cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the Magnetic Mystery of the Earth’s Lithosphere: The Background and the Role of the CHAMP Mission

The utility of high-resolution aeromagnetic surveys in geologic mapping is well known. As the wavelength of anomalies increases, geologic interpretation becomes less direct and the magnetic response of geology more complex. The long wavelength magnetic anomalies observed at the altitudes of near-Earth satellites represent the collective effect of many contiguous regional-scale geologic units. The variations also reflect the effect of the Curie isotherm that governs the thickness of the magnetic crust, and therefore may be used to constrain the models of regional variations of heat flow. This information in turn can be useful in deriving lithospheric strength variations and also constraining models of global seismological parameters. The challenge of the CHAMP magnetic experiment is to unravel this complex information beyond the level of Magsat and extract from it new knowledge regarding the Earth’s lithosphere that could be used by geologists and geophysicists. There are a number of fronts along which improvements appear possible in the anomaly field and their interpretation from the overall mission characteristics of the CHAMP satellite. They are: improvements due to data redundancy and attitude determinations, better external field models, increased anomaly resolution during late-phase lower altitude part of the mission, new direct interpretation techniques and, taking advantage of gravity field from the CHAMP mission, improved interpretations resulting from correlations with gravity anomaly data through Poisson’s relation. Magnetic anomaly data provide a unique perspective on geologic processes as evident from the well known example of magnetic stripes associated with the seafloor spreading—a process that could not be inferred readily through other geophysical quantities. Similarly, information on bulk geologic variations of size greater than a few hundred km is difficult to obtain through routine geologic techniques. This is the scale at which satellite magnetic and gravity data from CHAMP can find its niche in the lithospheric interpretation.
Constructing the Suspicious: Data Production, Circulation, and Interpretation by DHS Fusion Centers

Suspicious activity reports (SARs) are an increasingly important tool in the law-enforcement repertoire, especially for counterterrorism. In spite of significant problems with such reports, they are experiencing a resurgence that can be attributed partly to the institutionalization of Department of Homeland Security (DHS) “fusion centers,” which are taking the lead in vetting and interpreting these reports as they enter into law-enforcement and counterterrorism databases. Based on a 3-year study of DHS fusion centers, this article reviews a range of problems with SARs and argues that robust community relationships are necessary to achieve contextually situated reports that eschew overt forms of bias.
Imaging Dementing Illnesses

Dementia is an impairment of mental ability representing a decline from that level previously reached by the individual. It is usually of insidious onset, associated with neurologic changes, and results in the inability to appropriately interact with one's environment. Dementias may be static, progressive, or reversible, and have many etiologies. One percent of the population above age 40 suffers from dementia and this figure rises to 7% above age 80 and 50% above age 90. Forty-five percent of dementias are due to Alzheimer disease (AD) followed closely by vascular dementia. A stage along the way to dementia is mild cognitive impairment (MCI). There are various definitions but the simplest ones refer to a person who has some memory problems but can continue to live independently. A more specific description refers to deficits in two or more areas of cognition >1.5 SD below mean for the individuals age and education. Although previously considered a part of normal aging, a recent study has shown MCI to be ...
Puccinia coronata var. hordei var. nov.: morphology and pathogenicity

A new variety of Puccinia coronata causing a disease on barley and other gramineous species is described. The fungus is different from other re- ported forms of P coronata in both morphology and pathogenicity. Its most prominent characters are the elongated teliospore appendages with dichotomous branching and wide pathogenicity on species in the tribe Triticeae, particularly the genus Hordeum. The name of P coronata var. hordei is proposed for the rust fungus. The common name 'crown rust of bar- ley' is proposed for the disease of barley caused by this rust fungus. Results of inoculation indicated that P coronata var. hordei is pathogenic on species of Ae- gilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Elytrigia, Leymus, Pascopy- rum, Psathyrostachys, Secale, and Triticum in the tribe Triticeae, and some species of Brachypodium, Bromus, Festuca, and Lolium in the tribe Poeae, and Phalaris in the tribe Aveneae. In the northern Great Plains of
The Relationship and Application of Data Component, Binding Component and Database in VB

In VB forms, we may use data component to make the database list's data in textbox, picture box and check box move according to record index. We firstly combine textbox, picture box, etc with data component, i.e., bind them. Then we use the attribute of data component and binding component to relate them with database. Now we may use data component and binding component to visit database list's data, and the record can be refreshed, modified, appended, etc. in forms, following users' needs.
On Railroad Tank Car Puncture Performance: Part I - Considering Metrics

This paper is the first in a two-part series on the puncture performance of railroad tank cars carrying hazardous materials in the event of an accident. Various metrics are often mentioned in the open literature to characterize the structural performance of tank cars under accident loading conditions. One of the consequences in terms of structural damage to the tank during accidents is puncture. This two-part series of papers focuses on four metrics to quantify the performance of tank cars against the threat of puncture: (1) speed, (2) force, (3) energy, and (4) conditional probability of release. In this paper (Part I), generalized tank car impact scenarios are illustrated. Particular focus is given to the generalized shell impact scenario because performance-based requirements for shell puncture resistance are being considered by the regulatory agencies in United States and Canada. Definitions for the four performance metrics are given. Physical and mathematical relationships among these metrics are outlined. Strengths and limitations of these performance metrics are discussed. In Part II, the multi-disciplinary approach to develop engineering tools to estimate the performance metrics will be described. The complementary connection between testing and modeling will be emphasized. Puncture performance metrics, which were estimated from other sources, will be compared for different tank car designs. These comparisons will be presented to interpret the metrics from a probabilistic point of view. In addition, sensitivity of the metrics to the operational and design factors will be examined qualitatively.
Transient defects in phagocytic functions during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Phagocytes from 12 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied sequentially with the quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. Leukocytes were obtained 1 day before the operation, after anesthesia but prior to starling CPB, during CPB, and from 1 to 6 days after surgery. A transient decrease in NBT reduction was found during CPB, but there was a rapid return to normal after discontinuance of CPB. This effect was not attributed to defective leukocytes or toxic agents contained in blood used to prime the CPB pump, because these phagocytes had normal NBT reduction. General anesthesia probably contributed to this defect to a minor degree because phagocytes from patients having ophthalmological surgery developed a minimal decrease in NBT reduction. As a reflection of these metabolic abnormalities, bactericidal studies performed on leukocytes from 4 patients showed that 2 developed an impairment in killing bacteria during CPB. These data suggest that CPB had deleterious effects on the function of circulating phagocytes, which may contribute to the high rate of bacterial infection seen postoperatively in these patients.
Efficient second harmonic generation from GaAs all-dielectric metasurfaces

We experimentally observe large enhancement of second-harmonic generation (SHG) from GaAs metasurfaces. The SHG polarization when excited at the electric and magnetic dipole resonances is orthogonal and can be attributed to different nonlinear generation mechanisms.
On Not Reading The Soldier’s Pocket-book for Field Service

AbstractThis essay focuses on Garnet Wolseley’s controversial war instruction manual, The Soldier’s Pocket-book for Field Service (1869). While the Pocket-book’s contribution to discussions of reading and soldiers’ education has carved out a significant place for it in Victorian military history, in its day it was constantly contested and undermined by contradictory representations, as a book much talked about but little read. This essay is an exercise in tracing these eccentric reception histories, as an acute reminder that books may well have vibrant intellectual lives without actually being read. To examine the literary and material circulation of the Pocket-book in the late nineteenth century, it draws on archival research in the Macmillan Archive and Wolseley’s private papers to discuss the genesis of the text not just as a compendium of information but also as an object that is handled, carried, and exchanged. I juxtapose these considerations with episodes in the representation of the Pocket-book: i...
Pricing Under Uncertainty

This chapter specifically addresses situations in which marketing activities are dominated mainly by pricing decisions. Here, we will try to isolate the role of pricing in order to examine at length the impact of demand uncertainty and risk-taking attitude of the firm on this essential component of the firm’s marketing mix. It is well-known that marketing mix represents a central approach in understanding marketing phenomena and strategic decision-making for the firm under deterministic scenarios. Ideally, one would want to examine the interactions among these marketing variables under general conditions of demand uncertainty and in this respect, our present work seeks to partially respond to that challenge. However, as will be seen throughout the book, even for decision variables in isolation, it can often be difficult to assess the impact of uncertainty, especially when elements such as dynamics and multiple-products are involved. It would therefore be most helpful for us to proceed with models as simple as we can in order to gradually gain insight into these complex marketing phenomena. Thus, for example, while marketing scholars and practitioners would rightly regard price discount as part of the firm’s pricing decisions, we will consider this important tool within the context of the firm’s sales promotional activities, in a separate chapter below.
Chemokine Plasma Concentration in Patients with B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Abstract Background: The natural history of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is not explained entirely by intrinsic defects of the neoplastic cell, but also is influenced by microenvironmental signals. Selected microenvironmental stimuli confer B-CLL cells a growth advantage and an extended survival. There is increasing evidence that chemokines are implicated in the neoplastic transformation and accumulation of cells. B-CLL cells are exposed to a complex pattern of signals that, through a gradient of chemokine concentrations, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease allowing the B-cells to avoid apoptosis and proliferate. However, the specific array of chemokines is unknown. Chemokines are divided into two major subfamilies on the basis of the arrangement of the two N-terminal cysteine residues, CXC (where X is any amino acid) and CC. Two other classes of chemokines have been described: lymphotactin (C) and fractalkine (CX3C) Purpose: To define the array of chemokines that may promote the survival/proliferation of B-CLL cells Methods: We collected a detailed clinical history and screened the plasma of 45 patients with B-CLL and 20 sex-matched and aged-adjusted control subjects with an array of 9 chemokines that included members of the CXC family (ENA-78 and IL-8); the CC family (MCP-1, MDC, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, eotaxin and RANTES); and a member of the C family (lymphotactin). Measurements were performed using a multiplex assay based on Luminex technology. The performance characteristics of these tests were validated by Rules-Based Medicine, Inc. Essentially, this multiple assay measures proteins in a manner similar to standard sandwich ELISA. Results: We found that compared with controls, B-CLL patients have significantly higher plasma levels of the CC chemokines [MCP-1 (p=0.0229), MIP-1a (p=0.001), and MDC (p=0.0183)] and significantly lower plasma levels of eotaxin (p=0.004). Likewise, plasma levels of the C chemokine lymphotactin (p=0.0002) also were significantly higher. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of the CXC chemokines analyzed. These associations were not explained by differences in disease stage or presence of co-morbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemias, smoking, diabetes mellitus, deep venous thrombosis, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accident, asthma, or skin cancer. Only the CC chemokine MIP-1a (p=0.0273) was found to be significantly higher in patients who received treatment for B-CLL than in those who did not Conclusions: Patients with B-CLL have significantly higher plasma levels of 3 CC chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1a, MDC) than controls. However, they also have significantly lower plasma levels of eotaxin and significantly higher plasma levels of the C chemokine lymphotactin. No significant differences were seen in the levels of the CXC chemokines assessed. Further studies are necessary to define the cellular source of these chemokines and to determine the correlation between the plasma levels of these molecules and B-CLL progression and prognosis.
How Heterosexism Plagues Practitioners in Services for Lesbians and Their Families

SUMMARY Barriers to services for lesbians and their families have been well documented in the literature (DeCrescenzo, 1984; Harris, Schatz, & O'Hanlan, 1994; Nightengale, & Owen, 1995; Mallon, 1998), especially among medical professionals and social service providers. This study seeks to explore the prevalence of heterosexism and homophobia among mental health practitioners who identify as qualified providers for lesbians and the recipients' perspectives regarding the services they have received. Of the twenty-five practitioners who responded, 48% of them “knew personally of incidences of professional bias against lesbian clients.” Interestingly, only 26% of the 98 families reported heterosexual bias from their providers.
Integrating the Social Vulnerability of Host Communities and the Objective Functions of Associated Stakeholders during Disaster Recovery Processes Using Agent-Based Modeling

AbstractDisaster recovery requires the participation of the stakeholders to repair the impacted community. Nevertheless, disaster recovery remains understudied within the context of emergency manag...
Transient Blockade of Endothelin-1 Mitigates Amiodarone-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis

A number of studies indicate that endothelin-1 (ET-1) may act as an inflammatory cell “gatekeeper," by regulating the influx of neutrophils following pulmonary injury. To further examine the role of ET-1 in modulating lung inflammation, hamsters were treated with an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA), HJP272, either 1 h prior to intratracheal instillation of amiodarone (AM) or 24 h afterwards. In both cases, the extent of lung injury and repair was determined by (1) histopathological changes; (2) neutrophil content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); (3) lung collagen content; (4) tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 expression by BALF macrophages; (5) BALF levels of (a) transforming growth factor beta-1, (b) stromal cell-derived factor 1 (commonly referred to as CXCL12), and (c) platelet-derived growth factor BB; (6) alveolar septal cell apoptosis. For each parameter, pretreatment with HJP272 resulted in a significant reduction compared to AM alone, whereas post-treatment was either ineffective or produced only a marginally significant change, suggesting that the course of lung inflammation and repair is programmed at a very early stage. This finding may explain why ERAs are not an effective treatment for human pulmonary fibrosis. Nevertheless, they may be useful as an adjunct to therapeutic regimens involving drugs that have fibrogenic potential.
OPTIMIZATION OF A WAVE CANCELLATION MULTIHULL SHIP USING CFD TOOLS

Publisher Summary The CFD tool used to estimate the wave drag is based on the zeroth-order slender ship approximation. It is applied to the design of optimal hull forms and optimal arrangement of hulls for a wave cancellation multihull ship. The hull surface is represented by a triangulation, and almost every grid point on the surface can be used as a design variable. A smooth surface is obtained via a simplified pseudoshell problem. The optimal design process consists of two steps. The optimal center and outer hull forms are determined independently in the first step, where each hull keeps the same displacement as the original design, while the wave drag is minimized. The optimal outer-hull arrangement is determined in the second step for the optimal center and outer hull forms obtained in the first step. During the optimization process, each hull keeps the same displacement as the original design while the wave drag is minimized. There are 76 design variables for the center hull and 64 for the outer hull. Four design cycles are required for each hull form optimization. Results indicate that the new design can achieve a fairly large wave drag reduction in comparison to the original design configuration.
Frontline Science: RIP2 promotes house dust mite–induced allergic airway inflammation

House dust mites (HDMs) are one of the most significant environmental allergens in the establishment of the so-called "Atopic March." It is known that the immune response to HDM is Th2 dominant, but the innate mechanisms leading to HDM-induced type 2 responses are still not completely understood. A number of innate immune receptors have been implicated in the response to HDM including toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and protease activated receptors. NOD2 is a member of the NOD-like receptor family, which has been reported to be involved in the establishment of type 2 immunity and in blocking respiratory tolerance. NOD2 mediates its effects through its downstream effector kinase, receptor interacting protein (RIP2). It has not been shown if RIP2 is involved in the innate response to HDM and in the resulting generation of type 2 immunity. Furthermore, the role of RIP2 in modulating allergic airway inflammation has been controversial. In this study, we show that RIP2 is activated in airway epithelial cells in response to HDM and is important for the production of CCL2. Using a murine HDM asthma model, we demonstrate that lung pathology, local airway inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, HDM-specific IgG1 antibody production, and HDM-specific Th2 responses are all reduced in RIP2 knockout mice compared to WT animals. These data illustrate that RIP2 can be activated by a relevant allergic stimulus and that such activation can contribute to allergic airway inflammation. These findings also suggest that RIP2 inhibitors might have some efficacy in down-regulating the inflammatory response in type 2 dominated diseases.
Long-term outcomes of carotid artery stenting in patients with a contralateral carotid artery occlusion.

Objectives To examine the association between a contralateral carotid artery occlusion (CCO) and the rates of subsequent target-lesion restenosis and revascularization after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Background Patients with carotid artery disease undergoing revascularization often have a CCO. The association of a CCO with long-term outcomes after CAS is uncertain. Methods At two institutions, 267 CAS procedures were performed from 2006 to 2016 including 47 (18%) with a CCO. Regular follow-up with duplex carotid ultrasound was performed to assess for restenosis. Univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the presence of a CCO and repeat revascularization. Results The mean patient age was 70 years. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in procedural indication (asymptomatic vs ischemic symptoms) or medical comorbidities between groups. During 5-year follow up, the rate of duplex-derived >80% stenosis was 6% in the non-CCO group and 9% in the CCO group (P = 0.45). Despite similar rates of >80% restenosis, there was a significant association between CCO and subsequent target-lesion revascularization (TLR), with rates of 6.4% vs 0.9% at 5 years (HR 7.2, confidence interval (CI) 1.2-43, P = 0.04). There were no significant differences between groups in the 5-year rates of stroke (4.3% in CCO group vs 4.5% in non-CCO group, HR 0.53, CI 0.07-4.22, P = 1.0) or MACCE (15% vs 18%, HR 0.55, CI 0.2-1.55, P = 0.68). Conclusions Patients undergoing CAS with a CCO were more likely to undergo TLR during long-term follow up, but they did not have any differences in procedural success or short- and long-term outcomes.
Constructed Realities: Claude Cahun's Created World in Aveux Non Avenus

In her 1930 publication, Aveux non Avenus, Claude Cahun used the relationship between her inwardly focused poetic writing and symbolic photomontages to construct a unique reality for self-expressio...
The Effectiveness of the Bringing in the Bystander™ Program Among First-Year Students at a Religiously-Affiliated Liberal Arts College

To address sexual assault, many universities are implementing Bringing in the Bystander™ (BitB) training, a prevention program that aims to improve participants’ bystander self-efficacy and reduce rape myth acceptance. Although growing evidence supports the efficacy of BitB, data primarily have been amassed at one large public university, the University of New Hampshire, limiting the generalizability of intervention effectiveness. To address this gap, we made modifications to training structure and assessed BitB effectiveness among first-year students at a private Jesuit Catholic liberal arts college in Massachusetts. Using a within-subjects pre-/post-test survey design, we found that students’ (N = 164) bystander self-efficacy significantly increased and rape myth acceptance significantly decreased following training. Results indicate that BitB implementation is feasible and effective on a new campus despite modest modifications to training delivery and despite differences in religious affiliation, median income, and class size between the two campuses.
Open Versus Endoscopic Approach for Sinonasal Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BackgroundOpen resection (OR) of sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNM) traditionally has been the gold standard for treatment. However, endoscopic resection (ER) has recently become a surgical alternati...
Sacropelvic fixation: An overview and update on current techniques

Abstract The lumbosacral junction presents several unique challenges for spine surgeons. Of the many techniques developed to meet the anatomic and biomechanical challenges the lumbosacral junction presents and to address historically high complication rates, only a handful are commonly used today. Originally described 10 years ago, the S2-alar-iliac technique is the newest of these techniques, and evidence supports its simplicity, efficacy, lower complication rates, and other advantages compared with other methods. This article discusses the general principles underlying sacropelvic fixation and summarizes the recent literature regarding current techniques.
Graphite-Conjugated Acids Reveal a Molecular Framework for Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer at Electrode Surfaces

Proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) steps play a key role in energy conversion reactions. Molecular PCET reactions are well-described by “square schemes” in which the overall thermochemistry of the reaction is broken into its constituent proton-transfer and electron-transfer components. Although this description has been essential for understanding molecular PCET, no such framework exists for PCET reactions that take place at electrode surfaces. Herein, we develop a molecular square scheme framework for interfacial PCET by investigating the electrochemistry of molecularly well-defined acid/base sites conjugated to graphitic electrodes. Using cyclic voltammetry, we first demonstrate that, irrespective of the redox properties of the corresponding molecular analogue, proton transfer to graphite-conjugated acid/base sites is coupled to electron transfer. We then show that the thermochemistry of surface PCET events can be described by the pKa of the molecular analogue and the potential of zero free charge ...
Sternal Resections: Conventional and Novel Materials for Reconstruction

Reconstruction of the sternum has traditionally been performed using mesh and patch, with the addition of methylmethacrylate when rigidity is necessary. Improvements in materials and techniques have led to innovative and promising developments in sternal reconstruction, including the use of titanium, cryopreserved allografts, and autografts. Herein, we review the traditional materials and techniques and examine several recent developments in sternal reconstruction.
Complete Intersections K-Theory and Chern Classes

Throughout this abstruct $A$ will denote a noetherian commutative ring of dimension $n$. The paper has two parts. Among the interesting results in Part-1 are the following: 1) {\it suppose that $f_1, f_2, ..., f_r$ (with $r \leq n$) is a regular sequence in $A$ and suppose $Q$ is a projective $A$-module of rank $r$ that maps onto the ideal $(f_1, f_2, ..., f_{r-1},f_r^{(r-1)!})$. Then $[Q]=[Q_0 \oplus A]$ in $K_0(A)$ for some projective $A-module~Q_0$ of rank $r-1$.} 2) The set $$F_0K_0(A) = \{[A/I] \in K_0(A): I~ is~ a~ locally~ complete ~intersection~ ideal~ in~ A~ of~ height~n \}$$ is a {\it subgroup} of $K_0(A)$. We also show that if $A$ is a reduced affine algebra over a field $k$ then $F_0K_0(A)$ {\it is indeed the Zero Cycle Subgroup of} $K_0(A)$ {\it that is generated by smooth maximal ideals} $\Cal M$ {\it of height} $n$. 3){\it let $A$ be such that whenever $I$ is a locally complete intersection ideal of height $n$ with $[A/I]=0$ then $I$ is the image of a projective $A-module$ of rank $n$. Then for any locally complete intersection ideal $J$ of height $n$ with $[A/J]$ divisible by $(n-1)!$ in $F_0K_0(A)$, there is a projective $A-module$ of rank $n$ that maps onto $J$}. The main result in Part-2 is the following construction: 1) {\it let $X=Spec A$ be a Cohen-Macaulay scheme of dimension $n$ and let $r_0,~r$ be two integers with $n/2 \leq r_0 \leq r \leq n$. Let i) $Q_0$ be a projective $A-module$ of rank $r_0-1$ such that the restriction $Q_0|Y$ is trivial for all locally complete intersection subvarieties $Y$ of codimension at least $r_0$. Also ii) for $k= r_0$ to $r$, let $I_k$ be locally complete intersection ideals of height $k$ so that $I_k/I_k^2$ has a generators of the type $f_1, ..., f_{k-1}, f_k^{(k-1)!}$. Then there is a projective $A-module~Q$ of rank $r$ such that
Reactive Oxygen Species Explicit Dosimetry for Photofrin-mediated Pleural Photodynamic Therapy.

Explicit dosimetry of treatment light fluence and implicit dosimetry of photosensitizer photobleaching are commonly used methods to guide dose delivery during clinical PDT. Tissue oxygen, however, is not routinely monitored intraoperatively even though it is one of the three major components of treatment. Quantitative information about in vivo tissue oxygenation during PDT is desirable, because it enables reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry (ROSED) for prediction of treatment outcome based on PDT-induced changes in tumor oxygen level. Here, we demonstrate ROSED in a clinical setting, Photofrin-mediated pleural photodynamic therapy, by utilizing tumor blood flow information measured by diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). A DCS contact probe was sutured to the pleural cavity wall after surgical resection of pleural mesothelioma tumor to monitor tissue blood flow (blood flow index) during intraoperative PDT treatment. Isotropic detectors were used to measure treatment light fluence and photosensitizer concentration. Blood-flow-derived tumor oxygen concentration, estimated by applying a preclinically determined conversion factor of 1.5 × 109 μMs cm-2 to the blood flow index, was used in the ROSED model to calculate the total reacted reactive oxygen species [ROS]rx. Seven patients and 12 different pleural sites were assessed and large inter- and intrapatient heterogeneities in [ROS]rx were observed although an identical light dose of 60 J cm-2 was prescribed to all patients.
The unintended consequences of voluntary adoption of clawback provisions on managerial ability

I investigate the impact of the voluntary adoption of clawback provisions on managerial ability and predict that clawback provisions will motivate managers to exert more efforts following the adoption of clawback and these efforts will be in the form of an increased managerial efficiency. Using a propensity score matched sample of firms, I find a significant positive association between voluntary clawback adoption and the change in both rank and score of managerial ability. My study highlights the unintended consequences of clawback provisions on CEO's behavior and contributes to the on‐going debate on the importance of proactively and carefully drafting clawback policies, further signifying the importance of the SEC's efforts (Rule 10D‐1) to enforce clawback policies.
Partial Versus Total Fundoplication for GERD in Patients with Normal Esophageal Motility

A laparoscopic total fundoplication is considered today the gold standard for the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Short-term outcome is excellent, with low perioperative morbidity and fast recovery; symptom relief and reflux control are achieved in about 80–90 % of patients 10 years after surgery. However, a small but clinically relevant incidence of postoperative dysphagia and gas-related symptoms is reported. Debate still exists about the best antireflux operation and during the last two decades the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic partial fundoplication (anterior or posterior) have been compared to those achieved after a laparoscopic total fundoplication. This chapter reviews the results of partial and total fundoplication for the treatment of GERD in patients with normal esophageal motility.
Chapter 4 – Color Information

Chapter 4 presents the importance of color to photo interpretation. One of only two unique types of information contained on images, color conveys information on rock type. Common rock colors are displayed as spectral reflectance curves. Spectral reflectance is the brightness of a surface in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Curves are presented for sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks, and soils. An important observation is that rocks seldom display vibrant colors. Hence, unique rock mineralogy is not observable on aerial photographs. Rock mineralogy must be verified on the ground. The chapter concludes with models showing common geologic structural patterns.
On the Applications of Axial Representation of Trigonometric Functions.

M. Vali Siadat is Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Mathematics Department at Richard J. Daley College, Chicago. He received his BSEE from UC, Berkeley, and MSEE from SJSU. Subsequently, he earned his MS, PhD, and DA in mathematics, all from the University of Illinois at Chicago. Dr. Siadat is the 2005 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Illinois Professor of the Year. E-mail: vsiadat@ccc.edu
Dielectric polarizability of alkali and alkaline-earth modified silicate glasses at microwave frequency

The dielectric properties of alkali and alkaline earth-modified silicate glasses were characterized in the frequency range where electronic and ionic polarizabilities contribute to permittivity. From the Clausius–Mossotti (CM) model, dielectric polarizability of each cation-oxygen constituent was determined from the permittivity and molar volume. The silicon–oxygen polarizability of silica glass (5.24 A3) is significantly higher than that of crystalline quartz (4.87 A3), suggesting that additional polarization modes contribute to glass permittivity. A full range of alkali species (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) were then added as glass network modifiers through a series of binary silicate glasses, and the silicon–oxygen polarizability increased to 5.38 A3. A similar trend was observed for alkaline-earth aluminosilicate glasses in which the polarizability increased with the addition of cationic modifiers to 5.89 A3. CM analysis provides a method to explore the fundamental relationship between the glass structure and its unique polarization response in the microwave frequency range. Microwave permittivity values are predicted over broad compositional ranges for alkali and alkaline earth-modified silicate glasses using the CM relationship.
Investigating inpatient rehabilitation outcomes of patients with intensive care unit-acquired weakness, and identifying comorbidities associated with unfavorable outcomes.

INTRODUCTION Data are consistent on the benefits of inpatient rehabilitation for intensive care unit-acquired weaknesses (ICUAW), including critical illness myopathy, critical illness polyneuropathy, critical illness polyneuromyopathy, and disuse atrophy. This study focuses on the effects of inpatient rehabilitation on patients with ICUAW, specifically those with a clinical pattern of proximal muscle weakness and sensory sparing. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of inpatient rehabilitation on patients with ICUAW versus other medically complex patients, and to identify comorbidities associated with poor rehabilitation outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Institutional, inpatient rehabilitation hospital. PATIENTS Two hundred seventy adult patients (≥18 years) divided into two groups: diagnosis of ICUAW (N = 55) or otherwise medically complex (N = 215), and admitted under the care of one physiatrist. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES For all patients we compared functional independence measure (FIM) gain, FIM efficiency, rehabilitation length of stay (RLOS), discharge disposition, and major medical comorbidities. RESULTS Patients with ICUAW had significantly greater FIM gain (P = .015) and RLOS (P = .02). There was no significant difference in FIM efficiency (P = .15). Patients with ICUAW had a significantly lower odds of acute hospital transfer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.52, with 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47, 0.58) and skilled nursing facility discharge (OR = 0.19, with 95% CI 0.038, 0.95). However, patients with ICUAW did have a higher percent of acute hospital transfers than other medically complex patients (P = .017). In addition, patients with ICUAW were more medically complex, as evidenced by a significantly higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (P < .001), prevalence of anemia (P < .001), atrial fibrillation (P = .009), obstructive sleep apnea (P = .018), and bacteremia (P = .041). CONCLUSIONS Patients with ICUAW with a clinical pattern of proximal muscle weakness and sensory sparing benefit from inpatient rehabilitation as evidenced by FIM gain and high home discharge rate. However, they have multiple medical comorbidities, which require judicious medical management and may contribute to a longer RLOS.
Vocalizing and singing reveal complex patterns of corollary discharge function in schizophrenia.

Abstract Introduction As we vocalize, our brains generate predictions of the sounds we produce to enable suppression of neural responses when intentions match vocalizations and to make adjustments when they do not. This may be instantiated by efference copy and corollary discharge mechanisms, which are impaired in people with schizophrenia (SZ). Although innate, these mechanisms can be affected by intentions. We asked if attending to pitch during vocalizations would take these mechanisms “off-line” and reduce suppression. Methods Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded from 96 SZ and 92 healthy controls (HC) as they vocalized triplets in monotone (Phrase) or sang triplets in ascending thirds (Pitch). Pre-vocalization activity (Bereitschaftspotential, BP), N1, and P2 ERP components to sounds were compared during vocalization and playback. Results N1 was not as suppressed during Pitch as during Phrase. N1 suppression was not affected by SZ in either task when all data were collapsed across pitches (Pitch) and positions (Phrase). However, when binned according to vocalization performance, SZ showed less N1 suppression than HC at longer (>2 s) inter-stimulus intervals (Phrase) and inconsistent suppression across pitches (Pitch). Unlike N1, P2 was more suppressed during Pitch than Phrase and not affected by SZ. BP was greater during vocalization than playback but did not contribute to N1 or P2 effects. Pitch variability was inversely related to negative symptoms. Conclusions Neural processing is not suppressed when patients and controls sing, and corollary discharge abnormalities in schizophrenia are only seen at long vocalization intervals.
Factors Associated With Concussion Nondisclosure in Collegiate Student-Athletes.

CONTEXT Mandated concussion education has aimed to improve student-athlete knowledge; however, some collegiate student-athletes continue to not disclose concussion. Concussion knowledge may not be the only factor influencing reporting, as student-athlete sex, sport, and pressure from external stakeholders (eg, coaches, teammates, fans, parents or family) have all been documented as influencing collegiate concussion-reporting behavior. OBJECTIVE To examine factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in collegiate student-athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Four National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and two Division II universities. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 1125 collegiate student-athletes completed the survey, and 741 provided viable responses and were included for data analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We used a 10- to 15-minute electronic or paper-and-pencil survey that asked about personal and sport demographics, diagnosed concussions and nondisclosed concussion history, concussion knowledge, and level of agreement regarding pressure to play after a head impact experienced during collegiate sport participation. Significant univariable factors were entered into a multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Sex (P = .005), sport-risk type (P < .001), diagnosed concussion history (P < .001), concussion knowledge (P = .017), and pressure from coaches (P < .001), teammates (P < .001), fans (P = .024), and parents or family (P = .003) were factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in individual univariable logistic regressions. After we conducted multivariable analyses, male sex (P = .001), high concussion-risk sport participation (P = .048), diagnosed concussion history (P < .001), increased concussion knowledge (P = .013), and experiencing pressure from coaches to continue playing after sustaining a hit to the head (P = .002) were factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in collegiate student-athletes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that concussion-education programs should go beyond the identification of signs and symptoms to include the dangers of continuing to play, long-term consequences, and transparency about concussion protocols. Comprehensive concussion-education programs should involve coaches and athletes to improve the reporting culture.
Contempt: State Literati vs. Street Literati in Modern Iraq

AbstractThe standard narrative of modern Iraqi culture posits a reciprocal exchange of contempt between Iraqi state literati and anti-state literati. Several literary critics tell us that for decades this contempt has redounded to the ideological polarization of the Iraqi literary corpus, diminishing the number of independent intellectuals. This essay takes up key debates in the Iraqi literary scene, charting the Hashemite monarchy, Qāsim regime, Bath dictatorship, embargo years, and post-2003 occupation, and in so doing retraces the multiple ideological schisms and fractious state-writer relationships. Considering the history of contempt in Iraqi culture and literature today, the essay sheds light on the emergence of civic society in Iraq, dynamics within the public sphere, and the role of state ideology in cultural projects. It interrogates the ideology of “freedom” and its correlate “commitment” in the literary scene and their proliferating discourses in light of past and present political unrest in Iraq. Under the broad rubric of the “art of freedom,” and its correlate “modernity,” which have been the quest of generations of Iraqi intellectuals despite the interruptions of despots, this study examines some current impasses that have augmented the blatant exchange of contempt among Iraq’s literati. These impasses include the discrepancy between conceptual freedom and freedom as a cultural or political practice, sectarian discourses, media, and self-censorship. Examining the role of conceptual freedom and contempt in literary production also necessarily invites the discussion of the binary shape of contemporary Iraqi literature contestably as a product of “inside” and “outside” sensibilities and cultures.
Modeling Skill Acquisition Over Time with Sequence and Topic Modeling

Online education provides data from students solving problems at dierent levels of prociency over time. Unfortunately, methods that use these data for inferring student knowledge rely on costly domain expertise. We propose three novel data-driven methods that bridge sequence modeling with topic models to infer students’ time varying knowledge. These methods dier in complexity,
Making Agreements in Medieval Catalonia: Power, Order, and the Written Word, 1000 1200

This study examines the role of written agreements in eleventh- and twelfth-century Catalonia, and how they determined the social and political order. By tracing the fate of these agreements - or convenientiae - from their first appearance to the late twelfth century, it is possible to demonstrate the remarkable stability of the fluid structures which they engendered in what is generally thought of as 'feudal society'. The process of documentary change reveals the true nature and pace of the 'transformation of the year 1000'. Analysis of the convenientia as an instrument of power and its interaction with oral practices contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of the written word in medieval societies. Finally, a broad historiographical context establishes the significance of this study of Catalonia for a more general appreciation of the medieval Mediterranean world.
Chemical sensing with ZnO nanowires

Zinc oxide nanowires were configured as n-channel field-effect transistors. These transistors were implemented as chemical sensors for detection of various gases. The ammonia sensing behavior of nanowires was observed to switch from oxidizing to reducing when temperature increased from 300 to 500 K. This effect is attributed to the temperature dependent chemical potential shift. Carbon monoxide was found to increase the nanowire conductance in the presence of oxygen. In addition, nanowire detection sensitivity dependence on the diameter was investigated
Abstract P5-12-05: Breast cancer (BC) following prophylactic mastectomy (PM), a clinical entity: Presentation, management, and outcomes

Objective: Contralateral PM (CPM) and Bilateral PM (BPM) markedly decrease, but do not completely eliminate the possibility of development of a new BC on the side of the PM. Given the relative infrequency of its occurrence, little is known about the clinical characteristics, presentation, and management of patients who develop BC after PM. Our aim was to review our institutional experience of BC occurring after PM. Methods: Between 1960 and 1993, 1,065 women underwent BPM and 1,643 women with unilateral BC treated with therapeutic mastectomy underwent a CPM. Medical records were reviewed and study-specific questionnaires were sent to all women at 10 years and 20 years after PM. BC after PM included locoregional invasive BC or DCIS on the side of the PM. Results: Thirteen patients who underwent BPM developed BC after PM. Twelve patients who underwent CPM developed a subsequent BC on the side of the CPM. The median follow-up time from PM was 22 years (range 3-34). Detailed clinical characteristics of BC after PM are shown in Table 1. Presentations included: disease limited to the axilla without evidence of a local primary 4 (16%); synchronous local and axillary disease 1 (4%); synchronous local disease and distant metastases 4 (16%); clinically isolated local disease 17 (68%). Of the 17 patients with isolated local disease, 11 (65%) underwent a completion/redo mastectomy, local excision of the tumor was performed in 5 (29%), and surgical management was unknown in 1 (6%). Ten of 17 (59%) underwent axillary lymph node dissection, 1 (6%) underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy, 1 did not undergo axillary staging, and axillary management was unknown in 5 (29%). Median tumor size was 0.9 cm (range 0.3-3.5) and only 1 of 17 (6%) patients was confirmed to have pathologic nodal involvement. Twelve of 17 (71%) received some type of adjuvant therapy: chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy 3 (18%); radiotherapy 2 (12%); both 5 (29%); none 5 (29%). With a median follow-up of 7 years since diagnosis of local BC after PM, there has been one isolated local recurrence and 2 distant recurrences as first event. Conclusion: BC can occur after PM. With rising rates of PM, understanding management of BC after PM is important. Most common presentation is local disease and can be managed with resection with consideration of adjuvant therapy. Multidisciplinary management of these cases is needed. Citation Format: Robert W Mutter, Tanya L Hoskin, Marlene H Frost, Joanne L Johnson, Lynn C Hartmann, Judy C Boughey. Breast cancer (BC) following prophylactic mastectomy (PM), a clinical entity: Presentation, management, and outcomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-12-05.
Prognostic Importance of the Standardized Uptake Value on 18F-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-Glucose–Positron Emission Tomography Scan in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Analysis of 125 Cases

PURPOSE: The amount of radio-labeled 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose (FDG) uptake, a measurement of the increased glucose metabolism of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, has recently been correlated with proliferation capacity. The Standardized Uptake Value (SUV), a semi-quantitative measurement of FDG uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) scan, could thus be of prognostic significance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the follow-up of 125 potentially operable NSCLC patients, previously included in three of our prospective PET protocols. Performance status, maximal tumor diameter, tumor-cell type, SUV, and final staging were analyzed for their possible association with survival. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients had stage I or II NSCLC, 37 had stage IIIA, and 23 had stage IIIB. Treatment was complete resection in 91 cases. In a univariate analysis, performance status (P = .002), stage (P = .001), tumor diameter (P = .06), tumor-cell type (P = .03), and SUV greater than 7 (P = .001) were correlated w...