cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Umatilla Russet: A full season long Russet for processing and fresh market use

Umatilla Russet, a moderately late maturing variety especially suitable for frozen French fry processing but also acceptable for tablestock use (boiling, and baking), was jointly released by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1998. Umatilla Russet was evaluated in irrigated trials in Oregon from 1988 to 1997, and in western regional trials from 1989 to 1991. Total yields were similar to those of Russet Burbank, but Umatilla Russet produced higher marketable yields. In three years of regional trials at up to 13 locations in seven western states, Umatilla Russet averaged 40.5 Mg/ha compared with 32.4 Mg/ha for Russet. Burbank. Umatilla Russet fry color and specific gravity are consistently equal to or better than for Russet Burbank. Umatilla Russet is less susceptible toVerticillium wilt than Russet Norkotah, less susceptible to net necrosis than Russet Burbank, and resistant to PVX. It is susceptible to PLRV and expresses foliar symptoms of PVY more clearly than Russet Norkotah. Umatilla Russet is less susceptible to tuber infection and decay caused byPhytophthora infestans than Ranger Russet and Russet Norkotah. Umatilla Russet is less susceptible to hollow heart, brown center, growth cracks, and sugar ends, but more susceptible to blackspot and shatter bruise than Russet Burbank
Association between plasma homocysteine and vascular atherosclerotic disease in older persons.

Plasma homocysteine is a risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, extracranial carotid arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic atherosclerosis in older persons. Randomized trials are in progress investigating whether multivitamin therapy to decrease plasma homocysteine levels will reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease.
MAD analysis of FHIT, a putative human tumor suppressor from the HIT protein family.

Abstract Background: The fragile histidine triad (FHIT) protein is a member of the large and ubiquitous histidine triad (HIT) family of proteins. It is expressed from a gene located at a fragile site on human chromosome 3, which is commonly disrupted in association with certain cancers. On the basis of the genetic evidence, it has been postulated that the FHIT protein may function as a tumor suppressor, implying a role for the FHIT protein in carcinogenesis. The FHIT protein has dinucleoside polyphosphate hydrolase activity in vitro , thus suggesting that its role in vivo may involve the hydrolysis of a phosphoanhydride bond. The structural analysis of FHIT will identify critical residues involved in substrate binding and catalysis, and will provide insights into the in vivo function of HIT proteins. Results: The three-dimensional crystal structures of free and nucleoside complexed FHIT have been determined from multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) data, and they represent some of the first successful structures to be measured with undulator radiation at the Advanced Photon Source. The structures of FHIT reveal that this protein exists as an intimate homodimer, which is based on a core structure observed previously in another human HIT homolog, protein kinase C interacting protein (PKCI), but has distinctive elaborations at both the N and C termini. Conserved residues within the HIT family, which are involved in the interactions of the proteins with nucleoside and phosphate groups, appear to be relevant for the catalytic activity of this protein. Conclusions: The structure of FHIT, a divergent HIT protein family member, in complex with a nucleotide analog suggests a metal-independent catalytic mechanism for the HIT family of proteins. A structural comparison of FHIT with PKCI and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalT) reveals additional implications for the structural and functional evolution of the ubiquitous HIT family of proteins.
Hydrology and Chemistry of Ground Water a in Puna, Hawaiia

Presented is an analysis of the hydrology and chemistry of the ground water of the Puna District, Hawaii, based on data from 16 drilled wells, ten test wells, two shafts and four exploratory thermal wells. Ground water occurs as (1) perched water located north of Mountain View; (2) dike water located along the east rift zone of Kilauea, and (3) basal water occurring throughout most of the district, except where dike water is present. The east rift zone serves as a barrier to ground-water movement, as demonstrated by the difference in basal water-table levels on the two sides of the rift zone. Salinity and temperature of the basal ground water varies greatly north and south of the rift zone due to differences in precipitation, sea-water intrusion, volcanic activity, flow rates, permeability, and discharge. Basal ground-water type is predominantly sodium chloride. Water samples taken from thermal test well no. 3 showed dissolved silica values two to three times higher than the 49 mg/l average for the rest of the island. Hydrologic and geologic conditions in and around Kilauea's east rift zone support the possibility of accumulations of superheated ground water. The mixing of waters of different composition at depth proved to be the most difficult problem encountered in estimating deep groundwater temperatures.
Regular mechanism of parity and time invariance nonconserving effects enhancement in neutron capture and scattering near p-wave compound resonances

Recent measurements of parity nonconserving (PNC) effects in {sup 238}U and {sup 232}Th contradict the results of random matrix theory for nuclear compound states. In this work the value of the PNC effect is expressed in terms of a wave function at the nuclear surface where the wave function of the compound state is not random'' due to boundary conditions. A mechanism is suggested which can explain the permanent sign and large value of these effects. The correlations between compound-state components are considered. The {ital T}- and {ital P}-odd effects can be expressed in terms of observed {ital P}-odd effects. The dynamical enhancement'' of small interactions in other reactions and other systems is also discussed.
The Monsoonal Mid-Tropospheric Cyclogenesis

Abstract The initiation of the monsoonal mid-tropospheric cyclone over the west coast of India in summer is regarded to be an instability phenomenon of a rather unique class of baroclinic basic state. The latter is believed to be associated with the monsoon depression over the Bay of Bengal, the heat low over Pakistan, as well as with the strong heating on the Himalayan-Tibetan Massif. The essential elements of a representative flow over the northeastern Arabia Sea and central western India are incorporated into a modified Eady model in which the basic flow is assumed to have a zonal component with a uniform easterly shear, and a southerly component vanishing at the surface and in the upper troposphere but having a maximum value at a low tropospheric level. The instability analysis indicates that with plausible values for the parameters, the horizontal length scale, the growth rate and the phase speed of the most unstable mode are quite comparable to the corresponding observed values. More importantly, su...
A Docking Receptor for HDL Cholesterol Esters

Cholesterol is carried through the blood by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (“bad” cholesterol) and then into cells by the LDL receptor. In this issue of Science (p. 518), the first receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (“good” cholesterol) is reported to be the cell-surface protein SR-B1. In his Perspective, D. Steinberg discusses this discovery and describes how the selective uptake of cholesterol mediated by SR-BI delivers cholesterol for steroid hormone synthesis to the liver, the adrenal gland, and the ovary.
Instability and transition on the HIFiRE-5 in a Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel

Abstract : A 2:1 aspect-ratio elliptic cone with a blunt nosetip was tested in the Boeing/ AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel to investigate the effects of freestream noise level, surface roughness, angle of attack, and freestream Reynolds number on laminar-to turbulent boundary layer transition on the windward surface. The cone had a minor axis half-angle of 7-deg and a nose radius of 0.95 mm. Temperature-sensitive paint enabled a global measurement of the temperature distribution and detection of the transition front. Transition apparently arising from two mechanisms was observed: transition along the centerline suspected to arise from the amplification of second mode waves in the inflected boundary layer, and transition roughly halfway between the centerline and leading edges probably due to the breakdown of cross flow vortices. Reducing noise level from conventional (root-mean-square pressure 3% of the mean) to quiet (root-mean-square pressure less than 0.1% of the mean) substantially delayed transition due to both mechanisms. Increasing the angle of attack from 0-deg to 4-deg delayed the cross flow transition mode on the windward side. Transition moved forward as free stream unit Reynolds number increased from 2.6-deg 106 /m to 11.9-deg 106 /m. PCB fast-response pressure transducers installed along the model centerline detected apparent instabilities at frequencies from 50 to 150 kHz prior to transition under noisy flow; quiet-flow results are less clear. Mass flux profiles along the centerline were measured with a calibrated hot wire.
Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America

Neil Safier, Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. 428 pp. 20 colour plates, 59 halftones. $45.00. ISBN-13 978-0-226-73355-5 ...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. II. Cognitive and behavioral studies.

A sample of 31 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia was matched to a control group by sex, age, height, full-scale IQ score, and urban/rural site of residence. Patients and matched controls were tested on measures of masculinity and femininity and on sex-typed tests of cognitive ability. The two groups did not differ significantly on these measures. The finding is in disagreement with earlier reports of “masculinization” of behavior in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Development of global drought-watch system using NOAA/AVHRR data

Abstract Recently, NOAA/NESDIS developed the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) which has proved to be a good indicator of drought. This paper provides a background of VCI development, data processing and outlines a PC-based system designed for early-warning drought diagnostics. There are several examples showing the application of VCI during recent years for detecting and tracking droughts.
Streamtube analysis of supersonic combustion in an in-tube-scramjet

The chemical nonequilibrium flow around a projectile propelled by supersonic combustion inside a tube of premixed, stoichiometric H2-air mixture is examined using a quasi-one-dimensional flow model and a 28-reactions/13 species chemistry model. Two series of calculations have been performed; one at the initial pressure 5 atm and the other 0.01 atm. Three projectile Mach numbers, namely 8, 10 and 5 were used. The minimum cone angle of the projectile forebody needed for triggering ignition can be estimated from the results of the calculations. The numerical results also show that high initial pressure reduces the induction and reaction zones to a single detonation front, and thrust is produced by the high pressure in the combustor and nozzle. Low initial pressure lengthens the reaction zone. In all the cases, the momentum of the flow changes only slightly because the tube in which the projectile travels limits the area for the nozzle flow to expand.
Bringing culture to the nation: Hebraism, Yiddishism, and the dilemmas of Jewish cultural formation in Russia and Ukraine, 1917–1919

Focusing on the pivotal 1917–1919 conjuncture in Russia and Ukraine, this paper analyzes the efforts of the divided Jewish nationalist intelligentsia to disseminate new forms of Jewish culture to a mass audience, the reception of these efforts in the former Tsarist empire’s variegated Jewish population, and the intelligentsia’s parallel exploration of other forms of cultural formation less dependent on popular support. Comparing the cultural programs of Hebraism and Yiddishism, it demonstrates important parallels in their cultural visions and highlights their shared belief in the possibility of implanting a secularist, aestheticist intelligentsia culture in the whole of “the nation.” The paper reconstructs both substantial forms of popular openness to this culture and its sociocultural weaknesses. Finally, it examines experiments made by the intelligentsia with alternative routes to cultural transformation: suppression of popular culture, non-market cultural arrangements, cultural revolution through education, and the uses of the state. The paper seeks a fuller understanding both of the roots of interwar cultural programs in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, and of the Jewish nationalist intelligentsia’s underlying conception of “culture,” its own authority, and the evolving relationship between these conceptions and the realities of East European Jewish social, cultural, and political life from the 1890s onward.
Myocardial Tissue Tracking with Two-dimensional Cine Displacement-encoded MR Imaging: Development and Initial Evaluation

A breath-hold two-dimensional cine magnetic resonance (MR) pulse sequence based on displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) for quantitative myocardial motion tracking was developed and evaluated. In the sequence, complementary spatial modulation of magnetization was used for time-independent artifact suppression, and echo-planar imaging was used for rapid data sampling. Twelve healthy volunteers underwent cine DENSE MR imaging, and six of them also underwent conventional MR imaging myocardial tagging. The circumferential shortening component of strain (E(cc)) was measured on cine DENSE MR images and conventional tagged MR images. With complementary spatial modulation of magnetization, 10% or less of the total cine DENSE MR image energy was attributed to an artifact-generating echo during systolic imaging. Two-dimensional intramyocardial displacement and strain were measured at cine DENSE MR imaging with spatial resolution and temporal resolution of 2.7 x 2.7 mm and 60 msec, respectively. E(cc) measured at cine DENSE MR imaging correlated well with that measured at conventional MR imaging tagging (slope = 0.88, intercept = 0.00, R = 0.87).
Composing recursive logic programs with clausal join

A family of methods for composing logic programs from simpler components is presented. Specifically, simple pairs of programs operating on lists, trees and other recursive structures are composed to generate a single program with composite functionality. The methods are based onclausal join, a specific sequence of unfold/fold transformations for deriving a new clause from a given pair of clauses and a join specification.Procedural join composes a new procedure from two given procedures by applyingclausal join to all pairs of their clauses.1-1 Join composes a new procedure from closely related procedures by applyingclausal join to corresponding pairs only.Meta join is a modification of1-1 join for composing meta-interpreters. The transformations are straightforward to implement in Prolog, as is demonstrated in the paper.
Relationship of chemical structure to corneal penetration and influence of low‐viscosity solution on ocular bioavailability

Current understanding of the mechanism of corneal penetration by organic molecules proposes the epithelial layer as the rate-limiting membrane for water-soluble compounds and the stromal layer as rate limiting for lipid-soluble compounds. This suggests that the relationship between corneal permeability and the logarithm of oil/water partition coefficients, for a series of drugs, should not be the typical, single, continuous, parabolic-shaped curve. Corneal penetration studies have been conducted in unanesthetized albino rabbits using various organic compounds, representing five orders of magnitude in partition coefficient, at a constant concentration of 4 × 10−5 M dispensed in either a 1- or 90-centipoise (cps) solution. It has been shown that for non-ionizable compounds, a pair of bell-shaped curves were generated, one for lipid-soluble and one for water-soluble compounds. Small water-soluble species demonstrate very high apparent permeabilities, which may relate to the presence of aqueous pores or other paracellular drug movement. Penetration of ionizable compounds does not appear to correlate well with the structural relationships invoked for un-ionized compounds. Consistent with the proposed mechanisms of corneal penetration, oil-soluble drug substances show no improvement in drug bioavailability when dosed from a 90-cps solution, and water-soluble drugs show a modest improvement in ocular drug bioavailability. Small water-soluble substances demonstrate no improvement due to their already high bioavailability. The importance of nonproductive absorption and precorneal drainage on bioavailability is addressed.
Entomology in the Pacific Branch—Plus and Minus Fifty Years

On the 50th anniversary of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America, it is appropriate to review in this Symposium some of the most significant developments in the general areas of our profession in the Branch during the past half century and also to envision some probable developments during the next 50 years.
RHIC magnet electrical system

The RHIC magnet electrical system consists primarily of the power converters that are used to energize the superconducting magnets in the collider ring, the power distribution system (both room temperature and superconducting) to deliver that power from the converters to the magnets, a detection system to monitor for quenches in the magnets and superconducting cables, and a protection system to remove power from the superconductors if a quench is detected. This system also has major interfaces with the Control System for commands, status monitoring, current setting and analog monitoring of the power supplies, and with Conventional Facilities for power distribution of the mains at and below the 480VAC level.
Subpixel sensitivity maps for a back-illuminated charge-coupled device and the effects of nonuniform response on measurement accuracy

A measurement program designed to investigate the varia- tions in sensitivity of focal plane arrays on a subpixel scale has produced such information for a front-illuminated CCD device, results for which have been previously presented. New measurements have been made to provide information on sensitivity variations within a single pixel for a back-illuminated CCD. The measurements were made using a stable broadband light source and two high-precision translation stages. The pixel scans were obtained using four different spectral filters (three broadband and one narrowband). These results are compared to the pixel response functions of the front-illuminated CCD. These experimen- tally measured pixel response functions were used to determine their effect on photometric and astrometric measurements. The uncertainty introduced into such measurements, especially when using under- sampled CCD data, is significant. It was also found that the form of the subpixel response is dependent on the wavelength of illuminating light. Therefore, the position of the optical center of weight of a pixel varies with wavelength. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
A Review on Methods and Theories to Describe the Glass Transition Phenomenon: Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

Given the complexity in composition and the various environmental conditions to which foods and pharmaceuticals are exposed during processing and storage, stability, functionality, and quality are key attributes that deserve careful attention. Quality and stability of foods and pharmaceuticals are mainly affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and time, and for processing conditions (e.g., shear, pressure) under which they may undergo physical and chemical transformations. Glass transition is a key phenomenon which is useful to understand how external conditions affect physical changes on materials. Consequently, theories that predict and describe the glass transition phenomenon are of a great interest not only for the food industry but also it extends to the pharmaceutical and polymer industries. It is important to emphasize that the materials of relevance in these industries are interchangeably sharing similar issues on functionality and their association with the glass transition phenomenon. Development of new materials and understanding the physicochemical behavior of existing ones require a scientific foundation that translates into safe and high-quality foods, improved quality of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals with lower risk to patients, and functional efficacy of polymers used in food and medicinal products. This review addresses the glass transition phenomenon from a kinetics and thermodynamics standpoint by presenting existing models that are able to estimate the glass transition temperature. It also explores traditional and novel methods used for the characterization of the glass transition phenomenon.
Neurodevelopmental variation as a framework for thinking about the twice exceptional.

Developmental exceptionalities span the range of learning abilities and encompass children with both learning disorders and learning gifts. The purpose of this article is to stimulate thinking about these exceptionalities, particularly the complexities and variations within and across people. Investigators tend to view learning disabilities or abilities, and gifts or high-end exceptionalities, as if they were necessarily and completely independent. This approach has led many in the field to look upon only limited aspects of the exceptional child, culminating in an inability to resolve the great variation and covariation that exists within and across children. Although there are a number of cognitive differences models that correctly advocate for an appreciation of profiles of strengths and weaknesses in the exceptional child, there remains a need for a neuroscientific approach that can help us better understand and accommodate the twice-exceptional individual—one with developmental disorders but also with...
Changes in submaxillary gland protein and nucleic acids after ethionine administration.

Ethionine administration (300 or 600 mglkg daily for 5 or 11 days) produced significant reductions in submaxillary protein levels in normal mice. These reductions were not observed in these same tissues obtained from castrated mice treated with testosterone. Ethionine-induced changes in submaxillary ribonucleic acid (RNA) were also evident.
Year-Round Education: The Controversy and Research Evidence

Year-round education has enjoyed successes and weathered criticisms over the years. Recent calls for education reform has brought it under considera tion again. Is it more trouble than it's worth ?
Towards 1H-MRSI of the human brain at 7T with slice-selective adiabatic refocusing pulses

Objective To explore the possibilities of proton spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) of the human brain at 7 Tesla with adiabatic refocusing pulses.
Step-boundary conditions for crystal growth from the vapor phase.

We formulate the Chemov radiation boundary condition (rbc) used to describe the adatom-step exchange kinetics in terms of a microscopic description requiring a single parameter, the step sticking coefficient S. Explicit expressions are obtained for the rbc rate parameters and the attachment and detachment currents in terms of S and the operating parameters. Fully absorbing steps are considered as a special case, and the nonzero adatom density at the step determined together with the conditions that must hold when this is the equilibrium concentration
Double-diffusive convection in geothermal systems: the salton sea, California, geothermal system as a likely candidate

Abstract Much has been published about double-diffusive convection as a mechanism for explaining variations in composition and temperature within all-liquid natural systems. However, relatively little is known about the applicability of this phenomenon within the heterogeneous rocks of currently active geothermal systems where primary porosity may control fluid flow in some places and fractures may control it in others. The main appeal of double-diffusive convection within hydrothermal systems is-that it is a mechanism that may allow efficient transfer of heat mainly by convection, while at the same time maintaining vertical and lateral salinity gradients. The Salton Sea geothermal system exhibits the following reservoir characteristics: (1) decreasing salinity and temperature from bottom to top and center toward the sides, (2) a very high heat flow from the top of the system that seems to require a major component of convective transfer of heat within the chemically stratified main reservoir, and (3) a relatively uniform density of the reservoir fluid throughout the system at all combinations of subsurface temperature, pressure, and salinity. Double-diffusive convection can account for these characteristics very nicely whereas other previously suggested models appear to account either for the thermal structure or for the salinity variations, but not both. Hydrologists, reservoir engineers, and particularly geochemists should consider the possibility and consequences of double-diffusive convection when formulating models of hydrothermal processes, and of the response of reservoirs to testing and production.
Optimal control of a single zone environmental space

Abstract The problem of finding an optimal control scheme for space heating is explored. A bilinear model for the plant is linearized, and an optimal control law is found by solving the Riccati equation. The output response of the system to impulse and step disturbances is investigated. A simplified design leading to a suboptimal control law, where only the dominant states of the plant are considered is given. The system performance with optimal and suboptimal control is compared. A reduced order estimator is designed and system performance with the estimator is tested under simulated step disturbances. From the view point of zone air temperature control, the system performance with suboptimal controller is shown to be acceptable.
ID genes mediate tumor reinitiation during breast cancer lung metastasis

The establishment of distant metastases depends on the capacity of small numbers of cancer cells to regenerate a tumor after entering a target tissue. The mechanisms that confer this capacity remain to be defined. Here we identify a role for the transcriptional inhibitors of differentiation Id1 and Id3 as selective mediators of lung metastatic colonization in the triple negative [TN, i.e., lacking expression of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, and lacking Her2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) amplification] subgroup of human breast cancer. Although broad expression of Id1 has recently been documented in tumors of the rare metaplastic subtype, here we report that rare Id1-expressing cells are also present in the more common TN subset of human breast tumors but not in other subtypes. We also provide evidence that Id1 expression is enriched in clinically obtained hormone receptor negative lung metastases. Functional studies demonstrate that Id1 and its closely related family member Id3 are required for tumor initiating functions, both in the context of primary tumor formation and during metastatic colonization of the lung microenvironment. In vivo characterization of lung metastatic progression reveals that Id1 and Id3 facilitate sustained proliferation during the early stages of metastatic colonization, subsequent to extravasation into the lung parenchyma. These results shed light on the proliferative mechanisms that initiate metastatic colonization, and they implicate Id1 and Id3 as mediators of this malignant function in the TN subgroup of breast cancers.
Organic and inorganic iodine : their reciprocal metabolic fates.

ACHIEF function of the thyroid gland is to convert inorganic iodine (iodide) to a state of higher oxidation, equivalent to elementary iodine. When various animal proteins, except gelatine which is nearly devoid of tyrosine, are treated with elementary iodine, thyroxine is formed in vitro. In myxedema, the patient's own serum when combined with iodine (1) (2) will restore his health; whereas sodium iodide usually will not. A more striking demonstration is the relief of myxedema by the parenteral administration of elementary iodine (3) (4). The higher state of oxidation allows iodine to form the essential organic iodine complex (5) present in all tissues (“thyrenzyme,” so-called). As this is degraded in the course of metabolism, it reverts to the inorganic form. Therefore, in broad terms, a large section of thyroid physiology may be described as the reciprocal metabolism of organic versus inorganic iodine. It is the purpose of this communication to report observations on the mutual interconversion of organi...
Determination of trace quantities of uranium by controlled-potential DC polarography in a tri-n-octylphosphine oxide extract

Abstract The combination of solvent extraction and controlled-potential dc polarography directly in the organic extract provides a sensitive and selective method for the determination of uranium. The method should be applicable to a wide range of samples containing trace concentrations of uranium, such as sea water, and waste streams. Uranium concentrations as low as 2.4 μg in 250 ml of sample can be determined when a 5-ml polarographic cell is used. If a smaller polarographic cell is used, as is shown in another paper in this symposium (8), an evaporation step can be added after the extraction and as little as 0.2 μg of uranium determined in 250 ml of sample. The method compares favorably in precision with colorimetric methods for uranium and is more selective and free from interferences.
Soil-Borne Pests of Peanut in Growers' Fields with Different Cropping Histories in Alabama1

Abstract Pest levels and yields of peanut were monitored in growers' fields in 1991 through 1993. Yields ranged from 2085 to 6440 kg/ha and averaged 3947 kg/ha over the 3 yr. Incidence of southern stem rot (SSR) (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) averaged 7.6 foci (up to 30 cm in length) per 30.5 m row and ranged from 0 to 31.0 foci. Peanut yield tended to be inversely related to incidence of SSR and directly related to the number of years between peanut crops. Incidence of SSR was inversely related to number of years between peanut crops and was consistently greater in fields cropped to peanut every other year compared to other fields with less intensive peanut production. Yields obtained from irrigated fields averaged 11.4% greater than those without irrigation. Leaf spot control programs used by growers provided consistent levels of control. Peanut seed invasion by aflatoxigenic fungi and plant damage by larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalus lignosellus) generally were low. Seed invasion by Asp...
Evaluation of properties and microstructure as a function of tempering time at intercritical temperatures in HY-80 steel castings

Abstract Prior work on a failed HY-80 Bridge Access Trunk (BAT) casting indicated the cause of failure to be improper processing techniques. As-received HY-80 casting material showed a non-homogenous microstructure with two distinct microconstituents present: undertempered martensite and a layered martensite–ferrite structure. Heat treatment temperatures from in the intercritical range (721–799 °C) produced microstructures that differ from the desired uniform microstructure of tempered martensite and were similar to those found in the failed casting. In order to further examine the relationship between processing and microstructure, it was decided to vary the time for which the steel was held in the intercritical temperature range. This additional work was warranted by the medium intercritical heat treatment results in the previous study [Holthaus JE, Koul MG, Moran AL. Property and microstructure evaluation as a function of processing parameters: large hy-80 steel casting for a US navy submarine. Eng Fail Anal 2006;13(1):1397–409] and its similarity to the failed casting microstructures. An important finding of this study is that, contrary to normal behavior during tempering, HY-80 steel tempered in the intercritical range demonstrates a severe loss of toughness; which can be exaggerated for longer hold times and higher temperatures. To confirm the hypothesis that the presence of brittle martensite formed by improper heat treatment was the cause of failure, SEM section fractography was employed to directly examine the microstructure underlying the fracture surface and to identify a correlation between microstructure and fracture mode.
Genome Mosaicism—One Human, Multiple Genomes

With recent advances in genome-wide assays, it is becoming increasingly apparent that a human individual is made up of a population of cells, each with its own “personal” genome. Thus, mosaicism is perhaps much more common within multicellular organisms than our limited genomic assays have detected thus far, and may represent the rule rather than the exception. To what extent does it play a role in normal development and disease?
Social support among women who died of ovarian cancer.

Goals of work We investigated the effects of social support in the last 6 months of life for women who died of ovarian cancer.
MUC1 in macrophage contributions to cigarette smoke-induced lung cancer

Expression of the pro-oncogenic mucin MUC1 is elevated by inflammation in airway epithelial cells, but the contributions of MUC1 to the development of lung cancer are uncertain. In this study, we developed our finding that cigarette smoke increases Muc1 expression in mouse lung macrophages, where we hypothesized MUC1 may contribute to cigarette smoke-induced transformation of bronchial epithelial cells. In human macrophages, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) strongly induced MUC1 expression through a mechanism involving the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ. CSE-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation was also required for MUC1 expression, but it had little effect on MUC1 transcription. RNA interference-mediated attenuation of MUC1 suppressed CSE-induced secretion of TNF-α from macrophages, by suppressing the activity of the TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE), arguing that MUC1 is required for CSE-induced and TACE-mediated TNF-α secretion. Similarly, MUC1 blockade after CSE induction through suppression of PPAR-γ or ERK inhibited TACE activity and TNF-α secretion. Conditioned media from CSE-treated macrophages induced MUC1 expression and potentiated CSE-induced transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells in a TNF-α-dependent manner. Together, our results identify a signaling pathway involving PPAR-γ, ERK, and MUC1 for TNF-α secretion induced by CSE from macrophages. Furthermore, our results show how MUC1 contributes to smoking-induced lung cancers that are driven by inflammatory signals from macrophages.
Mechanical properties of a tungsten-23.4 percent rhenium-0.27 percent hafnium-carbon alloy

Arc melting consolidated W-Re-Hf-C alloy mechanical properties from tensile, creep and bend tests
Polyethylene Cell Technique In Infrared Spectroscopy

Inexpensive polyethylene cells can be used to obtain the infrared spectra of mulls, liquids, aqueous solutions and commercial products. The precautions used for the safety of expensive cells are not needed with polyethylene cells.
Dynamic simulation of dislocation microstructures in Mode III cracking

Abstract We have developed a new, self-consistent simulation method for modeling crack growth with dislocation generation and motion in constant-loading-rate, Mode-III fracture. The dislocations emitted from the crack initially self-organize and propagate in very sharply defined lines. These lines undergo bifurcations, forming multiple new branches and shortening the initial line. The growth and bifurcation of these lines occurs repeatedly. Away from the crack, a highly structured plastic zone is formed that is approximately elliptical in shape with a dislocation free zone along its mid-plane. The rate of generation of new dislocations is limited by the rate at which previously generated dislocations move away from the crack tip. This rate is controlled by the crack loading rate K III and the dislocation mobility. The size of the plastic zone scales as ( K 2 III K III ) 2 3 . The crack tip stress intensity factor Ktip is very much smaller than the applied stress intensity factor. Ktip increases sub-linearly with the load and exhibits both jumps and serrations corresponding to instabilities in the dislocation microstructure. Ktip increases, however, with increasing loading rate at fixed load and a transition is seen between brittle and ductile behavior with decreasing loading rate. Crack propagation occurs when dislocations cannot be generated at the crack tip at a rate sufficient to counterbalance the increasing loading. This generation rate increases with increasing dislocation mobility. Since dislocation motion is thermally activated, this demonstrates that the brittle-to-ductile transition is ultimately controlled by dislocation migration.
The nature and philosophy of Baltic dissent: A comparative perspective

Opposition to Soviet rule has deep roots and traditions in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Modern dissentism, however, is a response to Soviet rule different from what we call opposition in the West. In the Baltic republics it must be dated from 1968, the watershed year in the rise of human rights movement in the Soviet Union. In Estonia and Latvia, dissident activity was galvanized to life primarily by the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia which provoked vocal criticism. In Lithuania, reaction to Czechoslovakia's occupation coincided with the growing concern that an increasingly severe implementation of prohibitive anti-religious legislation will choke off the existence of the Catholic church. Concern for religious rights served as the primary catalyst for the reborn dissent movement in Lithuania.
Accessing adhesive induced risk for BGAs in temperature cycling

BGA components in mobile systems are often found with adhesives applied at the package corners. The primary objective of these adhesives is to improve shock margins to prevent failures of solder joints in the case of sudden drop of the device. Different adhesives with a wide range of thermo-mechanical material properties have been in use with limited understanding and quantification of their impact on the temperature cycling reliability of the BGA. The objective of this study is to comprehend the impact of temperature cycle on adhesives applied in the corner of BGA components and to define a range of acceptable properties of adhesives for appropriate material selection. The study utilizes a computational mechanics based Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and a Response Surface methodology to perform a detailed numerical Design of Experiments (DOE). Results were validated with test data. The results of the study indicate that for many adhesives, accelerated temperature cycling tests can lead to wrong conclusions about adhesive performance in the field. Moreover, the impact of corner glue on SJ reliability in temperature cycling is strongly dependent on assembly parameters (board thickness, substrate thickness, pitch, etc.) which has not been typically accounted for in the past. In addition, impact of any individual glue thermo-mechanical material property (Glass transition temperature, Young's modulus, Coefficient of thermal expansion) cannot be considered independently of other glue properties. All these interdependencies across geometric and material properties, as well as the temperature range the overall assembly is exposed to have been accounted for in defining adhesive property limits that would not compromise BGA performance in temperature cycling.
Environmental regulatory compliance on army lands: A case study

A “finding of no significant impact” (FONSI) resulting from an environmental assessment (EA) was reported by the US Army in June 1986 for the construction and utilization of a multipurpose range complex (MPRC) at the Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii. There was little public response, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service and state agencies were consulted and had few comments concerning the results of the botanical surveys used in the assessment. Construction of the $24 million project was begun in 1988. Near the end of construction in 1989 a lawsuit was filed to halt construction because an environmental impact statement (EIS) had not been done for the project, and the plaintiff thought that significant damage had occurred to several unusual ecosystems. Judgment was against the plaintiff and construction continued. An appeal was filed with the 9th Circuit Court. As MPRC construction was nearly complete, and on advice of Department of Justice lawyers, the Department of Army agreed to settle out of court. The settlement in part called for: (1) the plaintiff to drop the appeal and allow construction to be completed as scheduled, and (2) the Department of Army to prepare an EIS for the operation of the MPRC. A subsequent botanical survey for the EIS discovered one endangered plant species, four category 1 candidate plant species (taxa with sufficient data to support listing as endangered or threatened), three category 2 candidate plant species (taxa with some evidence of vulnerability but insufficient data to support listing at this time), one category 3a species (presumably extinct taxa), and possibly three undescribed species growing within the MPRC boundary. The MPRC case study is an excellent example of why the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) must be modified to require in-depth and thorough environmental surveys.
Positron re-emission microscopy and its applications

Abstract Positron re-emission microscopes (PRMs) are distinctly different from electron microscopes in the physical origin of their image contrasts. In a PRM, positrons of several keV energy are implanted into a sample and those positrons that are subsequently re-emitted at several eV are accelerated, focused and imaged. Contrast is produced by any process that affects the transport to, or re-emission from, the sample surface. After an introduction to the basic features of positron microscopy, applications of a PRM in four broad areas of research will be considered. These areas include: materials research, surface catalysis, microelectronic devices and biological systems.
Organization of the cerebellum in the pigeon (Columba livia): III. Corticovestibular connections with eye and neck premotor areas.

The connections of the cerebellar cortex with vestibular premotor neurons of the oculomotor and collimotor systems in the pigeon were delineated in experiments using WGA-HRP as an anterograde and retrograde tracer. Putative premotor neuron pools were identified by injections into the oculomotor (mIII) and trochlear nuclei (mIV) and into the most rostral portion of the cervical neck motor nucleus, nucleus supraspinalis (SSp). The retrograde data indicate that ipsilateral projections upon oculomotor neurons arise from the medial portions of the superior (VeS) and tangential (Ta) nuclei. Contralateral projections originate from the infracerebellar nucleus, the interstitial vestibular region including the main (lateral) portion of the tangential nucleus, and from the descending and medial vestibular nuclei (VeD, VeM). These projections were confirmed in anterograde studies that also denned the connections of these vestibular premotor regions with specific subnuclear divisions of the pigeon's “oculomotor” nuclei (mill, mIV, mVI). The organization of projections from the vestibular nuclei to the pigeon's extraocular motoneurons is similar to that reported in mammals. Projections upon neck premotor neurons arise primarily from neurons in the interstitial region of the vestibular nuclear complex. After injections in SSp, retrogradely labeled neurons were found, contralaterally, in the lateral part of the tangential and superior vestibular nuclei and in the dorsolateral vestibular nucleus (VDL). Ipsilateral labeling was seen in the medial interstitial region (VeM, VeD, and medial Ta). These projections were confirmed in anterograde experiments. With the exception of VDL, vestibular nuclei projecting to neck motoneurons also project to extraocular motoneurons. Thus the infracerebellar nucleus projects exclusively, and the superior vestibular nucleus predominantly, upon oculomotor (mill, mIV) nuclei; VDL projects predominantly upon the neck motor nucleus, whereas the interstitial vestibular regions (medial Ta, rostral VeD, intermediate VeM) project upon both collimotor and oculomotor neurons. The pattern of retrograde labeling seen in the cerebellar cortex after injections into vestibular premotor nuclei was used to define the projections of specific cerebellar cortical zones upon vestibular eye and neck premotor neurons. Corticovestibular projections upon these regions arise from the auricle and lateral unfoliated cortex, the posterior lobe components of cortical zones B and E, and from the vestibulocerebellum. Each of these cortical zones projects upon components of the vestibular nuclear complex, which are premotor to either oculomotor nuclei or collimotor nuclei. The hodological findings are related to the functional organization of the oculomotor and collimotor systems in the pigeon and compared with the mammalian data.
Macroeconomic Management and the Transition to the Market in Vietnam

Abstract Vietnam′s macroeconomic performance during the transition to a market economy has been very strong, better than those of most economies in Eastern Europe and of the former Soviet Union. Vietnam grew at an average annual rate of 7% during 1989-1992; inflation declined from over 400% in 1988 to 17% in 1992; and exports increased at more than 30% per year during this period. The macroeconomic success can be attributed to the combination of good endowments and good policy. Vietnam′s output is concentrated in agriculture, services, and light industries, all sectors that responded quickly to price liberalization, strengthened property rights, and real exchange-rate devaluation. J. Comp. Econom., June 1994, 18 (3), pp. 357-375. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433.
Identifying modeling errors in mine electrical power flow input

Calculation of voltages in a mine electrical distribution system using a power-flow program may fail to yield meaningful results if the iterative power-flow procedure fails to converge. A modified power-flow technique that converges for most of the mine electrical power-flow input data, even though the same input data do not yield a convergent solution with a traditional Newton power-flow algorithm, is presented. When no operable solution to the power-flow problem exists, the results tend to indicate the location of the modeling error that is responsible for nonconvergence. An extensive case study using data for a mine electrical power system is presented to demonstrate the robustness and error identification properties of the power-flow algorithm. >
Sustainable Operations Management

Operations management researchers and practitioners face new challenges in integrating issues of sustainability with their traditional areas of interest. During the past 20 years, there has been growing pressure on businesses to pay more attention to the environmental and resource consequences of the products and services they offer and the processes they deploy. One symptom of this pressure is the movement towards triple bottom line reporting (3BL) concerning the relationship of profit, people and the planet. The resulting challenges include integrating environmental, health, and safety concerns with green product design, lean and green operations, and closed-loop supply chains. We review these and other 'sustainability' themes covered in the first 50 issues of Production and Operations Management and conclude with some thoughts on future research challenges in sustainable operations management.