cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing tree structures of dynamic systems with hidden nodes under nonlinear dynamics

The article tackles the problem of inferring information about the unknown structure of a network of dynamic systems under the assumption that the systems are connected according to a tree topology. In particular, the article introduces methodologies to address the presence of hidden (unmeasured) nodes in a scenario where only non-invasive observations are available. By non-invasive observations, it is meant that no known input signal is actively injected into the network. The whole system instead is assumed to be forced by unknown external excitations modeled as stochastic processes. No a priori assumption is made about the number and location of the hidden nodes. Current approaches are capable of consistently inferring the network structure from data, when the dynamics are linear and/or the measurements have a jointly Gaussian distribution. This work provides an approach that can also be applied to networks with nonlinear dynamics and non-Gaussian disturbances. Sufficient conditions are found under which a consistent reconstruction of the topology can be obtained.
A multifractal traffic generation method using wavelet and Volterra filtering

The paper proposes a method of generating the network traffic pattern needed in a stress test of a Web site. This method mainly consists of two stages. At the first stage, from a positive root signal modeled by an /spl alpha/-stable distribution, a network traffic pattern with multifractality and long-tail distribution is synthesized using a wavelet. At the second stage, the short-term distribution characteristic of the pattern generated at the first stage is adjusted using decomposition to low-frequency and high-frequency components by quadratic Volterra filtering and changing the ratios of the two components. Simulation results are shown for validation of the proposed method.
Collections as a Service: A Research Library’s Perspective

ACRL’s “2016 Top Trends in Academic Libraries” noted a “shift to the incorporation and integration of more continuous, ongoing, flexible, and sustainable review of collections,” and “an increasing need” to align collection development with “institutional research and curricular requirements.” This article describes these trends playing out at a top-ranked research library. Given the library’s long history of collecting print books, the article examines the monographic acquisitions program from multiple angles, including circulation, expenditures, approval plans, and e-book usage. There are also suggestions for additional metrics to evaluate collections as a service, as well as questions posed to frame an ongoing research and assessment agenda. The models described in this case study and the proposed research and assessment agenda can be adapted by other academic libraries, both to fit local institutional needs and as collection development and “collections as a service” are increasingly realized within interinstitutional collaborative networks.
Clearing Matching Markets Efficiently: Informative Signals and Match Recommendations

We study how to reduce congestion in two-sided matching markets with private preferences. We measure congestion by the number of bits of information that agents must (i) learn about their own prefe...
Mechanisms of Resistance in Trees to Defoliators

At least 10 mechanisms are known to be important in resistance of trees to insect defoliators: 1) Phonological asynchrony between host trees and insect herbivores; 2) Host tree tolerance of defoliation, which is linked to host tree vigor; 3) Host tree compensatory photosynthesis and growth in response to defoliation; 4) Toughness of leaves and needles; 5) Low nutritive quality of foliage; 6) Defensive compounds (or allelochemicals) in foliage; 7) Induced defenses in host trees; 8) Induced susceptibility in host trees; 9) Three-trophic-level interactions among the trees, their insect herbivores, and natural enemies of the herbivores (i.e., predators, parasites, pathogens); and 10) Host tree microbial mutualists such as mycorrhizae and fungal endophytes.
Low temperature dielectric properties of ammonium nitrate in terahertz regime

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a nondestructive method that has the ability to identify many hazardous materials by investigating their low frequency vibrational modes (0.1-6.0 THz). Ammonium nitrate (AN), often used in improvised explosives, exhibits featureless reflection/transmission spectrum at THz frequencies at room temperature. However, the low frequency vibrational modes exhibit strong temperature dependence below room temperature (<240k) due to the polymorphic phase transitions. In this work, we study the effective dielectric properties of AN embedded in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) host medium using terahertz time domain spectroscopy in the temperature ranging from 5K to 300K. The dielectric properties of pure AN were extracted using three different effective medium theories (EMT): (i) the simple effective medium approach, (ii) the Maxwell-Garnett (MG) model, and (iii) the Bruggeman (BR) model. The dielectric properties obtained from theoretical approximations agree well with the experimental values. We identified six lattice vibrational modes between 0.2-3.0 THz that are associated with the polymorphic phase transitions at low temperature.
Plasma-Ion Enhanced Optical Multilayer Thin-Film Coating for Consumer Electronics Products

In this study, the optical multilayer thin-film coatings, started from optical design, are successfully deposited on glass substrates. Thermal evaporation method is used to prepare optical multilayer thin-film coatings, such as band-pass filter, edge filter, anti-reflective coating, for key components of consumer electronics products. Electron beam gun evaporation with and without plasma-ion enhanced source during deposition are compared in our system. The coating products, deposited with plasma-ion enhanced source, have high packing density, high refractive index, good adhesion, in comparison to those of conventional thermal evaporation or electron beam gun evaporation without plasma-enhanced source in coating chamber. In addition, excellent environmental stability, impervious to humidity, good uniformity among the substrate, and low wavelength shift with temperature in coating layers, which are especially important for mass prodution, are sucessfully obtained in this study.
Changing Minds: How the Application of the Multiple Intelligences (MI) Framework Could Positively Contribute to the Theory and Practice of International Negotiation

On a bus trip in upstate New York, writer Nicholson Baker fantasized about how he might furnish his apartment. He thought about an imaginative way in which to seat people: He would purchase and install rows of yellow forklifts and orange backhoes throughout his apartment (A backhoe is an excavating machine in which a bucket is tied rigidly to a hinged stick and can be pulled toward the machine). Visitors could sit either on the kinds of buckets used in excavating backhoes or the slings hanging between the forks of the forklifts. Finding whole vision quite intriguing, he began to calculate how many forklifts the floor in his apartment would sustain. But when his thoughts turned again to this exotic form of furnishing some years later, Baker reflected, “I find that, without my knowledge, I have changed my mind. I no longer want to live in an apartment furnished with forklifts and backhoes.… Yet I did not experience during the intervening time a single uncertainty or pensive moment in regard to a backhoe” (p. 5, 1982). Baker uses this experience to ponder a topic that has come to engage my own curiosity: What happens when we change our minds? Baker suggests that seldom will a single argument change our minds about anything really interesting or important. And he attempts to characterize the kinds of significant mind changing that he seeks to understand: “I don’t want the story of the feared-but-loved teacher, the book that hit like a thunderclap, the years of severe study followed by a visionary background, the clench of repentance: I want each sequential change of mind in its true, knotted, clotted, viny multifariouness, with all of the color streams of intelligence still tapped on and flapping in the wind” (p. 9).
W.B. Yeats, Unity of Culture, and the Spiritual Telos of Ireland

In “Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man,” Husserl speaks of the need for “a theory of the essence of spirit as spirit, a theory that pursues what is unconditionally universal in the spiritual order with its own elements and its own laws.” Husserl’s contemporary W. B. Yeats (1865–1939) also had a life-long concern for identifying and nurturing in Irish culture and art those spiritual elements that were universal but, in his opinion, most noticeably present in Ireland. In this paper the author examines Yeats’s pursuit of a Unity of Being that would lead to Unity of Culture, focusing on poems and prose of the 1890s and 1920s. Critics disagree on the degree to which his later work still reflects the idealism and optimism of his work in the 1890s, when he began creating and promoting an art that would launch Ireland into an era of cultural excellence and political independence. The author argues that when examined from a phenomenological perspective, Yeats’s work from about 1917 on shows that neither his ideas nor his technique changed substantially, and that he continued to practice and advocate the openness to experience that would be required to advance toward personal, cultural, and political strength, toward an Irish telos that would emerge as generations passed.
Barriers in Nanomedicine: The Importance of Defined Chemistry and Engineering Approaches for Clinical Translation

The multidisciplinary research of nanomedicine unites the unique prospective of nanotechnology with biology and medicine. A myriad of technological advancements has been made over the past two decades demonstrating the high impending growth of this field for clinical translation. In tandem, the advancements in chemistry, molecular biology, and engineering have molded this field emphasizing the early detection and treatment of diseases at the molecular and cellular level. Myriads of nanomedicine platforms have been proposed and developed and tested in laboratories and in preclinical models. However, very few have been translated to clinical trials. It is, therefore, a critical issue to recognize the factors affecting their eventual application in human. Towards this aim, we critically review our present understanding of the biological and biophysical obstacles encountered by the nano-agents, which we hope will promote the development of nanotechnologies in terms of future translational and clinical applications.
Use of Absorbable Mesh in the Staged Repair of Contaminated Abdominal Wall Defects

Virtually every abdominal surgeon has faced the problem of closing a contaminated abdominal defect in which the fascia cannot be easily brought together primarily. Infected fascia may be inadequately debrided in the hope of leaving enough fascia for primary closure without tension, or, as observed by Stone et al, there may be an obsession with obtaining fascia-to-fascia approximation regardless of tension. Usually, however, the surgeon recognizes that closure of an extensively contaminated abdominal defect under tension virtually guarantees a return trip to the operating room to repair a fascial dehiscence. Whatever the circumstances, inadequate debridement of necrotic fascia, or fascia of questionable viability, is a violation of surgical principles.
Automated wind turbine wake characterization in complex terrain

Abstract. An automated wind turbine wake characterization algorithm has been developed and applied to a data set of over 19 000 scans measured by a ground-based scanning Doppler lidar at Perdigao, Portugal, over the period January to June 2017. Potential wake cases are identified by wind speed, direction and availability of a retrieved free-stream wind speed. The algorithm correctly identifies the wake centre position in 62 % of possible wake cases, with 46 % having a clear and well-defined wake centre surrounded by a coherent area of lower wind speeds while 16 % have split centres or multiple lobes where the lower wind speed volumes are no longer in coherent areas but present as two or more distinct areas or lobes. Only 5 % of cases are not detected; the remaining 33 % could not be categorized either by the algorithm or subjectively, mainly due to the complexity of the background flow. Average wake centre heights categorized by inflow wind speeds are shown to be initially lofted (to two rotor diameters, D , downstream) except when the inflow wind speeds exceed 12 ms −1 . Even under low wind speeds, by 3.5 D downstream of the wind turbine, the mean wake centre position is below the initial wind turbine hub height and descends broadly following the terrain slope. However, this behaviour is strongly linked to the hour of the day and atmospheric stability. Overnight and in stable conditions, the average height of the wake centre is 10 m higher than in unstable conditions at 2 D downstream from the wind turbine and 17 m higher at 4.5 D downstream.
The synthesis of novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization. 17. Thieno[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]naphtho-[2,1-f]quinoline and thieno[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]-naphtho[1,2-g]quinoline

The synthesis of two previously unknown novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization is described. The structural assignment of the isomeric ring systems, 4 and 5, was achieved by the total assignment of their 1H and 13C nmr spectra by the concerted usage of two-dimensional nmr methods.
Sodium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Dehydrohalogenations: Influence of Primary- and Secondary-Shell Solvation.

Eliminations of alkyl halides by sodium diisopropylamide (NaDA) in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/hexane or THF/N,N-dimethylethylamine (DMEA) solutions are facile and complementary to analogous reactions of...
Using machine learning to predict physics course outcomes

Machine learning techniques can accurately predict student course outcomes in introductory physics.
Mothering as a relational role: Re-evaluating everyday parenting occupations

ABSTRACTThe family focused literature within occupational science has viewed parenting as an individualistic and bidirectional approach to parent-child interactions. This conceptualization is not f...
The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of tau tubulin kinase 2 in complex with a small-molecule inhibitor

Tau proteins play an important role in the proper assembly and function of neurons. Hyperphosphorylation of tau by kinases such as tau tubulin kinase (TTBK) has been hypothesized to cause the aggregation of tau and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that lead to the destabilization of microtubules, thereby contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are two TTBK isoforms with highly homologous catalytic sites but with distinct tissue distributions, tau phosphoryl­ation patterns and loss-of-function effects. Inhibition of TTBK1 reduces the levels of NFT formation involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, whereas inhibition of TTBK2 may lead to the movement disorder spino­cerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11). Hence, it is critical to obtain isoform-selective inhibitors. Structure-based drug design (SBDD) has been used to design highly potent and exquisitely selective inhibitors. While structures of TTBK1 have been reported in the literature, TTBK2 has evaded structural characterization. Here, the first crystal structure of the TTBK2 kinase domain is described. Furthermore, the crystal structure of human TTBK2 in complex with a small-molecule inhibitor has successfully been determined to elucidate the structural differences in protein conformations between the two TTBK isoforms that could aid in SBDD for the design of inhibitors that selectively target TTBK1 over TTBK2.
Prevalence, Patterns, and Correlates of Pain in Medically Hospitalized Pediatric Patients With Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders.

Background Somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRDs) and pain are highly comorbid in the pediatric population. Little is known about the prevalence of pain and factors that may predispose and perpetuate pain in hospitalized youth with SSRD. Objective To describe the prevalence of pain and widespread pain symptoms in hospitalized youth with SSRD and describe differences between patients who endorsed limited (1–4 sites) versus widespread (5–8 sites) pain. Methods Retrospective chart reviews were conducted of pediatric patients with SSRD seen over a 32-month period at a tertiary pediatric hospital and assessed by the psychiatry consultation service. During admission, patients completed the Childhood Somatization Inventory, which assessed pain and other physical symptoms. Descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variances, Pearson's χ2, stepwise linear regressions, and internal consistency analyses were used. Results Of the 219 patients (aged 8–18 y), 97% reported pain symptoms, and of those reporting pain (n = 213), 48% reported widespread pain. Patients with widespread pain had greater rates of comorbid depression (P = 0.012), neglect (P = 0.016), family psychiatric history (P = 0.013), diagnostic tests/procedures (P = 0.012), and prescribed opioid use (P = 0.016), when other medical and demographic factors were considered. When compared dichotomously to youth with limited pain, there was no difference in prevalence of medical conditions; however, patients with widespread pain had higher rates of trauma and stressor-related disorders (P = 0.017), sexual abuse (P = 0.031), emotional abuse (P = 0.041), and prior child protective service involvement (P = 0.011). Conclusions Pain symptoms and widespread pain are common in medically hospitalized youth with SSRD, with unique psychiatric and psychosocial factors associated with widespread pain.
Detection of abnormal myocardial blood supply caused by myocardial bridge using myocardial perfusion imaging and CT coronary angiography

Objective To evaluate the cause of ischemia related to myocardial bridge (MB) by using SPECT/CT MPI and CTCA.Methods A total of 294 patients with chest pain,tightness or palpitation undergoing both CTCA and MPI were retrospectively enrolled in this study from March 2008 to March 2013.Among them,49 patients (26 males,23 females,age:32-85 (55.4± 16.6) years) had MB.Locations of MB and myocardial ischemia were recorded.Fused MPI/CTCA was analyzed.If there was no mural atherosclerotic plaque-related stenosis on CAG at the same location of coronary artery where ischemic myocardium was found,then MB was considered as the ischemic cause.Myocardial ischemia rates of different MB locations were compared by x2 test.Results Among 49 patients with MB,3 cases had MB in proximal segment of LAD,34 in mid LAD,4 in distal LAD,3 in septal branch,2 in distal LCX,1 in intermedius,and 2 in mid RCA.There were 41 cases with myocardial ischemia.Myocardial ischemia in 32 cases was caused by MB,including 23 caused by MB in mid LAD.The myocardial ischemia rates of the most common MB location (mid LAD,n =34) and other locations (n =15) were not significantly different (67.6％ (23/34) vs 60.0％ (9/15),x2 =0.27,P＞0.05).Conclusions MB is commonly found in the mid LAD.The myocardial ischemia rates caused by MB is not related the MB location.Hybrid MPI/CTCA could evaluate the sites of coronary MB and myocardial ischemia simultaneously and therefore may be useful to evaluate the relationship between MB and myocardial ischemia. Key words: Coronary disease; Tomography, emission-computed, single-photon; Tomogaphy, X-ray computed ; Coronary angiography ; MIBI
Reappraisal and Suppression Each Moderate the Association Between Stress and Suicidal Ideation: Preliminary Evidence From a Daily Diary Study

Stressful life events are a common antecedent of suicidal thoughts. However, not all stressful events lead to increased suicidal thinking, even among those who frequently have suicidal thoughts. In this study, we examined whether the ways that individuals regulate their emotions moderates the association between stressful events and suicidal thinking. Building on prior research we hypothesized that cognitive reappraisal is associated with a weaker relationship between stress and same-day suicidal thoughts, and that expressive suppression is associated with a stronger relationship between stress and suicidal thoughts. We used a daily diary method to collect self-reports of stressful events and suicidal thoughts over a 28-day period. At baseline, we assessed participants’ tendency to use cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Consistent with our first hypothesis, we found that at higher levels of reappraisal, there was a weaker relationship between stress and suicidal thoughts. Contrary to our second hypothesis, we found that at higher levels of expressive suppression there was also a weaker relationship between stress and suicidal thoughts. In contrast to laboratory-based findings suggesting that expressive suppression has negative psychological effects, these preliminary daily diary results suggest that expressive suppression could be an effective short-term emotion regulation strategy among individuals considering suicide.
Random anti-reflection subwavelength surface structures on deterministic illumination diffusers

Deterministic illumination diffractive-diffusers have non-periodic short and medium scale topography. Because of the quasi-randomized locations and vertical sidewalls at phase transition boundaries, over-coating diffractive diffusers with thin film antireflection layers perturbs their function, resulting in illumination performance deviations and nonuniformities. To mitigate these effects, we added anti-reflection random nano-structures (rARSS) on the surface of three different classes of fused-silica multi-phase diffractive diffusers, using reactive-ion plasma etching. The diffusers were measured before and after the random nanostructure addition, using a polarized-laser scatterometer with a dynamic range of nine orders-of-magnitude. The bi-directional scatter distribution function (BSDF) was measured over the entire equatorial plane of incidence, to analyze the directionality of scattered light, and the impact of the rARSS on the optical performance of the diffusers. An overall Fresnel reflectivity suppression was measured in the directional illumination patterns, as well as, across the entire 180° angle-sweep. The designed deterministic illumination distribution patterns and contrast were unaffected by the presence of the rARSS.
A proposal to leverage high-quality veterinary diagnostic laboratory large data streams for animal health, public health, and One Health.

Test data generated by ~60 accredited member laboratories of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) is of exceptional quality. These data are captured by 1 of 13 laboratory information management systems (LIMSs) developed specifically for veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs). Beginning ~2000, the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) developed an electronic messaging system for LIMS to automatically send standardized data streams for 14 select agents to a national repository. This messaging enables the U.S. Department of Agriculture to track and respond to high-consequence animal disease outbreaks such as highly pathogenic avian influenza. Because of the lack of standardized data collection in the LIMSs used at VDLs, there is, to date, no means of summarizing VDL large data streams for multi-state and national animal health studies or for providing near-real-time tracking for hundreds of other important animal diseases in the United States that are detected routinely by VDLs. Further, VDLs are the only state and federal resources that can provide early detection and identification of endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are estimated to be responsible for 2.5 billion cases of human illness and 2.7 million deaths worldwide every year. The economic and health impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is self-evident. We review here the history and progress of data management in VDLs and discuss ways of seizing unexplored opportunities to advance data leveraging to better serve animal health, public health, and One Health.
Conclusions and Future Works

In this book, we have proposed a set of algorithms/methodologies to resolve issues in modern design for manufacturability (DFM) problems with advanced lithography. The methodologies proposed are flexible that they can be easily extended to handle other emerging lithography challenges in layout design stages.
The Economics of Digital Twins

Digital twins provide a number of economic, health, social, and environmental benefits. Their value can be amplified by combining them with other technologies and tools.
Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A brief history, current trends, and future directions

Recent innovations in systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have occurred at a break-neck pace. In the 1980s, nontargeted cytokine-mediated immunotherapy was the systemic therapy of choice. Based on improvements in tolerability and patient outcomes, targeted antiangiogenic agents supplanted cytokines in the early 2000s. During the last decade, the most recent innovation has come in the form of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a form of immunotherapy that enhances immune-mediated tumor cell destruction. ICIs improve on all prior iterations of systemic therapies and have become the first-line therapy for many mRCC indications. ICIs have been shown to increase overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and complete response rate (CRR) in mRCC patients. We reviewed the recent trends associated with ICI management of mRCC, their immune-related adverse events, and cost implications.
Economic Realities in 2020 Populations: What Do They Portend for 2050? 2100?

Four principle factors will determine the economic status of the world population(s) during the coming decades of the twenty-first century: (1) global warming and climate changes it causes; (2) population growth in less developed and developing nations; (3) trade balances; and (4) threats to public health. As emphasized in preceding chapters, governments need the political will to invest now to protect their populations in the 2020 decade and those projected for future decades against social (e.g., water/food security), physical (e.g., natural and human-forced hazards), and health threats (e.g., epidemics, pandemics) that can play havoc with their economies if left to providence. Part of an investment would be well spent in education programs for both financially disadvantaged and advantaged populations on how their actions can affect their future economic status and hence that of their governments and by extension national and world economics. Investment in adaptations that can protect societal interests and businesses, hence employment, can benefit all peoples and increase the probability for future global economic stability and progress. What is a certainty is that the ‘now’ costs of adapting by enacting and enforcing programs as a ‘world government effort’ designed to slow and halt global warming will be greatly less than economic, social, and political costs of playing ‘adaptation catch up’ in the future.
The academic librarian’s role in fostering civic literacy and engagement

If librarians consider civic literacy the skills involved with understanding civil society, then civic engagement is the participatory outcome; students move beyond information analysis to particip...
Negative resistance region in double-gated silicon field emission arrays

Double-gated silicon field emission arrays (FEAs) are fabricated with the tip 400 nm below the extraction gate and 600 nm below the focus. The diameters of the gate and focus apertures are 0.4 /spl mu/m and 0.7 /spl mu/m respectively. For this structure, an abrupt drop in anode current is observed when the focus voltage V/sub f/ is less than 12 V. For the range of focus voltages 4 V 12 V, the balance between the emission and repulsive forces is such that there is a monotonic increase in anode current with V/sub G/ and shows no negative resistance region.
Increasing Content Knowledge and Self-Efficacy of High School Educators through an Online Course in Food Science

Purdue Univ.'s College of Agriculture developed an Advanced Life Sciences (ALS) program in partnership with several high schools across Indiana. As part of ALS, secondary educators take an introductory food science (FS) course (ALS-Foods) and teach it at their high school. High school students taking the ALS-Foods receive dual credit for an introductory course required for all FS majors at Purdue. The goal of this project was to develop an online course to improve content knowledge and self-efficacy of secondary educators in the field of FS. The course was offered over a 3-wk period and consisted of 3 learning modules focused on food chemistry, food microbiology, and food processing. Modules included class activities, videos, study questions, and teaching tools. Participants were assessed on content knowledge through written assignments, quizzes, and a final examination. Twenty secondary educators from several states were enrolled. Overall, content knowledge increased significantly (P 80%) of participants felt they had “no-confidence” to “little-confidence” in teaching FS concepts related to the 3 modules. Upon completing the course, the confidence level of all participants increased to “some-confidence” or “complete confidence.” By strengthening the knowledge level of secondary educators, they will be better prepared to teach FS and subsequently, more high school students could be exposed to FS and consider it as a career.
Transport of penetrants in the macromolecular structure of coals: 7. Transport in thin coal sections

Abstract The macromolecular network structure of the organic phase of coal was investigated by dynamic penetrant swelling using pyridine vapour in thin sections of coal. The effect of the macromolecular relaxation time and characteristic diffusion time on the phenomenological and mechanistic behaviour of pyridine uptake in coal was investigated by varying the coal sample thickness. The relative importance of the relaxational and diffusion processes in describing the transport kinetics for pyridine in coal was determined using a semiempirical, exponential expression which relates its exponent, termed the diffusion exponent, to the mechanism of penetrant transport. Penetrant studies with thin coal sections from the same coal coal sample but with different thicknesses show that within the range 150–1500 μm the transport mechanism of pyridine in the macromolecular coal network was purely relaxation-controlled.
The structure of values: Conceptions of the desirable

Abstract The study aim was to define currently discernible conceptions of the desirable. An inventory of personal value statements was constructed, administered to two large samples, and factor analyzed. Twelve first order and four higher-level dimensions were identified in both samples. An hypothesis that liberal-conservative attitudes were predictable to a high degree from the authoritarian value orientation was tested and confirmed. Each of the four higher level dimensions was interpretable as a specific ethic or organized set of rules that guide conduct. The four ethics or value dimensions were labeled Acceptance of Authority, Work Ethic, Humanistic Orientation, and Hedonistic Orientation.
Arrhythmias and Stokes-Adams Attacks in Acute Rheumatic Fever

In spite of general complacency about first-degree heart block in acute rheumatic fever, abnormal conduction with dysrhythmias, occasional complete heart block, and, rarely, Stokes-Adams attacks are important early signs of acute rheumatic fever and may precede other signs. Every person with episodic fainting is entitled to an ECG, and frequent ECGs are imperative in any case of rheumatic fever with signs of arrhythmias. Changing atrioventricular block necessitates continuous monitoring for dysrhythmias. A 13-year-old boy who appeared with Stokes-Adams attacks secondary to acute rheumatic fever was successfully treated by temporary pacing.
Contractile markers distinguish structures of the mouse aqueous drainage tract.

Purpose Structures of the aqueous humor drainage tract are contractile, although the tract is not entirely composed of muscle. We characterized the mouse aqueous drainage tract by immunolabeling contractile markers and determined whether profiling these markers within the tract distinguished its key structures of the trabecular meshwork (TM) and ciliary muscle (CM).
4‐Acetamido‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxyl

[14691-89-5] C11H21N2O2 (MW 213.30) InChI = 1S/C11H21N2O2/c1-8(14)12-9-6-10(2,3)13(15)11(4,5)7-9/h9H,6-7H2,1-5H3,(H,12,14) InChIKey = UXBLSWOMIHTQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent and catalyst for selective oxidation of alcohols2) Alternate Names: 4-acetamido-TEMPO; 4-acetylamino-TEMPO. Physical Data: mp 146–147 °C,2 147.5 °C.3 Solubility: nearly insol hexane, ether; sol ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, methylene chloride; slightly sol water, from which it can be recrystallized. Form Supplied in: red or pink solid, commercially available. Preparative Method: can be easily prepared in high yield from 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: completely stable and nonhygroscopic.
Slam Haplotypes Modulate the Response to Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo through Control of NKT Cell Number and Function

CD1d-restricted NKT cells make up an innate-like T cell subset that plays a role in amplifying the response of innate immune leukocytes to TLR ligands. The Slam locus contains genes that have been implicated in innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that divergent Slam locus haplotypes modulate the response of macrophages to the TLR4 ligand LPS through their control of NKT cell number and function. In response to LPS challenge in vivo, macrophage TNF production in Slam haplotype-2+ 129S1/SvImJ and 129X1/SvJ mice was significantly impaired in comparison with macrophage TNF production in Slam haplotype-1+ C57BL/6J mice. Although no cell-intrinsic differences in macrophage responses to LPS were observed between strains, 129 mice were found to be deficient in liver NKT cell number, in NKT cell cytokine production in response to the CD1d ligand α-galactosylceramide, and in NKT cell IFN-γ production after LPS challenge in vivo. Using B6.129c1 congenic mice and adoptive transfer, we found that divergent Slam haplotypes controlled the response to LPS in vivo, as well as the diminished NKT cell number and function, and that these phenotypes were associated with differential expression of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family receptors on NKT cells. These data suggest that the polymorphisms that distinguish two Slam haplotypes significantly modulate the innate immune response in vivo through their effect on NKT cells.
Detection of nascent polyproline II helices in solution by NMR in synthetic insect kinin neuropeptide mimics containing the X‐Pro‐Pro‐X motif

The conformations of three synthetic peptide analogs containing the dPro-dPro-dXaa motif (dXaa = dThr, dGlu, dAsn) in aqueous solution were studied by a combination of NMR and molecular modeling simulations. The three compounds were identified from a random D-amino acid tripeptide library on the basis of their ability to either mimic or block the diuretic activity of neuropeptides of the insect kinin family. TOCSY and ROESY correlations, as well as abnormal secondary chemical shifts for protons on the D-proline residues were employed to obtain conformational ensembles consistent with the experimental NMR data for the three analogs using an in vacuo simulated annealing protocol. Similar secondary structures were found for the three molecules after refinement, in agreement with the similarities observed between their NMR spectra. Unrestrained molecular dynamics simulations with explicit water representation indicate that the structural motifs found in vacuo are stable in aqueous solution. The three analogs can be considered initiators of right-handed poly D-proline II helices, mirror images of the poly L-proline II left-handed helical motifs normally found in proline-rich proteins. The role of these secondary folds on binding of the analogs to the kinin receptors is discussed.
The DOE/NREL Environmental Science and Health Effects Program - An Overview

This paper summarizes current work in the Environmental Science and Health Effects (ES and HE) Program being sponsored by DOE's Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies (OHVT) through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The program is regulatory-driven, and focuses on ozone, airborne particles, visibility and regional haze, air toxics, and health effects of air pollutants. The goal of the ES and HE Program is to understand atmospheric impacts and potential health effects that may be caused by the use of petroleum-based and alternative transportation fuels. Each project in the program is designed to address policy-relevant objectives. Studies in the ES and HE Program have four areas of focus: improving technology for emissions measurements; vehicle emissions measurements, emission inventory development/improvement; and ambient impacts, including health effects.
The effect of examination under anesthesia on staging accuracy in cervical cancer.

Abstract Four hundred and thirty-four previously untreated patients with invasive cervical carcinoma had the disease evaluated, staged, and treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from January, 1964, to July, 1971. Three hundred and twenty-six of these cases were initially staged in the clinic and later under anesthesia by the same examiner. There was a 85 per cent correlation between initial stage and stage under anesthesia in the 201 patients treated with irradiation. The remaining 125 patients were operated upon within 4 weeks of staging, and the surgical specimens were classified according to the Meigs-Brunschwig Surgical Pathologic Classification. The initial stage was then compared to the stage under anesthesia, the findings at operation, and the surgical pathologic classification. In the latter group, examination under anesthesia produced an increase in over-all staging accuracy from 54 to 74 per cent. These data indicate that examination under anesthesia is essential in the evaluation of all patients with cervical cancer.
A phase II trial of temozolomide for patients with recurrent or progressive brain metastases.

Background: Treatment options for patients with recurrent brain metastases are extremely limited. This study was designed to determine the safety and efficacy of temozolomide in the treatment of recurrent or progressive brain metastases.
The interrelationship between smoking and depression in Indonesia

Abstract Objective This study aims to examine the reciprocal relationship between smoking and depression in Indonesia using simultaneous equation modeling. Methods Simultaneous equation modeling is conducted using the 2007 Indonesian Family Life Survey. Results Findings from the simultaneous equation modeling suggest that depression and smoking commonly co-occur together among Indonesian men and women. Conclusion To mitigate the negative consequences of cigarette consumption and depression, there remains a pressing need for an integrated treatment of both smoking and depression that simultaneously treat these two disorders. The fact that the effect of depression on smoking is greater among Indonesian women also suggests that the use of gender-specific intervention is warranted.
Comparison of the Caries-Producing Properties of Diets 2700, 2000, and Modifications of 2000 in Rats

Diet 2000 did not support as rapid growth as did diet 2700, even when supplemented simultaneously with protein, unsaturated fats, B-complex and fat-soluble vitamins, and minerals. With some strain variation, the mineral mixture as a supplement to diet 2000 caused reductions in caries activity in occlusal sulci and on smooth surfaces to about the same levels observed with diet 2700. Sucrose and confectioner's sugar fed alone alternating with laboratory meal were about equally capable of supporting caries.
Learning-based framework for policy-aware cognitive radio emergency networking

Uncertainties in the wireless communication medium do not allow for guarantees in network performance for cognitive radio applications envisaged for mobile ad hoc emergency networking. The novel concept of mission policies, which specify the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the incumbent network as well as the cognitive radio networks, is introduced. The use of mission policies, which vary over time and space, enables graceful degradation in the QoS of incumbent network (only when necessary) based on mission-policy specifications. A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL)-based cross-layer communication framework, RescueNet, is proposed for self-adaptation of nodes in cognitive radio networks. Also, the novel idea of knowledge sharing among the agents (nodes) is introduced to significantly improve the performance of the proposed solution.
Quantitative estimation of the strength of agreements in goal-oriented meetings

Ineffective meetings occur frequently and participants leave with different understandings of what has been decided upon. For meetings that require quick responses (e.g., disaster-response planning), everyone must leave the meeting on the same page to ensure the successful execution of the mission. Detecting patterns of weak agreements in planning meetings is the first step towards designing an intelligent agent that encourages team members to revisit decisions that may adversely affect the team's performance, and to spur dialog that results in higher quality plans. This paper presents a statistical approach to learning patterns of strong and weak agreements without using domain-specific content or keywords, meaning the algorithm takes as input information about how the team plans but does not require potentially sensitive data on what is being planned. Our approach applies statistical machine learning to dialog features, which prior studies in cognitive psychology have shown qualitatively capture the level of joint commitment to plan choices. We analyze a real-world conversation dataset, the AMI corpus, to quantitatively verify that dialog features improve the estimation of strength of agreements over prior approaches. We show these results are consistent across a number of different supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms, and that can achieve up to 94% average accuracy in estimating the strength of agreements.
HISTORICAL VERSUS SELECTIONIST EXPLANATIONS IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

— Evolutionary changes require historical explanations, yet these are limited by the evolutionary processes we entertain and investigate. Using phylogenetic analysis, adaptation and natural selection can be tested as historical claims, but this is appropriate only in those special cases where change follows the scheme of one character-one function, singled out in new environmental circumstances. Systematic treatment of the evolutionary origin of characters (in particular, origin through ecological and developmental flexibility) lies outside the scope of selectionist explanations. Structural hypotheses about regularities in the directions of change, also analyzed phylogenetically, expand the scope of historical explanation to include the origin of characters, yet retain the view of organisms as passive and constrained objects of evolutionary change. Historical biology needs to encompass both the active responses of organisms and the construction by organisms of their own environments. For this to be realized will require changes in the concepts and practices of evolutionary biology, including a re-examination of the Lamarckian theme that the active responses of organisms have evolutionary significance—the rarity of individual-to-individual transmission of “acquired” characters does not disprove the possibility of their frequency increasing in a population.
Usefulness and optimization of mouse models of allergic airway disease

The usefulness of animal models for studying human asthma has been heavily debated.1–12 Although mouse models in particular provide several potential advantages for studying allergic airway disease (Table I),13 these advantages disappear if these models differ from the human disease to such an extent that lessons learned from the mouse model are misleading. In this regard investigators who think mouse models are useful have summarized important similarities between experimental mouse allergic airway disease and human asthma (Table II),1,5,10,14 whereas investigators who are more concerned that the wrong model will teach the wrong lessons have summarized relevant differences between mouse and human pulmonary biology and between mouse experimental allergic airway disease and human asthma (Table III).1,2,4–6,9 Our main purpose here, aside from providing this summary of similarities and differences, is to consider the usefulness of mouse models of allergic airway disease/asthma from a pragmatic and predictive rather than a theoretic standpoint. Specifically, we will (1) consider examples in which the use of mouse models for discovering novel asthma therapeutics has led investigators astray or identified an agent or strategy that proved useful and (2) consider how the use of mouse models for this purpose might be optimized.
Rates of ethanol disappearance from blood and hypothermia following acute and prolonged ethanol inhalation

Abstract An inhalation procedure was employed for the acute and prolonged administration of ethanol. The rate of ethanol clearance from blood of rats following 6 hr of inhalation was significantly faster than the rates of clearance associated with the ip or po routes of administration. Also, the blood clearances from ip and po ethanol differed significantly. However, the rates of ethanol disappearance were constant for a given route, such as inhalation or ip, regardless of the dose administered. Immediately after 10 days of ethanol inhalation, the rate of ethanol elimination was not accelerated when compared to the results obtained for 6 and 24 hr of inhalation. When the animals were again treated for 6 hr with ethanol vapor 48 hr post-10-day exposure, a significant enhancement of the rate of ethanol disappearance from the blood was observed. In another experiment, utilizing a 24-hr period of ethanol exposure, it was possible 48 hr later to separatethe accelerated rate of ethanol clearance from blood and the concomitant loss of hypothermia, which previously had been observed to occur 48 hr after prolonged ethanol inhalation. In addition, the data suggested that an increased rate of ethanol clearance is not a contributory factor to the loss of hypothermia, when these two events occur concurrently. Therefore, it appears that functional tolerance rather than metabolic tolerance was observed. Finally, when various ip doses of ethanol were administered to naive rats, it was found that a minimal peak blood ethanol concentration of 1.48 mg/ml had to be attained to produce hypothermia.