cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative growth and physiology of selected one-year-old red- and green-fruited European pear cultivars

Red-fruited pear trees are reported to be more difficult to grow, less vigorous and less productive than green-fruited pear trees. This study was undertaken to examine some hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the observed differences in red- vs. green-fruited pear trees. Several growth and gas exchange parameters plus ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity, relative total soluble protein, and total chlorophyll were measured on potted, 1-yr-old greenhouse-grown trees of the green-fruited pear cultivars, ‘Bartlett’, ‘d'Anjou’, and ‘Clapp's Favorite’, and their respective red-fruited sports, ‘Red Bartlett’, ‘Red d'Anjou’ and ‘Kalle’. Green-fruited ‘d'Anjou’ trees had double the mean total leaf area of ‘Red d'Anjou’ (P < 0.05). Specific leaf area of ‘Clapp's Favorite’ was 77% that of ‘Kalle’. The asymptotic maximum net photosynthetic rates (Pmax) for red-fruited sports were 69% of those of their green-fruited parents. Stomatal conductance to water vapor of the sports was 78% of that of the parents under light-saturated conditions. Dark respiration of green-fruited ‘d'Anjou’ leaves was 77% of that of ‘Red d'Anjou’ leaves. Intercellular CO2 concentration was not significantly different between green-fruited parents and red-fruited sports. Although the relative total soluble leaf protein content and total chlorophyll content did not differ significantly between green-fruited parents and red-fruited sports, both characteristics tended to be higher in the parental series, which was consistent with higher net photosynthesis (Pn) in the green-fruited parents than in the red-fruited sports. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b in “Red Bartlett” and ⋚d d'Anjou” was 62% and 54% of that in “Bartlett” and “d'Anjou”, respectively. Rubisco activity in the red-fruited sports was 60% of that in the green-fruited parents. On the basis of these observations, we cannot reject the hypothesis that lower chlorophyll content, particularly chlorophyll a, and lower Pn contribute to the reduced vigor in trees of red-fruited sports compared to their green-fruited parents.
Detection of antibodies by microtitrator techniques.

1. An evaluation was made of methods and equipment used for microtitration. 2. The simplicity, accuracy, reproducibility, time saving and economy of microtitersystems well substaniate their use over other outdated methods. 3. Microtiter systems have been found to be useful in agglutination, complement fixation, conglutination and hemagglutination procedures in disease processes caused by bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, protozoans, metozoans and certain allergic manifestations. 4. A method combining the use of microtitration and an Autoanalyzer has been presented. The microtitraters provided a rapid, accurate and economical method for the preparation of dilutions in plastic cups, which were then fed through either a complement fixation or a hemagglutination manifold for analysis. These were passed through a flow-cell colorimeter and the results, compared with standards, were recorded. This produced an exceedingly sensitive and accurate endpoint. 5. The combined Microtiter-auto-analyzer method provided a simple and precise procedure for continuously titrating hemagglutins and complement fixing antibodies with a reproducibility of ±2.3%.
World Patterns of Geographic Literacy Based on Sketch Map Quality

This paper discusses world patterns of geographic literacy and illiteracy based on the quality of sketch maps of the world drawn by university students in first-year geography classes. The study, sponsored by the International Geographical Union and funded by the National Geographic Society, contains 3,568 sketch maps of the world collected from 75 sites in 52 countries. For the purposes of this paper, geographic literacy is equated with the number of nations and continents included on the sketch maps. The individual map scores are aggregated to determine the average number of items per map for each site and nation. Our set of maps provides a baseline of world variations in geographic literacy just prior to the end of the Cold War. The sketch map techniques can be used to monitor changes in geographic literacy.
Acetylation phenotypes and environmental chemical exposure of people with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective. To test the hypotheses that there is an excess percentage of slow acetylators among patients with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and that these patients had excessive exposure to environmental amines and hydrazines before the onset of illness. Methods. Case–control study with structured interview and acetylation phenotyping. Results. No excess proportion of slow acetylators or environmental amine exposure was found. Conclusion. Slow acetylation phenotype and exposure to environmental amines are not principal causes of idiopathic SLE.
Time dependence of the relaxation parameters in non-Debye solvents

Abstract Expressions for the time dependence of the longitudinal relaxation parameter for solvents exhibiting two and three Debye relaxation processes are developed on the basis of the model of Hynes. These expressions are applied to dielectric relaxation data for the lower alcohols, the amides and other solvents which have been studied over a wide frequency range. The significance of the results obtained is discussed with respect to data for time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy recently reported in the literature.
The development of epitaxy of nanoclusters on lattice-mismatched substrates: Ag on H–Si(111) surfaces

Abstract This study examines the development of epitaxy of nanometer-sized clusters on highly mismatched crystalline substrates. As-grown Ag clusters on hydrogen-terminated Si(1 1 1) surfaces are characterized by high-resolution electron imaging and diffraction. The results show that Ag clusters grow along [1 1 1] normal to the substrate. Small clusters are randomly oriented in the azimuthal direction with a distribution of ∼9°. At the critical size of ∼12 nm in average diameter, Ag clusters become epitaxially oriented with [1 1 0]Ag∥[1 1 0]Si. At this orientation, the Ag cluster has a buried interface of a 4×4 coincidence lattice with Si, and clusters are strained with e =−0.32%. The epitaxy coincides with the transition from the initial droplet growth to the fractal coalescence of small Ag clusters, which suggests that epitaxy is formed during coalescence. The late development of epitaxy is qualitatively interpreted based on an extended rigid interface model.
Evaluating NAFTA – an impulse function approach

Models developed under ex ante approach are mostly based on some utility function. The assumptions underlying these models are hard to meet. These models also have stringent data requirements. The models developed under ex post approach, on the other hand, are simple to use, avoid the need of using a utility function and require less information. However, these models only offer two points in time: one before a trade reform and the other after the reform. As such, they do not provide a region of acceptance or rejection, which enables us to test the models empirically. Our study overcomes those problems, develops an intervention model, estimates the impulse response function and estimates the short-term and the long-run impacts of NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement) on the variable representing Canada's welfare. Our results show that both the short-term and the long-term impacts are negative. Therefore, we conclude that Canada's welfare has, in fact, deteriorated, or at least not improved due t...
Epithelial-mesenchymal co-culture model for studying alveolar morphogenesis

Division of large, immature alveolar structures into smaller, more numerous alveoli increases the surface area available for gas exchange. Alveolar division requires precise epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. However, few experimental models exist for studying how these cell-cell interactions produce changes in 3-dimensional structure. Here we report an epithelial-mesenchymal cell co-culture model where 3-dimensional peaks form with similar cellular orientation as alveolar structures in vivo. Co-culturing fetal mouse lung mesenchyme with A549 epithelial cells produced tall peaks of cells covered by epithelia with cores of mesenchymal cells. These structures did not form when using adult lung fibroblasts. Peak formation did not require localized areas of cell proliferation or apoptosis. Mesenchymal cells co-cultured with epithelia adopted an elongated cell morphology closely resembling myofibroblasts within alveolar septa in vivo. Because inflammation inhibits alveolar formation, we tested the effects of E. coli lipopolysaccharide on 3-dimensional peak formation. Confocal and time-lapse imaging demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide reduced mesenchymal cell migration, resulting in fewer, shorter peaks with mesenchymal cells present predominantly at the base. This epithelial-mesenchymal co-culture model may therefore prove useful in future studies of mechanisms regulating alveolar morphogenesis.
Subtle effects of the substrate in optical disk data storage systems

Much attention has been focused on the effects of the disk substrate in optical data storage. In particular, substrate birefringence has been studied extensively because it causes significant problems in magneto-optic systems. We investigate certain subtle effects of the substrate, such as feedback into the laser diode, in compact disk and phase-change systems. Our analysis of the compact disk system led us to discover a new technique for the rapid measurement of the substrate birefringence. We also address the question of how focusing the laser beam through the substrate will affect the depth of focus.
Short communication: Short-term fairness and long-term QoS in the Internet

We consider connection-level models of resource allocation in a simple symmetric three-link network, where files arrive into the network according to a Poisson process and the size of each file is exponentially distributed. For the simple network under consideration, we derive an optimal resource allocation policy which minimizes the steady-state expected number of files in the network. Using this result, we show that, in a heavy traffic regime, the mean file-transfer delay under the proportionally fair policy is at most 1.5 times the delay under the optimal policy. Simulation results indicate that the gap is even smaller.
The use of wildlife to monitor zoonoses.

Wildlife are usually considered vectors, reservoirs or primary targets of infectious disease. A seldom considered epidemiological role which they can play involves their use as disease sentinels for the detection and monitoring of zoonoses. Their potential for such utilization has been demonstrated with the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopava intermedia) and St. Louis encephalitis in Texas and the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and California encephalitis in North America. The limitations and criteria which are important in the use of wild populations for “sentinel” duty are discussed.
The role of the oncogene c-myc in sporadic large bowel cancer and familial polyposis coli.

The human myc gene is homologous to the v-myc gene, which was discovered in the avian oncogenic retrovirus MC29. Abnormally high expression of the cellular oncogenes is suspected to be involved in nonviral carcinogenesis. This article reviews the evidence that elevated expression of the human myc gene is involved in sporadic colon carcinoma and familial polyposis coli. The abundance of myc RNA and protein is frequently higher in colorectal cancer than in normal mucosa. The mechanism of this altered expression is obscure because the structure and quantity of myc DNA are very rarely disturbed. The COL0320 cell line is discussed as one unusual example of myc DNA rearrangement and amplification. There is a correlation between tumor-specific elevated myc RNA level and location in the bowel; tumors distal to the transverse colon are more likely to have elevated myc expression. The site distribution of unselected colorectal malignancies with an elevated myc RNA level is similar to the site distribution of familial polyposis coli tumors. With this observation it is suggested that elevated myc RNA may be a marker of a distinct type of colorectal cancer that involves the same genetic events as precede familial polyposis coli cancer.
Spin superstructure and noncoplanar ordering in metallic pyrochlore magnets with degenerate orbitals

We study double-exchange models with itinerant t(2g) electrons in spinel and pyrochlore crystals. In both cases the localized spins form a network of corner-sharing tetrahedra. We show that the strong directional dependence of t(2g) orbitals leads to unusual Fermi surfaces that induce spin superstructures and noncoplanar orderings for a weak coupling between itinerant electrons and localized spins. Implications of our results to ZnV(2)O(4) and Cd(2)Os(2)O(7) are also discussed.
Minimum cutsets in hypercubes

A local cut at a vertex v is a set consisting of, for each neighbor x of v, the vertex x or the edge vx. We prove that the local cuts are the smallest sets of vertices and/or edges whose deletion disconnects the k-dimensional hypercube Q"k. We also characterize the smallest sets of vertices and/or edges whose deletion produces a graph with larger diameter than Q"k. These are the sets consisting of k-1 elements from a local cut.
Allopurinol and cataracts.

We conducted a two-part study to determine whether any positive association between the use of allopurinol and the development of cataracts could be demonstrated. Study 1 included 251 Boston-area patients hospitalized for cataract and 753 matched controls. Two cataract patients were regular allopurinol users as compared with six control patients. The relative risk for cataract comparing allopurinol users with nonusers was 1.0 (95% exact confidence interval 0.14, 4.7). Study 2 included 389 patients from the Puget Sound, Washington, area who were hospitalized for cataract surgery during a five-year period (551,543 person-years). The rate of hospitalization for cataract in patients 30 to 49 years old was 0/992 person-years for allopurinol users and 78/366,960 (2.1 per 10 4 ) person-years for nonusers. The rate of hospitalization for cataract in patients 50 to 64 years old was 3/2,270 (13.2 per 10 4 ) person-years for allopurinol users and 308/184,583 (16.7 per 10 4 ) person-years for nonusers.
User assessment of intersection chapter procedures in Highway Capacity Manual 1997 update

Participants from California cities and counties participated in a 1-year local technical assistance program for learning, applying, and evaluating the procedures in the 1997 update to the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) for the analysis of signalized and unsignalized intersections. Training and technical assistance were provided to the participants on the practical application of the 1997 HCM procedures. Field studies and HCM applications were undertaken at 28 signalized and unsignalized intersections by 25 first-time HCM users in 22 cities and counties. The findings from the project evaluation indicate that the project was highly successful and that similar educational and application experiences should be undertaken for new users of the HCM 2000 in other states. The assessment of the analysis techniques and software will aid the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service in better understanding the needs and desires of users for future editions of the HCM as well as software developers in bette...
Age-Specific Exercise Capacity Threshold for Mortality Risk Assessment in Male Veterans

Background—Mortality risk decreases beyond a certain fitness level. However, precise definition of this threshold is elusive and varies with age. Thus, fitness-related mortality risk assessment is difficult. Methods and Results—We studied 18 102 male veterans (8305 blacks and 8746 whites). All completed an exercise test between 1986 and 2011 with no evidence of ischemia. We defined the peak metabolic equivalents (METs) level associated with no increase in all-cause mortality risk (hazard ratio, 1.0) for the age categories of 2 METs below threshold; n=1692), low-fit (2 METs below threshold; n=4884), moderate-fit (2 METs above threshold; n=4646), fit (2.1–4 METs above threshold; n=1874), and high-fit (>4 METs above threshold; n=1301) categories. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidenc...
Dynamic analysis of BMP-responsive smad activity in live zebrafish embryos.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are critical players in development and disease, regulating such diverse processes as dorsoventral patterning, palate formation, and ossification. These ligands are classically considered to signal via BMP receptor-specific Smad proteins 1, 5, and 8. To determine the spatiotemporal pattern of Smad1/5/8 activity and thus canonical BMP signaling in the developing zebrafish embryo, we generated a transgenic line expressing EGFP under the control of a BMP-responsive element. EGFP is expressed in many established BMP signaling domains and is responsive to alterations in BMP type I receptor activity and smad1 and smad5 expression. This transgenic Smad1/5/8 reporter line will be useful for determining ligand and receptor requirements for specific domains of BMP activity, as well as for genetic and pharmacological screens aimed at identifying enhancers or suppressors of canonical BMP signaling. Developmental Dynamics 240:682–694, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Choosing sustainable decentralized water supply infrastructure: Selection and design of a rainwater harvesting system for Delmas 30, Port-au-Prince, Haiti

884 million people lacking access to safe drinking water, which contributes to 1.6 million deaths per year. This paper presents an application of Capacity Factor Analysis for the design of a rainwater harvesting system for Delmas 30, a small community in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Capacity Factor Analysis is a decision aid for the selection of sustainable water supply infrastructure in developing communities. First, Capacity Factor Analysis was used to asses the management capability of the community and identify sustainable decentralized water supply technology options for increased access to drinking water. Rainwater harvesting was selected from the set of viable technology options. Next, a three part rainwater harvesting and treatment facility was designed for a centrally located community center. This design was informed by the results of the decision model. The designed rainwater catchment system is estimated to provide an additional 125,600 gallons of clean drinking water to the community of Delmas 30. The creation of an implementation plan, training program, and educational curriculum, along with the establishment of local supply chains, will serve to address areas low capacity identified by the decision model.
Observation Points: The Visual Poetics of National Parks. Thomas Patin, ed. Minneapolis. University of Minnesota Press, 2012. xxvi and 296 pp., photos, notes. $27.50 paper (ISBN 978-0-8166-5146-7)

This collection of essays by thirteen contributors occupies a conceptual borderland between geography and a variety of other disciplines. Five contributors are professors of communication studies, ...
Improved Performance of a Tandem Quadrupole/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

Abstract This paper describes the use of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer as the second stage of a MS/MS instrument. This system has been improved by the addition of a newly designed data acquisition system. The performance of this instrument will be discussed along with other modifications that are in progress to give further improvements.
Development and stability of multiple groundwater flow systems near cooling plutons

In volcanic terrains, igneous plutons are emplaced beneath topographic highs resulting in two distinct groundwater flow systems: topography- and buoyancy-driven. The interface between these systems is a potential site of ore deposition. This study investigates the interaction between topographic and hydrothermal flow systems using a 2D time-transient solution to the heat, fluid, and 18 O/ 16 O mass-transport equations. The goal of this study is to explore factors controlling the geometry, lateral extent, and stability of this interface. Results show that the interface geometry and stability (temporal and spatial) are most influenced by pluton depth and lateral extent of the topographic high. More laterally extensive topography produces a near horizontal interface whose location is stationary in space (±500 m) and nearly constant in temperature (>200°C) for times >40,000 years. Less-extensive topography produces spatially and temporally stable interfaces, but at high angles to the surface. Shallow pluton emplacement results in a transient mixing zone. Many authors have suggested that ore formation occurs first and then stabilizes the interface by formation of a caprock. However, this study shows that under certain conditions, the interface can be stabilized first and that this may then lead to a caprock formation. An 18 O/ 16 O transport simulation shows that steep chemical gradients can be maintained nearly coincident to this interface for 10,000s of years. The spatial and temporal stability of the mixing interface, and maintaining steep chemical gradients along that interface, are three criteria necessary for mineral (ore) deposition involving fluid mixing at this hydrologic interface.
Glomerular permeability and polyanion in Adriamycin nephrosis in the rat

Alterations in glomerular permeability were studied in Adriamycin-induced proteinuria in rats by measuring fractional clearances (C/GFR) of uncharged labeled dextrans of varying molecular radii (ae) and of anionic, native, and cationic horseradish peroxidases (HRP) in experimental and control animals. Experimental animals were studied between days 14 and 55 after a single intravenous dose of Adriamycin (doxorubicin), 7.5 mg/kg. Mean proteinuria in the experimental animals was 98 mg/24 hr. Glomerular morphology showed few changes except for epithelial cell swelling, vacuolization, and foot process obliteration, and a significant reduction of glomerular colloidal iron staining. Polyethyleneimine staining revealed a similar distribution of anionic sites in the laminae rarae interna and externa in proteinuric rats as compared with controls. Inulin clearances revealed reduction in GFR and RPF of 20 and 15%, respectively. Dextran C/GFR values showed in experimental animals a size defect for molecules with an ae exceeding 40 A, with a four- to fivefold increase over the values found in control animals for dextrans with ae of 58 and 60 A. The peroxidase clearances showed a slight increase in C/GFR of anionic HRP in experimental animals, as could be expected on the basis of the sieving defect, whereas the C/GFR values for native and cationic HRP were virtually unchanged, indicating an intact functional charge barrier in the proteinuric animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Remote real-time dose measurements of gamma-ray photon beams with radiochromic sensors.

Abstract A method of evaluating intense ionizing radiation fields remotely and in real-time has been developed. The system employs radiochromic sensors, materials that change color in a known fashion upon exposure to radiation, and a helium-neon laser/photodiode detector combination to measure the radiation-induced absorbance change at 632.8 nm. The sensor, placed at the point of interest in the radiation field, is probed by the laser to assess the absorbed dose at a given time as a function of any absorbance changes in the sensor. The resultant attenuation of the probe beam is registered by the photodiode and recorded and evaluated with a data acquisition system. Results from gamma-ray irradiations are presented.
A new theory and methods for creating peristaltic motion in a robotic platform

We have developed several innovative designs for a new kind of robot that uses peristalsis for locomotion, the same method that earthworms use, and report on the first completed prototype (Fig. 1). This form of locomotion is particularly effective in constrained spaces, and although the motion has been understood for some time, it has rarely been effectively or accurately implemented in a robotic platform. We address some reasons for this, including some common misconceptions within the field. We present a technique using a braided mesh exterior to produce fluid waves of motion along the body of a worm-like robot. We also present a new analytical model of this motion and compare predicted robot velocity to a 2-D simulation. Unlike previous mathematical models of peristaltic motion, our model suggests that friction is not a limiting factor in robot speed, but only in acceleration. The concept is highly scalable, and we present methods of construction at two different scales.
Modeling Liquid Spray Evaporation in Heated Porous Media With a Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium Model

The situations such as rapid evaporation, and significant heat generation/convective heat transfer, typically encountered in liquid-fueled porous media combustors, warrant the use of local thermal non-equilibrium models. Knowledge of fuel vaporization and mixing is important to understand the combustion characteristics. In this paper, a two-energy equation model is presented to account for the non-equilibrium between the solid and liquid phases. In this approach, two energy equations for solid and gas phases were solved. Kerosene fuel, issued from an air-blast atomizer, was injected on to a heated porous medium. Governing equations were applied on a 2-D axisymmetric, computational domain of 20.3 cm × 2.5 cm. Computer simulations were conducted using a commercial code Fluent 6.0. Heat transfer from combustion porous medium was simulated by setting a volumetric heat source in the porous region. Accordingly, the peak temperatures in porous media varied from 473 K to 590 K. Axial temperature profiles within the porous media were obtained with equilibrium and non-equilibrium models. Results indicated that the equilibrium models slightly underpredicted the peak temperature. Using non-equilibrium models, radial profiles of kerosene vapor concentration were obtained at different axial locations and the results showed that the thermal effects of the porous medium dominated in the evaporation process. Numerical results were also compared with available data and the agreement was found to be good.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Comparing neural correlates of REM sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression: a neuroimaging study.

Abstract Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disturbances predict poor clinical outcomes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). In MDD, REM sleep is characterized by activation of limbic and paralimbic brain regions compared to wakefulness. The neural correlates of PTSD during REM sleep remain scarcely explored, and comparisons of PTSD and MDD have not been conducted. The present study sought to compare brain activity patterns during wakefulness and REM sleep in 13 adults with PTSD and 12 adults with MDD using [ 18 F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (PET). PTSD was associated with greater increase in relative regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc) in limbic and paralimbic structures in REM sleep compared to wakefulness. Post-hoc comparisons indicated that MDD was associated with greater limbic and paralimbic rCMRglc during wakefulness but not REM sleep compared to PTSD. Our findings suggest that PTSD is associated with increased REM sleep limbic and paralimbic metabolism, whereas MDD is associated with wake and REM hypermetabolism in these areas. These observations suggest that PTSD and MDD disrupt REM sleep through different neurobiological processes. Optimal sleep treatments between the two disorders may differ: REM-specific therapy may be more effective in PTSD.
CORRELATION BETWEEN PINOCYTOSIS AND HYDROOSMOSIS INDUCED BY NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES AND MEDIATED BY ADENOSINE 3',5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE

The isolated urinary bladder of the toad responds to neurohypophyseal hormone with a net increase of water transport from the mucosal to the serosal solution in the presence of an osmotic gradient. This response is mediated intracellularly by cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The present study demonstrates that hydroosmotically active substances such as oxytocin, dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-AMP, and theophylline, but not hydroosmotically inactive substances, induce the uptake of horseradish peroxidase from the mucosal solution. Peroxidase taken up by the mucosal cells is demonstrable in small tubules and vesicles, and eventually accumulates in lysosomes. The uptake of peroxidase from the serosal solution into similar bodies in the mucosal cells is not hormone-dependent. It is also shown that peroxidase does not penetrate the tight junction from either the mucosal or serosal solution. These results extend previous findings which implicated the apical membrane of the mucosal epithelium as the site affected by neurohypophyseal hormones. A mechanism based on secretory phenomena is proposed as a framework for future investigations of apical membrane permeability changes and pinocytosis.
Mathematical modeling and predicting wildland fire effects

A qualitative assessment is made of the role of mathematical modeling in predicting the effects of wildland fires. Specific roles for mathematical models of physical processes involved in causing fire effects are identified in creating decision aids for helping managers make better decisions in planning fire use and in strategic planning of wildfire suppression. More direct roles are seen in helping to strengthen our knowledge base about fire effects through more efficient use of research resources. In assessing the potential utility of mathematical models in these roles, a novel taxonomy of wildland fire effects is introduced, based on longevity of the effect, time delay between fire and emergence of effect, and distance between fire and effect. Physical processes are identified as candidates for mathematical modeling, as factors complicating the realization or use of the models. Candidate modeling topics are identified as Then, using the fire-effects taxonomy described, qualitative practical limits on the predictability of processes involved in them are deduced by considering contributing complicating factors that are identified as not likely to be modeled reliably. By so doing, the list of candidate topics for mathematical modeling is refined and reduced to the following recommended set. Heat transfer to, and thermal response of, live vegetation parts within and near the fire environment. Heat transfer to soil under burning duff. Heat transfer to soil exposed to fire environment without duff cover. Heat and mass transfer in fire-heated porous media. Physical, chemical, and hydrological responses of soils to high-temperature environments. Fluid mechanics of wind fields interacting with fire and vegetation cover.
Identification of a receptor for gamma melanotropin and other proopiomelanocortin peptides in the hypothalamus and limbic system.

Abstract Corticotropin (ACTH) and melanotropin (MSH) peptides (melanocortins) are produced not only in the pituitary but also in the brain, with highest concentrations in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the commisural nucleus of the solitary tract. We have identified a receptor for MSH and ACTH peptides that is specifically expressed in regions of the hypothalamus and limbic system. This melanocortin receptor (MC3-R) is found in neurons of the arcuate nucleus known to express proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and in a subset of the nuclei to which these neurons send projections. The MC3-R is 43% identical to the MSH receptor present in melanocytes and is strongly coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Unlike the MSH or ACTH receptors, MC3-R is potently activated by gamma-MSH peptides, POMC products that were named for their amino acid homology with alpha- and beta-MSH, but lack melanotropic activity. The primary biological role of the gamma-MSH peptides is not yet understood. The location and properties of this receptor provide a pharmacological basis for the action of POMC peptides produced in the brain and possibly a specific physiological role for gamma-MSH.
Religious minorities in history: pathway or false trail?

(1989). Religious minorities in history: pathway or false trail? Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 85-94.
Radioiododestannylation. Convenient synthesis of a stable penicillin derivative for rapid penicillin binding protein (PBP) assay

Radioiodination of p-(trimethylstannyl)penicillin V with [125I]Na using a modification of the chloramine-T method is simple, high yielding, and site-specific. The structure and penicillin binding protein (PBP) affinity of p-[125l]-penicillin V (IPV) are similar to penicillin G and the product can be used directly without purification in the PBP assay. Because of the high degree of stability toward autoradiolysis and equivalent PBP binding affinity, IPV can be used in place of [3H]-penicillin G or [14C]-penicillin G for these experiments.
Social Science and Social Policy: A Comment

. The notion that a social science can be value-free ignores the fact that the concepts upon which the social sciences remain dependent cannot possibly be. The emphasis upon methodology, mainly responsible for that position continues, but in recent years it has been paired with emphasis upon policy, applied social science. Value free social policy is within possibility— but it would be irrelevant.
Packet arrival time in 1588 for 40GE/100GE

1588 timestamping assumes a well-defined instant at which the beginning of a packet crosses the reference plane between the precision time protocol (PTP) node and the network. However, this definition is not clear in the case of a multi-lane serial bus such as 40GE/100GE. Furthermore, there is an implied time-ordering between the lanes of a serial bus that is not captured in the existing definition. This paper explores issues with multi-lane serial buses as it relates to time-stamping and proposes revised definitions for packet arrival time in the case of a serial bus.
Ion association processes and ion clustering: Elucidating transitions from the gaseous to the condensed phase

Abstract Current understanding of the properties, structure, and mechanisms of formation of small clusters formed by the attachment of molecules to ions is reviewed. The work is shown to have a bearing on an understanding of the nature of small complexes which are observed to form in the ionizers of mass spectrometers, in radiolysis, in the widely differing conditions present in combustion processes, the weakly ionizing plasma surrounding the earth, and in interstellar media. Particular emphasis is given to the application of the results to the field of interphase physics which is concerned with elucidating the details of the collective effects responsible for nucleation phenomena, the development of surfaces, and the solvation of ions in the condensed state.
Co‐creating leadership dispositional values and contexts survey

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a survey for co‐creating leadership dispositional values and contexts by examining the self‐perceptions of school leaders, teachers, and staff on the practice of co‐creating leadership behaviors and conditions that facilitate the practice.Design/methodology/approach – Based on qualitative data and a literature review, survey statements were developed to gather quantitative data for purposes of establishing an instrument for studying the practice of dispositional values and presence of contexts that facilitate co‐creating leadership in schools.Findings – The instrument internal reliability scales covering the seven dispositions and three contexts were calculated using Cronbach's α scores. All scores were above the suggested level of 0.70. The coefficient α reliabilities for the subscales ranged between 0.73 and 0.86. The survey resulted in a two‐factor solution (dispositional values and contexts). Correlation coefficients amongst the subscales of dispositio...
Unmasking the nuclear matter equation of state

Accurately calibrated (or ``best fit'') relativistic mean-field models are used to compute the distribution of isoscalar-monopole strength in $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, and the isovector-dipole strength in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ using a continuum random-phase-approximation approach. It is shown that the distribution of isoscalar-monopole strength in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$\char22{}but not in $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$\char22{}is sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy. This sensitivity hinders the extraction of the compression modulus of symmetric nuclear matter from the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. Thus, one relies on $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, a nucleus with both a small neutron-proton asymmetry and a well developed ISGMR peak, to constrain the compression modulus of symmetric nuclear matter to the range $K=(248\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$. In turn, the sensitivity of the ISGMR in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ to the density dependence of the symmetry energy is used to constrain its neutron skin to the range ${R}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{R}_{p}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.22\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{fm}$. The impact of this result on the enhanced cooling of neutron stars is briefly addressed.
Friction of drill bits under Martian pressure

[1] Frictional behavior was investigated for two materials that are good candidates for Mars drill bits: Diamond Impregnated Segments and Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts (PDC). The bits were sliding against dry sandstone and basalt rocks under both Earth and Mars atmospheric pressures and also at temperatures ranging from subzero to over 400 °C. It was found that the friction coefficient dropped from approximately 0.16 to 0.1 as the pressure was lowered from the Earth's pressure to Mars' pressure, at room temperature. This is thought to be a result of the loss of weakly bound water on the sliding surfaces. Holding the pressure at 5 torr and increasing the temperature to approximately 200°C caused a sudden increase in the friction coefficient by approximately 50%. This is attributed to the loss of surface oxides. If no indication of the bit temperature is available, an increase in drilling torque could be misinterpreted as being caused by an increase in auger torque (due to accumulation of cuttings) rather than being the result of a loss of oxide layers due to elevated bit temperatures. An increase in rotational speed (to allow for clearing of cuttings) would then cause greater frictional heating and would increase the drilling torque further. Therefore it would be advisable to monitor the bit temperature or, if that is not possible, to include pauses in drilling to allow the heat to dissipate. Higher friction would also accelerate the wear of the drill bit and in turn reduce the depth of the hole.
The Radiations Emitted from Artificially Produced Radioactive Substances III. Details of the Beta-Ray Spectrum of P 32

The high energy portion of the distribution of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-rays from ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$ was investigated by means of a hydrogen-filled cloud chamber in a magnetic field. A Konopinski-Uhlenbeck distribution was followed practically to the cutoff of 8200 ${H}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ predicted by an extrapolation of the K-U plot. But it is possible to account for all tracks in excess of a straight line dropping to 6950 ${H}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ by a spreading due to the estimated probable error of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.8 percent. Accordingly, this work is best interpreted as indicating a sharp deviation from the K-U relation near the high energy limit, dropping to an upper limit of about 6950 ${H}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}$. This discrepancy might be eliminated by modifying the K-U formula to apply to a doubly forbidden type of disintegration. However, for the allowed transitions from ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{17}$, there is evidence from disintegration data that experimental upper limits are to be taken instead of the K-U extrapolations. The low energy part of the ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$-spectrum was obtained from a very thin source suspended at the center of the expansion chamber. This distribution approached the origin almost as predicted by the K-U relation. There appeared to be no irregularities such as those observed by H. O. W. Richardson in the case of RaE.
MLH1- and ATM-dependent MAPK Signaling Is Activated through c-Abl in Response to the Alkylator N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N′-nitrosoguanidine

N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) is a DNA-methylating agent, and deficiency in mismatch repair (MMR) results in lack of sensitivity to this genotoxin (termed alkylation tolerance). A number of DNA damage response pathways are activated in a MMR-dependent manner following MNNG, and several also require ATM kinase activity. Here we show that activation of the transcription factor c-Jun is dependent upon both the MMR component MLH1 and ATM, but not ATR, in response to MNNG. In addition to c-Jun, the upstream MAPKs JNK and MKK4 are also activated in a MLH1- and ATM-dependent manner. We document that c-Jun activation is dependent on the MAPK kinase kinase MEKK1. Additionally, the tyrosine kinase c-Abl is required to activate this signaling cascade and forms a complex with MEKK1 and MLH1. This study indicates that an arm of DNA damage-activated MAPK signaling is activated in an MLH1- and ATM-dependent manner in response to MNNG and perhaps suggests that dysregulation of this signaling is responsible, in part, for alkylation tolerance.
Minimize the Impact of the Gray Market

While a company cannot control every channel of the distribution chain, there are some methods that can be used to prevent products from being pulled into the gray market.
Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalies

Abstract The world-wide incidence of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is 1.9 per 1000 live births. Incidence rates vary considerably, however, depending on study site. Mental retardation is a cardinal feature of FAS and is now recognized as the leading known cause of mental retardation in the Western world. Conservatively estimated for the United States, the economic cost associated with FAS-related growth retardation, surgical repair of organic anomalies (e.g. cleft palate, Tetralogy of Fallot), treatment of sensorineural problems, and mental retardation, is $321 million per year. FAS-related mental retardation alone may account for as much as 11% of the annual cost for all mentally retarded institutionalized residents in the United States. Current treatment costs for FAS-related problems are about 100 times federal funding for FAS research necessary to develop cost-effective early identification and prevention strategies.
Periodic value problems of differential systemson infinite-dimensional spaces and applications to differential geometry

Abstract Periodicity questions of differential systems on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces arestudied via a new methodology which is based on Fan-Knaster-Kuratowski-Mazurkiewicz theorem. We obtain in this way an alternative, to the classical fixed point theory, approach to the study of such type of problems with various applications on issues of mathematical analysis and differential geometry. Two examples of such applications are included.
Effects of freezing and thawing methods and storage time on thermal properties of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

Thermal stability of proteins in frozen and thawed freshwater prawns was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The onset and peak melting temperatures corresponding to myosin denaturation, as well as total enthalpy of denaturation of prawn muscle, decreased after freezing–thawing treatments. There were no significant differences in the thermal properties of prawns with changes in the rate of freezing, ie blast (fast) vs still (slow) freezing. However, the thermal properties were influenced by the rate of thawing. Rapid thawing using a combination of microwave and tap water resulted in a lower (P⩽0·05) thermal stability of prawn proteins compared to slow (refrigeration) or moderately fast (tap water) thawing methods. Keeping prawn shells intact or not intact during freezing–thawing did not alter the thermal properties of the prawn proteins. © 1997 SCI.
The expression of self antigenic determinants: implications for tolerance and autoimmunity

T lymphocytes respond to small peptides in the context of major histocompatibility molecules and a host of other cell-surface proteins on antigen-presenting cells. By design, therefore, T-cell responses are dependent on the efficient and accurate processing of both foreign and self peptides by antigen-presenting cells. This review examines the functions of T cells that may be specific for self peptides processed and presented under less than ideal conditions or outside the normal pathways of antigen processing. Do these T cells survive selection events and remain in the repertoire of normal lymphocytes? Moreover, can these cells become activated and are they important in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity?
Corporate Disclosure Quality and Corporate Reputation

The paper investigates the link between a firm's overall disclosure quality and its corpoate reputation. The results show that the measure of corporate reputation is positively related to the disclosure measure, after controlling for market and accounting signals indicating the size of assets, market assessment of the value of the assets in place and rate of return on assets.
Depositor discipline and the bank ' s incentive to monitor

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine the question of the specialness of banks by addressing concerns raised in the recent studies and deriving policy implications for the future of banking. The specialness of banks has been well documented in the finance literature. More recent research, however, calls into question the special nature of banks. Design/methodology/approach – We use event study methodology to study 423 bank loan announcements from 1988 to 1996 and examine the returns relative to proxies for the bank ' s monitoring incentives and skill using ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions. Findings – Our results indicate borrower abnormal announcement returns are positively related to proxies for the bank ' s monitoring incentives and skill as measured by: the ratio of uninsured deposits to total loans; a risk-adjusted measure of recovered charge-offs; and the relative bank-to-borrower capital ratio. Research limitations/implications – The results reveal how the fragile nature of the bank ...
Ab-Initio Calculations of the Electronic Structure and Properties of Titanium Carbosulfide

Titanium carbosulfide (Ti2CS) is frequently found as an inclusion phase in Ti - containing steels. It is of considerable interest because, whenever present in preference to the more common manganese sulfide (MnS), it significantly improves the toughness (a very desirable property) of the steel. Currently, to the best of our knowledge, there is no data, either computational or experimental, regarding the structural properties of Ti2CS. This data is needed to understand the influence of the Ti2CS inclusions on the toughness of the host material. In this paper, our results from the ab-initio calculations, using the LKKR-ASA (Layer Korringa Kohn Rostoker method in the Atomic Spheres Approximation) on the equilibrium ground state properties of bulk Ti2CS are presented and discussed. In particular, attention is focused upon (a) the Energy - Atomic Volume curve generated to calculate the equilibrium lattice constant and the bulk modulus, and (b) the density of states calculations. The application of these results to the subsequent study of an interface involving the carbosulfide and the host matrix is also illustrated.
Solid-state fermentation of grape pomace for ethanol production

Grape pomace was used as a substrate for the production of ethanol under solid-state fermentation conditions. The yield of ethanol amounted to greater than 80% of the theoretical, based on the fermentable sugar consumed.