cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ROS open roads to roundworm infection.

The rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon pathogen attack is generally considered a defense mechanism for microbial killing and an initiation of host defense responses in plants and animals. In this issue, Siddique et al. show that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase–derived ROS function as a pathogenicity factor to promote the roundworm nematode infection in Arabidopsis thaliana, revealing the complex action of ROS in host-pathogen interactions.
H1-Histamine Receptor Affinity Predicts Short-Term Weight Gain for Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs

As a result of superior efficacy and overall tolerability, atypical antipsychotic drugs have become the treatment of choice for schizophrenia and related disorders, despite their side effects. Weight gain is a common and potentially serious complication of some antipsychotic drug therapy, and may be accompanied by hyperlipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia and, in some extreme cases, diabetic ketoacidosis. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain are unknown, but have been hypothesized to be because of interactions of antipsychotic drugs with several neurotransmitter receptors, including 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) serotonin receptors, H(1)-histamine receptors, alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors, and m3-muscarinic receptors. To determine the receptor(s) likely to be responsible for antipsychotic-drug-induced weight gain, we screened 17 typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs for binding to 12 neurotransmitter receptors. H(1)-histamine receptor affinities for this group of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs were significantly correlated with weight gain (Spearman rho=-0.72; p<0.01), as were affinities for alpha(1A) adrenergic (rho=-0.54; p<0.05), 5-HT(2C) (rho=-0.49; p<0.05) and 5-HT(6) receptors (rho=-0.54; p<0.05), whereas eight other receptors' affinities were not. A principal components analysis showed that affinities at the H(1), alpha(2A), alpha(2B), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), and 5-HT(6) receptors were most highly correlated with the first principal component, and affinities for the D(2), 5-HT(1A), and 5-HT(7) receptors were most highly correlated with the second principal component. A discriminant functions analysis showed that affinities for the H(1) and alpha(1A) receptors were most highly correlated with the discriminant function axis. The discriminant function analysis, as well as the affinity for the H(1)-histamine receptor alone, correctly classified 15 of the 17 drugs into two groups; those that induce weight gain and those that do not. Because centrally acting H(1)-histamine receptor antagonists are known to induce weight gain with chronic use, and because H(1)-histamine receptor affinities are positively correlated with weight gain among typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs, it is recommended that the next generation of atypical antipsychotic drugs be screened to avoid H(1)-histamine receptors.
Should possible disparities and distrust trump do-no-harm?

Mr. Barnes was a middle-aged patient with end-stage, progressive metastatic prostate cancer. He was in the intensive care unit (ICU) with respiratory failure, renal and hepatic dysfunction, sepsis,...
Elbow Injuries in Throwing Athletes A Current Concepts Review

Repetitive overhead throwing imparts high valgus and extension loads to the athlete's elbow, often leading to either acute or chronic injury or progressive structural change. Tensile force is applied to the medial stabilizing structures with compression on the lateral compartment and shear stress posteriorly. Common injuries encountered in the throwing elbow include ulnar collateral ligament tears, ulnar neuritis, flexor-pronator muscle strain or tendinitis, medial epicondyle apophysitis or avulsion, valgus extension overload syndrome with olecranon osteophytes, olecranon stress fractures, osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum, and loose bodies. Knowledge of the anatomy and function of the elbow complex, along with an understanding of throwing biomechanics, is imperative to properly diagnose and treat the throwing athlete. Recent advantages in arthroscopic surgical techniques and ligament reconstruction in the elbow have improved the prognosis for return to competition for the highly motivated athlete. However, continued overhead throwing often results in subsequent injury and symptom recurrence in the competitive athlete.
Disaster Resilience Indicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions

There is considerable federal interest in disaster resilience as a mechanism for mitigating the impacts to local communities, yet the identification of metrics and standards for measuring resilience remain a challenge. This paper provides a methodology and a set of indicators for measuring baseline characteristics of communities that foster resilience. By establishing baseline conditions, it becomes possible to monitor changes in resilience over time in particular places and to compare one place to another. We apply our methodology to counties within the Southeastern United States as a proof of concept. The results show that spatial variations in disaster resilience exist and are especially evident in the rural/urban divide, where metropolitan areas have higher levels of resilience than rural counties. However, the individual drivers of the disaster resilience (or lack thereof)-social, economic, institutional, infrastructure, and community capacities-vary widely.
Pierre feces; a scatological study of the Dakoticancer assemblage, Pierre Shale (upper Cretaceous) of South Dakota

ABSTRACT An integral part of the fossil crab assemblage described as the Dakoticancer Assemblage consists of fossil fecal material. Large coprolites (about 10 mm in diameter) are represented by (1) hemicylindrical feces which usually contain fish remains and (2) cone-shaped spiraled coprolites which contain no hard remains. Small coprolites (1.0 mm diameter and smaller), called fecal pellets, are ubiquitous and occur as ovoids, rods, and tapes. The ovoids are all prolate with some being smooth-surfaced and variable in size and others having undulatory surfaces. Rod-shaped pellets occur as small, smooth-surfaced and large, longitudinally striated cylinders. Tape-like castings of round or rectangular cross-section are uncommon. The small coprolites are found in and around crabs and molluscs preserved as apatite concretions. The pellets are often found along trails associated with open burrows; one of which preserves the impression of a segmented burrower. The large coprolites are interpreted to be the decayed remains of the feces of a vertebrate predator which preyed principally on fish. The fecal pellets are interpreted as the feces of deposit-feeding organisms which burrowed through the decaying, sediment-filled corpses of crabs and molluscs. The enrichment of the area of the corpses in phosphates may have been instrumental in the formation of the apatite concretions which preserve the Dakoticancer Assemblage.
Neural network modeling of distribution transformers with internal short circuit winding faults

To detect and diagnose a transformer internal fault an efficient transformer model is required to characterize the faults for further research. This paper discusses the application of neural network (NN) techniques in the modeling of a distribution transformer with internal short-circuit winding faults. A transformer model can be viewed as a functional approximator constructing an input-output mapping between some specific variables and the terminal behaviors of the transformer. The complex approximating task was implemented using six small simple neural networks. Each small neural network model takes fault specification and energized voltage as the inputs and the output voltage or terminal currents as the outputs. Two kinds of neural networks, back-propagation feedforward network (BPFN) and radial basis function network (RBFN), were investigated to model the faults in distribution transformers. The NN models were trained offline using training sets generated by finite element analysis (FEA) models and field experiments. The FEA models were implemented using a commercial finite element analysis software package. The comparison between some simulation cases and corresponding experimental results shows that the well-trained, neural networks can accurately simulate the terminal behaviors of distribution transformers with internal short circuit faults.
Performance of a compact triode vircator and Marx generator system

Vircator high power microwave sources are simple, robust, and require no external magnetic field, making them desirable for use in practical compact high power microwave systems. A vircator can be driven directly from the output of a low-impedance Marx generator, eliminating the need for bulky intermediate energy storage components. A compact high power microwave system has been constructed and tested at Texas Tech University utilizing a triode geometry vircator and a compact Marx Generator. The size and performance of this system is compared to a similar system previously developed at Texas Tech. The current triode vircator is housed within a six inch diameter tube which is eleven inches in length. The Marx is contained in an oil tank that is 36 inches long × 12 inches wide × 18 inches tall. Diode voltage and current, and radiated microwave waveforms are presented.
Uniform discotic wax particles via electrospray emulsification

We present a novel colloidal discotic system: the formation and self-assembling of wax microdisks with a narrow size distribution. Uniform wax emulsions are first fabricated by electrospraying of melt alpha-eicosene. The size of the emulsions can be flexibly tailored by varying the flow rate of the discontinuous phase, its electric conductivity, and the applied voltage. The process of entrainment of wax droplets, vital for obtaining uniform emulsions, is facilitated by the reduction of air-water surface tension and the density of the continuous phase. Then uniform wax discotic particles are produced via phase transition, during which the formation of a layered structure of the rotator phase of wax converts the droplets, one by one, into oblate particles. The time span for the conversion from spherical emulsions to disk particles is linearly dependent on the size of droplets in the emulsion, indicating the growth of a rotator phase from surface to the center is the limiting step in the shape transition. Using polarized light microscopy, the self-assembling of wax disks is observed by increasing disk concentration and inducing depletion attraction among disks, where several phases, such as isotropic, condensed, columnar stacking, and self-assembly of columnar rods are present sequentially during solvent evaporation of a suspension drop.
Highly Efficient Formation of TiO2-XNX–Based Photocatalysts - Potential Applications For Active Sites in Microreactors, Sensors, and Photovoltaics

We have produced nitrogen doped, stable, and environmentally benign TiO2-xNx photocatalysts whose optical response can be tuned across the entire visible region using a nanoscale exclusive synthesis route, performed in seconds at room temperature. This synthesis, which can be simultaneously accompanied by metal atom seeding, that can be accomplished through the direct nitration of anatase TiO2 nanostructures with alkyl ammonium salts. Tunability throughout the visible spectrum depends on the degree of TiO2 nano- particle agglomeration and the influence of metal seeding. The introduction of a small quantity of palladium, in the form of the chloride or nitrate, promotes further nitrogen uptake, appears to lead to a partial phase transformation, displays a counter ion effect with the acetate, and produces a material absorbing well into the near infrared. The nitridation process also induces the formation of oxygen hole centers. Silver introduced as the nitrate into a TiO2 or TiO2-xNx nanostructure framework, forms seeded AgxO - TiO2 or TiO2-xNx nanostructure mixtures which can be induced to self-assemble and to agglomerate into nano-needle and planar arrays using select metal probes. Surprisingly, no organics are incorporated into the final TiO2-xNx products. These visible light absorbing photocatalysts readily photodegrade methylene blue and when used to create photocatalytic sites on a surface based microreactor induce ethylene oxidation with visible light. They can be transformed from liquids to gels and placed on the surfaces of sensor and microreactor based configurations to 1) facilitate a photocatalytically induced solar pumped sensor response, and 2) provide a possible means for the catalytically induced disinfection of airborne pathogens. In contrast to a process which is facile at the nanoscale, we find little or no direct nitridation of micrometer sized anatase or rutile TiO2 powders at room temperature. Thus, we demonstrate an example of how a traversal to the nanoscale can vastly improve the efficiency for producing important submicron materials.
Wafer bonding technology and its applications in optoelectronic devices and materials

The direct wafer bonding process has found broad applications in many critical areas including both commercial and state-of-the-art photonic devices and more recently, formation of semiconductor compliant substrates. Using the wafer bonding technology, we have demonstrated 1.3-/spl mu/m vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with a 1-mA continuous-wave (CW) threshold current and 0.83-mA pulsed threshold current. Superior device performance has also been achieved with photodetectors and micromachined tunable devices. Applying the wafer bonding process in a novel way, we have fabricated compliant universal substrates on which largely mismatched (e.g., 15% mismatch) heteroepitaxial layers can be grown defect free.
Polyethylene glycol-mediated infection of non-permissive mammalian cells with semliki forest virus: application to signal transduction studies.

Abstract Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) vectors allow the subcloning of a gene of interest directly in the expression vector, thus avoiding the need to select and purify viral recombinants, making this viral expression system attractive over many others for mammalian protein expression. We now describe a novel and generally applicable method for infection of non-permissive mammalian cells with SFV, that greatly enhances the utility of this expression system. We demonstrate that the hygroscopic polymer poly (ethylene glycol), PEG, promotes the infectivity of cells by SFV under conditions that did not promote cell–cell fusion. We also found that the PEG-induced infection and expression of an exogenous protein (green fluorescent protein, GFP) did not elevate the basal tyrosine kinase activity, induce a stress-activated responses, or result in aberrant cell responses. Expression of GFP tagged-Vav, an activator of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK), resulted in the expected induction of JNK activity and in the normal redistribution of Vav in response to engagement of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FceRI). Thus, our findings that PEG allows the infection of non-permissive cells by SFV makes this system extremely attractive for expression of proteins in mammalian cells, and studies on signal transduction and cellular localization in immune and non-immune cells.
Presence of diabetes risk factors in a large U.S. eighth-grade cohort.

Author(s): Baranowski, T; Cooper, DM; Harrell, J; Hirst, K; Kaufman, FR; Goran, M; Resnicow, K; STOPP-T2D Prevention Study Group | Abstract: ObjectiveThe study was conducted in 12 middle schools to determine the prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes, and diabetes risk factors in eighth-grade students who were predominantly minority and evaluate the feasibility of collecting physical and laboratory data in schools.Research design and methodsAnthropometric measurements and fasting and 2-h post-glucose load blood draws were obtained from approximately 1,740 eighth-grade students.ResultsMean recruitment rate was 50% per school, 49% had BMI g or = 85th percentile, 40.5% had fasting glucose g or = 100 mg/dl, 0.4% had fasting glucose g or = 126 mg/dl, and 2.0% had 2-h glucose g or = 140 mg/dl and 0.1% g or = 200 mg/dl. Mean fasting insulin value was 30.1 microU/ml, 36.2% had fasting insulin g or = 30 microU/ml, and 2-h mean insulin was 102.1 microU/ml. Fasting and 2-h glucose and insulin values increased across BMI percentiles, and fasting glucose was highest in Hispanic and Native American students.ConclusionsThere was a high prevalence of risk factors for diabetes, including impaired fasting glucose (g or =100 mg/dl), hyperinsulinism suggestive of insulin resistance (fasting insulin g or = 30 microU/ml), and BMI g or = 85th percentile. These data suggest that middle schools are appropriate targets for population-based efforts to decrease overweight and diabetes risk.
Compressive Sensing of Signals from a GMM with Sparse Precision Matrices

This paper is concerned with compressive sensing of signals drawn from a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) with sparse precision matrices. Previous work has shown: (i) a signal drawn from a given GMM can be perfectly reconstructed from r noise-free measurements if the (dominant) rank of each covariance matrix is less than r; (ii) a sparse Gaussian graphical model can be efficiently estimated from fully-observed training signals using graphical lasso. This paper addresses a problem more challenging than both (i) and (ii), by assuming that the GMM is unknown and each signal is only observed through incomplete linear measurements. Under these challenging assumptions, we develop a hierarchical Bayesian method to simultaneously estimate the GMM and recover the signals using solely the incomplete measurements and a Bayesian shrinkage prior that promotes sparsity of the Gaussian precision matrices. In addition, we provide theoretical performance bounds to relate the reconstruction error to the number of signals for which measurements are available, the sparsity level of precision matrices, and the "incompleteness" of measurements. The proposed method is demonstrated extensively on compressive sensing of imagery and video, and the results with simulated and hardware-acquired real measurements show significant performance improvement over state-of-the-art methods.
If I Can Stop One Heart From Breaking

If I can stop one heart from breaking — -Emily Dickinson 1 In the Ode to Broken Things , Pablo Neruda tenders a powerful metaphor of existence.2 It is not difficult to recognize the unwinding of human life in the broken clock that was once “the secret thread of our weeks” and now, with its “blue guts” exposed and its “wide heart unsprung,” is the symbol of agony and death. The beginning and ending of life are embraced in a poem about simple and ordinary things that accompany human beings throughout life and then are lost, together with the feelings and significance that were assigned to them. All things break, even the heart. What to do for broken things and broken hearts? The poet suggests collecting our treasures and sinking them in the ocean with the hope that the “long labor of its tides” may give back wholeness to the fragments. While we wait for the sea to reveal its strength and miraculous effects, the discovery that stem cells repair broken organs projects a more hopeful view of medicine and the way it is practiced. Article p 896 Soon after the first experimental evidence that bone marrow cells (BMCs) induce cardiac repair in the postinfarcted heart,3 unfractionated mononuclear BMCs and CD34-positive cells were given to patients affected by acute myocardial infarction or chronic ischemic heart failure.4,5 Results accumulated so far have documented the feasibility of this therapeutic approach with indications of potential beneficial effects on cardiac function and critical clinical end points. Although the mechanisms by which BMCs improve ventricular performance in humans are currently unknown, experimental evidence favors cardiac regeneration and the production of paracrine factors by these cells.6 New myocytes and coronary vessels are formed by transdifferentiation of the delivered cells, a process that …
Attenuation, Persistence, and Vaccine Potential of an Edwardsiella ictaluri purA Mutant†

In this study, an adenine-auxotrophic strain of Edwardsiella ictaluri was constructed and its virulence, tissue persistence, and vaccine efficacy were evaluated. A clone containing the purA gene was isolated from an E. ictaluri genomic library, sequenced, and shown to have an overall sequence identity of 79.3% at the nucleotide level and 85.7% at the amino acid level with the Escherichia coli purA gene. The cloned E. ictaluri purA gene was mutated by deleting a 598-bp segment of the gene and inserting the kanamycin resistance gene from Tn903 into the gap. The delta purA::Km(r) gene was subcloned into the suicide plasmid pGP704, and the resulting plasmid was used to deliver the modified gene into a virulent strain of E. ictaluri by conjugation. Homologous recombination replaced the chromosomal purA gene with the mutated gene to create an adenine-auxotrophic strain (LSU-E2). Compared to wild-type E. ictaluri, LSU-E2 was highly attenuated by the injection, immersion, and oral routes of exposure. By the injection route, LSU-E2 had a 50% lethal dose (LD50) that was greater than 5 logs10 higher than the LD50 for wild-type E. ictaluri. In a tissue persistence study, LSU-E2 was able to invade channel catfish by the immersion route and persist in internal organs for at least 48 h. Channel catfish that were vaccinated with a single immersion dose of LSU-E2 had mortality significantly lower (P < 0.01) following a wild-type E. ictaluri challenge than that of nonvaccinated fish.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Cytotoxic Aldehydes Using Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) in Cell Growth Media

We demonstrate, for the first time, that pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) iridium pyridinecarboxamidate complexes (5) can promote catalytic hydride transfer from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to aldehydes in pH 7.4 buffered cell growth media at 37 °C and in the presence of various biomolecules and metal ions. Stoichiometric hydride transfer studies suggest that the unique reactivity of 5, compared to other common Cp*Ir complexes, is at least in part due to the increased hydride transfer efficiency of its iridium hydride species 5-H. Complex 5 exhibits excellent reductase enzyme-like activity in the hydrogenation of cytotoxic aldehydes that have been implicated in a variety of diseases.
The Economic Crisis and its Impact on Trust in Institutions in Transition Countries

This paper examines citizen trust in social institutions, including government, and the impact of the 2008-2009 global economic crisis in transition countries. Empirical models are estimated that explain how the crisis affected trust in institutions, including the presidency, government/cabinet of ministers, parliament, courts, political parties, armed forces, police, banks and the financial system, foreign investors, NGOs, trade unions, and religious institutions. Beyond these institutions, models are estimated explaining citizen's reported trust in people in general. In addition, models are estimated to explain respondents' desired intensity of income redistribution and their support for a market economy. Data employed in the analyses are from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Life in Transition Survey (LITS), wave one collected in 2006 and wave two collected in 2010. By using these two waves of survey data and a set of control variables, the trust-impact of the economic crisis is identified for each institution examined, and preferences for redistribution and attitudes toward a market economy are modeled.
Evaluation of Uncertainty in Measurement of Lead in Oyster by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective]To evaluate the uncertainty in measurement of lead in oyster by atomic absorption spectrometry. [Methods]According to JJF1059-1999 "Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement",main components from the measurement uncertainty were analyzed.It was described by software "Excel",especially making full use of its function operation. [Results]The sources of uncertainty of the analytical process were analyzed and distinguished fully and amply. [Conclusion]Identification of the key link in measurement process should be performed by strict quality control in the key link to reduce the uncertainty of measurement.The results obtained in this work are considered to be valuable as a reference in the evaluation of uncertainty in measurement for other analytical methods,such as atomic fluorescence spectrometry,inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry.
Fauna and distribution of Parasarcophaga in Hebei Province

Objective To investigate the fauna of genus Parasarcophaga in Hebei Province of China.Methods Using entomogical classification principle and method.Results There were 21 species of genus Parasarcophaga in Hebei Province.Conclusion The species of genus Parasarcophaga in Hebei Province occupy 50.00% of the known Parasarcophaga in China and have a palaearctic distribution.
Molecular architecture of the nucleoprotein C‐terminal domain from the Ebola and Marburg viruses

The Filoviridae family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses is comprised of two species of Marburgvirus (MARV and RAVV) and five species of Ebolavirus, i.e. Zaire (EBOV), Reston (RESTV), Sudan (SUDV), Tai Forest (TAFV) and Bundibugyo (BDBV). In each of these viruses the ssRNA encodes seven distinct proteins. One of them, the nucleoprotein (NP), is the most abundant viral protein in the infected cell and within the viral nucleocapsid. It is tightly associated with the viral RNA in the nucleocapsid, and during the lifecycle of the virus is essential for transcription, RNA replication, genome packaging and nucleocapsid assembly prior to membrane encapsulation. The structure of the unique C-terminal globular domain of the NP from EBOV has recently been determined and shown to be structurally unrelated to any other known protein [Dziubanska et al. (2014), Acta Cryst. D70, 2420–2429]. In this paper, a study of the C-terminal domains from the NP from the remaining four species of Ebolavirus, as well as from the MARV strain of Marburgvirus, is reported. As expected, the crystal structures of the BDBV and TAFV proteins show high structural similarity to that from EBOV, while the MARV protein behaves like a molten globule with a core residual structure that is significantly different from that of the EBOV protein.
On Penny-Shaped Crack at an Ice-Substrate Interface

This paper is concerned with a simulation of one aspect of a de-icing process where a penny-shaped crack generated by a laser beam at the interface of an ice sheet and a substrate propagates under an internal pressure. A number of simulated experiments have been performed and the results are reported herein. Reasonable agreements have been found between the experimental and available analytical results on the critical pressure at which a penny-shaped crack at the interface may propagate and on the size of an ice chip disrupted by the internal pressure.
Classroom collaboration: moving beyond helping

Do you use group work in your mathematics class? What does it look like? What do you expect your students to do when they work together? Have you ever wondered what your students think they are supposed to do? In a recent research project, I investigated the perspectives of eight high school students whose teacher regularly asked them to work collectively to solve open-ended problems. I observed twentythree classes during the semester and interviewed each of the eight students twice, inquiring about their goals related to working together. During the second interview, I showed each student clips of his or her own participation in small group work and asked each to reflect on the recorded episode (Kotsopoulos 2008). Although the teacher, Mr. Neal (all names in the article are pseudonyms), described the importance of students collaborating to generate solutions together, not all the students I interviewed described their goals for working together in the same way. Some students emphasized nonmathematical goals, such as working with friends or getting through the tasks, but others emphasized mathematical goals, such as learning multiple strategies. Some students seemed to place responsibility for meeting goals primarily on individuals, emphasizing behaviors such as paying attention and “getting help.” A focus on getting and receiving help implies that some students will be treated as “experts” whereas others are treated as “novices” and are helped by the experts. This is sometimes referred to as asymmetric positioning (Esmonde 2009). A few students, however, described solving problems as a group responsibility, emphasizing behaviors such as resolving disagreements, collecting ideas, and wanting to be convinced. These behaviors suggest a more symmetric positioning among students. In this article, I focus on three students—Logan, Sevanye, and Connor—to illustrate these contrasting views. Each student took on a unique role while working in groups. However, their actions along with their reflections revealed that Logan and Sevanye had similar perspectives about how collaboration should work.
Constraint factors affecting non-attendance in collegiate volleyball

The focus of this study was to analyse constraint factors affecting non-attendance in sports. Few research studies have investigated the topic of non-attendance, and even fewer have sample representation of respondents who did not attend games. A survey was used to measure the impact of 12 constraint factors (41 total items) on non-attendance at women's college volleyball. The results of a logistical regression indicated that non-attendance of those who had never attended a match was predicted by the factors of financial cost, lack of knowledge, and no interest from others, while non-attendance of those who had previously attended was predicted by other sport entertainment and lack of success. These findings should be used to help marketers of typically lower-attended sports realise in development of strategies to increase attendance, more of a focus should be put towards their core product and enhancement of the event atmosphere, rather than on constraints.
Functional Genomics-Renal Development and Disease

Developmental biologists are interested in the question of how a fertilized egg, equipped with only about 22,000 genes in its nucleus, is able to transform into a complete human being. In this chapter we discuss the functional genomics analysis of mammalian kidney development, using the kidney as a model system to better understand the basic principles of organogenesis. The formation of an organ requires a complex orchestration of gene expression in many different cell types at multiple developmental stages. The driving gene expression patterns can be captured in a variety of ways. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) can be used to isolate developmental compartments of the kidney, such as the forming glomerulus, for gene expression profiling. Transgenic lines of mice can be used to fluorescently label specific cell types that can then be purified by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). And more recent very high resolution technologies allow high throughput RNA-seq of single cells of a developing organ. These methodologies produce immense datasets that require powerful informatics tools for their analysis. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate how these various tools can be used to address important questions in developmental biology that are highly relevant to child health, and development of the kidney. The huge amounts of data generated need to be captured and annotated in a systematic way, stored, integrated and analyzed. The goal is to identify basic principles as well as precise pathways that drive organogenesis. The results will provide a better understanding of developmental disorders, and guide efforts to recapitulate organogenesis in vitro, for example in the generation of replacement organs from induced pluripotent stem cells.
The synthesis of some proteins is affected in RNA processing mutants of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The synthesis of E. coli proteins was examined, by two-dimensional O'Farrell gels, in mutant strains defective in all possible combinations of the RNA processing enzymes RNase III, RNase E and RNase P. We found that the synthesis of most proteins was unaffected; however, the synthesis of a significant number of proteins, 21 out of 80 tested, was drastically reduced in the strain defective in all three enzymes. It appears that the two enzymes RNase III and RNase E are responsible for most of these changes.
Stability of intact slopes with tensile strength cut-off

The Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, typically used in slope stability analyses, predicts the uniaxial as well as the isotropic (triaxial) tensile strength. In this study, the tensile strength was reduced or eliminated from the yield condition in order to determine whether it has any consequences on the outcome of the stability analyses of slopes. It was discovered that the consequences on the slope stability factor are very significant. Slopes that are most affected by the tension cut-off are steep slopes, particularly in the presence of seepage. The difference in stability factor for steep slopes calculated with the classical Mohr–Coulomb strength envelope and a criterion with tensile strength cut-off can exceed 50% for steep slopes subjected to seepage (70% for vertical slopes). Tension cut-off used in the analysis permits deformation modes with the dilatancy angle exceeding the internal friction angle, and this is the likely cause of producing more critical mechanisms of slope collapse. The novelty of th...
Hip Arthroscopy for Atypical Posterior Hip Pain: A Comparative Matched-Pair Analysis.

Background:Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) most commonly manifests as anterior groin pain. Patients occasionally have posterior pain but otherwise have clinical and radiographic evidence of FAI.Purpose:To compare outcomes of hip arthroscopy for FAI in patients with atypical posterior pain versus a matched group with the typical anterior pain presentation.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for FAI were identified from a clinical repository between January 2012 and 2014. Of 503 patients during the study period, 31 (6.2%) had posterior hip or buttock pain reproduced with flexion, adduction, and internal rotation (FADDIR) and were classified as “atypical,” while those with anterior hip or groin pain were classified as “typical.” Atypical patients were matched in a 1:2 cohort to the typical group based on sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Postoperative patient-reported outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, modified Harris Hi...
Ovarian cancer spheroid shrinkage following continuous exposure to cisplatin is a function of spheroid diameter

Abstract Objective Most ovarian cancer patients present with advanced-stage disease, disseminated in the peritoneal cavity. Standard treatment involves surgical resection of all visible tumor, followed by delivery of systemic therapy. Patients with advanced-stage disease may be candidates for intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy following surgical debulking. Recent clinical trials have created controversy regarding the benefits of this approach. Previous clinical trials report that patients with microscopic residual disease respond best to IP therapy. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between tumor size and the efficacy of continuous chemotherapy. Methods Small and large ovarian cancer spheroids (derived from UCI101 and A2780 cell lines) were exposed to short-term high (modeling an IP injection, "IP") or prolonged, low cisplatin concentrations (modeling an implanted device, "device"), which have been previously shown to be less toxic. Spheroid diameter was measured at various time points via image analysis and used to quantify tumor shrinkage over the course of treatment. Results We show that "IP" doses more effectively shrink large spheroids when the same cumulative dose is administered with both treatments, but that both regimens similarly treat small spheroids. We also demonstrate that higher cumulative "device" doses are most effective at shrinking large spheroids. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that intratumoral drug distribution following IP treatment is diffusion-controlled. An implanted device that continuously delivers low doses of IP chemotherapy would, therefore, be maximally effective against microscopic tumors.
All‐Manganese‐Based Binder‐Free Stretchable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Advanced electrode materials with bendability and stretchability are critical for the rapid development of fully flexible/stretchable lithium-ion batteries. However, the sufficiently stretchable lithium-ion battery is still underdeveloped that is one of the biggest challenges preventing from realizing fully deformable power sources. Here, a low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of a cathode material for stretchable lithium-ion battery is reported by the in situ growth of LiMn2O4 (LMO) nanocrystals inside 3D carbon nanotube (CNT) film networks. The LMO/CNT film composite has demonstrated the chemical bonding between the LMO active materials and CNT scaffolds, which is the most important characteristic of the stretchable electrodes. When coupled with a wrinkled MnOx/CNT film anode, a binder-free, all-manganese-based stretchable full battery cell is assembled which delivers a high average specific capacity of ≈97 mA h g−1 and stabilizes after over 300 cycles with an enormous strain of 100%. Furthermore, combining with other merits such as low cost, natural abundance, and environmentally friendly, the all-manganese design is expected to accelerate the practical applications of stretchable lithium-ion batteries for fully flexible and biomedical electronics.
Confounding in ex vivo models of Diamond-Blackfan anemia.

To the editor: In a recent issue of Blood , O’Brien et al[1][1] describe the development of an ex vivo model of Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) using cultured peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells obtained from DBA patients. Although many useful models of DBA exist (including animal models,[2][2
Follow the leader (or not): The influence of peer CEOs’ characteristics on interorganizational imitation

Research Summary: We argue that because charisma and narcissism represent widely held prototypes of effective and ineffective forms of leadership, respectively, the likelihood that a focal firm will imitate the practices of its peer firms is affected by these peer firms’ CEO characteristics. We theorize that peer firm CEO charisma enhances the focal firm’s imitation of peer firms’ behaviors, while peer firm CEO narcissism diminishes it. We further posit that the uncertainty of the context affects these imitation processes: industry dynamism and prior experience in a given strategic domain, respectively, strengthens and dampens focal firms’ susceptibility to these peer CEOs’ attributes. We test and find support for these ideas using a longitudinal sample of Fortune 500 firms in two distinct domains, corporate strategy and corporate social responsibility. Managerial Summary: When companies are uncertain about the costs and benefits of strategic actions this may lead them to imitate the actions of peer companies. But given the uncertainty, the challenge for executives is: which companies to emulate and which to ignore? In a sample of Fortune 500 companies, we find that the charisma or narcissism of a peer company’s CEO positively or negatively influences, respectively, the degree to which the peer company’s strategic actions are imitated. We reason that this is because these particular CEO attributes are widely believed to drive leadership effectiveness or ineffectiveness, respectively. We also find that the effects of these CEO characteristics on imitation are stronger in dynamic industry environments and weaker for companies that already have experience with the given strategy.
Is the Quest for Signaling Bias Worth the Effort

The question of whether signaling bias is a viable discovery strategy for drug therapy is discussed as a value proposition. On the positive side, bias is easily identified and quantified in simple in vitro functional assays with little resource expenditure. However, there are valid pharmacological reasons why these in vitro bias numbers may not accurately translate to in vivo therapeutic systems making the expectation of direct correspondence of in vitro bias to in vivo systems a problematic process. Presently, in vitro bias is used simply as a means to identify unique molecules to be advanced to more complex therapeutic assays but from this standpoint alone, the value proposition lies far to the positive. However, pharmacological attention needs to be given to the translational gap to reduce inevitable and costly attrition in biased molecule progression.
God's Agents: Biblical Publicity in Contemporary England

The British and Foreign Bible Society is one of the most illustrious Christian charities in the United Kingdom. Founded by evangelicals in the early nineteenth century and inspired by developments in printing technology, its goal has always been to make Bibles universally available. Over the past several decades, though, Bible Society has faced a radically different world, especially in its work in England. Where the Society once had a grateful and engaged reading public, it now faces apathy—even antipathy—for its cause. These days, it seems, no one in England wants a Bible, and no one wants other people telling them they should: religion is supposed to be a private matter. Undeterred, the Society staff attempt to spark a renewed interest in the Word of God. They’ve turned away from publishing and toward publicity to “make the Bible heard.” God’s Agents is a study of how religion goes public in today’s world. Based on over three years of anthropological research, Matthew Engelke traces how a small group of socially committed Christians tackle the challenge of publicity within (what they understand to be) a largely secular culture. In the process of telling their story, Engelke offers an insightful new way to think about the relationships between secular and religious formations: our current understanding of religion needs to be complemented by greater attention to the process of generating publicity. Engelke argues that we are witnessing the dynamics of religious publicity, which allows us to see the ways in which conceptual divides such as public/private, religious/secular, faith/knowledge, are challenged and redefined by social actors.
Parabolic Boundary Harnack Principle

This chapter presents a “parabolic boundary Harnack principle.” This theorem has both analytic and probabilistic interpretations. The probabilistic interpretation says that, informally speaking, a process conditioned to avoid the boundary of a domain on a time interval will be far from the boundary at the end of the time interval, with high probability. An application of the parabolic boundary Harnack principle is also given.
The development of gluconeogenesis in rat liver. Effects of glucagon and ether.

1. Administration of glucagon to foetal rats produced a 10–15-fold increase in hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity together with a similar increase in the overall pathway of pyruvate conversion into glycogen in liver slices. 2. Glucagon was without effect on gluconeogenesis in vivo, which remained at approx. 0.1% of the incorporation as measured in newborn animals. 3. The apparent discrepancy between these results was due to the ether anaesthesia that was required for experimentation in vivo. Under conditions when minimal ether was used, the rates of labelling of glycogen from [3-14C]pyruvate in vivo were increased 10–20-fold and there was an additional stimulus by glucagon. 4. Ether anaesthesia produced a more reduced redox state of the foetal liver cytosol and lowered the ATP/ADP concentration ratio. 5. It is proposed that these effects are significant in the limitation of gluconeogenesis in the foetal rat liver, so that only with high phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity, high ATP concentration and a relatively oxidized cytosol redox state will a functional gluconeogenic pathway be present.
Ecological and Human Health Criteria for Cross Ecosystem Comparison of Waste Disposal Impacts

The risk to human health, degree of ecosystem damage, recovery time necessary to restore a natural community, and the resiliency of a system to further damage should be considered in any comparison of waste disposal options. Engineering coniderations for waste disposal practices are quite distinct for land and sea disposal options, yet a common set of criteria, delineating how different ecosystems respond to perturbations and identifying by what pathways toxicants are transferred to man, can be developed. This paper addresses the formulation of such criteria and their applicability in understanding the relative sensitivity of different ecosystems to waste disposal impacts and the relative risks to man of various waste disposal options.
Crystal structure of cis-[1,2-bis-(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)ethene-κ2P,P']di-chlorido-platinum(II) chloro-form disolvate: a new polymorph.

The title compound, [PtCl2(C26H22P2)]·2CHCl3 (I), is the third monoclinic polymorph of this platinum(II) complex involving the bidentate ligand cis-1,2-bis­(di­phenyl­phosphan­yl)ethyl­ene (cis-dppe) [for the others, see: Oberhauser et al. (1998a). Inorg. Chim. Acta, 274, 143–154, and Oberhauser et al. (1995). Inorg. Chim. Acta, 238, 35–43]. The structure of compound (I) was solved in the space group P21/c, with one complex mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit along with two solvate chloro­form mol­ecules. The PtII atom is ligated by two P and two Cl atoms in the equatorial plane and has a perfect square-planar coordination sphere. In the crystal, the complex mol­ecule is linked to the chloro­form solvate mol­ecules by C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and face-on C—Cl⋯π inter­actions. There are also weak offset π–π inter­actions present [inter­centroid distances are 3.770 (6) and 4.096 (6) A], linking the mol­ecules to form supra­molecular sheets that lie in the bc plane.
Case Study: Intake and apparent digestibility by beef calves of Alamo and Cave-in-Rock switchgrass cultivars harvested as hay at 3 different maturities

ABSTRACT There has been increased interest in using switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a biomass crop. There are several challenges to developing this industry, and these have led to the potential use of switchgrass as hay for feeding beef cattle in Kentucky. The effect of increasing maturity on concentrations of CP, NDF, ADF, and other nutritive value indicators of switchgrass hay is well documented, but few in vivo intake and digestibility trials have been conducted to assess this effect on beef cattle performance. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of increasing plant maturity on DMI, apparent digestible DMI, and DM digestibility, and to investigate potential challenges for producers when incorporating switchgrass hay into their forage rotation for feeding beef cattle. Two in vivo intake and digestibility trials were conducted in 2011 in which Angus × Hereford beef steers (199.5 to 264.9 kg) were fed ad libitum Alamo and Cave-in-Rock switchgrass harvested as late vegetative, boot, and early flowering hay. Dry matter intake decreased by 1.0 and 0.6% of BW from late vegetative to early flowering stages with Alamo and Cave-in-Rock cultivars, respectively. Similarly, DM digestibility decreased by 15.9 and 18.5% and digestible DMI decreased by 1.0 and 0.6% of BW. Observed decreases in nutritive value, DMI, apparent digestible DMI, and DM digestibility indicate that producers should harvest Alamo and Cave-in-Rock switchgrass before it reaches the boot stage of maturity.