cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buprenorphine dosing every 1, 2, or 3 days in opioid-dependent patients.

Rationale: Administration of double the maintenance dose of buprenorphine has been shown to permit every-other-day dosing. Whether longer periods between dosing can be achieved is unknown. Objectives: To examine whether triple the maintenance dose can be administered every 72 h without opioid withdrawal or intoxication. Methods: Sixteen opioid-dependent outpatients each received three conditions (1) the maintenance dose of buprenorphine every 24 h, (2) double the maintenance dose every 48 h, and (3) triple the maintenance dose every 72 h under double-blind placebo-controlled conditions. Each conditions was imposed in a random sequence for 21–22 days. Self report and observer measures were taken at 24-h intervals. Results: No significant differences were observed on measures of opioid agonist and withdrawal effects between the dosing conditions. However, averaging effects across conditions may obscure important within-condition effects. When conditions were analyzed by individual days within a condition, several significant effects were observed. For example, 24 h after administration of triple the maintenance dose, significant effects were observed in eight opioid agonist measures. Also, 72 h after administration of triple the maintenance dose, significant effects were observed on four measures of withdrawal. Neither adverse medical reactions nor excessive opioid intoxication were observed. Conclusions: These results suggest that buprenorphine may be administered safely every 72 h by tripling the maintenance dose, with only minimal withdrawal complaints. Importantly, this 72-h dosing may permit patients to attend clinic thrice weekly without the use of take-home doses.
Stochastic filtering of multiphase transport phenomena

Whether or not a multiphase mixture is to be considered heterogeneous is a function of scale and hence also a function of the measurement process. Heterogeneities manifested through the measurement process and sampling frequency (extrinsic heterogeneity) are discussed in relationship to the intrinsic heterogeneity associated with the true physical environment. The question of whether or not a multiphase environment may be scaled is partially a function of the scale of the extrinsic heterogeneity of interest. Thus, it is also a function of the instrumental apparatus, which implies that the instrument must also be scaled. We review restrictive scaling constraints in frequency space that an instrument must satisfy for proper scaling of an experiment.
Predation risk, resource quality, and reef structural complexity shape territoriality in a coral reef herbivore.

For many species securing territories is important for feeding and reproduction. Factors such as competition, habitat availability, and male characteristics can influence an individual’s ability to establish and maintain a territory. The risk of predation can have an important influence on feeding and reproduction; however, few have studied its effect on territoriality. We investigated territoriality in a haremic, polygynous species of coral reef herbivore, Sparisoma aurofrenatum (redband parrotfish), across eight reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary that were either protected or unprotected from fishing of piscivorous fishes. We examined how territory size and quality varied with reef protection status, competition, predation risk, and male size. We then determined how territory size and quality influenced harem size and female size to understand the effect of territoriality on reproductive potential. We found that protected reefs trended towards having more large predatory fishes and that territories there were smaller but had greater algal nutritional quality relative to unprotected reefs. Our data suggest that even though males in protected sites have smaller territories, which support fewer females, they may improve their reproductive potential by choosing nutritionally rich areas, which support larger females. Thus, reef protection appears to shape the trade-off that herbivorous fishes make between territory size and quality. Furthermore, we provide evidence that males in unprotected sites, which are generally less complex than protected sites, choose territories with higher structural complexity, suggesting the importance of this type of habitat for feeding and reproduction in S. aurofrenatum. Our work argues that the loss of corals and the resulting decline in structural complexity, as well as management efforts to protect reefs, could alter the territory dynamics and reproductive potential of important herbivorous fish species.
Plasma prolactin levels in parental male rats: effects of increased pup stimuli.

Abstract The effects of pup exposure on plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were measured in unrestrained, steroid-primed, orchidectomized parental rats. Castrated adult male rats were treated with estradiol and progesterone for 3 weeks and then exposed to rat young until parental behavior was induced. Blood samples were then collected from parental males in both the presence and the absence of pups. Samples were obtained through the use of indwelling cannulas connected via polyethylene tubing to syringes located outside each subject's cage. Despite the intense pup stimulation provided by exposure to nine rat pups, acute rises in plasma PRL levels were not observed in these unrestrained parental male rats. Parental male rats, therefore, do not appear to have the capacity to secrete prolactin in response to acute exposure to young.
Mapping surface soil moisture with L-band radiometric measurements

A NASA C-130 airborne remote sensing aircraft was used to obtain four-beam pushbroom microwave radiometric measurements over two small Kansas tall-grass prairie region watersheds, during a dry-down period after heavy rainfall in May and June, 1987. While one of the watersheds had been burned 2 months before these measurements, the other had not been burned for over a year. Surface soil-moisture data were collected at the time of the aircraft measurements and correlated with the corresponding radiometric measurements, establishing a relationship for surface soil-moisture mapping. Radiometric sensitivity to soil moisture variation is higher in the burned than in the unburned watershed; surface soil moisture loss is also faster in the burned watershed.
Lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle augment the renin response to blood loss but do not alter hypothalamic Fos expression

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine if the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNAB) plays an essential role in mediating increased plasma renin activity (PRA) and hypothalamic activation, as indicated by increased Fos expression, in response to a small volume blood loss in unanesthetized animals. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were prepared with bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine or sham lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. In both groups of animals, blood pressure decreased by only 10–15 mmHg following hemorrhage (10 ml/kg over 15 min). Plasma renin activity increased similarly in both groups after 5 ml/kg blood loss, but showed a significantly greater increase after 10 ml/kg blood loss in animals with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions than in those with sham lesions (increase of 13.8±2.0 ng/ml/h versus 8.4±1.2 ng/ml/h; P
The R Scale and Acquiescent Tendencies on Scales Consisting of Items from the CPI, PRF, and EPI

Summary.-Previous studies involving the R scale of the MMPI as a measure of acquiescent tendencies were replicated with items from the California Psychological Inventory, the Personalicy Research Form AA, and Booklet I1 of the Edwards Personalicy Inventory. The results obtained support the interpretation of scores on the R scale as measuring acquiescent tendencies with respect to items with a non-pathological content. The R scale of the MPI consists of 40 items all of which are keyed for False responses. The scale was developed by Welsh ( 1956) as a marker variable for the second MMPI factor. In a principal component factor analysis of 61 scales, of which 58 were MMPI scales, Edwards, Diers, and Walker ( 1962) found that the second factor loadings of the MMPI scales correlated .82 with the proportion of items keyed for True responses in the scales. The R scale, as is usually the case, had a relatively high loading on the second factor (-.go) and a low loading on the first factor (.07). On the basis of these findings, the investigators concluded that the second MMPI factor could be interpreted as measuring individual differences in the tendency to give True or acquiescent responses to MMPI items. In a follow-up study by Edwards and Abbott (1969), items in the MMPI were arranged in rank order of their Social Desirability Scale Values (SDSVs). The 20 items with the lowest SDSVs were then selected to form Scale I, the next 20 to form Scale 2, and so on. The last scale, Scale 26, consisted of the 10 MMPI items with the highest SDSVs. Items in each of the 26 scales were keyed for True responses and scores on these scales were then correlated with scores on the R scale. For all 26 scales the correlations with the R scale were negative, a finding that is consistent with the interpretation of low scores on the R scale as measuring a general tendency to acquiesce or respond True to personality items. It is well known, however, that the content of MMPI items is primarily relevant to psychopathology. Because the R items come from the MMPI item pool, it is possible to argue that high scores on the R scale measure denial of psychopathology, whereas the True keyed MMPI scales measure the tendency to acknowledge psychopathology. This argument is plausible with respect to the negative correlation between MMPI scales with low SDSVs and the R scale, but 'This research was supported in pan by Research Grant MH-04075 from the National Institute of Mental Health, United States Public Health Service. Allen L. Edwards. Pcincipal Investigator.
Fatty acid composition and incorporation of arachidonic acid into phospholipids of hemocytes from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta

Abstract The fatty acid compositions were determined for total lipids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids and four phospholipid fractions, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylinositol (PS/PI) and cardiolipin (CA) obtained from hemocytes and cell-free serum from second day, fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta and the standard Manduca rearing medium. The hemocyte fatty acid profiles were considerably different from the profiles of the medium the insects were reared on and from the profiles of the cell-free serum. Hemocyte neutral lipids had lower proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids than phospholipids. The fatty acid profiles of PC, PE, PS/PI and CA differ from each other and from the total lipid profiles, indicating selective fatty acid incorporation into hemocyte phospholipid species. Studies with radioactive arachidonic acid similarly indicated selective incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into hemocyte lipids. Under our in vitro conditions, >40% of the total radioactivity was incorporated into hemocyte lipids. About 93% of the incorporated radioactivity was found in phospholipids. Within phospholipids. most of the radioactivity was associated with PC (46%), and less with PE (28%) and PS/PI (21%). Very little radioactivity was recovered in CA (0.9%).
Derivation of naive human embryonic stem cells.

The naive pluripotent state has been shown in mice to lead to broad and more robust developmental potential relative to primed mouse epiblast cells. The human naive ES cell state has eluded derivation without the use of transgenes, and forced expression of OCT4, KLF4, and KLF2 allows maintenance of human cells in a naive state [Hanna J, et al. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(20):9222–9227]. We describe two routes to generate nontransgenic naive human ES cells (hESCs). The first is by reverse toggling of preexisting primed hESC lines by preculture in the histone deacetylase inhibitors butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, followed by culture in MEK/ERK and GSK3 inhibitors (2i) with FGF2. The second route is by direct derivation from a human embryo in 2i with FGF2. We show that human naive cells meet mouse criteria for the naive state by growth characteristics, antibody labeling profile, gene expression, X-inactivation profile, mitochondrial morphology, microRNA profile and development in the context of teratomas. hESCs can exist in a naive state without the need for transgenes. Direct derivation is an elusive, but attainable, process, leading to cells at the earliest stage of in vitro pluripotency described for humans. Reverse toggling of primed cells to naive is efficient and reproducible.
LatentGesture: active user authentication through background touch analysis

We propose a new approach for authenticating users of mobile devices that is based on analyzing the user's touch interaction with common user interface (UI) elements, e.g., buttons, checkboxes and sliders. Unlike one-off authentication techniques such as passwords or gestures, our technique works continuously in the background while the user uses the mobile device. To evaluate our approach's effectiveness, we conducted a lab study with 20 participants, where we recorded their interaction traces on a mobile phone and a tablet (e.g., touch pressure, locations), while they filled out electronic forms populated with UI widgets. Using classification methods based on SVM and Random Forests, we achieved an average of 97.9% accuracy with a mobile phone and 96.79% accuracy with a tablet for single user classification, demonstrating that our technique has strong potential for real-world use. We believe our research can help strengthen personal device security and safeguard against unintended or unauthorized uses, such as small children in a household making unauthorized online transactions on their parents' devices, or an impostor accessing the bank account belonging to the victim of a stolen device.
Narrowing the Gap? Revisiting Publication Rates in Chemistry Education

Pienta’s 2004 work detailing publication rates for chemistry education research (CER) faculty has become an important source of information for faculty undergoing annual review or promotion or tenure decisions. Much has changed in the CER community in the last decade and this work seeks to explore whether publication rates are among them. Our results reveal an overall increase in publication rates among CER faculty at both doctoral and masters degree-granting institutions and an overall narrowing of the gap between these rates and the publication rates of more traditionally focused chemistry faculty.
Community-Based Natural Resource Management: Ideals and Realities for Oregon Watershed Councils

Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is presented as an alternative to conventional, top-down approaches to natural resource governance. It entails local, place-based projects, programs, and policies that have the goal of advancing healthy environments and human communities. CBNRM promises Jeffersonian ideals of civil society—local citizens participating in democratic decision making to create and maintain robust communities. Implementing CBNRM requires different institutions and organizational structures than those created during the rise of the administrative state. Watershed councils are a particularly pertinent example of CBNRM in practice. What are the issues facing watershed councils in a policy environment that places significant expectations and responsibilities on such entities? Drawing from a larger study of Oregon's watershed councils, this article explores some of the institutional and organizational realities of watershed councils in the current policy environment.
Two-loop corrections to the beta function for the Higgs-Yukawa coupling constant

Abstract The complete second-order corrections to the β-function for the coupling g ψ ψφ are calculated in the standard model, including Yukawa, strong and electroweak terms.
Source, Method, and Surmise: Quality of Life in History

The purpose of the essay is to demonstrate that study of quality of life can explore eras before our own. There are caches of social data as early as the seventeenth century, and there were people who attempted to formulate social circumstances close to today’s concepts of quality of life. Data from England and Ireland are presented and analyzed.
Familial Clustering of Mitral Valve Prolapse in the Community

Background—Knowledge of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) inheritance is based on pedigree observation and M-mode echocardiography. The extent of familial clustering of MVP among unselected individuals in the community using current, more specific echocardiographic criteria is unknown. In addition, the importance of nondiagnostic MVP morphologies (NDMs; first described in large pedigrees) has not been investigated in the general population. We hypothesized that parental MVP and NDMs increase the risk of offspring MVP. Methods and Results—Study participants were 3679 Generation 3 individuals with available parental data in the Offspring or the New Offspring Spouse cohorts. MVP and NDMs were distinguished by leaflet displacement >2 versus ≤2 mm beyond the mitral annulus, respectively. We compared MVP prevalence in Generation 3 participants with at least 1 parent with MVP (n=186) with that in individuals without parental MVP (n=3493). Among 3679 participants (53% women; mean age, 40±9 years), 49 (1%) had MVP. Pare...
Large size optical windows for superfluid helium applications

We report on a technique to seal large size optical windows on metal cryostats for He II applications.
Compressible Flow in a Half-Space with Navier Boundary Conditions

We prove the global existence of weak solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations of compressible flow in a half-space with the boundary condition proposed by Navier: the velocity on the boundary is proportional to the tangential component of the stress. This boundary condition allows for the determination of the scalar function in the Helmholtz decomposition of the acceleration density, which in turn is crucial in obtaining pointwise bounds for the density. Initial data and solutions are small in energy-norm with nonnegative densities having arbitrarily large sup-norm. These results generalize previous results for solutions in the whole space and are the first for solutions in this intermediate regularity class in a region with a boundary.
Isolation and characterization of mutations causing abnormal eversion of the vulva in Caenorhabditis elegans

In Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites, morphogenesis of the vulva culminates in a process called vulval eversion, whereby a passageway is made from the uterus through the vulva to the outside of the animal. We have screened for mutations causing abnormal eversion of the vulva (evl mutations) to identify new genes involved in vulval development, and found that evl mutants are relatively common after EMS mutagenesis. We also hoped to identify genes involved in lin-12-mediated cell fate decisions, since lin-12 null mutants have abnormally everted vulvae, but none of the 68 evl mutations recovered in our screen appeared to be good candidates for genes that function with lin-12. Initial genetic and phenotypic analysis of 30 evl mutations revealed that all affect the development of the uterus, but only some affect the vulval precursor cell lineages. We used laser ablation to show that the uterus and anchor cell are important for correct vulval eversion in wild type; the anchor cell is important early in the L3 stage, before the vulval cells have been generated, but not later, when vulval eversion occurs. We conclude that certain evl mutations may influence vulval eversion by primarily affecting the development of the somatic gonad, while others may affect processes required in the development of both structures.
National and regional trends in ambient ozone measurements, 1975–1981

Abstract Long-term (1975–1981) and short-term (1980–1981) national and regional trends in ozone (O 3 ) are examined. The data used in this paper come from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB). Air quality trends are presented for both the National Air Monitoring Sites (NAMS) and all other sites meeting the historical and data completeness criteria. Nationally, the composite average of the second-highest daily maximum 1-h O 3 values recorded at 209 sites decreased 14% between 1975 and 1981. An even greater improvement was observed in the estimated number of exceedances in the ozone season (July–September), which decreased 42%. Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions decreased 9% during the same time period. The greater improvement observed in ozone levels appears to be a combination of reductions in VOC emissions and the change in the calibration procedure which took place between 1978 and 1979. Between 1980 and 1981, the majority of the 159 monitoring sites with data in both years decreased with a median rate of improvement of 8%. This is consistent with the 7% drop in VOC emissions during this period.
Ventricular fibrillation: are swine a sensitive species?

Legislation and sentiment have pushed large-animal electrophysiological research from the canine to the swine model. Anecdotal experience suggests that the swine is particularly sensitive to ventricular fibrillation (VF) induction, and radiofrequency ablation studies are consistent with this. Currently, no data exist directly comparing the VF threshold (VFT) in humans to swine. Because of the perceived difference in vulnerability to VF induction, we hypothesized that the VFT would be lower in swine compared to humans. Six anesthetized open-chested swine, 31 ± 2 kg, were studied that were part of an ongoing study with up to 6 h of previous closed-chest percutaneous pacing with repeated VF cycles. Similar to the human study of Horowitz et al., 24 pulses of 4 ms each were applied at a rate of 100 Hz during the ST segment to the epicardium via a pair of 7-mm diameter platinum electrodes whose centers were 15 mm apart. Current was increased until VF was induced. The swine right ventricle (RV) VFT was 9.7 ± 2.1 mA [median = 9.0, interquartile range (IQR) = 7.8–12.0], and the left ventricle (LV) VFT was 10.7 ± 2.2 mA [median = 10.5, IQR = 8.8–12.5] (p = NS). Horowitz reported the RV VFT in six patients as 24.3 ± 5.2 mA [median = 24.5, IQR = 19.0–29.3] and the LV VFT in ten patients as 33.6 ± 9.5 mA [median = 36.5, IQR = 27.3–42.3] (p = .11). Both the RV and LV VFTs were lower for swine (p < 0.003), and each of the mean and median VFTs for the ventricles together was one third that of the humans. Swine are about three times as sensitive to the electrical induction of VF as are humans.
Induced Wage Effects of Changes in Food Prices in Egypt

The trend in real agricultural wages in Egypt over the two decades since the mid-1970s is well described by an inverted U-shaped curve with a peak around 1985. But the rise and fall of real wages masks a complex dynamic process by which nominal wages adjust in response to changes in food prices. We use governorate-level panel data for 1976–93 to explore the nature of this adjustment process. Our results indicate that nominal wages adjust slowly. There is a significant negative initial impact of rising food prices on real wages, though wages do catch up in the long run.
Instructing Graduate Students to Tackle the "Real World": A Course Description

This Teaching Resource describes a course designed to expose graduate students to various hurdles they will encounter during their development as scientists. This course aims to train students in such elements of scientific life as working within a research group, presenting research, writing proposals, and publishing peer-reviewed manuscripts and to provide them with the tools necessary to accomplish these tasks. A critical element of this course is that it is designed to provide students with valuable "real world" experiences. A course description and a syllabus are provided.
Micropulsation Measurements During the Puget Sound Earthquake of April 29, 1965

Abstract : The emf's induced in micropulsation coils were analyzed to compute an epicenter and to look for possible magnetic signals generated by the Puget Sound earthquake of April 29, 1965. The epicenter calculated by this method agrees with that published by Algermissen and Hardy (1965) within the limits of experimental error. The search for magnetic precursors yielded negative results. The upper limit to the dipole moment of the stressed region was determined to be 2.5 x 10 to the 13th power cgs emu. It is concluded that, at least in this area, the possibility of using the piezomagnetic effect as a useful pre-indication of earthquake activity is rather remote. (Author)
The End of the Green Revolution

Growth of the global food supply and predicted increases in the human population have been well-studied and modeled. Increases in food production have been based on a paradigm established in the post-World War II era which addresses increases in the need for food through the application of basic and translational scientific research to agricultural problems, with the assumption that technological solutions to food production can be used to reduce or eliminate hunger. However, the role of increased agricultural production has not been adequately addressed as a factor in population expansion. While there is at present no viable and acceptable alternative to the current food production paradigm, the role of increased food production can and should be examined in the context of irremediable environmental damage and as a driving force in population growth.
Effect of chain stiffness on the morphology of diblock copolymer melts

The authors have studied the microphase separation of symmetric diblock copolymers with variable block stiffness and different block chain lengths using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results show that for symmetric diblock copolymers, a combination of chain length and relative stiffness between the blocks may play the major role in determining the equilibrium morphology of the system. When the variation in stiffness between blocks is small, the equilibrium morphology of the diblock system is found to be lamellar; this is also the case for systems with small chain lengths, regardless of the difference in block stiffness. However, in systems with longer chains with modest variation in stiffness between the blocks, an ordered cylindrical phase is formed in which the stiffer blocks form cylinders completely surrounded by the flexible components. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2556–2565, 2009
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation of Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Tumors: Current Concepts and Review of the Literature

The liver is a common site for primary malignancy and hematogenous metastasis. Although surgical resection of primary or metastatic hepatic tumors is generally regarded as first-line therapy, the majority of patients with hepatic malignancy have disease that is not amenable to surgical resection because of tumor location, poor hepatic reserve, or medical comorbidities. This has led to significant interest in the development of nonsurgical image-guided therapies, including radiofrequency ablation (RFA). RFA is appealing as a minimally invasive therapy that may be performed on an outpatient basis. It enables ablation of an area 3 to 5 cm in diameter, with relatively low morbidity and mortality rates. The results concerning the use of percutaneous RFA in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal metastases, and other hepatic metastases are reviewed in this article. Clinical and technical considerations and complications are also discussed.
Radiometric properties of U.S. processed Landsat MSS data

The accuracy of radiometric data obtained from Landsat MSS data is examined. The equations and parameters for converting MSS data to physical units, such as radiance, are presented. The basic design and operation of the MSS sensor, its calibration system, and various U.S. ground processing systems are described. The accuracy of radiance data is analyzed in terms of prelaunch radiometric standards and procedures, sensor effects, and processing effects. The consistency of the calibrations between different MSS sensors is evaluated by comparing their responses to the same earth targets under similar conditions. It is observed that there is some correlation between the sensor calibrations; however, the calibrations tend to degrade as the sensors age.
Investigating the Role of Neighborhood Youth Organizations in Preventing Adolescent Violent Offending: Evidence from Chicago

Neighborhood youth organizations are a salient community-level resource in the lives of children and adolescents, but empirical research on the aggregate-level relationship between neighborhood crime rates and neighborhood organizations is mixed. This study attempts to clarify and extend prior research by examining (1) whether there is a contextual effect of neighborhood youth organizations on individual violent offending, and (2) whether neighborhood youth organizations have conditioning, beneficial effects that extend beyond the youths who participate in these organizations. Data from two components of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods were utilized in this study: the Community Survey and the Longitudinal Cohort Study. A three-level logistic item response model nested 15,242 violent crime item responses within 1,912 subjects from cohorts aged 9, 12, and 15 years; subjects were nested within 79 neighborhoods across the city of Chicago. Neighborhood youth organizations did not have a direct, contextual effect on adolescent violent offending. But, the effects of neighborhood youth organizations were heterogeneous in that they reduced the effects of low self-control on violent crime. Moreover, the conditioning role of neighborhood youth organizations operated partly through child-centered informal social control. Neighborhood organizations matter in the etiology of youthful offending, but the ways in which these organizations are relevant are nuanced. Research must continue to grapple with the various mechanisms through which neighborhood organizations operate. Illuminating these processes may hold key insights for designing and implementing neighborhood organizations to prevent adolescent violent offending.
Observers' benefit finding for victims: Consequences for perceived moral obligations

In three studies we examined how observers making meaning of victimization by finding benefits for the victim leads to the perception that victims are morally obligated to help others and not do harm. In Experiment 1, participants perceived a victim as having greater moral obligations when the meaning of victimization was considered for the victim rather than the perpetrator. This effect on moral obligations was mediated by the extent to which participants believed victims should have found benefits. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the consequences when victims fail or fulfill their moral obligations. Greater social distance from a victim who did harm was sought when participants focused on the meaning of victimization for the victim as compared to the perpetrator. Less social distance from a victim who helped was sought when participants focused on the meaning of victimization for the victim as compared to the perpetrator or when they made no meaning. These studies show that how observers make meaning of victimization has implications for subsequent responses to victims. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placement of small lipovitellin subunits within the vitellogenin precursor in Xenopus laevis.

N-terminal amino acid sequence data for the small lipovitellin subunits in Xenopus laevis crystalline yolk platelets indicate that LV 2β is derived from vitellogenin A2 and that LV 2τ is most likely derived from vitellogenin A1. The small lipovitellin subunits apparently commence within the exon 24 region of the parental vitellogenins, flanking the C-terminal end of phosvitin. As a consequence, we conclude that most of the vitellogenin sequence encoded by exons 30 to 35 is not accounted for by the known yolk proteins.
A similarity study of content-based image retrieval system for breast cancer using decision tree

Purpose: We are developing a decision tree content-based image retrieval (DTCBIR) CADx system to assist radiologists in characterization of breast masses on ultrasound images. Methods: Three DTCBIR configurations, including decision tree with boosting (DTb), decision tree with full leaf features (DTL), and decision tree with selected leaf features (DTLs) were compared. For DTb, features of a query mass were combined first into a merged feature score and then masses with similar scores were retrieved. For DTL and DTLs, similar masses were retrieved based on the Euclidean distance between feature vectors of the query and those of selected references. For each DTCBIR configuration, we investigated the use of full feature set and subset of features selected by the stepwise linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and simplex optimization method, resulting in six retrieval methods and selected five, DTb-lda, DTL-lda, DTb-full, DTL-full, and DTLs-full, for the observer study. Three MQSA radiologists rated similarities between the query mass and computer-retrieved three most similar masses using nine-point similarity scale (9 = very similar). Results: For DTb-lda, DTL-lda, DTb-full, DTL-full, and DTLs-full, average Az values were 0.90 ± 0.03, 0.85 ± 0.04, 0.87 ± 0.04, 0.79 ± 0.05, and 0.71 ± 0.06, respectively, and average similarity ratings were 5.00, 5.41, 4.96, 5.33, and 5.13, respectively. Conclusions: The DTL-lda is a promising DTCBIR CADx configuration which had simple tree structure, good classification performance, and highest similarity rating.
Some Ecological Relationships Between Yellow Perch and Cutthroat Trout in Thompson Lakes, Montana

Abstract The relationship between, yellow perch and cutthroat trout in Thompson Lakes, Montana, was investigated in the summers of 1952 and 1953. These lakes originally contained cutthroat trout and were later planted with yellow perch. The spawning time of the yellow perch was in early May, and for the cutthroat trout in late May. The population of yellow perch was large and growth was very slow. Although the number of cutthroat trout was small, the growth rate for this species was about average. The food of yellow perch was largely immature aquatic insects and plankton while that of cutthroat trout was mostly mature aquatic insects and small perch. Yellow perch were commonly distributed along the lake margins and concentrations of perch fry and adults were found in these areas in the spring. During this period the salmonid fishes were predominately in the deep water. Spot poisoning of the yellow perch concentrations practically destroyed all of the fish in the treated area. Management suggestions are given.
Accidents of Birth: Rawls’s Original Position as the Mother’s Womb

This paper examines the history of welfare policy discourse in the United States since the publication of the “Moynihan Report” (1967) and traces its implications for contemporary education policy research. The central thesis is that an overemphasis on “parents” historically invites unwarranted assumptions about autonomy and responsibility, which obfuscates fundamental questions of justice. Children are consequently punished for their parents’ perceived indiscretions. To militate against this tendency the author employs recent feminist critiques of Rawls’s methodology in A Theory of Justice (1999) to reconceptualize the “Original Position” as a mother’s womb in an effort to redirect focus from parents to children. Through this revision, policy discourse can potentially be shifted to more nearly mirror the reasoning applied in Plyler v Doe (1982), which emphasizes finally that children cannot be punished for their parents’ indiscretions.
Children's Internet searching on complex problems: performance and process analyses

The research reported here examined the effects of task structure on elementary school students' information seeking on the Internet. Thirty-two 5th- and 6th-grade students searched on 2 tasks (1 well-defined and 1 ill-defined) for information that was relevant to solving 2 problems. Information-seeking process behaviors were analyzed by collecting computer trace data of each students search. Information-seeking performance was measured by 2 adult raters and by students' own judgments of all documents found. Analyses of students' process behaviors illustrated that children are interactive information seekers, preferring to browse rather than plan or employ systematic analytic-based searching strategies. Performance results indicated that children have difficulty finding relevant information on the Internet, however, children did search more effectively on the ill-defined task than on the well-defined one. Further, when judging their own performance, students rated their work equally on both tasks, yet adult judges found that students performed significantly worse on the well-defined task. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Beauty is in the Eye of the Tech Manager: How Technology Orientation and Interactive-Media Knowledge Can Drive (or Stall) Change

ABSTRACT Traditional media tools often are criticized for the waste of targeting noncustomers. Although marketing managers are aware of the potential for waste in the use of traditional media, such vehicles continue to dominate media budgets. In this article, we explored the conditions under which managers are more likely to act on their perceptions of media waste in comparing traditional media with interactive media. Based on a national survey of managers in the United States, we found that their perceptions of wastefulness of traditional marketing media on implementation of interactive-marketing technologies are contingent upon their own personal technology orientation and their hierarchical position in the organization. Specifically, perception of media waste will lead to an increase in interactive-marketing technology budgets and use if the manager is technology oriented or is in a senior management position.
Artificial surfactant administration in an animal model of near drowning.

Objective: To study the use of exogenous surfactant in a rabbit freshwater near-drowning model. Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled experiment, 21 rabbits were anesthetized, paralyzed, and subjected to near drowning with 6 mL/kg of distilled water. Vital signs, arterial blood gases, and pulmonary compliance were measured at predetermined intervals. The animals were randomized into two groups: a normal O2 group that had their pO2 levels adjusted to 75–150 torr using supplemental O2 as needed, and a high O2 group ventilated with an FiO2 = 100%. Ventilator settings were further adjusted to normalize pH and pCO2 levels prior to instillation of distilled water. The two groups were further divided and 15 minutes after simulated near drowning, the animals were either treated with surfactant (5 mL/kg instilled en-dotracheally) or not treated. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: Near drowning had no significant effect on heart rate or blood pressure. Acidosis was not changed by surfactant; hypoxia was worsened by surfactant: 158 ± 54 torr before and 66 ± 19 torr after administration (p < 0.01). Compliance did not change as a result of surfactant administration. Only the animals (n = 3) in the normal O2 plus surfactant group died during the 90-minute post-near-drowning period of the study. Conclusions: Surfactant administration (5 mL/kg) in this animal model of freshwater near drowning offers no benefit over simple ventilation. Assessment of the merit of smaller volumes of surfactant should be investigated because administration of this solution may represent a second pulmonary insult, given current volume recommendations.
TFT-LCD technology

Abstract In this paper, the present technologies of TFT array processes which are developed to realize high performance displays, especially the technology of forming buslines with low resistive metals, the technology for a panel with a high aperture ratio, and the technology for a panel with wide viewing angle, are discussed. Moreover, 13.8 inch diagonal ‘Super V’ TFT-LCDs making advantage of these technologies are also discussed.
A microfabricated platform probing cytoskeleton dynamics using multidirectional topographical cues

Cell migration, which involves complicated coordination of cytoskeleton elements and regulatory molecules, plays a central role in a large variety of biological processes from development, immune response to tissue regeneration. However, conventional methods to study in vitro cell migration are often limited to stimulating a cell along a single direction or at a single location. This restriction prevents a deeper understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that control the spatio-temporal dynamics of cytoskeleton. Here we report a novel microfabricated platform that enables a multi-directional stimulation to a cell using topographical cues. In this device, cells were seeded on a grid-patterned topographically structured surface composed of 2 μm wide and 2 μm high straight ridges. Because the size of a unit grid was smaller than a single cell, each cell was simultaneously experiencing contact guidance leading to different directions. The device showed that healthy cells preferred to align and migrate in the direction of the longer side of the grid. But cells with impaired intracelluar tension force generation exhibited multiple uncoordinated cell protrusions along guiding ridges in all directions. Our results demonstrate the importance of actomyosin network in long-range communication and regulation of local actin polymerization activities. This platform will find wide applications in investigations of signal transduction and regulation process in cell migration.
The future of primary care: the need for reinvention.

Foreword The editors asked several experts to share their perspectives on the crisis in U.S. primary care. Their articles, which address this crisis from six different angles, follow. We also brought the five U.S. contributors together for a roundtable discussion of the problems and potential solutions for training, practice, compensation, and systemic change. A video of the discussion and reader comments can be seen at www.nejm.org. Primary care has been one of the best jobs in medicine, and it can be again. In fact, primary care must recapture its attraction for the next generation's best trainees — or the chaos and inefficiency of U.S. health care will only worsen. The challenges are formidable, for there are so many reasons for young physicians to go into other fields. Many physicians graduate from medical school with staggering debts, and procedure-oriented specialties offer higher potential incomes. The work of primary care is itself overwhelming. Primary care physicians often go home worried that t...
Limit orders and the alleged Nasdaq collusion

Abstract Different methods are used by the NYSE/Amex and the Nasdaq to accomodate limit orders received from investors. This accounts for at least part of the excess of Nasdaq spreads over NYSE spreads, adjusted for trading volume, and is a factor in determining this excess that is independent of collusion on the Nasdaq. The spread-comparison evidence given by others to support their belief that there is collusion among market makers on the Nasdaq therefore overstates the probability of collusion and its significance if it exists.
High‐dose pulse chlorambucil. Effective therapy for rapid remission induction in nodular lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphoma

Eighteen patients with Stage III or IV nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (malignant lymphoma, infiltrative nodular type, with predominately small cleaved cells) were treated with intermittent high-dose oral chlorambucil (16 mg/m2 daily for five consecutive days each month) for one year. Complete clinical remissions occurred in 78% of these patients and partial remissions in another 17%. Complete remission usually occurred within three months of beginning therapy and with a medial follow-up of 35 months no patient has relapsed. Toxicity, usually hematologic and occurring late in therapy, has been mild, necessitating termination of therapy in only one patient. Review of recent therapy fails to demonstrate a definite long-term advantage of more aggressive treatment regimens. Intermittent high-dose chlorambucil should be further evaluated as therapy for nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma.
NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE SIMULATION OF BENARD CONVECTION USING MARKER AND CELL METHOD

Abstract The two-dimensional Benard convection process is numerically simulated using a modified Marker and Cell finite difference method where the temperature equation is solved implicitly at every time step. Effects of the initial conditions, end-wall boundary conditions, Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, and aspect ratio on the development of the convection process and steady-state solution have been investigated. It is found that the Benard convection process is an initial value problem in the sense that the steady-state solution depends on the initial perturbation. If small scale perturbations are added in the initial temperatures, flow development and steady-state convergence is quicker. It is also found that when an appropriate aspect ratio is chosen, an infinite horizontal extent Benard system can be successfully and economically simulated using a small computational domain with periodic end-wall boundary conditions. The critical Rayleigh numbers are also predicted which agree closely with other pu...
Chemical Composition of Indoor and Outdoor PM2.5 in Three Schools in the City of Rome

In Italy, children spend up to 30% of their time in school institutions; for this reason, the evaluation of indoor air quality in schools constitutes a necessary step forward in the direction of child health protection. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of PM2.5 collected simultaneously indoor and outdoor in three primary schools in Rome. Seasonal variations between winter and spring/summer were evaluated, as well as the role of the main macro-sources of PM (soil, sea, traffic, secondary inorganics and organics). During winter periods, characterized by strong atmospheric stability, the main contributors were organics and combustion products, which accounted for more than 70% of the total mass both indoor and outdoor. Spring/summer period was characterized by very low outdoor concentrations (12 μg/m3 on average) and by a more balanced contribution of organic, traffic and secondary inorganic components. Indoor, the contribution of soil-related species from re-suspension of settled dust and secondary inorganic species from outdoor photochemical reactions became significant. Given that several indoor exceedances of the international air quality standards for PM2.5 were recorded during the most polluted days, the infiltration of outdoor air, due to the inadequate construction characteristics of the buildings and the absence of automated air filtration systems, seemed to be the main causes of the high PM concentrations measured indoor.
“ETHNIC URBANISM” AND PHILIPPINE CITIES∗

The common assertion that the major residential divisions in Southeast Asian cities, as a class, are along ethnic lines is not appropriate for Philippine provincial cities. The various Christian language groups amalgamate without serious difficulty, and Muslims and Chinese, though ethnically distinct, are in most cases too few (and Chinese are too intermixed) to determine the basic residential lineaments of the city.