cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E-cadherin expression is a sensitive and specific method for detection of carcinoma cells in fluid specimens.

The distinction between reactive mesothelial cells and carcinoma in pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial fluids is often difficult. We and others previously showed that E-cadherin, an epithelial-specific adhesion protein, can be useful for this distinction. In this study we tested the sensitivity and specificity of E-cadherin compared to, and in combination with, conventional cytology for assessment of carcinoma in fluids. Cytyc ThinPreptrade mark slides (Marlborough, MA) from 102 sequential fluids were evaluated for E-cadherin expression by routine immunologic techniques. No evidence of E-cadherin staining was seen in 71 cases, while 31 showed unequivocally positive staining. Sensitivity and specificity were independently determined for E-cadherin alone (72% and 97%, respectively), cytomorphology alone (62% and 100%, respectively), and both together (92% and 100%, respectively). We conclude that assessment of E-cadherin expression has sensitivity and specificity comparable to, or better than, conventional cytomorphology. If both cytomorphology and E-cadherin are used together, a definitive and correct diagnosis could have been made on nearly every case in this study.
Early effects of the prospective payment system on inpatient rehabilitation hospital performance.

Abstract McCue MJ, Thompson JM. Early effects of the prospective payment system on inpatient rehabilitation hospital performance. Objective To assess changes in utilization and financial performance for inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) that shifted from Medicare's cost-based payment system to the IRF prospective payment system (PPS). Design A pre-post nonequivalent comparison group design. The intervention group included IRFs that changed to the PPS in fiscal year 2002. The comparison group included IRFs that were paid under the cost-based system. Setting IRFs in the United States. Participants Final sample included 120 IRFs, with 26 IRFs in the comparison sample. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Outcome measures included utilization (length of stay [LOS], total discharges, Medicare discharges) and financial performance (revenue, expenses, profitability, Medicare payment and cost). Results PPS IRFs experienced a smaller decline in LOS, whereas Medicare cost per discharge increased at a lower rate. PPS IRFs reduced operating costs per discharge, whereas profit margin had a greater increase. Conclusions IRFs under PPS implemented cost controls that lead to lower operating costs below the fixed payment to profit under PPS. Discharge growth for PPS IRFs was similar to the comparison group. PPS facilities did not implement a strategy that attempted to admit more patients to increase Medicare payments.
Allometry, design and constraint of body components and of shape in sea urchins

Ontogenetic allometry of body components was studied in sea urchins from the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific Oceans. As sea urchins grow, the body wall, lantern and gut assume relatively smaller fractions of total wet weight whereas the coelomic fluid and gonad combined become relatively larger. During growth, height (h) changes relative to diameter (d). Species that are relatively flat when small tend to become taller and if relatively tall become flatter as they grow with convergence towards h = d/2. This relationship is associated with equal volumetric increase for equal incremental changes in diameter and height at h = d/2. There is an interspecific relationship between height allometry and maximum size. If animals have a height diameter ratio less than 1:2 when they are very small, then the flatter they are initially, the larger the potential maximum size. There is a discontinuity in the relationship close to d = d/2 so if small individuals are relatively tall (h > d/2) then potential maximum s...
Modified Extrapolation to Determine the π π Cross Section

The dependence of the $\ensuremath{\pi}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(2\ensuremath{\pi})+N$ cross section for low invariant $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ mass and small $|t|$ is discussed with a view toward extrapolation to the pion pole and extraction of $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase shifts. There is a complicated $t$-dependent term in the cross section which makes extrapolation inaccurate. This term can be isolated by consideration of certain moments (in the distribution with respect to the pion angles $\ensuremath{\theta}$, $\ensuremath{\phi}$ in the dipion rest frame), if nucleon helicity flip is assumed to dominate. Indirect empirical evidence and the absorption model with $\ensuremath{\pi}$ exchange both support this assumption in the $5\ensuremath{-}10\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c}$ region. The assumption is weaker than the popular assumption that the Chew-Low pion-exchange formula holds, and can also be directly tested by examining the $t$ dependence of certain moments at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (forward production of the dipion). For $s$- and $p$-wave $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering, one considers the coefficients of 1, $cos\ensuremath{\theta}$, and ${sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ in addition to the usual $\ensuremath{\phi}$-dependent terms. The coefficient of ${sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the complicated term. It is reasonable to hope that the remaining moments are smoothly varying for $0\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{-}t\ensuremath{\gtrsim}4{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$, and are suitable for extrapolation. They are constrained to a definite $t$ dependence at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} by angular momentum conservation. We feel that reliable determination of the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ cross section in the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ region and below is attainable by this method in high-statistics experiments currently under way.
Urinary diluting capacity in elderly diabetic subjects.

Abstract Urinary concentrating ability declines with normal human aging but diluting capacity has been less well studied as a function of age. We studied free water clearance ( C H 2 O ) in a group of Type II diabetic patients, aged 47 to 70 years. Conventional water load testing in sulfonylurea-treated diabetic patients revealed preservation of diluting capacity (ability to achieve U osm 60 years of age. Tolazamide permitted expression of normal C H 2 O ; chlorpropamide administration predictably reduced C H 2 O relative to tolazamide by 58% in subjects >60 years. Free water clearance ( C H 2 O ) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were comparable in elderly subjects (>60 years) and those ⩽60 years. Normal C H 2 O in these diabetic patients was explained by persistently normal GFR in the study group. Osmolar clearance ( C osm ) was insignificantly lower in diabetics >60 years. Thus, a fall in C H 2 O in elderly diabetic patients is not a factor contributing to clinical hypoosmolar states encountered in this population.
A study of self-consistent particle and quasiparticle equations of motion

Abstract Particle and quasiparticle equations of motion are studied for two-and three-particle systems. By using the exact shell-model solutions it has been possible to study in some detail the problems of truncation and spurious solutions. Three different sets of calculations are carried out to try to separate these aspects and to gain insight for a practical general formulation of the method.
Analysis of Low-Energy K + p Scattering Data by a New Method

A new method, recently devised by us, is used for the analysis of ${K}^{+}p$ scattering data below 1.5 GeV/c. This analysis uses, instead of the ordinary partial-wave expansion, a method of expansion with optimally accelerated convergence properties; the method has been devised by the use of analytic approximation theory. Although no experimental information is used which was not available to Lea, Martin, and Oades, somewhat more definite results are obtained by the present method. The results are sensitive to the values assumed for the coupling constants ${{g}_{\mathrm{KN}\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}^{2}$ and ${{g}_{\mathrm{KN}\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{2}$; the results appear to be most consistent if values close to the $S{U}_{3}$ prediction are used for these coupling constants. With the use of the $S{U}_{3}$ prediction, rather strong $P$-wave scattering is found in the low-energy region.
On the cellular structure of carbon detonations

We present the results of a numerical study on two-dimensional carbon detonations. For an upstream density of 107 g cm-3 the length-to-width ratio of the detonation cells is about 1.6 and is not strongly dependent on the spatial resolution of the simulation. However, the curvature of the weak incident shocks, strength of the triple points and transverse waves, and sizes of the underreacted and overreacted regions all depend strongly on the spatial resolution of the calculation. These resolution studies help define the minimum resolution required by multidimensional Type Ia supernovae models where the cellular structure of a detonation front is a key feature of the model.
The value of postponing online fulfillment decisions in multi-channel retail/e-tail organizations

Many retail/e-tail organizations assign responsibilities for online sales immediately and to the closest fulfillment location that has available stock. Unfortunately there is little research on the value of using such policies in retail/e-tail companies. To fill this gap, this paper examines two aspects of the online fulfillment assignment decision that differ from current practice. We propose that online sales should be accumulated before they are assigned to a fulfillment site and that more inventory position information should be leveraged into the fulfillment decision. Specifically, we develop and evaluate a ''quasi-dynamic'' allocation policy that assigns accumulated online sales to fulfillment locations based on expected inventory, shipping, and customer wait costs. Computational results show that our policy can reduce costs (i.e., holding, backorder, transportation cost) at the fulfillment locations by as much as 23% on average over a commonly used transportation cost policy. In addition, postponing the allocation decision and allowing sales to accumulate can reduce inventory costs at the fulfillment sites by 14% over common practice of instantaneously assigning online sales responsibilities. The magnitude of the benefit depends critically on the number of allocations made each period and the fraction of total sales coming from the online channel. Although postponement delays receipt of online sales, our findings suggest that explicitly incorporating customer service in the allocation decision can improve product availability at little or no additional cost.
Group Farming and Work Incentives in Collective-Era China

This article will address the question of work incentives under the systems of group farming that operated in China between 1955 and the early 1980s. Emphasis will be given to material incentives at both individual and group levels, although other types of incentive will be touched upon. The article attempts to answer two major questions: (1) What work incentives were operative in Chinese group farming between the mid-1950s and the adoption of baogan daohu; and (2) could Chinese agriculture have achieved 1980s-like performance under group farming if alternative policies had been pursued beginning in 1955? I will address these questions by reference to both the literature on the economic theory of agricultural and nonagricultural producers' cooperatives, and the empirical social science literature on Chinese collective agriculture, including works by noneconomists such as Chan, Madsen, and Unger's Chen Village (1984).
Fas-associated Death Domain Protein Interleukin-1β-converting Enzyme 2 (FLICE2), an ICE/Ced-3 Homologue, Is Proximally Involved in CD95- and p55-mediated Death Signaling

The pivotal discovery that Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (FLICE)/MACH was recruited to the CD95 signaling complex by virtue of its ability to bind the adapter molecule FADD established that this protease has a role in initiating the death pathway (Boldin, M. P., Goncharov, T. M., Goltsev, Y. V., and Wallach, D. (1996) Cell 85, 803-815; Muzio, M., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Kischkel, K. C., O'Rourke, K., Shevchenko, A., Ni, J., Scaffidi, C., Bretz, J. D., Zhang, M., Gentz, R., Mann, M., Krammer, P. H., Peter, M. E., and Dixit, V. M. (1996) Cell 85, 817-827). In this report, we describe the cloning and characterization of a new member of the caspase family, a homologue of FLICE/MACH, and Mch4. Since the overall architecture and function of this molecule is similar to that of FLICE, it has been designated FLICE2. Importantly, the carboxyl-terminal half of the small catalytic subunit that includes amino acids predicted to be involved in substrate binding is distinct. We show that the pro-domain of FLICE2 encodes a functional death effector domain that binds to the corresponding domain in the adapter molecule FADD. Consistent with this finding, FLICE2 is recruited to both the CD95 and p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling complexes in a FADD-dependent manner. A functional role for FLICE2 is suggested by the finding that an active site mutant of FLICE2 inhibits CD95 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated apoptosis. FLICE2 is therefore involved in CD95 and p55 signal transduction.
Tension Chylothorax: A Rare Life Threatening Entity After Pneumonectomy

Chylothorax is an accumulation of chyle in the pleural space due to disruption or blockage of the thoracic duct or its lymphatic tributaries. The thoracic duct carries chyle, which is defined as lymphatic fluid of intestinal origin, to the bloodstream. Chylothorax can occur due to traumatic or non-traumatic a etiologies. Chylothorax is a known complication of thoracic surgery and can occur after significant trauma. However, tension chylothorax is an extremely rare and life threatening complication after thoracic surgery. We describe a patient who developed tension chylothorax 2 weeks after a left pneumonectomy was performed. Early recognition and prompt treatment of this life threatening entity are essential.
LEVERAGED BOND PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY

This paper develops a multiperiod management model for balance sheets of bond assets and liabilities. The decision variables are the amounts to buy, sell, or hold for each bond maturity class and the amount to borrow or debt to be repurchased for each liability class. Decisions are made at the beginning of each period conditional on the revealed interest rates scenario. The investor's utility is maximized in a state-preference approach. The maturity structure of the initial holdings is an important component of the input parameters. The possible states of the world are described in terms of interest rate scenarios. The solution is subject to funds flow, inventory, liquidity, leverage, policy, and expiration constraints. The model leads to a large-scale linear programming model, with multi-indexed variables, that is solved with the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition algorithm. A numerical application that was motivated by discussions with top management at the RepublicBank Trust Department is presented. The experiments suggest that optimal portfolios frequently have a barbell structure consisting of short and long maturities with few intermediate maturities.
Serum prolactin response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in estrogen treated hypophysial stalk-transected gilts

Abstract Twelve crossbred gilts, 169 ± 3 days of age and 72.8 ± 3.4 kg body weight, were hypophysial stalk-transected (HST)1 or sham hypophysial stalk-transected (S-HST). Gilts were ovariectomized 6 days later and assigned to four treatments of 3 gilts each in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. One-half of the HST and S-HST gilts received 5 mg estradiolbenzoate (EB) or corn oil vehicle im at 0800 hr daily for 5 days beginning 64 ± 3 days after HST or S-HST. Blood was collected by jugular vein cannula at 0830 and 0900 hr the day after the last injection of EB or oil. Immediately after the 0900 hr sample, 200 μg thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were injected ( iv ). Mean basal serum prolactin (PRL) concentration was similar for HST (10.3 ± 1.0 ng/ml) and S-HST (12.3 ± 1.7 ng/ml) gilts, however mean basal serum PRL concentration was greater (P
Small scale intelligence for lunar exploration

Abstract A comparison of Small Scale Intelligence (SSI) with conventional Artificial Intelligence (AI) and teleoperation for mobile robot control is presented here. A simple simulation of a randomized swarm of SSI rovers is described, which provides some expected performance parameters for such systems, and provides a point of comparison with AI and teleoperation in terms of searching a defined space. The SSI technique is then illustrated by applying it to solving a postulated task for a lunar rover. An approach to the hybridization of Small Scale Intelligence (SSI) control systems with telerobotic man-machine interface is also briefly proposed and discussed. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the SSI approach might be applied to a lunar rover system, and what potential advantages such an approach may have over more conventional approaches.
Unusual kinetic behavior of Endothia parasitica protease in hydrolysis of small peptides

Abstract Endothia parasitica protease hydrolyzes l -leucyl- l -leucine amide and l -leucyl- l -phenylalanine amide at the peptide bond. l -Phenylalanyl- l -leticine amide, N-carbobenzoxy- l -leucyl- l -phenylalanine amide, N-carbobenzoxy- l -leucyl- l -pheml-alanine, N-carbobenzoxy- l -phenylalanyl- l -valine amide, and l -leucyl-β-naphthyl-amide are not hydrolyzed. In contrast to the kinetics of hydrolysis of casein and oxidized B-chain of insulin and activation of trypsinogen by Endothia parasitica protease which are normal, reaction progress curves for hydrolysis of l -leucyl- l -leucine amide and l -leucyl- l -phenylalanine amide are sigrnoidal. Initially, the reaction rates were of the order of 0.5–2.5% of the maximum rates eventually attained. With increasing time of incubation the reaction rates became faster and faster until maximum rates were achieved. This abnormal behavior was not eliminated by recrystallization of substrate or by incubation of enzyme alone or with products of the reaction prior to addition of substrate. Addition of a new aliquot of substrate, viz l -leucyl- l -leucine amide, to the reaction prior to complete hydrolysis of all of a previous aliquot of the same substrate, or reactions containing a mixture of oxidized B chain of insulin and l -leucyl- l -leucine amide, gave normal reaction progress curves. The duration of abnormal behavior before a maximum rate was attained was a function of enzyme concentration and temperature but not of substrate concentration even though substrate was in less than saturating amounts. The reaction data follow second-order autocatalytic kinetics with respect to enzyme concentration. It is proposed that most of the enzyme is in an inactive form in absence of substrate but is rapidly converted to the active form on combination with a good substrate such as trypsinogen, casein, or oxidized B chain of insulin. However, with a poor substrate such as l -leucyl- l -leucine amide, conversion to active enzyme is mediated through formation of an active enzyme-inactive enzyme complex followed by combination with substrate and hydrolysis.
Spatially and temporally-restricted expression of two T-box genes during zebrafish embryogenesis.

T-box genes are conserved in all animal species. We have identified two members of the T-box gene family from the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zf-tbr1 and zf-tbx3 share high amino acid identity with human, murine, chick and Xenopus orthologs and are expressed in specific regions during zebrafish development.
Mutant Models of Prolonged Life Span

Aging is an important biological process that affects all creatures. For humans, age-related diseases and the question of why we age and die also have tremendous social and philosophical impact. We can therefore expect that models to study mechanisms of the aging process will always attract much interest. Until recently, the mutant model approach to study molecular mechanisms of aging has been limited to lower animals such as yeast, worms, and flies. However, given the current power of genetic technology in mammals, we can expect that phenotypes of prolonged life span will increasingly be seen in mice and subject to evaluation by pathologists. A brief review of current models is presented.
Activities of two new antiviral agents against guinea pig lymphotropic herpesvirus infection in vitro

Two new antiviral agents, compound 164, also known as 2'-nor-cGMP (9-[(2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl]-guani ne P-oxide), and compound 102 [4-amino-5-bromo-7-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine], together with acyclovir for comparison, were evaluated for activities against the guinea pig lymphotropic herpesvirus infection in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays in guinea pig embryo cells. The two new compounds were demonstrated to be more potent against guinea pig lymphotropic herpesvirus infections than acyclovir. Compound 164 was the most potent of the three; drug concentrations required to reduce the number of plaques by 50% were 2, 35.5, and 144.5 microM for compounds 164, 102, and acyclovir, respectively. The two new compounds were cytostatic but not cytotoxic to guinea pig embryo cells in cultures. Attempts were made to investigate the inhibition of viral replication by these compounds, and the influence of test conditions on antiviral evaluations is discussed.
In vitro incorporation and hydroxylation of lysine-2-C14 in rat biopsy-connective tissue.

Summary1. Lysine-2-C14 becomes incorporated and hydroxylated in connective tissue incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium for 12 hours. 2. Specific activity of collagenous and non-collagenous protein in the tissue studied in vitro was greater than that in tissue studied in vivo. 3. Hydroxylation of labeled lysine appears to occur more effectively in connective tissue of rats given labeled lysine intraperitoneally than in the connective tissue incubated with lysine-2-C14.
Cluster validation criteria for image segmentation

In this paper cluster validation criteria for piecewise constant image segmentation are proposed. All the criteria are based on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) principle and derived and implemented by four different, but related approaches. They are obtained by using Taylor expansions and three of them are derived by Bayesian predictive densities. The third and fourth criteria are implemented by the bootstrap technique, and their evaluations are, therefore, computationally more intensive than the evaluations of the first two. The proposed rules are compared by computer simulations with the widely used Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and the minimum description length (MDL) criteria.
Structural and Genetic Analysis of Protein Stability

One very encouraging development has been the freedom with which amino acid replacements can be introduced in a protein of interest. This has made it possible to obtain detailed structural and thermodynamic data on a wide variety of mutants that modify protein stability. Substitutions of solvent-exposed amino acids on the surfaces of proteins are seen to have little if any effect on protein stability or structure, leading to the view that it is the rigid parts of proteins that are critical for folding and stability. There is every reason to expect that it will be possible to rationalize the stabilities of mutant proteins from accurate knowledge of their structures. Substantial progress is being made in quantitating the interactions that determine and stabilize protein structures. Although not specifically the subject of this review, substantial progress is also being made in developing methods to engineer proteins of enhanced stability.
OLISTHODISCUS LUTEUS (CHRYSOPHYCEAE). III. UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS1

Uptake and assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus were studied in Olisthodiscus luteus Carter. A diel periodicity in nitrate reductase activity was observed in log and stationary phase cultures; there was a 10-fold difference in magnitude between maximum and minimum rates, but other cellular features such as chlorophyll a, carbon, nitrogen, C:N ratio (atoms) · cell−1 were less variable. Ks values (~2 μM) for uptake of nitrate-N and ammonium-N were observed. Phosphorus assimilated · cell−1· day−1 varied with declining external phosphorus concentrations; growth rates <0.5 divisions · day−1 were common at <0.5 μM PO4-P. Phosphate uptake rates (Ks= 1.0–1.98 μM) varied with culture age and showed multiphasic kinetic features. Alkaline phosphatase activity was not detected. Comparisons of the nutrient dynamics of O. luteus to other phytoplankton species and the ecological implications as related to the phytoplankton community of Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island) are discussed.
The Army Language School—An Appraisal

T HE need for Japanese linguists was foreseen by the Army months before Pearl Harbour and plans were made to meet this problem. Utilizing Americans of Japanese ancestry who were inducted into the Army from western states, a small language school was established on November 1, 1941. It was called the Fourth Army Intelligence School and was located at the Presidio of San Francisco. The School was organized for the purpose of teaching basic Japanese, military Japanese, the organization of the Japanese Army, the technique of interrogating prisoners of war and similar subjects. It was a language and a military intelligence school whose graduates were to act as translators, interpreters and interrogators for U. S. field forces.
THYROXINE-BINDING PREALBUMIN—AN INDEX OF DISEASE ACTIVITY OR NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS?

Thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) concentrations were measured in 54 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 50 control subjects. TBPA levels were significantly depressed in the RA patients, of whom 15 had values below the laboratory reference range. Although significant negative correlations were seen between TBPA and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin measurements, TBPA levels showed little relationship to disease activity as assessed clinically. On the other hand, RA patients with reduced TBPA had an increased frequency of associated anthropometric and serum visceral protein abnormalities indicating nutritional impairment. TBPA is probably subjected to diverse stimuli in patients with RA and should not be considered to act as a 'pure' negative acute phase reactant.
The Effects Of Training In Timing And Rhythm On Reading Achievement

This study investigated the relationship between improvement in students’ timing/rhythmicity and reading achievement. Two hundred eighty high school-age participants completed pre- and posttest measures from the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement-III (Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001). Students in the experimental group participated in a timing/rhythm intervention designed to reduce their latency response to a reoccurring metronome beat. Students in the control group participated in traditional classroom activities. The results from the study indicate that after treatment, the experimental group’s post-test Broad Reading and Reading Fluency scores were statistically significantly higher than the non-treatment control group’s post-test scores.
Assessment of some transmitter actions in rat cerebellar slices.

Abstract The effects of 100 uM norepinephrine (NE), GABA, aspartate, glutamate, and carbachol on the release of endogenous NE, GABA, aspartate, and glutamate from slices of rat cerebellum were examined. The 35 mM K + -stimulated release of NE was potentiated by GABA (136% of control), glutamate (123%), and carbachol (123%); aspartate had no effect. Glutamate increased the release of GABA to 250% of control levels, while neither NE nor carbachol exerted any effect. Glutamate and GABA increased aspartate release to 260% and 300% of control values, respectively. NE decreased the release of aspartate to 86% of control levels while carbachol had no effect. The stimulated release of glutamate was increased by GABA (166% of control) but was unaffected by NE and carbachol. All of these effects were observed only under depolarizing conditions and in the presence of extracellular Ca 2+ . These data suggest (a) a cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic control of the noradrenergic system in the cerebellum; (b) the presence of a specific aspartergic system in the cerebellum; and (c) a net excitatory action of GABA may be present within the cerebellum.
On the geometry of isotropic arrays

We consider array geometries whose direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation performance is isotropic. An isotropic array is one whose Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on the DOA of a single source is uniform for all angles. For both planar arrays and volume arrays we derive necessary and sufficient conditions on array element locations so that the array is isotropic. We also present several designs of isotropic planar and volume arrays. The results apply to both narrowband and wideband scenarios. We analyze the special case where a planar array is used to estimate the DOA of three-dimensional (3-D) source. Finally, we compare isotropic array performance to the best possible array performance.
Collaborative ICT for Indian business clusters

Indian business clusters have contributed immensely to the country's industrial output, poverty alleviation and employment generation. However, with recent globalization these clusters can loose out to international competitors if they do not continuously innovate and take advantage of the new opportunities that are available through economic liberalization. In this paper, we discuss how information and communication technologies (ICT) can help in improving the productivity and growth of these clusters.
The Top With a Blunted Vertex Slipping With Light Friction at a High Rate of Spin

The problem of determining the motion of a top is a classic example of a complex analysis in analytical dynamics. Adding a blunt tip to the top and setting it spinning on a surface with sliding friction might be thought to render it intractable for simple analysis. However, if it is set in motion with a high rate of spin it is possible to find a simple approximate solution for the case of approximate steady precession. For this pseudo-steady motion it will be noted that the rate of diminution of the nutation will also he almost constant. Further, the ratio of these rates (latter over former) will be equal to the negative of the coefficient of friction for the top slipping on the surface. As a consequence the mass center of the top will tend to proceed around a steady circle above the plane. These results will first be observed by writing the full Lagrange's equations for the problem and reducing them prior to integration by observing appropriate approximations by deleting relatively smaller terms. The above results will then follow directly. Further, the full Lagrange's equations will he numerically integrated to show that the analytically developed approximate results are appropriate. Once these results are known, it is observed that a subsequent intuitive analysis based on time rate of change of angular momentum leads to the same results, if only the angular momentum about the spin axis is considered with other relevant assumptions.
Performing Exclusion and Resistance: Anti-Chinese League and Chee Kung Tong Parades in Territorial Arizona

Both Euro-Americans and Chinese paraded to reinforce their tenuous authority in the liminal space of Territorial Arizona. Although most Chinese practiced strategies of avoidance on the city streets, many also paraded in Chee Kung Tong meeting halls invoking through their performance a palimpsest of legendary geographies and heroic memories.
Comparison of plug-in electric vehicle adoption in the United States: A state by state approach

This paper examines the correlation between social, economic, geographic, and policy factors on plug-in electric vehicle adoption across U.S. states for the purpose of understanding: which factors are significantly correlated to variations in battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) market shares, how those factors vary between BEV and PHEV markets, and how those factors compare with those identified as influential in driving early hybrid (HEV) markets. Our methodology includes a statistical analysis of new vehicle registration data from calendar year 2013 to test the relationship between PHEV and BEV market shares against statewide variables. Several of the factors that existing studies find to be important in earlier HEV markets are also correlated with 2013 PHEV or BEV market shares. We also find different sets of variables to be significantly correlated with PHEV and BEV market shares, respectively, which suggests that these markets are distinct. The differences between the factors that are correlated with PHEV and BEV market shares highlight the possibility that strategies for promoting the overall adoption of plug-in vehicles may not affect the two vehicle types equally. However, further analysis should be undertaken prior to developing policies and approaches based on these findings.
Exploiting design information to derive object distribution models

Object-orientation and distributed systems are quickly becoming norms for new system development, generating renewed interest in distribution schemes traditionally directed at relational databases. Though a number of facilitating technologies, such as EJB, COM, or CORBA, are available, pragmatic, and rigorous approaches for effective distribution are still lacking. In this paper, we develop an approach for deriving object distribution models by exploiting design information. The approach exploits information realistically available during the design stage, without requiring guesstimates of operational parameters. It spans multiple layers, mappings across which may be adjusted depending upon changes in assumptions and operational conditions to create specific models. We demonstrate the approach by operationalizing it to create a model for object distribution in closely coupled client/server configurations. The detailed model we demonstrate, therefore, represents one specific instantiation of our approach. The model is accompanied by a decision support procedure that assists the designer in the search for a satisficing solution in the resulting combinatorial multiple criteria problem. We briefly describe a research prototype that served as proof-of-concept and demonstrate usefulness based on an analysis of results obtained for distribution of a real-world object-oriented application.
Microprocessor based pH monitoring and transmitting system

The authors show how a microprocessor can be used to provide the accuracy and flexibility that is required for a general-purpose industrial pH measurement system. Important features considered are automatic, precise temperature compensation with a low-cost temperature sensor, automatic compensation for system offsets and drift, and diagnostics from the front panel. A systematic design procedure that includes specifications, a theoretical analysis of error sources, careful consideration of important design criteria, and the system hardware and software design is described. A special technique of multiplexing a digital-to-analog converter for analog-to-digital conversion and output monitoring is used to keep overall cost low. A nonvolatile memory is used to store the calibration constants. A prototype has been built, and the results obtained under simulated and actual conditions are discussed. >
A Word Reordering Model for Improved Machine Translation

Preordering of source side sentences has proved to be useful in improving statistical machine translation. Most work has used a parser in the source language along with rules to map the source language word order into the target language word order. The requirement to have a source language parser is a major drawback, which we seek to overcome in this paper. Instead of using a parser and then using rules to order the source side sentence we learn a model that can directly reorder source side sentences to match target word order using a small parallel corpus with high-quality word alignments. Our model learns pairwise costs of a word immediately preceding another word. We use the Lin-Kernighan heuristic to find the best source reordering efficiently during training and testing and show that it suffices to provide good quality reordering. We show gains in translation performance based on our reordering model for translating from Hindi to English, Urdu to English (with a public dataset), and English to Hindi. For English to Hindi we show that our technique achieves better performance than a method that uses rules applied to the source side English parse.
Peter Eli Gordon. Rosenzweig and Heidegger: Between Judaism and German Philosophy. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2003. 357 pp.

This important study of Franz Rosenzweig is among the first book-length forays into the silence surrounding Martin Heidegger in modern Jewish thought. In seeking to establish an elective affinity between these two thinkers, Gordon subverts the firewall established by Karl Lowith between Rosenzweig's passion for eternity and Heidegger's focus on the pure temporality of human existence (Dasein). In doing so, he bucks the link in contemporary Jewish philosophy between Rosenzweig and Levinas, in which an ethics based on a good beyond Being upends ontology as first philosophy. In Gordon's reading, eternity is to the Jewish people as Dasein is to Being. Jewish existence, understood ontologically, not metaphysically, assumes the uncanny, ungrounded, and self-sustaining character of Heideggerian authenticity. Ontologically radical, eternity thus becomes like time, a this-worldly framework, constituting the ultimate horizon of redemption.
Drift and shift in the organizing vision career for personal health records: An investigation of innovation discourse dynamics

Abstract Organizational information technology innovations develop and diffuse through the efforts of communities of stakeholders working in cooperation and competition to articulate, motivate, and diffuse an innovation. Community members' discourse can reveal competing interests and tensions that influence whether ideas central to the innovation coalesce, drift apart, or dissipate and thus the innovation's trajectory. To investigate these dynamics, we adopted the theoretical lens of the organizing vision framework and historical and discourse analysis methods to study developments with personal health records (PHRs) in the U.S. for over a decade (2003–2013). Our analysis revealed ongoing drift in PHR discourse across the innovation community despite concerted efforts by key stakeholders to promote an overarching vision. Shifts in discourse developed as four competing PHR versions coalesced around different institutional arrangements for health and health data stewardship, health data stores, and innovation community actors. This analysis furthers our understanding of career dynamics of an organizing vision and the implications of these dynamics for innovation diffusion. The study also highlights implications for health IT innovation research and for practice.
Assumptions of Rationality and Non Rationality in Models of the International System

It is a truism that all action within the international system can be reduced to the action of individuals. It is also true, however, that international relations cannot be adequately understood in terms of individual attitudes and behaviors. Models of the international system usually deal with larger units, nation-states, as prime actors. To what extent can such models give us adequate explanations of international relations without some built-in variables to deal with individual decision-making?It may be that some processes in international relations can be adequately explained on the level of social structure without explicit consideration of the personality, predispositions, attitudes, and behavior of the individual decision-maker. In that case, the introduction of variables dealing with individual behavior would complicate the model without commensurate payoff in terms of increased understanding and prediction. This would be true if the impact of individual decision-making on the behavior of nations in their relations with other nations were slight, or if the impact varied randomly (because, for instance, of idiosyncratic factors) among the population of international events that one was trying to explain. If, on the other hand, models of the international system that either ignore or make grossly simplifying assumptions about individual decision-making can explain international relations only very imperfectly, it may well be worth the additional effort to build variables about individual decision-making into them.
In vivo 2H2O administration reveals impaired triglyceride storage in adipose tissue of insulin-resistant humans.

Indirect evidence suggests that impaired triglyceride storage in the subcutaneous fat depot contributes to the development of insulin resistance via lipotoxicity. We directly tested this hypothesis by measuring, in vivo, TG synthesis, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), adipocyte proliferation, and insulin suppression of lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of BMI-matched individuals classified as insulin resistant (IR) or insulin sensitive (IS). Nondiabetic, moderately obese subjects with BMI 25–35 kg/m2, classified as IR or IS by the modified insulin suppression test, consumed deuterated water (2H2O) for 4 weeks. Deuterium incorporation into glycerol, palmitate, and DNA indicated TG synthesis, DNL, and adipocyte proliferation, respectively. Net TG synthesis and DNL in adipose cells were significantly lower in IR as compared with IS subjects, whereas adipocyte proliferation did not differ significantly. Plasma FFAs measured during an insulin suppression test were 2.5-fold higher in IR subjects, indicating resistance to insulin suppression of lipolysis. Adipose TG synthesis correlated directly with DNL but not with proliferation. These results provide direct in vivo evidence for impaired TG storage in subcutaneous adipose tissue of IR as compared with IS. Relative inability to store TG in the subcutaneous depot may represent a mechanism contributing to the development of insulin resistance in the setting of obesity.
Switchable photoconductivity of quantum dot films using cross-linking ligands with light-sensitive structures

This paper describes the use of a diarylethylene (DAE) ligand, which adopts structures that are sensitive to the wavelength of light, to cross-link films of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) within electrical junctions with photoswitchable conductivity. These QD-DAE films are deposited on indium-tin-oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (ITO/PEDOT:PSS) electrodes and have eutectic Ga-In top-contacts. The photocurrent density of the cross-linked QD films is enhanced by a factor of 6.5 (averaged over all applied voltages) when the DAE ligand is switched from its open, non-conductive form (by illumination with 500–650 nm light) to its closed, conductive form (by illumination with 300–400 nm light). This enhancement is accomplished by changing the inter-particle electronic coupling, not the inter-particle distance. Identical QD films cross-linked with dibenzenedithiol ligands have a photoconductivity that is insensitive to the wavelength of light.
Economic Restructuring and Poverty/Income Inequality in Latin America

This study uses an econometric approach to evaluate whether structural reforms in Latin America contributed to poverty and income inequality over the period from 1985 to 2000. Data on structural reforms is employed from the InterAmerican Development Bank‟s Structural Policy Index, and poverty and income inequality data is obtained from the World Bank‟s PovcalNet database. Using a panel data analysis with controls for GDP per-capita and political institutions, the overall openness level is found to be significantly positively related to the percent of the population living under the poverty line, the poverty gap, the Gini coefficient, the income ratio of the richest to poorest deciles of the population, and the mean log deviation. Specific reforms that are significantly positively related to poverty and/or inequality include privatizations and financial deregulation. Trade liberalization, average income, and democratic institutions demonstrate a negative, albeit weak, relationship to poverty and inequality. Author’s Note
Quantitative Measurement of Shear-Stress Effects on Endothelial Cells

Over the past 20 yr, great strides have been made toward understanding the role of fluid hemodynamic forces in the vascular wall homeostasis at the molecular level. In vivo studies have demonstrated that blood vessels are adaptive to physiological changes in blood flow, with vessels tending to enlarge in areas of high flow and tending to reduce their lumen diameter in low-flow regimes (1,2). Furthermore, altered hemodynamics have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular disorders, such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and vessel wall injury. Vascular endothelial cells serve as a barrier between perfused tissues and flowing blood, and they are believed to act as a sensor of the local biomechanical environment. The hemodynamic forces generated in the vasculature include frictional wall shear-stress, cyclic strain, and hydrostatic pressure (3). For the purpose of this chapter, we will focus on methods for examining the link between fluid wall shear-stress and endothelial cell function. Advances in our understanding of the effects of shear-stress on endothelial cell function require that cell populations be exposed to controlled, well-defined, flow-induced shear-stress environments. Since in vivo studies have the inherent problem that they cannot quantitatively define the shearing forces or separate their effects from the other components of the hemodynamic system, in vitro flow studies using cultured cells are extensively used.
Mapping the mechanical properties of cholesterol-containing supported lipid bilayers with nanoscale spatial resolution.

It has been demonstrated that many biological processes are influenced by mechanical changes in membranes comprised of a variety of lipid components. As a result, the ability to map physicomechanic...
Intergranular Coupling and Grain Isolation of Thin Co Films

The effects of rapid oxidation and overcoat diffusion processes on the intergranular coupling and grain isolation in thin Co films were studied. The oxidation process was found to be strongly temperature dependent. The optimal coercivities can only be achieved within a narrow range of temperatures, while further increasing the temperature incurs significant thermal instability. CrMn underlayers were confirmed to be more effective in enhancing the grain isolation by the grain boundary diffusion during the oxidation process. The oxidation process does not change the Co anisotropy, and hence the coercivity increase is appears to be a result of better grain isolation. The in-situ diffusion of Ag and Cr overcoats were also found to have siginificant effects on the grain isolation in Co and CoCr films.