cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of face shape and pigmentation in other-race face perception: An electrophysiological study

Adult observers generally find it difficult to recognize and distinguish faces that belong to categories with which they have limited visual experience. One aspect of this phenomenon is commonly known as the "Other-Race Effect" (ORE) since this behavior is typically highly evident in the perception of faces belonging to ethnic or racial groups other than that of the observer. This acquired disadvantage in face recognition likely results from highly specific "tuning" of the underlying representation of facial appearance, leading to efficient processing of commonly seen faces at the expense of poor generalization to other face categories. In the current study we used electrophysiological (event-related potentials or ERPs) and behavioral measures of performance to characterize face processing in racial categories defined by dissociable shape and pigmentation information. Our goal was to examine the specificity of the representation of facial appearance in more detail by investigating how race-specific face shape and pigmentation separately modulated neural responses previously implicated in face processing, the N170 and N250 components. We found that both components were modulated by skin color, independent of face shape, but that only the N250 exhibited sensitivity to face shape. Moreover, the N250 appears to only respond differentially to the skin color of upright faces, showing a lack of color sensitivity for inverted faces.
Cognitive factors associated with the Ponzo illusion: A study using the co-twin method

Thirty-four pairs of 9- to 11-year-old MZ twins (13 male, 21 female ) who were discordant on the magnitude of their susceptibility to the Ponzo illusion were studied for their differences on WISC subtests. The purpose of the study was to test Pollack 's hypothesis that children more susceptible to the illusion would perform better on tasks involving numerical sequencing and analogical reasoning. The hypothesis was confirmed for females in that the female twins who had higher magnitudes of the illusion had significantly higher scores on digit span and similarities than did their co-twins. Male twins showed no differences. error on the Ponzo illusion, they were significantly more similar than were fraternal twin children. Pollack (1969), in an attempt to in tegrate ontogenetic changes in perception with aspects of cognitive development, has suggested that the perceptual activity involved in secondary illusions is a form of intelligent behavior. By combining the notions of temporal integration (Hearnshaw, 1956), stimulus trace or short-terrn memory (Ellis, 1963), and decentrations or attention (Plaget, 1961), Pollack proposed that certain In his summary and synthesis of the Genevan research on optico-geometric illusions, Piaget (1969) distinguished between two basic types of illusions an d t h e perceptual mechanisms operative in them, The first type, the primary illusions as typified by the Mueller-Lyer illusion, is one which yields a systematic decrease in errors with age. The second type, the secondary illusions as typified by the Ponzo illusion, is one for which errors increase with age. According to Piaget, the primary illusions result from the us e of fewer centrations or comparisons among aspects of the illusory stimulus. Conversely, the secondary illusions result from decentrations or more comparisons among aspects of the stimulus. Paradoxically, because children increase perceptual decentration with increasing a g e , more advanced perceptual activity leads to a greater susceptibility to secondary illusions. The Ponzo illusion is elicited by the drawing shown in Fig. 1. The illusion consists of perceiving that the two equal vertical lines appear to be unequal, with the length of the line nearest the apex being overestimated. Several studies using this illusion have shown that susceptibility to the illusion increases with age (Hanley & Zerbolio, 1965; Leibowitz & Judisch, 1967), a nd t ha t variations in experiences related to real-li fe cues similar to those in the Ponzo figure were related to the degree of error (Leibowitz, Brislin, Perlmutter, & Hennessy, 1969). Further, Matheny (1971) found that while identical twins differed in the magnitude of
Intention and Practical Reasoning

In his seminal essay, 'Intention and Purpose in Law'", Anthony Kenny argues that foresight alone is not a sufficient condition for establishing intentionality in legal contexts. In this brief note, I wish to identify and critically examine an important strand in Kenny's argument which heretofore has been largely ignored. Kenny attributes to the 'plain man' the view which he himself endorses, namely, that 'an agent intends an action if he (a) knows he is doing it and (b) wants to do it either for its own sake or in order to further some other end' (p. I54). Consequently, 'a man intends [only] the ends he sets himself and the means he adopts to those ends' (ibid.). And from this it follows that 'one may do an act knowingly without intending its result, if one does it without wanting to' (ibid., my emphasis). From this it is clear that Kenny's position rests on the assumption that intending entails or presupposes wanting or desiring; that is, in order for an action or the consequence of an action, X, to qualify as intentional on the part of an agent, X must be something which the agent himself positively wants or desires, either as an end in itself or as a means to something else which he, for one reason or another, finds desirable or worthwhile. In short, in order for X to be intentional, X must, in addition to being foreseen, possess the necessary 'desirability characterization', to use Ms. Anscombe's happy phrase. Thus, since intending entails wanting, an agent may very well foresee that his doing X will certainly (or probably) have as its consequence Y without thereby intending Y. So far, so good. But Kenny does not stop here. He wishes to go further and claim that there may very well be cases in which the consequence(s) of a given act are not only foreseen by the agent but wanted by him as well and, nevertheless, still fail to be intentional on his part. Here it is important to appreciate the force of his argument:
Capturing the Finer Points of Gene Expression in Psoriasis: Beaming in on the CCL19/CCR7 Axis

Laser capture microdissection–coupled complementary DNA microarray analysis is a powerful tool for studying minor cell populations in tissues. In this issue, Mitsui et al. use this method to characterize the immune infiltrates that localize in the dermis of psoriatic skin. They identify the T-cell activation regulators C–C chemokine ligand 19 and C–C chemokine receptor 7 as potential mediators of immune organization in psoriasis.
Topic-based PageRank on author cocitation networks

Ranking authors is vital for identifying a researcher's impact and standing within a scientific field. There are many different ranking methods (e.g., citations, publications, h-index, PageRank, and weighted PageRank), but most of them are topic-independent. This paper proposes topic-dependent ranks based on the combination of a topic model and a weighted PageRank algorithm. The author-conference-topic (ACT) model was used to extract topic distribution of individual authors. Two ways for combining the ACT model with the PageRank algorithm are proposed: simple combination (I_PR) or using a topic distribution as a weighted vector for PageRank (PR_t). Information retrieval was chosen as the test field and representative authors for different topics at different time phases were identified. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyze the ranking difference between I_PR and PR_t. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Current status of the taxanes as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer reduces the risks of recurrence and death in many subsets of patients. The quest for better regimens, defined as both more effective and less toxic has led to numerous clinical trials testing the taxanes in the adjuvant setting. These trials are generally positive but do not clearly identify a single best or ideal regimen for all patients. This paper reviews the available data in this area of clinical research.
Total Synthesis of Iejimalide B

Iejimalide B, a structurally unique 24-membered polyene macrolide having a previously underutilized mode of anticancer activity, was synthesized according to a strategy employing Julia–Kocienski olefinations, a palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction, a palladium-catalyzed Marshall propargylation, a Keck-type esterification, and a palladium-catalyzed macrolide-forming, intramolecular Stille coupling of a highly complex cyclization substrate. The overall synthesis is efficient (19.5% overall yield for 15 linear steps) and allows for more practical scaled-up synthesis than previously reported strategies that differed in the order of assembly of key subunits and in the method of macrocyclization. The present synthesis paves the way for efficient preparation of analogues for drug development efforts.
Sulthiame in the primary therapy of West syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled add-on trial on baseline pyridoxine medication.

Summary: Purpose: West syndrome (WS) is still one of the most difficult to treat epilepsies in infancy. Sulthiame (STM), which is commonly used in some countries in the treatment of benign focal epilepsies in childhood, has been suggested to be effective in WS too. This prospective, randomized placebo-controlled study was designed to prove or refute this hypothesis. Methods: Thirty-seven infants aged between 3.5 and 15 months with newly diagnosed WS received baseline therapy with pyridoxine (PDX). The children were randomized in a double-blind fashion to STM (n = 20) or placebo (n = 17), starting at day 4 at a moderate dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. Without complete cessation of infantile spasms (ISs) and resolution of hypsarrhythmia as the definition criteria of a response, the dose was doubled at day 7. The final examination was undertaken at the end of day 9. Results: Based on the intention to treat, six (30%) of 20 patients responded to STM (p < 0.025), as did six (35%) of 17 infants fulfilling the study criteria (p < 0.01). Patients with tuberous sclerosis did not respond to STM (n = 3) No patient responded to placebo. One patient in the verum group was withdrawn because of reversible somnolence. Conclusions: As no child in the placebo group responded to the baseline PDX therapy, nor did any child in the STM group during the first 3 days of baseline therapy, PDX does not seem to be effective in WS. STM has a positive effect in the primary therapy of WS, comparable to that of vigabatrin.
The second heart sound in atrial septal defect.

Abstract Ventricular and arterial pressure tracings, electrocardiograms and phonocardiograms were studied in 4 normal subjects and 52 patients with atrial septal defect. After excluding cases in which complicating factors were involved, 10 cases of secundum type and 3 cases of primum type were studied in detail. Contrary to previously held beliefs, right ventricular systole is not longer than left ventricular systole in these patients. Therefore, pulmonary valve closure still occurs very close to aortic valve closure, as in normal subjects. However, the incisuras of the large arteries are more widely separated than in normal subjects. The explanation for the wide splitting of the second heart sound is based on recent work that attributes the sound components to vibrations of the blood, valves and walls of the large arteries at the time of the aortic and pulmonary arterial rebounds. Patients with atrial septal defect have a dilated pulmonary artery. This causes a slower reaction of the wall and a later occurrence of both the pulmonary incisura and the pulmonary component of the second heart sound.
As we may perceive: inferring logical documents from hypertext

In recent years, many algorithms for the Web have been developed that work with information units distinct from individual web pages. These include segments of web pages or aggregation of web pages into web communities. Such logical information units improve a variety of web algorithms and provide the building blocks for the construction of organized information spaces such as digital libraries. In this paper, we focus on a type of logical information units called "compound documents". We argue that the ability to identify compound documents can improve information retrieval, automatic metadata generation, and navigation on the Web. We propose a unified framework for identifying the boundaries of compound documents, which combines both structural and content features of constituent web pages. The framework is based on a combination of machine learning and clustering algorithms, with the former algorithm supervising the latter one. We also propose a new method for evaluating quality of clusterings, based on a user behavior model. Experiments on a collection of educational web sites show that our approach can reliably identify most of the compound documents on these sites.
The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership: Developing Carbon Management Options for the Central Interior of North America

Abstract The Plains CO 2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership has developed a regional vision for the widespread commercial development of carbon capture and storage (CCS). This regional vision includes several key elements: (1) targeting relatively low-cost anthropogenic CO 2 sources such as gas-processing facilities; (2) employing CO 2 -based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) opportunities as initial sink targets whenever the economics and geology are favorable; (3) using the existing oil and gas regulatory structure and agencies for oversight; (4) developing a protocol for the establishment of geologic sequestration units that is based on the standard oil field practice of unitization; (5) developing rigorous site selection criteria that will allow for the adoption of commercially viable monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) procedures; (6) developing integrated risk management, MVA, and simulation project plans that continue to evolve as the project progresses and more data become available; and (7) developing the technical information needed for our commercial partners to ultimately monetize carbon credits to reduce the costs of CCS projects. The realization of this vision will result in the development of commercial CCS projects, both saline formation injection and EOR-based opportunities in the PCOR Partnership region, which has very favorable geology and socioeconomic conditions for the widespread adoption of CCS.
Notch-mediated segmentation and growth control of the Drosophila leg.

The possession of segmented appendages is a defining characteristic of the arthropods. By analyzing both loss-of-function and ectopic expression experiments, we show that the Notch signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in the segmentation and growth of the Drosophila leg. Local activation of Notch is necessary and sufficient to promote the formation of joints between segments. This segmentation process requires the participation of the Notch ligands, Serrate and Delta, as well as Fringe. These three proteins are each expressed in the developing leg and antennal imaginal discs in a segmentally repeated pattern that is regulated downstream of the action of Wingless and Decapentaplegic. Our studies further show that Notch activation is both necessary and sufficient to promote leg growth. We also identify target genes regulated both positively and negatively downstream of Notch signaling that are required for normal leg development. Together, these observations outline a regulatory hierarchy for the segmentation and growth of the leg. The Notch pathway is also deployed for segmentation during vertebrate somitogenesis, which raises the possibility of a common origin for the segmentation of these distinct tissues.
Curiosity as portrayed in young children's literature.

Summary.-210 young children's picture-story books were read to examine how curiosity was portrayed. 116 instances of obvious curiosity were obtained. Each instance of curiosity was assessed in terms of how it was portrayed: neutral (being curious was simply descriptive), positive (being curious was clearly desirable), or negative (being curious was dearly undesirable). Analysis showed 76.7% of the instances portrayed curiosity as neutral, 9.5% were positive, and 13.8% were negative. When the books were divided into older (1969 or older publication) and more recent (1970 and later), there was a clear shift toward recent books portraying curiosity in a negative light. In spite of the widely held belief that curiosity should be fostered from
The Coolidge Effect in male rat copulatory behavior: Failure to replicate Fisher’s results

Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were equally divided into three groups. Each S in Group I was given a fresh female immediately after each ejaculation, and 15 min after the refractory period half of the Ss were given new fresh females and the other half were interrupted by lifting and returning the same female. Group 2 was interrupted immediately after each ejaculation. Fifteen minutes after the refractory period half were given fresh females and half were interrupted. Group 3 was undisturbed immediately after ejaculation but at the 15th min of the refractory period half received fresh females and the other half were interrupted. Mating was observed until 45 min elapsed without male sexual responses. The results show no effect of immediate change or the change after 15 min of the refractory period. The course of male sexual satiation was not altered by the change. Thus, in spite of the same procedure, Fisher’s results (1962) were not replicated.
Unit Activity: Motivation-Dependent Responses from Midbrain Neurons

Single neurons in the midbrain tegmentum of rats showed clear discriminatory responses to three tones announcing either food or water or no reinforcement. Subjects were required to press a single lever and remain motionless for 2 seconds during which time unit activity from several brain sites was recorded. One of the tones, randomly designated, was sounded halfway through this period. Manipulation of drive states revealed that the highest activity was associated with tones announcing the reinforcement for which the animal was most strongly motivated. Thus, from a hungry animal sustained or increased firing rates were elicited by a " food" tone and differentially lowered rates by the other tones.
Factors affecting electrical impedance of internodal stem sections.

A sample holder was designed and built to facilitate measuring the magnitude and phase angle of the electrical impedance of internodal stem sections from Cornus stolonifera Michx. A nonpolarizing, electrically conducting manganese dioxidecarbon paste used between the stem sample and the electrodes of the sample holder allowed measurement of impedance at frequencies from 50 hertz to 500 kilohertz without electrode polarization or electrical interference. The impedance magnitude was linearly dependent on the sample length, but this dependence was minimized by computing a normalized impedance magnitude. The normalized impedance magnitude (Znf) was calculated using the impedance magnitude (Z) at any specified frequency (f) and the impedance magnitude at 500 kilohertz (Z500 khz) in the following formula: Znf = (Z - Z500 khz)/Z500 khz. The normalized impedance magnitude was sensitive to injury produced by boiling and peeling the sample. Electrical impedance measurements on the bark and wood separately demonstrated that they have different electrical properties.
Effects of acute changes in serum calcium levels on the systolic time intervals in man.

Abstract The effects of acute changes in the serum calcium level on the systolic time intervals and electrical systole were investigated in human subjects. The acute elevation of serum calcium, produced by infusing 10 per cent calcium gluconate, consistently shortened total electromechanical systole, the left ventricular ejection time, the S 1 –S 2 interval and electrical systole and slowed the heart rate. The acute reduction of serum calcium, accomplished by infusing edathamil disodium (Na 2 -EDTA), consistently lengthened these systolic time intervals and electrical systole and accelerated the heart rate. The responses in the systolic time intervals and electrical systole to acute alterations in serum calcium were well correlated with the corresponding changes in concentration of serum calcium. It is proposed that the effects of acute changes in the serum calcium level upon the systolic time intervals reflect an inotropic action of this ion on the human heart.
Speaking of rules: The analysis of culture in breach

Even young children show considerable cultural competence in their accusations and excuses, and can differentiate among various types of rules.
Expression cloning of LDLB, a gene essential for normal Golgi function and assembly of the ldlCp complex

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants ldlC and ldlB, which exhibit almost identical phenotypes, define two genes required for multiple steps in the normal medial and trans Golgi-associated processing of glycoconjugates. The LDLC gene encodes ldlCp, an ≈80-kDa protein, which in wild-type, but not ldlB, cells associates reversibly with the cytoplasmic surface of the Golgi apparatus. Here, we have used a retrovirus-based expression cloning system to clone a murine cDNA, LDLB, that corrects the pleiotropic mutant phenotypes of ldlB cells. The corresponding mRNA was not detected in ldlB mutants. LDLB encodes an ≈110-kDa protein, ldlBp, which lacks homology to known proteins and contains no common structural motifs. Database searches identified short segments of homology to sequences from Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Caenorhabditis elegans, and the essentially full-length homologous human sequence (82% identity); however, as was the case for ldlCp, no homologue was identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have found that in wild-type cell cytosols, ldlCp is a component of an ≈950-kDa “ldlCp complex,” which is smaller, ≈700 kDa, in ldlB cytosols. Normal assembly of this complex is ldlBp-dependent and may be required for Golgi association of ldlCp and for the normal activities of multiple luminal Golgi processes.
EVIDENCE INDICATING CENTRAL ATROPINE-LIKE ACTIONS OF PSYCHOTOGENIC PIPERIDYL BENZILATES.

Two piperidyl benzilates with known hallucinogenic properties were compared with two devoid of this action in ability to produce EEG synchrony, blockade to external stimuli, and blockade to EEG activation induced by physostigmine in rabbits and cats. The mg/kg dose necessary to produce EEG synchrony and inhibition of EEG activation of exteroceptive stimuli was lowest with JB 329 followed, in order of ascent, by JB 318, JB 305 and JB 340. Moreover, JB 329 was more efficacious in blocking the EEG effects of physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg) than was JB 318 whereas the latter two compounds were devoid of this action. This study shows that, in contrast to reported peripheral effects, an excellent correlation exists between a central atropinelike effect of these drugs and reported psychotogenicity in humans. In addition to the fact that only the psychotogenic compounds exerted central atropine-like effects, they induced EEG synchrony in low doses which far outlasted even large doses of the non-psychotogenic substances. This latter finding, coupled with the much greater potency of the psychotomimetic agents, may also explain why JB 305 and JB 340 fail to induce hallucinogenic actions in humans since elimination may be rapid enough to prevent central actions by the oral route. Nevertheless, the fact that all of the piperidyl benzilates blocked the EEG effects of amphetamine, whereas only the psychotogenic group blocked EEG activation of physostigmine, supports the suggestion of others that these compounds may induce hallucinogenic phenomena by means of central anticholinergic mechanisms.
Alimentary tract lesions in Cowden's disease

Abstract Cowden's disease was first recognized by its striking dermatological manifestations and subsequently by the increased incidence of neoplastic involvement of the thyroid and breast. Two cases of Cowden's disease with gastrointestinal polyps are presented to illustrate the alimentaiy tract involvement in this syndrome, gastrointestinal tract involvement with polyposis being seen in at least 50% of cases. As opposed to the more serious potential of neoplasia in the thyroid and breast, involvement of the alimentary tract has negligible clinical impact to the patient.
A comparison of sequential and GPU-accelerated implementations of B-spline signal processing operations for 2-D and 3-D images

B-spline signal processing operations are widely used in the analysis of two and three-dimensional images. In this paper, we investigate and compare some of these basic operations (direct transformations, indirect transformations, and computation of partial derivatives) by (1) recursive filter based implementations in MATLAB and C++, and (2) GPU-accelerated implementations in CUDA. All operations are compared at a variety of resolution levels on a 2-D panoramic image as well as a 3-D magnetic resonance (MR) image. Results indicate significant improvements in efficiency for the CUDA implementations. A MATLAB toolkit implementing the various B-spline signal processing tasks as well as the C++ and CUDA implementation described here is currently publicly available.
Computation of stable equilibria in minimum-B mirror devices

Abstract We present a three-dimensional code that solves for plasma equilibria in open-field geometries, which allows analysis of most minimum- B mirror systems. Open confinement with p = p( B ) only requires the hydromagnetic equilibrium equation to reduce to one elliptic, scalar partial differential equation involving a tensor pressure. The finite difference form of the equation is solved by an implicit iterative algorithm similar to the ADI (alternating direction implicit) method. Cylindrical grid coordinates are employed, and the mesh spacing is variable to allow representation of far boundary conditions. We have time-optimized the program, so the memory requirements are large. It is found that, when the threshold for hydromagnetic instability is passed, the hydromagnetic equilibrium equation becomes hyperbolic, which leads to an ill-posed problem as predicted by Grad. Equilibria are found for an increasing sequence of pressures until the instability threshold is reached. The present code utilized planes of inversion symmetry common to many minimum- B devices, to allow a reduction in the domain to be studied; Ioffe bar devices, Baseball II, 2 X -II, and the proposed mirror fusion experiment are representable. We present sample results for Baseball II and the Ioffe bar device, including cases near the high beta instability threshold.
Ligation of IgE receptors causes an anaphylactic response and neutrophil infiltration but does not induce eosinophilic inflammation in mice

Abstract Background: Eosinophils are selectively recruited into the tissues during chronic allergic inflammation. IgE is considered an initiator of the allergic reaction; however, the roles of IgE in allergic inflammation are not fully understood. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that antigen interaction with specific IgE antibody provokes eosinophilic inflammation. Methods: BALB/c mice were actively sensitized with ragweed extract and passively sensitized with anti-dinitrophenyl (anti-DNP) mouse IgE and challenged intraperitoneally by injecting either ragweed extract or DNP-ovalbumin (OVA). Immediate anaphylactic responses were examined by monitoring vascular permeability and by measuring histamine content in peritoneal lavage fluids. Late-phase allergic responses were examined by total cell counts and cell differentials. Results: Mice sensitized and challenged with ragweed showed immediate anaphylactic responses followed by temporal increases in neutrophils at 3 to 12 hours and sustained ncreases in eosinophils in their peritoneal cavities after 24 hours. Double-sensitized mice (ie, sensitized actively for ragweed and passively for DNP-OVA) challenged with ragweed showed immediate anaphylactic responses and peritoneal eosinophilia at 48 hours. Double-sensitized mice challenged with DNP-OVA showed comparable immediate anaphylactic responses but no peritoneal eosinophilia. Furthermore, at 8 hours, ragweed-challenged animals recruited both eosinophils and neutrophils, but DNP-OVA–challenged animals recruited only neutrophils. Finally, after active sensitization and challenge with ragweed, mast cell–deficient mice (WBB6F1-W/W v ) lacked the immediate response but showed comparable eosinophil accumulation as their litter mate controls (WBB6F1-+/+). Conclusion: Interaction of antigen with IgE antibody is insufficient to provoke eosinophilic inflammation in mice. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:1202-10.)
Reactions of non-activated aryl halides with nucleophilic agents induced by alkali amides in liquid ammonia☆

It has been shown that the reactions of nucleophiles with non-activated aryl halides, discovered by Bergstrom to be induced by alkali amides in liquid ammonia, proceed by way of a benzyne-type intermediate. The ease with which a given nucleophile can compete with amide ion does not appear to be a simple function of either its basic strength or nucleophilic character as measured in other reactions. Thus, the anions of a number of weak acids line up qualitatively in competitive power as follows: fluorenyl anion ~ anilide > thiophenolate ~ triphenylmethide > acetophenone enolate anion ~ phenylacetylide > phenolate > pyrrolate > alkoxides, iodide or cynaide. The results indicate benzyne to be a highly unstable entity.
Using Electronic Mail To Assess Undergraduates' Experiences: Assessing Frame and Mode Effects

THE PAPER DESCRIBES a pilot study conducted on the campus of a large research university that compared data collected by two contact modes: e-mail and telephone. The study used identical survey instruments, allowing the researchers to focus on comparisons identifying frame or mode effects associated with the use of e-mail as a contact mode. The study’s findings correlate with previous research on self-administered questionnaires and computer-aided surveys and indicate that e-mail may produce higher reported levels of socially undesirable activity among respondents. Difficulty in identifying the target population for an e-mail survey is also noted. The authors recommend that e-mail be used with caution on college and university campuses because of the possibility of frame bias.
Synthesis of Photoaffinity Probes for Heme-Containing Proteins

Aryldiazenes with a second, photoactivatable, azide substituent on the aryl ring have been synthesized as active site probes for heme proteins of unknown active site structure. The probes include m...
Effects of UVB radiation on cytokine generation, cell adhesion molecules, and cell activation markers in T-lymphocytes and peripheral blood HPCs.

BACKGROUND: Immunomodulatory effects of UV light have increasingly become a focus in transfusion medicine, BMT and transplantation immunology. In the transplant setting, the use of UVB radiation may reduce or abolish T-cell activation without compromising either bone marrow (BM) engraftment or graft-versus-leukemia effect. In this study, BM and apheresis-derived peripheral blood HPCs were used to investigate the effects of UVB on colony-forming ability, CD34+ cell viability, and growth potential, as well as on the secretion of MNC cytokines and the expression of cell surface markers and adhesion molecules. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: After UVB radiation, enriched populations of T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were treated with PHA, and the MNC response was measured, as was colony-forming ability. CD34+ cells were quantified and their growth potential was determined in culture. Next, T-cell activation status, cell adhesion molecule and cell surface activation marker expression, and cytokine profiles were evaluated, and cytokine mRNA was quantitated. Parallel studies were done in unirradiated control cell populations. RESULTS: Low-dose (10 mJ/cm2) UVB mitigates MNC proliferative responses by 94 percent while maintaining 60 and 80 percent of colony-forming ability in peripheral blood HPC and BM preparations, respectively, and >50 percent of colony-forming ability in CD34+ cell-enriched samples. Low-dose UVB radiation also significantly reduces T-cell production of TNFα, TNFα mRNA, TNFβ, IL-2, and IL-6 and downregulates T-cell expression of CD28, CD25, CD69, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. CONCLUSION: These findings have shown that a “window” of low-dose UVB radiation (10 mJ/cm2) exists, at which BM- and peripheral blood-derived MNC proliferation is inactivated, while the HPCs are relatively spared. UVB light selectively affects T cells, while APCs are resistant to low doses of UVB. UVB radiation also alters the expression of some cell surface markers and cytokines that are important in T-cell activation pathways. Reduction of T-cell activation without cytocidal effect may allow UVB radiation to become an immunomodu-lating agent in BM or HPC transplantation.
The Study of the Purānas and the Study of Religion

Ever since the work of Horace Hayman Wilson in the early decades of the nineteenth century, the Purānas have had a certain fascination for Western scholars which, if not rivaling the fascination that they have had for Hindus themselves, has at least been substantial. This seems particularly to have been the case in recent years, as both anthropologists and textual scholars, their appetites whetted by the development of various scholarly methods, have cultivated the Purānic field with diligence, and apparent fruitfulness. Especially when considered in conjunction with the often allied inquiry into the Hindu epics, it seems safe to say that we have here a field in which the labourers are many, and the crops diverse.
Normal diffusion-weighted MRI during stroke-like deficits

Background: Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) represents a major advance in the early diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. When abnormal in patients with stroke-like deficit, DWI usually establishes the presence and location of ischemic brain injury. However, this is not always the case. Objective: To investigate patients with stroke-like deficits occurring without DWI abnormalities in brain regions clinically suspected to be responsible. Methods: We identified 27 of 782 consecutive patients scanned when stroke-like neurologic deficits were still present and who had normal DWI in the brain region(s) clinically implicated. Based on all the clinical and radiologic data, we attempted to arrive at a pathophysiologic diagnosis in each. Results: Best final diagnosis was a stroke mimic in 37% and a cerebral ischemic event in 63%. Stroke mimics (10 patients) included migraine, seizures, functional disorder, transient global amnesia, and brain tumor. The remaining patients were considered to have had cerebral ischemic events: lacunar syndrome (7 patients; 3 with infarcts demonstrated subsequently) and hemispheric cortical syndrome (10 patients; 5 with TIA, 2 with prolonged reversible deficits, 3 with infarction on follow-up imaging). In each of the latter three patients, the regions destined to infarct showed decreased perfusion on the initial hemodynamically weighted MRI (HWI). Conclusions: Normal DWI in patients with stroke-like deficits should stimulate a search for nonischemic cause of symptoms. However, more than one-half of such patients have an ischemic cause as the best clinical diagnosis. Small brainstem lacunar infarctions may escape detection. Concomitant HWI can identify some patients with brain ischemia that is symptomatic but not yet to the stage of causing DWI abnormality.
An Architecture for Real-Time Rule-Based Control

A method for control employing rule-based search is reviewed, and a Rule-Based Controller achieving economical real-time performance is described. Code optimization, in the form of LISP-to-Pascal knowledge base translation, provides real-time search execution speed and a processing environment enabling highly integrated symbolic and numeric computation. With a multiprocessor software architecture specifying rule-based protocol for control task communication, and a hardware architecture providing concurrent implementation within a multi-microprocessor system, the controller realizes a set of cooperating real-time expert systems. Based on experience gained through the design and implementation of a Rule-Based Flight Control System, the proposed approach appears applicable to a large class of complex control problems.
12-lead surface electrocardiogram reconstruction from implanted device electrograms.

Reconstruction of the surface electrocardiogram (EKG) from voltage recordings from implanted leads is not performed by current pacemakers or cardioverter-defibrillators. We investigated the feasibility and accuracy of reconstruction of a full 12-lead surface EKG from an implanted biventricular device. Methods and results We applied three techniques for surface EKG reconstruction from multiple intracardiac (IC) vector recordings from implanted cardiac leads: single fixed dipole modelling via exact solution, exhaustive best-fit solution, and time-independent association using a transfer matrix. Recordings were performed at biventricular generator change in 10 patients. Overdetermined projection transformation resulted in high fidelity surface EKG reproduction for left-sided implanted devices (correlation coefficient 0.84+0.13) with computationally lightweight reconstruction. Conclusion After individual post-implantation correlation with the surface EKG, reconstruction using a time-independent transfer matrix accurately reproduces the surface EKG, is free from gating requirements, and retains validity during aberrant depolarization. These findings have significant implications for further study relating IC electrogram to surface tracings. The techniques may be used for real-time or remote monitoring and diagnosis of rhythm disturbances, cardiac ischaemia, and lead integrity and stability.
Hemoptysis in patients with renal insufficiency : the role of flexible bronchoscopy

Study objectives: To assess the indications, yield, and therapeutic impact of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) in patients with hemoptysis and renal insufficiency. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting: Tertiary-care university hospital. Patients: Thirty-four patients over a 7.5-year period who underwent FB to evaluate hemoptysis in the setting of renal insufficiency (ie, serum creatinine level, > 1.5 mg/dL). Measurements and results: The etiology of hemoptysis was undetermined in 41% of cases. Defined causes of bleeding included infections (29%), pulmonary renal syndromes (15%), airway injury (9%), and pulmonary embolism (6%). No specific bleeding site was identified, but FB lateralized hemorrhaging to one lung in 24% of patients. FB results influenced therapy in 29% of patients overall and in 8% of patients without respiratory tract infection. The hospital survival rate was 47% and did not differ based on the presence or absence (presence vs absence) of the following variables: a defined etiology for hemoptysis (45% vs 50%); lateralized bleeding (38% vs 50%); or management alterations prompted by other FB findings (50% vs 46%). Factors associated with survival included the onset of bleeding prior to hospital admission (80% vs 33%; p 5 0.02), the absence of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation at the time of FB (90% vs 29%; p 5 0.002), and lack of prohemorrhagic factors (other than uremia) such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, recent treatment with warfarin, heparin, or antiplatelet agents (78% vs 33%; p 5 0.05). During the 6 months following hospital discharge, hemoptysis recurred in 14% of patients, and 5 patients died, for an overall mortality rate of 62%. Conclusions: These data suggest that FB in hospitalized patients with hemoptysis and renal insufficiency, and without radiographic findings suggesting neoplastic disease, has a low yield and limited impact. Whether FB influences outcome in selected patients in this setting requires prospective investigation. (CHEST 2001; 119:788 ‐794)
On voltage collapse in electric power systems

Several voltage collapses have had a period of slowly decreasing voltage followed by an accelerating collapse in voltage. The authors clarify the use of static and dynamic models to explain this type of voltage collapse, where the static model is used before a saddle-node bifurcation and the dynamic model is used after the bifurcation. Before the bifurcation, a static model can be used to explain the slow voltage decrease. The closeness of the system to bifurcation can be interpreted physically in terms of the ability of transmission systems to transmit reactive power to load buses. Simulation results show how this ability varies with system parameters. It is suggested that voltage collapse could be avoided by manipulating system parameters so that the bifurcation point is outside the normal operating region. After the bifurcation, the system dynamics are modeled by the center manifold voltage collapse model. The essence of this model is that the system dynamics after bifurcation are captured by the center manifold trajectory. The behavior predicted by the model is found simply by numerically integrating the system differential equations to obtain this trajectory. >
The influence of cause-related marketing on consumer choice: Does one good turn deserve another?

Are consumers more likely to select brands offered by companies that engage in cause-related marketing (CRM)? Somewhat surprisingly, little evidence exists that directly addresses this issue. Accordingly, the present examination investigates whether and when CRM efforts influence consumer choice. The results from several studies indicate that information regarding a company’s support of social causes can affect choice. However, CRM’s influence on choice is found to depend on the perceived motivation underlying the company’s CRM efforts as well as whether consumers must trade off company sponsorship of causes for lower performance or higher price. The results also indicate that CRM cues affect choice primarily through compensatory strategies involving trade-offs rather than through noncompensatory strategies. Implications of the current findings for existing theory are discussed along with directions for future research.
Light-Independent Phytochrome Signaling Mediated by Dominant GAF Domain Tyrosine Mutants of Arabidopsis Phytochromes in Transgenic Plants

The photoreversibility of plant phytochromes enables continuous surveillance of the ambient light environment. Through expression of profluorescent, photoinsensitive Tyr-to-His mutant alleles of Arabidopsis thaliana phytochrome B (PHYB(Y276H)) and Arabidopsis phytochrome A (PHYA(Y242H)) in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, we demonstrate that photoconversion is not a prerequisite for phytochrome signaling. PHYB(Y276H)-expressing plants exhibit chromophore-dependent constitutive photomorphogenesis, light-independent phyB(Y276H) nuclear localization, constitutive activation of genes normally repressed in darkness, and light-insensitive seed germination. Fluence rate analyses of transgenic plants expressing PHYB(Y276H), PHYA(Y242H), and other Y(GAF) mutant alleles of PHYB demonstrate that a range of altered light-signaling activities are associated with mutation of this residue. We conclude that the universally conserved GAF domain Tyr residue, with which the bilin chromophore is intimately associated, performs a critical role in coupling light perception to signal transduction by plant phytochromes.
A socialization perspective on male and female reporting

This research investigates the news coverage of male and female reporters at 3 U.S. daily newspapers to determine whether gender differences result in reporting differences. Results of the content analysis revealed reporter differences due to gender for sourcing, story topic, and story tone in that female reporters drew upon a greater diversity of sources, stereotyped less, and wrote more positive stories than did male reporters. The size of the newspaper and ratio of male-to-female reporters and editors mediated these differences to a large degree. Socialization is offered as a theoretical explanation for the findings, and follow-up interviews with female reporters at each newspaper confirmed that socialization processes contributed to the reporting differences found here.
Basic mechanisms and modeling of single-event upset in digital microelectronics

Physical mechanisms responsible for nondestructive single-event effects in digital microelectronics are reviewed, concentrating on silicon MOS devices and integrated circuits. A brief historical overview of single-event effects in space and terrestrial systems is given, and upset mechanisms in dynamic random access memories, static random access memories, and combinational logic are detailed. Techniques for mitigating single-event upset are described, as well as methods for predicting device and circuit single-event response using computer simulations. The impact of technology trends on single-event susceptibility and future areas of concern are explored.
Of hungry ghosts and other matters of consumption in the Republic of Korea: The commodity becomes a ritual prop

Contemporary South Korean shaman rituals (kut) incorporate new consumer goods as agentive “props,” foci that provoke mime and commentary in dramatic interactions between shamans, clients, gods, and ancestors. In the 1990s, much of this object-centered performance concerned the moral ambiguities of consumption, an appreciation facilitated by an analytic focus on the prop itself. In this study, I argue that the play of props in ritual conveys otherwise elusive nuances regarding the play of things in everyday life and that, when new consumer goods assume the status of props, they enable commentary on the moral paradox of getting and having. [prop, consumption, commodity, South Korea, shaman, ritual, materiality]
An Assessment of Victim Service Needs

During the past decade various victim-witness programs have literally exploded across the United States. However, despite the unprecedented growth in the number ofprograms, available services to crime victims and witnesses remain largely uneven and fragmented. This study provides the first major effort any jurisdiction has made in providing systematic assessment and planning for the development of comprehensive crime victim-witness services. Detailed descrip tions of the various methods employed in the study's victim projections and the methods used in developing specific program component recommendations are provided. The study concludes with an identification of the program model and a discussion of the implementation and operation of the various program components comprised in the model.