cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual clarification and implicit-association tests: psychometric evidence for racist attitudes

Critics of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)—a measure of the strength of a person’s automatic, memory-based association between two concepts, such as “black” and “threatening” or “white” and “caring”—have at least three main objections. Their symmetry argument (SA) is that the IAT should but does not give equally valid results for black-on-white and white-on-black racism. Their cultural-awareness argument (AA) is that the IAT illegitimately presupposes that use of racial stereotypes presupposes no stereotype acceptance, only stereotype awareness. Their completeness argument (CA) is that at best the IAT measures only questionable or implicit, not explicit, bias because IAT ignores the fact that subjects’ conscious desires to avoid bias often enable them to check their biased behavior. Examining each of these anti-IAT stances, the paper summarizes the IAT and then argues for 6 main claims. (1) Clarifying concepts like racism is important for progress in social science. (2) IAT critics’ SA presupposes an ahistorical/acultural concept of racism. (3) IAT critics’ AA presupposes a linguistically-insensitive concept of racism, one presupposing that the language we use provides no behavioral evidence for racism. (4) IAT critics’ CA presupposes a concept of racism subject to conscious, deliberate control. (5) IAT proponents endorse a more plausible concept of racism, one that is contextual, linguistically sensitive, and often not susceptible to conscious control. (6) Although the IAT debate is unsettled, IAT critics’ use of a questionable concept of racism gives grounds for doubting their claims.
Asthma Exacerbations: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment

Guideline-based management of asthma focuses on disease severity and choosing the appropriate medical therapy to control symptoms and reduce the risk of exacerbations. However, irrespective of asthma severity and often despite optimal medical therapy, patients may experience acute exacerbations of symptoms and a loss of disease control. Asthma exacerbations are most commonly triggered by viral respiratory infections, particularly with human rhinovirus. Given the importance of these events to asthma morbidity and health care costs, we will review common inciting factors for asthma exacerbations and approaches to prevent and treat these events.
Imaging of Children With Nontraumatic Headaches.

OBJECTIVE. Headache in children is a common symptom and often is worrisome for clinicians and parents because of the breadth of possible underlying significant abnormalities, including meningitis, ...
A 13bit 200MS/S pipeline ADC with current-mode MDACs

A 13bit 200MS/s pipeline ADC with current-mode MDAC is implemented in this work. Compared with a conventional MDAC architecture, the proposed current mode MDAC reduces power consumption for the residual amplifier between two pipelined stages. The fabricated ADC achieves a 58.4dB / 57.6dB SNDR and a 75dB / 72dB SFDR for a sinusoidal input at 4.15MHz / 97.9MHz respectively. The power consumption of the ADC operating at 200MS/s is 8.4mW and the conversion FoM is 64fJ/conv-step. The prototype occupies an active area of 0.23mm2 in a 40nm CMOS technology.
Marxist Legal History

“Marxism,” wrote the American legal historian William E. Nelson in 1985, “is not about to disappear as an attractive ideology or as a powerful political force in the world.” The prediction was not well timed. The Marxism of the socialist bloc was anything but an attractive ideology or a powerful force (in any intellectually defensible sense) in the world of the mid-1980s. The bloc’s inability to recover from the early 1980s world recession, combined with Soviet entrapment in war in Afghanistan, had already turned the historical conjuncture decisively against Soviet and Eastern European socialism. Western Marxism, meanwhile, was enmeshed in its own deep theoretical crisis, impaled on the stake of materialist determination, and increasingly “rigid and scholastic” in its attempts to escape. Given all this, Nelson’s coda – “I expect neo-Marxist legal history … to flourish” – was mystifying. Then in the “take-off” stage of what would prove to be thirty years of extraordinary growth, Anglophone legal history actually lacked any clear Marxist component. Nor has one been forthcoming. This paper charts the possibility for a Marxist historiography of law such as it existed in the 1970s and the reasons for its failure to materialize. Forty years on, in the grip of a new fast-forming historical conjuncture in which capital, both globally and within its historic Anglophone heartlands, is at war with itself, the paper asks what opportunities exist for renewing the attempt to create a Marxist legal historiography, and what responsibilities attend that effort.
Snårkl : Somewhat Practical, Pretty Much Declarative Verifiable Computing in Haskell

Verifiable computing (VC) uses cryptography to delegate computation to untrusted workers. But in most VC schemes, the delegated program must first be arithmetized – expressed as a circuit with multiplication and addition over a finite field. Previous work has compiled subsets of languages like C, LLVM, and bespoke assembly to arithmetic circuits. In this paper, we report on a new DSL for VC, called Snarkl (“Snorkel”), that supports encodings of language features familiar from functional programming such as products, case analysis, and inductive datatypes. We demonstrate that simple constraint-minimization techniques are an effective means of optimizing the resulting encodings, and therefore of generating small circuits.
Residual efficacy of deltamethrin as assessed by rapidity of knockdown of Tribolium castaneum on a treated surface: temperature and seasonal effects in field and laboratory settings.

Abstract Concrete arenas were treated with the pyrethroid deltamethrin at rates of 8, 16, and 24 mg active ingredient [AI]/m2, and held either in a chamber set at 27 °C, inside a non-climate controlled interior building, or the floor of an empty grain bin. Bioassays of the arenas were conducted post-treatment by exposing mixed-sex adult Tribolium castaneum Herbst and assessing knockdown every 30 min for 3 h. Four separate trials were conducted, two during Autumn of 2015 and 2016 and two during Summer of 2016 and 2017. Knockdown did not increase with increasing application rate. Equations were fit to the combined rate data at each residual bioassay week for each location, and mean data were also compared to determine differences in knockdown at different times among the arenas held in the different locations. During Summer, knockdown was generally slower after two weeks on arenas held inside the grain bin compared to arenas held inside the building or inside the chamber. The arenas inside the bin experienced more hours of temperature above 32.2 °C during Summer compared to arenas inside the building or chamber. These extra hours of high temperature accumulation could have contributed to increased degradation of the residues, resulting in slower knockdown. During Autumn rapidity of knockdown was generally similar on arenas held in all three locations. In all trials, the total hours of temperature accumulation were far greater in the chamber compared to the building or the grain bin, but this had little effect on efficacy. Managers can use this information to more precisely apply deltamethrin, either as a pre-binning treatment inside a grain bin or elevator silo or as a residual treatment inside a milling or production facility.
POPULATION-REFERENCED CORONARY ANATOMY AND CORONARY FLOW RESERVE IN WOMEN WITH EVIDENCE OF ISCHEMIA AND NO OBSTRUCTIVE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: A REPORT FROM THE WOMEN'S ISCHEMIA SYNDROME EVALUATION

Women with suspected ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease often have coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), defined as reduced coronary flow reserve (CFR). Angiographic measurements of coronary anatomy (AMCA) referenced to angiograms in normal women imply early atherosclerosis and
Foam breakup in inlet cyclones

Abstract Foam breakup in an inlet cyclone is studied utilizing a 0.025 m diameter Foam Characterization Rig (FCR) skid. Aqueous foam is used in the experimental program utilizing Drill Foam F-450 and SI-403 with the same surfactant concentration of 0.01 vol/vol. The foam generated with Drill Foam F-450 is more stable and requires higher g-force for foam breakup than the one generated with the SI-403. The foam half life time is proposed for foam characterization, as it is easy to measure and represents a key decay characteristic of the foam.
Of grids and jars: a comparative analysis of representational infrastructure and learning opportunities in middle school and professional science

We focus on representational infrastructures that allow people to render, manipulate, and explore aspects of complex natural systems (e.g., the foraging behavior of a colony of termites on the forest floor or the ecology of a closed pond). By contrasting routine and innovative uses of representational infrastructure, we seek to understand how opportunities for learning are distributed in project work that is enabled by infrastructure, while that infrastructure is, itself, under development. We report on a comparative analysis of how learning and infrastructure are related in a field entomology research group and in a 6th grade integrated science and mathematics classroom.
Oxalacetic decarboxylase and related enzymes

This section will deal with methods for determining enzymes which decarboxylate oxalacetate (OA) or form the latter substance by CO2 fixation. Three types of enzymes will be considered: (a) those enzymes which decarboxylate OA to pyruvate and CO2 (Reaction 1) and which may be considered true decarboxylases, (b) the plant and bacterial enzyme which catalyzes the irreversible formation of OA from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and CO2 (Reaction 2), and which is termed here PEP carboxylase, and (c) the enzyme from animal tissues or microorganisms which catalyzes the reversible formation of OA from PEP, CO2, and a nucleotide diphosphate (Reaction 3) and which is called here PEP carboxykinase.
Extensions of Rings and Fields

A given ring may fail to have certain properties that are necessary for solving a particular problem. However, it may be possible to construct a larger ring that has the required properties. Thus, for example, there exist equations of the form ax = b, a ≠0 that have no solutions in the domain of integers. The field of rational numbers is constructed for the purpose of insuring the solvability of equations of this type. The method used to construct this extension can be generalized so as to apply to any commutative integral domain. This type of extension is one of those that we consider in this chapter. Among others we define also rings of polynomials, field extensions and rings of functions. We derive some of the properties of these extensions and, in particular, we determine the algebraic structure of any field.
Small Sharp Spikes

The small sharp spike (SSS) wave form was originally described by Gibbs and Gibbs (1952, 1964) who considered the finding to be associated with seizure disorders.
Remote Injuries and Outcomes After Distal Radius Fracture Management.

Background: Distal radius fracture (DRF) is a common fracture of the upper extremity. The role of concurrent injuries in patients treated for DRFs is poorly elucidated. The authors sought to determ...
Curriculum for surgical training

Abstract Since introduction, flexible endoscopy has been a mainstay of surgical practice for the management of gastrointestinal disorders. In rural settings, many surgeons are the primary providers of flexible endoscopy. However, in larger institutions gastroenterologists perform the majority of endoscopic procedures. Surgical training primarily occurs in large cities and academic institutions leaving many surgical trainees with inadequate exposure and training in flexible endoscopy during their residencies. Additionally, as the technology has developed, the utility of flexible endoscopy is being recognized and surgeons are taking advantage of the value added by being able to provide endoscopic therapy for their patients. This has led to an initiative by the American Board of Surgery and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons to formalize a flexible endoscopy curriculum to promote endoscopic training in US surgical residencies. The comprehensive curriculum includes progressive cognitive and skills-based learning objectives to enhance training efficacy and ensure proficiency when completed. As of 2018, surgical trainees must successfully complete all components of the curriculum in order to be eligible for graduation. This paper reviews the development and components of a flexible endoscopy curriculum for US surgical residents.
The Next Generation of Artificial Intelligence: Synthesizable AI

While AI is expanding to many systems and services from search engines to online retail, a revolution is needed, to produce rapid, reliable “AI everywhere” applications by “continuous, cross-domain learning”. We introduce Synthesizable Artificial Intelligence, and discuss its uniqueness by its five advanced “abilities”; (1) continuous learning after training by “connecting the dots”; (2) measuring quality of success; (3) correcting concept drift; (4) “self-correcting” for new paradigms; and (5) retroactively applying new learning for development of “long-term self-learning”. SAI can retroactively apply new concepts to old examples, “self-learning” in a new way by considering recent experiences similar to the human experience. We demonstrate its current and future applications in transferring seamlessly from one domain to another, and show its use in commercial applications, including engine sound analysis, providing real-time indications of potential engine failure.
The big screen treatment: Gratifications sought in game-to-film transmedia consumption

Abstract Popular culture is rich with transmedia storytelling—the adaptation of narrative universes from one medium to another—and although much work has attended to audience uses and gratifications of discrete media, little is known about audience motivations for shifting from one medium to another. This study takes a step toward bridging that gap through thematic analysis of videogame fans’ gratifications sought in viewing the inaugural films of two established videogame franchises: Assassin’s Creed and Warcraft. Emergent themes—entertainment, expanded experience, personal fan development, community/franchise legitimization, and personal connection to the film—were largely consistent across both franchises (with variations explained by each franchise’s maturity and fan norms). Although some gratifications are consistent with those of discrete media, discovered themes also reveal a) a more extrinsic and communal orientation toward franchises receiving the “big screen treatment” as a mark for the health, welfare, and cultural legitimacy of the franchise and fan community, and b) considerations of the target medium as both the source and referent of gratification such that the medium is a gratifying thing-in-itself.
Relationship between DXA measured metrics of adiposity and glucose homeostasis; An analysis of the NHANES data.

Introduction Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a means of determining body composition and body fat distribution at different sites including whole body and trunk–locations where there tends to be high correlation at an individual level. Methods We performed an analysis of DXA-derived metrics of adiposity (truncal fat %,subtotal fat % and total fat %) from the NHANES database and then correlated the findings with markers of insulin resistance. We analyzed the data from DXA scans in NHANES 1999–2004. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance and HOMA-β (beta-cell function) were estimated. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated (ρ) between HOMA-IR,HOMA-β and different measures of obesity (Waist circumference(in cm), Body Mass Index (kg/m2), truncal fat %, subtotal fat % as well as total fat %) to gauge the relationship between markers of glucose homeostasis and DXA derived metrics of obesity. We also performed logarithmic transformation of HOMA-IR as well as HOMA-β to ensure normality of distribution and to meet the criteria for regression analysis. A forward selection model (by outcome and gender) was performed to predict log transformed insulin resistance (log HOMA-IR) as well as log transformed HOMA-β (log HOMA-β,measure of beta cell function) from age, serum triglycerides, HDL, trunk fat % and the SBP (in both males and females separately), after reviewing the spearman correlation coefficients. Results There were a total of 6147 men and 6369 women who were part of the study cohort. There was a positive correlation between markers of adiposity and log HOMA-IR and log HOMA-β in both males and females.Truncal fat % had the highest nonparametric correlation coefficent with log HOMA-IR among the DXA derived fat% (0.54 in males and 048 in females). In the multivariate analysis, truncal fat % was an independent predictor of logHOMA-IR as well as logHOMA-β. In males, the significant predictors of log HOMA-IR were; age, truncal fat % and HDL cholesterol (Adjusted R square of 0.325 (±0.66), F(3,207) = 34.63, p < .01). In females, the significant predictors of log HOMA-IR were; age, truncal fat %, SBP, Serum triglyceride and HDL cholesterol (Adjusted R square of 0.307 (±0.65),F(5,198) = 18.9, p < .01). In both males and females, the significant predictors of log HOMA-β were; age, and truncal fat % (Males; adjusted R square of 0.25 (±0.63), F (2,208) = 36.4, p < .01, Females; adjusted R square of 0.27 (±0.62), F (2,201) = 38.4, p < .01). Conclusions Body fat % on DXA is an imaging biomarker for insulin resistance. Incorporating this important information into DXA acquisitions and reporting frameworks may allow for this information to be available to providers who refer patients for these imaging studies.
H 0 tension, swampland conjectures, and the epoch of fading dark matter

Motivated by the swampland de Sitter conjecture, we consider a rolling scalar field as the source of dark energy. Furthermore, the swampland distance conjecture suggests that the rolling field will lead at late times to an exponentially light tower of states. Identifying this tower as residing in the dark sector suggests a natural coupling of the scalar field to the dark matter, leading to a continually reducing dark matter mass as the scalar field rolls in the recent cosmological epoch. The exponent in the distance conjecture $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{c}$ is expected to be an $\mathcal{O}(1)$ number. Interestingly, when we include the local measurement of ${H}_{0}$, our model prefers a nonzero value of the coupling $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{c}$ with a significance of $2.8\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and a best fit at $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{c}\ensuremath{\sim}0.3$. Modifying the recent evolution of the Universe in this way improves the fit to the data at the $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level compared to $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ cold dark matter. This string-inspired model automatically reduces cosmological tensions in the ${H}_{0}$ measurement as well as ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}$.
Transgression and Countercultural Gnosticism: A Review Essay of April DeConick’s The Gnostic New Age:

This review essay presents and critically engages April DeConick’s The Gnostic New Age, thereby elucidating a series of theoretical problems currently facing the study of Gnosticism and ancient rel...
Problems of scale in assessing the role of propagule pressure in influencing introduction outcomes illustrated by Common Pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) introductions

Species that are introduced into novel habitats have potentially devasting effects on ecosystem services and functions. Predicting which species and introduction events represent the largest threats are important scientific and management goals. It has been suggested that propagule pressure, the sum of individuals introduced, can be used to predict the probability of establishment success. Previous analyses of this hypothesis have often improperly used historical data by combining introductions over large spatial extents and over long time periods. We use the historical record for Common Pheasant releases in the USA to evaluate the process at scales more relevant to the problem of understanding population establishment. Introduction success varied widely among regions with histories of Common Pheasant introductions in the USA. In a series of logistic regression models involving data from the Foreign Game Investigation Program, we found no evidence to support propagule pressure when the ‘state’ in which the releases occurred was included as a random effect. There are many examples of states with large numbers of Common Pheasants that were introduced but failed to establish self-sustaining populations. David Watmough. Dreamstime.com.
Fostering Benign Tibetan Nationalism: Tibetan Schooling Passions in the Diaspora.

Scholarship on the ‘manufacturing of citizenship’ has focused primarily on European and American nationalism. Scholars have noted the scarcity of research on identity construction among children in...
Erythema of the Skin After Breast Radiotherapy: It Is Not Always Recurrence

Recurrence of breast cancer is a predominant fear for patients who were treated for breast cancer. Acute and late dermatologic effects of radiotherapy are not uncommon and could have similar characteristics to breast cancer recurrence. Thus, it is important to highlight key differences between the clinical and histologic presentations of radiation effects and recurrence. Herein, we present two patients who presented with late dermatologic effects of radiotherapy months to years after treatment, neither of whom had workup consistent with cancer recurrence. We provide clinical and microscopic descriptions of each case and provide a review to differentiate various dermatologic conditions. This report aims to outline potential late dermatologic effects of radiation treatment and emphasise that changes in the breast do not always signal breast cancer recurrence.
Forebrain Development: Holoprosencephaly (HPE)

Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common malformation of the human forebrain, results from central failures in forebrain midline induction. As such, HPE serves as a paradigm for understanding midline signaling centers, or organizers, during forebrain development. In this article, we illustrate forebrain midline development as revealed by the factors implicated in HPE in experimental organisms and humans. Among highlights are the categorization of causal factors into four well-known signaling pathways and a recent delineation of a simple genetic network that explains long-standing conundrums about HPE pathogenesis and its phenotypes.
Suboptimal uptake of meningococcal vaccines among older adolescents: Barriers, solutions, and future research directions

Over the past 15 y, several vaccines have been added to the recommended immunization schedule for adolescents in the United States. In addition to annual influenza vaccination, the Advisory Committ...
Suicide ideation and a post-disaster assessment of risk and protective factors among Hurricane Harvey survivors.

Abstract Background Previous studies have documented evidence of increased suicidality after natural disasters. While there is some disagreement about when and how long mental health consequences are sustained in the post-disaster setting, it is nevertheless an important outcome requiring further examination. Method In the present study, a sample of Hurricane Harvey survivors (n=316) were interviewed over a three-month period beginning in October 2017, two months after a Category 4 hurricane devastated the Texas Gulf Coast. Using logistic regression, the analysis examines sociodemographic vulnerabilities, as well as individual risks that potentially exacerbate and protections that mitigate the odds of suicide ideation among survivors. Results Approximately 10 percent of the sampled survivors reported suicide ideation post-Hurricane Harvey. Females, persons with elevated symptoms of post-traumatic stress symptoms, persons reporting moderate to high levels of food insecurity, and those with previous mental health issues were related to higher odds in reported suicide ideation. We examined a number of protective factors and religious social capital and optimism were both negative and statistically significant (p Conclusions To our knowledge, these findings are the first to come out of the Hurricane Harvey disaster zone, specifically focusing on suicide ideation. Mental health professionals need to continue to be sensitive to the nuance of disaster impact on the psychological functioning of survivors, with potential negative mental health symptoms persisting 6 to 12 months after a natural disaster event.
An Efficient Blockchain Authentication Scheme for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Autonomous vehicles cooperate to perform many life-saving and cost-saving applications such as advanced collision warning, tailgating and traffic routing. As the use of autonomous vehicles increases, the transportation infrastructure as a whole becomes highly susceptible to cyber attacks due to the number of components that communicate with each other over wireless networks and the Internet.
The Curious Case of Integrator Reach Sets, Part I: Basic Theory

This is the first of a two part paper investigating the geometry of the integrator reach sets, and the applications thereof. In this Part I, we establish that this compact convex set is semialgebraic, translated zonoid, and not a spectrahedron. We derive the parametric as well as the implicit representation of the boundary of this reach set. We also deduce the closed form formula for the volume and diameter of this set, and discuss their scaling with state dimension and time. We point out that these results may be utilized in benchmarking the performance of the reach set over-approximation algorithms.
Protective efficacy of an orf virus-vector encoding the hemmagglutinin and the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus in swine

Abstract Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses constant challenges to public health due to its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health. Here, we developed two recombinant orf viruses, expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (OV-HA) or both the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of IAV-S (OV-HA-NP). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these two recombinant viruses were evaluated in pigs. Both OV-HA and OV-HA-NP recombinants elicited robust virus neutralizing antibody response in pigs. Notably, although both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific T-cell responses, the frequency of IAV-S specific proliferating T cells secreting IFN-γ upon re-stimulation was higher in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals than in the OV-HA group. Importantly, IgG1/IgG2 isotype ELISAs revealed that immunization with OV-HA induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas immunization with OV-HA-NP virus resulted in a Th1-biased immune response. While pigs immunized with either OV-HA or OV-HA-NP were protected when compared to non-immunized controls, immunization with OV-HA-NP resulted in better protective efficacy as evidenced by reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions and reduced viral load in the lung. This study demonstrates the potential of ORFV-based vector for control of swine influenza virus in swine. Importance Effective influenza A virus (IAV-S) vaccines capable of providing robust protection to genetically diverse IAV-S in swine are lacking. Here, we explored the potential of orf virus based vectors expressing the hemagglutining (HA) or both the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of influena A virus (IAV-S) in eliciting protection against IAV-S in pigs. We observed that both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in pigs. Addition of the NP and co-expression of this protein with HA, another major influenza protective antigen, resulted in higher T cell responses which presumably led to better protection in OV-HA-NP immunized animals, as evidenced by lower levels of virus shedding and viral load in lungs. This study highlights the the potential of ORFV as a vector platform for vaccine delivery against IAV-S. Results here provide the foundation for future development of broadly protective ORFV-based vectors for IAV-S for use in swine.
Performance of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Pooled Cohort Equations to Estimate Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk by Self-reported Physical Activity Levels.

Importance The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology pooled cohort equations (PCEs) are used for predicting 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Pooled cohort equation risk prediction capabilities across self-reported leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) levels and the change in model performance with addition of LTPA to the PCE are unclear. Objective To evaluate PCE risk prediction performance across self-reported LTPA levels and the change in model performance by adding LTPA to the existing PCE model. Design, setting, and participants Individual-level pooling of data from 3 longitudinal cohort studies-Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Health Study-was performed. A total of 18 824 participants were stratified into 4 groups based on self-reported LTPA levels: inactive (0 metabolic equivalent of task [MET]-min/wk), less than guideline-recommended ( 1000 MET-min/wk). Pooled cohort equation risk discrimination was studied using the C statistic and reclassification capabilities were studied using the Greenwood Nam-D'Agostino χ2 goodness-of-fit test. Change in risk discrimination and reclassification on adding LTPA to PCEs was evaluated using change in C statistic, integrated discrimination index, and categorical net reclassification index. Main outcomes and measures Adjudicated ASCVD events during 10-year follow-up. Results Among 18 824 participants studied, 10 302 were women (54.7%); mean (SD) age was 57.6 (8.2) years. A total of 5868 participants (31.2%) were inactive, 3849 (20.4%) had less than guideline-recommended LTPA, 3372 (17.9%) had guideline-recommended LTPA, and 5735 (30.5%) had greater than guideline-recommended LTPA level. Higher LTPA levels were associated with a lower risk of ASCVD after adjustment for risk factors (hazard ratio [HR] per 1-SD higher LTPA, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96). Across LTPA groups, PCE risk discrimination (C statistic, 0.76-0.78) and risk calibration (all χ2﻿ P > .10) was similar. Addition of LTPA to the PCE model resulted in no significant change in the C statistic (0.0005; 95% CI, -0.0004 to 0.0015; P = .28) and categorical net reclassification index (-0.003; 95% CI, -0.010 to 0.010; P = .95), but a minimal improvement in the integrated discrimination index (0.0008; 95% CI, 0.0002-0.0013; P = .005) was observed. Similar results were noted when cohort-specific coefficients were used for creating the baseline model. Conclusions and relevance Higher self-reported LTPA levels appear to be associated with lower ASCVD risk and increasing LTPA promotes cardiovascular wellness. These findings suggest the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology PCEs are accurate at estimating the probability of 10-year ASCVD risk regardless of LTPA level. The addition of self-reported LTPA to PCEs does not appear to be associated with improvement in risk prediction model performance.
Effects of affiliation network membership on hospital quality and financial performance.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of hospital membership in affiliation networks-franchise-like networks sponsored by high-quality health systems in which affiliate hospitals pay an annual fee for access to sponsor's operational and clinical resources-on clinical quality, patient experience ratings, and financial performance of affiliates and their competitors. DATA SOURCES Network membership data from press releases and websites of four sponsors (Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, MD Anderson, Memorial Sloan Kettering), American Hospital Association's Annual Survey, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' Hospital Compare, and Healthcare Cost Report Information System, all for 2005-2016. STUDY DESIGN We used a quasi-experimental design and estimated hospital-level regressions with hospital-fixed effects. Dependent variables were measures of clinical quality, patient experience, and financial performance. Independent variables included an indicator for affiliate versus nonaffiliate and fixed effects for hospital characteristics and year. To analyze effects on competitors, we repeated analyses by comparing hospitals in the same county as an affiliate to nonaffiliated, noncompetitor hospitals. DATA COLLECTION Membership was obtained through press releases and network websites then linked across datasets by name and Medicare's identification number. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Across networks, affiliates (N = 199) experienced insignificant clinical quality changes but increased net income by $38,500 and operating margin by 6.6% (p values = 0.01-0.08) compared to nonaffiliates. Multispecialty affiliates improved on no measures. Cancer-specific affiliates improved their net income ($96,900) and operating margin (3.6%; p-values < 0.05). Affiliates' competitors experienced mixed changes in clinical measures relative to hospitals without affiliates in market (p-value < 0.05) but no financial effects. Affiliation was not associated with patient experience ratings for affiliates nor competitors. CONCLUSIONS Despite quality-focused missions, affiliation networks are not guaranteed to improve public measures of quality in affiliated hospitals, although hospitals in these communities improve financially. Future research should assess the conditions and mechanisms by which affiliation improves quality consistently and which forms of quality.
HIV neurology in the developing world.

Publisher Summary In the countries hardest hit by the AIDS epidemic, most people die of AIDS in the community without accessing care at secondary or tertiary care centers. HIV neurology in this environment clearly presents challenges because dual- and poly-central nervous system (CNS) infections are probably even more common where antiretroviral agents (ARVs) are not available, prophylaxis for opportunistic infections is not utilized, and infectious conditions are rife independent of the HIV epidemic. Less-developed countries throughout the world suffer from a severe lack of healthcare providers with neurologic expertise. Neurologic disorders are common among patients in developing regions presenting with AIDS-related conditions. Similar to developed regions, acute inflammatory distal polyneuropathy (AIDP) is more common among people living with AIDS (PLWAs) in developing countries. Clinical anecdotes indicate that during the routine care of AIDS patients in developing regions, peripheral neuropathies (PNs) are extremely common and debilitating. Diagnosing HIV dementia in developing countries can be particularly challenging. Ecologically valid measures of cognition appropriate for use in illiterate populations are not available for most regions, so study of HIV dementia requires development of these instruments or adaptation and validation of existing instruments.
Chapter 6 Observations on Crystallographic Education

Publisher Summary In chemistry, crystallography has been basic to the development of fields as diverse as organometallic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. Crystallography has a pivotal role in the advancement of solid-state chemistry. Diffraction studies are also now entrenched as a major research tool in structural biology. This chapter discusses the approaches that can be undertaken to improve crystallographic education. Crystallography is too important a tool for modern chemistry for it to be omitted from the average chemistry curriculum. It is widely used and needs to be more widely understood. However, it is important to take into account the level of the students and what the objectives are for providing this instruction. Failure to set goals just leaves the students with a collection of unrelated and unusable facts. If the teaching of crystallography is to increase then new approaches to the subject must be developed. Lessons must relate crystallography to what the students have already mastered. This must be done for both the analytical uses and for the science behind the method. More creativity must be brought to teaching the subject. The use of optical transforms, computer education, and other modern educational methods can provide much clearer understanding of diffraction methods.
Paying Attention to What's Important: Using Focus of Attention to Improve Unsupervised Learning

Adaptive autonomous agents have to learn about the effects of their actions so as to be able to improve their performance and adapt to long term changes. The problem of correlating actions with changes in sensor data is O(n 2 ) and therefore computationally infeasible for any non-trivial application. We propose to make this problem more manageable by using focus of attention. In particular, we discuss two complementary methods for focus of attention: perceptual selectivity restricts the set of sensor data the agent attends to at a particular instant, while cognitive selectivity restricts the set of internal structures that is updated at a particular instant. We present results of an implemented algorithm, a variant of the schema mechanism [Drescher 91], which employs these two forms of focus of attention. The results demonstrate that incorporating focus of attention dramatically improves the tractability of learning action models without affecting the quality of the knowledge learned, at the relatively small cost of doubling the number of training examples required to learn the same knowledge.
Histone γ-H2AX as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for the indenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I inhibitors selected for preclinical development.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5534 Camptothecin derivatives are effective anticancer drugs, especially against solid tumors. Although they are known to selectively target DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) their action cannot be predicted based on Top1 levels. However, phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) formation can be detected by immunofluorescence microscopy following camptothecin treatment. Histone H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated in the chromatin flanking camptothecin-induced replication DNA double-strand break (DSB) (Furuta et al., J Biol Chem. 2003 May 30;278(22):20303-12). As camptothecins are chemically unstable and have clinical limitations, we have synthesized indenoisoquinolines as novel Top1 inhibitors. Of the 300 derivatives tested, based on potent Top1 inhibition, selectivity for Top1-overexpressing cells and potent antiproliferative activity, we presently report 4 novel indenoisoquinoline derivatives (NSC D-724998, NSC D-725776, NSC D-726972 and NSC D-727357) that are under consideration for therapeutic development. To help evaluate the efficacy of these drugs prior to clinical trials, our goal was to determine a biomarker that would validate the activity of the indenoisoquinolines in tumor samples. Dose and time dependent γ-H2AX foci formation was readily observed in cells treated with the indenoisoquinolines, indicative of DSBs formed as a consequence of a replication forks colliding with the drug-mediated Top1-DNA single-strand breaks. These γ-H2AX foci were detectable at pharmacologically relevant dose and thus could be used as biomarker for Top1 inhibitors. Work is in progress to evaluate if γ-H2AX foci can be detected in animal models.
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase-containing astrocytic processes surround glutamate-containing axon terminals in the rat striatum

Glutamate, the major transmitter of the corticostriatal pathway, is present in abundance in the striatum. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (3HAO) is the biosynthetic enzyme for quinolinic acid, an endogenous agonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor subtype and a potent neurotoxin. In order to explore the anatomical basis of possible functional interactions between glutamate and quinolinic acid in the rat striatum, pre- and postembedding immunocytochemical methods were used to localize 3HAO immunoreactivity (-i) and glutamate-i at the electron microscopic level. In accordance with previous light microscopic and biochemical studies, 3HAO-i was detected exclusively in astrocytes throughout the striatum. Notably, 3HAO-i was present in fine- caliber glial processes that often surrounded or abutted synaptic profiles, both asymmetric and symmetric. Glutamate-i was heavily deposited (3–13-fold higher gold particle density than tissue average) in axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses with spines and, occasionally, dendrites. In contrast, terminals forming symmetric synapses, dendrites, neuronal somata, and glial cells contained significantly less labeling than terminals forming asymmetric synapses. In double-labeled material, 3HAO-i was observed in glial processes that partially surrounded or were adjacent to glutamate-labeled terminals forming asymmetric synapses. 3HAO-labeled glial processes were also adjacent to unlabeled terminals forming symmetric synapses. Since quinolinic acid is known to enter the extracellular compartment readily, these results suggest that astrocytic quinolinic acid may participate in the regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the rat striatum.
Use impacts morphological representation

The distinction between regular and irregular morphology is not clear-cut enough to suggest two distinct modular structures. Instead, regularity is tied directly to the type frequency of a pattern. Evidence from experiments as well as from naturally occurring sound change suggests that even regular forms have lexical storage. Finally, the development trajectory entailed by the dual-processing model is much more complex than that entailed by associative network models.
A completely isosteric non-hydrolyzable analog of lecithin

Abstract The chemical synthesis of the first completely isosteric, completely non-hydro-lyzable lecithin analog, C18H37OCH2CH(OC18H37)CH2CH2P(O)(O−)CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3 is described. The synthetic route used was the following: RP(O) (OR′)CH2CH=CH2 → RP(O) (OR′)CH2CH2CH2OH → RP(O) (OR′)CH2CH2CH2OMs → RP(O) (OR′)CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3-OMs → RP(O) (O−)CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3 R = C18H37OCH2CH(OC18H37)CH2CH2- R′ = (CH3)2CH- Ms = CH3SO2-
Measurements of long-range angular correlation and anisotropy in d+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV from PHENIX

Abstract We present azimuthal angular correlations measured in central d + Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV between charged hadrons and energy deposited in calorimeter towers. The charged hadrons are measured at mid-rapidity | η | 0.35 , and the energy deposits are measured at forward and backward rapidities ( − 3.7 η − 3.1 , Au-going direction and 3.1 η 3.9 , d-going direction). An enhanced near-side angular correlation across | Δ η | > 2.75 is observed in d + Au collisions. We also present the correlation between energy deposited in the d-going and Au-going direction. Similar to previous case, an enhancement is also observed in the near-side pairs correlations in most central d + Au collisions which across | Δ η | > 6.2 . Using the event-plane method applied to the Au-going energy distribution, we extract the anisotropy strength v 2 for inclusive charged hadrons at mid-rapidity up to p T = 4.5 GeV / c . We also present the measurement of v 2 for identified π ± and (anti)protons in central d + Au collisions, and observe a mass-ordering pattern similar to that seen in A + A heavy ion collisions. These results are compared with measurements from p + Pb at s NN = 5.02 TeV .
Analysis of equatorial x-ray diffraction patterns from skeletal muscle

Some of the factors that affect the intensities and the phases of the first five equatorial x-ray reflections from skeletal muscle are studied by simplified models describing axially projected mass distributions in unit cells. Examples of mass distributions that produce various phase combinations and intensities are presented. Effects due to radial movement of crossbridges and those due to mass transfer between the thick filament and the thin filament regions are compared. In addition, the study suggests that some features in the reconstructed filament structures could be due to the consequences of limited resolution.
A short note on short differentiation programs in lisp, and a comment on lagarithmic differentiation

By tradition and design, Lisp is alleged to be a particularly convenient programming language in which to represent algebraic expressions and in which to write a differentiation program. Over the years, most books on Lisp have included programs for differentiation. Some have extended this example to provide fodder for problems for data-directed, functional, object-oriented, rule-based or other styles of programming1. Since the task of algebraic differentiation can be specified with varying amounts of detail, a programmer typically has options in choosing compromises with respect to size, efficiency, robustness, generality, extensibility, and other issues. Even full-featured computer algebra systems like Maple, Macsyma and Mathematica differ in their built-in ability to compute certain derivatives or represent them operationally. This report has yet another program, one which we wrote to have fun with using logarithmic derivatives for the product rule, and for derivatives of powers. It has a certain charm in being slightly smaller in these parts, and in providing additional challenge for a subsequent simplification step2.
Simulation and Instructional Objectives in Counselor Education.

Simulation is a controlled representation of a real situation. An instructional program using simulation to reach instructional objectives is described. The four levels of simulation discussed are reading and listening, modeling, practice experiences and role playing, and supervised experience.
Impact of Performance Feedback Delivered via Electronic Mail on Preschool Teachers' Use of Descriptive Praise.

Abstract We examined the effects of a professional development intervention that included data-based performance feedback delivered via electronic mail (e-mail) on preschool teachers’ use of descriptive praise and whether increased use of descriptive praise was associated with changes in classroom-wide measures of child engagement and challenging behavior. A multiple probe single-subject experimental design across four preschool teachers was used. Following a brief training session on the use of descriptive praise, coaches observed each teacher conduct a large-group activity and sent them e-mail messages containing performance feedback with a hyperlink to a descriptive praise video exemplar. Training plus e-mail feedback was associated with increases in teachers’ use of descriptive praise for each of the four teachers. Challenging behavior decreased somewhat as teachers’ use of descriptive praise increased. Class-wide measures of children's engagement remained relatively stable across baseline and intervention phases. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
A preliminary study of the high-molecular-weight components of normal and virus-infected Escherichia coli.

Abstract 1. 1. Methods have been developed for the extraction of the soluble high-molecular-weight components of Escherichia coli . The extracts have been characterized by electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analysis. 2. 2. Soluble high-molecular-weight components were extracted from bacteria infected with the T2 strain of bacteriophage in the “eclipse” stage of infection. Electrophoretic comparison of these extracts at the same total nitrogen content with those of normal uninfected bacteria suggests that the amount of “free” desoxypentose nucleic acid decreases during the early stages of infection without a corresponding decrease in the amount of “bound” desoxypentose nucleic acid.