cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chirality Transfer in Block Copolymer Melts: Emerging Concepts

Chirality transfer from molecule to assembly is a ubiquitous process, occurring in every class of self-assembling materials, from liquid crystals to biological matter. Yet, a basic understanding of the influence of molecular chirality on the mesoscopic assembly of block copolymers lags decades behind nearly all other aspects of their structure (e.g., chain composition, topology, stiffness, interactions). This Viewpoint highlights recent experimental and theoretical studies of mesochiral assemblies of chiral block copolymers that are beginning to shed light onto the necessary conditions for and principle outcomes of chirality transfer in block copolymer melts.
Attempt to demonstrate virus interference in cell cultures persistently infected with the viruses of Kuru and Creutzfeldt--Jakob disease.

SummaryCell cultures persistently infected with kuru and CJD viruses were challenged with 18 different viruses in an effort to demonstrate in vitro interference. Cell cultures derived from the brains of a normal chimpanzee and a chimpanzee affected with kuru and CJD were challenged with the following viruses: herpes simplex, vaccinia, measles, SV-5, parainfluenza (types 1 and 3), reovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), vesicular stomatitis, Tacaribe, Sindbis, Bunyamwera, Japanese B encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Langat, Powassan, and chimpanzee adenovirus (Pan 5). There were no significant differences in titers of any of these viruses, respectively, in the kuru, CJD, or normal chimpanzee cell lines. In addition, each of the 10 challenge viruses showed no significant differences in titers, respectively, in Vero or PK-15 cells preinoculated with high-titered brain suspensions from man or chimpanzees with kuru or CJD or normal chimpanzee brain.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling in Endothelial Disorders

Numerous preclinical studies indicate that sustained endothelial activation significantly contributes to tissue edema, perpetuates the inflammatory response, and exacerbates tissue injury ultimately resulting in organ failure. However, no specific therapies aimed at restoring endothelial function are available as yet. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is emerging as a potent modulator of endothelial function and endothelial responses to injury. Recent studies indicate that S1PR are attractive targets to treat not only disorders of the arterial endothelium but also microvascular dysfunction caused by ischemic or inflammatory injury. In this article, we will review the current knowledge of the role of S1P and its receptors in endothelial function in health and disease, and we will discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting S1PR not only for disorders of the arterial endothelium but also the microvasculature. The therapeutic targeting of S1PR in the endothelium could help to bridge the gap between biomedical research in vascular biology and clinical practice.
Analysis of polio immunity levels and the successful immunization rate of OPV in population of Changsha city

Objective To understand the polio immunity level of healthy population and the successful immunization rate of oral polio vaccine(OPV)in Changsha city and to provide the scientific evidence for the immunization strategy. Methods The polio immunity level of 282 persons randomly selected among different age groups in Changsha were monitored and 20infants below 1 month after primary immunization with OPV were randomly collected and surveyed for the successful immunization rate. Results Positive rates and GMT of antibody against polio virus type I, type II and type III were 94.0%,48.885,96.1%,52.829,91.1%,33.501, respectively. The OPV immunity successful rate were 100%, 95% and 85% for polio type I, type II and type III, respectively. Conclusion The immunity successful rate of OPV in children was higher to have formed protective barrier against poliomyelitis in children of Changsha city.
Treating diabetes in the elderly. What are the special considerations

Management of diabetes in elderly patients generally follows the same lines as in younger patients; that is, improvement of blood glucose status with diet, oral hypoglycemic, and insulin therapy as required. Older patients are more fragile, however, and more caution must be used with therapeutic interventions.
Adsorbed states of acetone and their reactions on rhodium(111) and rhodium(111)-(2.times.2)oxygen surfaces

The binding and decomposition of acetone on clean and modified Rh(111) surfaces were studied by using TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) and HREELS (high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy). On the clean surface the {eta}{sup 2}(C,O) configuration was the dominant form of acetone. This species was characterized by a {nu}(CO) frequency of 1,380 cm{sup {minus}1}. This value was 430 cm{sup {minus}1} below the {nu}(CO) frequency of liquid acetone, indicating a substantial reduction in bond order arising from the binding of acetone to the metal surface via the {pi} and {pi}* orbitals of the carbonyl. The strength of this interaction was also indicated by the reactivity of the {eta}{sup 2}(C,O)-acetone intermediate. All acetone molecules adsorbed in the first monolayer on the clean surface decomposed to CO, H{sub 2}, and surface carbon. This decomposition exhibited a primary kinetic isotope effect upon deuterium substitution in both TPD and HREELS experiments. Thus C-H rather than C-C scission was the rate-determining step in acetone decomposition on Rh(111). Three different methods of estimating the acetone decomposition kinetics from the hydrogen TPD were compared. Accurate modeling of the kinetics required inclusion of the effect of hydrogen atom recombination kinetics on the rate of hydrogen evolution from the surface. Modification ofmore » the surface by addition of a (2 {times} 2) overlayer of oxygen resulted in a change in the acetone binding configuration from {eta}{sup 2}(C,O) to {eta}{sup 1}(O). This shift was the result of electronic modification of the surface by the electronegative oxygen atoms.« less
Applying Mass Communication Theory to Bystander Intervention in Bullying

Bystander behavior in bullying has received increasing attention in the literature, but it is seldom grounded in a strong theoretical context and rarely draws from multiple disciplines. The current article proposes how theory in mass communication can aid research efforts seeking to better understand and prevent bullying through bystander intervention. This article first provides an overview of the research on bystanders in bullying and uses Latane and Darley’s (The unresponsive bystander: why doesn’t he help? Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1970) classic bystander intervention model as an organizing framework. Next, mass communication theory, with its focus on the strategic use of messaging to affect attitudes and behaviors, is reviewed. Theory and research in communication relevant to the prevention of bullying is then discussed, with particular attention to the bystander intervention model. The article concludes with recommendations for how future research and interventions grounded in communication and psychology may advance our understanding and encouragement of adolescent bystander intervention behavior in bullying.
Defeating the Axis of Evil: Resourcing World War Two

Barely 20 years after the war to end all wars concluded, the world once again stood on the brink of total disaster. The once stable monarchies in much of the world, particularly Europe, had been replaced by political philosophies and regimes ranging from fascism on the right to communism on the left, bound on territorial expansion. To achieve this objective, these new governments embarked on programs designed to not only rebuild the shattered armies and navies of World War One but also replace them with better force structures and even more sophisticated weapons of war. Meagher chronicles how it was only a matter of time before these conflicting ambitions would clash, resulting in a war the likes of which the world had never seen and has not seen since.
Bridging the Gap between Similarity and Causality: An Integrated Approach to Concepts

AbstractA growing consensus in the philosophy and psychology of concepts is that while theories such as the prototype, exemplar, and theory theories successfully account for some instances of conce...
Control of Coupled Bilinear Stochastic Systems 1

Abstract A brief survey is presented on the state-of-the-art of bilinear, stochastic, control systems. A new contribution includes the optimal control of a generalized form of coupled, bilinear, stochastic, control systems with partial state information. While the solution generally requires the solution of an infinite number of moment equations, it is shown that if the unknown initial states are conditionally Gaussian with respect to the “measurable” ones, then under certain general conditions, the solution is possible. In fact, the solution involves a generalization of the familiar Riccati equation.
The potential role of immunosuppressive macrocyclic lactones

Macrocyclic lactones are lipophilic molecules bearing a large 12-, 14-, or 16- membered lactone ring substituted with hydroxyl, methyl, and ethyl groups, as well as carbonyl functions with one, two, or three carbohydrate fragments. The first compound of this class, pikromycin, was isolated by Brockman et al. in 1950 [1]. The past three decades have witnessed the development and extensive use of a group of medium-to-narrow-spectrum antibiotic macrocyclic lac-tones: erythromycin, oleandomycin, leucomycin (kitasamycin), josamycin (leucomycin A3), acetylspiramycin, and midemycin.
The Role of Iron in Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common and treatable neurologic condition in pediatric patients, with a prevalence as high as 2 to 3%. The diagnosis of RLS is made clinically based on an urge to move the legs accompanied by lower extremity discomfort that occurs during rest usually later in the day and is relieved by movement. Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) can overlap with RLS, although PLMS also exists as a separate entity characterized by stereotyped movements of lower extremities in sleep. Both conditions may be highly debilitating and interfere with daily function notably in the areas of educational attainment and behavioral regulation. Iron deficiency has been implicated in the pathophysiology of both RLS and PLMS. Current evidence suggests that treatment of ferritin levels
Migrant Remittances: An Untapped Resource for International Development?

Untapped resources are hard to come by in the realm of international development. Migrant remittances, however, represent a relatively unexploited resource bank for developing countries. Still, researchers often debate the degree to which migrant remittances actually incite community development in practice. I rekindle the this theoretical discussion by comparing the development effects of household remittances with investments made through the remittance-channeling program 3×1 para migrantes in Guanajuato, Mexico. Regression analysis demonstrates that household remittances repress development outcomes across Guanajuato9s 46 municipalities, while remittances invested through the 3×1 program have a positive effect on indicators of municipal wellbeing, including healthcare, education, and income. To my knowledge, this is the first attempt to systematically compare the development effects of household remittances with the development outcomes of remittances transferred through a government-supported program like 3×1 para migrantes. This research has meaningful implications for policy makers in migrant-sending regions around the world as well as agents of international development such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
Joining the dots.

An 85,000-year-old Homo sapiens finger bone in Saudi Arabia is the oldest directly dated fossil for our species outside Africa and the Levant. This suggests a more prolonged human expansion out of Africa, and along a different route, than previously thought.
ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT FOR THE TIME-DEPENDENT NODAL INTEGRAL METHOD

Adaptive mesh refinement capability has been developed and implemented for the time-dependent nodal integral method (NIM). The combination of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) with the NIM maintains the coarse mesh efficiency of the nodal method by allowing high resolution only in regions where it is needed. Furthermore, exploiting certain features of the nodal method, such as using transverse-integrated variables for efficient error estimation and using node interior reconstruction to develop accurate interpolation operators, can enhance the AMR process. In this work, the NIM-AMR is formally developed, and applications of the NIM-AMR to convection-diffusion problems are presented. Results show that for a given accuracy, the NIM-AMR can be several times faster than the NIM alone.
Linear Noisy Multiports

Microwave and optical devices may all be described as multiports: signals are propagated into the device through input waveguides and emerge in output waveguides. If signal distortion is avoided, these devices are characterized as linear multiports. Of course, even linear multiports may distort a broadband signal by introducing frequency-dependent changes of the amplitudes and phases of the Fourier components of the signal. A linear multiport with loss does not only attenuate the signal, it also adds noise at thermal equilibrium. Linear multiports with gain amplify the signal, but also add noise in the process. In this chapter we study the basic noise properties of linear multiports. Linear multiports are described by an appropriate response matrix, which is a function of frequency, and a set of (Langevin) noise sources; there are N such sources for a multiport with N ports. Since the sources are generated by noise processes with a large number of degrees of freedom, they are usually Gaussian, according to the central limit theorem. Then, the correlation matrix of the noise sources, which is a function of frequency, is sufficient for their specification. In Sect. 4.7 we determined the noise sources for passive multi-ports at thermal equilibrium. Active multiports, such as amplifiers, contain noise sources that are determined by the physics of the amplifying process.
The Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition and Form L-M in Assessment of Young Children with Mental Retardation.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition appears to be poorly suited for the intellectual assessment of children less than 5 years old who are thought to have mild mental retardation and for persons of any age who are thought to have severe mental retardation. The reasons for this conclusion were explained and reasons provided that support the continued use of Form L-M when assessing such children or older individuals with mental retardation.
Economic Impact of the U.S. Food Processing Industry

The results confirmed that this industry is a major contributor to the health of the U.S. economy. Food processing in the U.S. produced more than $1.08 trillion in economic output, including $812.26 billion direct economic impact, and $275.17 billion in indirect economic impact in 2010. These activities generated about 1.93 million direct jobs within the food industry, while another 10.747 million indirect jobs were created by this industry and would not have existed without the activities of food processing in the U.S. in 2010. Associated with the 12.3 million jobs were more than $104 billion in direct employee compensation and almost $390.67 billion in indirect compensation to support other households in the U.S. economy.
Einfluss residenter intestinaler Mikrobiota auf Arthritiden

Eine ursachliche Verbindung zwischen bakteriellen Infektionen und Gelenkbeschwerden, insbesondere Arthritiden, ist seit Jahren bekannt. Das bekannteste Beispiel hierfur ist die Reiter-Arthritis, welche zu den reaktiven Arthritiden zahlt. Die aktuelle Studienlage zeigt, dass nicht nur symptomatische Infektionen, sondern auch die residente Mikrobiota Einfluss auf das Immunsystem und uber diesen Mechanismus auf die Entstehung von Arthritiden haben. Dieser Artikel soll einen Uberblick uber den Pathomechanismus und die aktuelle Studienlage zu dieser Thematik geben.
Primary adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral infiltrative disease.

Evidence on clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) due to bilateral adrenal infiltrative disease is scarce. Our objective was to review the clinical presentation, biochemical work-up, imaging findings, and management of patients with PAI due to infiltrative adrenal disease in order to determine the best diagnostic and management approach. Retrospective study of patients with PAI due to bilateral infiltrative adrenal disease referred for adrenal biopsy during 2000–2014 at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Two additional patients evaluated after 2014 were included. Seven patients (six males and one female) were diagnosed with PAI caused by bilateral adrenal infiltrative disease at a median age of 54 (range 36–80) years. Duration of symptoms prior to the diagnosis of PAI and initiating treatment was 6 months (range 3 months–4 years). All patients demonstrated bilateral adrenal masses on adrenal imaging. The underlying diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and included: bilateral adrenal metastases (lung and breast adenocarcinoma), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, tuberculosis, cryptococcus, histoplasmosis, and, Erdheim-Chester disease. In patients with newly diagnosed PAI, the differential diagnosis should include bilateral infiltrative adrenal disease, especially when testing for autoimmune adrenalitis is negative, or if there is clinical history suggesting another etiology. Patients who present with known bilateral adrenal infiltrative disease should be counseled and tested for PAI periodically, particularly if presenting with suggestive signs or symptoms.
Integrating implementation and user-centred design strategies to enhance the impact of health services: protocol from a concept mapping study

Innovative approaches are needed to maximise the uptake and sustainment of evidence-based practices in a variety of health service contexts. This protocol describes a study that will seek to characterise the potential of one such approach, user-centred design (UCD), which is an emerging field that seeks to ground the design of an innovation in information about the people who will ultimately use that innovation. The use of UCD to enhance strategies for implementation of health services, although promising, requires a multidisciplinary perspective based on a firm understanding of how experts from each discipline perceives the interrelatedness and suitability of these strategies. This online study will use a combination of purposive and snowball sampling to recruit a sample of implementation experts (n = 30) and UCD experts (n = 30). These participants will each complete a concept mapping task, which is a mixed-method conceptualisation technique that will allow for identification of distinct clusters of implementation and/or UCD strategies. The research team has selected a set of implementation strategies and UCD strategies that each participant will sort and rate on dimensions of importance and feasibility. Data analyses will focus on describing the sample, identifying related clusters of strategies, and examining the convergences, divergences, and potential for collaboration between implementation science and UCD. By leading to a better understanding of the overlap between implementation science and UCD, grounded within established theoretical frameworks, this study holds promise for improving the impact and sustainability of evidence-based health services in community settings.
An Unusual Case of Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma Type 2 with Pulmonary Metastasis.

Herein, we present a very rare case of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) type 2 with pulmonary metastasis which was biopsy-proven. This is a very rare type of lymphoma, and no case reports or studies of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma with pulmonary metastatic disease were found in the literature review. This 64-year-old male, who presented with an acute abdomen, was found to have a perforation. Subsequent pathology of the resected specimen showed neoplastic cells consistent with EATL type 2. Four months post-diagnosis, the patient developed shortness of breath. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan revealed multiple metabolically active pulmonary nodules. A biopsy of the nodules was consistent with metastatic EATL type 2 involving the lungs.
“O mistério das ovelhas”: montagem de espetáculo teatral como instrumento de educação do campo no Assentamento Poço Longe / "O mistério das ovelhas": the production of a theater spectacle as a countryside education instrument in Poço Longe...

O presente artigo visa apresentar o inicio dos trabalhos de teatro e Educacao do Campo desenvolvidos atraves de acao cultural no Assentamento de Reforma Agraria Poco Longe, no sertao baiano, a partir da analise e descricao do processo de montagem do espetaculo "O misterio das ovelhas". Serao apresentadas as bases e escolhas conceituais e cenicas, as metodologias e didaticas desenvolvidas por dois anos, a partir do teatro, do riso, do teatro de mascaras e da Commedia dell´Arte, com criancas e jovens do assentamento, para a analise acerca da montagem do espetaculo e seus aspectos de recepcao. Palavras-chave : Educacao do campo; Teatro em comunidade; Assentamento; Pedagogia do teatro; Acao Cultural. This paper aims to present the beginning of working processes in theater and Rural Education, both developed through cultural actions in Poco Longe, an agrarian reform settlement located in Bahia’s countryside, from an analysis and description about the production of the play "O misterio das Ovelhas". In addition to the bases, as well as conceptual and scenic choices that will be presented, methodologies and didactics involving acting, laughter, theater of masks and Commedia dell’arte, all developed in the course of two years with children and young people of the agrarian reform settlement, in order to analyse the production of the spectacle and its reception’s aspects. Keywords : Countryside education; Community theater; Agrarian reform settlement; Theater pedagogy; Cultural action.
Analysis of Ownership and Travel Behavior of Women Who Drive Electric Vehicles: The case of Maryland

This study aims to investigate the contributing socio-demographic characteristics and factors among female EV owners as well as their travel behavior, commuting trip patterns, and purchasing/leasing ownerships. The objective of the study is to recommend public policies to decision makers to prompt gender equity for EV purchase and use by identifying socio-demographic attributes that influence EV travel patterns and this http URL online survey of EV owners of both sexes was conducted from May 28, 2015, to February 19, 2016. In total, 1,257 EV owners in Maryland completed usable surveys. A set of statistical analysis methods was employed to analyze the data. A set of correlation test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multinomial logit model (MNL) were constructed to examine the associations between EV owner characteristics and their EV purchasing/leasing and spatial commuting trip behavior, and the results have been compared to the spatial travel patterns of drivers of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in Maryland. The results of this study showed that first, socio-demographic factors, including education and income, played a significant role in preferences attributes of participants for purchasing/leasing an EV and in the commuting travel behavior and pattern and of EV drivers. Second, environmental issues are the main reason for purchasing/leasing EVs, but the EV owners who had longer commutes were more concerned about the price and status of the EV owner and efficiency and performance than were those with shorter commutes. The results of this study improve equity in transportation into the future and could be utilized by transportation authorities, transport investment agencies, and collaborators in developing and improving emerging transportation systems.
Woke About Coke? Investigating College Students’ Expectancies of Experimenting with Cocaine, in the Midst of the Fentanyl Epidemic

Rates of overdoses induced by fentanyl-laced cocaine are skyrocketing today. In 2017, the primary users of cocaine is the U.S. were individuals aged 18 to 25, and cocaine was the fourth most prevalent substance used on college campuses. Favorable depictions of cocaine use in the media contribute to these trends: the entertainment industry still advertises cocaine as a drug of privilege, partying, and performance. Cocaine’s comeback on college campuses may also be related to the spread of prescription stimulants in recent years, which are often compared to recreational cocaine. This project tests the hypothesis that college students hold a very salient and positive image of what experimenting with cocaine looks like. I also hypothesize that students are unaware of the risks associated with experimenting with cocaine today. I use an online survey adapted from the ‘‘Prototype-willingness model” (PWM), in order to measure college students’ expectancies regarding the outcomes of experimenting with cocaine. Expecting positive outcomes from experimenting with cocaine indicates the favorability of cocaine’s social image, which is positively correlated with willingness to engage in it. The study results suggest that the social image of cocaine is favorable on college campuses today and that students aren’t aware of the risks associated with experimenting with the substance.
Early vs Late Use of Anti-TNFa Therapy in Adult Patients With Crohn Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES While anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFa) therapies for Crohn disease (CD) were initially introduced in 1998 for biologic therapies are often introduced after a minimum of 6 years after diagnosis. The benefit of anti-TNFa early in the course of CD is still controversial, with some studies showing better outcomes but others not. To determine whether earlier introduction of anti-TNFa therapy improves efficacy in clinical trials or clinical series, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis comparing early vs late anti-TNFa use in the management of CD. METHODS A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus was conducted from each database's inception to November 3, 2019. We included comparative studies of early vs late use of anti-TNFa therapy in adult patients with CD. RESULTS Eleven studies were included in the analysis, with a total of 2501 patients. Meta-analysis demonstrated that the early use of anti-TNFa was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the need for surgery (relative risk [RR] = 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.69; I2 = 68%) and disease progression (RR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35-0.75; I2 = 61%). Early use also showed an increase in early remission (RR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.54-2.46; I2 = 0%) and clinical response. There was no statistically significant difference in achieving late remission (RR = 1.39; 95% CI, 0.94-2.05; I2 = 65%) or mucosal healing (RR = 1.10; 95% CI, 0.63-1.91; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION This systematic review suggests that using anti-TNFa earlier in the treatment of CD (within 3 years) may improve clinical outcomes compared to late administration in terms of achieving early clinical remission, clinical response, disease progression, and the need for surgery.
Self-referencing ultrasound detection of fiber Bragg grating sensor remotely bonded at two locations

Ultrasound measurement for damage detection in practical structural health monitoring (SHM) applications is often affected by varying environmental condition. In this case, a baseline reference signal measured under initial conditions may not be valid for comparison with the distorted signal (due to structural damage) that is measured under different conditions. In this study, we investigate a self-referencing ultrasound detection of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) by bonding an optical fiber at two different locations away from the FBG. We first investigate the extraction of ultrasonic waves from two different adhesive bond locations, which are measured with a single FBG sensor located between the two bonds. Based on understanding the ultrasound coupling mechanism through two adhesive bonds, we test the self-referencing ultrasound with the presence of a damage in a structure, examining the output FBG response that contains a combined signal of distorted and reference signals extracted through each bond.
Use of Capstone Experiences in Pharmacy Education to Synthesize and Apply Students' Knowledge and Skills.

Objective. To investigate capstone experiences in pharmacy education with the broad aim of better understanding how they are designed, used, and sustained. Methods. Capstones were defined as culminating experiences that required Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students to apply their knowledge and skills and demonstrate their ability to integrate, extend, and apply multiple components of their academic experience. This study was conducted in two phases. Phase one was a mapping review, which provided insight into the design of pharmacy capstone experiences, including the purpose they served and their associated outcomes. Phase two consisted of conducting follow-up interviews to explore the current status and sustainability of those capstone experiences. Qualitative methods with multiple coders were used to analyze the data. Results. Five distinct purposes for capstone experiences were identified: preparation for advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs), pharmacotherapy education, research, reflection on pharmacy school experiences, and immersive learning through an external organization. Wide variability was found in the design, purpose, and outcomes of capstone experiences. Study authors described the capstone experiences at their institution in terms of the viability, feasibility, desirability, and challenges faced. Conclusion. Capstones can play an important role in assessing student progress and practice readiness in pharmacy education. The findings of this study can be used to help pharmacy schools design capstone experiences that are effective and sustainable.
Medical Transition for Gender Diverse Patients

The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of gender-affirming hormone therapy, including the various hormone regimens available, the efficacy and potential risks of these treatments, and considerations for surveillance and long-term care. Recent studies reaffirm that hormone therapy has positive physical and psychological effects for many transgender individuals. The overall risks of treatment are low. Transgender women may have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism and breast cancer based on recent cohort studies, but these findings have yet to be confirmed with randomized controlled trials. Important long-term considerations include metabolic, cardiovascular, and skeletal health. High-quality, long-term studies on the effectiveness and safety of various gender-affirming hormone treatment regimens are lacking, but the currently available evidence suggests that it is overall safe and effective with appropriate oversight.
Using minimum inhibitory concentration values of common topical antibiotics to investigate emerging antibiotic resistance: A retrospective study of 134 dogs and 20 horses with ulcerative keratitis.

OBJECTIVES To identify the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution for commonly used topical antibiotics from isolates of dogs and horses with ulcerative bacterial keratitis, and to investigate changes in MIC values over time and following treatment with topical fluoroquinolones. ANIMALS STUDIED One hundred thirty-four client-owned dogs and 20 client-owned horses with bacterial ulcerative keratitis. PROCEDURE Minimum inhibitory concentration values for 14 topical antibiotics were reported for canine and equine cases of bacterial ulcerative keratitis between 2013 and 2018. Changes in MIC values over time and after treatment with topical fluoroquinolones were reported. RESULTS The three most common bacterial genera isolated were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas. Together, these represented 79.4% of canine cases and 77.4% of equine cases. Overall, isolates from horses tended to have lower MIC values, as did Pseudomonas isolates from both dogs and horses, compared to other bacterial genera, especially Staphylococcus spp. The MIC values of erythromycin and trimethoprim sulfa for Staphylococcus spp., and the MIC value of moxifloxacin for Pseudomonas significantly increased over time. Previous topical fluoroquinolone use was associated with a significant increase in the MIC value of ofloxacin in canine and equine Staphylococcus isolates and current topical fluoroquinolone use was associated with significant increases in the MIC values of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and ofloxacin in canine Staphylococcus isolates. CONCLUSION Patients previously or currently treated with topical fluoroquinolones, particularly in Staphylococcus infections, may require alternative antibiotics or additional antibiotic classes other than fluoroquinolones. Bacterial culture with MIC susceptibility testing should be highly recommended when a Staphylococcal infection is suspected.
Survey of contaminated percutaneous injuries in anesthesiologists

Abstract Background Anesthesia practitioners are at inherent risk for percutaneous injuries by blood-contaminated needles and sharp objects. These exposures may result in transmission of HIV and hepatitis viruses. Data about this occupational hazard from contaminated needles and sharp devices is limited and decades old. We conducted a web-based survey to assess the occurrence, reporting, characteristics, and outcome of contaminated percutaneous injuries (CPI) in anesthesia residents, fellows, and attendings. Methods After institutional research board approval, an email was sent to 217 anesthesia practitioners requesting their participation in an online survey about contaminated percutaneous injuries. Responses were collected from February through March 2020. Results are reported as absolute numbers and proportions with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The overall survey response rate was 51% (110/217). 59% (65/110) (95% CI, 50–68) of participants reported having one or more contaminated percutaneous injury during their years of anesthesia practice (42% (21/50) of residents, 50% (4/8) of fellows, 77% (40/52) of anesthesia attendings). Prevalence of injuries related to attendings’ years of anesthesia practice was 69% (95% CI, 44–94) for 5-10 years, 62.5% (95% CI, 29–96) for 10-15 years, and 79% (95% CI, 63– 95) for greater than 15 years of practice. 35% (95% CI, 26–44) of participants reported having one or more CPI within the last 5 years (40% of residents, 50% of fellows, 29% of attendings). Occurrence of CPI within the last 5 years based on attending anesthesiologist years of practice was 57% for less than 5 years, 37.5% for 10-15 years, and 20% for 15-20 years of practice. 75% (95% CI, 65–85) reported the incident at the time of injury. 59% (95% CI, 48–70) of injuries were due to hollow bore needles. 50% (95% CI, 39–61) of total injuries were high risk. 26% of injured anesthesia practitioners received post-exposure prophylaxis and there were zero seroconversions. Conclusion Most anesthesiologists will sustain a contaminated percutaneous injury during their careers. Incidence of these injuries decreases with years of practice. Occurrence of these injuries is high among anesthesia residents, with the majority reporting their injuries. Half of the injuries are high risk with a quarter requiring postexposure prophylaxis. More education and interventions are needed to reduce percutaneous injuries and improve reporting.
CBKH: The Cornell Biomedical Knowledge Hub

Abstract The rapidly increasing biomedical knowledge, derived from biological experiments or gained from clinical practice, has become the important treasure in the biomedical research. The emerging knowledge graphs (KGs) provide an efficient and effective way to organize and retrieval the huge and increasing volume of biomedical knowledge. A biomedical KG (BKG) typically stores and represents knowledge by constructing a semantic network describing entities and the relationships between them. Previous efforts have been conducted to construct and curate BKGs by comprehensively integrating various biomedical data resources. Though the resulting BKGs have made a significant progress in this filed in advancing biological and medical research, there remain a big gap to a perfect one that is comprehensive and fine-grained enough. To this end, in the present study, we collected and integrated data from diverse well-curated biomedical knowledge bases and BKGs to curate a more comprehensive one, named the Cornell Biomedical Knowledge Hub (CBKH). To enhance the usage in accelerating biomedical research, we deployed CBKH using the famous graph database, Neo4j. This is a continuing effort and we are adding in more and more contents in CBKH to support the various complex needs in biomedical data analysis. Please contact us if you have better ideas and suggestions.
The Poised Cannula Technique Reduces the Stereotactic Error of the Fiducial-Less Frameless DBS Procedure.

Background In this study, we describe a technique of optimizing the accuracy of frameless deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead placement through the use of a cannula poised at the entry to predict the location of the fully inserted device. This allows real-time correction of error prior to violation of the deep gray matter. Methods We prospectively gathered data on radial error during the operative placements of 40 leads in 28 patients using frameless fiducial-less DBS surgery. Once the Nexframe had been aligned to target, a cannula was inserted through the center channel of the BenGun until it traversed the pial surface and a low-dose O-arm spin was obtained. Using 2 points along the length of the imaged cannula, a trajectory line was projected to target depth. If lead location could be improved, the cannula was inserted through an alternate track in the BenGun down to target depth. After intraoperative microelectrode recording and clinical assessment, another O-arm spin was obtained to compare the location of the inserted lead with the location predicted by the poised cannula. Results The poised cannula projection and the actual implant had a mean radial discrepancy of 0.75 ± 0.64 mm. The poised cannula projection identified potentially clinically significant errors (avg 2.07 ± 0.73 mm) in 33% of cases, which were reduced to a radial error of 1.33 ± 0.66 mm (p = 0.02) after correction using an alternative BenGun track. The final target to implant error for all 40 leads was 1.20 ± 0.52 mm with only 2.5% of errors being >2.5 mm. Conclusion The poised cannula technique results in a reduction of large errors (>2.5 mm), resulting in a decline in these errors to 2.5% of implants as compared to 17% in our previous publication using the fiducial-less method and 4% using fiducial-based methods of DBS lead placement.
Nine-Year Follow-up of Patients with Relapsed Follicular Lymphoma after Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant and Autologous Transplant.

Purpose: To compare outcomes between patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma who received a nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT) and those who received an autologous transplant (autoSCT). Patients and Methods: We evaluated 194 patients with follicular lymphoma who received an alloSCT (n = 98) or autoSCT (n = 96) at MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX). The transplant type used was based on donor availability and by Medicare reimbursement guidelines. Patients who received an alloSCT were enrolled in four consecutive trials in which they received fludarabine, cyclophosphamide (or bendamustine), and rituximab conditioning. autoSCT patients received R-BEAM (rituximab, carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan). Results: The median follow-up of survivors was 108 months for the alloSCT group and 102 months for the autoSCT group. Overall survival was significantly better for patients who received an alloSCT compared with those who received an autoSCT (62% vs. 46%; P = 0.048). Similarly, progression-free survival rates were 52% in patients who received an alloSCT and 31% in those who received an autoSCT (P Conclusions: This study shows that alloSCT is curative and confers superior survival compared with autoSCT in patients with follicular lymphoma.
Documentary Storytelling : Making Stronger and More Dramatic Nonfiction Films

Documentary Storytelling is unique in offering an in-depth look at story and structure as applied not to Hollywood fiction, but to films and videos based on factual material and the drama of real life. With the growing popularity of documentaries in today's global media marketplace, demand for powerful, memorable storytelling has never been higher. This practical guide lays out the basics and applies them to diverse subjects and film styles, from cinema verite and personal narrative to archival histories and more. It shows how good storytelling can bring mundane or difficult subjects to life, and demonstrates that good films can be both rigorous and entertaining. Documentary Storytelling offers practical advice for every stage of production, from research and proposal writing to shooting and editing. The book is filled with real-world examples drawn from the author's career and the experiences of some of today's top documentarians. In addition, special chapters explore storytelling as practiced by film professionals Ric Burns, Jon Else, Nick Fraser, Susan Froemke, Sam Pollard, Onyekachi Wambu and others. This second edition has been brought up to date with a more international focus and a look at newer films including The Kidnapping of Ingrid Betancourt, Supersize Me, Murderball, and When the Levees Broke. * Storytelling techniques are one of the most powerful tools in the documentary filmmaker's arsenal--learn how to harness them with this book * Top documentary filmmakers provide their storytelling strategies * Covers a wide range of documentary styles
Collaborative global software development and education

In this position paper, challenges and issues with collaborative global software development and education are discussed. Suggestions are made to improve and strengthen software engineering education to adapt to it.
Sustaining Rapid Growth in Poland: What is the Primary Concern?

The Polish economic reform has entered a new stage. The challenging task now is to maintain the current growth momentum in the long run. This article investigates the sustainability of the growth by analyzing the economic conditions of Poland. While most economists still concentrate on macroeconomic problems of restructuring, infation and current account deficits, the article argues that these problems are only secondly important. The primary concern of the Polish economy is the weakness in domestic savings. Empirical evidence reveals that the current savings rate of Poland is weaker than that of fast growing economies. An econometric test further finds that rapid growth in Poland does not automatically promote savings through the existing institutional mechanism. Instead, there seems to be a jump-ahead consumption behavior. Hence the current growth rate cannot be sustained unless the domestic savings rate is raised by effective policies. The paper discusses policy options for the Polish policymakers to promote savings and suggests that a discriminatory consumption tax should work best.
An empirical analysis of the interactions between environmental regulations and economic growth

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between environmental regulation and economic growth. A four-equation regional growth model is used to analyze the simultaneous relationships among changes in population, employment, per capita income, and environmental regulations for the 410 counties in Appalachia. Our results reveal that initial conditions for environmental regulation are negatively related to regional growth factors of change in population, per capita income, and total employment. From this, we infer that the diversion of resources from production and investment activities to pollution abatement is inadvertently transmitted to other sectors of the economy—thereby resulting in a slow-down of regional growth. We also find robust evidence that show that changes in environmental regulations positively influence changes in population, total employment, and per capita income. Thus, we parsimoniously conclude that in the long-run, environmental regulations are not detrimental to economic growth.
Segmenting cardiopulmonary images using manifold learning with level sets

Cardiopulmonary imaging is a key tool in modern diagnostic and interventional medicine. Automated analysis of MRI or ultrasound video is complicated by limitations on the image quality and complicated deformations of the chest cavity created by patient breathing and heart beating. When these are the primary causes of image variation, the video sequence samples a two-dimensional, nonlinear manifold of images. Nonparametric representations of this image manifold can be created using recently developed manifold learning algorithms. For automated analysis tasks that require segmenting many images, this manifold structure provides strong new cues on the shape and deformation of particular regions of interest. This paper develops the theory and algorithms to incorporate these manifold constraints within a level set based segmentation algorithm. We apply our algorithm, based on manifold constraints to the problem of segmenting the left ventricle, and show the improvement that arises from using the manifold constraints.
Synthesis and Characterization of Diastereoisomerically Pure Tetracyclo[6.2.1.13,6.02,7]dodec-9-ene-4-carboxylic Acid Derivatives

The synthesis and detailed NMR analysis of diastereoisomerically pure samples of 4-methyltetracyclo[6.2.1.13,6.02,7]dodec-9-ene-4-carboxylic acid (2), tetracyclo[6.2.1.13,6.02,7]dodec-9-ene-4-carboxylic acid (6) and their tert-butyl esters are reported. Mixtures containing two isomers of the methyl esters of these compounds were obtained by a twofold, sequential Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene, and methyl methacrylate or methyl acrylate, respectively. Pure diastereoisomers of the acids were prepared by selective hydrolysis of their methyl esters.
Research on optimization design of high efficient low noise SiC-MOSFETs inverters

This paper presents an optimized design example of high efficient inverter which consists of Silicon-Carbide (SiC) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistor (MOSFET) and optimized gate driver for SiC-MOSFETs. The purpose of this research is to optimize design of SiC-MOSFETs inverters. We confirmed that the proposed inverter is capable of operating efficiently with experimental results. The proposed gate driver can reduce switching losses and switching time without increasing surge and ringing voltage. We also analyzed effects of removing Schottky-Barrier-Diode (SBD) from SiC-MOSFETs power modules. Removing SBDs gives some positive effects that can not only reduce cost and size of inverters, but also can reduce switching surge and ringing voltage. SiC-MOSFETs without SBDs have bigger damping coefficient and smaller junction capacitance than SiC-MOSFETs with SBDs. The bigger damping coefficient can reduce ringing voltage. The smaller junction capacitance can reduce switching losses and noise.