cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color and the Cone Mosaic

Vision is limited by the measurements taken by the cone photoreceptors. To provide useful perceptual representations, the brain must go beyond the measurements and make inferences about the scene being viewed. This article considers the first stages of spatiochromatic vision. We show how spatial and chromatic information become intertwined by the optics of the eye and because of the structure of the retinal cone mosaic, and we consider the consequent implications for perception. Because there is at most one cone at each retinal location, the standard treatment of human trichromacy does not apply at fine spatial scales. Rather, trichromacy results from a perceptual inference based on measurements from cones of different classes at different locations. Our treatment emphasizes linking physics, biology, and computation with the goal of providing a framework for a larger understanding of how the brain interprets photoreceptor excitations to see objects and their properties.
Withdrawal of immunosuppression contributing to the remission of malignant melanoma: a case report.

Cancers express antigens that are targets for specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, cancer cells are genetically unstable. Consequently, sub-populations that no longer express the target antigen may escape destruction by CTLs and grow progressively. In a model system, we show that cytotoxic T cells indirectly eliminate these antigen-loss variants (ALVs) when the parental cancer cells express sufficient antigen to be effectively cross-presented by the tumor stroma. When the parental tumor expressed lower levels of antigen, cytotoxic T cells eradicated the antigen-positive parental cancer cells but the ALVs escaped, grew and killed the host. By contrast, when the parental tumor expressed higher levels of antigen, cytotoxic T cells eradicated not only the parental cancer cells but also the ALVs. This "bystander" elimination of ALVs required stromal cells expressing MHC molecules capable of presenting the antigen and occurred in tumors showing evidence of stromal destruction. Apparently, ALVs were eliminated indirectly when tumor-specific CTLs killed stromal cells cross-presenting antigen produced by and released from antigen-positive cancer cells. These results highlight the general importance of targeting the tumor stroma to prevent the escape of variant cancer cells. This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity, a Cancer Research Institute journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research.
Biopolitics, Contagion, and Digital Health Production: Pathways for the Rhetoric of Health and Medicine

During a rare epiphanic moment in graduate school, as part of an exercise in narrative identity construction, I realized that most of what I had been writing about for years concerned the body, dis...
The Impact of Digital Resource and Service Use on Urban Residents in New England Public Libraries—A Survey Report

Today, access to digital information is essential to patrons using public libraries, whether they have contact with computers at home, work or school or whether the public library is their only contact. In order to evaluate and ultimately enhance public library digital resources and services, it is critical for administrators, librarians and digital information architects to recognize the impact their current digital offerings have on users. This study utilizes a survey to gauge the perceptions of patrons who use digital resources and services in six urban New England public libraries as part of ongoing research into digital information access in public libraries in the United States from the perspective of users.
Microstructure of Supersaturation Field and Nucleation Experiments

The microstructure of the supersaturation field, arising near growing droplets in nucleation zone, is discussed. Estimations show that this effect can reduce calculated nucleation rate on one-two orders of magnitude. For diffusion cloud chamber the microstructure of the supersaturation field helps to explain "pressure" effect.
The Two Effects of District Magnitude: Venezuela as a Crucial Experiment*

Following Duverger, low district magnitude (low number of seats per electoral district) produces a mechanical effect, the underrepresentation of small parties, and a psychological effect, discouraging voters from voting for small parties. The two effects usually occur together and cannot be tested separately. However, in Venezuela an experimental ‘control’ is provided by the requirement that voters simultaneously cast a vote for the same party in each of three legislative tiers (Senate, Chamber of Deputies, and State Assembly), each with a different district magnitude. Hence the psychological effect can exert itself on only one tier. In the other tiers exceptionally high or low deviations from proportional representation are observed. The separate effects of district magnitude are analysed by their consequences on the number of electoral parties and the deviation from proportional representation.
More Supernova Surprises

The explosions produced when the central region of a massive star ceases nuclear burning and collapses to a neutron star (a core-collapse supernova) have stretched and motivated research that has expanded our knowledge of astrophysics. The brightest such event in modern times was the explosion of the supernova SN1987A on 23 February 1987. As SN1987A evolves from supernova to supernova remnant (SNR) and interacts with its external medium, it continues to reveal new insights into unexplored areas of physics. On page 1624 of this issue, France et al. ( 1 ) discuss how ultraviolet spectroscopy can provide new insights into the nature of shock waves associated with SN1987A.
Therapeutic use of 90Y microspheres

Glass microspheres 20-30 microns in diameter containing either 31P or 89Y that can be activated by neutron bombardment to 32P or 90Y respectively, have been produced for intra-arterial radiotherapy of liver tumors. The spheres are insoluble in body fluids, non-toxic, and can concentrate in liver tumors of animals by direct injection into the hepatic artery. This gives a higher radiation dose to the tumor than can be achieved with external beam therapy. Trials in rabbits and dogs have proven successful and this product (90Y TheraSpheres) is now entering limited human clinical trials.
Review of closed dressings after laser resurfacing.

Background.Laser skin resurfacing has become an accepted technique for the treatment of facial rhytides and associated solar skin damage. Achieving a successful result is directly related to proper postoperative wound care during the reepithelialization process. There are open and closed approaches
Isolation charge pump fabricated in silicon on sapphire CMOS technology

The design, fabrication and testing of a four-stage charge-pump fabricated in a 0.5 µm silicon-on-sapphire CMOS technology is reported. The charge pump can generate a 2.68 V output with a 3.3 V input power supply, consuming 2.5 mA. The performance of the architecture is optimised by judiciously employing MOS transistors with different threshold (0, 0.3 and 0.7 V) in the different parts of the circuit. The charge pump input and output power supplies are galvanically isolated to over 800 V by means of the dielectric properties of the coupling capacitors and the insulating sapphire substrate.
Endometrial cells and the AutoPap System for primary screening of cervicovaginal Pap smears.

In 1998, the AutoPap 300 received FDA approval for primary screening of conventional cervical smears. As approved, smears categorized as “no further review” and comprising up to 25% of the smears screened by the AutoPap 300 can be reported as negative for malignant and dysplastic cells without screening by a cytotechnologist. We studied 106 conventional cervical smears in which glandular endometrial cells had been identified by manual screening to assess the ability of the AutoPap System (TriPath Imaging, Inc., Burlington, NC) to (1) designate conventional Papanicolaou smears that contain endometrial cells for “review,” and (2) stratify smears that contain endometrial cells as more or less likely to be abnormal. Although the number of cases in our study was small, our findings indicate that (1) the AutoPap System is slightly less sensitive than manual screening by experienced cytotechnologists for the detection of endometrial cells in conventional smears, as the System designated for “review” 94.3% of all smears containing endometrial cells, 92.9% of smears reported as atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) or endometrial adenocarcinoma, and 100% of the four smears with subsequently confirmed endometrial adenocarcinomas, (2) ranking of smears into quintiles by the AutoPap System did not provide additional diagnostically useful information with respect to endometrial pathology, (3) the number of endometrial cells in the smears did not correlate with quintile assignment, and (4) for most patients, routine use of the AutoPap System for primary screening of conventional cervical smears is unlikely to contribute to delay in the diagnosis of clinically significant endometrial lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:232–237. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Patterns and tools for achieving predictability and performance with real time Java

The real-time specification for Java (RTSJ) offers the predictable memory management needed for real-time applications, while maintaining Java 's advantages of portability and ease of use. RTSJ's scoped memory allows object lifetimes to be controlled in groups, rather than individually as in C++. While easier than individual object lifetime management, scoped memory adds programming complexity from strict rules governing memory access across scopes. Moreover, memory leaks can potentially create jitter and reduce performance. To manage the complexities of RTSJ's scoped memory, we developed patterns and tools for RTZen, a real-time CORBA Object Request Broker (ORB). We describe four new patterns that enable communication and coordination across scope boundaries, an otherwise difficult task in RTSJ. We then present IsoLeak, a runtime debugging tool that visualizes the scoped hierarchies of complex applications and locates memory leaks. Our empirical results show that RTZen is highly predictable and has acceptable performance. RTZen therefore demonstrates that the use of patterns and tools like IsoLeak can help applications meet the stringent QoS requirements of DRE applications, while supporting safer, easier, cheaper and faster development in real-time Java.
Proteolytic activation of proapoptotic kinase protein kinase Cδ by tumor necrosis factor α death receptor signaling in dopaminergic neurons during neuroinflammation.

The mechanisms of progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain poorly understood, largely due to the complex etiology and multifactorial nature of disease pathogenesis. Several lines of evidence from human studies and experimental models over the last decade have identified neuroinflammation as a potential pathophysiological mechanism contributing to disease progression. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) has recently emerged as the primary neuroinflammatory mediator that can elicit dopaminergic cell death in PD. However, the signaling pathways by which TNF mediates dopaminergic cell death have not been completely elucidated. In this study we used a dopaminergic neuronal cell model and recombinant TNF to characterize intracellular signaling pathways activated during TNF-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Etanercept and neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) were used to block TNF signaling. We confirmed the results from our mechanistic studies in primary embryonic mesencephalic cultures and in vivo using the stereotaxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of nigral dopaminergic degeneration. TNF signaling in dopaminergic neuronal cells triggered the activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), an isoform of the novel PKC family, by caspase-3 and caspase-8 dependent proteolytic cleavage. Both TNFR1 neutralizing antibodies and the soluble TNF receptor Etanercept blocked TNF-induced PKCδ proteolytic activation. Proteolytic activation of PKCδ was accompanied by translocation of the kinase to the nucleus. Notably, inhibition of PKCδ signaling by small interfering (si)RNA or overexpression of a PKCδ cleavage-resistant mutant protected against TNF-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Further, primary dopaminergic neurons obtained from PKCδ knockout (−/−) mice were resistant to TNF toxicity. The proteolytic activation of PKCδ in the mouse substantia nigra in the neuroinflammatory LPS model was also observed. Collectively, these results identify proteolytic activation of PKCδ proapoptotic signaling as a key downstream effector of dopaminergic cell death induced by TNF. These findings also provide a rationale for therapeutically targeting PKCδ to mitigate progressive dopaminergic degeneration resulting from chronic neuroinflammatory processes.
Ferruginous bodies on frozen section.

63-year-old man with a history of extensive asbestos exposure and cigarette smoking presented with shortness of breath. The asbestos exposure occurred while the patient was employed as a pipe insulator during the years 1959 to 1973. A computed tomographic scan of the lungs demonstrated bilateral pleural effusions, bilateral pleural plaques, and a 1.3-cm mass in the left lower lung lobe. A left lower lobectomy was performed, and sectioning of the lung demonstrated a 1.3-cm firm, tan-pink mass which was representatively frozen. Microscopically, the frozen section showed adenocarcinoma (Figure 1) associated with ferruginous bodies (Figure 1, arrow). Higher magnification of the ferruginous bodies demonstrated
African-Americans in the U.S. Economy Since Emancipation

This paper explores the history of African Americans in the U.S. economy since emancipation. With the end of the Civil War, some four million former slaves had gained their freedom, but the freed people faced daunting economic challenges, including poverty, illiteracy, and discrimination. Despite these adverse conditions, the economic status of African Americans improved over the ensuing century, if haltingly and unevenly. Progress was driven by three major forces. First, both inside and outside the South, black educational gains narrowed the black-white skill gap. Second, black workers moved to opportunities in burgeoning urban labor markets. Third, especially during the 1960s, racial discrimination in labor and other markets declined under pressure from the civil rights movement, equal opportunity law, and diminishing racial prejudice on the part of whites. The decades since the achievements of the 1960s present a decidedly more mixed picture. Overt racial discrimination plays a less substantial role in limiting the opportunities of African Americans in the U.S. economy than it did half a century ago. On the other hand, progress toward narrowing the economic gaps between blacks and whites has stagnated. Particularly concerning has been the concentration of poverty and social dislocation in inner-city neighborhoods, exploding black male incarceration rates, and the large and persistent racial skill gap.
Rediscovering the geographical location of Harbin based on intercontinental air cargo logistics

This paper examines Harbin's status in the Sino-U.S. air cargo logistics network,in comparison with Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Singapore and Inchon,and explores the roles of Harbin in optimizing the network. The analysis is based on measures of accessibility,the examination of basic routes,and the optimization of the network. The analytical results demonstrate that: (1) Harbin has a much better level of accessibility in air cargo network between CAFTA and NAFTA as compared with other hub cities in China and Southeast Asia such as Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Singapore and Inchon. (2) Harbin is better positioned on the corridor where air routes are concentrated. (3) The establishment of Harbin hub can help optimize air cargo route network from China to North America. (4) Harbin and Inchon tend to be more similar with respect to geographical locations and air transport routes. Harbin is slightly more advantaged in its overall conditions. The paper concludes that: (1) Harbin is a major metropolis along the shortest aviation route between China and North America. China and the U.S. are both biggest countries of the world. Because air cargo logistics become more and more important,the unique location of Harbin in relation to intercontinental air route means great worth. (2) Harbin can be developed into the gateway city in the Sino-U.S. air cargo logistics network and has the potential to become an international air logistics hub as long as appropriate strategies and steps are taken,as well as cooperation and support are accessible. The establishment of Harbin hub will provide tremendous opportunity for its future development. (3) On top of the basic functionality of serving technical landing,additional transshipment functions can be developed at the airport,making Harbin a major gateway between China and the United States,and a key logistics hub in Sino-US air cargo. Harbin will become a more internationalized metropolis beyond its traditional standing as a central city in Northeast China. (4) In the context of rapid development of international air cargo logistics,cities′ unique geographical locations have become even more important and should be re-evaluated.
Potentiating the heat inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef patties by natural antimicrobials

Escherichia coli O157: H7 (EHEC) is a major foodborne pathogen largely transmitted to humans through the consumption of undercooked ground beef. This study investigated the efficacy of two food-grade, plant-derived antimicrobials, namely rutin (RT), and resveratrol (RV) with or without chitosan (CH) in enhancing EHEC inactivation in undercooked hamburger patties. Further, the effect of aforementioned treatments on beef color and lipid oxidation was analyzed. Additionally, the deleterious effects of these antimicrobial treatments on EHEC was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ground beef was inoculated with a five-strain mixture of EHEC (7.0 log CFU/g), followed by the addition of RT (0.05%, 0.1% w/w) or RV (0.1, 0.2% w/w) with or without CH (0.01% w/w). The meat was formed into patties (25 g) and stored at 4°C for 5 days. On days 1, 3 and 5, the patties were cooked (65°C, medium rare) and surviving EHEC was enumerated. The effect of these treatments on meat color and lipid oxidation during storage was also determined as per American Meat Science Association guidelines. The study was repeated three times with duplicate samples of each treatment. Both RT and RV enhanced the thermal destruction of EHEC, and reduced the pathogen load by at least 3 log CFU/g compared to control (P 0.05). Moreover, patties treated with RV plus chitosan were more color stable with higher a* values (P < 0.05). SEM results revealed that heat treatment with antimicrobials (CH+RV 0.2%) caused a complete destruction of EHEC cells with pore formation and extrusion of intracellular contents. Results suggest that the aforementioned antimicrobials could be used for enhancing the thermal inactivation of EHEC in undercooked patties; however, detailed sensory studies are warranted.
Parallel performance of higher-order methods on GPU hardware

There is considerable current interest in higher-order methods and also large-scale parallel computing in nearly all areas of science and engineering. In this work, we take a number of basic finite-difference stencils that compute a numerical derivative to different orders of accuracy and carefully study the overall performance of each, on a many-core processor i.e. a graphics processing unit (GPU). We conclude that if one has a code that exhibits a high order of convergence, then there is likely to be only a modest gain through GPU parallelism in the context of total execution or "wall-clock" time. Conversely, for a low order code that exhibits good parallel performance, there is insignificant gain through the implementation of a higher-order convergent algorithm.
MAKING THE CITY SAFE FOR PHILOSOPHY: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS, BOOK 10

1 he perennially problematic relationship between philosophy and politics, though recognized as an important theme in the Platonic corpus, is virtually ignored in the writings of his most famous student. This is not due to the absence of the problem but the deftness of Aristotle's treatment. Attentiveness to both the requirements of moral-political life and the nature of philosophy gives rise to the rhetorical design of the Nicomachean Ethics. In the final book of the Ethics Aristotle establishes the value of philosophy by placing his argument within a broader context that reveals to what extent moral and intellectual excellence can be regarded as similar and even complementary. Without actually denying the existence of a fundamental tension between the requirements of philosophy and civic virtue, Aristotle succeeds in winning an at-least-partial acceptance of philosophy on the part of those who are (or will be) most responsible for the welfare of the city.
Effect of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings on Ball Bearing Performance in Normal, Oil-Starved, and Debris-Damaged Conditions

ABSTRACTIn this study, a process was developed to deposit wear-resistant metal-doped diamond-like amorphous hydrocarbon and carbon coatings onto spherical rolling elements. Nanocomposite WC/a-C:H, TiC/a-C, and Ti/a-C:H coatings were applied in a closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system and their mechanical, compositional, and microstructural properties were examined. The ability of the coated spherical rolling elements to affect bearing performance in normal, oil-starved, and debris-damaged conditions was evaluated in thrust bearing tests. WC/a-C:H-coated spherical rolling elements (balls) exhibit the ability to improve bearing performance in normal, oil-starved, and debris-damaged conditions.
Statistical control applications for dynamic refinement

Electronic portal imaging devices, EPIDs, have the potential of providing daily information about the patient under treatment. Thus, daily imaging could provide about 40 measurements of patient position/configuration during the course of treatment, as opposed to less than 10 measurements from weekly port films. One class of correction strategies using this information involves rule based setup correction [1]. In this strategy, a correction is applied when statistical analysis indicates a systematic setup error above a predetermined threshold at a specified confidence level. These methods can effectively discover systematic setup errors. However, the corrections are discrete in time (in the sense that there is no correction before the rule is met), and they are based only on geometry (as opposed to their impact on the dose distribution). Thus, no advantage for improving patient setup results until after a given number of treatments have been delivered. Other geometrical approaches involve Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART) schemes [2]. Patient-specific systematic and random errors are both determined statistically through daily imaging and offline analysis.
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome

The authors report a case in a 10.5 year old girl admitted to the Centre hospitalier Guy-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France, with a left painful ophthalmoplegia.
Towards understanding the impact of crisis environments on the distributed cognition of multidisciplinary crisis control center teams

This investigation developed and empirically tested a conceptual framework capturing the systemic impact of crisis environments on distributed cognition phenomena occurring in organizational control centers. A systems approach was used [1] to develop a means of profiling a crisis environment from the perspective of a control center and, separately, [2] to develop a structured view of the interacting conceptual constructs researchers have developed to understand distributed learning. A resulting conceptual framework combined these two efforts. An applied research case study methodology was used to [1] iteratively refine the framework and [2] to demonstrate the value of the framework for understanding the impact of crisis environments on distributed cognition phenomena. The case involved a US Air force base's survival recovery center preparing for a formal external operational readiness inspection, a scripted wartime simulation, using internal exercises to practice for the final event. The developed framework served as a basis for evaluating performance and for developing tailored scripted scenarios for successive exercises to maximize training value.
Numerical Modelling of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere

The development of numerical models which can simulate the general circulation of the upper atmosphere with very high quantitative accuracy is a primary long range goal of much current research. Such models are needed to assess possible adverse effects of small changes in the concentrations of water vapor, aerosols, and photo-chemically active constituents in the upper atmosphere brought about by the proposed operation of large fleets of supersonic transports in the altitude range of 10–25 km. Clearly, models must be developed which can not only simulate the natural stratosphere with great fidelity, but which also can indicate the nature and range of naturally occurring variability—whether due to intrinsic instabilities in the upper atmosphere or to fluctuations in the tropospheric forcing—before it will be possible to make definitive calculations concerning man-made perturbations. Such a goal is unlikely to be realized without a precise understanding of the physical and dynamical processes which control all scales of motion in the upper atmosphere. In the previous chapter we have reviewed the role of linearized mechanistic models in the development of our understanding of the dynamics of large-scale motions in the stratosphere.
Developmental Disorders and Broad Effects of the Environment on Learning and Treatment Effectiveness

The idea of providing comprehensive yet individualized teaching and therapy for children with developmental disorders and other major handicaps is, at once, as attractive as it is difficult to achieve. The historic success of American mass education, its ability to contribute to a melding of diverse cultures, required an approach that did not emphasize the differences between students, but rather emphasized their common educational objectives. In the traditional approach, students were judged by their adaptability. The curriculum was designed to encourage acceptance of widely held social values and accepted cultural practices. Lack of student achievement, even lack of engagement with the educational process, quickly led teachers and others to judge that the student had failed. People with influence, like parents and community leaders, teachers and administrators, and even those students who were more readily engaged and successful, could exert strong pressure on students who were different to adapt to the style of education that was provided; or if still unsuccessful, to exit the educational system and then avoid other settings in which school achievement was a social prerequisite. This approach presupposes that failure leads to more failure and finally to exclusion.
The quest for sustained multiple morbidity reduction in very low-birth-weight infants: the Antifragility project.

Can a comprehensive, explicitly directive evidence-based guideline for all therapies that might affect the major morbidities of very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants help a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) further improve generally favorable morbidity rates? Can Antifragility principles of provider adaptive growth from stressors, enhanced infant risk assessment and adherence to effective therapies minimize unproven treatments and reduce all morbidities? Prospectively planned observational trial in VLBW infants: control group born October 2011 to September 2013 and study group October 2013 to September 2015. Multi-disciplinary evidence-based review assigned all NICU treatments into one of four distinct categories: (1) always employ this therapy for VLBW infants, (2) never use this therapy, (3) employ this questionable therapy thoughtfully, only in certain circumstances and (4) this therapy has insufficient evidence of efficacy and safety. Extensive staff education emphasized evidence-based potentially better practice (PBP) selection with compliance checks, appreciation of intertwined co-morbidities and prioritizing infant risk reduction strategies. Control included 221 infants, mean (s.d.) age 29 (2.6) weeks, birth weight 1129 (257) g and Study included 197 infants, 29 (2.7) weeks, 1093 (292) g. One hundred and four distinct therapies were placed into categories 1 to 4, with 32 specific compliance checks. Overall mean compliance with the process checks during the second era was 70%, high: 100% (exclusive breast milk use), low: 24% (correct pulse oximetry alarm settings). Morbidity and mortality rates did not significantly change during the second era. In our NICU with favorable morbidity rates, an expanded effort using a comprehensive therapy guideline for VLBW infants did not further improve outcomes. We need deeper understanding of continuous quality improvement (CQI) fundamentals, therapy compliance, co-morbidity relationships and enhanced sensitivity of risk assessment. Our innovative Antifragility PBP guideline could be useful to other NICUs seeking improvement in VLBW infant morbidities, as we offer a reasoned and concise template of a broad array of therapies categorized efficiently for transparency and review, designed to enhance responsible CQI decision-making.
RNAseq Reveals Complex Response of Campylobacter jejuni to Ovine Bile and In vivo Gallbladder Environment

Colonization of the gallbladder by enteric pathogens such as Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni is thought to play a key role in transmission and persistence of these important zoonotic agents; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that allow for bacterial survival within this harsh environment. Recently, a highly virulent C. jejuni sheep abortion (SA) clone represented by the clinical isolate IA3902 has emerged as the dominant cause for sheep abortion in the United States. Previous studies have indicated that the C. jejuni clone SA can frequently be isolated from the gallbladders of otherwise healthy sheep, suggesting that the gallbladder may serve as an important reservoir for infection. To begin to understand the molecular mechanisms associated with survival in the host gallbladder, C. jejuni IA3902 was exposed for up to 24 hours to both the natural ovine host in vivo gallbladder environment, as well as ovine bile in vitro. Following exposure, total RNA was isolated from the bile and high throughput deep sequencing of strand specific rRNA-depleted total RNA was used to characterize the transcriptome of IA3902 under these conditions. Our results demonstrated for the first time the complete transcriptome of C. jejuni IA3902 during exposure to an important host environment, the sheep gallbladder. Exposure to the host environment as compared to in vitro bile alone provided a more robust picture of the complexity of gene regulation required for survival in the host gallbladder. A subset of genes including a large number of protein coding genes as well as seven previously identified non-coding RNAs were confirmed to be differentially expressed within our data, suggesting that they may play a key role in adaptation upon exposure to these conditions. This research provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms that may be utilized by C. jejuni IA3902 to colonize and survive within the inhospitable gallbladder environment.
Accelerated Load Testing to Compare the Performance of Full-Depth Reclamation with Foamed Asphalt Under Three Environmental Conditions

Full-depth reclamation (FDR) with foamed asphalt has been successfully used as a rehabilitation strategy in California since 2001. Long-term field monitoring on several projects, combined with a comprehensive laboratory study, resulted in the preparation of guidelines and specification language in 2008. However, the design criteria were essentially empirical, in line with California’s design procedures for this level of rehabilitation project. There has been growing interest in the use of cement, engineered emulsion, and no-stabilizer full-depth reclamation strategies in addition to foamed asphalt, and in the use of mechanistic design in a greater range of rehabilitation projects. Consequently, the research initiative was extended to a second phase, to include accelerated load testing on an instrumented test track constructed with these four FDR strategies. The second phase gathered data for the development of performance models that can be included in mechanistic–empirical rehabilitation design procedure...
The tragedy of the nation-state

The nation-hyphen-state as the clear and coherent mapping of a relatively culturally homogeneous group of people onto a territory with a singular and organized state apparatus of rule has long been...
Geriatric Neurological Gait Disorders

In this chapter we provide the practitioner a schema for understanding geriatric gait and balance disorders. Distinguishing acute and chronic gait disorders is an important initial step because acute-onset gait disturbance has a limited differential including musculoskeletal injuries, vascular insults, vertigo and delirium. Chronic gait dysfunction represents a wider neurological differential diagnosis, and can be broadly grouped into lower-level gait disorders (due to weakness and impaired sensation), mid-level gait disorders (spastic, dystonic, ataxic, choreic, and parkinsonian gaits, as well as orthostatic tremor), and higher-level gait disorders (cautious gait, freezing of gait, festination, and frontal gait). We also discuss falls in the elderly, both collapsing falls and falls with retained muscular tone. Finally, we provide practical treatment recommendations for neurological gait disorders in the elderly.
Hammer Toe Deformity

Hammer toe deformity of the lesser toes is one of the most common surgically treated conditions of the foot and ankle. A hammer toe deformity consists of plantarflexion at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. In addition, the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) and the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) are commonly extended.
Long-term follow-up with mention of complications in pediatric microvascular mandibular reconstruction.

Abstract The fibular free flap has become the gold standard for mandibular reconstruction. Despite its vast array of benefits, this procedure has the potential for several complications. In the pediatric setting, the immature skeleton sets the stage for an increased risk of future skeletal abnormalities, both in the jaw, and in the donor site. Herein we describe the case of a toddler who underwent mandibular reconstruction using a fibula free flap and, years later, subsequently developed ankle instability as a result of residual fibula migration. This indicates the need for careful consideration of long-term issues in the growing pediatric skeleton prior to surgery.
Pentosan Polysulfate Treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA Mice.

Overall Goal: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) treatment on mice with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IIIA (Sanfilippo A syndrome; OMIM 252900).
Contextualizing the Employment Decisions of New Mothers

This paper suggests that the employment behavior and stated preferences of new mothers are not simply a product of choices that individual women make or characteristics that they have. Rather, using qualitative interview data from a sample of new parents, this paper illustrates some of the interactional and institutional contexts in which new mothers' approaches to paid work are embedded, with a particular focus on gender. Among the themes explored are the influence of husbands' preferences on women's “decisions,” the role of economic processes in structuring parenting arrangements, as well as the prominence of gendered cultural imagery in new parents' accounts about their work and family arrangements.
Bureau of Labor Statistics' State and Local Area Estimates of Employment and Unemployment

The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) Program produces state and area employment and unemployment estimates under a federal-state cooperative program. At present, monthly employment and unemployment estimates are prepared for the 50 states and the District of Columbia, all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA’s), all counties, and selected subcounty areas for which data are required by legislation -- more than 5,300 areas. The Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the BLS, is the official survey instrument for measuring the labor force in the United States. The CPS sample provides direct monthly survey estimates of employment and unemployment for the nation, selected states and New York City and Los Angeles. However, the CPS sample is not sufficiently large in most states and substate areas to provide reliable monthly estimates. Therefore, methods are used to combine data from other sources with current and historical CPS sample estimates to produce monthly estimates of employment and unemployment for the remaining states, the District of Columbia, and substate areas.
Syntax, Morphology, Semantics: Comprehension

This chapter discusses the extent of Genie's comprehension of English, from the time she entered the hospital in November 1970, through the following 4.5 years. It presents evidence from videotapes on Genie's comprehension during the first weeks after her emergence. The nondominant hemisphere for language understands language only outside of the rigors of formal testing, only when redundancies and extra linguistic cues remain available. Even normal adults and children call upon this incomplete or gestalt type of linguistic processing ability, making use of the entire context in which a sentence is spoken with all its redundancies and extralinguistic cues, for most of their everyday language processing. Genie comprehended everyday English. Genie understood the language involved—syntax, semantics, morphology, and phonology. However, a formal test reveals the deficiencies in the grammar, which are compensated by nonlinguistic factors in everyday usage, and it is found that Genie's comprehension of English was incomplete through such testing.
Sources of Microorganisms

The microbial flora of a food consists of the microorganisms associated with the raw material, those acquired during handling and processing, and those surviving any preservation treatment and storage.
Improving parallel local search for SAT

In this work, our objective is to study the impact of knowledge sharing on the performance of portfolio-based parallel local search algorithms. Our work is motivated by the demonstrated importance of clause-sharing in the performance of complete parallel SAT solvers. Unlike complete solvers, state-of-the-art local search algorithms for SAT are not able to generate redundant clauses during their execution. In our settings, each member of the portfolio shares its best configuration (i.e., one which minimizes conflicting clauses) in a common structure. At each restart point, instead of classically generating a random configuration to start with, each algorithm aggregates the shared knowledge to carefully craft a new starting point. We present several aggregation strategies and evaluate them on a large set of problems.
The Difficult Case of “Bacha Bazi”

Major Andrew Ito arrived in Afghanistan in early spring. “It’s been a particularly cold winter,” SFC (Sergeant First Class) Kevin Sandler told him, “but things are warming up now – both the weather...
Modeling of Sea State Conditions for Improvement of Cygnss L2 Wind Speed Retrievals

The Level 2 data product of the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission includes the retrieved ocean surface wind speed and the mean square slope (MSS), which are derived from the Level 1 normalized bistatic radar cross section (NBRCS). In the current L2 retrieval algorithm, the wind speed is retrieved using empirical geophysical model functions (GMFs) based on matchups with ground truth wind speed. However, sea state conditions, including the presence of external swell and the degree of wave development, complicate the ocean surface wave spectra and increase the uncertainty of the wind speed retrieval. An excess MSS approach is proposed to model sea state conditions. It calculates the excess MSS responsible for the sea state condition effects using ancillary data and the Elfouhaily et al. wave spectral model. A case study demonstrates that this approach reduces the wave effect (due to the sea state condition) on the CYGNSS NBRCS and improves the L2 wind speed retrieval.
Voluntary lane-change policy synthesis with control improvisation

In this paper, we use control improvisation to synthesize voluntary lane-change policy that meets human preferences under given traffic environments. We first train Markov models to describe traffic patterns and the motion of vehicles responding to such patterns using traffic data. The trained parameters are calibrated using control improvisation to ensure the traffic scenario assumptions are satisfied. Based on the traffic pattern, vehicle response models, and Bayesian switching rules, the lane-change environment for an automated vehicle is modeled as a Markov decision process. Based on human lane-change behaviors, we train a voluntary lane-change policy using explicit-duration Markov decision process. Parameters in the lane-change policy are calibrated through control improvisation to allow an automated car to pursue faster speed while maintaining desired frequency of lane-change maneuvers in various traffic environments.
Gram-negative Cranial Bone Flap Infection Treated with Continuous Gentamicin Irrigation: A Case Report

A 57-year-old male presented with severely altered mental status in the setting of diabetic ketoacidosis. Neuroimaging revealed two intracranial masses. Days following surgical resection of an olfactory groove meningioma, the patient developed Serratia marcescens bacteremia along with an enlarging epidural and subgaleal fluid collection. Subgaleal fluid aspiration was also positive. The patient later returned to the operating room for wound washout where purulent collections were discovered in the subgaleal, epidural, and left subdural spaces. The wound was evacuated and the bone flap was thoroughly cleansed with betadine and soaked in peroxide prior to replacement. Four drains were placed (two subgaleal and two epidural) with two serving as inlets and two as outlets. Continuous irrigation of the subgaleal and epidural spaces with gentamicin solution was performed for five days. The bone flap was successfully salvaged and the patient was discharged from inpatient rehab three weeks following washout.
The women who make the guns: the munitionettes in Glasgow and Paris and their lack of interaction with the far-left agitators

This article examines the relationship between women munitions workers, the ‘munitionettes,’ in WWI-era Glasgow and Paris and the radical anti-government labor unions. These two cities were the cen...
Alcohol consumption among older women in the United States.

Few studies have examined alcohol consumption among older women. Using the nationally representative National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we examined binge, moderate, and no alcohol consumption ...
Development of a 100 kW SiC Switched Tank Converter for Automotive Applications

A 300 V to 600 V 100 kW SiC MOSFET based one-cell switched tank converter (STC) is developed as a bidirectional dc-dc power transfer stage between the vehicle battery and the DC-link side of the vehicle dc-ac inverter. A continuous half-load 50 kW and short-period full-load 100 kW operation is targeted. Working principles of the proposed topology are analyzed. Design of the key components such as SiC MOSFET power modules, AC resonant capacitor and inductor is presented. A 100 kW prototype has been assembled and tested. An energy-efficient test platform is designed. The power density of the main power processing part is around 41.7 kW/L. The tested peak and full-load efficiencies are about 98.7% and 97.35%, respectively. The thermal performance has also been evaluated. Both the tested electrical and thermal results are consistent with the theoretical design.
Emergency Use Authorization of Remdesivir: The Need for a Transparent Distribution Process

This Viewpoint reviews the FDA's May 2020 Emergency Use Authorization of the antiviral drug remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19 and discusses the need for a transparent distribution plan of a drug not otherwise available in the US and for which demand will likely exceed supply [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association is the property of American Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Study on the expression of serum bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein and osteoprotegerin in skeletal fluorosis patients of coal-burning pollution regions

Objective To explore the mechanism of skeletal fluorosis via observation on the expression of bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGP) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the residents of coal-burning fluorosis regions, and to provide a basical data for further monitoring and evaluating the effects of fluoride-reducing projects. Methods Stratified sampling was applied, the 6 villages of fluorosis were chosen as focusing areas for investigation. The residents of villages underwent clinical examination of the skeletal fluorosis. And according to the degree of skeletal fluorosis, villages were divided into three groups, namely light, moderate and severe villages. Radio-Immunoassay and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to check the expression of BGP and OPG in the serum. Results The levels of serum BGP in the severe skeletal fluorosis cases[(6.78±4.43)μg/L] were significantly higher(P<0.05) than those in the normal, moderate and the severe groups [ (3.58±1.53), (3.44±2.66), (3.41±2.20)μg/L], respectively. The expression of OPG in the light, moderate and the severe groups [(1251.55±998.31), (1265.94±931.77), (1560.55±858.07)ng/L] were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the normal[(520.81±385.05)ng/L], respectively. The levels of BGP in mixed type[(6.09±2.62)μg/L] were much higher(P<0.05) than no mixed type[(3.97±1.53), (3.20±2.12)μg/L]. The levels of OPG in the osteosclerosis, osteoporesis and mixed type[(1321.63±1017.00), (1205.42±852.22), (1529.01±402.83)ng/L] were significantly higher(P<0.05) than those of the normal, respectively. The levels of OPG in the light villages [(452.06±338.10)ng/L] were significantly lower(P<0.05) than moderate and severe villages[(1266.30±899.14), (1851.80±956.08 )ng/L], respectively. The levels of OPG in the severe villages were significantly higher(P<0.05) than moderate villages. Conclusions It indicates that OPG can be used as an early indicator in coal-burning pollution endemic fluorosis results in biochemical changes in the composition of bone. Key words: Fluoride poisoning; Osteofluorosis; Osteocalcin; Osteoprotegerin