cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superfluidity in the Interiors of Neutron Stars

The discoveries of more than 400 neutron stars as radio pulsars continue to provide an intellectual challenge to physicists and astronomers with diverse backgrounds. I review some of the ideas that have been proposed for the structure of neutron star interiors, and concentrate on the theoretical arguments for the existence of superfluidity in neutron stars. I also discuss the implications of neutron superfluidity and proton superconductivity for the rotational dynamics of pulsars, and review arguments that have been proposed for observable effects of superfluidity on the timing history of pulsars and perhaps other neutron stars.
An evaluation of MPI and OpenMP paradigms for multi-dimensional data remapping

We evaluate dynamic data remapping on cluster of SMP architectures under OpenMP, MPI, and hybrid paradigms. Traditional method of multi-dimensional array transpose needs an auxiliary array of the same size and a copy back stage. We recently developed an in-place method using vacancy tracking cycles. The vacancy tracking algorithm outperforms the traditional 2-array method as demonstrated by extensive comparisons. Performance of multi-threaded parallelism using OpenMP are first tested with different scheduling methods and different number of threads. Both methods are then parallelized using several parallel paradigms. At node level, pure OpenMP outperforms pure MPI by a factor of 2.76 for vacancy tracking method. Across entire cluster of SMP nodes, by carefully choosing thread numbers, the hybrid MPI/OpenMP implementation outperforms pure MPI by a factor of 3.79 for traditional method and 4.44 for vacancy tracking method, demonstrating the validity of the parallel paradigm of mixing MPI with OpenMP.
Strong CP, Flavor, and Twisted Split Fermions

We present a natural solution to the strong CP problem in the context of split fermions. By assuming CP is spontaneously broken in the bulk, a weak CKM phase is created in the standard model due to a twisting in flavor space of the bulk fermion wavefunctions. But the strong CP phase remains zero, being essentially protected by parity in the bulk and CP on the branes. As always in models of spontaneous CP breaking, radiative corrections to theta bar from the standard model are tiny, but even higher dimension operators are not that dangerous. The twisting phenomenon was recently shown to be generic, and not to interfere with the way that split fermions naturally weaves small numbers into the standard model. It follows that out approach to strong CP is compatible with flavor, and we sketch a comprehensive model. We also look at deconstructed version of this setup which provides a viable 4D model of spontaneous CP breaking which is not in the Nelson-Barr class.
A PANCHROMATIC VIEW OF AGN

We review the continuum emission of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. After a brief historical introduction, we describe the main spectral properties of unobscured AGN. We discuss the selection biases which prevent us from having a complete view of the AGN population in the universe, and we build an updated spectral energy distribution of optically-selected quasars. In the second part of the chapter, we describe the spectral properties of obscured AGN. Finally, we discuss the main observational methods in the different wavelength bands for disentangling AGN and stellar emission and the ability of these methods to find new (mainly obscured) AGN, a significant fraction of which are probably still missing in current surveys.
The Ford foundation and the European southern observatory

La fondation Ford financa le premier observatoire de l'Europe du Sud situe dans le Nord du Chili et que l'on considere comme le premier observatoire mondial de la fin du XX e siecle
Top Physics at the Tevatron Collider

The top quark has been discovered in 1995 at the CDF [1] and DO [2] experiments located in the Tevatron ring at the Fermilab laboratory. After more than a decade the Tevatron collider, with its center-of-mass energy collisions of 1.96 TeV, is still the only machine capable of producing such exceptionally heavy particle. Here I present a selection of the most recent CDF and DO measurements performed analyzing ∼ 1 fb−1 of integrated luminosity L.
Future lithography technology

Introduction-Lithography is the key enabler for semiconductor manufacturing. Future progress in circuit scaling depends on continued progress in lithography capability scaling. Lithography is once again approaching a "barrier" where existing technology does not demonstrate a clear path for continued progress. We will explore some continuities and discontinuities in lithography that promise to drive the scaling process for many years
An essay on some problems of approximation theory

Several questions of approximation theory are discussed: 1) can one approximate stably in L∞norm f′ given approximation fδ, ||fδ – f||L∞ < δ of an unknown smooth function f such that ||f′(x)||L∞ ≤ m1? 2) can one approximate an arbitrary f ∈ L2(D), where D ⊂ ℝn, n ≥ 3, is a bounded domain, by linear combinations of the products u1u2, where um ∈ N(Lm), m = 1, 2, Lm is a formal linear partial differential operator, and N(Lm) is the null-space of Lm in D, N(Lm)≔{w:Lmw=0inD}?N(Lm)≔{w:Lmw=0inD}? 3) can one approximate an arbitrary L2(D) function by an entire function of exponential type whose Fourier transform has support in an arbitrary small open set? Is there an analytic formula for such an approximation?
Empirical Analysis of Case-Editing Approaches for Numeric Prediction

One important aspect of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is Case Selection or Editing – selection for inclusion (or removal) of cases from a case base. This can be motivated either by space considerations or quality considerations. One of the advantages of CBR is that it is equally useful for boolean, nominal, ordinal, and numeric prediction tasks. However, many case selection research efforts have focused on domains with nominal or boolean predictions. Most case selection methods have relied on such problem structure. In this paper, we present details of a systematic sequence of experiments with variations on CBR case selection. In this project, the emphasis has been on case quality – an attempt to filter out cases that may be noisy or idiosyncratic – that are not good for future prediction. Our results indicate that Case Selection can significantly increase the percentage of correct predictions at the expense of an increased risk of poor predictions in less common cases.
Meta-analysis: Randomized Controlled Trials of 4-L Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium Phosphate Solution as Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 171–181 Summary Background Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing polyethylene glycol (PEG) with sodium phosphate (NaP) are inconsistent. Aim To compare the efficacy of and tolerance to PEG vs. NaP for bowel preparation. Methods We used MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify English-language RCTs published between 1990 and 2008 comparing 4-L PEG with two 45 mL doses of NaP in adults undergoing elective colonoscopy. We calculated the pooled odds ratios (ORs) for preparation quality and proportion of subjects completing the preparation. Results From 18 trials (n = 2792), subjects receiving NaP were more likely to have an excellent or good quality preparation than those receiving PEG (82% vs. 77%; OR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.01–2.00). Among a subgroup of 10 trials in which prep quality was reported in greater detail, there were no differences in the proportions of excellent, good, fair or poor preparation quality. Among nine trials that assessed preparation completion rates, patients receiving NaP were more likely to complete the preparation than patients receiving 4-L PEG (3.9% vs. 9.8% respectively did not complete the preparation; OR = 0.40; CI, 0.17–0.88). Conclusion Among 18 head-to-head RCTs of NaP vs. 4-L PEG, NaP was more likely to be completed and to result in an excellent or good quality preparation.
Moral Character and Workplace Deviance: Recent Research and Current Trends

This article discusses contemporary research on moral character and workplace deviance. We take a personality perspective, meaning we view moral character as composed of characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that are associated with morality. Whereas most research uses the Big Five model as an organizing framework for understanding personality structure, we instead recommend researchers use the HEXACO model. Honesty–Humility and Conscientiousness from the HEXACO are key indicators of moral character and predict workplace deviance. We also discuss guilt proneness and moral identity internalization — narrower moral character traits that predict workplace deviance but do not map exclusively onto the Big Five or HEXACO dimensions. Finally, we discuss measurement and modeling issues relevant to understanding moral character and workplace deviance.
The near Radon-Nikodym property in Lebesgue-Bochner function spaces

Let $X$ be a Banach space $E$ a Kothe function space that does not contain $c_0$. It is shown that the vector valued function space $E(X)$ has the Near Radon Nikodym property if and only if $X$ does.
Resonance, linear syzygies, Chen groups, and the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand correspondence

If A is a complex hyperplane arrangement, with complement X, we show that the Chen ranks of G = π 1 (X) are equal to the graded Betti numbers of the linear strand in a minimal, free resolution of the cohomology ring A = H*(X, k), viewed as a module over the exterior algebra E on A: θ k (G) = dim k Tor E k-1 (A, k) k , for k ≥ 2, where k is a field of characteristic 0. The Chen ranks conjecture asserts that, for k sufficiently large, θ k (G) = (k - 1) Σ r≥1 ( r+k-1 k ), where h r is the number of r-dimensional components of the projective resonance variety R 1 (A). Our earlier work on the resolution of A over E and the above equality yield a proof of the conjecture for graphic arrangements. Using results on the geometry of R 1 (A) and a localization argument, we establish the inequality θ k (G) ≥ (k - 1) Σ r≥1 hr ( r + k-1 k ), for k >> 0, for arbitrary A. Finally, we show that there is a polynomial P(t) of degree equal to the dimension of R 1 (A), such that θ k (G) = P(k), for all k >> 0.
Spin networks and anyonic topological computing

We review the q -deformed spin network approach to Topological Quantum Field Theory and apply these methods to produce unitary representations of the braid groups that are dense in the unitary groups.
Learning the structure and parameters of large-population graphical games from behavioral data

We consider learning, from strictly behavioral data, the structure and parameters of linear in uence games (LIGs), a class of parametric graphical games introduced by Irfan and Ortiz (2014). LIGs facilitate causal strategic inference (CSI): Making inferences from causal interventions on stable behavior in strategic settings. Applications include the identification of the most in uential individuals in large (social) networks. Such tasks can also support policy-making analysis. Motivated by the computational work on LIGs, we cast the learning problem as maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) of a generative model defined by pure-strategy Nash equilibria (PSNE). Our simple formulation uncovers the fundamental interplay between goodness-of-fit and model complexity: good models capture equilibrium behavior within the data while controlling the true number of equilibria, including those unobserved. We provide a generalization bound establishing the sample complexity for MLE in our framework. We propose several algorithms including convex loss minimization (CLM) and sigmoidal approximations. We prove that the number of exact PSNE in LIGs is small, with high probability; thus, CLM is sound. We illustrate our approach on synthetic data and real-world U.S. congressional voting records. We briefly discuss our learning framework's generality and potential applicability to general graphical games.
Fragmentation of a High-Mass Star Forming Core

At the earliest evolutionary stages, massive star-forming regions are deeply embedded within their natal cores and not observable at optical and near-infrared wavelengths. Interferometric high-spatial resolution mm dust continuum observations of one very young high-mass star-forming region disentangle its cluster-like nature already at the very beginning of the star formation process. The derived protocluster mass function is consistent with the stellar IMF. Hence, fragmentation of the initial massive cores may determine the IMF and the masses of the final stars. This implies that stars of all masses can form via accretion, and coalescence of protostars appears not to be necessary.
High barrier height Schottky diodes on n-InP by low temperature deposition

The formation of ultra-high barrier height ( phi /sub B/=0.96 eV) Schottky contacts to n-InP, without an intentionally grown interfacial oxide, using metal deposition on a substrate cooled to as low as 77 K is discussed. Values of phi /sub B/=0.46-0.52 eV for diodes deposited at room temperature (RT=300 K) agree and give an ideality factor near unity. For diodes deposited at a low temperature (LT) of 77 K, the leakage current density (J/sub 0/) is reduced by more than 6-7 orders of magnitude with respect to the RT diodes. The phi /sub B/ for the LT diodes is increased from 0.48 to 0.96 eV for Pd metal and from 0.51 to 0.85 eV for Au metal, respectively. The conduction mechanisms for the LT and RT diodes are found to be controlled by thermionic-field emission (TFE) and thermionic emission (TE), respectively. It is shown that an alteration of the metal-induced interface states, inhibition of surface segregation of the released In and P atoms, and very uniform metal coverage may be responsible for the distinct differences between the RT and LT diodes. >
Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror Magnetic Fusion Energy Power Plant with Thick Liquid-Walls

A fusion power plant is described that utilizes a new version of the tandem mirror device including spinning liquid walls. The magnetic configuration is evaluated with an axisymmetric equilibrium code predicting an average beta of 60%. The geometry allows a flowing molten salt, (flibe-Li 2 BeF 4 ), which protects the walls and structures from damage arising from neutrons and plasma particles. The surface of the liquid facing the burning plasma is heated by bremsstrahlung radiation, line radiation, and by neutrons. The temperature of the free surface of the liquid is calculated, and then the evaporation rate is estimated from vapor-pressure data. The allowed impurity concentration in the burning plasma is taken as 1% fluorine, which gives a 17% reduction in the fusion power owing to D/T fuel dilution, with F line-radiation causing minor power degradation. The end leakage power density of 0.6 MW/m 2 is readily handled by liquid jets. The tritium breeding is adequate with natural lithium. The simple geometry and the use of liquid walls promise the cost of power competitive with that from fission and coal.
A decision-theoretic model of assistance

There is a growing interest in intelligent assistants for a variety of applications from sorting email to helping people with disabilities to do their daily chores. In this paper, we formulate the problem of intelligent assistance in a decision-theoretic framework, and present both theoretical and empirical results. We first introduce a class of POMDPs called hidden-goal MDPs (HGMDPs), which formalizes the problem of interactively assisting an agent whose goal is hidden and whose actions are observable. In spite of its restricted nature, we show that optimal action selection for HGMDPs is PSPACE-complete even for deterministic dynamics. We then introduce a more restricted model called helper action MDPs (HAMDPs), which are sufficient for modeling many real-world problems. We show classes of HAMDPs for which efficient algorithms are possible. More interestingly, for general HAMDPs we show that a simple myopic policy achieves a near optimal regret, compared to an oracle assistant that knows the agent's goal. We then introduce more sophisticated versions of this policy for the general case of HGMDPs that we combine with a novel approach for quickly learning about the agent being assisted. We evaluate our approach in two game-like computer environments where human subjects perform tasks, and in a real-world domain of providing assistance during folder navigation in a computer desktop environment. The results show that in all three domains the framework results in an assistant that substantially reduces user effort with only modest computation.
Cranial CT of Neurofibromatosis

The results of computed tomography (CT) of the orbits and brain of 29 patients with neurofibromatosis were reviewed to determine the contribution of CT scanning to the diagnosis of this disorder. In the presence of orbital symptoms, CT confirmed the presence of suspected lesions such as optic nerve gliomas, demonstrated asymptomatic and atypical lesions, and displayed concomitant intracranial involvement of the optic chiasm. CT of the brain revealed a multiplicity of abnormalities such as astrocytomas, intracerebral calcification, hydrocephalus, and congenital lesions.
Modeling employment dynamics with state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity

This study extends existing work on the dynamics of labor force participation by distinguishing between full-time and part-time employment and by allowing unobserved heterogeneity in the effects of previous employment outcomes, children and education on labor supply behavior. In addition, unobserved heterogeneity may feature autocorrelation and correlated random effects. The results reveal significant variation in the effects of children and education on labor supply behavior. Moreover, the omission of random coefficients and autocorrelation biases estimates of state dependencies. On average, temporary shocks that increase the rate of part-time employment lead subsequently to lower rates of nonemployment than do shocks that temporarily increase the rate of full-time work. The article has additional online supplementary material.
Authenticity, Innovation, and the Geographical Indication in an Artisanal Industry: The Case of the Banarasi Sari

Scholars and policy-makers have proposed Geographical Indications (GIs) as the preferred IPR to integrate traditional knowledge-based industries into the global market. In this paper I ask under what conditions GIs can address problems of poor but skilled artisans in developing countries and what are their limitations in doing so. Based on a case study of the weaving industry in the city of Banaras, that was granted a GI in 2009 for the Banarasi Sari, I argue that GIs, in order to be effective, must be designed through a participatory process in which ordinary artisans, who are the producers of knowledge, are closely involved. Further the GI must be sensitive to the dynamic nature of artisanal knowledge and allow room for market-induced changes in production methods. I show that the Banaras GI freezes current production methods in the name of craft preservation while artisans take a dynamic approach to their knowledge even as they demand protection against imitation. I also argue that a GI cannot address problems that arise out of the political economy of artisanal industries. The lessons from this case study may be applicable to other artisanal industries and to livelihoods of millions of artisans in India and elsewhere.
Does Squamous Differentiation Portend Worse Outcomes in Urothelial Bladder Cancer

AbstractIntroduction: Interest on the impact of variant histology in bladder cancer prognosis is increasing. Although squamous differentiation is the most well characterized, only recently have less common variants gained increased recognition. We assessed whether squamous differentiation conferred a worse prognosis than nonvariant urothelial bladder cancer in a contemporary cohort of patients treated with radical cystectomy given the increased awareness of other less common variants.Methods: We identified patients with squamous differentiation or nonvariant histology on transurethral resection of bladder tumor and/or cystectomy pathology during a 10-year period. Disease specific and overall survival were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Cox regression was used to assess variables associated with mortality.Results: Between 2003 and 2013, 934 patients underwent cystectomy for urothelial bladder cancer. Overall 617 nonvariant and 118 squamous differentiation cases were identified, and the remainder...
El fantasma de Eros: Aura de Carlos Fuentes

La autora analiza la novela Aura desde la perspectiva de la teoria del erotismo de autores como Giorgio Agamben, Georges Bataille, Jean Baudrillard y Jacques Derrida. Se descubre que en el proceso narrativo de Aura existe la presencia de una concepcion medieval del amor en la que el objeto del deseo se convierte en un elemento fantasmagorico.
Resistive Strain Measurement Devices

Methods of strain measurement can be roughly grouped into two major categories: those based on the behavior of light and those based on electronic devices. This chapter focuses on strain measurements obtained by monitoring resistance changes. This focus is appropriate because at present strain measurement via resistance strain gauges is by far the most widely used technique, although other methods (particularly digital image correlation (DIC)) are gaining in popularity. The chapter discusses the use of engineering shear strain. The most widely used resistive strain measurement device is certainly the resistance metal strain gauge and is originally known as “bonded wire strain gauges”. Strain gauge rosettes are commonly available in three forms: biaxial rosette (also known as a T-rosette), rectangular rosette, and delta rosette. Liquid metal strain gauges can be used to measure very large strains. They are often used to measure strain in biological tissues such as ligaments or tendons. Keywords: engineering shear strain; liquid metal strain gauges; resistance metal strain gauge; resistive strain measurement devices; strain gauge rosettes
Weak-lensing statistics from the Coyote Universe

Analysing future weak-lensing data sets from KIDS, Dark Energy Survey (DES), LSST, Euclid and WFIRST requires precise predictions for the weak-lensing measures. In this paper, we present a weak-lensing prediction code based on the Coyote Universe emulator. The Coyote Universe emulator predicts the (non-linear) power spectrum of density fluctuations (Pδ) to high accuracy for k∈[0.002; 3.4] h Mpc−1 within the redshift interval z∈[0; 1]; outside this regime, we extend Pδ using a modified halofit code. This pipeline is used to calculate various second-order cosmic shear statistics, e.g., shear power spectrum, shear–shear correlation function, ring statistics and Complete Orthogonal Set of EB-mode Integrals (COSEBIs), and we examine how the upper limit in k (and z), to which Pδ is known, impacts on these statistics. For example, we find that kmax∼ 8 h Mpc−1 causes a bias in the shear power spectrum at l∼ 4000 that is comparable to the statistical errors (intrinsic shape noise and cosmic variance) of a DES-like survey, whereas for LSST-like errors kmax∼ 15 h Mpc−1 is needed to limit the bias at l∼ 4000. For the most recently developed second-order shear statistics, the COSEBIs, we find that nine modes can be calculated accurately knowing Pδ to kmax= 10 h Mpc−1. The COSEBIs allow for an EB-mode decomposition using a shear–shear correlation function measured over a finite range, thereby avoiding any EB-mode mixing due to finite survey size. We perform a detailed study in a five-dimensional parameter space in order to examine whether all cosmological information is captured by these nine modes with the result that already 7–8 modes are sufficient.
Knot integrity with nonidentical and parallel sliding knots

Abstract Objective The study was performed to test the knot integrity of parallel and nonidentical sliding knots with the use of monofilament suture. Study design We investigated the proportion of parallel sliding knots that become untied compared with nonidentical sliding knots in four different monofilament suture configurations: group A, 6 throws, 0-0 gauge; group B, 10 throws, 0-0 gauge; group C, 6 throws, 2-0 gauge; group D, 10 throws, 2-0 gauge. Each combination was tested 20 times, for a total of 160 knots. Results The nonidentical sliding knot untied 40% of the time in group A compared with 0% for the parallel knot (P = .003). In the other 6-throw group, group C, 45% of the nonidentical knots became untied compared with 0% of the parallel knots (P = .001). There were no significant differences in the proportions of untying for each knot type in the 10-throw groups. Conclusion Parallel sliding knots demonstrate superior knot integrity compared with nonidentical sliding knots with monofilament suture. The addition of throws to the nonidentical knot improves its knot security.
Do Microfinance Programs Help Families Insure Consumption Against Illness

Families in developing countries face enormous financial risks from major illness both in terms of the cost of medical care and the loss in income associated with reduced labor supply and productivity. We test whether access to microfinancial savings and lending institutions helps Indonesian families smooth consumption after declines in adult health. In general, results support the importance of these institutions in helping families to self-insure consumption against health shocks.
Bar-Halo Friction in Galaxies. II. Metastability

It is well established that strong bars rotating in dense halos generally slow down as they lose angular momentum to the halo through dynamical friction. Angular momentum exchanges between the bar and halo particles take place at resonances. While some particles gain and others lose, friction arises when there is an excess of gainers over losers. This imbalance results from the generally decreasing numbers of particles with increasing angular momentum, and friction can therefore be avoided if there is no gradient in the density of particles across the major resonances. Here we show that anomalously weak friction can occur for this reason if the pattern speed of the bar fluctuates upward. After such an event, the density of resonant halo particles has a local inflexion created by the earlier exchanges, and bar slowdown can be delayed for a long period; we describe this as a metastable state. We show that this behavior in purely collisionless N-body simulations is far more likely to occur in methods with adaptive resolution. We also show that the phenomenon could arise in nature, since bar-driven gas inflow could easily raise the bar pattern speed enough to reach the metastable state. Finally, we demonstrate that mild external or internal perturbations quickly restore the usual frictional drag, and it is unlikely therefore that a strong bar in a galaxy having a dense halo could rotate for a long period without friction.
Theory of gamma-ray burst emission in light of BSAX results

Abstract We briefly discuss the theoretical implications of recent detections of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by BSAX. Relativistic shock wave theories of fireball expansion are challenged by the wealth of X-ray, optical and radio data obtained after the discovery of the first X-ray GRB afterglow. BSAX data contribute to address several issues concerning the initial and afterglow GRB emission. The observations also raise many questions that are still unsolved. The synchrotron shock model is in very good agreement with time-resolved broad-band spectra (2–500 keV) for the majority of GRBs detected by BSAX.
Conductivity structure of the San Andreas fault, Parkfield, revisited

[1] A previous interpretation of a high resolution magnetotelluric profile across the San Andreas fault at Parkfield attributed an anomalously conductive region just west of the fault and extending to depths of 3 km to fractured rock saturated with brines. Laboratory measured electrical resistivities of samples of sedimentary rocks known to border the fault to the east are comparable to resistivities of the anomalous zone. We suggest that the anomalous region results from conductive sedimentary rocks in a plunging syncline that is adjacent to the fault, rather than caused by fractured rock. If correct, the current surface trace of the San Andreas fault at Middle Mountain does not form the boundary between the Salinian block and the North American plate. Instead, that boundary is ∼1 km west and collocated with current seismicity.
Large strain-induced conductivity anisotropy in VO 2 thin films, probed by THz spectroscopy

We probe the temperature dependent far-infrared conductivity of highly strained (100) and (110) VO 2 thin films using THz Time Domain Spectroscopy. Large in-plane anisotropy is observed in both the metallic conductivity and the metal-insulator transition temperature.
On well-rounded sublattices of the hexagonal lattice

We produce an explicit parameterization of well-rounded sublattices of the hexagonal lattice in the plane, splitting them into similarity classes. We use this parameterization to study the number, the greatest minimal norm, and the highest signal-to-noise ratio of well-rounded sublattices of the hexagonal lattice of a fixed index. This investigation parallels earlier work by Bernstein, Sloane, and Wright where similar questions were addressed on the space of all sublattices of the hexagonal lattice. Our restriction is motivated by the importance of well-rounded lattices for discrete optimization problems. Finally, we also discuss the existence of a natural combinatorial structure on the set of similarity classes of well-rounded sublattices of the hexagonal lattice, induced by the action of a certain matrix monoid.
/D=4 /N=1 type IIB orientifolds with continuous Wilson lines, moving branes, and their field theory realization

Abstract We investigate four-dimensional N=1 type IIB orientifolds with continuous Wilson lines, and their T-dual realizations as orientifolds with moving branes. When continuous Wilson lines become discrete the gauge symmetry is enhanced and the T-dual orientifold corresponds to branes sitting at the orbifold fixed points. There is a field theoretic analog describing these phenomena as D- and F-flat deformations of the T-dual model, where the branes sit at the origin (original model without Wilson lines) as well as a deformation of the T-dual model where sets of branes sit at the fixed points (the model with discrete Wilson lines). We demonstrate these phenomena for the prototype Z 3 orientifold: we present an explicit construction of the general set of continuous Wilson lines as well as their explicit field theoretic realization.
Microwave-Accelerated Solvent-Free Synthesis of Thioketones, Thiolactones, Thioamides, Thionoesters, and Thioflavonoids

An expeditious, solvent-free, and high yield conversion of ketones, flavones, isoflavones, lactones, amides, and esters to the corresponding thio analogues is described utilizing Lawesson's reagent in a process that circumvents the use of dry solvents and excess of the reagent.
Surface Raman Ellipsometry

Abstract A method for achieving the ultrahigh sensitivity required for surface Raman spectroscopy is described. Polarization selective heterodyne detection permits shot-noise limited subnomolayer detection with classically noisy picosecond laser sources. Preliminary experimental results show that the polarization selectivity can be used to reduce the overwhelming thermally induced changes in metal surface reflectivity.
Chern-Simons soliton dynamics in modular parameter space

Abstract We study dynamics of non-relativistic Chern-Simons solitons, both in the absence and in the presence of external fields. We find that a phase, related to the 1-cocycle of the Galileo group, must be included to give the correct dynamical behavior. We show that interactions among Chern-Simons solitons are mediated by an effective Chern-Simons gauge field induced by the solitons. In the two soliton case, we evaluate analytically the effective interaction Lagrangian, which previously was found numerically.
A Versatile One‐Pot Synthesis of Dialkyl Disulfides and Sulfides

Abstract Conversions of monofluoroalkyl and alkyl bromides to the corresponding dialkyl disulfides in a one‐pot synthesis using thiourea followed by basic hydrogen peroxide are described. Modified methods afford access to unsymmetrical disulfides and sulfides.
Pechini synthesis and characterization of molybdenum carbide and nickel molybdenum carbide

Abstract Carbides, such as η -Ni 6 Mo 6 C, are considered as low-cost substitutes for noble metal catalysts for present applications in hydrodesulfurization and for a possible future sulfur-tolerant fuel cell anode catalyst. Most synthesis methods set the carbon content of the carbides by a carbon-based atmosphere or solid carbon in the synthesis. We show here that β -Mo 2 C and η -Ni 6 Mo 6 C can be synthesized using a Pechini process, simply by heating metal acetates mixed with citric acid and ethylene glycol in one step under H 2 with the only source of carbon being the precursor solution. The β -Mo 2 C forms when heating a Mo-acetate precursor at 850 °C. When using Ni- and Mo-acetates, β -Mo 2 C forms at 700 °C and lower temperatures, while η -Ni 6 Mo 6 C forms during heating at 800–900 °C. The η -Ni 6 Mo 6 C has a surface area of 95.5 m 2 g −1 and less than 10 m 2 g −1 when prepared at 800 and 900 °C, respectively. Some Ni 3 C, Ni, and NiC impurities are also present in the nanostructured η -Ni 6 Mo 6 C that was prepared at 900 °C. The η -Ni 6 Mo 6 C materials made by the Pechini process are compared with those made from a traditional synthesis, using metal organic precursors at 1000 °C under CO/CO 2 mixtures with a carbon activity of 0.011. Our results imply that H 2 and the Pechini process can be used to achieve carbon activities similar to those obtained by methods using gaseous or solid carbon sources.
THE IMPACT OF THEORETICAL UNCERTAINTIES IN THE HALO MASS FUNCTION AND HALO BIAS ON PRECISION COSMOLOGY

We study the impact of theoretical uncertainty in the dark matter halo mass function and halo bias on dark energy constraints from imminent galaxy cluster surveys. We find that for an optical cluster survey like the Dark Energy Survey, the accuracy required on the predicted halo mass function to make it an insignificant source of error on dark energy parameters is 1%. The analogous requirement on the predicted halo bias is less stringent (5%), particularly if the observable-mass distribution can be well constrained by other means. These requirements depend upon survey area but are relatively insensitive to survey depth. The most stringent requirements are likely to come from a survey over a significant fraction of the sky that aims to observe clusters down to relatively low mass, M th 1013.7 h –1 M ☉; for such a survey, the mass function and halo bias must be predicted to accuracies of 0.5% and 1%, respectively. These accuracies represent a limit on the practical need to calibrate ever more accurate halo mass and bias functions. We find that improving predictions for the mass function in the low-redshift and low-mass regimes is the most effective way to improve dark energy constraints.
Fast Reconnection in a Two‐Stage Process

Magnetic reconnection plays an essential role in the generation and evolution of astrophysical magnetic fields. The best tested and most robust reconnection theory is that of Parker and Sweet. According to this theory, the reconnection rate scales with magnetic diffusivity λΩ as λ. In the interstellar medium, the Parker-Sweet reconnection rate is far too slow to be of interest. Thus, a mechanism for fast reconnection seems to be required. We have studied the magnetic merging of two oppositely directed flux systems in weakly ionized, but highly conducting, compressible gas. In such systems, ambipolar diffusion steepens the magnetic profile, leading to a thin current sheet. If the ion pressure is small enough and the recombination of ions is fast enough, the resulting rate of magnetic merging is fast and independent of λΩ. Slow recombination or sufficiently large ion pressure leads to slower merging, which scales with λΩ as λ. We derive a criterion for distinguishing these two regimes and discuss applications to the weakly ionized ISM and to protoplanetary accretion disks.
In situ vinylindole synthesis. Diels-Alder reactions with maleic anhydride and maleic acid to give tetrahydrocarbazoles and carbazoles

Abstract Tetrahydrocarbazoles have been prepared in one-flask syntheses from indoles, ketones, and maleic anhydride, with acid catalysis. The reactions involve a condensation of the indole with the ketone or aldehyde, follwed by an in situ trapping of the vinylindole in a Diels-Alder reaction with maleic anhydride. Depending on which indole is used, this may or may not be followed by a double bond isomerization. If the double bond isomerization doesn't occur, the adduct may or may not be acylated at the nitrogen by maleic anhydride. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazole-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydrides have been hydrolyzed to the 1,2-dicarboxylic acids in good yields. The corresponding 1,2-dicarboxylic acids have been regioselectively decarboxylated at the 1-position in excellent yields. New results with the use of maleic acid as the dienophile in this reaction are also discussed.
Joint computational/experimental aerodynamics research on a hypersonic vehicle. I - Experimental results

Aerodynamic force and moment measurements and flow visualization results are presented for a hypersonic vehicle configuration at Mach 8. All of the experimental results were obtained in the Sandia National Laboratories Mach 8 hypersonic wind tunnel for laminar boundary-layer conditions.The basic vehicle configuration is a spherically blunted 10-deg ball-angle cone with a slice parallel with the axis of the vehicle
Total Synthesis of the Sesquiterpenoid Polyols (±)-Euonyminol and (±)-3,4-Dideoxymaytol, Core Constituents of Esters of the Celastraceae

A general synthetic route to the set of polyhydroxylated agarofurans that comprise the core structures of esters present in plants of the Celastraceae family has been devised. The pathway is exemplified with total syntheses of (±)-3,4-dideoxymaytol (3), the nucleus of ever-1 (6), and (±)-euonyminol (4), the sesquiterpenoid core of several cathedulins including K-19 (5). A focal intermediate 19, prepared by Diels−Alder addition of 11 to 12, was identified that permitted stereoselective introduction of an isopropenyl substituent via chelation-controlled, conjugate Grignard addition to give 34. Triflic acid-catalyzed cyclization of 39 afforded the agarofuran skeleton of 3, and subsequent epimerization of the hydroxyl substituent at C1 via a reversible aldol sequence gave 41. Sequential reductions using hydride and catalytic hydrogenation yielded 3 and 4-epi-3,4-dideoxymaytol (51). The route from 19 was extended toward 4 via 56, prepared by directed epoxidation of 34. A trifuoroacetic acid-catalyzed “epoxide-...
Emergency Department and Inpatient Hospital Use by Medicare Beneficiaries in Patient-Centered Medical Homes

Study objective Patient-centered medical homes are primary care practices that focus on coordinating acute and preventive care. Such practices can obtain patient-centered medical home recognition from the National Committee for Quality Assurance. We compare growth rates for emergency department (ED) use and costs of ED visits and hospitalizations (all-cause and ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions) between patient-centered medical homes recognized in 2009 or 2010 and practices without recognition. Methods We studied a sample of US primary care practices and federally qualified health centers: 308 with and 1,906 without patient-centered medical home recognition, using fiscal year 2008 to 2010 Medicare fee-for-service data. We assessed average annual practice-level payments per beneficiary for ED visits and hospitalizations and rates of ED visits and hospitalizations (overall and ambulatory-care-sensitive condition) per 100 beneficiaries before and after patient-centered medical home recognition, using a difference-in-differences regression model comparing patient-centered medical homes and propensity-matched non–patient-centered medical homes. Results Comparing patient-centered medical home with non–patient-centered medical home practices, the rate of growth in ED payments per beneficiary was $54 less for 2009 patient-centered medical homes and $48 less for 2010 patient-centered medical homes relative to non–patient-centered medical home practices. The rate of growth in all-cause and ambulatory-care-sensitive condition ED visits per 100 beneficiaries was 13 and 8 visits fewer for 2009 patient-centered medical homes and 12 and 7 visits fewer for 2010 patient-centered medical homes, respectively. There was no hospitalization effect. Conclusion From 2008 to 2010, outpatient ED visits increased more slowly for Medicare patients being treated by patient-centered medical home practices than comparison non–patient-centered medical homes. The reduction was in visits for both ambulatory-care-sensitive and non–ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions, suggesting that steps taken by practices to attain patient-centered medical home recognition such as improving care access may decrease some of the demand for outpatient ED care.
Dancing on the Möbius Strip Challenging the Sex War Paradigm

The feminist sex wars have been characterized by debates between radical feminists and sex radical feminists about women's experiences of empowerment versus oppression in the sex industry. Based on a qualitative study of the experiences of exotic dancers, this article introduces a new theoretical paradigm to the feminist sex wars that values the contributions of both sex radicals and radical feminists. It articulates a twofold temporal dimension of sex workers' experiences: (1) how women's feelings of pleasure and empowerment gradually decline over time and (2) how good and bad experiences rapidly transform into their opposites over the course of a single evening, making the strip bar a volatile and unsettling space for performers.
A terradynamics of legged locomotion on granular media.

The theories of aero- and hydrodynamics predict animal movement and device design in air and water through the computation of lift, drag, and thrust forces. Although models of terrestrial legged locomotion have focused on interactions with solid ground, many animals move on substrates that flow in response to intrusion. However, locomotor-ground interaction models on such flowable ground are often unavailable. We developed a force model for arbitrarily-shaped legs and bodies moving freely in granular media, and used this “terradynamics” to predict a small legged robot’s locomotion on granular media using various leg shapes and stride frequencies. Our study reveals a complex but generic dependence of stresses in granular media on intruder depth, orientation, and movement direction and gives insight into the effects of leg morphology and kinematics on movement.
Algebraic deformations arising from orbifolds with discrete torsion

Abstract We develop methods for computing Hochschild cohomology groups and deformations of crossed product rings. We use these methods to find deformations of a ring associated to a particular orbifold with discrete torsion, and give a presentation of the center of the resulting deformed ring. This connects with earlier calculations by Vafa and Witten of chiral numbers and deformations of a similar orbifold.
Protection Responses to Unaccompanied and Separated Refugee Children in Mixed Migration Situations

This article sets out the main gaps which exist concerning the protection responses to unaccompanied and separated refugee children in mixed migration flows. It represents a summary of a more extensive study conducted and completed by the author and is not an exhaustive examination of all the major issues concerning unaccompanied and separated refugee children. Rather, it seeks to contribute to the research and work being undertaken by others in this area by focusing on what the author identified and perceived as the main individual and systemic protection gaps in the responses to date by national authorities and the international community to the needs of unaccompanied and separated refugee children. The article identifies and analyses some of the main barriers to providing an effective response and offers some recommendations as to possible solutions.
BEYOND SEARCH: FIAT MONEY IN ORGANIZED EXCHANGE

Am odel offiat money is constructed in which spatial separation and the logistics of communication are made explicit as in search theory, but in which exchange is organized by profit-seeking business enterprises as in all market economies. Firms mitigate search costs by opening shops that are easily located. The model endogenizes the number of shops and which objects are traded in each shop. It permits the double coincidence of wants and deals easily with divisible commodities. Equilibria may exist in which fiat money is used as a universal medium of exchange. When such an equilibrium exists, fiat money is essential, in the sense that it is the universal medium of exchange in any efficient network of shops. The model provides a foundation to cash-in-advance theory, without specifying in advance that one object will be used as the universal medium of exchange.
Synthesis of indole-3-carboxamides via a haloform cleavage reaction of 3-trifluoroacetylindole with lithium dialkylamides

Abstract Reaction of 3-trifluoroacetylindole ( 4 ) with lithium dialkylamides affords the corresponding indole-3-carboxamides ( 5 ) in good to excellent yields.
Odd Couples: Understanding the Governance of Firm–NGO Alliances

We leverage insights and theories from the extensive inter-firm alliance literature to explore the effect of the sector of the partners on Firm–NGO (B2N) alliance governance. Our analysis suggests that the sector of the partners has an important impact on alliance governance, not only because it constrains the availability of some governance mechanisms but also because it makes alternative mechanisms available or relevant to the partners. Specifically, we predict that B2N alliances will rely on contracts, a restricted scope, and non-equity hostages, such as reputational hostages and stakeholder involvement, rather than equity, leading to limited protection against opportunism. As a consequence, B2N alliance partners will need to rely on trust-based governance mechanisms to a greater extent than B2B alliance partners, although trust will be harder to build in B2N alliances.
Structural state and anomalous fading of thermoluminescence of oligoclase

Abstract Anomalous fading of thermoluminescence was measured in four samples of oligoclase from Muskwa Lake, Canada. Two samples were annealed below the order/disorder transformation temperature and two were annealed at higher temperatures; X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed that the first two samples were fully ordered, while the others underwent appreciable, but not complete, disordering. After β-irradiation and a 15-day storage at room temperature, all samples showed anomalous fading in the high temperature regions (>400°C) of the glow curve, but the amount of fading was less for the partially disordered samples than for the fully ordered samples. We suggest that these data are consistent with the suggestion that the structural state of feldspars plays an important part in determining their anomalous fading properties.