cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nearly Optimal Linear Programming Solutions: Some Conceptual Issues and a Farm Management Application

Nearly optimal solutions in linear programming provide useful information to decision makers. Modeling to generate alternatives may be used to generate a set of nearly optimal solutions from which a decision maker may select the desired solution by considering criteria not quantified in the model. The mathematical problem is to find vertices of a convex polytope. A pivoting method of vertex enumeration is used to generate all extreme‐point nearly optimal solutions of an example problem involving selection of a marketing strategy for beef calves. Compared to the optimal solution, nearly optimal solutions have more diversity or use less cash or hired labor.
The two Saccharomyces cerevisiae SUA7 (TFIIB) transcripts differ at the 3′-end and respond differently to stress

Despite much information as to the structure and function of the general transcription factors, little is known about the regulation of their expression. Transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SUA7 (TFIIB) gene results in the formation of two discrete transcripts. It was originally reported that the two transcripts were derived from two promoters separated by approximately 80 bp. We have found that the two transcripts are instead derived from a common promoter and differ at the 3'-end by approximately 115 bp. The longer of the two transcripts has an unusually long 3'-untranslated region. We have analyzed the levels of these transcripts under different cell growth conditions and find that the relative amounts of the two transcripts vary. Approximately equal amounts of each transcript are observed during exponential growth, but stresses and growth limiting conditions lead to a decrease in the relative amount of the larger transcript. These results suggest that the expression of the SUA7 gene may be controlled by regulation of 3'-end formation or mRNA stability. One of the general transcription factors, then, may be subject to regulation by a general response of the mRNA processing machinery.
Human rhinovirus infections of the lower respiratory tract in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

The human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are most commonly associated with upper respiratory infection (URI); however, HRV also plays an important role in lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). In vitro studies have established that HRVs are capable of infecting human respiratory epithelial cell lines and inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release (1). In healthy volunteers inoculated with HRV by intranasal aerosol insufflations, HRV is detected in bronchial biopsy specimens by in situ hybridization (2). HRVs are now recognized to have a major impact on asthma pathogenesis, including asthma development and exacerbations (3–5). Studies of hospitalized pediatric and adult patients demonstrate that HRV infection is associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia (6–10). Furthermore, among elderly nursing home residents, HRVs have been implicated in outbreaks of severe acute respiratory illness leading to hospitalization and even death (11, 12). Among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, HRVs are the most common cause of URI (13); yet, their role in LRTI is not well understood. A recent prospective study of HRV and coronavirus infections in allogeneic HSCT recipients determined that rates of progression of HRV URI to pneumonia were low; however, 2 patients died of respiratory failure with HRV as the most likely etiologic agent (13, 14). In a retrospective study of HSCT recipients with acute pulmonary infiltrates, HRVs were detected in 8 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid specimens from 6 patients, representing 6% of all BALs performed in HSCT recipients during the study period (15). In order to understand further the role of HRVs in LRTI in HSCT recipients, we conducted a review of all HRV infections in our institution’s HSCT population since the implementation of molecular detection methods beginning in 2008.
Probabilistic streamflow forecasts based on hydrologic persistence and large-scale climate signals in central Texas

Skillful streamflow forecasts at seasonal lead times may be useful to water managers seeking to provide reliable water supplies and maximize system benefits. In this study, streamflow autocorrelation and large-scale climate information are used to generate probabilistic streamflow forecasts for the Lower Colorado River system in central Texas. A number of potential predictors are evaluated for forecasting flows in various seasons, including large-scale climate indices related to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and others. Results indicate that, of the predictors evaluated, only hydrologic persistence and Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature patterns associated with ENSO and PDO provide forecasts which are statistically better than climatology. An ordinal polytomous logistic regression approach is proposed as a means of incorporating multiple predictor variables into a probabilistic forecast model. Forecast performance is assessed through a cross-validation procedure, using distribution-oriented metrics, and implications for decision making are discussed.
The long-term marine data set collected by The National Data Buoy Center

According to the authors of "Long Time Series Measurements in the Coastal Ocean: A Workshop" (C.L. Vincent, T.C. Royer, and K.H., Brink, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, November, 1993), "Long time series measurements (in excess of 10 years duration) in the coastal ocean are important to science and society. They provide a measure of the health of the coastal ocean and are essential to distinguish long-term trends, caused by anthropogenic effects or climate change for example, from natural variability. They provide a basis for a new hypothesis about processes operating in the coastal ocean and a range of conditions for testing predictive capabilities. In addition, they document rare and/or catastrophic events that may play a critical role in coastal processes." When that report was written, 8 years ago, The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) had 55 stations in the 10 to 100 years of data category. NDBC buoys and Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) stations, because of their continued importance to the National Weather Service (NWS), can be assumed to be long-term. That means that the manager engaged in maritime commerce, scientist involved in marine research, commercial fisherman, and recreational boater can depend on NDBC data when making decisions. The value of these data is validated by the three million hits on NDBC's Web site in an average month. NDBC has a history of providing high-quality data in a timely manner to the users of its data. That group, originally comprised primarily of forecasters, has expanded many times over as a result of the Internet. It has been a challenge to meet the needs of such a diverse group of real-time users, but NDBC has accepted that challenge and continues to respond to the needs of those who rely on the data. This paper reviews the quantity and quality of NDBC data. It discusses how and where the data are collected, and it explains how it can be obtained. It also evaluates how successful NDBC has been in collecting quality data and discusses what is being done to maintain, even improve, the quantity of data made available to those who depend on it.
Surgical Treatment of Distal Biceps Ruptures

Distal biceps ruptures occur from eccentric loading of a flexed elbow. Patients treated nonoperatively have substantial loss of strength in elbow flexion and forearm supination. Surgical approaches include 1-incision and 2-incision techniques. Advances in surgical technology have facilitated the popularity of single-incision techniques through a small anterior incision. Recently, there is increased focus on the detailed anatomy of the distal biceps insertion and the importance of anatomic repair in restoring forearm supination strength. Excellent outcomes are expected with early repair of the distal biceps, with restoration of strength and endurance to near-normal levels with minimal to no loss of motion.
Effects of Criterion Functions on Intermittency in Heated Transitional Boundary Layers With and Without Streamwise Acceleration

Attempting to understand the mechanisms of momentum and thermal transports in transitional boundary layers, has resulted in the use of conditional sampling to separate the flow into turbulent and non-turbulent portions. The choice of a proper criterion function to discriminate between the two flow conditions is critical. A detailed experimental investigation was performed to determine the effects of different criterion functions on the determination of intermittency for application in heated transitional boundary layers with and without streamwise acceleration. Nine separate criterion functions were investigated for the baseline case without pressure gradient and three cases with streamwise pressure gradient. Inherent differences were found to exist between each criterion function’s turbulence recognition capabilities. The results indicate that using a criterion function based on Reynolds shear stress, Display Formula(∂uv∂τ)2, for turbulent/non-turbulent discrimination in a heated transitional boundary layer is superior to a single velocity or temperature scheme. Peak values in intermittency for the early to mid-transitional region were found to occur away from the wall at approximately y/δ = 0.3 for all cases. To match the universal intermittency distribution of Dhawan and Narasimha (1958), the minimum values of intermittency at y/δ ≈ 0.1 should be used as the representative “near-wall” values.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Advances in electrospun carbon fiber-based electrochemical sensing platforms for bioanalytical applications

Electrochemical sensing is an efficient and inexpensive method for detection of a range of chemicals of biological, clinical, and environmental interest. Carbon materials-based electrodes are commonly employed for the development of electrochemical sensors because of their low cost, biocompatibility, and facile electron transfer kinetics. Electrospun carbon fibers (ECFs), prepared by electrospinning of a polymeric precursor and subsequent thermal treatment, have emerged as promising carbon systems for biosensing applications since the electrochemical properties of these carbon fibers can be easily modified by processing conditions and post-treatment. This review addresses recent progress in the use of ECFs for sensor fabrication and analyte detection. We focus on the modification strategies of ECFs and identification of the key components that impart the bioelectroanalytical activities, and point out the future challenges that must be addressed in order to advance the fundamental understanding of the ECF electrochemistry and to realize the practical applications of ECF-based sensing devices.
Damage assessment after ablation role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

As the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the primary cause of many hospital admissions ([1][1]), and is associated with significant secondary morbidity by increasing the risk of stroke ([2][2]), heart failure ([3][3]), and all-cause mortality ([4][4]). The
Patients' Attitudes About Gifts To Physicians From Pharmaceutical Companies

Background: Little is known about patients9 awareness of and attitudes about gifts to physicians from pharmaceutical companies. Methods: During a 7-week period in summer 1994, we surveyed adults (18 years of age and older) in the waiting rooms of two family practice centers in central Missouri. Four-hundred eighty-six adults (83 percent participation rate) responded to a self-administered questionnaire that assessed awareness of and attitudes about representative gifts. Results: Rates of awareness of specific gifts were 87.0 percent for free drug samples, 55.3 percent for ballpoint pens, 34.6 percent for medical books, 28.6 percent for baby formula, 22.4 percent for dinner at a restaurant, and 13.8 percent for a coffee maker. Of the 486 respondents, the following percentages were reported that “it is not all right” for physicians to accept specific gifts: dinner at a restaurant, 48.4 percent; baby formula, 44.2 percent; coffee maker, 40.7 percent; ballpoint pens, 17.5 percent; medical books, 16.9 percent; drug samples, 7.6 percent. In addition, 32.5 percent did not approve of their physicians accepting payment by a pharmaceutical company of medical conference expenses and from 28.0 percent to 43.4 percent disapproved of their physicians attending specific social events sponsored by pharmaceutical companies at a medical conference. Seventy percent of the subjects believed that gifts sometimes or frequently influence a physician9s prescribing of medication; 64.0 percent believed that gifts to physicians increase the cost of medication. Beliefs that gifts influence prescribing behavior and beliefs that gifts increase medication costs were strongly associated with disapproval of each gift except for drug samples. Conclusions: Respondents distinguished between particular gifts; approval rates were high for gifts generally considered to be trivial or that have potential value to patient care; disapproval rates were relatively high for gifts that have some monetary value but have little or no benefit for patients. Opinions about gifts were related to perceptions of their effects on prescribing behavior and costs.
Joint Caching and Pricing Strategies for Information Centric Networks

We evaluate joint caching and pricing strategies among access networks, transit networks and content providers in an Information Centric Network (ICN). Specifically, we develop game theoretic models to study the interaction between the caching and pricing strategies among the above entities in the ICN. We first study static Nash strategies under various conditions and observe that the ICNs always choose 0-1 (all or nothing) caching strategies depending on the relative caching costs and prices at the transit ICN. We then use the insights gained to design dynamic pricing and caching strategies using a repeated game formulation. Using a model where the cost of caching changes as a function of the state of the cache, we study joint caching and pricing strategies for the access networks, transit networks and content providers, when the caching costs change linearly as well as exponentially.
Crystal. Liquid and Glass in 2 Dimensions. Analysis of the Glass Transition

A molecular dynamics technique has been used to simulate the melting of a 2-dimensional diatomic crystal and to quench the liquid phase to a solid phase. We demonstrate that a 2-dimensional dense amorphous structure can be obtained and that a 2-dimensional glass transition does exist. Furthermore, atomic vibrations in the liquid can be separated from motion produced by diffusion. The relaxation time during which atoms have a vibratory motion but do not diffuse, diverges to infinity near the observed glass transition. Because of the 2-dimensionality. we are able to display the microscopic processes associated with the glass transition.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF SILAGE FUNGI

The influence of 3 temperatures and 6 relative humidities upon the growth and survival of ten fungi isolated from moldy silages was studied. The fungi were Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus fumigatus,...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBSERVED COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE AND CAUSAL COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE IN A SPLIT-FAMILY, HALF-SIB, FULL-SIB ANALYSIS.

In the first of two papers presenting a quantitativegenetic analysis of larval performance by the fly, Liriomyza sativae, on two different host plants, Via (1984) used a split-family, half-sib, full-sib design to calculate causal components of variance (additive genetic, nonadditive genetic plus maternal effect, and residual environmental) using "the usual theoretical relationships between genetic variance and the observed variance among halfand full-sib families" (p. 885). To remove additive genetic variance from nonadditive genetic plus maternal-effect variance, Via used the equation,
The inflation debate.

The article discusses a debate among scientists regarding cosmic inflation, which is the idea that the geometry and uniformity of the universe were established during an intense early growth phase. The author notes that cosmic inflation is so widely accepted among physicists that it is often seen as an established fact. Topics include an overview of why some physicists are beginning to have second thoughts about the theory's logic, such as the highly improbable conditions that are required to start inflation and the eternal nature of inflation, which produces an infinite amount of outcomes that makes no firm observational predictions, and various proposals for solutions that will either fix inflation or replace it. INSETS: Unlikely to Be Good;It Had to Be Just So;The Abyss of Infinity.
The Experimental Foundation Used to Validate a Reduced Order Model for Mistuned Rotors

This paper describes the initial experimental framework used in implementing the validation procedure for a reduced order model aimed at modeling a geometrically mistuned rotor. Several items attributing to experimental uncertainty have been identified and their effects were realized during this process. These uncertainties investigated in this paper are input locations and output locations. This research explored the response variation associated with these input / output combinations. A consequence of the experimental results provided insight into several techniques to reduce these experimental uncertainties and response magnitude variations. Reducing these uncertainties produced stable, repeatable experimental results. These results will later be used to validate the reduced order model in References [1] and [2].
ROLE OF BARORECEPTOR AFFERENTS ON AREA POSTREMA-INDUCED INHIBITION OF SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY

Activation of the area postrema by either electrical stimulation or chemical application of L-glutamate has been shown to result in an enhancement of cardiovascular baroreflexes similar to that seen with systemic infusions of arginine vasopressin (AVP). In addition, it has been found that the effects of AVP on baroreflex inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) are similar to those observed with phenylephrine following lesions of the area postrema or after partial denervation of baroreceptor afferents. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of baroreceptor afferent input on area postrema stimulation-induced decreases in sympathetic activity. In anesthetized rabbits, the responses of arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA to area postrema electrical stimulation were obtained before and after progressive sinoaortic denervation and vagotomy. Stimulation of the area postrema in carotid sinus-denervated animals consistently decreased RSNA in a frequency-dependent manner. However, following bilateral removal of both the aortic nerves and the vagi, electrical stimulation of the area postrema had no effect on RSNA. These results suggest that the ability of area postrema stimulation to inhibit RSNA is dependent on the presence of baroreceptor afferent input.
Folate receptor expression in pituitary adenomas cellular and molecular analysis.

Abstract Clinically nonfunctional pituitary adenomas cause hypopituitarism or compression of regional structures. Unlike functional tumors, there is no available medical treatment or specific imaging technique for these tumors. We have recently discovered that both folate receptor (FR)α mRNA and protein are uniquely overexpressed in nonfunctional pituitary tumors, but not in functional adenomas. We hypothesized that FRα may hold significant promise for medical treatment by enabling novel molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Here, we used murine pituitary tumor cell line αT3‐1 as a model to investigate the biological significance of FRα and its mutant FR67. We demonstrate that overexpression of FR facilitated tumor cell growth and anchorage‐independent growth in soft agar. More colonies were observed in FR overexpressing cells than in mutant FR67 clones in soft agar. Cell proliferation rate was increased, the percentage of cells in S‐phase was increased, and high PCNA staining was detected in cells overexpressing the receptor. In αT3‐1 cells transfected with mutant FR67, cell proliferation rate was reduced, the percentage of cells residing in S‐phase was slightly decreased, and low PCNA staining was observed. By real‐time quantitative PCR, the genes involved in NOTCH3 pathway including NOTCH3, HES‐1, and TLE2 were altered; the mRNA expression of FGFR1 was upregulated, and ERβ mRNA was downregulated in FR overexpressing cells. Our findings suggest that FRα plays a role in pituitary tumor formation, and this effect may in part be due to its regulation of the NOTCH3 pathway.
Global Health Interventions for U.S. Food and Drug Safety

In 2007, a series of high-profile scandals involving contaminated blood thinner, toxic toothpaste, and melamine-laced pet food demonstrated the threat that unsafe food and drug imports pose to U.S. public health and international trade. Contaminated and adulterated products have sickened and killed U.S. consumers, fueled protectionism, raised business costs, and destabilized markets. A 2008 public opinion poll found that 67 percent of Americans are worried about food safety, ranking it higher than concerns about pandemic flu or natural disasters.Food and drug safety also has the attention of U.S. policymakers. In 2007, the Bush administration convened an Import Safety Working Group that called for an increased focus on prevention, more resources and greater mandates for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other U.S. regulators, and increased engagement with trading partners and industry. President Obama appointed a cabinet-level Food Safety Working Group and requested the largest-ever budget increase for FDA food programs. The House of Representatives recently passed food safety legislation to modernize the authorities of the FDA and improve the ability of the FDA to trace and register facilities that import food, issue mandatory food recalls, and conduct border surveillance and enforcement. The Senate is scheduled to take up the food safety legislation in the coming weeks. Drug safety bills, pending in the House and Senate, would increase the mandate and resources for the FDA to conduct inspections of foreign drug suppliers.Increasing the resources and mandate of U.S. regulators to conduct border and foreign risk-based inspections are positive and necessary steps, but insufficient. There are legal and practical limits to the ability of U.S. regulatory authorities to conduct inspections of foreign food and drug producers and suppliers. The scale and complexity of the global trade in food and drugs overwhelm traditional methods of border control and inspection at ports of entry. Ensuring the safety of U.S. food and drug imports requires new approaches as well as new resources for traditional interventions.
On to Ashuradeh! (1835–1841)

Fathali Shah was succeeded by his grandson, Mohammad Shah (1835–1848), who left his post as governor of Isfahan in a hurry in order to beat out any potential claimant to the throne.1 His rule coincided with the beginnings of Russia’s indefatigable pursuit of empire in Central Asia, which in turn posed a threat to Great Britain’s dominion in India and the Persian Gulf.
Ultracapacitors: The Battery-less, High Reliability Back-up Solution

Back-up power systems are an integral part of most if not all mission-critical installations. Services as varied as data centers, communications networks, and plant operations all rely on continuous availability of quality power. Traditionally batteries have been the Achilles heel of telecom sites and other power quality applications. The cost of replacement and the sub par reliability required for full time energy availability and poor low temperature performance of batteries has always haunted telecom companies. Not to mention the environmental impact associated with the disposal of these devices. With the introduction of new back-up energy storage systems Ultracapacitors are finding their ways into the power quality mainstream
The influence of isomer purity on trap states and performance of organic thin-film transistors

Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) performance is dictated by its composition and geometry, as well as the quality of the organic semiconductor (OSC) film, which strongly depends on purity and microstructure. When present, impurities and defects give rise to trap states in the bandgap of the OSC, lowering device performance. Here, 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl)-anthradithiophene is used as a model system to study the mechanism responsible for performance degradation in OFETs due to isomer coexistence. The density of trapping states is evaluated through temperature dependent current-voltage measurements, and it is discovered that OFETs containing a mixture of syn- and anti-isomers exhibit a discrete trapping state detected as a peak located at ~ 0.4 eV above the valence-band edge, which is absent in the samples fabricated on single-isomer films. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations do not point to a significant difference in electronic band structure between individual isomers. Instead, it is proposed that the dipole moment of the syn-isomer present in the host crystal of the anti-isomer locally polarizes the neighboring molecules, inducing energetic disorder. The isomers can be separated by applying gentle mechanical vibrations during film crystallization, as confirmed by the suppression of the peak and improvement in device performance.
Assisted hatching and live births in first-cycle frozen embryo transfers

Objective To assess the effect of assisted hatching (AH) on live-birth rates in a retrospective cohort of patients undergoing first-cycle, autologous frozen embryo transfer (FET). Design Longitudinal cohort using cycles reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcomes Reporting System between 2004 and 2013. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Women who underwent first-cycle, autologous FET with (n = 70,738) and without (n = 80,795) AH reported from 2004 to 2013. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Live births. Result(s) Propensity matching was used to account for confounding covariates, and a logistic regression model was constructed to identify the predictors of live-birth rates in relationship to AH. In all first-cycle FETs, there was a slight but statistically significant decrease in the live-birth rate with AH compared with no AH (34.2% vs. 35.4%). In older patients and in the years 2012–2013 AH was associated with decreased live births. Live-birth rates and the number of AH cycles performed before FET vary by the geographic location of clinics. Conclusion(s) Assisted hatching slightly decreases the live-birth rate in first-cycle, autologous FET. Its use should be carefully considered, especially in patients 38 years old and older. Prospective, clinical studies are needed to improve our knowledge of the impact of AH.
Token Frequency Effects in Homophone Production: An Elicitation Study.

In natural production, adults differentiate homophones prosodically as a function of the frequency of their intended meaning. This study compares adult and child productions of homophones to determ...
Reduced probability of ice-free summers for 1.5 °C compared to 2 °C warming

Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly with increasing global temperatures. However, it is largely unknown how Arctic summer sea-ice impacts would vary under the 1.5 °C Paris target compared to scenarios with greater warming. Using the Community Earth System Model, I show that constraining warming to 1.5 °C rather than 2.0 °C reduces the probability of any summer ice-free conditions by 2100 from 100% to 30%. It also reduces the late-century probability of an ice cover below the 2012 record minimum from 98% to 55%. For warming above 2 °C, frequent ice-free conditions can be expected, potentially for several months per year. Although sea-ice loss is generally reversible for decreasing temperatures, sea ice will only recover to current conditions if atmospheric CO2 is reduced below present-day concentrations. Due to model biases, these results provide a lower bound on summer sea-ice impacts, but clearly demonstrate the benefits of constraining warming to 1.5 °C. Arctic sea ice cover has declined significantly in recent years. Model simulations suggest the probability of an ice-free Arctic will be 100% under 2 °C, but 30% under 1.5 °C, motivating efforts to constrain anthropogenic warming.
A high-throughput screening assay for pyruvate carboxylase.

Abstract Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate (OAA), an important metabolic reaction in a wide range of organisms. Small molecules directed against PC would enable detailed studies on the metabolic role of this enzyme and would have the potential to be developed into pharmacological agents. Currently, specific and potent small molecule regulators of PC are unavailable. To assist in efforts to find, develop, and characterize small molecule effectors of PC, a novel fixed-time assay has been developed based on the reaction of OAA with the diazonium salt, Fast Violet B (FVB), which produces a colored adduct with an absorbance maximum at 530 nm. This fixed time assay is reproducible, sensitive and responsive to known effectors of Rhizobium etli PC, Staphylococcus aureus PC, and Listeria monocytogenes PC, and is highly amenable to high-throughput screening. The assay was validated using a plate uniformity assessment test and a pilot screen of a library of 1280 compounds. The results indicate that the assay is suitable for screening small molecule libraries to find novel small molecule effectors of PC.
Parvovirus B19 Infection

Parvovirus B19 causes the common childhood exanthem erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) and less common skin eruptions including urticaria, a vesiculopustular rash, purpura with or without thrombocytopenia, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, and a “gloves and socks” acral erythema with or without papules. Associated findings that may suggest B19 as the etiological agent include recent known community outbreak; sudden-onset rheumatoid-like polyarthritis; hydrops fetalis; chronic or recurrent bone marrow suppression in immunocompromised individuals; pancytopenia or isolated anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia; and, less commonly, hepatitis, fulminant liver failure, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, and myocarditis or cardiomyopathy. The putative receptor is the glycosphingolipid globoside, which has a proud tissue distribution. Histological changes are not considered diagnostic. Electron microscopy may show B19 in lesional endothelial cells. Catastrophic skin vascular endothelial cell injury has been described in B19 infection in which in situ reverse transcription and hybridization showed B19 RNA transcripts. Vesiculopustular lesions show ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes with a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate that may contain numerous eosinophils. Local edema, dilated vessels, and erythrocyte extravasation suggest local capillary leak. A lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with markedly abnormal atypical cells showing enlarged, hyperchromic nuclei may be present.
Performance Evaluation of Unsupervised Learning Techniques for Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is vulnerable to numerous attacks due to its intrinsic characteristics such as the lack of fixed infrastructure, limited bandwidth and battery power, and dynamic topology. Recently, several unsupervised machine-learning detection techniques have been proposed for anomaly detection in MANETs. As the number of these detection techniques continues to grow, there is a lack of evidence to support the use of one unsupervised detection algorithm over the others. In this paper, we demonstrate a research effort to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of different unsupervised detection techniques. Different types of experiments were conducted, with each experiment involves different parameters such as number of nodes, speed, pause time, among others. The results indicate that K-means and C-means deliver the best performance overall. On the other hand, K-means requires the least resource usage while C-means requires the most resource usage among all algorithms being evaluated. The proposed evaluation methodology provides empirical evidence on the choice of unsupervised learning algorithms, and could shed light on the future development of novel intrusion detection techniques for MANETs.
Emergency Care of Suicidal Patients

Suicide is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States and currently accounts for 60 to 70 deaths per day. Its rate has increased slightly since the turn of the century and is now approximately 12.7 per 100,000 population.1 Many more people attempt suicide than succeed. In recent years the number of attempts, especially by drug overdosage, has climbed to epidemic proportions and has led to a rise in the number of associated hospital admissions. The reported ratio of eight attempts to one completed suicide is significantly underestimated.2 In addition, countless people seriously contemplate the act without carrying it out. Many of these individuals require professional help. Taken together, the entire range of suicidal feelings, impulses, and acts constitutes a major health care problem and reflects the untold suffering of large numbers of people.
Microdialysis for Vitreal Pharmacokinetics

Microdialysis has been an instrumental sampling technique to study ocular pharmacokinetics without sacrificing a huge number of animals. It has undergone significant transformations in the last decade and several animal models have been established for sampling inaccessible posterior segment tissues such as vitreous humor. Remarkable progress has been made in the probe design and validation techniques. In the following chapter we have discussed the principle and development of various animal models related to posterior segments.
Prognostic signatures of oligometastasis in colorectal cancer liver metastasis.

3588Background: Knowledge of molecular differences between limited metastasis (oligometastasis) and widespread metastases may provide biomarkers for selection of patients who will benefit from cura...
Integrating Incidental and Integral Emotions in Non-Profit Communications: An Experiment of Blood Donation Message

Appraisal tendency framework suggests that incidental and integral emotions are capable of influencing decision making and behaviors. Such effect is subject to the interaction between incidental an...
Pattern associated leukemia immunophenotypes and measurable disease detection in acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome with mutated NPM1.

Background The presence of measurable residual disease after therapy is a significant risk factor of relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). By detecting cells with leukemia-associated immunophenotype (LAIP), multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) can detect residual leukemia at a level significantly lower than that detected by morphology. However, changes in LAIPs during or after therapy may pose a challenge to MRD testing. AML with mutated NPM1 represents the largest subtype of AML sharing a common leukemogenic mechanism and similar LAIPs. Here, we identified a common pattern of LAIPs in myeloid blasts with mutated NPM1, and studied its stability and limit of detection after therapy. Methods We summarized aberrancies of leukemic blasts with mutated NPM1 at diagnosis in 61 patients and paired relapse in 25 patients. In addition, we examined the detection of leukemic blasts in 590 specimens collected from 152 patients in complete remission after induction for AML/MDS-EB with mutated NPM1. Results Our findings demonstrate myeloid blasts with mutated NPM1 have a characteristic pattern of LAIPs that is present in nearly all cases of AML/MDS-EB with mutated NPM1 at initial diagnosis and relapse, regardless of morphologic variations, FLT3 ITD status, or karyotype abnormality. The myeloid blasts with mutated NPM1 can be detected at an approximate level of 0.1% of total leukocytes in morphologic remission with high specificity validated by clinical outcome. Conclusion The characteristic pattern of LAIPs of myeloid blasts with mutated NPM1 is common and stable, and allows sensitive and specific detection of AML or MDS with mutated NPM1 after therapy. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
DroidSpotter: A Forensic Tool for Android Location Data Collection and Analysis

Since the surge in popularity of Android smartphones, creating Android applications and using location data in these applications have soared. Due to how quickly Android applications are being created, it is difficult for companies who have created forensics tools to keep updating their programs in a timely manner for investigators to use. This has created a need for a forensics tool which allows forensic investigators to analyze a new Android application themselves since, in most cases, criminal investigations are a time sensitive matter. The purpose of this research is to introduce a prototype for a tool which would allow investigators to identify where important data is being stored on an Android device and update the forensics tool themselves in order to assist other investigators in the future.
Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7–17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16–49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014–16

Dietary exposures to lead were estimated for older children, females of childbearing age and adults based on lead concentration data from the FDA's Total Diet Study and on food consumption data from What We Eat In America (WWEIA), the food survey portion of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Estimated mean exposures varied based on the population and on the three different substitution scenarios for lead values below the limit of detection (non-detects = 0; non-detects = limit of detection; hybrid approach). Estimated mean lead exposures range from 1.4 to 4.0 µg/day for older children (males and females 7-17 years), 1.6 to 4.6 µg/day for women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and 1.7 to 5.3 µg/day for adults (males and females 18 years and older). Estimated 90th percentile lead exposures range from 2.3 to 5.8 µg/day for older children, 2.8 to 6.7 µg/day for women of childbearing age and 3.2 to 7.8 µg/day for adults. Exposure estimates suggest some older children may be exposed to dietary lead above the FDA interim reference level for lead in children of 3 µg/day. The results of this study can be used by the FDA to prioritise research and regulatory efforts in the area of dietary lead exposure.
Comparison of in situ techniques to evaluate the recovery of indigestible components and the accuracy of digestibility estimates

Indigestible components, including indigestible dry matter (iDM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), play an integral role as internal markers for determining ruminal kinetics and digestibility estimations. However, the accuracy of internal markers is dependent upon the incubation technique utilized as bag type (BT) and incubation length (IL) can be significant sources of error. Previous studies have primarily focused on iDM and iNDF as digestibility markers, but few studies have compared digestibility estimates to those of acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA). Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effect of BT (F57, F58, and Dacron) and IL (288 and 576 h) on iDM and iNDF residues, DM and NDF digestibilities, and fecal recoveries when using in situ incubations. Additionally, we evaluated the accuracy of digestibility estimates when using iDM, iNDF, and ADIA. For iDM and iNDF, feed residues demonstrated a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01). However, fecal residues were only influenced by the main effects of BT and IL (P < 0.01), with the F58 BT and 288-h IL having the greatest residues for both iDM and iNDF. The variation in residues was greatly reduced when using iNDF compared with iDM. Fecal recovery estimates most closely approximated 100% recovery when utilizing ADIA and iDM using the F57 × 576 h incubation method (P < 0.01), although recovery was overestimated for all incubation combinations. Fecal NDF recovery estimates better represented the excretion profiles when the F57 × 576 h combination was used with iDM as the internal marker (P < 0.01). Estimates of DM and NDF digestibility were the most accurate when utilizing ADIA (P < 0.01) relative to all other treatments. Our results indicate that the proper methodological application is specific to the purpose of the inferences. When evaluating fecal recoveries and digestibility, ADIA or iDM with F57 at 576-h in situ incubation provides the greatest accuracy.
Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease by weight status among U.S adults.

Purpose We sought to determine whether the association between physical activity and 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk varies among normal weight, overweight, and obese adults in a nationally-representative sample of the United States. Methods Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016. A subset of 22,476 participants aged 30–64 years was included with no CVD history. Physical activity level was self-reported and stratified into sedentary (0 min/week), inactive (1–149 mins/week), or active (≥150 mins/week) of moderate or vigorous activities. Framingham risk scores were classified as low/intermediate (<20%) or high 10-year CVD risk (≥20%). Results The average age of the population was 45.9 years, 52.3% were female, 33.6% were overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9kg/m2), and 35.7% were obese (BMI≥30kg/m2). Individuals who were overweight and obese had a higher 10-year CVD risk compared to those with normal weight (9.5 vs. 10.1 vs. 6.3%, P<0.001). The association of physical activity and high 10-year CVD risk differed by weight status. Among overweight and obese adults, individuals engaged in any physical activity had lower odds ofhigh 10-year CVD risk compared to sedentary individuals (overweight: OR active = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.36–0.64; OR inactive = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.45–0.86; obese: OR active = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.37–0.68; OR inactive = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49–0.89). Among normal weight adults, individuals who were physically active had lower odds of high 10-year CVD risk (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.28–0.87). When compared the joint effects of physical activity level and weight status, physical activity was associated with a larger magnitude of reduced odds of 10-year CVD risk than weight status. Conclusion Participation in any level of physical activity is associated with a lower 10-year CVD risk for overweight and obese adults. Future studies are needed to identify effective modes and doses of exercise that offer optimal CVD benefits for populations with different weight statuses.
Assessment of technical heterogeneity among diagnostic tests to detect germline risk variants for hematopoietic malignancies.

Purpose To determine the degree of testing consistency among commercially available diagnostic assays for hereditary hematopoietic malignancies (HHMs). Methods Next-generation sequencing assays designed for the diagnosis of HHMs were studied to determine which genes were sequenced, their ability to detect variant types relevant for HHMs, and clinical-grade characteristics such as price, turnaround time, and tissue types accepted. Results Commercial assays varied in price (USD 250-4702), number of genes sequenced (12-73), and average turnaround time (14-42 days). A number of nongermline tissue types were accepted despite the tests being designed for germline diagnostic purposes. Multiple genes with well-characterized roles in HHM pathogenesis were omitted from more than one-third of panels intended for the evaluation of HHMs. Only 4 of 82 genes were consistently covered across all HHM diagnostic panels. The assays were highly variable in their sensitivity for structural alterations relevant to HHMs, such as copy-number variants. Conclusion A high degree of diagnostic heterogeneity exists among commercially available HHM diagnostic assays. Many of these assays are incapable of detecting the full spectrum of HHM-associated variants, leaving patients vulnerable to the consequences of underdiagnosis, missed opportunities for screening, and the potential for donor-derived malignancies.
Tolerability and Safety of Lasmiditan Treatment in Elderly Patients With Migraine: Post Hoc Analyses From Randomized Studies.

Abstract Purpose: Limited information is available on acute treatments for migraine in elderly patients. Our objective was to evaluate the tolerability and safety of lasmiditan, a serotonin 1F agonist, for the acute treatment of migraine in elderly compared with nonelderly patients, with special emphasis on cardiovascular-related issues because cardiovascular comorbidities are more common in the elderly population. Methods: These post hoc analyses evaluated the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in elderly (≥65 years of age) versus nonelderly ( 1 week after dosing). Findings: Of 3177 lasmiditan-treated patients in SAMURAI or SPARTAN, 132 (4.2%) were elderly, and of 1262 placebo-treated patients, 54 (4.3%) were elderly. Of 2030 lasmiditan-treated patients in GLADIATOR, 85 (4.2%) were elderly. The incidences of at least 1 TEAE with lasmiditan in nonelderly and elderly patients with migraine were 36% and 35% in pooled SAMURAI+SPARTAN, respectively, and 49% and 38% in GLADIATOR, respectively. No significant treatment × age subgroup interactions were observed in patients with ≥1 TEAE overall or for any individual TEAE in pooled SPARTAN+SAMURAI; however, numerical differences in the incidence of some specific TEAEs were seen. No treatment × age subgroup interactions and no tolerability concerns for individual TEAEs were detected. Cardiovascular TEAEs were much more frequent in the nonelderly population than the elderly population. Cardiovascular events were not reported in the elderly population during the treatment-emergent period or intermediate period. There were 2 cases of increased blood pressure in elderly patients during the remote period. Implications: The incidence of TEAEs was similar for elderly and nonelderly patients, and cardiovascular safety of lasmiditan was generally consistent with that in single-attack studies. No safety signals were observed with the limited number of patients in the elderly population. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02565186 (GLADIATOR), NCT02439320 (SAMURAI), and NCT02605174 (SPARTAN).
Identification of the suprachiasmatic nucleus venous portal system in the mammalian brain.

There is only one known portal system in the mammalian brain - that of the pituitary gland, first identified in 1933 by Popa and Fielding. Here we describe a second portal pathway in the mouse linking the capillary vessels of the brain’s clock suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to those of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), a circumventricular organ. The localized blood vessels of portal pathways enable small amounts of important secretions to reach their specialized targets in high concentrations without dilution in the general circulatory system. These brain clock portal vessels point to an entirely new route and targets for secreted SCN signals, and potentially restructures our understanding of brain communication pathways. The first known portal system in the mammalian brain was identified in 1933. Here the authors describe a new portal system between the capillary beds of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus master clock and a circumventricular organ, enabling humoral signals to reach targets without dilution in the systemic circulation.