cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Quasi-Linear, Viscoelastic, Structural Model of the Plantar Soft Tissue With Frequency-Sensitive Damping Properties

Little is known about the structural properties of plantar soft-tissue areas other than the heel; nor is it known whether the structural properties vary depending on location. Furthermore, although the quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) theory has been used to model many soft-tissue types, it has not been employed to model the plantar soft tissue. The structural properties of the plantar soft tissue were quantified via stress relaxation experiments at seven regions (subcalcaneal, five submetatarsal, and subhallucal) across eight cadaveric feet. The cadaveric feet were 36.9 +/- 17.4 (mean +/- S.D.) years of age, all free from vascular diseases and orthopedics disorders. All tests were performed at a constant environmental temperature of 35 degrees C. Stress relaxation experiments were performed; different loads were employed for different areas based on normative gait data. A modification of the relaxation spectrum employed within the QLV theory allowed for the inclusion of frequency-sensitive relaxation properties in addition to nonlinear elastic behavior. The tissue demonstrated frequency-dependent damping properties that made the QLV theory ill suited to model the relaxation. There was a significant difference between the elastic structural properties (A) of the subcalcaneal tissue and all other areas (p = 0.004), and a trend (p = 0.067) for the fifth submetatarsal to have less viscous damping (c1) than the subhallucal, or first, second, or third submetatarsal areas. Thus, the data demonstrate that the structural properties of the foot can vary across regions, but careful consideration must be given to the applied loads and the manner in which the loads were applied.
Consistency of individual differences in brightness perception

In previous studies, we have measured individual differences in simultaneous brightness discrimination between a long-duration (500 msec or more) comparison pulse and a set of briefer test pulses of the same luminance. Some observers judge the comparison pulse to be brighter than all test pulses in a range from 20 to 320 msec. Other observers exhibittemporal brightness enhancement: a test pulse of 80 msec for our stimulus conditions is judged brighter than the comparison pulse. Individual differences depend upon the temporal asynchrony between test and comparison pulses. Observers designated Type A show temporal brightness enhancement for both simultaneous onset of test and comparison pulse and for simultaneous offset of the pulses. Type B observers exhibit brightness enhancement for simultaneous offset of pulses but not for simultaneous onset. Type C observers do not exhibit brightness enhancement effects. Here we use both short (80 msec) and long (640 msec) pulses as the comparison stimuli. We replicate our previous pattern of individual differences for the long comparison stimulus. For the short comparison stimulus, brightness discrimination functions for the three classes of observers are exactly predicted from the patterns obtained with the conventional long comparison pulse. This confirms the generality of individual differences in pulse brightness perception and shows that they do not depend upon the particular stimulus conditions selected for the discrimination task.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis at 20 years

First reported in 1990, PGD has evolved into a complementary form of prenatal diagnosis offering novel indications. DNA for PGD can be recovered with equal safety and facility from polar bodies I and II, blastomere (8 cell embryo) and trophectoderm (5-6 day blastocyst). Diagnostic accuracy is very high (>99%) for both chromosomal abnormalities and single gene disorders. Traditional application of FISH with chromosome specific probes for detecting aneuploidy and translocations may be replaced or complemented by array comparative genome hybridization (array CGH); biopsied embryos can now be cryopreserved (vitrification) while analysis proceeds in orderly fashion. PGD has been accomplished for over 200 different single gene disorders. Novel indications for PGD not readily applicable by traditional prenatal genetic diagnosis include avoiding clinical pregnancy termination, performing preconceptional diagnosis (polar body I), obtaining prenatal diagnosis without disclosure of prenatal genotype (nondisclosure), diagnosing adult-onset disorders particularly cancer, and identifying HLA compatible embryos suitable for recovering umbilical cord blood stem cells.
Personality differences between police and fire applicants

An increasingly common administrative policy is to combine police and fire departments into one collective unit titled something such as “Department of Public Safery”. However, in order to make such a combination, job incumbents must be able to perform the duties of both a patrolperson and a firefighter. Thus a combination of police and fire departments assumes that police and fire applicants are similar in skills, abilities, and personality characteristics. The purpose of the present study was to determine if police and fire applicants were similar in terms of personality. The results indicated that there were significant personality differences between police and fire applicants. These differences were discussed in terms of the policy of combining police and fire departments.
Permeability and melt flow in simulated and natural partially molten basaltic magmas

Abstract A Lattice–Boltzmann method is used to calculate grain-scale, low Reynolds number, single phase, interstitial porous melt flow in two independent igneous microstructures: 1) a microstructure simulated using a stochastic algorithm for progressive crystallization, and 2) a natural microstructure obtained through X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) of a partially melted basalt. In both cases, the error in the calculated flow field due to finite discretization and domain size has been estimated or demonstrated to be insignificant. Visually, the porous melt flow tends to localize into high flux channels, especially with increasing crystallinity, and this impression is quantitatively confirmed by increasing skewness of the velocity distribution in the direction parallel to the imposed pressure gradient driving the flow. A change from uniform to localized melt flow in naturally occurring situations may have a profound effect on the distribution of trace elements and, if the melt is reactive, the chemical and structural evolution of the igneous microstructure through localized phase change. Permeabilities of both microstructures are determined from the calculated steady flow field. The permeabilities are then fitted to two different correlation models which are based on the Rumpf–Gupte and Carman–Kozeny relations. In these models, we express permeability as functions of melt fraction and either the mean crystal length or specific surface area. Extrapolated permeability to higher melt fractions using both correlation models for the partially melted basalt is shown to be within a factor of four of experimentally determined permeability of a similar sample. We determine permeability estimates in the relatively unexplored melt fraction range of 30%–80% and find consistency with previous work for permeability estimates in the melt fraction range of 20%–30%.
Beyond steady-state lamellar eutectic growth.

Lamellar eutectics only grow in steady state over a small range of melt compositions between the two solidus lines of a binary phase diagram. Outside this range their growth exhibits a rich dynamical behavior. A random-walk model is constructed to simulate eutectic solidification of a thin film and applied to study this behavior. In addition to oscillatory modes, a ``tilting instability'' on the lamellar spacing is found at off-eutectic compositions. Well into nonlinear regimes, this instability causes lamellae from the minor phase to follow convoluted solidification paths thereby generating exotic eutectic textures.
Bacteroides infections in children

Four case reports of Bacteroides infections in children are presented. Two of thesepatients were brothers with agammaglobulinemia who developed pyogenic arthritis due to Bacteroides. The literature regarding Bacteroides infections in infants and children is reviewed.
Nonprogressive Extrafoveal Retinal Hole After Foveal Epiretinal Membrane Removal

Purpose To report an extrafoveal posterior retinal hole after surgical removal of foveal epiretinal membrane. Design Observational case reports. Methods We describe two patients who underwent vitrectomy surgery with an epiretinal membrane removal. Five months after vision improving surgery, a small retinal hole outside the macular area developed. Results Fundus photography and optical coherence tomography showed a full-thickness retinal hole with a surrounding cuff of subretinal fluid smaller than described in stage III or IV macular holes. The hole has been stable in shape and dimension, has not progressed to retinal detachment, and is not associated with an epiretinal membrane; the fluid is not impinging on the macular area. Conclusions Asymptomatic full-thickness extrafoveal retinal holes, which do not progress to neurosensory detachment, can develop after epiretinal membrane peeling. These appear stable and have substantially smaller cuffs of subretinal fluid than typical macular holes.
SU-E-T-98: VMAT Quality Assurance: Improving the Angular Correction Factors for Ion Chamber Arrays

Purpose: Two‐dimensional (2D) detector arrays for QA of volumetric‐modulated‐arc‐therapy (VMAT) plans show angular dependence. An angular correction‐factor‐table (CFs) minimize this effect, but assumes: (1) the response of all ion chambers (IC) is identical per angle, (2) the ICA response from 0–180° = 180–360°, and (3) the ICA response is independent of the direction of rotation. We investigated whether these assumptions are correct and developed improved CFs. Methods: Measurements were done with a 2D ICA (Matrixx®, IBA Dosimetry). Dose was calculated with the AAA algorithm (Eclipse v8.6, Varian Medical Systems). Default angular CF tables were available for 0–180° and 0–360°. Custom CFs were created by dividing the calculated dose to each IC by the measured dose from static open‐fields delivered every 5°, for both coronal (couch included) and 2 sagittal (couch avoided) orientations. The CFs were tested with open‐field arcs and VMAT plans, comparing results using gamma analysis (3%, 3mm). Additionally, measurements of 1cm‐wide fields delivered clockwise (CW) vs. counter‐clockwise (CCW) were compared to examine effects of ICA structure. Results: The angular response of individual IC significantly varies (1stdev<=4.6%). The response from 0–180° vs. 180–360° is significantly different (paired t‐test, p<0.0001). Custom CFs generated greater agreement between measurement and calculation for open‐field arcs and VMAT plans than the default CFs. Custom CFs also improved agreement compared to no CF for open‐field arcs, but not for VMAT plans. The CW vs. CCW tests demonstrated that the dose in the penumbra region of narrow fields is affected by the direction of rotation (<=1%); the cumulative effect of this may be significant for VMAT. Conclusion: Custom CF tables, using measurements from 0–360° and individual chamber CFs rather than a global CF per angle, can improve the measurement accuracy of an ICA. Even with these thorough corrections, discrepancies were still observed for VMAT plans.
Dose-response studies with the antiozonant ethylenediurea (EDU), applied as a soil drench to two growth substrates, on greenhouse-grown varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Abstract To study plant growth and yield effects of the antiozonant ethylenediurea (EDU), which is frequently used for ozone crop loss assessments, dose-response studies were carried out with potted bean plants under greenhouse conditions in winter and spring. Two cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L., differing in sensitivity to ozone (O3), were grown in unfiltered air on a sandy loam rich in organic matter and on a vermiculite-clay mixture. Four treatments of EDU at concentrations from 300 to 800 mg liter−1 were given as a soil drench during plant development. Foliar symptoms of EDU phytoxicity were observed at all doses, and plant biomass, particularly pod dry weight, was considerably reduced to increasing doses of EDU. Primary and first trifoliate leaf weight in EDU-treated plants increased as did the number of buds, indicating an extension of vegetative growth and a delay of reproductive processes. ‘BBL 290’ beans, which are O3-sensitive, were injured by EDU more than the O3-tolerant ‘BBL 274’. The phytotoxic effects of EDU were more pronounced in the synthetic growth substrate than in field soil. In a second experiment, EDU was applied in concentrations from 100 to 400 mg liter−1 to ‘BBL 290’ plants, exposed to filtered air or simulated levels of O3 pollution. In field soil, plant growth and biomass partitioning in filtered air was only slightly altered by EDU, although leaf injury due to EDU occured. In the vermiculite-clay mix, the biomass of most plant organs, particularly that of roots, was linearly reduced with increasing EDU doses. O3 did not cause any alteration in plant biomass in field soil-grown and EDU-treated plants. Ozone leaf injury, which affected 67% of primary leaf area in non-treated plants, was completely suppressed by EDU doses as low as 100 mg liter−1. This indicates that low concentrations of EDU, which do not affect plant growth in field soil, provide sufficient protection from O3 injury. The need for careful EDU dose-response studies prior to field assessments is emphasized.
Diffusion of hydrogen in pure large grain aluminum

Abstract The solubility of hydrogen at 600°C and the diffusion rate at a given temperature were both found to be lower than reported previously. The activation energy for diffusion was nearly the same as in several earlier reports indicating that diffusion was the rate controlling step in all cases. Hydrogen diffusion in large grained high purity aluminum followed the expression: D = 1.01 × 10 −5 (m 2 /sec) exp − 47.7 kJ/RT.
Tin(II)-diphenylcarbazide Complex as a Solid Reagent in Monitoring Devices for Atmospheric Oxidants

Abstract The tin(II)-diphenylcarbazide complex, [Sn(C13H14N4O)2]Cl2 or [Sn(C13H14N4O)2Cl2], applied as an acetone solution to cellulose (filter paper) or starch and dried, is oxidized to the red-violet diphenylcarbazone by ozone and nitrogen dioxide - the principal atmospheric oxidants - at concentrations below 1 ppm. The supported reagent is stable indefinitely when kept in a sealed bottle.
Psychological intensities in gifted adults

This study investigated affective characteristics of academically gifted adults using two models: Clark's (1983) notion of concomitant problems and Dabrowski's (Piechowski, 1979) construct of overexcitabilities, concepts collectively referred to as “intensities.” The population studied was adults who had demonstrated high academic achievement by successfully competing for admission to a doctoral program in Education. Thirty‐one doctoral students responded to a researcher‐developed questionnaire designed to measure intensity characteristics. A subset of 11 students participated in focus groups conducted to investigate qualitatively their perceptions of the concept of psychological intensities. Focus group data supported the constructs of intellectual and emotional overexcitabilities and concomitant problems. Factor analysis of questionnaire responses produced five factors. Subjects perceived themselves as different from typical persons on factors reflecting internal motivation, positive aspects of overexci...
Extraction of water from air — an alternative solution for water supply*

Abstract One square kilometer of atmospheric air contains, in most regions around the globe, 10,000 to 30,000 m 3 of pure water. The extraction of water from air (EWA) patented technology, based on the extraction of air humidity into water stream, was developed for large-scale water supply, up to 1,000 m 3 /d. Such as desalination, using the unlimited free source of salty water, the EWA technology makes use of air humidity. The EWA technology could serve as an alternative solution for water supply, where neither salty water, nor infrastructure is available. The EWA technology extracts the air humidity by a three stage process: absorption of humidity on a solid desiccant, desorption of the water to vapor at moderate heat (65–85°C) and condensation with passive condenser connected to a heat pump. The moderate heating enables the utilization of environmentally friendly and low cost heat energy, such as solar or waste heat. The combination of moderate heat, passive condenser and heat pump allows producing water with low energy consumption of 100–150 kcal/l. The EWA technology is based on a multi-cycle regime, each cycle lasts about 90 min with absorption/desorption ratio of 2:1. The EWA technology is made of modular cassettes enabling a design of a device for any required capacity — up to 1,000 m 3 /d. The EWA technology could be operated at ambient temperature range between 5–115°C and at relative humidity of 20% and more, while at relative humidity of 60% the system achieves its maximal capacity. The EWA technology may provide a reasonable solution for water supply in dry regions, including South Mediterranean countries, as well as countries suffering from polluted water, including tropical countries, and far from the seashores where long-pipe systems are not available, the EWA technology would present the excellent solution for fresh water.
Hyaluronidase in the prevention of sclerotherapy-induced extravasation necrosis. A dose-response study.

backgroundA previous study found hyaluronidase to be effective in the prevention of necrosis following intradermal sodium tetradecyl sulfate and 23.4% sodium chloride. There are no published dose-response studies of hyaluronidase used in this manner.objectiveTo conduct a dose-response study using hy
Using System-Wide Trust Theory to Make Predictions About Dependence on Four Diagnostic Aids

System-wide trust strategy can occur when operators are exposed to multiple aids of different reliabilities. D. Keller and S. Rice (2009) showed that when a perfectly reliable aid was presented concurrently with an unreliable aid, participants tended to treat the 2 aids as a unit (system-wide trust) rather than as different units with different reliabilities (component-specific trust). Limitations to their original study prevented the authors from making strong conclusions about a pervasive system-wide trust strategy across domains. The current study revisits this theoretical issue by increasing the number of aids, manipulating the amount of information and feedback participants were given, and using a single-task paradigm rather than a dual-task paradigm. Results were conclusive. While providing information and feedback were beneficial to overall performance, dependence measures indicated that system-wide trust strategies were pervasive across almost all of the manipulations. We discuss the theoretical and applied implications of these data.
Blades and microliths: Changing contexts of tool production from Magdalenian to Early Mesolithic in southern Germany

Production of blades from prismatic cores is a relatively demanding technique that requires good-quality raw materials and long-term skill development. Various explanations for the widespread reliance on blades in the European Upper Paleolithic have been proposed, emphasizing the potential advantages of blade production for efficient reduction of a given volume of stone and for control over the shape and size of products, particularly cutting elements for use in composite tools. Technological changes from the Magdalenian through Early Mesolithic periods in southern Germany include a gradual decline in frequency of blades and consistency of blade production, but an increase in the degree of standardization of microlithic elements presumably used in composite tools. Based on a consideration of the changing social contexts in which tasks are defined and problems solved, it is proposed that concentrated production of blades on aggregation sites during the Magdalenian may facilitate the spread of skills needed for consistent blade production. Concentrated episodes of toolmaking are suggested to lead to more formalized task definition, while a wider variety of solutions to the problem of producing blanks for microlith production might flourish under conditions of highly dispersed toolmaking in the Early Mesolithic.
PAH volatilization following application of coal-tar-based pavement sealant

Coal-tar-based pavement sealants, a major source of PAHs to urban water bodies, have recently been identified as a source of volatile PAHs to the atmosphere. We tracked the volatilization of PAHs for 1 year after application of a coal-tar-based pavement sealant by measuring gas-phase PAH concentrations above the pavement surface and solid-phase PAH concentrations in sealant scraped from the surface. Gas-phase concentrations at two heights (0.03 and 1.28 m) and wind speed were used to estimate volatilization flux. The sum of the concentrations of eight frequently detected PAHs (SPAH8) in the 0.03-m sample 1.6 h after application (297,000 ng m � 3 ) was about 5000 times greater than that previously reported for the same height above unsealed parking lots (66 ng m �3 ). Flux at 1.6 h after application was estimated at 45,000 m gm �2 h �1 and decreased rapidly during the 45 days after application to 160 m gm �2 h �1 . Loss of PAHs from the adhered sealant also was rapid, with about a 50% decrease in solid-phase SPAH8 concentration over the 45 days after application. There was general agreement, given the uncertainties, in the estimated mass of SPAH8 lost to the atmosphere on the basis of air sampling (2e 3gm �2 )a nd adhered sealant sampling (6 g m �2 ) during the first 16 days after application, translating to a loss to the atmosphere of one-quarter to one-half of the PAHs in the sealcoat product. Combining the estimated mass of SPAH8 released to the atmosphere with a national-use estimate of coal-tar-based sealant suggests that PAH emissions from new coal-tar-based sealcoat applications each year (w1000 Mg) are larger than annual vehicle emissions of PAHs for the United States. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Measurements of the penetration depth in the superconducting layer crystals NbSe2 and TaS2 (pyridine) 12

Abstract The superconducting penetration depth λ for a magnetic field applied parallel to the layers has been measured for the superconducting layer crystals NbSe2 and TaS2 (py) 1 2 in fields ranging from 1 to 100 mGauss near Tc. For NbSe2 these data together with the anisotropy parameter ϵ = λ ⊥ λ ″ of 0.25 (λ″ and λ⊥ denote the penetration depths parallel and perpendicular to the crystal layers, respectively) yield λ⊥ (0) = 0.124μm and λ″ (0) = 0.496μm. For TaS2 (py) 1 2 the value of λ″ (0) = 130μm is found. Comparison to results from upper critical field measurements and to a Josephson coupling model for layer crystals are made.
The Acquisition of Conscience and Developmental Systems Theory

Proponents of Developmental Systems Theory (DST) argue that it offers an alternative to current research programs in biology that are built on the historic disjunction between evolutionary and developmental biology. In this paper I illustrate how DST can be used to account for the acquisition of an important component of moral agency, conscience. Susan Oyama, a major proponent of DST, has set moral issues outside the compass of DST. Thus, I examine her reasons for restricting DST to non-moral matters, and argue that they are not decisive. On the positive side, I argue that DST not only is compatible with attempts to describe and explain moral agency but also aids us in understanding it. In particular, I show how DST can provide a fruitful perspective for viewing some significant current findings and theories in moral developmental psychology about the acquisition of conscience. The familiar dichotomies resisted by DST, those between genes and environment, inherited and acquired, innate and learned, and biological and cultural, have also plagued human developmental psychology, including moral development. By bringing a DST perspective to the study of moral development, I illustrate how a DST perspective might offer a promising way to reconceive that phenomenon, and provide some insights into how further work in understanding the development of moral agency might proceed. Thus, I hope to contribute to the current efforts of proponents of DST to integrate developmental and evolutionary considerations.
Simplified models of population dynamics of mosquitoes related to control technology.

Simplified models of the dynamics of mosquito populations are reviewed and developed. Parameters used to develop the models include survival in the adult and immature stages, patterns of egg laying and number of eggs, development times, and population density curves. With this approach, it was possible to estimate growth rates of naturally-occurring populations of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann when subjected to control by the release of sterile males. Maximum growth rates attained during release experiments were confirmed by independent biological evaluations.
Endogenous levels of histidine in histamine-containing neurons and other identified nerve cells of Aplysia californica.

Abstract 1. Histidine was measured in single identified neurons isolated from the five major ganglia of Aplysia californica . 2. All neurons assayed appear to contain similar concentrations of histidine, approx 15 pmole/μg of cellular protein or about 3–4 mM. 3. The concentration of histidine in the hemolymph fluid, 63 μM, was significantly lower than in nerve cells indicating that Aplysia neurons may actively accumulate this amino acid. 4. In the histamine-containing neurons the concentration of histidine was not substantially different from the values of histidine obtained from neurons devoid of measurable histamine. 5. The presence of similar concentrations of histidine in such functionally and biochemically distinct neurons as those assayed in the present study indicates that the steady-state levels of histidine provide little insight into the function of Aplysia neurons.
Hydrogen-Bonded Helices for Anion Binding and Separation

Herein we report the competitive crystallization of urea-functionalized hydrogen-bonded helical frameworks as a new approach to separating anions from aqueous mixtures. N,N′-Bis( m-pyridylurea) ( 1) containing orthogonal pyridine and urea hydrogen-bonding functionalities forms upon monoprotonation with 1 equiv of HX acids (X = Cl −, Br −, I −, NO 3 −, and ClO 4 −) an isomorphous series of crystalline hydrogen-bonded helices assembled by pyridinium···pyridine hydrogen bonds, with the urea functional groups binding the anions through chelate hydrogen bonding. The helices are further connected in the crystals by CH···X − and pyridinium···X − interactions, as well as π-stacking interactions. Competitive crystallization experiments and lattice energy calculations of the 1·HX crystals showed the solvation-based Hofmeister bias that typically dominates anion separation selectivities from water was attenuated, but not completely overturned. The observed selectivity is apparently a result of the relatively soft an...
Distributed computer system design: an interactive procedure

Abstract This paper presents an overview of an interactive system for the design of a distributed computer system. The system helps the designer in finding the optimal combination of processors of varying power to be located at various nodes of the system. It also helps in finding the optimal allocation of data files or databases. The system allows the designer to trade-off between the conflicting objectives: low investment and operating cost and high availability of data. Reasonable relative weights are assigned to each data file, and design objectives can be assigned priorities. A value added network such as TELENET is assumed for data communication. Also, multiple copies of the data file or database may exist in the system to achieve higher data availability and better response time.
Dynamic Model and Simulation of Flag Vibrations Modeled as a Membrane

A flag is modeled as a membrane to investigate the two-dimensional characteristics of the vibration response to an uniform wind flow. Both the affecting tension and pressure functions for the wind flow with constant velocity are introduced and utilized in the modeling. In this case, the tension is caused by the weight of the flag. The pressure function is a function describing the pressure variations caused on the flag when in uniform flow. The pressure function is found by assuming that the air flow is relatively slow and that the flag is wide enough to minimize cross flow at the boundaries. An analysis of the downstream motion of the flag is necessary as well. Hamilton’s principle is employed to derive the partial differential equation of motion. The flag is oriented in the vertical direction to neglect the effect of the flag’s weight on the system’s response. Galerkin’s method is used to solve for the first four mode shapes of the system, and the system response is numerically solved. Simulations reveal a very reasonable model when the flag is modeled as a membrane.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Somatosensory evoked potentials for the prognosis of coma in humans

Abstract Studies of bilateral hemispheric somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were carried out on 17 comatose patients following closed-head injury. Control evoked potentials were obtained from 74 normal volunteers. A prognosis of potential recovery or nonrecovery from coma was made in all 17 patients based on the SEP analyses. All subjects underwent bilateral median and peroneal nerve stimulation and responses were averaged from scalp electrodes placed over the somatotopic sensory cortex for the wrist and leg. The prognostic outcome of all 17 patients was accurately predicted following SEP analysis. Results show that 4 of 17 patients with prognoses of “positive recovery” had eight defined SEP peaks present within a time base analysis of 300 ms. Twelve patients with prognoses of “negative recovery” had five or less SEP peaks present within a time base of 500 ms. The majority of the “negative recovery” patients showed only SEP primary waveform components consisting of two peaks. The data suggest a potentially useful method using SEP analysis to prognosticate the possible recovery from clinical coma.
Analytic webs support the synthesis of ecological data sets

A wide variety of data sets produced by individual investigators are now synthesized to address ecological questions that span a range of spatial and temporal scales. It is important to facilitate such syntheses so that "consumers" of data sets can be confident that both input data sets and synthetic products are reliable. Necessary documentation to ensure the reliability and validation of data sets includes both familiar descriptive metadata and formal documentation of the scientific processes used (i.e., process metadata) to produce usable data sets from collections of raw data. Such documentation is complex and difficult to construct, so it is important to help "producers" create reliable data sets and to facilitate their creation of required metadata. We describe a formal representation, an "analytic web," that aids both producers and consumers of data sets by providing complete and precise definitions of scientific processes used to process raw and derived data sets. The formalisms used to define analytic webs are adaptations of those used in software engineering, and they provide a novel and effective support system for both the synthesis and the validation of ecological data sets. We illustrate the utility of an analytic web as an aid to producing synthetic data sets through a worked example: the synthesis of long-term measurements of whole-ecosystem carbon exchange. Analytic webs are also useful validation aids for consumers because they support the concurrent construction of a complete, Internet-accessible audit trail of the analytic processes used in the synthesis of the data sets. Finally we describe our early efforts to evaluate these ideas through the use of a prototype software tool, SciWalker. We indicate how this tool has been used to create analytic webs tailored to specific data-set synthesis and validation activities, and suggest extensions to it that will support additional forms of validation. The process metadata created by SciWalker is readily adapted for inclusion in Ecological Metadata Language (EML) files.
Clinical, cytogenetic, and fluorescence in situ hybridization findings in two cases of "complete ring" syndrome.

The term "ring syndrome" was proposed to describe a phenotype of growth failure without major malformations due to a ring autosome. The growth failure is thought to be caused by instability of the ring chromosome leading to aneusomy and cell death. Most previous studies of ring chromosomes were based on standard cytogenetic banding techniques and were limited to microscopically detectable deletions in the ring chromosomes. We report on two patients with complete ring (4) and ring (9) chromosomes, respectively. The first was a 15-month-old girl and the second was a 16-month-old boy. They both presented with severe, symmetrical growth failure and normal psychomotor development in the absence of malformations. Their parents had a normal phenotype. The first case had a whorled pattern of hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation on part of the face and chest, and the second case had a patchy hyperpigmented rash on the trunk. Peripheral blood karyotype of the first patient was 46,XX, r(4)(p16.3q35.2) and of the second 45,XY,-9/46,XY,r(9)(p24q34.3). G-band analysis suggested no loss of material in the ring chromosomes. These findings were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using chromosome-specific subtelomeric probes. The common human telomeric sequences were intact in the first patient but absent in the second patient. The cytogenetic and FISH data in our two cases provide further evidence for the existence of a "complete ring" phenotype independent of the autosome involved. Pigmentary skin changes are a useful clinical sign of mosaicism caused by the ring instability.
Pharmacological priapism: Comparison of trazodone- and papaverine-associated cases

Priapism occurred in ten patients undergoing treatment of depression with trazodone or impotence with papaverine. Trazodone-related priapism uniformly required surgical procedures and resulted in impotence in two of three cases. In contrast, papaverine-associated priapism was successfully managed by aspiration and all seven patients continued to respond to intracorporal treatment. Iatrogenic priapism is an important complication of therapy with vasoactive drugs.
Fade statistics associated with a space/ground coherent receiver array

Laser-satellite communication system are subject to signal fading below a prescribed threshold value owing primarily to optical scintillations associated with the received signal, regardless of pointing in errors. The probability of fade associated with a downlink laser-satellite communication system is calculated here as a function of threshold intensity below the mean intensity of a Gaussian-beam wave incident on a coherent equal-gain (EG) receiver array. Previous theoretical studies and experimental data reveal that the mean carrier-to-noise ratio for an EG array receiver system improves greatly over that of a conventional single aperture monolithic coherent detection system. The present theoretical analysis illustrates there is also a significant decrease in the fractional fade time for an EG optical array receiver system with two or more receivers spatially separated by more than the intensity correlation length of the received optical signal.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A summary on modified carrier based real-time Selective Harmonic Eliminationt technique

Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is a well-known power electronics technique that is commonly used to suppress the noise harmonics in applications such as inverter design and AC Drives. But the existing methods are complex to be readily applied in real-time applications such as motor-control and frequency tuning. In addition, these methods involve tedious problem solving for each condition set. The paper focuses on designing a comparative based harmonic elimination technique using a modified carrier signal and a reference. It can be used for any desired frequency and fundamental strength eliminating the need for solution of complex transcendental equations. Simulation and laboratory results are provided to support the proposed research.
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Why It Fails to Deter Bribery as a Global Market Entry Strategy

Recent studies (Cragg and Woof, Bus Soc Rev 107(1):98–144, 2002; Weismann, J Bus Ethics 88:615–66, 2009) revealed that in the first 28 years of its existence, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was not enforced by the federal government. The Weismann study further concluded that the FCPA, designed by Congress as a self-regulatory model of corporate governance, failed to achieve the regulatory goal of deterring global bribery by U.S. companies. The current article addresses the reasons that the FCPA remains an ineffective measure to control bribery as a global market entry strategy despite the highly publicized 2006 Department of Justice initiative to increase prosecutions and tighten enforcement efforts. The failure arises out of both the increased use of informal dispositions of case prosecutions, (including non-prosecution and deferred prosecution agreements), which has made “getting caught” merely an increased “cost of doing business” and the failure to close the regulatory gaps in the statute that permit violators to slip through the enforcement net. The article updates and compiles the case prosecution data for every reported case prosecuted between 1977 and 2011. That data are then compared to the results of a 2010 integrity risk survey performed by Deloitte Financial Advisory Services and Forbes which reveal a widely held global business perception that compliance and integrity risks appear to be rising sharply and that the FCPA is ineffective in deterring bribery and corruption in foreign markets. The article aims to serve as a predictive tool for policy makers and business professionals in assessing risk in the global markets, particularly as commerce intensifies in the BRIC countries, notable for bribery and corruption.
Scientific Mashups: Runtime-Configurable Data Product Ensembles

The concept of a mashup is gaining popularity as a rapid-development, reuse-oriented programming model to replace monolithic, bottom-up application development - a programming style well-suited to scientific data management applications. A variety of mashup development frameworks exist, but none fully address the needs of the scientific community. Specifically, scientists may be proficient programmers, but they use different tools than are usually supported in mashup frameworks (e.g., arrays and MATLAB rather than XML and Javascript). Further, typical scientific mashups may extract tens of thousands of records from terabyte-scale datasets. At this scale, visualization techniques must be employed to quickly convey the gross features of the data - paging through 10 records at a time is not sufficient. Finally, scientific mashups must accommodate users across a wide spectrum of skills and domain knowledge - the same mashup must be reconfigurable for use by specialists, researchers, policy makers, or K12 students. In this poster presentation, we articulate these requirements, describe an initial prototype scientific mashup system, provide visual examples of scientific mashups, and outline ongoing research directions.
A note on the kinetic energy exchange between fluctuations and mean flow in the surface layer of the Florida current

Recent free instrument measurements have been used to form estimates of one contribution to the kinetic energy exchange between fluctuations and mean flow in the surface layer of the Florida Current. These results are compared with previous estimates based on G.E.K. data. The free instrument and G.E.K. observations were collected at about the same locations and on roughly the same time scale, but at different times. The agreement between the different estimates is essentially within relative observational error: confirming the existence of the somewhat surprising pattern previously found, involving substantial kinetic energy transfer from fluctuations to mean flow in a narrow zone of about 20 km width in the region of cyclonic lateral shear. Some differences in detail are noted. Also, it is suggested that the process giving rise to this pattern acts to redistribute kinetic energy between fluctuations and mean flow over a complete section across the Current, rather than leading to a net transfer of kinetic energy in either direction. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00487.x
Using relative-relevance of data pieces for efficient communication, with an application to Neural data acquisition

In this paper, we consider the problem of communicating data from distributed sensors for the goal of inference. Two inference problems of linear regression and binary linear classification are investigated. Assuming perfect training of the classifier, an approximation of the problem of minimizing classification error-probability under Gaussianity assumptions leads us to recover Fisher score: a metric that is commonly used for feature selection in machine learning. Further, this allows us to soften the notion of feature selection by assigning a degree of relevance to each feature based on the number of bits assigned to it. This relative relevance is used to obtain numerical results on savings on number of bits acquired and communicated for classification of neural data obtained from Electrocorticography (ECoG) experiments. The results demonstrate that significant savings on costs of communication can be achieved by compressing Big Data at the source.
United States Philately: A Core Collection

In 1840 Great Britain became the first government to issue an adhesive stamp for the prepayment of postal fees. The United States issued its first stamps in 1847 and by the mid‐1850s postage stamps were an international phenomenon. The popularity of collecting and studying postage stamps increased accordingly. The term “philatelie” (subsequently anglicized to “philately”) was coined by Frenchman M. Georges Herpin in the 15 November 1864 issue of Collectionneur de Timbres‐Poste, where he combined the Greek words philos (loving, fond) and atelia (free from tax or charge, exempt from payment, franked) and declared “Philately therefore signifies love of everything related to franking.”
An Ultrafiltration Monitor for Hemodialysis Research

The ultrafitration rate of hemodialysis membranes should be carefully controlled for maximum patient benefit. A special purpose instrument is described that takes in analog pressure information and the analog output of an appropriate weighing system and produces both digital displays and analog outputs (for a strip-chart recorder) of ultrafiltration rate and ultrafiltration index as well as the averaged mean transmembrane hydrostatic pressure drop and volume of ultrafiltrate. The instrument normally uses an averaging time of about 2 min.
Variations of palatal erythema secondary to fellatio

Abstract The authors present two variations of palatal alterations secondary to fellatio; their clinical appearances and histologic presentations are discussed. The etiology, diagnostic difficulties, and potential problems in histologic interpretation are presented.
Contrast measurements for polymer dispersed liquid crystal displays

Electro-optical contrast ratio studies are made on polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films with regard to automotive displays. Various methods of measuring and defining contrast ratio are compared and the dominating factors controlling each method are evaluated as related to PDLC displays. These methods are discussed in relation to the illumination technique used for display cells. Transmissive and reflective mode PDLC display test cells are measured with both black on white and white on black symbology. For evaluating direct view displays, contrast ratio measurements are made by using a TV/Video analyzer system. With transmission mode test cells, the contrast ratio is dependent upon the angle of illumination, and maximum values are observed with illumination angles in the range of 25-45° off normal, depending upon the PDLC film properties. Contrast ratio values from direct view lab models were in the 20-28 range for transmission mode displays and 10-26 for reflective displays. The use of colored filter segments in the reflective model resulted in similar contrast for all colors as for white. The lab models showed excellent viewability in bright ambient light, even direct sunlight, with increased brightness offsetting some decrease in contrast ratio.
Actin crystal dynamics: structural implications for F-actin nucleation, polymerization, and branching mediated by the anti-parallel dimer.

Abstract Actin filament nucleation, polymerization, and branching are crucial steps in many forms of cell motility, cell shape, and intracellular organelle movements in a wide range of organisms. Previous biochemical data suggests that an anti-parallel actin dimer can incorporate itself into growing filamentous actin (F-actin) and has a role in branching. Furthermore, it is a widespread belief that nucleation is spawned from an actin trimer complex. Here we present the structures of actin dimers and trimers in two tetragonal crystal systems P4 3 2 1 2 and P4 3 . Both crystal systems formed by an induced condensation transformation of a previously reported orthorhombic crystal system P2 1 2 1 2 1 . Comparison between the three crystal systems demonstrates the dynamics and flexibility of actin–actin interactions. The dimer and trimer actin rearrangements observed between the three crystal systems may provide insight to in vivo actin–actin interactions that occur during the nucleation, polymerization, and branching of F-actin.
Use of reports of previous radiologic studies.

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the length of time over which previous radiologic reports were useful during current interpretations and the types of information gathered from the old reports. Materials and Methods. The authors directly observed the use of 209 old reports by radiologists during current radiologic interpretation. They recorded the date of the old report, modality used, and type of information sought. The interpreting radiologists then rated the value of the information in the old report on a Likert scale of 1 (high value) to 4 (minimal value). Results. In 85% of cases, the most valuable information obtained was found in reports that were less than 2 years old. The most frequently sought types of information were clinical history or the previous radiologist's interpretation. Conclusion. Old reports add value to current interpretation by providing a form of “second reading” and providing clinical history. Two years is sufficient old report access in 85% of situations.