cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quadratic systems of conservation laws with generic behavior at infinity

We identify quadratic systems of conservation laws with “generic” behavior at infinity, where the genericity conditions derive naturally when studying weak solutions of conservation laws. Namely, we identify quadratic models for which the vector field associated with the viscosity admissibility criterion has properties at infinity that are true for an open and dense subset of the set of all planar quadratic vector fields in the metric associated with the Euclidian space of coefficients. We determine the boundaries of the regions containing, “generic” models in the parameter space of coefficients of quadratic models. We show that when crossing the boundaries of nongeneric models transversally, the Poincare compactification of the corresponding vector field undergoes either a saddle node or a transcritical bifurcation at infinity. For quadratic models with a bounded elliptic region we calculate the loci of nongeneric models assuming the viscosity matrix to be the identity. We obtain a two-parameter normal form for such models and show that the boundaries that determine generic models in the two-dimensional parameter space correspond to the Schaeffer-Shearer classification of models with an isolated umbilic point. Since the loci of nongeneric models are invariant under the equivalence transformations that preserve weak solutions of conservation laws, understanding their behavior at infinity promises to provide an insight into a general classification of quadratic conservation laws.
Lost in Translation? Educating Secondary Students With Mild Mental Impairment

Educational policies have a deep impact on the education of students. This article examines No Child Left Behind, the President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education, and the Individuals ...
The Many-Time Pad: Theme and Variations

The man-time pad is a method of subverting the security controls of a system to obtain data that is not directly accessible(e.g., because the data is confidential, classified, or otherwise deemed sensitive). It is the antithesis of the one-time pad, the only theoretically unbreakable cipher, in two respects: 1) whereas the one-time pad is a method of protection,the many-time pad is a method of attack; and 2) whereas the one-time pad is used just once, the many-time pad is reusable. A1so, whereas the interpretation of "pad" m the one-time pad comes from a "pad of paper", its interpretation in the many-time pad comes from "stuffing". What makes the many-time pad attack interesting is that it arises in three different contexts: cryptographic systems, where digital signatures can be forged or messages decrypted; statistical databases, where trackers can be used to obtain confidential data; and programming systems, where Trojan Horses can be planted in programs to leak sensitive input data, We shall first describe the basic structure of the attack and countermeasures for foiling it. We shall then show how these three seemingly unrelated security threats are variations of a common theme.
The recovery of 5-HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral spinal cord and locomotor function after thoracic hemisection.

Abstract To determine the role of serotonin (5-HT) in recovery from spinal cord injury, we examined spinal cord 5-HT immunohistologically and assessed locomotor recovery after thoracic (T8) spinal cord hemisection in 68 rats. Forty eight rats had laminectomy and hemisection, while the remaining 20 rats received laminectomy only. All rats were evaluated every other day for 4 weeks, using a 0–14 point scale open field test. Hemisection markedly reduced mean hindlimbs scores from 14 to 1.5 ± 0.32 and 5.6 ± 0.31 (mean ± standard error of mean) in the ipsilateral and contralateral side, respectively. The rats all recovered apparently normal walking by 4 weeks. The 5-HT immunohistological study revealed a marked reduction of 5-HT-containing terminals in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral lumbosacral cord by 1 week after hemisection. By 4 weeks after hemisection, 5-HT immunoreactive fibers and terminals returned to the ipsilateral lumbosacral cord, with many 5-HT fibers crossing over the central canal at thoracic level. We estimated the recovery of 5-HT neural elements in lumbosacral ventral horn by ranking 5-HT staining intensity and counting 5-HT terminals. The return of 5-HT immunoreactivity of the lumbosacral ventral horn correlated with locomotor recovery. Locomotory recovery invariably occurred when the density of 5-HT terminals approached 20% of control values. These results indicate that return of 5-HT fibers and terminals predict the time course and extent of locomotory recovery after thoracic spinal cord hemisection.
Ocular metabolism and disposition of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal

ABSTRACTLifelong exposure to solar radiation in the ultraviolet spectrum can result in uncontrolled levels of reactive oxygen species and consequent lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes in ocular tissues. The peroxidative degradation of lipids yields the α, β − unsaturated aldehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) as a major product. The electrophilic nature of this molecule toward cellular nucleophiles, including protein side chains (i.e., cysteine, histidine, and lysine), deoxyribonucleic acids (i.e., guanosine), and several phospholipid head groups (i.e., ethanolamines), requires its availability to be tightly regulated. Cellular levels of HNE in the eye appear to be regulated by several biotransformation pathways, with the level of HNE metabolizing capacity varying depending on the ocular tissue of interest. It has become increasingly clear that, in the eye, these pathways are essential to normal function and the prevention of several pathologies, all of which have HNE-related etiologies. It is likely t...
Brain stimulation and conscious experience: electrical stimulation of the cortical surface at a threshold current evokes sustained neuronal activity only after a prolonged latency.

Abstract Libet demonstrated that a substantial duration (>0.5–1.0 s) of direct electrical stimulation of the surface of a sensory cortex at a threshold or liminal current is required before a subject can experience a percept. Libet and his co-workers originally proposed that the result could be due either to spatial and temporal facilitation of the underlying neurons or additionally to a prolonged central processing time. However, over the next four decades, Libet chose to attribute the prolonged latency for evoking conscious experience to a prolonged central processing time. In my view, Libet has not provided any convincing evidence, either on the basis of his own past work or in his critique of my paper, for his hypothesis of a central processing time exceeding 0.5 s before conscious experience emerges following direct electrical threshold stimulation of the cortical surface. I stand by my original results and conclusion that such prolonged latencies are largely the consequence of a dynamically increasing cortical facilitatory process that begins hundreds of milliseconds before there is a sustained neuronal activation. In some cases, the facilitatory process must overcome an initial stimulus-induced inhibition before neuronal firing commences.
Systematics of Crumomyia Macquart and Alloborborus Duda (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)

. The phylogenetic relationships of two sphaerocerid genera, Alloborborus Duda (1923) and Crumomyia Macquart (1835), are analysed, and their taxonomic status within the tribe Copromyzini (=Copromyza Fallen s.lat.) is clarified. Accepted here are a monotypic Alloborborus, which includes A.pallifrons (FalleAn) from northern and central Europe, and twenty-six species of the Holarctic Crumomyia. Within Crumomyia, five species-groups are recognized: pedestris group: pedestris (Meigen); annulus group: immensa (Spuler), maculipennis (Spuler), annulus (Walker), nipponica (Richards), pruinosa (Richards); notabilis group: glabifrons (Meigen), glacialis (Meigen), absoloni (Bezzi), notabilis (Collin), rohaceki sp.n., zuskai (Rohacek); nitida group: nitida (Meigen); setitibialis group: setitibialis (Spuler), pilosa sp.n., nigra (Meigen), parentela (Seguy), deemingi (Hackman), pollinodorsata (Papp), subaptera (Malloch), gelida (Hackman), fimetaria (Meigen), roserii (Rondani); unplaced species: hentscheli (Duda), hungarica (Duda), promethei (Nartshuk). Apterina Macquart, Fungobia Lioy and Speomyia Bezzi are synonymized with Crumomyia, and the following nominal species are synonymized: tuxeni Collin with nigra, freyi Hackman with setitibialis, and annulipes Duda with annulus. C. pruinosa is considered distinct from annulus, and Copromyza subaptera is placed in Crumomyia. The identity of C.glacialis, the type species of Crumomyia, is clarified, and lectotypes are designated for five nominal species: rufoannulata Duda, annulipes, annulus, flavipennis Haliday and pallifrons. The cladistic relationships of the species of Crumomyia and Alloborborus are established and their phylogeny and biogeography are discussed. Keys to the species of Crumomyia and to the Holarctic genera of the Copromyzinae are provided.
Phage T4 SOC and HOC display of biologically active, full-length proteins on the viral capsid

The T4 phage capsid accessory protein genes soc and hoc have recently been developed for display of peptides and protein domains at high copy number (Ren et al., 1996. Protein Science 5, 1833-1843; Ren et al., 1997. Gene 195, 303-311). That biologically active and full-length foreign proteins can be displayed by fusion to SOC and HOC on the T4 capsid is demonstrated in this report. A 271-residue heavy and light chain fused IgG anti-EWL (egg white lysozyme) antibody was displayed in active form attached to the COOH-terminus of the SOC capsid protein, as demonstrated by lysozyme-agarose affinity chromatography (>100-fold increase in specific titer). HOC with NH2-terminal fused HIV-I CD4 receptor of 183 amino acids can be detected on the T4 outer capsid surface with human CD4 domain 1 and 2 monoclonal antibodies. The number of molecules of each protein (10-40) bound per phage and their activity suggest that proteins can fold to native conformation and be displayed by HOC and SOC to allow binding and protein-protein interactions on the capsid.
Solution phase combinatorial chemistry. Discovery of 13- and 15-membered polyazapyridinocyclophane libraries with antibacterial activity

Abstract A solution phase simultaneous addition of functionalities (SPSAF) combinatorial approach was utilized to synthesize 40 polyazacyclophane libraries (total complexity of 4275). Eighteen different functionality sets, utilizing 42 functionalities, were designed to disrupt RNA-protein interactions. Guanidine functionality sets with a greater potential to form positive charges provided the most active libraries. Differences in antibacterial activity are clearly related to different ring sizes with the more rigid 13-membered scaffold affording more active libraries compared with libraries from the 15-membered scaffold. Molecular modeling established a significant difference in the shapes of 13- and 15-membered pyridinophanes. Several libraries exhibited potent antibacterial activity.
Novel portable system for neonatal brain imaging

The possibility that a highly portable, fast, safe and affordable imaging system could obtain interpretable images of brain function in full- and pre-term neonates in a few seconds, has been explored in this paper. We have used a uniquely sensitive optical tomography system, termed phased array, which has revealed significant functional responses, particularly to parietal stimulation in normal and pathological states of neonate brain. This two-wavelength, frequency encoded phased array system can indicate the blood concentration and oxygenation change during the parietal brain activation in neonates. The preliminary clinical results are presented in this paper.
The reactivity of selected acrylate esters toward glutathione and deoxyribonucleosides in vitro: structure-activity relationships

Acrylate esters are alpha,beta-unsaturated esters used as plastic monomers whose toxicity may involve reaction with tissue nucleophiles via Michael addition. Structure-activity relationships for reactivity of selected esters with glutathione (GSH) and deoxyribonucleosides were investigated in the present studies. The esters investigated were methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate, tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate. To compare their reactivities toward GSH, esters were incubated for up to 1 hr at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4 with either GSH or red blood cells in phosphate-buffered saline followed by measurement of free thiol. In both systems acrylate electrophilic reactivity decreased with alpha-methyl substitution; however, the decrease in electrophilic reactivity was more evident in the cell-free system than in the red blood cell model. Increased alcohol chain length moderately affected the apparent second-order rate constant for the spontaneous reaction of acrylate esters with GSH, but did not affect potency relative to cellular GSH depletion. The apparent second-order rate constants of bifunctional esters are more than twice the rate constants of the much smaller monofunctional esters. Ethyl acrylate, a reactive acrylate ester based upon glutathione alkylation, has been designated a class 2B (suspect human) carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. To detect possible DNA alkylation by acrylate esters in vitro, ethyl acrylate was incubated with deoxyribonucleosides for up to 24 hr at pH 6.7 or 7.4 and 37 degrees C or up to 8 hr and 50 degrees C. HPLC analysis revealed no detectable adduct formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Scope of Stereoselective Mn-Mediated Radical Addition to Chiral Hydrazones and Application in a Formal Synthesis of Quinine

Stereocontrolled Mn-mediated addition of alkyl iodides to chiral N-acylhydrazones enables strategic C–C bond constructions at the stereogenic centers of chiral amines. Applying this strategy to quinine suggested complementary synthetic approaches to construct C–C bonds attached at the nitrogen-bearing stereogenic center using multifunctional alkyl iodides 6a–d as radical precursors, or using multifunctional chiral N-acylhydrazones 26a–d as radical acceptors. These were included among Mn-mediated radical additions of various alkyl iodides to a range of chiral N-acylhydrazone radical acceptors, leading to the discovery that pyridine and alkene functionalities are incompatible. In a revised strategy, these functionalities are avoided during the Mn-mediated radical addition of 6d to chiral N-acylhydrazone 22b, which generated a key C–C bond with complete stereochemical control at the chiral amine carbon of quinine. Subsequent elaboration included two sequential cyclizations to complete the azabicyclo[2.2.2]oc...
What is the Symmetry of the High-Tc Order Parameter?

In recent years, there has been a raging controversy regarding the orbital symmetry of the superconducting order parameter (OP) in the high temperature superconductors. Many experiments were interpreted in terms of a dx2-y2-wave OP, but many others were interpreted in terms of a more conventional s-wave OP. We review the problems of both intrinsic and extrinsic natures with the phase-sensitive experiments on YBCO. We further show that the photoemission experiments of the purported superconducting gap in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ are entirely consistent with charge- and/or spin-density wave formation in that material. The presence of such density waves greatly complicates the analysis of most experiments. Hence, we conclude that the orbital symmetry of the superconducting OP is still unknown in any of the high temperature superconductors.
Theory of the screened Coulomb field generated by impurity ions in semiconductors

This theory examines the effect of the screened Coulomb field generated by impurity ions on various semiconductor phenomena. The exact equation for the screening length, which is derived for semiconductors, is a function of temperature, doping density and intrinsic carrier density. In silicon the screening length varies from a fraction of a nanometer to thousands of nanometers depending on the temperature and the doping density. The overlap of these impurity fields causes both crystal potential shift and repulsion among impurity ions. The repulsion among the impurity ions gives rise to a pressure build-up, which is attributed to such phenomena as solid solubility and diffusion-induced defect generation. The experimental solubilities of lithium in germanium, and boron, phosphorus, and arsenic in silicon are compared with the theoretical values. Also, the optically enhanced solubility during rapid thermal processing is explained.
Corematal function in Utetheisa ornatrix: interpretation in the light of data from field-collected males

Males of the moth Utetheisa ornatrix produce a pheromone, hydroxydanaidal, contained in two brush-like organs, the coremata, which they evert during courtship. Hydroxydanaidal is derived chemically by the males from pyrrolizidine alkaloids that they sequester from their larval food plants. It had been shown previously that the amount of hydroxydanaidal in the coremata correlates positively with a number of male parameters that are a measure of the male’s “worth.” Hydroxydanaidal could thus be used by the female as a basis for discrimination in courtship. Experiments carried out with virgin Utetheisa had shown that females do indeed mate selectively with males of high corematal hydroxydanaidal content, thereby accruing the multiple benefits that are the consequence of such selectivity. Unresolved was the question whether corematal hydroxydanaidal could still provide a basis for female appraisal of suitors when these had previously mated. Given the proven promiscuity of the female, male Utetheisa could be expected to be promiscuous as well. Evidence we present here shows that field-collected males, which could be expected to be mostly non-virginal, are of reduced acceptability to females. They are also, on average, in possession of lower quantities of hydroxydanaidal, explaining possibly why they should be held in lesser regard. At low levels, however, hydroxydanaidal does not lend itself for precise assessment of male worth, because as we show herein, at such levels, the compound does not correlate with any of the criteria of male quality (male size, spermatophore mass, male pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, amount of pyrrolizidine alkaloid transmitted to the female). Males that have mated beforehand are therefore likely not to be classed into subcategories by the females, but simply as belonging to one category of “less desirables”. The significance of these findings to our understanding of the mating strategy of Utetheisa is discussed.
The natural ovalbumin gene contains seven intervening sequences

EcoRI fragments of the natural ovalbumin gene were cloned and studied by hybridisation with mature ovalbumin mRNA, electron microscopy, restriction enzyme mapping and limited sequence analysis. The structural gene sequences coding for ovalbumin were found to be separated into eight sequentially orientated pieces by seven intervening sequences of various lengths.
Homogeneous nucleation of ethanol and n‐propanol in a shock tube

Condensation of homogeneous nucleation of ethanol and n‐propanol is studied in the expansion of a shock tube. For ethanol, the existing range of results is extended and for n‐propanol the first shock tube data are given. The results are compared with previous data obtained by different experimental methods. (AIP)
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and diabetes-induced vascular disease

Background: Studying diabetes and obesity is a priority for Qatar and for the entire world. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the FGF superfamily that has important endocrine functions in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Elevated plasma levels of FGF21 are seen in humans with type 2 diabetes and mouse models where FGF21-resistance is associated with a reduced response to the blood glucose and insulin sensitizing actions of FGF21. There is, however, a lack of data on the effects of FGF21 on the vasculature. The objective of this study is to determine whether FGF21 and/ or the FGFR1 receptor is present in endothelial cells and to determine whether FGF21 protects endothelial cells against hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and uncoupling of eNOS. Methodology: RT-PCR and Western Blot techniques were used to determine the presence of FGF21/FGFR1 mRNA and protein in mouse microvascular endothelial (MMEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cell cultures. Endothelial cell cultures were treated with FGF21 to investigate the physiologic role of FGF21 in vascular tissue and to determine whether FGF21 protects the endothelial cell against glucose-induced toxicity. Western blot techniques and the dimeric/monomeric ratio were used to determine eNOS uncoupling. CM-H2DCFDA, an indicator for superoxide, was used to assess oxidative stress. Results:
Endometrial findings in asymptomatic postmenopausal women on exogenous estrogens—A preliminary report

Abstract Multiple retrospective studies have been done implicating estrogen replacement therapy as a factor in the increasing rise of endometrial cancer. This prospective study consisted of 94 asymptomatic postmenopausal females on exogenous estrogen. Duration of therapy ranged from 1 through 5 and greater than 5 years. All these patients were subjected to endometrial biopsies. We encountered a total of 71 negative biopsies (75.5%) and 23 positive biopsies (24.4%) ranging from cystic hyperplasia, through frank adenocarcinoma. All positive biopsies underwent formal diagnostic curettage. Histologic findings on the dilation and curettage specimens correlated with the original biopsy findings. All histologic slides were reviewed by an independent pathologist without knowledge of history or previous grading. Risk factors in the Positive biopsy group were present in only 17%. Therefore, it is not possible to predict the patient on estrogen who is at a higher risk for developing future hyperplasia, and in order to avoid missing early precursor lesions in endometrial carcinoma all patients must be biopsied. Significant cancer precursor lesions did not appear until after the patients had been on at least 3 years duration of unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. We conclude that postmenopausal patients on estrogen therapy at high risk can not be identified by risk factors alone, and as a minimum their endometrial status should be evaluated at least every 3 years.
Ancient isotopic characteristics of Neogene potassic magmatism in Western New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Indonesia)

Abstract In the Central Ranges of western New Guinea a suite of 3–7 Ma collision-related magmatic rocks were emplaced in, or erupted through, an orogenic belt associated with the partial subduction of the northern continental margin of Australia beneath a south-facing oceanic island arc. Intermediate calc-alkaline to low-K shoshonitic rocks are most common throughout this belt, although other, less common, associations include lamprophyric, high-K shoshonitic and syenitic rocks. This suite of collision-related magmatic rocks is characterized by unradiogenic Nd (eNd=−3.4 to −22.0) and relatively radiogenic Sr ( 87 Sr / 86 Sr =0.70578 to 0.71355) isotopic compositions. Pb isotopic compositions of these rocks are quite variable, with 206 Pb / 204 Pb varying between 17.268 and 19.025, 207 Pb / 204 Pb between 15.515 and 15.789, and 208 Pb / 204 Pb between 37.952 and 40.071. The isotopic characteristics of these rocks are unique among Neogene magmatic rocks from New Guinea and its immediate environs; only Neogene lamproites and kimberlites from Western Australia share some of the isotopic characteristics observed in this suite of igneous rocks. The development of this range of isotopic characteristics is modeled to reflect interaction between at least three components. Parental magmas to this suite are believed to have isotopic compositions reflecting mixing between melts derived from a depleted mantle source with 2–3% melt derived from an ancient, enriched mantle reservoir. This ancient, enriched reservoir is interpreted to reside within the continental lithospheric mantle and is similar to the source of lamproites and kimberlites in Western Australia. Subsequent evolution of these magmatic systems involved interaction with a reservoir characterized by unradiogenic Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. This reservoir is interpreted to be comprised of either Proterozoic or Archean lower crustal material. Assimilation–fractional crystallization models indicate that the amount of assimilation necessary to achieve the observed isotopic compositions to be between approximately 10 and 17% (if an Archean assimilant is assumed) or 35 and 75% (if a Proterozoic assimilant is assumed). The incorporation of Precambrian materials in at least one of these magmatic centers has been confirmed through the presence of inherited cores in zircons having 207 Pb / 206 Pb ages of 1295–1773 Ma.
Fast permuting on disk arrays

Abstract We present fast algorithms to accomplish common classes of permutations on parallel disk systems. Vitter and Shriver introduced a parallel I/O model and proved an asymptotically tight bound on the number of parallel I/Os needed to perform a general permutation. They demonstrated, however, that at least one type of permutation-matrix transpose-can be performed with fewer parallel I/Os than the lower bound for general permutations. This paper generalizes the Vitter-Shriver matrix-transpose result, showing that other classes of permutations can be performed with fewer parallel I/Os than the general permutation bound in many cases. We show how to perform bit-permute/complement (BPC) permutations, a class including matrix transpose and many other common permutations, with fewer parallel I/Os than general permutations. We also present a fast algorithm to perform bit-matrix-multiply/complement (BMMC) permutations. The algorithms for these permutations are built from restricted classes of permutations that we define, each requiring only one pass over the data. All the permutation algorithms presented in this paper are deterministic and are easily performed on-line.
Confined to bed: illness, narrative, and female authority in Charlotte Temple.

Susanna Rowson’s early American bestseller, Charlotte Temple , has typically been read as a story of seduction and abandonment. Not only is the title character abandoned but also the revolutionary ideals of female equality that were ultimately rejected in the formation of the new republic. This essay, however, focuses primarily on the power that other female characters wield through narrative mastery. It locates female narrative power within the social space of the bed—a place where sex, reproduction, reading, writing, and illness converge. Charlotte Temple redefines female authority and authorship by figuring the domestic space of the bed as narrative space—a theater for action—juxtaposed with the street, where the threat of female narrative power is represented as contagion. This essay reads Charlotte Temple as a proto-feminist education in narrative strategies that both resists and reinforces perceptions of female narrative as contagious.
The Function of the School in Social Homeostasis

L'organisation sur une tres vaste echelle d'un systeme d'education public obli-gatoire est un phenomene relativement recent; plusieurs societes s'en sont passe. On pent s'interroger alors sur les fonctions de l'ecole dans la societe moderne. La plupart du temps on emet l'idee que l'ecole prepare l'individu a interioriser les niveaux d'abilite et de competence exiges par une societe moderne complexe industrialisee. L'ecole sert egalement a niveler les chances de reussite et de progres des individus. Cet article affirme que les ecoles ne remplissent aucune de ces fonctions pour justifier leur existence. Elles remplissent plutot une fonc-tion instrumentale reliee a l'insertion des adolescents dans la societe. Les adolescents de classe moyenne et bourgeoise ne peuvent integrer la societe globale tant et aussi longtemps qu'ils n'ont pas appris a respecter les normes de con-duite de l'homme moyen. A l'inverse, les jeunes de la classe ouvriere sont con-sentants a. reconnaitre ce respect pour leurs coutumes comme etant une egalite sur le plan des chances economiques. Compulsory public education on a massive scale is a relatively recent phenomenon; many societies have existed without it. This raises the question of what functions are performed by the schools in modern society. It is usually argued that they produce the requisite levels of skill and competence required by a modern, complex, industrialized society and that they serve to equalize opportunity for achievement and advancement on the part of everyone. This paper contends that schools do not perform either of these functions as the primary reasons for their existence. Rather they serve an escrow function in relation to the young in society, the condition being that middle-to-upper status youth not be released into society until they have learned to defer to “common-man” norms of behaviour; while working-class youth, reciprocally, tacitly agrees to accept this deference to their folkways in lieu of equal economic opportunity.
The use of topical anesthesia in removal of port-wine stains in children

The control of pain associated with laser treatment of port-wine stains in children has been problematic. Using EMLA, a topical anesthetic, children can be treated with a significant reduction in laser-induced pain. In this prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of EMLA, 73 children (35 boys and 38 girls) ranging in age from 5 to 16 years with port-wine stains were treated. EMLA reduced mean pain scores 66% when compared with control subjects ( p p p
Microprocessor Input/Output Architecture

There are at least as many different microprocessor input/output organizations, circuit configurations, and device types as there are microprocessor families and manufacturers. Due to the diversity of competing approaches and devices, their similarities and differences are not always evident. The fact that each manufacturer describes his approaches and devices differently, and the relative scarcity of formal text material on microprocessors, do not make the situation any better. In this short space there is no hope of comprehensively surveying all available approaches and devices (nor would I want to, even if space were available!). On the other hand, I can present an overview of basic microprocessor I/O organization and typical circuit configurations and devices. Using these concepts as a basis, one may be able to make comparisons between current and future approaches available commercially.
The Inter-Domain Model of Career Assessment and Counseling

In this article the author presents a summary of the Inter-Domain Model applied to career assessment and counseling (Lowman, 1991), which formally encompasses three major categories of variables: occupational interests, abilities, and personality characteristics. The requirements of a theory of career assessment are reviewed and the major components of the Inter-Domain model discussed.
The elastic behaviour of multi-stiffened plates under uniform compression

Abstract The paper investigates the elastic behaviour of multi-stiffened plates under uniform compression. An energy formulation is first presented, in which the structure is idealized as assembled plate and beam elements and rigidity connected at their junctions. The strain energy components for the plate and the stiffener elements are then derived in terms of the out and in-plane displacement functions. Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) technique is then used to determine the critical buckling load for given plate% stiffener geometric properties. Results are then presented showing the transition from the overall to local mode by increasing the stiffener depth for various concentric and eccentric stiffening configurations. Finally, a design example is presented to compare the efficiency of various stiffening configurations.
Macromedia flash in physics education aspire's interactive online labs and lessons

Flash provides the ASPIRE team a means to create interactive virtual learning environments, where teachers and students can explore places and things previously limited by the classroom or simply by time constraints. Flash can become an immersive world for online science education. Producing curriculum support material in Flash provides many benefits for teachers and students.Teachers are provided with an affordable tool, which aligns to local and national curriculum standards. This material provides a rich classroom experience at little cost to the educator, while also satisfying the curriculum goals. Students can participate in an engaging learning experience, where science becomes an experience beyond a textbook lesson or a classroom lab. Situations are presented that would be either difficult to reproduce due to cost or scale. For example, students can investigate the causes of tides in the ASPIRE Flash activity "Gravity and Tides."Flash, the software available for authoring these activities, can produce a mathematically correct, physically based model that students can observe and investigate. These lessons provide a high-quality experience; meanwhile, the cost and speed of production of these activities continue to decrease.
Superconducting magnetic sensors for mine detection and classification

Sensors incorporating Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) provide the greatest sensitivity for magnetic anomaly detection available with current technology. During the 1980's, the Naval Surface Warfare Center Coastal Systems Station (CSS) developed a superconducting magnetic sensor capable of operation outside of the laboratory environment. This sensor demonstrated rugged, reliable performance even onboard undersea towed platforms. With this sensor, the CSS was able to demonstrate buried mine detection for the US Navy. Subsequently the sensor was incorporated into a multisensor suite onboard an underwater towed vehicle to provide a robust mine hunting capability for the Magnetic and Acoustic Detection of Mines (MADOM) project. This sensor technology utilized niobium superconducting componentry cooled by liquid helium to temperatures on the order of 4 degrees Kelvin (K). In the late 1980's a new class of superconductors was discovered with critical temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77K). This advance has opened up new opportunities, especially for mine reconnaissance and hunting from small unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). This paper describes the magnetic sensor detection and classification concept developed for MADOM. In addition, opportunities for UUV operations made possible with high Tc technology and the Navy's current efforts in this area will be addressed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A physical map of the genome of temperate phage ø3t

Abstract A physical map of the genome of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage o3T was constructed by ordering the fragments produced by cleavage of o3T DNA with restriction endonucleases AvaII (2 fragments), BglI (2 fragments), SmaI (3 fragments), BamHI (6 fragments), SalI (7 fragments), AvaI (7 fragments), SacI (12 fragments), PstI (14 fragments), and BglII (26 fragments). Two techniques were used to order the fragments: (1) Sets of previously ordered restriction fragments were isolated and redigested with the endonuclease whose cleavage sites were to be mapped. (2) Fragments located near the ends of the genome or near the ends of other restriction fragments were ordered by treating the DNA with λ exonuclease prior to restriction endonuclease cleavage. The susceptibility of o3T DNA to 15 other restriction endonucleases is also reported.
Stimulating information technology education among underrepresented minorities

The focus of this paper is the information technology higher education pipeline, and why so few male and female African American and Latino/a students are studying computer science at the college level. We specifically have researched the experiences, opportunities, attitudes and aspirations with respect to mathematics, science, computer science and information technology of underrepresented students in the federally funded Upward Bound and Math/Science Upward Bound programs. Besides comparing the experiences afforded students by the Upward Bound, we compared these experiences and opportunities with those of students in non-Upward Bound programs and recently matriculated college freshmen. Our three-part research model is synthesized from the pipeline concept, social cognition theory, and the status attainment model.Through a variety of qualitative (focus group and individual interviews) and quantitative (sample survey) methodologies, we have studied the educational and vocational aspirations of college-bound African American and Latino/a high school students as they relate to computer science and information technology college majors and, ultimately, to postgraduate careers.For comparison purposes, we have gained access to the UCLA Cooperative Institutional Research Program freshman survey. Since the majority of our survey respondents are juniors and seniors in high schools, we think that recently entered college freshmen are similar to upper classmen high school students.
Multiobjective optimization for sustainable groundwater management in semiarid regions

Increasing demands for water by competing users in semiarid regions pose new challenges for water resources managers. Decision makers must understand the interactions between surface water, groundwater, and the environmental system. Additionally, the decisions made with regard to water transfer and allocation must take into consideration the diverse objectives that include water supply, cost efficiency, and ecosystem protection. The work presented herein demonstrates the use of groundwater simulation and optimization to construct a decision support system (DSS) for solving a groundwater management problem associated with the Upper San Pedro River Basin, located in southeastern Arizona. The case is treated as a multiobjective optimization problem in which environmental objectives are explicitly considered by minimizing the magnitude and extent of drawdown within a prespecified region. The approach adopted uses the constraint method to derive the tradeoffs among three competing objectives. Once the proposed algorithm identifies a set of efficient solutions (alternatives), concepts borrowed from fuzzy set theory are applied to rank the alternatives and to assist decision makers in selecting a suitable policy among them, each of which is optimum with regard to its goal and the corresponding consequences.
Oxalate reduces calcium availability in the pads of the prickly pear cactus through formation of calcium oxalate crystals

The pads (nopales) of the prickly pear cactus are considered to be a good source of minerals and other nutrients on the basis of compositional analysis. In this study, this analysis is taken a step further by assessing the availability of selected minerals in nopales using an in vitro digestion and dialysis method. The results obtained suggest that although nopales are enriched in a number of minerals, their tissue calcium is not freely available. Microscopic analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and oxalate measurements suggest that this reduction in available calcium is a result of its sequestration in the form of calcium oxalate crystals. The issue of mineral availability in plant foods is important when the dependence of many populations around the world on plant foods as their main source of minerals and other nutrients is considered.
Narratives of suffering among older Jewish women

Abstract This paper analyzes what 30 elderly Jewish women said about suffering. Their views must be understood in the larger context of Jewish culture in America. A fundamental question here concerns the degree to which the Holocaust, the ultimate in suffering for Jews, is used as a personal comparison for the suffering of these women. Relatively few mentioned the Holocaust in their personal narrative of suffering. Nevertheless, the Holocaust was always a silent presence in these narratives. Our data analysis found seven themes in the in the interview material about suffering. These are: (1) a general lack of direct reference to the Holocaust as the exemplar of personal suffering; (2) a focus on the need to survive; (3) the pervasiveness of disease-related pain and discomfort; (4); miserable life experiences; (5) reviewing life and encountering the end of life; (6) discrimination; and (7) suffering as a cultural construct. Most people experience suffering at some point in their lives. Some may outlive their suffering, but most never forget it. While suffering at any one time may be intense, some people may grow away from this experience, particularly when their minds are set on other things. Narratives of suffering can become important personal testimonies and, for Jews, collective testimony. Accessing narratives of suffering through interviewing or conversation brings such experiences to the surface, painful as they might be. Yet each retelling of such a story represents a victory of sorts, as the teller says, “I am still here.” In this paper we examine narratives of suffering among 30 elderly American Jewish women age 80 and above. Nearly all were born in the United States, but were the first or second generation to be born here. While the emphasis on Americanism and becoming an American was quite strong among these immigrant generations and their children, a symbolic connection to the old country was still maintained through cultural praxis.
Effects of Swelling Conditions on the Compressive Properties of Nucleus Pulposus From Bovine Intervertebral Discs

The intervertebral disc provides flexibility and load support for the spine. It consists of two main regions; the outer annulus fibrosus which is a highly organized collagen matrix and the inner nucleus pulposus which (in a healthy disc) is a proteoglycan rich gelatinous material. The predominant mode of loading on the intervertebral disc is axial compression, which generates hydrostatic pressures within the disc. The high water content of the nucleus plays a major role in supporting these loads. With age and degeneration, the water content of the nucleus changes, and is believed to significantly impact its ability to bear load. The purpose of this study therefore, was to define the effects of swelling conditions (which affect disc hydration) on the material properties of the disc under compressive loading.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Ambivalent childbearing motivations: predicting condom use by urban, African-American, female youth.

Abstract Study Objective To describe a model of how interactions between positive and negative childbearing motivations affect the use of condoms for contraceptive purposes and test hypotheses based on that model. Design Psychological and behavioral data were collected during a study that sampled randomly selected census block groups. Setting Respondents were household residents of Baltimore City, Maryland, between 2004 and 2007. Participants English-speaking, sexually active African-American women between the ages of 15 and 24 who had completed a reliable and valid measure of both positive and negative childbearing motivations. Main Outcome Measures Regularity of condom use during the past 90 days and contraceptive method at last sex. Results The results of regression analyses with the total sample confirm that antinatal childbearing motivations predicted more regular condom use and that ambivalent, pronatal, and indifferent childbearing motivations acting together each predicted less regular condom use. The results with a subgroup using condom and not hormonal contraception confirmed that ambivalent childbearing motivation alone predicted less regular condom use. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate how positive and negative childbearing motivations interact to create a dynamic effect on contraceptive behavior that transcends the effect of either positive or negative motivation acting alone. We conclude that the dynamics of these motivational interactions have important implications for further research on contraceptive decision-making, for augmenting the understanding of caretakers and providers, and for the formation of new policies that focus on the prevention of unplanned pregnancy among youth.
LYSOSOMAL PHYSIOLOGY IN TETRAHYMENA : III. Pharmacological Studies on Acid Hydrolase Release and the Ingestion and Egestion of Dimethylbenzanthracene Particles

The ingestion of 14C-labeled 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene particles, the extracellular release of acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, and α-glucosidase, and the egestion of preingested dimethylbenzanthracene particles by Tetrahymena taken from logarithmically growing cultures and resuspended in a dilute salt solution were followed in the presence of several pharmacologic agents. Serotonin, caffeine, and, to a lesser extent, dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased the rate of particle ingestion, but did not alter the rate of release of the three acid hydrolases studied. Added catecholamines did not affect either particle ingestion or acid hydrolase release, but particle ingestion was inhibited by the catecholamine antagonists, dichloroisoproterenol, desmethylimipramine, reserpine, and phenoxybenzamine. These drugs also increased the release of acid phosphatase and ribonuclease in 5-h incubations. Desmethylimipramine acted within 1 h to increase acid hydrolase release, but the effect of dichloroisoproterenol developed more slowly and was secondary to a change in cellular content of the hydrolases. Desmethylimipramine increased the energy of activation for the release of acid phosphatase, while dichloroisoproterenol did not. Both of these drugs enhanced the egestion of preingested dimethylbenzanthracene particles, supporting the view that acid hydrolase release occurs through a cytoproct egestion mechanism. Particle ingestion was also inhibited by colchicine, vinblastine, and cytochalasin B, but these agents had no effect on acid hydrolase release, thus further differentiating the properties of the ingestion mechanism from those of the egestion mechanism. It appears that both microtubules and microfilaments play a role in the ingestion process and that this process may be controlled in part by a cyclic AMP-mediated serotoninergic and adrenergic system.
THE CONJOINT PSYCHOTHERAPY OF MARRIAGE PARTNERS

After stating the premises about the marriage relationship, the strategic and practical goals of a conjoint treatment are described. Dynamics of transference-countertransference are conceptualized, and techniques of interpretation set forth. The advantages of having primary data about the marriage, speed in dealing with critical issues, economy of therapist's time and patient's resources, and the therapeutic leverage afforded by the method provide exciting challenges to psychotherapeutic theory and methodology. Definitive indications and contraindications for its use may not yet be stated.