cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood Reputation and Resident Sentiment in the Wake of the Las Vegas Foreclosure Crisis.

This study examines how two major components of a neighborhood’s reputation—perceived disorder and collective efficacy—shape individuals’ sentiments toward their neighborhoods during a foreclosure crisis. Of central interest are whether neighborhood reputations are durable in the face of a crisis (neighborhood resiliency hypothesis) or whether neighborhood reputations wane during times of duress (foreclosure crisis hypothesis). Geo-coded individual-level data from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area Social Survey merged with data on census tract foreclosure rates are used to address this question. The results provide qualified support for both perspectives. In support of the neighborhood resiliency hypothesis, collective efficacy is positively associated with how residents feel about the quality of their neighborhoods, and this relationship is unaltered by foreclosure rates. In support of the foreclosure crisis hypothesis, foreclosure rates mediate the effects of neighborhood disorder on resident sentiment. T...
Vertex Function, Coupling Constant, and Composite Particle

A vertex function with 3 kinds of strongly interacting particles is studied. As one of them becomes unstable, the structure singularities (one of which corresponds to the anomalous threshold) of this vertex function are shown to move out of the unphysical sheet and remain on the physical cut. In determining its dispersion relation, the correct Riemann sheet must be chosen for its absorptive part. A physical interpretation of this structure anomaly is given. Using this vertex function, a model of composite particles, stable or unstable, is discussed. The trilinear scalar-type coupling constant is obtained in terms of the three masses by using an unsubtracted dispersion relation of this vertex function. A method to estimate the lifetime of the unstable particle is proposed. Another condition between the coupling constant and the masses is obtained from consideration of the charge structure of the composite particle. The two independently obtained conditions can be used to determine both the coupling constant and the binding energy simultaneously. As an explicit example, SIGMA is considered as a bound state of A and pi through a scalar-type SIGMA DELTA pi coupling. The calculated mass of SIGMA is in agreement with its observed mass and the coupling constantmore » is g/sup 2//4 pi = l.4. (auth)« less
Molecular interactions and solubility of polar nonelectrolytes in nonpolar solvents

An attempt was made to describe quantitatively the deviations from ideal solubility of nonelectrolytes in nonpolar solvents as a result of three contributions: (a) entropic, (b) regular solution, and (c) specific interactions. The relative magnitudes of these contributions were theoretically estimated. Experimentally, it was found that for the systems studied involving poorly soluble polar solutes in a series of hydrocarbon solvents, the entropic correction term appeared to account for deviation from ideal solubility behavior. Regular solution correction appeared to be unnecessary for these systems. Specific interactions were found to be the dominant factors in determining solubilities of polar solutes in solvents possessing acid–base characters. Solvate association constants between various solutes and chloroform or ether were determined by the solubility technique. The good agreement between solubility data and solvate equilibria equations for a wide variety of chemically different solutes and the two interacting solvents seems to indicate support for the stoichiometric solvate species treatment of solubility.
IEEE P1596, a scalable coherent interface for gigabyte/sec multiprocessor applications

IEEE P1596, the scalable coherent interface (SCI), formerly known as SuperBus is based on experience gained during the development of FASTBUS (IEEE 960), Futurebus (IEEE 896.1) and other modern 32-bit buses. SCI goals include a minimum bandwidth of 1 Gb/s per processor; efficient support of a coherent distributed-cache image of shared memory; and support for segmentation, bus repeaters, and general switched interconnections like Banyan, Omega, or full crossbar networks. To achieve these goals, SCI must sacrifice the immediate handshake characteristics of the present generation of buses in favour of a packetlike split-cycle protocol. Wire-ORs, broadcasts, and even ordinary passive bus structures must be avoided. However, a lower performance (1 Gb/s per backplane instead of per processor) implementation using a register insertion ring architecture on a passive backplane appears to be possible using the same interface as for the more costly switch networks. The author summarizes current directions and reports the status of the work in progress. >
Mathematical model of annular keratophakia: intracorneal ring and gel injection adjustable keratoplasty

Over the past century, several refractive surgical techniques have been devised to correct ametropia. These can be categorized in three difterent ways: (I) The first is the "subtraction" method, consisting in the removal of tissue from the patient's cornea1 . Removal is almost always performed on the central optical zone. Mechanical instruments or photoablative lasers are used for these procedures. Today, the ArF I 93nm excimer and, potentially, the 21 3nm frequency quintupled Nd:YAG solid state lasers have replaced the keratomileusis mechanical techniques originally developed by Jose I. Barraquer; (II) The second is the Nadditivew method, involving the implantation of donor tissue or a polymeric implant in the host corneal stroma1 or under the host comeal epithelium2. One subclassification of the second method consists of implanting a lenticule over the central optical zone while the others rely on bending the host peripheral cornea either using a ring implant; (Ill) The third method consists of thermal shrinking portions of the stromal collagen at difterent locations on the cornea to correct myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism. Several kinds of heat sources have been investigated, including hot wires cautery and RF diathermy, but the mid-infrared lasers have given the best clinical results thus fare.
COGNITIVE STYLE AND CONSUMERS' ETHNOCENTRISM

The greater availability to consumers of foreign goods since the recent globalization of business has increased the need for measures to assess consumers' attitudes and preferences for domestic and foreign products. Consumers' ethnocentrism has been proposed as a construct that may partially explain why some consumers evaluate domestic products more favorably than foreign ones. The CETSCALE, developed to measure the ethnocentrism construct, has been shown to be valid and reliable; however, its developers pointed out a need to assess whether consumers' ethnocentric tendencies operate uniformly across all consumers or whether certain population segments indicate greater ethnocentric tendencies than others. The present study of whether ethnocentrism varied across cognitive styles suggests cognitive style affected 162 consumers' tendency toward ethnocentrism.
Hormones and coronary atherosclerosis in women

Heart disease is the major health issue facing women in the United States today. Yet, less than 50% of women are aware cardiovascular disease is a health problem. Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and lipid streaks have been identified in girls ages 15–19 in the abdominal aorta and the right coronary artery. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, lipid disorders, and menopause. Observational studies have reported a 30–50% reduction in cardiovascular events when estrogen was administered to younger women for menopausal symptoms, yet randomized trials in older patients have failed to show benefit with hormonal replacement therapy. Recent studies have reported preservation of lipid and vascular vasodilatation with low-dose conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) in women and an absence of inflammatory and clotting changes that were observed in high-dose CEE. Recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women include smoking cessation, regular exercise, and weight control. Should hormone therapy be continued beyond management of menopausal symptoms and treatment for osteoporosis, a statin drug should be added to eliminate future cardiovascular complications. Future research will examine low-dose hormonal therapy, earlier administration after menopause, newer agents, and routes of estrogen administration.
CI-930, a new cardiotonic and vasodilating agent: hemodynamic comparison to dobutamine and long-term clinical effects.

The hemodynamic and clinical effects of parenteral and oral CI-930, a new phosphodiesterase type III inhibitor with combined vasodilator and inotropic properties, were studied in 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure refractory to therapy including captopril. The maximum response to dobutamine was also determined. Intravenous CI-930 increased cardiac index from 1.73 ± 0.48 to 2.38 ± 0.55 L/min/m2, and reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 19.2 ± 7.9 to 12.5 ± 6.4 mm hg, mean right atrial pressure from 7.5 ± 6.3 to 3.6 ± 4.0 mm Hg, and systemic vascular resistance from 2288 ± 860 to 1711 ± 611 dynes · sec · cm−5 (p < 0.001 for all). Heart rate and mean systemic arterial pressure were unchanged. The increment in cardiac index produced by dobutamine was higher than for CI-930, 2.68 ± 0.55 vs 2.38 ± 0.55 L/min/m2, p < 0.001. However, reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure tended to be less with dobutamine, 15.7 ± 7.9 vs 12.5 ± 6.4 mm Hg (NS). Hemodynamic benefits of oral CI-930 were equivalent to that of the parenteral drug. Duration of action was 9 to 12 hours. Chronic therapy resulted in subjective improvement in approximately 50% of patients. Exercise capacity, assessed by maximum oxygen consumption, was unchanged, 8.4 ± 3.3 vs 9.8 ± 3.4 ml/kg/min (NS). No overt laboratory manifestations of toxicity were observed
A rate-adaptive MAC protocol for multi-Hop wireless networks

Wireless local area networks (W-LANs) have become increasingly popular due to the recent availability of affordable devices that are capable of communicating at high data rates. These high rates are possible, in part, through new modulation schemes that are optimized for the channel conditions bringing about a dramatic increase in bandwidth efficiency. Since the choice of which modulation scheme to use depends on the current state of the transmission channel, newer wireless devices often support multiple modulation schemes, and hence multiple datarates, with mechanisms to switch between them Users are given the option to either select an operational datarate manually or to let the device automatically choose the appropriate modulation scheme (data rate) to match the prevailing conditions. Automatic rate selection protocols have been studied for cellular networks but there have been relatively few proposals for W-LANs. In this paper we present a rate adaptive MAC protocol called the Receiver-Based AutoRate (RBAR) protocol. The novelty of RBAR is that its rate adaptation mechanism is in the receiver instead of in the sender. This is in contrast to existing schemes in devices like the WaveLAN II [15]. We show that RBAR is better because it results in a more efficient channel quality estimation which is then reflected in a higher overall throughput Our protocol is based on the RTS/CTS mechanism and consequently it can be incorporated into many medium access control protocols including the widely popular IEEE 802.11 protocol. Simulation results of an implementation of RBAR inside IEEE 802.11 show that RBAR performs consistently well.
Comparison study of different numerical methods on 3-D human thorax finite element models

Three-dimensional finite element models can be used in analyzing bioelectric phenomena such as electrophysiology, electrocardiology, and electrical stimulation. Typically, these models are large and complex, making the solution process computationally intensive. We have compared different numerical methods used in solving realistic three-dimensional models. The Gauss-Seidel successive over-relaxation algorithm and the conjugate gradient method effectively solved these models. The multigrid method can reduce the solution time by a factor of 5 or more compared to the successive over-relaxation algorithm. With the increasing availability of large amounts of main memory, the application of the multigrid method to large finite element models in the future is promising.
Older consumers’ orientations toward age-based marketing stimuli

The increasing size of the aged population is becoming important to marketers interested in developing marketing programs, policymakers interested in the effects of marketing activities on the well-being of older adults, and researchers who wish to understand this segment as consumers. This research presents theoretical foundations useful in understanding older adults as consumers and, based on these foundations, a model is developed and tested to help learn about antecedents and processes that affect the way older adults respond to marketing offerings targeted at them.
ELEMENTS OF PROCESS CONTROL

Process control has become the watchword of quality improvement. This article highlights key elements of this aspect of quality control including: process control, process capability, and process change. The philosophy and use of control charting is em..
High-pressure measurements in a homologous series of liquid crystals

Pressure-volume-temperature measurements throughout the nematic phase for the first six members of the homologous series of di-alkoxyazoxybenzenes are reported. These data represent the first investigation of thermodynamic parameters in an homologous series, thus demonstrating the role of the end chains in a specific molecular geometry. Measurements at constant volume permit the conversion of previous orientational order studies at atmospheric pressure to constant-volume conditions. Measurements at constant temperature at the nematic-isotropic phase transition reveal the behavior of the specific volume, volume discontinuity, and volume dependence of the mean-field potential in this series. Finally, the implication of these data on several liquid-crystal theories is explored.
Influence of processing variability on adult age differences in memory distribution of order information

Abstract The present study examined adult age differences in the recognition of order information. This experiment used a modified memory-scanning task in which the transposition distance between the current and original serial positions of the recognition probe were varied. On each trial, subjects also rated the confidence of their decision. The results indicated that both correct reaction time (RT) and error rate on the “no” trials decreased as a function of increasing transposition distance, which suggests that order information is represented in a distributed manner. Moreover, older adults' RTs and errors were higher than younger adults' RTs and errors at all three transposition distances. Also, older adults' Memory Operating Characteristic (MOC) curve variability was greater than that of the young. These data suggest that older adults exhibit more processing variability than the young adults.
Urban development in the global periphery: The consequences of economic and ideological globalization

Globalization has two elements: economic globalization refers to the integration of global markets, while ideological globalization refers to the political ideas that underlie the spread of markets, trade, and democracy. Economic globalization is limited in its reach in the developing world: some cities have done well; some, despite not being globalized, have regional importance; and large regions and numerous cities have been bypassed. Ideological globalization, on the other hand, is far more widespread from an intellectual and a policy perspective. The tenets of ideological globalization are likely to work further to the relative detriment of the cities/regions in the global periphery. This is a “cumulative causation” argument that raises questions about the development prospects of peripheral regions.
Masses of nuclei with Z > N☆

Abstract A phenomenological relation between ground-state atomic masses in conjuction with charge symmetry is used to investigate all the masses of nuclei with A ⩽ 42 with Z > N . In cases where experimental data exist the agreement with the predictions is good.
Stability of liquid-vapor flow down an inclined channel with phase change

Abstract The stability of a two-phase flow in a heated inclined channel is studied. The temperature of the bottom plate is below the vaporization temperature and the top plate above the vaporization temperature. A water film is on the cold wall and a vapor film on the hot wall. Gravity is the driving force. A basic flow with steady distribution of temperature but no phase change is found. The linear stability of this basic state is studied in the frame of incompressible fluid dynamics, without convection, but allowing for phase change at the interface. An ambiguity in the choice of the conditions to be required of the temperature at the phase change boundary is discussed. Three different instabilities are found, one due to the Reynolds stress when Reynolds number is large, one due to interfacial friction is associated with the viscosity difference of the two phases, and another due to phase changes at the interface.
OBSERVATION DE LA STRUCTURE DES JOINTS DE GRAINS DANS DES LAMES MINCES BICRISTALLINES PRODUITES PAR UNE NOUVELLE TECHNIQUE

A new technique for production of thin-film bicrystals containing a grain boundary of any desired orientation is described. These bicrystals are grown epitaxially from the vapor phase on bicrystalline NaCl substrates containing the desired grain boundary orientation and then removed to permit direct observation of boundary structure by transmission electron microscopy. This technique is utilized to study dislocation arrays in symmetric tilt boundaries in gold. Observations are consistent with existing experimental and theoretical results.
Reaction of dicobalt octacarbonyl with acetylene and carbon monoxide at low temperature and pressure: Formation of cyclic enone products

Abstract Dicobalt octacarbonyl is shown to react with acetylene and carbon monoxide under mild conditions in dimethoxyethane or benzene to produce, in low yields, bicyclo[3.3.0]octa-3,7-diene-2,6-dione, benzoquinone, and the cyclopentadienone-derived products 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-2,7-methanoindene-1,10-dione, 1-indanone, tetracyclo[5.5.2.0 2,6 0 8,12 ]tetradeca-4,10,13-triene-3,9-dione, and tetracyclo[5.5.2.0 2,6 0 8,12 ]tetradeca-4,9,13-triene-3,11-dione. Possible mechanisms for the formation of these products are discussed.
Interacting field theory of open superstrings

A proposal for a gauge invariant nonlinear classical field theory of open superstrings is explored. The gauge fixing that gives rise to the standard structure in the Ramond sector is described, answering questions that have been raised in recent literature. The model is shown to possess space-time supersymmetry as well as gauge invariance. The proof of space-time supersymmetry uses the covariant form of the fermion emission vertex and the associated picture changing operation, in accord with suggestions by several authors. Also discussed are the canonical formulation of the theory, and some issues connected with the extension of the work to closed strings.
Weight control among obese adolescents: A pilot study

Objective The present study evaluated weight loss and compliance outcomes for overweight adolescents assigned to one of two dietary interventions differing in the type of snacks allowed.Methods The study was a 12-week, controlled clinical trial, among otherwise healthy but overweight (body mass index ≥95th percentile) 11-year-old to 15-year-old girls who were randomly assigned to either a 1,500 kcal/day free-snack program or a 1,500 kcal/day restricted-snack program. All subjects were counseled to consume three servings of dairy products per day, and were provided with a 500 mg calcium supplement as well. Subjects in the free-snack group could choose any 150-calorie item as one of their two daily snacks, including regular soda if desired; however, subjects in the restricted-snack group were limited to diet soda.Results Thirty-two adolescent girls completed the 12-week intervention. Both diets were equally effective in achieving a modest amount of weight loss, and were equally acceptable to the subjects. S...
Social-aggressive behavior after various intervals of social isolation in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) in different states of reproductive readiness.

In Expt I frequencies of 16 components of social-aggressive behavior emitted toward “intruders” by bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) captured in November 1972 were recorded after various intervals of social isolation. Fish isolated for 7 days emitted more responses than fish isolated for shorter or longer periods. In Expt II the same observations were made on bluegills captured during the reproductive season in 1973. The fish exhibited peak frequencies of social-aggressive responses after only 1 to 3 days of isolation, indicating that effects of social isolation probably interact with reproductive condition of the fish. Implications of this finding for a current theory of the effects of isolation are discussed.
Diurnal variation in norepinephrine-stimulated release of pineal serotonin in vitro.

Adult, male rats were maintained under 12L∶12D with lights on at 06.00 h. Their pineal glands were incubated at 37‡C in the presence or absence of 10−4 M norepinephrine (NE). 5-HT and various metabolites were quantitated in post-incubation media and pineal glands by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. No differences were observed in the quantities of 5-HT released by pineal glands in four hour incubations starting at either 06.00, 13.00 or 18.00 h; however, a highly significant decrease below these levels was observed at 01.00 h. NE significantly stimulated 5-HT release at 13.00 and 18.00 h, but was ineffective at 01.00 and 06.00 h. These results confirm recently reported stimulatory effects of NE on the release of 5-HT into pineal gland incubation medium and further suggest a diurnal rhythm of pineal gland sensitivity to NE in vitro with maximum stimulation of 5-HT release at midphotophase.
Beyond Commercialization: Science, Higher Education and the Culture of Neoliberalism

Since the 1980s, scholars and others have been engaged in a lively debate about the virtues and dangers of mingling commerce with university science. In this paper, we contend that the commercialization of academic science, and higher education more broadly, are best understood as pieces of a larger story. We use two cases of institutional change at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to shed light on the implications of neoliberalism for public research universities in the United States. We conclude that instead of neoliberalization being a timely strategy for the specific fiscal and other problems facing public universities today, it has become an omnibus solution available to be employed when any opportunity arises and, in fact, helps to define the “problems” of the university in the first place.
The effect of fixed charge modifications on electron capture dissociation

Electron capture dissociation (ECD) studies of two modified amyloid β peptides (20–29 and 25–35) were performed to investigate the role of H· radicals in the ECD of peptide ions and the free-radical cascade (FRC) mechanism. 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridinium (TMP) was used as the fixed charge tag, which is postulated to both trap the originally formed radical upon electron capture and inhibit the H· generation. It was found that both the number and locations of the fixed charge groups influenced the backbone and side-chain cleavages of these peptides in ECD. In general, the frequency and extent of backbone cleavages decreased and those of side-chain cleavages increased with the addition of fixed charge tags. A singly labeled peptide with the tag group farther away from the protonated site experienced a smaller abundance decrease in backbone cleavage fragments than the one with the tag group closer to the protonated site. Despite the nonprotonated nature of all charge carriers in doubly labeled peptide ions, several c and z· ions were still observed in their ECD spectra. Thus, although H· transfer may be important for the N-Cα bond cleavage, there also exist other pathways, which would require a radical migration via H· abstraction through space or via an amide superbase mechanism. Finally, internal fragment ions were observed in the ECD of these linear peptides, indicating that the important role of the FRC in backbone cleavages is not limited to the ECD of cyclic peptides.
Stability of crystalline solids—I: Continuum and atomic lattice considerations

Abstract Many crystalline materials exhibit solid-to-solid martensitic phase transformations in response to certain changes in temperature or applied load. These martensitic transformations result from a change in the stability of the material's crystal structure. It is, therefore, desirable to have a detailed understanding of the possible modes through which a crystal structure may become unstable. The current work establishes the connections between three crystalline stability criteria: phonon-stability, homogenized-continuum-stability, and the presently introduced Cauchy-Born-stability criterion. Stability with respect to phonon perturbations, which probe all bounded perturbations of a uniformly deformed specimen under “hard-device” loading (i.e., all around displacement type boundary conditions) is hereby called “constrained material stability”. A more general “material stability” criterion, motivated by considering “soft” loading devices, is also introduced. This criterion considers, in addition to all bounded perturbations, all “quasi-uniform” perturbations (i.e., uniform deformations and internal atomic shifts) of a uniformly deformed specimen, and it is recommend as the relevant crystal stability criterion.
Highly scalable and perceptually tuned embedded subband/wavelet image coding

Former research on perceptual image coding was mainly developed in the traditional sequential coding framework, where the codestream is neither rate nor resolution scalable. In this paper, our earlier embedded subband/wavelet image coding algorithm EZBC is further developed for highly scalable image coding applications. Special attention is given to perceptual image coding under varying viewing/display conditions --- a common situation in typical scalable coding application environments. Unlike the conventional perceptual image coding approach, all the perceptually coded images (individually targeted at particular viewing conditions) are decoded from a single compressed bitstream file. The experimental results show the bitrate savings by the proposed algorithm are significant, particularly for coding of high-definition (HD) images.
Best Practice Options: Romania

The purpose of the Cooperative Efforts to Manage Emigration (CEME) site visit to Timisoara, Romania was to evaluate three hypotheses. First, creating the economic conditions that attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brings growth and job creation, which in turn can be expected to reduce emigration pressures and speed the acceptance of Romania into the European Union (EU). The foreign investment initially attracted by low wages will create jobs and hope of continued economic improvement, anchoring workers, managers, engineers, and other professionals to Romania. Over time, jobs and wages will rise, further reducing emigration pressures. Second, Romania has several sizeable ethnic minorities, notably Hungarians, Germans, Ukrainians, and Roma, or Gypsies. All have a propensity to emigrate. Government policies that reduce discrimination against minorities by respecting their languages and cultures, using public institutions such as the police and schools to demonstrate tolerance and sensitivity to minorities, and enforcing Romania’s anti–discrimination laws will reduce emigration pressures in such groups. Third, the EU and outside organizations can best help to reduce emigration, transit migration, and trafficking by meeting regularly with Romanian officials and non–governmental actors to discuss migration issues in the context of Romania’s desire to meet the criteria for EU and NATO membership. This will cause Romanians to take more seriously issues such as the need to integrate Roma into Romania’s economy and society, the need to manage borders to prevent trafficking of migrants through the country, and modernizing border management to facilitate the movement of legitimate travellers and goods while discouraging illegal migration. These hypotheses were borne out by the information gathered at Timisoara, Romania, but actual progress on the measures that would help was found to be very uneven.
Generalized Reynolds equations for line contact with double-Newtonian shear-thinning

A proper form of the Reynolds equation is lacking for the shear-thinning of polymer blended oil that displays a second Newtonian plateau. These multigrade lubricants respond linearly to shear stress at low stress, then follow a power-law at intermediate stress followed by linear response again at higher stress. The Rabinowitsch and Ferry models, with a second Newtonian viscosity incorporated in the usual way, can be an accurate description of this behavior and are convenient forms for integration into the Reynolds equation. The following one-dimensional Reynolds–Rabinowitsch equation has been derived for the Rabinowitsch double Newtonian model. $$ {d\over dx} \left\{{p^{\prime} h^{3}\over 12\mu_{2}}- {{G^{2}-H^{2}}\over2\mu_2 p^{\prime 2}} \left[ \tau_m \ln \left( {H^2 + \tau_2^2}\over {H^2 +\tau_1^2}\right) - 2hp' + 2H \left( \tan^{-1} {{\tau^2}\over {H}} - \tan^{-1} {{\tau^1}\over{H}}\right) \right]\right\} = \bar{u} {{dh}\over {dx}}. $$ A Reynolds–Ferry double Newtonian equation has also been derived. Simple Grubin style solutions to the EHL line contact problem show that the new generalized Reynolds equations are accurate forms for double-Newtonian shear-thinning fluids.
Motions of a short-linked robot arm in a square

The main result of this paper is anO(n)-time algorithm to determine whether a given configuration of ann-link short-linked robot arm confined in a square can be reached from another given configuration. The arm is constructed fromn links, which are straight line segments of real lengths, each no greater than half the side length of the confining square. This result represents a continuation of previous work published by Hopcroftet al. and by Kantabutra and Kosaraju.
Using faculty in nontraditional ways: The lifelong learning initiative at Maple Woods Community College

In this article, author Jim Tjaden outlines successful in-class sessions and field trip programs for senior learners, as offered by the Maple Woods Community College in Kansas City, Missouri. Useful suggestions on how other community colleges can set up and implement such programs are also presented.
Models of thermomechanics of magnetizable and polarizable conducting deformable solids

We give a brief survey of problems of thermomechanics of conducting deformable solids subjected to the action of external electromagnetic fields of radio-frequency and visual ranges, in particular, mechanical, thermal, and diffusion processes depending on the conductivity of bodies and their capacity for polarization and magnetization. We estimate trends and prospects in this field.
Systemic Vasoconstrictor and Renal Vasodilator Effects of PLV-2 (Octapressin) in Man

The systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of PLV-2 (octapressin) were studied in patients with hypotension or decompensated cirrhosis of the liver. Low doses (0.004 to 0.02 units/min) increased renal blood flow (indicator-dilution technique), reduced renal vascular resistance, and produced a slight increase in arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Higher doses (0.1 to 0.5 units/min) produced a sharp increase in arterial pressure and systemic resistance while renal resistance increased moderately and renal blood flow usually was maintained above control levels. Renal fraction was increased at all dose levels. The increased renal blood flow was accompanied by more rapid intrarenal dye transit time and slight increase in renal extraction ratio of paraaminohippurate suggesting a rise in cortical blood flow. It is concluded that PLV-2 in small doses produces renal vasodilatation and in larger doses preferential extra-renal vasoconstriction resulting in redistribution of blood flow to the kidney.
Extending and expanding the Darwinian synthesis: the role of complex systems dynamics.

Darwinism is defined here as an evolving research tradition based upon the concepts of natural selection acting upon heritable variation articulated via background assumptions about systems dynamics. Darwin’s theory of evolution was developed within a context of the background assumptions of Newtonian systems dynamics. The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, or neo-Darwinism, successfully joined Darwinian selection and Mendelian genetics by developing population genetics informed by background assumptions of Boltzmannian systems dynamics. Currently the Darwinian Research Tradition is changing as it incorporates new information and ideas from molecular biology, paleontology, developmental biology, and systems ecology. This putative expanded and extended synthesis is most perspicuously deployed using background assumptions from complex systems dynamics. Such attempts seek to not only broaden the range of phenomena encompassed by the Darwinian Research Tradition, such as neutral molecular evolution, punctuated equilibrium, as well as developmental biology, and systems ecology more generally, but to also address issues of the emergence of evolutionary novelties as well as of life itself.
Not Lost in Translation: Nutrition Education, a Critical Component of Translational Research

Translational research is an emerging field of science, embracing disciplines in medicine and public health to create a full-spectrum research agenda. Often described as science “from bench to bedside and back again,” translational research may be better described as “from bench to behavior,” as it strives to apply laboratory results to clinical settings. Because the demand for translational research has emerged, it is critical for nutrition educators to ensure that translational research includes community and policy areas and to recognize themselves as translation researchers. The purpose of this report is to provide a framework for nutrition educators to better understand translational research and to recognize their role in translational research, using type 2 diabetes as an example.
Do Cry Over Spilt Milk: Possibly You Can Change the Past

There is widespread agreement, even among those who accept the possibility of backward causation, that it is impossible to change the past. I argue that this agreement corresponds to a relatively uninteresting understanding of what changing the past amounts to. In one sense it is indeed impossible to change the past: in no possible world is an action performed which makes the past in that world different from the past in that world. In another sense, however, it may be possible to change the past: maybe in some possible world an action is performed which makes the past in that world different from the actual past. I argue that those who accept the possibility of backward causation are committed to accepting the possibility that the past changes in the latter sense.
Endogenous immunoreactive glia maturation factor-like molecule in cultured rat Schwann cells.

Abstract Using the monoclonal antibody G2–09 raised against bovine glia maturation factor (GMF), we demonstrated that cultured rat Schwann cells and Schwannoma cells, but not their conditioned media, possessed endogenous GMF-like immunoreactivity. The presence of immunoreactive GMF correlated well with GMF bioactivity. The GMF-like factor in Schwann cells was characterized by immunodotting, immunofluorescence, immunoadsorption and immunoblotting. Immunofluorescence confirmed the intracellular location of GMF. Immunoadsorption completely eliminated the GMF-like bioactivity from the cell extracts. Immunoblotting identified a protein band with a molecular weight of 14,000. Thus, the evidence strongly supports the argument that the GMF-like factor in rat Schwann cells is identical with GMF from the bovine brain. The GMF-like molecule in Schwannoma cells showed properties similar to those in Schwann cells, but for unknown reasons was not detectable by immunofluorescence. The presence of GMF in cultured rat Schwann cells suggests that the factor may play a role in the peripheral nervous system.
Application of a new high-speed magnetic deformable mirror for in-vivo retinal imaging

Nowadays in ophthalmologic practice several commercial instruments are available to image patient retinas in vivo. Many modern fundus cameras and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopes allow acquisition of two dimensional en face images of the retina with both back reflected as well as fluorescent light. Additionally, optical coherence tomography systems allow non-invasive probing of three-dimensional retinal morphology. For all of these instruments the available lateral resolution is limited by optical quality of the human eye used as the imaging objective. To improve lateral resolution and achieve diffraction-limited imaging, adaptive optics (AO) can be implemented with any of these imaging systems to correct both static and dynamic aberrations inherent in human eyes. Most of the wavefront correctors used previously in AO systems have limited dynamic range and an insufficient number of actuators to achieve diffraction-limited correction of most human eyes. Thus, additional corrections were necessary, either by trial lenses or additional deformable mirrors (DMs). The UC Davis AO flood-illuminated fundus camera system described in this paper has been previously used to acquire in vivo images of the photoreceptor mosaic and for psychophysical studies on normal and diseased retinas. These results were acquired using a DM manufactured by Litton ITEK (DM109), which has 109 actuators arranged in a hexagonal array below a continuous front-surface mirror. It has an approximate surface actuator stroke of ±2μm. Here we present results with a new hi-speed magnetic DM manufactured by ALPAO (DM97, voice coil technology), which has 97 actuators and similar inter-actuator stroke (>3μm, mirror surface) but much higher low-order aberration correction (defocus stroke of at least ±30μm) than the previous one. In this paper we report results of testing performance of the ALPAO DM for the correction of human eye aberrations. Additionally changes made to our AO flood illuminated system are presented along with images of the model eye retina and in-vivo human retina acquired with this system. © 2011 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
Hydrogen from biomass-production by steam reforming of biomass pyrolysis oil ☆

Thermo-conversion of biomass is one of the leading near-term options for renewable production of hydrogen and has the potential to provide a significant fraction of transportation fuel required in the future. We propose a two-step process that starts with fast pyrolysis of biomass, which generates high yields of a liquid product, bio-oil, followed by catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil to produce hydrogen. A major advantage of such a concept results from the fact that bio-oil is much easier and less expensive to transport than either biomass or hydrogen. Therefore, the processing of biomass and the production of hydrogen can be performed at separate locations, optimized with respect to feedstock supply and to hydrogen distribution infrastructure. This approach makes the process very well suited for both centralized and distributed hydrogen production. This work demonstrates reforming of bio-oil in a bench-scale fluidized bed system and provides hydrogen yields obtained using several commercial and custom-made catalysts.
Measurements of the wavelength dependence and other properties of stellar scintillation at Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

The variance of intensity of stellar scintillation has been measured as a function of wavelength using photon counting and on-line digital analysis techniques. The experimental data are consistent with that predicted by the theory of Tatarski. Measurements of the temporal correlation function of intensity and the higher moments of the probability density function of scintillation are also described. Time scales in the 1.7–10-msec range were observed, and the observed higher moments were consistently lower than those predicted by a log normal distribution. All the measurements were made at Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii.
Physics of 'the first three fermis' in high-energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract Using the (lowest-order) perturbative QCD, we argue that high energy heavy ion collisions proceed as follows: ( i ) 0 ρ gg → gg , qg → qg ; ( ii ) 0.3 ρ gg → ng ; ( ii ) 3 ρ ρ c = 5–7 fm/c: expansion of gluonic plasma till formation of the ‘mixed phase’, or hadronization. Much higher initial temperatures are suggested, namely T i = 400−500 MeV mat RHIC and T i = 600–900 MeV at LHC. This leads to enhanced charm production and significant modifications of photon and dilepton production.
Chemical and toxicological testing of composted explosives‐contaminated soil

Static-pile and mechanically stirred composts of explosives-contaminated soil at the Umatilla Army Depot Activity (UMDA, Umatilla, OR) in a field composting optimization study were characterized chemically and toxicologically. The concentrations of extractable explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) in the composts and their aqueous leachates, the mutagenicity of organic solvent extracts from the composts, and the toxicity of compost aqueous leachates to Ceriodaphnia dubia all decreased considerably with 20 d of composting. After 44 d (mechanical composters) or 90 d (static piles) of composting, the toxicity, mutagenicity, and concentrations of extractable explosives decreased more than 90% in some cases. The composting efficiency was generally inversely proportional to the percentage (v/v) of contaminated soil. Composting in static piles was efficient up to about 20% (v/v) of contaminated soil; composting in the mechanically stirred composters was efficient up to about 25% soil. Mechanical composting was more efficient than composting in static piles. The main conclusion of this study is that composting can effectively remediate explosives-contaminated soil and sediment. However, low levels of explosives and metabolites, bacterial mutagenicity, and leachable toxicity to Ceriodaphnia may remain after composting. The sources of residual toxicity and mutagenicity and the ultimate fate of the explosives are unknown.
A comparison of interatomic potentials for modeling tungsten–hydrogen–helium plasma–surface interactions

Abstract We compare the hydrogen and helium clustering characteristics of three interatomic potential energy models intended for simulation of plasma-facing materials for fusion applications. Our simulations compare a Finnis–Sinclair potential and two different Tersoff-style bond order potentials created by Juslin et al. (2005) and Li et al. (2011), respectively, with respect to both helium and hydrogen clustering behavior in tungsten. We find significant differences between the Juslin and Li potentials in terms of both hydrogen and helium clustering behavior as well as the spatial distribution of hydrogen below the surface. These simulations are an important test on the road to more accurate models of gas clustering and surface evolution of tungsten divertors in ITER and other plasma devices.
Defect and Nondefect Interstitial Channel Availability in Carbon Nanotube Bundles: Comparison of Modeling with Experiments

There is a controversy in the literature over whether small gases, such as Ne, can adsorb in the interstitial channels (ICs) of carbon nanotube bundles. We distinguish between two types of ICs: nondefect, defined as ICs in perfectly packed arrays of nanotubes having all of the same diameter (homogeneous) defined where three tubes meet, and defect ICs, present in bundles composed of nanotubes having different diameters (heterogeneous) where four or more tubes meet. We have performed grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations of Ne on various model carbon nanotube bundles in order to explore the role of nondefect and defect ICs in adsorption. We have performed simulations on closed and partially opened homogeneous and heterogeneous bundles. We have computed the specific surface area, the isosteric heats of adsorption, and adsorption isotherms from our simulations, and we have compared these values to experimentally measured quantities for Ne adsorption on carbon nanotubes produced by the HiPco process. Analysi...
Contributions of existing knowledge structure to retroactive inhibition in prose learning

Abstract This experiment tested the hypothesis that prose materials related to existing knowledge structure will be less subject to retroactive interference (RI) than will materials not as easily related to existing knowledge structure. Subjects read successive passages labeled with the names of famous or fictitious characters. In comparison to control groups, subjects receiving initial passages labeled with fictitious names experienced significant RI, whereas subjects receiving famous name initial passages did not.
Left atrial cardiac hemangioma associated with shortness of breath and palpitations

We present a patient with a left atrial hemangioma associated with shortness of breath and irregular heartbeats. Imaging modalities used to evaluate this rare tumor demonstrated characteristic features of its vascular nature. After successful surgical excision of the tumor under cardiopulmonary bypass, there were no clinical or echocardiographic evidence of recurrence at 18 months.