cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amorphous carbon based materials as the interconnect dielectric in ULSI chips

The shrinkage of the devices and wiring dimensions in the ULSI chips is associated with an increased resistance of the interconnect metallization and increased interlevel and intralevel capacitances, causing corresponding longer signal delays. Low dielectric constant (k) insulators, with k significantly lower than that of presently used SiO2 are needed for reducing these capacitances and improving the switching performances of future ULSI circuits. Integration of low-k insulators in the ULSI circuits will also reduce the power required to operate them. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) has found a variety of applications based on its attractive mechanical, tribological, optical and chemical resistance properties. The films are also dielectrics whose electrical resistivities can reach values of 1016 Ω-cm at low fields. The DLC-type materials are attractive dielectrics because of their isotropic properties and the ability to deposit them by plasma assisted CVD techniques. However, the amorphous carbon materials with diamond-like properties are characterized by dielectric constants that are not lower than that of SiO2 (k=4). It was found that, by adjusting the deposition conditions of plasma deposited hydrogenated DLC (a-C:H), it is possible to reduce its dielectric constant to values between >3.3 and 2.7. Incorporation of the low-k materials in the ULSI structures imposes a significant number of requirements that they have to satisfy, among them stability at the processing temperature of 400°C. While DLC films having dielectric constants k>3.3 appeared to be stable to anneals of 4 h at 400°C in inert ambiance, the thermal stability decreased with decreasing dielectric constant. Incorporation of fluorine in FDLC films produces a material of apparently higher thermal stability and further reduced dielectric constants, to values even lower then 2.4. The as-deposited low-k DLC or FDLC films may be thermally stabilized, in terms of dimensional stability and material loss, by an initial anneal, that also causes a significant reduction in the intrinsic film stress, typical of DLC type materials. The integration of the low-k films in the interconnect structures further requires good adhesion with thermally stable interfaces to materials in contact with the low-k dielectric. Such materials may include processing aids and structural components such as silicon nitride or oxide, and wire cladding metallurgy. The paper discusses the preparation and characterization of the low-k DLC and FDLC films, approaches for their thermal stabilization and evaluation of integration issues.
A New Perspective in Designing Delayed Feedback Control for Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities (TAI)

This article suggests the deployment of a unique mathematical tool for assessing the thermo-acoustic instability (TAI) in a Rijke tube and proposes an analytical design strategy for its feedback control. A widely accepted characteristic of TAI is its time-delayed dynamics, which originate from the regenerative acoustic coupling terms. Linear systems theory has also evolved on similar classes of problems especially in recent years. This document offers a bridge between the two veins of research. We first review the analytical model of the TAI phenomenon, which renders a set of delayed differential equations. Then, we apply a new mathematical tool called the cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR) paradigm on this dynamics. CTCR provides non-conservative and exhaustive stability predictions for this class of systems. This capability is employed for both uncontrolled and feedback-controlled Rijke tube structures. The findings are unique from two angles: (i) stability declarations are made in the par...
Methoxyphenols and levoglucosan ratios in PM2.5 from wheat and Kentucky bluegrass stubble burning in eastern Washington and northern Idaho.

Eastern Washington is compromised by various pollution sources, of which agricultural burning is a particular burden. Smoke from field burning is a nuisance to nearby communities and is a concern for health. This study evaluates levoglucosan (LG) and methoxyphenols (MPs) as potential tracers for apportioning field burning smoke. PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) samples from wheat and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) stubble smoke were collected from chamber and field burns. The samples were analyzed for inorganic and organic tracers, including LG and 19 MPs. For the chamber experiments, the amount of LG, ∼23 μg mg-1 PM2.5, found in wheat and KBG stubble smoke was similar, while the total MPs was higher in wheat. Trace elements associated with soil were found in smoke samples in the field. Syringaldehyde, acetosyringone, and coniferylaldehyde were found to be the most prominent particle-phase MPs in wheat smoke, and these compounds were not always present in detectable amounts in KBG smok...
Reverse micelle synthesis of rhodium nanoparticles.

Abstract Water-in-oil reverse micelles of butyl ammonium laurate in hexanes that contain sodium hexachlororhodate were reduced with sodium borohydride to yield rhodium nanoparticles. The size of the micelle, determined by dynamic light scattering, was from 3 to 20 nm and varied as the water to surfactant ratio (W) was changed. The rhodium nanoparticles exhibited a Gaussian size distribution ( σ = 0.35 nm ), with average diameters of 1.5, 2.2, and 2.9 nm. The products were characterized with TEM, HRTEM, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy.
When Does Exchanging Personal Information Constitute “Self-Disclosure”?:

Summary.-Ss were 60 pairs of undergraduate males. One member of each pair interviewed the other about sexual experience. Four measures of selfdisclosure were obtained: respondents' questionnaire scores, E's ratings of respondents' behavioral self-disclosure, respondents' post-interview self-ratings of self-disclosure, and interviewers' ratings of respondents' self-disclosure. Respondents' sexual experience and sex guilt were also measured. There was no agteement among interviewers', respondents', and E's self-disclosure ratings; however, respondents' self-disclosure questionnaire scores were positively correlated with their self-ratings. Sexual experience was the best predictor of behavioral selfdisclosure. The data suggested that exchanging personal information cannot be equated with "self-disclosure," and that interpersonal factors determine when such communication will be perceived as "self-disclosure."
Potential energy curves for NiH and NiH2

The potential energy curves for the NiH and linear HNiH molecules resulting from the 3d84s2 and 3d94s configuration of nickel are calculated using the unrestricted Hartree–Fock and perfect pairing generalized valence bond methods. NiH bonding in the 3d84s2 configuration is by means of an sp hybrid orbital which comes from the 4s2 shell leaving a singly occupied nonbonding orbital free to bond to another hydrogen atom. The bond to the 3d94s configuration contains primarily the 4s orbital leaving an empty orbital in the nickel 3d shell which in turn bonds very weakly with another hydrogen. These results are compared to similar studies of the hydrogen atom on Sc, Mn and Cu and some implications for hydrocarbon catalysis are considered.
Case Study on the Establishment of Panasonic Environmental Management System: Based on the Aspect of Green Product Life Cycle

Based on Green Product Cycle, using Panasonic as a case study, this paper explores how to establish the Environmental Management System by utilizing reviews of literature and resources of data base, and analyzing the data by conducting coding and categorizing. As a result of this study, there are six components of Environmental Management System, and they are design and development of green product, green procurement, green logistics, green marketing and waste recycling. Management suggestions to Chinese enterprises are: further understanding the concept of Environmental Management, and discovering their own path for environmental management with Chinese characteristics; implementing environmental control in overall process in producing and managing, and establishing scientific environmental management system; breaking through the bottleneck of technology and put environmental management into practice.
Ultrafast parallel coherence gating for an adaptive optics retina camera

We have constructed an en face coherence gated camera for optically sectioning the in vivo human retina. Coherence gating is generated by a free-space Michelson interferometer employing a superluminescent diode for illuminating the retinal tissue; voice coil and piezo-electric translators for controlling the optical path length of the reference channel; and a scientific-grade CCD camera for recording 2-D retinal interferograms. A conventional 1-D OCT is incorporated for tracking the axial motion of the retina and controlling the gating position. En face slices of test objects and retinal tissue were obtained using a four-step (λ/4) phase shift method. Ultrafast acquisition of four interferograms in less than 7 milliseconds has been achieved to mitigate eye motion blur. A 5-step reconstruction algorithm that is more robust to phase shift error and noise was compared to the 4-step. The axial width of the point spread function and the sensitivity of the camera were measured near 10µm and 76 dB, respectively, which is substantially better than current flood-illuminated and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopes equipped with adaptive optics.
Corneal topographic changes after noncontact holmium:YAG laser thermal keratoplasty to correct hyperopia

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the changes in corneal curvature induced by laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) to correct hyperopia. Setting: Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Methods: We performed LTK on nine hyperopic eyes using a noncontact holmium: YAG (Ho:YAG) laser. Five eyes received a single ring of eight spots at the 6 mm zone (Group A); four received a second ring of eight at the 7 mm zone (Group B). Computerized videokeratography (CVK) was obtained preoperatively and 1, 30, 90, 180, and 360 days postoperatively. We calculated the net dioptric changes in the following CVK values: corneal curvature at the 1, 3, 5, and 7 mm zones; effective corneal refractive power (Eff RP); and spherical equivalent of subjective manifest refraction (SE SMR). We classified difference maps according to the pattern of induced change. Results: At 1 year, steepening at the 1, 3, 5, and 7 mm CVK zones was 0.5 diopter (D), 0.6 D, 0.1 D, and −0.42 D, respectively, in Group A and 1.5 D, 1.5 D, 1.1 D, and 0.54 D, respectively, in Group B. Effective corneal refractive power increased 0.6 D in Group A and 1.5 D in Group B. Mean change in SE SMR was -0.6 D in Group A and −1.4 D in Group B. Most regression occurred during the first 90 days. Difference maps showed five bow-tie, two irregularly irregular, one semicircular, and one homogeneous patterns. Conclusions: Noncontact Ho:YAG LTK produced peripheral corneal flattening and central corneal steepening. A greater change in curvature was produced using a two-ring treatment.
Synthesis, radiolabeling and baboon SPECT imaging of 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(3′-[123I]iodophenyl)tropane ([123I]YP256) as a serotonin transporter radiotracer

To develop a potential SPECT probe to evaluate the integrity of the serotoninergic system (5-HTT) whose dysfunction is linked to several disease conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and depression, we report the synthesis, radiolabeling and in vivo baboon imaging of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3'-[(123)I]iodophenyl) tropane (YP256, 6). The radiolabeling was performed by iododestannylation using sodium [(123)I]iodide and peracetic acid. Although the ligand displayed high selectivity for 5-HTT over dopamine transporter in vitro, SPECT imaging in baboons did not reveal selective 5-HTT accumulation in brain in vivo.
DYNAMIC FRACTURE MECHANICS STUDIES BY TIME-DOMAIN BEM

Abstract Transient dynamic fracture mechanics problems are studied using an advanced two-dimensional formulation of the time-domain boundary element method. This formulation employs a set of well-behaved kernel functions, which have been used recently for the solution of general problems of transient elastodynamics. These kernels produce very stable results with respect to both time step and element size variations and consequently, are ideally suited for fracture mechanics studies. In the present implementation, both ordinary quarter-point and traction-singular quarter-point elements are developed. The dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIF) are then obtained from the crack opening displacements (COD) as well as from the crack-tip nodal tractions of the traction-singular elements. A number of example problems are investigated in detail. Included are convergence studies, comparisons with previously published results, and an evaluation of the various methods available for computing DSIF.
Influence of Gear Rim Deflections on Planetary Gear Set Behavior

In this study, results of an experimental and theoretical study on the influence of rim thickness of the ring gear on rim deflections and stresses, and planet load sharing of a planetary gear set are presented. Experimental study consists of measurement of ring gear deflections and strains for gear sets having various numbers of planets, different ring gear rim thicknesses as well as various carrier pin hole position errors. Root and hoop strain gauges and displacement probes are placed at various locations so that the variations due to external splines of the stationary ring gear can also be quantified. A family of quasi-static deformable-body models of the test gear planetary gear sets is developed to simulate the experiments. The predictions and the measurements are compared to assess the accuracy of the models within wide ranges of parameters. Influence of rim thickness on ring gear stresses and deflections and planet load sharing are quantified together with the interactions between the rim flexibility and the spline conditions. The results from this study confirm that the ring gear deflections and the ring gear support conditions must be included in the design process as one of the major factors.Copyright © 2009 by ASME and General Motors
Are higher-magnitude electoral districts always better for small parties?

High-magnitude electoral districts are widely believed to lead to greater representation for smaller parties. This article refines the conventional wisdom by taking electoral geography into account. When small political parties have geographically concentrated support bases, then no systematic relationship exists between district magnitude and legislative representation. High-magnitude districts do not advantage small parties whose supporters are geographically concentrated. Evidence in support of this claim comes from India and Israel. The article shows what counterfactual Indian and Israeli legislatures would look like if seats were allocated using electoral districts of varying magnitudes and highlights how parties with geographically concentrated support bases win similar seat totals, irrespective of district magnitude.
Kupffer cell depletion abolishes induction of interleukin-10 and permits sustained overexpression of tumor necrosis factor alpha messenger RNA in the regenerating rat liver

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), initiates a cytokine cascade that promotes hepatocyte proliferation after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) but the mechanisms regulating TNF production after PH are unknown. We previously reported that gadolinium chloride (GdCl), an agent that depletes the liver of phagocytically active Kupffer cells, enhances hepatic expression of TNF messenger RNA (mRNA) and promotes liver regeneration after subsequent PH. This suggests that GdCl interferes with Kupffer cell mechanisms that normally constrain TNF production after PH. To evaluate this, the pre- and post-PH expression of TNF, TNF-inducible cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6) and cytokines (transforming growth factor [TGF]β1 and IL-10) that down-regulate TNF were compared in controls and GdCl-treated rats. In controls, TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 increase within 3 hours after PH, whereas TGF-β1 is induced much later (> 24 hours after PH). GdCl causes sustained overexpression of TNF mRNA and transient overexpression of circulating TNF protein after PH; both TNF-inducible cytokines are also relatively overexpressed. Cytokines that down-regulate TNF are effected differentially by GdCl. Regenerative induction of IL-10 is abolished but TGF-β1 induction is unaltered. Because IL-10 is known to shorten the half-life of TNF mRNA, these results suggest that Kupffer cell production of IL-10 is an important mechanism that down-regulates TNF production during liver regeneration.
Data compression trade-offs in sensor networks

This paper first discusses the need for data compression within sensor networks and argues that data compression is a fundamental tool for achieving trade-offs in sensor networks among three important sensor network parameters: energy-efficiency, accuracy, and latency. Next, it discusses how to use Fisher information to design data compression algorithms that address the trade-offs inherent in accomplishing multiple estimation tasks within sensor networks. Results for specific examples demonstrate that such trades can be made using optimization frameworks for the data compression algorithms.
Endo-β-mannanase in tomato fruit

Abstract Extracts of ripe tomato fruit hydrolysed locust bean galactomannan, a linear β-1,4-mannan with branches of single galactose residues. The viscosity of the reaction mixture decreased sharply relative to the release of reducing groups, indicating random hydrolysis of the mannan backbone of the polysaccharide. The endo-β-mannanase was purified by ion exchange chromatography and shown to be free of α-galactosidase and β-mannosidase. The Mr was estimated to be 43 000 by gel filtration. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 4.8. It was much more effective on galactomannan from locust bean than that from guar, consistent with excessive galactose branching in the latter polysaccharide. The endo-β-mannanase was absent in green tomato fruit but appeared as the tomatoes began to ripen and it increased during ripening, suggesting a possible role for this enzyme in the ripening process. Although endo-β-mannanases have been found in seeds of certain plants, this is the first report of this enzyme in other tissues.
Why magnesium is five-coordinate in methanol(phthalocyaninato)magnesium(II).

The square-pyramidal Mg center in the title compound, [Mg(C32H16N8)(CH4O)], is five-coordinate due to the formation of back-to-back π–π dimers that saturate the vacant apical site of the metal coordination sphere. Each complex is a member of a back-to-back and a face-to-face dimer; the latter are tethered by two strong O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The dimers form columns that likely determine the solid-state packing. The phthalocyaninate ligands are essentially planar, with a slight `hat visor' conformation character.
Electronic structure of cubic and tetragonal zirconia.

The electronic structure of tetragonal zirconia with {ital D}{sub 4{ital h}}{sup 15} symmetry is investigated using density-functional theory. The Kohn-Sham equations are solved by applying the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method. The total energy as a function of the lattice parameters shows that at zero temperature tetragonal zirconia is more stable than cubic zirconia. The calculated elastic constants are consistent with experimental data. High-temperature results are simulated by introducing a semiempirical volume expansion. The calculated displacement in the positions of the oxygen atoms follows the experimental results, but the tetragonal distortion as a function of temperature shows larger differences with experiment. At expanded volumes the tetragonal structure is always more stable than the cubic structure, but the energy differences are of the same order of magnitude as the thermal energies.
The Turk in the Mirror: Orientalism in Haydn's String Quartet in D Minor, Op. 76, No. 2 (““Fifths””)

In an article on Orientalism and musical style, Derek B. Scott posits a near-exhaustive list of musical characteristics that act as Orientalist signifiers. Measures 85––88 in the development section of the first movement of Haydn's ““Fifths”” Quartet contain eight of them: augmented seconds, sliding or sinuous chromaticism, Phrygian mode, repetitive rhythms, a repetitive small-compass melody, arabesque , parallel movement in fifths , and ostinato . It is difficult to imagine that this passage could have contained any more Orientalist signifiers and still have made sense as Western art music at the twilight of the eighteenth century. If Haydn's string quartets are like four civilized persons holding a conversation, then at this point the interlocutors are speaking a foreign tongue, and that foreign tongue could be Ottoman Turkish. For centuries, the Turks had dwelled in the imaginary world of European exoticism as denizens of a mysterious East as close in geography as it was remote in custom. They were typically represented as either sensual, inviting, and voluptuous (their feminine manifestation), or inexplicably menacing or dangerous (the masculine manifestation). This article draws from musicology, cultural and literary theory, and psychoanalysis as well as my own analysis in order to help explain the impact of music that is overtly Orientalist, intended as a foil to the rest of the movement. I present this music as a hermeneutic window opening up to broader issues of meaning, and I discuss the implications of such signification in the construction of Western identity.
Quantification and glucocorticoid regulation of glucocorticoid receptor transcripts in two human leukemic cell lines.

We have quantified the basal and glucocorticoid-regulated levels of different transcripts from the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene in the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, CEM-C7, and in the B lymphoblastoid cell line, IM-9. Highly specific quantitative, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays measured total GR transcripts, transcripts encoding the isoforms glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) and glucocorticoid receptor β (GRβ), and transcripts containing different forms of exon 1: 1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1B, and 1C. GRα and GRβ transcripts are coordinately upregulated in CEM-C7 cells and coordinately downregulated in IM-9 cells by dexamethasone. The concentration of GRα mRNA is more than a 1000-fold higher than that for GRβ mRNA. Transcripts with different exon 1 forms are all upregulated in CEM-C7 cells and all downregulated in IM-9 cells by dexamethasone, but transcripts containing exons 1A1, 1A2, or 1A3 are regulated to a higher degree than transcripts containing exon 1B or exo...
An Optimized Sponge for microRNA miR-9 Affects Spinal Motor Neuron Development in vivo.

The specification of motor neuron (MN) subtypes and columnar organization in developing spinal cord is controlled by multiple transcription factors. FoxP1 drives specification of lateral motor neuron (LMN) subtypes, and we demonstrated in our previous work that FoxP1 expression levels are regulated by the microRNA miR-9. Here we show that ectopic FoxP1 expression can rescue altered LMN development caused by miR-9 over-expression, demonstrating that FoxP1 is the critical interaction partner for miR-9 in LMN development. Moreover, we have optimized this technique, called a miRNA sponge, to permit easy discovery of the role of individual miRNA in vivo using a loss-of-function approach. We here show that narrow spacing between binding sites and inclusion of a coding gene, and optimizing the number of miRNA binding sites can significantly increase the blocking ability of a sponge. We go on to show that a miR-9 sponge reduces detectable miR-9 in the ventral horn, preventing miR-9 silencing of FoxP1 in vivo, and in turn modifies MN subtypes in the spinal cord. Our designs for optimized sponges provide a knockdown tool that is ready to be used to study the function of miRNA in vivo, and in particular for generating transgenic animal models.
The Chemistry of Soft Rubber Vulcanization IV. Vulcanizing Agents Other than Sulfur

Abstract The vulcanizing action of sulfur chloride, m-dinitrobenzene, selenium, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, and benzoyl peroxide has been investigated by the use of a set of tests developed for measuring the degree of vulcanization with sulfur-cured compounds. These tests show that all of these materials are true vulcanizing agents. Comparison of the various vulcanizates with different types of unvulcanized rubber shows that the outstanding characteristic of the vulcanized structure is its resistance to flow under a wide variety of conditions. The vulcanized structure appears to be a composite one which varies with the rate of a reaction catalyzed by the vulcanizing agent, the rate of combination of the vulcanizing agent, the nature of the addition product, and possibly with differences in the nature of the catalyzed reaction.
A Competence-Based Framework for Parent—School—Community Partnerships in Secondary Schools

Among the many transitions and passages students face during their school years, the entry into middle school is one of the most difficult. During this period, it is crucial for schools and families to work together in order to establish a constructive framework that can foster positive development. This article discusses the important academic, social and emotional competencies on which schools and families should focus during this critical transition period. Promoting these competencies will help adolescents develop positive bonds to home and school, a greater sense of personal possibilities and a constructive view of themselves in their social contexts. A competence-based framework, based on providing adolescents with opportunities for appreciation, belonging, social-emotional competence development, confidence and contributions is presented to guide home—school collaboration. The article concludes with examples of collaborative activities that have been successfully implemented.
Parametric study of atmospheric-pressure diamond synthesis with an inductively coupled plasma torch

Polycrystalline diamond coatings have been deposited run molybdenum and silicon substrates using an inductively coupled, atmospheric-pressure plasma torch. Growth rates are on the order of 10 μ hr. The inductively coupled plasma reactor is found to produce a uniform, well-characterized growth environment for experimental and computational .study of the atmospheric-pressure diamond growth regime. Growth morphology is found to be sensitive to reactor conditions such as substrate surface temperature and methane-to-hydrogen feed ratio. An experimental parametric study of these variables is performed and the resultant growth analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction Spectroscopic analysis of the gas phase is also performed. Results indicate that the, substrate temperature range over which diamond growth occurs shifts toward higher temperatures as the methane-to-hydrogen feed ratio is increased. The growth rate is observed to reach a maximum with varying methane-to-hydrogen feed ratio at constant substrate temperature. Raman analysis of the deposits indicates that higher-quality diamond is achieved at the highest limits of substrate temperature for a given methane-to-hydrogen ratio. Higher-quality diamond is also observed to be, formed at lower methane-to-hydrogen feed ratios.
Determining C-7 stereochemistry in C-7-substituted 6α,14α-endo-ethano- and 6α, 14α-endo-ethenotetrahydrothebaines by 13C NMR; a re-analysis

A re-analysis of previously published 13C NMR data on C-7-substituted 6α,14α-endo-ethanotetrahydrothebaines shows that the 13C chemical shift of C-18 in these medicinally important compounds can be used as an indicator of C-7 stereochemistry, this being due to a steric gamma effect between C-18 and C-7 substituents in an α orientation. In seven examples of α-isomers the C-18 chemical shift ranges from δ17.02 to δ18.42 (average δ17.72), whereas in four examples of β-isomers the C-18 chemical shift ranges from δ22.09 to δ24.00 (average δ22.73-23.40). Since suitable etheno compounds can be chemically reduced to ethano compounds, C-7 stereochemistry in such 6α,14α-endo-etheno compounds can be determined indirectly.
Determination of the Pressure Along a Closed Hydrographic Section. Part I: The Ideal Case

Abstract The pressure along a closed hydrographic section can be correctly calculated from density data, in the ideal case of perfectly steady, geostrophic, density-conserving flow; and from dense, error-free data, excluding certain degenerate cues. A corresponding practical method, aimed at an estimate of the pressure from real hydrographic data, has been designed. The calculation is made by a minimization of the volume enclosed by the surface B = F(ro,P) in the P-ro-B space, where ro is the density. P = froz the potential vorticity, and B = B* + p0 the Bernoulli function, split in a known baroclinic part B* and an unknown pressure p0, defined at a chosen depth z0. The minimization is made under free variation of p0(s), as a function of the tangential coordinate s, the minimum volume is zero under the ideal conditions. Practically, one minimizes a moment rather than the volume, with identical results in the ideal case. The minimization requires an identification of “corresponding points” (endpoints of th...
Transmission rates of the bacterial endosymbiont, Neorickettsia risticii, during the asexual reproduction phase of its digenean host, Plagiorchis elegans, within naturally infected lymnaeid snails.

Background Neorickettsia are obligate intracellular bacterial endosymbionts of digenean parasites present in all lifestages of digeneans. Quantitative information on the transmission of neorickettsial endosymbionts throughout the complex life cycles of digeneans is lacking. This study quantified the transmission of Neorickettsia during the asexual reproductive phase of a digenean parasite, Plagiorchis elegans, developing within naturally parasitized lymnaeid pond snails.
Absorption of unwanted antibodies from sera containing MNS or duffy group antibodies without the need for selecting "appropriately negative" cells.

Anti-M, anti-N, anti-S, anti-Fya and anti-Fyb typing reagents can be prepared from raw sera by absorption with any ficin-treated cells of the appropriate ABO group since the action of the enzyme destroys M, N, S, Fya and Fyb antigens. As well as the advantage that cells need not be selected beyond their ABO group the enhancing action of the use of the enzyme in absorption procedures means that the number of absorptions can usually be reduced. Since ficin does not destroy the s or U antigens the modification cannot be used to prepare anti-s or anti-U typing reagents.
Introduction: The ontological turn in French philosophical anthropology

Philippe Descola’s anthropology is rooted in ethnology and Amazonian ethnography; Bruno Latour’s ontological turn begins in Science and Technology Studies and technographic development of French philosophies of emergence. Sahlins and de Almeida continue a French anthropological conversation about universals and cultural relativity, recently on Amazonian perspectivism, and fundamentally about extremities in realities of different human groups. Fischer and Fortun address poetics and politics of Science Studies, from Fischer’s perception of language games in ontology claims, to Fortun’s insistence on the priority of environmental crisis in late industrialism. If there is now an ontological turn, succeeding a twentieth-century epistemological turn, it addresses both perspectivism and technography. It is not clear what concept concretely synthesizes newfound ontological wisdom. My view is that situation, not emergence or performance, captures the ontological side of relativity, partner to the conception of reflexivity that adroitly articulates implications of relativity for the epistemology of our scientific practice.
Design-Technology Interface: What will replace design rules for DDSM?

Summary form only given. It is now well-accepted that CMOS technology has entered a new era where the rapid, steady quantitative scaling of performance, density, etc. appears to be slowing, and is subject to new impediments (noise, static and dynamic power) as well as qualitative, sometimes disruptive change in processes, materials, and devices. One of the main contributors to this slowing and complication is the increasing impact of variability. What I want to discuss in this paper is how variability also impacts the interface between chip design and technology development. Historically, this interface was represented by design rules and device/wire models that scaled smoothly over time; this was reflected by the fact that IBM's processor technologies from the frac12 micron node down to the 130nm node used a (mostly) stable set of scalable design rules and circuit models in which there was a single "NRN" dimension of variability. Going forward, it is clear that the models and the design tools that use them have to capture a more complete understanding of systematic and random variability, and conventional design rules have to replaced by other means for representing to designers what the new technologies are (and are not) capable of. I spent most of my talk describing some potential replacements for conventional design rules
“It Changed Our Lives”: Activism, Science, and Greening the Community

Drawing upon critically oriented studies of science literacy and environmental justice we posit a framework for activism in science education. To make our case, we share a set of narratives on how the River City’s Youth Club acquired a new green roof. Using these narratives we argue that the ways in which youth describe their accomplishments with respect to the roof reflects a range of subject positions that they carve out and take up over time. These subject positions reveal how activism is a generative process linked to “knowing” and “being” in ways that juxtapose everyday practices with those of science.
Have we been hebbing down the wrong path

In this issue of Neuron, Stepanyants, Hof, and Chklovskii derive a simple mathematical formula to calculate, from measurable anatomical parameters, the capacity for neuronal wiring plasticity involving local synaptic rearrangements. Their work provides a deeper understanding of the potential contribution of structural plasticity to learning and memory.
High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in blood: FAAH inhibition as clinical biomarker

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is one of the main enzymes responsible for the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA). FAAH inhibitors may be useful in treating many disorders involving inflammation and pain. Although brain FAAH may be the relevant target for inhibition, rat studies show a correlation between blood and brain FAAH inhibition, allowing blood FAAH activity to be used as a target biomarker. Building on experience with a rat leukocyte FAAH activity assay using [³H]AEA, we have developed a human leukocyte assay using stably labeled [²H₄]AEA as substrate. The deuterium-labeled ethanolamine reaction product ([²H₄]EA) was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in the positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The response for [²H₄]EA was linear from 10 nM to 10 μM, and the analysis time was less than 6 min/sample. Results using the [²H₄]AEA and HPLC-MS/MS method agreed well with those obtained using the [³H]AEA radiometric assay. In addition to using a nonradioactive substrate, the HPLC-MS/MS method had increased sensitivity with lower background. Importantly, the assay preserved partial FAAH inhibition resulting from ex vivo treatment with a time-dependent irreversible inhibitor, suggesting its utility with clinical samples. The assay has been used to profile the successful inhibition of FAAH in recent clinical trials.
North American Encephalitic Arboviruses

Arboviruses continue to be a major cause of encephalitis in North America, and West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease is now the dominant cause of encephalitis. Transmission to humans of North American arboviruses occurs by infected mosquitoes or ticks. Most infections are asymptomatic or produce a flulike illness. Rapid serum or cerebrospinal fluid IgM antibody capture ELISA assays are available to diagnosis the acute infection for all North American arboviruses. Unfortunately, no antiviral drugs are approved for the treatment of arbovirus infection and current therapy is supportive.
Chinese Children's Self-Perceptions of Ability in Physical Education

Abstract This study examined grade-related changes in Chinese children's selfperceptions of ability in physical education. Students (n = 131) in 4th, 8th, and 11th grades from three public schools in Shanghai, the People's Republic of China, were interviewed about their beliefs regarding their own abilities in physical education. Results revealed no grade-related decline in perceived ability. The criteria all students used for judging their own ability included effort, ability, and comparison. Students at all grade levels perceived task mastery as the major indicator of ability and tended to assess ability in social comparative terms. The older children were more likely than the younger ones to see natural ability or effort as evidence of ability. Results were explained and discussed in terms of sociocultural and contextual factors.
A Half Century of Dental Indexing

Like all truly vital things, the Index to Dental Literature did not simply happen. It had a parentage and a gestation. It has changed and developed significantly since its birth. And now, at the age of 50, it has the energy and promise of an organism just coming into its prime.
Henoch-Schönlein vasculitis: direct immunofluorescence study of uninvolved skin

Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a multisystem disease believed to be a consequence of entrapment of circulating IgA-containing immune complexes in blood vessel walls throughout the skin, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. In this direct immunofluorescence study, twenty-five skin biopsy specimens from twenty patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura were examined (9 from uninvolved, normal-appearing skin). A distinct stippled pattern of vascular fluorescence was found in 87% of lesion biopsies; 75% of these contained deposits of IgA. In uninvolved skin, seven (78%) showed immunoglobulin in vessel walls and six (67%) contained IgA, suggesting that immune complexes are deposited with equal frequency in normal-appearing and lesional skin of patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Biopsy of uninvolved, rather than of purpuric, skin for direct immunofluorescence studies may be more helpful in confirming the diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura because tissue morphology is usually of better quality.
Spatial summation in simple (fourier) and complex (non-fourier) texture channels

Abstract Complex (non-Fourier, second-order) channels have been proposed to explain aspects of texture-based region segregation and related perceptual tasks. Complex channels contain two stages of linear filtering with an intermediate pointwise nonlinearity. The intermediate nonlinearity is crucial. Without it, a complex channel is equivalent to a single linear filter (a simple channel). Here we asked whether the intermediate nonlinearity is piecewise-linear (an ordinary rectifier), or compressive, or expansive. We measured the perceptual segregation between element-arrangement textures where the contrast and area of the individual elements were systematically varied. For solid-square elements, the tradeoff between contrast and area was approximately linear, consistent with simple linear channels. For Gabor-patch elements, however, the tradeoff was highly nonlinear, consistent with complex channels in which the intermediate nonlinearity is expansive (with an exponent somewhat higher than 2). Also, substantial individual differences in certain details were explainable by differential intrusion from “off-frequency” complex channels. Lastly, the results reported here (in conjunction with those of other studies) suggest that the strongly compressive intensive nonlinearity previously known to act in texture segregation cannot be attributed to a compressive nonlinearity acting locally and relatively early (before the spatial-frequency and orientation-selective channels) but could result from inhibition among the channels (as in a normalization network).
Variations in Human Cardiac Vein Anatomies: Direct Mapping Within Fixed Hearts and Digital Reconstructions

It is important to identify and understand variations in the anatomy of the human cardiac venous system in order to best develop and then use minimally invasive cardiac devices. Hence, anatomical mapping of the cardiac venous system of a large sampling of human heart specimens, with and without disease, will be a beneficial aid for cardiac device designers. We utilized fluoroscopy, a Microscribe 3Dx digitizer and IMAGEWARE software to obtain maps of the cardiac veins and to create 3D models. To date, we have created models for 19 perfusion fixed human hearts and will measure the anatomical parameters for each model. We have started and will continue to create a unique anatomical database for the major cardiac veins that will include vessel diameters, arc lengths, tortuousities, and branching angles from the coronary sinus. This novel database of cardiac venous anatomical parameters will allow one to better visualize and understand the degree of anatomical variability that exists between human hearts. We will continue to build this data set, which should be of great value for both device designers and those clinically implanting cardiac devices.
Effect of Light During Incubation on Hatchability of Turkey Eggs

Abstract Three trials were conducted using fluorescent lights. Eggs from artificially inseminated Broad Breasted White turkeys were used. In two trials, continuous dark or light was used. In one trial, eggs were incubated with either light or dark continuously and on day 24, half the live embryos of each condition was placed in the contrasting treatment. Results of two of the three trials showed that incubation in the dark and hatching in the light improved hatchability. When continuous lights were used during 24 days of incubation, there was a reduction in hatchability of live embryos regardless of treatment during hatching. There also was an increase in embryonic mortality in the first 24 days when continuously lighted but the difference was not significant. In all 3 trials, the poults hatched in the light were much more active than those hatched in the dark.
Pulsed 35 GHz gyrotron with overmoded applicator for sintering experiments

The microwave sintering of nanocrystalline alumina compacts is currently under investigation at NRL. This paper will discuss an overmoded microwave furnace based on a 35 GHz pulsed gyrotron which is currently being set up to extend ongoing microwave sintering experiments at 2.45 GHz to 35 GHz. The gyrotron operates at 70 kV and currents up to 10 A. It is driven by a hard tube, variable pulse length (1--15 {micro}s) modulator at repetition rates up to 1 kHz. The gyrotron can produce peak powers up to 100 kW at an efficiency of 20%, and average powers up to 200 W. The gyrotron output is transported via pressurized K{sub a}-Band waveguide to an overmoded resonator containing the workpiece. In initial experiments, the resonator will consist of a piece of WR-284 waveguide. The operation of the system in preliminary sintering experiments is described.
CO on Cu(001): An inverse-photoemission study.

Inverse photoemission is used to examine the adsorbate-induced unoccupied band structure of the c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)CO/Cu(001) adsorption system. As in an earlier study we observe two adsorbate-induced peaks above the Fermi level. By comparing with a simple tight-binding model we associate one unoccupied adsorbate band with the molecular 2\ensuremath{\pi} level and another band with a substrate surface band interacting with the molecular 5\ensuremath{\sigma} level.
Smoking change in relation to changes in blood pressure, weight, and cholesterol

Abstract The relationship of change in cigarette smoking status to change in body weight, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and blood serum cholesterol levels during the first 3 years of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) is examined. Over 4,000 of the 6,428 special intervention men were retrospectively categorized as hypertensive and nonhypertensive smokers, reducers, quitters, and nonsmokers. Comparisons among the groups of men were completed using analysis of covariance. The results indicated no evidence for a relationship of change in smoking status to change in systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Hypertension medication use and decreases in body weight were related to decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Body weight decreased significantly in smokers, nonsmokers, and reducers in contrast to quitters for whom the average weight change was minimal. For blood serum cholesterol, quitters and nonsmokers showed a greater reduction than smokers and reducers and the expected positive relationship between change in body weight and serum cholesterol level occurred. Quitters emerged as a group of men who demonstrated a positive response to intervention across multiple modalities.
Determination of an optimum resin transfer molding procedure using FDEMS sensing techniques

Abstract Resin transfer molding (RTM) of three-dimensionally stitched fabrics promises to be a cost effective process for obtaining composite parts of exceptional strength. The technique eliminates many problems involving prepreg preparation, storage and layup. It replaces, on the other hand, the single step cure process with a two stage impregnation and cure process. Of particular importance therefore is selecting and controlling the viscosity during impregnation and cure. In this paper, we report on the use of in situ frequency dependent electromagnetic sensors (FDEMS) for selecting and controlling the viscosity of the RTM resin during impregnation and cure.
Domestic Violence: An Interdisciplinary Approach

This article serves as an introduction to this collection on domestic violence. The focus of the collection is on the use of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of domestic violence. Only through such an approach will the various disciplines as well as academics and professionals working in this area come to understand the nature causes consequences and treatments for domestic violence. (authors)
Intermediate biomarkers of increased risk for colorectal Cancer: Comparison of different methods of analysis and modifications by chemopreventive interventions

Intermediate biomarkers of abnormal cell growth and development have recently been used in chemoprevention trials in attempts to identify the efficacy of chemopreventive agents in human subjects. Measurements carried out include those related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and gene structure and expression in the colon. Among modified patterns of cell proliferation identified by microautoradiographic or immunoperoxidase assays, a characteristic expansion in the size of the proliferative compartment has been observed in normal-appearing colorectal mucosa of human subjects with diseases increasing cancer risk: the same patterns have been induced by chemical carcinogens in rodents. Moreover, this intermediate biomarker has been modulated by chemopreventive agents in both rodents and humans. Newer intermediate biomarkers being studied for application to human chemoprevention programs include normal and abnormal patterns of expression of mucins, intermediate filaments and cytoskeletal proteins, and the structure and expression of a variety of genes associated with normal and abnormal cell development. The application of these various intermediate biomarkers to chemoprevention studies is increasing the ability of investigators to analyze the efects of novel chemopreventive agents in the colon and in other organs. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.