cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working alliance between substance abusing offenders and their parole officers and counselors: its impact on outcome and role as a mediator

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the working alliance that forms between substance-involved parolees and their parole officers and treatment counselors impacts significantly on their future adjustment net the effects of demographics, criminal/substance history, and treatment approach. Using the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI), a sample of 449 parolees from the Step'n Out study rated their degree of alliance with their parole officer and counselor. Given that the two ratings were highly correlated (r = .61), they were averaged. Linear, Poisson, and negative binomial regression analyses revealed that the WAI predicted three out of four outcomes – less future drug use, fewer arrests, and fewer days spent in jail – after age, sex, race, treatment condition, prior substance misuse/criminality, and time at risk had been controlled. The WAI appeared to be a stronger predictor of future arrests and jail days in older parolees and a stronger predictor of jail days in parolees enrolled...
Applying principles of active available bandwidth algorithms to passive TCP traces

While several algorithms have been created to actively measure the end-to-end available bandwidth of a network path, they require instrumentation at both ends of the path, and the traffic injected by these algorithms may affect the performance of other applications on the path. Our goal is to apply the self-induced congestion principle to passive traces of existing TCP traffic instead of actively probing the path. The primary challenge is that, unlike active algorithms, we have no control over the traffic pattern in the passive TCP traces. As part of the Wren bandwidth monitoring tool, we are developing techniques that use single-sided packet traces of existing application traffic to measure available bandwidth. In this paper, we describe our implementation of available bandwidth analysis using passive traces of TCP traffic and evaluate our approach using bursty traffic on a 100 Mb testbed.
Prometheus: a wirelessly interconnected, pico-datacenter framework for the developing world

The promise of cloud computing is, nowadays, mostly limited to the developed regions of the world where, approximately, only one half of the world's population lives. In this paper, we present an attempt to bring the cloud to the majority populations of the developing world, with the help of long-distance, wirelessly connected and renewable-energy-powered pico-datacenters, the Prometheus nodes. Along with the physical layer and ad-hoc network routing characteristics of the prototype nodes, the challenges and potential solutions in designing such a network with constraints on renewable energy availability, bandwidth and connectivity to the Internet are discussed. With this multifaceted theoretical and experimental analysis, we believe that not only does the pico-DC framework constitute a highly viable solution for the developing world to share computational resources and storage services over wireless links but also that Prometheus can significantly help to improve multiple socioeconomic aspects of the populations of the developing world.
Protein Import into the Yeast Endoplasmic Reticulum: Methods

Nascent secreted proteins and integral membrane proteins in eukaryotes must be imported, or ‘translocated’ into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Because approximately one-third of all cellular proteins fall into these protein classes, the translocation machinery in the ER must operate with high efficiency and accommodate a wide variety of chemically diverse substrates. Moreover, proteins can translocate into the ER either cotranslationally or posttranslationally, and each of these modes of protein entry into the ER requires unique components. Through the years, the composition and function of the ER translocation machinery was defined by the development of in vitro assays in which protein translocation can be recapitulated. For example, the posttranslational translocation of a model protein into the yeast ER can be measured using ER-derived microsomes or reconstituted proteoliposomes. The model protein for this assay is the mating pheromone precursor, prepro-alpha factor. Key Concepts: A large number and variety of proteins must be imported, or ‘translocated’ into the ER. Proteins can enter the ER either cotranslationally, that is during synthesis, or posttranslationally, that is after synthesis. The translocation reaction requires a multiprotein complex and associated factors which reside in the cytoplasm, in the ER membrane and in the ER lumenal space. Posttranslational translocation can be recapitulated using ER-derived microsomes prepared from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or using reconstituted proteoliposomes into which the translocation machinery has been integrated. The in vitro reaction has helped to define how components of the translocation machinery function. The translocated substrate can be mutated to assess how aberrant proteins are targeted for ER-associated degradation (also known as ERAD). Keywords: translocation; endoplasmic reticulum; yeast; sec61; microsomes; ERAD
Study of Alumina Behavior in Smelting Plant Storage Tanks

Field samples from inside the alumina storage tanks clearly indicate that significant size segregation can occur and the segregated fines can accumulate at the valleys between piles and at the periphery of a tank. This mode of segregation, caused by the airborne conditions, is a sharp contrast to the classical segregation. The segregated fines show profoundly different handling characteristics from the bulk of alumina particles. It is also demonstrated that other physical and chemical properties vary considerably among the segregated fractions. Possible mechanisms for the size segregation of alumina in storage tanks are discussed in terms of pulvation, secondary air currents, air slide feeding, etc.
You can lead them to water but you cannot make them drink: guiding undergraduate human anatomy students in effective study techniques (534.7)

A significant challenge of teaching undergraduate anatomy is effectively communicating to students the amount of time and effort required to perform well in such a rigorous course. While the effect...
Using Bayesian networks to model watershed management decisions: an East Canyon Creek case study

An approach to developing and using Bayesian networks to model watershed management decisions is presented with a case study application to phosphorus management in the East Canyon watershed in Northern Utah, USA. The Bayesian network analysis includes a graphical model of the key variables in the system and conditional and marginal probability distributions derived from a variety of data and information sources. The resulting model is used to 1) estimate the probability of meeting legal water quality requirements for phosphorus in East Canyon Creek under several management scenarios and 2) estimate the probability of increased recreational use of East Canyon Reservoir and subsequent revenue under these scenarios.
Collective Guilt and Collective Punishment

Attitudes toward collective guilt in the Middle East require us to take a closer look at guilt in the Bible. It turns out the text of Genesis is conflicted. Some passages support a theory of guilt linked with the inevitability of cleansing and punishment; other passages appear to treat guilt as a psychological state that might be cured by a confession of sins. The tension is important today in trying to understand whether the collective guilt of nations should also entail collective punishment.
Selected advances in photonic ultrabroadband radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation

Selected research at Purdue University on photonic generation of ultrabroadband radio-frequency arbitrary waveforms is discussed; with an emphasis on increasing the attainable time-bandwidth product, both in terms of bandwidth and time aperture. Experimental results of such waveforms are presented and also applied for measurement and control of wireless propagation in highly dispersive indoor environments.
Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. D. Brain temperature and blood-brain barrier permeability to hydrophilic tracers.

Abstract Measurement of temperature within the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla of rats sham-, heat- or microwave-exposed revealed the presence of a thermal gradient within the brain. In all groups, cerebral cortex and the cerebellum were cooler than the deeper hypothalamus and medulla. Exposure to 2450 MHz CW microwaves or ambient heat (42 ± 2 °C) resulted in measurable elevation of regional brain temperature, but without alteration of temperature gradients normally observed within the brain. Exposure to 20 mW/cm2 (SAR ≅ 4 W/kg) for 30, 90 or 180 min induced a small, but significantly (U = 0, P $ 0.05 ) increased temperature of thcolon, and in each region of the brain studied. Exposure to an incident power density of 65 mW/cm2 (SAR ≅ 13.0 W/kg) for 30 or 90 min or to ambient heat (42 +- 2 °C) for 90 min resulted in a substantially greater thermal response as indicated by higher colonie and brain temperatures. Comparison of regional brain temperature with individual colonie temperatures is expressed as ΔT = t °Cbrain − t °Ccolon. In general ΔT values for ambient heat or microwaveexposed rats did not differ significantly from those of sham-exposed animals. Exposure to microwaves or ambient heat did not alter the general relationships between regional brain and colonie temperatures, i.e., cortical and cerebellar temperatures were always below and hypothalamic and medullary temperatures always above corresponding colonie temperatures. The plotted temperature data (brain vs colonie temperature) indicate a linear relationship between brain and colonie temperatures. Levels of sodium fluorescein (NAFl), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and [14C]sucrose (described in preceding papers) within the brain show a high correlation (P
A Systematic Review of Adherence to Cardiovascular Medications in Resource-Limited Settings

Medications are a cornerstone of the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. Long-term medication adherence has been the subject of increasing attention in the developed world but has received little attention in resource-limited settings, where the burden of disease is particularly high and growing rapidly. To evaluate prevalence and predictors of non-adherence to cardiovascular medications in this context, we systematically reviewed the peer-reviewed literature. We performed an electronic search of Ovid Medline, Embase and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1966 to August 2010 for studies that measured adherence to cardiovascular medications in the developing world. A DerSimonian-Laird random effects method was used to pool the adherence estimates across studies. Between-study heterogeneity was estimated with an I2 statistic and studies were stratified by disease group and the method by which adherence was assessed. Predictors of non-adherence were also examined. Our search identified 2,353 abstracts, of which 76 studies met our inclusion criteria. Overall adherence was 57.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 52.3% to 62.7%; I2 0.98) and was consistent across study subgroups. Studies that assessed adherence with pill counts reported higher levels of adherence (62.1%, 95% CI 49.7% to 73.8%; I2 0.83) than those using self-report (54.6%, 95% CI 47.7% to 61.5%; I2 0.93). Adherence did not vary by geographic region, urban vs. rural settings, or the complexity of a patient’s medication regimen. The most common predictors of poor adherence included poor knowledge, negative perceptions about medication, side effects and high medication costs. Our study indicates that adherence to cardiovascular medication in resource-limited countries is sub-optimal and appears very similar to that observed in resource-rich countries. Efforts to improve adherence in resource-limited settings should be a priority given the burden of heart disease in this context, the central role of medications in their management, and the clinical and economic consequences of non-adherence.
Synaptic inhibition controls transient oscillatory synchronization in a model of the insect olfactory system

In a variety of neuronal systems it has been hypothesized that inhibitory interneurons corral principal neurons into synchronously firing groups that encode sensory information and sub-serve behavior (Buzsaki and Chrobak, 1995;Buzsaki, 2008). This mechanism is particularly relevant to the olfactory system where spatiotemporal patterns of projection neuron activity act as robust markers of odor attributes (Laurent et al., 1996;Wehr and Laurent, 1996). In the insect antennal lobe, a network of local inhibitory interneurons arborizes extensively throughout the antennal lobe (Leitch and Laurent, 1996) providing inhibitory input to the cholinergic projection neurons. Our theoretical work has attempted to elaborate the exact role of inhibition in the generation of odor specific projection neuron responses(Bazhenov et al., 2001a;Bazhenov et al., 2001b;Assisi et al., 2011). In large-scale antennal lobe (AL) network models we characterized the inhibitory sub–network by its coloring (Assisi et al., 2011) and showed that it can entrain excitatory projection neurons to the odor specific patterns of transient synchronization. In this focused review, we further examine the dynamics of entrainment in more detail by simulating simple model networks in various parameter regimes. Our simulations in conjunction with earlier studies point to the key role played by lateral (between inhibitory interneurons) and feedback (from inhibitory interneurons to principal cells) inhibition in the generation of experimentally observed patterns of transient synchrony.
Histology correlation with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) cytology diagnoses: An argument to ensure ASCUS follow-up that is as aggressive as that for LSIL.

The purpose of the present study was to compare histology outcomes of cytological atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) to the histology outcomes of cytological low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Cases with a cytology diagnosis of ASCUS and LSIL that had correlative histology obtained within 3 mo of the cervico-vaginal smear were accrued from the files of the Cytology and Histology Departments of Mercy Hospital Medical Center (Des Moines, IA). All of the cytology cases were examined by a cytotechnologist, a cytopathologist, and the histopathologist who signed out the biopsy material. The laboratory's benign: ASCUS: LSIL: HSIL + ratio was 94.0%: 3.8%: 1.5%: 0.7% for the time period of this analysis; its ASCUS:SIL proportion was 1.76. Histology correlations to 249 ASCUS cases showed 45 (18%) CIN2s (cervical intraepithelial neoplasm 2) or CIN3s, 134 (54%) CIN1s, and 70 (28%) nonneoplastic biopsies. Ten of 24 (42%) ASCUS cases that showed histological CIN3 and seven of 21 (33%) ASCUS cases that showed histological CIN2 contained atypical immature squamous metaplastic cells, while the remainder showed squamous cells with mature, superficial/intermediate-type cytoplasm. Histology correlations to 576 LSIL cases showed 96 (17%) CIN2s or CIN3s, 397 (69%) CIN1s, and 83 (14%) nonneoplastic biopsies. One hundred forty-six (59%) ASCUS and 424 (74%) LSILs had histological koilocytosis with nuclear atypia (KA); the sole histological finding of KA was seen among 76 (30.5%) ASCUS and 146 (25.3%) LSIL cases. The majority of cytological ASCUS and LSIL cases selected by clinicians for biopsy have histological CIN and a substantial minority show CIN2 and CIN3, which, in the case of ASCUS, is frequently associated with atypical immature squamous metaplastic cells. There is a high prevalence of histological KA among ASCUS and LSIL cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 21:292–295, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Interview with Deanna Kuhn

Deanna Kuhn is Professor of Psychology and Education at Teachers Col lege, Columbia University. She holds a Ph.D. in developmental psychology from University of California, Berkeley, and was previously on the faculty at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. She is a fel low of the American Psychological Society and American Psychological Association, a board member of the Cognitive Development Society, and a member of numerous other organizations in psychology and education. She is former editor of Human Development and is coeditor of the Cognition, Perception, and Language volume of the Handbook of Child Psychology, fifth edition, and the forthcoming sixth edition. She has published widely in the fields of psychology and education in outlets ranging from Psychological Science and Psychological Review to Harvard Educational Review and Liberal Education.
Growth and characterization of device quality GaAs produced by laser-assisted atomic layer epitaxy using triethylgallium

Abstract Triethylgallium is used in combination with arsine in selective area deposition of GaAs by laser-assisted atomic layer epitaxy with the 514.5 nm line of an Ar ion laser. In addition to the much lower laser intensity required to achieve monolayer self-limiting growth than that using trimethylgallium, an intense room temperature photoluminescence response is observable from the double heterostructures of Al 0.3 Gaa 0.7 As/GaAs with the central GaAs grown by this technique, indicating good quality of the GaAs material and interfaces. The GaAs also exhibits low C contamination levels as is evidenced by capacitance—voltage and secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements. GaAs and Zn-doped p + -GaAs grown by laser-assisted atomic layer epitaxy are incorporated in broad area laser devices for the first time. A threshold current density as low as 544 A cm −2 is obtained on a 570 μm long device under pulsed testing conditions at a 10 kHz repetition rate.
The effects of dialogue-based task allocation on system performance in a computer-aided air traffic control task

The present study investigated dialogue-based human-computer task allocation. Five levels of allocation mode, four command strategies and a control condition, were examined in a high-task-load situation using a Latin square design. Five male participants acted as controllers in a simplified representation of an air traffic control system, sharing their task with a computer controller. Performance measures were metered on-line, and subjective ratings were recorded between trials. There were significant differences among the groups in the percentage of planes landed by the human-computer system, the total number of commands executed, and the number of allocation commands used. Other variables suggested for further study include comparisons of input mode, dialogue-initiation style, and degraded performance levels of the computer controller.
Telomere length and ApoE polymorphism in mild cognitive impairment, degenerative and vascular dementia

Abstract Background Clarifying the aetiology of dementia is of crucial importance in the management of patients as well as for research purposes but it is not always possible clinically. Therefore the identification of biological markers should complement clinical approaches. Telomere shortening is emerging as an important mechanism in vascular aging and the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Thus, telomere length could be a potential candidate to accurately separate vascular from degenerative cognitive impairment. Objectives To evaluate the usefulness of telomere length alone or combined with ApoE polymorphism in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and in differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD) from vascular (VaD) and mixed dementia (MD). Methods Telomere length in peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry in 439 patients (mean age, 85.1years): 204 cognitively normal, 187 demented patients: 80AD, 86 MD, and 21 with VaD; and 48 patients with MCI. Simple and multiple ordered logistic regressions were used to predict the risk of dementia from telomere length, ApoE polymorphism and age. Results ApoEe4 was statistically associated with patients with dementia ( p p =0.385). No significant differences in telomere length were found among patients with different aetiologies or severities of dementia. In the global model, the combination of telomere length and ApoE polymorphism did not confer a significantly higher dementia risk (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.69–1.32; p =0.784) than APOEe4 alone (OR=2.12, 95% CI=1.15–3.9; p =0.016). Conclusion This longitudinal study in very old patients provided no evidence suggesting that telomere length alone could be used to distinguish between the different types of dementia or MCI, nor combined with the ApoE polymorphism.
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Humeral Retrotorsion in Baseball Players A Validation Study

Background: Recently, clinicians and researchers started using diagnostic ultrasound to measure humeral torsion as an alternative to radiological assessments in overhead-throwing athletes and other clinical populations. Ultrasound appears to be a reliable, nonradiological alternative, but ultrasound assessment has not been validated against computed tomography (CT), the current gold standard.Purpose: This study aimed to establish the validity of an ultrasound assessment of humeral torsion by comparing data obtained using both ultrasound and CT, the current standard.Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods: Humeral torsion was measured using both ultrasound and CT in 24 collegiate-aged baseball players. Comparisons between the assessments were made using both regression and Bland-Altman plots. Reliability and precision were also established.Results: A strong relationship existed between humeral torsion variables obtained with ultrasound and CT (R = .797, R2 = .635, P < .001). Th...
A Survey of Positive Engagement, Continuously Variable Transmissions

A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a type of transmission that allows an infinitely variable ratio change within a finite range, allowing the engine to continuously operate in an efficient or high performance range. A brief history of CVT’s is presented, including the families under which they can be categorized. A new family of CVT’s, with the classification of positive engagement, is presented. Three different published embodiments of CVT’s of the positive engagement type are presented describing a meshing problem that exists apparently regardless of the embodiment in this family. The problem is called the non-integer tooth problem and its occurrences are detailed in each of the three embodiments. Specific solutions to the problem, as embodied in each case, are presented. Two additional embodiments of the positive engagement type are also presented for comparison. These last embodiments rely on less efficient methods of power transmission but are not subject to the non-integer tooth problem.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
EQUITY-PREMIUM AND RISK-FREE-RATE PUZZLES AT LONG HORIZONS

The failure of consumption-based asset pricing models to match the stochastic properties of the equity premium and the risk-free rate has been attributed by some authors to frictions, transaction costs, or durability. However, such frictions primarily would affect the higher-frequency data components: Consumption-based pricing models that concentrate on long-horizon returns should be more successful. We consider two consumption-based models: time-separable utility, and the habit model of Constantinides. We estimate a vector ARCH model that includes the pricing kernel and the equity return, and use the fitted model to assess the model's implications for the equity premium and for the risk-free rate. Neither model performs well at a quarterly horizon, but at longer horizons the Constantinides model can match the mean and the variance of the observed equity premium, captures time variation of the equity premium, and can better match the observed risk-free rate. We conclude that the equity-premium and risk-free-rate puzzles are primarily problems for shorter-horizon returns.
Remarks on the brightness paradox described by Metzger

1. The Metzger effect, i. e. the brightening of a Hering spot shadow after the introduction of a larger shadow, cannot be explained as a case of transformation. Theoretical considerations as well as experimental evidence speak against this explanation. 2. Experiments with changing fixation point show that a retinal explanation is equally impossible. 3. The after effect in time is essential for the Metzger phenomenon. The place of the after effect is determined by the structure of the field and not by retinal localisation as is the case with the ordinary after image.
The origins of the environmental systems and sustainability roundtables: design, core competencies, and certification/accreditation of interdisciplinary environmental academic programmes

The Interdisciplinary Environmental Association has sponsored a series of invited roundtables on the issue of how to craft and validate degree-granting programmes in environmental systems and sustainability, addressing the goal of studying the holistic, adaptive management of the health and resilience of the systems at the human-nature interface to support stewardship of the natural environment and long term improvement in the human condition. The challenges of adapting and aiding existing ‘environmental’ programmes are acknowledged as historic barriers to the implementation of such programmes. The roundtables seek to address these challenges, especially in the areas of interdisciplinary/supradisciplinary teaching, core competencies, certification or accreditation for the purpose of giving programmes and graduates validation, and institutional administration. The hope is that the ESS roundtables, in conjunction with the efforts of other organisations of similar perspective, will be able to produce a series of papers and proposals for facilitating ESS programmes.
Manipulating task instructions to change narrative discourse performance

Background: A frequent method for eliciting narratives involves presenting picture stimuli and instructing the participant to “tell me what is happening in the picture(s) or tell me everything you see going on in the picture(s)”. It has been suggested that such instructions do not make an explicit request for providing temporal–causal information and so narrative samples frequently comprise listed information. Olness (2006) investigated the effect of task instruction on verb forms produced by adults with aphasia when describing pictures and found that using instructions that explicitly requested temporal–causal information—“Make up your own story about what happened, with a beginning, middle, and an end” (p. 179)—improved the ability of participants to convey the temporal–causal interrelationship depicted in single pictures. Further interpretation of the results was limited due to the lack of non‐brain‐injured participants for comparison. Aims: The purpose of the study was (1) to compare the performance o...
Modeling techniques and design principles of a low-aspect-ratio active aeroservoelastic wing

The design of a new aeroservoelastic wing configuration is detailed. The design uses a torque plate mounted within an aerodynamic shell. As the plate is actively twisted, the shell, which is connected to the plate at the tip, undergoes a pitch deflection. An active torque plate for a low aspect ratio subsonic wing section is analyzed and designed with laminated plate theory. Several actuator elements were considered for the plate, including: conventionally attached lead zirconate titanate (PZT), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), piezoelectric fiber composites and directionally attached piezoelectric (DAP) elements. The analytical studies demonstrate that the highest twist deflections are obtained by DAP elements bonded to a beryllium substrate which produces twist deflections and restrained moments that are 67% greater than the next closest actuator material. An aeroservoelastic wing using the DAP torque plate was constructed to demonstrate the concept. The wing used an active plate made from DAP elements bonded to an AISI 1010 steel substrate. The torque plate was mounted within a graphite-epoxy wing with a modified NACA 0012 profile, measuring 2.6' in chord with a 3.66' span. The wing was tested to 160 ft/s and exhibited a stable increase in pitch deflection (in addition to the +/- 3.5 degree(s) static deflection) with theory and experiment in close agreement.
Subcellular Distributions of Parathyroid Hormone, Hormonal Precursors, and Parathyroid Secretory Protein*

Distributions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), proparathyroid hormone (ProPTH), preproparathyroid hormone (PreProPTH), and parathyroid secretory protein (PSP) were analyzed in subcellular fractions prepared from homogenates of bovine parathyroid glands. Slices of bovine parathyroid glands were incubated with radiolabeled amino acids for 3–30 min to selectively label newly synthesized proteins. Subcellular fractions were prepared from homogenates of the gland slices by differential centrifugation. Newly synthesized labeled hormonal polypeptides in the fractions were analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, and total amounts of PTH and ProPTH (previously formed and newly synthesized) were determined by immunoassay. Ninety percent of total immunoreactive, 70–80% of newly synthesized PTH, ProPTH, and PreProPTH, and 50% of PSP were found in sedimentable particulate fractions. The low speed (800 × g) pellet, which consisted predominantly of cell debris and nuclei with adherent remnants of cytoplasm, con...
Slow‐Wave uhf Ferrite Phase Shifters

A brief general discussion of the loss mechanisms of ferrites and garnets is given. An idealized representation of the absorption loss as a function of frequency and the applied magnetic field is utilized to define five distinct regions within which devices using ferrimagnetic materials may be operated with low absorption loss.
Postoperative Jejunal Feedings Following Complicated Pancreatitis

Some surgeons avoid placing a jejunostomy in patients with complications, fearing either exacerbation of the disease during enteral feedings or complications from the jejunostomies. Eleven patients with hemorrhagic pancreatitis (four), pancreatic abscess (five), or infected pseudocyst (two) underwent placements of needle (five) or Red Robinson (six) jejunal catheters during laparotomy. Five patients had been given 30.8 +/- 16 liters of TPN over 25 +/- 12 days preoperatively. Only two patients received TPN postoperatively because of progressive sepsis with enteral intolerance to feedings. One of these patients developed a jejunal leak near the placement of the Red Robinson catheter. Both patients died of complications from their pancreatic disease. The remaining nine patients received 35.6 +/- 8.6 liters of enteral feedings over 31 +/- 6.8 days before resuming oral intake. Glucosuria and hyperglycemia were common, but easily managed. No catheters were lost, and diarrhea necessitating slowing and diluting the diet was unusual after the first week. Enteral feeding did not elevate amylase values. Therefore, jejunal feedings can be given safely in patients with severe acute pancreatic disease to provide prolonged nutrition without aggravating the disease.
Depleted dissolved organic carbon and distinct bacterial communities in the water column of a rapid-flushing coral reef ecosystem.

Coral reefs are highly productive ecosystems bathed in unproductive, low-nutrient oceanic waters, where microbially dominated food webs are supported largely by bacterioplankton recycling of dissolved compounds. Despite evidence that benthic reef organisms efficiently scavenge particulate organic matter and inorganic nutrients from advected oceanic waters, our understanding of the role of bacterioplankton and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the interaction between reefs and the surrounding ocean remains limited. In this study, we present the results of a 4-year study conducted in a well-characterized coral reef ecosystem (Paopao Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia) where changes in bacterioplankton abundance and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were quantified and bacterial community structure variation was examined along spatial gradients of the reef:ocean interface. Our results illustrate that the reef is consistently depleted in concentrations of both DOC and bacterioplankton relative to offshore waters (averaging 79 μmol l−1 DOC and 5.5 × 108 cells l−1 offshore and 68 μmol l−1 DOC and 3.1 × 108 cells l−1 over the reef, respectively) across a 4-year time period. In addition, using a suite of culture-independent measures of bacterial community structure, we found consistent differentiation of reef bacterioplankton communities from those offshore or in a nearby embayment across all taxonomic levels. Reef habitats were enriched in Gamma-, Delta-, and Betaproteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Specific bacterial phylotypes, including members of the SAR11, SAR116, Flavobacteria, and Synechococcus clades, exhibited clear gradients in relative abundance among nearshore habitats. Our observations indicate that this reef system removes oceanic DOC and exerts selective pressures on bacterioplankton community structure on timescales approximating reef water residence times, observations which are notable both because fringing reefs do not exhibit long residence times (unlike those characteristic of atoll lagoons) and because oceanic DOC is generally recalcitrant to degradation by ambient microbial assemblages. Our findings thus have interesting implications for the role of oceanic DOM and bacterioplankton in the ecology and metabolism of reef ecosystems.
The distribution and anisotropy of the stiffness of cancellous bone in the human patella

Abstract The distribution and anisotropy of the stiffness of cancellous bone in the human patella was studied by compression testing of small cubes cut from autopsy speciments. The observed variations bear a definite relationship to the internal architecture which can be accounted for by a simple sheet-and-strut model. The observed stiffness can be calculated with reasonable accuracy for loads approximately parallel to the sheets, with the proposed model. The spatial distribution of the stiffness was plotted and a close relationship to mechanical function is suggested.
Zonal deformable mirror for laser wavefront control

We have developed a zonal deformable mirror that controls the wavefront of a high average power visible laser beam used for isotope separation. The mirror corrects greater than five waves of astigmatism, power, or random second order aberrations to 1/20 wave rms. Sufficient resolution is achieved to correct third order aberrations as well. A monolithic glass substrate with dimensions 77 mm X 121 mm X 10 mm is used in this design. Twenty-five actuator attachment members are incorporated into the shape of the back side of the substrate. Piezoelectric translators (PZTs) attached in a rectangular array deform the continuous substrate to the proper conjugate shape. The PZTs are attached through flexures designed to be compressionally stiff and laterally soft. In this way the intended PZT displacement is transmitted efficiently to the substrate while isolating both the mirror and the PZTs from undesirable lateral loads. Mirror parameters were determined from elastic mechanical beam approximations. Finite element analysis was used to verify performance prior to prototyping. A Hartmann sensor controls the mirror in a closed loop adaptive system. The system description is covered in a companion paper. This paper describes the mirror design and presents performance data.
Treating Mixed Hyperlipidemia and the Atherogenic Lipid Phenotype for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events

Statins reduce cardiovascular events and cardiovascular and total mortality in persons at risk for and with coronary disease, but there remains a significant residual event rate, particularly in those with the atherogenic lipid phenotype that is characterized by a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and increase in non-HDL cholesterol. Large outcome trials designed to assess the value of combining statins with other agents to target HDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol will not be completed for a few years, but there is ample evidence for the clinician to consider combination therapy. The choices for therapies to supplement statins include niacin, fibrates, and omega-3 fatty acids. We present the argument that after therapeutic lifestyle changes, the first priority should be the maximally tolerated effective dose of a potent statin. Evidence supports the addition of niacin as the second agent. In some situations, high-dose omega-3 fatty acid therapy could be the first agent added to statins. Although fibrate monotherapy alone or in combination with non-statin low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering agents can be effective in mixed hyperlipidemia when statins are not tolerated, the combination of statin+fibrate should be considered second-line therapy until the efficacy and safety are established.
Chaos and the quantum-classical correspondence in the kicked pendulum

The problem of determining the quantum signature of a classically chaotic system is studied for the periodically kicked pendulum. In parallel with the observation that chaos creates exponential growth of intrinsic fluctuations in classical, macroscopic, dissipative systems, we find that the quantum variances initially grow exponentially if the corresponding classical description is chaotic. The rate of growth is connected to the corresponding classical Jacobi matrix and, thereby, to the largest classical Liapunov exponent. These connections are established by examining the correspondence between the quantum Husimi-0 Connell-Wigner distribution and the classical Liouville distribution for an ensemble. Explicit results for the kicked pendulum are presented.
Interferon-β inhibits proliferation and progression through S phase of the cell cycle in five glioma cell lines

The growth inhibitory effect of IFN-β was evaluated in 5 human glioma cell lines (AO2V4, GJC, GJR, NN and NNR) and in normal astrocyte cultures (SC and TM). All 5 glioma cell lines showed an anti-proliferative response to IFN-β whereas normal glial cells were non-responsive. IFN-β at 10, 100 and 500 U/ml lead to a 30%,70% and 80% relative decrease in cell number after 12 days, respectively in AO2V4 cells. GJC and GJR cell lines also responded significantly to the lowest concentration of IFN-β tested and at 500 U/ml the relative cell number decreased 55%. The NN and NNR cells were the least responsive to IFN-β with maximum growth inhibition of 30% at 500 U IFN-β/ml. Following treatment with IFN-β, AO2V4, GJC, GJR and normal astrocytes all expressed mRNA encoding the anti-viral protein, 2-5A synthetase demonstrating that IFN-β bound to receptors on all four cell lines and activated signal transduction pathways required for induction of an anti-viral protein. A determination of the relative number of viable cells showed that none of these cells exhibited a significant decrease in cell viability. Since the antiproliferative response to IFN-β was not primarily due to cell death, the effect of IFN-β on cell cycle progression was evaluated by flow cytometry. All treated glioma cell lines showed a relative increase in proportion of cells in S phase. AO2V4 cells had a 50%–80% increase in the percentage of cells in S phase, whereas GJC, GJR and NNR had percentage increases of 20%–40%. IFN-β treatment of normal astrocytes did not significantly alter their cell cycle profile. These data suggest that IFN-β exerts its antiproliferative effect on glioma cells by arresting the ordered progression through S phase or decreasing entry into G2/M phase of the cell cycle.
Hafnium-Doped Tantalum Oxide High-k Gate Dielectrics

Physical and electrical properties of hafnium-doped tantalum oxide thin films were studied. The doping process affects the structures, composition, thickness, dielectric constant, charges, and leakage current density of both the bulk film and the interface layer. Compared with the undoped film, the lightly doped film exhibited improved dielectric properties, such as a higher dielectric constant, a smaller fixed charge density, a larger dielectric strength, and a lower leakage current. The postdeposition annealing process condition, such as temperature and time, also influences the high-k film's dielectric properties. In summary, the hafnium-doped tantalum oxide film is a promising high-k gate dielectric material for future metal-oxide-semiconductor devices.
Probing the Agonist Domain of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by Cysteine Scanning Mutagenesis Reveals Residues in Proximity to the α-Bungarotoxin Binding Site†

We have constructed a series of cysteine-substitution mutants in order to identify residues in the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) that are involved in α-bungarotoxin (α-Bgtx) binding. Following transient expression in HEK 293-derived TSA-201 cells, covalent modification of the introduced cysteines with thiol-specific reagents reveals that α subunit residues W187, V188, F189, Y190, and P194 are solvent accessible and are in a position to contribute to the α-Bgtx binding site in native receptors. These results with the intact receptor are consistent with NMR studies of an α-Bgtx/receptor−dodecapeptide complex [Basus, V., Song., G., and Hawrot, E. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 12290−12298]. We pursued a more detailed analysis of the F189C mutant as this site varies substantially between AChRs that bind Bgtx and certain neuronal AChRs that do not. Treatment of intact cells expressing F189C with either bromoacetylcholine (BrACh) or [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl] methane-thiosulfonate (MTSET), bot...
Low-stress and high-reflectivity molybdenum/silicon multilayers deposited by low-pressure rotary magnet cathode sputtering for EUV lithography

We fabricated molybdenum (Mo)/silicon (Si) multilayers with low-pressure rotary magnet cathode (RMC) sputtering, which can be performed at a lower gas pressure (about 0.1Pa) than conventional magnetron sputtering. We obtained high reflectivity at a wavelength of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) in Mo/Si multilayers sputtered with low-pressure xenon (Xe) gas. The measured maximum reflectivity was approximately 71%. We confirmed that the multilayers sputtered at a lower pressure exhibited higher reflectivity. From the transmission electron microscope (TEM) cross-sectional images we observed thinner interdiffusion layers between Mo and Si layers in multilayers sputtered by RMC sputtering than in those sputtered by ion-beam sputtering. The Mo single layer deposited by RMC sputtering had tensile stress and the Si single layer had compressive stress. By changing the Γ ratio (the fractional thickness ratio of a Mo layer to the total thickness of a Mo layer and a Si layer) of the multilayer coatings, the film stress was controlled from tensile to compressive. However, for large Γ ratios, the interface roughness was increased and the EUV reflectivity was reduced. We have developed a doubly stacked multilayer structure that can provide low stress and high EUV reflectivity simultaneously. By using this technique, the stress of multilayer coatings was reduced to -6MPa while maintaining the high EUV reflectivity of 69%.
Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use and bladder cancer risk in a prospective study

Sex is a consistent predictor of bladder cancer: men experience 2-4-fold higher age-adjusted rates than women in the U.S. and Europe. The objective of this study was to examine whether hormone-related factors are associated with bladder cancer in women. We examined parity, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at menopause, oral contraceptive use and menopausal hormone therapy (HT) use and bladder cancer risk in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-Up Study. Endpoint and exposure information was collected on 54,308 women, using annual telephone interviews (1980-86) and 3 mailed, self-administered questionnaires (1987-98). During an average follow-up time of 15.3 years, 167 cases of bladder cancer were identified. Univariate and adjusted rate ratios (RRs) were estimated using Poisson regression. Parity, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at menopause, and oral contraceptive use were not associated with bladder cancer risk. The majority of menopausal women who took HT used estrogen therapy (ET). Postmenopausal women with less than 4 years, 4-9 years, 10-19 years and 20 or more years of ET use had RRs of 1.55 (95% CI = 0.96-2.51), 1.00 (95% CI = 0.49-2.04), 1.23 (95% CI = 0.62-2.43) and 0.57 (95% CI = 0.14-2.34), respectively, compared with nonusers (p = 0.50). Findings from this study are not consistent with the hypothesis that hormone-related factors in women are associated with bladder cancer.
A Scalable Turbulent Mixing Aerosol Reactor for Oxide-Coated Silicon Nanoparticles

A new, turbulent flow aerosol reactor is described that enables synthesis of uniformly sized aerosol nanoparticles during a residence time of a few milliseconds. The short residence time allows processing of high number concentration aerosols, in excess of 10^9 cm^(-3), to be processed with minimal coagulation, leading to an aerosol throughput approaching 10^(11) particles cm^(-3) s^(-1). Turbulent mixing speeds thermal and chemical transport beyond diffusional limits inherent in laminar flow reactors, providing the thermal energy to drive chemical reactions, coalescence, densification, and crystallization of particles. With enhanced transport, residence time in the reactor can be reduced, thus limiting coagulate particle growth while maintaining a high throughput of nonlayered or multilayered aerosol particles. The turbulence that enables rapid mixing is generated by dissipation of kinetic energy supplied to the reactor by high velocity gas jets. The apparatus described here increased the throughput by a factor of 100 above previous laminar flow reactors, and the induced fast mixing enables scale-up to much higher throughput. Characterization of particles by differential mobility analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirmed uniformity in size and composition.