cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron-encoded Signatures Enable Product Ion Annotation From Tandem Mass Spectra

We report the use of neutron-encoded (NeuCode) stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture for the purpose of C-terminal product ion annotation. Two NeuCode labeling isotopologues of lysine, 13C615N2 and 2H8, which differ by 36 mDa, were metabolically embedded in a sample proteome, and the resultant labeled proteins were combined, digested, and analyzed via liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. With MS/MS scan resolving powers of ∼50,000 or higher, product ions containing the C terminus (i.e. lysine) appear as a doublet spaced by exactly 36 mDa, whereas N-terminal fragments exist as a single m/z peak. Through theory and experiment, we demonstrate that over 90% of all y-type product ions have detectable doublets. We report on an algorithm that can extract these neutron signatures with high sensitivity and specificity. In other words, of 15,503 y-type product ion peaks, the y-type ion identification algorithm correctly identified 14,552 (93.2%) based on detection of the NeuCode doublet; 6.8% were misclassified (i.e. other ion types that were assigned as y-type products). Searching NeuCode labeled yeast with PepNovo+ resulted in a 34% increase in correct de novo identifications relative to searching through MS/MS only. We use this tool to simplify spectra prior to database searching, to sort unmatched tandem mass spectra for spectral richness, for correlation of co-fragmented ions to their parent precursor, and for de novo sequence identification.
Does impairment of energy metabolism result in excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative illnesses

The etiology of nerve cell death in neuronal degenerative disease is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that excitotoxic mechanisms may play a role. Such mechanisms may play a role in diseases such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In these illnesses, the slowly evolving neuronal death is unlikely to be due to a sudden release of glutamate, such as occurs in ischemia. One possibility, however, is that a defect in mitochondrial energy metabolism could secondarily lead to slow excitotoxic neuronal death, by making neurons more vulnerable to endogenous glutamate. With reduced oxidative metabolism and partial cell membrane depolarization, voltage-dependent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ion channels would be more easily activated. In addition, several other processes involved in buffering intracellular calcium may be impaired. Recent studies in experimental animals showed that mitochondrial toxins can result in a pattern of neuronal degeneration closely resembling that seen in Huntington's disease, which can be blocked with NMDA antagonists. NMDA antagonists also block neuronal degeneration induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium, which has been implicated in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. The delayed onset of neurodegenerative illnesses could be related to the progressive impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which accompanies normal aging. If defective mitochondrial energy metabolism plays a role in cell death in neurodegenerative disorders, potential therapeutic strategies would be to use excitatory amino acid antagonists or agents to bypass bioenergetic defects.
The expression of fascin, an actin-bundling motility protein, correlates with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer and a more aggressive clinical course

The invasion and metastasis of tumor cells is a major cause of mortality in cancer patients. In the current study, we investigated the expression of fascin, an actin-bundling motility-associated protein, in 210 invasive breast carcinomas with corresponding 5-year clinical follow-up. Fascin expression was compared with hormone receptor (ER/PR) status, HER2 status, cancer grade, cancer stage, metastasis pattern, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Fascin expression was seen in 16% (33/210) of the cases and correlated with ER negativity (22/33, P < 0.001), PR negativity (21/33, P < 0.001), Bloom-Richardson grade 3 (19/29, P < 0.001), and advanced stage (stage 3 or 4, P = 0.04). There was no correlation between fascin expression and HER2 status or pattern of metastases. Patients whose tumors were positive for fascin showed both a decreased mean disease-free survival (74.44 versus 100.52 months, P = 0.002) and mean overall survival (77.58 versus 98.98 months, P = 0.002), independent of tumor stage and HER2 status, but not independent of ER/PR status or cancer grade. Given fascin's role in altering cell motility, overexpression may contribute to a more aggressive clinical course in ER/PR-negative breast cancers. If so, then fascin may represent a new molecular target for therapeutic intervention in patients with ER-negative breast cancer.
Finding the Proper Balance between Freedom and Justice: Why We Should Not Eliminate Personal Belief Exemptions to Vaccine Mandates

Lantos and colleagues (this issue) propose to eliminate personal belief exemptions from school vaccine mandates, particularly for those vaccines that target deadly contagious childhood disease. They argue that not doing so would be unjust. In this counterpoint, we argue that, for reasons grounded in both health policy and morality, a just vaccine policy need not prohibit parents from claiming personal belief exemptions.
Fuzzy vs. conventional control

What are the advantages and disadvantages of fuzzy control as compared to conventional control? How does one relate new ideas and techniques in fuzzy control to established ones in conventional control so that true advances in control can be gained and so that some of the recent hype and over-stated claims can be avoided? The ISIC'93 Panel Discussion on "Fuzzy vs. Conventional Control" addresses the problem of answering these and other related questions. The author seeks to (1) establish the format for the panel discussion, (2) give a preview of the topics to be addressed so that the audience may formulate questions for the panel members before the discussion starts, and (3) focus the discussion on the critical issues that must be addressed in determining the value of fuzzy control as compared to conventional control. >
Time windowing passive seismic data in the frequency domain

INTRODUCTIONOne of the principle obstacles to the utility of passive seismic data is its bulk. With severalhundred to thousands of geophones, we are able to generate mountains of data in a very shorttime. The simplest method of trimming down this volume is to keep only the recorded wave-ﬁeld around times when usable source energy is known to be pre sent. In the case of teleseismicimaging, or when utilizing unconventional, but known sources, this is easily done. However,if one hopes to image with the truly ambient noise ﬁeld, time w indowing amounts to removingneeded signal.After cross-correlation of passive traces, one can produceshot-gathers equivalent to an ac-tive source experiment. Having done so, we realize that most of the recording time axis can bediscarded and maintain only enough time/lag samples to keep the reﬂection from the deepestsubsurface structure of interest. As most of the processing of seismic data is accomplished inthe Fourier-domain, I will consider the procedure and ramiﬁcations of time windowing afterdata have been transformed to frequency.1D EXAMPLEWindowing in the time domain is equivalent to subsampling in the dual domain. The ﬁrsttrace in Figure refﬁg:freq is a time signal that might corres pond to several identical subsurfacesources below a single layer in the earth. It is many thousands of samples long. The secondtrace is its autocorrelation calculated using all data in the frequency domain multiplication.We recognize the auto-correlation to be symmetric, and could have truncated the result afterhalf of the samples. Also, because each event correlates with all the others, many correlationpeaks appear at late time. These late events contain information about similarity of the earth’simpulse response recovered by each independent source function. Mathematically, this isa chain of many convolutions of complicated functions and very difﬁcult to understand orutilize. They do not ﬁt into the framework of passive seismic imaging by representing thekinematics of a reﬂection gather. So I discard them. In this c ase, the “deepest subsurface
Goffman and Schutz on Multiple Realities

Erving Goffman (1922–1982) was one of the foremost American sociologists in the development of qualitative approaches to the study of everyday life. He was widely read and was familiar with all contemporaneous approaches to the study of everyday life from Schutz, Garfinkel, Sacks, the symbolic interactionists, Chicago School sociologists, and others who used qualitative perspectives. In advancing his own approach he would often comment on the approaches of others, if not directly then in a subtle manner which could be understood by those concerned. As one example, I will focus on his examination of Alfred Schutz in one of his books, Frame Analysis (1974), where he critiques Schutz’s notion of multiple realities. This was one of the rare occasions when he wrote about Schutz. This paper addresses the differences between Schutz and Goffman, why they never seem to have directly encountered each other, and the kinds of alternatives Goffman offers to the study of the world of everyday life in contrast to Schutz.
Water Conservation Area 1: A Case Study of Hydrology, Nutrient, and Mineral Influences on Biogeochemical Processes

At the northern tip of the remnant Everglades, Water Conservation Area 1 is the only remaining softwater peatland in the ecosystem. The spatial pattern of altered hydrology, anthropogenic nutrient, and mineral enrichment is distinct, with biogeochemical processes driven by a north-south hydrologic gradient combined with west-east nutrient and mineral gradients. Hydrology effects on carbon cycling are evident by the 10–20% lower average soil carbon concentrations in the drier oxidizing regions of the north, compared with the ponded environment in the south. Elevated nutrient and mineral inputs also increase carbon loss by causing changes in species composition, substrate quality, and microbial activity. Water management may be optimized to limit mineral intrusion and peat oxidation, while also meeting water depth requirements for habitat and wildlife, such that ecological tradeoffs are minimized.
Policy Subsystems and the Politics of Neighborhood Policy in Baltimore

This paper examines the politics of neighborhood revitalization in Baltimore to identify the conditions under which policymaking is likely to take the form of a policy subsystem.
ACP Journal Club. Preexposure tenofovir-emtricitabine reduced HIV infection in men who have unprotected anal sex with men.

Source Citation McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-...
Adsorption of NH3 and NO2 on single-walled carbon nanotubes

The interaction of NH3 and NO2 with heterogeneous bundles of carbon single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) has been studied using FTIR spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Both NH3 and NO2 adsorb at room temperature, and the interaction results in strong shifts of the vibrational modes of the molecules relative to the gas phase. The data suggest that NH3 adsorbs via both its lone pair and its H atoms. NO2 adsorbs in an asymmetric configuration via at least one of the oxygen atoms. Analysis of the IR data suggests that these molecules adsorb by interacting with multiple nanotubes within a bundle of SWNTs. Additionally, trimethylamine, a compound similar to NH3, does not adsorb at room temperature. It is postulated that the size of trimethylamine prevents it from entering the grooves between nanotubes in the sample, whereas NH3 and NO2 are small enough to enter the grooves and interact with multiple nanotubes.
Evaluation of NO + reagent ion chemistry for online measurements ofatmospheric volatile organic compounds

Abstract. NO+ chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NO+ CIMS) can achieve fast (1 Hz and faster) online measurement of trace atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that cannot be ionized with H3O+ ions (e.g., in a PTR-MS or H3O+ CIMS instrument). Here we describe the adaptation of a high-resolution time-of-flight H3O+ CIMS instrument to use NO+ primary ion chemistry. We evaluate the NO+ technique with respect to compound specificity, sensitivity, and VOC species measured compared to H3O+. The evaluation is established by a series of experiments including laboratory investigation using a gas-chromatography (GC) interface, in situ measurement of urban air using a GC interface, and direct in situ measurement of urban air. The main findings are that (1) NO+ is useful for isomerically resolved measurements of carbonyl species; (2) NO+ can achieve sensitive detection of small (C4–C8) branched alkanes but is not unambiguous for most; and (3) compound-specific measurement of some alkanes, especially isopentane, methylpentane, and high-mass (C12–C15) n-alkanes, is possible with NO+. We also demonstrate fast in situ chemically specific measurements of C12 to C15 alkanes in ambient air.
Experimental Investigation of Spray Dynamics in Crossflow of Pre-heated air at Elevated Pressure

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the spray created by Jet A fuel injection from a plate containing sharp edged orifice 0.018 inches in diameter and L/D ratio of 10 into the crossflow of preheated air (555 K) at elevated pressure in the test section (4 ata) at Mach numbers 0.2 and 0.35. Investigation was carried out in a wide range of fuel to air momentum ratios between 5 and 180. Phase Doppler technique and macro and micro imaging technology were used for understanding of the breakup mechanism of the spray and investigating spray unsteadiness mechanism. Mechanism of spray formation was found to be shear breakup. The primary source of unsteadiness of the spray was confirmed to be the turbulence of the fuel jet itself.
Computational studies of the gas-phase thermochemical properties of modified nucleobases.

In this Synopsis, we highlight some recent computational studies of the gas-phase thermochemical properties of modified nucleobases. Although this field is relatively nascent, we aim herein to show a few examples of insights that have already been gained by gas-phase calculations. We focus on modified nucleobases that are substrates for enzymes that excise damaged bases from DNA. Because these enzymes have hydrophobic active sites, calculations in the “ultimate” nonpolar environment of the gas phase prove to be particularly relevant, providing insight into enzyme mechanism.
1-g Scale Hydraulic Flume-based Soil-Fluid-Structure Model Testing and Evaluation of Surging and Scouring Effects

Flood and flood-induced scour have been long recognized as a leading cause of bridge failure to the river-crossing bridge inventory in the United States. Two other types of combined hydraulic impact and scour hazard that have drawn much attention are due to surging of ocean flow triggered by either seismic or hurricane energy. Regardless of the causes, the resulting scour greatly modifies the boundaries of the near-field soil for foundations. However, the combined effects of hydraulic impact and scouring on modification on structural characteristic have not been comprehensively studied. In this paper, we conduct a preliminary 1-g small scale experiment, wherein a generic foundation-structure system is placed in a laboratory flume channel and is subjected to forced vibration. Test results successfully reveal the formation of foundation scour, the failure of the structure, and the progressively modified dynamic characteristics of the soil-structure system.
Bayesian Additive Regression Tree Calibration of Complex High-Dimensional Computer Models

Complex natural phenomena are increasingly investigated by the use of a complex computer simulator. To leverage the advantages of simulators, observational data need to be incorporated in a probabilistic framework so that uncertainties can be quantified. A popular framework for such experiments is the statistical computer model calibration experiment. A limitation often encountered in current statistical approaches for such experiments is the difficulty in modeling high-dimensional observational datasets and simulator outputs as well as high-dimensional inputs. As the complexity of simulators seems to only grow, this challenge will continue unabated. In this article, we develop a Bayesian statistical calibration approach that is ideally suited for such challenging calibration problems. Our approach leverages recent ideas from Bayesian additive regression Tree models to construct a random basis representation of the simulator outputs and observational data. The approach can flexibly handle high-dimensional...
18: IMPROVEMENT IN PSORIASIS SKIN DISEASE SEVERITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTION OF CORONARY PLAQUE BURDEN

Purpose of Study Psoriasis (PSO), a chronic inflammatory disease associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk, provides a clinical human model to study inflammatory atherogenesis. While PSO severity is associated with both in vivo vascular disease and future CV risk, the longitudinal impact of PSO severity on coronary disease progression is unknown. We hypothesized that an improvement in PSO severity may lead to a reduction in coronary plaque burden by coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Methods Used Consecutively recruited PSO patients (N=50) underwent CCTA (320 detector row, Toshiba) and cardiometabolic profiling at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Total (TB) and non-calcified (NCB) coronary plaque burden were quantified using QAngio (Medis, Netherlands). PSO severity was measured as the psoriasis area severity index (PASI). The longitudinal change in coronary plaque burden was analyzed with unadjusted and adjusted regression. Summary of Results The cohort had a low Framingham Risk Score and mild to moderate PSO. Patients whose PSO severity improved (ΔPASI −27%; p Conclusions Improvement in PSO severity was associated with improvement in coronary plaque burden by CCTA. Our study suggests that a reduction in skin inflammation may reduce the progression of early, non-calcified coronary plaque. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Burn center care for patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis

BACKGROUND Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life threatening exfoliative disorder that is most commonly precipitated by the administration of a medication. Efforts to reduce morbidity and improve survival have brought into question the use of corticosteroids and recommend the transfer of patients to a burn center to facilitate wound care. STUDY DESIGN This study evaluated the correlation of measures of disease severity and impact of treatment strategies on morbidity and mortality in patients with TEN. The records of all patients with TEN admitted to the United States Army Institute of Surgical Research during a 12 year period were reviewed. Patient characteristics, etiologic agents, time to referral of patients to the burn center, corticosteroid therapy, and other demographic features were studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the significance of these factors with respect to outcome. RESULTS The sulfonamides and phenytoin were the most frequently identified etiologic agents. Patients at the extremes of age had a higher mortality rate. The period of hospitalization was longer in patients transferred to the burn center more than seven days after skin slough. Percent of epidermalysis, white blood cell count nadir, and corticosteroid administration for more than 48 hours were independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the sulfonamides and phenytoin are the most common etiologic agents, expeditious transfer to a burn center reduces morbidity, and corticosteroid administration dramatically increases mortality.
Role of Immune and Autoimmune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

In this chapter, we review data in support of the concept that immune system dysregulation is the most plausible explanation that reconciles gene by environmental interactions in schizophrenia. Early investigations of this topic demonstrated aspects of aberrant activation of humoral immunity, including autoimmunity, associated with schizophrenia, whereas current research efforts have expanded this theme to include elements of innate immunity. Advances in our understanding of inflammation and molecules of both the adaptive and innate immune system and their functional roles in standard brain physiology provide an important context by which schizophrenia might arise as the result of the coupling of immune and neurodevelopmental dysregulation.
Stork enamine reaction

A variant of the Robinson annulation, where bulky amines such as pyrrolidine are used, making the conjugate addition to MVK take place at the less hindered side of two possible enamines.
Cadherin-2 Is Required Cell Autonomously for Collective Migration of Facial Branchiomotor Neurons

Collective migration depends on cell-cell interactions between neighbors that contribute to their overall directionality, yet the mechanisms that control the coordinated migration of neurons remains to be elucidated. During hindbrain development, facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) undergo a stereotypic tangential caudal migration from their place of birth in rhombomere (r)4 to their final location in r6/7. FBMNs engage in collective cell migration that depends on neuron-to-neuron interactions to facilitate caudal directionality. Here, we demonstrate that Cadherin-2-mediated neuron-to-neuron adhesion is necessary for directional and collective migration of FBMNs. We generated stable transgenic zebrafish expressing dominant-negative Cadherin-2 (Cdh2ΔEC) driven by the islet1 promoter. Cell-autonomous inactivation of Cadherin-2 function led to non-directional migration of FBMNs and a defect in caudal tangential migration. Additionally, mosaic analysis revealed that Cdh2ΔEC-expressing FBMNs are not influenced to migrate caudally by neighboring wild-type FBMNs due to a defect in collective cell migration. Taken together, our data suggest that Cadherin-2 plays an essential cell-autonomous role in mediating the collective migration of FBMNs.
Two-Particle Tunneling in Superconducting PbIn|Oxide|Pb Junctions

Tunnel junctions have been fabricated and studied which reproducibly show structure in their I-V characteristics which we believe can be understood in terms of two-particle tunneling. The tunnel junctions were made by depositing a Pb—8 wt In film, oxidizing it, and depositing a second film of pure Pb. The measured T c of the PbIn does not differ by more than 0.1°K from that of the Pb film, and the value of the junction gap 2∆ is the same as for Pb|oxide|Pb junctions. The structure which we ascribe to two-particle tunneling has three salient features: a current step at V = ∆, a rapid rise in current for ∆ < V < 2∆, and a negative resistance region superimposed upon the usual single-particle features at V= 2∆. In Fig. 1 the solid curve is a measured I-V characteristic at T = 1.4°K in the range ∆ < V < 2∆, showing the step at V= A. We cannot easily show the negative resistance region in the same plot because of the difference in scale. Hence we show this feature in the insert. The step at A is somewhat rounded but not more than is the step at 2∆. The sharpness of these steps varies somewhat from sample to sample and is due, we believe, to some compositional inhomogeneity in the PbIn film. We should also point out that these features that we attribute to two-particle tunneling are not observed in similar Pb|oxide|Pb junctions prepared in the same manner.
ELASTICITY AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN RUTILE-STRUCTURED COMPOUNDS

ABSTRACT The measured values of C ij and dC ij /dP for six rutile-structured difluorides are compared with the previous data on oxides. Their velocity-density systematics are examined in light of the cation radius. The ratio C s /K s attains a low value (0.05–0.20) in consistence with the approach of Demarest et al.
Is the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Score the Best Way to Evaluate Liver Transplant Patients Preoperatively?

A 52-year-old male with a past medical history of hepatitis C cirrhosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and a body mass index of 34 presents for deceased donor liver transplantation. He has been on the liver transplant list for 6 months. His international normalized ratio (INR) is 2.1, creatinine is 1.6, and total bilirubin is 8.4, and he has never undergone renal replacement therapy. As a result, his preoperative Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score is 27. In the holding area, he responds appropriately to most questions, although his wife reports that he has seemed more confused in the past 2 days. On physical exam, you note that the patient is diffusely jaundiced, has spider angiomas, and has marked ascites.
Food Insecurity in the Summer: A Rural–Urban Comparison of African American Households With Children

ABSTRACTSummer is a vulnerable time for 1 in 3 African American children who live in food insecure households. We examined the factors that affect food insecurity among African American households with children during the summer by rural and urban setting. We conducted concept mapping with 38 African American caregivers from rural and urban Missouri. Urban participants prioritized individual (unemployment) and household (food consumption) factors and rural caregivers prioritized community factors (community summer food programs). Our findings suggest that place matters and interventions to address household food insecurity during the summer must be adapted to a community’s social and economic context.
Modelling and Simulation of Cratering and Ejecta Production During High Velocity Impacts

During an impact event from a high velocity particle (moving at speeds of around 100 m/s or greater) a significant amount of ejecta can be formed and thrown away from the impact point at velocities on the same order as the original impactor. The amount, size distribution, and speed distribution of this ejecta vary with the impact conditions. Predicting this cratering and ejecta phenomena has applications to many areas, including solar system formation, asteroid defense considerations, and micrometeorite impacts on satellites. This paper will look at the physics and modeling of these impacts and the subsequent ejecta formation from these hypervelocity particles. Impacts are modeled using adaptive smooth particle hydrodynamics, and crater volume and ejecta characteristics are quantified and presented. Good agreement with two experimental test cases is obtained.
Mouse models of retinal ischemic tolerance.

PURPOSE. A brief period of noninjurious retinal ischemia, termed preconditioning, has been documented in rats to afford transient protection from retinal ischemic injury, a phenomenon known as ischemic tolerance. The present study was undertaken to develop and systematically characterize mouse models of ischemic tolerance. METHODS. Retinal ischemic injury was caused by elevating intraocular pressure for 30, 45, or 60 minutes in chloral hydrate– anesthetized ND4 Swiss-Webster mice. Random animals were preconditioned 24 hours earlier with either 5 minutes of retinal ischemia or by exposing conscious animals to hypoxia (11% oxygen) for 2 hours. Flash electroretinograms were recorded 1 day and 1 week after ischemia. At 1 or 4 weeks after ischemia, eyes were perfusion fixed for microscopic examination and quantification of layer thickness and cell counts. RESULTS. Retinal ischemia resulted in significant, duration-dependent reductions in inner retinal layer thickness and cell loss in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. A durationdependent attenuation in a- and b-wave amplitudes was concomitantly noted. The ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning treatments significantly attenuated the ischemia-induced changes in retinal morphology and function, even after 4 weeks of recovery. Tolerance was observed at 24 hours after ischemic preconditioning, but not at 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS. Two models of retinal ischemic tolerance are presented wherein ischemic or hypoxic preconditioning afforded morphologic and functional evidence of protection from retinal ischemic injury in mice. These two murine models should be useful for studies in mutant mice to elucidate endogenous genetic and molecular mechanisms of retinal protection that may then be used to design treatments for ischemic retinopathies. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43: 1903–1911)
Chewing the bone: bone marrow with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

![Figure][1] A 48-year-old woman, who had an outside diagnosis of “peripheral T-cell lymphoma” based on a needle biopsy of a peripancreatic lesion 10 months before, presented with hypercalcemia (15.3 mg/dL) and metabolically active lymphadenopathy after receiving 6 cycles of CHOEP (
A review on the wear of oil drill bits (conventional and the state of the art approaches for wear reduction and quantification)

Abstract Since the first use of oil drill bits to penetrate petroleum and gas wells, the wear of the teeth and bearing (for roller-cone bits) and cutters for (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits) has been a major dilemma that causes money and time loss, consequently affecting the whole drilling operation. The present study reviews wear mechanisms in both bit types. The review has carried out the previous and the state of the art approaches for improving the drill bits against wear. Advantages and disadvantages of the conventional technologies for improving the manufacturing of the drill bits are explained. Conventional and emerging approaches of wear testing of drill bits are shown to expand the scope for developing the manufacturing of more reliable drill bits against the wear. We report a literature survey of the old and current methods of wear quantification in terms of drilling parameters and mechanical properties of the minerals forming the drill bits, and means of increasing the efficiency of oil and gas drill bits. Empirical wear models, as well as wear prediction techniques while drilling are discussed along with the simulation wear models using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the Discrete Element Method (DEM).
Self-Assembly Simulations of Classic Claudins—Insights into the Pore Structure, Selectivity, and Higher Order Complexes

Tight junction (TJ) protein assembly controls permeability across epithelial and endothelial cells; thus, biochemical interactions that control the TJ assembly have physiological and biomedical significance. In this work, we employed multiscale simulations to probe the TJ self-assembly of five classic claudins (-1, -2, -4, -15, and -19). Claudin proteins assembled into dimeric and occasionally trimeric interfaces that subsequently formed larger polymeric strands. Using orientation-angle analysis to decompose polymeric strands, we found that individual claudins prefer certain dimer interfaces to others. Despite variations in the exact dimer populations observed in individual claudins, there appears to be an overall conformational uniformity in the type of dimeric interactions formed by the claudin family of proteins. A detailed structural characterization of the trimeric assemblies revealed that they could be putative receptors for trimeric Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Full characterization of the ...
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia associated with smoking: a case report

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is commonly misdiagnosed as infectious pneumonia due to presence of fever and radiological features. However, development of peripheral eosinophilia within days of presentation should raise the concern of AEP especially in previously heathy adults with history of recent tobacco smoking.
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.)

The genus Prunus comprises approximately 400 species of trees and shrubs. Many species and cultivars are grown for their edible fruits, while others are planted for their ornamental value. Approximately 25 species are native to the United States, and of these 18 reach tree size. Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) is the only member of this genus with commercial importance as a timber species in the United States (Fowells 1965).
Two Applications of Lasers: I. Multiphoton Excitation of Chemical Reactions II. Mode Specific Excitation of Bimolecular Reactions

The special properties of lasers have made possible investigation of a variety of chemical phenomena not accessible with conventional light sources. One of these special properties is high intensity (high photon flux) and another is spectral purity (narrow frequency range). I will tell about two experiments being conducted in my laboratory that demonstrate how these characteristics reveal chemical behaviors not even anticipated before lasers came on the scene. The first of these is called “multiphoton excitation” and the second “mode specific behavior.”
The Function of a Grammatical Alternation in 14 Surgical Reports

This paper demonstrates that in one particular type of English for Science and Technology (EST) data, surgical reports of cholecystectomies, the discourse function of the alternation between sentences with indefinite subjects and with the dummy subject there is to provide an alternation between thematic and nonthematic information. In discourse, thematic information has been generally defined as that knowledge which the speaker assumes is relevant to the goal of the communicative event (Tomlin and Rhodes, 1979). In the case of this data, thematic information is defined as that information which the surgeon assumes is relevant to the goal of the surgical event of removing the gallbladder. Thus, information which is less likely to relate directly to the removal of the gallbladder is usually introduced into the text with a there sentence.
Ras oncogene mutations are rare late stage events in chronic myelogenous leukemia

DNA from bone marrow and peripheral blood samples of 44 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients were analyzed for the presence of mutations of codons 12, 13 or 61 of the N-ras, H-ras, or K-ras genes. In seven patients, samples were available from both their chronic phase and blast crisis. A total of 29 samples examined were at chronic phase and 22 were at blast crisis (eight lymphoid, eight myeloid, and six undifferentiated). No mutations were identified in N-ras or H-ras. Two patients in myeloid blast crisis had K-ras mutations, one patient at codon 12, the other at codon 13. In the former patient the mutation was not present and the latter patient was not tested in chronic phase. Our findings indicate ras mutations are an infrequent late stage event in CML that occur in myeloid blast crisis.
Abstract 16201: Exosomal Y RNA Fragment Alters Macrophage Il-10 Gene Expression And Secretion, Conferring Cardioprotection Following Ischemia/reperfusion Injury

Background: Exosomes secreted by cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) mediate regeneration and cardioprotection after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. CDC-secreted exosomes (CDC-exo) reduce infarct size after I/R by delivering bioactive noncoding RNAs to target cells, including macrophages. By previous RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified a unique Y RNA fragment Yb highly enriched in CDC-exo. Objective: We sought to clarify the role, if any, of Yb as a mediator of the cardioprotection observed with CDC-exo treatment following I/R. Methods: To investigate the role of this specific Y RNA fragment, we directly transfected bone marrow derived-macrophages (BMDMs) with Yb. Gene/protein expression analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing were performed to evaluate transcriptional and epigenetic modifications. Mass spectrometry and RNA pull-down were done to identify protein partners. Potential cytoprotective effects were examined on cardiomyocytes subjected to oxidative stress and cocultured with Yb-primed macrophages. The role of Yb was also assessed in vivo in a rat model of I/R injury. Results: Yb induced transcription and protein secretion of IL-10 when directly transfected into BMDMs, leading to acetylation of H3K27 at the Il10 locus as well as promoter activation. These effects underlie an observed increased and sustained release of IL-10 by BMDMs. We identified the ribonucleoprotein HnrpH1 as a critical binding partner of Yb. Moreover, Yb-primed BMDMs were cytoprotective against oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes (24.1±4.8% apoptosis rate vs. 42.9±6.7% with scramble-primed BMDMs; p=0.0002); this cytoprotection was abrogated by co-incubation with a blocking antibody against IL-10. Intracoronary injection of Yb in rats 10 min post I/R showed scar mass reduction after 48h (Yb: 24.3±2.8 mg; scramble: 67.4±10.9 mg; p Conclusions: Yb, a Y RNA-derived fragment highly enriched in CDC-exo, contributes to cardioprotection by increasing Il10 expression, leading to enhanced IL-10 protein secretion. Yb increases Il10 expression via promoter activation and epigenetic modifications. Thus, this small noncoding RNA of previously unknown biological activity contributes to the therapeutic effects of CDC-exo.
Manganese-Based Catalysts with Varying Ligand Substituents for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO

A series of manganese complexes were synthesized with a variety of ligands and ligand substituents. These complexes were then studied using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, density functional theory calculations, and bulk electrolysis. The UV–vis, cyclic voltammetry, and calculation data show that the bipyridine π* level is modulated by the incorporation of different substituents on the bipyridine and through this interaction moderates the observed catalytic activity of the complex toward CO2 reduction. The calculations were correlated to the experimental UV–vis data and cyclic voltammetry data to demonstrate the relationship among these data, and a Hammett plot showed a good correlation between the substituent identity and the MLCT wavelength from UV–vis (R2 = 0.96). When aliphatic substituents were placed on the 4,4′-positions of the bipyridine, the location of the bpy π* was not significantly altered. However, when more electron withdrawing substituents were placed on the 4,4′-posi...
Did Connecticut’s “Raise the Age” Increase Motor Vehicle Thefts?:

In 2010, Connecticut followed the pattern of most other U.S. states by raising the age of juvenile jurisdiction from 15 to 16. This was further raised from 16 to 17 years, 2 years later in July 201...
Biochemical, Anthropometric, and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets Versus a Low-Fat Diet in Obese Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Some research supports high-fat carbohydrate (CHO)-restricted diets for weight and fat loss and improvement of cardiovascular disease risk factors. To test this, a randomized crossover study was de...
How Are Cows Cooled on Dairy Farms in Florida

While hot and humid conditions cause grief for dairy producers, additional impacts of heat and humidity on the dairy cow are sometimes overlooked. These conditions and their associated losses in productivity pose a growing concern to dairy producers, as more frequent and severe fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, and droughts are predicted to occur in the United States. This new 4-page document discusses heat stress in the dairy industry, the Florida dairy heat stress abatement survey, and heat stress abatement for lactating cows, dry cows, and dairy calves. Written by Bethany Dado-Senn, Geoffrey E. Dahl, and Jimena Laporta, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, April 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an355
Effect of obesity on the respiratory system

Abstract Obesity has many effects on the respiratory system. Obese patients have higher respiratory rates and lower tidal volumes. Their total respiratory system compliance is reduced. Their lung volumes tend to be smaller, the expiratory lung volume being the most consistently affected. Spirometry, gas exchange, and airway resistance are relatively preserved when they are adjusted for lung volumes. Obese patients may be mildly hypoxemic, likely from ventilation perfusion mismatch in the bases of the lungs where obesity causes microatelectasis. Obese patients have a higher metabolic rate, lower exercise capacity, and more dyspnea. Weight loss reverses these changes.
Nature of Science in Science Instruction: Meaning, Advocacy, Rationales, and Recommendations

This chapter features discussion of the term “nature of science” (NOS) as it pertains to the ways in which NOS might inform plans for science teaching and learning. Included are thoughts about how we know what we know about the operation of science, historical recommendations, and trends regarding the inclusion of NOS in science instruction, along with rationales to support the inclusion of NOS content in the science classroom. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of research-based challenges and recommendations regarding NOS instruction and some thoughts about the future of NOS instruction.
Identifying Feature Pattern for Weighted Imbalance Data: A Feature Selection Study for Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures in Crash Injury Research

In motor vehicle crash study, spine injury investigation has a greater impact due to the serious physical, mental and financial consequences. Even though spine fracture deteriorates the quality of life significantly, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study that searched for the exhaustive thoracolumbar spine fracture(TL-fx) feature space to discover potential feature pattern in the motivation of illustrating the increasing risk phenomenon as a function of vehicle model year. This study investigates National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness (NASS-CDS) database, year 2000 to 2015. Each year, approximately 4000 to 6000(weighted) occupants are diagnosed with one or multiple TL-fx in road crashes. Even though the TL-fx data support is less than 1.6%, a two-fold feature selection model in a combination of random forest and lift measure based Apriori algorithm generates insightful association rules yielding prominent feature patterns and promotes further investigation to build causal model for the TL-fx study.
Parent Perceptions regarding High School Drug Testing.

Adolescent drug use remains a critical public health issue. Almost 38 percent of school districts currently implement student drug testing, and more schools may be considering implementation due to...
Data on using single- and mixed-mode resins for capture chromatography of recombinant human thioredoxin from Escherichia coli.

Abstract This paper provides the data collected from screening chromatographic resins for their ability to bind and purify recombinant human thioredoxin from Escherichia coli lysate. This data was used by “Capture chromatography with mixed-mode resins: A case study with recombinant human thioredoxin from Escherichia coli” [1] to determine the optimal resin to use as a capture step to initiate downstream processing of thioredoxin. Five chromatography resins were screened using a 96-well filter plate to experiment on a wide range of pH and conductivity conditions in a shorter amount of time while saving on materials. Thioredoxin-producing E. coli was cultivated, harvested, and lysed according to Ravi et al [1] . Thioredoxin containing lysate was dialyzed into the binding conditions, pH from 5.0 to 9.0 and conductivity from 2.0 to 10.0 mS, applied to each resin and incubated with shaking for 0.5 h. Data gathered after the incubation period consisted of host cell protein and thioredoxin concentrations remaining in the supernatant, which was considered flowthrough for the remainder of this study. Samples containing high concentrations of thioredoxin after the experimental period indicate that thioredoxin did not bind to the resin at those conditions and should not be utilized as a capture step. Additionally, samples that contain low concentrations of host-cell proteins after the experimental period indicate large amounts of host-cell proteins bound to the resin. The corresponding conditions may not contribute to higher purity. Operating all screening experiments at small volumes allows for selecting optimal binding conditions while minimizing the burden on upfront biomass production.
Experience-based learning: exploring meaningful outcomes for students in retail and fashion

Experience-based learning, in which students are engaged in learning activities that mimic real-world scenarios, has been linked with student success. Practicing such learning is particularly impor...
Explore success factors that impact artificial intelligence adoption on telecom industry in China

As the core driving force of the new round of informatization development and industrial revolution, the disruptive achievements of artificial intelligence (AI) are rapidly and comprehensively infi...
Thermolabile Cross-Linkers for Templating Precise Multicomponent Metal-Organic Framework Pores.

While a number of approaches toward multicomponent metal-organic frameworks have been reported, new strategies affording greater structural versatility and molecular precision are needed to replicate the sophisticated active sites found in enzymes. Here, we outline a general method for templating functional groups within framework pores using thermolabile ligand cross-linkers. We show that tertiary ester-based cross-linkers can be used to install well-defined carboxylic acid pairs at precise relative distances and orientations. The tertiary ester linkages remain intact during framework formation but are readily cleaved to reveal free carboxylic acids upon microwave heating. Successful cross-linker synthesis, framework incorporation, and thermolysis is demonstrated using the mesoporous, terphenyl expanded analogues of MOF-74. When short cross-linkers are used, modeling studies show that the carboxylic acids are installed in a single configuration down the pore channels, spaced ∼7 A apart. These precisely positioned acid pairs can be used as synthetic handles to build up more complex cooperative active sites.