cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Analysis/Sample Statistics

Statistics is a means of interrogating past events. If we have some data on previous events, statistics are a set of tools that allow us to quantify the trends of these past events. Data in Civil Engineering is often scarce due to the unique nature of the engineered features (e.g., bridges, buildings, levees, tunnels, pipelines), but there are situations where we can assume that the data is similar enough in its variability, which is termed homoscedastic, to represent the same type of engineering problem. In these cases we need to estimate the trends of an occurrence of some event related to the engineered feature. How do we quantify uncertainty given some observations?
RANTES-induced invasion of Th17 cells into substantia nigra potentiates dopaminergic cell loss in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the disease does not progress or persist in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model, the most common animal model of PD. Recently, we have described that supplementation of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), a chemokine known to drive infiltration of T cells, induces persistent nigrostriatal pathology in MPTP mouse model. However, which particular T cell subsets are recruited to the substantia nigra (SN) by RANTES is not known. Here, by adoptive transfer of different subset of T cells from tomato red transgenic mice to MPTP-intoxicated immunodeficient Rag1-/- mice, we describe that invasion of Th17 cells into the SN is stimulated by exogenous RANTES administration. On the other hand, RANTES supplementation remained unable to influence the infiltration of Th1 and Tregs into the SN of MPTP-insulted Rag1-/- mice. Accordingly, RANTES supplementation increased MPTP-induced TH cell loss in Rag1-/-mice receiving Th17, but neither Th1 nor Tregs. RANTES-mediated aggravation of nigral TH neurons also paralleled with significant DA loss in striatum and locomotor deficits in MPTP-intoxicated Rag1-/- mice receiving Th17 cells. Finally, we demonstrate that levels of IL-17 (a Th17-specific cytokine) and RANTES are higher in serum of PD patients than age-matched controls and that RANTES positively correlated with IL-17 in serum of PD patients. Together, these results highlight the importance of RANTES-Th17 pathway in progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss and associated PD pathology.
Identifying sound descriptions in Written Documents

Automatically identifying sound descriptions can be useful to extract soundscapes from written documents. In this respect, we present a preliminary work on the identification of sound descriptions which first expands a list of sound terms taken from a machine-readable lexical resource. Then, to find out the producer of each sound mentioned in a text collection, two methods have been tested out: one which relies on dependency parsing and the other which uses a pre-trained word embedding model. Both methods have been evaluated on a set of sentences extracted from three 19th century French novels; the obtained results suggest that dependency parsing performs better on this specific task. It should be noted that the first step of the proposed system is domain-independent and can generate a domain-specific lexicon for any topic.
A High-Frequency Power Factor Correction Stage With Low Output Voltage

Single-phase power factor correction (PFC) stages would ideally have three features—operation over the entire line cycle, soft switching at high frequency for all powers and voltages, and a reasonably low output voltage. These features permit high power factor, high combination of density and efficiency, and reduced stress on subsequent stages. Most PFC stages, including the most commonly used, achieve only a subset of these features. Here, we present control innovations to allow a PFC stage to operate from universal input (90–265 Vac) over the entire line cycle with zero-voltage switching (ZVS) with a reduced output voltage. These features are verified with a prototype with very high power factor (> 0.99), high efficiency (98%), and high density (80 W/in3). The PFC can provide an output of 200 Vdc from the entire universal input voltage range which greatly reduces the conversion stress required from subsequent stages. The proposed PFC control consists of a blended feedforward/feedback method that provides additional advantages like guaranteed soft switching, the ability to correct for input capacitance, and the ability to interface with a high-ripple output bus. Therefore, the proposed PFC provides advantages in efficiency and density both for the PFC stage and the overall system.
The Association of Dyadic Symptom Appraisal With Physical and Mental Health Over Time in Care Dyads Living With Lung Cancer

The study examined the association between changes in dyadic symptom appraisal with changes in physical and mental health of 109 family care dyads living with lung cancer over 12 months. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze both aggregate and time-varying associations of dyadic symptom appraisal with dyadic health. Patients had significantly worse physical health compared with their care partner; care partners had significantly worse mental health compared with patients. In general, greater incongruent symptom appraisals were significantly associated with worse physical health for both patients and care partners. Importantly, increases in magnitude of incongruence regarding the patient's pain interference were significantly associated with declines in patient physical health over time. Direction of the incongruence was associated with mental health. Findings highlight the need for both a longitudinal and dyadic perspective of symptom appraisal to move toward theoretically driven interventions that will optimize the health of both patients and their care partners.
Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Quality at Three Northern Corn/Soybean Belt Locations

Do extended crop rotations that include forages improve soil quality and are they profitable? Our objectives were to determine (i) how crop rotation affected soil quality indicators, (ii) if those indicator changes were reflected in soil quality index (SQI) ratings when scored and combined using the Soil Management Assessment Framework, and (iii) how SQI values compared with profitability. Soil samples were collected from three long-term studies in Iowa and one in Wisconsin. Bulk density (BD), soil pH, water-stable macroaggregation, total organic C, total N, microbial biomass C, extractable Pand K, and penetration resistance were measured. The indicator data were scored using nonlinear curves reflecting performance of critical soil functions (e.g., nutrient cycling, water partitioning and storage, and plant root growth). Profit was calculated by subtracting costs of production from potential income based on actual crop yields and the 20-yr average nongovernment-supported commodity prices. Extended rotations had a positive effect on soil quality indicators. Total organic C was the most sensitive indicator, showing significant measured and scored differences at all locations, while BD showed significant differences at only one location (Kanawha). The lowest SQI values and 20-yr average profit were associated with continuous corn, while extended rotations that included at least 3 yr of forage crops had the highest SQI values. We suggest that future conservation policies and programs reward more diverse and extended crop rotations, as is being done through the Conservation Security Program.
With(out) a little help from my friends: insecure attachment in adolescence, support-seeking, and adult negativity and hostility.

Attachment theory suggests that insecurely attached individuals will have more difficulty seeking and receiving support from others. Such struggles in adolescence may reinforce negative expectation...
Anti-virulence strategies for Clostridioides difficile infection: advances and roadblocks

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common healthcare- and antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease. If mis-diagnosed, or incompletely treated, CDI can have serious, indeed fatal, consequences. The clinical and economic burden imposed by CDI is great, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has named the causative agent, C. difficile (CD), as an Urgent Threat To US healthcare. CDI is also a significant problem in the agriculture industry. Currently, there are no FDA-approved preventives for this disease, and the only approved treatments for both human and veterinary CDI involve antibiotic use, which, ironically, is associated with disease relapse and the threat of burgeoning antibiotic resistance. Research efforts in multiple laboratories have demonstrated that non-toxin factors also play key roles in CDI, and that these are critical for disease. Specifically, key CD adhesins, as well as other surface-displayed factors have been shown to be major contributors to host cell attachment, and as such, represent attractive targets for anti-CD interventions. However, research on anti-virulence approaches has been more limited, primarily due to the lack of genetic tools, and an as-yet nascent (but increasingly growing) appreciation of immunological impacts on CDI. The focus of this review is the conceptualization and development of specific anti-virulence strategies to combat CDI. Multiple laboratories are focused on this effort, and the field is now at an exciting stage with numerous products in development. Herein, however, we focus only on select technologies (Figure 1) that have advanced near, or beyond, pre-clinical testing (not those that are currently in clinical trial), and discuss roadblocks associated with their development and implementation.
Measuring Cluster Peculiar Velocities and Temperatures at cm and mm Wavelengths

We present a detailed investigation of issues related to the measurement of peculiar velocities and temperatures using Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effects. We estimate the accuracy to which peculiar velocities and gas temperatures of distant galaxy clusters could be measured. With uK sensitivity on arcminute scales at several frequencies it will be possible to measure peculiar velocities to an accuracy of about 130 km/s and gas temperatures to better than 1 keV. The limiting factor for the accuracy of the measured peculiar velocity is the presence of bulk motions within the galaxy cluster, even for apparently relaxed clusters. The accuracy of the temperature is mainly limited by noise. These results are independent of redshift. Such constraints can best be achieved with only three frequencies: one in the Rayleigh-Jeans region (<40 GHz), one near 150 GHz, and the third at 300 GHz or higher. Measurements at the null of the thermal SZ effect are of marginal utility, other than as a foreground/background monitor.
Orality, History and Historical Reconstruction

The importance of oral tradition in African history cannot be over-emphasized. It is the mains through which the true history, culture and customs of African societies can be understood. As the main vehicle for transmitting African oral tradition, orality is undoubtedly important in studying African history. Over the years, efforts at making African history, culture and customs intelligible to others have led to situations whereby orality, as a vehicle through which oral tradition is transmitted, is pushed to the background. In its place, oral history—the collection of historical information using audiotapes, videotapes or transcriptions of planned interviews—predominates. Using personal cognomen and family panegyric, funerary dirge and bridal poetry among Yoruba and Xhosa peoples of Nigeria and South Africa, this chapter shows orality still persists, most especially in traditional courts and palaces, religious and secular spaces—the very crucibles of change and continuities in African societies.
When Less is More: The Effect of Decision Rights and Performance-Dependent Incentives on Creativity

We examine in an experiment how the allocation of decision rights over selecting most creative output and the form of incentive scheme interact to influence creative performance. The literature commonly assumes more autonomy leads to higher creativity. We propose that this is not necessarily the case. Specifically, we draw on literature on decision rights, creativity, and satisficing. We propose that giving employees decision rights over selecting the most creative output leads to less creativity due to employees satisficing and settling for less creative output. This is due to the uncertain nature of creativity, which makes it difficult to assess one’s creative output. We find for performance dependent incentives (creativity-dependent incentive scheme), the quantity and creative quality of output is lower when employees have decision rights over selecting the most creative output versus the absence of such decision rights. We do not observe such an effect for fixed compensation. Supplemental analysis show that our findings are consistent with a process, whereby employees with decision rights consistently check, evaluate, and settle for a lower performance level while producing output, but only as long as employees have an incentive to exert effort as it is the case in the performance dependent compensation condition.
Approach to the Patient with Lipid Disorders

Disorders of lipid metabolism have and continue to be a focal point of research and treatment due to their well-known connection with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis. Hypertriglyceridemia, in contrast to elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), has had a more tenuous relationship as a true independent risk of future CVD events. Although the association between elevated triglyceride (TG) levels and CAD is one of long standing the absolute contribution as a CVD risk factor has been modest or confounded by other lipoprotein parameters. In this chapter, we present a pragmatic approach to the patient at risk of cardiovascular disease, distinguishing lipid disorders that confer an increased CVD risk.
Bunyaviridae: bunyaviruses, phleboviruses, nairoviruses, and hantaviruses.

The family Bunyaviridae is the largest family of animal viruses and includes many viruses that are known human pathogens. The clinical diseases produced in humans range from acute febrile illnesses, such as sandfly fever, to more distinct clinical syndromes such as California encephalitis (CE), Rift Valley fever (RVF), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and the recently recognized hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which is also referred to as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Representative groups and complexes for the bunyaviruses, phleboviruses, and nairoviruses, including major human pathogens, are discussed. The limited host range and similar phylogenetic relationships among hantaviruses and among the rodent hosts have led to the suggestion that hantaviruses may have coevolved with their rodent hosts. Although infection with the hantaviruses causing HFRS occurs in all age groups, infection and disease peak in adults 15 to 40 years of age; like HCPS, HFRS is uncommon in children. The role of viremia in the pathogenesis of HFRS and HCPS is not known, but there is emerging evidence that viremia with ANDV routinely precedes the onset of symptoms and development of antihantavirus antibodies in HCPS by periods of up to 15 days. In eastern Asia, infection with Hantaan and Seoul hantaviruses is usually diagnosed serologically with immunofluorescence assay (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or bead agglutination formats, and IgM antibody is determined by IgM capture ELISA. Investigational strategies include DNA vaccination for pathogenic hantaviruses, including Hantaan virus and ADNV.
The IN Harmony project: Developing a flexible metadata model for the description and discovery of sheet music

– The purpose of this paper is to describe a user‐centered approach to developing a metadata model for an inter‐institutional project to describe and digitize sheet music collections., – Query logs analysis, card sort, and task scenario studies were used to explore users' needs for the discovery of sheet music. Findings from these studies were used to design an interoperable metadata model for sheet music meeting the needs of libraries, archives, and museums., – The user studies conducted demonstrated to the project team the need and methods for recording titles, names, dates, subjects, and cover art for sheet music described as part of the IN Harmony project. It was also learned that tying user studies directly to the design of metadata models can be an effective approach for digital library projects., – The metadata model developed by the IN Harmony project will be reusable for other sheet music collections at a wide variety of institutions. The user‐centered methodologies used to develop the metadata model will similarly be reusable for other digital library projects in the future., – The approach described in this paper brings together standard user study methodologies with metadata design in a novel way, and demonstrates the effectiveness of a methodology that can be reused to plan metadata creation in future digital projects.
Abstract S4-03: Identification of a notch-driven breast cancer stem cell gene signature for anti-notch therapy in an ER+ presurgical window model

Background: Resistance to endocrine therapy (ET; tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, AI) for ER+ breast cancer is a major cause of mortality and new treatment paradigms are needed. Cancer stem cells drive breast cancer growth and are resistant to standard therapy. Notch signaling aids survival of these resistant stem cells and is inhibited by gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSI). We showed combining GSI with ET in mice caused shrinkage of breast cancer tumors. A presurgical window biomarker modulation model was used to confirm this discovery in humans. Methods: The GSI MK-0752 was added to ET in patients before definitive surgery (ClinTrials.gov NCT00756717). There were 3 biopsies: day 0 (prestudy), day 14 (after ET alone), and day 25 at definitive surgery (after continued ET plus MK-0752, 350 mg orally 3d on, 4d off, 3d on). Biopsies were analyzed for genes increased or decreased by GSI, to confirm that Notch and cancer stem cell pathways were inhibited. Real-time PCR was used to validate expression of genes identified in pathway analyses of microarray datasets generated from the biopsies. Mammosphere-forming assays were performed to confirm that ET+GSI impacts breast cancer stem cells. The qRT-PCR data were evaluated using ANOVA with repeated measures and ANOVA was performed on mammosphere results. Results: The accrual goal was met and therapy well-tolerated in 20 evaluable women (PSABCS 2011, abs# S1-5). Of 33 genes identified by analysis of expression microarrays, 19 genes (FDR Conclusions: A 7-day course of the GSI MK-0752 added to ET in the presurgical window had significant biomarker responses: decrease in Notch signaling, cancer stem cell genes, proliferation-associated genes, the mTORC1 and 2 complex genes RICTOR and RPTOR, metalloproteinases that promote metastasis, and PRH; as well as increase in 3 key genes that promote apoptosis and tumor suppression. These results suggest that 1) GSI inhibited the intended Notch pathway, 2) putative breast cancer stems cells can be targeted by this strategy, and 3) the biomarkers identified create a gene signature for anti-Notch therapy in ER+ breast cancer. Validation of efficacy of the GSI+ET therapy combination and this gene signature in a clinical trial is planned. Support: Breast Cancer Research Foundation (research grant), Merck Oncology (drug/arrays), Swim Across America (clinical trial costs), and DOD BC073237 (KRC). Citation Format: Kathy S Albain, Andrei Y Zlobin, Kyle R Covington, Brian T Gallahger, Susan G Hilsenbeck, Cheryl M Czerlanis, Shelly Lo, Patricia A Robinson, Ellen R Gaynor, Constantine Godellas, Davide Bova, Kathy Czaplicki, Barbara Busby, Patrick J Stiff, Suzanne AW Fuqua, Lucio Miele, Clodia Osipo. Identification of a notch-driven breast cancer stem cell gene signature for anti-notch therapy in an ER+ presurgical window model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr S4-03.
Molecular action of androgen in the normal and neoplastic prostate.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular action of androgen in the normal and neoplastic prostate. Androgens are steroid hormones that are required for normal male sexual development and maintenance of the male phenotype. Testosterone is the most abundant circulating androgen in males and secreted principally by the Leydig cells of the testis. The adrenal glands produce a small amount of circulating testosterone either directly or by peripheral conversion of secreted androstenedione or dehydroepiandrosterone. The ovary produces a small amount of testosterone in females. 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) is also produced by the testis, but most of the circulating 5α-DHT is derived from the metabolic conversion of testosterone in target tissues and organs. Antiandrogens can be very effective at inhibiting androgen binding and the activation of the androgen receptor (AR), but they can cause undesirable side effects. Inhibitors of 5α-reductase may have advantages over antiandrogens, because they can selectively suppress 5α-DHT-dependent disorders such as prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), acne, baldness. It is found that amino-terminal truncations in rat AR resulted in loss of activity when the steroid-binding domain was present, but the loss was much less severe when the steroid-binding domain was absent also. The presence of the amino-terminal domain also appears to inhibit the rate of steroid dissociation from the receptor and thereby stabilizes the receptor against degradation.
STEM students’ social agency and views on working for social change: Are STEM disciplines developing socially and civically responsible students?

Utilizing a national sample of over 6,100 undergraduates, drawn from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program's (CIRP) Freshman Survey and College Senior Survey, this study investigates differences between STEM and non-STEM students at the end of college on the values they place on helping to create a more equitable society. Findings show that, on average, STEM students view the importance of working for social change as less important to their career goals, yet differences between Underrepresented Students of Color and their non-underrepresented counterparts emerge. The multilevel analysis revealed that majoring in a STEM discipline has a significant negative relationship with social agency outcomes, and that there are important differences in social agency outcomes among students who aspire to work in different STEM-related careers. Given the intellectual debates over the purpose of STEM education, the findings have broad implications for STEM education scholars, policymakers, and practitioners interested in promoting STEM students’ social and civic outcomes at institutions of higher education. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 610–632, 2015.
Horizontal-vertical coupling correction at Aladdin

Horizontal-vertical coupling and vertical dispersion can arise from vertical misalignments and tilts of bending magnets, quadrupoles, and sextupoles. Experimental measurements and accelerator code studies suggest that the vertical dispersion from bending magnet errors and quadrupole height errors is largely compensated by optimization of the vertical closed orbit. The majority of the coupling and vertical dispersion remaining after orbit optimization may be the result of quadrupole tilts on the order of 1-2 mrad. A correction scheme is being implemented in which the excitation of skew-quadrupole correctors is determined from measurements of the vertical orbit displacements resulting from horizontal steering bumps and vertical dispersion.
American Economic Growth Before 1840: An Exploratory Essay

In developing the subject of this paper, “American Economic Growth before 1840,” I shall, relying for the most part on familiar materials, propose the hypothesis that economic growth per capita in the thirteen colonies of Britain in America advanced at a relatively rapid rate from about 1710 to 1775.1 shall also suggest that the level of living remained relatively low in these colonies as late as about 1710 and that for the new nation output per capita over the years 1775 to 1840 improved slowly if at all.
Can a non-tumorigenic dose of carcinogen cause two or more errors in a cell ?

Cancer is believed to be the result of a multistep process, beginning with a single alteration in a cell's genome. Here the hypothesis that a few cells may receive two or more hits after the application of a non-tumorigenic or higher dose of carcinogen is proposed. Preneoplastic lesions that arise from such doubly-hit cells may be few in number, but may more easily undergo tumor formation and tumor progression. This hypothesis augments the multihit model of carcinogenesis and explains much data that the single, first-hit assumption cannot.
The interpretation of dreams: A centennial celebration

Psycho‐Analysis may be said to have been born with the twentieth century; for the publication in which it emerged before the world as something new—my Interpretation of Dreams—bears the date “1900”; [Freud, 1924, p. 191].
Synthesis and characterization of a fluorinated polyanhydride

A fluorinated aromatic polyanhydride (B) was synthesized from the melt condensation of mixed anhydrides of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis benzoic acid. Although the mixed anhydride from acetic anhydride yielded only a mixture of oligomers (weight-average molecular weight < 2000), higher weight-average molecular weight materials in the range of 15,000–18,000 were obtained with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Polymer B was soluble in chloroform and tetrahydrofuran, had a relatively high glass-transition temperature of 176 °C with no melting point detected to 310 °C, and showed excellent thermal stability (5% weight loss observed at 380 °C by thermogravimetric analysis). The hydrolytic degradation of the fluorinated polyanhydride in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 at 37 °C was initially zero-order, with 35% degradation occurring in 10 days. Loss of film integrity following that led to accelerated degradation, and almost complete dissolution was observed by the 16th day. The stability of the fluorinated polyanhydride in the solid state and in the solvent tetrahydrofuran was also evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3027–3036, 2002
Partial deletion of the sulfate transporter SLC13A1 is associated with an osteochondrodysplasia in the Miniature Poodle breed.

A crippling dwarfism was first described in the Miniature Poodle in Great Britain in 1956. Here, we resolve the genetic basis of this recessively inherited disorder. A case-control analysis (8∶8) of genotype data from 173 k SNPs revealed a single associated locus on CFA14 (Praw <10–8). All affected dogs were homozygous for an ancestral haplotype consistent with a founder effect and an identical-by-descent mutation. Systematic failure of nine, nearly contiguous SNPs, was observed solely in affected dogs, suggesting a deletion was the causal mutation. A 130-kb deletion was confirmed both by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and by cloning the physical breakpoints. The mutation was perfectly associated in all cases and obligate heterozygotes. The deletion ablated all but the first exon of SLC13A1, a sodium/sulfate symporter responsible for regulating serum levels of inorganic sulfate. Our results corroborate earlier findings from an Slc13a1 mouse knockout, which resulted in hyposulfatemia and syndromic defects. Interestingly, the metabolic disorder in Miniature Poodles appears to share more clinical signs with a spectrum of human disorders caused by SLC26A2 than with the mouse Slc13a1 model. SLC26A2 is the primary sodium-independent sulfate transporter in cartilage and bone and is important for the sulfation of proteoglycans such as aggregan. We propose that disruption of SLC13A1 in the dog similarly causes undersulfation of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which impacts the conversion of cartilage to bone. A co-dominant DNA test of the deletion was developed to enable breeders to avoid producing affected dogs and to selectively eliminate the mutation from the gene pool.
A Bayesian Framework for Landing Site Selection during Autonomous Spacecraft Descent

The success of a landed space exploration mission depends largely on the final landing site. Factors influencing site selection include safety, fuel-consumption, and scientific return. This paper addresses the problem of selecting the best available landing site based on these factors in real-time during autonomous spacecraft descent onto a planetary surface. The problem is modeled probabilistically using Bayesian Networks (BNs). BNs provide a means of representing the causal relationships between variables that impact the quality of a landing site. The final landing site is determined via probabilistic reasoning based on terrain safety derived from on-board sensors, available fuel based on spacecraft descent dynamics, and regions of interest defined by mission scientists.
Interpretability and definability in the recursively enumerable degrees

We investigate definability in R, the recursively enumerable Turing degrees, using codings of standard models of arithmetic (SMA’s) as a tool. First we show that an SMA can be interpreted in R without parameters. Building on this, we prove that the recursively enumerable T–degrees satisfy a weak form of the biinterpretability conjecture which implies that all jump classes Lown and Highn−1 (n ≥ 2) are definable in R without parameters and, more generally, that all relations on R that are definable in arithmetic and invariant under the double jump are actually definable in R. This partially answers Soare’s Question 3.7 [35, XVI].
Changes in U.S. Distribution System Output, 1947-1977: The Effects of Changes in Structure and Final Demand:

The separate effects of change in structure and final demand upon distribution's output are isolated and measured. Two dimensions of change in final demand, change in level and change in composition, are identified; these effects on distribution's output are isolated and measured. Changes in both the level and the composition of final demand increase wholesaling output, but they have conflicting effects on retailing's output. While changes in final demand tend to increase distribution's output, changes in the interindustry structure simultaneously reduce output. Interaction effects further complicate the observed relationships between the distributive sector and its environments. The measurements are derived from trade flow tables for 1947 and 1977.
Vertically unstable type III odontoid fractures: Case report

Objective and importance Type III odontoid fractures are generally thought of as unstable fractures that can be successfully treated with an external orthosis. However, there is a rare subtype of Type III odontoid fractures that is similar in the degree of instability to atlanto-occipital dislocation injuries. Not recognizing or not treating this injury urgently and aggressively could lead to devastating iatrogenic neurological injuries such as quadriplegia and fatal lower brainstem palsies. Clinical presentation We present the case of a 73-year-old woman with a vertically distracted Type III odontoid fracture and associated quadriparesis and brainstem deficits. The patient was kept in a rigid collar, placed in a kinematic bed, and admitted to the trauma service for the management of her life-threatening systemic injuries. Traction was not applied. Intervention As soon as the patient was systemically stable, she was taken to the operating room for C1-C2 fixation with a screw-rod construct supplemented by cable and structural iliac crest bone graft. Conclusion Delayed recognition of this subtype of Type III odontoid fracture could have fatal or highly morbid consequences, such as quadriparesis/-plegia, lower brainstem dysfunction, and ventilator-dependence, for the patient. It is important to keep a high level of suspicion for this unusual subtype of Type III odontoid fracture.
Aspirin hypocholesterolemia associated with increased microsomal copper in liver

Abstract Aspirin was fed to rats (2.4 g/kg of diet) in a diet deficient in copper because of an hypothesis linking the etiology of ischemic heart disease to copper metabolism and because of the apparently protective effect of aspirin in this disease. Cholesterol was measured by fluorometry and copper was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Aspirin decreased cholesterol in plasma approximately 18% (p
Effect of calcitonin on fibroblasts and collagen formation in rabbits: an ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopic study.

Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrate the stimulatory effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin on the fine structure of fibroblasts and on collagen formation in cutaneous wounds experimentally induced in rabbits. Long-term administration of calcitonin enhances fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis. The fibroblasts hypertrophy and exhibit a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), several polyribosomes, large nuclei, hypertrophic Golgi complex, and many dense granules and lysosomes. Mitochondria are elongate and ramify; intracellular as well as extracellular synthesis of collagen increases. Fibrils appear tightly packed, in large heaps or spicula, with a characteristic periodicity and striation. Scanning electron micrographs of topography and relationships with collagen fibers and fibrils and cells surface changes demonstrate an extensive network of fine fibrils between collagen fibers, marked ruffling of cell membranes as well as numerous blebs on the cell surface. The latter are significant in collagen formation and egestion.
Sex pheromone scent marking by females ofPectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Females of the pink bollworm moth,Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), scent marked the substrate to which they were clinging with the extended pheromone gland during nocturnal pheromonereleasing periods. Scent marks were deposited on both natural (cotton leaf) and atypical (glass) substrates. In both situations, the scent marks elicited attraction responses from conspecific males.
Effects of systematic 12-core biopsy on the performance of percent free prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer detection.

Purpose: The performance characteristics of percent free (f) prostate specific antigen (PSA) for differentiating between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer were originally established using primarily sextant biopsy. We determined whether the addition of 6 laterally directed cores to the traditional sextant prostate biopsy affects the performance of percent fPSA. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 350 consecutive biopsies in men with negative digital rectal examinations and PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml who underwent systematic 12 core biopsy (S12C) biopsy at Scott Department of Urology between March 1999 and January 2003. The effects of 6 additional, laterally directed biopsies on the sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve for percent fPSA was evaluated in the 277 men in whom percent fPSA was measured. Results: Cancers detected exclusively in the 6 laterally directed cores were associated with percent fPSA values similar to those in patients with a benign S12C biopsy. This resulted in a modest and yet predictable decrease in the sensitivity of percent fPSA at each biopsy threshold value without affecting specificity. There was a nonstatistically significant decrease in the area under the ROC curve with the addition of 6 laterally directed cores to sextant biopsy (medial sextant cores 0.66 vs S12C 0.60). Conclusions: The 12 core biopsy strategies have a higher cancer detection rate than sextant biopsies and they are gaining widespread acceptance. The addition of 6 laterally directed cores to traditional sextant biopsy may result in a modest decrease in the sensitivity of percent fPSA at each selected biopsy threshold without affecting specificity.
Ultrastructural morphometry in the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides and Sézary's syndrome.

Abstract Morphometric techniques are widely used in pathology laboratories worldwide, 1–6 and have contributed significantly to the interpretation of disease 1,6 at the light and electron microscopic levels. Computerized image analysis of the malignant nucleus, 7 in particular, has yielded a wealth of new information that has biologic, 8–11 diagnostic, 10,12–20 and prognostic 21–25 significance. The morphometric evaluation of normal, 26–30 reactive, 31–37 and malignant 8,9,11–23,26,30,33,34,38–43 lymphoid nuclei, specifically, has had the greatest impact on our current classification schemes. 8,9,11,20,27,28,31,32,34,36,38–41,43 These objective studies will eventually provide clinicians and pathologists with the opportunity more effectively to evaluate treatment protocols and their long-term effectiveness, by establishing a tumor classification data base that has biologic relevance.
Extrinsic properties affecting the thermoelectric power output of few layer graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite thin films

Abstract Graphene containing thin film polymer composites possess favorable thermoelectric properties that allow them to be considered for use in low powered applications where durability and weight are important considerations. The use of these materials will be subject to the properties of the specific application, making it necessary to quantify the dependence of the thermoelectric power output on these extrinsic properties. In this study, we show that the power output for a 60 wt% few layer graphene/polyvinylidene composite is dependent on the absolute temperature, temperature difference, and dimensions of the heat source and magnitude of the load resistance. Additionally, the peak power output is achieved when the load resistance matches the internal resistance of the composite. These results demonstrate that it is necessary to optimize the extrinsic properties of the specific application when designing a thermoelectric module to maximize the power output.
The effects of reserpine upon body weight, brain weight and brain indoleamine stores in maturing mice.

Abstract 1. 1. Mice of 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks of age have been injected with the amine depletor reserpine and then measured for changes in body weight, brain weight, and indoleamine stores. 2. 2. Immature mice showed a transient loss of brain weight and a long term loss of body weight. 3. 3. Onset of drug action as reflected in the brains 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) stores was slower in 1 day olds than in later ages. 4. 4. Recovery of 5-HT levels was faster in younger mice while recovery of 5-HIAA levels was faster in older animals. 5. 5. It is suggested that 5-HT recovery is related to differences in 5-HT synthesis at various ages and 5-HIAA recovery is related to the maturity of the brain's acid transport system.
Applications of Self-Efficacy Theory to the Career Assessment of Women:

This article reviews the applicability of self-efficacy theory to the career assessment of women. The article begins by summarizing Bandura's self-efficacy theory, including its particular relevanc...
Differential developmental regulation of rat liver canalicular membrane transporters Bsep and Mrp2.

Bile formation depends on the active secretion of bile salts and other biliary constituents by specific transporters. Recently two major transporters that contribute to bile formation, the bile salt export pump (Bsep) and multidrug resistance protein-2 (Mrp2), have been cloned. The goal of the present study was to define the expression of Bsep and Mrp2 during rat liver development. mRNA expression as assessed by Northern blot and RT-PCR was higher for Mrp2 (40% of adult) at 21 d fetal age relative to Bsep (<20% of adult). The levels of Mrp2 mRNA increased to ˜50% of adult at 1 d of life and then rapidly increased to adult levels by 1-3 wk. Nuclear run-on assays for Bsep and Mrp2 showed minimal transcription during fetal life with an increase in transcription in the postnatal period. A different pattern of expression was observed for both Mrp2 and Bsep proteins. During fetal life, there was low expression of Mrp2 and Bsep proteins (<20% of adult) with a gradual increase neonatally reaching adult levels at 4 wk. Thus, we noted a temporal delay between the maximal expression of the mRNA (1-3 wk) and protein (4 wk) for Bsep and Mrp2. These results show that 1) expression (of mRNA and protein) of canalicular transporters is developmentally regulated by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms and 2) Mrp2 and Bsep gene expression (mRNA) are differentially regulated.
Virus Subversion of the MHC Class I Peptide-Loading Complex

Many viral proteins modulate class I expression, yet, in general, their mechanisms of specific class I recognition are poorly understood. The mK3 protein of gamma(2)-Herpesvirus 68 targets the degradation of nascent class I molecules via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Here, we identify cellular components of the MHC class I assembly machinery, TAP and tapasin, that are required for mK3 function. mK3 failed to regulate class I in TAP- or tapasin-deficient cells, and mK3 interacted with TAP/tapasin, even in the absence of class I. Expression of mK3 resulted in the ubiquitination of TAP/tapasin-associated class I, and mutants of class I incapable of TAP/tapasin interaction were unaffected by mK3. Thus, mK3 subverts TAP/tapasin to specifically target class I molecules for destruction.
Endocrine Withdrawal Syndromes

Hypersecretion of endogenous hormones or chronic administration of high doses of the same hormones induces varying degrees of tolerance and dependence. Elimination of hormone hypersecretion or discontinuation of hormone therapy may result in a mixed picture of two syndromes: a typical hormone deficiency syndrome and a generic withdrawal syndrome. Thus, hormones with completely different physiological effects may produce similar withdrawal syndromes, with symptoms and signs reminiscent of those observed with drugs of abuse, suggesting shared mechanisms. This review postulates a unified endocrine withdrawal syndrome, with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the central opioid peptide, in which noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems of the brain act as common links in its pathogenesis. Long-term adaptations to hormones may involve relatively persistent changes in molecular switches, including common intracellular signaling systems, from membrane receptors to transcription factors. The goals of therapy are to ease withdrawal symptoms and to expedite weaning of the patient from the hormonal excess state. Clinicians should resort to the fundamentals of tapering hormones down over time, even in the case of abrupt removal of a hormone-producing tumor. In addition, the prevention of stress and concurrent administration of antidepressants may ameliorate symptoms and signs of an endocrine withdrawal syndrome.
Student Responses to the Women's Reclamation Work in the Philosophy of Education

Reclamation work denotes the process of uncovering the lost contributions of women to the philosophy of education, analyzing their works, making them accessible to a larger audience, and (re)introducing them to the historical record and canon. Since the 1970s, scholars have been engaged in the reclamation work, thus making available to students, professors, and researchers a rich and varied perspective for tracing the evolution of educational thought. This article shares the responses of undergraduate and graduate students to discussing the reclamation work and canonical formation in their Philosophy of Education course. Two of the benefits most commonly cited by students involve learning a fuller, more accurate picture of history and ameliorating contemporary gender inequity. We assert that the traditional canon and syllabi for Philosophy of Education and Social Foundation courses could be enriched through the inclusion of works that trace the tradition of women's intellectual thought.
PREOPTIC GNRH AND AVT : AXES FOR SEXUAL PLASTICITY IN TELEOST FISH

Alternative reproductive tactics within one sex, adult sex or role change, and reproductive suppression are all forms of reproductive plasticity commonly exhibited among teleost fishes. The two neuropeptides that have been most extensively studied with regard to such behavioral plasticity are gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and arginine vasotocin (AVT). Here, we review intra- and intersexual variation in the number and size of GnRH and AVT neurons along with gonadal phenotype in those species of teleosts showing intraspecific plasticity in reproductive behavior. In several species, male dimorphisms in the number and/or size of GnRH neurons in the forebrain's preoptic area parallel a divergence in relative gonad size and reproductive tactics. The available studies of AVT-containing neurons in the preoptic area also indicate intrasexual dimorphisms among males, although a proximate link to other reproductive traits and behavioral outcomes is more difficult to recognize. For both GnRH and AVT, there are also species-typical patterns in the coupling between structural (e.g., neuronal and gonadal) traits and reproductive tactic expressed, which likely reflect distinct patterns of adaptation to particular ecological environments. As discussed, neurophysiological, biochemical, and receptor density studies are now essential to establish the functional significance of the diverse organizational patterns of GnRH and AVT neurons in teleosts. Similar studies also need to be carried out in species of other vertebrate groups that show comparable behavioral plasticity.
Cooling Considerations for Design of a Radial Inflow Turbine

A numerical study to determine the temperature distribution in the rotor of a radial inflow turbine is presented. Internal cooling passages are modeled in the present formulation in order to carry out solid and coolant temperature computations simultaneously resulting in a considerable computer time savings. The stresses due to centrifugal and thermal loadings are determined in an actual rotor and the effect of cooling design on its mechanical integrity is discussed.
RIFFA 2.0: A reusable integration framework for FPGA accelerators

We present RIFFA 2.0, a reusable integration framework for FPGA accelerators. RIFFA 2.0 provides communication and synchronization for FPGA accelerated applications using simple interfaces for hardware and software. Our goal is to expand the use of FPGAs as an acceleration platform by releasing, as open source, a framework that easily integrates software running on commodity CPUs with FPGA cores. RIFFA 2.0 uses PCIe to connect FPGAs to a CPU's system bus. RIFFA 2.0 extends the original RIFFA project by supporting more classes of Xilinx FPGAs, multiple FPGAs in a system, more PCIe link configurations, higher bandwidth, and Linux and Windows operating systems. This release also supports C/C++, Java, and Python bindings. Tests show that data transfers between hardware and software can saturate the PCIe link to achieve the highest bandwidth possible.