cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An algorithm for analyzing noisy, in situ images of high-aspect-ratio crystals to monitor particle size distribution

An image analysis algorithm for extracting particle size distribution information from in situ images of suspended, high-aspect-ratio crystals is described. The accuracy of the algorithm is assessed using comparisons with results obtained by manually sizing the imaged crystals. The algorithm can accurately extract crystal size information from in situ images of suspended, high-aspect-ratio crystals for moderate solids concentrations. The algorithm's performance declines somewhat for high solids concentrations and high levels of particle attrition. The speed with which the algorithm analyzes the images is suitable for real-time monitoring and control of particle size distribution mean and variance.
Effects of consistent to partial reinforcement or partial reinforcement in the Amsel frustration effect

Summary.-In a "double alley" study the intensity of the frustration effect was dependent upon the prior development of fractional anticipatory goal responses in the first alley. A group maintained on 50% reinforcement in Goal Box 1 showed the frustration effect with run speeds, then with goal speeds in the second alley. A number of studies (Amsel & Roussel, 1952; McCain & McVean, 1967; Wagner, 1959) have investigated the behavior of rats running in a "double alley." All studies showed that after some number of reinforcements in the first goal box, subjects ran faster in the second alley on trials when reinforcement was omitted from the first goal box than on trials when reinforcement was given. Amsel ( 1958) maintains nonreinforcement will elicit a motivational condition termed frustration. The increased vigor of responses following nonreinforcement has been termed the frurtration effect. Relative to a control group maintained on consistent reinforcement throughout training, a group shifted from consistent to partial reinforcement, i.e., 100% co 5096, and a group maintained on 50% reinforcement in goal box one are predicted to show the frustration effect. The frustration effect should develop gradually for the group maintained on 50% reinforcement whereas the frustration effect should develop immediately for the group shifted from consistent to partial reinforcement. This follows from the assump~ion the intensity of the frustration response (RF) is in turn dependent upon the prior development of r, (fractional anticipatory goal responses) in the first alley (for review see Scull, 1973). The group maintained on 50% reinforcement should manifest the frustration effect with run speeds then wirh goal speeds due to Rbn becoming conditioned to the stimulus cues early in the second alley and continuing toward distal portions of the same alley. Three groups of rats (N = 10) were given 108 trials in a "double alley" similar to the one used by McCain and McVean ( 1967). Procedure and habituation was similar with slight modification. In Goal Box 1 the consistent group and the group maintained on 50% reinforcement were given consistent and partial reinforcement, respectively. The shifted group received 36 trials of consistent then shifted to partial reinforcement. The same schedule of reinforcement and nonreinforcement as that
Concise derivation of formulas for 3D sublaminate homogenization

Typically, lamina by lamina modeling of thick composites is excessively expensive. Although formulas for sublaminate homogenization appear in the literature, there are discrepancies and the derivations are either not given or are complex. Herein, a simple, concise derivation of homogenization formulas is presented. The formulas are easily specialized for special classes of laminates. The formulas are expressed in an efficient form, which makes them suitable for use in numerical simulations. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to demonstrate that the formulas are exact.
The Connection between Space and Thinking: An Interview with Rafael Viñoly

Three years ago, a member of my university's project management team came by my office with a set of Bose noise-canceling headphones and some advice: “You're going to need these.” And indeed I did, as just outside my ninth floor window, on the steep slope of Mt. Sutro at the back-side of the University of California San Francisco's (UCSF) Parnassus Campus, a laboratory for stem cell research was about to be constructed. For two-and-half years, I wore those headphones and witnessed, at eye-level, the construction of an unusually elegant and stunningly situated laboratory, all the while trying to secure an interview with its Uruguayan-American architect, Rafael Vinoly (Image 1).
Distortion in dental soldering as affected by gap distance

In identifying the criteria which influence soldering distortion, the results of this study indicate the following: 1. Linear distortion identified at the investment phase (a net increase in gap distance) is due to setting expansion of the plaster and soldering investment. 2. The linear distortion identified at the soldering phase (a net decrease in gap distance) occurs because of the contraction of the solder. 3. The rotational distortions measured were found to be minimal. 4. The use of a minimum gap distance, without contact, is desirable. 5. Adding solder results in a well-rounded, solid solder joint.
Determination of myocardial high-energy phosphates using bioluminescence

Abstract The measurement of myocardial high-energy phosphates (HEP) has become essential in the evaluation of current methods of myocardial protection both in the experimental and clinical setting. Assays for high-energy phosphates have required as much as 50 mg of myocardial tissue which prevents repeated biopsies in the clinical setting as well as in the experimental laboratory. Using the reaction of bioluminescence described by McElroy W. D. and B. L. Strehler (1949, Arch. Biol. Chem. 22 , 420), we have developed a technique to measure both adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate on samples of myocardial tissue weighing less than 10 mg. A liquid scintillation counter measures the light produced by ATP when added to a firefly extract containing luciferin/luciferase. The reaction is complete in seconds and is detected in the counter during the first 10-s count. Repeated samples have demonstrated a variation of less than 4% between samples. A 25-μl sample is diluted up to 40 μl of firefly extract for detection of adenosine triphosphate. Creatine phosphate is measured by the in vitro production of adenosine triphosphate which is maximum in 10 min when adenosine diphosphate and creatine kinase are added. Again reproducibility of repeated analyses demonstrates a 4% difference in creatine phosphate values. The rapidity, reproducibility, and ability to use ultramicrosamples allows investigators to analyze high-energy phosphates during various methods of myocardial protection currently used in clinical setting.
Adult stem cells: can they transdifferentiate?

![Figure][1] A series of recent investigations has fueled the controversy on stem cell plasticity or transdifferentiation. According to this hypothesis, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) can be tricked to differentiate into cells of regenerating organs, such as the liver and gastrointestinal
Assessing stakeholder perceptions: Listening to avid hunters of western Kentucky

Presented are findings of an interpretive investigation of perceptions held by avid Kentucky hunters about white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herd quality and hunting regulations. Three fac...
Single mode proton-implanted photonic crystal VCSELs

Photonic crystals are etched to a variety of depths in the top mirror of proton-implanted vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes to achieve single-fundamental-mode operation. To investigate both the index confinement provided by the etched pattern and its effect on optical loss, continuous-wave experiments are performed. It is shown that proper pattern design leads to improved fundamental-mode output power, decreased threshold, and increased efficiency relative to unetched, but otherwise identical implant VCSELs. These improvements indicate a significant reduction in diffraction loss to the fundamental mode due to the index guiding provided by the etched pattern. Etching to shallow depths provides the ability to scale to large aperture sizes while etching deeply allows single-mode emission of small diameter devices. The photonic crystal designs are then used in the fabrication of high-speed implant-confined VCSELs with coplanar contacts on polyimide. Optimized devices exhibit a record 15 GHz small-signal modulation bandwidth.
Quenching of tryptophanyl fluorescence of human growth hormone by iodide

Abstract Quenching of tryptophanyl fluorescence of human growth hormone by I − followed saturation kinetics and was abolished by KSCN. In the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride quenching was linear between 0 to 0.2 M KI. These results suggest that I − quenched the fluorescence of the native hormone by binding at or near the single tryptophanyl residue. Quenching by 0.1 M KI decreased exponentially with increasing concentrations of human and bovine growth hormones. Acidification did not have a significant effect on quenching of the human hormone, but it markedly decreased quenching of the bovine hormone. Conformational differences at the vicinity of the lone tryptophanyl residue that could be inferred by these and other experiments may be contributing to the biological specificity of native human and bovine growth hormones.
Applying Cluster Computing to Enable a Large-scale Smart Grid Stability Monitoring Application

The real-time execution of grid stability monitoring algorithms are critical to enabling a truly smart grid. However, the combination of a high sampling rate for grid monitoring devices, combined with a large number of devices scattered across a grid, result in very high throughput requirements for the execution of these algorithms. Here we define a centralized hardware and software infrastructure to enable the real-time execution of a small signal oscillation detection algorithm using a cluster of commodity nodes. Our research has demonstrated that readings from up to 500 phasor measurement units (PMUs) sampling at 60Hz can be analyzed in real-time by a single 8-core, 2.53GHz machine with 8GB of RAM, and that a cluster of four of these machines can be used to monitor up to 2,000 PMUs in parallel.
Lung Cancer Risk Reduction After Smoking Cessation: Observations From a Prospective Cohort of Women

Purpose: We conducted this study because the duration of excess lung cancer risk among former smokers has been inconsistently reported, doubt has been raised regarding the population impact of smoking cessation, and differential risk reduction by histologic cell type after smoking cessation needs to be confirmed. Methods: The Iowa Women’s Health Study is a prospective cohort study of 41,836 Iowa women aged 55 to 69 years. In 1986, mailed questionnaires were used to collect detailed smoking history. Age-adjusted lung cancer incidence through 1999 was analyzed according to years of smoking abstinence. Relative risks were estimated using Cox regression analysis. Results: There were 37,078 women in the analytic cohort. Compared with the never smokers, former smokers had an elevated lung cancer risk (relative risk, 6.6; 95% confidence interval, 5.0 to 8.7) up to 30 years after smoking cessation for all former smokers. However, a beneficial effect of smoking cessation was observed among recent and distant forme...
Solving the Wheeler-DeWitt equation for Kaluza-Klein theories

Abstract The Wheeler-DeWitt equation, with its domain limited to R 3 × S n Kaluza-Klein geometries for which the radius of the n -sphere is an arbitrary function of position, is used to calculate the vacuum expectation value of the radius when n is large.
Effect of High Crude Protein on Pituitary and Ovarian Function in Holstein Cows

Abstract Intact and ovariectomized cows were used to determine the effect of high amounts of dietary crude protein on pituitary regulation of luteinizing hormone. Estrus was synchronized with prostaglandin F 2α in 10 intact dry cows fed 15 or 25% crude protein, and serum luteinizing hormone profiles were evaluated during both follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle. Serum progesterone, pituitary luteinizing hormone content, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptors were also measured. Basal concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone tended to be lower during the follicular phase and were significantly higher during the luteal phase in cows fed 25% crude protein. Serum progesterone was not affected by dietary treatment. In 10 ovariectomized cows fed 24% crude protein, amplitude of luteinizing hormone response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone challenge tended to be smaller than that of 8 cows fed 16% crude protein, although total luteinizing hormone released in response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone challenge was not different between dietary treatments. In both intact and ovariectomized cows, pulsatile luteinizing hormone patterns, pituitary luteinizing hormone content, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptors were not influenced by treatment. High dietary crude protein did not have a primary effect on luteinizing hormone or progesterone in nonlactating cows.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Strain Engineering and Thermal Transport in Nanostructured Materials

Given the large surface-to-volume ratio of nanoscale and nanostructured materials and devices, their performance is often dominated by processes occurring at free surfaces or interfaces. By connecting a material's atomic structure and thermo-mechanical response, molecular dynamics is helping researchers better understand and quantify these processes.
Demographic Change and the Return to Experience

We propose and estimate a model in which changes in the demographic composition of the labor force may affect the returns to labor market experience. We consider workers as providing two distinct productive services – physical effort, or “labor,” and services of the skill accumulated with labor market experience, or “experience.” The key element in the model is the aggregate production function that allows for complementarity between the appropriately measured aggregate stocks of labor and experience. The parameters of the aggregate technology are identified by estimating individual earnings equations that consistently aggregate. Both time-series and cross-sectional data confirm strong experience-labor complementarity. We find that the observed demographic changes that drive the aggregate experience to labor ratio account nearly perfectly for the substantial changes in the experience premium over time.
Global Identification of Previously Undetected Pre-Satellite-Era Tropical Cyclone Candidates in NOAA/CIRES Twentieth-Century Reanalysis Data

AbstractPrior to the satellite era, limited synoptic observation networks led to an indefinite number of tropical cyclones (TCs) remaining undetected. This period of decreased confidence in the TC climatological record includes the first two-thirds of the twentieth century. While prior studies found that this undersampling exists, disagreement regarding its magnitude has caused difficulties in interpreting multidecadal changes in TC activity. Previous research also demonstrated that reanalyses can be used to extend TC climatology, utilizing the NOAA/Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Twentieth-Century Reanalysis to manually identify previously unknown Atlantic Ocean basin potential TCs. This study expands the spatiotemporal scope of the earlier work by presenting a filtering algorithm that dramatically improves the efficiency with which candidate events are identified in the reanalysis. This algorithm was applied to all tropical basins for the years 1871–1979, resulting i...
Cities at Risk Hurricane Katrina and the Drowning of New Orleans

The impact of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans revealed vulnerabilities caused by the interaction of the city’s fragile physical environment, aging infrastructure, and declining economic and social structure. The hurricane constituted a triggering event, but the severe destruction and heavy losses documented the extraordinary costs of inadequate plans and practice, given the city’s high exposure to risk. This condition and its sobering consequences are not limited to New Orleans, but constitute a silent threat for other cities in the United States and the world. The challenge for cities is to create a new vision of vital, resilient communities that are able to assess and manage their own risk in order to limit escalating damage from extreme events.
Analyzing Weighted $\ell_1$ Minimization for Sparse Recovery With Nonuniform Sparse Models

In this paper, we introduce a nonuniform sparsity model and analyze the performance of an optimized weighted l1 minimization over that sparsity model. In particular, we focus on a model where the entries of the unknown vector fall into two sets, with entries of each set having a specific probability of being nonzero. We propose a weighted l1 minimization recovery algorithm and analyze its performance using a Grassmann angle approach. We compute explicitly the relationship between the system parameters-the weights, the number of measurements, the size of the two sets, the probabilities of being nonzero-so that when i.i.d. random Gaussian measurement matrices are used, the weighted l1 minimization recovers a randomly selected signal drawn from the considered sparsity model with overwhelming probability as the problem dimension increases. This allows us to compute the optimal weights. We demonstrate through rigorous analysis and simulations that for the case when the support of the signal can be divided into two different subclasses with unequal sparsity fractions, the weighted l1 minimization outperforms the regular l1 minimization substantially. We also generalize our results to signal vectors with an arbitrary number of subclasses for sparsity.
Temporal Streaming of Shared Memory

Coherent read misses in shared-memory multiprocessors account for a substantial fraction of execution time in many important scientific and commercial workloads. We propose Temporal Streaming, to eliminate coherent read misses by streaming data to a processor in advance of the corresponding memory accesses. Temporal streaming dynamically identifies address sequences to be streamed by exploiting two common phenomena in shared-memory access patterns: (1) temporal address correlation - groups of shared addresses tend to be accessed together and in the same order, and (2) temporal stream locality - recently-accessed address streams are likely to recur. We present a practical design for temporal streaming. We evaluate our design using a combination of trace-driven and cycle-accurate full-system simulation of a cache-coherent distributed shared-memory system. We show that temporal streaming can eliminate 98% of coherent read misses in scientific applications, and between 43% and 60% in database and web server workloads. Our design yields speedups of 1.07 to 3.29 in scientific applications, and 1.06 to 1.21 in commercial workloads.
The effect of communication costs in solid-state quantum computing architectures

Quantum computation has become an intriguing technology with which to attack difficult problems and to enhance system security. Quantum algorithms, however, have been analyzed under idealized assumptions without important physical constraints in mind. In this paper, we analyze two key constraints: the short spatial distance of quantum interactions and the short temporal life of quantum data.In particular, quantum computations must make use of extremely robust error correction techniques to extend the life of quantum data. We present optimized spatial layouts of quantum error correction circuits for quantum bits embedded in silicon. We analyze the complexity of error correction under the constraint that interaction between these bits is near neighbor and data must be propagated via swap operations from one part of the circuit to another.We discover two interesting results from our quantum layouts. First, the recursive nature of quantum error correction circuits requires a additional communication technique more powerful than near-neighbor swaps -- too much error accumulates if we attempt to swap over long distances. We show that quantum teleportation can be used to implement recursive structures. We also show that the reliability of the quantum swap operation is the limiting factor in solid-state quantum computation.
The place of "contact media" in a burn scar management programme

The plan of burn scar management of the Burn Unit at the Women's and Children Hospital is based on the following principles: early excision and grafting, close monitoring in a designated Burn Clinic and the individualised use of “contact media”. Contact media are grouped as adhesive contact media, contact media without pressure and contact media with pressure. Hypafix is our first choice with the aim of preventing progression to hypertrophy. The place of the other media is described. Hypertrophy is considered to be a delayed onset secondary phenomenon preceded by capillary hyperaemia which is the primary phenomenon. It is suggested that the mode of action of contact media is due to a water retention effect mimicking the role of stratum corneum. Contact media have replaced pressure in our scar management programme with improved cosmesis and shortened therapy time with an overall reduction in cost.
270 kVA Solid State Transformer Based on 10 kV SiC Power Devices

With the advancement of semiconductor technology, solid state transformer (SST) with high voltage fast switching SiC power devices is becoming a valid option to replace the conventional transformers in power substation. In this paper, a 270 kVA solid state transformer based on 10 kV SiC power MOSFET has been proposed. The two stages of SST, five-level Vienna rectifier and five-level DC/DC converter are specifically designed and simulated in closed loop. The analysis of device losses is performed based on the device characteristics. A design of high frequency transformer is presented as well. The simulation results together with the loss analysis verify the functionality and feasibility of SST.
Health promotion using television in hospital waiting rooms: The Adelaide Children's Parent Education Project

Objectives: The Adelaide Children's Hospital Parent Education Project was designed to determine the effect of the screening of health promotion programmes via closed circuit television facilities in hospital waiting rooms on parents' knowledge of child health issues. Methodology: A knowledge test was constructed with an internal consistency co-efficient of 0.95 and used to identify target groups of parents with low knowledge. The education programmes screened were aimed at the knowledge deficits. To assess the effects of the programmes an experiment was conducted using a post-test only/control group design, including a time delay. Days of the week were assigned randomly to programme days when health education programmes were screened and non-programme days when normal television programmes were screened. The experimental group was selected randomly from the attendance registers on programme days and the control group from non-programme days. Results: The experimental group of parents gained substantial increases in knowledge with some knowledge scores increasing by nearly 70%. Overall there was a statistically significant difference between the knowledge scores of experimental and control groups. The recall of programme content by parents was notable in view of the fact that because of waiting times most only viewed part of the education programmes. Health-promoting behaviour changes were also reported. Conclusions: The screening of health programmes via hospital waiting room television significantly increases the health knowledge of viewers, although there is a decline over time.
Observatory report: MIT Haystack Observatory

Haystack Observatory engages in a wide variety of technical and scientific activities under the unifying theme of radio science. In this presentation, an overview of the Observatory facilities and capabilities will be given, along with a description of the major areas of work. The recent upgrade of the 37-meter telescope will be described. Finally, a summary of the recent major research accomplishments in astronomy and atmospheric sciences will be presented.
An efficient algorithm to accelerate the discovery of complex material formulations

The identification of complex multicomponent material formulations that possess specific optimal properties is a challenging task in materials discovery. The high dimensional composition space needs to be adequately sampled and the properties measured with the goal of efficiently identifying effective formulations. This task must also take into account mass fraction and possibly other constraints placed on the material components. Either combinatorial or noncombinatorial sampling of the composition space may be employed in practice. This paper introduces random sampling-high dimensional model representation (RS-HDMR) as an algorithmic tool to facilitate these nonlinear multivariate problems. RS-HDMR serves as a means to accurately interpolate over sampled materials, and simulations of the technique show that it can be very efficient. A variety of simulations is carried out modeling multicomponent-->property relationships, and the results show that the number of sampled materials to attain a given level of accuracy for a predicted property does not significantly depend on the number of components in the formulation. Although RS-HDMR best operates in the laboratory by guided iterative rounds of random sampling of the composition space along with property observation, the technique was tested successfully on two existing databases of a seven component phosphor material and a four component deNO(x) catalyst for reduction of NO with C(3)H(6).
4R- and 4S-iodophenyl hydroxyproline, 4R-pentynoyl hydroxyproline, and S-propargyl-4-thiolphenylalanine: conformationally biased and tunable amino acids for bioorthogonal reactions

Bioorthogonal reactions allow the introduction of new functionalities into peptides, proteins, and other biological molecules. The most readily accessible amino acids for bioorthogonal reactions have modest conformational preferences or bases for molecular interactions. Herein we describe the synthesis of 4 novel amino acids containing functional groups for bioorthogonal reactions. (2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)-iodophenyl ethers of hydroxyproline are capable of modification via rapid, specific Suzuki and Sonogashira reactions in water. The synthesis of these amino acids, as Boc-, Fmoc- and free amino acids, was achieved through succinct sequences. These amino acids exhibit well-defined conformational preferences, with the 4S-iodophenyl hydroxyproline crystallographically exhibiting β-turn (ϕ, ψ ∼ –80°, 0°) or relatively extended (ϕ, ψ ∼ –80°, +170°) conformations, while the 4R-diastereomer prefers a more compact conformation (ϕ ∼ –60°). The aryloxyproline diastereomers present the aryl groups in a highly divergent manner, suggesting their stereospecific use in molecular design, medicinal chemistry, and catalysis. Thus, the 4R- and 4S-iodophenyl hydroxyprolines can be differentially applied in distinct structural contexts. The pentynoate ester of 4R-hydroxyproline introduces an alkyne functional group within an amino acid that prefers compact conformations. The propargyl thioether of 4-thiolphenylalanine was synthesized via copper-mediated cross-coupling reaction of thioacetic acid with protected 4-iodophenylalanine, followed by thiolysis and alkylation. This amino acid combines an alkyne functional group with an aromatic amino acid and the ability to tune aromatic and side chain properties via sulfur oxidation. These amino acids provide novel loci for peptide functionalization, with greater control of conformation possible than with other amino acids containing these functional groups.
Control of Concentration Polarization in Forward Osmosis Processes by Membrane Vibration

In this research, membrane vibration was examined as a new way to control the phenomena of concentration polarization (CP) in forward osmosis (FO) processes. A batch reactor was developed for dynamic studies on FO’s flux behavior. The performance of “fresh water” production and reverse diffusion in the FO process were evaluated by vibrating the FO membrane under different experimental conditions. Results indicate that, with a NaCl solution (concentration = 1.0M) as the draw solution, the flux was 20–50 L/m 2 -h for the membrane vibration, which are much higher than that generated by the magnetic stirring method (1–6 L/m 2 -h). The energy consumption of the method was relatively high, but was lower than that of a RO process. It is concluded that membrane vibration could increase the flux of fresh water production, and thus, may be used to control the CP better than the methods being used currently.
Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry in Cavity-Piloted Mach 2 Combustor

Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry (HTV) measurements of velocity were made in a Mach 2 scramjet combustor with a wall cavity flameholder. In the HTV method, ArF excimer laser (193 nm) beams pass through a humid gas flow and dissociate H2O into H + OH to form a tagging grid of OH molecules. Previously demonstrated with a 7x7 grid of hydroxyl (OH) molecules, HTV is now demonstrated with an 11x11 grid of OH tracked by planar laserinduced fluorescence to yield about 120 velocity vectors of the two-dimensional flow over a fixed time delay. Instantaneous, single-shot measurements of two-dimensional flow patterns were made in the non-reacting Mach 2 flow from step to step in the cavity under lowand high-backpressure conditions. Single-shot profiles were analyzed to yield mean and rms velocity profiles in the Mach 2 non-reacting flow. A set of velocity data (spanning the entire length of the cavity) for an open wall cavity in a supersonic flow under low and high backpressure conditions was compiled for validation of CFD models.
Analytical Solution of Whispering-Gallery Modes

Advances in MEMS/NEMS techniques have enabled highQ whispering-gallery modes in integrated microcavities. Potential applications of optical microcavities include quantum informatics, novel micro/nano sources, dynamic filters, and micro/nanosensors. It is important to understand the intrinsic resonant modes of a cavity. In this report, we will analyze whispering-gallery modes in resonators of planar structure which is common in MEMS devices. The wave equation is solved by using the method of separation of variables with appropriate boundary conditions. Analytical formulations are established. The resonance frequencies as well as the electric field distributions in exemplary resonators are presented for a variety of whispering-gallery modes.
Evaluation on Flu Surveillance System in Shenyang

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of flu surveillance system in Shenyang.Methods Using indexes including sensitivity,specificity,predictive value positive(PVP),predictive value negative(PVN) and data representativeness to evaluate the effectiveness of the system.Results The sensitivity,specificity,PVP,PVN was 62.5%,86.4%,45.5% and 92.7% respectively.The case number of visits for influenza-like illness(ILI) was more sensitive than the percentage of visits for influenza-like illness(ILI%)(P0.01).Virus separation needed a long time,which averaged 32 days.The system sampling rate was 0.95%,and virus separation rate was 10.5%.Nearly 24% of the city populations were covered Conclusions The population coverage of surveillance system is broad,and data representativeness is fairly good.Being limited by information collection and virus separating means,it is difficult to find flu outbreak in time.
152 IN VIVO ANALYSIS OF THE ADENOVIRUS-SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE IN CD28-, FASL-, AND PERFORIN-DEFICIENT MICE.

Although the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response has long been recognized as the major limitation for successful adenovirus (Ad) gene therapy, it has been difficult to determine the major mechanisms of Ad-specific CTL generation and effector functions. To address this problem, we utilized an MHC I tetramer, Db-E1Bp, and an in vivo CTL assay to examine the role of CD28, perforin, FasL, and TNFa in generation and/or function of Ad-specific CTLs. Eight days after Ad infection, 1% of CD8+ cells in spleen were Db-E1Bp+ in CD28KO mice, compared to 9.3% in WT mice. The target cell killing efficiencies are also reduced by 77% and 80% in the spleen and liver of CD28KO mice, respectively, compared to those of WT mice. To distinguish between the defects in CTL generation and effector function in CD28KO mice, a plot of the number of Db-E1Bp+ CTLs and the E1Bp-specific target cell lysis was compared to that of WT mice. The results indicate that two out of the three CD28KO mice exhibited lower killing efficiency per cell compared with that of WT mice (Figure 5). The expression of CD28 on CD8+ T cells exhibited a direct effect on CTL activation since there was no defect in generation or function of Db-E1Bp+CD8+ T cells in CD4+ depleted mice. Perforin-deficient (Prf-/-)mice exhibited 70% target cell lysis compared to 98% in WT mice, whereas the number of Ad-specific CTLs remained the same as in WT mice. In contrast, the generation of Ad-specific CD8 T cells in FasL-deficient mice was significantly reduced by 62% and 50% in the spleen and liver, respectively, but the specific lysis were equivalent to that of WT mice. The killing efficiency in Prf2/2 mice were further reduced to 37% in killing of Fas-deficient cells but remained the same in killing of cells from TNFR12/- TNFR22/2 mice. These results indicate that CD28 is necessary for an optimal CTL response. In WT mice, the CTL activity is mediated mainly by perforin. In the absence of perforin, FasL, but not TNFa, produced by the CTLs appears to mediate the Ad-specific killing of target cells (Figure 6).
From Caregivers to Peers: Puberty Shapes Human Face Perception

Puberty prepares mammals to sexually reproduce during adolescence. It is also hypothesized to invoke a social metamorphosis that prepares adolescents to take on adult social roles. We provide the first evidence to support this hypothesis in humans and show that pubertal development retunes the face-processing system from a caregiver bias to a peer bias. Prior to puberty, children exhibit enhanced recognition for adult female faces. With puberty, superior recognition emerges for peer faces that match one's pubertal status. As puberty progresses, so does the peer recognition bias. Adolescents become better at recognizing faces with a pubertal status similar to their own. These findings reconceptualize the adolescent "dip" in face recognition by showing that it is a recalibration of the face-processing system away from caregivers toward peers. Thus, in addition to preparing the physical body for sexual reproduction, puberty shapes the perceptual system for processing the social world in new ways.
Testing of Bob Calf Fecal Swabs for the Presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Rectal swabs were collected from 304 Bob calves (calves under 10 d old) brought to slaughter in the States of Washington (77 swabs), California (127 swabs), and Wisconsin (100 swabs). The swab samples were tested for the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by the use of a direct smear method, enrichment method, and the use of the Petrifilm™ Test Kit-HEC-for hemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 (3M Company, St. Paul, MN). The organism was not isolated from any of the samples by any method, though the 3M test kit did give 21 positive signals. Of these positive signals, three were shown to be caused by sorbitol-positive, O157-positive, H7-negative E. coli . The cause of the other 18 signals was not determined.
Time Dependent Kinetic Equations: Semigroup Approach

In the previous chapter we have solved time dependent kinetic problems using integration along trajectories and perturbation techniques. In many applications, however, the phase space, the transport operator and the boundary conditions do not depend on time, in which case a semigroup approach is natural. In this chapter we shall discuss the semigroup approach in detail. Throughout we maintain the notation and terminology introduced in Chapter XI with minor modifications. In particular, the open set Λ ⊂ ℝn×ℝn specifying the position-velocity domain will now be referred to as the phase space of the system. (We recall that in the previous chapter Σ ⊂ ℝn×ℝn×(0,T) was taken as the phase space, in order to treat time in a somewhat symmetric fashion with spatial and velocity variables). Similarly, μ will be a Borel measure on Λ such that subsets of Λ with finite Lebesgue measure have finite μ-measure, υ± will be appropriate Borel measures on the parts D± of ∂Λ corresponding to the outgoing (resp. incoming) “fluxes”, J and K are bounded linear operators defined on Lp (Λ,dμ) and from Lp(D+,dυ+) into Lp(D−,dυ−), respectively, and h(x,ξ) is a nonnegative Lebesgue measurable function on Λ that is integrable on each subset of finite Lebesgue measure.
The utility of small samples from historic sites: Onderdonk, Clinton Avenue, and Van Campen

Excavations at the site of an 18th century rural residence in Queens County, New York, have yielded information about changing patterns of land use—from agricultural, to suburban, to industrial—in the New York metropolitan region. Comparison of quantitative data about some classes of specimens from this site with similar information from the Clinton Avenue site in Kingston, New York, and the Van Campen site (28SX245) in Wallpack Center, New Jersey, has permitted the tentative formulation of hypotheses about “diffusional lag” and “culture areas” in this part of the northeastern United States.
Structural basis of membrane targeting of the toll-interacting protein

T innate immunity-signaling network detects conserved molecular structures of pathogens through the action of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The TLR signaling pathway is regulated by cytosolic intrinsic modulators such as the Toll-interacting protein (Tollip). Tollip is an adaptor protein with an N-terminal Tom1-binding domain, a central C2 domain, and a C-terminal CUE domain. Phosphoinositides and ubiquitin have been recently identified as physiological ligands for Tollip. We have demonstrated that the Tollip C2 domain preferentially interacts with phosphoinositides in a calcium-independent manner and that this association is critical for membrane targeting of the protein. Using a combination of functional and structural approaches, we have identified key phosphoinositide-binding residues located in a flexible region nearby the beta-groove of the protein. The CUE domain mediates Tollip dimerization and binds ubiquitin, although the structural basis of the interaction is unknown. We have identified the interface residues involved in Tollip CUE domain-ubiquitin association, suggesting that the Tollip CUE domain dissociates into monomers when bound to ubiquitin and that the Tollip CUE-ubiquitin complex reversibly associates with moderate affinity. Remarkably, we demonstrate that ubiquitin negatively regulates Tollip’s phosphoinositide binding and this novel function is associated to direct binding to the Tollip C2 domain. This leads us to hypothesize that the association of ubiquitin to the Tollip’s C2 and CUE domains negatively modulates Tollip’s membrane targeting. Overall, our findings provide the basis to understand how Tollip is intracellularly partitioned in a ligand-dependent manner and how these molecular interactions modulate TLR signaling and membrane trafficking.
Reciprocal Interaction Between Osteoclasts and T Cells: Osteoclasts Inhibit T Cell Proliferation by IDO Produced in Response to T Cell-Derived IFN-γ and CD40 Ligand

Abstract 694 Osteoclasts (OCs), the responsible cells for bone resorption, are derived from monocytic precursor cells, with the stimulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and the receptor activator of nuclear factor κb ligand (RANKL). The formation and activity of OCs can be either promoted by activated T cell derived RANKL, IL-17, or suppressed by T cell derived IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-4. On the other hand, OCs express MHC, and costimulatory molecules, secrete IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-6 and can act as antigen presenting cells to activate T cells, which indicates that OCs can be considered as immune cells. However, the immune function of OCs is largely unknown, and whether activated T cells can regulate the immune function of OCs is also unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of OCs on T cell responses, and the cross regulation between activated T cells and immune regulatory OCs. Results showed that autologous OCs could inhibit the proliferation of CD4 + T cells activated by allogeneic antigen, tetanus toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. The inhibitory rate range varied from 63% to 88%. To identify the mechanism of OC-mediated T cell suppression, we blocked or inhibited TGF-β, IL-10, (prostaglandin E2) PGE-2, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) with neutralizing antibodies or specific inhibitors during the coculture. Results showed that only 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan (1-MT, an IDO inhibitor) could rescue the T cell proliferation, which suggested that OCs mediated the T cell suppression through IDO. To confirm this result, we knocked down IDO expression in OCs with siRNA and found that T cell proliferation was restored completely. As normal OCs didn9t express IDO, next we investigated which molecules induced IDO expression in OCs, when cocultured with activated T cells. Results showed that blocking IFN-γ and CD40 ligand (CD40L) could inhibit IDO expression in OCs and rescue the T cell proliferation, and recombinant IFN-γ and soluble CD40L could induce IDO expression in OCs, synergistically. In conclusion, our study identified that OCs can function as immune regulatory cells to suppress T cell proliferation through IDO, which is induced by activated T cell derived IFN-γ and CD40L. This study provides new insight into the reciprocal interaction between OCs and T cells and may be helpful to develop novel therapeutic strategies for diseases involved in both bone and immune systems, such as bone-invasive tumors and autoimmune arthritis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
HIV Education and Welfare Services in Primary Care: An Empirical Model of Integration in Brazil’s Unified Health System

Integration of health education and welfare services in primary care systems is a key strategy to solve the multiple determinants of chronic diseases, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). However, there is a scarcity of conceptual models from which to build integration strategies. We provide a model based on cross-sectional data from 168 Community Health Agents, 62 nurses, and 32 physicians in two municipalities in Brazil's Unified Health System (UHS). The outcome, service integration, comprised HIV education, community activities (e.g., health walks and workshops), and documentation services (e.g., obtainment of working papers and birth certificates). Predictors included individual factors (provider confidence, knowledge/skills, perseverance, efficacy); job characteristics (interprofessional collaboration, work-autonomy, decision-making autonomy, skill variety); and organizational factors (work conditions and work resources). Structural equation modeling was used to identify factors associated with service integration. Knowledge and skills, skill variety, confidence, and perseverance predicted greater integration of HIV education alongside community activities and documentation services. Job characteristics and organizational factors did not predict integration. Our study offers an explanatory model that can be adapted to examine other variables that may influence integration of different services in global primary healthcare systems. Findings suggest that practitioner trainings to improve integration should focus on cognitive constructs-confidence, perseverance, knowledge, and skills.
Commentary Response to ‘Harmonious spaces: the influence of Feng Shui on urban form and design’, by Manuela Madeddu and Xiaoqing Zhang

Manuela Madeddu and Xiaoqing Zhang’s analysis of feng shui and the production of space in urban China raises excellent questions and proposes new lines of research on a set of ancient beliefs and p...
ANALYTICAL AND MODEL STUDIES OF CONTINUOUS FOLDED PLATES

The finite difference technique is used to obtain a numerical solution for stress resultants and displacements of continuous folded plate structures. The governing differential equations of plate and elasticity theory are written as four second-order equations involving three displacements and a plate bending moment (\Iu\N, \Iv\N, \Iw\N and M\Dx\N). This technique allows the use of a tridiagonal matrix routine for the solution of the resulting difference equations. Experimental results from three aluminum models are compared with the values predicted by the theory.
Substance and semantics: The question of capital

Abstract The perennial question ‘What is Capital’ has been getting some attention recently. Although the distinction between capital as a financial construct and capital as a collection of physical production-goods is well known, we argue that the former concept is undepreciated. The two concepts are often conflated in practice, and the relationship between them is seldom well understood. We spell out the financial concept of capital emphasizing its importance as an indispensable instrument of calculation and accounting. We consider some views of human, social and other capital and how we differ from them. We present reasons for rejecting the notion of an aggregate production function in standard growth theory (which uses the notion of an aggregate stock of physical capital) and as recently used by Thomas Piketty in his well-known work.
Resisting, Rejecting, and Redefining Normative Pathways to the Professoriate: Faculty of Color in Higher Education.

The Faculty of Color Cohort 2014 (FOCC2014) consists of 20 scholars in faculty positions across the country. Here we use the theory of transformational resistance and data from our private Facebook group webpage as a way to understand the resistance enacted by the FOCC2014 as first-year faculty members. Through critical discourse analysis, we investigate how the FOCC2014 Facebook webpage is used to encourage members to actively resist, reject, and redefine what it means to be a faculty member in higher education. Findings provide empirical evidence of the utility of social media as a space for engagement and community for faculty of color across multiple campuses where the racial/ethnic diversity of faculty is limited.
O'Malley, John W. (ed.) [2015]. Art, Controversy, and the Jesuits: The “Imago Primi Saeculi” (1640)

Recension del libro: O'MALLEY, John W., S.I, [2015]. Art, Controversy, and the Jesuits: The “Imago Primi Saeculi” (1640), Early Modern Catholicism and the Visual Arts Series 12. Philadelphia: St. Joseph’s University Press, 771 pp.
Introduction to Time-Resolved Spectroscopy: Nanosecond Transient Absorption and Time-Resolved Fluorescence of Eosin B

Here we present a new undergraduate laboratory that will introduce the concepts of time-resolved spectroscopy and provide insight into the natural time scales on which chemical dynamics occur through direct measurement. A quantitative treatment of the acquired data will provide a deeper understanding of the role of quantum mechanics and various phenomenological expressions in predicting kinetic rates for fluorescence, phosphorescence, and nonradiative decay mechanisms. This laboratory framework focuses specifically on spectroscopy in the nanosecond regime—assisted by various steady-state spectroscopic techniques—in order to fully characterize the electronic structure and the picosecond-to-microsecond dynamics of the dye eosin B. There is great flexibility in both the recommended lab duration (1 week to several months) and course level (upper-division to graduate) due to the numerous additional experiments that may be performed at varying levels of difficulty. The necessary components include pump and prob...