cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Burrow Abundance and Area as a Predictor of Gopher Tortoise Population Size

Because gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) occupy high-value lands in the southeastern United States, are declining throughout their range, and stir public passion when they are entombed through currently legal take, refined conservation measures for this species are needed. Of particular interest is a determination of how many individuals constitute a population and what sized areas are required by such populations so that animals currently in harm's way might be moved to designated reserve areas. We use surveys of burrows of gopher tortoises from a large sample of areas of differing sizes to test for a relaxation of the linear relationship between area and number of burrows expected at the edge of a population of gopher tortoises. For measures of burrow abundance, some of our data are from sites on which estimates were based on transect samples; on other sites, complete counts were made. The relationship between area and abundance was elevated for transect samples compared to similar data from complete counts, indicating that transect data yield inflated counts when extrapolated over large areas. For complete counts, our data indicate a threshold point at which a linear relationship between area and abundance ends and a loss of this relationship for larger areas begins. This threshold point suggests that, on average, populations of gopher tortoises consist of 444 burrows, cover 755 ha, and contain 240 tortoises. These figures describe features of tortoises inhabiting a variety of lands that differ in current management goals and past land-use history. Our results suggest that many current reserve areas for gopher tortoises are likely to be too small. Our results also provide an example of how key conservation variables can be generated for long-lived species. IN RESPONSE TO growing public concern over legal take of gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in Florida, USA, via entombment in their burrows by developers, Hiaasen (2006) led a newspaper column with the statement that ''If your kids asked to bury a small animal alive, you'd be horrified.'' These words, among others, brought an unusual sense of urgency to revision of Florida's management policy for gopher tortoises. This urgency is likely to increase the speed with which gopher tortoises will be required to be moved from harm's way to reserve areas throughout the range of the species. In order for these efforts to lead to sustainable populations, refined estimates of how many gopher tortoises constitute a popu- lation and how much area such populations require will be needed. One approach to determining population size is based on the relationship between the abundance of individuals of a given species
Thermal Performance of Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Vapor Chamber Wicks

Vapor chambers are often used as spreaders to dissipate high heat fluxes by taking advantage of liquid-vapor phase change. Wicking of the working fluid in vapor chambers is accomplished through capillary action, which is strongly affected by the wick structure. Traditionally, copper meshes with micrometer-scale pore sizes have been used as wicking structures, but it is expected that heat fluxes in the next generation of high-power electronic devices will cause boiling in these devices and lead to dryout with conventional wick materials. With a goal of increasing maximum heat dissipation and reducing thermal resistance, a wick structure composed of both conventional copper mesh and carbon nanotubes has been developed and characterized. The high-permeability mesh provides for a low-resistance bulk flow path while the carbon nanotubes, with their high thermal conductivity and high surface area, modify the wick surface for enhanced capillary action. CNT-enhanced integrated wicks were fabricated by sintering a copper mesh on Cu-Mo-Cu substrates, on which CNTs were grown. A thin layer of copper was evaporated onto the CNTs to improve wicking and wettability with water, the working fluid of interest. Samples grown under varying degrees of positive bias voltage and varying thicknesses of post-CNT-growth copper evaporation were fabricated, so that the surface morphology of the samples could be varied. The resultant boiling curves and associated wick thermal resistances indicate that micro/nano integrated wicks fabricated with higher positive bias voltages during CNT synthesis, and thicker copper coatings, lead to improved thermal performance and lower wick thermal resistance. Notably, heat fluxes at the heater surface of greater than 500 W/cm2 were observed without reaching a critical heat flux condition.© 2010 ASME
Spatially Multiplexed Fiber-optic Microscopy for Simultaneous Imaging of Multiple Brain Regions

Spatially multiplexed fiber-optic imager is experimentally demonstrated. Our system utilizes a trifurcated fiber bundles for real-time brain imaging in 3 different areas.
The Cretaceous‐Tertiary extinction: Modeling carbon flux and ecological response

[1] It is widely recognized that a significant negative excursion in carbon isotopic (δ13C) differences between planktic and benthic foraminiferal tests occurred at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. We applied parametric and nonparametric breakpoint tests and statistical comparisons of different recovery models to assess the timing and pattern of recovery from this negative excursion at South Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 528 and equatorial Pacific DSDP Site 577. Our results indicate a two-stage recovery with an initial recovery to an intermediate state of planktic-to-benthic δ13C differences followed by a discontinuous shift to a final state with planktic-to-benthic δ13C differences similar to preextinction values. The final discontinuous shift in both the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean sites occurred several million years after the K-T collapse of planktic-to-benthic δ13C differences. Both the first and second stages of recovery are best described by damped exponential relaxations. The pattern and timing of this carbon cycle recovery may have been contingent on the occurrence of key biological events.
Low-temperature heat capacities of synthetic pyrope, grossular, and pyrope60grossular40

Abstract The heat capacities of synthetic pyrope (Mg 3 Al 2 Si 2 O 12 ), grossular (Ca 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 ) and a solid solution pyrope 60 grossular 40 (Mg 1.8 Ca 1.2 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 ) have been measured by adiabatic calorimetry in the temperature range 10–350 K. The samples were crystallized from glasses in a conventional piston-cylinder apparatus. The molar thermophysical properties at 298.15 K (J mol −1 K −1 ) are: C o p S o 298 −S o 0 H o 298 −H o 0 /T Pyrope 325.31 266.27 47852 Grossular 333.17 260.12 47660 Py 60 Gr 40 328.32 268.32 47990 The values for the end members are significantly greater than those presented previously for natural samples of pyrope and grossular. The pyrope 60 grossular 40 exhibits an excess heat capacity below 120 K; the maximum occurs at 45–50 K. The anomalously high heat capacity of pyrope at low temperatures and the excess heat capacity of the solid solution are apparently caused by the unusually large, eight-fold coordination of Mg 2+ in the garnet structure.
The School Property Tax Reconsidered.

Recent literature has defined school finance reform in terms offairness to pupils and taxpayers. One major reform plan implemented in several states has been the Guaranteed Tax Base (G. T.B.): a plan designed to equalize the property tax bases of school districts. This paper analyzes tax equalization for school districts in terms of fairness to persons. Central cities are used as the illustrative case. Citing past research and his own findings, the author concludes that achievement of tax base equali zation is fundamentally irrelevant to interpersonal equity. The author suggests a financing system that promotes equity among persons, rele gating property tax equalization to a minor role.
Dynamic Programming-Based Column Generation on Time-Expanded Networks: Application to the Dial-a-Flight Problem

We present a relaxation-based dynamic programming algorithm for solving resource-constrained shortest-path problems (RCSPPs) in the context of column generation for the dial-a-flight problem. The resulting network formulation and pricing problem require solving RCSPPs on extremely large time-expanded networks having a huge number of local resource constraints, i.e., constraints that apply to small subnetworks. The relaxation-based dynamic programming algorithm alternates between a forward and a backward search. Each search employs bounds derived in the previous search to prune the search space. Between consecutive searches, the relaxation is tightened using a set of critical resources and a set of critical arcs over which these resources are consumed. As a result, a relatively small state space is maintained, and many paths can be pruned while guaranteeing that an optimal path is ultimately found.
Does Teacher Evaluation Improve School Performance? Experimental Evidence from Chicago's Excellence in Teaching Project.

AbstractChicago Public Schools initiated the Excellence in Teaching Project, a teacher evaluation program designed to increase student learning by improving classroom instruction through structured principal–teacher dialogue. The pilot began in forty-four elementary schools in 2008–09 (cohort 1) and scaled up to include an additional forty-eight elementary schools in 2009–10 (cohort 2). Leveraging the experimental design of the rollout, cohort 1 schools performed better in reading and math than cohort 2 schools at the end of the first year, though the math effects are not statistically significant. We find the initial improvement for cohort 1 schools remains even after cohort 2 schools adopted the program. Moreover, the pilot differentially impacted schools with different characteristics. Higher-achieving and lower-poverty schools were the primary beneficiaries, suggesting the intervention was most successful in more advantaged schools. These findings are relevant for policy makers and school leaders who ...
SNTG1, the gene encoding γ1-syntrophin: a candidate gene for idiopathic scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) affects approximately 2%-3% of the population and has a heritable component. The genetics of this disorder are complex. Here, we describe a family in which a pericentric inversion of chromosome 8 co-segregates with IS. We have used fluorescence in situ hybridization to identify cloned DNAs that span the breakpoints on the two arms of the chromosome. We have identified a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) of 150 kb that crosses the q-arm breakpoint and a BAC of 120 kb that crosses the p-arm breakpoint. The complete genomic DNA sequence of these BACs has been analyzed to identify candidate genes and to localize further the precise breakpoints. This has revealed that the p-arm break does not interrupt any known gene and occurs in a region of highly repetitive sequence elements. On the q-arm, the break occurs between exons 10 and 11 of the gamma-1 syntrophin (SNTG1) gene. Syntrophins are a group of cytoplasmic peripheral membrane proteins that associate directly with dystrophin, the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene; gamma1-syntrophin has been shown to be a neuronal cell-specific protein. Mutational analysis of SNTG1 exons in 152 sporadic IS patients has revealed a 6-bp deletion in exon 10 of SNTG1 in one patient and a 2-bp insertion/deletion mutation occurring in a polypyrimidine tract of intronic sequence 20 bases upstream of the SNTG1 exon 5 splice site in two patients. These changes were not seen in a screen of 480 control chromosomes. Genomic DNAs from seven affected individuals within the family of a patient carrying the 6-bp deletion were typed to determine whether the alteration co-segregated with IS. The deletion was only observed in five out of these seven individuals. Thus, although genetic heterogeneity or multiple alleles cannot be ruled out, the 6-bp deletion does not consistently co-segregate with the disease in this family.
The Anchoring of Nuclei by Cytoplasmic Microtubules in Acetabularia

The giant unicellular alga Acetabularia enters the reproductive phase of growth when the cap has completed its expansion. The primary nucleus then divides and the resulting secondary nuclei take up fixed equidistant positions in the coenocytic cap cytoplasm. These positions are visible as colourless areas in the otherwise green caps. Studies on the cytology and ultrastructure of the caps at this stage showed that each secondary nucleus was surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm which was free from chloroplasts and mitochondria, but which contained many microtubules, some of which were closely associated with the nuclear envelope, while others appeared to touch the plasmalemma adjacent to the cell wall. (Microtubules are not a regular feature of Acetabularia cells; they have not been reported in the stems, young caps or cysts, and vegetative growth is not inhibited by colchicine.) The function of the microtubules was investigated by treatment with colchicine or vinblastine sulphate, both of which depolymerize microtubules in many other systems. Administration of these drugs at 10 -3 M and greater concentrations had the following effects: (1) the colourless areas were lost as chloroplasts and mitochondria invaded the cytoplasm around each secondary nucleus; (2) the nuclei began to migrate from their fixed positions; and (3) cyst formation (in which the cytoplasm cleaves into uniformly sized cysts, each containing a single secondary nucleus) either was inhibited, or proceeded abnormally. It is therefore proposed that a major function of these transitory microtubules is to anchor the secondary nuclei at fixed equidistant positions in the cytoplasm. This function is probably mediated by their association both with the nuclear envelope and cell membrane.
Peripartum Heart Failure due to Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: Two Case Reports

Summary Objective Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) with pregnancy can result in peripartum heart failure and a high mortality rate. We report two cases of fatal PPH in pregnant women. Case Reports From July 1992 to July 2002, two pregnant women with PPH were treated in our hospital. Case 1 was a 24-year-old primigravida, referred to our institution at 33 weeks of gestation because of signs of heart failure. She delivered a male baby by emergency cesarean section under general anesthesia. Five hours later, she developed severe systemic hypotension and died of cardiovascular collapse despite aggressive treatment and intensive care. Case 2 was a 29-year-old para 0 gravida 1 woman. She had been transferred to our hospital at 34 weeks of gestation, when fatigue, increasing dyspnea, orthopnea, tachycardia, chest pain, and peripheral cyanosis were found in our emergency department. She delivered a male baby by cesarean section under general anesthesia. Four hours later, she suddenly developed cyanosis and tachycardia, followed by electromechanical dissociation. All attempts at resuscitation were unsuccessful, and cardiac arrest ensued. Conclusion We suggest that cesarean section be carried out with the help of the intensive care unit since transportation of the patient from the operating theatre to the intensive care unit is time-consuming and may result in deterioration of the patient's condition. A multidisciplinary team approach to management in the second trimester may reduce the high mortality rate.
Identification and quantification of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) in the blood plasma of six marine bivalves

Histidine-rich Glycoprotein (HRG) is a metal-binding protein described from the blood plasma of a pteriomorph bivalve, the marine mussel Mytilus edulis L. We demonstrate here, using Cd-Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC), SDS-PAGE, Western Blotting, and ELISA, that HRG is present in three additional pteriomorphs and two heterodont bivalves. ELISA indicates that HRG is the predominant blood plasma protein in all six species (41 to 61% of total plasma proteins by weight). Thus, HRG appears to be a widespread metal-binding protein in the plasma of bivalves.
The Cytogenetic Analysis of a Fractured Gene in Drosophila

The data presented in this study are derived from the analyses of Notch mutants known to be associated with visible cytological deficiencies. One mutant, Df(1)N(62b1), described as a right-side deficiency, bears a deletion that apparently initiates within the Notch locus and extends to the right as far as the locus of dm. Recombination experiments using heterozygotes of Df(1)N(62b1) with a series of intragenic point mutants within the Notch cistron suggest that this deficiency represents a deletion for the right-end portion of the gene. A consideration of the cytology of Df(1)N(62b1) supports the cytogenetic inference that, if a Notch locus-3C7 relationship is valid, the missing portion of the gene as assayed by recombination experiments has an interband position between 3C7 and 8.-The data derived from two left-side deficiencies with a genetic lesion in Notch and a deletion extending to w are somewhat equivocal, but they do support the presumed Notch locus-3C7 band relationship and thereby enhance the likelihood that Df(1)N(62b1) is correctly interpreted.-Cytogenetic information presently available suggests that, although a significant portion of the Notch cistron has a position on the salivary map identified as interband 3C7 to 8, the 3C7 band is part of the total picture of the Notch gene.
Teaching and Testing Interpreting and Translating edited by PELLATT, VALERIE, KATE GRIFFITHS, & SHAO–CHUAN WU

The article reviews the book “Teaching and Testing Interpreting and Translating," edited by Valerie Pellatt, Kate Griffiths, and Shao-Chuan Wu.
Cognitivism and the Arts

Cognitivism in respect to the arts refers to a constellation of positions that share in common the idea that artworks often bear, in addition to aesthetic value, a significant kind of cognitive value. In this paper I concentrate on three things: (i) the challenge of understanding exactly what one must do if one wishes to defend a cognitivist view of the arts; (ii) common anti-cognitivist arguments; and (iii) promising recent attempts to defend cognitivism.
Improving software reliability and productivity via mining program source code

A software system interacts with third-party libraries through various APIs. Insufficient documentation and constant refactorings of third-party libraries make API library reuse difficult and error prone. Using these library APIs often needs to follow certain usage patterns. These patterns aid developers in addressing commonly faced programming problems such as what checks should precede or follow API calls, how to use a given set of APIs for a given task, or what API method sequence should be used to obtain one object from another. Ordering rules (specifications) also exist between APIs, and these rules govern the secure and robust operation of the system using these APIs. These patterns and rules may not be well documented by the API developers. Furthermore, usage patterns and specifications might change with library refactorings, requiring changes in the software that reuse the library. To address these issues, we develop novel techniques (and their supporting tools) based on mining source code, assisting developers in productively reusing third party libraries to build reliable and secure software.
Application of state-of-the-art in measurement and data analysis techniques for vibration evaluation of a tall building

Recent advancements in sensing and data acquisition technology have made monitoring of structures and infrastructure more affordable and, at the same time, more comprehensive. Examples of such advancements are application of wireless technology for communication, the utilisation of fully automated systems for long-term monitoring and the remote control of the sensing system over Internet. Although each of these technologies has been used in different structural health monitoring projects in the recent years, inclusion of an all-in-one sensing system represents the state-of-the-art in measurement techniques. This paper presents the integration of all of the above-mentioned advanced monitoring approaches in one sensing system for forensic quantification of an in-service tall building. The inclusive measurement and monitoring system along with advanced data analysis techniques enabled extraction of detailed information about dynamic characteristics of the building structure and development of reliable conclusions regarding its performance. It is shown that the performance of the investigated structural components is satisfactory in terms of strength demand. However, the level of vibration in some portions of the structure does not meet the limits of human comfort. In addition, wind-speed spectrum, acceleration response spectrum and the modes of lateral vibration are extracted to assist with evaluation of the structure's performance.
Is the PAMELA Positron Excess Winos

Recently the PAMELA satellite-based experiment reported an excess of galactic positrons that could be a signal of annihilating dark matter. The PAMELA data may admit an interpretation as a signal from a winolike lightest supersymmetric particle of mass about 200 GeV, normalized to the local relic density, and annihilating mainly into W bosons. This possibility requires the current conventional estimate for the energy loss rate of positrons to be too large by roughly a factor of 5. Data from antiprotons and gamma rays also provide tension with this interpretation, but there are significant astrophysical uncertainties associated with their propagation. It is not unreasonable to take this well-motivated candidate seriously, at present, in part because it can be tested in several ways soon. The forthcoming PAMELA data on higher energy positrons and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope) data should provide important clues as to whether this scenario is correct. If correct, the wino interpretation implies a cosmological history in which the dark matter does not originate in thermal equilibrium.
A SiGe Envelope-Tracking Power Amplifier With an Integrated CMOS Envelope Modulator for Mobile WiMAX/3GPP LTE Transmitters

This paper presents a SiGe envelope-tracking (ET) cascode power amplifier (PA) with an integrated CMOS envelope modulator for mobile WiMAX and 3GPP long-term evolution (LTE) transmitters (TXs). The entire ET-based RF PA system delivers the linear output power of 22.3/24.3 dBm with the overall power-added efficiency of 33%/42% at 2.4 GHz for the WiMAX 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM) and the 3GPP LTE 16 quadrature amplitude modulation, respectively. Additionally, it exhibits a highly efficient broadband characteristic for multiband applications. Compared to the conventional fixed-supply cascode PA, our ET-based cascode PA meets the WiMAX/LTE spectral mask and error vector magnitude spec at close to its P1dB compression without the need of predistortion. The SiGe PA and the CMOS envelope modulator are both designed and fabricated in the TSMC 0.35-μm SiGe BiCMOS process on the same die. This study represents an essential integration step toward achieving a fully monolithic large-signal ET-based TX for wideband wireless applications.
Carbon dioxide concentration for manned spacecraft using a molten carbonate electrochemical cell

A high-temperature molten carbonate electrochemical cell has been tested for use as a carbon dioxide concentrator in a manned spacecraft. Carbon dioxide is removed from a stream of cabin air supplied to the cathode of the bench scale cell. It is then concentrated through the molten carbonate electrolyte to the anode. The anode is fed either hydrogen (energy producer) or nitrogen (substance producer). Performance variation with gas flow rate, cell temperature, carbon dioxide partial pressure, and current are presented and analyzed.
Myoepithelioma of the Retroperitoneum

An abdominal mass detected in a 36-year-old man was thought from radiologic studies to be a renal neoplasm, but at surgery the kidney was found to be uninvolved. The 9.5-cm retroperitoneal tumor was resected totally and found to be encapsulated, and it appeared to be benign by light microscopy. The pattern of the spindle cells throughout the tumor suggested a cellular schwannoma, but immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies did not support schwannian differentiation and instead revealed epithelial and smooth muscle features compatible with a myoepithelioma.
Cystic pancreatic neoplasms

Cystic pancreatic neoplasms comprise a heterogeneous group of pathologic entities. Mucinous cystic tumors and serous cystadenomas account for more than 75% of reported cases. While serous cystadenomas are almost uniformly benign, mucinous cystic tumors all have malignant potential and must be treated as such. While both clinical and biochemical features can distinguish among the various cystic pancreatic lesions, surgical resection is often required for both definitive diagnosis and treatment. When surgery is performed, benign lesions should be treated with pancreatic parenchymal sparing procedures if anatomy permits. Standard surgical oncologic principles should be employed when treating indeterminate or malignant lesions.
THE ORIGIN OF PRIMARY TEXTURES IN GRANITIC PEGMATITES

Many granitic pegmatites contain two textural domains. Anisotropic textures of the outer zones, including fine-grained units, graphic intergrowths, and unidirectional solidification textures, are dominated by the effects of liquidus undercooling. The coarse, blocky textures of the interior zones result mostly from the accumulation of fluxes that enhance the diffusion of Al and of Si. Those fluxes are likely to become enriched in a boundary-layer liquid that forms at the growth front of crystals. Experiments that entail the dissolution of acid solutions of H3BO3, H3PO4 and HF into haplogranite glass at 800°C and 200 MPa serve as model subsystems for the boundary-layer liquid in granitic pegmatites. When the fluxes are added as acidic components, they promote an increase in the H2O content of granitic melts via a melt-speciation reaction, M + A ( A = anions of B, P, or F) + H+ = H+ A + M +, which shifts to the right as the activity of H+ in the melt increases. The effects of fluxes on the mass transport of Si were measured in experiments wherein quartz dissolved into a peralkaline, persodic, and multicomponent flux-enriched “granitic” melt at 800°C and 200 MPa. That peralkaline and flux-rich hydrosilicate melt transports ~107 times the mass of silica compared to an equivalent volume of aqueous fluid at the same P–T conditions. The flux-rich hydrosilicate melt transports Si ( via “local” diffusion) at a rate that is ~103 times faster than diffusion of Si through simple H2O-saturated granitic melt. “Field” diffusion of other components made possible by a flux-rich melt erases gradients in Si at a rate that is orders of magnitude faster than the “local” diffusion of Si.
An Historical Perspective: A Personal Perspective on Our History of Service to Mildly Handicapped and At-Risk Students:

Research does not clearly support the efficacy of any single service delivery arrangement for all mildly bandicapped and at-risk students, although supporting evidence can be found for nearly every type of arrangement for some students. The most defensible approach at present is to maintain and repair familiar service delivery structures while testing new ones. Direct instruction and behavioral interventions are probably the most effective classroom strategies for most mildly handicapped and at-risk students. The prospect of adoption of these strategies appears to be better in special than in general education.
From mercury to malaria to penicillin: The history of the treatment of syphilis at the Mayo Clinic-1916-1955

Between 1916 and 1955 the Mayo Clinic became recognized as one of the premier institutions specializing in the treatment of syphilis. First under the direction of John H. Stokes (1916-1924) and later Paul A. O'Leary (1924-1953), its Department of Dermatology and Syphilology, together with the members of the Clinical Cooperative Study Group, oversaw the establishment of standardized methods for the administration of the existing arsenicals and the introduction of new therapies. Malaria therapy, heat therapy, penicillin, and oxytetracycline each represented important advances in the treatment of syphilis and were extensively evaluated. Two important ancillary benefits of syphilis treatment were the development of routine intravenous techniques, which would later prove invaluable for the administration of antibiotics and cancer drugs, and the establishment of large cooperative clinical trials, the first of their kind. Under the leadership of Stokes and O'Leary the department produced a stream of pivotal clinical research that contributed to the effective management of syphilis in the United States.
Comparison of embryos and chicks that developed as single individuals in double yolk eggs with those that developed in single yolk eggs

Body weight and muscle characteristics of 18- to 20-d-old broiler strain embryos developing in double yolk eggs (DY) that contained one embryo and one infertile ovum were compared with embryos in single yolk eggs (SY). Similar comparisons were made in the posthatching period. In some DY eggs, the embryos were bathed in a watery yolk-like fluid with no distinct second yolk present (Type 1 embryo). In others, the second yolk was contained within the vitelline membrane and surrounded by a vascularized membrane (Type 2). These embryos were heavier than Type 1 or embryos in SY eggs by 20 d of incubation. Their Pectoralis superficialis were heavier and had significantly more protein and DNA. Chicks that hatched from the DY eggs were heavier than those that hatched from SY eggs and they had heavier P. superficialis through at least 14 d of age. Pectoralis superficialis myofibers of chicks from DY eggs had greater cross-sectional area than those from SY eggs. Myofibers in the Semimembranosus of 7- and 14 d-old chicks from DY eggs tended to be larger than those from SY eggs, but the differences were not significant. There was no difference in apparent myofiber number in the Semimembranosus of the two types of chicks. The difference in BW between the two types of chicks diminished over time, so that by 42 d of age they were virtually identical. In summary, a nutritionally enriched in ovo environment resulted in embryos and chicks with enhanced growth and muscle mass, but the effects of enrichment diminished during posthatching life and eventually disappeared.
Maximizing the mini-uses of on-line computers

This paper draws on our experiences at Carnegie-Mellon University to provide a decision framework for the acquisition of computer systems for laboratory applications. Also recommended are ways of creating an effective operating environment that can handle changing needs_ Systems developed for our most recent research in eye-movement recording and children's concept learning using the Turtle will illustrate the design principles for hardware and software components of minicomputer systems. Ten years ago there was a raging argument in small­ scale computer technology between those who preferred timeshared utilization of computer systems and those who believed that small dedicated computers were the solution to most laboratory problems. Uttal, in 1972, presented the pros and cons of timeshared vs dedicated computer use and introduced some additional questions. For example, "Who does the programming? You or a hired hand?" I think it was at that same meeting that Murdock reported that his new computer made it possible for him to do half as many experiments as he previously had done at twice the cost. His hired pro­ grammer had discovered a way of displaying ASCII strings on an oscilloscope using FORTRAN format read and write statements. Other pioneering efforts of that era include networking. Networking was brought about by tying up a small-scale computer with a large­ scale machine usually in the University Computation Center. By 1972, we had devised such a system and demonstrated it disastrously during Hurricane Agnes in June of 1972, in Pittsburgh. Agnes won.
Mineralogic and Geochemical Changes from Alteration of Granitic Rocks, Boulder Creek Catchment, Colorado

In the critical zone of the upland Boulder Creek (Colorado) catchment, a weathered mantle consisting of 3 to 10 m of oxidized bedrock, saprolite, and mobile regolith (grus and soil) overlies fresh and locally hydrothermally altered bedrock that is exposed beneath a low-relief surface. Saprolite forms from isovolumetric alteration of primary rock materials to secondary minerals by percolating water; mobile regolith includes rock materials in transport downslope, mixed by a variety of biologic and physical processes. Analysis of vadose zone samples by petrographic, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP–MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques demonstrates that weathering of Precambrian Boulder Creek Granodiorite and Silver Plume Granite has formed small amounts of clay and iron oxides. Bulk geochemical changes during alteration are minor except in the transformation of saprolite to regolith, which is enriched in neoformed minerals. In saprolite, the alteration sequence is: plagioclase > biotite > microcline > quartz. Quantitative XRD analysis shows that smectite and kaolinite form 15% of the rock at several hydrothermally altered sites. Iron oxide and hydroxide minerals, such as goethite and hematite, have formed by weathering and by hydrothermal alteration. Hydrothermal alteration of granodiorite to saprolite at the Hurricane Hill site resulted in substantial losses of CaO, MgO and Na2O, Sr and metals such as Cd and Pb, and enrichment in K2O and the trace elements Cs, Sb, and W. At four critical-zone profiles studied in detail: (i) increases in kaolinite, smectite, and Fe oxides and decreases in magnetite concentration due to weathering are significant if fresh rock is compared to regolith; (ii) illite is enriched in soil; (iii) minor amounts of clay minerals are inherited from fresh rock; and (iv) clay minerals and Fe oxides are abundant only in hydrothermally altered saprolite. Some of the apparent enrichment of secondary minerals in weathered profiles likely results from dustfall and from material mixed into mobile regolith from heterogeneous bedrock sources. If some portion of the clay minerals in regolith and some fraction of dissolved material leaving Boulder Creek catchments are exotic, rates of clay and Fe oxide formation in the Boulder Creek area must be slow, and the alteration of granitic rocks during the conversion of saprolite to regolith may be driven mainly by volume expansion in this cool, continental climate.
On the thermally-induced failure of rolling element bearings

Abstract A comprehensive investigation of two types of thermal failure of rolling element bearings is carried out both experimentally and analytically. The first type is concerned with the thermal failure of rolling bearings that can occur at high rotational speeds and large radial loads, and the second type deals with spindle bearings of high-speed machine tools. Developed in the present study is a simulation technique that considers the thermal expansion of the bearing elements in the dynamic simulations of the rolling bearings during the thermal failure. The results of dynamic simulations for the first type of thermal failure show that the unstable motion of the cage can lead to an ultimate bearing seizure because of the cage failure due to the large rollers/cage contact forces and high wear rate of the cage. However, the surface damage and wear at the roller/raceways interface are not considerable. On the contrary, for the second type of thermal failure of rolling element bearings, the simulation results reveal that the minimum film thickness at the roller/raceways interface drops and mixed lubrication regime prevails. Subsequently, a severe surface damage and wear occur at the rollers/raceways contact surfaces and eventually the bearing fails. The cause of this failure is the thermal seizure of the spindle bearing due to the rapid rise of the thermally-induced preload inside the bearing assembly with no sign of cage instability.
Oxidative metabolism in ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] flavedo tissue treated with the abscission agent 5-chloro-3- methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP)

Summary5-Chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP) is a pyrazole derivative that promotes the abscission of mature citrus fruit and is being developed to facilitate mechanical commercial harvesting of mature fruit. Understanding the mode of action of CMNP in promoting abscission will assist in decisions on its commercial use and in the development of alternative, but superior compounds. Fully-mature ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees were sprayed with 2.0 mM CMNP. Fruit detachment force (FDF) values, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and peroxidase (POD) activities were measured 0, 1, 2, and 3 d after CMNP treatment (DACT). FDF values declined linearly from 65 N to 28 N after CMNP treatment. H2O2 and MDA concentrations were higher in CMNP-treated flavedo tissue (FT) compared to the untreated controls. SOD activity was higher in the FT of CMNP-treated fruit than in un...
Custom TMJ TJR Devices

End-stage temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology resulting in anatomical architectural form distortion and physiological dysfunction dictates the need for total joint replacement (TJR). The complex nature of the TMJ’s functional relationship with the local anatomy and masticatory muscles and the technical requirements of implanting a replacement mean that it is unreasonable to expect the replaced joint to return to its premorbid, fully functional condition.
Cumulative stress and autonomic dysregulation in a community sample

AbstractWhether cumulative stress, including both chronic stress and adverse life events, is associated with decreased heart rate variability (HRV), a non-invasive measure of autonomic status which predicts poor cardiovascular outcomes, is unknown. Healthy community dwelling volunteers (N = 157, mean age 29 years) participated in the Cumulative Stress/Adversity Interview (CAI), a 140-item event interview measuring cumulative adversity including major life events, life trauma, recent life events and chronic stressors, and underwent 24-h ambulatory ECG monitoring. HRV was analyzed in the frequency domain and standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) calculated. Initial simple regression analyses revealed that total cumulative stress score, chronic stressors and cumulative adverse life events (CALE) were all inversely associated with ultra low-frequency (ULF), very low-frequency (VLF) and low-frequency (LF) power and SDNN (all p < 0.05). In hierarchical regression analyses, total cumulative stress and chroni...
Loose Fingers Sink Ships—15 Years of E-mails from Manuel Cardona

The correspondence of prominent personalities with friends and colleagues has always been a primary source of insight for their biographers. The demise of snail mail and the rise of electronic communications, however, has created a nightmare for future biographers, who will have a hard time recovering files buried in old, unreadable media, or incompatible with the latest software.
Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis is associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in peritoneal dialysis patients

Although the definition of S. aureus nasal carriage in peritoneal dialysis patients is variable, carriage is often defined as 2 or more positive cultures for S. aureus. We investigated the relationship between S. aureus infections and nasal carriage (defined as 1 or more positive nose cultures) in 138 patients on peritoneal dialysis. By this definition, approximately 50% of the patients were carriers. The rates of S. aureus exit-site infection (0.28/year vs 0.43/year, p < 0.001) and peritonitis (0.08/year vs 0.20/year, p < 0.001) were lower in the noncarriers (patients with no positive nose cultures) than in those patients who had 1 or more positive nose cultures. Patients with only 1 positive nose culture had a similar S. aureus exit-site infection rate (0.31/year vs 0.28/year), but a higher peritonitis rate (0.24/year vs 0.08/year, p < 0.001) compared to those patients with no positive nose cultures. However, patients with 2 or more positive nose cultures were at increased risk for both S. aureus exit-site infections and peritonitis. This relationship held even when only patients with frequent nose cultures were included in the analysis. Thus patients with even 1 positive nose culture for S. aureus are at risk for S. aureus peritonitis and should not be classified as noncarriers.
Adenylyl cyclase and G protein receptor kinase expression during development of heart failure.

We examined alterations in left ventricular (LV) G protein receptor kinase (GRK) and adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoform expression during the development of pacing-induced congestive heart failure (CHF). AC isoform and GRK expression were assessed 4 (mild CHF) and 28 (severe CHF) days after initiation of pacing. LV beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) number and G protein content were unchanged by mild CHF. LV AC isoform mRNA content was unaltered by mild CHF, but there were increases in total GRK activity (P
Wind-tunnel investigation of the forebody aerodynamics of a vortex-lift fighter configuration at high angles of attack

Results of a recent low-speed wind-tunnel investigation conducted to define the forebody flow on a 16-percent scale model of the NASA High Angle-of-Attack Research Vehicle, an F-18 configuration, are presented with analysis. Measurements include force and moment data, oil-flow visualizations, and surface pressure data taken at angles of attack near and above maximum lift (36 to 52 deg) at a Reynolds number of one million (based on mean aerodynamic chord). The results presented identify the key flow-field features on the forebody including the wing-body strake.
Hunger-Dependent Enhancement of Food Cue Responses in Mouse Postrhinal Cortex and Lateral Amygdala.

The needs of the body can direct behavioral and neural processing toward motivationally relevant sensory cues. For example, human imaging studies have consistently found specific cortical areas with biased responses to food-associated visual cues in hungry subjects, but not in sated subjects. To obtain a cellular-level understanding of these hunger-dependent cortical response biases, we performed chronic two-photon calcium imaging in postrhinal association cortex (POR) and primary visual cortex (V1) of behaving mice. As in humans, neurons in mouse POR, but not V1, exhibited biases toward food-associated cues that were abolished by satiety. This emergent bias was mirrored by the innervation pattern of amygdalo-cortical feedback axons. Strikingly, these axons exhibited even stronger food cue biases and sensitivity to hunger state and trial history. These findings highlight a direct pathway by which the lateral amygdala may contribute to state-dependent cortical processing of motivationally relevant sensory cues.
First Measurements of Fuel-Ablator Interface Instability Growth in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Direct measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth at the fuel-ablator interface in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions are reported for the first time. These experiments investigate one of the degradation mechanisms behind the lower-than-expected performance of early ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility. Face-on x-ray radiography is used to measure instability growth occurring between the deuterium-tritium fuel and the plastic ablator from well-characterized perturbations. This growth starts in two ways through separate experiments-either from a preimposed interface modulation or from ablation front feedthrough. These experiments are consistent with analytic modeling and radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, which say that a moderately unstable Atwood number and convergence effects are causing in-flight perturbation growth at the interface. The analysis suggests that feedthrough from outersurface perturbations dominates the interface perturbation growth at mode 60.
Morphometry and Physical Processes of East African Soda Lakes

The altitudes of the saline lakes in the East African Rift System (EARS) vary from below sea level in the Danakil Depression (−155 m) to 2000 m in the Ethiopian highlands; most lakes are located above 1000 m. These lakes are among the largest (Turkana) and deepest (Shala) saline lakes in the world, though many formed by volcanism or lahars are small. High concentrations of phytoplankton or suspended sediments lead to high light attenuation, with Secchi visibilities usually less than 1 m. In the shallow, saline lake strong stratification usually develops during the day with mixing to the bottom at night. Seasonal variations in stratification and mixing have been observed in the deep lakes. Topography alters winds and mixing in lakes within volcanic craters. Chemically stratified, saline lakes occur throughout the EARS, and meromixis was documented in Lake Sonachi. Seasonal variations in thermal stratification and horizontal and vertical gradients in salinity occur in Lake Turkana. Only brief visits, occasional year-round studies and long lapses in the study of soda lakes of the EARS leave large gaps in our understanding of temporal variations in their limnology and their responses to climatic and human-caused changes in their hydrology.
Analog filtering methods improve leading edge timing performance of multiplexed SiPMs

Multiplexing many SiPMs to a single readout channel is an attractive option to reduce the readout complexity of high perfromance time of flight (TOF) PET systems. However, the additional dark counts and shaping from each SiPM cause significant baseline fluctuations in the output waveform, degrading timing measurements using a leading edge threshold. This work proposes a simple analog filtering network to reduce the baseline fluctuations in highly multiplexed SiPM readouts. With 16 SiPMs multiplexed, the FWHM coincident timing resolution for single 3mm × 3mm × 20mm LYSO crystals was improved from 401 +/−4ps to 248 +/− 5ps. With 4 SiPMs multiplexed, using a 20mm length, 2 layer DOI array of LYSO crystals the mean time resolution was improved from 277 +/− 6ps to 217 +/−4ps using a ADCMP572 comparator for timing pickoff. All experiments were performed at room temperature with no active temperature regulation. This results show a promising technique for the construction of high performance multiplexed TOF PET readout systems with simple analog leading edge timing pickoff.
Revisiting universality of the liquid-gas critical point in two dimensions.

Critical point of liquid-gas (LG) transition does not conform with the paradigm of spontaneous symmetry breaking because there is no broken symmetry in both phases. We revisit the conjecture that this critical point belongs to the Ising class by performing large scale Monte Carlo simulations in two-dimensional free space in combination with the numerical flowgram method. Our main result is that the critical indices do agree with the Onsager values within the error of 1%--2%. This significantly improves the accuracy reported in the literature. The related problem about the role of higher order odd terms in the (real) ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ field model as a mapping of the LG transition is addressed too. The scaling dimension of the ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{5}$ term at criticality is shown to be the same as that of the linear one $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. We suggest that the role of all higher order odd terms at criticality is simply in generating the linear field operator with the critical dimension consistent with the Ising universality class.