cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of visual-spatial skills in medical context tasks when using monoscopic and stereoscopic visualization

The dramatic rise of digital medical imaging has allowed medical personnel to see inside their patients as never before. Many software products are now available to view this data in various 2D and 3D formats. This also raises many basic research questions on spatial perception for humans viewing these images. The work presented here attempts to answer the question: How would adding the stereopsis depth cue affect relative position tasks in a medical context? By designing and conducting a study to isolate the benefits between monoscopic 3D and stereoscopic 3D displays in a relative position task, the following hypothesis was tested: stereoscopic 3D displays are beneficial over monoscopic 3D displays for relative position judgment tasks in a medical visualization setting. The results show that stereoscopic condition yielded a higher score than the monoscopic condition, but the results were not always statistically significant.
Validation of the in vivo intravascular ultrasound measurement of in-stent neointimal hyperplasia volumes

AbstractObjectives. This study was undertaken to validate the in vivo intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measurement of in-stent neointimal hyperplasia (IH) volumes.Background. Because stents reduce r...
Collection of Airborne Coal Dust by Water Spray in a Horizontal Duct

The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 has caused the Bureau of Mines to focus a major portion of its research on reducing coal mine respirable dust concentrations to established limits. This paper describes a laboratory investigation conducted to study the effectiveness of doped and undoped sprayed water for controlling respirable coal dust. Dust suppression efficiency was determined for water droplets sprayed into an airborne coal dust cloud traversing a laboratory dust tunnel. The effects of three chemically different surfactants on suppression efficiency were evaluated. A “nozzle parameter,” P, was developed relating spray droplet velocity, quantity of water discharged, and mean volume droplet diameter to suppression efficiency. This parameter now provides a method of selecting spray nozzles that will provide the optimum suppression efficiency based on the quantity of water and line pressures available underground.
The Dielectric Constant and the Electric Moment of CO, COS, C S 2 , and H 2 S

By the heterodyne null method used in previous investigations measurements of the temperature variation of the dielectric constant were made on a further series of gases. The results are very well interpreted by the Debye equation $(\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{-}1)vT=AT+B$. The values for $A$ are 0.000670 (CO), 0.002798 (C${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$), 0.001970 (COS), and 0.001223 (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S); and for $B$, 0.0078 (CO), 0.089 (C${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$), 0.352 (COS), and 0.722 (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S). These values of $B$ give for the electric moment in c.g.s. e.s. unitx\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$:0.10 (CO), 0.326 (C${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$), 0.650 (COS), and 0.931 (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S). A comparison of all measurements made on the same apparatus with those of other observers is made, and a discussion of the notable discrepancies in this field is given. As a result of this investigation it seems likely that C${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ and COS have a rectilinear structure like that of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Helicobacter pylori NikR’s Interaction with DNA: A Two-Tiered Mode of Recognition†

HPNikR is a prokaryotic nickel binding transcription factor found in the virulent bacterium Helicobacter pylori. HPNikR regulates the expression of multiple genes as an activator or repressor, including those involved in nickel ion homeostasis, acid adaptation, and iron uptake. The target operator sequences of the genes regulated by HPNikR do not contain identifiable symmetrical recognition sites, and the mechanism by which HPNikR distinguishes between the genes it regulates is not understood. Using competitive fluorescence anisotropy (FA) and electrophoretic gel mobility shift (EMSA) assays, the interactions between HPNikR and the target operator sequences of the genes directly regulated (ureA, NixA, NikR, Fur OPI, Fur OPII, Frpb4, FecA3, and exbB) were characterized. These studies revealed that HPNikR utilizes a two-tiered mode of DNA recognition by binding to some genes with high affinity and others with low affinity. The genes that are tightly regulated by HPNikR encode proteins that utilize nickel, w...
Total dietary fat and fatty acid content modifies plasma phospholipid fatty acids, desaturase activity indices, and urinary prostaglandin E in women ☆

Compared with diets high in fat, low-fat diets are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that a low-fat (LF) (20% fat) and an LF high-omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid diet (LFn3) (23% fat with 3% as α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) would enhance n-3 composition of plasma phospholipid fatty acid and reduce urinary prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) relative to a high-fat diet (HF) (40% fat) and that these changes would be associated with alterations in δ5 desaturase (D5D) and δ6 desaturase (D6D) activity. Phospholipid fatty acids and urinary PGE(2) were measured, and D5D and D6D activity indices calculated in a crossover trial in 17 postmenopausal women fed each of 3 test diets (HF, LF, and LFn3) for 8-week feeding periods. Desaturase activity indices were calculated as D5D, 20:4n-6/20:3n-6, and D6D, 20:3n-6/18:2n-6. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), DHA, and total n-3 fatty acids increased, whereas linoleic acid and arachidonic acid decreased with consumption of LFn3. The LF resulted in enhanced arachidonic acid and DHA. High fat reduced D6D, whereas both HF and LF increased D5D. Urinary PGE(2) was reduced in response to both the LF and LFn3 diets. Low-fat diets, with or without long-chain n-3 fatty acids, promote positive health effects due in part to favorable alteration of plasma phospholipid fatty acid profiles and modification in desaturase activity indices, suggesting that the type and amount of fat consumed are modifiable risk factors for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Effects of tool–workpiece interface temperature on weld quality and quality improvements through temperature control in friction stir welding

A real-time wireless temperature measurement system has been developed and successfully implemented for closed-loop control of tool shoulder–workpiece interface temperature. The system employs two thermocouples in through holes and measures the shoulder and pin interface temperatures with an angular resolution as small as 10°. Both temperatures correlate with weld quality (mechanical testing and weld cross sections), e.g., all welds in 4.76-mm-thick 6061-T6 with an average shoulder interface temperature below 520 °C and an average pin interface temperature below 460 °C fail in the weld zone instead of the heat-affected zone, have unacceptable tensile strengths and in some cases voids. Similarly, welds with shoulder temperatures above the solidus temperature result in a degradation of the weld quality. It was found that a shoulder interface temperature of 533 °C results in the highest weld quality; hence, this temperature should be used as the setpoint temperature in the control system with a constant travel speed of 400 mm/min. The temperature measurement strategy was shown to be able to indicate welds with insufficient shoulder–workpiece contact, thus potentially identifying and preventing welds with detrimental weld quality due to lack of penetration. It was shown that backing plates of different thermal diffusivity change the heat flow out of the weld zone, hence weld temperature, and caused a measurable impact on the weld strength. By changing other process parameters, e.g., through a temperature control system, weld quality can be maintained in the presence of such changing thermal boundary conditions.
Benign mammary epithelial cells enhance the transformed phenotype of human breast cancer cells

Background Recent research has yielded a wealth of data underscoring the key role of the cancer microenvironment, especially immune and stromal cells, in the progression of cancer and the development of metastases. However, the role of adjacent benign epithelial cells, which provide initial cell-cell contacts with cancer cells, in tumor progression has not been thoroughly examined. In this report we addressed the question whether benign MECs alter the transformed phenotype of human breast cancer cells.
Multitarget Tracking of Distributed Targets Using Histogram-PMHT

Abstract Streit, R. L., Graham, M. L., and Walsh, M. J., Multitarget Tracking of Distributed Targets Using Histogram-PMHT, Digital Signal Processing 12 (2002) 394–404 The expectation-maximization method is applied to derive a stable tracking algorithm that uses the entire display (image) as its input data, completely avoiding peak picking and other data compression steps required to produce traditional point measurements. The algorithm links a histogram interpretation of the intensity data with the tracking method of probabilistic multihypothesis tracking (PMHT) and is thus referred to as H-PMHT. An example of H-PMHT applied to tracking in bearing on a passive sonar broadband display is provided.
Laboratory investigation of drying process of Illinois coals

Abstract High moisture coal leads to low power plant efficiency, increased stack emissions of pollutants and maintenance and operational problems when it is used in coal fired power plants. In this study, laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations of the coal drying process were carried out and compared in order to determine proper drying conditions. This research describes several experiments to present the effects of parameters, such as drying temperature, on drying performance. The tests were carried out with three different types of coal — Buckheart, Crown mine and Viper mine, which have initial moisture contents of 23%, 18% and 20%, respectively. The drying tests were performed at 1.25 m/s air velocity and from 43 °C to 60 °C drying temperature. In this paper, the effect of drying temperature on drying rate of different types of coal was studied to obtain information relating to optimal operating conditions. The drying performances of each type of coal can be determined by analyzing the test data and operation conditions. A theoretical model was also utilized for the drying process based on mass balances and conservation of energy. Comparisons were made between experimental and theoretical results. Good agreement with laboratory test results was obtained especially at lower drying temperature. It is shown that this model can be reasonably used to predict the drying performance.
Effects of bile acids on the muscle functions of guinea pig gallbladder.

Hydrophobic bile acids impair gallbladder emptying in vivo and inhibit gallbladder muscle contraction in response to CCK-8 in vitro. This study was aimed at determining the mechanisms of muscle cel...
A Research Methodology for Studying How People Think.

Although science education intends to help students learn to think, research in this area does not usually use psychological research on how people think. The purpose of this article is to describe one type of research, commonly called information-processing psychology. Its goal is understanding how people think while doing complex tasks. It uses detailed data, usually from individual subjects, and develops precise yet powerful models of human performance, often by using a computer. After describing information-processing research, we illustrate it with two studies. The first shows how computer models are used to explain thinking. A computer program models the knowledge needed to understand and use a physics textbook. The second study shows how information-processing approaches can be used systematically but more simply. This study clarifies why students find it so difficult to master the “factor-label” method for converting chemical units. The article concludes with a discussion of guidelines and suggestions for using information-processing ideas.
The role of ions and second messengers in circadian clock function.

The fact that single cells can exhibit circadian rhythmicity simultaneously in quite different processes, such as those of photosynthesis, bioluminescence, and cell division, suggests that membrane-bound compartmentalization is important for temporal organization. Since these rhythms, as well as others, are known to be affected by changes in the ionic environment and are probably membrane-bound systems, it is not surprising that transmembrane ion transport or flux has been proposed to be a key feature of the underlying circadian oscillator(s). Likewise, signal transduction along the entrainment pathway leading to the clock, among the elements, or “gears,” of the timing loop itself, and within the output pathway between the oscillator and its “hands” likely is mediated by ions and second messengers. In this overview, we examine the theoretical and experimental evidence supporting the possible roles of intracellular free calcium and cyclic AMP in these capacities, particularly in view of the fact that oscil...
GPS multipath model validation

Multipath represents the dominant error source in satellite-based precision guidance systems. Since multipath errors are not common to the reference station and remote receivers, they are not eliminated through differential corrections and they do not cancel out in a differential carrier-phase tracking system. For precision approach applications, multipath is the most significant obstacle to overcome in the quest for CAT III accuracy and integrity using code-DGPS. Although a multitude of GPS articles discuss the effects of multipath, few derive the basic relationships between the composite signal at the antenna and the resulting measurement error. Furthermore, no validation of the aforementioned theory has been performed to date. This paper presents a comprehensive treatment of the problem. The traditional theoretical multipath error relationships are presented along with validation results obtained from bench-testing using a multichannel satellite simulator. Results are presented for standard and narrow-correlator C/A-code architectures as well as standard P-code. One result of particular interest to the aviation community is validation of the theoretical results which indicate that airframe-based multipath error cannot be reduced with narrow-correlator or P-code technology.
Calcium nutrition affects cold hardiness, yield, and fruit disorders of apple and pear trees 1

Abstract Foliar sprays of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and to a lesser extent, soil applications of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] fertilizer, increased calcium (Ca) concentrations in leaves and fruit of apple, (Malus domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees. For most years, CaCl2 sprays or Ca(NO3)2 fertilizer increased cold hardiness of ‘Anjou’ pear trees, and reduced the incidence of fruit disorders (alfalfa greening and cork spot of pears and bitter pit of ‘Delicious’ apples). Yield of ‘Anjou’ pears was usually increased with the higher rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizers [ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), Ca(NO3)2, or urea]. Calcium chloride sprays increased yield of ‘Anjou’ pears if it was applied over many years.
Exercise‐induced anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis can pose a life-threatening situation for many patients. A recent report has added exercise to the stimuli which can provoke an anaphylactic reaction. In this report, we review nine cases of anaphylaxis with exercise and the characteristics of this response. These cases represent additional evidence that exercise-induced anaphylaxis is not rare but can be misdiagnosed in some patients.
A preconditioning algorithm for large-scale minimization problems

A new preconditioning algorithm is proposed, employing a Taylor series expansion of the cost-function, and the relation between the adjustment of the control variable and the computed gradient norm. The preconditioning matrix is a positive definite diagonal matrix, being a product of two positive definite diagonal matrices. One is the weight matrix related to the Hessian matrix definition in the case of identity model operator (“rough” scaling), and the other matrix is interpreted as a refined scaling of the control variable. The procedure is quite easy to implement, and the computer time and space requirements are negligible. The algorithm was tested in two cases of realistic four-dimensional variational data assimilation experiments, performed using an adiabatic version of the NMC's new regional forecast model and operationally obtained optimal interpolation analyses. Test results show a significant improvement in the decrease of the cost-function and the gradient norm when using the new preconditioning procedure. The preconditioning was applied to a memoryless quasi-Newton method, however, the technique should be applicable to other minimization algorithms. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1993.00011.x
Evolution of Microstructure and Viscoelasticity during Flow Alignment of a Lamellar Diblock Copolymer

The effects of flow alignment on the relaxation dynamics of a lamellar diblock copolymer melt and the dynamics of flow alignment itself are investigated using simultaneous measurements of shear stress and birefringence in both the flow plane and the sample plane. The primary advantage of this rheo-optical approach in the context of flow alignment is that it provides quantitative measurements of the evolution of the macroscopic mechanical properties and the state of the microstructure in real time, in situ as alignment occurs. Further, it provides information on the molecular and microstructural dynamics that give rise to flow alignment. An entangled, nearly symmetric poly(ethylene-propylene)-poly(ethylethylene) of 50 kg/mol (PEP-PEE-2) is studied during flow alignment under two different conditions, one that enhances alignment of the lamellae parallel to the sample plane and another that induces alignment perpendicular to the sample plane (lamellar normal along the vorticity axis). The results suggest that the flow process leading to parallel alignment in PEP-PEE-2 is associated with inhomogeneous deformation such that the orientation of domains in the material undergoes irreversible "rocking", while the process that produces perpendicular alignment occurs under conditions in which the deformation is nearly homogeneous throughout the material.
A new model of passive limb motion

Reports on ongoing work in the modeling of the leg drop pendulum test as a means of assessment in spastic cerebral palsy. In previous papers it was demonstrated that a passive model might fit data taken from the passive motion of limbs with and without spastic cerebral palsy outside of the influence of the monosynaptic reflex loop. This paper tests that model further by performing leg drop pendulum tests under anesthesia and muscle paralysis on 11 subjects. The model which best fits the data is different from others reported in the literature. The model consists of 2 nonlinear springs and 2 nonlinear dampers, one for each direction of motion. The nonlinearities consist of simple power functions of position for the springs and velocity for the dampers. Two additional damping elements are added based on the inverse of velocity as the motion comes to rest. The paper demonstrates the accuracy of this model.
A compact 2.45 GHz, low power wireless energy harvester with a reflector-backed folded dipole rectenna

This paper paper describes the design procedure as well as the experimental performance of a 2.45GHz 10 µW wireless energy harvester (WEH) with a maximum total efficiency of ≈ 30% at 1 µW/cm2 incident power density. The WEH integrates a shunt high-speed rectifying diode with a folded dipole. A metal reflector increases the gain of the rectenna and a quarter wavelength differential line is used as a choke. Both a VDI WVD and a Skyworks GaAs Schottky diode are integrated with the antenna and their performance is compared.
Memristive devices for stochastic computing

We show resistive switching effects in memristive devices exhibit significant stochasticity. When the switching is dominated by a single filament, the switching time is fully random and shows a broad distribution. However, the switching distribution can be predicted and responds well to controlled changes in the programming conditions. The native stochastic characteristic can be used to generate random bit streams with predictable biases that can lead to efficient and error-tolerant computing.
Pilot-Scale Guayule Processing Using Countercurrent Solvent Extraction Equipment

Abstract Conventional oilseed processing technology and equipment were successfully utilized to extract rubber from guayule shrubs that had been pretreated to render the rubber accessible to solvent action. When the chopped and ground shrubs are subjected to sufficient shear to rupture cell walls and form agglomerates of material, they can be handled readily in the essentially unmodified percolation, solvent extraction equipment. Although some of the parameters associated with the solvent system have not, as yet, been optimized, rubber recoveries in excess of 80% were achieved with both freshly harvested “lush” shrubs and shrubs that had been field-dried and stored several weeks before processing.
Molecular Characterization of Rejection in Solid Organ Transplantation

Improved knowledge of the alloimmune repertoire, development and clinical application of new therapeutics, advances in surgical techniques, and effective infection prophylaxis have advanced transplantation to the forefront of modern medicine. This chapter provides an outline of the immune cascade contributing to allograft rejection, emphasizes molecular protocols that have been applied to investigate gene expression, and summarizes molecular correlates of rejection of human kidney, heart, lung, liver, or pancreatic islet cell allografts. The advent of an in vitro assay, PCR, to amplify the nucleic acid sequences has greatly reduced the amount of starting material required for the identification and measurement of mRNAs in biological samples. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) destroy target cells via multiple effector mechanisms. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a form of chronic rejection in which intimal thickening leads to accelerated transplant coronary artery disease. Acute rejection of lung allografts is distinguished by perivas-cular mononuclear cell infiltration of venules and arterioles. Chronic rejection of lung allografts is a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality. Nucleic acid-based strategies have proven useful for the detection and quantification of gene expression in the clinic. Global expression profiling with technologies such as microarrays will add to our knowledge and provide further insights into molecular pathways, and several pathways are likely to be responsible for the rejection process. The ultimate objective, personalized medicine for the transplant recipient, is an accomplishable goal.
Building Agency Capacity for Trauma-Informed Evidence-Based Practice and Field Instruction.

Through this article the authors describe how schools of social work offering a child and adolescent trauma specialization actively partnered with their community-based field placement agencies to achieve a dual purpose: help agencies sustain the capacity for evidence-based trauma treatment (EBTT) and provide sufficient EBTT MSW student field placement sites that support preparation of trauma-informed practitioners by schools of social work. Development and description of the specific conceptual framework used to inform the trauma-informed organizational change initiative is described. Results of an Organizational Readiness assessment undertaken at six agencies reflect a strong alignment between implementation drivers identified in the literature (Fixsen, Blase, Naoom, & Wallace, 2009) and the conceptual framework. The manner in which these results are being used by schools of social work and their agency partners in sustaining the implementation of evidence-based trauma treatment is reviewed, and implica...
Seismic moments, local magnitudes, and coda-duration magnitudes for earthquakes in central California

Onscale seismograms recorded at stations in the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) central California seismic network (CALNET) have been used to estimate the seismic moment M and local magnitude ML for earthquakes of 1 ≦ ML ≦ 4 located on the San Juan Bautista and Parkfield sections of the San Andreas fault, the Coyote Lake section of the Calaveras fault, the Sargent fault, and near Livermore. These data, together with M and ML estimates for 4 ≦ ML ≦ 6 earthquakes in these areas, cannot be fit with a single linear log M -versus- ML relation. Rather, the data are consistent with log M = 1.5 ML + 16 for 3 ≲ ML ≲ 6, with log M = 1.2 ML + 17 for 1 1/2 ≲ ML ≲ 3 1/2 and with a slope of ⅔ to 1 fro 1/2 ≲ ML ≲ 1 1/2. Whereas USGS coda duration magnitude MD is consistent with ML for 1 1/2 ≲ ML ≲ 3¼, MD is larger than ML at ML ≲ 1 1/2 and smaller than ML at ML ≳ 3¼. Log M can be estimated to a precision of 0.2 for 1 ≦ MD ≦ 3 1/2 earthquakes in central California by applying log M = 1.2 MD + 17 to the MD that have been routinely published by the USGS .
Human Population Growth: Stability or Explosion?

An historical survey of various models of population growth which gives attention to their character, derivations, and flaws.
Research Practices in the Psychology of Aging: a Survey of Research Published in the Journal of Gerontology, 1975—1982

The aim of this paper was to describe current research practices in the study of the psychology of aging. A total of 263 articles published in the Psychological Sciences Section of the Journal of Gerontology was examined in terms of subject-selection procedures, sample characteristics, author characteristics, data analysis techniques, research design, and specific area of research. Compared with an earlier survey, it was observed that research practices have improved with regard to sample representativeness of the age variable and the appropriate use of statistics, especially use of multivariate and regression analyses. Fifty-six percent of the studies surveyed were classified as cognitive investigations, and many of these studies were conducted from an information-processing perspective. A need for more detailed description by authors of subject-selection procedures and subject characteristics was noted.
Measuring the geography of opportunity

Quantitative segregation research focuses almost exclusively on the spatial sorting of demographic groups. This research largely ignores the structural characteristics of neighborhoods – such as crime, job accessibility, and school quality – that likely help determine important household outcomes. This paper summarizes the research on segregation, neighborhood effects, and concentrated disadvantage, and argues that we should pay more attention to neighborhood structural characteristics, and that the data increasingly exist to include measures of spatial segregation and neighborhood opportunity. The paper concludes with a brief empirical justification for the inclusion of data on neighborhood violence and a discussion on policy applications.
Immigration, Extracurricular Activity, and the Role of Family:

The children of immigrants’ educational progress and success have been the focus of social research for decades. Although it is known that extracurricular activities contribute to adolescent develo...
Teachers’ Perceptions of Bullying: A Focus Group Approach

The current qualitative study used a focus group approach to examine teachers’ perceptions of student aggressors and victims. Participants in the current study included 35 teachers from public elementary, middle, and high schools. Teachers’ responses to five questions about risk factors for aggression and victimization, adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, and advice for victimized youth were analyzed using thematic analysis. Teachers frequently identified family factors as a risk factor for becoming an aggressor. Appearance-based factors, shyness, and emotional reactivity were commonly mentioned as risk factors for victimization. Teachers believed that strong displays of emotions, physical retaliation, and ignoring the situation were ineffective means for victims to respond to peer aggression. Reporting the aggression to an adult, appropriately standing up for oneself, and seeking support from friends were viewed as more effective strategies for responding to peer victimization. Directions for fut...
The effect profound hypothermia on preservation of cerebral ATP content during circulatory arrest.

Summary Development of an improved method for instantaneous freezing (-196° C.) of sequential cerebral biopsies permits the accurate determination of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) disappearance during complete circulatory arrest and recovery. Control cerebral ATP concentrations in biopsies from 30 normothermic dogs equalled 2.42 ± 0.16 micromoles per gram (S.D.). Simultaneous aortic and vena caval occlusion, for periods of 4, 6, or 8 minutes, resulted in a 50 per cent decrease of cerebral ATP within 3.8 minutes. Electroen-cephalographic silence occurred at 20.9 ± 3.1 seconds, coincident with the loss of less than 10 per cent of control ATP content. Reappearance of brain ATP after resumption of flow correlated inversely with the duration of circulatory arrest. Eleven dogs were cooled to 5° to 11° C. (esophageal) with the use of high-flow extracorporeal perfusion for 50 minutes with attendant reduction of cerebral ATP to 88.6 ± 7.4 per cent of normothermic control levels. EEG silence occurred at 16.8° ± 3.5° C. (esophageal), coincident with the loss of less than 10 per cent of control ATP concentrations. Circulatory arrest resulted in a 50 per cent reduction in cerebral ATP after 13.3 minutes. Recovery of ATP with rewarming was observed after 30 and 60, but not 90, minutes of hypothermic arrest. EEG recovery was associated with return of ATP concentrations to 89 per cent of normothermic control levels. Profound hypothermia results in a three- to fourfold increase in survival of cerebral ATP during circulatory arrest. We wish to thank Robert Gelein and Marvin Nunn for valuable technical assistance.
Evidence for free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation at reperfusion of human orthotopic liver transplants

BACKGROUND Generation of toxic oxygen metabolites at reperfusion may contribute to the injury sustained as a consequence of harvest and ischemic preservation of organ allografts. Because there is a paucity of evidence that this mechanism is operative in human beings, we measured the generation of ethane into the exhaled breath as a biomarker of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in human liver transplantation. METHODS A novel technique that increased the previous standard of sensitivity 100-fold was used to measure picomole quantities of ethane in exhaled breath of eight recipients undergoing human orthotopic liver transplantation. RESULTS Ethane production correlated closely with the specific events of liver transplantation including the initial reperfusion of the allografts. In every case a twofold to threefold increase in ethane production was superimposed on a stable baseline immediately after reestablishment of portal vein blood flow through the donor liver. CONCLUSIONS Ethane production was interpreted as evidence of hepatic lipid peroxidation, presumably mediated by toxic metabolites of oxygen occurring at reperfusion. This noninvasive approach allowed localization of the time point at which lipid peroxidation occurred and may facilitate quantification of lipid peroxidation mediated by free radicals and other toxic oxygen metabolites during operation.
Descriptions of Two New Species of Genus Lemurimyza Spencer (Agromyzidae : Diptera)†

AbstractLemurimyza bhutanica and Lemurimyza simlensis are described as new species. Notes on their biology and the description of the immature stages are also included.
Funktionelle Ultraschalldiagnostik — Eine Einführung

Im Unterschied zu den bildgebenden Verfahren der Neuroradiologie einschlieslich der B-Bild-Sonographie stellte die konventionelle Dopplersonographie von Beginn an eine funktionelle Untersuchungsmethode dar. Bei der kontinuierlichen Schallemission der extrakraniellen Dopplersonographie ist eine zuverlassige Tiefeninformation nicht gegeben, der untersuchungstechnisch bedingt variable Winkel zwischen Schallstrahl und Gefasachse schliest eine reliable Messung der Blutflusgeschwindigkeit aus. Die indirekte Dopplersonographie, d. h. die Beschallung der sog. Ophthalmica-Kollateralen, welche als erste Untersuchungsmethode im klinischen Alltag eingesetzt wurde, ist eine klassische Funktionsdiagnostik — vergleichbar den Methoden der Neurophysiologie: es werden Flusrichtung und Flusstarke im Seitenvergleich in den Arteriae supratrochleares bzw. supraorbitales bestimmt, um indirekt Hinweise auf eine vorgeschaltete Stromungsbehinderung im Karotis-Kreislauf zu erhalten. Weder bei der indirekten noch bei der direkten Dopplersonographie erfolgt eine direkte Visualisierung des beschallten Gefases — Anderungen von Gerauschcharakter, Frequenzspektrum und Flusrichtung ermoglichen jedoch dem erfahrenen Untersucher mit hoher Sicherheit eine Beurteilung des Blutfluses in den beschallten Arterien. Ob eine umschriebene Flusbeschleunigung Ausdruck einer arteriosklerotischen Stenose, einer Kompression des Gefases von ausen oder einer andersartigen Vasopathie ist, ob eine Flusverlangsamung mit Turbulenzen Folge einer aneurysmatischen Erweiterung des Gefases, durch vor- oder nachgeschaltete Veranderungen des Gefaslumens bedingt oder Ausdruck einer anatomischen Variante ist, last sich mittels konventioneller Dopplersonographie nur in der Gesamtschau der Befunde aller untersuchten Gefasabschnitte vermuten.
Cyanobacterial Surface Display System Mediates Engineered Interspecies and Abiotic Binding

Cyanobacteria are uniquely suited for the development of sustainable bioproduction platforms but are currently underutilized in scaled applications in part due to a lack of genetic tools. Here, we develop a surface display system in the cyanobacterial model Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 via expression of modified versions of the outer membrane porin SomA. Importantly, we demonstrate accessibility of heterologous functional groups on the recombinant porin to the external environment in living cells. We show that this requires the removal of occluding factors that include lipopolysaccharides and a putative surface layer protein. Displayed epitopes on SomA can be utilized to mediate physical adhesion between living cyanobacteria and abiotic surfaces or an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae partner strain. We show that >80% of cyanobacterial cells attach to functionalized magnetic beads, allowing for magnet-assisted recovery. This work showcases the development of a functional surface display system in cya...
PT-symmetric and hyperbolic metasurfaces (Conference Presentation)

In this talk, we discuss our recent results in the area of active and tunable metasurfaces, including the possibility of inducing hyperbolic plasmons and topological transitions on graphene-based metasurfaces, the realization of cloaks and planar lenses based on parity-time symmetric metasurfaces, and of isolators and non-reciprocal components based on time-varying metasurfaces.
Contrast Medium Utilization

Contrast medium (CM) administration remains an integral part of thoracic and cardiovascular CT. While simple, empiric injection protocols (fixed volume and fixed scanning delay) are sufficient for non-vascular CM-enhanced thoracic CT, cardiac and CT angiographic applications require more sophistication. The goal is to achieve strong enhancement of the vascular territory (or territories) of interest synchronized with CT data acquisition, which requires integrating knowledge of arterial enhancement dynamics with the technical capabilities and acquisition parameters of the CT scanner. The increasing breadth of cardiovascular CT applications, ranging from pulmonary CTA over left atrial mapping, coronary and thoracic CTA, to complex applications aiming at simultaneous opacification of systemic and pulmonary circulations with minimal artifacts, make this a challenging task. CT scanner technology is continuously evolving, with scan times becoming shorter with every new CT scanner generation.
The Mechanism of Energy Loss in Fluid Friction

In the theory of elasticity it is sometimes feasible by means of approximate methods to obtain analyses of problems which do not lend themselves readily to exact treatment. This is true in the stud...
All-Optical Access Node Technologies

All-optical switching technologies could lead to increased flexibility of communication networks by overcoming electronic bottlenecks and opto-electronic conversions. The combination of soliton transmission, ultrafast header processing and all-optical demultiplexing permits a routing service on a frame-by-frame basis, which might provide cost savings to high-speed networks by reducing the reliance on expensive SONET add/drop multiplexers. Also, the single channel speeds approaching 100Gb/s could be used to upgrade each channel in a wavelength-division-multiplexed network. A soliton ring network architecture is described that exploits the speeds of all-optical technologies, and the key enabling sub-systems are the access nodes or “on-” and “off-ramps” operating at 100Gb/s. Packet-drop function for a time-division multiplexing network using 100 Gbit/s, eight-bit words is experimentally demonstrated by integrating all-optical header processing and payload demultiplexing with electro-optic packet routing. The header processor consists of two levels of all-optical logic gates based on low birefringent nonlinear optical loop minors (NOLMs), and the payload demultiplexer is a two-wavelength NOLM. Synchronized lasers with timing jitter under 1 ps drive both devices. The contrast ratios for both header processor and demultiplexer are 10:1 and that of the packet router is 17 dB. The switching energies for header processing and payload reading are 10 pJ/pulse and 1 pJ/pulse, respectively. In addition, to test the system performance we experimentally measure the eye diagram of an all-optical header processor using a cross-correlator to achieve picosecond resolution. By varying 100 Gbit/s header packets, we measure an eye diagram with a Q value of 7.1 at 12 pJ packet pulse energy. From the Q value, we also statistically calculate the potential bit-error rate performance of 7х10-13 with a confidence level of 95%. The major challenges for ultrafast, all-optical networks include power requirements, timing jitter, and avoidance of pulse distortion.
Korean adolescents’ energy intake of selected foods by eating place from 1998 to 2012 during implementation of two national school nutrition policies

This study examines changes in Korean adolescents’ energy intakes from selected foods that were offered in school stores over 15 years, during which 2 policies prohibiting unhealthy food sales in school stores were implemented in 2007 and in 2009, respectively. Using 24-h dietary recall from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1998–2012, adolescents’ energy intakes in each eating place were calculated. Energy intakes from instant noodles consistently decreased both at home and in school stores. Energy intakes from soft drinks away from home or school rapidly increased beginning in 2008. Policies regulating unhealthy food sales in school stores appear to have had a modest impact on adolescents’ overall consumption of unhealthy foods. Comprehensive policies targeting diverse eating places are needed to improve adolescents’ overall diet.
Clinical features of alcoholic hepatitis in latinos and caucasians: A single center experience.

Clinical features of alcoholic hepatitis in latinos and caucasians: A single center experience
Real-time traveler information for urban arterials: a method for selecting metropolitan routes of significance

ABSTRACTAlthough multi-criteria analysis (MCA) has been commonly used to guide transportation decisions related to traditional infrastructure, limited applications are reported for intelligent transportation systems. The objective of this study is to apply MCA for selecting arterial routes for real-time traveler information, to conform with recent US federal regulations. This study applies the method in two metropolitan areas and the paper describes which criteria were chosen and how important each were considered. In all, this study guided the selection of seven arterial routes for deployment of real-time traveler information collection and dissemination. This study demonstrates how a transportation agency can apply MCA for traveler information planning and the method provides value for other agencies seeking to come into compliance with traveler information regulations.
Genome sequence and description of Blautia brookingsii str SG772 nov., a new species of anaerobic bacterium isolated from healthy human gut

Strain SG-772 is a Gram positive, strictly anoxic bacterium isolated from the feces of a healthy human fecal donor. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain showed maximum similarity (94.39%) with Blautia stercoris GAM6-1 in EZ-Taxon server and thus assigned the genus Blautia. The scanning electron micrograph of the bacterium revealed the characteristic coccobacillus shape as well as the complete absence of flagellum, suggesting its non-motile phenotype. This strain was found to utilize 27 substrates based on Biolog AN plates assay, with maximum preference for D-mannitol. Additionally, the strain was found to be resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin. Genome sequencing and analysis revealed an overall genome size of 3.49 Mbp and GC content of 43.97%. Based on RAST annotation server, the closest neighbor was Blautia hansenii DSM20583. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of these strains were 81.69%, suggesting a high level of genomic variation. The comparative genome analysis of strain SG772 with B. hansenii DSM20583 revealed a total of 411 orthologous genes coding for basic metabolic functions. Furthermore, the genomes were functionally distinct based on COG categories. Thus, based on all these differences, we propose a novel species of genus Blautia named as Blautia brookingsii SG772.
What is an image

Image-making, and more particularly art-making, are considered as rule-based activities in which certain fundamental rule-sets are bound to low-level cognitive processes. AARON, a computer-program,models some aspects of image-making behavior through the action of these rules, and generates, in consequence, an extremely large set of highly evocative "freehand" drawings. The program is described, and examples of its output given. The theoretical basis for the formulation of the program is discussed in terms of cultural considerations, particularly with respect to our relationship to the images of remote cultures. An art-museum environment implementation involving a special-purpose drawing device is discussed. Some speculation is offered concerning the function of randomising in creative behavior, and an account given of the use of randomness in the program. The conclusions offered bear upon the nature of meaning as a function of an image-mediated transaction rather than as a function of intentionality. They propose also that the structure of all drawn images, derives from the nature of visual cognition.
Introduction to the Core Practices and Exercises

Abstract Interventions based on the practice of mindfulness meditation and related skills are increasingly popular and empirical support for their efficacy continues to grow. The present volume focuses on mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 1982 , Kabat-Zinn, 1990 , Kabat-Zinn, 2013 ), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; Segal et al., 2002 , Segal et al., 2013 ), and closely related interventions. This introductory chapter provides a general overview of MBSR and MBCT in their standard forms, with emphasis on their mindfulness and acceptance-based skills, practices, and exercises. Mechanisms through which mindfulness training leads to beneficial outcomes are briefly discussed and important questions remaining for future research are considered. Building on the foundation provided by this introductory chapter, the remaining chapters describe adaptations and new interventions for specific populations. Each chapter includes theoretical foundations, a summary of empirical support, and a case study illustrating a typical course of treatment and practical issues that arise in implementing it.
Messy Data, Robust Inference? Navigating Obstacles to Inference with bigKRLS

Complex models are of increasing interest to social scientists. Researchers interested in prediction generally favor flexible, robust approaches, while those interested in causation are often interested in modeling nuanced treatment structures and confounding relationships. Unfortunately, estimators of complex models often scale poorly, especially if they seek to maintain interpretability. In this paper, we present an example of such a conundrum and show how optimization can alleviate the worst of these concerns. Specifically, we introduce bigKRLS, which offers a variety of statistical and computational improvements to the Hainmueller and Hazlett (2013) Kernel-Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) approach. As part of our improvements, we decrease the estimator’s single-core runtime by 50% and reduce the estimator’s peak memory usage by an order of magnitude. We also improve uncertainty estimates for the model’s average marginal effect estimates—which we test both in simulation and in practice—and introduce new visual and statistical tools designed to assist with inference under the model. We further demonstrate the value of our improvements through an analysis of the 2016 presidential election, an analysis that would have been impractical or even infeasible for many users with existing software.
Being, nothing more

My submission for the SIGGRAPH 2018 Art Gallery relates directly to the conference theme Crossover, and more specifically, to the sub-theme of Overlap. In the call for submissions, Overlap is described as "A state in which two organisms connect and share common ground on contexts, medium and/or aesthetics." My project draws connections between my body and an inanimate found rock. My project entitled "Being, nothing more" presents the volume of my body (i.e. 5,616.188 cubic inches found using air displacement plethysmography) reimagined as a CNC milled boulder that occupies the same amount of physical space. A small rock, only a few inches across, was 3D scanned then scaled to 5,616.188 cubic inches using Meshmixer. The mesh was then modified, sliced into 1 inch layers, and 2-sided 3D CAM was developed using Fusion 360. I used a Shopbot to mill the parts from polystyrene and reassembled the large volume. The final form was sealed with a thin coat of epoxy and the piece was painted using color-shifting auto paint.
Cytomegalovirus Infections of the Stem Cell Transplant Recipient and Hematologic Malignancy Patient

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) may no longer be the menace that plagues stem cell transplant outcomes, owing to marked improvements in transplantation techniques and methods of prophylaxis. However, it still remains a common and morbid problem for recipients of stem cell transplant and patients with certain hematologic malignancies. This article discusses the epidemiology and risk factors of CMV infection and disease, associated morbidity and mortality, diagnosis, and clinical features of clinical syndromes associated with CMV and the principles of management of CMV, with special attention to resistant CMV as it pertains to infectious disease specialists.