cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Defect Reduction Methodology For Increased Sort Yield Using Automated Defect Inspection

This paper addresses the task of finding the source of defects that cause die failure at sort on semiconductor wafers. To do this, one must be able to determine defect type and density, in process, in order to determine where in the manufacturing process they are being created. Two methods have been commonly used. First is operator performed inspection of product or test wafers using a microscope. The second is short loop experiments using electrical test structures. Each of these methods have significant limitations when used for engineering analysis on VLSI technologies. Data generated by operator performed inspections show lack of reproducibility and large variations from operator to operator. Also, operator sensitivity declines to very low levels for defect sizes approaching linewidths in current semiconductor technologies. Electrical test structures require a conductive thin film to be patterned and etched. To get finer resolution of the section of the process causing a defect, indirect methods are required. This greatly constrains the options for experimental procedures. Because of the limitations on the methods described so far, defect reduction projects have been difficult, time consuming and prone to failure due to the difficulty of identifying the source of defects. Automated defect inspection, using the KLA-2020 automated wafer inspector, addresses these problems. This results in greatly increased efficiency and success rate. Presented in this paper is a discussion of the capabilities of automated defect inspection as compared to operator performed inspections and electrical test structure based short loop experiments. Also, a defect reduction methodology utilizing automated inspection will be described by presenting an actual example of its application. The methodology consists of using standard problem solving and experiment design techniques to isolate and solve major defect mechanisms. The example presented describes a series of short loop experiments using data generated by the KLA-2020 which successively narrowed down the portion of the process responsible. The problem was solved and a corresponding yield increase was seen.
Birefringence dispersions of liquid crystals.

The origins of liquid-crystal birefringence were investigated. Theory on the quantitative birefringence dispersions of liquid crystals was developed and found to have excellent agreement with experimental results throughout the entire visible and infrared spectral regions. New guidelines for selecting or synthesizing the liquid crystals with the desired birefringence are established. Novel applications of liquid crystals in the infrared region are foreseeable.
Neutron noise measurements on Bugey 2 PWR

Abstract Following Bugey 2 PWR hot functional tests, dimension measurements of internals hold down spring led to suspect that vibration levels could change with time. Neutron noise measurement runs during the first fuel cycle enabled describing vibration behaviour of internals. Comparisons with previous analytical and experimental results gained on the Safran model as well as on similar reactors were also made.
Induction of Lambda Prophage by 213 nm Laser Radiation: A Quantitative Comparison with 193 nm Excimer Radiation Using Image Analysis

We compared the DNA damage produced by radiation from two UV laser wavelengths, 213 nm and 193 nm, with that produced by noncoherent 254 nm radiation. Following irradiation of Escherichia coli BR339, a bacteriophage lambda lysogen containing the lacZ gene, pro-phage induction was measured by assaying for beta-galactosidase. Because of the limited penetration by UV laser wavelengths an agar overlay of the lysogen was used as the irradiation target. Irradiation of 254 nm was performed in buffer suspension followed by transfer of 5 microL spots onto assay plants. Computer image analysis was used to monitor the rate of product formation, observed as an increase in optical density of the irradiated zones on assay plates. We found that the rate of product formation was a more reproducible unit of comparison than the optical density present at the end of the reaction. Although the rate of product formation was not linearly related to enzyme concentration, the data could be fit to a simple logarithmic function. Using this method, we concluded that the DNA damaging ability of 213 nm radiation was 10 times more efficient than 193 nm radiation and about 100 times less efficient than 254 nm noncoherent radiation.
The UN in Mozambique and Angola: Lessons learned

The outcomes of recent peace‐building efforts in Africa ‐ often a relapse into war, not sustainable peace ‐ have led to much debate about the internal and external dimensions and factors that determine either success or failure in a peace‐building mission. The internal aspects often revolve around the ability to reach a consensus on how to share both political and economic power. However, increasingly the viability of most peace‐building efforts in Africa and elsewhere depend on external involvement. Thus the United Nations is regularly called upon to help to draft and implement peace accords. In both Angola and Mozambique the UN was expected to help to create the conditions for sustainable peace. Lack of a consensus at the internal level coupled with an unrealistic UN mandate and the allocation of meagre resources combined to abort the process of peace‐building in Angola. In contrast, the successful outcome of the UN mission in Mozambique reflected a much greater international and regional engagement.
Strain Calculated from Twinning in Calcite

Deformation of calcite results in polysynthetic twinning on the e ![Graphic][1] plane. Twinning distorts the original grain shape by simple shear of an amount proportional to the total thickness of twinned material. Each twin set is viewed as an internal strain gage in a deformed aggregate of calcite. Each twin set provides one equation relating the strain in a specific orientation to the strain in the aggregate as a whole. The deviatoric strain tensor that characterizes the aggregate is calculated by the simultaneous solution of at least five equations involving the measured shear strains and twin-set orientations as knowns, and the components of strain in the aggregate as unknowns. More than five equations are solved by least squares to provide an estimate of the precision of the strain components. A preliminary field test of the strain-gage calculation technique suggests that the accuracy is within a factor of two. Used on a computer-simulated aggregate of deformed calcite, the strain-gage calculation technique produces the exact magnitudes and orientations of the principal strains. Used on the same simulated aggregate, the dynamic analysis technique of Turner and the earlier strain calculation technique of Conel both estimate the relative magnitudes and orientations of the principal strains. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Structural and functional characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CmtR, a PbII/CdII-sensing SmtB/ArsR metalloregulatory repressor.

The SmtB/ArsR family of prokaryotic metalloregulators are winged-helix transcriptional repressors that collectively provide resistance to a wide range of both biologically required and toxic heavy-metal ions. CmtR is a recently described CdII/PbII regulator expressed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is structurally distinct from the well-characterized SmtB/ArsR CdII/PbII sensor, Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258-encoded CadC. From functional analyses and a multiple sequence alignment of CmtR paralogs, M. tuberculosis CmtR is proposed to bind PbII and CdII via coordination by Cys57, Cys61, and Cys102 [Cavet et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 44560−44566]. We establish here that both wild-type and C102S CmtR are homodimers and bind CdII and PbII via formation of cysteine thiolate-rich coordination bonds. UV−vis optical spectroscopy, 113Cd NMR spectroscopy (δ = 480 ppm), and 111mCd perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy suggest two or three thiolate donors in the wild-type protein. Cys57 and Cys...
Kant, von Baer und das kausal‐historische Denken in der Biologie

Kant, von Baer, and causal-historical thinking in biology. In his Kritik der Urteilskraft Kant set forth an analysis of bio-causality which attempted to unite the best features of teleological and mechanical frameworks of explanation. Kant's analysis suggested that related organic forms must be materially interconnected in the unity of a fundamental plan or morphotype. In the hands of Karl Ernst von Baer these suggestions led to concrete researches and groundbreaking empirical discoveries, including the discovery of the mammalian ovum. Von Baer's theories of developmental types, germ layers and fundamental organs offered a precise formulation of the research program initially outlined by Immanuel Kant. Above all through the embryological method von Baer introduced the analysis of causal-historical relations as the basic tool for biological research, the power of which he revealed in the formulation of a limited theory of evolution.
Comparison of different DRG-based methods for the skeletal reduction of JP-8 surrogate mechanisms

Abstract Directed relation graph (DRG) techniques are used to generate small skeletal mechanisms capable of accurately simulating the combustion of a two-component surrogate for JP-8 jet fuel. Within the DRG framework, six different reduction techniques are considered, and the effectiveness of different definitions for the connection weights and error propagation is evaluated. The use of DRG reduction techniques for aided sensitivity analysis (DRGASA) and for on-the-fly reduction (flux-based DRG) is studied in detail. An optimal reduction approach based on the sequential use of DRG, DRGASA, and flux-based DRG is proposed. When global reduction is applied to a detailed mechanism of 234 species and 6997 reactions, the six reduction techniques result in very different skeletal mechanisms, but all of them are essentially equivalent in terms of accuracy and number of retained species (82–92 species). Finally, for two-dimensional coflow flame test problems, on-the-fly DRG techniques are investigated. Error-propagation-based methods are found to extinguish the flame artificially and cannot be used in an on-the-fly implementation. Conversely, normal DRG methods greatly improve the mechanism reduction, and accurate solutions are obtained using about 15% of the detailed mechanism.
Characterization of sulfur retained by soils exposed to sulfur dioxide

Abstract Soils have substantial capacity for sorption of sulfur dioxide (SO2) but little is known about the nature of the sorbed S. Three surface soils varying in pH, organic matter, CaCO3 equivalent and surface area were exposed to air containing 5% SO2 and subsequently analyzed by ten different procedures to characterize the sorbed S. Most of the sulfur retained by soils after exposure to SO2 could be recovered as CaCl2‐extractable S, Ca(H2PO4)2‐extractable S, or S released as H2S by hydriodic acid (HI). Only small amounts of sulfur could be recovered as tetrachloromercurate (TCM)‐extractable S, S released as SO2 by HCl, or S released as H2S by HCl + Zn, HCl + Sn, or Raney Ni and NaOH. However, large amounts of S released as SO2 by HCl were recovered from the air‐dry Webster and the moist Storden soils indicating that SO2 sorption is influenced by organic matter in air‐dry soils and by CaCO3 in moist soils.
Genome Protection by the 9-1-1 Complex Subunit HUS1 Requires Clamp Formation, DNA Contacts, and ATR Signaling-independent Effector Functions

The RAD9A-HUS1-RAD1 (9-1-1) complex is a heterotrimeric clamp that promotes checkpoint signaling and repair at DNA damage sites. In this study, we elucidated HUS1 functional residues that drive clamp assembly, DNA interactions, and downstream effector functions. First, we mapped a HUS1-RAD9A interface residue that was critical for 9-1-1 assembly and DNA loading. Next, we identified multiple positively charged residues in the inner ring of HUS1 that were crucial for genotoxin-induced 9-1-1 chromatin localization and ATR signaling. Finally, we found two hydrophobic pockets on the HUS1 outer surface that were important for cell survival after DNA damage. Interestingly, these pockets were not required for 9-1-1 chromatin localization or ATR-mediated CHK1 activation but were necessary for interactions between HUS1 and its binding partner MYH, suggesting that they serve as interaction domains for the recruitment and coordination of downstream effectors at damage sites. Together, these results indicate that, once properly loaded onto damaged DNA, the 9-1-1 complex executes multiple, separable functions that promote genome maintenance.
Correction to “optimal load balancing in a multiple processor system with many job classes”

In the above paper1, an error was made in the Load Balancing Algorithm. A more clear recursive way to present this algorithm is to modify steps S3 to S5 as follows.
LISP/370: a short technical description of the implementation

This description is written for the person having some experience with a LISP programming system, who wishes a brief description of some of the highlights of LISP/370. For details and more information, a LISP/370 Program Description and Operations Manual is available.
Statistical modeling and feature selection for seismic pattern recognition

Abstract Application of pattern recognition techniques to reflection seismic data is difficult for several reasons. The amount of available training data is limited by the degree of well control in the area and may not be sufficient. In contrast, seismic data sets are often extremely large, necessitating the use of the smallest possible feature set to allow quick and efficient processing. In this paper, a method to generate synthetic training data is described, which alleviates the problem of insufficient training data. A means is provided for injecting a priori geologic knowledge into the classifier, including well logs. Finally, a feature evaluation algorithm using a performance metric related to the Bayes probability of error is outlined and applied to the training data to identify effective feature sets.
Inflation persistence and growth in seven emerging Islamic economies

We examine inflation persistence and gross domestic product growth for a group of seven Islamic economies from 1980–2009 using World Bank and International Monetary Fund data. Although there is a substantial body of literature on the impact of money supply on the economies of industrial countries, there is not nearly as much study done on the role of monetary policy as a stabilisation tool in developing nations, particularly in Middle Eastern countries. This study will shed some light on the relationship between money and economic activities in seven Islamic countries and whether monetary authorities can function effectively in their formulation and implementation of monetary policy. We find that money supply growth is correlated with inflation persistence, and study other factors’ effects on both. Also, the relationship between money supply and economic growth is tested with regard to additional factors which demonstrate that money supply, while affecting growth, is not the dominant factor.
A longitudinal study of nonvitamin, nonmineral supplement use: prevalence, associations, and survival in an aging population.

Purpose We sought to describe population and survival characteristics in nonvitamin, nonmineral (NVNM) supplement users in a population-based cohort study. Methods People from 43 to 86 years of age living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, participated in a baseline examination from 1988 to 1990 (n = 4926) and three follow-up examinations at 5-year intervals (n = 3722, 2962, 2375 at each successive examination). Medication and supplement use, medical and lifestyle factors were collected during the examination and survival was monitored through 2002. Results NVNM supplement use increased from 5% at baseline, to 6% at the second, to 21% at the third to 30% at the fourth examination. In general, younger age, vitamin or mineral use, and taking more medications was directly related to NVNM supplement use, while current smoking and history of other systemic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer) was inversely related to NVNM supplement use. After adjusting for age, sex, and other medical and lifestyle factors, users of NVNM supplements had lower mortality (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.57–0.95, p = 0.02) than nonusers. Conclusions NVNM supplement users had a healthier lifestyle and fewer co-morbid medical conditions and were more likely to survive after adjusting for these factors than non-users.
Functional group diversity in dendrimers.

A methodology for synthesizing dendrons with different peripheral functionalities is described. The benzyl ether-based dendrons reported here were synthesized using allyl and methoxymethyl ether-based protection−deprotection strategies.
A new embryonic antigen, p67, present during mouse preimplantation development

An antibody prepared against nullipotential teratocarcinoma stem cells (A-N ,) detects cell surface antigens expressed by early mouse embryos and inhibits in vitro development of embryos in the absence of complement [Calarco and Bankd, 19791. Here we report the immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic characterization of A-N, -detected antigens from preimplantation mouse embryos. Predominant antibody activity is directed against a 67,000dalton glycoprotein (p67) with a mean PI of 5.3, which has not been previously described. This protein is not detected, at least as p67, after culture of embryos in tunicamycin. The $7 antigen is also expressed by pluripotential PSAl teratocarcinoma cells but not by several different differentiated mouse cell types.
Development of a stereo-optical camera system for monitoring tidal turbines

The development, implementation, and testing of a stereo-optical imaging system suitable for environmental monitoring of a tidal turbine is described. This monitoring system is intended to provide real-time stereographic imagery in the near-field (<10 m) of tidal turbines proposed for deployment in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington. Postdeployment observations will provide the necessary information about the frequency and type of interactions between marine animals and the turbine. A method for optimizing the stereo camera arrangement is given, along with a quantitative assessment of the system’s ability to measure and track targets in three-dimensional space. Optical camera effectiveness is qualitatively evaluated under realistic field conditions to determine the range within which detection, discrimination, and classification of targets is possible. These field evaluations inform optimal system placement relative to the turbine rotor. Tests suggest that the stereographic cameras will likely be able to discriminate and classify targets at ranges up to 3.5 m and detect targets at ranges up to, and potentially beyond, 4.5 m. Future system testing will include the use of an imaging sonar (“acoustical camera”) to evaluate behavioral disturbances associated with artificial lighting.
Stream drift, size-specific predation, and the evolution of ovum size in an amphibian

A stream-breeding race of small-mouthed salamanders (Ambystoma texanum) in central Kentucky produces ova that are twice as large as those of a pond-breeding race found nearby. Embryos of stream-breeders also hatch at a more advanced developmental stage than those of pond-breeders. Morphological evidence indicates that stream-breeders were derived from pond-breeding stock. Assuming that differences between stream and pond-breeders reflect evolutionary change, and that the ancestral pond stock that invaded streams was similar to extant pond-breeders, we examined three hypotheses that might explain changes in ovum size and stage at hatching following the invasion of streams. (1) Larger ovum size evolved indirectly as a consequence of selection for rapid development which minimizes mortality risk from stream drying. (2) Increased ovum (hatchling) size and stage at hatching of stream-breeders are adaptations to resist stream current. (3) Increased ovum (hatchling) size and stage at hatching are adaptations to reduce predation on hatchlings from stream invertebrates. The results of field and laboratory studies only support hypotheses (2) and (3). Hatchlings that were relatively large or at a more advanced developmental stage had slower drift rates and were less vulnerable to predation by Phagocata gracilis, a flatworm abundant in streams in central Kentucky. Developmental and growth parameters were not correlated significantly with ovum size in populations of either geographic race. Differences in degree of parental care among races also cannot explain variation in ovum size since both races abandon their eggs immediately after oviposition.
Regulation of vitellogenin synthesis by juvenile hormone in the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea

Summary In the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea yolk deposition in oocytes begins 8–10 h after adult eclosion and is controlled by juvenile hormone (JH). Hemolymph from females at the time of yolk formation, analyzed by SDS-PAGE, contains polypeptides apparently identical to polypeptides from eggs; and these have been tentatively designated as apovitello-genins (apoVgs). ApoVgs were not found in male hemolymph. The hormonal control of production of the apoVg with an apparent molecular weight of 165 kDa (apoVg-I) was studied by SDS-PAGE. Decapitation of females immediately after eclosion did not prevent the appearance of apoVg-I whereas the same operation done 5–7 h prior to eclosion abolished its production. Treatment of the latter group of females with methoprene, a JH analogue, restored production of apoVg-I whereas injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) did not. When pharate adults were kept at 10°C from 10–12 h before the time of their anticipated eclosion, eclosion was delayed for 4–7 d. In such females...
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Voriconazole from a Pharmacokinetic Study with Immunocompromised Japanese Pediatric Subjects

A population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was conducted to characterize the voriconazole pharmacokinetic profiles in immunocompromised Japanese pediatric subjects and to compare them to those in immunocompromised non-Japanese pediatric subjects. A previously developed two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and mixed linear and nonlinear elimination adequately described the voriconazole intravenous and oral data from Japanese pediatric subjects with few modifications. Bayesian priors were applied to this analysis by using the NONMEM routine NWPRI, which allowed priors for the fixed-effect parameter vector and variance matrix of the random-effect parameters to be a normal distribution and an inverse Wishart distribution, respectively. Large intersubject variabilities in oral bioavailability and voriconazole exposure were observed in these pediatric subjects. The mean oral bioavailability estimated in Japanese pediatric subjects was 73% (range, 17% to 99%), which is consistent with the reported estimates of 64% in the previous model and less than what was originally estimated for healthy adults-96%. Voriconazole exposures in Japanese pediatric subjects were generally comparable to those in non-Japanese pediatric subjects receiving the same dosing regimens, given the large intersubject variability. Consistent with the previous findings, the CYP2C19 genotyping status did not have a clinically relevant effect on voriconazole exposure in Japanese pediatric subjects, although it was identified as a covariate in the model to help explain the intersubject variability in voriconazole exposure. The CYP2C19 genotyping status alone does not warrant dose adjustment of voriconazole. No other factors besides age and weight were identified to explain the PK variability of voriconazole.
Prevention of the inhibitory effects of urethan, formamide, and N-methylformamide on the growth of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Purines, pyrimidines, ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides, carboxylic acids, and amino acids were tested for activity in preventing the growth-inhibition of Escherichia coli by urethan, formamide and N-methylformamide. 2: 6-Diaminopurine and phenylalanine were the only compounds tested that caused true reversal of the inhibition of growth of E. coli 9637 by these agents, but neither of these compounds rereversed the inhibition of a purine-requiring mutant or, in experiments with urethan, the inhibition of a pyrimidine-requiring mutant. On the other hand, glutamic acid caused true reversal of the inhibition of the purine-requiring mutant and, in experiments with urethan, of the inhibition of the pyrimidine-requiring mutant, but the apparent reversal of the inhibition of E. coli 9637 by glutamic acid was found to be due to stimulation of the overgrowth of drug-resistant mutants. A number of other compounds also stimulated the overgrowth of drug-resistant mutants in overnight growth experiments. Urethan, formamide and N-methylformamide, individually, inhibited the formation of diazotizable amine by resting E. coli B96 cells. The inhibition by urethan was partially prevented by phenylalanine; the inhibition by formamide was partially prevented by glutamic acid and by 2: 6-diaminopurine; and the inhibition by N-methylformamide was partially prevented by 2: 6-diaminopurine. The data indicate that there are probably multiple sites of action for each of these inhibitors.
The critical role of the cellular thiol homeostasis in cadmium perturbation of the lung extracellular matrix.

Cadmium (Cd) inhalation can result in emphysema. Cd exposure of rat lung fibroblasts (RFL6) enhanced levels of metal scavenging thiols, e.g., metallothionein (MT) and glutathione (GSH), and the heavy chain of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), a key enzyme for GSH biosynthesis, concomitant with downregulation of lysyl oxidase (LO), a copper-dependent enzyme for crosslinking collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cd downregulation of LO in treated cells was closely accompanied by suppression of synthesis of collagen, a major structure component of the lung ECM. Using rats intratracheally instilled with cadmium chloride (30 μg, once a week) as an animal model, we further demonstrated that although 2-week Cd instillation induced a non-significant change in the lung LO activity and collagen synthesis, 4- and 6-week Cd instillation resulted in a steady decrease in the lung LO and collagen expression. The lung MT and total GSH levels were both upregulated upon the long-term Cd exposure. Emphysematous lesions were generated in lungs of 6-week Cd-dosed rats. Increases of cellular thiols by transfection of cells with MT-II expression vectors or treatment of cells with GSH monoethyl ester, a GSH delivery system, markedly inhibited LO mRNA levels and catalytic activities in the cell model. Thus, Cd upregulation of cellular thiols may be a critical cellular event facilitating downregulation of LO, a potential mechanism for Cd-induced emphysema.
A COMBINATORIAL APPROACH TO BINARY POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

Although the representation of the real numbers in terms of a base and a set of digits has a long history, new questions arise even in the binary case – digits 0 and 1. A binary positional number system (binary radix system) with base equal to the golden ratio \((1+\sqrt{5}\,)/2\) is fairly well known. The main result of this paper is a construction of infinitely many binary radix systems, each one constructed combinatorially from a single pair of binary strings. Every binary radix system that satisfies even a minimal set of conditions that would be expected of a positional number system, can be constructed in this way.
Building smarter web applications with HTML5

Web applications have seen increased usage as of late, to the point where they are more favorable than desktop applications. The rise in the prevalence of web applications can be attributed to their flexibility, which enable programmers to go beyond the limitation of conventional desktop applications.
Coupling and cross-talk effects in 12-15 μm diameter single-mode fiber arrays for simultaneous transmission and photon collection from scattering media

We examine signal degradation effects in fiber arrays from fiber-to-fiber coupling and from cross talk attributable to backscatter from the sample medium originating from adjacent fibers in the array. An analysis of coupling and cross talk for single-mode fibers (SMFs) operating at 1310 nm with different core diameters, interaction lengths, core center spacing, and numerical apertures (NAs) is evaluated. The coupling was evaluated using beam propagation algorithms and cross talk was analyzed by using Monte Carlo methods. Several multimode fiber types that are currently used in fiber image guides were also evaluated for comparative purposes. The analysis shows that an optimum NA and core diameter can be found for a specific fiber center separation that maximizes the directly backscattered signal relative to the cross talk. The coupling between fibers can be kept less than -35 dB for interaction lengths less than 5 mm. The calculations were compared to an experimentally fabricated SMF array with 15 microm center spacing and showed good agreement. The experimental fiber array without a lens was also used in a coherent detection configuration to measure the position of a mirror. Accurate depth ranging up to a distance of 250 microm from the tip of the fiber was achieved, which was five times the Rayleigh range of the beam emitted from the fiber.
Normotopic and heterotopic cortical representations of mystacial vibrissae in rats with subcortical band heterotopia.

Abstract The tish rat is a neurological mutant exhibiting bilateral cortical heterotopia similar to those found in certain epileptic patients. Previous work has shown that thalamocortical fibers originating in the ventroposteromedial nucleus, which in normal animals segregate as ‘barrel’ representations for individual whiskers, terminate in both normotopic and heterotopic areas of the tish cortex (Schottler et al., 1998). Thalamocortical innervation terminates as barrels in layer IV and diffusely in layer VI of the normotopic area. Discrete patches of terminals are also observed in the underlying heterotopic area suggesting that representations of individual vibrissa may be present in the heterotopic somatosensory areas. The present study examines this issue by investigating the organization of the vibrissal somatosensory system in the tish cortex. Staining for cytochrome oxidase or Nissl substance reveals a normal complement of vibrissal barrels in the normotopic area of the tish cortex. Dense patches of cytochrome oxidase staining are also found in the underlying lateral portions of the heterotopic area (i.e. the same area that is innervated by the ventroposteromedial nucleus). Injections of retrograde tracers into vibrissal areas of either the normotopic or heterotopic area produce topographically organized labeling of neurons restricted to one or a small number of barreloids within the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. Physical stimulation of a single whisker (D3 or E3) elicits enhanced uptake of [ 14 C]2-deoxyglucose in restricted zones of both the normotopic and heterotopic areas, demonstrating that single whisker stimulation can increase functional activity in both normotopic and heterotopic neurons. These findings indicate that the barrels are intact in the normotopic area and are most consistent with the hypothesis that at least some of the individual vibrissae are ‘dually’ represented in normotopic and heterotopic positions in the primary somatosensory areas of the tish cortex.
Effects on experimental animals of acute, repeated and continuous inhalation exposures to dichloroacetylene mixtures.

Abstract The 4-hour LC50 of a dichloroacetylene-trichloroethylene mixture (DCA-TCE) in rats was compared with the LC50 of trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and vinylidene chloride. Mixtures containing DCA are more toxic by several orders of magnitude than the other chlorinated hydrocarbons tested. A comparison was also made of the LC50 of DCA-TCE to that of DCA-ether in rats and guinea pigs; the mixture containing TCE was approximately 4 times as toxic as that containing ether. Rats were exposed to DCA-TCE mixtures for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 6 wk at DCA levels of 2.8, 9.8, and 15.5 ppm. One continuous 90-day exposure was conducted with the same mixture at a DCA level of 2.8 ppm. Striking morphological changes of the kidney were noted.
NCTE/CCCC’s Recent War on Scholarship

This article documents aspects of the history of support for scholarship by two professional organizations involved with teaching composition at the postsecondary level: the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) and the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC). Evidence is found that for the past two decades, the two organizations have substantially withdrawn their sponsorship of one kind of scholarship. That scholarship is defined as RAD: replicable, aggregable, and data supported. The history of RAD scholarship as published in NCTE and CCCC books and journals, compared to that published elsewhere, is traced from 1940 to 1999 in three areas: teaching of the research paper, gain in writing skills during a writing course, and methods of peer critique. The history of NCTE and CCCC attempts at scholarly bibliography is also traced. Implications are considered for the future of the study of college composition as an academic discipline.
Mobile Point Defects and Atomic Basis for Structural Transformations of a Crystal Surface

Structural transformations on elemental semiconductor surfaces typically occur above several hundred degrees Celsius, and the atomic motions involved are extremely rapid and difficult to observe. However, on the (111) surface of germanium, a few lead atoms catalyze atomic motions so that they can be observed with a tunneling microscope at temperatures below 80°C. Mass transport and structural changes are caused by the creation and propagation of both vacancy-like and interstitial-like point defects within the crystal surface. The availability of dangling bonds on the surface is critical. A detailed atomic model for the observed motions has been developed and is used to explain the structural phase transition Ge(111)-c(2x8) ↔ 1x1, which occurs near 300°C.
Chronic Vietnam PTSD and acute civilian PTSD a comparison of treatment experiences

Many types of external trauma have been linked to the genesis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and yet recent reports have focused almost exclusively on PTSD occurring in the Vietnam veteran (PTSD/veteran). The extent to which treatment experiences with PTSD/veteran can be generalized to other traumatized patients, for example, acute civilian populations, has not been investigated. Clinical observations comparing PTSD precipitated by a motor vehicle accident with PTSD/veteran suggested there were major differences between these two groups on the following variables: source of referral, age, sex, socioeconomic level, nature of stressor, timing of the stressor, character of the intrusive and avoidance symptoms, and treatment noncompliance behavior. These differences were of sufficient magnitude to call into question the feasibility, at this time, of constructing generalizations regarding PTSD utilizing only the PTSD/veteran population.
Relative grain boundary area and energy distributions in nickel

The three-dimensional interfacial network of grain boundaries in polycrystalline nickel has been characterized using a combination of electron backscatter di!raction mapping and focused ion beam serial sectioning. These data have been used to determine the relative areas of di!erent grain boundary types, categorized on the basis of lattice misorientation and grain boundary plane orientation. Using the geometries of the interfaces at triple lines, relative grain boundary energies have also been determined as a function of lattice misorientation and grain boundary plane orientation. Grain boundaries comprising (1 1 1) planes have, on average, lower energies than other boundaries. Asymmetric tilt grain boundaries with the R9 misorientation also have relatively low energies. The grain boundary energies and areas are inversely correlated.
Coccidioidomycosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in Arizona, 1994-1997: Incidence, risk factors, and prevention

From 1 January 1995 through 31 June 1997, 153 cases of coccidioidomycosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons were identified in Arizona (incidence, 41/1000 persons living with AIDS). A case-control study was conducted to evaluate risk factors for coccidioidomycosis in HIV-infected persons. A case was defined as laboratory-confirmed, incident coccidioidomycosis in a person infected with HIV for > or =3 months, and each case patient had 3 control patients matched by county, age group, sex, HIV/AIDS status, and CD4 lymphocyte count. Multivariable analysis identified black race and a history of oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis to be associated with increased risk of coccidioidomycosis; protease inhibitor therapy was associated with a reduced risk. In persons with previous history of oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis, having received an azole drug was associated with a reduced risk (odds ratio, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.9; P=.04). Physicians may need to consider azole chemoprophylaxis for HIV-infected persons who live in areas of endemicity, have CD4 cell counts <200/microL, are black, or have a history of thrush.
Characteristics of PRD1, a Plasmid-Dependent Broad Host Range DNA Bacteriophage

Several distinctive properties of PRD1, an icosahedral plasmid-dependent phage, are described. The drug-resistance plasmid-dependent host range of PRD1 extends beyond the P incompatibility group and includes gram-negative bacteria containing plasmids of incompatibility groups N and W. PRD1 phage will infect pseudomonads and Enterobacteriaceae containing either a P or W incompatibility group plasmid. PRD1 adsorbs to the cell wall of R(+) bacteria and thus its infectivity indicates cell wall alterations by these drug-resistance plasmid groups. PRD1 nucleic acid is duplex DNA with an estimated molecular weight of 24 x 10(6). The appearance of PRD1 in electron micrographs is suggestive of lipid content in addition to its buoyant density of 1.348 in CsCl and its sensitivity to chloroform. The latent period of PRD1 varies with the R(+) host bacterial strain used for growth of the phage.
Student-Developed Case Studies: An Experiential Approach for Teaching Ethics in Management

To prepare for ethically challenging situations in the workplace, it is useful for students to explore their attitudes toward ethical issues and their own value systems. An experiential assignment to teach ethics in business programs is presented. This method allows instructors to incorporate a “stand alone” assignment in ethics into a course that focuses on another area in management. The assignment, student-developed case studies of ethical situations in the workplace, requires students to develop individual case studies in ethics drawing on their workplace experiences to illustrate ethical principles. The assignment requires students to describe an ethical situation they encountered in the workplace, their relevant value systems, sources of information consulted, their role in the organization, and how they resolved the ethical situation, considering how their experiences since the time of the situation might influence analogous decision making today. To assess student learning, we used thematic analysis to evaluate the content of the case studies, and descriptive statistics to analyze responses to a post-assignment survey. Based on our analysis of the content of the case studies and student responses, this appears to be an effective learning tool to actively engage students in a consideration of, and discussion about, ethical issues in management, and to learn from the experiences of others.
Genetic and Transcriptional Control of Bone Formation

An exquisite interplay of developmental cues, transcription factors, and coregulatory and signaling proteins support formation of skeletal elements of the jaw during embryogenesis and dynamic remodeling of alveolar bone in postnatal life. These molecules promote initial condensation of the mesenchyme, commitment of the mesenchymal progenitor to osteogenic lineage cells, and differentiation of committed osteoblasts to mature osteocytes within mineralized bone. Parallel regulatory networks promote formation of the functional osteoclast from mononuclear cells to support continuous bone remodeling within the alveolar bone. With an ever expanding list of new regulatory factors, the complexities of the molecular mechanisms that control gene expression in skeletal cells are being further appreciated. This article examines the multifunctional roles of prominent nuclear proteins, cytokines, hormones, and paracrine factors that control osteogenesis.
Speaking and cognitive distractions during EEG-based brain control of a virtual neuroprosthesis-arm

Background: Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems have been developed to provide paralyzed individuals the ability to command the movements of an assistive device using only their brain activity. BCI systems are typically tested in a controlled laboratory environment were the user is focused solely on the brain-control task. However, for practical use in everyday life people must be able to use their brain-controlled device while mentally engaged with the cognitive responsibilities of daily activities and while compensating for any inherent dynamics of the device itself. BCIs that use electroencephalography (EEG) for movement control are often assumed to require significant mental effort, thus preventing users from thinking about anything else while using their BCI. This study tested the impact of cognitive load as well as speaking on the ability to use an EEG-based BCI. Findings: Six participants controlled the two-dimensional (2D) movements of a simulated neuroprosthesis-arm under three different levels of cognitive distraction. The two higher cognitive load conditions also required simultaneously speaking during BCI use. On average, movement performance declined during higher levels of cognitive distraction, but only by a limited amount. Movement completion time increased by 7.2%, the percentage of targets successfully acquired declined by 11%, and path efficiency declined by 8.6%. Only the decline in percentage of targets acquired and path efficiency were statistically significant (p< 0.05). Conclusion: People who have relatively good movement control of an EEG-based BCI may be able to speak and perform other cognitively engaging activities with only a minor drop in BCI-control performance.
Identification and cloning of the genetic determinant that encodes for the K88ac adherence antigen.

Abstract Strains of Escherichia coli capable of causing diarrhea in young pigs are often able to proliferate in the upper small intestine of the infected animal due to the presence of a specific surface antigen, K88. The genetic determinants for K88 antigen production and the ability to utilize the trisaccharide raffinose (Raf) are carried on a 50-megadalton plasmid. Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques were used to insert an 8.2-megadalton HindIII fragment carrying the K88ac gene(s) from the K88/Raf plasmid pPS100 into the vector pBR322. At lease six polypeptides encoded by this fragment were expressed in minicells. These polypeptides ranged in size from 18,000 to 70,000 daltons. The K88ac antigenic subunit, which has an apparent molecular weight of 23,500, was identified by immunoprecipitation with staphylococcal protein A as the coprecipitant.
Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: applications in oral cancer.

Gold nanoparticles with unique optical properties may be useful as biosensors in living whole cells. Using a simple and inexpensive technique, we recorded surface plasmon resonance (SPR) scattering images and SPR absorption spectra from both colloidal gold nanoparticles and from gold nanoparticles conjugated to monoclonal anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibodies after incubation in cell cultures with a nonmalignant epithelial cell line (HaCaT) and two malignant oral epithelial cell lines (HOC 313 clone 8 and HSC 3). Colloidal gold nanoparticles are found in dispersed and aggregated forms within the cell cytoplasm and provide anatomic labeling information, but their uptake is nonspecific for malignant cells. The anti-EGFR antibody conjugated nanoparticles specifically and homogeneously bind to the surface of the cancer type cells with 600% greater affinity than to the noncancerous cells. This specific and homogeneous binding is found to give a relatively sharper SPR absorption band with...
Nurse Practitioner Managed Care for Persons with HIV Infection

This exploratory study examined whether outcomes of care for HIV-infected patients are related to whether the patient's primary provider is a physician (MD) or a nurse practitioner (NP). Functional status, symptom occurrence, self management, health service use and patients' assessment of their care were evaluated for 87 HIV-infected patients in a teaching hospital outpatient setting. NP patients were three times as likely to report their health status as only fair or poor (odds-ratio = 3.06, p = .028), and reported significantly more unpleasant symptoms over a four-week period. Despite being in poorer health than patients cared for by physicians, NP patients functioned at comparable levels and used no more health care services than MD patients. NP patients reported 45 percent fewer problems with their care (p = 0.003). Findings suggest that more extensive use of nurse practitioners could safely enhance access to care for persons with HIV-related illnesses.