cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Characterization of Lanthanum-Mediated Dehydrogenation and C–C Bond Coupling of Ethylene

La(C2H2) and La(C4H6) are observed from the reaction of laser-vaporized La atoms with ethylene molecules by photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and characterized by mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy. La(C2H2) is identified as a metallacyclopropene and La(C4H6) as a metallacyclopentene. The three-membered ring is formed by concerted H2 elimination and the five-membered cycle by dehydrogenation and C–C bond coupling. Both metallacycles prefer a doublet ground state with a La 6s-based unpaired electron. Ionization of the neutral doublet state of either complex produces a singlet ion state by removing the La-based electron. The ionization allows accurate measurements of the adiabatic ionization energy of the neutral doublet state and metal–ligand and ligand-based vibrational frequencies of the neutral and ionic states. Although the La atom is in a formal oxidation state of +2, the ionization energies of these metal–hydrocarbon cycles are lower than that of the neutral La atom. Deute...
Professionalism in Residency Training A Compilation of Desirable Behaviors and a Case-Based Comparison Between Pathologists in Training and Practice

Professionalism is one of the most important competencies for physicians but is also the most difficult to teach, assess, and manage. To better understand professionalism in pathology, we surveyed practicing pathologists and pathology residents and fellows in training. We identified 12 key desirable attributes of professionalism. In addition, 8 case scenarios highlighting unprofessional behavior were presented, and results between pathologists in practice and in training were compared. No significant differences between attending pathologists and residents were identified in how these cases should be managed. Our study demonstrated remarkable concordance between practicing pathologists and residents as to what constitutes professionalism and how to manage unprofessional behavior. Our case-based approach can be a useful technique to teach professionalism to both pathologists in practice and in training.
Error Vector Magnitude Analysis for OFDM Systems

Error vector magnitude (EVM) is a popular figure-of-merit adopted by various communication standards for evaluating in-band distortions introduced in a communication system. In this paper, we regard EVM as a random variable and investigate its statistical distributions as the result of the following distortion mechanisms: phase noise, amplitude clipping, power amplifier nonlinearities, and gain/phase imbalances in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. We relate key parameters characterizing the various distortion mechanisms to the statistical behavior of EVM; such statistical behavior can be used to verify compliance of the transmit signals to the requirements of the standard.
Feeling and thinking: An affect-as-cognitive-feedback account

Despite the abundance of evidence demonstrating a dedicated link between positive and negative affect and specific ways of thinking, not all findings are consistent with this view. New research suggests that the relationship between affect and thinking can be altered and often reversed, by varying the mental context in which affect is experienced. The affect-as-cognitive-feedback account can explain a wide range of phenomena, including both prior findings and this more recent research, and generate new predictions. According to this account, affective reactions confer value on accessible information processing strategies (e.g., global vs. local processing) and other mental content that happens to be accessible at the time. This view underscores that the relationship between affect and cognition is not fixed but instead is highly malleable. We present evidence that supports this account, along with new findings that suggest a malleable influence of specific affective states on cognition.
Why Is Research in Early-Stage Cancer Research so Low? A Re-Assessment of Budish, Roin and Williams (2015)

According to Budish, Roin and Williams (2015), R&D investment for early-stage cancer drugs is low because of missing financial incentives, and surrogates can overcome this distortion. We argue that technological barriers can also explain such low R&D. We summarize medical literature describing these barriers and augment their data to simultaneously assess the role of incentives versus barriers. Our results suggest that barriers suppress research in early-stage solid cancer. Surrogates may moderately increase R&D activity but have potential drawbacks.
CO2 Dynamics in Pure and Mixed-Metal MOFs with Open Metal Sites

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), such as MOF-74, can have open metal sites to which adsorbates such as CO2 preferentially bind. 13C NMR of 13CO2 is highly informative about the binding sites present in Mg-MOF-74. We used this technique to investigate loadings between ∼0.88 and 1.15 molecules of CO2 per metal in Mg-MOF-74 at 295 K. 13C lineshapes recorded as a function of loading can be understood in terms of the dependence of the CO2 NMR frequency on the angle (θ) with respect to the CO2 axis and the channel of the MOF, reflected in the Legendre polynomial, P2. In the fast motion limit, the NMR spectra reveal the time-averaged value of P2, where θ is the angle between the instantaneous CO2 axis and the channel axis. DFT calculations were used to determine a weighted average of P2 in this regime and are in good agreement with experimental data. Static variable temperature 13C NMR from cryogenic temperatures to room temperature was used to investigate 13CO2 binding in Mg-MOF-74 loaded at two levels (∼0.88 a...
The effect of renewable and nonrenewable electricity generation on economic growth

Abstract This note examines the impact of electricity generation on economic growth using data for a panel of 174 countries over the period 1980–2012. The paper makes several contributions. First, contrary to much of the literature, the paper focuses on the effect of electricity generation on economic growth. Because of transmission and distribution losses, and theft, not all the electricity that is generated is eventually consumed, making it necessary to investigate the impact of electricity generation on growth. Second, we disentangle the impact of total electricity generation on growth into renewable and nonrenewable effects. With increasing pursuit of energy security, technological advances, the falling costs of renewables, and the movement to exploit renewable energy sources for electrification, there is need to study not only the impact of traditional sources of electricity but renewable sources, as well. Third, we deviate from previous studies that focus on granger causality and/or cointegration by estimating the effect of electricity generation on growth using the System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Given that electricity generation and many of the other regressors in our model may be jointly determined with GDP growth, the System GMM approach is appropriate to deal with these endogeneity issues. Fourth, we provide evidence of a link between electricity loss and economic growth. Our results indicate a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between renewable and nonrenewable electricity generation, and growth.
Vertical shear pelvic injury: evaluation, management, and fixation strategies.

Vertical shear pelvic ring fractures are rare and account for less than 1% of all fractures. Unlike severely displaced antero-posterior compression and lateral compression pelvic fractures, patients’ mortality is lower. Nevertheless, patients must be managed acutely using well-defined ATLS protocols and institution-specific protocols for haemodynamically unstable pelvic ring fractures. The definitive treatment of vertical shear pelvic fractures is however more controversial with a paucity of literature to recommend the ideal reduction and fixation strategy. While the majority of injuries can be reduced and fixed in a closed manner, orthopaedic traumatologists should be familiar with the contraindications to those techniques as well as options such as tension band plating and lumbo pelvic fixation. Our paper reviews the acute management, associated injuries and definitive reduction and fixation strategies of vertical shear pelvic fractures. In addition, we propose a treatment algorithm for the selection of the most appropriate fixation technique.
Theism and the Origin of the Universe

In our book «Theism, atheism and big bang cosmology» (1993), Q. Smith and I debated the implications of contemporary cosmology for the existence of a creator of the universe. In this paper I hope to extend this debate by picking up where we left off and pressing certain points further, concerning quantum cosmology and the beginning of the universe, the creation and the nature of time
Models of grades and tonnages of some lode tin deposits

Descriptive and grade/tonnage models have recently been built for many types of deposits. Such models consist of descriptions of mineralogy, host rocks, ore textures, controls, alteration, geochemical signatures, age, and tectonic settings, together with statistical models of grades, tonnages, and contained metal of deposits of each type. The models are used to identify areas that may contain undiscovered deposits of given types, to convey to non-geologists an idea of the importance of such deposits, and to test and refine classifications of mineral deposits.
Within-subject variability in the absolute latency of the auditory brainstem response.

For many applications, the latency of obtained ABR peaks is compared to clinical norms. Using this approach, one presupposes that basic assumptions regarding inter- and intrasubject variability of latency are met. Although much is known about intersubject variability, virtually nothing has been reported about intrasubject variability. The purpose of this investigation was to describe intrasubject variability of ABR latency as observed in a clinical setting. Nine male subjects, 10 to 12 years old, participated in the study. At each of four sessions, five ABRs were obtained for each of three stimulus conditions. Stimuli were 100 microseconds condensation clicks presented at 80 dB nHL. For each ABR peak, the intrasubject distribution of latencies was analyzed. For every subject, variability of latency was observed. Typically, the latencies were normally distributed, and the magnitude of variability was less than is commonly reported for groups of subjects. We conclude that by establishing a baseline, the sensitivity of the ABR might be increased for certain monitoring applications.
Effect of Conditions of Extraction on the Extractability of Brain Gangliosides

It has been known for a long time that although gangliosides are freely soluble in water, they cannot be extracted from brain tissue, or from other tissues, by aqueous solutions, including 5% trichloracetic acid. Their extraction requires the use of organic solvents, mixtures of chloroform:methanol being the extracting mixture that has gained the widest usage (1). It has been accepted implicitly that these particular requirements for extraction of gangliosides indicate that they are bound to other tissue components, presumably proteins by ionic bonds through their strong carboxylic group, and by nonpolar bonds through the ceramide end of the molecule. The nonpolar bonds would make gangliosides unextractable by aqueous solvents. On the other hand, chloroform:methanol mixtures would dissociate the nonpolar bonds and the ionic bonds would be dissociated by the tissue electrolytes present in the extract. The closest demonstration of the occurrence of the ionic bonds has been provided by the work of Spence and Wolfe (2) who found that when tissue electrolytes have been removed by dialysis of the tissue homogenate, chloroform: methanol fails to extract gangliosides, except in small amounts, and that subsequent addition of KC1 and or NaCl restores the extractability of gangliosides by chloroform:methanol.
Making Men and Women Blush: Masculinity, Femininity, and Reform in Nineteenth-Century Central New York

On a clear June day in 1844, thousands of social reformers gathered in an upstate New York cemetery to commemorate the death of Myron Holley, one of the founders of the abolitionist Liberty Party. Prayers were said, hymns were sung, and a monument was erected before the New York reformer, businessman, and philanthropist Gerrit Smith (1797–1874; Fig. 13.1) addressed the crowd gathered under the trees and around Holley’s new grave marker. In his speech, he touted Holley’s achievements and lamented the costs that accrued once one took on the abolitionist label. For, devotion to the enslaved prompted accusations of fanaticism, stirred the deep hatred of abolition’s many opponents, and required abolitionists to submit “to all the sacrifices of ease and respectability…” (Smith 1844: 10).
Carbamyl phosphate modification of hemoglobin S structure resulting in altered sickling.

Interest has been elicited in the mechanism involved in the successful reversal and prevention of the sickling of erythrocytes containing Hb SS. Urea, reported by Nalbandian (1971) and by McCurdy (1971), cyanate, reported by Cerami and Manning (1971), and carbamyl phosphate (carbamyl P), reported by Kraus and Kraus (1971) have been successfully used to inhibit the sickling phenomenon. Urea is proposed to act reversibly by interfering with the hydrophobic bonding of hemoglobin molecules, (Murayama, 1971), while cyanate is reported to act irreversibly through the carbamyl ation of the amino terminal valines, (Cerami and Manning, 1971).
Moving Toward a Precision-Based, Personalized Framework for Prevention Science: Introduction to the Special Issue.

The goal of this Special Issue is to introduce prevention scientists to an emerging form of healthcare, called precision medicine. This approach integrates investigation of the mechanisms of disease and health-compromising behaviors with prevention, treatment, and cure resolved at the level of the individual. Precision Medicine and its derivative personalized prevention represents a promising paradigm for prevention science as it accounts for response heterogeneity and guides development of targeted interventions that may enhance program effect sizes. If successfully integrated into prevention science research, personalized prevention is an approach that can inform the development of decision support tools (screening measures, prescriptive algorithms) and enhance the utility of mobile health technologies that will enable practitioners to use personalized consumer data to inform decisions about the best type and/or intensity of a prevention strategy for particular individuals or subgroups of individuals. In this special issue, we present conceptual articles that provide a heuristic framework for precision-based, personalization prevention research and empirical studies that address research questions exemplary of a new generation of precision-based personalized preventive interventions focused on children’s mental health, behavioral health, and education.
Geographies of Sub-Saharan African Corruption

This chapter addresses corruption in sub-Saharan Africa. It emphasizes that corruption there is the worst in the world, notably in resource-rich kleptocracies. It summarizes the African context in light of the colonial legacy, patrimonialism and clientelism, and the grievous impacts of corrupt regimes. The spatial analysis examines perceptions of corruption, bribery rates, maps the corruption perception index and the World Bank control of corruption scores, and offers correlations. Next, it turns to case studies of Nigeria and Angola, emphasizing the resource curse, as well as South Africa. The conclusion reiterates the severity of African corruption in light of the absence of democracy and ineffective anti-corruption campaigns.
Association between image-defined risk factors and neuroblastoma outcomes.

Abstract Background The current neuroblastoma (NBL) staging system employs image-defined risk factors (IDRFs) to assess numerous anatomic features, but the impact of IDRFs on surgical and oncologic outcomes is unclear. Methods The Vanderbilt Cancer Registry identified children treated for NBL from 2002 to 2017. Tumor volume (TV) and IDRFs were measured radiographically at diagnosis and before resection. Perioperative and oncologic outcomes were evaluated. Results At diagnosis of 106 NBL, 61% were IDRF positive. MYCN-amplified and undifferentiated NBL had more IDRFs than nonamplified and more differentiated tumors (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01). Of 86 NBLs resected, 43% were IDRF positive, which associated with higher stage, risk, and TV (each p Conclusions IDRFs at diagnosis were associated with larger, less differentiated, advanced stage, and higher risk NBL and at resection with increased operative difficulty and perioperative morbidity. However, the frequency of gross total resection and patient survival after resection were not associated with the presence of IDRFs. Type of study Retrospective cohort study. Level of evidence Level III.
Early, Unanticipated PICU Transfers: Is There a Need for Improvement?

Triage of patients to the PICU or general ward has important quality and cost implications. Mistriaging a patient to the general ward may cause delays in needed care, with the potential for increased morbidity and mortality.1,2 However, mistriage of patients who do not require critical care interventions to a PICU also has consequences, including increased health care costs for the family; use of limited PICU beds, nurses, and physicians; and heightened familial stress.3–5 Additionally, there may be different expectations for testing and treatment in the ICU environment compared with the acute care ward, even for similar cases, resulting in unneeded tests and treatments.6,7 In this month’s issue of Hospital Pediatrics , Nadeau et al8 describe characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of pediatric patients triaged to the general ward who were subsequently transferred to the PICU within 24 hours of admission (early PICU transfers) between 2007 and 2016. The authors found that 841 of 82 397 (1%) general ward admissions required early PICU transfers. The median time to PICU transfer was 9.1 hours, with an interquartile range of 5.1 to 14.9 hours, meaning that only a small proportion of transfers occurred within the first few hours after admission. A majority of transfers (65%) were due to respiratory deterioration. Of the 841 subjects transferred, …
Quantitative Absolute Continuity of Harmonic Measure and the Dirichlet Problem: A Survey of Recent Progress

It is a well-known folklore result that quantitative, scale invariant absolute continuity (more precisely, the weak-A∞ property) of harmonic measure with respect to surface measure, on the bound¬ary of an open set Ω ⊂ ℝn+1 with Ahlfors-David regular boundary, is equivalent to the solvability of the Dirichlet problem in Ω, with data in Lp(∂ Ω) for some p < ∞. Drawing an analogy to the famous Wiener criterion, which characterizes the domains in which the classical Dirichlet problem, with contin¬uous boundary data, can be solved, one may seek to characterize the open sets for which Lp solvability holds, thus allowing for singular boundary data. It has been known for some time that absolute continuity of harmonic measure is closely tied to rectifiability properties of ∂ Ω, but also that rectifiability alone is not sufficient to guarantee absolute continuity. In this note, we survey recent progress in this area, culminating in a geometric charac¬terization of the weak-A∞ property, and hence of solvability of the Lp Dirichlet problem for some finite p. This characterization, obtained under rather optimal background hypotheses, follows from a combination of the present author’s joint work with Martell, and the work of Azzam, Mourgoglou and Tolsa.
Synthesis and X-Ray Structure Determination of 1,4-Bis[trimethylsilylethynyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)iodo]benzene, Me3SiCCl+C6H4l+CCSiMe3 2CF3SO3−, a Novel Alkynyliodonium Salt

The novel bis(alkynyliodonium) salt, 2, has been prepared by the reaction of p-bis(iodosyl)benzene with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene; X-ray structure analysis reveals an unusual basket-like structure for this compound.
Hydrogenation of N-Heteroarenes Using Rhodium Precatalysts: Reductive Elimination Leads to Formation of Multimetallic Clusters.

A rhodium-catalyzed method for the hydrogenation of N-heteroarenes is described. A diverse array of unsubstituted N-heteroarenes including pyridine, pyrrole, and pyrazine, traditionally challenging...
Operating Room Set Up in the Repair of Diaphragmatic Hernia

Robotic technology has a role in the surgical repair of diaphragmatic hernias. This chapter highlights different types of diaphragmatic hernia and the room set-up needed to utilize the robotic platform for laparoscopic repair.
Is the Climb Worth the View? The Savings/Alert Ratio for Reducing Vitamin D Testing

Background Despite guideline recommendations, vitamin D testing has increased substantially. Clinical decision support (CDS) presents an opportunity to reduce inappropriate laboratory testing. Objectives and Methods To reduce inappropriate testing of vitamin D at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, a CDS assigned providers to receive or not receive an electronic alert each time a 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay was ordered for an adult patient unless the order was associated with a diagnosis in the patient's chart for which vitamin D testing is recommended. The CDS ran for 80 days, collecting data on number of tests, provider information, and basic patient demographics. Results During the 80 days, providers placed 12,368 orders for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The intervention group ordered a vitamin D assay and received the alert for potentially inappropriate testing 2,181 times and completed the 25-hydroxyvitamin D order in 89.9% of encounters, while the control group ordered a vitamin D assay (without receiving an alert) 2,032 times and completed the order in 98.1% of encounters, for an absolute reduction of testing of 8% (p Conclusion This CDS reduced vitamin D ordering by utilizing a soft-stop approach. At a charge of $179.00 per test and a cost to the laboratory of $4.20 per test, each display of the alert led to an average reduction of $14.70 in charges and of $0.34 in spending by the laboratory (the savings/alert ratio). By describing the effectiveness of an electronic alert in terms of the savings/alert ratio, the impact of this intervention can be better appreciated and compared with other interventions.
De-Professionalized and Demoralized: A Framework for Understanding Teacher Turnover in the Accountability Policy ERA

This study uses a secondary analysis of the Schools and Staffing Surveys (SASS) and Teacher Follow-up Survey (TFS) from the National Center for Education Statistics to examine relationship between ...
The social regulation of emotion: Inconsistencies suggest no mediation through ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Physical touch in the form of holding a loved one's hand attenuates the neural response to threat. Speculation regarding the neural mediation of this effect points to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which is known to have inhibitory connections with threat responsive brain regions such as the amygdala. Despite the attractiveness of this hypothesis, a link between the vmPFC and diminished threat during handholding has been difficult to demonstrate empirically. Here we report that in a sample of 110 participants no evidence for vmPFC mediation of the handholding effect was obtained. Indeed, results indicated that connectivity patterns between threat responsive salience network structures and the vmPFC were in the opposite direction one would predict if the vmPFC mediated reductions in neural threat-responding caused by partner handholding. Our findings suggest that the vmPFC does not mediate the regulating effect of physical contact on neural threat responses.
Multidimensional item response theory and the Force Concept Inventory

Multidimensional Item Response Theory is a powerful tool for improving understanding of student knowledge by providing a fine-grained analysis of constructs measured by conceptual inventories.
Empirical Analysis of Merger Enforcement Under the 1992 Merger Guidelines

This paper presents an analysis of merger enforcement at the Federal Trade Commission under the 1992 Merger Guidelines. The econometric analysis suggests that enforcement decisions are best predicted with the Herfindahl index when the relevant theory is collusion and the number of significant rivals when the relevant theory is unilateral effects. Evidence such as “hot” documents, customer complaints, and historical events suggestive of past competitive problems also increase the chance of a challenge. Mirror image considerations suggestive of continued post-merger competition (“cold” documents, customer support, and procompetitive events) reduce the probability of challenge in one specification.
Model Pembelajaran Berpusat pada Kristus untuk Transformasi Bangsa: Studi Deskriptif di Sekolah Cahaya Cemerlang

Christian education in Indonesia has not fully taken the role of educating the young generation to know God's will, changing its paradigm, and pursuing change, personal, group, and national reform. Sekolah Cahaya Cemerlang (SCC) is a Christian educational institution that was built in order to take on a role and fulfill its vocation, with the aim of raising the next generation of leaders who bring transformation to the Indonesian nation. The research focus in this qualitative descriptive study is to describe a Christ-centred learning model at SCC in terms of policy principles, objectives, curriculum, and learning methods, involving 19 teachers,155 students, and their families. Some of the new findings from the principles of the learning process at SCC are the use of the Bible Based curriculum, the principle of partnership with families and communities, training places for young missionaries, and SCC as a learning and knowledge-sharing community. The new findings are also a holistic approach with a spiritual foundation and teachers as shepherds according to the Jesus learning model and curriculum content based on God's Word. The 'Second Home School', Bloom's Spirit-led Taxonomy, the development of the Social Domain with individual learning, and group and community involvement, form the basis for the development of learning methods at SCC. Reflexive and Transformative Learning Methods for pedagogy are also developed for the purpose of social transformation, achieving a greater Indonesia. Abstrak Pendidikan Kristen di Indonesia belum sepenuhnya mengambil peran untuk mendidik generasi muda mengenal kehendak Allah, berubah paradigmanya, dan mengupayakan perubahan, refor-masi pribadi, kelompok, dan bangsa. Sekolah Cahaya Cemerlang (SCC) adalah institusi pendi-dikan Kristen yang dibangun dalam rangka mengambil peran dan memenuhi panggilannya, bertujuan membangkitkan pemimpin generasi penerus bangsa yang membawa transformasi bagi bangsa Indonesia. Fokus penelitian dalam studi deskriptif kualitatif ini adalah menggam-barkan model pembelajaran berpusat pada Kristus di SCC dari segi prinsip kebijakan, tujuan, kurikulum dan metode pembelajaran, yang melibatkan 19 guru, 155 murid beserta keluarganya. Beberapa temuan baru dari prinsip proses pembelajaran di SCC adalah penggunaan kurikulum Bible Based , prinsip kemitraan dengan keluarga dan masya-rakat, tempat pelatihan misionaris muda, dan SCC sebagai learning and sharing knowledge community . Temuan baru dalam kuri-kulum dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan holistik dengan dasar spiritual dan guru sebagai gembala sesuai model pembelajaran Yesus serta konten kurikulum berbasiskan Firman Tuhan. “Sekolah rumah kedua”, Spirit-led Taksonomi Bloom, pengembangan Ranah Sosial dengan pem-belajaran individual, dan kelompok dan keterlibatan masyarakat, menjadi dasar pengembangan metode pembelajaran di SCC. Metode Pembelajaran Refleksif dan Transformatif untuk pedagogi juga dikembangkan da-lam tujuan transformasi sosial, mencapai Indonesia Maju.
Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells Enhance Healing in a Rat Model of Esophageal Injury with Stent.

ABSTRACT Background Mesenchymal stem cells have been proven to promote cellular recruitment and remodeling during healing. Considering challenges encountered in the healing process of esophageal injury, we sought to evaluate the effect of human adipose derived stem cells (hASC) on esophageal injury with stent and to assess the feasibility of submucosal hASC injection as a mechanism of delivery. Methods An intrabdominal esophagotomy was created in rodents with placement of an expandable fully covered metal esophageal stent. A submucosal injection of 2 × 106 hASC was delivered in experimental animals. Animals were sacrificed on postoperative day 3 (POD3) or 7 (POD7). Macroscopic, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted to assess for markers of healing and viability of transplanted cells. Results hASC were identified within submucosal and muscular layers with proliferation demonstrated in respective areas on anti-Ki67 stained sections. Lower adhesion and abscess scores were observed in hASC specimens without significant statistical difference. Prevalence of submucosal collagen was increased in samples treated with hASC compared to control, with abundant collagen deposition demonstrated within the POD7 group. Granulation tissue at the site of esophageal injury was more prominent in tissue sections treated with hASC compared to control, with significantly higher density at POD3 (control 1.94 versus hASC 2.83, P Conclusions Presence of hASC at the site of an esophageal injury may enhance wound healing predominantly through increased granulation and decreased inflammation in conjunction with esophageal stent placement. Targeted submucosal injection at the time of esophageal stent placement is an effective delivery method of hASC therapy.
Experimental Evidence for the Proposed Model

As discussed in the previous chapter, there are two possible mechanisms of introducing a NP into discourse. The first, Incorporation, requires a minimum number of inferences, and can be expected to be very fast and automatic. NPs in this case are not represented by a new file card in discourse, and they do not receive a new index. The second mechanism, Accommodation, requires a certain amount of inferences (to build a bridge between two file cards), which may be expected to take more time. There are several experimental studies that bear on this issue. Here, I discuss an experiment reported by Acker and Boland (1992); for more references the reader is referred to their original work.
Estimation of SPT-N and Relative Density

A consistent set of models is developed for inference of the relative density (D sub r) from the blowcount number of the SPT (N) under both laboratory and field conditions. The model in the laboratory (reference model) is based on a large data set, which consists of essentially all available laboratory information on joint measurements of N, D sub r and vertical effective stress. It takes explicitly into account errors in the laboratory determination of D sub r and is of a form which makes its use particularly simple. The reference model is not directly applicable in situ. However, the model can be applied in the field after a simple, but sometimes depth dependent, modification which requires a few measurements of N and D sub r at the site. (ASCE)
Mechanisms for electron energy transport and electron energy distributions in magnetically enhanced inductively coupled plasmas

Summary form only given, as follows. Magnetically Enhanced Inductively Coupled Plasma (MEICP) and helicon sources typically have higher plasma densities for a given power deposition than conventional inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources. In industrial sources magnetic fields typically span a large range of values and modes are likely not pure. Power deposition has contributions from both non-collisional heating and electrostatic TG mode damping. Mechanisms for power deposition and electron energy transport in MEICPs have been computationally investigated using a 2-dimensional plasma equipment model. 3-d components of the inductively coupled electric field are produced from an m=0 antenna and 2-d applied magnetic fields. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate electron energy distributions (EEDs), transport coefficients and electron impact source functions. The electrostatic component of the wave equation is resolved by estimating the charge density using a harmonic perturbed electron density. In simulations performed for Ar plasmas, collisional damping may be the dominant heating mechanism at moderate pressures (>2 mTorr). However, at lower pressures Landau damping is an increasingly more important heating mechanism. In this regime, electrons have sufficiently long mean free paths that, if their thermal speeds are near the wave phase velocity, Landau damping may occur over a broad range of energies (10-100 eV). Therefore, heating occurs for large subset of the EED in addition to creating beamlike distributions. Evidence of noncollisional heating by the axial electric field is seen in the raising of the tails of the EEDs in the downstream region. Results indicate that the effect of the TG mode is to restructure power deposition near the coils. However, the propagation of the helicon component is little affected, particularly at large magnetic fields where the TG mode is damped. The raising of the tail of the EED is still observed.
Making Eigenvector-Based Reputation Systems Robust to Collusion

Eigenvector based methods in general, and Google’s PageRank algorithm for rating web pages in particular, have become an important component of information retrieval on the Web. In this paper, we study the efficacy of, and countermeasures for, collusions designed to improve user rating in such systems.
Coil compression in simultaneous multislice functional MRI with concentric ring slice‐GRAPPA and SENSE

Purpose Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging is a useful way to accelerate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As acceleration becomes more aggressive, an increasingly larger number of receive coils are required to separate the slices, which significantly increases the computational burden. We propose a coil compression method that works with concentric ring non-Cartesian SMS imaging and should work with Cartesian SMS as well. We evaluate the method on fMRI scans of several subjects and compare it to standard coil compression methods. Methods The proposed method uses a slice-separation k-space kernel to simultaneously compress coil data into a set of virtual coils. Five subjects were scanned using both non-SMS fMRI and SMS fMRI with three simultaneous slices. The SMS fMRI scans were processed using the proposed method, along with other conventional methods. Code is available at https://github.com/alcu/sms. Results The proposed method maintained functional activation with a fewer number of virtual coils than standard SMS coil compression methods. Compression of non-SMS fMRI maintained activation with a slightly lower number of virtual coils than the proposed method, but does not have the acceleration advantages of SMS fMRI. Conclusion The proposed method is a practical way to compress and reconstruct concentric ring SMS data and improves the preservation of functional activation over standard coil compression methods in fMRI. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation of three N-acetyl-L-cysteine monoadducts and one diadduct by the reaction of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl )-L-cysteine sulfoxide with N-acetyl-L-cysteine at physiological conditions : Chemical mechanisms and toxicological implications

Previously, our laboratory has shown that S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide (DCVCS), a Michael acceptor produced by a flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3)-mediated oxidation of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC), is a more potent nephrotoxicant than DCVC. In the present study, we characterized reactions of DCVCS with nucleophilic amino acids. DCVCS incubations with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C for 1 h resulted in the formation of three monoadducts and one diadduct characterized by LC/MS, 1H NMR, and 1H-detected heteronuclear single quantum correlation. The formation of all adducts (with relative ratios of 29, 31, 24, and 12%, respectively) was rapid and time-dependent; the half-lives of the two DCVCS diastereomers in the presence of NAC were 13.8 (diastereomer I) and 9.4 min (diastereomer II). Adducts 1 and 2 were determined to be diastereomers of S-[1-chloro-2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein- S-yl)vinyl]-L-cysteine sulfoxide formed by Michael addition of NAC to the terminal vinylic carbon of DCVCS followed by loss of HCl. Adduct 4 was determined to be S-[2-chloro-2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein- S-yl)vinyl]-L-cysteine sulfoxide formed from the initial Michael addition product followed by a less favorable loss of HCl and/or by a rearrangement of adduct 2 through the formation of a cyclic chloronium ion. The addition of another molecule of NAC to monoadducts 1, 2, or 4 resulted in the formation of the novel diadduct, S-[2,2-( N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)vinyl]-L-cysteine sulfoxide (adduct 3), whose detection in relatively large amount suggests that DCVCS could act as a cross-linking agent. DCVCS was not reactive with N-acetyl-L-lysine or L-valinamide at similar incubation conditions. Collectively, the results suggest selective reactivity of DCVCS toward protein sulfhydryl groups. Furthermore, the cross-linking properties of DCVCS may in part explain its high nephrotoxic potency.
Tracking discontinuities in hyperbolic conservation laws with spectral accuracy

It is well known that the spectral solutions of conservation laws have the attractive distinguishing property of infinite-order convergence (also called spectral accuracy) when they are smooth (e.g., [C. Canuto, M.Y. Hussaini, A. Quarteroni, T.A. Zang, Spectral Methods for Fluid Dynamics, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988; J.P. Boyd, Chebyshev and Fourier Spectral Methods, second ed., Dover, New York, 2001; C. Canuto, M.Y. Hussaini, A. Quarteroni, T.A. Zang, Spectral Methods: Fundamentals in Single Domains, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006]). If a discontinuity or a shock is present in the solution, this advantage is lost. There have been attempts to recover exponential convergence in such cases with rather limited success. The aim of this paper is to propose a discontinuous spectral element method coupled with a level set procedure, which tracks discontinuities in the solution of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws with spectral convergence in space. Spectral convergence is demonstrated in the case of the inviscid Burgers equation and the one-dimensional Euler equations.
Can natural selection maintain long-distance dispersal? Insight from a stream salamander system

Dispersal distributions are often characterized by many individuals that stay close to their origin and large variation in the distances moved by those that leave. This variation in dispersal distance can strongly influence demographic, ecological, and evolutionary processes. However, a lack of data on the fitness and phenotype of individual dispersers has impeded research on the role of natural selection in maintaining variation in dispersal distance. Six years of spatially explicit capture-mark-recapture data showed that survival increased with dispersal distance in the stream salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. To understand the evolutionary implications of this fitness response, we tested whether variation in dispersal distance has a phenotypic basis. We used photographs of marked individuals to measure head, trunk, and leg morphology. We then tested whether dispersal distances over the six-year study period were predicted by these traits. Dispersal distance was significantly related to leg morphology: individuals with relatively long forelimbs and short hindlimbs dispersed the farthest. These results support the hypothesis that positive fitness consequences maintain phenotypes enabling long-distance dispersal. More broadly, they suggest that natural selection can promote variation in dispersal distance and associated phenotypes, offering an alternative to the view that dispersal distance is driven by stochastic or landscape-specific mechanisms.
N-Dealkylation of Oxprenolol: Formation of 3-Aryloxypropane-1,2-diol, 3-Aryloxylactic Acid, and 2-Aryloxyacetic Acid Metabolites in the Rat

Oxprenolol (1), like related β-adrenergic antagonists, undergoes oxidative N-dealkylation to form the corresponding 3-aryloxypropane-1,2-diol (2), 3-aryloxylactic acid (3), and 2-aryloxyacetic acid (4) metabolites. Compounds 3 and 4 were synthesized by conversion of 2-allyloxyphenol (5) to the aryloxyacetaldehyde 6 and subsequent elaboration to the desired acids. Both acids (3 and 4) and glycol 2 were confirmed as metabolites formed from 1 in vivo in the rat and in vitro in the rat liver 9000 ×g supernatant fraction. Incubation of a pseudoracemate of 1, made up of equal molar amounts of (2S)-1-do and (2R)-1-d2, showed that 2 and 3 arise principally from (2S)-1 by S/R ratios of ~ 5:1 and 2:1, respectively. On the other hand, acetic acid derivative 4 arises about equally from both enantiomers of 1.
Planning for healthy people/healthy places: lessons from mid‐twentieth century global discourse

This paper aims to enrich the discourse about the reintegration of urban planning and public health. The community of planning practitioners and academics in the USA is a relative latecomer to the reintegration discussion, and is talking about it in a more constrained fashion than are counterparts in Canada and Europe – focusing on a narrowly framed research agenda about how characteristics of the built environment adversely impact human health, such as how sprawl and urban design influence physical activity and obesity. Moreover, those discussing the recently re‐emerged connections, while noting the joint origins of the two fields in the late nineteenth century, miss the significance of a set of discourses involving planners, architects, urban designers and health specialists that occurred during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, which influenced the evolution of the reintegration efforts then underway, under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) generally and the World Health Organization in particular. We ...
Measurement of the opacity of ionized helium in the intergalactic medium

DETERMINATION of the density and ionization state of diffuse primordial gas in the intergalactic medium (IGM) is an important step towards understanding the nature of dark matter and the formation of structure in the Universe. Absorption by neutral hydrogen atoms in the IGM should produce a large flux deficit in the spectra of high-redshift quasars at wavelengths below that of the H I Lyman-α line (the Gunn–Peterson effect1). But observations of quasars at low spectral resolution have revealed only relatively small deficits, and at higher spectral resolution these appear as numerous discrete absorption features (the Lyman-α forest). This implies that intergalactic hydrogen is both highly ionized and non-uniformly distributed2. Similar absorption is expected from intergalactic helium3, although its detection is more challenging and evidence for its existence was obtained only recently4,5. Here we report the observation of absorption from singly ionized helium (He ii) in the spectrum of the quasar HS1700 + 64. We measure a mean flux deficit over the redshift range 2.2 < z < 2.6 that yields an effective optical depth of 1.00 (±0.07). Comparing this result with the H I absorption towards this quasar, we argue that most of the measured He II absorption occurs in the lowest-density regions of the IGM.
Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers' pest management decision making in rural Honduras

Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history, and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall, temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’ knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base.
Retrograde amnesia induced by carbon dioxide inhalation

Rats were administered either air, 30% CO2, or 50% CO2 for 2 min., 7 min., or 15 min. immediately following completion of a “one-trial” conditioning procedure. It was found upon testing 24 hr. later that both concentrations of CO2 produced retrograde amnesia, and that 50% CO2 had a greater amnesic effect than did 30% CO2. Increasing the duration of administration increased the degree of amnesia only in the groups receiving 30% CO2.
Charged particle diffusion and acceleration in Saturn's radiation belts

In the present paper, an attempt is made to determine, from the observed intensity profiles for protons and electrons in the region of L smaller than 4, whether population of Saturn's innermost trapped radiation zones from an external source is possible. It is found that if diffusion proceeds in an episodic rather than a steady-state manner (long periods of quiescence interrupted by brief periods of rapid diffusion), the basic features of the observed phase space density profiles are qualitatively reproduced for both the trapped protons and electrons.