cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consensus extraction from heterogeneous detectors to improve performance over network traffic anomaly detection

Network operators are continuously confronted with malicious events, such as port scans, denial-of-service attacks, and spreading of worms. Due to the detrimental effects caused by these anomalies, it is critical to detect them promptly and effectively. There have been numerous softwares, algorithms, or rules developed to conduct anomaly detection over traffic data. However, each of them only has limited descriptions of the anomalies, and thus suffers from high false positive/false negative rates. In contrast, the combination of multiple atomic detectors can provide a more powerful anomaly capturing capability when the base detectors complement each other. In this paper, we propose to infer a discriminative model by reaching consensus among multiple atomic anomaly detectors in an unsupervised manner when there are very few or even no known anomalous events for training. The proposed algorithm produces a perevent based non-trivial weighted combination of the atomic detectors by iteratively maximizing the probabilistic consensus among the output of the base detectors applied to different traffic records. The resulting model is different and not obtainable using Bayesian model averaging or weighted voting. Through experimental results on three network anomaly detection datasets, we show that the combined detector improves over the base detectors by 10% to 20% in accuracy.
Buoyancy-driven turbulent diffusion flames

Abstract A fundamental dimensionless number for pool fires, ∏ β = σ β 1+σ β Ra β , in proposed. Here σβ and Raβ denote a flame Schmidt number and a flame Rayleigh number. The sublayer thickness of a turbulent pool fire, ηβ, is shown in terms of Πβ to be η β l ∼∏ β − 1 3 , where l is an integral scale. The fuel consumption in a turbulent pool fire expressed in terms of ηβ (Πβ) and correlated by the experimental data leads to m′ ρD Ra 1 3 = 0.15B (1+0.05B) 1 3 (1+B) 1 3 . where ϱ is the density, D the mass diffusivity, Ra the usual Rayleigh number, and B the transfer number. The model agrees well with a previous model based on the stagnant film hypothesis.
Amplification and spread of viruses in a growing plaque.

The two-dimensional propagation of viruses through a "lawn" of receptive hosts, commonly called plaque growth, reflects the dynamics of interactions between viruses and host cells. Here we treat the amplification of viruses during plaque growth as a reaction-diffusion system, where interactions among the virus, uninfected host cells, and virus-producing host-virus complexes are accounted for using rates of viral adsorption to and desorption from the host-cell surface, rates of reproduction and release of progeny viruses by lysis of the host, and by the coupling of these reactions with diffusion of free virus within the agar support. Numerical solution of the system shows the development of a traveling wave of reproducing viruses, where the velocity of the wave is governed by the kinetic and diffusion parameters. The model has been applied to predict the propagation velocity of a bacteriophage plaque. Different mechanisms may account for the dependence of this velocity on the host density during early stages of a growing plaque. The model provides a means to explore how changes in the virus-host interactions may be manifest in a growing plaque.
Incremental Subspace Clustering over Multiple Data Streams

Data streams are often locally correlated, with a subset of streams exhibiting coherent patterns over a subset of time points. Subspace clustering can discover clusters of objects in different subspaces. However, traditional sub- space clustering algorithms for static data sets are not readily used for incremental clustering, and is very expensive for frequent re-clustering over dynamically changing stream data. In this paper, we present an efficient incremental sub- space clustering algorithm for multiple streams over sliding windows. Our algorithm detects all the delta-CC-Clusters, which capture the coherent changing patterns among a set of streams over a set of time points. delta-CC'-Cluster s are incrementally generated by traversing a directed acyclic graph pDAG. We propose efficient insertion and deletion operations to update the pDAG dynamically. In addition, effective pruning techniques are applied to reduce the search space. Experiments on real data sets demonstrate the performance of our algorithm.
Magnetostatic field computation by finite element formulation

Recent years have witnessed considerable research activity in the application of digital-computer methods for the determination of the electro-magnetic fields in electrical machinery through the solution of Maxwell's equations, while taking full account of the magnetic saturation. Two distinct numerical approaches are evident in the literature: Finite-Difference Method and Finite-Element Method. The author has presented in the recent years a finite difference formulation for 3-dimensional numerical solutions of the nonlinear electromagnetic field problems in terms of potential functions, and has applied for the analysis of the end-zone fields of aerospace homopolar alternators and solid-rotor induction motors. The present work is directed towards the finite-element formulation for the numerical solution of three-dimensional nonlinear magnetostatic field problems. A variational principle is developed here utilizing the vector potential concept. The approach is based on variational methods in which a corresponding energy functional for the nonlinear case is minimized over the entire region. The minimization is performed by means of the finite-element method and the resultant set of nonlinear algebraic equations is solved through iterative schemes.
The effect of remote chirality on the antibacterial activity of indolinyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and dihydrobenzoxazinyl oxazolidinones.

The oxazolidinones are promising agents for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. In ongoing studies we have discovered that a strategically placed chiral center of appropriate absolute configuration improves the antibacterial activity of indolinyl oxazolidinone analogues (gram-positive MIC's<0.5 μg/mL for the most potent congeners). The design, synthesis, antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic profile of a selected series of α-methylated indoline derivatives and a related set of tetrahydroquinolyl and dihydrobenzoxazinyl analogues are discussed.
The Effects of Domain Structure on the Electro-Optic Response of Potassium Niobate Thin Films

Epitaxial potassium niobate films have been deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). X-ray diffraction of the films deposited on (100) spinel substrates shows (110) and (001) reflections, indicating a multidomain structure. The electro-optic properties of the thin films were measured using a transmission technique. Effective electro-optic coefficients as large as 470 pm/V were observed. The observed electro-optic response was dominated by domain reorientation effects.
Epidemiological Characteristic Analysis of Hepatitis A,Hepatitis E,Bacillary Dysentery in China,2007-2011

Objective : To understand the epidemic situation of hepatitis A, hepatitis E, bacillary dysentery in China 2007-2011 and provide the scientific basis for enteric infectious disease control and prevention in the future. Methods The data of hepatitis A, hepatitis E, bacillary dysentery from China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention during 2007-2011 was epidemiological analyzed. Results During 2007 to 2011, the results in China of hepatitis A, hepatitis E, bacillary dysentery reported incidence rate were 3.74/100,000, 1.72/100,000, and 21.8/100,000 respectively. About 40% of hepatitis A cases were children under 15 years old. And the reported cases were primarily farmers and students. About 75% of hepatitis E cases were more than 40 years old. And the reported cases were primarily farmers and retirees. About 40% of dysentery cases were under 10 years old. And the reported cases were scattered children students. Conclusion Hepatitis A has no obvious seasonal distribution, but hepatitis E and dysentery incidence showed seasonal distribution. The incidence of hepatitis A and dysentery showed the trend of decrease due to the improvement of immunization and hygienic condition. The incidence of hepatitis E annual incidence relative increase that has close relation with sensitivity of surveillance system.
Indigenous Chinese Epistemologies as a Source of Creativity

The last two centuries or so have witnessed the huge success of the reductionist epistemology in modern science in the West. As a painful reflection, many Chinese scholars have attempted to explain how indigenous elements in the Chinese cultural beliefs impede similar advances (“自然辩证法通讯”杂志社; Communications on Dialectics of Nature 1983). However, the high power of modern science and technology also seems to have created an illusion of its omnipotence, whereas in fact it is not without its own pitfalls. In this article, I argue that while modern analytic science has been the engine that has driven new discoveries and inventions for more than two centuries, its shortfalls have also revealed themselves, particularly its inadequacy in accounting for complex, emergent, dynamic phenomena, such as real-time weather changes, complex bio-chemical processes, and social behaviors.
Retinoic acid downmodulates erythroid differentiation and GATA1 expression in purified adult-progenitor culture

All-trans retinoic acid (RA) is an important morphogen in vertebrate development, a normal constituent in human adult blood and is also involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. We have examined the effects of RA on normal hematopoiesis by using early hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) stringently purified from adult peripheral blood. In clonogenetic fetal calf serum-supplemented (FCS+) or -nonsupplemented (FCS-) culture treated with saturating levels of interleukin-3 (IL-3) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin (Ep) (combined with c-kit ligand in FCS(-)-culture conditions), RA induces a dramatic dose-dependent shift from erythroid to granulomonocytic colony formation, the latter colonies being essentially represented by granulocytic clones. This shift is apparently not caused by a recruitment phenomenon, because in FCS+ culture, the total number of colonies is not significantly modified by RA addition. In FCS- liquid-suspension culture supplemented with saturating Ep level and low-dose IL-3/GM-CSF, adult HPC undergo unilineage erythropoietic differentiation: Here again, treatment with high-dose RA induces a shift from the erythroid to granulocytic differentiation pathway. Studies on RA time-response or pulse treatment in semisolid or liquid culture show that early RA addition is most effective, thus indicating that early but not late HPC are sensitive to its action. We then analyzed the expression of the master GATA1 gene, which encodes a finger transcription factor required for normal erythroid development; addition of RA to HPC stimulated into unilineage erythropoietic differentiation in liquid culture caused a virtually complete inhibition of GATA1 mRNA induction. These results indicate that RA directly inhibits the erythroid differentiation program at the level of early adult HPC, and may lead to a shift from the erythroid to granulocytic differentiation pathway. This phenomenon is correlated with inhibition of GATA1 induction in the early stages of erythropoietic differentiation.
The Roaring Twenties and the Great Crash

Art Deco, construction of the Empire State Building, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jazz, Babe Ruth, Ernest Hemingway, Charles Lindbergh, women’s suffrage, speakeasies, and the lost generation — these are things that defined the 1920s. A huge financial capital appreciation, popularization of the automobile, movies and radio, design of the DC-3 aircraft, and the wholesale creation of retail investment by the masses also characterized what we affectionately call the Roaring Twenties. This wild and revolutionary era came to a grinding halt on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929.
Elusive Springs and Hard Questions

Not Available. HYDRO Nepal Journal Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue: 19 Page: 16-16
Effect of Sodium Nitrite on Growth of Shigella flexneri

A partial factorial design study of the effect of NaNO2 (0, 100, 200, 1000 ppm) in combination with NaCl (0.5, 2.5, 4.0%), pH (7.5, 6.5, 5.5), and temperature (37, 28, 19°C) on growth of Shigella flexneri is reported. Experiments were done aerobically in brain-heart infusion medium, using an inoculum of 1 × 103 CFU/ml. Growth curves were fitted from plate count data by the Gompertz equation; exponential growth rates, lag times, generation times, and maximum populations were derived for all variable combinations. In the absence of nitrite, the organism grew well under all test conditions at 37 and 28°C but did not grow at 19°C at pH 5.5 nor at pH 7.5 with 4% NaCl. Nitrite did not affect growth in media of pH 7.5 at 37 and 28°C. At pH 6.5 growth was inhibited by 1000 ppm NaNO2. The organism failed to grow at 19°C at all nitrite levels in the presence of 2.5 or 4.0% NaCl. The inhibitory effect of nitrite was much greater in media of pH 5.5 and increased with increasing salt levels. More inhibition was apparent at 28 than at 37°C. While lack of growth was used as a paradigm of the effect of nitrite on S. flexneri , nitrite also increased the lag and generation times and decreased the exponential growth rate. Results indicated that NaNO2 in combinations with low temperature, low pH, and high salt content can effectively inhibit the growth of S. flexneri .
Dynamic thermal circuit of SOI MOSFETs for fast digital operation

A dynamic thermal circuit for SOI MOSFETs with time-varying thermal resistances and capacitances has been developed for fast digital operation of SOI CMOS circuits. The thermal circuit is derived from a dynamic thermal model resulting from the variational principle. With the circuit implemented in SPICE, these time-varying circuit elements are able to reasonably describe extremely fast evolution of the temperature profile in SOI devices without including a large number of nodes.
Hierarchical organization of the hemostatic response to penetrating injuries in the mouse macrovasculature

Essentials Methods were developed to image the hemostatic response in mouse femoral arteries in real time. Penetrating injuries produced thrombi consisting primarily of platelets. Similar to arterioles, a core-shell architecture of platelet activation occurs in the femoral artery. Differences from arterioles included slower platelet activation and reduced thrombin dependence. SummaryBackground Intravital studies performed in the mouse microcirculation show that hemostatic thrombi formed after penetrating injuries develop a characteristic architecture in which a core of fully activated, densely packed platelets is overlaid with a shell of less activated platelets. Objective Large differences in hemodynamics and vessel wall biology distinguish arteries from arterioles. Here we asked whether these differences affect the hemostatic response and alter the impact of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. Methods Approaches previously developed for intravital imaging in the mouse microcirculation were adapted to the femoral artery, enabling real-time fluorescence imaging despite the markedly thicker vessel wall. Results Arterial thrombi initiated by penetrating injuries developed the core-and-shell architecture previously observed in the microcirculation. However, although platelet accumulation was greater in arterial thrombi, the kinetics of platelet activation were slower. Inhibiting platelet ADP P2Y12 receptors destabilized the shell and reduced thrombus size without affecting the core. Inhibiting thrombin with hirudin suppressed fibrin accumulation, but had little impact on thrombus size. Removing the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI, had no effect. Conclusions These results (i) demonstrate the feasibility of performing high-speed fluorescence imaging in larger vessels and (ii) highlight differences as well as similarities in the hemostatic response in the macro- and microcirculation. Similarities include the overall core-and-shell architecture. Differences include the slower kinetics of platelet activation and a smaller contribution from thrombin, which may be due in part to the greater thickness of the arterial wall and the correspondingly greater separation of tissue factor from the vessel lumen.
Information depends on context: behavioural response to chemical signals depends on sex and size in crayfish contests

Securing information about oneself or an opponent can be crucial to update the likelihood of winning a contest and the relative costs of continuing or escalating. This information can subsequently reduce costly errors. However, information encoded in signals exchanged by opponents can differ based on context. We sought to unravel these differences by pairing male and female crayfish ( Orconectes rusticus ) under varying sex and size conditions. A pre-optimized technique was used to visualize a well-studied contest signal in crayfish (i.e., urine). Behavioural responses were quantified prior to and after the release of that signal. There was a characteristic de-escalation of behavioural intensity after an opponent released urine. However, behavioural changes after the release event were dependent on the sex and the relative size of the opponents. Urine also significantly altered both sender and receiver behaviour, but lack of behavioural differences suggests urine plays a role in both opponent and auto-communication.
Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) for Gamma Knife radiosurgery

Purpose: Gamma Knife radiosurgery is a highly precise and accurate treatment technique for treating brain diseases with low risk of serious error that nevertheless could potentially be reduced. We applied the AAPM Task Group 100 recommended failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) tool to develop a risk-based quality management program for Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Methods: A team consisting of medical physicists, radiation oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation safety officers, nurses, operating room technologists, and schedulers at our institution and an external physicist expert on Gamma Knife was formed for the FMEA study. A process tree and a failure mode table were created for the Gamma Knife radiosurgery procedures using the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion and 4C units. Three scores for the probability of occurrence (O), the severity (S), and the probability of no detection for failure mode (D) were assigned to each failure mode by 8 professionals on a scale from 1 to 10. An overall risk priority number (RPN) for each failure mode was then calculated from the averaged O, S, and D scores. The coefficient of variation for each O, S, or D score was also calculated. The failure modes identified were prioritized in terms of both the RPN scores and the severity scores. Results: The established process tree for Gamma Knife radiosurgery consists of 10 subprocesses and 53 steps, including a subprocess for frame placement and 11 steps that are directly related to the frame-based nature of the Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Out of the 86 failure modes identified, 40 Gamma Knife specific failure modes were caused by the potential for inappropriate use of the radiosurgery head frame, the imaging fiducial boxes, the Gamma Knife helmets and plugs, the skull definition tools as well as other features of the GammaPlan treatment planning system. The other 46 failure modes are associated with the registration, imaging, image transfer, contouring processes that are common for all external beam radiation therapy techniques. The failure modes with the highest hazard scores are related to imperfect frame adaptor attachment, bad fiducial box assembly, unsecured plugs/inserts, overlooked target areas, and undetected machine mechanical failure during the morning QA process. Conclusions: The implementation of the FMEA approach for Gamma Knife radiosurgery enabled deeper understanding of the overall process among all professionals involved in the care of the patient and helped identify potential weaknesses in the overall process. The results of the present study give us a basis for the development of a risk based quality management program for Gamma Knife radiosurgery.
Napier, Torporley, Menelaus, and Ptolemy: Delambre and De Morgan’s Observations on Seventeenth-Century Restructuring of Spherical Trigonometry

An effort to reorganize and systematize planar and spherical trigonometry began in the 15th century with the work of Regiomontanus, extended throughout the 16th century with work by Otho, Rheticus, Pitiscus, and Fincke, and continued into the 17th century by Napier, Torporley, Viete, and others. During the 18th and 19th century, publications by Euler, Taylor, Fourier, and Gauss extended the role of trigonometric functions into new areas including power series, and complex functions of complex variables. An analysis of De Morgan’s criticism of Napier’s and Torporley’s efforts in this area sheds light on the challenges to an historian of mathematics of one era attempting to understand the thought process of mathematicians living in earlier times. In particular, we focus on two areas: the historian’s knowledge of future mathematical developments and modes of expression unknown to those living in the earlier period, and secondly an incomplete, inaccurate, or absent knowledge on the part of the historian of definitions, references, or conventions well known to those of the earlier era. These definitions, references, and conventions were often used without comment or explanation, and occasionally used without mention, since the writer could assume them to be common knowledge to the readers of his time, and that their use would be understood by his readers, even if that use was implicit.
Randomized clinical trial evaluating the preliminary effectiveness of an integrated anxiety disorder treatment in substance use disorder specialty clinics.

OBJECTIVE Anxiety and substance use disorders are highly comorbid and mutually maintain each other. Treatments for anxiety disorders that are well integrated into substance use disorder treatment have the potential to improve both anxiety and substance use outcomes. METHOD Ninety-seven individuals seeking treatment at a community-based, evidence-based intensive outpatient program for substance use disorders who also had anxiety disorders were randomized to either (a) usual care (UC) at the intensive outpatient program; or (b) UC + coordinated anxiety learning and management for addiction recovery centers (CALM ARC), a 7-session, group-based, computer-assisted but therapist-directed treatment for anxiety disorders adapted for individuals with anxiety disorder and substance use disorder comorbidity. RESULTS CALM ARC + UC outperformed UC on measures of anxiety and substance use at posttreatment and at a 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Adding CALM ARC to UC for patients with comorbid anxiety disorders and substance use disorders is superior to UC alone. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Examining racial microaggressions as a tool for transforming social work education: the case for critical race pedagogy

ABSTRACTThis conceptual article utilizes the testimonios of two professors of color to describe racial microaggressions as one manifestation of how the university privileges those most in line with the dominant cultural narrative. Providing an epistemological disconnect for those that are “othered,” the structure of the academy needs examination and in some cases, dismantling, in order to provide a truly emancipatory environment for faculty and students. Using microaggressions as the tool to expose these macro failings, critical race pedagogy is proposed as a step toward liberatory social work education.
Introduction to Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopic Techniques Used in the Investigation of Condensed Phase Chemical Reactivity

The majority of chemical reactions occur in the condensed phase. This has spurred a tremendous theoretical and experimental effort towards understanding chemical reactivity in the condensed phase on the molecular level. While the half-life for a unimolecular reaction can span from picoseconds to years, the actual time that a molecule spends transversing the potential surface from reactant to product is very short. In understanding rate processes, the most crucial stage in a chemical reaction is generally ‘the transitions state,’ representing the structure of the reactant (and solvent) at the point where the reaction crosses from the reactant surface to that of the product. There have been several elegant studies of transitions states in molecular reactions; however, it is still the case that most of the knowledge about the structure of transition state species comes from theoretical calculation. Only with the development of picosecond and femtosecond laser technology has direct, real-time studies of the ultrafast dynamic processes in condensed phase become possible [1]. These light sources are used in a variety of clever ways to probe chemical dynamics.
Modulation of the following segment effect on English coronal stop deletion by syntactic boundaries

Variable deletion of word-final coronal stops in English is strongly conditioned by whether the following segment is a consonant or a vowel. This paper uses corpus data to show that this following segment effect is weaker across strong syntactic boundaries (such as between independent matrix clauses) than across weak syntactic boundaries (between a verb and its direct object). This result is argued to be compatible with the Production Planning Hypothesis: that following context effects on phonological variation can be bled by failure to encode the next word in time for it to influence an alternation. Further, the interaction of boundary and following segment is asymmetric; the deletion-inhibiting effect of a following vowel is significantly weakened across stronger syntactic boundaries, while the deletion rate before consonants is more stable across different boundary types. The asymmetry provides new evidence in favor of syllabification-based explanations for why coronal stop deletion exhibits the following segment effect.
Agglomeration and the Choice of Alliance versus Acquisition

This research investigates how agglomeration affects firms’ organizational governance choices involving alliances and acquisitions. Joining agglomeration theory with two theories from organizationa...
Jane Austen’s Appetite for Stewardship, Hospitality, and Paternalism: Food in Pride and Prejudice

A consideration of food and the appetite it satiates in Jane Austen’s most popular novel Pride and Prejudice must combine two hegemonies of her time: clerical teachings on biblical dominion and hospitality combined in the idealistic country estate of Pemberley. This paper examines Christian stewardship and biblical hospitality as disseminated by clergy when Austen was writing and applies them to demonstrate Austen’s ideal position on the appetite for food as embodied in Darcy, Elizabeth, and Pemberley, contrasted with the flawed appetites demonstrated by Mr. Hurst, Mrs. Bennet, and Lady Catherine de Bourgh.
Stem-cell therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Purpose of review Clinical trials of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are underway. A thorough understanding of the preclinical work that underpins these trials is critical for neonatal practitioners to properly evaluate them. Recent findings Significant progress has been made in understanding that MSCs have anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic effects, and that these can be mediated by the noncellular exosome fraction of MSCs. Summary In rodent hyperoxia models of BPD, MSCs have a proangiogenic effect mediated largely by vascular endothelial growth factor and shift the balance of endogenous lung cells from a proinflammatory to a prohealing phenotype. MSC-derived exosomes can recapitulate these effects.
Monte Carlo Evaluation of Dose Enhancement Due to CuATSM or GNP Uptake in Hypoxic Environments with External Beam Radiation.

Purpose Most solid tumors contain areas of chronic hypoxia. Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been extensively explored as enhancers of external beam radiation; however, GNP have lower cellular uptake in hypoxic conditions than under normoxic conditions. Conversely, the chelator diacetyl-bis (N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato) copper II (CuATSM) deposits copper in hypoxic regions, allowing for dose enhancement in previously inaccessible regions. Methods External beam sources with different spectra were modeled using a Monte Carlo code (EGSnrc) to evaluate radioenhancement in a layered model with metal solutions. Also considered was a simple concentric layered tumor model containing a hypoxic core with each layer varying in concentrations of either copper or gold according to hypoxic conditions. Low energy external photon beams were then projected onto the tumor to determine the regional dose enhancement dependent on hypoxic conditions. Results Dose enhancement was more pronounced for beam spectra with low energy photons (225 kVp) and was highly dependent on metal concentrations from 0.1 g/kg to 100 g/kg. Increasing the depth of the metallic solution layer from 1 cm to 6 cm decreased dose enhancement. A small increase in the dose enhancement factor (DEF) of 1.01 was predicted in the hypoxic regions of the tumor model with commonly used diagnostic concentrations of CuATSM. At threshold concentrations of toxic subcutaneous injection levels, the DEF increases to 1.02, and in simulation of a high concentration of CuATSM, the DEF increased to 1.07. High concentration treatments are also considered, as well as synergistic combinations of GNP/CuATSM treatments. Conclusion The research presented is novel utilization of CuATSM to target hypoxic regions and act as a radiosensitizer by the nature of its ability to deposit copper metal in reduced tissue. We demonstrate CuATSM at high concentrations with low energy photons can increase dose deposition in hypoxic tumor regions.
Radial longitudinal deficiencies in children

Abstract Radial longitudinal deficiencies pose a unique challenge in children's orthopaedic surgery: a deformity at birth that can be the only visible sign of serious underlying health conditions. Treatment can be intensive and prolonged but children often cope extremely well with compensations for reduced upper limb function. The aim of this article is to describe essential knowledge of the condition, its associations and treatments. We provide a clinical and diagnostic framework to enable appropriate and timely investigations, management and referral where appropriate.
Diffusivity-dependent fracturing processes and microseismic activity in granite

Enhanced Geothermal Systems have relied on hydraulic fracturing to increase the permeability of rock reservoirs. The permeability enhancement depends on the connectivity between new and existing fractures. This, in turn, depends to a large extent on the interaction between the rock and the fracturing fluid, which not only pressurizes existing and new fractures but also diffuses into the rock matrix. In this research, the effect of the diffusivity of hydraulic oil on the fracturing processes and microseismicity of unconfined prismatic granite specimens was experimentally evaluated using visual and acoustic emission monitoring. The tests consisted of injecting hydraulic oil into two pre-fabricated flaws at two rates (2 ml/min and 20 ml/min), kept constant in each test. The fluid pressure inside the flaws was increased until hydraulic fractures propagated and the fluid front growing from the pre-fabricated flaws was visually monitored throughout the tests. It was observed that the fracturing pressures and patterns were injection-rate-dependent, which shows that diffusivity and poro-elastic effects play an important role in the hydraulic fracturing processes of granite. A smaller fluid front was observed for the 20 ml/min injection rate, associated to a lower volume injected and to a higher fracturing pressure when compared to the 2 ml/min injection rate. This was interpreted to be caused by the different pore pressures that developed inside of the rock matrix, which are function of the fluid front size. Microseismic activity was observed throughout the tests, becoming more intense and localized near the flaws as one approached the end of the test (i.e. visible crack propagation). While microseismic events were observed outside the fluid front region, their density was significantly larger within this area, showing that fluid diffusivity may contribute to an intensification of the microseismic activity.
Two-photon polymerization printed lattices as support structures in multi-shell ICF targets: Platform development and initial assessment

Recent interest in fielding direct drive multi-shell targets on the NIF [K. Molvig et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 255003 (2016) and S. X. Hu et al., Phys. Rev. E 100, 063204 (2019)] has highlighted the need for a low density structure to support the inner shell(s) and to avoid energy loss in the acceleration and collision process. We have developed a two-shell platform to evaluate the use of low density two-photon polymerization (2PP) printed lattices as a support structure between the shells. 2PP structures are an attractive option because they can be produced at densities as low as 5 mg/cc, which is ideal for multi-shell targets, and their 3D structure can be tailored to the user's needs. However, idealized 1D simulations of lattice strut surrogate thin shells indicate that the lattice will only isotropize before the shells collide if the strut thickness is sufficiently fine. This platform makes use of high resolution Fresnel zone plate images to evaluate the uniformity of the post-collision inner shell and provide information on how efficiently the lattice structure isotropizes. As a proof of principle, an initial experiment contrasts the case of 5 μm lattice struts that cause significant disfiguration of the inner shell with the uniform post-collision inner shell in the absence of this material. Finer lattice structures on future experiments will evaluate post-collision inner shell uniformity. This new platform and accompanying diagnostic technique can also be used to evaluate both asymmetry in capsule drive and target non-uniformities with resolution up to mode 40.
Blocking the Propagation of Two Simultaneous Contagions over Networks.

We consider the simultaneous propagation of two contagions over a social network. We assume a threshold model for the propagation of the two contagions and use the formal framework of discrete dynamical systems. In particular, we study an optimization problem where the goal is to minimize the total number of infected nodes subject to a budget constraint on the total number of nodes that can be vaccinated. While this problem has been considered in the literature for a single contagion, our work considers the simultaneous propagation of two contagions. Since the optimization problem is NP-hard, we develop a heuristic based on a generalization of the set cover problem. Using experiments on three real-world networks, we compare the performance of the heuristic with some baseline methods.
"Easier said than done": A qualitative investigation of Black emerging adults coping with multilevel racism.

Objectives This qualitative investigation examined how Black emerging adults cope with their worst experiences of racism at multiple levels (individual, cultural, and institutional). Methods A sample of 189 Black emerging adults (M age = 19.34, 68.3% female) from a predominantly White institution completed an online questionnaire with an open-ended question regarding their worst experience of racism and how they coped. Responses to these questions were coded using deductive coding schemes based on established theory-Jones' (1997) tripartite model of racism and Harrell's (2000) typology of coping. Results Results indicated that the majority of participants utilized active and inner-directed coping strategies in response to their worst experience. More participants responded to institutional-level racism with active rather than passive coping. There were no differences in proportions of participants who responded to individual- or cultural-level racism with active rather than passive coping. Similar proportions of participants also reported inner-directed versus outer-directed coping in response to individual-, cultural-, and institutional-level experiences. Conclusions Implications for practice, policy, and programming to support the mental health of Black emerging adults are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The Colonic Mucosal MicroRNAs, MicroRNA-219a-5p, and MicroRNA-338-3p Are Downregulated in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Are Associated With Barrier Function and MAPK Signaling

Background & Aims Alterations in microRNA (miRNA) and in the intestinal barrier are putative risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to identify differentially expressed colonic mucosal miRNAs, their targets in IBS compared to healthy controls (HCs), and putative downstream pathways. Methods Twenty-nine IBS patients (15 IBS with constipation [IBS-C], 14 IBS with diarrhea [IBS-D]), and 15 age-matched HCs underwent sigmoidoscopy with biopsies. A nCounter array was used to assess biopsy specimen-associated miRNA levels. A false discovery rate (FDR) Results Four out of 247 miRNAs tested were differentially expressed in IBS compared to HCs (FDR Conclusion Two microRNAs that potentially affect permeability and visceral nociception were identified to be altered in IBS patients. MiR-219a-5p and miR-338-3p potentially alter barrier function and visceral hypersensitivity via neuronal and MAPK signaling and could be therapeutic targets in IBS.
Balancing Agency with Structure: Institutional Entrepreneurship as an Embedded Discovery Process:

While mainstream research has treated entrepreneurship as a highly individualised and agentic process, institutional researchers contend that entrepreneurship operates within a greater embedded set...
Review of culprit drugs associated with patients admitted to the burn unit with the diagnosis of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syndrome

Abstract Purpose Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syndrome (TENS) are severe and potentially lethal adverse drug reactions characterized by acute inflammation of the skin, mucous membranes, and ocular surface that typically occurs within weeks of a culprit drug ingestion. The purpose of this study is to report a retrospective trend analysis of SJS spectrum diagnoses and associated culprit drugs in patients admitted to the Loyola University Medical Center (LUMC) Burn Unit, the major referral center in the Chicagoland region for patients with SJS disease spectrum. Methods The electronic medical records (EMR) of 163 patients with a diagnosis of SJS/TENS admitted to the LUMC Burn Unit from 2000 to 2019 were reviewed. Clinical data in addition to the well-established algorithm of drug causality for epidermal necrolysis (ALDEN) allowed us to identify the single most probable culprit drug in 131 cases. Results From 2000 to 2019, the most common spectrum classification was TENS (48.1%), followed by SJS (33.6%) and SJS-TEN Overlap Syndrome (18.3%). Anticonvulsants were found to be the most probable culprit class in 30% of cases followed by Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in 19% of cases. Beta-lactams were the most probable culprit class in 11% of cases while NSAIDs and allopurinol were each the most probable culprit class/drug in 8.4% of cases. Conclusions This is one of the largest single center series of SJS/TENS cases in the United States. Further study into culprit drug distribution by region as well as continuous monitoring of trends is crucial in order to advise prescribing practices.
C2E2: A Verification Tool for Stateflow Models

Mathworks' Stateflow is a predominant environment for modeling embedded and cyber-physical systems where control software interacts with physical processes. We present Compare-Execute-Check-Engine C2E2--a verification tool for continuous and hybrid Stateflow models. It checks bounded time invariant properties of models with nonlinear dynamics, and discrete transitions with guards and resets. C2E2 transforms the model, generates simulations using a validated numerical solver, and then computes reachtube over-approximations with increasing precision. For this last step it uses annotations that have to be added to the model. These annotations are extensions of proof certificates studied in Control Theory and can be automatically obtained for linear dynamics. The C2E2 algorithm is sound and it is guaranteed to terminate if the system is robustly safe or unsafe with respect to perturbations of guards and invariants of the model. We present the architecture of C2E2, its workflow, and examples illustrating its potential role in model-based design, verification, and validation.
Development and Application of LES for the Unsteady Flows in Turbomachinery

Recent progress in applying the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to flow control in turbomachinery is reviewed. The development of flow control in turbomachinery requires accurate prediction of detailed three-dimensional flow structures including unsteady motion of various vortex systems. It has been shown that LES provides more realistic description of the complex flowfields compared to steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes simulations (RANS & URANS).
Foreword: Lessons from Other Countries: Comparative Pension Law

In 2008, in discussing issues of extraterritorial application of American employee benefits law, I wrote: “Global employee benefits law is an emerging field of study.” No longer is this the case. As the recent publication of a casebook on global employee benefit law, and now this series of comparative pension law papers, prove, this field of study is rapidly expanding. Conferences, lectures, and symposiums are being held not only in the United States, but across the globe concerning how to make employee benefits more secure through learning from the pension experiences of other countries.In thinking about how to systematically study the field of global employee benefits law, many have maintained that we should consider the values that countries seek to promote in providing pension and other types of benefits to their citizens and employees. This “values perspective” emphasizes the values of responsibility, protection, solidarity, non-discrimination, and participation. The papers in this symposium by Professors Muir, Moore, and Davis consider the values that underlie pension systems in the United States, Canada, and Australia. By considering these pension values, these papers help to explain not only why the recent global financial crisis adversely impacted so many countries' pension systems, but also why some systems were better able to respond to the challenge posed by this crisis than others.
Parallel computing works

Parallel Computing Works! by G.C. Fox, R.D. Williams, and P.C. Messina 977 pp. $69.95 Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco 1994 ISBN 1-55860-253-4
Application of Dynamic Programming for Fermentative Ethanol Production by Zymomonas mobilis

This paper discusses the application of dynamic Programming to the optimization of a batch fermentation for ethanol production. Using several experimental data sets available for Zymomonas mobilis culture at different environmental conditions, pH and temperature control policies are determined, which will maximize the yield of ethanol for batch culture. The influence of temperature was studied for the range from 30 to 40C and pH was varied from 5.0 to 7.5. A fermentation kinetics model was used in simulation studies to assess the positive effect of the time-varying profiles on the yield. The functionality with respect to temperature and pH was incorported in the specific growth rate constant. These results showed that it is possible to obtain an ethanol yield more than twice the value obtained when pH and temperature are kept constant throughout the experiment.
Adiponectin, a new member of the family of soluble defense collagens, negatively regulates the growth of myelomonocytic progenitors and the functions of macrophages

We investigated the functions of adiponectin, an adipocyte-specific secretory protein and a new member of the family of soluble defense collagens, in hematopoiesis and immune responses. Adiponectin suppressed colony formation from colony-forming units (CFU)—granulocyte-macrophage, CFU-macrophage, and CFU-granulocyte, whereas it had no effect on that of burst-forming units—erythroid or mixed erythroid-myeloid CFU. In addition, adiponectin inhibited proliferation of 4 of 9 myeloid cell lines but did not suppress proliferation of erythroid or lymphoid cell lines except for one cell line. These results suggest that adiponectin predominantly inhibits proliferation of myelomonocytic lineage cells. At least one mechanism of the growth inhibition is induction of apoptosis because treatment of acute myelomonocytic leukemia lines with adiponectin induced the appearance of subdiploid peaks and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Aside from inhibiting growth of myelomonocytic progenitors, adiponectin suppressed mature macrophage functions. Treatment of cultured macrophages with adiponectin significantly inhibited their phagocytic activity and their lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor α. Suppression of phagocytosis by adiponectin is mediated by one of the complement C1q receptors, C1qRp, because this function was completely abrogated by the addition of an anti-C1qRp monoclonal antibody. These observations suggest that adiponectin is an important negative regulator in hematopoiesis and immune systems and raise the possibility that it may be involved in ending inflammatory responses through its inhibitory functions.
Systemic aspects of host-pathogen interactions in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra): A proteomics approach

The molecular basis of systemic resistance induced in Austrian pine by two canker pathogens was investigated using a proteomics approach. Protein from phloem located 50 cm above the induction site was extracted 26 days after inoculation. Nineteen proteins shown to be up/down-regulated by the pathogens were selected for sequencing. Fifteen proteins were assigned putative functions, revealing that several represented small heat shock proteins. No PR-proteins were identified among the others, which included a proteasome endopeptidase, two oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins, a nucleoside diphosphate kinase, a fructose bisphosphaste aldolase, a ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, a phosphoserine aminotransferase, and a formate dehydrogenase.