cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient method for native protein purification in the selected range from prostate cancer tissue digests.

Background: Prostate cancer (CP) cells differ from their normal counterpart in gene expression. Genes encoding secreted or extracellular proteins with increased expression in CP may serve as potential biomarkers. For their detection and quantification, assays based on monoclonal antibodies are best suited for development in a clinical setting. One approach to obtain antibodies is to use recombinant proteins as immunogen. However, the synthesis of recombinant protein for each identified candidate is time-consuming and expensive. It is also not practical to generate high quality antibodies to all identified candidates individually. Furthermore, non-native forms (e.g., recombinant) of proteins may not always lead to useful antibodies. Our approach was to purify a subset of proteins from CP tissue specimens for use as immunogen. Methods: In the present investigation, ten cancer specimens obtained from cases scored Gleason 3+3, 3+4 and 4+3 were digested by collagenase to single cells in serum-free tissue culture media. Cells were pelleted after collagenase digestion, and the cell-free supernatant from each specimen was pooled and used for isolation of proteins in the 10–30 kDa molecular weight range using a combination of sonication, dialysis and Amicon ultrafiltration. Western blotting and mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics were performed to identify the proteins in the selected size fraction. Results: The presence of cancer-specific anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) and absence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)/KLK3 were confirmed by Western blotting. Proteomics also detected AGR2 among many other proteins, some outside the selected molecular weight range, as well. Conclusions: Using this approach, the potentially harmful (to the mouse host) exogenously added collagenase was removed as well as other abundant prostatic proteins like ACPP/PAP and AZGP1 to preclude the generation of antibodies against these species. The paper presents an optimized scheme for convenient and rapid isolation of native proteins in any desired size range with minor modifications.
The unexpected signal in GRACE estimates of $$C_{20}$$

For science applications of the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) monthly solutions, the GRACE estimates of $$C_{20}$$ (or $$J_{2}$$ ) are typically replaced by the value determined from satellite laser ranging (SLR) due to an unexpectedly strong, clearly non-geophysical, variation at a period of $$\sim $$ 160 days. This signal has sometimes been referred to as a tide-like variation since the period is close to the perturbation period on the GRACE orbits due to the spherical harmonic coefficient pair $$C_{22}/S_{22}$$ of S2 ocean tide. Errors in the S2 tide model used in GRACE data processing could produce a significant perturbation to the GRACE orbits, but it cannot contribute to the $$\sim $$ 160-day signal appearing in $$C_{20}$$ . Since the dominant contribution to the GRACE estimate of $$C_{20}$$ is from the global positioning system tracking data, a time series of 138 monthly solutions up to degree and order 10 ( $$10\times 10$$ ) were derived along with estimates of ocean tide parameters up to degree 6 for eight major tides. The results show that the $$\sim $$ 160-day signal remains in the $$C_{20}$$ time series. Consequently, the anomalous signal in GRACE $$C_{20}$$ cannot be attributed to aliasing from the errors in the S2 tide. A preliminary analysis of the cross-track forces acting on GRACE and the cross-track component of the accelerometer data suggests that a temperature-dependent systematic error in the accelerometer data could be a cause. Because a wide variety of science applications relies on the replacement values for $$C_{20}$$ , it is essential that the SLR estimates are as reliable as possible. An ongoing concern has been the influence of higher degree even zonal terms on the SLR estimates of $$C_{20}$$ , since only $$C_{20}$$ and $$C_{40}$$ are currently estimated. To investigate whether a better separation between $$C_{20}$$ and the higher-degree terms could be achieved, several combinations of additional SLR satellites were investigated. In addition, a series of monthly gravity field solutions ( $$60\times 60$$ ) were estimated from a combination of GRACE and SLR data. The results indicate that the combination of GRACE and SLR data might benefit the resonant orders in the GRACE-derived gravity fields, but it appears to degrade the recovery of the $$C_{20}$$ variations. In fact, the results suggest that the poorer recovery of $$C_{40}$$ by GRACE, where the annual variation is significantly underestimated, may be affecting the estimates of $$C_{20}$$ . Consequently, it appears appropriate to continue using the SLR-based estimates of $$C_{20}$$ , and possibly also $$C_{40}$$ , to augment the existing GRACE mission.
The wisdom of crowds for visual search

Decision-making accuracy typically increases through collective integration of people's judgments into group decisions, a phenomenon known as the wisdom of crowds. For simple perceptual laboratory tasks, classic signal detection theory specifies the upper limit for collective integration benefits obtained by weighted averaging of people's confidences, and simple majority voting can often approximate that limit. Life-critical perceptual decisions often involve searching large image data (e.g., medical, security, and aerial imagery), but the expected benefits and merits of using different pooling algorithms are unknown for such tasks. Here, we show that expected pooling benefits are significantly greater for visual search than for single-location perceptual tasks and the prediction given by classic signal detection theory. In addition, we show that simple majority voting obtains inferior accuracy benefits for visual search relative to averaging and weighted averaging of observers' confidences. Analysis of gaze behavior across observers suggests that the greater collective integration benefits for visual search arise from an interaction between the foveated properties of the human visual system (high foveal acuity and low peripheral acuity) and observers' nonexhaustive search patterns, and can be predicted by an extended signal detection theory framework with trial to trial sampling from a varying mixture of high and low target detectabilities across observers (SDT-MIX). These findings advance our theoretical understanding of how to predict and enhance the wisdom of crowds for real world search tasks and could apply more generally to any decision-making task for which the minority of group members with high expertise varies from decision to decision.
Beyond the Wall

In this essay, Michael Satterfield recounts his experiences as a student in and outside of prison. His narrative exposes the challenges faced by one person in pursuit of an education, and recounts his early educational experiences as well as his participation in a college-in-prison program. He also describes his journey to a four-year college and the hope that sustained him throughout.
RNA-mediated Genomic Arrangements in Mammalian Cells

One of the hallmarks of cancer is the formation of oncogenic fusion genes as a result of chromosomal translocations. Fusion genes are presumed to occur prior to fusion RNA expression. However, studies have reported the presence of fusion RNAs in individuals who were negative for chromosomal translocations. Here we provide evidence that expression of a chimeric RNA induces a specified gene fusion via genomic rearrangement in mammalian cells. The process is specified by the sequence of chimeric RNA involved, permissible regardless of intra-chromosomal or inter-chromosomal fusion, and can occur in normal cells prior to malignant transformation. Furthermore, we identified an endogenous RNA AZI1 that acts as the ‘initiator’ RNA to induce TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. RNA-driven gene fusion demonstrated here provides important insight in early disease mechanism, and could have fundamental implications in the biology of mammalian genome stability, as well as gene editing technology via mechanisms native to mammalian cells.
Soft and Hard Information and Signal Extraction in Securities Crowdfunding

We examine the impact of information flows on financing and the relative roles of hard information, soft information, and certification of issuer quality by third parties, using novel evidence from the US securities-based crowdfunding market. While hard information about the issuer’s financial condition and experience has only marginal relevance for offering outcomes, third-party certification of issuer quality as well as soft information about the issuer proxied by social media following plays a significant role in crowdfunding offerings. The relative roles of hard information and certification are greatest in offerings of more information-sensitive securities and when investors are less likely to derive nonpecuniary returns from participating in an offering. Further, there is evidence of partial substitution between different signals of issuer quality. Both third-party certification and issuer social media following are positively related to the valuation obtained by the issuer. Issuers tailor deal features, specifically, the choice of funding target flexibility and offering duration, to the level of information asymmetry about issuer quality. Finally, there is some evidence of geographic matching, with issuer characteristics and local availability of platforms affecting distance between issuers and platforms.
Predicting market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) landings from pre-recruit abundance

Abstract The fishery for market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) in California is typical of many of the world’s cephalopod fisheries, in that a very short life span and the effect of environmental forcing on recruitment result in enormous interannual variability in catches and population size. We evaluate the utility of a pre-recruit index of squid abundance that is based on midwater trawl sampling in the 3–5 months preceding the onset of the fishery as a basis for predicting landings. Catches in the survey largely represent squid in the 30–50 mm dorsal mantle length size range, representing individuals 30–90 day old. Catch-per-unit-effort statistics are derived from simple two-factor Δ-Generalized Linear Models, with year and station as main effects and numbers per tow as the dependent variable. Regional models for northern and southern squid populations are developed. Pre-recruit indices, as well as indices of squid prey (krill) abundance are compared with landings data, as well as estimates of squid spawning stock biomass derived from an egg escapement model. Our results show that the abundance of pre-recruit market squid and krill sampled in the survey tracks both catches and overall population size, providing the potential to forecast landings. Our findings are consistent with a sparse but growing literature showing the potential utility of pre-recruit surveys to inform fisheries participants and managers.
Exposing Methods and Positionality

I believe that the more intimately interconnected people feel – the more we take the time to learn about and connect with people across cultural differences – the less separation, segregation, and oppression there will be. Connecting with others in a way that has the potential to minimize oppression, however, requires striving to understand the complex operations of privilege related to race, class, gender, and sexuality.
Parents’ Understanding of Adopted Children’s Ways of Being, Belonging, and Becoming

Internationally-adopted children experience a range of challenges as they cope with the demands of everyday functioning and strive to develop a healthy identity. Research shows that family context such as parenting practices impact the level of adoptees' adjustment and their eventual identity development. In this study, we examined the process of how relationships are built between Ethiopia adoptees and their adoptive families within the new family setting. Using data obtained through semi-structured interviews, a brief survey, and focus group discussion from 25 North American families who adopted 35 Ethiopia children, we conducted a systematic content analysis to examine parents' way of being, way of understanding, and way of intervening. Based on results of this study, we provide a framework that explains the dynamic of Ethiopian adoptees' existence and belonging from pre- to post-adoption in the adoptive family. Implications for future research regarding the need for multiculturally competent parenting practices and family level strategies to reduce barriers to the child and parent relationship are addressed.
Digital Phase Noise Compensation for DSCM-Based Superchannel Transmission System With Quantum Dot Passive Mode-Locked Laser

We propose a simplified digital phase noise compensation technique for a Nyquist pulse-shaped digital subcarrier multiplexed (DSCM) coherent optical transmission system, employing an optical frequency comb based on Quantum dot passive mode-locked laser (QD-PMLL). Our results show that the impact of dominant common mode phase noise can be efficiently compensated at the receiver by digitally mixing the data sideband with the complex conjugate of the residual carrier component. This digital mixing technique resulted in better bit error rate performance compared to the conventional mth power Viterbi-Viterbi algorithm for QPSK and blind phase noise compensation for 16-quadratic-amplitude modulation formats, especially in the presence of large phase noise. To this end, exploiting the mutual coherence between the mode-locked comb lines of QD-PMLL, we numerically demonstrate its potential applicability as a transmission source for coherent optical superchannel transmission.
Rechnungsprüfung auf der Basis von Stichproben — Einsatz des Systems Account bei der VW AG

In Unternehmen mit einem bereits realisierten Unternehmensdatenmodell und einer darauf aufbauenden integrierten Informationsverarbeitung ist die Rechnungsprufung ein integraler Systembestandteil. Sie ist eingebettet in den Gesamtvorgang, der von der Bedarfsermittlung bis zur Rechnungsbezahlung verschiedene Bereiche des Unternehmens tangiert. Alle fur die Prufung relevanten Informationen wie z. B.
The Geriatric Patient with Neurodermatitis

Mrs. Hightower is a 79-year-old African-American female, who presents to the office with her husband with a chief complaint of persistent bug bites and edema of the lower extremities. The lesions in question are reported on both arms from the wrist to mid upper arm, and the lower extremities from just proximal to the toes to below the knee. The extremities appear erythematous, swollen, and scaly with multiple vesicles and areas denuded of overlying skin. The patient is insistent that the cause of her discomfort is parasites. She claims to have had this complaint constantly for 6 years, starting just after a quadruple bypass and continuing without interruption till the current visit. She reports a history of kidney failure, fatigue, and fluid retention, but denies any other symptoms.
An extension on max-algebra

Abstract In this paper, we extend the algebraic structure (S, ⊕, ⊕) by giving a nominal negative set of S and the extended operations of"⊕ and ⊕. In this way, it is shown that the most important concepts and properties of classical linear algebra (such as: solution of equations of higher degree, determinants, linear dependence and independence, eigenvalues and characteristic equations) may be extended to the max-algebra.
Youth perception of self and ideal self through drawings: association between perception and weight status.

Abstract Context The body image research literature has addressed how young people perceive their self-image thoroughly. Seldom however were youths asked to draw their current vs. ideal selves, neither has this been explored in comparison to weight differences. Method Ninety participants aged 6–17 (mean 11.73±, SD = 2.84) drew how they perceive themselves (“Me”) and how they might want to look like of they could change their appearance (“Preferred Me”). Participants completed a body figure scale test, and were measured to obtain their BMI percentile. Results 180 drawings were analyzed. Results revealed a relation between drawing sizes of height, waist, width and weight status. Characters' emotions and weight were also associated. Conclusion Drawings are a youth friendly tool to gain non-invasive insight into youths' body image perception and can help capture perceptions attached to body image and weight. The results matter for medical, educational, and psychological professionals working on creating programs and tools to treat or assess youths' physical and mental challenges related to body image.
Estimation of Speciation Times Under the Multispecies Coalescent

Abstract Motivation The coalescent model is now widely accepted as an effective model for incorporating variation in the evolutionary histories of individual genes into methods for phylogenetic inference from genome-scale data. However, because model-based analysis under the coalescent can be computationally expensive for large data sets, a variety of inferential frameworks and corresponding algorithms have been proposed for estimation of species-level phylogenies and the associated parameters, including the speciation times and effective population sizes. Results We consider the problem of estimating the timing of speciation events along a phylogeny in a coalescent framework. We propose a maximum a posteriori estimator based on composite likelihood (MAPCL) for inferring these speciation times under a model of DNA sequence evolution for which exact site pattern probabilities can be computed. We demonstrate that the MAPCL estimates are statistically consistent and asymptotically normally distributed, and we show how this result can be used to estimate their asymptotic variance. We also provide a more computationally efficient estimator of the asymptotic variance based on the nonparametric bootstrap. We evaluate the performance of our method using simulation and by application to an empirical dataset for gibbons. Availability and implementation The method has been implemented in the PAUP* program, freely available at https://paup.phylosolutions.com for Macintosh, Windows, and Linux operating systems. Contact peng.650@osu.edu Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Characterization of Viscoelastic Response of Underfill Materials

In microelectronics packaging industry, polymer based materials are used extensively. These polymers exhibit viscoelastic behavior when subject to time dependent loads or deformations. The viscoelastic behavior highly depends on both temperature and time. In many cases, these viscoelastic properties are often neglected due to saving computational cost, or unavailability of a full characterization of the viscoelastic properties. To make accurate predictions of packaging behavior, it is important to accurately characterize the viscoelastic behavior of mold compounds, underfill encapsulants, adhesives and other polymers used in electronic assemblies. In this study, both frequency dependent dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements and strain and temperature dependent stress relaxation experiments were performed on a typical underfill material in order to characterize its linear viscoelastic behavior. In both cases, a master curve was determined using the assumption of time-temperature equivalence, and Prony series expansions were utilized to model the material's relaxation behavior. For both sets of experimental input data, the Prony pairs and shift factors were determined, and the master curves at the reference temperature were shifted to other temperatures for comparing with experimental data. Finally, the developed viscoelastic models were used to both predict the rate dependent stress-strain behavior and the creep behavior of the material. The model predictions were correlated with additional experimental data used to establish the viscoelastic model, and good correlations were obtained.
Deep Q-learning for Predicting Asthma Attack with Considering Personalized Environmental Triggers’ Risk Scores

The purpose of our present study was to develop a forecasting method that would help asthmatic individuals to take evasive action when the probability of an attack was at THEIR PERSONAL THRESHOLD levels. The results are encouraging. Risk factor analysis helps improve the agent’s performance (by allowing it to consider personalized risk score of asthma attack triggers while making a decision and being able to ignore the non-triggers), increasing transparency of deep reinforcement learning in medicine applications (by using the results of analyzing risk factors and its association to take actions), and increase accuracy over time since the association risk factor indicators are also changing over time with more accuracy rate. It also brings the possibility of including population-based health in personalized health, which could support a more efficient self-management of chronic diseases.
Isolation, Identification, and Quantification of Tyrosinase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors From UVC-Irradiated Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) Leaves

Methanol extracts from ultraviolet (UV) C-irradiated mulberry leaves (UVC-IML) exhibit stronger tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities than those from unirradiated mulberry leaves. Through a bioassay-guided fractionation and purification process, two oxyresveratrol derivatives, oxyresveratrol (ORT) and 4'-prenyloxyresveratrol (PORT), and six 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives [moracin B (MCB), moracin C (MCC), moracin M (MCM), moracin N (MCN), 6,5'-dimethoxymoracin M (DMMCM), and chalcomoracin (CMC)] were isolated from the methanol extract from UVC-IML. Their chemical structures were determined by UV, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. ORT and PORT showed potent tyrosinase inhibitory activities with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.57 and 0.90 μM, respectively, and CMC exhibited significant tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 5.61 and 6.00 μM, respectively. Levels of these eight compounds were increased significantly following irradiation compared with untreated mulberry leaves; ORTs increased approximately 4 fold and moracins increased 2~16 fold. These data suggest that UVC-IML may represent a promising source of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals for prevention of diabetes and skin aging.
Diversified Portfolio Model of Adaptability: A Natural History Perspective:

Using a natural history perspective, the diversified portfolio model (DPM) of adaptability developed by Chandra and Leong (2016) is described in this article as a representation of the latter autho...
When Legislatures Become the Ally of Academic Freedom: The First State Intellectual Diversity Statute and Its Effect on Academic Freedom

In 2019, South Dakota became the first state to pass an intellectual diversity statute aimed at public universities in the state. Some have argued that the Intellectual Diversity Act (IDA) infringes on universities' First Amendment right of academic freedom. After discussing the state of free speech and intellectual diversity in the nation's institutions of higher learning, this article proceeds to examine the nature, purpose, and development of the First Amendment right of academic freedom. The article concludes that academic freedom is not infringed by the IDA.
463. Random Sampling of Asymptomatic Hospital Employees: A Period Prevalence Study

Background: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on the work force in hospital settings Despite rigorous screening practices implemented at many institutions, reports have documented transmission from asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals in community environments Evidence of nosocomial transmission between healthcare workers and patients in the early phase of the pandemic has further compounded the fears of safety in the workplace We sought to determine the asymptomatic carriage rate of employees to inform messaging and response in the context of universal masking and eye protection Methods: We conducted a period prevalence study in asymptomatic hospital employees at a quaternary pediatric hospital during April to June 2020 Eligible employees included clinical staff, administrative staff, food services workers, and environmental services workers who had passed the temperature and symptom screening evaluation on entry to the campus Samples were obtained from both nares of consenting individuals and ran daily on a validated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) platform Results: A total of 1394 employees consented to participate by June 15, 2020 and none of them had a positive result for COVID-19 Thus, the prevalence rate among asymptomatic employees was zero during this period (95%CI 0%-0 26%) Thirteen employees developed symptoms after initial enrollment and testing of which 1 tested positive for COVID-19 Based on these data, we estimate a monthly incidence rate of 0 8 new COVID-19 cases per 1000 asymptomatic employees (95%CI 0 2 - 4 4 per 1000) Of note, at the time of submission the R0 for our region was 1 4, and the prevalence of COVID-19 infection among symptomatic employees was 9 9% (68/686 tested in our system, 95%CI: 7 8%-12 3%) Conclusion: We did not identify any COVID-19-positive asymptomatic hospital employees who passed screening measures This suggests very low risk of nosocomial transmission to other employees, patients, and families Along with low community prevalence and capture of COVID-19-positive symptomatic employees, we could confidently advise staff that universal surgical masking and eye protection were likely adequate to prevent significant exposure
Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Patients with Potential SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection, May-July 2020.

Background We investigated patients with potential SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the United States during May-July 2020. Methods We conducted case finding for patients with potential SARS-CoV-2 reinfection through the Emerging Infections Network. Cases reported were screened for laboratory and clinical findings of potential reinfection followed by requests for medical records and laboratory specimens. Available medical records were abstracted to characterize patient demographics, comorbidities, clinical course, and laboratory test results. Submitted specimens underwent further testing, including RT-PCR, viral culture, whole genome sequencing, subgenomic RNA PCR, and testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody. Results Among 73 potential reinfection patients with available records, 30 patients had recurrent COVID-19 symptoms explained by alternative diagnoses with concurrent SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-PCR, 24 patients remained asymptomatic after recovery but had recurrent or persistent RT-PCR, and 19 patients had recurrent COVID-19 symptoms with concurrent SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-PCR but no alternative diagnoses. These 19 patients had symptom recurrence a median of 57 days after initial symptom onset (interquartile range: 47 - 76). Six of these patients had paired specimens available for further testing, but none had laboratory findings confirming reinfections. Testing of an additional three patients with recurrent symptoms and alternative diagnoses also did not confirm reinfection. Conclusions We did not confirm SARS-CoV-2 reinfection within 90 days of the initial infection based on the clinical and laboratory characteristics of cases in this investigation. Our findings support current CDC guidance around quarantine and testing for patients who have recovered from COVID-19.
Personality and online deviance: The role of reinforcement sensitivity theory in cybercrime

Abstract The Internet has afforded people a multitude of opportunities to engage in crime and deviance online. Despite recent research efforts the application of criminological theories to the topic of cybercrime has returned mixed results. Furthermore, no study to date has sought to examine the effect of personality on individual differences in motivations to engage in cybercrime. In this study we use reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposed by Gray (1982; 1987) as a framework for explaining cybercrime. RST is increasingly being used to explain individual differences in a range of behaviors including a wide range of criminal behaviors. In this study, 577 participants reported engagement in cybercrime behaviors and completed the RST Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ). Overall, we found support for the hypothesis that RST related traits were associated with cybercrime. The four BAS subfactors (Reward Interest, Goal-Drive Persistence, Reward Reactivity, and Impulsivity) were found to have differing relationships with cybercrime. BIS traits were also positively associated with cybercrime, possibly deriving from the effect of increased anonymity online on the role of the BIS as a conflict mediator. Overall, this study supports the application of RST to the study of cybercrime while emphasizing the need for future research to (1) disaggregate the varying effects of BAS activation on engagement in specific types of cybercriminal behaviors and (2) further explore the unique effect of online anonymity on RST processes that motivate deviant behaviors online.
Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer: a dedicated single-mode fiber injection unit for high-resolution exoplanet spectroscopy

The Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) is a purpose-built instrument to demonstrate technological and instrumental concepts initially developed for the exoplanet direct imaging field. Located downstream of the current Keck II adaptive optic (AO) system, KPIC contains a fiber injection unit (FIU) capable of combining the high-contrast imaging capability of the AOs system with the high dispersion spectroscopy capability of the current Keck high resolution infrared spectrograph (NIRSPEC). Deployed at Keck in September 2018, this instrument has already been used to acquire high-resolution spectra (R > 30,000) of multiple targets of interest. In the near term, it will be used to spectrally characterize known directly imaged exoplanets and low-mass brown dwarf companions visible in the northern hemisphere with a spectral resolution high enough to enable spin and planetary radial velocity measurements as well as Doppler imaging of atmospheric weather phenomena. Here, we present the design of the FIU, the unique calibration procedures needed to operate a single-mode fiber instrument and the system performance.
From Natural Resource Boom to Sustainable Economic Growth: Lessons for Mongolia

Some resource-rich developing countries are in the process of harnessing immense mining resources towards inclusive growth and prosperity. Nevertheless, tapping into natural resources could be challenging given the large front-loaded investment, volatile capital flows and exposure to global commodity markets. Public investment is needed to remove the often-large infrastructure gap and unlock the economic potential. However, too rapid fiscal outlays could push the economy to its limit of absorptive capacity and increase macro-financial vulnerabilities. This paper utilizes a structural model-based approach to analyze macroeconomic impacts of different public investment strategies on key fiscal and non-fiscal variables such as debt, consumption, sovereign wealth fund, and real exchange rates. We apply the model to Mongolia and draw policy recommendations from the analysis. We find that fiscal policy adjustment, particularly moderating infrastructure investment and optimizing investment efficiency is needed to maintain macroeconomic and external stability, as well as to boost the long-term sustainable growth for Mongolia.
Mechanisms of amyloidogenesis

Limitations of the three putative mechanisms of amyloid fibril assembly for explaining Sup35 prion formation have led to the introduction of a fourth model — nucleated conformational conversion — that invokes oligomeric intermediates for initiation and assembly.
Do oil producers act as ‘Oil’igopolists?

In this paper, the author analyzes an oligopoly model of exhaustible resource extraction and develop predictions about relative extraction patterns of different producers. Using the [open quote]oil[close quote]igopoly model of Loury, one can show that producers with large stocks produce a larger amount, but a smaller percentage, of their stocks than producers with small stocks. The authors extend Loury's model to cases where extraction costs differ among producers and where costs are a function of cumulative extraction. An increase in extraction costs for a producer causes it to produce less relative to its rivals. When extraction costs rise with cumulative extraction, producers with large reserves tend to have lower extraction costs and a smaller ratio of cumulative production to initial reserves than producers with small reserves. The authors test the predictions of the model using oil industry data and find that the empirical results are consistent with the predictions of [open quotes]oil[close quotes]igopoly theory. Producers with larger reserves extract a smaller share of their reserves and have lower production costs than producers with smaller reserves. This pattern holds for 73 countries with oil reserves during the time period 1970-1989, and for approximately 400 US oil companies in 1983 and 1984.more » The observed pattern of production for both OPEC and non-OPEC producers is consistent with [open quote]oil[close quote]igopoly theory. OPEC producers do not appear to restrain production given their level of reserves relative to non-OPEC producers. Thus, viewing the oil market as containing one dominant firm (OPEC) with a competitive fringe may be misleading. Further, the pattern of extraction observed in oil markets is inconsistent with the pattern predicted by competitive theory. 29 refs., 5 figs., 6 tabs.« less
The Effect of Alternative Gasolines on Knock and Intake Valve Sticking

Five fuels have been tested for 200 hours each in five separate but physically identical engines. The five fuels are, two shale oil-derived gasolines, two coal-derived gasolines, and one baseline unleaded gasoline. The results reported in this paper describe the tendency of the fuels to undergo postignition-induced-knock, and the indicators used for predicting the severity of this knock. The tendency of the fuels to produce intake valve sticking is also described. Additionally the chemical and physical properties of the alternative gasolines are reported herein. These results give further insight into the potential advantages and disadvantages of alternative gasolines. This paper addresses two questions relative to the effect that nonpetroleum-based gasolines have on two specific areas of engine performance; 1. How do the changes in chemical composition of the nonpetroleum-based gasolines affect knock. 2. How do the changes in chemical composition of the nonpetroleum-based gasolines affect intake valve sticking.
Toward asymptotically optimal motion planning for kinodynamic systems using a two-point boundary value problem solver

We present an approach for asymptotically optimal motion planning for kinodynamic systems with arbitrary nonlinear dynamics amid obstacles. Optimal sampling-based planners like RRT*, FMT*, and BIT* when applied to kinodynamic systems require solving a two-point boundary value problem (BVP) to perform exact connections between nodes in the tree. Two-point BVPs are non-trivial to solve, hence the prevalence of alternative approaches that focus on specific instances of kinodynamic systems, use approximate solutions to the two-point BVP, or use random propagation of controls. In this work, we explore the feasibility of exploiting recent advances in numerical optimal control and optimization to solve these two-point BVPs for arbitrary kinodynamic systems and how they can be integrated with existing optimal planning algorithms. We combine BIT* with a two-point BVP solver that uses sequential quadratic programming (SQP). We consider the problem of computing minimum-time trajectories. Since the duration of trajectories is not known a-priori, we include the time-step as part of the optimization to allow SQP to optimize over the duration of the trajectory while keeping the number of discrete steps fixed for every connection attempted. Our experiments indicate that using a two-point BVP solver in the inner-loop of BIT* is competitive with the state-of-the-art in sampling-based optimal planning that explicitly avoids the use of two-point BVP solvers.
Introduction: Delhi’s Margins: Negotiating Changing Spaces, Identities and Governmentalities

Delhi has been known by many names, some rising to prominence as others fade: the Imperial City, dotted by historical monuments and wide tree-lined avenues; the Capital City, from where the country’s administration is run; Partition City, which provided a safe haven to Punjabi refugees; a city in a hurry to become a ‘World Class’ City. It has always also been a city of the displaced and the dispossessed, the poor and the underprivileged who have found themselves on the margins of Master Plans...
The native collagen fibril ― biosensor and signal conductor of the matrix of connective tissues. A new concept for a biological understanding of the regulation of connective tissues

Abstract Measurements of strain-related deformation potentials and of voltage-current characteristics were performed at various cartilage tissues. A new theoretical hypothesis of the bioelectrical pathophysiological regulation of the matrix of connective tissues is discussed on the basis of these measurements and an integrative analysis of the interdisciplinary literature.
Ethical reflections on the problem of spam

After reviewing some of the difficulties caused by spam and summarizing the arguments of its defenders, this paper will focus on its present legal status. It will then dwell on spam from a moral point of view and address some of the ethical implications associated with transmitting this unsolicited commercial e-mail. It will attempt to sort out the conflicting rights involved and develop a viable case that even if we prescind from its social costs, spam is ethically questionable under certain conditions. Moreover, given the current volume of spam and its negative impact on the Internet environment, the transmission of spam can also be characterized as an asocial act primarily because of the significant externalities which it generates. As a result, spam cannot be justified from the perspective of duty-based moral philosophies that emphasize the need to conform to the legitimate norms of the community.
Abstract W P293: Using Smart Phrases in an Electronic Medical Record to Document the Plan of Care and Decision Making Process During Time Sensitive Acute Ischemic Stroke Patient Interventions

Background and purpose: Documenting the physician’s decision making process in acute ischemic stroke intervention is a requirement of the Joint Commission to meeting the Comprehensive Stroke Center certification standard of involving the patient and/or family in the decision making process (DSSE. 1.). Due to the emergent nature of treating an acute ischemic stroke, the physician documentation may not clearly depict this process. The use of smart phrases in the electronic medical record (EMR) can help expedite this step while still providing individualized treatment. Methods: Smart phrases are written by the clinician in such a way that addresses the most common clinical situations. Smart phrases lay the foundation progress note, decreasing the likelihood of omitting important patient care information. The physician can make the smart phrases a part of their own EMR template. This can save documentation time as well as meet the required documentation standards from Comprehensive Stroke Center certification...
Development and evaluation of gold-centered monolayer protected nanoparticle stationary phases for gas chromatography.

Abstract The current status for the development of novel open-tubular gas chromatography (GC) stationary phases consisting of thin films of gold-centered monolayer protected nanoparticles (MPNs) is reported. Dodecanethiol MPNs, in which the monolayer is dodecanethiol linked to the gold nanoparticle, have shown great promise as a GC stationary phase with efficient columns having been produced in a variety of capillary i.d.'s with stationary phase film depths ranging from 10 to 60 nm, ±2 nm at a given film depth. Stationary phase operational parameters are discussed including maximum operating temperature, sample capacity, and stationary phase lifetime and robustness. An overview of the general method employed for column production is also included. The sample capacity was determined for a 2.5 m, 250 μm i.d. column with a stationary phase film thickness of 40 nm, at 50 °C using anisole ( k ′ = 1.86) as the probe analyte. The sample capacity was experimentally found to be 2.3 ng under these conditions, similar to values reported for thicker, polymer stationary phases. The efficiency of the dodecanethiol MPN stationary phase was determined with a 100 μm i.d. capillary and found to have a reduced plate height h min value of 0.95 for octane ( k ′ = 0.68). Areas of application illustrated and discussed utilizing the dodecanethiol MPN stationary phase include complementary separations such as two-dimensional GC (GC × GC), potential utilization within a model system for a micro-fabricated GC (μGC), as well as efficient single dimension high-speed separations. Initial development of polar stationary phases utilizing 4-chlorobenzenethiol MPNs and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenethiol MPNs is discussed. Included is a selectivity comparison of the retention behavior of the 4-chlorobenzenethiol MPN stationary phase and the dodecanethiol MPN stationary phase.
Neuropathology of remote hypoxic-ischemic damage in the immature rat

This study was undertaken to determine: (a) the duration of hypoxia required to produce brain damage in immature rats with unilateral carotid artery ligation (Levine technique); (b) the regions of immature brain most vulnerable to hypoxia-ischemia (HI); and (c) the neuropathology of the remote HI insult. To this end, 7-day postnatal rats, subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation combined with hypoxia of varying durations (45, 60, 75 or 90 min), were killed at 30 days of postnatal age and their brains examined by light microscopy. The results indicated that a longer duration of HI was more likely to produce brain lesions and that the extent and severity of the lesions closely correlated with the length of HI. Shorter intervals of HI primarily damaged the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, while longer periods resulted in more extensive damage and were often associated with cavitary lesions of the cerebral hemisphere. Comparison of HI brain damage produced by the Levine technique in immature and adult rats suggested that in immature rats: (a) the cavitary lesions were common; (b) the non-cavitary cortical lesions had a tendency to show a vertical band-like distribution — a pattern never seen in adults; and (c) the lesions often showed mineralization. The similarities between these experimentally produced HI cerebral lesions and those observed in the developing human brain, such as ulegyria and porencephaly, are discussed.
Partial nephrectomy for renal urothelial tumors: clinical update.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the contemporary indications and outcome after partial nephrectomy for renal urothelial cancer. Partial nephrectomy is an established treatment for renal cell cancer but its use for renal urothelial tumors has been studied less extensively. Methods Records were reviewed for patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for renal urothelial tumors between January 1990 and December 2001. Partial nephrectomy was selected for those with a solitary kidney, chronic renal insufficiency, or bilateral synchronous tumors. Partial nephrectomy was performed according to the principles of partial nephrectomy. Follow-up included ultrasonography, intravenous urography, computed tomography, metastatic workup, and renal function evaluation. Results This study included 12 patients (12 kidneys, 10 solitary) with a mean age of 68.5 ± 21 years and a mean follow-up of 40.8 ± 32 months. The pathologic T stage was Tis in 1 patient, T1 in 3, T2 in 2, and T3 in 6 patients. Of the 12 patients, 6 had negative surgical margins, and 4 of the 12 patients (30%) were tumor free after a mean follow-up of 57.7 months. Of the 6 patients with positive surgical margins (Stage T1 in 2 and T3 in 4), 1 developed recurrence and 3 developed metastasis; 4 died after a mean of 31.3 months. Overall recurrence was seen in 5 (42%) and progression (metastasis) in 6 (50%) patients. Of the 12 patients, 6 were alive, 4 of them were well (mean serum creatinine 1.83 mg/dL) at 62 months of follow-up. Two patients required dialysis. The overall long-term survival rate was 50%. Conclusions Partial nephrectomy for renal urothelial tumors is feasible and should be considered in a select population. Dialysis or renal replacement can be delayed or avoided in most of these patients, but strict surveillance remains mandatory.
A Minimum Variance Result in Continuous Trading Portfolio Optimization

The problem of minimizing the variance of discounted wealth at the end of a fixed period is solved when the expectation of terminal wealth is constrained to a specified investment goal. The results are obtained in a continuous trading framework under the assumption that the funds can be exchanged between a riskless bond and a stock whose discounted price is described by a geometric Brownian motion. Transaction costs are ignored i.e., the market is "frictionless" and unlimited borrowing is permitted at the same rate as the return on the bond. Typically the optimal trading policy under the above assumptions involves a highly leveraged investment in the stock in the early stages followed by an accumulation of the bond in the later stages. Numerical results are provided as an illustration of the theory.
The original institutionalist perspective on economy and its place in a pluralist paradigm

This paper provides a basic overview of original institutional economics (OIE). It is intended to serve as a primer for anyone interested in knowing more about OIE. The paper provides an OIE perspective on four major topics: humans and their relation to the natural environment, technology, the economic process, and institutions (and how these evolve). Finally, the paper proposes that the holistic OIE paradigm has an important role to play in the pluralist approach to economics and economic education. This paper hopes to accomplish two tasks, one to explain the original institutionalist approach to economics in a simple and understandable way that respects a century of scholarship, is palatable to a wide range of institutionalist economists, and is understandable to readers who may have little if any prior knowledge of original institutional economics. The author claims no originality. He is only attempting to synthesise the thoughts of others who deserve the greater credit for developing the ideas. The second purpose is to discuss how institutionalism might enhance or be enhanced by a pluralist approach to economics. After a brief exploration into the roots of original institutionalism the paper will explore the four major elements of original institutional analysis: the natural environment and its relation to humans, technology, culture, and institutions. In the end it should be obvious that none of these elements stands alone. Rather, all four elements come into play in describing how economies work and change.