cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical bias correction in aerial surveys of large mammals: validation of hybrid double-observer with sightability method against known abundance of feral horse (Equus caballus) populations.

Reliably estimating wildlife abundance is fundamental to effective management. Aerial surveys are one of the only spatially robust tools for estimating large mammal populations, but statistical sampling methods are required to address detection biases that affect accuracy and precision of the estimates. Although various methods for correcting aerial survey bias are employed on large mammal species around the world, these have rarely been rigorously validated. Several populations of feral horses (Equus caballus) in the western United States have been intensively studied, resulting in identification of all unique individuals. This provided a rare opportunity to test aerial survey bias correction on populations of known abundance. We hypothesized that a hybrid method combining simultaneous double-observer and sightability bias correction techniques would accurately estimate abundance. We validated this integrated technique on populations of known size and also on a pair of surveys before and after a known number was removed. Our analysis identified several covariates across the surveys that explained and corrected biases in the estimates. All six tests on known populations produced estimates with deviations from the known value ranging from -8.5% to +13.7% and <0.7 standard errors. Precision varied widely, from 6.1% CV to 25.0% CV. In contrast, the pair of surveys conducted around a known management removal produced an estimated change in population between the surveys that was significantly larger than the known reduction. Although the deviation between was only 9.1%, the precision estimate (CV = 1.6%) may have been artificially low. It was apparent that use of a helicopter in those surveys perturbed the horses, introducing detection error and heterogeneity in a manner that could not be corrected by our statistical models. Our results validate the hybrid method, highlight its potentially broad applicability, identify some limitations, and provide insight and guidance for improving survey designs.
Distributed Cognition in Cancer Treatment Decision Making An Application of the DECIDE Decision-Making Styles Typology

Distributed cognition occurs when cognitive and affective schemas are shared between two or more people during interpersonal discussion. Although extant research focuses on distributed cognition in decision making between health care providers and patients, studies show that caregivers are also highly influential in the treatment decisions of patients. However, there are little empirical data describing how and when families exert influence. The current article addresses this gap by examining decisional support in the context of cancer randomized clinical trial (RCT) decision making. Data are drawn from in-depth interviews with rural, Appalachian cancer patients ( N = 46). Analysis of transcript data yielded empirical support for four distinct models of health decision making. The implications of these findings for developing interventions to improve the quality of treatment decision making and overall well-being are discussed.
Tracking-reconstruction or reconstruction-tracking? Comparison of two multiple hypothesis tracking approaches to interpret 3D object motion from several camera views

We developed two methods for tracking multiple objects using several camera views. The methods use the Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) framework to solve both the across-view data association problem (i.e., finding object correspondences across several views) and the across-time data association problem (i.e., the assignment of current object measurements to previously established object tracks). The “tracking-reconstruction method” establishes two-dimensional (2D) objects tracks for each view and then reconstructs their three-dimensional (3D) motion trajectories. The “reconstruction-tracking method” assembles 2D object measurements from all views, reconstructs 3D object positions, and then matches these 3D positions to previously established 3D object tracks to compute 3D motion trajectories. For both methods, we propose techniques for pruning the number of association hypotheses and for gathering track fragments. We tested and compared the performance of our methods on thermal infrared video of bats using several performance measures. Our analysis of video sequences with different levels of densities of flying bats reveals that the reconstruction-tracking method produces fewer track fragments than the tracking-reconstruction method but creates more false positive 3D tracks.
Scaling of the fracture process zone in rock

The zone of microcracks surrounding a notch tip—the process zone—is a phenomenon observed in fracture of quasi-brittle materials, and the characterization of the process zone is the topic of the paper. Specimens of different sizes with a center notch fabricated from a granite of large grain (Rockville granite, average grain size of 10 mm), were tested in three-point bending. Acoustic emissions were recorded and locations of microcracks were determined up to peak load. The results show that both the length and width of the process zone increase with the increase of the specimen size. Furthermore, the suitability of a proposed theoretical relationship between the length and width of the process zone and specimen size was studied experimentally and numerically. The discrete element method with a tension softening contact bond model was used to investigate the development of the process zone with the specimen size. A synthetic rock composed of rigid circular particles that interact through normal and shear springs was tested in the numerical simulations. It was shown that the limiting specimen size, beyond which no further noticeable increase in the length of the process zone is observed, is significantly larger than the limiting specimen size beyond which the width of the process zone shows no size effect.
Endangered animals in Utah and adjacent areas

This paper presents a brief background on Utah's experience with the Endangered Species Act of 1973 to date, the Division on Wildlife Resources' involvement with resident endangered wildlife forms, including the Utah prairie dog, peregrine falcon, bald eagle, woundfin, Colorado squawfish and humpback chub, and problems associated with the listing of native fauna. Also discussed is a proposal to vest the division with authority for endangered plants by legislative mandate.
Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Matrix-Borosilicate Glass Hollow-Particle Syntactic Foams

Syntactic foams are particulate composites, which consist of a dispersion of hollow particles in a matrix. These materials are extensively used in the structures of underwater vehicles, but existing studies have shown that the commonly used soda-lime–borosilicate glass hollow particles are susceptible to significant degradation upon exposure to moisture. In this work, epoxy matrix syntactic foams are fabricated using borosilicate glass hollow particles that are not susceptible to degradation in wet environments. Nine compositions are fabricated and tested for quasi-static compressive properties, high-strain-rate compressive properties, and flexural properties. The quasi-static compressive strength and energy absorption are found to increase with composite density and the compressive strength is found to exceed that of similar syntactic foams using soda-lime–borosilicate hollow particles. The syntactic foams were observed to have 70 %–108 % higher peak stress in the high-strain-rate regime compared to the quasi-static values but the strength within the high-strain-rate regime was not dependent on the strain rate. The flexural properties were shown to have strong sensitivity to volume fraction of hollow particles.
Individual personality is best understood as process, not structure: A Confucian-inspired perspective:

A structural approach to understanding personality, which is rooted in a being or substance ontology, is most useful for making between individual and group comparisons. In contrast, a process-centric approach, which is anchored in a Becoming or event-based ontology, is most helpful for understanding individual personality process and variation. A process-centric model, using classical Confucianism as a starting point, has a number of advantages in that it (1) integrates persons and situations, (2) is inherently relational, which implies an aesthetic dimension to personality development and functioning, (3) focuses on the uniqueness of individual personalities, (4) views qualitative and quantitative inquiry as complementary and of equal scientific value, and (5) encourages intra- and inter-disciplinary collaborations.
How Does Culture Matter? The Xin (Heart-Mind)-based Social Competence of Chinese Executives

In this study we explore the emotional and cognitive dimensions of Chinese business leaders’ social competence. We argue for a culturally inclusive conceptualization of leader social competence and its internal structure, which takes into account Chinese indigenous features. Data were collected by critical incident interviews from 42 top executives of small- and medium-sized private enterprises in China. A total of 302 competency episodes were included in the current study. Grounded theory was used for data analysis. The following xin (heart-mind)-based social competencies were referenced in episodes of effective Chinese competency-relevant social interactions: guanxi building and maintenance, empathy, inspiration with wisdom, empowerment and developing others, resilience, and appreciation of problem solving. Each of these competencies includes an emotional and a cognitive element and embodies dynamic interplay between the emotional and cognitive dimensions of social competence. Xin-based social competencies impact effective interactions in relational contexts that implicate the individual self, the organizational self, and their interactions. The theoretical contributions and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Living Apart, Together: Cohousing as a Site for ICT Design

This paper presents qualitative studies of cohousing, a model where individual homes cluster around common space, share some meals weekly, and make community decisions together via consensus. It analyzes 80 descriptions of cohousing community websites to reveal the values common to cohousing, as well as site visits to three cohousing communities in the USA. These consist of tours, attending multiple common meals, and interviews with residents to gain insight into cohousing practices and experiences. The goal of this work is to understand how cohousing is lived and structured with an eye towards considering this model of living from an HCI perspective. Keeping that in mind, this paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of cohousing to existing and emerging trends in HCI such as civics, technologies for building community, and how cohousing might unravel the concept of a "smart home."
Studies of Severe Rainstorms in Illinois

Data from concentrated rain-gage networks were used to investigate area-depth relationships for basins with areas ranging from 5 sq mi to 500 sq mi; empirical mathematical formulas were developed to define storm duration; field surveys were conducted after major flood producing storms and these data were used in conjunction with radar observations and synoptic weather data to make detailed studies of widespread, severe storms.
Optimization Problem Formulation

Optimization problems arise naturally in many different disciplines. A structural engineer designing a multistory building must choose materials and proportions for different structural components in the building in order to have a safe structure that is as economical as possible. A portfolio manager for a large mutual fund company must choose investments that generate the largest possible rate of return for its investors while keeping the risk of major losses to acceptably low levels. A plant manager in a manufacturing facility must schedule the plant operations such that the plant produces products that maximize company’s revenues while meeting customer demands for different products and staying within the available resource limitations. A scientist in a research laboratory may be interested in finding a mathematical function that best describes an observed physical phenomenon.
Numerical Solutions of Initial-Boundary-Value Problems with Shear Strain Localization

The article summarizes some of the results obtained numerically since 1984 by the author and his colleagues on one (simple shearing), two (plane strain and axisymmetric) and three (twisting of a thin-walled and a thick-walled tube) dimensional adiabatic shear banding problems in thermoviscoplastic materials. The material models considered account for strain and strain rate hardening, thermal softening, dipolar effects with the second order spatial gradients of the velocity field taken as independent kinematic variables and the corresponding higher order stresses as kinetic variables, and the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids. The effect of phase transformation and the consequent change in the material properties has also been accounted for. Different shapes and types of defects considered include geometric such as the variation in the thickness, rigid inclusions, voids, nonuniform initial conditions, and weak elements. Some of the problems studied where no a priori defect is introduced to nucleate a shear band include the plane strain compression of a FCC single crystal, the Taylor impact test, and the penetration of a tungsten heavy alloy or a depleted uranium rod into a steel target.
Adverse childhood experiences: Screening and health in children from birth to age 5.

Introduction Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have lifetime consequences for health and development. This study examined whether there is evidence to support a screening approach that assesses children's current exposures to risks that act as proxies for ACEs, measured in a way that falls below a threshold of explicit abuse, neglect, or illegal behavior. Method We used data collected during routine home visitations of at-risk children aged 0-5. Home visitors used the Family Map Inventories (FMI; Whiteside-Mansell et al., 2007) to screen ACEs and measure health outcomes, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (3rd ed.; ASQ-3; Squires, Twombly, Bricker, & Potter, 2009) to screen child development. Parents (N = 2,004) were 28 years of age on average and most were White (60%). Children were 32 months of age on average and equally divided on gender (51% male). Results Children were exposed at rates of 27%, 17%, 11%, and 11% to 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more FMI-ACEs, respectively. Logistic regressions revealed significant associations between FMI-ACE scores and health environments and outcomes for children, including health risks in the home (e.g., safety and secondhand smoke exposure), underuse of preventive health care, and overuse of emergency medical treatment. In terms of development, having four or more FMI-ACEs was associated with the child having a chronic health condition and screening at risk for delay in at least one area of development. Discussion Findings highlight the potential use of questionnaires and in-home observations to measure and intervene in potentially developing ACEs. Further, our screening was associated with children whose health was at risk very early in development. (PsycINFO Database Record
Electrocardiographic Repolarization Abnormalities and Electroanatomic Substrate in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Background: Repolarization abnormalities in arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) cardiomyopathy and their relationship to ventricular tachycardia substrate are incompletely understood. Methods and Results: In 40 patients (29 men, mean age 38 years) with arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, we compared the extent and location of abnormal T (NegT) waves ≥1 mm in depth (n=32) and downsloping elevated ST segment (n=13), in ≥2 adjacent leads, to area and location of endocardial bipolar ( 3 (n=20) had larger low bipolar (31.4±18.9% versus 16.5±14.6%; P =0.008) and unipolar endocardial areas (66.0±19.6% versus 47.4±25.1%; P =0.013) and larger epicardial low bipolar area (56.0±19.3% versus 40.1±24.9%; P =0.030) compared with those with NegT waves limited to leads V 1 through V 3 (n=20). ECG location of NegT waves regionalized to location of substrate. Patients with downsloping elevated ST segment, all localized to leads V 1 and V 2 , had more unipolar endocardial abnormalities (71.8±18.1% versus 49.4±23.5%; P =0.005) involving outflow and mid-RV, compared with patients without downsloping elevated ST segment. Conclusions: In arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, abnormal electroanatomic mapping areas are proportional to extent of T-wave inversion on 12-lead ECG. Marked voltage abnormalities can exist without repolarization change. Downsloping elevated ST-segment pattern in V 1 and V 2 occurs with more unipolar endocardial voltage abnormality, consistent with more advanced transmural disease.
Social empathy and attitudes about dependence of people living in poverty on government assistance programs

ABSTRACTAlthough 43 million people live in poverty in the United States, disdain for government assistance continues to grow. This disdain may come from a lack of contextual understanding of the conditions surrounding poverty, which in turn can lead to a deprioritization of income-assistance programs. This study investigates the relationship of one’s social empathy and attitude about poverty-related social programs using a binary logistic regression. Participants with more contextual understanding are less likely to believe that the poor are too dependent on government assistance. Findings suggest that increasing social empathy could improve attitudes toward people living in poverty and government assistance.
Sensors in the Next Generation Automotive Networks

This paper will focus on the future integration of sensor systems into the car electronics architecture. Today sensors are mainly equipped with an electric ratiometric output in voltage current or frequency. The signal conditioning is usually performed as part of the electronic control system and specifically tailored to suit the needs of the sensor. As automotive electronics migrates towards decentralized, bus based architectures, the urgent need for the sensors to fit seamlessly into this new system architecture arises. This paper contributes to the discussion on how to best move forward with sensor interfaces in view to create a robust sensor infrastructure in the car.
FOXP3 biochemistry will lead to novel drug approaches for vaccines and diseases that lack suppressor T cells

FOXP3 is a forkhead family transcription factor, which acts as a master regulator in the development of natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their function in the control of self tolerance [1]. Natural Tregs, which represent about 5–10% of total CD4+ T cells, develop in the thymus and have a middle-high TCR-binding affinity. Tregs function as suppressors of multiple immune cells including CD4 effector T cells, CD8 cytotoxic T cells, B cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells in vivo [2]. Although the molecular mechanism by which Tregs suppress these multiple immune cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner is largely unknown [3], recent experimental evidence supports the notion that the level and duration of FOXP3 expression is essential to Treg-mediated dominant suppression [4, 5]. A complete understanding of the biochemistry of FOXP3 activity in Tregs will have therapeutic implications for transplantation, allergy, autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease, vaccine development and cancer [6].
On the classification and toughness of generalized permutation star-graphs

We use an algebraic method to classify the generalized permutation star-graphs, and we use the classification to determine the toughness of all generalized permutation star-graphs.
Modulatory Actions of Norepinephrine on Neural Circuits

Studies on the actions of the NE fiber system in the CNS have traditionally been conducted along two primary dimensions. At the systems level a major issue has been to resolve the consequences of NE release on circuit functions in noradren-ergically innervated areas. At the cellular level, the major question is how noradrenergic receptor activation leads to subsequent membrane actions and how such effects relate to events seen at the synaptic level. Our experience from past investigations is that there is a critical synergy between these two levels of analysis, and that progress at one level may generate insights critical for pursuing issues at the other.
Reinterpreting Progress, Genetically Engineered Biofortified Crops and Technological Pragmatism

This chapter explores ideas for overcoming the three obstacles identified in the previous chapter. The chapter begins by focusing on fundamental issues in philosophy of technology, arguing that we need to reinterpret the philosophical idea of progress to move beyond the polarized debate over genetic engineering in agriculture. This requires abandoning conflicting metaphysical assumptions found in techno-optimism and techno-pessimism. I argue that environmental ethics needs a pragmatic philosophy of technology with a more limited interpretation of progress. The remainder of the chapter explores the implications of applying pragmatic technological philosophy to overcoming the three obstacles identified in the first chapter. More specifically, the chapter examines possibilities for using genetic engineering for social justice by reducing population-level micronutrient malnutrition with genetically engineered biofortified crops, with particular attention to the controversy over Golden Rice. The chapter ends by exploring the possibility of using a publicly funded, pay-for-performance incentive system to correct defects in the current incentive system, which is leading to market failures and injustices.
THE TITAN OF THE HEART: A CURIOUS CASE OF TITIN MUTATION INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Titin, a giant sarcomeric protein, is a key determinant of myocardial passive stiffness and stress-sensitive signaling. Gene mutations leading to truncated titin variants (TitinTr) reportedly cause 25% of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 13% of idiopathic DCM cases. A 46 year old female
The Role Of Social, Cognitive, And Functional Risk Factors In Medicare Spending For Dual And Nondual Enrollees.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is increasingly focused on value-based payment programs, which tie payment to performance on quality and cost measures. In this context, there is risi...
A Novel, Synergistic Model in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Report of 2 Specialty Hospitals With Joint Ownership Between Physicians and Healthcare Systems.

BACKGROUND In 2010, the Affordable Care Act introduced new restrictions on the expansion of physician-owned hospitals (POHs) due to concerns over financial incentives and increased costs. The purpose of this study is to determine whether joint ventures between tertiary care and specialty hospitals (SHs) allowing physician ownership (POHs) have improved outcomes and lower cost following THA and TKA. METHODS After institutional review board approval, a retrospective review of consecutive series of primary THA and TKA patients from 2015 to 2016 across a single institution comprised of 14 full-service hospitals and 2 SHs owned as a joint venture between physicians and their health system partners. Ninety-day episode-of-care claims cost data from Medicare and a single private insurer were reviewed with the collection of the same demographic data, medical comorbidities, and readmission rates for both the SHs and non-SHs. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the independent effect of the SHs on episode-of-care costs. RESULTS Of the 6537 patients in the study, 1936 patients underwent a total joint arthroplasty at an SH (29.6%). Patients undergoing a procedure at an SH had shorter lengths of stay (1.29 days vs 2.23 days for Medicare, 1.15 vs 1.86 for private payer, both P < .001), were less likely to be readmitted (4% vs 7% for Medicare, P = .001), and had lower mean 90-day episode-of-care costs ($16,661 vs $20,579 for Medicare, $26,166 vs $35,222 for private payers, both P < .001). When controlling for the medical comorbidities and demographic variables, undergoing THA or TKA at an SH was associated with a decrease in overall episode costs ($3266 for Medicare, $13,132 for private payer, both P < .001). CONCLUSION Even after adjusting for a healthier patient population, the joint venture partnership with health systems and physician-owned SHs demonstrated lower 90-day episode-of-care costs than non-SHs following THA and TKA. Policymakers and practices should consider these data when considering the current care pathways.
Applications of Diethoxymethane as a Versatile Process Solvent and Unique Reagent in Organic Synthesis

Diethoxymethane (DEM) has recently become available in commercial quantities. It has unique properties and is useful in a variety of applications in organic synthesis. It is low boiling (88 °C), azeotropes with water, and has a very low affinity for water. It is stable under basic conditions and as manufactured does not require drying for use as a solvent, even for organometallic reactions. DEM is useful as a process solvent especially for sodium hydride reactions, organolithium chemistry, copper-catalyzed conjugate additions, and phase-transfer reactions. As such, DEM is a potential replacement for tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), glyme (1,2-dimethoxyethane), and methylal (1,1-dimethoxymethane). DEM is also useful as an ethoxymethylating agent, a formaldehyde equivalent, and a carbonylation substrate. Due to these unique properties and applications, DEM has exciting potential for widespread use both as a reagent and especially as a preferred solvent.
Meckel's diverticulum

Abstract 1.1. A brief resume of the present knowledge of Meckel's diverticulum has been presented and twenty-four additional cases added to the literature. 2.2. The thesis that these patients will rarely be diagnosed preoperatively has been proven and the fact that these will almost invariably be found at operation for an acute abdomen, usually appendicitis or intestinal obstruction, has been demonstrated. 3.3. Stress should be laid upon this fact in order that the young surgeon always examines the terminal ileum for a Meckel's diverticulum in all cases of abdominal pain or obstruction in which the presenting pathologic condition does not completely answer the clinical picture.
Joint Detection and Decoding of Polar Coded 5G Control Channels

The recent release of the cellular standard known as 5G New Radio (5G-NR) has adopted polar codes for error protection in the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). We develop a novel joint detection and decoding algorithm for 5G multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transceivers to achieve robustness against practical obstacles including channel state information (CSI) errors, noise, interferences, and pilot contamination. To optimize the performance of PDCCH detection, we incorporate the polar code information during signal detection by transforming the Galois field code constraints into the complex signal field. Specifically, our novel joint linear programming (LP) formulation takes into consideration the transformed polar code constraints. Our proposed detector can also be integrated with effective successive cancellation list (SCL) decoders to deliver superior receiver performance and improve the computational efficiency compared to turbo approach joint detection decoding design. Moreover, similar to 4G-LTE, each active user equipment (UE) must blindly detect its own PDCCH in the downlink search space. We further introduce a metric readily available at the detector that can be used to eliminate most of wrong PDCCH candidates before sending them to the decoder and therefore, improve the computational efficiency of PDCCH blind detection for 5G-NR.
Introduction of a new method for two-dimensional NMR quantitative analysis in metabolomics studies.

Abstract NMR is one of the most important platforms for metabolomic studies. Though 2D NMR has been applied in metabolomics, most applications have mainly focused on metabolite identification whilst limitations causing a bottle-neck for applying high-throughput 2D NMR data for quantity related statistical analysis lies on the data interpretation methods. In this study, instead of using the traditional methods of calculating the 2D NMR data to search for the important features, a new procedure, which applies the high-resolution 1D NMR metabolites chemical shift range to filter the 2D NMR data, was developed. This new method was demonstrated using both a mixture of standard metabolites and a case study on plant extracts using 2D non-uniform sampling (NUS) total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) data. As a result, our method successfully filtered out the important features with a high success rate, and the extracted peaks showed high linearity between the calculated intensities and the concentrations of metabolites from a range of 0.05 mM–2 mM. The method was successfully applied to a metabolomics case study which included 18 Begonia samples that showed excellent peak extractions. In summary, our study has provided a practical new 2D NMR data extraction method for use in future metabolomics studies.
Stark Spectroscopic Evidence that a Spin Change Accompanies Light Absorption in Transition Metal Polypyridyl Complexes.

The “Franck–Condon” (FC) excited state is the first state created when a molecule absorbs a visible photon. Here we report Stark and visible absorption spectroscopies that interrogate the FC state ...
Education Research: The medical student perspective on challenging conversations

Objective Medical students experience difficult conversations with patients during clinical clerkships. This study aimed to characterize barriers to and opportunities for learning in the setting of challenging conversations. Methods Neurology clerkship medical students were enrolled prospectively in a concurrent nested mixed methods study. Qualitative data were collected using a postclerkship survey and semi-structured focus groups. Students were asked to reflect on challenging conversations they experienced with patients and to identify the top reasons why conversations were challenging. Responses were analyzed using directed content analysis. Results A total of 159 medical students were enrolled (MS2: n = 35 [22%]; MS3: n = 97 [61%]; MS4: n = 27 [17%]). Three themes of difficulty were identified in survey and focus group data: (1) tough clinical realities: how the clinical environment makes conversations challenging; (2) communication skill needs: the difficulty of finding the words to say; and (3) navigating emotions: of patients, clinicians, and students themselves. Tough clinical realities were cited by over two-thirds of students in all years (MS2: n = 30 [86%]; MS3: n = 74 [76%]; MS4: n = 23 [85%]). Communication skills needs were cited most frequently by third-year students (MS2: n = 15 [43%]; MS3: n = 55 [57%]; MS4: n = 10 [37%]). Students early in training were more likely to cite difficulty navigating emotions (MS2: n = 28 [80%]; MS3: n = 71 [73%]; MS4: n = 19 [70%]). Conclusions Medical students frequently observe and participate in challenging conversations with patients. Here, students identified what makes these conversations most difficult. Communication curricula should leverage clinical communication encounters, prepare students for inherent clinical realities, and help students navigate emotions in the health care setting.
Cross-Lingual Disaster-related Multi-label Tweet Classification with Manifold Mixup.

Distinguishing informative and actionable messages from a social media platform like Twitter is critical for facilitating disaster management. For this purpose, we compile a multilingual dataset of over 130K samples for multi-label classification of disaster-related tweets. We present a masking-based loss function for partially labelled samples and demonstrate the effectiveness of Manifold Mixup in the text domain. Our main model is based on Multilingual BERT, which we further improve with Manifold Mixup. We show that our model generalizes to unseen disasters in the test set. Furthermore, we analyze the capability of our model for zero-shot generalization to new languages. Our code, dataset, and other resources are available on Github.
Resistance: a shifting paradigm.

Howard and colleagues studied 114 current or former IV drug users recruited at a methadone clinic and showed, not surprisingly, that viral load was
The identification of watermilfoil, discovery of hybrid watermilfoil, and their implications for aquatic plant management in the Clark Fork River, Western MT, USA

Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) is an invasive submersed macrophyte that has infested many waters in North America since its introduction. Eurasian watermilfoil has the ability to alt...
Shunt-Series-Switched Multi-Functional Grid-Connected Inverter for Voltage Regulation in Vehicle-to-Grid Application

Multi-functional grid-connected inverters (MFGCI) play an important role in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications. They serve as a power electronics interface between the power grid and batteries of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) to provide benefits such as ancillary service and spinning reserve. In this paper, a new configuration of MFGCI is proposed for voltage regulation in V2G application. By implementing additional switches, MFGCI can be connected in series or parallel to the grid thus providing three operation modes depending on the battery capacities of PEV and MFGCI, and grid condition. This paper presents new topology, different operation modes, an analysis on the capacity of batteries of PEV and grid condition, design, compensation strategy, and control scheme of proposed MFGCI in V2G application to mitigate unbalanced voltage sag and swell problems.
Logical and Philosophical Foundations of Complexity

There are at least 45 definitions of complexity according to Seth Lloyd as reported in The End of Science (Horgan, 1997, pp. 303–305). Rosser Jr. (1999) argued for the usefulness in studying economics of a definition he called dynamic complexity that was originated by Day (1994). This is that a dynamical economic system fails to generate convergence to a point, a limit cycle or an explosion (or implosion) endogenously from its deterministic parts. It has been argued that nonlinearity was a necessary but not sufficient condition for this form of complexity, and that this definition constituted a suitably broad “big tent” to encompass the “four C’s” of cybernetics, catastrophe, chaos, and “small tent” (now better known as heterogeneous agents) complexity.
Distribution-Free Inequalities

This chapter discusses the nature of the distribution-free inequalities. It discusses the inequalities of Bonferroni type. The original Bonferroni inequality is well known, and its applications have appeared frequently in the statistical literature. A Bonferroni-type inequality of degree two can be derived from a result of Chung and Erdos (1952), which was obtained in connection with their problem concerning the Borel–Cantelli lemma. This inequality provides a lower bound for the probability of the union of events, and the bound depends only on the marginal probabilities and the probabilities of the pair-wise intersections. The chapter also studies some multivariate extensions of the Chebyshev inequalities and a few probability inequalities in connection with an application of the Kolmogorov inequality for independent random variables. A generalization of Kolmogorov inequality under certain conditions was made by Hajek and Renyi in 1955. A one-sided analogue of Kolmogorov inequality was obtained by Marshall in 1960.
Long-Range HIV Genotyping Using Viral RNA and Proviral DNA for Analysis of HIV Drug Resistance and HIV Clustering

The goal of the study was to improve the methodology of HIV genotyping for analysis of HIV drug resistance and HIV clustering. Using the protocol of Gall et al. (A. Gall, B. Ferns, C. Morris, S. Watson, M. Cotten, M. Robinson, N. Berry, D. Pillay, and P. Kellam, J Clin Microbiol 50:3838-3844, 2012, doi:10.1128/JCM.01516-12), we developed a robust methodology for amplification of two large fragments of viral genome covering about 80% of the unique HIV-1 genome sequence. Importantly, this method can be applied to both viral RNA and proviral DNA amplification templates, allowing genotyping in HIV-infected subjects with suppressed viral loads (e.g., subjects on antiretroviral therapy [ART]). The two amplicons cover critical regions across the HIV-1 genome (including pol and env), allowing analysis of mutations associated with resistance to protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NNRTIs]), integrase strand transfer inhibitors, and virus entry inhibitors. The two amplicons generated span 7,124 bp, providing substantial sequence length and numbers of informative sites for comprehensive phylogenic analysis and greater refinement of viral linkage analyses in HIV prevention studies. The long-range HIV genotyping from proviral DNA was successful in about 90% of 212 targeted blood specimens collected in a cohort where the majority of patients had suppressed viral loads, including 65% of patients with undetectable levels of HIV-1 RNA loads. The generated amplicons could be sequenced by different methods, such as population Sanger sequencing, single-genome sequencing, or next-generation ultradeep sequencing. The developed method is cost-effective-the cost of the long-range HIV genotyping is under $140 per subject (by Sanger sequencing)-and has the potential to enable the scale up of public health HIV prevention interventions.
Watson, James Dewey (1928–)

First page of article Keywords: Watson, James Dewey (double helical structure of DNA); molecular biology techniques
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION AS A COMPLICATION OF THERAPY IN PANCREATIC FIBROSIS (MUCOVISCIDOSIS)

Four cases of proved pancreatic fibrosis in which Ps. aeruginosa was the organism associated with the terminal, bronchopulmonary manifestations have been presented. These children had received prolonged antibacterial therapy varying from one to five years. Ps. aeruginosa, or similarly resistant organisms, which ordinarily have a low pathogenicity, may become predominant and invasive as a result of prolonged antibacterial therapy. The opportunity for the emergence of resistant strains would seem to be enhanced by recent recommendations advocating continuous antibacterial therapy with a single compound. Intermittent therapy, alternating the various antibacterial agents and correlating their use with careful bacteriologic studies of the nasopharyngeal and tracheobronchial flora, would seem to be the logical approach to treatment in the light of present knowledge of the development of bacterial resistance. Mixtures of two antibiotics having a different mechanism of action may be more desirable than the use of a single agent.
Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with a large patent ductus arteriosus: aversion of a catastrophe.

We present an infant who had an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), who was diagnosed before a potentially catastrophic closure of PDA. In the presence of normal left ventricular function and the absence of coronary artery collaterals, it is difficult to diagnose ALCAPA. A disproportionate degree of left ventriclular dilation and severity of mitral valve regurgitation relative to the degree of PDA shunt, and echogenic papillary muscles on an echocardiogram should raise a suspicion of coronary artery anomalies. The infant underwent surgical ligation of PDA with translocation of coronary arteries and had an uneventful recovery.
Electronic word of mouth: The effects of incentives on e‐referrals by senders and receivers

Purpose – The purpose of this work is to test several incentive strategies for attaining new customers via electronic referrals, or e‐referrals. The paper aims to examine: the roles of both the magnitude of the incentive offered to the sender and the magnitude of the incentive offered to the receiver; and the effect of equity versus inequity of financial incentives for the two parties.Design/methodology/approach – The study consisted of a large‐scale field experiment conducted with 45,000 members of an online mall. The participants were divided into eight conditions in an incomplete two‐factor 4×4 between‐subjects design, where not every combination of incentive magnitudes was utilized and the magnitude of the incentive offered the receiver and sender varied in size such that sometimes rewards were equal, sometimes receivers of the e‐referral had larger rewards, and sometimes senders of the e‐referral s received more. Dependent measures included the number of e‐referrals sent, the number of those e‐referr...
Apple Inc. in 2010

On April 4, 2010, Apple Inc. launched the iPad, the company's third major innovation released over the last decade under its iconic CEO Steve Jobs. Apple's strategy of shifting its business into non-PC products had thrived so far, driven by the smashing success of the iPod and the iPhone. Yet challenges abounded. Macintosh sales in the worldwide PC market still languished below 5%. Growth in iPod sales was slowing down. iPhone faced increasing competition in the smartphone industry. And would Apple's latest creation, the iPad, take the company to the next level?
Periodic impact cratering and extinction events over the last 260 million years

The claims of periodicity in impact cratering and biological extinction events are controversial. Anewly revised record of dated impact craters has been analyzed for periodicity, and compared with the record of extinctions over the past 260 Myr. A digital circular spectral analysis of 37 crater ages (ranging in age from 15 to 254 Myr ago) yielded evidence for a significant 25.8 +/- 0.6 Myr cycle. Using the same method, we found a significant 27.0 +/- 0.7 Myr cycle in the dates of the eight recognized marine extinction events over the same period. The cycles detected in impacts and extinctions have a similar phase. The impact crater dataset shows 11 apparent peaks in the last 260 Myr, at least 5 of which correlate closely with significant extinction peaks. These results suggest that the hypothesis of periodic impacts and extinction events is still viable.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of orbifloxacin oral suspension in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 2 doses of orbifloxacin in rabbits. ANIMALS 6 healthy purpose-bred adult female New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). PROCEDURES Each of 3 rabbits received orbifloxacin at either 10 or 20 mg/kg, PO. Then, after a 1-week washout period, they received the same dose IV. Blood samples were collected from each rabbit at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Plasma orbifloxacin concentration was measured with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis for data obtained following PO administration and noncompartmental and compartmental analyses for data obtained following IV administration. RESULTS Following oral administration, the mean ± SD peak plasma orbifloxacin concentration was 1.66 ± 0.51 μg/mL for rabbits administered the 10 mg/kg dose and 3.00 ± 0.97 μg/mL for rabbits administered the 20 mg/kg dose and was attained at...
Greater Sedentary Hours and Slower Walking Speed Outside the Home Predict Faster Declines in Functioning and Adverse Calf Muscle Changes in Peripheral Arterial Disease

Objectives In participants with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), we determined whether more sedentary behavior and slower outdoor walking speed were associated with faster functional decline and more adverse changes in calf muscle characteristics over time. Background Modifiable behaviors associated with faster functional decline in lower-extremity PAD are understudied. Methods Participants were 384 men and women with an ankle brachial index Results Slower walking speed outside the home was associated with faster annual decline in calf muscle density (brisk/striding pace −0.32 g/cm 3 , average pace −0.46 g/cm 3 , casual strolling −1.03 g/cm 3 , no walking at all −1.43 g/cm 3 , p trend Conclusions Greater sedentary hours per day and slower outdoor walking speed are modifiable behaviors that are associated with faster functional decline and greater decline in calf muscle density, respectively, in patients with PAD.
Cognitive Predictors of Adaptive Functioning Vary According to Pediatric Brain Tumor Location

This archival study sought to determine if the relationship between cognitive and adaptive abilities varied according to brain tumor location. Participants were 36 children treated for brain tumors. The best cognitive predictors of adaptive functioning were hypothesized to be attention span within the cerebellar group and verbal memory within the third ventricle group. Auditory attention span significantly predicted communication skills for the cerebellar group, whereas verbal memory significantly predicted socialization skills for the third ventricle group. These findings suggest that cognitive predictors vary according to tumor location, and highlight the need for more research examining adaptive functioning and its correlates.
Repeated injection of GBR 12909, but not cocaine or WIN 35,065-2, into the ventral tegmental area induces behavioral sensitization

A role for the mesolimbic dopamine system in the development of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamine, is well established. Previous reports have suggested that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in the initiation of, while the nucleus accumbens is in involved in the expression of behavioral sensitization. This hypothesis is supported in part, by studies which demonstrated that behavioral sensitization could be induced by repeated intra-VTA, but not intra-accumbal, administration of amphetamine. The present studies were designed to determine whether repeated intra-VTA cocaine would similarly induce behavioral sensitization. Rats receiving four daily injections of cocaine (1.5, 5 or 15 nmol/side) into the VTA did not show a sensitized behavioral response when challenged with cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) 1 week later. In contrast to this, repeated injection of the specific dopamine reuptake inhibitor, GBR 12909 (15 nmol/side) produced behavioral sensitization to a challenge injection of cocaine. Repeated injections of the cocaine analog WIN 35,065-2 did not induce behavioral sensitization to cocaine, suggesting that the local anesthetic properties of cocaine were not responsible for the inability of intra-VTA cocaine to induce sensitization. In summary, the data suggest that sensitization to cocaine may involve mechanisms different from amphetamine.
A Little More Evidence from the Time Series

IN AN earlier article in this Journial2 and in several other places,3 evidence has been presented supporting a theory of the demand for money that is a part of the "wealth adjustment process." The posited demand function has successfully passed a large number of tests in competition with more than a dozen alternatives, representing the bulk of substantive work on the demand for money in the past thirty years. Though no series of tests is "definitive," the evidence from tests against alternatives is of crucial importance in establishing the economic relevance of the particular demand function. I regard such tests as preliminary to -and far more important than-"Chow tests," "Theil-Nagar tests," "Durbin-Watson tests," and other sophisticated statistical procedures for establishing the relevance of particular hypotheses.4 However, the ac-