cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Giora Godik: The ‘Showporter’ Turned Artistic Producer

Producing Broadway musicals such as My Fair Lady and Fiddler on the Roof as well as original Israeli musicals such as Kazablan, and I Like Mike, Giora Godik (1921–1977) attracted the Tel Aviv elite to the refurbished Alhambra Theatre in Jaffa throughout the 1960s. Though Godik fled Israel in the 1970s, eventually renouncing his citizenship, his heyday as a musical theatre producer had a lasting influence on musical theatre in Israel.
Predictors of false-positive stroke thrombectomy transfers

Background Most patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke need to be transferred to receive thrombectomy. To save time, the decision to transfer often relies on clinical scales as a surrogate for LVO rather than imaging. However, clinical scales have been associated with high levels of diagnostic error. The aim of this study is to define the susceptibility to overdiagnosis of our current transfer decision process by measuring the rate of non-treatment transfers, the most common reasons for no treatment and potential predictors. Methods Clinical and transfer data on consecutive patients transferred to a single endovascular capable centre for possible thrombectomy via stroke code activation were retrospectively reviewed. Whether patients underwent the procedure, why they did not undergo the procedure, and other clinical and logistical predictors were recorded. χ 2 tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Results From 2015 to 2016, 105/192 transferred patients (54%) did not undergo thrombectomy and the most common reason was absence of a LVO found on CTA after transfer (71/104 (68%)). 14/16 (88%) with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 20 underwent thrombectomy (p Conclusions Clinical scales appear to overdiagnose LVO and may be responsible for the majority of our stroke code transfers not undergoing thrombectomy. Primary stroke centres therefore have reason to develop the capability to rapidly acquire and interpret a CTA in patients with suspected LVO prior to transfer. Such efforts may reduce the costs associated with unnecessary thrombectomy transfers.
Novel surface diffusion characteristics for a robust pentacene derivative on Au(1 1 1) surfaces

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed in both the ab initio and classical mechanics frameworks of 5,6,7-trithiapentacene-13-one (TTPO) molecules on flat Au(1 1 1) surfaces. Results show new surface diffusion characteristics including a strong preference for the molecule to align its long axis parallel to the sixfold Au(1 1 1) symmetry directions and subsequently diffuse along these close-packed directions, and a calculated activation energy for diffusion of 0.142 eV, about four times larger than that for pure pentacene on Au. The temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients were calculated to help quantify the molecular mobility during the experimentally observed process of forming self-assembled monolayers on gold electrodes.
Impact of incorrect and new requirements on waterfall software project outcomes

This research compares the impacts of change requests due to requirement defects on the outcomes of software development projects developed using the Waterfall methodology. The three types of requirement defects examined are incorrect requirements, incomplete requirements and new requirements. Outcomes are measured in terms of total effort expended and software defects injected during software development. While prior literature has examined ways to minimize requirement defects, limited insights are available on the impacts of requirement defects that remain after baseline requirements have been gathered. A sample of 49 software projects following the Waterfall methodology from a large highly mature (CMMI level 5) software development organization was used to statistically estimate the hypothesized relationships between the variables. Using the coordination perspective to develop our model, we find that resolution of change requests due to new requirements increases defects injected as well as effort. The resolution of change requests due to incorrect requirements increases the number of new requirements as well as the number of defects injected. Resolution of change requests due to incomplete requirements do not have measurable impacts on software project outcomes. Efforts to minimize the number of change requests necessary due to new requirements, can therefore be an important factor in improving software project outcomes.
Spatio-temporal evolution of frequency-magnitude distribution and seismogenic index during initiation of induced seismicity at Guy-Greenbrier, Arkansas

Abstract In this study, we carry out detailed analyses of the spatio-temporal variations of seismic b-value during the onset of the potentially induced-earthquake sequence between Guy and Greenbrier, Arkansas, to investigate correlations with pore-pressure change. The range of b-values suggests that the seismicity in the Guy-Greenbrier area is mostly a result of the activation of pre-existing faults. The spatial distribution of b-value correlates with modeled pore-pressure changes. In the northern segment of the fault, b-value increases with depth due to large pore-pressure changes and opening of new fractures in the deeper part and stress relaxation in the shallower parts. Whereas, in the southern segment, the shallower part shows higher b-values due to higher pore-pressure fluctuations but the deeper part in the crystalline basement has low b-value due to higher confining stress. The correlation between the temporal variation of b-value and hypocentral depth explains a previously observed temporal drop of b-value. This suggests that temporal variations should be interpreted along with the spatial variations. Estimation of the seismogenic indices for the Guy-Greenbrier fault is provided. Our analysis suggests that monitoring changes in b-value and seismogenic indices during an injection period might be used to avoid the occurrence of significant events if injection volume is reduced at critical times.
Disproportionate Exposure to Antibiotics in Children at Risk for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Potential for Emerging Resistance and Opportunity for Antibiotic Stewardship

We compared antibiotic prescribing for children with and those without an underlying chronic condition associated with increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease. Children with a chronic condition had significantly greater cumulative exposure to antibiotics and higher rates of prescriptions per person-year than those without a chronic condition; this population is at increased risk for the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Implantation of Neuronal Stem Cells Enhances Object Recognition without Increasing Neurogenesis after Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury in Mice

Cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are debilitating and contribute to the morbidity and loss of productivity of over 10 million people worldwide. Cell transplantation has been linked to enhanced cognitive function after experimental traumatic brain injury, yet the mechanism of recovery is poorly understood. Since the hippocampus is a critical structure for learning and memory, supports adult neurogenesis, and is particularly vulnerable after TBI, we hypothesized that stem cell transplantation after TBI enhances cognitive recovery by modulation of endogenous hippocampal neurogenesis. We performed lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) in adult mice and transplanted embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells (NPC). Our data confirm an injury-induced cognitive deficit in novel object recognition, a hippocampal-dependent learning task, which is reversed one week after NPC transplantation. While LFPI alone promotes hippocampal neurogenesis, as revealed by doublecortin immunolabeling of immature neurons, subsequent NPC transplantation prevents increased neurogenesis and is not associated with morphological maturation of endogenous injury-induced immature neurons. Thus, NPC transplantation enhances cognitive recovery early after LFPI without a concomitant increase in neuron numbers or maturation.
Reflections on the Comparative Study of Subnational Legislatures

This essay proposes a research agenda for understanding the role of subnational legislatures in federal systems by identifying seven questions that need to be answered: How and why were subnational legislatures established? How have subnational legislatures evolved as organizations? What lawmaking powers are vested in subnational legislatures? Under what electoral rules and in what sort of party system do subnational legislatures operate? What are the career patterns of legislators? What are the mechanics of the subnational lawmaking process? What is the nature of the representational relationship between subnational legislators and their constituents? Answers are needed because subnational legislatures play an increasingly important policymaking role.
Greater Cortical Thickness Is Associated With Enhanced Sensory Function After Arm Rehabilitation in Chronic Stroke.

Objective. Somatosensory function is critical to normal motor control. After stroke, dysfunction of the sensory systems prevents normal motor function and degrades quality of life. Structural neuro...
Introduction to “Crustacea”

Abstract Chapter 27 is an introductory chapter on the systematics, phylogeny, distribution, and diversity of freshwater crustaceans of the world. Recent changes in the phylogeny and systematics of the group traditionally known as Crustacea are analyzed. Sections on general biology discuss external and internal anatomy, physiology, reproduction, and development. Ecological sections cover habitat selection, physiological constraints, feeding behavior, predators, and parasites. The chapter ends with a section on collecting, preparing, and culturing crustaceans.
Strong I/O lower bounds for binomial and FFT computation graphs

Processors on most of the modern computing devices have several levels of memory hierarchy. To obtain good performance on these processors it is necessary to design algorithms that minimize I/O traffic to slower memories in the hierarchy. In this paper, we propose a new technique, the boundary flow technique, for deriving lower bounds on the memory traffic complexity of problems in a two-level memory hierarchy architectures. The boundary flow technique relies on identifying sub-computation structure corresponding to equal computations with a minimum number of boundary vertices, which in turn is related to the vertex isoperimetric parameter of a computation graph. We demonstrate that this technique results in stronger lower bounds for memory traffic on memory hierarchy architectures for well-known computation structures: the binomial computation graphs and FFT computation graphs.
The Philosophy of Science and Educational Technology Research

Educational technology—the study and practice of using technology to support learning and instruction—is influenced by developments in various fields such as cognitive science, information and communications technologies, and psychology. To address the broad range of questions that make up the domain of educational technology research, a variety of approaches to scientific research are relevant. To facilitate the pursuit of a diverse research agenda relying on various approaches, we discuss scientific research in the domain of educational technology, present three philosophical approaches to scientific research that are relevant to educational technology research (namely, postpositivism, constructivism, and phenomenology) along with examples, and then discuss the larger landscape of approaches to scientific inquiry. With this, we aim to contribute to expanding the domain and diversity of scientific approaches within the discipline of educational technology, thereby informing and improving subsequent educational technology research.
Getting by with a little help from your (virtual) friends

In this talk I report on a series of studies that attempt to characterize the role of language and nonverbal behavior in relationship-building and rapport in humans, and then to use the results to implement virtual humans capable of rapport with their users. In particular, we are implementing virtual survey interviewers that can use rapport to elicit truthful responses, and virtual direction-giving agents that behave differently as they give directions over the lifetime of use. We are implementing virtual peers that can engage in collaborative learning with children within different dialect communities, virtual peers that can scaffold the learning of rapport behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder, and virtual peers that can be used to assess the social skills deficits of children with autism spectrum disorder so as to better plan their treatment. The goal of the research program is to better understand linguistic and nonverbal coordination devices from the utterance level to the relationship level --- how they work in humans, how they can be modeled in virtual humans, and how virtual humans can be implemented to help humans have productive and satisfying relationships, with machines and with one another, over long periods of time.
Apical Na+ conductance in maturing rabbit principal cell

Net Na+ absorption in microperfused rabbit cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) is low during the 1st wk of postnatal life, increasing substantially thereafter [L. M. Satlin. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 35): F57-F65, 1994]. To establish whether the low rate of Na+ absorption observed immediately after birth is due to a low apical Na+ permeability of the neonatal principal cell, we used the patch-clamp technique in split-open CCDs isolated from maturing rabbits to estimate conductance, number (N), and open probability (Po) of apical Na+ channels in principal cells. With LiCl in the pipette and a NaCl or potassium gluconate solution, warmed to 37 degrees C, in the bath, inward currents with a conductance of approximately 11 pS (n = 23) were observed in 17% of cell-attached patches at 1 wk, 41% of patches at 2 wk, and 43% of patches at 5 wk. The mean N per patch in the 1st wk (0.22 +/- 0.09; n = 36) was significantly less than that observed in the 2nd (1.38 +/- 0.39; n = 34) and 5th (1.24 +/- 0.37; n = 21) wk of life. Po, studied at positive pipette voltages, was significantly lower in the 1st wk (0.085 +/- 0.035; n = 5) than in the 2nd wk (0.345 +/- 0.063; n = 9) and 5th wk (0.291 +/- 0.058; n = 4). To confirm that the 11-pS channel represented the amiloride-sensitive apical Na+ channel, cell-attached patches in CCDs isolated from 2-wk-old rabbits were studied with 0.5 microM amiloride added to the LiCl pipette solution. Amiloride led to > 90% reductions in mean open and closed times of the 11-pS conductance, consistent with blockade of the channel. These data indicate that N and Po of apical amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels in principal cells increase significantly after birth.
Synergistic 1,4-dioxane removal by non-thermal plasma followed by biodegradation

Abstract In this work a water film non-thermal plasma reactor is combined with an aerobic biological reactor to treat water contaminated by 1,4-dioxane. The plasma reactor converted 1,4-dioxane to organic products including ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monoformate, ethylene glycol diformate, 1,4-dioxan-2-one, 1,4-dioxan-2-ol, and formic, oxalic, glycolic, and methoxyacetic acids. The detection of these organic products led to a proposed novel 1,4-dioxane degradation pathway. The plasma reactor primarily utilized OH radicals formed directly from water to degrade 1,4-dioxane at an energy efficiency comparable to, but with a reaction rate over three orders of magnitude higher than that in other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which might be due to the significant local OH radical production. The concentration and composition of the organic products exiting the plasma reactor varied with hydraulic retention time (HRT) and affected the following biological treatment time. At the optimum HRT for the plasma reactor (i.e., 1 s), ∼25% of 1,4-dioxane was mineralized to CO2, and ∼75% was converted to organic products, which were further degraded in the following biological reactor.
The Role Performance of Native Advertising in Legacy and Digital-Only News Media

This study compares the role performance of native advertising on the websites of legacy news media and digital-only news media in the United States. Instead of analyzing discourses and rhetorics a...
Paleontological and chronostratigraphic correlations of the mid-Cretaceous Wayan-Vaughn depositional system of southwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho

The Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation of eastern Utah represents the best source of data on Cenomanian vertebrate assemblages from North America. However, increasing data has rece...
Characterization of the Near-Field Transport and Dispersion of Vapors Released from the Headspaces of Hanford Site Underground Storage Tanks

A parametric air dispersion analysis has been conducted to define the range of tank vapor concentrations from the Hanford Site underground tanks that can potentially occur in the worker breathing zones from active and passive releases from the waste tanks. The potential influences of tank farm specific release characteristics, ambient meteorological conditions, local farm surface roughness, and topographical influences are considered. The parametric approach allows consideration of the full range venting configurations and potential vapor concentration over the range of meteorological conditions at the Hanford Site. The results indicate that occasional short duration exposures of up to several seconds to relatively undiluted headspace air can be expected in the immediate vicinity of the tank vents. Average concentrations which represent diffusion, as well as spatial averaging, fall off rapidly with distance for the passive vents and to a lesser extent for the forced-air stacks. The addition of the influence of the surface roughness elements on the tank farms will result in a faster decrease of concentrations with downwind distance.
A Window-based Tensor Decomposition Approach to Data-Association for Multi Target Tracking

Traditional observation-to-track data association algorithms, such as Bayesian methods, suffer from exponential growth in computational complexity with increase in a number of targets, especially in dense environments with low signal-to-noise ratio. This paper utilizes tensor decomposition, a commonly used technique to tackle “curse of dimensionality” in high dimensional applications, to reduce the aforementioned complexity in data association problems. The Joint Probabilistic Data Association (JPDA) is a pseudo-Bayesian sub-optimal filter that lends itself to be modified within the framework of incremental tensor decomposition to reduce its computational burden resulting from computing the probabilities of noncompeting join association events or “feasible events”. The number of feasible events is reduced by a using a “core” tensor instead of the complete set of measurements received at a specified instance in time. Furthermore, to reduce computational overhead while performing decomposition, many such measurements are combined into “batches”. The “core” tensor is obtained from Dynamic Tensor Analysis (DTA). This reduction in computational burden from the new tensor based JPDA method when compared to the traditional JPDA method is demonstrated via a numerical example of a Space Situational Awareness Problem (SSA).
Does Prepregnancy Weight or Maternal BMI at Betamethasone Administration Impact Late Preterm Respiratory Morbidity

Objective We sought to determine if maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for neonatal respiratory morbidity and to determine if increasing BMI decreased the efficacy of betamethasone (BMZ). Study Design This was a secondary analysis of the Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids trial, double-blind, randomized controlled trial involving 2,831 women between 340/7 and 365/7 weeks who received BMZ or a matching placebo. We compared the rate of neonatal respiratory morbidity among prepregnancy BMI classes in both the placebo and treatment groups. We also stratified the treatment effect by maternal BMI at the time of delivery. Results A total of 2,822 women were identified with maternal weight recorded at delivery; 2,740 women also had self-reported prepregnancy weight available. When stratified by prepregnancy BMI class, there was no difference in neonatal respiratory morbidity in the BMZ or in placebo groups. When analyzed by BMI at delivery, there was no difference in the rate of neonatal respiratory morbidity, and BMI was not a predictor of treatment response (odds ratio = 1.00, 95% confidence interval = 0.99–1.02). Conclusion Maternal prepregnancy BMI is not associated with late preterm neonatal respiratory morbidity. Maternal obesity does not decrease the efficacy of BMZ for preventing late preterm neonatal respiratory morbidity.
New chemical thermodynamics of open systems. Thermobaric potential, a new concept

A fundamentally new approach to the chemical thermodynamics of open systems is presented. It is based on a new concept referred to here as the thermobaric potential. The usual difficulties associated with open systems are eliminated by considering a closed system where supply cells provide matter transferred internally. The procedure requires only mechanical and calorimetric concepts. Use of statistical mechanics or Nernst's theorem is completely avoided without leading to Gibbs's paradox. A new chemical potential is obtained as well as new and completely general expressions for the affinity and heat of reaction in terms of mechanical and calorimetric measurements. The heat of reaction is defined in a new way which excludes the heat of mixing and is more representative of the chemical energy than the current definition. Application to perfect gasses yields classical results with great clarity and simplicity.
Adoption of Medicaid Expansion Is Associated with Lower Maternal Mortality.

Abstract Objectives This study explores the effect of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act on the maternal mortality ratio in the United States. Methods A difference-in-differences research design was used to analyze the effect of Medicaid expansion on maternal mortality. Maternal mortality was defined with and without late maternal deaths, to substantiate the contribution of increased preconception and postpartum insurance coverage. To examine whether there was a racial difference in the effects of Medicaid expansion, models were stratified by the woman's race/ethnicity for non-Hispanic Black women, non-Hispanic White women, and Hispanic women. Results Medicaid expansion was significantly associated with lower maternal mortality by 7.01 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (p = .002) relative to nonexpansion states. When maternal mortality definitions excluded late maternal deaths, Medicaid expansion was significantly associated with a decrease in maternal mortality per 100,000 live births by 6.65 (p = .004) relative to nonexpansion states. Medicaid expansion effects were concentrated among non-Hispanic Black mothers, suggesting that expansion could be contributing to decreasing racial disparities in maternal mortality. Conclusions Although maternal mortality overall continues to increase in the United States, the maternal mortality ratio among Medicaid expansion states has increased much less compared with nonexpansion states. These results suggest that Medicaid expansion could be contributing to a relative decrease in the maternal mortality ratio in the United States. The decrease in the maternal mortality ratio is greater when maternal mortality estimates include late maternal deaths, suggesting that sustained insurance coverage after childbirth as well as improved preconception coverage could be contributing to decreasing maternal mortality.
Instructor Prompts and Student Engagement in Synchronous Online Nutrition Classes

The number of online courses in higher education is on the rise. However, empirical evidence elucidating best practices for synchronous online instruction is needed to best implement these courses....
Abstract P363: Regional And Racial Variation In The Prevalence Of Concomitant Diabetes And Peripheral Artery Disease

Introduction and Objectives: Prior research has demonstrated regional and racial variation in the prevalence of concomitant diabetes and peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, trends in prevalen...
Image analysis and artificial intelligence in infectious disease diagnostics.

Abstract Background Microbiologists are valued for their time-honed skills in image analysis, including identification of pathogens and inflammatory context in Gram stains, ova and parasite preparations, blood smears and histopathologic slides. They also must classify colony growth on a variety of agar plates for triage and assessment. Recent advances in image analysis, in particular application of artificial intelligence (AI), have the potential to automate these processes and support more timely and accurate diagnoses. Objectives To review current AI-based image analysis as applied to clinical microbiology; and to discuss future trends in the field. Sources Material sourced for this review included peer-reviewed literature annotated in the PubMed or Google Scholar databases and preprint articles from bioRxiv. Articles describing use of AI for analysis of images used in infectious disease diagnostics were reviewed. Content We describe application of machine learning towards analysis of different types of microbiologic image data. Specifically, we outline progress in smear and plate interpretation as well as the potential for AI diagnostic applications in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Implications Combined with automation, we predict that AI algorithms will be used in the future to prescreen and preclassify image data, thereby increasing productivity and enabling more accurate diagnoses through collaboration between the AI and the microbiologist. Once developed, image-based AI analysis is inexpensive and amenable to local and remote diagnostic use.
Accelerating Maximal-Exact-Match Seeding with Enumerated Radix Trees

ABSTRACT Motivation Read alignment is a time-consuming step in genome sequence analysis. In the read alignment software BWA-MEM and the recently published faster version BWA-MEM2, the seeding step is a major bottleneck, for instance, contributing 38% to the overall execution time in BWA-MEM2 when aligning single-end whole human genome reads from the Platinum Genomes dataset. This is because both BWA-MEM and BWA-MEM2 use a compressed index structure called the FMD-Index, which results in high memory bandwidth requirements for seeding, primarily due to its character-by-character processing of reads. Results We propose a memory bandwidth-aware data structure for maximal-exact-match seeding called Enumerated Radix Tree (ERT). ERT trades off memory capacity to improve seeding performance (∼60 GB index for human genome). Together with optimizations to the seeding algorithm and mate-rescue step, ERT when integrated into BWA-MEM2 speeds up overall read alignment by 1.28× and provides up to 2.1× higher seeding performance while guaranteeing identical output to the original software. Furthermore, we prototype an FPGA implementation of ERT on Amazon EC2 F1 cloud and observe 1.6× higher seeding throughput over a 48-thread optimized CPU-ERT implementation. Availability and implementation https://github.com/arun-sub/bwa-mem2 Contact arunsub@umich.edu, reetudas@umich.edu
Education initiatives in cognitive debiasing to improve diagnostic accuracy in student providers: A scoping review.

Background The high prevalence of diagnostic errors by health care providers has prompted medical educators to examine cognitive biases and debiasing strategies in an effort to prevent these errors. The National Academy of Medicine hypothesized that explicit diagnostic reasoning education of all health care professionals can improve diagnostic accuracy. Objectives The purpose of this scoping review is to identify, analyze, and summarize the existing literature on student health care providers' use of cognitive debiasing strategies to reduce diagnostic error. Data sources The review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Scopus databases for debiasing strategies in student provider education yielded 33 studies. Conclusions The 33 studies included in this review represent four categories of debiasing strategies: increased medical knowledge or experience (seven studies), guided reflection (eight studies), self-explanation of reasoning (nine studies), and checklists to expand diagnosis considerations (seven studies). The studies were inclusive of medical students and residents; no studies included nurse practitioner (NP) students. Guided reflection, the most clearly defined and implemented strategy, showed the most promise for improvement of diagnostic accuracy. Educational interventions were wide ranging in content and delivery but did yield a path for future research. Implications for practice There are myriad debiasing strategies student providers may use to mitigate cognitive bias. Structured reflection and education initiatives demonstrated the most consistent improvements in diagnostic accuracy. Future studies on debiasing strategies must include NP students to understand their response to these initiatives.
Stroke and Heart Attack Symptom Recognition in Older US Adults by Cognitive Impairment Status.

INTRODUCTION Cognitive impairment may make stroke and heart attack symptom recognition difficult, potentially resulting in treatment delays for those with these cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Despite cognitive impairment affecting large numbers of older US adults who are also at increased risk of stroke and heart attack, little is known about stroke and heart attack symptom recognition in this population. As a result, this study sought to determine the impact of cognitive impairment on stroke and heart attack symptom recognition among older US adults. METHODS Using the 2014 and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys, we compared stroke and heart attack symptom recognition levels in US adults aged ≥65 years with cognitive impairment and those without cognitive impairment. Estimates of stroke and heart attack symptom recognition adjusted for CVD-related factors were assessed by cognitive impairment status. We also conducted analyses stratified by living arrangement and stroke and heart attack history for individuals with and without cognitive impairment. RESULTS US adults aged ≥65 years with cognitive impairment were observed to be 3.0-6.7% and 1.6-4.9%, respectively, less likely to recognize an individual stroke and heart attack symptom than similarly aged individuals without cognitive impairment. Recognition of all 5 stroke/heart attack symptoms was also lower among those with cognitive impairment, with this group being 9.7% less likely to recognize all stroke symptoms and 6.7% less likely to recognize all 5 heart attack symptoms compared to people without cognitive impairment. Following adjustment, individuals with cognitive impairment continued to have slightly lower recognition of certain individual stroke and heart attack symptoms as well as of all 5 symptoms of these conditions (stroke OR: 0.70 [95% CI: 0.58-0.85]; heart attack OR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.75, 1.03]) than those without cognitive impairment. For individuals with cognitive impairment, living with others was linked with slightly better recognition of all individual stroke symptoms and heart attack history with better recognition of all individual heart attack symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Additional work is needed to address the challenge of improving recognition levels for specific stroke and heart attack symptoms in older US adults with cognitive impairment and especially for members of this group who live alone.
Where Do Future Pediatricians Learn Behavioral and Mental Health Skills

Abstract Objective This national study identified the rotations in which pediatric residents received training in the assessment and treatment of behavioral/mental health (B/MH) problems, and examined associations between learning B/MH skills during multiple clinical rotations and resident-reported interest in B/MH issues. Methods Cross-sectional survey of applicants for the initial American Board of Pediatrics certifying exam (62.4% response rate; 1555 eligible respondents). Respondents reported their overall interest in B/MH issues, and specified where they had received training in 7 B.M. assessment skills and 8 treatment skills. Logistic regression models were estimated to identify associations between learning B/MH assessment and treatment skills in multiple clinical rotations and resident-reported B/MH interest, adjusting for respondent characteristics. Results Respondents reported continuity clinic as the predominant site of B/MH learning, followed by development-behavioral and adolescent rotations. Multisite learning varied across B/MH skills, ranging from 45.1 % (n = 678) for using rating scales to titrate medications to 82.1% (n = 1234) for eliciting parent concerns. 946 (63.2%) reported having overall interest in B/MH issues. Adjusting for respondent characteristics, learning the majority of B/MH skills in >1 rotation was associated with an increased odds of B/MH interest for both assessment and treatment domains (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–1.83 for assessment skills and aOR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.09–1.69 for treatment skills). Conclusions The majority of residents report learning B/MH skills in continuity clinic, with substantial variation in the proportion learning these skills in more than one rotation. Teaching B/MH skills during multiple clinical rotations may enhance resident interest in B/MH care delivery for children.
Kink-free electrospun PET/PU-based vascular grafts with 3D-printed additive manufacturing reinforcement

In this study, we present the fabrication and characterization of the kink-free electrospun small caliber (4 mm in internal diameter) vascular graft based on a blend of biocompatible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and highly elastomeric polyurethane (PU) and subsequently reinforced by additive manufacturing 3D printing. We also report the design and simulation of the grafts under various internal pressures. Long-length small-diameter grafts suffer from the kink and loop formation for electrospun tubes. We have seen that collector rotation speeds (from 50 to 200 rpm) yielded grafts with varied mechanical properties and kink resistance. By reinforcing electrospun vascular grafts with the help of 3D printing, we report the reduction of the kink radius from 2.30 to 0.45 cm and 0.57 cm, respectively, for poly(lactic acid) (PLA)- and PET-reinforced vascular graft.
Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Program Social Media Presence During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In light of away rotation and in-person interview cancellations for the 2020 to 2021 application cycle, social media has become a popular tool for orthopaedic surgery residency programs to highlight their strengths, curricula, and social life to prospective applicants. The authors sought to explore the proliferation and utilization of 3 popular social media platforms by both orthopaedic surgery departments and residencies. Methods: Orthopaedic surgery departmental and residency program social media accounts and their creation dates across Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram were identified using a standardized search methodology. Residency Instagram accounts were further evaluated for the number of posts, followers, likes, and comments. Both departments and residency programs were cohorted by affiliation with a US News &World Report (USNWR) top 50 American hospital for orthopaedics or by status as a Doximity top 20 program based on reputation. Results: Across a total of 192 residency programs included for analysis, Instagram was the most popular social media platform (61.5%), followed by Twitter (19.8%) and Facebook (10.4%). Conversely, orthopaedic departments more frequently used Facebook (33.9%) and Twitter (28.1%) over Instagram (17.2%). Of the 118 residency Instagram accounts, 102 (86.4%) were created after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Larger residency programs (≥6 spots/year) and those programs in the Doximity top 20 or affiliated with USNWR top 50 orthopaedic hospitals had a greater number of followers as well as likes and comments per post (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Given the recruitment challenges faced by residency programs because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Instagram has rapidly become a prominent platform for attracting orthopaedic surgery applicants. These accounts have a large number of followers, particularly for residency programs with higher Doximity reputation rankings.
Structure-property relationships and state behavior of alkali-activated aluminosilicate gels

Abstract Structure-property relationships of alkali-activated aluminosilicate gels are studied using rheology, neutron scattering, solid-state NMR, and TEM to develop a pseudo-ternary state diagram. Empirical gel states are classified by the rheological behavior (sol-gel transition and scaling of storage modulus with aluminum concentration). The state boundaries are compared to alkali-activated materials from the literature including denser binders. This work focuses on two compositions of dilute gels, formulated to specifically quantify the effects of pH and aluminum concentration on gel microstructure and rheology. Gels formulated at constant pH of 12.5 show a change in morphology and silicon coordination, but consistent mass fractal dimension as aluminum concentration is increased. This microstructural behavior contrasts the characterization of gels previously formulated with a variable pH (range 3–11) which is dependent on aluminum concentration. These results inform the complicated interactions in the polycondensation reaction of alkali-activated binders and lead to a state diagram which unifies many structure-property observations reported for these materials.
A Risky Affair: Dual Class and FX Hedging

Abstract We highlight the risk management activities of dual class firms by focusing on their use of foreign exchange (FX) derivatives. As opposed to single class firms, dual class firms engage in lower levels of FX hedging activities which may be driven by their long-term orientation and insulation from short-term market pressures. Furthermore, we document that these firms have a stronger reluctance to using futures contracts for FX hedging due to their preference for opacity and hesitancy to divert resources away from their long-term goals. Overall, we underscore the influence of a firm's share structure on its FX hedging decisions.
Excitation of Molecular Hydrogen in Intense Laser Fields

A high resolution photoelectron study of the response of molecular hydrogen to intense laser fields (>1013 W/cm2) at wavelengths between 310 and 330 nm shows that multiphoton ionization of the molecule competes with photodissociation of the neutral. The formation of excited atomic hydrogen photofragments which are subsequently photoionized and the ac-Stark shifting of molecular Rydberg states gives rise to similar photoelectron spectra at high field strength. The photoelectron spectra remain strongly dependent on wavelength at even the highest intensities investigated (8 x 1013 W/cm2). By contrast, the total ionization rate does not change perceptibly in the wavelength range studied.
Defining the Operant

Skinner’s initial goal for his research was a simple one: to arrive at a useful set of concepts to describe behavior. This may seem unnecessarily modest, but in his opinion psychology had attempted to move too quickly to an advanced stage of theorizing, skipping over a necessary exploratory stage during which it discovers quantitative relationships between independent and dependent variables (causes and effects).1 Eventually, psychology would account for these relationships by means of hypotheses about inferred entities and processes. But to begin with, the problem was simply to find the relationships themselves. And to do this, it must find the correct descriptive categories.
On the conceptualization of automatic control

Critical to the progress in any branch of science, automatic control included, is the perpetual reflection on the basic conceptions and assumptions. As researchers of automatic control on both sides of the Pacific Ocean take note of the past achievements, current challenges, and future opportunities, it is imperative that we once again return to the roots, to reconnect to the “empirical force”, as Prof. John von Neumann puts it, that inspired and shaped the field of automatic control at the beginning. After well over a half century of rapid developments in theory and timid progress in practice, we scrutinize, in this paper, the very notion of feedback as the single idea upon which the entire field rests. We show a distinctly different conceptualization of automatic control that gives us hope for a bright future.
STAT1: A Novel Target of miR-150 and miR-223 Is Involved in the Proliferation of HTLV-I-Transformed and ATL Cells.

We have previously reported on the deregulation of cellular microRNAs involved in hematopoiesis and inflammation in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I)–transformed cells. In this study, we demonstrate that miR-150 and miR-223 specifically target the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) 3′ untranslated region, reducing STAT1 expression and dampening STAT1-dependent signaling in human T cells. The effects of miR-150 and miR-223 on endogenous STAT1 were confirmed using inducible cell lines. Our studies also showed that miR-150 expression is upregulated by interleukin-2 signaling in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cells. HTLV-I–transformed and ATL-derived cells have reduced levels of miR150 and miR223 expression, which coincide with increased STAT1 expression and STAT1-dependent signaling. Knockdown of STAT1 by short hairpin RNA demonstrated that the constitutive activation of STAT1 is required for the continuous proliferation of HTLV-I–transformed cells. Our studies further demonstrate that increased expression of STAT1 in ATL cells is associated with higher levels of major histocompatibility complex class I expression. Previous studies have demonstrated that the pressure exerted by natural killer (NK) cells in vivo can edit leukemic tumor cells by forcing an increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class I to escape immune clearance. STAT1-expressing tumor cells produce more aggressive tumors because they cannot be eliminated by NK cells. Our results suggest that therapeutic approaches using combined targeting of STAT1 and MHC class I may be an effective approach to activate NK cell–mediated clearance of ATL tumor cells.
Rodent reservoirs of future zoonotic diseases

The increasing frequency of zoonotic disease events underscores a need to develop forecasting tools toward a more preemptive approach to outbreak investigation. We apply machine learning to data describing the traits and zoonotic pathogen diversity of the most speciose group of mammals, the rodents, which also comprise a disproportionate number of zoonotic disease reservoirs. Our models predict reservoir status in this group with over 90% accuracy, identifying species with high probabilities of harboring undiscovered zoonotic pathogens based on trait profiles that may serve as rules of thumb to distinguish reservoirs from nonreservoir species. Key predictors of zoonotic reservoirs include biogeographical properties, such as range size, as well as intrinsic host traits associated with lifetime reproductive output. Predicted hotspots of novel rodent reservoir diversity occur in the Middle East and Central Asia and the Midwestern United States.
Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a Doppler-broadened resonant medium

Third-order susceptibilities are calculated for a Doppler-broadened two-level system. The dependence of four-wave mixing on the angle θ between the pump and signal fields is studied, and the reflection coefficient is shown to have a narrow field of view that is inversely proportional to the ratio of the Doppler width to the homogeneous linewidth. For the collinear geometry, θ = 0°, the frequency dependence of the nondegenerate case is analyzed and shown capable of yielding a real-time narrow-bandwidth optical filter whose bandwidth is limited by the homogeneous linewidth.
Msx1 Homeodomain Protein Represses the αGSU and GnRH Receptor Genes During Gonadotrope Development

Multiple homeodomain transcription factors are crucial for pituitary organogenesis and cellular differentiation. A homeodomain repressor, Msx1, is expressed from the ventral aspect of the developing anterior pituitary and implicated in gonadotrope differentiation. Here, we find that Msx1 represses transcription of lineage-specific pituitary genes such as the common α-glycoprotein subunit (αGSU) and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) promoters in the mouse gonadotrope-derived cell lines, αT3-1 and LβT2. Repression of the mouse GnRHR promoter by Msx1 is mediated through a consensus-binding motif in the downstream activin regulatory element (DARE). Truncation and mutation analyses of the human αGSU promoter map Msx1 repression to a site at −114, located at the junctional regulatory element (JRE). Dlx activators are closely related to the Msx repressors, acting through the same elements, and Dlx3 and Dlx2 act as transcriptional activators for GnRHR and αGSU, respectively. Small interfering RNA knockdown of Msx1 in αT3-1 c...
Stage III non–small cell lung cancer and metachronous brain metastases

Abstract Objectives: This study was undertaken to identify management strategies that maximize survival of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer and metachronous brain metastases and to determine whether any apparent improved survival was due to treatment or simply to patient selection. Methods: Treatment evaluations of both primary non-small cell lung cancer and brain metastases were performed in 91 patients. Optimal treatment was identified by multivariable analysis. Propensity scoring and multivariable analysis were used to separate treatment benefit from patient selection. Results: Risk-unadjusted median, 12-, and 24-month survivals were 5.2 months, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Younger age ( P =.006), good performance status ( P =.003), stage IIIA ( P =.001), lung resection ( P =.02), no other systemic metastases at time of diagnosis of brain metastases ( P =.02), and either metastasectomy ( P P P =.02) and in patients with good performance status ( P =.006), no other systemic metastases at time of diagnosis of brain metastases ( P =.01), and fewer brain metastases ( P P Conclusions: Younger patients with resected stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer who have isolated metachronous brain metastases and good performance status do best when treated with metastasectomy or stereotactic radiosurgery. This survival benefit is a brain treatment effect, not the result of selecting the best patients for aggressive therapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:113-22