cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equal Votes, Equal Money: Court-Ordered Redistricting and Public Expenditures in the American States

Court-ordered redistricting in the 1960s radically altered representation in the United States. Through a series of important cases, beginning with Baker v. Carr in 1962, the U.S. Supreme Court established a criterion of strict equality of state legislative and U.S. House district populations. Prior to judicial intervention, unequal representation was the norm in U.S. legislatures, and in some states districts had extremely unequal populations. In 1960, the state legislative districts in only two states, New Hampshire and Wisconsin, approximated the one-person, onevote standard in both chambers (David and Eisenberg 1961). At the other extreme was the California state senate, with the smallest counties having 400 times as much representation as Los Angeles, the largest county in the state. Less than a decade after Baker v. Carr, every state in the country reshaped its legislative districts to comply with the Court’s rulings. Baker revolutionized representation and, we argue, fundamentally transformed the politics of public finance in the American states. Legal and legislative battles ended unequal representation in the state legislatures and the U.S. House by the close of the 1960s. We examine how political representation affected the distribution of state funds to counties in the United States from the 1950s through the 1980s. Our interest in the consequences of Baker v. Carr derives from three broad problems for contemporary democracy. First, there is a persistent and nagging question for political scientists: Does representation matter? Do people benefit materially from having formal legislative representation? Some economists argue that
Human association as a factor influencing wellness in homosexual men with human immunodeficiency virus disease

In-depth interviews of 29 homosexual men with varying degrees of human immunodeficiency virus illness were conducted using grounded theory methodology. The study participants indicated that the need for intimacy and community were of paramount importance to living well and suggested that feeling connected to others was a synergistic process that promoted an existential/ spiritual understanding of one's self as being well. Clinical recommendations for nurses include the use of intimacy-building care strategies that are capable of helping clients construct meaning of their experience to enhance individual well-being.
Weakening thickness dependence of critical current density in Y Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x films using nanotube pore insertion

$\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ films with nanotube pores (YBCO/NTPs) aligned along normal of the film have been fabricated with thickness ranging from $0.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}1.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. When compared to YBCO films without NTPs, YBCO/NTP samples show much reduced thickness dependence of the critical current density ${J}_{c}$, in addition to the overall higher ${J}_{c}$ values, in magnetic fields below the matching field of the NTPs. These results suggest that the through-thickness NTPs may provide an enhanced pinning force per vortex length $({F}_{p})$ which remains a constant at various thicknesses.
Mediators of the association between narcissism and compulsive buying: The roles of materialism and impulse control.

Building upon past research about the guiding values and self-regulation difficulties of people with narcissistic personalities, this study tested a model of the association between narcissism and compulsive consumption. In data obtained from a sample of undergraduate consumers (N=238) with varying degrees of spending problems, positive associations emerged between narcissism, materialism, and compulsive buying. Impulse control was negatively correlated with each of these variables. Mediation tests revealed that both impulse control and materialism accounted for significant portions of the shared variance between narcissism and compulsive consumption. These findings highlight the importance of both personal values and impulse control as correlates of addictive buying. They also add to growing evidence that people who are relatively narcissistic are poor self-regulators who may be at risk of developing a variety of addictive behaviors.
Maternal origin of the group specific (Gc) proteins in amniotic fluid.

THE origin of the amniotic fluid proteins is at present a source of controversy. Existing information about these proteins, which has been derived mainly from paper electrophoresis1–6, immunoelectrophoresis7,8 and immuno-diffusion9, has divided investigators into those who believe that the amniotic fluid proteins arise from foetal serum and those who consider that their origin is maternal. A recent article10 has shown, by a combination of acrylamide disc electrophoresis and immuiiodiffusion, that the proteins of the amniotic fluid originate at least partly from maternal serum. It was found that haptoglobin 1–1 was present in all amniotic fluids derived from mothers of this type, while it was absent in the corresponding cord sera. Immunoglobulin A was also present only in amniotic fluids and corresponding maternal sera and absent in cord sera. In addition, transferrin and ceruloplasmin values approximated those of the maternal rather than those of foetal sera.
Thermal self-energies using light-front quantization

A recent paper by Alves, Das, and Perez contains a calculation of the one-loop self-energy in ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{3}$ field theory at $T\ensuremath{\ne}0$ using light-front quantization and concludes that the self-energy is different than the conventional answer and is not rotationally invariant. The changes of variable displayed below show that despite the complicated appearance of the thermal self-energy in light-front variables, it is exactly the same as the conventional result.
Towards an Experimental Methodology of Virtual World Research

This paper presents the features that make virtual worlds particularly well suited for use as experimental environments, particularly, shards, dataveillance, the ability to manipulate the environment, and controlled random samples. It also attempts to identify and provide concrete examples of how researchers can avoid two key points of contention when using virtual worlds as experimental environments. The first point is that virtual worlds are not internally valid, and second is that data from virtual worlds cannot be generalized to draw conclusions about individuals in the real world. Finally, it introduces Greenland, an experimental environment that was developed from June 2008 to February 2009, and examines some early data from the project in hopes of translating it to some useful insights for others and for further development of the project itself.
Amphetamine addiction during pregnancy: 10‐year follow‐up

Sixty-five children born to women who all used amphetamine during pregnancy have been followed prospectively since birth 1976-77. They have been tested and examined at one, 4 and 8 years of age. In addition, information about the school situation was collected after 10 years. Twenty percent of the children were put in foster homes at birth, and after 10 years 70% were in foster homes. The children showed a normal intellectual capacity. However, at 10 years of age 8 children (12%) attended one class below what was normal for their biological age (normal in Sweden < 5%). At 4 years of age 35% had an aggressive behaviour and at 8 years 23%. There was a statistically significant correlation between aggressive behaviour and amphetamine exposure during fetal life. At both 4 and 8 years of age 40% were considered to have a poor adjustment, which correlated with socio-environmental factors. Lower values for weight and length also showed a correlation with socio-environmental factors. The study shows that amphetamine abuse during pregnancy will influence development of exposed children at least up to the age of 10 years.
Calculation of Stray Load Losses in D-C Machinery

The increased use of d-c machinery in controlled industrial drives and in automation has created renewed interest in the finer points of their design. The use of digital computers now makes it possible to include in the design calculations complicated stray load-loss equations without imposing on the valuable time of the designer. A review of information on stray load losses seems to be desirable at this time. This paper describes the state of the art as it is presented in published papers dealing with the theory of load losses. The losses are classified in the paper according to the location where they occur. The cause of the losses is described and then the calculation of losses is reviewed historically. Some of the results are reproduced and a bibliography is added. The bibliography does not claim completeness. It is believed that the most important papers published in the American, English, French, and German engineering literature, referring to stray load losses, are quoted. Papers that did not contain any new method, idea, approach, simplification, or test data and were repetitions of publications already among the references were omitted.
The excitation site of the trigeminal nerve to transcranial magnetic stimulation varies and lies proximal or distal to the foramen ovale: An intraoperative electrophysiological study in man

The excitation site of the trigeminal nerve using transcranial magnetic stimulation (magStim) was analyzed in 5 patients in whom the trigeminal nerve was surgically exposed in the posterior fossa during microvascular decompression of the facial nerve for hemifacial spasm. The trigeminal nerve was stimulated (1) magnetically immediately prior to craniotomy, and (2) electrically near the root exit zone (elREZ) of the nerve from the brainstem. Mean latency differences (delta) of masseter compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) (delta elREZ minus magStim) were 0.7 (range: +0.3 to +1.3) ms (P less than or equal to 0.05, Wilcoxon-test). From these results, an analysis of anatomical data, and using a trigeminal nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of 50 m/s as reported in the literature, the following conclusions were drawn: the excitation site to magStim (1) is variable among individuals, (2) is located 3.4 (1.6-6.5) cm distal to the trigeminal REZ, and (3) which corresponds to segments of the nerve that are located either within or outside the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), either proximal or distal to the foramen ovale. These findings are in contrast to those we obtained in a previous study of the facial nerve in which the excitation site was found to be constant among subjects and restricted to the location on the nerve where it exists the high conductivity CSF to enter the high-resistance petrous bone.
Scattering of coherent and incoherent light by latex hydrosols.

Experimental study of the scattering of coherent and incoherent light by latex hydrosols has been extended to determine the effects of larger diameter scatterers and of several scatterer concentrations. The angular dependence of the intensity of the light scattered by latex spheres suspended in water was measured. Two light sources were used: (1) a continuous wave He–Ne laser radiating at 6328 A and (2) a high pressure, xenon arc lamp limited to a 100-A bandwidth centered at 6328 A. The number of particles in the scattering volume coherently illuminated with the laser was greater than the number coherently illuminated with the xenon lamp by a factor > 5 × 105. Six hydrosols were studied: three suspensions of particles polydispersed in size (diameter ranges from 6 μ to 14 μ, 12 μ to 35 μ, and 25 μ to 55 μ) and three suspensions of particles monodispersed in size (0.796-μ diam and concentration ranging from 5.7 × 107 particles/cm3 to 5.7 × 105 particles/cm3). For these six suspensions, the data from the two light sources agree to within the possible experimental error of 20%.
On Witsenhausen's counterexample: The asymptotic vector case

Motivated by the presence of an implicit communication channel in the asymptotic version of Witsenhausen's counterexample, implicit discrete memoryless channels (IDMC) with discrete memoryless (DM) states are considered. Information-theoretic lower and upper bounds (based respectively on the ideas from rate-distortion theory and hybrid-coding) are derived on the optimal distortion in estimating the input of the implicit channel. The intuition gained from the DMIC with DM state model is then used to evaluate the optimal distortion for the asymptotic version of the Witsenhausen counterexample. The minimum distortion is characterized for the counterexample and it is shown that a combination of linear coding and dirty-paper coding (DPC) proposed in [1] achieves the minimum distortion.
Recursion orders for weights of Boolean cubic rotation symmetric functions

Rotation symmetric (RS) Boolean functions have been extensively studied in recent years because of their applications in cryptography. In cryptographic applications, it is usually important to know the weight of the functions, so much research has been done on the problem of determining such weights. Recently it was proved that for cubic RS functions in n variables generated by a single monomial, the weights of the functions as n increases satisfy a linear recursion. Furthermore, explicit methods were found for generating these recursions and the initial values needed to use the recursions. It is important to be able to compute the order of these recursions without needing to determine all of the coefficients. This paper gives a technique for doing that in many cases, based on a new notion of towers of RS Boolean functions.
Development of a lanthanide-based assay for detection of receptor–ligand interactions at the δ-opioid receptor

A lanthanide-based assay for ligand-receptor interactions provides an attractive alternative to the traditional radiolabeled determinations in terms of sensitivity, throughput, and biohazards. We designed and tested five peptide ligands for the delta-opioid receptor that were modified with a europium (Eu)-containing chelate. These labeled ligands were tested for their binding affinities and compared with the unlabeled parental ligands. The Eu-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-[D-Pen(2),l-Cys(5)] enkephalin (DPLCE) ligand bound to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells overexpressing the human delta-opioid receptor with affinity similar to the unlabeled ligand. This ligand was used in competitive binding assays with results comparable to those obtained using the traditional radiolabeled binding assays. These lanthanide-based assays provide superior results with higher throughput and eliminate the need for radioactive waste disposal; hence, they are appropriate for high-throughput screening of ligand libraries.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Response of PWR Containment During a Loss of Coolant Accident Using RELAP5-3D and MELCOR

The prediction of specific parameters for the reactor containment, such as pressure and sump pool temperature, is of paramount importance when studying the thermal-hydraulic phenomena involved in the debris generation, transport, and accumulation during Loss of Coolant Accidents (LOCA). The response of the reactor containment during these events may significantly vary depending of several factors such as break size and location, and other plant-specific features. When modeling the reactor and containment response using systems codes, the predictions may also depend on the selection of physical models, correlations and their coefficients. A sensitivity analysis of the response of a typical Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) 4-loop reactor system and associated containment during a large break LOCA was conducted using RELAP5-3D and MELCOR to investigate the influence of geometrical parameters (break location), physical models (chiked flow models), and related coefficients (discharge coefficient at the break), on the containment response. The simulation results showed how the containment response changed by varying the selected parameters and confirmed the importance of identifying and studying the factors triggering the containment engineered features (containment sprays) when simulation the containment response.© 2014 ASME
Finite element formulation and analysis of three dimensional magnetic field problems

A three dimensional finite element formulation and algorithm for the solution of 3-d magnetic fields was developed. The method is presented here with applications to determination of local flux densities in a 3-d field pattern, as well as global energy calculations of an air cored coil. The results compare well with closed form solution results. Experimental test data of the coil inductance is in agreement with finite element results. The development represents a new technique which is a potentially very powerful tool in many practical applications.
The skeletal stability of Le Fort I downfracture osteotomies with rigid fixation

Twenty subjects receiving Le Fort I downfracture osteotomies stabilized with rigid fixation were studied for relapse. The analysis was based on longitudinal cephalometric radiographs taken within 2 weeks presurgically, 1 week postsurgically, and after a minimum period of 6 months postsurgically. Vertical and sagittal changes in the maxilla were evaluated in reference to the Frankfort horizontal plane. It was found that the mean postsurgical relapse was minimal and not significant. It was smaller than that reported for patients who had received stabilization of the maxilla with intraosseous and maxillomandibular wiring. It was concluded that the rigid fixation technique is dependable and yields stable postsurgical results in the maxilla.
Exploring internal and external supply chain linkages: Evidence from the field

Abstract In their pursuit of improved operational performance, organizations in supply chains have sought to develop external information-based linkages with their customers and vendors. Has this course of action been at the expense of developing similar internal information-based linkages? This research explores the specific roles of internal and external information-based linkages in achieving improved operational performance. Based on a single case study that comprises a supply chain containing twenty-four internal and fourteen external linkages this research develops a series of propositions. We find that the individual internal linkages may be useful for extending externally derived visibility, and for addressing to some extent, “structural holes” in the supply chain. Additionally, to extend visibility across the entire supply chain, organizations need to recognize the combining role of internal and external information-based linkages. Finally we offer some thoughts for future research in this area.
Host Determinants in HIV Infection and Disease: Part 2: Genetic Factors and Implications for Antiretroviral Therapeutics*

The course of HIV infection varies widely among individuals. Immunologic and genetic studies of long-term nonprogressors and exposed yet uninfected persons have helped to elucidate the mechanisms by which some persons are protected from HIV acquisition or have slow rates of disease progression. This two-part review describes what is currently known about host factors in HIV-1 infection. Studies for inclusion were identified by a systematic search of PubMed for English-language literature published from 1988 through June 2000. Abstracts of presentations at major meetings convened in 2000 were also included if appropriate. The first part of the review discussed cellular and humoral immunity to HIV infection. This second part describes genetic host factors-namely, inheritance of mutant chemokine receptors or ligands, such as CCR5-Delta32, CCR2-V64I, stromal cell-derived factor-1 3'alpha, and CCR5 promoter polymorphisms, as well as HLA type-that affect susceptibility to infection and subsequent clinical course. Soluble inhibitory factors, the cytokine milieu, and concomitant infections also affect outcome. Knowledge of host responses is increasingly being applied to new therapeutic strategies, including early treatment, immune modulation, structured treatment interruptions, therapeutic vaccination, and new chemotherapeutic agents, as well as to vaccine development.
Pathological and functional changes following hemisection of the lateral ampullary nerve.

An attempt was made to section the canalicular branch of the lateral ampullary nerve in the cat. In successful cases the section was associated with degeneration of both sensory and marginal epithelium and the stroma. The animals showed signs of an acute vestibular disorder consisting of disequilibrium, spontaneous nystagmus toward the unoperated ear, type III positional nystagmus, perverted nystagmus in response to caloric irrigation on the operated side, and a directional preponderance toward the unoperated ear during optokinetic, caloric and rotatory tests. Section of superior and/or lateral ampullary nerves to a certain extent mimicked the clinical signs of a labyrinthectomy. The clinical implications of the vestibular disorder associated with damage localized to the crista ampullaris is discussed.
Forest Fire Problems---A Progress Report

Forest and wildland fires in the United States of America destroy about 4 million acres annually, at an estimated direct cost of about $350 million. In the state of California alone, about 270,000 acres of timber, recreation, and watershed values are destroyed yearly. Under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, a research group at the Operations Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, has begun a program to study the application of operations research to forest fire control systems, this paper is a progress report on that program Problem areas that have been explored to date are 1 Initial attack planning, 2 man and equipment mobilization, 3 economics of detection systems, 4 fire camp organization, and 5 fire agency communications. Although it is still too early to provide definite recommendations in these areas, certain approaches appear very promising. One of the present limitations to OR studies is a lack of fundamental knowledge about 1. The macro-physical behavior of fire, and 2 the effect of varying suppression tactics upon this behavior. Nevertheless, the problems of forest fire control provide an exciting and worthwhile area for future research.
Patient attitudes toward treatment predict attendance in clinical pharmacotherapy trials of alcohol and drug treatment.

This study evaluated for 152 patients the relationship between their attitudes toward treatment and session attendance in pharmacotherapy research trials aimed at treating alcohol dependence. The study included a new, 50-item, patient-administered measure of attitudes, Treatment Research Experiences and Attitudes Task (TREAT), which is comprised of ten items from each of five attitudinal dimensions typically associated with treatment adherence: treatment setting, taking medication, social support, medical professional, and intrinsic patient factors. Patients attending 80% or more clinical sessions scored higher, i.e., were more favorable on four of five of attitudinal dimensions. Thus, patient attitudes toward treatment may be useful in identifying areas that limit or improve treatment attendance.
Acquiring knowledge in Soar

The strategies used in designing limited method-based tools can be applied to the much broader method that underlies Soar, called the problem space computational model (PSCM). Taql (for task acquisition language), which is the computer representation of PSCM, is discussed. Taql, together with its programming environment, comprises the Soar-based expert-system development tool. A Taql specification consists of a set of Taql constructs, each of which describes some aspect of a PSCM knowledge role. Each of Taql's 17 constructs is a list consisting of a type and a name for the Taql construct instance, followed by a list of arguments. Each argument specifies some aspect of the construct's PSCM knowledge role. Taql's effectiveness is attributed to a combination of PSCM's simplicity and flexibility and the principled way in which Taql was designed. >
Guest Editors' Introduction to the Special Issue: Hurricane Katrina's Impacts on Community & Technical Colleges in Louisiana and Mississippi

Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent levee breaks in New Orleans, Louisiana insured for most residents of the Louisiana–Mississippi (LA–MS) region that 8/29/05 will, like in the words of Franklin D...
Taken on Faith? The Impact of Uncertainty, Knowledge Relatedness, and Richness of Information on Entrepreneurial Opportunity Exploitation:

This article develops a theoretical model that suggests that differential levels of uncertainty, knowledge relatedness, and richness of information will have a substantial impact on the decision to engage in entrepreneurship. Effects of the individual differences fear of failure and general self-efficacy are also considered. Using a metric conjoint methodology, respondents are asked to evaluate a series of profiles with different levels of each attribute and then indicate their willingness to invest in an entrepreneurial opportunity. This approach allows for the calculation of main and interaction effects as well as the importance of each factor in the investment decision. Results indicated that all three factors and their interactions play a significant role in the decision to engage in entrepreneurial action. The degree of opportunity-related uncertainty was found to be the most important factor in the decision-making process.
P.2.4 Upper extremity reachable workspace evaluation in DMD using Kinect

There is a lack of outcome measures evaluating upper extremity function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and a need to develop a quantitative low-cost method to evaluate upper extremity function in clinical trials. We developed a 3D reachable workspace tool to quantify joint mobility within the patient’s functional space. Reachable workspace is defined as all points relative to the torso an individual can reach by moving their hands, and its envelope is defined by the encompassing surface area. Reachable workspace is associated with functional upper limb status and is applicable in evaluating patients with DMD, where weakness and dysfunction stems from early involvement of shoulder girdle muscles. We developed a system based on the Microsoft Kinect to capture upper-limb movement during a specially devised workspace protocol. We are able to fit spherical surface data to the hand trajectory. The resulting envelope is quantified as a surface area using 3D surface plots projected to anatomical body planes. Surface area is normalized to the unit of the hemisphere of hand movement to facilitate comparison between individuals. We collected data in 8 pediatric subjects with DMD aged 6–13 years (mean: 9.4 ± 2.5 years). All subjects were able to follow the movement protocol for assessment of the reachable workspace. Average normalized surface area for the dominant side was 0.749 (SD: 0.063) with a minimal area of 0.627 obtained in an 11 year-old. Maximal area of 0.883 was obtained in another 11-year old subject with milder phenotype. Performance of the same movement protocol in a healthy control boy showed normalized surface area of 0.884, and in the adult control group ( n = 10), the average normalized surface area reached 0.679 (SD: 0.090). To increase the sensitivity to detect subtle weakness we measured the workspace with loading condition (500 g wrist weight). Further studies will examine reliability, accuracy and correlation with traditional functional outcome measures.
Conductor Loss of Capacitively Loaded Slow Wave Electrodes for High-Speed Photonic Devices

In this paper, analytical expressions are presented for the microwave attenuation of slow wave electrodes obtained by periodically loading a regular coplanar line with capacitive elements. Such electrodes are commonly used in III-V compound semiconductor electro-optic modulators and other traveling wave devices. These results are obtained by modifying the existing analytical loss expressions for regular coplanar lines based on physical arguments. The predictions of these expressions are compared with experimental results up to 35 GHz and agreement is found to be very good. Validity of this analysis is also discussed. It is found that the approach works very well for lines of practical interest. Hence, the proposed approach enables complete design of capacitively loaded slow wave electrodes by predicting the microwave loss with closed-form equations in addition to velocity and characteristic impedance.
Hemoglobin as the red pigment of microsomes.

Abstract The red color of isolated microsomes results from the presence of adsorbed hemoglobin. Adsorption occurs only at very low ionic strengths. In contrast to microsomes, mitochondria do not adsorb hemoglobin. Hemoglobin added to tissue homogenates is useful as a specific stain to differentiate microsomal from mitochondrial material in mixed centrifuge pellets.
Steroid modulation of naturally occurring diurnal variation in circulating pluripotential haematopoietic cells (CFU-GEMM).

The number of committed granulocyte-monocyte precursors (CFU-GM) in circulation has been shown to increase following steroid administration in humans. To see if steroids could be used to improve the collection of peripheral blood stem cells for haematopoietic reconstitution, their effect on circulating CFU-GEMM was investigated. Six healthy young adults, three men and three women, were given 60 mg of prednisone orally at 8 a.m. on day 1. Blood CFU-GEMM and committed precursors (CFU-GM and BFU-E) were cultured in methylcellulose. Samples were taken at 4 p.m. the day before and at 8 a.m. on the day of steroid administration, and at 4, 8, 24 and, in a few cases, 48 h after steroid. Pre-treatment CFU-GEMM levels (per unit volume of blood) at 4 p.m. was 180 +/- 23% (mean +/- SEM) of that at 8 a.m., showing a significant (P less than 0.025) diurnal variation. 8 h after steroids there was a fall in CFU-GEMM to 28 +/- 4.5% of the 8 a.m. presteroid level. 24 h following steroid administration, CFU-GEMM rose significantly (P less than 0.05) to 188 +/- 33% of 8 a.m. baseline values; CFU-GM and BFU-E changes generally paralleled those noted for CFU-GEMM. These results suggest that blood levels of CFU-GEMM exhibit a significant diurnal variation. Oral prednisone given 24 h in advance of collection increases the 8 a.m. value to that found at 4 p.m. The steroid effect may be due to a resetting of the diurnal control mechanism. Use of this information may be important in collection of circulating haematopoietic stem cells for use in bone marrow reconstitution in man.
High-energy visual laser ablation of the prostate in men with urinary retention: pressure-flow analysis.

Abstract Objectives . To assess the efficacy of high-energy visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP) in men withurinary retention, using subjective and objective data. Methods . Seventeen men in urinary retention underwent high-energy VLAP. The mean patient age was 69years, and the mean follow-up was 12 months. All men were urodynamically obstructed by pressure-flow analysis with a functioning detrusor muscle. Interviews assessed retrograde ejaculation and patient satisfaction. Results . The mean total energy applied was 71,088 J (range 27,556 to 110,294). The mean peak noninvasive urine flow rates increased from 2.1 to 18.1 cc/s, and the mean postvoid residual volumes decreased from 550.0 to 39.0 cc. The mean detrusor pressure at peak flow decreased from 66.4 to 41.9 cm H 2 O, and the mean maximal detrusor pressure decreased from 72.2 to 49.2 cm H 2 O. Ten men (59%) voided to completion within 1 week post-VLAP. The mean postoperative International Prostate Symptom Score was 6. Nine men (53%) reported new retrograde ejaculation, and 14 men (82%) were satisfied with their outcome. Conclusions . High-energy VLAP is an effective procedure for relief of bladder-outlet obstruction in men with urinary retention.
Efficient color representation for image segmentation under nonwhite illumination

Color image segmentation algorithms often consider object color to be a constant property of an object. If the light source dominantly exhibits a particular color, however, it becomes necessary to consider the color variation induced by the colored illuminant. This paper presents a new approach to segmenting color images that are photographed under non-white illumination conditions. It also addresses how to estimate the color of illuminant in terms of the standard RGB color values rather than the spectrum of the illuminant. With respect to the illumination axis that goes through the origin and the centroid of illuminant color clusters (prior given by the estimation process), the RGB color space is transformed into our new color coordinate system. Our new color scheme shares the intuitiveness of the HSI (HSL or HSV) space that comes from the conical (double-conical or cylindrical) structure of hue and saturation aligned with the intensity variation at its center. It has been developed by locating the ordinary RGB cube in such a way that the illumination axis aligns with the vertical axis (Z-axis) of a larger Cartesian (XYZ) space. The work in this paper uses the dichromatic reflection model [1] to interpret the physics about light and optical effects in color images. The linearity proposed in the dichromatic reflection model is essential and is well preserved in the RGB color space. By proposing a straightforward color model transduction, we suggest dimensionality reduction and provide an efficient way to analyze color images of dielectric objects under non-white illumination conditions. The feasibility of the proposed color representation has been demonstrated by our experiment that is twofold: 1) Segmentation result from a multi-modal histogram-based thresholding technique and 2) Color constancy result from discounting illumination effect further by color balancing.
Competitive Grants and Educational Federalism: President Obama's Race to the Top Program in Theory and Practice

We use the Obama administration’s Race to the Top (RTTT) program to address two questions about competitive grants. First, what does RTTT and its competitive approach reveal about the current state of educational federalism? Second, and more generally, how do large federal grant programs operate when state governments compete for funds? Our analysis indicates that although RTTT has expanded federal involvement in state education policy, its success still depends crucially on subnational implementation. We also note the important role of state capacity in predicting states’ abilities to apply to and perform well in the RTTT competition. We conclude by suggesting implications for educational federalism during the coming years and offering more general insights about the operation of competitive federal grants to states.
Modeling: An analysis in terms of category accessibility.

Abstract It is proposed that many of the releasing or disinhibiting effects caused by models can be accounted for by information-processing mechanisms, without recourse to the concept of reinforcement. More specifically, it is suggested that the process of viewing a model's behavior involves the activation of an interpretive schema. This renders the information the schema incorporates more accessible for subsequent use. If the schema incorporates (or is closely related to) behavior-specifying information, that information becomes more accessible as well, thus making it more likely to influence overt behavior. Two studies are reported that assessed the plausibility of this reasoning. In Experiment 1 subjects who had viewed an aggressive model perceived greater hostility in the behavior of an ambiguous stimulus person that they subsequently encountered than did control subjects. This finding is consistent with the assumption that the model's behavior activated a conceptual schema for use in interpretation. In Experiment 2 subjects in whom an aggressive schema had been activated under a guise displayed greater aggression in their subsequent behavior in a different context than did control subjects. This finding is consistent with the assumption that activating the conceptual schema also activated behavioral information. The discussion centers on the implications of the findings.
40.5: Invited Paper: Super Reflective Color LCD with PDLC Technology

A novel reflective color LCD without polarizer has been developed with using PDLC and retro-reflector. Bright color images including moving images are available with utilizing ambient light. Our novel LCD will create a new application area such as electronic paper.
A clinical study of gingivitis of deciduous and succadaneous permanent teeth in dogs.

The objective of this study was to determine the severity of gingivitis of newly erupted permanent teeth of dogs which had exhibited plaque and gingivitis around the predecessor deciduous teeth. Two litters of 4 and 6 mongrel dogs were assessed clinically using G. I. and P1.I. (Loe 1967) and tests for crevicular exudate. Selected premolar gingiva were biopsied and processed for light microscopy. A plaque inducing diet was fed to 2 dogs in each litter. Control dogs were fed a hard diet and subjected to regular plaque removal procedures, using daily toothbrushing and 0.2% chlorhexidine application. Clinical examinations on canines and premolars were made at weekly intervals from the 16th to the 30th week of age. Results showed that in control dogs, teeth from which plaque was removed regularly exhibited non-inflamed gingiva throughout the study. Gingivitis in experimental dogs was relaed to the continued presence of plaque. In these dogs, the mean G.I. and P1.I. scores of permanent teeth were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those of the predecessor deciduous teeth which had exhibited plaque and pingivitis.
ANATOMIC ATLAS FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE MESATICEPHALIC DOG: THORAX AND CRANIAL ABDOMEN

The purpose of this study was to produce a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the dog for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Whole-body CT images of two mature beagle dogs were made with the dogs supported in sternal recumbency and using a slice thickness of 13 mm. At the end of the CT session, each dog was euthanized, and while carefully maintaining the same position, the body was placed in a walk-in freezer until completely frozen. The body was then sectioned at 13-mm intervals, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The frozen sections were cleaned, photographed, and radiographed using xeroradiography. Each CT image was studied and compared with its corresponding xeroradiograph and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled in the three corresponding photographs (CT image, xeroradiograph, and anatomic section). In a previous paper, the head and neck of the mesaticephalic (beagle) dog was presented. In this paper, the thorax and cranial part of the abdomen of the dog are presented.
A biophysical model for identifying splicing regulatory elements and their interactions.

Alternative splicing (AS) of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) is a crucial step in the expression of most eukaryotic genes. Splicing factors (SFs) play an important role in AS regulation by binding to the cis-regulatory elements on the pre-mRNA. Although many splicing factors (SFs) and their binding sites have been identified, their combinatorial regulatory effects remain to be elucidated. In this paper, we derive a biophysical model for AS regulation that integrates combinatorial signals of cis-acting splicing regulatory elements (SREs) and their interactions. We also develop a systematic framework for model inference. Applying the biophysical model to a human RNA-Seq data set, we demonstrate that our model can explain 49.1%–66.5% variance of the data, which is comparable to the best result achieved by biophysical models for transcription. In total, we identified 119 SRE pairs between different regions of cassette exons that may regulate exon or intron definition in splicing, and 77 SRE pairs from the same region that may arise from a long motif or two different SREs bound by different SFs. Particularly, putative binding sites of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) F/H and E/K are identified as interacting SRE pairs, and have been shown to be consistent with the interaction models proposed in previous experimental results. These results show that our biophysical model and inference method provide a means of quantitative modeling of splicing regulation and is a useful tool for identifying SREs and their interactions. The software package for model inference is available under an open source license.
The Metabolism of Injected Epinephrine-C14 Acetate by Leghorn Pullets

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE study of the metabolism of exogenous C14-epinephrine was begun in the chicken with an investigation of the influence of iproniazid upon the inactivation and removal of epinephrine through its inhibition of a monoamine oxidase (Scott, 1962). The role of the kidney tubule of the chicken in the excretion of labeled epinephrine was the subject of investigation by Rennick et al. 1963. Meanwhile, during the past decade, the metabolic pathway by which epinephrine is inactivated within the mammalian body has been established, tentatively, based upon evidence obtained from experimentation on man and augmented by the results from other forms of mammals. A recent paper by Goodall and Alton (1965) contains the details of urinary excretion of the metabolites of injected C14-epinephrine in man. Axelrod (1966) has reviewed primarily the methylation reactions with some reference to deamination reactions involved in the formation and metabolism of catecholamines. Making use of C14-epinephrine …
Nevanlinna–Pick Type Interpolation in a Dual Algebra

Abstract The duality approach of Sarason, Abrahamse, Ball, and others is extended to obtain a verion of Nevanlinna–Pick interpolation for a weak star closed algebra of operators on Hilbert space. In this context factorization is the polar decomposition of a positive trace class operator. Several concrete Nevanlinna–Pick type theorems are seen to follow from the main result and various versions of the Wold decomposition.
Cyber resilience for mission assurance

Our national security and critical infrastructure sectors have become increasingly dependent on commercial information systems and technologies whose pedigree is uncertain given the globalization of the supply chain. Furthermore, these system architectures are brittle and fail or are compromised when subjected to ever-increasingly advanced and adaptive cyber attacks, resulting in failed, disrupted or compromised mission operations. While we must continue to raise the bar to protect mission critical systems from these threats by implementing best security practices, the current philosophy of trying to keep the adversaries out, or the assumption that they will be detected if they get through the first line of defense, is no longer valid. Given the sophistication, adaptiveness, and persistence of cyber threats, we can no longer assume that we can completely defend against intruders and must change our mindset to assume some degree of adversary success and be prepared to “fight through” cyber attacks to ensure mission success even in a degraded or contested environment. This paper will focus on actionable architectural and operational recommendations to address the advanced cyber threat and to enable mission assurance for critical operations. These recommendations can create transformational improvements by helping to reverse adversary advantage, minimize exploit impact to essential operations, increase adversary cost and uncertainty, and act as a deterrent. These approaches go well beyond traditional information assurance, disaster recovery and survivability techniques. The approaches and strategies to be discussed include creative applications of trust technologies and advanced detection capabilities in conjunction with combination of techniques using diversity, redundancy, isolation and containment, least privilege, moving target defense, randomization and unpredictability, deception, and adaptive management and response.
Triplet Excited States of Free-Base Porphin and Its β-Octahalogenated Derivatives†

Density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations were carried out to predict the structures, energetics, and triplet−triplet (T−T) spectra for the low-lying triplet states of free-base porphin (PH2) and its β-octahalogenated derivatives (β-PH2X8; X = F, Cl, Br). The lowest triplet excited state of PH2 and β-PH2X8 was found to retain D2h symmetry with stretched Cβ−Cβ and Cβ−Cm bond distances. For free-base porphin, the singlet−triplet (S0−T1) gap obtained with the B3LYP functional was in excellent agreement with the experimental phosphorescence value. Excitation energies computed by time-dependent DFT also provided a fine account of the observed T−T spectrum. β-Halogenation had little effect on the singlet−triplet gaps of porphin. The S0−T1 and S0−T2 splittings for β-PH2X8 were within 0.1 eV of the corresponding splittings in the unsubstituted porphin. All bands in the T−T spectra of β-PH2X8 were predicted to be significantly (up to 0.65 eV) red-shifted in comparison to corresponding bands...
Harmonic commutation for thyratron inverters and rectifiers

RECTIFIERS and inverters employing grid-controlled gas or vapor filled electronic valves require some means of interrupting the current through the tube. Commutation is the term applied to the interrupting of this current. In this paper the problem of commutation is discussed and a method of using a harmonic circuit of reduced kva to force commutation is described.
Young Adult Outcomes of Children with Hyperactivity: Leisure, financial, and social activities

This study reports on the leisure time, financial, gambling, and social activities of a large sample of children with hyperactivity (H group, N = 149) and children who served as a control group (CC group, N = 72) from the Southeastern Wisconsin (Milwaukee) region tracked for 13–15 years to young adulthood (ages 19–25, M = 20 years). Participant interviews were used to gather information on the amount of time they spent in various leisure activities, the amount of their monthly earnings and the proportion they spent on various expenses, and their gambling activities and amounts they expended in those activities. The results revealed that the H group spent significantly more hours engaged in watching television, listening to music, socialising on the telephone, and engaging in their hobbies relative to the control group. While the H group at this early stage of adulthood was earning more monthly income, no differences were found in the proportion of that income being spent on various categories of monthly e...
Bacterial additives that consistently enhance rotifer growth under synxenic culture conditions: 2. Use of single and multiple bacterial probiotics

Axenic rotifers were cultured under synxenic conditions on a bacteria-free artificial diet. The cultures were inoculated either with one of four strains of cultured marine bacteria, or with mixtures of bacteria made up with the same four strains and differing only in the proportions of cells from each strain within the blends. Control cultures were inoculated with bacteria present in freshly collected samples of seawater (SW). The lowest rotifer growth rates were observed in these control cultures. The highest growth rates were determined in cultures inoculated with either an Alteromonas strain or a mixture of strains (M2) composed of a larger proportion of the Alteromonas cells than any of the other microbial constituents. The largest variations in rotifer growth rate between replicate cultures were determined in cultures seeded with SW bacteria, while the lowest were determined in cultures inoculated with either Alteromonas or two blends including mixture M2. Similar results were obtained with both species of rotifers tested, Brachionus plicatilis Muller and B. rotundiformis Tschugunoff.