cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tillage and crop rotation impact on soybean grain yield and composition

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield response to tillage and crop rotation has varied among studies. Information regarding the effects of crop rotation and tillage on protein and oil concentrations in soybean grain is limited. A 3-yr field study was conducted near Arlington, WI using conventional tillage and no-tillage systems in seven soybean and corn (Zea mays L.) rotations. The objective was to determine the effect of tillage system and crop rotation on the yield, protein concentration, and oil concentration of soybean grain. The tillage X rotation interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for grain yield. In the no-tillage system, yields dropped 42% from 4.00 Mg ha -1 in first-year soybean following 5 yr of consecutive corn to 2.33 Mg ha -1 in continuous soybean. In the conventional tillage system, yields dropped 35% from 3.01 Mg ha -1 in first-year soybean following 5 yr of consecutive corn to 2.04 Mg ha -1 in continuous soybean. The tillage X rotation interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for protein concentration. In the conventional tillage system, protein concentration decreased from 357 mg kg -1 in first-year soybean following five consecutive years of corn to 351 mg kg -1 in fifth-year soybean following five consecutive years of corn. No clear trend was observed for protein concentration in the no-tillage system. Oil concentration increased as consecutive years of soybean production increased in both tillage systems at a similar rate.
Flux-line-cutting and flux-pinning losses in type-II superconductors in rotating magnetic fields

A general critical-state theory, including the effects of both flux-line cutting and flux pinning, is proposed for calculations of hysteresis in type-II superconductors in parallel applied magnetic fields that vary in both magnitude and direction. In this theory, if the magnitude of the electrical-current-density component perpendicular to the magnetic induction $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ exceeds the corresponding critical value ${J}_{c\ensuremath{\perp}}$, depinning occurs, and an electric field component ${E}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ perpendicular to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ appears; if the magnitude of the current-density component parallel to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ exceeds the corresponding critical value ${J}_{c\ensuremath{\parallel}}$, flux-line cutting occurs, and an electric field component ${E}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ parallel to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ appears. Model calculations are performed to solve for the electrodynamic response of a slab subjected to a parallel, constant magnetic field whose direction undergoes either continuous rotation or periodic oscillation. The relation of the theory to the pioneering experiments of LeBlanc and co-workers is discussed.
Asbestos and carcinogenicity

It is alleged that there have been 67 or more cases of mesothelioma among Quebec chrysotile miners and millers. Of the many thousand individuals employed by the Quebec chrysotile mining and milling industry since its inception, no one known how many have died or of these how many from mesothelioma. At a 1989 meeting in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, it was stated that a cohort of 11,379 persons born between 1891 and 1920 and employed for 1 month or more, there had been 11 cases of mesothelioma among 4,547 deaths to the end of 1975; by 1978 there were 18 cases, and a follow-up to 1990 will soon be completed. More than 70% of the cohort have now died, and a study of a subsample indicates that the eventual number of cases of mesotheliomas may be about 30. A disproportionate number of these (at least seven) were exposed to crocidolite in a small local factory, and one had substantial exposure to amosite. Could the remaining cases be attributed to fibrous tremolite contamination Whether or not chrysotile per se is capable of inducing mesothelioma, it is clear that workers whose exposure has been only to commercial chrysotile have suffered much less frommore » mesothelioma than, for example, those exposed for even a few months to crocidolite in gas mask filter manufacture or cigarette filter manufacture, in whom 16 to 19% of all deaths were attributable to this cause. In the general population of the Quebec chrysotile mining towns, exposed over generations to chrysotile concentrations far greater than anything encountered in public buildings, there have been few if any cases of mesothelioma attributable to nonoccupational exposure.« less
Racial-Ethnic Differences in U.S. Married Women’s and Men’s Housework

Married women continue to spend more time doing housework than men and economic resources influence women’s housework more strongly than men’s. To explain this, gender theorists point to how gender figures into identities, family interactions, and societal norms and opportunity structures. The extent of this configuration varies culturally and, in the United States, by race-ethnicity because of how race-ethnicity conditions access to resources and influences gender relations within marriages. Housework levels and gender differences may be lower in Black married couples compared to other couples because of Black women’s higher historical levels of employment and consequently long-standing need to balance work and family responsibilities. Race-ethnicity also likely conditions the symbolic meaning and thus association of economic resources and housework. We use pooled time diary data from the 2003 to 2007 American Time Use Study from 26,795 married women and men to investigate how and why race-ethnicity influences housework. Our results indicate Hispanic and Asian women do more cooking and cleaning compared with White and Black women and the inverse relationship between women’s earnings and housework is steeper for Hispanic women compared with other women. We find no evidence that married Black men devote more time to housework than White men, either core or occasional, unlike earlier studies.
NICHE RELATIONSHIPS OF CLONAL AND SEXUAL FISH IN A HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPE

We examined spatial, physiological, and morphological niche relationships in a Phoxinus eos–neogaeus gynogenetic complex of cyprinid fish in five drainages influenced by beaver (Castor canadensis) activity along the 294-km2 Kabetogama Peninsula in Voyageurs National Park of northern Minnesota. Assessment of clonal variation using “in gel” DNA fingerprinting of gynogens from three drainages indicated that all drainages contained only a single clone. When environments associated with beaver pond succession were pooled across drainages, P. eos was more abundant in active beaver ponds, while gynogens were at higher frequencies in collapsed pond and stream environments. Gynogen frequency for different successional environments classified according to drainage indicated strong variation among drainages, especially in pond environments, but a consistent pattern of increased gynogen frequency in collapsed ponds or streams. Intensive sampling within one drainage across successional beaver pond sites, physical habi...
"Egypt in Transition": Uniting Service-Learning and Short-Term Study-Abroad.

Study-abroad has become a popular method for promoting international education in university curricula. Yet, with today’s growing non-traditional student who is older, working, and increasingly a member of a racial/ethnic minority group, traditional study-abroad programmes of a semester or year abroad have become more problematic, if not impossible. The paradigm of short-term study-abroad, combined with a service-learning pedagogy, expands the opportunities for non-traditional students to have an international educational experience. This dual approach is applied to a study-abroad course in Egypt, using a ‘Service-Learning Cross-Cultural Research’ pedagogy. Data from student participants in our programme (based on qualitative data from student reflection papers, focus group interviews and student discussions) indicate an expanded global awareness, changed career goals and greater appreciation for cross-cultural dialogue.
Course of major depression in non-referred adolescents: a retrospective study

Abstract This article reports on a naturalistic study of the course of illness of 38 children diagnosed as having a current or past episode of major depression out of a sample of 275 children who were selected by a method not related to their psychopathology or treatment-seeking behavior. Assessments of the presence of depression and the course of this disorder were made using structured clinical interviews (DICA and DICA-P) and a criterion-based diagnostic system (DSM-III). Longitudinal methods of data analysis included the use of life tables. The proportion of children depressed for 2 years closely resembles the results found in investigations of children who sought treatment for a psychiatric disorder. The probability of remaining depressed in these children was 21% at 1 year after onset, and10% at the 2-year point. This parallels the rate of chronicity and the decline in rates of recovery which occur over time in adult depression.
Characterization of a novel processing pathway for Alzheimer's amyloid β precursor protein

Amyloid beta (A beta) is a normal proteolytic fragment of a large precursor protein (beta PP) which undergoes altered conformation, leading to fibril formation. Two main beta PP processing pathways have been described, and we are now reporting the characterization of a third beta PP pathway. A membrane-associated 16 kDa component identified in human platelets isolated from normal donors. Based on size, immunoreactivity and amino acid sequence analysis, the fragment is a C-terminal beta PP component which starts at position 642 (APP770 numbering) and contains the intact A beta sequence. The presence of this novel pathway of beta PP processing in resting platelets suggest that it occurs as a normal event.
Human factors influencing the command, control and communication functions of a timesharing system

The intent of this paper is to explore various human factors which influence the design of a timesharing system and its processors; to examine characteristics of existing systems; and, to propose solutions which more nearly suit the requirements of the timesharing user. Most illustrations will be drawn from extensive personal use and observations of users of two particular systems --- the XEROX CP-V system on a Sigma 9 and TOPS10 on the DECSystem-10. Both these systems are characterized by extremely flexible command capabilities, almost if not complete compatibility with their batch facilities and very crisp response (for both the CPU resource and file system functions) when under proper administrative controls.
Molecular Dynamics of Nucleation and Crystallization of Polymers

Nucleation and crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) has been simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) with and without nucleating agents. MD simulations were carried out with four iPP chains of 90, 180, 270, and 360 backbone carbons each in the presence of a number of derivatives of dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) as nucleators. A novel method was developed to analyze the results of molecular dynamics and to elucidate the molecular phenomenon of nucleation in the early stages of crystallization. This new method retrieves and compares the backbone conformation of iPP in the liquid state to that available in the crystalline form and enumerates the number of crystallizing sites (or nuclei) formed during the simulation. The comparison of the number of nuclei formed, during the simulation of iPP crystallization with and without nucleators, allows the comparison of the effectiveness of nucleators and therefore can be used as a screening tool to screen a large number of potential nucleators. Simulation r...
Structural studies of Li0.7VO2 in the temperature range 20–300°C

The ordered rock-salt type compound Li/sub 0.7/VO/sub 2/ has recently been found to exhibit some unusually large hysteresis effects in its magnetic and thermal properties between 150 and 280/sup 0/C, related to the magnetic transition known to occur at about 190/sup 0/C in LiVO/sub 2/. X-ray and neutron powder diffraction measurements have been made on samples of Li/sub 0.7/VO/sub 2/ in an effort to classify structural changes believed to accompany this transition but not hitherto reported in any detail. The unit cell parameters were found to change from a = 2.837, c = 14.775 A at 24/sup 0/C to a = 2.913, c = 14.640 A at 263/sup 0/C, with a large discontinuity in the transition region. Rietveld refinement was carried out on X-ray data collected at these temperatures and on neutron data collected at 35/sup 0/C, the main change being an increase in the V-O and V-V distances from 1.98 and 2.84 A at 24/sup 0/C to 2.02 and 2.91 A at 263/sup 0/C, respectively. The only indication of any departure from R3m symmetry in the low-temperature phase was the presence of two extremely weak superlattice peaks in the 24/sup 0/C X-ray data which can be indexed in termsmore » of an enlarged cell with a' = a ..sqrt.. 3,c' = c. Above 250/sup 0/C, the gradual development of a second phase was noted, identified as the cubic spinel LiV/sub 2/O/sub 4/ resulting from the disproportionation of Li/sub 0.7/VO/sub 2/ into LiVO/sub 2/ and the spinel. Hysteresis effects were observed in the X-ray data which closely parallel those previously reported for the magnetic and thermal properties and which can be attributed to the disproportionation reaction.« less
A note on the rank transform for interactions

SUMMARY The asymptotic properties of the rank transform statistic for testing for interaction in a balanced two-way classification are studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the asymptotic distribution of this rank transform statistic to be chi-squared under the null hypothesis of no interaction. It is shown that the rank transform test statistic for interaction is asymptotically chi-squared, divided by its degrees of freedom, when there are exactly two levels of both main effects or when there is only one main effect. In the latter case, the test detects a nested effect instead of an interaction. In all other two-way layouts, there exist values for the main effects such that, under the null hypothesis of no interaction, the expected value of the rank transform test statistic goes to infinity as the sample size increases.
Negative-Stain Electron Microscopy of Inside-Out FtsZ Rings Reconstituted on Artificial Membrane Tubules Show Ribbons of Protofilaments

FtsZ, the primary cytoskeletal element of the Z ring, which constricts to divide bacteria, assembles into short, one-stranded filaments in vitro. These must be further assembled to make the Z ring in bacteria. Conventional electron microscopy (EM) has failed to image the Z ring or resolve its substructure. Here we describe a procedure that enabled us to image reconstructed, inside-out FtsZ rings by negative-stain EM, revealing the arrangement of filaments. We took advantage of a unique lipid that spontaneously forms 500 nm diameter tubules in solution. We optimized conditions for Z-ring assembly with fluorescence light microscopy and then prepared specimens for negative-stain EM. Reconstituted FtsZ rings, encircling the tubules, were clearly resolved. The rings appeared as ribbons of filaments packed side by side with virtually no space between neighboring filaments. The rings were separated by variable expanses of empty tubule as seen by light microscopy or EM. The width varied considerably from one ring to another, but each ring maintained a constant width around its circumference. The inside-out FtsZ rings moved back and forth along the tubules and exchanged subunits with solution, similarly to Z rings reconstituted outside or inside tubular liposomes. FtsZ from Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis assembled rings of similar structure, suggesting a universal structure across bacterial species. Previous models for the Z ring in bacteria have favored a structure of widely scattered filaments that are not in contact. The ribbon structure that we discovered here for reconstituted inside-out FtsZ rings provides what to our knowledge is new evidence that the Z ring in bacteria may involve lateral association of protofilaments.
Clinical role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in oncology: brain, breast, and prostate cancer

Standardised proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) was initially developed for routine in-situ clinical assessment of human brain tumours, and its use was later extended for examination of prostate and breast cancers. MRSI coupled with both routine and functional MRI techniques provides more detailed information about a tumour's location and extent of its infiltration than any other modality alone. Information obtained by adding MRSI data to anatomical and functional MRI findings aid in clinical management decisions (such as watchful waiting vs immediate intervention). In this Review, we discuss the current status of proton MRSI, with emphasis on its clinical use to map the location and extent of tumour processes for spectroscopic image-guided biopsy procedures and to monitor treatment paradigms for brain, prostate, and breast cancer.
Staging error does not explain the relationship between the number of lymph nodes in a colon cancer specimen and survival

Background Survival in colon cancer is greater in those patients who have more lymph nodes identified at resection and may be due to stage migration, confounding by treatment, social, or clinical characteristics. Identifying factor(s) responsible for the effect may represent an opportunity to improve quality of care for patients with colon cancer by increasing node counts in specimens. Methods Cox proportional hazards models were created to analyze survival of 11,399 patients with stage I-III colon cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database. The primary predictor variable was the number of lymph nodes identified. The models allowed adjustment for patient factors, use of chemotherapy, surgical specialty, and the average number of nodes identified by surgeon and hospital pathologist. Results The number of nodes identified was related to survival. Compared to those with less than 7 nodes, patients with 7 to 11 nodes had a 13% lesser risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–0.99; P = .037). Patients with more than 12 nodes had a 17% lesser risk (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73–0.95; P = .005). Adjusting for selected patient demographic characteristics, receipt of chemotherapy, surgical specialty, and the average number of nodes identified per specimen by the surgeon or hospital did not significantly alter the relationship between number of nodes and survival. Conclusion These findings argue against understaging or confounding as the explanation for the inferior survival observed in patients with fewer nodes identified. National initiatives to increase the number of nodes identified in colon cancer specimens may not improve substantially the cancer-specific outcomes.
Laterally connected lobe component analysis: Precision and topography

Due to the pressure of evolution, the brains of organisms need to self-organize at different scales during different developmental stages. In early stages, the brain must organize globally (e.g., large cortical areas) to form “smooth” topographic representation that is critical for superior generalization with its limited connections. At later stages, the brain must fine tune its microstructures of representation for “precision” - high-level performance and specialization. But smoothness and precision are two conflicting criteria. The self-organizing map (SOM) mechanisms of self-organization through isotropic updating and other published computational variants have dealt with global to local smoothing and lateral adaptation, but we show in our work that they are insufficient to deliver superior performance. In this paper, we introduce a combination of several mechanisms that, together, address these two conflicting criteria: lateral excitation through adaptive connections, explicit adaptive top-down connections (attention), dually-optimal lobe component analysis (LCA) for synaptic updating, simulated lateral inhibition through winners-take-all, and a developmental schedule that sets the number of winners, which decreases over time. Major performance improvements due to the combination of these mechanisms are shown in the reported experiments.
Low loss ring resonator waveguides in self processing photopolymers

We propose a method for making low loss ring resonators in self processing photopolymers via direct-write lithography. This direct-write method compensates radiation mode coupling to first order, significantly reducing bend loss.
The Challenge of Detecting Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is relatively common but under-recognized. Indeed, fewer than 10% of the estimated 100,000 Americans with AATD have been diagnosed currently, with common reports of long delays between initial symptoms and first detection and the need to see multiple physicians before diagnosis. Because detection can confer benefits (e.g., identification of at-risk family members, lower smoking likelihood, consideration of augmentation therapy), targeted detection of AATD in at-risk groups such as all symptomatic adults with COPD has been endorsed. Two general approaches to detection have been studied: population-based screening (in which testing is performed in a group for whom no increased risk of having AATD exists) and targeted detection or case-finding (in which testing is confined to those with an attributable condition such as COPD or chronic liver disease). Studies to date have suggested that population-based screening is not cost-effective, whereas targeted detection of AATD has been advocated by official society guidelines. Efforts to enhance detection of AATD individuals have included various approaches, including educational campaigns, provision of free test kits, issuance of reminders with medical reports or within an electronic medical record, and empowering respiratory therapists to conduct testing for AATD in pulmonary function laboratories. Such programs have identified individuals with severe deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin in up to 12% of subjects, with considerable variation across series by testing criteria. Overall, the persistence of under-recognition of AATD underscores the need for continued efforts to optimize detection of this potentially debilitating genetic disease.
Unifying Theory and Methodology in Biogeography

Biogeography is a discipline with a long intellectual heritage (Brown and Lomolino, 1998; Browne, 1983; Mayr, 1982; Nelson, 1978) that considers where and why different types of organisms occur over the face of the globe. Almost since its inception, there has been a fundamental debate in the field about how to best explain biogeographic patterns. This debate has centered on two primary explanations. In the dispersalist or mobilist explanation, organisms were thought to have continually moved or dispersed between different regions such that similar types of organisms would be shared between regions due to episodes of dispersal. In the other, the vicariant or extensionist explanation, organisms start out with broad distributions. These distributions would then be subsequently fragmented by the emergence of geological or climatic barriers which concomitantly promote evolutionary divergence in the now isolated populations. In this explanation, it was held that similar types of organisms were shared between regions due to the fact that these regions had a common geological history.
Correlations between foliar δ15N and nitrogen concentrations may indicate plant-mycorrhizal interactions.

Nitrogen isotope measurements may provide insights into changing interactions among plants, mycor- rhizal fungi, and soil processes across environmental gradients. Here, we report changes in δ 15 N signatures due to shifts in species composition and nitrogen (N) dy- namics. These changes were assessed by measuring fine root biomass, net N mineralization, and N concentrations and δ 15 N of foliage, fine roots, soil, and mineral N across six sites representing different post-deglaciation ages at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Foliar δ 15 N varied widely, between 0 and -2‰ for nitrogen-fixing species, between 0 and -7‰ for deciduous non-fixing species, and be- tween 0 and -11‰ for coniferous species. Relatively constant δ 15 N values for ammonium and generally low levels of soil nitrate suggested that differences in ammo- nium or nitrate use were not important influences on plant δ 15 N differences among species at individual sites. In fact, the largest variation among plant δ15N values were observed at the youngest and oldest sites, where soil nitrate concentrations were low. Low mineral N con- centrations and low N mineralization at these sites indi- cated low N availability. The most plausible mechanism to explain low δ 15 N values in plant foliage was a large isotopic fractionation during transfer of nitrogen from mycorrhizal fungi to plants. Except for N-fixing plants, the foliar δ 15 N signatures of individual species were gen- erally lower at sites of low N availability, suggesting ei- ther an increased fraction of N obtained from mycorrhi- zal uptake (f), or a reduced proportion of mycorrhizal N transferred to vegetation ( T r ). Foliar and fine root nitro- gen concentrations were also lower at these sites. Foliar N concentrations were significantly correlated with δ 15 N in foliage of Populus, Salix, Picea, and Tsuga hetero- phylla, and also in fine roots. The correlation between δ 15 N and N concentration may reflect strong underlying relationships among N availability, the relative allocation of carbon to mycorrhizal fungi, and shifts in either f or Tr.
Dimethylsulfoxide, retinoic acid and 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induce a selective decrease in the phosphorylation of P150, a surface membrane phosphoprotein of HL60 cells resistant to adriamycin

Abstract Studies have been carried out to analyze protein phosphorylation in membranes isolated from adriamycin resistant HL60 cells which have been grown for various time periods in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), retinoic acid (RA) or 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The results show that membranes isolated from cells treated with these agents are defective in the phosphorylation of P150, a membrane phosphoprotein associated with drug resistance in HL60 cells. This response is highly selective since only a few membrane proteins show decreased phosphorylation levels under these conditions. Magnesium dependent protein kinase activity in membranes from cells treated with DMSO, RA or TPA is not altered relative to untreated membranes under conditions where there is a major decrease in P150 phosphorylation. Additional studies also show that treatment of resistant cells with TPA results in a major decrease in the in vivo phosphorylation of P150. These results thus demonstrate that agents capable of inducing differentiation in HL60 cells can selectively modulate the phosphorylation of P150. This system should be of value in clarifying mechanisms involved in the phosphorylation of this protein.
Platelet cytosolic calcium, peripheral hemodynamics, and vasodilatory peptides in liver cirrhosis.

Abstract Background: Platelet cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] I ) has been proposed to reflect changes in vascular smooth muscle cells. This study investigated if the platelet [Ca 2+ ] I is altered in cirrhotic patients and determined its relationship with peripheral hemodynamics and peptide levels. Methods: Fourteen patients with cirrhosis and 11 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls had blood samples taken for determining platelet [Ca 2+ ] I and glucagon, substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) values. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and forearm blood flow (FBF) were measured on the same day of blood sampling. Forearm vascular resistance (FVR) was calculated. Results: Patients with cirrhosis had lower platelet [Ca 2+ ] I (50.1 ± 2 vs. 73.0 ± 5 nmol/L; P P P 2+ ] I and MAP in patients with cirrhosis ( r = 0.81; P 2+ ] I and FVR ( r = 0.87; P 2+ ] I and diastolic blood pressure ( r = 0.78; P 2+ ] I and peptide levels. Conclusions: Patients with cirrhosis have a significant reduction in the platelet [Ca 2+ ] I . This finding correlates well with peripheral hemodynamics. Platelets may be a useful tool to study the etiologic mechanisms leading to the vasodilation of chronic liver disease.
Learning Grammar Specifications from IGT: A Case Study of Chintang

We present a case study of the methodology of using information extracted from interlinear glossed text (IGT) to create of actual working HPSG grammar fragments using the Grammar Matrix focusing on one language: Chintang. Though the results are barely measurable in terms of coverage over running text, they nonetheless provide a proof of concept. Our experience report reflects on the ways in which this task is non-trivial and on mismatches between the assumptions of the methodology and the realities of IGT as produced in a large-scale field project.
A Genetic Test for Yeast Two-Hybrid Bait Competency Using RanBPM

We describe a simple genetic test for assessing the competency of Gal4-based baits prior to a yeast two-hybrid screen, which allows determination of whether a bait protein is expressed appropriately for an interaction to be detected. The novel test, based on interaction with the protein RanBPM, is easier and more predictive than other methods such as Western blotting, allowing identification of ∼80% of incompetent baits prior to screening.
Changes in nerve cell bodies during the myelination of their axons

Changes in nerve cell perikarya were studied at twelve phases of the myelination period of rat sciatic nerve; data are given on nuclear and nucleolar diameters, the area of cytoplasm, neuronal packing density, length of the nerve, limb and femur, and on the distribution of chromophil substance in the cytoplasm. The study was coordinated with and supplements a previous quantitative electron microscopic study of myelination in rat sciatic nerve. The amounts of cytoplasm in anterior horn motor cells and in large cells of the spinal ganglia increased during myelination, and growth curves for these two cell populations were nearly identical. The increase in cytoplasm was compared with the increase in axoplasm, calculated from the increase in caliber and in fiber length. The volumes of axoplasm and of cytoplasm in the perikarya increased in strict proportion, indicating a coordinated growth of axons and perikarya during the myelination period. Axon growth in turn, occurs in strict coordination with myelin deposition. The growth curve for the small cells in spinal ganglia differed entirely and is consistent with the assumption that nonmyelinated or very thinly myelinated fibers arise from these cells. Changes in the volume of cytoplasm in nerve cells were associated with changes in the nucleo-cytoplasmic relation, a decrease in neuronal packing density, and a redistribution of RNA in the cells.
Controlling electron-phonon interactions in graphene at ultrahigh carrier densities

We report on the temperature dependent electron transport in graphene at different carrier densities $n$. Employing an electrolytic gate, we demonstrate that $n$ can be adjusted up to $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for both electrons and holes. The measured sample resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ increases linearly with temperature $T$ in the high temperature limit, indicating that a quasiclassical phonon distribution is responsible for the electron scattering. As $T$ decreases, the resistivity decreases more rapidly following $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{4}$. This low temperature behavior can be described by a Bloch-Gr\"uneisen model taking into account the quantum distribution of the two-dimensional acoustic phonons in graphene. We map out the density dependence of the characteristic temperature ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{\mathrm{BG}}$ defining the crossover between the two distinct regimes, and show that, for all $n$, $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ scales as a universal function of the normalized temperature $T/{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{\mathrm{BG}}$.
Intrinsic vulnerabilities to mechanical failure in nanoscale films

Abstract We use molecular simulations to explore how sample dimensions and interfacial properties impact some generic aspects of the mechanical and structural behavior of nanoconfined materials. Specifically, we calculate the strain-dependent properties of minimum-energy thin-film particle configurations (i.e., inherent structures) confined between attractive, parallel substrates. We examine how the relationship between the transverse strain and the stress tensor (the equation of state of the energy landscape) depends on the properties of the film and substrate. We find that both film thickness and film–substrate attractions influence not only the mechanical properties of thin films, but also the shape and location of the “weak spots” where voids preferentially form in a film as it is strained beyond its point of maximum tensile stress. The sensitivity of weak spots to film properties suggests that nanoscale materials may be intrinsically vulnerable to specific mechanisms of mechanical failure.
The Use and Tolerability of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune FAB (Ovine) in Pediatric Envenomations

There are limited data on the use of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune FAB-Ovine (CroFab) in the management of crotalid envenomations in children. Thus, the primary objective of this retrospective chart review was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of CroFab in a pediatric population. Over an 8-year time period at this institution, there were 204 admissions for snakebite of which 82 received CroFab. Children who received CroFab were more often associated with bites to the hands and fingers and tended to have more significant envenomations as indicated by longer hospital stays, greater tissue injury, and a tendency to require surgery more often. Six (7.3%) of the 82 patients who received CroFab experienced an adverse drug reaction. Reactions consisted of allergic symptoms that were mild, responded to minimal interventions, and did not limit the subsequent use of CroFab. It is concluded that CroFab use is typically well tolerated in pediatric patients.
A Wiki with Multiagent Tracking, Modeling, and Coalition Formation

Wikis are being increasingly used as a tool for conducting colla-borative writing assignments in today’s classrooms. However, Wikis in general (1) do not provide group formation methods to more specifically facilitate collaborative learning of the students and (2) suffer from typical problems of collaborative learning like detection of free-riding (earning credit without contribution). To improve the state of the art of the use of Wikis as a collaborative writing tool, we have designed and implemented ClassroomWiki - a Web-based collaborative Wiki that utilizes a set of learner pedagogy theories to provide multiagent-based tracking, modeling, and group formation functionalities. For the students, ClassroomWiki provides a Web interface for writing and revising their group’s Wiki and a topic-based forum for discussing their ideas during collaboration. When the students collaborate, ClassroomWiki’s agents track all student activities to learn a model of the students and use a Bayesian Network to learn a probabilistic mapping that describes the ability of a group of students with a specific set of models to work together. For the teacher, Clas-sroomWiki provides a framework that uses the learned student models and the mapping to form student groups to improve the collaborative learning of students. ClassroomWiki was deployed in three university-level courses and the results suggest that ClassroomWiki can (1) form better student groups that improve stu-dent learning and collaboration and (2) alleviate free-riding and allow the instructor to provide scaffolding by its multiagent-based tracking and modeling.
OR Forum—Tenure Analytics: Models for Predicting Research Impact

Tenure decisions, key decisions in academic institutions, are primarily based on subjective assessments of candidates. Using a large-scale bibliometric database containing 198,310 papers published 1975–2012 in the field of operations research (OR), we propose prediction models of whether a scholar would perform well on a number of future success metrics using statistical models trained with data from the scholar’s first five years of publication, a subset of the information available to tenure committees. These models, which use network centrality of the citation network, coauthorship network, and a dual network combining the two, significantly outperform simple predictive models based on citation counts alone. Using a data set of the 54 scholars who obtained a Ph.D. after 1995 and held an assistant professorship at a top-10 OR program in 2003 or earlier, these statistical models, using data up to five years after the scholar became an assistant professor and constrained to tenure the same number of candi...
New Pieces of the Jigsaw Classroom: Increasing Accountability to Reduce Social Loafing in Student Group Projects

Generally, college student group projects can be problematic due to students perceiving low accountability and withdrawing their efforts when working within a group. This paper presents an adapted jigsaw classroom method to improve learning for college students during group work. Although the original jigsaw classroom model is an effective approach for improving cohesion and collaboration, it lacks the structure that could improve college students’ collaborative learning and promote accountability. This paper extends the original jigsaw classroom approach to increase personal accountability and facilitate group processes. This paper introduces a modified jigsaw classroom, in which each group member submits research notes to the instructor, thereby increasing individual accountability, and presents to the class, thereby increasing public accountability.
Transposition of the anterior tibial tendon in the treatment of recurrent congenital club-foot.

1. Recurrence of the deformity in club-foot is not infrequent. 2. The faulty mechanism of the muscles everting and inverting the foot may be the cause. 3. Recurrence of the deformity may be prevented by transposition of the anterior tibial tendon in selected cases. 4. This operation is not recommended for correction of the deformity. 5. The transposed anterior tibial tendon may be restored to the original insertion when planovalgus or overcorrection is apparent. 6. Satisfactory results were obtained in ninety-one, or 83 per cent., of the 110 feet so treated.
The Role of Mesothelial Cells in Liver Development, Injury, and Regeneration

Mesothelial cells (MCs) cover the surface of visceral organs and the parietal walls of cavities, and they synthesize lubricating fluids to create a slippery surface that facilitates movement between organs without friction. Recent studies have indicated that MCs play active roles in liver development, fibrosis, and regeneration. During liver development, the mesoderm produces MCs that form a single epithelial layer of the mesothelium. MCs exhibit an intermediate phenotype between epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells. Lineage tracing studies have indicated that during liver development, MCs act as mesenchymal progenitor cells that produce hepatic stellate cells, fibroblasts around blood vessels, and smooth muscle cells. Upon liver injury, MCs migrate inward from the liver surface and produce hepatic stellate cells or myofibroblast depending on the etiology, suggesting that MCs are the source of myofibroblasts in capsular fibrosis. Similar to the activation of hepatic stellate cells, transforming growth factor β induces the conversion of MCs into myofibroblasts. Further elucidation of the biological and molecular changes involved in MC activation and fibrogenesis will contribute to the development of novel approaches for the prevention and therapy of liver fibrosis.
Formation of "ghost" bodies and calcification in experimental atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates. An ultrastructural study.

Aortic lesions from African green monkeys fed a cholesterol diet for up to 24 months were studied by electron microscopy. The lesions, grossly classified as fatty dots and fatty streaks consisted of foam cells, increased amounts of interstitial connective tissues and osmiophilic lipid material. In addition, in the interstitial spaces, there were membrane-bound detached cytoplasmic fragments and deeply osmiophilic calcium spherules. The smooth muscle cells had a frayed appearance and bulbous cytoplasmic pseudopod-like processes. Figures suggestive of transition between these cell processes and the detached cytoplasmic fragments were observed. The detached cytoplasmic fragments or ghost bodies often contained lipid droplets, myelin-like figures and calcific material. The process of budding off cytoplasmic fragments was interpreted as a form of clasmatosis enabling smooth muscle cells to eliminate substances which could not be degraded intracellularly. It is proposed that material presented within the ghost bodies may become a nucleation site for calcium salts deposition. Cell necrosis was not a feature observed in this material.
Utility of bedside angiography in the evaluation of vascular obstruction in the pediatric intensive care patient.

OBJECTIVE To review our experience with bedside angiography in order to demonstrate the utility of this technique for evaluation of blood vessels in the critically ill patient. DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit at a children's hospital. PATIENTS Five patients aged 5 days to 17 yrs in the cardiac intensive care unit at our institution received bedside angiography. Indications for bedside angiography included abnormal radiographic appearance of central catheter location or clinical suspicion of vascular obstruction. Institutional review board approval for this retrospective review was obtained, and the waiver of consent was approved by the institutional review board. INTERVENTIONS For angiographic evaluation of blood vessels, a radiographic plate was placed behind the area of blood vessels to be evaluated. Approximately 1 mL/kg of iohexol contrast was injected rapidly by hand into the blood vessel in question. Just at completion of the contrast injection, a radiograph was taken by portable radiograph equipment. MAIN RESULTS A total of five patients with potential blood vessel compromise were evaluated by bedside angiography. All angiograms clearly demonstrated the vascular anatomy and catheter location, in addition to identifying areas of obstruction and collateral flow. There were no cases of renal compromise due to contrast use and no blood vessel compromise from contrast injection. CONCLUSIONS Bedside angiography is a rapid, safe, and useful tool for the evaluation of complex vascular anatomy in critically ill patients. In cases where vascular ultrasound is unable to provide detailed anatomy or identify collateral flow, this technique may be useful in providing safe and accurate assessment of blood vessels associated with vascular access devices.
Research of Remote Technical Support Service Platform of Coal Mine Application System

The paper introduced requirement analysis and key technologies of remote technical support service platform of coal mine application system,and described design of structure and function of four modules of the platform including system management module,technician management module,customer service management module and remote assistance module in details.The application showed that the platform can effectively and quickly solve problems encountered in use of coal mine application system,and reduce work intensity,save cost,and improve efficiency of technical support.
Simulation of the Control System of 1500MWt SWR

This paper is based on the 1 500 MWt standing-wave reactor which was designed by CIAE and simulates with Matlab Simulink.Through theoretical research and investigation,the mathe matic models of the main systems are established,including reactor dynamic physics model,reactor thermal model,cold pool model,hot pool model,distribution header model,intermediate heat exchanger model,pump model,pipe model and steam generator model.And it sets up the control rod drive mechanism and model of power regulation system with stepper motor.The model of 1 500 MWt standing-wave reactor is established according to the above models.Taking the fast reactor operation plans of other countriesand the characteristics of standing-wave reactor into account,it develops the operation plan,i.e.reactor following the turbine load.While it simulates the operation plan as soon as disturbances are added,such as disturbance of reactivity,disturbance of flow in the primary loop,disturbance of flow in the secondary loop,and disturbance of load,and obtains operation curves.It seems that all the parameters fit theoratical requirements and the reactor plays well with all kind of disturbances which are shown in the operation curves.So,this operation plan could be used for 1 500MWt standing wave reactor.
The effect of caffeine to UVB irradiation induced cell apoptosis of HaCaT cells

Objective To investigate the effect of caffeine on UVB irradiation induced cell apoptosis of HaCaT cells.Methods HaCaT cells were cultured in DMEM medium.Cells were divided into 6 groups.A group: Blank control(without UVB and caffeine);B group: 1mM caffeine,without UVB;C group: 5mM caffeine,without UVB;D group: without caffeine,20mJ/cm2 UVB;E group: 1mM caffeine,20mJ/cm2 UVB;F group: 5mM caffeine,20mJ/cm2 UVB.Annexin V/PIKit was used to detect cell apoptosis.Western blot was used to detect the expression of p21 and BCL-2.Results 20mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation could induce cell apoptosis of HaCaT cells(cell apoptosis rate is 5.43% in group A and 20.67% in group D),1mM and 5mM caffeine could promote cell apoptosis of HaCaT cells further(cell apoptosis rate is 22.25% in group E and 36.61% in group F).UVB irradiation could inhibite the expression of p21 and BCL-2,caffeine could inhibite p21 and BCL-2 futher.Conclusions UVB irradiation could induce HaCaT cell apoptosis and inhibite the expression of p21 and BCL-2.Caffeine could induce cell apoptosis and inhibite the expression of p21 and BCL-2 further.
Noninvasive assessment of donor and native heart function after heterotopic heart transplantation

The contribution of the donor heart to total circulatory performance after heterotopic heart transplantation has been difficult to assess. First-pass nuclear angiocardiography and directional Doppler echocardiography were used to examine separately left and right ventricular function of the donor heart after heterotopic transplantation. A comparison was made between two patients, one with a low initial pulmonary vascular resistance and one with a high, relatively fixed pulmonary vascular resistance. In both cases, currently available noninvasive techniques allowed confirmation of the expectation that the donor left ventricle can function effectively as a left ventricular bypass. In neither case was recovery of the native heart demonstrated. The contribution of the donor right ventricle to total right ventricular output appeared to be dependent on the condition of the donor heart and on the pulmonary vascular resistance. In situations with a high pulmonary vascular resistance and end-stage right ventricular failure, it was concluded that the donor heart may not at first constitute an effective assist for the native right ventricle. Native right ventricular failure may then become a major factor influencing survival after heterotopic heart transplantation.