cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
And Then They Came for Me: The Effectiveness of a Theatrical Performance and Study Guide on Middle-School Students' Holocaust Knowledge and Empathic Concern

The present study evaluated the effect of the theatrical performance, And Then They Came for Me, and a corresponding study guide (a) on students' knowledge of the Holocaust and (b) on their empathic concern for victims in general. Middle-school students (n = 106) participated in the study. A survey measured Holocaust knowledge and empathic concern. We assigned students to either: (a) a guide-play group; (b) a guide-only group; or (c) a control group. The results suggest that students exposed to the play and the study guide demonstrated a better understanding of the social lessons of the Holocaust, and greater empathic concern for suffering individuals in general.
Effects of nicotine exposure on in vitro metabolism of chlorpyrifos in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

The routine use of tobacco products may modify key metabolizing systems, which will further impact the metabolism of environmental contaminants. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of repeated in vivo exposures to nicotine, a major pharmacologically active component of cigarette smoke, on in vitro metabolism of chlorpyrifos (CPF). CPF is an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide that is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) to its major metabolites, chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-oxon) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed subcutaneously with 1 mg nicotine/kg for 1, 7, or 10 d. Rats were sacrificed 4 or 24 h after the last nicotine treatment, and liver microsomes were prepared. The microsomes were incubated with varying concentrations of CPF and the production of the metabolites CPF-oxon and TCP were measured. The metabolism of CPF to the active oxon metabolite did not show significant changes following repeated nicotine treatments, evidenced by the unchanged ...
SU‐FF‐J‐08: Accuracy of Cranial Co‐Planar Beam Therapy with BrainLab ExacTrac Image Guidance

Purpose: To evaluate the positional accuracy (displacement between planned and delivereddose distributions) of cranial co‐planar beam treatments for image guided stereotactic radiation therapy with Novalis. Methods and Materials: Positional accuracy was investigated using a CIRS anthropomorphic head phantom loaded with 6.35cm × 6.35cm sections of EDR2 film oriented to measure dose in the three principal planes. BrainScan was used to develop a treatment plan consisting of seven equally spaced coplanar mMLC beams that conformed to irradiate a 2‐cm diameter by 2‐cm long PTV. Prior to delivery phantom misalignments were imposed in combinations of ±8‐mm offsets in one or more of the principal directions. ExacTrac X‐ray corrections were applied 1–3 times until the reported alignment was within 0.4mm/0.4° in all 6 degrees of freedom based on X‐ray to DRRimage fusion prior to treatmentdelivery. Phantom positions were tracked by the Novalis IR system. The delivereddose distribution was measured with a precision of ±0.3mm. Measured and calculated dose distributions were registered using 4 fiducial rods in the phantom. Results: Based on the 70% dose contour, the displacements of the delivered from the planned dose distributions ranged from 0.7 to 1.3mm, −0.4 to 0mm, and −0.6mm to 0.5mm in Posterior‐Anterior, Right‐Left and Inferior‐Superior directions respectively. For the 80% dose contour, the displacements of the delivered from the planned dose distributions ranged from 0.8 to 1.8mm, 0.1 to 0.8mm, and 0.1 to 1.1mm, respectively. Final displacements were independent of initial misalignments. Conclusions: Using recommended Novalis calibration procedures, the ExacTrac X‐ray image‐guidance system used in our clinic can deliver cranial dose distributions within 1.3mm of the planned dose distributions when initial misalignments are within ±8mm in the three principal directions. 80% isodose contours can have up to 1.8‐mm errors. This work is part of a research agreement with BrainLab, Inc.
The medium is the message: firearm caliber as a determinant of death from assault

* Associate Professor of Law and Associate Director of the Center for Studies in Criminal Justice, University of Chicago. Jerald Kessler, now a third-year student at the University of Chicago Law School, performed with diligence and creativity as a research assistant on this project. Steven Harris, a second-year student at the Law School, conducted a helpful survey of the literature on intent in violent attack. The Chicago Police Department, in particular Mr. Michael Spiotto, provided access to the department files on reported fatal and nonfatal attacks that were used in this study. 1 Franklin E. Zimring, Is Gun Control Likely To Reduce Violent Killings?, 35 U. Chi. L. Rev. 721-24, 730-37 (1968). A third report, Homicide in Chicago, 1965-70, grows out of the same research project, a study of violent attack in Chicago supported by the Center for Studies in Criminal Justice at the University of Chicago. Other data on the issue of weapon dangerousness are developed in George D. Newton and Franklin E. Zimring, Firearms and Violence in American Life (Staff Report (7) to the Nat'l Comm'n on the Causes and Prevention of Violence 1969). See, e.g., id. at 44 and 177-79 (relationship between relative degree of gun use and extent to which guns are more lethal than knives), 46-47 (death rates from gun vs. nongun armed robbery), 69-74 (effect of increase in gun ownership and use on death from assault in Detroit), 76-77 (relationship between relative gun use in robbery and assault in major cities).
THE EFFECTS OF SMOKELESS TOBACCO EXTRACT ON BONE NODULE FORMATION AND MINERALIZATION BY CHICK OSTEOBLASTS IN VITRO

Abstract Short-term exposure to smokeless tobacco extracts (STE) reportedly inhibits osteoblast metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of serial dilutions of a water-soluble extract of smokeless tobacco on osteoblast proliferation and their potential to form and mineralize bone nodules. STE significantly stimulated cell proliferation when diluted 102–104 times; 103 and 104 dilutions produced the greatest effect. 102–104 STE dilutions significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity at day 7 but 106 STE dilutions significantly decreased it. 103 and 104 dilutions significantly increased bone nodule formation, but inhibited their mineralization. In contrast, 105 and 106 dilutions significantly decreased bone nodule formation, but increased their mineralization. Stimulation of in vitro bone nodule formation by STE was similar to that produced by 10−7 M insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in vivo. Heat and acid treatment of STE significantly reduced its beneficial effect on cell proliferation, suggesting that a peptide within STE may be responsible for enhancement of osteogenic cell proliferation. Thus, STE may contain a peptide capable of significantly stimulating osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and metabolism, similar to the effects of IGF-1. This peptide could have potential therapeutic benefits.
Gd(0001): A semi-infinite three-dimensional heisenberg ferromagnet with ordinary surface transition

By comparing the surface and bulk magnetization of smooth, well-ordered Gd samples, we show that the surface has an ordinary transition, i.e., a common Curie temperature for surface and bulk. A quantitative statistical analysis of the temperature dependent magnetization is presented. Critical exponents for both surface, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{S}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$, and bulk, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{B}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.376\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$, are consistent with the semi-infinite three-dimensional Heisenberg model with homogeneous exchange.
From Cure to Community: Transforming Notions of Autism

Abstract For many decades, autism has been viewed as a biomedical condition, highlighting deficits in social interaction and communication. Based on ethnographic data from a study of adults with High Functioning Autism, this article explores the emergence of the autistic community, a group composed of people with autism, who are challenging these notions. First, I suggest that three historical trends can be linked to the emergence of this community: the widening of the autism spectrum, the strengthening of the self-advocacy movement, and the explosion of technology. Drawing from ethnographic data, I describe the community, including its discourse, occupations or activities, and lexicon. Although the autistic community has grown over the past decade, it has also faced resistance from both inside and outside the group. I investigate this tension, arising in a debate regarding whether autism is a condition in need of a cure or a way of life and suggest that the autistic community has the power to transform notions of autism. Implications of this research for psychological anthropology's notions of sociality are introduced. [autism, community, social model of disability, occupation]
An analysis of the asymmetric polarization method under conditions of relatively high applied voltage

Abstract The asymmetric polarization method has been employed to investigate the minority electronic conductivity of predominantly ionically conducting solid electrolytes under conditions in which the ionic conductivity is suppressed. Difficulties are encountered in the conventional treatment of this technique, under conditions of relatively high applied voltages, when signifacant internal electric fields are generated within the sample. In this work, an analysis of the asymmetric polarization method under conditions of relatively high applied voltages is presented.
Conformational probes for elucidating the nature of substance P binding to the NK1 receptor: initial efforts to map the Phe7-Phe8 region

Three substance P analogs with conformation constraints in the Phe7-Phe8 region have been prepared in connection with an effort to differentiate two families of potential conformations for the binding of substance P to its NK1 receptor. While the analogs did not bind the NK1 receptor with high affinity, the synthesis of the analogs demonstrated the utility of a general method for constructing piperazinone based peptidomimetics.
Polynomial kinetic energy approximation for direct-indirect heterostructures

Abstract The effective mass approximation, in which the band structure of a semiconductor is replaced by a simple parabolic dispersion relation for electrons, has worked suprisingly well for quantum calculations of electron eigenenergies and eigenstates in semiconductor heterostructures. It can be extended by systems with spacially varying effective mass by requiring wavefunction and particle flux continuity. However, for indirect heterostructures which include materials with electron bands of different symmetry, it fails to incorporate enough physics to give correct answers. An important example where effective mass calculations are inapplicable is the AlAs GaAs system, in which the conduction band minima occur at the Г and X points, respectively. The mixture of these two types of electrons in AlAs GaAs superlattices has only been calculated using tight-binding or pseudopotential methods, which are difficult to apply to a wide range of heterostructures. We have extended the spirit of effective mass calculations to a method applicable to indirect heterostructures. To do this, we write a Schrodinger equation in which the Hamiltonian is a nth degree polynomial in the gradient operator, ▽. For any energy, there exist n (complex) plane wave solutions. For spacially varying band structures, we can write a probability conserving Schrodinger equation which has a flux operator consistent with the usual interpretation of plane wave group velocities. The requirements imposed by this Schrodinger equation on the wavefunction and its derivatives allow matching of the plane wave solutions across heterojunctions. We have applied this method to AlAs GaAs double heterostructures, where we see interesting resonance and anti-resonance behaviors. The computational speed of our method will allow complicated structures, including compositional grading and electric fields, to be modeled on microcomputers.
Polarisation in the night sky at 5,300 Å

WE have presented observations1 of the linearly polarised intensity, pI, at 5,080 A (that is, polarisation, p × intensity, I), of radiation in the night sky. Contour plots of pI showed a displacement of the minimum of pI away from the antisolar point (ASP). A significant angular structure, and day-to-day variations were also evident. Here, we report observations of pI and of the orientation angle, χ, of the polarisation plane of radiation at 5,300 A in the night sky. Measurements have been taken since May 1973 with a photoelectric polarimeter at the University of Hawaii (J. L. Weinberg, unpublished). Several modifications have been made recently, the most important being the analog–digital conversion of data recording. Digitisation allows faster data reduction and improves measurement precision, which is now limited by instrumental polarisation and photon statistics. Full data will be published elsewhere; here, we discuss 63 nights of observation from May 1973–June 1974.
Effects of aging on mortality, hypothermia, and cytokine induction in mice with endotoxemia or sepsis.

Aging is accompanied by an altered stress response that underlies increased susceptibility of the elderly patients to physiological stress such as infection and sepsis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of aging on mortality, hypothermia, and cytokine induction in mouse models of intra-abdominal sepsis and endotoxemia. Systemic inflammation associated with either cecal ligation/puncture (CLP) or injection with bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulted in a significantly elevated mortality rate in aged (24 months) compared to young (4 months) mice. The aged mice also showed profound hypothermia during these inflammatory stresses; the severity of hypothermia at the early phase of sepsis or endotoxemia could predict the mortality of individual animals. The stress-mediated induction of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) in the circulating blood tended to be higher with aging in both CLP and LPS models, and in particular, the induction of IL-6 was significantly augmented with aging. The serum level of IL-6 showed a strong correlation with degrees of hypothermia. In the heart and lungs, the induction of mRNA for IL-6 and IL-10 was also significantly enhanced with aging. These results clearly demonstrate an age-associated increase in mortality, hypothermia, and induction of IL-6 during endotoxemia and sepsis.
Fifty-year trends in serial body mass index during adolescence in girls: the Fels Longitudinal Study

Background: A decline in the age at menarche was recently reported for US girls. Although it is possible that this recent drop stems from the concurrent increase in childhood obesity, few longitudinal studies of growth and development have been undertaken to specifically address the temporal relation between growth, adiposity, and the age at menarche. Objective: The objective was to simultaneously examine the effects of birth cohort (secular trend) and rate of maturation (age at menarche) on the timing and pattern of increases in body mass index (BMI) during adolescence in girls. Design: We applied mixed-effects polynomial models to serial BMI data, spanning from 6 y before menarche to 6 y after menarche, obtained from 211 girls enrolled in the Fels Longitudinal Study. We examined the effects of birth cohort (defined as girls born 1929 – 1946, 1947–1964, and 1965–1983) and age at menarche (defined as 11.9 y, 12.0 –13.1 y, and 13.2 y) on the magnitude and velocity of BMI during adolescence. Results: BMI and BMI velocity in girls born after 1965 were significantly greater than those of girls of earlier birth cohorts, despite stability in the mean age at menarche. Although girls with early menarche tended to have significantly higher BMIs than did girls with average or later menarche, these differences did not emerge until after menarche. Conclusion: These data suggest that increases in relative weight are a consequence, rather than a determinant, of the age at menarche and that secular changes in BMI and in the mean age at menarche could be independent phenomena. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:441– 6.
Recovery of Sparse Probability Measures via Convex Programming

We consider the problem of cardinality penalized optimization of a convex function over the probability simplex with additional convex constraints. The classical l1 regularizer fails to promote sparsity on the probability simplex since l1 norm on the probability simplex is trivially constant. We propose a direct relaxation of the minimum cardinality problem and show that it can be efficiently solved using convex programming. As a first application we consider recovering a sparse probability measure given moment constraints, in which our formulation becomes linear programming, hence can be solved very efficiently. A sufficient condition for exact recovery of the minimum cardinality solution is derived for arbitrary affine constraints. We then develop a penalized version for the noisy setting which can be solved using second order cone programs. The proposed method outperforms known rescaling heuristics based on l1 norm. As a second application we consider convex clustering using a sparse Gaussian mixture and compare our results with the well known soft k-means algorithm.
Linearity in the aggregate effects of multiple predators in a food web

Theory in community ecology often assumes that predator species have similar indirect effects and thus can be treated mathematically as a single functional unit (e.g. guild or trophic level). This assumption is questionable biologically because predator species typically differ in their effects, creating the potential for nonlinearities when they coexist. We evaluated the nature of indirect effects caused by three species of hunting spider predators, singly and in multiple species combinations, on grass and herb plants in experimental old-field food webs. Despite the potential for nonlinearity, indirect effects in different multiple predator combinations consistently did not differ significantly from the respective means of the single species effects. Thus, for this experimental system, the whole was simply the average of the parts. Consequently, models which abstract predator species as single trophic levels would successfully predict indirect effects in this system regardless of the composition of the predator fauna.
Investigations into sequence and conformational dependence of backbone entropy, inter-basin dynamics and the Flory isolated-pair hypothesis for peptides

The populations and transitions between Ramachandran basins are studied for combinations of the standard 20 amino acids in monomers, dimers and trimers using an implicit solvent Langevin dynamics algorithm and employing seven commonly used force-fields. Both the basin populations and inter-conversion rates are influenced by the nearest neighbor's conformation and identity, contrary to the Flory isolated-pair hypothesis. This conclusion is robust to the choice of force-field, even though the use of different force-fields produces large variations in the populations and inter-conversion rates between the dominant helical, extended β, and polyproline II basins. The computed variation of conformational and dynamical properties with different force-fields exceeds the difference between explicit and implicit solvent calculations using the same force-field. For all force-fields, the inter-basin transitions exhibit a directional dependence, with most transitions going through extended β conformation, even when it is the least populated basin. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of estimates for the backbone entropy of single residues, and for the ability of all-atom simulations to reproduce experimental protein folding data.
Nasal reconstruction with a forehead flap

The tint of forehead skin so exactly matches that of the face and nose that a forehead flap must be the first choice for reconstruction of a nasal defect. The forehead flap makes by far the best nose. With some plastic surgery juggling, the forehead defect can be camouflaged effectively. This article describes the author's technique in two-stage and three-stage forehead flap procedures.
Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone—what's next?

Hprovedanirresistibletemptation, and was a vast improvement over graphical separationand solute tracer methods that were prevalent at the time. Eventu-ally, hydrologists realized that this new method entailed a plethoraof assumptions about temporal and spatial homogeneity of isotopiccomposition (many of which were commonly violated). Nevertheless,hydrologists forged ahead with dozens of isotope-based hydrograph-separation studies that were published in the 1970s and 1980s.Hortonian overland ﬂow was presumed dead. By the late 1980s,the new isotope-based hydrograph separation technique had movedinto adolescence, accompanied by typical adolescent problems suchas confusion and a search for identity. As experienced hydrologistscontinued to use the isotope technique to study stormﬂow hydrol-ogy in forested catchments in humid climates, their younger peersfollowed obligingly—again and again. Was Hortonian overland ﬂowreally dead and forgotten, though? What about catchments in whichpeople live and work? And what about catchments in dry climatesand the tropics? How useful were study results when several of theassumptions about the homogeneityof source waters were commonlyviolated? What if two components could not explain the variation ofisotopic composition measured in the stream during stormﬂow? Andwhat about uncertainty? As with many new tools, once the initialshine wore off, the limitations of the method became a concern—oneof which was that isotope-based hydrograph separations alone couldnot reveal much about the ﬂow paths by which water arrives at astream channel during storms.During the late 1980s and early 1990s, isotope-based hydro-graph separation techniques matured into young adulthood. Unlikethe early studies that separated hydrographs into two componentsbased only on time, increasingly complex approaches emerged thatallowed stormﬂow-hydrograph separation into three-componentsthat reﬂected the geographic source areas of runoff. Hydrologistsalso began to incorporate error into their studies, and, most impor-tantly, began to combine isotope-based hydrograph separations withphysical measurements such as groundwater levels and soil watercontent to learn more about hydrologic ﬂow paths. As the sciencematured further in the 1990s, a point was reached at which isotope-based hydrograph separations alone were insufﬁcient to guarantee
The Great Moderation and "Falling Off a Cliff": Neo-Kaldorian Dynamics.

Following the broad outlines of Kaldor's 1940 model, we develop a simple non-convex macroeconomic model of the Keynesian sort with two stable short-run equilibria. In reference to empirical data, it explains the phenomenon of "falling off a cliff" (such as that perhaps seen during 2007-9) as a leap between equilibrium points, changing both expectations and behavior. Central to the origin of such jumps are endogenous declines in the demand/debt ratio that occur after persistent periods of high employment (cf. Minsky, 1982; Kalecki, 1933) which alter the short-run equilibria. Expectations adjustment allows short-run equilibration, based on a synthesis of the rational and adaptive theories of expectation determination. In addition, bringing in other macroeconomic analysis, the model suggests the likely need for exogenous shocks ("pump-priming") engineered by policy-makers to allow recovery after a steep and sudden recession. The model also allows for milder business fluctuations. But underlying such fluctuations is an asymmetry which implies that it is easier to fall off a cliff than to climb back up afterward.
Stimulated Raman scattering in chirped-pulse amplification: The role of vibrational dephasing

We numerically study the properties of Raman Stokes pulses generated in fiber chirped-pulse amplification. Pulses are compressible for Raman dephasing times as short as a hundredth of the pump pulse duration.
Clay interaction with liquid and supercritical CO2: The relevance of electrical and capillary forces

Caprocks with significant clay content are candidate seal layers for CO2 geological storage. Changes in electrical and capillary forces are expected when CO2 invades the water saturated pore space. Sedimentation experiments conducted to explore the response of kaolinite and montmorillonite to deionized water, brine, heptane, liquid CO2 and supercritical CO2 show that both montmorillonite and kaolinite aggregate when submerged in CO2 and the final porosity in CO2 is smaller than in brine. Differences in dielectric properties between CO2 and water, and ensuing implications on van der Waals attraction and double layer repulsion explain the observed phenomena. On the other hand, capillary effects induced by the water–CO2 interface are corroborated by clay–water paste desiccation experiments conducted using supercritical CO2: water dissolution into the surrounding CO2 causes suction and capillary contraction, the invasion of the CO2–water interface into the sediment, and the formation of desiccation cracks. Volume contraction and crack initiation are consistent with the sediment response within an effective stress framework. Altered electrical forces and emergent capillary forces lead to coupled chemo-hydro-mechanical phenomena in seal layers that could facilitate CO2 breakthrough and advection through high porosity caprocks; related phenomena are identified in the reservoir rock. Additional studies are needed to further assess coupled phenomena when the interparticle distance is a few monolayers of water.
Is there an association between diabetes and keratoconus

Purpose To examine whether there is an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and keratoconus. Design A retrospective comparison of the proportion of keratoconus patients with DM versus the proportion of overall patients with DM, and a retrospective cross-sectional study of a cohort consisting of all diabetic keratoconus patients and randomly selected keratoconus patients without DM at a single center. Participants Patients seen at the Wilmer Eye Institute from January 1, 1995, through March 18, 2004. Methods Review of billing data and clinic charts. Eligibility criteria for the cross-sectional study were 1 or more clinic visits, lack of other eye pathologic features (excluding cataract and diabetic retinopathy), and absence of bilateral penetrating keratoplasty (PK) at presentation. Application of novel keratoconus severity index was based on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the better eye at last visit and defined as: grade 1 (least severe), spectacle wear with BCVA of 20/40 or better; grade 2 (intermediate), spectacle wear with BCVA worse than 20/40 or rigid gas permeable lens wear; grade 3 (most severe), PK. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of DM in keratoconus patients and those without keratoconus, odds ratio of having DM on a diagnosis of more severe keratoconus, and prevalence of DM in keratoconus patients and those without keratoconus who underwent corneal transplantation. Results There was no difference in the prevalence of DM in keratoconus patients and those without keratoconus, and there was no difference in the prevalence of DM in keratoconus patients and those without keratoconus undergoing PK. However, our results suggest a negative association between DM and severity of keratoconus ( P = 0.03, Fisher exact test). The odds of being in the most severe group as opposed to the least severe group were lower in DM patients than in those without DM ( P = 0.01; odds ratio [OR] = 0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05–0.70). Compared with those without DM, DM patients also had lower odds of being in the intermediate group than in the least severe group ( P = 0.02; OR=0.25; 95% CI, 0.08–0.80). After adjustment for age, gender, and race, these differences remained statistically significant. Conclusions We found that DM is not associated with a diagnosis of keratoconus, but having DM decreases the odds of having more severe keratoconus.
A COMPARISON OF FILM TYPE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF SEASON FOR INTERPETATION OF COASTAL MARSHLAND VEGETATION

A study of coastal marshland using panchromatic vertical aerial photography suggested that October was the best season of the year for the interpretation of vegetation while February was most suitable for examining topographical or pedological features. False colour film was used to isolate certain plants from bare mudflats where it was impossible to identify these by differences in texture or height. Resume Une etude des terrains marecageux cotters au moyen de la photographie vertieale aerienne panchromatique indique qu'octobre est la meilleure saison de lannee pour ľinterpretation de la vegetation, et que fevrier est celle qui convient le mieux pour ľexamen des caracteres topographiques ou pedolo-giques. Des films a fausses couleurs ont ete utilises pour isoler certaines plantes sur des plages de vase denudeees ou il etait impossible de les identifier par differences de grain ou de hauteur. Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung von kustennahem Marschland mit Hilfe von pan-chromatischen Luftbildaufnahmen ergab, dass Oktober der gunstigste Monat des Jahres fur die Interpretation von Vegetation ist, wahrend sich Februar am besten zur Untersuchung gelande- und bodenkundlicher Merkmale eignet. Gewisse Pflanzen auf nackten Watten, die sich nicht durch ihre Strukter oder Hohe unterscheiden liessen, konnten durch Anwendung eines Filmverfahrens mit falschen Farben identifiziert werden.
Abdominopelvic washings: A comprehensive review

Intraperitoneal spread may occur with gynecological epithelial neoplasms, as well as with non-gynecological malignancies, which may result in serosal involvement with or without concomitant effusion. Therefore, washings in patients with abdominopelvic tumors represent important specimens for cytologic examination. They are primarily utilized for staging ovarian cancers, although their role has decreased in staging of endometrial and cervical carcinoma. Abdominopelvic washings can be positive in a variety of pathologic conditions, including benign conditions, borderline neoplastic tumors, locally invasive tumors, or distant metastases. In a subset of cases, washings can be diagnostically challenging due to the presence of co-existing benign cells (e.g., mesothelial hyperplasia, endosalpingiosis, or endometriosis), lesions in which there is only minimal atypia (e.g., serous borderline tumors) or scant atypical cells, and the rarity of specific tumor types (e.g., mesothelioma). Ancillary studies including immunocytochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization may be required in difficult cases to resolve the diagnosis. This article provides a comprehensive and contemporary review of abdominopelvic washings in the evaluation of gynecologic and non-gynecologic tumors, including primary peritoneal and mesothelial entities.
Solar Influences on Geomagnetic and Related Phenomena

A discussion of the geomagnetic effects of streams of electromagnetic and particular radiation from the sun. The interplay of forces between the geomagnetic field and solar streams is outlined; and the theoretical relationship between these, the solar storms, the trapped Van Allen radiations, the polar aurora, and geomagnetic field distortion are presented.
Static posed and evoked facial expressions of emotions in schizophrenia.

Objective Impaired facial expressions of emotions have been described as characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. Differences regarding individual facial muscle changes associated with specific emotions in posed and evoked expressions remain unclear. This study examined static facial expressions of emotions for evidence of flattened and inappropriate affect in persons with stable schizophrenia.
Memory CD8 T-cell compartment grows in size with immunological experience

Memory CD8 T cells, generated by natural pathogen exposure or intentional vaccination, protect the host against specific viral infections. It has long been proposed that the number of memory CD8 T cells in the host is inflexible, and that individual cells are constantly competing for limited space. Consequently, vaccines that introduce over-abundant quantities of memory CD8 T cells specific for an agent of interest could have catastrophic consequences for the host by displacing memory CD8 T cells specific for all previous infections. To test this paradigm, we developed a vaccination regimen in mice that introduced as many new long-lived memory CD8 T cells specific for a single vaccine antigen as there were memory CD8 T cells in the host before vaccination. Here we show that, in contrast to expectations, the size of the memory CD8 T-cell compartment doubled to accommodate these new cells, a change due solely to the addition of effector memory CD8 T cells. This increase did not affect the number of CD4 T cells, B cells or naive CD8 T cells, and pre-existing memory CD8 T cells specific for a previously encountered infection were largely preserved. Thus, the number of effector memory CD8 T cells in the mammalian host adapts according to immunological experience. Developing vaccines that abundantly introduce new memory CD8 T cells should not necessarily ablate pre-existing immunity to other infections.
A family of collusion resistant protocols for instantiating security

In this paper, we focus on the problem of identifying a family of collusion resistant protocols that demonstrate a tradeoff between the number of secrets that users maintain and the extent of collusion resistance. Towards this end, we define classes of collusion resistant protocols (modeled along the complexity classes in algorithmic complexity) and evaluate the membership of existing protocols as well as the protocols in the proposed family in these classes. We also show that this family contains existing protocols for instantiating security
Enacting an Equitable Agenda: Exploring Community Strategies in Milwaukee's Inner-City Redevelopment1

Due to the increasing importance of alternative visions and practices for redevelopment and difficulties with enacting these agendas, scholars call for more examination of progressive practices in the current constraining economic and political environment. By focusing on a major redevelopment initiative in Milwaukee's inner city, I explore how a coalition of local groups managed to represent the interests of disadvantaged residents in this project. I show how Good Jobs and Livable Neighborhoods (GJLN) successfully responded to multifaceted challenges to fostering organizing capacity and community engagement in the redevelopment of the 30th Street Industrial Corridor by forging extra- and intra-local multisector alliances, manipulating spaces for public participation, and positioning its efforts at both the project- and city-wide scales. I argue that this politics of scale eventually fostered an altered space of mutually beneficial engagement between social action groups and local government agencies that...
The dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic bases for the action of amphetamine and cocaine

The present experiments were designed to evaluate pharmacologically the role of three neuroanatomically related systems--dopamine, glutamate and GABA--in the motor-stimulant response to amphetamine and cocaine. The data indicate that stimulant-induced stereotypy is blocked by antagonists of all three systems and that agonists of all three systems administered into the striatum induce stereotypy. Furthermore, the interaction among them occurs in the striatum; and the reaction sequence, as determined by the effect of the relatively selective antagonists on agonist-induced stereotypy, appears to be a dopaminergic activation of a glutamatergic system which in turn activates a GABAergic system. Because the GABAergic system represents the major efferents from the striatum, the evidence suggests that the motor-stimulatory effects of amphetamine and cocaine result from a disinhibition of inhibitory systems in the thalamus, resulting in facilitation of excitation in the cortex.
Orthodontic solutions and the dental nurse's role

Assisting with orthodontic procedures may completely bypass some dental nurses, particularly those working in general practice or other specialised fields of dentistry. This article aims to outline some of the day-to-day duties and responsibilities that orthodontic nurses carry out
The Catholic Church as a Cultivator of Conscience: Toward Empowering Students to be Agents of the Maturation and Formation of their Consciences

Many Catholic students at Jesuit institutions of higher education will face a crisis in which Catholic identity seems to stand in the way of personal moral growth. The superego-ish conscience of the young adult struggles to mature as she undergoes experiences of expanding social horizons, cognitive-emotive depth, and personal agency. As this maturation begins, Catholic identity often seems to be moral deadweight—to the young adult—as the church seems to be a hopelessly compromised institution pontificating all too often the wrong values without credible foundation. This experience finds support in a popular trope today—advanced in an organized way by groups like the American Humanist Association—in which religion is cast as a superego-ish villain: an oppressive authority figure imposing arbitrary rules with the threat of punishment. According to the trope, atheism (or at least the abandonment of organized religion) is the only avenue conducive to moral growth. This article aims to empower Jesuit educators, and all whose work involves youth formation, to preempt and address this common crisis. To this end, (1) I investigate the moral-religious journey that leads to this crisis, (2) I outline a popular contemporary trope (typified by the rhetoric of the American Humanist Association) in which religion stands in the way of moral growth, (3) I present a nuanced account of conscience and its maturation, and finally (4) I draw a distinction between the (overlooked) maturation of conscience and the formation of conscience and I provide outlines of lessons designed to empower students to be agents of both the maturation and formation of their consciences.
Hindcasting Historical Breeding Conditions for an Endangered Salamander in Ephemeral Wetlands of the Southeastern USA: Implications of Climate Change

The hydroperiod of ephemeral wetlands is often the most important characteristic determining amphibian breeding success, especially for species with long development times. In mesic and wet pine flatwoods of the southeastern United States, ephemeral wetlands were a common landscape feature. Reticulated flatwoods salamanders (Ambystoma bishopi), a federally endangered species, depend exclusively on ephemeral wetlands and require at least 11 weeks to successfully metamorphose into terrestrial adults. We empirically modeled hydroperiod of 17 A. bishopi breeding wetlands by combining downscaled historical climate-model data with a recent 9-year record (2006–2014) of observed water levels. Empirical models were subsequently used to reconstruct wetland hydrologic conditions from 1896–2014 using the downscaled historical climate datasets. Reconstructed hydroperiods for the 17 wetlands were highly variable through time but were frequently unfavorable for A. bishopi reproduction (e.g., only 61% of years, using a conservative estimate of development time [12 weeks], were conducive to larval development and metamorphosis). Using change-point analysis, we identified significant shifts in average hydroperiod over the last century in all 17 wetlands. Mean hydroperiods were shorter in recent years than at any other point since 1896, and thus less suitable for A. bishopi reproduction. We suggest that climate change will continue to impact the reproductive success of flatwoods salamanders and other ephemeral wetland breeders by reducing the number of years these wetlands have suitable hydroperiods. Consequently, we emphasize the importance of conservation and management for mitigating other forms of habitat degradation, especially maintenance of high quality breeding sites where reproduction can occur during appropriate environmental conditions.
Polylogarithmic inapproximability

We provide the first hardness result of a polylogarithmic approximation ratio for a natural NP-hard optimization problem. We show that for every fixed e>0, the GROUP-STEINER-TREE problem admits no efficient log2-e k approximation, where k denotes the number of groups (or, alternatively, the input size), unless NP has quasi polynomial Las-Vegas algorithms. This hardness result holds even for input graphs which are Hierarchically Well-Separated Trees, introduced by Bartal [FOCS, 1996]. For these trees (and also for general trees), our bound is nearly tight with the log-squared approximation currently known. Our results imply that for every fixed e>0, the DIRECTED-STEINER TREE problem admits no log2-e n--approximation, where n is the number of vertices in the graph, under the same complexity assumption.
Violence and Armed Conflicts in the Caucasus: An Introductory Comment

(2011). Violence and Armed Conflicts in the Caucasus: An Introductory Comment. Eurasian Geography and Economics: Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 593-595.
How to Give an Exposition of the Čech-Alexander-Spanier Type Homology Theory

Resolution of Singularities of Embedded Algebraic Surfaces (Academic Press, 1966), A Glimpse of Algebraic Geometry (University of Poona, 1971), Algebraic Space Curves (Les Presses de l'Universite de Montreal, 1971), Geometric Theory of Algebraic Space Curves (with A.M. Sayhaye, SpringerVerlag, 1974), and Expansion Techniques in Algebraic Geometry (Tata Institute, 1977). Professor Abhyankar has recently helped found BHASKARACHARYA PRATISHTHANA, a mathematical research institute at 39/5 Erandavane, Pune 4, India. Professor Abhyankar serves as Prime Member and Director of the Governing Body of BHASKARACHARYA PRATISHTHANA. In his acceptance speech, Professor Abhyankar said, "I am very pleased and thankful for this honor. My attempt of writing readable mathematics was inspired by Bhaskaracharya's book on geometry called Lilavati which he composed in Sanskrit poetry around 1114 A.D. and through which my father initiated me to mathematics. With the aim of facilitating the cultivation and growth of mathematics in one of its original ancient homes, I have recently participated in founding the Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana, a mathematical institute in Pune in India, named after this great poet-mathematician. Hereby I appeal to all interested persons everywhere to help us in this venture by giving generous donations. Donations, payable to Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana, may be sent to me at: Mathematics Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A."
Modeling of Self-Assembly Dynamics of Photolithographically Patterned MUFFINS Biosensor Arrays

The ability to mass produce biosensor arrays at low costs is an important target for the diagnostics industry. Our group has previously explored the batch production of mesoscale sized hydrogels as platforms for biosensors using photolithographic techniques. The individual hydrogel features were self-assembled through lateral capillary interactions to form a closed packed configuration and the pre-polymer medium was subsequently UV-cured to form the array. To understand the self-assembly dynamics, we investigated, through simulation, the flotation behavior of two assembling particles and its dependence on physical constants such as surface tension and particle density. Simulation results revealed that the objects tilt toward each other as they came into proximity. The tilt angle decreased with increasing surface tension but increased with increasing particle density. Understanding the details of the flotation behavior is necessary in the development of a full scale self-assembly model.
Models of πNN interactions

A πNN model inspired by Quantum Chromodynamics is presented. The model gives an accurate fit to the most recent Arndt NN phase shifts up to 1 GeV and can be applied to study intermediate- and high-energy nuclear reactions.
SEIZING THE FLEET IN 1642: PARLIAMENT, THE NAVY, AND THE PRINTING PRESS

(1991). SEIZING THE FLEET IN 1642: PARLIAMENT, THE NAVY, AND THE PRINTING PRESS. The Mariner's Mirror: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 227-234.
Direct searches for Dark Matter

An increasing number of astronomical and astrophysical observations strongly suggest that the Universe is composed of more than 96% of invisible matter and energy and that most of the invisible matter has to be non-luminous, non-baryonic and cold (i.e. non relativistic), therefore referred to as Cold Dark Matter (CDM) [1, 2, 3]. Moreover, both theory and observations point to the fact that CDM is constituted neither by baryons nor by neutrinos. The leading candidate as CDM particle is the so called Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP). A direct approach to WIMPs detection is to measure the nuclear recoils produced in the scattering of WIMPS off the nuclei of target materials in detectors placed deep underground. A review of the main technologies used in Dark Matter direct detection experiments is presented, with a special focus on experiments based on cryogenic noble liquids as target and detectors.
Alcohol Increases Delay and Probability Discounting of Condom-Protected Sex: A Novel Vector for Alcohol-Related HIV Transmission.

Background Alcohol use, especially at binge levels, is associated with sexual HIV risk behavior, but the mechanisms through which alcohol increases sexual risk taking are not well-examined. Delay discounting, that is, devaluation of future consequences as a function of delay to their occurrence, has been implicated in a variety of problem behaviors, including risky sexual behavior. Probability discounting is studied with a similar framework as delay discounting, but is a distinct process in which a consequence is devalued because it is uncertain or probabilistic. Methods Twenty-three, nondependent alcohol users (13 male, 10 female; mean age = 25.3 years old) orally consumed alcohol (1 g/kg) or placebo in 2 separate experimental sessions. During sessions, participants completed tasks examining delay and probability discounting of hypothetical condom-protected sex (Sexual Delay Discounting Task, Sexual Probability Discounting Task) and of hypothetical and real money. Results Alcohol decreased the likelihood that participants would wait to have condom-protected sex versus having immediate, unprotected sex. Alcohol also decreased the likelihood that participants would use an immediately available condom given a specified level of sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk. Alcohol did not affect delay discounting of money, but it did increase participants' preferences for larger, probabilistic monetary rewards over smaller, certain rewards. Conclusions Acute, binge-level alcohol intoxication may increase sexual HIV risk by decreasing willingness to delay sex in order to acquire a condom in situations where one is not immediately available, and by decreasing sensitivity to perceived risk of STI contraction. These findings suggest that delay and probability discounting are critical, but heretofore unrecognized, processes that may mediate the relations between alcohol use and HIV risk.