cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total and regional deposition of inhaled aerosols in humans

Total and regional depositions of inhaled aerosols in the human respiratory tract have been calculated for a wide range of particle diameters, particle mass densities, mean flowrates and mean residence times. Good agreement is found with the recent experimental data of Heyder et al. (1975, 1980a) and Stahlhofen et al. (1980). The dependence of deposition upon particle characteristics and flow pattern is further discussed.
Disorder Characterization of Oxide/Silicon Interfaces from I-V Curves

In this paper, we present results on transmission-energy curves through quantum wells with disordered interfaces. We propose a rule to process experimental data to obtain information about the degree of disorder.
Strategy for identification of novel glucose transporter family members by using internet-based genomic databases.

Abstract Background. We previously reported that medullary thyroid carcinomas and pheochromocytomas avidly take up the glucose analog fluoro-deoxyglucose on positron emission tomography but do not express any of the known human facilitative glucose transporters. We therefore hypothesized that a novel glucose transporter is responsible for glucose uptake in these tumors. Methods. Internet-based Expressed Sequence Tags and high throughput genome sequence databases were screened for novel sequences homologous to the known glucose transporters. Derived clones were used to screen cDNA libraries. Sequence comparison and hydropathic analysis of the putative proteins were performed. Results. We identified 2 novel genes (GLUT8 and GLUT9) that are members of the facilitative glucose transporter family. The putative GLUT8 and GLUT9 proteins have 44% and 31% sequence identity to GLUT5 and GLUT3, respectively. Hydropathic analysis showed both have exofacial and transmembrane domains consistent with a hexose transporter. Conclusions. By using the Expressed Sequence Tags database, we identified novel members of the glucose transporter family. Further work will establish function and expression patterns in medullary thyroid carcinomas and pheochromocytomas. Internet-based genomic databases allow rapid screening and identification of candidate sequences of novel members of human gene families.(Surgery 2000;128:946-51.)
Laparoscopic appendectomy in children with complicated appendicitis: ethnic disparity amid changing trend.

Background Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has gained acceptance in the treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis in the pediatric population. The role of LA versus open appendectomy (OA) in complicated (perforated) appendicitis has remained controversial. Methods A 10-y review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) and 3 y of non-overlapping data from the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) (2000, 2003, and 2006) was performed on pediatric patients (age Results An estimated 72,787 patients met the inclusion criteria with a median age of 11 y. The majorities of the patients were male (59.9%), Caucasian (38.1%), and insured (89.7%). Twenty-nine percent underwent LA while 71% had OA. Proportion of LA increased from 9.9% in 1999 to 46.6% in 2007. On multivariate analysis, African-Americans were less likely to undergo LA compared with Caucasians (OR: 0.80, CI = 0.69–0.92, P = 0.002) despite an increased odds of undergoing LA over the last decade from 1998 to 2007 in the entire study population (OR 6.27, 95% CI 4.73–8.30, P = 0.000). Increasing age and gender were also associated with likelihood of receiving LA (OR: 1.08, CI = 1.06–1.10 and OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.18–1.31, P Conclusions LA is gradually gaining acceptance over the years as an alternative to OA for complicated appendicitis, However, minority difference still exists in choice of procedure. There is a need to further investigate this disparity as it may be related to access to skilled laparoscopic pediatric surgeons.
Reducing the influence of b‐value selection on diffusion‐weighted imaging of the prostate: Evaluation of a revised monoexponential model within a clinical setting

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of standard and revised monoexponential models of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) data for differentiating malignant from benign prostate tissue, using surgical pathology as the reference standard. Materials and Methods: The Institutional Review Board waived informed consent for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant, retrospective study of 46 patients (median age = 61 years; range: 42–85 years) who underwent DW-MRI between May and December 2008 before radical prostatectomy for biopsy-proven prostate cancer, had no prior treatment, and had whole-mount step-section pathology maps available showing at least one peripheral zone (PZ) lesion >0.1 cm3. DW-MRI data were obtained for b-values of 0, 400, and 700 s/mm2. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were estimated from PZ regions of interest (ROIs) on b = 0, 700 and b = 0, 400 s/mm2 images, using a standard monoexponential model. The true diffusion coefficient (D) and perfusion fraction (f) were measured using a revised monoexponential model incorporating all three b-values. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were calculated to assess the accuracy of individual parameters and a logistic regression model combining D and f (D+f) in distinguishing malignant ROIs; P < 0.05 denoted significance. Results: ADC400 (AUC = 0.81, P < 0.0001), ADC700 (AUC = 0.79, P < 0.0001), D (AUC = 0.71, P = 0.0001) and D + f distinguished malignant from benign ROIs (AUC = 0.82, P < 0.0001), but f did not (AUC = 0.56, P = 0.28); D + f was significantly more accurate than D (P = 0.016) but not more accurate than ADC400 (P = 0.26) or ADC700 (P = 0.12). Conclusion: The true diffusion coefficient provides an additional DW-MRI parameter for distinguishing prostate cancer that is less influenced than the ADC by b-value selection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;35:660-668. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization and Partial Purification of Bovine α-Lactalbumin and β-Casein Produced in Milk of Transgenic Mice

Bovine alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) and bovine beta-casein (beta-CN), from milk from transgenic mice were characterized and partially purified using electrophoretic, immunoblotting, and chromatographic methods. The transgenically expressed bovine milk proteins were identified using PAGE or by a combination of preparative isoelectrofocusing followed by Western immunoblotting. The heterologous bovine alpha-IA and bovine beta-CN had molecular masses that were identical to those of those of the native proteins. The estimated expression of the proteins was 1.0 mg/ml of milk for alpha-LA and 3.0 mg/ml for beta-CN. The calcium binding of bovine alpha-LA suggested that the protein produced in murine milk has the same electrophoretic shift as native bovine alpha-LA after the removal of calcium. Nitrogen-linked glycosylation of native and murine synthesized bovine alpha-LA was identified by peptide-N-glycosidase F treatment, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of HPLC-purified bovine alpha-LA from mouse milk was confirmed to be identical to native bovine alpha-LA. In addition, the phosphorylation of the bovine beta-CN expressed in the milk of transgenic mice was the same as that of native bovine beta-CN, as determined by phosphatase digestion.
β Subunits of the Olfactory Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Form a Nitric Oxide Activated Ca2+ Channel

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are important in visual and olfactory transduction, and possibly in other neuronal functions. These channels have a complex permeability to Ca2+ ions that may be important in their cellular functions. They are composed of two different subunits, alpha and beta, that have been cloned and expressed, but the beta subunit alone cannot be activated by cyclic nucleotides, confounding the analysis of its characteristics. However, we found that nitric oxide can activate the homomeric expressed beta subunit, and the resulting channel possesses many properties of the L-type Ca2+ channels, including high permeability to Ca2+ ions and sensitivity to Ca2+ channel blockers. Thus, the Ca2+ permeability characteristics of native channels are mostly conferred by properties of the beta subunit, and the beta subunit alone can act as a NO-sensitive Ca2+ channel. A nearly identical conductance activated by NO is present in the membrane of rat vomeronasal neurons, indicating that homomeric beta channels exist in vivo.
Acceleration of natural-abundance solid-state MAS NMR measurements on bone by paramagnetic relaxation from gadolinium-DTPA

Reducing the data collection time without affecting the signal intensity and spectral resolution is one of the major challenges for the widespread application of multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, especially in experiments conducted on complex heterogeneous biological systems such as bone. In most of these experiments, the NMR data collection time is ultimately governed by the proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1). For over two decades, gadolinium(III)-DTPA (Gd-DTPA, DTPA=Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) has been one of the most widely used contrast-enhancement agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we demonstrate that Gd-DTPA can also be effectively used to enhance the longitudinal relaxation rates of protons in solid-state NMR experiments conducted on bone without significant line-broadening and chemical-shift-perturbation side effects. Using bovine cortical bone samples incubated in different concentrations of Gd-DTPA complex, the (1)H T1 values were calculated from data collected by (1)H spin-inversion recovery method detected in natural-abundance (13)C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR experiments. Our results reveal that the (1)H T1 values can be successfully reduced by a factor of 3.5 using as low as 10mM Gd-DTPA without reducing the spectral resolution and thus enabling faster data acquisition of the (13)C CPMAS spectra. These results obtained from (13)C-detected CPMAS experiments were further confirmed using (1)H-detected ultrafast MAS experiments on Gd-DTPA doped bone samples. This approach considerably improves the signal-to-noise ratio per unit time of NMR experiments applied to bone samples by reducing the experimental time required to acquire the same number of scans.
On the Mechanism of Ventricular Defibrillation

The mechanism of ventricular defibrillation can be considered at many different levels. The highest level is considered the strength of the shock given through the defibrillation electrodes. At the next level, the mechanism of defibrillation can be examined in terms of the electrical field that the shock produces throughout the ventricles. Other levels include the effects this electric field has on the activation sequences and on the cellular action potentials that either initiate or inhibit the early sites of activation following the shock. Yet another level considers the mechanism by which the shock field initiates new action potentials or prolongs the action potential by changing the transmembrane potential during the shock. Finally, the subcellular level is considered, which involves the response of the individual ion channels to the shock. This review gives a brief overview of some salient features of defibrillation at each of these mechanistic levels.
The trophic interactions of young Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in an Arctic tundra stream

1. Young (0+) Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) have the potential to control the trophic structure of Arctic tundra streams through consumption, nutrient excretion and the modification of prey behaviour. The effect of young grayling on three trophic levels (algae, invertebrates and fish) was investigated by manipulating fish density and by fertilizing the river with phosphorus (P). 2. Nutrients, epilithic chlorophyll a, benthic invertebrates and fish biomass were measured within each fish density treatment (0, 4, and 40 fish m–2) within the P-limited reference zone and the P-enriched fertilized zone of the Kuparuk River, Alaska. 3. Epilithic chlorophyll a increased with increased fish density in both reference and fertilized zones, while mayfly density decreased with increased fish density in the fertilized zone only. Final mean mass of young grayling in the 40 fish m–2 cages was lower than mean mass in the 4 fish m–2 cages. 4. Young grayling may produce a top-down cascading trophic effect in areas where nutrients are not limited. 5. River nutrient status and river discharge may modify the strength of top-down control by young grayling.
Tomographic convolutional dosimetry of interstitial brachytherapy implants.

A method for approximation of the dose distribution generated by an interstitial brachytherapy implant is introduced. The method employs convolution of raw tomographic data, as a measurement of attenuation of CT pencil beams by the metallic substrate and casing of radioactive seeds. A convolution kernel is introduced in the algorithm for CTimage reconstruction such that the tomographic computation results in an approximation of absorbed dose. Error estimates are discussed, and limitations of the method and the domain of validity are discussed. Equivalence with a technique of employing convolution methods to the CTimage itself is demonstrated. Calibration and testing on phantom implants is underway.
On sex, cyberspace, and being stalked

(1996). On sex, cyberspace, and being stalked. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 125-149.
Impacts of food crop improvement research: evidence from sub-Saharan Africa.

Abstract The paper reviews and summarizes evidences of impacts of crop improvement research of major food crops in Africa. It provides evidence of increased availability of improved varieties of major food crops to farmers in Africa, increased food production in regions where adoption has occurred, and positive returns to research investment, indicating that agricultural research in Africa has had productivity increasing impacts on its agriculture. However, research impacts vary considerably across countries and regions within a country as a result of agroclimatic factors and policy environment, which affects the supply of seeds and other inputs, and the continuity and stability of research investments. The paper points to a number of important issues, both internal and external to the agricultural research system organization that need to be addressed if agricultural research is to provide a stimulus for modernizing African agriculture. Given the small size of food crop production area in many African countries, it is important for research systems to take full advantage of research spill-ins from regional and international research organizations. There is a great potential to increase the efficiency of research systems by improving the coordination among members of national research systems and continuing improvements in collaborations between NARSs and regional and international organizations.
Study of Morphological Defects on Dual-Band HgCdTe on CdZnTe

HgCdTe dual-band epitaxial layers on lattice-matched CdZnTe substrates often have morphological defects. These defects, unlike normal void and microvoid defects, do not contain a polycrystalline core and, therefore, do not offer a good contrast for observation using optical and electron microscopes. This paper reports a way of identifying these defects by using a Nomarski optical microscopy image overlay on focused ion beam microscopy images for preparation of thin cross-sectional foils of these defects. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the defect cross-sections to identify the origin and evolution of the morphological defects and their effect on the epitaxial layer. This paper reports cross-sectional analysis of four morphological defects of different shape and size.
Developing an undergraduate applied learning experience.

To foster student development, critical thinking, and application skills among public health students at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, a 3-course capstone series was developed as a key component of the public health Bachelor of Arts degree program. Over the course of 1.5 academic years students are actively involved in developing an interdisciplinary project proposal, then executing and presenting an independent, supervised, applied learning project. In the first course, students are introduced to a diverse range of public health projects and methods while working to develop their own project proposal- the foundation for the Applied Learning Experience. The project execution course is designed to allow students to execute their proposed applied learning projects. This experience focuses on the application and integration of public health knowledge, skills, and practice acquired during the bachelor’s degree course of study. Finally, students will be involved in reflecting on, finalizing, and sharing their completed projects in an undergraduate capstone seminar. Through implementation of this series, the program hopes to provide students with the opportunity to actively apply academic skills to real-world application.
Analogs of Tetrahydrofolic Acid XI: Synthesis and Enzymic Evaluation of p-{[N-(2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-pyrimidyl)carbamoyl methyl]amino}benzoyl-l-glutamic Acid

Condensation of ethyl α-acetamidoacetoacetate (XII) with guanidine carbonate afforded 5-acetamido-2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine (X). Acid hydrolysis of X followed by reaction with bromoacetyl bromide gave 2-amino-5-(bromoacetaimido)-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine (XI). Reaction of XI with aniline or p -aminobenzoyl-L-glutamic acid in dimethylsulfoxide resulted in formation of 2-amino-5-(anilinoacetamido)-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine (XIII) and the title compound (III), respectively. III was a poor inhibitor of both dihydrofolic reductase and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, showing inhibition of about the order obtained with p -aminobenzoyl-L-glutamic acid.
Radical fringe positions the apical ectodermal ridge at the dorsoventral boundary of the vertebrate limb

Vertebrate limb outgrowth requires a structure called the apical ectodermal ridge, formation of which follows the previous establishment of the dorsoventral limb axis. Radical fringe is expressed in the dorsal ectoderm before the ridge appears, and is repressed by Engrailed-1, which is expressed in the ventral ectoderm. Misexpression of these genes indicates that a ridge is formed wherever there is a boundary between cells expressing and not expressing Radical fringe. Thus, as in Drosophila, Radical fringe positions the ridge at the dorsoventral limb boundary.
Methodological problems in studies of avian nest defence

Abstract We examined whether red-winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) differed in nest defence response to: (1) a live crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) versus a taxidermic mount, (2) different postures of the same human intruder at the nest, and (3) a familiar versus a novel human intruder at the nest. We found that blackbirds were more aggressive: (1) to a mounted than a live crow, (2) to a human being staring at the nest than to a human being gazing at the bird, and (3) to a familiar than to a novel human being. We discuss the implications of our results for avian nest defence studies.
CT and MRI appearances and radiologic staging of pediatric renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an uncommon but noteworthy primary pediatric renal malignancy. There is a paucity of published data regarding the CT/MRI appearances and accuracy of pretreatment radiologic staging of this form of cancer in children. To review the various CT/MRI appearances of pediatric RCC and assess the accuracy of pretreatment radiologic staging using these imaging modalities. Institutional Departments of Pathology and Radiology records were searched from 1995 through 2010 for children (younger than 18 years of age) with RCC. Available pretreatment contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT and MRI examinations were reviewed by two radiologists. Pertinent imaging findings were documented by consensus, and correlation was made between radiologic and surgicopathological TNM staging. Pretreatment imaging studies from 10 RCCs in nine children (four girls and five boys; mean age 12.9 years) were reviewed. The mean size of the primary tumor was 6.2 cm (range, 1.5–12.6 cm). Ninety percent of RCCs demonstrated heterogeneous postcontrast enhancement. Fifty percent of masses had associated hemorrhage, while 40% contained internal calcification. Regarding TNM staging, N staging was correct for 10 of 10 tumors, while M staging was correct for 10 of 10 tumors. Imaging correctly staged only 4 of 10 tumors with respect to T stage. Radiologic and surgicopathological overall staging were concordant for 8 of 10 tumors. Pediatric RCCs typically present as large, heterogeneous masses, and they commonly hemorrhage and contain internal calcification. Radiologic and surgicopathological overall TNM staging are frequently concordant, although radiologic T staging is often incorrect.
Defining exchange rate parity in terms of GDP per hour of work

Present methods of defining currency exchange rates are complex, obscure, and biased in favor of developed countries. The 1980 International Comparison Project revealed the bias and provided a criterion for an unbiased definition of exchange rate parity. The definition proposed here is Gross Domestic Product per hour of work estimated by GDP in billions of national currency units divided by total population in millions of persons. GDP per hour of work defines exchange rate parity the way standards of weight and measure are defined, namely, with an objective criterion. The validity of GDP per hour of work as a standard of exchange rate parity is supported by strong correlations with ICP commodity price levels in 1980 and with IMF exchange rates in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1985 and 1993. GDP per hour of work makes the definition of exchange rate parity fair, objective and visible, simple, free, timely, and independent of any reference currency. The gradual movement of exchange rates toward GDP per hour of work would encourage fair trade, a precondition to free trade, to benefit all countries.
Air drinking by partially ageusic rats

Abstract An evaluation of the effects of partial conduction ageusia on licking an air-stream was undertaken. Rats with bilateral lingual nerve divisions showed significant reductions in pre to post-operative air-drinking rates, while neither rats with severed glossopharyngeal nerves, nor sham operated controls exhibited similar outcomes. Interruption of some sensory input associated with the physical characteristics of an air-stream appeared to exert partial control over responding for air.
Control of High Speed Milling Chatter in Simultaneous Time-Frequency Domain

The dynamics governing high speed milling has been extensively explored for decades, both numerically and experimentally. The process loses its dynamic stability and becomes chaotic through either Neimark-Sacker or period doubling bifurcation. While its associated response is still bounded in the time domain, however, it could become unstably broadband in the frequency domain, thus causing the uneven cutting surface on the workpiece and tool damage. A discrete-wavelet-based feedforward adaptive controller is developed to stabilize system response in the time and frequency domains simultaneously. An adaptive controller along with an adaptive filter effective for on-line system identification is implemented in the wavelet domain. By controlling both time and frequency responses, the presented controller design is demonstrated to effectively suppress milling chatter and restore the system back to dynamic stability.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
High resolution infrared spectra of water vapor: ν1 and ν3 bands of H218O

Abstract The ν1 and ν3 bands of H216O occurring in the region 2.5–3.0 μ were recorded with a high resolution vacuum infrared spectrograph and an analysis has been presented of the rotational structure observed. The present study led to the determination of accurate values for the ground state energy levels of the H216O molecule. The band origins obtained are: ν1 = 3657.050 cm−1 and ν3 = 3755.970 cm−1. A discussion is presented of the effects of perturbations between the upper states of the transitions involved.
Metabolic Responses of Extracellular Matrix in Tissue Repair

Tissue repair is a property of all vascularized tissues. A complex yet co-ordinated series of molecular and cellular events regulates repair, including its fibrogenic component that eventuates in fibrous tissue formation. This report suggests that phenotypically transformed fibroblast-like cells, termed myofibroblasts (myoFb) because they express alpha-smooth muscle actin, are responsible for collagen turnover at sites of repair. They impart extracellular matrix with metabolic and contractile activity. De novo generation of angiotensin II by myoFb at sites of repair has important autocrine and paracrine functions. Regressive, persistent and progressive forms of fibrosis are related to the fate of myoFb and the signals they generate.
Employment, employment-related problems, and Drug use at Drug Court entry

The literature indicates that employment may be an important factor for retaining substance misusing clients in treatment. Given the link between employment problems and treatment retention for Drug Court clients, the current project builds upon the existing services provided by Drug Courts in order to develop and implement an innovative model that focuses on obtaining, maintaining, and upgrading employment for Drug Court participants. The purpose of this article is to (1) describe the employment intervention used in Kentucky Drug Courts, which is grounded in established job readiness and life skill training approaches; and (2) profile those participants who were employed full-time prior to Drug Court and those who were not. Findings suggest that those employed full-time were more likely to have higher incomes and more earned income from legitimate job sources, although there were no differences in the types of employment (major jobs included food service and construction). In addition, study findings sug...
Alteration of hepatic detoxication enzyme activity by dietary arsenic trioxide.

Abstract The effects of dietary arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on liver detoxication enzymes were studied. Enzyme activity was monitored by measuring hexobarbitone sleeping time, oxidative cleavage of O-ethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN) and O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, in rats fed diets containing 0, 100, 500, 1000, 2000 or 5000 ppm As2O3 for 15 days. Hexobarbitone sleeping time was decreased in rats given 100 ppm As2O3 or more; the other enzyme responses were stimulated considerably in rats given 1000 ppm As2O3 and most of the rats given 2000 or 5000 ppm died. The capacity of the enzyme system to be stimulated by dietary sodium phenobarbitone was not impaired by As2O3.
Knowledge Matters: Technology, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in Innovation Networks and Knowledge ClustersEdited by Elias G. Carayannis and Piero Formica . Hampshire, UK: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008. 267 + xix pages. US$90.00.

Books reviewed in this issue: Knowledge Matters: Technology, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters Future Search: Getting the Whole System in the Room for Vision, Commitment, and Action Take Charge Product Management: Time-Tested Tips, Tactics, and Tools for the New or Improved Product Manager
Solid-state chemistry of organic polyvalent iodine compounds. VII. The relationships between crystal packing modes, solid-state intermolecular interactions, and infrared spectra of benzoxiodole compounds☆

Abstract The importance of intermolecular interactions in determining crystal structures has been investigated for a series of 3-oxo-3H,2,1-benzoxiodol-1-substituted compounds. These compounds all contain a trivalent iodine atom which is involved in a stereospecific coordination interaction with an electronegative atom (oxygen or halogen) of a neighboring molecule. It has been found that only four basic packing modes occur for these compounds, formally characterized by the nature of the functional group which is coordinated to iodine. Infrared analysis of solution and solid-state samples of these compounds shows that the structurally identifiable intermolecular coordination modes which occur between I(III) and carbonyl groups do in fact involve chemically stabilizing interactions. Shifts of about 10 cm−1 to lower wavenumber are observed for the carbonyl stretching band of an uncoordinated carbonyl group in solid-state samples, as compared to its frequency in solution samples. The carbonyl stretching frequency of a coordinated carbonyl group is lowered from 20–80 cm−1 (these bands occur at 1614–1678 cm−1 in the solid state). Some of the compounds exist in molecular conformations in the solid state in which a possible intramolecular interaction between I(III) and a carbonyl also may be contributing to the observed frequency shifts.
A chromosome rearrangement in Neurospora that produces segmental aneuploid progeny containing only part of the nucleolus organizer

In translocation T(IL→VL)OY321 of Neurospora crassa a distal portion of the nucleolus organizer chromosome, including ribosomal DNA sequences and the nucleolus satellite, is interchanged with a long terminal segment of IL. When OY321 is crossed by Normal sequence, one-fourth of the meiotic products are segmental aneuploids that contain two copies of the long IL segment and that are deficient for the distal portion of the organizer. Each such product forms a nucleolus and is viable. The complementary aneuploid products are deficient for the IL segment and are therefore inviable. — In crosses of OY321xOY321, each product is capable of making two nucleoli; nucleoli formed by the separated nucleolus organizer parts usually fuse, but most 8-spored asci contain some nuclei in which two separate nucleoli can be seen. One nucleolus is then terminal on its chromosome while the second is interstitial and somewhat smaller. — In crosses of OY321 x Normal, half of the meiotic products are capable of making two nucleoli. However, only about 15% of 8-spored asci have one or more nuclei containing separate nucleoli. At pachytene and later in prophase I, the single fusion nucleolus is associated with three bivalent chromosome segments. Each nucleus of every ascus contains at least one nucleolus, even in asci where some nuclei display two nucleoli. — Crosses of Aneuploid x Normal are usually semibarren, producing a reduced number of ascospores, some of which are inviable. Some aneuploid cultures become fully fertile by reverting to a quasinormal sequence lacking a satellite. In some crosses of Aneuploid x Normal, individual asci may show at prophase I either complete loss, partial loss, or pycnosis of the translocated IL segment. This observation of pycnosis suggests chromosome inactivation. — Growth from aneuploid ascospores is initially slow, but can accelerate to the wild-type rate.
Communication and Control Protocols for Load Networks in the Smart Grid

Abstract As pointed out in Baillieul and Antsaklis (2007), in the three decades since researchers at Bosch GmbH launched the technology of networked control systems for automobiles, there has been an explosion of interest in both the theory and deployment of real-time networks of devices. This interest is especially apparent in much of the current research on the smart grid. In what follows, recent work to illuminate the challenges and benefits of various communication and control protocols within pools of networked energy consuming devices and energy providers is discussed. We compare what can be possibly achieved in demand side management under two different protocols between the smart building operator [SBO] and the distributed energy consuming appliances. In the first protocol carrying the complete appliances' state information, the SBO is able to design a control law to reduce consumption uncertainty and to guarantee consumers' satisfaction. In the second protocol that communicates binary appliances' information, the scheduling performance reflects lower consumer utility and greater consumption uncertainty. In addition, we discuss the optimal energy reserve purchasing strategy for the SBO that strikes a balance between having excess capacity and having energy deficiency. Numerical simulation illustrates the protocols.
Transcriptional repression of plasma cell differentiation is orchestrated by aberrant over-expression of the ETS factor SPIB in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia.

Summary In Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM), the mechanism(s) responsible for repression of B-cell differentiation remains unknown. We found that expression of SPIB and ID2 were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in WM lymphoplasmacytic cells (LPC). Ectopic expression of SPIB in healthy donor CD19+ cells inhibited plasmacytic differentiation in conjunction with decreased transcription of IRF4 and XBP1 spliced form. In primary WM LPC, knock-down of SPIB induced plasmacytic differentiation in conjunction with increased transcription of PRDM1, XBP1 spliced form, IRF4 and ID2. Knock-down of SPIB also led to decreased BCL2 expression. Given that SPIB is a direct target of POU2AF1 (OBF1) in complex with POU2F2 or POU2F1, we next examined their expression in WM LPC. POU2F2 transcription, as well as POU2F2 and POU2AF1 protein expression was higher in WM LPC. Ectopic expression of POU2F2 in healthy donor CD19+ cells induced transcription of SPIB and suppressed transcription of PRDM1 and IRF4. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis in BCWM.1 WM cells confirmed binding of POU2F2 and POU2AF1 in SPIB and ID2 promoters. These findings establish a molecular hierarchy among POU2F2, SPIB and ID2 during B-cell differentiation, and suggest that aberrant expression of these transcription factors plays an important role in arresting plasmacytic differentiation in WM.
Geodesy is not just for static measurements any more

After three decades and three orders of magnitude of advances, space geodesy is poised for prime time in observing the integrated mass transports that take place in the Earth system, from high atmosphere to the deep interior of the core. As such, space geodesy has become a new remote sensing tool, in monitoring climatic and geophysical changes with ever-increasing sensitivity and resolution. The transports of mass and energy are key processes that determine the dynamics of our Earth system. The Earth system can be conveniently viewed through its components, so-called geophysical fluids—the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and the deep interior of mantle and cores. All geophysical fluids undergo a host of mass transports for various reasons, external as well as internal. Studying these processes is undoubtedly a most interdisciplinary field in all of Earth sciences. However, mass transport has not received due attentions. For example, all ocean general circulation models (GCMs) working today do not correctly conserve the water mass; instead, they conserve the water volume under the Boussinesq approximation. Neither do the atmospheric GCMs in conserving the dry air mass, including those used daily for weather forecasts. A most critical piece in the global water mass puzzle, the large-scale land hydrological and cryospheric mass budget remains least known.
Urology Peer Review at the National Institutes of Health

AbstractPurpose: Urology is a field with many subspecialties and, as a consequence, urological research grant applications are distributed to a variety of different study sections at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It has long been the conviction of urological investigators that urological grant funding suffers as a result of this distribution. We investigated the composition of these study sections to identify the prevalence of urological expertise (or lack thereof). The review challenges the concept that urological research grant applications are being subjected to adequate peer review.Materials and Methods: Aided by personnel from the National Institute for Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and the National Cancer Institute, 22 study sections to which urological grants are distributed were identified. A 3 to 5-year retrospective MEDLINE analysis of all the scientific publications of each study section member was done. Urological experts were identified by the criterion of having mor...
The normative foundations of social theory: An essay on the criteria defining social economics *

All economic theorists believe their theories to be oriented toward explanations of human economic behavior. And since human beings are always and everywhere found only in social groups, all econom...
Joule heating induced negative differential resistance in freestanding metallic carbon nanotubes

The features of the IV characteristics of metallic carbon nanotubes (m-CNTs) in different experimental setups are studied using semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation together with the heat dissipation equation to account for significant thermal effects at high electric bias. The model predicts that the shape of the m-CNT characteristics is basically controlled by heat removal mechanisms. In particular, the authors show that the onset of negative differential resistance in freestanding nanotubes finds its origins in strong transport nonlinearities associated with poor heat removal unlike in substrate-supported nanotubes.
Hydrodynamic chromatography: packed columns, multiple detectors, and microcapillaries

Hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) is a liquid chromatographic technique that separates analytes on the basis of their size in solution. Separation can be conducted either in an open tube or in a column packed with inert, nonporous beads. In HDC, larger analytes elute first and smaller ones later, due to preferential sampling of the streamlines of flow in the open tube or in the interstitial medium of the packed column. Because of the low shear rates experienced in HDC, coupled with the wealth of information obtained when employing a multiplicity of detection methods, the technique has experienced a resurgence in recent years in both the particle sizing and macromolecular arenas, where it can provide information on the mutual interdependence of molar mass, size, shape, and compactness. Additionally, microcapillary HDC is also gaining popularity amongst the bioanalytical community, who have employed the technique, inter alia, to separate DNA fragments over a base pair range spanning four orders in magnitude. Here, examples from the literature are used to show how HDC has been applied in each of the aforementioned areas, explaining the information that can be obtained from various detector combinations, and opining on the future of the technique.
Materials informatics: Growing from the Bio World

The materials science community has seen explosive growth in the volume and complexity of materials information. Materials are becoming more engineered, complex, and multifunctional, and simple models and parametric approaches are often inadequate to predict their properties, performance, and reliability. Moreover, materials data is becoming increasingly complex, involving numerical values, textual annotations, spatial information (e.g., micrographs), and logical information. Materials information and how it is compiled and validated needs to evolve, Materials Informatics: Growing from the Bio World
A New Nitrogen Afterglow Spectrum

IN a communication in these columns1 I directed attention to the presence of two members of the Vegard-Kaplan system of nitrogen in the spectrum of the afterglow that was discovered by me in 19342. Although very weak, the presence of these bands was the first direct proof of the existence of meta-stable molecules in active nitrogen. The spectrum of this afterglow was a very faithful reproduction of the auroral spectrum.
Properdin and Complement Activation: A Fresh Perspective

The C3 convertases are the major proteases of the complement cascade and are assembled at the site of complement activation via several different pathways. Properdin's functional role in stabilizing the alternative pathway convertase has been long established; however, new evidence demonstrates that properdin can also bind to certain microbial surfaces, and provide a platform for de novo convertase assembly. Therefore, properdin participates in two distinct mechanisms for complement activation: the alternative pathway and a properdin-directed pathway. Previous work had implicated the alternative pathway in the initiation and/or progression of several autoimmune diseases and in the host defense against certain bacterial pathogens. Those conclusions were based on evidence that cannot distinguish effects of the alternative pathway from effects of the properdin-directed pathway. With the identification of the new role for properdin in C3 convertase assembly there became a pressing need to reassess the mechanisms of complement activation, determine the specific role of properdin in each of these pathways, and explore the new therapeutic avenues that could arise.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF COUPLED OSCILLATORS THROUGH CONTROLLED ENERGY TRANSFER

We study the phenomena of synchronization in a system of two coupled oscillators. The oscillators, identical when decoupled, model forced pendula and are coupled with a linear torsional spring. Using the idea of energy transfer between the two oscillators, we derive nonlinear control laws which stabilize the in-phase motion. Physically, the additional control terms act through a controlled transfer the energy between the two oscillators. Thus the mechanical energy of the system remains constant as the oscillators are synchronized. Trajectories of the controlled system are required to remain on the constant energy surface of the Hamiltonian of the uncontrolled system, which represents the mechanical energy of the coupled oscillator system.
Low Temperature Dewar For 1 MeV Electron Transient Testing Of Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

A low infrared background helium dewar has been built to evaluate the response and recovery of infrared focal plane arrays to transient electron bursts with mean source energy of 1.4 MeV. The dewar has thin beryllium windows in the vacuum and helium shields, open areas in the nitrogen shield, and a mount that allows the device under test to be perpendicular to the incident electron beam. Beryllium provides shield support and optical background reduction while minimizing electron energy absorption. Dose rates as high as 1012 Rad(Si)/s can be achieved at the device under test. A Febetron 705 flash x-ray (FXR) generator at Rockwell International is used to produce the electron beam. The dewar was used with the FXR electron beam generator at various dose rates. The dosimetry performed in the dewar/electron beam environment will be discussed, including an analysis of the electron beam energy spectrum at the device position.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the Sensitivity of Transtensional Versus Transpressional Tectonic Regimes to Remote Dynamic Triggering by Coulomb Failure

Abstract Accumulating evidence, although still strongly spatially aliased, indicates that although remote dynamic triggering of small‐to‐moderate ( M w
Nature of Inhibitory Postsynaptic Activity in Developing Relay Cells of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Using intracellular recordings in an isolated (in vitro) brain stem preparation, we examined the inhibitory postsynaptic responses of developing neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LG...
Troponin I inhibitory peptide (96-115) has an extended conformation when bound to skeletal muscle troponin C.

We have utilized CD and NMR spectroscopy to study the conformation of the troponin I (TnI) inhibitory peptide [TnI(96−115)] free in solution and when bound to troponin C (TnC). Analysis of the CD s...
The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III Outcome Prediction in Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit After Pneumonectomy

Purpose: The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III prognostic system has not been previously validated in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after pneumonectomy. The purpose of this study was to determine if the APACHE III predicts hospital mortality after pneumonectomy. Methods: A retrospective review of all adult patients admitted to a single thoracic surgical intensive care unit after pneumonectomy between October 1994 and December 2004. Patient demographics, ICU admission day APACHE III score, actual and predicted hospital mortality, and length of hospital and ICU stay data were collected. Data on preoperative pulmonary function tests and smoking habits were also collected. Univariate statistical methods and logistic regression were used. The performance of the APACHE III prognostic system was assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic for calibration and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination. Results: There were 417 pneumonectomies performed during the study period, of which 281 patients were admitted to the ICU. The mean age was 61.1 years, and 67.2% were men; 88.2% were smokers with a median of 40.0 (interquartile range, 18-62) pack-years of tobacco use. The mean APACHE III score on the day of ICU admission was 37.7 (± standard deviation 17.8), and the mean predicted hospital mortality rate was 6.4% (±10.4). The median (and interquartile range) lengths of ICU and hospital stay were 1.7 (0.9-3.1) and 9.0 (7.0-17.0) days, respectively. The observed ICU and hospital mortality rates were 4.6% (13/281 patients) and 8.2% (23/281), respectively. The standardized ICU and hospital mortality ratios with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.55 (0.71-2.39) and 1.27 (0.75-1.78), respectively. There were significant differences in the mean APACHE III score (p Conclusions: In patients admitted to the ICU after pneumonectomy, the APACHE III discriminates moderately well between survivors and nonsurvivors. The calibration of the model appears to be good, although the low number of deaths limits the power of the calibration analysis. The use of APACHE III data in outcomes research involving patients who have undergone pneumonectomy is acceptable.
The Use of Fluid Mechanics to Predict Regions of Microscopic Thrombus Formation in Pulsatile VADs.

We compare the velocity and shear obtained from particle image velocimetry (PIV) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in a pulsatile ventricular assist device (VAD) to further test our thrombus predictive methodology using microscopy data from an explanted VAD. To mimic physiologic conditions in vitro, a mock circulatory loop was used with a blood analog that matched blood’s viscoelastic behavior at 40% hematocrit. Under normal physiologic pressures and for a heart rate of 75 bpm, PIV data is acquired and wall shear maps are produced. The resolution of the PIV shear rate calculations are tested using the CFD and found to be in the same range. A bovine study, using a 50 cc Penn State V-2 VAD, for 30 days at a constant beat rate of 75 beats per minute (bpm) provides the microscopic data whereby after the 30 days, the device is explanted and the sac surface analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and, after immunofluorescent labeling for platelets and fibrin, confocal microscopy. Areas are examined based on PIV measurements and CFD, with special attention to low shear regions where platelet and fibrin deposition are most likely to occur. Data collected within the outlet port in a direction normal to the front wall of the VAD shows that some regions experience wall shear rates less than 500 s−1, which increases the likelihood of platelet and fibrin deposition. Despite only one animal study, correlations between PIV, CFD, and in vivo data show promise. Deposition probability is quantified by the thrombus susceptibility potential, a calculation to correlate low shear and time of shear with deposition.