cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forskolin Delays the Ethanol-Induced Desensitization of Hypothalamic β-Endorphin Neurons in Primary Cultures.

Ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde have been shown to stimulate immunoreactive beta-endorphin (IR-beta-EP) secretion from hypothalamic neurons in primary cultures. Also, chronic ethanol and acetal-dehyde have been shown to cause the development of tolerance and desensitization of these neurons. In this study, we determined some of the cellular events leading to desensitization of the function of beta-endorphin (beta-EP) secretory neurons. The fetal hypothalamic cells were treated with various doses of ethanol (25 and 50 mM) or acetaldehyde (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mM) for 6 hr or treated with these drugs at 12 hr intervals for 72 hr. Determination of IR-beta-EP concentrations in the media revealed that ethanol increased IR-beta-EP secretion from these cultures for 12 hr, after this period, the cultured cells did not respond to ethanol. Acetaldehyde stimulated IR-beta-EP secretion from this culture for a period of 48 hr, but the IR-beta-EP secretory response to acetaldehyde reduced gradually with time during the first 48-hr period and reached the basal level at 72 hr. The desensitization of beta-EP neurons 12 hr after treatment with alcohol did not seem to be related to the loss of viable cells, because chronic ethanol exposures did not produce any effect on cell viability. However, reduced IR- beta-EP secretory response to acetaldehyde with time was associated with the time-dependent increase in cell death. Pretreatment of cultures with a cAMP analog, forskolin, increased the activity of functional beta-EP neurons and delayed the ethanol desensitization effects on these neurons. Pretreatment of forskolin did not delay the acetaldehyde desensitization of beta-EP neurons, but protected these cells from acetaldehyde toxicity. These results suggest that (i) chronic treatment with ethanol desensitizes beta-EP-secreting neurons due to reduced cellular functions and (ii) chronic acetaldehyde reduces beta-EP neurotransmission due to cell death. Furthermore, data suggest for the first time that cAMP pretreatments delay the ethanol-induced desensitization of opioid neurons and partly protect against the neurotoxic action of acetaldehyde on opioid neurons.
Plenary Speech 2P1: Consumerization of Electronics and Nanometer Technologies: Implications for Manufacturing Test

Summary form only given. Test has long been recognized as the bridge between design and manufacturing. However, innovation and deep integration in design and test tools has not kept pace with the consumerization of electronics and the rapidly evolving nanometer IC design and manufacturing. As a result, the full potential of Test has not been harnessed by the mainstream semiconductor community.The consumerization of electronics places significant new demands on low power, correctness and time-to-volume production.The rapid advances in nanometer technologies pose additional set of challenges due to the advanced physics effects and higher scales of transistor integration. The EDA industry needs to establish a new paradigm and a "deep integration" to meet these challenges. During the design phase, a power-aware DFT architecture must integrate tightly with low power design and implementation flow. Later, during the manufacturing phase, the benefits of DFT must be seamlessly harnessed for rapid scan diagnostics based yield learning using not only logic information from the design database but also using layout timing and power information. This keynote will discuss these challenges and possible solutions and scenarios.
Trauma and hypothermia

Abstract Hypothermia occurs commonly in patients sustaining injury and may result in morbidity and mortality due to impaired cardiorespiratory function, peripheral vasoconstriction, bleeding diathesis, metabolic acidosis, diminished hepatorenal function, and impaired immune response. Hypothermia decreases metabolic function of the body and is neuroprotective. However, injured patients in whom hypothermia develops have a higher mortality than do patients with a similar injury severity who remain normothermic. Also, post-injury life-threatening coagulopathy is predicted by persistent hypothermia in patients receiving massive transfusion. Treatment of hypothermia in the trauma patient should begin with the ABCs (airway with cervical spine protection, breathing, circulation and control of bleeding). Prevention of further heat loss is achieved by maintaining the patient in a thermoneutral environment at high ambient temperature and use of warmed intravenous (i.v.) fluids. The thermal stress from cold fluid resuscitation can substantially decrease core temperature mandating the use of effective fluid and blood warming devices in all severely injured patients. Several non-invasive and invasive rewarming methods are available. Of the various non-invasive treatment modalities, convective warming appears to be most effective for mild (32–35°C) and mild–moderate (30–32°C) hypothermia. Continuous arteriovenous rewarming may be used in the patient with moderate–severe (28–32°C) and severe (
The human, societal, and scientific legacy of cholera

The recent history of research on cholera illustrates the importance of establishing research and care facilities equipped with advanced technologies at locations where specific health problems exist. It is in such settings, where scientific research is often considered difficult due to poverty and the lack of essential infrastructure, that investigators from many countries are able to make important advances. On this, the 25th anniversary of the founding of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), this article seeks to recount the Centre's demonstration of how high-quality research on important global health issues, including cholera, can be accomplished in conditions that may be considered by many as unsuitable for scientific research.
SIZE‐CLASS STRUCTURE OF THREE STREAMSIDE FORESTS

Analysis of size-class distribution in three streamside forest stands in central Illinois shows close agreement of observed data with the negative power curve model of tree size-class distribution. However, examination of the size-class distribution of selected species reveals a number of deviations from the model. Most of the deviations from the model can be explained in terms of disease and land use.
Evoked response narrow-band noise masking patterns in the chinchilla.

Abstract Narrow-band noise masking patterns were measured at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz in the chinchilla using the auditory evoked response from the inferior colliculus. At low masker levels, the masking profiles were symmetrical and centered on the masker. However, as masker level increased, the masking profiles spread predominantly toward the high frequencies. The masking profiles obtained at 0.5 and 1 kHz, exhibited a broad plateau extending 1–2 octaves above the masker at the highest masker level (70 dB SPL) whereas those obtained at 2 and 4 kHz showed a peak. In contrast to tone-on-tone masking profiles, none of the narrow-band noise masking profiles contained a low-threshold notch on the high frequency side of the masker. The evoked response masking profiles obtained in the chinchilla were slightly wider, but qualitatively similar to those measured psychophysically in humans. Thus, the evoked response narrow-band noise masking profiles may provide a convenient way of evaluating the spread of masking in difficult-to-test subjects.
New methodology for the characterization of (±)-anti-BPDE-DNA adducts and tetrol I-1 with solid-matrix phosphorescence

Abstract Novel solid-matrix phosphorescence (SMP) methods were developed for the detection and characterization of (±)- anti -benzo[a]pyrene- trans -7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide ((±)- anti -BPDE)-DNA adducts and a hydrolysis product of the (±)- anti -BPDE-DNA adducts, tetrol I-1, by using the heavy-atom salts, thallium nitrate and sodium iodide, to enhance the solid-matrix phosphorescence. Thallium nitrate was much more effective for enhancing the SMP of the (±)- anti -BPDE-DNA adducts and tetrol I-1. Thus, the results from TlNO 3 were emphasized. The amount of TlNO 3 adsorbed on the solid matrix was varied over a wide range, and SMP intensities, lifetimes, and spectra were acquired. Fundamental equations and calculated photophysical parameters were used to interpret the data and characterize the samples. The data indicated that there were two major populations of the (±)- anti -BPDE-DNA adducts and tetrol I-1 adsorbed on the solid matrix. Because DNA was adsorbed so strongly to the solid matrix, the (±)- anti -BPDE-DNA adducts interacted in a uniform manner with increasing amounts of TlNO 3 . However, tetrol I-1 responded in a more random fashion with the increase in the amount of TlNO 3 . The methods developed can be used to compare the SMP of small molecular-weight metabolites and DNA samples modified at different levels of (±)- anti -BPDE. Also, the methodology can be employed for DNA samples that are adducted with any material that would give measurable SMP.
Azidoalanine mutagenicity in Salmonella: Effect of homologation and α-methyl substitution

Azide mutagenicity in susceptible non-mammalian systems involves the requisite formation of L-azidoalanine, a novel mutagenic amino acid. The biochemical mechanism(s) of azidoalanine-induced mutagenesis, however, is not known. Previous studies of the structural requirements for azidoalanine mutagenicity suggested the importance of free L-amino acid character, and that bioactivation of azidoalanine to the ultimate mutagenic species is required. To gain more insight into possible enzymatic processing, the alpha-methyl analogue, alpha-methyl-azidoalanine, and the homologue, 2-amino-4-azidobutanoic acid, were synthesized and tested for mutagenic potency in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1530. In addition, azidoacetic acid, a possible azidoalanine metabolite, was prepared and tested. The results show that alpha-methyl substitution effectively blocks the mutagenic effects of azidoalanine with alpha-methyl-azidoalanine being nearly devoid of mutagenic activity. In contrast, homologation of azidoalanine to yield 2-amino-4-azidobutanoic acid produces a marked increase in molar mutagenic potency. As with azidoalanine, the mutagenic activity of this homologue is associated with the L-isomer. Azidoacetic acid, however, was only very weakly mutagenic when tested as either the free acid or ethyl ester. This low mutagenic potency may indicate that bioactivation does not involve the entry of azide-containing azidoalanine catabolite into the Kreb's cycle. The high potency of 2-amino-4-azidobutanoic acid may be indicative of more efficient bioactivation and/or greater intrinsic activity. Importantly, the latter finding clearly shows that potent azido-amino acid mutagenicity is not limited to azidoalanine alone.
Incomplete block factorization preconditioning for indefinite elliptic problems

The application of the finite difference method to approximate the solution of an indefinite elliptic problem produces a linear system whose coefficient matrix is block tridiagonal and symmetric indefinite. Such a linear system can be solved efficiently by a conjugate residual method, particularly when combined with a good preconditioner. We show that specific incomplete block factorization exists for the indefinite matrix if the mesh size is reasonably small, and that this factorization can serve as an efficient preconditioner. Some efforts are made to estimate the eigenvalues of the preconditioned matrix. Numerical results are also given.
Music Acquisition of Children in Rural Zimbabwe: A Longitudinal Observation

Abstract Children in sub-Saharan Africa have been observed to participate in their society's music as fully competent musicians by the age of 5. This study provides a qualitative description of the behaviors that bring children to musical competency in the Nharira Communal Lands. The narrative focuses on demographics of the area and on the community's people, musical influences, musical interactions of individual children with caretakers and peers, and caretakers' musical belief systems. The three villages observed are composed of multiple extended family groups. Their main income is from crops and livestock. The primary caretakers of the children studied are grandmothers and mothers. The majority of fathers have jobs away from home and visit only rarely. Musical influences in the communities are the European-style music of the churches and schools; the Shona-language songs from the pre-European oral tradition, including many children's educational game songs; and the modern-day commercial music styled “A...
A mixed integer programming model for operator cyclic walking pattern development in GT cells

Abstract A class of cells where each cell is staffed with one or more operators is examined. The task of operators is to load parts into machines, to unload parts, and to transport parts between machines. For a given workload, we show that cell throughput is a function of the sequence of operations (loading, unloading, walking, waiting) that operators must attend to carry parts through the cell, and a proper choice of the sequence results in more than a 2-fold increase in cell throughput. We define the operator walking pattern problem as the problem of determining the order of these operations. A state transition diagram is developed to analyze and gain insight into this problem. Operator cyclic walking patterns are then defined. A mixed integer programming model is developed to find the optimal operator cyclic walking pattern for real GT production problems.
Chemical biology: A broader take on DNA

Slipping in extra benzene rings creates a broader DNA double helix that is similar to, but different from, natural DNA. Importantly, it can encode more genetic information — and that could have wide implications.
Platelet tissue factor is not expressed transiently after platelet activation.

To the editor: Blood coagulation is initiated by the binding of plasma factor VII/VIIa to cell surface–expressed tissue factor (TF). Normally, TF expression is confined to subendothelial tissues like fibroblasts[1][1] and pericytes[2][2] to limit blood coagulation to sites of vascular injury.
Multi-scale fish–habitat associations and the use of habitat surrogates to predict the organisation and abundance of deep-water fish assemblages

Abstract Deep-water demersal fishes are an important component of continental shelf and slope ecosystems and play an important role in the economies of many countries. Strong and predictable relationships of fishes with seabed habitats, in conjunction with rapid advances in acoustic seabed mapping capabilities, indicate there is great potential for using habitats as proxies or ‘surrogates’ to predict species distribution and abundance patterns at broad regional scales. However, few studies have evaluated this potential in complex seabed environments. In this study, we examined the spatial distributions, assemblage composition, and benthic habitat associations of deep-water demersal fish species over three spatial scales across Cordell Bank, a deep-water bank in central California. Demersal fishes were counted and habitats quantified from 60 strip-transects allocated over the extent of the bank using in situ observer and video-recorded data from the two-person Delta submersible. Both abundance and distribution of demersal fish species on Cordell Bank were strongly correlated with spatial location and habitat composition on the bank. Habitat structure was heterogeneous at several spatial scales. At broad scales, the rocky bank itself contained the highest diversity of both habitats and fishes. At intermediate scales, transition zones (10–100s of m wide) between the bank and continental slope and shelf sediments supported a diverse and characteristic suite of fish species. Habitats were also heterogeneous at finer-scales (1–10s of m) within these broad-scale zones, and fish responses to these habitat characteristics were taxon-specific, and often contingent on the spatial configuration of fine scale habitats within the broader-scale landscape. The results of this study indicate that for many species it is not sufficient to just know the fine-scale habitat association to predict fish assemblages. The landscape setting is also an important predictor if habitat is to be used as a surrogate for fish distributions in the management and conservation of these demersal fish assemblages.
A Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Parabolic Problems with Modified hp-Finite Element Approximation Technique

A recent paper is generalized to a case where the spatial region is taken in R(sup 3). The region is assumed to be a thin body, such as a panel on the wing or fuselage of an aerospace vehicle. The traditional h- as well as hp-finite element methods are applied to the surface defined in the x - y variables, while, through the thickness, the technique of the p-element is employed. Time and spatial discretization scheme based upon an assumption of certain weak singularity of double vertical line u(sub t) double vertical line 2, is used to derive an optimal a priori error estimate for the current method.
The separatin and differentiation of the gentamicin complex

Abstract Column chromatography on a strongly basic ion-exchange resin, with water as eluent, fractionated the gentamicin antibiotic complex; each fraction, representing different mixtures of antibiotics, further separated upon thin-layer chromatography. Sixteen antibiotics were clearly differentiated. Paper chromatography of the N-acetyl derivatives supplemted thin-layer chromatography, detecting many additional constituents of the complex. A number of important, basic, water-soluble antibiotics were chromatographically compared with the major gentamicin antibiotics.
Combined transabdominal gastroplasty and fundoplication for shortened esophagus: impact on reflux-related and overall quality of life.

Background Transabdominal gastroplasty for shortened esophagus at the time of fundoplication results in a segment of aperistaltic, acid-secreting neoesophagus above the fundoplication. We hypothesized that transabdominal gastroplasty impairs quality of life (QOL). Methods This was a matched paired analysis with retrospective chart review and follow-up questionnaire of 116 patients undergoing transabdominal fundoplication with gastroplasty with 116 matched controls undergoing transabdominal fundoplication alone from January 1997 to June 2005. Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) and Quality Of Life in Reflux And Dyspepsia (QOLRAD) instruments were used to measure overall and reflux-related QOL. Overall response rate was 75%; including 65 matched pairs used for long-term follow-up and QOL analysis. Results Groups were similar in age, sex, duration of hospitalization, and complications ( p > 0.05). Gastroplasty patients had larger hiatal hernias and were more likely to have undergone a previous fundoplication ( p p p = 0.11). Median follow-up was 14 months in the gastroplasty group and 17 months in controls ( p = 0.02). The groups had similar scores on the SF-36 and QOLRAD ( p > 0.05) and similar overall frequency of patient satisfaction, perceived health status, and self-reported symptoms of reflux, dysphagia, bloating, diarrhea, and excessive flatus ( p > 0.05). Control patients were more likely to require rehospitalization or reinterventions ( p = 0.04). Conclusions Transabdominal gastroplasty and fundoplication for shortened esophagus is safe and results in similar overall and reflux-related QOL compared with fundoplication alone.
Prey-capture in the African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis): comparison of turning to visual and lateral line stimuli.

Separately delivered visual and lateral line stimuli elicit similar but not identical orientation and approach by intact, sighted Xenopus. Response frequencies for visual stimuli declined sharply for distant or caudal stimuli while those for lateral line stimuli changed little. Turn angles correlated highly with stimulus angles but were smaller on average, so regression slopes were less than one. Regression slopes were smaller for visual than for lateral line stimuli, but this apparent difference was due to different distributions of stimulus distance interacting with the toad’s rotation center. Errors in final headings, most often under-rotations, did not differ by modality. Frequencies of lunges and arm capture movements were higher for visual stimuli both overall and especially for rostral proximal stimuli. The results demonstrate accurate orientation by sighted Xenopus to visual and lateral line stimuli; they are consistent with expectations based on in-register tectal maps. Orientation to lateral line stimuli is similar to previous results with blinded animals, revealing no heightened acuity in the latter. Modality differences indicate that the lateral line system is better for omnidirectional orientation and approach to distant stimuli whereas the visual system is more attuned to nearby rostral stimuli and more apt to mediate strikes.
U.S. national estuaries in “fair” condition

The first report to evaluate the condition of the U.S. National Estuary Program finds that the 28 NEP estuaries are in “fair condition” and generally doing better or equal to non-NEP U.S. estuaries despite significant human population pressures. The estuaries were rated for water and sediment quality, benthic zone health, and fish tissue contaminants. NEP estuaries in the southeast received the highest ratings, and those in the northeast and Puerto Rico the lowest. The most common concerns for NEP estuaries include habitat loss and alteration, species loss and decline, nutrients, toxics, and pathogens. The “National Estuary Program Coastal Condition Report” is available at http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/nepccr/
Photon-counting system for rapidly scanning low-level optical spectra.

A signal-dependent method of photon counting is described that reduces the time required to scan low-level optical spectra but does not sacrifice either the SNR or the dynamic range achieved by conventional methods. This variable-measurement-time technique is particularly applicable to spectra having a wide dynamic range. Implementation of this new technique using slightly modified commercial apparatus is discussed.
Relationship between preferred orientation and receptive field position of neurons in cat striate cortex.

It has been known for two decades that neurons in mammalian visual cortex respond selectively to stimuli falling on the retina at a particular angular orientation (Hubel and Wiesel, '62). Recent evidence suggests that most cat retinal ganglion cells (Levick and Thibos, '82) and relay cells (Vidyasagar and Urbas, '82) in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus are also orientation selective. In the retina there is a systematic relationship between receptive field position (polar angle) and preferred orientation. Outside of the area centralis, most retinal ganglion cells have oriented dendritic fields (Leventhal and Schall, '83) and respond best to stimuli oriented radially, i.e., oriented parallel to the line connecting their receptive fields to the area centralis (Levick and Thibos, '82). This relationship is strongest close to the horizontal meridian (the visual streak) of the retina (Leventhal and Schall, '83). To determine if a relationship between preferred orientation and polar angle exists in visual cortex, the preferred orientations and receptive field positions of 768 striate cortical neurons were studied. As in the retina, a systematic relationship exists between preferred orientation and visual field position in area 17. In parts of striate cortex 15–80° from the area centralis projection there is a strong tendency for cells to respond best to lines oriented radially. In regions 4–15° from the area centralis projection this relationship appears weaker. In regions subserving the central 4° of visual angle no such relationship exists. Throughout area 17 the relationship between preferred orientation and polar angle is strongest in regions subserving the horizontal meridian. It is suggested that the systematic relationship between preferred orientation and polar angle which begins in the retina provides an intrinsic framework for the organized arrangement of orientation “columns” in visual cortex (Hubel and Wiesel, '63). This relationship may also be responsible for the “oblique effect” as well as the visual system's preferential response to radially oriented gratings (Rovamo et al.,'82).
Topological defects: Topology in superposition

Topological defects are encountered in fields ranging from condensed-matter physics to cosmology. These broken-symmetry objects are intrinsically local, but theoretical work now suggests that non-local quantum superpositions of such local defects might arise in a quantum phase transition.
Melanocyte-specific cell mediated immune response in vitiliginous Smyth line chickens

Smyth line chickens (SL) are an animal model to study human autoimmune vitiligo. Vitiligo in SL chickens is characterized by a post-hatch loss of feather melanocytes (MC) resulting in feather depigmentation. The etiopathology of this disease remains unclear, however, a hypothesis that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) plays an important role in the destruction of melanocytes has been proposed based on previous studies. To support this hypothesis, the delayed wattle response (DWR) to MC lysates was examined in SL chickens and normally pigmented, MHC-matched controls (Brown line, BL; Light Brown Leghorn, LBL) to determine whether vitiliginous SL chickens have MC-specific CMI. Chickens were challenged in one wattle with a lysate of either embryo- or feather-derived cultured MC. Lysates of chick-embryo-fibroblasts (CEF) associated turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine and syngeneic CEF were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Vitiliginous SL chickens exhibited a significantly greater DWR to feather-MC but not to embryo-MC and CEF than nonvitiliginous SL chickens and normally pigmented controls. The DWR to feather-MC peaked at 3 to 5 days post feather-MC lysate injection. Immunohistochemical staining of DWR-positive wattle tissue revealed extensive lymphocyte infiltration at the site of feather-MC injection consisting primarily of T cells (TCR2+, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells). These observations support the presence of MC-specific CMI in SL chickens with vitiligo. The anti-MC CMI activity appears to be specific to MC derived from feathers. SDS-PAGE analysis of different sources of MC lysates revealed a 43 kDa missing band in the lysate of feather-MC established from SL chickens. No other obvious protein pattern differences that could account for the feather MC-specific CMI response in vitiliginous SL chickens were observed among the MC lysates.
Differences in the Evaluation and Management of Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm between Family Physicians and Pulmonologists

Previous studies have demonstrated that specialists and generalists differ in the evaluation and management of asthma especially in terms of use of objective testing. We speculated that there also may be differences in the diagnosis and management of exercise-induced respiratory complaints. An Internet survey was sent to samples of pulmonologists and family physicians. Our data suggests that pulmonologists are much more likely to order bronchoprovocation testing than family physicians, and family physicians are more likely to start any empiric therapy than perform bronchoprovocation testing when exercise-induced bronchospasm is suspected. These differences may lead to inaccurate or missed diagnoses and unnecessary morbidity.
The theory of micromixing for unsteady state flow reactors

Abstract The classical Danckwerts—Zwietering treatment of segregation has been generalized to unsteady state flow reactors of arbitrary geometric shape. Basic equations which can be used to predict two limits of the extent of chemical reaction are developed from the population balance equation. It is shown that the residence time distribution uniquely determines the extreme of micromixing and the distribution can be determined from a series of standard tracer experiments. Nauman's treatment is confirmed but the restriction to stirred tank systems is removed in this study. Examples are given to illustrate the use of the theory. The segragation effect on a second order reaction is found to be small for both the isothermal and adiabatically cases. The effect on a biological growth process is very significant.
Barriers to Ion Translocation in Cationic and Anionic Receptors from the Cys-Loop Family

Understanding the mechanisms of gating and ion permeation in biological channels and receptors has been a long-standing challenge in biophysics. Recent advances in structural biology have revealed the architecture of a number of transmembrane channels and allowed detailed, molecular-level insight into these systems. Herein, we have examined the barriers to ion conductance and origins of ion selectivity in models of the cationic human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and the anionic α1 glycine receptor (GlyR), based on the structure of Torpedo nAChR. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to determine water density profiles along the channel length, and they established that both receptor pores were fully hydrated. The very low water density in the middle of the nAChR pore indicated the existence of a hydrophobic constriction. By contrast, the pore of GlyR was lined with hydrophilic residues and remained well-hydrated throughout. Adaptive biasing force simulations allowed us to reconstruct pot...
Effects of guar meal by-product with and without beta-mannanase Hemicell on broiler performance

Guar gum production yields a high protein guar meal that can be subdivided into germ and hull fractions. Feeding high concentrations of guar meal reduces body weight and feed efficiency in chickens due to the presence of a residual guar gum. Two experiments determined the upper feeding levels of guar meal and the hull and germ fractions in broiler chickens. An industrial source beta-mannanase (Hemicell) also was fed in combination with guar meals. Experiment 1 utilized a 3 x 4 factorial design to feed broiler chickens diets containing guar germ, guar hull, or guar meal at 4 levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%) compared with a negative control diet. Results indicated that any of the 3 guar meals could be fed at a 2.5% dietary inclusion rate without adversely affecting broiler chicken growth to 6 wk of age. In experiment 2, a 4 x 2 factorial design consisting of the 3 by-products meals at 5% inclusion and soybean meal control with and without enzyme tested whether Hemicell could increase inclusion rates without decreasing broiler growth or feed consumption to 6 wk of age. Addition of Hemicell to feed had no effect on measures of growth in chickens fed the control diet. Hemicell significantly improved feed:gain ratio of diets containing 5% of each fraction of guar meal versus the untreated diets. Feed:gain ratio for the Hemicell-treated 5% germ fraction diet was improved to control diet levels. Results indicated that the upper feeding level of guar meal and germ and hull fraction of guar meal is 2.5%, and addition of beta-mannanase (Hemicell) increases the upper feeding level for the germ fraction to 5%.
Analysis of the Influence of Fixture Locator Errors on the Compliance of Work Part Features to Geometric Tolerance Specifications

A machining fixture controls position and orientation of datum references (used to define important functional features of the geometry of a mechanical part) relative the reference frame for an NC program. Inaccuracies in fixture's location scheme result in a deviation of the work part from its nominal specified geometry. For a part to be acceptable this deviation must be within the limits allowed by the geometric tolerances specified. This paper addresses the problem of characterizing the acceptable level of inaccuracy in the location scheme so that the features machined on the part comply with the limits associated with its geometric tolerances. First we solve the forward problem that involves predicting the tolerance deviation resulting at a feature from a known set of errors on the locators. However, the paper concentrates on solving the inverse problem that involves establishing bounds on the errors of the locators to ensure that the limits specified by geometric tolerances at a feature are not violated.
Statistics of the Richardson number : Mixing models and finestructure

Abstract Parameterization of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (ϵ) in terms of Richardson number (Ri = N2/S2) is examined for a variety in internal wave environments. Previous work with these data suggests a scaling of ϵ ∼ E2N2g(w) to within a factor of 2, where E represents a low-wavenumber shear spectral density, N the background buoyancy frequency, and g(w) a dependence upon average wave frequency content. The alternative Richardson-number-based parameterization of Kunze et al. is also shown to collapse the dissipation data to within a factor of 2. On the basis of a number of theoretical Richardson number probability distributions, however, the nominal (E, N) scaling of the Kunze et al. model is determined to be E2N3. The difference between the nominal (N3) and observed (N2) scaling is hypothesized to be an effect of turbulent momentum and buoyancy fluxes on the internal wave shear and strain profiles associated with the shear instability. For a statistically homogeneous subset of ...
Mars: water, water everywhere.

Mars is a very watery planet, but all the water seems to be frozen. Divining the amount and distribution of this water, past and present, is essential for understanding martian climates, and more.
The sign of electron exchange in random radical encounter pairs

Abstract The electron spin polarization pattern observed in independently generated radicals (F-pairs) produced by both laser photolysis and pulse radiolysis in water, alcoholic, and hydrocarbon solvents is E/A, low-field emission, high-field enhanced absorption. Thus, the sign of the exchange coupling in F-pairs is negative contrary to the recent suggestion that exchange coupling is positive in F-pairs.
Detection of designer steroids.

Illicit use of performance-enhancing steroids has proliferated among a wide range of professional and amateur athletes. This problem has attracted broad public attention and has led the United States Congress to draft legislation that proposes frequent testing of athletes. However, current testing protocols are inadequate as athletes can evade detection by using novel steroids that are unknown to authorities. We have developed a strategy that overcomes this limitation by virtue of its ability to detect “designer steroids” without prior knowledge of their existence.
Linear shift-invariant input–output maps do not necessarily commute

It is part of the engineering folklore that linear shift-invariant input-output operators that take a set of functions (closed under translation) into itself commute in the sense that H 1 H 2 = H 2 H 1 for any two such operators H 1 and H 2 . The main purpose of this paper is to record theorems to the effect that, in a certain very reasonable discrete-space setting, it is not true that shift-invariant operators commute, even though H 1 H 2 =H 2 H 1 holds on certain interesting subsets of the set of inputs. A result showing the lack of commutativity for continuous-space systems is also given.
A Century of Science in Agriculture: Lessons for Science Policy

Today all of science seems to be in some political and policy difficulty. There is rising conflict over the funding for and the performance of science. In the agricultural sciences there has been a crescendo of external criticism in Congress and elsewhere ever since the National Academy of Sciences "Pound Report" in 1972 (National Academy of Sciences). Repeated criticisms from the national science establishment suggest that agricultural science lacks a basic science foundation and is a thirdrate enterprise. Their usual prescription for this problem is quite simplistic: eliminate all the "politically allocated" Hatch-type formula funding, substituting for it peer-reviewed competitive grants-open to researchers anywhere, not just in colleges of agriculture. Various advocacy groups, the media, and some politicians are also highly critical of the agricultural sciences. They focus on such dangers as uncontrolled new genetic technologies and the threats to health, safety, and the environment of other agricultural technologies. The public attitude toward science has shifted from unqualified support to a questioning ambivalence and even fear of its consequences. At the same time some state legislatures perceive their land grant colleges to have abandoned the land grant mission and agricultural problem solving for the glories of basic science. These land grant colleges of agriculture are in difficulty with their clientele and legislatures. Still other colleges of agriculture have become so applied and isolated from many of the basic disciplines that they are losing scientific and intellectual vitality. After resisting the idea for over a decade, agricultural science now shows some sign of understanding it must adjust its mission and adapt its institutions to a society and an agriculture greatly different from that of fifty or even twenty-five years ago. It would appear that the national science establishment is also slowly beginning to understand that it too faces some fundamental questions. Since World War II public sector national science policy, except in medicine and agriculture, has been focused only on the basic disciplines. Applied science and technology, when considered, is treated separately as primarily a private sector matter of industrial research and development (RD how such a diverse scientific enterprise should be institutionalized, funded, and managed; what role the private sector should play; and, indeed, what philosophic values should inform the prioritysetting process. The debate, however, is poorly informed and inflamed by parochial Fellows address.
Clonidine plus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia/psychosis

Because of the evidence for increased norepinephrine (NE) production in psychotic patients, we studied the effects of combining the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine with haloperidol for the treatment of schizophrenic psychosis. Twelve hospitalized schizophrenic patients were taken off their antipsychotic medication for 2 to 4 weeks before double-blind treatment with haloperidol (20 mg/day) combined with either clonidine or placebo. The group receiving clonidine was significantly more improved on the thought disorder subscale of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (p = 0.02). The groups differed initially in the level of negative symptoms, but not controlling for this difference statistically by analysis of covariance did not change the finding with regard to the superiority of combining clonidine with haloperidol. We conclude that larger treatment trials of combining haloperidol with clonidine are warranted.
Kinetics of Photosynthesis

BALY and Morgan1 have proposed kinetic equations which account for observations of Warburg2 and Emerson3 on the rate of photosynthesis. We wish to direct attention to one of Warburg's observations which is not in accordance with their equations. At low light intensities, the temperature coefficient of photosynthesis approaches unity, while at low carbon dioxide concentrations it remains high. We have confirmed this for five different species of algae. This leads us to suppose that carbon dioxide is a reactant in the temperature-sensitive reaction, rather than in the photochemical reaction, where Baly and Morgan placed it. Their assumption seems to us untenable because it leads to equations in which light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are interchangeable, and because according to photo chemical principles a photochemical primary process is unimolecular, taking place immediately on the absorption of light.
A tight bound on approximating arbitrary metrics by tree metrics

In this paper, we show that any n point metric space can be embedded into a distribution over dominating tree metrics such that the expected stretch of any edge is O(log n). This improves upon the result of Bartal who gave a bound of O(log n log log n). Moreover, our result is existentially tight; there exist metric spaces where any tree embedding must have distortion Ω(log n)-distortion. This problem lies at the heart of numerous approximation and online algorithms including ones for group Steiner tree, metric labeling, buy-at-bulk network design and metrical task system. Our result improves the performance guarantees for all of these problems.
Model for an attractive feeble force.

We present an economical and technically natural model for a scalar feeble force. The scalar couples to ordinary quarks and leptons only through mixing with the ordinary Higgs boson of the standard model. There is therefore a definite prediction for the composition dependence of the force, as well as the qualitative prediction that the physical Higgs boson of the standard model should be light.
Changing the paradigm GSFC's Role in the MAVEN mission to Mars lessons learned from the MAVEN MOS/GDS effort

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission (MAVEN), successfully launched 18 November 2013, will explore the planet's upper atmosphere, ionosphere and interactions with the sun and solar wind. One of MAVEN's unique circumstances is the fact that it is a Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) flight project. Despite being an international leader in Earth and Space Science Missions, and providing instruments for planetary missions, GSFC has not had the project office in the development of planetary missions. Until the selection of MAVEN as NASA's second Mars Scout, the GSFC Flight Projects Directorate had not had full management responsibility for the development of an entire Mars mission. This paper will focus on the dovetailing of the Spacecraft (S/C) Team's and GSFC's approach to Requirements Management, Verification & Validation, (V&V) and the Ground and Operations test programs.
Treatment of Mandibular Fractures via Transoral 2.0-mm Miniplate Fixation With 2 Weeks of Maxillomandibular Fixation: A Retrospective Study

Purpose The intraoral approach for placement of fixation plates for treatment of mandibular fracture has several advantages over the extraoral approach, including lower morbidity and avoidance of nerve VII injury. If this method were shown to be effective in contributing to a low percentage of postoperative complications, especially infection, nonunion, and need for plate removal, this would be a method of choice in treatment of such injuries, especially in dark-skinned or keloid-forming patients. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of 337 fractures of the angle, body, and parasymphyseal regions of the mandible treated at St Barnabas Hospital (Bronx, NY), a level I trauma center, from 2001 to 2006. Results The percentage of such complications was 1%. Conclusion This method is very useful in the treatment of these injuries.
MiCASSA-my home.

Abstract This article will introduce people with disabilities as change agents who affect policy enactments and implementation in this country. It will begin with a brief description of a bill (H.R. 2032/S.971), the Medicaid Community Attendant Services and Supports Act (MiCASSA). That will be followed by the grassroots history of the disability-rights movement since the 1960s and the independent living philosophy that was born in the movement and underlies the development of MiCASSA. The contributions to the MiCASSA bill by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Americans With Disabilities Act, and the Supreme Court's Olmstead Decision will be presented. Finally, MiCASSA's implications to both social work education and practice will be discussed.
Careers in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention

Research careers in cardiovascular epidemiology, including cardiac and vascular diseases and stroke, continue to grow and provide opportunities for contributions to our understanding of the extent, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases. The pursuit of cardiovascular epidemiology research is compatible with academic, clinical, laboratory, industry, government, and other scientific positions. Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns and outcomes in populations. Because of this public health perspective, epidemiologists also play a learning role in the study of disease prevention. Observational epidemiologists define the role of risk factors in predicting, preventing, and treating cardiovascular disease through population studies. Working with laboratory medical and behavioral scientists, they elucidate the underlying mechanisms and initiate large prevention and treatment trials. Our understanding of lipids, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, inflammation, and other factors leading to cardiovascular diseases originated in epidemiological observations. This research continues with considerable vigor as epidemiologists evaluate new biomarkers and the genetics of cardiovascular disease. However, expanding opportunities also exist in the field, including the study of primary and secondary prevention, nutrition, clinical epidemiology, health services research, policy research, and other areas in the academic, public, and private schools where epidemiologic methodology and skills play a scientific role in the study of humans. The need for formal training in epidemiology and associated fields is increasingly apparent. Training “on the job,” the norm for many senior people, has given way to more structured programs leading to graduate certificates and degrees. These range from training at well-established international and national seminars to Master of Public Health (MPH), Master of Science (MS), and doctoral (DrPH, PhD) programs. Postdoctoral experience supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the American Heart Association, and other organizations is available at many centers. Finally, in the current era, many data sets and stored biological samples are readily available …
The President's listening post: Nixon's failed experiment in government public relations

Abstract At the beginning of his first term, President Nixon engaged in an experiment to institutionalize and regularize a new channel for citizens to convey their views and ideas to the White House. He called it a President's Listening Post. The first one opened in Philadelphia to much hoopla and hopes in October 1969. Quickly, however, it became clear that the mechanism was not working as hoped. Trying to avoid political embarrassment, it was quietly shut down in early 1971. This article recounts the largely unknown experiment by the Nixon White House in presidential public relations.
Influence of Nutrition

The availability of body composition techniques has made it possible to study the long-term changes in body composition without having to deal with the problems inherent in the metabolic balance method.
A numerical model to study auscultation sounds under pneumothorax conditions

A 2D viscoelastic finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is used to simulate sound propagation of lung sounds in the human thorax. Specifically, the model is employed to study the effects of pneumothorax on the sounds reaching the thoracic surface. By simulating varying degrees of severity of the disease, the model assists in determining the key frequency bands that contain the most information to aid in diagnosis. The work thus lends itself for development of advanced auscultatory techniques for detection of pneumothorax using noninvasive acoustic sensors.