cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission microscopy of unmodified biological materials. Comparative radiation dosages with electrons and ultrasoft X-ray photons

The minimum radiation dosage in a specimen consistent with transmission microscopy at resolution d and specimen thickness t is calculated for model specimens resembling biological materials in their natural state. The calculations cover 104–107 eV electrons and 1.3 – 90 photons in a number of microscopy modes. The results indicate that over a considerable part of the (t, d)-plane transmission microscopy on such specimens can be carried out at lower dosage with photons than with electrons. Estimates of the maximum resolutions obtainable with electrons and photons, consistent with structural survival of the specimen, are obtained, as are data on optimal operating conditions for microscopy with the two particles.
Source of the Light recorded in Photographs of Shocked Granular Pressings

ABOUT ten years ago Stewart Paterson1 illustrated by means of several wave-speed photographs the previously discovered2 fact that a large part of the light from a detonating charge was due to the system of shock waves produced in the surrounding air. Further, he showed that the light still reaching the camera when light from these shock waves was eliminated did not arise from chemical reaction of the explosive. He accomplished this by observing the light from a water-surrounded high-explosive charge which included in its length short sections of granular sodium chloride kept dry by a thin plastic tube. The explosive parts of the charge gave very faint wave-traces, but the salt layers gave very intense bursts of light as the disturbance passed through them. Additional photographs showed that a similar brilliant light was produced by explosives when in a granular loose-pressed form.
Oscillators and amplifiers in integrated E-plane technique

An overview is presented of solid-state oscillators and amplifiers realized in E-plane technology. The circuit topology, basic design procedures, and performance characteristics are described and compared. Gunn oscillators, IMPATT oscillators, transistor oscillators, injection-locked Gunn oscillators, and transistor amplifiers are surveyed. Gunn and transistor oscillators have been realized successfully for frequencies from 10 to 110 GHz, thus covering almost the entire frequency range suitable for E-plane technology. IMPATT oscillators are difficult to design and to reproduce in quasi-planar form because of the high impedance ratio that must be overcome by the circuit. E-plane FET amplifiers have been built for frequencies up to 60 GHz. >
Effect of process conditions on phase mixtures of sol–gel-synthesized nanoscale orthorhombic, tetragonal, and monoclinic zirconia

Zirconia particles synthesized under ambient conditions are frequently amorphous, requiring heat to produce a crystalline phase. Synthesized nanoparticles are generally found in the tetragonal phase. In this article, a room temperature sol–gel synthesis of crystalline sub-10-nm zirconia particles is described. By adjusting the acid concentration of the reaction, it is found that the particles’ crystalline phase can be modified. Under acidic conditions with moisture present, the tetragonal phase is produced, whereas under acidic conditions with low water content, 2–5-nm particles suggestive of the metastable orthorhombic phase are produced. Subsequent heat treatment of all powders produced with this technique resulted in their transformation first to the tetragonal phase, and ultimately to the monoclinic phase. The extent of the transformation to the monoclinic phase depends upon the atmosphere, however, suggesting that oxygen vacancies play a significant role in the stabilization and determination of the resulting phase.
α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone prevents fasting-induced suppression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

During fasting, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA decreases in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), but the mechanism by which this takes place is not well understood. To test the hypothesis that the melanocortin system may be involved in the regulation of CRH mRNA in the PVN during fasting, the effect of intracerebroventricularly administered α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) on CRH mRNA in the PVN was studied in fasted animals by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Whereas fasting suppressed CRH mRNA levels in the PVN, α-MSH at doses of 150 and 300 ng every 6 h for 64 h prevented the fasting-induced suppression of CRH gene expression in the PVN. These data indicate that the suppression of α-MSH synthesis may be responsible for the decreased CRH gene expression in the PVN during fasting.
The Relevance of Credibility Excess in a Proportional View of Epistemic Injustice: Differential Epistemic Authority and the Social Imaginary

This paper defends a contextualist approach to epistemic injustice according to which instances of such injustice should be looked at as temporally extended phenomena (having developmental and historical trajectories) and socially extended phenomena (being rooted in patterns of social relations). Within this contextualist framework, credibility excesses appear as a form of undeserved epistemic privilege that is crucially relevant for matters of testimonial justice. While drawing on Miranda Fricker's proportional view of epistemic justice, I take issue with its lack of attention to the role that credibility excesses play in testimonial injustices. I depart from Fricker's view of the relation between credibility excesses and credibility deficits, and I offer an alternative account of the contributions that undeserved epistemic privileges make to epistemic injustices. Then, through the detailed analysis of To kill a mockingbird, I elucidate the crucial role played by the social imaginary in creating and sust...
Enthalpy and entropy of hippuraldehyde hydration and binding to papain

Abstract In aqueous solution hippuraldehyde, PhCONHCH 2 CHO, is approx. 10-times more extensively hydrated than simple aliphatic aldehydes. Studies of the temperature dependence of the NMR spectrum of hippuraldehyde and its hydrate in 2 H 2 O indicate that the dehydration is endothermic ( ΔH = 3.9 ± 0.9 kcal/mol), but entropically favored ( ΔS = 7.9 ± 1.9 cal/mol per deg). For simple alipathic aldehydes the corresponding dehydration is slightly more endothermic, but somewhat more favorable entropically. Fluorescence titration studies show that K d for the hemithioacetal adduct of hippuraldehyde with papain-SH (1.2 μM at 298 K) is approx. 3000-times smaller than that estimated for simple thiols. Dissociation of hippuraldehyde from papain is endothermic by 18.1 kcal/mol, and this is only partly offset by the favorable entropy change of 33.7 cal/mol per deg. Thus, at least in thermodynamic terms, the binding of this putative ‘transition-state analog’ to papain is not unlike the binding of other small ligands to the active site of chymotrypsin.
Updating of locations during whole-body rotations in patients with hemispatial neglect

Posterior parietal cortex lesions have been associated with both hemispatial neglect and spatialupdating deficits. Currently, the relation between these processes remains poorly understood. We tested the ability of parietal patients with neglect to update remembered target locations during passive whole-body rotations. The rotations and manual pointing responses were executed with and without vision. During the rotation, the remembered location stayed on the same side of the body midline or crossed the midline. Parietal patients generally underestimated rotations, as compared with control groups, but updated targets equally well on either side of the body midline, regardless of the amount of updating required. Once parietal patients have localized a target, they can use self-motion information to update its location, even if it passes into the region they typically neglect. This lack of contralesional updating effects contrasts with impairments in eye position updating found in previous work with parietal patients.
What economists say (and don't say) about politics

Abstract Sam Peltzman has brought discipline and common sense to economic analyses of voting and representation. Yet his approach suffers, like that of other economists, from disciplinary provincialism and a singular devotion to econometrics as a research methodology. Political science offers alternative models and research methods that can enliven and deepen the political analyses of Peltzman and other economists.
Enhancement of light in tissue using hyper-osmotic agents

Optical changes in skin blood flow due to the presence of glycerol were measured from a two-dimensional map of blood flow in skin blood vessels with a dynamic imaging technique using laser speckle. In this study a dorsal skin-flap window was implanted on the hamster skin with and without a hyper-osmotic agent i.e. glycerol. The hyper-osmotic drug was delivered to the skin through the open dermal end of the window model. A two-dimensional map of blood flow in skin blood vessels were obtained with very high spatial and temporal resolution by imaging the speckle pattern with a CCD camera. Preliminary studies demonstrated that hyper-osmotic agents such as glycerol not only make tissue temporarily translucent, but also reduce blood flow. The blood perfusion was measured every 3 minutes up to 36-60 minutes after diffusion of anhydrous glycerol. Small capillaries blood flow reduced significantly within 3-9 minutes. Perfusion rate in lager blood vessels i.e. all arteries and some veins decreased (speckle contrasts increased from 0.0115 to 0.384) over time. However, the blood flow in some veins reduced significantly in 36 minutes. After 24 hours the blood perfusion further reduced in capillaries. However, the blood flow increased in larger blood vessels in 24 hours compared to an hour after application of glycerol. For further investigation the speckle contrast measurement were verified with color Doppler optical coherence tomography.
Telephase behavior of extranuclear chromatin and its bearing on telophase changes in chromosomes.

Extranukleares Chromatin, in der Form azentrischer Fragmente oder Teile ungebrochener Chromosomen, welche aus der Kernregion von Heuschreken-Neuroblasten herausragen, unterliegt nicht gleichzeitig mit dem intranuklearen Chromatin den telophasischen Veranderungen. Der oder die fur die Telophaseveranderungen vor allem verantwortlichen Faktoren scheinen in der Kernregion der Zelle lokalisiert zu sein. Es werden Belege dafur gegeben, dass die Chromosomen wahrend der Telophase sich bedeutend vergrossern, und es wird die Ansicht vertreten, dass im Spindelmaterial, zum Teil wenigstens, die fur die Schwellung der Chromosomen verantwortliche Substanz zu sehen ist.
Chemotherapy trial with comp-F regimen in advanced adenocarcinoma of prostate

Abstract Multiple agent combination chemotherapy was used to treat 16 patients with Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate in relapse. Agents employed were cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), methotrexate, 5 fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone. Results were encouraging. Six of 16 patients achieved an objective response (2 complete, 3 partial, 1 stabilization) for a 37.5 per cent response rate. Eleven of 16 patients achieved a subjective response for a 69 per cent response rate. Soft tissue metastases may be more responsive than bony lesions. Employment of vincristine made no obvious difference in response rate in those patients in whom it was used. Toxicity was only moderate. Further studies are warranted.
Patient‐controlled analgesia in children. A comparison of two infusion techniques

Summary The effectiveness of patient-controlled intravenous morphine with and without a supplementary fixed rate infusion was studied in 40 children after orthopaedic surgery and 40 children after abdominal surgery. The use of a background infusion after orthopaedic surgery, where the majority of children received intra-operative regional blockade, resulted in a higher total dose of morphine (P < 0.05) without evidence of improved analgesia, compared to PCA alone. Children receiving a background infusion after abdominal surgery showed evidence of improved sleeping patterns post-operatively compared with those receiving PCA alone, despite similar overall morphine consumption. There were no episodes of excessive sedation, or respiratory depression with the use of either regimen, and over 90% of the children studied were assessed as experiencing either no pain or mild pain. The suitability and efficacy of patient controlled analgesia for management of post-operative pain for children aged between 5 and 17 years appears to be confirmed. The use of a supplementary background infusion may be of value in children.
Electronic structure and current injection in zinc phthalocyanine doped with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane: Interface versus bulk effects

Abstract The p-type doping of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) with the highly electronegative tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) is investigated via direct and inverse photoemission spectroscopy and in situ current–voltage (I–V) measurement. The electron affinity of F4-TCNQ and the ionization energy of ZnPc are found to be energetically compatible with an electron transfer between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the host and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the dopant. The Fermi level is near mid-gap in undoped ZnPc, and drops to 0.42 and 0.18 eV above the HOMO in the 0.3% and 3% doped films, respectively, consistent with efficient p-doping. The dependence of the Au/ZnPc:0.3%F4-TCNQ/Au I–V characteristics on the thickness of the organic film is analyzed in terms of injection-limited versus space-charge-limited current. The analysis demonstrates that the large doping-induced increase in hole current is primarily due to improved carrier injection via tunneling through the narrow interface space charge layer.
Faculty review criteria in tourism and hospitality

Abstract This paper examines the university standards applied to tourism and hospitality faculty for hiring, promotion, and tenure decisions. The results, based on a survey of 42 US universities, show that doctorally qualified faculty are preferred by most institutions and that research is becoming increasingly important in all personnel matters, especially in respect to the promotion and tenure decisions. As a faculty member progresses from Assistant Professor to Professor, teaching decreases in importance in favor of research. The study results also show a serious lack of well-qualified faculty to accommodate the growing discipline of tourism/hospitality and its increasing standards for hiring, promotion, and tenure purposes.
Management of Earnings and Analysts' Forecasts to Achieve Zero and Small Positive Earnings Surprises

This paper corroborates the finding of prior studies that managers avoid reporting earnings lower than analyst forecasts (i.e., negative earnings surprises) and provides new evidence of actions contributing to this phenomenon. Specifically, we provide empirical evidence of both (1) upward management of reported earnings and (2) downward 'management' of analysts' forecasts to achieve zero and small positive earnings surprises. Further analysis of the components of earnings management suggests that both the operating cash flow and discretionary accruals components of earnings are managed.
Tungsten trioxide as an electrode for photoelectrolysis of water

Abstract N-type tungsten trioxide is shown to be a stable semiconducting anode for the photoelectrolysis of water. A band gap of 2.7 eV provides a factor of three increase in the utilizable solar spectrum as compared to TiO 2 .
Abstract A67: Stromal expression of microRNA-21 identifies high-risk group in triple negative breast cancer

Introduction: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype defined by lack of ER, PR and HER2 expression. There are few specific prognostic markers and no effective targeted therapies for TNBC. microRNA diagnostics is an emerging area of novel biomarkers in cancer medicine. Expression of tumor promoting miR-21 is frequently altered in BC. Since tumor lesions are a complex mixture of different cell types, we hypothesized that analysis of miR-21 expression at single cell resolution could provide more accurate information to assess risk of disease recurrence and BC-related death. Experimental procedure: We implemented a fully-automated tissue slide-based staining assay in a CLIA-certified environment to detect miR-21 expression in a cohort of 988 BC patients, whose tumors were represented in the NCI CDP Stage I/II Prognostic tissue microarrays. 901 cases provided adequate tissue to determine levels and cellular compartment (cancer vs. stroma) of miR-21 expression. Results: The miR-21High group had a shorter recurrence-free (RFS; HR=1.71, p Conclusions: These findings indicate that levels and cellular compartment of miR-21 expression provide clinically-relevant information in different intrinsic molecular BC subtypes. Importantly, miR-21 expression is predominantly upregulated in the stroma and not cancer cells. This suggests a regulatory role of miR-21 in cellular elements of the tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated fibroblasts. miR-21 could become a useful functional biomarker to further refine individual risk and offer a new therapeutic avenue to improve management of TNBC. Citation Format: Todd MacKenzie, Gary Schwartz, Wendy Wells, Lorenzo Sempere. Stromal expression of microRNA-21 identifies high-risk group in triple negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A67. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-A67
A key DNA-protein interaction determines the function of the 5'URR enhancer in human papillomavirus type 11.

Abstract The 5′ end of the upstream regulatory region (URR) of human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) has enhancer function and binds cellular proteins. We have determined that one particular motif, a CCNGTNAC pair, is both necessary and sufficient for enhancer activity. This enhancement of expression can be competed in vivo by concatenated doublestranded oligonucleonucleotides, indicating that protein-DNA binding is a requisite for enhancer activity. A 41-kDa protein, present in all epithelial cells assayed, binds to this enhancer motif. The 5′URR fragment functions as an enhancer both in primary keratinocytes from a variety of body sites and in fibroblasts. We conclude that tissue specificity is not a feature of this enhancer, and that the 41-kDa binding protein is ubiquitous. These data provide evidence that the 5′URR enhancer activity is dependent on only a few sequences and perhaps only one protein.
Fine-grained debris flows and extraordinary vertebrate burials in the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Vertebrate fossils are remarkably abundant and exceptionally well preserved within the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar. The vast majority of these fossils, including all of the currently known bone beds, are entombed within deposits of fine-grained cohesive debris flows. These deposits are typically massive and are characterized by very poor sorting and a significant montmorillonite-dominated silt-clay (mud) fraction ranging from 17% to 46% by weight. Deposition is attributed to recurrent exceptional rainfall events that prompted erosion and flooded ancient channel belts with sediment-laden flows. These extraordinary burial events shielded vertebrate remains from destructive surface processes and also afforded protection for soft tissues. Taphonomic attributes of associated bone concentrations suggest that debris flows had limited transport potential and generally entombed subaerially exposed bone assemblages. The remarkable and recurrent association of bone beds and debris-flow deposits likely reflects marked seasonality in this Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem, with prolonged dry spells prompting mortality and subsequent rains setting debris flows in motion.
Use of a mean-field model in the calculation of electrical transport effects in Fe3(1−δ)O4

Abstract The resistivity and Seeback coefficients of Fe 3(1− gd ) O 4 have been successfully rationalized using an elementary mean field quasi-thermodynamic approach which had earlier been applied to the case δ =0. A brief review of the theoretical background is provided and the implications of the analysis are discussed.
Cervical Cancer Control: Deaf and Hearing Women’s Response to an Educational Video

Deaf people encounter barriers to accessing cancer information. In this study, a graphically enriched educational video about cervical cancer was created in American Sign Language, with English open captioning and voice overlay. Deaf (n = 127) and hearing (n = 106) women completed cancer knowledge surveys before and after viewing the video. Hearing women yielded higher scores before the intervention. Both groups demonstrated a significant increase in general and cervical cancer knowledge after viewing the video, rendering posttest knowledge scores nearly equal between the groups. These findings indicate that this video is an effective strategy for increasing cervical cancer knowledge among deaf women.
In Vitro‐ and In Vivo‐Induced Transgene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Derivatives

The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a research and therapeutic tool will be facilitated by conditional gene expression. Here, we report drug-induced transgene expression, both in vitro and in vivo, from a tet-on hESC line with >95% purity. Using green fluorescent protein as an indicator, we demonstrated that the tet-on system allowed a tight control of the gene expression in both undifferentiated hESCs and differentiated cells of the three germ layers. More importantly, after the cells were transplanted into animals, the gene expression remained to be regulated by an orally administered drug. These results provide a technical basis for regulation of gene expression in hESCs and derivatives in vitro and in vivo.
Toward a Broader Dialectic: Joining Marxism with Mailer to Forge a Multilectics that Advances Teaching and Learning

I contrast the lenses that Norman Mailer, Herbert Marcuse, and Karl Marx bring to their analyses of social life, exploring the contributions and limits of their respective approaches. I then propose what I call a “multilectical” theoretical lens that encompasses the strengths of all three and leans on the insights of post-Marxist theorists. The multilectical lens is then applied to an event that transpired in a severely underperforming middle school.
Managing secure survivable critical infrastructures to avoid vulnerabilities

Information systems now form the backbone of nearly every government and private system - from targeting weapons to conducting financial transactions. Increasingly these systems are networked together allowing for distributed operations, sharing of databases, and redundant capability. Ensuring these networks are secure, robust, and reliable is critical for the strategic and economic well being of the Nation. The blackout of August 14, 2003 affected 8 states and fifty million people and could cost up to $5 billion. The DOE/NERC interim reports indicate the outage progressed as a chain of relatively minor events consistent with previous cascading outages caused by a domino reaction. The increasing use of embedded distributed systems to manage and control our technologically complex society makes knowing the vulnerability of such systems essential to improving their intrinsic reliability/survivability. Our discussion employs the power transmission grid.
Relationships of serum opsonins and complement in human experimental gingivitis.

This study assessed the phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the opsonic capacity of serum in experimental human gingivitis. Relationships were sought among these two measurements, clinical indices of gingivitis and complement-related Opsonins. Measurements of chemiluminescence provided an index of phagocytosis and of opsonic capacity. Test group Plaque Index scores were higher than the control group on Days 7, 14, and 21, while the Gingival Index of the test group was elevated only on Day 21. Phagocytosis of test subjects' PMNs and opsonic capacity of their sera were no different from that of the controls'. Levels of C3 in both nonactivated and activated sera of the test group were significantly lower than that of the control group only on Day 14. In the test group, differences of per cent C3 conversion occurred between Days 14 and 21, and Plaque Index scores were inversely correlated with the order of per cent C3 data on these same days. Our results also indicate that complement contributes...
Food-aversion learning in two polyphagous caterpillars, Diacrisia virginica and Estigmene congrua.

. Two species of woolly bear caterpillars, Diacrisia virginica and Estigmene congrua, were shown by behavioural tests to prefer Petunia hybrida to five of nine common food-plants. Ingestion of Petunia causes acute illness from which most individuals recover. After recovery larvae no longer prefer Petunia. The potential value of food-aversion learning to polyphagous insects is discussed.
An asynchronous remote procedure call system for heterogeneous programming

The authors introduce the reliable asynchronous remote procedure call (RARPC) which is an efficient communication control mechanism to support a heterogeneous distributed programming environment. The mechanism is based on an asynchronous control algorithm which is developed for managing multi-threaded asynchronous calls in the client/server model of the heterogeneous distributed environment. A RARPC communication exchange protocol is built on IP/UDP which is supported in the 4.3 BSD UNIX operating system. The RARPC prototype system is implemented among several Sun workstations and a VAX 11/780. The authors have measured the performance of the RARPC system and compared it to the Sun's NFS/RPC. The results show that in terms of total RPC processing time, the RARPC can improve the performance up to 50% compared to Sun NFS/RPC, for a two-machine client/server model. >
Lenke 1C, King Type II Curves: Surgical Recommendations

The objectives of this article are twofold. The first is to discuss the surgical experience in patients who have Lenke 1C (King type II) curves, including the experience with newer instrumentation. These patients present a significant challenge to the deformity surgeon because they have structural thoracic deformities and significant, but nonstructural, lumbar curves. Over the years, selective instrumentation and fusion of the thoracic curve have been the primary approach to preserve motion of the lumbar segments, and thus, improve the long-term outlook. This strategy has been undertaken with the expectation that the uninstrumented lumbar curve will allow for a well-balanced spinal column postoperatively. The second objective of this article is to present basic strategies that may be helpful when planning for surgery in these patients.
Prior Knowledge and New Product and Service Introductions by Entrepreneurial Firms: The Mediating Role of Technological Innovation

Most research on new product and service development by entrepreneurial firms takes an individual‐level, prelaunch perspective or firm‐level postlaunch perspective. Our study examines two component...
Myeloma light chains induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells

Background. To determine the role of epithelial– mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a potential mechanism contributing to the characteristic tubulointerstitial renal fibrosisinmultiplemyeloma,weexaminedwhethermyeloma light chains (LCs) directly induce EMT in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Methods. As positive controls we used TGF-β1 and cyclosporine A (CsA), two agents known to induce EMT in PTECs. Human LCs were isolated and purified from the urine of myeloma patients with modest renal insufficiency without evidence of glomerular involvement. HK-2 cells were exposed to kappa LC (25 µM) for periods up to 72 h. Results. LCs induced marked cellular morphological alterations in PTECs, accompanied with increased expression levels of profibrotic TGF-β1, FSP-1 and extracellular matrix components. Using semiquantitative immunoblotting andRT-PCR,weobservedthattheexpressionofE-cadherin decreased after 24 h, while the expression of α-SMA increased in PTEC after continuous exposure to κ-LCs. Human serum albumin (HSA; 160 µM) had less potent effect on the expression of EMT-related molecules. Neutralizing TGF-β1 antibody blocked CsA-induced EMT but had no effect on LC-exposed cells. LC-induced EMT and the secretions ofIL-6and MCP-1were, however, markedly attenuatedby p38MAPK interference. Theuseofbone morphogenetic protein-7 or pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) induced the formation of cell aggregates, and the reacquisition of E-cadherin expression and renal proximal tubule epithelial morphology within the confluent cell monolayer during and after LC exposure. Conclusions. These findings demonstrate that LC is a direct stimulus for EMT in PTECs. LC-induced EMT involved multiple cytokines, is modulated by p38 MAPK, but appeared independent of the action of TGF-β1. LCinduced EMT may be an important mechanism of kidney injuryassociatedwithmyelomaandmaybereversibleupon the administration of exogenous PACAP.
Collisional relaxation of relativistic and degenerate electrons

We derive a Fokker–Planck equation for relativistic and degenerate electrons interacting with ions. The ions may be degenerate and relativistic. Applications to a supernova plasma and laser–plasma interaction motivate this work.
Pathogenesis of Reovirus Infection

To successfully produce disease, a virus must enter its host, replicate within host cells, spread within the host and, in the case of systemic infection, overcome host immune defenses, and damage host tissues. At each stage of the infectious process, a number of viral and host factors determine the ultimate pathogenicity (capacity to produce disease) of the virus. Recent studies using the mammalian reoviruses as a model system have provided insights into the roles of viral and host components in the production of disease. The mammalian reoviruses offer an excellent system for the study of molecular aspects of viral pathogenesis because reovirus genetics has provided a means to identify specific viral components involved in the disease process.
Development of spontaneous alternation in infancy

Spontaneous alternation is a reduced tendency to return to the same location on successive trials. It is measured in rats in a T maze and is thought to depend on an intact hippocampus. In human infants, we measured alternation in the tendency to reach toward one of two identical toys placed in locations to the left and right of midline. Infants at 6 months returned to the same side as frequently as they alternated, but 18--month-old infants showed a significant alternation pattern. At 6 months, infants show inhibition of return, but do not show alternation in motor behavior; at 18 months, infants show both, but they are negatively related. These data suggest that preference for novelty may rest on different internal mechanisms even in quite similar tasks, and suggest that whereas inhibition of return is related to control by the posterior attention network, spontaneous alternation may be related to inhibitory control by the anterior attention network.
Hydrocephalus caused by increased intracranial venous pressure: A clinicopathological study

A child developed progressive communicating nonobstructive hydrocephalus as a result of increased intracranial venous pressure. The child had been treated for congenital heart disease at age 3 weeks by surgical creation of an anastomosis between his superior vena cava and right pulmonary artery. Although his cardiac symptoms were alleviated, intracranial venous hypertension resulted, giving rise to progressive head enlargement and other signs of hydrocephalus. Postmortem examination at age 3 years disclosed no other lesions that could have caused the hydrocephalus. Increased intracranial venous pressure can lead to either pseudotumor cerebri or hydrocephalus, the former in children 3 years or older, the latter in infants 18 months or less. Possible mechanisms accounting for these differences are discussed.
Optimization of remotely delivered intensive lifestyle treatment for obesity using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy: Opt-IN study protocol

Abstract Background Obesity-attributable medical expenditures remain high, and interventions that are both effective and cost-effective have not been adequately developed. The Opt-IN study is a theory-guided trial using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) to develop an optimized, scalable version of a technology-supported weight loss intervention. Objective Opt-IN aims to identify which of 5 treatment components or component levels contribute most meaningfully and cost-efficiently to the improvement of weight loss over a 6 month period. Study design Five hundred and sixty obese adults (BMI 30–40 kg/m 2 ) between 18 and 60 years old will be randomized to one of 16 conditions in a fractional factorial design involving five intervention components: treatment intensity (12 vs. 24 coaching calls), reports sent to primary care physician (No vs. Yes), text messaging (No vs. Yes), meal replacement recommendations (No vs. Yes), and training of a participant's self-selected support buddy (No vs. Yes). During the 6-month intervention, participants will monitor weight, diet, and physical activity on the Opt-IN smartphone application downloaded to their personal phone. Weight will be assessed at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Significance The Opt-IN trial is the first study to use the MOST framework to develop a weight loss treatment that will be optimized to yield the best weight loss outcome attainable for $500 or less.
Expressed Sexual Assault Legal Context and Victim Culpability Attributions

Legal scholars have argued that laws have an expressive function, specifically that sexual assault laws may convey social-level messages that victims are culpable for crimes against them. In a university sample, we conducted the first experimental test of legal scholars’ proposal, hypothesizing that legal messages—specifically their clarity and effectiveness in conveying that sexual assault is a crime—affect victim culpability attributions. Results demonstrated that greater culpability was attributed to a victim of sexual assault within a context expressing unclear and ineffective sexual assault law than within a context clearly and effectively expressing that sexual assault is a crime. We also garnered empirical support for a mediation model, that is, negative affective reactions to a victim statistically accounted for the relationship between expressed legal context and victim culpability attributions. Implications for future psycholegal research and potential legal reforms are discussed.
5-Iodo-A-85380, an α4β2 Subtype-Selective Ligand for Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

In an effort to develop selective radioligands for in vivo imaging of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), we synthesized 5-iodo-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (5-iodo-A-85380) and labeled it with 125I and123I. Here we present the results of experiments characterizing this radioiodinated ligand in vitro. The affinity of 5-[125I]iodo-A-85380 for α4β2 nAChRs in rat and human brain is defined by K d values of 10 and 12 pM, respectively, similar to that of epibatidine (8 pM). In contrast to epibatidine, however, 5-iodo-A-85380 is more selective in binding to the α4β2 subtype than to other nAChR subtypes. In rat adrenal glands, 5-iodo-A-85380 binds to nAChRs containing α3 and β4 subunits with 1/1000th the affinity of epibatidine, and exhibits 1/60th and 1/190th the affinity of epibatidine at α7 and muscle-type nAChRs, respectively. Moreover, unlike epibatidine and cytisine, 5-[125I]iodo-A-85380 shows no binding in any brain regions in mice homozygous for a mutation in the β2 subunit of nAChRs. Binding of 5-[125I]iodo-A-85380 in rat brain is reversible, and is characterized by high specificity and a slow rate of dissociation of the receptor–ligand complex (t 1/2 for dissociation ∼2 h). These properties, along with other features observed previously in in vivo experiments (low toxicity, rapid penetration of the blood-brain barrier, and a high ratio of specific to nonspecific binding), suggest that this compound, labeled with 125I or 123I, is superior to other radioligands available for in vitro and in vivo studies of α4β2 nAChRs, respectively.
Retraction: The Impact of Alternative Telework Arrangements on Organizational Commitment: Insights from a Longitudinal Field Experiment

ABSTRACT: While the structure of telecommuting, or telework, varies across companies, most arrangements offer employees the option to perform their work responsibilities from various locations. A number of factors provide a compelling case for employers to consider such arrangements for their employees, such as motivating better performance and fostering commitment to the organization. Using data that were collected during the longitudinal experiment reported in Hunton (2005), the present study seeks to better understand how organizations might achieve these goals by examining the impact of alternative telework arrangements on the organizational commitment of employees and by evaluating the relationships among telework arrangements, organizational commitment, and task performance. Participants in three of the telework conditions exhibited significant increases in affective, continuance, and normative commitment, relative to a control group; however, in one of the telework conditions (working exclusively a...
Local Stochastic Invariant Manifolds: Preparation to Critical Manifolds

In this chapter we present a local theory of stochastic invariant manifolds associated with the global theory described in Chap. 4. The ideas are standard but the precise framework is detailed here again in view of the main results regarding the approximation formulas of stochastic critical manifolds (Chap. 6) and the related pullback characterizations presented in Volume II [37, Sect. 4.1]. In particular, the proof of Theorem 5.1 is provided below where some elements will be used in establishing Theorem 6.1.
Pediatric cerebral malaria pathology

Malaria kills more than half a million children a year in sub-Saharan Africa despite the availability of effective combination drug therapy, efficacy of bed nets, and environmental control measures. Cerebral malaria, a syndrome of coma in the setting of malaria infection, is one of the main causes of death in these children that has, to date, no effective interventions other than rapid administration of antimalarials. The principal finding in the brain of patients who die meeting the clinical case definition of cerebral malaria is the presence of densely packed Plasmodium falciparum parasite cytoadherent to human endothelial cells (i.e., sequestration). This finding was noted in the late 19th century and has remained a consistent feature to date. Extensive modern surveys of human pathology through autopsy have revealed new insights into the biology and mechanisms of death in pediatric patients as well as point to interventions that may impact the mortality rate in this disease. The Blantyre Malaria Project Autopsy series of 103 cases will be presented and discussed in detail as well as a review of the literature in pediatric disease.
Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 Consensus Statement: Pharmacotherapies in Cardiac Critical Care Fluid Management.

Objective In this Consensus Statement, we review the etiology and pathophysiology of fluid disturbances in critically ill children with cardiac disease. Clinical tools used to recognize pathologic fluid states are summarized, as are the mechanisms of action of many drugs aimed at optimal fluid management. Data sources The expertise of the authors and a review of the medical literature were used as data sources. Data synthesis The authors synthesized the data in the literature in order to present clinical tools used to recognize pathologic fluid states. For each drug, the physiologic rationale, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics are synthesized, and the evidence in the literature to support the therapy is discussed. Conclusions Fluid management is challenging in critically ill pediatric cardiac patients. A myriad of causes may be contributory, including intrinsic myocardial dysfunction with its associated neuroendocrine response, renal dysfunction with oliguria, and systemic inflammation with resulting endothelial dysfunction. The development of fluid overload has been associated with adverse outcomes, including acute kidney injury, prolonged mechanical ventilation, increased vasoactive support, prolonged hospital length of stay, and mortality. An in-depth understanding of the many factors that influence volume status is necessary to guide optimal management.
Wireless Gas Leak Detection and Localization

Thousands of industrial gas leaks occur every year, with many leading to injuries, deaths, equipment damage, and a disastrous environmental effect. There have been many attempts at solving this problem, but with limited success. This paper proposes a wireless gas leak detection and localization solution. With a monitoring network of 20 wireless devices covering $200\;\text{m}^2$ , 60 propane releases are performed. The detection and localization algorithms proposed here are applied to the collected concentration data, and the methodology is evaluated. A detection rate of 91% is achieved, with seven false alarms recorded over 3 days, and an average detection delay of 108 s. The localization results show an accuracy of 5 m. Recommendations for future explosive gas sensor design are then presented.
Study of Theory and Application of Asynchronous Cyclic Waterflooding Numerical Simulation for Heterogeneous Sandstone Reservoir

The asynchronous cyclic waterflooding mathematical model for heterogeneous sandstone reservoir is established and a numerical solution is derived in this paper,based on comprehensive analysis about the characteristics of cyclic waterflooding and the influences of elasticity, capillary and gravity on cyclic waterflooding.A new method is established to determine flow coefficient which can well describe the imbibition phenomenon due to the action of capillary force.It is approved in the cyclic waterflooding test area in Xingshugang oilfield that the result calculated with the new method matches with the production data,the relative error of formation pressure is about 4.0%,the relative error of liquid production rate is 3.2%,and the absolute error of water cut is 0.9%.This method has been used to perform numerical simulation calculation of different cyclic waterflooding projects for the thick formation in Xingshugang oilfield,the patterns of reasonable layer group into which water is injected and the patterns of well group are obtained.The average injection intensity is about 25m3/(d·m),the water flood cycle is 3 months,and termination cycle of injection is 3 months,too.After five months,synthetical water cut of test area declines from 92.17% to 91.51%,but oil production remains stable.It is predicted that the waterflooding recovery efficiency can be enhanced by over 1%.A favorable outcome will be obtained.
Irregular rhythm in a man with unstable angina.

A 66-year-old man was hospitalized for an exacerbation of angina pectoris. He had hypertension and had had chronic stable angina for 10 years and type 1 diabetes mellitus for 27 years. Three years ...
SYNERGISTIC RESPONSES OF STEROIDAL ESTROGENS IN VITRO (YEAST) AND IN VIVO (TURTLES)

Abstract Many environmental agents exert estrogenic activity. Previous studies from our laboratories demonstrated that certain combinations of environmental estrogens (i) reverse the sex of male turtle embryos in a synergistic manner (Bergeron et al., (1994)Environ. Hlth Perspect.102, 780–782), and (ii) synergistically transactivate the human estrogen receptor (hER) in yeast and mammalian cells (Arnold et al., (1996)Science272, 1489–1492). Because our findings with synthetic estrogens suggested that combinations of naturally-occurring steroidal estrogens might also produce synergistic activity of the ER, we used the same model systems to measure the activity of combinations of steroidal estrogens. The activity of combinations of estrone, estradiol-17β or estradiol-17α in yeast strains expressing hER was synergistic at submaximal concentrations of both estrogenic compounds. However, synergy was not observed with mixtures of estrogens when the concentration of one of the estrogens alone was maximally active in yeast. Ligand-binding assays in yeast performed with various radiolabeled estrogens suggested that multiple estrogens may interact with the receptor. The estrogen-dependent process of sex-reversal of turtle embryos incubated at a male-producing temperature was used to determine whether steroidal estrogens also had synergistic activityin vivo.In this instance, a combination of estriol and estradiol-17β was effective in reversing the gonadal sex of turtle embryos from males to females in a synergistic manner. Our results suggest that the synergy of some combinations of estrogens, synthetic or steroidal, may play a role in the estrogen-dependent process of sexual development in certain species.
Genetic Analysis of Kernel Traits in Maize-Teosinte Introgression Populations

Seed traits have been targeted by human selection during the domestication of crop species as a way to increase the caloric and nutritional content of food during the transition from hunter-gather to early farming societies. The primary seed trait under selection was likely seed size/weight as it is most directly related to overall grain yield. Additional seed traits involved in seed shape may have also contributed to larger grain. Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) kernel weight has increased more than 10-fold in the 9000 years since domestication from its wild ancestor, teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis). In order to study how size and shape affect kernel weight, we analyzed kernel morphometric traits in a set of 10 maize-teosinte introgression populations using digital imaging software. We identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for kernel area and length with moderate allelic effects that colocalize with kernel weight QTL. Several genomic regions with strong effects during maize domestication were detected, and a genetic framework for kernel traits was characterized by complex pleiotropic interactions. Our results both confirm prior reports of kernel domestication loci and identify previously uncharacterized QTL with a range of allelic effects, enabling future research into the genetic basis of these traits.