cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcome of liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy

Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutation in the transthyretin gene. The most common mutation is substitution of valine for methionine at position 30 (MET30). Liver transplantation (LT) is the preferred treatment. After LT, although many patients show stabilization or improvement in the disease, adverse outcomes have been reported in those who have malnutrition, long-standing disease, and non-MET (NMET) mutations at position 30. Our aim is to compare survival and outcome of symptoms associated with FAP after LT in patients with MET30 and NMET30 mutations. Medical records of all patients who underwent LT for amyloidosis at our institution were reviewed to obtain demographic information and clinical features, such as severity of neuropathy, diarrhea, orthostatic hypotension, and posterior wall or ventricle septal thickness before and after LT. Fifteen patients underwent LT for amyloidosis at our institution between 1990 and 2000 (MET30, n = 5; NMET30, n = 7; hereditary amyloidosis, n = 2; primary amyloidosis, AL type, n = 1). Patients with hereditary and primary amyloidosis were excluded from analysis. One- and 3-year survival rates after LT in MET30 patients were 100%. Before LT, five of five patients had sensorimotor neuropathy; five of five patients had diarrhea, and four of five patients had orthostatic hypotension. After LT, improvement or stabilization of neuropathy was seen in two of five patients; of diarrheal symptoms, in three of five patients; and of orthostatic hypotension, in three of four patients. One- and 3-year survival rates after LT in NMET30 patients were 100% and 85.7%, respectively. Before LT, six of seven patients had sensorimotor neuropathy, six of seven patients had diarrhea, and five of seven patients had orthostatic hypotension. After LT in this group, improvement or stabilization of neuropathy was seen in two of six patients; of diarrhea, in six of six patients; and of orthostatic hypotension, in five of five patients. Before LT, posterior wall and/or ventricle septal thickness was increased in two of five MET patients and seven of seven NMET patients. Five of seven NMET30 patients (71.4%) who received a combined liver and heart transplant had stabilization, and two patients in the NMET group and one patient in the MET group had progression of heart disease. Outcomes for LT for patients with FAP with MET or NMET mutations were similar. Earlier LT for patients with FAP with MET30 or NMET30 mutation would improve outcomes after LT.
Neuronal organization underlying visually elicited prey orienting in the frog—II. Anatomical studies on the laterality of central projections

A complete transverse hemisection of the neuraxis just caudal to the optic tectum in the frog, Rana pipiens, results in a failure to orient toward stimuli in one visual hemifield [Kostyk and Grobstein (1986) Neuroscience 21, 41-55]. The extent of the deficit area implies disturbances in the outputs triggered by both tectal lobes. In this paper we report studies aimed at determining more precisely what damage is involved in producing the hemisection deficit, with the broader objective of identifying particular neural structures which may be important in visually elicited orienting. Small lesions at the level of the hemisection which are restricted to the ventromedial white tracts result in an orienting deficit identical to that produced by a complete hemisection. Large lesions which spare the ventromedial white tracts are without significant effect on orienting turns. The finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the hemisection deficit results from interruption of tectal outflow paths. Interestingly, partial damage of the ventromedial white tracts does not result in disconnection of any local tectal region from premotor circuitry but instead systematically alters the turns triggered from all tectal regions. Ventrolateral lesions at the same level do not produce deficits in orienting but do disturb optokinetic behavior. Introduction of horseradish peroxidase into ventromedial lesions produces retrograde labeling in a large number of structures both rostral and caudal of the lesion. Labeling patterns following introduction of horseradish peroxidase into ventrolateral lesions, which do not affect orienting turns, were qualitatively similar but differed quantitatively. The observed patterns of tectal cell labeling make it unlikely that the hemisection deficit can be accounted for in terms of interruption of direct projections deriving from complementary regions of the two tectal lobes. They also indicate that if there exists an uncrossed tectal outflow adequate to trigger orienting turns, it must be by way of an indirect projection. A more general analysis of the labeling patterns suggests that a crossed tectal projection and uncrossed projections from three midbrain tegmental nuclei (the anterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the nucleus profunds lateralis and the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus) are likely to be involved in triggering orienting turns. The three midbrain tegmental nuclei are of particular interest in that they provide possible anatomical substrates for an indirect uncrossed descending tectal outflow path.
Diffusion-driven instability in reaction-diffusion systems

Abstract For a stable matrix A with real entries, sufficient and necessary conditions for A − D to be stable for all non-negative diagonal matrices D are obtained. Implications of these conditions for the stability and instability of constant steady-state solutions to reaction–diffusion systems are discussed and an example is given to show applications.
Immunophenotyping of T lymphocytes by three-color flow cytometry in healthy newborns, children, and adults

Abstract Reagents are now available which allow simultaneous assessment of three different fluorescence wavelengths on most commercially available flow cytometers. Such three-color analyses provide more information than single- or dual-color analyses. The present study was undertaken in order to establish age-related differences in lymphocyte subpopulations by simultaneously measuring three surface antigens in newborns, children, and adults. A whole blood method was used to label cells with antibodies conjugated to FITC, PE, and perCP. We found that the percentage of lymphocytes expressing HLA-DR/CD28/CD8, HLA-DR/CD38/CD8, CD95/CD45RO/CD8, CD95/CD45RO/CD4, CD95/CD4, and CD95/CD8 showed relative increases with age. The percentage of lymphocytes expressing CD28/CD8, CD38/CD8, and CD38/CD4 showed relative decreases with age, while the subset HLA-DR/CD38/CD4 did not change. Three-color flow cytometry is a powerful tool to more precisely define lymphocyte subsets than the current two-color methods. We present values using a three-color panel in healthy newborns, children, and adults.
Minireview: Cracking the metabolic code for thyroid hormone signaling

Cells are not passive bystanders in the process of hormonal signaling and instead can actively customize hormonal action. Thyroid hormone gains access to the intracellular environment via membrane transporters, and while diffusing from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, thyroid hormone signaling is modified via the action of the deiodinases. Although the type 2 deiodinase (D2) converts the prohormone T(4) to the biologically active T(3), the type 3 deiodinase (D3) converts it to reverse T(3), an inactive metabolite. D3 also inactivates T(3) to T(2), terminating thyroid hormone action. Therefore, D2 confers cells with the capacity to produce extra amounts of T(3) and thus enhances thyroid hormone signaling. In contrast expression of D3 results in the opposite action. The Dio2 and Dio3 genes undergo transcriptional regulation throughout embryonic development, childhood, and adult life. In addition, the D2 protein is unique in that it can be switched off and on via an ubiquitin regulated mechanism, triggered by catalysis of T(4). Induction of D2 enhances local thyroid hormone signaling and energy expenditure during activation of brown adipose tissue by cold exposure or high-fat diet. On the other hand, induction of D3 in myocardium and brain during ischemia and hypoxia decreases energy expenditure as part of a homeostatic mechanism to slow down cell metabolism in the face of limited O(2) supply.
Localization of the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein 1 gene (LRPAP1) and other gene fragments to human chromosome 4p16.3 by direct cDNA selection.

cDNA clones were isolated by the direct cDNA selection strategy (procedure described). The selected clones were hybridized to YAC and cosmid clones, total mouse and human DNA, and mouse-human hybrid DNA containing human chromosome 4 DNA. The clones were shown to be transcribed from chromosome 4p16.3. 20 refs., 2 figs.
The effect of intravenous pyelography and cystoscopy on the staging of cervical cancer

Abstract Intravenous pyelography and cystoscopy were performed in 583 patients with invasive cervical cancer at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. Eighty-six patients were found to have ureteral obstruction, which occurred most commonly at or near the ureterovesical junction. The incidence of ureteral obstruction varied from 2.2% in patients with pelvic findings consistent with Stage I disease to 36% in patients with Stage IV disease. No patient with Stage I or II disease on pelvic examination was found to have invasive cervical cancer in the bladder. However, bladder invasion occurred in 27 patients initially thought to have Stage IIIB disease. Intravenous pyelography should be performed as part of staging in all patients with cervical cancer, whereas cystoscopy can be reserved for those initially thought to have Stage III or IV disease.
The Significance of the Living Wage for US Workers in the Early Twenty-First Century

This article provides an introduction to the importance of the living wage for low-wage workers in the United States. Described as a wage based on an estimation of the official poverty threshold for a family of four, the living wage, as an alternative to the minimum wage, is based on the notion that people working at full-time jobs, and their families, should not have to live in poverty. After discussing the emergence and growth of living wage campaigns in the United States, this essay discusses the coverage and provisions of living wage statutes, the economic effects of living wage ordinances as well as additional benefits provided to workers and unions from living wage statute implementation. The article concludes that due to the current economic conditions in the United States, the struggle to attain a living wage will become increasingly relevant in the coming years.
STEADY INJECTION OF IDENTICAL CLUSTERS OF EVAPORATING DROPS EMBEDDED IN JET VORTICES

A model has been developed that describes the evaporation of clusters of drops in a flowing gaseous jet. Each one of these clusters is embedded into a coherent vortex and the drops evaporate as the clusters convect downstream together with the vortex. Because there is a continuous injection of clusters, each cluster represents in fact a statistical average of clusters at that particular location. Thus, the formulation contains a conservation equation for the cluster number density, conservation equations for the gas in the jet, and conservation equations for the drops in the cluster and the vortex containing the cluster. The cluster and vortex models are coupled to the gaseous jet model through boundary conditions. The heat necessary to evaporate the drops comes from the surroundings of the gaseous jet, and this is described through a global, diffusive entrainment model. It is assumed that the turbulent diffusion coefficient is proportional either to the local vortex strength or to the cluster velocity and the multiplier is named the entrainment coefficient. Results are presented here for the stationary case representing the situation when identical clusters are continuously injected and the injection rate is constant. Thus, if a “snapshot” of the calculation is taken at any time, the cluster is observed at that time and the clusters in its wake represent the history of the cluster at previous times. Parametric studies cover the influence of the initial air/fuel mass ratio, the entrainment coefficient, and the initial drop and gas velocities inside the vortices. The results show that quantitative predictions of the evaporation time, the penetration of the clusters into the ambient, and the temperature of the jet depend on details of the entrainment of hot gas into the jet.
Piezoelectric properties and temperature stability of Mn-doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 textured ceramics

In this letter, we report the electromechanical properties of textured 0.4Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.25PbZrO3–0.35PbTiO3 (PMN-PZT) composition which has relatively high rhombohedral to tetragonal (R-T) transition temperature (TR-T of 160 °C) and Curie temperature (TC of 234 °C) and explore the effect of Mn-doping on this composition. It was found that MnO2-doped textured PMN-PZT ceramics with 5 vol. % BaTiO3 template (T-5BT) exhibited inferior temperature stability. The coupling factor (k31) of T-5BT ceramic started to degrade from 75 °C while the random counterpart showed a very stable tendency up to 180 °C. This degradation was associated with the “interface region” formed in the vicinity of BT template. MnO2 doped PMN-PZT ceramics textured with 3 vol. % BT and subsequently poled at 140 °C (T-3BT140) exhibited very stable and high k31 (>0.53) in a wide temperature range from room temperature to 130 °C through reduction in the interface region volume. Further, the T-3BT140 ceramic exhibited excellent hard and so...
Contention aware execution: online contention detection and response

Cross-core application interference due to contention for shared on-chip and off-chip resources pose a significant challenge to providing application level quality of service (QoS) guarantees on commodity multicore micro-architectures. Unexpected cross-core interference is especially problematic when considering latency-sensitive applications that are present in the web service data center application domains, such as web-search. The commonly used solution is to simply disallow the co-location of latency-sensitive applications and throughput-oriented batch applications on a single chip, leaving much of the processing capabilities of multicore micro-architectures underutilized. In this work we present a Contention Aware Execution Runtime (CAER) environment that provides a lightweight runtime solution that minimizes cross-core interference due to contention, while maximizing utilization. CAER leverages the ubiquitous performance monitoring capabilities present in current multicore processors to infer and respond to contention and requires no added hardware support. We present the design and implementation of the CAER environment, two separate contention detection heuristics, and approaches to respond to contention online. We evaluate our solution using the SPEC2006 benchmark suite. Our experiments show that when allowing co-location with CAER, as opposed to disallowing co-location, we are able to increase the utilization of the multicore CPU by 58% on average. Meanwhile CAER brings the overhead due to allowing co-location from 17% down to just 4% on average.
Diabetes, prediabetes, and glycemic control in the United States: challenges and opportunities.

In this issue, Selvin and colleagues assess the trends in diabetes, prediabetes, and glycemic control in the United States between 1988 and 2010. The editorialists discuss the findings and express ...
Lattice‐Registered Two‐Photon Polymerized Features within Colloidal Photonic Crystals and Their Optical Properties

In this work we demonstrate a significant advance in the introduction of embedded defects in 3D photonic crystals by means of two-photon polymerization. We have developed the ability to precisely position embedded defects with respect to the lattice of 3D photonic crystals by imagaing the structure concurrently with two-photon writing. Defects are written with near-perfect lattice registration and at specifically defined depths within the crystal. The effect of precise defect position on the optical response is investigated for embedded planar cavities writen in a photonic crystal. The experimental data are compared to spectra calculated using the Scalar Wave Approximation (SWA).
Political economy and crime: an overview

This issue of The Journal of Crime and Justice is devoted to examining political economic explanations of crime (PEEC). Before getting to the substance of this issue, it is useful to examine some b...
Concordance between a simpler definition of major depressive disorder and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: an independent replication in an outpatient sample

Abstract The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) symptom criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) are somewhat lengthy with several studies showing that clinicians have difficulty recalling all 9 symptoms. Moreover, the criteria include somatic symptoms that are difficult to apply in patients with medical illnesses. To address these problems, a simpler definition of MDD was developed that did not include the somatic symptoms. Previous reports found high levels of agreement between the simplified and full DSM-IV definition of MDD. However, the same research group has conducted all previous studies of psychiatric patients. The goal of the present study was to determine if a high level of concordance between the 2 definitions would be replicated in an independent setting. We interviewed 2907 psychiatric outpatients presenting for treatment at the Boston University Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders. A trained diagnostic rater administered a semistructured interview and inquired about all symptoms of depression for all patients. A high level of agreement was found between the DSM-IV and the simpler definition of MDD. The absolute level of agreement between the 2 definitions was 95.5% and the κ coefficient was 0.88. Thus, consistent with previous studies, a high level of concordance was found between a simpler definition of MDD and the DSM-IV definition. This new definition offers 2 advantages over the current DSM-IV definition—it is briefer, and it is easier to apply with medically ill patients because it is free of somatic symptoms. Implications of these findings for DSM-5 are discussed.
Analysis of the Radiocardiogram in Heart Failure

A scintillation counter permits the use of very low doses of I131-albumin in the recording of radiocardiograms. In the presence of mild heart failure there is a distinct widening of the interval between the humps derived from the right and left heart. Application of the principle of three-compartment serial dilution suggests that this prolongation may be due in large part to reduced cardiac output; however, cardiac dilatation may contribute significantly. Although radiocardiographic tracings represent time concentration curves, wide angle counting over the heart does not permit a reliable direct estimate of cardiac output. The chief source of error lies in the variable contribution of surrounding extracardiac tissue to the total activity which is recorded.
Studies of a receptor guanylyl cyclase cloned from Y-organs of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and its possible functional link to ecdysteroidogenesis

Abstract Crustacean Y-organs synthesize ecdysteroid molting hormones. Synthesis of ecdysteroids by Y-organs is negatively regulated by a polypeptide neurohormone, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH). Our laboratory has recently cloned from Y-organs of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) a cDNA (CsGC-YO1) encoding a putative receptor guanylyl cyclase (CsGC-YO1). We hypothesize that CsGC-YO1 is an MIH receptor. In studies reported here, antipeptide antibodies (anti-CsGC-YO1) were raised against a fragment of the extracellular domain of CsGC-YO1. Western blots showed affinity purified anti-CsGC-YO1 bound to the heterologously expressed extracellular domain, and to a protein in Y-organs that corresponded in size to the theoretical molecular mass of CsGC-YO1. Immunocytochemical studies with anti-CsGC-YO1 as primary antibody, showed CsGC-YO1 immunoreactivity was restricted to the peripheral margins of cells, and was not present in cytoplasm or nuclei. The results strongly suggest that CsGC-YO1 is a membrane-associated protein. Preincubation of Y-organs with anti-CsCG-YO1 blunted MIH-induced suppression of ecdysteroidogenesis. This finding represents the first demonstration of a link between CsGC-YO1 and MIH action. A real-time PCR assay for quantifying CsCG-YO1 was developed and validated. The assay was used to determine the abundance of the CsCG-YO1 transcript in Y-organs during a molt cycle: the level of CsGC-YO1 in Y-organs was elevated during intermolt (C4) and lower during premolt stages D1–D3. The data suggest that the biological action of CsGC-YO1 in Y-organs is likely to be most pronounced during intermolt. The combined results are consistent with the hypothesis that CsGC-YO1 is an MIH receptor.
Flow of microbially fixed nitrogen in a model ecosystem

The preceding observations showed that both Azotobacter and a mixed flora with Azotobacter are about equally capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. During subsequent transfer of the nitrogen there was a distinct differentiation between movement of the newly fixed nitrogen and the nitrogen that was already present in tissues introduced in the beginning of the experiment. Pathways and transfer coefficients of both N14 and N15 were different in the presence of the different microbial populations. Turnover was more complex and in general slower in the presence of a mixed population than with pure Azotobacter. The lower transfer coefficients in the mixed populations may reflect more recycling within these populations than in pure cultures of Azotobacter. Denitrification losses upon acidification were negligible for N14 but appreciable for N15. The effect of acidification tended to be greater in systems with pure cultures of Azotobacter than in systems with a mixed culture.
Effect of Porous Thrust Surfaces on Detonation Transition and Detonation Tube Impulse

As pulse detonation engine development matures, it becomes increasingly important to consider how practical details such as the implementation of valves and nozzles will affect performance. Inlet valve timing and valveless inlet designs may result in flow of products back upstream and, consequently, reduction in impulse over the ideal case. Although proper inlet design or operation under flowing conditions may minimize these losses, our study addresses the worst-case effect that a porous thrust surface may have on the measured impulse. A series of single-cycle tests have been carried out to measure the impulse in stoichiometric ethylene–oxygen mixtures, initially between 20 and 100 kPa, in a detonation tube with a porous thrust surface. The tested thrust surfaces had blockage ratios ranging from completely solid (100% blockage ratio) to completely open (0% blockage ratio). A 76% loss in impulse was observed with a thrust surface blockage ratio of 52% at an initial pressure of 100 kPa. The time to detonation transition was found to be more dependent on the mixture’s initial pressure than on the thrust surface blockage ratio. A model of the impulse in detonation tubes with porous thrust surfaces was developed.
Positive pressure ventilation in the newborn infant: the use of a face mask.

Over an 18 month period, 118 infants have been ventilated with positive pressure. The need for intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) was based on determinations of arterial blood gases or on prolonged apnea, neither of which were related to the outcome. Twenty-three infants survived (19.4 per cent). Only 8 per cent of infants weighing less than 1,500 grams lived, whereas the survival of infants weighing more than 1,500 grams was 40.5 per cent. It was possible to ventilate 96 of these infants with a face mask, as evidenced by a favorable change in blood gases. The use of a face mask has many advantages and the complications are minimal. It appears that the salvage of apneic infants was increased, but the over-all efficacy of IPPB is difficult to assess.
Metabolic deactivation of the herbicide thiazopyr by animal liver esterases.

1. Thiazopyr was hydrolysed in vitro to its corresponding acid by rabbit and porcine liver esterases.2. A wide range of thiazopyr esterase activity was observed in extracts from liver acetone powders from 15 animal species with bovine, rabbit and pigeon showing the highest activities.3. Using soybean tissue culture cells and Arabidopsis seedlings, the acidic metabolite was shown to possess < 1% of the herbicidal activity of thiazopyr.4. We propose that biotransformation of thiazopyr to the acid is a critical pathway of metabolism in animals and plants.
Case-control study of papillomatous digital dermatitis in southern California dairy farms

Abstract Data from 37 southern California dairy farms, with an annual average proportion of > 5% of cows affected by papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) (cases), were compared with those from 20 dairy farms with ≤ 5% cows affected (controls). Information on dairy environment, management and PDD occurrence was obtained from dairy managers, veterinarians and hooftrimmers, and by direct measurements at the farms. Odds of having a higher proportion (> 5%) of cows affected were about 20 times greater in dairy farms with muddier corrals than in drier dairy farms. Buying replacement heifers was associated with a 4.7-fold increase in the odds of higher PDD prevalence, compared to dairy farms that did not buy heifers. In addition, a positive association was found between risk and number of heifers purchased. Spatial analysis (used to examine distribution patterns of the study dairy farms) showed no evidence of clustering among case or control dairy farms. There was no association between case dairy farms and proximity to the major local river.
Sulfur dioxide emissions and sectorial contributions to sulfur deposition in Asia

Abstract Anthropogenic and volcanic emissions of SO2 in Asia for 1987–1988 are estimated on a 1° × 1° grid. Anthropogenic sources are estimated to be 31.6 Tg of SO2 with the regions' volcanoes emitting an additional 3.8 Tg. For Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent, the emissions are further partitioned into biomass, industrial, utilities, and non-specific sources. In these regions emissions from biomass, utilities and industrial sources account for 16.7, 21.7, and 12.2%, respectively. In Bangladesh, ∼ 90% of the SO2 emissions result from biomass burning and nearly 20% of India's 5 Tg of SO2 emissions are due to biomass burning. Malaysia and Singapore's emissions are dominated by the utilities with 42 and 62% of their respective emissions coming from that sector. The spatial distribution of sulfur deposition resulting from these emissions is calculated using an atmospheric transport and deposition model. Sulfur deposition in excess of 2 g m−2 yr−1 is predicted in vast regions of east Asia, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Indonesia with deposition in excess of 5 g m−2 yr−1 predicted in southern China. For the Indian sub-continent and Southeast Asia the contribution of biomass burning, industrial activities, and utilities to total sulfur emissions and deposition patterns are evaluated. Biomass burning is found to be a major source of sulfur deposition throughout southeast Asia. Deposition in Bangladesh and northern India is dominated by this emissions sector. Deposition in Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and the island of Sumatra is heavily influenced by emissions from utilities. The ecological impact of the deposition, in 1988 and in the year 2020, is also estimated using critical loads data developed in the RAINS-ASIA projects. Much of eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, Japan, Thailand, and large regions of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and sections of Vietnam are at risk due to deposition in excess of their critical loads if emission trends continue at the current rate.
Mother-offspring conflict in vervet monkeys: variation in response to ecological conditions

Mother-offspring conflict in vervet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops, was studied in three different environments: a dry woodland habitat, a swamp habitat and captivity. Based on the rate at which mothers rejected their infants, and on the relative roles of mother and infant in maintaining contact, it was possible to rank the three environments in terms of the level of behavioural conflict between mother and offspring. The highest level of conflict occurred between mother-infant pairs in the swamp habitat which had higher quality food than the dry woodland habitat. The lowest level of conflict was observed in captivity. This ranking suggests that for vervet monkeys, the level of mother-offspring conflict is responsive to differences in the environment and can be explained by an interaction between food quality and interbirth interval.
Lactic dehydrogenases of the developing cerebral cortex and liver of the mouse and guinea pig.

Abstract Using cellulose ion exchangers and starch gel electrophoresis, four components of LDH have been found in the cerebral cortex of mouse and guinea pig. The several components tested could also be distinguished by their ratios of rates of reduction of DPN and two of its analogs. These components apparently each contribute to a different degree to the increase in LDH activity of the cortex which occurs during development. Maturation of the liver is accompanied by a reduction in the number of components of LDH in both mouse and guinea pig. With the liver of the mouse, peaks of LDH activity in the chromatograms which corresponded in their position with those from cerebral cortex also gave the same ratios of reduction of DPN and its analogs.
Collaborative practice agreement for diabetes management.

Over the past 25 years, collaborative practice agreements (CPAs) between pharmacists and physicians have been increasing in prevalence. CPAs allow a more interdisciplinary approach to the management of chronic disease states and the implementation of specialty programs.[1][1]–[3][2] Through CPAs,
Constipation and Fecal Incontinence in the Elderly Population

Objective To describe the assessment and management of constipation and fecal incontinence in elderly patients. Design We reviewed pertinent publications in the recent medical literature and outlined effective management strategies for constipation and fecal incontinence in the geriatric population. Results Constipation can be classified into two syndromes—functional constipation and rectosig—moid outlet delay. Evaluation consists of elicitation of a detailed history, directed physical examination, and selected laboratory tests. Management involves nonpharmacologic (such as exercise and Tiber) and pharmacologic measures. Fecal incontinence in elderly patients can be due to stool impaction. medications, dementia, or neuromuscular dysfunction. Management options include modification of contributing disorders, pharmacologic therapy, and behavioral techniques. Conclusion Constipation and fecal incontinence are common and often debilitating conditions in elderly patients. Management should be highly individualized and dependent on cause, coexisting morbidities, and cognitive status.
Alkynes, Allenes, and Alkenes in [3,3]-Sigmatropy: Functional Diversity and Kinetic Monotony. A Theoretical Analysis

The [3,3]-sigmatropic shifts of 1,5-hexadiyne, 1,2-hexadien-5-yne, 1,2,5-hexatriene, 1,2,4,5-hexatetraene, and 1-hexen-5-yne were studied, using a hierarchy of methods (RHF/6-31G*, MP2//RHF/6-31G*, BLYP/6-31G*, Becke3LYP/6-31G*, and CASSCF/6-31G*). Hartree−Fock, MP2, and density functional methods predict the mechanisms to be concerted, involving aromatic transition structures, whereas CASSCF/6-31G* favors the stepwise pathways via diradical intermediates. Both MP2//RHF/6-31G* and Becke3LYP/6-31G* give activation energies in good agreement with the experimental values. Becke3LYP is a reliable tool for predicting the activation energies of such reactions, although it has a tendency to overstabilize allene systems. The activation energies for the series of reactions are remarkably constant at 31−35 kcal/mol, consistent with the aromatic character of their transition states. The origin of this kinetic monotony even in the face of structural diversity is analyzed.
Anterograde and retrograde memory for object discriminations and places in rats with perirhinal cortex lesions

Three experiments examined the effects of perirhinal cortex lesions on rats' retrograde and anterograde memory for object-discriminations and water-maze place-memory problems. In Experiment 1, rats learned two object-discriminations - the first was learned 2 weeks before surgery and the second 24 h before surgery. Rats with perirhinal cortex lesions displayed mildly impaired retention of both object discriminations, with no evidence of a temporal gradient. They also learned a new discrimination at a normal rate, but were impaired on a retention test 24 h later. In Experiment 2, rats learned two water-maze place problems, conducted in different rooms - the first was learned 4 weeks before surgery and the second during the week immediately before surgery. Rats with perirhinal cortex lesions displayed deficits on the early retention trials of both place problems, but they quickly relearned both problems. In Experiment 3, rats with perirhinal cortex lesions learned a new place problem at a normal rate and performed as well as control rats on a retention test 3 weeks later. Although some of the results are consistent with the conclusion that perirhinal damage disrupts storage or retrieval of place information acquired before surgery, additional considerations suggest instead a role for perirhinal cortex in the representation of nonspatial information that makes a useful but nonessential contribution to water-maze performance.
First-order identities as a defining language

Inverting the adage that a data type is just a simple programming language, we take the position that a programming language is, semantically, just a complex data type; evaluation of a program is just another operation in the data type. The algebraic approach to data types may then be applied. We make a distinction between specification and modelling, and we emphasize the use of first-order identities as a specification language rather than as a tool for model-building. Denotational and operational semantics are discussed. Techniques are introduced for proving the equivalence of specifications. Reynolds' lambda-calculus interpreter is analyzed as an example.
Donor polymorphisms of toll‐like receptor 4 associated with graft failure in liver transplant recipients

There have been many reports showing significant associations between recipient genetic variants and allograft outcome, including acute rejection and graft failure, but less is known about the contribution of the donor genotypes. We analyzed 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene from deceased donor liver allografts, transplanted into 738 recipients, to determine their effects on liver graft failure (LGF). Two SNPs exhibited a significant association with LGF, rs11536865 (HR=2.5, p=0.0003) and rs5030717 (HR=1.67, p=0.00079), after adjusting for donor and recipient race and correcting for multiple test comparisons. An additional SNP, rs913930, exhibited a significant association in Caucasian donors (HR 1.62, p=0.00055) and two SNPs exhibited a suggestive association in African American donors, rs11536865 (HR=2.45, p=0.00205) and rs5030717 (HR=2.32, p=0.0024). Additionally, the Liver Donor Risk Index (HR 2.56, 95% CI=(1.54, 4.26, p=0.00031) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) status (HR=1.53, 95% CI=(1.04, 2.24), p=0.032) increased the risk of all-cause LGF in a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for recipient race. Donor polymorphisms in TLR4 could be an important factor in modulating TLR4 activity and therefore affect the risk of graft loss. Additionally, there is a suggestion for an interaction between polymorphisms within TLR4 and HCV status.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: VIII, A NEW THEORY FOR THE PLASTICITY OF CLAY‐WATER MASSES*

In spite of the large amount of work which has been done in the field of plasticity, none of the explanations are entirely fitted to the facts when dealing with clay-water systems of pasty consistency. As there is now a considerable amount of data on carefully fractionated and cleaned kaolinite, it has been possible to substantiate a new mechanism of plasticity which is termed the “stretched-membrane theory.” This theory accounts for the plasticity of the clay masses by the compression of the whole due to the surface envelope of water which tends to push the particles together by capillary forces. This theory is shown to be reasonable by both direct and indirect proof; however, it in no way changes the general picture of the forces acting between the particles in a suspension as portrayed by the colloid chemists.1,2
Identifying defects in images of rotating apples

An experimental machine vision system was used to identify surface defects on apples, including bruises. Images were captured through two optical filters at 740 and 950nm, respectively. In the ensuing grey scale images, defects appeared as dark areas, however, so did shadows and parts of the stem/calyx area. This paper reports a novel approach to locate the defects and eliminate other dark areas. The method is based on rotating the apples in front of the camera while multiple images are acquired. Dark areas, which are found at the same position, relative to the apple, during the rotation, represent defects, while other dark areas, which change shape and/or position from one frame to the next, are not classified as defects. In a test using 54 Pink Lady apples with 56 defects, the system successfully detected 52, or 92% while providing two false positive. In another test with Ginger Gold Apples, where the rotation technique was combined with images of the stem and calyx regions, 90% of the defects were detected with no false positives.
Finding Time: Studying the Concepts of Time Used in Daily Life

Time is a fundamental dimension of human experience, but its study presents special challenges, including the methodological problems of how to get people to talk about time and how to recognize discourse and actions that reveal cultural conceptions of time. In addition to classic ethnographic approaches that related conceptions of time to social organization, the growing concern over time-space compression in the study of globalization adds an additional set of concerns in the social scientific study of time. Through recounting some of the author’s own mistakes and efforts at studying time in Trinidad, this article makes suggestions for how to ethnographically approach the topic of time in order to understand the connections between cognition, cultural conceptions of time, social organization, and the relationship of global influences and local actions.
PRESENT STATUS, POTENTIAL AND STRATEGIES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHINA

This research gives an extensive, general picture of the physical behavior of the Chinese population. It is evident, by the analysis of the many changes of social and economic factors (i.e. income, leisure time, diet/nutrition, psychological well-being, needs of the elderly, etc.), that there is a great potential for increasing physical activity in China. Therefore, it is only through extensive discussion and analysis that the most important strategies regarding the promotion of physical activity in China can be illustrated.
Domains controlling cell polarity and proliferation in the Drosophila tumor suppressor Scribble

Cell polarity and cell proliferation can be coupled in animal tissues, but how they are coupled is not understood. In Drosophila imaginal discs, loss of the neoplastic tumor suppressor gene scribble (scrib), which encodes a multidomain scaffolding protein, disrupts epithelial organization and also causes unchecked proliferation. Using an allelic series of mutations along with rescuing transgenes, we have identified domain requirements for polarity, proliferation control, and other Scrib functions. The leucine-rich repeats (LRR) tether Scrib to the plasma membrane, are both necessary and sufficient to organize a polarized epithelial monolayer, and are required for all proliferation control. The PDZ domains, which recruit the LRR to the junctional complex, are dispensable for overall epithelial organization. PDZ domain absence leads to mild polarity defects accompanied by moderate overproliferation, but the PDZ domains alone are insufficient to provide any Scrib function in mutant discs. We suggest a model in which Scrib, via the activity of the LRR, governs proliferation primarily by regulating apicobasal polarity.
The microbes we eat: abundance and taxonomy of microbes consumed in a day’s worth of meals for three diet types

Far more attention has been paid to the microbes in our feces than the microbes in our food. Research efforts dedicated to the microbes that we eat have historically been focused on a fairly narrow range of species, namely those which cause disease and those which are thought to confer some "probiotic" health benefit. Little is known about the effects of ingested microbial communities that are present in typical American diets, and even the basic questions of which microbes, how many of them, and how much they vary from diet to diet and meal to meal, have not been answered. We characterized the microbiota of three different dietary patterns in order to estimate: the average total amount of daily microbes ingested via food and beverages, and their composition in three daily meal plans representing three different dietary patterns. The three dietary patterns analyzed were: (1) the Average American (AMERICAN): focused on convenience foods, (2) USDA recommended (USDA): emphasizing fruits and vegetables, lean meat, dairy, and whole grains, and (3) Vegan (VEGAN): excluding all animal products. Meals were prepared in a home kitchen or purchased at restaurants and blended, followed by microbial analysis including aerobic, anaerobic, yeast and mold plate counts as well as 16S rRNA PCR survey analysis. Based on plate counts, the USDA meal plan had the highest total amount of microbes at 1.3 × 10(9) CFU per day, followed by the VEGAN meal plan and the AMERICAN meal plan at 6 × 10(6) and 1.4 × 10(6) CFU per day respectively. There was no significant difference in diversity among the three dietary patterns. Individual meals clustered based on taxonomic composition independent of dietary pattern. For example, meals that were abundant in Lactic Acid Bacteria were from all three dietary patterns. Some taxonomic groups were correlated with the nutritional content of the meals. Predictive metagenome analysis using PICRUSt indicated differences in some functional KEGG categories across the three dietary patterns and for meals clustered based on whether they were raw or cooked. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of ingested microbes on the intestinal microbiota, the extent of variation across foods, meals and diets, and the extent to which dietary microbes may impact human health. The answers to these questions will reveal whether dietary microbes, beyond probiotics taken as supplements-i.e., ingested with food-are important contributors to the composition, inter-individual variation, and function of our gut microbiota.
Teaching and learning /θ/: A non-confound

The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend the findings on the effectiveness of homonymous versus non-homonymous treatment approaches for children with phonological disorders, following Gierut (1991b). The present study was motivated by a potential confound noted in the previous report; namely, the specific sounds /θ, θ/ treated in the presumably less effective homonymous condition may have inhibited degree of phonological change. It was thus necessary to teach these more difficult, late-acquired interdental fricatives in the more effective non-homonymous treatment condition using identical methods and procedures. Results indicated that a non-homonymous teaching approach again motivated greater phonological change than a homonymous approach, regardless of sounds that were taught. These findings have implications for the independence of linguistic structures of treatment in inducing sound change, and bear upon assumptions about ease of sound learning based on normative developmental sequences.
Substrate-borne vibrational signals of the Consperse stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Il est de plus en plus demontre que le comportement reproducteur de courte portee chez les punaises Pentatomidae phytophages est regi par des signaux vibratoires. Ces signaux n'ont jamais ete etudies chez les punaises du genre Euschistus, qui regroupe plusieurs especes indigenes des Ameriques. Nous avons enregistre les signaux vibratoires transmis par le substrat (chants) de mâles et de femelles de la punaise puante, Euschistus conspersus Uhler, un ravageur d'importance economique pour l'agriculture dans l'ouest de l'Amerique du Nord. Les femelles emettent deux types de chant (FS-1 et FS-2) formes d'une serie de pulsations, de frequence modulee d'une duree de 352 ± 105 (moyenne ± ecart type) et de 163 ± 36 ms. Les mâles emettent quatre types de chant, deux composes de series de pulsations de frequence modulee (MS-1 et MS-3), un autre, constitue de pulsations a bandes etroites (MS-2) et un dernier, forme de 1 a 6 pulsations courtes dont plusieurs se fusionnent en suites distinctes (MS-4). Chez les deux sexes, les chants composes de pulsations tres courtes (FS-2 et MS-3), de frequence modulee d'une duree moyenne de <170 ms, sont emis quand le partenaire de l'autre sexe est silencieux. Les chants composes de pulsations plus longues (FS-1 et MS-1), de frequence modulee, sont produits spontanement ou en reponse aux chants d'insectes conspecifiques. Les pulsations de MS-2 sont produites par les mâles apres le debut d'un duo avec leur partenaire. Les pulsations de ce chant ne sont pas de frequence modulee et la duree moyenne d'une pulsation repetee est plus longue que dans le cas de MS-1. Les deux chants des femelles et trois des chants des mâles (MS-1, MS-2 et MS-3) sont emis pendant la phase d'appel du comportement reproducteur. Les suites de pulsations de MS-4 sont emises durant la cour a courte distance. Durant l'accouplement, les mâles emettent des pulsations intermittentes de MS-1 dont le role reste a determiner. Les frequences dominantes dans tous les types de chant vont de 102 a 136 Hz et sont semblables a celles d'autres pentatomides. Bien qu'l y ait des similarites superficielles dans la structure des chants d'E. conspersus et ceux d'autres pentatomides, le repertoire de cette espece est bien distinct et original.
Racial contestation and the emergence of populist nationalism in the United States

Much of the discussion surrounding nationalism still revolves around the ethnic versus civic nation divide. For purposes of this paper it is more useful to view the United States from the tri-modal perspective offered by Anderson, in which the United States is a creole (or settler) nation. All of Anderson's types can be seen as variants of ethnic nationalism. Kaufmann argues that the US evolved from ethnic to civic nationalism by the 1960s. This argument overlooks the importance of phenotype-based racism in the evolution of creole, or white settler colonial nationalism. We want to argue that US nationalism evolved from ethnic, to white racial nationalism in the interwar years. Since the 1920s, the political establishment has opted for civic nationalism that is based upon ‘white assimilationism’. This civic nationalism has been challenged by multiculturalism since the 1960s. In the context of a democratic political culture, the content of American nationalism has become ‘populist’ in the sense that it has ...