women and the Family of the Future

The complexities of current societal trends impose a daunting challenge to providers of maternal child health services. Demographers, anthropologists, sociologists, policy makers, and health care providers struggle to grasp the multiple issues in an effort to create useful strategies for the 21st century. The 1990s have been labeled the decade of women's health. Legislative and policy efforts have focused new and much‐needed attention on women as recipients and providers of health care. The realities of mothers in the work force, the epidemic of adolescent pregnancy, the swelling ranks of women and children in poverty, the increasing number of women with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, the new advances in reproductive technology, and the effect of population and immigration trends greatly influence the childbearing client of the future and create enormous pressures for critical problem solving.
A perforin-like protein from a marine mollusk.

Abstract Abalone (gastropod mollusks) express a protein, abMpeg1, which is a homolog of two mammalian proteins that share homology with mammalian perforin, a cytolytic and immune-regulatory protein of lymphocytes. One of the mammalian proteins, Mpeg1, is expressed in mature macrophage and prion-infected mouse brains, while the other, Epcs50, is expressed in ectoplacental cone cells of the invading placenta. Although the functions of these three proteins remain unknown, their structural similarity to mammalian perforin suggests that they may be involved in cell killing, the inflammatory response or tissue invasion. Consistent with these proposed functions, the Mpeg1 gene family shows the signature of positive Darwinian selection (adaptive evolution). The perforin-homology domain of abMpeg1 contains the cytolytic “helix-turn-helix” domain of perforin, supporting the idea that abMpeg1 is a cytolytic protein of the abalone innate immune system. The α-helices of abMpeg1 are amphipathic as are those of perforin. The conservation among abMpeg1, mammalian Mpeg1, and Epcs50 shows that Mpeg1 proteins represent a novel, ancient protein family of probable immunological function.
Transfer of practice effects with the Muller-Lyer illusion

Two groups of Ss received monocular repeated trials with a large display of the Brentano version of the Muller-Lyer illusion. Intraocular transfer of practice effects of one group was compared to interocular transfer for the other group. The finding of similar transfer performance was interpreted as supportive of the operation of central factors in producing practice effects.
Agronomic evaluation of prospective mnew crop species II. The AmericanLimnanthes

Limnanthes is a potential seed oil source of long chain fatty acids. Agronomic evaluations in Alaska, California, Maryland, and Oregon indicate that theL.alba group has the best crop potential because of superior seed retention and erect growth habit. Experimental seed yields of 1700 kg/ha or more indicate that economically feasible yields on a commercial scale will be attainable, as continued study reveals optimum cultural practices and utilizes variability present in the various accessions. For the best seed yields,Limnanthes must be handled as a winter annual in California, Maryland, and Oregon but as a spring-seeded annual in Alaska.Limnanthes plants mature rapidly during hot weather; thus the timing of harvest is critical for maximization of seed yields. Further studies on seeding rates, weed control, and harvest methods are suggested.
Postnatal Functional Analysis of Prenatal Exposure of Rats to 915 MHz Microwave Radiation

Thirty pregnant Wistar strain albino rats were used to determine the effects of chronic prenatal exposure to 915 MHz microwave radiation at a continuous wave power density level of 10 mW/cm2 on postnatal growth and neurobehavioral development. Eleven rats were irradiated in a fully characterized anechoic chamber from days 1 to 21 of gestation. Mean total exposure time was 6544 min. Nineteen rats were used as control animals. All animals delivered and raised their offspring (F1a) until weaning at 30 days of age Ten days later females were rebred and a standard teratologic evaluation was completed on the resultant F1b fetuses. Maternal brain, liver, kidneys, and ovaries were removed, weighed, examined, and fixed in formalin. The F1a (irradiated) neonates were given four perinatal reflex tests (surface righting, air righting, auditory startle, visual placing). One physiological parameter, eye opening, was also observed. Weekly weights were recorded throughout the study period. At 60 days of age the offspring...
Independent Study Behaviors: A Framework for Curriculum Development

LD students spend a good deal of their instructional time under the watchful eye of the teacher. Supervision that is too close or constant may retard the student's development of independent study behaviors (ISB's). In this article, Brown discusses characteristics, assessment and curriculum development of ISB's. Since a basic instructional goal for LD students is independence of action, this topic is of particular relevance to the LD Professional.
The speciation of carbon dioxide in sodium aluminosilicate glasses

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to study the speciation of CO_2 in glasses near the NaAlO_2-SiO_2 join quenched from melts held at high temperatures and pressures. Absorption bands resulting from the antisymmetric stretches of both molecular CO_2 (2,352 cm^(-1)) and CO^(2-)_3 (1,610 cm^(-1) and 1,375 cm^(-1)) are observed in these glasses. The latter are attributed to distorted Na-carbonate ionic-complexes. Molar absorptivities of 945 liters/mole-cm for the molecular CO_2 band, 200 liters/mole-cm for the 1,610 cm^(-1) band, and 235 liters/mole-cm for the 1,375 cm^(-1) band have been determined. These molar absorptivities allow the quantitative determination of species concentrations in the glasses with a precision on the order of several percent of the amount present. The accuracy of the method is estimated to be ±15-20% at present. The ratio of molecular CO_2 to CO^(2-)_3 in sodium aluminosilicate glasses varies little for each silicate composition over the range of total dissolved CO_2 content (0-2%), pressure (15-33 kbar) and temperature (1,400-1,560° C) that we have studied. This ratio is, however, a strong function of silicate composition, increasing both with decreasing Na_2O content along the NaAlO_2-SiO_2 join and with decreasing Na_2O content in peraluminous compositions off the join. Infrared spectroscopic measurements of species concentrations in glasses provide insights into the molecular level processes accompanying CO_2 solution in melts and can be used to test and constrain thermodynamic models of CO_(2-) bearing melts. CO_2 speciation in silicate melts can be modelled by equilibria between molecular CO_2 , CO^(2-)_3, and oxygen species in the melts. Consideration of the thermodynamics of such equilibria can account for the observed linear relationship between molecular CO_2 and carbonate concentrations in glasses, the proposed linear relationship between total dissolved CO_2 content and the activity of CO_2 in melts, and observed variations in CO_2 solubility in melts.
High-pressure-induced phase transitions of mercury chalcogenides.

The high-pressure-induced phase transitions of mercury chalcogenides (including sulfide, selenide, and telluride) were studied to 40 GPa using energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction with a diamond anvil cell. The common pressure-induced transition sequence in these compounds was found to be zinc blende (phase I), cinnabar (phase II), NaCl (phase III), and body-centered tetragonal (phase IV). Relative intensity measurements were compared to relative intensity calculations to determine the space groups of phases III and IV. Another high-pressure phase (phase V) of HgTe was found. The high-pressure phase-transition sequence of mercury chalcogenides is similar to that for the zinc and cadmium chalcogenides except for the intermediate cinnabar phase in the mercury chalcogenides.
Pure Coercion vs. Carrot-and-Stick Offers in Crisis Bargaining

In the crisis preceding the Gulf war, the United States favored pure coercion over carrot-and-stick offers. This article, which replicates and extends research reported by Leng (1984), supports the hypothesis that carrot-and-stick offers work better than pure coercion if an actor has already demonstrated resolve. Beginning with Jervis's (1976) distinction between deterrence and spiral theories of interaction, the article assesses the effects of various types of forceful moves in crisis bargaining. Interrupted time-series techniques are used with data on hostility levels in two confrontations to test the hypothesis that pure coercion tends to elicit a response in kind, whereas carrot-and-stick offers tend to elicit accommodation. Analysis of Behavioral Correlates of War data on actors' responses in the Cuban missile crisis and in the Egyptian-Israeli confrontation in 1967 corroborate Leng's original findings. Iraq's responses to the USA's threats in the Gulf conflict suggest that pure coercion can induce an opponent to fight even when it is weaker.
Consumer/Producer Links in Fair Trade Coffee Networks

This article analyzes the multifaceted connections linking consumers and producers in expanding North/South Fair Trade coffee networks. I develop a commodity network framework that builds on the commodity chain tradition, integrating insights from cultural studies, actor–network theory, and conventions approaches. This framework illuminates how material and ideological relations are negotiated across production and consumption arenas. In the case of Fair Trade, progressive ideas and practices related to trust, equality, and global responsibility are intertwined with traditional commercial and industrial conventions. As I demonstrate, the negotiation of these divergent conventions shortens the social distance between Fair Trade coffee consumers and producers. I conclude that by re–linking consumers and producers, commodity network analysis provides a robust entre for academic inquiry and engagement in alternative food politics.
Earthworm dynamics and soil physical properties in the first three years of no-till management

Abstract Earthworms are often referred to as ecosystem engineers due to their ability to alter the soil environment. Since earthworms influence a wide range of critical chemical and physical soil properties it is important to understand how their populations are impacted by soil management. Earthworms were sampled during the spring and summer of 2001, 2002, and 2003 from conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) plots established in 2000. Although there was a strong trend for higher earthworm density in NT plots in 2001 ( p = 0.08) and 2002 ( p = 0.19), statistically significant differences were not detected between tillage treatments until 2003 ( p = 0.04) when mean earthworm density was 37.7 individuals m −2 in CT and 149.9 individuals m −2 in NT during spring and 17.1 individuals m −2 in CT and 58.4 individuals m −2 in NT in summer. A high mortality rate between spring and summer, combined with greater cocoon production under NT suggests that the earthworm population turns over rapidly in NT plots. Data also suggest that adverse soil environmental conditions will limit earthworm density in these dryland agroecosystems. Despite significantly higher earthworm density after three years of NT management, soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and aggregate stability of the 0.5- to 1-mm size fraction were not different between the two tillage treatments. The apparent lack of impact of reduced disturbance and increased earthworm density on soil physical properties may be due to the short time this soil has been under NT management, limited seasonal earthworm activity due to environmental conditions, or differences in the scale at which soil physical properties have been affected after three years of NT management and the scale at which our measurements were made.
Bi-modal effect of piperonyl butoxide on the o- and p-hydroxylations of biphenyl by mouse liver microsomes.

Abstract Piperonyl butoxide, immediately after intraperitoneal injection into adult male Swiss mice, produces a bi-modal effect of a transient stimulation of o -hydroxylation and a concomitant suppression of p -hydroxylation of biphenyl by their liver microsomes. Based on the initial kinetic relationship between these two activities and the characterization of their respective responses to varying dosages of piperonyl butoxide, it is shown that this bi-modal effect is due to a shift in equilibrium between the two microsomal enzyme activities, presumably through an isozymic transformation.