cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joint estimation for the parameters of the extreme value distributions

The purpose of this paper is to provide a method for constructing exact joint confidence regions for the parameters of type I (maximum) and type I (minimum) extreme value distributions. Joint confidence regions for the parameters of Weibull distributions are also discussed. The calculation for these joint confidence regions requires a small computer program.
Young children's mouthing behavior: an observational study via videotaping in a primarily outdoor residential setting

ABSTRACTDetailed information on children's mouthing activities helps researchers assess children's exposure to toxicants via the non-dietary ingestion route (i.e., exposure resulting from contacts between the mouth and non-dietary objects such as fingers, toys, and dirt). For the analyses presented in this article, 38 children (20 female and 18 male) aged 1 to 6 years were videotaped for 2 hours each during natural play primarily in the outdoor residential environment.The data were analyzed separately by location (i.e., indoor or outdoor). For each location, mouthing frequency, contact duration, and hourly duration data were analyzed along gender and ≤ 24 months > 24 months age groupings. Several significant differences were found for mouthing activities occurring outdoors. Children ≤ 24 months of age were found to have significantly longer contact durations with the hands than children > 24 months of age (p = 0.04). Furthermore, for all ages, frequencies of mouthing contacts with the hands and non-dietar...
X-Ray study of short-range order in nickel alloys containing 10.7 and 20.0 at. % Molybdenum☆

Abstract The diffuse intensity in the h1, h2, 0 plane of reciprocal space was measured for Ni-rich alloys containing 20.0 and 10.7 at. % Mo after varied thermal history. A very unusual distribution of diffuse intensity indicating considerable short-range order was observed for samples of both alloys which had been quenched from 1000°C. After correcting for atomic size effects, two-dimensional short-range order parameters defined in terms of the usual three-dimensional parameters by A lm = ∑ n α lmn were determined. Comparison of these observed Alm with values Alm calculated from models of the short-range structures of the alloys led to the conclusion that small regions existed within which the atomic arrangement was similar to that in long-range ordered Ni4Mo. Reheating the Ni-10.7 at. % Mo alloy near 479°C after quenching from 1000°C resulted in a sharpening of the diffuse intensity distribution corresponding to an increase in the degree of order. Short heat treatments of the Ni-20.0 at. % Mo alloy near 650°C (below the critical temperature, 868°C) caused the short-range order peaks observed in samples quenched from above the critical temperature to split into peaks located near the positions of the superlattice reflections for long-range ordered Ni4Mo. This is interpreted to mean that reasonably well defined domains of order exist at this stage of heat treatment. The critical size of the domains necessary to cause the observed splitting was estimated to be of the order of 10 a0.
Two-Layer Solutions to Long's Equation For Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves: How Good Is Linear Theory?

Finite-amplitude solutions for infinitely deep stratified flow over orography are obtained for upstream conditions with uniform wind and a two-layer static-stability structure. the flow within each layer is governed by Long's equation. the governing equations are solved using a semi-analytic model with an open (radiation) boundary condition in the upper layer. A simplified, computationally efficient form of the finite-amplitude radiation upper-boundary condition is presented and utilized in the two-layer calculations. When the higher stability is in the lower layer, finite-amplitude effects may produce large-amplitude waves in circumstances where linear theory predicts a weak response. the relationship between the continuously stratified system and shallow-water hydraulic theory is explored, and an expression is derived for the effective Froude number in unbounded continuously stratified flow. In those cases producing the strongest finite-amplitude response, the flow undergoes a transition from subcritical to supercritical just to the lee of the mountain crest. When the higher stability is in the upper layer, the finite-amplitude response is also sensitive to the location of the stability interface. the dependence of the solution on the height of the interface is, once again, different from that predicted by linear theory. the interface height that produces the strongest response increases as the mountain height increases. These results support the idea, originally suggested through the analysis of linear multi-layer models, that the vertical phase shift between the ground and the tropopause has an important influence on the strength of downslope windstorms. the optimal phase shift for finite-amplitude waves cannot, however, be reliably determined from linear theory.
Transgenic animal models as tools for studying renal developmental physiology

Transgenic animal technology, which allows the germline insertion of exogenous genes or the alteration or disruption of endogenous genes, has emerged as a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of gene function. Since the primary strategy of transgenic techniques is to examine the biological results of lifetime overproduction or underproduction of particular gene products, perhaps no field is better suited for such technology than developmental biology. Indeed, many new phenotypes observed in novel transgenic models involve the alteration of some aspect of development or growth. Considerable information regarding genes involved in the regulation of renal developmental physiology and pathophysiology has emerged from the use of transgenic technology over recent years. We will review the use of traditional transgenic approaches and the resulting animal models, as well as describe more recent advances that allow tissue-specific, cell-specific, and temporal control of genes involved in kidney development.
Dietary beta-carotene, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer in men.

A cohort of 5,080 men living in a retirement community in California (United States) and initially free from lung cancer were followed from June 1981 to December 1989. At recruitment, each study participant completed a mailed questionnaire which requested information on the subject's medical history, use of cigarettes, and usual consumption frequencies during the preceding 12 months of 44 vegetable and fruit items. Men who had never smoked had the highest mean daily intake of β-carotene (8,505 μg), followed by past smokers (7,761 μg) and then by current smokers (6,178 μg). β-Carotene intake of the subject's wife was correlated significantly with that of the husband in the 4,018 spouse pairs (r=0.46; P=0.0001). Among men with similar smoking habits, dietary β-carotene intake significantly decreased with the spouse's smoking habit: never, past, and current smokers (P=0.004; test for linear trend). During 31,477 person-years of follow-up, 125 incident cases of lung cancer were observed among the cohort of 5,080 men. Age-adjusted relative risks for lung cancer were below unity (i.e., demonstrating a reduced risk) for higher relative to lower consumption of β-carotene, of all vegetables and fruits, and of yellow vegetables alone. However, these relative risks approached or crossed the null value when adjusted for personal smoking.
Manufacturing ICs the neural way

To offset the enormous investment of semiconductor companies, chip manufacturers must innovate to a greater degree in the fabrication processes themselves. The aim is to employ the latest computer hardware and software developments-namely, computer-integrated manufacturing of integrated circuits (or IC-CIM)-to optimize the cost-effectiveness of IC manufacture, much as computer-aided design (CAD) revolutionized the economics of circuit design. Here, the author describes how neural networks have recently emerged as a powerful aid in a computer-integrated manufacturing of ICs. Such neural networks help engineers infer subtle input-output relationships. >
Potential radioprotective agents—V. Melatonin analogs. Oral activity of p-Aminopropiophenone and its ethylene ketal

Abstract Seven new amides of 5-methoxytryptamine were synthesized and tested for radioprotective activity in mice. One of them, the heptafluorobutyramide 4 , is moderately active (57 % survivors), the rest demonstrate little or no activity. Of twelve compounds that had been found to exhibit high radioprotective activity by ip injection, only two [ p -aminopropiophenone ( 9 ) and ts ethylene ketal 8 ] retain that high activity (92–95 % survivors) when administered orally. Three are moderately active: p -aminobenzonitrile ( 10 ,55%), 5- methoxytryptamine octanoic amide ( 11 , 50 %), and p -aminobenzophenone ( 12 ,48 %).
Overview of the NASA cold land processes field experiment (CLPX-2002)

NASA's Earth Science Enterprise has identified the need for improved measurement of snow properties and frozen soils via a space-flight mission within the next decade. Microwave sensors appear ideal to measure these properties. Measurements of the Earth's surface in the microwave spectral regions can be largely insensitive to weather conditions and solar illumination, which is especially important during cold seasons. Both active and passive microwave sensors have demonstrated sensitivity to snow properties and the freeze/thaw status of soils. Microwave signal response is influenced by snow depth, density, wetness, crystal size and shape, ice crusts and layer structure, surface roughness, vegetation characteristics, soil moisture, and soil freeze/thaw status. These characteristics make microwave remote sensing attractive for providing spatially distributed information to improve and update land surface models for cold regions, either through assimilation of state-variable information estimated from microwave remote sensing observations using inversion algorithms, or through direct assimilation of microwave remote sensing data themselves. At the same time, the sensitivity of microwave signal response to several snow, soil, and vegetation characteristics also complicates the interpretation and analysis of these data. To better understand microwave remote sensing for measurement of snow and frozen soil properties, NASA is conducting the Cold Land Processes Field Experiment (CLPX). The CLPX is a large field experiment being conducted primarily over a two-year period (2002 and 2003) in Colorado, U.S.A. The purpose of the CLPX is to develop the quantitative understanding, models, and measurements necessary to extend our local-scale understanding of water fluxes, storage, and transformations to regional and global scales. Of particular importance is the development of a strong synergism between process-oriented understanding, land surface models and microwave remote sensing. Objectives of the CLPX include evaluation and improvement of algorithms for retrieving snow and frozen soil information from active and passive microwave sensors, evaluating the effects of sensor spatial resolution on retrieval skill, coupling forward microwave radiative transfer schemes to distributed snow/soil models to improve assimilation of microwave remote sensing data, and to develop sensor specifications for a new space-flight mission to measure cold land processes. This paper discusses the data sets collected during the CLPX-2002 to support these objectives.
Statins before stents: Does an ounce of prevention improve outcomes?

To prepare for a marathon, long-distance runners commonly carbohydrate load the day before as a means to optimize their glycogen stores and, hopefully, their endurance. To prepare for a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), accumulating evidence (1–4) suggests that it might be wise to preload with atorvastatin to reduce periprocedural myocardial injury and, hopefully, improve long-term outcomes. Runners debate the details of carbohydrate loading (should it be pasta or pancakes?) and analogously, several important questions remain unresolved about the details of pre-PCI atorvastatin use. The study by Sun et al (5) in this issue of The Canadian Journal of Cardiology is relevant to some of these questions.
Few layer graphene to reduce wear and friction on sliding steel surfaces

We report that solution-processed graphene layers reduce friction and wear on sliding steel surfaces in air (relative humidity, 30%). In tests with sliding steel surfaces, small amounts of graphene-containing ethanol solution decreased wear by almost 4 orders of magnitude and friction coefficients by a factor of 6. A possible explanation for these results is that the graphene layers act as a two-dimensional nanomaterial and form a conformal protective coating on the sliding contact interfaces, and these factors facilitate shear and slow down the tribo-corrosion, thus drastically reducing the wear.
Fatigue durability of partially post-tensioned concrete members

Freyssinet’s original design concept for prestressed concrete maintained the concrete in compression under full service load [Billington, 2004; D’Arcy et al. 2003]. In fact, Billington [2004] notes that “for Freyssinet, ‘the fields of prestressed concrete and reinforced concrete have no common frontier.’ Either a structure is fully prestressed or it is not to be called prestressed concrete.” Prestressed concrete design has evolved over time to allow a nominal amount of tension in the concrete under full service load. Even with this nominal amount of tension, the design is still considered fully prestressed provided the tensile stresses do not exceed the modulus of rupture for the concrete. As part of the evolution of prestressed concrete, designers, code writers, and researchers have begun to examine the potential for utilizing even lower levels of prestressing that allow the concrete to crack under full service load. This type of prestressing is often referred to as partial prestressing. One of the primary reasons for the potential use of partial prestressing is that ultimate strength generally never governs the design of fully prestressed sections. Instead, the design is controlled by tension stress limits at full service load. However, that approach may be overly conservative, even with respect to serviceability concerns, if the full live load is infrequently reached during the life of the structure. The advantages of partial prestressing over fully prestressed designs include increased ductility, increased energy absorption, decreased cost, decreased camber, and decreased anchor zone congestion [Lin and Burns, 1981]. However, design codes have been slow to adopt provisions for the design of partially prestressed concrete because of concerns over fatigue and corrosion. The current edition of the ACI Building Code [ACI 318, 2008] now recognizes three classes of prestressed flexural members, U, T, and C. Under full service load, Class U members are considered uncracked, Class C members are considered cracked, and Class T members represent a transition between cracked and uncracked behavior. The dividing lines between the three classes are based on nominal tensile stresses in the precompressed tensile zone of 7.5 ' c f and
MYELIN SUBFRACTIONS IN DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN: CHARACTERIZATION AND SULPHATIDE METABOLISM

Centrifugation of isolated myelin on discontinuous sucrose gradients resulted in a separation into three bands and a pellet. The three bands were morphologically identical to myelin, whereas the pellet consisted primarily of vesicular membranes. These four fractions differed from one another in their lipid-to-protein ratios and in molar ratios of cholesterol:phospholipid:galactolipid. All of the fractions contained proteins typical of myelin, although the proportions of the proteins varied, with the pellet being the lowest in basic protein and proteolipid protein. High activity of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotidase and low activity of cerebroside sulphotransferase further distinguished these fractions from the microsomal fraction. Distribution of radioactive sulphatide in the subfractions at 15 min after intracranial injection of radioactive sulphate indicated that newly-labelled sulphatide first appeared in the lipid-poor fractions, followed by the lipid-rich fractions; results of pulse-chase experiments also suggested this relationship. Several days or weeks after the injection of radioactive sulphate, most of the radioactive sulphatide was in the lipid-rich fractions.
Emerging ideas: Engineering the periosteum: revitalizing allografts by mimicking autograft healing.

Background To fulfill the need for large volumes, devitalized allografts are used to treat massive bone defects despite a 60%, 10-year postimplantation fracture rate. Allograft healing is inferior to autografts where the periosteum orchestrates remodeling.
Relational graph matching for human detection and posture recognition

This paper describes a relational graph matching with model-based segmentation for human detection. The matching result is used for the decision of human presence in the image as well as for posture recognition. We extend our previous work for rigid object detection in still images and video frames by modeling parts with superellipses and by using multi-dimensional Bayes classification in order to determine the non-rigid body parts under the assumption that the unary and binary (relational) features belonging to the corresponding parts are Gaussian distributed. The major contribution of the proposed method is to create automatically semantic segments from the combination of low level edge or region based segments using model-based segmentation. The generality of the reference model part attributes allows detection of human with different postures while the conditional rule generation decreases the rate of false alarms.
Factors associated with substance use during pregnancy: results from a national sample.

Abstract Objective To examine the prevalence and correlates of substance use during pregnancy among women in the United States. Methods We analyzed data from pregnant (n = 1800) and non-pregnant women (n = 37,527) aged 15–44 years who participated in the 2002 or 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a nationally representative epidemiologic survey. Study variables included demographics, any substance use in the prior 30 days, and possible current psychopathology. Data were analyzed using weighted chi-square and multiple logistic regressions that accounted for the complex survey design. Results The overall prevalence of any past month substance use during pregnancy was 25.8%; the prevalence rates of past month illicit drug, cigarette and alcohol use were 4.7%, 18.9% and 10%, respectively. Compared to the prevalence of substance use among women in their first trimester, use was significantly lower among women in their second or third trimesters. Women who reported using substances during pregnancy were significantly more likely to meet the criteria for possible current psychopathology and be White. Additionally, women who were employed, married, and in their second or third trimester compared to the first were significantly less likely to have used any substance during pregnancy, adjusting for age, ethnicity and income. Conclusions Although the prevalence of substance use among pregnant women was significantly lower than non-pregnant women, some groups of women remain vulnerable to continued use, including those who are unemployed, unmarried, and experiencing possible current psychopathology. Prevention and intervention programs aimed at high-risk populations are warranted to reduce the deleterious effects of substance use on pregnancy outcomes.
Carbon Dioxide and Temperature Effects on Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean

Rising CO 2 and potential global warming will cause changes in evapotranspiration (ET). Our research objective was to determine the impact of CO 2 and air temperature on canopy ET, water use efficiency (WUE), foliage temperature, and canopy resistance (Rc) of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Plants were grown in sunlit, controlled-environment chambers at cyclic maximum/minimum air temperatures from 28/18°C to 44/34°C and CO 2 of 350 or 700 μmol mol - 1 . Maximum ET rate in the early afternoon at 35 d after planting ranged from 7.5 mol m - 2 s - 1 at 28/18°C to 19.0 mol m - 2 s - 1 at 44/ 34°C. Daily ET during the middle of the season ranged from 260 mol H 2 O m - 2 d - 1 (4.7 mm d - 1 ) at 28/18°C to 660 mol H 2 O m - 2 d - 1 (11.9 mm d - 1 ) at 44/34°C. Mean daily ET was linearly related to mean air temperature (T a i r ) as: [Mean daily ET = 21.4 x T a i r -- 306, r 2 = 0.99 (mol H 2 O m - 2 d - 1 ), or mean daily ET = 0.385 X T a i r - 5.5 (mm d - 1 )]. Doubled CO 2 caused a 9% decrease in ET at 28/18°C, but CO 2 had little effect at 40/30°C or 44/34°C. Whole-day WUE declined linearly with air temperature, with a slope of -0.150 [(μmol CO 2 mmol - 1 H 2 O) °C - 1 ]. Changes in ET and WUE were governed by changes in foliage temperature and Re. In conclusion, increases in temperature anticipated by climate change could more than offset decreases of ET that would be caused by increases in CO 2 .
Reducing vendor delivery uncertainties in a JIT environment

Abstract Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing systems have found wide acceptance in the automotive industry as well as in other industries such as electronic assembly. One of the key features of JIT systems is frequent reliable deliveries from local vendors. This article considers two major points related to managing inbound transportation from these local vendors. The first point is that vendor delivery uncertainties can be reduced if the JIT manufacturer takes over the responsibility for inbound logistics from all JIT vendors. In other words, we are suggesting that the manufacturing firm (vendee) pick up raw materials and purchased parts from its vendors rather than having the vendors deliver. The second major point is that a simple economic analysis and a computer-based decision support system (like that we propose in this article) could be used to help schedule the JIT pickups. The article begins with a description of why deliveries are critical in the JIT environment and why vendee pickup from local vendors can be a better alternative than vendor delivery. When a manufacturer manages its own inbound local deliveries it benefits from more timely information on upsets, reduced transportation costs, reduced transaction costs, and most importantly, reduced uncertainty in deliveries. We then turn to a model for how to schedule JIT pickups. This model addresses the following “JIT Vendor Pickup Problem”: For a given number of vehicles with limited capacity, find a one-week JIT vendor pickup schedule that will minimize the total incremental carrying, travel, and pickup costs subject to the constraint that the vendee does not run out of any item from any vendor. In the above problem definition, the demand rates for all items are assumed to be constant over the short term. This model can be imbedded in a computer-based decision support system to facilitate the daily scheduling of the pickups from the vendors. In the conclusion, we deal with the expected benefits to the vendee for managing its own incoming JIT pickups and then propose a model that could be used to implement this concept.
Ontogeny of catabolic and morphological properties of skeletal muscle of the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus).

Thermogenic capabilities of red-winged blackbirds improve markedly during their 10–12-day nestling period, especially between day 5 and day 8. The time course of improvements may be determined by the maturation of skeletal muscles involved in shivering thermogenesis, particularly the pectoralis muscles. To test this hypothesis, morphological and biochemical changes in pectoral and leg muscles were measured in young and adult blackbirds. Both muscles grew disproportionately relative to body mass. The pectoralis consisted entirely of fast-twitch fibers, predominantly fast oxidative glycolytic. In contrast, the gastrocnemius muscle consisted of a mixture of slow and fast fibers (predominantly fast glycolytic). Although fiber composition was constant, both cross-sectional area and density of fibers increased with age in both muscles. Catabolic capacities of the pectoralis increased significantly (~7–8-fold) throughout the nestling period, most abruptly after day 3 (citrate synthase, CS) or day 4 (3-hydroxacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase, HOAD). Myofibrillar ATPase activities in the pectoralis were initially low, but increased after day 5. Further increases in CS and myofibrillar ATPase activities occurred in the pectoralis after fledging. CS and HOAD activities in the leg were much lower, but myofibrillar ATPase activities were remarkably similar in the two muscles, differing only in adults. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the development of endothermy is dependent on the morphological and biochemical maturation of skeletal muscles important in thermogenesis.
Problems of stationarity and control with a nonlocal cost per unit time

Abstract The classical calculus of variations is extended in such a fashion as to account for Lagrangian functions that contain a finite number of functionals as arguments. These results are applied to two classes of problems in which the cost per unit time depends on the total allocation over a fixed interval, and the total allocation is linear functional of the process. All appropriate initial data and the total allocation are determined for problems in which the cost functional is to be stationarized such that the process starts and ends at specified times with specified values. The first class of problems considers only the simple stationarization. The second class of problems adjoins a law of evolution and control to the problems of the first class and seeks the stationarizing allocation in addition to the information required in the first class of problems. The effects of nonlinearity are pointed out, and it is shown that a singularity of the algebraic problem associated with the boundary conditions always results in a unique solution while the nonsingular case admits both the possibility of no solutions or of many solutions.
The sources of the nigrotectal pathway

The nigrotectal pathway plays a role in the generation of saccade related responses by cells in the deep layers of the superior colliculus. 18,28,32–36 By using a retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique that homogeneously fills neurons, the present experiments demonstrate that the source of the nigrotectal projection to the intermediate gray layer of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) is a heterogeneous population of neurons whose somas and dendrites are concentrated in the rostral pole of pars reticulata. This region of pars reticulata receives projections from the posterior caudate, which in turn is a target of both the pulvinar and visual cortex. 6,46,49,50,65 In addition, these experiments reveal the presence of a second, distinct set of neurons projecting to the midbrain tectum that are located in pars lateralis of the substantia nigra. These neurons can be distinguished from those in pars reticulata by their homogeneity and by their prominent basal dendrites. Furthermore, pars lateralis of the squirrel substantia nigra is, on cytoarchitectonic and immunocytochemical grounds, a distinct subdivision that does not receive projections from the posterior caudate. We conclude that both pars reticulata and lateralis are sources of the nigrotectal pathway. In addition, our results suggest, on connectional grounds, that the rostral pole of pars reticulata may be specialized to subserve the visual guidance of orienting movements.
A 4DVAR System for the Navy Coastal Ocean Model. Part 2: Strong and Weak Constraint Assimilation Experiments with Real Observations in Monterey Bay

AbstractA four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system was recently developed for the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM). The system was tested in the first part of this study using synthetic surface and subsurface data. Here, a full range of real surface and subsurface data is considered following encouraging results from the preliminary test. The data include sea surface temperature and sea surface height from satellite, as well as subsurface observations from gliders deployed during the second Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network field experiment in California’s Monterey Bay. Data assimilation is carried out with strong and weak constraints, and results are compared against independent observations. This study clearly shows that the 4DVAR approach improves the free-running model simulation and that the weak constraint experiment has lower analysis errors than does the strong constraint version.
Computationally efficient database and spectral interpolation for fully plastic Taylor-type crystal plasticity calculations of face-centered cubic polycrystals

A new computationally efficient database approach to fully plastic Taylor-type crystal plasticity calculations is presented in this paper. In particular, we explore strategies that circumvent the need to repeatedly solve sets of highly non-linear, extremely stiff, algebraic equations with poor convergence characteristics that are inherent to these calculations. The suggested strategies consist of computing only once all of the needed variables in crystal plasticity calculations, storing them, and retrieving the values of interest according to the need in any specific simulation. An algorithm is presented here that facilitates this approach, and involves local spectral interpolation using discrete fourier transform (DFT) methods. The approach described here results in major improvements in the computational time over both the conventional crystal plasticity calculations and our previously developed spectral approach using generalized spherical harmonics (GSH). Details of this new approach are described and validated in this paper through a few example case studies.
Relative Emulsifying Activity of Bovine Serum Albumin and Casein as Assessed by Three Different Methods

The relative emulsifying activities of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein as determined by computerized optical microscopy, electron microscopy and spectroturbidimetry at a protein concentration of 0.135 mM (pH 7) and an oil:water (o:w) ratio of 4:6, was compared. Repeated homogenization led to a more homogeneous distribution of dispersed phase globules. BSA stabilized globules became smaller, e.g. the mean globule diameter determined by the different methods decreased from 3.1 μ at an energy input of 7.6 × 107 J m−3 to 2.2μ, at 182 × 107 J m−3. Casein stabilized globules became larger with energy input, e.g. mean dvs increased from 5.0μ at 7.6 × 107 J m−3 to 5.8μ. at 182 × 107 J m−3 indicating structure dependent differences in the emulsifying activity of protein.
Software architecture: perspectives on an emerging discipline

1. Introduction. 2. Architectural Styles. 3. Case Studies. 4. Shared Information Systems. 5. Architectural Design Guidance. 6. Formal Models and Specifications. 7. Linguistic Issues. 8. Tools for Architectural Design. 9. Education of Software Architects. Bibliography. Index.
Characterization of the TDP-D-ravidosamine biosynthetic pathway: one-pot enzymatic synthesis of TDP-D-ravidosamine from thymidine-5-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate

Ravidomycin V and related compounds, e.g., FE35A-B, exhibit potent anticancer activities against various cancer cell lines in the presence of visible light. The amino sugar moieties (D-ravidosamine and its analogues, respectively) in these molecules contribute to the higher potencies of ravidomycin and analogues when compared to closely related compounds with neutral or branched sugars. Within the ravidomycin V biosynthetic gene cluster, five putative genes encoding NDP-D-ravidosamine biosynthetic enzymes were identified. Through the activities of the isolated enzymes in vitro, it is demonstrated that ravD, ravE, ravIM, ravAMT and ravNMT encode TDP-D-glucose synthase, TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-4,6-dehydratase, TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3,4-ketoisomerase, TDP-3-keto-6-deoxy-D-galactose-3-aminotransferase, and TDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose-N,N-dimethyl-transferase, respectively. A protocol for a one-pot enzymatic synthesis of TDP-D-ravidosamine has been developed. The results presented here now set the stage to produce TDP-D-ravidosamine routinely for glycosylation studies.
Evidence of internal electric fields in GaInP 2 by scanning capacitance and near-field scanning optical microscopy

GaInP{sub 2} is studied in cross section with the scanning capacitance and near-field scanning optical microscope. Our study shows significant differences in the electronic and optical properties between ordered single- and two-variant GaInP{sub 2}. In single-variant samples, spatially uniform capacitance signal, photoluminescence intensity, and band gap are observed. In contrast, a spatially nonuniform capacitance signal, photoluminescence intensity, and band gap are observed in samples with nominally uniform doping. Imaging of the same regions by scanning capacitance and near-field scanning optical microscopes demonstrates that the photoluminescence (observed by the near-field scanning optical microscope) comes only from the n-type-like regions (observed by the scanning capacitance microscope) in lightly doped (n-type) two-variant GaInP{sub 2}. The local capacitance and photoluminescence measurements can be explained by the presence of internal electric fields in two-variant GaInP{sub 2}. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Surgical management of vasomotor rhinitis: a systematic review.

BackgroundVasomotor rhinitis (VMR) is one of the most prevalent forms of nonallergic rhinitis. In the past, when maximal medical therapy failed, surgical options were limited. Vidian neurectomy (VN...
Long-Term Fertility After Laparoscopy for Endometriosis-Associated Pelvic Pain in Young Adult Women

Abstract Study Objective To describe the long-term fertility outcomes in young patients with endometriosis-associated pelvic pain treated with laparoscopic surgery. Design Retrospective case series (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Tertiary care hospital. Patients Women aged 18 to 25 years who underwent laparoscopic surgery between 2000 and 2005 at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation solely to treat endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Interventions Patients answered a telephone or mail survey questionnaire assessing fertility outcome after surgery. Measurements and Main Results Twenty-eight of 74 eligible patients (37.8%) were enrolled in the study. With a median (interquartile range) age of 23.5 (1.5) years at follow-up, these patients completed the telephone or postal questionnaire to assess fertility outcomes at follow-up of 102.5 (16.6) months. In most participants the diagnosis was less advanced endometriosis (stage I, 60.7%; stage II, 28.6%). Twenty women (71.4%) had at least 1 pregnancy during follow-up that resulted in a live birth, of which >80% were spontaneous without the use of assisted reproductive technologies. Conclusion Long-term pregnancy rates are excellent in young women undergoing laparoscopic surgery to treat pelvic pain. However, a future prospective study is needed to determine whether laparoscopy has any hindrance on future fertility.
Targeting the FANCJ–BRCA1 interaction promotes a switch from recombination to polη-dependent bypass

BRCA1 and the DNA helicase FANCJ (also known as BACH1 or BRIP1) have common functions in breast cancer suppression and DNA repair. However, the functional significance of the direct interaction between BRCA1 and FANCJ remains unclear. Here, we have discovered that BRCA1 binding to FANCJ regulates DNA damage repair choice. Thus, when FANCJ binding to BRCA1 is ablated, the molecular mechanism chosen for the repair of damaged DNA is dramatically altered. Specifically, a FANCJ protein that cannot be phosphorylated at serine 990 or bind BRCA1 inhibits DNA repair via homologous recombination and promotes polη-dependent bypass. Furthermore, the polη-dependent bypass promoted by FANCJ requires the direct binding to the mismatch repair (MMR) protein, MLH1. Together, our findings implicate that in human cells BRCA1 binding to FANCJ is critical to regulate DNA repair choice and promote genomic stability. Moreover, unregulated FANCJ function could be associated with cancer and/or chemoresistance.
The importance of employer sponsorship in the long-term care insurance market.

Abstract Medicare and Medicaid are major sources of long-term care payments and thus will bear much of the burden from the growth in long-term care service use. The large future demand for long-term care services is of great concern among policymakers due to its expense and the use of public program dollars. It is argued that the individual purchase of long-term care insurance can help alleviate the increasing financial pressure on public programs responsible for the majority of long-term care financing. However, consumers have shown little interest in insuring against the high costs of long-term care. This analysis examines the effect of several factors on the decision to purchase a long-term care insurance policy: knowledge and attitudes of long-term care insurance and the long-term care financing system, the perceived risk for long-term care, financial planning behavior, and the availability of long-term care insurance. The interim results indicate the factor most likely to affect the decision to purch...
An improved clinical nystagmus algorithm

Improvements to a previously published nystagmus analyzing algorithm (see C. Wall and F.L. Black, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol.BME28, no.9, p.638-45, 1981) are described. The removal of errors in detecting and eliminating spikes due to blinks or to voluntary eye movements is discussed. The technique used to improve the program involves the smooth differentiation of the position of the slow component of nystagmus to detect errors which are larger than a given threshold. >
The Cartagena Protocol and Biological Diversity; Biosafe or Bio-sorry

In January 2000, delegates from over 100 nations completed negotiations on an international treaty for the regulation of biotechnology, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The stated purpose of this protocol is to enhance the protection of biological diversity. Despite its good intentions, there is a mismatch between the protocol?s substantive provisions and present threats to biological diversity. The protocol endorses "precautionary" regulation of transboundary shipments of genetically engineered organisms, including crops, so as to reduce the environmental risks that such organisms may pose. The greatest threat to biological diversity is habitat loss, largely driven by the conversion of land for agricultural uses. Genetically engineered crops could alleviate pressures to clear habitat by increasing per-acre agricultural productivity. Therefore, insofar as the biosafety protocol discourages the use of genetically engineered crops, it could do more harm than good.
U1A inhibits cleavage at the immunoglobulin M heavy-chain secretory poly(A) site by binding between the two downstream GU-rich regions.

The immunoglobulin M heavy-chain locus contains two poly(A) sites which are alternatively expressed during B-cell differentiation. Despite its promoter proximal location, the secretory poly(A) site is not expressed in undifferentiated cells. Crucial to the activation of the secretory poly(A) site during B-cell differentiation are changes in the binding of cleavage stimulatory factor 64K to GU-rich elements downstream of the poly(A) site. What regulates this change is not understood. The secretory poly(A) site contains two downstream GU-rich regions separated by a 29-nucleotide sequence. Both GU-rich regions are necessary for binding of the specific cleavage-polyadenylation complex. We demonstrate here that U1A binds two (AUGCN1-3C) motifs within the 29-nucleotide sequence and inhibits the binding of cleavage stimulatory factor 64K and cleavage at the secretory poly(A) site.
Exemplar-Based Accounts of Relations Between Classification, Recognition, and Typicality

Previously published sets of classification and old-new recognition memory data are reanalyzed within the framework of an exemplar-based generalization model. The key assumption in the model is that, whereas classification decisions are based on the similarity of a probe to exemplars of a target category relative to exemplars of contrast categories, recognition decisions are based on overall summed similarity of a probe to all exemplars. The summed-similarity decision rule is shown to be consistent with a wide variety of recognition memory data obtained in classification learning situations and may provide a unified approach to understanding relations between categorization and recognition. Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest among categorization researchers in exploring relations between classification learning and old-new recognition memory. This interest has been fueled by the exemplar view of category representation, which holds that people base classification decisions on similarity comparisons with stored exemplars (Hintzman, 1986b; Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Nosofsky, 1986). Recognition data provide a source of converging evidence bearing on the nature of people's category representations. Presumably, if individual exemplars are being stored in memory, the fact ought to be revealed by postacquisition recognition tests. Indeed, a number of researchers have taken exemplar models to task on grounds of certain dissociations between classification learning and recognition memory, or patterns of recognition data deemed to be inconsistent with the predictions of exemplar-only memory models. In virtually all cases, however, there has been a failure to specify and test an explicit
Mechanisms of Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Role of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Freshly Isolated Mouse Hepatocytes

Freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes were used to determine the role of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity. Incubation of APAP (1 mM) with hepatocytes resulted in cell death as indicated by increased alanine aminotransferase in the media and propidium iodide fluorescence. To separate metabolic events from later events in toxicity, hepatocytes were preincubated with APAP for 2 h followed by centrifugation of the cells and resuspension of the pellet to remove the drug and reincubating the cells in media alone. At 2 h, toxicity was not significantly different between control and APAP-incubated cells; however, preincubation with APAP followed by reincubation with media alone resulted in a marked increase in toxicity at 3 to 5 h that was not different from incubation with APAP for the entire time. Inclusion of cyclosporine A, trifluoperazine, dithiothreitol (DTT), or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the reincubation phase prevented hepatocyte toxicity. Dichlorofluorescein fluorescence increased during the reincubation phase, indicating increased oxidative stress. Tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester perchlorate fluorescence decreased during the reincubation phase indicating a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Inclusion of cyclosporine A, DTT, or NAC decreased oxidative stress and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Confocal microscopy studies with the dye calcein acetoxymethyl ester indicated that MPT had also occurred. These data are consistent with a hypothesis where APAP-induced cell death occurs by two phases, a metabolic phase and an oxidative phase. The metabolic phase occurs with GSH depletion and APAP-protein binding. The oxidative phase occurs with increased oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, MPT, and toxicity.
Explaining Attrition in the Housing Voucher Program

This article uses administrative data on families that participated in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Section 8 Housing Voucher Program between 1995 and 2002 combined with data from other sources to estimate the differences in attrition rates among families with demographic characteristics of greatest interest for housing policy and the effects on attrition of changes in the program’s main parameters. The most important results are that large decreases in the program’s payment standard and increases in the tenant contribution to rent will have small effects on program attrition. These results suggest that the overwhelming majority of voucher recipients receive substantial benefits from program participation. The empirical analysis also indicates that whether the head of the household is elderly and whether the head is disabled are by far the most important influences on the likelihood that the family will exit the tenant-based voucher program. Families with disabled heads of the household are about 37 percent less likely to exit the program and families with elderly heads of the household are about 23 percent less likely to exit the program each year than otherwise similar families. Differences in attrition rates based on other family characteristics are much smaller.
A complementary view of nursing diagnosis.

A review of the various definitions of nursing diagnoses in the literature demonstrated a potential for use of positive, negative, or neutral terms. The majority of examples used a negative term, however, which reflected an actual or potential problem. A dual approach to nursing diagnosis allows for consideration of client strengths as well as weaknesses. A framework for positive diagnoses is proposed and examples are given. Such diagnoses may be particularly useful for community health nurses working in health supervision or health maintenance.
A finite-difference time-domain near zone to far zone transformation (electromagnetic scattering)

An efficient time-domain near-zone-to-far-zone transformation for FDTD (finite-difference-time-domain) computations is presented. The approach is to keep a running accumulation of the far-zone time-domain vector potentials due to the tangential electric and magnetic fields on a closed surface surrounding the scatterer at each time step. At the end of the computation, these vector potentials are converted to time-domain far-zone fields. Many far-zone bistatic directions can be included efficiently during one FDTD computational run. Frequency domain results can be obtained via fast Fourier transform. Wideband results for scattering from a perfectly conducting plate were obtained from a single FDTD computation transformed to the frequency domain, and compared with moment method results. This approach is significantly more efficient than computing many FDTD results using sinusoidally varying excitation if a wide frequency band is of interest. Coupled with recent advances in computing FDTD results for frequency-dependent materials, wideband results for far-zone scattering from targets including frequency-dependent materials can be obtained efficiently. >
Equation of state of warm condensed matter

Recent advances in computational condensed matter theory have yielded accurate calculations of properties of materials. These calculations have, for the most part, focused on the low temperature (T=0) limit. An accurate determination of the equation of state (EOS) at finite temperature also requires knowledge of the behavior of the electron and ion thermal pressure as a function of T. Current approaches often interpolate between calculated T=0 results and approximations valid in the high T limit. Plasma physics-based approaches are accurate in the high temperature limit, but lose accuracy below T{approximately}T{sub Fermi}. We seek to ``connect up`` these two regimes by using ab initio finite temperature methods (including linear-response[1] based phonon calculations) to derive an equation of state of condensed matter for T{ 100 GPa and temperatures T>10{sup 4}K, and compare our results with available experimental data.