cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Dietary Exposure to a Mirex Plus Chlordecone Combination on CCl4 Hepatotoxicity

The purpose of these studies was to investigate the effect of a mirex plus chlordecone combination on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on control diet or on diets containing 10 ppm chlordecone (CD), 10 ppm mirex (M), or M plus CD (10 ppm each; MCD) for 15 days. On Day 15 the rats received a single ip injection of CCl4 (100 microliters/kg) and hepatotoxicity was assessed 24 hr later. Animals in the control group receiving CCl4 alone were unaffected. Significant increases in liver-to-body weight ratios were observed in all three pretreatment groups following CCl4 challenge. Increases in serum enzymes (SGPT, SGOT, and ICD) occurred in all three pretreatment groups with CD = MCD greater than M greater than control. While MCD and CD pretreatment led to significant cholestasis and decreases in PG excretion, no such effect was observed with M. Light microscopic examination of tissues revealed swollen hepatocytes (balloon cells), hepatocellular necrosis, and lipid accumulation in the MCD, CD, and M groups following CCl4 challenge. In summary, as assessed by serum enzyme elevation, biliary flow and hepatic excretory function, M pretreatment led to only a slight increase in CCl4 hepatotoxicity. The MCD combination pretreatment did not potentiate hepatotoxicity above that seen with CD alone. These results provide additional evidence that CD pretreatment results in a rather specific sensitization of animals to CCl4 toxicity in ways independent of the actions of M.
Gle1 Functions during mRNA Export in an Oligomeric Complex that Is Altered in Human Disease

Summary The conserved multifunctional protein Gle1 regulates gene expression at multiple steps: nuclear mRNA export, translation initiation, and translation termination. A GLE1 mutation ( Fin Major ) is causally linked to human lethal congenital contracture syndrome-1 (LCCS1); however, the resulting perturbations on Gle1 molecular function were unknown. Fin Major results in a proline-phenylalanine-glutamine peptide insertion within the uncharacterized Gle1 coiled-coil domain. Here, we find that Gle1 self-associates both in vitro and in living cells via the coiled-coil domain. Electron microscopy reveals that high-molecular-mass Gle1 oligomers form ∼26 nm diameter disk-shaped particles. With the Gle1-Fin Major protein, these particles are malformed. Moreover, functional assays document a specific requirement for proper Gle1 oligomerization during mRNA export, but not for Gle1's roles in translation. These results identify a mechanistic step in Gle1's mRNA export function at nuclear pore complexes and directly implicate altered export in LCCS1 disease pathology.
Childhood Adversities and Adult Psychiatric Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations With First Onset of DSM-IV Disorders

Context Although significant associations of childhood adversities (CAs) with adult mental disorders have been documented consistently in epidemiological surveys, these studies generally have examined only 1 CA per study. Because CAs are highly clustered, this approach results in overestimating the importance of individual CAs. Multivariate CA studies have been based on insufficiently complex models. Objective To examine the joint associations of 12 retrospectively reported CAs with the first onset of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication using substantively complex multivariate models. Design Cross-sectional community survey with retrospective reports of CAs and lifetime DSM-IV disorders. Setting Household population in the United States. Participants Nationally representative sample of 9282 adults. Main Outcome Measures Lifetime prevalences of 20 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, and substance use disorders assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results The CAs studied were highly prevalent and intercorrelated. The CAs in a maladaptive family functioning (MFF) cluster (parental mental illness, substance abuse disorder, and criminality; family violence; physical abuse; sexual abuse; and neglect) were the strongest correlates of disorder onset. The best-fitting model included terms for each type of CA, number of MFF CAs, and number of other CAs. Multiple MFF CAs had significant subadditive associations with disorder onset. Little specificity was found for particular CAs with particular disorders. Associations declined in magnitude with life course stage and number of previous lifetime disorders but increased with length of recall. Simulations suggest that CAs are associated with 44.6% of all childhood-onset disorders and with 25.9% to 32.0% of later-onset disorders. Conclusions The fact that associations increased with length of recall raises the possibility of recall bias inflating estimates. Even considering this, the results suggest that CAs have powerful and often subadditive associations with the onset of many types of largely primary mental disorders throughout the life course.
On the Complexity of Strictly Nonblocking Concentration Networks

A concentration network is a contact switching network that provides a number of potential users (connected to its inputs) with access to a smaller number of equivalent resources (connected to its outputs). Its basic property is that any sufficiently small subset of the inputs can be simultaneously connected by disjoint paths to distinct outputs, although the particular outputs to which they are to be connected cannot, in general, be specified arbitrarily. We show that a strictly nonblocking concentration network must have at least 3n \log_{3} n - O(n) contacts where n is the number of connections to be established simultaneously.
Virtual organization: conceptual analysis of the limits of its decentralization

The development of computer networks has reopened the discussion about the boundaries of the firm. Buy versus make decisions determine how centralized or decentralized a firm is. However, no consistent methodology has been proposed to help managers make these decisions. In this paper I shall propose a theoretical model of the firm, which is based on the assumption that every firm confronts competitive uncertainty and that its continual existence depends on its ability to reduce it, and based on this model I shall propose a method for organizational design. In the final section I shall analyze whether Ford's Business 2000 model corresponds to the model presented in this paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved dynamic programming algorithms for sequential decision processes with applications to economic dispatches of power systems

A typical model for problems involving sequential decision processes in a discrete-time setting is considered. Several means to improve the regular dynamic programming method for solving the model problem are proposed. Reducing the sizes of the state and control domains is the key objective for improving efficiency. Theoretical justification of the domain reduction idea is provided.
Ethical issues in the collection, storage, and research use of human biological materials

Human biological materials (HBMs) are samples of blood, DNA, organs and tissues commonly obtained during routine surgical procedures or through direct donation by an individual. This article reviews four of the most pressing issues arising from the collection, storage, and use of HBMs in research: current regulations governing research with human subjects, misuse of genetic information, economic factors, and public knowledge.
Inverse kinematic control of robots by applying the C-B notation

In this paper, a generalized approach for solving inverse kinematics problems is presented. This method is applicable to the nonredundancy control of most industrial robots and to the redundancy control of manipulators such as the LDUA (light duty utility arm). The joint control variables embedded in the multivariable, nonlinear direct kinematic equations are separated and restructured into a system of linear Jacobian equations. The simultaneous equations are then further rewritten and solved in matrix form. A 12/spl times/n (n is the degree-of-freedom of the robot) augmented manipulator Jacobian is defined to calculate the differential changes of each joint. To accelerate and ensure the convergence of the iterative process, the ordinary Jacobian equation is modified by the "dynamic convergent factor" which regulates the convergent direction to prevent divergence. Numerical examples for the CINCINNATI 6R, Bendix AA/CNC (RRP/RRR), and Unimate Spherical (SP/RRR) robots are analyzed and simulated.
Testicular cancer among African American college men: knowledge, perceived risk, and perceptions of cancer fatalism.

African American men present at later stages of testicular cancer and have higher mortality rates than Caucasian men. Lack of awareness, beliefs, and access to care may influence this disparity. Gu...
Restricted passage of reaction intermediates through the ammonia tunnel of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.

The x-ray crystal structure of the heterodimeric carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli has identified an intermolecular tunnel that connects the glutamine binding site within the small amidotransferase subunit to the two phosphorylation sites within the large synthetase subunit. The tunneling of the ammonia intermediate through the interior of the protein has been proposed as a mechanism for the delivery of the ammonia from the small subunit to the large subunit. A series of mutants created within the ammonia tunnel were prepared by the placement of a constriction via site-directed mutagenesis. The degree of constriction within the ammonia tunnel of these enzymes was found to correlate to the extent of the uncoupling of the partial reactions, the diminution of carbamoyl phosphate formation, and the percentage of the internally derived ammonia that is channeled through the ammonia tunnel. NMR spectroscopy and a radiolabeled probe were used to detect and identify the enzymatic synthesis of N-amino carbamoyl phosphate and N-hydroxy carbamoyl phosphate from hydroxylamine and hydrazine. The kinetic results indicate that hydroxylamine, derived from the hydrolysis of γ-glutamyl hydroxamate, is channeled through the ammonia tunnel to the large subunit. Discrimination between the passage of ammonia and hydroxylamine was observed among some of these tunnel-impaired enzymes. The overall results provide biochemical evidence for the tunneling of ammonia within the native carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.
Multi-profile Bayesian alignment model for LC-MS data analysis with integration of internal standards.

Motivation: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been widely used for profiling expression levels of biomolecules in various ‘-omic’ studies including proteomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Appropriate LC-MS data preprocessing steps are needed to detect true differences between biological groups. Retention time (RT) alignment, which is required to ensure that ion intensity measurements among multiple LC-MS runs are comparable, is one of the most important yet challenging preprocessing steps. Current alignment approaches estimate RT variability using either single chromatograms or detected peaks, but do not simultaneously take into account the complementary information embedded in the entire LC-MS data. Results: We propose a Bayesian alignment model for LC-MS data analysis. The alignment model provides estimates of the RT variability along with uncertainty measures. The model enables integration of multiple sources of information including internal standards and clustered chromatograms in a mathematically rigorous framework. We apply the model to LC-MS metabolomic, proteomic and glycomic data. The performance of the model is evaluated based on ground-truth data, by measuring correlation of variation, RT difference across runs and peak-matching performance. We demonstrate that Bayesian alignment model improves significantly the RT alignment performance through appropriate integration of relevant information. Availability and implementation: MATLAB code, raw and preprocessed LC-MS data are available at http://omics.georgetown.edu/alignLCMS.html Contact: ude.nwotegroeg@rwh Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Number of Nucleotide Substitutions from Restriction Sites Data

A simple method of the maximum likelihood estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions is presented for the case where restriction sites data from many different restriction enzymes are available. An iteration method, based on nucleotide counting, is also developed. This method is simpler than the maximum likelihood method but gives the same estimate. A formula for computing the variance of a maximum likelihood estimate is also presented.
Raptor protein contains a caspase-like domain

Using state-of-the-art sequence analysis and structure-prediction methods a caspase-like domain in the N-terminal region of raptor proteins has been identified. This domain, which is characterized by the presence of invariant catalytic Cys-His dyad, is evolutionarily and structurally related to known caspases and might have protease activity. This finding suggests several unexpected aspects of raptor function in the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway.
Croton monanthogynus and Crotonopsis elliptica (Euphorbiaceae) in Ozark Rock Outcrop Communities: Abundance, Soil Depth, and Substrate Tolerance

Abstract The ecologically similar species Crotonopsis elliptica and Croton monanthogynus were described by Steyermark in his Flora of Missouri as inhabitants of acid rock outcrop communities (sandstone, granite, chert) in the Ozarks but not of limestone outcrops. However, field observations and transect data confirm that C. monanthogynus can be abundant in Ozark limestone outcrop communities, codominating with Isanthus brachiatus and Heliotropium tenellum in the 5 cm to 11 cm soil depth zone, while almost never occurring on sandstone outcrops. Greenhouse experiments revealed that C. elliptica was healthy on sandstone soil, but stunted and sickly on limestone outcrop soil, consistent with its absence from calcareous substrates. In contrast, C. monanthogynus was healthy on both soils, and had greater growth on limestone than on sandstone soil. Contrary to Steyermark's characterization, C. monanthogynus grows abundantly on limestone soils, but is rare or absent on Ozark sandstone outcrops, not because of sub...
Heat shock factor 1 and heat shock proteins: critical partners in protection against acute cell injury.

OBJECTIVE: Life-threatening conditions cause severe changes in the organization and conformation of macromolecules, creating urgent requirements for protein repair to ensure survival. As molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSP) that have specialized functions in protein folding are now well established to restore homeostasis in cells and organisms. Augmentation of HSP synthesis is tightly regulated by stress-inducible heat shock factors (HSF), which are part of a transcriptional signaling cascade with both positive (e.g., HSP) and negative (e.g., proinflammatory cytokines) properties. In this review, we discuss the biological roles and mechanisms of HSP-mediated protection in pathophysiologic conditions (ischemia, sepsis, and preeclampsia) and the regulation for stress-dependent HSP synthesis and speculate about future applications for harnessing HSF and HSP partners as cytoprotective agents. DATA SOURCES: Reactive oxygen species are major pathogenic factors in cell death pathways (e.g., necrosis, apoptosis), in part, because of proteotoxic effects. In intact organisms, forced overexpression of HSP per se affords effective counterbalance against ischemia challenges (e.g., heart and brain) and systemic conditions (e.g., sepsis). Besides stressful conditions, gene-targeting studies have uncovered new functions for heat shock transcription factors (e.g., maintenance of intrauterine pregnancy) in mammals. In parallel, pharmacologic studies using small molecules are paving the way for future prospects to exploit the beneficial properties of HSP, albeit an important but presently elusive goal. CONCLUSIONS: Together, HSF and HSP partners are attractive targets in therapeutic strategies designed to stimulate endogenous protective mechanisms against deleterious consequences of oxidative stress. With further technological advances, it is anticipated that the spotlight on HSP, alone or in combination with other stress response pathways, could, ultimately, reduce injury and accelerate functional recovery of susceptible organs in living organisms including humans.
The remarkable evolutionary history of the human amylase genes

Analysis of the structures of the human amylase genes has demonstrated that this multigene family contains at least five tandem gene copies, closely related in sequence but with distinct tissue specific expression. The structures of the genes demonstrate that the human salivary amylase gene was derived from a preexisting pancreatic amylase gene. Insertion of a retrovirus upstream of the amylase gene is responsible for the alteration in tissue specificity. A parotid specific enhancer has been identified within the retrovirus by expression studies in transgenic mice. The independent origin of salivary amylase in rodents and primates suggests that there has been strong evolutionary selection for amylase in saliva. The amylase genes demonstrate a novel mechanism for evolution of new patterns of tissue specific gene expression.
Ketocarotenoid circulation, but not retinal carotenoid accumulation, is linked to eye disease status in a wild songbird.

Pathogenic or parasitic infections pose numerous physiological challenges to organisms. Carotenoid pigments have often been used as biomarkers of disease state and impact because they integrate multiple aspects of an individual’s condition and nutritional and health state. Some diseases are known to influence carotenoid uptake from food (e.g. coccidiosis) and carotenoid use (e.g. as antioxidants/immunostimulants in the body, or for sexually attractive coloration), but there is relatively little information in animals about how different types of carotenoids from different tissue sources may be affected by disease. Here we tracked carotenoid accumulation in two body pools (retina and plasma) as a function of disease state in free-ranging house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). House finches in eastern North America can contract mycoplasmal conjunctivitis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, or MG), which can progress from eye swelling to eye closure and death. Previous work showed that systemic immune challenges in house finches lower carotenoid levels in retina, where they act as photoprotectors and visual filters. We assessed carotenoid levels during the molt period, a time of year when finches uniquely metabolize ketocarotenoids (e.g. 3-hydroxy-echinenone) for acquisition of sexually selected red plumage coloration, and found that males infected with MG circulated significantly lower levels of 3-hydroxy-echinenone, but no other plasma carotenoid types, than birds exhibiting no MG symptoms. This result uncovers a key biochemical mechanism for the documented detrimental effect of MG on plumage redness in H. mexicanus. In contrast, we failed to find a relationship between MG infection status and retinal carotenoid concentrations. Thus, we reveal differential effects of an infectious eye disease on carotenoid types and tissue pools in a wild songbird. At least compared to retinal sources (which appear somewhat more temporally stable than other body carotenoid pools, even to diseases of the eye evidently), our results point to either a high physiological cost of ketocarotenoid synthesis (as is argued in models of sexually selected carotenoid coloration) or high benefit of using this ketocarotenoid to combat infection.
Differential effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in cytokine- and endotoxin-treated rats

Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of the cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)(20 micrograms/kg) to rats in a fasting state can produce many and perhaps most of the metabolic alterations found in patients with sepsis and injury. The purposes of the present study were 1) to define the metabolic effects of IL-1 and TNF during a fed state provided by continuous intravenous feeding for 20 h and 2) to characterize the unique effects of IL-1 among the overall response to cytokines by using IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA; 5 mg/kg). The effects were also explored during the endotoxemic condition induced by infusion of 200 micrograms/kg of endotoxin into rats. The results showed that during feeding IL-1 is responsible for the increase in glucose flux and plasma insulin, the development of insulin resistance, and plasma zinc depression during condition mimicking sepsis and injury, similar to effects observed in the fasting state. The changes in energy expenditure have a more complex mechanism. The results also suggested that certain host responses to cytokines or endotoxin, particularly related to protein metabolism, differed between the fed and fasting states. These data may have a special clinical relevance for the insulin-resistant state that develops during severe infection, since using IL-1RA in conjunction with nutritional therapy may offer additional advantages in the treatment of these severe metabolic disorders.
APPLICATIONS OF INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS

This article describes the applications of intercalation compounds that are either commercially practiced or under active development. The range of compounds discussed will be somewhat broader than those formed by an intercalation reaction, including where appropriate many insertion type reactions that do not strictly fit the criteria of intercalation; that is, of ready reversibility and minor structural changes of the host lattice matrix.
Integral to Measure

A measure is a real valued, non-negative, countably additive function on a δ-ring A. A δ-ring is a ring A of sets such that if {A n } n is a sequence in A. then ∩ n A n ∈ A; that is, a δ-ring is a ring A that is closed under countable intersection. The family of all finite subsets of ℝ, the family of all countable subsets of ℝ, and the family of all bounded subsets of ℝ are examples of δ-rings. We observe that one of these families is closed under countable union but the other two are not.
In vivo function of the ER-Golgi transport protein LMAN1 in photoreceptor homeostasis.

LMAN1 is a type I transmembrane protein that selectively transports its cargo proteins from ER to ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi. Lman1 is a direct target of the transcription factor NRL in mouse retina. Therefore, we examined the in vivo function of LMAN1 in retina. Although Lman1 − / − mouse eyes did not show abnormality in histology and electroretinogram analysis at 3 months, Lman1 − / − retina at 6 months showed a decrease in cis-Golgi markers GM130 and GRASP65. We also observed abnormal level and location of Rhodopsin in these mice. Taken together, LMAN1 may play a role in photoreceptor gene transport and homeostasis.
Spin-Lattice Relaxation-Time Measurements on Er 3+ -Doped Lanthanum Ethylsulfate

The spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped lanthanum ethylsulfate has been measured in the temperature range 1.1-3.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for three concentrations, 0.2, 10, and 100%. The measurements were made on a 3-cm EPR spectrometer by the pulse-saturation technique. The results indicate a phonon-limited process ($\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$) at temperatures below 2.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and an Orbach process at higher temperatures. The data can be fitted by a curve of the form $\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}=D{T}^{2}+1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}{e}^{\frac{(\ensuremath{-}44\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1.44)}{T}}$, where $D$ increases from a value of 2.5/sec ${(\mathrm{deg}\mathrm{K})}^{2}$ for 0.2% concentration to 22/sec ${(\mathrm{deg}\mathrm{K})}^{2}$ for 100% concentration.
ALCOHOL OUTLETS AND SUBSTANCE USE AMONG HIGH SCHOOLERS

Few studies have considered the potential role of the built environment in increasing adolescent substance use. The current study explored the relationship between alcohol outlets, a potential malleable component of the neighborhood environment, and adolescent behavioral outcomes. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between alcohol outlet density, perceived alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) availability, perception of substance use as a problem at the school, and self-reported ATOD use. Data come from Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools (MDS3) Initiative, a statewide project focused on measuring and improving school climate. The sample includes 25,308 adolescents from 58 high schools (Grades 9–12) across 12 counties. Multilevel path models indicated a positive relationship between the count of alcohol outlets and perceived availability of ATOD among girls but not boys. Perceived availability was associated with increased ATOD use at both individual and school levels as well as other students’ ATOD use. Findings provide support for the potential role of the built environment in adolescent risk for substance use, particularly among girls.
Abnormal Functional Connectivity Between Default and Salience Networks in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder.

Abstract Background Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) (occurring prior to 18 years of age) is a developmental brain disorder that is among the most severe and disabling psychiatric conditions affecting youth. Despite increasing evidence that brain connectivity is atypical in adults with bipolar disorder, it is not clear how brain connectivity may be altered in youths with PBD. Methods This cross-sectional resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study included 80 participants recruited over 4 years: 32 youths with PBD, currently euthymic (13 males; 15.1 years old), and 48 healthy control (HC) subjects (27 males; 14.5 years old). Functional connectivity between eight major intrinsic connectivity networks, along with connectivity measurements between 333 brain regions, was compared between PBD and HC subjects. Additionally, connectivity differences were evaluated between PBD and HC samples in negatively correlated connections, as defined by 839 subjects of the Human Connectome Project dataset. Results We found increased inter- but not intranetwork functional connectivity in PBD between the default mode and salience networks (p = .0017). Throughout the brain, atypical connections showed failure to develop anticorrelation with age during adolescence in PBD but not HC samples among connections that exhibit negative correlation in adulthood. Conclusions Youths with PBD demonstrate reduced anticorrelation between default mode and salience networks. Further evaluation of the interaction between these networks is needed in development and with other mood states such as depression and mania to clarify if this atypical connectivity is a PBD trait biomarker.
Practical Interventions to Enhance Resident Ownership of Patient Care.

In the modern training environment, some question whether trainees have the opportunity to develop ownership of patient care, which includes concepts such as advocacy, autonomy, commitment, communication, follow-through, knowledge about the patient, responsibility, and teamwork. Despite descriptions of what ownership is, there is little discussion of how to foster ownership during residency. The objective of this study was to solicit psychiatry resident and faculty perspectives on ways to enhance resident ownership in training. Twenty-nine of 74 (39.2%) residents and 31 of 68 (45.6%) faculty members surveyed provided narrative responses to a voluntary, anonymous, electronic survey asking two structured, open-ended questions about what factors make it more or less likely that a resident will take “ownership” of patient care. The coding process produced four overarching categories of themes (attending, resident, educational program, and environment) that reflect domains for possible interventions to increase ownership, with conceptual guidance from the Theory of Planned Behavior. From these factors, the authors propose a number of practical yet theory-based interventions which include setting expectations, modeling, promoting autonomy, countertransference supervision, changing residency culture, and longer rotations. These interventions address subjective norms, attitudes, perceived ability and control, environment, and actual resident abilities, all of which, according to the Theory of Planned Behavior, would be likely to influence patient care ownership. Future studies could develop curricula and examine the effectiveness of the interventions proposed here in reinforcing or developing ownership in physicians.
A Forecasting-Residual Spectrum Analysis Method for Distinguishing Forced and Natural Oscillations

In order to effectively implement remedial reactions to mitigate the negative impacts of oscillations on a power grid, it is essential for system operators to timely and accurately determine whether an observed oscillation is a natural oscillation or a forced oscillation. Using phasor measurement unit (PMU) data, this paper proposes a residual spectral analysis (RSA) method to distinguish forced oscillations and natural oscillations. The proposed RSA method uses forecasting models with various lead times to forecast the current PMU data based on the past PMU data. The spectra of the forecasting residuals are shown to have different properties when the PMU data have forced or natural oscillations. Support vector machines are applied to the residuals to classify the oscillations. This paper develops an algorithm for implementing the RSA method, and demonstrates its superior performance via extensive simulations over the 48-machine model. Simulations show that it can distinguish the oscillations more accurately than an existing method and work reliably even when the frequency of forced oscillations is close to that of natural oscillations.
Visible Light Photocatalysis Using a Commercially Available Iron Compound

[CpFe(CO)2]2 (1) (Cp = η5-C5H5) is an effective precatalyst for the hydrophosphination of alkenes with Ph2PH under visible light irradiation, which appears to be a unique way to promote metal-catalyzed hydrophosphination. Additionally, 1 is a photocatalyst for the dehydrogenation of amine boranes and formation of siloxanes from tertiary silanes. These reactions have similar, if not improved, reactivity over the same transformations using 1 or related CpFeMe(CO)2 under UV irradiation, consistent with the notion that hydrophosphination with 1 proceeds via formation of CpFe(CO)2•. These results demonstrate that catalyst selection can avail the use of commercially available LED bulbs as photon sources, potentially replacing mercury arc lamps or other energy intensive processes in known or new catalytic reactions.
Peer ecologies for learning how to read: Exhibiting reading, orchestrating participation, and learning over time in bilingual Mexican-American preschoolers’ play enactments of reading to a peer

Abstract This study investigates how a friendship dyad of preschool children enrolled in a bilingual Spanish-English Head Start preschool in California, predominantly serving Mexican-American families, enact and orchestrate in play the activity of reading aloud to a peer. It examines how the child leading the reading uses embodied and multimodal resources to exhibit themselves as reading, including using environmental couplings of talk and gesture ( C. Goodwin, 2013 ) and how the peer being read to uses embodied resources to exhibit that they are attending to the reading ( Erickson, 2004 , Hindmarsh et al., 2011 ). It also tracks transformations of the children's publicly visible and embodied knowledge states ( C. Goodwin, 1981 ) across time, specifically, across two episodes of reading spaced several months apart, to illustrate how a “trajectory of knowing-in-interaction,” or learning, ( Melander, 2012 ), can be made visible. The examples contribute to a deeper understanding of the diverse ways in which children use verbal resources, their bodies and the material environment to accomplish the doing of reading as a public, shared, and mutually accountable activity. The examples also contribute to a deeper understanding of how children learn to act in culturally appropriate ways over time in shared reading activities, including how they “recalibrate” ( M.H. Goodwin & Cekaite, 2013 ) reading action when expected embodied participation frameworks for doing reading are not exhibited from other participants.
Controlling Measurement Heterogeneity in Longitudinal Data Using Covariate Residualized Indicators.

Implicit in the modeling of a construct's latent trajectory is the assumption that strong factorial invariance (i.e., invariant item intercepts and factor loadings) holds across repeated measuremen...
Soul and System: The Integrative Possibilities of Family Therapy:

This article presents a review of the interface of family systems theory and therapy with religious, spiritual, or faith perspectives, with particular emphasis on Christian theology and Scripture. ...
Virological and immunological responses to raltegravir and dolutegravir in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected men and women.

BACKGROUND Raltegravir (RTG) and dolutegravir (DTG) have different pharmacokinetic patterns in the gastrointestinal tract. To determine if this results in pharmacodynamic differences, we compared HIV RNA, HIV DNA and immunological markers in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of HIV-infected participants receiving RTG or DTG with tenofovir+emtricitabine (TDF/FTC). METHODS GALT specimens from the terminal ileum, splenic flexure and rectum were obtained by colonoscopy at a single time point in 20 adults treated with RTG (n=10) or DTG (n=10) with HIV RNA <50 copies/ml. Flow cytometry, drug concentrations, and HIV RNA and DNA were analysed in tissue. CD4/8+ T-cells were tested for γδ TCR, and markers of T-cell activation and exhaustion. Data are reported as median (Q1-Q3). RESULTS A total of 15 men and 5 women were enrolled. There was no difference in time since HIV diagnosis for those on RTG (9.5 [4-22] years) and DTG (17 [1-24] years; P=0.6), although time on RTG (5.4 [2.3-6.7] years) was greater than DTG (1.0 [0.1-1.5] years; P<0.001). Concentrations of RTG and DTG in rectal tissue were similar to previous reports: median tissue:plasma ratio was 11.25 for RTG and 0.44 for DTG. RNA:DNA ratios were 1.14 (0.18-5.10) for the RTG group and 0.90 (0.30-18.87) for the DTG group (P=0.95). No differences (P≥0.1) between CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell markers were found. CONCLUSIONS RTG produced higher tissue exposures than DTG, but no significant differences in GALT HIV RNA, DNA or most immunological markers were observed. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02218320.
Benign Squamous Proliferations

There are few esophageal squamous proliferations that are not malignant. In fact, it was challenging to find enough examples for a separate chapter. The two most common are the glycogen acanthosis, a difficult lesion to classify, and the squamous papilloma, which is more likely a benign neoplasm. A few proliferations are sometimes confused with squamous carcinoma, mostly the long prong squamous proliferation at the edge and base of ulcers and squamous hyperplasia with pleomorphic nuclei (see Chap. 2). This chapter includes a spectacular, mass-forming, benign-appearing squamous proliferation that we had trouble placing in the squamous chapters. We were not exactly sure what it was, but it did not seem malignant cytologically.
Determinants of Physical Attractiveness

This book documents the physical attractiveness phenomena. Because of the very powerful and serious implications, this treatise necessarily includes antecedents of physical attractiveness. Certainly a basic anterior issue pertains to underlying determinants of the physical attractiveness variable. To contend with the difficult abstract nature of the physical attractiveness construct, research manipulations rely on a gestalt approach to measurement and definition. Commonly referred to as the truth-of-consensus method, it employs a global approach. For example, if a significant number of “judges” designate a person as physically attractive, then that person is defined as physically attractive. Whether it was the dimple on the chin which the judges were responding to, whether more redheads than brunettes were classified as attractive, is not typically a matter of concern. (Berscheid & Walster, 1974, p. 181)
Transcreation: an implementation science framework for community-engaged behavioral interventions to reduce health disparities

Methods for translating evidence-based behavioral interventions into real-world settings seldom account for the special issues in reaching health disparity populations. The objective of this article is to describe an innovative “transcreational” framework for designing and delivering interventions in communities to reduce health disparities. We define transcreation as the process of planning, delivering, and evaluating interventions so that they resonate with the community experiencing health disparities, while achieving intended health outcomes. The Transcreation Framework for Community-engaged Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Health Disparities comprises seven steps: 1) identify community infrastructure and engage partners; 2) specify theory; 3) identify multiple inputs for new program; 4) design intervention prototype; 5) design study, methods, and measures for community setting; 6) build community capacity for delivery; and 7) deliver transcreated intervention and evaluate implementation processes. Communities are engaged from the start and interventions are delivered by community-based interventionists and tested in community settings. The framework applies rigorous scientific methods for evaluating program effectiveness and implementation processes. It incorporates training and ongoing technical assistance to assure treatment fidelity and build community capacity. This framework expands the types of scientific evidence used and balances fidelity to evidence and fit to the community setting. It can guide researchers and communities in developing and testing behavioral interventions to reduce health disparities that are likely to be sustained because infrastructure development is embedded in the research.
Development and Demonstration of Hot Mix Asphalt Design Guidance for Mix Performance-Related Specifications:

As they adopt mechanistic-empirical (ME) methods for flexible pavement design, road agencies are starting to incorporate performance-related specifications (PRS) for hot mix asphalt materials to as...
Efficient Video Data Structure and Compression Scheme for Fabric Wicking Phenomenon Studies

The physiological comfortableness of clothes is heavily attributed to the wicking phenomenon of fabrics. We have been working with textile scientists to automate a newly designed video-based test method that targets at analyzing the yarn-level wicking behaviors of fabrics. To access yarn-level wicking information, we need an efficient video data structure that allows the retrieval of the color information at each pixel along the time. In this paper, we propose using the volume of blocks as the basic storage unit rather than using the frame as most off-the-shelf video codecs do. The proposed data structure allows quick retrieval of time series data and can achieve a balance between the time overhead and memory overhead. We also propose a compression scheme specially designed for the proposed data structure. Experimental results show that the proposed data structure and compression scheme can store the video information in manageable file size while providing visual quality at a customized level.
Unraveling the Li2S Deposition Process on a Polished Graphite Cathode for Enhancing Discharge Capacity of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Solid deposition accounts for three-quarters of the theoretical capacity in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with liquid electrolyte. Despite extensive research efforts on cathode material synthesis, little knowledge has been gained so far in understanding and controlling the growth of solid discharge product in Li–S batteries. In this work, a polished graphite was used as a cathode to understand the growth mechanism of Li2S. The SEM/EDS analysis of the discharged cathodes indicates that the Li2S precipitate can grow over a micrometer in size and its morphology strongly depends on the depth of discharge (DODs) and discharge rate of the cell. In addition, the morphology evolution and the in situ electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) show that the Li2S follows a dissolution–precipitation mechanism during its deposition on the graphite surface. Finally, a mathematical model based on the multicomponent transport theory is developed and used to describe the nucleation and precipitation phenomena on the 2D sur...
Are public meetings effective platforms for gathering environmental management preferences that most local stakeholders share

Abstract This analysis tests the theory of the collective action problem by comparing data collected from public meetings with data collected through a random sample of households, to better understand how representative preferences expressed during public meetings are of local stakeholders within a defined social area of influence. While previous studies have focused on the lack of representative participation at public meetings, this work moves beyond the concepts of who comes to the table and why and instead, explores the way that a public engagement process, may or may not provide planners with a representative understanding of local stakeholder preferences. The findings suggest that even when starting with a comprehensive stakeholder analysis, creating space for facilitated dialogue, and carefully curating discussions to focus on shared preferences, public meetings - though highly valuable as a tool for engagement - may not be effective platforms for gathering a comprehensive understanding of the land management preferences that most local stakeholders share.
Neuroprotection by Exogenous and Endogenous Neuregulin-1 in Mouse Models of Focal Ischemic Stroke.

Identifying novel neuroprotectants that can halt or reverse the neurological effects of stroke is of interest to both clinicians and scientists. We and others previously showed the pre-clinical neuroprotective efficacy of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) in rats following focal brain ischemia. In this study, we examined neuroprotection by exogenous and endogenous NRG-1 using a mouse model of ischemic stroke. C57BL6 mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. NRG-1 or vehicle was infused intra-arterially (i.a.) or intravenously (i.v.) after MCAO and before the onset of reperfusion. NRG-1 treatment (16 μg/kg; i.a.) reduced cerebral cortical infarct volume by 72% in mice when delivered post-ischemia. NRG-1 also inhibited neuronal injury as measured by Fluoro Jade B labeling and rescued NeuN immunoreactivity in neurons. Neuroprotection by NRG-1 was also observed in mice when administered i.v. (100 μg/kg) in both male and female mice. We investigated whether endogenous NRG-1 was neuroprotective using male and female heterozygous NRG-1 knockout mice (NRG-1+/-) compared with wild-type mice (WT) littermates. NRG-1+/- and WT mice were subjected to MCAO for 45 min, and infarct size was measured 24 h following MCAO. NRG-1+/- mice displayed a sixfold increase in cortical infarct size compared with WT mice. These results demonstrate that NRG-1 treatment mitigates neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia. We further showed that reduced endogenous NRG-1 results in exacerbated neuronal injury in vivo. These findings suggest that NRG-1 represents a promising therapy to treat stroke in human patients.
On the LQG Game With Nonclassical Information Pattern Using a Direct Solution Method

A two-sided (simultaneous) optimization technique is presented for the two-player linear quadratic Gaussian multistage game. This direct solution method naturally decomposes the solution into separate deterministic and stochastic terms, which provides insight into the optimal control strategies. We use the optimal governing equations to derive a compact expression for the optimal performance index value. We prove that this two-sided linear solution is indeed optimal out of all possible strategies (linear and nonlinear) by way of a saddle point proof. In addition, we provide some numerical results to show how system noises affect the optimal control strategies and optimal performance index value.
Saltatory Conduction: Jumping to New Conclusions.

Summary Rapid and efficient saltatory action potential conduction depends on the myelin sheath and clustered Na+ channels at nodes of Ranvier. A new study convincingly shows that the periaxonal space is a necessary conductive component to accurately model myelinated axon physiology and saltatory conduction.
Young Authors Online: Exploring the Meaning Making Process Through Positionings in Place and Space

Abstract Identity studies in education are germane to interpreting how adolescent writers perceive their lives, culture, and, in literacy, their schooling and educational goals. Positioning theory analysis helps reveal both tacit and explicit patterns of meaning making as authors collaborate and craft creative writing artifacts shared as blog posts. In this study of interactions around the digital writing of young authors aged 12 to 16 years, participants self-selected writing topics and genres from nondominant culture through a connected learning design. Transformations of power structures occurred along storylines as writers positioned themselves and others while taking on new tasks. This study looks at conversation around writing in terms of people, their modes of embodiment, the online writing context, and compares the establishment of rights and duties located in the physical space where participants gathered to those established on the Internet blog space.