cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL ACCESS ON AGRICULTURAL CONVERGENCE ACROSS US STATES

We investigate the impact of financial access on production convergence in the US agricultural sector. Our results reveal a half-life of about three years in per capita agricultural production across the US states. We also find that financial access enhances the speed of convergence. Our results are robust to various specifications and in the presence of other factors determinant of dynamics in the agricultural sector, such as the level of unemployment and competition. This paper unveils higher opportunity costs of lower financial access in terms of policy dissemination and technological spillovers across the states.
Modeling nitrous oxide mitigation potential of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers from agricultural systems.

Abstract Agriculture soils are responsible for a large proportion of global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions—a potent greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance. Enhanced-efficiency nitrogen (N) fertilizers (EENFs) can reduce N2O emission from N-fertilized soils, but their effect varies considerably due to a combination of factors, including climatic conditions, edaphic characteristics and management practices. In this study, we further developed the DayCent ecosystem model to simulate two EENFs: controlled-release N fertilizers (CRNFs) and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) and evaluated their N2O mitigation potentials. We implemented a Bayesian calibration method using the sampling importance resampling (SIR) algorithm to derive a joint posterior distribution of model parameters that was informed by N2O flux measurements from corn production systems a network of experimental sites within the GRACEnet program. The joint posterior distribution can be applied to estimate predictions of N2O reduction factors when EENFs are adopted in place of conventional urea-based N fertilizer. The resulting median reduction factors were − 11.9% for CRNFs (ranging from −51.7% and 0.58%) and − 26.7% for NIs (ranging from −61.8% to 3.1%), which is comparable to the measured reduction factors in the dataset. By incorporating EENFs, the DayCent ecosystem model is able to simulate a broader suite of options to identify best management practices for reducing N2O emissions.
Two proving strategies of highly successful mathematics majors

Abstract We examined the proof-writing behaviors of six highly successful mathematics majors on novel proving tasks in calculus. We found two approaches that these students used to write proofs, which we termed the targeted strategy and the shotgun strategy. When using a targeted strategy students would develop a strong understanding of the statement they were proving, choose a plan based on this understanding, develop a graphical argument for why the statement is true, and formalize this graphical argument into a proof. When using a shotgun strategy, students would begin trying different proof plans immediately after reading the statement and would abandon a plan at the first sign of difficulty. The identification of these two strategies adds to the literature on proving by informing how elements of existing problem-solving models interrelate.
Development and Evaluation of an Air Quality Model for Predicting the Impacts of Prescribed Burns

A modeling system has been developed to predict accurately the downwind air quality impacts of prescribed burns. The system has been evaluated in applications to monitored burns and a long-range smoke event detected by the regional PM2.5 monitoring network in Southeastern USA. Uncertainties in the estimation of emissions have been identified and sensitivities of predicted PM2.5 levels to smoke injection height versus PBL height, and wind speed and direction have been quantified. More accurate wind predictions, currently provided by WRF, would significantly improve the performance of the modeling system.
The Darkening Green

I have called and called, but no one answers. No star shows above us in the darken ing sky. Wind whips the shores of the midnight lake. If they are there on the water, there is no hope for them. But my friend's oldest boy is fifteen and knows the dangers. Surely he's put in at some cove, aware that a try at crossing back would be suicide. On the other hand?though we do not mention it to one another?it is true that he has stayed out considerably longer than he said he would, and guilt in a child (a boy fifteen is still a child) may be more powerful than reason. I He perfectly still, listening. My head is filled with the image?unreal as a vision?of churning waves. My friend never shows a sign of fear. He has a theory, which he tells me from time to time, forgetting he's told me the theory before, about "necessary risk." No creature grows strong, he always tells me, without testing itself. I agree, of course. He tells me also, with childlike openness, of reincarnation. On that I make no comment. He came into the room in his swimming suit. The three of us sat?my wife and I and my friend's wife?talking and drinking in the yellow red glow of the fireplace, warm with friendship that hovered between philo sophical and sensual, unaware that the children were still on the lake. He listened, smiling, half lost in a dream, to our slightly drunken talk. He himself never drinks. When his sloe-eyed wife looked up at him, he asked casually, "Is Ronnie back?" "Hours ago," his wife answered, with the curious irony I have never under stood, common as it is among attractive women. All she says, it seems to me, is sexually suggestive, and though my wife is beautiful, her red hair glowing like newly cut copper in the firelight, I am by no means left untempted. My friend's wife has slanting eyes, an oval face, perfectly fashioned dove-soft breasts mag nificently lined in her snow-white swimsuit. What makes her mysterious?I know, at least intellectually?is that her dark hair is dyed bright yellow, which ought to be disgusting but comes off, because she is full of strange fancies, as wicked, seductive, self-consciously meretricious. "The boat's not back," my friend said. "Or did they put it away?" He stood smiling blandly, rubbing his hands, his body totally divorced from his mind. My wife sat up with a jerk and glanced out the cabin window. The sky had an eerie purple cast, a look one knows only too well if one has lived very
Chapter 9. Antithrombotic Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes research reports of 1972 on all types of agents for the management of thromboembolic disease. In a study, thrombin, in concentrations that induce flatelet aggregation, was reported to increase cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. A cAMP-binding protein with protein kinase activity was isolated from the soluble fraction of homogenized platelets. The observation that cAMP phosphodiesterase from human platelets is strongly inhibited by dipyridamole, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and only slightly inhibited by psychotropic drugs, whereas the reverse is observed with the brain enzyme, led to the proposal of different isoenzymes. The antithrombotic effect of aspirin continued to be the subject of many investigations. It was reported effective in (1) reducing thrombus formation on catheters placed in the inferior vena cava of cats, (2) in reducing the incidence and extent of occlusive platelet aggregation in dog arteries following endothelial injury, and (3) in inhibiting the circulatory and ventilatory effects of protamine induced platelet aggregation in dogs. Sulfinpyrazone was reported to prolong survival of renal allografts in dogs and to reduce the incidence of recurrent venous thrombosis associated with carotid artery stenosis in man. The anticoagulant activity of the coumarins was attributed to their ability to block the synthesis of vitamin K.
The Branch Court

This article will discuss the branch court, a court which serves a particular locality but which is a "branch" of a central, downtown court. There are few judicial subjects which elicit as much spirited debate as does the branch court. The controversy rages over the need for it as well as its efficiency. The adherents of the branch court point to its convenience as its basic justification, something so convenient must be needed. Others reply that necessity and convenience are not synonymous and that while the branch may be a convenience, it is not a necessity. Whatever one may think of the counter-argument, convenience is in fact considered necessity by Los Angeles County branch court adherents. Within the 4,041 square miles of that burgeoning county are now six million persons, making it the most populous county in the United States. In addition, 250,000 more people pour in every year. As a result, the branch system of that county is the one which has been developed more extensively than that of any other California county. Convenient it is indeed. Parties to an action who live in Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, would be inconvenienced by an 18-mile trip through heavy traffic to the county courthouse at the civic center of the county. A Long Beach resident can use the six-judge court located in the midst of his own community instead of journeying 20 miles to the county courthouse. Of course, witnesses are no less happy to forego the trip downtown. Attorneys make their offices near the branch court of that section of the county in which most of their clients are located, try their cases in that branch court and thereby omit time-consuming attendance at the downtown court. Finally, few jurors object to the performance of their civic duty in the local courts although they do ask that the period of their service be limited in the branch court as it is downtown, that is, to 1 month. (As juries are not as frequent in the branches as they are downtown, their achievement of the total days they must serve takes more time in the local courts.) In counties such as Los Angeles the branch court, if justice is not to be denied through geographical inaccessibility, is the solution to the problems of the modern, traffic-jammed county. In any area where suburbia has come into its own, the problem of convenient access to courts can be solved by the branch court. As such solution is of great importance, we should examine this system closely and seek means of improving it.
Neurovascular uncoupling in resting state fMRI demonstrated in patients with primary brain gliomas.

Background To demonstrate that the problem of brain tumor-related neurovascular uncoupling (NVU) is a significant issue with respect to resting state blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (rsfMRI) similar to task-based BOLD fMRI, in which signal detectability can be compromised by breakdown of normal neurovascular coupling. Methods We evaluated seven de novo brain tumor patients who underwent resting state fMRI as part of comprehensive clinical fMRI exams at 3 Tesla. For each of the seven patients who demonstrated evidence of NVU on task-based motor fMRI, we performed both an independent component analysis (ICA) and an atlas-based parcellation-based seed correlation analysis (SCA) of the resting state fMRI data. For each patient, ipsilesional (IL) and contralesional (CL) regions of interest (ROIs) comprising primary motor and somatosensory cortices were used to evaluate BOLD signal changes on Z score maps derived from both ICA and SCA analysis for evidence of NVU. A subsequent two-tailed t-test was performed to determine whether statistically significant differences between the two sides were present that were consistent with NVU. Results In seven patients, overall decreased BOLD signal (based on suprathreshold voxels in ICA and SCA-derived Z-score maps) was noted in IL compared with CL ROIs (P < 0.01), consistent with NVU. Conclusion We have demonstrated that NVU can result in false negative BOLD signal changes on rsfMRI comparable to previously published findings on standard motor task-based fMRI. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;43:620–626.
Family Communication, Privacy, and Facebook

Four focus groups were conducted to explore how college students communicate with family members through Facebook. Communication Privacy Management served as the theoretical basis for the analysis, which suggested students balance privacy concerns with a desire to maintain and strengthen familial relationships. Participants described largely positive experiences communicating with family members on Facebook.
Congenital generalized lipodystrophies—new insights into metabolic dysfunction

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a near complete lack of adipose tissue from birth and, later in life, the development of metabolic complications, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridaemia and hepatic steatosis. Four distinct subtypes of CGL exist: type 1 is associated with AGPAT2 mutations; type 2 is associated with BSCL2 mutations; type 3 is associated with CAV1 mutations; and type 4 is associated with PTRF mutations. The products of these genes have crucial roles in phospholipid and triglyceride synthesis, as well as in the formation of lipid droplets and caveolae within adipocytes. The predominant cause of metabolic complications in CGL is excess triglyceride accumulation in the liver and skeletal muscle owing to the inability to store triglycerides in adipose tissue. Profound hypoleptinaemia further exacerbates metabolic derangements by inducing a voracious appetite. Patients require psychological support, a low-fat diet, increased physical activity and cosmetic surgery. Aside from conventional therapy for hyperlipidaemia and diabetes mellitus, metreleptin replacement therapy can dramatically improve metabolic complications in patients with CGL. In this Review, we discuss the molecular genetic basis of CGL, the pathogenesis of the disease's metabolic complications and therapeutic options for patients with CGL.
Ethambutol is toxic to retinal ganglion cells via an excitotoxic pathway.

Purpose Ethambutol is an essential medication in the management of tuberculosis. However, it can cause an optic neuropathy of uncertain etiology. Ethambutol toxicity was therefore studied in rodent retinal cells, and agents that might block its toxicity were considered. Methods The toxicity of ethambutol and related agents was evaluated in rodent retinal dissociated cell preparations and whole eyes. Calcium fluxes and mitochondrial function were evaluated by fluorescent and staining techniques. For in vivo assays, adult rats were administered oral ethambutol over a 3-month period. Cell survival was assessed by stereology. Results Ethambutol is specifically toxic to retinal ganglion cells in vitro and in vivo. Endogenous glutamate is necessary for the full expression of ethambutol toxicity, and glutamate antagonists prevent ethambutol-mediated cell loss. Ethambutol causes a decrease in cytosolic calcium, an increase in mitochondrial calcium, and an increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusions The visual loss associated with ethambutol may be mediated through an excitotoxic pathway, inasmuch as ganglion cells are rendered sensitive to normally tolerated levels of extracellular glutamate. Ethambutol perturbs mitochondrial function. Its toxicity may depend on decreased ATPase activity and mitochondrial energy homeostasis. Glutamate antagonists may be useful in limiting the side effects seen with ethambutol.
Glamour und Schönheit

Angefangen hat alles im amerikanischen Talk-TV vor der Jahrtausendwende. Nach endlosen Konfrontationen und Auseinandersetzungen in Shows, die sich wie bei Jerry Springer um Untreue und sexuelle Identitat drehten, schienen die Produzenten beschlossen zu haben, dass nun die Zeit fur Wohlfuhlepisoden gekommen war. Frauen (und spater dann auch Manner) aus der Arbeiterschicht sollten von Designern, Friseuren und Kosmetikern einen neuen und glamourosen Look verpasst bekommen, in der Hoffnung, dass damit auch die Shows einen Hauch von Klasse erhalten wurden. Etwa um die gleiche Zeit wurden in den Vereinigten Staaten und in Europa im Kabelfernsehen, beispielsweise auf dem Discovery Channel, Shows ausgestrahlt, in denen es um Menschen ging, die sich so genannten »geplanten Schonheitsoperationen« unterzogen. Man folgte ihnen von ihrem ersten Beratungsgesprach uber den eigentlichen Eingriff, der vor laufender Kamera stattfand, bis zur Enthullung des neuen Gesichts oder Korpers Monate spater.
Circulatory Shock in Children: An Overview

1. Christine A. McKiernan, MD* 2. Stephen A. Lieberman, MD* 1. *Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Review the basic underlying pathophysiology of circulatory shock in children. 2. Characterize the physiologic derangements that occur with the different types of circulatory shock. 3. Discuss the clinical and laboratory manifestations of the acute respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation. 4. Review the general supportive measures used for initial stabilization of patients who have circulatory shock. 5. Describe some of the new therapeutic modalities directed at reversing the immunologic abnormalities that are part of the pathogenesis of circulatory failure. For the myriad practitioners who come into contact with critically ill children, the term “shock” has acquired a unique lexicon. For example, a call to our pediatric intensive care unit from a community emergency department physician was highlighted by the comment: “I have a lethargic 3-month-old who looks ‘shocky’ to me.” A frantic page from one of our residents led to this exchange: “We have a 2-year-old down here who is developing diffuse petechiae—she really looks ‘septic’.” A 16-year-old admitted for worsening respiratory distress and an increasing oxygen requirement underwent echocardiography, which was read by the cardiologist as a “moderate-size pericardial effusion with no evidence of either right atrial compression or cardiac tamponade.” Are these physicians talking about different pathophysiologic entities in their respective patients? Not really. Each simply is describing one of the protean manifestations of a diverse and complex syndrome: circulatory shock. The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to provide oxygen and other substrate to the cells. Inextricably linked to this function is the timely and effective removal of the end products of a wide variety of metabolic processes. Circulatory shock or cardiovascular failure ensues when systemic oxygen and nutrient supply become acutely inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body’s organ systems. The resulting anaerobic state inefficiently generates intracellular …
Monolayer suppression of transport imaged in annealed PbSe nanocrystal arrays.

We use correlated electrostatic force, transmission electron, and atomic force microscopy (EFM, TEM, and AFM) to visualize charge transport in monolayers and up to five layers of PbSe nanocrystal arrays drop-cast on electrode devices. Charge imaging reveals that current paths are dependent on the locally varying thickness and continuity of an array. Nanocrystal monolayers show suppressed conduction compared to bilayers and other multilayers, suggesting a departure from linear scaling of conductivity with array thickness. Moreover, multilayer regions appear electrically isolated if connected solely by a monolayer. Partial suppression is also observed within multilayer regions that contain narrow junctions only several nanocrystals wide. High-resolution TEM structural imaging of the measured devices reveals a larger reduction of inter-nanocrystal spacing in multilayers compared to monolayers upon vacuum-annealing, offering a likely explanation for the difference in conductivity between these two cases. This...
Heat transfer between a vertical tube and an air fluidized bed at moderate temperatures (335–528 K)

Abstract Heat transfer coefficient is measured between a 25.4 mm outer diameter smooth vertical tube immersed in 0.254 m internal diameter fluidized beds of sand (d p = 265, 507 and 787 μ m), glass beds (239, 357 and 412 μm), silicon (368 μm) and alumina (267 μm) as a function of bed temperature (335 – 528 K) and fluidizing velocity. The solids movement and mixing in the bed is investigated by measuring the heat transfer coefficient at two radial positions in the bed for various values of fluidization velocity and bed temperature. The minimum fluidization velocity, bed voidage and maximum heat transfer coefficient are also reported for different experimental conditions. The qualitative variation of h o with different operating and system parameters is found consistent with the known mechanisms of heat transfer for an immersed surface in a fluidized bed. Quantitative correlation of h o and h omax will be reported in a future publication.
Conferring humanness: the role of anthropomorphism in hoarding.

Abstract Hoarding is characterized by a persistent and extreme difficulty with discarding one’s possessions, often resulting in cluttered living spaces and marked distress or impairment. Despite being increasingly recognized as a substantial public health burden, much remains unknown about the etiology. One facet within the cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding that remains poorly understood is the strong emotional attachment to possessions. The tendency to anthropomorphize (i.e., see human-like qualities in non-human entities) may be one possible mechanism contributing to this emotional attachment. The current report is the first empirical study to examine the association between anthropomorphism and hoarding. Non-clinical participants ( n = 72) completed a battery of self-report measures focused on hoarding symptoms, saving cognitions, anthropomorphism, and emotional attachments to personal and novel items. Anthropomorphic tendencies were significantly associated with greater saving behaviors and the acquisition of free things. Levels of anthropomorphism moderated the relationship between specific hoarding beliefs and acquiring tendencies, as well as the emotional attachment towards a novel item. Results are discussed with regard to future research directions, and implications for the cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding.
Kinetic studies of amyloid beta-protein fibril assembly. Differential effects of alpha-helix stabilization.

Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) fibril assembly is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Fibril formation is a complex nucleation-dependent polymerization process characterized in vitro by an initial lag phase. To a significant degree, this phase is a consequence of the energy barrier that must be overcome in order for Aβ monomers to fold and oligomerize into fibril nuclei. Here we show that low concentrations of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) convert predominately unstructured Aβ monomers into partially ordered, quasistable conformers. Surprisingly, this results in a temporal decrease in the lag phase for fibril formation and a significant increase in the rate of fibril elongation. The TFE effect is concentration dependent and is maximal at ∼20% (v/v). In the presence of low concentrations of TFE, fibril formation is observed in Aβ samples at nanomolar concentration, well below the critical concentration for Aβ fibril formation in the absence of TFE. As the amount of TFE is increased above 20%, helix content progressively rises to ∼80%, a change paralleled first by a decrease in elongation rate and then by a complete cessation of fibril growth. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a partially folded helix-containing conformer is an intermediate in Aβ fibril assembly. The requirement that Aβ partially folds in order to assemble into fibrils contrasts with the mechanism of amyloidogenesis of natively folded proteins such as transthyretin and lysozyme, in which partial unfolding is a prerequisite. Our results suggest that in vivo, factors that affect helix formation and stability will have significant effects on the kinetics of Aβ fibril formation.
SPECT and PET Imaging of EGF Receptors with Site-Specifically Labeled EGF and Dimeric EGF

We describe a new generation of tracers for molecular imaging of the cell surface receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF). These receptors play a key role in the progression of many tumors and are major drug development targets. Our tracers are based on a recombinant human EGF expressed with a cysteine-containing tag that enables facile site-specific radiolabeling with (99m)Tc for single photon emission computed tomography or site-specific conjugation of (64)Cu PEGylated chelators for positron emission tomography. These tracers retain EGF activities in vitro and display selective and highly specific focal uptake in tumors in vivo. We expect that nuclear imaging of EGF receptors with these tracers will be useful for clinical diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and development of new drugs and treatment regimens.
Probabilistic analysis of a liquefied natural gas storage tank

Abstract Liquefied Natural Gas transport and storage has become very important due to its ability to occupy 1/600th of the volume that compressed natural gas would occupy at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In the present work, an LNG storage tank has been computationally simulated and probabilistically evaluated in view of the several uncertainties in the fluid, structural, material and thermal variables that govern the LNG storage tank. A finite element code ALGOR was used to couple the thermal profiles with structural design. The stresses and their variations were evaluated at critical points on the storage tank. Cumulative distribution functions and sensitivity factors were computed for stress responses due to fluid, mechanical and thermal random variables. These results can be used to quickly identify the most critical design variables in order to optimize the design and make it cost effective. The total heat gained by the liquid part in the tank has been evaluated and the amount of boil-off was calculated. Various methods have been proposed to minimize thermal stresses.
The 3He distribution in deep water over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

3He/4He ratios in dissolved helium at GEOSECS stations 115, 117, 30, and 120 provide an east-west section across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N. Below 1500 m depth, the3He/4He profiles show little structure and have values within a few percent of the atmospheric ratio, indicating that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is not a significant source of injected3He at this latitude. Mean3He/4He ratios calculated for the deep water at each station show that the3He/4He ratio in the western Atlantic at 30°N is 2–3% higher than in the eastern basin, probably due to mixing between a3He-rich boundary current in the western basin and low-3He deep water to the east.
Electrohydrodynamic instability of a capacitive elastic membrane

The electrohydrodynamic instability of a leaky (weakly conducting) capacitive elastic membrane driven by a direct current electric field, both perpendicular and parallel to the membrane in a micro-fluidic channel, is investigated theoretically. In the leaky dielectric framework, electric charges can accumulate on either side of the membrane, and the effect of the accumulated surface charge depends on the ratio of charge relaxation time in the bulk to the membrane charging time. Under a parallel electric field, a non-conducting membrane can become unstable while under a perpendicular electric field a non-conducting capacitive membrane is always stable and membrane conductance is essential for the membrane instability. The effects of membrane conductance, bending modulus, and charge relaxation time on the membrane instability are elucidated for several combinations of conductivity ratio and permittivity ratio in the bulk fluids. Regions of instability are computed for both the parallel and perpendicular electric fields. The tangential electric field acts similarly to the membrane tension in terms of its damping effects at small length scales (high wave number), while either bending or membrane tension is needed to damp out the small-scale perturbations under a perpendicular electric field.
The meaning of observed violence: Effects on arousal and aggressive behavior ☆

Eighty male subjects were either attacked by a confederate or treated neutrally and then watched a violent movie. Subjects were told beforehand that the fighting in the movie was motivated by either desires for revenge, by professionalism, or by altruism. Other subjects were shown the film without comment. Relative to subjects in all other conditions, subjects who had been attacked and told that the fight was motivated by revenge subsequently (1) gave more intense shocks to the confederate, (2) rated themselves as less restrained in aggressing, and (3) manifested higher levels of blood pressure at the conclusion of the film. The results indicate that the meaning attched to observed violence may affect the aggression elicited by that violence in at least two ways: by lowering inhibitions against aggressing, and by raising arousal levels.
A eukaryotic gene family related to retroelement integrases

Proteins encoded by mobile genetic elements occasionally assume cellular roles. Telomerase, for example, is a reverse transcriptase that replicates chromosome ends, and Rag1 is a transposase that mediates immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. In this article, we report cellular genes related to integrases that are not associated with a retrovirus or retrotransposon. These integrases are found in diverse eukaryotes and are evolving under functional constraint. We propose that the cellular integrases have assumed a host role and, like their retroelement counterparts, probably function in DNA metabolism.
Referral and outcome differences between terminating and nonterminating children seen by nonprofessionals in a school mental health project.

Two demographically comparable samples, each with 108 primary graders seen by nonprofessional child aides for school maladaptation problems, were compared on initial status (referral) and change-in-status (outcome) measures. A terminator (T) group included youngsters judged to have made sufficienl progress to be able to dispense with program help. Nonterminators (NTs) were those for whom a similar judgment could not be made. Ts were found to be significantly less maladjusted on referral and to have shown greater program improvement as judged by teacher and aide judges. Outcome differences between groups remained, even after referral differences favoring Ts were partialed out.
Corner rounding and line-end shortening in optical lithography

Pattern infidelity of features on the wafer is critical to the functionality of a device. Among other error sources, the feature quality on the reticle is presumed to be a key contributing factor to wafer pattern fidelity. Of course, optimization of final pattern fidelity is dependent on the imaging and process of both the mask and wafer, as well as on their relationship to one another. This paper examines the key parameters used to predict the acceptable amount of corner rounding on the reticle, and to define proper metrics of reticle shape. Pattern shapes such as isolated corners, contact holes, and line ends will be examined. For line end shortening, the influence of both the imaging and the resist process is discussed.
Advances in qualitative and quantitative plant membrane proteomics

The membrane proteome consists of integral and membrane-associated proteins that are involved in various physiological and biochemical functions critical for cellular function. It is also dynamic in nature, where many proteins are only expressed during certain developmental stages or in response to environmental stress. These proteins can undergo post-translational modifications in response to these different conditions, allowing them to transiently associate with the membrane or other membrane proteins. Along with their increased size, hydrophobicity, and the additional organelle and cellular features of plant cells relative to mammalian systems, the characterization of the plant membrane proteome presents unique challenges for effective qualitative and quantitative analysis using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Here, we present the latest advancements developed for the isolation and fractionation of plant organelles and their membrane components amenable to MS analysis. Separations of membrane proteins from these enriched preparations that have proven effective are discussed for both gel- and liquid chromatography-based MS analysis. In this context, quantitative membrane proteomic analyses using both isotope-coded and label-free approaches are presented and reveal the potential to establish a wider-biological interpretation of the function of plant membrane proteins that will ultimately lead to a more comprehensive understanding of plant physiology and their response mechanisms.
Using consumer issues for competitive advantage

C onsumer concerns range from quality to price to the right to be heard by the government; corporations must identify and deal with such concerns just as they do any other management challenge. In fact, more and more corporations are finding that responses to legitimate consumer issues can become part of the firm's marketing strategy and can even lead the firm to a competitive advantage. In common with all managerial activity, response to consumer issues must be couched in terms of goals or desired outcomes. There is little evidence in the literature, either descriptive or prescriptive, of such an orientation to consumer issues. Rather, writers seem to either exhort businesses to react defensively to political pressures or other exigencies, or call for desirable moral behavior on the part of business firms.
Alcoholism Treatment of Vietnam Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Vietnam veterans with alcoholism and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are a clinically problematic population. Early self-medication of the PTSD with alcohol led for some to alcohol abuse and dependency. These may often be treated in an intensive alcoholism program. At evaluation both diagnoses are made, and patients are told that alcohol or drug use is not tolerated. The program first focuses on traditional alcoholism treatment issues. Early and consistent support to enhance self-esteem and to reduce guilt helps the patient later to tolerate the gradual investigation of the anger and self-loathing associated with both disorders. Important forces include family and peer support, effective limit setting in a structured milieu, supportive confrontation of alcoholic denial through multidisciplinary treatment in the absence of alcohol. Outpatient follow-up treatment groups include other PTSD sufferers and focus on establishing trust, interweaving the issues of adjustment to sobriety with discussion of the combat experience in a safe, accepting environment, with careful modulation of anxiety by the clinician. Medication must be conservative; benzodiazepines are not used after the detoxification period.
18 F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Detects Therapy Efficacy of Anti-EMMPRIN Antibody and Gemcitabine in Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumor Xenografts

The objective of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic response to a novel monoclonal antibody targeting human extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) in combination with gemcitabine in a pancreatic-tumor xenograft murine model by sequential 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomgraphy (PET/CT) imaging. Four groups of SCID mice bearing orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts were injected with phosphate-buffered saline, gemcitabine (120 mg/kg BW), anti-EMMPRIN antibody (0.2 mg), or combination, respectively, twice weekly for 2 weeks, while 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging was performed weekly for 3 weeks. Changes in mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) of 18F-FDG and volume of tumors were determined. The tumor SUVmean change in the group receiving combination therapy was significantly lower than those of the other groups. Tumor-volume changes of groups treated with anti-EMMPRIN monotherapy or combined therapy were significantly lower than that of the control group. These data provide support for clinical studies of anti-EMMPRIN therapy with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer treatment.
Strategies for Developing and Carrying Out Functional Assessment and Behavior Intervention Planning

Although the federal government recently mandated the use of functional behavior assessment (FBA) and positive behavioral interventions for students, this legislation has not defined the key features of FBA and has provided little guidance for how such procedures should be completed in a public school setting. As a result, recent evidence suggests that the FBAs in schools are conducted either with such a lack of rigor and logic as to be worthless or with such complexity and formality as to be unrealistic for the typical school setting. In this article, the authors provide a framework for conducting FBAs in classroom settings in typical schools. They provide an overview of the key concepts and features of FBA, describe how educators can efficiently conduct FBA in a classroom and how the results can be used to develop an individualized function-based behavior intervention plan, and make recommendations for teachers.
Effects of ractopamine and protein source on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot heifers

An experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between feeding ractopamine and different amounts of MP on growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot heifers. Seventy-two crossbred heifers (475 kg of initial BW) were fed individually a diet based on steam-flaked corn for ad libitum intake for 29 d. Heifers were implanted with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate and 14 mg of estradiol- 17β 60 d before the experiment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial and included 0 or 200 mg ofractopamine-HCl (23 ppm)/ d, and urea, solvent soybean meal, or expeller soybean meal (ESBM) as the predominant protein supplement. The amounts of MP supplied by the urea, solvent soybean meal, and ESBM diets were 688, 761, and 808 g/ d, respectively, calculated according to level 1 of the NRC model. Body weights were obtained 1 d before ractopamine feeding and at slaughter. Blood samples were obtained 1 d before starting the experiment and 13 d later. Ractopamine improved ADG, efficiency of gain, carcass-adjusted ADG, and carcass-adjusted efficiency of gain (P < 0.01). ForADG, heifers demonstrated a ractopamine x protein source interaction (P < 0.05); heifers not fed ractopamine had greater ADG when fed ESBM than when fed urea, whereas for heifers fed ractopamine there were no differences (P ≥ 0.10) among protein supplements. This interaction was not observed for carcass-adjusted ADG (P = 0.60). Final live weights (P = 0.02) and carcass weights (P = 0.01) were greater with ractopamine feeding. Carcass marbling scores and yield grades were not affected by ractopamine or protein source (P ≥ 0.39). Plasma total α-amino N and glucose concentrations decreased more from pretreatment concentrations when heifers were fed ractopamine (P < 0.05). Feeding ractopamine to heifers for 28 d before slaughter improved ADG and efficiency of gain without any large effects on carcass characteristics. The MP supply does not need to be increased from that provided by finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn with urea as the primary N supplement to allow the maximal response to ractopamine by finishing heifers.
Differential distributions in semileptonic decays of heavy flavors in QCD.

A generalization of the operator product expansion is used to find the differential distributions in the inclusive semileptonic weak decays of heavy flavors in QCD. In particular, the double distribution in electron energy and invariant mass of the lepton pair is calculated. We are able to calculate the distributions in an essentially model-independent way as a series in ${m}_{Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ where ${m}_{Q}$ is the heavy quark mass. All effects up to ${m}_{Q}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ are included.
A simple model for desorption transients

Abstract On the basis of a linear adsorption isotherm, the time dependence of the interfacial excess is calculated for semi-infinite planar diffusion and desorption—adsorption kinetics.
Renal Function Outcomes in Patients Treated With Partial Nephrectomy Versus Percutaneous Ablation for Renal Tumors in a Solitary Kidney

Purpose: Partial nephrectomy is the recommended management for small renal masses. Percutaneous ablation is safe and effective with comparable short-term cancer specific survival. Currently to our knowledge data are lacking on the impact of thermal ablation on renal function preservation. We examined the impact on renal function of partial nephrectomy vs percutaneous ablation in patients with a solitary kidney.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review to identify patients with a solitary kidney who underwent partial nephrectomy or percutaneous ablation at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 2003 and 2009. Preoperative characteristics and 3-month posttreatment renal function were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum, chi-square and Fisher exact tests.Results: During the study period 50 patients underwent percutaneous ablation and 62 underwent partial nephrectomy. At partial nephrectomy no ischemia was used in 30 cases (48%), a median of 28 minutes of cold ischemia was used in 26 (42%) and a medi...
Formation of turbulence around flow singularities

Based on the mathematical model of turbulence proposed in [1]–[4], the formation of turbulence around singular points of a flow such as stagnation points, tangential jumps of velocity, are analyzed.
CONTROL OF SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE DURING DIAMOND DEPOSITION

A method is reported for controlling substrate temperature during chemical vapor deposition of diamond in high heat flux environments such as thermal plasmas or flames. The method is based on flowing a variable-composition argon-helium mixture through channels between the substrate and a water-cooled base. A fiberoptic pyrometer temperature reading from the back of the substrate provides feedback for active substrate temperature control. Experiments in an atmospheric-pressure RF reactor under diamond growth conditions indicated that substrate temperature could be sensitively varied by over 600 K by varying the composition of the argon-helium mixture. The effect is explained in terms of the variable thermal contact resistance at the interface between the substrate and the base.
Liberalism and post‐modern Hermeneutics

HERMENEUTICS AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE by Susan J. Hekman Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986. 224 pp., $29.95 HERMENEUTICS AND PRAXIS edited by Robert Hollinger Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985. 296 pp., $29.95, $12.95 (paper) HERMENEUTICS AND MODERN PHILOSOPHY edited by Brice R. Wachterhauser Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986. 506 pp., $49.50. $16.95 (paper) RADICAL HERMENEUTICS: REPETITION, DECONSTRUCTION AND THE HERMENEUTIC PROJECT by John D. Caputo Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. 319 pp., $37–50, $17.50 (piper) HERMENEUTICS AS POLITICS by Stanley Rosen New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. 256 pp., $24.95
Computer-assisted analysis of photoacoustic spectra of solid and solution state cyanide methemoglobin

A computer-assisted method for analyzing photoacoustic spectra has been developed. Using this analysis, the relative absorption spectrum and either the chromophore concentration or thermal diffusivity characteristic of a sample can be derived from its photoacoustic spectrum. We have demonstrated the accuracy of the method by analyzing photoacoustic spectra of solution and crystalline-phase bovine cyanide methemoglobin. BASIC and FORTRAN routines used to collect and to analyze photoacoustic spectra are described. Photoacoustic spectroscopy can be used in conjunction with the analytical method presented here to obtain accurate absorption spectra from a variety of solid, opaque, and/or turbid samples.
ac Conductivity of Scandium Oxide and a New Hopping Model for Conductivity

The ac conductivity of scandium-oxide thin films in the audio-frequency range at temperatures between 4 and 295 K has been measured. The frequency-dependent component of the conductivity was found to obey an equation of the form ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}(\ensuremath{\omega})=A{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{s}$, where $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the circular frequency and $s$ is a temperature-dependent quantity whose value is close to, but less than, unity. Interpretation of the results in terms of a single-phonon hopping theory does not yield satisfactory agreement. To account for the data a new hopping model is proposed. The conductivity is calculated for classical hopping of carriers between localization sites over potential barriers with a height distribution caused by the random spatial distribution of these sites. This model yields the ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{s}$ behavior at high frequencies with the quantity ($1\ensuremath{-}s$) increasing almost linearly with temperature. In addition, it is predicted that a thermally activated dielectric-loss peak should occur for very low frequencies. It is suggested that this model may find broad application in the interpretation of ac conductivity results in amorphous materials.
Estimates of genetic parameters for milk constituents and yields.

Abstract Genetic parameters were estimated and selection alternatives for milk yield and its major constituents examined, using 3,841 lactation records from Holstein cows in the North Carolina Institutional Breeding Association. Heritability estimates from the daughter-dam regressions were 0.28, 0.17, 0.24, 0.21, and 0.21 for milk, fat, PLM, (protein-lactose-mineral), TS (total solids), and protein yields, respectively, and 0.62, 0.53, 0.60, and 0.47 for fat, PLM, TS, and protein percentages, respectively. Within herd-year-season phenotypic correlations between milk yield and the percentages all were negative, whereas correlations among constituents were strongly positive. Genetic correlations were −0.61 between milk and fat per cent, −0.43 between milk and PLM per cent, −0.45 between milk and protein per cent, 0.69 between fat and PLM percentages, 0.74 between fat and protein percentages, and 0.82 between PLM and protein percentages. Direct selection for PLM yield would give an expected correlated genetic change in milk yield close to that expected from direct selection for milk yield. Selection for fat or protein yield would be expected to result in a substantial reduction in milk yield compared with direct selection for milk yield. Selection for milk or PLM yield would result in moderate to large expected decreases in the percentages. Efforts to increase, prevent declines in, or change the proportions of the constituents appear to be costly in terms of selection pressure which can be applied to the yield traits.
The Viticulture and Enology Library at the University of California, Davis University Library: An Example of Application of Modified Library of Congress Classification and Subject Headings

ABSTRACT The University of California, Davis, Library contains a specialized collection of books, serials, and other materials dealing with viticulture and enology in support of the campus viticulture, enology, and brewing academic programs. This paper gives a summary of how the Library of Congress classification and the Library of Congress Subject Headings have been modified and expanded to provide faster and easier access to this collection.
Universal Deformation Rings for the Symmetric Group S 4

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2, and let W be the ring of infinite Witt vectors over k. Let S 4 denote the symmetric group on 4 letters. We determine the universal deformation ring R(S 4,V) for every kS 4-module V which has stable endomorphism ring k and show that R(S 4,V) is isomorphic to either k, or W[t]/(t 2,2t), or the group ring W[ℤ/2]. This gives a positive answer in this case to a question raised by the first author and Chinburg whether the universal deformation ring of a representation of a finite group with stable endomorphism ring k is always isomorphic to a subquotient ring of the group ring over W of a defect group of the modular block associated to the representation.