cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light scattering calculations exploring sensitivity of depolarization ratio to shape changes. II. Single rod-shaped vegetative bacteria in air

In article I of this series, calculations and graphs of the depolarization ratio, D(Θ,λ)=1− / , for light scattered from an ensemble of single-aerosolized Bacillus spores using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) (sometimes also called the coupled dipole approximation) were presented. The Sij in these papers denote the appropriate Mueller matrix elements. We compare graphs for different size parameters for both D(Θ,λ) and the ratio R34(Θ,λ)= / . The ratio R34(Θ,λ) was shown previously to be sensitive to diameters of rod-shaped and spherical bacteria suspended in liquids. The present paper isolates the effect of length changes and shows that R34(Θ,λ) is not very sensitive to these changes, but D(Θ,λ) is sensitive to length changes when the aspect ratio becomes small enough. In the present article, we extend our analysis to vegetative bacteria which, because of their high percentage of water, generally have a substantially lower index of refraction than spores. The parameters used for the calculations were chosen to simulate values previously measured for log-phase Escherichia coli. Each individual E. coli bacterium appears microscopically approximately like a right-circular cylinder, capped smoothly at each end by a hemisphere of the same diameter. With the present model we focus particular attention on determining the effect, if any, of length changes on the graphs of D(Θ,λ) and R34(Θ,λ). We study what happens to these two functions when the diameters of the bacteria remain constant and their basic shape remains that of a capped cylinder, but with total length changed by reducing the length of the cylindrical part of each cell. This approach also allows a test of the model, since the limiting case as the length of the cylindrical part approaches zero is exactly a sphere, which is known to give a value identically equal to zero for D(Θ,λ) but not for R34(Θ,λ).
Methods of Investigation

The purpose in any investigation of a metal deposition-dissolution system is to obtain the mechanism of the process $${\left( {{\text{Metal ion}}} \right)_{{\text{solution}}}} + {\left( {z{\text{ electrons}}} \right)_{{\text{crystal}}}} \to {\left( {{\text{Matal atom}}} \right)_{{\text{crystal}}}}$$ “Determination of the mechanism” in the case of a redox reaction or gas evolution at an electrode usually means obtaining the path of the reaction and the rate-determining step in the consecutive sequence.59 However, in the case of metal deposition two complications arise: (a) the rate constants and intermediate concentrations (and, therefore, the rate-determining step) may change with time; (b) the type of process observed in the crystallization stage is a cooperative one in which the representation of the process in terms of a chemical reaction is difficult.
Distributed real-time specification for Java: a status report (digest)

The Distributed Real-Time Specification for Java (DRTSJ) is under development within Sun's Java Community Process (JCP) as Java Specification Request 50 (JSR-50), lead by the MITRE Corporation. We present the engineering considerations and design decisions settled by the Expert Group, the current and proposed form of the Reference Implementation, and a summary of open issues. In particular, we present an approach to integrating the distributable threads programming model with the Real-Time Specification for Java and discuss the ramifications for composing distributed, real-time systems in Java. The Expert Group plans to release an initial Early Draft Review (EDR) for previewing the distributable threads abstraction in the coming months, which we describe in detail. Along with that EDR, we will make available a demonstration application from Virginia Tech, and a DRTSJ-compatible RTSJ VM from Apogee.
Erythropoietin: the story of hypoxia and a finely regulated hematopoietic hormone

The dramatic increase in knowledge during the last half century about the hormone erythropoietin is reviewed. The description of these events has been separated into two parts. The first part describes how the rapid changes in response to tissue oxygenation in the kidneys changes the rate of erythropoietin production. The second part describes how changes in erythropoietin concentrations act on erythroid progenitor cells, resulting in prompt changes in rates of erythrocyte production. Together these two aspects of erythropoietin biology provide an explanation for the tight physiological regulation of the numbers of circulating erythrocytes and, in a more general manner, provide a model for the control of the numbers of other specific blood cells by their respective hematopoietic growth factors.
Keeping up with the jammers: Observe-and-adapt algorithms for studying mutually adaptive opponents

Abstract Securing the wireless medium is essential to provide the ubiquitous wireless services that we desire. Many studies have explored adaptive attackers and defenders but few have explored the interaction when both players adapt. In this work, we explore the design of an adaptive defender and attacker using an observe-and-adapt strategy. We simulate these algorithms and explore the interaction of adaptive players in two different jamming games. We show that when only one player adapts they improve their performance but when both players adapt the outcome it is often reflective of biases in the game.
Guaranteed recall of all training pairs for bidirectional associative memory

Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the weights of a generalized correlation matrix of a bidirectional associative memory (BAM) which guarantee the recall of all training pairs. A linear programming/multiple training (LP/MT) method that determines weights which satisfy the conditions when a solution is feasible is presented. The sequential multiple training (SMT) method is shown to yield integers for the weights, which are multiplicities of the training pairs. Computer simulation results, including capacity comparisons of BAM, LP/MT BAM, and SMT BAM, are presented. >
Calculating palaeomagnetic poles for oceanic plates

b The information available for determining palaeopoles for oceanic plates includes data of four types: (1) palaeomagnetic measurements of inclinations but not declinations from core samples; (2) palaeopoles determined from magnetic anomalies over seamounts; (3) phase shifts of linear magnetic anomalies; and (4) palaeoequators determined from geological analysis of sediment cores. A method is presented which combines these different kinds of data and their respective confidence limits to yield a best fit pole, a confidence ellipse, estimates of the data importances and goodness of fit parameters. Using this method we calculate the Campanian pole position for the Pacific plate which is shown by a chi-squared test to be a reasonable fit to the data. We conclude that the method should be a useful tool for calculating pole paths for oceanic plates such as the Pacific and Indian plates.
THE YOUNG SKATER

Hundreds of years ago, men and women attached animal bones to their feet and used these early “skates” as a mode of transportation on frozen rivers and lakes. Not until the 1800s did ice skating become a significant recreational pastime. By the late 1800s, men and women took to the ice dressed in their best winter finery, while their children played games on the ice. Skaters traced complicated figures on the ice, drawing complex geometric shapes with their blades. The body positions required to execute these figures often were precarious and contorted. The artistic style, introduced by Jackson Haines in the 1860s, brought spins, simple jumps, and elegant body lines to the sport. Sonja Henie is credited for giving rise to sweeping changes in figure skating. She brought athleticism, short skirts, and white boots to women's skating. She also brought the attention of the media when she competed in her first Olympic Games in 1928, and then won Olympic titles in 1932 and 1936. Her Ice Revue and Hollywood movies exposed millions to figure skating for the first time. Her blurred spins and balletic style were legendary, but she could barely complete the one- and one-half revolutions of an axel jump. Two-revolution jumps for men and women followed quickly. Triple jumps developed more slowly and at first included only male skaters. A few men could land some of the three-revolution jumps in competition in the 1950s, but triples still were relatively uncommon in the 1950s and 1960s. Women succeeded in the quest for successful triple jumps much later. Dorothy Hamill, however, won the 1976 Olympic gold medal without performing even one triple jump. Now World Championship medal contenders possess all the three-revolution jumps in their repertoires. Men competing at the World Championship level must now include triple axels (three and a half revolutions) to reach the final round, and perform at least one quadruple-revolution jump to be a medal contender. These jumps require perfect body position and great strength. Recent successes in United States ice hockey (men's and women's) and speed skating have led to substantial growth in both sports. The increase in numbers of recreational and competitive figure skaters of all ages has been phenomenal, owing, in part, to the saturation of television coverage of figure skating competitions and special programs. The United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) counts approximately 150,000 members, 3000 of whom participate in USFSA competitions on the qualifying track for World and Olympic contests. Hundreds more compete in nonqualifying competitions and exhibitions.
Chronic Massive Rotator Cuff Tears: Evaluation and Management

Most studies of rotator cuff repairs report high success rates. However, the majority of these studies combine the results of surgical management of rotator cuff tears of various sizes; few published reports specifically evaluate the management of chronic massive tears. Chronic massive rotator cuff tears may be acute traumatic, chronic atraumatic, or acute-on-chronic. A detailed history and thorough physical examination often are sufficient to establish the diagnosis. Radiographic evaluation can reveal osseous changes suggestive of pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging can determine the size of rotator cuff tears and status of the muscles but generally is not necessary for patients who are not candidates for surgery. Chronic massive rotator cuff tears without glenohumeral arthritis can be managed nonsurgically or with sub-acromial debridement, rotator cuff repair, or rotator cuff reconstruction. However, treatment of these patients is challenging, and results are comparatively inferior to those of treating patients with smaller rotator cuff tears.
ALIGNING LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE MEASURES TO THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF THE FIRM

Performance measurement is critically important to business success. Collecting and responding to information that does not advise management about success in meeting established goals is counterproductive and potentially injurious to the success of the firm. This research develops a framework that allows individual firms to assess their unique measurement needs in light of their stated goals, and to select performance measures most suited to addressing those measurement needs.
Learning from a consistently ignorant teacher

One view of computational learning theory is that of a learner acquiring the knowledge of a teacher. We introduce a formal model of learning capturing the idea that teachers may have gaps in their knowledge. The goal of the learner is still to acquire the knowledge of the teacher, but now the learner must also identify the gaps. This is the notion of learning from a consistently ignorant teacher. We consider the impact of knowledge gaps on learning, for example, monotone DNF and d-dimensional boxes, and show that learning is still possible. Negatively, we show that knowledge gaps make learning conjunctions of Horn clauses as hard as learning DNF. We also present general results describing when known learning algorithms can be used to obtain learning algorithms using a consistently ignorant teacher.
Functional polymers LI: Characterization and property analysis of ω-functionally substituted polyolefins; novel polyolefin ionomers

Homopolymers of 2,6-dimethylphenyl 10-undecenoate and copolymers of 2,6-dimethylphenyl 10-undecenoate with α-olefins, prepared by coordination initiators using aluminum activated titanium trichloride, and the corresponding sodium carboxylate and carboxylic acid derivatives have been characterized. IR and NMR investigations gave the normal; spectral characteristics typical for estersubstituted polyolefins and their derivatives. The thermal behavior of the polymeric esters, investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, showed glass transitions characteristic of poly(α-olefins). Polymeric acids and salts presented quite different behavior; most notably the polymeric salt showed no glass transition, but rather an exothermic transition, resembling a broad melting peak at 250-270°C, which is characteristic of a crystalline polymer. We interpret this behavior as the melting of carboxylate cluster domains, which according to our WAXD analysis has a domain size of about 25 A.
Using Dynamics Measurements While Drilling to Detect Lithology Changes and to Model Drilling Dynamics

As a result of bit-rock interaction, downhole weight-on-bit, downhole torque, instantaneous downhole rotational speed and bit motion (acceleration and rate of penetration) are directly affected by the formations being drilled. Since these measurements react differently to different lithologies, and assuming that drilling problems do not effect these measurements, any changes in the measurements in some way will reflect changes in the properties of the lithology. If, based on these measurements, the lithology is assumed to have certain properties, then it is possible to derive models for the interaction between bit, formation and drillstring. With these models it is possible to simulate the dynamic behavior of the system including phenomena like stick-slip. Rate of penetration has long been used as a lithology indicator, and drilling models have been developed using surface measured drilling parameters to infer changes in lithology. With the advent of MWD measurements, significant improvements were made in the mathematical models by involving downhole torque. The model derived parameters were shown to be related to rock strength (drilling and shear strength) and proved to be good indicators of formation changes. Similar expressions in the form of simple bit models can be used in combination with a finite element model of the drillstring to simulate the dynamic behavior of the complete system. A significant improvement in this analysis can be affected by introducing measurements from the dynamics tool, such as instantaneous torque, weight and rotation rate, as well as the bit acceleration. These measurements provide not only static but also dynamic data which can be used to validate simulations and the underlying models. The present analysis explores the use of the dynamic measurements and the application of some drilling models in analyzing formation changes while drilling, and the use of these data and models in simulating drilling dynamics.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Evaluating the effect of thoughtful design of in-class time for a flipped classroom

A lot of attention has been given to the pedagogical method referred to as "flipping" the classroom. Many previous studies and conference presentations have shown that while students do not perform any worse in flipped classrooms than in a traditional format. However, a thoughtful design of the time spent in class can improve performance. This work-in-progress paper is a narrative of one course's journey over several semesters from traditional lecture to flipped classroom, and the observations of the impact that in-class and out of class activities had on overall performance of students. Brief descriptions of many course assignments and activities are included. In addition, the preliminary plan for evaluating how to create an inverted classroom that can support building lifelong learning skills is presente.
The Merger of Hewlett-Packard and Compaq (C): Epilogue

In 2002, a money manager is considering how to vote her shares in Hewlett-Packard on the proposal to merge with Compaq. The A case (UVA-F-1450) presents information about the strategic and financial motivations of the merger. Included are completed valuations of both HP and Compaq and detailed summaries of the leading advocate (Carly Fiorina) and critic (Walter Hewlett). The tasks for the student are to value the prospective synergies in the deal and critically assess the strategic arguments (pro and con). The B case (UVA-F-1451) affords a detailed examination of the terms of the proposed merger. The tasks for the student are to critically assess the specific design of the deal and its impact on shareholders. Of particular interest are the impact on earnings per share (i.e., EPS dilution), the governance of the new firm, and whether this is, indeed, a merger of equals. The C case describes the outcome of the proxy contest. The task for the student is to evaluate the strategies of each side in communicating with shareholders and presenting arguments. The objectives of the case module are to expose students to the mechanics of proxy contests, exercise skills in valuation and strategic analysis, and critically evaluate deal terms. The A and B cases can be taught in sequential classes or in one class. The C case is typically distributed at the end, followed by a brief discussion.
Limit theorems for partial sums of quasi-associated random variables

Publisher Summary This paper presents a law of the iterated logarithm and a central limit theorem for sums of certain dependent random variables—namely, quasiassociated random variables. Quasiassociation is a form of positive dependence, which is closely related to association and weak association, and it is informative to see how these various modes of association are related. The present interest is in limit theorems for quasiassociated random variables. These results impose slightly stronger restrictions on the covariances of the random variables. Quasiassociation, like association and weak association, is preserved under certain natural actions on the collection of random variables.
Integrated Control of Codling Moth on Pears in California–Effects of Varying Dosage of Azinphosmethyl and Oil with Individual Cover Sprays

Applications for control of codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) on Bartlett pears were timed in relation to moth catches in sex pheromone traps and were varied with individual cover sprays in an effort to obtain maximum control of codling moth while retaining the benefits of reduced dosages. Azinphosmethyl was applied at 2 dosages (4 oz and 2 oz AI/100 gal) both alone and in combination with Volck Supreme® oil (1 gal/100 gal). Only slight differences in efficacy against codling moth were detected between the 2 dosages. Addition of oil to azinphosmethyl reduced its efficacy against codling moth, particularly when a low dosage was used in 3 cover sprays. The high dosage of azinphosmethyl tended to be more disruptive to the natural balance of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, than the lower one, and addition of oil was of benefit, at least where high dosages were used. Both dosages were disruptive to the natural balance of pear rust mite, Epitrimeris pyri (Nalepa). Oil offset this disruption but resulted in only partial control. Little or no differences in control of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster were observed between the 2 dosages of azinphosmethyl. Addition of oil aided in the control of P. pyricola . Where low dosage plus oil was used in the 2nd and 3rd applications, better control of codling moth was provided by a high dosage rather than a low dosage in the 1st application.
Packaging Hand-Held MEMS — MinIMEs (Miniature Integration of MEMS/Electronics)

In this paper we present two complete MEMS microsystems, one optical and one microfluidic, with associated packaging, light sources, signal modulation, optics, fluid connections and flow control. These are fully functional hand held devices and as such demonstrate a means of freeing the MEMS device from the laboratory environment and inserting it into the field. This highly integrated packaging concept can be applied to a wide range of surface micromachined MEMS, and probably other non-surface micromachined MEMS devices, which are generally easier to package.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Spontaneous clinical and radiological resolution of vertebral sarcoidosis: a case report.

STUDY DESIGN: Case report of occult presentation of asymptomatic vertebral sarcoidosis. OBJECTIVE: To illustrate a case of vertebral sarcoidosis with occult presentation and subsequent spontaneous resolution. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Vertebral sarcoidosis is an uncommon disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomatous infiltration of the spine. It most commonly affects the thoracic spine. The disc spaces are usually preserved; clinical presentation and imaging characteristics are variable. METHODS: Case presentation and report. RESULTS: A 41-year-old man with classic pulmonary sarcoidosis presented after a work-related back injury. Magnetic resonance injury of his spine demonstrated multiple enhancing lesions throughout the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Classic granulomas were identified on subsequently obtained core biopsy specimens, and the diagnosis of vertebral sarcoidosis was made. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first case of concomitant pulmonary and asymptomatic vertebral sarcoidosis with spontaneous resolution of the vertebral manifestations without definitive treatment. A broad differential diagnosis should be entertained for new enhancing spine lesions including noninfectious inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis.
HPLC Analysis of Carbohydrates in Two Red Tide Phytoplanktons (Chattonella antiqua and Heterosigma akashiwo)

The composition of water-extractable cell wall and extracellular carbohydrates of Chattonella antiqua and Heterosigma akashiwo from the Seto Inland Sea were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Both planktons produced the largest amount of carbohydrate in the stationary phase of culture. Polysaccharides (M. W. < 1500) were the major carbohydrates of both phytoplanktons.
STUDY OF MONITOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR PLC IN EDDY CURRENT TESTING SYSTEM

At first, the process of eddy current technology is described, and then the PC and PLC communication method is researched. The program flow for PLC monitoring software is given out, and based on this; the PLC monitoring software is developed by using VB. At last, through the example, the following conclusions can be obtained: The monitor software is easy to use; it has Good human-computer interaction, and updates information opportunely.
The Potential Role of an Academic Society for Oncology Specialists to Promote Cancer Education in Schools

Cancer mortality in Japan is forecasted to become high; thus, learning about cancer, cancer prevention, and cancer treatment will be indispensable for the Japanese. Recognition of the increasing rates of cancer has initiated a discussion regarding the introduction of cancer education into the regular educational curriculum for the younger generation. The importance of cancer education is noww idely recognized, and the 2nd Basic Plan to Promote Cancer Control Programs is directed at early initiation of education. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is nowreview ing the detailed plan, with an intention to draw a conclusion by the end of the 2016 business year. However, ongoing debates have revealed that there are many obstacles in the way of this practice. Much effort should be directed at solving these issues in the most realistic way. This paper reviews potential actions by oncology specialists, and attempts to clarify the possible role of an academic society for oncology specialists in the development of cancer education systems at school.
Clonorchiasis: Treatment with chloroquine phosphate

Summary From our experience with 2 cases of clonorchiasis and a review of the literature, it appears that chloroquine phosphate should be administered in amounts of 250 mg two to three times per day for 4 to 6 months to cure this disease. An adequate follow-up period of at least 6 months, during which time stool specimens are examined regularly, is essential to determine whether a subsequent course of therapy is necessary. One patient, after receiving approximately 300 g of chloroquine phosphate, had no Conorchis sinensis ova in stool specimen for 7 years. The 2nd patient, who received approximately 75 g of chloroquine phosphate in combination with genitian violet, was free of C. sinensis ova for approximately 2 1/2 years until his death, as a result of cancer of the liver.
The Social Problems of the New Upper Class

The new upper class of high-tech capitalist financiers and corporate managers is experiencing the same social problems as the new middleclass. However, because of their extreme wealth, they do not need welfare-state programs to attend to these problems.
Stress Response: Adrenal Function

Exposure of the host to diverse noxious stimuli results in a stereotypic and coordinated stress response which serves to restore homeostasis and enhance survival. The stress response is mediated primarily by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with the release of ACTH and cortisol and the sympatho-adrenal system with the release of catecholamines. Classically the stress response is short lived with cortisol and catecholamine levels returning to baseline once the stress has dissipated. Critically ill and injured patients, however, have a prolonged stress response which may last for weeks, with the chronic stress response differing both qualitatively and quantitatively from the acute stress response. Furthermore, critical illness is frequently associated with multiple derangements of the HPA axis including decreased production of ACTH and cortisol, decreased expression and dysfunction of the glucocorticoid receptor as well as decreased cortisol metabolism. This chapter provides an overview of the complex and dynamic changes of the HPA axis in the critically ill patient.
Quality attributes for mission flight software: A reference for architects

In the international standards for architecture descriptions in systems and software engineering (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010), “concern” is a primary concept that often manifests itself in relation to the quality attributes or “ilities” that a system is expected to exhibit — qualities such as reliability, security and modifiability. One of the main uses of an architecture description is to serve as a basis for analyzing how well the architecture achieves its quality attributes, and that requires architects to be as precise as possible about what they mean in claiming, for example, that an architecture supports “modifiability.” This paper describes a table, generated by NASA's Software Architecture Review Board, which lists fourteen key quality attributes, identifies different important aspects of each quality attribute and considers each aspect in terms of requirements, rationale, evidence, and tactics to achieve the aspect. This quality attribute table is intended to serve as a guide to software architects, software developers, and software architecture reviewers in the domain of mission-critical real-time embedded systems, such as space mission flight software.
Tutorials: Tutorial I: HPC and big data analytics in biomedical informatics

With the increasing number and sophistication of biomedical instruments and data generation devices, there is a tremendous need for advanced data analytics tools to extract useful knowledge out of the collected data. This includes advanced sequencing technologies responsible for the generation of massive amounts of genomics and bioinformatics data as well as wearable devices and Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems responsible for collecting different types of health and mobility data. The currently available data is not only enormous in size but it also exhibits all the features of big data systems with a high degree of variability, velocity and veracity. Such big data systems in the biomedical domain represent great challenges as well as unlimited opportunities to advance biomedical research. Developing innovative data analysis and mining techniques along with clever parallel computational methods to implement them will be critical in efficiently meeting those challenges and take full advantage of the potential opportunities. In particular, the use of graph modeling and network analysis as the backbone of the big data analytics algorithms promises to play an important role in developing data-driven decision support systems and advancing biomedical research. This tutorial focuses on the development of innovative big data analytics tools using graph modeling and network analysis along with how to effectively utilize HPC and private/public clouds in implementing the proposed tools. Case studies illustrating how the tools were used to analyze data associated with infectious diseases that led to new biological discoveries will be presented. The tutorial will also address how mobility data collected from wearable devices can be used to assess health levels and predict potential health hazards. We hope that the proposed methodology and presented results will represent an empirical evidence that the integration of biomedical informatics, HPC and graph-based big data analytics will provide researchers an invaluable tool in advancing the next generation of biomedical research.
Progress toward universal interface technologies for telerehabilitation

One of the overriding needs in the field of telerehabilitation is for user-centered interfaces that provide individuals with differing abilities with access to effective remote communication. This paper provides a foundation for developing and evaluating interfaces that move towards the aim of universal accessibility, and reports on progress for four types of interfaces: multimedia conferencing technologies involving persons with different roles and disabilities participating in goal-directed tasks; physical devices for therapy and assessment; communication/control for computer-assisted teletherapy; and an intelligent telerehabilitation assistant that supports the dynamic rehabilitative process.
ScaLeKB: scalable learning and inference over large knowledge bases

Recent years have seen a drastic rise in the construction of web knowledge bases (e.g., Freebase, YAGO, DBPedia). These knowledge bases store structured information about real-world people, places, organizations, etc. However, due to the limitations of human knowledge, web corpora, and information extraction algorithms, the knowledge bases are still far from complete. To infer the missing knowledge, we propose the Ontological Pathfinding (OP) algorithm to mine first-order inference rules from these web knowledge bases. The OP algorithm scales up via a series of optimization techniques, including a new parallel-rule-mining algorithm, a pruning strategy to eliminate unsound and inefficient rules before applying them, and a novel partitioning algorithm to break the learning task into smaller independent sub-tasks. Combining these techniques, we develop a first rule mining system that scales to Freebase, the largest public knowledge base with 112 million entities and 388 million facts. We mine 36,625 inference rules in 34 h; no existing system achieves this scale. Based on the mining algorithm and the optimizations, we develop an efficient inference engine. As a result, we infer 0.9 billion new facts from Freebase in 17.19 h. We use cross validation to evaluate the inferred facts and estimate a degree of expansion by 0.6 over Freebase, with a precision approaching 1.0. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art mining algorithms and inference engines in terms of both performance and quality.
Ion nose spectral structures observed by the Van Allen Probes

We present a statistical study of nose-like structures observed in energetic hydrogen, helium, and oxygen ions near the inner edge of the plasma sheet. Nose structures are spectral features named after the characteristic shapes of energy bands or gaps in the energy-time spectrograms of in situ measured ion fluxes. Using 22 months of observations from the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) instrument onboard Van Allen Probe A, we determine the number of noses observed, and the minimum L-shell reached and energy of each nose on each pass through the inner magnetosphere. We find that multiple noses occur more frequently in heavy ions than in H+, and are most often observed during quiet times. The heavy-ion noses penetrate to lower L shells than H+ noses and there is an energy-magnetic local time (MLT) dependence in the nose locations and energies that is similar for all species. The observations are interpreted using a steady-state model of ion drift in the inner magnetosphere. The model is able to explain the energy and MLT dependence of the different types of nose structures. Different ion charge exchange lifetimes are the main cause for the deeper penetration of heavy-ion noses. The species dependence and preferred geomagnetic conditions of multiple-nose events indicate that they must be on long drift paths, leading to strong charge-exchange effects. The results provide important insight into the spatial distribution, species dependence, and geomagnetic conditions under which nose structures occur.
The Endocrinologist’s Approach to the Intersex Patient

This chapter reviews the concepts underlying the initial evaluation and management of the intersex child by the endocrinologist. By definition, such a child has lack of concordance of various aspects of gender. These include chromosomal sex (46XX, 46XY or other), gonadal/reproductive sex (ovaries, Fallopean tubes and uterus vs. testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts), genital sex (vagina and clitoris vs. penis and scrotum), and gender-specific behavior. Depending on chromosomal sex, most patients may be classified as incompletely masculinized males (46 XY, male pseudohermaphrodites or males with micropenis), excessively virilized females (46XX, female pseudohermaphrodites), and patients with abnormalities of sex chromosomes such as those with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. A large number of conditions may be associated with intersex states (Table1).
Gene Signature Associated with Upregulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Predicts Tumor Response to Transarterial Embolization.

Abstract Purpose To identify gene mutations in tumors undergoing transarterial embolization and explore the relationship between gene mutations and tumor response to embolization. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective review that included 17 patients with primary or metastatic liver tumors treated with embolization and had specimens analyzed for a 341-gene panel next-generation sequence assay. Pathologic conditions included hepatocellular, carcinoid, pancreatic neuroendocrine, melanoma, medullary thyroid, and liver acinar-cell carcinoma. Disease, procedure data, and tumor response data were collected. Dimensionality reduction was performed by using principal component analysis. A linear support vector machine was used to learn a prediction rule and identify the genes most predictive of objective tumor response (partial or complete) per modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors. Cross-validation was used to test the prediction on the holdout set. Permutation testing was used to determine statistical significance of prediction accuracy. Recursive feature elimination was used to identify the most predictive genes. Results At 4 months after embolization, 9 tumors showed a response and 8 did not. Using the top two principal components, prediction accuracy of the gene mutation signature was 70% (±11%), which was statistically significant ( P CTNNB1 , MEN1 , and NCOR1 : three genes associated with the Wnt/β-catenin and hypoxia signaling pathways. Conclusions This study identifies gene mutations in tumors treated with transarterial embolization. A gene-mutation signature obtained from the mutation data suggests that upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may be associated with sensitivity to embolization.
Dealing with Reflection Invariance in Bayesian Factor Analysis

This paper considers the reflection unidentifiability problem in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the associated implications for Bayesian estimation. We note a direct analogy between the multimodality in CFA models that is due to all possible column sign changes in the matrix of loadings and the multimodality in finite mixture models that is due to all possible relabelings of the mixture components. Drawing on this analogy, we derive and present a simple approach for dealing with reflection in variance in Bayesian factor analysis. We recommend fitting Bayesian factor analysis models without rotational constraints on the loadings-allowing Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms to explore the full posterior distribution-and then using a relabeling algorithm to pick a factor solution that corresponds to one mode. We demonstrate our approach on the case of a bifactor model; however, the relabeling algorithm is straightforward to generalize for handling multimodalities due to sign invariance in the likelihood in other factor analysis models.
Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Valproic Acid in Healthy Subjects: A Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial

Valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has beneficial effects in the setting of cancer, neurologic diseases, and traumatic injuries. In animal models of traumatic injury, a single dose of valproic acid has been shown to reduce mortality. The purpose of this trial was to determine the maximum tolerated single dose of intravenous valproic acid in healthy humans. A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial design was used to identify dose-limiting toxicities in healthy subjects who received a single dose of intravenous valproic acid. Patients were monitored for adverse events and data were collected for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profiling of valproic acid. Fifty-nine healthy subjects (mean 30 ± 12 years) were enrolled. Forty-four subjects received valproic acid in doses from 15 to 150 mg/kg. The most common adverse events were hypoacusis (n = 19), chills (n = 18), and headache (n = 16). The maximum tolerated dose was 140 mg/kg. Dose-limiting toxicities included headache and nausea lasting longer than 12 h. No drug-related abnormalities were seen in other safety measures including laboratory tests, hemodynamic parameters, cardiac rhythm monitoring, and cognitive testing. A two-compartment model was predictive of valproic acid concentration–time profiles, with a strong correlation (R 2 = 0.56) observed between the number of reported adverse events and the dose level. The maximum tolerated dose of intravenous valproic acid in healthy subjects is 140 mg/kg. This is significantly higher than the previously established maximum tolerated dose of 60–75 mg/kg. Next, the safety and tolerability of high-dose valproic acid will be tested in trauma patients in hemorrhagic shock. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01951560
Systems architecture in failure analysis (Applications of architecture modeling to system failure analysis)

This paper describes research into the applicability and value of architecture modeling techniques in conducting failure analysis on a system that is currently in service. Many Systems of Systems (SoS) currently in service did not include architecture modeling in their design and integration phases. In the absence of architectural models, knowledge of critical items, interfaces, and interactions, is difficult to learn, communicate, and maintain. Failure analysis, particularly for SoS, requires comprehensive system knowledge to produce accurate and timely results. This paper contributes specifically by summarizing existing model-based failure analysis research in terms of applicability to in-service systems and by focusing on Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Modes Effects Analysis (FMEA). Much of the existing research in this area is either specific to design or development phases of system lifecycle, or presupposes that architectural models exist, and does not approach the topic from the perspective of value and practicality to an in-service system. Firstly, a general analysis of the commonality of principles, methods, and resources used for failure analysis with those of system architecture modeling is presented. The second contribution is a review of system and SoS modeling techniques and current research as applied to these failure analysis methods. The paper concludes with a summary of model applicability to FTA and FMEA, and a brief analysis of the studied methods, which will guide future research and evaluation of architecture modeling-based methods for failure analysis.
Mentoring Emerging Leaders: Perspectives of Mentees on Dispositions and Conditions for Leadership Learning:

Although mentoring is believed to improve the craft of beginning principal, the context of collective engagement between mentor and mentee principals that optimize their leadership learning are rarely investigated. This study explored co-creating dispositional values, knowledge conversion modes, and enabling conditions as contexts that favor the creation and transmission of explicit and tacit knowledge for leadership learning for the mentee principal.
Resilient communication against adversarial path-errors

We consider a communication problem in which a transmitter encodes a source into several streams that are subject to modification by an omniscient adversary while en route. We design encodings with a distortion guarantee that degrades gradually as the number of streams that the adversary alters increases. Notably, we find that a mixture of highly redundant coding and uncoded transmission outperforms schemes that protect all of the transmitted data against adversarial attack. This finding is confirmed both theoretically and experimentally.
Preserving for a More Just Future: Tactics of Activist Data Archiving

The ownership of the life cycle of data—who creates it, processes it, visualizes it, preserves it—is a question of enormous power in our data-saturated society. The task of collecting, analyzing, and safeguarding large sets of data typically falls within the purview of data professionals: data scientists or statisticians tasked with deciphering the insights of large numbers or variables. Acting like modern-day oracles, they must know what metadata to collect, anticipate the needs of future users, and carefully track changes as data is worked upon and contexts change.
A novel drill design for photoacoustic guided surgeries

Fluoroscopy is currently the standard approach for image guidance of surgical drilling procedures. In addition to the harmful radiation dose to the patient and surgeon, fluoroscopy fails to visualize critical structures such as blood vessels and nerves within the drill path. Photoacoustic imaging is a well-suited imaging method to visualize these structures and it does not require harmful ionizing radiation. However, there is currently no clinical system available to deliver light to occluded drill bit tips. To address this challenge, a prototype drill was designed, built, and tested using an internal light delivery system that allows laser energy to be transferred from a stationary laser source to the tip of a spinning drill bit. Photoacoustic images were successfully obtained with the drill bit submerged in water and with the drill tip inserted into a thoracic vertebra from a human cadaver.
State and stiffness estimation using robotic fabrics

Robotic fabrics are planar, fabric-based systems with embedded sensing and actuation functionalities. They are a useful, reconfigurable tool which can turn passive structures into active robots through surface-induced deformations. However, because of this flexibility, it is difficult to create empirical models for all possible configurations and host body materials that may be used with robotic fabrics. In this paper, we focus on the widely-applicable case of a continuum joint formed by wrapping a robotic fabric around a soft cylinder, and propose a model that is compatible with a variety of host body materials. The model is able take sensor data from the robotic fabric and then estimate both state and stiffness of the underlying structural material. We show the functionality of our model on three different materials: polyethelene foam, Dragonskin 10 Slow elastomer, and Smooth-Sil 935 elastomer. Simplified models that are able to provide both state and stiffness estimations are an important tool that can lead to advancements in control of soft robots.
Measurement of selenium in two Algerian chenopods (Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Nutt. and Suaeda fruticosa (Linn.) Forssk)

Abstract Neutron activation analysis laboratory (NAA measurement) was applied for the determination of selenium (Se) contents in two perennial forage species ( Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Nutt. and Suaeda fruticosa (Linn.) Forssk) used in extensive livestock production systems, in arid rangelands of Algeria. Se content was estimated in leaves and in the soil in which the plants were grown. The vegetal and soil samples were irradiated for 6 h duration with a thermal neutron flux of 4.5 × 10 13 cm −2 s −1 of Es-Salam research reactor (Berine, Algeria). The daily intake of Se was determined and compared with the values recommended by National Research Council (NRC) guidelines. Result showed that the highest contents of Se were found in the rainy period (January–15 winter) for both species. By way of contrast, for the surrounding soil this metalloid was higher during dry season (July–15 summer). The maximum uptake of Se was predominantly recorded in A. canescens (0.16 ± 0.07 μg g −1 ) compared to S. fruticosa (0.07 ± 0.03 μg g −1 ). The bioaccumulation factor (BF Se ) from soil to plant showed a high enrichment of Se especially for A. canescens . In conclusion, this study envisages that A. canescens can be gazed by livestock in winter season as a source of Se; however the problem of Se deficiency was expected during the other seasons for animals grazing A. canescens and S. fruticosa .
The Evolution of Shared Concepts in Changing Populations

The evolution of color categorization systems is investigated by simulating categorization games played by a population of artificial agents. The constraints placed on individual agent’s perception and cognition are minimal and involve limited color discriminability and learning through reinforcement. The main dynamic mechanism for population evolution is pragmatic in nature: There is a pragmatic need for communication between agents, and if the results of such communications have positive consequences in their shared world then the agents involved are positively rewarded, whereas if the results have negative consequences, then involved agents are punished. A mechanism for changing the composition of the population due to agents’ birth and death is also investigated. This birth-death mechanism is found to effectively move an established population color naming system toward a theoretically more optimal one. The simulation results of this article provide insights regarding mechanisms that may constrain universal tendencies in human color categorization systems observed in the linguistic and anthropological literatures.