cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light scattering by nonspherical particles : a refinement to the coupled-dipole method

In the coupled-dipole method an arbitrary particle is modeled as an array of N polarizable subunits, each of which gives rise to only electric dipole radiation. The Clausius-Mosotti relation is widely used to calculate the polarizability of the subunits that correspond to the dielectric function of the particle that the array represents. We replace the Clausius-Mosotti relation with an exact expression for the electric dipole polarizability and find improvement in extinction calculations for spheres as compared with Mie theory. Near a Frohlich frequency the coupled-dipole method yields extinction cross sections for spheres and spheroids that compare favorably with the continuous distribution of ellipsoids method and measured values.
The von Hippel-Lindau protein sensitizes renal carcinoma cells to apoptotic stimuli through stabilization of BIM(EL).

The von Hippel-Lindau protein sensitizes renal carcinoma cells to apoptotic stimuli through stabilization of BIM EL
Proof-of-concept home energy management system autonomously controlling space heating

Residential energy management can lower consumers' energy cost as well as contribute to the leveling of electricity use, which lowers overall system cost, if a holistic optimization approach is followed. Several holistic optimization algorithms have been proposed, but they lack experimental verification. This paper contributes experimental results pertaining to a proposed home energy management system which holistically optimizes operation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, plug-in electric vehicle charging and smart appliances. Since HVAC systems use the most energy in a home, the initial focus of the proof-of-concept is on autonomous control of the HVAC systems, and experimental results for space heating are presented here. Direct comparisons are difficult due to unique daily weather patterns, but it can be concluded that cost savings of over 10% can be achieved, while simultaneously improving occupants' comfort level.
High-dose cyclophosphamide for autoimmunity and alloimmunity

High-dose cyclophosphamide (high-CY) is a potent immunosuppressive regimen that is increasingly used to mitigate both autoimmune and alloimmune conditions. Differential expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase between hematopoietic stem cells and lymphocytes accounts for the differential sensitivity of these cells to high-CY and explains why this regimen is immunosuppressive but not myeloablative. This article describes the clinical translation of high-CY for the treatment of autoimmune and alloimmune conditions.
Existential ecology: The human/natural world

Medicine and ecology share the concern for reconciling human aims and natural processes. That reconciliation is attempted through analogous approaches in the two fields. A dialectical model, described here, provides conceptual organization of those approaches into a coherent progression of paradigms, both existential and theoretical: (1) vulnerability, the immediacy of human exposure to nature's power and the futility of human ascendancy; (2) disengagement, the rational and the romantic objectification of nature; (3) dissection, the scientific and cultural reduction of nature to specimens; (4) holism, the conceptualization of the ecosystem; (5) inherence, the human involvement with nature as home, entailing a local rather than colonial ethic and epistemology. Culmination of the dialectic in ecology, as in medicine, is reconcilation with the otherness of nature, recovering both environment and embodiment as forms of human existence.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sertraline

Sertraline is a naphthalenamine derivative with the predominant pharmacological action of inhibiting presynaptic reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft. It was initially marketed for the treatment of major depressive disorder and is now approved for the management of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Sertraline is slowly absorbed following oral administration and undergoes extensive first-pass oxidation to form N-desmethyl-sertraline, a weakly active metabolite that accumulates to a greater concentration in plasma than the parent drug at steady state. Sertraline is eliminated from the body by other metabolic pathways to form a ketone and an alcohol, which are largely excreted renally as conjugates. The elimination half-life of sertraline ranges from 22-36 hours, and once-daily administration is therapeutically effective. Steady-state plasma concentrations vary widely, up to 15-fold, in patients receiving usual antidepressant dosages between 50 and 150 mg/day. However, only sparse data have been published that support useful correlations between sertraline plasma concentrations and therapeutic or adverse effects to justify therapeutic drug monitoring. Sertraline has minimal inhibitory effects on the major cytochrome P450 enzymes, and few drug-drug interactions of clinical significance have been documented. Like other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sertraline is well tolerated in therapeutic dosages and relatively safe in overdosage.
Recognizing the Payoff for Investing in Prevention

Early in August, we had a major victory for prevention. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released requirements for new health insurance plans to cover eight preventive women’s health services at no cost for women (Institute of Medicine 2011). The recommended services are screenings for gestational diabetes, cervical cancer, HIV, and sexually transmitted infections; lactation counseling and breastfeeding support; screening and counseling for domestic violence; contraception; and yearly preventive care visits. These services were recommended by the Institute of Medicine Committee on Preventive Services for Women, who carefully considered the evidence upon which they based their recommendations. Major victories such as this one are the result of years of research from prevention scientists to understand modifiable risk factors; develop and test methods of screening and intervention; translate effective programs into practice; conduct effectiveness studies that also examine cost, dissemination, and adoption; and conduct methodological studies to strengthen the ways in which we research these topics. Manuscripts in this issue address important prevention topics such as drug use prevention in youth, the promotion of positive behaviors among young girls, an environmental intervention to increase access to fresh fruits and vegetables, the prevalence and emergence of cigar and cigarillo use among teens, suicide prevention, prevention of abuse, and ways Native American youth access health information. Studies in this issue reflect the prevention research continuum, from conducting needs assessments to more rigorous randomized designs. For example, the Rushing and Stephens article examines new technological avenues for reaching American Indian and Alaska Native youth, finding that as many as 75% of those youth reported searching online for health information. These data are already being used to design technology-based interventions for this high-risk population. At the other end of the research spectrum, Portwood and colleagues conducted a randomized trial to examine the impact of a primary prevention program, finding that the Adults and Children Together Against Violence Parents Raising Safe Kids program is a promising strategy to reduce child maltreatment in diverse communities. Another article by Cross and colleagues reminds us of the importance of training others to be agents of public health by examining approaches to better enhance and maintain suicide prevention gatekeeper skills over time. S. R. Tortolero (&) Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA e-mail: Susan.Tortolero@uth.tmc.edu
A superscalar simulation employing poisson distributed stalls

This paper presents a statistical approach to estimating the performance of a superscalar processor. Traditional trace-driven simulators can take a large amount time to conduct a performance evaluation of a machine, especially as the number of instructions increases. The result of this type of simulation is typically tied to the particular trace that was run. Elements such as dependencies, delays, and stalls are all a direct result of the particular trace being run, and can differ from trace to trace. This paper describes a model designed to separate simulation results from a specific trace. Rather than running a trace-driven simulation, a statistical model is employed, more specifically a Poisson distribution, to predict how these types of delay affects performance. Through the use of this statistical model, a performance evaluation can be conducted using a general code model, with specific stall rates, rather than a particular code trace. This model allows simulations to quickly run tens of millions of instructions and evaluate the performance of a particular micro-architecture while at the same time, allowing the flexibility to change the structure of the architecture.
Fluctuation of protein granules in the fat body of the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata, during the reproductive cycle.

Abstract Protein storage granules of the abdominal fat body of the adult viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata were identified histochemically and the relative numbers were estimated at intervals throughout the reproductive cycle of mated females and in virgin females and males of the same age. Granules were counted in sections of the fat body and alternately the total quantity of protein was determined by the Lowry modification of the Folin method after removal of uric acid. Protein granule storage is clearly correlated with the reproductive cycle of mated females. The granules disappear during vitellogenesis and reappear during the gestation period. Virgin females which mature eggs sporadically and much later than mated females show a cyclic depletion and repletion of granules related in pattern to that of mated females but about 30 days shorter. Males also show a depletion of granules at ecdysis, followed by a repletion. There was more variation among individuals of the same age in males and virgin females than there was in mated females during the first reproductive cycle. It is speculated that the juvenile hormone which is necessary for vitellogenesis also controls depletion of protein granules from the fat body.
Constant-time method for measuring inter-nuclear distances in static powders

Abstract We present a constant-time modification of a single-echo 2D technique for measuring the constants of spin–spin interaction between heteronuclei in static powder samples. Compared to the sequence with variable echo time, the new scheme provides higher resolution. Another important improvement is a possibility to eliminate the central peak from a natural-abundance matrix. The experimental results are presented for glycine-[ 13 C α , 15 N] and glycine-[ 13 C′, 15 N].
Assessment of pulmonary complications after lung resection

Abstract Background . We assessed the utility of maximum oxygen consumption during exercise (MVO 2 ) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL CO ) in the prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications, and the effect of such complications on postoperative length of hospital stay and the cost of hospitalization. Methods . Candidates for lung resection were prospectively studied by preoperative measurement of DL CO (expressed as a percentage of predicted [DL CO %]) and MVO 2 . Postoperative pulmonary complications, duration of postoperative hospitalization, and the cost of hospitalization were assessed. Results . Forty patients had lung resection with no operative mortality. The postoperative length of hospitalization was longer for the 13 patients who developed pulmonary complications compared with the 27 patients who did not (7.7 ± 0.8 vs 5.0 ± 0.4 days, respectively; p = 0.007), and the cost of hospitalization in the former group was higher ($11,530 ± $1,959 vs $6,578 ± $406, respectively; p = 0.031). Diffusing capacity was higher in patients without than in patients with pulmonary complications (DL CO % 90.1 ± 5.0 vs 65.3 ± 5.9; p = 0.0034). The mean MVO 2 did not differ between the groups (17.8 ± 0.9 vs 16.3 ± 1.2). DL CO % predicted pulmonary complications ( p = 0.006). Conclusions . DL CO % predicts the likelihood of pulmonary complications after major lung resection, which are associated with increased length of hospital stay and cost.
Two different types of carcinoid tumors of the lung: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation and their histogenetic consideration.

Carcinoid tumors have been an interesting clinical and pathological entity for pathologists because of their unique histopathologic pattern of “Zellballen” (cell ball) and the hormones they produce demonstrable by histochemical and biochemical methods, including immunohistochemistry, and the presence of cytoplasmic dense-core particles demonstrable by electron microscopy. Since carcinoid tumors were established as an entity more than a century ago by Oberndorfer, who was credited with coining the term “carcinoid,” meaning carcinoma-like tumors, tumors presenting with similar characteristics have been reported in most of parenchymal organs, including lungs.Carcinoid tumors in the lungs usually occur as bronchocentric tumors and present with typical histopathologic characteristics of carcinoid tumors, but they may present with significant variation in their cellular compositions, in contrast to the midgut carcinoid tumors. In the latter, tumor cells are quite similar to enterochromaffin granule containing c...
Quality Improvement Project to Reduce Heart Failure Readmissions at Robley Rex Veterans’ Affairs Hospital (VAH) - Louisville, KY

Background:Maldonado and colleagues identified and weighed key psychosocial elements that could predict transplant outcomes. Based on this work, they developed an instrument, the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation (SIPAT) which addressed the need for an evidence-based transplant psychosocial-evaluation instrument. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of the SIPAT to determine candidacy for transplant and/or LVAD in our patient population.Methods: The SIPAT was used during pre-heart psychosocial evaluations to assign a score and risk category for 130 consecutive patients evaluated for heart transplant and/or LVAD implant at Houston Methodist Hospital from March, 2012 through March, 2013. We assessed these scores and 1 year outcomes after initial evaluation. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed for 1 year overall survival. Results: In the final study population of 100 patients we found that 12 candidates with SIPAT scores over 40 (high psychosocial risk) were not transplanted but 3 received LVAD (left ventricular assist device). Moreover, 5 candidates with scores over 40 had a high mortality rate postsurgery. Finally, 27 patients in the minimally acceptable candidate score range 21-39 had the best survival rate overall. Conclusion: Higher SIPAT scores are associated with higher one year mortality for LVAD support. More work is needed on elucidating whether and how the SIPAT is associated with mortality for patients in the moderate risk categories. The SIPAT also has utility in evaluating candidacy for mechanical circulatory support.
Sphingolipid-gated Ca2+ Release from Intracellular Stores of Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by a Novel Ca2+-permeable Channel

Sphingolipid-gated Ca2+ signaling is mediated through Ca2+-permeable channels. In this report, we characterize the properties of the channel in a human endothelial cell line (EA.hy926). Ca2+ release from intracellular stores is not antagonized by nifedipine, ω conotoxin G-VIa, or heparin. To further characterize the molecular properties of the channel, we developed a novel assay to directly measure efflux of Ca2+ from intracellular stores of permeabilized Xenopus oocytes. Following size fractionation by sucrose gradient, poly(A)+ RNA from EA.hy926 cells is microinjected into oocytes of Xenopuslaevis. We find that the mRNA encoding Ca2+ release activity is ∼1.5-2.0 kilobases in length. The sphingolipid-gated Ca2+-permeable channel is thus likely to be a novel Ca2+-permeable channel distinct from other characterized intracellular Ca2+ channels such as the ryanodyne receptor and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. The method described here provides a new approach to further characterizing this channel and other intracellular Ca2+ channels.
Global slowdown: Is the dollar a good hedge?

The euro has been a good hedge against the political and economic issues affecting the U.S. economy since 2001. But now, despite a weak U.S. economy, there are signs that the U.S. dollar might be a safe haven for cash and money market deposits in the future. The author discusses the reasons behind the recent depreciation of the U.S. dollar, and the fundamental changes that could strengthen the dollar in the near future. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Power control in fading broadcast channels with random arrivals and QoS constraints

Throughput regions of fading broadcast channels with random data arrivals in the presence of quality-of-service (QoS) requirements is studied when power control is employed at the transmitter. Two source models with random arrivals, namely discrete Markov source and Markov fluid source, are considered. It is assumed that superposition coding with power control is performed at the transmitter with interference cancellation at the receivers. By utilizing the effective capacity of time-varying wireless transmission channels and effective bandwidth of random arrivals, the maximum average arrival rates that can be supported in the fading broadcast channel with QoS guarantees are identified and the throughput is characterized. Optimal power control policies that maximize the weighted combination of the average arrival rates are investigated in the two-user case. In particular, optimality conditions are determined and an algorithm for optimal power control is proposed for different source arrival models. Impact of source burstiness, power adaptation, the use of different transmission strategies (e.g., superposition coding and time-division multiplexing) on the throughput regions and sum-rates are investigated.
Detonation Wave Propagation in Combustible Particle/Air Mixture with Variable Particle Density Distributions

Abstract Abstract—A mathematical model is presented describing a physical system of detonation waves propagating in a solid particle/air mixture with a wide range of solid phase concentrations. The mathematical model was solved numerically using the Second Order Godunov method, and numerical solutions were validated for detonation waves propagating in mixtures with concentrations of solid phase from 0.75 kg/m3 to 1000 kg/m. Numerical solution was obtained for detonation waves propagating in a system consisting of clouds with a small concentration of particles and a ground layer in which solid particle densities are three orders of magnitude larger than in the cloud. Three different particle concentration distributions in the ground layer were simulated and compared in terms of detonation wave structure and parameters.
Attenuation of transverse ultrasonic waves near the diffuse solid electrolyte transition in CdF2.

The attenuation of transverse ultrasonic waves propagating approximately in the [111] direction in ${\mathrm{CdF}}_{2}$ has been studied as a function of temperature from 300 to 1060 K and frequency from 8 to 19 MHz. The ultrasonic attenuation peaks observed have been used to define a diffuse transition temperature in ${\mathrm{CdF}}_{2}$ of 981 K, which is well below the melting temperature of 1373 K. The ultrasonic attenuation coefficient was determined to be proportional to the square of frequency over the entire range of temperature. The Arrhenius energy of anion motion above 981 K was obtained from the temperature dependence of the attenuation and the theory of local site fluctuations.
p-Version least squares finite element formulation for axisymmetric heat conduction with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities

Abstract This paper presents a p -version least squares formulation for axisymmetric heat conduction with temperatures dependent thermal conductivites. The two-dimensional p -version hierarchical approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variable operators required in the element approximation are derived by first constructing the one-dimensional p-version hierarchical approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variable operators in the natural coordinate directions ξ and ν for three node equivalent configurations that correspond to ( p ξ + 1) and ( p n + 1) equally spaced Lagrange nodal configurations, and then taking their products. The Fourier heat conduction equation in a cylindrical coordinate system is recast into an equivalent system of coupled first-order differential equations through the use of auxiliary variables (fluxes q r and q z ) for which p -version least squares finite element formulation (LSFEF) is constructed using equal order C 0 , p -version hierarchical approximation functions for both primary (temperature T ) and secondary variables (fluxes q r and q z ). The resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations is solved using Newton's method optimized with a line search. This procedure yields a symmetric Hessian matrix which possesses good convergence characteristics. Numerical examples are presented to compare the accuracy, efficiency and the rate of convergence of the LSFEF. A p -version variational formulation is presented for the axisymmetric heat conduction with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities. The numerical results obtained from the p -version LSFEF are compared with analytical solutions as well as those obtained from the p -version variational formulation. In some examples the LSFEF results are compared with refined h -models utilizing p-version variational based elements. The pros and cons of both formulations are demonstrated and discussed.
Optical interconnection networks: introduction to the feature issue

Feature Issue on Optical Interconnection Networks (OIN). We have assembled a feature issue of the Journal of Optical Networking on the exciting emerging field of Optical Interconnection Networks that includes contributions addressing a broad range of current research.
High frequency vector sensor design and testing

A new antenna design that exploits the simultaneous measurement of the complete electric and magnetic vector fields (vector sensor) has been designed, built, and tested experimentally. The sensor is designed for use in the high-frequency band (3-30MHz). Special consideration for potential operation near the ground/earth is incorporated into the antenna design, yielding a symmetric response amongst the individual field sensing components. The vector sensor consists of three orthogonally oriented electrically short dipoles as well as three electrically small orthogonal loop elements. Appropriate active impedance matching circuits transform the individual field sensors to a nominal 50 ohms for connection to a multichannel receiver system. Experimental measurements indicate that to first order the sensing components are sufficiently decoupled in spite of their relatively close electrical spacing.
Whither Nonviolent Studies

Scholarship on nonviolent action is blossoming like never before. In the last six years, from 2007 to 2013, at least thirteen new books have or will soon be published. Most are scholarly studies an...
Influence of relative humidity upon pollution and dust during ACE‐Asia: Size distributions and implications for optical properties

[1] An extensive set of aerosol physical and optical measurements was taken over the waters east of Asia during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment-Asia (ACE-Asia) project in the spring of 2001. Dust storms upwind of the study area combined with intense pollution plumes from coastal cities yielded an opportunity to examine both types of aerosol, in isolation and as they interacted. Scattering calculated from aerosol size distributions measured with an optical particle counter agreed well with simultaneous nephelometer measurements. We periodically heated sample air to evaporate sulfates and organic material. The change in volume upon heating agreed well with simultaneous measurements of aerosol composition. This volatile material was distributed on dust in rough proportion to surface area. Here we use the particle size and composition data to improve estimates of scattering at ambient humidity and to examine the effects of mixing on the optical properties of both pollution and dust aerosols. The presence of dust results in uptake of soluble and condensible species onto its surface and thereby reduces the mass scattering efficiency of the pollution aerosol by 50% and suppresses the change in scattering due to relative humidity (f(RH)) by up to 35%.
The founding of the American federation of labor

(1981). The founding of the American federation of labor. Labor History: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 262-268.
The effects of growth hormone therapy on collagen metabolism in children.

ABSTRACT Parameters of collagen metabolism were measured in growth hormone deficient children before and after growth hormone therapy. Treatment with growth hormone resulted in an increased urinary excretion of total and nondialyzable hydroxyproline and no change in the plasma concentration of the hydroxyproline-containing collagen-like protein. Measurement of the heat-soluble hydroxyproline moiety in skin biopsy material showed an increase in 5/7 children treated with growth hormone. In one child the pretreatment heat-soluble hydroxyproline content of skin was twofold higher than in the other children with growth hormone deficiency. This child continued to grow after therapy was stopped. The data suggest that the pretreatment determination of total heat-soluble hydroxyproline may be useful in predicting which children may benefit from growth hormone therapy.
Ion exchangers mediating NaCl transport in the renal proximal tubule.

We have studied the mechanisms of NaCl transport in the mammalian proximal tubule. Studies of isolated brush-border membrane vesicles confirmed the presence of Na+−H+ exchange and identified Cl−-formate and Cl−-oxalate exchangers as possible mechanisms of uphill Cl− entry. We found that formate and oxalate each stimulate NaCl absorption in microperfused proximal tubules. Stimulation of NaCl absorption by formate was blocked by the Na+−H+-exchange inhibitor EIPA, whereas stimulation by oxalate was blocked by omission of sulfate from the perfusion solutions. These observations were consistent with recycling of formate from lumen to cell by H+-coupled formate transport in parallel with Na+−H+ exchange and recycling of oxalate by oxalate-sulfate exchange in parallel with Na+-sulfate cotransport. Using isoform-specific antibodies, we found that NHE1 is present on the basolateral membrane of all nephron segments, whereas NHE3 is present on the apical membrane of cells in the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle. The inhibitor sensitivity of Na+−H+ exchange in renal brush-border vesicles and of HCO3 − absorption in microperfused tubules suggested that NHE3 is responsible for most, if not all, apical membrane Na+−H+ exchange in the proximal tubule. The role of NHE3 in mediating proximal tubule HCO3 − absorption and formate-dependent Cl− absorption was confirmed by studies in NHE3 null mice. Finally, we cloned and functionally expressed CFEX, an anion transporter expressed on the apical surface of proximal tubule cells and capable of mediating Cl−-formate exchange.
Blockade of neurotransmitter-activated K+ conductance by QX-314 in the rat hippocampus

Intracellular injection of QX-314 blocked the ability of baclofen and 5-carboxyamidotryptamine to hyperpolarize cells in the rat hippocampus. This effect was not associated with a reduction in the effects of norepinephrine on these cells nor a blockade of the potassium channels underlying the calcium-dependent afterhyperpolarization responsible or significant changes in membrane potential. These results suggest that QX-314 is an effective blocker of G-protein-gated potassium channels in this region.
John Calvin and the Jews: A Problem in Political Theology

Although John Calvin rejected the angry invective of Martin Luther against the Jews, he nevertheless agreed with him that Christian biblical interpretation was a more reliable guide to the mind of the patriarchs in Genesis than the exegesis of Rabbinic Judaism. The Hebrew Bible was therefore properly understood as Christian Scripture and had always been addressed to the Church as well as to ancient Israel.
Drinking styles of adolescents and young adults.

Drinking among adolescents and young adults has received more attention during the recent past, but little research has focused on the drinking styles that might characterize younger people. A typology of drinking behavior has special relevance for this group, since the adolescent years and young adult years are formative in the development of drinking habits. This study used a model that had been applied to "normal" drinking behaviors of adults. However, the set of drinking variables was expanded to cover a wider range of activities, and a second set of behaviors, intended to reflect potential "problem" drinking, were derived from the National Council on Alcoholism criteria for the diagnosis of alcoholism. The set of 55 "normal" drinking behaviors was factor analyzed, yielding a six-factor structure. The first four factors were quite similar to previous work on adult drinking styles, and the remaining two factors clearly related to the drinking of younger people. The "problem" drinking variables yielded ...
Predicting top-of-atmosphere radiance for arbitrary viewing geometries from the visible to thermal infrared: generalization to arbitrary average scene temperatures

In a companion paper presented at this conference we described how The Aerospace Corporation's Parameterized Image Chain Analysis & Simulation SOftware (PICASSO) may be used in conjunction with a limited number of runs of AFRL's MODTRAN4 radiative transfer code, to quickly predict the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance received in the visible through midwave IR (MWIR) by an earth viewing sensor, for any arbitrary combination of solar and sensor elevation angles. The method is particularly useful for large-scale scene simulations where each pixel could have a unique value of reflectance/emissivity and temperature, making the run-time required for direct prediction via MODTRAN4 prohibitive. In order to be self-consistent, the method described requires an atmospheric model (defined, at a minimum, as a set of vertical temperature, pressure and water vapor profiles) that is consistent with the average scene temperature. MODTRAN4 provides only six model atmospheres, ranging from sub-arctic winter to tropical conditions - too few to cover with sufficient temperature resolution the full range of average scene temperatures that might be of interest. Model atmospheres consistent with intermediate temperature values can be difficult to come by, and in any event, their use would be too cumbersome for use in trade studies involving a large number of average scene temperatures. In this paper we describe and assess a method for predicting TOA radiance for any arbitrary average scene temperature, starting from only a limited number of model atmospheres.
Gastrointestinal complications in patients undergoing heart operation: an analysis of 8709 consecutive cardiac surgical patients.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal (GI) complications following heart operation may be life-threatening. Systematic analysis of risk factors to allow early identification of patients at risk for GI complication may lead to the development of strategies to mitigate this complication as well as to optimize management after its occurrence.
Expression of bovine leukemia virus genome is blocked by a nonimmunoglobulin protein in plasma from infected cattle

Plasma of cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus contains a soluble factor that blocks the expression of the viral genome in cultured lymphocytes. The blocking factor is not present in plasma of bovine leukemia virus-free cattle or of cattle infected with common bovine viruses. Blocking of bovine leukemia virus expression by the plasma factor is reversible, and seems to be mediated by a nonimmunoglobulin protein molecule.
Graphical encoding in information visualization

In producing a design to visualize search results for a digital library called Envision [5, 7], we found that choosing graphical devices and document attributes to be encoded with each graphical device is a surprisingly difficult task. By graphical devices we mean those visual display elements (e.g., color, shape, size, position, etc.) used to convey encoded information. Research in several areas provides scientific guidance for design and evaluation of graphical encodings which might otherwise be reduced to opinion and personal taste. However, literature offers inconclusive and often conflicting viewpoints, leading us to further empirical research.
Autocrine effects of IGF-I-induced VEGF and IGFBP-3 secretion in retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19

Hypoxia-induced physiological stress plays a central role in various neovascular diseases of the eye. Increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and subsequent formation of HIF-1 dimers active at the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter lead to expression of this potent angiogenic factor in the retina, including retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. We previously demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) stimulates VEGF and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 secretion in RPE cells. In this study we examined IGF-I-induced HIF-1alpha expression, VEGF and IGFBP-3 secretion, and the autocrine actions of VEGF and IGFBP-3 on these processes in the spontaneously transformed RPE cell line ARPE-19. Cells were treated with CoCl(2), IGF-I, recombinant human (rh)IGFBP-3, and rhVEGF. Immunoblot analysis revealed IGF-I-induced upregulation of total HIF-1alpha protein, whereas luciferase reporter assays of HIF-1 transcriptional activity demonstrated accumulation of HIF-1alpha correlated with the formation of functional HIF-1 heterodimers. Western and ligand blot analyses of RPE cell conditioned medium confirmed that IGF-I stimulated VEGF and IGFBP-3 secretion. rhVEGF stimulated IGFBP-3 secretion in an IGF-I- and HIF-1alpha-independent manner, whereas rhIGFBP-3 attenuated IGF-I-induced VEGF secretion. These findings demonstrate the multifaceted autocrine regulation of IGF-I-induced VEGF secretion by IGFBP-3 secreted in response to both IGF-I and, to a lesser extent, VEGF. These results provide evidence for HIF-1-dependent and -independent mechanisms by which IGF-I regulates VEGF and IGFBP-3 secretion.
End-to-end performance of 10-gigabit Ethernet on commodity systems

Apart form the success in local-area networks (LANs) and system-area networks and anticipated success in metropolitan and wide area networks (MANs and WANs), Ethernet continues to evolve to meet the increasing demands of packet-switched networks. Although the recently ratified 10-Gigabit Ethernet standard differs from earlier Ethernet standards, primarily in that 10GbE operates only over fiber and only in full-duplex mode, the differences are largely superficial. More importantly, l0GbE does not make obsolete current investments in network infrastructure. The 10GbE standard ensures interoperability not only with existing Ethernet but also with other networking technologies such as Sonet, thus paving the way for Ethernets expanded use in MANs and WANs. The world's first host-based 10GbE adapter, officially known as the Intel PRO/10GbE LR server adapter, introduces the benefits of l0GbE connectivity into LAN and system-area network environments, thereby accommodating the growing number of large-scale cluster systems and bandwidth-intensive applications, such as imaging and data mirroring. The 10GbE controller is optimized for servers that use the I/O bus backplanes of the peripheral component interface (PCI) and its higher speed extension, PCI-X.
Working set prefetching for cache memories

A variety of strategies has been proposed for fetching code and data into cache memories before it is explicitly referenced by a processor (prefetching), including both history-based and "prescient" strategies. Here, a strategy is described which treats cache blocks as components of a working set rather than merely as statistically related entities. Extension of this technique to global memory multiprocessors is discussed as a means to reduce memory contention during synchronized phase transitions.
Identifying the brain's most globally connected regions

Recent advances in brain connectivity methods have made it possible to identify hubs-the brain's most globally connected regions. Such regions are essential for coordinating brain functions due to their connectivity with numerous regions with a variety of specializations. Current structural and functional connectivity methods generally agree that default mode network (DMN) regions have among the highest global brain connectivity (GBC). We developed two novel statistical approaches using resting state functional connectivity MRI-weighted and unweighted GBC (wGBC and uGBC)-to test the hypothesis that the highest global connectivity also occurs in the cognitive control network (CCN), a network anti-correlated with the DMN across a variety of tasks. High global connectivity was found in both CCN and DMN. The newly developed wGBC approach improves upon existing methods by quantifying inter-subject consistency, quantifying the highest GBC values by percentage, and avoiding arbitrarily connection strength thresholding. The uGBC approach is based on graph theory and includes many of these improvements, but still requires an arbitrary connection threshold. We found high GBC in several subcortical regions (e.g., hippocampus, basal ganglia) only with wGBC despite the regions' extensive anatomical connectivity. These results demonstrate the complementary utility of wGBC and uGBC analyses for the characterization of the most highly connected, and thus most functionally important, regions of the brain. Additionally, the high connectivity of both the CCN and the DMN demonstrates that brain regions outside primary sensory-motor networks are highly involved in coordinating information throughout the brain.
Life Cycle of a Chydorid Cladoceran, Pleuroxus denticulatus Birge

Two distinct phases, parthenogenetic and gamogenetic, are described as they exist and are essential adaptational mechanism in the life cycle of a chydorid cladoceran, Pleuroxus denticulatus Birge. This pattern of life cycle is probably representative of chydorids in general. There are two non-reproductive instars before the mature instar that is capable of producing parthenogenetic eggs. These develop into mature individuals in about six days at room temperature of 25°C. The discharge of two eggs into the brood pouch following molting is described, as well as the eventual release of the developed young. Gamogenetic reproduction is accomplished by ephippial females and males, which are produced by parthenogenetic females under certain environmental conditions. The process of copulation, and the production and hatching of ephippial eggs are also described.
Turning the Ship Around Changing the policies and culture of a government agency to make ecosystem management work

The year was 1993, and I had just been elected as Washington State's Commissioner of Public Lands. The commissioner administers the state Department of Natural Resources (DNR), a large and wide-reaching agency with 1600 full-time employees, seven regional offices, and the responsibility for managing 5.8 million acres of timber, agricultural, and submerged lands held in trust for Washington's educational institutions. I was the first woman to hold the office and the first commissioner to pose a real threat to the strangle hold the big timber companies had always had on the DNR and its operations.
Concentration dependence of relaxation by dipole impurities

A simple physical approximation is shown to reproduce the calculated results of Ghosh and Huber for decay of a diffusing excitation which has an r/sup -6/ interaction with a low concentration of impurities. An analytic expression for the time dependence is obtained which can be applicable to problems of fluorescence and NMR relaxation by impurities with anisotropic as well as isotropic diffusion.
THE ADAPTIVE DYNAMICS OF NICHE CONSTRUCTING TRAITS IN SPATIALLY SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS: EVOLVING POSTHUMOUS EXTENDED PHENOTYPES

Niche construction, by which organisms modify the environment in which they live, has been proposed to affect the evolution of many phenotypic traits. But what about the evolution of a niche constructing trait itself, whose expression changes the pattern of natural selection to which the trait is exposed in subsequent generations? This article provides an inclusive fitness analysis of selection on niche constructing phenotypes, which can affect their environment from local to global scales in arbitrarily spatially subdivided populations. The model shows that phenotypic effects of genes extending far beyond the life span of the actor can be affected by natural selection, provided they modify the fitness of those individuals living in the future that are likely to have inherited the niche construction lineage of the actor. Present benefits of behaviors are thus traded off against future indirect costs. The future costs will generally result from a complicated interplay of phenotypic effects, population demography and environmental dynamics. To illustrate these points, I derive the adaptive dynamics of a trait involved in the consumption of an abiotic resource, where resource abundance in future generations feeds back to the evolutionary dynamics of the trait.
Theory of Faraday effect in high-Q Whispering-Gallery optical cavities

The general theory of Faraday rotation in high-Q Whispering-Gallery optical cavities is investigated. We have studied the behavior of the transmission spectrum and identified the optimal condition for maximum sensitivity to external magnetic field.
Political Culture and Democracy. Ukraine as an Immobile State

The 2004 Orange Revolution and election of opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko, who had a stellar reputation in previous positions as National Bank Chairman and Prime Minister, was viewed as a new era in Ukrainian politics, ushering in deep seated reforms and a battle against corruption. Five years on, his opponent, Viktor Yanukovych, whose election in 2004 was annulled over election fraud, replaced him as President. The failure of the Yushchenko presidency to implement the majority of the hopes placed in it by millions of voters and protestors, specifically to decisively change the manner in which politics and economics are undertaken, is a good opportunity to analyse why Ukraine is a difficult country, an immobile state, in which to undertake change of any type. Yanukovych’s first year in office points to Ukraine undergoing a regression from the only tangible benefit to have emerged from “orange” rule; namely, democratization, media freedom, and free elections.
MTCMOS with outer feedback (MTOF) flip-flops

Multi-Threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) circuits combine high performance during active mode with low leakage during sleep, but have a fundamental difficulty when trying to keep the state during sleep mode. We propose several novel master-slave MTCMOS flip-flops which use an outer feedback connection in order to maintain state. These MTCMOS with Outer Feedback (MTOF) flip-flops are fast since they use only low threshold transistors on the forward (critical) path and minimum extra load. The area overhead is low since the outer feedback is simple and transistors not on the critical path can have high threshold and be reused for maintaining the state during sleep. A 100nm predictive technology with power supply ranging from 0.8V to 1.2V is used for verifying the circuits performance through simulation.
HMMSplicer: A Tool for Efficient and Sensitive Discovery of Known and Novel Splice Junctions in RNA-Seq Data

Background: High-throughput sequencing of an organism’s transcriptome, or RNA-Seq, is a valuable and versatile new strategy for capturing snapshots of gene expression. However, transcriptome sequencing creates a new class of alignment problem: mapping short reads that span exon-exon junctions back to the reference genome, especially in the case where a splice junction is previously unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we introduce HMMSplicer, an accurate and efficient algorithm for discovering canonical and non-canonical splice junctions in short read datasets. HMMSplicer identifies more splice junctions than currently available algorithms when tested on publicly available A. thaliana, P. falciparum, and H. sapiens datasets without a reduction in specificity. Conclusions/Significance: HMMSplicer was found to perform especially well in compact genomes and on genes with low expression levels, alternative splice isoforms, or non-canonical splice junctions. Because HHMSplicer does not rely on prebuilt gene models, the products of inexact splicing are also detected. For H. sapiens, we find 3.6% of 39 splice sites and 1.4% of 59 splice sites are inexact, typically differing by 3 bases in either direction. In addition, HMMSplicer provides a score for every predicted junction allowing the user to set a threshold to tune false positive rates depending on the needs of the experiment. HMMSplicer is implemented in Python. Code and documentation are freely available at http://derisilab.ucsf. edu/software/hmmsplicer.
Morrey regularity results for asymptotically convex variational problems with (p;q) growth

Abstract We prove some global Morrey regularity results for almost minimizers of functionals of the form u ↦ ∫ Ω f ( x , ∇ u ) d x . This regularity is valid up to the boundary, provided the boundary data is sufficiently regular. The main assumption on f is that for each x, the function f ( x , ⋅ ) behaves asymptotically like a convex function with ( p , q ) growth. Some discontinuous behavior in the first argument is allowed. As a main application, we establish analogous regularity results for a broad class of systems of nonhomogeneous partial differential equations.
VHPOP: versatile heuristic partial order planner

VHPOP is a partial order causal link (POCL) planner loosely based on UCPOP. It draws from the experience gained in the early to mid 1990's on flaw selection strategies for POCL planning, and combines this with more recent developments in the field of domain independent planning such as distance based heuristics and reachability analysis. We present an adaptation of the additive heuristic for plan space planning, and modify it to account for possible reuse of existing actions in a plan. We also propose a large set of novel flaw selection strategies, and show how these can help us solve more problems than previously possible by POCL planners. VHPOP also supports planning with durative actions by incorporating standard techniques for temporal constraint reasoning. We demonstrate that the same heuristic techniques used to boost the performance of classical POCL planning can be effective in domains with durative actions as well. The result is a versatile heuristic POCL planner competitive with established CSP-based and heuristic state space planners.