cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SoTL and the Humanities: Navigating Tensions, Realizing Possibilities

In this article, we share themes and tensions experienced by humanities faculty undertaking a scholarship of teaching & learning (SoTL) project as part of a multi-campus, grant-funded initiative. Faculty participants in the project iteratively transformed a course to improve one or more aspects of their students’ learning over a three-year period and documented the process and results in a course portfolio. To support their individual and collaborative work, each of the four campuses had a local leader, and participants met regularly with campus teams, convening with the full group annually for cross-campus knowledge exchange and peer review. At the project conclusion campus leaders gathered participant reflections and discovered a pattern of tensions that included: disciplinary ways of knowing, ways to represent knowing, and ways of writing and sharing. These tensions are similar to those identified elsewhere and can be potential impediments to this work for some in the humanities. Explicitly addressing those potential tensions while helping faculty see how their own disciplinary approaches can help them investigate their course practices is a useful first step toward more contributions from humanities scholars.
Is there Spin on the Quasi-Particles in the Copper Oxygen Planes of High Temperature Superconductors?

We show that the three band model for the copper-oxygen planes is not equivalent to the t-J model in its low energy physics by calculating the oxygen-oxygen spin correlation function exactly in a ferromagnetic background, and comparing it with the result given by the Zhang and Rice approximation, i.e. zero The effect of direct oxygen-oxygen hopping on the spin of the hole on the oxygen is calculated exactly for a ferromagnetic background, and an argument is given that there will be spin associated with the charge on the quasi-particle in the antiferromagnet.
Overview of Bioheat Transfer

Medical use of lasers began soon after the first ruby laser was invented in 1960.1 Laser radiation is now used routinely in surgery to incise, coagulate, or vaporize tissues. The use of lasers in surgery introduces some desirable features such as increased precision, improved hemostasis, and less tissue manipulation.2 The biological effects of laser energy depend on the laser wavelength, the irradiance, the duration of irradiation, and optical as well as thermal properties of the tissue involved. The laser-tissue interaction mechanisms may be thermal, photochemical, or mechanical in nature. Surgical procedures that involve coagulation or ablation of tissue are thermal.
Constitutional economics and the calculus of consent

James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock are widely credited with creating the Public Choice School. Its main elements include constitutional political economy, an analysis of different voting-rights regimes, and the insight that human beings do not suddenly sprout angel’s wings when they become government bureaucrats (hence, there is government failure as well as market failure). The latter is devoted to an investigation of the premises upon which a legitimate government is predicated, and to an understanding of human and property rights in a constitutional democratic order. In this paper, public choice constitutional economics shall be subjected to critique.
Nomographs and classical filter sensitivity optimization

In determining the filter order of a classical filter meeting a set of passband and stopband requirements, the engineer often finds several degrees of freedom to optimize the response in some sense without increasing filter order. We seek here to determine the set of requirements that is optimal in the sense of improving the implementation sensitivity of the magnitude response. It is shown that the proposed approach can yield good compromise in response while providing sensitivity margins for the given order. An elliptic filter design example is submitted and discussed. The technique is applicable to any filter having one or more degrees of freedom aside from filter order for requirements optimization.
Effort and Deliberation: Mitigating Irrelevant Affect in Accounting Judgments

Research suggests that affect toward a person can impact human judgment, with inexperienced auditors being more susceptible to affective biases. Research has also found that accountability may improve certain judgments. The current study investigates whether two strategies which induce accountability, effort and deliberation, may effectively mitigate affect (client likeability) in a fraud judgment task. Results of two experiments, with inexperienced auditors and experienced accountants with low task-specific knowledge, indicate that judgments are impacted by client likeability. Furthermore, inducing effortful thought does not effectively eliminate the inclusion of client likeability for individuals who do not possess experiential task knowledge. However, inducing deliberation does effectively mitigate the influence of client likeability in a fraud judgment for inexperienced professionals and accounting professionals with low task specific knowledge.
Calibration of the Mass-Luminosity Relation, II: Data from the General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes, 1995

The recent completion of the Fourth Edition of the General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes (YPC) has enabled us to re-calibrate the Mass-Luminosity Relation (MLR) for main sequence stars. Since the YPC has been carefully evaluated and corrected for systematic errors in both the absolute parallaxes and their error estimates, we believe that the derived MLR will be significantly better than previous calibrations, especially for the intrinsically and apparently faint stars of the lower main sequence where ground-based trigonometric parallaxes are the primary source of distances. For the upper main sequence, a combination of eclipsing and spectroscopic binaries and the new Hipparcos parallaxes will still provide a superior MLR.
State Medicaid Eligibility Criteria and Unmet Preventive Dental Care Need for CSHCN.

Objective To determine if Medicaid eligibility is associated with unmet preventive dental care need for Medicaid-enrolled CSHCN. Methods We analyzed the 2009–2010 National Survey of CSHCN and focused on Medicaid-enrolled children ages 3–17. The outcome measure was parent-reported unmet need for preventive dental care. The predictor variable was state Medicaid eligibility criteria, categorized as broad [>250 % Federal Poverty Level (FPL)], moderate (200–249 % FPL), and narrow (<200 % FPL). Multiple variable multilevel logistic regression models estimated the association between state-level eligibility criteria and variability in unmet need. Results The multilevel models indicated no significant association between Medicaid eligibility criteria and unmet preventive dental care need. CSHCN with more severe chronic health conditions had significantly greater odds of unmet need (OR 1.52; 95 % CI 1.28, 1.82) and CSHCN with a medical home had significantly lower odds (OR 0.61; 95 % CI 0.50, 0.75). Conclusions for practice There is significant state variability in unmet need for preventive dental care for Medicaid-enrolled CSHCN. Broadening Medicaid eligibility criteria alone is not likely to address the preventive dental care needs of CSHCN, which has policy implications for improving oral health disparities for publicly-insured CSHCN.
A two camera video imaging system with application to parafoil angle of attack measurements

This paper describes the development of a two-camera, video imaging system for the determination of three-dimensional spatial coordinates from stereo images. This system successfully measured angle of attack at several span-wise locations for large-scale parafoils tested in the NASA Ames 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel. Measurement uncertainty for angle of attack was less than 0.6 deg. The stereo ranging system was the primary source for angle of attack measurements since inclinometers sewn into the fabric ribs of the parafoils had unknown angle offsets acquired during installation. This paper includes discussions of the basic theory and operation of the stereo ranging system, system measurement uncertainty, experimental set-up, calibration results, and test results. Planned improvements and enhancements to the system are also discussed.
Rates of digestion, gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of starch.

ConclusionsThree starch preparations were fed to a total of 240 animals. The rates of hydrolysis, emptying and absorption are closely related. Increasing the size of the test meal increases these rates. The data were obtained under conditions permitting the elimination of forced feeding.
Sulfhydryl chemistry of Salmonella typhimurium phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase: identification of two classes of cysteinyl residues.

Abstract Sulfhydryl-specific reagents were used to study the reactivities and function of the four cysteinyl residues per subunit present in Salmonella typhimurium 5-phosphoribosyl-α-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase. In the presence of high concentrations of denaturants all four cysteinyl residues reacted with sulfhydryl-specific reagents. In the absence or in the presence of low levels of denaturing agents, two classes of cysteinyl residues were identified. A single sulfhydryl reacted rapidly with iodoacetamide and 5,5′-dithiobis(nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) without significant loss of enzymatic activity. This single sulfhydryl was identified as Cys-229 by reaction with iodo[1- 14 C]acetamide, followed by isolation and sequence analysis of a single radiolabeled peptide. The three remaining sulfhydryls reacted to various extents depending on the conditions and sulfhydryl-specific reagents employed. At low P i concentrations, these residues reacted fully with DTNB, leading to an 80 to 90% loss of enzymatic activity. ATP and high levels of P i - prevented this reaction. These results, along with studies comparing the S. typhimurium PRPP synthetase sequence with the sequences of PRPP synthetases from other species, suggest that the cysteinyl residues in the Salmonella enzyme are not catalytically essential. That one or more of the three less reactive residues may lie in or near the active site is not excluded.
Online organization–public relationships: An experience-centered approach

Abstract This paper advocates an experience-centered approach to public relations websites. A conceptual framework of the public relations website experience is proposed. The framework is grounded in communication and reader-response theory, and integrates organization–public relationship research as well as website usability findings. A new research protocol, website experience analysis, is derived from the conceptual framework. Applications of website experience analysis in public relations scholarship and practice are discussed.
Src Kinase Mediates Productive Endocytic Sorting of Reovirus during Cell Entry

Reovirus cell entry is initiated by viral attachment to cell surface glycans and junctional adhesion molecule A. Following receptor engagement, reovirus is internalized into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis using a process dependent on β1 integrin. Endocytosed virions undergo stepwise disassembly catalyzed by cathepsin proteases, followed by endosomal membrane penetration and delivery of transcriptionally active core particles into the cytoplasm. Cellular factors that mediate reovirus endocytosis are poorly defined. We found that both genistein, a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and PP2, a specific Src-family kinase inhibitor, diminish reovirus infectivity by blocking a cell entry step. Although neither inhibitor impedes internalization of reovirus virions, both inhibitors target virions to lysosomes. Reovirus colocalizes with Src during cell entry, and reovirus infection induces phosphorylation of Src at the activation residue, tyrosine 416. Diminished Src expression by RNA interference reduces reovirus infectivity, suggesting that Src is required for efficient reovirus entry. Collectively, these data provide evidence that Src kinase is an important mediator of signaling events that regulate the appropriate sorting of reovirus particles in the endocytic pathway for disassembly and cell entry.
The microfluidic post-array device: high throughput production of single emulsion drops

We present a microfluidic device that enables high throughput production of relatively monodisperse emulsion drops while controlling the average size. The device consists of a two-dimensional array of regularly-spaced posts. Large drops of a highly polydisperse crude emulsion are input into the device and are successively split by the posts, ultimately yielding a finer emulsion consisting of smaller, and much more monodisperse drops. The size distribution of the resultant emulsion depends only weakly on the viscosities of the input fluids and allows fluids of very high viscosities to be used. The average size and polydispersity of the drops depend strongly on the device geometry enabling both control and optimization. We use this device to produce drops of a highly viscous monomer solution and subsequently solidify them into polymeric microparticles. The production rate of these devices is similar to that achieved by membrane emulsification techniques, yet the control over the drop size is superior; thus these post-array microfluidic devices are potentially useful for industrial applications.
Progress toward inexpensive endoscopic high-resolution common-path OCT

Presented in this work is our effort to develop a simple, inexpensive high resolution fiber-optic Optical Coherence Tomography. The approach is based on common-path Fourier Domain OCT (CP-FDOCT), which can lead to applications for both microsurgical tool control and high-resolution endoscopic imaging. The system utilizes a combination of standard fiber optic components and novel signal processing techniques in order to achieve high axial resolution and to simplify the system. High axial resolution is achieved by implementing the Enhanced Lee filter to reduce speckle noise in the OCT image and Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm afterwards to suppress sidelobes induced by the system's point spread function. This also improves the lateral resolution. Utilizing the simple CP-FDOCT and this algorithm, using an onion as a sample, we have obtained images that have improved resolution and signal to noise ratio by 6dB.
Artitioning Visual Displays: Directing the Path of Visual Search

We reduced time to detect target symbols in mock radar screens by partitioning displays in accordance with task instructions. Targets appeared among distractor symbols either close to or far from the display center, and participants were instructed to find the target closest to the center. Search time increased with both number of distractors and distance of target from center, and the effect of distractors was considerably greater for far than close targets. However, when close and far regions were delineated by a centrally-presented “range ring”, the distractor effect was substantially reduced, especially for far targets. We suggest that range rings focus attention on specific regions of the screen and aid in the determining of which regions have already been searched.
Hydrocarbons in Mississippi Fan and intraslope basin sediments

Abstract Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the middle and lower Mississippi Fan and two intraslope basins in the Gulf of Mexico are derived from terrestrial organic matter and thermogenic, mature hydrocarbons. The terrestrial hydrocarbon component consists primarily of terrigenous, plant biowaxes ( n -alkanes with 21 to 33 carbons). The occurrence of thermogenic hydrocarbons in immature near-surface sediments, their molecular distributions and concentration variations with depth suggest that the majority of these mature hydrocarbons have migrated from a source much deeper in the sediment column. A portion of the thermogenic hydrocarbons may be derived from recycled material and includes phenanthrene, methyl phenanthrenes, chrysene and benzopyrenes. The migrated, thermogenic hydrocarbons include normal and isoprenoid alkanes with less than 21 carbons, naphthalene, methyl naphthalenes, ethyl naphthalenes and other aromatics of similar volatility ( i.e. , biphenyl, acenaphthene and fluorene). Triterpane, sterane and aromatized sterane distributions suggest that the thermogenic hydrocarbons at both sites have a common source and are overprinted with immature sediment hydrocarbons. The biomarker distributions and carbon isotopic compositions of the thermogenic hydrocarbons are atypical for petroleum produced in the Gulf of Mexico. Molecular distributions of the hydrocarbons are constant, regardless of the present depth of occurrence, suggesting that they have migrated in a separate phase. The upward migration of hydrocarbons from deeper sources is a wide-spread phenomenon in the Gulf of Mexico with several documented cases of massive seepage (visible oil) as well as the more diffuse permeation of Pleistocene sediments of the Mississippi Fan and two intraslopes reported here.
Effects of electron and ion irradiation on the dislocation structure of [001] twist boundaries in FeS alloys

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated that the dislocation structures of small and large angle [100] twist boundaries in FeS alloys are changed as S is implanted. It was not clear from that work, however, to what extent the radiation damage accompanying the implantation played a role in the change of boundary structure. In the present work the influence of irradiation on the dislocation structures of small angle and large angle (near Σ = 5) twist boundaries in the FeS system was studied using 80 keV S + ions, 80 keV Ar + ions, 1.5 and 0.8 MeV Ne + ions and 800 keV electrons. Electron irradiation produced no change in structure of the boundary in the irradiated region. However, a neighboring region showed a change of structure which is due possibly to diffusion of S related to the high concentration of point defects produced by the electron irradiation (radiation-induced segregation). Ne + ion irradiation also had no effect on the dislocation structure of the boundaries. With a similar mass as S, Ar + ions create a defect structure very similar to that of implanted S + . Ar + ion implantation caused no change in the structure of the large angle boundary, but did transform small areas of the small angle grain boundary. This is substantially different behavior from that caused by S + ion implantation. These results lead to the conclusion that the observed change of structure as a result of implantation of S in the vicinity of [001] twist boundaries in FeS alloys is due primarily to the presence of the S, and that the point defects which are a product of the irradiation may affect only the kinetics of the structural transformation.
A flotation column simulator based on hydrodynamic principles

Abstract Based on the hydrodynamic principles of bubble-particle interactions, a simulation package has been developed to predict the performance of flotation columns for sulfide flotation. The input variables to the simulator include particle size, bubble size, particle hydrophobicity, feed rate, feed composition, aeration rate, wash water rate, column height, etc. The problems associated with carrying capacity limit and froth overloading have also been considered in the model development. The simulation results show that operating a column considerably beyond this limits creates a circulating load between the froth and pulp phases, which is helpful for improving the product grade. Since the simulator is based largely on first principles, it can be useful for scale-up, control, optimization and trouble-shooting.
The effects of water on hydrogen bonding in a formamide-ammonia complex

The response of a hydrogen-bonded formamide-ammonia complex to an approaching water molecule has been studied by means of ab initio SCF molecular-orbital calculations. Depending on the site of interaction, the major hydrogen bond in the formamide-ammonia system undergoes modifications ranging from strengthening to complete disruption. In all cases, stable three-membered complexes were formed, usually involving cyclic hydrogen-bonded networks. An analysis of the electrostatic potential of ammonia as a function of HNH angle has been used to help account for the occurrence of a weak hydrogen bond to the ammonia nitrogen on the side opposite the ostensible lone pair.
Interpretive Social Science and the "Native's Point of View": A Closer Look

In the past two decades, many anthropologists have been drawn to "interpre tive" perspectives which hold that the study of human culture would profit by using approaches developed in the humanities, rather than using approaches used in the natural sciences. The author discusses the source of the appeal of such perspectives but argues that interpretive approaches to social science tend to be fundamentally flawed, even by common everyday epistemological standards.
Developmental stage-dependent protective effect of NGF against lead cholinotoxicity in the rat septum.

Abstract The ability of nerve growth factor (NGF) to ameliorate developmental cholinotoxicity of inorganic lead (Pb) for the septal neurons was investigated by making intracerebroventricular injections of single doses of 30 μg 2.5S NGF into maternally lead-exposed suckling rats on postnatal days P2, P4, P11, or P18. Administration of NGF on P4 or later induced septal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity to the same relative extent in both Pb-exposed as in control rats but failed to reverse the net reductions of ChAT activity induced by Pb. In contrast, injection of NGF at P2 completely restored ChAT activity in Pb-exposed pups to control levels by preventing the loss of ChAT-immunoreactive cells in the septum. It is concluded that although NGF retains the capacity to upregulate ChAT throughout the period of Pb exposure, it protects against the Pb-induced loss of septal cholinergic neurons only when applied within the critical period of Pb-vulnerability between postnatal days 2 and 4.
IL-1β and TNF-α upregulate angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors on cardiac fibroblasts and are associated with increased AT1 density in the post-MI heart

Angiotensin (Ang) II plays an important role in post-myocardial infarction (MI) cardiac remodeling. The Ang II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor which mediates most Ang II effects is upregulated on non-myocytes in the post-MI heart. We have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines increase AT(1) receptor density on cardiac fibroblasts through a mechanism involving NF-kappaB activation. This study examines the in vitro kinetics of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induced AT(1) receptor upregulation in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts and assesses temporal and spatial associations between the appearance of these agents and increased AT(1) receptor density post-MI. The results show that IL-1beta more rapidly induces AT(1) receptor upregulation than does TNF-alpha, an effect that can be mimicked by a NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase reporter gene. Moreover, the effects of these pro-inflammatory cytokines are additive. Using immunohistochemistry in the post-MI rat heart we found strong temporal and spatial correlations between TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and AT(1) receptor proteins in the peri-infarction (PI) zone in fibroblasts and macrophages. Labeling intensity for the cytokines and the AT(1) receptor increased from 1 to 7 days post-MI in the PI zone in conjunction with replacement scar formation. This labeling persisted in non-myocytes bordering the scar for up to 83 days post-MI. These findings suggest that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha act coordinately to increase AT(1) receptor density on non-myocytes in the post-MI heart and that this effect may contribute to extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis.
Gene sequences suggest inactivation of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase in catarrhines after the divergence of apes from monkeys

The glycosylation enzyme alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha 1,3GT; UDPgalactose:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.151) displays a unique pattern of distribution in mammals. It synthesizes an abundance of Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc-R (alpha-galactosyl) epitopes within the Golgi apparatus of cells of nonprimate mammals, prosimians, and New World monkeys (platyrrhines). The catarrhines, which include Old World monkeys, apes, and humans, lack this enzyme activity because of the inactivation of the alpha 1,3GT gene. In contrast, the catarrhines produce large amounts of antibodies, designated anti-Gal, against the alpha-galactosyl epitope. The inactivation of the alpha 1,3GT gene in ancestral catarrhines was probably the result of an intensive evolutionary pressure for alteration in the makeup of cell surface carbohydrates (i.e., suppression of alpha-galactosyl epitope expression) and for the production of the anti-Gal antibody. To determine the period in which the alpha 1,3GT gene was inactivated in ancestral catarrhines, comparative sequencing of a 370-base-pair region of this gene was performed by polymerase chain reactions with DNA of various primates. The data suggest that alpha 1,3GT inactivation occurred rather late in the course of catarrhine evolution (less than 28 million years ago), as separate events in apes and in Old World monkeys, after the two groups diverged from each other.
Conjoint measurement experiment of consumer complaining behavior

Abstract What factors influence whether a consumer voices a complaint, given a dissatisfactory product purchase and/or consumption experience? This limited, experimental research suggests that the greatest propensity to complain occurs when purchase price is high, the product is available from only one retailer, and the social risk of product consumption is high.
An integrated view of pathophysiological models of schizophrenia.

Abstract Pathophysiological processes that underlie the profound neuropsychiatric disturbances in schizophrenia are poorly understood. However, the clinical course of the disease, and a number of clinical and basic science observations, provide direction for formulating pathophysiological models that could be empirically tested. For example, repeated psychostimulant administration to healthy subjects can induce psychotic symptoms, and acute stimulant challenge in schizophrenia patients can precipitate psychosis. Also, NMDA antagonists induce positive, negative, and cognitive schizophrenic-like symptoms in healthy volunteers and precipitate thought disorder and delusions in schizophrenia patients. These human studies provide support for the dopamine and NMDA receptor hypofunction hypotheses of schizophrenia. Well-documented effects of NMDA antagonists on dopamine systems provide a basis to integrate the dopamine and NMDA receptor hypofunction hypotheses. Furthermore, it has become apparent that prominent actions of antipsychotic drugs, especially those with `atypical' properties, involve antagonism of behavioral, electrophysiological and brain metabolic effects produced by administration of NMDA receptor antagonists. A confluence of clinical and basic science data suggests that an early developmental insult, potentially involving reduced NMDA receptor function, could facilitate sensitization of dopamine systems, leading to the formal onset of schizophrenia in late adolescence and early adulthood. Although clearly speculative, this conceptual model is consistent with existing evidence and suggests lines of future experimental investigation.
Susceptibility of Type I Collagen Containing Mutated α1(1) Chains to Cleavage by Human Neutrophil Collagenase

Two members of the matrix metalloproteinase family which can cleave native types I, II and III triple helical collagens are collagenases from fibroblasts and neutrophils. These enzymes are the products of different genes which share structural motifs but are only 57% identical. In this study, we determined the site of cleavage in the alpha 1(I) chains and showed that the neutrophil collagenase acted at the same site as the fibroblast collagenase. We also used collagens as substrates which were generated by site-directed mutagenesis of the murine Col1a1 gene and found that the pattern of susceptibility to cleavage by purified neutrophil collagenase was indistinguishable from that previously described for the fibroblast collagenase. Collagens containing substitutions of Pro for Ile-776 (P1) were not cleaved; whereas those containing substitutions of Met for Ile-776 were cleaved. Type I collagen which contained alpha 1(I) chains in which there were double substitutions of Pro for Gln-774 (P2) and Ala-777 (P2') were also not cleaved. These type I collagens contained wild type alpha 2(I) chains as well as mutant alpha 1(I) chains in the mixed helical trimers; the alpha 2(I) chain in the trimers containing the resistant alpha 1(I) chains were also not cleaved by the neutrophil collagenase.
Statistical mechanics of opinion formation and collective behavior: Micro‐sociology

The process of opinion formation leading to collective behavior in large groups is modeled with a probabilistic and statistical mechanical theory of micro‐sociological behavior. By assuming that the probability of making a given decision is proportional to the number of people who have made the same decision, this theory of micro‐interactions predicts the manner in which individuals will respond to groups, how groups will respond to individuals, and how minorities and majorities will respond to each other. In particular, the theory accurately predicts observations of chivalry, tip sizes, conformity, and gawking in groups. Guided by intuition of social behavior and analogies with physical theories, social forces and social temperatures have also been introduced as concepts relevant to group interactions. These parameters significantly improve the theory's fit to empirical data.
Familial Brachmann-de Lange syndrome: Further evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance and review of the literature

We report on a mother and daughter with the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome which supports the view that in some families this disorder is due to autosomal dominant inheritance. A review of the literature concerning autosomal and recessive inheritance of this syndrome is presented.
A new status index derived from sociometric analysis.

For the purpose of evaluating status in a manner free from the deficiencies of popularity contest procedures, this paper presents a new method of computation which takes into accountwho chooses as well ashow many choose. It is necessary to introduce, in this connection, the concept of attenuation in influence transmitted through intermediaries.
Substituent Effects in Benz[a]anthracene Carbocations: A Stable Ion, Electrophilic Substitution (Nitration, Bromination), and DFT Study†

A series of novel carbocations were generated from isomeric monoalkylated and dialkylated benz[a]anthracenes (BAs) by low-temperature protonation in FSO3H/SO2ClF. With the monoalkyl derivatives (5-...
Ocular allergy and immunology

Abstract The eye may be the target of allergic inflammation in a large number of systemic immunologic conditions. Ocular signs and symptoms can often be the most striking and disabling aspects of such diseases. The eye is also affected by several local conditions in which immunologic mechanisms are thought to play a significant role. Certain anatomic and physiologic features appear to endow the eye with a unique immunologic reactivity which has made this organ of special interest to allergists and immunologists.
Three-dimensional organization of uninfected tissue in soybean root nodules and its relation to cell specialization in the central region

The three-dimensional structure of uninfected tissue in the central infected region of soybean nodules has been studied using several methods. Transverse and longitudinal sections have been examined. A view of the surface of the central region has been obtained by partially clearing nodules and removing their cortex. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the central region has been assembled using transverse sections. It was found that some of the uninfected cells participate in forming characteristic structural aggregates. A centrally located spherical region with a diameter half that of the entire infected region is filled with interconnected aggregates of uninfected cells. A set of branching interconnected planes of uninfected cells emanate from the sphere and extend out to the surface of the infected region. The planes are oriented generally in a longitudinal direction but are sometimes at other angles. These planes divide the nodule into compartments of various sizes and shapes. The planes are perforated by irregularly shaped groups of infected cells. Uninfected cells also often occur arranged in lines oriented approximately radially in the central region. Irregularly shaped fine aggregates of uninfected cells occur outside the central sphere formation and are interconnected by narrow lines of uninfected cells. All of these types of formations could provide uninfected paths all or part of the way from the center of the central region to the cortex. The planes and lines often contain uninfected cells elongated perpendicular to the surface of the central region, suggesting that the routes may serve in the transport of substances from the inside to the surface of the central region. The distribution of plasmodesmata also appears to favor transport from one uninfected cell to another.
Proposed test for detection of nonlinear responses in biological preparations exposed to RF energy.

Demodulation of amplitude modulated radio frequency (RF) energy has been proposed as a mechanism for the biological responses to these fields. The experiment proposed here tests whether the electric and magnetic structures of biological cells exhibit the nonlinear responses necessary for demodulation. A high Q cavity and very low noise amplification can be used to detect ultraweak nonlinear responses that appear as a second harmonic of a RF field incident on the sample. Nonlinear fields scattered from metabolically active biological cells grown in monolayer or suspended in medium can be distinguished from nonlinearities of the apparatus. Estimates for the theoretical signal sensitivity and analysis of system noise indicate the possibility of detecting a microwave signal at 1.8 GHz (2nd harmonic of 900 MHz) as weak as one microwave photon per cell per second. The practical limit, set by degradation of the cavity Q, is extremely low compared to the much brighter thermal background, which has its peak in the infrared at a wavelength of about 17 microm and radiates 10(10) infrared photons per second per cell in the narrow frequency band within 0.5% of the peak. The system can be calibrated by introduction of known quantities of nonlinear material, e.g., a Schottky diode. For an input power of 160 microW at 900 MHz incident on such biological material, the apparatus is estimated to produce a robust output signal of 0.10 mV at 1.8 GHz if detected with a spectrum analyzer and a 30-dB gain low noise amplifier. The experimental threshold for detection of nonlinear interaction phenomena is 10(10) below the signal produced by a Schottky diode, giving an unprecedented sensitivity to the measurement of nonlinear energy conversion processes in living tissue.
Managing Technology in a Changing Global Marketplace

Technological change creates opportunities and generates several problems. Managing technology is a process that not only reduces potential problems but also initiates/sustains competitive advantage. This study discusses the various dimensions of managing technology. Specifically, the paper addresses national, international and organizational dimensions and their implications for business organizations. Current political and business thoughts regarding the critical importance of technology management are examined.
Consequences of vacuum instability in quantum field theory

When the effective potential of a quantum field theory has nonglobal minima, the question arises as to whether they may correspond to the vacuum state. The conventional response is negative because of vacuum instability and also on the basis of an analogy with many-body theory where the effective potential is compared to the Helmholtz free energy for which certain convexity properties may be proved using Van Hove's theorem. In pursuing an alternative possibility, it is pointed out here that when a nonglobal minium of the potential occurs, the field equations can sustain a pseudoparticlelike classical solution in four-dimensional Euclidean space-time and a corresponding soliton solution in three-dimensional space. The existence of these solutions is not inconsistent with Derrick's theorem which assumes that the vacuum is an absolute minimum. The solutions are interpreted physically in Minkowski space as vacuum bubbles created by quantum tunneling from the metastable vacuum to one of lower energy. Thus explicit calculations of the decay probability are rendered feasible. A simple theory where the phenomenon occurs is the skewed Goldstone model, which is studied in detail. Extension to Higgs-Kibble gauge theories is straightforward. As an example, in the Weinberg-Salam theory the lower limit on the Higgs massmore » derived by Weinberg and Linde, and the limit derived by Gildener and Weinberg for the modified version incorporating a dimensional transmutation mechanism, can be significantly modified. For the original version of the theory, the lower limit is changed from 4.91 GeV to about 3.5 GeV, for mixing angle theta/sub W/ = 35degree. For this new range of masses the vacuum is totally secure, for practical purposes, against spontaneous bubble formation by vacuum fluctuations.« less
Accuracy of Medicare claims data in identifying Parkinsonism cases: comparison with the Medicare current beneficiary survey.

Study Purpose Administrative databases are commonly used to examine use of healthcare service, with researchers relying on diagnostic codes to identify medical conditions. This study evaluates the accuracy of administrative claims in identifying Parkinsonism cases compared to the self-reported Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods The reference cases were identified based on the self-reported PD status and the use of PD drugs collected by the 1992–2000 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey that contained 72,922 observations from 30,469 individuals. Using ICD-9 CM, cases with PD were extracted from the corresponding Medicare claims. We compared prevalence of PD obtained using different types of claims. Results The sensitivities were the highest when all claims were used (66%). All the specificities were greater than 99%. When drug use information was included in the gold standard, the sensitivities became lower, while the specificities and positive predictive values (PPVs) increased. Using more diagnostic codes improved the sensitivity of the identification process but reduced PPVs. Conclusions Administrative claims can provide fairly accurate and practical approach to “rule in” patients with PD. Depending on the purpose of evaluation, researchers may consider using more categories of claims to improve the sensitivity of the identification algorithm or use fewer diagnoses to minimize number of false positive cases. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Fatty acid composition of lipids of human brain myelin and synaptosomes: changes in phenylketonuria and Down's syndrome.

Abstract 1. 1. The fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids in myelin and phosphoglycerides in synaptosomes isolated from brain tissue of patients with phenylketonuria, and Down's Syndrome is compared with the fatty acid composition of lipids in myelin and synaptosomes from normal human brain. 2. 2. The implications of changes in the fatty acid composition of lipids in myelin and synaptosomes from PKU and DS brains with respect to functional abnormality of the membranes are discussed.
Changeover from unsignaled to signaled avoidance with and without a feedback stimulus in rats

Two experiments are reported in which, by pressing a lever, unsignaled avoidable shocks could be changed to signaled avoidable shocks for periods of 1 min, after which unsignaled avoidance was automatically reinstated. A correlated stimulus identified the signaled schedule. Under these conditions, Ss changed over at a rate sufficient to remain in the signaled schedule more than 90% of the time. Both experiments showed that changeover performance was under the control of the correlated stimulus. Presenting the signaled schedule without the correlated stimulus did not maintain changing over. The second experiment showed that a 1-sec presentation of the correlated stimulus was sufficient to maintain changeover performance. The results were attributed to the conditioned reinforcing properties of the correlated stimulus.
Real-time detection of organic compounds in liquid environments using polymer-coated thickness shear mode quartz resonators

The selection of sensitive coatings is a critical task in the design and implementation of chemical sensors using coated thickness shear mode quartz crystal resonators (QCRs) for detection in liquid environments. This design or selection is performed through a study of the sorption process in terms of the partition coefficients of the analytes in the coatings. The partition coefficient, which is controlled by the chemical and physical properties of the coating materials, determines the inherent selectivity and sensitivity toward analyte molecules. The selection of the coatings is logically determined by the interactions between coating and target analyte molecules, but can also be made through a systematic variation of the coating's properties. The determination of the partition coefficients is only accurate if all contributions to the total measured frequency shifts, Δfs, of the coated QCR can be established. While mass loading is often assumed to be the dominant factor used in determining partition coef...
Impulsivity and negative emotionality associated with substance use problems and Cluster B personality in college students

The co-occurrence of personality disorders (PDs) and substance use disorders (SUDs) can be partially attributed to shared underlying personality traits. This study examined the role of negative emotionality (NEM) and impulsivity in 617 university students with self-reported substance use problems and Cluster B PD symptoms. Results indicated that NEM was significantly associated with drug and alcohol use problems, antisocial PD, borderline PD, and narcissistic PD. Impulsivity was significantly associated with drug use problems, antisocial PD, and histrionic PD. Only NEM mediated the relationship between alcohol use problems and symptoms of each of the Cluster B PDs while impulsivity mediated only the relationship between drug use problems and histrionic PD. These results suggest that NEM may be more relevant than impulsivity to our understanding of the co-occurrence between substance use problems and Cluster B PD features.
Collaboration across the curriculum: a disciplined approach todeveloping team skills

Improving communication and collaborative skills of computer science students has been a priority in the community for some time. We present our philosophy, collaboration across the curriculum, which moves beyond existing individual courses or course units to teach collaboration skills in a pervasive manner. In our approach, concepts are introduced and skills are developed throughout the computer science curriculum---from CS1 to a capstone experience. Students are provided with opportunities to exercise skills in reflective environments that eventually mirror real-world experiences, and technical course content is not compromised.We argue for this system and provide details about how collaboration across the curriculum is accomplished at a small liberal arts college.
Toll-like receptor signaling in the liver.

TLR-mediated innate immune responses are indispensable for the host defense against microbial infection. Through its anatomical links with the intestine the liver is the main target of gut-derived bacteria and bacterial products. The liver not only serves as first line of defense against bacteria and endotoxin, but also plays a major role in eliminating endotoxin from the body. Hepatic cell populations possess mechanisms that limit the response to bacterial products, such as the low expression of CD14 and TLR4, to prevent inflammation due to the constant exposure to gut-derived endotoxin. When this balance is disrupted and endotoxin levels exceed threshold levels as seen during microbial infection, ethanol-induced loss of intestinal barrier function or loss of functional liver mass, TLRs on several hepatic cell populations mediate proinflammatory and pro-proliferative responses which are at the center of the pathophysiology of these diseases. TLRs also seem to be involved in the pathology of chronic HCV infection by downregulating the innate immune response in early phases and inducing inflammation in later stages of the disease. There is still a fundamental lack of knowledge about the functional expression of TLR and TLR adapter molecules in the liver under normal and pathological conditions. Future studies need to further investigate (1) the role of TLRs in hepatic fibrogenesis and (2) characterize the “good” signals induced by TLR, i.e., as enhanced immune response, protection from apoptosis and proliferation, versus the “bad” signals such as hepatotoxicity and chronic inflammation. Further understanding of the TLR signaling pathways in the liver will help to shape new concepts with TLRs and their downstream mediators as pharmacological targets in liver disease.
Growth Rate Inheritance in Japanese Quail 4. Body Composition Following Four Generations of Selection Under Different Nutritional Environments

Abstract WHILE selection can dramatically alter body weight, relatively little information is available regarding concurrent changes in tissue composition. Fowler (1958) and Timon et al. (1970) found that selection for increased body weight in mice increased the rate of fat deposition. With the advent of selection under different environments, examination of possible changes in body composition becomes increasingly important. This is particularly true when different planes of nutrition are used as the environmental variables. Falconer and Latyszewski (1952) reported that mice selected on a restricted diet had less fat than mice selected on a full diet. The present study was designed to measure differences in body composition of quail lines undergoing selection on a conventional 28 percent protein diet (P population) and on a 20 percent protein diet containing 0.2 percent thiouracil (T population). The early responses to selection for these lines have been reported by Marks and Lepore (1968) Herein…
Effect of Synchronous-Machine Transient Rotor Saliency on Changes in Terminal Voltage [includes discussion]

This paper presents the results of calculations made to determine the magnitude of the error in measurements of changes in bus voltages resulting from the assumption of a symmetric-rotor synchronous machine as usually made in transient stability studies on the a-c network analyzer. It is found that in some cases the effect of transient rotor saliency is important. (See the Appendix for explanation of terms.) In such cases the curves of this paper may be used to help estimate the magnitude of the error involved.
A general framework for explaining internal vs. external exchange

There is an often overlooked substitute for exchange in the marketplace. Organizational units in the form of house-holds and businesses can create, consume and/or use goods and services internally and thus avoid markets. This article offers a unified discussion of why organizations engage in internal as well as external exchange activity, with the objective of encouraging marketing theorists to integrate internal exchange into the discipline. By addressing internal exchange activity, scholars should be able to construct more comprehensive theories of macromarketing, competitive strategy, and perhaps even a general theory of marketing.