cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Kind of New Self-tuning Filter and Its Application

CARMA models of the systems are instructed by system identification methods and parameters are estimated． Moreover state space models of the systems are given according to the lemma of time sequence models and state space models． Based on it a new self-tuning filter is stated． It comprises recursive extended least square estimator Kalman filter and noise statistical estimator． Applied to oil field systems it gains excellent results． Validity of the new scheme is indicated．
Rediscovering the Humane in the Human

After citing Derrida and Foucault on the ways what used to be called human has been redefined by the poststructuralist camp, and following their iconic statements with those of William Spanos, Paul Bove, and Thomas Docherty, to name a few, Dwight Eddins aligns his own name with those of Alan Wilde and John Fekete in the attempt to rediscover the humane in the human. Here the subject to be rescued by this revisionary Counterforce is Thomas Pynchon, and The Gnostic Pynchon mounts a campaign in which "the Pynchon whose world-view is suffused by acute nostalgia for vanished foundations and values" is united with "the Pynchon whose field of vision seems occupied with discontinuities and absurdities that threaten our sense of a comprehensible, mappable, even affirmable existence" (xi). At the same time, and with his own scholarly credentials as worthy weapons, Eddins also joins the Pynchon whose immersion in popular culture makes him at home at any beer blast to the Pynchon whose affinity for high modernist allusion would make him welcome at a Bloomsbury tea party. The result of both missions undertaken by this very accomplished, very well-researched, and–quite simply–very smart book is to situate this most contemporary of authors within a long-range literary tradition and to propose a "unified field theory" (xi) to account for an "encyclopedic" writer (to recall Edward Mendelson's early description) in a manner that is inclusive rather than exclusive.
Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Phytocannabinoids, Endocannabinoids, and Synthetic Cannabinoids.

Psychoactive cannabinoids from the marijuana plant (phytocannabinoids), from the body (endocannabinoids), and from the research lab (synthetic cannabinoids) produce their discriminative stimulus effects by stimulation of CB1 receptors in the brain. Early discrimination work with phytocannabinoids confirmed that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the primary psychoactive constituent of the marijuana plant, with more recent work focusing on characterization of the contribution of the major endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), to Δ9-THC-like internal states. Collectively, these latter studies suggest that endogenous increases in both anandamide and 2-AG seem to be optimal for mimicking Δ9-THC’s discriminative stimulus effects, although suprathreshold concentrations of anandamide also appear to be Δ9-THC-like in discrimination assays. Recently, increased abuse of synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., “fake marijuana”) has spurred discrimination studies to inform regulatory authorities by predicting which of the many synthetic compounds on the illicit market are most likely to share Δ9-THC’s abuse liability. In the absence of a reliable model of cannabinoid self-administration (specifically, Δ9-THC self-administration), cannabinoid discrimination represents the most validated and pharmacologically selective animal model of an abuse-related property of cannabinoids – i.e., marijuana’s subjective effects. The influx of recent papers in which cannabinoid discrimination is highlighted attests to its continued relevance as a valuable method for scientific study of cannabinoid use and abuse.
Psychology in the Republic of Macedonia

Although psychology in Macedonia is as young as the country itself, it is a well established and developed science and profession. More than 1,200 psychologists are available to help the two million inhabitants meet the new standards of modern life in a society that is surrounded by countries engaged in war (Bosnia and Kosovo). This article describes two global periods of development in Macedonia. In the first period, Macedonia was part of the former Yugoslavia and held professional relationships with other Yugoslavian psychological centers, and as an independent country during its second period, Macedonia together with various international organizations assumed a crucial role in supporting psychologists' professional and scientific projects.
The Transition from the Gas to the Liquid

In this chapter, we bridge our discussions of the gas and the liquid by considering several aspects of the vapor pressures, P sat, of the two helium isotopes. The P sat vs. T relations for He3 and He4 relative to some fixed absolute temperatures establish convenient and practical temperature scales. Indeed, these scales have become the temperature standards for work in the liquid helium region. By itself, this fact is of considerable importance ; in addition, the thermodynamic formulation of the vapor pressure function embodies all of the essential thermal and state data for the two phases in equilibrium and thereby serves as a criterion for consistency between the temperature scale and the various experimentally measured thermodynamic quantities. The liquid-vapor equilibria will be discussed from this viewpoint.
Soybean peptide fractions inhibit human blood, breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation.

In this study, we examined in vitro the bio-activity of peptide fractions obtained from soybeans against blood (CCRF-CEM and Kasumi-3), breast (MCF-7), and prostate (PC-3) cancer cell proliferation. Gastro-intestinal treated peptide fractions (<5, 5–10 and 10–50 kDa) prepared from seed proteins of two high oleic acid soybean lines—N98-4445A, S03-543CR and one high protein line—R95-1705, were tested for anticancer activity against human breast, blood and prostate cancer cell lines. Anti-proliferative cell titer assay was conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of the peptide fractions, while trypan blue dye exclusion assay was used to determine the dose response of most effective fractions. Results showed that the peptide fractions inhibited the cancer cell lines up to 68.0% and the minimum concentration to get 50% inhibitory activity (IC50) ranged between 608 and 678 µg/mL. This multiple site in vitro cancer inhibition by GI friendly peptides could have the potential use as food ingredients or nutritional supplements in an alternative cancer therapy.
Positive organisational behaviour in NCAA Division I football: a head coach's authentic leadership and assistant coaches' psychological constructs

In today's sporting world, the impact of positive organisational behaviour (POB) is being looked at as a means for improving job satisfaction. The ability of managers to retain key employees is vital in any business. Based on this, an investigation into how managerial leadership practices can create more positive workplaces is warranted. In National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I football, this study sought to determine the relationship between a head coaches' authentic leadership and job satisfaction of their assistant coaches, the mediating effect of psychological capital (PsyCap) on said relationship, and the effects of job satisfaction on overall life satisfaction. Results indicate that the relationship between a head coach's authentic leadership and assistant coaches' job satisfaction is not significant. However, hypotheses regarding the mediating effect of PsyCap on the relationship between authentic leadership and job satisfaction, and the positive relationship of job satisfaction on life satisfaction were both supported.
In Utero Exposure to a High-Fat Diet Programs Hepatic Hypermethylation and Gene Dysregulation and Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Male Mice

Exposure to a high-fat (HF) diet in utero is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome later in life. However, the molecular basis of this enhanced susceptibility for metabolic disease is poorly understood. Gene expression microarray and genome-wide DNA methylation analyses of mouse liver revealed that exposure to a maternal HF milieu activated genes of immune response, inflammation, and hepatic dysfunction. DNA methylation analysis revealed 3360 differentially methylated loci, most of which (76%) were hypermethylated and distributed preferentially to hotspots on chromosomes 4 [atherosclerosis susceptibility quantitative trait loci (QTLs) 1] and 18 (insulin-dependent susceptibility QTLs 21). Interestingly, we found six differentially methylated genes within these hotspot QTLs associated with metabolic disease that maintain altered gene expression into adulthood (Arhgef19, Epha2, Zbtb17/Miz-1, Camta1 downregulated; and Ccdc11 and Txnl4a upregulated). Most of the hypermethylated genes in these hotspots are associated with cardiovascular system development and function. There were 140 differentially methylated genes that showed a 1.5-fold increase or decrease in messenger RNA levels. Many of these genes play a role in cell signaling pathways associated with metabolic disease. Of these, metalloproteinase 9, whose dysregulation plays a key role in diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, was upregulated 1.75-fold and hypermethylated in the gene body. In summary, exposure to a maternal HF diet causes DNA hypermethylation, which is associated with long-term gene expression changes in the liver of exposed offspring, potentially contributing to programmed development of metabolic disease later in life.
Ethnophilology: two case studies

ABSTRACTThe paper focuses on two cases, each of them centered on two individuals, who lived approximately at the same time, between the 16th and the 17th centuries. The first, Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca, is famous. The second, John David Rhys, is known only to scholars. Garcilaso, the son of a Spanish soldier and an Inca princess, analyzed his mother’s tongue relying upon his father’s tongue, which he used in his historical writings. John Rhys, born in Wales, studied medicine in Siena, wrote about the Italian language (in Latin) and about the Latin language (in Italian); at the end of his life, he analyzed his mother tongue. A comparison between the two cases paves the way to some general reflections on translation and related issues.
Characterization of the Hamamatsu 8" R5912-MOD Photomultiplier tube

Abstract Current and future neutrino and direct detection dark matter experiments hope to take advantage of improving technologies in photon detection. Many of these detectors are large, monolithic optical detectors that use relatively low-cost, large-area, and efficient photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). A candidate PMT for future experiments is a newly developed prototype Hamamatsu PMT, the R5912-MOD. In this paper we describe measurements made of the single photoelectron time and charge response of the R5912-MOD, as well as detail some direct comparisons to similar PMTs. Most of these measurements were performed on three R5912-MOD PMTs operating at gains close to 1 × 1 0 7 . The transit time spread ( σ ) and the charge peak-to-valley were measured to be on average 680ps and 4.2 respectively. The results of this paper show the R5912-MOD is an excellent candidate for future experiments in several regards, particularly due to its narrow spread in timing.
The role of volunteer probation officers in Japan - Recent challenges and responses

Abstract The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules) emphasize the importance of community acceptance of, and participation in, successful reintegration of offenders into society. One of the practices that fosters community involvement in offender treatment is the Volunteer Probation Officer (VPO) system. VPOs are community volunteers who are appointed as part-time government officials to support the work of professional probation officers. VPOs support the work of professional probation officers by supervising and assisting offenders in the communities in which they live. VPOs are key individuals who facilitate the rehabilitation of offenders as well as the acceptance of the offender by the community. However, in line with social and cultural changes, the Japanese VPO system is facing several challenges such as weaker bonds of the community and decreasing number of VPOs. In response, the Rehabilitation Bureau of the Ministry of Justice has implemented a number of measures, including the establishment of Offender Rehabilitation Support Centers and the creation of a new compensation scheme for property damage or injury suffered by VPOs or their family members. In many countries, VPOs and other volunteers play an important role in helping offenders reintegrate into the community. Comparing and learning from the approaches of other countries are important steps to enhance the effectiveness of probation through volunteers’ activities.
The Completion Agenda: The Unintended Consequences for Equity in Community Colleges

The recent national attention to community colleges as the sector of higher education to help achieve “The Completion Agenda” and serve as a major economic driver in the United States has not considered the consequences of narrowing educational opportunity for groups of students that historically use community colleges as their gateway to higher learning. Research demonstrates that women and men from underrepresented groups disproportionally begin their higher education at community colleges. The purpose of this chapter is to unravel the complex consequences for the completion focus in the context of decreased student access to community colleges through state policies that limit enrollment and federal policies that focus on graduation rates as opposed to learning. The chapter will provide a review of the literature on barriers to student success in community colleges and discuss recent policy shifts on the federal, national, state, and institutional levels that have a detrimental but possibly unintended consequence on educational access and opportunity as it relates to gender, race, and socioeconomic class. The chapter concludes with specific recommendations of ways to promote awareness and change within individual institutions and at the state and federal levels.
Managing Artifacts with a Viewpoint- Realization Level Matrix

We propose an approach to artifact management in software engineering that uses an artifact matrix to structure the artifact space of a project along stakeholder viewpoints and realization levels. This matrix structure provides a basis on top of which relationships between artifacts can be defined, such as consistency constraints, traceability links and model transformations. The management of all project artifacts and their relationships supports collaboration across different roles in the development process as well as change management and agile practices. Our approach is highly configurable to facilitate adaptation to different development methods and processes. It provides a basis to develop and/or to integrate generic tools that can flexibly support such different methods. In particular, it can be leveraged to improve the transition from requirements analysis to architecture design.
Hume on the Standard of Virtue

Among those sympathetic to Hume'smoral philosophy, a general consensus hasemerged that his first work on the topic,A Treatise of Human Nature, is his best. Hislater work, An Enquiry Concerning thePrinciples of Morals, is regarded as scaleddown in both scope and ambition. In contrastto this standard view, I argue that Hume'slater work offers a more sophisticated theoryof moral evaluation. I begin by reviewing theTreatise theory of moral evaluation tohighlight the reasons why commentators find socompelling Hume's account of the corrections wemake to our moral sentiments. The method isendorsed by philosophers such as Henry DavidAiken and Annette C. Baier because, theyallege, it shows that moral sentiments reflecta process of judgment that includes thepossibility of corrigibility and ofjustification. But Hume's method of correctionfalls short and does not establish why thesentiments conforming to the standard of virtueshould count as moral judgments. In the secondEnquiry, Hume lays out a different set ofcriteria, including not only the need forcertain virtues of good judgment but attentionto the particular cultural and historicalorigins of the norms governing the virtues ofgood judgment. Hume's attention to diversityin evaluative outlook in his more matureposition takes seriously the relation betweenmoral authority and public debate.
Rural Tourism: A Grounded Theory on Limited Stakeholder Advocacy

While many rural areas in the southeast look to tourism to help supplement diminishing financial opportunities due to the decline in manufacturing and farming, many communities still incur obstacles and are unable to sustain a viable tourist destination area. Without entrusting the Destination Marketing Organization (DMO) to identify stakeholders’ contributions for the betterment of the community as a destination brand and visitor demands, expectations cannot be met. Working within small-town politics, nativity of the benefits of tourism, and misaligned brand images, the DMOs and stakeholders appear ineffective in marketing the rural area as a destination that fully embodies the culture, history, and natural resources contained within their respective geographic boundaries. Understanding how to build and obtain stakeholders’ confidence, a DMO can cultivate strategic relationships through social exchanges and strengthen trust within stakeholder groups. These relationships sustain an all-inclusive brand image for the rural destination area, increasing visitor satisfaction, and stakeholder investment.
The Memorial Reconstruction Theory and Chronicles: The Henry VI Plays

ABSTRACTSince 1928, The First Part of the Contention and Richard Duke of York (printed separately in the 1590s) have been regarded as memorial reconstructions of two texts in the Folio edition of S...
Association of sleep attitudes with sleep hygiene, duration, and quality: a survey exploration of the moderating effect of age, gender, race, and perceived socioeconomic status.

Sleep health is becoming more widely accepted as a possible preventative strategy against chronic disease and negative psychosocial outcomes. It is important to understand whether attitudes towards...
Task Completion Detection

People can record their pending tasks using to-do lists, digital assistants, and other task management software. In doing so, users of these systems face at least two challenges: (1) they must manually mark their tasks as complete, and (2) when systems proactively remind them about their pending tasks, say, via interruptive notifications, they lack information on task completion status. As a result, people may not realize the full benefits of to-do lists (since these lists can contain both completed and pending tasks) and they may be reminded about tasks they have already done (wasting time and causing frustration). In this paper, we present methods to automatically detect task completion. These inferences can be used to deprecate completed tasks and/or suppress notifications for these tasks (or for other purposes, e.g., task prioritization). Using log data from a popular digital assistant, we analyze temporal dynamics in the completion of tasks and train machine-learned models to detect completion with accuracy exceeding 80\% using a variety of features (time elapsed since task creation, task content, email, notifications, user history). The findings have implications for the design of intelligent systems to help people manage their tasks.
Modeling biophysical controls on hypoxia in a shallow estuary using a Bayesian mechanistic approach

Abstract This study describes development of a mechanistically parsimonious model to dynamically simulate bottom layer (subpycnocline) dissolved oxygen (BLDO) concentration in the Neuse River Estuary, USA (1997–2015). The approach embeds differential equations controlling May–October BLDO within a Bayesian framework, enabling rigorous uncertainty quantification considering prior knowledge and calibration to historical data. Model simulations explain 62% of variability in bimonthly mean BLDO observations. Results indicate that during July–August, 36% of BLDO is consumed meeting oxygen demand associated with seasonal primary production, while the rest is depleted meeting long-term oxygen demand (LTOD), associated with storage of organic matter in estuary sediments. Interannual LTOD variation is associated with November–April longitudinal velocities, suggesting elevated flushing in winter decreases oxygen demands in summer. Results also indicate that the system is more responsive to nutrient loading reductions than previously thought, though it may take multiple years to produce measurable declines in hypoxia due to hydro-meteorological variability.
Effects of Mental and Physical Fatigue Inducing Tasks on Balance and Gait Characteristics

150-Word AbstractFatigue may reduce human performance and increase injury risk. This study investigated the effects of mental and physical fatigue inducing tasks (MF and PF) on balance and gait cha...
Work-in-Progress: Combining Two Security Methods to Detect Versatile Integrity Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems

The rapid advancement and use of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) has brought about the necessity for enhancing security and attack identification in such systems to counter malicious attacks. One example of an attack on a CPS involves the Stuxnet worm which caused significant damage to both the control system and the physical world. Such events have created a need for a robust security system in order identify and prevent attacks. This paper focuses on the detection of integrity attacks, such as replay attacks, on Linear Time Invariant systems. More specifically, it considers the feasibility of combining a chi-squared failure detector and a moving target approach to identify malicious sensors.
Sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as death due to cardiovascular causes in a patient with or without known preexisting heart disease, in whom the mode and time of death are unexpected. The generally accepted temporal definition is bracketed by a period of up to 1 hour between the onset of an abrupt change in clinical status and loss of consciousness. 1 This time period is more appropriate for definitions used in population studies and clinical analyses than the absolute definition of biologic death, which may be delayed for days to a month or more by life-support interventions after central nervous system (CNS) injury. The former better relates to the pathophysiology leading to the ultimate death.
Pre-pregnancy maternal obesity, macrosomia, and risk of stillbirth: A population-based study

Abstract Objective An examination of the synergistic effects of maternal obesity and macrosomia on the risk of stillbirth is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between fetal macrosomia, maternal obesity, and the risk of stillbirth. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study used the CDC’s Birth Data and Fetal Death Data files for 2014–2017 [n = 10,043,398‬ total births; including 48,799 stillbirths]. The exposure was fetal macrosomia stratified by obesity subtypes (I–III). The outcome was the risk of stillbirth. We also controlled for potential and known confounding factors in adjusted models. Adjusted Relative Risks (ARR) were estimated with log-binomial regression models. Results The rate of stillbirth was higher among macrosomic infants born to mothers with obesity compared to those without (6.55 vs. 0.54 per 1000 total births). After controlling for confounding, women with obesity types II and III were at increased risk for stillbirth [Obesity II ARR = 2.37 (2.07−2.72); Obesity III ARR = 9.06 (7.61−10.78)]. Conclusions for practice Obesity-related fetal overgrowth is a significant risk factor for stillbirth, especially among women with type II and type III obesity. This finding highlights the need for more effective clinical and public health strategies to address pre-pregnancy obesity and to optimize gestational weight gain.
Structural Properties of Bound Layer in Polymer–Nanoparticle Composites

The modification of interfacial polymer behavior is one of the primary sources of property modifications of polymer–nanoparticle (NP) composites (PNC). For strongly favorable polymer–nanoparticle i...
The Exchange of Cyclometalated Ligands.

Reactions of cyclometalated compounds are numerous. This account is focused on one of such reactions, the exchange of cyclometalated ligands, a reaction between a cyclometalated compound and an incoming ligand that replaces a previously cyclometalated ligand to form a new metalacycle: + H-C*~Z ⇄ + H-C~Y. Originally discovered for PdII complexes with Y/Z = N, P, S, the exchange appeared to be a mechanistically challenging, simple, and convenient routine for the synthesis of cyclopalladated complexes. Over four decades it was expanded to cyclometalated derivatives of platinum, ruthenium, manganese, rhodium, and iridium. The exchange, which is also questionably referred to as transcyclometalation, offers attractive synthetic possibilities and assists in disclosing key mechanistic pathways associated with the C–H bond activation by transition metal complexes and C–M bond cleavage. Both synthetic and mechanistic aspects of the exchange are reviewed and discussed.
US State Disparities in Life Expectancy, Disability-Free Life Expectancy, and Disabled Life Expectancy Among Adults Aged 25 to 89 Years

Objectives. To estimate total life expectancy (TLE), disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), and disabled life expectancy (DLE) by US state for women and men aged 25 to 89 years and examine the cro...
Imaging Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) using Pulsed Terahertz Spectroscopy System

This work proposes the use of terahertz (THz) reflection imaging method for investigating breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The tumor handled in this work is formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue block (FFPE). The goal of this research is to differentiate between DCIS and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). In the previous research, THz spectroscopy has shown successful differentiation between cancerous (IDC) and normal breast tissue in freshly excised tumors. The study conducted on IDC has demonstrated interesting signatures in the absorption coefficient of cancer tissues. Similar studies will be conducted in this work for FFPE tissue blocks to investigate the potential invasiveness level of DCIS tumors.
Evaluation of driver performance with a prototype cyber physical mid-block crossing advanced warning system.

INTRODUCTION Using connected vehicle technologies, pedestrian to vehicle (P2V) communication applications can be installed on smart devices allowing pedestrians to communicate with drivers by broadcasting discrete safety messages, received by drivers in-vehicle, as an alternative to expensive fixed-location physical safety infrastructure. METHOD This study consists of designing, developing, and deploying an entirely cyber-physical P2V communication system within the cellular vehicle to everything (C-V2X) environment at a mid-block crosswalk to analyze drivers' reactions to in-vehicle advanced warning messages, the impacts of the advanced warning messages on driver awareness, and drivers' acceptance of this technology. RESULTS In testing human subjects with, and without, advanced warning messages upon approaching a mid-block crosswalk, driver reaction, acceptance, speed, eye tracking data, and demographic data were collected. Through an odds ratio comparison, it was found that drivers were at least 2.44 times more likely to stop for the pedestrian with the warning than without during the day, and at least 1.79 times more likely during the night. Furthermore, through binary logistic regression analysis, it was found that driver age, time of the day, and the presence of the advanced warning message all had strong, significant impacts with a confidence value of at least 98% (p < 0.02) on the rate at which drivers stopped for the pedestrian. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study indicate that the advanced warning message sent within the C-V2X had a strong, positive impact on driver behavior and understanding of pedestrian intent. Practical Applications: Pedestrian crashes and fatality rates at mid-block crossings continue to increase over the years. Connected vehicle technology utilizing smart devices can be used as a means for communications between pedestrians and drivers to deliver safety messages. State and local city planners should consider geofencing designated mid-block crossings at which this technology operates to increase pedestrian safety and driver awareness.
Life and Loss in the Shadow of the Holocaust: A Jewish Family's Untold Story

A family's recently discovered correspondence provides the inspiration for this fascinating and deeply moving account of Jewish family life before, during and after the Holocaust. Rebecca Boehling and Uta Larkey reveal how the Kaufmann-Steinberg family was pulled apart under the Nazi regime and dispersed over three continents. The family's unique eight-way correspondence across two generations brings into sharp focus the dilemma of Jews in Nazi Germany facing the painful decisions of when, if and to where they should emigrate. The authors capture the family members' fluctuating emotions of hope, optimism, resignation and despair as well as the day-to-day concerns, experiences and dynamics of family life despite increasing persecution and impending deportation. Headed by two sisters who were among the first female business owners in Essen, the family was far from conventional and their story contributes new dimensions to our understanding of Jewish life in Germany and in exile during these dark years.
Effects of the Knowledge Base on Children's Memory Strategies

In this article, the importance of examining the linkage between knowledge and strategic factors in children's memory has been suggested. Indeed, it has been argued that a more complete analysis of the development of remembering in children requires a consideration of the operation of memory strategies in the context of the growing knowledge base. The effects of the knowledge base were analyzed in terms of concurrent influences on the use of strategies and long-term consequences for the development of increasingly skilled memory processing. The available evidence suggests that age-related changes in the contents of the knowledge system, as well as increases in the ease with which information can be accessed, contribute to the strategies that are used by children of different ages, and influence the development of efficient modes of processing. Continued research on the concurrent effects of the knowledge base should provide a more complete account of children's memory than that currently available, taking into consideration knowledge of the materials, understanding of the task demands, as well as overall strategic abilities. Similarly, research on the long-term developmental effects of the knowledge base on memory strategies should facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms by which memory processing becomes more efficient and less effortful. Ideally, studies that examine these issues should be longitudinal in scope (Ornstein et al., 1985a), but even cross-sectional research that explores the interrelationships between strategies and knowledge will facilitate an understanding of the development of memory in children.
Defect characterization of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te crystals using electron beam induced current (EBIC) imaging and thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements

Semi-insulating Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te nuclear detector grade crystals were grown by a low temperature solution method from in-house zone refined (~7N) precursor materials. The processed crystals from the grown ingot were thoroughly characterized by using a non-destructive electron beam induced current (EBIC) contrast imaging method. The EBIC results were correlated with the infrared (IR) transmittance mapping, which confirms the variation of contrasts in EBIC is due to non-uniform distribution of tellurium inclusions in the grown CZT crystal. Electrical characteristics of defect regions in the fabricated detectors were further investigated by I-V measurements, and thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements. Finally, to demonstrate the high quality of the grown CZT crystals, pulse height spectra (PHS) measurements were carried out using gamma radiation sources of 241 Am (59.6 keV) and 137 Cs (662 keV).
Named entity recognition and resolution in legal text

Named entities in text are persons, places, companies, etc. that are explicitly mentioned in text using proper nouns. The process of finding named entities in a text and classifying them to a semantic type, is called named entity recognition. Resolution of named entities is the process of linking a mention of a name in text to a pre-existing database entry. This grounds the mention in something analogous to a real world entity. For example, a mention of a judge named Mary Smith might be resolved to a database entry for a specific judge of a specific district of a specific state. This recognition and resolution of named entities can be leveraged in a number of ways including providing hypertext links to information stored about a particular judge: their education, who appointed them, their other case opinions, etc. This paper discusses named entity recognition and resolution in legal documents such as US case law, depositions, and pleadings and other trial documents. The types of entities include judges, attorneys, companies, jurisdictions, and courts. We outline three methods for named entity recognition, lookup, context rules, and statistical models. We then describe an actual system for finding named entities in legal text and evaluate its accuracy. Similarly, for resolution, we discuss our blocking techniques, our resolution features, and the supervised and semi-supervised machine learning techniques we employ for the final matching.
Wild-type operator binding and altered cooperativity for inducer binding of lac repressor dimer mutant R3.

Substitution of the C-terminal leucine heptad repeat region of the normally tetrameric lactose repressor by the leucine heptad repeat dimerization domain of GCN4 protein resulted in cell extracts containing protein, designated R3, which behaved as a dimer based on gel retardation analysis of DNA binding (Alberti, S., Oehler, S., von Wilcken-Bergmann, B., and Muller-Hill, B. (1993) EMBO J. 12, 3227-3236). We have purified this R3 protein and characterized its properties in comparison with the wild-type repressor. R3 protein elutes from a molecular sieve with a Stokes radius characteristic of a dimer and a deduced molecular mass of 66 kDa. Unlike other dimeric repressors, produced by deletion or mutation in the leucine heptad repeat region, which display reduced apparent operator affinity, R3 binds to operator DNA sequences with wild-type equilibrium and kinetic properties. Although inducer affinity at neutral pH is similar for R3 and wild-type protein, at elevated pH the R3 protein undergoes a slightly smaller decrease in affinity and exhibits minimal cooperativity in sugar binding compared with the wild-type protein. Interestingly, in the presence of operator DNA, a state in which inducer binding to wild-type repressor is also of reduced affinity and slightly cooperative, R3 binding affinity is decreased to a greater extent, and the protein displays higher cooperativity than wild-type repressor. Consistent with inducer binding data in the presence of operator, the release of operator from R3 protein requires a higher sugar concentration than wild-type protein. These results are interpreted in the context of alterations involving the subunit interface which affect the allosteric behavior of the repressor protein.
Curved Flats, Exterior Differential Systems, and Conservation Laws

Let σ be an involution of a real semi-simple Lie group U, U 0 the subgroup fixed by σ, and U/U 0 the corresponding symmetric space. Ferus and Pedit called a submanifold M of a rank r-symmetric space U/U 0 a curved flat, if T p M is tangent to an r-dimensional flat of U/U 0 at p for each p ∈ M. They noted that the equation for curved flats is an integrable system. Bryant used the involution σ to construct an involutive exterior differential system \( \mathcal{I}_\sigma \) such that integral submanifolds of \( \mathcal{I}_\sigma \) are curved flats. Terng used r first flows in the U/U 0-hierarchy of commuting Soliton equations to construct the U/U 0-system. She showed that the U/U 0-system and the curved flat system are gauge equivalent, used the inverse scattering theory to solve the Cauchy problem globally with smooth rapidly decaying initial data, used loop group factorization to construct infinitely many families of explicit solutions, and noted that many of these systems occur as the Gauss-Codazzi equations for submanifolds in space forms. The main goals of this paper are: (i) give a review of these known results, (ii) use techniques from Soliton theory to construct infinitely many integral submanifolds and conservation laws for the exterior differential system \( \mathcal{I}_\sigma \).
Summary talk: Theoretical

My very weak link to strong field physics began in June, 1971 when I spent a month in Frankfurt at the kind invitation of Walter Greiner, who proved, as always, an excellent teacher as well as an excellent host. I still recall the pervasive attitude which was that diving into the negative energy continuum was somehow not a respectable activity, at least for a physical phenomenon, and all reasonable efforts should be made to avoid it. However, all such efforts proved fruitless and within a couple of years the basic physics of spontaneous positron emission was elucidated byMuller,Rafelski, andGreinerand independently byLewis Fulcherandmyself(only thirteen years after the phenomenon was recognized in a paper by Voronko and Kolesnikov, a paper which was unearthed a few years after the work cited) (see W. Greiner’s introduction to the Lahnstein proceedings).
Adrenocortical and ovarian function in the hirsute woman.

Abstract Twenty-six hirsute women were evaluated with the use of differential suppression and stimulation of the adrenal cortex and ovary in addition to visualization of the ovaries. Three groups were identified on the basis of endocrine results alone. Physical examination and reproductive history allowed further differentiation. The protocol used for study was critically reviewed and evaluated. The simultaneous administration of human chorionic gonadotropin and dexamethasone following 4 days of dexamethazone alone was felt to be the most important differential step in classification of the patients.
Measurement of canine gastric vascular permeability to plasma proteins in the normal and protein-losing states

Abstract An isolated segment of the greater curvature of a dog's stomach was perfused at constant flow through a single cannulated artery with donor blood containing 131 I-albumin, 125 I-fibrinogen, and papaverine. Perfusion pressure was 30–50 mmHg, and venous pressure was set at 15 mmHg. Venous blood was collected in 1-min samples for 60 min. Filtration of fluid and loss of labeled proteins were calculated as the difference between measured arterial inflow and venous outflow. Permeability-surface area products (PS) were calculated for the proteins, and reflection coefficients (σ) were calculated from solute flux and filtration. Intraarterial infusion of histamine (1.6–1.9 μg · ml −1 ) increased filtration and PS and decreased σ for albumin but not fibrinogen. When protein-losing was established by topical irrigation with 10 mM dithiothreitol in neutral solution, filtration and PS increased, and σ for albumin but not fibrinogen decreased. Irrigation of the mucosa with 10 mM salicylic acid in 100 mN HCl caused bleeding that was quantitated by addition of 51 Cr-erythrocytes to perfusing blood. Filtration and PS increased, and σ for albumin but not fibrinogen decreased. Hematocrit of blood lost remained low during extensive mucosal damage. Effects of histamine infusion were attenuated or abolished by cimetidine (4 mg · kg −1 loading, 1.4 mg · kg −1 · h −1 continuous infusion) or by pyrilamine maleate (5 mg · kg −1 bolus injection at beginning of irrigation, repeated at 40–50 min). Pyrilamine attenuated or abolished effects of topical dithiothreitol or salicylic acid. We conclude that during protein loss caused by dithiothreitol or salicylic acid, histamine released within the mucosa causes increased vascular permeability for plasma proteins.
Use of daily precipitation uncertainties in streamflow simulation and forecast

Among other sources of uncertainties in hydrologic modeling, input uncertainty due to a sparse station network was tested. The authors tested impact of uncertainty in daily precipitation on streamflow forecasts. In order to test the impact, a distributed hydrologic model (PRMS, Precipitation Runoff Modeling System) was used in two hydrologically different basins (Animas basin at Durango, Colorado and Alapaha basin at Statenville, Georgia) to generate ensemble streamflows. The uncertainty in model inputs was characterized using ensembles of daily precipitation, which were designed to preserve spatial and temporal correlations in the precipitation observations. Generated ensemble flows in the two test basins clearly showed fundamental differences in the impact of input uncertainty. The flow ensemble showed wider range in Alapaha basin than the Animas basin. The wider range of streamflow ensembles in Alapaha basin was caused by both greater spatial variance in precipitation and shorter time lags between rainfall and runoff in this rainfall dominated basin. This ensemble streamflow generation framework was also applied to demonstrate example forecasts that could improve traditional ESP (Ensemble Streamflow Prediction) method.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Avoidance Among Pregnant African-American Nonsmokers

Background Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during pregnancy contributes to adverse infant health outcomes. Limited previous research has focused on identifying correlates of ETS avoidance. This study sought to identify proximal and more distal correlates of ETS avoidance early in pregnancy among African-American women. Methods From a sample of low-income, black women ( n= 1044) recruited in six urban, prenatal care clinics (July 2001–October 2003), cotinine-confirmed nonsmokers with partners, household/family members, or friends who smoked ( n= 450) were identified and divided into two groups: any past-7-day ETS exposure and cotinine-confirmed ETS avoidance. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with ETS avoidance. Data were initially analyzed in 2004. Final models were reviewed and revised in 2007 and 2008. Results Twenty-seven percent of pregnant nonsmokers were confirmed as ETS avoiders. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the odds of ETS avoidance were increased among women who reported household smoking bans (OR=2.96; 95% CI=1.83, 4.77; p p =0.01), and that no/few family members/friends smoked (OR=3.15; 95% CI=1.58, 6.29; p p p p =0.01). Parity, emotional coping strategies, substance use during pregnancy, partner/household member smoking status, and self-confidence in avoiding ETS were significant in bivariate, but not multivariate analyses. Conclusions Social contextual factors were the strongest determinants of ETS avoidance during pregnancy. Results highlight the importance of prenatal screening to identify pregnant nonsmokers at risk, encouraging household smoking bans, gaining support from significant others, and fully understanding the interpersonal context of a woman's pregnancy before providing behavioral counseling and advice to prevent ETS exposure.
Light microscope based analysis of three-dimensional structure: applications to the study of Drosophila salivary gland nuclei. I. Data collection and analysis.

SUMMARY Many biological structures of interest are large enough that they may be viewed by light microscope methods, yet they are sufficiently complicated that interpretation of what is seen is quite difficult. The salivary gland nuclei from Dipterans are an example of this. Previous attempts at determining the path of the giant chromosomes in these nuclei have depended on the laborious construction of models by hand. A unified Computer Aided Modelling and Analysis system (CAMA) has been implemented, allowing data collection and analysis of structures visible by light microscopy. This system is extendible to the analysis of electron micrographs of serial sections or of other data consisting of images present in a stack.
Evaluation and operative technique to repair isolated sternal fractures

A series of 12 patients with traumatic sternal fractures without internal organ injury are reported to have had their fractures repaired with a standard operative technique that has proved to be effective up to 17 years of follow-up. Although sternal fractures are often seen in emergency departments of trauma centers, rarely are they recommended for correction. Often patients experience physical deformity, chronic pain, and abnormal physical habits. A standard operative technique is proposed with highly satisfactory results. Thoracic surgeons should be familiar with this problem and with available standard methods to correct it.
Assessment of the economic impact of an overage reduction program in the operating room

Abstract Study Objectives: To delineate excessive supply preparation in the operating rooms (ORs) of Yale-New Haven Hospital, and to measure the reduction in such overage as a result of nursing and administration cost-containment efforts. Design: Before and after trial. Setting: Inpatient ORs of Yale-New Haven Hospital. Interventions: After the initial documentation of overage, several cost-containment measures were instituted, including nursing education, review of overage data, and updating of surgical request lists. Measurements and Main Results: The hospital cost of case-specific overage generated by all surgical procedures performed during two 2.5-month periods in 1992 and 1994 (before and after the interventions) were compared. One-thousand three hundred eighteen cases in 1992 were compared with 1,367 cases in 1994. A 45% reduction in mean per case overage occurred between the two assessment periods. Extrapolation of the data to the incidence of similar cases throughout the United States projected a comparable savings. Conclusions: Efforts to increase the efficiency of OR supply management can be measured, in part, by overage evaluation, which can serve as a resource for focusing efforts at cost-containment.
Plastic surgery 1, face recognition 0

For years, developers of face-recognition algorithms have been battling the effects of awkward poses, facial expressions, and disguises like hats, wigs, and fake moustaches. They've had some success, but they may be meeting their match in plastic surgery.