cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Tropical Rainfall to Banda Sea Diffusivity in the Community Climate System Model

Abstract Several observational studies suggest that the vertical diffusivity in the Indonesian marginal seas is an order of magnitude larger than in the open ocean and what is used in most ocean general circulation models. The experiments described in this paper show that increasing the background diffusivity in the Banda Sea from the commonly used value of 0.1 cm2 s−1 to the observed value of 1 cm2 s−1 improves the watermass properties there by reproducing the observed thick layer of Banda Sea Water. The resulting reduced sea surface temperatures lead to weaker convection and a redistribution of precipitation, away from the Indonesian seas toward the equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans. In particular, the boreal summer precipitation maximum of the Indonesian seas shifts northward from the Banda Sea toward Borneo, which reduces a longstanding bias in the simulation of the Austral–Asian Monsoon in the Community Climate System Model. Because of the positive feedback mechanisms inherent in tropical atmosphe...
Strategies for community-based dementia education and creating sustainable change: Lessons learned from the Community Outreach Education Program

The Community Outreach Education Program (COEP) was established to disseminate information about the diagnosis, assessment, management, and treatment of dementia to health care professionals, service providers, staff of community organizations and voluntary agencies, and family caregivers in communities throughout Michigan. This paper will describe the activities implemented as part of outreach educational interventions in Bay City, Saginaw, Grand Rapids, and Kalamazoo, Michigan. Lessons learned about community-based dementia education and strategies for creating sustainable change are discussed.
Mastery motivation in boys and girls: The role of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation

This research tested the hypothesis that the importance of adult approval and feedback for females relative to males would render girls of elementary school age more likely to develop an extrinsic orientation in comparison to boys. Using S. Harter's Scale of Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation [(1981), “A New Self-Report Scale of Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivational Orientation in the Classroom: Motivational and Informational Components,” Developmental Psychology Vol. 17, pp. 300–312], the data supported this hypothesis. Because of the assumed differential importance of controlling feedback from adults for females relative to males, a second study examined girls' and boys' preference for challenge as a function of adult controlling feedback and children's motivational orientation. The pattern of data supported the hypothesis that girls relative to boys show differential preferences for challenge, depending on the presence of type of adult feedback and motivational orientation in girls.
Effect of Axial Load on the Response of Beams on Nonlinear Viscoelastic Unilateral Foundations

Flexible polyurethane foams used for cushioning in the furniture and automotive industries serve as foundations and exhibit complex nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. To design systems that incorporate these materials, it is important to model their mechanical behavior and then to predict the dynamic response of such systems. The example of a pinned-pinned beam interacting with a nonlinear viscoelastic foundation is the focus of the present study. The foundation can either react in compression as well as tension (bilateral), or react only in compression (unilateral). In the latter case, the contact regions between the beam and the foundation are not known a priori, and thus the coefficients of the modal equations obtained in a Galerkin approximation solution approach, are functions of the solution as well. It is therefore computationally expensive to predict the dynamic and steady-state response of these structures to static and harmonic loads. For polynomial-type nonlinearities, it is possible to speed up the computation time by using a convolution method to evaluate integral terms in the model. Also, if only the steady-state response is of interest, direct-time integration can be replaced by incremental harmonic balance to make the frequency response predictions more efficient. The effect of axial load and the influence of various parameters e.g., loading configuration, excitation amplitude, linear and nonlinear stiffness, on the response of the beam on unilateral and bilateral foundations are studied.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
International Voluntary Associations, Local Social Movements and State Paths to the Abolition of Regulated Prostitution in Europe, 1875–1950

The literature on globalization and social movements emphasizes the ability of international non-governmental organizations to influence states and foster domestic social change. This article examines the dynamics of this process in an early international movement to combat prostitution in the late 1800s. Why did reformers succeed in their goal of abolishing the state regulation of prostitution earlier in some countries compared to others? A qualitative comparativehistorical approach is used to outline local social movement dynamics and consequent paths to abolition in a subset of European countries (i.e. the Netherlands, France and Germany), as influenced by two international voluntary associations. The findings show that contestation between the associations – one more transnational than the other in practice – hampered abolitionist successes. International voluntary associations’ organization, alliances and cultural framings, as they operated in local settings, affected the form of local movements as w...
Naltrexone does not block the subjective effects of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans

Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and opioids have many common effects. In addition, some THC effects in laboratory animals can be blocked or attenuated by opioid antagonists. This suggests that opioid systems mediate or modulate some THC effects. To determine whether opioid systems mediate THC effects in humans, the effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone on subjective responses to THC were examined in 14 marijuana users. Subjects participated in a double-blinded, cross-over design in which each subject received all combinations of naltrexone (0 or 50 mg) and THC (0, 7.5, or 15 mg). THC increased heart rate and self-reported drug effects, such as euphoria and marijuana-like effects, and decreased psychomotor performance. Naltrexone increased heart rate and decreased self-reported measures of vigor and hunger but did not alter any of the effects of THC. These results suggest that the subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of THC in humans are not mediated through opioid systems.
Carbon-13 NMR spectra of a series of para-substituted N,N-dimethylbenzamides. Comparisons of linear free energy relationships for carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 chemical shifts and rotation barriers

All carbon-13 chemical shifts for 11 para-substituted N,N-dimethylbenzamides in 1 mole % chloroform solution are reported, with assignments based upon double resonance experiments, analogy to chemical shifts of benzamide, and self-consistency between experimental and calculated values using recognized substituent parameters. In contrast to earlier reports, the aryl carbon chemical shift assignments for N,N-dimethylbenzamide are C-2, 127.0; C-3, 128.7; C-4, 129.4, and for p-chloro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide are C-1, 134.6; C-4, 135.5 ppm, relative to internal TMS. Good Hammett correlations (σp) are reported for 13C chemical shifts of C-1 (σ = 11.9 ppm) and even for the carbonyl group (σ = −2.3 ppm) but are markedly improved if correlated with σp+ (σ = 9.5 ppm) and Dewar's F (σ = −1.9 ppm), respectively. Excellent Swain–Lupton F and R correlations were found for some of the 13C chemical shifts and yielded values for percent resonance contributions to transmission of substituent effects as follows, C-1, 75 ± 4%; C-2, 51 ± 3%; CO, 31±2%. These are compared to similar values calculated from the CO of benzoic acids of 34±10%, and from the nitrogen-15 chemical shifts of benzamides of 56±2%. Correlations of these 13C δ values and 15N δ values with rotation barriers (ΔG) for N,N-dimethylbenzamides were examined, and it was found that while CO δ values correlated only poorly the C-1 δ values correlated very well, but the best correlation was for 15N δ values of benzamides. It is suggested that Δ G and δ 15N are intrinsically related due to their numerical correlation, and the close similarity in percent resonance contribution of substituent influence on these parameters.
On Vector Fields with Prescribed Limit Cycles

LetH: ℝ2 → ℝ1 be a real analytic function. Letc be a real number. Denote level {(x,y) ∈ ℝ2|H(x,y)=c} of functionH asLc. LetC be a connected component of levelLc, which is diffeomorphic to the standard circleS1. What is an ordinary differential equation, for which componentC is a limit cycle? In this paper we present such differential equations, found in literature, as well as offer one more such equation.
Breastfeeding helps explain racial and socioeconomic status disparities in adolescent adiposity.

Adolescent obesity is a major public health issue that has been increasing in the past 2 decades. This problem disproportionately affects socially disadvantaged groups. Recent national studies have found that >40% of black adolescents aged 12 to 19 are at risk for overweight (eg, BMI ≥85th percentile for age and gender) or are overweight (BMI ≥95th percentile) compared with 26.5% of white teens and that this proportion has been increasing.1,2 In addition, low socioeconomic status (SES) is frequently associated with higher rates of overweight.3–6 Thus, the search for causes and potential interventions to decrease these disparities and reduce the prevalence of overweight is crucial. Breastfeeding has been reported as being protective against obesity, but this association is somewhat controversial. Whereas several studies found significantly lower obesity rates among those who were breastfed as infants7–11 and a dosage-related effect of breastfeeding,12–17 not all studies supported these findings.18–21 Two large studies suggested that the protective association of breastfeeding may be limited to non-Hispanic white individuals. Others indicated that the protective effect may be confounded by SES.17,22–25 These inconsistencies may reflect the correlation of racial/ethnic minority status with low SES, as well as racial and SES differences in breastfeeding behavior.26–28 Despite these controversies, to date, the literature suggests that breastfeeding has a small but consistent independent protective effect on adiposity, adjusting for underlying racial or SES differences in adiposity.29 However, to our knowledge, no studies have explored the role that breastfeeding may play in the development of racial/ethnic and SES disparities in overweight, including the possibility that breastfeeding may lie in the pathway between social disadvantage and increased adiposity. If this is true, then changing breastfeeding behavior may reduce these underlying adiposity differences by race or SES, providing a useful tool for reducing disparities and decreasing overweight. In this study, we formally test whether breastfeeding mediates the relationship between race and/or SES and adolescent adiposity in a large, economically diverse cohort of black and white adolescents.
A Monte Carlo study of neutron collimation by rectangular tubes

Abstract The incidence of a thermal neutron flux (e.g. from a reactor) on a collimator arbitrary rectangular cross-section is simulated in a Monte Carlo program. The spatial and energy distribution of emerging neutrons, at any point in space is calculated to study focusing effects due to reflections from the walls.
Can long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs worsen the course of depression?

Background The possibility that antidepressant drugs, while effectively treating depression, may worsen its course has received inadequate attention. Method A review of the literature suggesting potential depressogenic effects of long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs was performed. A MEDLINE search was conducted using the keywords tolerance, sensitization, antidepressive agents, and switching. This was supplemented by a manual search of Index Medicus under the heading "antidepressant agents" and a manual search of the literature for articles pointing to paradoxical effects of antidepressants. Results A number of reported clinical findings point to the following possibilities: very unfavorable long-term outcome of major depression treated by pharmacologic means, paradoxical (depression-inducing) effects of antidepressant drugs in some patients with mood and anxiety disturbances, antidepressant-induced switching and cycle acceleration in bipolar disorder, occurrence of tolerance to the effects of antidepressants during long-term treatment, onset of resistance upon rechallenge with the same antidepressant drug in a few patients, and withdrawal syndromes following discontinuation of mood-elevating drugs. These phenomena in susceptible individuals may be explained on the basis of the oppositional model of tolerance. Continued drug treatment may recruit processes that oppose the initial acute effects of a drug and may result in loss of clinical effect. When drug treatment ends, these processes may operate unopposed, at least for some time, and increase vulnerability to relapse. Conclusion The possibility that antidepressant drugs may worsen the course of depression needs to be tested, even though its scientific exploration is likely to encounter considerable methodological and ideological difficulties. The clinical implications of this hypothesis in depression are considerable. Antidepressant drugs are crucial in the treatment of major depressive episodes. However, appraisal of paradoxical effects that may occur in susceptible patients during long-term treatment may lead to more effective use of the drugs.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A HIGH-GAIN HARMONIC-GENERATION FREE-ELECTRON LASER IN THE ULTRAVIOLET

Saturation of a high-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser (HGHG-FEL) at 266 nm has been accomplished at the Brookhaven National Laboratory/Deep Ultra Violet Free Electron Laser Facility (BNL/DUV-FEL) by seeding with an 800 nm Ti:sapphire laser. We describe the diagnostics used to characterize the electron beam and the FEL output. Analytic and simulation calculations of the HGHG output are presented and compared with the experimental data. We also discuss the chirped pulse amplification of a frequency chirped seed by an energy chirped electron beam. The third harmonic at 88 nm accompanying the 266 nm fundamental has been used in an ion pair imaging experiment in chemistry, the first application of the BNL/DUV-FEL.
MIXREG: a computer program for mixed-effects regression analysis with autocorrelated errors

MIXREG is a program that provides estimates for a mixed-effects regression model (MRM) for normally-distributed response data including autocorrelated errors. This model can be used for analysis of unbalanced longitudinal data, where individuals may be measured at a different number of timepoints, or even at different timepoints. Autocorrelated errors of a general form or following an AR(1), MA(1), or ARMA(1,1) form are allowable. This model can also be used for analysis of clustered data, where the mixed-effects model assumes data within clusters are dependent. The degree of dependency is estimated jointly with estimates of the usual model parameters, thus adjusting for clustering. MIXREG uses maximum marginal likelihood estimation, utilizing both the EM algorithm and a Fisher-scoring solution. For the scoring solution, the covariance matrix of the random effects is expressed in its Gaussian decomposition, and the diagonal matrix reparameterized using the exponential transformation. Estimation of the individual random effects is accomplished using an empirical Bayes approach. Examples illustrating usage and features of MIXREG are provided.
Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on length of hospital stay in gastroenterology patients.

Abstract The impact of psychiatric comorbidity (PCM) on hospital length of stay (LOS) was prospectively examined in 110 patients admitted to a gastroenterology unit. Patients with and without PCM had a mean LOS of 8–9 days. Within the largest subgroup of medical diagnosis (peptic ulcer disease), patients with PCM had a mean LOS 2 days longer than those without PCM. The relationship between PCM and LOS varied substantially between physicians, suggesting their responses differ to patients who present psychiatric symptoms.
2 to 20 micron observations of mass loss from early-type stars

Values are derived for the infrared wind emission for 16 O, B, and A stars by comparing observed fluxes at K, L, M, N, and Q with photospheric model atmospheres. The infrared emission is strongly correlated with the emisison of the H-alpha recombination line, in agreement with models of thermal wind emission. The bulk of the wind material must be at a temperature which is near the stellar effective temperature. A combined analysis of the infrared data and previous radio observations shows that the velocity law varies dramatically from star to star. Any mass-loss rates derived from infrared data alone are therefore highly uncertain. For two stars, 9 Sgr and Cyg OB2 No. 9, the observed radio flux cannot be thermal emission from a stellar wind.
Effects of altered instructions on WAIS-III Digit Symbol-coding subtest.

Departure from standard instructions can affect scores on intelhgence tests. Joncas and Standing (1998) administered the Digit Symbol subtest of the Wechsler Adult Lntehgence Scale (WAIS; Wechsler, 1955) to three groups of college students according to (a) standard instructions, (b) standard instrucrlons I~lus "work quickly," or (c) standard instructions plus "work qu~ckly" and "only 90 seconds" are allowed to complete the task. Results indicated that "work quickly" raised scores by 33%, while the "work quickly" plus 90-sec. instructions raised scores by 47%. Without evidence to the contrary, it is reasonable to assume that the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edtion (WAIS-111; Wechsler, 1997) Digit Symbol-Coding subtest is also susceptible to altered instructions. The present study cornpared Digit Symbol-Coding subtest scores using either standard or modified instructions. The latter instructions specified the number of seconds allowed for task completion. The WAIS-I11 instructions include a ''work quickly" statement similar to the one inserted by Joncas and Standrng (1998), so it was unnecessary to investigate the influence of this instruction. Method.-In this investigation 104 (44 men; 60 women) undergraduate psychology students were administered the WAIS-111 Digit Symbol-Coding subtest by a trained examiner. Means for age were 22.1 yr. (SD=5.1) for men and 22.2 yr. (SD= 6.2) for women. Eighty-seven students were EuroAmerican, 7 were African American, 3 were Hispanic American, and 3 were of Asian descent. Four participants were designated as members of other ethnic groups. All participants were fluent in English. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either standard (23 men; 29 women) or modified (21 men; 31 women) instructions. The latter group received the standard Digit Symbol-Coding instructions but were also told that 120 sec. would be allowed to complete the task. Scaled scores were analyzed using a 2 x 2 analysis of variance with groups and sex as the independent variables.
Medial-frontal cortex hypometabolism in chronic phencyclidine exposed rats assessed by high resolution magic angle spin 11.7 T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Background Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) clinical studies of patients with schizophrenia document prefrontal N-acetylaspartate (NAA) reductions, suggesting an effect of the disease or of antipsychotic medications. We studied in the rat the effect of prolonged exposure to a low-dose of the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) on levels of NAA, glutamate and glutamine in several brain regions where metabolite reductions have been reported in chronically medicated patients with schizophrenia.
Biologically-Based Signal Processing Chips with Emphasis on Telecommunication Defect Tracking and Reliability Estimation

This paper provides observations and motivations to mimic biological information processing. Alternative bio-inspired systems definitions, basics, approaches, algorithms, and chip implementations will be illustrated to offer a base of choice for bio-based Intelligent Information Processing (IIP) systems. Hybrid biological and bio-based IIP are briefly presented. Two specific applications follow with embedded bio-based systems: Bio-chemical sensing and detection E-nose; and Track improvements In the reliability of the software used in telecommunication network deployments. The biologically-based processing discoveries gleaned from observing the spikes in the brain activity of monkeys, introduced the concept of plasticity in synapses used in our embedded Spiking Neural Network (SNN) system for the E-Nose The mathematical construct of a defect tracking classifier is nonlinear, and the event to be recognized involves a sequentially varying or non-stationary phenomenon for telecommunication defect tracking and reliability estimation. Thus, Adaptive Recurrent Dynamic Neural Network (ARDNN) system using wavelet function as the basis improved the failure event estimation of software defect tracking in telecommunications and reduced the error from 88% to L25-8%.
Evaluation of sunscreen protection by measurement of epidermal DNA synthesis.

Different sunscreens were tested to determine their protection of epidermis from ultraviolet light effects. Ultraviolet light-induced changes in hairless mouse epidermal DNA synthesis were used for measurement of sunscreen protection. Visual assessment of erythema and edema was also performed. This initial study has evaluated sunscreens containing para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as the principal sunscreen chemical. These experiments were conducted using fluorescent sunlamp tubes and hydroxylapatite extraction of epidermal DNA. The ultraviolet light exposure was measured using a recording radiometer. The results showed that the sunscreens tested were able to partially prevent ultraviolet light induced changes in epidermal DNA synthesis. It may be possible to use this assay as one of the initial evaluations of potential ultraviolet light protectants.
A nonlinear stability theory for a third-order evolution equation

Abstract We provide sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of steady-state solutions of initial-boundary value problems for a third-order evolution equation that describe, under certain circumstances, the motion of a thin liquid film along an inclined plane.
Cyclo(Leu-Gly) has opposite effects on D-2 dopamine receptors in different brain areas.

Abstract Cyclo(Leu-Gly) (cLG), a diketeopiprazine analog of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH 2 (MIF), affects a number of physiological and behavioral responses to the endogenous neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA). In the present series of experiments, the effect of in vivo administration of cLG (8 mg/kg) was investigated five days following subcutaneous administration. It was found that cLG administration caused a supersensitive behavioral response, measured by increased stereotypic sniffing, to the DA agonist, apomorphine (APO). At the same time, an increase was found in the affinity for dopamine (DA), as measured by dopamine inhibition of 3 H-spiroperidol binding to D-2 DA receptors in striatum (nigro-striatal DA tract). In contrast, the same peptide treatment caused a subsensitive physiological response to APO-induced hypothermia, concomitant with a decrease in affinity for dopamine, as measured by DA inhibition of 3 H-spiroperidol binding to D-2 DA receptors in hypothalamus (incerto-hypothalamic DA tract). These results suggest that a single neuromodulatory agent, the peptide cLG, can elicit diametrically opposite effects on D-2 DA receptors and on the corresponding physiological endpoints in two different brain areas.
Ludomania: cross-cultural examinations of gambling and its treatment

Pathological gambling is a disorder of impulse control that is gaining more and more attention. This paper reviews diagnostic criteria and screening instruments for pathological gambling, as well as the prevalence rates of this disorder worldwide, with an emphasis on gambling in Brazil. Treatments for pathological gambling are also described, including both psychosocial and pharmacological approaches. Pathological gambling is highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, including substance abuse and depression, and few pathological gamblers seek treatment for their gambling problems. Therefore, direct screening for gambling problems is recommended. Increasing education about the disorder, from both the provider and societal perspective, is necessary to reduce the personal and societal consequences of this disorder.
Inhibition of some DNA polymerase activities from cultured Burkitt cells by thiolated ribonucleic acids

Although unmodified poly C and unmodified ribosomal RNA showed little ( < 20%) or no inhibition of 6–7S cytoplasmic, 3–4S cytoplasmic and 3–4S chromatin-associated DNA-directed DNA polymerases and of RNase sensitive endogenous DNA polymerase and DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity associated with a particulate material (p = 1.16 − 1.18 g/ml) from Burkitt cells the thiolated poly C and thiolated RNA were strongly inhibitory (70–97%). Moreover, the thiolated nucleic acids were more inhibitory to 6–7S enzyme than to 3–4S enzyme. Thiolation of nucleic acids thus appears to be a potentially important procedure for the development of agents which may be selective against certain polymerases.
Growth and development of chick embryo explants on various protein substrates

Chick embryo explants of 11 to 13 somites were cultured on various sources of protein in an attempt to determine if these proteins could relace the proteins of egg yolk as a nutrient substrate for the developing embryo. Various approaches were employed to provide a favorable low molecular weight supplement to the non-yolk sources of protein. After 48 hours of cultivation, the protein nitrogen and DNA contents of the embryo and the extraembryonic membrane were determined and the stages of morphological development were estimated. The growth and development of embryos cultured on yolk or a mixture of yolk and white were not surpassed with the other sources of protein tested. However, a mixture of horse serum and ovalbumin which first had been equilibrated across a cellophane membrane with an homogenate of whole egg supported levels of embryo growth and development which closely approximated that achieved with yolk and white. Individually, serum supported the growth and development of the extraembryonic membrane while ovalbumin supported the embryo proper. The response of embryo explants to sera derived from laying hens, roosters, or rabbits was similar to that observed with horse serum. The growth of embryos provided with ovalbumin as the sole source of nitrogenous precursors was approximately double that previously achieved with a chemically defined medium containing a mixture of amino acids. Limited growth and development of embryo explants was observed with milk, casein, colostrum, and subblastodermic fluid. Bovine serum albumin and chick embryo extract failed to support embryo explants.
Use of a single tissue extract to determine cellular protein and nucleic acid concentrations and rate of amino acid incorporation.

Abstract A method has been described for the determination of DNA, RNA, protein concentrations, and protein radioactivity in the same aliquot. This procedure permits an accurate and consistent separation and measurement of these three biochemical components of the cell. The precision for the determination of DNA has been increased by carefully controlling the conditions for hydrolysis of this compound. This procedure has great versatility and allows for accurate correlation of many variables.
FREEWAY RAMP CONTROL USING FUZZY SET THEORY FOR INEXACT REASONING

Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy controller for freeway ramp metering, which uses rules of the form: IF “freeway condition” THEN “control action.” The controller has been designed to consider varied levels of congestion, a downstream control area, changing occupancy levels, upstream flows, and a distributed detector array in its rule base. Through fuzzy implication, the inference of each rule is used to the degree to which the condition is true. Using a dynamic simulation model of conditions0fj at the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, the action of the fuzzy controller is compared to the existing “crisp” control scheme, and an idealized controller. Tests under a variety of scenarios with different incident locations and capacity reductions show that the fuzzy controller is able to extract 40 to 100% of the possible savings in passenger-hours. In general, the fuzzy algorithm displays smooth and rapid response to incidents, and significantly reduces the minute-miles of congestion.
Application of ultrasound in the determination of fundamental extrusion performance: Residence time distribution measurement

By means of new probe design and rapid data acquisition, we have succeeded in in-line ultrasonic monitoring of residence time distribution (RTD) at the melting, mixing, and pumping zones as well as at the die exit of a Werner & Pfleiderer 30-mm twin-screw extruder by mounting the ultrasonic probes on the extruder barrel over the screw elements and at the die. The experimental systems were LDPE, CaCO 3 -filled LDPE, and a Kraton/LDPE blend. The ultrasonic data at each of the extruder functional zones are presented. The ultrasonic results have been used to evaluate an optical RTD measurement method by using an optical sensor side by side with one ultrasonic probe at the mixing zone of the extruder. The comparison of the ultrasonic and optical results has shown that the presented ultrasonic technique could be a good complement to the optical technique in the monitoring and understanding of RTD during polymer extrusion processes.
STAR Upgrade Plan for the Coming Decade

Abstract The STAR Collaboration will complete the Heavy Flavor Tracker (HFT) and the Muon Telescope Detector (MTD) upgrades by 2014. STAR has also embarked on an upgrade plan to extend the capabilities for measuring jets, electron/photon and leading particles in the forward rapidity region in the coming decade. Planned detector upgrades include tracking detectors for charged particles, electro-magnetic and hadronic calorimeters and particle identification detector in the forward direction. We will present physics motivations, status of detector R&D and design considerations for the forward measurements focusing on p + p/p + A and polarized p + p collisions.
Pharmacokinetics of [14C]-atrazine in rhesus monkeys, single-dose intravenous and oral administration

This is the first study regarding the pharmacokinetics of [14C]-atrazine conducted with rhesus monkeys. The animals received one dose (0.25 mg) intravenously (IV) or three doses (1, 10, or 100 mg) orally. Plasma, urine, and feces were collected at defined times up to 7 days post-dosing. Sample radioactivity was measured to determine the mass equivalent. IV administered [14C]-atrazine disappeared rapidly from blood, with an elimination half-life of about 5.5 ± 1.1 h. The pharmacokinetic profiles of [14C]-atrazine following oral administration at the three dose levels show that kinetic parameters such as AUC and C max are linearly correlated with the dose. Seven days after dosing, urinary and fecal excretion of [14C]-atrazine reached 99% of total administered dose in the IV group and 91–95% in the three oral dose groups. In the IV-administered monkeys, approximately 85% of the dose was excreted in urine and 12% in feces. In three oral dose groups, urinary and fecal radioactivity recoveries approximated 57% ...
Quantification of hydroxycarbonyls from OH-isoprene reactions.

Hydroxycarbonyls arising from OH-initiated reactions of isoprene have been quantified by the technique of a flow reactor coupled to proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) detection. The yields of C5- and C4-hydroxycarbonyls are (19.3 ± 6.1)% and (3.3 ± 1.6)%, respectively, measured at a flow tube pressure of about 100 Torr and at a temperature of 298 ± 2 K. A yield of (8.4 ± 2.4)% is obtained for the unsaturated carbonyl C5H8O, confirming that internal OH addition represents the minor channel in the initial OH−isoprene reaction. The results show that those carbonyl compounds account for the most previously unquantified carbon, enabling the isoprene carbon closure. The study also reveals novel aspects of the δ-hydroxyalkoxy radical degradation mechanism, which is essential for modeling tropospheric O3 formation. In addition, this work demonstrates the application of PTR-MS for quantification of products of hydrocarbon reactions, which should have profound impacts on elucidation of the chemistr...
A patchboard-based expert-systems model for manufacturing applications

Expert systems have proved to be effective for many problems in manufacturing. Blackboard models are perhaps one of the most widely used paradigms for building expert systems. However, there are situations in which the blackboard model is not applicable because of the dynamic nature of a problem. In this paper, the authors present a patchboard expert-system model in an effort to capture the dynamics of this class of problems. The difference between these two models is discussed, and the theoretical foundation of the patchboard model is detailed.
Genome-wide Analysis of ARS (Autonomously Replicating Sequence) Binding Factor 1 (Abf1p)-mediated Transcriptional Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autonomously replicating sequence-binding factor-1 (Abf1p) is an essential sequence-specific transcription factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that participates in multiple nuclear events including DNA replication, transcription activation, and gene silencing. Numerous gene-specific analyses have implicated Abf1p in the transcriptional control of genes involved in a diverse range of cellular functions, leading to the notion that Abf1p acts as a global transcriptional regulator. Here we report findings from a genome-wide comparison of the gene expression profiles in the wild-type and abf1-1 temperature-sensitive mutant. The study identifies a total of 86 Abf1p-regulated genes (1.4% of the genome) of which 50 are activated and 36 are repressed by Abf1p. Interestingly, Abf1p binds to its own promoter in vivo and strongly represses its own transcription, suggesting a potential negative regulatory loop in Abf1p-mediated gene regulation. A comparison of our microarray data with the available databases reveals a significant overlap of genes regulated by Abf1p and those by several general transcription factors such as Mot1p and TAFs (TATA-binding protein-associated factors). Different mutant alleles of abf1 affect Abf1p-mediated transcription in a gene-dependent manner. Furthermore, Abf1p in vivo is associated with the promoter region of most Abf1p-activated but not with that of most Abf1p-repressed genes. Taken together, these results strongly suggest distinct underlying mechanisms by which Abf1p regulates gene expression.
ElectroTextiles - Technology to Applications

ElectroTextiles is a technology area that is in its formative stages of development. Over the past three years, several government and industrial workshops as well as international conferences have discussed and presented fundamental technical approaches and a few small companies are starting to offer commercial products. The combination electronics and textiles offer a new and unique way to fabricate novel large-area, flexible and conformable military and commercial systems. This paper will discuss the some of the challenges that need to be addressed for this technology to mature in the future.
Rapid delivery: an evolutionary approach for application development

From a historical vantage point, large application development projects are frequently at risk of failure. Applications are typically developed using a monolithic development approach. Monolithic approaches generally feature business-user-defined requirements that are incorporated in the application but not evident until the resulting application has been implemented. To effectively produce new information systems, innovative methods must be utilized. This paper provides information about one of these, Rapid Delivery--a method for developing applications that can evolve over time. To fully understand the principles of Rapid Delivery, a discussion is included that illuminates a three-dimensional application model and its variations. The application model helps in understanding application segmentation, a technique used in Rapid Delivery to break applications into a variety of functional capabilities. After the development of each application segment has been completed, it is implemented to provide immediate benefit to the enterprise; each application segment is added to the evolving application and its ever-expanding capabilities. The result of using Rapid Delivery is an enhanced ability to build applications that better support the enterprise through a continuous stream of delivered requirements, a reduction in the possibility of project failure, and a diminished likelihood of runaway projects.
Statistical shape analysis of clavicular cortical bone with applications to the development of mean and boundary shape models

During car collisions, the shoulder belt exposes the occupant's clavicle to large loading conditions which often leads to a bone fracture. To better understand the geometric variability of clavicular cortical bone which may influence its injury tolerance, twenty human clavicles were evaluated using statistical shape analysis. The interior and exterior clavicular cortical bone surfaces were reconstructed from CT-scan images. Registration between one selected template and the remaining 19 clavicle models was conducted to remove translation and rotation differences. The correspondences of landmarks between the models were then established using coordinates and surface normals. Three registration methods were compared: the LM-ICP method; the global method; and the SHREC method. The LM-ICP registration method showed better performance than the global and SHREC registration methods, in terms of compactness, generalization, and specificity. The first four principal components obtained by using the LM-ICP registration method account for 61% and 67% of the overall anatomical variation for the exterior and interior cortical bone shapes, respectively. The length was found to be the most significant variation mode of the human clavicle. The mean and two boundary shape models were created using the four most significant principal components to investigate the size and shape variation of clavicular cortical bone. In the future, boundary shape models could be used to develop probabilistic finite element models which may help to better understand the variability in biomechanical responses and injuries to the clavicle.
What is the evidence for long term effects of early autism interventions

Abstract At this point there is sufficient research to demonstrate the efficacy of Early Intensive Behavior Interventions (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, also of great importance is the value of these early efforts over time. The purpose of this review was to assess existing EIBI papers with respect to follow-up and overall long term efficacy of intervention. Twenty-two treatment studies were reviewed which used the term follow-up. Of these, 19 included actual post-test data. Only 3 followed children after termination of treatment. Thus, a major problem with the current EIBI literature is that little can be said about the impact of these treatments long term. Details of these studies and their implications are discussed.
Forensics of Things

In this paper we describe methods for forensic characterization of devices. This is important in verifying the trust and authenticity of data and the device that created it. We present and examine current forensic identification techniques for RF devices, printers, cameras, and show how these techniques can be generalized for use with other devices
ACTS SUB-TROPICAL Ka-BAND PROPAGATION MEASUREMENTS

The NASA Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Measurements program has accumulated almost four years of continuous propagation data at 20.185 and 27.505 GHz at seven selected sites in the United States and Canada. Since these frequencies are strongly affected by intense weather phenomena, reliable signal transmission system designs rely heavily on both measured data and validated models of channel characterization. This is particularly important for systems operating in worldwide tropical and sub-tropical regions where stressful weather conditions occur frequently. As part of the NASA ACTS propagation measurements campaign, beacon and radiometer data have been recorded continuously in Tampa Florida (Latitude 28.0 N) since December 1993. Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDFs) plotted on a monthly basis can be separated into two weather groupings. One group is associated with the relatively dry winter months, not unlike neighboring regions in the southern U.S.; the other group is associated with very wet sub-tropical summer months. This paper will focus on examining the CDFs, attenuation ratios, fade duration and fade slope statistics of these two weather groups. Particular emphasis will be placed on the analysis of the sub-tropical data since this will have particular relevance to worldwide tropical and sub-tropical environments.
Electron correlations and transport effective mass in narrow-band systems and the Hubbard model

The Hubbard model is rederived from a tight-binding band calculation, showing that, as long as parameters are properly chosen, the model is justified for calculating electronic properties of narrow-band systems. The treatment is extended by including correlations and it was found that bound solutions called dimers exist. The concept of dimers is found to be very powerful for understanding the unusual properties of heavy fermion systems. However, a Mott-Hubbard-like model may be required to calculate properties of high Tc cuprates. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Robust image registration under spatially non-uniform brightness changes

Based on a non-linear image representation, we propose a novel robust approach for registration of images under spatial brightness changes. The image registration is formulated as a two-stage hybrid framework combining both a new point-based algorithm and a robust estimation with M-estimators in a coarse-to-fine manner. With the point-based algorithm applied at the highest level of decomposition, the initial affine parametric model can be first estimated. Subsequently, the robust estimation using M-estimators is incorporated into the hierarchical framework for completeness. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm achieves higher accuracy and efficiency than the approach by brightness variation modeling with low-order polynomial functions (BVM).
Completely Out of Control or the Desire to Be in Complete Control? How Low Self-Control and the Desire for Control Relate to Corporate Offending

Whereas Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime asserts that individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in all types of crime as well as analogous acts, some research has recently questioned the generality of the theory, particularly with regard to its explanation of corporate crime. In addition, recent research has shown that another individual characteristic—the desire for control, or the general wish to be in control over everyday life events—may help shed greater light on understanding corporate criminality. Based on data from a factorial survey administered to working adults enrolled in business classes, the relationship between these two concepts was examined, with attention paid to the ability of each to explain corporate crime. Results indicate that neither an attitudinal nor a behavioral measure of low self-control relates to corporate offending but that the desire for control does. Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed.
Long-term observation of aerosol–cloud relationships in the Mid-Atlantic of the United States

Abstract. Long-term ground-based observations (2006 to 2010) of aerosol and cloud properties derived from passive radiometric sensors deployed at an atmospheric measurement field station in the Baltimore–Washington corridor operated by Howard University were used to examine aerosol indirect effect on cloud optical depth (COD), liquid water path (LWP), cloud droplets effective radius ( R e ) and cloud droplets number concentration ( N d ). A higher frequency of clouds with large COD (> 20) and small R e ( 2.5 ) value. Evidence of aerosol indirect effect is found where for polluted cases the mean and median values of COD and N d distributions were elevated while the mean and median values of R e were decreased. Further reinforcing this conclusion is the result that the mean and median values of LWP distributions did not show prominent difference between clean and polluted cases, this implies that differences between the two cases of influential factors on cloud properties were relatively controlled. Moreover aerosol indirect effects were found insignificant when LWP was small but significant when LWP was large through the analysis of sensitivity of N d to LWP under different aerosol loading and the measurements of aerosol size distribution.
Potentiation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Toxicity by 2,5-Hexanedione in Primary Cultures of Adult Rat Hepatocytes

Abstract Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were used to investigate potentiation of halocarbon-induced hepatotoxicity by aliphatic ketones. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with corn oil or 2,5-hexanedione (HD; 15 mmol/kg, po) in corn oil. Eighteen hours later the hepatocytes were isolated and cultured in Williams' Medium E and exposed to several concentrations of the hepatotoxicants carbon tetrachloride, chlorcform, deutero-chloroform, or 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The cytotoxicity of these halocarbons as measured by release of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase into the culture medium was both time- and concentration-dependent. Halocarbon-induced cytotoxicity was exacerbated in cells isolated from HD-pretreated rats with significant increases in LDH release over cells isolated from corn oil-pretreated rats. In addition, chloroform was significantly more toxic than deutero-chloroform in hepatocytes from either corn oil- or HD-pretreated rats. Primary monolayer cultures were useful for studying ketone-induced potentiation, halocarbon-induced hepatocellular toxicity, and the mechanisms by which these effects occur.