cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subjective (dis)utility of effort: mentally and physically demanding tasks

Effort as a concept, whether momentary, sustained, or as a function of different task conditions, is of critical importance to resource theories of attention, fatigue/boredom, workplace motivation, career selection, performance, job incentives, and other applied psychology concerns. Various models of motivation suggest that there is an inverted-U-shaped function describing the personal utility of effort, but there are expected to be individual differences in the optimal levels of effort that also are related to specific domain preferences. The current study assessed the disutility of effort for 125 different tasks/activities and also explored individual differences correlates of task preferences, in a sample of 77 undergraduate participants. The participants rated each activity in terms of the amount of compensation they would require to perform the task for a period of 4 h. They also completed paired comparisons for a subset of 24 items, followed by a set of preference judgments. Multidimensional scaling and preference scaling techniques were used to determine individual differences in task preference. Personality, motivation, and interest traits were shown to be substantially related to task preferences. Implications for understanding which individuals are oriented toward or away from tasks with different effort demands are discussed, along with considerations for the dynamics of attentional effort allocations during task performance.
On real-valued SDE and nonnegative-valued SDE population models with demographic variability

Population dynamics with demographic variability is frequently studied using discrete random variables with continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) models. An approximation of a CTMC model using continuous random variables can be derived in a straightforward manner by applying standard methods based on the reaction rates in the CTMC model. This leads to a system of Ito stochastic differential equations (SDEs) which generally have the form [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is the population vector of random variables, [Formula: see text] is the drift vector, and G is the diffusion matrix. In some problems, the derived SDE model may not have real-valued or nonnegative solutions for all time. For such problems, the SDE model may be declared infeasible. In this investigation, new systems of SDEs are derived with real-valued solutions and with nonnegative solutions. To derive real-valued SDE models, reaction rates are assumed to be nonnegative for all time with negative reaction rates assigned probability zero. This biologically realistic assumption leads to the derivation of real-valued SDE population models. However, small but negative values may still arise for a real-valued SDE model. This is due to the magnitudes of certain problem-dependent diffusion coefficients when population sizes are near zero. A slight modification of the diffusion coefficients when population sizes are near zero ensures that a real-valued SDE model has a nonnegative solution, yet maintains the integrity of the SDE model when sizes are not near zero. Several population dynamic problems are examined to illustrate the methodology.
Intraventricular metastases from rectal carcinoma: case report and literature review

Intraventricular metastases are a rare occurrence, particularly from a primary colorectal malignancy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intraventricular metastasis from rectal cancer. A 72-year-old male presented with a new diagnosis of multiple intraventricular lesions, an anterior mediastinal mass and a rectal mass. His workup revealed rectal adenocarcinoma with intraventricular metastases and an incidental thymoma. Ommaya reservoir placement was performed via an awake procedure rather than under general anesthesia due to airway concerns. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology was positive for malignancy and consistent with adenocarcinoma. Two weeks postoperatively, the patient underwent whole brain radiation. Although rare, this diagnosis should always be considered in the differential for solitary or multiple intraventricular lesions. CSF sampling is a useful alternative to intraventricular biopsy for diagnosis of intraventricular metastases. Awake placement of Ommaya reservoir is a safe option in the management of patients with intraventricular metastases, especially those who cannot undergo general anesthesia.
Heightening our vigilance towards patient well-being.

Audiology patients frequently experience psychosocial difficulties created by their hearing loss or exacerbated by the loss. Clinicians are not always attuned to the unstated emotional undercurrent...
Audit Risk Associated with Long-Lived Tangible Asset Intensity, Age, and Impairment

Although long-lived tangible assets are critical for business operations and create value for investors, prior literature has not examined how the risks pertaining to these assets affect auditors’ pricing and reporting decisions. Indeed, the PCAOB (2017) has expressed concerns about persistent deficiencies in auditing fair value measurements and impairment of nonfinancial assets including tangible long-term assets. We document that the intensity of property, plant and equipment (PP&E) is negatively associated with audit fees, and that more aged PP&E and asset impairments are positively associated with audit fees. The negative association between PP&E intensity and audit fees is attenuated in presence of an auditor change, which is consistent with new auditors exerting greater audit effort to verify opening balances of these accounts. Supplemental tests indicate that the results are robust to industry partitions. These findings shed light on the ways in which long-lived tangible assets affect auditors’ risk assessments and pricing decisions.
The Effect of Visual Sort and Rate Versus Visual Analog Scales on the Reliability of Judgments of Dysphonia.

Purpose The reliability of auditory-perceptual judgments between listeners is a long-standing problem in the assessment of voice disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a rela...
Modeling go-around occurrence using principal component logistic regression

Abstract A go-around is an aborted approach of an aircraft. We model go-around occurrence using Principal Component Logistic Regression (PCLR). This entails go-around detection, feature engineering, and model estimation. As a case study, we consider John F. Kennedy (JFK) International Airport arrivals, and model go-around occurrence based on information available when the subject flight is five nautical miles from its landing runway threshold. The PCLR model is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for analyzing data that suffer from multi-collinearity. The model provides a representation of the empirical relationship between go-around occurrence and Principal Components (PCs) covariates, which encompass flight approach features, aircraft characteristics, flight lead-trail spacing, surface operation, go-around clustering effect, airport and weather conditions. We use factor loading analysis to reveal the relationship between variables and the PCs they formed. Coefficient estimates of PCs are also transformed back to the scale of the original variables by matrix operations. A counterfactual analysis is employed to assess the importance of different features, and reveals that the stability of an approach, flight lead-trail spacing, departure traffic, and ceiling are the most salient factors affecting go-around occurrence.
Antisense-induced knockdown of cAMP response element-binding protein downregulates Per1 gene expression in the shell region of nucleus accumbens resulting in reduced alcohol consumption in mice

Introduction We recently showed that circadian genes expressed in the shell region of nucleus accumbens (NAcSh) play a key role in alcohol consumption, though, the molecular mechanism of those effects is unclear. Because CREB-binding protein (CBP) promotes Per1 gene expression, we hypothesized that alcohol consumption would increase CBP expression in the NAcSh and antisense-induced knockdown of CBP would reduce Per1 expression and result in a reduction in alcohol consumption. Methods To test our hypothesis, we performed two experiments. The Drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm was used to evaluate alcohol consumption in male C57BL/6J mice. In Experiment 1 we examined the effects of alcohol consumption on CBP gene expression in the NAcSh. Control animals were exposed to, sucrose [10% (w/v) taste and calorie] and water (consummatory behavior). In Experiment 2 examined the effects of CBP gene silencing on the expression of the Per1 gene in the NAcSh and alcohol consumption in mice exposed to alcohol using the DID paradigm. CBP gene silencing was achieved by local infusion of two doses of either CBP antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs; Antisense group) or nonsense ODNs (NS-ODNs; Nonsense group) bilaterally microinjected into the NAcSh within 24 h before alcohol consumption on Day 4 of the DID paradigm. The microinfusion sites were verified by cresyl violet staining. Results Compared to sucrose, alcohol consumption, under the DID paradigm, significantly increased the expression of CBP in the NAcSh. Compared to Controls, bilateral infusion of CBP AS-ODNs significantly reduced the expression of Per1 in the NAcSh and alcohol consumption without affecting the amount of sucrose consumed. Conclusions Our results suggest that CBP is an upstream regulator of Per1 expression in the NAcSh and may act via Per1 to modulate alcohol consumption.
Machine learning for the design and discovery of zeolites and porous crystalline materials

Porous crystalline materials, such as zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have shown great promises with superior separation, catalysis and upgrading performances in many areas of energy, the environment and health. However, the discovery of new zeolites and MOFs with desired properties is a complex process that often involves trial-and-error experimental/computational approaches. Computational discovery of new materials often involves learning and optimizing more than one objective such as stability, system equilibrium and efficiency. The knowledge gaps between computational prediction and actual synthesis of materials present hurdles to scientific discovery. Advances are underway in machine learning (ML)—in particular, deep reinforcement learning (DRL)—to address these challenges. The goal of this article is to systematically present the key elements and sketch the first steps towards ML-based design and discovery of new zeolites and similar crystalline materials.
Binding of Synthetic Insect Peptide Analogs to Components of Insect Membrane Preparations

Water-soluble neuropeptides serving as molecular messengers are believed to bind to specific receptor sites on the surfaces of their target cells (Alberts et al., 1983). Hormones in the adipokinetic hormone-red pigment concentrating hormone (AKH RPCH) family (Jaffe et al., 1986) of insect neuropeptides undoubtedly act at receptor sites on cells in the organs they affect. The present report summarizes studies to determine whether interactions exist between synthetic AKH-RPCH analogues and membrane preparations from the face fly, Musca autumnalis.
Temporal Difference Learning in Chinese Chess

Reinforcement learning, in general, has not been totally successful at solving complex real-world problems which can be described by nonlinear functions. However, temporal difference learning is a type of reinforcement learning algorithm that has been researched and applied to various prediction problems with promising results. This paper discusses the application of temporal-difference-learning in training a neural network to play a scaled-down version of Chinese Chess. Preliminary results show that this technique is favorable for producing desired results. In test cases where minimal factors of the game are presented, the network responds favorably. However, when introducing more complexity, the network does not function as well, but generally produces reasonable results. These results indicate that temporal difference learning has the potential to solve real-world problems of equal or greater complexity. Continuing research will most likely lead to more responsive and accurate systems in the future.
HIV-1: molecular biology and pathogenesis.

HIV Therapeutics: Past, Present, and Future, O. Abu-Ata, J. Slim, G. Perez, and S.M. Smith. HIV Drug Resistance and Viral Fitness, F. Clavel and F. Mammano. Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase, M.A. Parniak and N. Sluis-Cremer. HIV-I Protease: Maturation, Enzyme Specificity, and Drug Resistance, J.M. Louis, I.T. Weber, J. Tozser, G.M. Clore, and A.M. Gronenborn. HIV-I Integrase Inhibitors: Past, Present, and Future, N. Neamati, C. Marchand, and Y. Pommier. Selection of HIV Replication Inhibitors: Chemistry and Biology, S. Hwang, N. Tamilarasu, and T.M. Rana. Therapies Directed against the Rev Axis of HIV Autoregulation, A.I. Dayton and M.J. Zhang. HIV-I Gene Therapy: Promise for the Future, R. Dornburg and R.J. Pomerantz. Assessment of HIV Vaccine Development: Past, Present, and Future, M.W. Cho. HIV-I-Associated Central Nervous System Dysfunction, F.C. Krebs, H. Ross, J. McAllister, and B. Wigdahl. Molecular Mechanisms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Mother-Infact Transmission, N. Ahmad. Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-I: An Example of Asia, M.-Y. Chen and C.-N. Lee. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Monkeys as a Model System for the Study of AIDS Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, V.M. Hirsch and J.D. Lifson. Animal Models for AIDS Pathogenesis, J.J. Trimble, J.R. Salkowitz, and H.W. Kestler. Index. Contents of Previous Volumes.
Effects of Situational Cues on Aggressive Behavior

Numerous situational factors are known to increase the likelihood that a person will behave aggressively. The current review addresses what is currently understood about the relationship between three theoretically relevant situational variables (the presence of weapons, alcohol cues, and exposure to media violence) and aggressive behavior. Theoretical models of aggression generally propose heightened accessibility of aggressive cognitions (i.e., priming) as a common mechanism to explain effects of these variables on aggression but differ in terms of factors that modulate whether and how activated mental content will influence behavior. Here, we discuss these factors and suggest ways in which models of priming might be integrated. We also underscore that, although aggression has been the focus of considerable research for decades, much more research is needed to better understand the psychological and biological processes that mediate effects of situational cues on aggression in humans.
A guide to interpreting soil ingestion studies. II. Qualitative and quantitative evidence of soil ingestion.

Abstract Four major studies have attempted to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the extent of soil ingestion in children using the soil tracer methodology. The validity of the estimates of soil ingestion in each study was reevaluated in light of the inherent strengths and limitations of study design and/or execution, as well as via a novel methodology for estimating the soil recovery variance for each tracer, which then led to the estimation of soil ingestion detection limits for each tracer for studies performing mass-balance analyses. Based on these analyses it is concluded that the Binder et al. (1986 , Arch. Environ. Health 41, 341–345) and Van Wijnen et al. (1990 , Environ. Res. 51, 147–162) studies provide no convincing evidence to support qualitative and quantitative estimates of soil ingestion due to inherent limitations in their respective study designs. The Davis et al. (1990 , Arch. Environ. Health 45, 112–122) and Calabrese et al. (1989 , Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 10, 123) studies displayed convincing qualitative evidence of soil ingestion. However, the results indicate that the median soil ingestion estimates of Davis et al. were less reliable than those of Calabrese et al. The range of detection limits vary according to the tracer and the assumption of acceptable precision in recovery estimation. The minimum detection level of soil ingestion in children in the Calabrese et al. study, with a variance in recovery of 100% ±20%, was 21 mg/day based on Zr. These findings are of particular regulatory significance since they provide: (1) a method of assessing the level of detection inherent in soil ingestion studies, (2) a reevaluation of the major soil ingestion studies in light of new methodology, and (3) guidance for future studies so that detection capacity can now be included in the presentation of study findings.
Jefferson's Constitutions

Between 1787 and 1840, the Constitution gained a far more democratic meaning than it had had at the Founding, and Thomas Jefferson was a key figure in the process of democratization. But, while more democratic in inclination than many of the Framers, he fell far short of the radically democratic constitutionalism of his most important acolytes, Martin Van Buren and Andrew Jackson. This chapter of Constitutions and the Classics explains that Jefferson was actually much less attached to democracy and more to law as the heart of the republican Constitution. Compared to the 1830s founders of the nation’s democratic Constitution, Jefferson retained much of the elitist, law-oriented, antiparty, slavery-protective (though not pro-slavery) convictions of most of the Framers. He broke somewhat from most of the Framers, however, in taking a radical states’-rights view of the Constitution akin to that of the opponents of the Constitution. In practice, his constitutional politics as Republican leader in the 1790s and president in the 1800s built an important bridge to the democratic Constitution of his successors, even if he never fully embraced that development. And his firm defense of states’ rights, especially in connection with slavery, undermined his occasional endorsement of a very limited antislavery authority in the federal government. The ascendancy of the Jacksonian Democratic party would entrench essentially Jeffersonian constitutional principles of states’ rights and slavery protection but would substitute democratic will for reason and law at the foundation of the Constitution.
The Knockoff Economy: How Imitation Sparks Innovation (Intro)

From the shopping mall to the corner bistro, knockoffs are everywhere in today's marketplace. Conventional wisdom holds that copying kills creativity, and that laws that protect against copies are essential to innovation -- and economic success. But are copyrights and patents always necessary? In The Knockoff Economy, we argue that creativity can not only survive in the face of copying, but can thrive. The Knockoff Economy approaches the question of incentives and innovation in a new way -- by exploring creative fields where copying is generally legal, such as fashion, food, and even professional football. These important but rarely studied industries reveal a nuanced and fascinating relationship between imitation and innovation. In some creative fields, copying is kept in check through informal industry norms enforced by private sanctions. In others, the freedom to copy actually promotes creativity. High fashion gave rise to the very term "knockoff," yet the freedom to imitate great designs only makes the fashion cycle run faster -- and forces the fashion industry to be even more creative. The Knockoff Economy ranges from food to font design to football plays to finance, examining how and why each of these vibrant industries remains innovative even when imitation is common. There is an important thread that ties all these instances together -- successful creative industries can evolve to the point where they become inoculated against -- and even profit from -- a world of free and easy copying. And there are important lessons here for copyright-focused industries, like music and film, that have struggled as digital technologies have made copying increasingly widespread and difficult to stop. By looking at markets that fall outside normal IP law, The Knockoff Economy demonstrates that not only is a great deal of innovation possible without intellectual property, but that intellectual property's absence is sometimes better for innovation.
Methyl 3‐Hydroxypropionate

[6149-41-3] C4H8O3 (MW 104.12) InChI = 1S/C4H8O3/c1-7-4(6)2-3-5/h5H,2-3H2,1H3 InChIKey = RVGLEPQPVDUSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (preparation of α-substituted acrylate and hydracrylate derivatives;1 photochemical conjugate additions;2 protection of the carboxy group3) Alternate Names: methyl 3-hydroxypropanoate; methyl hydracrylate. Physical Data: bp 71–73 °C/9 mmHg.4 Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR and MS.5 Preparative Methods: two methods have been published: reaction of β-Propiolactone with Sodium Methoxide in MeOH (17–36%),5, 6 or treatment of 3-hydroxypropionitrile with HCl in aqueous MeOH (68%).4 The latter method appears to be more desirable based upon yield of product and the high cost and toxicity of β-propiolactone.
The Lbw2 Locus Promotes Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

The lupus-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) strain uniquely develops a genetically imposed severe spontaneous autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) that is very similar to the corresponding human disease. Previous studies have mapped anti-erythrocyte Ab (AEA)-promoting NZB loci to several chromosomal locations, including chromosome 4; however, none of these have been analyzed with interval congenics. In this study, we used NZB.NZW-Lbw2 congenic (designated Lbw2 congenic) mice containing an introgressed fragment of New Zealand White (NZW) on chromosome 4 encompassing Lbw2, a locus previously linked to survival, glomerulonephritis, and splenomegaly, to investigate its role in AIHA. Lbw2 congenic mice exhibited marked reductions in AEAs and splenomegaly but not in anti-nuclear Abs. Furthermore, Lbw2 congenics had greater numbers of marginal zone B cells and reduced expansion of peritoneal cells, particularly the B-1a cell subset at early ages, but no reduction in B cell response to LPS. Analysis of a panel of subinterval congenic mice showed that the full effect of Lbw2 on AEA production was dependent on three subloci, with splenomegaly mapping to two of the subloci and expansions of peritoneal cell populations, including B-1a cells to one. These results directly demonstrated the presence of AEA-specific promoting genes on NZB chromosome 4, documented a marked influence of background genes on autoimmune phenotypes related to Lbw2, and further refined the locations of the underlying genetic variants. Delineation of the Lbw2 genes should yield new insights into both the pathogenesis of AIHA and the nature of epistatic interactions of lupus-modifying genetic variants.
Robust regeneration of adult sensory axons in degenerating white matter of the adult rat spinal cord

We have recently reported that minimally disturbed adult CNS white matter can support regeneration of adult axons by using a novel microtransplantation technique to inject minute volumes of dissociated adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons directly into adult rat CNS pathways (Davies et al., 1997). This atraumatic injection procedure minimized scarring and allowed considerable numbers of regenerating adult axons immediate access to the adult CNS glial terrain where they rapidly extended for long distances. A critical question remained as to whether degenerating white matter at acute and chronic stages (up to 3 months) after injury could still support regeneration. To investigate this, we have microtransplanted adult sensory neurons into degenerating white matter of the adult rat spinal cord several millimeters rostral to a severe lesion of the dorsal columns. Regeneration of donor sensory axons in both directions away from the site of transplantation was robust even within white matter undergoing fulminant Wallerian degeneration despite intimate contact with myelin. Along their route, the regrowing axons extended large numbers of collaterals into the adjacent dorsal horn. However, after entering the lesion, the rapidly extending growth cones stopped and became dystrophic within high concentrations of reactive glial matrix. Our results offer compelling evidence that the major environmental impediment to regeneration in the adult CNS is the molecular barrier that forms directly at the lesion site, and that degenerating white matter beyond the glial scar has a far greater intrinsic ability to support axon regeneration than previously thought possible.
Senses of Place

Senses of Place. Steven Feld and Keith H. Basso. eds. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1996. 293 pp.
Brief Versions of the Spanish Depression Adjective Check Lists: Some Indices of Reliability and Validity

Data from a previously reported study (Lubin, Schoenfeld, Rinck, & Millham, Note 1) were reanalyzed using each of the two columns of each form (E, F, and G) of the Spanish version of the Depression Adjective Check Lists as a complete instrument. Reliability (alternate list, internal consistency, and part-whole) and concurrent validity were almost as high as complete forms (E, F, and G).
Neurobehavioral Mechanisms of Traumatic Stress in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that develops following trauma exposure. It is characterized by four symptom clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alteration in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. Several risk factors have been associated with PTSD, including trauma type and severity, gender and sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, cognitive reserve, pretrauma psychopathology, familial psychiatric history, and genetics. Great strides have been made in understanding the neurobiology of PTSD through animal models and human imaging studies. Most of the animal models have face validity, but they have limitations in the generalization to the human model of PTSD. Newer animal models, such as the “CBC” model, have better validity for PTSD, which takes into account the different components of its diagnostic criteria. To date, fear conditioning and fear extinction animal models have provided support for the hypothesis that PTSD is a dysregulation of the processes related to fear regulation and, especially, fear extinction. More research is needed to further understand these processes as they relate not only to PTSD but also to resilience. Further, this research could be instrumental in the development of novel effective treatments for PTSD.
Sign-preserving of principal eigenfunctions in P1 finite element approximation of eigenvalue problems of second-order elliptic operators

This paper is concerned with the P1 finite element approximation of the eigenvalue problem of second-order elliptic operators subject to the Dirichlet boundary condition. The focus is on the preservation of the basic properties of the principal eigenvalue and eigenfunctions of the continuous problem. It is shown that when the stiffness matrix is an irreducible M-matrix, the discrete eigenvalue problem maintains almost all of the basic properties such as the smallest eigenvalue being real and simple and the corresponding eigenfunctions being either positive or negative inside the physical domain. Mesh conditions leading to such a stiffness matrix are also studied. A sufficient condition is that the mesh is simplicial, interiorly connected, and acute when measured in the metric specified by the inverse of the diffusion matrix. The acute requirement can be replaced by the Delaunay condition in two dimensions. Numerical results show that when the stiffness matrix is not an M-matrix, a finite element approximation can be structurally different from the continuous eigenvalue problem: the eigenfunctions corresponding to the smallest eigenvalue can change sign over the physical domain and the smallest eigenvalue (in modulus) can even be complex for the case with nonsymmetric operators.
Interrupted Time-Series Analysis with Brief Single-Subject Data.

Assessing change with short time-series data is difficult because visual inference is unreliable with such data, and current statistical procedures cannot control Type I error because they underestimate positive autocorrelation. This article describes these problems and shows how they can be solved with a new interrupted time-series analysis procedure (ITSACORR) that uses a more accurate estimate of autocorrelation. Monte Carlo analyses show that, with short series, ITSACORR provides better control of Type I error than all previous procedures and has acceptable power. Clinical examples also show that ITSACORR is easy to use and functions well with real data.
The Mature Athlete with Hip Arthritis

Degenerative arthritis of the hip is a common finding in the mature athlete and can have a significant impact on the quality of life of these patients. This chapter reviews the treatment modalities for early arthritis of the hip with a special focus on the current evidence for the role of hip arthroscopy in the care of these patients.
Age at Sexual Maturity of the Pallid Sturgeon

Abstract Age at sexual maturity has not been described previously for the pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, an endangered species. Age and reproductive development data were obtained for five male and nine female pallid sturgeons collected from 1983 to 1991. Spawning bands were observed in pectoral fin ray sections of age-25 and age-41 females. Males reached sexual maturity at ages 5–7. Females began egg development at ages 9–12 and first spawned at age 15. Eight of the specimens we examined were collected from the headwaters of the Atchafalaya River, where pallid sturgeons had not been previously reported.
n→π* interactions of amides and thioamides: implications for protein stability.

Carbonyl–carbonyl interactions between adjacent backbone amides have been implicated in the conformational stability of proteins. By combining experimental and computational approaches, we show that relevant amidic carbonyl groups associate through an n→π* donor–acceptor interaction with an energy of at least 0.27 kcal/mol. The n→π* interaction between two thioamides is 3-fold stronger than between two oxoamides due to increased overlap and reduced energy difference between the donor and acceptor orbitals. This result suggests that backbone thioamide incorporation could stabilize protein structures. Finally, we demonstrate that intimate carbonyl interactions are described more completely as donor–acceptor orbital interactions rather than dipole–dipole interactions.
Multimodal Behavioral Treatment of Nonrepetitive, Treatment-Resistant Nightmares: A Case Report:

A 23-yr.-old young woman presenting with a 17-yr. history of nightmares was treated with a variety of behavioral and self-regulatory techniques. The nightmares were unusual in that they did not have an obviously common theme as in most published reports, and, therefore, did not readily lend themselves to several frequently used techniques. Although previous treatment episodes had not affected the incidence of the nightmares, a combination of relaxation procedures, a mnemonic to increase lucid dreaming, and dream rehearsal upon waking from a nightmare resulted in a sharp decrease in the frequency of nightmares in four sessions. Further improvement was reported over the next nine months as additional techniques were introduced and other problems treated, and was maintained during a 9-mo. follow-up.
An efficient reliable PUF-based cryptographic key generator in 65nm CMOS

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are primitives that generate high-entropy, tamper resistant bits for use in secure systems. For applications such as cryptographic key generation, the PUF response bits must be highly reliable, consistent across multiple evaluations under voltage and temperature variations. Conventionally, error correcting codes (ECC) have been used to improve response reliability, but these techniques have significant area, power, and delay overheads and are vulnerable to information leakage. In this work, we present a highly-reliable, PUF-based, cryptographic key generator that uses no ECC, but instead uses built-in self-test to determine which PUF bits are reliable and only uses those bits for key generation. We implemented a prototype of the key generator in a 65nm bulk CMOS testchip. The key generator generates 1213 bits in an area of <;50k/μm2 with a measured bit error rate of <; 5 * 10-9 in both the nominal and worst case corners (100k measurements each). This is equivalent to a 128-bit key failure rate of <; 10-6. The system can generate a 128-bit key in 1.15μs. Finally, we present a realization of a “strong”-PUF that uses 128 of these highly reliable bits in conjunction with an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptographic primitive and has a response time of 40ns and is realized in an area of 84k/μm2.
Xenopus exhibits seasonal variation in retinotectal latency but not tecto-isthmo-tectal latency.

1. The tectum of Xenopus receives visuotopic input from both eyes. The contralateral eye's projection reaches the tectum directly, via the optic nerve. The ipsilateral eye's projection reaches the tectum indirectly, via the nucleus isthmi and isthmotectal projection. 2. Because of the multi-synaptic nature of the ipsilateral pathway, there is an inherent delay between the time that information from the contralateral eye reaches the tectum and the time that information from the ipsilateral eye arrives at the tectum. The length of the intertectal delay is a function of the latencies of the contralateral and ipsilateral pathways. 3. The length of this intertectal delay has functional, as well as developmental, implications with regard to the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in tectal cell activity and development of orderly synaptic connections. 4. We have found that the latencies of the contralateral and ipsilateral pathways exhibit a seasonal variation, increasing during the winter months. The increases of both latencies during the winter were of similar magnitude, indicating that there were no significant changes in intertectal delay. The seasonal alteration in contralateral latency was not affected by dark-rearing and was affected to only a minor extent by a week-long alteration of ambient temperature.
KDD-2003 workshop on data mining standards, services and platforms (DM-SSP 03)

At KDD 2003 a half day workshop was held on data mining standards and data mining services based on them. A theme of the workshop was that data mining standards have matured sufficiently that standards-based services and applications can now be deployed easily.
Career Experience and Performing Effectively as Governor

Although studies analyze the career paths of governors, virtually none investigates whether careers matter for how they perform once in office. This analysis merges attitudinal data from two 48-state ABC News/Washington Post national surveys with measures of career experience and state characteristics to assess the relationship between career experience and gubernatorial job performance. Controlling for contextual, attitudinal, and demographic factors, the results show that career experience in administrative and statewide executive branch offices relates positively to job performance. The analysis concludes by noting which careers matter for subsequent performance as governor and the implications this has for contemporary trends in the career experience of governors.
Rickettsial infections around the world, part 2: rickettsialpox, the typhus group, and bioterrorism.

Epidemiology (Table I) Rickettsialpox is caused by the organism Rickettsia akari, a small obligate intracellular bacteria with a cell wall similar to that of gram-negative bacteria. It has the same lipopolysaccharide antigens as others of the spotted fever rickettsial group. The arthropod vector for rickettsialpox is Liponyssoides sanguineus, a bloodsucking mite that feeds on rodents. The house mouse, Mus musculus, is the reservoir for rickettsialpox, and humans are infected only if mice or other preferred hosts are not accessible. R. akari is maintained by transovarial transmission in mites so human transmission is not essential for the life cycle.
Mathematical Description of Projectile Shot Exit Dynamics (Set-Forward)

The dynamics or “ringing” of a projectile structure at gun-muzzle exit has been observed to cause a large number of electronics failures in projectiles as well as possible safety concerns with respect to components impacting one another or structural components of the projectile coming apart. Current numerical tools allow accurate calculation of the muzzle exit event given that the engineer understands the forces acting on the projectile. Dynamic response of a structure is well understood by persons working in the field; however, engineers who do not regularly deal with dynamic analyses generally have difficulty interpreting results from both analyses and tests. This paper details the mathematics associated with this event so that the engineer confronted with a dynamics related issue can have a reference for understanding and interpretation. The results of a simple model show that accelerometer data should be used with caution and the support of a finite element analysis of the projectile structure with the proper pressure decay is usually necessary. Recommendations for use of measured acceleration data for modeling and simulation are provided.
PDA-Based Documentation of Medication Interventions in an Ambulatory Care Setting:

Background:Although personal digital assistant (PDA)-based documentation systems are available for documentation of clinical pharmacy services, none is specific to documentation of drug-related problems (DRPs) in the ambulatory care setting.Objective:To describe types of medication interventions performed by pharmacists in an urban ambulatory care clinic within a teaching hospital, determine predictors of preselected DRPs, and describe physician acceptance rates.Methods:Following development of a PDA-based documentation system, this 6 month prospective study documented interventions performed by a clinical pharmacy team. Descriptive statistics were employed to describe the type and frequency of interventions and physician acceptance rates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant predictors for preselected DRPs.Results:Over a 6 month period, 965 interventions were documented. The patients' mean ± SD age was 61.8 ± 15.51 years, 72.3% of patients were female, and the mean ...
Watershed-Scale Tradeoffs in Water Quantity and Quality Attributes for Conservation Policy

Information on tradeoffs among water quantity and quality attributes at a watershed scale is important in developing effective watershed conservation policies. Assessment of these multiattribute tradeoffs, a focus of this study, is often a low priority in policy design. A combination of simulation modeling and statistical assessment was used to evaluate the significance of relationships among runoff, sediment, nitrate, and phosphorus loading in 115 subwatersheds of the Blackstone River Watershed in southern New England. We observed high variability in rates of runoff, nitrate, phosphorus, and sediment loading among subwatersheds. Results of the regression analysis indicate a high correlation between nitrate and surface runoff, emphasizing the importance of stormwater management in mitigating nutrient loads. A significant relationship exists between mineral phosphorus and sediment yield in watersheds that could inform strategies to mitigate eutrophication problems in phosphorus-limited systems such as some inland water bodies. The tradeoff analysis proposed can be used in policy design and to assess the implications of various policies to address multiple pollutants.
Electron spin resonance studies on photodegradable polymers

Films of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) containing 1% of selected halogen compounds and films without additives were UV irradiated (253.7 nm) at 77°K and their electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra compared. In each case, the spectra were characteristic of the polymer, and the presence of the additive mainly enhanced the radical yield. No signal was observed for the additives alone after irradiation, suggesting that when incorporated into the polymer, they serve as photosensitizers rather than as primary sources of free radicals in promoting photo-chemical degradation.
Exclusive Higgs boson production with bottom quarks at hadron colliders

We present the next-to-leading order QCD corrected rate for the production of a scalar Higgs boson with a pair of high ${p}_{T}$ bottom and antibottom quarks at the Fermilab Tevatron and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Results are given for both the standard model and the minimal supersymmetric standard model. The exclusive $b\overline{b}h$ production rate is small in the standard model, but it can be greatly enhanced in the minimal supersymmetric standard model for large $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta},$ making $b\overline{b}h$ an important discovery mode. We find that the next-to-leading order QCD results are much less sensitive to the renormalization and factorization scales than the lowest order results, but have a significant dependence on the choice of the renormalization scheme for the bottom quark Yukawa coupling.
Water quality bioassay using selected protozoa, II. The effects of zinc on population growth of Euglena gracilis

Abstract It has been demonstrated that zinc ions inhibits population growth of Euglena gracilis. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to assay the effects of zinc in varying concentrations on the time dependent growth profile of Euglena gracilis. The technique consists of growing the organisms in media containing zinc for predetermined times, followed by microscopic examination of cell populations. Results may be rapidly obtained within a few hours in the acute and within 1 or at the most 2 weeks in the chronic tests.
Regulating Meaning, Appropriating Nature: The Codification of California Organic Agriculture

In California, conventional agro-food firms are beginning to appropriate the most lucrative aspects of organic food provision and to abandon the agronomic and marketing practices associated with organic agriculture's oppositional origins. Echoing the uneasy and complex dialectic between nature and capital in the American West, organic farming is becoming more akin to farming off of nature's image, as the idiom of a “purer” nature is deployed to sell what is increasingly commodified nature. The direction of organic agriculture in California can be understood as reflecting global trends in agro-food provision and regulation, but it is also uniquely grounded in the context of California's regional history: on the one hand, a product of the counterculture, bolstered by a strong climate of environmental regulation; on the other hand, a legacy of California's exceptional agriculture, characterized in part by the dominance of growers' organizations and a focus on high-value specialty crops. This paper also discusses three ways in which the political construction of the meaning of “organic” and its institutionalization in regulatory agencies such as private certification organizations have facilitated both the proliferation of agribusiness entrants and their adoption of questionably sustainable practices: first, certification agencies have their own institutional logic and are most beholden to their client-growers; second, regulation requires the definition of enforceable standards out of complicated ecological, economic, and even sociocultural concerns; third, the certification process, by conferring a legal right to market food as organic, has created distinct incentives that shape participation in the sector.
A comparative Full Bayesian before-and-after analysis and application to urban road safety countermeasures in New Jersey

This paper develops a step-by-step methodology for the application of Full Bayes (FB) approach for before-and-after analysis of road safety countermeasures. As part of this methodology, it studies the posterior prediction capability of Bayesian approaches and their use in crash reduction factor (CRF) estimation. A collection of candidate models are developed to investigate the impacts of different countermeasures on road safety when limited data are available. The candidate models include traditional, random effects, non-hierarchical and hierarchical Poisson-Gamma and Poisson-Lognormal (P-LN) distributions. The use of random effects and hierarchical model structures allows treatment of the data in a time-series cross-section panel, and deal with the spatial and temporal effects in the data. Next, the proposed FB estimation methodology is applied to urban roads in New Jersey to investigate the impacts of different treatment measures on the safety of "urban collectors and arterial roads" with speed limits less than 45 mph. The treatment types include (1) increase in lane width, (2) installation of median barriers, (3) vertical and horizontal improvements in the road alignment; and (4) installation of guide rails. The safety performance functions developed via different model structures show that random effects hierarchical P-LN models with informative hyper-priors perform better compared with other model structures for each treatment type. The individual CRF values are also found to be consistent across the road sections, with all showing a decrease in crash rates after the specific treatment except guide rail installation treatment. The highest decrease in the crash rate is observed after the improvement in vertical and horizontal alignment followed by increase in lane width and installation of median barriers. Overall statistical analyses of the results obtained from different candidate models show that when limited data are available, P-LN model structure combined with higher levels of hierarchy and informative priors may reduce the biases in model parameters resulting in more robust estimates.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the T4 Endonuclease V Gene: The Role of Arginine-3 in the Target Search

Endonuclease V, a pyrimidine dimer specific endonuclease in T4 bacteriophage, is able to scan DNA, recognize pyrimidine dimer photoproducts produced by exposure to ultraviolet light, and effectively incise DNA through a two-step mechanism at the damaged bases. The interaction of endonuclease V with nontarget DNA is thought to occur via electrostatic interactions between basic amino acids and the acidic phosphate DNA backbone. Arginine-3 was chosen as a potential candidate for involvement in this protein-nontarget DNA interaction and was extensively mutated to assess its role. The mutations include changes to Asp, Glu, Leu, and Lys and deleting it from the enzyme. Deletion of Arg-3 resulted in an enzyme that retained marginal levels of AP specificity, but no other detectable activity. Charge reversal to Glu-3 and Asp-3 results in proteins that exhibit AP-specific nicking and low levels of dimer-specific nicking. These enzymes are incapable of affecting cellular survival of repair-deficient Escherichia coli after irradiation. Mutations of Arg-3 to Lys-3 or Leu-3 also are unable to complement repair-deficient E. coli. However, these two proteins do exhibit a substantial level of in vitro dimer- and AP-specific nicking. The mechanism by which the Leu-3 and Lys-3 mutant enzymes locate pyrimidine dimers within a population ofmore » heavily irradiated plasmid DNA molecules appears to be significantly different from that for the wild-type enzyme. The wild-type endonuclease V processively incises all dimers on an individual plasmid prior to dissociation from that plasmid and subsequent reassociation with other plasmids, yet neither of these mutants exhibits any of the characteristics of this processive nicking activity.« less