cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between programmable shunt valves and the iPad 3 with Smart Cover

Introduction In patients with programmable CSF shunt valves, the risk of unintentional valve adjustment associated with the environmental magnetic influence is ever present. We tested whether the iPad 3 with Smart Cover is capable of changing the setting of individual programmable valves ex vivo using direct fluoroscopic visualization.
Multi-server threshold queues with hysteresis

Abstract A queueing system with K servers operates in the following manner. When the system is empty, arriving customers are attended by only one server. A set of forward threshold values is defined so that at epochs at which the number of customers in the system exceeds a forward threshold value an extra server is added. Similarly, a set of reverse threshold values is defined so that at epochs at which the number of customers in the system becomes less than a reverse threshold value one server is removed. The forward and reverse threshold values are assumed to be different. Closed-form occupancy distribution and mean delay of customers in the system are obtained by the Green's function method.
Managerial Adaptation through the Market in the Public Sector: Theoretical Framework and Four Models

During the last two decades, governments made significant efforts to simultaneously reduce the size and increase the efficiency of government. This study examines multifaceted nature of government’s managerial adaptation through the market, which has been one of the key elements of New Public Management. The study posits a theoretical framework of governance and explores some key concepts including government capacities, mechanisms, and governance functions. Based on the framework, the authors identify four models of governance: the traditional bureaucratic model (governance by the bureaucratic mechanism without the market mechanism), the contracting-out model (governance by the joint bureaucratic and market mechanisms), the contracting-in model (governance by the bureaucratic mechanism through the market mechanism), and the public-private direct competition model (governance by the market mechanism). This study also discusses the effects of adopting the contracting-out, contracting-in, and public-private direct competition models on public accountability.
InP and InAsP/InP heterostructures grown on InP (111)B substrates by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract InP and InAsP/InP heterostructures have been grown on InP (111)B substrates by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Specular surface morphology was obtained under growth conditions determined by optimizing the substrate temperature, V/III incorporation ratio and substrate misorientation. High-quality InP homoepitaxial layers and InAsP/InP strained multiple quantum wells were characterized by Nomarski interference contrast image, X-ray rocking curve and low-temperature photoluminescence measurements.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LONGTANGOU BITUMINOUS SANDSTONE IN LINGYUAN, EASTERN YANSHAN REGION, NORTH CHINA : APPROACH TO A PRECAMBRIAN RESERVOIR BITUMEN

Abstract Based on geological results, Longtangou bituminous sandstone is a fossil oil pool formed and subsequently altered by gabbro-diabase sills during the Precambrian time. GC and GA/MS analyses have been performed for the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of the bituminous sandstone, in which steranes and hopanes are totally absent; a novel tricyclic terpane series (C18–C23) with a 13α(n-alkyl)-configuration side-chain has been conclusively identified, and another regular tricyclic terpane series as well as certain sesqui- and diterpenoid compounds were detected as well. These results indicate some significant characteristics of specific source input, sedimentary environment and oil maturation for the Precambrian organic matter and hydrocarbon.
Brain-based mechanisms underlying complex causal thinking

We use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral analyses to study the neural roots of biases in causal reasoning. Fourteen participants were given a task requiring them to interpret data relative to plausible and implausible causal theories. Encountering covariation-based data during the evaluation of a plausible theory as opposed to an implausible theory selectively recruited neural tissue in the prefrontal and occipital cortices. In addition, the plausibility of a causal theory modulated the recruitment of distinct neural tissue depending on the extent to which the data were consistent versus inconsistent with the theory provided. Specifically, evaluation of data consistent with a plausible causal theory recruited neural tissue in the parahippocampal gyrus, whereas evaluating data inconsistent with a plausible theory recruited neural tissue in the anterior cingulate, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and precuneus. We suggest that these findings provide a neural instantiation of the mechanisms by which working hypotheses and evidence are integrated in the brain.
Human hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases 1 (FMO1) and 3 (FMO3) developmental expression.

The flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are important for the metabolism of numerous therapeutics and toxicants. Six mammalian FMO genes (FMO1–6) have been identified, each exhibiting developmental and tissue- and species-specific expression patterns. Previous studies demonstrated that human hepatic FMO1 is restricted to the fetus whereas FMO3 is the major adult isoform. These studies failed to describe temporal expression patterns, the precise timing of the FMO1/FMO3 switch, or potential control mechanisms. To address these questions, FMO1 and FMO3 were quantified in microsomal fractions from 240 human liver samples representing ages from 8 wk gestation to 18 y using Western blotting. FMO1 expression was highest in the embryo (8–15 wk gestation; 7.8 ± 5.3 pmol/mg protein). Low levels of FMO3 expression also were detectable in the embryo, but not in the fetus. FMO1 suppression occurred within 3 d postpartum in a process tightly coupled to birth, but not gestational age. The onset of FMO3 expression was highly variable, with most individuals failing to express this isoform during the neonatal period. FMO3 was detectable in most individuals by 1-2 y of age and was expressed at intermediate levels until 11 y (12.7 ± 8.0 pmol/mg protein). These data suggest that birth is necessary, but not sufficient for the onset of FMO3 expression. A gender-independent increase in FMO3 expression was observed from 11 to 18 y of age (26.9 ± 8.6 pmol/mg protein). Finally, 2- to 20-fold interindividual variation in FMO1 and FMO3 protein levels were observed, depending on the age bracket.
Processing multi-way spatial joins on map-reduce

In this paper we investigate the problem of processing multi-way spatial joins on map-reduce platform. We look at two common spatial predicates - overlap and range. We address these two classes of join queries, discuss the challenges and outline novel approaches for executing these queries on a map-reduce framework. We then discuss how we can process join queries involving both overlap and range predicates. Specifically we present a Controlled-Replicate framework using which we design the approaches presented in this paper. The Controlled-Replicate framework is carefully engineered to minimize the communication among cluster nodes. Through experimental evaluations we discuss the complexity of the problem under investigation, details of Controlled-Replicate framework and demonstrate that the proposed approaches comfortably outperform naive approaches.
Three rationalities in development decision-making

Abstract Development performance is, in most cases, disappointing. Numerous obstacles, domestic and international, impede success. This paper argues that, in addition to these, bad development decision-making contributes to failure. The author analyzes how three distinct rationalities, or basic approaches to logic, converge in decision-making arenas. These are technological, political, and ethical rationality. Each has a distinct goal and a peculiar animating spirit or basic procedure. Problems arise because each rationality approaches the other two in reductionist fashion, seeking to impose its view of goals and procedures on the decision-making process. The result is technically sound decisions which are politically unfeasible or morally unacceptable or, in other cases, ethically sound choices which are technically inefficient or politically impossible. The author illustrates the workings of the three rationalities in three sectors of contemporary Brazilian development strategy: a dam construction project in the impoverished Northeast region, an experimental approach to municipal government in greater Sao Paulo, and an ambitious program of incentives aimed at diversifying agricultural production in the Northeast. The conclusion: a new model of mutually respectful — and not reductionist — dialogue among the three rationalities is urgently needed in arenas of developmental decision-making.
Incidence of pulmonary vein complications after lung transplantation: a prospective transesophageal echocardiographic study.

Abstract Objectives . This study attempted to document the incidence of pulmonary vein complications and their potential relation to clinical outcome in patients after lung transplantation. Background . Several case reports have documented the presence of pulmonary venous thrombosis causing graft failure in patients after lung transplantation. Because the presentation of these complications mimics that of other postoperative problems, the true incidence of pulmonary vein abnormalities remains unclear. Transesophageal echocardiography is ideally suited to examine the pulmonary veins in the postoperative setting. Methods . Twenty-one consecutive patients undergoing lung transplantation at our institution underwent transesophageal echocardiography within 32 days of transplantation (mean [± SD] 6.5 ± 7.8 days). Special attention was placed on visualizing the pulmonary veins. Results . Six (29%) of the 21 patients were noted to have abnormalities of the pulmonary veins in the vicinity of the anastomotic site. After follow-up of 30 days, 4 of these patients (67%) had significant cardiovascular morbidity, and 2 died, compared with 1 (7%) of 15 patients with normal pulmonary veins (p = 0.03). The degree of obstruction of the pulmonary vein appeared to correlate with short-term outcome. Conclusions . Abnormalities of the pulmonary veins are common after lung transplantation and are easily identified by transesophageal echocardiography. Occlusive thrombi appear to be detrimental to short-term outcome.
Evaluation of the Du Pont Pro-Tek® Formaldehyde Badge and the 3M Formaldehyde Monitor

The 3M Formaldehyde Monitor and the DuPont Pro-Tek® Formaldehyde Badge were evaluated for performance and reliability. This evaluation revealed that the 3M monitor results were variable and lower than reference concentrations determined independently. When the monitors were humidified before use and then exposed in humid (ca. 80% RH) formaldehyde-containing atmosphere, the monitors did give accurate results. Results of additional experiments led to the conclusion that quantitative reaction between formaldehyde generated in our chamber and the absorbent pad in the 3M monitor required the presence of a minimum level of absorbed water. The DuPont badges gave good agreement with the reference concentrations determined independently under the following conditions: a) sampling period of 1 to 12 hr with a minimum integrated sample loading of 4 ppm-hr; b) at feast 3 m/min (10 ft/min) face velocity; c) correction for blank badges; and d) correction for loss of reagent from the samples. The evaluation indicated tha...
A dynamic asymptotically ideal model of money demand

Abstract We estimate a dynamic asymptotically ideal model of a system of money demand equations. This specification allows incomplete portfolio adjustment. We base our policy conclusions on Morishima elasticities, because as Blackorby and Russell (1989) show, the Allen-Uzawa elasticities can give misleading results. We find that cash assets, savings deposits, and small time deposits are all substitutes for each other. These results imply that monetary authorities should target a relatively broad monetary aggregate that includes these assets, if policy is to have predictable effects on the economy.
The biological predisposition to obesity: beyond the thrifty genotype scenario.

It is hard to dispute the fact that the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing around the world and that the obese are becoming more severely obese. However, there are few certainties concerning the true causes of the phenomenon. We often hear that as the human gene pool could not have changed rapidly enough to explain this acute rise in prevalence, the latter is undoubtedly caused by changes in our environment and our way of life. It is not uncommon to read or hear in some quarters that biology has nothing to do with the current epidemic of excess weight. But the converse is also true; there are biologists who hold the view that it is caused by vulnerabilities in our genome. As is generally the case when such diametrically opposed views are upheld, the truth lies somewhere in the middle.
Size and Structure in Complex Organizations

A path model of structural change and growth for complex organizations was constructed to investigate relationships between organizational size and spatial, vertical, and horizontal complexity. It was estimated using data from a heterogeneous sample of federal and state agencies located in California. The findings alter and extend the explanatory scheme and the generalizability of Blau's formal theory of differentiation, as well as recent modifications of that theory. Several new relationships were considered. They suggested two things: certain established propositions may be unique to organizational types; and they support several alternative propositions about organizational growth and
Liver and intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins obtain fatty acids from phospholipid membranes by different mechanisms

Intestinal enterocytes contain high concentra- tions of two cytosolic fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP), liver FABP (L-FABP) and intestinal FABP (I-FABP), which are hypothesized to play a role in cellular fatty acid traffick- ing. The mechanism(s) by which fatty acids move from membranes to each of these proteins is not known. Here we demonstrate that fluorescent anthroyloxy fatty acid ana- logues (AOFA) are transferred from phospholipid vesicles to L-FABP versus I-FABP by different mechanisms. For L-FABP a diffusion-mediated transfer process is demonstrated. The AOFA transfer rate from phosphatidylcholine-containing vesicles (POPC) to L-FABP is similar to that observed with another diffusional process, namely inter-membrane AOFA transfer. Furthermore, the AOFA transfer rate was modu- lated by buffer ionic strength and AOFA solubility, while the transfer rate remained relatively unchanged by the presence of anionic phospholipids in vesicles. In contrast, the data for I-FABP suggest that a transient collisional interaction of I-FABP with the phospholipid membrane occurs during AOFA extraction from the vesicles by the protein. In particular, the presence of the anionic phospholipid cardiolipin in do- nor vesicles increased the rate of AOFA transfer to I-FABP by 15-fold compared with transfer to POPC vesicles. The effects of ionic strength on transfer suggest that the interac- tion of I-FABP with cardiolipin-containing vesicles is likely to contain an electrostatic component. Finally, based on the regulation of AOFA transfer to I-FABP compared with trans- fer from I-FABP, it is hypothesized that apo- and holo-I- FABPs adopt conformations which may differentially promote I-FABP-membrane interactions. In summary, the results suggest that I-FABP, but not L-FABP, can directly extract fatty acids from membranes, supporting the concept that I- FABP may increase the cytosolic flux of fatty acids via inter- membrane transfer. —Thumser, A. E. A., and J. Storch. Liver and intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins obtain fatty acids from phospholipid membranes by different mecha- nisms. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 647-656.
The major role of human AP-endonuclease homolog Apn2 in repair of abasic sites in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The abasic (AP) sites, the major mutagenic and cytotoxic genomic lesions, induced directly by oxidative stress and indirectly after excision of damaged bases by DNA glycosylases, are repaired by AP-endonucleases (APEs). Among two APEs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Apn1 provides the major APE activity, and Apn2, the ortholog of the mammalian APE, provides back-up activity. We have cloned apn1 and apn2 genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and have shown that inactivation of Apn2 and not Apn1 sensitizes this fission yeast to alkylation and oxidative damage-inducing agents, which is further enhanced by Apn1 inactivation. We also show that Uve1, present in S.pombe but not in S.cerevisiae, provides the back-up APE activity together with Apn1. We confirmed the presence of APE activity in recombinant Apn2 and in crude cell extracts. Thus S.pombe is distinct from S.cerevisiae, and is similar to mammalian cells in having Apn2 as the major APE.
Disability Through the Lens of Culture

ABSTRACT Effective social work requires cultural sensitivity and competency. Until recently, there was little discussion of culture outside of the contexts of race or ethnicity. This article is an exploration of the key components of culture with application to the community of people with disabilities. The language, history, stigmatization, economic concerns, common behaviors, and practices of people with disabilities are highlighted. A literature review of sensitivity and competency in cross-cultural practice is provided. The article furnishes insights into the lived experience of disability. Suggestions to help practitioners reduce the risks of harm and improve service to this population are presented. Content on disability culture is proposed for social work educators to infuse into core curriculum or add to diversity electives.
Therapeutic Change The Raison D’être for Counseling Competence

In this rejoinder, the authors respond to the comments, feedback, and suggestions offered by Hatcher, Miville, and Nutt. The authors clarify a possible point of confusion, reaffirm their contention that the crux of sound psychology practice rests on therapists’ ability to facilitate change with their clients, and acknowledge both the progressive development that characterizes the process of becoming a competent counselor and the problem of assuming advanced training alone can compensate for the limitations inherent in the microskills-only approach to training. Next, the authors address the issue of complexity, including their intention to balance the need to provide a coherent, accessible model that does not fall prey to oversimplification. Finally, the authors note key similarities to and differences from the competency benchmarks and invite their colleagues to join them in the rigorous testing needed to validate their model of counseling competence.
Computer and information technology: Software

Computers open the door to an ever-expanding arena of knowledge andtechnology. Most nurses practicing in perianesthesia settings were educated before the computer era, and many fear computers and the associated technology. Frequently, the greatest difficulty is finding the resources and knowing what questions to ask. The following is the first in a series of articles on computers and information technology. This article discusses computer hardware to get the novice started or the experienced user upgraded to access new technologies and the Internet. Future articles will discuss start up and usual software applications, getting up to speed on the information superhighway, and other technologies that will broaden our knowledge and expand our personal and professional world.
Cultural differences and the management of engineering in US-Japanese joint ventures

Interviews with engineers working for three US-Japanese joint ventures operating in the United States revealed several important differences in the cognitive frameworks used by US and Japanese engineers. The author interprets these differences according to concepts of cultural orientations toward information and time management developed by E.T. Hall and M.R. Hall (1987). He explains how practices and people deemed efficient in one culture may seem inefficient in another. It is noted that a failure to recognize these differences can make it difficult to evaluate people and organizations from another culture and difficult to negotiate the creation of hybrid bicultural organizations. >
Intensity–Time Relationship at Threshold for Spectral Stimuli in Human Vision*

The intensity–time relationship at threshold of the human eye has been investigated with special attention to temporal-summation effects and Bloch’s Law. The four parameters selected for this study include (a) narrow-band spectral stimuli of different dominant wavelengths, (b) foveal and peripheral retinal locations, (c) several stimulus sizes, and (d) light and dark surrounds. The results, obtained with three subjects, show that the intensity–time relationship is dependent upon the wavelength of the spectral stimulus when a large (45′) foveal stimulus is employed. No significant wavelength dependency was indicated with smaller (4.5′) foveal stimuli and varying stimulus diameters in the periphery. Data taken with a dark surround exhibited more temporal summation than that taken with a light surround. Results are discussed in relation to evidence for differently sized receptive fields for the red and blue cones and for the rod receptors.
Mature B-Cell Lymphoma and Leukemia in Children and Adolescents—Review of Standard Chemotherapy Regimen and Perspectives

Mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) comprises more than 50% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in children and adolescents. Many B-NHL subtypes frequently observed in adults are rarely diagnosed in children and adolescents. In this age group, Burkitt lymphoma (BL), Burkitt leukemia or FAB L3 leukemia (B-AL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and aggressive mature B-NHL not further classifiable (B-NHL nfc) are the most common subtypes. Diverse clinical trials demonstrated similar results of current combination chemotherapy regimens succeeding in overall survival rates of more than 80%. However, treatment-related toxicity and the poor prognosis of relapse are serious concerns. Furthermore, specific histological B-NHL subtypes are rare in children and optimal treatment is not established. New treatment modalities are urgently needed for these patient groups. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody that is already established in the treatment of adults with mature B-NHL, demonstrated promising results in pediatric patients. The definitive role of rituximab in the treatment of children and adolescents with B-NHL needs to be evaluated in prospective controlled clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of chemotherapy regimens and the perspectives for children and adolescents with mature B-cell lymphoma and leukemia.
Towards a Rehabilitation of Methadone Maintenance: Integration of Relapse Prevention and Aftercare

Methadone maintenance was originally proposed as a long-term treatment modality for opiate addiction. However, most clients leave methadone maintenance rather than take methadone indefinitely and subsequently relapse to opiate use. In this article, the author examines relapse to opiate use by clients during and after methadone maintenance treatment in the United States. He reviews models of relapse prevention and aftercare which may be applicable to clients in methadone treatment. There now exist structured and psychotherapeutic relapse prevention methods which may be integrated into methadone maintenance treatment and could serve, in addition, to revitalize methadone maintenance treatment. [Translations are provided; see the International Abstracts at the end of this issue.]
Influence of rain pulse characteristics over intrastorm throughfall hot moments

Abstract. Forest canopy alters the amount of rainfall reaching the surface by redistributing it as throughfall. Throughfall is critical to watershed ecological variables (soil moisture, stream water discharge/chemistry, and stormflow pathways) and controlled by canopy structural interactions with meteorological conditions across temporal scales (from seasonal to within-event). This work uses complete linkage cluster analysis to identify intrastorm rain pulses of distinct meteorological conditions (beginning-of-storm and internal-to-storm pulses that are atmospherically dry, moderate, or wet), relates each cluster to intrastorm throughfall responses, then applies multiple correspondence analyses (MCAs) to a range of meteorological thresholds (median intensity, coefficient of variation (CV) of intensity, mean wind-driven droplet inclination angle, and CV of wind speed) for identification of interacting storm conditions corresponding to hot moments in throughfall generation (≥ 80% of rainfall). Equalling/exceeding rain intensity thresholds (median and CV) corresponded with throughfall hot moments across all rain pulse types. Under these intensity conditions, two wind mechanisms produced significant correspondences: (1) high wind-driven droplet inclination angles under steady wind increased surface wetting; and (2) sporadic winds shook entrained droplets from surfaces. Correspondences with these threshold conditions were greatest for pulses of moderate vapour pressure deficit (VPD), but weakest under high VPD. Weaker correspondences between throughfall hot moments and meteorological thresholds for high VPD pulses may be because canopy structures were not included in the MCA. In that vein, strongest meteorological threshold correspondences to throughfall hot moments at our site may be a function of heavy T. usneoides coverage. Future applications of MCA within other forests are, therefore, recommended to characterize how throughfall hot moments may be affected along drainage paths dependent on different structures (leaves, twigs, branches, etc.).
Ethyl pyruvate decreases HMGB1 release and ameliorates murine colitis.

Signals from stressed cells and the enteric microbiota activate macrophages and dendritic cells and mediate intestinal inflammation. HMGB1 serves as an immunogenic stimuli causing release of inflammatory cytokines by myeloid cells. Ethyl pyruvate inhibits secretion of HMGB1 and improves survival in models of endotoxemia and hemorrhagic shock. We reasoned that ethyl pyruvate may be protective in colitis, which involves similar inflammatory pathways. In IL-10−/− mice with established chronic colitis, ethyl pyruvate administration ameliorated colitis and reduced intestinal cytokine production. IL-10−/− mice demonstrated increased intestinal HMGB1 expression and decreased expression of RAGE compared with wild-type mice. Fecal HMGB1 levels were decreased in ethyl pyruvate-treated mice. Furthermore, ethyl pyruvate induced HO-1 expression in intestinal tissue. In TNBS-induced colitis, intrarectal administration of ethyl pyruvate resulted in amelioration of colitis and reduced intestinal cytokine production. In LPS-activated murine macrophages, ethyl pyruvate decreased expression of IL-12 p40 and NO production but did not affect IL-10 levels. Ethyl pyruvate did not inhibit nuclear translocation of NF-κB family members but attenuated NF-κB DNA binding. Additionally, ethyl pyruvate induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression and HO-1 promoter activation. Moreover, ethyl pyruvate prevented nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1. In conclusion, the HMGB1/RAGE pathway has pathophysiologic and diagnostic significance in experimental colitis. Ethyl pyruvate and other strategies to inhibit HMGB1 release and function represent promising interventions in chronic inflammatory diseases.
The effect of end screw orientation on the stability of anterior instrumentation in cyclic lateral bending.

Abstract Background context Screw pullout at the proximal or distal end of multilevel anterior instrumentation can occur clinically. Previous laboratory studies have shown that angulation of vertebral body screws increases screw pullout strength and stability in toggling. Purpose To determine the effect of end screw angulation on instrumentation construct stability after cyclic, lateral bending. Study design A biomechanical study in calf spines comparing two anterior spinal instrumentation constructs, one with parallel polyaxial screws and the other with angled polyaxial end screws. Methods Sixteen instrumented constructs were made from eight thoracic (T8–T12) and eight lumbar calf spines (L1–L5). Eight (four lumbar specimens and four thoracic specimens) had five bicortical screws inserted mid-body and parallel to the end plates. The other eight specimens had two screws angled toward the superior end plates of the top two vertebrae; the middle vertebra had a mid-body screw parallel to the end plate, and the bottom two vertebrae had screws angled towards their inferior end plates. The constructs were then cycled in lateral bending, and the displacements of the two instrumentations with a 10 N-m bending load were compared. Results After 10,000 cycles, constructs with parallel end screws exhibited twice the average displacement than those with angled screws: 5.4 mm versus 2.9 mm (p=.031). Conclusion The use of angled screws at the ends of anterior constructs demonstrated increased construct stability after cycling compared with traditional transverse screws. Although angled screw insertion is technically more difficult and is possible only with specific screw designs, its use might increase instrumentation longevity.
A Composite Circuit Model for NDR Devices in Random Access Memory Cells

Devices exhibiting negative differential resistance (NDR), such as resonant tunneling diodes and Esaki-type diodes, offer the promise of converting a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell to operate like a static random access memory cell with potentially lower dynamic power dissipation and faster read and write operations than a conventional DRAM. However, a circuit model that describes the operation of the resulting novel memory cell and is of use for both hand analysis and design, and circuit simulation as has yet been developed due to the non-analytical current-voltage curve of the two NDR devices in the cell. In this paper, a "composite" circuit model is presented that describes the relationship between current and voltage at the common node of connection of the two NDR devices. The composite model is analytical and can easily be implemented in SPICE or any circuit simulator. It is also useful for hand analysis of the read/write performance metrics. Finally, comparisons of composite models are presented
Detailed Analysis of a Hybrid CFD-DSMC method for Hypersonic Non-Equilibrium Flows

A hybrid numerical scheme designed for hypersonic non-equilibrium flows is presented which solves the Navier-Stokes equations in regions of near-equilibrium and uses the direct simulation Monte Carlo method where the flow is in non-equilibrium. Detailed analysis of each stage of the hybrid cycle illustrates the difficulty in defining physically correct DSMC boundary conditions in regards to both macroscopic state, and velocity distribution. However, results also show that DSMC boundary conditions have little effect on a previously initialized interior particle domain. A sub-relaxation technique capable of determining macroscopic, hydrodynamic properties in a DSMC simulation is used to determine low-scatter boundary conditions for the NS domain. Particle and continuum domains adapt during the hybrid simulation through application of a continuum breakdown parameter based on the gradient-length Knudsen number. The hybrid code reproduces experimental results and full DSMC simulations in half the time for a large range of 1D shock waves in argon and diatomic nitrogen gas.
Electron-impact double ionization of B+

Time-dependent close-coupling and time-independent distorted-wave methods are used to calculate the electron-impact double-ionization cross section for the 1s22s2 ground configuration of the B+ atomic ion. The direct double-ionization cross section is calculated using the non-perturbative close-coupling method between the direct double-ionization threshold of 63.1 eV and the 1s ionization threshold of 218.4 eV. The indirect single ionization–autoionization cross section is calculated using the perturbative distorted-wave method between the 1s ionization threshold of 218.4 and 750 eV. The double-ionization cross section calculated using the two methods is compared with a crossed-beam experiment over the entire energy range.
Unintentional acetaminophen ingestion in children and the potential for hepatotoxicity.

Objective: Children who unintentionally ingest acetaminophen are often referred to health care facilities for evaluation. Criteria for referral are not well defined and the vast majority of these e...
Chronic anterior uveitis in common variable immunodeficiency.

Purpose: To describe patients with uveitis and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).Design: Retrospective observational case series.Methods: Retrospective review of patients with uveitis and CVID, specifically focusing on clinical presentation and treatment.Results: Three patients with CVID and uveitis were identified. All patients had chronic anterior uveitis. Two required systemic immunosuppression to control uveitis, with one of these patients relapsing after discontinuation of immunoglobulin therapy. One improved on topical steroid therapy; however, follow-up on this patient did not extend beyond 4 months.Conclusions: CVID can be associated with chronic anterior uveitis. Patients presenting with uveitis should be questioned about frequent infections and autoimmune disorders as part of the uveitis evaluation.
Funding the vision: the Access Colorado Library and Information Network

Describes the vision, development, initial and ongoing funding of the Access Colorado Library and Information Network (ACLIN). ACLIN is fully accessible and free to any Colorado resident with a computer and modem. It provides access to the holdings of 175 libraries and 25 databases, including the Colorado Legislative Database. Describes the strategies used to build both public and private partnerships, obtain federal and state partnerships, and establish both a technical infrastructure and training mechanisms. Also considers ongoing policy and budgeting issues.
Multi-Party Risk Management Decision Processes

Societal risk management decisions are usually made by multiple participants and reflect the interests of multiple stakeholders with partially conflicting interests and beliefs. The participants interact through decision processes in which individual proposals, choices, offers, commitments, and actions or behaviors are iteratively modified until an outcome is reached. Examples of such decision processes include contracts, negotiation (with or without arbitration), auctions, voting, tort liability systems, regulation, market processes and legislative politics.
Time Use on Caregiving Activities Comparing Federal Government and Private Sector Workers

Working mothers in federal service spend about 20 min per day less on caregiving activities, compared to their counterparts in the private sector. This result holds regardless of the type of job they hold, their educational attainment, marital status, the number and ages of their children, or the employment status of their spouse. This is an important result to federal agency recruitment, which targets a similar labor pool as does the private sector. It is also important to the retention of human capital in federal government, which has sought to establish a reputation as a model employer through the development and implementation of family-friendly workplace programs and a culture that supports overall work–life balance. However, mothers in federal service spend more time at work compared to their counterparts in the private sector, which prompts one to wonder whether less caregiving time and more work time is true balance.
Generation of Continuous Multivariate Distributions for Statistical Applications

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTTwo general and several specific schemes are described for generating variates from continuous multivariate distributions. Algorithms are provided for the multivariate normal, Johnson system, Cauchy, elliptically contoured (including Pearson Types II and VII), Morgenstern, Plackett, Ali, Gumbel, Burr (and related), Beta-Stacy and Khintchine distributions. Issues in designing multivariate Monte Carlo studies are discussed.
Preliminary Investigation into Thermal Degradation Behavior of Mobil Jet Oil II

Although rare, commercial airliners can experience contamination of their air supply from a number of sources. A potentially serious problem could involve aircraft working fluids like engine oils, hydraulic fluids or deicing fluids entering the aircraft cabin through contamination of the bleed air supply from the engines or from the auxiliary power unit during ground operations. These contaminants can cause the flight crew and passengers discomfort and in extreme cases could threaten health and safety of those onboard. This paper discusses a laboratory apparatus developed to study the thermal degradation of various aircraft working fluids at elevated temperatures representative of those found in a typical bleed air system (approximately 260˚C during normal flight, perhaps 400˚C during takeoff). The fluid samples are suspended from a microbalance and are positioned in a cylindrical heater in the laboratory apparatus. This arrangement allows the mass change of the test fluid sample to be carefully measured as it is exposed to elevated temperatures. The microbalance – heater assembly is placed inside a bell jar to contain any evolved gases or aerosolized by-products produced during the high temperature exposure. A Perkin-Elmer Spectrum GX Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer is used to analyze the components of the gases in the bell jar. Commercial carbon monoxide sensors and carbon dioxide sensors successfully detected and measured increased carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide levels due to thermal degradation of the test fluids. In this study, Mobil Jet Oil II was evaluated in the system and preliminary results are presented.
Body of the nation: mothering, prostitution, and women's place in post-Communist Latvia.

Among the guiding preoccupations of postcommunist Latvia and its east European neighbors is the desire to be “normal.” A unifying notion in the period of opposition to Soviet communism, “normality” became a site of political contestation after the restoration of independence in Latvia. The fields of political and social life have been dominated by two competing narratives of normality: temporal normality, a restorationist narrative that elevates the experiences and institutions of independent interwar Latvia as a model for postcommunist change, and spatial normality, which takes the western (European) road of capitalist modernity as a map for the future. Although frequently at odds with one another in the field of political life, the temporal and spatial narratives share a nation-centered orientation that both reinforces and, arguably, expands women's subjugated status in society and submerges the “woman question” beneath the "national question." That is to say that although women as members of the body of the citizenry share in the benefits that accrue to this group in the forms of free speech, voting rights, and the right to own property, women as women have not benefited and, in fact, have suffered the consequences of the dual trends of commodification and domestication that have accompanied, respectively, the push toward economic modernity and the elevation of tradition in social life.
The passivity of nickel in phosphate solutions: Part I. Effect of temperature

Abstract The effect of temperature on the passivity of nickel in 0.1 M Na2HPO4 solution was studied by combined electrochemical-ellipsometric techniques. The optical constants for the passive films were found to be slightly dependent on temperature over the range 25–90°C. At all temperatures, the passive film forms instantaneously and does not grow during the 1 h experimental period. However, the thickness of the film is potential and temperature-dependent. The principal effect of temperature is to modify the thickness of the passive film formed on nickel in phosphate solution.
FDG PET imaging in patients with lymphoma: a clinical perspective.

With their article in this issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine , Tatsumi et al. ([1][1]) add to the growing body of literature that indicates PET with FDG detects more disease sites than does conventional imaging with CT and gallium scintigraphy. The authors have extended that body of
Disorders of Sleep and Wakefulness

This article provides information on the background and development of "sleep disorders medicine" and sleep disorders centers and a discussion of obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, sleep-related periodic leg movements, and the use and misuse of hypnotic medication.
Factor VII Deficiency Remains Post-Puberty Due to Point Mutation in the HNF4 Binding Site in the Coagulant Factor VII Gene.

A novel T to C point mutation at −60 in the gene for coagulant Factor VII results in life-long severe coagulant Factor VII deficiency in post-pubertal twin males. The clinical course of these patients provides an informative in vivo example of the regulation of expression of vitamin K-dependent clotting protein Factor VII. An analogous point mutation in the HNF4 binding site in the Factor IX gene results in the clinical phenotype Hemophilia B Leyden, a sex-linked antigen-negative Factor IX deficiency that resolves post-puberty. The affected Factor VII deficient patients have prolonged prothrombin times (46 and 52 secs), normal aPTTs and decreased FVII levels of FVII:Coagulant activity: < 1% and FVII:Antigen: < 3%. The −60 mutation, ACTTTG → ACTCTG occurs 9 base pairs before the start site of transcription and 59 bps before the before the start site of translation. The twins are compound heterozygotes and also possess a mutation in exon 8 at amino acid 348, a mutation that has previously been reported to cause FVII deficiency. Both affected individuals have recurrent target joint hemorrhage (shoulder, elbow, ankle) requiring replacement therapy 6–12 times/year. Results: Gel mobility shift assays using a radio-labeled probe spanning from −76 to −46 in the FVII promoter region demonstrate the loss of binding of transcription factor HNF-4. Transient transfection assays in HepG2 cells using 186 bps of the mutant and the wildtype promoters (−185 to +1) revealed a loss of expression with the mutant allele. Co-transfection with an HNF4 expression plasmid resulted in an increase in expression of the wildetype construct in HeLa cells, a non-hepatic cell line. However, co-transfection of the HNF4 expression plasmid failed to increase expression with the construct containing the mutant allele sequence. Conclusion: The lack of phenotypic change of the FVII:C in 19 yo twin boys provides dynamic support of the necessity of an overlapping androgen binding site in the homologous Factor IX gene as responsible for the phenotypic resolution of Factor IX deficiency (Hemophilia B Leyden) post-puberty. It is of interest that an increase in FVII:C did not occur with advancing age in FVII deficiency due to this HNF4 binding site mutation.
A chronicle of surgical thinking and doing for exotropia: innovations and rediscoveries

Purpose To review the evolution of theories and practices concerning surgery for exotropia over the last approximately 200 years. Methods Major ophthalmology texts and relevant references were reviewed to discover experience and thinking concerning the causes of comitant intermittent and constant exotropia and corrective surgical approaches. Results The concept that excessive divergence is the cause of comitant exotropia has given way to one recognizing that this disorder is a position of rest modified by convergence. Some operations discarded as unreliable or dangerous remain so today. Others continue to be well accepted, whether or not relating to advances in understanding of this condition. Several procedures practiced at former times have regained popularity. Conclusions Concern for the characteristics of extraocular muscle structure and function has led to surgical thinking that goes beyond consideration only of direction and magnitude of deviation. Sophisticated devices now provide heretofore unavailable information consistent with this new approach. The history of progress in surgery for exotropia is mixed. Although some procedures now employed are new, others currently in favor had been well known and formerly utilized by ophthalmologists for many decades. These should be regarded as rediscoveries or revivals rather than as novel. This review also suggests a need to address how to better report retrospective studies.
Thiol–Ene Modified Amorphous Carbon Substrates: Surface Patterning and Chemically Modified Electrode Preparation

Amorphous carbon (aC) films are chemically stable under ambient conditions or when interfaced with aqueous solutions, making them a promising material for preparing biosensors and chemically modified electrodes. There are a number of wet chemical methods capable of tailoring the reactivity and wettability of aC films, but few of these chemistries are compatible with photopatterning. Here, we introduce a method to install thiol groups directly onto the surface of aC films. These terminal thiols are compatible with thiol–ene click reactions, which allowed us to rapidly functionalize and pattern the surface of the aC films. We thoroughly characterized the aC films and confirmed the installation of surface-bound thiols does not significantly oxidize the surface or change its topography. We also determined the conditions needed to selectively attach alkene-containing molecules to these films and show the reaction is proceeding through a thiol-mediated reaction. Lastly, we demonstrate the utility of our approac...
Stochastic extraction for SoC and SiP interconnect with variability

In this paper we present two algorithms for capacitance and high-frequency impedance extraction for on-chip and on-package interconnect in the presence of random geometrical variations due to uncertainties in the manufacturing processes. The first algorithm, stochastic model reduction algorithm (SMOR), falls under the category of sampling based methods, also known as non-intrusive methods. The second algorithm, stochastic dominant singular vectors (SDSV), falls under the category of expansion based methods, also known as intrusive algorithms. Finally, we compare the presented algorithms to several state of the art solvers on several very large and complex examples.