cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PUBLIC FINANCING OF AMERICA'S LARGEST CITIES: A STUDY OF CITY FINANCIAL RECORDS IN THE WAKE OF THE GREAT RECESSION

This paper employs Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports of the 35 largest population American cities from 2005 to 2011 to examine how these cities managed the Great Recession, which was a global macroeconomic shock particularly damaging to the housing sector. While broader surveys of local government suggest that the Great Recession has been associated with substantive revenue declines, particularly via the property tax, the Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports data indicate that large cities remained relatively stable in revenue by using higher property taxes to compensate for other revenue declines. Furthermore, these cities were able to rely on their net assets to engage in deficit spending. These findings indicate that cities are relying on traditional strengths of local governments, but are also able to engage in the deficit spending that is typically characteristic of national governments. It also seems to be the case that grants for capital projects were largely transferred into highly liquid and spendable assets.
Application of Artificial Material in Microwave Absorber

A microwave absorber is designed with a given absorbing material whose relative permittivity and permeability are known. In this design process, impedance matching between absorber and free space is achieved by circular metal patches of predesigned shape printed periodically on absorbing material. Designed microwave absorber along with predesigned designed metal strip is modeled in 3D electromagnetic simulation software HFSS. Simulated frequency response of reflection coefficient verifies impedance matching and absorption at design frequency.
Developing Sympathy: Teaching Edith Wharton’s Summer with Lynn Nottage’s Intimate Apparel

This chapter focuses on pairing Edith Wharton’s short novel, Summer, with Lynn Nottage’s contemporary two-act play, Intimate Apparel, in an undergraduate course on women writers at a public university with a diverse student body. Set in 1905 New York, Nottage’s play is an ideal text to pair with Wharton’s novel, as both works focus on female protagonists who make provocative decisions about love and marriage. Moreover, Wharton’s Charity Royall and Nottage’s Esther Mills, an unmarried African American seamstress, constantly measure themselves against other women. Pairing Summer with Intimate Apparel allows for a dramatic entry point to explore the complicated desires and choices of American women from different backgrounds at the beginning of the twentieth century. Students apply critical thinking skills through a series of blog posts which scaffold a formal research essay comparing the protagonists. As a result of comparing the two works, students become more sympathetic to Charity. Lastly, the chapter suggests further themes for student exploration (for example, women’s mobility, the role of public and private spaces) and provides research essay guidelines.
A penalized likelihood for multispecies occupancy models improves predictions of species interactions

Multispecies occupancy models estimate dependence among multiple species of interest from patterns of co-occurrence, but problems associated with separation and boundary estimates can lead to unreasonably large estimates of parameters and associated standard errors when species are rarely observed at the same site or when data are sparse. In this paper, we overcome these issues by implementing a penalized likelihood, which introduces a small bias in parameter estimates in exchange for a potentially large reduction in variance. We compare parameter estimates obtained from both penalized and unpenalized multispecies occupancy models fit to simulated data that exhibit various degrees of separation and to a real-word data set of bird surveys with little apparent overlap between potentially interacting species. Our simulation results demonstrate that penalized multispecies occupancy models did not exhibit boundary estimates and produced lower bias, lower mean squared error, and improved inference relative to unpenalized models. When applied to real-world data, our penalized multispecies occupancy model constrained boundary estimates and allowed for meaningful inference related to the interactions of two species of conservation concern. To facilitate the use of our penalized multispecies occupancy model, the techniques demonstrated in this paper have been integrated into the unmarked package in R programing language.
Signal Conditioning and Prototyping for Selective OFDM Systems with Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer

Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) is the use of radio signals for both the transfer of energy and information. To enable SWIPT transmissions, receiver architectures often incorporate co-receiver implementations. In this paper, a selective OFDM system is introduced which leverages the OFDM signal structure for energy harvesting.
Status of jimsphere development.

Jimsphere wind sensor aerodynamic stability optimized for providing small-scale motion measurements
Asymmetric quantum LDPC codes

Recently, quantum error-correcting codes were proposed that capitalize on the fact that many physical error models lead to a significant asymmetry between the probabilities for bit flip and phase flip errors. An example for a channel which exhibits such asymmetry is the combined amplitude damping and dephasing channel, where the probabilities of bit flips and phase flips can be related to relaxation and dephasing time, respectively. We give systematic constructions of asymmetric quantum stabilizer codes that exploit this asymmetry. Our approach is based on a CSS construction that combines BCH and finite geometry LDPC codes.
[18F]-N-methylspiroperidol: The radioligand of choice for pett studies of the dopamine receptor in human brain

Abstract N-methylspiroperidol, the amide N-methyl analogue of the neuroleptic spiroperidol, was radiolabeled with fluorine-18, and its distribution in the baboon brain was studied using positron emission transaxial tomography. Stereospecific binding was demonstrated in the striatum (but not in the cerebellum) by pretreatment with (-)- or (+)-butaclamol. The kinetic distribution was similar to that of [18F]spiroperidol, but the absolute striatal uptake (in percent of administered dose) was at least two-fold higher. Analysis of baboon blood at 10 min after injection indicated that less than half of the radioactivity in the plasma was due to unchanged radioligand. Analysis of the metabolic stability of [ 18 F ]-N- methylspiroperidol in rat brain for 4 hr indicated that, like [18F]spiroperidol, it is very stable to metabolic transformation in the rat central nervous system. Striatal uptake and retention in the rat was five-fold higher for [ 18 F ]-N- methylspiroperidol than for [18F]spiroperidol. These results suggest that [ 18 F ]-N- methylspiroperidol is an ideal choice for studies of the dopamine receptor in humans.
Acrolein. II. Studies on the fluorescences produced by acrolein, spermine, and related compounds with resorcinol plus calf serum.

Abstract Incubations of acrolein and closely related compounds with calf serum and resorcinol, under defined conditions, yield fluorescence, a phenomenon previously observed with, and thought to be specific for, spermine and spermidine. The spectral characteristics of the fluorescences obtained with acrolein and with the enzymically oxidized polyamines are markedly similar. However, the fluorescence obtained with acrolein does not require the enzyme beef plasma amine-oxidase (spermine-oxidase) since it can be produced in the presence of either calf or horse serum. Fluorescence was also obtained by substituting the serum in the reaction involving acrolein with several amino compounds, putrescine being one of the most effective. Isolation of the fluorescent fraction (F.F.) from this latter incubation appears to have been achieved, and its relative quantum efficiencies (φ) were calculated, i.e., F.F. φ = 0.26 in 0.05 N HCl and 0.49 in 0.1 N NaOH (by reference to quinine bisulfate). Acrolein appears to be a required reactant, under the described experimental conditions, to produce fluorescence.
Synthesis of Amino Acid Phosphoramidate Monoesters via H‐Phosphonate Intermediates

Diphenyl phosphite and bis(N,N-diisopropylamino)chlorophosphine are used as phosphitylating reagents to generate H-phosphonate monoesters. These H-phosphonate intermediates are subsequently oxidized with iodine to generate the 5′-nucleoside amino acid phosphoramidates. Keywords: diphenyl phosphite; bis(N,N-diisopropylamino)chlorophosphine; phosphoramidate; AZT; nucleoside monophosphate; oxidation
The Impact of Arrangers and Buyout Sponsors on Loan Pricing in Leverage Buyouts: A Cross Border Study of US and European Leverage Buyouts

This paper assesses the impact of arrangers and buyout sponsors on all in drawn spreads (AIS) for LBOs in the U.S. and European markets. We find that the ability of arrangers and sponsors to complete LBO transactions depends on the additional information that each contains and this plays an important role in corporate loan pricing. We find the presence of buyout sponsors results in higher AIS spreads primarily because buyout sponsors are associated with relatively larger LBO transactions which are more complex and inherently riskier. Buyout sponsors serve as a complement to single arrangers is the LBO market as they help them complete larger and more complicated deals. On the otherhand buyout sponsors are negatively related to club deals and borrowers seek to protect their ownership structure. We also find the lender to borrower relationship associated with single arrangers and multiple providers result in reduced agency cost and greater monitoring such that the AIS spread is smaller. Multiple arranger loans are larger in size with higher risk characteristics. In addition, using a unique and large dataset on syndicated loans, we find that loan pricing has a home bias such that domestic lenders are able to extract higher AIS spreads, while foreign lenders when penetrating internationals market result in lower AIS spreads.
Vacant land options

Abstract Financial options and land options appear to be similar types of contracts, which provides the rationale for using established financial options pricing models ( OPM ) to value land options. This paper examines the application of standard OPM formulae in light of the restriction that landowners sell no more than one option per unit of land held. The constraint is shown to be binding in equilibrium, causing the traditional OPM construct to fail. The validity of the usual formulae, however, is established by appending complete capital markets to the land market model, drawing out assumptions implicitly maintained in the application of OPM to real estate market contracts.
Curriculum Retention and Programming for Inclusive Teaching

Access to higher education continues to expand in the United States. And, as opportunity has continued to increase, so too has the amount of diversity present throughout higher education. These trends, combined with the fundamental principles connected to the purpose of higher education, work to create culturally relevant and responsive practice. Focused on educational practice designed to meet the needs of a continuously diversifying student population, this chapter examines student programming and curricula as a means to promote student success and learning.
Defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus: IV. Virion RNA Species and Molecular Weight Determination of Defective Double-Stranded RNA

Abstract The defective RNAs generated after infection of chick cells with SV CP (Sindbis virus passaged without dilution in chick cells) have been further characterized. SV CP stocks of increasing passage number contain, in addition to 42 S ssRNA, DI ssRNA species of decreasing molecular weights. Thus, SV STD contains only 42 S RNA; SV CP6 , 42 S, and 33 S RNA; SV CP11 and SV CP16 ; 42, 33 and 24 S RNA; and SV CP24 predominantly 22 S ssRNA. Defective ssRNA species, as shown previously, are also found within the cells and, in any given infection, are similar in size to the species found in the extracellular particles. Molecular weights for the intracellular defective ssRNAs were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and, for the defective dsRNAs, by electron microscopy. The defective ssRNAs ranged in molecular weight from 2.2 × 10 6 (33 S) to about 1.0 × 10 6 (22 S), compared to 4.3 × 10 6 for the complete genome. At the various passage levels examined, the calculated molecular weights of the defective dsRNA were always double those of the defective ssRNAs found in the same infection. From hybridization experiments, it was concluded that the defective RNAs are composed only of SV RNA sequences and that the defective ssRNAs contain exclusively (>95%) sequences of positive polarity.
Boundaries of Citizenship Behavior: Curvilinearity and Context in the Citizenship and Task Performance Relationship

Resource allocation, attentional capacity, and role theories all suggest that the well-documented linear relationship between citizenship behavior and task performance may be more complex than previously believed. In a study of 352 incumbents, we develop hypotheses that propose a curvilinear effect of employee citizenship on task performance. We further argue that this nonmonotonic relationship is different across the targets of citizenship performance and is moderated by several factors from the task context. Results support the curvilinear assertion, indicating that the relationship with task performance inflects when citizenship is more frequently performed. These diminishing returns are amplified when the target of citizenship is the organization compared to the individual. Findings further reveal that the task context elements of accountability and autonomy moderate the curvilinear relationship, whereas ambiguity does not. Implications for a reappraisal of the citizenship–task performance relationship are discussed.
Improvement of Belt Tension Monitoring in a Belt-Drive Automated Material Handling System

The extension of useful life of manufacturing equipment is one of the keys to sustainable manufacturing. High uptime requirements of the semiconductor industry result in conservative preventive maintenance schemes, leading to replacement of key components before the end of their useful life. This paper presents the results of research toward a more intelligent condition based maintenance scheme for the belt monitoring in a belt driven automated material handling system. An experimental study of belt dynamics showed that transverse belt vibrations were sensitive to changes in belt length, belt tension, belt misalignment, and excitation location. Based on these findings, a novel device was designed to consistently excite belt vibrations in the material handling system with greatly reduced variations in belt length and initial condition location. The standard deviation of tension estimates using the device was dramatically lower than that of a trained technician performing the current standard technique on three different robots.
Effect of macronutrient intake on the development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy.

Background Dietary intake influences glucose tolerance status, yet the relation between macronutrient intake and the development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy has not been adequately examined. Objective We examined the relation between macronutrient intake early in pregnancy and the development of glucose intolerance. Design Data are from 1698 women in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study. Dietary intake during the second trimester was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Women were classified into 1 of 3 glucose categories: gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and normal glucose tolerance. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the relative risk of IGT and GDM, with adjustment for potential confounders. A series of models were specified to test alternate hypotheses about the relation of diet to risk of IGT or GDM. Results The overall prevalences of IGT and GDM in the cohort were 2.6% and 5.2%, respectively. The addition model showed that adding 100 kcal from carbohydrates to the diet was associated with a 12% decrease in risk of IGT and a 9% decrease in risk of GDM. The substitution model showed that substituting fat for carbohydrates (per each 1% of total calories) resulted in a significant increase in risk of both IGT and GDM [relative risk = 1.1 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.12) and 1.1 (1.02, 1.10), respectively]. Predicted probabilities of IGT and GDM were reduced by one-half with a 10% decrease in dietary fat and a 10% increase in carbohydrate. Conclusions This study found an association between increased fat intake and the development of glucose abnormalities in pregnancy.
Photoperiodic mediation of differential gene expression in Scytosiphon lomentaria (Phaeophyceae)

SUMMARY Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link is a species of brown algae common in the eulittoral and sublittoral zones of temperate oceans. Some populations exhibit an asexual heteromorphic life cycle that is regulated by photoperiod. While this response is mediated by blue light, virtually nothing is known regarding downstream genes that are activated or repressed during photo-morphogenesis in this organism. This study examined photoperiodic mediation of differential gene expression in S. lomentaria using isolates obtained from the eastern coast of Virginia, USA. Putative differentially expressed transcripts were produced by differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned and sequenced. The sequences where identified using bioinformatics tools, and the expression patterns analyzed and validated by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Of the 133 putative differentially expressed bands selected, 92 were successfully sequenced and analyzed. Of these, 27 could not be matched to known sequences. Twenty-eight transcripts were found to have high similarity to sequences in the databases and transcript levels were quantified. Seventeen were upregulated under a short day, one was downregulated, five showed no expression differences, four did not amplify and one was the reference gene. These analyses provide new insights into the genetic response to photoperiod-mediated morphogenesis in S. lomentaria.
Timescale decoupled routing and rate control in intermittently connected networks

We study an intermittently connected network (ICN) composed of multiple clusters of wireless nodes. Within each cluster, nodes can communicate directly using the wireless links. However, these clusters are far away from each other such that direct communication between the clusters is impossible except through "mobile" contact nodes. These mobile contact nodes are data carriers that shuffle between clusters and transport data from the source to the destination clusters. There are several applications of our network model, such as clusters of mobile soldiers connected via unmanned aerial vehicles. Our work here focuses on a queue-based cross-layer technique known as the back-pressure algorithm. The algorithm is known to be throughput-optimal, as well as resilient to disruptions in the network, making it an ideal candidate communication protocol for our intermittently connected network. In this paper, we design a back-pressure routing/rate control algorithm for ICNs. Though it is throughput-optimal, the back-pressure algorithm has several drawbacks when used in ICNs, including long end-to-end delays, large number of potential queues needed, and loss in throughput due to intermittency. We present a modified back-pressure algorithm that addresses these issues. We implement our algorithm on a 16-node experimental testbed and present our experimental results in this paper.
Prosthodontics for teen-age patients

Abstract Teen-age patients who require denture prostheses demonstrate a potential to adapt both psychologically and functionally to dentures with a minimum of post-delivery complaints and complications.
FASRS—demo package for Fourier analysis of stationary random signals

This paper presents software package FASRS which is developed in MATLAB and is meant for use as an interactive learning tool for the bases of Fourier analysis of stationary random signals. Two main approaches are demonstrated. One approach, which is referred to as Periodogram method is based on direct Fourier transformation of signal. The second approach, Autocorrelation method, is based on the Fourier transform of the estimation of the autocovariance sequence of the signal.
Slow Recovery In A Mount Washington, New Hampshire, Alpine Plant Community Four Years After Disturbance

Abstract Four years after a trench was dug through alpine habitat on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, we surveyed vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens in the disturbed area, analyzing species richness and abundance compared with values in adjacent, undisturbed areas. Plants had begun recolonizing the disturbed area, but species richness and abundance remained far lower than in the undisturbed community. Among vascular plants, graminoids colonized most quickly, and woody species were largely absent. Species with the highest frequency and greatest abundance in the disturbed area also were common and abundant in the undisturbed community. Bryophytes appeared to be colonizing no more quickly than vascular plants. Treeline and elevation exerted separate effects on community structure and recovery. Treeline influenced species richness, abundance, and the rate of recovery of vascular plants, but there was no evidence of an additional effect of elevation either above or below treeline. Treeline also influence...
Effects of Methadone Use During Pregnancy on Human Placental Opioid Receptors

Human placenta was used to investigate the effects of chronic methadone use during pregnancy on villus tissue opioid receptors. Patients included in this investigation received 35–60 mg methadone per day. Methadone-exposed placenta villus tissue had no detectable opioid receptor binding sites measured by tritiated opioid agonists. In vitro release of acetylcholine and hCG from trophoblast tissue of methadone-exposed placentas was not modulated by opioids. Absence of opioid receptor binding sites and their two mediated responses in trophoblast tissue of placentas obtained from patients with documented chronic methadone use during pregnancy indicate that the receptors were down regulated or desensitized.
Quality of oil from acid delintered cottonseed

Oils were extracted experimentally by direct solvent and prepress solvent processes from saw delintered cottonseed as well as from some of the same seed delintered with dilute sulfuric acid. Oils were refined, bleached and deodorized. Deodorized oils were stored in an air oven at 60 C for 30–35 days. Approximately twice a week, stored samples were analyzed for peroxide value. No significant differences in rate of increase of peroxide value were found among the oils.
The immuno cross-reactivity of gutta percha points

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to test the postulated immuno cross-reactivity between proteins derived from raw gutta percha (RGP), gutta percha point (GPP) and natural rubber latex (NRL). Methods Antigenicity and cross-reactivity of proteins were determined by the FITkit (FITBiotech, Finland) and ELISA inhibition assays. Results Antigenicity of proteins derived from RGP or GPP was not demonstrated. Except for NRL glove extracts, neither extracts from RGP or GPP were reactive in ELISA inhibition assay. Significance There is no immunologic cross-reactivity in vitro between proteins derived from RGP or GPP, and from NRL gloves. Thus, therapeutic use of GPP is unlikely to initiate adverse immuno-reactivity in individuals previously sensitized to NRL proteins.
The impact of cyclosporine dose and level on acute rejection and patient and graft survival in liver transplant recipients

A multicenter, retrospective analysis of 623 liver transplant recipients was performed to define safe and effective cyclosporine doses and blood levels at various times after transplantation. Patient and graft survival were assessed as efficacy parameters, and serum creatinine and cholesterol levels as safety parameters. The mean daily cyclosporine dose was 12.1 mg/kg/d at 1 month posttransplantation and 5.5 mg/kg/d after 1 year. After 4 years, the mean cyclosporine dose was maintained at 4.0 mg/kg/d. Mean cyclosporine blood levels showed a similar trend. Patient and graft survival after 4 years of cyclosporine maintenance therapy were 72% and 67%, respectively. Both serum creatinine and cholesterol levels were stable over the study period, and neither correlated with cyclosporine dose. The cumulative incidence of biopsy-proven acute cellular rejection was 59% for early (<6 months) episodes and 21% for late (≥6 months) episodes. Patient and graft survival did not differ significantly between patients experiencing early or late acute rejection episodes and those who did using univariate analysis. The high patient and graft survival, low rejection rates, and lack of significant renal dysfunction or hypercholesterolemia suggest that the cyclosporine doses and blood levels described are safe and therapeutically effective.
Core protein I as an artifact in complex III.

Abstract SDS electrophoresis gels of complex III from yeast mitochondria were run after incubation of the enzyme at several different temperatures. It was found that the intensity of the more slowly moving core protein band was substantially affected by the incubation temperature. Four low molecular weight polypeptides were eluted from gels electrophoresed after preincubation of the enzyme at 15° C for 12 hours. These polypeptides were then incubated for 5 minutes at 100° followed by SDS gel electrophoresis. A polypeptide with the same molecular weight as the anomalous core protein was resolved.
Optical Properties and Fermi Surface of Nickel

Dielectric constants for Ni obtained from reflectance data at room temperature are reported for photon energies extending to 11 eV. The structure at 0.3 and 1.4 eV and that observed by Krinchik and collaborators at nearly the same energies by the ferromagnetic Kerr effect is reinterpreted in terms of interband transitions probably between $d$ bands and the Fermi surface. Low-energy interband transitions, which would be expected to occur in many transition metals, cause the reflectance in the infrared to fall off more rapidly than in the noble metals. For photon energies above 4 eV there is a marked resemblance between Ni and Cu. The peak in the energy loss function occurs at nearly the same energy in both materials. As a framework for discussing these results, a model for the band structure and Fermi surface of ferromagnetic Ni is proposed. This model consists of a simple adaptation of band calculations for nonferromagnetic Ni and Cu. The two-band structures, which are assumed to correspond to the energy levels of spin-up and spin-down electrons, respectively, are essentially matched at the bottom of the $4s$ band. The resulting exchange splitting of the $d$ band is about 2 eV. A Fermi level appropriate to the required $s$ and $d$ electron concentration is postulated. The resulting Fermi surfaces consist of three electron sheets and unimportant hole pockets. One electron surface, corresponding to the spin-down carriers, is copper-like. The remaining surfaces do not contact any zone faces. They are characterized by large anisotropies in electron velocities and large corresponding differences between optical and thermal masses. These results are consistent with the magnetoresistance and Hall effect measurements of Fawcett and Reed and are in semiquantitative agreement with the observed structure in the optical properties, the magneton number, the electronic specific heat, and the plasma frequency.
Flashlamp pulsed dye laser (585 nm). Treatment of resistant verrucae

The treatment of recalcitrant plantar verrucae has represented challenging clinical problems for podiatric physicians. A procedure described by Borovoy et al studying 46 patients initially indicated a success rate of 76.1%. A review of 200 patients who have been treated with refined treatment protocols and modalities is presented, with an overall success rate of 79.9%. The Candella SPTL 1 and 1B have been used in the study. These lasers produce a full 450-microsecond pulse at 585 nm wave length. Hand pieces ranging from 2 mm to 7 mm were used. The energy density (fluence) used ranged from 6 to 9 J/cm2. Discussion will be presented including treatment protocol, modalities, comparisons with other forms of treatment, and overall success rates.
Hume and cognitive science: The current status of the controversy over abstract ideas

In Book I, Part I, Section VII of the Treatise, Hume sets out to settle, once and for all, the early modern controversy over abstract ideas. In order to do so, he tries to accomplish two tasks: (1) he attempts to defend an exemplar-based theory of general language and thought, and (2) he sets out to refute the rival abstraction-based account. This paper examines the successes and failures of these two projects. I argue that Hume manages to articulate a plausible theory of general ideas; indeed, a version of his account has defenders in contemporary cognitive science. But Hume fails to refute the abstraction-based account, and as a result, the early modern controversy ends in a stalemate, with both sides able to explain how we manage to speak and think in general terms. Although Hume fails to settle the controversy, he nevertheless advances it to a point from which we have yet to progress: the contemporary debate over abstract ideas in cognitive science has stalled on precisely this point.
Maternal depressive symptoms, maternal behavior, and toddler internalizing outcomes: a moderated mediation model.

Maternal depression relates to child internalizing outcomes, but one missing aspect of this association is how variation in depressive symptoms, including mild and moderate symptoms, relates to young children’s outcomes. The current study examined a moderated mediation model to investigate how maternal behaviors may mediate this association in the context of child temperament and gender. Mothers and toddlers completed a free-play/clean-up task in the laboratory. Mothers rated their depressive symptoms and their toddlers’ temperament and internalizing behaviors. Results indicated a significant indirect effect of maternal warmth on the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and toddler internalizing outcomes for boys with low negative emotionality. Toddler gender and temperament moderated the relation between maternal intrusiveness and toddler internalizing outcomes, but mediation was not supported. Results highlight the important interaction between child and maternal variables in predicting child outcomes, and suggest mechanisms by and conditions under which mild maternal depressive symptomatology can be a risk factor for toddler internalizing outcomes.
Slow exchange of the "outside" amino hydrogens of DNA.

Abstract Rapid hydrogen exchange measurements of native calf thymus DNA, in exchange-out times as short as 7 seconds, confirm the earlier finding of Hanson (1969) that the “outside” (non-interchain hydrogen-bonded) amino hydrogens of bases in double helical DNA exchange anomalously slowly, by a factor of about 104, in comparison to expectations from mononucleotide data. Our results demonstrate that all the amino hydrogens of the DNA bases, the 3 arising in dA · T pairs as well as the 5 in dG · dC pairs, participate in this slow exchange phenomenon. The native DNA exchange-out curve (for exchange-out times less than 1000 sec), obtained at 0 °C, pH 7 and 0.1 m -NaCl, can be discriminated into two exchange rate classes. One contains approximately 1.4 hydrogens per nucleotide pair and has a half-time of approximately 25 sec. The other has approximately 2.4 hydrogens per nucleotide pair with a half-time of approximately 330 sec. The former class may represent the outside hydrogens and the latter the inside (internucleotide hydrogen-bonded) hydrogens, though other interpretations could be devised to fit these numbers. Molecular mechanisms which might account for the observed slowing of exchange of the outside hydrogens are considered, and previous interpretations of hydrogen exchange kinetics as a probe of the conformational motility of the native DNA helix are reviewed in the light of these new findings.
Improvement in High- $k$ $(hboxHfO_2/hboxSiO_2)$ Reliability by Incorporation of Fluorine

In this letter, we demonstrate that negative bias temperature instability of high-k (HfO2/SiO2) gate dielectric stacks can be greatly improved by incorporating fluorine and engineering its concentration depth profile with respect to HfO2/SiO2 interface. It was found that fluorine is easily incorporated in HfO2/SiO2 at low temperatures (les400degC) by F2 anneal in the presence of UV radiation. Fluorine tends to segregate at the HfO2/SiO2 interface and, to a lesser extent, diffuses into the underlying SiO2/Si interface. The HfO2 /SiO2 stacks with F addition show significantly reduced (<50%) positive charge trapping and interface states generation compared to control samples without F
Rectal colonization by group B Streptococcus as a predictor of vaginal colonization.

Objective The purpose of this article was to describe rectal colonization by group B Streptococcus (GBS) and its role in the prediction of vaginal colonization. Study Design In this prospective cohort of 1248 nonpregnant women, vaginal and rectal swabs for GBS culture were obtained at enrollment and at three 4-month intervals. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify factors that are associated with colonization. Results Eight hundred fourteen (65%) women had GBS colonization sometime during the observation period. Rectal GBS colonization was the strongest predictor of vaginal colonization (adjusted odds ratio, 14.3; 95% CI, 11.9-17.1). Recent sexual intercourse, vaginal colonization with yeast, and a vaginal Nugent score ≥ 4 were also independent determinants of vaginal GBS colonization. Antimicrobial use decreased vaginal GBS colonization only among women who had no rectal colonization. Conclusion GBS in the gastrointestinal tract is a risk factor for vaginal GBS. Sexual activity and abnormal vaginal microflora are independent determinants of vaginal GBS colonization.
Cellular proliferation and cytokine responses to polymethylmethacrylate particles in patients with a cemented total joint arthroplasty

Thein vitro response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from patients with cemented total hip or knee arthroplasties, and control individuals, to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was assessed by cell proliferation, cytokine production, and molecular techniques. After seven days in culture, a dose-dependent proliferative response to PMMA stimulation was observed in MNC from fifteen normal individuals. A concomitant dose-dependent production of both IL-1β and IL-2 in response to PMMA stimulation was detected. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) indicated that both IL-1β and IL-2 mRNA was present after 48 hours in culture with PMMA. Cellular proliferation and cytokine production (both IL-1β and IL-2) in 10 patients with stable, painless, well-functioning, cemented arthroplasties was significantly lower (p < 0.025) than normal controls and patients with aseptically loosened, painful, arthroplasties. The findings suggest that patients with stable cemented total joint arthroplasties are either inherently or adaptively less responsive to PMMA at a cellular level.
Entrance and Inertia Effects in a Slider Bearing

The effect of inertia and flow development on bearing behavior has been investigated numerically and experimentally. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved for a slider-type bearing and compared to experimental results. The computational domain covers the far upstream region as well as the bearing gap region to evaluate the inlet condition correctly. Experiments have been conducted with a simulated partial-arc bearing. The measured far upstream velocity profile is adopted as a boundary condition in numerical analysis instead of assuming a uniform bearing inlet velocity profile which has been used by previous authors. The resulting velocity profile across the inlet gap is neither uniform nor entirely viscous in nature. Numerical results agree well with experiment in a range of he modified Reynolds number 3 to 30. A significant so called “rum pressure” effect is found and this can be portrayed through a loss coefficient. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME...
Synthesis of gadolinium nanoscale metal-organic framework with hydrotropes: manipulation of particle size and magnetic resonance imaging capability.

Gadolinium metal−organic framework (Gd MOF) nanoparticles are an interesting and novel class of nanomaterials that are being studied as a potential replacement for small molecule positive contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Despite the tremendous interest in these nanoscale imaging constructs, there are limitations, particularly with respect to controlling the particle size, which need to be overcome before these nanoparticles can be integrated into in vivo applications. In an effort to control the size, shape, and size distribution of Gd MOF nanoparticles, hydrotropes were incorporated into the reverse microemulsion synthesis used to produce these nanoparticles. A study of how hydrotropes influenced the mechanism of formation of reverse micelles offered a great deal of information with respect to the physical properties of the Gd MOF nanoparticles formed. Specifically, this study incorporated the hydrotropes, sodium salicylate (NaSal), 5-methyl salicylic acid, and salicylic acid into the...
Adaptation of small wrist watches for mechanical recording of activity in infants and children

Abstract Previous research has indicated the necessity of differentiating different components of activity and manifestations in different settings, rather than treat activity as a unitary entity. The necessary measurement distinctions are facilitated by use of small hand-wound wrist watches modified so that any movement across one axis results in movement of the sweep-second hand. Normative data, test-retest stability and relations between components and settings are reported.
SMC: a symmetry-based model checker for verification of safety and liveness properties

The article presents the SMC system. SMC can be used for checking safety and liveness properties of concurrent programs under different fairness assumptions. It is based on explicit state enumeration. It combats the state explosion by exploiting symmetries of the input concurrent program, usually present in the form of identical processes, in two different ways. Firstly, it reduces the number of explored states by identifying those states that are equivalent under the symmetries of the system; this is called process symmetry. Secondly, it reduces the number of edges explored from each state, in0 the reduced state graph, by exploiting the symmetry of a single state; this is called state symmetry. SMC works in an on-the-fly manner; it constructs the reduced state graph as and when it is needed. This method facilitates early termination, speeds up model checking, and reduces memory requirements. We employed SMC to check the correctness of, among other standard examples, the Link Layer part of the IEEE Standard 1394 “Firewire” high-speed serial bus protocol. SMC found deadlocks in the protocol. SMC was also to check certain liveness properties. A report on the case study is included in the article.
Left Ventricular Compliance and Abnormally Contracting Segments in Postmyocardial Infarction Patients

The relationships between left ventricular (LV) compliance, the magnitude of LV segmental disease assessed by the size of abnormally contracting segments (ACS), and ventricular size measured by ventricular volumes were examined in 38 patients who were studied by cardiac catheterization and LV biplane angiography (6-12 films/sec) within one year following myocardial infarction. LV compliance was assessed by four formulae: ΔV/ΔP (angio stroke volume/LV end-diastolic minus lowest early diastolic pressure); ΔV/ESV/ΔP (ESV = end-systolic volume); dV/dP ED and dV/dP ED × 1/end-diastolic volume/body surface area; percentage of ACS was measured as the akinetic or dyskinetic length along the end-diastolic perimeter on biplane LV angiograms, expressed as a percentage of the total LV diastolic perimeter. Of the four indices of compliance, ΔV/ESV/ΔP was found to have the highest correlation with percentage of ACS (r 2 = .695, P = 1.5 × 10 −6 ). This correlation (ΔV/ESV/ΔP versus percentage of ACS) was higher than the correlation between percentage of ACS and any single volume or pressure parameter. The relationship between ΔV/ESV/ΔP and percentage of ACS was significantly higher than the correlation between ΔV/ESV/ΔP and end-diastolic volume (r 2 = .416, P = .002), the latter correlation primarily being due to mathematical relationships. Values for ACS above 8 percent were associated with ΔV/ESV/ΔP values which were below those obtained for normal subjects and below a theoretical normal range for ΔV/ESV/ΔP. These data suggest that left ventricular compliance is sensitive to the magnitude of LV segmental disease and is influenced less by changes in ventricular size in postmyocardial infarction patients.
Within- and between-subject variability in the reinforcing and subjective effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers

Within- and between-subject variability in the reinforcing and subjective effects of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) was studied across five sessions. Twelve volunteers with no history of drug dependence sampled 30% N(2)O and 100% oxygen for 10 min each, then chose nine times, once every 5 min, among N(2)O (e.g. "Agent A"), oxygen (e.g. "Agent B"), or "drug-free air." Choice varied across subjects but was stable within subjects. Quantitative differences in subjective effects occurred within and across subjects. Some subjective effects were correlated with choice and/or differed between subjects who were consistent choosers of N(2)O versus those who were not. However, drug liking and euphoria, two face-valid measures of abuse liability, were unrelated to choice. Thus, the present study found individual differences (i.e. between-subject variability) in subjective and reinforcing effects of N(2)O and, in terms of within-subject variability, suggested that subjective effects fluctuate across sessions to a relatively greater extent than do reinforcing effects. The varying degrees of correlation between N(2)O choice and its subjective effects emphasize the need for obtaining multiple measures when characterizing abuse liability of this drug.
Leadership: Past, Present, and Future

Leadership is omnipresent in research in the organizational sciences and related professional practice. In this essay, for an editors’ choice selection, leadership research is selectively reviewed,...
Abstract 3464: Aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy induces cell death in human osteosarcoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a localized cancer treatment that requires a photosensitizer (PS), molecular oxygen, and light to induce cell death. Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated PDT utilizes ALA as an inert precursor to the required PS. Subsequent to cellular uptake ALA is converted to a PS, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), in the mitochondria via the heme pathway. The excitation of PpIX by light can then result in the generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to direct tumor cell death, damage to the microvasculature, and induction of local inflammatory response. Interestingly, PDT can evoke apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death pathways within the same cell population. The balance between apoptosis and necrosis depends on several parameters, including the total PDT dose, the intracellular localization of the PS, the fluence rate, and the cell type. Recent studies show that the cell death mechanism induced has a direct influence on the systemic immune response. Therefore, a better understanding of the interplay between different cell death mechanisms in response to PDT could lead to improved tumor response and could inform better therapeutic strategies. We first determined the cytotoxicity of ALA to the human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63. PDT is a relatively unexplored method of treatment for human osteosarcoma, and could represent a superior method to existing therapies. Data from our lab show that ALA is not significantly cytotoxic to MG-63 cells, and that it is efficiently converted to PpIX within 24 hours of treatment. We also demonstrate that ALA-mediated PDT significantly induces cell death in MG-63 cells, and that cell death increases with increased ALA concentration and light fluence. Our findings indicate that this cell death results from a combination of both apoptosis and necrosis, with necrosis representing the major pathway. Finally, we show that increased light fluence decreases the amount of observed apoptosis subsequent to ALA-mediated PDT. These results taken together suggest that ALA-mediated PDT can induce cell death in human osteosarcoma cells, and that most cells are dying by necrosis. Furthermore, our data suggests that by adjusting specific therapeutic parameters, we can shift the balance between separate death pathways. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3464. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3464
Invasion of bovine epithelial cells by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157: H7

The ability of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157:H7 to enter selected human (RPMI-4788 and HeLa) and bovine (MAC-T, mammary secretory; MDBK, kidney) epithelial cell lines was evaluated. All VTEC evaluated efficiently entered RPMI-4788 and MAC-T cell lines. VTEC entered MDBK cells at approximately 4% of MAC-T cells. VTEC were not able to invade HeLa cells. Presence of plasmid had no influence on efficiency of entry, nor did production of shiga-like toxin (SLT I or SLT II). Internalization required microfilaments, but not microtubules. Two types of adherence, localized and diffuse, were exhibited depending on isolate and cell line evaluated. Ability of VTEC to invade bovine mammary epithelial cells may be important in pathogenesis in the bovine, may indicate a route by which raw milk may potentially become contaminated, and may provide a reservoir of bacteria for the contamination of workers, equipment and carcass at time of slaughter.
The Whipping of Richard Moore: Reading Emotion in Reconstruction America

The whipping of Richard Moore, a former slave and Union veteran, in Lincoln County, Tennessee, in July 1868 was an unexceptional event in the context of Reconstruction. But its significance lies in its very ordinariness. This event--described by newspapers in Ohio and Tennessee, and concluding with the testimony of the victim--captures a full measure of the emotional forces that shaped the contours of postwar society in former Confederate states. In this microhistory of Reconstruction, Harcourt situates this event in local, state, and national contexts and uses a social theory of emotions to detail in historical terms the collision of competing interests in events and the narrative frames used by commentators to describe the event. Harcourt argues that the psychological term "hot cognition" explains how the feelings aroused by the whipping framed narratives of the event in fundamentally adversarial terms that further escalated hostilities between competing social groups. The approach taken here suggests that there is much to be gained from viewing incidents of violence not merely as catalogs of political dispute and social discord but as a means of taking the temperature on the emotive forces behind social and political behavior.