cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The recovery of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from ground-level area sources using dynamic isolation flux chambers: bench-scale studies.

Abstract Controlled bench-scale laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the recovery of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulflde (H2S) from dynamic isolation flux chambers. H2S (80–4000 ppb) and NH3 (5000–40,000 ppb) samples were diffused through the flux chamber to simulate ground level area source emissions while measuring the inlet and outlet flux chamber concentrations simultaneously. Results showed that the recovery of H2S during a 30-min sampling time was almost complete for concentrations >2000 ppb. At the lowest concentration of 80 ppb, 92.55% of the H2S could be recovered during the given sampling period. NH3 emissions exhibited similar behavior between concentrations of 5000–40,000 ppb. Within the 30-min sampling period, 92.62% of the 5000-ppb NH3 sample could be recovered. Complete recovery was achieved for concentrations >40,000 ppb. Predictive equations were developed for gas adsorption. From these equations, the maximum difference between chamber inlet and outlet concentrations of NH3 or...
Antiterrorist Policing in New York City after 9/11: Comparing Perspectives on a Complex Process.

After the attacks on September 11, 2001, there was a significant redeployment of law enforcement in the United States, especially in New York City, which included: greater public displays of weapons; increased suspicion, surveillance, registration, detention and deportation of Arab and Muslim immigrants; the prevention of bias crimes against those same people; training for first response to future disasters; and greater investigation co-operation between municipal and federal agencies. This article explores aspects of these changes through the security-civil liberties debate, but goes beyond this dichotomy to include less explicit aspects of antiterrorist policing like dealing with trauma and popular myths of the hero. The process is described from three perspectives, each situated in a different paradigm of social analysis and practice: the rational-Enlightenment paradigm, the power paradigm, and the psycho-cultural paradigm. Some behaviors can be accurately described from a one of these points of view, ...
A STM point-probe method for measuring sheet resistance of ultrathin metallic films on semiconducting silicon

Abstract We report a novel approach for distinguishing surface, bulk and space–charge layer conductivities of metalized semiconductor surfaces. The method employs current injection from the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope and a spring-contact electrode placed on the surface in situ in UHV. The current–voltage behavior is sensitive to polarity in a way that distinguishes the surface contribution. The method is illustrated for the Si(1 1 1) 7 × 7 metallized surface and dependence of the conductivity with changing thickness of silver overlayers.
Prepregnancy obesity trends among low-income women, United States, 1999-2008.

There is limited data on prepregnancy obesity trends specifically among low-income women, a population at high risk for obstetric complications. Using the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, we assessed prepregnancy obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2] trends among women who participated in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in 1999, 2004, and 2008. Prepregnancy BMI was calculated using measured height and self-reported prepregnancy weight. We report unadjusted contributor (state, territory or Indian tribal organization) specific trends, and both unadjusted and adjusted overall trends, to account for changes in maternal age and race-ethnic distributions, using 1999 as the referent. Of the 27 contributors in 1999, 2 had a prepregnancy obesity prevalence <20%, and 1 had a prevalence ≥30%. Of the 35 contributors in 2008, none had a prepregnancy obesity prevalence <20%, and 14 had a prevalence ≥30%. From 1999 to 2008, the overall prevalence of prepregnancy obesity increased among all racial-ethnic groups, except among American Indian/Alaskan Natives, where it remained high, but stable. Overall prepregnancy obesity increased most rapidly among Hispanics, and remained stable from 2004 to 2008 among non-Hispanic blacks. In 2008, prevalence was highest among American Indian/Alaskan Natives (36.1%) and lowest among Asians/Pacific Islanders (10.8%). The adjusted prepregnancy obesity prevalence increased from 24.8% in 1999 to 28.3% in 2008, a relative increase of 14.1%. Prepregnancy obesity among low-income women increased from 1999 to 2008 and varied by race-ethnicity. These data can be used by obesity prevention programs to better target high-risk women.
Psychological assessment of the adolescent with cancer.

Pediatric oncology nurses are often faced with the difficult task of assessing the psychological symptoms of adolescents with cancer and determining when referral to a mental health specialist is needed. Such professionals are called upon to determine whether a teenager's difficulties reflect transient turmoil associated with adaptation to the illness which would respond to support and reassurance, or whether psychological disturbance is present which demands more intensive intervention. In making this decision, the health provider must carry out an evaluation which takes into account the adolescent's special psychological concerns as well as the nature of the presenting symptoms. This paper presents a conceptual framework to be used by the nurse clinician in evaluating the psychological functioning of adolescents with cancer.
Subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Visual prognosis in eyes with relatively good initial visual acuity.

• We determined the visual prognosis of 94 eyes in 92 patients having (1) agerelated macular degeneration, (2) a discrete choroidal neovascular membrane directly under the center of the foveal avascular zone (subfoveal), and (3) an initial visual acuity of 20/100 or better. Of the patients who were reexamined 24 months following their initial presentation, 77% had lost at least four lines of vision and 64% had lost at least six lines. Estimation of visual loss using a conservative assessment procedure showed four-line visual loss in 65% of the patients and six-line loss in 50%. In general, the better the visual acuity at the initial examination, the more likely the patient was to have a smaller choroidal neovascular membrane. These results suggest that it may be reasonable to consider a randomized clinical trial of laser photocoagulation for this group of patients with a relatively poor visual prognosis.
One-Dimensional Chain of Tetranuclear Manganese Single-Molecule Magnets

A one-dimensional chain of interconnected single-molecule magnets (SMMs) is obtained that consists of [Mn4(hmp)6]4+ units bridged by chloride ions. Slow magnetization relaxation is evident in the AC susceptibility data and in magnetization hysteresis measurements for [Mn4(hmp)6Cl2]n(ClO4)2n. The magnetization hysteresis loops for this complex are similar to those for an SMM and show significant coercive field and steps at regular magnetic intervals. Spin-canted antiferromagnetic coupling due to misalignment of easy axes of neighboring Mn4 units is also observed for this complex.
Differential, Type I Interferon-Mediated Autophagic Trafficking of Hepatitis C Virus Proteins in Mouse Liver

Background & Aims The hepatitis C virus (HCV) serine protease NS3/4A can cleave mitochondria-associated antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and block retinoic acid–inducible gene I–mediated interferon (IFN) responses. Although this mechanism is thought to have an important role in HCV-mediated innate immunosuppression, its significance in viral persistence is not clear. Methods We generated transgenic mice that express the HCV NS3/4A proteins specifically in the liver and challenged the animals with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus, a synthetic HCV genome, IFN alfa, or IFN beta. We evaluated the effects of HCV serine protease on the innate immune responses and their interactions. Results Expression of HCV NS3/4A resulted in cleavage of intrahepatic MAVS; challenge of transgenic mice with vesicular stomatitis virus or a synthetic HCV genome induced strong, type I IFN-mediated responses that were not significantly lower than those of control mice. Different challenge agents induced production of different ratios of IFN alfa and beta, resulting in different autophagic responses and vesicular trafficking patterns of endoplasmic reticulum- and mitochondria-associated viral proteins. IFN beta promoted degradation of the viral proteins by the autolysosome. Variant isoforms of MAVS were associated with distinct, type I IFN-mediated autophagic responses; these responses have a role in trafficking of viral components to endosomal compartments that contain Toll-like receptor–3. Conclusions IFN beta mediates a distinct autophagic mechanism of antiviral host defense. MAVS has an important role in type I IFN-induced autophagic trafficking of viral proteins.
Chaotic behavior of interacting elliptical instability modes

A three‐mode projection of the Navier–Stokes equations for nonlinear perturbations to an elliptical vortex is studied numerically. It is found that, as the Reynolds number increases, the perturbations undergo a sequence of period doublings leading to chaos according to the Feigenbaum scenario [J. Statis. Phys. 19, 25 (1978); Phys. Lett. 74 A, 375 (1979)].
Computerized Design, Generation and Simulation of Meshing and Contact of Modified Involute, Klingelnberg and Flender Type Worm-Gear Drives

The worm and worm-gear tooth surfaces of existing worm-gear drive designs are in line contact at every instant and the gear drive is very sensitive to misalignment. Errors of alignment cause shifting of the bearing contact and transmission errors. Methods for computerized simulation of meshing and contact of misaligned worm-gear drives of existing design are proposed. Also, modification of worm-gear drive geometry that provides a localized and stable bearing contact with reduced sensitivity to misalignment is described. Methods for computerized simulation of meshing and contact of worm-gear drives with the existing and modified geometry are represented. Numerical examples that illustrate the developed theory are provided. The proposed approach has been applied for modification of involute, Klingelnberg and Flender type worm-gear drives.
Preferential concentration and rise velocity reduction of bubbles immersed in a homogeneous and isotropic turbulent flow

The behavior of small spherical bubbles immersed in a homogeneous isotropic turbulent carrier flow of a heavier fluid has been experimentally studied. Air bubbles with diameters between 10 and 900 μm were injected in the test section of a horizontal water channel and allowed to interact with the turbulence induced by a grid located at the entrance to the test section. Point measurements of the bubble diameter and convective and rise velocities were taken from light interferometry data, together with flow visualizations that showed the instantaneous concentration field of bubbles in the carrier flow. The effect of the turbulence on the bubbles was found to alter the concentration field of bubbles leading to preferential accumulation at small scales, a phenomenon referred to as clustering, and to a decrease in the rise velocity of bubbles in the flow below the value measured and predicted for bubbles in a stationary fluid. These results are interpreted in terms of the different forces acting on the bubble i...
The Sorption of Pyrene and Anthracene to Humic Acid‐Mineral Complexes: Effect of Fractional Organic Carbon Content

Carbon-normalized distribution coefficients (K oc ) of organic solutes appear to increase as the amount of organic C in a system decreases. This study was conducted to determine the effect of fractional organic C content (f oc ) on the sorption of anthracene and pyrene. Batch-sorption experiments were conducted on reagent CaCO3, a geologic calcite, and a montmorillonite to measure anthracene and pyrene sorption. An organic C-free mineral surface and two surface loadings of humic acid (HA) were evaluated. The K oc of anthracene and pyrene varied with f oc as well as with the underlying mineral surface. The sorption of anthracene and pyrene to all HA-mineral complexes increased with increases in f oc , while K oc for the compounds decreased. In higher f oc systems (>3 x 10 -5 ), isotherm were C-type curves indicative of partitioning. In lower f oc systems (<3 x 10 -5 ), isotherms were commonly L and S-type curves indicative of adsorption and condensation. Sources of potential experimental artifact examined were loss of HA from the mineral surface to solution, dissolution of CaCO 3 during the experiment, and loss of NOS to experimental glassware or volatilization. None were found to contribute to the observations made. Our results suggest that adsorption-condensation of pyrene and anthracene created more surface excess than predicted by partitioning alone as evidenced by the large experimental K oc values obtained.
Aortic valve replacement in patients with poor ventricular function—early and late results with long-term follow-up

A series of 62 consecutive patients with an ejection fraction of 0.4 or less (mean 0.28 with a range from 0.10 to 0.40; 22 between 0.10 and 0.20, 18 between 0.21 and 0.30, and 22 between 0.31 and 0.40) who underwent aortic valve replacement from January 18, 1972 to December 20, 1976 was reviewed. Preoperatively two patients were in Class II, 35 in Class III and 25 in Class IV of the New York Heart Association functional classification (N.Y.H.A.). Thirty-nine patients (Group 1) underwent isolated aortic valve replacement and 23 patients (Group 2) underwent aortic valve replacement with associated procedures including aortocoronary bypass in 15. The operative mortality was 8 percent in Group 1, 17 percent in Group 2, and 11 percent overall. In the group of 15 patients with coronary artery disease, the operative mortality of aortic valve replacement and aorto-coronary bypass was 27 percent. Since January 1974, isolated aortic valve replacement was performed with no operative deaths in the 25 consecutive patients in Group 1 including 10 patients with an ejection fraction of 0.2 or less. Five-year survival rates were 70 percent in Group 1, 64 percent in Group 2 and 68 percent overall. In the 38 currently living patients, 32 showed clinical improvement and 27 are in Class I or II of N.Y.H.A. In conclusion, isolated aortic valve replacement can be performed with a low mortality and a high survival rate in patients with impaired left ventricular function.
A fast multigrid-based electromagnetic eigensolver for curved metal boundaries on the Yee mesh

For embedded boundary electromagnetics using the Dey-Mittra (Dey and Mittra, 1997) [1] algorithm, a special grad-div matrix constructed in this work allows use of multigrid methods for efficient inversion of Maxwell's curl-curl matrix. Efficient curl-curl inversions are demonstrated within a shift-and-invert Krylov-subspace eigensolver (open-sourced at [ofortt]https://github.com/bauerca/maxwell[cfortt]) on the spherical cavity and the 9-cell TESLA superconducting accelerator cavity. The accuracy of the Dey-Mittra algorithm is also examined: frequencies converge with second-order error, and surface fields are found to converge with nearly second-order error. In agreement with previous work (Nieter et al., 2009) [2], neglecting some boundary-cut cell faces (as is required in the time domain for numerical stability) reduces frequency convergence to first-order and surface-field convergence to zeroth-order (i.e. surface fields do not converge). Additionally and importantly, neglecting faces can reduce accuracy by an order of magnitude at low resolutions.
Face to face with cortex.

Two new studies in Science and Nature Neuroscience combine functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrical microstimulation to reveal face-selective temporal and frontal areas and their connectivity.
CABINET TRANSFERS AND DEPARTMENTAL PRESTIGE: Someone Old, Someone New, Someone Borrowed...

The transfers of cabinet secretaries from one department to another are analyzed from the perspective of progressive ambition as an indicator of departmental prestige. Through the end of 1985, 59 transfers are found. Transfers are more frequent among the generalist inner cabinet departments. However, the frequency of transfers among the outer cabinet departments and between the inner and outer cabinet is sufficient to question the view of outer cabinet as specialists. This supports classifying the secretaries rather than the departments. The obtained prestige hierarchy of departments is similar to the order of succession to the presidency, but with some deviations.
Cognitive Correlates and Outcome of Cognitive, Behavioral and Physiological Treatments of Agoraphobia:

The primary aim of this investigation was to ascertain the cognitive correlates and outcome of cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological treatments of agoraphobia. 39 severe and chronic agoraphobics with panic attacks, diagnosed using DSM-III criteria, were randomly assigned to one of the three cognitive-behavioral treatments: paradoxical intention, graduated exposure, or progressive deep muscle relaxation training. The effects of the treatments on cognition measures with regard to differential outcome and maintenance were examined. Exploratory analyses were also performed to examine sex differences, demographic, clinical and historical measures, with regard to pretreatment cognitive measures.
Phase II trial of isoflavone in prostate-specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after previous local therapy

Background- Data exist that demonstrate isoflavones' potent antiproliferative effects on prostate cancer cells. We evaluated the efficacy of isoflavone in patients with PSA recurrent prostate cancer after prior therapy. We postulated that isoflavone therapy would slow the rate of rise of serum PSA.
Magnification coronary arteriography: Part II, experimental pathology

Magnification arteriography of the coronary arteries was applied in the detection of stenotic and occlusal disease of the small branches. Allylamine lesions produced in 100 to 600 micron diameter vessels were easily demonstrated and pathologically confirmed. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of small vessel disease is discussed briefly.
On-the-line analysis of random vibrations.

Measuring device, Randomdec, provides continuous on-line signatures representative of system free vibration curve. Selected points on curve are used in control and failure detection systems. Apparatus applied to both linear and nonlinear systems under nonstationary vibratory states.
Comparison of rates of reported adverse events associated with i.v. iron products in the United States

Purpose An analysis of reported adverse events (AEs) among patients using i.v. iron products, including the newer agent ferumoxytol, is presented. Methods All AE reports to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) citing iron sucrose, ferric gluconate, high- and low-molecular-weight iron dextran products, or ferumoxytol from October 2009 through June 2010 were evaluated. The rates of various classifications of reported AEs were calculated on a per-unit-sold basis and, for comparison of products supplied in different unit sizes, also in terms of 100-mg dose equivalents (DEq) of iron. Results A total of 197 reported AEs were identified (a cumulative rate of 14.1 AEs per million units sold). The rates of all AE classifications combined ranged from 5.25 to 746 per million units sold for iron sucrose and ferumoxytol, respectively; using the other method of calculation, the rates ranged from 5.24 per million DEq (iron sucrose) to 147 per million DEq (ferumoxytol). Relative to iron sucrose and sodium ferric gluconate, ferumoxytol was associated with significantly elevated risks of death (odds ratio [OR], 475 and 156, respectively; p < 0.0001), serious nonfatal AEs (OR, 263 and 121, respectively; p < 0.0001), and all evaluated AE classifications combined (OR, 142 and 109, respectively; p < 0.05). Conclusion Analysis of reports submitted to FDA revealed large differences among i.v. iron products in reported deaths, serious AEs, other major AEs, and other AEs. Iron sucrose and sodium ferric gluconate were associated with much lower rates of AEs per million units sold than iron dextran or ferumoxytol, which were associated with the highest rates of all reported AE classifications.
Increasing numbers of hepatic dendritic cells promote HMGB1-mediated ischemia-reperfusion injury

Endogenous ligands released from damaged cells, so-called damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), activate innate signaling pathways including the TLRs. We have shown that hepatic, warm ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, generating local, noninfectious DAMPs, promotes inflammation, which is largely TLR4-dependent. Here, we demonstrate that increasing dendritic cell (DC) numbers enhance inflammation and organ injury after hepatic I/R. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a NF released by necrotic cells or secreted by stimulated cells, is one of a number of ligands promoting TLR4 reactivity. Augmentation of DC numbers in the liver with GM-CSF hydrodynamic transfection significantly increased liver damage after I/R when compared with controls. TLR4 engagement on hepatic DC was required for the I/R-induced injury, as augmentation of DC numbers in TLR4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice did not worsen hepatic damage. It is interesting that TLR4 expression was increased in hepatic DC following HMGB1 stimulation in vitro, suggesting a mechanism for the increased liver injury following I/R. It thus appears that functional TLR4 on DC is required for I/R-induced injury. Furthermore, HMGB1 may direct the inflammatory responses mediated by DC, at least in part, by enhancing TLR4 expression and reactivity to it and other DAMPs.
Recombinant Cardiac ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels and Cardioprotection

The ATP-dependent potassium channels (KATP channels) were originally identified in isolated membrane patches prepared from guinea pig ventricular myocytes by Noma1 in 1983. Since their discovery in cardiac cells, KATP channels have also been discovered in many other tissues, such as smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and brain, in which they have been shown to couple cellular metabolism to membrane electrical activity.2 Primarily on the basis of studies using pharmacological tools, openers of KATP channels have been shown to elicit cardioprotective effects, whereas KATP channel antagonists have been shown to block the cardioprotective effects of KATP channel openers and the powerful protective effect produced by single or multiple brief episodes of ischemia to reduce myocardial infarct size, a phenomenon called ischemic preconditioning.3 Because the results of these previous studies were obtained indirectly by the use of pharmacological agonists and antagonists, the results of the present study published by Jovanovic and colleagues4 in this issue of Circulation are particularly exciting and are relevant for helping to clearly define an important role for the endogenous KATP channel protein subunits in conferring the cardioprotective effects of KATP channel openers and ischemic preconditioning. In this elegant study by Jovanovic and coworkers, the authors transfected KATP-deficient COS-7 cells with the Kir 6.2/SUR 2A genes, which Okuyama et al5 recently showed to form functional KATP channels in HEK 293T cells and to possess the main properties of native KATP channels in terms of activation by pinacidil and nicorandil but not diazoxide, channel rundown, and regulation by intracellular nucleotides such as ADP and UDP. In KATP-deficient COS-7 cells, Jovanovic et al found that when these cells were exposed to 3 minutes of chemical hypoxia (dinitrophenol, DNP) and subsequently reoxygenated, …
Sugar-induced cephalic-phase insulin release is mediated by a T1r2+T1r3-independent taste transduction pathway in mice

Sensory stimulation from foods elicits cephalic phase responses, which facilitate digestion and nutrient assimilation. One such response, cephalic-phase insulin release (CPIR), enhances glucose tolerance. Little is known about the chemosensory mechanisms that activate CPIR. We studied the contribution of the sweet taste receptor (T1r2+T1r3) to sugar-induced CPIR in C57BL/6 (B6) and T1r3 knockout (KO) mice. First, we measured insulin release and glucose tolerance following oral (i.e., normal ingestion) or intragastric (IG) administration of 2.8 M glucose. Both groups of mice exhibited a CPIR following oral but not IG administration, and this CPIR improved glucose tolerance. Second, we examined the specificity of CPIR. Both mouse groups exhibited a CPIR following oral administration of 1 M glucose and 1 M sucrose but not 1 M fructose or water alone. Third, we studied behavioral attraction to the same three sugar solutions in short-term acceptability tests. B6 mice licked more avidly for the sugar solutions than for water, whereas T1r3 KO mice licked no more for the sugar solutions than for water. Finally, we examined chorda tympani (CT) nerve responses to each of the sugars. Both mouse groups exhibited CT nerve responses to the sugars, although those of B6 mice were stronger. We propose that mice possess two taste transduction pathways for sugars. One mediates behavioral attraction to sugars and requires an intact T1r2+T1r3. The other mediates CPIR but does not require an intact T1r2+T1r3. If the latter taste transduction pathway exists in humans, it should provide opportunities for the development of new treatments for controlling blood sugar.
Gestational Protein Restriction Impairs Insulin-Regulated Glucose Transport Mechanisms in Gastrocnemius Muscles of Adult Male Offspring

Type II diabetes originates from various genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies showed that an adverse uterine environment such as that caused by a gestational low-protein (LP) diet can cause insulin resistance in adult offspring. The mechanism of insulin resistance induced by gestational protein restriction is not clearly understood. Our aim was to investigate the role of insulin signaling molecules in gastrocnemius muscles of gestational LP diet–exposed male offspring to understand their role in LP-induced insulin resistance. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a control (20% protein) or isocaloric LP (6%) diet from gestational day 4 until delivery and a normal diet after weaning. Only male offspring were used in this study. Glucose and insulin responses were assessed after a glucose tolerance test. mRNA and protein levels of molecules involved in insulin signaling were assessed at 4 months in gastrocnemius muscles. Muscles were incubated ex vivo with insulin to evaluate insulin-induced phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), Insulin receptor substrate-1, Akt, and AS160. LP diet-fed rats gained less weight than controls during pregnancy. Male pups from LP diet–fed mothers were smaller but exhibited catch-up growth. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were elevated in LP offspring when subjected to a glucose tolerance test; however, fasting levels were comparable. LP offspring showed increased expression of IR and AS160 in gastrocnemius muscles. Ex vivo treatment of muscles with insulin showed increased phosphorylation of IR (Tyr972) in controls, but LP rats showed higher basal phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Insulin receptor substrate-1 (Tyr608, Tyr895, Ser307, and Ser318) and AS160 (Thr642) were defective in LP offspring. Further, glucose transporter type 4 translocation in LP offspring was also impaired. A gestational LP diet leads to insulin resistance in adult offspring by a mechanism involving inefficient insulin-induced IR, Insulin receptor substrate-1, and AS160 phosphorylation and impaired glucose transporter type 4 translocation.
Ideology and Cosmology: Maoist Discussion on Physics and the Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution has reached its fortieth anniversary (19662oo6), but many questions about it remain unanswered or the answers themselves are controversial. Among the questions, why Mao and Maoist ideologists went such an extreme in seeking their political goals, and how they would justify the chaos and disasters the Chinese society suffered from 1966 to 1976, are perhaps the most fundamental one. To answer this question, Mao and China scholars have provided interpretations from political, economic, social, and cultural perspectives. This article seeks to approach the question through a different angle: an analysis of the intense and enduring Maoist interest in and discussion on cosmology, and their relationship with the Cultural Revolution. Maoist cosmological discourse held that within an infinite time/space continuum, everything in the universe incessantly develops contradictions from within and constantly engages in dialectical transformations between oppositions. Mao himself and Maoist ideologists drew deeply on this thesis when they responded to the scientific findings and theories that had cosmological implications, whether matter is divisible or the universe has a limit in particular. The cosmological sciences involved in the discussion are physical ones, largely consisting of elementary particles, Einstein's relativity theory, and astrophysics. They are all concerned about the human quest into basic order of the universe, as the word "cosmos" originally meant in Greek. Mao's personal influence dominated much of the discussion in terms of themes and
Psychological and cognitive characteristics of vegetarians.

The health beliefs and psychological status of 20 vegetarians were assessed with eight different psychometric tests. Although the group demonstrated elevated somatic concerns on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-90) and the Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ), it did not differ from control populations on other dimensions of psychopathology. The subjects cited health concerns as the primary reason for avoiding meat products. They displayed a generally positive attitude toward modern medicine. The implications of these findings as compared with those of previous surveys of vegetarians are discussed.
Can observer clothing color affect estimates of richness and abundance? An experiment with point counts

Abstract Red-plumaged birds (red species) may behave more visibly in the presence of a red-orange safety vest that field observers must often wear, but species lacking red plumage (non-red species) may behave less visibly (i.e., the species-confidence hypothesis). Such responses may bias many common counting techniques. We experimentally tested if observer clothing color could affect richness and abundance variables derived from point counts. During summer and winter, we surveyed point-count stations while alternately wearing a red/orange vest (vest counts) and not wearing a vest (control counts). Winter estimates of species richness, total abundance, abundance of non-red species as a group, and the White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) were significantly lower when the vest was worn, but red species were not significantly different. We did not observe any significant effects of the vest during summer counts. Power was high for community-level variables and intermediate for non-red species, but low...
Unbiased statistics and simulation of continuous mail processing

Simulation is used to determine the number of sorting devices needed in an automated postal system facility. The model deals with mail types with great variability in processing characteristics. Interactions between continuously and sequentially processed batches at the sorting stations introduces a bias in conventionally collected statistics. This type of interaction in effect necessitates computation of statistics based on moving averages. Unfortu nately, none of the simulation languages provide this capability as a standard output. Although the logic of the basic simulation is straightforward, the model must be significantly modified to produce unbiased or undistorted statistics. SIMNET and SLAM II are used for independently developed final models.
Brief Calorie Restriction Increases Akt2-Phosphorylation in Insulin-Stimulated Rat Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity improves with short-term reduction in calorie intake. The goal of this study was to evaluate changes in the abundance and phosphorylation of Akt1 and Akt2 as pot...
Of Hats and Switches: Doing Fieldwork “at Home”

Call it what you may, the putting on and taking off of one's anthropologist hat, the switching on and off of the anthropology switch, or the “tuning in” of one's anthropology antenna, going “into the field” for anthropological investigation requires a necessary but often elusive shift in state of mind. This essay makes such a shift its object of investigation, suggesting how doing fieldwork “at home” might be uniquely situated to illuminate this anthropological mindset of “being in the field” as it offers daily entry and exit points. I discuss these “meta” entries and exits in relation to what Mary Louise Pratt (1986) has termed the “personal” and “scientific-objective” voices, and argue that though the balance of alternating identities may be inherent to all anthropological endeavors, it is especially profound and unique for U.S.-based researchers. Within the discussion, I reflect upon my own research experiences and accompanying shifts between “doing ethnography” and “regular life.”
Rocket-Borne Liquid-Helium-Cooled Circular-Variable Filter Spectrometer

The paper describes a fourth-generation liquid-helium-cooled medium wavelength infrared spectrometer. The sensor incorporates a rotating circular-variable filter to scan the 2 to 22.5 pm range at =2% resolution. The spectrometer design is optimized for high throughput and low background measurements and hardened for upper atmospheric measurements aboard sounding rockets. Two of the significant new features of the sensor are totally reflective cold optics and the use of a vibrating-reed chopper. These advances led to a 30% reduction in size and weight, 50% increase in hold time, five times increased sensitivity, spectrally independent field of view and 100% improvement in linearity of response.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A VLSI neuroprocessor for dynamic assignment of resources

An analog processor for dynamic assignment of resources is proposed. The neural-network-inspired processor consists of a matrix of processing elements where columns are associated with resources and rows with consumers. Analog cost-of-association values are programmed into each element. Each row and column is overseen by a winner-take-all network that serves to enforce input and output blocking constraints by dynamically controlling the number of active elements in that row or column. After the processor has settled on a solution, the pattern of active and inactive elements gives the required assignment configuration. The architectural issues, the innovations and optimization introduced, and the optimization processor are discussed. Simulation results show that for a 64-resource problem, on the average, an optimal or near optimal solution can be found in a few hundred microseconds. This is orders of magnitude faster than solutions obtained by sequential computing technology. >
Quartic supercyclides for geometric design

Most commercial CAD systems use parametric representations (e.g., NURBS) for defining free-form shapes. This leads to significant problems in certain types of geometric computation, and also in the exchange of CAD models between different systems. The paper suggests that there are good reasons for developing alternative approaches to the representation of free-form shapes in CAD, based on the use of algebraic surfaces. Work in this direction is currently at an early stage, but some significant research direction is currently at an early stage, but some significant research directions are being identified. The paper surveys the current state of the art, and indicates some fruitful areas for future work.
ANALYSIS OF ENDOTHELIAL LESIONS CREATED USING A SUBMERGED LAMINAR JET

ABSTRACT The vascular endothelium is highly susceptible to damage by imposed shear stresses. Since the integrity of this delicate layer appears to be relevant in the transport processes associated with the atherogenic process, it is important to have an estimate of the endothelial strength. A method involving normal application of submerged saline jets was devised to estimate the strength of the vascular endothelium. In a typical experiment, a freshly excised segment of a canine thoracic aorta was cut open dorsally, mounted in a tissue rack so as to assume an approximately physiological state of stretch, and kept submerged in a bath of physiological saline at room temperature. The tissue rack was then mounted on the platform of a specially designed jet apparatus consisting of a modified microscope with one of the objectives replaced by an attachment holding a jet needle of 0.4 mm diameter. A chosen site on the segment was exposed to the jet for a period of 30 seconds. The efflux of the jet eroded the endothelium where the shear stresses exceeded the strength of the endothelium, thereby producing a characteristic lesion. This communication is based on an analysis of photographic records of six such lesions created in two canine aortic segments using laminar flows with Reynolds number values of about 1500. The average lesion diameter was found to be 0.493 mm. Using numerically calculated shear stress calibration curves obtained previously, the endothelial strength for a 30-second application of shear stress was found to be approximately 8000 dynes/cm 2 . This value is consistent with the in vivo values (950 and 400 dynes/cm 2 for the erosion stress and the critical yield stress, respectively) for the canine endothelium obtained by Fry using shear stress exposures of 1 and 3 hours.
sRSA: High Speed RSA on the Intel MIC Architecture

RSA cryptography provides key functions for signing/verifying digital signatures and encrypting/decrypting shared secrets, and is broadly deployed to ensure secure end-to-end communications nowadays. However, the adoption of RSA-enabled applications is fairly limited mainly due to the large computation overheads, in particular, of cryptographic operations with the RSA private key. In this paper, we design and implement sRSA, a high speed RSA on the new Intelr Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture. We introduce several optimization strategies to sRSA for the MIC architecture without jeopardizing the security level. For example, 1) sRSA explicitly and efficiently vectorizes the underlying cryptographic primitives with the 512-bit vector registers; 2) It also integrates the advanced algorithmic features of fast RSA variants and many other fine-grained implementations; 3) It is thoroughly designed to resist applicable RSA system attacks, i.e., the factoring attacks and the CRT exponent attack. In the end, we evaluate the performance of sRSA and compare it with the industry-standard OpenSSL. The benchmark result shows that sRSA retains a comparable latency with, but demonstrates a much higher throughput than OpenSSL on both CPU and MIC based Phi coprocessor.
Use of a new double-lumen balloon catheter for single-catheter balloon-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms: technical note.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of intracranial aneurysms is approximately 2% with an annual rupture rate of 0.7%. OBJECTIVE: We describe our initial feasibility experience using a new double-lumen balloon catheter for single-catheter balloon-assisted coil embolization of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: Two patients with large wide-neck intracranial aneurysms were referred for endovascular therapy. Endovascular treatment in the form of coil embolization alone was not feasible given the angioarchitecture of the aneurysms. Balloon-assisted coil embolization was planned. RESULTS: The patients underwent balloon-assisted coil embolization using the Ascent double-lumen balloon catheter (Micrus, San Jose, California). The balloon portion of the catheter was placed into the proximal neck of the aneurysm. The balloon was inflated and coil embolization performed through the inner lumen of the catheter. There were no procedural complications. CONCLUSION: Both aneurysms were successfully coiled by using the Ascent balloon occlusion catheter. The single-catheter balloon-assisted coil embolization technique can be performed safely and effectively with the Ascent double-lumen balloon catheter.
MBE Growth of GaInAsSb/A1GaAsSb Double Heterostructures for Diode Lasers Emitting Beyond 2 μm

Molecular beam epitaxy has been used to grow GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb double heterostructures, lattice matched to GaSb substrates, for diode laser emission at 2.3 /Gmm. Doublecrystal x-ray diffraction measurements were used to determine alloy lattice constants, and photoluminescence and infrared absorption spectroscopies were used to determine the bandgaps of the GaInAsSb layers. Alloy compositions measured by Auger electron spectroscopy were consistent with measured lattice constants and bandgaps. Diode lasers fabricated from the double heterostructures were operated in the pulsed mode at room temperature with threshold current densities as low as 1.5 kA cm−2, differential quantum efficiencies as high as 50 percent, and output power as high as 900 mW per facet.
A Machine Learning Strategy to Assist Turbulence Model Development

Turbulence modeling in a Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) setting has traditionally evolved through a combination of theory, mathematics, and empiricism. The problem of closure, resulting from the averaging process, requires an infusion of information into the various models that is often managed in an ad-hoc way or that is focused on particular classes of problems, thus diminishing the predictive capabilities of a model in other flow contexts. In this work, a proof-of-concept of a new data-driven approach of turbulence model development is presented. The key idea in the proposed framework is to use supervised learning algorithms to build a representation of turbulence modeling closure terms. The learned terms are then inserted into a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation with the aim of offering a better representation of turbulence physics. But while the basic idea is attractive, modeling unknown terms by increasingly large amounts of data from higher-fidelity simulations (LES, DNS, etc) or even experiment, the details of how to make the approach viable are not at all obvious. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of such an approach by attempting to reproduce, through a machine learning methodology, the results obtained with the well-established SpalartAllmaras model. In other words, the key question that we seek to answer is the following: Given a number of observations of CFD solutions using the Spalart-Allmaras model (our truth model), can we reproduce those solutions using machine-learning techniques without knowledge of the structure, functional form, and coefficients of the actual model? We discuss the challenges of applying machine learning techniques in a fluid dynamic setting and possible successful approaches. We also explore the potential for machine learning as an enhancement to or replacement for traditional turbulence models. Our results highlight the potential and viability of machine learning approaches to aid turbulence model development.
A Trial Argumentation on the Ideas about Talents in Liu Shao's Ren Wu Zhi

Ren Wu Zhi is the first special works on the theory of talent in the history of China.Beginning with a philosophical proposition on the character of talent,Liu Shao,the author,demonstrated the possibility of the recognition and evaluation of talents,and he thoroughly and systematically expatiated upon the problem about the selection and using of talents for the government office.He put forward the proposal on talent standard:paying equal attention both to the ability and morality,and to the wisdom and generality of a person.He put out the principals of using talents:developing their good qualities and avoiding their shortcomings and making full use of them.He found the methods to recognize a talent:observing and judging a person from eight different aspects and five ways.He also talked about his concept of establishing a reasonable talent structure for governing the state.The talent theory of the book is still a useful reference even for today.
Analysis of Inverse-ordered Words in the HSK Composition Corpus

Taking HSK composition corpus as corpus source,the article discussed the errors of the inverse-ordered words after an exhaustive search and statistical analysis.We discovered that Class A had the highest proportion of errors on the rank of the inverse-ordered words.With regard to the structure of the inverse-ordered words,the combined structure has the highest proportion of errors.And Chinese learners from character cultural circle,who are more vulnerable to negative transfer of mother tongue,have more errors than the learners from non-character cultural circle,and appear lots of errors in the confusion category and meaning of the inverse-ordered word.
The CSI Effect, DNA Discourse, and Popular Crime Dramas

Objectives Missing from the literature is an assessment of how forensic evidence, particularly DNA evidence, is portrayed across several fictional crime dramas, rather than just one drama, namely, CSI. The purpose of this article is to explore how DNA evidence is presented in four fictional crime dramas, the context in which it is discussed, and the impact DNA has on case clearance in these fictional dramas. Methods We drew a systematic sample by taking every fourth episode within each of four crime shows: CSI (Las Vegas), Law & Order: SVU, Criminal Minds, and Without a Trace. Transcripts were created for the 117 included episodes. We used both qualitative and quantitative content analyses to analyze the discourse of DNA within these crime drama episodes. Results Our results indicate that police and forensic dramas both contain frequent references to DNA, while FBI dramas rarely discuss DNA, at least in any meaningful context. Additionally, DNA is not used to solve a majority of fictional victimizations in these dramas. Conclusions These results also provide context for future research on the CSI effect, particularly in terms of measuring crime show viewership variables.
Ski Standards Developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials

Although it is not a glamorous or financially rewarding activity, the work of writing standards has been of benefit to the entire skiing community. The benefit or contribution of any particular standard varies, but the overall benefit of standards is real. The sport is safer and the responsibilities of various segments are clearer because of the efforts of the standard writers.