cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Behavior in a Free and in a Patterned Situation

Frequently, in descriptions of behavior of Ss with intellectual deficits, various forms of brain damage, neuroses or psychoses, or in descriptions of responses to difficult or insoluble problems, references are made to some aspect of variability (or, conversely, stereotypy) of behavior ( 11 ) ."hat is, in each of these contexts some indication is made of the nature of S's responses as related to previous responses made in similar or, even, identical situations. Often the concern of the investigator is less with the ability of the S to reach some prescribed level of proficiency than with the manner in which this level is reached. To the empirically oriented researcher the matter of measuring and interpreting intra-subject variability is recurrent and, mildly, "pestersome." For this type of researcher a systematic analysis would clarify much of the semantic confusion which exists and, conceivably, place the relevant dimensions in workable perspective. Some help, both theoretical and empirical, can be had from Guthrie ( 5 ) , Voeks ( 16), and the mathematical modelists, Bush and Mosteller ( 1 ), Estes (2 ), and Miller and Frick (4, 12 ) ; all are primarily interested in the sequential, rather than the adaptive or functional, nature of learning. As distinct from the "goal-oriented" or "functionalistic" psychologists the above authors do not emphasize behavior as it fits the external environment, i.e., as it correlates with an external criterion, but do emphasize behavior as it correlates with past behavior. To elaborate: in Fig. 1 is presented a segment of a data sheet. It is for a conventional 5-choice serial maze. It could be used equally well in any situation in which the serial nature of S's responses is studied. Across the top is the pattern of responses by which any choice or trial is designated "correct." Vertically, individual trials are enumerated. Of these three measures illustrated, consider first the one marked E. Traditionally, this is an "error"; the S's behavior failed to fit the experimenter's criterion. On the other hand, A and P are measures of S's variability. A is response alternation; it indicates how predictable S is from trial to trial at
Modeling the point spread function of paired angle multiplicative compounding in ultrasound

Spatial compounding has recently been introduced into modern commercial ultrasound systems. These systems are able to reduce angular dependent artifacts by averaging multiple images taken from different angles. In order to further reduce angular dependent artifacts, paired angle multiplicative compounding (PAMC) was recently introduced. The multiplication of pairs of images acquired from different angles reduces angular dependent artifacts while amplifying areas of signal. The quantification of improvement in PAMC images has proved difficult since images can become corrupt with high standard deviation background noise, limiting statistical evaluations from showing the true merit. In order to present a more theoretical understanding of PAMC, as well a way to gauge theoretical improvements, the point spread function (PSF) is used for analysis. This paper presents a simple geometrical model of the PAMC PSF based on the combination of two component B-scan PSFs. In order to validate the model, we compare it to a set of simulated PAMC PSFs created by varying the angle of paired multiplication. Both the theory and geometrical model are in agreement over the range [10°, 170°], allowing the optimal angle of paired multiplication to be determined to be 90°, yielding a PSF approximately 5× smaller than without pairing.
Syndiotactic and isotactic poly(tert‐butylethylene oxide)

The rate of polymerization of t-BuEO by t-BuOK in DMSO is about one-tenth that of propylene oxide. The slow rate of propagation was accompanied by considerable chain transfer. In the absence of solvent, the polymer obtained was crystalline, different from the isotactic form and therefore must be syndiotactic. The NMR spectra indicate the isotactic polymer exists in solution preferentially in the skew1 form, while syndiotactic is about 60% skew1, 40% skew2. Amorphous polymer accompanying isotactic exists about 50% in the trans conformer, by NMR data.
Bioassay of Purified Glycosides Using the Inotropic Effect on Isolated Hypodynamic Cat Myocardium

Instead of using death as the end point as in the official cat assay of digitalis, it is possible to estimate potency of glycosides by determining relative threshold inotropic doses on isolated heart muscle which has been subjected to an unfavorable environment. This method approaches more closely the intended use of cardiac glycosides in therapy since improvement of hypodynamic heart tissue is accomplished in both cases. The error of this method, however, appears to be of the same order as the official cat method. Estimation of potency by a second method using the slope of the concentration response curve with standard alternated with unknown is more cumbersome and no more precise than the threshold method. Of eleven purified cardiac glycosides studied, ten appeared to act qualitatively the same, differing only quantitatively.
Placing pain on the sensory map: classic papers by Ed Perl and colleagues.

This essay looks at two papers published by Ed Perl and co-workers that identified specifically nociceptive neurons in the periphery and superficial dorsal horn. Bessou P and Perl ER. Response of c...
Do Silver Alloy-coated Catheters Increase Risk of Urethral Strictures After Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy?

Objectives To evaluate whether the use of silver-coated catheters increased the risk of developing urethral stricture disease after robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). Recently, silver alloy-coated Foley catheters have been shown to decrease the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Other than the increased cost, no disadvantages to the use of these catheters have been reported. Material and Methods We switched to routine use of the Bardex I.C. silver alloy-coated Foley catheters for all urologic procedures on November 1, 2008. After institutional review board approval, we retrospectively reviewed the records of all consecutive patients who had undergone RALP 12 months before and after the catheter change. The primary outcome was the rate of urethral strictures after RALP. Results A total of 188 RALPs were performed during the 12 months before the catheter change. No patients who underwent RALP in the months before the catheter change had developed a new postoperative urethral stricture. In the 12 months after the change to the silver-coated catheters, 217 RALPs were performed. Six patients after RALP using silver-coated catheters developed new strictures, at a rate of 2.8% (P = .03). Conclusions Silver alloy-coated urinary catheters might increase the risk of developing urethral strictures after RALP compared with standard noncoated catheters. Additional evaluation by a large randomized prospective trial is warranted to elucidate the true risk of stricture formation.
The hidden curriculum.

ABSTRACTThe Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Internal Medicine Third Year Clerkship Program recently instituted an academic exercise to be completed by medical students during the first 6 weeks of their 12 weeks of Internal Medicine. The academic exercise involves reflecting on professional values through art and being exposed to the hidden curriculum of professionalism. Students are instructed at the beginning of their clerkship to observe the professional activities of their teachers, peers, ancillary staff, and of themselves. Students are provided a selection of art pieces to choose from. They select one which best exemplifies the professional activity they observed and are then to write a structured, reflective article.
On the Demise of the Early Paleogene Morozovella velascoensis Lineage: Terminal Progenesis in the Planktonic Foraminifera

Abstract The extinction of the Morozovella velascoensis lineage, a group of planktonic foraminifera that dominated tropical assemblages for ∼6.3 m.y., is investigated using an upper Paleocene/lower Eocene section from the central Pacific Ocean (ODP Site 865). Uppermost stratigraphic occurrences of the lineage consist solely of diminutive M. edgari, a species roughly half the size of its ancestor, M. velascoensis. Eigenshape analysis indicates that adult specimens of M. edgari are morphologically similar to small, presumably juvenile, forms of M. velascoensis. The overall stratigraphic succession, where the uppermost occurrences of a lineage are represented by relict populations of minute, juvenilized forms, is consistent with a process called “terminal progenesis.” Various lines of evidence indicate that stress-induced size reduction foreshadowed the extinction of other planktonic foraminiferal lineages as well. The ecological cause(s) for the extinction of ancestral M. velascoensis is unclear. Stable iso...
Contractile activity is required for sarcomeric assembly in phenylephrine-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy

Agonist-induced hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) has been attributed to biochemical signals generated during receptor activation. However, NRVM hypertrophy can also ...
Serum electrophoretic pattern and morphology of myeloma cells; an attempt at correlation.

The electrophoretic pattern of the serum proteins of 27 patients with multiple myeloma have been compared to the morphologic characteristics of the abnormal cells in the smear of the bone marrow. The cases were classified into four types of serum globulin abnormalities: Normal pattern or minimal protein alteration, "beta" pattern, "M" pattern, and "gamma" pattern. The following morphologic characteristics of the myeloma cells were evaluated: Diameter of the nucleus, diameter of the cell, eccentricity of the nucleus, clumping of nuclear chromatin, presence and number of nucleoli, mitoses, color of the cytoplasm, multiplicity of nuclei, presence of detached masses of cytoplasm in the smear, vacuoles in the cytoplasm, granularity of the cytoplasm, peripheral rim of darkly stained cytoplasm, Russell bodies, Mott cells, presence of a "Hof" and rouleaux formation of the red blood cells. The relative area of the cytoplasm, derived from the diameter of the myeloma cell, was found to be the most valid among all morphologic characteristics in predicting the type of serum protein pattern. Small size and a small amount of cytoplasm of myeloma cells were related to the beta globulin pattern while large size and abundant cytoplasm were related to the gamma and "M" globulin patterns.
Appearance and Reality in Heraclitus’ Philosophy

The questions that occupied early Ionian philosophers are very general in nature, and are not linked to the various skills and crafts that surface ear ly in Greek civilization.1 The awe and wonder fuelling these questions were directed towards large scale phenomena, and?according to the interpreta tion presented in this essay?called for more than mere re-descriptions or re-labellings of various features of reality. They called for explanations, but the notion of an intellectually adequate explanation took a long time to develop. Conceptions of adequate explanation were changing throughout Pre-Socratic philosophy. It was left to Aristotle to attempt to capture the various models, and give them a unifying structure within an explicit theory.2 Explanations in modern philosophies are often thought of as human constructions. We explain one thing in terms of something else to a certain audience. But within Greek thought, up to and including Aristotle, we can detect another conception that to some extent can be still seen in our own thinking as well. According to this view, some elements of reality explain or account for others. An obvious illustration of this conception is the appearance-reality distinction. We construe some entities as appearances of some other, more fundamental, underlying ones. According to the view of this essay, this way of interpreting experience is very deep-seated, and can be seen in every phase of Greek thought, including the pre-philosophical, Homeric one. The appearance-reality distinction, especially when extended to cover cosmic phenomena, calls for three conceptions: a conception of the nature of the appearances, a conception of the nature of the underlying reality, and a conception of the relation between the two. This essay places Heraclitus' thought within the framework of a general conception of Pre-Socratic thought that interprets this as a succession of proposals for what should be our main explanatory structure; i.e., our main conception of what is ap pearance, what is reality, and how the two are linked. There are many ways in which one can speculate about the natures of what one takes to be elements of reality. For example, one might want to ex plain why something appears to our senses the way it does; why the sun shines. One might also want an account of what enables some humans to
Bobble-Head Doll Syndrome Treated Surgically

A case of a 4-year-old child with bobble-head doll syndrome (BHDS) caused by a suprasellar arachnoid cyst and successfully treated by endoscopic cystovenriculostomy is reported from Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, The Hague; and Academical Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Forward and Reverse Entropy Power Inequalities in Convex Geometry

The entropy power inequality, which plays a fundamental role in information theory and probability, may be seen as an analogue of the Brunn-Minkowski inequality. Motivated by this connection to Convex Geometry, we survey various recent developments on forward and reverse entropy power inequalities not just for the Shannon-Boltzmann entropy but also more generally for Renyi entropy. In the process, we discuss connections between the so-called functional (or integral) and probabilistic (or entropic) analogues of some classical inequalities in geometric functional analysis.
Design and implementation of intersection traffic light control system

Traffic jam in rush hours is one of the major concerns of people in modern life,thus it is critical for the intersection traffic signal to operate properly. Based on the requirement of the traffic lights,the design should be simple in structure,and the choice of electronic components should be reasonable. Through the control of the two groups of red,green,and yellow traffic lights in east,west and north,south,the vehicles will be guided to pass alternately. A digital display is used to show the traffic countdown. Computer simulation is used to study and optimize the performance of the circuits.The chosen components are arranged properly in modules,and soldered on the experiment board.Through the static and dynamic debugging of the control system,realizing the control of the traffic lights,and guarantee the safety and ordered passing of vehicles.
A Case of Tuberculous Arthritis on Left Knee Joint in a Child

국내에서는 아직도 소아연령에서 결핵 감염이 적지 않게 존재하기 때문에 폐외 결핵 환자가 발생될 위험도 지속적으로 존재한다. 이런 측면에서 폐외 결핵의 하나인 골관절 결핵은 매우 드물기는 하나, 관절염을 주소로 내원한 환자의 원인으로 고려해 볼만하다. 나이 어린 소아에서는 증상과 징후가 비특이적이기 때문에 오진이나 진단 지연이 우려되므로, 항생제 치료에 잘 반응하지 않는 관절염 환자에서는 결핵성 골관절염에 대한 진단과 치료를 시도하는 것이 중요하다. 【Tuberculosis still ranks as one of the three most important infectious diseases in the world in terms of morbidity and mortality. In Korea, an increased incidence of tuberculosis has been observed in recent years. With the resurge of tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis has increased, too. From this point of view, tuberculous arthritis affecting knee is rare in all forms of tuberculosis, but we can consider tuberculous arthritis in patients with osteomyelitis. We report the case of a 14-month-old male child who presented with fever and swelling on the left knee joint. Histologic examination of knee joint fluid showed consistent with tuberculosis. Ziehl-Neelsen stain of joint fluid was positive for acid-fast bacilli(AFB). The outcome was favorable after treatment with anti-tuberculosis medication. Because clinical signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal tuberculosis in children is more indolent, we can misdiagnose or delay diagnosis. The diagnosis of tuberculous arthritis can be elusive, necessitating a high index of suspicion.】
GARNET: A holistic system approach for trending queries in microblogs

The recent wide popularity of microblogs (e.g., tweets, online comments) has empowered various important applications, including, news delivery, event detection, market analysis, and target advertising. A core module in all these applications is a frequent/trending query processor that aims to find out those topics that are highly frequent or trending in the social media through posted microblogs. Unfortunately current attempts for such core module suffer from several drawbacks. Most importantly, their narrow scope, as they focus only on solving trending queries for a very special case of localized and very recent microblogs. This paper presents GARNET; a holistic system equipped with one-stop efficient and scalable solution for supporting a generic form of context-aware frequent and trending queries on microblogs. GARNET supports both frequent and trending queries, any arbitrary time interval either current, recent, or past, of fixed granularity, and having a set of arbitrary filters over contextual attributes. From a system point of view, GARNET is very appealing and industry-friendly, as one needs to realize it once in the system. Then, a myriad of various forms of trending and frequent queries are immediately supported. Experimental evidence based on a real system prototype of GARNET and billions of real Twitter data show the scalability and efficiency of GARNET for various query types.
Investigation of aircrew noise exposure levels and hearing protection solutions in helicopter cabin

High noise levels in the helicopter cabin adversely affect aircrew communication and reduce comfort in the short-term and may lead to hearing loss in the long-term if flight helmets cannot provide sufficient protection to the aircrew. A cabin noise exposure survey has been performed on a Royal Canadian Air Force CH-147F Chinook heavy lift helicopter to evaluate the noise environment and noise protection performance of the flight helmet. Investigation results showed that the low-frequency noise attenuation provided by the Royal Canadian Air Force flight helmet was marginal in high-speed flight conditions that generate loud cabin noise. Therefore, in-canal earphone integrated with active noise cancellation capability was investigated to provide enhanced noise protection and improve clarity in voice communication. Simulation and proof-of-concept test results verified that active noise cancellation in-canal earphones can serve as a feasible technical solution to provide enhanced noise attenuation to mitigate ...
Nonmammalian Animal Models of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Abstract Nonmammalian models of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have furthered our understanding of how loss of survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein leads to motor neuron defects. Well-conserved orthologs of SMN exist in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish. Loss of function mutations in these orthologs provide SMA models that display common neuromuscular phenotypes suggesting conserved function across species. These SMA models allow researchers to conduct large-scale screens, investigate specific cells with invariant lineages, and compare effects of orthologous protein loss across species. They have also advanced our knowledge of the cell-autonomous roles of SMN and of the impact of SMN loss on motor neuron development. Genetic and drug screens in nonmammalian models have contributed to the dissection of molecular pathways downstream of SMN providing avenues for future therapeutic approaches. This chapter describes the power of these models, their contribution to the SMA field, and their future potential for understanding SMA.
Increasing presurgery sleep reduces postsurgery pain and analgesic use following joint replacement: a feasibility study

Abstract Study Objectives To determine whether presurgery sleep extension in short-sleeping volunteers scheduled for total knee/hip replacement surgery would reduce postsurgery pain and analgesic use. Methods Eighteen short sleepers, defined by sleep times below the national mean (ie, ≤7 h) nightly, were randomized to one week of a 2-h nightly extension of their time in bed (EXT) or maintenance of their habitual time in bed (HAB) prior to knee or hip replacement surgery. Compliance was monitored by wrist actigraphy. Outcomes were the postsurgery daily dose of opiates (converted to morphine milligram equivalents) and the daily pain ratings (acquired 3–4 times across the day) on a 0–10 rating scale (0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain experienced) over the three to four day inpatient recovery. Results On a diary before the presurgery time in bed (TIB) manipulation, there were no significant differences in reported nightly sleep times between those randomized to the EXT group [6.0 (±0.78) h] and the HAB group [6.5 (±0.50) h]. During the one-week presurgery TIB manipulation, three participants failed to extend their TIB. Among those extending TIB (n = 7), compared to the HAB group, the EXT group spent significantly more nightly TIB (8.0 vs. 6.9 h, p Conclusions In this feasibility study, we found that a presurgery extended TIB and associated increase in sleep time in short-sleeping patients scheduled for undergoing joint replacement results in reduced postsurgery pain ratings and opiate use.
Tenure Effects on Cognitive Traits: a Longitudinal Study of CEOs’ Letters to Shareholders

Since the early 1990s, management scholars have theorized and researched the psychological facets of executive tenure and the resulting effect on organizations, but few studies have examined the mi...
Directional information effects of options trading: Evidence from the banking industry

Abstract This study examines the transmittance of directional information from the options trading process to equity values and the mechanism in which informed option trades translate to underlying asset valuations. We construct proxies for positive (negative) informed trades and find that they are associated with a value premium (discount). We demonstrate that information asymmetries in the banking industry accentuate the price discovery role of option trades, especially negatively informed trades. The results are consistent with the arguments in Miller (1977), which contends that overvaluation is pronounced in securities that are short-sale constrained and highly informationally opaque. During the short-sale ban of financial stocks in 2008, negative informed trades have a positive effect on short interest, suggesting that value implications are the result of hedging-related behavior by market makers.
Undermining the Message: How Social Media Can Sabotage Strategic Political Communication Actions

As the strategic use of social media by politicians and other political actors approaches ubiquitousness, scholars have responded by chronicling the various ways in which social media can be harnessed successfully. We argue that the high propensity for strategic communication failure is too often overlooked, however, and attempt to address this by using a contemporary case as a lens through which to view how social media use can also undermine an actor’s message. Focusing on the first several months of Donald J. Trump’s presidency, we advance a four-part argument using specific examples from the early Trump Administration that showcase ways large and small that unstrategic use of social media can derail political and policy objectives.
Evaluation of Andrews' Analysis as a Predictor of Ideal Sagittal Maxillary Positioning in Orthognathic Surgery.

Purpose There is no universally accepted method for determining the ideal sagittal position of the maxilla in orthognathic surgery. In “Element II” of “The Six Elements of Orofacial Harmony,” Andrews used the forehead to define the goal maxillary position. The purpose of this study was to compare how well this analysis correlated with postoperative findings in patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery planned using other guidelines. The authors hypothesized that the Andrews analysis would more consistently reflect clinical outcomes than standard angular and linear measurements. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of patients who had bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and achieved an acceptable esthetic outcome. Patients with no maxillary sagittal movement, obstructive sleep apnea, cleft or craniofacial diagnoses, or who were non-Caucasian were excluded. Treatment plans were developed using photographs, radiographs, and standard cephalometric measurements. The Andrews analysis, measuring the distance from the maxillary incisor to the goal anterior limit line, and standard measurements were applied to end-treatment records. The Andrews analysis was statistically compared with standard methods. Results There were 493 patients who had orthognathic surgery from 2007 through 2014, and 60 (62% women; mean age, 22.1 ± 6.8 yr) met the criteria for inclusion in this study. The mean Andrews distances were −4.8 ± 2.9 mm for women and −8.6 ± 4.6 mm for men preoperatively and −0.6 ± 2.1 mm for women and −1.9 ± 3.4 mm for men postoperatively. For women, the Andrews analysis was closer to the goal value (0 mm) postoperatively than any standard measurement (P Conclusion The Andrews analysis correlated well with the final esthetic sagittal maxillary position in the present sample, particularly for women, and could be a useful tool for orthognathic surgical planning.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bosea Sp. WAO an Arsenite and Sulfide Oxidizer Isolated From a Pyrite Rock Outcrop in New Jersey

This genome report describes the draft genome and physiological characteristics of Bosea sp. WAO (=DSM 102914), a novel strain of the genus Bosea in the family Bradyrhizobiaceae. Bosea sp. WAO was isolated from pulverized pyritic shale containing elevated levels of arsenic. This aerobic, gram negative microorganism is capable of facultative chemolithoautotrophic growth under aerobic conditions by oxidizing the electron donors arsenite, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, polysulfide, and amorphous sulfur. The draft genome is of a single circular chromosome 6,125,776 bp long consisting of 21 scaffolds with a G + C content of 66.84%. A total 5727 genes were predicted of which 5665 or 98.92% are protein-coding genes and 62 RNA genes. We identified the genes aioA and aioB, which encode the large and small subunits of the arsenic oxidase respectively. We also identified the genes for the complete sulfur oxidation pathway sox which is used to oxidize thiosulfate to sulfate.
Ontogenetic Allometry and Scaling

The two great syntheses that established the study of allometry were D’Arcy Thompson’s (1917, 1942, 1961) On Growth and Form and Julian Huxley’s (1932) Problems of Relative Growth. The bulk of Thompson’s volume dealt with the mechanical and physical factors underlying shape transformation. In his chapter entitled “The rate of growth, ” however, Thompson (1942, p. 79) stressed that “the form of an organism is determined by its rate of growth in various directions; hence rate of growth deserves to be studied as a necessary preliminary to the theoretical study of form.” Huxley’s (1932) work built on Thompson’s foundation through extensive empirical and theoretical investigations of relative, or differential, growth in organisms. Huxley showed that a simple power function, Y = bX k , could often describe correlated changes between growing parts (X and Y) of the body. He also analyzed ontogenetic allometry (relative growth, or heterogony, as Huxley labeled it) in terms of growth gradients, taxonomy, genetics, and evolutionary transformations. Huxley’s approach to the study of size and shape, there fore, was explicitly rooted in the analysis of growing form; we often term this growth allometry, in order to distinguish it from size allometry, which focuses on allometric changes in static adult series (Simpson, et al., 1960).
Pinwheel Meshes and Branching of Cohesive Cracks

We consider the use of cohesive interface models in a dynamic finite element setting to simulate crack branching under mode-I loading conditions as performed in an experiment by Sharon et al. [1] (Figure 1.)
Formation and metabolism of inositol phosphates: the inositol tris/tetrakisphosphate pathway.

Many cell functions are modulated by receptor-activated mechanisms that act by increasing the free Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol (Williamson et al, 1981; Rasmussen and Barrett, 1984). Calcium mediates its effects by causing activity changes of a variety of proteins, including protein kinases, either directly or after binding to calmodulin or other Ca2+ -binding proteins (Cohen, 1985). A large number of studies have now established that a wide range of compounds, including hormones, secretagogues, neurotransmitters, chemoattractants and other cell activating subtances that involve Ca2+ mobilization, cause an activation of a phosphodiesterase (phospholipase C), which breaks down inositol lipids in the plasma membrane (Berridge and Irvine, 1984; Williamson et al., 1985; Hokin, 1985; Downes and Michell, 1985). However, unlike receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP as the only second messenger, receptor-mediated inositol lipid breakdown serves a dual-signalling role with production of two second messengers having different functions. One of these compounds, myoinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(l,4,5)P3), is responsible for eliciting intracellular Ca2+ mobilization (Berridge and Irvine, 1984; Williamson, 1986), while the second compound, 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), has as its primary signalling role the activation of protein kinase C (Nishizuka, 1986). Hence in principle agents that interact with inositol lipid metabolism not only cause Ca2+ release with phosphorylation of proteins by Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases but also phosphorylation of a different set of proteins by activation of protein kinase C. However, most of these latter proteins have not been functionally characterized, and presently it is not clear whether receptor-mediated activation of protein kinase C via DAG production has as its physiological mode of action on cell function a synergistic role with Ca2 or a negative feedback modulatory role (Williamson and Hansen, 1987). Probably both effects occur, depending on the cell type and the extent to which protein kinase C becomes activated (Nishizuka, 1986).
Antibiotic Resistance Rates by Geographic Region Among Ocular Pathogens Collected During the ARMOR Surveillance Study.

The Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular micRoorganisms (ARMOR) study is an ongoing nationwide surveillance program that surveys in vitro antibiotic resistance rates and trends among ocular bacterial pathogens. We report resistance rates by geographic region for isolates collected from 2009 through 2016. Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from ocular infections were collected at clinical centers across the US and categorized by geographic region based on state. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for various antibiotics were determined at a central laboratory, and isolates were classified as susceptible or resistant based on established breakpoints. Geographic differences in methicillin resistance among staphylococci were evaluated by χ2 test with multiple comparisons, whereas geographic differences in mean percentage antibiotic resistance were evaluated by one-way analyses of variance and Tukey’s test. Overall, 4829 isolates (Midwest, 1886; West, 1167; Northeast, 1143; South, 633) were evaluated. Across all regions, azithromycin resistance was high among S. aureus (49.4–67.8%), CoNS (61.0–62.8%), and S. pneumoniae (22.3–48.7%), whereas fluoroquinolone resistance ranged from 26.1% to 47.8% among S. aureus and CoNS. Across all regions, all staphylococci were susceptible to vancomycin; besifloxacin MICs were similar to those of vancomycin. Geographic differences were observed for overall mean resistance among S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa isolates (p ≤ 0.005); no regional differences were found among CoNS and H. influenzae isolates. Methicillin resistance in particular was higher among S. aureus isolates from the South and CoNS isolates from the Midwest (p ≤ 0.006). This analysis of bacterial isolates from the ARMOR study demonstrated geographic variation in resistance rates among ocular isolates, with greater in vitro resistance apparent in the South and Midwest for some organisms. These data may inform clinicians in selecting appropriate treatment options for ocular infections. Bausch & Lomb, Inc.
Patterns of Care and Outcomes of Elderly Esophageal Cancer Patients Not Meeting Age-based Criteria of the CROSS Trial.

Objectives:The CROSS trial established neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery (nCRT-S) as superior to surgery alone (S) for locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC). However, because patients above 75 years of age were excluded, this comparison cannot be extrapolated to older patients. This s
ChangeDAR: Online Localized Change Detection for Sensor Data on a Graph

Given electrical sensors placed on the power grid, how can we automatically determine when electrical components (e.g. power lines) fail? Or, given traffic sensors which measure the speed of vehicles passing over them, how can we determine when traffic accidents occur? Both these problems involve detecting change points in a set of sensors on the nodes or edges of a graph. To this end, we propose ChangeDAR (Change Detection And Resolution), which detects changes in an online manner, and reports when and where the change occurred in the graph. Our contributions are: 1) Algorithm : we propose novel information-theoretic optimization objectives for scoring and detecting localized changes, and propose two algorithms, ChangeDAR-S and ChangeDAR-D respectively, to optimize them. 2) Theoretical Guarantees : we show that both methods provide constant-factor approximation guarantees (Theorems 5.2 and 6.2). 3) Effectiveness : in experiments, ChangeDAR detects traffic accidents and power line failures with 75% higher F-measure than comparable baselines. 4) Scalability : ChangeDAR is online and near-linear in the graph size and the number of time ticks.
Custard: ASIC Workload-Aware Reliable Design for Multicore IoT Processors

In the typical application-specified integrated circuit (ASIC) design flow, reliability-driven performance loss is computed, in part, with switching activity files. However, for ASIC designs of multicore processors, the typical switching activity files lack multithreaded software workload information. An accurate switching activity for a multicore design can be generated using a logic simulator. However, the logic simulator process suffers from long runtimes when dealing with real workloads. This paper analyzes the effects of scaling multithreaded workloads and proposes Custard, a hardware methodology for lifetime improvement of multicore processors by obtaining multithreaded switching activity signatures in a short period of time using a performance simulator (gem5), logic simulator (VCS), and thermal simulator (HotSpot). Custard is particularly important for multicore, Internet of Things processors as the runtime feedback-based reliability mechanisms used on current multicore processors incur area and power overhead that could be prohibitive for smaller form factors and power budgets. Experiments are performed with Custard using real workloads on an OpenSPARC T1 design with two, four, and eight cores that are fully synthesized and routed. The default-sized T1 core is improved to have a reliability increase of $4.1\times $ , with 0.08% and 1.57% increase on average in cell area and switching power, respectively.
#Diversity: Conversations on Twitter about Women and Black Men in Medicine.

Background: Discussions about racism, ethnicity, sexism, discrimination, and diversity have increased within medicine, and their impact on the physician workforce, advancement, hiring, wage inequities, mistreatment, and scholarly output, to name a few. Most medical organizations have created policies and initiatives on diversity and inclusion, focusing on supporting underrepresented minorities. Similar discussions are taking place online, including on Twitter, via specific hashtags, such as #BlackMenInMedicine, #ILookLikeASurgeon. News reports suggested some of these hashtags were “trending.” We set out to assess selected hashtags and analyze their spread, as well as whether or how health professional organizations publicized or amplified this emerging discourse on Twitter. Methodology: We computed tweet volume, retweet volume impressions, and spread for selected hashtags and for health-profession organizations. Results: The overall volume was average or below average when compared with all active Twitter users; however, the retweet percentage was 60%, suggesting high levels of engagement. There was modest spread of most of the messages containing the hashtags, with the exception of #ilooklikeasurgeon tweets, due to its relationship to the cover of a major nonmedical magazine. Spread for some hashtags, despite very low initial retweets, was increased due to retweeting by accounts with high volume of followers. Medical societies9 contributions to dissemination were very minor. Conclusion: Strengthening, deepening and, ultimately, expanding the conversation on diversity and inclusion in medicine on Twitter requires an intentional and strategic use of hashtags, photographs and links; Engaging “influencers” such as mainstream media and medical organizations is also critical to more widespread dissemination.
On Cohen–Macaulayness of Algebras Generated by Generalized Power Sums

Generalized power sums are linear combinations of ith powers of coordinates. We consider subalgebras of the polynomial algebra generated by generalized power sums, and study when such algebras are Cohen–Macaulay. It turns out that the Cohen–Macaulay property of such algebras is rare, and tends to be related to quantum integrability and representation theory of Cherednik algebras. Using representation theoretic results and deformation theory, we establish Cohen–Macaulayness of the algebra of q, t-deformed power sums defined by Sergeev and Veselov, and of some generalizations of this algebra, proving a conjecture of Brookner, Corwin, Etingof, and Sam. We also apply representation-theoretic techniques to studying m-quasi-invariants of deformed Calogero–Moser systems. In an appendix to this paper, M. Feigin uses representation theory of Cherednik algebras to compute Hilbert series for such quasi-invariants, and show that in the case of one light particle, the ring of quasi-invariants is Gorenstein.
CrossSimON: A Novel Probabilistic Approach to Cross-Platform Online Social Network Simulation

The increasing popularity and diversity of online social networks (OSNs) have attracted more and more people to participate in multiple OSNs. Learning users' behavior and information diffusion across platforms is critical for cyber threat detection, but it is still a challenge due to the surge of users participating in multiple social platforms. Existing research on profile matching requires user identity information to be available, which may not be realistic. Little prior research payed attention to mapping behavioral patterns across platforms. We designed and implemented an efficient two-level probabilistic approach called CrossSimON to mapping user-group behavior across platforms. CrossSimON considers the activity level and network position at both individual user level and group level to correlate activities across social platforms. To evaluate the effectiveness of CrossSimON in modeling social activity across platforms, we conducted experiments on three online social platforms: GitHub, Reddit and Twitter. Our experimental results show that CrossSimON outperformed the Benchmark in 3 out of 5 simulation metrics. CrossSimON achieved better performance in user activity prediction. The research provides new strategy for cross-platform online social network simulation, and new findings on simulating OSNs and predictive analytics for understanding online social network behavior.
Comment on "An improved upper limit on the neutrino mass from a direct kinematic method by KATRIN"

We note that the central value of the KATRIN measurement has negative mass squared, and wonder why the statistical analysis excludes such values a priori.
A scoring system based on computed tomography for the correct diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis.

BackgroundXanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon variant of chronic cholecystitis. The differential diagnoses of XGC include gallbladder cancer (GBC), adenomyomatosis, and actinomyc...
Fault-tolerant functional reactive programming (extended version)

Highly critical application domains, like medicine and aerospace, require the use of strict design, implementation, and validation techniques. Functional languages have been used in these domains to develop synchronous dataflow programming languages for reactive systems. Causal stream functions and functional reactive programming (FRP) capture the essence of those languages in a way that is both elegant and robust. To guarantee that critical systems can operate under high stress over long periods of time, these applications require clear specifications of possible faults and hazards, and how they are being handled. Modeling failure is straightforward in functional languages, and many functional reactive abstractions incorporate support for failure or termination. However, handling unknown types of faults, and incorporating fault tolerance into FRP, requires a different construction and remains an open problem. This work demonstrates how to extend an existing functional reactive framework with fault tolerance features. At value level, we tag faulty signals with reliability and probability information and use random testing to inject faults and validate system properties encoded in temporal logic. At type level, we tag components with the kinds of faults they may exhibit and use type-level programming to obtain compile-time guarantees of key aspects of fault tolerance. Our approach is powerful enough to be used in systems with realistic complexity, and flexible enough to be used to guide system analysis and design, validate system properties in the presence of faults, perform runtime monitoring, and study the effects of different fault tolerance mechanisms.
Generalizing Fault Detection Against Domain Shifts Using Stratification-Aware Cross-Validation.

Incipient anomalies present milder symptoms compared to severe ones, and are more difficult to detect and diagnose due to their close resemblance to normal operating conditions. The lack of incipient anomaly examples in the training data can pose severe risks to anomaly detection methods that are built upon Machine Learning (ML) techniques, because these anomalies can be easily mistaken as normal operating conditions. To address this challenge, we propose to utilize the uncertainty information available from ensemble learning to identify potential misclassified incipient anomalies. We show in this paper that ensemble learning methods can give improved performance on incipient anomalies and identify common pitfalls in these models through extensive experiments on two real-world datasets. Then, we discuss how to design more effective ensemble models for detecting incipient anomalies.
Teachers’ Exposure to Professional Development and the Quality of Their Instructional Technology Use: The Mediating Role of Teachers’ Value and Ability Beliefs

One way to help teachers use technology effectively is through professional development (PD). However, understanding of how exposure to PD relates to teachers’ personal characteristics is limited. ...
Relative Privilege, Risk, and Sense of Community: Understanding Latinx Immigrants’ Empowerment and Resilience Processes Across the United States

Latinx immigrants regularly navigate adversity and oppression through resilience and empowerment; however, little research has sought to delineate when, how, and why they may engage in either process. Through the Transtheoretical Model of Empowerment and Resilience, this paper examines how Latinx immigrants living in distinct U.S. contexts interact with their communities. Seventy-three Latinx immigrants (ages 18 to 70, M = 40.85, SD = 13.65) participated in 12 focus groups in Albuquerque, NM; Maricopa County, AZ; Baltimore, MD; and Richmond, VA. Participants had lived in the United States for less than 1 to 39 years (M = 14.19, SD = 8.72) and had varying immigration statuses. Analyses revealed that empowerment and resilience goals diverged by individuals' beliefs in the degree to which external change was vital, possible, and theirs to attempt. Beliefs coincided with the fundamental risk posed, based on the interaction of a context's conditions with an individual's characteristics and sense of community. Results indicate that while resilience is important to navigate risky settings, it may uphold oppressive power structures because it is consistent with the status quo. Interventions to spur external change should involve empowering processes, including facilitating gains in relative privilege and fostering sense of community.
Improving accuracy in measuring the impact of online instruction on students’ ability to transfer physics problem-solving skills

Introductory physics students' behaviors in a self-regulated online learning environment frequently deviate from what was intended or expected by the instructor.
Punctuation and Professionalism

I often teach punctuation to my law students by asking them to imagine me arguing a case in court. My evidence is solid, I tell them. My analysis is sound. I speak fluidly and persuasively. The only problem: I am wearing bright orange running shoes. This essay connects that sartorial gaffe to the grammatical gaffes many law students (and lawyers) commit because they lack a clear understanding of the link between punctuation and professionalism. Commas, semicolons, dashes—these small marks of meaning and direction don’t have to be pain points for anxious or inexperienced writers. With a little knowledge and a lot of practice, advocates of all kinds can use them to do more than avoid looking silly. They can use them to become much more persuasive.
Oral Health Advocacy Education Impacts Future Engagement: Exploration at a Midwestern US Dental School

Purpose: With the emergence of COVID-19 and the potential inclusion of dental benefits in Medicare, it is critical that dentists are able to engage in legislative advocacy to support public oral health. Dental education has an opportunity to teach advocacy skills to future dentists, although advocacy training in predoctoral dental education has been largely ignored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fourth-year dental students’ attitudes toward advocacy, identify the type and extent of advocacy experiences during dental school, and assess their future intentions to engage in advocacy. Methods: An electronic questionnaire was administered to fourth-year dental students enrolled in their final semester at Ohio State University. Results: Forty-seven students completed the survey (43% response rate). Most (84%) respondents agreed that advocacy training should be a required experience in accreditation standards for predoctoral dental education. Over half (58%) reported seldom or no exposure to legislative and regulatory processes in oral health policy development in the curriculum. Students who participated in grassroots advocacy efforts while in dental school were more likely to contact legislators regarding dental issues (p=0.005) or public insurance (p=0.037), and participate in future lobbying efforts (p=0.019). Students who contributed to PAC while in dental school were more likely to express intentions to contribute in future (p=0.005). Conclusions: There is limited exposure to legislative advocacy in predoctoral dental education. Dental students with advocacy experience are more likely to report intentions to participate in advocacy as dentists. Dental education has a critical role in preparing future dentist-advocates.