cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The anterior medullary velum and its involvement during autoimmune demyelination.

The anterior medullary velum (AMV), a thin lamina of central white matter forming the roof of the IVth ventricle, has been analysed ultrastructurally in the normal guinea pig and in guinea pigs with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In the latter condition, the AMV appeared to provide a route of access for haematogenous elements from the circulation into the ventricular space. The normal AMV consisted of fascicles of myelinated nerve fibres embedded in a layer of highly attenuated ependymal cells. Between the fascicles, the AMV was comprised merely of a layer of ependymal cytoplasm, in places about 0.5 μm thick. In contrast to ependymal cells from other levels of the neuraxis, in ependymal cells in the AMV, ciliary rootlets of the basal body apparatus were extraordinarily long, numerous and prominent. Their prominence might be related to a need for increased flexibility in this region of the ventricular system. Despite previous claims to the contrary, nerve cell bodies were present within the AMV as well as many synaptic complexes, unmyelinated axons, and supra- and subependymal axons believed to belong to the serotoninergic plexuses. During autoimmune demyelination, the meningeal space over the AMV became heavily infiltrated, inflammatory cells entered the nerve fibre bundles, myelin was destroyed and, perhaps related to disruption of the ependymal layer in places, haematogenous macrophages gained access to the ventricular surface of the AMV. Clinical relapses were accompanied by renewed inflammatory and demyelinative activity and further attenuation of the AMV with concomitant fibrous astrogliosis. Thus the AMV is described in detail for the first time at the ultrastructural level and is presented as a region vulnerable during periods of meningeal infiltration. The cytoarchitecture of the AMV might contribute to the genesis of demyelinated plaques around the IVth ventricle.
Bond length variation in TOn−4 tetrahedral oxyanions of the third row elements: T = Al, Si, P, S and Cl

Abstract As predicted in extended Huckel molecular orbital calculations, the observed T -O bond lengths in T O n − 4 tetrahedral oxyanions ( T = Al, Si, P, S, Cl) correlate with the average of the three angles common to each bond with shorter bonds tending to be involved in wider angles. Although individual T -O bond overlap populations vary widely with angular variations in O- T -O, the mean population for each tetrahedron is essentially identical with the value obtained for a corresponding tetrahedron with T d symmetry. This is consistent with the near constancy of mean T -O bond lengths observed for the T O n − 4 oxyanions.
Scanning electron microscopy of Entomophthora virulenta and Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)

Abstract The scanning electron microscope was used to delineate the morphological differences between Entomophthora virulenta and Conidiobolus coronatus isolated from field-infected cabbage and seedcorn maggots, Hylemya brassicae and H. platura. This SEM study supports the removal of C. coronatus from the genus Entomophthora on the basis of microconidial development and resting spores with villose appendages.
Producing Women: Textile Manufacture and Economic Power on Late Medieval and Early Modern Stages

This essay demonstrates that late medieval and early modern theatrical representations of spinsters and seamstresses connect their labor to a virtuous exercise of authority because this work was vital to the commercial success of the cloth and clothing trades. This continuity in the portrayal of female cloth-workers queries the notion of a sharp divide between late medieval and early modern literary periods. The Digby manuscript’s Candlemas Day and the Killing of the Innocents play (ca. 1512), in particular, discloses a dramatic template when depicting spinsters that Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker’s The Roaring Girl (1611) appropriates and revises when representing a seamstress. Contextualizing dramatic images of women’s work in the textile trade with visual illustrations of workingwomen, this essay also shows that the theater sometimes contests the contemporary critique of women’s participation in economic activity by representing their labor as worthy.
Descriptions and Comparisons of Catostomid Fish Larvae: Catostomus catostomus and Moxostoma erythrurum

Abstract Larval phases of the longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) and golden redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum) are described and compared with their congeners, the white sucker (C. commersoni) and shorthead redhorse (M. macrolepidotum). Catostomus catostomus has a greater head length and eye diameter than C. commersoni through all developmental phases. Catostomus catostomus also has a smaller posterior gas bladder chamber, relative to the anterior chamber, than C. commersoni. Moxostoma erythrurum averages fewer total myomeres (41 versus 44) than its congener and has greater preanal lengths, head lengths, and eye diameters. Larvae of C. catostomus and M. erythrurum are compared with characters presented in existing keys to larval catostomids to help determine if those characters are satisfactory for separation of sucker genera. Five different body measurements are allometrically related to total length in both species.
Program recording of user actions and its use in the Fermilab accelerator control system

Abstract This paper describes the implementation of, and experience with, recording and playback of user actions during execution of application programs. All operator console applications have access to this facility as part of their runtime environment. It is used for program macros, safe operator training, and application tutorials. Various difficulties and capabilities inherent in this type of facility are also discussed.
Random Matchings in Regular Graphs

-regular graph G, let M be chosen uniformly at random from the set of all matchings of G, and for \(\) let \(\) be the probability that M does not cover x.
External shocks and debt accumulation in a small open economy

Abstract This paper analyzes the borrowing behavior of a small open economy of a Less Developed Country (LDC) that relies heavily on imports for its capital formation and faces an upward sloping supply function of foreign loans, in an environment where decision makers face uncertainty about the longevity of external shocks. First, a dynamic general equilibrium model is developed which replicates fairly well the business cycle properties of the LDC data. Second, it is shown that uncertainty concerning the longevity of shocks (a relevant type of uncertainty, especially for LDCs) generates forecast errors that are autocorrelated in a way that is similar to Bayesian learning in the “peso problem.” This autocorrelated forecast errors can generate substantial debt accumulation. Third, it is shown that the assumption of an upward sloping supply function of foreign loans, which is a more realistic assumption for LDCs than the usual perfectly elastic one, offers an alternative to the Uzawa-type utility function for the analysis of asset accumulation in the small open economy framework.
Unwanted Pregnancy and Abortion: Definitional and Research Issues

In studying psychological responses following abortion, one necessarily encompasses responses to the entire experience of becoming pregnant and of terminating the pregnancy. Many assumptions are made about the nature of pregnancies that are terminated, but little research has examined the relationship between characteristics of the pregnancy and responses following abortion. Indirect evidence is available about the association of aspects of pregnancy with responses after abortion. This article considers the definition of different types of pregnancy: unplanned pregnancy, unintended pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy, premarital pregnancy, and adolescent pregnancy. Although these concepts are all related, each implies a different set of dynamics regarding the pregnancy, and each may have different implications for a woman's response following abortion. A full understanding of responses following abortion must take into account all of these variables.
Hormones, sex, and status in women

Androgens are often associated with assertive behavior; under what circumstances is this reflected in higher dominance rank? In this study of coresidential college women, androgens (total testosterone, free testosterone, and androstenedione) and estradiol were positively correlated with high self-regard in women (as measured by the degree to which subjects over-ranked themselves in a peer-ranking task) and with infrequent smiling, a behavior that has been associated with dominance in previous studies. Androgens and estradiol were also positively correlated with number of sexual partners. The behaviors engendered by these hormones are often positively correlated with high dominance rank, at least in males. In this population, however, high rank (as judged by peer assessments) was negatively correlated with androgens, particularly androstenedione, and showed a negative trend with estradiol as well. One possible interpretation of these findings is suggested by an evolutionary perspective that sees different routes to status among women who compete for resources directly and women who obtain resources through investing males.
Maximal chains of subwords and up-down sequences of permutations☆

Abstract The free monoid generated by two letters is a poset for the relation “u is a subword of v.” Two bijections between permutations and maximal chains starting from the empty word, involving the classical up-down sequence and the so-called odd-even height sequence, are given. For arbitrary alphabet, symmetric polynomials in s variables appear, generalizing the Eulerian polynomials and refining polynomials studied by Carlitz, Gessel, Riordan, and Stanley. The skewhook property of Foulkes is extended.
The influence of communality andN on the sampling distributions of factor loadings

The effects ofN and communality on the variability of zero and nonzero factor loadings were assessed using a Monte Carlo approach. It was found that increasingN or communality resulted in decreased sampling error of individual factor loadings, but for zero loadingsN was found to have the greatest influence. It was also found that distributions of factor loadings become relatively elongated as communality increases.
Pressure‐gradient‐driven nearshore circulation on a beach influenced by a large inlet‐tidal shoal system

[1] The nearshore circulation induced by a focused pattern of surface gravity waves is studied at a beach adjacent to a major inlet with a large ebb tidal shoal. Using a coupled wave and wave-averaged nearshore circulation model, it is found that the nearshore circulation is significantly affected by the heterogeneous wave patterns caused by wave refraction over the ebb tidal shoal. The model is used to predict waves and currents during field experiments conducted near the mouth of San Francisco Bay and nearby Ocean Beach. The field measurements indicate strong spatial variations in current magnitude and direction and in wave height and direction along Ocean Beach and across the ebb tidal shoal. Numerical simulations suggest that wave refraction over the ebb tidal shoal causes wave focusing toward a narrow region at Ocean Beach. Due to the resulting spatial variation in nearshore wave height, wave-induced setup exhibits a strong alongshore nonuniformity, resulting in a dramatic change in the pressure field compared to a simulation with only tidal forcing. The analysis of momentum balances inside the surf zone shows that, under wave conditions with intensive wave focusing, the alongshore pressure gradient associated with alongshore nonuniform wave setup can be a dominant force driving circulation, inducing heterogeneous alongshore currents. Pressure-gradient-forced alongshore currents can exhibit flow reversals and flow convergence or divergence, in contrast to the uniform alongshore currents typically caused by tides or homogeneous waves.
Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut

Mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal tract are continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganisms. This creates a requirement for a homeostatic balance between tolerance and immunity that represents a unique regulatory challenge to the mucosal immune system. Recent findings suggest that intestinal epithelial cells, although once considered a simple physical barrier, are a crucial cell lineage for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. This Review discusses recent findings that identify a cardinal role for epithelial cells in sampling the intestinal microenvironment, discriminating pathogenic and commensal microorganisms and influencing the function of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
Simulation: One Answer to Data Processing Instruction.

(1980). Simulation: One Answer to Data Processing Instruction. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 217-220.
Anaphylaxis-induced diabetic ketoacidosis

Allergic reactions and complications of diabetes mellitus are commonly seen in emergency departments and primary care settings. Although stress is a known contributor to the development of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), anaphylaxis-induced DKA has not previously been described. The case of a type 1 diabetic woman who presented with anaphylaxis secondary to seafood ingestion and subsequently developed DKA is reported. It was concluded that stress and counter-regulatory hormones released during anaphylaxis, as well as the treatment with epinephrine and glucocorticoids, precipitated DKA in this patient despite ongoing insulin and fluid therapy. Type 1 diabetic patients experiencing anaphylaxis may require prolonged periods of observation and measurement of serial blood glucose and urine ketones.
Kinetics of the gas‐phase reaction of allyl alcohol with iodine. The heat of formation and stabilization energy of the hydroxyallyl radical

The reaction of iodine with allyl alcohol has been studied in a static system, following the absorption of visible light by iodine, in the temperature range 150-190°C and in the pressure range 10-200 torr. The rate-determining step has been found to be and k3 is consistent with the equation From the activation energy and the assumption E-3 = 1 ± 1 kcal mol−1, it has been calculated that kcal mol−1. The stabilization energy of the hydroxyallyl radical has been found to be 11.4 ± 2.2 kcal mol−1.
A knowledge-based system for conveyor equipment selection

Conveyor equipment selection is a complex, and sometimes, tedious task since there are literally hundreds of equipment types and manufacturers to choose from. The expert system approach to conveyor selection provides advantages of unbiased decision making, greater availability, faster response, and reduced cost as compared to human experts. This paper discusses the development of a prototype expert system for industrial conveyor selection. The system, which was developed on Level V Object, provides the user with a list of conveyor solutions for their material handling needs along with a list of suppliers for the suggested conveyor devices. Conveyor types are selected on the basis of a suitability score, which is a measure of the fulfillment of the material handling requirements by the characteristics of the conveyor. The computation of the score is performed through the Weighted Evaluation Method, and the Expected Value Criterion for decision making under risk. The prototype system was successfully validated through two industrial case studies.
Expansion of the US wildland–urban interface

Abstract For at least two decades, expansion of low-density residential development at the wildland–urban interface has been widely recognized as a primary factor influencing the management of US national forests. We estimate the location, extent, and trends in expansion of the wildland–urban interface (WUI) in the continental United States. We mapped the WUI by determining the intersection of housing density classes computed from refined US Census data with a map of wildfire hazards based on broad forest types using definitions of WUI from the Federal Register. Our methods allowed us to provide a more spatially precise estimation of the WUI that better reflects development patterns of interest to forest land managers. We defined three wildfire hazard classes based on vegetation type. “High” severity applies to vegetation types in which stand-replacing fires dominate both historical and recent fire regimes, e.g., lodgepole pine forest. “Low” severity applies where fuels and climate foster mostly low-intensity fires, e.g., aspen-birch forest. “High (historically low or variable)” applies to vegetation types in which fires historically were of low or variable intensity, but recently have often burned at high intensity because of a century of fire exclusion, e.g., southwestern ponderosa pine forest. In 2000, the WUI that includes a 3.2 km community protection zone occupied 465,614 km 2 , and contained over 12.5 million housing units. This is an expansion of over 52% from 1970, and by 2030 the WUI is likely to expand to at least 513,670 km 2 with the greatest expansion occurring in the intermountain west states. Roughly 89% of the WUI is privately owned land and about 65% of the WUI occurs in high or high (historically low or variable) severity fire regime classes.
The Elk Creek Carbonatite, Southeast Nebraska–An Overview

A framework geophysical program in southeastern Nebraska during 1970 identified a near-circular feature having gravity relief of about 8 mgal and a magnetic anomaly of about 800 gammas. Analysis of the geophysical data provided a model of a cylindrical mass of indefinite length with a radius of 5500 ft (1676 m) and beveled at the basement surface at about 600 ft (183 m). At the approximate depth at which Precambrian rocks were expected, the initial test hole (2-B-71) encountered an iron-rich weathered zone overlying carbonate-rich rock. The carbonate rocks consist essentially of dolomite, calcite, and ankerite and lesser amounts of hematite, chlorite, phlogopite, barite, serpentine, pyrochlore, and quartz and contain barium, strontium, and rare earths. Total REE, P2O5, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios confirm the carbonatite identification. Texturally, the rocks range from fragmental to contorted to massive. Associated with the carbonatite are lesser amounts of basalt, lamprophyre, and syenite. Additional exploratory drilling has provided about 80,000 ft (24,384 m) of rock record and has penetrated about 3400 ft (1038 m) of carbonatite. The carbonatite is overlain by marine sediments of Pennsylvanian (Missourian) age. The surrounding Precambrian basement rocks are low-to medium-grade metamorphic gneiss and schist of island arc origin and granitic plutons. The Elk Creek carbonatite is located near the boundary between the Penokean orogen created at about 1.84 Ga (billion years) and the Dawes terrane (1.78 Ga) of the Central Plains orogen. This boundary strongly influenced the geometry of both the Midcontinent Rift System (1.1 Ga) and the Nemaha uplift (0.3 Ga). It is assumed that the emplacement of the Elk Creek carbonatite (0.5 Ga) was influenced similarly by the pre-existing tectonic sutures.
ANTIMALARIAL EFFECTS OF RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY

La carence en riboflavine modifie l'activite de plusieurs enzymes du metabolisme intermediaire, ce qui a pour effet une protection vis-a-vis du paludisme. L'addition de riboflavine aux milieux de culture inhibe l'activite in vitro de plusieurs medicaments sur P. falciparum. Plusieurs produits qui induisent chez l'animal des carences en riboflavine ont une activite antipaludique
Serial neuropsychological assessment with the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) AIDS Abbreviated Neuropsychological Battery

Abstract The effect of repeated administration of the (NIMH) AIDS Abbreviated Neuropsychological Battery was evaluated in a group of “at risk” individuals who served as control subjects in a larger research project. Subjects' performance across five assessment points was evaluated by repeated measures analysis. Statistically significant trends were obtained on the California Verbal Learning Test, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task, and the State scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. No discernable trends were detected on the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, total time or errors on the Visual Search Task, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, or the Trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The implications of these findings in both clinical and research settings are discussed.
Interlayer surface relaxations and energies of fcc metal surfaces by a tight-binding method

The authors examine the interlayer surface relaxations and surface energies for the low-index faces of fcc $\mathrm{Ni}$, $\mathrm{Pd}$, $\mathrm{Rh}$, $\mathrm{Pt}$, $\mathrm{Au}$, and $\mathrm{Ir}$ using the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) tight-binding (TB) method. We compare the TB calculations, utilizing self-consistent charge transfer, with experimental measurements, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and semiempirical methods. We find that for these metals the NRL-TB method largely reproduces the trends with respect to the exposed face and periodic table position obtained in DFT calculations and experimental measurements. We find that the inclusion of self-consistency in the TB surface calculations is essential for obtaining this agreement, as the TB calculations without it predict large first interlayer expansions for many of these surfaces. We also examine the energetics and relaxations of the $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ (011) missing row reconstruction for these metals. The TB method predicts that, in agreement with experiment, $\mathrm{Au}$ and $\mathrm{Pt}$ undergo this reconstruction, while $\mathrm{Ni}$, $\mathrm{Pd}$, and $\mathrm{Rh}$ do not, but predicts the $\mathrm{Ir}$ ground state structure to be unreconstructed $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$, opposite to experiment. The interatomic relaxations of the (011) missing row structure for $\mathrm{Pt}$, $\mathrm{Au}$, and $\mathrm{Ir}$ are in good agreement with DFT calculations and experiment. Finally, we analyze the bonding characteristics of these metals using a decomposition of the TB total energy over neighboring atoms and angular momentum character.
Response to Letter by Nederkoorn and van der Graaf

Response: We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Drs Nederkoorn and van der Graaf in regards to our recent paper entitled “Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) for Internal Carotid Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.”1 In agreement with their statement, we believe that a critical analysis of the existing literature and a pooled estimate of the data are a necessary and beneficial addition to this field. More than 11 000 abstracts were screened for the selection of potential articles to be included in this meta-analysis, which investigated the diagnostic accuracy of both time-of-flight (TOF) MRA and contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA. Of these abstracts, a total of 96 articles were selected for thorough examination. Of these 96, Drs Nederkoorn and van der Graaf, along with their colleagues, had published 3 articles in the period of 2002 to 2003 addressing this issue.2–4 Though it is not stated in any of the three papers that similar data involving an overlap of study …
STUDIES ON THE ETCHING OF GLASS1

This paper discusses the factors governing the reaction silica-fluorine. The chemical nature of the reactions involved in the etching of glass are described in detail in conjunction with a crystallographic analysis. The behavior of etching solution toward glasses of varying composition is described.
Possible solar forcing of century-scale drought frequency in the northern Great Plains

A 2100-yr decadal-resolution salinity and aridity proxy record of lacustrine ostracode-shell Mg/Ca ratios from a closed-basin lake in the northern Great Plains shows statistically significant periodicities of ∼400, 200, 130, and 100 yr. These periodicities are similar to the three principal solar-oscillation periods (420, 218, 143 yr) as inferred from the atmospheric radiocarbon record, suggesting strong solar forcing of century-scale drought frequency with a fundamental 400-yr period and its 2nd, 3rd, and 4th harmonics. Our proxy record correlates visually and statistically (cross-spectral analysis) with the atmospheric Δ 14 C record (solar proxy) and the GISP2 (Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two) δ 18 O record (climate proxy), showing that solar minima are in phase with drought periods in the northern Great Plains and cold periods in Greenland. This spectral similarity together with phase correlation indicates a possible teleconnection of century-scale global climate fluctuations through common solar forcing.
Understanding and Counseling Gay Men: A Developmental Perspective

The author reviews current concepts and research concerning homosexuality with emphasis on understanding gay men and their relationship behaviors. Because the current focus is on homosexuality as a developmental process, counseling considerations are presented from a developmental perspective and a case example is included.
Structural biology: When four become one.

Every machine is made of parts. But, as the new structure of the HIV integrase enzyme in complex with viral DNA shows, one could not have predicted from the individual parts just how this machine works.
Automatic derivation and implementation of fast convolution algorithms

This thesis surveys algorithms for computing linear and cyclic convolution. Algorithms are presented in a uniform mathematical notation that allows automatic derivation, optimization, and implementation. Using the tensor product and Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT), a space of algorithms is defined and the task of finding the best algorithm is turned into an optimization problem over this space of algorithms. This formulation led to the discovery of new algorithms with reduced operation count. Symbolic tools are presented for deriving and implementing algorithms, and performance analyses (using both operation count and run-time as metrics) are carried out. These analyses show the existence of a window where CRT-based algorithms outperform other methods of computing convolutions. Finally a new method that combines the Fast Fourier Transform with the CRT methods is derived. This latter method is shown to be faster for some very large size convolutions than either method used alone.
An Investigation Into the Validity of the TOEFL iBT Speaking Test for International Teaching Assistant Certification

This study examined the construct validity of the TOEFL iBT Speaking subsection for the purposes of international teaching assistant (ITA) certification, a purpose for which it was not specifically designed. The factor structure of the new TOEFL was compared with that of another language performance test in use at a major American research university for ITA certification. A quantitative, confirmatory factor analytic approach used data from 85 participants to analyze the extent to which the two tests measured the same constructs and to what extent some particular aspects of communicative language ability were measured by the new TOEFL Speaking test. Results suggest that the new TOEFL Speaking test measures the same general speaking proficiency construct, to a large degree, as the test designed specifically for teaching assistant screening. Implications for ITA testing programs and future validation work are discussed.
A brief intervention for prenatal alcohol use An in-depth look

About 20% of pregnant women will drink alcohol, even though no universally safe level of prenatal alcohol consumption has been established. This study of 123 alcohol screen-positive pregnant women receiving a brief intervention in the 16th week of gestation examines the relationship of drinking goals, reasons for the goals, recognition of situations increasing risk of drinking, and subsequent antepartum consumption. While women who named abstinence as their antepartum drinking goal were more likely not to be consuming alcohol at the time of study enrollment (chi(2) = 16.80, df = 1, p =.001), current drinkers who named abstinence as their goal did reduce subsequent prenatal alcohol use (chi(2) = 10.04, df = 1, p =.002). All current drinkers who indicated fetal alcohol syndrome as a reason not to drink reduced their subsequent alcohol consumption (chi(2) = 11.04, df = 1, p =.001). Future efforts may include the partners and support systems of pregnant women in education or intervention programs to reduce prenatal alcohol consumption to enhance their effectiveness.
Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials.

BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to develop an algorithm to predict progression to metastases after radical nephrectomy for patients with clinically localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to allow stratification of patients for potential adjuvant therapy trials. METHODS The authors identified 1671 sporadic patients with clinically localized, unilateral clear cell RCC who underwent radical nephrectomy between 1970 and 2000. The clinical features examined included age, gender, smoking history, recent onset hypertension, performance status, and presenting symptoms. The pathologic features examined included surgical margins, tumor stage, regional lymph node status, tumor size, nuclear grade, histologic tumor necrosis, sarcomatoid component, cystic architecture, and multifocality. Metastases free survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was fit to determine associations between the clinical and pathologic features and distant metastases. RESULTS The median follow-up was 5.4 years (range, 0–31 years). Metastases occurred in 479 patients at a median of 1.3 years (range, 0–25 years) after nephrectomy. The estimated metastases free survival rates were 86.9% at 1 year, 77.8% at 3 years, 74.1% at 5 years, 70.8% at 7 years, and 67.1% at 10 years. Multivariate analysis showed that the following features were associated with progression to metastases: tumor stage, regional lymph node status, tumor size, nuclear grade, and histologic tumor necrosis (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS In patients with clear cell RCC, tumor stage, regional lymph node status, tumor size, nuclear grade, and histologic tumor necrosis showed statistically significant associations with progression to metastatic RCC. The authors present a scoring algorithm based on these features that can be used to predict disease progression after patients undergo radical nephrectomy for clinically localized clear cell RCC. Cancer 2003;97:1663–71. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11234
Endolymphatic Na+ and K+ Concentrations during Cochlear Growth and Enlargement in Mice Lacking Slc26a4/pendrin

Slc26a4 (Δ/Δ) mice are deaf, develop an enlarged membranous labyrinth, and thereby largely resemble the human phenotype where mutations of SLC26A4 cause an enlarged vestibular aqueduct and sensorineural hearing loss. The enlargement is likely caused by abnormal ion and fluid transport during the time of embryonic development, however, neither the mechanisms of ion transport nor the ionic composition of the luminal fluid during this time of development are known. Here we determine the ionic composition of inner ear fluids at the time at which the enlargement develops and the onset of expression of selected ion transporters. Concentrations of Na(+) and K(+) were measured with double-barreled ion-selective electrodes in the cochlea and the endolymphatic sac of Slc26a4 (Δ/+), which develop normal hearing, and of Slc26a4 (Δ/Δ) mice, which fail to develop hearing. The expression of specific ion transporters was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. High Na(+) (∼141 mM) and low K(+) concentrations (∼11 mM) were found at embryonic day (E) 16.5 in cochlear endolymph of Slc26a4 (Δ/+) and Slc26a4 (Δ/Δ) mice. Shortly before birth the K(+) concentration began to rise. Immediately after birth (postnatal day 0), the Na(+) and K(+) concentrations in cochlear endolymph were each ∼80 mM. In Slc26a4 (Δ/Δ) mice, the rise in the K(+) concentration occurred with a ∼3 day delay. K(+) concentrations were also found to be low (∼15 mM) in the embryonic endolymphatic sac. The onset of expression of the K(+) channel KCNQ1 and the Na(+)/2Cl(-)/K(+) cotransporter SLC12A2 occurred in the cochlea at E19.5 in Slc26a4 (Δ/+) and Slc26a4 (Δ/Δ) mice. These data demonstrate that endolymph, at the time at which the enlargement develops, is a Na(+)-rich fluid, which transitions into a K(+)-rich fluid before birth. The data suggest that the endolymphatic enlargement caused by a loss of Slc26a4 is a consequence of disrupted Na(+) transport.
High-Yield Synthesis of the Enterobactin Trilactone and Evaluation of Derivative Siderophore Analogs1

A novel one-step synthesis of the macrocyclic triserine trilactone scaffold of the siderophore enterobactin, which eliminates the β-lactonization step of N-tritylserine, is presented. The cyclization reaction is based on a stannoxane template and leads to an overall yield of ∼50%. This enables the practical functionalization of the trilactone by attaching chelating groups other than catecholamides. The conformational stability of the trilactone ring has been examined by high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies of the N-trityl intermediate: crystals grown from methylene chloride:methanol are orthorhombic, space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 9.2495(5) A, b = 11.3584(1) A, c = 48.945(1) A, V = 5142.1(2) A3, and Z = 4. A hydroxypyridinonate analog of enterobactin, N,N‘,N‘‘-tris[(3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-(1H-pyridinyl)carbonyl]-4-cyclotriseryl trilactone (hopobactin), has been prepared by attachment of three 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2(1H)-pyridinonate (3,2-HOPO) moieties to the triserine trilactone. ...
Thermoregulation during exercise in severely burned children.

Introduction: Severe burns result in skeletal muscle catabolism and weakness, which is worsened by prolonged physical inactivity. Exercise would be an ideal tool in the rehabilitation of burned children. However, it has been postulated that burned children may have an excessive rise in body temperature during exercise compared to non-burned children, partly due to the reduced area available for heat dissipation, thereby questioning the safety of exercise in burned children.Methods: Children (n = 15) with >40% total body surface area (TBSA) burns and non-burned children (n = 13) successfully completed this study. All subjects completed 20 minutes of treadmill exercise at ∼75% of their peak aerobic power. Tympanic temperature (Ttym), burned and unburned skin temperature were recorded pre-exercise, every 2 minutes during exercise and during recovery.Results: Within burned children, significant differences between the temperature of unburned skin and burned skin, during later stages of sub-maximal exercise (m...
Global stability of predator-prey interactions

A Lyapunov function is given that extends functions used by Volterra, Goh, and Hsu to a wide class of predator-prey models, including Leslie type models, and a biological interpretation of this function is given. It yields a simple stability criterion, which is used to examine the effect on stability of intraspecific competition among both prey and predators, of a refuge for the prey, and of Holling type II and type III functional responses. Although local stability analysis of these specific models has been done previously, the Lyapunov function facilitates study of global stability and domains of attraction and provides a unified theory which depends on the general nature of the interactions and not on the specific functions used to model them.
History of psychology: a review of the last decade.

A review of the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences revealed that all of the author's opinions on historiography have been well represented. Warning against the development of the history of psychology as a parochial superspecialty, the author proposes an interactional conceptualization of historical work which explicated the historian's presuppositions and deals with issues relevant to contemporary psychology.
Diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Disorders of mitochondrial metabolism are manifest by inordinate fatigue, weakness, as well as severe neuromuscular disorders. Diagnosis has required pathologic findings on muscle biopsy and identification of biochemical defects in mitochondrial respiration. NIRS, a noninvasive optical technique, permits the quantitative measurement of changes in blood volume and tissue oxygenation in vivo, at rest, during exercise, and post-exercise recovery. The dual wavelength spectrophotometer consists of an optic probe with 2 lights appropriate for red light emission. Interference filters select the wavelengths, 760 to 850 nm, appropriate to the broad bands of hemoglobin, in conjunction with silicon detectors sensitive to this infrared spectrum. In all normal test subjects, the blood volume tracing demonstrated a decreased blood volume normally seen in exercising muscle. The increase of absorbance at 760 nm, with respect to absorbance at 850 nm, reflects deoxygenation of hemoglobin and occurred promptly at the start of exercise. At the end of exercise, oxygenation returned to baseline accompanied by hyperemia. Four patients with known disorders of mitochondrial metabolism demonstrated a paradoxical oxygenation during exercise that returned to baseline at the end of exercise. Increased oxygen supplied by a normal cardiopulmonary response to exercise is not utilized and results in a pardoxical oxygenation during exercise. This simple, noninvasive technique permits an accurate measurement of oxygen utilization in the exercising limb and is a useful clinical tool in screening patients for disorders of mitochondrial metabolism.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chronic inhibition of glutamate uptake produces a model of slow neurotoxicity

Defects in neurotransmitter glutamate transport may be an important component of chronic neurotoxicity in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There are no reliable models of slow glutamate neurotoxicity. Most previous in vitro systems have studied the rapid neurotoxic effects of direct-acting glutamate agonists. Therefore, we developed a model of slow toxicity in cultured organotypic spinal cord slices. The model was based on selective inhibition of glutamate transport, which continuously raised the concentration of glutamate in the culture medium. This resulted in the slow degeneration of motor neurons over several weeks. Motor neuron toxicity was selectively prevented by non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists and glutamate synthesis or release inhibitors but not by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Thus, selective inhibition of glutamate transport produces a model of clinically relevant slow neurotoxicity and appears to be mediated by the action of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. This data supports the hypothesis that the slow loss of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis could be due, in part, to defective glutamate transport.
Navigational Control Effect on Representing Virtual Environments

This present study investigated how users' navigational devices and modes of operation affect their ability to develop an accurate mental spatial representation of a virtual environment. Three input devices varying in their degree of egocentric calibration control were used for navigation: joystick, wand and headtracker, all of which were used in relative or absolute control mode, thus yielding six navigational method conditions. Participants were tested both in a non-ego-centric manner and in an ego-centric manner, and our hypotheses were that absolute and more ego-centric control devices would generate higher quality spatial mental representations than relative and non-egocentric devices. Experiment results showed that navigation control methods produce different amounts of exploration, and indicated an advantage for absolute mode devices in comparison to relative mode, but there was no benefit for ego-centric devices.
Parent's accuracy in estimating child weight status

Mothers of 107 preschool children estimated their child's weight status, and the accuracy of these estimates was examined. The majority of mothers (72%) were accurate. Of those who were inaccurate, 83% had underestimated the child's weight status, whereas only 17% had overestimated. Mothers of heavier children were more likely to underestimate their child's weight status.
Joint Source-Channel Coding and Channelization for Embedded Video Processing With Flash Memory Storage

This paper presents a joint source coding, channel coding, and flash memory channelization design framework to obtain optimized tradeoffs among energy consumption, bit rate, and end-to-end distortion (i.e., optimal E-R-D tradeoff space) for embedded and mobile devices with limited power source and abundant flash memory storage capacity. The optimal E-R-D tradeoff space enables embedded and mobile devices to cohesively optimize the source coding and data storage system operations subject to run-time power source, storage capacity, and/or distortion constraints. By treating flash memory as a communication channel, this work differs from classical joint source-channel coding from two perspectives: i) Classical joint source-channel coding aims to obtain an optimized R-D (bit rate and distortion) tradeoff space, while we aim to obtain an optimized E-R-D tradeoff space; ii) Flash memory can be configured (or channelized) over an energy consumption versus raw bit error rate tradeoff spectrum, and channelization is an integral part of the joint design. With the focus on video coding, this paper presents theoretical investigations and specific approaches for both scenarios where channel can and cannot contribute to end-to-end distortion. Based on detailed power estimation and representative video sequences, we quantitatively demonstrate the application of the proposed design approaches for obtaining optimized E-R-D tradeoff space.
Anionic copolymerization of isocyanates with ketenes

Diphenyl-, phenylethyl, and phenylmethylketene have been copolymerized with phenyl isocyanate by use of sodium naphthalene in dimethylformamide (DMF) at −45°C. Reactivity ratios of phenyl isocyanate (r2) with diphenylketene (r1) were r1 = 0.10, r2 = 0.29; with phenylethylketene (r1) were r1 = 1.6, r2 = 0.10; and with phenyl methyl ketene (r1) were r1 = 4.8, r2 = 0.02. The same initiator and solvent system were used for homopolymerization of phenylethylketene and copolymerization with m-chloro-, p-chloro-, p-methoxy-, and m-methoxyphenyl isocyanate as well as with phenyl isocyanate. Molecular weights ranged from 1740 to 4000. The effect of substituents on the order of isocyanate incorporation into the copolymer was m-Cl = p-Cl > m-MeO > H > p-MeO. Phenylethylketene was also copolymerized with m-methoxyphenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, and p-tolyl isocyanate in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −78°C. Molecular weights ranged from 2800 to 10,500. The least reactive isocyanate was incorporated into the copolymer to a greater extent in this solvent than in the more polar DMF. DTA showed the presence of crystallinity only in polymers of high isocyanate content. The ketenes copolymerized less readily with alkyl isocyanates, such as ethyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl, and cyclohexyl isocyanate, than with the aromatic isocyanates when sodium naphthalene was used in either DMF or THF.
Polymorphic variants (CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*5) and the F114L active site mutation of CYP2C9: effect on atypical kinetic metabolism profiles.

CYP2C9 wild-type protein has been shown to exhibit atypical kinetic profiles of metabolism that may affect in vitro-in vivo predictions made during the drug development process. Previous work suggests a substrate-dependent effect of polymorphic variants of CYP2C9 on the rate of metabolism; however, it is hypothesized that these active site amino acid changes will affect the kinetic profile of a drug's metabolism as well. To this end, the kinetic profiles of three model CYP2C9 substrates (flurbiprofen, naproxen, and piroxicam) were studied using purified CYP2C9*1 (wild-type) and variants involving active site amino acid changes, including the naturally occurring variants CYP2C9*3 (Leu359) and CYP2C9*5 (Glu360) and the man-made mutant CYP2C9 F114L. CYP2C9*1 (wild-type) metabolized each of the three compounds with a distinctive profile reflective of typical hyperbolic (flurbiprofen), biphasic (naproxen), and substrate inhibition (piroxicam) kinetics. CYP2C9*3 metabolism was again hyperbolic for flurbiprofen, of a linear form for naproxen (no saturation noted), and exhibited substrate inhibition with piroxicam. CYP2C9*5-mediated metabolism was hyperbolic for flurbiprofen and piroxicam but linear with respect to naproxen turnover. The F114L mutant exhibited a hyperbolic kinetic profile for flurbiprofen metabolism, a linear profile for naproxen metabolism, and a substrate inhibition kinetic profile for piroxicam metabolism. In all cases except F114L-mediated piroxicam metabolism, turnover decreased and the K m generally increased for each allelic variant compared with wild-type enzyme. It seems that the kinetic profile of CYP2C9-mediated metabolism is dependent on both substrate and the CYP2C9 allelic variant, thus having potential ramifications on drug disposition predictions made during the development process.
Decentralized Vibration Control in a Launch Vehicle Payload Fairing

The vibro-acoustic environment inside a launch vehicle payload fairing is extremely violent resulting in excessive development costs for satellites and other payloads. The development of smart structures and active noise and vibration control technologies promised to revolutionize the design, construction and, most importantly, the acoustic environment within these fairings. However, the early promise of these technologies has not been realized in such large-scale systems primarily because of the excessive complexity, cost and weight associated with centralized control systems. Now, recent developments in MEMS sensors and actuators, along with networked embedded processor technology, have opened new research avenues in decentralized controls based on networked embedded systems. This work describes the development and comparison of decentralized control systems that utilize this new control paradigm. The controllers are hosted on numerous nodes, possessing limited computational capability, sensors and actuators. Each of these nodes is also capable of communicating with other nodes via a wired or wireless network. The constraints associated with networked embedded systems control that the control systems be relatively simple computationally, scalable and robust to failures. Simulations were conducted that demonstrate the ability of such a control architecture to attenuate specific structural modes.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A Challenge to Humanistic Psychology in the 21st Century

Humanistic psychology began in the 1960s as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology's larger mission is nothing short of freedom and autonomy for all human beings. T...