cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of MDR1 in an intestinal cell line results in increased cholesterol uptake from micelles.

The multiple drug resistance protein, MDR1, is highly expressed on the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells. The physiologic substrate of this protein remains unclear. Several studies using compounds known to act as MDR1 inhibitors have suggested that MDR1 may be involved in the transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is esterified. To examine the role of MDR1 in cholesterol uptake by intestinal cells, the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-18, was stably transfected with human MDR1. MDR1-transfected cells exhibited increased expression of MDR1 protein, reduced accumulation of vinblastine and increased uptake of [3H]cholesterol from cholesterol/monolein/taurocholate micelles. These studies provide the first direct evidence that the level of MDR1 expression in intestinal cells can influence the amount of cholesterol taken up by those cells. This is also the first demonstration that a multiple drug resistance protein can function in the net uptake, rather than efflux, of a substrate.
Assessing pain below a regulatory outage reporting threshold

Abstract This paper investigates a US regulatory reporting threshold dealing with telecommunication outages, and the use of a carrier industry standard in measuring the significance, or impact, of outage events. As outages below the threshold are censored, the natural question is whether important events and impact are being masked. A data set of local switch outages above and below the threshold is used as a proxy to investigate the efficacy of the reporting threshold. Key findings suggest that the current regulatory threshold masks serious communications loss, and that an industry communications loss metric distorts impact above and below the regulatory threshold.
Pharmacological Rescue of Synaptic Plasticity, Courtship Behavior, and Mushroom Body Defects in a Drosophila Model of Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is a leading heritable cause of mental retardation that results from the loss of FMR1 gene function. A Drosophila model for Fragile X syndrome, based on the loss of dfmr1 activity, exhibits phenotypes that bear similarity to Fragile X-related symptoms. Herein, we demonstrate that treatment with metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists or lithium can rescue courtship and mushroom body defects observed in these flies. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dfmr1 mutants display cognitive deficits in experience-dependent modification of courtship behavior, and treatment with mGluR antagonists or lithium restores these memory defects. These findings implicate enhanced mGluR signaling as the underlying cause of the cognitive, as well as some of the behavioral and neuronal, phenotypes observed in the Drosophila Fragile X model. They also raise the possibility that compounds having similar effects on metabotropic glutamate receptors may ameliorate cognitive and behavioral defects observed in Fragile X patients.
Influence of European red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) and crop density on fruit size and quality and on crop value of "Delicious' apples.

Yields of ‘Campbell Redchief Delicious’ ( Malus × domestica Borkhauser ) trees treated with factorial combinations of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) populations (range, 0-3,000 cumulative mite days per leaf), and crop densities (range, 2 to 12 fruit’ cm-2 trunk cross sectional-area) were correlated positively to crop densities and negatively to cumulative mite days. Fruit weight, fruit surface red color, and fruit soluble solids concentration generally declined with increasing levels of cumulative mite days and crop densities. For most response variables, a significant cumulative mite days by crop densities interaction was observed. Crop value generally increased with increasing crop densities and declined with increasing cumulative mite days, and mite feeding reduced crop value greater at high crop densities. Crop value estimates were used to calculate economic injury levels. Adoption of economic injury levels of 1,000, 500, and 300 cumulative mite days is proposed for spur ‘Delicious’ trees in Virginia with light, moderate, and heavy crop loads, respectively.
Androgen deprivation induces senescence characteristics in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND The treatment of non-localized prostate cancer involves androgen deprivation (AD) therapy which results in tumor regression. Apoptosis has been implicated in the tumor response to AD, but constitutes a small fraction of the total tumor at any time. Cellular senescence is a response to sub-lethal stress in which cells are persistently growth arrested and develop distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics. The occurrence of senescence in prostate tumor tissue after AD therapy has not previously been investigated. METHODS Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of senescence were examined in models of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer after AD and compared with androgen-intact controls. RESULTS In vitro in LNCaP cells, AD induced elevated senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, decreased proliferation, and increased flow cytometric side scatter while minimally affecting cell viability. The increased expression of the senescence-related proteins Glb1, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and chromatin-regulating heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP1γ) were detected in LNCaP cells after AD in vitro by immunoblot and immunofluorescence microscopy. In mice bearing LuCaP xenograft tumors in vivo, surgical castration similarly increased SA-β-gal staining, increased expression of p27Kip1 and HP1γ, and decreased expression of the proliferation marker KI-67, with minimal induction of apoptosis identified by detection of cleaved caspase 3 and TUNEL. Immunohistochemical analysis of human prostate tumors removed after AD shows similar induction of Glb1, HP1γ and decreased KI-67. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AD induces characteristics consistent with cellular senescence in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. This finding may explain incomplete tumor regression in response to AD. Prostate 73: 337–345, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytokine treatment of macrophage suppression of T cell activation.

High Mφ:T cell ratios suppress the immune response to the retroviral superantigen Mls by IFNγ-triggered production of the arg- and trp-consuming enzymes iNOS and IDO. Attempts to reverse suppression by treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines revealed that IL-6 improved the T cell response to Mls and the pro-hematopoietic cyokines IL-3 and GM-CSF increased suppression. GM-CSF treatment increased Mφ expression of CD80, a ligand for the immune suppressive B7H1 and CTLA-4 receptors. These results illustrate potential strategies for reversing the suppression of cell-mediated immunity characteristic of the high Mφ:T cell ratios found in many tumors.
Recovery of function after neurotoxic damage to the hippocampal CA3 region: importance of postoperative recovery interval and task experience

Recovery of function often follows damage to the hippocampal system: behavior that is severely disrupted immediately following the damage gradually becomes more normal. The present experiment examines the extent to which the length of the postoperative recovery interval and the amount of postoperative behavioral testing can influence the rate of recovery exhibited by rats following damage to the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus. Rats were trained in a rewarded alternation task and then given injections of either kainic acid (experimental) or saline (control) into the hippocampal CA3 region. Half the rats in each group began postoperative testing 5 days after surgery; the rest began 30 days after surgery. Of the rats that began retesting 5 days postoperatively, half received one daily test session and half received two daily test sessions. The same was true of the rats that began retesting 30 days postoperatively. All experimental groups initially performed worse than controls, but all eventually relearned the task. The worst performance was shown by the group tested once a day beginning 5 days after surgery. The rate of recovery was increased significantly by either increasing the amount of task experience or by lengthening the postoperative recovery interval. These results indicate that recovery of function after damage to the hippocampal CA3 region can be facilitated by both postoperative recovery time and task-specific experience.
Chemical aspects of host-plant specificity in threeLarrea-feeding grasshoppers

The host-selection behavior of three species of grasshopper feeding on creosote bush,Larrea tridentata, in southern California was investigated. The species wereBootettix argentatus, which is monophagous;Ligurotettix coquilletti, oligophagous; andCibolacris parviceps, polyphagous. The monophagous species is stimulated to bite by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a compound that is characteristic of the host plant and that may comprise up to 10% of the dry weight of the leaf. Host specificity ofB. argentatus is enhanced by deterrent responses to compounds present in the surface waxes of all non-host-plant species. Both the oligophagous and polyphagous species are deterred by NDGA at naturally occurring concentrations. Their association withLarrea is probably based on tolerance of the plant chemicals rather than on dependence on specific chemicals. Factors other than the chemistry of the plant probably also contribute to the specificity ofB. argentatus andL. coquilletti.
Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome and cerebral neoplasia: Report of a case with localized reticulum cell sarcoma

A case of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome with survival to nineteen-years old is reported. The patient developed reticulum cell sarcoma primary in the brain, which was biopsied and treated with irradiation and chemotherapy. When the patient expired 4 1/2 months postoperatively, no tumor was present; death was the result of bronchopneumonia. Review of the literature revealed 14 prior cases of neoplasm in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, 11 of them lymphoreticular. In only one other case was lymphoreticular neoplasm confined to the brain. In no other cases is there necropsy-documented absence of neoplasm. The incidence of neoplasia occurring with this syndrome in this review is approximately 10%, and is predominantly lymphoreticular. Current diagnostic and therapeutic measures may make such localized neoplasms amenable to cure.
Dispersive delay lines using ultrasonic surface waves

Surface ultrasonic wave delay lines with dispersive time-frequency characteristics have been made using interdigital electrode arrays with variable element spacings on LiNbO 3 . The devices operate at 60 MHz with low insertion loss and a 3-dB bandwidth over 25 percent. A model has been devised which accurately predicts the phase and amplitude characteristics of the devices. "Weighting" the array to improve the phase characteristic is described.
Effects of social and inanimate enrichment on the behavior of yearling rhesus monkeys.

Certain types of inanimate environmental enrichment have been shown to positively affect the behavior of laboratory primates, as has housing them in appropriate social conditions. While social housing is generally advocated as an important environmental enhancement, few studies have attempted to measure the influence of social conditions on the effects of inanimate enrichment or to compare the relative merits of social and inanimate enhancements. In the present study, inanimate enrichment (predominately physical and feeding enhancements) resulted in increased species-typical behavior for socially restricted subjects. However, social enrichment (living in groups) appeared to be more beneficial for young rhesus monkeys, leading to increased species-typical activities and decreased abnormal activities. The behavior of one cohort of yearling rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) housed in small peer groups was compared with the behavior of four yearling cohorts housed in single cages. Half the animals in each cohort received a three-phase enrichment program and the rest served as controls. Group-housed yearlings spent significantly more time feeding and exploring and significantly less time behaving abnormally, self-grooming, and drinking than did singly housed yearlings. Enriched subjects spent significantly more time playing by themselves, and significantly less time self-grooming and exploring than did controls. Among group-housed subjects only, there were no differences between enriched and control monkeys. Captive primates should be housed socially, whenever appropriate, as the first and most important step in an enrichment program, with the provision of inanimate enhancements being considerably less important. Limited resources for inanimate enrichment programs instead should be focused on those individuals who can not be housed socially. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unique features of HIV-1 spread through T cell virological synapses

The spread of viral infections can be initiated by the release of cell-free virus particles that infect at a distance or via cell-associated virus, which can promote the direct transmission of viruses between adjacent cells. In the case of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), cell–cell contact has been found to enhance infection through specialized structures called virological synapses (VS). Cell–cell interactions between virus scavenging dendritic cells and T cells or between infected and uninfected T cells are two major cell interactions that enhance HIV infection. Here we review the features of VS formed between infected and uninfected T cells and focus on how these differ from infection by cell-free virus. While virus particle production is a shared characteristic of both cell-free and cell–cell HIV transmission, cell–cell infection displays several unique features that contribute to the enhanced efficiency of this mode of transmission. Five distinguishing features of HIV spread through T cell virological synapses are discussed below.
Ecological costs and benefits of communal behavior in a presocial spider

Philoponella oweni (Uloboridae) is a facultatively communal spider found in the southwestern United States. Solitary females and communal groups of females coexist in the same habitats. Communal females are known to produce more eggs than solitary females. Communal females might acquire the energy for the production of additional eggs by one of three means: they might have a longer life span, and thus more time in which to acquire energy; web maintenance might be more efficient in a communal group; or communal females might spend more time feeding. Field data from a marked population in Arizona showed the third alternative was true.
What general conclusions can we draw from kinase profiling data sets

Abstract Understanding general selectivity trends across the kinome has implications ranging from target selection, compound prioritization, toxicity and patient tailoring. Several recent publications have described the characterization of kinase inhibitors via large assay panels, offering a range of generalizations that influenced kinase inhibitor research trends. Since a subset of profiled inhibitors overlap across reports, we evaluated the concordance of activity results for the same compound–kinase pairs across four data sources generated from different kinase biochemical assay technologies. Overall, 77% of all results are within 3 fold or qualitatively in agreement across sources. However, the agreement for active compounds is only 37%, indicating that different profiling panels are in better agreement to determine a compound's lack of activity rather than degree of activity. Low concordance is also found when comparing the promiscuity of kinase targets evaluated from different sources, and the pharmacological similarity of kinases. In contrast, the overall promiscuity of kinase inhibitors was consistent across sources. We highlight the difficulty of drawing general conclusions from such data by showing that no significant selectivity difference distinguishes type I vs. type II inhibitors, and limited kinase space similarity that is consistent across different sources. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012).
Failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) approach to the crystalline silicon photovoltaic module reliability assessment

Traditional degradation or reliability analysis of photovoltaic (PV) modules has historically consisted of some combination of accelerated stress and field testing, including field deployment and monitoring of modules over long time periods, and analyzing commercial warranty returns. This has been effective in identifying failure mechanisms and developing stress tests that accelerate those failures. For example, BP Solar assessed the long term reliability of modules deployed outdoor and modules returned from the field in 2003; and presented the types of failures observed. Out of about 2 million modules, the total number of returns over nine year period was only 0.13%. An analysis on these returns resulted that 86% of the field failures were due to corrosion and cell or interconnect break. These failures were eliminated through extended thermal cycling and damp heat tests. Considering that these failures are observed even on modules that have successfully gone through conventional qualification tests, it is possible that known failure modes and mechanisms are not well understood. Moreover, when a defect is not easily identifiable, the existing accelerated tests might no longer be sufficient. Thus, a detailed study of all known failure modes existed in field test is essential. In this paper, we combine the physics of failure analysis with an empirical study of the field inspection data of PV modules deployed in Arizona to develop a FMECA model. This technique examines the failure rates of individual components of fielded modules, along with their severities and detectabilities, to determine the overall effect of a defect on the module's quality and reliability.
Temperature influence on permeability of Sioux quartzite containing mixtures of water and carbon dioxide

CO2 sequestration in aquifers and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs is a promising option for reducing atmospheric CO2. However, its implementation requires understanding how CO2 propagates and how it is stored in the reservoir. CO2 mixed with water exists in two forms, an immiscible phase (gas or liquid depending on the conditions of temperature and pressure) and a dissolved phase (a minor part of which reacts with H2O to form carbonic acid, H2CO3). The motion of CO2 in the reservoir is therefore a two-phase flow problem. Fluid/rock chemical reactions may also be important, but they are not considered here. When several immiscible fluids occupy the pore space, each phase may act as an obstacle to the motion of the others. Indeed, experimental evidence from oil production, vadose zone or CO2 sequestration studies [1] demonstrates that permeability is affected by the presence of a second phase in the pore space. The motion and spatial distribution of pore fluids (like water and carbon dioxide) are controlled not only by pore geometry and fluid pressure, but also by the viscosity, solubility, surface tension and wetting characteristics of each fluid phase [2], properties that usually vary with temperature. In the case of carbon dioxide and water, the solubility of CO2 is particularly sensitive to temperature. Thus, temperature variations may also affect the distribution and flow of the phases in the pore space. In this work, we measured the effect of temperature variations on the permeability of a rock saturated with a mixture of carbon dioxide and water. We used the oscillating pore pressure method (OPPM) developed by Kranz et al. [3] and Fischer et al. [4], because it minimizes fluid flux and, therefore, is not expected to disturb the phase distribution in the pore space as much as a steadily flowing fluid would. Although the method was devised to measure permeability of rocks with a single fluid phase, we can assess the effect of the second phase by comparing the permeability measurements made using a single fluid to those with a two-phase mixture.
Changes in Radioimmunoassayable Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Discrete Brain Areas of the Rat at Various Times on Proestrus, Diestrous Day 1, and after Phenobarbital Administration*

Specific areas of the preoptico-suprachiasmatictuberoinfundibular system (PSTS) were microdissected at various hours on proestrus and diestrous day 1 in rats. LHRH concentrations were measured by RIA to determine if the patterns of change observed in the median eminence (ME) were paralleled by similar LHRH patterns in the remainder of the PSTS. Another group of proestrous rats received phenobarbital to block preovulatory gonadotropin surges, and LHRH concentrations in the PSTS were measured throughout the afternoon hours. Plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone were determined in all animals. Rats were decapitated on proestrus and diestrous day 1 at 0900, 1200,1500, and 1800 h. Proestrous animals that received phenobarbital at noon were sacrificed at 1500 and 1800 h. The following brain areas were microdissected: the suprachiasmatic preoptic nucleus, medial preoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic nucleus retrochiasmatic area, arcuate nucleus, and ME. On the d...
Palaeoecology of triassic stem turtles sheds new light on turtle origins

Competing hypotheses of early turtle evolution contrast sharply in implying very different ecological settings-aquatic versus terrestrial-for the origin of turtles. We investigate the palaeoecology of extinct turtles by first demonstrating that the forelimbs of extant turtles faithfully reflect habitat preferences, with short-handed turtles being terrestrial and long-handed turtles being aquatic. We apply this metric to the two successive outgroups to all living turtles with forelimbs preserved, Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis talampayensis, to discover that these earliest turtle outgroups were decidedly terrestrial. We then plot the observed distribution of aquatic versus terrestrial habits among living turtles onto their hypothesized phylogenies. Both lines of evidence indicate that although the common ancestor of all living turtles was aquatic, the earliest turtles clearly lived in a terrestrial environment. Additional anatomical and sedimentological evidence favours these conclusions. The freshwater aquatic habitat preference so characteristic of living turtles cannot, consequently, be taken as positive evidence for an aquatic origin of turtles, but must rather be considered a convergence relative to other aquatic amniotes, including the marine sauropterygians to which turtles have sometimes been allied.
Reflectivity of surface-aligned blue phase III of chiral liquid crystals.

We have performed the first measurements on surface-aligned samples of the blue phase III of chiral liquid crystals and have tested proposed icosahedral, cubic-domain, and double-twist structures for blue phase III. Angular-reflection studies on surface-aligned samples show no evidence of expected icosahedral structure; uv reflection measurements on unaligned samples show no evidence of expected cubic-domain structure; and attempts to observe Cano fringes show no evidence for any spatial periodicity.
Tolerance verification through manufactured part modeling

Abstract The geometry of manufactured parts is always slightly different from the theoretically prefect design description models. Certain inspection tests determine whether such variations are within acceptable range. There is, however, no theory for compiling the results of such tests and measurements in building a geometric model for the part. A manufactured part model can be used for tolerance verification, robot guidance in tight assembly tasks, and for quality and process control applications. In this paper a modeling scheme is proposed to integrate different forms of observations in constructing a part model. Imperfect features are modeled by constructor solids which have perfect forms. The boundaries of these solids tightly enclose the functional features and represent the extent of their geometric variations. The part model is then used to interpret the meaning of some practiced tolerance specification statements.
Measurements in a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer induced by a swept, forward-facing step

An experiment is reported, in which turbulent shear-stresses as well as mean velocities have been measured in a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer approaching separation. It is shown that even very close to the wall the stress vector does not align itself with the mean velocity gradient vector, as would be required by a scalar ‘eddy viscosity’ or ‘mixing length’ type assumption. The calculation method of Bradshaw (1969) is tested against the data, and found to give good results, except for the prediction of shear-stress vector direction.
Fractionated tritium-labelled heparin studied in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Tritium-labelled commercially prepared porcine mucosal heparin was fractionated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The fractions obtained were studied for sulfate content, metachromasia, and ability to complex with antithrombin to produce anticoagulant activity. When added to platelet poor plasma and rechromatographed most of the higher molecular weight fractions were found between the globulin and albumin protein peaks combined with antithrombin. The fractions were grouped into three pools, which were injected into rats and their anticoagulant activity, tissue distribution and urinary excretion were studied in comparison with the whole heparin. The higher molecular weight material had the greater metachromasia and higher sulfate content. It yielded a higher and longer lasting anticoagulant activity than the whole heparin. When injected into rats about 40% of the material appeared free (uncomplexed with protein) in the urine in three hours although the major portion was excreted in the first half hour. Large amounts were also found in the liver and kidneys.
Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico

Addressing the problematic relationship between neoliberal strategies of economic restructuring and the process of democratic consolidation, this study highlights the connections between democratic politics and marketplace logic, promoted by policy-makers in the US government.
New frontiers in cerebral vasospasm: signaling pathways

Abstract The current pharmacological treatment for cerebral vasospasm includes non-selective vasodilatation and the specific targeting of selective receptors or signaling pathways. We have explored the signaling pathways of cerebral vasospasm and have developed anti-vasospasm therapies accordingly. We used several different animal models of cerebral vasospasm and found that one signaling cascade called protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and its substrate, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), may be associated with the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This discovery was consistently supported by pharmacological, molecular biological and histological studies. These new experimental therapies may have great potential in the clinical management of cerebral vasospasm.
Immunoglobulin Fc binding activity is associated with the mouse hepatitis virus E2 peplomer protein.

Abstract Antigenic variation among murine coronaviruses is associated primarily with the surface peplomer protein E2 (180,000 Dal. E2 is responsible for attachment of the virus to the host cell, MHV-induced cell fusion, and eliciting neutralizing antibody. We report here the molecular mimicry between E2 and Fc γ receptor (FcγR). Molecular mimicry between E2 and FcyR may allow the escape of virus-infected cells from destruction by immunological mechanisms. Rabbit IgG, monoclonal rat IgG1 and IgG2b, monoclonal mouse IgG2a and IgG2b, and the rat anti-mouse FcγR monoclonal antibody 2.4132 immunoprecipitated from MHV-JHM-infected cells a polypeptide with a molecular mass identical to that immunoprecipitated by anti-E2 antibodies. F(ab′)2 fragments of rabbit IgG did not immunoprecipitate any proteins from MHV-infected cells. All of these antibodies did not immunoprecipitate any proteins from uninfected cells. The anti-mouse FcyR monoclonal antibody 2.4132 immunoprecipitated from MHV-JHM-, MHV-3-, or MHV-A59-infected L-2 cells and 17CL-1 cells, or MHV-JHM-infected cultures of neonatal BALB/c brain cells, a protein with a molecular weight identical to that of MHV-JHM E2. The anti-FcyR monoclonal antibody did not immunoprecipitate any proteins from uninfected cells. Furthermore, the 2.4132 monoclonal antibody (mab), unrelated rat and mouse monoclonal antibodies, and a goat antiserum against E2, but not normal goat serum, immunoprecipitated a 75,000- to 77,000-Da molecule from uninfected WEHI-3 cells, a FcγR bearing cell line. Several lines of evidence demonstrated that the protein immunoprecipitated by the anti-FcγR mab from MHV-JHM-infected cells is the E2 glycoprotein: (1) Partial proteolytic maps obtained by Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease treatment of the 180,000-Da proteins immunoprecipitated by the anti FcγR mab and the anti-E2 mab were identical. (2) Sequential immunoprecipitation experiments from MHV-JHM-infected cells revealed that the same polypeptide chain was recognized by the anti-E2 mab and by the anti-FcγR mab 2.41G2. (3) Actinomycin D did not influence the induction and expression of the 180,000-Da polypeptide chain that was immunoprecipitated by the anti-FcγR mab, demonstrating that this protein is of viral origin.
Urgent care center pediatric telephone advice.

Abstract Pediatric telephone advice is sought frequently by members of the community. This study was undertaken to evaluate the quality and accuracy of pediatric telephone advice given by free-standing urgent care centers. One hundred such facillities were telephoned and advice was requested by a research assistant. A case was presented that could have represented a pediatric medical emergency. Overall only 17 centers gave adequate advice. The data suggest that under some circumstances free-standing urgent care center pediatric telephone advice may be inaccurate and inappropriate. Workable policies and protocols for pediatric telephone advice should be instituted by these facillties.
A 12-ns low-temperature DRAM

A 12-ns access-time 0.5-Mb CMOS DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) operated at liquid-nitrogen temperatures is discussed. Comprehensive measurements, featuring a low-temperature e-beam tester, focused on circuit concerns particularly relevant to high speed. The results, including the first reported measurements of soft error rate (SER) at low temperatures, show that noise, power, and SER do not preclude very high-speed liquid-nitrogen DRAM operation. >
Demand‐side housing policy in Costa Rica: a response to the housing deficit

The purpose of this study was to establish what the housing needs of Costa Rica are and to assess what policies have been implemented to respond to their housing deficit. In order to answer these questions, a combined methodology consisting of primary and secondary data was used. Using open-ended questions and a topic schedule, face-to-face interviews with Costa Rican housing authorities were conducted at the interviewee's work place in Costa Rica in May 2003. The most recent secondary data available in the country was used to compute the housing deficit and to study the effects of demographics on current housing needs. Sources of the secondary data were the Costa Rica Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements, and the National Institute of Statistics and Census. The Costa Rican government has made great progress in reforming the housing finance system in order to meet the housing demand of its citizens. In 2002, Costa Rica had a 75.6% home ownership rate. Yet, even in light of the housing system's current success, many social, economic and political barriers threaten to undermine its accomplishments and the peoples’ ability to obtain safe and affordable housing. The paper considers the strengths and weaknesses of the current housing finance system as well as the government strategies for addressing difficulties.
Spirit and Rebirth in the Gospel of John

Insofar as Christianity can be said to have begun with the disappearance of a body, namely the absence of Jesus’ body in the grave, this disappearance occasioned not so much a disjuncture with Jesus’ preceding work as a new start, by way of a salvific turn, according to multiple accounts in the New Testament. It is through the absence of Jesus’ body and subsequent appearances of the risen Jesus that the messianic promise is fulfilled. Furthermore, the absence of Jesus’ body opens up space for transfigured bodies in multiple forms to fill the gap, each in its own way. Christian faith was thus marked, from the earliest time, by questions regarding the meaning, representation, and transformation of the body. In the Gospel of John, after Jesus is resurrected he blows (ἐμφυσάω) the holy spirit into his disciples. Here the infusion of the spirit evokes the framework of ancient embryology, in which spirit brings life. Ancient embryology illumines the recurrent passages in John referring to birth, being reborn, and children of God, especially 1:13–14 and 3:3–8.
The Role of Sequence-Dependent Mechanics in DNA Looping

The formation of protein mediated DNA loops are a key component in many biological regulatory functions. The binding of LacI protein within the Lac Operon of E.coli serves as the canonical example in which loop regulated transcription is understood. This fundamental looping motif consists of one protein simultaneously bound to two DNA operator binding sites. We calculate the free energy cost of loop formation using a Hamiltonian constructed about the looped state as well as the intrinsically open state of the DNA. The shape of the inter-operator DNA loop in mechanical equilibrium with the protein, is determined using a non-linear mechanical rod model. Our rod model captures the effect of sequence dependent curvature, sequence dependent persistence length, including any anisotropic bending. The equilibrium DNA-protein binding orientations are inferred from LacI protein crystallized with DNA operator segments.Our Hamiltonian describes the change in bending energy of the DNA due to linear perturbations about either the looped or open state. We now calculate the normal modes of the Hamiltonian in order to characterize thermal fluctuations of the loop. Comparing the change stiffness we then calculate the Stockmayer J-factor(looping probability), free energy as well as the entropic contributions, of loop formation. Our works shows that these entropic contributions can play a significant role in determining loop stability and formation.
Effects of reinforcement-blocking doses of pimozide on neural system driven by rewarding stimulation of the MFB: A 14C-2-deoxyglucose analysis

Abstract An analysis by means of 14 C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography of the nueral systems unilaterally activated by the reinforcing stimulation used in the two accompanying papers revealed strong and reliable effects in the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and/or the fornix throughout the diencephalon, and in the part of the anterior ventral tegmentum where the dopaminergic projection to the lateral habenula originates. The terminal fields of the dopaminergic forebrain projections were not affected, but there was bilateral suppression of lateral habenular activity. A second experiment found that the same systems are still activated by (automatically administered) reinforcing stimulation in rats treated with reinforcement blocking doses of pimozide. The only clear effect of pimozide was to reverse the bilateral suppressive effect of the stimulation on lateral habenular activity. Animals treated with pimozide show greatly elevated activity in the lateral habenula, whether or not they receive reinforcing stimulation. The results suggest that pimozide's effect on reinforcement is mediated by the circuitry interconnecting the lateral habenula with the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and/or the anterior ventral tegmentum.
P4-01-12: The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Pro-Survival Autophagy Contributes to Antiestrogen Resistance in Breast Cancer.

In 2011, most of the 192,000 newly diagnosed cases of invasive breast cancer will be estrogen receptor alpha positive (ER+). Endocrine therapy, administered as an antiestrogen, e.g., Tamoxifen (TAM) or Faslodex (FAS; Fulvestrant; ICI 182,780) or an aromatase inhibitor (AI), e.g., Letrozole or Exemestane is the least toxic and most effective means to manage the hormone-dependent breast cancer in such patients. However, resistance to endocrine therapy remains a significant clinical problem. Previously, we have shown that antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells over-express X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1), a transcription factor that belongs to the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) family. XBP1(U) and XBP1(S) variants result from an unconventional splicing of the XBP1 mRNA by IRE1alpha. In the unfolded protein response (UPR), endoplasmic reticulum proteins (IRE1alpha, ATF6 and PERK) sense cellular stress to regulate the accumulation of unfolded proteins. Initially a compensatory mechanism allowing cells to recover normal endoplasmic reticulum function, prolonged UPR may induce cell death; this is often dependent upon which arm of the UPR predominates. XBP1 is an obligate component in both the IRE1alpha and ATF6 arms of the UPR. In this study, we show that in MCF7/LCC9 [FAS resistant; TAM cross-resistant] cells, there is an increase in UPR signaling as detected by increased expression of BiP/GRP78. Transient expression of XBP1(S) in MCF7/LCC1 [antiestrogen sensitive] cells show decreased sensitivity to FAS that correlated with increased levels of both basal and FAS-induced autophagy as measured by cleaved LC3BII protein fragment, GFP-LC3 activity, and reduced expression of p62/SQSTM1. Furthermore, we show that MCF7/LCC9 cells survive by activating pro-survival autophagy through UPR that is regulated by the transcription factor c-MYC. An inhibitor of c-MYC, 10058-F4, synergized with FAS to inhibit proliferation in MCF7/LCC9 cells by preventing pro-survival autophagy and increasing apoptosis. Thus, our study shows that antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells evade cell death by activating XBP1-mediated UPR that results in c-MYC-mediated prosurvival autophagy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-01-12.
On the relationships between structural identifiability and the controllability, observability properties

It is shown that if only identifiability properties of a linear system are of interest, it is neither necessary nor sufficient to first determine whether the structure is controllable or observable.
Social and political influences on agricultural systems

Agricultural systems are situated within social and political environments that have tremendous influence on how they operate. If agricultural systems are to be sustainable, it is critical to understand how they are influenced by social and political factors. An expert panel approach was used to identify and rank the importance of social and political factors on agricultural systems in the US and to provide some insights into their impacts, interactions and mechanisms of influence. The panel identified a wide range of social and political factors that affect agricultural systems. The factors were divided into three categories: internal social factors, external social factors and political factors. Factors from each of the three categories were highly ranked, indicating that no single category dominated the others. Although there were contrasting views about the importance of some factors, there was strong consensus about many of them. Globalization and low margins that require increased scale and efficiency were identified as the two most important factors affecting agricultural systems. Several newly emerging factors were identified as well as factors needing further research. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is imperative to help guide scientific research so that beneficial discoveries are accepted and used, and to ensure that policy decisions enhance the future sustainability of agricultural production.
Uncertainties of Climate Change in Arid Environments of Central Asia

This article examines the key uncertainties of climate change in the Central Asian republics of the former USSR—a vast arid region and a classic example of complex and poorly understood interactions between the regional responses to global climate change and the local human-induced desertification. Based on paleoanalogous scenarios, Central Asian deserts are often predicted to become wetter as a result of global warming because they are located north of 30° latitude. However, despite some similarities between the paleoclimate changes and greenhouse warming, such predictions have very serious limitations. Climate models predict that the temperature in arid Central Asia will increase by 1–2°C by 2030–2050, with the greatest increases in wintertime. Some models project greater aridity in the future though others project less aridity, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that climate change modeling in arid zones is extremely uncertain because of the extreme natural variability (both temporal and spatial)...
Clinical application of functional MRI for memory using emotional enhancement: deficit and recovery with limbic encephalitis.

Abstract Although some functional MRI memory studies show reliable neural activity in the hippocampus and mesial temporal lobe (MTL), most typically report results from group studies. However, fMRI memory probes need to be robust enough to show MTL activity in individual patients to be helpful in diagnosis and treatment planning. We present the case of a patient with non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis who had severe anterograde amnesia with subsequent recovery to illustrate a fMRI probe of MTL activity that is easily administered to neurological patients. The task uses emotionally positive and affiliative stimuli to elicit responsivity in the amygdala–hippocampus region. In this patient, weak bilateral hippocampal activation was observed in the acute stage that increased after recovery, paralleling findings on structural MRI and neuropsychological memory assessment. This case study demonstrates that using emotional stimuli to enhance memory responsivity may be an effective way to visualize clinical changes in individual patients.
Significance of the 1:3 molecular ratio in mixed surfactant systems

Abstract Effects of mixed surfactants on various interfacial phenomena are described. The mixed monolayers of egg lecithin-cholesterol and stearic acid-stearyl alcohol exhibit minimal area per molecule at the 1:3 molecular ratio. The rate of evaporation of water through mixed monolayers of stearic acid-stearyl alcohol is also minimal at the 1:3 molecular ratio. For foams of decanoic acid-decanol, the rate of drainage is minimal and the stability maximal at the 1:3 molecular ratio. Maximal solubilization of water as microemulsions occurs when molecular ratio of potassium oleate:hexanol is 1:3. The extraction of oil from emulsions stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate and hexadecyl pyridinium chloride is maximal also at the 1:3 molecular ratio. It is proposed that these striking changes in the properties of mixed surfactant systems at the 1:3 molecular ratio are due to two-dimensional hexagonal packing of molecules resulting in a closer molecular packing and a greater stability of mixed films at interfaces.
PCB Congeners and Dechlorination in Sediments of Sheboygan River, Wisconsin, Determined by Matrix Factorization

Nine sediment cores were collected from the Sheboygan River Inner Harbor, WI, and analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Total PCBs ranged from ∼0 to 161 mg/g. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the PCB data set to determine source profiles. Two factors were determined to be significant. One factor resembled the original approximated PCB mixture of 50% Aroclor 1248 and 50% Aroclor 1254 and the other factor was a dechlorinated version of the mixture. An anaerobic dechlorination model was applied to the dechlorinated source profiles to quantify possible dechlorination pathways. It was found that dechlorination process H‘ provided the best fit for an individual process, and H‘ + M provides the best fit for combined processes. PMF source contributions, and plots of PCB concentration versus congener for individual samples, provide evidence of enhanced dechlorination at high concentrations (>40 ppm) and small amounts of dechlorination at low concentrations (<3 ppm). In addition, ...
The excess enthalpies of cyclohexane + n-dodecane and + n-nonane

Abstract The excess enthalpies of cyclohexane + n -dodecane have been measured at 293.15, 298.15, and 305.15 K. The excess enthalpies are positive and decrease in magnitude with increasing temperature. Using additional data available in the literature, values for the excess energy U V E at constant volume have been calculated. The values calculated for U V E are not in good agreement with those which may be calculated from the quasi-lattice theory. This contrasts with the agreement with the theory shown by excess Gibbs energies. On the other hand predictions made from the fact that the excess volume is independent of the temperature are partly verified. The excess enthalpies of cyclohexane + n -nonane have been measured at 298.15 K. No data are available in the literature for calculations similar to those made for n -dodecane. But the results for these and other mixtures indicate a proportionality between H E and the number of carbon atoms in the alkane
Enhancement of health locus of control through biofeedback training.

The effects of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback training in enhancing health locus of control were examined. 21 college students were randomly assigned to either biofeedback (BF) group or control group (C). Subjects given biofeedback received 8 sessions of biofeedback training in 4 wk. Analysis indicated these subjects exhibited a greater reduction of muscle tension than control subjects at post-test. They also maintained their low muscle tension at a 1-mo. follow-up. Subjects who received biofeedback training also showed somewhat more internal health locus of control scores, but the change was not significant until the follow-up session. Mean internal locus of control scores also improved significantly for these subjects. No significant correlation between changes in EMG and health locus of control was found.
Evaluating a scientific collaboratory: Results of a controlled experiment

The evaluation of scientific collaboratories has lagged behind their development. Do the capabilities afforded by collaboratories outweigh their disadvantages? To evaluate a scientific collaboratory system, we conducted a repeated-measures controlled experiment that compared the outcomes and process of scientific work completed by 20 pairs of participants (upper level undergraduate science students) working face-to-face and remotely. We collected scientific outcomes (graded lab reports) to investigate the quality of scientific work, post-questionnaire data to measure the adoptability of the system, and post-interviews to understand the participants' views of doing science under both conditions. We hypothesized that study participants would be less effective, report more difficulty, and be less favorably inclined to adopt the system when collaborating remotely. Contrary to expectations, the quantitative data showed no statistically significant differences with respect to effectiveness and adoption.The qualitative data helped explain this null result: participants reported advantages and disadvantages working under both conditions and developed work-arounds to cope with the perceived disadvantages of collaborating remotely. While the data analysis produced null results, considered as a whole, the analysis leads us to conclude there is positive potential for the development and adoption of scientific collaboratory systems.