cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Murder followed by suicide in those who murder police officers.

According to the annual FBI summary (FBI, undated), from 1974 to 1978, 558 law enforcement offirers were murdered in the USA. and 729 offenders were identified. Of these offenders, 3 496 ( 2 8 ) committed suicide afterwards, a figure comparable to the percent of murderers ~n general in the USA who commit suicide after murdering (Wolfgang, 1958). The suicide rate of murderers of policemen is roughly 3430 per 100.000 per year as compared to a general suicide rate in the USA of 12.5 per 100,000 per year. The 28 murderers who committed suicide after murdering policemen were compared with the total sample of murderers of policemen. Of the murder-suicides, 65% were white (vs 56% of the total sample of murderers). All the murder-suicides were male ( v s 96% of the total sample of murderers), and 66% were 1 8 to 30 yr. of age (vs 60% of the total sample of murderers). All of the murder-suicides used firearms for the murder, and 26 of the men killed themselves using a gun. (At least 4 used the policeman's gun.) One shot into dynamite, and one hung himself in his jail cell after arrest. The majority of the murdersuicide situations were not related to serious crimes. Seven involved traffic stops, accidents, or disabled vehicles. Five were family disturbances. In only six cases was the offender actually involved in an armed robbery or burglary. In addition, one was hijacking an airplane and one was a sniper. Interestingly, six of the offenders killed, wounded, or threatened a close relative as well as killed a policeman. In these cases, the policeman seemed to have been killed because he was there while the violence was being discharged. A few of the murderers appeared to have grievances against particular policemen or the police in general, since they sought out the home of a police officer or the police station in order to kill the policeman. Those involved in crimes may be defending themselves and trying to escape capture. Several appeared to kill themselves while being hunted or when cornered. As arrest was imminent, they commitred suicide. Some of these murder-suicides may be victim-precipitated homicides (i.e., provoking the police into killing them) and commit suicide when the police do not kill them. Most, however, appear on superficial examination to be quite similar to the total sample of police murderers and not unlike murderers in general in the USA.
SU‐E‐J‐70: Computerized Treatment Plan Integrity Verification Using ‘Read‐Only’ Scripting

Purpose: Currently Philips' Pinnacle treatment planning system (TPS) is the only commercial TPS with the ability to encode sequences of internal command messages into ‘scripts’ which can be executed by the user within the TPS itself, although other vendors will be incorporating this functionality into future releases. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of ‘read‐only’ scripting to improve the safety and quality of the radiotherapytreatment planning process. Methods: ‘Read‐only’ scripting is defined to be routines, called from within a TPS, that do not modify any state of the treatment plan but do allow access to primary data elements, e.g. imaging data, contours, beams, dose grid, and dose volume histograms. A suite of analysis and safeguard scripts were developed using a combination of Pinnacle scripts and Perl routines which accomplish a myriad of clinical goals, including backup of irreplaceable treatment planning information, enforcing naming conventions of contours and beams, checks of the technical integrity of IMRT plans, and standardizing the evaluation of treatment plans. Version control of clinical scripts ensures the integrity and safe usage of the routines themselves. Results: Backup scripts have highlighted edits of tumor volume contours, as well as providing the ability to restore the lost data. Formerly common errors in IMRT planning, such as the creation of fields with in‐field MLC abutments or couch/gantry collisions, have been all but eliminated. Report scripts presenting quantitative dosimetric information to clinicians have reduced the time expended in evaluating the clinical acceptability of treatment plans. Finally, ongoing process improvement studies have been facilitated by the active storage of aggregate planning data. Conclusions: While ‘read‐only’ scripting does not give clinicians the ability to modify elements of the treatment plan, this functionality can be used to ensure a safer and more consistent treatment planning process.
A methodological framework for the validation of predictive simulations

Abstract This paper presents a methodological framework for the validation of predictive simulations that synthesizes concepts from the fields of Conventional Model Verification and Validation, Testing of Scientific Theories, Design of Experiments, Error/Sensitivity, and Statistical Exploratory Data Analysis. This framework presents validation as a five-phase process that starts with the often overlooked phase `Is the simulation subject to validation?'. The remaining phases are: a priori tests, design and execution of experiment, comparison with predictions, and lastly simulation improvement.
Intel Mote: using Bluetooth in sensor networks

The Intel Mote is a new sensor node platform motivated by several design goals: increased CPU performance, improved radio bandwidth and reliability and the usage of commercial off-the-shelf components in order to maintain cost-effectiveness. This new platform is built around an integrated wireless microcontroller consisting of an ARM*7 core, a Bluetooth* radio, RAM and FLASH memory as well as various I/O options. Due to the connection-oriented nature of Bluetooth, a new network formation and maintenance algorithms that are optimized for this protocol have been created. In particular, the "scatternet" mode of Bluetooth has been successfully adapted to form networks comprised of multiple piconet.The Intel Mote software architecture is based on an ARM port of TinyOS. Networking and routing layers have been created on top of the TinyOS base to provide the underlying multi-hop functionality. The network is self-organizing on startup and has mechanisms to repair failed links and circumvent failed nodes. Lower level functionality has been abstracted in the higher-level interface to allow the application programmer to utilize a virtual mesh network view without having to manage details of the Bluetooth operation. A new transport protocol has been developed to support end to end reliable transmission of large datagrams between arbitrary nodes in the network. Leveraging the Bluetooth hold mode, a network low power mode has been implemented. During this mode, data can still flow through the network at very lower rates, reducing the power consumption, while maintaining a fast network response time.The Intel Mote was deployed in a pilot equipment monitoring application using industrial vibration sensors. This application was chosen since it benefits from the increased platform capabilities and network bandwidth of the Intel Mote platform. It also represents a potentially large market in the industrial monitoring and controls sector.
Gas in Galaxy Clusters

Gaseous matter almost certainly cannot account for a significant amount of the binding mass in the cores of rich clusters. Implications of the variety of upper limits are well known (Tarter and Silk 1974), and will not be described here. However intracluster gas provides important clues to the evolution of galaxy clusters, and the present review is devoted to elucidating its role.
Review Article: Dismantling the Health Care State? Political Institutions, Public Policies and the Comparative Politics of Health Reform

This article examines the recent pattern and progress of health care reform in affluent democracies, focusing in particular on Britain, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. Its main contention is that efforts to reform health care in advanced industrial states have been marked by a paradoxical pattern of ‘reform without change and change without reform’, in which large-scale structural reforms have had surprisingly modest effects yet major ground-level shifts have, nonetheless, frequently occurred as a result of decentralized adjustments to cost control. The main task of the article is to investigate the reasons for and effects of this puzzling pattern by plumbing the largely unexplored theoretical territory between comparative health policy analysis and cross-national research on the welfare state. Along the way, the article develops a simple model of the politics of reform that helps explain cross-national variation in legislative and policy outcomes – particularly outcomes that occur through decentralized processes of internal policy ‘conversion’ and policy ‘drift’, rather than through formal legislative reform. It also takes up a number of other intriguing issues raised by recent trends: why, for example, market reforms are clustered in centralized political and medical frameworks; why these reforms have generally enhanced state authority rather than market autonomy; why, despite fragmentation, decentralized political and medical systems shifted towards an expanded government role; and why significant retrenchment of the public-private structure of health benefits occurred in the United States.
Susceptibility of Salmonellae to Cephalosporins and to Nine Other Antimicrobial Agents

Three cephalosporin-related antibiotics and nine other antimicrobial agents were studied for in vitro effectiveness against 54 recently isolated strains of Salmonella. Minimal inhibitory concentrations determined by the plate dilution method demonstrated the following percentages of resistance: ampicillin, 6%; tetracycline, 13%; streptomycin, 52%; sulfadiazine, 94%; cephaloglycin, 96%; and lincomycin, 100%. No strains were resistant to cephalothin, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, colistimethate, kanamycin, and polymyxin B. The commonest serotype studied, S. typhimurium, showed the greatest antibiotic resistance, with 21% resistant to ampicillin, 36% resistant to tetracycline, and 71% resistant to streptomycin. Cephalothin and cephaloridine were highly effective in vitro but inhibitory concentrations of 20 to 40 mug of cephaloglycin per ml were required for the majority of Salmonella strains.
Characterizing visual performance fields: effects of transient covert attention, spatial frequency, eccentricity, task and set size

We investigated whether transient covert attention would differentially affect 'performance fields' (shape depicted by percent correct performance at particular locations in the visual field) for orientation discrimination, detection and localization tasks, while manipulating a number of visual factors. We found that although attention improved overall performance, it did not affect performance fields. Two patterns were observed regardless of the presence of a local post-mask, the stimulus orientation, or the task. A horizontal-vertical anisotropy (HVA) became more pronounced as spatial frequency, eccentricity and set size increased. A vertical meridian asymmetry (VMA) became more pronounced as spatial frequency and eccentricity increased. We conclude that performance fields are determined by visual, rather than by transient attentional, constraints.
Performance of spread OFDM with LDPC coding in outdoor environments

The performance of OFDM systems that utilize coding and spreading is presented. The proposed systems operate in outdoor environments and achieve coding gains through the use of low-density parity-check (LDPC) encoding. It is shown that by introducing Hadamard-Walsh spreading in coded OFDM, additional gain in performance can be attained relative to uncoded as well as LDPC coded OFDM systems. Comparable systems using convolutional codes are shown to have similar performance, although the OFDM system require additional interleaving and deinterleaving.
Globe perforation associated with retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia.

(1993). Globe Perforation Associated with Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Anesthesia. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 87-95.
Ganglia implantation as a means of supplying neurotrophic stimulation to the newt regeneration blastema: Cell-cycle effects in innervated and denervated limbs

Regulation of blastema cell proliferation during amphibian limb regeneration is poorly understood. One unexplained phenomenon is the relatively low level of active cell cycling in the adult newt blastema compared to that of larval axolotls. In the present study, we used ganglia implantation as a means of "superinnervating" normally innervated adult newt blastemas to test whether blastema cell subpopulations are responsive to nerve augmentation. The effectiveness of implanted ganglia to provide neurotrophic stimulation was demonstrated in denervated blastemas. Blastemas implanted with 2 dorsal root ganglia and simultaneously denervated 14 days after amputation exhibited control levels of cell cycle activity 6 days later, as measured by 3H-thymidine pulse labeling. Denervated blastemas that were sham-operated or implanted with pituitary glands exhibited cell-cycle declines similar to those of denervated blastemas without implanted ganglia. Thus, 2 implanted ganglia provide neurotrophic stimulation equivalent to that of the normal nerve supply. Dorsal root ganglia implanted into normally innervated blastemas, which should effectively double neurotrophic activity to the blastema, had no effect on cell-cycle activity, innervated blastemas implanted with ganglia for 6 days exhibited pulse labeling indices similar to those of normally innervated blastemas. These data indicate that neurotrophic stimulation is not normally limiting in innervated limbs, and that some other factor, whether extrinsic or intrinsic to blastema cells, accounts for the relatively low level of active cell cycling in the adult newt blastema.
Collisional approach to the spectroscopy of highly vibrationally excited HCN

Abstract A new approach based on collisional energy transfer is implemented, to probe the spectroscopy of HCN at high vibrational excitation. The results show that the approach can uncover vibrational levels of HCN undetected by SEP or overtone absorption, the two major spectroscopic techniques at high excitation. It can also probe previously inaccessible levels in the first excited electronic state. The newly observed A state levels are displaced up to 40 cm −1 from predictions based on literature values of the pertinent rotational constants.
Antibodies with idiotypic and anti‐idiotypic reactivity (epibodies) in conventional immune responses to dinitrophenylated carriers

A number of monoclonal antibodies were derived from the spleen cells of dinitropheryl (DNP)-immunized mice. Both T-dependent and T-independent carriers were used, and the intensity and length of immunization were varied. It was found that some of the antibodies had only idiotypic (Ab1) reactivity, while others had both idiotypic (Ab1) and anti-idiotypic (Ab2) reactivity. Among the latter antibodies some molecules reacted specifically with DNP and with the combining site of anti-DNP antibodies (epibodies), while others bound DNP and anti-DNP Abs as well as a variety of unrelated antigens (polyreactive antibodies). The proportion of the three types of antibodies (antigen-specific, epibodies and polyreactive antibodies) varied with the nature of the carrier, the intensity of the immunization, and the length of the immunization process. Further characterization of the epibodies, which were predominant in the secondary response to DNP-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), showed that both Ab1 and Ab2 reactivities were inhibited by both soluble ligands (DNP and anti-DNP), indicating that the specific combining site of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (and/or of the rabbit anti-DNP antibody in the case of Ab2) was involved in both activities. Both Ab1 and Ab2 reactivities were removed by absorption of the mAbs with either immobilized DNP or immobilized rabbit anti-DNP. The mAbs were capable of binding themselves as well as to other mAbs with the same characteristics. The affinity constants of several mAbs for both the DNP and anti-DNP ligands were determined.
Space–time results for a separating turbulent boundary layer using a rapidly scanning laser anemometer

A rapidly scanning one-velocity-component directionally sensitive fringe-type laser-Doppler anemometer which scans the measurement volume perpendicular to the optical axis of the transmitting optics was used to investigate the flow structure of the steady freestream separated turbulent boundary layer of Simpson, Chew & Shivaprasad (1981a). Space–time correlations were obtained for the first time in a separated turbulent boundary layer and showed that the integral lengthscale Ly for the large eddies grows in size towards detachment, although the ratio of this lengthscale to the boundary-layer thickness remains constant. Results also indicate local dependence of the backflow on the middle and outer regions of the boundary layer at a given instant in time.
Chemical Structure, Conjugation, and Cross-Reactivity of Bacillus pumilus Sh18 Cell Wall Polysaccharide

Bacillus pumilus strain Sh18 cell wall polysaccharide (CWP), cross-reactive with the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, was purified and its chemical structure was elucidated using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, and sugar-specific degradation procedures. Two major structures, 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) and 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate), with the latter partially substituted by 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-galactopyranose (13%) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-glucopyranose (6%) on position O-2, were found. A minor component was established to be a polymer of →3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-glucopyranosyl)-1→4-ribitol-1-OPO3→. The ratios of the three components were 56, 34, and 10 mol%, respectively. The Sh18 CWP was covalently bound to carrier proteins, and the immunogenicity of the resulting conjugates was evaluated in mice. Two methods of conjugation were compared: (i) binding of 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate-activated hydroxyl groups of the CWP to adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH)-derivatized protein, and (ii) binding of the carbodiimide-activated terminal phosphate group of the CWP to ADH-derivatized protein. The conjugate-induced antibodies reacted in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the homologous polysaccharide and with a number of other bacterial polysaccharides containing ribitol and glycerol phosphates, including H. influenzae types a and b and strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Boundary Detailing of Coupled Core Wall System Wall Piers

The seismic provisions of ACI 318-08 permit two different procedures for evaluating the need for “special” boundary elements in structural walls. The first method is based on an approximation of the maximum fiber concrete compressive stresses calculated using wall gross section properties and an assumed linear distribution of stresses over the depth. The second method places a limit on the compression zone depth of the wall. These methods are based on studies of uncoupled continuous walls, and their applicability to coupled walls is unclear. A parametric study consisting of eight coupled core wall buildings with varying geometric dimensions is presented. The states of concrete stress, strain, and compression zone depth in the wall piers at code level forces are investigated. Based on evaluation of the two procedures permitted by ACI 318-08, it is concluded that neither procedure is appropriate for wall piers in coupled core wall systems. Cross-sectional fiber analysis is a more effective evaluation tool.
Adverse Section 404 Opinions and Shareholder Dissatisfaction toward Auditors

SYNOPSIS: Auditors issuing adverse Section 404 internal control opinions may be viewed as too conservative, or they may be blamed for being partly responsible for the existence of the internal control material weaknesses. Using a sample of 240 companies with adverse internal control opinions and 240 matched “clean” companies in their first year of Section 404 compliance, we examine how shareholder dissatisfaction with the auditors varies depending on material weakness existence/type (company-level versus noncompany-level) and the presence of recent accounting restatements. In the full sample, we find a significant positive interaction between restatement and company-level material weakness—company-level material weaknesses have a greater effect on shareholder dissatisfaction when a restatement has occurred. To provide insight, we partition our sample based on whether test companies have had recent accounting restatements. In the nonrestatement sample, we find that shareholders are less likely to vote for ...
Tikhonov Regularization of Large Symmetric Problems

SUMMARY Many popular solution methods for large discrete ill-posed problems are based on Tikhonov regularization and compute a partial Lanczos bidiagonalization of the matrix. The computational eort required by these methods is not reduced significantly when the matrix of the discrete ill-posed problem, rather than being a general nonsymmetric matrix, is symmetric and possibly indefinite. This paper describes new methods, based on partial Lanczos tridiagonalization of the matrix, that exploit symmetry. Computed examples illustrate that one of these methods can require significantly less computational work than available structure-ignoring schemes. Copyright c ∞ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time-dependent density-functional theory for strong-field multiphoton processes: Application to the study of the role of dynamical electron correlation in multiple high-order harmonic generation

We present a self-interaction-free time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) for nonperturbative treatment of multiphoton processes of many-electron atomic systems in intense laser fields. The theory is based on the extension of the time-dependent Kohn-Sham formalism. The time-dependent exchange-correlation potential with proper short-and long-range behavior is constructed by means of the time-dependent optimized effective potential (TDOEP) method and the incorporation of an explicit self-interaction correction (SIC) term. The resulting TDOEP-SIC equations are structurally similar to the time-dependent Wartree-Fock equations, but include the many-body effects through an orbital-independent single-particle local time-dependent exchange-correlation potential. We also introduce a generalized pseudospectral lime-propagation method, allowing optimal spatial grid discretization, for accurate and efficient numerical solution of the TDOEP-SIC equations. The theory is applied to the study of the role of dynamical electron correlation on the multiple high-order harmonic generation (HHG) processes of He atoms in intense laser fields. We also perform a detailed study of the mechanisms responsible for the production of the higher harmonics in He atoms observed in a recent experiment that cannot be explained by the single-active-electron model. We found that both the dynamical electron correlation and the He+ ion are important to the generation of the observed higher harmonics. The present TDDFT is thus capable of providing a unified and self-consistent dynamical picture of the HHG processes. [S1050-2947(98)04601-0].
Passive and In-Situ assessment of mental and physical well-being using mobile sensors

The idea of continuously monitoring well-being using mobile-sensing systems is gaining popularity. In-situ measurement of human behavior has the potential to overcome the short comings of gold-standard surveys that have been used for decades by the medical community. However, current sensing systems have mainly focused on tracking physical health; some have approximated aspects of mental health based on proximity measurements but have not been compared against medically accepted screening instruments. In this paper, we show the feasibility of a multi-modal mobile sensing system to simultaneously assess mental and physical health. By continuously capturing fine-grained motion and privacy-sensitive audio data, we are able to derive different metrics that reflect the results of commonly used surveys for assessing well-being by the medical community. In addition, we present a case study that highlights how errors in assessment due to the subjective nature of the responses could potentially be avoided by continuous mobile sensing.
Major improvements in the control of hypertension in Canada

See related research article by McAlister and colleagues on page [1007][1] and at [www.cmaj.ca/cgi/doi/10.1503/cmaj.101767][2]. Impressive advances in the treatment of hypertension during the last half century have led to the ability to lower blood pressure effectively and with relatively minor
Uncovering the Richness of the Stimulus: Structure Dependence and Indirect Statistical Evidence

The poverty of stimulus argument is one of the most controversial arguments in the study of language acquisition. Here we follow previous approaches challenging the assumption of impoverished primary linguistic data, focusing on the specific problem of auxiliary (AUX) fronting in complex polar interrogatives. We develop a series of corpus analyses of child-directed speech showing that there is indirect statistical information useful for correct auxiliary fronting in polar interrogatives and that such information is sufficient for distinguishing between grammatical and ungrammatical generalizations, even in the absence of direct evidence. We further show that there are simple learning devices, such as neural networks, capable of exploiting such statistical cues, producing a bias toward correct AUX questions when compared to their ungrammatical counterparts. The results suggest that the basic assumptions of the poverty of stimulus argument may need to be reappraised.
The formation of multilayer scales on pure metals

A quantitative theory for the growth of three-layered oxide scales on pure metals that form Me /SUB v/ O, Me /SUB s/ O, and Me /SUB e/ O has been developed. The theroretical parabolic rate constants, K /SUB p/ (Me /SUB v/ O), K /SUB p/ (Me O), and K /SUB p/ (Me O), for the simultaneous growth of each oxide on metals are related to oxidation data of the overall rate constant, K /SUB p/ , and the oxide thickness ratios. These theoretical parabolic rate constants can also be calculated from diffusion data in each oxide, and the oxide thickness ratios can therefore be predicted. To verify the validity of the theory, it was applied to the oxidation of iron in air at temperatures of 800 to 1200 degrees C. Good agreement was found between the theoretical parabolic rate constants calculated from oxidation data and from diffusion data for wustite and magnetite. However, to match with the rate constant calculated from oxidation data, additional information about short-circuit diffusion in hematite is required.
Corporate Tax Rate and Recent Inbound and Outbound Mergers and Acquisitions Activity in the United Kingdom

Abstract In the light of the substantial changes to the corporation tax policy implemented gradually by the United Kingdom government over the course of past 6-7 years this paper looks to consider the impact this change had on the mergers and acquisitions activity of foreign companies in the United Kingdom and vice versa. The tax rate has changes from 28% in 2009 to 21% in 2014 and further, having been flat 30% for a decade prior to that. We investigate possible statistical relations between this trend and activity from both host and home countries in mergers and acquisitions deals in the context of the financial crises and subsequent recovery. We also try to exploit few other key features from the hypothesis of tax competition such as: productivity cutoff, as well as the so-called proximity-concentration theory to test the influence of the tax rate changes in home and host countries on deals volumes and values. Scope of testing included mergers and acquisitions transactions where UK business involved with countries of one of three clusters: native English speaking (such as the United States, Australia, Ireland); developed European (e.g. Germany, Sweden, Netherlands), and conditional South (China, India, Turkey, etc). Using different sources, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Economic Forum Reports, and World Bank data to gather information on corporate taxes, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GDP per capita, trade openness, and business sophistication, we also employed countries’ proximity factor to estimate the impact of the corporate tax. The results did not confirm anticipated influence on the mergers and acquisitions activity – based on empirical evidence it appears that lowering the UK tax rate effect demonstrates either opposite sign to what could be expected, or is redundant and not significant at conventional level of probability.
Criteria for Evaluating Response to Treatment in Prostatic Cancer

Better delineation of criteria for both objective and subjective responses to treatment of prostatic cancer will aid in evaluating new cytotoxic agents as well as combinations of endocrine manipulation and chemotherapy. The inclusion of the radionuclide bone scan in such criteria will help in the evaluation of the many patients with skeletal involvement only.
Parameterization Schemes: Why study parameterization schemes?

Introduction The weather forecasts depicted in brilliant colors on television, in the newspapers, and on the Internet are providing ever greater details about how the atmosphere is going to evolve over the coming days and even the coming seasons. Both these details and the length of these predictions are due in large part to the increasing processing power of computers and the improving numerical weather prediction models that run on them. Numerical weather prediction models are computer software programs based upon the mathematical equations of motion describing the flow of fluids. Given the present state of the atmosphere, as estimated from weather observations across the globe, these models are able to move the atmosphere forward in time using a sequence of small steps and thereby predict a future state. Not only are these models a critical component in making weather forecasts for the coming week and season, but versions of these models are used to examine how increasing greenhouse gases influence future global climate. Thus, numerical models are important in making decisions not only about daily human activities but about how to be good stewards of planet Earth. The initial models used for numerical weather prediction (NWP) were simplified versions of the complete equations of motion and were applied over relatively small portions of the globe. In 1949, Charney, Fjortoft, and von Neumann produced the first one-day weather forecast using a one-layer barotropic model (Charney et al . 1950).
Purposive Behavior and Cybernetics

scales and questionnaires by narrative and descriptive data obtained through direct interviews, use of informants, and otherwise. Further statistical critique of Mr. Chapini's methods I leave to those better equipped in quantitative procedures than I am. My own little contribution, if any, is concerned with the "logic" rather than with the "statistic" of ex post facto experiments, and with the possibility of supplementing quantitative data with narrative and descriptive data, with the hope of enrichment and correction.
Polynucleotides. III. Synthesis of Four Trinucleoside Diphosphates containing Tubercidin (7-Deazaadenosine) and N^6-Dimethyladenosine

Tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine) was converted to the 5'-O-monomethoxytrityl derivative, which was phosphorylated with P1-diphenyl-P2-morpholinopyrophosphorochloridate to afford the 2'-and 3'-monophosphates. The latter compound was acetylated to N, 2', 5'-tri-O-acetyltubercidin 3'-phosphate. N6-Dimethyladenosine was converted to the 5'-benzoyl derivative which was phosphorylated with cyanoethyl phosphate and DCC to give the 2'-and 3'-monophosphates. N6-Dimethyladenosine 3'-phosphate was protected by acetylation in the 2'-and 5'-positions. These protected 3'-phosphates were subjected to condensation with N, 2'-dibenzoyladenylyl-(3'→5')-N, 2', 3'-tribenzoyl-adenosine or N, 2'-dibenzoylcytidylyl-(3'→5')→N, 2', 3'-tribenzoylcytidine by the DCC procedure. The trinucleoside diphosphates 7-deazaadenylyl-(3'→5')-adenylyl-(3'→5')-adenosine, 7-deazaadenylyl-(3'→5')-cytidylyl-(3'→5')-cytidine, N6-dimethyl-adenylyl-(3'→5')-adenylyl-(3'→5')-adenosine and N6-dimethyladenylyl-(3'→5')-cytidylyl-(3'→5')-cytidine were purified by paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis. Complete digestion of these trinucleoside diphosphates with spleen phosphodiesterase established the 3'→5' phosphodiester linkages.
Optimal Multilevel Matching in Clustered Observational Studies: A Case Study of the Effectiveness of Private Schools Under a Large-Scale Voucher System

ABSTRACTA distinctive feature of a clustered observational study is its multilevel or nested data structure arising from the assignment of treatment, in a nonrandom manner, to groups or clusters of units or individuals. Examples are ubiquitous in the health and social sciences including patients in hospitals, employees in firms, and students in schools. What is the optimal matching strategy in a clustered observational study? At first thought, one might start by matching clusters of individuals and then, within matched clusters, continue by matching individuals. But as we discuss in this article, the optimal strategy is the opposite: in typical applications, where the intracluster correlation is not one, it is best to first match individuals and, once all possible combinations of matched individuals are known, then match clusters. In this article, we use dynamic and integer programming to implement this strategy and extend optimal matching methods to hierarchical and multilevel settings. Among other match...
A Technical Route Analysis of Improving the effect in Coal Fired

The effects of Ca/S mole, coal blending, coal preparation, combustion style and temperature, Coal quality and desulfurization agent on the desulfurization effect were studied through to selected several representative steam coals. The desulfurization effect is related with the coal rank and quality. It is suitable for desulfurization when the organic sulfur and illite content are high in coal. If wish to increase the desulfurization effect, it can adopt following measures such as coal blending and preparation, increasing Ca/S mole, decreasing combustion temperature and to add the additive agent.
A NOTE ON THRESHOLD FACTOR LEVEL(S) AND STONE-GEARY TECHNOLOGY

This article proposes the parsimonious Stone-Geary utility function from consumer choice theory as a production function model. The viability of the threshold input idea is empirically demonstrated for irrigation water (and in the case of nitrogen, a “gratis” threshold) using two field trials from the famous Hexem-Heady data sets. The implications of the Stone-Geary model for tractable U-shaped average variable cost and for factor demand and product supply are explored.
Behavioral and morphological responses of an insect herbivore to low nutrient quality are inhibited by plant chemical defenses

Animals have several strategies to contend with nutritionally poor diets, including compensatory consumption and enhanced food utilization efficiencies. Plants produce a diversity of defense compounds that affect the ability of herbivores to utilize these strategies in response to variation in food nutritional quality. Little is known, however, about effects of allelochemicals on herbivores utilizing integrated behavioral and morphological responses to reduced food quality. Our objectives were to (1) examine how variation in diet nutritional quality influences compensatory responses of a generalist insect herbivore, and (2) determine how plant defenses affect these processes. Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae were administered one of nine combinations of diet having low, moderate, or high nutritional quality and 0, 2, or 4 % purified aspen (Populus tremuloides) salicinoids. We quantified larval growth, consumption, frass production, and biomass allocation to midgut tissue over a 4-day bioassay. In the absence of salicinoids, larvae compensated for reduced nutritional quality and maintained similar growth across all diets through increased consumption, altered midgut biomass allocation, and improved processing efficiencies. Dietary salicinoids reduced larval consumption, midgut biomass allocation, digestive efficiencies, and growth at all nutritional levels, but the effect size was more pronounced when larvae were fed nutritionally suboptimal diets. Our findings demonstrate that integrated behavioral and morphological compensatory responses to reduced food quality are affected by plant defenses, ultimately limiting compensatory responses and reducing larval performance.
Sleep-Related Outcomes Following Early Intervention for Childhood Anxiety

A bidirectional relationship between sleep and anxiety is well-established whereby difficulties in one domain predict problems in the other. Interventions for childhood sleep-related problems also share considerable overlap with interventions for anxiety. Although anxious youth report high rates of sleep-related problems, it is relatively unknown whether anxiety-focused interventions for children produce improvements in sleep-related problems. The current study included N = 25 youth ages 7–16 (13 female; mean age 9.92 years ± 2.6) who participated in an early intervention program for anxiety as part of the Arizona Anxiety Resilience Building Project. Child and parent measures of sleep and anxiety symptoms were examined before and after the 12-week cognitive-behavioral intervention program. Statistically significant decreases in total sleep-related problems, bedtime resistance, sleep anxiety, and pre-sleep arousal were observed at post-intervention, though clinically meaningful change was apparent in only a small portion of the sample. Results suggest that purely anxiety-focused interventions may be useful for reducing certain types of sleep-related problems in anxious children, specifically those that occur during the bedtime/pre-sleep period. However, a lack of clinically meaningful change, in addition to post-intervention sleep-related problem scores above the clinical cut-off in a large proportion of the sample, suggest that the sleep-related problems of anxious youth may require direct attention as part of treatment.
Ovarian Cancer and Its Detection

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the strategies involving early detection of early-stage disease that may significantly impact women's health care. Risk Assessment comprises a test of modifiable risk factors and heritable factors. A family history of ovarian cancer is the strongest risk factor for the development of epithelial ovarian Cancer (EOC). The relative risk of EOC for a woman with one first-degree relative with ovarian cancer is 3.1; with two or more affected relatives. Hereditary EOCs are predominantly serous carcinomas, high grade, late stage, nonmucinous or borderline, but have longer overall survival and recurrence-free intervals after chemotherapy. A few basic concepts are reviewed to better understand the role of a screening test. Sensitivity is the percentage of patients with the disease who are correctly identified by a positive test result. Specificity is the percentage of patients without the disease who are correctly identified by a negative test result. Thus, a test with 98% specificity would result in 50 procedures for every case of EOC detected on screening in postmenopausal women. Better insights into the biologic basis of cancer and the tumor-host microenvironment have facilitated development of novel screening modalities for EOC.
Learning from Fourth and Fifth Graders in a Summer School for English Language Learners

Three college professors collaborate with a school district to develop and teach an integrated curriculum to English language learners. Dr. Weinburgh and her collaborators reflect on the 6 years of teaching and outline what they have learned. Most significant is the influence it has made on their college teaching and research agendas. Their experience in “practicing what they teach” includes the planning and implementation of inquiry-based science lessons that contain authentic mathematics and English literacy skills. Returning to what their K-12 colleagues call the “real classroom” has been educative at two distinct levels. The first value is practicing the very methods of teaching that they advocate with pre- and in-service teachers. The second value is in terms of interactions with college students. With the added insight from current work with children, they now approach their methods and content courses differently.
Cluster-CMSS: A Cluster-Based Coordinated Spectrum Sensing in Geographically Dispersed Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks

A coordinated multiband spectrum sensing (CMSS) policy for mobile and geographically dispersed cognitive radio networks (CRNs), referred to as cluster-CMSS, is proposed. The goal is to detect the spectrum holes and to assign each secondary user (SU) a sensing channel with the maximum probability of being empty. In geographically dispersed CRNs, channel availability varies over the space, and this makes the sensing outcomes and sensing assignments location dependent. However, if the SUs are not equipped with location-finding technologies, fusing the sensing outcomes to find the optimal spectrum sensing assignments for the next sensing time becomes challenging for the base station (BS). To tackle this problem, we introduce a metric solely based on the sensing outcomes of SUs. Using this metric, along with a low-complexity clustering algorithm, enables the BS to efficiently divide the network into clusters. Further, we present an adaptive learning algorithm, to learn the dynamic behavior of channel occupancy in the primary network. The proposed learning algorithm considers SUs mobility model to determine the optimal learning window. To determine the sensing assignments, the BS performs a graph-theory-based coordinated multiband spectrum sensing within each cluster. Specifically, a weighted bipartite matching is employed. We have shown that cluster-CMSS significantly increases the spectrum opportunity discovery ratio for SUs at the cost of a slight increase in the energy consumption associated with spectrum sensing.
Identifying Severity Standards on the Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale: Cut Score Determination Using Latent Class and Cluster Analysis.

The purpose of the current examination was to preliminarily suggest severity standards for the recently revised Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (CTAS-2). Participants responded to the C...
A Student’s Guide to Teleseismic Body Wave Amplitudes

We discuss the nature of the various factors contributing to the amplitude of a teleseismic body wave in the context of a geometrical ray solution, specifically: the radiation of elastic waves into an elastic medium by a point source; the radiation patterns resulting from the orientation of the double-couple in space; the effect of propagation through a radially heterogeneous Earth, known as geometrical spreading; the effect of anelastic attenuation; the contribution of depth phases to the seismogram; and finally the influence of distance on the receiver response function. For each of these parameters, we emphasize the physical arguments underlying the exact algebraic expressions of the various factors contributing to the seismic amplitude. Finally, we discuss the extension of the geometrical ray solution to deep seismic sources.
A Modified Dynamic Surface Controller for Delayed Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

A widely accepted model of muscle force generation during neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a second-order nonlinear musculoskeletal dynamics cascaded to a delayed first-order muscle activation dynamics. However, most nonlinear NMES control methods have either neglected the muscle activation dynamics or used ad hoc strategies to tackle the muscle activation dynamics, which may not guarantee control stability. We hypothesized that a nonlinear control design that includes muscle activation dynamics can improve the control performance. In this paper, a dynamic surface control approach was used to design a proportional-integral-derivative (PID)-based NMES controller that compensates for electromechanical delays in the activation dynamics. Because the muscle activation is unmeasurable, a model-based estimator was used to estimate the muscle activation in real time. The Lyapunov stability analysis confirmed that the newly developed controller achieves uniformly ultimately bounded tracking for the musculoskeletal system. Experiments were performed on two able-bodied subjects and one spinal cord injury subject using a modified leg extension machine. These experiments illustrate the performance of the new controller and compare it with a previous PID-based controller with delay compensation controller that did not consider muscle activation dynamics in the control design. These experiments support our hypothesis that a control design that includes muscle activation improves the NMES control performance.
Party identification and the immigrant cohort hypothesis: the case of Vietnamese Americans

Party identification has long been considered a key marker of political incorporation. Yet, there remains substantial room in extant scholarship for a compelling portrait of how and when members of...
Methodology for the Assessment of Clothing and Individual Equipment (CIE)

The Army has been searching for a repeatable and sensitive way to evaluate clothing and individual equipment (CIE), including personal protective systems, for increase in mission flexibility, mobility, and protection. The goal of this methodology was to have Soldiers engage in an operationally relevant scenario and to provide a continuous, fatiguing set of tasks, mimicking movement to and action on an objective. By using an interdisciplinary approach (incorporating biomechanical, cognitive psychology, and human factors expertise), we have demonstrated a comprehensive methodology that addresses the Warfighter as a system. The paradigm of evaluating the Warfighter from a cognitive, physiologic, and performance approach allows the ability to analyze how these processes interact. This approach gives a complete picture of what the Warfighter’s challenges are in complex scenarios.
Impact of state psychiatric hospital waitlists on monthly admissions

Objective:This study estimated the effects of a waitlist policy on the monthly number and case mix of admissions to state psychiatric hospitals (SPHs) in North Carolina (NC).Methods:Descriptive analyses compared pre/postwaitlist differences in the monthly number and case mix of nonforensic adult admissions (N=72,035) to NC’s four SPHs by using data from the three years before and the three years after the waitlist announcement. Hospital-level fixed-effects regression models further evaluated the waitlist policy’s impact on the number and case mix of admissions.Results:Regression results confirmed that the waitlist policy was associated with both fewer admissions and changes to the case mix of admissions, including a 4.2% decrease in the percentage of monthly admissions by patients with diagnoses of substance abuse disorders (p=.002) across all months postwaitlist (partially offset by an increase of patients with diagnoses of severe mental illness alone).Conclusions:Waitlists led to reduced monthly admissi...