cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muddling Through the Shadow of the Past: Post-Communist Russia's Search for a New Regime Ideology

For many scholars, the current Russian regime is characterized by pragmatism aimed at, first and foremost, the maintenance of political power. Nevertheless, as the country’s international status rises and domestic problems persist, the current Russian regime is clearly interested in defining a new regime ideology that can justify regime rule and guide long-term developmental strategy. This paper seeks to examine the major forces shaping the current Russian regime’s search for a new ideology, and explores the reasons why this process has been so difficult and full of ambiguities. It argues that the current Russian regime’s difficulty in forming a clear new regime ideology is not due to its unwillingness to do so, but because of its inability. This inability largely stems from two major sources: the relative incoherence of the regime’s ideological repertoire, and the relative weakness of Russian political elite’s commitment. Finally, this paper also seeks to offer a tentative assessment of the potential implications of the current Russian regime's ongoing ideology-building process.
Sensitivity of Discrete Systems

The first step in the analysis of a complex structure is typically a spatial discretization of the continuum equations into a finite element, finite difference or a similar model. The analysis problem then requires the solution of algebraic equations (static response), algebraic eigenvalue problems (buckling or vibration) or ordinary differential equations (transient response). The sensitivity calculation is then equivalent to the mathematical problem of obtaining the derivatives of the solutions of those equations with respect to their coefficients. This is the main subject of the present chapter.
Optical coherence tomography for identifying unstable coronary plaque

This manuscript examines intravascular imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT is a potentially attractive intravascular imaging technology due to its high resolution, small catheters/guidewires, and ability to be combined with spectroscopic techniques. Its potential disadvantages remain its limited penetration and signal attenuation by blood. The manuscript reviews unstable plaque, OCT principles, historical development, current challenges, and comparison with IVUS.
Community planning: a national strategy to improve HIV prevention programs.

Beginning in fiscal year (FY) 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with health departments and other human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention partners, set in motion a significant innovation in HIV prevention programs: HIV Prevention Community Planning. This process, implemented by all 65 health departments receiving HIV prevention funds from CDC, requires that the identification and prioritization of HIV prevention needs be a shared responsibility between the health departments administering the funds and representatives of the affected communities for whom the services are intended. Guidance for this planning process strongly embraces the notion that high priority HIV prevention strategies and interventions must have a sound basis in behavioral and social science and that program planning must begin with an accurate assessment of the epidemiology of the current and projected future HIV epidemic. Rather than mandate a single standardized process for all of the 65 jurisdictions, CDC guidance provides flexibility for each jurisdiction to configure a planning process responsive to its own unique circumstances. However, all planning activities must be guided by 13 essential principles. This article will describe the principles and logistics of HIV Prevention Community Planning, identify the potential program benefits of this new undertaking, and describe implementation challenges.
Planning charging infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles in city centers

ABSTRACTInstalling charging facilities in existing parking lots in city centers is considered an effective measure to encourage the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). This article is concerned with the problem of locating these facilities so as to minimize the total system cost. The problem is formulated as a fixed charge facility location model with charging capacity constraints. The proposed model extends the existing work by allowing unserved demands and considering drivers’ preference for familiar parking lots. Accordingly, inconvenience costs are introduced for unserved demands and for those who have to change their parking lots in order to charge at work. The proposed model is not only always feasible, but also introduces a pricing mechanism so that the level of service (measured by the cost of unserved demands) can be traded off with the infrastructure cost. In addition, a stochastic version of the proposed model is developed to address the effects of uncertain PEV market penetration rate...
Computation of turbulent axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric jet flows using the K-epsilon model

It is known that the standard K-e model does not provide an accurate prediction of the mean flow of turbulent jets. This is so even when the Pope and Sarkar correction terms are included. It is suggested that the K-e model, together with the Pope and Sarkar terms for nonplanar and high convective Mach number flow corrections, does contain the essential ingredients of turbulence physics for adequate jet mean flow prediction. The problem lies in the standard coefficients that were calibrated by using boundary-layer and low Mach number plane mixing layer data. By replacing these coefficients by a new set of empirical coefficients, it is demonstrated that the model can offer good predictions of axisymmetric, rectangular, and elliptic jet mean flows over the Mach number range of 0.4-2.0 and jet total temperature to ambient temperature ratio of 1.0-4.0. The present result conveys the message that it is possible that there is no universally applicable turbulence model. The reason is that although the characteristics and dynamics of fine-scale turbulence may be the same for all turbulent flows, the large turbulence structures, having dimensions comparable to the local length scale of the flow, are significantly influenced by local boundary conditions and geometry. Thus overall turbulence dynamics are somewhat problem type dependent.
Pay-per-view in interlibrary loan: a case study

Question: Can purchasing articles from publishers be a cost-effective method of interlibrary loan (ILL) for libraries owing significant copyright royalties?
Renormalization of a distorted gauge-invariant theory

A new type of renormalizable theory involving massive Yang-Mills fields whose mass is generated by an intrinsic breakdown of the usual local gauge symmetry is considered. However, the Lagrangian has a distorted gauge symmetry which leads to the Ward-Takahashi (W-T) identities. Also, the theory is independent of the gauge parameter xi. An explicit renormalization at the oneloop level is completely carried out by exhibiting counter terms, defining the physical parameters and computing all renormalization constants to check the W-T identities. (auth)
The coexistence of nodular and diffuse patterns in nodular non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Significance and clinicopathologic correlation

One hundred and twenty-six cases of nodular lymphoma have been classified cytologically by the criteria of Rappaport, and have been divided into three arc4itectural groups, based on the degree of nodularity. Eighty-five percent of the patients have been followed for at least 5 years after initial therapy. Analysis of actuarial survival curves reveals that patients in the poorly differentiated lymphocytic and mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic categories with the three architectural patterns (“nodular only,” “nodular with focal diffuse,” and “nodular with diffuse”) have similar long-term and &ease-free survivals. Nevertheless, any degree of nodularity imparts a more favorable prognosis than diffuse lymphoma of corresponding cell type. In the small number of patients with a nodular lymphoma of the histiocytic type, associated with diffuse areas, the prognosis is less favorable than in the other two histologic groups. Thus, a nodular lymphoma of so-called histiocytic type with diffuse areas may behave more like a diffuse than nodular lymphoma, and warrants appropriate therapy. Canecr 40:1229-1233, 1977.
Depression, anxiety, and ataque de nervios: The primary mental health care model in a Latino population.

The Hispanic population in the United States is the fastest growing minority group. With this population increase, mental health practitioners must learn to meet their mental health needs. The purpose of this paper is to describe a culturally appropriate therapy approach that combines the concept of cultural curiosity, suggestions from the American Psychiatric Association concerning culture and mental health, and the Primary Mental Health Care Model. The approach will be described as it is used at One World Community Health Center, which primarily serves low-income Hispanics. Three case examples are provided to illustrate the approach.
The Anatomy of a Pitch: Doing Physics with PITCHf/x Data

On Aug. 7, 2007, Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants was at bat waiting for a 3-2 pitch from Mike Bacsik of the Washington Nationals. The ball left the pitcher's hand at 84.7 mph and arrived at home plate traveling 77.2 mph. It was within 0.2 in of the center of home plate and 3.213 ft above the ground when Bonds swung and hit his 756th home run, making him the all-time leader for homers in a career. Thanks to a company called Sportvision and Major League Baseball, you can get kinematic data on any pitch thrown. Just think of the interesting and realistic physics problems you can generate from such a rich data set!
On Relativistic Transformation of Coordinates and Exact Solution of Damped Wave Conduction and Relaxation Equation

Analytical solution to the hyperbolic damped wave conduction and relaxation equation is developed by a novel method called the relativistic transformation method. The hyperbolic PDE is decomposed into a time decaying damping component and a Klein-Gardon type equation for the wave temperature. The PDE that describes the wave temperature is transformed to a Bessel differential equation by using the relativistic transformation. The relativistic transformation, η = τ2 − X2 is symmetric in space and time. The solution obtained for the transient temperature to a semi-infinite medium was compared with success to a Laplace transform solution reported by other investigators. A approximate analytical solution is obtained for the transient temperature by realizing that the integration constants from the solution of Bessel differential equation in the transformation variable is with respect to the transformation variable which is a function of space and time. So the boundary conditions can be used to solve for integration “constants” that are functions of one variable. The solution consists of three regimes. There is no discontinuity at the wave front. A inertial zero transfer regime, a second rising regime characterized by Bessel composite function of the zeroth order and first kind and a third falling regime characterized by modified Bessel composite function of the zeroth order and first kind.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Gender roles, marital status, and urban-rural migration

The impact of gender and marital status on migration decision making and satisfaction with the relocation decision six months following the move, are examined. Previous research in the literature concerning gender role, quality of life, and environmental sociology provides the conceptual framework for the following hypotheses: (a) women are more likely to migrate for quality-of-life, rather than economic, reasons; (b) single migrants are more likely to experience satisfaction with the move than are couples; (c) among couples, satisfaction with the move will be greatest when the decision to move is an egalitarian one; and (d) migrants who relocate for economic reasons will be dissatisfied with the move if their economic aspirations are not satisfied. Data are from the first interview with a random probability sample of 390 recent migrants into the Gallatin Valley of Montana. The sample was identified through new telephone listings, and a combined questionnaire/interview format was employed. Log-linear analyses were utilized to test the hypothesized relationships between marital status, the migration decision-making process, subsequent satisfaction with the decision to move, and income change as a result of the move. Hypotheses (a) and (b) above were supported. The data did not support the hypothesized relationship between egalitarian decision making and subsequent family satisfaction with the move. There also was no support for the expectation that migrants seeking economic goals would experience lower levels of satisfaction if these economic aspirations were unmet. The implications of these findings are discussed and alternative hypotheses are suggested.
Approaching the Asymptote: 20 Years Later

The pattern recognition theory proposed by the late Charles Janeway, Jr. 20 years ago provided a conceptual framework for our current understanding of the innate immune recognition and its role in the activation of adaptive immunity. Discovery of several families of pattern recognition receptors and their roles in mammalian immunity provided experimental support for the Janeway's theory. In addition to pattern recognition, there are other forms of innate immune sensing, which presumably work in specific combinations depending on the pathogen class and the type of the immune response they elicit. Here, the development of the Janeway's theory is discussed in the context of the advances made in field of innate immune recognition over the past two decades.
Growth Management and Agriculture: An Examination of Local Efforts to Manage Growth and Preserve Farmland in Wisconsin Cities, Villages, and Towns*

In this paper we examine the effectiveness of growth management policies in Wisconsin cities, villages, and towns. Unlike most other studies, we consider the impact of growth management policies on agriculture, specifically the preservation of farmland, in addition to population growth. Our analysis examines these relationships separately in towns and in cities/villages because of differences in their institutional structures. We mailed a survey to every city, village, and town in Wisconsin; the surveys were supplemented by data collected from several secondary sources. For both towns and cities/villages, growth management policies are related positively to the rate of population growth. The fiscal structure of localities proved to have a stronger effect on population growth for cities and villages than for towns. Growth management capacity had little effect for either type of municipality. The analysis of farmland preservation suggests that exclusive agriculture zoning is marginally effective in limiting farmland conversion in towns, but ineffective in cities/villages.
Adaptive displacement estimation for optimal reconstruction of thermal strain

Thermal strain imaging (TSI) can be used to differentiate lipid and water-based tissues in atherosclerotic arteries. However, detecting small lipid pools in vivo requires accurate and robust estimation of displacement over a wide range of displacement magnitudes. Phase-shift estimators such as Loupas' estimator and time-shift estimators like normalized cross-correlation (NXcorr) are commonly used to track tissue displacements. However, Loupas' algorithm is limited by phase-wrapping and NXcorr performs poorly in low SNR situations. In this paper, we present an adaptive displacement estimation algorithm that showed performance that was superior to either Loupas' estimator or NXcorr alone when the displacement estimates were used to reconstruct thermal strain. We evaluated this algorithm using simulation and phantom studies.
It's academic: public policy activities among faculty members in a department of medicine.

Author(s): Jacobs, Douglas B; Greene, Meredith; Bindman, Andrew B | Abstract: ProblemTo investigate whether and how faculty members in a department of medicine are engaged in public policy activities.ApproachBetween February and April 2011, the authors conducted a cross-sectional, Web-based survey of all active Department of Medicine faculty members at the University of California, San Francisco. Survey questions covered demographics, academic role, academic rank, and participation in three specific public policy activities during the past five years: (1) policy-related research, (2) expert advice to government officials, and (3) public policy advocacy in collaboration with organizations outside government.OutcomesTwo hundred twenty of 553 faculty (40%) responded to the survey. One hundred twenty-four faculty members (56% of respondents and 22% of total active faculty) reported that they were engaged in at least one of the three types of policy-related activities: 51 (23%) conducted policy-related research, 67 (30%) provided expert advice to government officials, and 93 (42%) collaborated with organizations to advocate for public policy. Higher faculty rank was significantly associated with faculty members reporting that they were involved in one or more of the three policy activities (P = .04).Next stepsAcademic departments should identify public policy expertise among their faculty and leverage this expertise by facilitating opportunities to develop a shared faculty awareness of their public policy activities, by supporting the establishment of mentoring relationships for less experienced faculty in the area of public policy, and by incorporating standards of excellence for work in public policy into the promotions process.
Food survey and chemical composition of food and ready‐to‐eat meals in the luo area of South Western Kenya

A nutritional survey including a 24‐hour‐recall method was performed in a farming area of the Luo tribe in South Western Kenya. 202 school children of two local primary schools of the Kanyawanga Community were interviewed. The questionnaire examined the main food items eaten for breakfast, lunch, dinner; family sizes in relation to family plot sizes and the main crops and vegetables produced. Results are presented and recipes of the main Luo meals are given. Additionally, samples of all major foods and dishes were collected and chemically analyzed. Their water, fat, protein and amino acids contents are tabulated and conclusions have been made concerning the protein value of the Luo diet.
The relationship between solar activity and the H and K line cores in integrated sunlight

In this paper we present and analyze new data on the cores of the H and K lines of ionized calcium in the spectrum of integrated sunlight. The intensities of the components H2v, H3, H2r, K2v, K3, and K2r in the line cores were measured in terms of the continuum intensity at 4000 A during a solar rotation in September 1969. Other data on these components, obtained at or close to the times of solar minimum (September 1964) and solar maximum (September 1968), were also included. The intensities of these features are compared with two indices of solar activity: the Ca ii plage index and the 2800 MHZ signal. The average correlation coefficients between the intensities of the measured features and those indices were 0.69 and 0.64, respectively. Our results are consistent with those of Bumba and Růžickova-Topolova (1967) for a solar rotation period in 1965.
Interpolation Methods for Spatio-Temporal Geographic Data

We consider spatio-temporal interpolation of geographic data using both the reduction method, which treats time as an independent dimension, and the extension method, which treats time as equivalent to a spatial dimension. We adopt both 2-D and 3-D shape functions from finite element methods for the spatio-temporal interpolation of 2-D spatial and 1-D temporal data sets. We also develop new 4-D shape functions and use them for the spatio-temporal interpolation of 3-D spatial and 1-D temporal data sets. Using an actual real estate data set with house prices, we compare these methods with other spatio-temporal interpolation methods based on inverse distance weighting and kriging. The comparison criteria include interpolation accuracy, error-proneness to time aggregation, invariance to scaling on the coordinate axes, and the type of constraints used in the representation of the interpolated data. Our experimental results show that the extension method based on shape functions is the most accurate and the overall best spatio-temporal interpolation method. New color rendering algorithms are also developed for the visualization of time slices of the interpolated spatio-temporal data. We show some visualization results of the real estate data set including the vertical profile of house prices.
Not Drawn to Scale: Research on Resource and Environmental Conflict

Africa's so-called first “world war” appears to have its epicentre in the Democratic Republic of Congo. While the forces of President Kabila fought Congolese rebels who seek to overthrow him, the e...
Terminology and the well-formed definition

A classification of definitions is developed, incorporating the concept of the well-formed definition. The classification is discussed with emphasis on its usefulness in the process of writing definitions. The well-formed definition (one that is brief, clear, and generally useful) is a concept that provides an analytical capability to distinguish between definitions and descriptions. If even one of the three characteristics of brevity, clarity, or general usefulness is absent, a definition is better considered a description. 15 references.
Optimal life histories and the age-specific costs of reproduction.

Abstract Increases in reproduction at a given age may carry costs measured as reductions in subsequent survival and/or future fertility. Such costs generate constraints within which natural selection may mould life histories to maximize fitness. In this paper, I derive expressions predicting the age-specific costs of reproduction conditional on the maximization of fitness. Survival costs should, on this hypothesis, vary as the inverse of the reproductive value curve; fertility costs should vary as the ratio of successive terms in the stable age distribution. For many organisms, this means that survival costs should increase markedly with age, while fertility costs should be nearly age-invariant. Data on such age-specific costs is scarce, but that which is available (mainly for humans) agrees with these predictions.
Teaching a Deictic Relational Repertoire to Children with Autism

Perspective-taking skills are crucial for successful social interactions and individuals with autism often have great difficulty in this area. Recent research in the area of Relational Frame Theory has developed an analysis of deictic relations, thought to underlie perspective-taking. A few studies have shown that performance on a deictic relations protocol correlates with other measures of perspective taking, and that deictic relations can be learned through operant conditioning procedures. The current study examined the effects of increased deictic relational responding, on Theory of Mind scores, with children with autism. Five children with autism participated in this study, two of whom were designated as control participants. The results suggest that the current form of deictic relational training can be taught to children with autism, but this may not be sufficient to change more generalized perspective-taking skills, as measured by a Theory of Mind assessment.
Optimal Reservation Prices in Auctions

The risk-neutral independent-private-values (IPV) auction model produces curious results regarding the use of reservation prices: no matter how many bidders, the seller should announce a fixed reservation price above his true value. This is notable since the seller gains by adopting an inefficient institution, and puzzling because it conflicts with common practice. The authors relax the IPV assumption; characterize optimal reservation prices in a richer class of auctions; and show that, when information is correlated, the seller's optimal reservation price converges to his true value, often monotonically and rapidly, as the number of bidders grows. Copyright 1996 by Royal Economic Society.
Preferential inhibition of the synthesis of 45S ribosomal RNA precursor by N-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene in rat liver epithelial cultures

Abstract After exposing a line of rat liver epithelial cells to a single dose of the carcinogen N -acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene ( N -acetoxy-AAF), a dose-dependent decrease in [ 3 H]uridine incorporation into total cellular RNA was found. Approx. 50% inhibition occurred with 0.5 μg/ml of the compound. The kinetics of the response, the effects of actinomycin D, and the fractionation of the newly synthesized RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated preferential inhibition of the synthesis of 45S ribosomal RNA precursor and a relative sparing of the synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
Beach erosion as a function of variations in the sediment budget, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Many of the world's beaches have recently been eroding, even on progradational landforms. This study uses the sediment budget approach to identify and rank the causes of the hazard along Sandy Hook spit where the primary recreational beach has been eroding at about 10 m/yr since 1953 and 23 m/yr in the 1970s. Large spatial variations in longshore sediment transport are found to result from differences in refracted wave energies and intersegmental sediment transport. Erosion results from a 60 per cent deficit (-270,000 m3/yr) in the sediment budget that is primarily caused by (1) refraction induced locally high waves that increase the transport rate by 100,000 m3, and (2) shore protection structures that have lessened the longshore sediment inputs by an additional 100,000 m3/yr. A storm index is presented to analyse secular climatic variation. It suggests that the annual sediment transport rate may vary by as much as ±50 per cent about the mean and that recently, above normal storm wave energies are responsible for about 60,000 m3/yr of the budget deficit. Rising sea levels and storm overwash each account for only about one per cent of the sediment loss. Pulses of sediment, induced by accelerated erosion at the feeder beach locale of spit segments, are found to move downdrift. They alter the geomorphology of the spit through episodic extensions of the spit segments with lag times exceeding one year per segment.
Copper ferricyanide localization of photosystem II in glutaraldehyde fixed and unfixed chloroplasts

The electron microscopic localization of Photosystem II in chloroplasts by the copper ferricyanide method has been reinvestigated. Unfixed chloroplasts show large precipitates localized on the stroma lamellae around the grana stacks; fixed plastids show mostly smaller precipitates localized in the partition gap of the grana stacks. Fixed plastids also show a nonspecific precipitate that can be suppressed by pretreatment with an appropriate oxidant. It is concluded that differences of localization in previous studies has been due to failure of reagents to penetrate grana stacks. Although the technique is of limited value in photosynthetic studies because of product migration before precipitation and because of inhibition of Photosystem II by both ferricyanide and copper, it can be concluded that Photosystem II is primarily restricted to the grana.
17 β-Estradiol transiently disrupts adherens junctions in endothelial cells

SPECIFIC AIMSWe hypothesized that 17 β-estradiol (E2) targets the adherens junction (AJ) complex in endothelial cells via a membrane-associated, non-nuclear signaling pathway. E2 thereby may releas...
Kinetics of the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin monomer at neutral pH

Abstract The kinetics of step 1 of the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion have been studied in phosphate-buffered sodium chloride (ionic strength 0.15) at pH 6.8 at 25 °C. Under these conditions the reaction is accompanied by steps 2 and 3. Both p -toluenesulfonyl- l -arginine methyl ester and formaldehyde were used as inhibitors. The inhibitory action of the former is toward thrombin. The latter has been shown to be unsuitable for determining the kinetics of step 1. The reaction is first order in fibrinogen at pH 6.8, in agreement with our previous results at pH 5.3. A discussion has been presented to account for some of the differences between our results and those of Waugh and co-workers. From these considerations, as well as independent experimental evidence, previously postulated thrombin-inactivation reactions need not be introduced to explain the kinetic data. Step 1 thus appears to be a simple bimolecular reaction to form the enzyme-substrate complex under conditions where the enzyme is not saturated.
Isomorphous Substitution of Transition-Metal Ions in the Nanoporous Nickel Phosphate VSB-5

The transition-metal-incorporated nickel phosphate molecular sieves (TMI-VSB-5) have been hydrothermally synthesized at 453 K in weak basic conditions under microwave irradiation. By means of X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) diffuse reflectance, and Mossbauer spectroscopies, successful isomorphous (at least partial) substitution of transition-metal ions in the VSB-5 framework has been verified. Characterization results show that the framework structure of nanoporous VSB-5 can accommodate a substantial level of isomorphous substitution of transition-metal ions up to about 10, 5, and 3 atom % for Fe, Mn, and V, respectively, in both octahedral nickel sites (Mn and Fe) and tetrahedral phosphorus sites (V). The isomorphous substitution including the replacement mechanism was studied by not only the change of unit cell parameters but also spectroscopic analysis. The unit cell parameters of TMI-VSB-5 including a unit cell volume and a-axis length relied on the io...
The reliability of the book-to-market ratio as a risk proxy

Abstract This study examines whether the book-to-market ratio consistently explains the cross-section of stock returns through time. The results reveal that the book-to-market ratio is positively and significantly related to return in only 43% of the monthly regressions. Other value/growth variables such as Cash Flow,” “Sales Growth,” and “Size”; perform even more erratically than the book-to-market ratio, and are thus less likely to be viewed as legitimate risk proxies.
Effects of Numerics on the Physics in a Third-Generation Wind-Wave Model

Abstract Numerical errors in third-generation ocean wave models can result in a misinterpretation of the physics in the model. Using idealized situations, it is shown that numerical errors significantly influence the initial growth, the response of wave fields to turning winds, the scaling behavior of model results with wind speed, and the propagation of swell. Furthermore, the numerics may influence the dynamic interaction between wind sea and swell. Surprisingly, fetch-limited model behavior is hardly influenced by numerical errors in wave propagation. Simple modifications of the numerics are presented to reduce or eliminate such errors. The impact of numerical improvements for realistic conditions is illustrated by performing hindcasts for the Atlantic basin and for a smaller region off the east coast of the United States.
In-Network Compute Extensions for Rate-Adaptive Content Delivery in Mobile Networks

Traffic from mobile wireless networks has been growing at a fast pace in recent years and is expected to surpass wired traffic very soon. Service providers face significant challenges at such scales including providing seamless mobility, efficient data delivery, security, and provisioning capacity at the wireless edge. In the Mobility First project, we have been exploring clean slate enhancements to the network protocols that can inherently provide support for at-scale mobility and trustworthiness in the Internet. An extensible data plane using pluggable compute-layer services is a key component of this architecture. We believe these extensions can be used to implement in-network services to enhance mobile end-user experience by either off-loading work and/or traffic from mobile devices, or by enabling en-route service-adaptation through context-awareness (e.g., Knowing contemporary access bandwidth). In this work we present details of the architectural support for in-network services within Mobility First, and propose protocol and service-API extensions to flexibly address these pluggable services from end-points. As a demonstrative example, we implement an in network service that does rate adaptation when delivering video streams to mobile devices that experience variable connection quality. We present details of our deployment and evaluation of the non-IP protocols along with compute-layer extensions on the GENI test bed, where we used a set of programmable nodes across 7 distributed sites to configure a Mobility First network with hosts, routers, and in-network compute services.
A Method for the Quantitative Determination of Gelatin in Ice Creams

Summary By diluting the filtrate, after removing the casein and fat with acid mercuric nitrate, according to the A. O. A. C. method for the detection of gelatin in milk, and comparing the turbidity produced by picric acid with a standard, the amount of gelatin in ice cream can be approximated. More accurate results are obtained by precipitating the casein and fat with acetic acid, separating the gelatin with alcohol, and redissolving it in hot water. In this way the percentage of gelatin can be calculated from the nitrogen content and from the specific rotation of gelatin at 35°. The mutarotation can also be measured to show the jelly strength of the gelatin added to the ice cream. Results are shown on 21 samples of experimental ice cream mix, containing from 0.2 to 1 per cent of gelatin, using gelatins of good, medium, and poor quality.
The receptor mechanisms underlying the disruptive effects of haloperidol and clozapine on rat maternal behavior: A double dissociation between dopamine D2 and 5-HT2A/2C receptors

Many antipsychotic drugs disrupt active components of maternal behavior such as pup approach, pup retrieval and nest building at clinically relevant doses in postpartum female rats. However, the neurochemical mechanisms underlying such a disruptive effect remain to be determined. This study examined the neurochemical mechanisms that mediate the disruptive effects of haloperidol (a typical antipsychotic) and clozapine (an atypical antipsychotic) on rat maternal behavior. Postpartum rats were administered with haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, sc) or clozapine (10.0 mg/kg, sc) together with either vehicle (saline or water), quinpirole (a selective dopamine D(2)/D(3) agonist, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, sc), or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-amphetamine (DOI, a selective 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist, 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg, sc), and their maternal behaviors were tested at different time points before and after drug administration. Haloperidol and clozapine treatment disrupted pup approach, pup retrieval, pup licking and nest building. Pretreatment of quinpirole, but not DOI, dose-dependently reversed the haloperidol-induced disruptions. In contrast, pretreatment of DOI, but not quinpirole, dose-dependently reversed the clozapine-induced disruptions. Quinpirole pretreatment even exacerbated the clozapine-induced disruption of pup retrieval and nest building. These findings suggest a double dissociation mechanism underlying the disruption of haloperidol and clozapine on rat maternal behavior. Specifically, haloperidol disrupts maternal behavior primarily by blocking dopamine D(2) receptors, whereas clozapine exerts its disruptive effect primarily by blocking the 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors. Our findings also suggest that 5-HT receptors are involved in the mediation of rat maternal behavior.
Toward a rigorous quantum field theory

This paper outlines a framework that may provide a mathematically rigorous quantum field theory. The framework relies upon the methods of nonstandard analysis. A theory of nonstandard inner product spaces and operators on these spaces is first developed. This theory is then applied to construct nonstandard Fock spaces which extend the standard Fock spaces. Then a rigorous framework for the field operators of quantum field theory is presented. The results are illustrated for the case of Klein-Gordon fields.
Differences in Psychopathology between Black and White Schizophrenics

The psychopathology of black and white schizophrenics was compared in 275 consecutive admissions of schizophrenics, who were rated on two rating scales by psychiatrists, using a structured interview. There were significant differences between black and white schizophrenics; blacks exhibited more frequent symptoms of angry outbursts, poor communication, disorientation, asocial behaviour and auditory and visual hallucinations, while whites showed more frequent symptoms of unsystematized delusions. When controlled for sex, additional symptom differences were found for female schizophrenics; blacks were more often excited, ambivalent, rigid and dysphoric. For male schizophrenics, all symptom differences disappeared except one; blacks were more frequently asocial.
Crystallization—morphology—polymer processing correlations for IUPAC low density polyethylenes

The crystallization behavior of three IUPAC low density polyethylene samples has been characterized by thermal analysis. Their rates of crystallization only are directly correlatable with their film forming ability in film blowing technology. The IUPAC samples possessed essentially indistinguishable physical properties, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) melting curves and rheological characteristics, but their propensity for crystallization was found readily to parallel their film forming ability and other characteristics associated with end-use performance. The application of thermal analysis to assess crystallization is a unique diagnostic tool for measuring polymer film processability, which is well illustrated here using a few simple experiments made on the original polymer specimens and a polymer blend. Although all samples exhibit similar small-angle X-ray periodicities, the morphological differences assessed, particularly by microtomy-optical microscopy, correlate with, and complement, the results of phase transformation kinetics responsible for film properties. Fractography-scanning electron microscopy proves to be inferior to optical methods for revealing the morphology of these low density polyethylenes.
Calcaneal robusticity in Plio-Pleistocene hominins: implications for locomotor diversity and phylogeny.

A key pedal adaptation to bipedality is a relatively large, weight-bearing calcaneus. The earliest evidence for a human-like, robust calcaneus is at 3.2 Ma in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 333-8, A.L. 333-55, A.L. 333-37) from Hadar, Ethiopia. Australopithecus sediba at 1.98 Ma from Malapa, South Africa displays a unique combination of primitive australopith features and more derived Homo-like features, but surprisingly is characterized by a gracile, chimpanzee-like calcaneus. The differences in calcaneal morphology suggest that these taxa differed in the frequency of arboreality and in the manner of foot function during terrestrial bipedal locomotion. This study examines calcaneal morphology in extant hominids (i.e., great apes and humans; N = 95) and fossil hominins (N = 5) to better understand the evolutionary development of calcaneal robusticity in early hominins. In particular, this study focuses on two additional fossil hominin calcanei that have not figured prominently in previous discussions of calcaneal robusticity: StW 352 and Omo 33-74-896. A measure of calcaneal robusticity was quantified as the ratio of calcaneal tuber cross-sectional area to calcaneal tuber length, which significantly differs between humans and non-humans using a sequential Bonferroni alpha adjustment for multiple comparisons. Additional multivariate analyses using Mosimann shape variables show that StW 352 and Omo 33-74-896 are more similar to Au. sediba in calcaneal tuber morphology than to Au. afarensis, suggesting that the latter taxon is better adapted for terrestrial bipedalism than at least some later species of Australopithecus. This finding implies the possibility of several complex evolutionary scenarios involving either multiple reversals in postcranial morphology in Australopithecus or the independent acquisition of adaptations to terrestrial bipedalism in Au. afarensis and Homo.
Sequence variation in the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1) gene and multiple sclerosis susceptibility

Abstract Genome screenings in multiple sclerosis (MS) have identified multiple susceptibility regions supporting a polygenic model for this disease. Evidence for linkage was consistently observed at ch.19q13 suggesting the presence of an MS gene(s) in this region. Several interesting candidate genes are encoded within this region, including transforming growth factor-beta 1 ( TGFB1 ) and interleukin-11 ( IL11 ). Both are multifunctional cytokines with significant and well-characterized immunomodulatory properties. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of common polymorphisms within the TGFB1 and IL11 loci and three closely flanking microsatellite markers ( D19S421 , CEA , D19S908 ) in 161 stringently ascertained and clinically characterized MS multiplex families using tests of both linkage (lod score, sib-pair analysis) and association (pedigree disequilibrium test or PDT). Patients and families were stratified by HLA-DR2 status to search for two-locus interactions. Suggestive evidence for linkage and association to CEA (lod score=1.25, θ =0.20, p =0.015, respectively), located 0.4 cM from TGFB1 , was observed in DR2 positive families only. Distinct clinical phenotypes were also examined and an association between a TGFB1 haplotype and a mild disease course was present ( p =0.008), raising the possibility that TGFB1 or a nearby locus may influence disease expression.
Digestive utilization of ozone-exposed forage by rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

A mixture of common Southern Piedmont (USA) grassland species (Lolium arundinacea, Paspalum dilatatum, Cynodon dactylon and Trifolium repens) was exposed to O3 [ambient (non-filtered; NF) and twice-ambient (2X) concentrations] and fed to individually caged New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in a digestibility experiment. Forages and feed refusals were analyzed for concentrations of total cell wall constituents, lignin, crude protein, and soluble and hydrolyzable phenolic fractions. Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility by rabbits were significantly lower for 2X than NF forage. Decreased digestibility could not be attributed to lignin concentrations, but was associated with increased concentrations of acid-hydrolyzable and saponifiable phenolics. Exposure of forage to elevated O3 resulted in decreased digestible dry matter intake by rabbits. Elevated O3 concentrations could be expected to have a negative impact on forage quality, resulting in decreased nutrient utilization by mammalian herbivores in Southern Piedmont grasslands under projected future climate scenarios.
Computer use, self-confidence, and attitudes: A causal analysis

Abstract Based on attitude—behavior theory, it was hypothesized that computer use would enhance beliefs about self-perceived computer confidence, which would in turn affect attitudes towards computers. Primary level students (N = 723) completed self-report surveys that measured these three constructs. Covariance structural analyses revealed that (a) computer use positively affected computer confidence, and (b) computer confidence positively affected computer attitudes. Unexpectedly, direct computer use had a negative effect on computer attitudes, when confidence was held constant. Results suggest how computer educational environments might be improved.
Priming of neutrophils and differentiated PLB-985 cells by pathophysiological concentrations of TNF-α is partially oxygen dependent.

Activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) can be modulated to intermediate ‘primed’ states characterized by enhanced responsiveness to subsequent stimuli. We studied priming in response to TNF-α in human PMN and PLB-985 cells, a myeloid cell line differentiated to a neutrophilic phenotype (PLB-D). PMN generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to TNF-α alone, and NADPH oxidase activity increased in response to stimulation with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe after priming. PLB-D cells also demonstrated priming of NADPH oxidase activity. Similar to priming by endotoxin, priming of the respiratory burst by TNF-α was predominantly oxygen dependent, with marked attenuation of ROS generation if primed anaerobically. Both PMN and PLB-D cells displayed significant increases in cell surface CD11b and gp91phox expression after TNF-α priming and PMN displayed activation of MAPK. In response to TNF-α priming, neither mobilization of intracellular proteins nor activation of MAPK pathways was NADPH oxidase dependent. Priming of PMN and PLB-D cells by low TNF-α concentrations enhanced chemotaxis. These data demonstrate that pathophysiological concentrations of TNF-α elicit NADPH oxidase-derived ROS and prime cells for enhanced surface protein expression, activation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways, and increased chemotaxis. Furthermore, PLB-D cells undergo TNF-α priming and provide a genetically modifiable model to study priming mechanisms.
Routine activities and drug trafficking: the case of the Netherlands

Like the air we breathe, sometimes things are such an accepted and mundane part of our experience that we fail to recognise their fundamental importance. This is almost certainly the case where the relationship between licit trade and illicit drug trafficking is concerned. When variations in illicit drug trafficking and consumption are analyzed, it is possible that we often look too hard for drug policy-related scapegoats, when at least a significant part of the variation is due to other factors. This paper attempts to build an empirical case study of the Netherlands as a specific illustration. While opinion regarding the validity and potential implications of the case study will almost certainly remain divided, it is hoped that it will stimulate recognition of the potential for further contributions to the analysis of international drug policy through the utilization of the routine activities approach.
Global increases in UVB irradiance from changes in ozone and cloud-aerosol amounts 1979 to 2008

Ultraviolet irradiance (UV from 290 nm to 325 nm) reaching the earth's surface has significantly increased at all latitudes except the equatorial zone since 1979. The annual average increase was caused by a corresponding decrease in ozone amount from1979 to 1998. After 1998, mid-latitude annual average ozone amounts and UV irradiance levels have been approximately constant. Cloud plus aerosol changes over the period from 1979 to 2008 have caused significant moderation of the clear-sky UVB trends based on a preliminary analysis of UV (340 nm) scene reflectivity data from multiple satellites.