cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initiation of transcription at the bacterial glnAp2 promoter by purified E. coli components is facilitated by enhancers

The initiation of transcription from the nitrogen-regulated promoter glnAp2 requires RNA polymerase containing sigma 54, the transcriptional activator NRI, and the protein kinase NRII, responsible for the conversion of NRI to the active NRI-phosphate. NRI-phosphate does not increase the ability of sigma 54-containing RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter, but rather stimulates the conversion of an initial promoter:polymerase complex to the transcriptionally active open complex. The presence on the DNA template of high-affinity binding sites for NRI/NRI-phosphate, normally located 130 and 100 bp upstream of the site of transcription initiation, results in a 4- to 5-fold lowering of the concentration of NRI required for the formation of the open complex. These high-affinity NRI binding sites facilitate open complex formation when they are moved to positions 700 bp further upstream or 950 bp downstream of glnAp2 on linear DNA templates.
Making a Marriage in Medieval Padua

Over the course of the fifteenth century, sixty-four plaintiffs brought suit in the Paduan ecclesiastical court to enforce a disputed vow. Although the Church had established a theory of marriage that relied solely on the exchange of freely given consent, these matrimonial suits show that the laity was not content to define marriage in solely spiritual terms. In case after case, we find plaintiffs presenting a wide variety of proofs of marriage, especially the carnal consummation of vows that the Church had tried to render ancillary from the twelfth century onwards. Most striking are the instances in which plaintiffs reproduced the vows exchanged; when rendered in Latin, they are consistently formulaic, but twelve times the plaintiffs entered the vernacular words exchanged, words that show much more individuality and allow us to approach more directly their understanding of what constituted a valid marriage.
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and its signaling components in peri-ovulatory pig follicles.

Abstract The present studies investigated the hypothesis that TGFβ plays a role in mediating LH/hCG-induced maturation, ovulation and/or luteinization of follicles in the pig. In Experiment 1, the temporal and spatial gene expression patterns of TGFβ signaling components were examined in pig follicles which had been induced to ovulate and luteinize in vivo by hCG treatment, or by the LH-surge. Pre-pubertal pigs were injected with PG-600 followed by hCG, and ovaries were collected surgically at 0, 1, 12, 24 and 48 h post-hCG. Post-ovulatory follicles were also collected from cycling gilts on Day 4 (D4) of the estrous cycle. Pre- and post-ovulatory follicles were used for the measurement of mRNA (PCR) and protein (Western blots) abundance and for protein localization by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Steady state amounts of mRNA for TGFβ3 and TGFβR2 were increased (P
Communicative Gestures in Children With Delayed Onset of Oral Expressive Vocabulary

Use of communicative gestures in a group of children with delayed onset of expressive oral vocabulary (late talkers) was compared with such use among normal-language-matched controls and age-matche...
Atomic Wave Functions for Some Excited States of Helium

Normalized one-electron wave functions and the corresponding fields and energy parameters have been computed by the self-consistent field method for the following excited states of helium: ${(1s)}^{2}$, $(1s)(2s)$, $(1s)(2p)$, ${(2s)}^{2}$, ${(2p)}^{2}$ and $(2s)(2p)$. The results have been compared with those obtained by other methods and with experimental values.
Conflict and human security in the North Rift and North Eastern Kenya

– Within the theoretical context of human security, this United Nations (UN) three‐year research project examines the causes and effects of conflicts in the arid and semi‐arid lands of Northern Kenya. The purpose of this paper is to address the human security concerns arising out of conflict, displacement, migration and poverty. The people who live in the area are mainly nomadic pastoralists., – A review of previous empirical research and ongoing field studies are used to examine four problem areas: cattle rustling, proliferation of small arms, competition over scarce resources and conflict between refugees and local communities., – Seeking access to water and green pastures, the nomads generally follow their cattle across the region, and their movement is not confined to Kenya alone. They cross and re‐cross international boundaries to and from Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia and Uganda resulting in conflicts over water and pasture. Resource competition in a fragile economy has had grave consequences for the economic security of families and internally displaced people., – The North Rift and North Eastern regions of Kenya are the most underdeveloped area of the country and suffer from a high level of human insecurity, with more than three‐quarters of the population living below the poverty line. This UN project seeks an empirical understanding of the causes of conflict and ways to build the capacity of a vulnerable population to gain both freedom from fear and freedom from want.
The evolution of one-shot cooperation: An experiment

Abstract Can people rationally advance their own material interests by cooperating in one-shot prisoner's dilemmas, even when there is no possibility of being punished for defection? We outline a model that describes how such cooperation could evolve if the presence of a cooperative disposition can be discerned by others. We test the model's key assumption with an experiment in which we find that subjects who interacted for thirty minutes before playing one-shot prisoner's dilemmas with two others were substantially more accurate than chance in predicting their partner's decisions.
31P Magic Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic Rare-Earth-Substituted Keggin and Wells−Dawson Solids

Paramagnetic rare-earth elements have been examined as NMR structural probes in polyoxoanionic solids, which have a variety of applications as luminescent materials that are usually disordered and therefore intractable by traditional structural methods. Thirteen Keggin and Wells−Dawson polyoxotungstates containing substitutions with lanthanides of different effective magnetic moments have been examined by 31P magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. The electron−nuclear dipolar interaction dominating the spinning sideband envelopes is determined by the lanthanide's magnetic moment and was found to be a sensitive probe of the nature of the polyoxoanion, of the positional isomerism, and of the ion stoichiometry. Electron−nuclear dipolar anisotropies computed based on the point−dipole approximation are generally in good agreement with the experimental results. The choice of a specific lanthanide as a structural probe can be tailored to the desired distance range between the phosphorus atoms and the paramagneti...
Metabolism of trichloroethylene by the isolated perfused lung

Abstract A technique for perfusing the isolated lung of rats and guinea pigs was developed. The main features include: constant-pressure recirculating perfusion with heparinized, autologous, whole blood; cyclic subatmospheric pressure within a temperature-controlled ventilation chamber; and ventilating gas consisting of air containing about 5% CO2. Lungs were maintained in this system for up to 3.5 hr. This system appears to be a valid technique for investigating pulmonary metabolism. Trichloroethylene was added to the gas supplied to the isolated lungs. Equilibrium was established between this gas and perfusing blood within 15 to 30 min. Trichloroethanol was evident in blood after 15 to 30 min of exposure. Chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol glucuronide were not observed. Trichloroethanol in lung tissue was estimated at about 30% of the total metabolites recovered in both rat and guinea pig preparations. Trichloroethanol production appeared to be independent of trichloroethylene concentrations and its appearance was linear over 3 hr. Trichloroacetic acid was present in smaller amounts. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital (75 mg/kg for 4 days) increased trichloroethanol formation significantly. Addition of ethanol to yield initial blood concentrations near 90 mg/100 ml did not affect trichloroethanol formation.
Norm-principal bimodules of nest algebras II

Let β be a nest in a separably acting factor $$\mathcal{M}$$ . We present conditions for a factor $$\mathcal{M}$$ to be a bimodule of the nest subalgebraalgs in $$\mathcal{M}$$ which is singly generated in the norm topology. Some relevant results about the compact ideal $$\mathcal{I}_c$$ , the quasitriangular algebra and the Calkin algebra are established.
Optically active organoaluminum based inclusion compounds. Synthesis and characterization of (S)-(−)-α-[(C6H5)CH(CH3)N(CH3)3][Al2R6I] (R=CH3, C2H5)

The optically active quaternary ammonium salt (S)-(−)-α-[(C6H5)CH(CH3)N(CH3)3I] reacts with AlR3 to afford optically active organoaluminum based inclusion compounds, liquid clathrates, of the formula (S)-(−)-α-[(C6H5)CH(CH3)N(CH3)3][Al2R6I] (R=CH3, C2H5). Specific rotation ([α] 25 ) for the Al(CH3)3 compound was determined to be −13.19° while that for the Al(C2H5)3 analog was determined to be −14.30°. There are 13.8 toluene molecules per anionic moiety for the trimethylaluminum based liquid clathrate while there are 15.0 toluene molecules per anion for the corresponding triethylaluminum inclusion compound.
Thiazides stimulate calcium absorption in urinary bladder of winter flounder.

Abstract Thiazides inhibit voltage-independent NaCl absorption in the urinary bladder of the winter flounder presumably by blocking an electroneutral mucosal Na/Cl co-transporter. As thiazides stimulate calcium absorption in mammalian distal convoluted tubule while inhibiting NaCl absorption, we studied the effects of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on unidirectional 45 Ca fluxes and intracellular electrical potential in short-circuited bladders to examine possible mechanisms of HCTZ effects on calcium transport. Basal secretory calcium flux was, on average, slightly larger than absorptive flux, reflecting small net calcium secretion. Mucosal addition of HCTZ (10 −4 M) stimulated absorptive calcium flux by 46% while the secretory flux was unaltered. Thus, HCTZ tended to induce net calcium absorption. Pre-treatment with serosal ouabain (10 −4 M) attenuated the HCTZ-induced increase in absorptive calcium flux. Moreover, HCTZ hyperpolarized the mucosal membrane potential by 18% as measured by conventional open-tip microelectrodes. These effects of HCTZ are consistent with the hypothesis that HCTZ indirectly stimulates Na/Ca exchange located at the serosal membrane. In conclusion, HCTZ in flounder urinary bladder, as in mammalian distal convoluted tubule, simultaneously inhibits NaCl absorption and stimulates calcium absorption. This study expands on the functional similarities between the flounder urinary bladder and the mammalian distal convoluted tubule.
Testing spontaneous parity violation at the LHC

Abstract We construct a supersymmetric SU ( 2 ) L × SU ( 2 ) R × U ( 1 ) B − L model in which a discrete symmetry ( C -parity) implements strict left–right symmetry in the scalar (Higgs) sector. Although two electroweak bidoublets are introduced to accommodate the observed fermion masses and mixings, a natural missing partner mechanism insures that a single pair of MSSM Higgs doublets survives below the left–right symmetry breaking scale. If this scale happens to lie in the TeV range, several new particles potentially much lighter than the SU ( 2 ) R charged gauge bosons W R ± will be accessible at the LHC.
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN MICE IV. RELATIONSHIP OF TRANSMISSIBILITY OF DIFFERENT STRAINS OF VIRUS AND RECOVERY OF AIRBORNE VIRUS IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF INFECTOR MICE

A mouse-adapted Jap. 305 strain of influenza A2 virus was found to be much more readily transmitted from one mouse to another than the NWS strain of influenza A0 virus although the two viruses were equally pathogenic for mice as judged by pulmonary virus titers and lung lesions. The survival of artificially created aerosols of virus and the quantity of airborne virus required to initiate infection in mice were identical for the two viruses. The difference in transmissibility was associated with the recovery of infectious airborne virus in the environment of mice infected with the Jap. 305 strain during the period of their maximum infectiousness, but not in the environment of mice infected with the NWS strain.
The simulation of material handling systems

This article describes the simulation of material handling (MH) systems using simulation languages and simulators. We first show how to construct a simulation of a MH system using the standard blocks available in two general purpose simulation languages. When building models in this manner, an accurate emulation of the real system can be accomplished. Modeling can be accomplished more rapidly using built-in MH capabilities provided in several simulators and simulation languages and some of these are described in the article. Lastly, we discuss a simulation package that has the capability to model material han dling systems with great accuracy.
Bidding information to generate bidding strategies for LaGrangian relaxation-based auctions

Abstract LaGrangian relaxation (LR) is used as an auction method for bidding in a deregulated environment. Identical or similar units can prevent LR from finding the optimal solution when only one of the units should be committed. If many units are similar, LR may have trouble selecting some subset of them for the optimal solution. A unique feasible solution may thus not be found. This leads to inequity among the unit(s) not selected and may result in less revenue for one or more competitors. Because the dispatcher has to use heuristic selection, there is no ‘fair’ solution to these problems. This paper focuses on how to change unit data to obtain an advantage while using LR as an auction method. The authors suggest alternative strategies based on previously published problems with selection by unit commitment and subsequent dispatch by economics. Sensitivity analysis results demonstrate the method for finding the percentage difference between units to affect the solution.
Self-assembled liposomal nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs the combination of non-toxic photosensitizers (PS) together with harmless visible light of the appropriate wavelength to produce reactive oxygen species that kill unwanted cells. Because many PS are hydrophobic molecules prone to aggregation, numerous drug delivery vehicles have been tested to solubilize these molecules, render them biocompatible and enhance the ease of administration after intravenous injection. The recent rise in nanotechnology has markedly expanded the range of these nanoparticulate delivery vehicles beyond the well-established liposomes and micelles. Self-assembled nanoparticles are formed by judicious choice of monomer building blocks that spontaneously form a well-oriented 3-dimensional structure that incorporates the PS when subjected to the appropriate conditions. This self-assembly process is governed by a subtle interplay of forces on the molecular level. This review will cover the state of the art in the preparation and use of self-assembled liposomal nanoparticles within the context of PDT.
Number of metastatic sites rather than location dictates overall survival of patients with node-negative metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Objectives To perform a retrospective study to determine whether survival and immunotherapy response are related to the site of metastases (lung versus bone) and to the number of organ sites involved (one versus multiple). The most common sites of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) are the lung and bone. Methods The records of 434 patients with mRCC were reviewed. Patients with pathologic evidence of nodal involvement were excluded, leaving 120 patients with mRCC to lung only, 33 patients to bone only, and 144 patients with multiple organ involvement. The response rates to immunotherapy and overall survival were compared. The variables evaluated in statistical analyses included Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score, grade, 1997 tumor stage, and multiple organ involvement. Results The median survival for patients with lung only and bone only mRCC was 27 months; patients with multiple organ involvement had a median survival of 11 months. In patients who underwent nephrectomy followed by immunotherapy, the median survival time was 31, 31, and 13 months in the lung, bone, and multiple sites groups, respectively. The response rate to immunotherapy after nephrectomy was 44%, 20%, and 14% in the lung, bone, and multiple organ groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed that metastatic disease to more than one organ site was associated with poor prognosis (2.05 risk ratio, P Conclusions Patients with mRCC to only one organ site fared significantly better than patients who had evidence of disease in multiple organs. Survival in patients with disease limited to the lung was similar to that of patients whose disease was limited to bone.
Homodyne photon statistics of the subthreshold degenerate parametric oscillator

Homodyne statistics when the light from a degenerate parametric oscillator (DPO) is mixed with coherent light from a local oscillator are discussed. By using dynamical models of these beams we discuss the photon sequences underlying the superposed beam in terms of photoelectric pulse sequences recorded by a detector. The field produced by the parametric oscillator is expressed in terms of two independent real Gaussian random variables. Using this property of the field variables, we derive the generating function for the photoelectron statistics analytically. From this generating function, expressions for the photoelectron-counting distribution, factorial moments, and the waiting-time distribution are derived. These quantities are directly measurable in photon-counting experiments. The results reported here are applicable to arbitrary strengths of the signal and the local-oscillator fields. We also show that, depending on the relative strength and relative phase between coherent light from the local oscillator and squeezed light from the DPO, the superposed light beam may exhibit many interesting nonclassical features. These and other effects are described and curves are presented to illustrate the behavior.
Effect of ration size on growth and gross conversion efficiency of young lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris

Young lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, were kept under controlled conditions in an aquarium and fed blue runner, Caranx crysos, at different ration levels. The relationship between feeding rate and growth rate was best described by a von Bertalanffy growth curve, which predicted a maximum growth rate of 140 kJ kg−1 day−1 (0·66% b.w. day−1), a maintenance ration of 199 kJ kg−1 day−1 (1·06% b.w. day−1), and losses due to starvation of -236kJ kg−1 day−1 (1·11% b.w. day−1). The relationship between gross conversion efficiency (K1) and feeding rate was also examined. K1 ranged from - 64 to 25% and did not drop at high ration levels. Activity levels of both starved sharks and sharks fed at maintenance were not significantly different (0·2 body lengths s−1). K1 values generated from both laboratory and field data suggest that young lemon sharks can convert food to new tissue as efficiently as teleosts.
Sensitivity to X-irradiation in relation to cell size of CHO cells synchronized in early G1.

. A population of line CHO Chinese hamster cells was synchronized by mitotic selection and allowed to enter early G1, after which the largest and smallest cells in the population were sorted, irradiated, and their viability determined. Despite sizeable differences in volume, metabolic capability and cell cycle progression rates, an equivalent level of survival was obtained for the two populations, indicating that the factors responsible for the volume, metabolic and progression heterogeneity do not contribute greatly to radiation sensitivity.
Conjugating the Modern/Religious, Conceptualizing Female Religious Agency: Contours of a 'Post-secular' Conjuncture

This article is concerned with thinking transformations of the secular, and does so in relation to two theoretical terrains, while empirically grounded in ethnographies of Christian and Islamic pious women in the Netherlands. A first theoretical terrain under consideration is that of how the relation between modernity and religion is elaborated, notably in secularization theories, and how these established frameworks are challenged by a different kind of articulation between modernity and religion that I observed in narratives and practices of young Evangelical and Islamic women in the Netherlands. The article traces the contours of a `pious modern', showing how from a faith-centred perspective the modern can be incorporated and indeed produced. In this context, I argue that the way in which notions of modernization and secularization have been theoretically hinged on each other needs to be further revisited, and I propose to consider the `post-secular' as a new disarticulation between the modern and the ...
Immediacy, Cohesiveness, and the Online Classroom.

THIS ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS instructional communication and distance education research with an emphasis on the social dynamics of the online learning experience and their impact on the learning experience. Literature related to the twin concepts of immediacy and group cohesiveness—central constructs related to building an effective classroom social dynamic—will be reviewed in an attempt to glean insights for the practical adaptation of these constructs from face-to-face to online learning environments. Such social dynamics are not presented as the pedagogical ends of the instructor’s role, but as the foundation, or means through which more intentional learning activities may be more effectively constructed in the online classroom.
An efficient machine-independent procedure for garbage collection in various list structures

A method for returning registers to the free list is an essential part of any list processing system. In this paper, past solutions of the recovery problem are reviewed and compared. A new algorithm is presented which offers significant advantages of speed and storage utilization. The routine for implementing this algorithm can be written in the list language with which it is to be used, thus insuring a degree of machine independence. Finally, the application of the algorithm to a number of different list structures appearing in the literature is indicated.
Oxygen consumption of two species of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on oxygen consumption in two species of harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex rugosus and P. maricopa, were evaluated. 2. 2. P. maricopa had a higher rate of oxygen consumption per unit weight than P. rugosus. 3. 3. Higher VPD resulted in an increase in oxygen consumption in P. rugosus but had no significant effect on oxygen consumption rate in P. maricopa. 4. 4. The increased rate of oxygen consumption in P. rugosus at high VPD was not the result of increased activity.
Synthesis and electrical properties of poly(p-azoarylene) films

Abstract Polymers and copolymers containing p -azoarylene and p -azoxyarylene groups were synthesized by oxidative coupling of various aromatic diamines. Films were cast directly from the reaction mixtures or from the polymer solutions. The films were n-doped by sodium naphthalide or p-doped by iodine. They showed electrical conductivities of 10 −4 ohm −1 cm −1 to 10 −5 ohm −1 cm −1 .
GAMBLING IS HARD WORK: CARD PLAYING IN TIWI SOCIETY

This paper examines the gambling activities of Tiwi women and men of North Australia and situates the activities within the anthropology of work. It is shown that gambling for money redistributes an unequal resource (wages and pensions) while the derivative game using beer rather than money redistributes an equal resource unequally. The principal conclusion is that for women the activity may be equated to foraging — a low risk activity but fundamental for personal status in that it is directed toward providing daily subsistence, while for men the activity closely resembles hunting — a high risk activity where success is less likely but also essential for personal status.
Psoriasis patients exhibit impairment of the high potency CCR5(+) T regulatory cell subset.

CCR5 expression on CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been reported to be crucial for limiting Th1 inflammation associated with autoimmunity and bacterial infections. We inquired whether abnormalities in chemokine receptors expressed on Tregs might be involved in the psoriatic pathogenesis. Indeed, the proportion of CCR5+ Treg was 58.8% in healthy individuals (n = 9), whereas only half as many CCR5+ Treg cells were found in psoriatic individuals (29.1%, n = 8, p < 0.01). The flow-enriched control CCR5+ Tregs consistently exceeded the suppressive capacity of unsorted Tregs in autologous MLR assays (n = 5, p < 0.05) showing that CCR5+ Treg subset is a high potency regulatory T cell population. Interestingly, psoriatic CCR5+ Treg cells exhibited significantly less migratory capacity toward CCR5 ligands MIP-1β and RANTES in vitro compared to CCR5+ Treg controls (n = 3, p < 0.05). Our data demonstrate that psoriatic CCR5+ Tregs cells are numerically-, functionally- and chemotactically-deficient compared to controls and may pose a triple impairment on the ability of psoriatic Tregs to restrain inflammation.
A Near Atomic Resolution Model of the Microvillus and the Organization of the Brush Border

Microvilli are ∼1-μm long finger-like projections present on the apical surfaces of certain, specialized absorptive epithelial cells. A highly symmetric hexagonal array of thousands of these structures form the brush border, which in addition to providing a significant increase in surface area also serves a barrier function against invading pathogens. Here, for the first time, we present an atomic model of the protein cytoskeleton responsible for this dramatic cellular morphology. This model incorporates spectroscopic, crystallographic, and microscopic data reported by several groups over the last 30 years into a single cohesive macromolecular complex composed of actin, fimbrin, villin, brush border myosin (Myo1A), calmodulin, and brush border spectrin. The biological, biochemical, and biophysical implications stemming from this model will be discussed.
Detection of manufacturing flaws in composite retrofits

Composite materials are being used for bridge column seismic retrofits and to rehabilitate other concrete structures. There are three different manufacturing methods for applying composites to concrete columns which are outlined in this paper. Each method has the potential for creating debonds at the composite-concrete interface and within the composite itself. Thermography is a non-destructive evaluation technique which can be used to image debonds below the composite surface. Background fundamentals of the thermographic technique are discussed. Data from thermographic tests of a variety of retrofit applications, which include examples for each of the three aforementioned manufacturing processes, are then presented. The paper concludes with a list of issues which need to be addressed when performing a thermographic inspection in the field.
Self-Authorship: The Foundation for Twenty-First-Century Education.

Innovative educational practice reveals the secrets to enabling complex learning and self-authorship.
Modal verbs in Catalan

In this paper it is argued that Catalan sequences of a (semi)-modal verb and an infinitive, which are traditionally known as RESTRUCTURING CONSTRUCTIONS, should be analyzed as base-generated monosentential complexes. It is claimed that in such complexes the infinitive verb, not the modal or the semi-modal, is the primary predicate determining the argument structure of the sentence and its basic syntactic configuration. Modals with the epistemic reading are analyzed as constituents of INFL, whereas root modals and semi-modals are analyzed as VP adjuncts. Evidence for this analysis is provided by a number of independent phenomena, including the distribution of en/ne cliticization of the subject, locality conditions on argument chain formation, interpretation of adjacent modals, restrictions on infinitive and gerund markers, interpretation of plural null pronominals, the distribution of auxiliaries, and clitic climbing.
The Stefan problem for a hyperbolic heat equation

Abstract In this paper we consider the 1-phase, 1-dimensional Stefan problem corresponding to the hyperbolic heat equation obtained by relaxing the Fourier law, taking τq t + q = − kθ x where q is the flux, θ the temperature, k the conductivity, and τ > 0 the relaxation coefficient. We prove existence and uniqueness of a smooth solution with smooth free boundary. We also study the limiting solution as τ → 0, showing (under some conditions) that it converges to the solution of the classical Stefan problem.
Phosphorylation-Regulated Binding of RNA Polymerase II to Fibrous Polymers of Low-Complexity Domains

The low-complexity (LC) domains of the products of the fused in sarcoma (FUS), Ewings sarcoma (EWS), and TAF15 genes are translocated onto a variety of different DNA-binding domains and thereby assist in driving the formation of cancerous cells. In the context of the translocated fusion proteins, these LC sequences function as transcriptional activation domains. Here, we show that polymeric fibers formed from these LC domains directly bind the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II in a manner reversible by phosphorylation of the iterated, heptad repeats of the CTD. Mutational analysis indicates that the degree of binding between the CTD and the LC domain polymers correlates with the strength of transcriptional activation. These studies offer a simple means of conceptualizing how RNA polymerase II is recruited to active genes in its unphosphorylated state and released for elongation following phosphorylation of the CTD.
Experiments on transition to turbulence in oscillatory pipe flow

A laser-Doppler velocimeter is used to analyse volume-cycled oscillatory flow of a Newtonian viscous fluid in a straight circular tube. The axial velocity is measured at radial positions across the diameter of the tube for a wide range of amplitude A = stroke distance/tube radius (2.4 [les ] A [les ] 21.6) and Womersley parameter (9 < α < 33). Transition to turbulence is detected during the decelerating phase of fluid motion for 500 < Rδ < 854, where Rδ = αA √2 is the Reynolds number based on Stokes-layer thickness. The turbulence is confined to an annular region which is a few times the Stokes-layer thickness near the wall. Hot-film anemometer measurements indicate the core flow remains stable when the boundary layer becomes turbulent for Rδ up to 1310.
The Innocents Abroad Do Students Face International Internships Unprepared

The essence of an internship is to learn by doing. But what if one is doing the wrong thing?
The Behavioral Treatment of Childhood Nocturnal Enuresis

Nocturnal enuresis is a relatively common childhood disorder. Although many treatments have been attempted, the most popular methods have been pharmacotherapy, individual psychotherapy, and behavioral conditioning. Of these, the most effective is behavioral conditioning with a urine alarm. The author reviews the enuresis literature and provides recommendations for use of the urine alarm approach.
Metacognitive Abilities of Above and Below Average Readers: Effects of Conceptual Tempo, Passage Level, and Error Type on Error Detection.

A number of researchers have suggested recently that differences between good and poor comprehenders lie in differences in metacognitive skills. This study examines one of the paradigms used to measure metacognitive skill—the error detection task. Seventy-four above and below grade level sixth graders were asked to detect order changes and nonsense word substitutions in thirdgrade and sixth-grade level passages. It was found that conceptual tempo (impulsivity/reflectivity), passage readability, and error type, as well as reading ability, all influenced the performance of these children on the error detection tasks. No differences were found between above and below average readers on two other metacognitive tasks, a reading difficulty judgment, and a knowledge and purposes of reading interview. Results indicate that conceptual tempashould be considered in any explanation of the relationship between metacognitive monitoring and reading ability.
Changes in the normal corneal endothelial cellular pattern as a function of age

Human endothelial morphologic changes were quantitated by specular microscopy and computer-assisted morphometry to establish normal baselines of various morphologic parameters. Cellular polymegethism and cellular pleomorphism increases with age, and normal baseline parameters are detailed. Furthermore, no significant difference in any morphologic parameters between the right and left eye and between central and peripheral endothelium was detected in the normal corneas examined. These normal morphologic baselines can possibly be utilized to detect early corneal endothelial pathology and/or cell loss nondetectable by cell density measurement.
Adults and children in severe motor vehicle crashes: A matched-pairs study

Abstract Study Objective: Many articles report seat belt injuries to children. This study examines the effect of child versus adult age and seat belt use on outcome in severe motor vehicle crashes. Methods: A population-based data set of all motor vehicle crashes statewide was analyzed by using matched-pairs logistic regression. Subjects were participants in motor vehicle crashes in which at least one occupant was killed or hospitalized and at least one was a child (age Results: Overall, 413 pairs were analyzed. Seat belt use in these severe crashes was low for children and adults (40% versus 45%). Children more often sat in the back seat (74% versus 31% for adults). Risk of death was similar (7% for children and 8% for adults), but the percentage killed or hospitalized differed (13% for children and 28% for adults; odds ratio [OR] 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8 to 3.7). After controlling for seat belt use and seat position, adults remained at a similarly increased risk compared with children (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.6 to 4.2). The back seat was much safer than the front seat (OR 5.5; 95% CI 3.7 to 8.1). An adult's nonuse of restraints was strongly predictive of a child's nonuse. Conclusion: Seat belts were at least as protective for children as for adults, but only 40% of the children in these severe crashes were restrained. [Corneli HM, Cook LJ, Dean JM. Adults and children in severe motor vehicle crashes: a matched-pairs study. Ann Emerg Med. October 2000;36:340-345.]
Reversible protein kinase activation of hormone-sensitive lipase from chicken adipose tissue.

Hormone-sensitive lipase partially purified from adipose tissue of laying hens was markedly activated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Activation was approximately 4-fold (ranging up to as great as 10-fold) compared with the much lower degree of activation obtained with analogous preparations from rat and human adipose tissues (59 and 86%, respectively). The partially purified preparations contained adequate endogenous protein kinase activity to effect complete activation with addition of cyclic AMP, ATP, and Mg2+. Activation was blocked by protein kinase inhibitor (from rabbit skeletal muscle) but could be restored fully by addition of excess exogenous protein kinase (from bovine skeletal muscle). The fully activated lipase was slowly deactivated by dialysis at 4°C and then rapidly and almost fully reactivated by addition of cyclic AMP and ATP–Mg2+. Reactivation was blocked by protein kinase inhibitor. This deactivation–reactivation cycle was rapid at 23°C with dialysis against charcoal and could be demonstrated repeatedly using a single preparation. The reversible deactivation of protein kinase-activated enzyme is presumed to reflect the action of a lipase phosphatase. Lipase prepared from tissue previously exposed to glucagon yielded a much smaller degree of activation than lipase prepared from tissue not exposed to the lipolytic hormone, indicating that the physiological hormone-induced activation is probably similar to or identical with the protein kinase activation demonstrated in the cell-free preparations. Under the conditions of assay used, the partially purified lipase fraction contained diglyceride, monoglyceride, and lipoprotein lipase activities. However, treatment with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase had virtually no effect on these lipase activities.
Determinants of regional ventilation and blood flow in the lung.

The principles of ventilation and perfusion distribution in the lung form the foundation of pulmonary physiology and remain cornerstones in caring for critically ill patients. Due to improved imaging technologies with greater spatial resolution, our understanding of the determinants of local ventilation and blood flow have evolved over the past five decades. This review provides a brief history of how the concepts governing regional ventilation and perfusion have developed and presents the most recent studies that are shaping new perspectives on the determinants of ventilation and perfusion. How these new principles apply to acute lung injury and gas exchange in the intensive care unit (ICU) are reviewed.
Optimal control point selection for continuous business process compliance monitoring

Service delivery organizations fulfill their business obligations by defining and implementing business processes. Such processes also need to adhere to several regulations such as security, confidentiality and data integrity. These regulations are typically defined as policies, each of which contains a list of clauses. Organizations typically conduct periodic audits of executed process instances to determine how well they have adhered to the stated policies. Since such auditing takes place after the processes have been implemented, their efficacy as a tool for preventing non-compliances against policies is doubtful. In this paper, we analyze the problem of continuous compliance monitoring at run time. This involves selecting a subset of policy clauses at process tasks, called control points, at which compliance can be checked. Selecting control points involves a tradeoff. Selecting too few control points would raise the risk of increased non-compliance; however, selecting too many may not be cost-effective. In this paper, we represent this as an optimization problem, and discuss it from the viewpoint of two key optimization criteria. We also demonstrate our optimization techniques on a simplified version of a real-life example drawn from our industry experience.
A short 8-item scale for measuring consumers’ local–global identity

Abstract The development and validation of an 8-item scale for assessing consumers’ local–global identity are described in this paper. Based on six studies of student and non-student samples from three countries, we demonstrate the psychometric properties of this scale, its reliability, and discriminant and convergent validity with related constructs, such as consumer ethnocentrism, nationalism, and global consumption orientation. We also test the scale's ability to predict consumers’ preference between local and global products.
Polycythemia in the Newborn

Neonatal polycythemia, defined as a venous hematocrit ≥65% (0.65), is a common problem in newborns. Infants born postterm or small for gestational age, infants of diabetic mothers, recipient twins in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, and those who have chromosomal abnormalities are at higher risk. Although the cause of polycythemia is often multifactorial, most cases can be classified as having active (increased fetal erythropoiesis) or passive (erythrocyte transfusion) polycythemia. By increasing blood viscosity, polycythemia can impair microcirculatory flow in end organs and can present with neurologic, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, and metabolic symptoms. In this article, we review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of polycythemia in the newborn.
Relativistic distorted wave collision strengths and oscillator strengths for the 33 Cu-like ions with 60≤Z≤92

Abstract Relativistic distorted wave collision strengths are given for the 21 transitions among the 4s 1 2 , 4p 1 2 , 4p 3 2 , 4d 3 2 , 4d 5 2 , 4f 5 2 , and 4f 7 2 levels and for the 63 transitions from these levels to the excited levels nlj with n = 5 in the 33 Cu-like ions with nuclear charge number Z in the range 60 ≤ Z ≤ 92. The calculations were made for the six final, or scattered, electron energies E ′ = 0.001, 0.005, 0.015, 0.04, 0.09, and 0.18, where E ′ is in units of Z eff 2 rydbergs with Z eff = Z − 23.3. In addition, the transition energies and electric dipole oscillator strengths are given. To our knowledge the present work is the first publication of the results of fully relativistic calculations of the collision strengths for excitation of highly charged Cu-like ions.
Training of error-corrective model for ASR without using audio data

This paper introduces a method to train an error-corrective model for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) without using audio data. In existing techniques, it is assumed that sufficient audio data of the target application is available and negative samples can be prepared by having ASR recognize this audio data. However, this assumption is not always true. We propose generating probable N-best lists, which the ASR may produce, directly from the text data of the target application by taking phoneme similarity into consideration. We call this process “Pseudo-ASR”. We conduct discriminative reranking with the error-corrective model by regarding the text data as positive samples and the N-best lists from the Pseudo-ASR as negative samples. Experiments with Japanese call center data showed that discriminative reranking based on the Pseudo-ASR improved the accuracy of the ASR.
The limits of automatic OS fingerprint generation

Remote operating system fingerprinting relies on implementation differences between OSs to identify the specific variant executing on a remote host. Because these differences can be subtle and difficult to find, most fingerprinting tools require expert manual effort to construct discriminative fingerprints and classification models. In prior work, Caballero et al. proposed a promising technique to eliminate manual intervention: the automatic generation of fingerprints using an approach similar to fuzz testing [6]. Their work evaluated the technique in a small-scale, carefully controlled test environment. In this paper, we re-examine automatic OS fingerprinting in a more challenging large-scale scenario to better understand the viability of the technique. In contrast to the prior work, we find that automatic fingerprint generation suffers from several limitations and technical hurdles that can limit its effectiveness, particularly in more demanding, realistic environments.We use machine learning algorithms from the well-known Weka [11] data mining toolkit to automatically generate fingerprints over 329 different machine instances, and we compare the accuracy of our automatically generated fingerprints to Nmap. Our results suggest that overfitting to non-OS-specific behavioral differences, the indistinguishability of different OS variants, the biasing of an automatic tool to the makeup of the training data, and the lack of ability of an automatic tool to exploit protocol and software semantics significantly limit the usefulness of this technique in practice. Automatic techniques can help identify candidate signatures, but our results suggest that manual expertise will remain an integral part of fingerprint generation.
Community-Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections: Impact of Antimicrobial Therapy on Outcome

Background. Conflicting data exist on the role of antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). Methods. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 492 adult patients with 531 independent episodes of community-onset MRSA SSTIs, which consisted of abscesses, furuncles/carbuncles, and cellulitis, at 2 tertiary care medical centers. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of active antimicrobial therapy (i.e., the use of an agent to which the organism is susceptible) and other potential risk factors on the outcome for patients with uncomplicated community-onset MRSA SSTIs. Treatment failure was the primary outcome of interest and was defined as worsening signs of infection associated with microbiological and/or therapeutic indicators of an unsuccessful outcome. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression analyses were preformed to determine predictors of treatment failure. Results. An incision and drainage procedure was performed for the majority of patients. Treatment failure occurred in 45 (8%) of 531 episodes of community-onset MRSA SSTI. Therapy was successful for 296 (95%) of 312 patients who received an active antibiotic, compared with 190 (87%) of 219 of those who did not (P = .001 in bivariate analysis). Use of an inactive antimicrobial agent was an independent predictor of treatment failure on logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-6.22; P = .01). Conclusions. Our findings suggest that certain patients with SSTIs that are likely caused by MRSA would benefit from treatment with an antimicrobial agent with activity against this organism.
Size–abundance relationships in Florida ant communities reveal how ants break the energetic equivalence rule

1. Ants are among the most abundant terrestrial organisms, yet little is known of how ant communities divide resources because it is difficult to measure the number of individuals in colonies and the density of colonies. 2. The body size–abundance relationships of the ants of five upland ecosystems in Florida were examined. The study tested whether abundance, energy use, and total biomass were distributed among species and body sizes as predicted by Damuth's energetic equivalence rule. Estimates of average worker body size, colony size, colony mass, and field metabolic rates were used to examine the relationships among body sizes, energy use, and total biomass. 3. Analyses revealed significant variation in energy use and did not support the energetic equivalence hypothesis. Specifically, the energy use and total standing biomass of species with large workers and colonies was much greater than smaller species. 4. These results suggest that larger species with larger colonies account for a disproportionate fraction of the total abundance and biomass of ants. A general model of resource allocation in colonies provides a possible explanation for why ants do not conform to the predictions of the energetic equivalence rule and for why ants are so abundant.
When violence has a benevolent face: the paradox of hunger in the world's wealthiest democracy.

During the last two decades, Americans initially discovered that millions of fellow-citizens were going hungry, then acted to virtually eliminate the problem, and, in the 1980s, learned that hunger has reappeared in epidemic proportions. Hunger, particularly in a wealthy democracy, is most appropriately seen as a form of institutionalized violence, the product of ideologies that fail to distribute national abundance in a manner that achieves the possible goal of preventing hunger. The return of hunger to the United States is associated with economic and tax policies that have reallocated income distribution from poor and middle-income groups to the wealthy, and with a concomitant reluctance to utilize the federal government to protect needy citizens from undernutrition associated with growing economic deprivation. Language: en