cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osmotic Pressures in the Hen's Egg

In a recent paper Howard (1932) claims to have shown, by three methods, that the "expected" osmotic equilibria exist between the yolk and white of a hen's egg. Johlin (1933) has criticized her technique of cryhydric measurement and re-asserted that the yolk and white of an egg hive different values for depression of freezing point. Although Needham (1931) and Meyerhof (1931) have considered the possibility of the outer layer of yolk having a lower osmotic pressure than the inner, Howard gives no experimental evidence indicating the existence of an osmotic gradient within the yolk. The methods she used being apparently incapable of showing the difference in osmotic pressure between the whole yolk and the whole white of an egg were presumably unable also to detect the osmotic gradient in the yolk. Grollman's (1931) criticisms of the Hill thermo-electric method for the measurement of vapour pressures when employed with viscous solutions were repeated by Howard, with no other evidence than that it gave results which disagreed with her own. In particular, Bateman's low vapour pressure depression found in mixtures of egg yolk and egg white are declared to be incompatible with high vapour pressure depressions for yolk. It is strange that in the differentiation of the properties of egg yolk and white so many authors should have considered the yolk as homogeneous. It is a well-known fact that the formation of an egg yolk occurs by daily deposits in the ovary of the hen. These extend over several days and that the integrity of the daily deposit is maintained more or less for many days is evidenced by observation of the spherical zones in the yolk of a frozen egg that has been sectioned. Also it is easy to withdraw from the centre of the yolk, using a fine pipette, white yolk which is different chemically from the surrounding yellow yolk. Since no membrane is known to separate these two kinds of yolk nor the daily deposit of yolk, the existence of this non-homogeneity within the yolk must be an indication of the slowness of equilibration inside a hen's egg. Hence, when one speaks of the difference in osmotic pressure of average egg white and average egg yolk, no conclusions can be drawn logically regarding the difference in osmotic pressure on opposite sides of the vitelline membrane. As the Hill thermoelectric method of measuring vapour pressure requires but small quantities of solution, it was of interest to use this micro method to study the difference in osmotic pressures of samples of yolk and white obtained on opposite sides of the membrane.
Management of postoperative arrhythmias.

Arrhythmias occur commonly in patients after cardiac surgery. Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in the postoperative period; it accounts for significant morbidity to the patient and prolonged hospital stays, and it contributes significantly to the cost of hospitalization. It occurs more commonly in elderly men and in patients undergoing valvular procedures. Beta blockers are effective agents that keep patients from developing postoperative atrial fibrillation and help maintain ventricular rate control. Prophylaxis with antiarrhythmic agents such as amiodarone and sotalol and recently with atrial pacing have shown promise in recent randomized trials. Patients with atrial fibrillation that persists for longer than 48 hours appear to be at a greater risk for cerebroembolic events and should receive anticoagulation unless a contraindication exists. Although frequent premature ventricular contractions and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) occur frequently in patients after cardiac surgery, sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation are rare and are associated with a poor prognosis. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia may occur in the setting of myocardial ischemia, metabolic disturbances, and drug toxicities (including antiarrhythmic agents used to treat atrial fibrillation). Poor left ventricular function is a potent risk factor for sudden death in patients with NSVT. Patients with persistent NSVT and ischemic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular ejection fractions of less than 40% should undergo electrophysiologic testing. Conduction abnormalities that may be encountered in patients after cardiac surgery are rarely life threatening. Patients who have undergone valve replacement or repair are at higher risk of developing significant bradyarrhythmias that may require temporary pacing.
Invariant manifolds associated to nonresonant spectral subspaces

We show that, if the linearization of a map at a fixed point leaves invariant a spectral subspace which satisfies certain nonresonance conditions, the map leaves invariant a smooth manifold tangent to this subspace. This manifold is as smooth as the map—when the smoothness is measured in appropriate scales—but is unique amongCL invariant manifolds, whereL depends only on the spectrum of the linearization or on some more general smoothness classes that we detail. We show that if the nonresonance conditions are not satisfied, a smooth invariant manifold need not exist, and we also establish smooth dependence on parameters. We also discuss some applications of these invariant manifolds and briefly survey related work.
Dynamics of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, seasonal migrations based on ultrasonic telemetry

Abstract Migrations of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, to and from estuaries to the continental shelf in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) occur seasonally but their dynamics are poorly understood. Ultrasonic telemetry, both passive and active, was used during 2003–2005 to determine timing and rate of juvenile and adult summer flounder (268–535 mm TL) migrating to and from the Mullica River–Great Bay estuary in southern New Jersey. Additionally, 7 years of inner continental shelf surveys off New Jersey were used to assess complementary seasonal movements. Most tagged fish emigrated from the estuary between July and September, though emigration lasted into December and appeared to be influenced by a number of factors. In July 2004, more tagged fish emigrated, at increased rates of movement, at low barometric pressure during a storm event. Trawl collections on the inner shelf demonstrated the same approximate immigration times as seen with telemetry. Later in the fall, increased numbers of tagged summer flounder emigrated from the estuary when dissolved oxygen was decreasing. Fall trawl surveys showed increased numbers of fish on the inner shelf when dissolved oxygen was decreasing in the Mullica River–Great Bay estuary, supporting the telemetry results. Fish emigrated from the estuary during the day and night but nighttime movements were in deeper water at slightly slower rates of movement. Exit and re-entry also occurred during the fall emigration. Ultrasonically tagged individuals demonstrated homing by returning to the same estuary, in March through June, in the second and third year of the study (39–6%, respectively). In summary, immigration may result from homing for a large proportion of summer flounder. Emigration may be associated with storms on an episodic scale, and dissolved oxygen and temperature on a seasonal scale.
Control of long-wavelength Marangoni Bénard convection

A nonlinear feedback control strategy for delaying the onset and eliminating the subcritical nature of long-wavelength Marangoni–Benard convection is investigated based on an evolution equation. A control temperature is applied to the lower wall in a gas–liquid layer otherwise heated uniformly from below. It is shown that, if the interface deflection is assumed to be known via sensing as a function of both horizontal coordinates and time, a control temperature with a cubic-order polynomial dependence on the deflection is capable of delaying the onset as well as eliminating the subcritical instability altogether, at least on the basis of a weakly nonlinear analysis. The analytical results are supported by direct numerical simulations. The control coefficients required for stabilization are O(1) for both delaying onset indefinitely and eliminating subcritical instability. In order to discuss the effects of control, a review is made of the dependence of the weakly nonlinear subcritical solutions without control upon the various governing parameters.
Statistical Approaches for Enhancing Causal Interpretation of the M to Y Relation in Mediation Analysis

Statistical mediation methods provide valuable information about underlying mediating psychological processes, but the ability to infer that the mediator variable causes the outcome variable is more complex than widely known. Researchers have recently emphasized how violating assumptions about confounder bias severely limits causal inference of the mediator to dependent variable relation. Our article describes and addresses these limitations by drawing on new statistical developments in causal mediation analysis. We first review the assumptions underlying causal inference and discuss three ways to examine the effects of confounder bias when assumptions are violated. We then describe four approaches to address the influence of confounding variables and enhance causal inference, including comprehensive structural equation models, instrumental variable methods, principal stratification, and inverse probability weighting. Our goal is to further the adoption of statistical methods to enhance causal inference i...
Pain, vivisection, and the value of life

Pain alone does not settle the issue of vivisection In his paper, Lab animals and the art of empathy, David Thomas presents his case against animal experimentation. That case is a rather unusual one in certain respects. It turns upon the fact that, for Thomas, nothing can be proved or established in ethics, with the result that what we are left to operate with, apart from assumptions about cases that we might choose to make, are people’s feelings. We cannot show or demonstrate that Pol Pot did anything morally wrong; we just have to hope, as seems not unreasonably demanding, that most people feel pretty strongly about large scale slaughter of human beings. Since nothing can be proven, we turn instead to our feelings and the three claims that Thomas features in his paper: that we should empathise with all creatures who can feel pain and suffer; that we should be consistent in condemning things based upon a similar degree of suffering involved and so treat like cases alike, and that we should take consent seriously, and, where the possibility of consent is absent, take seriously the notion of the best interests of the creature involved. Thomas concludes his paper with a succinct statement of his position: “In other words, we should look at things from the perspective of the victim, human or animal, not that of the would be exploiter. By this yardstick, animal experiments are as immoral as non-consensual experiments on people. In each case, the degree of immorality is in direct proportion to the degree of suffering caused—experiments causing severe suffering are more immoral than those causing only mild, transient suffering. Crucially, however, an experiment causing severe suffering to an animal is as immoral as one causing severe suffering to a person.” All animal experiments, therefore, have …
Deliberation and Voting Rules

We analyze a formal model of decision-making by a deliberative committee. There is a given binary agenda. Individuals evaluate the two alternatives on both private and common interest grounds. Each individual has two sorts of private information going into committee: (a) perfect information about their personal bias and (b) noisy information about which alternative is best with respect to a (commonly held) normative criterion. Prior to a committee vote to choose an alternative, committee members engage in deliberation, modeled as a simultaneous cheap-talk game. We explore and compare equilibrium properties under majority and unanimity voting rules, paying particular attention to the character of debate (who influences who and how) and quality of the decision in each instance. On balance, majority rule induces more information sharing and fewer decision-making errors than unanimity. Furthermore, the influence and character of deliberation per se can vary more under majority rule than under unanimity.
Dissemination of effective physical activity interventions: are we applying the evidence?

Background. Given sparse knowledge on dissemination, this study sought to explore key benefits, barriers and contextual factors that are perceived to be important to the adoption and implementation of the ‘Community Guide’s’ evidence-based physical activity recommendations. Design. We conducted case studies in two states where extensive adoption and implementation of the Guide’s recommendations have occurred and in two states where widespread dissemination has lagged. Interviews (n 5 76) were semi-structured and included both quantitative and qualitative methods. Participant perceptions from the following areas were examined: (i) priority of physical activity, (ii) awareness of and ability to define the term ‘evidence-based approaches’ and (iii) awareness, adoption, facilitators, benefits, challenges and barriers to Guide adoption. Results. Key enabling factors among high capacity states included: funds and direction from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; leadership support; capable staff; and successful partnerships and collaborations. Restraining forces among low capacity states included: the Guide recommendations being too new; participants being too new to current job; lack of time and training on how to use the Guide recommendations; limited funds and other resources and lack of leadership. Conclusion. To be effective, we must gain an understanding of contextual factors when designing for dissemination.
I. Henry VIII's Use of his Spiritual and Temporal Jurisdictions in his Great Causes of Matrimony, Legitimacy, and Succession

The Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome of 1533 has become one of the most controversial statutes of what Dr G. R. Elton has called the ‘Tudor revolution’. The central issue seems to be Elton's view that the term ‘empire’ in the Act's famous preamble provided the theoretical basis for Henry VIII's claim to a jurisdiction in spiritual cases. It is not my intention to enter this high and perhaps irresolvable debate; rather I propose to consider the solution that the Act provided for the practical problem that was its occasion, namely, the king's ‘great matter’, and the inadequacy of that solution for problems that developed subsequently. The political doctrines stated or implied in Tudor statutes are interesting and significant, but, as Elton has written in connexion with the causes of the Reformation, ‘Anne Boleyn should not be forgotten’.
Chromosome 15 aneuploidy in the sperm and conceptus of a sibling with variable familial expression of round-headed sperm syndrome.

Abstract Objective: To characterize rates of chromosome aneuploidy in sperm from three siblings, one of whom had an IVF/ICSI conceptus with trisomy 15. Design: Blind evaluation of the sperm chromosome aneuploidy rates, semen quality, and sperm ultrastructure. Setting: IVF clinic and university-based andrology research laboratory. Patient(s): Three brothers, two of whom underwent infertility evaluation and therapy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Semen from three siblings was coded and blindly evaluated for standard World Health Organization semen quality variables and sperm ultrastructure. Sperm were decondensed and hybridized with fluorescent probes specific for chromosomes X, Y, 13, 15, 18, and 21, then evaluated microscopically to determine the aneuploidy rate for those chromosomes. Result(s): Two siblings had increased round-headed morphology on standard morphology evaluation, which was confirmed using electron microscopy. The sperm aneuploidy rate was significantly increased for chromosome 15 in sibling 1, the father of a conceptus with trisomy 15. Aneuploidy rates were also slightly increased for chromosomes X, Y, and 18 in sibling 1. Conclusion(s): This is the second report of increased sperm chromosome aneuploidy in infertile patients with round-headed sperm. Although ICSI is successful in treating this syndrome, the risk for aneuploidy of the conceptus may be increased. Other studies have reported an increased incidence of sperm chromosome aneuploidy in some infertile patients, but this is the first report of aneuploidy in both the sperm and conceptus of a patient undergoing IVF/ICSI.
Non-linear residue codes for robust public-key arithmetic

We present a scheme for robust multi-precision arithmetic over the positive integers, protected by a novel family of non-linear arithmetic residue codes. These codes have a very high probability of detecting arbitrary errors of any weight. Our scheme lends itself well for straightforward implementation of standard modular multiplication techniques, i.e. Montgomery or Barrett Multiplication, secure against active fault injection attacks. Due to the non-linearity of the code the probability of detecting an error does not only depend on the error pattern, but also on the data. Since the latter is not usually known to the adversary a priori, a successful injection of an undetected error is highly unlikely. We give a proof of the robustness of these codes by providing an upper bound on the number of undetectable errors.
Retreatment of chronic hepatitis C in previous non-responders and relapsers.

Therapy for chronic hepatitis C has improved dramatically over the past 20 years. Unfortunately, ∼ 50% of those treated do not have a durable response to therapy. Non-responders and relapsers after previous interferon-based therapy are particularly challenging with regard to clinical management. This article provides a general overview of the treatment of hepatitis C and reviews present data regarding management of patients with chronic hepatitis C who are non-responders or relapsers after previous treatment. The review ends with the authors' opinion regarding present management of non-responders and relapsers and future emerging therapies.
Computational and physical analysis of active vortex generators

The objectives of this paper are to study the physics of the actuator-induced flow and to develop computational simulations of the actuator-generated flows. The vortex generator consists of a cavity with a lightweight actuator plate. The actuator plate acts like a piston pumping air out of the cavity on the down-stroke and sucking air into the cavity on the upstroke. The actuator is placed asymmetrically over the cavity opening, forming narrow and wide slots when viewed from the top. The actuator depending on amplitude, frequency, and slot spacing produces several flow fields (free jet, wall jet, vortex flow). Computational simulation of the actuator-generated flows have been developed and applied to several actuator flow modes. This work should provide an impetus for designing similar active flow control systems suitable for aircraft applications. The computational simulation uses a time-accurate full Navier-Stokes (NS) solver known as FTNS3D (a full NS version of CFL3D solver). A multi-block moving grid has been developed and used for the computational study of the flow fields produced by the vortex generator. For three-dimensional computations, ten multi-block grids are used and for two-dimensional computations, six multi-block grids are used. The grid blocks adjacent to the actuator plate move with the plate motion, and second-order interpolation is used along the block interfaces. Periodic response of the flow has been observed to develop after three cycles of the plate sinusoidal motion.
Apical Ca2+-activated potassium channels in mouse parotid acinar cells.

Ca2+ activation of Cl and K channels is a key event underlying stimulated fluid secretion from parotid salivary glands. Cl channels are exclusively present on the apical plasma membrane (PM), whereas the localization of K channels has not been established. Mathematical models have suggested that localization of some K channels to the apical PM is optimum for fluid secretion. A combination of whole cell electrophysiology and temporally resolved digital imaging with local manipulation of intracellular [Ca2+] was used to investigate if Ca2+-activated K channels are present in the apical PM of parotid acinar cells. Initial experiments established Ca2+-buffering conditions that produced brief, localized increases in [Ca2+] after focal laser photolysis of caged Ca2+. Conditions were used to isolate K+ and Cl− conductances. Photolysis at the apical PM resulted in a robust increase in K+ and Cl− currents. A localized reduction in [Ca2+] at the apical PM after photolysis of Diazo-2, a caged Ca2+ chelator, resulted in a decrease in both K+ and Cl− currents. The K+ currents evoked by apical photolysis were partially blocked by both paxilline and TRAM-34, specific blockers of large-conductance “maxi-K” (BK) and intermediate K (IK), respectively, and almost abolished by incubation with both antagonists. Apical TRAM-34–sensitive K+ currents were also observed in BK-null parotid acini. In contrast, when the [Ca2+] was increased at the basal or lateral PM, no increase in either K+ or Cl− currents was evoked. These data provide strong evidence that K and Cl channels are similarly distributed in the apical PM. Furthermore, both IK and BK channels are present in this domain, and the density of these channels appears higher in the apical versus basolateral PM. Collectively, this study provides support for a model in which fluid secretion is optimized after expression of K channels specifically in the apical PM.
Dose Density in Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

Background: Dose-dense chemotherapy increases the dose intensity of the regimen by delivering standard-dose chemotherapy with shorter intervals between the cycles. This article discusses the rationale for dose-dense therapy and reviews the results with dose-dense adjuvant regimens in recent clinical trials in breast cancer. Methods: The papers for this review covered evidence of a dose-response relation in cancer chemotherapy; the rationale for dose-intense (and specifically dose-dense) therapy; and clinical experience with dose-dense regimens in adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, with particular attention to outcomes and toxicity. Results: Evidence supports maintaining the dose intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy within the conventional dose range. Disease-free and overall survival with combination cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil are significantly improved when patients receive within 85% of the planned dose. Moderate and high dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil wit...
A movable-mass attitude-stabilization system for artificial-g space stations

The development of an active, momentum-exchange system to be used for attitude stabilization of a class of artificial-^ spaces stations configurations is studied. A system which employs a single movable control mass is considered for the control of a space station which has the physical appearance of two rigid bodies connected by a long and comparatively slender structure. Both the physical arrangement for a stabilizer and requisite control laws are presented. The exceptional effectiveness of the system proposed in stabilizing the space station is explained both analytically, and in terms of analog simulation results. The analog results illustrate the significant parameters of the control logic, normal and overload behavior of the stabilizer, and the effect of control force limitation. The influence of structural dynamics on control system performance and the adaptation of the controller for an attitude-hold mode are also discussed. Current space station inertia properties and the expected disturbance levels require a system of approximately 500 Ib total Earth weight (250,000 Ib space station). The control logic developed is extremely simple, and requires a low maximum force level on the order of 30 Ib.
Validation of density functional modeling protocols on experimental bis(μ-oxo)/μ-η2: η2-peroxo dicopper equilibria

The bis(μ-oxo)/μ-η2:η2-peroxo equilibria for seven supported Cu2O2 cores were studied with different hybrid and nonhybrid density functional theory models, namely, BLYP, mPWPW, TPSS, TPSSh, B3LYP, mPW1PW, and MPW1K. Supporting ligands 3,3′-iminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine), N,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldipropylenetriamine, N-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-N,N,N′-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, bis[2-(2-pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]methylamine, bis[2-(4-methoxy-2-pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]methylamine, bis[2-(4-N,N-dimethylamino-2-pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]methylamine, and 1,4,7-triisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane were chosen on the basis of the availability of experimental data for comparison. Density functionals were examined with respect to their ability accurately to reproduce experimental properties, including, in particular, geometries and relative energies for the bis(μ-oxo) and side-on peroxo forms. While geometries from both hybrid and nonhybrid functionals were in good agreement with experiment, the incorporation of Hartree–Fock (HF) exchange in hybrid density functionals was found to have a large, degrading effect on predicted relative isomer energies. Specifically, hybrid functionals predicted the μ-η2:η2-peroxo isomer to be too stable by roughly 5–10 kcal mol−1 for each 10% of HF exchange incorporated into the model. Continuum solvation calculations predict electrostatic effects to favor bis(μ-oxo) isomers by 1–4 kcal mol−1 depending on ligand size, with larger ligands having smaller differential solvation effects. Analysis of computed molecular partition functions suggests that nonzero measured entropies of isomerization are likely to be primarily associated with interactions between molecular solutes and their first solvation shell.
Biaxial and failure properties of passive rat middle cerebral arteries.

Rodents are commonly used as test subjects in research on traumatic brain injury and stroke. However, study of rat cerebral vessel properties has largely been limited to pressure–diameter response within the physiological loading range. A more complete, multiaxial description is needed to guide experiments on rats and rat vessels and to appropriately translate findings to humans. Accordingly, we dissected twelve rat middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and subjected them to combined inflation and axial stretch tests around physiological loading conditions while in a passive state. The MCAs were finally stretched axially to failure. Results showed that MCAs under physiological conditions were stiffer in the axial than circumferential direction by a mean (7 standard deviation) factor of 1.72 (7 0.73), similar to previously reported behavior of human cerebral arteries. However, the stiffness for both directions was lower in rat MCA than in human cerebral arteries (po0.01). Failure stretch values were higher in rat MCA (1.357 0.08) than in human vessels (1.247 0.09) (p ¼0.003), but corresponding 1st Piola Kirchhoff stress values for rats (0.427 0.09 MPa) were considerably lower than those for humans (3.297 0.64 MPa) (po 0.001). These differences between human and rat vessel properties should be considered in rat models of human cerebrovascular injury and disease.
Construction of two novel reciprocal conplastic rat strains and characterization of cardiac mitochondria

Because of the lack of appropriate animal models, the potentially causal contributions of inherited mitochondrial genomic factors to complex traits are less well studied compared with inherited nuc...
Prescribed Sheep Grazing to Suppress Spotted Knapweed on Foothill Rangeland

Abstract Spotted knapweed ( Centaurea biebersteinii DC.) is a perennial, invasive forb that infests millions of hectares of private and public rangelands in western North America. Previous research indicates that domestic sheep ( Ovis aries ) readily graze spotted knapweed, but landscape-scale prescriptive grazing of spotted knapweed has not been studied. We quantified the diets and forage utilization of a ewe–lamb band (about 800 ewes and 1 120 lambs) that prescriptively grazed spotted knapweed–infested foothill rangeland in western Montana in the summers of 2003 and 2004. In mid-June or mid-July, sheep grazed light and moderate infestations of spotted knapweed (13% and 36% of vegetative composition, respectively). Nutritive quality of sheep diets was similar to sheep grazing uninfested rangeland, and sheep exhibited few forage preferences or avoidances. Sheep diets averaged 64% spotted knapweed in the moderate infestation and 26% in the light infestation. Sheep in the light infestation ate fewer graminoids in June than July (17% vs. 55% of their diet, respectively; P = 0.04), whereas sheep in the moderate infestation ate fewer graminoids in July (45% in June vs. 20% in July; P = 0.09). In the moderate infestation, relative utilization of spotted knapweed was greater in July than June (50% vs. 35%, respectively; P = 0.04), but averaged 46% in the light infestation. Previous research suggests that these levels of relative utilization may make herbicide application uneconomical. Relative utilization of graminoids was light in both infestations (15% in June or 31% in July). Our results indicate that sheep can prescriptively graze light or moderate spotted knapweed infestations in either June or July. Sheep consumption and relative utilization of graminoids will be less if light infestations are grazed in June rather than July. In moderate infestations, sheep will eat fewer graminoids and utilize spotted knapweed more heavily when grazed in July rather than June.
New methods for the measurement of NHCαH coupling constants in 15N-labeled proteins

Abstract Several new techniques, requiring 15 N incorporation, are described for measuring NHCαH J couplings in proteins. 1 H-detected heteronuclear 1 H 15 N multiple-quantum correlation spectra retain the homonuclear J coupling information. Because of the favorable relaxation properties of 15 N 1 H zero- and double-quantum coherences, significant line narrowing occurs in the F 1 , dimension compared to the regular NH 1 H linewidth, permitting high accuracy measurements of J splittings, even for medium sized proteins. Methods for convenient analysis of such coupling information are described, correcting for linewidth and dispersion mode contributions. The new approach is demonstrated for the protein staphylococcal nuclease (18 kDa), complexed with pdTp and calcium.
Analysis of an adjustable modified Kaiser weighting function and its application to linear array antenna beamforming

In this paper we propose a novel class of adjustable modified Kaiser weighting functions based on minimizing the sidelobes by definition of a nonconvex problem. The proposed weighting function is rooted in the same way as the Kaiser weighting function, but it has a lower first sidelobe and equiripple form other sidelobes by determined level. Undesired sidelobes minimized by inserting a parameter for extending free degrees. The sidelobes of solving optimization problem will be compare by equal mainlobes. Simulation results show that the proposed weighting function performs better sidelobe ripple ratio than the Kaiser weighting function for the same weighting function length and normalized mainlobe width. The results show that the linear array coefficients designed by the proposed weighting function provide better far end stopband attenuation than the filters designed by the Kaiser weighting function.
Admission Peripheral Edema, Central Venous Pressure, and Survival in Critically Ill Patients

Rationale: The clinical significance of peripheral edema has not been well described in critical illness.Objectives: To assess the clinical significance of peripheral edema detected on physical examination at the time of hospital admission for patients who were treated in an intensive care unit (ICU).Methods: Using a large inception cohort of critically ill patients, we examined the association of peripheral edema, as documented on hospital admission physical examination, with hospital and 1-year survival.Measurements and Main Results: Of 12,778 patients admitted to an ICU at a teaching hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, 2,338 (18%) had peripheral edema. Adjusting for severity of illness and comorbidities, including pulmonary edema, admission peripheral edema was associated with a 26% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11–1.44, P < 0.001) higher risk of hospital mortality. In those patients whose peripheral edema could be graded, trace, 1+, 2+, and 3+ admission peripheral edema was associated with a 2% (95...
Toxicity of naturally occurring levels of the Penicillium mycotoxins citrinin, ochratoxin A, and penicillic acid to the corn earworm, Heliothis zea, and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The oral toxicity of the Penicillium mycotoxins, alone and in combination, to Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) at naturally occurring levels was evaluated. Ochratoxin A and citrinin were the most toxic alone to both insect species and caused abnormalities in the Malpighian tubules. The combination of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid was synergistically most toxic to H. zea , whereas the combination of ochratoxin A and citrinin was synergistically most toxic to S. frugiperda . The production of frequently found combinations of mycotoxins by Penicillium fungi likely to be encountered by these insects is discussed in relation to the results obtained.
Analysis on Protection Performance of Transmission Line With Multi Series Compensation Capacitors

The post-fault characteristics of electrical quantities in transmission line with multi series compensation capacitors are theoretically analyzed.With the change of fault location,voltage reversal and current reversal will occur in different places along the transmission line,so multi low-frequency transient components exist in the post-fault electrical quantities.Based on the analysis on protection performance of current differential protection and distance protection for transmission line with series compensation capacitors,a protection configuration scheme for this transmission line is proposed and two improvement suggestions are given: one of which is adopting the memory voltage as the polarization voltage for distance protection to prevent the malfunction of distance protection due to voltage reversal;anther of which is recognizing current reversal by comparing the phase of fault current with the phase of memory voltage,when the phase of post-fault current takes lead in the phase of memory voltage,the current reversal is confirmed and the current differential protection must be locked.The RTDS based simulation of 1000kV transmission line with multi series compensation capacitors is performed,and simulation results conform to that of theoretical analysis.
Bioinformatics: Databasing and Gene Annotation

"Omics" experiments amass large amounts of data requiring integration of several data sources for data interpretation. For instance, microarray, metabolomic, and proteomic experiments may at most yield a list of active genes, metabolites, or proteins, respectively. More generally, the experiments yield active features that represent subsequences of the gene, a chemical shift within a complex mixture, or peptides, respectively. Thus, in the best-case scenario, the investigator is left to identify the functional significance, but more likely the investigator must first identify the larger context of the feature (e.g., which gene, metabolite, or protein is being represented by the feature). To completely annotate function, several different databases are required, including sequence, genome, gene function, protein, and protein interaction databases. Because of the limited coverage of some microarrays or experiments, biological data repositories may be consulted, in the case of microarrays, to complement results. Many of the data sources and databases available for gene function characterization, including tools from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Gene Ontology, and UniProt, are discussed.
Who Should Label What? Instance Allocation in Multiple Expert Active Learning.

The active learning (AL) framework is an increasingly popular strategy for reducing the amount of human labeling effort required to induce a predictive model. Most work in AL has assumed that a single, infallible oracle provides labels requested by the learner at a fixed cost. However, real-world applications suitable for AL often include multiple domain experts who provide labels of varying cost and quality. We explore this multiple expert active learning (MEAL) scenario and develop a novel algorithm for instance allocation that exploits the meta-cognitive abilities of novice (cheap) experts in order to make the best use of the experienced (expensive) annotators. We demonstrate that this strategy outperforms strong baseline approaches to MEAL on both a sentiment analysis dataset and two datasets from our motivating application of biomedical citation screening. Furthermore, we provide evidence that novice labelers are often aware of which instances they are likely to mislabel.
Survival of Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pCF10 in poultry and cattle feed: vector competence of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

Laboratory experiments were designed to determine the survival of Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pCF10 in poultry and cattle feed and its acquisition and transmission by adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to sterile feed. Adult T. castaneum beetles were introduced into poultry and cattle feed inoculated with E. faecalis OG1RF:pCF10 and incubated at 28°C with 65% relative humidity for 7 days in a growth chamber. E. faecalis survived in both poultry and cattle feed during the 7-day test period. There was a logarithmic decrease in E. faecalis concentration in poultry and cattle feed and in and on the insects. E. faecalis persisted on the surface and within T. castaneum adults for 7 days when adults were released on E. faecalis–inoculated poultry feed and for only 5 days on E. faecalis–inoculated cattle feed. The concentration of E. faecalis decreased more slowly on poultry feed than on cattle feed, and this may explain why adult T. castaneum insects were more successful in acquiring a...
Effect of second-leaf removal or kinetin treatment on the nucleic acid metabolism of senescing first seedling leaf of barley.

1. Changes in nucleic acid metabolism in first seedling leaves of barley plants during aging (from 7 to 27 days) were followed, and the effect of continual removal of the second leaf and basal meristem or of treating the first leaf with 20p.p.m. kinetin on these changes was examined. During aging of the first seedling leaves the ribosomal RNA, DNA and soluble RNA declined, with ribosomal RNA showing the most rapid fall. This was, however, accompanied by increased incorporation of (32)P into RNA, which reached its peak on the fifteenth day. 2. Second-leaf removal partially suppressed first-leaf senescence as judged by retarded chlorophyll and nucleic acid decline and by a decreased extent of RNA labelling. Treatment with kinetin, however, did not prove effective. 3. No significant differences in the sucrose-gradient pattern of (32)P-labelled nucleic acids or in the (32)P-labelled nucleotide composition of RNA fractions during aging or during the two treatments were noted, except for a decrease in CMP content of soluble RNA during aging. 4. The results demonstrate that important changes in RNA metabolism are associated with leaf senescence.
O-15 How to effectively facilitate ACP group medical visits: Lessons from the field

Background Advance care planning (ACP) is a health behaviour that requires education and support. We developed an outpatient ACP group medical visit model that promotes patient-centred ACP, although the facilitator communication techniques have not been described. Aim To describe facilitation of an ACP process in novel ACP group medical visits. Methods Ten cohorts of a 2-session ACP group medical visit model were co-facilitated by a geriatrician and social worker based on an initial guide. Group visit transcripts and patient interviews were analysed qualitatively to explore the facilitator’s role in the ACP process. Results Analysis of group interactions in ACP group medical visits revealed that facilitators were effectively applying tenets of Collaborative Learning Theory to promote ACP. This theory suggests that learning is a shared and social process; learners are diverse in learning styles and experiences; and individual contexts for applying knowledge are provided alongside factual knowledge. Facilitators leveraged Collaborative Learning Theory by initiating active discussions that included sharing personal ACP experiences; using multiple ACP decision aids (e.g., The Conversation Project, PREPARE videos); and maximising time for participants to ask and answer questions of each other. Identified communication techniques based on Collaborative Learning Theory, like inviting diverse perspectives, were used to develop a revised, theory-informed, facilitator guide. Discussion Specific facilitator communication techniques used in ACP group medical visits promote peer-based learning and group interaction to promote the ACP process. Conclusion A revised facilitator guide for ACP group medical visits based on Collaborative Learning Theory can facilitate ACP.
The Potential Cytoprotective Influence of Estradiol and Fish Oil Supplementation on Indices of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Females

Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) occurs following unaccustomed exercise, usually involving eccentric muscle contractions. Eccentric exercise contractions may cause harsh morphological changes in the individual muscle fiber. Various interventions have been proposed to attenuate EIMD and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). An intriguing proposed intervention involves 17-? estradiol (estrogen) as an anti-oxidant. Estrogen has a cyto-protective effect on the sarcolemma, which protects the muscle from oxidative-induced muscle damage known to occur with strenuous exercise. It has been theorized that estrogen has the functional capacity to act as a membrane stabilizer, Due to the supposed cytoprotective effects of estrogen, females are thought to be less predisposed to exercise-induced muscle damage than males. However, females may be more prone to muscle damage during the low estrogen point in their 28-35 day cycle (follicular phase) compared to their high estrogen point (luteal phase). Numerous treatments have been proposed to minimize muscle damage and alleviate the symptoms of DOMS, but a clear beneficial treatment has not yet been identified. Another intriguing idea is that the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids may help counteract the inflammatory state associated with muscle damage and DOMS. The omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are of interest as they are common components of fish oil supplements and have been shown to be beneficial in improving some inflammatory conditions. As a result, fish oil supplementation has been suggested to be important for cytoprotection due to its anti-oxidant potential for significantly decreasing markers of muscle damage. Therefore, fish oil supplementation may reduce oxidative stress, thereby augmenting cytoprotection throughout the course of the 28-day menstrual cycle.
Order out of Trouble: Jurisdictional Tensions in Catholic and Islamic Empires

An Augustinian friar traveling through Bengal in 1640 found himself in the uncomfortable middle of a criminal case. One of his Muslim attendants had killed a peacock while the traveling party was stranded overnight in a Hindu village. After making a meal of the bird, the party had been unsuccessful in hiding the deed from the villagers, who were predictably scandalized at the killing of a sacred bird. The group reached the safety of a nearby town, but there the Hindu guides denounced the killing to local Mughal authorities, and all the travelers were immediately thrown in jail. Later, the shiqdar , a revenue collector responsible for the local administration of justice, decided to punish just the man who had killed the bird. The Augustinian argued the defense; surely the man had “committed no fault against God or against His precepts or those of your Alcoran [Quraʾn].” But the shiqdar was adamant. Bengalis were to “live under their own laws and customs.” Muslims in a Hindu district had to follow the laws and practices of Hindus. The principles guiding the Mughal official certainly would have been less foreign to the friar than he let on. As the last chapter shows, it was more common than not for both colonizing and colonized in early modern polities to recognize the existence of multiple legal authorities.
Relationship Quality Between Older Fathers and Middle-Aged Children: Associations With Both Parties’ Subjective Well-Being

Objectives Relationships between fathers and their children are salient to both parties throughout the life course. Yet little is known about how these ties may affect well-being in later life. This study examined the implications of aging fathers' and middle-aged children's perceptions of father-child relationship quality for their own and the other party's well-being. Method Using a sample of 103 fathers (M = 77.88 years) and their children (M = 49.92 years) drawn from Wave 1 of the Family Exchanges Study, we estimated actor-partner interdependence models to evaluate associations between each party's perceptions of father-child relationship quality and their well-being. Results Fathers had elevated depressive symptoms when they reported more negative relationships with children. This association was exacerbated for fathers of daughters when daughters reported a highly negative relationship. Fathers had better self-rated health, however, when they reported more positive relationships with daughters. Children had elevated depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction when they reported more negative ties with fathers. Finally, sons had lower depressive symptoms when they reported more positive ties with fathers. Discussion Findings suggest that father-child relationship quality has significant implications for the well-being of both aging fathers and middle-aged daughters or sons.
Factors Associated with Auditors' Intention to Train on Optional Technology

SUMMARY: Training is one of the most important factors affecting acceptance and use of technology (Venkatesh and Bala 2008). We investigate the timing of technology training as a potential intervention for auditors' resistance to use of optional technology. Appropriate timing may reduce time-related pressures, thus increasing a willingness to train when pressures are lower (during the non-busy season) and reducing resistance to technology use. However, training long before use (again, during the non-busy season) may raise concerns of memory decay. We manipulate training between three time periods (July, November, and December), which vary in both time pressure and closeness to the time when the technology would actually be applied to an audit task. We then elicit perceptions of two pressures commonly recognized in the accounting literature (time pressure and confidence in memory) as well as intentions to train on, and use, the new technology. We find intentions to train are greater when training is availa...
Cambios en la estructura de la administración del Estado

Sumario 1. Cambios de la administracion del Estado 2. Reduccion de la administracion del Estado 3. Otras situaciones que pueden presentarse 4. Situacion especial 5. El sector para-estatal (Actividad empresarial del Estado o de sus organismos) 6. Conclusiones
Order Statistics for Random Sampling from Discrete Populations

This chapter presents an algorithm for computing the PDF of order statistics drawn from discrete parent populations, along with an implementation of the algorithm in APPL. Several examples illustrate the utility of this algorithm.
Radiographic assessment and therapeutic decisions at RECIST progression in EGFR-mutant NSCLC treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

7553 Background: EGFR mutated advanced NSCLC treated with EGFR TKIs typically progresses after initial response due to acquired resistance. TKI therapy is often continued beyond RECIST progression ...