cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro quantitative analysis of 3H-uracil incorporation by Sarcocytis neurona to determine efficacy of anti-protozoal agents

Parasite-specific incorporation of (3)H-uracil was used to assess the replication of Sarcocystis neurona, a protozoal parasite associated with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Anti-protozoal drugs, pyrimethamine (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0microg/ml PYR), sulfadiazine (5microg/ml; SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (5microg/ml; SMZ), diclazuril (100ng/ml; DCZ), atovaquone (0.04ng/ml; ATQ), tetracycline (5microg/ml; TET) and the herbicide glyphosate (1.5 and 4.5mM; GLY) were studied with varying S. neurona parasite densities (2x10(1)-1.2x10(6)merozoites/well). A microtiter plate format was used to test these compounds, and incorporation of (3)H-uracil was determined using a semi-automated plate harvester and liquid scintillation counter. When PYR, DCZ, ATQ, SMZ, SDZ, and TET were tested, the assay was most reliable when parasite densities were greater than 9.0x10(4) individual merozoites per well. When the herbicide GLY was tested, as few as 900 individual merozoites were sufficient to demonstrate reduction in parasite proliferation. Of the anti-protozoal drugs commonly used to treat EPM, PYR was the most potent anti-S. neurona agent tested. The herbicide GLY appears to be more potent than all of the other compounds tested in vitro; however information regarding in vivo use of GLY is not available, and central nervous system penetration by this compound is unlikely. Incorporation of (3)H-uracil by replicating S. neurona is quantitative and can be used in a semi-automated assay. This in vitro assay is capable of high throughput screening of candidate drugs that may have applications in a clinical setting. Further studies using a wider range of drug concentrations with optimal numbers of merozoites are necessary to determine true potency of these agents.
Androgens suppress antigen-specific T cell responses and IFN-γ production during intracranial LCMV infection

Intracranial (i.c.) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice results in T cell-driven anorexia and weight loss, which is diminished in males compared to females. We investigated sex-specific effects on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells after i.c. LCMV infection. Numbers of LCMV-specific T cells, APC activation, and levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in CSF were decreased in males compared to females. Orchidectomy enhanced these immune parameters in males, while dihydrotestosterone treatment of orchidectomized males and intact females decreased some of these parameters. These data suggest that qualitative and quantitative effects of androgens on APCs and T cells may contribute to the well-known, but poorly understood sex differences in immunity and autoimmunity.
Toward An Ideal 3-D Cad System

A shared representation is crucial to effective, natural man-machine interaction. Unfortunately, little is known about peoples mental representation of shape; this prevents construction of truly effective computer-supported 3-D design media. How do people represent shape? We observe that design is typically an iterative process, starting with sketching and proceeding through detailing. Thus several different representations are required to support the design process. We investigate peoples naive, preattentive representation of shape to understand what sort of representation would best support the initial sketching stage of design. We then use our conclusions to build and evaluate a multi-representation 3-D CAD tool, and demonstrate enhanced performance.
Design and retrospective analysis of the los angeles prehospital stroke screen (lapss)

Objectives. The therapeutic window for intervention in acute cerebral ischemia is brief. Prehospital identification of acute stroke patients and paramedic administration of neuroprotective agents may soon become critical components of successful acute stroke treatment. This preliminary study sought to demonstrate that a new prehospital screening instrument, the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS), sensitively identifies acute stroke patients. Further, the study evaluated the potential time savings that could be achieved by paramedic administration of neuroprotective agents in the field. Methods. The authors designed a simple stroke screening tool for use by prehospital personnel, emphasizing motor deficits. They then tested instrument performance and time savings retrospectively, employing data from patients enrolled within six hours of symptom onset in randomized stroke trials at three university-associated paramedic receiving hospitals. Results. Fifty of 83 patients enrolled in hyperacute stro...
The Use of Tannic Acid and Iron Chloride for Staining Cell Walls in Meristematic Tissue

(1934). The Use of Tannic Acid and Iron Chloride for Staining Cell Walls in Meristematic Tissue. Stain Technology: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 91-92.
Profile likelihood ratio analysis techniques for rare event signals

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) II uses crystals operated at milliKelvin temperature to search for dark matter. We present the details of the profile likelihood analysis of 140.2 kg-day exposure from the final data set of the CDMS II Si detectors that revealed three WIMP-candidate events. We found that this result favors a WIMP+background hypothesis over the known-background-only hypothesis at the 99.81% confidence level. This paper is dedicated to the description of the profile likelihood analysis dedicated to the CDMSII-Si data and discusses such analysis techniques in the scope of rare event searches.
Treatment of Periodontal Disease in a Patient With Turner's Syndrome: A Case Report

This case report describes a patient with Turner's syndrome receiving systemic androgen therapy who experienced marked gingival enlargement, bleeding, and discomfort. Turner's syndrome and its treatment are discussed. The literature pertaining to sex hormones and their role in affecting periodontal disease is reviewed. The patient was treated with full mouth gingivectomy and 2-week recall visits for a period of 2 months consisting of oral physiotherapy instructions, scaling, and topical fluoride application. She was then placed on 1-month recall for the next 4 months. This mode of therapy was effective in treating severe gingival hyperplasia in a patient receiving systemic androgen therapy.
Emerging Psychological Treatments in the Field of Eating Disorders

Few treatments for eating disorders have established a base of empirical support, and those that have are still limited by high dropout rates and low abstinence rates. Thus, there is a critical need for innovative eating disorder treatments to fill this gap. The past decade has seen a surge in the development of novel treatments that address eating pathology. This review provides an overview of the emerging psychological treatments for eating disorders, including descriptions of the therapeutic rationales, treatment techniques, and research support. The review will cover face-to-face interventions that are provided in the context of individual or group psychotherapy. Treatments included in this review were organized into the following six categories based on their underlying therapeutic rationales: (1) cognition-focused approaches, (2) emotion regulation approaches, (3) exposure-based approaches, (4) motivational enhancement, (5) integrative approaches, and (6) family- and couple-based interventions.
A Terror Management Analysis of the Psychological Functions of Religion

From a terror management theory (TMT) perspective, religion serves to manage the potential terror engendered by the uniquely human awareness of death by affording a sense of psychological security and hope of immortality. Although secular beliefs can also serve a terror management function, religious beliefs are particularly well suited to mitigate death anxiety because they are all encompassing, rely on concepts that are not easily disconfirmed, and promise literal immortality. Research is reviewed demonstrating that mortality salience produces increased belief in afterlife, supernatural agency, human ascension from nature, and spiritual distinctions between mind and body. The social costs and benefits of religious beliefs are considered and compared to those of secular worldviews. The terror management functions of, and benefits and costs associated with, different types of religious orientation, such as intrinsic religiosity, quest, and religious fundamentalism, are then examined. Finally, the TMT analysis is compared to other accounts of religion.
The clinical phenotype of children with Fanconi anemia caused by biallelic FANCD1/BRCA2 mutations

Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by progressive marrow failure, congenital anomalies, and predisposition to malignancy. Biallelic FANCD1/BRCA2 mutations are the genetic basis of disease in a small proportion of children with FA with earlier onset and increased incidence of leukemia and solid tumors. Patients with FA have increased sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation, and upon development of a solid tumor, require modification of these therapies. We report clinical and molecular features of three patients with FA associated with FANCD1/BRCA2 mutations, including two novel mutations, and discuss treatment of malignancy and associated side effects in this particularly vulnerable group.
Acyclic Guanidines as Organic Catalysts for Living Polymerization of Lactide

We describe a facile route to structurally diverse guanidinium organic catalysts by reaction of carbodiimides with secondary amines. The efficacy of these catalysts for the living ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide was demonstrated including predictable molecular weights and end-group fidelity. Theoretical studies indicate that the acyclic guanidines are less basic than 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), but as for the more active TBD, they catalyze ring opening by activation of the alcohol and by stabilizing the resultant tetrahedral intermediates through hydrogen bonding. These results demonstrate that weak secondary interactions are an important concept for controlled polymerization.
The Leninist Legacy and Institutional Change

Analysts of democratization and marketization in post-Communist societies have tended to treat the countries of the former Soviet bloc as an undifferentiated whole, hindering successful theorizing about the sources of institutional change in particular cases. In this light, Ken Jowitt's insightful argument about the deleterious effects of the Leninist legacy in Eastern Europe must be refined in two ways. First, the degree of proximity of different post-Communist societies to established capitalist markets should be taken into account. Second, the Leninist legacy itself must be broken down into ideological, political, socioeconomic, and cultural components.
The Quest for Academic and Occupational Relevance An Experiment in Evaluation Research Training

Curriculum in criminology bridging from academic knowledge and method to professional law enforcement.
Coordination numbers for biomolecular hydration: A quantitative method based on pattern recognition analysis of Monte Carlo simulations of aqueous solutions

A coordination number model (CNM) has been developed that reproduces coordination numbers generated by rigorous Monte Carlo simulations of dilute aqueous solutions. The molecular coordination number is calculated by using the volume of the Voronoi polyhedron surrounding each solute atom and a set of linear least squares fitted parameters. Agreement with simulation data is good, with average deviation of less than 5%. Although CNM is presently parameterized against a simulation database founded on the potential functions of Clementi and coworkers, the method is perfectly general and can be applied to simulation data derived from any potential function form. Finally, the method is fast and can predict coordination numbers within minutes on a microcomputer.
Home of Hope: Voicings, Whiteness, and the Technological Gaze

This article is an attempt to explore the issues of online representations of orphans in China and India in the intersection of power, voice, and placement. Textual and visual representations of orphans at www.homeofhopeindia.org and www.homeofhope.org are analyzed using the theoretical frameworks of voicings, Whiteness, and the colonial (technological) gaze. We examine how online networks are spaces for discursive reproduction of existing offline hegemonies. We pay particular attention to the reproduction and representation of the so-called voiceless Other in online settings.
Natural Variability of Metabolites in Maize Grain: Differences Due to Genetic Background

Understanding the impact of genetic diversity on crop biochemical composition is a prerequisite to the interpretation and potential relevance of biochemical differences experimentally observed between genotypes. This is particularly important in the context of comparative safety assessments for crops developed by new technologies such as genetic engineering. To interrogate the natural variability of biochemical composition, grain from seven maize hybrids grown at four geographically distinct sites in Europe was analyzed for levels of proximates (fat, protein, moisture, ash, and carbohydrates), fiber, amino acids, fatty acids, four vitamins, nine minerals, and secondary metabolites. Statistical evaluation of the compositional data at the p < 0.05 level compared each hybrid against every other hybrid (head-to-head) for all analytes at each site and then across all sites to understand the factors contributing to variability. Of the 4935 statistical comparisons made in this study, 40% (1986) were found to be significant. The magnitude of differences observed, as a percent, ranged between 0.84 and 149% when all individual sites and the combined sites were considered. The large number of statistically significant differences in the levels of these analytes between seven commercial hybrids emphasizes the importance of genetic background and environment as determinants of the biochemical composition of maize grain, reflects the inherent natural variability in those analytes across a representative sampling of maize hybrids, and provides a baseline of the natural range of these nutritional and antinutritional components in maize for comparative compositional assessments.
A German Grammar Tutorial in Microsoft Excel

This project exploits the combined strengths of Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic for Applications to create a model of German grammar that can serve as a flexible foundation for sophisticated compu...
Are There Gender Differences In High School Economics In The Eighties

Studies of achievement in introductory college level economics courses have frequently concluded that females perform at a lower level than their male counterparts. (Fels and Bolch, 1974; MacDowell et al., 1977). Siegfried and Strand concluded that the disparity occurs because females enter the introductory college course with less knowledge about economics (Ladd, 1977). It has also been inferred from pretest differences on college samples that, at the high school level, females' achievement in economics is below that of males. Males performed significantly better than females when the Test of Economic Literacy was administered to thousands of secondary students to establish test norms (Soper, 1979). Studies by Paul (1964), Moyer (1968), and Highsmith (1974) also concluded that male high school students scored better than females on the Test of Economic Understanding. Students in Paul's study were enrolled in social studies classes but had not necessarily taken a course in economics. These data have been taken together to create the belief that female students do less well than males in secondary economics classes, but that belief has been challenged by some recent studies.
Infrared Focal Plane Test Station Calibration

This paper reviews present calibration techniques for Infrared (IR) Test facilities. The calibration techniques recommended for an automated test facility now being designed and built are also reviewed. The general conclusion is that calibration efforts at different facilities lack common techniques and are not coordinated on a national level. The procedures recommended for the new automated tester would make possible comparisons between test facilities.
Time Cycle for Intracellular Synthesis of Murine Leukaemia Virus

MURINE leukaemia provides an effective model system for the study of both the disease process and the specific cell–virus interactions that elicit the leukaemic response1. In spite of numerous ultrastructural studies2, there is no information about the nature, site and duration of the intracellular cycle for this group of RNA viruses.
Biomarker identification in neurologic diseases: improving diagnostics and therapeutics.

Identification of biomarkers in neurological disease remains impeded by many obstacles. Among them are the availability of tissue at the site of pathology, poor clinical diagnostics, the complexity of the brain and a general dearth of functional end points and models for validation. However, advances in technology have helped to overcome these challenges. Some of these advances include standardization and increased efficiency in brain banking, novel techniques for brain imaging, improved methods for reducing tissue heterogeneity including laser capture microdissection, high-throughput genomics, new functional validation techniques such as RNA interference, and the development of new animal models of neurologic disease. In order to efficiently handle the wealth of information that will be gleaned from these new technologies, new integrated databasing protocols will be necessary. Access to these databases by researchers and clinicians is critical to the continued progress being made in biomarker identificat...
Stepping up: black political ambition and success

What compels African-Americans to enter the electoral arena? And what influences their political ambitions for higher office? Few studies have focused on blacks' paths to office and ambition, and thus an empirically tested theoretical framework of minority candidate emergence and political ambition is far from complete. In this paper, I seek to answer a number of fundamental questions: How often do black candidates attempt to seek higher office, and how often are they successful? Does this pattern differ significantly from that visible for white candidates? Using two decades (1990–2010) of data on Louisiana from the Local Elections in America Project that allows me to track candidates' paths to office, I develop a theory of black political ambition that hypothesizes that race will play a direct and interactive role in when and where black candidates run for and win office. The results suggest, first, no statistically significant differences between black and white candidates' expressions of static politic...
Radiation Patterns of a Microwave Antenna Enclosed by a Hollow Dielectric Wedge

A method is given for the calculation of patterns of a microwave antenna in a hollow dielectric wedge. Calculations are based on induction and equivalence theorems, involve ray tracing, and use measured near-field data. Calculations are compared with measurements for an electromagnetic horn antenna approximately two wavelengths in aperture. Some evidence is presented for the existence of a wave scattered by the vertex of the wedge. It is found empirically that this wave is an order of magnitude smaller in amplitude than waves transmitted directly through the wedge walls.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of naltrexone and 6β-naltrexol in guinea pig plasma

A quantitative liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the determination of naltrexone and 6beta-naltrexol in guinea pig plasma has been developed and validated using naloxone as an internal standard. A single step precipitation-extraction technique was carried out to extract the plasma samples using acetonitrile:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v). The chromatographic separation was performed on a C(18) column using a mobile phase consisting of 35:65 (v/v) acetonitrile:2 mM ammonium acetate with 0.01 mM ammonium citrate at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The analyte was detected after positive electrospray ionization using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The mean recoveries for naltrexone, naltrexol, and naloxone were 91.7, 89.3, and 99.0%, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for naltrexone and 6beta-naltrexol was 1.25 ng/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.75 ng/mL. The method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in order to assess the drug disposition of naltrexone in guinea pigs.
Effect of Some Factors on the Body Temperature of Hens

Abstract FRONDA (1925) presented data showing the diurnal variation at two-hour intervals in the body temperature of several breeds of chickens, and stated that the temperature of the room had no apparent effect on the body temperature curve. However, he did not state the room temperatures. In connection with data on the effect of air temperature on egg size, Bennion and Warren (1933) reported that the average body temperature of several Leghorn females was more than 2°F. higher under “high” air temperature than under “moderate” air temperature, but they apparently made relatively few observations. It was considered of at least academic interest to determine whether air temperature had any effect on the body temperature of hens, and, since individual hen batteries were being used to some extent, to determine also the effect of close confinement on the body temperature. Accordingly, data were obtained at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona, . . .
Reduction in thrombosis and bacterial adhesion with 7 day implantation of S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)-doped Elast-eon E2As catheters in sheep

Thrombosis and infection are two common problems associated with blood-contacting medical devices such as catheters. Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be a potent antimicrobial agent as well as an inhibitor of platelet activation and adhesion. Healthy endothelial cells that line the inner walls of all blood vessels exhibit a NO flux of 0.5–4 × 10−10 mol cm−2 min−1 that helps prevent thrombosis. Materials with a NO flux that is equivalent to this level are expected to exhibit similar anti-thrombotic properties. In this study, NO-releasing catheters were fabricated by incorporating S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) in the Elast-eon E2As polymer. The SNAP/E2As catheters release physiological levels of NO for up to 20 days, as measured by chemiluminescence. Furthermore, SNAP is stable in the E2As polymer, retaining 89% of the initial SNAP after ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization. The SNAP/E2As and E2As control catheters were implanted in sheep veins for 7 days to examine the effect on thrombosis and bacterial adhesion. The SNAP/E2As catheters reduced the thrombus area when compared to the control (1.56 ± 0.76 and 5.06 ± 1.44 cm2, respectively). A 90% reduction in bacterial adhesion was also observed for the SNAP/E2As catheters as compared to the controls. The results suggest that the SNAP/E2As polymer has the potential to improve the hemocompatibility and bactericidal activity of intravascular catheters, as well as other blood-contacting medical devices (e.g., vascular grafts, extracorporeal circuits).
Neural control of ACTH secretion: effect of acute decerebration in the rat.

Serial ablation of the brain rostral to the superior colliculus was performed, leaving the pituitary intact. At intervals varying from 30 min to 72 hr postoperatively, corticosterone was measured either in the peripheral blood or in the adrenal effluent with or without a standard stress. The removal of the cerebral cortex and subjacent brain in the rat did not lead to a sustained increase in peripheral plasma steroid concentration. It thus seems doubtful that the pituitary is released from inhibition by brain removal in the rat as has been reported to be the case in the dog. The minimal amount of tissue permitting approximately normal pituitary-adrenocortical activation appeared to be the median eminence-stalk-pituitary complex.
Food for the deep sea: utilization, dispersal, and flux of nekton falls at the Santa catalina basin floor

Abstract The role of large food falls in the ecology of deep-sea benthos has been the topic of much speculation and little direct study. The submersible Alvin and free vehicles were used to assess experimentally the fate and flux of nekton falls at a depth of 1310 m in the Santa Catalina Basin. Parcels of dead fish (1 to 40 kg) placed on the basin floor rapidly attracted large aggregations of fish and invertebrate scavengers, which consumed the bulk of the carrion within hours to days. The most strongly attracted megafaunal scavenger was the ophiuroid Ophiophthalmus normani , the dominant megabenthic species in the background epifaunal assemblage. O. normani attained densities of 700 m −2 in aggregations containing thousands of individuals, and remained at elevated abundance around baitfalls for weeks. Six other megafaunal species also appeared to feed directly on carrion, including two of the next ten most abundant megabenthic organisms. Several of these species exhibited roosting behavior near baitfalls; this is probably an adaptation for exploiting rich but unpredictable food resources. Scavengers consumed bait parcels so rapidly and then dispersed so broadly that energy from nekton falls apparently reaches infaunal benthos only in very attenuated form, yielding at most minor community enhancement. Necrophagy was not the sole cause of megafaunal attraction to bait parcels; there is evidence that three predacious species were drawn to high concentrations of their ophiuroid prey. Benthic standing-crop and turnover-rate estimates for nekton falls suggest that perhaps 11% of benthic community respiratory requirements are met by nekton carcasses reaching the basin floor; the flux of energy to the deep sea through such fall events thus merits further study. These energy bonanzas occur frequently enough that O. normani , and other common necrophages, are likely to encounter at least one nekton fall per year. Such windfalls thus could influence the life histories of several dominant megafaunal species in Santa Catalina Basin.
The Will to Empower: Democratic Citizens and Other Subjects. By Barbara Cruikshank. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. 160p. 17.95 paper.

There is a certain comfort, a certain ease, with which many contemporary political thinkers reach for an ideal they call “democratic citizenship” in response to a wide range of problems produced by relations of power: problems of social and political inequality, for instance, problems of injustice, problems of exclusion and marginalization. In The Will to Empower: Democratic Citizens and Other Subjects, Barbara Cruikshank undertakes the important task of disturbing that ease. “Citizen,” she argues persuasively, is not the atonym of “subject.” Instead, a citizen is a particular kind of a subject, a subject forged in ways that not only enable but also, unavoidably, constrain human social and political possibility. Those who would criticize relations of power need to examine, Cruikshank suggests, the ways in which citizens are made: what she calls the “technologies of citizenship” (for instance, the pedagogic programs, the social services, the social movements) through which modern democratic societies produce members capable of acting politically—and inclined to act politically—to advance their individual and their shared interests.
The pause that refreshes, or does it? Mechanisms in torsades de pointes.

Dessertenne, who coined the term “torsades de pointes”, was one of the first to draw attention to the association of long QT related arrhythmia (commonly caused by heart block or drugs) and underlying bradycardia.1 Indeed, the “short-long-short” series of cycles before torsade de pointes is so characteristic of acquired “long QT syndrome” (LQTS) that lack of a “pause” before onset calls into question the diagnosis.2 3 Some features of the congenital LQTS are very similar to those in the acquired form. These include a preponderance of women among patients who are symptomatic with syncope or sudden death, and the possible potentiating role of hypokalaemia in the genesis of the arrhythmia. Indeed, extraordinary advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of the congenital and acquired syndromes now point to common mechanisms that underlie these two closely related entities.4 5 However, despite considerable attention to the electrocardiographic features of these diseases, it is not known whether the onset of the arrhythmia in the congenital form is pause dependent as in the acquired form. In a recent issue of Heart , Visken and colleagues summarised the electrocardiographic features at onset of torsade de pointes in patients with the congenital form of the syndrome.6 Their findings—that not all episodes are pause dependent—provide intriguing new data for investigators interested in linking the clinical and molecular events involved in genesis of long QT related arrhythmias. Congenital LQTS remained an electrophysiologic curiosity until 1995 and 1996, when Keating and colleagues linked the syndrome to mutations in the genes encoding ion channel proteins. These findings have had important implications for our understanding not only of arrhythmia mechanisms in this obscure but interesting disease, but also in further understanding the concept of dysregulated expression or function of these proteins as a proximate cause of …
Spatial Requirements for 15-(R)-Hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic Acid Synthesis within the Cyclooxygenase Active Site of Murine COX-2: WHY ACETYLATED COX-1 DOES NOT SYNTHESIZE 15-(R)-HETE

The two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2, are acetylated by aspirin at Ser-530 and Ser-516, respectively, in the cyclooxygenase active site. Acetylated COX-2 is essentially a lipoxygenase, making 15-(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and 11-(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (11-HETE), whereas acetylated COX-1 is unable to oxidize arachidonic acid to any products. Because the COX isoforms are structurally similar and share approximately 60% amino acid identity, we postulated that differences within the cyclooxygenase active sites must account for the inability of acetylated COX-1 to make 11- and 15-HETE. Residues Val-434, Arg-513, and Val-523 were predicted by comparison of the COX-1 and -2 crystal structures to account for spatial and flexibility differences observed between the COX isoforms. Site-directed mutagenesis of Val-434, Arg-513, and Val-523 in mouse COX-2 to their COX-1 equivalents resulted in abrogation of 11- and 15-HETE production after aspirin treatment, confirming the hypothesis that these residues are the major isoform selectivity determinants regulating HETE production. The ability of aspirin-treated R513H mCOX-2 to make 15-HETE, although in reduced amounts, indicates that this residue is not an alternate binding site for the carboxylate of arachidonate and that it is not the only specificity determinant regulating HETE production. Further experiments were undertaken to ascertain whether the steric bulk imparted by the acetyl moiety on Ser-530 prevented the ω-end of arachidonic acid from binding within the top channel cavity in mCOX-2. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to change Val-228, which resides at the junction of the main cyclooxygenase channel and the top channel, and Gly-533, which is in the top channel. Both V228F and G533A produced wild type-like product profiles, but, upon acetylation, neither was able to make HETE products. This suggests that arachidonic acid orientates in a L-shaped binding configuration in the production of both prostaglandin and HETE products.
LIPOXYGENASE PRODUCTS OF ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA) METABOLISM INHIBIT PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS IN VITRO

In vivo studies have suggested a role for cyclooxygenase inhibitors in the control of tumor metastases. As cyclooxygenase inhibition may increase the production of lipoxygenase products of AA metabolism we investigated the effect of the lipoxygenase derivatives 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) on tumor cell proliferation in vitro. To prepare 12-HETE, human platelets were incubated with AA in the presence of indomethacin. 15-HETE was prepared from soybean lipoxygenase. The material was purified by column chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. Identity and purity were confirmed by GC-MS. Neuroblastoma cells in tissue culture (SK-N-SH) were incubated in serum free RPMI-1640 or this media with 12-HETE, 15-HETE or AA. 12-HETE at concentrations at 20 μM, 30 μM and 50 μM induced respectively 16.3 ± 3.8% (lSE), 32.0 ± 4.4% and 63.6±4.2% inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation compared to control (p<.01). 15-HETE at the same concentrations produced inhibitions of 14.5±7.7%, 20.9 ± 2.8% and 46.1±12.1% respectively (p <.01). AA had no effect. At higher concentrations (30 and 50 μM) 12HETE produced a greater effect than 15HETE. When evaluated in the presence of serum, 12-HETE (120 μM) produced a 20.6±2.8% inhibition of the increase in total DNA content over 48 hours, while 15-HETE (120 μM) produced a 16.5±5.3% inhibition. We conclude that 12-HETE, the product of platelet lipoxygenase, and 15-HETE, a product of neutrophil and monocyte lipoxygenase inhibit human neuroblastoma cell growth in vitro and may play a role in modulating tumor proliferation in vivo.
Thermal transport studies of nanometric layer stacks by mirage detection

Resonator mirrors for x-ray and XUV lasers are commonly made of nanometric layer stacks of two different materials. In these applications the crucial nondestructive evaluation tasks are the determination of thermal transport properties and thermal deformation of the mirrors. In this paper we report our recent progress in thermal diffusivity determination of Ag/W and Al/W multilayer stacks by mirage detection of laser induced thermal waves. The results are compared with those of single layer samples of component materials determined by the same method. A noteworthy advantage of the mirage method is that it measures primarily the in- plane heat flow in the metal film to obtain its thermal properties and it does not need the ultra- high modulation frequencies when applied to ultra-thin films as do other photothermal techniques.
NSA personnel file on [redacted]

When the snapdragons bloomed in his youth,[redacted] fell in love and climbed the tallest sycamoreto watch the strawberry blond skin her kneethrough binoculars. As she ran coppery water ,from...
Thermophysical property measurement of electrically nonconductive fibers by the electrothermal technique

The transient electrothermal technique is a powerful tool to obtain thermal properties of fine fibers. However, the technique suffers from several inherent pitfalls, which affect measurement accuracy, especially with application to coated, nonconductive samples. In this paper, measurement challenges are described and quantified for several associated parameters and physics including: sample length, time of Joule-heating initiation, sample resistance including measurement uncertainty as well as evolving resistance for coated samples, coating influence, lateral surface heat losses, vacuum level, and variable heat generation. Several methods to overcome these challenges to ensure good measurement accuracy are provided. These methods are applied to the measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of gold-coated glass fibers (nonconductor). The resulting measured thermal conductivity of 1.35 Wm−1 K−1, and thermal diffusivity of 7.6 × 10−7 m2 s−1 compare well to literature values. Additionally, an analytic formula is developed along with limiting conditions for simplified application, which accounts for neglected heat losses. The result is a factor that can be applied to correct a more straightforward heat model of the sample, which neglects heat losses. To further validate the method and quantify measurement variability, a detailed uncertainty analysis is performed using methods based on the Taylor series method for propagation of uncertainty and Monte Carlo simulation. The resulting measurement uncertainty is found to be ~7% for thermal conductivity and ~4% for thermal diffusivity.
Hypertrophy of basal forebrain neurons and enhanced visuospatial memory in perinatally choline-supplemented rats.

The effects of choline supplementation during two time-frames of early development on radial-arm maze performance and the morphology of basal forebrain neurons immunoreactive for the P75 neurotrophin receptor (NTR) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were examined. In the first experiment, rats were supplemented with choline chloride from conception until weaning. At 80 days of age, subjects were trained once a day on a 12-arm radial maze for 30 days. Compared to control littermates, supplemented rats made fewer working and reference memory errors; however, the memory enhancing effects of choline supplementation were greater in males than females. A morphometric analysis of NTR-immunoreactive cell bodies at three levels through the medial septum/diagonal band (MS/DBv) of these rats revealed that perinatal choline supplementation caused the somata of cells in the MS/DBv to be larger by 8-15%. In a second experiment, choline supplementation was restricted to embryonic days 12-17. A developmental profile of NTR immunoreactive cell bodies in the MS/DBv of 0-, 8-, 16-, 30- and 90-day old male and female rats again revealed that cell bodies were larger in choline-supplemented rats than controls. As in the behavioral studies, the effect of choline supplementation was greater in male than female rats. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that supplementation with choline chloride during early development leads to an increase in the size of cell bodies of NTR-immunoreactive cells in the basal forebrain and that this change may contribute to long-term improvement in spatial memory.
Excitatory actions of serotonin on GABAergic neurons of the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca.

The physiological and pharmacological actions of serotonin (5-HT) on neurons in the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) were examined using extracellular and intracellular recording techniques in an in vitro rat brain-slice preparation. In addition to previously described inhibitory effects, novel excitatory actions of 5-HT on GABA-type cells were observed. In intracellular recordings with KCl-containing electrodes, bath-applied 5-HT induced a bicuculline and tetrodotoxin-sensitive increase in the number of reverse IPSPs in both cholinergic- and noncholinergic-type neurons (presumably GABAergic). In brain slices where all structures neighboring the MSDB, including the lateral septum, had been excised, a similar increase in 5-HT-induced IPSPs occurred, indicating that 5-HT-induced IPSPs in both cholinergic- and noncholinergic-type neurons originate from GABAergic neurons within the MSDB itself. Accordingly, GABA-type neurons in the MSDB were found to be directly excited by 5-HT. MDL 100,907, a selective 5-HT2A antagonist, blocked 5-HT-induced excitations in a majority of neurons (58%). ICS 205-930, a 5-HT3/5-HT4 antagonist, or mianserin, a nonselective 5-HT antagonist, blocked most MDL-resistant responses, indicating a role for multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes. This study also provides the first electrophysiological evidence for synaptic interactions between 5-HT-activated GABAergic neurons and cholinergic neurons and amongst GABAergic neurons in the MSDB. The implications of the findings vis-a-vis intraseptal circuitry and septohippocampal circuitry are discussed.
Unusual urinary cholesterol metabolites following intracerebral injection of [4-14C]cholesterol into rats: I. The minor14C-metabolite

[4-14C] Cholesterol injected intracerebrally into 10–12-day-old rats becomes localized largely in central nervous system myelin. If sufficient14C is injected, myelin cholesterol remains labeled for the rest of the rats' lives. In the course of the slow myelin cholesterol turnover that ensues, a unique series of cholesterol metabolites is excreted exclusively in the rats' urine. There is reason to believe that the metabolites are formed in the cental nervous system before entering the urine. This manuscript describes separation of the 2 urinary14C-labeled metabolic types and isolation and identification of the minor14C-labeled material which consists of cholesterol and 2 other sterols bound covalently to short-chain peptides. The minor sterols have been tentatively identified as 24- and 26-hydroxycholesterol. The sterol-peptide combinations have been isolated from human male urine, also.
The solid-state terahertz spectrum of MDMA (Ecstasy) : A unique test for molecular modeling assignments

The terahertz (THz, far-infrared) spectrum of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine hydrochloride (Ecstasy) is simulated using solid-state density functional theory. While a previously reported isolated-molecule calculation is noteworthy for the precision of its solid-state THz reproduction, the solid-state calculation predicts that the isolated-molecule modes account for only half of the spectral features in the THz region, with the remaining structure arising from lattice vibrations that cannot be predicted without solid-state molecular modeling. The molecular origins of the internal mode contributions to the solid-state THz spectrum, as well as the proper consideration of the protonation state of the molecule, are also considered.
T -theorem proving I

Abstract In this paper we present a theoretical basis justifying the incorporation of decidability results for a first-order theory T into an automated theorem prover for T . We state rules which extend resolution using decidability results relative to T in both the ground and the non-ground case, and prove the correctness and completeness of these rules. This is done by considering the ground case of such theories first, and then by applying a straightforward lifting argument. Examples are given illustrating the inference speed-ups which can be obtained by considering decision procedures with resolution-based inference.
A modified skew upwind scheme for fluid flow and heat transfer computations

Abstract Conventional skew upwind differencing (SUD) substantially reduces numerical diffusion but produces oscillations for convection-dominated flows. The present study describes a modified skew upwind weighted differencing (SUWD) scheme which produces less numerical diffusion and oscillations than SUD. The convected quantity at a cell face is approximated by a weighted average of two quantities. These two quantities are obtained by using linear interpolation at two successive locations upstream of the resultant velocity vector at the cell face. Three laminar flow test cases are used to evaluate the scheme. Comparison of the results obtained by SUD and SUWD schemes are presented.
Multiple Caretaking Among African Pygmies

Tronick, Morelli, and Winn of the Ituri Project have now published a number of papers (AA 89:96-106, 1983; 1985; Winn, Morelli, and Tronick 1987; Morelli and Winn 1987) that identify multiple caretaking as a distinguishing feature of Efe infancy. They found that (1) the mother was often not the first one to nurse her infant, and that during early infancy women other than the mother nursed the infant; (2) four-month-old infants spent only 40% of their time with the mother; (3) infants were transferred frequently-8.3 times per hour on average for four-month olds; and (4) many individuals contributed to the infant's care: an average of 14.2 different people cared for an infant during eight hours of observation.
Adenosine Triphosphate and the Pyruvic and Phosphoglyceric Kinases of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium lophurae

SYNOPSIS. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with pyruvate, or adenosine diphosphate with phosphoenolpyruvate, favor the development of Plasmodium lophurae removed from its host erythrocytes and kept extracellularly in vitro. It seemed possible that the parasites might be deficient in enzymes of the glycolytic cycle concerned with the generation of ATP. The ATP content of duck erythrocytes infected with P. lophurae was lower than that of uninfected cells. Infected erythrocytes, however, had somewhat higher contents of both pyruvic kinase and phosphoglyceric kinase than did uninfected ones. Both of these enzymes could be found in the free parasites. Furthermore, the pyruvic kinase of the free parasites was inactivated by freezing and thawing, whereas that of the host erythrocyte was not affected. It will be necessary, therefore, to look further for the basis for the favorable effect of ATP with pyruvate on parasites developing extracellularly in vitro.
Spoken document retrieval from call-center conversations

We are interested in retrieving information from conversational speech corpora, such as call-center data. This data comprises spontaneous speech conversations with low recording quality, which makes automatic speech recognition (ASR) a highly difficult task. For typical call-center data, even state-of-the-art large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems produce a transcript with word error rate of 30% or higher. In addition to the output transcript, advanced systems provide word confusion networks (WCNs), a compact representation of word lattices associating each word hypothesis with its posterior probability. Our work exploits the information provided by WCNs in order to improve retrieval performance. In this paper, we show that the mean average precision (MAP) is improved using WCNs compared to the raw word transcripts. Finally, we analyze the effect of increasing ASR word error rate on search effectiveness. We show that MAP is still reasonable even under extremely high error rate.
Where ethics has gone

r ~ . o words loom large these, days in think-pieces abou t the state o f the na9 tion or the world: values and "culture." It seems to be accep ted that these words have the ring of principle and a n n o u n c e a serious moral intention on the par t o f those who use them. As ins t ruments for in t roduc ing b road ethical concerns into public discussion, though, they have certain peculiarities that deserve more at tent ion than they have received. For one thing, they have come into this wider use f rom the social sciences; and the use to which they are pu t there has been and remains quite di f ferent f rom the one they serve in such wider discussions. What I want to show is that this d i f ference amounts to a conflict and that it is a conflict that results f rom trying to have things bo th ways--ways that really do not and canno t go together. In the twentieth century and certainly in the n ine t een th century, discussions of the kind I have in mind were carr ied on in language that was unambiguously ethical in the sense o f expressing straightforward j u d g m e n t s of right and wrong. In saying this, I do no t mean to idealize the discussions of yesteryear or to indicate ag reemen t or d i sagreement with any o f the j u d g m e n t s so expressed. My point is rather that almost everyone now speaks the language of "values" and apparent ly does so wi thout any unde r s t and ing of how differen t it is f rom the authentic language of ethics. A little semantic history may, therefore, be in o rder here. The origins of the cur ren t use of the term "values" were in e c o n o m i c s A d a m Smith's "exchange-value" and "use-value," for example. From there it passed to sociology where it was u s e d m o s t influentially, perhaps, by Max W e b e r t o designate all the things that peop le individually and in their various social groupings care abou t in some reasonably stable way. The crucially impor tan t fact abou t this usage is that, as so conce ived, values are s u p p o s e d to be empi r i ca l f a c t s t h e facts c r e a t e d by someone ' s valuing something. This way of conceiving the subject -mat ter o f ethics made it acceptable to peop le working in the social sciences. The scientific character to which their work aspired requ i red them to abstain f rom any moral or evaluative j u d g m e n t s of their own on the practices o f the societies