cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telecommuting advantages and challenges for IT management and staff

Telecommuting for IT (information technology) staff has become a viable working alternative for both the organization and the employee. Since the advent of greater connectivity through hi-tech advancement, effective IT employees can work as efficiently remotely as from the confines of the organization's office buildings. Location in proximity to the office is less of a factor than ever before. More and more organizations, both in the private and public sectors, are taking advantage of telecommuting for a whole range of factors. Many employees see telecommuting as a valuable benefit if offered by the organization; likewise, some organizations use telecommuting as a benefit to retain IT employees. Even though the advantages of telecommuting are numerous, there are a number of challenges that exist for the organization, management, and the telecommuting IT employee. This paper will explore the advantages and challenges of telecommuting for the organization, the project, the telecommuting IT worker, and the telecommuting IT manager.
The Perception and Parameters of Intentional Voice Manipulation

Evidence suggests that people can manipulate their vocal intonations to convey a host of emotional, trait, and situational images. We asked 40 participants (20 men and 20 women) to intentionally manipulate the sound of their voices in order to portray four traits: attractiveness, confidence, dominance, and intelligence to compare these samples to their normal speech. We then asked independent raters of the same- and opposite-sex to assess the degree to which each voice sample projected the given trait. Women’s manipulated voices were judged as sounding more attractive than their normal voices, but this was not the case for men. In contrast, men’s manipulated voices were rated by women as sounding more confident than their normal speech, but this did not hold true for women’s voices. Further, women were able to manipulate their voices to sound just as dominant as the men’s manipulated voices, and both sexes were able to modify their voices to sound more intelligent than their normal voice. We also assessed all voice samples objectively using spectrogram analyses and several vocal patterns emerged for each trait; among them we found that when trying to sound sexy/attractive, both sexes slowed their speech and women lowered their pitch and had greater vocal hoarseness. Both sexes raised their pitch and spoke louder to sound dominant and women had less vocal hoarseness. These findings are discussed using an evolutionary perspective and implicate voice modification as an important, deliberate aspect of communication, especially in the realm of mate selection and competition.
Vertical left ventricular angulation assessed by thallium 201 myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with mitral valve prolapse

Mitral valve prolapse has been associated with septal to aortic root angle abnormalities determined by echocardiography. Thallium 201 imaging in the anterior view permits visualization of the left ventricular long axis. In the present study, the vertical angle was defined as the angle formed by the long axis of the left ventricle and a horizontal line. The vertical angle was determined in 25 patients who had 201 TL stress testing and M-mode echocardiography. Group I (11 patients) had mitral valve prolapse and group II (14 patients) did not have mitral valve prolapse. The vertical angle and ultrasound were read blinded to each other. Height, weight, and body surface area were compared for the two groups, and receiver operator curve analysis performed. Vertical angle measured by TL 201 was significantly more vertical in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Receiver operator curve analysis showed that an angle of greater than 30 degrees successfully identified 9/11 patients with mitral valve prolapse, with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 79%. There were no significant differences in height, weight, or body surface area between the two groups. Thus, patients with mitral valve prolapse have more vertically positioned hearts than patients without mitral valvemore » prolapse, independent of body habitus. The different appearance of a vertically oriented heart may contribute to false-positive readings of TL 201 images.« less
Automated analysis of autoradiographic imagery.

A research program is described which has as its objective the automated characterization of neurological tissue regions from autoradiographs by utilizing hybrid-resolution image processing techniques. An experimental system is discussed which includes raw imagery, scanning and digitizing equipments, feature-extraction algorithms, and regional characterization techniques. The parameters extracted by these algorithms are presented as well as the regional characteristics which are obtained by operating on the parameters with statistical sampling techniques. An approach is presented for validating the techniques and initial experimental results are obtained from an analysis of an autoradiograph of a region of the hypothalamus. An extension of these automated techniques to other biomedical research areas is discussed as well as the implications of applying automated techniques to biomedical research problems.
Modified effective thermal conductivity due to heat dispersion in fibrous porous media

Abstract When a fluid flows past an array of cylinders that represent the porous media, the micro convection around the cylinders will contribute to heat dispersion. The modified effective thermal conductivity tensor that includes the microscopic heat dispersion effect is usually calculated by a volume averaging method. This method requires a closure constitutive vector b to simulate the modified effective thermal conductivity tensor. In this paper, a direct temperature solution method to calculate the modified effective thermal conductivity tensor, by solving the temperature field in a unit cell with appropriate boundary conditions, is proposed. This method introduces a moving frame that converts the convective-diffusion equation in a pure conduction equation. Navier–Stokes equations and energy equations are solved in an array of cells and effective thermal conductivity is calculated from the local temperature field. The dependence of the modified effective thermal conductivity tensor on pertinent dimensionless numbers such as Peclet number, thermal conductivity ratio of solid to liquid, and the ratio of solid volume (volume fraction of the cylinders) in the unit cell is discussed.
ON THE MECHANISM OF C-H BOND ACTIVATION IN THE PHOTOCHEMICAL ARYLATION OF RHENIUM(V) OXO IODIDE COMPLEXES

Photolysis of the Re(V) oxo−iodide compound (HBpz3)ReO(I)Cl (1) in arene solvents gives the aryl complexes (HBpz3)ReO(Ar)Cl. Substituted arenes react with electrophilic selectivity exclusively at aromatic C−H bonds, and a variety of functional groups are tolerated. Yields are improved when photolysis is carried out in the presence of pyridine. Photolysis of the diiodide complex, (HBpz3)ReOI2 (2), gives a mixture of mono- and disubstituted Re−aryl complexes, and the diphenyl derivative (HBpz3)ReOPh2 has been structurally characterized. The isotope effect found when 1 is photolyzed with a 1:1 mixture of C6H6 and C6D6 was found to depend on the concentration of 1. Lower concentrations (∼0.5 mM) show a 1.2(2):1 ratio of d0 to d5 products, while higher concentrations (∼20 mM) show higher d0:d5 ratios of 1.8(2):1. The apparent isotope effects increase with increasing conversion and are also affected by the presence of additives such as pyridine or iodine. Photolysis of 1 with 1,3,5-trideuteriobenzene shows a 4....
Effectiveness of Agency for Health Care Policy and Research clinical practice guideline and patient education methods for pregnant smokers in medicaid maternity care.

Abstract Objective: The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the extent to which tobacco exposure assessment and new patient education methods, derived from a meta-analysis and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guideline recommendations, could be provided routinely by trained Medicaid maternity care staff members and (2) to document the behavioral impact of these interventions among pregnant smokers. Study Design: After 265 pregnant smokers were assigned at their first visit to an experimental group (n = 139) or a control group (n = 126), they received standardized risk information and were advised to quit smoking. The experimental group also received evidence-based patient education methods, including the videocassette Commit to Quit During and After Pregnancy, the publication A Pregnant Woman's Guide to Quit Smoking, and a brief counseling session. Self-report and saliva cotinine assessments of tobacco exposure were performed at baseline and at the end of pregnancy. Results: A significantly higher percentage of patients quit smoking in the experimental group (17.3%) than in the control group (8.8%). Conclusions: The application of principles of organizational development and quality improvement at the management and clinical practice levels and the delivery of evidence-based health education methods by trained prenatal care providers significantly increased smoking cessation rates among pregnant Medicaid recipients. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:68-75.)
Rebecca J. Cook, Bernard M. Dickens, and Mahmoud F. Fathalla, Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, Ethics and the Law

Rebecca J. Cook, Bernard M. Dickens, and Mahmoud F. Fathalla, Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, Ethics and the Law
Thermoelectric Properties of Mn-Doped Cu2SnSe3

We report the thermoelectric properties of Mn-doped Cu2MnxSn1−xSe3 compound, with x ranging from 0.005 to 0.1 at temperature ranging from 80 K to 723 K. All samples maintain cubic zincblende-like structure, and no impurity phase was detected. The electrical resistivity decreases rapidly when Mn4+ replaces Sn2+ in the matrix. The excess Mn impurities in the x = 0.05 and x = 0.1 samples also affect the Seebeck coefficient. The total thermal conductivity is increased for Mn-doped samples except for the x = 0.005 sample. In all, both power factor and figure of merit are improved by Mn doping over the entire temperature range. The ZT value of the x = 0.02 sample reaches 0.035 at 300 K, and for x = 0.01 reaches 0.41 at 716 K, which are comparable to the best thermoelectric performance for ternary Cu-based compounds.
Implicit self-esteem in the context of trait models of personality

Abstract Although the basic dimensions of personality are strongly associated with individual differences in (explicit) self-esteem, the relations between personality and implicit self-esteem have not been systematically researched. In three studies, implicit self-evaluations (measured both with the Name-Letter Test and the self-esteem IAT) were generally independent of personality self-reports (Studies 1–3) and peer-reports (Study 3). Moreover, the implicit measures were also independent of one another. Discussion centers on the problems and promises of implicit measures as indicators of individual differences in self-esteem and their relation to personality.
Making it Work at School and Home: A Need Based Collaborative, Across Settings, Behavioral Intervention

Children who need behavioral support benefit from programs that offer structure and consistency across settings. This paper examines the behavioral effects of a consistent and collaborative positive behavior support plan between a family and home and school support personnel. In a joint effort, two doctoral students in Special Education developed a comprehensive positive behavior support plan. This plan focused on the individual needs of a 10-year-old boy presenting behavioral problems and diagnosed with mild mental retardation associated with a seizure disorder. One author was the child’s school psychologist while the other author was the child’s behavior analyst working in the home setting. The case study incorporates needs assessment, functional assessment, and self-management. Implications of an across-settings, collaborative behavioral support program, particularly as they pertain to implementing a similar arrangement in other schools, are discussed.
ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA : X. ELECTRIC MOBILITY AND CHARGE OF PROTEINS IN ALCOHOL-WATER MIXTURES.

1. The electrophoretic velocities of gelatin-, egg-albumin-, and gliadin-covered quartz particles in various alcohol-water solutions are, within the limits employed in usual experimental procedures, proportional to the field strength. 2. The electrophoretic mobilities of small, irregularly shaped quartz particles covered with an adsorbed film of protein in alcohol-water solutions are equal to the electroosmotic mobilities of the liquid past similarly coated flat surfaces. Hence the size and shape of such particles does not influence their mobilities, which depend entirely on the protein film. 3. The corrected mobility and hence presumably the charge of gelatin-covered quartz particles in solutions containing 35 per cent ethyl alcohol is proportional to the combining power of the gelatin; therefore the gelatin is adsorbed with the active groups oriented toward the liquid. The same is true in 60 per cent alcohol. 4. The charge calculated by means of the Debye-Henry approximation from the mobility of gelatin in solutions containing up to 35 per cent ethyl alcohol is, in the neighborhood of the isoelectric point, proportional to the combining power of the gelatin. Therefore the dielectric constant and the viscosity of the bulk of the medium may be used in the Debye-Henry approximation Q = 6 pi eta r v(m) (1 + kappa r) to predict changes in charge from mobility. 5. In the neighborhood of the isoelectric point gelatin is probably completely ionized in buffered ethyl alcohol-water mixtures up to 60 per cent alcohol. 6. In the presence of ethyl alcohol the isoelectric point of gelatin is shifted toward smaller hydrogen ion activities. This shift, like that caused by alcohol in the isoelectric points of certain amino acids, is approximately linearly related to the dielectric constant of the medium.
The pros and cons of phytoestrogens

Phytoestrogens are plant derived compounds found in a wide variety of foods, most notably soy. A litany of health benefits including a lowered risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, breast cancer, and menopausal symptoms, are frequently attributed to phytoestrogens but many are also considered endocrine disruptors, indicating that they have the potential to cause adverse health effects as well. Consequently, the question of whether or not phytoestrogens are beneficial or harmful to human health remains unresolved. The answer is likely complex and may depend on age, health status, and even the presence or absence of specific gut microflora. Clarity on this issue is needed because global consumption is rapidly increasing. Phytoestrogens are present in numerous dietary supplements and widely marketed as a natural alternative to estrogen replacement therapy. Soy infant formula now constitutes up to a third of the US market, and soy protein is now added to many processed foods. As weak estrogen agonists/antagonists with molecular and cellular properties similar to synthetic endocrine disruptors such as Bisphenol A (BPA), the phytoestrogens provide a useful model to comprehensively investigate the biological impact of endocrine disruptors in general. This review weighs the evidence for and against the purported health benefits and adverse effects of phytoestrogens.
Phaeodactylum tricornutum photosynthesis and Thalassiosira pseudonana bio-silica formation genes nucleotide fluctuations

Diatom bioactivity has been reported to be responsible for about 20% of carbon fixation globally and together with other photosynthetic organisms, the bioactivity can be monitored via satellite ocean imaging. The bioinformatics embedded in the nucleotide fluctuations of photosynthesis and bio-silicate genes in diatoms were studied. The recently reported phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase PEPC1 and PEPC2 C4-like photosynthesis genes in Phaeodactylum tricornutum were found to have similar fractal dimensions of about 2.01. In comparison, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PEPC1 and PEPC2 genes have fractal dimensions of about 2.05. The PEPC CpG dinucleotide content is 8% in P. tricornutum and 10% in C. reinhardtii. Further comparison of the cell wall protein gene showed that the VSP1 gene sequence in C. reinhardtii has a fractal dimension of 2.03 and the bio-silica formation silaffin gene in Thalassiosira pseudonana has a fractal dimension of 2.01. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase PPC1 and PPC2 in T. pseudonana were found to have fractal dimensions and CpG dinucleotide content similar to that of P. tricornutum. The fractal dimension of the dnaB replication helicase gene is about 1.98 for both diatoms as well as for the alga Heterosigma akashiwo. In comparison, the E. coli dnaB gene has a fractal dimension of about 2.03. Given that high fractal dimension and CpG dinucleotide content sequences have been associated with the presence of selective pressures, the relatively low fractal dimension gene sequences of the two unique properties of Earth-bound diatoms (photosynthesis and bio-silica cell wall) suggests the potential for the development of high fractal dimension sequences for adaptation in harsh environments.
A methodology to assess the safety of automatically controlled vehicles

Automated driving is getting a step closer to reality. However, systematic methods for analyzing the safety benefits of deploying automated vehicles on roads are lacking. In this paper, we provide an outline of a methodology that may be adopted to assess the safety benefits of automatic vehicle following in an emergency braking scenario. Automated vehicles travel in a single straight lane and the maximum deceleration of every vehicle in the lane is a random variable with a known probability distribution. The lead vehicle in the lane brakes at its maximum value of deceleration. The deceleration of each following vehicle is limited by its maximum deceleration and is specified by a vehicle following law. If the vehicle following law commands a deceleration greater than or equal to the maximum deceleration, the controlled vehicle can only brake at its maximum deceleration. Clearly, the deceleration of every controlled vehicle in this case is also a random variable and we provide a methodology to compute its probability distribution. The importance of the probability distribution of deceleration of a vehicle can be readily seen from its variance; for a given initial following distance, if the initial relative velocity is small, variance in their deceleration is small and the mean is the same, then the probability of a collision is correspondingly small. Since the deceleration of every vehicle is a random variable, the following distance and relative velocity of a following vehicle with respect to its immediate predecessor in the lane are also random variables. We say that a violation occurs if the following distance of a vehicle is zero and the corresponding severity is the value of its relative velocity with respect to its predecessor. The notion of violation is a surrogate for the notion of a collision and does not depend on any model of collision or on detailed vehicle dynamical models. We then provide a methodology to compute metrics of safety in terms of the probability of a violation, expected number of violations and severity of a violation.
STATISTICAL MODELS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: THE EFFECTS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

We extend an agent-based model of crime-pattern formation initiated in Short et al. by incorporating the effects of law enforcement agents. We investigate the effect that these agents have on the spatial distribution and overall level of criminal activity in a simulated urban setting. Our focus is on a two-dimensional lattice model of residential burglaries, where each site (target) is characterized by a dynamic attractiveness to burglary and where criminal and law enforcement agents are represented by random walkers. The dynamics of the criminal agents and the target-attractiveness field are, with certain modifications, as described in Short et al. Here the dynamics of enforcement agents are affected by the attractiveness field via a biasing of the walk, the detailed rules of which define a deployment strategy. We observe that law enforcement agents, if properly deployed, will in fact reduce the total amount of crime, but their relative effectiveness depends on the number of agents deployed, the deployment strategy used, and spatial distribution of criminal activity. For certain policing strategies, continuum PDE models can be derived from the discrete systems. The continuum models are qualitatively similar to the discrete systems at large system sizes.
Three-dimensional motion correction using speckle and phase for in vivo computed optical interferometric tomography

Over the years, many computed optical interferometric techniques have been developed to perform high-resolution volumetric tomography. By utilizing the phase and amplitude information provided with interferometric detection, post-acquisition corrections for defocus and optical aberrations can be performed. The introduction of the phase, though, can dramatically increase the sensitivity to motion (most prominently along the optical axis). In this paper, we present two algorithms which, together, can correct for motion in all three dimensions with enough accuracy for defocus and aberration correction in computed optical interferometric tomography. The first algorithm utilizes phase differences within the acquired data to correct for motion along the optical axis. The second algorithm utilizes the addition of a speckle tracking system using temporally- and spatially-coherent illumination to measure motion orthogonal to the optical axis. The use of coherent illumination allows for high-contrast speckle patterns even when imaging apparently uniform samples or when highly aberrated beams cannot be avoided.
Interaction of Salivary alpha-Amylase and Amylase-Binding-Protein A (AbpA) of Streptococcus gordonii with Glucosyltransferase of S. gordonii and Streptococcus mutans

Background Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs), enzymes that produce extracellular glucans from dietary sucrose, contribute to dental plaque formation by Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus mutans. The alpha-amylase-binding protein A (AbpA) of S. gordonii, an early colonizing bacterium in dental plaque, interacts with salivary amylase and may influence dental plaque formation by this organism. We examined the interaction of amylase and recombinant AbpA (rAbpA), together with Gtfs of S. gordonii and S. mutans.
Yersinia enterocolitica in Milk and Dairy Products

Yersinia enterocolitica was first recognized during the 1960's as an important human enteropathogen. The species as later redefined includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic forms. Pathogenic strains that retain the virulence plasmid can be identified in several animal models and four indirect tests (calcium dependency, autoagglutination, Congo red uptake, serological detection of outer membrane antigen) and by tissue culture assay, serotype, and biotype. Y. enterocolitica and related bacteria have frequently been isolated from raw milk, but none of the isolates, with the possible exception of serotype 05,27, are recognizable as pathogens. Under normal circumstances Y. enterocolitica does not survive pasteurization. If introduced into pasteurized milk, it can grow well at refrigeration temperatures. Two outbreaks of yersiniosis have occurred that involved pasteurized milk. Pigs, which frequently carry pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in their throat, were the probable source in one of these outbreaks. The most rapid enrichment procedure available for isolation of Y. enterocolitica requires 6 d. No isolation method is available for selective isolation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in the presence of related bacteria common in milk and other foods.
Genome-wide screening using RNA interference to study host factors in viral replication and pathogenesis

With the recent development of short interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA expression libraries, RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been extensively employed to identify genes involved in diverse cellular processes, such as signal transduction, cell cycle, cancer biology and host-pathogen interactions. In the field of viral infection, this approach has already identified hundreds of new genes not previously known to be important for various virus lifecycles. In this brief review, we focus on recent studies performed using genome-wide RNAi-based screens in mammalian cells for the identification of essential host factors for viral infection and pathogenesis.
Interdisciplinary Support of the Gynecologic Cancer Patient

The gynecologic cancer patient has unique needs and problems that require a specialized approach not available through traditional and established hospital services. Discussed here are the innovations made at one urban hospital to meet this patient's needs. Central to the program is an interdisciplinary committee that routinely reviews and plans health care services for the individual.
Segment interdependency and difficulty in two-stroke sequences

We previously demonstrated that velocity and movement time for the initial segment for a two-stroke movement are scaled in relation to the difficulty of the second segment. The interdependent kinematic changes were interpreted as evidence that movement planning/organization processes consider the movement parameters of both segments when determining the movement characteristics of the entire sequence. In this experiment we examined two-stroke movements where the difficulty of the first segment had either a low or high level of difficulty to determine if the interdependent kinematic changes are diminished when parameter specification is high for the initial segment. Two-stroke arm movements toward defined targets were made in the horizontal plane on an x-y digitizer. The direction of the first segment was an elbow extension movement away from the trunk. The direction of the second segment varied between forearm extension and flexion movements. Two different indexes of difficulty (IDs) of the first segment and two of the second segment were created by varying target size. In the low ID condition for the first segment, movement duration of the initial segment lengthened and peak velocity decreased when the ID of the second segment was increased, and this pattern was found for both the extension–extension and extension–flexion sequences. In contrast, when the level of difficulty was high for the first segment, the interdependencies disappeared for the extension–extension sequence: movement duration and peak velocity were unaffected by the difficulty of the second segment. For the extension–flexion sequence, however, the interdependencies were found in the movement time of the initial segment but were eliminated in the peak velocity, i.e., movement time increased, but the peak velocity did not change. Furthermore, for both the extension–extension and extension–flexion sequences, the intersegment interval was lengthened as the level of difficulty increased. These findings suggest that difficulty of the initial segment affects how the motor planning/organization processes treat adjacent segments of the sequence. In particular, the data support the hypothesis that when the initial movement segment has a high index of difficulty, motor planning/organization processes appear to treat the adjacent segments separately as two discrete actions.
The Milne problem for partially plane-polarized light

Abstract An accurate numerical method has been devised to solve half-range problems for the scattering of azimuth-independent polarized radiation in stellar atmospheres. The use of the method is illustrated by solving the Milne problem for the radiation intensity at any optical depth, for the extrapolation distance, and for the law of darkening.
An example of magnetic properties as indicators of alteration in ancient oceanic lithosphere — the Othris ophiolite

Abstract Detailed paleomagnetic and rock magnetic studies of samples from five distinct rock units of the ophiolite complex from the Othris Mountains, central Greece, were combined with limited petrologic investigations in an attempt to obtain valuable information regarding the alteration processes affecting ancient oceanic crusts. The diversity and character of the magnetic properties within several lithologies of the Othris ophiolite testify to the localized and distinctive character of each alteration event, and suggest that Othris did not undergo a pervasive regional alteration similar to that hypothesized for the Smartville, California ophiolite. The inherent value of the laboratory viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) studies, both acquisition and response to alternating field (AF) demagnetization, is especially apparent as these studies enabled the recognition of a hard stable VRM component in the natural remanent magnetization.
Explicit relations between elastic and conductive properties of materials containing annular cracks

The impact of annular cracks on the effective elastic and conductive properties of a material is analysed. The compliance contribution tensor of an annular crack—the quantity that determines the increase in compliance of a solid due to introduction of such a crack—is derived analytically. The resistivity contribution tensor of an annular crack is calculated numerically. It is shown that an effective circular crack, i.e. a crack which yields the same change in elastic/conductive properties of a material as the given annular crack, can be chosen to match both of these tensors. Using this result, the explicit relation between elastic and conductive properties of a material containing annular cracks is obtained. The relation is derived using a non–interaction approximation. Applicability of the derived formulae to real materials (to plasma–sprayed coatings, in particular) is discussed.
D-band InP Gunn devices with second-harmonic power extraction up to 290 GHz

An InP Gunn device designed for fundamental-mode operation in D-band was mounted on a diamond heatsink for improved heat dissipation. The highest RF output power measured was 56 mW at 128 GHz and 49 mW at 132 GHz with DC-to-RF conversion efficiencies above 2%. Typical phase noise is well below -100 dBc/ Hz at 500 kHz off the carrier. Devices tested in second-harmonic mode yielded more than 0.3 mW between 280 and 290 GHz.
Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalin in the central nervous system and pituitary of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

The topographical distribution of enkephalin in the central nervous system of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, has been studied by the immunoperoxidase technique with antiserum to leucine-enkephalin. Immunoreactive enkephalin perikarya, fibers and probably terminals are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, which agrees well with the distribution of enkephalins in the mammalian brain. Enkephalin-containing perikarya are found in the subpallium (septum, nucleus accumbens, striatum, amydgala), preoptic and hypothalamic region, ventromedial nucleus and ventromedial area of thalamus, pretectal geniculate nucleus and posterodorsal nucleus of pretectum, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, locus ceruleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, medial parvocellular nucleus, and dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Enkephalinergic fibers and terminals are found in the above-mentioned areas as well as in the pallium (medial and dorsal cortex, dorsal ventricular ridge), dorsomedial and anterior dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus, habenula, nucleus of the stria medullaris, torus semicircularis, mesencephalic tegmental area, interpeduncular nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, central gray, reticular formation, raphe nucleus, substantia nigra, isthmus region, and nucleus of the trapezoid body. Enkephalinergic pathways appear to exist between the septum and the medial cortex, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, striatum and certain mesencephalic structures, hypothalamus and tegmentum, and between nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and torus semicircularis. In the pituitary, cells of the pars intermedia, and certain cells of the rostral pars distalis also show immunoreactivity to enkephalin antiserum. The distribution of enkephalin immunoreactivity throughout the hypothalamus and in the median eminence suggests involvement in neuroendocrine regulation. Presence of enkephalin in many extrahypothalamic brain areas indicates its important role in various sensory functions and in behavioral and autonomic integration.
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase (sGC) is Decreased Within Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle of Fetal Lambs with Experimentally-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension.• 1486

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is characterized by structural and functional abnormalities of the pulmonary vasculature. Ligation of the ductus arteriosus in fetal lambs 10 days prior to delivery produces an animal model of PPHN. We previously reported that pulmonary arteries isolated from PPHN lambs demonstrate a blunted response to nitric oxide (NO). We now studied lungs isolated from fetal lambs (136 days gestation) using immunohistochemical staining techniques to determine differences in sGC distribution in the pulmonary vasculature between control lambs (n = 4) and lambs with PPHN after ductal ligation (n = 4). Following removal of lungs, barium gelatin was infused into the pulmonary arteries to distinguish small intra-alveolar arteries from post-capillary venules. A B4 primary antibody to the 82 kDa alpha subunit of rat sGC which cross-reacts with sheep sGC was used. Immunoreaction product was measured semiquantitatively using a three point scoring system. Structurally, pulmonary arteries from PPHN lambs displayed increased musculature of the medial layer and thickening of the adventitia. When compared to controls, sGC immunostaining in lambs with PPHN was significantly depressed at all levels of the arterial tree. The largest decrease in immunostaining compared to controls was seen at the level of the terminal bronchiole followed by arteries at the level of bronchi. In the venous tree, sGC immunostaining in PPHN lambs appeared unchanged from controls with the exception of postcapillary venules in which staining was significantly increased. These findings support our previous functional studies, and suggest there is decreased expression of sGC within vascular smooth muscle cells in this model of PPHN.
Predictors of HIV Disclosure in Infected Persons Presenting to Establish Care

Persons receiving effective HIV treatment experience longevity and improvement in quality of life. For those infected, social support is associated with improved medication adherence. Disclosure of infection status is likely a prerequisite for social support. However, little research describes patterns of HIV disclosure by infected persons. We retrospectively evaluated factors associated with disclosure among patients initiating HIV care at a university-based clinic from 2007 to 2012. Of 490 persons initiating care, 13 % had not disclosed their HIV infection to anyone. Black race significantly predicted non-disclosure and persons living with a significant other or friends were more likely to have disclosed their HIV infection versus those living alone. CD4 + T lymphocyte count <200 was associated with nondisclosure and disclosure only to family members. Future research is needed to better understand factors associated with disclosure of HIV infection status, because this could enhance receipt of social support and contribute to improved HIV health outcomes.
Transport of noble gases in poly(methyl acrylate)

Abstract The permeability, diffusivity, and solubility of He, Ne, Ar, and Kr were determined in poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), in a temperature range encompassing the glass transition temperature, Tg. Activation energies for diffusion, ED, were higher above Tg than below Tg for all four penetrants in PMA and in the structural isomer of PMA, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA). For all penetrants studied, the Tg, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing (ΔHm), as well as the ED were all larger for PVA than for PMA. These differences were attributed to the stronger dipole-dipole interactions possible in PVA where the dipolar carbonyl group is separated from the chain backbone by an oxygen atom. The carbonyl group in PMA is immediately adjacent and presumably sterically hindered by the chain backbone which suggests that PMA might be a stiffer molecule than PVA. Entropy considerations suggest that molecularly stiff polymers should be associated with small values of v Δα, ΔED, ΔED, ΔHp, and (β), where v is the specific vol...
The Telephotos: A New Means of Electrical Signalling, by Night and Day, for the Naval, Military, Merchant Marine, Light-House, and Life-Saving Services. With Practical Demonstrations of its Application

(1894). The Telephotos: A New Means of Electrical Signalling, by Night and Day, for the Naval, Military, Merchant Marine, Light-House, and Life-Saving Services. With Practical Demonstrations of its Application. Royal United Services Institution. Journal: Vol. 38, No. 192, pp. 103-114.
The functionality of plum ingredients in meat products: A review

Dried plums (prunes) have been marketed to consumers for consumption directly from the package as a convenient snack and have been reported to have broad health benefits. Only recently have fractionated, dried plum ingredients been investigated for their functionality in food and feed products. Dried plum puree, dried plum fiber, dried plum powder, dried plum concentrate, and fresh plum concentrate have been investigated to date. They have been evaluated as fat replacers in baked goods, antioxidants in meat formulations, phosphate replacers in chicken marinades, and antimicrobials in food systems. Overall, dried plum products have been shown to be effective at reducing lipid oxidation and show promise as antimicrobials.
Nicotinamide Prevents Apoptosis in Human Cortical Neuronal Cells

In previous studies, the free radical generating toxin tertiary butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) was found to induce significant cell death in human cortical neuronal cells (HCN2 cells). Pretreatment with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor nicotinamide was able to prevent HCN2 cell death. In this study it is observed that apoptosis is induced following the addition of t-BuOOH at 6 h as indicated by TUNEL-positive cells. When nicotinamide is added prior to t-BuOOH, it is able to prevent neuronal cell death and inhibit apoptosis. DNA microarray studies demonstrate that t-BuOOH administration causes an upregulation of proapoptotic genes like ICH-2 and BimL. On the other hand, nicotinamide-pretreated neurons have higher expression levels of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) genes. Therefore, it appears that one mechanism by which nicotinamide acts as neuroprotective agents is by elevating the gene expression levels of IAPs. Moreover, there is an upregulation of the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in nicotinamide-pretreated HCN2 cells. Nicotinamide-pretreated cells also had higher expression levels of putative "death domain" genes like p75TNFR, TRAIL2, TNFR1, and HVEM-L. Thus, nicotinamide can regulate multiple apoptotic genes with seemingly opposite roles and through its action on these various genes prevent apoptosis of neuronal cells.
Entanglement in a Linear Array of Atoms Coupled to a Multimode Field

We consider entanglement between atoms in a linear array undergoing emission into a multimode electromagnetic field. The entanglement is characterized by means of the von Neumann entropy for different bipartite splits among the atoms.
Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from salivary ductal carcinoma of the parotid gland mimicking transverse myelitis in a patient with radiologically isolated syndrome

Intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCMs) are rare lesions but their presence should not be underestimated in a cancer patient with rapidly progressive neurological compromise. Due to similar timing of clinical progression and imaging characteristics, these lesions may be misdiagnosed as transverse myelitis, an inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord that may be idiopathic or secondary to other diseases including infections, connective tissue disorders, nutritional deficiencies, and demyelinating disorders. We present a case of a 44 year-old male with a history of parotid gland metastatic salivary ductal carcinoma (SDC) and incidental demyelinating white matter lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosed as radiologically isolated syndrome with a CSF that was positive for oligoclonal bands. The patient initially presented with mid-thoracic dermatomal numbness, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and neurogenic bladder. MRI spine demonstrated an enhancing T5-7 intramedullary lesion initially diagnosed as transverse myelitis. After progressing to complete motor and sensory loss below T6 despite high-dose intravenous steroids and plasmapheresis, surgical biopsy was undertaken. Intraoperative findings revealed an intramedullary tumor for which a subtotal resection was performed. Pathology was consistent with a metastatic deposit from the patient's primary parotid SDC. The patient underwent postoperative chemotherapy but expired due to systemic disease progression seven months following surgery without neurological improvement. This is the first reported case of ISCM from a primary SDC. The median survival is 6 months for patients with ISCMs treated surgically. The goals of surgery are spinal cord decompression, functional preservation, and tissue diagnosis.
The effects of time constraints on user behavior for deferrable interruptions

Previous studies of multitasking have highlighted the importance of cognitive load in interruptibility by showing that forced interruptions are least disruptive when cognitive load is low, and also that users prefer to address interruptions at low-load points when given a choice. We present an empirical study that uses a ringing-phone scenario to examine how users manage deferrable interruptions in the presence of varying time constraints. We found that while cognitive load did influence multitasking as expected, the time constraints placed on the user also had a significant impact. In particular, we observed three distinct strategies for addressing interruption: the expected strategy of switching at low-load points, but also two other strategies of continuing on after a low-load point or giving up at a high-load point. The presence of the latter two strategies strongly suggests that users can adapt their multitasking behavior with respect to the time constraints of the interrupting task.
Monolithic integration of RF MEMS switches with a diversity antenna on PCB substrate

A novel process for monolithic integration of RF microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switches with three-dimensional antenna elements on a microwave laminate printed circuit board (PCB) is presented. This process calls for a low-temperature (90/spl deg/C-170/spl deg/C) high-density inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition technique that allows the choice of any PCB substrate, such as RO4003-FR4 (/spl epsiv//sub r/=3.38, tan/spl delta/=0.002), with the desired electrical properties for antenna applications. A two-element diversity antenna system monolithically integrated with RF MEMS switches is designed and demonstrated.
Nilotinib treatment-associated peripheral artery disease and sudden death: yet another reason to stick to imatinib as front-line therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Aichberger and colleagues recently described an association between nilotinib therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and adverse vascular events, which occurred in eight (~33%) of their 24 CML patients treated with nilotinib: severe peripheral artery disease (PAD; n = 3), less severe PAD (n = 1), sudden death (n = 1), myocardial infarction (n = 1), spinal infarction (n = 1), and subdural hematoma (n = 1) [1]. We were intrigued by these observations because of similar events that occurred in two of our patients receiving nilotinib therapy. A female patient developed severe and unrelenting PAD and coronary artery disease (CAD) after ~3 years of treatment with nilotinib and the second patient died suddenly after receiving nilotinib therapy for 3 weeks. None of the two patients had history of cardiovascular disease, tobacco use, or diabetes mellitus. These observations are troubling and question the prudence of rushing to replace imatinib with nilotinib, for front-line therapy in CML.
Gender differences in dating aggression among multiethnic high school students.

Purpose: (1) To assess prevalence of physical dating aggression and victimization among high school students; (2) to assess prevalence of mutual and exclusive aggression; (3) to determine whether aggression differs across ethnic groups and relationship type; and (4) to ascertain the likelihood of injury and breakup in individuals who reported that they were the recipients of physical aggression. Methods: Students (N 2363) from seven multiethnic high schools participated. Because males in high school date females younger than they and the reverse for females, and because males and females may underreport aggression, only within gender comparisons were conducted. Results: More females reported engaging in physical aggression (40%) than reported being victims of aggression (30%). Fewer males reported engaging in physical aggression (24%) than reported being victims of physical aggression (31%). If physical aggression occurred, typically both partners were aggressive. For females, exclusive engagement in physical aggression (perpetration) was reported at higher rates than exclusively being the recipient of physical aggression (victimization) and vice versa for males. Dating aggression was less prevalent among male Asian students than other ethnic groups. Engaged males and females reported the highest rates of physical aggression. Injury was reported by over 25% of males and females who reported being the recipients of physical aggression. Conclusions: Dating aggression intervention programs should address physical aggression of both males and females. Because approximately 30% of the high school males and females reported being the recipients of physical aggression by their partners, primary prevention efforts should occur before high school. © 2008 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
LAKE BREEZES AND SUMMER RAINFALL

ABSTRACT Isolated diurnal rainshowers developing exclusive of any surface macroscale weather disturbances over eastern Upper Michigan were investigated. Patterns of surface windflow, temperature, and cloud cover suggested that lake breeze systems converge over the peninsula from Lake Superior and lakes Michigan and Huron during most warm summer days with weak lower tropospheric airflow. Rainfall from the cloud systems associated with this convergence occurred in about fifty percent of the cases during summer, 1970, and accounted for all nonfrontal precipitation in the study area. In addition to lake breeze convergence, such rainfall appeared to depend upon maximization of a complex of other factors such as atmospheric moisture, the magnitude of the air-water temperature contrast, and the advection of positive relative vorticity in the mid or upper troposphere.