cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A positive genetic selection for disrupting protein–protein interactions: Identification of CREB mutations that prevent association with the coactivator CBP

We have developed a variation of the yeast two-hybrid system (1) that permits identification of factors that abrogate or “split” the association of two interacting proteins. This yeast genetic assay, which we have termed the “split-hybrid system,” can also be used to screen for mutations that block specific associations. The split-hybrid system converts the disruption of a protein–protein interaction into a positive selection by using the Escherichia coli Tn10-encoded tet-repressor (TetR) operator system (2). We have engineered LexA binding sites upstream of the TetR gene and have placed TetR binding sites (tet operators) upstream from a nutritional reporter gene, HIS3. Interaction of one protein fused to LexA (which contains a DNA binding domain) with a second protein fused to the VP16 activation domain results in the expression of TetR, which binds to the tet operators, blocking expression of HIS3 and preventing yeast growth in media lacking histidine. As with the conventional yeast two-hybrid system, this method allows large numbers of clones to be screened by a selection. In addition, the interaction of TetR with tet operators can be abolished by tetracycline (Tc). The ability to modulate the selection with Tc is useful when the protein fused to LexA has intrinsic activating capability. Furthermore, 3-aminotriazole (3AT), an inhibitor of the histidine pathway, can be used when the interaction of two proteins is relatively weak and unable to produce sufficient TetR to block histidine production fully. In the present study, we examined two established protein–protein interactions: the serum response factor (SRF) and human T-cell leukemia virus protein Tax and the transcription factor CREB and its binding protein (CBP). Tax activates the c-fos promoter through the serum response element (3). This activation results from a direct interaction between Tax and SRF, as Tax does not bind to the serum response element directly (4, 5). CBP is a coactivator of CREB that mediates the transactivation of cAMP-responsive promoters (6, 7). cAMP activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates CREB at Ser-133, located in the kinase-inducible domain (KID). The phosphorylation of Ser-133 allows CREB to associate with CBP (6). In this paper, we demonstrate that these interactions prevent growth in the yeast split-hybrid strains. In contrast, the expression of CBP and a CREB mutant (CREB-M1; Ser-133 → Ala), which is unable to bind CBP, prevents production of TetR and allows the yeast to grow. We used the split-hybrid system to screen for other mutations in CREB that disrupt its association with CBP and determined that most of the mutations were located within a small region immediately adjacent to the PKA phosphorylation site.
Peter Olivi's Rejection of God's Concurrence with Created Causes

The relationship between divine and created causality was widely discussed in medieval and early modern philosophy. Contemporary scholars of these discussions typically stake out three possible positions: occasionalism, concurrentism, and mere-conservationism. It is regularly claimed that virtually no medieval thinker adopted the final view which denies that God is an immediate active cause of creaturely actions. The main aim of this paper is to further understanding of the medieval causality debate, and particularly the mere-conservationist position, by analysing Peter John Olivi's neglected defence of it. The paper also includes discussion of Thomas Aquinas's arguments for concurrentism and an analysis of whether Olivi's objections refute his position.
Asymptotic analysis of queueing systems with reneging: A survey of results for FIFO, single class models

Abstract In this paper, we survey results for the G I / G I / N + G I queueing model. Our focus is on finding situations in which simple performance measure approximations can be developed. To do this, we study the behavior of the G I / G I / N + G I queue in the conventional heavy traffic and Halfin–Whitt limit regimes, and we also discuss the overloaded regime in which there is a single server as well as the overloaded many-server regime.
Lymphadenectomy for isolated lymph node metastasis from extremity soft-tissue sarcomas.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that the prognosis in patients with extremity soft-tissue sarcomas (ESTS) with isolated lymph node (LN) metastases (stage IV) is comparable to that of patients with high-risk ESTS without metastases (stage III). This study was performed to determine the outcomes of patients who underwent aggressive therapy, including lymphadenectomy in patients with LN metastasis from ESTS. METHODS Demographic details, pathology of the primary disease, timing of LN metastasis, and details of the multimodality treatment were obtained from the medical records of 35 patients with nodal metastasis from ESTS who were treated between 1981 and 2003. Survival after the diagnosis of primary disease and LN metastasis was compared with established historical outcomes for patients with American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) stages III and IV ESTS. RESULTS Epithelioid sarcomas (23%) and malignant fibrous histiocytomas (23%) were the most common primary histologic types. Twenty (57%) patients presented with synchronous nodal metastasis. Median follow-up from the time of diagnosis of lymph node metastasis was 48.5 months. The 1-year, 2-year, and5-year actuarial survival rates in patients with synchronous nodal metastasis after lymphadenectomy and additional therapy were 79%, 62%, and 52%, respectively. In comparison, the 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year actuarial survival rates in patients with metachronous nodal metastasis after lymphadenectomy and additional therapy were 100%, 95%, and 66%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with isolated regional lymph node metastases who are treated with aggressive approaches, including regional LN dissection, may experience prolonged survival similar to that which more closely approximates the survival seen in patients with stage III disease (5-year survival rate, 50%) rather than the survival seen in patients with stage IV disease (5-year survival rate, 25%). These data lend support for reconsideration of the current AJCC staging system for ESTS. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
On the stability of azirinyl and diazirinyl cations

Abstract The stabilities of the experimentally unknown azirinyl and diazirinyl cations are discussed on the basis of results from ab initio molecular orbital calculations.
Wireless Sensor Network Technology and Its Application Potentials for Service Innovation in Supply Chain Management

The growing awareness of the strategic value of service along with higher product performance expectations has directed many industries to adopt service centric competitive strategies in managing their supply chains. Service innovation based on currently available advanced technologies has become critical in improving enterprisesâ€™ competitive strengths. Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology, which can provide a mobile, scalable, and reliable monitoring solution, is emerging as a tool for service innovation in supply chain management. This paper provides an overview of wireless sensor network technology and discusses how it can benefit modern industries. The fundamental theories of WSN are introduced as well as an overview of the development. The impact of information technologies on supply chain management and service innovation is then briefly discussed. Much emphasis is placed on the feasibility, procedures, and critical challenges of implementing WSN in supply chain management innovation. Current and future applications of WSN are also provided, followed by a case study demonstrating the application potentials of WSN for service innovation in the healthcare industry.
Diffusion Coefficient−Formula Weight Correlation Analysis via Diffusion-Ordered Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (DOSY NMR) To Examine Acylglycerol Mixtures and Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters derived from vegetable oils, is a well-established alternative to petroleum diesel. We have developed a rapid 1H diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY NMR) method to resolve mixtures of mono-, di-, and triacyglycerols along with their methyl esters. Because of the differences in diffusion coefficients between the starting materials (triglycerides), intermediates (mono- and diglycerols), and products (methyl esters), we were able to accurately predict the formula weights of these species in solution. This technique was used to monitor transesterification reactions of virgin and waste vegetable oils. In addition to proving its utility to assess conversion of starting materials, we found that 1,3-diacylglycerol is the major intermediate formed during alkali-catalyzed biodiesel production.
Calibration systems for the CDF central electromagnetic calorimeter

Abstract The central electromagnetic calorimeter for the Collider Detector at Fermilab was calibrated in a test beam of 50 GeV/ c electrons. This calibration is maintained on long time scales with individual 137 Cs sources for each module, and on short time scales with individual LED and xenon flasher systems on each module. The ratio of the 50 GeV/ c electron response to the response to a 137 Cs source is assumed to be constant; tests on the order of a month indicate a reproducibility of ± 0.4%. An average 2% loss of light yield over a period of 2 years has been observed.
Exploring the effectiveness of tazobactam against ceftazidime resistant Escherichia coli: insights from the comparison between susceptibility testing and β-lactamase inhibition

Thirteen clinical isolates of Escherichia coli resistant to ceftazidime that possessed an AmpC and other (β-lactamases were identified. The effectiveness of different formulations of piperacillin/tazobactam to other β-lactams was compared. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, polymerase chain reaction, amplification of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaAmpC, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to identify AmpC β-lactamases were performed. Hydrolysis rates were obtained and residual enzymatic activity was determined. Cefepime and ertapenem were more active than piperacillin/tazobactam. In contrast, increasing the relative proportion of tazobactam improved susceptibility testing. Twenty micromolar tazobactam inhibited total β-lactamase activity (as measured by nitrocefin hydrolysis rates) by greater than 75% against all isolates tested: in 11 of 13 E. coli isolates, total β-lactamase activity was inhibited by 90%. The observed differences between MIC determinations and susceptibility to enzymatic inactivation by tazobactam against E. coli containing AmpC and other β-lactamases may be due to the final tazobactam concentration achieved in the periplasmic space. Factors determining this are critical considerations in assessing β-lactamase inhibitor potency.
‘Is mining good for development?’ the intellectual history of an unsettled question

The paper presents a general overview of the intellectual history of the question of mining in the development field. It describes the leading development theories and their normative claims with r...
Spatial and temporal organization of actin during hydration, activation, and germination of pollen in Pyrus communis L.: a population study

Dynamics of F-actin organization during activation and germination ofPyrus communis (pear) pollen was examined using rhodaminephalloidin. Prior to activation, the rhodamine-phalloidin labelling pattern appeared as circular profiles in the peripheral cytoplasm of the vegetative cell and as coarse granules around the vegetative nucleus. In activated pollen, parallel arrays of cortical F-actin were aligned circumferentially, along the polar axis in non-apertural areas of the pollen grain, and at 45° to 90° to the polar axis beneath the apertures. Some pollen also showed fluorescent granules or fusiform bodies dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, but as the number of such pollen diminished with prolonged incubation, these are being considered as intermediate patterns. In later stages, the filaments became organized as interapertural bundles traversing the three apertures. However, prior to emergence of the pollen tube, labelling became confined to a single aperture. In germinated pollen grains, actin microfilaments are aligned more or less axially with respect to the axis of the developing pollen tube. The granular labelling pattern seen around the vegetative nucleus prior to pollen activation also became clearly filamentous with pollen activation; this filamentous pattern persisted until germination when it was replaced by cables that aligned longitudinally with respect to the emerging tube axis. The results demonstrate that the organization of actin undergoes considerable changes in the period preceding pollen germination and that microfilament polarization is achieved before pollen germination.
Mechanism for the Photochemical Production of Superoxide by Quinacrine

Transient absorption spectroscopy has been used to elucidate the UV-A induced photodynamics of quinacrine. Following excitation of quinacrine in a pH 7.2 buffer solution at 395 nm, the excited molecule ejects an electron into the surrounding aqueous solution. The quantum efficiency for solvated electron formation at this excitation wavelength is determined to be in the range of 0.20−0.40. These results provide a simple mechanism that accounts for the generation of superoxide (O2-) following UV excitation of quinacrine in aqueous solution.
Decreased transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in rats lacking the short form of the leptin receptor

Leptin is produced in adipose tissue in the periphery, but its satiety effect is exerted in the CNS that it reaches by a saturable transport system across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The short form of the leptin receptor has been hypothesized to be the transporter, with impaired transport of leptin being implicated in obesity. In Koletsky rats, the splice variant that gives rise to the short form of the leptin receptor contains a point mutation that results in marked obesity. We studied the transport of leptin across the BBB in Koletsky rats and found it to be significantly less than in their lean littermates. By contrast, Sprague-Dawley rats matched in weight to each of these two groups showed no difference in the blood-to-brain influx of leptin. HPLC showed that most of the leptin crossing the BBB in rats remained intact and capillary depletion showed that most of the leptin reached the parenchyma of the brain. The results indicate that the short form of the leptin receptor is involved in the transport of leptin across the BBB.
Detection of West Nile virus sequences in cerebrospinal fluid

We have established a sensitive and specific real-time PCR method for detection of West Nile virus. Analysis of specimens obtained during the 1999 New York outbreak indicated the presence of viral sequences in cerebrospinal fluid of all of four individuals with fatal outcomes, and in only one of four who survived.
THE FADING DREAM OF RETIREMENT: SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE RETIREMENT DECISION

Considerable attention has been directed at analyzing the lifestyle of retirees and how they adapt to their new stage of the life course. The literature largely treats this stage as a given and suggests Boomers (1946–1965) will retire as the preceding two generations have retired. But retirement in one's early- to mid-sixties is a relatively new stage of the life course and may soon become little more than a fond memory. The social conditions driving the changes that will keep people in the workplace longer than anticipated are examined in this article. These changes may not all be negative; indeed, there are considerable positive consequences for individuals remaining in the workforce longer. One of these is obviously the ability to remain economically vibrant. The other is that outside the workplace people have precious few social connections, and social networks are crucial for many if they are to maintain a positive self-image.
The influence of travel experience on mature travelers' quality of life

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of past travel experience (i.e., number of trips and number of days away from home in last year), and on mature travelersâ€™ quality of life (i.e., self-perceived health and global life satisfaction). A total number of 217 respondents (50+) in a southern state were used in this study. Path analysis (PROC CALIS in SAS) was performed to test the proposed model. An estimation of the proposed theoretical model revealed that the model fit the data. However, the model should be further examined and applied with caution.
A conservationist’s view of oil and gas exploration

I was asked to write an article regarding my impressions of the environmental impact of seismic lines. I thought long and hard about this. I remembered back in the 1970s and early 1980s when seismic lines were laid by bulldozers, which were cutting through some of the most beautiful and wild places in the Colorado Plateau, badlands of North Dakota, and the arid basins of Wyoming. Seeing bulldozed swaths cutting through these areas so that petroleum companies could shoot a seismic line made one’s heart bleed. The impacts were so severe. I must admit that 20 years later seismic lines have less impact.
Generalized Multivariate Estimator for the Mean of Finite Populations

Abstract Just as ratio estimators are often indicated when the variable y is positively correlated with an auxiliary variable x so product estimators are indicated when y is negatively correlated with x. The method of estimation suggested by Olkin [4] is extended to the case where some or all of the auxiliary variables are positively correlated and some or all are negatively correlated with y.
Effort-Shape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait

The purpose of this study was to identify the movement characteristics associated with positive and negative emotions experienced during walking. Joy, contentment, anger, sadness, and neutral were elicited in 16 individuals, and motion capture data were collected as they walked while experiencing the emotions. Observers decoded the target emotions from side and front view videos of the walking trials; other observers viewed the same videos to rate the qualitative movement features using an Effort-Shape analysis. Kinematic analysis was used to quantify body posture and limb movements during walking with the different emotions. View did not affect decoding accuracy except for contentment, which was slightly enhanced with the front view. Walking speed was fastest for joy and anger, and slowest for sadness. Although walking speed may have accounted for increased amplitude of hip, shoulder, elbow, pelvis and trunk motion for anger and joy compared to sadness, neck and thoracic flexion with sadness, and trunk extension and shoulder depression with joy were independent of gait speed. More differences among emotions occurred with the Effort-Shape rather than the kinematic analysis, suggesting that observer judgments of Effort-Shape characteristics were more sensitive than the kinematic outcomes to differences among emotions.
Divergence of the Flagellar Hook and Filament

Advances in electron cryo-microscopic imaging and three-dimensional helical reconstruction have allowed for the rapid structure determination of the bacterial flagellar hook by Fujii et al. (2009). The resulting model helps explain the unusual mechanical properties of the hook.
The environment, involvement, and performance: implications for the strategic process of food service firms

Abstract This study examines the effect that environmental complexity has on the level and equality of involvement by organizational members across a variety of industries. Chief executives and senior managers were surveyed to determine their perceptions of organizational member involvement in the holistic strategic process and strategy implementation. Arguments that firms match their strategic process with level of complexity, and that an alignment with the environment enhances performance were tested and supported. The sample of firms used for this study was from a variety of industries including food service. Specific implications of these findings are discussed for food service and hospitality firms.
Thermodynamics and dislocation mechanics

Abstract In this paper, a system of thermodynamic relations governing the deformation of strain-rate sensitive elastic-plastic materials is developed. These relations are obtained by assuming that the deformation and entropy of the material are dependent on stress state and temperature, and on certain internal variables which are identified in this paper with dislocation densities, and the mobile fractions of each kind of dislocation. It is postulated (on the basis of physical arguments) that the densities and fractions are governed by certain evolutionary equations. An example is given of a material that derives from these evolutionary equations under quite simple assumptions. It is shown by numerical calculations that this material exhibits the main features observed experimentally in uniaxial stress tests of metals.
Novel morphogenesis in Ax-3, a mutant strain of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum.

The cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum constructs a succession of characteristic structures (grexes) in the multicellular phase of its life cycle. Compared with the wild-type strain, NC-4, grexes of a mutant strain, Ax-3, exhibited a profound prolongation of the early mound stage of development and a premature and exaggerated tendency to construct short, broad and bulbous forms. The aberrant Ax-3 phenotype was partially corrected by increasing the temperature of development, decreasing the plating density, perfusing with fresh air, or by introducing 0.1 mM-formycin B or 3-deazaadenosine into the agar. Mixtures of NC-4 and Ax-3 formed hybrid grexes which often became transformed into toruses by spiral centrifugal movement of the cells. Under other conditions, hybrid mounds developed into binary grex structures, cylindrical columns on top of hemispherical mounds, each component of which completed the morphogenetic sequence independently. The narrow upper structure appeared to be composed primarily of NC-4 cells. These novel patterns of morphogenesis support our hypothesis that the shape of the organism is controlled by the specification of the circumference of loops of cells within the grex.
M180 Amelogenin Processed by MMP20 is Sufficient for Decussating Murine Enamel

Amelogenin (AMELX) and matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP20) are essential for proper enamel development. Amelx and Mmp20 mutations cause amelogenesis imperfecta. MMP20, a protease secreted by ameloblasts, is responsible for processing enamel proteins, including AMELX, during the secretory stage of enamel formation. Of at least 16 different amelogenin splice products, the most abundant isoform found in murine ameloblasts and developing enamel is the M180 protein. To understand the role of MMP20 processing of M180 AMELX, we generated AmelxKO/Mmp20KO (DKO) mice with an amelogenin (M180Tg) transgene. We analyzed the enamel phenotype by SEM to determine enamel structure and thickness, µCT, and by nanoindentation to quantify enamel mechanical properties. M180Tg/DKO mouse enamel had 37% of the hardness of M180Tg/AmelxKO teeth and demonstrated a complete lack of normal prismatic architecture. Although molar enamel of M180Tg/AmelxKO mice was thinner than WT, it had similar mechanical properties and decussating enam...
Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activation mediates mitochondrial injury during oxidant-induced cell death.

Reactive oxidant species are important mediators of tissue injury in shock, inflammation, and reperfusion injury. The actions of a number of these oxidants (e.g., hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, a reactive oxidant produced by the reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide) are mediated in part by the activation of the nuclear nick sensor enzyme, poly(ADP)-ribose synthetase (PARS), with consequent cellular energy depletion. Here we investigated whether PARS activation contributes to the mitochondrial alterations in cells exposed to oxidants. Authentic peroxynitrite (20 microM), the peroxynitrite-generating compound 3-morpholinosidnonimine, the combination of pyrogallol and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine, as well as hydrogen peroxide induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi(m)) in thymocytes, as determined by flow cytometry using the mitochondrial potential sensitive dyes DiOC6(3) and JC-1. A time- and dose-dependent increase in secondary reactive oxygen intermediate production and loss of cardiolipin, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane damage, were also observed, as measured by flow cytometry using the fluorescent dyes dihydroethidine and nonyl-acridine orange, respectively. Inhibition of PARS by 3-aminobenzamide or 5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone attenuated peroxynitrite-induced delta psi(m) reduction, secondary reactive oxygen intermediate generation, cardiolipin degradation, and intracellular calcium mobilization. Furthermore, thymocytes from PARS-deficient animals were protected against the peroxynitrite- and hydrogen peroxide-induced functional and ultrastructural mitochondrial alterations. In conclusion, mitochondrial perturbations during oxidant-mediated cytotoxicity are, to a significant degree, related to PARS activation rather than to direct effects of the oxidants on the mitochondria.
Negative pressure wound therapy for children with an open abdomen

Purpose The utility of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the management of adults with an open abdomen has been well documented. We reviewed our experience with NPWT in the management of infants and children with this condition.
Dewpoint Temperature Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract Dewpoint temperature, the temperature at which water vapor in the air will condense into liquid, can be useful in estimating frost, fog, snow, dew, evapotranspiration, and other meteorological variables. The goal of this study was to use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict dewpoint temperature from 1 to 12 h ahead using prior weather data as inputs. This study explores using three-layer backpropagation ANNs and weather data combined for three years from 20 locations in Georgia, United States, to develop general models for dewpoint temperature prediction anywhere within Georgia. Specific objectives included the selection of the important weather-related inputs, the setting of ANN parameters, and the selection of the duration of prior input data. An iterative search found that, in addition to dewpoint temperature, important weather-related ANN inputs included relative humidity, solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and vapor pressure. Experiments also showed that the best models in...
Statistical back-off method for minimizing interference among distinct network technologies

With the advent of new networking technology operating over license-free bands such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, and HomeRF, network co-existence has become an issue of great concern. This paper presents a method to reduce the interference issue by applying a statistical backoff algorithm to some of the devices in the network. This algorithm modifies the traffic transmitted by devices such that they transmit only when the probability of collision with other systems is lowest. An analytical description of the interference conditions of the channel can then be applied to the device queue to minimize the probability of collision. Simulation results show that, depending on the traffic model selected, this algorithm can provide increases in power efficiency while creating decreases in throughput that are dependent on the selected traffic model.
Generalized Model for Magnetically Insulated Transmission Line Flow

A generalized fluid model is developed for electron flow in a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL). By including electron pressure in the fluid model and allowing nonzero values of the electric field at the cathode, the model can treat both emission and retrapping of flow electrons. For the first time, a direct derivation of the space-charge correction term in the flow equations is also obtained by identifying a new condition at the boundary of the electron layer. Also, a free parameter in the model is chosen so that previously derived MITL flow equations are recovered when the electric field at the cathode is taken to zero; consequently, recent equilibrium MITL rescaling results still apply. Generalized MITL flow equations are derived from the model and solutions presented. These new equations form the basis for a description of the dynamic MITL flow.
Bioethics and Public Health in the 1980s: Resource Allocation and AIDs

Bioethics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with moral issues in the biomedical sciences, medical care, and health policy. Before 1980, the interests of bioethics focused primarily on such topics as the nature of the doctor-patient relationship, death and dying, and the ethics of human ex­ perimentation. In the 1980s, however, there was a discernible increase in questions of social ethics and community and, thus, in public health. The sheer volume of bioethics literature is showcased in Table 1. Using BIOETHICSLINE, a computerized information retrieval system, we col­ lapsed the bioethics literature of the 1980s into 17 categories by grouping database keywords. BIOETHICSLlNE includes articles published in public health , medical, social science, and legal journals, as well as the specialty bioethics publications. This range reflects both the interdisciplinary character of bioethics and the frequency with which relevant normative issues are addressed by authors who are not bioethicists or who do not write primarily for a bioethics audience .
Accurate Extraction of Face-to-Face Proximity Using Smartphones and Bluetooth

The availability of "always-on" communications has tremendous implications for how people interact socially. In particular, sociologists are interested in the question if such pervasive access increases or decreases face-to-face interactions. Unlike triangulation which seeks to define precise position, the question of face-to-face interactions reduces to one of proximity, i.e. are the individuals within a certain distance? Moreover, the problem of proximity estimation is complicated by the fact that the measurement must be quite precise (1-1.5m) and can cover a wide variety of environments. Existing approaches such as GPS and WiFi triangulation are insufficient due to those constraints. In contrast, Bluetooth, which is commonly available on most smartphones, provides a compelling alternative for proximity estimation. In this paper, we demonstrate through experimental studies the efficacy of Bluetooth for this exact purpose. We present several real world scenarios and explore Bluetooth proximity estimation on Android with respect to accuracy and power consumption.
Assessment of NASA GISS CMIP5 and Post-CMIP5 Simulated Clouds and TOA Radiation Budgets Using Satellite Observations. Part 2; TOA Radiation Budget and CREs

AbstractIn Part I of this study, the NASA GISS Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and post-CMIP5 (herein called C5 and P5, respectively) simulated cloud properties were assessed utilizing multiple satellite observations, with a particular focus on the southern midlatitudes (SMLs). This study applies the knowledge gained from Part I of this series to evaluate the modeled TOA radiation budgets and cloud radiative effects (CREs) globally using CERES EBAF (CE) satellite observations and the impact of regional cloud properties and water vapor on the TOA radiation budgets. Comparisons revealed that the P5- and C5-simulated global means of clear-sky and all-sky outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) match well with CE observations, while biases are observed regionally. Negative biases are found in both P5- and C5-simulated clear-sky OLR. P5-simulated all-sky albedo slightly increased over the SMLs due to the increase in low-level cloud fraction from the new planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme. Shortwave,...
Neural reuse in the social and emotional brain

Presenting evidence from the social brain, we argue that neural reuse is a dynamic, socially organized process that is influenced ontogenetically and evolutionarily by the cultural transmission of mental techniques, values, and modes of thought. Anderson's theory should be broadened to accommodate cultural effects on the functioning of architecturally similar neural systems, and the implications of these differences for reuse.
Abstract 151: Utilizing 3-D nuclear DNA methylation patterns for cell-based assays in epigenetic drug screening

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The reversibility of epigenetic modifications, such as cytosine methylation, has gained much attraction in cancer therapy, with an emphasis on the development of anti-cancer drugs with demethylating potential to primarily reestablish tumor- suppressor gene functionality. The interest in the development of novel epigenetic drugs has increased the demand for cell-based assays to evaluate drug performance in the important pre-clinical phases of drug screening. Ideally a demethylating drug should reduce hypermethylation of tumor-suppressor genes for their reactivation, without creating unwanted effects: i.e. the hypomethylation of heterochromatin, of which a large percentage occurs in repetitive elements and can lead to genome instability. We have recently developed 3D quantitative DNA Methylation Imaging (3D-qDMI), an image-cytometrical approach, that can measure spatial nuclear distributions of methylated cytosine (MeC) and global DNA (gDNA) in addition to the nuclear MeC load in a high-throughput and cell-by-cell fashion to verify unwanted effects such as increased heterochromatin hypomethylation and decondensation that involve large-scale chromatin reorganization visualized by high-resolution confocal microscopy. Our novel approach succeeded in tracking differential changes of higher-order DNA organization due to drug-induced demethylation on a genomic scale, in human and mouse cancer cells. Our study showed that the differential distribution patterns of these two classes of DNA have the potential to be utilized as signatures for the characterization of different demethylating agents such as 5-azacytidine and zebularine. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 151.
Additive prognostic value of coronary artery calcium score over coronary computed tomographic angiography stenosis assessment in symptomatic patients without known coronary artery disease.

The objective of this study was to examine the additive prognostic performance of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) over coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) stenosis assessment in symptomatic patients suspected for coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing CCTA. A total of 805 symptomatic patients without known history of CAD who underwent coronary evaluation by multidetector cardiac CT were analyzed. Mean age of the cohort was 58 ± 13 years. A total of 44% (354 of 805) of the patients had a 0 CACS, 27% (215 of 805) had CACS 1 to 100, 14% (111 of 805) had CACS 101 to 400, and 15% (125 of 805) had CACS >400. CCTA showed normal coronary arteries in 43% (349 of 805) of patients, ≤50% stenosis in 42% (333 of 805), and >50% stenosis in 15% (123 of 805). Patients were followed for 2.3 ± 0.9 years. Major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was defined as cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and late coronary revascularization. Overall incidence of MACE was 1.4% per year. Both CACS and CCTA stenosis were independently associated with increased MACE (p
Pattern of Symmetry Breaking with Two Higgs Doublets

We analyze fully the pattern of symmetry breaking of an SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) gauge model with two Higgs doublets. We find the phenomenon of spin-zero leptons to be a very general one, and obtain a solution previously obtained by one of us as a limiting case.
Decoupling direct payments: potential impacts of the 2014 farm bill on farm debt

Purpose – For over 20 years, decoupled agricultural support programs have played a large role in farm policy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of decoupled agricultural support payments on farm-level debt. Design/methodology/approach – A two-stage least squares model is used to estimate the impact of decoupled payments, farm production characteristics, demographics, regional risk factors, as well as cross-sectional and temporal fixed effects on farm debt, along with weather-related instrumental variables. Findings – Results indicate that a negative and statistically significant relationship exists between decoupled payments and farm debt. This study also provides evidence that research results not accounting for the endogenous relationship between acres operated and farm-level debt should be interpreted with caution. Research limitations/implications – The constantly changing sets of policy options provide a challenge in identifying the impact of a single policy, ceteris paribus. Th...
Numerical Studies of the Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm

Quantum annealers promise to solve practical optimization problems potentially faster than conventional classical computers. One of the major ongoing debates in this context pertains to their robustness against the decohering effects of finite temperature and interactions with the environment. We argue that even in an ideal setting of very low temperatures and in the absence of a decohering environment, quantum annealers do not necessarily perform better than classical heuristic solvers. Here, we numerically study the performance of the quantum adiabatic algorithm (QAA) on a variety of constraint satisfaction problems and a spin glass problem by studying the size dependence of the minimum energy gap during the evolution of the QAA. We do so by employing Quantum Monte Carlo schemes as these allow us to study these problems at much larger scales than exact methods would allow. We find that in all cases a quantum phase transition occurs and the minimum gap decreases exponentially with system size, leading to an exponentially large running time for the QAA. Based on these and other results, we briefly discuss potential modifications to the QAA that may improve the scaling of the minimum gap, leading to faster quantum adiabatic algorithms.
Some Factors Influencing the Road Wear of Tires

Abstract Three road tests of tires for tread wear were statistically designed. The design of test equalized the treatment of tires, and included a study of some of the factors influencing the road wear of tires in addition to the primary object of the test. Among these factors were the effects of vehicle, wheel position, day of test, climatic conditions, and length of storage. A study was made also of two methods of measurement-depth of tread grooves and weight loss. The information on these factors was obtained at no increase in cost of test. It was found that atire loses weight at essentially a constant rate, whereas, the depth of the tread grooves decreases at a declining rate, which results in a bias in the tread wear ratings. The weight method was also found to be more sensitive than the depth method. The study of the effects of vehicle and wheel positions led to the conclusion that differences in the rate of wear on different wheels do not affect the tread wear comparisons, since the rate in slow we...
Synthesis of conjugated polyenes via sequential condensation of sulfonylphosphonates and aldehydes.

Selective metalation of sulfonylphosphonates results in sufficiently stable carbanions that undergo chemoselective Julia–Kocienski condensation with various aldehydes to provide (E)-allylic phosphonates in good yields and selectivities. The subsequent Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons condensation with aldehydes is used to synthesize various unsymmetrical trans-dienes, trienes, and tetraenes. This methodology is utilized for the concise synthesis of a naturally occurring fluorescent probe for membrane properties, β-parinaric acid.
Focal photoparoxysmal response in the Heidenhain variant of CJD Hidden from view

A 73-year-old, right-handed man presented with new-onset right visual field diminution and visual hallucinations. Examination showed a right homonymous hemianopia without cognitive impairment. Brain imaging showed left occipital cortex abnormalities (figure, A and B). EEG showed sleep-predominant, periodic left occipital spikes and an occipital photoparoxysmal response (figure, C and D). A second-generation RT-QulC (real-time quaking-induced conversion) test detected pathogenic prion proteins in the CSF, confirming Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
Evaluation of hospital-based aeromedical transport programs using therapeutic intervention scoring.

The number of patients transported by hospital-based aeromedical transport programs is increasing rapidly across the country. How many of these patients really need this kind of transport and how to compare the performance of different services in this regard remain controversial issues. We examined these questions in a prospective analysis of 1,081 flights in 5 aeromedical transport programs using the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) as the basis for an index of appropriateness. An average of 41.5% of flights in all programs were clearly appropriate according to the index, i.e., had scores associated with a 99% probability of validation by direct review. Another 34.9% of flights had a greater than 50% probability of being appropriate. From 18 to 28% of flights had scores associated with only a 20% probability of justification. Although TISS scoring, which is carried out after transfer, cannot provide a means of selecting individual patients for aeromedical transfer, a TISS-based index appears to be a simple and useful method for examining overall appropriateness of program activity, and could be used to set objective standards of appropriateness for evaluation and comparison of aeromedical programs.
Characteristics of Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x Tapes Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition using beta-diketonate chelates of Y, Ba and Cu on single-crystalline SrTiO3 substrates and metal substrates. We obtained superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films oriented c-axis on SrTiO3 (100) substrates at temperature above 840°C. The best film has the zero-resistivity temperature of 92K and the critical current density of 1.0x105A/cm2. On the other hand, the superconducting films on metal substrates at 750°C have Tc of 84. 5K and those with poly crystalline SrTiO3 buffer on metal substrates have Tc of 85K.
A semi-implicit method for incompressible three-phase flow in porous media

In this paper, we present a semi-implicit method for the incompressible three-phase flow equations in two dimensions. In particular, a high-order discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretization is coupled with a backward Euler discretization in time. We consider a pressure-saturation formulation, decouple the pressure and saturation equations, and solve them sequentially while still keeping each equation implicit in its respective unknown. We present several numerical examples on both homogeneous and heterogeneous media, with varying permeability and porosity. Our results demonstrate the robustness of the scheme. In particular, no slope limiters are required and a relatively large time step may be taken.
Why People Deviate in Different Ways

The efforts of ordinary people to cope with the injustices that mark their lives often lead them to break the rules that otherwise regulate their behavior. But the rules they break on such occasions vary widely. Sometimes men and women try to cope with injustice by defying the rules on which economic and political power rests, and which are inextricably connected to the injustices they experience. On such occasions, rule violations have a transparent logic—as in the defiant struggles by blacks and women in contemporary American history. At other times, however, people turn to forms of rule-violating behavior—whether suicide, madness, addiction, theft—that leave intact the social legitimations and structures supporting injustice. This difference is obviously of great importance. Indeed, whether men and women break one rule or another has often determined the outcome of the perennial conflicts between poor and rich, between the powerless and the powerful, and has even changed history.
The Enigmatic Deciphering of the Neuronal Code of Word Meaning

Many psychologists and neuroscientists still believe that brain events are causing conscious experiences and that this causal process can be revealed through the application of the methods of the natural sciences. Others, aware of the difficulties in accounting for the production of experiences on the basis of these methods, have postulated a process of “emergence” instead. Others still, also aware of the same difficulties, retreat to a sincere agnosticism and claim that the relation of brain events and conscious experiences lies beyond the reach of the methods of the natural sciences; consequently any attempts to elucidate it through such methods are pointless.
Bearbeitung der Kristalle

Ahnlich wie naturliche haben synthetische Kristalle praktisch immer verschiedene Defekte. Submikroskopische Defekte haben wir bereits in der Einleitung erwahnt. Hier sollen die markantesten makroskopischen Defekte behandelt werden, die bei der Herstellung der Kristalle stets auftreten.
Acoustic Microscopy: Materials Art and Materials Science

Significant progress has been made in acoustic microscopy and other forms of acoustic imaging over the last two decades. Originally introduced by Quate [1], this technology has been established by Weglin [2], Kino [3], Wickramasinghe [4], Bertoni [5], and Quate [6] as a powerful tool for materials characterization and development. The work described here [7] goes beyond that cited: it utilizes time-resolved acoustic signals of much greater bandwidth, and does not rely on V(z) behavior to form images. Instead only the digitized amplitudes of the spatially and temporally resolved acoustic signals are processed and displayed to form the images. Much of the progress reported here is also due to advances in computer display technology. Originally presented as posters, the included figures demonstrate various hardcopy and high-resolution raster displays incorporated in the described acoustic microscope. Keeping in mind the purpose for which each image was intended, it is instructive to compare the image quality that the different displays can produce. Six figures, containing twenty-nine separate images, make up the presentation. In their original display format, each figure was a 30 × 40 in. poster in which the individual images were displayed at the identical magnifications that were initially presented to the acoustic microscopist.
Traps for Rare Isotopes

Ion traps are widely used in fundamental and applied research. Over the past decade they have also gained significance as tools in experimental nuclear physics. They are used for precision mass measurements, which are important for a better understanding of nuclear structure and the nuclear synthesis of the elements, as well as for precise tests of fundamental interactions. They offer the possibility of textbook-like decay studies, where the nucleus decays in free space. Furthermore, stored ions can be cooled and manipulated in many ways. This is the key to im- proving the quality of rare isotope beams and for tailoring the beam properties to the needs of the experiments.