cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SQUIDS in Josephson Logic Circuits

SQUIDS (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices) have shown considerable potential as a high-speed and low-power switching device for very fast Josephson digital circuits. Switching speeds of about 10 ps and power dissipation of a few μW per circuit in combination with superconducting transmission lines are key items for Josephson computer applications.
Opportunistic Many-to-Many Multicasting in Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks

The technology of low-power wireless sensor networks (WSNs) needs to become more flexible to cater to emerging data-driven applications and the Internet of Things. For example, WSNs need to look beyond the traditional many-to-one data collection traffic model and begin to support multicast communications. However, efficient multicasting in WSNs is challenging. In this paper, we propose to apply the concept of opportunistic forwarding to create an opportunistic multicast framework for duty-cycled WSNs. Our framework allows for any node to directly and efficiently multicast to any subset of known potential destinations. We propose several variations of schemes to operate within this framework. We evaluate our framework and the proposed schemes using simulations.
Developing a microfinance model to break the cycle of poverty

Abstract Multigenerational poverty is common in developing countries. Illiteracy, poor health, and unemployment compound a person’s ability to break the cycle of poverty. In this article, we break down the process of designing, testing, and implementing a microfinance model to help end multigenerational poverty in an impoverished refugee village in Uganda. We describe key decisions in developing the model and assess its effectiveness as an instrument in achieving this service objective. We believe our grassroots primary research can benefit many NGOs that might be contemplating lending programs in developing nations, as well as other collegiate institutions interested in implementing sustainable programs that allow students the opportunity to work on global issues in developing nations.
How college students diagnosed with anxiety disorders and/or depression use everyday technology

Anxiety disorders and/or depression are the most frequently diagnosed mental health problems (MHP) among American college students. Everyday technology (EDT) is being used with those who have MHP to help them cope with the mental/cognitive disabilities arising from having anxiety and/or depression. Deveau investigated the types of EDT students with MHP use to manage their roles as college students. While this research indicated that individuals with MHP were open to learning about EDT they can use, the author recommended further investigation of the topic. This qualitative study further investigated what types of EDT college students use to manage their anxiety disorder and/or depression. Our research found that while college students with anxiety and depression are familiar with and willing to use EDT to help compensate for some of the issues they have resulting from their anxiety and depression, some reported that the use of EDT contributes to their problems. Implications for further investigation include continuing to examine the use of EDT amongst a larger group of college students. Future research should also investigate creating a peer run technology group, taught by interested student such as occupational therapy, psychology or computer science students to name a few, to inform students about apps to manage scheduling, routines, medication management and symptoms management. Additionally, the positive and negative aspects of social media and how to manage ones use of it use would be a relevant topic for group discussion.Implications for rehabilitationWhile most college students currently use everyday technology as a part of their lives, it has positive and negative meanings to college students who have anxiety and/or depression.Finding out what a user wants to do with technology and the meaning it has for them is a critical part of insuring the right match between a person and an assistive technology intervention.Consider a full range of no to high technology options when working with college students who experience the mental/cognitive disabilities resulting from mental health problems to identify assistive technology solutions.
Single-Shot ℱ-BASIS Afocal Microscopy for 3D Dynamics

ℱ-BASIS employs acousto-optically synthesized spatio-temporally encoded interference patterns and RF detection to measure dense Fourier sample clouds, enabling high-speed focus-free volume microscopy. We demonstrate 3D imaging of dynamic fluorescent beads using a single pattern.
Characteristics of hospitalizations among patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors at a community teaching hospital.

PurposeAs immune checkpoint inhibitors continue to acquire new indications, it is important to understand the impact their use has on patients. This study adds to current literature by presenting a...
Cartilage-on-cartilage cyclic loading induces mechanical and structural damage.

Abstract Cartilage breaks down during mechanically-mediated osteoarthritis (OA). While previous research has begun to elucidate mechanical, structural and cellular damage in response to cyclic loading, gaps remain in our understanding of the link between cyclic cartilage loading and OA-like mechanical damage. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify irreversible cartilage damage in response to cyclic loading. A novel in vitro model of damage through cartilage-on-cartilage cyclic loading was established. Cartilage was loaded at 1 Hz to two different doses (10,000 or 50,000 cycles) between -6.0 ± 0.2 MPa and -10.3 ± 0.2 MPa 1st Piola-Kirchhoff stress. After loading, mechanical damage (altered mechanical properties: elastic moduli and dissipated energy) and structural damage (surface damage and specimen thickness) were quantified. Linear and tangential moduli were determined by fitting the loading portion of the stress-strain curves. Dissipated energy was calculated from the area between loading and unloading stress-strain curves. Specimen thickness was measured both before and after loading. Surface damage was assessed by staining samples with India ink, then imaging the articular surface. Cyclic loading resulted in dose-dependent decreases in linear and tangential moduli, energy dissipation, thickness, and intact area. Collectively, these results show that cartilage damage can be initiated by mechanical loading alone in vitro, suggesting that cyclic loading can cause in vivo damage. This study demonstrated that with increased number of cycles, cartilage undergoes both tissue softening and structural damage. These findings are a first step towards characterizing the cartilage response to cyclic loading, which can ultimately provide important insight for delaying the initiation and slowing the progression of OA.
Risk Adjusting Health Care Provider Collaboration Networks.

Objectives The quality of hospital discharge care and patient factors (health and sociodemographic) impact the rates of unplanned readmissions. This study aims to measure the effects of controlling for the patient factors when using readmission rates to quantify the weighted edges between health care providers in a collaboration network. This improved understanding may inform strategies to reduce hospital readmissions, and facilitate quality-improvement initiatives. Methods We extracted 4 years of patient, provider, and activity data related to cardiology discharge workflow. A Weibull model was developed to predict the risk of unplanned 30-day readmission. A provider–patient bipartite network was used to connect providers by shared patient encounters. We built collaboration networks and calculated the Shared Positive Outcome Ratio (SPOR) to quantify the relationship between providers by the relative rate of patient outcomes, using both risk-adjusted readmission rates and unadjusted readmission rates. The effect of risk adjustment on the calculation of the SPOR metric was quantified using a permutation test and descriptive statistics. Results Comparing the collaboration networks consisting of 2,359 provider pairs, we found that SPOR values with risk-adjusted outcomes are significantly different than unadjusted readmission as an outcome measure (p-value = 0.025). The two networks classified the same provider pairs as high-scoring 51.5% of the time, and the same low scoring provider pairs 85.6% of the time. The observed differences in patient demographics and disease characteristics between high-scoring and low-scoring provider pairs were reduced by applying the risk-adjusted model. The risk-adjusted model reduced the average variation across each individual's SPOR scored provider connections. Conclusions Risk adjusting unplanned readmission in a collaboration network has an effect on SPOR-weighted edges, especially on classifying high-scoring SPOR provider pairs. The risk-adjusted model reduces the variance of providers' connections and balances shared patient characteristics between low- and high-scoring provider pairs. This indicates that the risk-adjusted SPOR edges better measure the impact of collaboration on readmissions by accounting for patients' risk of readmission.
How to Live with Computers

Before you travel, you (hopefully) pause to think about what to pack for such a trip. You check the weather report, develop a plan for what you want to see and experience, book hotels, transportation and events, make appointments, and if on business, prepare presentations, reports and so forth, so that you hit the ground running and optimize your time and pleasures. If an experienced traveler, you pull out your suitcase and fill it with the minimal amount clothing appropriate for this trip. You set expectations for what you want to accomplish consistent with what makes you happy and productive. That means knowing your tastes, and in our case, who you are. This chapter is a traveler’s perspective about how to keep up with the issues presented in this book; it is presented as a traveler’s guide because no topic discussed before has come to an end, so, as long as you live you will be on a journey imposed upon you that you will share with in the evolution of the human race and computing. How might you make such a trip productive and interesting?
Focal Moments and Protests in Autocracies: How Pro-democracy Anniversaries Shape Dissent in China:

Social scientists have long observed that focal points enable citizens to coordinate collective action. For antiregime protests in autocracies, however, focal points also enable repressive governme...
Osteogenesis imperfecta: an update on clinical features and therapies

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited skeletal dysplasia characterized by bone fragility and skeletal deformities. While the majority of cases are associated with pathogenic variants in COL1A1 and COL1A2, the genes encoding type I collagen, up to 25% of cases are associated with other genes that function within the collagen biosynthesis pathway or are involved in osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. Clinically, OI is heterogeneous in features and variable in severity. In addition to the skeletal findings, it can affect multiple systems including dental and craniofacial abnormalities, muscle weakness, hearing loss, respiratory and cardiovascular complications. A multi-disciplinary approach to care is recommended to address not only the fractures, reduced mobility, growth and bone pain but also other extra-skeletal manifestations. While bisphosphonates remain the mainstay of treatment in OI, new strategies are being explored, such as sclerostin inhibitory antibodies and TGF beta inhibition, to address not only the low bone mineral density but also the inherent bone fragility. Studies in animal models have expanded the understanding of pathomechanisms of OI and, along with ongoing clinical trials, will allow to develop better therapeutic approaches for these patients.
Satellite Constellation Design for Zonal Coverage Using Genetic Algorithms

The problem of constellation design presents many difficulties in the form of multiple, competing objectives and a complex design space. Past approaches to solving this problem have been to limit the number of objectives and/or simplify the geometry (such as restricting the design procedure to using only circular orbits) so that a tractable solution is obtainable. The genetic algorithm (GA) has been used in many design problems, but has seen limited application to the problem of constellation design. The GA has the ability to handle objectives of mixed (continuous and discrete) type and complex design spaces that do not have convenient analytical representations. With these capabilities, it becomes possible to consider the use of eccentric, inclined orbits for designing constellations efficiently. A method to evaluate coverage associated with ellipitical orbits via a streets-of-coverage approach was derived for this effort. This paper describes a method for applying a GA in a gaming approach for multiobjective design of satellite constellations for zonal coverage. The algorithm is applied to a northern hemisphere coverage problem, a CONUS-like coverage problem, and an ELLIPSO™-like coverage problem. Results are presented that suggest elliptic orbits may be beneficial to reduce the number of satellites needed for certain coverage problems.
Theories of labour: physically scoring Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children with Stanislavski, viewpoints, and composition

This essay discusses my direction of Tony Kushner’s translation of Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children and the ways in which I transposed my understanding of Stanislavski’s Method of Physical ...
Theories, Examples of Cultural Models, and Methods to Explore Those

“Theories, examples of cultural models, and methods to explore those” presents the conception of cultural models and provides their examples in social sciences. It describes pan-cultural, cross-cultural, and cultural approaches to the study of emotional constructs, along with typology and diversity of possible cultural models of emotions. The chapter reviews methodology of research on cultural models of emotions, including such basic topics as conceptual and measurement equivalence, adequacy and bias in cultural research of emotions. In addition to providing the conceptual background of the topic, the materials of this chapter give the overview of descriptive, comparative, and structural methodologies, along with a summary of statistical methods available for construction of cultural models of emotions.
Work-Family Reconciliation and Children's Well-Being Disparities across OECD Countries

Socioeconomic inequalities in health and well-being are large, beginning early in childhood and accumulating over the life course, but they also vary widely across rich developed nations. Despite this well-known cross-national variation, research has yet to examine why children's health disparities might be larger or smaller based on national policy contexts and macroeconomic conditions. Parental health and well-being suffer under high work-family or economic strain, which may directly impact children's health inequalities by family social class. These childhood health disadvantages, if not substantially improved, compound to even larger adult inequalities. To examine the role of national work-family reconciliation in children's health, we merge country-level policy data with 2006 and 2010 World Health Organization child-level data on mental and physical well-being and family economic disadvantage. Based on adjusted estimates, we find greatly narrowed disparities in children's self-rated health as work flexibility and vacation-sick leave mandates become more generous. However, cash transfer policies including family benefits spending and childcare costs were not associated with the size of children's health disparities. Taken together, our results suggest the distinctive value of better work-family accommodations, rather than any generic cash allowances, for lessening family-based inequalities in children's health and human capital development.
Foundations of Complex Behavioral Economics

Herbert A. Simon developed the idea of bounded rationality from his earliest works (Simon 1947, 1955a, 1957), which is viewed as the foundation of modern behavioral economics. Behavioral economics contrasts with more conventional economics in not assuming full information rationality on the part of economic agents in their behavior. In this regard, it draws on insights regarding human behavior from other social science disciplines such as psychology and sociology, among others. Without question, one can find earlier economists who argued that people are motivated by more than mere selfish maximization. Indeed, from the very beginnings of economics with Aristotle, who put economic considerations into a context of moral philosophy and proper conduct, through the father of political economy, Adam Smith in his Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), to later institutional economists such as Thorstein Veblen (1899) and Karl Polanyi (1944) who saw peoples’ economic conduct as embedded within broader social and political contexts. Nevertheless, it was Simon who coined both of these terms and established modern behavioral economics.
Do thus: an investigation into anaphoric event reference

Work on anaphoric event reference has focused on do so, do it, do this, and do that. This paper reports on an analysis of a heretofore unstudied form of event reference, do thus. Using a corpus of naturally occurring examples, I present evidence that do thus occupies the final slot in a hitherto incomplete paradigm for English event anaphora. Syntactically and semantically, do thus is similar to do so; but at the discourse level it patterns more like do this and do that. The data point to thus as an adverbial demonstrative on par with nominal this and that, which, when paired with do, can be used for complex event reference.
Screening for Colorectal Cancer.

A 47-year-old patient presents for a routine physical examination. The patient does not have a history of colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or adenomatous polyps or a family history of colorectal cancer. The patient's body mass index is 29 kg per m2, and the A1C level at their last visit was 5.9%. The patient has not been screened for colorectal cancer in prior visits.
Nitrogen loss from windblown agricultural soils in the Columbia Plateau

Abstract Wind erosion of agricultural soils can degrade both air quality and soil productivity in the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest United States. Soils in the region contain fine particles that, when suspended, are highly susceptible to long range transport in the atmosphere. Nitrogen (N) associated with off-site transport of windblown particulate matter depletes the parent soil of nutrients important in sustaining the biological activity of soils. The objective of this study was to quantify the loss of N from eroding agricultural fields during high wind events. Soil eroded from fields subject to conventional tillage in winter wheat–summer fallow rotations in eastern Washington was trapped in creep and Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) samplers installed on the leeward side of fields at heights of 0–1.5 m above the surface. The location of field sites varied over the 8 years of this study, but all sites were characterized by soils with a silt loam texture and annual precipitation of ⩽305 mm. Nitrogen content of the parent soil ranged from 0.063% to 0.090% while N content of sediment trapped by the samplers during high winds ranged from 0.053% to 0.101%. Enrichment ratios (ERs) for N ranged from 0.8 to 1.3, indicating the sediment was not highly enriched in N as compared with the parent soil. Nitrogen loss was estimated to range from 0.1 to 1.9 kg ha−1 during a high wind event. Nitrogen loss may be reduced by using conservation practices that have been proven effective in controlling wind erosion.
Code and Data Transformations for Improving Shared Cache Performance on SMT Processors

Simultaneous multithreaded processors use shared on-chip caches, which yield better cost-performance ratios. Sharing a cache between simultaneously executing threads causes excessive conflict misses. This paper proposes software solutions for dynamically partitioning the shared cache of an SMT processor, via the use of three methods originating in the optimizing compilers literature: dynamic tiling, copying and block data layouts. The paper presents an algorithm that combines these transformations and two runtime mechanisms to detect cache sharing between threads and react to it at runtime. The first mechanism uses minimal kernel extensions and the second mechanism uses information collected from the processor hardware counters. Our experimental results show that for regular, perfect loop nests, these transformations are very effective in coping with shared caches. When the caches are shared between threads from the same address space, performance is improved by 16-29% on average. Similar improvements are observed when the caches are shared between threads from different address spaces. To our knowledge, this is the first work to present an all-software approach for managing shared caches on SMT processors. It is also one of the first performance and program optimization studies conducted on a commercial SMT-based multiprocessor using Intel’s hyperthreading technology.
FDDI-a local-area network for distributed real-time applications

Distributed real-time control systems increasingly depend on local-area networks (LANs) for information exchange among sensors, processors, and actuators. FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) is a high-speed LAN that can satisfy access delay requirements of such time-constrained applications while simultaneously supporting nontime-constrained applications such as file transfer. The performance of FDDI is examined for time-constrained and nontime-constrained traffic. The simulation results presented include performance parameters such as delay distribution for different classes of messages and the distribution of token rotation times. The effect of errors, such as lost tokens and network severance, on the network performance is examined. >
The driver in flares and coronal mass ejections: Magnetic expansion

Chromospheric filaments, and hence the sheared magnetic fields that they trace, are observed to erupt in flares and coronal mass ejections. In the eruption, the filament-traced field is seen to expand in volume. For frozen-in magnetic field and isotropic expansion, the magnetic energy in a flux tube decreases as the flux tube expands. The amount of expansion of the magnetic field and the corresponding decrease in magnetic energy in a filament-eruption flare and/or coronal mass ejection can be estimated to order of magnitude from the observed expansion of the erupting filament. This evaluation for filament-eruption events in which the filament expansion is clearly displayed gives decreases in magnetic energy of the order of the total energy of the accompanying flare and/or coronal mass ejection. This simple expanding flux tube model can also fit the observed acceleration of coronal mass ejections, if it is assumed that the increase in mechanical energy of the mass ejection comes from the magnetic energy decrease in the expansion. These results encourage the view that magnetic expansion such as seen in filament eruptions drives both the plasma particle energization in flares and the bulk mass motion in coronal mass ejections.
Privacy-preserving reconstruction of multidimensional data maps in vehicular participatory sensing

The proliferation of sensors in devices of frequent use, such as mobile phones, offers unprecedented opportunities for forming self-selected communities around shared sensory data pools that enable community specific applications of mutual interest. Such applications have recently been termed participatory sensing. An important category of participatory sensing applications is one that construct maps of different phenomena (e.g., traffic speed, pollution) using vehicular participatory sensing. An example is sharing data from GPS-enabled cell-phones to map traffic or noise patterns. Concerns with data privacy are a key impediment to the proliferation of such applications. This paper presents theoretical foundations, a system implementation, and an experimental evaluation of a perturbation-based mechanism for ensuring privacy of location-tagged participatory sensing data while allowing correct reconstruction of community statistics of interest (computed from shared perturbed data). The system is applied to construct accurate traffic speed maps in a small campus town from shared GPS data of participating vehicles, where the individual vehicles are allowed to “lie” about their actual location and speed at all times. An extensive evaluation demonstrates the efficacy of the approach in concealing multi-dimensional, correlated, time-series data while allowing for accurate reconstruction of spatial statistics.
Emergent Implications of People's Perceptions of Changes in Higher Education.

Using multivariate analysis techniques the emergent characteristics of data gathered in a survey on change in higher education are examined. The pattern of weights obtained from nine separate canonical analyses suggest the existence of a general bipolar partition of opinions having to do with the diffuseness and openness of various aspects of higher education. Following this possibility respondents were classified as traditional or non-traditional and a discriminant analysis was performed using as independent variables respondents’ scores on the nine, broadly defined variables previously used in the canonical analyses. Good discrimination between the a priori groups could not be obtained suggesting the general factor is multifaceted; the implications of this finding are discussed.
Optical measurements of ΔpH and Δψ in corn root membrne vesicles: Kinetic analysis of Cl− effects on a proton-translocating ATPase

The optical probes 9-aminoacridine, quinacrine, and bis (3-propyl-5-oxoisoxazol-4-yl) pentamethine oxonol (OX-VI) were used to measure the formation of pH and electric potential gradients in vesicles believed to be derived from corn root tonoplast membranes. Under certain conditions the quenching of fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine was shown to be quantitatively related to ΔpH, and the shift in the absorbance spectrum (measured as absorbance difference at 610 and 580 nm) of OX-VI shown to be quantitatively related to Δψ. In the absence of chloride ions, a positive interior membrane potential of approximately +100 mV was formed upon the addition of 5mm Mg/ATP to a suspension of membrane vesicles. The addition of Cl− salts reduced Δψ and stimulated the formation of ΔpH. In the presence of 50mmCl−, a ΔpH of approximately 1.1 units was established following the addition of 5mm Mg/ATP. The kinetics of Cl− activation of H+ transport could be resolved into a linear and a saturable component, with aKm for the saturable component between 4 and 5mm. Cl− inhibition of Δψ showed similar kinetics, indicating that Cl− activates electrogenic H+ transport as a permeant anion. The biphasic kinetics suggest 4 two pathways for Cl\t- permeation, with the linear component attributable to permeation through the lipid bilayer and the saturable component attributable to permeation through an anion channel. This model is supported by the effects of the anion channel blockers, 4-acetamido-4\t'-isothiocyano-2,2\t'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (SITS) and 4,4\t'-diisothiocyano-2,2\t'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS), which abolished the saturable component but not the linear component of Cl\t- stimulated H+ transport.
Properties of Excitatory Synaptic Events in Neurons of Primary Somatosensory Cortex of Neonatal Rats

We have characterized the development of synaptic responses from neurons of rat parietal cortex. Whole-cell recording was used in slice preparations in vitro. Neurons were stained with biocytin to allow their identification, and the sample included pyramidal neurons and Cajal-Retzius cells. Dye-coupling of 3-12 cells was frequently observed from the day of birth (P0) to P3. On average, when recorded with Cs(+)-filled electrodes, the input resistances of neonatal cells were large (mean = 1.1 G omega) and resting membrane potentials were relatively depolarized (mean = -45 mV) when compared to mature neocortical neurons. The application of an NMDA receptor antagonist usually hyperpolarized cells by 5-10 mV and increased their input resistance (mean increase = 83%), suggesting that immature neurons are tonically activated by excitatory amino acids (EAA) in our preparation. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or currents (EPSCs) could be obtained from animals as young as P0 by brief stimulation of the subplate. Synaptic responses at these early ages had long durations, often lasting over hundreds of milliseconds, they reversed polarity around 0 mV, and they were blocked by tetrodotoxin and EAA antagonists. Pharmacology and current-voltage relationships demonstrated the presence of both NMDA receptor- and non-NMDA receptor-dependent components in most EPSPs. Unlike synaptic responses of mature neurons, neonatal synaptic responses were composed largely of NMDA receptor-dependent components. We did not observe inhibitory synaptic inputs before P6. In some neurons, single shocks to the subplate region initiated spontaneous EPSPs that lasted > 1 min. This study clearly demonstrates functional synapses in the neocortex of rats on the day of birth. Large NMDA receptor-mediated EPSPs with long duration could have a major influence on the development of cortical circuits in the neonate.
Some Flemish Popular Prints from Hieronymus Cock and His Contemporaries

With the establishment of his shop, the Quatre Vents, around 1550, Hieronymus Cock soon made Antwerp one of the most important print-publishing centers of the period. The engravings and etching issues by Cock and other entrepreneurs were intended to appeal to a broad and varied public. Besides the familiar range from religious and mythological scenes to portraits, landscapes, and topographical views,1 a number of prints were also devoted to humorous and often didactic subjects, inspired by the proverbs, folklore, and popular literature of the sixteenth-century Netherlands. The best known of these prints have been extensively studied: the compositions influenced by Hieronymus Bosch, the etchings of Frans Hogenberg, and, above all, the many designs produced by Pieter Bruegel the Elder for Hieronymus Cock, such as the Big Fish Eat the Little Fish, Everyman (Elck), and the Alchemist.2 There are other prints, however, mostly after anonymous artists, which have with few exceptions been largely ignored. They des...
Synthesis and chemistry of heterobimetallic fulvalene complexes containing W, MO, and Rh *

Abstract The photo- and thermal chemistry of the heterobimetallic fulvalene (Fv) complex Fv[W(CO)3Me][Rh(CO)2] (1) was investigated, and compounds Fv(CO)2MeWRh(CO)[μ-CO] (2), Fv(CO)3WRh(CO)Me (3), and Fv(CO)3WRh(CO)C(O)Me (4) were characterized. Reaction mechanisms were studied by labeling experiments using 13CO and by analogy to the MoRh system. The complexes Fv(CO)3MoRh(CO)C(O) Me (7) and Fv(CO)3MoRh(CO)Me (8) were characterized. Reaction of 3 and 4 with PMe3 gave the zwitterionic species Fv[W (CO)3][Rh(PMe3)2Me] (16) and Fv[W(CO)3][Rh(PMe3)2C(O)Me] (17), respectively. An excess of PMe3, led to the mononuclear compounds FvRh(PMe3)2Me (18) and FvRh(PMe3)2C(O)Me (19). The latter was reacted with Mo(CO)3(EtCN)3 to give zwitterionic Fv[Mo(CO)3]Rh(PMe3)2C(O)Me] (20). The X-ray structures of the acyl complexes 4 and 17 were obtained. X-ray data of 4: P 1 , a = 13.529(3) A, b = 15.813(3) A, c = 16.164(3) A, α = 62.72(1)°, β = 87.24(1)°, gg = 86.32(1)°, V = 3065.9(11) A3, Z = 8, Rw = 0.045. X-ray data of 17: P21/n, a = 15.412(4) A, b = 9.745(2) A, c = 18.209(6) A, α = 90.0°, β = 93.46(2)°, γ = 90.0°, V = 2730.0(22) A3, Z = 4, Rw = 0.0303.
Contamination of equipment in emergency settings: An exploratory study with a targeted automated intervention

Background Despite standard manual decontamination, hospital equipment remains contaminated with microorganisms, contributing to nosocomial transmission and hospital acquired infections. This has the potential to negate the effects of healthcare workers' hand-washing protocols. In order to decrease the likihood of equipment contamination, there has been a rise in the use of disposable pieces of equipment, especially non-critical disposables. However, these carry a significant cost, both a direct financial cost (running into billions of dollars), as well as a cost to the environment. This is important because we hope to contain the cost of healthcare, one way to do that, is to look to the hospitals themselves, for innovative solutions that maintain the standard of care.
Serological typing of Staphylococcus aureus from wild animals.

Abstract One hundred and sixty-nine strains isolated mainly from the nasal passages of wild animals, were identified by the use of 18 type sera, and 4 new sera (B, F, M, R) obtained from strains isolated from beaver, fox, mink and raccoon. One hundred and sixty-two strains from domestic animals and 19 strains from man were also typed for comparative purposes. Twenty-four of the 33 beaver strains and 46 of 50 ovine strains reacted with serum 16, 32 out of 33 mink strains reacted with serum M; 29 out of 40 raccoon strains reacted with serum R; 9 of 33 fox strains reacted with serum F. The antigens F, M and R groups are closely related, but some of the strains frequently had one of the other two antigens. Strains with F, M or R antigens were, however, untypable with the International Phages. Wild animal strains reacted infrequently and weakly with the 17 other sera. Strains from domestic animals and man did not react with serums F, M and R respectively.
A document rating system for preference judgements

High quality relevance judgments are essential for the evaluation of information retrieval systems. Traditional methods of collecting relevance judgments are based on collecting binary or graded nominal judgments, but such judgments are limited by factors such as inter-assessor disagreement and the arbitrariness of grades. Previous research has shown that it is easier for assessors to make pairwise preference judgments. However, unless the preferences collected are largely transitive, it is not clear how to combine them in order to obtain document relevance scores. Another difficulty is that the number of pairs that need to be assessed is quadratic in the number of documents. In this work, we consider the problem of inferring document relevance scores from pairwise preference judgments by analogy to tournaments using the Elo rating system. We show how to combine a linear number of pairwise preference judgments from multiple assessors to compute relevance scores for every document.
ALGORITHMS FOR MINIMIZING TOTAL COST, BOTTLENECK TIME AND BOTTLENECK SHIPMENT IN TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS

We consider the transportation problem of determining nonnegative shipments from a set of m warehouses with given availabilities to a set of n markets with given requirements. Three objectives are defined for each solution: (i) total cost, TC, (ii) bottleneck time, BT (i.e., maximum transportation time for a positive shipment), and (iii) bottleneck shipment, SB (i.e., total shipment over routes with bottleneck time). An algorithm is given for determining all efficient (pareto-optimal or nondominated) (TC, BT) solution pairs. The special case of this algorithm when all the unit cost coefficients are zero is shown to be the same as the algorithms for minimizing BT. provided by Szwarc and Hammer. This algorithm for minimizing BT is shown to be computationally superior. Transportation or assignment problems with m=n=100 average about a second on the UNIVAC 1108 computer (FORTRAN V)) to the threshold algorithm for minimizing BT. The algorithm is then extended to provide not only all the efficient (TC, BT) solution pairs but also, for each such BT, all the efficient (TC, SB) solution pairs. The algorithms are based on the cost operator theory of parametric programming for the transportation problem developed by the authors.
Distinct characteristics of loop sequences of two Drosophila foldback transposable elements

A few foldback (FB) transposable elements have, between their long terminal inverted repeats, central loop sequences which have been shown to be different from FB inverted repeat sequences. We have investigated loop sequences from two such FB elements by analyzing their genomic distribution and sequence conservation and, in particular, by determining if they are normally associated with FB elements. One of these FB loop sequences seems to be present in a few conserved copies found adjacent to FB inverted repeat sequences, suggesting that it represents an integral component of some FB elements. The other loop sequence is less well-conserved and not usually associated with FB inverted repeats. This sequence is a member of another family of transposable elements, the HB family, and was found inserted in an FB element only by chance. We compare the complete DNA sequences of two HB elements and examine the ends of four HB elements.
Genetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma.

While considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the genetic changes involved in the pathogenesis of several human neoplasms, there is limited information about the genetic changes involved in the development of gallbladder carcinoma. Several studies indicate that TP53 (17p13) and p16Ink4/CDKN2 (9p21-22) gene loci abnormalities are frequent and early events in the pathogenesis of this neoplasm, in some cases preceding the onset of histological changes of invasion. Preliminary data also suggest that deletions at other chromosomal regions (8p21 and DCC at 18q21 loci) may play an important role in the development of gallbladder carcinoma; however, they need to be further analyzed. K-ras gene mutations appear to be an infrequent event in this neoplasm, except in gallbladder carcinomas associated with congenital abnormalities of the biliary tract. Genetic studies confirm that the sequence dysplasia-carcinoma in situ (CIS) is the usual route for the development of gallbladder carcinoma, and our recent data strongly suggest that adenomas are not precursors of this neoplasm.
Moving from static to dynamic complexity in hydrogel design

Hydrogels are water-swollen polymer networks that have found a range of applications from biological scaffolds to contact lenses. Historically, their design has consisted primarily of static systems and those that exhibit simple degradation. However, advances in polymer synthesis and processing have led to a new generation of dynamic systems that are capable of responding to artificial triggers and biological signals with spatial precision. These systems will open up new possibilities for the use of hydrogels as model biological structures and in tissue regeneration.
Use of a Sodium Chloride Refuge to Improve Survival of Larval Morone Species during Transfer to Rearing Ponds

Abstract Experiments with striped bass Morone saxatilis and sunshine bass, a hybrid of female white bass M. chrysops and male striped bass were conducted in earthen ponds at two Georgia hatcheries to determine the benefits of a temporary NaCl refuge during transfer to production ponds. All ponds were stocked by placing larvae into a 166-L perforated container floating in the pond and then allowing pond water to flood the container. Fish were released into the pond after the 3 h it took for the container to fill with pond water. For 38 ponds 5 g NaCl/L was added to the water in the stocking containers; the 35 control ponds were stocked without the use of NaCl. At the Richmond Hill Hatchery in Richmond Hill, Georgia, survival at the end of the 4–5-week culture period was 26.4% for striped bass and 29.4% for sunshine bass stocked with the NaCl solution. Control fish survival was 21.2% for striped bass and 19.9% for sunshine bass, not statistically different from the bass stocked in NaCl (P > 0.05). Striped b...
NONRENAL COMPLICATIONS OF NEPHROPATHIC CYSTINOSIS AFTER RENAL FAILURE

We examined 15 patients with nephropathic cystinosis age 13-27 years. One 15-year-old girl had received peritoneal dialysis for 3 1/2 years; the others each received an initial renal allograft between 7 and 13 years of age. All 15 patients had photophobia and episodes of corneal erosion. These were at times incapacitating in 4 patients; one 13-year-old boy received substantial relief from a penetrating keratoplasty, performed after other treatment modalities failed to offer relief. Five patients had markedly decreased uncorrectable visual acuity, posterior synechiae and crystal deposition on the lens surface. Four had color vision deficits; 3 had elevated dark adaptation. Electroretinography supported these findings. All 15 patients were growth retarded, with mean height age 8.9±3.8 (SD) years less than chronological age. Bone age was also far behind chronological age. Sexual development was delayed, but usually complete by 17 years of age. Hepatic function appeared normal. Nine patients required thyroid replacement. One patient had neurological impairment with bradykinesia, dementia, dysarthria and dysphagia. Six patients, all asymptomatic, had significant cerebral atrophy on CT scan, and two had deep white matter calcifications. Recently, oral cysteamine therapy has been shown to help prevent renal deterioration and improve growth in young children with cystinosis. The extensive nonrenal involvement in longstanding cystinosis suggests that this cystine-depleting agent should be considered as therapy for post-transplant patients as well.
Convex Location Problems on Tree Networks

This paper studies problems of finding optimal facility locations on an imbedding of a finite, undirected network having positive arc lengths. We establish that a large class of such problems is convex, in a well defined sense, for all choices of the data if and only if the network is a tree. A number of useful properties of related convex functions end convex sets are identified.
From Citizen Scientists to Engineers

Engineers are stakeholders in the urban education of minorities. They can directly impact the educational system's efficacy through their professional organizations, their workplace, and, perhaps m...
Noninvasive cardiac absolute pressure sensing: a fundamentally new approach.

Noninvasive cardiac pressure sensing using an imaging modality to ascertain changes in absolute pressure would be of immense benefit as a replacement for the Swan-Ganz catheter in current use. However, very little research has been published in this area. This paper reviews the small number of relevant studies to date, points out the many gaps in the research record, and discusses possible new avenues of approach in solving the problem.
Biosynthesis of pipecolic acid by RapL, a lysine cyclodeaminase encoded in the rapamycin gene cluster

Rapamycin, FK506, and FK520 are immunosuppressant macrolactone natural products comprised of predominantly polyketide-based core structures. A single nonproteinogenic pipecolic acid residue is installed into the scaffold by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase that also performs the subsequent macrocyclization step at the carbonyl group of this amino acid. It has been assumed that pipecolic acid is generated from lysine by the cyclodeaminases RapL/FkbL. Herein we report the heterologous overexpression and purification of RapL and validate its ability to convert l-lysine to l-pipecolic acid by a cyclodeamination reaction that involves redox catalysis. RapL also accepts l-ornithine as a substrate, albeit with a significantly reduced catalytic efficiency. Turnover is presumed to encompass a reversible oxidation at the α-amine, internal cyclization, and subsequent re-reduction of the cyclic Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate intermediate. As isolated, RapL has about 0.17 equiv of tightly bound NAD+, suggesting that th...
The development of joint attention skills in very-low-birth-weight infants across the first 2 years

Abstract Thirty-nine infants, grouped into high-risk (HR) low-birth-weight (LBW), low-risk (LR) LBW, and full-term (FT) groups, were observed longitudinally to assess the development of joint attention skills across the first 2 years of life. The HR infants showed deficits in exploratory and communicative joint attention responses, whereas the LR infants showed deficits in communicative responses only. Mothers of the three groups also used attention-directing strategies that were associated with the infants' risk status and age.
Designs of mixed resolution for process robustness studies

A robust process is a process that is insensitive to changes in uncontrollable variables. In this article a class of designs that can be used to achieve a robust process is proposed. These new designs are similar in structure to classical central composite designs, but they are of mixed resolution. That is, the new designs are at least Resolution V among the signal factors and are at least Resolution III among the noise factors. A catalog of the new designs, known as composite mixed-resolution (CMR) designs, is included for the practitioner. A comparison of the sizes of robustness designs shows that many CMR designs are superior to or competitive with the corresponding Taguchi designs. The response surface models associated with these two classes of robustness designs are also compared. D efficiencies and G efficiencies of the CMR designs are included.
Further toward a model of the Mind’s eye’s movement

An experiment that tests two models to account for shifts of attention in the visual field is described. One model posits that a shift of attention corresponds to a shift in processing resources among several simultaneously analyzed locations. The other model assumes that a shift of attention involves adding a prior stage of analysis that concentrates on the attended location to an otherwise simultaneous processing of several locations. Examination of reaction time distribution characteristics provided support for the latter model.
Development of a thermal diode heat pipe for the advanced thermal control flight experiment /ATFE/.

Description of the analysis, design, fabrication, and test of the engineering model of the ATFE diode. Included is a review of several diode concepts that led to selection of the liquid blockage technique for shut-off. The diode is made of stainless steel, 26 in. long, 0.375-in. nominal OD, with self-filling spiral artery wick and ammonia working fluid. In the normal heat pipe mode, at ambient temperatures, the diode capacity is 85 W. For flight, the pipe will deliver 20 W with a 9 F temperature difference between the external evaporator and condenser surfaces. Reverse mode conduction is less than 1.5 W with a 260 F temperature difference.
Dissection of cytochrome P-450 isozymes (RLM) from fractions of untreated rat liver microsomal proteins.

Summary An enumeration of the constituent proteins of the crude cytochrome P-450 fraction from a lauric acid-AH Sepharose-4B affinity column is described. The fraction subfractionates into four pools on carboxymethyl Sepharose CL-6B (CM). Pools CM I-IV contain 5%, 30%, 20% and 20% of the applied cytochrome and a small enough number of proteins to allow ready separation. Each of the CM pools has been subfractionated further to allow examination of its proteins. From such studies bands 2a, 4 and 6b have been tentatively designated RLM2a, RLM4, and RLM6b, respectively, joining RLM3 and RLM5 which have been identified as cytochrome P-450 isozymes from the untreated rat.