cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
David Oliver: Being labelled an "activist" is a badge of honour.

I was recently part of a webcast panel event discussing the freedom of health professionals to speak out fearlessly, especially during the pandemic, and whether we were being silenced.1 That same week I and other doctors on social media had been called activists, as if this was an insult. The discussion, hosted by Scotland’s WS legal society, also touched on advocacy, both legal and clinical. I’d say that activism and advocacy are two sides of a coin. Without activists we’d have no votes for women, no abolition of slavery or capital punishment, no prison reform, no nuclear disarmament, no labour laws or unions, no push for gender or racial equality, no action on pollution …
Emergent percutaneous chimney endovascular aortic repair of a secondary aortoenteric fistula in the setting of a solitary kidney.

Abstract Secondary aortoenteric fistula is a potentially lethal complication after aortic surgery. Traditional treatment consists of open graft excision with extra-anatomic bypass or in situ reconstruction. Patients who present in extremis, however, are generally poor candidates for re-do open aortic surgery. Endovascular repair has emerged as an alternative treatment modality for patients who would otherwise be unable to tolerate an extended operation. We report here a case of urgent endovascular repair of a juxtarenal secondary aortoenteric fistula via endovascular aneurysm repair with a renal artery chimney in a patient with a solitary kidney who presented in hemorrhagic and septic shock.
Assumptions about Antitrust and Freelance Work and the Fragility of Labor Relations in the American Theatre

As we look for examples of collective self-regulation in a gig economy, commercial theatre offers a century of experience with freelance work. Yet the Dramatists Guild and commercial theatre producers have negotiated collectively for nearly a century under a cloud of legal uncertainty at the intersection of antitrust law and labor law that dates to the pre-New Deal era. The revival of theatre after the catastrophe of the pandemic provides an opportunity to reconsider the four longstanding but unnecessary assumptions about antitrust, labor law, and copyright law that have shaped organizational structures and mediated relations between stage producers and writers: Assumption #1: Playwrights, unlike actors or directors, cannot unionize under the National Labor Relations Act because playwrights are independent contractors. Assumption #2: Playwrights must have the legal status of independent contractors under federal labor law, lest they lose control of the copyrights in their work under the work for hire provisions of the 1976 Copyright Act. Assumption #3: Unionization of playwrights is not merely unprotected by the National Labor Relations Act (see Assumption #1), but it is affirmatively prohibited by federal antitrust law. Assumption #4: The precarious legal status of playwrights as outlined in Assumptions 1-3 is necessary to protect their creative autonomy. Whatever economic security and stability writers could attain if the Dramatists Guild were a union and if there were real collective bargaining would be at the cost of dramatists’ creative freedom, independence, and ability to prevent the rewriting of their work. In short, to be a real artist, a dramatist necessarily must run the risk of being impecunious. This article offers a detailed history, based on previously unavailable archival sources, of the origin of these assumptions, and how writers, producers, and various intermediaries struggled to create a functional system in the face of legal doubt. The history shows why it is time to abandon the assumptions about the significance of antitrust and copyright law in structuring relations between writers and producers.
Early Identification of Young Children with ASD and Other Developmental Disabilities: Areas for Improvement

There continues to be an ongoing effort in pediatric practice to improve screening and referral rates of children with potential developmental disabilities including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Successes have been seen in practices relative to broad developmental screening efforts and increasing improvement in screening for ASD. However, gaps continue to occur in screening, referral for further evaluation, and follow-up that allows the practice (and treating provider) to know the outcome of the referral. This type of “closing the loop” between providers and referral sources is necessary for the practice to function as a medical home for the child and family. In addition, caregivers have highlighted many challenges in the early identification process in working with their primary care provider. This manuscript discusses some of the barriers to early identification for children and their families, successful strategies for more consistent screening and closing the loop following referral, and highlights parental perceptions about identification and referral. Further, practical approaches that could be used by pediatric providers are highlighted.
LGBTQ Youth and the Promise of the Kennedy Quartet

The Supreme Court has only issued four opinions endorsing the constitutional rights of sexual minorities, each of them authored by Justice Anthony Kennedy. These four cases, which this article refers to collectively as “the Kennedy Quartet,” have done much to advance the equality of LGBTQ adults in the United States. The question remains, however, as to what extent those cases likewise protect LGBTQ children. Far from simply being an academic question, this issue has taken on increased urgency as legislators in a number of states—thwarted by the Kennedy Quartet in their ability to target LGBTQ adults—have turned their attentions to those sexual minorities who are still children. In so doing, they have passed laws that, among other things, punish adolescent sexual activity more harshly when it involves two people of the same sex, prohibit discussions in public schools that portray homosexuality in anything other than a negative light, and deny transgender youth the ability to compete in school athletics or use restrooms that correspond to their gender identity. These laws are harmful enough in their own right but are particularly pernicious in light of the harms those children already face simply by virtue of being a sexual minority in a homophobic society. Looking at the Kennedy Quartet in conjunction with the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence regarding the constitutional rights of children, this Article argues that such laws are unconstitutional. It does so by, first, challenging the argument that the Kennedy Quartet pertains only to adults. Second, and more importantly, this Article then distills from those cases three key protections applicable to the entire LGBTQ community—children included—that these current laws violate. The hope is that this analysis will assist judges, legislators, and policy makers alike as they look for ways to put an end to this wave of discriminatory laws and, in their place, lobby for more inclusive legislation.
The effects of age and physical exercise on multimodal signal responses: Implications for semi-autonomous vehicle takeover requests.

Abstract The present study examined whether the non-chronological age factor, engagement in physical exercise, affected responses to multimodal (combinations of visual, auditory, and/or tactile) signals differently between younger and older adults in complex environments. Forty-eight younger and older adults were divided into exercise and non-exercise groups, and rode in a simulated Level 3 autonomous vehicle under four different task conditions (baseline, video watching, headway estimation, and video-headway combination), while being asked to respond to various multimodal warning signals. Overall, bi- and trimodal warnings had faster response times for both age groups across driving conditions, but was more pronounced for older adults. Engagement in physical exercise was associated with smaller maximum braking force for younger participants only, and also corresponded to longer average fixation durations, compared to the non-exercise group. Findings from this research can help to guide decisions about the design of warning and information systems for semi-autonomous vehicles.
Anxiety management training : a behavior therapy

The Nature and Presence of Anxiety and Stressors.- Anxiety and Stress.- Scientific Foundations.- Evidence for Anxiety Management Training.- Evidence for Anxiety Management Training.- The Clinical Practice of Anxiety Management Training.- Overview of Anxiety Management Training.- When to Treat an Anxious Client with Anxiety Management Training.- Anxiety Management Training-The Basic Technique.- Anxiety Management Training-The Basic Technique.- Anxiety Management Training-The Basic Technique.- Management of Relaxation, Imagery, or Clients in a Group Setting.- Applications of Anxiety Management Training.- Behavioral Medicine.- Human Performance Enhancement.- Intense Emotions.
Obama, race, and the Republican landslide in 2010

ABSTRACTIn the 2010 midterm elections Republicans won in a landslide, making major gains in the Senate and winning the majority in the House. In this article, I assess one factor that contributed to the Republican Party's landslide in 2010: the political salience of racial animosity in the Obama era. In a historical analysis of voting in midterm elections, I find that racial animosity had a substantially larger effect on vote choice in 2010 than in past midterm elections. This effect persists in the face of many short-term factors and regardless of the race of the candidates themselves. I also show that racial animosity affected voter turnout in 2010, stimulating turnout among Republicans and diminishing turnout among Democrats. Consistent with research on presidential voting and opinion formation in the Obama era, these results suggest that one consequence of Obama's presidency was to increase the relevance of racial animosity in American politics.
Concept maps in intelligent tutors for programming

At Ramapo College of New Jersey, intelligent tutors, called problets, are being developed for programming concepts. We want to integrate concept maps into these tutors. They will be used for discovery learning, active learning, navigation, problem selection and to open the student model.
Chapter 12 Approximation, perturbation, and projection methods in economic analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter examines local and global approximation methods that have been used or have potential future value in economic and econometric analysis. The chapter presents the related projection method for solving operator equations and illustrates its application to dynamic economic analysis, dynamic games, and asset market equilibrium with asymmetric information. In the chapter, it is shown that a general class of techniques from the numerical partial differential equations literature can be usefully applied and adapted to solve nonlinear economic problems. Despite the specificity of the applications discussed in the chapter the general description makes clear the general usefulness of perturbation and projection methods for economic problems, both theoretical modeling and empirical analysis. The application of perturbation and projection methods and the underlying approximation ideas have substantially improved the efficiency of economic computations. In addition, exploitation of these ideas will surely lead to progress.
Double-mixing kinetic studies of the reactions of monoliganded species of hemoglobin: alpha 2(CO)1 beta 2 and alpha 2 beta 2(CO)1

The kinetics of CO association to and dissociation from the two isomers of monoliganded species alpha ICO beta I(alpha II beta II) and alpha I beta I (alpha II beta COII) has been studied by double-mixing stopped-flow and microperoxidase methods. The monoliganded species were generated by hybridization between excess ferric Hb and alpha CO2 beta +2 or alpha +2 beta CO2 prepared by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that: 1) there were no significant differences in the reactivities of alpha and beta chains in the first step of ligation; 2) in the second step of ligation there was significant cooperativity in the reaction of deoxyhemoglobin with 0.05 or 0.1 equivalent of CO. Diliganded species were therefore formed in significant amounts. The double-mixing HPLC results suggested that in the second step of ligation alpha chains reacted faster than the beta chains, and the main diliganded species formed was alpha I beta ICO (alpha IICO beta II) or its isomer alpha ICO I(alpha II beta IICO). These results seem to indicate that the reaction of the first CO is mostly random and in the second step of ligation CO binds more to the tetramers in which one beta chain is already ligated: alpha I beta I (alpha II beta II) + CO----alpha ICO beta I (alpha II beta II) and alpha I beta ICO (alpha II beta II) + CO----alpha I beta ICO (alpha IICO beta II).
Word Order in the Development of Dative Constructions: A Comparison of Cantonese and English

This chapter investigates the development of word order of dative constructions in English and Cantonese speaking children. Corpus data from English monolingual and Cantonese-English bilingual children show that the children who are late in producing English prepositional datives also use the preposition to with fewer meanings and structures. It is argued that the ambiguity of English to influences the development of English prepositional datives. In contrast, Cantonese does not have ambiguity in its dative marker, and Cantonese monolingual children acquire serial verb datives (similar to English prepositional datives) before double object datives, exhibiting a pattern that is the opposite of English children’s. Also, it is shown that the order of emergence of different Cantonese dative constructions has a great impact on the acquisition of a language-specific inverted double object dative structure in Cantonese monolingual and bilingual children. Optionality per se does not slow down the development of a particular dative structure. Word order development in dative constructions is mainly affected by input ambiguity, and non-transparency in derivation also makes the Cantonese inverted double object datives difficult to acquire.
Higher-order corrections in (2+1)-dimensional QED.

QED in 2+1 dimensions, analyzed to lowest order in the 1/N expansion, has been shown to exhibit dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking when the number N of fermions is less than 32/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}$. This analysis is extended by considering higher-order corrections to the gap equation. It is shown that while these corrections modify the form of the gap equation, the nature of the symmetry breaking remains the same. It is also shown that the critical number of fermions is a gauge-invariant quantity.
Reversible alteration of red cell lithium-sodium countertransport in patients with thyroid disease.

Thyroid hormones may alter red blood cell (RBC) sodium content and transport. The functional importance of lithium-sodium (Li-Na) countertransport in regulating sodium (Na) transport in vascular smooth muscle and kidney by Na-H countertransport and the potential effect of thyroid hormone on these processes led us to study Li-Na countertransport and other sodium transporters in RBCs of patients with thyroid dysfunction. Patients with untreated hypothyroidism (10) and hyperthyroidism (10) were studied, along with normal subjects (10). The mean value for Li-Na countertransport was significantly higher in the hypothyroid group [0.46 ± 0.08 (±SE) mmol/L cell-h; P < 0.05] and lower in the hyperthyroid group (0.15 ± 0.04 mmol/ L cell · h; P < 0.05) compared to that in the normal subjects (0.25 ± 0.03 mmol/L cell·h). When all groups were combined, significant negative correlations were found between Li-Na countertransport and serum T4 (r = −0.48; P < 0.01), free T4 index (r = −0.42; P < 0.05), and serum T3 (r = −...
The Labor of Judging: Examining Administrative Law Judge Decisions

There has been significant scholarly research on judicial decision making and bureaucratic control but little research on bureaucrats who perform a judicial function, namely, administrative law judges. In this article, we analyze the influences on the decisions of administrative law judges (ALJs) from 1991 to 2006. Using ordered logit, we examine the influence of policy preference and hierarchical and political constraint. We find that ALJs are comparable to Federal District Court judges in that they use ideology in their rulings, are also subject to hierarchical control by higher courts, and that they are constrained by separation of powers influences.
Indentation assessment of biphasic mechanical property deficits in size-dependent osteochondral defect repair

The apparent biphasic material properties of 10-month osteochondral defect repair tissue were determined for a series of full thickness defects of 1, 3, or 5 mm diameter, created in weight-bearing regions of 48 canine femoral condyles. Load cell recordings from indentation tests were compared with resultant contact forces computed using a corresponding linear biphasic finite element model. The spread of cartilage engagement by a spherical ended indentor was modeled by successively imposing an impenetrability kinematic boundary condition at cartilage surface nodes for which incipient indentor surface penetration was detected. For each indentation test, a least-squares-error curve fitting procedure was used to identify a set of biphasic coefficients (aggregate modulus, permeability, Poisson ratio) that closely modeled experimental behavior. In the near neighborhood of best-fit, the finite element solutions were found to be much more sensitive to aggregate modulus perturbations than to permeability permutations, suggesting that perceived permeability increase may be of lesser value as a discriminant of repair tissue inadequacy. Compared to surrounding cartilage, the repair tissue for all defect sizes had statistically significant decreases in aggregate modulus and in Poisson ratio (much more so for 3 and 5 mm defects than for 1 mm defects). The two larger defect diameters had significant increases in permeability, whereas the 1 mm defects did not. While the material property deficits were consistent, substantial and comparable to those in other recent animal models of osteochondral defect repair, the size-dependence per se of the observed constitutive differences was only modest.
Applying James Stice's Strategy to Teach Design to Sophomore Mechanical Engineering Undergraduates

The James Stice strategies for teaching problem-solving and improving student learning have been adopted in the development of a sophomore-level “Materials, Manufacturing & Design” course. The curriculum, the assessment method, and the results of student evaluation over a three-year period are described. Correlation between assessments by two faculty members (in the form of design project written-report and oral-presentation grades) and students self-assessment (in the form of a retrospective survey employing a Likert-type scale and student written comments) show that the Stice strategies are successful in teaching engineering design to sophomores.
An application of the QM-QSAR method to predict and rationalize lipophilicity of simple monomers

Summary Objectives The goal of this study is to develop a model used to predict octanol/water partition coefficients (log P o/w ) values for a variety of potential dental materials. In this way, a primary consideration for potential toxicity and a rough estimate of solubility in various environments can be obtained. Method The AM1 semiempirical quantum mechanical method (in AMPAC) was used to compute chemical data for all compounds in the study. CODESSA then imported the chemical information from AMPAC and computed a large set of informational descriptors. A quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model was derived correlating experimental results from a training set of molecules with certain of the descriptors computed above. Results A training set of 92 molecules was used to derive the QSAR model and three descriptors were obtained: the molecular surface area, the total dipole moment of the molecule, and FPSA-3 (fractional atom charge weighted partial positive surface area). Various quality indicators were also computed and all fell within acceptable ranges: R 2 =0.945; adjusted R 2 =0.943; R cv 2 = 0.940 ; variance inflation factors (VIF) for the descriptors above are 1.116, 1.044, and 1.162, respectively. Significance This QSAR model can be used to accurately and rapidly predict log P o/w values for a wide variety of small organic molecules, including potential dental monomers.
Studies of high linear energy transfer dosimetry by 10B(n,α)7Li reactions in aqueous and organic solvents

Advanced chemical treatment processes such as aqueous separation techniques can be used to separate the reusable materials from used nuclear fuel, reducing the radiotoxicity and storage time of the remaining waste. The degradation of chemicals in these processes has been studied utilizing gamma radiation. However, radiolytic degradation by internal alpha emitters has not been as widely investigated due to the difficulty of finding appropriate internal sources. This work presents results using a method to produce alpha particles in situ in aqueous and organic solvents representative of liquid–liquid extraction systems. The method is based on the widely studied 10B(n,α)7Li reaction which has previously been studied in aqueous solutions. Neutrons were supplied from the UCI TRIGA® nuclear reactor. Comparisons were also made to gamma radiation from a 137Cs source. We report that the method is useful for inducing high linear energy transfer (LET) doses in aqueous and organic solutions. We used the classic iron sulfate-based Fricke dosimeter for dosimetry in aqueous solutions and methyl red (2-[(4-dimethylaminophenyl)diazenyl]benzoic acid) dissolved in n-dodecane for organic solvents. High LET doses in both aqueous and organic solvents are well described and a simple linear relationship was found based on the neutron flux and total boron concentration. We have established, using spectroscopic determination, that methyl red degrades in a linear fashion with absorbed dose up to 80 kGy and G-values for the methyl red degradation in n-dodecane were found to be 4.66 × 10−4 μmol/J for external 137Cs gamma radiation and 3.0 × 10−5 μmol/J for 10B(n,α)7Li induced high LET radiation.
Growth of the human mandibular angular process: A functional cranial analysis

The angular process of the human mandible alters its inclination with age, changing from a medial to a lateral flare during the transition from the neonatal to the adult stages. The morphological change in this mandibular skeletal unit is shown to be associated with a change in orientation of a portion of the related functional matrix, the masseter muscle. This change to an oblique line of action from an originally vertical one is associated with an increase in the functional movement of protraction at the temporo-mandibular joint. No other physiological parameters of muscle function seemingly are associated with this skeletal alteration. The processes of interaction between the functional matrix and its related skeletal are as yet unknown.
Immunology and serology of Anaplasma marginale. II. Nature of the CF antigen.

SummaryA CF antigen for Anaplasma marginale was prepared by differential centrifugation of the sonic lysate of infected bovine erythrocytes. Studies were conducted to determine the chemical and physical nature of the antigen. Qualitative biochemical tests and enzyme sensitivity studies indicated the antigen to be lipoprotein in nature. Electron microscopic observations showed that the preparation was not composed of Anaplasma bodies but of amorphous membranous material which probably constitutes the outer coating of the AB. Filtration studies were conducted and observations made on the effect of temperature on the antigen.
Progress in autonomous fault recovery of field programmable gate arrays

The capabilities of current fault-handling techniques for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) develop a descriptive classification ranging from simple passive techniques to robust dynamic methods. Fault-handling methods not requiring modification of the FPGA device architecture or user intervention to recover from faults are examined and evaluated against overhead-based and sustainability-based performance metrics such as additional resource requirements, throughput reduction, fault capacity, and fault coverage. This classification alongside these performance metrics forms a standard for confident comparisons.
Wind turbine gearbox technologies

The reliability problems associated with transmission or gearbox equipped wind turbines and the existing solutions of using direct drive gearless turbines and torque-splitting, are reviewed. As alternative solutions we propose the Geared Turbofan Engine (GTF) technology, and magnetically-levitated bearings from the aerospace industry, and the consideration of Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs) from the automobile industry, and discuss their promise in addressing the gearbox problems currently encountered by existing wind turbine technology.
Crystal Structures of SlyA Protein, a Master Virulence Regulator of Salmonella, in Free and DNA-bound States

SlyA is a master virulence regulator that controls the transcription of numerous genes in Salmonella enterica. We present here crystal structures of SlyA by itself and bound to a high-affinity DNA operator sequence in the slyA gene. SlyA interacts with DNA through direct recognition of a guanine base by Arg-65, as well as interactions between conserved Arg-86 and the minor groove and a large network of non-base-specific contacts with the sugar phosphate backbone. Our structures, together with an unpublished structure of SlyA bound to the small molecule effector salicylate (Protein Data Bank code 3DEU), reveal that, unlike many other MarR family proteins, SlyA dissociates from DNA without large conformational changes when bound to this effector. We propose that SlyA and other MarR global regulators rely more on indirect readout of DNA sequence to exert control over many genes, in contrast to proteins (such as OhrR) that recognize a single operator.
The Proper Ends of Science: Philip Kitcher, Science, and the Good*

In Science, Truth, and Democracy, Philip Kitcher challenges the view that science has a single, context‐independent, goal, and that the pursuit of this goal is essentially immune from moral critique. He substitutes a context‐dependent account of science’s goal, and shows that this account subjects science to moral evaluation. I argue that Kitcher’s approach must be modified, as his account of science ultimately must be explicated in terms of moral concepts. I attempt, therefore, to give an account of science’s goal that is free of direct moral entanglements but still makes this goal context‐dependent and leaves the choice of which projects to pursue subject to moral scrutiny.
Ion beam induced adhesion in Al/diamond bilayer

Diamond anvil cells are often used to study phase transitions in materials under high pressure. To probe these transitions, electrodes with low resistance and good adhesion properties are desired. Such electrodes were obtained using ion beam mixing techniques. The diamond anvil was first irradiated with a 100 keV Ar+ beam with an ion dose of 10(16) ions/cm2. Resistance measurements of the irradiated area indicated that ion beam damage induced a low-resistance phase of carbon. A thin Al film (almost-equal-to 500 angstrom) was then deposited on the diamond anvil followed by Ar+ irradiation. The deposition and irradiation processes were repeated, followed by resistance measurements after each irradiation. The measurements indicate the formation of a low resistance layer (R almost-equal-to 10-OMEGA). A qualitative test of adhesion was performed by scratching the formed layer with the resistance probes. The resistance of the electrode showed an acceptably small increase as a function of scraping. These results can be understood on the basis of recoil mixing in the Al/diamond system.
Landsat Thematic Mapper studies of land cover spatial variability related to hydrology

Past accomplishments involving remote sensing based land-cover analysis for hydrologic applications are reviewed. Ongoing research in exploiting the increased spatial, radiometric, and spectral capabilities afforded by the TM on Landsats 4 and 5 is considered. Specific studies to compare MSS and TM for urbanizing watersheds, wetlands, and floodplain mapping situations show that only a modest improvement in classification accuracy is achieved via statistical per pixel multispectral classifiers. The limitations of current approaches to multispectral classification are illustrated. The objectives, background, and progress in the development of an alternative analysis approach for defining inputs to urban hydrologic models using TM are discussed.
Residual gas pressures in sealed fused silica glass ampoules

Abstract The residual gas pressures in sealed and annealed ampoules made from silica glass have been determined using different methods including a McLeod gauge. It has been found that the gas build-up in the ampoule is mainly the result of the ampoule heat treatment; the amount of gas released and trapped during sealing the ampoule under vacuum is much less. The pressures in the ampoules after heat treatment range from a few mTorr to a few Torr, depending on the silica glass and on the outgassing and annealing procedures.
A GENERAL PHYSICAL APPROACH TO SOLITARY WAVE CONSTRUCTION FROM LINEAR SOLUTIONS

We simplify the physical approach of constructing solitary wave solutions of nondissipative evolution and wave equations from the physical mixing of the real, rather than complex, exponential solutions of the linear equation, in two separate regions. In our new approach, we use mixing in one region only to construct a closed form for the solitary wave solution valid in both regions. Moreover, we extend the approach to deal with equations whose solutions (like tanh2-type) have a constant term in their expansion into real exponentials, and with equations whose linear part allows more than two exponential solutions. Finally, we also demonstrate the application of our technique to a typical dissipative equation, e.g., the Burgers
Reply to V. Pitini et al

We appreciate the comments of Pitini et al regarding our recent report of 7-year follow-up of cardiac function in National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project protocol B-31, which is evaluating the benefits and risks of adding trastuzumab to standard chemotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of women with early stage human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive breast cancer. We agree that a dynamic evaluation of cardiac function, for example by echocardiogram, provides more detailed assessment of myocardial function than multigated acquisition (MUGA) scans, and clearly all imaging modalities carry a margin of error. It is worth pointing out that for the first 1,000 patients enrolled onto B-31, the primary end point of the protocol was not the clinical efficacy of trastuzumab but cardiac safety. As such, patients with any significant cardiac condition were excluded from participation, including those with any arrhythmia requiring medication. The cardiac risk score applies only to those patients who would have met the eligibility requirements of the protocol from which it was developed. As we mentioned in the Methods section, MUGA scans were chosen over echocardiograms in order to write rules for holding or stopping trastuzumab and to minimize observer variability across institutions. We also agree that the accuracy of the baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measurement is critical, not only for the cardiac risk score, but also because it serves as the comparison point for subsequent LVEF measurements in determining whether to hold or continue trastuzumab. For instance, if a patient is dehydrated when her baseline LVEF study is performed, the value obtained may be higher than a true reflection of her level of systolic function, and the difference between baseline and subsequent measurements then may be exaggerated, in some cases potentially affecting decisions about whether to hold or continue trastuzumab. Finally, we welcome the important work that is being done using biomarkers such as ultrasensitive troponin, and we cite two such studies in our discussion. In the end, however, any indicators of potential cardiac risk, whether by risk score, biomarkers, or genetics, must be integrated into clinical decision algorithms regarding optimal use of trastuzumab in the treatment of patients with breast cancer.
Relationships between Large-Scale Vertical Velocity, Static Stability, and Cloud Radiative Forcing over Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Oceans*

This paper identifies dynamical and thermodynamical factors that govern the seasonal and interocean differences in cloud cover and cloud radiative forcing (CRF) over the storm track regions of the northern extratropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. An outstanding problem of interest is the fact that cloud cover is larger in the summer than winter in the North Pacific, while the converse is true in the North Atlantic. This paper considers separately January and July in the North Pacific and North Atlantic and finds that, on daily timescales, rising motion associated with synoptic-scale events such as cyclones produces greater CRF. However, CRF does not vary much with vertical velocity in regions of subsidence. In addition, increased moist static stability is associated on daily and monthly mean timescales with increased cloud cover and shortwave CRF. These results imply that, on monthly mean timescales, if we hold moist static stability constant, CRF should increase with increasing vertical velocity variance. This effect, by itself, would tend to increase CRF during winter, since the variance of vertical velocity is much larger during winter than summer. This is consistent with what is observed in the North Atlantic. In the North Pacific, however, the mean moist static stability is much larger during summer, and this effect tends to counteract the summertime decrease in vertical velocity variance, resulting in greater summertime cloud cover. Extending the argument to explain interocean differences in cloudiness or CRF during the same season, this paper finds that the North Pacific and North Atlantic have approximately the same CRF (or cloud cover) during winter because the mean vertical velocity variance and moist static stability are approximately the same. The North Pacific is more cloudy than the North Atlantic during summer because, while the mean vertical velocity variance is approximately the same, mean moist static stability is much greater in the North Pacific. Finally, spatial variations in both parameters within a given ocean basin tend to either reinforce each other or compete in their effect on CRF.
A model for individual supervision in a general hospital.

HE TRAINING of physicians, in general, is based on the apprenticeship model. The student learns by observing the teacher and then is himself observed by the teacher. Until the advent of psychoanalysis, psychiatry could be taught according to this mode. The nature of the clinical task for the psychiatrist was not fundamentally different from that of any other type of medical intervention, and, thus, teaching in this area could follow the apprenticeship model of general medical training. With psychoanalysis, however, the clinical task assumed altogether different dimensions. The focus shifted to the patient’s internal subjective life and away from external objective symptomatology. The vicissitudes of the relationship between the therapist and patient became central to the treatment. In fact. psychoanalytic treatment was arranged so that the manifestations of the patient’s disturbance were encouraged to appear in the treatment itself. The realities of the patient’s life situation were given less emphasis than the internal fantasies any realities might generate. It is easy to see that an apprenticeship model of teaching would be difficult to adapt to psychoanalytic treatment. The unique psychic qualities of analyst and patient and the vicissitudes of their interaction cannot be easily translated into a learning scheme in which student observes teacher. Nor could a teacher easily make objective assessments about the work of his student by observing him, since not only would the teacher’s presence interfere with this delicate interaction, but the highly subjective nature of the work would make direct observation more or less irrelevant. The formal psychoanalytic training that was developed to meet the needs of this new discipline had three aspects: personal analysis for the student, didactic teaching, and individual case supervision. The first recorded mention in the psychiatric literature of case supervision is attributed to Eitingon in 1925.’ In the years since then, contributions to the literature on the nature and proper functioning of analytic case supervision have been enormous. Several major books and articles have been written on the subject.“-”
Microscopic description of isobaric-analog-state transitions induced by 25-, 35-, and 45-MeV protons

Differential cross sections have been measured for ($p, n$) reactions to the isobaric analogs of the targets $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{120}\mathrm{Sn}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ at proton bombarding energies of 25, 35, and 45 MeV. The isospin-flip strength of a phenomenological nucleon-nucleon force has been determined with microscopic distorted-wave calculations including the "knock-on" exchange amplitude. A realistic $G$-matrix effective interaction also provides a reasonable account of the observed cross sections, particularly at the higher proton energies.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{120}\mathrm{Sn}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}(p, n)$, $E=25, 35, 45$ MeV; measured IAS $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; compared with microscopic direct-reaction model; deduced effective nucleon-nucleon interaction. Included knockon exchange amplitude.
Effect of gravity on the stability of thermocapillary convection in a horizontal fluid layer

Smith & Davis (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 132, 1983, pp. 119–144) considered the stability of thermocapillary convection in a horizontal fluid layer with an upper free surface generated by a horizontal temperature gradient. They showed that for a return-flow velocity profile, the convection will become unstable in the hydrothermal mode with waves propagating upstream obliquely. Their findings provided a theoretical explanation for the defects often found in crystals grown by the floating-zone technique and in thin-film coating processes. Their predictions were verified experimentally by Riley & Neitzel (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 359, 1998, pp. 143–164) in an experiment with 0.75 mm thick layer of silicone oil. Their results with 1 and 1.25 mm thick layers show that as the thickness of the layer is increased, the angle of propagation, the frequency of oscillation and the phase speed of the hydrothermal wave instability decrease, while the wavelength stays nearly constant. We have extended the linear stability analysis of the problem with the effect of gravity included. It is found that when the Grashof number Gr is increased from zero, the angle of propagation first increases slightly, reaches a maximum and then decreases steadily to zero at Gr = 18. The phase speed, the frequency of oscillation and the wavelength of the instability waves all decrease with increasing Grashof number. For Gr larger than 18, there is the onset of the instability into travelling transverse waves. We have also carried out energy analysis at the time of the instability onset. It is found that the major contribution to the energy of the disturbances is from the surface-tension effect. As the gravitational effect is increased, there is a reduction in the kinetic energy supply to sustain the motion of the disturbances. We also found that it requires more kinetic energy to sustain the hydrothermal mode of instability than that required for the travelling transverse mode of instability. As a result, with increasing Grashof number, the kinetic energy available for the disturbances decreases, causing the angle of propagation to gradually decrease until finally reaching zero at Gr = 18.
Assessing emotional distress at the internist's office.

At their first visits to a clinic, 102 outpatients rated the severity of their presenting complaint, of 12 possible body problems including 6 nonspecific symptoms, of a set of adjustment difficulties, and answered the Welsh A and the Beck Depression inventories. Then, an internist ‘blind’ to the foregoing answers performed a routine history and physical exam, afterward rating the patient for degree of organic and of psychosomatic involvement. Significant correlations were found between clinican judgments of psychosomatic involvement and patients' self-reported complaints on all assessment measures (smallest r = 0.25, P < 0.01). Substantial intercorrelations were found among the assessment measures, especially between Welsh A (Anxiety) and Beck Depression scores (r = 0.73).
Transglutaminase 2: Biology, Relevance to Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutic Implications

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and the aggregation of disease-specific pathogenic proteins in hallmark neuropathologic lesions. Many of these proteins, including amyloid Αβ, tau, α-synuclein and huntingtin, are cross-linked by the enzymatic activity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Additionally, the expression and activity of TG2 is increased in affected brain regions in these disorders. These observations along with experimental evidence in cellular and mouse models suggest that TG2 can contribute to the abnormal aggregation of disease causing proteins and consequently to neuronal damage. This accumulating evidence has provided the impetus to develop inhibitors of TG2 as possible neuroprotective agents. However, TG2 has other enzymatic activities in addition to its cross-linking function and can modulate multiple cellular processes including apoptosis, autophagy, energy production, synaptic function, signal transduction and transcription regulation. These diverse properties must be taken into consideration in designing TG2 inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of TG2, its various physiologic functions and our current understanding about its role in degenerative diseases of the brain. We also describe the different approaches to designing TG2 inhibitors that could be developed as potential disease-modifying therapies.
In vitro stimulation of oocytes by presumptive mandibular organ secretions in the shrimp, Penaeus vannamei

Abstract Several mandibular organ compounds and their derivatives were assayed in vitro to determine their effects on oocytes from the shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Pieces of adult immature ovary were incubated for 24 h in modified Medium 199 supplemented with either a steroid or terpenoid hormone. The diameters of late perinucleolus stage oocytes were examined under light microscopy. Of the four steroids assayed, only 17α-hydroxyprogesterone at concentrations of 1 pM–100 nM significantly increased oocyte diameter. Progesterone, 17β-estradiol and 17α,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone had no effect. Terpenoids, methyl farnesoate and juvenile hormone III, also significantly increased oocyte diameter. Combinations of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and juvenile hormone III showed no additive effect. These data suggest that mandibular organ compounds and their derivatives may be potent in stimulating oocyte growth.
Why drivers speed: The speeding perception inventory

Abstract This study reports initial results of a project to better understand the factors that predispose, enable, and reinforce drivers' speeding behavior. This information is essential for successful traffic safety programs. A perceptual inventory was developed and administered to a large, college-age sample. High levels of internal consistency were found. Factor analysis suggested five predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing constructs: 1. (a) Ego-gratification; 2. (b) Risk-taking; 3. (c) Time pressures; 4. (d) Disdain of driving; 5. (e) Inattention. Males agreed more strongly than females with ego-gratification items; younger subjects agreed more strongly with risk-taking and less strongly with time pressures items than older subjects; and, females agreed more strongly than males with time pressures, disdain of driving, and inattention items. The perceptual inventory approach shows promise over behavioral and attitudinal self-reports, particularly when self-reported referent criteria are difficult to obtain. Results from the inventory can be used to target traffic safety and health education programs, and can be incorporated into discussions of traffic safety policy, legislation, and enforcement.
Rapid induction of alkaline phosphatase activity by retinoic acid.

Abstract Retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) increased alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured cells derived from both normal rat prostate and the Dunning R-3327 transplantable prostatic adenocarcinoma. Retinoic acid was found to be 3–4-fold more effective as an inducer of enzyme activity than retinol or retinal. In one rapidly-growing cell line (UMS-1541Q) which has a barely-detectable level of enzyme activity in the uninduced state, increased activity could be detected as early as 3–4 hours after the addition of 10μM retinoic acid. This increase was totally blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. The demonstrated rapid inducibility of alkaline phosphatase activity provides a specific marker for the action of retinoic acid at the molecular level.
THE STRANGER AND THE SPOUSE AS TARGET PERSONS FOR COMPLIANCE‐GAINING STRATEGIES: A SUBJECTIVE EXPECTED UTILITY MODEL1

This study examines the use of compliance-gaining message strategies in “interpersonal” versus “noninterpersonal” relationships. Subjects were asked how likely they would be to use persuasive strategies in a hypothetical situation involving either a spouse (interpersonal situation) or new neighbors (noninterpersonal situation). A subjective expected utility model is proposed to account for subjects' choice of strategies. According to the SEU model, subjects weigh the expected advantages and disadvantages of strategies both in terms of their persuasiveness and their effects on the relationship with the persuadee. Regression analysis supported the use of the SEU model to predict subjects' choice of strategies. Situational comparisons of SEU indicated that most strategies are rated more persuasive, less likely to damage the personal relationship, and more likely to be used in the spouse situation than in the neighbor situation.