cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled-source electromagnetic sounding of the oceanic lithosphere

The attenuation of ionospheric signals in the frequency range 0.06–24 Hz by sea water effectively precludes using the magnetotel-luric method to study the electrical structure of the upper oceanic lithosphere. We have carried out a dipole–dipole electromagnetic sounding in the North Pacific by injecting electromagnetic signals into the ocean and sea bed. The crust at the site is 25 Myr old and has a thin sediment cover. The technique, similar to that used in earlier work1,2, involves dragging a horizontal dipole antenna along the sea floor. The electric fields that propagated through the resistive basement were detected by seafloor receivers at ranges of 10–65 km. As the ambient electric field is very small (varying from 10−18 V2 m−2 Hz−1 at 0.1 Hz to 10−24 V2 m2 Hz−1 above 1 Hz; ref. 3), the controlled-source signals could be easily monitored. Our data are consistent with a simple one-dimensional Earth model consisting of a 3–7-km-thick crustal layer of moderate conductivity (∼0.001 S m−1) underlain by a thicker region of very low conductivity (<2 × 10−5 S m−1). The results suggest an upper mantle water content of at most 0.1% by volume.
Nietzsche on the Nature of the Unconscious

AbstractThis paper argues that Nietzsche develops a novel and compelling account of the distinction between conscious and unconscious mental states: he argues that conscious mental states are those with conceptual content, whereas unconscious mental states are those with nonconceptual content. I show that Nietzsche’s puzzling claim that consciousness is ‘superficial’ and ‘falsifying’ can be given a straightforward explanation if we accept this understanding of the conscious/unconscious distinction. I originally defended this view in my ‘Nietzsche’s Theory of Mind: Consciousness and Conceptualization’ (2005, European Journal of Philosophy 13: 1–31); since then, the view has come under criticism on several fronts. Brian Leiter and others suggest that there is not enough textual evidence for the view. In addition, Leiter, Mattia Riccardi and Tsarina Doyle argue that, rather than aligning the conscious/unconscious distinction with the conceptual/nonconceptual distinction, Nietzsche endorses a higher-order tho...
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has a number of beneficial biological effects, including reducing cancer incidence and development, reducing severity of atherosclerosis, modulating immune responses, reducing body fat, and enhancing lean mass. Recently CLA has been reported to have a beneficial effect on blood pressure. Thus the effects of CLA supplementation on blood pressure and its associated adverse health effects using spontaneously hypertensive rats were investigated. Results indicated that CLA had no effect on blood pressure in this animal model. However, feeding CLA significantly reduced the incidence and number of animals with stroke-like symptoms. Although the reason CLA reduced stroke-like symptoms is not clear at this moment, there is great potential that CLA may be useful in reducing stroke incidence in humans.
Laboratory and Field Data on Chlorinated Polyether Coatings Produced by Water Suspension System

Abstract Describes laboratory and field test data to show probable use of chlorinated polyether coatings produced by water suspension system. Outlines steps in proper application of the coating system. States that coating con be used on mild steel, stainless, Hastelloys, copper, brass and bronze. Tabular data show partial list of materials to which chlorinated polyether is resistant to 220 F and give results of laboratory corrosion tests on this polyether coating applied to mild steel. 5.4.5
Microbial degradation of para-chloroaniline as sole carbon and nitrogen source☆

Abstract A Pseudomonas sp., isolated from soil, was grown aerobically on para-chloroaniline (PCA) as an only carbon and nitrogen source with a generation time of 15 hr. Balance studies with 14C-ring-labeled PCA revealed that 64% of the carbon of PCA was released as CO2 and 14% was associated with the biomass. For the ring substituents, 60% of the nitrogen and 96% of the chlorine of PCA accumulated in the medium as ammonium and chloride, respectively. The strain was also able to grow on aniline and 3-chloroaniline rapidly and 2-chloroaniline slowly as sole carbon and nitrogen sources.
The UK e-science core programme and the grid

This paper describes the £ 120M UK 'e-Science' (http://www.research-councils.ac.uk/and http://www.escience-grid.org.uk) initiative and begins by defining what is meant by the term e-Science. The majority of the £ 120M, some £ 75M, is funding large-scale e-Science pilot projects in many areas of science and engineering. The infrastructure needed to support such projects must permit routine sharing of distributed and heterogeneous computational and data resources as well as supporting effective collaboration between groups of scientists. Such an infrastructure is commonly referred to as the Grid. Apart from £ 10M towards a Teraflop computer, the remaining funds, some £ 35M, constitute the e-Science 'Core Programme'. The goal of this Core Programme is to advance the development of robust and generic Grid middleware in collaboration with industry. The key elements of the Core Programme will be outlined including details of a UK e-Science Grid testbed. The pilot e-Science projects that have so far been announced are then briefly described. These projects span a range of disciplines from particle physics and astronomy to engineering and healthcare, and illustrate the breadth of the UK e-Science Programme. In addition to these major e-Science projects, the Core Programme is funding a series of short-term e-Science demonstrators across a number of disciplines as well as projects in network traffic engineering and some international collaborative activities. We conclude with some remarks about the need to develop a data architecture for the Grid that will allow federated access to relational databases as well as flat files.
Solitary Waves for N Coupled Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations

A hierarchy of exact analytic solitary-wave solutions for $N$ coupled nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations for which the nonlinear coupling parameters can change continuously and cover many regions is presented. Besides their potentially many practical applications to optical communication and multispecies Bose-Einstein condensates for couplings outside the special integrable cases, these analytically solvable cases for special initial conditions supplement and provide important links to and among the integrable cases.
Pennsylvanian sinistral faults along the southwest boundary of the Uncompahgre uplift, Ancestral Rocky Mountains, Colorado

Resolution of the large-scale kinematics of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Ancestral Rocky Mountains requires definition of sense of slip and time of movement on specific faults within the system of fault-bounded basins and uplifts (e.g., Paradox basin, Uncompahgre uplift). Along an east-west–striking segment of the boundary between the Paradox basin and Uncompahgre uplift, a system of steep faults defines a horst and graben system, which includes the Grenadier fault block. Positive flower structures (anticlines) along both the bounding (Coal Bank Pass and Molas Creek faults) and internal (Snowdon fault) faults of the Grenadier fault block indicate strike-slip displacement, and oblique subsidiary folds show sinistral slip. On both sides of the Snowdon fault, stratigraphic thinning of parts of the Pennsylvanian Hermosa Group toward the fault documents synsedimentary growth of the positive flower structure, suggesting Pennsylvanian sinistral slip along this part of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. Sinistral strike-slip along one east-west–striking segment of the fault system between the Paradox basin and Uncompahgre uplift is compatible with reverse slip on northwest-striking segments, demonstrating that a regional assembly of data to define sense of slip and time of movement on specific faults will better constrain regional-scale models for kinematics and mechanics of Ancestral Rocky Mountains deformation.
Physical Limits to Leaf Size in Tall Trees

Leaf sizes in angiosperm trees vary by more than 3 orders of magnitude, from a few mm to over 1 m. This large morphological freedom is, however, only expressed in small trees, and the observed leaf size range declines with tree height, forming well-defined upper and lower boundaries. The vascular system of tall trees that distributes the products of photosynthesis connects distal parts of the plant and forms one of the largest known continuous microfluidic distribution networks. In biological systems, intrinsic properties of vascular systems are known to constrain the morphological freedom of the organism. We show that the limits to leaf size can be understood by physical constraints imposed by intrinsic properties of the carbohydrate transport network. The lower boundary is set by a minimum energy flux, and the upper boundary is set by a diminishing gain in transport efficiency.
Photochemically activated antiviral halogenated 1,8‐naphthalimides: Synthesis of N, N′‐BIS‐{2‐[(5‐bromo‐2‐[1‐14C]hexyl‐1H‐benz[DE]isoquinolin‐1,3(2H)‐dion‐6‐YL)amino]ethyl}hexanediamide

The synthesis of N,N'-bis-(2-[(5-bromo-2-[1- 14 C]hexyl-1H-benz[de]isoquinolin-1,3(2H)-dion-6-yl)amino]ethyl}hexanediamide from 1-[1- 14 C]-hexylamine and 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride is described. The anhydride is first converted to the 4-chloro-N-[1, 14 C]hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide (2) by condensation with 1-[1- 14 C]-hexylamine, and the chlorine is then displaced with ethylenediamine to give the 4-(2-aminoethylamino-N,[1- 14 C]hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide (3). Coupling of this monomeric naphthalimide with adipoyl chloride affords the dimeric naphthalimide (4) which is brominated regiospecifically with elemental bromine in carbon tetrachloride to afford the title compound (5).
Stability, Alienation, and Change*

(1963). Stability, Alienation, and Change. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 18-31.
Self-reported dry eye disease across refractive modalities.

PURPOSE. To compare self-reported dry eye disease across contact lens wearers, spectacles wearers, and clinical emmetropes (i.e., those not requiring refractive correction). METHODS. The survey included two symptom questions (dryness and light sensitivity) that inquired about frequency and intensity at three times of day (morning, afternoon, and evening) and a self-perception question (i.e., Do you think you have dry eyes?). Dryness and light sensitivity scales were then calculated, summed, and scored, providing a dry eye classification. Logistic regression (binary and multinomial) and analysis of covariance were used to examine the relation between mode of refractive correction and dry eye status, frequency of symptoms, and diurnal change in symptom intensity. RESULTS. Overall, 893 surveys were completed, and the age-adjusted frequency of dry eye in the sample was 28.7%, with 3.5% of the sample reporting severe symptoms (at least grade 4 of a possible 5 for both symptoms). Contact lens wearers were most likely to report dry eye disease (52.3%), followed by spectacle wearers (23.9%) and clinical emmetropes (7.1%). Adjustment for age and gender showed that contact lens (adjusted odds ratio = 12.37, 95% confidence interval = 7.55-20.26) and spectacle wearers (adjusted odds ratio = 2.06, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-3.80) were more likely than emmetropes to report dry eye problems. After adjustment for age and gender, contact lens wearers were shown to be more likely to experience frequent symptoms and an increase in symptoms throughout the day (F = 51.4, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS. The frequency of self-reported dry eye is high, especially in contact lens wearers.
The mucopolysaccharidoses: a heterogeneous group of disorders with variable pediatric presentations.

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a heterogenous group of lysosomal storage disorders, each caused by deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (previously called mucopolysaccharides). These enzyme deficiencies lead to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the lysosomes of most cells (Fig 1), resulting in cell, tissue, and organ dysfunction. During the past decade, our understanding of the molecular basis and the varied clinical manifestations of these disorders has evolved greatly. These disorders are more complex, more heterogenous, and may be more prevalent than was previously assumed. The various MPS types and subtypes and their biochemical basis (Table I) have been reviewed comprehensively elsewhere 1,2 ; here we focus on the signs and symptoms that should alert pediatricians to the possibility of these disorders, for which diagnosis is often delayed. We also address common misconceptions about disease spectrum, nomenclature, and significance of laboratory findings-misconceptions that have arisen because of incomplete and evolving knowledge of these disorders. Finally, we provide an overview of treatment options, focusing on available or soon-to-be-available disease-specific therapies for MPS types I (Hurler, Hurler-Scheie, Scheie), II (Hunter), and VI (Maroteaux-Lamy).
The Y181C mutant of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistant to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors alters the size distribution of RNase H cleavages.

We investigated the effects of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant mutant Y181C on RNA 5'-end-directed RNase H cleavage by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, using an RNA.DNA hybrid in which a radiolabeled RNA 5' end was recessed. Y181C produced a higher ratio of secondary (9 nucleotide long) to primary (18 nucleotide long) products than wild type. When the RNA was 3'-end-labeled, Y181C generated a long product, which results when secondary cleavage precedes the primary. When using an RNA.DNA hybrid in which the labeled RNA 5' end and DNA 3' end were flush, formation of secondary product by both enzymes was inhibited. Under these conditions, Y181C cleaved closer to the RNA 5' end than wild type. Studies with this substrate labeled at the RNA 3' end showed that Y181C is no more likely than wild type to cleave toward the RNA 3' end. Thus, Y181C RT has a strong preference to cleave in the direction of the RNA 5' end even when secondary cleavage is prevented, resulting in a disruption of the normal sequence of primary followed by secondary cleavages.
Reevaluation of Raman Spectra for KH2PO4 High-Temperature Phases

The common tetragonal form of KH2PO4 undergoes two high-temperature transformations that have been studied extensively by vibrational spectroscopy. But, because these changes are strikingly heterogeneous, the previously reported spectra, averages over polycrystalline and single crystal domains, have remained ill-defined. We recently identified the crystalline domains by polarization microscopy, physically isolated them, and determined their structures by X-ray diffraction (Subramony, J. A.; Lovell, S.; Kahr, B. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 2053−2057). Here, using micro-Raman spectroscopy, we have deconvoluted the signals of the polycrystalline and crystalline domains, showing that the inescapable pyro- and metaphosphate dehydration products are localized in the polycrystalline material. Those debating whether the transformations are genuine structural phase transformations or are merely dehydration reactions can all be vindicated in certain parts of any one sample.
Ultrastructure of mitosis in the amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi.

Abstract Naegleria gruberi is an amoeboflagellate found in soil; mitosis is restricted to the amoeboid phase of its life-cycle. Ultrastructural examination of mitotic stages has confirmed some aspects of karyokinesis reported in earlier light-microscopic studies and expanded on other features of nuclear division described in electron-microscopic studies of Naegleria The nuclear envelope remained intact throughout division, the nucleolus persisted, and centrioles were not found Chromosomes were indistinguishable at the ultrastructural level, nor was any evidence detected of sites of microtubular attachment to possible chromosomes. An interzonal body, formed during separation in two of the nucleolus, was not an invariable feature of mitosis. The same was true of the polar caps, which appeared to be little more than the ends of the mitotic spindle. It is suggested that, in line with comparable situations in other protists, expansion of the nuclear envelope is chiefly responsible for separation of the nucleus into two daughter nuclei.
Exposure to mixtures of endosulfan and zineb induces apoptotic and necrotic cell death in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, in vitro.

A number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between the incidence of Parkinson's disease and pesticide exposure. Earlier it was demonstrated that exposure to the pesticides endosulfan and zineb, alone and in combination, caused neurodegeneration in vivo. It was hypothesized that these pesticides cause neurotoxicity, in part, by enhancing apoptotic cell death. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, which retain a catecholaminergic phenotype, were exposed to endosulfan, zineb or a combination of these chemicals, in vitro. For mixture studies, concentrations of pesticides (100 µm each) were chosen based on LC25 (lethal concentration) that would result in minimum cell death. Exposure to a mixture of pesticides exhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher toxicity than each one alone. Both pesticides were found to cause apoptotic cell death that was concentration (50–400 µm) dependent. A flow cytometric (7-aminoactinomycin D) assay was used to distinguish live, early apoptotic and late apoptotic/necrotic populations. Exposure to mixtures of the pesticides enhanced both early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis compared with either chemical alone. Visual evaluation using a DNA ladder assay and a fluorescence Annexin V/PI assay confirmed the contribution of both apoptotic and necrotic processes. These findings suggest that the cytotoxicity of endosulfan and zineb, both individually and in mixtures, is associated with the occurrence of early and late apoptotic/necrotic processes in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and support the contention that pesticide-induced neuronal cell death leading to neurodegenerative disease may, at least in part, be associated with early and late apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model Calculations and the Equal Mass Spacing of the Decuplet

The response of the decuplet masses to octet perturbations of the meson and baryon masses and couplings is studied in an $\frac{N}{D}$ model of baryon-meson scattering. It is found that the equal mass spacing of the decuplet is satisfied in the model, even for large values of the symmetry breaking. The numerical inaccuracy of several forms of perturbation theory indicates that the physical baryon masses represent a large symmetry breaking in the calculation of the decuplet; for physical baryon and meson masses and $\mathrm{SU}(3)$-symmetric couplings, the first-order mass shift is about one-half the value given by the exact solution of the model. This suggests that the octet output of the masses is specially enhanced in the exact solution of the model, just as in the first-order Dashen-Frautschi theory. The rate at which the first-order formulas become accurate as the degenerate mass of the external particles is increased is examined. The octet sum rules of $S$-matrix elements break down quickly as the octet perturbations are increased.
Isothermal oscillations in surface reactions with coverage independent parameters

Abstract A procedure for obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic solutions in surface reactions with constant temperature and coverage independent parameters is described. An analytic method for the analysis of bifurcation to periodic solutions is developed. This formulation, based on the fundamental matrix of a system of ordinary differential equations, provides a simple means of examining the behavior of system in the neighborhood of a singular point. This method is applied into a reaction model which can yield oscillatory solutions with both single and multiple steady states. When a unique steady state becomes unstable, a limit cycle develops. With three steady states, a state may develop into a stable or unstable limit cycle or may exhibit only periodic solutions without a limit cycle.
The upper bound revisited

Abstract The empirical upper bound relationship for membrane separation of gases initially published in 1991 has been reviewed with the myriad of data now presently available. The upper bound correlation follows the relationship P i = k α i j n , where Pi is the permeability of the fast gas, αij (Pi/Pj) is the separation factor, k is referred to as the “front factor” and n is the slope of the log–log plot of the noted relationship. Below this line on a plot of log αij versus log Pi, virtually all the experimental data points exist. In spite of the intense investigation resulting in a much larger dataset than the original correlation, the upper bound position has had only minor shifts in position for many gas pairs. Where more significant shifts are observed, they are almost exclusively due to data now in the literature on a series of perfluorinated polymers and involve many of the gas pairs comprising He. The shift observed is primarily due to a change in the front factor, k, whereas the slope of the resultant upper bound relationship remains similar to the prior data correlations. This indicates a different solubility selectivity relationship for perfluorinated polymers compared to hydrocarbon/aromatic polymers as has been noted in the literature. Two additional upper bound relationships are included in this analysis; CO2/N2 and N2/CH4. In addition to the perfluorinated polymers resulting in significant upper bound shifts, minor shifts were observed primarily due to polymers exhibiting rigid, glassy structures including ladder-type polymers. The upper bound correlation can be used to qualitatively determine where the permeability process changes from solution-diffusion to Knudsen diffusion.
Study of the products of coal hydrogenation and deuteration by electron paramagnetic resonance

Abstract Products of Loveridge Mine high-volatile bituminous coal (81.8% C daf) after treating with H 2 , D 2 , H 2 -tetralin-d 12 , were separated into oils (hexane-soluble), asphaltenes (benzene-soluble), benzene) methanol-soluble, and insoluble fractions. The fractions were then studied by electron paramagnetic resonance at 9.5 GHz in which the g -factors, linewidths, and unpaired electron concentrations were measured. The unpaired electron concentrations decreased in the sequence: insoluble fraction > benzene-methanol fraction > asphaltene > oil, while the g -factor decreased in the opposite sequence. Results of these measurements also show that the number of unpaired electrons in the total product is approximately the same as that of the starting coal, although 90% or more remains the insoluble residue, and hydrogenation or hydrogen exchange is largely associated with high unpaired electron content. Measurements at 35 GHz on solids as well as 9.5 GHz on dissolved samples show that the greatest contributions to the homogeneous lineshape arise from both isotropic g -factors and hyperfine splittings. Manganese (II) is also found in the H 2 treated insoluble fraction in larger amounts than in the tetralin treated fraction or the initial coal suggesting that H 2 diffusion into the solid can cause reduction of the mineral components in the initial coal.
Heme models of peroxidase enzymes: deuteroferriheme-catalyzed chlormation of monochlorodimedone by sodium chlorite

The iron(III) complex of deuteroporphyrin(IX), deuteroferriheme, catalyzes the chlorination, by sodium chlorite, of the active methylene compound monochlorodimedone (MCD) to dichlorodimedone. Rate studies, carried out on a stopped-flow spectrophotometric time scale, show the chlorination to be zero-order in MCD, first-order in ClO2 - and to display a complex dependence on heme. The active chlorinating agent is believed to be hypochlonte, OCl-, formed as a result of the initial two-electron oxidation of heme to peroxidatic intermediate by chlorite ion. This scheme is supported by the fact that the normal (4:1) heme ClO2- molar stoichiometry is reduced in the presence of MCD to values approaching 2:1. This suggests that MCD is an effective scavenger of OCl-, which, in the absence of active methylene compound, serves as a two-electron oxidant of heme. The zero-order dependence of rate on MCD is attributed to the slow formation of OCl-, consequent to a mechanism in which the rate-limiting step is viewed to be the regeneration of free heme from peroxidatic intermediate, probably via a catalatic pathway. Support for such a mechanism is provided by the fact that addition of ascorbate greatly enhances the rate of MCD chlorination, presumably by accelerating the rate of heme regeneration via perioxidation reduction of the heme intermediate.
Therapy for older patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma: targeting the treatment to the patient.

In the year 2000, about 13% of the US population was over age 65, and this proportion is expected to double over the next 40 – 50 years [1]. The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) incidence ...
A SECOND PARADOX CONCERNING RESPONSIBILITY AND LUCK

L'A. rappelle le paradoxe suivant: personne n'est responsable de ce qui se produit par chance, or tout ce qui arrive est le produit de la chance, donc personne n'est responsable moralement pour quoi que ce soit qui arrive. L'A. presente la solution proposee par Zimmermann, qui lui parait satisfaisante pour ce paradoxe, mais ne resoud pas un second paradoxe derive du premier. L'A. presente une solution personnelle a ce dernier
Hypothalamic Neurons: Mechanisms of Sensitivity to Temperature a

Rostral hypothalamic neurons are influenced by endogenous factors that affect thermoregulation and fever. Intracellular recordings reveal the synaptic and intrinsic mechanisms responsible for neuronal thermosensitivity. Many temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive neurons display a depolarizing prepotential that precedes action potentials. Temperature has little effect on the prepotential of insensitive neurons; however, in warm-sensitive neurons, the prepotential's depolarization is elevated by warming, and this increases the firing rate. Intracellular cAMP can increase neuronal thermosensitivity by enhancing the thermal response of the prepotential, most likely by thermosensitive ionic conductances. Warm-sensitive neurons also receive inhibitory synaptic input (IPSPs) from temperature-insensitive neurons, enhancing the thermosensitivity of some neurons, because cooling increases IPSP amplitude and duration. Therefore, even though IPSP frequencies do not change, cooling can decrease firing rates by increasing IPSP amplitudes. Because endogenous factors change neuronal firing rate and thermosensitivity, these changes likely occur both post- and presynaptically as well as by ionic conductances that determine the time interval between action potentials.
The Born-Einstein debate: Where application and explanation separate

Application in science has its own structure, distinct from the structure of theoretical science, and therefore needs its own philosophy. The covering power of a formal scientific theory is no guide to its explanatory power. Explanation is too much to ask of a fundamental scientific theory. This is seen by considering two strands of the Born-Einstein debate: first the explanatory power of quantum mechanics and second, the reality of unobserved properties. The function of theoretical physics is to describe rather than to explain. Some techniques are a standard part of theory; while some aread hoc to the problems at hand. Very few of the derivations in mathematical physics are explanatory. This shows distinctly separate structures for theory and for application.
Comments on “Process synchronizaiton in databases systems”

r<[U] means “process i reads variable u”; wi[u] means “process i writes into variable v.” Sequences of r’ s and w’ s denote schedules. Process Pi” initializes the database state and PO,, reads the final database state. PI, Pz, and Pa are user processes. Theorem 3.1 states that a schedule is serializable only if whenever two processes have conflicting actions, ail pairs of conflicting actions appear in the same order. (Two actions conflict if they operate on the same variable and one of them is a write action.) Consider schedule S:
Emergency Preparedness: Life, Limb, the Pursuit of Safety and Social Justice.

Since 9-11, emergency preparedness has been the focus on federal, state, tribal, and local levels. Although current research describes emergency management response, many barriers may exist that effect response systems, including the role of first responders, social vulnerability, and the way technology interfaces with these variables. Several factors determine the success of emergency preparedness and its ultimate impact on the health and safety of the community, including social media response, Community Response Grid (CRG) and social networks for older adults, emergency Internet and Community Technology (ICT) training within tribal communities and graduate schools, and programs and innovative emergency management policies for ethnically and racially diverse populations. Negotiating these issues, the character and incidence of emergency technology benefits the adult experiencing an emergency by: a) obscuring the constructs of social and class hegemony; b) mitigating future emergency problems when new procedures and policies that depend on ICT are rendered; c) examining barriers that could hinder lifesaving emergency procedures; and d) creating a community identification and a community collaborative bond so disadvantaged communities are responded to in an expedient manner.
Oblivious routing on geometric networks

We study oblivious routing in which the packet paths are constructed independently of each other. We give a simple oblivious routing algorithm for geometric networks in which the nodes are embedded in the Euclidean plane. In our algorithm, a packet path is constructed by first choosing a random intermediate node in the space between the source and destination, and then the packet is sent to its destination through the intermediate node. We analyze the performance of the algorithm in terms of the stretch and congestion of the resulting paths. We show that the stretch is constant, and the congestion is near optimal when the network paths can be chosen to be close to the geodesic lines that connect the end points of the paths. We give applications of our general result to the mesh topology and uniformly distributed disc graphs. Previous oblivious routing algorithms with near optimal congestion use many intermediate nodes and do not control the stretch.
Post-Silicon Timing Validation Method Using Path Delay Measurements

In the nanometer era, the mismatch between the pre-silicon model and the post-silicon timing behavior is becoming severer. Therefore, it is necessary to validate timing with post-silicon data. We propose a method that estimates all the segment delays in the observed paths of a design from post-silicon path delay measurements. Our method is based on equality-constrained least squares methods, which enable us to find a unique and optimized solution of segment delays from underdetermined systems. Experimental results show that segment delays obtained using our method achieved correlation ranged from 0.848 to 0.992 to the sampled segment delays for different ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits.
Axonal Transport of Neurotubule Protein

IT has been known for some time that there is a constant somatofugal transport of materials down axons1, but it has only recently been clearly demonstrated that more than one rate of transport may exist, and that transport cannot therefore be considered to be a single process2–4. As far as transport of protein is concerned, at least two mechanisms seem to be operating, at significantly different rates. First, there is a “fast” protein component, which, as our previous studies have shown, advances at a rate of about 50 mm per day in goldfish optic nerve5; its counterpart in mammalian nerve has been found to have a rate of up to about 500 mm per day6,7. Second, there is a “slow” component whose rate of advance is about two orders of magnitude slower; the value in goldfish optic nerve was found to be about 0.4 mm/day (ref. 8), while in mammalian nerve, values of 1–10 mm per day have been observed2. It is clear, moreover, that the fast and slow types of transport involve different cellular constituents, for the fast component consists almost entirely of insoluble—that is, particulate—protein, while the slow component contains about 40–50 per cent soluble protein5,9.
Modeling household activity-travel interactions as parallel constrained choices

The daily activity-travel patterns of individuals often include interactions with other household members, which we observe in the form of joint activity participation and shared rides. Explicit representation of joint activity patterns is a widespread deficiency in extant travel forecasting models and remains a relatively under-developed area of travel behavior research. In this paper, we identify several spatially defined tour patterns found in weekday household survey data that describe this form of interpersonal decision-making. Using pairs of household decision makers as our subjects, we develop a structural discrete choice model that predicts the separate, parallel choices of full-day tour patterns by both persons, subject to the higher level constraint imposed by their joint selection of one of several spatial interaction patterns, one of which may be no interaction. We apply this model to the household survey data, drawing inferences from the household and person attributes that prove to be significant predictors of pattern choices, such as commitment to work schedules, auto availability, commuting distance and the presence of children in the household. Parameterization of an importance function in the models shows that in making joint activity-travel decisions significantly greater emphasis is placed on the individual utilities of workers relative to non-workers and on the utilities of women in households with very young children. The model and methods are prototypes for tour-based travel forecasting systems that seek to represent the complex interaction between household members in an integrated model structure.
Efficient sorting during repetitive statistical computations: algorithms and an application

Abstract In many situations, a statistical method must be applied repeatedly, e.g., during a series of iterations. Procedures based on ranks and order statistics are often attractive but, if used in a repetitive context, may require sorting each of a sequence of data sets. In many cases, the sort performed on a given member of such sequences can be used to induce partial sorting in the next member. This can in turn lead to sharply lower computing costs: While sorting random input requires O(n log n) time, some types of nonrandom input can be sorted in just O(n) time. Two sorting algorithms designed for partly sorted input are presented, and their performance compared with that of some widely used sorting methods. The advantages of capitalizing on partly sorted input are demonstrated in a simulation study of an iterative algorithm for computing Jaeckel's robust estimator in simple regression.
2. Edema postquirúrgico en tumores cerebrales y su relación con el factor de permeabilidad del endotelio vascular

Objetivo Determinar la relacion entre la expresion de factor de permeabilidad del endotelio vascular (VEGF) y la capacidad para producir edema postquirurgico en tumores cerebrales. Pacientes y metodos Estudio experimental, prospectivo de 14 pacientes con tumores cerebrales supratentoriales operados en el Servicio de Neurocirugia del Hospital Carlos Van Buren entre julio 1999 y agosto 2000. Se realizo la medicion del edema perilesional mediante tomografia axial computada en el preoperatorio, al primer y tercer dia luego de la reseccion. Las piezas tumorales fueron marcadas con inmunohistoquimica para VEGF y cuantificados cualitativamente segun una escala de 3 puntos. Los resultados fueron analizados estadisticamente. Resultados Todos los tumores estudiados presentaron tincion positiva para VEGF. El grado de edema peritumoral preoperatorio se correlaciono significativamente con el grado de expresion de VEGF (p Conclusion La produccion de edema cerebral luego de la extirpacion de tumores cerebrales pareciera estar en relacion con la capacidad para producir VEGF. Futuros estudios se requieren para afirmar esta relacion.
Plasma corticosterone levels in the rat following discrete-trial discrimination or a single extinction trial

Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either successive discrimination training or continuous reward in a straight alley with a 24-h intertriai interval. Plasma corticosterone levels were determined after moderate (18 trials) and extended (46 trials) acquisition in Experiment I and after 20 trials in Experiment II. Increases in plasma corticosterone levels following nonreward in the discrimination groups or in subjects previously given 45 continuous reward trials were not significant relative to two control groups. These results fail to support the proposal that the pituitary-adrenal system is sensitive to downward reinforcement shifts (frustration effects) under widely spaced trials.
On the identifiability of Parameters in Thurstone's multiple factor analysis.

In econometric literature a parameter in a theoretical model has been called identifiable if it can be uniquely determined in terms of the joint probability distribution of the observed variables. In this paper the identifiability of parameters in four different factor analysis models is considered. The last of these four models corresponds to Thurstone's factor analysis. In Sections 7 and 11, the possibility of a statistical testing of the models is discussed. Section 10 deals with the problem of actually determining the parameterr (the number of common factors) in terms of the probability distribution of the observed variables.
Automatic detection of ECG electrode misplacement: a tale of two algorithms

Artifacts in an electrocardiogram (ECG) due to electrode misplacement can lead to wrong diagnoses. Various computer methods have been developed for automatic detection of electrode misplacement. Here we reviewed and compared the performance of two algorithms with the highest accuracies on several databases from PhysioNet. These algorithms were implemented into four models. For clean ECG records with clearly distinguishable waves, the best model produced excellent accuracies (> = 98.4%) for all misplacements except the LA/LL interchange (87.4%). However, the accuracies were significantly lower for records with noise and arrhythmias. Moreover, when the algorithms were tested on a database that was independent from the training database, the accuracies may be poor. For the worst scenario, the best accuracies for different types of misplacements ranged from 36.1% to 78.4%. A large number of ECGs of various qualities and pathological conditions are collected every day. To improve the quality of health care, the results of this paper call for more robust and accurate algorithms for automatic detection of electrode misplacement, which should be developed and tested using a database of extensive ECG records.
The Rawlsian View of Private Ordering

The Rawlsian texts appear not to be consistent with regard to the status of the right of freedom of association. Interestingly, Rawls's early work omits mention of freedom of association as among the basic liberties, but in his later work he explicitly includes freedom of association as among the basic liberties. However, freedom of association would appear to have an economic component as well (e.g., the right to form a firm). If one turns to such "private ordering" (e.g., contract, partnership, and corporate law), we find a similar ambiguity in the Rawlsian texts, as well as sharp divisions in the contemporary literature on Rawlsianism. This ambiguity has engendered widespread confusion over the scope of the two principles of justice - leading to the contemporary dispute over the breadth of what Rawls calls the "basic structure" and the question of whether the principles of justice are properly understood to govern private ordering. There is significant disagreement over the breadth of Rawls's basic structure - one aspect is whether the principles of justice apply to the private law. In a controversial passage in Political Liberalism Rawls addresses this question. This passage has, however, led commentators to reach divergent conclusions. We argue that this disagreement is explained by an instructive confusion in the passage over the distinction between what we characterize as "pre-institutional" and "post-institutional" freedom (vis-a-vis contract and property). The passage, we argue, illicitly shifts from invoking the post-institutional sense of "freedom" to the pre-institutional sense, thereby causing significant though understandable disagreement. Rawls's lapse into the pre-institutional conception of "freedom" provides interpretive grounds for the narrow understanding of the basic structure. If Rawls, however, had invoked the sense of "freedom" to which he is entitled at this stage of his theory - the post-institutional conception - such disagreement need not have arisen.
Crustacea (Procambarus clarkii) response to an organophosphate diet

Abstract Large quantities of the organophosphate Guthion®, used to control insect infestations on large Louisiana plantations, can potentially enter surrounding wetland habitats and impact commercially important crayfish populations. The adsorption of Guthion to plant oils and organic sediments means that its impact on crayfish will include, and possibly be dominated by, its oral rather than dermal toxicity. Guthion was tested for acute and chronic oral toxicity with the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii . The 48 h LD 50 of Guthion for adult crayfish was 1·9 mg kg −1 crayfish and was substantially higher than published dermal toxicity values. Chronic effects, tested at 25 μg kg −1 of crayfish food for 8 months, had no effect on growth rates. However, the rate of senescence increased for those crayfish fed Guthion-contaminated food. Treated crayfish began to die 2–3 months before their control counterparts. This was a life-span reduction of 15–20% for the males and 7–10% for the females. It is recommended that the establishment of runoff standards for organophosphates be based on the response of ecologically significant aquatic invertebrates to chronic contamination, both in the water and on food substances.
External Review of Health Plan Denials of Mental Health Services: Lessons from Minnesota

There has been concern that health plans unfairly deny claims for mental health services. This study examines a unique Minnesota program that resulted from a legal settlement. An independent panel reviews all mental health service denials in the state’s three largest health plans. Our study analyzed every case file (N = 4717) the panel reviewed from January 2002 to August 2005. This unique dataset provides insight into health plan behavior. The findings show that the panel reversed only 2.9% of denied claims, suggesting inappropriate denials were rare. However, the panel decisions have made important improvements in contract language and patient communications.
Wnt signaling in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis: Insights into the evolution of gastrulation

The integrative field of ecological evolutionary developmental biology or “Eco-Evo-Devo” attempts to understand how the environment interacts with genes during development to generate phenotypic diversity. Semi-aquatic bugs have long been used as models to study behavior, ecology, evolution, as well as biomechanics. Here, we demonstrate that we can perform single, double, and multiple gene knockdownusingRNAi acrossmultiple species of semi-aquatic bugs.We combine this feature together with previous knowledge of their ecology and evolution to study the developmental genetic and adaptive basis of appendage diversity between different segments, sexes, and species in this group. We will present the results from two studies: one study where we have identified genes that control leg length differences between segments and species, and another study where we identify genes involved in the sexual conflict betweenmales and females. These two studies show the great promise that semi-aquatic bugs hold as powerful model systems for eco-evo-devo studies.
Performance Measurement of an Integrated NIC Architecture with 10GbE

The deployment of 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) connections to servers has been hampered by the "fast-network-slow-host" phenomenon. Recently, the integration of network interfaces (INICs) is proposed to tackle the performance mismatch. While significant advantages over PCI-based discrete NICs (DNICs) were shown in prior work using simulation methodologies, it is still unclear how INICs perform on real machines with 10GbE. This paper is the first to study the impact of INICs by extensive evaluations through micro-benchmarks on a highly threaded Sun Niagara 2 processor. The processor is the industry’s first "system on a chip," integrating two 10GbE NICs. We observe that the INIC only shows its advantage over the DNIC with large I/O sizes. It improves 7.5% network bandwidth while saving 20% relative CPU utilization. We characterize the system behaviors to fully understand the performance benefits with respect to different number of connections, OS overhead, instruction counts, and cache misses etc. All of our studies reveal that there is a benefit of integrating NICs onto CPUs, but the gain is somewhat marginal. More aggressive integrated NIC designs should be adopted for higher speed networks like the upcoming 40GbE and 100GbE.
Lifetimes and transition probabilities for NH(A3Πi-X3Σ−)

Abstract Temporally and spectrally resolved laser-induced fluorescence in the A 3 Π i -X 3 Σ − system of the NH radical has been measured in a low-pressure flow discharge. The radiative lifetimes of the υ′ = 1 and 0 levels are. respectively, 420 ± 3.5 and 440 ± 15 ns. Relative transition probabilities A 1υ″ for emission from υ′ = 1 are: A 10 = 0.030 ± 0.006. A 11 = 1.00, A 12 = 0.032 ± 0.003 and A 13 = 0.0014 ± 0.0002. Calculations of relative A υ′υ″ using a Morse potential and a previously, calculated ab initio electronic transition moment yield results for this highly diagonal transition which agree with experiment to within a factor of three or better.
Functionality-Based Service Matchmaking for Service-Oriented Architecture

Service matchmaking is a basic feature of service-oriented architecture (SOA). In this paper, a semantic-based flexible service matchmaking approach is presented to efficiently identifying functionality-compatible services. This approach utilizes SAW-OWL-S to specify the service advertisements and service discovery requests. The functionality-compatibility of a service to a request is defined on their parameters and conditions. This approach uses functionality filtering to prune out incompatible services, and then select services based on the aggregated similarities of input/output parameters, precondition/result situations and other service attributes. Experimental results are given to illustrate that this approach can efficiently generate precise service matchmaking results
On Testing a Guttman Scale for Significance

The Guttman scale is discussed from the viewpoint of errors in response patterns. The errors are assumed to be distributed as a binomial. A double-barreled significance test is suggested having two probabilities: high probability and low probability.