cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How delayed treatment benefits and harms would impact the optimal timing of statin initiation for cardiovascular primary prevention

Abstract Background Genetic studies suggest that the relative risk reduction (RRR) of statins may increase over time, potentially resulting in much greater long-term benefit if statins are started before cardiovascular (CV) risk is high. Methods We used a nationally representative sample of American adults to estimate effects of initiating a statin when 10-year CV risk reaches 5%, 10% or 15%. We examined scenarios in which a statin’s initial RRR (30%) gradually doubles over 10 to 30 years of treatment. Results Initiating a statin when 10-year CV risk is 5% resulted in a mean of 20.1 years on a statin before age 75 (8 years more than starting when CV risk reaches 10%). If a statin’s RRR doubles over 20 years, starting when CV risk is 5% would save about 5.1 to 6.1 additional QALYs per 1000 additional treatment years than starting when CV risk is 10%. Most of this additional benefit was accrued by those who reach a 5% risk at a younger age. Due to the prolonged treatment period, however, early treatment could also result in net harm if the treatment slowly increased a major complication of aging, such as muscular or neurological aging. Conclusions In a thought experiment exploring the impact of delayed effects, we found that if the relative effectiveness of statin therapy gradually doubles over a 10 to 30 year period, starting a statin when 10-year CV risk is 5% could have much more long-term benefit than starting a statin when CV risk is 10%. Most of the additional benefit occurred in those at elevated age-adjusted CV risk. Unfortunately, given the long duration of treatment, substantial delayed statin harms, if present, could outweigh these potential benefits and result in substantial net harm.
Predicting Primary Care Use Among Patients in a Large Integrated Health System: The Role of Patient Experience Measures.

Objective:Most Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System enrollees age 65+ also have the option of obtaining care through Medicare. Reliance upon VA varies widely and there is a need to optimize its prediction in an era of expanding choice for veterans to obtain care within or outside of VA. We exami
Advancing reproducibility through shared data: bridging archival and library practice

At the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), a team of librarians and archivists is implementing a new biomedical research data archives and a data discovery catalog as part of Arcus, a multi-year strategic initiative of the CHOP Research Institute dedicated to making research data more broadly available within the institution. Arcus presents the Library Science team with the opportunity to develop new methods and solutions for addressing a number of important issues. This paper serves to highlight three areas of focus. First, archival appraisal methods will be used for CHOP's large-scale biomedical research data, which presents issues for quality data management and preservation. The Archives will employ expanded appraisal workflows to encompass strong selection and prioritization criteria before a collection is ingested, as opposed to current archival research data frameworks, which situate appraisal after a collection is acquired. Second, CHOP research data efforts will be organized as archival collections because they offer a framework for encapsulating research and mapping the relationships between a dataset, software, protocols and other contextual information critical to data reproducibility. Third, a custom descriptive metadata schema is being developed because archival item-level descriptive metadata doesn't address the complex discovery needs of diverse biomedical data. This will require addressing tension between archival arrangement and the item-level descriptive metadata required for discovery.
Diabetes prevention in schools and communities

This chapter considers the issue of type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention in children and adolescents. We first discuss the epidemiology and treatment issues for youth with T2D and then review risk factors for the development of T2D, including obesity, family history of T2D, ethnic minority status, and behavioral factors such as sedentary behavior, low levels of physical activity, and poor dietary intake. There are few examples of studies addressing the primary prevention of T2D in children, but available evidence indicates that school-wide programming emphasizing healthy lifestyle habits may reduce adiposity and fasting glucose. Considerably more research has addressed secondary prevention efforts by intervening with youth at high risk for T2D. A number of controlled studies provide evidence supporting the benefits of interventions to improve dietary habits, increase physical activity, and reduce weight in obese youth and consequently reduce metabolic risk factors for T2D such as insulin resistance. While interventions have been delivered mostly in school or community clinic settings, some have also taken place in homes. More studies are needed to examine the efficacy of interventions delivered via telehealth to reduce T2D risk. The available evidence is promising but mostly consists of relatively small studies with limited follow-up. More randomized controlled trials with larger study samples are needed to demonstrate the efficacy of programs to reduce T2D risk in children of various ethnicities.
Diseases of the Liver

This chapter shows images of acute and chronic GB changes from stones, inflammation and how to differentiate gas from stones by US. Various neoplasms of the biliary tract are also shown. Extrabiliary liver has images of various infection and rare images of rupture of HCC and other liver masses including congenital lesions and unusual images of metastasis.
Synthesis of α,δ-Disubstituted Tetraphosphates and Terminally-Functionalized Nucleoside Pentaphosphates

The anion [P4O11]2-, employed as its bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium (PPN) salt, is shown herein to be a versatile reagent for nucleophile tetraphosphorylation. Treatment under anhydrous conditions with an alkylamine base and a nucleophile (HNuc1), such as an alcohol (neopentanol, cyclohexanol, 4-methylumbelliferone, and Boc-Tyr-OMe), an amine (propargylamine, diethylamine, morpholine, 3,5-dimethylaniline, and isopropylamine), dihydrogen phosphate, phenylphosphonate, azide ion, or methylidene triphenylphosphorane, results in nucleophile substituted tetrametaphosphates ([P4O11Nuc1]3-) as mixed PPN and alkylammonium salts in 59% to 99% yield. Treatment of the resulting functionalized tetrametaphosphates with a second nucleophile (HNuc2), such as hydroxide, a phenol (4-methylumbelliferone), an amine (propargylamine and ethanolamine), fluoride, or a nucleoside monophosphate (uridine monophosphate, deoxyadenosine monophosphate, and adenosine monophosphate), results in ring opening to linear tetraphosphates bearing one nucleophile on each end ([Nuc1(PO3)3PO2Nuc2]4-). When necessary, these linear tetraphosphates are purified by reverse phase or anion exchange HPLC, yielding triethylammonium or ammonium salts in 32% to 92% yield from [PPN]2[P4O11]. Phosphorylation of methylidene triphenylphosphorane as Nuc1 yields a new tetrametaphosphate-based ylide ([Ph3PCHP4O11]3-, 94% yield). Wittig olefination of 2',3'-O-isopropylidene-5'-deoxy-5'-uridylaldehyde using this ylide results in a 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydronucleotide derivative, isolated as the triethylammonium salt in 54% yield.
Graph-based deep learning frameworks for molecules and solid-state materials

Abstract Recent years have witnessed the rapid increase in the application of deep learning in atomistic systems including both molecules and solid-state materials. The use of graphs and associated design of message passing strategies have enabled multiple deep learning frameworks to achieve reliable and efficient predictions of materials properties with a much smaller cost compared with first-principles atomistic simulations. In this review, we will focus on recent development of graph-based deep learning frameworks and their applications for both molecules and solid-state material systems. The history of the development of graph-based representations for molecules and crystals will be introduced. Essential learning processes defined by the so-called message passing will be reviewed, based on which the performance of different models will be compared. Furthermore, recent development of graph learning frameworks that incorporate material information beyond atom level will be introduced. Current challenges and future perspectives on this emerging field at the crossroad of material science, physics, chemistry, and computer science will be given, with an emphasize on how multiple tiers of material information can be organized and combined in a graph neural network setup.
Actual Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality for the Non-Hispanic Black Compared to Non-Hispanic White Population in 353 US Counties and Their Association with Structural Racism.

Although disparities in COVID-19 mortality have been documented at the national and state levels, no previous study has quantified such disparities at the county level by explicitly measuring race-specific COVID-19 death rates. In this paper, we quantify the racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality between the non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations at the county level by estimating age-adjusted, race-specific death rates. Using COVID-19 case data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we calculated crude and indirect age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rates for the non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations in each of 353 counties for the period February 2, 2020, through January 30, 2021. Using linear regression analysis, we examined the relationship between several county-level measures of structural racism and the observed differences in racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across counties. Ninety-three percent of the counties in our study experienced higher death rates among the Black compared to the White population, with an average ratio of Black to White death rates of 1.9 and a 17.5-fold difference between the disparity in the lowest and highest counties. Three traditional measures of structural racism were significantly related to the magnitude of the Black-White racial disparity in COVID-19 mortality rates across counties. There are large disparities in COVID-19 mortality rates between the Black and White populations at the county level, there are profound differences in the level of these disparities, and those differences are directly related to the level of structural racism in a given county.
Counterexample-Guided Repair for Symbolic-Geometric Action Abstractions.

Integrated Task and Motion Planning (TMP) provides a promising class of approaches for solving robot planning problems with intricate symbolic and geometric constraints. However, the practical usefulness of TMP planners is limited by their need for symbolic abstractions of robot actions, which are difficult to construct even for experts. We propose an approach to automatically construct and continuously improve a symbolic abstraction of a robot action via observations of the robot performing the action. This approach, called automatic abstraction repair, allows symbolic abstractions to be initially incorrect or incomplete and converge toward a correct model over time. Abstraction repair uses constrained polynomial zonotopes (CPZs), an efficient non-convex set representation, to model predicates over joint symbolic and geometric state, and performs an optimizing search over symbolic edit operations to predicate formulae to improve the correspondence of a symbolic abstraction to the behavior of a physical robot controller. In this work, we describe the aforementioned predicate model, introduce the symbolic-geometric abstraction repair problem, and present an anytime algorithm for automatic abstraction repair. We then demonstrate that abstraction repair can improve realistic action abstractions for common mobile manipulation actions from a handful of observations.
Preventing post-disaster population losses and recovery policy.

Objective: On May 22, 2011, an EF-5 tornado struck Joplin, Missouri, leaving behind 161 fatalities and $2.8 billion in economic impacts. This case study of the 2011 disaster was an attempt at determining if and how economic recovery occurred following the disaster through the lived experiences of government officials, local policymakers, and business officials. Design: Case study using in-depth, semistructured, one-on-one interviews and a qualitative design and analysis. Setting: Joplin, Missouri / 2011 Joplin Tornado Participants: Seven local government officials, policymakers, and business officials from the city of Joplin that were directly involved in the response and recovery from the 2011 tornado. Interventions: N / A Main outcome measure(s): N / A Results: Policies and actions that were the most effective focused on housing, personal financial resources of the survivors, and ensuring that the recovery processes were expedited as much as prudently possible. Conclusions: Specific policy measures are not recommended through the un-generalizable findings of this case study; however, this case study places a foundation for future research to develop specific policy measures related to disaster recovery.
Mildly elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure on echocardiography: bridging the gap in current guidelines

Pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and growing evidence suggests that even mild elevations in pulmonary artery pressure estimated with echocardiography are linked to increased mortality. In healthy individuals who undergo right heart catheterisation, the average pulmonary artery systolic pressure ranges from 17 mm Hg to 25 mm Hg; on echocardiography, estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure of more than 30 mm Hg is outside the normal range for most healthy individuals. Increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure (>30 mm Hg) is reported on more than 40% of clinically indicated echocardiograms, often in the presence of metabolic and cardiopulmonary comorbidities, and is associated with a 5-year mortality of 25-40%. However, current guidelines do not sufficiently highlight risk and risk-reduction approaches for the sizable patient population with elevated pulmonary artery pressure who do not have underlying severe pulmonary vascular disease such as pulmonary arterial hypertension. Increased awareness of this frequently reported high-risk echocardiographic finding, and multidisciplinary risk-reduction approaches for patients with metabolic and cardiopulmonary comorbidities and elevated pulmonary artery pressure, are urgently needed.
Incidental catheter-associated upper extremity deep venous thrombosis detected by point-of-care ultrasound.

A woman in her 50s presented for surveillance bronchoscopy 3 months after bilateral lung transplantation for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. She was asymptomatic and her physical examination was unremarkable. While performing a prebronchoscopy pleural ultrasound examination to assess for lung
Technical and Economic Feasibility of a Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Powerplant for Automotive Applications

Based on recent progress in the state-of-the art of fuel cell technology a preliminary design study has recently been completed, which assessed the feasibility of using a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell in an automotive application. Through the incorporation of several innovative system design features, a powerplant design concept was achieved which met or exceeded the specification goals in all areas. In addition, avenues of development were identified which could result in significant reductions in the production costs of the fuel cell modules which could bring them into the range of economic viability. The system design concept is described, together with the economic analysis of the potential production costs for large quantity production rates.
The High-Risk Young People's Program: A summing up

Abstract For over five years, 21 teaching hospitals and 54 community cosponsors provided health services to young people at risk for sociomeakal problems, i.e., to young people living in communities characterized by high rates of teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted disease, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, accidents, homicide, suicide, and mental illness. With support from The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the 20 grantees of the High-Risk Young People's Program developed projects whose collective goal was to expand services to high-risk youth and improve their health. This goal was to be achieved by a direct provision of medical services, training health providers in the care of high-risk youth, consolidating categorical youth services into single, comprehensive care sites, and securing long-term support for these new services and training activities. During the grant period, 114 follows, 974 residents, 453 medical students, and 126 graduate muses trained at project sites. Patient visits, which totaled 47,203 the first year, reached 84,754 the second year, and were reported at 89,024 in the fourth year. Sixteen of the 20 projects secured 117 grants worth nearly $7 million. We conclude that the projects were successful in training health care providers and in securing additional support for Program purposes, but were less successful in expanding services beyond the initial pilot for clinical care.
Change of Control Special Committee: Breathing Life into CNX

Notwithstanding the excellence of the Delaware judiciary, the multiple standards of review under Delaware law for reviewing the actions of a target’s directors involved in a merger or acquisition transaction are cumbersome, a source of needless litigation, and economically inefficient. Consequently, the Delaware General Corporation Law ("DGCL") should be amended to permit the shareholders of a corporation to adopt a provision requiring that if the corporation becomes a target of a bona fide acquisition proposal, the board of the corporation must petition the Delaware Court of Chancery for the appointment of an independent, disinterested, and knowledgeable special committee of the board (a "Change of Control Special Committee"). This Committee would have complete power over the acquisition transaction. At the discretion of the Delaware Court of Chancery, a member of the current board could be appointed to the Change of Control Special Committee. All decisions of the Change of Control Special Committee, including any decision to employ, maintain, or terminate a poison pill, would be subject to the deferential business judgment rule standard of review. As a consequence, litigation involving the actions taken by the Committee would be rare, if not essentially eliminated, because it could be expected that the decisions made by the Committee would be in the interest of the target’s shareholders. As a practical matter, the role of the Court of Chancery in such transactions would be moved from the back-end to the front-end, because the Chancery Court’s determination of the independence, disinterestedness, and competence of the board members would be made on an ex ante as opposed to an ex post basis. This type of amendment to the DGCL is consistent with the concept of this statute as an "enabling" law, permitting shareholders to adopt provisions that the shareholders determine are in their interests. Also, adoption of this proposal would breathe life into the suggestion in CNX of Vice Chancellor Laster of the Delaware Court of Chancery to apply the business judgment standard of review to freezeout mergers if a "unified standard" (i.e. an independent committee and a majority of minority vote) is satisfied. The proposed statutory language is in the Appendix to the article. This article builds on my 2007 article in the ABA’s Business Lawyer entitled: The Missing Link in Sarbanes-Oxley: Enactment of the "Change of Control Board" Concept, or Extension of the Audit Committee Provisions to Mergers and Acquisitions (The Business Lawyer, Vol. 63, 81-114, November 2007).
Programming in Timed Concurrent Constraint Languages

The areas of Qualitative Reasoning about physical systems (Weld and de Kleer 1989), reasoning about action and state change (Ginsberg 1987), reactive, realtime computing (Real-time systems 1991) and concurrent programming languages (Milner 1980; Hoare 1985) are areas of inquiry that are fundamentally about the same subject matter — the representation, design and analysis of continuous and discrete dynamical systems.
Women and Rhetoric Between the Wars, edited by Ann George, M. Elizabeth Weiser, and Janet Zepernick

In this latest installation of the Studies in Rhetorics and Feminisms series, editors Ann George, M. Elizabeth Weiser, and Janet Zepernick compile fifteen essays that speak to women's public activi...
Multiple elements in the eIF4G1 N‐terminus promote assembly of eIF4G1•PABP mRNPs in vivo

eIF4G is the scaffold subunit of the eIF4F complex, whose binding domains for eIF4E and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) are thought to enhance formation of activated eIF4F•mRNA•PABP complexes competent to recruit 43S pre-initiation complexes. We found that the RNA-binding region (RNA1) in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of yeast eIF4G1 can functionally substitute for the PABP-binding segment to rescue the function of an eIF4G1-459 mutant impaired for eIF4E binding. Assaying RNA-dependent PABP–eIF4G association in cell extracts suggests that RNA1, the PABP-binding domain, and two conserved elements (Box1 and Box2) between these segments have overlapping functions in forming native eIF4G•mRNA•PABP complexes. In vitro experiments confirm the role of RNA1 in stabilizing eIF4G–mRNA association, and further indicate that RNA1 and Box1 promote PABP binding, in addition to RNA binding, by the eIF4G1 NTD. Our findings indicate that PABP–eIF4G association is only one of several interactions that stabilize eIF4F•mRNA complexes, and emphasize that closed-loop mRNP formation via PABP–eIF4G interaction is non-essential in vivo. Interestingly, two other RNA-binding regions in eIF4G1 have critical functions downstream of eIF4F•mRNA assembly.
Costly Litigation and Optimal Damages

A basic principle of law is that damages paid by a liable party should equal the harm caused by that party. However, this principle is not correct when account is taken of litigation costs, because they too are part of the social costs associated with an injury. In this article we examine the influence of litigation costs on the optimal level of damages, assuming that litigation costs rise with the level of damages.
An Unusual Case of Hypotension and Electrocardiographic Changes.

The following is an unusual case of a patient with hypotension and electrocardiographic changes who required air medical transport. A change in diagnosis occurred after the initial presentation. Without a short pause to further analyze patient information, this patient may have suffered serious harm. Patient Presentation An 80-year-old woman presented by ambulance to a local emergency department with chest pain and hypotension after a fall from the toilet at a rehabilitation facility. She had been admitted to the rehabilitation facility 4 weeks earlier to regain strength after surgical repair of a fractured left femur and closed reduction of a left humerus fracture sustained from a
Model approach to immunological rejuvenation of the aged.

Reconstitution of a damaged or exhausted immune system by injection of genetically compatible immunocompetent cells (immunologic rejuvenation) is a promising approach for restoration of immune activity. By using this model, spleen cells from young-adult mice, previously immunized with Salmonella typhimurium, were transferred to either young-adult or old, syngeneic recipients before or after storage at −196 C. The susceptibility of recipient mice was then determined by challenging them at increasing time intervals after reconstitution with lethal doses of the virulent organisms. The findings, although preliminary in nature, demonstrate that (i) immunological rejuvenation of mice is possible with immunocompetent cells from specifically immunized donors; (ii) prolonged “takes” of these cells can occur even in nonirradiated recipient mice, and (iii) storage at −196 C does not impair their protective capacity.
Adaptive variable update rate target tracking for a phased array radar

A tracking algorithm is proposed which adaptively varies the target-track update rate to maintain constant tracker validation region size during target non-manoeuvre and manoeuvre phases; the validation region size being closely linked to tracker performance in clutter. Computer simulations are performed for a target performing various manoeuvres, demonstrating the ability of the algorithm to maintain constant validation region size.
Plasma membrane calcium ATPase is concentrated in the head of sea urchin spermatozoa

Plasma membrane Ca2+ATPases (PMCAs) export Ca2+ from cells in a highly regulated manner, providing fine-tuning to the maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. There are few studies of PMCAs in spermatozoa, which is surprising considering the importance of this enzyme in all cell types. Here we describe the primary structure and localization of the PMCA of sea urchin spermatozoa (suPMCA). The suPMCA is 1,154 amino acids and has 56% identity and 76% similarity to all 4 human PMCA isoforms. The suPMCA shares the features of a typical PMCA, including domains for calmodulin binding, ATP binding, ATPase phosphorylation, and 10 putative transmembrane segments with two large cytoplasmic loops. Southern blots show that suPMCA is a single copy gene. Treatment of live sea urchin sperm with the PMCA inhibitor, 5-(-6)-carboxyeosin, results in elevations of intracellular Ca2+ and loss of flagellar motility. Immunoblotting and immunoflorescence show that suPMCA is concentrated in the sperm head plasma membrane. In previous work, we showed that a plasma membrane K+ dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (suNCKX), which also keeps Ca2+ low in these cells, is concentrated in the sperm flagellum. Thus, the sperm head and flagellum localize different gene products, both functioning to keep intracellular Ca2+ low, while the sperm swims in seawater containing 10 mM Ca2+. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 413–419, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Teacher change in beliefs and practices in science and literacy instruction with English language learners

This study examined patterns of change in beliefs and practices as elementary teachers learned to establish instructional congruence, a process of mediating academic disciplines with linguistic and cultural experiences of diverse student groups. The study focused on six bilingual Hispanic teachers working with fourth-grade, mostly Hispanic students. The results indicated that teacher learning and change occurred in different ways in the areas of science instruction, students' language and culture, English language and literacy instruction, and integration of these areas in establishing instructional congruence. The results also indicated that establishing instructional congruence was a gradual and demanding process requiring teacher reflection and insight, formal training, and extensive support and sharing. Implications for further research in promoting achievement for all students are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 65–93, 2004
Quenching Studies on a Zircaloy Rod Bundle

Quenching data are presented for reflooding by cold water of zircaloy and stainless steel clad rod bundles. In particular a filling material (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) with thermophysical properties similar to UO/sub 2/ is used. The rods which are 1.1 mm in outside diameter and are 1.2 m high are arranged in a square lattice and are inductively heated. The experiments have been performed with initial rod surface temperatures up to 1400 K and flooding velocity varying over the range 1--30 cm/s. The subcooling of water at inlet was either 75 K and 50 K. Under identical flow conditions zircaloy is observed to quench faster than stainless steel. The quenching temperature and quench front velocity are found to increase with liquid subcooling and flooding velocity. The present data have been correlated and compared with existing models and correlations.
The Effect of Organization on Learning Menu Access

This study examines whether different ways of organizing items in a menu produce differences in the menu's learnability. A paired associate learning paradigm was employed in which subjects were required to learn to associate a three-letter response with each target item (an exemplar of a natural category). Responses were structured hierarchically such that terminal clusters of items shared the first two letters of their responses. Two methods of structuring the items were compared: Organized and Random. In the Organized menus, the items in a terminal cluster were all members of the same natural category. In the Random menus, items were assigned to terminal clusters such that no two category exemplars appeared in the same cluster. The meaningfulness of the choice points in the Organized menus yielded faster and more accurate performance than was observed on the Random menus. Implications for the structuring of menu systems are discussed.
The Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine.

The Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine of the University of Music and Drama in Hannover, Germany, is a unique Institution in Europe whose scope includes teaching the basics of music physiology and musicians' medicine and research into the physiological and neurobiological principles of professional music performance and music perception. Furthermore, the institute conducts research into the causes of occupational injuries in musicians and provides means for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of such injuries.
Measurement of bacterial oxygen uptake kinetics by a modified respirometric technique.

As part of a study of oxygen transfer to bacterial suspensions, we have developed a method of measuring the respiration kinetics of growing microbial cells under well-defined conditions, with oxygen supply as the only limitation to growth, and the method yields unambiguous results even at DO concentrations below 0.1 mg/L
Studies of membrane formation in Tetrahymena pyriformis. V. Lipid incorporation into various cellular membranes of stationary phase cells, starving cells, and cells treated with metabolic inhibitors

The distribution rates of radioactive phospholipids to various membranes of Tetrahymena pyriformis are nearly identical in cells experiencing rapid growth, no growth, and starvation-induced shrinkage. Furthermore, neither the inhibition of proteins synthesis by cycloheximide nor the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by tetralylphenoxyisobutyric acid altered lipid distribution rates. As recently observed in other organisms, lipid insertion into Tetrahymena membranes is not coupled to protein insertion, and the reverse situation also seems to be true. The data are best explained by postulating a rapid exchange of intact lipids as being the prime mechanism causing intracellular distribution of these molecules.
Incremental Analysis of Side Effects for C Software Systems

Incremental static analysis seeks to efficiently update semantic information about an evolving software system, without recomputing “from scratch.” Interprocedural modification side effect analysis (MOD) calculates the set of variables possibly modified by execution of a procedure or a statement. We introduce a partial incrementalization of MOD for C systems using the hybrid method and present results of a study of 27 C programs, that predicts that our incremental MOD analysis will be substantially cheaper than exhaustive analysis for many program changes.
Is Stock Market Overreaction Persistent Over Time

This paper examines the stability and persistence of the market overreaction hypothesis as posited by DeBondt and Thaler (1985 and 1987), and reinforced by Chopra, Lakonishok, and Ritter (1992). Using monthly CRSP data for the period 1926 through 1992, we find that returns obtained from a contrarian investment strategy are not time-stationary. Specifically, there is no winner-loser portfolio relationship during the post-war period of 1940_50s. The relationship resumes during the pre-energy-crisis subperiod, but weakens again during the post-energy-crisis subperiod. The effectiveness of trading based upon the overreaction hypothesis is, therefore, suspect.
Challenges of designing multicenter trials in pediatric heart failure

Abstract Designing clinical trials in pediatric heart failure presents challenges in many aspects of study design and implementation. These stem from the fact that the underlying mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure in children are heterogenous, clinical outcome measures have not been well characterized, and the power to detect clinically important endpoints is limited by the small number of affected patients. The mechanisms of heart failure in children are often radically different than those seen in adults and justifying the study rationale for the use of an adult heart failure medication to children can be challenging. The identification of valid clinical endpoints is limited by a lack of natural history data and the length of time required to reach a clinical outcome can be difficult to incorporate into a clinical trial timeframe. Trial enrollment can be hindered by a lack of equipoise and parental reluctance to agree to study tests. The Federal Drug Administration and European Medicines Authority (EMA) have instituted several measures to encourage the study of new drugs in children with heart failure. These include extending market exclusivity following performance of an approved study in children with heart failure and, in the case of the EMA, requiring approval of a pediatric investigational protocol prior to granting approval for the use of a new medication in the adult population. The challenges of designing clinical trials in pediatric heart failure can only be overcome by a collaborative approach amongst investigators, patients, governmental agencies and pharmaceutical companies.
Effect of Dust Loading on the Performance of Half-Mask Respirators

Abstract The effect of dust loading on the protection provided by an air purifying respirator is complicated because of the interplay of two factors: (1) the increase in filter resistance, with its attendant increase in facial seal leakage; and (2) the increase in filter efficiency that occurs with increased loading. The objective of this article is to characterize, based on experimental measurement, the effect of dust loading on the protection provided by three types of respirators: (1) dust and mist (DM, disposable); (2) dust, fume, and mist (DFM, dual cartridge); and (3) dust, fume, mist, and radionuclide (DFMR, dual cartridge). Respirator filters were loaded with AC Fine Test Dust (mass median aerodynamic diameter = 2.8 μm, geometric standard deviation = 2.9) to six successive loading conditions, approximately 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg, using a breathing machine (work rate 68 W) and a dust chamber. At each loading condition penetration and resistance measurements were made at seven flow rates...
Digital Age Dilemma: Can You Make Faster, More Accurate Decisions?

Are you having trouble keeping up with the dizzying number of decisions you have to make—in less and less time? You're not alone. But how can you make decisions faster and more accurately? The author has some answers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structural Characterization of Poly(α-Fluoroacrylonitrile) and Poly(Ethyl α-Fluoroacrylate)

Abstract Monomers α-fluoroacrylonitrile (FAN) and ethyl α-fluoroacrylate (EFA) and homopolymers poly(α-fluoroacrylonitrile) (PFAN) and poly-(ethyl α-fluoroacrylate) (PEFA) have been synthesized and spectroscopi-cally characterized in detail for the first time. The 13C- and 19F-NMR spectroscopic results are reported, and the results are correlated to the tacticity and microstructure of both homopolymers. The major portion of the polymers is atactic. TGA analysis of PFAN indicates that the polymer is stable to about 200°C with subsequent loss of HF. PEFA is stable to 300 °C. Molecular weights determined by intrinsic viscosity (Mv ) are found to be about 130,000 for PFAN, and GPC analysis of PEFA indicates a molecular weight (Mn ) of about 36,000. Dielectric permittivities (e) for PFAN and PEFA were determined to be 8.9 and 4.0, respectively, at 50 Hz.
Effect of hydrophobic primary organic aerosols on secondary organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of α‐pinene

[1] Semi-empirical secondary organic aerosol (SOA) models typically assume a well-mixed organic aerosol phase even in the presence of hydrophobic primary organic aerosols (POA). This assumption significantly enhances the modeled SOA yields as additional organic mass is made available to absorb greater amounts of oxidized secondary organic gases than otherwise. We investigate the applicability of this critical assumption by measuring SOA yields from ozonolysis of a-pinene (a major biogenic SOA precursor) in a smog chamber in the absence and in the presence of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and lubricating oil seed aerosol. These particles serve as surrogates for urban hydrophobic POA. The results show that these POA did not enhance the SOA yields. If these results are found to apply to other biogenic SOA precursors, then the semiempirical models used in many global models would predict significantly less biogenic SOA mass and display reduced sensitivity to anthropogenic POA emissions than previously thought. Citation: Song, C., R. A. Zaveri, M. L. Alexander, J. A. Thornton, S. Madronich, J. V. Ortega, A. Zelenyuk, X.-Y. Yu, A. Laskin, and D. A. Maughan (2007), Effect of hydrophobic primary organic aerosols on secondary organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of a-pinene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20803,
Jelly beans as an alternative to a fifty-gram glucose beverage for gestational diabetes screening

Abstract Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that a standardized dose of jelly beans could be used as an alternative sugar source to the 50-g glucose beverage to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus. Study Design: One hundred sixty pregnant women at 24 to 28 weeks’ gestation were recruited for a prospective study to compare 2 sugar sources for serum glucose response, side effects, preference, and ability to detect gestational diabetes mellitus. Patients were randomly assigned to consume 50-g glucose beverage or 28 jelly beans (50 g simple carbohydrate). Serum glucose values were determined 1 hour later. The test was later repeated with the other sugar source. Finally, a 100-g 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Participants completed a questionnaire recording subjective outcome variables. American Diabetes Association criteria were used to interpret all test results. Results: Among 136 participants completing the study no significant differences were found between 1-hour serum glucose values (116.5 ± 27 mg/dL with 50-g glucose beverage, 116.9 ± 23.6 mg/dL with jelly beans; P = .84), frequency of discrepant results ( P = .47), sensitivity, specificity, or predictive value. Jelly beans yielded fewer side effects (38% with 50-g glucose beverage, 20% with jelly beans; P P Conclusions: Jelly beans may be used as an alternative to the 50-g glucose beverage as a sugar source for gestational diabetes mellitus screening. The 2 sources provoke similar serum glucose responses. Patients report fewer side effects after a jelly bean challenge than after a 50-g glucose beverage challenge. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1154-7.)
Context and process: An ecological view of the interdependence of practice and research

The future for the field of community psychology is promising as we visualize that our key resources are citizens, colleagues in pyschology, and those persons in the social sciences who share a commitment to collaborative research.
Prekallikrein Deficiency Presenting as Recurrent Cerebrovascular Accident: Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report the case of a woman with history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presenting with recurrent episodes consistent clinically with cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and MRI changes suggestive of ischemia versus vasculitis as their cause. No anatomical neurological, rheumatic, cardioembolic, or arteriosclerotic etiologies could be determined by extensive workup. Incidentally, the patient was found to have prolonged activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and a normal Prothrombin Time (PT); further testing revealed a prekallikrein deficiency. Since no other cause for the CVAs was established, and other prothrombotic states were ruled out, it is proposed that they are clinical manifestations derived from the prekallikrein deficiency, which in a patient with known cardiovascular risk factors could lead to thrombotic complications such as stroke.
Barriers to adopting least-cost particulate control strategies for Indian power plants

Abstract Future energy growth in India, fueled in large part by coal, is expected to further aggravate the existing problems of particulate air pollution. This paper evaluates strategies for reducing particulate emissions from new and existing coal-fired power plants in India to comply with current and anticipated future emissions standards. The objectives are to identify methods that minimize total power generation costs, and to identify economic and political barriers to adopting these solutions. The technologies considered include conventional electrostatic precipitators, fabric filter collectors, flue gas conditioning, coal cleaning and switching to imported coal. The results suggest that the most significant savings in particulate control costs are realized through a ‘systems’ approach involving pre-combustion and post-combustion emission control methods. Nationwide savings in generation costs through improved control are estimated at approximately $0.4–0.7 billion per annum in the year 2002 (in constant 1996 dollars). Least-cost strategies are not currently being used because of capital cost subsidies, lack of domestic technology demonstration and evaluation programs, an emphasis on pollution control versus pollution prevention, and an imperfect domestic steam coal market. Policy measures are proposed to overcome these barriers.
Sum Rules, Dynamic Form Factor, and Elementary Excitations in Liquid 4He*

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the experimental and theoretical studies of elementary excitations. The dynamic form factor S (k, ω) occupies a central position in the microscopic theory of liquid 4 He at low temperature. In this chapter, the Hamiltonian operator is used to generate sum rules involving S (k, ω) as a weight factor. It explains the two-component formulation of the sum rules. An effective and rigorous two-level statement of the sum rules can be developed from the exact relations. The slight complication of an explicit notation, exhibiting normalized weight factors, makes a more detailed and powerful analysis possible. A wide variety of computational methods and approximations are used; however, the results are in large measure concordant and in qualitative agreement with experiment.
Rethinking Critical Mass in the Federal Appellate Courts

This article draws from critical mass studies of gender in other political institutions to inform an application to the US Courts of Appeals. The results demonstrate the utility of considering court-level aspects of diversity. As mixed-sex panels become more common within a circuit, both male and female judges increasingly support plaintiffs in civil rights claims, though the magnitude of the effect is larger for women. The presence of a female chief judge is also positively associated with pro-plaintiff decisions by men and women in sex discrimination cases.
Inhibition of protein kinase C of human neutrophils by phosphatidylcholines

Pulmonary surfactant phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholines (PCs), inhibit superoxide generation in neutrophils. The activation of neutrophils is in part dependent on protein kinase C (PKC). To investigate the mechanism of action of PCs in inhibition of neutrophil activation, we studied the effect of PCs, commonly found in pulmonary surfactant, on the distribution of PKC in intact resting and stimulated neutrophils as well as on their kinase activity in vitro. In general, in contrast to PCs with saturated fatty acyl moieties, PCs with unsaturated fatty acyl moieties inhibited PKC activity in vitro. To determine the effect of PCs on the activation of PKC in intact neutrophils, neutrophils preincubated with PCs for 2 hours were stimulated by 1,2-sn-dioctanoylglycerol (diC8) or 4-beta-phorbol 12-beta-myristate 13-alpha-acetate (PMA). The cytosolic PKC activity did not change in cells preincubated with PCs after stimulation with diC8 (3.76 +/- 0.83 units vs 3.90 +/- 1.48 units), as would be expected in control cells (3.06 +/- 0.41 units to 1.01 +/- 0.29 units). In contrast to diC8, PMA-induced translocation of PKC to the membrane was unaffected by PCs. These data suggest that specific PCs not only inhibit neutrophil PKC in vitro but can also affect its translocation in response to stimulation by diacylglycerol in intact neutrophils.
A comparison of pre treatment regimens for minimizing the haemodynamic response to blind nasotracheal intubation

The authors determined the cardiovascular effects of blind nasotracheal intubation in four randomized groups of 25 patients each, After induction of anaesthesia with IV thiopentone 4 mg-kg-1, patients in group A received no pretreatment, while patients in group B received IV iidocaine 1.5 mg-kg-1. Three minutes before induction, patients in group C received 0 25 per cent phenylephrine nasal spray (0.2 mg in each nostril); those in group D received ten per cent Iidocaine nasal spray (30 mg in each nostril). After intubation, mean arterial pressures (MAP) were highest in group B (IV Iidocaine) patients (p < 0.05), remaining significantly elevated for 5 min. Conversely, within four minutes after intubation, MAP of group D (ten per cent nasal Iidocaine spray) patients were below control (p < 0.05), and lower than those of any other group (p < 0.05). MAP of group A and C patients increased after intubation, but not as much as in group B patients (p < 0.05). There were no adverse effects from the lidocaine nasal spray. Ten per cent lidocaine nasal spray is a safe and effective way to minimize the MAP increases which typically accompany blind nasotracheal intubation in lightly anaesthetized patients.
The effects of total parenteral nutrition on gastrointestinal function

Summary It may be necessary for future formulations of TPN to encompass functions other than mere provisions of nutrients. Although current solutions of TPN are well tolerated in most patients for short periods and remain an important adjunct to modern surgical therapy, these solutions have significant room for improvement. Designing the ideal artificial gut for the highly stressed patient may include reproduction of the neurological, endocrine, and immune responses that occur after the oral presentation of foodstuffs.
Air Motions and Precipitation Structure of an Early Summer Squall Line over the Eastern Tropical Atlantic

Abstract The 28 June 1974 squall line over the ship army of the Global Atmospheric Research Programme's Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) has been examined. Aircraft, radar, satellite, sounding and surface data have been employed in the analysis. This squall line is the third GATE oceanic squall line to have been subjected to intensive case study analysis. The vertical air motions and the relative amounts of convective and stratiform rain in this case were similar to those of the other two lines. However, this squall line moved more slowly, without discrete jumps, and the horizontal airflow relative to the system was quite different from that associated with the other two lines. Except at the surface, the strong front-to-rear relative flow normal to the line observed at most levels in the other cases was absent, with the relative flow tending instead to be parallel to the line. In the low to middle troposphere, relative flow parallel to the line from the north fed a post-squall mesoscale downdraft. In t...