cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Halcyon: Unified HPC Center Operations

Under a shared campus cluster model, with many research groups investing distinct amounts and annual new hardware acquisitions, management of users and resources can become very complex. At Purdue, the Research Computing division set out in 2011 to design a cluster management solution to empower faculty to manage access to their own purchased resources. As operations at Purdue expanded, the internal portal evolved and took on many aspects of the operation of an HPC center beyond resource allocation and management. Eventually, components included HPC and storage resource management, user management and authorization, customer relationship, communications, documentation, and ordering/purchasing. Halcyon reconstitutes these in a modular, extensible framework to allow for the growth and maintenance necessary to encompass all aspects of HPC center management. This will allow centers to operate not only more efficiently, but more effectively, and deliver better services to researchers.
Wearable devices for remote monitoring of transcutaneous tissue oxygenation

We have developed wireless wearable devices to monitor tissue oxygenation transcutaneously by detecting the phosphorescence lifetime and intensity of an oxygen sensing film, paired with machine learning. The devices have been tested in vivo.
A myosin II mutation uncouples ATPase activity from motility and shortens step size

It is thought that Switch II of myosin, kinesin and G proteins has an important function in relating nucleotide state to protein conformation. Here we examine a myosin mutant containing an S456L substitution in the Switch II region. In this protein, mechanical activity is uncoupled from the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis so that its gliding velocity on actin filaments is only one-tenth of that of the wild type. The mutant spends longer in the strongly bound state and exhibits a shorter step size, which together account for the reduction in in vitro velocity. This is the first single point mutation in myosin that has been found to affect step size.
Emerging Themes in Preclinical Research on Alcohol and Aggression

Animal research into the alcohol-aggression relationship is based on a need to understand this relationship in people, and its success depends on the degree to which animal models can provide appropriate parallels to relevant human phenomena. Comparisons of human and animal literature suggest that parallels may be found for the following: alcohol enhances aggression in some, but not all individuals; consumption increases the probability of victimization (being attacked by a conspecific); alcohol reduces anxiety, and socially stressed individuals show increased voluntary consumption; alcohol reduces avoidance of threatening situations or stimuli and may place individuals at greater risk of being attacked; both anxiety reduction and decreased avoidance of threat may increase the probability of involvement in violent situations. These findings suggest that a variety of mechanisms may be involved in alcohol enhancement of aggression.
Facilitating Comprehension, Connection and Commitment to Environmentally Responsible Design

Given the increased awareness of the negative effects the building industry has on the environment, designs produced without considering sustainability of the planet can no longer be accepted. Although the concepts of sustainability and environmental responsibility are not new to the field of interior design, a review of the literature reveals that Environmentally Responsible Design (ERD) is not being practised with any industry-wide consistency. This article proposes an interdisciplinary pedagogical model that promises to educate students to imbed ERD principles into the design process. The TIER Model's framework is an amalgam that harnesses insights from Humanistic Sustainability, Place-Conscious Education, Principles of Sustainable Design, Phases of the Design Process and Traditional Ecological Knowledge to form a broader view of the environment and help synthesise and inculcate the concepts of sustainability. A descriptive case study illustrates how such a framework may be used to introduce ERD and sustainability concepts into design curricula. Findings from this research suggest the need to replicate the TIER Model's use within different team structures, courses and settings around the world. This work represents an innovative approach to fostering an individualised comprehension, connection and commitment to ERD among students of interior design.
HEMOLYSIS OF RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES BY PURIFIED STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-TOXIN I. Kinetics of the Lytic Reaction

Cooper, Louis Z. (New England Center Hospital, Boston, Mass.), Morton A. Madoff, and Louis Weinstein. Hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin: I. Kinetics of the lytic reaction. J. Bacteriol. 87:127–135. 1964.—The hemolytic activity of purified staphylococcal alpha-lysin was found to be directly proportional to toxin concentration and inversely related to the log concentration of rabbit erythrocytes. Activity was directly proportional to the duration of lysin-red cell incubation until inactivating effects of heat and dilution became significant; this linear relationship was prolonged by incubation at a lower temperature and addition of bovine serum albumin. Study of the time course of hemolysis at different alpha-lysin concentrations revealed a family of sigmoid curves characterized by a prelytic lag phase and a period of rapid linear release of hemoglobin. The duration of prelytic lag varied inversely with the quantity of toxin, but the rate of hemolysis was directly proportional to toxin and red-cell concentrations. The presence of bovine serum albumin decreased the prelytic lag, prolonged the linear phase of the reaction, and increased total hemolysis. In the range of 25 to 46 C, the prelytic lag period became shorter with increase in temperature; at 48 to 52 C, it was markedly prolonged and hemolysis was strikingly diminished. As the incubation temperature was increased from 25 to 52 C, there was a decrease in the degree of maximal hemolysis, presumably due to thermal inactivation of alphalysin. The rate of hemolysis, when measured to 50% hemolysis, was optimal between 34 and 42 C but, when determined to the 10% level, was greatest between 40 and 46 C. The features of the hemolytic reaction suggest that staphylococcal alpha-toxin has the characteristics of an enzyme.
Biological electron transport: II. A variation of the imidazole pump model to include coupling

A variation of the imidazole pump model is proposed which phosphorylates ADP and releases hydroxyl ion as the result of the passage of a pair of electrons. This is accomplished by introducing quinone between imidazoles each of which is attached to its iron porphyrin. Thus an electron flow model capable of coupling is formed which requires only electron donor, electron acceptor, ADP and P1 in order to continuously generate ATP and hydroxyl ion. The mechanism is compared to experimental data and found to correlate and interpret many observations while remaining versatile enough to incorporate specific cationic and other effects. Electron flow is seen to precede and be independent of the exchange reactions. The model exhibits a stoichiometry of two electrons per coupling event while utilizing univalent changes in the oxidative states of the iron; it contains an understanding of uncoupling and of control mechanisms, and it demonstrates a reasonable way in which the energy released in the oxidative process can result in parcelling of useful energy to the organism.
Development under Conditions of Inequality and Distrust: An Exploration of the Role of Social Capital and Social Cohesion in Latin America

Intended as a contribution to the discussion of the relevance of social capital and social cohesion to Latin American development, this paper treats the two as assets for development and the creation of welfare. The paper defines the concepts, including their uses and limitations, and analyzes some of the key relationships involved. It also introduces an index of social cohesion and presents evidence of positive linkages between levels of social cohesion and development-related outcomes such as growth, investment and innovation capacity, governmental effectiveness, the quality of public policies, and the predictability of the policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for the choice of policies and public action.
Multiple Imputation by Fully Conditional Specification for Dealing with Missing Data in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Missing data commonly occur in large epidemiologic studies. Ignoring incompleteness or handling the data inappropriately may bias study results, reduce power and efficiency, and alter important risk/benefit relationships. Standard ways of dealing with missing values, such as complete case analysis (CCA), are generally inappropriate due to the loss of precision and risk of bias. Multiple imputation by fully conditional specification (FCS MI) is a powerful and statistically valid method for creating imputations in large data sets which include both categorical and continuous variables. It specifies the multivariate imputation model on a variable-by-variable basis and offers a principled yet flexible method of addressing missing data, which is particularly useful for large data sets with complex data structures. However, FCS MI is still rarely used in epidemiology, and few practical resources exist to guide researchers in the implementation of this technique. We demonstrate the application of FCS MI in support of a large epidemiologic study evaluating national blood utilization patterns in a sub-Saharan African country. A number of practical tips and guidelines for implementing FCS MI based on this experience are described.
High pressure/high temperature hydrogen permeability in candidate Stirling engine alloys

Hydrogen permeation tests of eight high-temperature engineering alloys were conducted in 20.7 MPa hydrogen at 923 to 1088 K for assessing suitability in Stirling engine application for heater head and heater head tubing. A specially designed balancedpressure reactor was built for this purpose to test materials over a wide temperature range. The results show that alloy 19-9DL had the best overall performance in both permeation and diffusion properties. Alloys N-155, IN 800, and A-286 had permeation properties slightly inferior to 19-9DL at higher temperatures, but at lower temperatures both A-286 and N-155 had significantly higher diffusion coefficients than both 19-9DL and IN 800. Solubility of hydrogen in 19-9DL, N-155, IN 800, and A-286 was similar; with IN 800 and A-286, solubility seems to decrease with increasing temperature. For heater head tubes, 19-9DL appears to be the most suitable material based on its low hydrogen permeability rates. The activation energies of permeation and diffusion compared well with the available literature data. No correlation was noted between alloy chemistry—specifically in levels of interstitial elements such as carbon and boron, and of hydride forming elements such as Cb, Ta, Ti, and V—and hydrogen permeation/diffusion/solubility.
Studies of growth regulation in a neuroendocrine cell line

Studies of growth-regulation of neuroendocrine cells have been hampered by a lack of suitable in vitro models. We established and have maintained a functioning human pancreatic carcinoid cell (BON) line. BON cells synthesize and secrete several growth factors. Among those, we have found that serotonin stimulates growth of BON cells through specific receptors linked to cyclic AMP pathway. In this study, effects of other growth factors on growth and serotonin release, and the effects of serotonin and TGF-beta 1 on the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, were examined. TGF-beta 1 inhibited both growth and serotonin release in a dose-dependent fashion. Basic FGF stimulated growth, but failed to affect serotonin release. Other peptide growth factors had no effect on either growth or serotonin release. Serotonin stimulated ODC enzyme activity, but TGF-beta 1 failed to affect ODC enzyme activity. These findings suggest that growth of neuroendocrine cells can be delicately regulated by their own products in an autocrine fashion.
The development of explicit memory for basic perceptual features.

Abstract In three experiments with 164 individuals between 4 and 80 years old, we examined age-related changes in explicit memory for three perceptual features—item identity, color, and location. In Experiments 1–2, feature recognition was assessed in an incidental learning, gamelike task resembling the game Concentration. In Experiment 3, feature recognition was assessed using a pencil-and-paper task after intentional learning instructions. The form of the explicit memory function across the life span varied with the particular perceptual feature tested and the type of task. Item recognition was excellent at all ages but was significantly poorer for older adults than children, color recognition peaked in late childhood on the gamelike task, and location recognition peaked in early adulthood on the pencil-and-paper task. These findings indicate that performance on explicit memory tests is not a consistent inverted U-shaped function of age across various features. Explicit memory performance depends on what is measured and how. Because explicit memory typically reflects a composite of different features, age-related changes in explicit memory will not necessarily correspond to the function for any single one.
Earnings management in IPOs: Post-engagement third-party mitigation or issuer signaling?☆

Abstract Initial public offering (IPO) firms typically hire auditors, underwriters, and attorneys to assist in the IPO process. Many firms that take the IPO route are also backed by venture capitalists. In the extant literature, these four specialists (auditors, underwriters, attorneys, and venture capitalists) are termed third-party certifiers. In this study, we examine 3900 IPOs from 1985 to 2005 and document a significant negative and robust correlation between IPO firm earnings management and the presence of prestigious third-party certifiers. Next, we test if this correlation is driven by (1) IPO firms attempting to signal firm quality or (2) third-party certifiers mitigating earnings management in the issuing firm. Using a two-stage multivariate model, we find empirical support for the signaling hypothesis — IPO firms self-select prestigious certifiers for IPOs. We do not find support for post-engagement mitigation hypothesis — after engagement, third-party certifiers do not significantly impact earnings management in IPOs.
Characterization of the Uptake of the Methylxanthines Theophylline and Caffeine in Isolated Pancreatic Islets and their Effect on D-Glucose Transport

The uptake of theophylline and caffeine was determined in isolated pancreatic islets employing a dual isotope procedure with sucrose as an extracellular marker. Islets rapidly accumulated caffeine and theophylline with apparent dissociation constants of approximately 23 and 6 mM, respectively. Theophylline inhibited the uptake of caffeine and caused displacement of caffeine from islets. These results indicated a competition by theophylline and caffeine for a common site (binding and/or transport carrier). In addition, theophylline and caffeine inhibited D-glucose transport in a dose-dependent manner and within the limits of the experimental system, this inhibition appeared to be non-competitive. (Bu)2cAMP under similar experimental conditions exerted no effect on D-glucose transport. These results present evidence for a rapid uptake of theophylline and caffeine in pancreatic islets, which is compatible with their immediate cellular effects. In addition, these results demonstrate a direct effect by theophy...
Feeding behavior of the sea anemone Condylactis gigantea

Abstract 1. 1. The feeding behavior consisting of preparatory response, ingestion and post-ingestion tentacle rhythms is described for the anemone Condylactis gigantea. 2. 2. Glutathione, glutamic acid, pentaglycine and proline elicited preparatory feeding behavior in all tests, but only proline caused complete feeding behavior. 3. 3. Post-ingestion tentacle rhythms diminish with time and become extinct between 36 and 48 hr.
More than basketball: Determining the sport components that lead to long-term benefits for African-American girls

Abstract Sport participation has the capacity to enhance the athletic and academic performance of adolescents. However, African-American participants have not enjoyed the positive academic benefits that are common among other populations. Sport is a popular developmental intervention for African-American youth, yet sport programs do not always render the intended benefits ( Coalter, 2007 ). The purpose of this study was to determine the components of school-based sport programs that create long-term benefits for African-American girls. A high school basketball program based on positive youth development served as the program site. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with current and former players and program stakeholders. Four key values underpin the success of the program: family, education, discipline, and civic engagement. The results indicate that successful programs need flexible—not standard—design commitment to program values, and consistency in mission and implementation. Implications for the design and implementation of sport programs to improve the athletic and academic performance of African-American girls are discussed.
Epidemiology: First-Hand Study By Community Health Nurses

Community health nursing students studied epidemiology first hand by participating in a screening program for children with undue lead absorption. Students were able to understand more fully the context of the health problem, including the environmental and socioeconomic factors that play a significant role in the natural history of disease. Ten percent of all the children screened for this man-made environmental public health problem required medical or environmental follow-up. Students learned that the role of the researcher cannot be separated from the role of the community health nurse.
Lifetime Resource Utilization, Flight Physiology, and the Evolution of Contest Competition in Territorial Insects

Abstract: Adaptationist analyses of animal contests have contributed much to our understanding of behavioral evolution. One class of contest, however, the war of attrition, has proven difficult to interpret. In wars of attrition involving aerial displays, there is evidence that asymmetries in performance parameters such as flight energetics may be important determinants of contest resolution. This paradigm is not universal, however, and we presently lack a framework for understanding why certain biophysical parameters are important only in some cases. One possibility is that the relevance of these parameters is determined by evolutionarily conserved life‐history‐scale patterns of resource allocation and acquisition. We evaluated this hypothesis by investigating the correlates of competitive success in two territorial insects that exemplify markedly different lifetime patterns of resource utilization. We found that in the bot fly Cuterebra austeni, an extreme capital breeding species that depends entirely ...
An unexpectedly high incidence of Epstein-Barr virus lymphoproliferative disease after CD34+ selected autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant in neuroblastoma.

The risk of Epstein–Barr virus lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) increases with the use of highly immunosuppressive therapies. Allogeneic BMT, especially supported by T-cell-depleted stem cell products, is a risk factor for EBV-LPD. Although the risk of EBV-LPD after autologous transplantation is low, case reports of this complication in the autologous setting exist. We report a higher incidence than previously described of EBV-LPD in children undergoing sequential high-dose chemotherapy supported with CD34 selected peripheral blood stem cells (CD34+ PBSC). The median time to LPD after tandem transplant was 3 months (range 1–5 months). Five patients out of 156 (3.5%) developed EBV-LPD while enrolled on two trials of tandem autologous SCT in high-risk pediatric malignancies. Both studies employed five cycles of induction therapy, followed by tandem autologous PBSC transplants. In all, 108 out of 156 patients received CD34+ PBSC; 48 received unselected PBSC. All patients contracting LPD were from the CD34 selected group. Treatment of EBV-LPD included rituximab in four out of five patients, IVIg in two out of five patients, and gancyclovir in two out of five patients. EBV-LPD resolved in four out of five patients. We conclude that the combination of tandem SCT and CD34 selection may have increased immunosuppression in these patients to a point where there is an elevated risk of EBV-LPD.
Paraplegia Caused by Coarctation of the Aorta and Hydrocephalus

A patient with untreated coarctation of the aorta, as well as shunt-dependent hydrocephalus, developed paraplegia when shunt malfunction resulted in a cerebrospinal fluid pressure greater than 560 mm water. Improvement followed shunt revision. The unique combination of mechanisms involved in the decreased spinal cord perfusion pressure is discussed.
Anaphora in Generative Grammar

Intuitively, it is clear why languages have anaphoric relations: anaphora reduces redundancy, thereby shortening (and hence simplifying) sentences. In order for this simplification to be possible, however, it is necessary that the speaker of a language be able to identify correctly the elements participating in an anaphoric relation and to determine correctly the meaning of the anaphor on the basis of meaning of the antecedent. If a grammar is to reflect the linguistic competence of a native speaker of a language, it must include mechanisms of associating anaphor and antecedent. In this volume the following questions will be considered: What sorts of mechanisms are best suited for representing anaphora in a grammar? What are the conditions on the rule(s) associating anaphors with antecedents? Do the various cases of anaphora form a linguistically significant class of phenomena, and, if so, how can the grammar capture this fact? And what do these answers entail for linguistic theory?
Critical encounters in international relations

This article aims to map the most significant influences of Foucault on the study of international relations. This is done through an analysis of Foucault's diverse intellectual toolbox, including the notions of discourse, heterotopias and genealogy. It considers whether Foucault helps us understand the most pressing issues in world politics and offers a critique of the historical and cultural limitations of Foucault's ideas, and questions the relevance of Foucault for an increasingly globalised, virtualised politics.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF A NOVEL MEK ACTIVATOR IN CULTURED AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. ▴ 2304

Excess airway smooth muscle proliferation may play a role in the pathogenesis of airflow obstruction in patients with asthma and BPD. We therefore studied the activation pathway of MAP kinase, a family of cytosolic serine/threonine kinases which participate in the transduction of mitogenic signals to the cell nucleus, in cultured bovine tracheal myocytes. The major MAP kinase activation pathway appears to involve sequential activation of Ras, Raf-1 and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK); alternative pathways exist, however. Previous experiments in bovine tracheal myocytes suggest that MEK-1 activation is required and sufficient for MAP kinase activation in these cells(Pediatr Res 37: 392A, 1995). To examine the contribution of Raf-1 to growth factor-induced MAP kinase activation, we measured Raf-1 and MAP kinase activities following PDGF and EGF stimulation. Raf-1 activity was assessed by an in vitro phosphorylation assay employing recombinant inactive MEK-1 as a substrate; MAP kinase activity was measured by an in-gel kinase assay using myelin basic protein as a substrate. As expected, treatment with PDGF and EGF increased both Raf-1 and MAP kinase activities. However, pre-treatment with forskolin, an activator of adenyl cyclase which inhibits Raf-1 activation via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, significantly reduced Raf-1 activity but had no effect on the activation of MAP kinase by either growth factor, suggesting that there is a major Raf-1-independent MEK activation pathway in bovine tracheal myocytes. To identify proteins other than Raf-1 which activate MEK-1, lysates from PDGF and forskolin-treated cells were resolved using a Mono-Q FPLC ion-exchange column and phosphorylation activity for MEK-1 assessed by in vitro phosphorylation assay. Despite the inhibition of Raf-1 by forskolin, significant MEK phosphorylation was observed. Peak phosphorylation activity eluted from the column at 160-170 mM NaCl. Western analyses demonstrated that the observed phosphorylation activity was not attributable to MEKK, Raf-1 or MAP kinase, suggesting that the MEK activator is novel. Supported by HL-02731 and HL-54685.
Cause and response: vulnerability and climate in the Anthropocene

Causal analysis of vulnerability aims to identify root causes of crises so that transformative solutions might be found. Yet root-cause analysis is absent from most climate response assessments. Framings for climate-change risk analysis often locate causality in hazards while attributing some causal weight to proximate social variables such as poverty or lack of capacity. They rarely ask why capacity is lacking, assets are inadequate or social protections are absent or fail. This contribution frames vulnerability and security as matters of access to assets and social protections. Assets and social protections each have their own context-contingent causal chains. A key recursive element in those causal chains is the ability – means and powers – of vulnerable people to influence the political economy that shapes their assets and social protections. Vulnerability is, as Sen rightly observed, linked to the lack of freedom – the freedom to influence the political economy that shapes these entitlements. In the ...
Tax more or spend less? Asymmetries in the UK revenue–expenditure nexus

Abstract Unlike previous research on the causal relationship between government revenues and expenditures in the United Kingdom, this study estimates an asymmetric error correction model within a momentum threshold autoregressive framework over the period 1955–2009. The results indicate that government revenues respond to short-run changes in government expenditures as well as asymmetrically to budgetary disequilibrium. With respect to the asymmetric adjustment, the response of government revenues to a worsening budget is faster (in absolute terms) than to an improving budget. Thus, contrary to previous studies on the UK, the empirical findings lend support for the spend–tax hypothesis.
Ultrafine Particle Number Concentrations from Hybrid Urban Transit Buses: Onboard Single-Diameter Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer Measurements

Recent studies have focused on mass-based quantification of gas and particulate matter (PM) transit bus exhaust emissions under laboratory dynamometer testing conditions because transit buses frequent heavily populated areas and are major contributors to the ambient fine particles in urban regions. This study examines the ultrafine particle (particle mobility diameters of <100 nm) number concentrations and size distributions for conventional diesel and hybrid electric diesel transit buses by the use of onboard exhaust measurements with a scanning mobility particle sizer from TSI, Inc., operated in single-diameter mode. The buses were run on three bus routes (freeway commuter, local, and high-grade arterial routes), with different fuels (No. 1 diesel and ultra-low-sulfur diesel), and with and without diesel particulate filter (DPF) aftertreatment at different points throughout the study. This is the first urban bus emissions study conducted with buses traveling on actual bus routes. Particle number distrib...
Photoinduced ejection of thermal and ballistic fragments from N 2 0/Pt(111) and NH 3 /Pt(111)

Polarized ultraviolet light from an excimer laser (193 nm) was used to photodesorb and photodissociate N2O and NH3 adsorbed on a cold Pt(111) surface. The photodesorbed species and their time-of-flight (TOF) were monitored by Resonantly Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization spectroscopy. For N2O, we have observed both the ejection of ballistic O atoms and the release of slow thermalized N2 molecules. The ballistic oxygen atoms leave the surface either in the ground state O(3P) or in the first electronically excited state O(1D). A lobular angular distribution pointing away from the surface normal was measured for the ballistic O(3P) in agreement with a binding geometry where the linear N2O is tilted N-end down on the Pt(111) surface. Evidence for the production of N2 photofragments thermalized by the surface includes both low (approximately 90 K) rotational and translational temperatures of the N2 as well as a lack of correlation between rotational and translational energy. For NH3 the irradiation of a submonolayer coverage largely favors the desorption rather than the dissociation of NH3. For multilayer coverages however, a strong dissociation channel is activated and atomic H is seen to desorb from the surface. A bimodal distribution was found for the TOF of the H photofragments. The fastest channel (0.7 eV) corresponds to the ejection of undeflected ballistic H fragments produced near the surface. For bulk NH3 photodissociated deep within the multilayer, the TOF of the H radicals shows an unexpected thermalized distribution.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The reactions of H+ and Zn2+ with the surfaces of bone and bone mineral.

1. 1. Although the greater uptake by bone and bone mineral of 65Zn2+ than of 47Ca2+ as previously reported1 was confirmed, it was also found that the fraction of bone Ca2+ exchanged, due to the differences between isoionic and heteroionic exchange, was in some cases the same for the two radioisotopes. 2. 2. 65Zn2+ was taken up by bone and bone mineral much more rapidly than 47Ca2+ in the initial stages of reaction. However, as uptake continued, diffusion through bone appeared to become the rate-limiting process. Apparently this differed little for the two radioisotopes. 3. 3. The amount of Ca2+ that entered the solution in these exchange experiments was equal to the amount of Zn2+ that entered bone powder at pH 7.3 and anorganic bone at pH 6.0. Ca2+ in solution was greater than Zn2+ entering bone powder at pH 6.0, and less than Zn2+ entering anorganic bone at pH 7.3. 4. 4. H+ was shown to be a powerful competitor of Ca2+ in exchange reactions, with a superiority of about 1000: 1. A mechanism was proposed to explain its behavior. 5. 5. Zn2+ replaced Ca2+ on the surface of bone mineral so rapidly that it protected the surface from attack by H+ at pH 6.0. It thus blocked the mechanism of action of H+, suppressed much of the rise in pH that was found in its absence, and reduced to a considerable extent the amount of phosphate that entered the solution. These effects were interesting from the theoretical point of view, and are of potential practice importance. 6. 6. After bone powder or anorganic bone was shaken with solutions containing Zn2+, stable Mg2+ was found in the solutions in amounts up to 0.23 mmole/l. In some cases it was as much as 20% of the Zn2+ that entered bone by heteroionic exchange. 7. 7. Ca2+/P ratios of solutions which had been shaken with bone and bone mineral were either significantly greater than or significantly less than the ratios in the original bone samples and in theoretical hydroxyapatite, depending on conditions. These, and other data, suggest that the increase in Ca2+ and P concentration in solution had little to do with solubility proper but was the result of chemical reaction. 8. 8. Bone powder and anorganic bone differed in quantitative aspects of their relations with 47Ca2+, 65Zn2+, H+, and stable Ca2+ and P. Differences with regard to pH and rate of dissolution of bone mineral in the two forms were especially striking, and suggested that anorganic bone, as usually prepared, differed from bone powder not only in its lack of organic matrix, but in relative content of amorphous phosphate and crystalline hydroxyapatite as well.
The ultrastructure of the gingiva in the diabetic mouse

Abstract In order to further clarify the morphologic changes which occur in the gingiva and the nature of the transendothelial passage of nutrients across the vessel walls, gingival biopsies from the incisor area of Jackson strain mice were examined. Our initial investigations revealed the following changes in the diabetic animals: (1) a marked increase in keratohyalin granules in the stratum granulosum and (2) an apparent thickening of the basement membrane of the gingival blood vessels which ranged from 2000–6000 A. Statistical evaluation of these changes is currently underway.
Vizualization of protein retention and migration in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract The adsorption and elution of proteins in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) systems were investigated by visually observing the retention and migration of colored and non-colored proteins in glass columns, packed with RPLC matrices. This system permits direct observation and measurement of the retention characteristics of colored proteins under various isocratic and gradient conditions. The system vividly illustrates that in organic-lean acidic eluents ( e.g ., aq. 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid), proteins are adsorbed on the closest available hydrophobic surface of the support without displacing any noticeable amount of previously injected proteins. When the eluent contains a moderate amount of organic solvent ( e.g ., aq. 20% acetonitrile), proteins displace previously injected proteins of lesser hydrophobicity but do not displace previously injected proteins of greater hydrophobicity. These observations support the view that proteins are adsorbed on RPLC matrices in a monolayer. Observation of color-protein migration in glass columns during isocratic elution provides a practical means for determining very long retention times at very low mobile phase strength as well as the acceleration of protein migration during gradient elution. Our observations under such conditions agree with the retention relationships described by the chromatography theory for small molecules.
Androgen Accumulation and Binding to Macromolecules in Seminal Vesicles: Inhibition by Cyproterone

Cyproterone reduces the accumulation of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in seminal vesicles 30 minutes after intravenous administration of tritiated testosterone to castrated rats. Testosterone, added in vitro, binds to macromolecules from the supernatant fraction of the seminal vesicle homogenates; this interaction is antagonized competitively by cyproterone. Cyproterone may diminish androgenic effects by competition for binding molecules.
Comparison of the effects of two early intervention strategies on the health outcomes of malnourished hemodialysis patients

Abstract Objective: To determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of providing oral supplementation early in the course of malnutrition for hemodialysis (HD) patients. Design: The study design consisted of 3 groups: an experimental group, a control group of patients with mild hypoalbuminemia (HA) (serum albumin [SA] = 3.5 to 3.7 g/dL), and a comparison group of patients with moderate to severe HA (SA = 2.5 to 3.4 g/dL). Setting: Ten outpatient hemodialysis centers in southeast lower Michigan. Patients: Treatment and control groups consisted of 32 HD patients with mild HA. Fourteen HD patients with moderate to severe HA comprised the comparison group. Intervention: The experimental group received diet counseling and oral supplementation, and the control group received diet counseling only. The comparison group received physician-prescribed oral supplements and dietary counseling to permit comparison of the experimental treatment with current supplementation practices. Main Outcome Measures: Differences between groups in the number of patients reaching nutritional repletion, change in SA levels at the end of the study, and follow-up periods, were tested using chi-square analysis. Analysis of variance was used to compare group differences in treatment duration to repletion and number of hospitalization days. Results: During the study period, significantly more patients reached nutritional repletion in the experimental group and control group (50% and 57%, respectively) than in the comparison group (7%). Overall, repletion occured more quickly in the experimental group (3.2 ± 1.7 months) than in the control group (3.5 ± 1.2 months), with a larger number of patients in the experimental group repleted by month 2 of the study phase. During follow-up, patients in the experimental group were far more likely to maintain nutritional repletion or continue to improve (61%) than patients in the control group (14%). Although too few patients were hospitalized to show statistical significance, there was a trend toward greater numbers of hospital days in more malnourished patients (208 days for the comparison group), followed by those with mild HA who did not receive oral supplements (107 days), and the experimental group (71 days). Conclusion: Although the sample size for this study was too small for the results to be conclusive, it appears that use of nutritional supplements early in the course of malnutrition may provide benefits such as, attaining nutritional repletion more quickly, which results in less product usage. It is also more likely that good nutritional status will be maintained after supplementation is discontinued. © 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Site-specific, sustained release of drugs to the brain

A dihydropyridine-pyridinium salt type of redox system is used in a general and flexible method for the site-specific or sustained delivery (or both) of drugs to the brain. A biologically active compound linked to a lipoidal dihydropyridine carrier easily penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Oxidation of the carrier part in vivo to the ionic pyridinium salt prevents its elimination from the brain, while elimination from the general circulation is accelerated. Subsequent cleavage of the quaternary carrier-drug species results in sustained delivery of the drug in the brain and facile elimination of the carrier part.
Integration of Anti-reflection Coatings on EUV Absorber Stacks

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the leading candidate for next generation lithography with the potential for extendibility beyond the 50-nm node. The inspection contrast of DUV and 193nm optical reticles is essentially 100%; however, EUVL reticles are reflective in nature and do not allow for transmissive inspection. The Mo/Si multilayer (ML) mirror has a reflectivity of 55-60% with 257nm illumination. The reflectivity of the multilayer at the inspection wavelength dictates that the patterned areas of the mask must be dark to achieve high inspection contrast (i.e., 0% reflectivity at the inspection wavelength). Furthermore, the reticle should retain the same tone during the pre-repair stage and the final reticle stage to allow reuse of inspection algorithms and easier defect repair verification. The use of an anti-reflection coating (ARC) on a TaN absorber has been shown . This article will describe additional options for a wide range of anti-reflection coatings and their impact on the design and fabrication of the EUV absorber stack. Both experimental and modeling results will be presented for different absorber stack configurations.
Humanizing the homeless: does contact erode stereotypes?

Abstract This paper employs a field experiment to assess whether interpersonal contact changes domiciled individuals’ attitudes of the homeless. Volunteers for Project Homeless Connect—a one-day event that provides social services to the homeless—were asked to complete a pre- and post-survey. The results provide mixed support for the contact hypothesis. After volunteering, respondents were far less likely to see homelessness as the result of individual characteristics, such as substance abuse or work aversion. However, opinion was remarkably stable when it came to policy preferences. The results cast doubt on the conventional wisdom that individuals’ perceptions of the causes of homelessness track closely with their preferences for governmental policy.
A new method of applying fibrin glue at the microvascular anastomotic site: the "paintbrush" technique.

Fibrin glue has been used by several researchers to seal microvascular anastomoses sites. Usually the glue is delivered at the site with a syringe and needle. However, this technique can result in excess deposition of glue, which can cause intravascular thrombosis and can harden the vessel wall. We describe a new technique that avoids both these problems. We designed a “paintbrush” by inserting a suture through the syringe needle and then using the suture tip as a brush to apply the fibrin glue. End-to-side anastomoses were performed between the femoral artery and femoral vein in ten rats. Only two sutures were used to perform the anastomosis, the rest of the anastomosis being completed by sealing the gaps with fibrin glue. All the anastomoses were patent after 2 weeks, and no thromboses occurred. This is a new method for applying fibrin glue that delivers an adequate amount of fibrin glue without causing thrombosis. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 17;428–430 1996
T cell receptor repertoire of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in the allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has become a therapy of choice for the treatment of certain malignancies and hematopoietic disorders. However, immunodeficiencies following BMT continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality. We have compared the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of BMT patients and healthy control individuals by staining peripheral blood mononuclear cells with fluorochrome-labeled TCR-specific antibodies. Several patients exhibited a biased pattern of TCR expression atypical of the healthy controls, yet no particular TCR bias characterized all patients. For example, we found that 2%–8% of T cell from healthy individuals expressed the Vβ19 TCR. One BMT patient exhibited Vβ19 expression on more than 60% of peripheral T cells, while additional patients expressed Vβ19 on less than 1% of T cells. The patients with the most extreme skewing of TCR types suffered from graft-versus-host disease. The causes of skewed TCR Vβ expression patterns in BMT patients are not fully understood, yet some researchers have suggested that an oligoclonal expansion of CD8+ T cell populations may be largely responsible. To test this hypothesis, we examined the TCR Vβ repertoire of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations. We found that biased Vβ expression characterized both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations, sometimes within a single individual. Thus, therapies directed toward CD8+ T cells alone may not fully correct repertoire abnormalities following BMT.
UCONLEGAL: a usage control model for HIPAA

Developing an access control system that satisfies the requirements expressed in regulations, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), can help ensure regulatory compliance in software systems. A usage control model that specifies the rules governing information access and usage, as expressed in law, is an important step towards achieving such compliance. Software systems that handle health records must comply with regulations in the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules. Herein, we analyze the HIPAA Privacy Rule using a grounded theory methodology coupled with an inquiry driven approach to determine the components that must be supported by a usage control model to achieve regulatory-compliant health records usage. In this paper, we propose a usage control model, UCONLEGAL, which extends UCONABC with components to model purposes, cross-references, exceptions, conditions, and logs. We also employ UCONLEGAL to show how to express the access and usage rules we identified in the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Our analysis yielded seven types of conditions specific to HIPAA that we include in UCONLEGAL; these conditions were previously unsupported by existing usage control models.
Visioning Hope: Embracing Higher Education’s Role With Urban Public Charter Schools:

The purpose of this study is to reflect on the evolution of a partnership between a university and urban charter high school serving a predominately African American population. Because of the auth...
Latex Particle Thermophoresis in Polar Solvents

A theoretical model is presented of the thermophoresis of latex particles in polar solvents. Expressions for the thermophoretic mobility (TM) of the particles, which consist of polymer solutions emulsified in a poor solvent with the addition of salt, are obtained. The model is based on the thermophoresis of polymer chains partitioned between the emulsion droplet and the surrounding solvent. The partitioning is assumed to originate with the “salting in” of monomer units (mers) in the surfactant film that surrounds and stabilizes the latex particle. Correlation between mers then leads to a partitioning of mers between the good solvent inside the latex particle and the surrounding poor solvent. Assuming a mer concentration that decays exponentially into the surrounding solvent, the expression for the particle TM is obtained. It is found that, with the increase of the square of the derived dimensionless parameter, the latex particle TM increases from zero to a hypothetical value of the polymer's TM in the poo...
Bulimia and the Relationship With Food: A Letters-to-Food Technique

A dysfunctional relationship with food is the most overt symptom shared by women with bulimia. Letters to food written by women with bulimia have similar thematic content and graphically illustrate the agony that accompanies bulimia. The discussion offers suggestions for the use of letters to food early in group treatment for bulimia.
Ignition of hydrogen-air mixing layer in turbulent flows

Autoignition of a hydrogen-air scalar mixing layer in homogeneous turbulence is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). An initial counterflow of unmixed nitrogen-diluted hydrogen and heated air is perturbed by two-dimensional homogeneous turbulence. The temperature of the heated airstream is chosen to be 1100 K, which is substantially higher than the crossover temperature at which the rates of the chain-branching and termination reactions are equal. Three different turbulence intensities are tested in order to assess the effect of the characteristic flow time on the ignition delay. For each condition, a simulation without heat release is also performed. The ignition delay determined with and without heat release is shown to be almost identical up to the point of ignition for all of the turbulence intensities tested, and the predicted ignition delays agree well within a consistent error band. It is also observed that the ignition kernel always occurs where hydrogen is focused, and the peak concentration of HO2 is aligned well with the scalar dissipation rate. The dependence of the ignition delay on turbulence intensity is found to be nonmonotonic. For weak to moderate turbulence, the ignition is facilitated by turbulence via enhanced mixing, while for stronger turbulence, whose timescale is substantially smaller than the ignition delay, the ignition is retarded due to excessive scalar dissipation, and hence diffusive loss, at the ignition location. However, for the wide range of initial turbulence fields studied, the variation in ignition delay due to the corresponding variation in turbulence intensity appears to be quite small.