cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologically induced behavioural supersensitivity to apomorphine.

THE interruption of synaptic transmission in the peripheral nervous system can result in a state of “denervation supersensitivity” to the subsequent administration of a neurotransmitter or its agonist1. Neurophysiological2–5 and behavioural6–3 evidence for supersensitivity of receptors of putative neurotransmitters in the central nervous system following surgical or pharmacological interruption of synaptic function has also been reported. Most behavioural studies following pharmacological interference with synaptic function have, however, not demonstrated supersensitivity to an exogenous transmitter agent or agonist by a shift in the dose-response relationship, which is considered an important criterion of supersensitivity1. We have investigated whether chronic pretreatment with anti-adrenergic drugs would enhance a stereotyped behavioural response believed to be mediated by dopamine10. Apomorphine was used to produce stereotyped behaviour as it is believed to have a direct action on dopamine-receptors in the striatum11,12.
Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Look at Individual Characteristics, Context, and Process

Using a sample of 151 employees from three government organizations, we tested a model of corporate entrepreneurship that is influenced by individual characteristics (represented by the five factor model of personality), context (represented by the firm's memory and learning orientation), and process (represented by the facets of the Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument). Our results indicated that contextual and process variables influenced corporate entrepreneurship while the individual characteristics did not. Moreover, corporate entrepreneurship did mediate the relationship between these antecedents and job satisfaction, affective commitment, and performance.
What the comprehensive economics of blindness and visual impairment can help us understand

Since the year 2000, the amount written about the economics of blindness and visual impairment has increased substantially. In some cases, the studies listed under this heading are calculations of the costs related to vision impairment and blindness at a national or global level; in other cases the studies examine the cost-effectiveness of strategies to prevent or modify visual impairment or blindness that are intended to be applied as a guide to treatment recommendations and coverage decisions. In each case the references are just examples of many that could be cited. These important studies have helped advocates, policy makers, practitioners, educators, and others interested in eye and vision health to understand the magnitude of the impact that visual impairment and blindness have on the world, regions, nations, and individuals and the tradeoffs that need to be made to limit the impact. However, these studies only begin to tap into the insights that economic logic might offer to those interested in this field. This paper presents multiple case studies that demonstrate that the economics of blindness and visual impairment encompasses much more than simply measures of the burden of the condition. Case studies demonstrating the usefulness of economic insight include analysis of the prevention of conditions that lead to impairment, decisions about refractive error and presbyopia, decisions about disease and injury treatment, decisions about behavior among those with uncorrectable impairment, and decisions about how to regulate the market all have important economic inputs.
Phase-based processing for synthetic aperture applications

A phase-based processing technique is presented in this paper. In certain synthetic aperture applications, such as the ground probing radar, wide-band radar signals were utilized to detect the presence of targets. In these applications, amplitude information plays the major role at the signal processing stage because it seems less suffered from the complex environment. However, the phase of the echoes can also provide some useful information for the detection or location of targets. This paper attempts to use the phase information to provide a graphical perspective for the synthetic aperture application. Short-time Fourier transform was applied to analyze the phase-varying echo signals, the position-varying properties of target echoes can then be expanded on the position-frequency plane. The results show that the phase-based processing technique may be a promising approach to embedded targets detection and location.
MOMENTUM AND THERMAL BOUNDARY-LAYER THICKNESS IN A STAGNATION FLOW CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION REACTOR

Explicit expressions have been derived for momentum and thermal boundary-layer thickness of the laminar, uniform stagnation flows characteristic of highly convective chemical vapor deposition pedestal reactors. Expressions for the velocity and temperature profiles within the boundary layers have also been obtained. The results indicate that, to leading order, the momentum boundary-layer thickness is inversely proportional to the square root of the Reynolds number, while the thermal boundary-layer thickness is inversely proportional to the square root of the Peclet number. Values computed using the approximate expressions are compared directly with numerical solutions of the equations of motion and thermal energy equation, for a specific set of conditions typical of diamond chemical vapor deposition. Because values of the Lewis number do not vary significantly from unity for many different chemical vapor deposition systems, the expression derived here for thermal boundary-layer thickness may be used directly as an approximate concentration boundary-layer thickness.
Childhood maltreatment and amygdala connectivity in methamphetamine dependence: a pilot study.

Introduction Childhood maltreatment, a well-known risk factor for the development of substance abuse disorders, is associated with functional and structural abnormalities in the adult brain, particularly in the limbic system. However, almost no research has examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment and brain function in individuals with drug abuse disorders. Methods We conducted a pilot study of the relationship between childhood maltreatment (evaluated with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; Bernstein and Fink 1998) and resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala (bilateral region of interest) with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 15 abstinent, methamphetamine-dependent research participants. Within regions that showed connectivity with the amygdala as a function of maltreatment, we also evaluated whether amygdala connectivity was associated positively with negative affect and negatively with healthy emotional processing. Results The results indicated that childhood maltreatment was positively associated with resting-state connectivity between the amygdala and right hippocampus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, right orbitofrontal cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem. Furthermore, connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus was positively related to measures of depression, trait anxiety, and emotion dysregulation, and negatively related to self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness. Conclusions These findings suggest that childhood maltreatment may contribute to increased limbic connectivity and maladaptive emotional processing in methamphetamine-dependent adults, and that healthy emotion regulation strategies may serve as a therapeutic target to ameliorate the associated behavioral phenotype. Childhood maltreatment warrants further investigation as a potentially important etiological factor in the neurobiology and treatment of substance use disorders.
Improved Survival in Fontan-Associated Protein-Losing Enteropathy∗

Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) has long been recognized as a potentially devastating complication of a Fontan procedure. Although not very common, affecting perhaps 10% of Fontan patients, a consistently effective management strategy has yet to be developed, and the 5-year mortality rate is
Disorder and the Supersolid State of Solid He4

We report torsional oscillator supersolid studies of highly disordered samples of solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. In an attempt to approach the amorphous or glassy state of the solid, we prepare our samples by rapid freezing from the normal phase of liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. Less than two minutes is required for the entire process of freezing and the subsequent cooling of the sample to below 1 K. The supersolid signals observed for such samples are remarkably large, exceeding 20% of the entire solid helium moment of inertia. These results, taken with the finding that the magnitude of the small supersolid signals observed in our earlier experiments can be reduced to an unobservable level by annealing, strongly suggest that the supersolid state exists for the disordered or glassy state of helium and is absent in high quality crystals of solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$.
Preparedness for Dam Failures in the San Francisco Bay Area

In California, past high-magnitude earthquakes have mostly occurred before the largest water storage dams were built or while reservoirs were at abnormally low storage levels. While regulations and procedures concerning preparations for possible dam failure appear strong on paper, at least in the San Francisco Bay Area actual preparedness seems inadequate. Few cities have specific dam failure emergency plans, and basic information concerning impacts and responses is generally out of date. The risk of dam failure is uncertain, but given the high probability of a major earthquake occurring in the San Francisco Bay Area in the next 30 years, the aging of dam structures, and the intense development of inundation areas, dam failure and preparedness for such an event appear to require greater attention. Standard emergency management procedures will likely not cope well with a dam break scenario, and current information on potential impacts commonly reflects decades-old inundation forecasting methods. While tools exist to develop and implement more systematic, focused, and updatable preparedness plans, their use would likely carry a hefty price tag.
Maximum likelihood estimation of a change-point in the distribution of independent random variables: General multiparameter case

In a sequence ofn independent random variables the pdf changes fromf(x, 0) tof(x, 0 + @dv"n^-^1) after the [email protected] variables. The problem is to [email protected] @? (0, 1 ), where 0 and @d are unknownd-dim parameters andv"n -> ~ slower thann^1^/^2. Let"n denote the maximum likelihood estimator (mle) [email protected] Analyzing the local behavior of the likelihood function near the true parameter values it is shown under regularity conditions that ifn"n^2(- @l) is bounded in probability asn -> ~, then it converges in law to the timeT"("@d"j"@d")"^"1"^"/"^"2 at which a two-sided Brownian motion (B.M.) with drift1/2(@d'[email protected])^1^/^[email protected][email protected]?on(-~, ~) attains its a.s. unique minimum, whereJ denotes the Fisher-information matrix. This generalizes the result for small change in mean of univariate normal random variables obtained by Bhattacharya and Brockwell (1976,Z. Warsch. Verw. Gebiete37, 51-75) who also derived the distribution ofT"@m [email protected] > 0. For the general case an alternative estimator is constructed by a three-step procedure which is shown to have the above asymptotic distribution. In the important case of multiparameter exponential families, the construction of this estimator is considerably simplified.
THE INFLUENCE OF TRAINING METHOD ON SELF‐EFFICACY AND IDEA GENERATION AMONG MANAGERS

This field experiment examined the influence of two training methods on self-efficacy and performance during training for innovative problem solving. A training method composed of cognitive modeling with practice and reinforcement generated significantly higher participant self-efficacy than a method involving lecture and practice alone. Participants in modeling training significantly outperformed those in the lecture condition on measures of the quantity and divergence of ideas generated. Findings are discussed in terms of training designs for innovative problem solving.
Non functional properties of event porcessing

An important aspect of any system is the non-functional aspect, which is not concerned with what a system does, but rather with how well a system works. Since event processing applications are not monolithic, there are various considerations which vary among these applications. In this tutorial we survey the various non-functional properties of event processing systems that in general relate to scalability and performance, availability, correctness and security. The tutorial is presented along three aspects for each topic: requirements, mapping of requirements to event processing application type and current state-of-the-art and research efforts to cope with the various requirements
Use of Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases

The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating neurodegenerative disorders has received growing attention recently because these cells are readily available, easily expanded in culture, and when transplanted, survive for relatively long periods of time. Given that such transplants have been shown to be safe in a variety of applications, in addition to recent findings that MSCs have useful immunomodulatory and chemotactic properties, the use of these cells as vehicles for delivering or producing beneficial proteins for therapeutic purposes has been the focus of several labs. In our lab, the use of genetic modified MSCs to release neurotrophic factors for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is of particular interest. Specifically, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been recognized as therapeutic trophic factors for Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases, respectively. The aim of this literature review is to provide insights into: (1) the inherent properties of MSCs as a platform for neurotrophic factor delivery; (2) the molecular tools available for genetic manipulation of MSCs; (3) the rationale for utilizing various neurotrophic factors for particular neurodegenerative diseases; and (4) the clinical challenges of utilizing genetically modified MSCs.
Macromolecular action of nitrosoguanidine in Escherichia coli.

Abstract 1. The effects of the mutagen N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on macromolecules and their synthesis have been studied in several strains of Escherichia coli. 2. Nitrosoguanidine treatment at pH 5.0 results in some alteration of DNA that is recognized and repaired by the same mechanism involved in the dark repair of DNA damaged by ultraviolet light. This alteration, if unrepaired, is lethal to the cell. This is the principal cause of lethality in strain Bs-1 which is deficient in the dark repair mechanism. 3. Nitrosoguanidine inactivates the enzyme β-galactosidase within the cells. This action on proteins, however, is not sufficient to account for lethality. 4. Nitrosoguanidine exhibits a pronounced inhibitory effect on protein synthesis and a much lesser effect on RNA synthesis. This effect involves the reduction in rate of synthesis of proteins and the production of small amounts of non-functional proteins. Several indications exist that this is the principal cause of lethality on strains that can repair DNA damage. 5. The presence of streptomycin enhances the survival of nitrosoguanidine-treated streptomycin-resistant cells, suggesting that nitrosoguanidine causes misreading of the genetic code that can be suppressed by streptomycin.
Aluminum and copper plasmonics for enhancing internal quantum efficiency of core-shell and core-multishell nanowire photoelectrodes

ABSTRACT One of the critical challenges for achieving solar-to-hydrogen efficiency greater than 10% (100 W/m 2 ), especially in metal oxide photoelectrodes, is the poor internal quantum e fficiency arising from high, bulk and surface, recombination and insufficient light absorption. Plasmonic light harvesting has emerged as a promising strategy to address this challenge. However, most designs are photocatalyst specific and employ precious metals, making large scale applications infeasible. We present metal-photocatalyst core-shell and semiconductor-metal-photocatalyst core-multishell nanowires as a novel class of multi-functional plasmonic photoelectrodes. By combining the optical resonances with the localized surface plasmon resonance within the proposed structures, we achieve extreme light absorption in the visible range within ultrathin photocatalyst layers. Such enhanced absorption ensures that the photo-charges are preferentially generated very close to the photocatalyst-electrolyte interface and can effectively drive the reaction forward, thereby improving the internal quantum efficiency. Specifically, for nanowires in an aqueous electrolyte, we demonstrate the effectiveness of aluminum a nd copper to confine light and establish them as plasmonic alternatives to precious metal counterparts such as silver and gold therefore enabling cheap and scalable plasmonics. Further, we probe the absorption as a function of the permittivity of the electrolyte and show that the absorption in such nanowires is large even for high permittivity electrolytes. Hematite and copper(I) oxide have been chosen as the test materials to validate the generality of this approach. Notably, for hematite, we show that aluminum is more effective than copper, while for a broadband absorber such as copper(I) oxide, we show that both aluminum and copper are equally effective for plasmonic light harvesting. KEYWORDS: plasmonic light harvesting, extreme light absorption, aluminum, copper, core-shell, core-multishell, nanowire, hematite, copper(I) oxide, solar hydrogen 1.
Brain aging in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Increased ubiquitin-protein conjugate is correlated with decreased synaptic protein but not amyloid plaque accumulation

Two neuropathological changes that are linked with biological and pathological aging were examined in subjects with end-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Autopsy brain specimens were examined from 25 people who died from complications of AIDS and 25 comparison subjects who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative, matched for age, gender, ethnicity, and postmortem time interval. These adults were stratified into three age groups: elderly (62 to 75 years), intermediate (55 to 60 years), and young (21 to 42 years). Ubiquitin-stained dotlike deposits (Ub-dots) and diffuse extracellular plaques containing the beta-amyloid (Aβ) fragment of the amyloid precursor protein (Aβ plaque) were both increased significantly in the hippocampal formation of older subjects. In subjects with AIDS, Ub-dots were increased whereas Aβ plaque counts were not significantly different. Western blotting confirmed that high-molecular-weight ubiquitin-protein conjugates (HMW-Ub-conj) were increased in AIDS. The band intensity of one HMW-Ub-conj species with an approximate molecular mass of 145 kDa was correlated significantly with increased acute phase inflammatory protein (α-1-antichymotrypsin) and decreased synaptophysin and growth-associated protein-43 band intensities. These results raise the possibility that HIV-related brain inflammation disturbs neuronal protein turnover through the ubiquitin-proteasome apparatus, and might increase the prevalence of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases by decreasing synaptic protein turnover through the proteasome.
Modeling and Control of a Continuously Variable Planetary Transmission for a Small Wind Turbine Drivetrain

This paper presents the modeling and control of a Continuously Variable Planetary (CVP) transmission in a wind turbine system. The primary purpose of this paper is to evaluate its effectiveness for mechanically decoupling the variable speed turbine rotor from the grid tied induction generator. It is expected that a CVP controlled wind turbine can take advantage of the grid tied induction generator without the use of an inverter, while optimizing the blade speed aerodynamically. This system also expands its operating range making it possible to track the optimal tip speed ratio over a wider wind speed range, which allows higher power to be captured from the wind. System characteristics have been studied by simulating an 8kW horizontal axis wind turbine in a MatLab/Simulink® environment. Experimental results have been included to verify the model of the system. Analyses conducted show that the continuously variable transmissions are potential candidates for small wind turbine applications.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effects of anticonvulsants on excitability and GABA sensitivity of cat dorsal root ganglion cells.

Abstract In the mammalian central nervous system, GABA is clearly an important inhibitory transmitter. As such, it has been implicated in the etiology of epilepsy. In this investigation an examination was made as to whether three clinically effective anticonvulsants, phenobarbital (PhB), phenytoin (DPH) and valproic acid (V) possessed a common action, namely whether they modified the interaction between GABA and the GABA receptor. The results demonstrated that PhB, at clinically effective concentrations, facilitated a GABA-induced depolarization recorded from cat dorsal root ganglion cells; i.e. enhanced its amplitude and prolonged its time course. In addition, PhB depressed direct action potentials. These effects occurred at concentrations below which PhB depolarized the membrane directly. On the other hand, neither DPH nor valproate facilitated a GABA depolarization. However, at clinically effective concentrations, DPH depressed direct action potentials; valproate did not decrease the excitability of these cells as did both PHB and DPH. These results suggest that the clinical anticonvulsant actions of PhB, DPH and valproate may occur through different mechanisms.
Normal and oncogenic p21ras proteins bind to the amino-terminal regulatory domain of c-Raf-1.

In higher eukaryotes, the Ras and Raf-1 proto-oncoproteins transduce growth and differentiation signals initiated by tyrosine kinases. The Ras polypeptide and the amino-terminal regulatory domain of Raf-1(residues 1–257) are shown to interact, directly in vitro and in a yeast expression system. Raf-1(1-257) binds GTP-Ras in preference to GDP-Ras, and inhibits Ras-GAP activity. Mutations in and around the Ras effector domain impair Ras binding to Raf-1(1-257) and Ras transforming activity in parallel.
An aortitis in the squirrel monkey and its effect on atherosclerosis

Abstract The systematic examination of aortas in squirrel monkeys during studies of dietary-induced atherosclerosis has revealed an aortitis in 44% of the animals studied. In most instances the damage observed was a periaortitis characterized by plasma cells and lymphocytes with lesser numbers of eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and histiocytes in the adventitia. The counterposed intima was often infiltrated by a similar cell population. Extensive lesions included focal penetration of the aorta with subsequent fibrosis of the aortic wall. It was found that the degree of induced atherosclerosis was increased when aortitis was present and that attempted regression by dietary manipulation of previously induced atherosclerosis appeared less effective when complicated by aortitis. The possibility exists that the aortitis and the related lesions of myocarditis and interstitial nephritis were associated with parasites found in these monkeys.
Secondary markets with changing preferences

If consumer valuations change over time, then secondary-market frictions may raise monopoly profits and cause durability to be distorted away from the cost-minimizing level. A monopolist who favors such frictions overinvests in durability, but planned obsolescence instead may be preferred when market frictions exist but a monopolist wishes they did not. Evidence from the book market is presented.
Stage-Specific Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Method for H7 and H9 Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The generation of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) boasts a variety of potential applications including cell transplantation for myocardial repair. Unfortunately, advancements in the field has been challenged by the low efficiency of cardiomyocyte differentiation from hESC. Recently, Kattman et al. 2011 showed that individual hESC lines require a precise balance of the Activin A and BMP4 signaling for efficient cardiac differentiation. This group also presented differentiation protocols for several human and mouse ESC lines, however; two of the most utilized hESC lines, the H9 and H7 ESC, were not included. Here, we provide protocols, based on the work from Kattman et al. 2011, for generating cardiomyoctyes from H7 and H9 hESC. These hESC line-specific protocols reproducibly direct approximately 50% of hESC towards the cardiac lineage.
Participant Perspectives on Mindfulness Meditation Training for Anxiety in Schizophrenia

Mindfulness meditation training has been found to be helpful across a range of mental and physical health conditions. Research testing mindfulness-based interventions in the psychiatric rehabilitation context has been rare, however—possibly due to concerns about the potential for exacerbation of psychotic symptoms during meditation practice. Fifteen individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated in a pilot study testing a mindfulness-based intervention to reduce anxiety. In this descriptive study of program evaluation interview responses, we examined the feedback participants had provided in face-to-face interviews to determine the degree to which individuals reported finding mindfulness training acceptable and helpful. Two raters systematically coded the data independently. The combined findings led to the identification of themes that surfaced most often overall and the context in which these themes had emerged. Outcomes mentioned most frequently by participants were relaxation...
Punishment Experiences and Suicidal Preoccupation

(1968). Punishment Experiences and Suicidal Preoccupation. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 89-94.
Resolution-matched shadow maps

This article presents resolution-matched shadow maps (RMSM), a modified adaptive shadow map (ASM) algorithm, that is practical for interactive rendering of dynamic scenes. Adaptive shadow maps, which build a quadtree of shadow samples to match the projected resolution of each shadow texel in eye space, offer a robust solution to projective and perspective aliasing in shadow maps. However, their use for interactive dynamic scenes is plagued by an expensive iterative edge-finding algorithm that takes a highly variable amount of time per frame and is not guaranteed to converge to a correct solution. This article introduces a simplified algorithm that is up to ten times faster than ASMs, has more predictable performance, and delivers more accurate shadows. Our main contribution is the observation that it is more efficient to forgo the iterative refinement analysis in favor of generating all shadow texels requested by the pixels in the eye-space image. The practicality of this approach is based on the insight that, for surfaces continuously visible from the eye, adjacent eye-space pixels map to adjacent shadow texels in quadtree shadow space. This means that the number of contiguous regions of shadow texels (which can be efficiently generated with a rasterizer) is proportional to the number of continuously visible surfaces in the scene. Moreover, these regions can be coalesced to further reduce the number of render passes required to shadow an image. The secondary contribution of this paper is demonstrating the design and use of data-parallel algorithms inseparably mixed with traditional graphics programming to implement a novel interactive rendering algorithm. For the scenes described in this paper, we achieve 60--80 frames per second on static scenes and 20--60 frames per second on dynamic scenes for 5122 and 10242 images with a maximum effective shadow resolution of 32,7682 texels.
Electron capture and emission spectroscopy to study surface and interface magnetism

Abstract Electron capture spectroscopy (ECS) and spin-polarized electron emission spectroscopy (SPEES) are extremely sensitive techniques to probe surface magnetic properties. Ultra-thin bct Fe(100)(1×1)/Pd(100) films exhibit 2D Ising critical behavior. The surface electron spin polarization (ESP) follows precisely the exact solution of the 2D Ising model as given by Yang. The average magnetization of the topmost surface layer is enhanced by 32% compared to that of bulk layers. Pd Auger electrons emitted from the Fe/Pd interface are spin-polarized, and the ESP is oriented parallel to that of emitted Fe Auger electrons. At surfaces of 5nm thick hcp Tb(0001)/W(110) films, strong surface magnetic surface anisotropies are found. The onset of ferromagnetism occurs ≈30 K above the bulk Curie temperature (220K) of Tb. For clean Fe and Fe/Pd surfaces, the ESP of low-energy (≈2 eV) emitted electrons is substantially enhanced by Stoner excitations. The existence of a nonzero ESP at O/Fe surfaces demonstrates the absence of a magnetically dead surface layer.
An anthrax "smoke" detector

We report a method for automated monitoring of airborne endospores, which combines an aerosol capture technique with endospore detection based on terbium luminescence turn-on. We have demonstrated quantification of aerosolized bacterial spores with a response time of /spl sim/15 min, a sensitivity of 10/sup 4/ spores/ml, and a dynamic range of 4 orders of magnitude using a bioaerosol sampler, a microwave, and a lifetime-gated fluorimeter. Ultimately, the most attractive feature we have demonstrated is the unattended monitoring of aerosolized bacterial spores for the duration of a workday (/spl sim/8 hours).
Evidence for multiple mechanisms responsible for 2,5-hexanedione-induced neuropathy.

Abstract The present studies were carried out to investigate the comparative roles of protein cross-linking and alteration in protein phosphorylation in the accumulation of neurofilaments due to aliphatic hexacarbons. In these studies, rats were given 2,5-hexanedione (0, 0.1, 0.25 and 1.0%) for 70 days in their drinking water. In a separate study of in vitro protein phosphorylation rats were given 1% 2,5-hexanedione for 14 days in their drinking water. Spinal cord neurofilaments were isolated and analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting using anti-neurofilament antibodies, radioimmunoassays (RIAs) of phosphorylated epitopes on neurofilament proteins and protein phosphorylation. Protein cross-linking of neurofilaments was found in all animals treated with 2,5-hexanedione including the lowest dose (0.1%) which did not produce clinical signs of intoxication. Protein phosphorylation of neurofilament proteins, as well as MAP-2 was significantly decreased upon treatment. Protein staining revealed a decreased amount of neurofilament protein and immunoblotting demonstrated neurofilament protein cross-linking in these animals. Protein staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was unaltered by this treatment. RIAs of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated epitopes of neurofilament proteins indicated that in vivo phosphorylation of these proteins was also decreased. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated a shift of the neurofilament proteins to a basic pI, indicating a dephosphorylation of neurofilament proteins. Cross-linked neurofilament proteins also exhibited a pI which was more basic than any of the individual neurofilament proteins. This report demonstrates differential effects of 2,5-hexanedione on neurofilament proteins and indicates that several mechanisms may be responsible for their accumulation.
Facets of Type A personality and pay increase among the employees of fast food restaurants

Abstract Employee satisfaction continues to be a key to an understanding of relatively high turnover rates within the hospitality industry. The present study explores the personality characteristics of employees who receive pay increases in the restaurant industry. One of the two facets of Type A personality ‘achievement striving’ was found to be positively related to all three measures of pay increases but the other facet ‘impatience and irritability’ was not related. The implications of the findings for selection, retention and motivation of restaurant employees are discussed.
Single wire particle collection with magnetic field components along wire axis

Particle collection in a single-wire high-gradient magnetic separator has been observed by means of a video system for a nickel wire mounted at various angles to the applied field and compared with collection for the axial configuration. The axis of the collection wire was rotated in a number of steps from the usual orthogonal-to-the-field position to in-line with the field. Measurements were made at various field strengths and velocities. Some collection was found to take place even at an angle of 10 degrees between the wire axis and field direction. The experimental results are presented, including some details of the collection patterns obtained through the use of both paramagnetic and the complementary diamagnetic collection. >
Estrogen alters proenkephalin RNAs in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus following stress.

Gonadal steroids modulate activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) following stress, but the regulatory pathways of this modulation are unknown. A possible site of action is the synthesis of CRH and/or enkephalin in cells of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). To investigate this possibility, we utilized two stressors, i.p. hypertonic saline injection (HSI) or exposure to novel environment, and examined the response of CRH or c-fos mRNAs and proenkephalin (PPE) mRNA and heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA, primary transcript). Male rats were gonadectomized and treated with estrogen or dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) for 2 weeks. In situ hybridization revealed that novelty or HSI elevated levels of PPE hnRNA and c-fos mRNA in the PVN. Estrogen attenuated the elevation of PPE hnRNA in the PVN following HSI, and enhanced the c-fos mRNA response to novelty. In contrast, DHTP did not affect PPE hnRNA, but inhibited the c-fos mRNA response to novelty. These data indicate that in male rats estrogen receptor but not androgen receptor may modulate the endocrine stress response by altering PPE transcription in the PVN and that this effect depends on the type of stressor.
Risk and Resilience for Substance Abuse Among Adolescents and Adults with LD

Substance abuse is a major problem affecting the health and well-being of many people in our society. Although anecdotal evidence concerning linkages between learning disabilities (LD) and substance abuse has been common, this association is not well documented or understood. This article reviews the current research on substance abuse for adolescents and adults with LD, interpreting findings within a risk and resilience framework. Integrating these studies with the broader literatures on substance abuse and the needs of individuals with LD, the author develops hypotheses regarding specific risk and protective factors that could affect the occurrence of substance abuse for adolescents and adults with LD. Potential risk factors include a poor understanding of one's disability, a lack of skills for developing peer relationships, and the need for prolonged family support. Future directions for research in relation to prevention of and intervention regarding substance abuse among individuals with LD are discussed.
New apparatus for performing perturbed-angular-correlation spectroscopy on epitaxially grown III-V surfaces

Abstract We have developed a new apparatus for investigating the surface properties of epitaxially grown III–V semiconductor crystals using perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy. These properties include the chemical-bond symmetry for surface adatoms, adatom surface diffusion, and incorporation of adatoms into the bulk crystal. To measure the properties, we have combined the techniques of PAC spectroscopy and molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Specifically, to perform these experiments, we have developed an ultra-high vacuum system to perform MBE crystal growth, surface doping operations, and in situ PAC measurements. Using this system, we can introduce trace quantities of radioactive probe atoms, which are used to make the PAC measurements, at any point in the MBE-growth process. To date, we have used this unique apparatus to obtain results for several different gallium arsenide and indium arsenide surface morphologies.
IMPLICIT ELASTICITIES AND PRICE EFFECTS: AN UPDATED PROCEDURE

Based on the general procedure described by Casler [(2011) Coefficient Change, Price Effects, and Implicit Elasticities: Estimating Microeconomic Determinants over Two Time Periods. Economic Systems Research, 23, 153–174], this paper presents an updated approach to the estimation of input coefficient changes as functions of changing prices. The procedure makes direct use of relationships that emerge from the model of cost minimization subject to producing a desired level of output. Based on an initial specification of constant cross-price derivatives, the imposition of adding up and symmetry conditions allows the actual price and coefficient changes that occur between periods to identify implicit own and cross-price derivatives and corresponding elasticities, using data for only two time periods. With this updated approach, the calculation of derivatives is far simpler and leads to far more accurate measures of price-induced input–output coefficient changes than the original version.
Conduit or contributor? The role of media in policy change theory

The policy change literature is contradictory about the role the media plays in policy change: a conduit for policy participants, with media accounts transmitting multiple policy beliefs of those involved in policy debates or a contributor in the policy process, with media accounts supplying consistent policy beliefs with congruent narrative framing strategies to construct a policy story. The purpose of this study is to empirically test whether the role of the media is that of a conduit or contributor in the policy change process. This study tests whether there are differences in policy beliefs and narrative framing strategies between local and national print media coverage of two contentious policy issues in the Greater Yellowstone Area between 1986 and 2006, that of snowmobile access and wolf reintroduction. In the Greater Yellowstone Area policy arena, local media accounts are believed to be aligned with the Old West Advocacy Coalition, whereas the national media accounts are thought to be part of the New West Advocacy Coalition. With a methodology informed by narrative policy analysis, one hundred seventy five local and national print newspaper accounts were content analyzed to determine whether these media accounts were policy narratives, with embedded policy beliefs and narrative framing strategies. The results indicate that there are statistical differences between local and national media coverage for five of the seven hypotheses. Media accounts are generally policy stories, suggesting that the media’s role is more of a contributor than a conduit in the policy change process.
Clinical utility of corpus callosum measurements in head sonograms of preterm infants: a cohort study

Objective To assess the clinical usefulness of measurement of corpus callosum (CC) size in head ultrasound (HUS) to predict short-term neurodevelopmental (ND) outcomes in preterm infants. We hypothesised that including CC measurements in routine HUS will be an additional tool for early identification of infants at risk of adverse short-term ND outcome, over and above the predictive power of perinatal morbidities. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and outpatient NICU follow-up clinic of an academic medical centre in New York City. Participants 929 HUS of 502 infants with gestational age of 23–36 weeks in African-American infants were initially studied. Exclusion criteria included those who died, had gross abnormalities in HUS, infants with race other than African-American, infants with suboptimal quality of HUS, late preterm infants and infants who did not participate in ND follow-up. A total of 173 infants completed the study. Interventions CC size (length and thickness) was measured in a subset of 87 infants who had routine HUS between 23 and 29 weeks (0–6 postnatal weeks). Relevant clinical variables were collected from chart reviews. ND assessments were completed in outpatient follow-up clinics. A statistical model was developed to assess the clinical utility and possible predictive value of CC measurements for adverse short-term ND outcome, while adjusting for perinatal morbidities. Primary and secondary outcome measures CC size and ND status. Results Measurements of CC size did not add substantial predictive power to predict short-term ND outcome beyond the information provided by the presence of morbidities related to prematurity. Conclusions No association was found between morbidities related to prematurity and short-term ND outcome and CC size in preterm infants. CC measurements in HUS early in life did not have an additional value in predicting short-term ND outcome, therefore did not seem to provide further clinical utility.
Calcium activates serum response factor-dependent transcription by a Ras- and Elk-1-independent mechanism that involves a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase

Enhanced levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ due to membrane depolarization with elevated levels of KCl or exposure to the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin stimulate serum response element (SRE)-dependent transcription in the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. By using altered binding specificity mutants of transcription factors that bind to the SRE, it was demonstrated that in contrast to treatment with purified growth factors, such as nerve growth factor, the serum response factor (SRF), but not Elk-1, mediates Ca(2+)-regulated SRE-dependent transcription. Enhanced levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ were found to trigger SRE-dependent transcription via a Ras-independent signaling pathway that appears to involve a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK). Overexpression of a constitutively active form of CaMKIV stimulated SRF-dependent transcription. Taken together, these findings indicate that SRF is a versatile transcription factor that, when bound to the SRE, can function by distinct mechanisms and can mediate transcriptional responses to both CaMK- and Ras-dependent signaling pathways.
Comparison of seven-subtest and Satz-Mogel short forms of the WAIS-III.

Intellectual functioning remains an important domain of functioning to be measured. To reduce the lengthy administration time, numerous short forms of the WAIS-III have been devised. The present study aimed to compare two methods of applying short forms of the WAIS-3 within a clinical population. The results revealed that both item-reduced and selected subtest short forms provide excellent predictions of full administration WAIS-3 summary and index scores. The Satz-Mogel short form appeared to provide higher predictive power than the seven-subtest short forms and accounted for a higher number of cases within 6 points of the obtained scores from the full administration. However, the Satz-Mogel short form was inferior to the seven-subtest short forms in terms of the reliability of the index and summary IQ scores. As found in previous research, a trade-off occurs between the predictive power and the reliability of a short form. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 773-782, 2002.
Zwingli, Calvin and the Origin of Religion

In the contemporary intellectual and institutional world, a distinction between theology and the study of religion is taken for granted. Those labels designate two quite separate disciplines or perspectives, even though their data overlap. Obviously, this distinction did not always exist within Christendom. Until about the middle of the seventeenth century, discussion of religion was almost always in the context of theology. But then, a new field of inquiry began to appear, and one may trace the first outlines of the study of religion or, to use a slightly too-specialized label, the scientfic study of religion.
Bis(l-cysteinato)gold(I): Chemical characterization and identification in renal cortical cytoplasma

Abstract l -Cysteinatogold(I) was prepared by the reaction of l -cysteine with KAuBr 4 in acidic media and its solubility determined from pH 4 to 10. The solubility at pH 7.4 and 37° C is 1 μM. In the presence of excess cysteine, the solubility increases because of formation of bis( l -cysteinato)gold(I). The equilibrium constant for formation of the bis complex is 2.1 ± 0.4 × 10 −3 , which at pH 7.4 corresponds to an apparant formation constant of 4.4 × 10 4 . The formation of the bis adduct was confirmed by chromatographic separation of the products of the reaction between [ 35 S]- l -cysteine and Na 2 AuTM. This complex elutes with K av = 1.15 which allows it to be distinguished from other gold thiolates that might form in vivo. The bis(cysteinato)gold(I) complex is shown to be present in kidney cytosol isolated from rats given Na 2 AuTM in vivo. When additional cysteine is added to the cytosol in vitro, the peak at 1.15 is increased, but if glutathione is added, the low molecular weight gold elutes at K av = 1.00, which is taken as evidence for the existence of bis(cysteinato)gold(I) in the cytosol preparation. The amount of gold present as bis(cysteinato)gold(I) after 4 different dose schedules has been measured and found to increase with the total cytosol gold concentration. l -Cysteinatogold(I) does not dissolve in the presence of bovine serum albumin to form an adduct.
A Flexible Privacy-Enhanced Location-Based Services System Framework and Practice

Location based services(LBS) are becoming increasingly important to the success and attractiveness of next generation wireless systems. However, a natural tension arises between the need for user privacy and the flexible use of location information. In this paper we present a framework to support privacy enhanced location based services. We classify the services according to several basic criteria and we propose a hierarchical key distribution method to support these services. The key idea behind the system is to hierarchically encrypt location information under different keys, and distribute the appropriate keys only to group members with the necessary permission. Four methods are proposed to deliver hierarchical location information while maintaining privacy. We propose a key tree rebalancing algorithm to maintain the re-keying performance of the group key management. Furthermore, we present a practical LBS system implementation. Hierarchical location information coding offers flexible location information access which enables a rich set of location based services. Our load tests show such a system is highly practical with good efficiency and scalability.
Modular operational test plans for inferences on software reliability based on a Markov model

This paper considers the problem of assessing the reliability of a software system that can be decomposed into a finite number of modules. It uses a Markovian model for the transfer of control between modules in order to develop the system reliability expression in terms of the module reliabilities. An operational test procedure is considered in which only the individual modules are tested and the system is considered acceptable if, and only if, no failures are observed. The minimum number of tests required of each module is determined such that the probability of accepting a system whose reliability falls below a specified value R/sub 0/ is less than a specified small fraction /spl beta/. This sample size determination problem is formulated as a two-stage mathematical program and an algorithm is developed for solving this problem. Two examples from the literature are considered to demonstrate the procedure.