cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of the Quantum Measurement: Example of a Linearly Coupled Harmonic Oscillator

We argue that it may be possible to consistently explain the quantum measurement by assuming that the wave function is in one-to-one correspondence with objective physical reality and has no probabilistic interpretation. In the context of such approach we consider the model of a harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to a heat bath and treat the oscillator as the system being measured. Three classes of initial pure states for the bath are considered. Exact expressions for the average values and variances of the oscillator coordinate and momentum as functions of time are considered for each class of pure states. It is shown that these quantities exhibit different asymptotic behavior for different classes of initial states of the bath. In particular, if each mode of the bath is initially in a coherent state, then for an arbitrary initial state of the oscillator the variances of the oscillator coordinate and momentum asymptotically approach the same values as for a coherent state of the free oscillator, while the averages of coordinate and momentum show a Brownian-like behavior. We argue that such behavior shows several features of the quantum measurement and supports our interpretation of the wave function.
Polyclonal 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) antibodies in a euthyroid woman and their effect on radioimmunoassays for T3.

Thyroid function tests in a 17-yr-old euthyroid woman with a slightly enlarged thyroid gland were normal, except for an apparently elevated serum T3 level which was over 8 times greater than the upper limit of normal, when her serum was directly analyzed for T3 by an antibody-coated tube RIA method. When T3 analysis was performed with a RIA procedure that also used serum directly and separated free and bound radiolabeled hormone by polyethylene glycol precipitation, an absurd and conflictingly low result was obtained in which the bound fraction from the patient’s serum contained 22% more radiolabeled T3 than the bound fraction from the zero T3 standard. These results suggested the presence of endogenous T3 antibodies which interfered with these RIA procedures. Further studies revealed the presence of IgG-k and IgG-λ polyclonal antibodies that bound T3, but not T4, which accounted for the artifactual elevation in T3. The T3 antibodies were also detected by agarose electrophoresis of serum labeled with trac...
Excessive absorption by atmospheric water vapor in the infrared and 5–17 cm−1 regions

Abstract Measurements of ‘excessive’ absorption by atmospheric water vapor, i.e. absorption in excess of water monomer absorption and droplet scattering predictions, are analyzed for the infrared and 5–17 cm −1 regions. Both fair weather and fog data are considered. It is found that observations in both spectral regions can be explained by the clustering (hydrogen bonding) of ~ 10 −3 of the vapor molecules. The development leads to several tentative conclusions: 1. (1) equilibrium cluster populations (and maximum absorption) are only attained forvaporin contact with liquid water; 2. (2) the clusters are formed by evaporation, are large, and cannot be modeled by Boltzmann statistics; 3. (3) cluster modes can account for unexplained spectral features at 5–17 cm −1 ; 4. (4) excessive absorption both in the infrared and 5–17 cm −1 regions probably can be explained by the same cluster species.
A criterion for blow-up of solutions to semilinear heat equations

We prove that for the parabolic initial value problem $u_t = \Delta u + \delta f(u)$ there is a finite time blow-up of the solution, provided $\delta $ is greater than the upper bound to the spectrum of the steady state problem and $({f / {f'}})$ is concave. An upper bound of the blow-up time is given. The proof is based on a comparison with a subsolution to the parabolic initial value problem.
A light and electron microscopical study of neurofibrils and neurofilaments at neuro-neuronal junctions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

Neurofibrillar rings and spheres one-half to 2 μ in diameter occur throughout the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Counts confirm that they occur predominantly in laminae A and A1, and only rarely in lamina B and the central interlaminar nucleus. The rings lie in zones of lightly argyrophilic tissue between perikarya and rarely contact cell bodies. The argyrophilic zones are 5–20 μ wide, forming a continuous reticulum throughout laminae A and A1. Electron micrographs show rings and nests of neurofilaments that match the neurofibrillar structures in size and distribution. These filaments are not found in axons, but occur in spheroid dendritic appendages, which have previously been described on Golgi preparations. The appendages lie in synaptic zones which are 5–20 μ wide and encapsulated by glial lamellae. Within the zones two major types of specialized contact are recognizable. “Regular” contacts (axo-dendritic and axo-axonal) resemble synaptic contacts in other parts of the CNS. “Filamentous” contacts (axo-dendritic and dendro-dendritic) show neurofilaments in the dendritic cytoplasm and show no concentration of vesicles on the axonal side. Within the appendages filaments from adjacent filamentous contacts join to form a nest around a group of mitochondria. Comparison with previous studies suggests that these dendritic appendages, which receive regular and filamentous contacts, form a major receptive site for the retinal afferents.
Computational/Theoretical Modeling of Flow Physics and Transport in Disk Rotor Drag Turbine Expanders for Green Energy Conversion Technologies

This paper explores the theoretical and computational challenges associated with modeling of flow, momentum transport, and energy conversion processes in disk rotor drag turbine expanders. This category of expander devices, also known as Tesla turbines, has distinct advantages for Rankine power generation using low temperature heat from renewable source such as solar, waste heat, or geothermal steam or hot water. Specifically, the nozzle and rotor designs and the overall expander can be simple to manufacture, low cost, and durable, making this type of expander an attractive option in green energy technology applications where low maintenance costs and rapid capital investment payback are important qualities. Efficient energy conversion performance in rotor disk drag expanders requires that the nozzle efficiently convert flow exergy to fluid kinetic energy, and the rotor be designed to efficiently convert fluid angular momentum to shaft torque and power. To achieve these goals, modeling and analysis tools must provide the designer with a means to predict the performance of these components that accurately represents the physics, and can be effectively used to illuminate the parametric trends in performance. Two categories of modeling are examined in this paper: (1) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and (2) more idealized one- and two-dimensional analysis frameworks. The advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches are examined here for the specific flows of interest in this type of expander design. The implications of model predictions for optimal design of disk rotor expanders for green energy applications are also discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Germanium And Germanium Diamond Bolometers Operated At 4.2 K, 2.0 K, 1.2 K, 0.3 K, And 0.1 K

The design, construction, and performance of state-of-the-art germanium and germanium-diamond bolometers operated at 4.2, 2.0, 1.2, and 0.3 K will be discussed. These detectors have a broad range of applications, and are particularly important for the long wavelength (far infrared to millimeter) regions. Current results may be extrapolated to lower temperatures and higher levels of performance. A system which will operate at 0.1 K using a He4-He3 dilution refrigerator is under development.
Invited editorial: reflections on curriculum development in computing programs

Constant changes in courses and curricula seem to be a fact of life for computing programs. Having participated in several curriculum creation and modification efforts, and in two major curriculum recommendation projects [1,2], and also having observed and reviewed many curriculum development efforts by others during the past 20 years or so, I take this opportunity to offer some observations about computing programs and issues related to their evolution and maintenance. (The term computing is used here to include programs with a wide range of names such as computer science, informatics, information systems, and computer engineering.) Most of the observations and comments that I make have been made before by myself and others, and there is no intention to make this a complete discussion of such issues. Instead, I offer some observations that seem, to me, important and relevant for many of the problems that we face today.
Synapses as associative memory elements in the hippocampal formation

This report analyzes long term potentiation (LTP) and associative interactions between synapses of the ipsilateral and crossed entorhinal cortical (EC) pathways to the dentate gyrus (DG). In the anesthetized rat, conditioning stimulation to one EC-DG pathway reliably elicits LTP at the ipsilateral synapses, while the synapses of the collateral, crossed pathway to the contralateral DG do not exhibit LTP. Furthermore, in the DG ipsilateral to the conditioning stimulation the convergent crossed pathway from the contralateral side, which had not been itself conditioned, failed to exhibit heterosynaptic LTP. These results are consistent with a specific 'synaptic' localization of the changes responsible for LTP, and suggest that some critical number of synapses must be activated in order to observe LTP. While the crossed EC-DG projection never exhibited LTP when conditioned alone, the crossed input could be potentiated under certain circumstances. Specifically, paired conditioning of ipsi- and contralateral inputs by nearly simultaneous conditioning stimulation of the EC bilaterally results in LTP in the crossed system. Furthermore, this associatively induced LTP of the crossed system can be reversed by subsequent conditioning of the ipsilateral system alone. Successive potentiating and depotentiating sequences are possible using paired and non-paired stimulation procedures even after lesions which prevent neural loops through the EC. The results are interpreted as evidence for a 'Hebb' type synapse which has the capability for erasure. This synaptic type is not appropriate for classical conditioning without appendant circuitry, but is suited for other forms of associative learning.
1840 TRACHEOBRONCHOMALACIA - NEW CAUSES AND TREATMENT

We describe 7 infants (6 males, 1 female) seen over the last 3 yrs. initially diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or chronic lung disease and subsequently found to have tracheobronchomalacia (TBM). None had congenital anatomical abnormalities such as tracheoesophageal fistula or vascular rings. 5 were premature babies who had been ventilated for hyaline membrane disease, 2 presented with viral infections. All 7 had required intermittent ventilation, with 5/7 ventilated for most of their lives (9 mo.- 38 mo.). The diagnosis was suspected in all 7 because they had either cyanotic spells (“BPD” or “blue” spells) requiring manual ventilation, or wheezing unresponsive to usual therapy (bronchodilators, steroids). The diagnosis was confirmed by either bronchoscopy or fluoroscopy showing>75% collapse of the central airways during expiration or Valsalva. The mean time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 3-20 mos. Some associated factors include Pseudomonas sp. or Staphylococcus aureus tracheitis in 6/7, gastroesophageal reflux in 3/7, patent ductus in 4/7, and pneumothoraces in 4/7. Management was facilitated by finding optimal positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during fluoroscopy. 6/7 require PEEP of at least 10-15cmH2O pressure for at least 3 mos., and 5/7 are still ventilated. All patients responded clinically with decreased cyanotic spells and improved ventilation. Bronchodilators, diuretics and sedation were all used with varying success. Tracheostomy without PEEP was not helpful. Thus TBM is a treatable, diffuse process which requires long term therapy, the incidence of TBM may be higher than suspected, and the therapy of choice is long term optimal distending PEEP.
Specview: a Java tool for spectral visualization and model fitting of multi-instrument data

Specview is a spectral visualization tool designed to provide easy simultaneous display and analysis of multiple 1-D spectrograms of the same astronomical source taken with different instruments. It is a standalone Java application that features, aside its main plotting capabilities, a spectral model fitting engine. This article describes its main features and some aspects of its internal design. The software can be downloaded from http://specview.stsci.edu.
Excitation mechanisms in the photochemistry of adsorbed SO2

Abstract It is demonstrated that direct and substrate-mediated excitation mechanisms in surface photochemical reactions can be discriminated based on the pronounced angular dependence of the electric fields at the vacuum interface of a transparent substrate covered with a thin metal film. We can unambiguously establish the change from a direct to a substrate-mediated excitation mechanism in the photodesorption of SO 2 ( v ν = 6.4 eV) adsorbed on a quartz prism, with and without a 300 A Ag film.
Construct validity of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI): does the BSRI distinguish between gender-schematic and gender-aschematic individuals

Factor analyses were performed on the masculine, feminine, and neutral items of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) for gender-schematic and gender-aschematic individuals separately. The analyses revealed bipolar masculinity/femininity factors for the gender-schematic group and two unipolar “aschematicity” factors for the gender-aschematic group. The results support gender schema theory's claim that the two types of individuals respond differently to the items of the BSRI. Thus, the BSRI is a valid measure for distinguishing gender-schematic from gender-schematic individuals.
The role of psychology in the medical care of the older patient

The impact of familial attitudes toward normal and pathological aging on the health care and life satisfaction of older adults is reviewed both in the literature and by utilizing several representative case studies. The authors conclude that certain family attitudes and brief psychological intervention in the hospital setting can have a marked impact on the life satisfaction and happiness of older relatives.
Arrow-Debreu preferences and the reopening of contingent claims markets

Abstract The Arrow-Debreu intertemporal general equilibrium paradigm is typically interpreted as suggesting that contingent claims markets need not reopen as time passes and uncertainty resolves. We show that this property, if satisfied, has strong implications for the structure of agents' preferences and for the updating of probabilistic beliefs.
The involvement of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 in the immune response to protozoan parasites

One early reaction of the host to infection with protozoan parasites is the secretion of an array of potent cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and IL-6. The combined action of these cytokines causes fever, lenkocytosis and the production of acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP). These early responses contribute significantly to the outcome of infection by influencing the course of infection directly and by regulating the specific immune response to the parasite.
ODP solicits Pacific research proposals

The new Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is now well underway, using the drillship JOIDES Resolution (SEDCO/BP 471). Eight legs have been drilled, and the results so far have been excellent. The National Science Foundation (NSF) is responsible for overseeing ODP and provides the U.S. contribution to the internationally funded program. In addition, NSF provides support for U.S. drilling-related science activities. The total ODP U.S. science budget for FY 1986 is $6.8 million. Over 50% of this funding goes to support certain activities: regional or topical planning workshops initiated by U.S. scientists, attendance by U.S. scientists at Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) panel meetings, shipboard participation by U.S. scientists, postcruise scientific studies related to publication of initial reports, and the U.S. Science Advisory Committee.
Caloric restriction prevents age-associated accrual of oxidative damage to mouse skeletal muscle mitochondria

Abstract The purpose of this study was to understand the nature of the causes underlying the senescence-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and performance. Protein and lipid oxidative damage to upper hindlimb skeletal muscle mitochondria was compared between mice fed ad libitum and those restricted to 40% fewer calories—a regimen that increases life span by ∼30–40% and attenuates the senescence-associated decrement in skeletal muscle mass and function. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins, measured as amounts of protein carbonyls and loss of protein sulfhydryl content, and to mitochondrial lipids, determined as concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, significantly increased with age in the ad libitum-fed (AL) C57BL/6 mice. The rate of superoxide anion radical generation by submitochondrial particles increased whereas the activities of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in muscle homogenates remained unaltered with age in the AL group. In calorically-restricted (CR) mice there was no age-associated increase in mitochondrial protein or lipid oxidative damage, or in superoxide anion radical generation. Crossover studies, involving the transfer of 18- to 22-month-old mice fed on the AL regimen to the CR regimen, and vice versa, indicated that the mitochondrial oxidative damage could not be reversed by CR or induced by AL feeding within a time frame of 6 weeks. Results of this study indicate that mitochondria in skeletal muscles accumulate significant amounts of oxidative damage during aging. Although such damage is largely irreversible, it can be prevented by restriction of caloric intake.
Demonstration of Torsional Coupling Caused by Closely Spaced Periods—1984 Morgan Hill Earthquake Response of the Santa Clara County Building

Abstract The parameters of the dominant modes of vibration of the steel‐framed Santa Clara County Office Building in San Jose, California, are determined using “the modal minimization method” for structural identification. The optimal estimates of the model parameters are determined by minimizing a selected measure‐of‐fit between the responses of the structure and the model. Two types of models are used: (1) A planar linear model with classical damping and (2) A three dimensional linear model consisting of rigid floor decks, where each floor is allowed three degrees of freedom ‐ two orthogonal translations plus a rotation. The Santa Clara County Office Building continued vibrating in a free vibration manner with very low damping, long after the intense part of ground motion had ended. The records of its torsional motion exhibit a strong beating effect which is explained by the strong coupling of torsional and translational modes of vibration. Such a strong coupling of modes of vibration is attributed to t...
The Mother-Child Dyad Revisited: Perceptions of Mothers and Children in Twentieth Century Child-Rearing Manuals.

While devoting substantial efforts to studying the impact of the mother-child dyad on children's growth, development, and social and intellectual achievements, researchers under the umbrella of child development (psychologists, pediatricians, educators) have failed to explore the impact of rearing children on mothers' lives. This article examines child-rearing manuals in America from 1913 to 1976 viewing the literature as mother-rearing tracts which have as much to say about the lives of women as about the children for whom they are caring.
Bootstrapping Procedure to Determine Convergence in Monte Carlo Simulations

Monte Carlo simulations are routinely performed in many branches of engineering to determine the distribution of possible system performance. In particular, Monte Carlo simulation, or a variant of it, is the most likely candidate for realistic simulation of reliability in mechanistic-empirical pavement design methods. However, it is common to find no justification for the number of simulations run or any analysis to determine whether, in fact, the distribution has converged. Although standard sampling rules can be applied to the estimate of the performance of the mean, especially in the presence of distributions that are approximately normal, they are difficult to apply to full distributions or percentiles. This paper presents a simple method for using statistical bootstrapping techniques to improve the quality of distributions estimated by Monte Carlo simulation, especially the quality of the estimates for percentiles in the tail of the distribution. This method is applied to the results of a mechanistic...
Bovine liver dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase: pH dependencies of inactivation by chelators and steady-state kinetic properties.

Abstract Dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.2.2) catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of 5,6-dihydropyrimidines to the corresponding β-ureido acids. Previous work has shown that incubation of this Zn2+ metalloenzyme with 2,6-dipicolinic acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid, or o-phenanthroline results in inactivation by Zn2+ removal by a reaction pathway involving formation of a ternary enzyme-Zn2+-chelator complex which subsequently dissociates to yield apoenzyme and the Zn2+-chelate (K. P. Brooks, E. A. Jones, B. D. Kim, and E. G. Sander, (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys.226,469–483). In the present work, the pH dependence of chelator inactivation is studied. The equilibrium constant for formation of the ternary complex is strongly pH dependent and increases with decreasing pH for all three chelators. There is a positive correlation between the value of the equilibrium constant observed for each chelator and the value of its stability constant for formation of Zn2+-chelate. The affinity of the chelators for the enzyme increases in the order 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid >o-phenanthroline > 2,6 dipicolinic acid. The first-order rate constant for breakdown of the ternary complex to yield apoenzyme and Zn2+-chelate is invariant with pH for a given chelator but is different for each chelator, increasing in the reverse order. The pH dependence of the inactivation shows that two ionizable groups on the enzyme are involved in the inactivation. On the other hand, the steady-state kinetic behavior of the enzyme is welldescribed by ionization of a single group with a pK of 6.0 in the free enzyme. The basic form of the group is required for catalysis; protonation of the group decreases both Vmax and the apparent affinity for substrate. Conversely, binding of substrate decreases the pK of this group to about 5. l -Dihydroorotic acid is shown to be a competitive inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase. Binding of l -dihydroorotic acid increases the pK of the ionizable group to 6.5. The agreement between the pK in the enzyme- l -dihydroorotic acid complex and the higher pK observed in the pH dependence of inactivation by chelators suggests that the same group is involved in the binding of substrate, l -dihydroorotic acid, and chelators. The different effects of substrate and l -dihydroorotic acid on the pK suggest that the binding modes of these two ligands may be different and suggest a structural basis for the mutally exclusive substrate specificities of dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase and dihydroorotase.
Antigenic differences among B16 melanoma variants selected for their differing abilities to metastasize: A possible mechanism for effective adjuvant immunotherapy

Most C57BL/6J mice will develop pulmonary metastases four to six weeks after excision of B16 melanoma isografts and begin to die within 40 days. When applied in an adjuvant setting after isograft excision, specific B16 immune RNA (I-RNA) therapy prevents pulmonary metastases and prolongs survival in 50% of treated animals. Since increased in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against B16 targets has been demonstrated in animals whose survival is improved by B16 I-RNA therapy, we have proposed that the treatment functioned, at least in part, by specifically altering host CMC in vivo. In this study, C57BL/6J splenocytes were specifically sensitized in vitro by B16 I-RNA exposure and examined for cytotoxic effect on variants of B16 melanoma selected for their differing metastatic potential in vivo. F10 tumor targets (explanted from a B16 melanoma vairant producing frequent pulmonary metastases in vivo) were consistently more sensitive to specific in vitro cytotoxic effect than F1 target cells (from a B16 melanoma variant with low metastatic potential in vivo). Lung metastases (F1 mets) were explanted after intravenous (IV) injection of F1 and used as target cells in the in vitro CMC assays. F1 mets demonstrated greater cytotoxic effect than F1 targets after exposure to B16 I-RNA-treated syngeneic splenocytes. C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed at weekly intervals following adjuvant in vivo B16 I-RNA therapy (after B16 isograft excision), and their splenocytes were shown to be consistently more cytotoxic in vitro to B16 and F10 than to F1 target cells. Splenocytes harvested from mice treated with I-RNA specific to antigenically distinct Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) after 3LL isograft excision had no cytotoxic effect on any of the B16 variants. When nonsensitized C57BL/6J splenocytes were examined for cytotoxic effect in natural killer (NK) assays or in NK inhibition assays, differences in cytotoxic sensitivity of B16, F10, F1, and F1 mets could not be demonstrated. We conclude, therefore, that specifically sensitized effector cells could distinguish antigenic differences among B16 variants selected for differing in vivo metastatic potiential. These differences were tumor specific and could be demonstrated by cytotoxic splenocytes after either in vivo B16 I-RNA treatment or in vitro B16 I-RNA exposure. The relationship of these antigenic differences to in vivo metastatic potential and to the effectiveness of adjuvant B16 I-RNA therapy is discussed.
A game-theoretical model of parasite virulence

The evolution of parasitic reproductive rates, relative infectiousness and severity of disease are considered using a game-theoretical model in which parasites compete within hosts. Each parasite's fitness is assumed to be directly proportional to the product of its reproductive rate (lambda) and the length of time (T) over which it reproduces. An increase in a parasite's reproductive rate is assumed to increase its host's disease-induced mortality rate (alpha) and consequently, through host death, to decrease T. By maximizing the total number of propagules that individuals produce with respect to their individual reproductive rates, we show that competitors within a host may be favored by natural selection to reproduce at rates below their maximum potential rates. Whether competitors behaving with such restraint can coexist at a Nash equilibrium is shown to depend on the functional form of alpha (lambda) and on the number of competitors within a host. While an individual's restraint benefits its within-host competitors through increased host longevity, the model does not invoke group selection. In the model, selection favors an individual's restraint when such behavior increases the individual's total number of propagules. Concurrent increases in the absolute and relative fitness of an individual's within-host competitors can be consequences of such individual selection.
Synthesis of an infectious full-length cDNA clone of rice yellow mottle virus andmutagenesis of the coat protein

A full-length cDNA clone of rice yellow mottle sobemovirus (RYMV) was synthesized and placed adjacent to a bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. Capped-RNA transcripts produced in vitro were infectious when mechanically inoculated onto rice plants (Oryza sativa L). Individual full-length clones varied in their degree of infectivity but all were less infectious than native viral RNA. A representative clone, designated RYMV-FL5, caused a disease phenotype identical to that produced by viral RNA except that symptoms were somewhat slower to appear than those induced by viral RNA. The infectivity of RYMV-FL5 was verified by ELISA, Western blot analysis, Northern blot hybridization, RT-PCR, and Southern blot hybridization. Frameshift and deletion mutations introduced into the coat protein cistron demonstrated that the coat protein was dispensable for RNA replication in rice protoplasts. However, the coat protein was required for full infectivity in rice plants, presumably by playing a role in phloem-mediated long-distance movement and possibly in cell-to-cell movement.
The Square Kilometre Array pulsar timing array

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is envisioned as the meter- and centimeter-wavelength telescope of the 21st century, and gravitational wave studies via a pulsar timing array (PTA) form a key aspect of its science program. In its ultimate implementation, the SKA (phase 2) should enable the construction of a PTA consisting of as many as 100 spin-stable millisecond pulsars. The sensitivity of the SKA–PTA could approach gravitational wave strain amplitudes of 6 × 10−16 or better at fiducial gravitational wave frequencies of order 1 yr−1, at least an order of magnitude improvement in the gravitational wave strain amplitude that can be measured. Any nearby individual supermassive black hole binaries could be detected, and the existence of non-tensor modes can be tested. Beyond its PTA capabilities, the SKA will also enable a range of other tests of fundamental physics, such as tests of gravity in ultra-relativistic binaries and constraints on the nuclear equation of state.
Occupation, Stress, and Biomarkers: Measuring the Impact of Occupational Injustice

When individuals experience stress due to occupational injustice, neuro-physiological reactions ensue and health states are challenged. Acute and chronic exposure to specific stress hormones and neurotransmitters affect individual occupational capabilities and subsequent occupational trajectories. This article examines the links between health and the human physiologic stress responses to occupation. Based on these findings, neuroendocrine biomarker research is advocated as an effective means of investigating the effects of occupational injustices on health through the quantitative measurement of individual's physiological stress response.
Synthesis mechanisms of poly(oxybenzoate) liquid crystal polymers

Evidence is presented for the growth of bilayered lamellae during the polymerization ofp-acetoxybenzoic acid to form uniform thickness poly(p-oxybenzoate) lamellar crystals. Fracturing one preparation of these crystals lead to the formation of fibers connecting the fracture faces, reminiscent of those formed during fracture of folded chain flexible polymer single crystals. The results raise questions concerning previously proposed polymerization — crystal growth mechanisms.
Topics in a high-efficiency FEL design

Abstract Various topics concerning a high-efficiency free-electron laser (FEL) design are discussed. The concept of applying an accelerating microwave field to the electrons as they pass through the wiggler to maintain constant electron energy is reviewed. Efficiencies of up to 48%, for practical values of FEL parameters, are calculated, and advantages of the scheme in comparison with tapered wiggler FELS are discussed. A unique structure for use in the high-efficiency scheme, combining the functions of a linear accelerator and a wiggler, and including a pre-bunching section, is reviewed. The effect of optical field strength variation along the resonator axis as well as the effect of operation at different wavelengths on the attainable efficiency are investigated.
The ileal brake: A fifteen-year progress report

The "ileal brake" is the primary inhibitory feedback mechanism to control transit of a meal through the gastrointestinal tract in order to optimize nutrient digestion and absorption. Neurohormonal factors mediating this response continue to be identified. Recently, additional brakes that fine-tune transit have been described. When gut traffic control is disrupted, pathologic states characterized by malabsorption and impaired drug bioavailability manifest as diarrhea and malnutrition. An understanding of the importance of these nutrient-triggered brakes provides essential clues to future treatments of chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, and drug malabsorption.
The state and economic development

In this article it is argued that one must distinguish between the arbitrary, short-run power of the state and the long-run, infrastructural power of the state. Game theory concepts are used to illustrate these ideas and successful development is linked to the infrastructural power of the state. The evolution of the latter is related to culture/ideology and this is given operational meeting within the context of simple game theory. The historical experience of Japan is utilized to illustrate these ideas.
The Relationship Between Self-induced Water Intoxication and Severity of Psychiatric Symptoms

The purpose of this study was to test a theoretical framework that proposed a relationship between severe psychiatric symptoms and self-induced water intoxication (SIWI) by using reliable and valid measures. Twenty of 28 community-dwelling individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) in the sample exhibited excess fluid consumption as reflected by a mean urine specific gravity of 1.003 mEq/L. The psychometric measures included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Self Deficit Syndrome Scale (SDSS), and the Spielberger State-trait Anxiety Scale (STAI Form X-1). A significant relationship was found at p .01 between severity of psychotic symptoms and severity of SIWI and between severity of SIWI and psychopathology symptoms within the PANSS. Anxiety was higher in those with SIWI before fluid loading compared with those with less excess fluid intake (i.e., USG
Inhibition of cholesterol esterification in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle foam cells: evaluation of E5324, an acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor.

Cholesteryl esters (CE) comprise the principal lipid class that accumulates within macrophages and smooth muscle cells of the atherosclerotic lesion. Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT) is the major enzyme responsible for esterification of intracellular cholesterol. We evaluated the ability of E5324 (n-butyl-N″-[-2-[3-(5-ethyl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propoxyl]-6-methyl-phenyllurea), a novel, orally absorbable ACAT inhibitor, to inhibit esterification of fatty acids to cholesterol and CE accumulation in macrophages and in smooth muscle cells. E5324 significantly inhibited cholesterol esterification in rat aortic smooth muscle cells and in macrophages. In addition, E5324 reduced the cellular mass of CE, the significant measure of the efficacy of drugs designed to modulate cholesterol metabolism. E5324 treatment of macrophages exposed to acetylated low-density lipoprotein reduced CE mass by 97%, and treatment of lipid-loaded smooth muscle cells reduced CE mass by 29%. Although free cholesterol increased approximately twofold, this free cholesterol would presumably be accessible to the membrane for effluxin vivo (reverse cholesterol transport). These results demonstrate that E5324 can inhibit cholesterol esterification and CE mass in atherosclerotic foam cells, derived from either macrophages or arterial smooth muscle cells.
Amelioration of the behavioral phenotype in genetically ataxic mice through bilateral intracerebellar grafting of fetal Purkinje cells

We have previously applied neural grafting to “Purkinje cell degeneration” mutant mice (gene symbol pcd, mouse chromosome 13), a model of recessively inherited cerebello-olivary atrophy, to create appropriate interactions between wild-type and mutant cells in elucidating gene effects on the involved neuron populations and to address issues of the structural integration of donor Purkinje cells into the disrupted cerebellar loop. Behaviorally, pcd homozygotes manifest ataxic signs beginning at 3–4 wk of age. The functional effects of cerebellar transplants on motor performance have long remained an open question. The aim of the present study was to determine the recovery of motor responses in pcd mutants in a battery of behavioral tasks after bilateral transplantation of cerebellar cell suspensions (prepared from wild-type mice) into the parenchyma of the deep cerebellar nuclei of the hosts, according to a protocol that emphasizes the reconstruction of the missing inhibitory cortico-nuclear projection. With this approach, the denervated deep nuclei of the host receive a new Purkinje axonal innervation; further, most transplanted Purkinje cells end up occupying cortical localities anyway and display a correct dendritic tree orientation toward the pia. Motor coordination and fatigue resistance were assessed in a rotarod treadmill apparatus, a behavioral paradigm useful in studying various brain abiotrophies and treatments, including developmental perturbations of the cerebellar cytoarchitecture. Locomotor activity was quantified by the number of squares mice crossed as they moved about in an open-field matrix. Grafted pcd mice performed significantly better than sham-operated mutants in both of these tasks. Moreover, graft-recipient mice were able to sustain their abdomen above the floor on their limbs during movement, contrasting to the typical lowered, widened stance of sham-operated pcd mutants. These findings clearly demonstrate that bilateral transplants of fetal Purkinje cells have functional effects on motor performance in the pcd model of hereditary cerebellar ataxia.
Parametrically Excited Nonlinear Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvester

A nonlinear piezoelectric wind energy harvester is proposed which operates at low wind speeds and is not sensitive to the speed of the gusts. The piezoelectric transduction mechanism is used instead of DC generators to eliminate the gearbox in the windmill and thus reduces the friction. The reduced friction facilitates operation of the windmill at low wind speeds. Permanent magnets have been placed in the blade part of the windmill. The magnets axially repel another set of magnets which are positioned at the tip of the piezoelectric beams. As a result, when the rotating magnets pass over the piezoelectric beams they excite the beams and affect the type of their vibrations. The nature of excitations in the proposed design is therefore both parametric excitations and ordinary excitations. The nonlinear magnetic axial force makes the vibrations of the beams nonlinear and can make the beams bi-stable. This phenomenon is utilized to enhance the power output and to improve the robustness of the power production. Two designs are presented which incorporate parametric and ordinary excitations to generate electric power. The performance of each design is examined through experimental investigations.© 2011 ASME
High dynamic range (HDR) video processing for the exploitation of high bit-depth sensors in human-monitored surveillance

High bit-depth video data is becoming more common in imaging and remote sensing because higher bit-depth cameras are becoming more affordable. Displays often represent images in lower bit-depths, and human vision is not able to completely exploit this additional information in its native form. These problems are addressed with High Dynamic Range (HDR) tone mapping, which nonlinearly maps lightness levels from a high bit-depth image into a lower bit-depth representation in a way that attempts to retain and accentuate the maximum amount of useful information therein. We have adapted the well-known Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) algorithm into the application of HDR video tone mapping by using time-adaptive local histogram transformations. In addition to lightness contrast, we use the transformations in the L∗a∗b∗ color space to amplify color contrast in the video stream. The transformed HDR video data maintains important details in local contrast while maintaining relative lightness levels locally through time. Our results show that time-adapted HDR tone mapping methods can be used in real-time video processing to store and display HDR data in low bit-depth formats with less loss of useful information compared to simple truncation.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of some materials containing divalent europium

This paper reports the results of a low-temperature NMR experiment on ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{153}$ in EuO. The data, which are assumed to be linear with magnetization, are compared with calculated values using spin-wave theory. Values of $\frac{{J}_{1}}{{k}_{b}}=0.750\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0025\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K and $\frac{{J}_{2}}{{k}_{b}}=\ensuremath{-}0.0975\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K are found to give a good description of EuO. This paper also reports the results of NMR studies of the ligands ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$ in Eu${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and CsEu${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. These experiments indicate that there is a reversal in sign of the unpaired spin density of the europium ion. The same results are obtained with europium-bearing glasses. This effect is discussed in terms of the Freeman-Watson model of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ and in terms of a virtual $5d$ state in ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$.
Cytokeratin-filament expression in epithelial and non-epithelial tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Cytokeratin expression in mammals is generally restricted to epithelial cells and has been utilized to differentiate epithelial from nonepithelial tissues in these species. Since cytokeratins have been shown to be highly conserved during vertebrate evolution, the objective of the present study has been to ascertain the expression pattern of cytokeratins in tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A panel of 10 anti-human cytokeratin antibodies was evaluated using a streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex detection system. Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, 100% ethanol or methacarn. Only formalin-fixed tissues were pre-digested with trypsin prior to immunostaining. Formalin-fixed tissues generally resulted in a less intense, more diffuse staining pattern with considerable background compared with ethanol and methacarn and was therefore the least desirable fixative. The diverse staining pattern observed with the various antibodies used in this study was consistent with previous findings in other teleosts. The results confirm that cytokeratin expression in teleosts is fundamentally different from that in mammals and therefore should be used as a method to differentiate epithelial cell types in these species only with discretion.
Quark mobility in extended nuclear matter

Abstract The propagation of an energetic quark through extended nuclear matter is analyzed in terms of a simple model in which localization of color is imposed through chromoelectric flux tubes. A mobile quark in the nuclear medium creates a disturbance which affects neighboring nucleons. The model suggests that the spatial properties of the disturbance involve a competition among different dynamical mechanisms. Experimental measurements involving the target fragmentation region in deep-inelastic leptoproduction on large nuclei may help specify some of the important features of nuclear dynamics.
Germanium orthogonal strip detector system for gamma-ray imaging

A germanium-detector based, gamma-ray imaging system has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The detector, cryostat, electronics, readout, and imaging software are discussed. An 11 millimeter thick, 2 millimeter pitch 19x19 orthogonal strip planar germanium detector is used in front of a coaxial detector to provide broad energy coverage. The planar detector was fabricated using amorphous germanium contacts. Each channel is read out with a compact, low noise external FET preamplifier specially designed for this detector. A bank of shaping amplifiers, fast amplifiers, and fast leading edge discriminators were designed and fabricated to process the signals from preamplifiers. The readout system coordinates time coincident x-y strip addresses with an x-strip spectroscopy signal and a spectroscopy signal from the coaxial detector. This information is sent to a computer where an image is formed. Preliminary shadow and pinhole images demonstrate the viability of a germanium based imaging system. The excellent energy resolution of the germanium detector system provides isotopic imaging.
The isolation and quantitation of the principle phospholipid components of human serum using chromatography on silicic acid.

Abstract Chromatography on silicic acid has been employed for the isolation and quantitation of the principle phospholipid components of human serum, which appeared to be lecithin, sphingomyelin, lysolecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The concentration of each of these components has been determined in the serum of normal fasting subjects.
PHOTOCONTROL OF ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS: PHYTOCHROME, CHLOROPHYLL AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS*

Abstract—Anthocyanin synthesis in cabbage and mustard seedlings depends upon duration and irradiance of the light treatment. The relative effectiveness of radiation in various spectral regions depends upon the length of the irradiation and decreases with increasing dose. In intermittent light treatments, far-red light can reverse the promoting action of red light if the dark interval between successive irradiations is longer than one hour. If the length of the dark interval is less than one hour, far-red applied immediately after each red irradiation, enhances anthocyanin accumulation. Anthocyanin accumulation under various light treatments seems to correlate, to some extent, with the rate of phytochrome decay, but not with chlorophyll production. Anthocyanin accumulation is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol and by the ammonium ion, but not by DCMU. The ammonium ion inhibits anthocyanin accumulation induced by a single, short red irradiation. This suggest that the ammonium ion may have a wider spectrum of action in vivo than in chloroplast preparations where it acts as a specific uncoupler of photophosphorylation. Streptomycin inhibits chlorophyll synthesis and enhances anthocyanin accumulation. These results suggest that there is very little, if any, interaction between photosynthesis and ‘high-irradiance-reaction’ anthocyanin synthesis in cabbage and mustard seedlings.