cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdecadal Variability of Rainfall on a Warming Planet

How much will the global water cycle accelerate with global warming? In a recent study, Wentz et al. [2007] used satellite observations to show that global mean precipitation increased by 7% per °C increase in global mean surface temperature over the period between July 1987 and August 2006. This yields an absolute precipitation increase of 13.2±4.8 millimeters per year per decade, a rate of increase that is 2–3 times greater than that simulated by general circulation models (GCMs). Century-long integrations of GCMs also yield much smaller global precipitation increases of about 1–3% per °C of global warming [Held and Soden, 2006]. Nonetheless, Wentz et al. [2007, p. 235] argue that the recent 20-year period may “be long enough to indicate that the observed scaling relations [e.g., between precipitation and temperature] will continue on a longer time scale,” implying significant errors in climate model predictions.
Automated localization of the prostate at the time of treatment using implanted radiopaque markers: Technical feasibility

Purpose : Prostate movement is a major consideration in the formation of target volumes for conformal radiation therapy of prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to determine the technical feasibility of using implanted radiopaque markers and digital imaging to localize the prostate at the time of treatment, thus allowing for reduction of the margin required for uncertainty in target position. Methods and Materials : Radiopaque markers implanted around the prostate prior to treatment are visible on electronic radiographs generated with a portal imager or diagnostic imaging device. The locations of the images of these markers on the digital radiographs were automatically determined by a template-matching algorithm. The coordinates of the markers were found by projecting rays through the marker locations on orthogonal radiographs using a three-dimensional (3D) point-matching algorithm. Prostate and/or patient movement was inferred from the marker displacements. Images generated from known movements of a phantom with implanted markers were tested with this algorithm. Locations of markers from daily images of patients with implanted markers were determined by both manual and automatic techniques to determine the efficacy of automated localization on typical clinical images. Results : Prostate movements can be automatically detected in a phantom using low-energy photons within 30 s after image acquisition and with a precision of better than 1 mm in translation and 1° in rotation (indistinguishable from the uncertainty in measuring precision). Conclusion : The studies show that on-line repositioning of the patient based on localization of the markers at the time of treatment is feasible, and may reduce the uncertainty in prostate location when combined with practical on-line repositioning techniques.
Improving Network Management by XML to Relational Data Translation

Network management is a critical component in both wired and wireless network. In wireless networks, the network dynamics changes rapidly and the network management information needs to be updated frequently. Due to its structured form and ease of usage in communication, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is preferred as a configuration and logging tool in network management. However, it is convenient to use relational databases such as SQL to store and process data of wireless network management where frequent updates are necessary. In this paper, the authors show an automated method of converting XML documents to store in relational. We have implemented a proof of concept and compared performance to existing approach.
Combination of finite element analysis and analytical crack tip solution for mixed mode fracture

Abstract A finite element program was developed which combines the analytical crack tip solution with a conventional finite element analysis and evaluates various crack tip parameters as part of the solution. This program was used to analyze cracked specimens subjected to mixed mode loading. The importance of retaining the second term of the series expansion for local stress, a contribution which is independent of the distance from the crack tip, was demonstrated. It was first shown analytically that the presence of a load applied parallel to the crack reveals itself only through this constant second term, which vanishes only for specific loading conditions. The results of the numerical analysis demonstrate that the stress intensity factor KI is independent of the load applied parallel to the crack only when this term is included in the analytical crack tip solutions. Failure to include the constant term has the effect that KI varies with the horizontal load. The parameter K11 is independent of this load in both cases. This indicatesonce again that it is this constant term which accounts solely and entirely for the presence of a load applied parallel to the crack.
Primary distribution of silver and copper in native gold from six deposits in the Western United States

Electron-microprobe analyses and mineragraphic studies of native gold demonstrate considerable variations in the primary intergrain and intragrain distribution of silver. The gold grains have from 1–55 weight percent silver; copper is present in grains from only one locality and ranges from 0.1–0.6 weight percent. Some gold grains have strong zoning of silver whereas others have no detectable zoning. Gold grains from some deposits show remarkable intergrain homogeneity of silver and/or copper content, but others exhibit extreme heterogeneity. We believe that the inhomogeneities and variations in silver content recognized and emphasized here are features of primary deposition. We also recognize low-silver rims with sharp boundaries bordering many of the grains examined but believe these are developed in a relatively oxidizing, low-temperature environment and are not primary lode features. Opaque mineral inclusions of primary origin in gold grains are common in some deposits, scarce in many, and virtually absent from others. These inclusions may be of value in characterizing some gold deposits. For the majority of gold crystals from Copper Basin, Arizona, the lowest silver content observed was in the central portion of each grain and the highest silver content was in the rim. This is believed to be due an increase in the proportion of silver to gold in solution during growth of the crystals. Analysis of sized fractions of 331 gold grains from Pennsylvania Mountain, Colorado, shows no systematic correlation of grain size with silver content. Electron microprobe step-scanning of gold from Alder Gulch, Montana, suggests more than one mineralization event took place. Pyrite and acanthite inclusions less than 0.05 mm in the largest dimension, are present in some grains from this deposit. Inclusions of pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and an isotropic Co-As-S mineral are present in the low-silver, copper-bearing gold from Ninemile Creek, Montana. The presence of copper and the low silver content in this gold is not typical of the gold-quartz-pyrite association which is common in the Western United States.
MODE OF ACTION OF ETHYLENE OXIDE ON SPORES OF Clostridium botulinum 62A

SUMMARY— Death of spores of Clostridium botulinum when exposed to gaseous ethylene oxide followed first order kinetics. Supplementation of a synthetic medium with the purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA and RNA indicated, as judged by outgrowth from spores which had received sublethal ETO treatments, that the lethal action of ETO on the spores was through alkylation of the guanine and adenine components of DNA. Observed impairment of RNA and protein synthesis was considered an indirect effect resulting from alkylation of DNA components; however, additional evidence bearing on this point is needed to support a more definite conclusion.
Isospora infection in a homosexual man.

Abstract A case of Isosporabelli in a homosexual male is described. The procedures used for recovery and staining the cyst stages of Isospora are included.
The Maternal Utopia in Tina Modotti's Modernist Madonna and Child

I try to produce not art but honest photographs… . Photography, precisely because it can only be produced in the present and because it is based on what exists objectively before the camera, takes ...
Temporal minimum entropy and minimum mutual information criteria of nonstationary signals for blind source separation

The information-theoretic network for independent component analysis has been studied for unsupervised learning in the signal processing area. We derive a learning rule from the mutual information or the sum of the marginal entropy based on the local-Gaussian assumption for blind source separation of the convolutive mixture. The algorithm has been tested for several real-world recordings and showed the promising results.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cross-β-Sheet Structure in Amyloid Fiber Formation

As proteins aggregate to form amyloid fibers, their secondary structure changes from its native form to cross-β-sheet. Whether this conformational change is essential for fiber formation remains un...
LSI yields high reliability: Cost and size of telephone-interface equipment shrinks, while IC designs displace electromechanical versions

Describes how cost and size telephone-interface equipment shrinks, as integrated circuit designs displace electromechanical versions.
Mjolnir: extending HAMMER using a diffusion transformation model and histogram equalization for deformable image registration

Image registration is a crucial step in many medical image analysis procedures such as image fusion, surgical planning, segmentation and labeling, and shape comparison in population or longitudinal studies. A new approach to volumetric intersubject deformable image registration is presented. The method, called Mjolnir, is an extension of the highly successful method HAMMER. New image features in order to better localize points of correspondence between the two images are introduced as well as a novel approach to generate a dense displacement field based upon the weighted diffusion of automatically derived feature correspondences. An extensive validation of the algorithm was performed on T1-weighted SPGR MR brain images from the NIREP evaluation database. The results were compared with results generated by HAMMER and are shown to yield significant improvements in cortical alignment as well as reduced computation time.
An acoustical indicator of the systolic end point in rat blood pressure determinations.

ConclusionThe acoustical modification of the Skeggs and Leonards apparatus described facilitates determination of the blood pressure of rats but can be used only after vasodilatation produced by heat or drugs. Priscol produces vasodilatation sufficient for repeated blood pressure determination during a 9- or 10-hour period.We wish to express appreciation to A. A. Foster for directing our attention to the electrical circuit herein described and to L. T, Skeggs and J. R. Leonards for one of their electrical end point devices.
Swelling of the neck caused by the submandibular gland on swallowing

Swellings of the neck are important to note. They may represent inflammations, primary tumors, or metastatic disease. Sometimes, however, there are normal structures that present as swellings and mimic disease. This is an account, with explanation, of a unilateral swelling in the neck that was caused by a normal submandibular gland with aberrant movement.
Structure and Mechanism of Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase in Complex with the Immunosuppressant Mycophenolic Acid

The structure of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in complex with IMP and mycophenolic acid (MPA) has been determined by X-ray diffraction. IMPDH plays a central role in B and T lymphocyte replication. MPA is a potent IMPDH inhibitor and the active metabolite of an immunosuppressive drug recently approved for the treatment of allograft rejection. IMPDH comprises two domains: a core domain, which is an alpha/beta barrel and contains the active site, and a flanking domain. The complex, in combination with mutagenesis and kinetic data, provides a structural basis for understanding the mechanism of IMPDH activity and indicates that MPA inhibits IMPDH by acting as a replacement for the nicotinamide portion of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor and a catalytic water molecule.
Structure of the Enabled/VASP Homology 1 Domain–Peptide Complex: A Key Component in the Spatial Control of Actin Assembly

The Enabled/VASP homology 1 (EVH1; also called WH1) domain is an interaction module found in several proteins implicated in actin-based cell motility. EVH1 domains bind the consensus proline-rich motif FPPPP and are required for targeting the actin assembly machinery to sites of cytoskeletal remodeling. The crystal structure of the mammalian Enabled (Mena) EVH1 domain complexed with a peptide ligand reveals a mechanism of recognition distinct from that used by other proline-binding modules. The EVH1 domain fold is unexpectedly similar to that of the pleckstrin homology domain, a membrane localization module. This finding demonstrates the functional plasticity of the pleckstrin homology fold as a binding scaffold and suggests that membrane association may play an auxiliary role in EVH1 targeting.
Deliberations on the dissemination of port products: Translating research findings into improved patient outcomes

This report outlines the activities undertaken by the Inter-PORT Dissemination work group during its first 2 years of operation. The work group's initial purpose was to assist the individual PORTs in developing their plans for both disseminating research findings and evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies. However, it became quickly apparent that in a discipline little more than a decade old, a commonly understood vocabulary had yet to be adopted. Even the term "dissemination" held different meaning for different constituencies. Consequently, the work group has tried to encourage the development of both a definitional framework and a set of common data elements of importance to all dissemination programs. The work group has analogously attempted to agree on minimum standards of methodologic rigor as a starting point for coordination of evaluations across PORTs. To help determine the potential for further coordination, a matrix of each individual PORT's target audiences, intervention strategies, and evaluation designs has been constructed. Much remains to be learned before we can know with any certainty how best to translate research findings into useful behavior change and improved patient outcomes. Our goal is that the efforts of the work group will serve to catalyze this process.
Using ePub as framework for the automated collection, tagging, and transformation of web content for cross-media publication

In this paper, we describe the development of Page2Pub, a Firefox extension for gathering, unifying, and publishing a wide variety of web based materials.
PAULO FREIRE: POSSIBILITIES FOR DIALOGIC COMMUNICATION IN A MARKET-DRIVEN INFORMATION AGE

This essay examines the legacy and challenges of Paulo Freire's ideas for a world abounding in information and communication or, in the case in this essay, representational technologies. Will these technologies help foster possibilities of emancipatory articulation or further the voiceless oppression of the marginalized? Can they do so outside the context of a radical struggle? The unorthodox argument in this essay leans toward emancipatory possibilities within a market-driven information age, albeit where these technologies help to foster dialogues and the interlocutors comprehend the implications of technology. A brief intellectual biography of Freire provides the praxis of his ideas: it emphasizes the development context of Freire's work and the way his activism intersected with his intellectual reflections. Next, Freire's ideas regarding dialogic communication, a call to social action, are presented. The essay then explores the implications of Freire's work within the context of two reference points r...
Kcnq1 Contributes to an Adrenergic-Sensitive Steady-State K+ Current in Mouse Heart

It has been suggested that Kcne1 subunits are required for adrenergic regulation of Kcnq1 potassium channels. However, in adult mouse hearts, which do not express Kcne1, loss of Kcnq1 causes a Long QT phenotype during adrenergic challenge, raising the possibility that native Kcnq1 currents exist and are adrenergically regulated even in absence of Kcne1. Here, we used immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining to show that Kcnq1 protein is present in adult mouse hearts. Voltage-clamp experiments demonstrated that Kcnq1 contributes to a steady-state outward current (I(SS)) in wild-type (Kcnq1(+/+)) ventricular myocytes during isoproterenol stimulation, resulting in a significant 7.1% increase in I(SS) density (0.43+/-0.16 pA/pF, p <0.05, n =15), an effect that was absent in Kcnq1-deficient (Kcnq1(-/-)) myocytes (-0.14+/-0.13 pA/pF, n =17). These results demonstrate for the first time that Kcnq1 protein is expressed in adult mouse hearts where it contributes to a beta-adrenergic-induced component of I(SS) that does not require co-assembly with Kcne1.
Kernel-based joint spectral and spatial exploitation using Hilbert space embedding for hyperspectral classification

In this paper, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based method to jointly exploit spectral and spatial information from hyperspectral images to improve classication performance is presented. In order to optimally exploit this joint information, we propose to use a novel idea of embedding a local distribution of input hyperspectral data into the Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (RKHS). A Hilbert Space Embedding called mean map is utilized to map a group of neighboring pixels of a hyperspectral image into the RKHS and then, calculate the empirical mean of the mapped points in the RKHS. SVM based classication performed on the mean mapped points can fully exploit the spectral information as well as ensure spatial continuity among neighboring pixels. The proposed technique showed signicant improvement over the existing composite kernels on two hyperspectral image data sets. © (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of DETANONOate, a nitric oxide donor, on hemostasis in rabbits: an in vitro and in vivo thrombelastographic analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if whole blood thrombelastographic variables (reaction time, K, α, and maximum amplitude) would be adversely effected by exposure to the nitric oxide (NO) donor, DETANONOate, in vitro or after alveolar instillation in vivo. Materials and Methods: Conscious rabbits (n = 10) had blood sampled from ear arteries anticoagulated with sodium citrate. The blood was then incubated with 0, 1, 5, 10, or 20 mmol/L DETANONOate for 30 minutes. Arterial blood from anesthetized rabbits (n = 4) was obtained and anticoagulated before and 60 minutes after 1 mmol/L DETANONOate (2 mL/kg) was instilled into the right lung. After incubation, all samples were placed in a thrombelastograph and recalcified, with thrombelastographic variables measured for 45 minutes. Results: In vitro, 10 mmol/L DETANONOate significantly (P < .05) increased reaction time, K, and decreased α compared with values observed after incubation with 0, 1, and 5 mmol/L DETANONOate. Twenty mmol/L DETANONOate significantly (P < .05) increased reaction time, K, and decreased α and maximum amplitude values compared with all other concentrations. In vivo, DETANONOate administration did not significantly affect thrombelastographic variables. Conclusion: DETANONOate significantly decreased hemostatic function in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion but did not significantly affect hemostatic function in vivo. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Effect of the R(-) and S(+) isomers of MDA and MDMA on phosphotidyl inositol turnover in cultured cells expressing 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors

Abstract The effect of the R(−) and S(+) isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and its N -methyl analog 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on [ 3 H]inositol monophosphate accumulation was studied in cells expressing either 5-HT 2A or 5-HT 2C receptors. The isomers of MDA produced a concentration dependent increase in phosphotidyl inositol (PI) hydrolysis at the 5-HT 2A receptors, with the R(−) isomer of MDA being more potent than the S(+) at the 5-HT 2A receptor. The R(−) and S(+) isomers of MDMA were significantly less efficacious at the 5-HT 2A receptor as compared to MDA; S(+)MDMA had no effect. At the 5-HT 2C receptor, both R(−) and S(+)MDA were equipotent at stimulating PI hydrolysis, with the S(+) isomer of MDMA being more efficacious at the 5-HT 2C receptor compared with the R(−) isomer. In all cases at both the 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors, the affinities of the isomers of MDMA and MDA were at least 2–3 orders of magnitude less than 5-HT. Despite the weak effect of these compounds at the 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors, these substituted amphetamines do possess intrinsic activity which may contribute to their neurotoxic effects when administered at high doses.
Chemical phase separation in Zr silicate alloys: a spectroscopic study distinguishing between chemical phase separation with different degrees of micro- and nano-crystallinity

Abstract Chemical phase separation is an important issue for process integration of non-crystalline Zr and Hf silicate alloys into advanced microelectronic devices. Chemical phase separation of Zr silicates into ZrO 2 and SiO 2 has been detected by different spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron, X-ray absorption, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies, as well as X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging. This combination of techniques identifies an unambiguous way to distinguish between chemical phase separation with different degrees of micro- and nano-crystallinity. This is important since all modes of chemical separation degrade dielectric properties required for device applications.
Fast, accurate design space exploration of embedded systems memory configurations

The memory hierarchy is often a critical component of an embedded system. An embedded system's memory hierarchy can have dramatic impact on the overall cost, performance, and power consumption of the system. Consequently, designers spend considerable time evaluating potential memory system designs. Unfortunately, the range of options in the memory hierarchy (e.g., number, size, and type of caches, on-chip SRAM, DRAM, EPROM, etc.) makes thorough exploration of the design space using typical simulation techniques infeasible. This paper describes a fast, accurate technique to estimate an application's average memory latency on a set of memory hierarchies. The technique is fast---two orders of magnitude faster than a full simulation. It is also accurate---extensive measurements show that 70% of the estimates were within 1 percentage point of the actual cycle count while over 99% of all estimates were within 10 percentage points of the actual cycle count. This fast, accurate technique provides the embedded system designer the ability to more fully explore the design space of potential memory hierarchies and select the one that best meets the system's design requirements.
The Bactericidal Action of Metallic Ions in Broth Containing Dehydrated Apple

1. The addition of sulfate salts of copper, cobalt and nickel to nutrient broth in concentrations as low as 0.01 per cent of the metallic ion was definitely destructive of bacterial growth (S. aureus and Esch. coli). 2. The efficacy of the metallic ions is in the order named : copper, cobalt, nickel. 3. A pH of 5 was more effective than a pH of 6. 4. Copper in association with nickel or cobalt was equally effective at both pHs although its concentration was reduced to 5 mgs. per cent. 5. The presence in the culture media of dehydrated apple neither enhanced nor detracted from the effect but is advisable for the following reasons: it provides copper; it provides organic acids for proper pH adjustment; it provides materials from which other organic acids may be derived in the intestine which aid further in pH adjustment and act bactericidally themselves and it provides carbohydrate calories which are not only nutritive but which combat acidosis. 6. Metallic elements such as copper, cobalt and nickel are more effective in smaller concentration in the free form than when combined with pectin. 7. The copper naturally present in the apple (and perhaps cobalt and nickel) together with small amounts of these same minerals present from other sources in the intestine, offers a further explanation of the beneficial effect of apple diets in intestinal infections.
Hybrid simulation of ion beams in background plasma

Abstract We present a 2 1 2 - dimensional ( r, z, v r , v 0 , v z ; ϱ ϱφ =0 ) quasineutral hybrid code suitable for studying a broad class of plasma and beam-plasma configurations. Ions are represented by particles and electrons by an inertialess thermal fluid which obeys a generalized Ohm's law. Fields are solved in the quasineutral Darwin approximation. Several collisional and atomic processes are also included in the model. The code has been applied to the problem of propagation of intense ion beams through preformed z -pinch plasma channels, a scenario of interest for inertial confinement fusion devices.
Violence and Memory in the Reconstruction of South Africa's Cato Manor

Among the most destructive legacies of apartheid in South Africa is the violent history of division, discrimination, and control through which the everyday injustices of racial order were experienced. This violence of ‘separate development’ was inscribed within particular spaces, as the apartheid state attempted to define and control where racially-defined citizens could live, work, and travel. This paper examines the geography of violence and reconstruction in one such space, that of Cato Manor near Durban. The area is known for the large-scale forced removals which took place there in the 1950s, destroying a multi-racial community of Indian and African residents. Although zoned for white residence, Cato Manor remained vacant until the 1980s, when it became a safe haven for refugees fleeing violence in the Natal countryside. In the early 1990s, the area became the focus of a non-racial development effort, which sought to overcome the violent social divisions of the apartheid era. This redevelopment, however, became a site of contestation when former residents of Cato Manor petitioned to reclaim land they once owned there, claims that the city of Durban attempted to nullify in court. The outcome of the land claims trial highlights the tensions between the present dictates of development and the process of negotiating the violence of the past, and suggests that the democratization of planning can be a means of ‘working through’ the legacies of displacement and dispossession that are so much a part of South Africa's present.
Helioseismology and solar neutrinos

The manner by which helioseismic date are obtained and analysed to diagnose the interior structure and rotation of the Sun is briefly described. The principal results of the analysis pertinent to solar neutrino production are presented; they have constrained standard theoretical models of the Sun in such a way as to prevent them from explaining the neutrino flux measurements without recourse to neutrino transitions. However, standard solar models do not represent the entire class of plausible models, and indeed they suffer the deficiency of being unstable. Models in which the products of the nuclear reactions are redistributed in the core may represent the Sun more closely, and should at least be considered and tested further in the process of developing a reliable model of the neutrino source.
Scalable Imprinting of Shape-Specific Polymeric Nanocarriers Using a Release Layer of Switchable Water Solubility

There is increasing interest in fabricating shape-specific polymeric nano- and microparticles for efficient delivery of drugs and imaging agents. The size and shape of these particles could significantly influence their transport properties and play an important role in in vivo biodistribution, targeting, and cellular uptake. Nanoimprint lithography methods, such as jet-and-flash imprint lithography (J-FIL), provide versatile top-down processes to fabricate shape-specific, biocompatible nanoscale hydrogels that can deliver therapeutic and diagnostic molecules in response to disease-specific cues. However, the key challenges in top-down fabrication of such nanocarriers are scalable imprinting with biological and biocompatible materials, ease of particle-surface modification using both aqueous and organic chemistry as well as simple yet biocompatible harvesting. Here we report that a biopolymer-based sacrificial release layer in combination with improved nanocarrier-material formulation can address these ch...
Cultural Curriculum and Marginalized Youth: An Analysis of Conflict at a School for Juvenile Parolees

In this article I analyze marginalized juvenile parolees' schooling experiences at an alternative community school in a large southwestern city. My analysis is based on a year of field research at the school. The analysis draws heavily from the critical pedagogy literature and focuses on how the school's cultural curriculum (rules, assignments, and discourses) conflicted with students' locally based identities. I illustrate how the conflict between the school's cultural curriculum and students' locally based identities hindered the learning process at the school and helped create student resistance against the school. The analysis reveals that the youths, who strongly valued their locally based identities, often resisted and rejected the school's attempted transmission of dominant cultural identities (e.g., nongang member) and capital (e.g., formal school knowledge). Teachers' generally sincere attempts to help students' transition to a better life played a significant role in students' school failure.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Thermal Interactions in Nanoscale Liquid Channels

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of nano-scale flows typically utilize fixed lattice crystal interactions between the fluid and stationary wall molecules. This approach cannot properly model thermal exchange at the wall-fluid interface. Therefore, we use an interactive thermal wall model that can properly simulate the flow and heat transfer in nano-scale channels. Using the interactive thermal wall, Fourier law of heat conduction is verified for the 3.24 nm channel, while the thermal conductivity obtained from Fourier law is verified using the predictions of Green-Kubo theory. Moreover, temperature jumps at the liquid/solid interface, corresponding to the well known Kapitza resistance, are observed. Using systematic studies thermal resistance length at the interface is characterized as a function of the surface wettability, thermal oscillation frequency, wall temperature and thermal gradient. An empirical model for the thermal resistance length, which could be used as the jump-coefficient of a Navier boundary condition, is developed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Optical estimation of fractal dimension for image assessment

We modeled an optical system for estimation of the fractal dimension to provide a measure of surface roughness for an entire image and for image segmentation. Although the simulated optical result was similar to that calculated by digital techniques, both suffered from problems known to occur with estimating fractal dimension. Furthermore, the optical estimation did not have as good a resolution as that obtained with digital estimates due primarily to the limited dynamic range of the detector.
The PANDAS Controversy: Why (and How) Is It Still Unsettled?

Acute-onset OCD and/or tics in children, known by the term Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS), has been a focus of pediatric developmental and psychiatric research for nearly three decades. Studies have suggested that this condition results from molecular mimicry, in which anti-basal ganglia antibodies target brain proteins. While the pathogenesis of this condition is still widely debated, the clinical phenotype has shown consistent features and evidence that the dramatic symptoms cause substantial impairment in the child and in family functioning.
The Prognostic Significance of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expressionin Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Call for Standardized Methods for Immunohistochemical Evaluation

Abstract Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in the majority of clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). The prognostic significance of EGFR overexpression after nephrectomy, however, is controversial because of different methods used in the immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of EGFR expression. Patients and Methods In this study, we evaluated EGFR expression and its prognostic significance using 3 IHC evaluation methods. A tissue microarray composed of 44 cases of clear-cell RCC was stained for the patterns of EGFR overexpression, including membranous, cytoplasmic (EGFR-c), and total (membranous and cytoplasmic), and the percentage of cells positive for EGFR overexpression were recorded. An EGFR composite score was calculated by multiplying the total EGFR overexpression score (0-3) and percentage of positive cells. Results Membranous EGFR overexpression was detected in 38 of 44 cases (93.2%), with moderate to strong staining (scores 2 and 3) in 35 cases (79.5%). EGFR-c was detected in 28 cases (63.6%), with moderate to strong staining (scores 2 and 3) in 16 cases (36.4%). EGFR-c was significantly associated with pathologic stage ( P = 0.003) and Fuhrman nuclear grade ( P = 0.042). Epidermal growth factor receptor composite score correlated with pathologic stage ( P = 0.045) but not Fuhrman nuclear grade. However, EGFR expression did not correlate with overall survival or disease recurrence. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the prognostic value of EGFR overexpression differs significantly when different methods are used to evaluate EGFR expression by IHC. Future studies should use standardized methods to evaluate the EGFR staining pattern and intensity and the percentage of positive cells in order to clarify the prognostic significance of EGFR overexpression in clear-cell RCC.
Elemental carbon aerosols in the urban rural and remote marine troposphere and in the stratosphere inferences from light absorption data and consequences regarding radiative transfer

Light absorption by carbon particles has been clearly demonstrated to be important to urban and regional scale radiative processes, with questions remaining about the global scale. Measurements of the light absorption coefficient of size-classified samples of aerosol particles from a wide variety of locations reveal a nearly ubiquitous presence of optically effective carbonaceous particles concentrated in the submicron sizes. Light absorption coefficients at 0.5 μm wavelength for urban areas range from 10−5 m−1 or less to well over 10−3m−1. Remote marine and stratospheric locations exhibit values as low as a few times 10−8 m−1 (referenced to sea level) with rural areas in between. Both chemical analysis (in urban/rural cases) and mass absorptivities (in remote cases) indicate that the light absorption is largely due to an elemental carbon component. Since this material probably is produced exclusively by combustion of carbon-based materials and since this occurs primarily on land, the elemental carbon in remote locations may be a residue which has undergone long-distance transport. This hypothesis can be used as the basis for a simple flow diagram which portrays the urban/industrial regions as the source, dispersion carrying carbon aerosol through rural to remote areas with removal occurring continuously or periodically over the lifetime. Via this model the data allow a crude estimation of the regional and hemispheric influence of sources. Collected data will be summarized with ancillary estimates heating rate, demonstrating the range of expected radiative effects.
Changes in the Molecular Phenotype of Nucleus Pulposus Cells with Intervertebral Disc Aging

Intervertebral disc (IVD) disorder and age-related degeneration are believed to contribute to low back pain. Cell-based therapies represent a promising strategy to treat disc degeneration; however, the cellular and molecular characteristics of disc cells during IVD maturation and aging still remain poorly defined. This study investigated novel molecular markers and their age-related changes in the rat IVD. Affymetrix cDNA microarray analysis was conducted to identify a new set of genes characterizing immature nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Among these markers, select neuronal-related proteins (Basp1, Ncdn and Nrp-1), transcriptional factor (Brachyury T), and cell surface receptors (CD24, CD90, CD155 and CD221) were confirmed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for differential expression between IVD tissue regions and among various ages (1, 12 and 21 months). NP cells generally possessed higher levels of mRNA or protein expression for all aforementioned markers, with the exception of CD90 in anulus fibrosus (AF) cells. In addition, CD protein (CD24 and CD90) and Brachyury (T) expression in immature disc cells were also confirmed via flow cytometry. Similar to IHC staining, results revealed a higher percentage of immature NP cells expressing CD24 and Brachyury, while higher percentage of immature AF cells was stained positively for CD90. Altogether, this study identifies that tissue-specific gene expression and age-related differential expression of the above markers do exist in immature and aged disc cells. These age-related phenotype changes provide a new insight for a molecular profile that may be used to characterize NP cells for developing cell-based regenerative therapy for IVD regeneration.
Fundamental motor patterns of the mammalian fetus.

Techniques that permit direct observation of fetuses in vivo recently have expanded our understanding of prenatal behavioral development in mammals. Although fetal motor activity seems to lack the dynamic, goal-directed character of postnatal behavior, the dimensions that define behavioral organization after birth are applicable to the movements expressed by fetuses. Fetal activity exhibits temporal, sequential, and spatial organization that emerges between the inception of movement and term. Fetal rodents, for example, exhibit coordinated motor patterns antecedent to postnatal righting, locomotion, suckling, maternal–infant communication and grooming behavior, while other action patterns appear to be functional adaptations to the intrauterine niche. Fetuses also are behaviorally responsive to sensory stimulation and changes in environmental conditions in utero. Expression of these behavioral properties emphasizes continuity between prenatal and postnatal life while implying an adaptive role for behavior before birth. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
WIND-INDUCED MOTION CONTROL OF 76-STORY BENCHMARK BUILDING USING THE HYBRID DAMPER-TLCD SYSTEM

The tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) has recently been advanced for vibration control of structures subjected to wind loading. The effectiveness of the semiactive TLCD system and the hybrid viscous fluid damper-TLCD control system recently proposed by the writers is investigated for control of wind-induced motion of high-rise buildings. Simulations are performed on a 76-story building benchmark control problem subjected to wind tunnel test data and stochastic wind loads. It is shown that the semiactive TLCD control system performs comparably to a sample active tuned mass damper (ATMD) system and thus is an attractive alternative to the ATMD system. More significantly, it is shown that the hybrid viscous fluid damper-TLCD system reduces the response of the building substantially more than the semiactive TLCD system at every natural frequency of the building. Furthermore, the hybrid damper-TLCD system is robust in terms of the stiffness modeling error for control of both displacement and acceleration responses. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid viscous fluid damper-TLCD system can perform effectively under various wind loading conditions.
The Effect of Water Sanitizing Compounds on the Discoloration of the Egg Shell

Abstract IMPROVEMENTS in techniques during the past few years have led to egg washing methods that generally produce satisfactory results. A number of scattered complaints have arisen, however, due to discoloration of the egg shell during the washing operation. Shell staining problems resulting from washing with various compounds have been brought to the attention of the staff of this university by egg producers and handlers in the midwest. Personal communications have revealed that this problem has occurred elsewhere, including the South, the Pacific Northwest, and Colorado. In these instances otherwise normally appearing white-shelled eggs turn to an off-white cream or tan color. They often have a blotched appearance due to uneven discoloration. As well as resulting in eggs with an undesirable appearance, monetary losses have resulted from downgrading due to stained shells. A search of the literature revealed no previous studies of egg shell discoloration caused by washing practices. Some discussions…
Standards of Scientific Conduct: Disciplinary Differences

Teaching of responsible conduct of research is largely predicated on the assumption that there are accepted standards of conduct that can be taught. However there is little evidence of consensus in the scientific community about such standards, at least for the practices of authorship, collaboration, and data management. To assess whether such differences in standards are based on disciplinary differences, a survey, described previously, addressing standards, practices, and perceptions about teaching and learning was distributed in November 2010 to US faculty from 50 graduate programs for the biomedical disciplines of microbiology, neuroscience, nursing, and psychology. Despite evidence of statistically significant differences across the four disciplines, actual differences were quite small. Stricter measures of effect size indicated practically significant disciplinary differences for fewer than 10 % of the questions. This suggests that the variation in individual standards of practice within each discipline is at least as great as variation due to differences among disciplines. Therefore, the need for discipline-specific training may not be as important as sometimes thought.
Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in peripheral blood stem cell cultures after sterilization of standard blood cultures.

We report central venous catheter (CVC)-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia detected by apheresis product culture after sterilization of standard blood cultures. A 64-year-old man with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma underwent peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection. Five days after placement of a CVC, inflammation was evident at the insertion site. The CVC was removed and cephalexin was begun. Discharge at the site contained neutrophils and gram-positive cocci in pairs and clusters. Cultures of the discharge, of blood drawn via the CVC, of the CVC tip and of the apheresis product collected that day grew methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Cephalexin was discontinued in favor of oxacillin. Three days after removal of the CVC, PBSC collections were resumed via a contralateral CVC. Three sets of standard blood cultures drawn the day the new CVC was placed and the following day were negative, yet apheresis product cultures from each of these days grew MSSA. PBSC collections were halted, the CVC was removed, and oxacillin was continued via a peripherally inserted central catheter. Transesophageal echocardiography after two weeks of therapy revealed thickened mitral leaflets and damage to the posterior leaflet. Transthoracic echocardiography 11 weeks preceding this study had demonstrated normal mitral valve anatomy and function. Oxacillin was continued for six weeks, after which PBSC collections were resumed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of the MSSA isolates revealed a clonal pattern. Cultures of apheresis product may be more sensitive to the presence of bacteremia than standard blood cultures, and they should guide clinical decisions when the bacteria isolated are potential pathogens or suggest clinical infection.
An efficient method of forecasting chaotic time series using linear interpolation

Abstract A simple, computationally efficient method for forecasting chaotic time series is described which makes implicit use of the Jacobian information in the data. If the embedding dimension of the strange attractor is d, only d + 1 linear equations need to be solved.
Electron Microscopy Study Of Mocvd-Grown Tio2Thin Films and Tio2/Al203 Interfaces

TiO 2 thin films grown on (11 2 0) sapphire at 800 ° C by the MOCVD technique have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The TiO 2 thin films are single crystalline and have the rutile structure. The epitaxial orientation relationship between the TiO 2 thin films (R) and the substrate (S) has been foundto be: (101)[0 1 0] R ║(1l 2 0)[0001] s . Growth twins in the films are commonly observed with the twin plane{101} and twinning direction . Detailed atomic structures of the twin boundaries and TiO 2 /α-Al 2 0 3 interfaces have been investigated by highresolution electron microscopy (HREM).When the interfaces are viewed in the direction of [0 1 0] R /[000l] S , the interfaces are found to be structurally coherent in the direction of [1Ol] R /[1100] s ,in which the lattice mismatch at the interfaces is about 0.5%.
Effect of polyamines and divalent cations on histone H1-poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) complex formation.

Abstract When the polyamines spermine, spermidine or putrescine at 1 or 2 mM were added to HeLa cell nuclei, there was a 1- to 3-fold differential stimulation of [3H]NAD incorporation into an H1 histone-poly(ADP-ribose) complex with little effect on total poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. At higher polyamine levels, total polymer synthesis was inhibited, but the fraction of polymer associated with H1 was still differentially increased. A differential stimulation of complex synthesis was also produced by the addition of elevated levels of Mg2+ or Ca2+. These results were not due to an effect of these agents on recovery or turnover of the H1-poly(ADP-ribose) complex but apparently are related to the chromatin condensing action of these agents since enhanced formation of the H1-poly(ADP-ribose) complex and of chromatin aggregation was closely correlated.
Superficial processing of explicit inferences in text

The hypothesis that pragmatic inferences presented in text are taken for granted, superficially processed, and not stably or enduringly represented in memory was investigated. Stories were read which in some conditions contained information vitiating the implicational force of explicit inferences. The vitiating information was presented either before or after the inferences. In Experiment I, errors in memory for the inferences were prevalent in the “after” but not the “before” condition. Two kinds of errors were made: saying the inference had not been presented in the story; or, if it was remembered as having been presented, altering the specific content of the inference to produce the opposite of what was actually presented. The latter errors produced coherence with the vitiating information, and subjects were not able to differentiate these errors from correct responses. In Experiment II, the results of Experiment I were replicated, and a “spontaneous correction” interpretation was rejected. The results...