cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General time-varying systems error sensitivities program

The evaluation, by the propagation of variance technique, of the sensitivity of time-varying systems to initial condition and parameter errors, involves the determination of several system-dependent partial derivative matrices. This requirement has led to separate programs for each system under investigation. A new program, through utilization of the Wengert differentiation technique, automatically determines the required matrices from specific system equations supplied in subroutine from at execution time, eliminating the need for individualized programs, and presaging the further development of extremely general computer programs.
Accumulation of marines now at density discontinuities in the water column

The vertical distribution of marine snow-aggregated particles >0.5 mm in diameter-was strongly correlated with density discontinuities in the upper 100 m of the water column at 33 stations offcentral California. Eighty-seven percent of peaks in aggregate abundance were associated with density discontinuities in which N 2 (the Brunt-Vaisala frequency) exceeded 1.25 x 10 -4 s -2 (N = 6 cph). For 56% of the peaks, N 2 exceeded 2.5 x 10 -4 s -2 (N = 9 cph). Absolute abundances of aggregates increased from a mean of 3 8.7 ± 18.3 aggregates liter-' above peaks to 59.3 ± 26.0 aggregates liter-' within peaks. Accumulations of aggregates could result from sinking into denser water if sinking rates were reduced by at least 20% due to slow equilibrium of either interstitial water or mucus within the flocs with the surrounding, higher density water. However, our observed increases in t were insufficient to cause such slowing for flocs whose porosity was 99% or less; such flocs comprised a significant proportion of aggregates in the observed peaks. However, larger flocs of moderate to high porosity were likely to decelerate as they encountered denser water and could even become neutrally or negatively buoyant for changes in t such as we observed. Equilibration times of the interstitial water of these generally larger flocs ranged from hundreds of seconds up to 3 h. Results of a random walk simulation of particle motion indicated that turbulence was likely to cause localized accumulations of aggregates and to increase particle aggregation. Because we found subcritical values of the Richardson number (an indicator of turbulent mixing) at the top of regions of peak abundance but not at the base, for 68% of the peaks observed, we infer that turbulence may contribute to the accumulation of the smaller flocs. Occurrence of strong shear and deviations of temperature and salinity profiles from typical patterns suggest that at least 23% of these aggregate peaks were associated with horizontal intrusions.
Determinants of youth's educational and occupational goals: Sex and race differences☆

Abstract This study explores whether there are differences between black and white, and male and female youth in their educational and occupational goals, and whether these differences changed between 1966–1968 and 1979. Both reduced form and structural equations were estimated, using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Men (1966), Young Women (1968), and Youth (1979) data sets. Occupational prestige goal and educational goal were found to be simultaneously related to each other. Sex and race differences in determinants of educational and occupational goals were found to exist, and to have changed over time, for both the 1966–1968 and the 1979 cohorts.
(η5-C5H5)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPH2)RuCH2+ AsF6−. Spectral Characterization and measurement of the barrier to methylene rotation

Abstract The electrophilic methylene complex (η5-C5H5)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)RuCH2+ (1) has been characterized by 13C and variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy and exhibits a vertical orientation of the methylene group with a barrier for rotation about the rutheniumcarbon double bond of 10.9 kcal/mol.
Analysis of FeNiCrN austenite using the Embedded-Atom Method

Abstract An overview is given of the Embedded Atom Method (EAM) and its application to the analysis of atomic interactions in substitutional and interstitial metallic solid solutions. The method is subsequently applied to the Fe-Ni-Cr-N austenite. Experimental bulk properties such as the elastic constants and the heats of solution etc. for pure metals, and binary alloys are used to determine EAM functions for the constituent elements, Fe, Ni, Cr and N. The results are used to determine the corresponding f.c.c.-b.c.c. energy differencies, which are in turn compared with their CALPHAD counterparts.
Some Observations Suggesting Ice Multiplication in the Atmosphere.

Abstract Data on the composition of stratocumulus and nimbostratus clouds having temperatures warmer than −9C reveal, in some instances, high concentrations of ice particles (to approximately 400 liter−1 of cloud). On the basis of measurements of the concentration of ice-forming nuclei reported in the literature, it is concluded that some multiplication process was responsible for the observed concentrations of ice particles. Since moderately large drops were present in the glaciating clouds, the data are consistent with a process whereby drops are frozen and splintered; however, in view of other evidence casting doubt on the validity of this process in the free atmosphere, alternative hypotheses are examined. Freezing of drops by a stochastic process is untenable, but a mechanical fracturing process seems possible and merits additional study.
NOx reduction from diesel emissions over a non-transition metal zeolite catalyst: Effect of water in the feed

Abstract NO reduction activity with acetaldehyde over BaY is low in a dry feed, but significantly higher in the presence of water vapor. Aldol condensation of acetaldehyde takes place, polymerization of the resulting crotonaldehyde deactivates the catalyst. Water vapor prevents the formation of large amounts of carbonaceous deposits, either by suppressing the dehydration of aldol to crotonadehyde or by interacting with carbonaceous deposits or their precursors, transforming them to CO, CO 2 and H 2. Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) shows much lower coke formation after tests in the presence of water vapor. TPD–MS data show that nitromethane, a possible intermediate in the NO x reduction process, reacts with water on BaY forming NH 3 , CO x and isocyanic acid HNCO. NO x conversion over BaY reaches values near 90% at 200 °C and a GHSV of 30,000 h −1 if the NO x initially contains both NO and NO 2 . No transition metal is involved in the reduction of NO x to NH 3 and N 2 over BaY.
CE-MRA of the lower extremities using HYPR stack-of-stars.

Purpose To investigate the properties of HYPR (HighlY constrained back PRojection) processing—the temporal fidelity and the improvements of spatial/temporal resolution—for contrast-enhanced MR angiography in a pilot study of the lower extremities in healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods HYPR processing with a radial three-dimensional (3D) stack-of-stars acquisition was investigated for contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the lower extremities in 15 healthy volunteers. HYPR images were compared with control images acquired using a fast, multiphase, 2D Cartesian method to verify the temporal fidelity of HYPR. HYPR protocols were developed for achieving either a high frame update rate or a minimal slice thickness by adjusting the acquisition parameters. HYPR images were compared with images obtained using 3D TRICKS, a widely used protocol in dynamic 3D MRA. Results HYPR images showed good temporal agreement with 2D control images. In comparison with TRICKS, HYPR stack-of-stars demonstrated higher spatial and temporal resolution. High radial undersampling factors for each time frame were permitted, typically approximately 50 to 100 compared with fully sampled radial imaging. Conclusion In this feasibility study, HYPR processing has been demonstrated to improve the spatial or temporal resolution in peripheral CE-MRA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:917–923. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mixing between oxic and anoxic waters of the Black Sea as traced by Chernobyl cesium isotopes

Abstract The Chernobyl nuclear power station accident in 1986 released readily measureable quantities of fallout 134 Cs and 137 Cs to Black Sea surface waters. This pulse-like input of tracers can be used to follow the physical mixing of the surface oxic waters, now labeled with the Chernobyl tracers, and the deeper anoxic waters, which were initially Chernobyl free. By 1988, there is clear evidence of Chernobyl Cs penetration below the oxic/anoxic interface at deep water stations in the western and eastern basins of the Black Sea. This rapid penetration of surface waters across the pycnocline cannot be explained by vertical mixing processes alone. Data from profiles at the mouth of the Bosporus suggest that significant ventilation of intermediate depths can occur as the outflowing Black Sea waters are entrained with the inflowing Mediterranean waters, forming a sub-surface water mass which is recognized by its surface water characteristics, i.e. initially a relatively high oxygen content and Chernobyl Cs signal. The lateral propagation of this signal along isopycnals into the basin interior would provide a rapid and effective mechanism for ventilating intermediate depths of the Black Sea. This process could also account for the lateral injection of resuspended margin sediments into the basin interior. The temperature and salinity data suggest that the entrainment process occurs at depths of 50–80 m, mixing waters from the Cold Intermediate Layer with the incoming, denser Mediterranean waters.
EphA family gene expression in the developing mouse neocortex: regional patterns reveal intrinsic programs and extrinsic influence.

Parcellation of the mammalian cerebral cortex into distinct areas is essential for proper cortical function; however, the developmental program that results in the genesis of distinct areas is not fully understood. We examined the expression of members of the EphA family—the EphA receptor tyrosine kinases and the ephrin-A ligands—within the developing mouse cerebral cortex, with the aim of characterizing this component of the molecular landscape during cortical parcellation. We found that specific embryonic zones, such as the ventricular, subventricular, intermediate, subplate, and marginal zones, as well as the cortical plate, were positive for particular EphA genes early in corticogenesis (E12–E15). Along with this zone-selective expression, several genes (EphA3, EphA4, EphA5) were evenly expressed along the axes of the developing cortex, whereas one family member (EphA7) was expressed in a distinct anteroposterior pattern. Later in corticogenesis (E16–E18), other EphA family members became selectively expressed, but only within the cortical plate: EphA6 was present posteriorly, and ephrin-A5 was expressed within a middle region. At birth, patterning of EphA gene expression was striking. Thus, we found that the expression of a single EphA gene or a combination of family members can define distinct embryonic zones and anteroposterior regions of the neocortex during development. To examine whether cellular context affects the patterning of EphA expression, we examined gene expression in embryonic cortical cells grown in vitro, such that all cellular contacts are lacking, and in Mash-1 mutant mice, in which thalamocortical connections do not form. We found that the expression patterns of most EphA family members remained stable in these scenarios, whereas the pattern of ephrin-A5 was altered. Taken together, this work provides a comprehensive picture of EphA family expression during mouse corticogenesis and demonstrates that most EphA expression profiles are cell intrinsically based, whereas ephrin-A5 is plastically regulated. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:203–216, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PARTICLE SIZE EFFECT OF METASTABLE CALCIUM PHOSPHATES ON CRUSHING STRENGTH OF SELF-SETTING BIOACTIVE CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CEMENT

The resistance to crushing after a self-setting bioactive calcium phosphate cement, consisting of various particle sizes of tetracalcium phosphate (TECP), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and hydroxyapatite (HAP), had hardened was tested after setting at 37°C, 100% RH. X-ray diffraction suggested that the cement containing fine particles of DCPD and TECP was completely transformed to HAP, but that containing larger particles was not. Since particle size of both DCPD and TECP affected the dissolution rate, the crystal growth of HAP during cement formation depended on the specific surface area (Sw) of the raw materials. The crushing strength of the cement after hardening increased with an increase of its Sw.
Genes of the R-phycocyanin II locus of marine Synechococcus spp., and comparison of protein-chromophore interactions in phycocyanins differing in bilin composition

R-phycocyanin II (RPCII) is a recently discovered member of the phycocyanin family of photosynthetic light-harvesting proteins. Genes encoding the α and β subunits of RPCII were cloned and sequenced from marine Synechococcus sp. strains WH8020 and WH8103. The deduced amino acid sequences of RPCII were compared to two other types of phycocyanin, C-phycocyanin (CPC) and phycoerythrocyanin (PEC). These three types vary in the composition of their covalently bound bilin prosthetic groups. In terms of amino acid sequence identity RPCII is highly homologous to CPC and PEC, suggesting that the known three-dimensional structures of the latter two are representative of RPCII. Thus the amino acid residues contacting the three bilins of RPCII could be inferred and compared to those in CPC and PEC. Certain residues were identified among the three phycocyanins as possibly correlating with specific bilin isomers. In overall sequence RPCII and CPC are more homologous to one another than either is to PEC. This probably reflects functional homology in the roles of RPCII and CPC in the transfer of light energy to the core of the phycobilisome, a function not attributed to PEC. The genomes of Synechococcus sp. strains WH8020, WH8103 and WH7803 share homologous open reading frames in the vicinity of RPCII genes. The nucleotide sequence extending 3′ from RPCII genes in strain WH8020 revealed two open reading frames homologous to components of an αCPC phycocyanobilin lyase. These open reading frames may encode a lyase specific for the attachment of phycoerythrobilin to αRPCII.
Uniqueness conditions for Kuhn-Tucker points on a disk

Consider minimizingf onD which is diffeomorphic to a disk. Under a genericity assumption, the number of points onD satisfying the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions for minimum is odd. We give conditions which imply that a local minimum is global and a necessary and sufficient condition that a Kuhn-Tucker point is the solution. Convex transformable problems satisfy the latter condition.D may be of full dimension or be embedded on a manifold or it may be given by a system of concave inequalities.
Association of mitochondria DNA with viral DNA in purified preparations of poxviruses

The presence of cellular material in purified preparations of Shope fibroma virus (SFV) and two orthopoxviruses (vaccinia and Indiana), was investigated. Mitochondria were observed in purified preparations of SFV by electron microscopy and mitochondrial (mt) DNA was identified in restricted viral DNA by Southern blot hybridization with cloned mouse mt DNA. Mitochondrial DNA was also detected in vaccinia and SFV DNAs extracted from purified virions treated with DNase I followed by core isolation. The viral and mt DNAs could be separated on the basis of their size by agarose gel electrophoresis, but not by their buoyant density by centrifugation in cesium chloride gradients. These findings led us to re-examine previously reported results showing some homology between SFV, a leporipoxvirus and Indiana, an Orthopoxvirus (Berkowitz and Pogo, Virology 142, 437-440, 1985) using cloned fragments of SFV DNA instead of the entire viral DNA. The results indicated that cross-hybridization between SFV and Indiana DNAs was due in part to mt DNA but they also revealed an unrecognized region of homology between the two poxvirus genera.
Lipschitz Regularization and the Convergence of Convex Functions

Let be a normed linear space,and f be a proper lower semicontinuous convex function defined on X. The Lipschitz reg-ularization of f with parameter μ is the infimal convolution of f with , defined by . In this article we express, in an arbitrary normed space, the twomost important epigraphical convergence notions for convex functions in terms of the convergence of associated Lipschitz regularizations with respect to classical function theoretic modes of convergence. In the case of slice convergence of epigraphs, the associated mode of convergence for the regularizations is pointwise convergence, whereas for Attouch-Wets convergence of epigraphs, the associated mode of convergence for the regularizations is uniform convergence on bounded subsets of XL.
Tentativeness and insistence in the expression of politeness in Margaret Cavendish’s Sociable Letters

This article explores some of the ways in which speaker subjectivity, especially the expression of tentativeness and insistence, is grammaticalized in the language of CCXI Sociable Letters, written by Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1664). Specifically, I examine some semantic-pragmatic meanings that might be associated with the English modal verbs can, may and will in Cavendish’s epistolary discourse. I argue that although these verbs exhibit the syntactic properties of fully-fledged auxiliaries by this time, their modern grammatical meanings (such as future time reference) are not yet fixed, allowing the pragmatic inference of a range of speaker-meanings in the context of this text. These meanings play a role in constructing different modal stances or attitudes for Cavendish’s speaker, such as tentativeness and its converse, insistence. I am interested in how the modal verbs might be understood as contributing to the linguistic expression of politeness in these early modern epistolary essays.1
Compliant Plate Seals for Turbomachinery Applications

In this paper, a novel GE Compliant Plate Seal is proposed that consists of compliant plates attached to a stator in a circumferential fashion around a rotor. The compliant plates have a slot that extends radially inwards from the seal outer diameter, and an intermediate plate extends inwards into this slot from stator. This design is capable of providing passive hydrostatic feedback forces acting on the compliant plates that balance at a small tip-clearance. When the tip-clearance reduces below the equilibrium clearance, the hydrostatic lift forces cause the compliant plates to lift away from the rotor. Conversely when the tip-clearance increases above the equilibrium clearance, the hydrostatic blowdown forces cause the compliant plates to blow down towards the rotor. Due to this self-correcting behavior, this seal is capable of providing high differential pressure capability and low leakage within a limited axial span, and non-contact operation even in the presence of large rotor transients. Simplified CFD models have been developed to predict the leakage flow rates and hydrostatic lift and blowdown forces, and a design philosophy is proposed to predict the feedback phenomenon from the CFD models. The proposed models are validated and self-correcting behavior is demonstrated through experimental testing.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Protective antifungal memory CD8+ T cells are maintained in the absence of CD4+ T cell help and cognate antigen in mice

Individuals who are immunocompromised, including AIDS patients with few CD4(+) T cells, are at increased risk for opportunistic fungal infections. The incidence of such infections is increasing worldwide, meaning that the need for antifungal vaccines is increasing. Although CD4(+) T cells play a dominant role in resistance to many pathogenic fungal infections, we have previously shown that vaccination can induce protective antifungal CD8(+) T cell immunity in the absence of CD4(+) T cells. However, it has not been determined whether vaccine-induced antifungal CD8(+) T cell memory can be maintained in the absence of CD4(+) T cell help. Here, we have shown in a mouse model of vaccination against blastomycosis that antifungal memory CD8(+) T cells are maintained in the absence of CD4(+) T cells without loss of numbers or function for at least 6 months and that the cells protect against infection. Using a system that enabled us to induce and track antigen-specific, antifungal CD8(+) T cells, we found that such cells were maintained for at least 5 months upon transfer into naive mice lacking both CD4(+) T cells and persistent fungal antigen. Additionally, fungal vaccination induced a profile of transcription factors functionally linked with persistent memory in CD8(+) T cells. Thus, unlike bacteria and viruses, fungi elicit long-term CD8(+) T cell memory that is maintained without CD4(+) T cell help or persistent antigen. This has implications for the development of novel antifungal vaccine strategies effective in immunocompromised patients.
Quantum Mechanical Characterization of Nucleic Acids in Solution: A Linear-Scaling Study of Charge Fluctuations in DNA and RNA

Atom-centered point charges are a convenient and computationally efficient way to approximately represent the electrostatic properties of biological macromolecules. Atomic charges are routinely used in molecular modeling applications such as molecular simulations, molecular recognition, and ligand binding studies and for determining quantitative structure activity relationships. In the present paper a divide-and-conquer linear-scaling semiempirical method combined with a conductor-like screening model is applied to the calculation of charge distributions of solvated DNA and RNA duplexes in canonical A- and B-forms. The atomic charges on A-DNA, B-DNA, and A-RNA duplex decamers are analyzed to characterize the convergence of the linear-scaling method, and the effects of the charge model and semiempirical Hamiltonian. Furthermore, the inter- and intramolecular charge variations on DNA and RNA duplex 72-mers are investigated to gain insight into the influence of conformation, base stacking, and solvent polari...
An interviewing style for nursing assessment

The research literature on health care interviewing styles is reviewed. A critique of the traditional provider question-client answer style is offered, and an alternative style, the conversational interview, is advocated as more client-focused and less interpersonally controlling. The potential of the conversational interview to produce an accurate shared understanding of the client's health status is discussed.
DISPERSION THEORETIC IMPULSE APPROXIMATION: KD ELASTIC SCATTERING.

Abstract Dispersion theory techniques are applied to construct an impulse approximation model for K+-meson-deuteron elastic scattering. The discontinuity of the annihilation amplitude on the N N cut is examined for small deuteron mass. Analytic continuation in the deuteron mass yields an anomalous cut; it is this contribution which is isolated and interpreted as the impulse approximation. For low energies an s-wave scattering length approximation is used for the KN amplitude. The spins of the particles are taken seriously throughout. The angular distribution for a lab momentum of 230 MeV/c is calculated and compared with existing data.
Isolation of ALP, a novel divergent murine CC chemokine with a unique carboxy terminal extension.

Chemokines are a family of related proteins that regulate leukocyte infiltration into inflamed tissue and play important roles in many disease processes. Chemokines are divided into two major groups, CC or CXC, based on their sequence around the amino terminal cysteines. We report here, the isolation of a novel murine CC chemokine termed ALP for its amino terminal peptide sequence. This novel chemokine is distantly related to other CC chemokines (37% identity with murine Exodus-1/LARC/Mip-3α), but has a unique carboxy terminal extension. It is expressed preferentially in testis, heart, and liver, which is atypical for CC chemokines.
Infrared adaptive spectral imagers for direct detection of spectral signatures and hyperspectral imagery

Field test results are presented for a prototype long-wave adaptive imager that provides both hyperspectral imagery and contrast imagery based on the direct application of hyperspectral detection algorithms in hardware. Programmable spatial light modulators are used to provide both spectral and spatial resolution using a single element detector. Programmable spectral and spatial detection filters can be used to superimpose any possible analog spectral detection filter on the image. In this work, we demonstrate three modes of operation, including hyperspectral imagery, and one and two-dimensional imagery using a generalized matched filter for detection of a specific target gas within the scene.
Effect of Transition Temperature, Structure and Anisotropy on the Deformation and Failure of Polymers

The yield strength, the failure strength and strain behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene are all a function of the molecular orientation in the polymer. Further, although Isotactic Polypropylene and PMDA-ODA polyimide are very different polymers, they behave similarly when the strain rate is slow enough for the polymer to be at the low strain rate limit of its failure envelope. A master True Stress-Total True Strain curve is obtained for both polymers.
Can trade costs in goods explain home bias in assets

Abstract A debate has raged in the general equilibrium literature on the impact of trade costs on portfolio home bias. In all of these models there is a simple, easily observed covariance–variance ratio. We compute this term using data on real exchange rates and asset returns. The resulting portfolio home bias is close to zero, implying that GE models that create home bias through trade costs are not grounded in empirical reality. Our results enable the GE literature to move forward, but in a way in which the theoretical models are not at odds with an easily observed empirical regularity.
Hemodynamic consequences of volume infusions in the NICU: What's cardiac output got to do with it? † 1062

Hemodynamic consequences of volume infusions in the NICU: What's cardiac output got to do with it? † 1062
s-Numbers of Hankel matrices

Characterizations are obtained for the s-numbers of a bounded Hankel matrix H = (cj + k), i.e., for the upper enumeration of the eigenvalues of the operator ¦ H ¦ = (H∗H)12 and for the supremum of its essential spectrum.
Valid and Reliable Science Content Assessments for Science Teachers

Science teachers' content knowledge is an important influence on stu- dent learning, highlighting an ongoing need for programs, and assessments of those programs, designed to support teacher learning of science. Valid and reliable assessments of teacher science knowledge are needed for direct measurement of this crucial variable. This paper describes multiple sources of validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.8) evidence for physical, life, and earth/space science assessments—part of the Diagnostic Teacher Assessments of Mathematics and Science (DTAMS) project. Validity was strengthened by systematic synthesis of relevant documents, extensive use of external reviewers, and field tests with 900 teachers during assessment development process. Subsequent results from 4,400 teachers, analyzed with Rasch IRT modeling techniques, offer construct and con- current validity evidence.
High Grade Vescicoureteral Reflux in Children Presenting with Urinary Incontinence Without a History of Urinary Tract Infection

Purpose Urinary Tract Infection(UTI)is the most common clinical presentation of vesicoureteral reflux(VUR).However,VUR has also been reported in children with voiding disorders with or without history of UTI.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of VUR in children presenting with urinary incontinence without a history of UTI among a large group of patients with intermediate and high grade VUR. Material and Methods The medical records of 1432 children diagnosed with intermediate and high grade VUR(Grade III to V)during 1998 to 2008 were reviewed. VUR was diagnosed in all patients by voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG).Renal parenchymal scarring was evaluated by DMSA scans and classified into three groups:mild with relative uptake between 40%and45%,moderate with relative uptake between 20%and40% and severe with relative uptake Results Of the 36patients with urinary incontinence,11children had day and night incontinence,6 had only daytime wetting and 19 had only bedwetting at night.There were 19boys and 17girls and their ages ranged from 4years to 12.1years(median age 6.5years).24children had unilateral VUR and 12 bilateral with a total of 48 refluxing units.VUR was grade II in 2ureters,grade III in 30ureters,grade IV in 15 and grade V in 1.Both patients with grade II VUR had a higher grade VUR on the contralateral side.11(30.5%) patients demonstrated renal scarring on DMSA scans.Scarring was mild in 5 patients,moderate in 5 and severe in 1patient. Conclusions Our large series of intermediate and high grade VUR has identified a small but definite subgroup of patients whose sole presenting symptom is urinary incontinence.We recommend VCUG in all children beyond the age of toilet training who present with urinary incontinence without UTI but sonographic evidence of pelvicalyceal and ureteral dilatation.
Influence of hydroxyurea, Ellman's reagent and potassium ferricyanide on the radiosensitivity of Escherichia coli.

Zwei thiolbindende Agentien, K3Fe(CN)6 undEllmans Reagens wie auch der die DNA-Synthese hemmende Oxyharnstoff wurden als mogliche bakterielle Sensibilisatoren fur Rontgenstrahlen untersucht. K3Fe(CN)6 und Oxyharnstoff im Medium konnen die Bakterien fur die Inaktivierung durch Rontgenstrahlen besonders sensibilisieren (starker mitE. coli B/r als mitE. coli B s-1).
Mediating Perceived Travel Constraints: The Role of Destination Image

ABSTRACT This study assessed the mediating effects of destination image on the relationship between travel constraints and intention to visit. Structural equation modeling identified that destination image mediates between travel constraints and intention to visit, and thereby the negative impact of perceived constraints on intention to visit could be alleviated through the mediating effect of destination image. Thus, travelers can find the means to alleviate travel constraints through a negotiation mechanism. The findings provide practical implications for effective destination marketing programs in that the negative impact from travel constraints can, to a great extent, be mitigated.
Evaluation of dosing guidelines for the use of oral controlled-release morphine (MS contin tablets)

Based on clinical studies with the oral controlled-release morphine preparation, MS Contin tablets (MSC, Purdue Frederick, Norwalk, CT), a series of guidelines had been previously developed to help in titration of the medication. A multiinvestigator study was undertaken to prospectively evaluate these guidelines. Thus far, 66 patients have been enrolled and 47 have completed the study. Only three patients (5%) discontinued because of drug-related side effects. One group of patients (n = 28) as transferred to MSC from weak opioids because of inadequate pain control. The other group (n = 19) had previously received strong opioids. Each patient received MSC every 12 hours in accordance with specific dosing procedures designed to arrive at doses that would provide acceptable analgesia without unacceptable side effects. By the end of the study, approximately 75% of the patients achieved pain intensity scores indicating no or slight pain. However, since there were no dose-limiting side effects, it is probable that more patients could have achieved excellent analgesia if upward dose titration had continued. There was a broad range of individual total daily morphine requirements. The average daily morphine dose in the groups who had previously received weak and strong opioids was 110 mg and 200 mg, respectively. Side effects, although generally mild and few in number, appeared to have been inadequately treated in many cases. The results show that adherence to the guidelines results in effective pain management in the majority of patients. Additional issues include placing more emphasis on both rapid and complete dose titration and aggressive treatment of side effects, as well as exploration of the option of patient-controlled dose titration with MSC.
Selenium volatilization in Broccoli as influenced by sulfate supply

Summary The influence of sulfate supply on the rate of selenium volatilization in broccoli ( Brassica oleracea v. botrytis cv. Green Valiant) was investigated. Plants were cultured hydroponically in growth chambers. Sulfate was supplied at five different concentrations: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mM in half-Hoagland's solution. All treatments received 20 µM Se as Na 2 ZSeO 4 . Measurements were made of the rate of Se volatilization per plant, Se and S concentrations in root, stem, and leaf blades, and of plant dry weight and leaf area. Each increase in sulfate level from 0.25 to 5 mM caused a progressive decrease in the daily rate of Se volatilization which decreased from 96.7 (at 0.25 mM) to 13.8 (at 10 mM) µg Se per square meter of leaf surface. The concentrations of Se in plant tissues (stem, leaf and root) responded differently to increased sulfate level than did Se volatilization rate: tissue Se concentrations did not change with increase in sulfate from 0.25 to 1 mM and decreased only at the higher sulfate levels, 5 and 10 mM. The step-wise decrease in Se volatilization with each increase in sulfate was however, correlated strongly with a step-wise decrease in the ratio of Se: S in plant tissues. These results suggest, that with increasing sulfate supply, sulfate in plant tissues increasingly competed with selenate for the enzymes of the S-assimilation pathway; this internal competition most likely led to a decreased production of selenoamino acids, especially selenomethionine (required for the production of the volatile form of Se, dimethylselenide), thereby reducing Se volatilization rate.
Teacher Beliefs and Technology Integration.

Abstract The purpose of this exploratory mixed methods study was to investigate how teacher beliefs were related to technology integration practices. We were interested in how and to what extent teachers' (a) beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning, (b) beliefs about effective ways of teaching, and (c) technology integration practices were related to each other. The participants were twenty two teachers who have participated in a four-year professional development project funded by the U.S. Department of Education. Specific relations between teachers' beliefs and technology integration practices are presented. The implications for professional development and suggestions for teacher belief change and technology integration are discussed.
Simplicity of solutions of x′(t) = bx(t − 1)

Abstract It is well known that the solution of x′(t) = bx(t − 1) for t ⩾ 0 with x(t) = 1 on [−1, 0] (or other initial function) can be approximated for “large t” by a linear combination of one or two exponentials eλt, where λ = be−λ. (In case b = −1 e the solution is approximated by cte−t.) This paper gives estimates for the error in that approximation when −5π 2 ⩽ b ⩽ 3π 2 . The smallness of the error even for modest values of t > 0 may be surprising.
Local hierarchies and distributor (non) compliance: A case study of community-based distribution in rural North India

Community-based distribution of family planning services is particularly appropriate for South Asia, which has hard-to-reach rural populations. In Uttar Pradesh (UP), India, local status hierarchies of gender, caste, and generation shape the nature of relationships that community-based distributors (CBDs) create with their clients. In this case study of an “ideal” distributor, we uncover the conflicting expectations that many CBDs experience: to comply with project objectives without violating local social norms that limit interactions across status boundaries. Our CBD responded to these dual pressures with varying strategies, often perpetuating social distance and restricting information and services for men, adolescents, and other marginalized populations.
A fluorescence detection scheme for ultra large molecules after gas phase separation

A system was proposed to remove the upper mass limitation of mass spectrometry. In present study, ultra large molecules were separated in the gas phase by mass analyzer after electrospray ionization. Instead of conventional detection with electron multiplier, a laser-induced-fluorescence detection scheme was applied. The instrument sensitivity is independent of molecular weight, but related to the spectroscopic properties of the fluorophores presented by the large biomolecules.
The hub covering flow problem

The hub covering flow problem (HCFP) seeks to find the minimal cost hub-and-spoke network by optimally locating hub nodes and assigning non-hub nodes to the hub nodes subject to a coverage constraint. The cost of establishing such a hub network is based on a fixed cost of opening hubs and the cost of transporting demand flow through the network. We also present an extension called the multi-aircraft HCFP. The results from computational experiments are presented and discussed.
Moving Past No Child Left Behind

Weaknesses in the U.S educational system are clear. U.S. students do not compare well to peers in many other nations in their mastery of mathematics and science ( 1 ). Inequities in educational resources and outcomes are glaring. Although policy responses to these problems should include holding educators accountable for student performance, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is a poorly designed test-based accountability (TBA) system that requires fundamental changes.
The mechanism of the adrenergic stimulation of taurine influx in the heart.

Abstract The mechanism of isoproterenol-stimulated taurine uptake was examined in the perfused rat heart. Hearts were perfused by the Langendorff technique in a non-recirculating system, while heart rate and contractile force were determined continuously. Perfusion with inotropic concentrations of glucagon stimulated the uptake of [ 3 H]taurine. If the positive inotropic response to isoproterenol was blocked with verapamil, a calcium antagonist, the uptake of taurine was still stimulated. This indicates that inotropy per se, or calcium influx are not involved in the modulation of taurine influx, but that influx rate is responding to cell cyclic AMP levels. The lack of effect of the positively inotropic ionophores monensin and A23187 and the negatively inotropic ionophore valinomycin is in agreement with this conclusion. Taurine decreased calcium binding to cardiac sarcolemma by 31% at 1 mM concentration and 80% at 5 mM.
Phase Separation in Two-Dimensional αs-Casein/β-Casein/Water Ternary Film at the Air−Water Interface

Two-dimensional phase separation in αs-casein/β-casein/water ternary film adsorbed at the air−water interface has been studied using an epi-fluorescence microscopy technique. The equilibrium composition of saturated mixed monolayer films of αs-casein/β-casein at the air−water interface at various bulk concentration ratios did not follow a Langmuir-type competitive adsorption model. This was due to a change in the binding affinity of the proteins to the interface as a result of incompatibility of mixing of the proteins in the mixed monolayer. This manifested itself in two-dimensional phase separation of αs-casein and β-casein in the mixed protein film. αs-Casein always tended to be the dispersed phase and β-casein the continuous phase in the film. Also, phase separation occurred only when the film at the air−water interface was aged for several days, suggesting that the process was kinetically limited by lateral diffusion of the protein components in the viscous film.
Estimating the Incubation Period of AIDS by Comparing Population Infection and Diagnosis Patterns

Abstract The incidence of AIDS virus infections over time among gay men in San Francisco is nonparametrically estimated from interval-censored data by using an EM algorithm to maximize a roughness-penalized likelihood. Because the distribution of AIDS diagnoses is the convolution of the infection and incubation distributions, the incubation distribution can be estimated by comparing the estimated infection distribution and the observed pattern of diagnoses. This is again accomplished by nonparametrically maximizing a roughness-penalized likelihood using the EM algorithm. The optimal degree of smoothness for the estimates is chosen using external data and subjective assessments of plausibility. Three prospective studies of initially uninfected men produce comparable estimated infection rates and are merged to produce an overall estimate, which shows rates increasing until late 1981 and then falling sharply. The estimated incubation period hazard function is near 0 for two years following infection and then...
Force Measurements between Weakly Attractive Polystyrene Particles

The forces between two 4.5 μm polystyrene latex particles in an aqueous suspension have been measured using “differential electrophoresis”. The experiments were done in the presence of electrolyte (KCl), surfactant (SDS), silica nanoparticles, and polyelectrolyte (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, NaPSS). When the solution contained only KCl, colloidal doublets formed, and the forces between the particles were much larger than classical predictions; the particles in fact appeared to be adhered together irreversibly. In the presence of SDS−KCl solutions, similar results were obtained. Next, solutions with KCl and silica nanoparticles were made, and doublets again formed. While about 40% of the doublets showed piconewton-size attractive forces, about 60% again appeared to be adhered together irreversibly. Finally, NaPSS−KCl solutions were made; in this case, many colloidal doublets formed, and about 90% showed attractive forces of O(1 pN). Although the mechanism for this consistent but weak aggregation in the p...
Allozyme variation in cultivars of Cucurbita pepo L.

Cultivars of Cucurbita pepo were analyzed for their isozyme phenotypes by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Considerable allozymic variation was observed between cultivars, especially in the aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme systems. Each of the five fruit types represented in the 21 cultivars tested (zucchini, pumpkin, spaghetti, acorn, scallop and yellow straightneck) could be distinguished by specific allozymes or combination of allozymes. Cultivars within a fruit type gave very similar allozyme phenotypes and often could not be distinguished on the basis of the 6 assays used. Despite the outcrossing nature of the species, allozyme polymorphism within most cultivars was low and did not seriously interfere with the analysis. Approximately half of the hybrid lines tested gave heterozygous phenotypes at one or more loci, indicating that such loci could be used to screen for the percentage of hybrid seed obtained from crosses.
Hepatic apoptosis and proliferation in male and female rats fed alcohol: role of cytokines.

Background: The female liver is more sensitive to the toxic effect of chronic alcohol intake than the male liver. The aim of the study was to compare the influence of gender and sex hormonal status on apoptosis and cell proliferation following chronic ethanol intake. Methods: Male and female rats were pair fed for 8 weeks a liquid diet containing 36% of their total daily calories as ethanol (ETOH group) or sucrose (control group). Liver samples were analyzed for apoptosis and hepatocyte proliferation by immunohistochemistry. The hepatic production of factors able to influence cell death and proliferation, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were determined. Results: In both male and female rats, ethanol intake promoted apoptosis in the liver. This effect of ethanol was more evident in female than male rat livers. Hepatic TNFα levels, which promote apoptosis, are significantly more elevated in female than in male livers. Hepatic IL-6 production, which promotes hepatocyte proliferation, was induced by ethanol only in males, but not female animals. Conclusion: This observed difference in cytokine responses may contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of female liver to EtOH-induced injury.
Atomistic simulation of thermally activated glide of dislocations in FeNiCrN austenite

Abstract Thermally activated glide of edge and screw dislocations with the Burgers vector b = a /2〈110〉 in FeNiCr austenite without and with nitrogen has been analyzed using the conjugate gradient method to minimize the potential energy of the crystal (subject to appropriate constraints) and the embedded-atom method to quantify the atomic interactions. The results of the analyses were compared with their experimental counterparts. In austenite without nitrogen, the variation of the crystal energy with the dislocation position gives rise to a Peierls frictional stress. However, the magnitude of this stress is relatively low and both edge and screw dislocations can readily overcome it by the assistance of thermal activation. The presence of nitrogen, on the other hand, causes the core of a screw dislocation to dissociate onto two {111} planes containing the dislocation line. This renders the screw dislocation sessile. Such changes in the core structure of an edge dislocation were not observed. Instead, the interaction of nitrogen with edge dislocations was found to give rise to both an athermal (long-range) and a thermal (short-range) component of the frictional stress. A detailed analysis of the interactions between the nitrogen atoms and the edge dislocations suggests that the athermal component of the frictional stress observed in the present work is most likely responsible for the experimentally observed athermal flow stress in FeNiCr polycrystalline austenite. On the other hand, with a possible exception of very low temperature, the contribution of the thermal frictional stress associated with the interaction of edge dislocations with nitrogen to the strength of FeNiCr polycrystalline austenite is small.
Cardiovascular responsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein in genetic hypertension.

Hypertension is often accompanied by abnormalities of calcium homeostasis, including hyperparathyroidism with reduced target organ responses to PTH in kidney and bone. Due to this association between PTH and hypertension and since PTH and the paracrine factor PTH-related protein (PTHrp) have both been shown to exert marked changes in cardiovascular activity, these actions of PTH and PTHrp were examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in control normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Fourteen-week-old SHR [systolic blood pressure (SBP), 201 +/- 4.4 mm Hg] and WKY (SBP, 141 +/- 2.5 mm Hg) were studied. Renal cortical membranes were prepared and assayed for radioligand binding with [125I]PTH-(1-34) and [125I]PTHrp-(1-34). There was no apparent alteration in the affinity of the binding sites to either peptide in the SHR, but specific binding in SHR renal tissue was only 60% of that observed in WKY tissue for both peptides. Serum immunoreactive PTH levels were 4-fold higher in SHR than WKY, while s...