cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic analysis of projects in a greenhouse world

Recent carbon market prices are substantially lower than mean or median estimates of the social cost of carbon in the literature. Intuition would therefore suggest that 'investment errors' are being made, in the sense that markets favor higher carbon-emitting projects, while global welfare would be larger with lower carbon-emitting projects. This intuition is correct in specific circumstances, but not others. For any comparison of two alternative projects, there is a carbon switching price that equalizes their net social benefits. From the perspective of maximizing global welfare, investment errors only occur when this switching price lies between the carbon market price and the social cost of carbon. Data on the costs of high-carbon and low-carbon electric generation projects suggest that there is no financing gap using mean or median published figures, but for precautionary (95th percentile) choices of the social cost of carbon, there is a financing gap between carbon market prices and the switching price that would trigger investment in the global welfare-maximizing low-carbon project. A global carbon fund to finance this gap could be conceived, but stricter emission caps and reforms of carbon markets are likely to be a more efficient solution to the problem.
Solution of problems involving systems of distillation columns

A convergence method (called the Θ-method) and calculational procedure have been developed which may be applied to any system of distillation units. The procedure makes use of the programs of the individual units without modification. This amounts to the use of the programs of the individual units as building blocks for the construction of the model for the system. Any number of independent feeds to any one of the distillation units may be specified, and any number of sidestreams may be either withdrawn from the system or fed to any other unit of the system.
Ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia occurs in serotonin-depleted rats

Abstract To test the hypothesis that serotonin mediated respiratory is involved in ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia, rats were treated with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), a potent, long-acting inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. In normoxia, a single, intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg PCPA/kg body weight decreased the PACO2 from a control level at 39.1 ± 0.6 Torr (mean ± 95% confidence limits) to 340 ± 0.6 Torr measured during a period from 1 to 48 h following PCPA treatment. This PCPA-produced hyperventilation corresponds to an increase of 3.7 ± 0.5 in the V a (BTPS)/VCO2 (STPD) ratio. Hyperventilation during ventilatory corresponds to an increase of (P i o 2 ≊ 90 Torr ) was superimposed in an additive fashion on the underlying hyperventilation due to PCPA pretreatment. Specifically, PCPA pretreatment caused an average 3.5 ± 1.2 increase in the V a /VCO2 ratio determined in acute (1 h) hypoxia, chronic (24 h) hypoxia and acute return to normoxia following chronic hypoxia. Since ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia occurred in rats treated with PCPA, the prolonged, serotonin mediated respiratory activity described by Millhorn et al. (1980b) is probably not important in ventillatory acclimatization to - or deacclimatization from - hypoxia.
An empirical estimator for the sparsity of a large covariance matrix under multivariate normal assumptions

Large covariance or correlation matrix is frequently assumed to be sparse in that a number of the off-diagonal elements of the matrix are zero. This paper focuses on estimating the sparsity of a large population covariance matrix using a sample correlation matrix under multivariate normal assumptions. We show that sparsity of a population covariance matrix can be well estimated by thresholding the sample correlation matrix. We then propose an empirical estimator for the sparsity and show that it is closely related to the thresholding methods. Upper bounds for the estimation error of the empirical estimator are given under mild conditions. Simulation shows that the empirical estimator can have smaller mean absolute errors than its main competitors. Furthermore, when the dimension of the covariance matrix is very large, we propose a generalized empirical estimator using simple random sampling. It is shown that the generalized empirical estimator can still estimate the sparsity well while the computation complexity can be greatly reduced.
Relationship between food habituation and reinforcing efficacy of food

Reinforcing value and habituation are two processes that have been used to study eating behaviors, but no research has examined their relationship, how they relate to energy intake, and whether they respond in a similar manner to food deprivation. Twenty-two female subjects were randomized to food deprived or non-deprived conditions, and assessed for food reinforcement, habituation to food and ad libitum eating. Results showed food reinforcement and habituation are correlated (r = 0.62, p = 0.002) and both independently predict energy intake. Hierarchical regression showed that the rate of habituation accounted for 30 percent of the variance in eating (p = 0.008), and adding food reinforcement increased the amount of variance accounted for up to 57.5 percent (p < 0.05). This suggests that both processes may influence energy intake in a meal.
The gulf stream off the east coast of the United States

Current and temperature data from a one-year-long instrument deployment in the region just northeast of Cape Hatteras have shown the oceanic variability to be, intense and quite complex. Changes in the position of the Gulf Stream’s path were observed to occur following cold core Gulf Stream passages through the area. The time between these changes was a few months. The Gulf Stream jet itself was seen to meander in a manner previously observed, as long as it was not undergoing a strong ring/stream interaction. Several isolated vortices progressed through the array, with the majority of them being in the submesoscale coherent vortex class. Two mid-depth, anticyclonic warm eddies progressed through the array. It is likely the two events were caused by two different transits of the same eddy. The deep waters below the main thermocline oscillated as topographic Rossby waves progressed through the array area.
The use of hypnosis and biofeedback procedures for essential hypertension

Abstract In an attempt to evaluate a procedure combining 2 techniques, hypnosis and biofeedback, which might effect significant changes in diastolic blood pressure in essential hypertensives, Ss were placed in 1 of 4 groups: hypnosis only, biofeedback only, hypnosis and biofeedback combined, or measurement only. The first phase-training sessions and brief follow-ups (1 week and 1 month)-of the long-term study with 6 monthly follow-up periods, was evaluated. Hypnosis only and biofeedback only procedures were both capable of providing significant lowering of diastolic pressure. However, in intergroup comparisons, the hypnosis only procedure showed the most impressive effect. Unexpectedly, the procedure of combining hypnosis and biofeedback into one technique was as ineffective as the measurement only procedure.
High pressure constraints on percolative core formation

The effect of pressure on the wetting behavior of liquid Fe-Ni-S alloy in a solid silicate matrix was investigated. Experiments were performed on a chondritic starting material in piston-cylinder and multi-anvil apparatuses over a pressure range of 2 to 20 GPa, at temperatures below the silicate solidus. The dihedral angle of the quenched liquid iron alloy in contact with the silicate matrix exhibited no change over the pressure interval. The average value of 108° for the dihedral angle is well above the 60° critical value for efficient percolation of iron alloy through a solid matrix, therefore core formation by percolation at upper mantle pressures is not feasible. We conclude that melting of the silicate mantle may be required for efficient planetary core formation.
Real-time sub-pixel registration of imagery for an IR polarimeter

In imaging polarimetry, special consideration must be given to ensure proper spatial registration between frames. Edge artifacts caused by the differencing of unregistered frames has the potential to create significant spurious polarization signatures. To achieve 1/10th pixel registration or better, a software based registration approach is often required. The focus of this paper is to present an efficient algorithm for real time sub-pixel registration in a division-of-time IR polarimeter based on a rotating polarizer. This algorithm has been implemented in a commercially available rotating polarizer LWIR imaging polarimeter offered by Polaris Sensor Technologies. This paper presents measurements of image nutation in a rotating polarizer LWIR imaging polarimeter and real-time registration of image data from that same polarimeter. The registration algorithm is based on an optimal 2D convolution. Examples of registered images are provided as well as estimates of residual misregistration artifacts. © (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A review of the interactions between alcohol and the endocannabinoid system: Implications for alcohol dependence and future directions for research

Over the past fifty years a significant body of evidence has been compiled suggesting an interaction between the endocannabinoid (EC) system and alcohol dependence. However, much of this work has been conducted only in the past two decades following the elucidation of the molecular constituents of the EC system that began with the serendipitous discovery of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1). Since then, novel pharmacological and genetic tools have enabled researchers to manipulate select components of the EC system, to determine their contribution to the motivation to consume ethanol. From these preclinical studies, it is evident that CB1 contributes the motivational and reinforcing properties of ethanol, and chronic consumption of ethanol alters EC transmitter levels and CB1 expression in brain nuclei associated with addiction pathways. These results are augmented by in vitro and ex vivo studies showing that acute and chronic treatment with ethanol produces physiologically relevant alterations in the function of the EC system. This report provides a current and comprehensive review of the literature regarding the interactions between ethanol and the EC system. We begin be reviewing the studies published prior to the discovery of the EC system that compared the behavioral and physiological effects of cannabinoids with ethanol in addition to cross-tolerance between these drugs. Next, a brief overview of the molecular constituents of the EC system is provided as context for the subsequent review of more recent studies examining the interaction of ethanol with the EC system. These results are compiled into a summary providing a scheme for the known changes to the components of the EC system in different stages of alcohol dependence. Finally, future directions for research are discussed.
Effect of β-diethylaminoethyl-diphenylpropylacetate HCl (SKF 525-A) on canine heart mitochondrial function

Abstract The in vitro effect of β-diethylaminoethyl-diphenylpropylacetate HC1 (SKF 525-A) on oxidative phosphorylation was examined using a canine heart mitochondrial preparation. The drug inhibited oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibition was dose- and protein-dependent. SKF 525-A at a concentration of less than 100 nmoles/mg of protein (100 μM) did not affect the state 3 rate, but increased the state 4 rate. At a concentration of more than 100 nmoles/mg of protein, SKF 525-A affected both state 3 and state 4 rates. Energy production was inhibited as evidenced by the decrease in the respiratory control index (RCI) and the ADP:O ratio. Energy utilization, assessed by substrate-dependent energy-linked Ca 2+ uptake by mitochondria, was also inhibited. SKF 525-A affected the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane, since it stimulated ATPase activity and caused swelling. The effects of SKF 525-A on oxidative phosphorylation are discussed.
Are all movements in food and energy prices transitory? Evidence from India

Abstract This paper seeks to answer two questions in the context of the Indian economy. First, are all movements in food and energy prices transitory? Second, is there a significant relationship between permanent and transitory shocks to different components of the aggregate price level? Using monthly price data for India and a multivariate correlated unobserved component model based on Morley et al. ((2003). The Review of Economics and Statistics , 85 (2): 235) and Bradley et al. ( forthcoming ), we find that both food and energy prices have significant permanent components. Further, we find a significant feedback effect between permanent components of food prices and manufacturing good prices. These findings suggest that neglecting food and energy prices may render the core inflation measure based solely on manufacturing prices a biased measure of long run inflation. Finally, using a forecasting experiment, we show that a measure of the trend inflation that explicitly accounts for long run price movements in food and energy prices provides a superior forecast of future inflation when compared with alternative measures of the trend inflation.
Does autonomy increase with age? Comparing the goal motivations of college students and their parents

Abstract We found that parents of college students report greater goal-autonomy than their children, consistent with organismic, humanistic, and trait perspectives upon positive aging. Parents also had higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect than their children. In a second, retrospective test of the age-to-autonomy relationship, parents reported more autonomy now compared to their own former selves, in addition to greater life-satisfaction. Finally, autonomy partially mediated the age-to-SWB effects, in both types of test. Overall, results support the proposal that personality functioning typically improves between the college years and middle age, providing normative SWB benefits.
Oxygen JNKies: Phosphatases Overdose on ROS

Proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha triggers cell death by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). These then inflict cytotoxicity through downstream activation of the JNK MAPK cascade. Yet the mechanisms by which ROS trigger JNK signaling have remained elusive. In a recent issue of Cell, Kamata et al. now provide one such mechanism.
Coordinated regulation of cerebral glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, mediated by mitochondrially bound hexokinase dependent on intramitochondrially generated ATP

Hexokinase (ATP:d-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) of rat brain mitochondria is associated with membrane regions thought to correspond to contact sites (regions of close interaction of the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes). Two intramitochondrial compartments of ATP also appear to be located at contact sites, and are dependent on oxidative phosphorylation for their generation. Neither of these compartments was associated with the intermembranal space containing adenylate kinase, nor was there detectable intramitochondrial compartmentation of ATP generated by the adenylate kinase reaction. Formation of these compartments was not dependent on the presence of bound hexokinase since equivalent amounts of compartmented ATP were found in mitochondria from which a major portion of the hexokinase had been removed by treatment with Glc-6-P. During active oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrially bound hexokinase is totally dependent upon intramitochondrially compartmented ATP as a substrate. Both the levels of ATP in the intramitochondrial compartments and the rate of glucose phosphorylation by mitochondrially bound hexokinase were shown to be correlated with the rate of oxidative phosphorylation. This dependence of hexokinase on intramitochondrial ATP levels that reflect the status of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism provides a mechanism by which hexokinase can serve as a mediator, coordinating the rate at which glucose is introduced into the glycolytic pathway with terminal oxidative stages of metabolism and avoiding the accumulation of lactate which has been associated with toxic effects on the brain.
Direct measurements of plasma characteristics in space-simulation beam-plasma interactions

Recent laboratory investigations of space-simulated electron-beam-plasma interactions are discussed. The plasma has been characterized with respect to its spatial distributions in density, temperature, and density fluctuation power spectra. The latter results have been further classified in terms of amplitude and spectral distributions. The overall results include: (1) detailed radial profiles of plasma density as a function of beam parameters; (2) the association of low-frequency large amplitude fluctuations with ion acoustic, ion cyclotron, and drift-wave modes; (3) the identification and spatial mapping of suprathermal electrons in the beam core; and (4) the experimental definition of a density-dependent criterion for the ignition of the beam-plasma-discharge.
Manipulation with Magnetic Tweezers of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels and Adaptation Motors in Hair Cells of the Inner Ear

Hair cells, ubiquitously found in the auditory and vestibular systems of vertebrates, transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical responses. The apical surface of each cell sports a hair bundle composed of numerous actin-filled stereocilia. Mechanical stimulation deflects the hair bundle and tenses filamentous cadherin tetramers called tip links that interconnect adjacent stereocilia. Tensing of the tip links is thought to open mechanosensitive ion channels to which the links are connected, leading to depolarization of the hair cell and the subsequent firing of afferent nerve fibers. A motor containing myosin 1c molecules readjusts the tension in the tip links, allowing transduction to adapt during sustained deflections. Because the channels and motors lie deep within the hair bundle, the direct experimental manipulation of the individual components has been challenging: experiments have heretofore been limited to deflections of entire hair bundles. We have devised a scheme for labeling tip links from the sacculus of the bullfrog's inner ear with paramagnetic particles through an epitope-specific anti-cadherin antibody and a long DNA tether. By measuring the potential difference across the tissue, we show that application of a magnetic field elicits inward transduction current_a result that directly confirms the hypothesis that tension in the tip links gates the mechanically sensitive channels. Future experiments that track the position of the magnetic particle may demonstrate the opening and closing of transduction channels and the climbing and slipping of adaptation motors.
Joint Ordering and Pricing Strategies for Managing Substitutable Products

Starr and Rubinson (1978) develop a model to establish the relationship between product demand and relative prices. The notion of relative prices motivates us to consider a situation in which a retailer would either charge the same retail price for all products if he adopts a ‘fixed’ pricing strategy or charge different prices for different products if he adopts a ‘variable’ pricing strategy. In this paper, we develop a base model with deterministic demand that is intended to examine how a retailer should jointly determine the order quantity and the retail price of two substitutable products under the fixed and variable pricing strategies. Our analysis indicates that the optimal retail price under the variable pricing strategy is equal to the optimal retail price under the fixed pricing strategy plus or minus an adjustment term. This adjustment term depends on product substitutability and price sensitivity. We also present two different extensions of our base model. In the first extension, our analysis indicates that the underlying structure of the optimal retail price and order quantity is preserved when there is a limit on the total order quantity. The second extension deals with the issue of retail competition. Relative to the base case, we show that the underlying structure of the optimal retail price and order quantity is preserved in a duopolistic environment. Moreover, our analysis suggests that both retailers would adopt the variable pricing strategy at the equilibrium.
On the computation of zero-order correlation coefficients

There appears to be a gap in published computational techniques inasmuch as nowhere in the literature nor in textbooks can one find a model to be followed in computing the numerous zero-order correlation coefficients for a correlation matrix. The purpose of this paper is to present, by means of an illustration, such a model. The model consists of two computational matrices, matrix one being the Summation Matrix and matrix two the Computational Matrix. The entries on these matrices are arranged so as to facilitate the future computations.
ASSESSING THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT NON-INVASIVE CARDIAC TESTING MODALITIES IN PATIENTS WHO PRESENT TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT WITH CHEST PAIN USING A NATIONAL CLAIMS DATABASE

Approximately 6 million patients present to the emergency department (ED) annually with a complaint of chest pain and the estimated cost to the US economy is $10 to $12 billion. It is recommended that patients with a negative workup undergo a confirmatory test to assess for ischemia; however, an
Impact fracture mechanisms in polymer blends: Rubber‐toughened nylon

The impact fracture mechanisms of rubber-toughened nylon are analyzed by measuring the energy dissipated in several different processes during notched fracture. An energy balance is thus established for the impact fracture. The stress-whitened zone is shown to be the energy dissipation zone, having an energy dissipation density of 5.30 cal/g. About 25% (i.e., 1.44 cal/g) of the impact energy is dissipated by matrix crazing. About 75% (i.e., 3.86 cal/g) is dissipated as heat by matrix yielding, causing a temperature rise of 9.1 °C in the energy dissipation zone. Surface energy storage on the fracture surfaces is negligible (i.e., 1.45 × 10−5 cal/g). During matrix yielding, about 12% of α-triclinic nylon crystals is transformed into pseudohexagonal crystals.
The effects of TGF-α and 17β-estradiol on polyphosphoinositide metabolism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

The mechanism by which transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) stimulates breast cancer cell proliferation is largely unknown. Furthermore, its potential role as an autocrine effector of estradiol-17β (E2)-stimulated growth of hormone-dependent mammary tumors remains controversial. Transient changes in phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover have been demonstrated in several tissues in response to growth factors. In these experiments, we tested the effects of TGF-α and E2 on PI metabolism in three MCF-7 breast cancer cell sublines (MCF-7B, MCF-7I, and MCF-7J). Although TGF-α was mitogenic in MCF-7I and MCF-7J cells, PI hydrolysis was stimulated by the growth factor only in the MCF-7I cells. In addition, the TGF-α effect was relatively modest, ranging from 23% to 42%. E2 effects on PI turnover were tested in the MCF-7B cells, which were the most sensitive to the proliferative effect of the hormone. E2 did not stimulate PI hydrolysis, whether or not the cells were labelled in the presence of the hormone. On the other hand, E2 did seem to stimulatede novo synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and induce activation of PI kinases. These results demonstrate that TGF-α-stimulated PI hydrolysis is modest and cell type dependent. At least under certain conditions, PI metabolism is not involved in the proliferative effects of TGF-α (MCF-7J) or E2 (MCF-7B). The role of increased PI synthesis in E2-stimulated MCF-7 cell growth remains to be established.
Preservice Teachers' Acquisition and Retention of Integrated Science Process Skills: A Comparison of Teacher-Directed and Self-Instructional Strategies.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two methods of instruction designed to teach preservice elementary teachers to acquire and retain integrated science process skills. In one section instruction was provided by the teacher, whereas in the other section, instruction was provided by written self-paced self-instructional materials. Results indicated that the self-instructional method was significantly more effective than the teacher-directed method. Both treatments produced long-lasting retention effects.
Umbilical vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Umbilical vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats, control strain Wistar-Kyoto rats and rats treated with alpha-methyldopa were compared using the scanning electron microscope and light microscope. Observations with the scanning electron microscope revealed that the venous endothelial cells were relatively flat, giving the luminal surface of the vein a smooth appearance. The nuclear region of the fusiform arterial endothelial cells was responsible for the bumpy appearance of the luminal surface of the artery. Microvilli were a consistent feature of the endothelium in both umbilical vessels. There was no consistent pattern of distribution or density of microvilli within either vessel, but microvilli were more abundant on the luminal surface of the artery than in the vein. The luminal surface of some endothelial cells of the artery had long straight processes which crossed several cells before terminating. Light microscopic observations revealed that the endothelial cells and cells of the tunica intima and media contained an abundance of glycogen. The same layers stained sparsely for acid glycosaminoglycans. Maternal hypertension and treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with the antihypertensive drug, alpha-methyldopa, did not result in significant morphological alterations of either the endothelium or tunica media of the umbilical blood vessels.
Brain protein 4.1 subtypes: a working hypothesis.

In a companion review1 we discussed the data supporting the conclusion that at least two subtypes of spectrin exist in mammalian brain. One form is found in the cell bodies, dendrites, and post-synaptic terminals of neurons (brain spectrin(240/235E)) and the other subtype is located in the axons and presynaptic terminals (brain spectrin(240/235)). Our recent understanding of brain spectrin subtype localization suggests a possible explanation for a conundrum concerning brain 4.1 localization. Amelin, an immunoreactive analogue of red blood cell (rbc) cytoskeletal protein 4.1, is localized in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites when brain sections are stained with antibody against rbc protein 4.1. However, it has recently been suggested that synapsin I, a neuron-specific phosphoprotein associated with the cytoplasmic surface of small synaptic vesicles, is related to erythrocyte 4.1. In this review we hypothesize that there are at least two forms of brain 4.1: a cell body/dendritic form (amelin) which is detected with rbc protein 4.1 antibody, and a unique form found exclusively in the presynaptic terminal (synapsin I). The binding of synapsin I to brain spectrin(240/235), and its ability to stimulate the spectrin/F-actin interaction in a phosphorylation-dependent manner suggests a model for the regulation of synaptic transmission mediated by the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Work in progress — Analyzing engineering student conceptions of modeling in design

Modeling is a pervasive feature in any engineering curriculum that is rarely taught as an explicit topic to engineering learners. The implicit inclusion of modeling often results in conceptions of models being primarily descriptive — visual and physical representations — that originate from everyday and coursework use. A broader understanding of modeling is achieved when students are given opportunities to learn about the predictive nature of some modeling applications. Exploratory studies have shown that significant shifts occur in the modeling conceptions of senior engineering students when taught an explicit modeling intervention. Descriptive-centric conceptions remained prevalent with an additional focus on predictive mathematical models. The following work in progress describes the next steps of our study focused on expanding earlier findings. Student, and additionally faculty conceptions, will be observed to gain a greater understanding of modeling conceptions.
Weighted-density-functional theory of nonuniform fluid mixtures : application to the structure of binary hard-sphere mixtures near a hard wall

A computationally practical density-functional theory of nonuniform fluid mixtures ``designed primarily for the study of interfacial phenomena'' is presented and applied to the structure of a binary hard-sphere mixture near a hard wall. The theory is based on a weighted-density approximation for the one-particle direct correlation functions of the nonuniform system, and requires as input only the one- and two-particle direct correlation functions of the corresponding uniform system. Numerical results for density and concentration profiles are presented and compared with available simulation data.
Medicinal plants of the nekematigi of the eastern highlands of New Guinea

The major difficulties in obtaining ethnomedical information from interior New Guinea arise from the improper preparation of specimens and inadequate botanical knowledge of this area rather than from problems in eliciting information from indigenes. Amongst Bena Bena speaking peoples, illnesses believed due to sorcery are treated by means of countermagic and by techniques for increasing the strength of the patient, including the ingestion and application of a variety of plant substances, recitation of verbal formulae, and venesection. Some plants are regarded as general restoratives while others are antidotes to specific forms of sorcery. Future field research in this area should combine the skills of botanists and anthropologists. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analyses of specimens should be conducted and the results correlated with informants’ statements as to the rationale for their use.
Assessing crossmodal matching of abstract auditory and visual stimuli in posterior superior temporal sulcus with MEG.

Associating crossmodal auditory and visual stimuli is an important component of perception, with the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) hypothesized to support this. However, recent evidence has argued that the pSTS serves to associate two stimuli irrespective of modality. To examine the contribution of pSTS to crossmodal recognition, participants (N = 13) learned 12 abstract, non-linguistic pairs of stimuli over 3 weeks. These paired associates comprised four types: auditory–visual (AV), auditory–auditory (AA), visual–auditory (VA), and visual–visual (VV). At week four, participants were scanned using magnetoencephalography (MEG) while performing a correct/incorrect judgment on pairs of items. Using an implementation of synthetic aperture magnetometry that computes real statistics across trials (SAMspm), we directly contrasted crossmodal (AV and VA) with unimodal (AA and VV) pairs from stimulus-onset to 2 s in theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (9–15 Hz), beta (16–30 Hz), and gamma (31–50 Hz) frequencies. We found pSTS showed greater desynchronization in the beta frequency for crossmodal compared with unimodal trials, suggesting greater activity during the crossmodal pairs, which was not influenced by congruency of the paired stimuli. Using a sliding window SAM analysis, we found the timing of this difference began in a window from 250 to 750 ms after stimulus-onset. Further, when we directly contrasted all sub-types of paired associates from stimulus-onset to 2 s, we found that pSTS seemed to respond to dynamic, auditory stimuli, rather than crossmodal stimuli per se. These findings support an early role for pSTS in the processing of dynamic, auditory stimuli, and do not support claims that pSTS is responsible for associating two stimuli irrespective of their modality.
Benign breast disease in women on estrogen therapy. A pathologic study

Fibrocystic disease (FCD 41 cases) or fibroadenoma (2 cases) was found in the breast tissue of each of 43 women taking at the time of surgery estrogens for menopausal symptoms or postmenopausal replacement therapy. The duration of estrogen therapy in the FCD group ranged from 3 weeks to 12 years with a median of 2 years. The lengths of treatment of the fibroadenoma patients were 3 weeks and 1 year. The estrogen preparations when reported for the FCD group were Premarin (33) stilbestrol (2) and Delestrogen (1). In a blind study tissue slides from 41 controls in the age range of the estrogen FCD group (37 to 59) and denying hormone ingestion but with FCD were examined with the estrogen FCD groups slides. The unmarked slides were graded absent slight (a single duct involved) moderate (2-5 ducts involved) or marked (6 or more ducts involved) with regard to macrocysts microcysts aprocrine metaplasia and hyperplasia. The estrogen-treated group had a slightly greater frequency of epithelial hyperplasia (39%) compared with the controls (32%) the difference being nonsignificant. The groups were not distinct from each other in cytology. Fibrocystic changes as a result of hormone usage though lacking evidence here may occur through unnoticed biochemistry.
Lp compression, traveling salesmen, and stable walks

We show that if H is a group of polynomial growth whose growth rate is at least quadratic, then the Lp compression of the wreath product Z≀H equals max{1p,12}. We also show that the Lp compression of Z≀Z equals max{p2p−1,23} and that the Lp compression of (Z≀Z)0 (the zero section of Z≀Z, equipped with the metric induced from Z≀Z) equals max{p+12p,34}. The fact that the Hilbert compression exponent of Z≀Z equals 2/3 while the Hilbert compression exponent of (Z≀Z)0 equals 3/4 is used to show that there exists a Lipschitz function f:(Z≀Z)0→L2 which cannot be extended to a Lipschitz function defined on all of Z≀Z.
The Impossibility of Rational Politics

Jon Elster denies that collectives can behave rationally. Rational behavior requires action in conformity with preferences and beliefs. According to Elster, however, social choice theory demonstrates that collectives cannot have preferences, even in principle, and this precludes them from behaving either rationally or irrationally. (Irrationality, after all, is a property that can only be possessed by something that could in theory be rational.) Elster, however, does not fully accept this refutation of the possibility of collective rationality. For in exploring the question of random selection, he argues that collectives, as well as individuals, can employ random selection as a tool to facilitate more rational behavior. This contradiction can be resolved if collective preferences are not as inconceivable as Elster suggests, and Elster himself gives reason for believing they may not be. He does this by distinguishing between a thin and a broad theory of rationality. His refutation of the possibility of col...
Dizocilpine-like Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Low-affinity Uncompetitive NMDA Antagonists

The dizocilpine-like discriminative stimulus effects of a variety of channel blocking (uncompetitive) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists were examined in rats trained to discriminate dizocilpine (0.17 mg/kg, i.p) from saline in a two-lever operant procedure. The dissociative anesthetic-type NMDA antagonists dizocilpine (ED50 0.05 mg/kg), phencyclidine (ED50 3.4 mg/kg) and ketamine (ED50 14 mg/kg) showed complete substitution without producing significant decreases in response rates, whereas dexoxadrol (ED50 4.3 mg/kg) also produced complete substitution with a concomitant decrease (35%) in response rate. Similarly, the low-affinity antagonist memantine resulted in complete substitution (ED50 9.7 mg/kg) at doses that significantly reduced (68%) the response rate. All other low-affinity antagonists resulted in either partial or no substitution for the discriminative stimulus effects of dizocilpine at doses that significantly decreased average response rates. These include (ED50 values in parentheses) remacemide (29 mg/kg), the remacemide metabolite 1,2-diphenyl-2-propylamine (ARL 12495) (14 mg/kg), phencylcyclopentylamine (25 mg/kg), dextromethorphan (46 mg/kg), (+/-)-5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro -5H-dibenzo-[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (ADCI; no substitution) and levoxadrol (no substitution). We conclude that low-affinity uncompetitive NMDA antagonists have discriminative stimulus properties distinct from dissociative anesthetic-type uncompetitive NMDA antagonists. The lowest-affinity antagonists show virtually no substitution for dizocilpine, whereas the relatively more potent low-affinity antagonists (such as memantine) exhibit greater substitution, but complete substitution is obtained only at rate-reducing doses.
Safety Measures after the 2011 Joplin, Missouri, Tornado

Immediately following the May 2011 tornado, the city of Joplin, Missouri, initiated recovery efforts to rebuild the part of the community devastated by this event. In doing so, city officials intro...
Diffusion in a unidirectional filament reinforced metal composite.

A theoretical analysis has been developed to describe composition changes resulting from exposure of a unidirectional filament reinforced metal composite to an elevated temperature environment. The analysis was based on a simple superposition of finite-difference solutions of the diffusion equation, and was applicable to the case for which the filament and matrix metals comprised an isomorphous binary alloy system. The possibility of chemical reaction between filaments and matrix was excluded. Excellent agreement was obtained between calculated concentration profiles and results of quantitative electron microprobe analyses of nickel filament reinforced copper samples. However, the agreement was found to be quite sensitive to the dependence of diffusivity on concentration.
Shrimp retention characteristics of the Morrison Soft TED: a selective webbing exclusion panel inserted in a shrimp trawl net

Abstract Regulations mandating the use of TEDs (Turtle Excluder Device or Trawling Efficiency Device) in the southeastern United States shrimp fishery are now a reality. One of these devices showing promise as an excluder and shrimp catcher is the Morrison Soft TED. This is a deflector panel of 203-mm stretched mesh webbing installed on the inside of a shrimp trawl. In theory, shrimp should be forced through the mesh of the panel and into the bag, while larger organisms such as jellyball jellyfish ( Stomolophus melagris ), horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus ), rays, sharks, and sea turtles are deflected up and out of the net. This study was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, the Morrison TED was certified as an effective device for excluding sea turtles. Phase 2, which is the focus of this paper, considers the shrimp retention characteristics of this TED. Forty-eight tows were made during July 1987 through January 1988, aboard a modified shrimp trawler. A total shrimp catch rate of approximately 4.5 kg h −1 in the control net was the desired criterion for accepting a sample in the results. This occurred 27 (56.3%) times and all statistical analysis was performed on these data. A paired t -test indicated no significant difference in shrimp catch between the two nets. The TED net reduced the total biomass caught by an average of 24%, or approximately 56 kg per tow, and did not catch any animals larger than 4.5 kg.
The vestibular hypothesis of the moon illusion

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a change in vestibular stimulation can result in apparent discrepancies in the perceived size and distance of two targets of equal size placed at identical distances, but in different planes of space. This effect could be offered as a reasonable explanation, at least in part, for the moon illusion phenomenon.
Migration of epicardial pacemaker leads

The implantation of permanent pacemakers often gives rise to complications. Migration of leads, an unusual complication, occurred in two of our patients with epicardial pacemakers. In one case lead fracture and subsequent displacement due to heart action occurred after an automobile accident. In the second case looping and migration of the wire occurred within a day after implantation although the lead continued to function properly for six months. The probable cause of migration in this patient was excess slack.
Amine-modified random primers to label probes for DNA microarrays

DNA microarrays have been used to study the expression of thousands of genes at the same time in a variety of cells and tissues1,2,3. The methods most commonly used to label probes for microarray studies require a minimum of 20 μg of total RNA or 2 μg of poly(A) RNA4,5. This has made it difficult to study small and rare tissue samples. RNA amplification techniques and improved labeling methods have recently been described6,7,8,9. These new procedures and reagents allow the use of less input RNA, but they are relatively time-consuming and expensive. Here we introduce a technique for preparing fluorescent probes that can be used to label as little as 1 μg of total RNA. The method is based on priming cDNA synthesis with random hexamer oligonucleotides, on the 5′ ends of which are bases with free amino groups. These amine-modified primers are incorporated into the cDNA along with aminoallyl nucleotides, and fluorescent dyes are then chemically added to the free amines. The method is simple to execute, and amine-reactive dyes are considerably less expensive than dye-labeled bases or dendrimers.
The Holland Paleosol: an informal pedostratigraphic unit in the coastal dunes of southeastern Lake Michigan

A very prominent buried soil crops out in coastal sand dunes along an ~200 km section of the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan. This study is the first to investigate the character of this soil  informally described here as the Holland Paleosol  by focusing on six sites from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore north to Montague, Michigan. Most dunes in this region are large (>40 m high) and contain numerous buried soils that indicate periods of reduced sand supply and comcomitant stabilization. Most of these soils are buried in the lower part of the dunes and are thin Entisols. The soil described here, in contrast, is relatively well developed, is buried in the upper part of many dunes, and formed by podzolization under forest vegetation. Radiocarbon dates indicate that this soil formed between ~3000 and 300 calibrated years BP. Pedons of the Holland Paleosol range in development from thick Entisols (Regosols) with ABwBCC horizonation to weakly developed Spodosols (Podzols) with AEBsBwBCC profile...
Biological substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in adolescence during an emotional go-nogo task.

Background Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood that is often characterized by emotional instability. This period is also a time of increased incidence of anxiety and depression, underscoring the importance of understanding biological substrates of behavioral and emotion regulation during adolescence. Developmental changes in the brain in concert with individual predispositions for anxiety might underlie the increased risk for poor outcomes reported during adolescence. We tested the hypothesis that difficulties in regulating behavior in emotional contexts in adolescents might be due to competition between heightened activity in subcortical emotional processing systems and immature top-down prefrontal systems. Individual differences in emotional reactivity might put some teens at greater risk during this sensitive transition in development. Methods We examined the association between emotion regulation and frontoamygdala circuitry in 60 children, adolescents, and adults with an emotional go-nogo paradigm. We went beyond examining the magnitude of neural activity and focused on neural adaptation within this circuitry across time with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results Adolescents showed exaggerated amygdala activity relative to children and adults. This age-related difference decreased with repeated exposures to the stimuli, and individual differences in self-ratings of anxiety predicted the extent of adaptation or habituation in amygdala. Individuals with higher trait anxiety showed less habituation over repeated exposures. This failure to habituate was associated with less functional connectivity between ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Conclusions These findings suggest that exaggerated emotional reactivity during adolescence might increase the need for top-down control and put individuals with less control at greater risk for poor outcomes.
Equilibrium Analysis of Thermochemical Cycles for Hydrogen Production

Abstract Thermochemical cycles for production of hydrogen from water can be constructed by appropriate combination of hydrogen‐ and oxygen‐producing reactions carried out at different temperatures. While hundreds of specific reaction schemes are possible, the individual reactions can be regarded as belonging to relatively few general types. On the basis of published thermochemical data, we describe a procedure whereby an equilibrium analysis of these reaction types can be carried out systematically for a large number of specific sets of reactants. This provides quantitative criteria for assessing the inherent thermodynamic viability of possible reaction cycles, which may be of use when coupled with the more practical considerations that have traditionally formed the basis for the design of thermochemical hydrogen‐production schemes. Results of applying this thermodynamic screening process systematically to hydrogen production reactions involving a large number of metal–metal oxide and metal–metal oxide‐ca...
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO THE CLIMATE AREAS OF W. KOPPEN

(1963). POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO THE CLIMATE AREAS OF W. KOPPEN. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 12-15.
Risk factors affecting Tests of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) in pre-term infants at post-conceptional age of 40 weeks

Objective: The purpose of this study is to correlate clinical factors with the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) in pre-term infants at a post-conceptional age of 40 weeks.Methods: The study enrolled 80 pre-term infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Data on birth weight, multiple birth, sex, delivery type, Apgar scores at 1 minute and 5 minutes, neonatal seizures and Intraventricular Haemorrhage (IVH) as assessed by echoencephalography were retrospectively analysed through a review of relevant medical records.Results: IVH was the clinical factor most strongly correlated with the TIMP scores. Other clinical factors which significantly affected the TIMP scores were caesarean section, neonatal seizures, low birth weight and multiple births.Conclusions: When pre-term infants exhibit risk factors of developmental delay, it is suggestd that TIMP is performed early in life among pre-term infants and the results can be used to select infants for early interventions.