cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent Fiber-Optic Link with High SFDR Using DSP Linearization

We present a novel coherent amplitude modulated RF Photonic link with optical down-conversion that can achieve high-dynamic range using balanced detection and digital linearization. The architecture is presented along with simulated results that show enhancements in third-order intermodulation of $\sim$ 33dB after linearization.
A developmental approach to adult psychopathology

A Point of View: Assumptions About Human Behavior and Its Understanding Developmental Principles and their Application to Psychopathology Premorbid Social Competence Developmental Level and Symptom Expression Psychiatric Diagnosis: Issues in Classification and Contributions of a Developmental Approach The Paranoid- Nonparanoid Distinction in Schizophrenia Paranoid Schizophrenia: An Unorthodox View A Developmental Level and the Course and Outcome of Psychiatric Disorders Self-Image: A Cognitive- Developmental Approach The Influences of Gender and Socioeconomic Status on Psychopathology Summary of the Work and Directions for Further Research Index.
The etiologic significance of lowered blood-sugar values in vomiting of pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. The carbohydrate deficiency theory as the chief underlying factor in the causation of pregnancy toxemias has been physiologically reasonable; the success of the therapeutic measures founded on this theory has been convincing, but laboratory proof of its correctness has been lacking. 2. 2. Recent work on the fluctuations in blood sugar during eclampsia has demonstrated that a disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism is a factor in this toxicosis of pregnancy, and that eclamptic convulsions are hypoglycemic reactions occurring at the low point of these fluctuations. 3. 3. Blood-sugar readings taken under certain standard circumstances from patients with hyperemesis gravidarum indicate that in this condition low values predominate as a characteristic of this diseased state. 4. 4. Even among those patients showing normal values (80 to 100 mg.) the tendency is toward the lower rather than the upper limits of the average range. 5. 5. Such tendencies indicate a glycogen depletion in hyperemesis, previously postulated from clinical observation. 6. 6. The lowest values indicative of the most profound glycogen depletion of the tissues are to be seen in the sickest patients. 7. 7. Hypoglycemic levels may be attained in hyperemesis which if compared to similar values obtained more rapidly from insulin overdosage would be expected to cause convulsions, but which fail to do so because this process of glycogen depletion is a slow one. Fulminating cases of hyperemesis, or “acute yellow atrophy of the liver” frequently show convulsions early in pregnancy which are comparable to those of eclampsia, late in pregnancy. 8. 8. The probability of an etiologic relationship between toxicoses of early and of late pregnancy is strengthened by these observations and findings. 9. 9. The reason for the successful results from the hitherto empiric treatment of hyperemesis by intravenous injections of glucose and other administration of carbohydrates is now apparent. 10. 10. The use of insulin without glucose in hyperemesis is shown by these low sugar values to be a dangerous procedure. Its use with glucose has already been questioned. 11. 11. Careful laboratory control of the blood chemistry of these patients with particular respect to their blood-sugar values, is essential to their treatment.
Nonrelativistic Perturbation Theory

It is now time to expand the formal nonrelativistic scattering equations into perturbation series and apply them to simple atomic and solid-state problems. First we review time-independent perturbation expansions and extend them to the time-dependent case. The use of scattering diagrams will allow us to develop some intuition for this transition. Next we apply the theory to the interaction of radiation with matter, i.e., to the scattering of photons and bound atomic electrons. Finally we consider the scattering of phonons and electrons in solids, developing scattering diagrams which parallel the atomic diagrams as much as possible.
Secure Dynamic Reconfiguration of Scalable CORBA Systems with Mobile Agents

As various Internet services, electronic commerce, and information and communication systems permeate our lives, their continual availability becomes a dominant issue. But continuing software evolution requires system reconfiguration. Running systems must upgrade their components or change their configuration parameters. In addition, Internet services often need to serve thousands or millions of users. This scenario raises three conflicting issues that need to be resolved: availability, configurability, and scalability. We propose the use of mobile reconfiguration agents for the efficient, secure, and scalable dynamic reconfiguration of Internet systems. In our system, the agents are deployed within the object-oriented architecture of a CORBA-compliant ORB that supports safe reconfiguration both of its middleware engine and of user applications. Using a graphical front-end, administrators build reconfiguration agents and specify the topology of the reconfiguration network the agents traverse to reconfigure the distributed system on-the-fly. The agents collect, group, and return the results of inspection and reconfiguration operations in the distributed system to the administrator. Our infrastructure provides an efficient way of supporting secure dynamic reconfiguration of long-running, scalable Internet systems based on CORBA. This paper discusses our motivation, application scenarios and the design and implementation of our system. We conclude with performance results and directions for future work.
Using MZEF to find internal coding exons.

MZEF (Michael Zhang's Exon Finder) was designed to help identify one of the most important classes of exons, i.e. the internal coding exons, in human genomic DNA sequences. It is neither for predicting intronless genes, nor for assembling predicted exons into complete gene models. There is also a mouse version (mMZEF) and an Arabidopsis version (aMZEF). This unit presents the Unix and Web versions of MZEF and reviews how to interpret the MZEF results.
A derived Markov process for modeling reaction networks

A reaction network arises when a set of reactants (chromosomes, chemicals, economic goods, or the like) recombine at specified rates to produce other reactants in the set. When the reactants are characterized in terms of "reactive regions" (schemata, active sites, building blocks), reaction networks can be modeled by classic stochastic urn models. The corresponding Markov processes are specified by matrices that, for realistic problems, are small enough to allow standard matrix operations and Monte Carlo estimates of important properties of the trajectory of the process, such as the expected time to first occurrence of some designated reactant.
Lateral bipolar transistor fabricated on a deep-submicron technology

The performance of a NPN Lateral Bipolar Transistor (LBJT), based on a minimally modified submicron MOSFET without gate oxide, was studied by means of simulations and measurements on fabricated devices. Large-tilt angle, single-sided implants were successfully used to control the breakdown voltage by tailoring the asymmetric collector doping profile in a self-aligned way. Because of the lack of carrier confinement in the base of devices built on bulk silicon the common emitter current gain is lower than one. Two options for solving this problem were studied using simulators: Building the LBJT on Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) or introducing SiGe into the base. This project was developed in close cooperation with National Semiconductor Corp., Santa Clara, California.
The GS string action on AdS5×S5

Abstract We present a simple form of the Type IIB string action on AdS 5 × S 5 . The result is achieved by fixing κ -symmetry in the Killing spinor gauge defined by the projector of the Killing spinor of the D3 brane. We show explicitly that in this gauge the superspace is greatly simplified which is the crucial ingredient for the simple string action.
Vitronectin receptor expression and distribution at the photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial interface.

Laser scanning confocal microscopy was employed to map the distribution of integrin immunoreactivity at the photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) interface of the primate retina, and to determine its relationship to the actin cytoskeleton. Immunolabeling using a polyclonal antibody to the human vitronectin receptor (VnR), a heterodimer containing the αv subunit in combination with either the β3 or β5 subunits, is detected primarily on the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vivo and in vitro. It is also associated with the photoreceptor inner and outer segment cell surfaces. In contrast, immunolabeling using a polyclonal antibody to the human fibronectin receptor (FnR), a heterodimer containing the α5 and β1 subunits, is detected principally on the basolateral surface of the RPE and is virtually absent in photoreceptors. A partial three-dimensional reconstruction of the anti-VnR labeling pattern in cone photoreceptors reveals cell surface labeling that originates at the level of the myoid just distal to the outer limiting membrane. It extends distally toward the ellipsoid and terminates at the level of the cone outer segment. Approximately 20–22 immunoreactive foci are distributed evenly around the perimeter of the cone ellipsoid. These foci correspond in number and location to the calycal processes that protrude from the distal portion of the ellipsoid. A double-labeling procedure, employing VnR antibody and a fluorescently labeled phallotoxin (phalloidin), was used to identify regions of VnR co-distribution with filamentous actin (F-actin). One such region includes the VnR-immunoreactive foci at the margins of the cone inner segments and the actin cables that course through the photoreceptor ellipsoid and terminate within the calycal processes. A second zone of co-distribution coincides with the actin-containing, circumferential bundle at the lateral borders of the RPE cells, and a third zone is associated with the apical microvilli of the RPE that ensheath cone outer segments. In order to help identify the specific subunits underlying VnR (αvβ3/5) immunoreactivity, Northern blots of retinal-RPE RNA were probed with α32P-cDNAs to the human αv, β3, and β5 subunits and additional immunolocalization studies were performed using integrin human α or β subunit-specific antisera. The results from these studies strongly suggest that one or more integrins, containing the αv and/or β5 subunits, are expressed by the photoreceptors and RPE. It thus appears likely that an integrin(s) from the cytoadhesin family located on the plasma membranes of these cells participates in some adhesion-related event(s) at the interface between the neurol retina and the RPE. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hypercalcemia in acute uremia and following citric acid administration: Differential effect on parathyroid gland microtubule content

Abstract Hypercalcemia, which occurs 4 hr after bilateral nephrectomy in normal rats, is not seen 4 hr after either bilateral ureterotomy or sham surgery. These results indicate that it is loss of renal mass per se, not the uremic syndrome, which is responsible for the hypercalcemia. Citric acid levels also increase 4 hr after nephrectomy, and a degree of hypercalcemia and hypercitricemia comparable to that which follows nephrectomy can be produced by administration of citric acid to normal rats. In an attempt to evaluate the role of the parathyroid gland in the development of hypercalcemia in these two situations, the microtubule content of parathyroid gland chief cells was determined by ultrastructural stereologic techniques 4 hr after either bilateral nephrectomy or citric acid administration. The results of these measurements indicate that parathyroid gland chief cell microtubule content increases after citric acid administration but not following bilateral nephrectomy. The significance of these results is not clear. However, since a previous study has suggested a correlation between increased microtubule content and increased secretory status in the chief cell, one may speculate that increased microtubule content resulting from citric acid administration may also be associated with increased parathyroid hormone secretion. By this formulation, citric acid-induced hypercalcemia would be secondary to increased parathyroid hormone secretion, but the transient hypercalcemia that occurs after nephrectomy would take place in the absence of an increase in parathyroid hormone secretion. In this latter instance, it is possible that loss of the kidney, a major site of parathyroid hormone removal from plasma, leads to an increase in circulating parathyroid hormone level, and hypercalcemia, in the absence of an increase in hormone secretion rate.
Vortex pinning and the decay of persistent currents in unsaturated superfluid helium films

We investigate the role played by vortex pinning in modifying the predictions of the Kosterlitz-Thouless theory for thin helium films. We extend the analysis of Huberman, Myerson, and Doniach and of Ambegaokar et al. to include vortex pinning. We find that the presence of surface roughness can give rise to pinning sites and that the presence of the sites can modify the predictions of the above authors for the decay of persistent currents. We test these modifications by fitting our formulas to the data of Ekholm and Hallock, and find that the fits are much improved over the fits done without taking into account the effects of pinning.
Stability and motion of intrinsic localized modes in nonlinear periodic lattices

Previous theoretical studies and molecular-dynamics simulations show that a periodic one-dimensional lattice with nearest-neighbor quadratic and quartic interactions supports stationary localized modes. The most localized of these are an odd-parity mode with a displacement pattern A(. . . ,0,-1/2,1,-1/2,0, . . .) and an even-parity mode A(. . . ,0,-1,1,0. . .), where A is the amplitude. These solutions are asymptotically exact for the pure even-order anharmonic lattice in the limit of increasing order. We show here that in both this asymptotic limit and for the harmonic plus quartic lattice, the odd-parity mode is unstable to infinitesimal perturbations, while the even-parity mode is stable. For the pure quartic case, the predicted growth rate for the instability is 0.15 in units of the mode frequency, in excellent agreement with the rate observed in our molecular-dynamics simulations. In contrast, we observe the even-parity mode to persist unchanged over more than 32 000 mode oscillations. Our simulations show that the instability does not destroy the odd mode, but causes it to move. We will also discuss a smoothly traveling version of these modes. As they move, these modes have a nonconstant phase difference between adjacent relative displacements, in contrast with traveling modes discussed previously by others.
Effect of transfer film structure, composition and bonding on the tribological behavior of polyphenylene sulfide filled with nano particles of TiO2, ZnO, CuO and SiC

Abstract The tribological behavior of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) filled with inorganic nano particles was studied. The fillers investigated were TiO 2 , ZnO, CuO and SiC whose sizes varied from 30 to 50 nm. The polymer composites were compression molded with varying proportions of these fillers. Wear and friction tests were performed in a pin-on-disk configuration at a sliding speed of 1.0 m/s, nominal pressure of 0.65 MPa, and counterface roughness of 0.10 μm Ra. The polymer composite pins slid against hardened tool steel counterfaces. The transfer films of the composite materials formed on the counterfaces during sliding were studied by optical microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the adhesion between the transfer film and counterface was measured in terms of the peel strength. It was found that the wear rate of PPS decreased when TiO 2 and CuO were used as the fillers but increased with ZnO and SiC fillers. The optimum wear resistance was obtained with 2 vol.% CuO or TiO 2 . These filled composites had the coefficients of friction lower than that of the unfilled PPS. The wear behavior of the composites is explained in terms of the topography of transfer film and adhesion of transfer film to the counterface as observed from peel strength studies. There is a good correlation observed between the transfer film–counterface bond strength and wear resistance.
The path traveled and the path ahead for the allostatic framework: A rejoinder on the framework's importance and the need for further work related to theory, data, and measurement

Abstract Ideas related to the newly introduced allostatic framework have caught on in the scientific community, and not without good reason. This short report highlights what we have gained from the framework by discussing the term “allostasis” in comparison to “homeostasis” and “homeostatic mechanisms,” and by outlining key ideas behind the phrase “allostatic load.” In terms of how allostatic theory can be strengthened, this piece delves into the need for the theory to be clearer about what is meant by load that is “cumulative” and the need to incorporate results from research work on hormesis demonstrating the salutary, not damaging, effects of a moderate amount of stress. Lastly, some space in the rejoinder is devoted to how we can better operationalize the allostatic load construct and how new waves of biomarker-containing surveys are poised to collect yet more physiological information and are now more comprehensively measuring, in what is surely a difficult task, stress over the life course.
Intersections between Mechatronics and Robot Manipulators of the Future

Robot manipulator design and development involves complex multidisciplinary engineering and mechatronics technology is a big part of the picture. Manipulator design requirements pose many challenges centered on the integration of precise high-speed mechanisms, compact form factors, and complex power trains. Competing requirements lead to difficult design processes and tradeoffs, and the fundamental mechatronics technologies available to the designer substantially influence the entire design cycle and ultimate solution. This presentation will review interesting aspects of previous manipulator designs and their characteristics. Speculations about areas where future mechatronics advances could substantially advance robot manipulator designs and performance will be discussed.
Some limits of decision-theory in bioethics: rights, ends, and thick concepts.

It is tempting, in the face of Baron's near-Benthamite optimism about the potential for applied utilitarian theory to improve our lives (Baron 2006), to trot out the familiar objections to utilitar...
Electrical manipulation of glycan-phosphatidyl inositol-tethered proteins in planar supported bilayers

Electric fields have been used to manipulate and concentrate glycan-phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-tethered proteins in planar supported bilayers. Naturally GPI-linked CD48, along with engineered forms of I-Ek and B7–2, in which their transmembrane domains have been genetically replaced with the GPI linkage, were studied. The proteins were labeled with fluorescently tagged antibodies, allowing the electric field-induced behavior to be followed by epifluorescence microscopy. All three protein complexes were observed to migrate toward the cathode with the B7–2 and CD48, each tethered to the membrane by a single GPI linker, moving significantly faster than the I-Ek, which has two GPI linkers. Patterns scratched into the membrane function as barriers to lateral diffusion and were used to isolate the proteins into highly concentrated corrals. All field-induced concentration profiles were completely reversible, indicating that the supported bilayer provides a stable, fluid environment in which GPI-tethered proteins can be manipulated. The ability to electrically control the spatial distribution of membrane-tethered proteins provides new opportunities for the study of biological membranes and the development of membrane-based devices.
Apple Bruise Damage Estimation Using an Instrumented Sphere

Impact damage sustained by an apple depends on the magnitude and duration of the shock pulse to the apple. A double pendulum apparatus was used to swing an instrumented sphere (IS) into suspended apples to generate impact data between the IS and a suspended apple and to relate this to apple bruise size. The impact data was used to correlate peak acceleration and energy absorbed to measured bruise diameter and volume. The results of this technique show that for ‘Empire’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, the highest coefficient of determination (R2) existed between bruise diameter and energy absorbed using a third order polynomial fit of the data.
Resonance, Moorean Theories, and a Reflective Endorsement Approach to Value

I argue that Moorean theories of value have a difficult time accommodating the resonance requirement, that is, the platitude that we should value what's valuable, while a sophisticated reflective endorsement theory of value and the resonance requirement are perfectly consistent. To this extent, a sophisticated reflective endorsement theory has a significant advantage over the Moorean approach. The reflective endorsement theory that I endorse emphasizes systematic exposure to possible sources of satisfaction, as well as a similarity principle of practical rationality.
Glossary and index to remotely sensed image pattern recognition concepts

Abstract The purpose of the glossary is to state in the simplest possible way the general meaning or word usage for many of the terms in image pattern recognition. There is no intent to provide definitive statements for terms such as “resolution” but rather only statements about the general nature of what resolution is. There is no intent to provide mathematical formulas involving integrals or derivatives in any of the statements. Those who need the mathematics can get it from technical papers or texts. The glossary is designed to be read by those generally unfamiliar with the area and provide for them an overall perspective. The organization approaches that of programmed learning material and can be smoothly (I hope) read from beginning to end. Those needing to look up a specific term can do so via the index. There is some overlap of terms in this glossary with those glossaries or definitions in radiometry and aerial photography. There is no intent that the way the terms are described here replace the way they are described in those glossaries and definitions. The overlap is provided here so that the reader can get a perspective of a cluster of terms frequently used in our field. The perspective is intended to start from what the image concept is through the recording of an image by some sensor, the possible conversion of image format and the simple analog or more complex digital processing which must be done on the imagery. In short, the perspective is one of image pattern recognition.
Formation time of a small electron polaron in LiNbO3: measurements and interpretation

Infrared optical absorption attributed to the electron polaron on a non-defective site in LiNbO3 and KNbO3 has previously been observed using pulsed electron and laser techniques. With subpicosecond laser excitation and spectroscopy, it is possible to measure a rise time of the infrared absorption, which may be interpreted as the time for a band-state conduction electron to cool by phonon scattering, collapse its wavefunction around a site made attractive by thermal disorder, and relax vibrationally to a small polaron. This is a process which is of fundamental interest, involving dynamics of self-localization from band states and vibrational relaxation of a localized electron in an otherwise non-defective lattice. For example, Gavartin and Shluger have recently performed calculations on the role of thermal fluctuations in self-trapping of holes in MgO. We report initial measurements on the rise time of infrared absorption at 0.95 eV (Mg-perturbed polaron) in LiNbO3:Mg to be τR ≈ 230 fs at T = 20 K and τR ≈ 110 fs at T = 296 K. We discuss 2 stages that together may account for the delay and its temperature dependence: free-electron cooling and vibrational relaxation of a “defect” (small polaron) in a host. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increased wall stress of saccular versus fusiform aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta.

Background Repair of fusiform descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (DTAs) is indicated when aneurysmal diameter exceeds a certain threshold; however, diameter-related indications for repair of saccular DTA are less well established. Methods Human subjects with fusiform (n = 17) and saccular (n = 17) DTAs who underwent computed tomographic angiography were identified. Patients with aneurysms related to connective tissue disease were excluded. The thoracic aorta was segmented, reconstructed, and triangulated to create a mesh. Finite element analysis was performed using a pressure load of 120 mm Hg and a uniform aortic wall thickness of 3.2 mm to compare the pressure-induced wall stress of fusiform and saccular DTAs. Results The mean maximum diameter of the fusiform DTAs (6.0 ± 1.5 cm) was significantly greater (p = 0.006) than that of the saccular DTAs (4.4 ± 1.8 cm). However, mean peak wall stress of the fusiform DTAs (0.33 ± 0.15 MPa) was equivalent to that of the saccular DTAs (0.30 ± 0.14 MPa), as found by using an equivalence threshold of 0.15 MPa. The mean normalized wall stress (peak wall stress divided by maximum aneurysm radius) of the saccular DTAs was greater than that of the fusiform DTAs (0.16 ± 0.09 MPa/cm vs. 0.11 ± 0.03 MPa/cm, p = 0.035). Conclusions The normalized wall stress for saccular DTA is greater than that for fusiform DTA, indicating that geometric factors such as aneurysm shape influence wall stress. These results suggest that saccular aneurysms may be more prone to rupture than fusiform aneurysms of similar diameter, provide a theoretical rationale for the repair of saccular DTAs at a smaller diameter, and suggest investigation of the role of biomechanical modeling in surgical decision making is warranted.
Systemic IL-6, IL-8, and RANTES Response in Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Systemic IL-6, IL-8, and RANTES Response in Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease
Video-Based Master Degree Power Program at Georgia Institute of Technology

This paper describes an innovative video-based master degree program in power engineering developed at Georgia Tech. The program, which is delivered to students at fifty remote locations, has been, in operation for three years.
P-24: High-Temperature (250°C) Amorphous-Silicon TFT's On Clear Plastic Substrates

silicon (a-Si) thin film transistors (TFT's) were fabricated on free-standing, clear plastic substrates with a maximum process temperature of up to 250° C. An a-Si TFT backplane for active matrix OLED (AMOLED) application was also made on such substrates. The performance of both the TFT's and the AMOLED backplane are excellent. These results will enable the fabrication of flexible AMLCD or AMOLED displays on clear plastic substrates with the TFT processes currently used for glass substrates.
Retinal blood vessels develop in response to local VEGF-A signals in the absence of blood flow

The role of hemodynamic forces and other signals from circulating blood in guiding the development of the retinal vasculature was examined by following the growth of these vessels in organ cultures. Retinal vascular development in organ cultures was monitored by immunofluorescent staining of retinal whole-mounts using antibodies against ICAM-2, a specific marker for endothelial cells and by vascular adenosine disphosphatase activity. Under culture conditions, the retinal vasculature from mice at postnatal day 3 (P3) grew from the optic nerve area to the edge of the retina in a manner similar to that observed in vivo. Both inner and outer vascular plexuses formed in retinal explants. Within the first few days of organ culture, the initial uniform meshwork of blood vessels was reorganized into arterioles, venules, and capillaries. As in animals, the initial retinal vascular plexus contained abundant vessels, and afterward some vessels regressed leading to the formation of a mature vascular bed. Changes in vascular density due to blood vessel growth and remodeling were confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses of ICAM-2 mRNA and protein levels, respectively. In addition, during in vitro retinal vascularization, arterioles acquired mural cell coverage, as shown by positive staining for α-smooth muscle actin. Thus, blood flow and blood-derived signals were not required for the development and maturation of retinal vessels. In contrast, stability of blood vessels in retinal explants was tightly regulated by endogenous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). VEGF-A was expressed in the explants throughout the culture period, and addition of neutralizing antibodies against VEGF-A to the organ culture caused a severe regression of blood vessels from the vascular front toward the optic nerve. In contrast, addition of anti-FGF-2 antibodies had no effect on the developing vasculature. Thus, retinal vascular development is dependent on local VEGF-A signals rather than systemic signals.
Real-time Interactive Tele-echocardiography:Two Year Experience in a Busy Level III Nursery • 87

Real-time Interactive Tele-echocardiography:Two Year Experience in a Busy Level III Nursery • 87
A simple proof of Ekeland and Scheinkman's result on the necessity of a transversality condition

Ekeland and Scheinkman (1986) prove the necessity of a standard transversality condition under certain technical conditions. Their result is one of the most powerful on the necessity of a transversality condition currently available in the literature, and their proof involves numerous estimations and relies on Ekeland's variational principle and Fatou's lemma. This note relaxes some of their assumptions and provides a simple proof that uses neither Ekeland's principle nor a convergence result like Fatou's lemma.
An Unusual Cause of Fixed Dilated Pupils After Cardiac Surgery

The presence of fixed, dilated pupils after cardiac surgery is an ominous sign, typically indicating severe diffuse hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Rarely, however, this finding can be seen as a result of focal midbrain ischemia. It is important to differentiate between these syndromes, as the latter might be amenable to acute stroke treatments, and because they affect consciousness very differently. A 46-year-old man with diffuse atherosclerosis underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and closure of an incidentally discovered patent foramen ovale. He underwent neurologic evaluation on post-operative day 6 because he was not speaking and appeared to have a new right hemiparesis. Eye movements, pupillary, and lid function were all normal at this time. MRI showed multiple posterior circulation infarcts, involving both cerebral peduncles. On post-operative day 12, he became unresponsive, quadriplegic, and had bilaterally fixed, dilated pupils. CT showed low attenuation in nearly the entirety of both cerebral peduncles. Midbrain infarction is rare. Bilateral midbrain infarction is even rarer and typically presents as locked-in syndrome with preservation of pupillary function and at least vertical eye movements. In our review of the literature, we found only three other cases of midbrain infarction associated with bilateral mydriasis. As in our case, these characteristically involved the anteromedial midbrain bilaterally. Fixed, dilated pupils after cardiac surgery can rarely be caused by bilateral anteromedial midbrain infarctions. It is important to differentiate this from the much more common diffuse hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Translating non-trivial algorithms from the circuit model to the measurement-based quantum computing model

We provide a set of prescriptions for implementing a circuit model algorithm as measurement-based quantum computing algorithm via a large discrete cluster state constructed sequentially, from qubits implemented as single photons. We describe a large optical discrete graph state capable of searching logical 4 and 8 element lists as an example. To do so we have developed several prescriptions based on analytic evaluation of the evolution of discrete cluster states and graph state equations. We describe the cluster state as a sequence of repeated entanglement and measurement steps using a small number of single photons for each step. These prescriptions can be generalized to implement any logical circuit model operation with appropriate single-photon measurements and feed forward error corrections. Such a cluster state is not guaranteed to be optimal (i.e. minimum number of photons, measurements, run time).
The three-dimensional structure of the FMO protein from Pelodictyon phaeum and the implications for energy transfer

The Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) antenna protein from the green bacterium Pelodictyon phaeum mediates the transfer of energy from the peripheral chlorosome antenna complex to the membrane-bound reaction center. The three-dimensional structure of this protein has been solved using protein crystallography to a resolution limit of 2.0 A, with Rwork and Rfree values of 16.6 and 19.9%, respectively. The structure is a trimer of three identical subunits related by a threefold symmetry axis. Each subunit has two beta sheets that surround 8 bacteriochlorophylls. The bacteriochlorophylls are all five-coordinated, with the axial ligand being a histidine, serine, backbone carbonyl, or bound water molecule. The arrangement of the bacteriochlorophylls is generally well conserved in comparison to other FMO structures, but differences are apparent in the interactions with the surrounding protein. In this structure the position and orientation of the eighth bacteriochlorophyll is well defined and shows differences in its location and the coordination of the central Mg compared to previous models. The implications of this structure on the ability of the FMO protein to perform energy transfer are discussed in terms of the experimental optical measurements.
The evaluation of the JEWEL project: An innovative economic enhancement and HIV prevention intervention study targeting drug using women involved in prostitution

Abstract The JEWEL (Jewellery Education for Women Empowering Their Lives) pilot study examined the efficacy of an economic empowerment and HIV prevention intervention targeting illicit drug-using women (n=50) who were involved in prostitution in Baltimore, Maryland. The intervention was comprised of six 2-hour sessions that taught HIV prevention risk reduction and the making, marketing and selling of jewellery. Bivariate comparisons examined behaviour change pre- and 3-months post-intervention. The intervention's effect on the change in the number of sex trade partners from baseline to follow-up was explored with multiple linear regression. Participants were 62.0% African American, 5.0% were currently employed, and the median age was 39 years old (Inter Quartile Range [IQR]: 34–45). Women attended an average of six (IQR: 4.5–6.0) sessions. The women sold over $7,000 worth of jewellery in eleven sales. In comparing self-reported risk behaviours pre and 3-month post intervention participation, we found sign...
Suicide among individuals with schizophrenia: A risk factor model

ABSTRACTSuicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States and is the leading cause of death among individuals with schizophrenia. In order to prevent premature suicidal death and improve the quality of life among individuals with schizophrenia, conceptual models are needed to understand the mechanisms of suicide risk. This article reviews the theoretical perspectives of schizophrenia, suicide, and the intersection of schizophrenia and suicide to develop a conceptual basis for future prevention and intervention efforts by health and mental health practitioners and researchers. A better explanation and understanding of risk factors for suicide has the potential to play a larger role in treatment and recovery of schizophrenia, and prevent premature suicidal death. As a result of the absence to date of theoretically driven and empirically testable models of suicidal behaviors tailored for individuals with schizophrenia, the current article proposes a model of suicide risk specific to individual...
High-pressure liquid chromatography fractionation of Chlamydomonas dynein extracts and characterization of inner-arm dynein subunits.

Abstract A rapid procedure for fractionating salt-stable dynein subunits from high-salt extracts of Chlamydomonas axonemes has been developed using a high-pressure liquid chromatography system with an anion exchange column and gradient salt elution. Five distinct fractions are shown to be highly enriched for five distinct subunits or subunit complexes by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ATPase activity and electron microscopy. Peaks 1 and 4 contain, respectively, the single-headed γ-subunit and the two-headed α/β-hetero-polymer that form the outer arm in situ and are dissociated by salt exposure; both peaks are absent from the outer arm-less mutant pf-28 . Peaks 2, 3 and 5 contain, respectively, two distinct single-headed species and a double-headed species that derive from inner arms; all three peaks are missing from the inner arm-less mutant pf-23 . Sucrose-gradient sedimentation analysis confirms these assignments and provides additional information on the intermediate-chain and light-chain composition of the inner-arm species. Electron microscopy of the purified inner-arm species visualized by the quick-freeze deep-etch technique complements a previous analysis of outer-arm species. Each protein is shown to have a unique morphology, and both the inner- and outer-arm proteins clearly belong to a common family whose structural divergence presumably reflects functional specialization.
Characterizing the electrospray-ionization mass spectral fragmentation pattern of enzymatically derived hyaluronic acid oligomers

Oligosaccharides derived from hyaluronic acid by action of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) (hyaluronate 4-glycanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.35) were characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) with electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) and compared with results obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Both oligomers with an odd number and even number of sugar units with molecular masses up to 8 kDa were observed in the ESI spectra. However, the generation of odd-numbered oligomers is not consistent with the regiospecificity of the enzyme and with the MALDI results, which indicated even-numbered oligomers exclusively. In addition, a third method of characterization, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC), showed only even-numbered oligomers. Relative intensities of the odd-numbered oligomers demonstrated in ESIMS a cone-voltage dependence suggesting the odd-numbered oligomers resulted from collisional activation. In order to achieve results by ESI that mirror results from other techniques, the cone voltage must be kept low and precisely controlled. This study displays the usefulness and possible vulnerabilities of ESIMS when utilized for carbohydrate analysis without corroborating data from other methods of analysis.
The infinite-state potts model and restricted multidimensional partitions of an integer

It is shown that the partition function of the q-state Potts model on a finite ddimensional hypercubic lattice in the q -> ~ limit is precisely the generating function of (d - 1)-dimensional restricted partitions of an integer. For d = 2,3, this equivalence leads to closed-form expressions of the q = ~ Potts partition function. Our discussion also establishes symmetry and reciprocal properties for the generating function of restricted partitions in higher dimensions.
Computational forces in the SAGE benchmark

Dimensional analysis applied to a complicated timing formula for the SAGE benchmark yields new insight into the limits to scalability. A single surface, defined by two curvilinear coordinates, describes the parallel efficiency of the benchmark. Each machine, as a function of the number of processors, follows its own path on the surface determined by dimensionless ratios of hardware forces to software forces. Two machines with the same ratios follow the same path and are self-similar, even though the numerical value of each individual force may be different. For this benchmark, latency effects are unimportant relative to bandwidth effects because of the slab decomposition used to distribute the problem across processors. To a good first-order approximation, a single force ratio describes the efficiency as a function of the number of processors. A simpler model, with a single dimensionless exponent, describes the first-order behavior of the computational power as a function of the number of processors.
The role of estrogen and androgen receptors in bone health and disease

Mouse models with cell-specific deletion of the estrogen receptor (ER) α, the androgen receptor (AR) or the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), as well as cascade-selective estrogenic compounds have provided novel insights into the function and signalling of ERα and AR. The studies reveal that the effects of estrogens on trabecular versus cortical bone mass are mediated by direct effects on osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. The protection of cortical bone mass by estrogens is mediated via ERα, using a non-nucleus-initiated mechanism. By contrast, the AR of mature osteoblasts is indispensable for the maintenance of trabecular bone mass in male mammals, but not required for the anabolic effects of androgens on cortical bone. Most unexpectedly, and independently of estrogens, ERα in osteoblast progenitors stimulates Wnt signalling and periosteal bone accrual in response to mechanical strain. RANKL expression in B lymphocytes, but not T lymphocytes, contributes to the loss of trabecular bone caused by estrogen deficiency. In this Review, we summarize this evidence and discuss its implications for understanding the regulation of trabecular and cortical bone mass; the integration of hormonal and mechanical signals; the relative importance of estrogens versus androgens in the male skeleton; and, finally, the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis.
Miyake-Apple-Video-Analyse des Bewegungsmusters einer akkommodativen Intraokularlinse

Hintergrund. Als neue Entwicklung in der Kataraktchirurgie werden IOL-Designs mit moglichen akkommodativen Fahigkeiten angeboten. Methodik. Wir wahlten einen laborexperimentellen Versuchsaufbau und implantierten die Humanoptics 1CU akkommodative IOL in humane Autopsieaugen. Mit der Miyake-Apple-Technik wurde die Implantation sowie das Bewegungsmuster der Linse im Kapselsack untersucht. Ergebnisse. Mit Hilfe einer zirkularen Kraft auf Hohe des Ziliarkorpers sowie durch Injektion einer viskoelastischen Substanz sollte eine Vorwartsbewegung der Linse induziert werden. Die Bildanalyse mit der Miyake-Apple-Technik zeigte bei Anwendung beider Techniken sehr anschaulich eine nach vorne gerichtete Bewegung der Linsenoptik. Die Fokusveranderung konnten mit Hilfe einer vorgehaltenen Zahlentafel aufgezeigt werden. Diskussion. Die 1CU Humanoptics akkommodative IOL zeigte bei den laborexperimentellen Untersuchungen potenzielle akkommodative Fahigkeiten. Der akkommodative Effekt beruhte auf einem Fokus-Shift durch eine Vorwartsbewegung der Kunstlinsenoptik. Inwiefern dies klinische Verhaltnisse widerspiegelt und in diesem Ausmas klinisch wirksam wird, mussen weitere Untersuchungen zeigen.
The Major Soluble Tubulins are Found in Mega Dalton (MDa) Fractions in Fully-Grown Oocytes and Eggs But Not in Brain of the Frog, Rana pipiens

Abstract During progesterone-induced oocyte maturation, the cell is converted from prophase I to metaphase II, which is known to involve microtubule changes. We hypothesize that progesterone affects the polymeric state of tubulins, isoform dynamics, as well as tubulin synthesis and degradation. To test the former, leopard frog ( Rana pipiens ) oocytes were treated with progesterone, homogenized and centrifuged at 16,000 × g . The resulting pellet and supernatant fractions were analyzed using immunoblots probed with anti- α -tubulin antibody DM1A and anti- β -tubulin antibody DM1B. The results indicate that the majority of tubulins are in supernatant fractions (soluble cellular component) and further indicate changes in size of pelletable tubulins with time postprogesterone treatment. To characterize the supernatant tubulins, Superose-6b columns were used to fractionate 16,000 × g supernatant materials. The results indicate tubulins in fractions of up to 5 MDa (equivalent in size to c . 50 tubulin dimers or 5,000 kDa) predominate, while tubulin dimers and monomers of 110 kDa and 55 kDa, respectively, are relatively minor components. The tubulin in MDa fraction pools in the oocyte soluble component seem to be tissue specific, since the reverse patterns were found in either frog brain or rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) brain tissue under the same conditions. Microtubule poisons, taxol and nocodazole, were used to test the dynamics of tubulin in MDa fractions and the results were opposite to that expected, i.e ., taxol, a microtubule stabilizer, decreased tubulin in large MDa fractions while nocodazole, a microtubule destabilizer, increased it. Preliminary data also indicated that progesterone treatment alters the tubulin size classes (size-shift) in comparison with that in immature oocytes. These results, in combination with other research reports, suggest that tubulin in MDa fractions may either be associated with other cellular components or act as intermediates in microtubule dynamics, perhaps via oligomerization, during oocyte maturation and early development.
Substrate trajectory through phospholipid-transporting P4-ATPases

A difference in the lipid composition between the two leaflets of the same membrane is a relatively simple instance of lipid compositional heterogeneity. The large activation energy barrier for transbilayer movement for some (but not all) membrane lipids creates a regime governed by active transport processes. An early step in eukaryote evolution was the development of a capacity for generating transbilayer compositional heterogeneity far from equilibrium by directly tapping energy from the ATP pool. The mechanism of the P-type ATPases that create lipid asymmetry is well understood in terms of ATP hydrolysis, but the trajectory taken by the phospholipid substrate through the enzyme is a matter of current active research. There are currently three different models for this trajectory, all with support by mutation/activity measurements and analogies with known atomic structures.
Premature infant mortality

Summary 1. Survival rates for premature infantsat the University of Virginia Hospital for the years 1949–1955 are presented. 2. Prematurity remains the major cause of death. 3. Advances in controlling infection and hemorrhage have resulted in a more optimistic outlook for the survival of the premature infant.
Localization of the site of urinary tract infections by means of antibody-coated bacteria in the urinary sediments.

A prospective study was conducted in children with urinary tract infections to examine the relationshipbetween the presence of antibody-coated bacteria in the urinary sediments and the presence of pyelonephritis. The site of the urinary tract infection was localized as upper or lower urinary tract by the bladder washout technique. Antibody-coated bacteria in the urinary sediments were identified by an immunofluorescent method. In 4 of 12 children with upper urinary tract infections, less than 1% of the bacteria in the urinary sediments were antibody coated. In 10 of 35 children with lower urinary tract infections more than 50% of the bacteria in the urinary sediments were antibody coated. These studies show no significant correlation between the presence of antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediments and infection of the upper urinary tract.