cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated qualitative/quantitative techniques for food product quality planning.

ABSTRACT Traditionally, food product manufacturers have used methods such as market research and sensory characterization for product quality planning. However, within the quality planning scope, the results of the quality planning methods have not been explored to explicitly translate into the manufacturing stage. This article presents the development of an advanced food product quality planning approach applied at the Black and White Cookie Company to translate customer requirements into manufacturing using integrated qualitative/quantitative techniques. The results showed that the method provided the manufacturer a good quantitative assessment of the product and process for addressing customer's needs, which are valid inputs for quality planning and the successful transition out of the planning phase. Also, the use of appropriate initial control charting during short runs in the preproduction stage verifies the process capability and stability. This was found especially effective for the food production system since the product feature variation is high, production is in small batches and data are of appropriate nature to fit the short-run statistical process control charts. The approach can be further extended to integrate into the quality control and the improvement stages with more data available during those phases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The proposed approach by this article will provide an integrated quantitative and qualitative tool for food manufacturing companies to improve the quality of their products at early quality planning stage.
Insurance Decision Making and Market Behavior

1 Introduction 2 Benchmark Models of Choice 3 A Positive Theory of Demand for Insurance 4 Anomalies on the Demand Side5 A Positive Theory of Supply 6 Anomalies on the Supply Side 7 Prescriptive Implications 8 Conclusion
Effects of distance and direction on tangential tactile perception of the index finger pad

Tangential motion on a finger pad is a promising method of transmitting directional tactile information to human users. This study examined the identification and discrimination of tangential force motion on an index finger pad. An experimental device was built to automatically and randomly move a small probe in eight radial directions (45° apart) and two distances (0.5 and 1.5 mm). Index fingers of 62 subjects were tested. The results showed that moving the probe at 1.5 mm was detected with more accuracy than the 0.5 mm one. And, the absolute direction was not a statistically significant variable affecting accuracy for 1.5 mm distance, but was a significant effect for 0.5 mm distance. Implications of these results are discussed and future developments are offered within the context of a proposed Braille design with tangential actuators.
The PDF of adaptive beamforming weights

The author derives a closed-form expression for the marginal probability density function (PDF) for the weight vector coefficients in a minimum-variance distortionless response (MVDR) adaptive beamformer, when the snapshots are independently identically distributed (IID) normal and the weights are computed via sample matrix inversion. The marginal PDF allows one to determine the dynamic range required to avoid saturation (with a specified degree of probability) in digital and/or analog implementation of beamforming weights. >
The Run on Ritalin: Attention Deficit Disorder and Stimulant Treatment in the 1990s

Ritalin use has increased by 500 percent in the last five years. The reasons for this dramatic surge are rooted in changes and pressures in psychiatry and society at large.
Hollywood, Black Animation, and the Problem of Representation in Little Ol’ Bosko and The Princess and the Frog

This article focuses on the dialogues within and between Disney’s The Princess and The Frog and a 1930s animated series about a young Black boy—Little Ol’ Bosko. Both films feature Black characters who navigate a fairy tale world set in the swamps of southern Jim Crow era America in which they grapple with fears about reductive and demeaning black film stereotypes. Although they are in some ways trapped within the white gaze of the film’s meaning, I argue that in their fantasies, both Bosko and Tiana outmaneuver the regime of representation that underlies racial stereotyping, opening a space for trans-coding and revision of its meanings. In addition, a comparison of the films demonstrates a clear improvement from the 1930s in terms of an increased differentiation in the representation of Black Americans, acknowledging, if not embodying, the fact that “Black America” is a diverse and complex reality.
Nonlinear dynamics indicates aging affects variability during gait

Objective. To investigate the nature of variability present in time series generated from gait parameters of two different age groups via a nonlinear analysis. Design. Measures of nonlinear dynamics were used to compare kinematic parameters between elderly and young females. Background. Aging may lead to changes in motor variability during walking, which may explain the large incidence of falls in the elderly. Methods. Twenty females, 10 younger (20–37 yr) and 10 older (71–79 yr) walked on a treadmill for 30 consecutive gait cycles. Time series from selected kinematic parameters of the right lower extremity were analyzed using nonlinear dynamics. The largest Lyapunov exponent and the correlation dimension of all time series, and the largest Lyapunov exponent of the original time series surrogated were calculated. Standard deviations and coefficient of variations were also calculated for selected discrete points from each gait cycle. Independent t-tests were used for statistical comparisons. Results. The Lyapunov exponents were found to be significantly different from their surrogate counterparts. This indicates that the fluctuations observed in the time series may reflect deterministic processes by the neuromuscular system. The elderly exhibited significantly larger Lyapunov exponents and correlation dimensions for all parameters evaluated indicating local instability. The linear measures indicated that the elderly demonstrated significantly higher variability. Conclusions. The nonlinear analysis revealed that fluctuations in the time series of certain gait parameters are not random but display a deterministic behavior. This behavior may degrade with physiologic aging resulting in local instability. Relevance Elderly show increased local instability or inability to compensate to the natural stride-to-stride variations present during locomotion. We hypothesized that this may be the one of the reasons for the increases in falling due to aging. Future efforts should attempt to evaluate this hypothesis by making comparisons to pathological subjects (i.e. elderly fallers), and examine the sensitivity and specificity of the nonlinear methods used in this study to aid clinical assessment. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
New Counselors' Leadership Efforts in School Counseling: Themes from a Year-Long Qualitative Study

Leadership requires long-term commitment and a long-range vision of the future. As school counselors are called on to provide leadership, it becomes important to understand the temporal context of school counseling leadership. To accomplish this, a year-long qualitative study was designed in which the authors interviewed five new counselors who agreed to engage in leadership. In this article, the results of these interviews are presented and discussed in terms of school counseling practice and school counselor education.
Plant Species Effects and Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in a Sagebrush -- Crested Wheatgrass Soil

Abstract Shifts in plant community structure in shrub and grass-dominated ecosystems are occurring over large land areas in the western US. It is not clear what effect this vegetative change will have on rates of carbon and nitrogen cycling, and thus long-term ecosystem productivity. To study the effect of different plant species on the decomposability of soil organic substrates and rates of C- and N-cycling, we conducted laboratory incubations of soils from a 15-yr-old experimental plot where big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch.] Schult.) plants had been planted in a grid pattern. Soil samples collected from beneath crested wheatgrass had significantly greater total N and NO3− concentrations and lower C-to-N ratios than samples collected beneath sagebrush plants or from interspaces. Soil carbonate concentrations beneath crested wheatgrass were intermediate between sagebrush soils and interspace soils. During the 16-week laboratory incubation, soil C mineralization rates, gross and net N mineralization rates, gross NH4+ consumption rates, net nitrification rates and soil NO3− concentrations were significantly different, with slightly higher values in the crested wheatgrass soil and lower values in the interspace soil. Gross NH4+ assimilation, gross nitrification, gross NO3− assimilation, microbial biomass C and N and microbial growth efficiency showed no significant differences. During the 16-week incubation, microbial biomass C, microbial respiration and gross N assimilation rates declined by more than 50%, suggesting that the microbial biomass was C-limited. However, addition of NH4+ appeared to stimulate NH4+ assimilation. In addition, the form of N assimilated by micro-organisms shifted from predominantly NH4+ (95%) when NO3− was relatively unavailable at the beginning of the incubation, to predominantly NO3− (88–96%) as NO3− concentrations increased. Both of these latter observations suggest that microbes were NH4+-limited. Either co-limitation by C and NH4+ or the presence of separate C-limited and NH4+-limited microsites could explain these results. Nitrifying bacteria consumed an increasing proportion of the NH4+ pool as the incubation progressed, suggesting that increased microsite structure was responsible for shifts in C and N dynamics over time. The results of this study demonstrate that different plant species can significantly influence soil C and N cycling rates; however, after 15 yr the magnitude of the effect was still fairly small.
Linkage of High Rates of Sulfate Reduction in Yellowstone Hot Springs to Unique Sequence Types in the Dissimilatory Sulfate Respiration Pathway

Diversity, habitat range, and activities of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes within hot springs in Yellowstone National Park were characterized using endogenous activity measurements, molecular characterization, and enrichment. Five major phylogenetic groups were identified using PCR amplification of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes (dsrAB) from springs demonstrating significant sulfate reduction rates, including a warm, acidic (pH 2.5) stream and several nearly neutral hot springs with temperatures reaching 89°C. Three of these sequence groups were unrelated to named lineages, suggesting that the diversity and habitat range of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes exceeds that now represented in culture.
An Examination of College GPA, Composite Act Scores, IQs, and Gender in Relation to Loneliness of College Students

This study examined the relationship for 57 college students of levels of loneliness with several cognitive-academic measures. Gender differences were found in loneliness, composite ACT scores, and a measure of intelligence. Hypotheses relative to cognitive-academic measures were not supported statistically. Some trends in the data are discussed.
Principles and Parameters in Physics and Chemistry

The paper examines critically some recently published views by Ramsey on the contrast between ab initio and parametrized theories. I argue that, all things being equal, ab initio calculations are indeed regarded more highly in the physics and chemistry communities. A case study on density functional approaches in theoretical chemistry is presented in order to re-examine the question of ab initio and parametrized approaches in a contemporary context.
Good citizenship as a frame contest: Kony2012, memes, and critiques of the networked citizen

The rise of networked media has brought new opportunities and challenges for individuals’ engagement with politics. Some scholars propose that norms around “good citizenship” are evolving as well. Yet, little attention has been paid to how those debates play out in everyday cultural understandings. Drawing on the case of Kony2012, a highly visible social change campaign, we illustrate how perceptions of good citizenship can be understood as a contest between frames, one conducted not only by elites but also by individuals as they create and spread user-generated content. Using the theoretical lens of the frame contest, we contrast the hopeful image of the “networked citizen,” presented in the Kony2012 campaign, with counter-frames of “slacktivism,” presented in memes circulated in response to the campaign and its supporters. We posit the frame contest as a mechanism through which to understand how conceptions of good citizenship may change over time.
On zero steady-state error of single-phase PWM inverters voltage control and phase-locked loop system

This paper compares different control schemes for single-phase PWM inverter to achieve zero steady-state error under large varying load conditions. PR control and load current feedback control improve the steady-state and transient performance respectively. However, the load current feedback control is subject to control stability issue under some load conditions. The PR and synchronous d-q frame control using one type of “imaginary” component generation method in both current and voltage loops are equivalent. A novel d-q frame control strategy is then proposed eliminating the need for the imaginary component intrinsically. This approach is also applied to a new single-phase PLL system with zero steady-state error.
A stochastic algorithm for high speed capacitance extraction in integrated circuits

Abstract We present the theory of a novel stochastic algorithm for high-speed capacitance extraction in complex integrated circuits. The algorithm is most closely related to a statistical procedure for solving Laplace's equation known as the floating random-walk method. Overall computational efficiency stems from various factors: suitability to rectilinear geometries, statistical-error cancellation, selective integration over Gaussian surfaces and direct capacitance-matrix evaluation. Our analysis begins with Laplace's equation for a scalable square domain, subject to arbitrary Dirichlet conditions. A boundary-integral solution is then found, from which are obtained integrals for electric potential and electric field at the domain center. An electrode-capacitance integral is next derived. This integral is expanded as an infinite sum, and probability rules that statistically evaluate the sum are deduced. These rules define the algorithm. Three sources of numerical error associated with the algorithm have been identified. They are series-truncation error, space-discretization error and statistical error. All these errors can be adequately controlled through proper adjustment of algorithm parameters.
The Analysis of Sentence Production1

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of sentence production, by distinguishing between the general problem of language production, which must include message formulation, and the specific problem of sentence production, which may be viewed as translation process. The chapter assumes that somewhere in the recesses of the central nervous system, an interaction takes place among the current motor and perceptual experiences, stored information, motivational systems, and various other variables. This interaction gives rise to a communicative intention, also termed as message. This message has to be translated into a set of instructions sufficient to guide the articulatory apparatus. The final point that should be made from the analysis of sentence production is that even if one to has good evidence about the vocabulary of the computational system that mediates the translation from messages into their realization as instructions to the articulatory system, one would still be unsatisfied. The reason of this dissatisfaction is that one would want to be able to characterize the information flow in the system in terms of interactions between the various structural types represented in the computational vocabulary.
Dream of Empire: German Colonialism, 1919-1945

This study provides an over-all survey of colonial planning in the Third Reich. It deals with the diplomatic negotiations involving the German colonial claim and discusses the plans that existed for the creation and administration of a new German overseas empire.
The Christmas Island Wind Profiler: A Prototype VHF Wind-Profiling Radar for the Tropics

Abstract After a decade of development, VHF wind profilers are being used for atmospheric research at several locations in the tropical Pacific. A prototype 50-MHz wind profiler was installed on Christmas Island in 1985 and has operated continuously since March 1986 to monitor tropical wind fields in the altitude range 1.8–1 8 km. This paper presents an overview of the Christmas Island wind profiler and reviews its performance. A survey of sample wind observations and a brief climatology of the observed winds are included.
The Impact of Integrated Maneuver Guidance Information on UAS Pilots Performing the Detect and Avoid Task

The integrated human-in-the-loop (iHITL) simulation examined the effect of four different Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) display concepts on unmanned aircraft system (UAS) pilots' ability to maintain safe separation. The displays varied in the type and amount of guidance they provided to pilots. The study's background and methodology are discussed, followed by the 'measured response' data (i.e., pilots' end-to-end response time in reacting to traffic alerts on their DAA display). Results indicate that display type had a significant impact on how long pilot's spent interacting with the interface (i.e., edit times).
Corporate Prosecution, Cooperation, and the Trading of Favors

Both Sentencing and Prosecutorial Guidelines for Organizations provide distinct incentives for organizations to cooperate and accept responsibility in exchange for mitigation, exculpation or absolution. Ever increasing levels of corporate cooperation have become general proxies for organizational due diligence, because of these guidelines and a corresponding shift in regulatory orientation. In this Article, I question the fairness of trading corporate cooperation for government granted favors in certain cases. In Part I, guideline concerns raised by the white-collar defense bar are discussed in relation to organizational cooperation. Part II extends this discussion by highlighting a prototypic case that reveal the perils of crediting post-offense cooperation. Part III describes the government-business partnership in crime control in relation to cooperative models of regulatory oversight. Finally, I conclude that the "practical" partnership forged by the government and business through guideline incentives, a very positive achievement over pre-Guidelines adjudication, is at times compromised by the collaborative pursuit of culprits. One illustrative problem is with the trend toward "reverse whistleblowing" by corporations.
Hearing Research and the Association for Research in Otolaryngology (ARO)

ARO is a scientific society of researchers and clinical scientists engaged in re-search in ear biology, auditory and vestibular (hearing and balance) neurosciences, developmental biology, genetics and otolaryngology. There are about 2,300 members from 34 countries. 75% of the members are from the US and the remaining 25% are from Europe, Asia, and South America. The Midwinter Meeting generally has over 1,000 presentations and draws about 2,000 participants from all over the world. ARO maintains a website at www.aro.org. The program and abstracts of the Midwinter Meeting are available year-round on the website. ARO also publishes its own journal known as JARO (Journal of Association of Research in Otolaryngology), which is considered to be one of the top journals in auditory neuroscience.
Effect of dietary rapeseed oil on the fatty acid composition of testes of maturing rats.

SummaryTestes of rats fed a purified diet containing rapeseed oil from the time of weaning had more 16:1 and 18:1 and a smaller amount of 20:3 than testes fed a similar diet containing corn oil instead of rapeseed oil. Pups nursed by mothers maintained on the rapeseed oil diet from the day of delivery and continued on the diet after weaning had larger amounts of 18:1, 18:3, 20:1 and 22:6 and lower amounts of 22:5 than pups treated similarly but with corn oil as the dietary fat. No effect was noted in either experiment on the body weight, testicular weight, or the histological state of the testes by the rape-seed oil fed at 20% of the diet.
PS-042 Myokine Irisin Is Down-regulated In Fetal Growth Restriction

Background/aim Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) causes adaptations that program future propensity to obesity-related metabolic diseases, partly due to mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle, which is the major site of postprandial glucose disposal. Furthermore, IUGR fetuses present with compromised thermoregulation and susceptibility to hypothermia at birth, due to diminished insulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Irisin has recently been introduced as a novel myokine, which induces browning of the subcutaneous adipose tissue and consequent thermogenesis, while improving glucose metabolic parameters, such as insulin sensitivity and signalling. We aimed to prospectively investigate fetal circulating irisin concentrations in IUGR versus normal pregnancies and correlate them with various perinatal factors. Subjects and methods Plasma irisin concentrations were determined by ELISA in 50 mixed arteriovenous cord blood samples from IUGR (n = 30) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA, n = 20) singleton full-term pregnancies. Results Fetal irisin concentrations were lower in IUGR cases, compared to AGA controls (p = 0.031). No association was recorded between cord blood irisin concentrations and maternal age, parity, gestational age, delivery mode or fetal gender in both groups. Conclusions The well-documented impaired skeletal muscle metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in IUGR fetuses may account for their irisin deficiency, which may be part of the fetal programming process, leading to increased susceptibility to later development of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Furthermore, irisin down-regulation may represent an additional mechanism underlying the susceptibility of IUGR infants to hypothermia at birth, by inducing less “browning” of their already diminished subcutaneous adipose tissue and consequently less non-shivering thermogenesis at birth.
Second order fluid dynamics for the unitary Fermi gas from kinetic theory

We compute second order transport coefficients of the dilute Fermi gas at unitarity. The calculation is based on kinetic theory and the Boltzmann equation at second order in the Knudsen expansion. The second order transport coefficients describe the shear stress relaxation time, non-linear terms in the strain-stress relation, and non-linear couplings between vorticity and strain. An exact calculation in the dilute limit gives $\tau_R=\eta/P$, where $\tau_R$ is the shear stress relaxation time, $\eta$ is the shear viscosity, and $P$ is pressure. This relation is identical to the result obtained using the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) approximation to the collision term, but other transport coefficients are sensitive to the exact collision integral.
Churchill. By Ashley Jackson. (New York, NY: Quercus, 2011. Pp. 415. $30.00.)

The author escorts us on a rapid, enjoyable tour of Winston Churchill's life in this study. He gathers appealing anecdotes and quotations from Churchill's peers (historians’ views are referenced ra...
Fundamental limits of secure device-to-device coded caching

We consider a device-to-device coded caching system, where each user is guaranteed recover its requested file and is simultaneously prevented from recovering any file it did not request. We jointly optimize the cache placement and delivery policies such that a set of end users are able to satisfy their requests while preserving the confidentiality constraints. We develop an upper bound utilizing secret sharing schemes and one-time pad keying as well as a lower bound on the required transmission rate. Numerical results indicate that the gap between the bounds vanishes with increasing memory size.
The Evolution of Social Anxiety

Social relationships constitute a highly rewarding context for most people, providing a source of support and nurturance, as well as protection against loneliness, depression, and even death (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2010; Cohen, 2004; Steptoe, Shankar, Demakakos, & Wardle, 2013). Interpersonal relationships can also, however, be stressful. They are marked by periodic conflict with others and entail inherent risks of negative evaluation or criticism (Bertera, 2005; Rook, 1984). Further, social strains contribute to psychological and physical health problems (Seeman, Gruenewald, Cohen, Williams, & Matthews, 2014; Yang, Schorpp, & Harris, 2014). It is thus not surprising that interpersonal difficulties constitute one of the most common reasons that people seek psychological treatment (Bankoff, 1994; Benton, Robertson, Tseng, Newton, & Benton, 2003; Pledge, Lapan, Heppner, Kivlighan, & Roehlke, 1998). One particularly common manifestation of such difficulties is social anxiety (SA), defined as an excessive fear of negative evaluation that can lead people to avoid social engagement. Its associated behavior patterns may result, in the most severe cases, in a clinical diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD, formerly called social phobia; APA, 2013). Indeed, this disorder is common. Approximately 7–8% of adults meet the criteria for SAD in a given year (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, & Walters, 2005), and an additional 10–11% have at least some impairing symptoms (Fehm, Beesdo, Jacobi, & Fiedler, 2008).
The Form of Friendship in the Imperial Allegories of Anand and Forster

(2011). The Form of Friendship in the Imperial Allegories of Anand and Forster. South Asian Review: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 185-207.
Correction to: Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Psoriasis

Following publication of this article [1] it came to our attention that we neglected to reference an article by Ishwarlal Jialal published in Critical Pathways in Cardiology [2].
Small intestinal transplantation for irreversible intestinal failure in children.

Permanent intestinal failure, whether secondary to severe gastrointestinal tract dysfunction or short bowel syndrome, remains a challenging pediatric health problem that requires innovative therapeutic modalities. Steatorrhea and intractable diarrhea result in failure to thrive, hypovitaminosis, hypoproteinemia, electrolyte disturbance, and metabolic acidosis if parenteral alimentation (TPN) is begun too late. A variety of medical and surgical treatments have been devised to address each of the underlying causes of childhood intestinal failure. None the less, a significant percentage of children with intestinal failure remain permanently bound to parenteral nutrition. While some of these children suffer minimal morbidity, others succumb to the life-threatening complications of TPN. Until recently they had no hope for survival, but within the past decade small intestinal transplantation has offered them an opportunity for prolonged life emancipated from the shackles of TPN. In this review, we shall discuss in detail microvillus inclusion disease, intestinal pseudoobstruction, and short bowel syndrome, which are the most common causes of pediatric intestinal failure coming to intestinal transplantation. The factors facilitating intestinal adaptation or predisposing to irreversible liver disease in children with short bowel syndrome will be described. We shall also enumerate the indications for pediatric intestinal transplantation and outline the surgical techniques, postoperative management, and results of our experience to date at the University of Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute. Finally we shall recount recent scientific advances likely to improve patient survival in the future.
The incidence of transient hyperprolactinemia in gonadotropin stimulated cycles for in vitro fertilization and its effect on pregnancy outcome

The incidence of transient hyperprolactinemia and its impact on in vitro fertilization (IVF) were determined in 151 euprolactinemic women with tubal infertility undergoing an identical gonadotropin stimulation for IVF. Prolactin (PRL) levels were measured on the morning of cycle day 3, days of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration, and peak estradiol (E2), and in the midluteal phase. Women were divided into high (H: peak E2 greater than 1,000 pg/mL, n = 51), intermediate (I:peak E2: 500 to 800 pg/mL, n = 50), or low (L:peak E2 less than 400 pg/mL, n = 50) E2 response groups. There was no difference in the incidence of hyperprolactinemia on cycle day 3 between the response groups (H:16%, I: 12%, and L:8%). However, high responders had a higher incidence of hyperprolactinemia than intermediate or low responders on all other study days. The incidence of hyperprolactinemia was greater than baseline (cycle day 3) only in the high responders on the day of peak E2. Serum prolactin was strongly correlated with peak E2 (r = 0.41). There were no differences in the number of preovulatory oocytes retrieved or fertilized or the pregnancy rates between hyperprolactinemic and euprolactinemic patients in each response group or when all hyperprolactinemic and euprolactinemic patients, regardless of E2 response, were compared. Transient hyperprolactinemia during gonadotropin stimulation for IVF occurs and correlates with E2 response but has no impact on IVF outcome.
Electron Scattering by N2: From Muffin-Tin to MCSCF Potentials

Over the past few years, we have performed calculations for the scattering of electrons by N2 1 in which the target electron density is described by several wave-functions which differ both in accuracy and ease of computation. The aim of these calculations has been twofold: First, to provide a set of well-converged results for scattering by N2 of intermediate energy electrons; second, to determine the accuracy of the various wave-function models using a consistent scattering formulation. The hope has been to calibrate the models so that in similar calculations for larger molecular systems, in which it will not be feasible to use even Hartree-Fock wave-functions, less accurate models can be used with an understanding of the limitations.
Grapevine leafroll disease alters leaf physiology but has little effect on plant cold hardiness

Foliar sugar accumulation in grapevines with leafroll disease was correlated with lower photosynthesis, likely due to feedback inhibition. However, cold acclimation of dormant tissues remained unaffected by the virus status. Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV) contribute to losses in fruit yield and quality worldwide. Visually, leafroll disease symptoms appear similar to those associated with an imbalance in source/sink relations and a concomitant feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, which is often caused by an impasse in sugar translocation. In order to test this potential relationship and related physiological responses, leaf water status, gas exchange, non-structural carbohydrates, and dormant tissue cold hardiness were examined over 2 years in healthy and GLRaV-3-infected, field-grown Merlot grapevines. Diurnal and seasonal changes in leaf water status and gas exchange were dominated by variations in water availability, temperature, and leaf age, while GLRaV-3 infection contributed less to the overall variation. By contrast, foliar carbohydrates increased markedly in infected plants, with starch accumulating early in the growing season, followed by soluble sugar accumulation, leaf reddening, and declining gas exchange. Photosynthesis correlated negatively with leaf sugar content. However, dormant-season cold hardiness of buds and cane vascular tissues was similar in healthy and infected vines. These findings support the idea that visible symptoms of grapevine leafroll disease are a consequence of carbohydrate accumulation which, in turn, may lead to feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. In addition, this study provided evidence that GLRaV-3 infection is unlikely to alter the susceptibility to moderate water deficit and winter damage in mature Merlot grapevines.
The Pricing of Equity Ipos that Follow Public Debt Offerings

We examine the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) of equity by firms that make prior public debt offerings. We find that subsequent IPOs are associated with significantly lower underpricing. Further, the price dispersion of the preliminary filing price range is smaller, as is the price revision subsequent to information gathering during the road show. The lower underpricing is confined to subsequent IPOs that are rated. Since rated IPOs tend to be financially stronger than non-rated IPOs, our results suggest that a longer history of information helps reduce the indirect cost of issue for good quality firms.
Education, Welfare, and the

President Reagan's proposal for a "New Federalism" raises a fundamental challenge to our current structure of Federal-state-local fiscal relations.This research examInes the lIkely consequences of the New Federalism for fiscal allocations by state governments, and attempts to model the impact on both the size of state budgets and on the sectors on which that budget is spent. A political economy model of state budgeting is specified and estimated for a sample of forty-four states for the years 1966-1980.The analysis focuses on the two most visible sectors of state government expenditure, welfare and education, while accounting for the remaining end uses of state funds, other expenditure and taxes. Two general conclusions emerge from the analysis. First, current fiscal allocations by states are significantly influenced by the structure of Federal aid; without Federal matching rules and spending requirements states would choose to spend less on education and welfare services and more on tax relief and the numerous other state activities. Second, the New Federalism, as it relaxes the spending rules and reduces the level of Federal aid, both reduces state education and welfare spending and decreases the aggregate level of state expenditure. We conclude the New Federalism will succeed in reaching its objectives; the government sector will be more decentralized, with the additional consequence of reduced government budgets.
Visual Diagnosis: An Extremely Preterm Neonate with Gray Plaques on the Back.

A 5-day-old preterm male infant presents with gray-brown crusted plaques on the midback with surrounding erythematous patches. On admission to the NICU, surfactant was administered and umbilical lines were placed. Ampicillin and gentamicin were started empirically. Over the next 2 days, the infant underwent extubation to noninvasive ventilation, trophic feeds were initiated, and antibiotics were discontinued because the blood culture was negative. Phototherapy was initiated for hyperbilirubinemia. On postnatal day 3, the patient developed acute pulmonary hemorrhage and bilateral grade 3 intraventricular hemorrhage requiring reintubation, blood products, and vasopressor support. Laboratory tests demonstrated hyperglycemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). Blood culture specimen was obtained and treatment was started with ampicillin and ceftazidime. Bilirubin blanket was added on postnatal day 4 for increasing bilirubin. Antibiotics were discontinued on postnatal day 5 because of negative cultures. On postnatal day 5, a few gray crusted plaques and surrounding erythema were noted on his midback (Fig 1). The bilirubin blanket was discontinued; treatment with topical bacitracin was initiated with transient improvement in erythema. On postnatal day 9, the …
Discovering functional sequences with RELICS, an analysis method for CRISPR regulatory screens

Abstract CRISPR regulatory screens are a powerful technology for discovering sequences that control gene expression, however, a lack of analysis methods limits their effectiveness. In addition, method performance is difficult to assess due to an absence of datasets where the identities of true regulatory sequences are known. To address these problems, we developed an analysis method, RELICS, and a simulation framework, CRSsim, for CRISPR regulatory screens. RELICS detects regulatory elements by modeling guide counts across multiple pools representing different conditions or expression levels and CRSsim generates realistic datasets where the ground truth is known. We used CRSsim to generate 4320 datasets representing 144 scenarios with different characteristics. We compared analysis methods on these datasets and found that RELICS has the best performance under most conditions. We applied RELICS to 8 published datasets for 15 genes and identify previously-validated elements as well as multiple putative elements that were missed by other methods.
Diastolic Pulmonary Gradient as a Predictor of Right Ventricular Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Background Diastolic pulmonary gradient (DPG) was proposed as a better marker of pulmonary vascular remodeling compared with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and transpulmonary gradient (TPG). T...
Structural Basis of Inhibitor Selectivity in Human Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 and Tryptophan Dioxygenase.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (hIDO1) and tryptophan dioxygenase (hTDO) are two of the only three heme-based dioxygenases in humans. They have recently been identified as key cancer immunotherapeutic drug targets. While structures of hIDO1 in complex with inhibitors have been documented, so far there are no structures of hTDO-inhibitor complexes available. Here we use PF-06840003 (IPD), a hIDO1-selective inhibitor in clinical trials, as a structural probe to elucidate inhibitor-selectivity in hIDO1 versus hTDO. Spectroscopic studies show that IPD exhibits 400-fold higher inhibition activity toward hIDO1 with respect to hTDO. Crystallographic structures reveal that the binding pocket of IPD in the active site in hIDO1 is much more flexible as compared to that in hTDO, which offers a molecular explanation for the superior inhibition activity of IPD in hIDO1 with respect to hTDO. In addition to the IPD bound in the active site, a second IPD molecule was identified in an inhibitory site on the proximal side of the heme in hIDO1 and in an exosite that is ∼40 A away from the active site in hTDO. Taken together the data provide new insights into structure-based design of mono and dual inhibitors targeting hIDO1 and/or hTDO.
Dynamic Caching Content Replacement in Base Station Assisted Wireless D2D Caching Networks

The concentrated popularity distribution of video files and the caching of popular files on users and their subsequent distribution via device-to-device (D2D) communications have dramatically increased the throughput of wireless video networks. However, since popularity distribution is not time-invariant, and the files available in the neighborhood can change when other users move into and out of the neighborhood, there is a need for replacement of cache content. In this work, we propose a practical and feasible replacement architecture for base station (BS) assisted wireless D2D caching networks by exploiting the broadcasting of the BS. Based on the proposed architecture, we formulate a caching content replacement problem, with the goal of maximizing the time-average service rate under the cost constraint and queue stability. We combine the reward-to-go concept and the drift-plus-penalty methodology to develop a solution framework for the problem at hand. To realize the solution framework, two algorithms are proposed. The first algorithm is simple, but exploits only the historical record. The second algorithm can exploit both the historical record and future information, but is complex. Our simulation results indicate that when dynamics exist, the systems exploiting the proposed designs can outperform the systems using a static policy.
Comparison of 6 injectable anesthetic regimens and isoflurane in gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica).

Gray short-tailed opossums are used in a wide variety of research in the areas of developmental biology, oncology, immunology, and comparative biology. Despite many frequent experimental manipulations of these animals under anesthesia, few studies to date have characterized the effects of anesthesia in this species. Our aim was to identify safe and effective injectable anesthetic combinations using ketamine and xylazine or ketamine and dexmedetomidine at doses of 40 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg for ketamine, 5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg for xylazine, and 0.05 mg/kg to 0.1 mg/kg for dexmedetomidine. Effects of the proposed regimens ranged from light sedation to surgical anesthesia, but only 100 mg/kg ketamine + 0.1 mg/kg dexmedetomidine induced surgical anesthesia in all opossums, with a mean duration of 25.4 min. The 2 lowest doses of ketamine and xylazine (40 mg/kg ketamine + 5 mg/kg xylazine and 40 mg/kg ketamine + 10 mg/kg xylazine) achieved sedation to light anesthesia in all animals but did not produce a surgical plane of anesthesia in any animal. All regimens that induced a surgical plane of anesthesia caused bradycardia and bradypnea, and 75 mg/kg ketamine + 10 mg/kg xylazine and 100 mg/kg ketamine + 0.1 mg/kg dexmedetomidine caused the greatest decreases in SpO2. Except for one opossum that died of unknown causes, all animals remained healthy and apparently free of anesthetic complications. Among all treatments, isoflurane delivered by a precision vaporizer provided the most consistent and reliable anesthesia; therefore, we recommend inhalant anesthesia over the injectable combinations used in this study.
Lessons Learned from Spectranomics: Wet Tropical Forests

One of the major struggles for biodiversity science is how to measure biodiversity at scales relevant for conservation and management, particularly in wet tropical forests where vast, largely inaccessible landscapes and enormous taxonomic variation make field-based approaches alone infeasible, and current Earth-observing satellites are unable to detect compositional differences or forest functional changes over time. The Spectranomics approach was developed to link plant canopy functional traits to their spectral properties with the objective of providing time-varying, scalable methods for remote sensing (RS) of forest biodiversity. In this chapter we explain key components of Spectranomics and highlight some of the major lessons learned over the past decade as we developed the program in tropical forests sites around the world.
Reconceptualizing Urban Violence from the Global South

Although urban violence is most often theorized in relation to marginality, violence affects wealthy and poor in Latin America, albeit in different ways. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork and media ...
Conclusions: The Implications of ‘Bank Bargains’ for Democratic Politics

This concluding chapter provides an overview of the main arguments to explain the fragility of the Spanish banking system. It shows how domestic social, political, and economic factors have been crucial to understand coalition formations and policy choices in Spain. These coalitions have not been neutral, and they have influenced the stability and resilience of the Spanish banking system and its ability to provide credit. It also outlines some lessons from the Spanish experience and analyzes the main implications of the crisis.
High-Performance Work Systems' Dual Impact on Workplace Well-Being and its Boundary Condition

For an extended period of time, high-performance work systems (HPWS) were debated by scholars whether they indeed enhance employees’ workplace well-being at the individual level. While some scholar...
The Role of Voice Suppression in Case Managers’ Job Satisfaction and Retention: A Focus Group Inquiry

With the goal of improving child well-being, child welfare agencies have begun to focus on the child welfare workforce and to advance strategies that address job satisfaction and retention. A qualitative approach was employed to gather the perspectives of case managers regarding these important issues. Ten foster care case managers participated through three focus groups. Responses were solicited using a semi-structured set of questions primarily focused on critical factors that affect job satisfaction and turnover. Through inductive coding, a prominent theme emerged regarding the suppression of case managers’ voices. Case managers described the suppression of their voices during decision-making in foster care cases by five types of actors, i.e., supervisors, judges, guardians ad litem, attorneys, and funding agency representatives. Further, they described the negative effects this experience had on both themselves and the children and families they serve. These results demonstrate the importance of inter-professional interactions in the foster care field. Further research is needed to identify the extent of this problem and the ways in which interactions can be improved and all voices can be considered.
Induction and Donor Specific Antibodies in Low Immunologic Risk Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background Optimal induction for patients without pretransplant donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) is poorly defined. The goal of this study was to compare the incidence of de novo DSA (dnDSA) and graft outcomes between induction therapies in patients with a negative virtual crossmatch (VXM). Methods A retrospective chart review was performed, identifying 782 patients with a negative VXM who underwent kidney transplantation at a single, high-volume institution between January 2013 and May 2017. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to assess the incidence of dnDSA and allograft survival between induction therapies in this group. dnDSA is defined as the development of new post-transplant DSA, at any MFI level. Results Induction therapy included alemtuzumab (N=87, 11%), basiliximab (N=522, 67%), and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG; N=173, 22%). One-year graft survival was similar between groups (alemtuzumab, 100%; basiliximab, 98%; ATG, 99%). Incidence of acute rejection at 1 year was Conclusions In summary, alemtuzumab was associated with a higher rate of dnDSA development in patients with a negative VXM; however, this finding was not associated with rejection or graft failure.
Myocardial Infarction Type 2: Avoiding Pitfalls and Preventing Adverse Outcomes

Myocardial infarction type 2 (MI type 2) is an elevation of cardiac biomarkers in a physiologically stressful state leading to demand-supply mismatch of oxygen. This type of myocardial infarction is commonly seen in hospitalized patients. Since the introduction of clear definition, diagnostic criteria and International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes, the diagnosis has become increasingly common. There still remains plenty to learn about MI type 2 especially prevention and treatment strategies. Studies have shown that there is increased mortality and morbidity associated with MI type 2 when compared to MI type 1, and there may be benefit in having a multi-disciplinary approach including cardiology when treating such patients. Secondary prevention therapies may also play a role in decreasing adverse events from MI type 2. However, randomized control trials are insufficient, and results of studies are cautiously interpreted. In this article we have assessed the current evidence on MI type 2 and the gap in literature that will potentially be the focus of future analyses.