cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part II. A hydrologic model and mass-balance arguments for their development

Hydrologic, geologic, geomorphic, and mass-balance data suggest that most of the ∼30,000 playa lake basins on the Southern High Plains have developed by a combination of dissolution of caliche and piping of surface material into the unsaturated zone rather than by eolian processes as has generally been stated. A conceptual model suggests that particulate organic material, much of which is sorbed on smectite clays, is carried downward from the surface into the unsaturated zone by recharging water. The organic material is oxidized to CO 2 , which dissolves in the water, forms carbonic acid, and dissolves lithologic carbonates. Because organic material is transported and oxidized deep in the unsaturated zone, CO 2 concentrations are much higher at depth than in the soil zone, and recharging water remains thermodynamically subsaturated with respect to carbonates and thus able to dissolve them throughout the unsaturated zone. Dissolution promotes lithologic instability, leading to piping and eluviation of material within the unsaturated zone. Playa basins expand laterally as recharge is concentrated at the edge of the playa floor because of lowered permeability in the center that results from accumulation of clays and other fine sediment. Mass-balance calculations of gas, liquid, and solid fluxes beneath a playa basin suggest that sufficient mass is transported to account for the volume of the depression. Particulate flux is estimated by relating it to the CO 2 flux out of the unsaturated zone. Solute flux is estimated from the difference between input values from the playa lake water and that observed in ground water. Gas flux is measured directly from gas samples at specific depths below the: surface.
Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency.

We report the first demonstration of a technique by which an optically thick medium may be rendered transparent. The transparency results from a destructive interference of two dressed states which are created by applying a temporally smooth coupling laser between a bound state of an atom and the upper state of the transition which is to be made transparent. The transmittance of an autoionizing (ultraviolet) transition in Sr is changed from exp(-20) without a coupling laser present to exp(-1) in the presence of a coupling laser.
Consequences of raising the speed limit

Two methods were used to assess the potential impact of increased speed limits on highway fatalities. These were: (a) a method used by National Safety Council (NSC) in estimating the causes of decreased motor vehicles in the 1970s and (b) a method used by the National Research Council, Transportation Research Board (TRB) in reporting on 10 years of experience with the 55 mph speed limit. Applying the NSC method to 1984 fatality data resulted in estimated increases of 200 to 700 deaths per year on rural interstates depending on how much the speed limit was raised. Using the TRB method resulted in estimated increases of 300 to 450 deaths per year if each state returned to pre-1974 speed limits.
Land area burned by fires 35% larger than previous estimates

The predominant technique for tracking wildfires uses repeat satellite observations to look for and measure the size of burn scars, the charred remains of once-lush terrain. Because it relies on moderate-resolution imagery, this approach has a tendency to miss the smaller fires that, though less widely devastating, can still account for a sizeable portion of the total burned area. Small fires can also have an important effect on the global carbon budget and on air quality.
Anomalous behavior of low-energy analog double charge exchange

Abstract Recent measurements of double charge exchange cross sections for analog transitions in 14C, 18O, 26Mg and 42Ca reveal a dramatically different A-dependence at T(π) = 50 MeV than is found at the resonance energies. The observation is not easy to understand in terms of the present theories of pion DCX. A critical discussion of the data and the existing theoretical models is presented.
Partial purification of an activity from human cells that promotes homologous pairing and the formation of heteroduplex DNA in the presence of ATP.

An activity that can promote homologous pairing and strand transfer between suitable DNA substrates has been partially purified from human skin fibroblasts and from Hela cells. The strand transfer reaction was investigated with DNA substrates consisting of single-stranded circular and duplex linear phage DNA. It requires ATP, and under optimal conditions yields heteroduplex molecules containing one strand from each parental DNA substrate. The reactions appears to be of the same general nature as those mediated by RecA proteins of Escherichia coli and the Rec1 protein of Ustilago maydis.
Left ventricular function and the systemic arterial vasculature: remembering what we have learned.

With each heart beat, the left ventricle moves a volume of blood into the systemic arterial vasculature for distribution to the organs of the body. This interaction between the left ventricle and the systemic arterial vasculature (ventricular-arterial coupling) is an important determinant of left ventricular function. Study of ventricular-arterial coupling once required invasive techniques. However, advances in echocardiography now make it possible to noninvasively assess ventricular-arterial coupling in humans. In this issue of JASE, Kuznetsova et al use echocardiographic techniques to better understand ventricular-arterial coupling and its effects on left ventricular performance in patients with hypertension. 1 Such studies remind us of the core physiologic concepts pioneering cardiovascular scientists defined many years ago. As we enter an era of increasingly sophisticated noninvasive evaluation of cardiac performance, careful application of these core concepts is essential. These physiologic concepts form the basis for our understanding of the how the heart adapts to hemodynamic challenges during health and disease. Earlyresearchersworkedwithbothisolatedcardiacmuscleandthe intactheart,usingtheattributesofeachpreparationtotheiradvantage. Study of isolated cardiac muscle allowed more strict control of experimental variables to clearly determine the effects of load on muscle function. Researchers found that adding increasing weight to isolated cardiac muscle before contraction results in greater force generation during contraction. 2 These observations lead to the development of
Networks of Coevolving Residues in Voltage Sensor Domains

Voltage sensors (VSDs) are ubiquitous protein domains acting as transducers of transmembrane electric signals. Owing to the fundamental nature of this task, VSDs emerged before the division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are accordingly found in extant genes from long-diverged phylogenetic lineages. Unrelated members of this class of domains show a striking degree of structural similarity and, more importantly, a unique voltage-driven conformational transition. The universal operating principles of these exquisite molecular devices are encoded in a surprisingly short sequence of amino acids. Here, we investigate this intriguing sequence-function relationship using approaches from information theory and probabilistic models. We find that VSD sequences conform to a small set of rules, or design principles, constraining the chemical identity of relatively few amino acids. We then recapitulate previous experimental findings and, importantly, formulate novel hypotheses. Notably, our approach opens the fascinating perspective of an evolutionarily-informed de novo design of VSDs.
Down syndrome and acute leukemia in children: a 10-year retrospective survey from Childrens Cancer Study Group.

Review of 5406 children with acute lymphoblastic (ALL) or nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) registered with Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG) since 1972 identified 115 patients (2.1%) with Down syndrome. The proportion of patients with Down syndrome was the same for ALL (2.1%) and ANLL (2.1%). Patients with ALL with and without Down syndrome did not differ significantly with respect to age at diagnosis, sex, race, morphology (FAB classification), cell surface markers, initial white blood cell count, pretreatment hemoglobin value, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, presence of mediastinal mass, CNS disease at diagnosis, or prognostic group as defined by age and initial white blood cell count. Patients with ALL-Down syndrome less frequently had splenomegaly, had lower pretreatment platelet counts, and more often had normal or elevated IgG or IgA levels. In addition, they had a significantly lower rate of remission (81% versus 94%), a higher mortality during induction therapy (14% versus 3%), and a poorer overall survival with 5-year life table rates of 50% versus 65% (P
The occurrence and assay of isocitrate lyase in algae

Abstract A modified method of isocitrate lyase assay is described which, coupled with the phenylhydrazone assay of keto acids, allows an accurate and definitive measurement of the enzyme activity. This eliminates the ambiguity associated with the use of only one assay of a nonspecific nature, such as the semicarbazone or phenylhydrazone methods. The detection of isocitrate lyase is described in acetate-grown cultures of Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas dysosmos, Chlorogonium elongatum, Gonium quadratum, Polytomella agillis , and Polytomella caeca . Its presence is very strongly indicated in Euglena gracilis , grown on acetate or ethanol, but cannot be conclusively established, due to complicating reactions which rapidly utilize glyoxylate. With the exception of the Polytomella species, all these organisms could be grown autotrophically, and under these conditions did not produce isocitrate lyase.
A microcosm approach to assess the effects of fungicides on soil ecological processes and plant growth: comparisons of two soil types

The effects of three broad-spectrum fungicides, benomyl, captan and chlorothalonil, applied at recommended field application rates and 10 times these rates, on soil microbial activity and biomass (SIR), nitrogen dynamics, organic matter decomposition, and plant growth, were studied in microcosms containing two different types of soils. Soil type significantly affected all measurements except NH4–N, DON and in situ NO3–N availability measured on an anion-exchange membrane. The higher rate of all fungicide treatments had greater effects on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics than the lower rates. Both concentrations of benomyl increased peak SIR rates and soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA). Captan and chlorothalonil decreased both peak SIR rates and DHA activity. Both application rates of benomyl and chlorothalonil did not affect concentrations of NH4–N in either soil; however, the higher rate of captan increased NH4–N concentrations significantly in both soils. Concentrations of NO3–N were increased by the higher application rates of both benomyl and chlorothalonil, but decreased by the higher application rate of captan. Dissolved organic N concentrations were increased by the higher application rate of fungicides. All fungicide treatments except the higher rate of chlorothalonil, enhanced rates of net N mineralization and nitrification initially, but reduced the rates after 20 days. Captan, especially at the higher application rate, decreased in situ concentrations of NO3–N significantly. The germination success of oat seeds was not influenced by any fungicide treatment in either type of soil. The lower application rate of benomyl stimulated oat growth significantly (0.05<P<0.10) in the silt loam soil, but the higher application rate of benomyl had the opposite effect. Neither benomyl nor chlorothalonil influenced rates of organic matter decomposition. The effects of captan on rates of organic matter decomposition depended on the soil type. The three fungicides differed in their effects on soil processes and plant growth in the two soil types. Compared to the relatively transient effects of benomyl and chlorothalonil, captan had a greater and longer-lasting overall influence on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics.
Preharvest Prediction of Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen in Finger Lakes Riesling Using Linear and Multivariate Modeling

A three-year study was conducted to determine if regression models could be developed to predict yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) before harvest, using Riesling in the New York Finger Lakes region as a model. Berry samples were taken from 62 commercial Riesling vineyards around the Finger Lakes at veraison, two weeks before harvest, and harvest. Samples were measured for berry weight, Brix, pH, titratable acidity, ammonia, primary amino nitrogen, and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN). The average YAN concentration at harvest was 91.8 mg/L, and there were no significant differences in harvest YAN concentration among years. Linear regression models created using preharvest YAN concentrations (p
New ethylene bridged monofluorenyl-amido group 4 complexes

Abstract 9-[(2-t-Butylamino)ethyl] fluorene (1) was synthesized by the use of (1-chloro-2-t-butylamino)ethane (3) which provided convenient routes to 1 as well as 3-[(2-t-butylamino)ethyl] indene (7). Deprotonation of 1 with 2 equivalents of butyllithium followed by addition of ZrCl4 or HfCl4 led to [1-(η1-t-butylamido)-2-(η5-9-fluorenyl)ethane] zirconium (8) and hafnium (9) dichloride, respectively. Complexes 8 and 9 when activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) are active catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene.
Measurement of Two Kinds of Granular Temperatures, Stresses, and Dispersion in Bubbling Beds

A CCD camera technique was developed to measure instantaneous particle velocities in a thin bubbling bed for fluidization of 530 μm glass beads. The hydrodynamic velocities were computed by averaging the instantaneous velocities over the velocity space using the concepts of kinetic theory. Laminar-type kinetic stresses and granular temperatures were computed from the measurement of instantaneous velocities. Bubblelike granular temperatures were computed from the hydrodynamic velocities. The measured Reynolds normal stresses per unit bulk density in the vertical direction were 8 times larger than the measured Reynolds normal stresses per unit bulk density in the lateral direction because of higher velocity fluctuations for particles in the bubble-flow region. The sum of the measured shear stresses was equal to the pressure drop minus the weight of the bed of solids within experimental error. The restitution coefficients for 530 μm glass beads, estimated from the ratio of shear to normal stresses, are in th...
Molecular mechanisms in cancer induction and prevention.

Abstract Chemical and physical carcinogens, present in our environment and encountered in a variety of occupations, produce damage to DNA. X-rays produced direct ionizations and indirect hydroxyl radical attack. UV light in the short wavelength is specifically absorbed by unsaturated bonds in DNA, RNA, and proteins. There are a number of genetic sites that are specifically affected by environmental agents, and an increased sensitivity is found in certain genetic diseases. The development of a fully malignant tumor involves the activation or altered expression of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes that control normal cellular development. Mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene are common in diverse types of cancer and could perhaps provide clues to the etiology of some cancers and to the effect of various environmental and occupational carcinogens in cancer development. The fact that environmental factors are involved to a great extent in cancer suggest that cancer may be preventable. Experimental as well as epidemiological data indicate that a variety of nutritional factors can act as anticarcinogens and inhibit the process of cancer development and reduce cancer risk. The interaction of cells with a number of environmental and occupational genotoxic substances such as X-rays, UV light, and a variety of chemicals including ozone results in an enhanced generation of free oxygen radicals and in modified pro-oxidant states. A number of nutritional factors such as vitamins A, C, E, beta-carotene, and micronutrients such as selenium act as antioxidants and anticarcinogens. Certain hormones such as thyroid hormones enhance oxidative processes and act as a co-transforming factor in carcinogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and the Media: An Examination of an Emerging Sport’s Coverage in ESPN The Magazine

The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the coverage devoted to the sport of mixed martial arts (MMA) and its most recognizable promotional company, Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), in the popular sport publication ESPN The Magazine. This study – which employed a content analysis methodology – examined the quantity and prominence of various media components of the coverage devoted to MMA and the UFC fighters, promoters, fans, and stakeholders. Elite, agenda-set, and hegemonic theoretical frameworks were used to guide this investigation of the magazine’s first 13 years (i.e., 1998-2010). Overall, MMA and the UFC received significantly less coverage on the pages of the prominent sport publication when compared to two sport leagues under contract with the Walt DisneyCompany.
Optimized Conditions for the Self-Organization of CdSe-Au and CdSe-CdSe Binary Nanoparticle Superlattices

The formation process of CdSe-Au binary nanoparticle superlattices (BNSLs) was investigated to elucidate the optimal conditions for self-assembly. Nanoparticle mixtures were prepared under suitable and variable solvent evaporation conditions and the products analyzed by TEM. 1-Dodecanethiol was found to be critical for superlattice formation, prior to the onset of short-range nanoparticle−nanoparticle interactions that likely dictate structure, highlighting the multiple roles of this organic polar molecule as both a ligand that coats the particle during synthesis and then as a high boiling point/crystallization solvent for the separate step of BNSL formation. The influence of 1-dodecanethiol was investigated under various concentrations to determine optimized conditions for guided assembly, for which relatively large (>1 µm2) areas of superlattices could be routinely formed. Depending on appropriate selection of the radius ratio, AB or AB5 binary structures of CdSe-Au nanoparticles were generated. The opt...
Statistical errors in Monte Carlo estimates of systematic errors

Abstract For estimating the effects of a number of systematic errors on a data sample, one can generate Monte Carlo (MC) runs with systematic parameters varied and examine the change in the desired observed result. Two methods are often used. In the unisim method, 1 the systematic parameters are varied one at a time by one standard deviation, each parameter corresponding to a MC run. In the multisim method (see footnote 1 ), each MC run has all of the parameters varied; the amount of variation is chosen from the expected distribution of each systematic parameter, usually assumed to be a normal distribution. The variance of the overall systematic error determination is derived for each of the two methods and comparisons are made between them. If one focuses not on the error in the prediction of an individual systematic error, but on the overall error due to all systematic errors in the error matrix element in data bin m, the number of events needed is strongly reduced because of the averaging effect over all of the errors. For simple models presented here the multisim model was far better if the statistical error in the MC samples was larger than an individual systematic error, while for the reverse case, the unisim model was better. Exact formulas and formulas for the simple toy models are presented so that realistic calculations can be made. The calculations in the present note are valid if the errors are in a linear region. If that region extends sufficiently far, one can have the unisims or multisims correspond to k standard deviations instead of one. This reduces the number of events required by a factor of k 2 .
The genesis of good teaching.

The rumor is abroad that good teachers are born not made. While the phenomenon of congenital tagging of a teacher may occasionally occur, an analysis of the evidence suggests strongly that the same factors which make a good banker, a good tailor, a good artist, a good bookmaker, operate in the world of pedagogy. These factors are interest and hard work. The physician occupies a curious place in this educational system. By long years of training in the general and special fields of medicine he has become eminently qualified to investigate the nature of human illness and to direct both absurdly simple and alarmingly complex therapeutic programs whose aim is the restoration of health. The Hippocratic Oath, to which he subscribes, imposes upon him the additional responsibility “to teach.. . . this art.” Thus a quirk of professional mores has succeeded in equating training for care of the sick with training for teaching the care of the sick. It requires no great perspicacity to recognize that while the two are inseparable they are not necessarily equal. Good teaching is a work of art and like any such work is meaningful only as it is colored by the artist. This being so, it is almost inevitable that a good teacher will develop certain methods, mannerisms, and technics that are uniquely his, which In another might be fatuous or offensive. The very nature of this experience makes it presumptuous for anyone to draw up a list and say this is what makes a good teacher. At the same time there Is a recurrent leitmotif which runs through excellence in instruction everywhere, and it is the components of this theme that might be recalled even at the risk of boring by simplicity.
Laser Probes Of General Relativity

Probes of general relativity which hinge upon the use of the laser are discussed and interpreted. Some background involving pre-laser tests of general relativity are briefly discussed to indicate the scarcity of such tests.
Comparative assessment of bone pose estimation using Point Cluster Technique and OpenSim

Estimating the position of the bones from optical motion capture data is a challenge associated with human movement analysis. Bone pose estimation techniques such as the Point Cluster Technique (PCT) and simulations of movement through software packages such as OpenSim are used to minimize soft tissue artifact and estimate skeletal position; however, using different methods for analysis may produce differing kinematic results which could lead to differences in clinical interpretation such as a misclassification of normal or pathological gait. This study evaluated the differences present in knee joint kinematics as a result of calculating joint angles using various techniques. We calculated knee joint kinematics from experimental gait data using the standard PCT, the least squares approach in OpenSim applied to experimental marker data, and the least squares approach in OpenSim applied to the results of the PCT algorithm. Maximum and resultant RMS differences in knee angles were calculated between all techniques. We observed differences in flexion/extension, varus/valgus, and internal/external rotation angles between all approaches. The largest differences were between the PCT results and all results calculated using OpenSim. The RMS differences averaged nearly 5° for flexion/extension angles with maximum differences exceeding 15°. Average RMS differences were relatively small (< 1.08°) between results calculated within OpenSim, suggesting that the choice of marker weighting is not critical to the results of the least squares inverse kinematics calculations. The largest difference between techniques appeared to be a constant offset between the PCT and all OpenSim results, which may be due to differences in the definition of anatomical reference frames, scaling of musculoskeletal models, and/or placement of virtual markers within OpenSim. Different methods for data analysis can produce largely different kinematic results, which could lead to the misclassification of normal or pathological gait. Improved techniques to allow non-uniform scaling of generic models to more accurately reflect subject-specific bone geometries and anatomical reference frames may reduce differences between bone pose estimation techniques and allow for comparison across gait analysis platforms.
Singular Failures of GCH and Level by Level Equivalence

We construct a model for the level by level equivalence between strong compactness and supercompactness in which below the least supercompact cardinal κ, there is an unbounded set of singular cardinals which witness the only failures of GCH in the universe. In this model, the structure of the class of supercompact cardinals can be arbitrary.
Anisotropic yield behavior of bone under combined axial force and torque

Abstract In this study the yield behavior of cortical bone was determined under combined loading conditions involving tension, compression and torsion. The axis of each test sample coincided with the long bone axis. To minimize viscoelastic behavior, tests were conducted using an effective strain rate in the range of 0.01–0.06 s−1. Experimental yield loci for bovine and human cortical bone were determined using a strain offset technique to determine the ‘common yield point’ for combined loading. Several failure criteria which have been used for composite materials were examined for applicability to the experimental results. Data were obtained for bovine and human tibial and femoral bone. The Tsai-Wu criterion was in best agreement to the test data, although Hill's criterion could describe the individual compression-torsion or tension-torsion regimes with good accuracy.
Some new axioms for triangulated categories

and this mapping cone should, by rights, be a triangle. It is, for instance, true that any homological functor applied to (*) gives a long exact sequence. Unfortunately, the world of triangulated categories is a bad one, and (*) need not be a triangle. It is however true that, givenf and g, there exists an h for which (*) is a triangle (see Theorem 1.8); not all morphisms of triangles are equal. Some are better than others. It turns out that Theorem 1.8 is equivalent to the octahedral axiom. In the first two sections of this article, we study two possible notions of “good” morphisms between triangles, and we quickly decide that neither is satisfactory. The morphisms do not compose well; the composite of good morphisms need not be good. Worse still, the non-category of good morphisms is non-additive; the sum of two good morphisms need not be good. The problem goes right back to the definition of a triangulated category.
239,240Pu in estuarine and shelf waters of the north-eastern United States

Abstract The distribution of 239,240 Pu between dissolved and particulate forms has been measured in four estuaries on the north-east coast of the United States (Connecticut River, Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and Mullica River). The data cover the whole salinity range from freshwater input to shelf waters at 35‰ and includes one profile from a nearly anoxic basin in the Chesapeake Bay. In the organic-rich Mullica River estuary, large-scale removal of riverine dissolved 239,240 Pu occurs at low salinities due to salt-induced coagulation, a mechanism analogous to that for iron and humic acids. Within the 0 to 25–30‰ zone in the other three estuaries, the activity of dissolved 239,240 Pu increases almost conservatively. The activities of particulate 239,240 Pu are highest in the more turbid waters of low salinity regime (0–15‰), but become increasingly insignificant with respect to dissolved 239,240 Pu as salinities increase. At higher salinities corresponding to shelf water, there is a sharp increase in dissolved 239,240 Pu activity. The dissolved 239,240 Pu activity within each estuary appears to be inversely related to the flushing time of water. For example, Chesapeake Bay has a 6–12 month flushing time and has much lower dissolved 239,240 Pu activities than does the Connecticut River Estuary which has a flushing time of a few days. This and other data from the shelf waters are interpreted as indicating that the sharp decrease in dissolved 239,240 Pu activities between shelf and estuarine waters is driven by removal within the estuaries themselves rather than on the shelf. Dissolved 239,240 Pu activities are lower in the nearly-anoxic bottom waters of Chesapeake Bay indicating enhanced removal by redox transformation of Pu [i.e., Pu(V) to Pu(IV)].
Meningomyelitis in dogs: a retrospective review of 28 cases (1999 to 2007)

Objectives: To characterise dogs with meningomyelitis and to compare signalment, body temperature and vaccination status to a representative control group. Methods: Dogs with meningomyelitis were identified retrospectively. Signalment, history, vaccination status, body temperature, severity of neurological dysfunction (modified Frankel score), diagnostic procedures, aetiology, survival to discharge and long-term survival were analysed. Results: Affected dogs were younger (P<0·05) and more frequently hound or toy breeds (P<0·05) when compared with controls. Hound and toy breed dogs less than or equal to three years of age had a 13 times higher odds of meningomyelitis compared with other breeds (P<0·001). General proprioceptive ataxia, limb paresis and paraspinal hyperaesthesia were the most common clinical signs. Meningomyelitis of unknown aetiology and granulomatous meningomyelitis were the most common diagnoses. The median time to death or continued follow-up in dogs alive at discharge was 213 days. Meningomyelitis resulted in death or euthanasia in 14 of 28 dogs. Clinical signs improved or resolved in seven of 28 dogs. Clinical Significance: Meningomyelitis is a differential diagnosis for dogs with clinical signs of myelopathy. Young dogs and toy or hound breeds seem to be predisposed. Clinical signs of meningomyelitis improve or resolve in some dogs.
Some new results regarding the reaction of potassium hexachloroiridate(IV) with N,N′-dimethylpiperazine and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine

Abstract Aqueous potassium hexachloroiridate(IV) is almost instantaneously reduced to hexachloroidate(II) by an excess of either N,N,Nt,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine or N,N′-dimethyl-piperazine at room temperature. On storage of such reaction mixtures, the hexachloiridate(III) undergoes slow aquation and/or hydrolysis. No evidence was found for Mann and Watson's dichloro, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine iridium(II) or dichloro, N,N′-dimethylpiperazine iridium(II) complexes. The previously reported Cs2[Ir(H2O)Cl5] appears to be Cs2[Ir(H2O)Cl5]·H2O.
Effects of Various Treatments on the Quality of Salt-Stock Pickles from Commercial Fermentations Purged with Air

Large scale commercial trials were conducted of various treatments to be used for preventing sporadic softening of pickles due to air-purging of natural fermentations. A total of 220 cucumber fermentations located at 9 different stations and 8 pickle manufacturing companies were studied. Seven different treatments were tested which involved either limitation of oxygen in the brines for 1 or 2 days after brining or addition of potassium sorbate to brines to inhibit the development of molds. Good quality salt-stock pickles were found in all tanks examined of all treatments. However, the addition of 3 lb of potassium sorbate per 1000 gal of tank volume (˜0.035%) to acidified (0.05% acetic acid) brine and constant air-purging resulted in salt-stock with the lowest incidence of all types of bloater (hollow pickle) damage.
Yield, digestibility, and nutritive value of crabgrass as impacted by nitrogen fertilization rate and source

Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.), a summer annual grass capable of self reseeding, could provide high quality grazing, but little is known about its management in the mid-Atlantic region. This study evaluated the effects of N fertilizer rates and sources on crabgrass yield and nutritive value. Plots were established in late spring of 2001-2003 near Blackstone, VA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a factorial treatment arrangement and four replications. Nitrogen rates ranging from 0 to 336 kg ha -1 were applied in 56-kg intervals at seeding as ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) or broiler litter. Plots were harvested twice in 2001 and three times in 2002 and 2003. Yield increased with N rate for all harvests. Over years and N sources, seasonal yield ranged from 4.2 to 9.8 Mg ha '. Maximum yield occurred at 300 kg N ha '. Nitrogen source had little effect on yield but dramatically impacted forage nitrate levels. Over years and N sources mean in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) for first, second, and final harvests were 880, 871, and 786 g kg -1 . In 2001 and 2003, first harvest IVTD was negatively correlated with N rate, but positively related at second harvest. Nitrogen source had little effect on IVTD. Over years, N rates, and N sources, CP concentrations at first, second, and final harvests were 105, 105, and 76 g kg '. These data indicate that crabgrass is a productive and nutritious forage, and that readily available organic N sources such as broiler litter could be effectively utilized for its production.
Evaluation and Medical Management of Fragility Fractures of the Upper Extremity

Osteoporosis continues to be a major health condition plaguing the aging population. The major manifestation of osteoporosis, the development of fragility fractures, is a burden both clinically and economically on patients and the nation's health care system, with up to half of all American women sustaining a fragility fracture in their older years. The high frequency of injuries to the distal radius and proximal humerus should lead upper extremity surgeons to take pause and recognize the magnitude of impact these fractures have on their patient population. Recommended interventions span a spectrum of aggressiveness and have various financial implications.
Coated-wire ion-selective electrodes

Coated wire electrodes (cwe’s) refer to a type of ion-selective electrode (ise) in which an electroactive species is incorporated in a thin polymeric film coated directly to a metallic conductor. Although this definition is broad enough to include those instances when the electroactive species is heterogeneously dispersed in the polymeric matrix, both the earliest and the majority of cwe’s involve a solution. The cwe devices are so simple and inexpensive that they can be made by students and used in an introductory laboratory course in analytical chemistry. They are capable of such extreme miniaturization that they should find application in biomedical and clinical research. In fact, the development of chemfet’s (discussed in Chapter 3) may be considered as a logical extension of cwe’s.
Effect of electric current pulses on fatigue characteristics of polycrystalline copper

Abstract Electric current pulses (about 10 4 A cm −2 for 100 μs and 2 s −1 ) applied during rotating bending fatigue tests on polycrystalline copper produced the following effects: (a) an increased fatigue life, the magnitude of which became larger with a decrease in stress, (b) a reduced intergranular relative to transgranular cracking and (c) increased homogenization of slip. The former two effects were attributed mainly to the increased slip homogenization. The results are evaluated in terms of dislocation models pertaining to fatigue life and mode of cracking.
1221 BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA

The roles of inspired oxygen and positive pressure ventilation in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia are controversial. We initiated this prospective study to elucidate this problem. All babies with lung disease requiring ventilation (paO2 6 ml/kg and liberal positive end-expiratory pressure (mean PEEP >6 cm H2O). The other group received tidal volumes of ∼3 ml/kg, and less PEEP (mean <6 cm H2O). Oxygen was administered as needed to maintain paO2 = 60-80 torr. Analysis after 1 year revealed no differences in demographic factors, the number of survivors or the number of patients with BPD in each group. However, infants with BPD exhibited a higher incidence of pre-existing “air block” and received ≥ 0.6 FiO2 longer than those who did not develop BPD. The data suggests that prolonged high inspiratory oxygen concentrations may be the predominant factor in the etiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND PREGNANCY IN WOMEN WHO UNDERWENT ANTIREFLUX SURGERY IN CHILDHOOD

AbstractPurpose: For several decades ureteroneocystostomy has been performed in children to correct primary vesicoureteral reflux. A purported indication for antireflux surgery is to prevent significant upper urinary tract infection during pregnancy. We performed a long-term followup of women who underwent antireflux surgery during childhood to determine outcome in regard to urinary tract infection history and pregnancy.Materials and Methods: We identified 227 women of childbearing age who underwent ureteral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux from 1964 through 1981. Of the 122 women contacted 41 had been pregnant (77 total pregnancies). Cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyelonephritis developed during 18 and 5 pregnancies, respectively. The 77 pregnancies resulted in 57 term births, 7 voluntary pregnancy interruptions and 13 spontaneous abortions.Results: Patients who previously underwent successful antireflux surgery continued to have a significant number of urinary tract infections ...
Resonant tunneling in an interacting one-dimensional electron gas.

We study the resonant tunneling of a single-channel interacting electron gas through a double-barrier structure. In striking contrast to the noninteracting electron gas, which exhibits resonances with a temperature-independent Lorentzian line shape at low T, we find that with repulsive interactions present the resonances have a width which vanishes as T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. Moreover, at low T the resonance line shapes are determined by a universal scaling function, with power law but non-Lorentzian tails. These predictions should be accessible to experiments in single-channel wires in gated GaAs.
Gastroesophageal reflux: One reason why baby won't eat

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the movement of gastric contents retrograde into the esophagus. Sometimes the refluxate is seen as emesis, but often reflux is "silent," meaning that there are no discrete symptoms during an episode. In adults, the most common symptom of GER is heartburn, whereas in infancy excessive crying and malaise are symptoms that prompt investigation for GER, with or without esophagitis. Symptoms of esophagitis in infancy may include arching (hyperextension) of the torso and refusal of feedings. Tube feedings may be required to treat infants with failure to thrive who refuse oral feedings. Paradoxically, tube feedings increase the number of GER episodes. A hypothetical explanation for refusal of food in infancy is that pain with swallowing (odynophagia) or heartburn are consequences of peptic esophagitis. As a result, infants will learn to refuse food if it hurts or if they fear that it will hurt to eat. Another possible mechanism is visceral hyperalgesia, a neuropathic condition in which prior experience changes sensory nerves so that previously innocuous stimuli are perceived as painful. Some infants may have especially sensitive sensory nerves in the upper gastrointestinal tract, which predisposes visceral hyperalgesia to develop. Thus pain occurs from luminal distension or acid reflux in the absence of tissue damage. The evaluation of babies who won't eat includes a careful history and physical examination to exclude the possibility of chronic systemic illness. Refusal to feed is an unusual manifestation of a common condition: GER disease. The initial tests for GER usually include a barium swallow study to assess the upper gastrointestinal anatomy, endoscopy and esophageal biopsy to assess esophagitis, and an intraesophageal pH study, which is useful in "silent" reflux to quantitate the duration of esophageal acid exposure and to correlate discrete symptom episodes with periods of reflux. The treatment of infants and toddlers who refuse to eat because of pain resulting from visceral hyperalgesia or reflux esophagitis involves removing the pain associated with eating and making eating a pleasurable experience. Treatment for esophagitis may include maintaining an upright posture after meals and thickened feeds, medication to improve gastrointestinal motility or to decrease acid secretion, or fundoplication.
HMM-Based Mixed-Language (Mandarin-English) Speech Synthesis

English words or short phrases embedded in Mandarin utterances have become more common among bilingually educated people like college students in China. Similarly, it becomes highly desirable that TTS systems can synthesize mixed- language speech properly. Recently, we proposed an HMM-based bilingual TTS to synthesize a target language when only monolingual source language recording from a speaker is available. In this paper, we extend it to synthesize mixed- language sentences. A cross-language state mapping is first established between decision trees built from the English and Mandarin recordings of a bilingual speaker. Via the mapping, English words or phrases embedded in Mandarin sentences can then be synthesized. The bilingual state-mapping is extended to monolingual speaker to perform mixed-language synthesis. Perceptual test results show: (1) decent intelligibility, confirmed by an English word transcription accuracy of 86%; (2) good speech quality with an average MOS score of 3.2.
Acute coronary occlusion: Early changes that induce coronary dilatation and the development of collateral circulation∗

Abstract Coronary occlusion initiates several chemical changes capable of producing arteriolar dilatation. The most important of these are a reduction in pO 2 , an increase in pCO 2 and increases in the concentrations of lactic acid, potassium and adenosine in the interstitial fluid of the myocardium. Of these factors, only adenosine can account for the entire coronary dilatation observed in myocardial ischemia. However, the other factors probably contribute to the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle. The strongest stimulus for the development of coronary collateral vessels is coronary arterial narrowing, although evidence suggests that hypoxia alone will result in moderate enhancement of collateral circulation. Of the various surgical procedures employed to increase collateral vessel development, the only one that shows promise is implantation of the open internal mammary artery into the myocardium. In experimental coronary arterial constriction the peripheral coronary arterial pressure (pressure distal to the point of constriction) appears to be a good index of collateral vessel development. Intercoronary collateral vessels are insensitive to almost all vasoactive agents, but recent data indicate that the beneficial effects of nitroglycerin in angina pectoris may be due to a selective vasodilator action on well developed collateral arteries.
A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method for the analysis of vitellogenin transcripts in model and nonmodel fish species.

The measurement of vitellogenin (vtg) gene transcription has been shown to be a reliable indicator of exposure to estrogenic compounds. Unfortunately, the relatively poor molecular characterization of North American fish species has hindered its application to a larger number of ecologically important species. The current research aimed to demonstrate specific amplification of vtg gene transcripts in three model (zebrafish, rainbow trout, and medaka) and six nonmodel (emerald shiner, pearl dace, smallmouth bass, creek chub, white sucker, and golden redhorse) fish species. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) primers for model species were designed from publicly available vtg sequences. Successful amplification of vtg was demonstrated in fish exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) for all model species. Vitellogenin primers for selected nonmodel species were designed from published sequences of closely related species. Multiple primers were developed targeting different regions of the vtg gene. The successful amplification of vtg was confirmed through size and sequence analysis for all nonmodel species with the exception of the white sucker, in which amplifications failed. Furthermore, QPCR primers and conditions were quantitative over five orders of magnitude in at least one species (pearl dace) exposed to 5 ng/L of EE2 for 24 h. The selected species are found in a wide array of ecological habitats that span the United States. Inclusion of vtg transcriptional analysis for wild, ecologically relevant fish in monitoring studies may aid in understanding the extent of estrogenic exposure in aquatic ecosystems across the United States.
Acute cerebral rescue during carotid artery stenting: a stroke of good fortune?

Major stroke is a potentially devastating complication of carotid artery revascularization. Carotid artery stenting, unlike endarterectomy, offers the opportunity to attenuate this complication by allowing for the instantaneous detection and early endovascular treatment of neurologic defects complicating the procedure. We report a case that highlights the utility of aggressive endovascular cerebral rescue during a carotid artery stent procedure. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social Support Coverage and the Well-Being of Elderly Widows and Married Women

The relationship between social support coverage and well-being was examined in four subgroups from a national sample of women ages 50 and older: first married (N = 151), widows (N = 144), widows within the last five years (n = 60), and widows for longer than five years (n = 84). The index of support coverage represented how many of six functions were carried out by at least one supporter. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) that support coverage is associated with well-being in all subgroups, and (2) that social support is more strongly associated with well-being in the subgroups experiencing higher stress, that is, widows more than married women and recent widows more than long-term ones. The hypotheses were not supported. Instead, the relationships between social support and well-being were positive in some groups and negative in others. The importance of considering the causal directions of links between social support and well-being and the possible negative consequences of receiving social support are d...
Phenotypic and functional consequences of herpesvirus saimiri infection of human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Abstract Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) was used to infect and transform human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and the phenotypic and functional consequences of HVS infection of CD8+ T lymphocytes were investigated. HVS-transformed CTL no longer require antigen restimulation yet maintain their phenotype and HLA-restricted cytolytic function and specificity. The ability of HVS to transform CTL may have an important role in the functional analysis of human antigen-specific CTL.
Dietary management of malignant chylous effusion.

Superior vena cava syndrome, pleural effusion, and pericardial tamponade are life-threatening complications of mediastinal masses. Although definitive therapy consists of treating tumor itself, drainage of effusions can reduce cardiorespiratory compromise until the tumor has regressed. Medium-chain triglycerides and parenteral alimentation can control chyle production in chylous effusions.1-4We describe a child with a malignant mediastinal tumor in whom a fat-free diet abruptly stopped production of chylous pericardial fluid refractory to other forms of management. Report of a Case.—A 12-year-old girl was referred to Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in April 1980 for evaluation of an anterior mediastinal mass. Two weeks before admission she began to have swelling in her face and neck, fever, cough, dyspnea, and inability to lie flat. She had lost 3 kg in the previous week. She was a slightly obese girl in respiratory distress. Her temperature was 36.5 °C; heart rate, 132 beats per minute;