cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antimitotic chemotherapeutics promote adhesive responses in detached and circulating tumor cells.

In the clinical treatment of breast cancer, antimitotic cytotoxic agents are one of the most commonly employed chemotherapies, owing largely to their antiproliferative effects on the growth and survival of adherent cells in studies that model primary tumor growth. Importantly, the manner in which these chemotherapeutics impact the metastatic process remains unclear. Furthermore, since dissemination of tumor cells through the systemic circulation and lymphatics necessitates periods of detached survival, it is equally important to consider how circulating tumor cells respond to such compounds. To address this question, we exposed both nontumorigenic and tumor-derived epithelial cell lines to two antitumor compounds, jasplakinolide and paclitaxel (Taxol), in a series of attached and detached states. We report here that jasplakinolide promoted the extension of microtubule-based projections and microtentacle protrusions in adherent and suspended cells, respectively. These protrusions were specifically enriched by upregulation of a stable post-translationally modified form of α-tubulin, and this occurred prior to, and independently of any reductions in cellular viability. Microtubule stabilization with Taxol significantly enhanced these effects. Additionally, Taxol promoted the attachment and spreading of suspended tumor cell populations on extracellular matrix. While the antiproliferative effects of these compounds are well recognized and clinically valuable, our findings that microfilament and microtubule binding chemotherapeutics rapidly increase the mechanisms that promote endothelial adhesion of circulating tumor cells warrant caution to avoid inadvertently enhancing metastatic potential, while targeting cell division.
A table of the equivalent widths of isolated lines with combined Doppler and collision broadened profiles

Abstract The equivalent width for lines with the Voigt contour has been evaluated numerically to an accuracy of at least four significant figures. A table is presented from which the equivalent width can be found to an accuracy of at least 0.40 per cent by linear interpolation. The table covers the range from weak to fairly strong absorption and also the range from pure Doppler to nearly pure Lorentz lines shapes. A comparison is made between the numerical results of this work and the Lorentz and Doppler expressions for the equivalent width and other approximate analytic forms.
A Case Management Model for School-Age Children With Multiple Needs

Although the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) includes case management among the responsibilities for school-based speech-language pathologists, there is limited information in t...
Quantitative NMR measurements of hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging was employed to study 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and seven healthy elderly control subjects. Coronal sections were used to make volumetric measurements of the hippocampus, ventricles, subarach-noid space, and brain parenchyma. The hippocampal volume (normalized relative to the size of the lenticular nucleus) was reduced by 40% in the AD group compared to the controls, with no overlap between the two groups. Overall measures of brain atrophy and ventricular and sulcal enlargement also showed significantly different group means, although with overlap between the two groups. Hippocampal atrophy did not correlate with either overall brain atrophy or dementia severity, although the degree of brain atro-phy was correlated with dementia severity. These results show that NMR is capable of providing in vivo quantification of diminished hippocampal size in AD which is not cor-related with overall brain atrophy and which may differentiate AD from normal aging. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Response: psychosomatic medicine rides again.

Hypotheses come and go almost daily. Good hypotheses or theories can be tested and are capable of being refutedshot down, if you prefer. Some hypotheses last longer than others, depending not so much on direct experimental testing, it seems, as on the rate at which new knowledge accumulates. The passing of a hypothesis is sometimes noteworthy, but it is not a unique event or a cause for either celebration or mourning. And when an old theory is supplanted by a new or better one, it is a notch on the collective belt of science. Steven Hyman’s colorful phraseology in “Another One Bites the Dust: An Infectious Origin for Peptic Ulcers” seems to applaud the demise of Franz Alexander’s notions about peptic ulcer disease. The research Dr. Hyman cites regarding Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis of ulcers, however, does not address Alexander’s ideas about peptic ulcers and has little direct bearing on psychoanalytic formulations. If Dr. Hyman’s column is controversial, it is because of the generalizations that might be derived from this new information about an infectious pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. That the mechanisms through which intrapsychic processes were presumed to influence peptic ulcer disease were incorrect addresses only a part of Alexander’s notions about peptic ulcers and does not refute the possibility that psychosocial factors play a role in the predisposition to or the precipitation or progression of the development of ulcers or other diseases. Neither Alexander nor the surgeons who performed vagotomies can be faulted for developing hypotheses or devisThe author, supported by a Research Scientist Award (KO5 MH06318) from the National Institute of Mental Health, completed this column while a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, Califi, with support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
Chemical aging of single and multicomponent biomass burning aerosol surrogate particles by OH: implications for cloud condensation nucleus activity

Abstract. Multiphase OH and O3 oxidation reactions with atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) can influence particle physicochemical properties including composition, morphology, and lifetime. Chemical aging of initially insoluble or low-soluble single-component OA by OH and O3 can increase their water solubility and hygroscopicity, making them more active as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and susceptible to wet deposition. However, an outstanding problem is whether the effects of chemical aging on their CCN activity are preserved when mixed with other organic or inorganic compounds exhibiting greater water solubility. In this work, the CCN activity of laboratory-generated biomass burning aerosol (BBA) surrogate particles exposed to OH and O3 is evaluated by determining the hygroscopicity parameter, κ, as a function of particle type, mixing state, and OH and O3 exposure applying a CCN counter (CCNc) coupled to an aerosol flow reactor (AFR). Levoglucosan (LEV), 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol (MNC), and potassium sulfate (KS) serve as representative BBA compounds that exhibit different hygroscopicity, water solubility, chemical functionalities, and reactivity with OH radicals, and thus exemplify the complexity of mixed inorganic/organic aerosol in the atmosphere. The CCN activities of all of the particles were unaffected by O3 exposure. Following exposure to OH, κ of MNC was enhanced by an order of magnitude, from 0.009 to ~ 0.1, indicating that chemically aged MNC particles are better CCN and more prone to wet deposition than pure MNC particles. No significant enhancement in κ was observed for pure LEV particles following OH exposure. κ of the internally mixed particles was not affected by OH oxidation. Furthermore, the CCN activity of OH-exposed MNC-coated KS particles is similar to the OH unexposed atomized 1 : 1 by mass MNC : KS binary-component particles. Our results strongly suggest that when OA is dominated by water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) or inorganic ions, chemical aging has no significant impact on OA hygroscopicity. The organic compounds exhibiting low solubility behave as if they are infinitely soluble when mixed with a sufficient number of water-soluble compounds. At and beyond this point, the particles' CCN activity is governed entirely by the water-soluble fraction and is not influenced by the oxidized organic fraction. Our results have important implications for heterogeneous oxidation and its impact on cloud formation given that atmospheric aerosol is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds exhibiting a wide range of solubilities.
A miniaturized printed wire antenna utilizing 3D substrate metallization for wireless communications

We propose a miniaturized printed monopole antenna at 2.4 GHz ISM band by using on an ultra slow-wave transmission line built on a four-layer PCB. The antenna is one third as long as a normal straight printed monopole, and demonstrates 550 MHz impedance bandwidth without additional tuning circuit. The proposed volume integrated antenna should be useful in wireless communication systems for local access networks (WLAN) to miniaturize wireless products.
Indonesia. Money, power, and ideology: Political parties in post-authoritarian Indonesia By Marcus Mietzner Singapore: NUS Press, 2013. Pp. 301. Maps, Plates, Notes, Bibliography, Index.

Money, power, and ideology: Political parties in post-authoritarian Indonesia By MARCUS MIETZNER Singapore: NUS Press, 2013. Pp. 301. Maps, Plates, Notes, Bibliography, Index. doi: 10.1017/S0022463414000435 As Indonesia enters an important election year, this book provides a timely analysis of the evolution of political parties in the country since 1998. Drawing on comparative sources and unprecedented access to influential political figures, Money, power, and ideology challenges the characterisation of Indonesia's party system as one that is either de-institutionalised or cartelised. Instead, the book argues that political parties have played a largely positive role in the ongoing consolidation of Indonesian democracy. However, the dysfunctional party financing system is identified as an enduring problem that often leads to perverse outcomes. State-financing of parties is proposed as a solution. A major portion of the book problematises the application of Richard Katz and Peter Mair's cartelisation theory to Indonesia by Dan Slater and Kuskridho Ambardi. The Indonesian case is evaluated against all four dimensions of the cartelisation thesis to conclude that the Indonesian system does not meet these criteria. First, it is argued that political alliances between parties have been too 'anarchic' to be characterised as a cartel (p. 151) and President SBY has struggled to impose discipline among his contentious allies. Most significantly, PDI-P's consistent role as an opposition party, at the expense of lucrative ministerial positions, is cited to challenge the existence of a party cartel. Second, the decline in state subsidies to political parties since Reformasi is used to argue that parties in Indonesia have not fused with the state in a way that is predicted by the cartelisation paradigm. Here, the claim that Indonesia's bureaucracy, specifically the Ministry of the Interior, has systematically blocked political parties' access to state resources is an important one. The role of bureaucracies in democratic consolidation remains relatively under-theorised and this book provides useful insights on how this may be studied in the future. Third, the book claims that there is active engagement between civil society and political parties such as the PKB and PAN that have their roots in mass organisations, while party-society disconnect is a key outcome of cartelisation in Western Europe. Fourth, the cartelisation thesis predicts reduced influence of regional branches on the party's decision-making. The book contends that local level cadres in major Indonesian parties continue to play a role in deciding critical matters such as selection of the party's leadership. This systematic evaluation of the cartelisation thesis makes a significant contribution in advancing the study of Indonesia's democratic consolidation. …
An Experimental Word Decode and Drive System for a Magnetic Film Memory with 20-ns READ-Cycle Time

Design principles of a word selection and drive scheme for a 20-ns nondestructive-READ-cycle-time flat-film memory with 150 000 bits storage capacity, are presented and verified by cross-sectional tests. The word lines are matched at one end and driven from the other by a high-speed driver building block compatible with integrated circuit technology which is connected to a decode matrix. Suitable decode matrix line drivers for providing pulses of different width and amplitude for READ operations up to 50 MHz and WRITE operations up to 20 MHz, respectively, are described. Experiments with a cross-sectional setup for 64 outputs prove the feasibility of the system. Its operation in connection with a memory model indicates an access time of 30 ns.
THE LION OF THE UNION: THE PELVIC WOUND OF JOSHUA LAWRENCE CHAMBERLAIN

Purpose: Major General Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain is a true American hero. His medical history and war wounds provide a rare snapshot of Civil War era medicine. In particular the most devastating injury was a rifle shot through the pelvis rupturing the bladder and urethra. We describe this injury and how it affected his life to provide insight into late 19th century urological care. Materials and Methods: All available references, including biographies, letters, surgical reports, military documents and prior medical summaries, were reviewed regarding Chamberlain's urological history. Results: While leading the Union charge to Petersburg, Virginia on June 18, 1864, Chamberlain was struck with a minie ball anteriorly below the right greater trochanter. The ball coursed obliquely upward disrupting the bladder and urethra, and embedded behind the left acetabulum. An unprecedented wound exploration in the field hospital was performed to extract the bullet and "reconnect severed urinary organs." Hope for recovery was nonexistent as urine was seen exiting the lower wound postoperatively. This genitourinary injury required 4 subsequent repairs during Chamberlain's lifetime and ultimately left him with a draining urethrocutaneous fistula at the penoscrotal junction. Conclusions: Survival from catastrophic Civil War wounds was rare, especially from "gut wounds" which had a mortality rate of greater than 90%. Chamberlain not only survived but thrived with his sense of duty carrying him back to the battlefield and beyond. He was plagued during his life with recurrent cystitis and epididymo-orchitis, which in an era without antibiotics was especially miserable. Urosepsis is listed as the cause of death on his death certificate and whether this was true is debatable. However, even if this wound did not cause his death, it surely contributed to it.
Classifiction of scan location in retinal optical coherence tomography

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography is a new imaging tool to aid the diagnosis of various diseases of the eye. Two commonly used scan patterns focus on different areas of the retina and are used to measure different properties. We developed an efficient automated classification technique that distinguishes scans of the two types so that algorithms tuned to the specific scan type can be applied during computer-aided analysis. Our algorithm differentiates between scan types based on the presence or absence of vessels converging on the optic disc. We tested its performance on an extensive dataset containing a total of 1015 scans from both healthy and diseased subjects and achieved a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99.7%.
Challenging the New Military History: The Case of Eighteenth‐Century British Army Studies

Since the 1950s, academic military history has experienced an explosion in the quantity and quality of its scholarship. Historians have traditionally attributed this expansion to the advent of the “New Military History.” This article challenges the conventional account of academic military history's expansion by examining the past thirty years of work on the eighteenth-century British Army. The results of this analysis will be used to suggest replacing the traditional divide between new and old military history with the more utilitarian subfields of the History of War and the History of the Army.
Effects of target-boundary acoustic coupling in shallow water scattering

A null field T-matrix formalism is developed for scattering a pressure wave from a stationary elastic shell immersed in a homogeneous and isotropic fluid half space and in proximity to a fluid-elastic interface with periodic roughness. It is shown that the shell-interface T-matrix is simply related to the free field T-matrices for the shell and the rough interface and that the formalism contains multiple scattering on the rough surface as well as between the rough surface and the shell. Some of the low order Floquet spectral amplitudes for scattering from the shell-interface system are calculated and used to show some of the effects of the acoustic coupling between the shell and the rough surface.
Cross-Shore Distribution of Sediment Texture Under Breaking Waves Along Low-Wave-Energy Coasts

ABSTRACT Sediment samples were collected with streamer traps at different elevations in the water column and across the surf zone. Beach profiles and breaking waves were measured together with the sediment sampling. The experiments were conducted on beaches with various sediment composition ranging from well-sorted fine sand to poorly sorted gravel and shell debris. The cross-shore variation of sediment mean grain size ranged from less than 1 to significant variation of up to 3.5 The resultant database contains 99 vertical grain-size profiles, composed of 99 bottom samples and 552 trap samples taken throughout the water column and at 29 different locations along the southeast coast of the United States and the Gulf coast of Florida. A homogeneous vertical profile of mean grain size and grain-size distribution pattern was found on most of the beaches with a wide range of sediment sizes. The homogeneous vertical profile, representing 92% of the measurements, was found on all morphological features: swash zone, breaker line, mid-surf zone, trough, and bar. A homogeneous distribution indicates that the vertical mixing mechanism in the water column of the surf zone is independent of sediment size ranging from fine sand to fine pebbles. Bottom sediment, represented by an 8-cm core sample, was generally coarser than the sediment trapped in the water column.
Discriminatory predation by three invertebrates on eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) compared with non‐native Suminoe oysters (C. ariakensis)

. Diminished populations of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica in Chesapeake Bay have stimulated proposals to introduce Crassostrea ariakensis from Asia to restore oyster stocks. As part of a program evaluating possible ramifications of such an introduction, we studied how invertebrate predators responded to this non-native oyster. We compared predation activity under laboratory conditions by oyster drills (Urosalpinx cinerea; Eupleura caudata) that bore through an oyster's shell and by the seastar Asterias forbesi that pulls shell valves apart. These three predators preyed significantly (p<0.05) more on the familiar C. virginica than on the novel C. ariakensis. We previously reported that five crab species preyed significantly more on C. ariakensis than on C. virginica, with predation by polyclad flatworms similar between oyster species. Thus, the drills and the seastar differed from the crabs and the flatworms in their response to novel prey. When Urosalpinx cinerea was placed in a Y-maze after being held for 40 d with oysters of one species or the other, the drills moved toward C. virginica effluent more than toward C. ariakensis effluent. This response did not depend on the species of oyster the drills had been held with, suggesting that the drills were responding to more familiar infochemicals from eastern oysters than from the non-native oysters.
Increased tRNA modification and gene-specific codon usage regulate cell cycle progression during the DNA damage response

S-phase and DNA damage promote increased ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) activity. Translation of RNR1 has been linked to the wobble uridine modifying enzyme tRNA methyltransferase 9 (Trm9). We predicted that changes in tRNA modification would translationally regulate RNR1 after DNA damage to promote cell cycle progression. In support, we demonstrate that the Trm9-dependent tRNA modification 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine (mcm⁵U) is increased in hydroxyurea (HU)-induced S-phase cells, relative to G₁ and G₂, and that mcm⁵U is one of 16 tRNA modifications whose levels oscillate during the cell cycle. Codon-reporter data matches the mcm⁵U increase to Trm9 and the efficient translation of AGA codons and RNR1. Further, we show that in trm9Δ cells reduced Rnr1 protein levels cause delayed transition into S-phase after damage. Codon re-engineering of RNR1 increased the number of trm9Δ cells that have transitioned into S-phase 1 h after DNA damage and that have increased Rnr1 protein levels, similar to that of wild-type cells expressing native RNR1. Our data supports a model in which codon usage and tRNA modification are regulatory components of the DNA damage response, with both playing vital roles in cell cycle progression.
Who makes the diagnosis? The role of clinical skills and diagnostic test results

Rationale, aims and objectives Advances in medicine have led to a multitude of diagnostic tests. The contribution of the clinical skills of the general internist in the context of all these advances is unknown. Our objective was to assess the relative contributions of clinical skills and diagnostic test results in arriving at a final diagnosis. Methods Records were retrospectively reviewed from 248 consecutive patients admitted to a general internal medicine hospital service during a 3-month period in 2000. All diagnostic evaluations that yielded the final diagnosis were recorded along with the date and time they were performed. Diagnostic credit was given to the evaluation that yielded the diagnosis at the earliest point in time. Results All cases had a firm diagnosis by 3 months after hospitalization. Of the 248 patients, 246 received a final diagnosis during hospitalization. The diagnoses were made by use of the clinical judgement of the general internist in 50.4% of the cases, a radiologic study in 31.7%, a blood test or culture result in 9.4%, biopsy findings in 3.3% and various other diagnostic studies (endoscopy, echocardiography, electromyography and electroencephalography) in 5.2%. Clinicians provided the correct diagnosis significantly more often than radiologic studies (P = 0.0015), which was the next most useful type of diagnostic evaluation. Conclusion Although technology has become increasingly available in clinical practice, clinical expertise and skills are still important factors with respect to making correct, timely diagnoses in hospitalized patients.
2015 SNMMI Highlights Lecture: Neurosciences

From the Newsline Editor: The Highlights Lecture, presented at the closing session of each SNMMI Annual Meeting, was originated and delivered for more than 30 years by Henry N. Wagner, Jr., MD. Beginning in 2010, the duties of summarizing selected significant presentations at the meeting were divided annually among 4 distinguished nuclear and molecular medicine subject matter experts. The 2015 Highlights Lectures were delivered on June 10 at the SNMMI Annual Meeting in Baltimore, MD. Nicolaas I. Bohnen, MD, PhD, professor of radiology and neurology at the University of Michigan Medical School (Ann Arbor), spoke on neuroscience highlights from the meeting’s sessions. The first 2015 highlights presentation appeared in the September issue of Newsline, and the remaining 2 will follow in November and December. Note that in the following presentation summary, numerals in brackets represent abstract numbers as published in The Journal of Nuclear Medicine (2014;57[suppl 3]).
Adaptive Landscape by Environment Interactions Dictate Evolutionary Dynamics in Models of Drug Resistance.

The adaptive landscape analogy has found practical use in recent years, as many have explored how their understanding can inform therapeutic strategies that subvert the evolution of drug resistance. A major barrier to applications of these concepts is a lack of detail concerning how the environment affects adaptive landscape topography, and consequently, the outcome of drug treatment. Here we combine empirical data, evolutionary theory, and computer simulations towards dissecting adaptive landscape by environment interactions for the evolution of drug resistance in two dimensions—drug concentration and drug type. We do so by studying the resistance mediated by Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) to two related inhibitors—pyrimethamine and cycloguanil—across a breadth of drug concentrations. We first examine whether the adaptive landscapes for the two drugs are consistent with common definitions of cross-resistance. We then reconstruct all accessible pathways across the landscape, observing how their structure changes with drug environment. We offer a mechanism for non-linearity in the topography of accessible pathways by calculating of the interaction between mutation effects and drug environment, which reveals rampant patterns of epistasis. We then simulate evolution in several different drug environments to observe how these individual mutation effects (and patterns of epistasis) influence paths taken at evolutionary “forks in the road” that dictate adaptive dynamics in silico. In doing so, we reveal how classic metrics like the IC50 and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) are dubious proxies for understanding how evolution will occur across drug environments. We also consider how the findings reveal ambiguities in the cross-resistance concept, as subtle differences in adaptive landscape topography between otherwise equivalent drugs can drive drastically different evolutionary outcomes. Summarizing, we discuss the results with regards to their basic contribution to the study of empirical adaptive landscapes, and in terms of how they inform new models for the evolution of drug resistance.
Development of Managerial Training for Archivists

Archivists have come to recognize the need for management training; but the profession has yet to reach a consensus regarding the most appropriate content, circumstances, or source of such training. This article examines the ways in which management is taught in the fields of business and library science. It evaluates how management skills have been transmitted within the archival profession and outlines ways in which such training might be promoted in the future. The role of the Society of American Archivists in terms of education guidelines and continuing education programs is discussed, as is the fellowship program sponsored by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
Friends with benefits, but without the sex: straight women and gay men exchange trustworthy mating advice.

Although research has made progress in elucidating the benefits exchanged within same- and opposite-sex friendships formed between heterosexual men and women, it is less clear why straight women and gay men form close relationships with one another. The current experiments begin to address this question by exploring a potential benefit hypothesized to be uniquely available to straight women and gay men in the context of these friendships: trustworthy mating advice. Experiment 1 revealed that straight women perceive mating-relevant advice from a gay man to be more trustworthy than similar advice offered by a straight man or woman. Experiment 2 demonstrated that gay men perceive mating advice offered by a straight woman to be more trustworthy than advice offered by a lesbian woman or another gay man. Overall, the results provide initial experimental evidence that relationships between gay men and straight women may be characterized by a mutual exchange of mating-relevant benefits in the absence of sexual in...
At least two well-spaced samples are needed to genotype a solid tumor.

Human cancers are often sequenced to identify mutations. However, cancers are spatially heterogeneous populations with public mutations in all cells and private mutations in some cells. Without empiric knowledge of how mutations are distributed within a solid tumor it is uncertain whether single or multiple samples adequately sample its heterogeneity. Using a cohort of 12 human colorectal tumors with well-validated mutations, the abilities to correctly classify public and private mutations were tested (paired t-test) with one sample or two samples obtained from opposite tumor sides. Two samples were significantly better than a single sample for correctly identifying public (99 % versus 97 %) and private mutations (85 % versus 46 %). Confounding single sample accuracy was that many private mutations appeared “clonal” in individual samples. Two samples detected the most frequent private mutations in 11 of the 12 tumors. Two spatially-separated samples efficiently distinguish public from private mutations because private mutations common in one specimen are usually less frequent or absent in another sample. The patch-like private mutation topography in most colorectal tumors inherently limits the information in single tumor samples. The correct identification of public and private mutations may aid efforts to target mutations present in all tumor cells.
Effect of Pedicle Lengthening Screw on Biomechanics of Lumbar Spine

Lumbar spinal canal stenosis is a common cause of back and leg pain which occurs as the lumbar spinal canal narrows. The current surgical treatment for many patients with spinal stenosis is surgical decompression and spinal fusion with instrumentation. However there are several drawbacks associated with fusion surgeries including degenerative effect at segments adjacent to the fusion in long run [1,2]. Pedicle lengthening device is a new technology which is designed to be applied for treatment of spinal stenosis and replace the traditional fusion techniques.© 2010 ASME
Amino acid residues which distinguish the mitogenic potentials of two FGF receptors

Fibroblast growth factors mediate cellular responses by interacting with a family of related receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs). We have previously shown that FGFR-1, but not of FGFR-4, ectopically expressed in BaF3 lymphoid cells allows for proliferation in response to FGFs, and that the intracellular signaling halves of these two receptors distinguish their mitogenic potentials (Wang et al., 1994). In order to map the residues which functionally distinguish these receptors, a panel of chimeric receptors whose cytodomains bear different contributions from FGFR-1 and FGFR-4 were constructed and characterized. The behavior of these chimeras implicate amino acids from both the kinase insert and kinase domains in receptor-mediated proliferation. Specifically, two tyrosine residues present in the short kinase insert domain of FGFR-1 and absent from FGFR-4 are a necessary, but not sufficient, component of a fully mitogenic receptor, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation in the kinase insert promotes a mitogenic signaling pathway. A strongly mitogenic receptor also requires one or two FGFR-1-specific residues from either of two regions within the kinase domain. One of these regions is within the kinase domain's activation loop, where FGFR-1, but not FGFR-4, bears a key aspartate residue. The mitogenic potentials of FGFR-1, FGFR-4, and the chimeric receptors strongly correlates with the magnitude of ligand-induced receptor autophosphorylation in BaF3 cells. We discuss mechanisms by which these few key amino acid differences may determine the levels of ligand-induced FGF receptor autophosphorylation and mitogenic potency.
Early-Season Migratory Flights of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Studies were conducted to determine the frequency, intensity, and displacement of migratory flights of adult corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), from the lower Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico during the citrus blooming period in February and March 1994. Samples of daily collections of adult male H. zea from pheromone traps in the valley (10) and southern Texas (21) were examined for the presence of citrus pollen using scanning electron microscopy. H. zea were captured at all locations except Alpine, TX. Based on samples of the daily collections. citrus pollen-contaminated H. zea were captured as far as 661 km from the valley. However, the valley is the nearest source of commercial citrus production. Insect flight trajectories from the valley were estimated using wind velocity data at 500 m above ground level and an assumed insect air speed of 5 m/s. Probability of daily capture of H. zea at locations that were 112-711 km from the valley were significantly related to duration of the estimated insect flight trajectory; minimum air temperature at the trap location; and daily average trap capture in the valley. The independent variables: duration of estimated insect flight trajectory, duration of estimated insect trap location, and the 1-d lag of minimum air temperature at the flight trajectory were significantly related to the daily capture of citrus pollen-contaminated H. zea. Wind trajectories measured by mylar balloons (tetroons) and hourly weather data (i.e., wind. precipitation, and air temperature) may explain some of the residual variance of the logistic regressions. The logistic regression equations can be used to estimate the probability of occurrence of daily capture of corn earworm for use as an advisory to agriculturists, regulatory personnel, and research scientists.
Is Coronary Heart Disease Preventable

Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death in the United States.Factors implicated in the disease process include heredity, sex, advancing age, blood lipids, hypertension, heavy cigarette smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, and stress.Dietary control of blood lipids seems to offer the most practical means of large-scale primary prevention of this disease.
The Role of Cholesterol in Membrane Fusion

Abstract Cholesterol modulates the bilayer structure of biological membranes in multiple ways. It changes the fluidity, thickness, compressibility, water penetration and intrinsic curvature of lipid bilayers. In multi-component lipid mixtures, cholesterol induces phase separations, partitions selectively between different coexisting lipid phases, and causes integral membrane proteins to respond by changing conformation or redistribution in the membrane. But, which of these often overlapping properties are important for membrane fusion?—Here we review a range of recent experiments that elucidate the multiple roles that cholesterol plays in SNARE-mediated and viral envelope glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion.
Clinical Application of Bone Biology to Mandibular and Maxillary Reconstruction

Bony reconstruction of the mandible and maxilla is accomplished through the application of three general approaches: cancellous marrow grafts, cranial bone grafts, and microvascular transfers. This article discusses each of these techniques in detail.
In-Vivo Models of Arrhythmias: a Canine Model of Sudden Cardiac Death

Sudden cardiac death resulting from ventricular tachyarrhythmias remains the major cause of death in most industrially developed countries, accounting for between 300,000 and 500,000 deaths each year in the United States (Zipes and Wellens 1998). Yet despite the enormity of this problem, the identification of the mechanisms responsible for these untimely deaths, as well as the development of safe and effective antiarrhythmic therapies, remains elusive. The use of appropriate animal models of ventricular arrhythmias is critical, not only for discovering the mechanisms that trigger lethal cardiac rhythm disorders, but also for the preclinical evaluation of potential anti-arrhythmic drugs. The model used must mimic, as closely as possible, the underlying pathological conditions most often associated with a high risk of sudden cardiac death. Over the years, a number of different animals have been used to investigate the mechanisms responsible for ventricular fibrillation and to assess anti-arrhythmic medications during the preclinical stage of development. The models used have different strengths and weaknesses and have had varying degrees of success. A detailed analysis and comparison of many of these models has recently been reviewed (Billman 2002; Study Group on Experimental Arrhythmia Research 1995) and, as such, will not be discussed in the present chapter. The present chapter will be limited to a detailed description of methods to prepare a canine model of sudden cardiac death that has proven useful in both the identification of factors contributing to ventricular fibrillation, as well as the evaluation of potential anti-arrhythmic therapies.
Combating Complexity: Offensive Cyber Capabilities and Integrated Warfighting

Despite recent work challenging offense dominance in cyberspace, scholars and policymakers still view offensive operations as dominating defense. Why do these sides come to very different conclusions about the nature and utility of offensive cyber capabilities? Disagreements are due to a poor specification of the logic of offense dominance and scope conditions. Offensive advantage is taken as axiomatic, generalizable to every instance of conflict. Advantage is then assumed to directly translate into battlefield effectiveness. Operations should instead be viewed as an interaction between offense and defense. Defensive actors have agency and the role of countermeasures in imposing cost and delay on attackers is under-theorized. Design and deployment processes are complex, costly, and vulnerable. Attacks against high-value targets require significant time, skill, and information. Operational complexity is even greater when cyber operations are properly understood in integrated war-fighting.
Fruitful analysis of sex chromosomes reveals X-treme genetic diversity

A new study on sex chromosome evolution in papaya helps to illuminate sex chromosome biology, including deviations from expected trajectories.
Introduction to Individual Growth Curve Analysis

Many questions of interest in child psychiatry, psychology, and neuropsychology are questions about change and its prediction. For instance, do children who suffer closed-head injuries at an early age recover more slowly and show greater long-term deficits than children injured at a later age? Do initial deficits in verbal or spatial functioning lead to deterioration in adaptive functioning after injury? Do characteristics of the child moderate the effectiveness of interventions for attention deficit disorder? To address such questions, researchers frequently employ longitudinal designs that lend themselves naturally to addressing questions about change and its prediction. Unfortunately, some traditional statistical models for longitudinal data are unsatisfactory for characterizing change at the individual level and for studying correlates of change. Consequently, after expending considerable effort to collect longitudinal data, researchers often fail to satisfactorily address questions about change in their analyses. The limitations of many traditional statistical models have led to increased interest in the behavioral sciences in the use of individual growth models for measuring change and examining correlates of change.
Review of Salient Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome

Abstract Objectives: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, in addition to being the commonest diagnosable cause of autism. The identification of the biochemical mechanism underlying this disorder has provided amenable targets for therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of investigational drug therapies for FXS. Methods: The authors carried out a search of clinical and preclinical trials for FXS in PubMed and on the U.S. National Institutes of Health index of clinical trials (www.clinicaltrials.gov). We limited our review to Phase II trials or more preliminary and reviewed the associated publications for these studies, complemented by a review of the literature on PubMed. Results: The review of the preclinical, Phase I, and Phase II trials of agents with therapeutic potential in FXS revolves around an understanding of the putative pathways in the pathogenesis of FXS. While there is significant overlap between some of these pathways, the agents can ...
Serial Arithmetic Strategies for Improving FPGA Throughput

Serial arithmetic has been shown to offer attractive advantages in area for field-programmable gate array (FPGA) datapaths but suffers from a significant reduction in throughput compared to traditional bit-parallel designs. In this work, we perform a performance and trade-off analysis that counterintuitively shows that, despite the decreased throughput of individual serial operators, replication of serial arithmetic can provide a 2.1 × average increase in throughput compared to bit-parallel pipelines for common FPGA applications. We complement this analysis with a novel SerDes architecture that enables existing FPGA pipelines to be replaced with serial logic with potentially higher throughput. We also present a serialized sliding-window architecture that improves average throughput 2.4 × compared to existing bit-parallel work.
An Online Drug Abuse Prevention Program for Adolescent Girls: Posttest and 1-Year Outcomes.

Early adolescent girls’ rates of drug use have matched, and in some instances, surpassed boys’ rates. Though girls and boys share risk factors for drug use, girls also have gender-specific risks. Tailored interventions to prevent girls’ drug use are warranted. This study developed and tested a web-based, drug abuse prevention program for adolescent girls. The nationwide sample of 13- and 14-year-old girls (N = 788) was recruited via Facebook ads. Enrolled girls were randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition. All girls completed pretest measures online. Following pretest, intervention girls interacted with the 9-session, gender-specific prevention program online. The program aimed to reduce girls’ drug use and associated risk factors by improving their cognitive and behavioral skills around such areas as coping with stress, managing mood, maintaining a healthy body image, and refusing drug use offers. Girls in both conditions again completed measures at posttest and 1-year follow-up. At posttest, and compared to girls in the control condition, girls who received the intervention smoked fewer cigarettes and reported higher self-esteem, goal setting, media literacy, and self-efficacy. At 1-year follow-up, and compared to girls in the control condition, girls who received the intervention reported engaging in less binge drinking and cigarette smoking; girls assigned to the intervention condition also had higher alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana refusal skills, coping skills, and media literacy and lower rates of peer drug use. This study’s findings support the use of tailored, online drug abuse prevention programming for early adolescent girls.
Redox conditions associated with organic carbon accumulation in the Late Devonian New Albany Shale, west-central Kentucky, Illinois Basin

Abstract Factors affecting organic carbon accumulation in marine basins may include surface water productivity, enhanced preservation due to bottom-water anoxia, protection by and adsorption onto clays, and variations in sediment supply. In this study, geochemical proxies for the New Albany Shale of the Illinois Basin were examined for ten cores from the outcrop belt in west-central Kentucky in an attempt to evaluate redox conditions associated with organic carbon enrichment. In these cores, the Late Devonian New Albany Shale is represented by the Clegg Creek, Camp Run, Morgan Trail, and the Blocher members. Specifically, C-S relationships, degree of pyritization (DOPT), and C-S-Fe relationships along with redox sensitive trace elements (e.g., V and Mo) and ratios (Ni/Co, V/Cr, and V/(V + Ni)) were used to assess redox conditions. In addition, organic carbon to total phosphorus ratios (Corg/Ptot) were used to assess levels of paleoproductivity that were possibly enhanced by the productivity-anoxia-feedback mechanism. Results suggest variable bottom-water conditions existed during accumulation of the New Albany Shale of west-central Kentucky, including predominantly anoxic conditions for the Clegg Creek Member, dysoxic conditions for the Camp Run and Morgan Trail members, and dysoxic to oxic conditions for the Blocher Member. However, throughout deposition, all members exhibited some variability in redox conditions. Thus, overall, lowest oxygen levels were likely experienced during deposition of the Clegg Creek, followed by the Camp Run and Morgan Trail members. The Blocher Member was probably deposited under conditions closer to normal marine, yet still dysoxic at most times. High C/P ratios observed in these members suggest regeneration of P, enhanced productivity, and sequestration of organic carbon (as described by the productivity-anoxia feedback (PAF) mechanism) during anoxic periods. Variations in redox indications obtained from different proxies suggest that multiple parameters should be utilized rather than relying on a single proxy. Reasonably good agreement is seen between C-S, DOPT, C-S-Fe, and Mo levels; Ni/Co and V/Cr tend to agree well with each other, but suggest higher oxygen levels than the other proxies. Values for V/(V + Ni) tend to be an outlier, suggesting more anoxic (to euxinic) conditions compared to other proxies.
Multiscale graph-based framework for efficient multi-sensor integration and event detection

We present a general framework for integrating disparate sensors to dynamically detect events. Events are often observed as multiple, asynchronous, disparate sensors’ activations in time. The challenge is to reconcile them to infer that a process of interest is underway or has occurred. We abstractly model each sensor as a value-attributed time interval over which it takes values that are relevant to a known process of interest. Process knowledge is incorporated in the detection scheme by defining sensor neighborhood intervals that overlap with temporally neighboring sensor neighborhood intervals in the process. The sensor neighborhoods are represented as nodes of an interval graph, with edges between nodes of overlapping sensor neighborhoods. Sensor activity is then interpreted via this process model by constructing an interval graph time series, for relevant sensor types and process-driven neighborhoods, and looking for subgraphs that match those of the process model graph. A time series that dynamically records the number of sensor neighborhoods overlapping at any given time is used to detect temporal regions of high sensor activity indicative of an event. Multiscale analysis of this time series reveals peaks over different time scales. The peaks are then used to efficiently triage underlying interval subgraphs of sensor activity to examine them for relational patterns similar to the process model graph of interest. Thus, our framework synergistically uses relational as well as scale information to dynamically and efficiently triage sensors related to a process. Multiple processes of interest may be efficiently detected and tracked in parallel using this approach.