cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induced herbivore resistance in seaweeds: a meta‐analysis

1 Terrestrial plants can sense and respond to herbivory, which may lead to increased resistance towards further grazing if the responses have negative effects on the preference and/or performance of the herbivores. Marine plants (seaweeds) are exposed to a considerable grazing pressure by herbivores ranging from large, mobile fishes and sea urchins to small, sedentary crustaceans and molluscs. The number of investigations studying induced resistance in seaweeds has increased during the last decade, but empirical results are conflicting. 2 We performed a categorical meta-analysis to evaluate statistically the overall seaweed responses to damage or damage-related cues, and factors that may explain the observed variation in inducible seaweed resistance to herbivores. 3 We found a highly significant overall effect of damage on induced seaweed resistance to further herbivory. Division of the studies into different categories showed that brown and green, but not red, seaweeds induce significant resistance to further grazing in response to grazing by small crustaceans and gastropods, but not in response to large gastropods and sea urchins. The seaweeds showed stronger responses when exposed to damage for 11-20 days than in shorter or longer experiments. 4 Seaweeds are very important both as habitat and food for a wide range of marine animals. Our findings contribute importantly to the general ecological understanding of marine plant-herbivore interactions by showing that induced resistance in seaweeds is more common than previously assumed. Many recent marine investigations included in this study have not put emphasis on the ecological relevance and underlying mechanisms of the investigated plant-herbivore interactions. We suggest that the scientific value of future investigations concerning induced defences in marine algae would benefit from formulating more advanced and/or complex hypotheses including the genetic and biochemical mechanisms, cost and constraints of damage-induced civilian and defensive seaweed responses, as well as the effects of these responses on herbivores and other organisms/trophic levels, and on community structure and functioning.
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity: how much longer must we wield the sword?

Antiretroviral treatment regimens prescribed for HIV infection almost always include nucleoside and/or nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Despite extensive clinical experience with NRTI-associated toxicities, there are considerable gaps in our understanding of pathogenesis, risk factors and optimal management. Genomic research is beginning to provide new insights into NRTI toxicity, but more investigation is needed in this area. Improved understanding of the pathogenic and genomic basis of NRTI toxicities, translation of current knowledge into clinical care, more widespread access to less toxic NRTIs, clinical vigilance, and proven and affordable interventions are all required to minimize the worldwide burden of toxicity caused by these important drugs.
Characterizing the Economic Value of Organizational Learning in Semiconductor Manufacturing

This paper describes an empirical study that assesses the economic value of various forms of organizational learning that are common in semiconductor manufacturing. This study considers three business environments: very large-scale integrated circuits, commodity components, and specialty parts with high value added. This study finds that the economic value of organizational learning varies over time, the relative economic value of different learning practices varies over time, the external economic environment strongly influences the economic value of different learning practices, the economic value of learning can be positive or negative, and the synergy between different kinds of learning can be positive or negative. The primary contribution of this paper is an empirically grounded model of organizational learning in the semiconductor manufacturing industry, which potentially enhances the profitability of semiconductor manufacturing ventures. The model helps practicing managers make investment decisions through scenario planning and identifies learning strategies that are tailored to their particular economic environment. This paper also provides insight into the structure of technological knowledge in semiconductor manufacturing, which has historically been treated as a black box.
Real-time quantitative ex vivo direct autoradiography with 10μm pixel resolution

We present three new autoradiography methods to map positron emission rate of a bio-specimen slice with high resolution. One is based on LBNL scientific charge coupled device (CCD) and the other two are based on conventional CCDs. High conversion efficiency (100k e-h pairs / 0.5MeV positron) and low dark current (1.75×10−4 e-/pix/sec) can be achieved using the LBNL CCD. The theoretical calculations and preliminary experiments show that an 86μm spatial resolution can be achieved when imaging a 100 μm thick tissue soaked with 18F which produce higher energy positron. The main disadvantage of the LBNL CCD we tested is that a very low operating temperature is required to eliminate dark current. This dramatically increases the system cost. In addition, the integration time of the CCD needs to be short enough to avoid overlapping of the positron trajectories. Conventional CCDs have lower conversion efficiency (2k e-h pairs / 0.5MeV positron) and higher dark current (200 e-/pix/sec), but are more cost-efficient and the requirement for the readout frequency is much lower. The conversion efficiency of the conventional CCD imager can be improved by 17 times by inserting a 100 μm layer of phosphor between the sample and the imager. However, the light emitted from the phosphor screen will be ∼100 μm diameter, which severely degrades the spatial resolution. A high readout frequency is also required to avoid the overlapping. The CCD systems designed in this study will be used to map positron emission rate of bio-specimens such as cancerous tissues acquired in regular biopsy procedure. They can also be used to corroborate tracer kinetic modeling at a cellular level.
The Fidia-Georgetown Institute for the Neurosciences (FGIN) 1985-1994

This article describes briefly the history and activities of the Fidia-Georgetown Institute for the Neurosciences (FGIN), from its establishment in 1985 to its closure in 1994. It also provides a list of those colleagues and students who worked at FGIN and contributed to various research projects.
The dynamic mechanical response of fiber-reinforced beams to large transverse loads

Abstract The paper describes the results of experiments on fiber-reinforced metal beams which have been subjected to dynamic transverse loading. The beams were fabricated by embedding sets of parallel steel wires in a matrix of lead-tin alloy, and were clamped at one end. The transverse dynamic loading was applied to the tip of the beam so that the problem was one of the transverse deformation of a composite cantilever. Two separate techniques were employed to load the specimens, one being to hit the end with a fast moving hammer in a “Hyge” Shock Testing Machine; the other was to detonate an explosive charge in contact with a small projectile close to the tip. The deformations were monitored by a number of different experimental techniques and the final plastic transverse deflection of the tip as well as the final position of the plastic wave front were compared with the theoretical predictions of Spencer, Jones and their co-workers. The agreement was found to be very satisfactory. In making these comparisons strain rate effects in the lead-tin matrix metal had to be allowed for and this was done with the help of a separate set of tests.
On the regularity of weak solutions of certain elliptic systems

For certain quasilinear elliptic systems with perturbations of natural growth we prove a Caccioppoli-inequality provided the perturbation satisfies an additional “angle condition.” As a consequence weak solutions of these systems have the Holder-continuity properties established by the so called direct approach to regularity, cf.: [2].
Deliberative Planning in a Multicultural Milieu

This article explores the utility of deliberative planning theory given the scholarly debate over its limitations and prospects. A case study situated in the Japanese city of Kawasaki illustrates how deliberative planning theory can illuminate the limitations of deliberative planning theory and practice while revealing potential paths to create more democratic and inclusive planning processes. The case underscores the importance of (1) public acknowledgement of the constraints to deliberative planning, (2) deliberating over the design of a deliberative process, (3) mitigating identified constraints to deliberative planning, and (4) being open to alternative or parallel strategies given structural and other constraints in deliberative processes.
An Invitation to Theory

In this essay, I wish to invite young scholars to learn, use, and contribute to accounting theory. In this invitation, I argue theory has lineage, is important and can be fun. Its lineage comes from the post-WWII scientific revolution in management education and research. Theory is important because it is the successful interaction between theory and empirical work that ultimately advances an academic discipline. Theory can be fun because when done well, learning, using and contributing to theory can be an enjoyable activity for all scholars, either as consumers or as producers of theory.
Non-gaussian closure for random vibration of non-linear oscillators

Abstract An approximate method for determining estimates of stationary response statistics for a non-linear oscillator driven by wide-band random excitation is described. The differential equation of the oscillator is used to generate relations between unknown response statistics. These relations are then used to fix a corresponding number of unknown parameters in a non-Gaussian probability distribution for the response. The method is illustrated by application to the Duffing oscillator. Elementary methods for evaluating the necessary correlations between excitation and response are discussed in an Appendix.
The singing/acting child: a speech-languagepathologist's perspective

Summary Performance-oriented children who encounter voice problems benefit from a team approach to intervention. Developmental and psychosocial issues in addition to the acquisition of information and vocal skills must be addressed. This article presents information from a speech-language pathologist's perspective and includes some examples of clinical approaches and strategies. The importance of building motivation to change vocal habits and the need for the child to develop insight and self-evaluation strategies is emphasized.
Temperature effects on intra- and extracellular acid-base status in the American locust,Schistocerca nitens

This study examined the effect of temperature on hemolymph and intracellular acid-base status in the locust,Schistocerca nitens. Hemolymph pH decreased with temperature by 0.017 pH units·°C−1 above 25°C, but was stable at lower temperatures. Average intracellular pH (pHi, calculated from CO2 distribution) decreased by approximately 0.018 pH units·°C−1, in accordance with predictions for preservation of relative alkalinity and protein charge state. DMO was found to be unsuitable for use as an in vivo pHi marker in locusts due to rapid metabolism and excretion of this compound. Hemolymph pH regulation when temperature changed was accomplished by a combination of variation ofP CO2 and [HCO 3 − ], with changes in [HCO 3 − ] predominating. Digestive tracts contained a large portion of total body water (over 30%), and total body CO2 (over 40%). Variation in [HCO 3 − ] may dominate pH regulation in locusts because of the relatively large size of the digestive tract and its powerful acid-base transporting capacities.
Rhodocybella: a new genus in the Entolomataceae

A new genus in the Entolomataceae is described from North America. While in many respects it is microscopically similar to Rhodocybe Maire, Rhodocybella differs markedly from Rhodocybe in three important features. Rhodocybella produces basidiomes with cupulate pendant pilei which are laterally attached, the hymenophore is smooth or produces a few rudimentary lamellar folds, and the hyphae of the pileipellis form knobby to subdiverticulate projections. These features are not found in members of Rhodocybe. Rhodocybella rhododendri has only been collected from the surface of the periderm of living Rhododendron maximum L. stems after periods of heavy rainfall.
WHITE IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT AT A TWO-YEAR INSTITUTION

This study explored white students' levels of racial/ethnic identity development and whether pre-college characteristics and patterns of participation in curricular and co-curricular activities influenced identity development. Students in the study attended a predominantly Hispanic two-year institution in southern California (referred to as California College). This study offers insight into the experiences of students who are not typically members of a minority group. Racial/ethnic identity development theory serves as a framework for understanding student development. Recommendations for the host institution focus on examining faculty and administrative cultures, assessing campus climate, and creating avenues to promote racial/ethnic identity development.
Development of a High-Speed UV Particle Image Velocimetry Technique and Application for Measurements in Internal Combustion Engines

A flexible, high-frame rate particle image velocimetry technique that can be applied to operating internal combustion engines in highly luminous combustion situations was developed. Two high-repetition rate diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers operated at 355 nm and a CMOS camera were used to devise a system that allowed measurements of velocity fields near the spark plug in a firing engine at a rate of 6 kHz for 500 consecutive cycles. The 6 kHz acquisition rate enables recording one velocity field every other crank angle at 2,000 RPM engine speed. Sample results such as individual and average flow fields and kinetic energy evolutions are presented.
Topical minoxidil in early male pattern baldness

One-hundred twenty-six healthy men with early male pattern baldness completed a 12-month double-blind, controlled trial of 2% and 3% topical minoxidil. Subjects were initially randomly assigned to use placebo or 2% or 3% topical minoxidil. After 4 months of study, the placebo group was crossed over to 3% topical minoxidil. Both objective measurement of hair growth by counting of vellus, terminal, and total hairs in a vertex target balding area and subjective assessment by subject and investigator were done. Treatment of subjects with topical minoxidil for 4 months resulted in a statistically significant increase in terminal hair growth in comparison with placebo therapy. In addition, subjects initially treated with placebo, when crossed over to topical minoxidil, showed a significant increase in the number of terminal hairs. No subject had a net hair loss in the target area during the study. These results indicate that topical minoxidil can increase terminal hair growth in early male pattern baldness.
PUBLIC OPINION AND PENAL POLICY

This article discusses the issue of who should run the penal system 7he major assumption of penal administrators has been that the public was in favor of a punishment policy. This research indicates that the public is not as punishment-oriented as expected, though older respondents gave greater approval to restrictive conjugal visitation policies. Age variations may indicate a change in public opinion. The evidence also indicates that the public is more willing to support such programs as conjugal visits and work release than was previously thought. A willingness for more favorable treatment of inmates was found for those who had some contact with inmates.
Shaker and ether-à-go-go K+ channel subunits fail to coassemble in Xenopus oocytes.

Abstract Members of different voltage-gated K + channel subfamilies usually do not form heteromultimers. However, coassembly between Shaker and ether-a-go-go (eag) subunits, members of two distinct K + channel subfamilies, was suggested by genetic and functional studies (Zhong and Wu. 1991. Science . 252:1562–1564; Chen, M.-L., T. Hoshi, and C.-F. Wu. 1996. Neuron . 17:535–542). We investigated whether Shaker and eag form heteromultimers in Xenopus laevis oocytes using electrophysiological and biochemical approaches. Coexpression of Shaker and eag subunits produced K + currents that were virtually identical to the sum of separate Shaker and eag currents, with no change in the kinetics of Shaker inactivation. According to the results of dominant negative and reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation experiments, the Shaker and eag proteins do not interact. We conclude that Shaker and eag do not coassemble to form heteromultimers in Xenopus oocytes.
Genetic Variation for Epidermal Conductance in Peanut

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important legume that is often grown in drought-prone areas. Low epidermal conductance (EC) may delay the dehydration of leaves and improve plant survival of severe water-deficit stress. No reports of genetic variation for EC in peanut have been found in the literature. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to document genetic variation for EC among 21 peanut (Arachis spp.) genotypes in two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment. The effects of water-deficit stress on EC and the association between EC and stomata density (SD) were also investigated. Tests for an influence of water-deficit stress on EC were inconclusive. Comparison of EC and SD among genotypes failed to show any significant correlations in the various test environments. However, genetic variation for EC in peanut was found in both greenhouse experiments, with genotypes TMV 2, PI 298639, and VA 98R having very low EC. In the field, genotype SPT 06-07 was found to have low EC. These results indicate that selection of genotypes with low EC is a viable approach in identifying peanut genotypes with improved capacity to survive severe soil water deficits.
Multilevel thresholding selection by optimizing multiple constraint function

Thresholding is one of the most common techniques for extracting objects from background because of its promising speed and simplicity. The images are usually ill-defined and the histograms are very noisy, therefore, the image thresholds are not easy to determine from the histogram directly. Based on fuzzy set theory, several fuzzy set algorithms have been reported to partition an image into objects and non-interesting regions to reduce the dimensionalities of the image. However, most of the existing approaches just choose the bandwidth of fuzzy membership functions experimentally/subjectively. In this paper, we propose a novel method to determine the bandwidth of fuzzy membership functions automatically. The optimal threshold is determined by choosing the proper bandwidth and minimizing the measure of fuzziness. The proposed approach has been tested on many images. The advantages of the proposed approach are: the bandwidth of fuzzy membership function is determined automatically and different bandwidths would be found between peaks so that the variations of the portions of the index-grey level graph can have different bandwidths. The images are well segmented, the details of the image are well preserved, and the segmented regions are homogeneous.
Next-generation generic programming and its application to sparse matrix computations

The contributions of this paper are the following.We introduce a new variety of generic programming in which algorithm implementors use a different API than data structure designers, the gap between the API's being bridged by restructuring compilers. One view of this approach is that it exploits restructuring compiler technology to perform a novel kind of template instantiation.We demonstrate the usefulness of this new generic programming technology by deploying it in a system that generates efficient sparse codes from high-level algorithms and specifications of sparse matrix formats.We argue that sparse matrix formats should be viewed as indexed-sequential access data structures (in the database sense), and show that appropriate abstractions of the index structure of common formats can be conveyed to a restructuring compiler through the type system of a modern language that supports inheritance and templates.
Vernonia georgiana—Species or hybrid?

Vernonia georgiana Bartlett was demonstrated to be of hybrid origin by means of hybridization experiments and comparisons of the artificial F1 hybrids with herbarium specimens ofV. georgiana. The two parental species areV. angustifolia Michx. andV. acaulis (Walt.) Gleason.
Treatment development: Can we find a better way?

The present paper argues that traditional approaches to treatment development, including a technological approach, a stage model, and existing inductive approaches such as functional analysis are inadequate in various ways. Treatment developing needs to focus more on theoretical development, practicality, and the fit with clients and practitioners. We argue that progress requires greater philosophical clarity, and steps to ensure a connection between philosophy of science assumptions and an analytic agenda which fits naturally with applied psychology. Theoretical progress requires distinguishing between clinical and basic models and harmonizing their relationship, and more focus on the manipulable context of action. Applied psychology needs to join in a common cause with basic psychology in domains of mutual interest, and develop basic analyses and mid-level terms that can be both scientifically progressive and clinically useful. Issues of practicality, capacity for dissemination, and public health impact need to be considered at the beginning and throughout treatment development. Issues of effectiveness, change processes, mediation, moderation, training, active components, and similar issues should be part of the evaluation system from the beginning. It is time to create a more coherent approach to treatment innovation.
Asymptotic projections of scattering models

Abstract In an effort to delineate predictions of current phenomenological scattering models that can be tested on higher-energy accelerators, we have extrapolated models for total cross sections, ratio of real to imaginary amplitudes at t =0, and elastic scattering differential cross sections to the 50–1000 GeV/ c momentum range. We find that the asymptotic limit is essentially reached by 200 GeV/ c in Regge-pole models that have a Pomeranchuk trajectory. The predictions of a model with zero total cross sections at infinity are constrasted with a model having constant asymptotic total cross sections Extrapolations of a conventional diffraction model are briefly considered.
The heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study (HERS).

The heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study (HERS) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial supported by Wyeth–Ayerst for $40 million [1]. The objective of the trial was to determine whether daily treatment with 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens and 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate would reduce coronary heart disease events in women with preexisting coronary disease. A total of 2763 women (average age 66.7 years) were enrolled in 20 US clinical centers and randomized to treatment and placebo beginning in February, 1993, and ending in July, 1998. Overall, there were 172 myocardial infarctions and coronary deaths in the hormone group and 176 in the placebo group, obviously no overall difference. However, over time, differences were recorded (Table 1). Thus, there was an increase in events in the first year (mostly in the first 4 months), and after 2 years of treatment, the appearance of a beneficial impact (although the annual relative risks did not achieve statistical significance, the test for the trend was significant). The authors attribute the increasing beneficial impact noted with increasing duration of treatment to a favorable effect on lipids, an 11% decrease in LDL-cholesterol and a 10% increase in HDL-cholesterol after 1 year, compared with the levels in the placebo group. In addition, a number of overall observations were recorded (Table 2). The increased risk of venous thromboembolism reported in observational studies was confirmed (although these women were a high risk group for this problem). The increased risk of gall bladder disease did not reach statistical significance. There were no differences in the incidences of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, other cancers and fractures (however, the size and duration of the study did not allow meaningful conclusions in these categories). The authors concluded that combined estrogen–progestin therapy does not reduce the risk of coronary events in postmenopausal women with pre-existing coronary disease. The results of the HERS trial are surprising in view of the overwhelming evidence from observational studies that postmenopausal hormone therapy prevents coronary heart disease. The authors offer two possible explanations for the difference between the HERS trial and previous observational studies. First, they point out the common and favorite criticism of the observational studies: selection bias, specifically that healthier women choose to use postmenopausal hormone therapy and, therefore, develop less coronary heart disease. Indeed, women who choose to use hormone therapy have been reported to have a better cardiovascular risk profile compared to nonusers [2]. This question has been addressed by the Lipid Research Clinics study, the Leisure World Study, and the Nurses Health Study [3–5]. These epidemiologists have concluded that their evidence strongly indicates that, in women receiving estro-
A NOVEL MELATONIN METABOLITE, CYCLIC 3-HYDROXYMELATONIN : A BIOMARKER OF IN VIVO HYDROXYL RADICAL GENERATION

In the current study, we characterized a urinary melatonin metabolite which could provide a safe and effective method to monitor generation of HO* in humans. Using mass spectrometry (MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), COSY 1H NMR analysis, and calculations on the relative thermodynamic stability, a novel melatonin metabolite was identified as cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (3-OHM). 3-OHM is the product of the reaction of melatonin with HO* which was generated in two different cell-free in vitro systems. Interestingly, this same metabolite, 3-OHM, was also identified in the urine of both rats and humans. A proposed reaction pathway suggests that 3-OHM is the footprint product that results when a melatonin molecule scavenges two HO*. When rats were challenged with ionizing radiation which results in HO* generation, urinary 3-OHM increased dramatically compared to that of controls. These results strongly indicate that the quantity of 3-OHM produced is associated with in vivo HO* generation. Since melatonin exists in virtually all animal species and has a wide intracellular distribution and 3-OHM is readily detected noninvasively in urine, we suggest that 3-OHM is a valuable biomarker that can be used to monitor in vivo HO* levels in humans and other species. The measurement of urinary 3-OHM as a biomarker of HO* generation could provide clinical benefits in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Surface Chemistry of Energetic Materials at High Temperature

The chemistry at the surface of a burning propellant plays a major role in the burnrate, the stability of the flame, and the potential for a run-away hazardous event. Chemical details can be determined experimentally by simulating the burning surface with a thin film of material heated rapidly to the surface temperature. T-Jump/FTIR spectroscopy is designed to create these conditions. The dominant, initial, heat-producing reactions in the surface zone of NH 4 ClO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 [N(NO 2 ) 2 ], HMX, RDX, and DNNC are elucidated at high temperatures representative of the burning surface.
Structural development of volcanic cones

A geologist describes the structure of volcanic heapings for interpretation of history. A geophysicist,describing structural development, has in view the basis of experience for forecasting evolution of construction that is to come, in a living volcanic edifice. A volcanologist in Hawaii observes changes in the structure of a volcano by direct experience. He watches the addition of gushes of gas and of extruded magma from within the so-called crust of the Earth.
REMOVAL OF RESIDUAL CHLORINE FROM INDIANA 5 COAL BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION

ABSTRACT The perchloroethylene coal desulfurization process has unique advantages as a precombustion coal cleaning process, that include high cleaning efficiencies, mild process conditions, minimal output of undesirable byproducts, and cost effectiveness. However, the use of perchloroethylene in the process renders an important process engineering problem of complete recovery and reuse of perchloroethylene. thus requiring a “zero discharge” condition of the solvent. Therefore, the treated coal must be stripped of any residual perchloroethylene. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in its supercritical state has been investigated for its ability to remove chlorine from Indiana 5 coal, that has been desulfurized by the perchloroethylene (PCE) process. The reduction of CI contenttffrom a PCE treated and filtered coal has been as high as 78% The exprements have been carried out. following a statistical experimental design and the discerning characteristics of the process been identified. The solvent density and extraction co...
Image-guided percutaneous chemical and radiofrequency tumor ablation in an animal model.

PURPOSE To determine whether combining acetic acid instillation before radiofrequency (RF) ablation can improve local tissue electrical conductivity, RF energy deposition, intratumoral heating, and tumor necrosis in a large animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple hypovascular canine venereal sarcomas were implanted in 11 mildly immunosuppressed dogs (25 mg/kg cyclosporin A twice daily). Tumors were incubated for 8–12 weeks to 4.2 cm ± 0.6 in diameter. Treatment strategies included 10% and 15% acetic acid diluted in distilled water, 10% and 15% acetic acid diluted in saturated NaCl solution, 50% acetic acid, and 100% ethanol, with 6 mL of each injected alone or in combination with RF ablation (internally cooled, 1-cm tip; 12 minutes). Two additional control groups were studied in which tumors received either RF alone or distilled water injected alone. Comparisons were also made with groups treated with 36% NaCl with and without RF ablation. Resultant coagulation for these ablative strategies, along with local temperatures and RF parameters such as impedance, current, and power, were compared. RESULTS Increasing coagulation was observed with increasing acetic acid concentrations (1.7 cm ± 0.4, 2.8 cm ± 0.6, and 3.5 cm ± 0.3 for 10%, 15%, and 50% acetic acid alone, respectively; P P P P CONCLUSION Addition of acetic acid injections to RF ablation substantially increases tumor destruction compared with RF or injection therapy alone. However, lower acetic acid concentrations in saturated NaCl produced greater tumor coagulation, suggesting that, in this hypovascular tumor model, alterations in electrical conductivity play a more important role in increasing tumor ablation efficiency than do the additional ablative effects of acetic acid.
Objective Tests and Exercises in French Pronunciation

THE objective exercises in French pronunciation presented below are submitted as a possible variation from the phonetic-transcription exercises commonly employed when the development or measurement of ability in pronunciation is attempted by means of pupil reactions on penciland-paper tests. Although the type of problem here presented is not likely to measure facility or accuracy in pronunciation more directly than the conventional transcription exercise, it is considerably easier of administration in large classes, more economical of time and effort in correction, more objective and reliable in scoring, and conducive to a wider area of sampling per unit of working-time or testing-time allotted. In classes following a non-phonetic approach, the symbols in parenthesis can be omitted without completely sacrificing the diagnostic qualities of the instrument. Although only exercises on vowels are reproduced below, it is evident that the principle can be extended to include the consonants.'
On Anyon Superconductivity

We investigate the statistical mechanics of a gas of fractional statistics particles in 2+1 dimensions. In the case of statistics very close to Fermi statistics (statistical parameter θ=π(1−1/n), for large n), the effect of the statistics is a weak attraction. Building upon earlier RPA calculation of Fetter, Hanna, and Laughlin for the case n=2, we argue that for large n perturbation theory is reliable and exhibits superfluidity (or superconductivity after coupling to electromagnetism). We attempt to describe the order parameter for this superconducting phase in terms of “spontaneous breaking of commutativity of translations” as opposed to the usual pairing order parameters. The vortices of the superconducting anyon gas are charged, and superconducting order parameters of the usual type vanish. We investigate the characteristic P and T violating phenomenology.
The association of southern women for the prevention of lynching: Strategies of a movement in the comic frame

Recent debates and writings on Kenneth Burke's frames of reference have gone beyond the predominant tragic frame to explore Burke's preferred comic frame (Carlson, 1986, 1988; Condit 1992, 1994). This study of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930–1942, builds on previous studies of the comic frame to explore four rhetorical strategies available to the comic rhetor. By choosing to operate within a comic frame, the ASWPL became a coalition of white Southern women successful at halting and eventually bringing an end to lynching in the South.
Minimizing node contention in multiple multicast on wormhole k-ary n-cube networks

This paper presents a new approach to minimize node contention while performing multiple multicast on wormhole k-ary n-cube networks with overlapped destination sets. The existing multicast algorithms in the literature deliver poor performance under multiple multicast because these algorithms have been designed with only single multicast in mind. Our algorithms use only local source-specific information, and no global knowledge about other concurrent multicasts. For systems supporting unicast message passing, a new SPUmesh (Source-Partitioned Umesh) algorithm is proposed and shown to be superior than the conventional Umesh algorithm for multiple multicast. Two new algorithms, SQHL (Source-Quadrant Hierarchical Leader) and SCHL (Source-Centered Hierarchical Leader) are proposed for systems with multidestination message-passing, and shown to be superior than the HL scheme. All these algorithms perform (1) 5-10 times faster than the existing algorithms under multiple multicast and (2) as fast as existing algorithms under single multicast. Such results related to multiple multicast are the first of their kind in the wormhole literature and demonstrate significant potential for current and future wormhole systems.
Using an enhanced oral chemotherapy computerized provider order entry system to reduce prescribing errors and improve safety

Objective. To reduce the probability of failure in the oral chemotherapy order, review and administration process and to reduce oral chemotherapy-related prescribing errors intercepted by clinical pharmacists prior to reaching the patient. Design. A before-and-after cohort study. Setting. A 719-bed multidisciplinary tertiary care institution with a pediatric division and an outpatient cancer center. Participants. A multidisciplinary team characterized key elements of the oral chemotherapy process using healthcare failure modes and effects analysis (HFMEA). Intervention(s). Oral chemotherapy computerized provider order entry (CPOE) was developed and implemented. Main Outcome Measure(s). Pharmacist-intercepted oral chemotherapy prescribing errors over a 24-month period (before) and over a 6-month period (after) were analyzed according to the error type (errors in clinical decision making, errors in transcription or errors related to prescribing policy). The incidence of prescribing errors prior to and following CPOE implementation was compared by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. HFMEA hazard analysis revealed seven potential failure modes, with the highest hazard scores in the prescribing and administration components of the process. CPOE implementation significantly (P ¼ 0.023) reduced prescribing error risk by 69% [OR (95% CI) ¼ 0.31 (0.11 – 0.86)] and eliminated certain types of errors that can lead to significant patient harm. Conclusions. Prescribing oral chemotherapy is a failure mode with significant risk of inducing patient harm. CPOE is effective in reducing prescribing errors of oral chemotherapy and should be considered part of a fail-safe process to improve safety.
Myogenic protein expression before and after resistance loading in 26- and 64-yr-old men and women

Based on the growing body of evidence implicating an important role for myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in the adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to mechanical load, we tested the hypothesis that protein concentrations of MRFs as well as cell cycle proteins (i.e., cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) would be altered after heavy leg resistance exercise (RE). Because we and others, however, have shown a blunted adaptive response to long-term resistance training in older (O) women [females (F)] compared with men (M), we also tested the hypothesis that these myogenic responses to RE would be influenced by age and gender. Twenty-two younger (Y) adults (20-35 yr, 11 YF, 11 YM) and 20 O adults (60-75 yr, 9 OF, 11 OM) consented to vastus lateralis muscle biopsy before and 24 h after a bout of RE using a regimen known to induce myofiber hypertrophy when performed 2-3 days/wk for several weeks (3 sets of 80% one-repetition maximum for squat, leg press, and knee extension). Protein concentrations of MRFs (MyoD, myogenin, myf-6), cyclin D1, cyclin B1, alpha-actin, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip were determined by immunoblotting. Data were analyzed by using age x gender x load repeated-measures ANOVA. Myogenin expression was 44% higher (P <0.05) in O compared with Y, and myf-6 tended to be higher in OF compared with YF (95%, P=0.059). A significant gender x load interaction indicated that, in F, RE led to a reduction in p27kip (20%; P<0.05), which was driven mainly by a 27% drop in OF. Levels of cyclin D1, cyclin B1, MyoD, myf-6, and alpha-actin were not influenced by age, gender, or loading. We report a novel finding in humans of markedly higher myogenin protein content in older sedentary muscle. The results do not, however, support the hypothesis that myogenic protein expression is altered 24 h after RE, irrespective of age or gender. Although the time point of postexercise muscle biopsy could be viewed as too early to capture maximal effects for most of these proteins, the significant decline in p27kip concentration found in OF suggests that mechanical load may provide one means of overcoming the inhibitory influence of p27kip.
An extensible global address space framework with decoupled task and data abstractions

Although message passing using MPI is the dominant model for parallel programming today, the significant effort required to develop high-performance MPI applications has prompted the development of several parallel programming models that are more convenient. Programming models such as Co-Array Fortran, Global Arrays, Titanium, and UPC provide a more convenient global view of the data, but face significant challenges in delivering high performance over a range of applications. It is particularly challenging to achieve high performance using global-address-space languages for unstructured applications with irregular data structures. In this paper, we describe a global-address-space parallel programming framework with decoupled task and data abstractions. The framework centers around the use of task pools, where tasks specify operands in a distributed, globally addressable pool of data chunks. The data chunks can be addressed in a logical multidimensional "tuple" space, and are distributed among the nodes of the system. Locality-aware load balancing of tasks in the task pool is achieved through judicious mapping via hyper-graph partitioning, as well as dynamic task/data migration. The framework implements a transparent interface for out-of-core data, so that explicit orchestration of movement of data between disks and memory is not required of the programmer. The use of the framework for implementation of parallel block-sparse tensor computations in the context of a quantum chemistry application is illustrated.
Improved Path Selection Algorithms for Multipath Video Streaming in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

In a recent paper, Wei and Zakhor [1] presented a novel multipath selection framework for streaming video over wireless ad-hoc networks. We point out some limitations of their approach and suggest techniques to overcome those limitations. We propose that different metrics for multipath computation should be used when different schemes (e.g., Multiple Description Coding and Layered Coding) are used for video encoding. We adopt a more practical measurement technique for predicting the quality of a link. In addition to analytical reasoning for improved performance of our techniques, we conduct extensive experimentation to evaluate the efficacy of our approach. The results demonstrate that our approach leads to significantly better performance when compared to the approach proposed in [1].
Acute Response of Net Muscle Protein Balance Reflects 24-h Balance After Exercise and Amino Acid Ingestion

The purpose of this study was to determine if the acute anabolic muscle response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids (EAA) reflects the response over 24 h. Seven subjects participated ...
Relations Between Implicit Measures of Prejudice What Are We Measuring

Some recent findings suggest that different implicit measures of prejudice assess the same underlying construct, but other work suggests that they may not. In this experiment, White participants completed a version of a priming measure of racial attitudes that either encouraged categorization of the face primes in terms of race or did not encourage such categorization, and then completed the Implicit Association Test. Correspondence between the two measures was found only when categorization by race was required on the priming measure. Moreover, participants appeared more prejudiced when they were led to construe individuals in terms of race than when they were not so encouraged. The discussion focuses on the potential for dissociations between evaluations of a category and evaluations of members of the category.
Improved quantification of Chinese carbon fluxes using CO2/CO correlations in Asian outflow

[1] We use observed CO2:CO correlations in Asian outflow from the TRACE-P aircraft campaign (February–April 2001), together with a three-dimensional global chemical transport model (GEOS-CHEM), to constrain specific components of the east Asian CO2 budget including, in particular, Chinese emissions. The CO2/CO emission ratio varies with the source of CO2 (different combustion types versus the terrestrial biosphere) and provides a characteristic signature of source regions and source type. Observed CO2/CO correlation slopes in east Asian boundary layer outflow display distinct regional signatures ranging from 10–20 mol/mol (outflow from northeast China) to 80 mol/mol (over Japan). Model simulations using best a priori estimates of regional CO2 and CO sources from Streets et al. [2003] (anthropogenic), the CASA model (biospheric), and Duncan et al. [2003] (biomass burning) overestimate CO2 concentrations and CO2/CO slopes in the boundary layer outflow. Constraints from the CO2/CO slopes indicate that this must arise from an overestimate of the modeled regional net biospheric CO2 flux. Our corrected best estimate of the net biospheric source of CO2 from China for March–April 2001 is 3200 Gg C/d, which represents a 45% reduction of the net flux from the CASA model. Previous analyses of the TRACE-P data had found that anthropogenic Chinese CO emissions must be ∼50% higher than in Streets et al.'s [2003] inventory. We find that such an adjustment improves the simulation of the CO2/CO slopes and that it likely represents both an underreporting of sector activity (domestic and industrial combustion) and an underestimate of CO emission factors. Increases in sector activity would imply increases in Chinese anthropogenic CO2 emissions and would also imply a further reduction of the Chinese biospheric CO2 source to reconcile simulated and observed CO2 concentrations.
Imitating Life, Imitating Television The Effects of Family and Television Models on Children’s Moral Reasoning

Parent-child dyads responded to a questionnaire investigating the relative impact of exposure to television violence, family communication patterns, and parents’ moral reasoning on the moral reasoning of children. Because previous research found an effect of exposure to television violence on children’s moral reasoning, this study tested whether children’s perspective taking mediated the link between exposure to television violence and moral reasoning. Results suggest that (a) communication orientation is negatively related and control orientation positively related to children’s exposure to television violence, (b) television violence has a negative effect on children’s moral reasoning, and (c) perspective taking mediates the link between exposure to fantasy violence and children’s moral reasoning about justified violence such that more exposure to fantasy violence leads to less advanced perspective taking that leads to less advanced moral reasoning. Even when the age of the child is controlled, parents’...
A “how to” guide for developing a publishable Scholarship of Teaching project

In order for the efforts of scholarly teaching to be recognized, the work must become public and presented to peers for review. Scholarship of Teaching is not only improving instruction and learning but also methodically assessing whether specific teaching interventions have had the desired effect. In this paper, the author presents a step-by-step guide for how to develop a Scholarship of Teaching project that is well thought out and worthy of publication. Factors to consider before performing such pedagogical research include developing a clear research hypothesis for the classroom, reviewing the background literature, obtaining Institutional Review Board (Human Subjects) approval, and determining which methods of assessment may be used. This “how to” guide discusses how to handle all of these factors and prepare the data for publication and introduces the reader to references related to the Scholarship of Teaching and learning as well as educational research and theory.