cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Losing your nerves? Maybe it's the antibodies

We propose that the normal immunocompetent B cell repertoire is replete with B cells making antibodies that recognize brain antigens. Although B cells that are reactive with self antigen are normally silenced during B cell maturation, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents many brain antigens from participating in this process. This enables the generation of a B cell repertoire that is sufficiently diverse to cope with numerous environmental challenges. It requires, however, that the integrity of the BBBs is uninterrupted throughout life to protect the brain from antibodies that crossreact with microorganisms and brain antigens. Under conditions of BBB compromise, and during fetal development, we think that these antibodies can alter brain function in otherwise healthy individuals.
Towards a comprehensive and systematic classification of hardware Trojans

Recently, there have been reports of Trojans being inserted at the hardware level. It is necessary to understand the characteristics of these hardware Trojans to be able to develop systematic methods to detect their presence. Absent this, only ad-hoc methods can be developed. Also, developed detection methods are not being adequately tested on a comprehensive set of benchmarks. We propose a comprehensive taxonomy of hardware Trojans based on five intuitive attributes. We organized the embedded systems challenge (ESC) to compile Trojans and analysed them to validate the taxonomy.
The Scattering of Fast Neutrons by Heavy Nuclei

The experimental work of Dunning has shown that for fast neutrons the capture cross sections of heavy nuclei are small compared to their cross sections for elastic scattering. While it cannot be concluded from this that polarization effects (i.e., contributions to the elastic scattering from quasi-stationary states of the nucleus-neutron system) are negligible, it seemed worth while to investigate the results of a treatment neglecting polarization. We use the effective potential for a neutron in the field of a heavy nucleus developed by Van Vleck. The values of the constants of the inter-particle interactions are adjusted slightly from those found by Feenberg from binding energy calculations. The problem reduces to that of a neutron in the field of a potential well whose depth is a slowly varying function of the neutron velocity. The scattering problem is solved by the method of partial cross sections. Anomalous resonances due to the attractive potential are found in the higher partial cross sections. Although these resonances have anomalously high peaks it is shown that on account of their sharpness they contribute little to the cross section for a neutron beam having a broad velocity distribution. The cross section is found to vary markedly with both velocity and atomic number. Even for a broad velocity distribution corresponding to Dunning's experimental source oscillations remain in the cross section as a function of atomic number. However, the existing experimental points fit the curve within the experimental error. That the experimental results are in no case much larger than those given by the theory would perhaps indicate that contributions due to polarization effects are small. Possible experimental work to test the theory is mentioned.
A comparison of hydrogen diffusivities in Pd and CuPd alloys using density functional theory

Plane wave density functional theory (DFT) is used to examine the binding and diffusion of dilute interstitial H in pure Pd, disordered fcc Cu48Pd52, and ordered bcc Cu50Pd50. Once zero-point (ZP) corrections and lattice relaxations are taken into account, the diffusion activation energy for interstitial H in pure Pd is in quantitative agreement with experimental data. Our DFT results indicate that the diffusion activation energy for interstitial H in ordered bcc Cu50Pd50 is over an order of magnitude smaller than that for pure Pd. We present a detailed description of the range of diffusion activation energies available for local hops of interstitial H in disordered fcc Cu48Pd52 and describe how the net activation energy for long-range H diffusion in this material can be inferred from these results. The variation in H binding energies and diffusion activation energies of interstitial H in bcc and fcc CuPd alloys as a function of alloy composition is also discussed.
Closed labs in computer science I revisited in the context of online testing

The majority of earlier studies have found no positive effect of closed labs on student performance or retention in Computer Science I. Since these studies used written tests to assess student performance, their results may have been affected by a mismatch between what was taught in closed labs and what was assessed in the written test. On the other hand, online tests that involve writing and debugging programs assess the very knowledge and skills taught in closed labs. So, we conducted a study to evaluate the effect of closed labs on student performance and retention when they are combined with online testing in the course.We found that even with online testing, closed labs did not significantly affect either the total score of the students in the course or retention in the course. On the other hand, students with closed or even optional labs scored significantly better on their online first test than students with open labs scored on their written first test. Since this is in spite of the fact that online tests are more stressful to students than written tests, closed labs helped students prepare for online tests. Closed labs, when combined with online testing, helped significantly improve the course performance of above-average students. Finally, there was significant and large correlation between Math SAT score and student performance in Computer Science I.
THE IMPACT OF MEDICAL RESOURCES ON CRIMINALLY INDUCED LETHALITY: A FURTHER EXAMINATION*

A recent addition to the literature on the ecology of homicide is the explanation offered by Doerner and Speir (1986) that the differential distribution of medical resources is partially responsible for variation in criminally induced lethality. Unfortunately, that analysis was hampered by data that did not adequately measure crucial concepts. Consequently, this study reanalyzes homicide data for Florida in conjunction with a more detailed medical data base. The results indicate that medical resources, particularly emergency transportation, do affect the distribution of criminally induced lethality.
Evaluation of a vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine expressing H3 haemagglutinin in the protection of dogs against canine influenza

In 2004, canine influenza virus (CIV) was identified as a respiratory pathogen of dogs for the first time and found to be closely related to H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV). We generated a recombinant vectored vaccine that expresses H3 of a recent isolate of EIV using equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) as the delivery vehicle. This EHV-1 vectored vaccine exhibited robust and stable EIV H3 expression and induced a strong influenza virus-specific response in both mice and dogs upon intranasal or subcutaneous administration. Furthermore, upon challenge with the recent CIV isolate A/canine/PA/10915-07, protection of vaccinated dogs could be demonstrated by a significant reduction in clinical sings, and, more importantly, by a significant reduction in virus shedding. We concluded that the EHV-1/H3 recombinant vector can be a valuable alternative for protection of dogs against clinical disease induced by CIV and can significantly reduce virus spread.
Abstract 3319: PKCδ switches from a pro-apoptotic to a pro-survival signal in K-ras “dependent” lung cancer

Oncogenic mutations in KRAS are found in about 25% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), however only a subset of these tumors are dependent upon K-ras for survival. We have previously shown that PKCδ is required for transformed growth of NSCLC cells that are dependent on K-ras, and for growth of K-ras driven lung tumors in vivo. PKCδ also plays an essential role in DNA damage-induced apoptosis in many cell types. Analysis of 14 mutant KRAS NSCLC cell lines that are K-ras “independent” for survival (A549, H157, H460, SW1573, H1155, H1792), or K-ras “dependent” (H2009, H727, HCC44, H2122, SW900, H1573, H358, H441) reveals that the pro-tumorigenic and pro-apoptotic functions of PKCδ segregate with the K-ras dependency status, and reflect differential regulation of survival signaling by PKCδ in these two cell populations. K-ras-independent NSCLC cells are sensitive to DNA-damage-induced apoptosis, and shRNA mediated depletion of PKCδ in these cells results in suppression of apoptosis and increased activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. In contrast, K-ras dependent NSCLC cells are resistance to DNA-damage-induced apoptosis and depletion of PKCδ enhances apoptosis and suppresses MEK/ERK activation, anchorage-independent growth, and invasion/migration. To explore why K-ras dependent NSCLC cells are resistant to apoptosis, we analyzed PKCδ Y64 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, events we have previously shown are critical for the pro-apoptotic function of PKCδ. Surprisingly, K-ras dependent cells have an up to 7-fold increase in the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio of PKCδ, increased phosphorylation of PKCδ Y64, and increased (1.5-3 fold) PKCδ mRNA and protein, suggesting that these cells may be refractive to PKCδ driven apoptosis. To test this we expressed a mutant of PKCδ targeted to the nucleus by the addition of a SV40 nuclear localization signal. Expression of PKCδNLS induced apoptosis and increased DNA damage-induced apoptosis in K-ras independent but not K-ras dependent NSCLC cells, confirming that the later are unable to activate apoptotic pathways downstream of PKCδ. These studies define two distinct subsets of NSCLC cell lines in the context of mutant KRAS. NSCLC cells that are “independent” of K-ras preferentially utilize PKCδ for apoptosis, while cells “dependent” on oncogenic K-ras preferentially use PKCδ for proliferation and survival. We are currently using two large, publicly available lung cancer cell line gene expression datasets (GEO accession #9s GSE4824 and GSE36133) to identify pathways and signaling networks unique to these two populations of NSCLC cells. Citation Format: Mary E. Reyland, Angela M. Ohm, Michael G. Edwards, Jennifer Symonds. PKCδ switches from a pro-apoptotic to a pro-survival signal in K-ras “dependent” lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3319. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3319
Underwriter syndication and corporate governance

The main purpose of this paper is to examine underwriters’ response to issuers’ ineffective corporate governance. Given the growing importance of corporate governance for the success of equity offerings, we examine this response using a sample of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). Previous studies suggest various rationales behind underwriter syndication, such as risk sharing, market-making, information production, certification, and monitoring. We offer an information-asymmetry-reduction hypothesis for the persistence of underwriter syndication. We argue that less effective corporate governance decreases information credibility, which, in turn, increases information asymmetry, leading underwriters to increase syndicate size to mitigate subsequent agency problems. Consistent with this prediction, we find that the size of the underwriter syndication is inversely related to proxies that measure the effectiveness of corporate governance. Results remain robust even after controlling for other confounding factors.
Problems encountered in the new approach on the dose-rate measurements (enclosure method)

Abstract To eliminate the contribution from alpha particles to the dose in CaF2 in the “enclosure method” we use the following techniques: we heat the CaF2 grains to a temperature below 70°C in a dense solution of H2SO4, while stirring it continuously for 10–60 min. Another technique is the heating of the CaF2 grains to a temperature of 100°C in a solution of HNO3 for 5–10 min. The decrease in the height of the third peak (highest temperature) of CaF2 because of the heating is negligible. These techniques are discussed explicitly and experimental results are given. Some other problems such as the energy dependence, the normalization of the samples, etc. are also discussed.
An Exploration of Women's Expectations of Effective Male and Female Leadership.

University women (N=188) of varying ages (19–53) and work experience described their behavioral expectations of an effective male and female leader for levels of Consideration, Initiating Structure, Role Assumption, and Production Emphasis. In line with a sex role congruency view, it was hypothesized that an effective female leader would be expected to exhibit higher levels of Consideration behaviors, while an effective male leader would be expected to exhibit more Initiating Structure, Role Assumption, and Production Emphasis behaviors. The results provided only partial support for the sex role congruency hypothesis since an effective female leader was expected to exhibit higher levels of Consideration as well as higher levels of Initiating Structure. No sex differences were detected for Role Assumption or Production Emphasis behaviors. Further, while many similarities were noted among the women in their views of effective leadership, there were also systematic age-related differences among the women in their expectations, particularly with regard to their views of effective female leadership.
Evaluation and comparison of two short-term fathead minnow tests for estimating chronic toxicity

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the fathead minnow larval survival and growth test (larval test) and the fathead minnow embryo-larval survival and teratogenicity test (embryo-larval test). These tests were developed for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regional and state programs and the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permittees to estimate the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters. Five larval tests with the reference toxicant, sodium pentachlorophenate, gave a mean subchronic value of 253 μg 1−1 with a relative standard deviation of 39%. The mean LC50, LC10 and LC1 values and their relative standard deviation for the embryo-larval test were 313 ± 6.4%, 224 ± 18% and 172 ± 27% μg 1−1, respectively. The mean subchronic value for six larval tests with the reference toxicant, sodium dodecylsulfate was 6.0 mg 1−1 with a relative standard deviation of 23%. The mean LC50, LC10 and LC1 values for the embryo-larval test were 5.8 ± 2.6% 4.2 ± 5.9% and 3.3 ± 9.4% mg−1, respectively. Both types of test methods had a high-low ratio of no observable effect concentration values of 2, the reciprocal of the dilution factor. The mean subchronic value for four larval tests with linear alkylbenzene sulfonate was 2.1 mg 1−1 and the subchronic values ranged from 1.7 to 3.4 mg 1−1. Side-by-side tests were conducted with three effluents and hexavalent chromium. The larval test was more sensitive to two of the effluents and hexavalent chromium. The low test concentration of the third effluent caused an adverse effect in both tests.
Effect of histamine on human bronchial arteries in vitro.

Histamine caused a concentration-dependent relaxation at lower concentrations (1 pmol/1–1 μmol/l) and contraction at higher concentrations (0.01–1 mmol/l) of isolated precontracted human bronchial arteries. In the vessels at resting tension only concentration-dependent contraction was evoked by histamine (0.01–1 mmol/l). Both the contractile and relaxant responses were significantly antagonised by mepyramine (1 gmol/l), with an estimated pKB value of 8.4, but not by cimetidine (100 μmol/l). Our results indicate that histamine induces biphasic effects on human bronchial arteries via H1-re-ceptors.
Strategic marketing in global supply chains: Four challenges

Supply chain management has emerged as a critical arena in which firms can find significant cost reduction opportunities, giving them a cost advantage over competitors. When supply chain management orientations are adopted by several firms in a supply chain, together they can significantly reduce supply chain costs pitting supply chain against supply chain. However, the pursuit of cost savings opportunities is not the only objective of supply chain management. Superior supply chain management can facilitate marketing strategy and lead to the creation of superior customer value, satisfaction, and loyalty, which in turn lead to improved product profit margins, overall firm profitability, and overall corporate growth. However, marketing strategy is problematic in global supply chains. Specifically, four significant strategic marketing challenges exist that relate to the development and execution of marketing strategy in global supply chains. This article draws attention to these challenges to stimulate managerial and research efforts that will move marketing strategy through the 21st century.
Leukocyte antigen and antibody detection assays: tools for assessing and preventing pulmonary transfusion reactions.

Antibodies to neutrophil and HLA antigens can cause pulmonary transfusion reactions, and in some cases acute lung injury. When evaluating cases of pulmonary transfusion reactions, it is often necessary to test donors for neutrophil and HLA antibodies and also type the recipient for neutrophil and HLA antigens. A variety of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry–based solid phase assays are available to test for HLA class I and class II antibodies, but not neutrophil antibodies. Screening for neutrophil antibodies requires the preparation of panels of fresh neutrophils and testing in agglutination, immunofluorescence, or flow cytometry assays. Genotyping of HLA class I and II antigens is performed with a variety of sequence-specific primers, sequenced-specific oligonucleotide probe, and sequence-based typing assays. Neutrophil-specific antigens HNA-1a, -1b, -1c, -4a, and -5a can be genotyped, but not HNA-2a or -3a. Phenotyping of HNA-2a can be performed with CD177 monoclonal antibodies, but the gene encoding HNA-3a has not been identified, and the genomic basis for the HNA-2a–negative phenotype is not known. In conclusion, patients and donors involved with pulmonary transfusion reactions can be quickly typed for HLA antigens and tested for HLA antibodies, but testing for neutrophil antibodies and antigens requires the use of a reference laboratory.
TESTS OF RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS USING ISING MODEL SIMULATIONS

Large-scale Monte Carlo simulations require high-quality random number generators to ensure correct results. The contrapositive of this statement is also true — the quality of random number generators can be tested by using them in large-scale Monte Carlo simulations. We have tested many commonly-used random number generators with high precision Monte Carlo simulations of the 2-d Ising model using the Metropolis, Swendsen-Wang, and Wolff algorithms. This work is being extended to the testing of random number generators for parallel computers. The results of these tests are presented, along with recommendations for random number generators for high-performance computers, particularly for lattice Monte Carlo simulations.
Promotion of B Cell Immune Responses via an Alum-Induced Myeloid Cell Population

Exposure of naive B cells to the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and/or antigen leads to a state of “priming,” in which subsequent aggregation of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules induces the mobilization of calcium ions and cell proliferation. However, it is not clear how critical this priming is for immune responses or how it is normally induced in vivo. Injection of mice with the commonly used adjuvant alum led to priming of splenic B cells and to the accumulation in the spleen of a previously unknown population of IL-4–producing, Gr1+ cells. These cells and IL-4 were both required for in vivo priming and expansion of antigen-specific B cells, as well as for optimal production of antibody. These studies reveal a key role for a previously unknown accessory myeloid cell population in the generation of humoral immune responses.
Chemical genetic modification of Ca2+ channel activity.

Pharmacological and genetic modulators of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (CaV) activity have been useful tools for understanding and modulating excitable cell function. A new method combines these approaches to provide pharmacological control of a genetically encoded suppressor of CaV activity.
Genetic linkage and association analyses for trait mapping in Plasmodium falciparum

Malaria is a major cause of mortality in the developing world. Genetics and genomics are now greatly assisting our understanding of this disease, through linkage and association studies of the malaria parasite,Plasmodium. Genetic studies of Plasmodium falciparum laboratory crosses and field isolates have produced valuable insights into determinants of drug responses, antigenic variation, disease virulence, cellular development and population structures of these virulent human malaria parasites. Full-genome sequences and high-resolution haplotype maps of SNPs and microsatellites are now available for all 14 parasite chromosomes. Rapidly increasing genetic and genomic information on Plasmodium parasites, mosquitoes and humans will combine as a rich resource for new advances in our understanding of malaria, its transmission and its manifestations of disease.
Characterization of the inhibitor sensitivity of the coenzyme A transport system in isolated rat heart mitochondria.

The effect of protein labeling agents on coenzyme A (CoA) transport into isolated rat heart mitochondria was studied. CoA transport was substantially inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents (mersalyl, pCMB) as well as by the tyrosine-selective reagent N-acetylimidazole. The effect of pCMB was reversed by DTT. Moreover, CoA uptake was completely abolished by agents selective for lysine and amino terminal residues (pyridoxal 5-phosphate, dansyl chloride). In contrast arginine-selective reagents (2, 3-butanedione, phenylglyoxal) caused considerably less inhibiton of CoA uptake. Moreover, partial inhibition of transport was observed with the stilbene disulfonic acid derivatives DIDS and SITS. Finally, measurement of the effects of the labeling agents on the mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that the inhibition of CoA transport into mitochondria is not a secondary effect that arises from an alteration in the electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. These results provide the first information on the types of amino acid residues that may be essential to the CoA transport mechanism and provide additional support for the existence of a CoA transport protein within the mitochondrial inner membrane. Furthermore, the identification of effective inhibitors of the CoA transport system will greatly facilitate the functional reconstitution of this transporter in a proteoliposomal system following its solubilization and purification.
Factors affecting cost and length of stay associated with the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the costs associated with the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis procedure and identify those factors that most affected or determined such costs. Specifically evaluated were the costs, complication rates, and length of stay associated with the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis done as a one-stage, two-stage, two-stage modified, or three-stage procedure. METHODS: Costs from the hospital accounting database and clinical data from retrospective chart review of 135 ileal pouch-anal anastomosis patients from a ten-year period were compiled. Overall costs and length of stay (the sum of all hospitalizations for all surgeries and any related complications) for each group were compared by analysis of variance. Linear regression was used to compute net costs and length of stay excluding contributions from other relevant factors such as number of operative stages, complications, demographics, and nonelective operations. RESULTS: The average overall cost and length of stay of the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis ranged from a low of $12,738 and 13.5 days for the one-stage procedure to a high of $32,758 and 23.9 days for the three-stage pathway. Overall costs, length of stay, and incidence of complications increased with the number of operations necessary to complete the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. This pattern of increased costs and length of stay with the greater number of stages persisted even after demographic and preoperative characteristics were controlled for in the analyses. The occurrence of a complication added an average of $9,304 (P < 0.0001) and 7.4 days to the procedure (P = 0.0002), whereas an urgent presentation added an average of $5,258 (P = 0.15) and 6.1 days (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The two most definitive determinants of cost and length of stay after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis are complications and number of operative stages used to complete the operation. Elective ileal pouch-anal anastomosis operations done in the fewest stages with the least complications provide the least costly result and the shortest hospital stay. For patients with severe disease, the two-stage modified pathway (total abdominal colectomy followed by pouch creation without a protecting ileostomy) appears to have fewer complications, lower costs, and a shorter length of stay than the traditional three-stage pathway.
Acceptance and commitment therapy smoking cessation treatment for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study.

Objective: Veterans with PTSD smoke at rates two to three times higher than the general population, while their quit rate is less than half that of the general population. The present study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Tobacco Addiction (ACT-PT), which focuses on helping veterans overcome emotional challenges to quitting smoking. Methods: Veterans with current PTSD who smoked 15 or more cigarettes/day (N = 19) participated in an open trial of ACT-PT. Participants attended nine weekly individual counseling sessions and received eight weeks of nicotine patch therapy. Primary outcomes included feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, and secondary outcomes included expired-air carbon monoxide confirmed seven-day point prevalence abstinence, cravings, and PTSD symptoms. Results: The retention rate for ACT-PT was good (74%) and client satisfaction ratings were high. Pa...
A thermochemical calculation of the pyroxene saturation surface in the system diopside-albite-anorthite

The pyroxene saturation surface in the system diopside-albite-anorthite may be calculated to + or - 10 C from thermochemical data over most of its composition range. The thermochemical data used are the experimentally determined enthalpies of mixing of the ternary liquids and the enthalpy of fusion of diopside. These are combined with a mixing model for the configurational entropy in the melt and the activity of CaMgSi2O6 in the clinopyroxene, which is less than unity due to departures from CaMgSi2O6 stoichiometry. The two-lattice melt model appears to work satisfactorily throughout the pyroxene primary phase field but probably needs modification at more anorthite-rich compositions.
Birdsall Memorial Session

The Birdsall Memorial Session of the PPPS 2013 honored Prof. Charles K. “Ned” Birdsall (1925–2012), one of the giants in the plasma community.
Yeast histone H2B containing large amino terminus deletions can function in vivo

The basic amino terminus of each histone is external to the nucleosome core particle. In vitro studies have shown that the amino termini are not required for nucleosome assembly. To address the significance of these results in vivo we constructed mutations in yeast histone H2B in genetic backgrounds lacking wild-type H2B protein. We found that the protein can function in vivo even with large deletions at its amino terminus. These mutations produce no obvious phenotype and there appears to be no selection against the mutant proteins in chromatin assembly. A deletion removing a large portion of the carboxyl terminus was lethal. We conclude that much of the amino terminus of histone H2B has no essential function in vivo.
Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials Determined Through Molecular Modeling Techniques

The potential for gains in material properties over conventional materials has motivated an effort to develop novel nanostructured materials for aerospace applications. These novel materials typically consist of a polymer matrix reinforced with particles on the nanometer length scale. In this study, molecular modeling is used to construct fully atomistic models of a carbon nanotube embedded in an epoxy polymer matrix. Functionalization of the nanotube which consists of the introduction of direct chemical bonding between the polymer matrix and the nanotube, hence providing a load transfer mechanism, is systematically varied. The relative effectiveness of functionalization in a nanostructured material may depend on a variety of factors related to the details of the chemical bonding and the polymer structure at the nanotube-polymer interface. The objective of this modeling is to determine what influence the details of functionalization of the carbon nanotube with the polymer matrix has on the resulting mechanical properties. By considering a range of degree of functionalization, the structure-property relationships of these materials is examined and mechanical properties of these models are calculated using standard techniques.
Stance and swing phase detection during level and slope walking in the cat: effects of slope, injury, subject and kinematic detection method.

Analysis of quadrupedal and bipedal gait data generally requires temporal segmentation into stride cycles with further division into stance and swing phases (Philippson, 1905). This involves detection of such time events as stance onset and offset. The ‘gold standard’ for determining these events is commonly based on a specified ground reaction force (GRF) value recorded from forceplates. However, the disadvantages of using forceplates are that they can be installed only in specialized laboratories, and few labs possess more than two, thereby limiting the number of strides available for analysis. An alternative method to estimate event timings is through application of event detection algorithms to kinematic data (Table 1). In quadrupeds, whose anatomy and gait differ from humans, there have been limited comparisons of gait timing events determined by kinematically based algorithms and forceplates (Peham et al., 1999). Instead, observation of video frames is a commonly used method (Barriere et al., 2010, Thota et al., 2005). Table 1 Selected previous studies determining kinematically derived gait events The accuracy of estimating contact times using observation of limb kinematics may be impacted by surface slope (Damavandi et al., 2010, Gregor et al., 2006), differences between healthy and pathological gait (Barriere et al., 2010, Maas et al., 2007) and inter-individual differences in gait kinematics. This study aimed at determining systematic errors and variability of paw-contact (PC) and paw-off (PO) timings found by different kinematic algorithms during quadrupedal gait, specifically feline gait. The following hypothesis was tested: the accuracy of gait event detection depends on locomotor conditions (slope), stage of recovery after peripheral nerve injury, subjects and event detection method. Preliminary results of this work have previously been published in abstract form (Pantall and Prilutsky, 2011).
The Relationship Between Achievement Motivation and Sex, Age, Social Class, School Stream and Intelligence

Factors associated with achievement motivation (nAch) were investigated in a sample of 383 children, aged 9 to 11. McClelland's system of scoring imaginative stories in response to stimulus pictures was used. Boys and girls were found to be equally achievement oriented. Younger children manifested significantly less nAch than older children. Significant positive correlations were found between nAch and both social class membership and school stream assignment; however, these associations were influenced by the interaction with intelligence, which proved to be the dominant variable. With the effects of I.Q. removed (by an analysis of co-variance technique), social class and stream differences became insignificant. The suggestion is made that previous nAch findings based on studies in which I.Q. was not controlled might be re-evaluated.
Assay of the Acetyl-CoA Probe Acetyl-Sulfamethoxazole and of Sulfamethoxazole by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

We present gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assays for (i) the concentration of sulfamethoxazole and (ii) the concentration and molar percentage enrichment of acetyl-sulfamethoxazole in biological fluids. The compounds are extracted with ethyl acetate, derivatized with either diazomethane or pentafluorobenzyl bromide, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantitation is achieved using internal standards, [2H4]sulfamethoxazole and acetyl-[2H4]sulfamethoxazole. Limits of detection are 200 nmol for the methyl derivatives and 2 nmol for the pentafluorobenzyl derivatives. The high sensitivity of the assay with the pentafluorobenzyl derivatives allows measuring in plasma and urine (i) the pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and (ii) the stable isotope enrichment of the acetyl moiety of acetyl-sulfamethoxazole. The latter is used as a probe for the noninvasive chemical biopsy of liver extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA.
Comparison of Visceral and Peripheral Vascular Beds in Hypertensive Patients Their Responses to Various "Hypotensive" Drugs

The responses of the kidney and the lower extremities to single intravenous doses of six "hypotensive" drugs were measured in eight patients diagnosed as having essential hypertension. Use of Hexamethonium, Ilidar and Hydergine was followed by increase in the flow to the extremity and simultaneous decrease in renal blood flow. In contrast, the administration of Apresoline was followed by decrease in flow to the extremity and an increase in renal blood flow. Regitine produced no significant change in either. After the administration of protoveratrine, renal blood flow decreased but a significant change in blood flow to the extremity was not observed. Changes in arterial pressure which occurred with some of the drugs were not correlated with the changes in blood flow to the extremities or to the kidney.
The future of neuro-oncology.

Over the past 25 years, there has been some modest progress in improving survival (in months) of patients with malignant gliomas. Much of this improvement is the result of better imaging techniques that permit safer, more aggressive surgical options. However, limitations imposed by tumor location and infiltration remain a challenge that cannot be addressed by surgeons. The current standard of care (Stupp Protocol) has been shown to produce limited survival advantages, but significant changes in outcome await better methods of drug delivery, patient selection for specific treatment, and more accurate methods of determining how well a patient is responding to therapy. Recent findings have introduced possible methods of addressing these continued challenges. This review will examine some of the more recent data and address where new therapies may have a more dramatic effect in controlling this disease.
Transformer ratings and transformer life

This paper explores the relationship between transformer ratings and life and highlights some of the issues involved in determining transformer loading based on the standard IEC 354 equations. On-line and off-line transformer ratings methods are described. Finally, a "wish list" for the future is presented from a transformer user's perspective.
Measures of Short-Term Effectiveness of Highway Pavement Maintenance

Selecting an appropriate measure of short term maintenance effectiveness and determining its value constitute the first in a three-step process for evaluating maintenance effectiveness in the short term. The second and third steps are to determine if the measured values of effectiveness are significant, and expressing such measured values as a function of pavement or treatment attributes. In addressing the first step, this paper investigates and brings into focus various ways in which response variables for maintenance effectiveness models could be formulated with a view to providing a more reliable means of assessing short-term effectiveness of maintenance treatments. For each of three measures of effectiveness, deterioration reduction level, performance jump, and deterioration rate reduction, the paper discusses computational methods and synonymous terms, identifies past studies that have implicitly or explicitly utilized the measure, and discusses associated merits and demerits. Furthermore, the paper argues that the relative timing between pavement maintenance and performance monitoring reported for a given year, is crucial in the computation of any measure, particularly if the interval of monitoring is relatively large. For each of two relative timing scenarios, the paper derives mathematical formula for computation of each measure. Also, relationships between each pair of the three measures are derived for each scenario. Finally, the paper uses field data from Indiana to illustrate the computations and to demonstrate the implications of incorrect relative timing specification on computation of maintenance effectiveness.
Bayes for Beginners? Some Reasons to Hesitate

Abstract Is it reasonable to teach the ideas and methods of Bayesian inference in a first statistics course for general students? This paper argues that it is, at best, premature to do so. Surveys of the statistical methods actually in use suggest that Bayesian techniques are little used. Moreover, Bayesians have not yet agreed on standard approaches to standard problem settings. Bayesian reasoning requires a grasp of conditional probability, a concept confusing to beginners. Finally, an emphasis on Bayesian inference might well impede the trend toward experience with real data and a better balance among data analysis, data production, and inference in first statistics courses.
A review of the bases for the hydraulic transmission line equations as applied to circulatory systems

Abstract The hydraulic transmission line theory which can be used to predict the transmission characteristics in an arterial system is reviewed. The major features considered herein are the conversion of the basic equations of motion of the fluid and of the tube wall to the transmission line equations. The differences in the conversion approaches and the convenience of their application are discussed in detail. The differences in the results predicated on different assumptions are generally a function of the values of the selected system parameters. The solution of the equations in terms of computer computation is also discussed.
Supercritical ammonia as mobile phase in capillary chromatography

Instrumentation was assembled that allows the use of supercritical ammonia as mobile phase in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. Several modifications of the typical chromatographic system were necessary, especially with respect to injection and detection. In addition, the stabilities of various polysiloxane stationary phases were studied. The chromatography of polarizable and polar basic materials was demonstrated using a nonpolar polysiloxane stationary phase.
Science Is Key to Decision Making, U.S. Secretary of Interior Tells Eos

As secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Sally Jewell oversees a department whose mission involves both the management and conservation of federal lands and natural resources. Jewell's background as a petroleum engineer, banker with a specialty in natural resources, and CEO of Recreational Equipment Inc. (REI) could help her balance various, often competing, interests and manage Interior's nine agencies, including the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement; National Park Service; and the bureaus of Reclamation, Land Management, and Ocean Energy Management.
Neutron kerma factor measurements near 15 MeV using microdosimetric techniques

Abstract The neutron kerma factor is the initial kinetic energy imparted to charged particles per unit mass per unit neutron fluence. Accurate kerma factors can be calculated if particle cross section measurements are available for numerous emission angles, all particle species produced, and many neutron bombarding energies. Alternatively, kerma factors can be inferred from integral absorbed dose measurements under conditions satisfying transient charged particle equilibrium so that dose and kerma can be equated. This report summarizes such measurements using small, low pressure gas, spherical proportional counters exposed to 14–18 MeV neutrons. In this energy interval, the neutron kerma factor values are found to be systematically lower than calculated values based upon microscopic cross sections tabulated in ENDF/B-IV and -V.
Rock‐structures associated with some ancient volcanoes

The sites of volcanoes or of volcanic regions are not restricted to any single type of local or regional geologic structure. It is true that many volcanoes are distributed along linear belts where the Earth's crust has yielded to great crustal stresses, as for example in Iceland, central France, our own Cascade Range, and along the Gulf Coast. The ancient volcanoes of the Gulf Coast were located along a belt of folded sedimentary rocks, known as the Ouachita Belt [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], presumably a belt of weakness, that served as a hinge line during downwarplng of the Gulf Coast in Upper Cretaceous time, in parts of the Great Basin of Nevada and California the great faults that broke the crust into huge basin- and range-blocks exerted some control over the location of the volcanic activity, cones having been built along some of the faults. Yet such faults are only a local factor in the location of volcanoes because other volcanoes drilled their way through the massive granite of the Sierra Nevada independently of faults and erupted at much greater elevations than along the faults [2].
Effect of charge-density waves on the magnetic susceptibility of niobium triselenide

The magnetic susceptibility of a model charge-density wave (CDW) system is discussed. It is found that the orbital part of the susceptibility can be large and paramagnetic due to mixing of states above and below the CDW energy gaps by the magnetic field. The paramagnetic contribution is anisotropic and depends on the square of the sine of the angle between the magnetic field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}$ and the CDW wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}$. The relevance of these findings to recent measurements of the susceptibility of niobium triselenide is discussed.
(4aSR,7SR,9aSR)‐7‐tert‐Butyl‐9a‐methyl‐5,5‐dioxo‐1,2,4a,9a‐tetra­hydro‐8‐oxa‐5λ6‐thia­benzocyclo­heptan‐9‐one. Corrigendum

In the paper by Zeller, Hunter, Sampson & Chumachenko [Acta Cryst. (2006), E62, o370–o371], the stereochemical descriptors are given incorrectly in the title. The correct title is `(4aRS,7SR,9aRS)-7-tert-Butyl-5,5-dioxo-1,2,4a,9a-tetra­hydro-8-oxa-5λ6-thia­benzocyclo­heptan-9-one'.
Spatio-temporal dynamics in California's Central Valley: Empirical links to urban theory

This paper explores an addition to theory in urban geography pertaining to spatio‐temporal dynamics. Remotely sensed data on the historical extent of urban areas were used in a spatial metrics analysis of geographical form of towns and cities in the Central Valley of California (USA). Regularities in the spatio‐temporal pattern of urban growth were detected and characterized over a hundred year period. To test hypotheses about variation over geographical scale, multiple spatial extents were used in examining a set of spatial metric values including an index of contagion, the mean nearest neighbor distance, urban patch density and edge density. Through changes in these values a general temporal oscillation between phases of diffusion and coalescence in urban growth was revealed. Analysis of historical datasets revealed preliminary evidence supporting an addition to the theory of urban growth dynamics, one alluded to in some previous research, but not well developed. The empirical results and findings provi...
An Uncertainty Inventory Demonstration—A Primary Step in Uncertainty Quantification

Tools, methods, and theories for assessing and quantifying uncertainties vary by application. Uncertainty quantification tasks have unique desiderata and circumstances. To realistically assess uncertainty requires the engineer/scientist to specify mathematical models, the physical phenomena of interest, and the theory or framework for assessments. For example, Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) specifically identifies uncertainties using probability theory, and therefore, PRA’s lack formal procedures for quantifying uncertainties that are not probabilistic. The Phenomena Identification and Ranking Technique (PIRT) proceeds by ranking phenomena using scoring criteria that results in linguistic descriptors, such as importance ranked with words, “High/Medium/Low.” The use of words allows PIRT to be flexible, but the analysis may then be difficult to combine with other uncertainty theories. We propose that a necessary step for the development of a procedure or protocol for uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the application of an Uncertainty Inventory. An Uncertainty Inventory should be considered and performed in the earliest stages of UQ.
SIMPLIFIED AASHTO LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN GIRDER LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN ILLINOIS

Illinois began full transition to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials load and resistance factor design (LRFD) bridge design specifications from the traditional load factor design code or standard specifications in 2002. To facilitate implementation of the new specification, engineers from the Illinois Department of Transportation undertook a series of investigations. The studies focused on interpretation of LRFD for the design of typical bridges in Illinois and the simplification of its procedures for determination of live load lane distributions to primary superstructure girders. Some important presented results from the conducted investigations are believed not only relevant to bridge design in Illinois, but to other states and jurisdictions which employ or will employ LRFD in the near future. The initial simplifications and interpretations focused on concrete deck-on-steel girder bridges and were subsequently expanded to include concrete deck-on-prestressed concrete ...