cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tomato Pinworm: Larval Survival, Development, and Damage on Tomato Treated with Organotin Compounds

In 3 laboratory experiments, survival and development of larvae of Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) were reduced when they were fed excised tomato leaflets dipped in solutions of cyhexatin, triphenyltin hydroxide, and SN 513 (9-aza, 1,17 diguanidinoheptadecane triacetate). The compounds reduced foliage and fruit damage on tomato plants sprayed in the field. Phytotoxicity (distortion of new growth and plant stunting) was apparent in a spring experiment but not in a fall experiment.
Intercommunity distribution of tax and land value impacts of air pollution

Abstract This paper measures lower-bound estimates of declines in land values associated with air pollutants in 80 cities in the Los Angeles metropolitan region. It is suggested that property tax erosion due to falling land values will normally offset favorable employment impacts for pollution-generating activities. The cities surrounding the host community will tend to be the main sufferers from property tax declines and higher public expenditures induced by expanding population and employment. The methodology proposed here would provide the information needed for urban policymakers to make compensating intercommunity fiscal adjustments. The particular form of adjustment would be determined by the political process.
Proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and fgf-2 modulation of posterofrontal/sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells in vitro.

Background Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is of central importance in premature cranial suture fusion. In the murine skull, the posterofrontal suture normally fuses in early postnatal life, whereas the adjacent sagittal suture remains patent. The authors used a recently developed isolation technique for in vitro culture of suture-derived mesenchymal cells to examine the effects of FGF-2 on proliferation and differentiation of posterofrontal and sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells. Methods Skulls were harvested from 40 mice (5-day-old). Posterofrontal and sagittal sutures were dissected, separating sutural mesenchymal tissue from dura mater and pericranium, and cultured. After cell migration from the explant and subculture, differences in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of these distinct populations were studied. The mitogenic and osteogenic effects of recombinant FGF-2 were then assessed. FGF-2 regulation of gene expression was evaluated. Results Suture-derived mesenchymal cells isolated from the posterofrontal suture demonstrated significantly higher proliferation rates and a robust mitogenic response to FGF-2 as compared with suture-derived mesenchymal cells isolated from the sagittal suture. Interestingly, posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells retained a higher in vitro osteogenic potential, as shown by alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation. FGF-2 significantly diminished osteogenesis in both suture-derived mesenchymal cell populations. Subsequently, Ob-cadherin and Sox9 were found to be differentially expressed in posterofrontal versus sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells and dynamically regulated by FGF-2. Conclusions In vitro osteogenesis of suture-derived mesenchymal cells recapitulates in vivo posterofrontal and sagittal sutural fates. Posterofrontal rather than sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells are more responsive to FGF-2 in vitro, in terms of both mitogenesis and osteogenesis.
Effects of orientation and redundancy on tactual perception of form.

-The present study determined the effects of absolute spatial orientation and Redundancy-I on the tacrual recognition of metric figures. Four orientations (base horizontal distinctive contour upward, base horizontal distincrive contour downward, base vertical distinctive contour to S's right, base vertical distinctive contour to S's left) were used with random and redundant figures. The stimuli displayed consisted of raised dots; standard Braille values were employed for dot height and spacing. I n terms of both speed and accuracy of recognition, performance was better for random than for redundant figures. The effect of spatial orientation was negligible. Results are considered in regard to the comparative influence of similar stimulus parameters in the perception of visual and tactual form.
Statistical inference for generalized Yule coefficients in 2×2 contingency tables

The odds ratio is one of the most widely used measures of association for 2 × 2 tables. A generalized Yule coefficient transforms the odds ratio into a correlation-like scale with a range from -1 to 1. Yule’s Y, Yule’s Q, Digby’s H, and a new coefficient are special cases of a generalized Yule coefficient. The new coefficient is shown to be similar in value to the phi coefficient. A confidence interval and sample size formula for a generalized Yule coefficient are proposed. The proposed confidence interval is shown to perform much better than the Wald intervals that are implemented in statistical packages.
Preferential uptake of ammonium ions by zinc ferrocyanide

The concentration of ammonia from dilute aqueous solution could have facilitated many prebiotic reactions. This may be especially true if this concentration involves incorporation into an organized medium. We have shown that (unlike iron(III) ferrocyanide) zinc ferrocyanide,Zn2Fe(CN)6 xH2O, preferentially takes up ammonium ions from 0.01 M NH4Cl to give the known material Zn3(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]2 xH2O, even in the presence of 0.01 M KCl. KCl alone gave Zn3K2[Fe(CN)6]2 xH2O. Products were characterized by elemental (CHN) analysis and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). We attribute the remarkable specificity for the ammonium ion to the open framework of the product, which offers enough space for hydrogen-bonded ammonium ions, and infer that other inorganic materials with internal spaces rich in water may show a similar preference.
An Azulenic Bacteriorhodopsin Analog Has Photoinduced Activity

— The photoinduced changes of absorbance as well as proton release and uptake have been observed for an azulenic analog of wild-type bacteriorhodopsin. The release and uptake of protons have been measured using a highly sensitive electrochemical technique. Bacteriorhodopsin membrane patches on a tin-oxide electrode produce a transient photocurrent that is negative for proton release and positive for proton uptake. For azulenic bacteriorhodopsin the photocurrent is approximately 20% of the transient observed with native bacteriorhodopsin. The existence of the photoinduced absorbance changes and the transient photocurrent are important results for gaining further insight into the photoinduced function of bacteriorhodopsin.
Structure of the Pore Module of a Voltage-Gated Channel in a Lipid Environment at 3.1 Å Resolution

KvLm is a voltage-gated K+-selective channel encoded in the genome of Listeria monocytogenes. The expression and reconstitution of the isolated pore module (KvLm-PM) has shown that, in the absence of the sensor, the pore module gates with low but measurable voltage-dependence and remains highly selective for K+. Here we present the first structure of an ion conducting channel crystallized in the lipid cubic phase (LCP) at 3.1 A resolution. The structure of the tetramer depicts a filter gate in a conductive conformation but with decreased ion occupancy and an activation gate closed both sterically and electrostatically. Comparison with other K+ channel structures in which the activation gate is closed highlights for KvLm-PM a permeation path between the filter and the activation gate that is significantly narrower and shorter. The lipid environment results in the immobilization of four lipid molecules per monomer all clustered in a crevice between subunits at the cytoplasmic face of the pore. The position of these lipid molecules overlaps with those found in other K+-selective channel structures consistent with the presence of a conserved lipid immobilization site. Reconstitution of KvLm-PM in lipid bilayers that mimic the crystallization condition shows that the channel exhibits the full complement of functional properties.This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (Road Map Joint Center for Innovative Membrane Protein Technologies and GM49711).
Automatic target recognition using neural networks

Composite classifiers that are constructed by combining a number of component classifiers have been designed and evaluated on the problem of automatic target recognition (ATR) using forward-looking infrared (FLIR) imagery. Two existing classifiers, one based on learning vector quantization and the other on modular neural networks, are used as the building blocks for our composite classifiers. A number of classifier fusion algorithms are analyzed. These algorithms combine the outputs of all the component classifiers and classifier selection algorithms, which use a cascade architecture that relies on a subset of the component classifiers. Each composite classifier is implemented and tested on a large data set of real FLIR images. The performances of the proposed composite classifiers are compared based on their classification ability and computational complexity. It is demonstrated that the composite classifier based on a cascade architecture greatly reduces computational complexity with a statistically insignificant decrease in performance in comparison to standard classifier fusion algorithms.
Prosthetic Joint Infection

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a tremendous burden for individual patients as well as the global health care industry. While a small minority of joint arthroplasties will become infected, appropriate recognition and management are critical to preserve or restore adequate function and prevent excess morbidity. In this review, we describe the reported risk factors for and clinical manifestations of PJI. We discuss the pathogenesis of PJI and the numerous microorganisms that can cause this devastating infection. The recently proposed consensus definitions of PJI and approaches to accurate diagnosis are reviewed in detail. An overview of the treatment and prevention of this challenging condition is provided.
Model for flue‐gas desulfurization in a circulating dry scrubber

A simple model was developed to describe the absorption of SO{sub 2} in a circulating dry scrubbing (CDS) process, which is a semi dry, lime-based, flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) process that utilizes a circulating fluidized bed arrangement for contacting a sorbent with SO{sub 2}-laden flue gas under coolside conditions. The reaction chemistry is thought to be similar to that of spray-drying absorption. The liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient was successfully modeled as a function of the sorbent particle spacing on the wetted surfaces. Gas-phase mass-transfer resistances were assumed to be insignificant. Due to the high surface area available in a CDS reactor, the evaporation rate of water from the slurry was modeled as constant-rate drying according to classic spray-dryer theory. However, the falling-rate and diffusion evaporation stages were negligible in CDS since sorbent particle bunching at the surface of the slurry is nonexistent.
The Critical Role of Feedback in Formative Instructional Practices

Feedback provides a vehicle for integrating all components of formative instructional practices: clear learning targets, evidence of student learning, and student ownership in the process. Feedback is the keystone to formative instructional practices as it is one of the most powerful instructional tools available. This paper (a) describes the role feedback plays in formative instructional practices, (b) suggests some evidence-based instructional strategies practitioners can employ to increase opportunities for feedback about their instruction, and (c) recommends ways to enhance the effectiveness of the feedback students receive.
Manufacture of Powder-Impregnated Thermoplastic Composites

The use of thermoplastic composites has been limited by the lack of reliable techniques to make prepregs of consistent quality. Dry powder impregnation methods offer a new approach to the solution of this problem. This paper discusses the features that are essential to the development of an acceptable dry powder process The physical principles that govern the manufacture of thermoplastic prepreg tapes of controllable fiber-matrix volume fractions and the consolidation of these tapes to make void-free composite parts are presentedA novel powder prepregging process suitable for the manufacture of high-quality powder-impregnated tapes and their subsequent consolidation to make void-free parts is discussed. It is shown that a well-designed dry powder process can achieve fine control over both fiber-matrix composition in the prepreg tape and intimate wetting between in dividual fibers and the thermoplastic matrix Powder prepreg tapes can be consolidated into void-free specimens with simple consolidation cycles...
Fibroblast growth factor 23: state of the field and future directions

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates and is regulated by blood levels of phosphate and active vitamin D. Post-translational glycosylation by the enzyme GALNT3 and subsequent processing by furin have been demonstrated to be a regulated process that plays a role in regulating FGF23 levels. In physiologic states, FGF23 signaling is mediated by an FGF receptor and the coreceptor, Klotho. Recent work identifying a role for iron/hypoxia pathways in FGF23 physiology and their implications are discussed. Beyond its importance in primary disorders of mineral metabolism, recent work implicates FGF23 in renal disease-associated morbidity, as well as possible roles in cardiovascular disease and skeletal fragility.
Molecular dynamics at the root of expansion of function in the M69L inhibitor-resistant tem β-lactamase from Escherichia coli

Clavulanate, an inhibitor for beta-lactamases, was the very first inhibitor for an antibiotic resistance enzyme that found clinical utility in 1985. The clinical use of clavulanate and that of sulbactam and tazobactam, which were introduced to the clinic subsequently, has facilitated evolution of a set of beta-lactamases that not only retain their original function as resistance enzymes but also are refractory to inhibition by the inhibitors. This article characterizes the properties of the clinically identified M69L mutant variant of the TEM-1 beta-lactamase from Escherichia coli, an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase, and compares it to the wild-type enzyme. The enzyme is as active as the wild-type in turnover of typical beta-lactam antibiotics. Furthermore, many of the parameters for interactions of the inhibitors with the mutant enzyme are largely unaffected. The significant effect of the inhibitor-resistant trait was a relatively modest elevation of the dissociation constant for the formation of the pre-acylation complex. The high-resolution X-ray crystal structure for the M69L mutant variant revealed essentially no alteration of the three-dimensional structure, both for the protein backbone and for the positions of the side chains of the amino acids. It was surmised that the difference in the two enzymes must reside with the dynamic motions of the two proteins. Molecular dynamics simulations of the mutant and wild-type proteins were carried out for 2 ns each. Dynamic cross-correlated maps revealed the collective motions of the two proteins to be very similar, yet the two proteins did not behave identically. Differences in behavior of the two proteins existed in the regions between residues 145-179 and 155-162. Additional calculations revealed that kinetic effects measured experimentally for the dissociation constant for the pre-acylation complex could be mostly attributed to the electrostatic and van der Waals components of the binding free energy. The effects of the mutation on the behavior of the beta-lactamase were subtle, including the differences in the measured dissociation constants that account for the inhibitor-resistant trait. It would appear that nature has selected for incorporation of the most benign alteration in the structure of the wild-type TEM-1 beta-lactamase that is sufficient to give the inhibitor-resistant trait.
University patents, R&D competition, and social welfare

Although university patenting has increased dramatically over the past three decades, debates persist regarding the broad economic implications of the phenomenon. This article examines the social welfare implications of university patenting in a model of R&D competition in which firms develop innovations on the basis of the disclosure of a university invention. When such disclosure does not preempt the patenting of downstream innovations, university patenting enhances social welfare only if a regime of open access to university inventions is characterized by excessive aggregate R&D from the viewpoint of social welfare. When the university invention disclosure preempts patenting on firms’ innovations, the nature of the open access equilibrium in the R&D market depends on the threat of imitation ex post. Only when the threat of imitation is sufficiently strong firms will not invest in downstream R&D in the open access regime. In this case, university patenting promotes R&D investment and increases social we...
The Anomalous Dispersion of Sodium Vapour

Experimental proof of the dispersion formulae of Sellmeier, Helmholtz, and Ketteler has for the most part been based upon observations made upon substances in the solid state or in the state of solution, where the range of absorption extends over a considerable portion of the spectrum, and the molecular condition is in all probability vastly more complicated than in the gaseous state. In liquid oxygen and in the salts of erbium and didymium we have the only examples, so far as I know, of substances other than gases which exhibit narrow absorption bands, and in these cases the absorption is scarcely strong enough to influence the dispersion to any marked degree. A careful study of the dispersion of some substance with absorption bands as narrow and strong as those of sodium vapour would be of great value in aiding us to pass judgment on the various modifications of Sellmeier's original theory. The anomalous dispersion of sodium vapour in the immediate vicinity of the D lines was first observed by Kundt, and has since been studied by Becquerel and Julius, but none of these investigators has traced the effect over a range of the spectrum greater than two or three times the distance between the lines.
Solubilization and Purification of an α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methylisoxazole-4-Propionic Acid Binding Protein from Bovine Brain

alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) is a selective ligand for an excitatory amino acid receptor subtype in mammalian brain. We have solubilized an AMPA binding protein from bovine brain membranes with 1% Triton X-100 in 0.5 M phosphate buffer and 20% glycerol at 37 degrees C and purified the stable binding sites using a series of chromatographic steps. Scatchard analysis of the purified preparation showed a curvilinear plot with dissociation constants of 10.6 and 323 nM and Bmax values of 670 and 1,073 pmol/mg of protein for the high- and low-affinity sites, respectively. Inhibition constants for several excitatory amino acid analogues were similar to those obtained for other membrane and solubilized preparations. Gel filtration of the soluble AMPA binding protein showed a single peak of [3H]AMPA binding activity at Mr approximately 500,000. With sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified AMPA binding protein showed a single major band at Mr = 110,000. Previously, we have shown that a monoclonal antibody (KAR-B1) against a frog brain kainate binding protein selectively recognizes an unknown protein in mammalian brain migrating at Mr approximately 100,000. We now show that this antibody recognizes the major component of the purified AMPA binding protein, supporting a structural similarity between the frog brain kainate binding protein and the mammalian AMPA binding protein.
Coupled heat and mass transfer from a sphere buried in an infinite porous medium

REFERENCES Hartnett and E. N. Ganic) (2nd Edn), Chap. 11. McGrawHill, New York (1985). I. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer. Wiley, New York (1984). 2. P. Cheng and W. J. Minkowycx, Free convection about a vertical flat plate embedded in a saturated porous medium with application to heat transfer from a dike, /. Geophys. Res. 8% 2040-2044 (1977). 3. P. Cheng. Geothermal heat transfer. In Handbook of Heat Trcurrfer Applications (Edited by W. M. Rohsenow, J. P.
Preliminary study of synergism of acid rain and diflubenzuron.

Diflubenzuron{sup 1} (Dimilin{reg_sign}) was used on over 7 million acres in the U.S. in 1990 to control forest pests, particularly the gypsy moth. This chitin synthesis inhibitor affects insects and other anthropods. It is a restricted use pesticide due to its nontarget effects on aquatic macroinvertebrates. The effects of a single aerial application on nontarget aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were reviewed by Eisler (1992). Crustacea and immature insects (especially the true flies, mosquitoes, midges and black flies) are the most sensitive nontarget aquatic organisms to diflubenzuron. Diflubenzuron, N-[[4-(chlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide, is not the only mortality factor aquatic organisms face from human pollution. Acid deposition is a frequent stress factor in freshwater habitats in the Northeast USA. Acidic pulses can drop vernal pools (e.g., temporary, springtime, snowmelt pools) to pH levels below 3.0. Aquatic invertebrates vary in their tolerance to acidification. Reduced pH completely eliminates some species. A combination of stress factors could lead to synergistic effects, over and above the impact seen with a single stressor. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are synergist effects of diflubenzuron and lowered pH on the mortality of a nontarget aquatic organism. 11 refs., 1 fig.
RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SELFED AND OUTCROSSED PROGENY IN IMPATIENS CAPENSIS.

This study compares survival and growth of progeny derived from chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers in Impatiens capensis, a forest annual. When progeny were grown in the field, CH seeds had significantly higher survival rates over winter (64% versus 56%), and the survival advantage of outcrossed progeny was not attributable to seed weight differences. No differences in seedling growth were detected. Greenhouse comparisons revealed no difference in seed survival but a 30% growth advantage to CH seedlings. We found no changes in developmental homeostasis of three leaf shape characters between inbred and outbred progeny, nor was there any difference in variability within CH and CL families. The outcrossing advantage observed in these experiments could not have been caused by avoidance of sib competition. Theory predicts that self-pollinated progenies may be more variable than outcrossed progenies if rare, recessive alleles are important contributors to genetic variances. Electrophoretic markers indicate that progeny derived from CH flowers are predominantly outcrossed (at least 54-97%).
Two-switch BCM flyback single-stage PFC for HB LED lighting applications

This paper presents two-switch boundary conduction mode (BCM) flyback power factor correction (PFC) for high-brightness light-emitting-diode (HB LED) applications. The proposed two-switch flyback converter employs an energy regenerative reset circuit, which allows continuous energy conversion over entire line cycle even when the reflected output voltage of the transformer is larger than the instantaneous line voltage resulting in a duty cycle greater than 50%. The two switch configuration also recycles the energy of the transformer leakage inductance to the input allowing high efficiency. The operation and performance of the proposed circuit are verified on an experimental prototype converter with 20 V and 80 W output. The measured efficiency at full load remains above 89% across entire universal line range. The input current harmonics also meet the IEC61000-3-2 (class C) standard for lighting application.
The influence of growing temperature on photosynthesis and respiration of Pinus radiata seedlings

Summary Rates of photosynthesis at five light intensities and rates of respiration at four temperatures, 9°, 16°, 24° and 30°C were measured in three P. radiata seedlings from each of the growing conditions 15°/10°, 24°/19°, and 33°/28°C day/night temperatures. Net photosynthesis at 30° and 9°C was reduced in seedlings grown under the cold and the two warmer preconditioning treatments respectively. Sixteen degrees appeared to be the optimum temperature for net photosynthesis in seedlings grown at 15°/10° and 24°/19°C, with 24°C being the optimum for the plants raised at 33°/28°C. Photosynthesis per seedling increased by almost 35% and rates of respiration were approximately halved within two days of the seedlings being transferred from 15°/10° to 33°/28°C. In that transfer (and also the reverse of it, i.e. 33°/28° to 15°/10°C in which photosynthesis dropped by some 25%) most of the adaptation of each seedling occurred within two days, and within a few days more the seedlings were similar in behaviour to s...
A composite space/time approach to studying ozone distribution over eastern united states

This work is concerned with the composite space/time analysis of ozone concentrations over Eastern U.S. A novel method is used, which introduces a mode of reasoning that is a fundamental combination of inductive and deductive processes. The method is based on a spatiotemporal random field that organizes information concerning ozone distribution by reference to a space/time continuum. Randomness manifests itself as an ensemble of realizations (possibilities, potentialities) regarding the ozone distribution. Random field representations can take several forms which can embody physical characteristics of the ozone distribution or transform the data into a form that has certain desirable features. Numerical applications of the composite space/time method show that it generates ozone estimates that are more accurate than the estimates obtained from purely spatial mapping methods; and it also leads to a technique of space/time ozone trend determination that performs better than mean filtering. Composite space/time ozone maps offer a means of gaining understanding and insight into the variation of ozone concentrations over the Eastern U.S. and are important tools in ascertaining compliance with ambient air quality standards. Theses maps are also the necessary inputs to ozone reliability studies and to ozone exposure-health damage analysis.
Post-Plasma-Etch Residue Removal Using CO 2-Based Fluids

A high pressure CO 2 -based post-etch-residue removal method is described. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) mixtures containing methanol and water were used as cosolvents with CO 2 . The effect of process parameters such as temperature, time, and cosolvent composition on the residue removal was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the samples. A 12% w/w of a 4:1 volumetric mixture of 25% TMAH in methanol and deionized water in CO 2 at 3000 psi and 70°C was effective in removing the residue; under these conditions, more than one phase was observed in the CO 2 -based mixture. Mechanisms that account for the film and residue removal are proposed.
Making critical connections through interdisciplinary analysis: exploring the impacts of Marcellus shale development

The term “fracking” simultaneously conjures up images of extractive technologies, community tensions, and stories of overnight wealth and environmental nightmares. The introduction and rapid expansion of hydraulic fracturing technology to develop oil and gas resources in shale plays across the USA has created complex and interrelated socio-economic, biophysical, and geopolitical challenges. In the Marcellus shale region, distinct but interrelated issues of water security, health, energy, and community overlap in the broader socio-ecological system and further illuminate the daunting character of drilling for natural gas and other hydrocarbons. This special issue of the Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences intentionally focuses on hydrocarbon development in the Marcellus shale, but situates this dialogue in the context of a broader, transdisciplinary approach to realizing a sustainable energy system. The interdisciplinary research published here examines the far-reaching complexities and consequences of the impacts of rapid, intensive natural resource development, including the role that access to information and inclusion in decision making have in connecting the global to the local facilitating critical evaluation of the long-term sustainability of development decisions at multiple scales.
Planar Ego-Motion Without Correspondences

General structure-from-motion methods are not adept at dealing with constrained camera motions, even though such motions greatly simplify vision tasks like mobile robot localization. Typical ego-motion techniques designed for such a purpose require locating feature correspondences between images. However, there are many cases where features cannot be matched robustly. For example, images from panoramic sensors are limited by nonuniform angular sampling, which can complicate the feature matching process under wide baseline motions. In this paper we compute the planar ego-motion of a spherical sensor without correspondences. We propose a generalized Hough transform on the space of planar motions. Our transform directly processes the information contained within all the possible feature pair combinations between two images, thereby circumventing the need to isolate the best corresponding matches. We generate the Hough space in an efficient manner by studying the spectral information contained in images of the feature pairs, and by re-treating our Hough transform as a correlation of such feature pair images.
The isolation of elongate plant mitochondria by the use of a simple medium

Abstract Plant mitochondria were isolated from young roots of Pisum sativum in 7.3% polyvinylpyrrolidone in 0.25 M sucrose at pH 7.5 and then fixed with glutaraldehyde. They exhibited forms similar to those seen in living tissue when negatively stained with 3% ammonium molybdate and examined in the electron microscope.
To Make Florida Answer to Its Name: John Ellis, Bernard Romans and the Atlantic Science of British West Florida

As the royal agent for British West Florida and an avid naturalist, John Ellis, FRS, took a keen interest in both the scientific and the commercial potential of the nascent colony. This article explores how Ellis and his West Floridian correspondent Bernard Romans illuminate the social and material practices of colonial science. In particular, it builds on recent scholarship to argue that new natural knowledge about West Florida did not simply circulate in the Atlantic World, but was in fact engendered by the movement of objects and ideas through the many circuits of transatlantic natural history and imperial administration. Foregrounding the Atlantic nature of such knowledge also raises questions about the limits of the categories of centre and periphery so frequently employed by historians of colonial science. Colonists such as Romans understood London to be just one centre amongst many and asserted their own epistemological claims, despite the asymmetries of power inherent to colonial science.
Fluctuations in intracavity second harmonic generation

Abstract Light intensity fluctuations in the fundamental mode when a second harmonic generating crystal is placed inside the laser resonator are discussed. An expression for the intensity probability density in the steady-state is derived and the effects of nonlinear interaction are discussed in terms of the moments of this distribution.
Highlights in clinical autonomic neurosciences: non-pharmacological therapy for vasovagal syncope.

Pacemaker Therapy in PatientsWith Neurally Mediated Syncope and Documented Asystole: Third International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE-3): A Randomized Trial. Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, Andresen D, Blanc JJ, Krahn AD, Wieling W, Beiras X, Deharo JC, Russo V, Tomaino M, Sutton R; on behalf of the International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology 3 (ISSUE-3) Investigators. (Lavagna, Italy) Circulation. 2012;125:2566–2571
Observation of simultaneous internal transport barriers in all four transport channels and correlation with turbulence behaviour in NCS discharges on DIII-D

Very steep internal transport barriers (ITBs) have been observed in all four transport channels on DIII-D. These ITBs are among the most highly localized (width≤5 cm), simultaneous core transport barriers observed on any machine to date, and have only been observed in discharges with a negative central magnetic shear (NCS discharges), at power levels above ~8 MW. Profile gradients and scale lengths at the location of the core (ρ~0.3-0.4) transport barriers are similar to those observed at the plasma edge during H-mode, while profiles inside the transport barriers are flat. The spatial location of the transport barriers coincides in all four transport channels, although the temporal evolution of the profiles is different; very steep gradients in the electron density and temperature profiles form after such gradients are first observed in the ion temperature and angular momentum profiles. Turbulence measurements during the evolution of the core particle transport barrier show no decrease in low-wavenumber (0-6 cm-1) turbulence levels in the plasma centre, including within the steep gradient ITB region. Several possible interpretations for this observation are presented.
The effect of solution annealing on the microstructural behavior of alloy 22 welds

Multi-pass gas tungsten arc welds of Alloy 22 were subjected to solution annealing durations of 20 minutes, 24 hours, 72 hours and 1 week at temperatures of 1075, 1121, 1200, and 1300 C. The specimens were studied in cross section by secondary electron microscopy to determine the effect of solution annealing on tetrahedrally close packed (TCP) precipitate stability. Electron backscatter diffraction mapping was also performed on all of the specimens to determine the recrystallization behavior of the welds. It was found that complete TCP precipitate dissolution occurs after solution annealing at 1075 C and 1121 C for 24 hours, and at 1200 C and 1300 C for durations of 20 minutes. Regions of most rapid recrystallization were correlated to the regions of lowest solute content and highest residual tensile stresses. Texture analysis indicated that while the columnar dendrites originally present in the weld grew with a orientation in the transverse direction (opposite the heat flow direction), the recrystallized grains adopt a orientation in the transverse direction when recrystallization and TCP phase dissolution occur simultaneously.
A fractional step θ-method approximation of time-dependent viscoelastic fluid flow

A fractional step @q-method for the approximation of time-dependent viscoelastic fluid flow equations is described and analyzed in this article. The algorithm uses substeps within a time step to sequentially update velocity, pressure, and stress. This lagged approach to temporal integration requires a resolution of smaller systems than a fully implicit approach while achieving a second order temporal accuracy. We establish a priori error estimates for our scheme, and provide numerical computations to support the theoretical results and demonstrate the capability of this method.
First Report of a New Disease of Onion in Georgia Caused by a Nonfluorescent Pseudomonas Species.

Since 2007, a new disease of onion (Allium cepa) called yellow bud has been a problem in Georgia. Emerging leaves display intense chlorosis and older leaves exhibit extensive leaf blight. Yield reductions can be severe due to stand loss and reduced bulb size. Symptomatic plants are also more prone to freeze damage. The suspected causal agent is a slow-growing, white bacterium isolated onto nutrient agar (NA) by streak isolation. The bacterium grew more vigorously on NA supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract (NA+). Six strains of the bacterium all had gram-negative, rod-shaped cells and were strict aerobes. The strains produced levan, were negative for oxidase, potato rot, and arginine dihydrolase, and produced a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco. These are all characteristics of Pseudomonas group Ia as outlined by Lelliott et al. (2) and differ from characteristics of known Pseudomonas pathogens of onion such as P. aeruginosa, P. marginalis, and P. viridiflava that belong to groups Va, IVa, and II, respect...
On bioluminescent emission from chiral sculptured thin films

The theory of bioluminescent emission from a chiral sculptured thin film (STF) of finite width but infinite lateral extent is formulated. The photon source filaments embedded in the chiral STF are modelled as either co-wound or contra-wound. The structural handedness as well as the periodicity of the chiral STF are shown to critically control the emission spectrum and intensity, while the polarization state of the emitted light is strongly correlated with the structural handedness of the source filaments.
Do increases in petroleum product prices put the incumbent party at risk in US presidential elections

This article investigates the impact of petroleum product prices on recent United States’ presidential elections by modelling the probability of the incumbent presidential party losing a state (under the United States’ electoral college system) it had carried the previous presidential election. The main finding is that the probability of the incumbent party losing a state previously carried increases with petroleum product prices but only in those states that have primarily energy consuming economies. We also find that increases in the number of international conflicts, increases in real state per-capita income growth, and increases in state per capita grants-in-aid all reduce the likelihood of losing previously carried states while higher taxation growth increases this likelihood.
Computational comparisons of algorithms for general asymmetric traffic equilibrium problems with fixed and elastic demands

Abstract In this note we compare the computational efficiency of projection and relaxation methods for the solution of the asymmetric traffic equilibrium problem with elastic demands with their computational efficiency for the fixed demand problem. In particular, we tested networks with three different classes of travel cost and travel disutility functions. Our experiments suggest that the form of the travel cost and disutility functions affects not only the relative efficiencies of these two methods but also their overall efficiencies.
Racial Stereotypes in Children's Television Commercials

ABSTRACT In our increasingly diverse society, children are deeply engaged in television viewing and their consumption of television programming varies by ethnicity. Ethnic portrayal in children9s advertising is an important public policy and self-regulatory topic that may influence children9s self-perception and brand perception. This research examines frequency of ethnic representation, as assessed by the proportionality criterion and type of role portrayals by ethnically stereotyped groups in 155 children9s commercials. Results indicate that all diverse ethnicities were underrepresented compared to Caucasians. Ethnic representation is also examined by advertised product category, ethnic interaction, and importance of role portrayed by ethnic characters.
A system identification approach to PDE modeling of a semiconductor manufacturing process

Abstract Efficient supply chain management is a crucial imperative for modern, global enterprises. Tactical decision policies based on process control principles have been developed in the literature for managing production-inventory systems and supply chain networks. To be effective these decision policies depend on accurate nominal models. With a discrete-event simulation acting as a “truth model”, we employ system identification techniques to parameterize a nonlinear Partial Differential Equation (PDE) model of the semiconductor manufacturing process. A case study shows that the identified PDE model can accurately predict the output of the discrete-event simulation, but without the high computational burden.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and the Role of Potassium Channels in Relaxations of Canine Basilar Artery to Nitrovasodilators

This study was designed to determine the effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on potassium (K+) channels involved in relaxations of cerebral arteries to nitrovasodilators. The effects of K+ channel inhibitors on relaxations to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were studied in rings of basilar arteries obtained from untreated dogs and dogs exposed to SAH. The levels of cyclic GMP were measured by radioimmunoassay. In rings without endothelium, concentration-dependent relaxations to SIN-1 (10(-9)-10(-4) mol/L) and SNP (10(-9)-10(-4) mol/L) were not affected by SAH, whereas increase in cyclic GMP production stimulated by SIN-1 (10(-6) mol/L) was significantly suppressed after SAH. The relaxations to SIN-1 and SNP were reduced by charybdotoxin (CTX: 10(-7) mol/L), a selective Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel inhibitor, in both normal and SAH arteries; however, the reduction of relaxations by CTX was significantly greater in SAH arteries. By contrast, the relaxations to these nitrovasodilators were not affected by glyburide (10(-5) mol/L), an ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor, in both normal and SAH arteries. These findings suggest that in cerebral arteries exposed to SAH, CA(2+)-activated K+ channels may play a compensatory role in mediation of relaxations to nitric oxide. This may help to explain mechanisms of relaxations to nitrovasodilators in arteries with impaired production of cyclic GMP.
Consistency relations for gravity and vortical modes in the ocean

Abstract An incomressible, Boussinesq fluid system on an ƒ-plane supports both the gravity and vortical modes with the vortical mode being the potential vorticity carrier of the system. In the linear limit, the gravity mode represents linear internal waves and the vortical mode zero-frequency geostrophic flows. Consistency relations among cross-spectra of horizontal velocity components and the vertical displacement are studied in projected Fourier spaces. Hypothetical models include the gravity mode, the vortical mode, the linear gravity mode, and the linear vortical mode. Consistency relations for linear internal waves (the linear gravity mode) in the frequency domain have been previously described by Fofonoff [1969, Deep-Sea Research , 16 (Suppl.), 59–71]. Here, additional consistency relations for linear internal waves are obtained in projected Fourier spaces containing the frequency, the orientation of the horizontal wavevector, and the direction of the vertical wavenumber. In addition, five independent consistency relations exist for the pure gravity mode which represents nonlinear, forced or dissipating internal waves. Consistency relations for the pure vortical mode are also obtained. Three exist in any projected Fourier space and can be applied easily to oceanic measurements. The horizontal isotropy and vertical symmetry conditions are also investigated. They are identical for the linear gravity mode and vortical mode.
Manganese Microperoxidase-8

Demetalation of Fe(III) microperoxidase-8 (MP8) by anhydrous HF gives metal-free MP8, a convenient starting material for a wide variety of metal-substituted MP8 derivatives, including Mn(III)MP8. Mn(III)MP8 was produced by treatment of metal-free MP8 with manganous acetate in aerated aqueous solution; it was characterized by mass spectrometry and UV−visible absorption spectroscopy. Resonance Raman spectra suggest that Mn(III)MP8 contains histidine and water axial ligands at neutral pH. The Mn(IV)=O derivative is readily prepared by oxidation of Mn(III)MP8 with hydrogen peroxide or Ru(bpy)_3^(3+) (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine).
The FGF ligand–receptor signaling system in chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and vascularization of the endochondral skeleton

Abstract Skeletogenesis is a complex process that involves the interaction of many tissues and cell types and that engages many intercellular signaling systems. In this review we focus on the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling system, which is involved in all stages of skeletogenesis, from the earliest stages of limb bud development to the growth and remodeling of bone. Examination of phenotypes of Fgf18 and Fgfr3 null mutations and conditional alleles for Fgfr1 and Fgfr2, targeted with Dermo1Cre, Col2Cre and Col1Cre, is beginning to unravel the contribution of these signaling molecules to different stages of limb and skeletal development.
Hot Metal, Cold Reality: Photographers' Access to Steel Mills

Hot Metal, Cold Reality explores how photographers gained access to steel mills and how the type of access gained influenced their image making. It explains legal and ethical issues associated with gaining access to industrial sites, as well as how the right to publish or exhibit may be restricted even after access is granted. It incorporates extensive face-to-face interviews and uses archival documents and images to illuminate challenges facing photographers of steel and industrial facilities.
Principles and applications of chaotic systems

There lies a behavior between rigid regularity and randomness based on pure chance. It's called a chaotic system, or chaos for short [5]. Chaos is all around us. Our notions of physical motion or dynamic systems have encompassed the precise clock-like ticking of periodic systems and the vagaries of dice-throwing chance, but have often been overlooked as a way to account for the more commonly observed chaotic behavior between these two extremes. When we see irregularity we cling to randomness and disorder for explanations. Why should this be so? Why is it that when the ubiquitous irregularity of engineering, physical, biological, and other systems are studied, it is assumed to be random and the whole vast machinery of probability and statistics is applied? Rather recently, however, we have begun to realize that the tools of chaos theory can be applied toward the understanding, manipulation, and control of a variety of systems, with many of the practical applications coming after 1990. To understand why this is true, one must start with a working knowledge of how chaotic systems behave—profoundly, but sometimes subtly different, from the behavior of random systems.
Popliteal pterygium syndrome.

Abstract A syndrome of popliteal pterygium, cleft lip-palate, lower lip pits, eyelid adhesions, genito-urinary anomalies and digital anomalies is presented as the Popliteal pterygium syndrome. The hereditary pattern appears to be an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The pediatric otolaryngologist should be alert to this syndrome and will be consulted for airway and feeding problems as well as speech and hearing management. Because of the wide variability of expression of popliteal pterygium syndrome, careful physical evaluation of available family members should be made in sporadic cases to confirm the diagnosis in those presenting with minor manifestations and to discover less severely affected relatives of those with full expression. Appropriate genetic counseling can then be given to these families.