cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA cross-linking following exposure to cis -platinum in primary and serially passaged cultured cells derived from two murine fibrosarcomas

We compared the kinetics of the repair of total (ISC plus DPC) cross-links and of proteinase-resistant (ISC) cross-links in cultured cells derived from two murine fibrosarcoma tumors, FSA and NFSA, after treatment with cis-platinum (cis-DDP), using a modification of the alkaline elution technique. The two tumors had previously been characterized for their response to cis-DDP in vivo; FSA cells gradually removed cross-links from their genome, whereas the NFSA cells showed no capacity to repair these lesions. The aim of the present study was to establish whether treatment of cells from these same two tumors grown under controlled culture conditions would affect either the nature of the lesions induced by cis-DDP or the kinetics of repair of these lesions when compared with tumors treated with cis-DDP in vivo. The culture conditions represent two situations: in the first, the cells in culture approximated the proportion of tumor and normal host cells present in vivo, and in the second, the normal host cells had been eliminated by subculturing to produce cultures composed entirely of tumor cells. All cells were exposed to cis-DDP (either 10 or 20μ/ml), for 1 h. The relative amounts of total cis-DDP-induced DNA cross-links and of ISCs were then determined at various times after treatment. The results show that there was little difference in the behavior of these cultured cells compared to the in vivo response of the tumor from which they were derived. For FSA, each cell culture exhibited a capacity to repair DNA cross-links comparable to that of the tumor in vivo. For NFSA, the passaged cells again paralleled the behavior of that tumor in vivo, although in this case by showing no measurable capacity to repair cross-links. The absence of a signficant repair response in the NFSA tumor therefore appears to be an intrinsic characteristic of these tumor cells.
Spectroscopy of EDA Complexes at High Pressures. IV. Absorption of Several Haloquinone Complexes in Polymer Matrices

Several haloquinone complexes are subjected to high pressures (0–20 kbar), and the resulting effects are registered in the charge‐transfer (CT) absorption spectra. The observed shift in the CT band maxima are discussed in terms of the various interaction terms, including CT forces, which contribute to the displacement of the ground relative to the excited CT state of the EDA complex. The results indicate that the stronger complexes show the smaller red shift or even a blue shift in this pressure range. CT intensities in the 1–20‐kbar interval are observed to change by −15% to +40% in this group of related complexes.
New Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic data from plutons in the northern Great Basin: Implications for crustal structure and granite petrogenesis in the hinterland of the Sevier thrust belt

The influence of tectonic setting and age on the variation of isotopic signatures of granitic plutons in the northern Great Basin has, in general, not been apparent from previous investigations. Although Elison et al. pointed out isotopic differences between Jurassic and younger plutons near the 0.706 Sr isopleth, and Farmer and DePaolo noted that there might be a difference between Cenozoic vs. Mesozoic plutonic rocks in the eastern part of the northern Great Basin, neither of these studies revealed the remarkable correlation between isotopic signature, age, and tectonic setting shown by our expanded Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic data base. Jurassic-Early Cretaceous plutons in the northern Great Basin have a limited range of Sr and Nd isotopic values that cluster near bulk earth. All but one of these plutons have ϵ Nd values less negative than -7 despite their location both to the west and east of the ϵ Nd = -7 line. Construction of Sr 0.706 and ϵ Nd = -7 isotopic boundaries is virtually impossible for plutons of this age range. In contrast, Upper Cretaceous peraluminous granites east of the ϵ Nd = -7 line have very negative ϵ Nd values and high initial Sr ratios, and they appear to represent essentially pure crustal melts. The data favor a model that equates generation of these plutons via crustal thickening associated with the Sevier thrust belt. Cenozoic plutons appear to be mixtures of mantle and crustal reservoirs, and their isotopic systematics, along with those of the Late Cretaceous age plutonic suite, define a previously unrecognized, approximately east-west-trending crustal boundary between predominantly Archean crust to the north and predominantly Proterozoic crust to the south. The isotopic data from the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous plutonic suite do not reflect the presence of this boundary, suggesting that the isotopic systematics of this plutonic suite may not have been controlled by the same variations in crustal and/or mantle lithospheric structure at depth.
Genetic analysis of a Chinese hamster cell line lacking a G1 phase

A Chinese hamster cell line (V79-8), which lacks a measurable G1 phase in its cell cycle (G1−), has been investigated utilizing somatic cell hybrids. The results indicate that the G1− phenotype is dominant in two types of intraspecific hybrids and, surprisingly is in contrast recessive in two different interspecific crosses. Furthermore, the G1− V79-8 cell line complements two different G1 defective cell cycle mutants, suggesting that V79-8 retains and can express at least some G1-specific functions.
Optimal Fiber And Connector Tolerances For Singlemode Systems In A Shipboard Environment

ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss the Navy specified fiber outer diameter(OD) and connector /ferrule inner diameter(ID) tightenedtolerances, required maximum insertion loss per connection, anduse of one ferrule termini size with both multimode andsinglemode fibers. By briefly discussing these areas, we intend to providepertinent information regarding the rationale for the decided Navy requirements, trade -offs involved, and related items whichsupport the development of singlemode, short haul, highlyconcatenated, shipboard systems.1. BACKGROUND Essential components in a singlemode, short haul, highlyconcatenated, shipboard system include optical fibers andconnectors. Reliability, functionality, interoperability, andmaintainability significantly contribute to the interrelationshipbetween these components. From a system's standpoint, connectors can be points of failure, thus justifying the Navy's need forhighly reliable connectors. Since a connector's performancedepends on the fiber cable, each components' performance and
The fine structure of uterine smooth muscle of the rat uterus at various time intervals following a single injection of estrogen.

The fine structure of smooth muscle cells of the rat uterus was studied at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of estradiol dipropionate (10 μg). The control rats were ovariectomized, but did not receive hormone treatment. Changes in the ultrastructure of the muscle cells occurred soon after estrogen stimulation. An increase in the number of ribosomes on the outer nuclear membrane and evagination of the membrane into the surrounding cytoplasm was noted at six hours. The amount and dilatation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) increased gradually from 6 to 96 hours. At 24 and 48 hours the mitochondria appeared to increase in number and at later time intervals they increased in size. The Golgi complex was more prominent at 72 and 96 hours than at the earlier time intervals. An increase in free ribosomes was observed at 6 and 12 hours, but a marked accumulation of them occurred at 24 hours and continued to 96 hours. The glycogen granules were very pronounced at 24 and 48 hours with a reduction at 72 and 96 hours. Many pinocytotic vesicles and dense bodies were present in the controls and at 6 and 12 hours. A decrease in number occurred in both at the later time intervals. Organelles accumulated at the nuclear poles beginning at 24 hours and extending to 96 hours. The observations made provide additional information on the fine structure of uterine smooth muscle cells following estrogen stimulation and support previous biochemical studies on glycogen concentration and RNA synthesis in the rat uterus.
Ion-implanted PLZT for photoferroelectric image storage and display devices

Abstract A substantial increase in photoferroelectric image storage sensitivity has been achieved in ferroelectric-phase PLZT ceramics by implanting protons (H+ ions) into the image storage surfaces. The 10- to 100-fold increase in sensitivity is attributed to increased densities of carrier photoexcitation and trapping centers and to an increase in photon absorption in the near-UV. Preliminary measurements indicate that these effects are primarily caused by implantation-produced disorder.
Finite Element Modeling of Diffusional Creep with Explicit Consideration of Enhanced Vacancy Diffusivity in a Finite Region Adjacent to the Grain Interface

We propose a finite element model to analyze diffusional creep and stress relaxation in grains with several atomic monolayers thick grain boundary region of enhanced diffusivity. Our model is motivated by the need to study deformations in submicron integrated circuit interconnect structures during the thermal annealing step of the fabrication procedure. On the length scale of modern interconnects, deformations do not conform to the assumptions of classical theories of diffusion creep. We employ a coupled formulation which relates vacancy concentration field and stress field through the creep strains in polycrystals. The approach has been implemented in the commercially available finite element software package with user-defined subroutines. We validate the model for the case of stress relaxation in one-dimensional grain array by comparing finite element results to the predictions of classical theories. We use our model to study the effect of grain size on creep rate in a polycrystal under external load.
Waging wars in wangba: political policy and social practice in Chinese MMO culture

This proposed paper will explore the relationship between government policies on and social practices in Chinese internet cafes (wangba), especially in regards to the culture of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). By combining work on current-day aspects of Chinese MMO and wangba culture with historical precedents in both technological imports and social responses to government pressures, I hope to shed light on the complex socio-political status of MMOs and wangba in modern Chinese society.
Accounting for the effect of antenna length to improve crosshole GPR velocity estimates

In order to obtain tomograms with the highest possible resolution from crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data, raypaths covering a wide range of angles between the boreholes are required. In practice, however, the inclusion of high-angle ray data in crosshole GPR inversions often results in tomograms dominated by inversion artifacts. We show that problems associated with high-angle rays in crosshole GPR tomography can arise from the standard assumption that all first-arriving energy travels directly between the centers of the antennas. As shown with a synthetic data set, an inversion scheme that accounts for radiation and reception from both the antenna feed and end points can lead to a more accurate reconstruction of the subsurface velocity model.
The role of reflection in Kant's critique of pure reason

There are two prevailing interpretations of the status which Kant accorded his claims in the Critique of Pure Reason: 1) he is analyzing our concepts of cognition and experience; 2) he is making empirical claims about our cognitive faculties. I argue for a third alternative: on Kant’s account, all cognition consists in a reflective consciousness of our cognitive faculties, and in critique we analyze the content of this consciousness. Since Strawson raises a famous charge of incoherence against such a position, I begin by showing that this charge is misplaced.
Electric-quadrupole interaction at 181Ta in f.c.t. ZrHi1.97

Abstract Time-differential perturbed γ-ray angular correlation experiments have been carried out on 181Ta impurities in ϵ-phase zirconium hydride over the temperature range from 20 to 588 K. A static, slightly asymmetric electric quadripole interaction is found at all temperatures. The static nature of the pattern indicates the absence of significant hydrogen diffusion at these temperatures on the time scale of the experiment (0.1 μsec). The temperature dependence of the static quadrupole frequency is given by the relation vq(t) = 130[1 − (1.9 × 10−5)T1.5] MHz.
CORRIDORS AND OLFACTORY PREDATOR CUES AFFECT SMALL MAMMAL BEHAVIOR

The behavior of prey individuals is influenced by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, habitat configuration, risk of predation, and availability of resources, and these habitat-dependent factors may have interactive effects. We studied the responses of mice to an increase in perceived predation risk in a patchy environment to understand how habitat corridors might affect interactions among species in a fragmented landscape. We used a replicated experiment to investigate corridor-mediated prey responses to predator cues in a network of open habitat patches surrounded by a matrix of planted pine forest. Some of the patches were connectedbycorridors.Weusedmark‐recapturetechniquesandforagingtraystomonitorthemovement,behavior, and abundance of small mammals. Predation threat was manipulated in one-half of the replicates by applying an olfactory predator cue. Corridors synchronized small mammal foraging activity among connected patches. Foraging also was inhibited in the presence of an olfactory predator cue but apparently increased in adjacent connected patches. Small mammal abundance did not change as a result of the predator manipulation and was not influenced by the presence of corridors. This study is among the 1st to indicate combined effects of landscape configuration and predation risk on prey behavior. These changes in prey behavior may, in turn, have cascading effects on community dynamics where corridors and differential predation risk influence movement and patch use.
The pressure derivatives of the elastic constants of lead

Abstract The pressure derivatives of the adiabatic elastic constants of lead have been measured at 296° and 195°K using an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. The values found are: dC′ 11 dP dC′ dP dC 44 dP 296°K 7.69 0.301 2.06 195°K 7.51 0.280 1.97 where the notation C′ 11 = (C 11 + C 12 + 2C 44 ) 2 and C′ = (C 11 −C 12 ) 2 has been used limiting value of the Gruneisen parameter has been calculated and is compared with the value obtained from thermodynamic data. The ultrasonic equation of state is discussed.
Aldose reductase inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a review.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this article was to examine how aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors are used in the prevention and treatment of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes, specifically focusing on efficacy. Methods Medline searches were used to identify clinical trials investigating AR inhibitors and their proposed mechanism of action, efficacy, and adverse effects. Additionally, the references of the articles returned by the Medline search were examined for pertinent publications. Results Three AR inhibitors were selected for review. Modest improvements in the preservation and restoration of nerve conduction velocities were reported in the studies. Additionally, patients reported improvements in the subjective symptoms associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Adverse effects for the studied agents were minimal or not reported. Conclusions Given the mechanism by which diabetic peripheral neuropathy can result, targeting the polyol pathway as a method of treatment appears promising, yet the efficacy of newer AR inhibitors is still to be proven. Currently, these agents are not marketed in the United States. As newer studies emerge, diabetes educators will learn more about their efficacy and safety in preventing and treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Current and future uses of accelerators in particle astrophysics

Beams of artificially accelerated heavy ions, p, p, e− and e+ currently available at (and planned for) numerous facilities around the world are a valuable resource to the Cosmic Ray community. Such beams have been used to test detector concepts, calibrate balloon‐borne and space flight experiments and to measure fundamental nuclear physics parameters necessary for the interpretation of Cosmic Ray data. As new experiments are flown the quality and extent of Cosmic Ray measurements will continue to improve. It will be necessary to increase activity at ground based accelerators in order to test/calibrate these new instruments and to maintain (or possibly improve) our ability to interpret these data. In this area, the newly formed Transport Collaboration, supported by NASA, will be providing new nuclear interaction cross section measurements for beams with Z≤58 and supporting new instrument calibrations at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac accelerator.
State Efforts to Promote Continuity of Coverage and Care under the Affordable Care Act

Many states have worked tirelessly over the past two years to develop health insurance exchanges and prepare for the expansion of their Medicaid pro- grams in order to meet the requirements of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Programs to expand coverage, however, do not necessarily ensure seamlessness for many individuals who are likely to experience shifts in program eligibility due to changing circumstances (e.g., income fluctuations, family composition changes, etc.). A number of states are actively working to limit the impact of changes in program eligibility by developing policies that limit either the incidence of program eligibil- ity changes and/or the impact those changes have on individual consumers. Various emerging state approaches take into account program history, the desire for state flexibility, and the political and operational challenges states face in developing cov- erage expansions that work for consumers, stakeholders, and policy makers.
High performance computing in dependable space systems

Next generation space-based systems will necessitate onboard high performance computing, which is the key to enabling spacecraft autonomy, onboard sensor/science data processing, and multi-spacecraft interactive-cooperative robotics. For example, while conceptually straightforward, “Internet in the sky” communications will require multiple GOPS (giga-operation per second) to perform high-speed routing and protocoltranslation at real-time rates. The viability of high performance space computing stems from the advent of new enabling technologies. Such enabling technologies encompass wireless network communications, non-semiconductor-based (e.g., magnetic, carbon nanotube, ferroelectric and MEMS) components, and deep submicron semiconductors. In addition, it is anticipated that high performance space computing will leads to 1) more extensive use of COTS (commercially-of-the-shelf) products and standards, and 2) the emergence of larger, more complex embedded software running on multi-threaded, file-oriented operating systems. Accordingly, high performance space computing will bring space system dependability concepts and challenges into new, more sophisticated settings. Moreover, as space-based systems are rapidly becoming pervasive and crucial to our worldwide infrastructure, high performance space computing will further increase our reliance on space system operations. Hence, we are reaching the point where failures of space-based systems will have far-reaching and potentially catastrophic consequences in such areas as hazardous weather prediction, communications, finance, aircraft control, military operations, homeland security, and disaster relief and recovery. With the above motivation, this panel brings distinguished researchers and practitioners with wide ranging expertise in space systems and applications to a discussion. The thrust is to foster debating, exchanging, and integrating opinions and solutions for dependable high performance space computing. We particularly solicit different views from various perspectives on the following issues: • What are the critical dependability issues in high performance space computing? • What types of fault tolerance strategies and capabilities that are currently being developed for terrestrial high performance computing systems will be applicable to high performance computing in space? • Among the various means (e.g., V&V, fault tolerance) for dependable high performance space computing, which should we give higher priority? • How do we define fault models and conduct benchmarking to predict COTS performance degradation in the presence of faults?
Fatigue reliability and service life prediction of aluminum naval ship details based on monitoring data

The evolution of naval vessels toward high-speed crafts subjected to severe sea conditions has promoted an increasing interest in lightweight high-strength materials. Due to its strength and weight...
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON PREGNANCY AND SURVIVAL OF UNTREATED AND SESAME OIL TREATED RATS

NORMAL PREGNANCY has been reported as not possible for the adrenalectomizgd rat (1, 2). Wyman (3) and Gaunt (4),however, found normal pregnancy could occur in a small percentage of adrenalectomized rats in the absence of gross rests of cortical tissue, while others (5, 6) reported no change in the course of pregnancy of their adrenalectomizsd animals. The cases in which normal gestation and parturition have been found in the adrenalectomized rat, in the absence of macroscopic rests of cortical tissue, have been attributed to the maintenance of the animal during the course of pregnancy by cortical hormone either secreted by microscopic rests of cortical tissue or residual in the animal's tissues after adrenalectomy. Recent work, however, has firmly established the beneficial effect of pregnancy and the hormone of the corpus luteum in the adrenalectomiz,ed animal. Pregnancy and pseudopregnancy, natural or induced, have been found to prolong the survival time after adrenalec tomy in several species (2, 7–12).
The Logic of Economic Organization

The transaction cost logic of economic organization had its origins in a tautology, which Ronald Coase wryly defines as "a proposition that is clearly right" (1988:00). The basic insight, first advanced by Coase in his classic 1937 article (1952:341) and restated for this conference, is this: "A firm . . . [has] a role to play in the economic system if ... transactions [can] be organized within the firm at less cost than if the same transactions were carried out through the market. The limit to the size of the firm ... [is reached] when the costs of organizing additional transactions within the firm [exceed] the costs of carrying out the same transactions through the market" (1988). Albeit "clearly right," the argument is also subject to the objection that "almost anything can be rationalized by invoking suitably specified transaction costs" (Fisher: 322, n. 5). That the state of transaction cost economics in 1972 was approximately where Coase had left it in 19371 is largely attributable to the failure, for thirty-five years, to operationalize this important concept. That this flat trajectory has been supplanted by exponential growth during the past fifteen
Capital-Income Taxation with Imperfect Competition

A key feature of modern dynamic economies is imperfect competition. Some imperfect competition is due to institutions such as patents and copyrights that allow firms to exercise market power over the sale of products they invent. Some imperfect competition is due to various forms of increasing returns to scale and product differentiation. Since market power is an essential feature of innovation and growth in the "new economy" (as it was in the "old economy") we need to know how imperfect competition affects the conventional wisdom on tax policy. I argue that it has particularly striking implications for the taxation of capital. The current consensus among economists is
Alcohol consumption promotes body weight loss in melanoma-bearing mice.

Background: Alcohol consumption is an important risk factor for cancer. Little is known about its effects on cancer progression. Previously, we showed that high ethanol consumption inhibited metastasis of B16BL6 melanoma-bearing mice without affecting primary tumor growth. On the other hand, ethanol-consuming tumor-bearing (TE) mice exhibited decreased survival and decreased body weight as compared to water-drinking, tumor-bearing (TW) mice. The focus of this study was to determine how alcohol promotes weight loss in melanoma-bearing mice. Methods: Female, C57BL/6 mice were given water or 20% w/v ethanol in the drinking water for 3 weeks to 6 months before subcutaneous inoculation of 1 × 106 B16BL6 melanoma cells. Mice continued to receive the same fluids. Biochemical parameters were evaluated at various times after tumor inoculation. Body weight, water content, tumor weight and carcass fat content were determined at necropsy. Results: TW mice elicted a modest weight loss. This response was magnified 2-fold by alcohol consumption. The weight loss in TE mice is not caused by dehydration, decreased energy intake, or loss of skeletal muscle mass. It resulted specifically from loss in body fat. Other alterations associated with the fat loss in TE mice were: (1) decreased glucose, (2) elevated fatty acids, (3) elevated β-hydroxybutyrate, (4) elevated glucagon, and (5) increased leptin levels in plasma. Body temperature decreased about 2.9°C in TE mice. Metabolic rate increased in TW mice. The fat loss due to alcohol consumption in tumor-bearing mice was not due to increased metabolic rate. Conclusions: The response elicited by alcohol consumption in tumor-bearing mice is complex and associated with alterations in metabolism and hormones. These findings suggest that alcohol abuse could be a risk factor for cancer patients because it invokes a strong depletion of body fat. This could facilitate wasting and shorten survival time.
Counting giant gravitons in AdS 3

We quantize the set of all quarter Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) brane probe solutions in global ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{T}^{4}/K3$ found in G. Mandal, S. Raju, and M. Smedback, preceding article, Phys. Rev. D 77, 046011 (2008).. We show that, generically, these solutions give rise to states in discrete representations of the $SL(2,R)$ Wess-Zumino-Witten model on ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$. Our procedure provides us with a detailed description of the low energy $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ BPS sectors of string theory on this background. The $\frac{1}{4}$ BPS partition function jumps as we move off the point in moduli space where the bulk theta angle and Neveu-Schwarz fields vanish. We show that generic $\frac{1}{2}$ BPS states are protected because they correspond to geodesics rather than puffed up branes. By exactly quantizing the simplest of the probes above, we verify our description of $\frac{1}{4}$ BPS states and find agreement with the known spectrum of $\frac{1}{2}$ BPS states of the boundary theory. We also consider the contribution of these probes to the elliptic genus and discuss puzzles, and their possible resolutions, in reproducing the elliptic genus of the symmetric product.
Medusahead Invasion Along Unimproved Roads, Animal Trails, and Random Transects

ABSTRACT . Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski), an exotic annual grass, is rapidly spreading and causing ecological damage across the western United States. Because this exotic plant occupies vast areas and because management resources are limited, it is critical that land managers prioritize where they direct treatment and monitoring efforts. Identifying where and by what means medusahead is spreading could provide valuable information to assist in determining where prevention and control efforts should be applied. We compared medusahead invasion levels along unimproved roads, animal trails, and random transects at 6 sites in southeastern Oregon to determine where medusahead was more common and to identify potential vectors for its spread. Medusahead was more common and its cover was greater along unimproved roads than along trails and random transects. Medusahead infestations were also larger along roads. Medusahead was more common along animal trails than along random transects, but dif...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear conditioning

The neural basis of auditory fear conditioning (AFC) is almost universally believed to be the amygdala, where auditory fear memories are reputedly acquired and stored. This widely-accepted amygdala model holds that the auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) and the nociceptive unconditioned stimulus (US) first converge in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (AL), and are projected independently to it from the medial division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm) and the adjacent posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN), which serve merely as sensory relays. However, the four criteria that are used to support the AL model, (a) CS-US convergence, (b) associative plasticity, (c) LTP and (d) lesion-induced learning impairment, are also met by the MGm/PIN. Synaptic and molecular approaches supporting the AL also implicate the MGm/PIN. As both the AL and its preceding MGm/PIN are critically involved, we propose that the latter be considered the "root" of AFC.
Discrimination of Multiple [3H]5-Hydroxytryptamine Binding Sites by the Neuroleptic Spiperone in Rat Brain

: Certain neuroleptic drugs, such as spiperone and (+) butaclamol, can discriminate between two populations of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) binding sites in rat brain. The butyrophenone neuroleptic spiperone shows the greatest selectivity for these two binding sites, having at least a 3000-fold difference between its dissociation constants (2-12 nM versus 35,000 nM) for the high- and low-affinity sites, respectively. Inhibition of [3H]5-HT binding by spiperone in rat frontal cortex and corpus striatum yields distinctly biphasic inhibition curves with Hill slopes significantly less than unity. Results from nonlinear regression analysis of these inhibition studies were consistent with a two-site model in each brain region. In the frontal cortex the high-affinity neuroleptic sites comprised about 60% of the total [3/H]5-HT binding sites whereas in the corpus striatum they accounted for only 20% of the sites. Furthermore, saturation studies of [3H]5-HT binding assayed in the absence or presence of 1 μM-spiperone (a concentration that completely blocks the high-affinity site while having minimal activity at the low-affinity site) reveal a parallel shift in the Scatchard plot with no change in the dissociation constant of [3H]5-HT, but a significant decrease (64% in frontal cortex or 28% in corpus striatum) in the number of specific binding sites. These observations are consistent with the existence of at least two populations of [3H]5-HT binding sites having a differential regional distribution in rat brain.
Using habitat suitability models to target invasive plant species surveys

Managers need new tools for detecting the movement and spread of nonnative, invasive species. Habitat suitability models are a popular tool for mapping the potential distribution of current invaders, but the ability of these models to prioritize monitoring efforts has not been tested in the field. We tested the utility of an iterative sampling design (i.e., models based on field observations used to guide subsequent field data collection to improve the model), hypothesizing that model performance would increase when new data were gathered from targeted sampling using criteria based on the initial model results. We also tested the ability of habitat suitability models to predict the spread of invasive species, hypothesizing that models would accurately predict occurrences in the field, and that the use of targeted sampling would detect more species with less sampling effort than a nontargeted approach. We tested these hypotheses on two species at the state scale (Centaurea stoebe and Pastinaca sativa) in W...
Volcanic activity in Costa Rica and Nicaragua in 1954

The volcanic activity in Costa Rica in 1954 was limited chiefly to Irazu and Poas volcanoes, although fumarolic activity was reported at Rincon de la Vieja. The activity of Irazu is entirely fumarolic and of about the same intensity as in previous years. Volcano Poas, which had maintained a geyser-like activity from a lake which filled the bottom of the active crater for many years, began a new eruption in March or April, 1953. This, which appears to be a major eruption, is continuing with a large gas column frequently visible from San Jose' and some fresh ash, cinders, and scoria on the upper slopes of the active cone. The volcanic activity in Nicaragua was limited to the following vents: (1) Concepcion has been in a mild state of activity since 1948. The explosions, which sent out a cloud of gas, occur at intervals of about 30 minutes. (2) Santiago, which has been in a vigorous state of fumarolic activity since 1947, is continuing with some increase in the volume of gas and a corresponding increase in the area in which vegetation is being damaged. (3) Momotombo exhibited fumarolic activity at the summit crater in about the same intensity as in previous years. (4) Las Pilas began fumarolic activity in October, 1952, which has increased steadily in volume. The activity is localized along a fracture near the summit. (5) Cerro Negro contains some active furnaroles in the summit crater. (6) Telica has vigorous fumarolic activity in the summit crater in about the same intensity as in previous years. (7) El Viejo is reported to have some furnaroles in the crater but none were observed in a flight over it in a small plane.
Automated classification of variable stars for All‐Sky Automated Survey 1–2 data

With the advent of surveys generating multi-epoch photometry and the discovery of large numbers of variable stars, the classification of these stars has to be automatic. We have developed such a classification procedure for about 1700 stars from the variable star catalogue of the All-Sky Automated Survey 1–2 (ASAS 1–2) by selecting the periodic stars and by applying an unsupervised Bayesian classifier using parameters obtained through a Fourier decomposition of the light curve. For irregular light curves we used the period and moments of the magnitude distribution for the classification. In the case of ASAS 1–2, 83 per cent of variable objects are red giants. A general relation between the period and amplitude is found for a large fraction of those stars. The selection led to 302 periodic and 1429 semiperiodic stars, which are classified in six major groups: eclipsing binaries, ‘sinusoidal curves’, Cepheids, small amplitude red variables, SR and Mira stars. The type classification error level is estimated to be about 7 per cent.
Responses to chronic N fertilization of ectomycorrhizal piñon but not arbuscular mycorrhizal juniper in a piñon-juniper woodland

Abstract Responses of mature trees to chronic N additions are poorly understood in ecosystems with high seasonal and spatial variability. To determine the effects of increased N deposition on mature conifers, we fertilized a pinon-juniper woodland in New Mexico at a rate equivalent to the urban interface. Fertilization (10 g m −2 y −1 ) reduced numbers of mycorrhizae and increased leaf production in the ectomycorrhizal (EM) pinon but not in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) juniper. Based on N fractionation between EM fungal sporocarps and pinon, EM in pinon utilized 20% of the net primary production in control plots. No sporocarps were produced in fertilized plots. N uptake by pinon could be accounted for by fertilization without mycorrhizae. Leaf N and size increased with fertilization in both species, and positively correlated with leaf δ 13 C. Leaf N:P increased in pinon but not juniper. Pinon mortality commenced in the N-fertilized plots in 2001, a year before the widespread die-off in western conifers, and continued through 2003. No mortality was observed in control plots or in junipers. The coupling of N enrichment and mycorrhizal decline could affect pinon production and mortality in semi-arid woodlands in the western US.
On maximizing the utility of uplink transmissions in sensor networks under explicit fairness constraints

We consider wireless sensor networks with multiple gateways, multiple classes of traffic, and no restrictions on routing and transmission scheduling other than those imposed by the wireless medium. The objective is to schedule uplink transmissions in order to maximize the overall system utility under explicit fairness constraints. We propose a decomposition algorithm drawing upon large-scale decomposition ideas in mathematical programming. We show that in the region of small powers, in which most sensor networks operate, this algorithm terminates with an optimal solution in a finite number of iterations. Moreover, we show that an associated subproblem can be transformed to a maximum weighted matching problem and is therefore solvable in polynomial time. We also consider how to optimize sensor power levels in order to save energy while achieving a certain utility goal. Our approach can efficiently determine the optimal transmission policy for dramatically larger problem instances than an alternative enumeration approach.
Injury Epidemiology of U.S. Army Special Operations Forces

Musculoskeletal injuries have long been a problem in general purpose forces, yet anecdotal evidence provided by medical, human performance, and training leadership suggests musculoskeletal injuries are also a readiness impediment to Special Operations Forces (SOF). The purpose of this study was to describe the injury epidemiology of SOF utilizing self-reported injury histories. Data were collected on 106 SOF (age: 31.7 ± 5.3 years, height: 179.0 ± 5.5 cm, mass: 85.9 ± 10.9 kg) for 1 year before the date of laboratory testing and filtered for total injuries and those with the potential to be preventable based on injury type, activity, and mechanism. The frequency of musculoskeletal injuries was 24.5 injuries per 100 subjects per year for total injuries and 18.9 injuries per 100 subjects per year for preventable injuries. The incidence of musculoskeletal injuries was 20.8 injured subjects per 100 subjects per year for total injuries and 16.0 injured subjects per 100 subjects per year for preventable injuries. Preventable musculoskeletal injuries comprised 76.9% of total injuries. Physical training (PT) was the most reported activity for total/preventable injuries (PT Command Organized: 46.2%/60.0%, PT Noncommand Organized: 7.7%/10.0%, PT Unknown: 3.8%/5.0%). Musculoskeletal injuries impede optimal physical readiness/tactical training in the SOF community. The data suggest a significant proportion of injuries are classified as preventable and may be mitigated with human performance programs.
Growth effects of electrically stimulated contraction on adult feline cardiocytes in primary culture

The purpose of this study was to determine effects of long-term electrical stimulation of cardiocyte contraction on protein synthesis rates and total protein content. Adult feline cardiocytes were plated on laminin-coated culture trays and maintained in a serum-free medium consisting of M199 supplemented with ascorbate, bovine serum albumin, creatine, carnitine, taurine, and 10(-7) M recombinant insulin. Cardiocytes were electrically stimulated to contract with use of continuous electrical pulses of alternating polarity at a frequency of 1 Hz and pulse duration of 5 ms. Nonstimulated cardiocytes are normally quiescent and were used as the control group. In control quiescent cardiocytes, protein synthesis rate decreased by 14% between days 1 and 4 in culture and then remained stable through day 7. In electrically stimulated cardiocytes, protein synthesis rates increased by 19% between days 1 and 7. Protein synthesis rates were 18% higher on day 4 and 43% higher on day 7 in electrically stimulated than in quiescent cardiocytes. Protein content per cell was determined by measuring total fluorescence per cell by use of confocal microscopy of fluorescein isothiocyanate-stained cells. Electrical stimulation significantly increased cellular protein content by 52% after 7 days compared with controls. Quiescent and electrically stimulated cardiocytes remained rod shaped, retained their myofibrillar architecture, and were responsive to electrical stimulation over the 7-day period. These data demonstrated that electrically stimulated contraction of adult cardiocytes resulted in cell growth, as assessed by an increase in protein content per cell over 7 days in culture. This increase was due, at least in part, to an acceleration of steady-state protein synthesis rates.
Reference conditions and historical changes in an unharvested ponderosa pine stand on sedimentary soil

Much of the previous research on spatial reference conditions in dry frequent fire pine forests have come from stand-level patterns under regionally average ecosystem conditions (e.g. soil type and precipitation). We evaluated the 1883 reference conditions of an uncut ponderosa pine stand representing a far end of the range of variability in terms of regionally unusual environmental conditions. Using a forest reconstruction model, univariate and bivariate Ripley's K functions, and regression analysis, we determined 1883 structural and spatial reference conditions, and compared those to the contemporary (2010) stand. Historical stand density was 77 trees/ha with a basal area of 8.0 m2/ha. Reference spatial patterns were significantly aggregated from 1 to 2 m and randomly distributed at distances greater than 2 m. Nearly 40% of the reconstructed trees were individuals, the average patch size was 2.9 trees, and the largest patch had 7 members. The contemporary stand had considerably greater densities and basal area than historical conditions and showed aggregation at all distances. Bivariate spatial analysis indicated attraction of post-settlement recruitment to live pre-settlement trees from 1 to 6 m and no association at distances greater than 6 m. We speculate that the historically random tree pattern is the product of a variety of factors including soil parent material, climate, and more homogeneous resource partitioning.
Applying the 5s framework to integrating digital libraries

We formalize the digital library (DL) integration problem and propose an overall approach based on the 5S (Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, and Societies) framework. We then apply that framework to integrate domain-specific (archaeological) DLs, illustrating our solutions for key problems in DL integration. An integrated Archaeological DL, ETANA-DL, is used as a case study to justify and evaluate our DL integration approach. We develop a minimum metamodel for archaeological DLs within the 5S theory. We implement the 5SSuite toolkit set to cover the process of union DL generation, including requirements gathering, conceptual modeling, rapid prototyping, and code generation. 5SSuite consists of 5SGraph, 5SGen, and SchemaMapper, which plays an important role during integration. SchemaMapper, a visual mapping tool, maps the schema of diverse DLs into a global schema for a union DL and generates a wrapper for each individual DL. Each wrapper transforms the metadata catalog of its DL to one conforming to the global schema. The converted catalogs are stored in the union catalog, so that the union DL has a global metadata format and union catalog. We also propose a formal approach to DL exploring services for integrated DLs based on 5S, which provides a systematic and functional method to design and implement DL exploring services. Finally, we propose a DL success model to assess integrated DLs from the perspective of DL end users by integrating 5S theory with diverse research on information systems success and adoption models, and information-seeking behavior models.
Identification of Aircraft by their Unique Turbulent Wake Signature: Experimental Validation

Earlier work on the theoretical foundation for the identification of aircraft by their unique turbulent wake signature is experimentally validated. A brief review of this theoretical foundation will be discussed wherein the drag coefficient can be used to estimate either a Reynolds Stress distribution or [indirectly] a model of the velocity profile of the turbulent wake. A previously unpublished sensitivity study on the conditions of application of the method is included. This sensitivity reviews the robustness of the method to differentiate between aircraft across a much wider range of cruise and payload conditions than those previously published as well as a few corners where the method could potentially have difficulty differentiating between aircraft. Experimentally, initially the Reynolds stress distribution downstream of a circular cylinder is determined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) in the University of Dayton low speed wind tunnel and those results compared to the predicted Reynolds Stress distribution calculated from the drag coefficient obtained through direct force measurement. Subsequently, the Reynolds stress distribution downstream of a moderate aspect ratio wing obtained through PIV is similarly compared to a predicted Reynolds Stress distribution derived through the drag coefficient obtained from direct force measurement. Finally, a small remote controlled twin engine aircraft is tested with wind-milling propellers and its drag measured from a force balance is used to generate the expected Reynolds stress distribution. This distribution is then compared to the Reynolds stress distribution obtained from PIV downstream of the model where the wake had not yet achieved a self-preserved state. This prevented a complete demonstration of practical feasibility of the technique; however, several key underlying assumptions of the method are validated.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the pancreas.

No abstract available. Image: Original building of Yale School of Medicine, formerly a hotel built by James Hillhouse at the corner of Grove and Prospect Streets.
Tie-breaker: A New Perspective of Ranking and Evaluation for Microblog Retrieval.

Microblog retrieval is the key tool that enables users to access the relevant information from the enormous tweets posted on social media. Due to the differences of the tweets and traditional documents, existing IR models might not be the optimal choice for this problem. In this paper, we aim to introduce a new idea, i.e., tie-breaking, and discuss its implication in ranking methods and evaluation measures for microblog retrieval.