cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angular navigation capabilities of short baseline phase delay interferometry

Short baseline phase delay interferometry can provide angular navigation capabilities which are competitive with current accuracies for group delay Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) on intercontinental baselines. In addition, a number of operational considerations make short baseline interferometry attractive, including enhanced mutual visibility, ability to observe at higher elevation angles, and the possibility of processing data in realtime. To make use of the higher precision phase delay datatype, however, the cycle ambiguity associated with the observed interferometric phase must be resolved. Results are presented for two experiments, on baselines of 5.9 and 253 km, for which RF phase connection appears to have been reliably achieved for several groups of angularly close radio sources. The dependence of the resulting phase delay residuals on elevation suggests that temporal fluctuations in the line-of-sight troposphere delay are a dominant error source. The observed RMS phase delay residuals of 10 psec or less suggest that baselines of order 100 km could provide high-efficiency angular navigation with accuracies well below 50 nrad. Plans for further work at the Goldstone Deep Space Communication Complex are reviewed.
Optimization, validation and application of a method for the determination of trichloroethylene in rat plasma by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a small halogenated compound that has been used extensively as a metal degreaser and a solvent for the past 100 years. As a result of its widespread use, TCE can be found in the groundwater of about one-third of the hazardous waste sites on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List. Human exposure to TCE in the environmental media is of concern because TCE has been found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. This paper describes the development and validation of a HS-SPME-GC/MS method for determination of TCE in rat plasma. The effects of different parameters such as sample volume, extraction and desorption conditions, fiber positions and salt addition were investigated and optimized. The method is rapid, simple, sensitive and requires a very small sample volume. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.25 ng/mL and correlation coefficient (r2) values for the linear range of 0.25–100 ng/mL were 0.996 or greater. The precision and accuracy for intra-day and inter-day were better than 8.0%. This validated method was successfully applied to study the toxicokinetic behavior of TCE following low levels of oral administration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating Online Informative Videos into Technical Communication Service Courses

Background: Online, informative videos are a popular genre of technical communication but little information is available for instructors to integrate the genre into technical communication courses. Research questions: (1) What are the logistics, considerations, and problems encountered when assigning authentic informative videos in introductory technical writing service courses? (2) Is an authentic informative video project in introductory technical writing service courses an effective learning assignment from the students' perspectives? Situating the case: Video has been discussed in technical communication literature since the 1970s and our discussion of video parallels technology development making video production and viewing possible for mainstream consumers. Recently, a revitalization of interest in video (particularly since 2012) reflects widespread adoption of smart phones with video recording capabilities, preinstalled and relatively simple video production applications on computers, video-sharing websites (YouTube), and high-speed internet connections enabling rapid video downloads by viewers. Yet, low-cost and easy-to-use communication technologies are often associated with the idiosyncratic application of design features and often do not transfer into effective communication. We often claim that technical communication programs are well situated to take a “leadership role” in mastering a new communication technology but our instruction of video has not kept pace with the rapidly evolving technology nor is it necessarily consistent with our own research findings. How this case was studied: In this experience report, I took a teacher-researcher role and triangulated my personal observations with a student-perception questionnaire and other student reflections on the assignment. About the case: The informative video project was used in a junior-level, introductory technical communication service course. The informative video assignment was an experiential learning assignment in which students worked in small teams to develop “real-world” communications for a peer audience. The learning objectives emphasized in the project include genre analysis, audience analysis, scriptwriting, visual-verbal communication, video production and technology, and project management and teamwork. Results: The logistics and considerations for developing informative videos in technical communication courses are discussed and student feedback reveals that this assignment was particularly useful for teaching audience analysis, technology skills, verbal-visual synergy of communication channels, and teamwork. Conclusions: Informative videos are a challenging project but offer a unique opportunity to examine audience analysis and teach verbal-visual parallelism. Furthermore, the equipment and production software are no longer barriers to assigning the project in technical communication courses.
Feeding biology and ecological impact of an introduced nudibranch,Tritonia plebeia, New England, USA

The nudibranchTritonia plebeia (Johnston) was first observed in New England in 1983, on vertical rock walls at 7 m depth off Nahant, Massachusetts. This northern European species preys exclusively on the soft coralAlcyonium digitatum (Linneaus) in its natural habitat. At Nahant, it preyed primarily on the closely relatedAlcyonium siderium Verrill. Laboratory studies indicated that it could locate its prey by distance chemoreception and by visual orientation towards tall dark surfaces which could help it find the vertical walls, overhangs, and boulder sides where the soft corals occur. Field studies showed thatT. plebeia fed primarily on colony bases, causing extensive damage and whole colony mortality. The most important endemic predator onA. siderium, Coryphella verrucosa (Sars), preyed preferentially on hydroids, but would graze polyps off the top portions ofA. sederium colonies, causing little permanent damage to the colony, during the winter months when hydroids were scarce. AlthoughC. verrucosa occasionally behaved agonistically towardT. plebeia, there was no indication in laboratory or field studies that either nudibranch had an effect on the other's foraging through interference competition. Extensive predation byT. plebeia caused the disappearance ofA. siderium at two sites (Outer and Inner Shag Rocks) and a sharp reduction at a third site (Inner East Point). The higher mortalities at the Shag Rocks sites most likely occurred because of a simultaneous urchin (Strogylocentrotus droebachiensis) population expansion. As space among aggregates ofA. siderium opened up due toT. plebeia predation, urchins were able to forage on the vertical walls and scrape off remaining colonies. At a fourth site, Halfway Rock, whereT. plebeia were seldom present,A. siderium colonies also suffered high mortalities. This increae in mortality began nearly a year before urchin populations increased, and during a summer of abnormally high water temperatures at Halfway Rock. The high temperatures, followed by urchin predation on remaining colonies could account for the disappearance of allA. siderium colonies at this site.T. plebeia disappeared at all sites by summer 1986 andA. siderium populations have since stabilized, but community-level changes at all sites whereA. siderium were removed have persisted.
Pure-Cartesian formulation for angle-only and angle-plus-range tracking filters

This paper presents a pure-Cartesian formulation for angle-only and angle-plus-range tracking filters. Every aspect of the filter--from the expression of the sensor measurements to the filter's state vector--is defined in Cartesian frames. The key to the filter is its measurement expression. In conventional angle-only filters, the sensor measurements are expressed in terms of the elevation and bearing to the target--i.e., in a spherical coordinate system. The proposed tracking filter uses a different approach. Each time step, the filter constructs a Cartesian frame, referred to as the target line-of-sight frame, with origin at the sensor and one axis along the instantaneous expected line of sight to the target. The sensor measurements are then transformed into this frame, and the components of this vector, not the original sensor measurements, are used as inputs to the tracking filter. The technique results in a statistically- uncorrelated Cartesian expression of the sensor measurements. The filter is efficient--it does not require trigonometric functions--and it performs equally well for any line-of-sight geometry. Unlike conventional angle-only filters, its performance does not degrade as target elevation approaches +/- 90 degrees.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Surface states due to deposited alkaline earth cations on ZnO

Abstract Surface states due to Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba ions deposited on ZnO as salts with varying anions have been examined, to make available a selection of nonvolatile surface states for later study, and to provide a relatively simple group of substitutional surface states that could be used to compare theories with experiment. The results indicate that Be ++ and Ba ++ additions lead to shallow acceptor levels, near or above the ZnO conduction band, while deeper acceptor levels (as low as 0.9 eV below the conduction band) are associated with Mg ++ , Ca ++ , and Sr ++ additions. The energy of the resulting surface state depends somewhat on whether the alkaline earth species is added as the hydroxide or the fluoride. There is evidence of a high density donor level at 1.1 eV below the conduction band perhaps associated with surface lattice oxygen or with OH − groups. Arguments arepresented suggesting that the surface state is associated with the alkaline earth ions at lattice sites at the ZnO/additive interface, and some of the factors are discussed that must be considered in a theoretical model.
Inhibition of proliferation of lines derived from human cervical carcinomas by cytotoxic drugs and by recombinant interferons.

Abstract The authors studied the effects of recombinant interferons (IFN), doxorubicin, and cisplatin against three cell lines derived from human epidermoid cervical carcinomas. These lines were SW 756, containing the genome of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 18, and CaSki and SiHa, containing HPV type 16. IFN-γ suppressed the growth of all three lines, with a plateau in inhibitory effect beyond a concentration of 1000 units/ml. IFN-α was effective in this regard only against SW 756. In this line, the two IFNs together inhibited cell replication to a greater extent than the maximal effect of either IFN alone. Doxorubicin exerted a dosedependent cytotoxic effect against all the lines, while cisplatin exhibited cytotoxicity only against SW 756. Doxorubicin and IFN-γ, when used together, acted synergistically against CaSki and SiHa, and in an additive manner against SW 756.
An evaluation of fibrin tissue adhesive concentration and application thickness on skin graft survival.

Objectives To e-amine the effects of fibrinogen concentration and application thickness of fibrin tissue adhesive on skin graft survival. Study Design Prospective controlled study. Methods Ten domestic pigs were included in the study. A 20 − 5-cm area of skin was harvested bilaterally along the flanks of the animals using a Padgett dermatome. The harvested grafts were trimmed into four 4 − 4-cm squares. Donor sites were treated according to group assignment and the non-meshed grafts were placed on the side opposite their initial orientation and secured with staples. Both single- and multiple-donor human fibrin tissue adhesive preparations, with low and high average fibrinogen concentrations of 30 mg/mL and 60 mg/mL, were used. Adhesive preparations were applied in either a thin layer (0.015 mL/cm2) or a thick layer (0.06 mL/cm2) using a spray applicator. A constant thrombin concentration of 10 U/mL was used in the study. No adhesive was used in the control group and grafts were stabilized with staples. No topical dressings were applied to any of the treatment sites. Animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after graft application. Results Based on statistical analysis, thickness of adhesive application had a significant effect on skin graft survival. Percent mean graft survival in the control and thin application groups was found to be 92% and 97.8% respectively; the mean survival rate in the thick application group was 63.1%. Fibrinogen concentration, when evaluated independently within the thin and thick application groups, was found to have no significant effect on graft survival. Conclusion Independent of fibrinogen concentration, a thin layer of fibrin tissue adhesive, when applied between two opposing surfaces, does not interfere with and may support the healing process, whereas a thick layer of adhesive inhibits skin graft healing.
Books, Not Comics: Publishing Fields, Globalization, and Japanese Manga in the United States

The market for Japanese comics, called manga, in the United States grew rapidly at the beginning of the twenty first century at a rate unprecedented in the publishing industry. Sales grew a remarkable 350% from $60 million in 2002 to $210 million in 2007 and did not begin to decline until the beginning of the recent economic downturn beginning in late 2008. No published research is yet able to account for this phenomenon in a manner that is both socially-situated and medium-specific. In this paper, I provide such a sociological account of the rise of manga in the United States and its implications for the globalization of culture. Adapting Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical formulation of the cultural field, I argue that manga migrated from the comics field to the book field and that the ways in which industry practices, distribution networks, and target demographics differ between the two fields are directly responsible for the medium’s newfound visibility. Furthermore, I argue that, despite the now-common transparency of the Japanese origin of Japanese titles, the American publishing industry’s creation of manga as a category of books distinct from other comics is an ineluctable naturalizing process that ultimately erases from American consciousness the Japanese, the foreign, the other.
Hydrostatic and uniaxial pressure dependence of superconducting transition temperature of KFe2As2 single crystals

We present heat capacity, $c$-axis thermal expansion and pressure-dependent, low-field, temperature-dependent magnetization for pressures up to $\ensuremath{\sim}12$ kbar, data for KFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ single crystals. ${T}_{c}$ decreases under pressure with $d{T}_{c}/dP\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}0.10$ K/kbar. The inferred uniaxial, $c$-axis, pressure derivative is positive, $d{T}_{c}/d{p}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.11$ K/kbar. The data are analyzed in comparison with those for overdoped Fe-based superconductors. Arguments are presented that superconductivity in KFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ may be different from the other overdoped, Fe-based materials in the 122 family.
Liposome-doped nanocomposites as artificial-cell-based biosensors : Detection of listeriolysin O

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming hemolysin secreted by the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and is required for bacterial virulence. Current detection methods for L. monocytogenes are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive, which is impractical considering the limitations of food storage. To overcome these problems, we developed a liposome-doped silica nanocomposite as a simple, inexpensive, and highly stable biosensor material that mimics existing whole-cell assays for LLO. Small unilamellar liposomes containing fluorescent dyes were immobilized within porous silica using alcohol-free sol-gel synthesis methods. The immobilized liposomes served as cellular surrogates for membrane insertion and pore formation by LLO. The integrity of liposomes in the solid-state sol-gel glass was investigated by fluorescence quenching and leaching assays. The materials were stable for at least 5 months in ambient conditions. Both free and immobilized liposomes responded to LLO at pH 6.0 with concentration dependent kinetics. The pore formation of LLO in liposome-doped silica composites displayed similar kinetic curves as free liposomes but with slower rates. LLO insertion into the immobilized liposomes was pH dependent. No increase in membrane permeability was observed at pH 7.4 for the liposome-doped composites in the presence of LLO. Immobilized liposomes can detect LLO in ∼1.5 h using a steady state calibration and within 30 min using a kinetic calibration. These liposome silica composites potentially could be used for the detection of hemolysin producing L. monocytogenes as well as the many other bacteria that produce pore-forming toxins.
The Shifting Patterns of Sectoral Labor Allocation during Development: Developed Versus Developing Countries

Abstract The change in the partition of a country's labor force among the agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors during the course of economic development has attained a quasi-law status in the development literature. Recent evidence suggests that the pattern unfolding in the developing countries has been increasingly different from that established in the past in Western Europe and North America. This paper first discusses how and why current trends have been deviating from the historically observed ones. Labor allocation and GNP per capita data from 95 countries over a twenty-year time span are then examined for temporal drift using the expansion method. Our analysis confirms the existence of temporal variation in the relationship, and yields a mathematical portrait of this drift. The temporally specific model obtained is capable of producing very plausible longitudinal patterns for a “typical”less developed and more developed country. We suggest that it is inadvisable, if not incorrect, to as...
Low-sooting combustion in a small-bore high-speed direct-injection diesel engine using narrow-angle injectors:

An optically accessible high-speed direct-injection diesel engine was used to study the effects of injection angles on low-sooting combustion. A digital high-speed camera was employed to capture the entire cycle combustion and spray evolution processes under seven operating conditions including post-top-dead centre (TDC) injection and pre-TDC injection strategies. The nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were also measured in the exhaust pipe. In-cylinder pressure data and heat release rate calculations were conducted. All the cases show premixed combustion features. For post-TDC injection cases, a large amount of fuel deposition is seen for a narrower-injection-angle tip, i.e. the 70° tip, and ignition is observed near the injector tip in the centre of the bowl, while for a wider-injection-angle tip, namely a 110° tip, ignition occurs near the spray tip in the vicinity of the bowl wall. The combustion flame is near the bowl wall and at the central region of the bowl for the 70° tip. However, the flame is more ...
Photodegradation of ethylene using visible light responsive surfaces prepared from titania nanoparticle slurries

Abstract An efficient nanoscale-based synthesis is used to form photocatalytically active slurries of titanium oxynitride compounds responsive to activation by visible photons and readily amenable to the surface deposition. The photocatalysts were synthesized in seconds at room temperature via direct nitridation of anatase TiO2 nanostructures with alkyl ammonium salts. With TiO2 nanoparticle agglomeration, TiO2−xNx anatase structured particles were obtained whose absorption onset extends well into the visible region at λ ∼ 550 nm. The introduction of a small quantity of palladium as PdCl2 or Pd(NO3)2 extends absorption to near-infrared region and enhances the photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles. Tests in a stop-flow quartz reactor of concentric tubular configuration were run at room temperature (25 °C), in a water-free environment and the reactants and products were detected using a mass spectrometer. The catalyzed ethylene oxidation process was observed in the stop-flow reactor in response to excitation provided by UV and incandescent lamps, and the catalyst response to visible light excitation was quantified. Extensive tests performed under a variety of conditions demonstrate photocatalytic activity in the order TiO2−xNx + Pd(NO3)2 ≥ TiO2−xNx + PdCl2 > TiO2−xNx > Colloidal TiO2 for nanoparticle assembled sites under visible light illumination. An increase in coating thickness enhances the photocatalysis under UV light illumination, but does not show as pronounced an effect when visible light is used for excitation. The synthesized photocatalysts exhibit excellent long-term stability, which is essential for their practical application.
Observing From Space With The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory

Description of the OAO-A2 satellite and of its use in carrying out stellar measurements. The OAO-A2 is an unmanned satellite which carries two experiments, one measuring individual stars and the other measuring star fields. The OAO-A2 has the ability to point anywhere in celestial space with an accuracy of one arc minute and thus gives rise to certain operational considerations not known with other satellites. A detailed description is given of the operations control center responsible for planning and directing the overall OAO mission. The mission planning cycle and mission operations are discussed. Techniques for recovery of stellar control after loss of the stellar reference provided by the star trackers are considered. Improvements in the OAO series incorporated in the OAO-C satellite are cited.
Decoupling morphological development from growth in periodically cooled zebra finch embryos.

Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011ABSTRACT Temperature affects growth and develop-ment, and morphometry can provide a quantitativedescription of how temperature changes affect the result-ing phenotype. We performed a morphometric analysis onzebra ﬁnch (Taeniopygia guttata) embryos that were ei-ther exposed to periodic cooling to 20 or 308C throughoutincubation over a background temperature of 37.58C, orwere incubated at a constant temperature of 37.58C.Using a principle components analysis, we found that therelationship between the multivariate size (ﬁrst principlecomponent) and dry embryo mass depended upon thethermal treatment to which the developing embryos wereexposed. Periodic cooling resulted in a smaller embryomass, but had no effect on the multivariate size of theembryo. This suggests that the growth of phenotypictraits such as the length of long bones and the skull areless affected by temperature than is growth of other softtissues such as muscle and organs that contribute to bodymass. J. Morphol. 269:875–883, 2008.
The MIG-15 NIK kinase acts cell-autonomously in neuroblast polarization and migration in C . elegans

Cell migration is a fundamental process in animal development, including development of the nervous system. In C. elegans, the bilateral QR and QL neuroblasts undergo initial anterior and posterior polarizations and migrations before they divide to produce neurons. A subsequent Wnt signal from the posterior instructs QL descendants to continue their posterior migration. Nck-interacting kinases (NIK kinases) have been implicated in cell and nuclear migration as well as lamellipodia formation. Studies here show that the C. elegans MIG-15 NIK kinase controls multiple aspects of initial Q cell polarization, including the ability of the cells to polarize, to maintain polarity, and to migrate. These data suggest that MIG-15 acts independently of the Wnt signal that controls QL descendant posterior migration. Furthermore, MIG-15 affects the later migrations of neurons generated from Q cell division. Finally, a mosaic analysis indicates that MIG-15 acts cell-autonomously in Q descendant migration.
Matthew 20:1-15: a Parable of Invidious Comparison and Evil Eye Accusation

The parable of the laborers in the vineyard (Matthew 20:1-15) contains one of numerous biblical references to the Evil Eye. Belief in the Evil Eye, its expression of envy, and its destructive power pervaded the ancient world of the Circum-Mediterranean. The frequent references to the Evil Eye in the Bible—modern translations and commentaries notwithstanding-indicate the extent to which the biblical communities also shared this belief. The present study reviews salient features of Evil Eye belief and behavior, typical aspects of the environment in which the belief has flourished, and references to the Evil Eye in the biblical writings. This information clarifies the cultural script latent in the Evil Eye parable of Matthew. The thesis advanced is that Matt 20:1-15 is a parable in which a typical Evil Eye accusation is employed to denounce envy as incompatible with life in the kingdom of heaven and detrimental to the community's well-being.
Moderating effects of information access on project management behavior, performance and perceptions

Abstract Effective project management relies on the timely exchange of information regarding appropriate resource availability, associated scheduling options, and related costs and benefits. At the same time, such information, or lack thereof, can also impact the behavior of project managers in ways that do not directly focus on work objectives but nevertheless affect performance. The research developed in this paper is primarily focused on demonstrating both direct and moderating effects that information can have on decision makers’ actions and perceptions in an environment where multiple projects are pursued simultaneously. In order to study these linkages we designed and executed a controlled experiment designed to simulate aspects common to a multi-party project management environment. Our findings suggest that greater visibility of situational information in this environment impacts project outcomes mainly by affecting a project manager's actions and perceptions regarding both the behavior of others and the priority given to his/her task. The study extends existing information processing theory by developing and examining notions of informed rationality and reciprocity, as well as examining the effect of information on post-task sense making. Insights from the study suggest a set of behavioral issues that should be considered in future information processing and project management research.
Propagation of fluid-driven fractures in jointed rock. Part 2—Physical tests on blocks with an interface or lens

Abstract As introduced in Part 1 (Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 27, 243–254, 1990) of this paper, we have pursued a dual—numerical and experimental—modelling program to gain insight in the interaction of induced, fluid-driven fractures with natural discontinuities in rock masses. This is a topic of interest in the simulation of oil and gas reservoirs, as well as geothermal fields. It is also relevant to the disposal of liquid wastes underground and the estimation of in situ stresses, both by hydrofracturing. The experimental program was composed of two series of tests on blocks of rock simulants. The first one is denoted “interface tests”. It was performed at the time of the development of the steady-state, coupled fracture and flow numerical model, for the purpose of validation. The blocks were hydrofractured while loaded biaxially. These tests provided information only as to whether cracks had crossed the interface between the two parts of the blocks, or not. No time-dependent data or fracture path data were obtained during the tests. The fracture trajectories were determined from post-test dissections of the blocks. The second, more sophisticated, test series will be denoted “lens tests”. Sandstone lenses were embedded in hydrostone blocks which were fractured with single-wing fluid-driven cracks, while under a triaxial external loading. Fluid pressure and crack front were tracked as a function of time. This series had a two-fold purpose: to provide a validation basis for the new, time-dependent, numerical developments, and to provide forward diagnostics, on the pressure-time records, of the interaction of hydrofractures with embedded lenses. The physical testing was successful on both counts. In particular, the pressure-time records showed clear pressure discontinuities associated with the passage of the hydrofracture into the lens.
Outcomes of Adrenalectomy for Isolated Synchronous Versus Metachronous Adrenal Metastases in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis

Purpose Several small studies have reported that an adrenalectomy for isolated adrenal metastasis in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), along with a surgical resection for the primary lung cancer, can be curative. However, some suggest that the survival outcome among patients with a synchronous metastasis is poor. It remains unclear whether this treatment approach is warranted among those with synchronous metastasis. Methods A search for publications on adrenalectomy for NSCLC was performed via the MEDLINE database. Studies reporting on survival outcomes and containing at least four analyzable patients who had surgery for primary lung cancer were included. Those not allowing separation of outcomes between synchronous and metachronous metastases were excluded. Synchronous metastasis was defined as a disease-free interval (DFI) of 6 months or less. Results There were 10 publications contributing 114 patients; 42% of patients had synchronous metastases and 58% had metachronous metastases. The median DFIs we...
Oracle-dependent properties of the lattice of NP sets

Abstract We consider under the assumption P ≠ NP questions concerning the structure of the lattice of NP sets together with the sublattice P. We show that two questions which are slightly more complex than the known splitting properties of this lattice cannot be settled by arguments which relativize. The two questions which we consider are whether every infinite NP set contains an infinite P subset and whether there exists an NP-simple set. We construct several oracles, all of which make P ≠ NP, and which in addition make the above-mentioned statements either true or false. In particular we give a positive answer to the question, raised by Bennett and Gill (1981), whether an oracle B exists making P B ≠ NP B and such that every infinite set in NP B has an infinite subset in P B . The constructions of the oracles are finite injury priority arguments.
Ontogeny of Adventive Embryos of Wild Carrot

Somatic carrot cells in culture divide to produce undifferentiated preglobular proembryos which exhibit a wide variety of segmentation patterns. One or more globular proembryos, which exhibit normal histological zonation, may develop from single preglobular proembryos. Regeneration of normal embryos from cultured cells grown on media containing only minerals, sucrose, vitamins, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid suggests that the embryo sac may have less of a formative role than currently ascribed to it.
Methods for forecasting performance limits of fusion reactor structural materials

Abstract For the purposes of both developing appropriate alloys for fusion reactors and ultimately designing and building such devices, it is necessary to determine the mechanical response to high energy neutron irradiation of candidate structural materials. The current and near-term facilities for providing the requisite testing environment are either limited by dissimilarity to fusion reactor environments (i.e., fission reactors), or irradiation volume, or both. This necessitates the development of both a testing technology commensurate with the available facilities — i.e., primarily small specimen technology — and a correlation methodology which recognizes the limitations of the anticipated data base and maximizes the use of that data. In this paper we (1) describe a general philosophy for such correlation methodologies, (2) provide a brief overview of small specimen test techniques and data characteristics, and (3) demonstrate with several examples how correlations can be developed and applied.
PHOTOABSORPTION IN HOT, DENSE PLASMAS : THE AVERAGE ATOM, THE SPHERICAL CELL MODEL, AND THE RANDOM PHASE APPROXIMATION

Abstract This work is a continuation of our earlier work on the finite temperature random phase approximation (FTRPA) for inhomogeneous, finite electron systems. In the earlier work we obtained the fundamental FTRPA eigenvalue equation for the spectral amplitudes of the linear response function via the use of the Matsubara Green's function technique arrived at earlier by des Cloizeaux via the density matrix technique. In this work we show that the normalization requirement for the FTRPA spectral amplitudes obtainable via the Matsubara Green's function technique is the same as the one obtained by des Cloizeaux. Thus, the two techniques in every respect give identical equations and formulas for the FTRPA. We also derive the fundamental equations for the actual linear responses of finite temperature inhomogeneous finite electron systems to specific external perturbations in the FTRPA. This side steps the problem of normalization by the use of an inhomogeneous integro–differential equation.
Pericentric inversion in a group D chromosome (13-15) associated with amenorrhea and gonadal dysgenesis.

Summary A sex-chromatin-positive female with secondary amenorrhea and minimal stigmata of gonadal dysgenesis is described. This diagnosis was confirmed by the observation of ‘streak gonads’ at laparotomy and histologic interpretation of rudimentary ovarian development. Cells cultured from peripheral blood, skin and gonadal tissues for cytogenetic evaluation exhibited an abnormal karyotype. The modal number was 46; however, only five normal chromosomes were found in group D (13–15). An abnormal submetacentric chromosome was also present. Morphologic, measurement and autoradiographic data suggest that the ‘marker’ chromosome represents a pericentric inversion of the sixth D-group member.
A Genetic Approach to Detecting Clusters in Point Data Sets

Spatial analysis techniques are widely used throughout geography. However, as the size of geographic data sets increases exponentially, limitations to the traditional methods of spatial analysis become apparent. To overcome some of these limitations, many algorithms for exploratory spatial analysis have been developed. This article presents both a new cluster detection method based on a genetic algorithm, and Programs for Cluster Detection, a toolkit application containing the new method as well as implementations of three established methods: Openshaw's Geographical Analysis Machine (GAM), case point-centered searching (proposed by Besag and Newell), and randomized GAM (proposed by Fotheringham and Zhan). We compare the effectiveness of cluster detection and the runtime performance of these four methods and Kulldorf's spatial scan statistic on a synthetic point data set simulating incidence of a rare disease among a spatially variable background population. The proposed method has faster average running times than the other methods and significantly reduces overreporting of the underlying clusters, thus reducing the user's postprocessing burden. Therefore, the proposed method improves upon previous methods for automated cluster detection. The results of our method are also compared with those of Map Explorer (MAPEX), a previous attempt to develop a genetic algorithm for cluster detection. The results of these comparisons indicate that our method overcomes many of the problems faced by MAPEX, thus, we believe, establishing that genetic algorithms can indeed offer a viable approach to cluster detection.
Finite Larmor radius effects on the (m = 2, n = 1) cylindrical tearing mode

New field solvers are developed in the gyrokinetic code GEM [Chen and Parker, J. Comput. Phys. 220, 839 (2007)] to simulate low-n modes. A novel discretization is developed for the ion polarization term in the gyrokinetic vorticity equation. An eigenmode analysis with finite Larmor radius effects is developed to study the linear resistive tearing mode. The mode growth rate is shown to scale with resistivity as γ ∼ η1∕3, the same as the semi-collisional regime in previous kinetic treatments [Drake and Lee, Phys. Fluids 20, 1341 (1977)]. Tearing mode simulations with gyrokinetic ions are verified with the eigenmode calculation.
The state-of-the-art of mobile payment architecture and emerging issues

This paper describes the state-of-the-art of mobile payment and how it affects our world. The results of the paper show that advancement of mobile technology is growing and with this comes many new opportunities with mobile payment. With this knowledge, the findings of this research show that mobile payment is within reach, but issues such as security, trust and privacy must first be handled clearly for successful delivery of service.
Response comments to the article “some comments on magnetization reversal in uniaxial ferrite magnets”

Abstract The previous paper contains no new information but is rather based on some wrong conclusions drawn from a paper entitled “Magnetization reversal in ferrite magnets” by Hadjipanayis et al. published in J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 81 (1989) 318. The authors of the previous paper (Paoluzi and Turilli) missed altogether the objectives of the article by Hadjipanayis et al. which were to explain the differences observed in the temperature dependence of coercivity of bulk and small particle BaFe 12 O 19 magnets and relate them to the magnetization reversal processes. The conclusions were that the bulk sintered magnets behave as “nucleation”-type, the ultrafine particles as “single domain”-type and the aerosol coarser particles show a behavior which is a mixture of the above two. In this paper we dispute in detail the main points made by the authors.
A note on the assessment of ethnic attitudes in preschool children

Four commonly used measures of racial attitudes, the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure, Doll Test, Projective Prejudice Test, and Sticker Test, were adapted for use with preschoolers and were administered to 36 preschool children ranging in age from 31 to 72 months. Results indicated that each test had adequate reliability. A significant correlation was obtained between two measures, the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure and the Projective Prejudice Test. Correlations between age of the children and the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure and the Doll Test were also significant. The children indicated increasing awareness of racial attitudes as they got older. Five-year-olds were significantly different from the younger children. The development of racial attitudes, implications for assessment of young children, and the multidimensional make-up of racial attitudes are discussed.
The construction of weight-two arithmetic cohomology

Let X be a regular noetherian scheme. In a letter to Soul6 ([Be]) Beilinson conjectured for each non-negative integer n the existence of complexes F(n, X) of Zariski sheaves on X whose hypercohomology should be in the same relation to algebraic K-theory as classical cohomology is to topological Ktheory, and proposed certain properties that these complexes should satisfy. This investigation was continued in [L], where the conjectured complexes were moved to the a at other points we work only up to 2torsion or up to torsion involving primes dividing the residue field characteristics. There seems good reason to expect our complex F(2, X) to in fact exactly satisfy all the axioms.) We now sketch the construction of F(2, X) and recall the axioms. Let A be a regular noetherian ring, let W = S p e c A [ T ] , Z = S p e c A [ T ] / T ( T 1 ) . Let B = {bl, b 2 . . . . . b,} be a finite sequence of "exceptional units" of A, i.e., b i and
Antibiotics as tools for metabolic studies. I. A survey of toxic antibiotics in respiratory, phosphorylative and glycolytic systems.

Abstract Approximately 50 toxic antibiotics were tested as possible inhibitors of respiratory and phosphorylating systems in mitochondria and of glycolysis by Ascites tumor cells. Oligomycin, Nigericin, and Dianemycin inhibited respiration and phosphate uptake in the presence of several substrates. Each of these agents displayed considerable selectivity in these systems as well as in their inhibition of mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase). Oligomycin inhibits, virtually completely, the ATPase and the ATP-Pi32 exchange reaction in mitochondria and in submitochondrial particles. The effects of Nigericin and Dianemycin are dependent to some extent on the structural integrity of the mitochondria. Two antibiotics which are known to affect electron-carrying systems were found to inhibit, partially, anaerobic glycolysis in Ascites tumor cells. The results affirm the general utility of toxic antibiotics as tools for metabolic investigations.
The relationship between identity, intimacy, and midlife well-being: Findings from the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study.

The present study used longitudinal data on 182 adults between the ages of 20 and 54 (104 men, 78 women) from the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study (RALS), assessed on four occasions, to test the hypothesis that identity and intimacy during the course of early and middle adulthood predict well-being at midlife. A cross-lagged panel model was estimated yielding the following findings: (a) Scores on both scales during the college years predicted midlife satisfaction-intimacy directly, and identity through the course of development from ages 20 to 54; moreover, identity in midlife, but not intimacy, was significantly linked with well-being at this same point in time; and (b) identity and intimacy unexpectedly did not predict one another over time, having been controlled for factor stability in identity and intimacy over time. The findings are discussed in terms of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development and the developmental moments and historical cohorts that characterize the present sample.
The Performance of the US Navy's RELO Ensemble, NCOM, HYCOM During the Period of GLAD At-Sea Experiment in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract A suite of real-time ocean model forecasts was carried out successfully at NRL to provide modeling support and guidance to the CARTHE GLAD at-sea experiment during summer 2012. The forecast systems include two RELO ensembles and three single models using NCOM and HYCOM with different resolutions. All of these forecast outputs are archived and made available on web servers for the CARTHE scientists. The detailed descriptions of these forecast systems and the products presented in this paper provide a much-needed background to the scientists in CARTHE and others who will use our forecasts and GLAD drifter observations to do further research after the future public release of the CARTHE GLAD data. A calibrated ensemble system with enhanced spread and reliability is proposed in this project. It is found that this calibrated ensemble outperforms the un-calibrated ensemble in terms of quantitative forecasting accuracy, skill and reliability for all the variables and observation spaces we have evaluated. The metrics used include RMS error, anomaly correlation, spread-reliability and Talagrand rank histogram. Both ensembles are compared with three single-model forecasts with NCOM and HYCOM with different resolutions. The advantages of ensembles are demonstrated. RELO ensembles have been applied to Lagrangian trajectory prediction, and it is demonstrated that either ensemble can provide valuable uncertainty information in addition to predicting the particle trajectory with highest probability in comparison with a single ocean model forecast. The calibrated ensemble with more reliability is able to capture some trajectories in different, even opposite directions which are missed by the un-calibrated ensemble. When the ensembles are applied to computing the LCS (Lagrangian Coherent Structure), the uncertainties of the LCSs, which cannot be estimated from a single model forecast, are identified. Another finding is that the LCS depends on the model resolution. The model with highest resolution produces the finest small-scale LCS structures, while the model with lowest resolution generates only large scale LCSs. The work on using ocean ensembles in Lagrangian ocean dynamics presented in this paper represents our initial attempt in this field. It is expected that this work will lead to more extensive new research in this area in the near future.
Calibration of Knollenberg FSSP Light-Scattering Counters for Measurement of Cloud Droplets

Abstract Measurement of cloud drop size distributions with the Knollenberg model FSSP-100 light-scattering counter can lead to artificial bumps or knees in the distributions at ∼0.6 μm and sometimes 2–4 μm radius if the manufacturer-supplied calibration is used. These artifacts are a consequence of the instrument having multivalued or slowly changing response in these regions of particle size. A modified calibration procedure is given that removes these artifacts so that the true droplet size distribution can be obtained. Measurement of slightly nonspherical particles with refractive indexes characteristic of those of atmospheric aerosols will generally lead to undersizing if the FSSP manufacturer-calibration is used, but likely by not more than a factor 2.
Milk of Nonhuman Origin and Infectious Diseases in Humans

Milk and milk products from domestic animals, which are potential infectious hazards, are made more so by modern milk production, because milk from thousands of animals is often pooled prior to bottling or before manufacturing derivative products. Thus, contaminated milk from 1 animal can result in a widespread problem. Pasteurization largely eliminates this hazard. Most disease transmission caused by contamination of the milk supply has been eliminated by hygienic production measures and pasteurization. However, contamination may occur after pasteurization, and no process works perfectly all of the time. Despite scientific opinion that pasteurized products are safer than raw ones--and are equally nutritious--segments of the population regard raw milk products as more nutritious and better tasting than pasteurized milk products. Thus, low levels of raw milk consumption persist in the United States and other developed nations. Occasional milk-associated disease outbreaks caused by raw milk consumption or by breakdowns in the proper production of pasteurized products still occur.
Legal Issues in the Use of Student Test Scores and Value- added Models (VAM) to Determine Educational Quality

A growing number of states and local schools across the country have adopted educator evaluation and accountability programs based on the use of student test scores and value-added models (VAM). A wide array of potential legal issues could arise from the implementation of these programs. This article uses legal analysis and social science evidence to discuss potential legal challenges by educators to the use of VAM that should be considered by public policy makers. It also discusses potential ways VAM might be used as evidence in support of legal claims by students concerning access to educational opportunity.