cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypothalamic regulation of ovulation: effects of urethane and progesterone.

SummaryThe present experiments indicate that urethane is a satisfactory anesthetic agent for electrophysiological studies on hypothalamic ovulatory mechanisms, provided that it is administered early in the morning of proestrus. However, if treatment is delayed until 11/2 hr prior to the beginning of the critical period, this drug will block ovulation.Further studies demonstrated that progesterone would advance ovulation by 24 hr in 5-day cyclic rats when administered either subcutaneously or intravenously. The minimal intravenous dose for this effect was 50 μg in propylene glycol. In contrast, a dosage of 20-α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, sixteenfold greater than the minimal effective dose of progesterone, failed to advance ovulation. Treatment of urethanized rats with progesterone did not depress hypothalamic ovulatory mechanisms. In these animals, intravenous administration of the steroid was more effective in advancing ovulation than was subcutaneous treatment.
RATION DISTRIBUTION OF OIL AND GAS IN THE PROCESS OF SINGLE WELL GAS-INJECTION

In this paper, both relative permeability model and capillary pressure hysteresis model were established, and the existing black oil model was also improved, which can reflect more accurately the effect of real reservoir capillary force and relative permeability on numerical simulation. Single well Huff-Puff process includes gas injection, shut-in and producing periods. Based on the improved black oil model, we studied the oil and gas distribution characteristics of each period in the process. The results obtained have important practical meaning for guiding single well Huff-Puff of real horizontal formation.
Combatting Social Exclusion: “Safe Space” and the Dynamics of Inclusion at a Homeless Farming Site

ABSTRACTThis study assessed how discrimination and antihomeless ordinances contribute to exclusion, and the meanings and functions of “safe space” among 25 women and men associated with a farming training site who were currently or formerly unhoused. Respondents reported widespread exclusion and interpersonal and institutional discrimination, with the farm identified as a “safe space” from the pervasive stigmatization and surveillance that characterized interactions in the broader community. However, in constructing the farm as a “safe space,” some respondents distanced themselves from unhoused people who were unaffiliated with the farm. Implications for reducing exclusion and fostering “safe spaces” among people experiencing homelessness are discussed.
THE GHOST DANCE RELIGION IN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA1

The "Ghost Dance" religion taught by the Paiute Jack Wilson (Wovoka) was carried to Saskatchewan at the beginning of this century. Its most successful pro se lytizer was an Assiniboine who inspired the most northern Dakota Sioux commun ity in the province to become a congre gation. Surviving members of this con gregation profess a creed that closely follows Wilson's later teachings, record ed by Mooney, but that differs signifi cantly from the more militant versions Mooney heard from some United States Dakota. The Saskatchewan creed appears to have been a viable accommodation to early reservation-period conditions.
Discovering dynamic regulatory pathway by applying an auto regressive model to time series DNA microarray data

In this paper we propose a novel method to extract dynamic regulatory pathways from time-series DNA microarray data. To this aim, first a specialized clustering technique is applied that utilizes the available heuristic information about the biological system to form the clusters. Then, an auto regressive (AR) model is applied to model the interactions among all genes and to predict the gene expressions for the next time steps. We tested the proposed method on the eukaryotic cell cycle data. The results indicate that the proposed method can successfully predict the dynamic pathway involved in this biological process.
Similar compounds versus similar conformers: complementarity between PubChem 2-D and 3-D neighboring sets

PubChem is a public repository for biological activities of small molecules. For the efficient use of its vast amount of chemical information, PubChem performs 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-dimensional (3-D) neighborings, which precompute “neighbor” relationships between molecules in the PubChem Compound database, using the PubChem subgraph fingerprints-based 2-D similarity and the Gaussian-shape overlay-based 3-D similarity, respectively. These neighborings allow PubChem to provide the user with immediate access to the list of 2-D and 3-D neighbors (also called “Similar Compounds” and “Similar Conformers”, respectively) for each compound in PubChem. However, because 3-D neighboring is much more time-consuming than 2-D neighboring, how different the results of the two neighboring schemes are is an important question, considering limited computational resources. The present study analyzed the complementarity between the PubChem 2-D and 3-D neighbors. When all compounds in PubChem were considered, the overlap between 2-D and 3-D neighbors was only 2% of the total neighbors. For the data sets containing compounds with annotated information, the overlap increased as the data sets became smaller. However, it did not exceed 31% and substantial fractions of neighbors were still recognized by either PubChem 2-D or 3-D similarity, but not by both. The Neighbor Preference Index (NPI) of a molecule for a given data set was introduced, which quantified whether a molecule had more 2-D or 3-D neighbors in the data set. The NPI histogram for all PubChem compounds had a bimodal shape with two maxima at NPI = ±1 and a minimum at NPI = 0. However, the NPI histograms for the subsets containing compounds with annotated information had a greater fraction of compounds with a strong preference for one neighboring method to the other (at NPI = ±1) as well as compounds with a neutral preference (at NPI = 0). The results of our study indicate that, for the majority of the compounds in PubChem, their structural similarity to other compounds can be recognized predominantly by either 2-D or 3-D neighborings, but not by both, showing a strong complementarity between 2-D and 3-D neighboring results. Therefore, despite its heavy requirements for computational resources, 3-D neighboring provides an alternative way in which the user can instantly access structurally similar molecules that cannot be detected if only 2-D neighboring is used.
Nanoantibiotics: a new paradigm for the treatment of surgical infection

Infections following orthopedic device implantations often impose a substantial health burden and result in high medical costs. Currently, preventative methods are often employed following an orthopedic implant to reduce risk of infection; however, contamination of the surgical site can still occur. Although antibiotics have demonstrated a substantial reduction in bacterial growth and maintenance, biofilm formation around the implant can often minimize efficacy of the antibiotic. Recently, nanotechnology has garnered significant interest, resulting in the development of several antibiotic delivery strategies that exhibit extended release and increased efficacy. In this review, treatment methods of orthopedic-device-related infections will be discussed and an overview of antimicrobial-based nanotechnologies will be provided. Specifically, nonmetal-, metal- and oxide-based nanotechnologies, incorporating antibacterial strategies, will be discussed.
Imaging Radiation Dose and Molecules in Human Radiation Therapy for Cancer

For the first time in history it is possible to image radiation dose delivered to patients in radiation therapy for cancer, by capturing the Cherenkov light emissions coming from their tissue. These light signals can also be used to excite molecular probes to assay tissue function and potentially response to therapy.
Claims-making as Social Science: a Review of Environmental Values in American Culture, by Willett Kempton, James S. Boster, and Jennifer A. Hartley; Cambridge, Mass : The MIT Press, 1995

Claims-making as Social Science: a Review of Environmental Values in American Culture, by Willett Kempton, James S. Boster, and Jennifer A. Hartley; Cambridge, Mass : The MIT Press 1995. xii, 226 pp., 4 appendices. Reviewed by Thomas Greider, Associate Professor of Community and Environmental Sociology University of Kentucky.
A new chemotype inhibitor for the human organic cation transporter 3 (hOCT3)

Human organic cation transporters (OCTs) represent an understudied neurotransmitter uptake mechanism for which no selective agents have yet been identified. Several neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, norepinephrine) are low-affinity substrates for these transporters, but possess higher affinity for other transporters (e.g. the serotonin or norepinephrine transporters; SERT and NET, respectively). We have identified a new class of OCT inhibitors with a phenylguanidine structural scaffold. Here, we examine the actions of a series of such compounds and report preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) - the first dedicated SAR study of OCT3 action. Initial results showed that the presence of a substituent on the phenyl ring, as well as its position, contributes to the phenylguanidines' inhibitory potency (IC50 values ranging from 2.2 to >450μM) at hOCT3. There is a trend towards enhanced inhibitory potency of phenylguanidines with increased lipophilic character and the size of the substituent at the phenyl 4-position, with the latter reaching a ceiling effect. The first PiPT-based hOCT3 homology models were generated and are in agreement with our biological data.
Vegetation Development in a Tidal Marsh Restoration Project during a Historic Drought: A Remote Sensing Approach

Tidal wetland restoration efforts can be challenging to monitor in the field due to unstable local conditions and poor site access. However, understanding how restored systems evolve over time is essential for future management of their ecological benefits, many of which are related to vegetation dynamics. Physical attributes such as elevation and distance to channel play crucial roles in governing vegetation expansion in developing tidal wetlands. However, in Mediterranean ecosystems, drought years, wet years and their resulting influence on salinity levels may also play a crucial role in determining the trajectory of restoration projects, but the influence of weather variability on restoration outcomes is not well understood. Here, we use object-based image analysis (OBIA) and change analysis of the high-resolution IKONOS and WorldView-2 satellite imagery to explore whether mean annual rates of change from mudflat to vegetation are lower during drought years with higher salinity (2011-2015) compared to years with lower salinity (2009-2011) at a developing restoration site in California’s San Francisco Bay. We found that vegetation increased at a mean rate of 1979 m2/year during California’s historic drought, 10.4 times slower than the rate of 20580 m2/year between 2009 and 2011 when the state was not in drought. Vegetation was significantly concentrated in areas in closer to channel edges, where salinity stress is ameliorated, and the magnitude of the effect increased in the 2015 image. In our image analysis, we found that different distributions of water, mud and algae between years led to different segmentation settings for each set of images, highlighting the need for more robust and reproducible OBIA strategies in complex wetlands. Our results demonstrate that adaptive monitoring efforts in variable climates should take into account the influence of weather on tidal wetland ecosystems, and that high-resolution remote sensing can be an effective means of assessing these dynamics.
Two-layer obstacle collision avoidance with machine learning for more energy-efficient unmanned aircraft trajectories

Abstract This paper proposes a new two-layer obstacle avoidance algorithm that allows an unmanned aircraft system to avoid multiple obstacles with minimal effort. The algorithm includes a global-path optimization that identifies the number of obstacles resulting from a clustering technique based on obstacle information from an airborne sensor, and specifies a potential threat. A local-path trajectory optimization employs a model predictive control structure based on a multi-phase optimal trajectory resulting from approximated dynamics, vehicle constraints, and the result of the global-path optimization. Numerical flight simulations are conducted with a conventional one-layer obstacle avoidance algorithm and the two-layer obstacle avoidance algorithm. The results of the numerical simulation show that the proposed two-layer optimal obstacle avoidance algorithm generates more energy-efficient avoidance trajectories when an unmanned aircraft meets multiple obstacles.
Is Unipedicled Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap Obsolete Owing to Superiority of DIEP Flap

Background Pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap was developed by Hartrampf in 1982 for breast reconstruction. Since deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap was popularized, it has become the criterion standard for abdominally based breast reconstruction owing to its low donor site morbidity, excellent cosmetic outcomes, and high success rates. The purpose of this review is to determine if a unilateral pedicle TRAM flap has become obsolete to DIEP flap. Methods Literature review was performed with key words DIEP flap, pedicled TRAM flap, and comparison of DIEP flap to unilateral pedicled TRAM flap. Specific journals reviewed were Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Annals of Plastic Surgery. Flaps were compared in the studies with respect to donor site morbidity, flap-related complications, operative time, length of hospital stay, patient satisfaction, and cost. Results Abdominal bulge and/or hernia were found to be statistically higher in pedicled TRAM patients in most of the studies reviewed. Also, uniformly flap fat necrosis rate was lower in DIEP patients. Rate of partial flap necrosis, total flap loss, hematoma, seroma, delayed healing, and infection varied in the studies with respect to both flaps without definitive trend towards specific flap technique. Overall patient satisfaction appeared to be higher in DIEP group in several studies. No significant differences between length of hospital stay, overall complication rates, and operative times between DIEP and unilateral pedicled TRAM patients were noted, and the results varied across different studies. Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap reconstructions were associated with higher overall cost in one study. Conclusions In a carefully selected patient and circumstances where microsurgery is suboptimal, unipedicled TRAM flap can be a safe and viable option with satisfactory outcomes. It should continue to remain as part of core plastic surgery training and armamentarium of plastic surgeons in autologous breast reconstruction.
Demonstration of the Renal Cortex, Medulla and Arcuate Vessels by Grey-Scale Ultrasonography

The parenchyma of the kidney is generally considered to be relatively homogeneous and sonolucent in appearance. We have noted that in approximately half of the patients examined on current grey scale equipment, the cortex and medulla can be appreciated as distinct structures. In most of these patients, the arcuate artery and vein can also be seen as a zone of punctate echoes at the corticomedullary junction. The purpose of this paper is to describe this normal anatomy using side-by-side cadaver sections and corresponding ultrasound tomograms and to discuss the application of this anatomy to renal disease.
Photosynthetic membrane development in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. II. Correlation of pigment incorporation with morphological aspects of thylakoid formation.

Cells ofRhodopseudomonas spheroides were depigmented by aerobic growth in the light and then transferred to 4% oxygen in the dark to induce pigment synthesis. Pigment synthesis and photochemical activity were measured fluorometrically. In conjunction with the fluorescence studies, thylakoid morphogenesis was followed by electron microscopy of thin sections of cells fixed during the repigmentation process. Both bacteriochlorophyli and the onset of photochemical activity were detected before distinct thylakoids were observed. Subsequent bacteriochlorophyll synthesis was associated with a gradual increase in the thylakoid content throughout the developmental process. The results obtained strongly indicate that initially the cytoplasmic membrane is modified by pigment incorporation, possibly at specific sites, and that the bacteriochlorophyll is photochemically active in the pigmented cytoplasmic membrane or in the early stages of invagination. Finally, in a confirmation of previous hypotheses, these studies provide evidence for the origin of the thylakoids as a protrusion and invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane. This is followed by constriction and subsequent proliferation and branching to form a continuous membrane system which gives rise to chromatophores upon cellular disruption.
Exploration-exploitation tradeoffs and information-knowledge gaps in self-regulated learning: Implications for learner-controlled training and development

Abstract Learning in modern organizations often involves managing a tradeoff between exploration (i.e., knowledge expansion) and exploitation (i.e., knowledge refinement). In this paper, we consider the implications of this tradeoff in the context of learner-controlled training and development. We then propose a model that integrates research on control theory, curiosity, and skill acquisition to explain how information knowledge gaps (i.e., gaps between what learners believe they know and what they desire to know) guide resource allocation decisions throughout the learning process. Using this model, we present testable propositions regarding (a) the different approaches learners take when resolving exploration-exploitation tradeoffs, (b) how systematic changes in learner perceptions translate into changes in systematic learner behavior, and (c) how common biases in key learner perceptions can undermine the functioning of self-regulated learning in training and development contexts. We finish with a discussion of the model's implications for the science and practice of training and development.
Performance and reliability of the Y-Balance Test™ in high school athletes.

Background Lower extremity injuries account for 32.9% of the overall injuries in high school athletes. Previous research has suggested that asymmetry greater than 4 cm using the Y-Balance Test™ Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) in the anterior direction is predictive of non-contact injuries in adults and collegiate athletes. The prevalence of asymmetries or abnormal YBT-LQ performance is not well documented for adolescents. The primary purposes of this study are: 1) to characterize the prevalence of YBT-LQ asymmetries and performance in a cross-sectional sample of adolescents; 2) to examine possible differences in performance on the YBT-LQ between male and female adolescents; and 3) to describe the test-retest reliability of the YBT-LQ in a subsample of adolescents. Methods Observational cross-sectional study. High-school athletes completed the YBT-LQ as main outcome measure. Results A total of 51 male and 59 female high-school athletes participated in this study. Asymmetries greater than 4cm in the posteromedial (PM) reach direction were most prevalent for male (54.9%) and female (50.8%) participants. Females presented with slightly higher composite scores. Good reliability (ICC=0.89) was found for the anterior (ANT) direction, and moderate reliability with 0.76 for posterolateral (PL) and 0.63 for PM directions. The MDC95 for the ANT direction was 6% and 12% for both the PL and PM directions. Conclusions The YBT-LQ performance can be beneficial in assessing recovery in an injured extremity compared to the other limb. However, due to the large MDC95, noted in the PM and PL directions, the differences between sequential testing cannot be attributed to true change in balance unless they exceed the MDC95. In this study, 79% of the athletes presented with at least one asymmetry in YBT-LQ reach distances. Moderate reliability in the PL and PM directions warrants reexamination of the definition of asymmetry in these directions.
What’s in a Circle? Spinoza, Leibniz, Marlowe, Shakespeare, Keats

Both mathematics and poetry search for the conditions of intelligibility—the conditions of order, organization, meaningfulness—of the world and human life. Plato’s Socrates proposed, in the Republic, Book VI, that the things of mathematics and the things in the heavens inhabit the realm of Being, of eternity and truth, whereas we human beings find ourselves down here in the world, in the realm of Becoming, of generation and corruption, of opinion. As I noted earlier, we owe to Aristotle, and to Euclid, the useful notion of a middle term; they are both indebted to Plato’s analogy of the Divided Line in the Republic, Book VI, 509d-511e. The analogy is stated in terms of a proportion, the assertion of a similitude (not an equality) between two ratios: the ratio A:B is similar to the ratio C:D and also to the ratio A + B:C + D.
Cultural Ecosystem Services Meet Broader Frameworks in Public Health

Throughout the years, scholars and practitioners in the environmental and public health fields have experienced communication issues due to differences in disciplinary background, explanatory frameworks, and streams of funding. As a result, public health professionals have rarely discussed the ecosystem services derived from green spaces until recently. Ecologists and natural scientists interested in improving the ecosystem health of natural spaces have not traditionally emphasized the potential impacts on human health in their published work. Despite these disciplinary gaps, public health and ecosystem services derived from green spaces are inextricably linked. Green spaces provide regulating, supporting, provisioning, and cultural services that benefit people. Green spaces also fit within the broader framework of social determinants of health, which describe how a person’s social and natural environment impacts their health and well-being. We discuss how these socio-ecological frameworks connect green space with public health, and we explain how green space initiatives have been used to promote public health in the United States.
Robinson, Andrews, and Marshall: A Case of Arguing at Cross Purposes?

The collected papers of Sir Austin Robinson held in Cambridge’s Marshall Library contain documents including correspondence that reveal Robinson’s steadfast opposition to the empirical work underta...
Comparative Analysis of Predictive Control Systems Applied to a Grid-Tied NPC Inverter

In this paper, two control methods based on predictive technique have been proposed for NPC grid tied inverter. The first method is the well-known Finite Set Model Predictive Controller (FS-MPC). It deals with the finite number of the converter switching states that optimizes a predefined cost function. The absence of the modulator in steady state performance results in generating variable switching frequency increasing system losses. Model Predictive Control with constant switching frequency (MPC-CSF), is introduced and discussed. The algorithm of MPC-CSF works in finding the optimal angle of the voltage vector in the first loop and then in finding the optimal amplitude of the voltage vector in the second loop. Simulations for the two proposed concepts were performed on Matlab/Simulink in order to verify their performance. Both methods are compared with respect to their complexity, simplicity, ability to inject current with low THD, dynamic response, and capacitor voltage balance.
On Structural Properties of Optimal Feedback Control of Traffic Flow under the Cell Transmission Model

In this paper, we investigate the structure of the finite-time optimal feedback control for a linear freeway traffic network modeled by the Cell Transmission Model. Piecewise affine supply and demand functions are considered and optimization with respect to a general linear objective function is studied. Using the framework of multi-parametric linear programming, we show that the optimal feedback control can be represented in a closed-form by a piecewise affine function on polyhedra of the network traffic density. The resulting optimal feedback control law, however, has a centralized structure and requires instantaneous access to the state of the entire network that may lead to prohibitive communication requirements in large-scale complex networks. We subsequently examine the design of a decentralized optimal feedback controller with a one-hop information structure, wherein the optimum outflow rate from each segment of the network depends only on the density of that segment and the density of the segment immediately downstream. The proposed control strategy has a simple closed-form representation and is scalable to arbitrarily large networks. Moreover, we demonstrate that, with respect to certain meaningful linear performance indexes, the centralized optimal controller has a decentralized realization.
Correlation of Provider Burnout With Patient Experience

Initiatives to mitigate physician burnout and improve patient experience occur largely in isolation. At the level of the department/division, we found lower physician burnout was associated with a more positive patient experience. Physician Maslach Burnout Inventory data and patient Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Clinician and Group experience scores were significantly correlated with 5 of 12 patient experience questions: "Got Routine Care Appointment" (-0.632, P = .001), "Recommend Provider" (-0.561, P = .005), "Provider Knew Medical History" (-0.532, P = .009), "Got Urgent Care Appointment" (-0.518, P = .014), and "Overall Rating" (-0.419, P = .047). These correlations suggest burnout and experience might be better addressed in tandem. Principles to guide an integrated approach are suggested.
Two-Dimensional Cellular and Three-Dimensional Bio-Printed Skin Models to Screen Topical-Use Compounds for Irritation Potential

Assessing skin irritation potential is critical for the safety evaluation of topical drugs and other consumer products such as cosmetics. The use of advanced cellular models, as an alternative to replace animal testing in the safety evaluation for both consumer products and ingredients, is already mandated by law in the European Union (EU) and other countries. However, there has not yet been a large-scale comparison of the effects of topical-use compounds in different cellular skin models. This study assesses the irritation potential of topical-use compounds in different cellular models of the skin that are compatible with high throughput screening (HTS) platforms. A set of 451 topical-use compounds were first tested for cytotoxic effects using two-dimensional (2D) monolayer models of primary neonatal keratinocytes and immortalized human keratinocytes. Forty-six toxic compounds identified from the initial screen with the monolayer culture systems were further tested for skin irritation potential on reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) and full thickness skin (FTS) three-dimensional (3D) tissue model constructs. Skin irritation potential of the compounds was assessed by measuring tissue viability, trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and secretion of cytokines interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) and interleukin 18 (IL-18). Among known irritants, high concentrations of methyl violet and methylrosaniline decreased viability, lowered TEER, and increased IL-1α secretion in both RhE and FTS models, consistent with irritant properties. However, at low concentrations, these two compounds increased IL-18 secretion without affecting levels of secreted IL-1α, and did not reduce tissue viability and TEER, in either RhE or FTS models. This result suggests that at low concentrations, methyl violet and methylrosaniline have an allergic potential without causing irritation. Using both HTS-compatible 2D cellular and 3D tissue skin models, together with irritation relevant activity endpoints, we obtained data to help assess the irritation effects of topical-use compounds and identify potential dermal hazards.
Dynamic Flow Distribution Prediction for Urban Dockless E-Scooter Sharing Reconfiguration

Thanks to recent progresses in mobile payment, IoT, electric motors, batteries and location-based services, Dockless E-scooter Sharing (DES) has become a popular means of last-mile commute for a growing number of (smart) cities. As e-scooters are getting deployed dynamically and flexibly across city regions that expand and/or shrink, with subsequent social, commercial and environmental evaluation, accurate prediction of the distribution of e-scooters given reconfigured regions becomes essential for the city planners and service providers. To meet this need, we propose GCScoot, a novel dynamic flow distribution prediction for reconfiguring urban DES systems. Based on the real-world datasets with reconfiguration, we analyze the mobility features of the e-scooter distribution and flow dynamics for the data-driven designs. To adapt to dynamic reconfiguration of DES deployment, we propose a novel spatio-temporal graph capsule neural network within GCScoot to predict the future dockless e-scooter flows given the reconfigured regions. GCScoot preprocesses the historical spatial e-scooter distributions into flow graph structures, where discretized city regions are considered as nodes and their mutual flows as edges. Given data-driven designs regarding distance, ride flows and region connectivity, the dynamic region-to-region correlations embedded within the temporal flow graphs are captured through the graph capsule neural network which accurately predicts the DES flows. We have conducted extensive empirical studies upon three different e-scooter datasets (>2.8 million rides in total) in populous US cities including Austin TX, Louisville KY and Minneapolis MN. The evaluation results have corroborated the accuracy and effectiveness of GCScoot in predicting dynamic distribution of dockless e-scooters’ mobility.
Instantaneous helical axis estimation of glenohumeral kinematics: The impact of rotator cuff pathology

The rotator cuff is theorized to contribute to force couples required to produce glenohumeral kinematics. Impairment in these force couples would theoretically result in impaired ball-and-socket kinematics. Although less frequently used than traditional kinematic descriptors (e.g., Euler angles, joint translations), helical axes are capable of identifying alterations in ball-and-socket kinematics by quantifying the variability (i.e., dispersion) in axis orientation and position during motion. Consequently, assessing glenohumeral helical dispersion may provide indirect evidence of rotator cuff function. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the extent to which rotator cuff pathology is associated with alterations in ball-and-socket kinematics. Fifty-one participants were classified into one of five groups based on an assessment of the supraspinatus using diagnostic imaging: asymptomatic healthy, asymptomatic tendinosis, asymptomatic partial-thickness tear, asymptomatic full-thickness tear, symptomatic full-thickness tear. Glenohumeral kinematics were quantified during coronal plane abduction using a biplane x-ray system and described using instantaneous helical axes. The degree to which glenohumeral motion coincided with ball-and-socket kinematics was described using the angular and positional dispersion about the optimal helical axis and pivot, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between groups in angular dispersion. However, symptomatic individuals with a full-thickness supraspinatus tear had significantly more positional dispersion than asymptomatic individuals with a healthy supraspinatus or tendinosis. These findings suggest that symptomatic individuals with a full-thickness supraspinatus tear exhibit impaired ball-and-socket kinematics, which is believed to be associated with a disruption of the glenohumeral force couples.
Using a Simulated Model and Mastery Learning Approach to Teach the Ultrasound‐guided Serratus Anterior Plane Block to Emergency Medicine Residents: A Pilot Study

Background The serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) is a safe, single-injection alternative for pain control in patients with rib fractures. This pilot study aims to teach the ultrasound-guided SAPB to emergency medicine (EM) residents using a mastery learning approach. Methods A 19-item checklist was created and mastery was determined to be 17 of 19 items correct. This pass score was established using a Mastery Angoff standard-setting exercise with a group of EM experts. Learners participated in baseline testing on a simulated model and performance was assessed by two raters. Learners then watched an instructional video and participated in an individualized teaching session. Learners underwent deliberate practice followed by posttesting until mastery was achieved. Score differences in baseline testing and posttesting were analyzed using a paired t-test. Pre- and posttesting surveys were also completed by participants. Results Twenty-eight PGY-1 to -4 residents volunteered to participate in the study. The range of reported SAPBs seen previously was 0 to 5. The mean (±SD) number of items correct on the checklist for initial testing was 8.5 of 19 (±2.7), while the mean (±SD) final score was 18 of 19 (±0.6; p < 0.001). All participants met mastery standards after the curriculum intervention. Median self-reported procedural confidence was 2 out of 5 on a 5-point Likert scale before the session and 5 out of 5 after the session (Z = -4.681, p < 0.001). Conclusions Using a mastery learning approach and simulated model, we were able to successfully train EM residents to perform the SAPB at a level of mastery and increase their overall confidence in executing this procedure.
USDA Northeast Climate Hub Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Workshop Technical Report

To understand the challenges to implementing the Greenhouse Gas Building Blocks for Climate Smart Agriculture and Forestry within the Northeast and discuss opportunities to overcome those challenges and expand the effectiveness of USDA in reducing GHG loads in the Northeast.
Examining heart rate variability as an indicator of top-down inhibitory control over emotions and eating behaviors among individuals with and without binge eating.

Abstract Objective Guilt increases prior to objective binge-eating episodes (OBE) and decreases following OBE, suggesting that OBE may function to regulate negative affective states. Rapid eating, a common feature of OBE, may be an observable indication of difficulty regulating eating. Heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of parasympathetic activity, is an indicator of top-down inhibitory control and indicates emotion regulation attempts. We aimed to test the effect of guilt on consumption rate and change in HRV among individuals with (+) and without (-) OBE. Method Participants (N = 86) underwent a mood induction (randomized to either a neutral mood or a guilt condition) and were then provided with 32 ounces (0.95 L) of Boost® meal replacement shake (960 kcal) and instructed to consume until they felt satisfied. Guilt was measured at baseline, prior to consumption, and following consumption. HRV was measured throughout. Results Participants in the guilt condition reported higher guilt prior to consumption than individuals in the neutral mood condition, primarily driven by individuals with low HRV. Guilt decreased following consumption among individuals with low HRV in the guilt condition. The OBE+ individuals did not consume more or at an overall faster rate than OBE- individuals. Guilt prior to consumption did not lead to faster initial rates among OBE+ individuals; although, OBE+ individuals who experienced an increase in HRV from prior to during consumption demonstrated faster initial rates and greater changes in rate over time. Discussion When experiencing negative emotions, individuals with OBE may experience increases in parasympathetic functioning while eating, reinforcing OBE as a facilitator of emotion regulation.
Assessing the Validity of Lexical Diversity Indices Using Direct Judgements

Indices of lexical diversity have been used to estimate the size of a writer’s vocabulary and/or a writer’s lexical proficiency for some time. One issue with many commonly used indices of lexical d...
Asymmetric Hedonic Contrast: Pain Is More Contrast Dependent Than Pleasure.

Research has shown that hedonic-contrast effects are a ubiquitous and important phenomenon. In eight studies (N = 4,999) and four supplemental studies (N = 1,809), we found that hedonic-contrast ef...
Student Survey Results of a Virtual Medical Student Course Developed as a Platform for Neurosurgical Education During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

Background Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, medical students training in neurosurgery relied on external subinternships at institutions nationwide for immersive educational experiences and to increase their odds of matching. However, external rotations for the 2020–2021 cycle were suspended given concerns of spreading COVID-19. Our objective was to provide foundational neurosurgical knowledge expected of interns, bootcamp-style instruction in basic procedures, and preinterview networking opportunities for students in an accessible, virtual format. Methods The virtual neurosurgery course consisted of 16 biweekly 1-hour seminars over a 2-month period. Participants completed comprehensive precourse and postcourse surveys assessing their backgrounds, confidence in diverse neurosurgical concepts, and opinions of the qualities of the seminars. Responses from students completing both precourse and postcourse surveys were included. Results An average of 82 students participated live in each weekly lecture (range, 41–150). Thirty-two participants completed both surveys. On a 1–10 scale self-assessing baseline confidence in neurosurgical concepts, participants were most confident in neuroendocrinology (6.79 ± 0.31) and least confident in spine oncology (4.24 ± 0.44), with an average of 5.05 ± 0.32 across all topics. Quality ratings for all seminars were favorable. The mean postcourse confidence was 7.79 ± 0.19, representing an improvement of 3.13 ± 0.38 (P Conclusions Feedback on seminar quality and improvements in confidence in neurosurgical topics suggest that an interactive virtual course may be an effective means of improving students' foundational neurosurgical knowledge and providing networking opportunities before application cycles. Comparison with in-person rotations when these are reestablished may help define roles for these tools.
Three-dimensional (3D) Non-volatile SRAM with IWO Transistor and HZO Ferroelectric Capacitor

We propose a 3D non-volatile SRAM (nvSRAM) design with the experimentally demonstrated BEOL transistors with W doped In 2 O 3 (IWO) channel as isolation/access transistors and ferroelectric (FE) Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 (HZO) capacitors as non-volatile memory (NVM) elements. The added 4 BEOL transistors and 2 Fe capacitors are integrated on top of a 6 transistor SRAM cell without any area overhead. By decoupling the storage nodes from the FE capacitors, our design can show better retention of the FE capacitors as well as less impact on SRAM read and write static noise margin. The proposed nvSRAM is compatible with advanced technology node (e.g. 28nm or beyond) by delivering the write voltage (V w ) for the FE capacitors (~2V) from BEOL transistor while maintain the SRAM at VDD 10ms can benefit from the nvSRAM.
Managing Digital Identities: A Grounded Theory of Mental Health Professionals’ Participation in Online Social Networking

Despite the meteoric rise of social media, little is known about how clinical social workers and other mental health professionals respond to this new form of communication. This study used classic...
Legal Mobilization on the Terrain of the State: Creating a Field of Immigrant Rights Lawyering in France and the United States

Scholarship on law and social movements has focused attention primarily on the United States, and secondarily on countries that share the Anglo‐American legal tradition. The politics of law and social movements in other national legal contexts remains underexamined. The analysis in this article contrasts legal mobilizations for immigrant rights in France and the United States, and explores the relations between national fields of power and legal practices. I trace the institutionalization of immigrant rights legal organizations in each country and argue that the divergent organizational forms and litigation strategies adopted by professionalized movement organizations reflect the dynamics of the nationally distinct fields of power relations within which law reform has been conducted. My analysis links the material and symbolic resources available to law reformers to the relative authority of private and public juridical actors in each state.
Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The nonlinear load-displacement relationship—the stress-strain relationship with a nonlinear function of stress, strain, and/or time; changes in geometry due to large displacements; irreversible structural behavior upon removal of the external loads; change in boundary conditions such as a change in the contact area and the influence of loading sequence on the behavior of the structure—requires a nonlinear structural analysis. The structural nonlinearities can be classified as geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity, and contact or boundary nonlinearity.
Adaptive control for nonnegative and compartmental dynamical systems with applications to general anesthesia

Nonnegative and compartmental dynamical system models are composed of homogeneous interconnected subsystems or compartments which exchange variable nonnegative quantities of material with conservation laws describing transfer, accumulation, and excretion between the compartments and the environment. These models are widespread in biological and physiological sciences and play a key role in understanding these processes. In this paper, we develop a direct adaptive control framework for linear uncertain nonnegative and compartmental systems. The proposed framework is Lyapunov-based and guarantees partial asymptotic set-point regulation; that is, asymptotic set-point regulation with respect to part of the closed-loop system states associated with the plant. In addition, the adaptive controller guarantees that the physical system states remain in the nonnegative orthant of the state space. Finally, the proposed approach is used to control the infusion of the anesthetic drug propofol for maintaining a desired constant level of depth of anesthesia for noncardiac surgery.
Influencing public policymaking: Firm-, industry-, and country-level determinants

This paper examines the determinants of firms' public policymaking influence. Using a novel and global database that measures firms' perceived influence over the executive and legislative branches of government, a systematic analysis of the firm-, industry-, and country-level determinants, and interrelationships among these determinants of firms' public policymaking influence is undertaken. The empirical results indicate that large firms perceive they have more public policymaking influence than small firms, but these differences are conditioned by the number of industry competitors and the structure of the country political institution environment. Nonmarket strategy implications that follow from this refined understanding are developed and discussed
Cocaine, Hormones, and Behavior: Clinical and Preclinical Studies

Cocaine stimulates the release of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and gonadal hormones in men and women, in nonhuman primates, and in rodents. Repeated activation of the HPA axis and the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis by cocaine can interfere with the complex feedback regulation of these systems and profoundly disrupt reproductive function. Moreover, stimulation of HPA- and HPG-axis hormones may modulate cocaine's behavioral and reinforcing effects under some conditions. Sex and menstrual/estrous cycle phase each appear to influence the abuse-related effects of cocaine. This chapter examines the reciprocal interactions between the acute and chronic effects of cocaine, HPA- and HPG-axis hormones, and cocaine-related behaviors. An increased understanding of neurobiology of cocaine and its interactions with sex and neuroactive hormones may lead to new approaches to treatment of cocaine abuse.
Management of the Pediatric Nuclear Medicine Patient (or Children Are Not Small Adults)

This is the first of a four-part continuing education series on pediatric nuclear medicine. After reading and studying this article, the nuclear medicine technologist will be able to: (1) identify clinical indications for performing nuclear medicine studies in children; (2) compare and contrast nuclear medicine procedures for adult and pediatric patients; (3) compare and contrast radiopharmaceuticals to select the most appropriate for performing pediatric studies; (4) discuss radiation protection techniques used in pediatric nuclear medicine; (5) identify the principles of pediatric radiopharmaceutical dose calculation and determine dosages using common calculation methods; (6) identify possible injection sites and administration methods useful in pediatric nuclear medicine; (7) compare radiopharmaceutical clearance times and imaging times in adults and children; (8) identify the collimators of choice for most procedures performed in children; (9) recognize certain behaviors exhibited by children according to their stage of emotional development and anticipate children’s response to the hospital setting; and (10) describe patient immobilization techniques and discuss the advantages of physical restraint over sedation. Information about CEU (VOICE) credit appears immediately following this article.
Assessment Procedures for Skills-Based MBA Courses Adapted from the U.S. Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Leadership Development Program

Measuring student progress toward the achievement of learning outcomes in negotiation skills courses is a difficult task. Measuring the effectiveness of the delivery of course instruction can be equally challenging. This article proposes some answers to these questions: How can student performance in skills such as negotiation, leadership, and teamwork (sometimes referred to as “soft skills”) be effectively measured and accurately evaluated? What standards can be used to determine whether student performance is superior, adequate, or inferior? How can teaching effectiveness be evaluated to determine whether students are receiving the instruction necessary to achieve the course learning objectives? This article describes how the authors collaborated on an adaptation of the assessment processes used in the U.S. Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadet Leadership Development Program for use in an MBA course on negotiation skills. We report on a pilot effort that has demonstrated that the ROTC-style leadership assessment process can be successfully adapted for use in a graduate course on negotiation and that it provides useful means for evaluating both individual student performance and overall course effectiveness. While our work involved a negotiation course, we suggest that the process could be adapted for use in other skills-oriented courses such as leadership.
Epilepsy: Insights into Higher Brain Functions in Humans

The sections in this article are: 1 Focal Neocortical Seizures 1.1 Basic Mechanisms of Seizure Discharges 1.2 Functional Organization of Interictal Focus 1.3 Functional Anatomy of Focal Motor Seizures 1.4 Focal Sensory Seizures 2 Summary: Neocortical Seizures 3 Limbic System Seizures 3.1 Basic Aspects 3.2 Ictal Phenomena 3.3 Interictal Behavior 4 Summary: Limbic System Seizures 5 Conclusions