cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Cohort-Based Comparison of Intraoperative Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Bupivacaine for Donor Site Iliac Crest Analgesia during Alveolar Bone Grafting

Summary Introduction Bone grafting of alveolar clefts is routinely performed with cancellous bone harvested from the iliac crest. Graft site morbidity is frequently seen, with early postoperative pain being one of the most common complaints. Liposomal bupivacaine (LB) has been demonstrated to provide improvement in postoperative pain for patients undergoing bunionectomy or hemorrhoidectomy, which may translate to patients requiring iliac crest bone graft harvest. Methods Thirty-eight patients undergoing iliac crest bone harvest were included in the study. Twenty-one patients underwent open iliac crest bone graft harvest with administration of 0.25% bupivacaine at the hip donor site, while 17 patients received local infiltration of 1.3% liposomal bupivacaine. Patient-reported pain scores, total narcotic use, length of stay, and postoperative steps were monitored. Results There were no significant differences in age, weight, distribution of clefts, or choice of donor hip between the two groups. There were no significant differences in length of hospitalization stay. However, differences were noted in average postoperative pain scores at five of six time points in the first 24 h, total oral morphine equivalents administered (4.7 ± 5.3 vs. 14.3 ± 12.0), and steps at postoperative days one to three (p Conclusion Reduced pain scores and increased postoperative activity highlight the potential of LB to improve postoperative pain management in children undergoing iliac crest bone harvest for alveolar bone grafting.
Putting Effort Into Infant Cognition

Working memory allows people to manipulate information in support of ongoing tasks and provides a work space for cognitive processes such as learning, reasoning, and decision making. How well worki...
Medrol® Oral (Upjohn)

Methylprednisolone resembles the natural glucocorticoids, hydrocortisone, and cortisone, but, unlike these, has minimal salt retaining properties. It is a potent and efficacious anti-inflammatory agent for disorders of many organ systems. Like other glucocorticoids, it can cause profound and varied metabolic effects, and modification of the body’s immune responses to many stimuli.
A survey of current practices in data management education in nursing doctoral programs

Abstract Background The inclusion of data management instruction within nursing doctoral curricula has not been systematically examined. Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of data management education within nursing doctoral programs. Method Separate surveys were created for DNP (332) and PhD (138) program directors. Survey questions were based on the stages of the UK Data Service Research Data Lifecycle. Results One hundred and four nursing doctoral program directors responded, a 22% response rate. Sixty-seven (64%) were from DNP programs while 37 (35%) were from PhD programs. Although program directors reported that they were teaching stages of the research data lifecycle, data management is mostly being taught through individual mentoring or a single lecture within a required course, and that students' project data were not being preserved. Conclusions Nursing doctoral programs need to develop consistent data management education, build an awareness of data policies, and clarify student project data sharing and ownership.
Direct Radiofluorination of Arene C-H Bonds via Photoredox Catalysis Using a Peroxide as the Terminal Oxidant.

Herein, we describe an organic photoredox system for direct arene C–H radiofluorination, using a peroxide oxidizing agent and LEDs as the light source. In conjunction with an optimized photocatalys...
Adverse Effects of Perioperative Blood Transfusion in Spine Surgery.

Background Perioperative blood transfusion is often necessary during spine surgery because of blood loss from the surgical field during and after surgery. However, blood transfusions are associated with a small but significant risk of causing several adverse events including hemolytic transfusion reactions and transfusion-associated circulatory overload. Moreover, many prior publications have noted increased rates of perioperative morbidity and worsened outcomes in spine surgery patients who received blood transfusions. We performed a systematic review of the literature to better characterize the effects of blood transfusion on spine surgery outcomes. Methods The PubMed/MEDLINE database was queried using the composite key word “transfus∗ AND ‘spine surgery.’” A title and abstract review were performed to identify articles for final inclusion. Results A title and abstract review of the resulting 372 English-language articles yielded 13 relevant publications, which were subsequently incorporated into this systematic review. All included studies were retrospective, nonrandomized analyses. Conclusions Overall, prior literature indicates a relationship between perioperative blood transfusion and worsened outcomes after spine surgery. However, the available data represent level IV evidence at best. In the future, prospective, randomized, controlled studies may help define the effects of perioperative blood transfusion on spine surgery outcomes.
Beyond choosing to leave: The interactive effects of on- and off-the-job embeddedness on involuntary turnover.

Job embeddedness is the net of influences in both work (on-the-job) and nonwork (off-the-job) domains that discourage employees from leaving their jobs. In this article, we argue that the entrenchment and increased investment associated with job embeddedness run parallel to the concept of role involvement from the work-family conflict literature. Drawing on this similarity, we extend theory and research regarding work-family conflict to develop and test predictions about the moderating role of off-the-job embeddedness on the effects of on-the-job embeddedness on involuntary turnover. Specifically, we predicted that being highly embedded on-the-job can reduce the likelihood of being fired because it increases job performance, but that these benefits are only accrued when employees are not also highly embedded off-the-job. We tested our predictions using a sample of 908 government employees from whom we collected performance and turnover data over time. Consistent with our predictions, among employees who were highly embedded on-the-job, those who were less embedded off-the-job were less likely to be terminated than those who were more embedded off-the-job. However, job performance did not explain this effect. In addition to providing a rare examination of involuntary turnover, we contribute to the job embeddedness literature by demonstrating the importance of distinguishing between, and simultaneously examining, on- and off-the-job embeddedness and their unique, multiplicative effects. We also demonstrate the utility of the WFC literature in advancing theory and research on job embeddedness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Impact of Pulmonary Vein Stenosis and Congenital Heart Disease on Mortality in Premature Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is increasingly recognized in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Management of PH is more difficult in the presence of pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) and significant congenital heart disease (CHD). Objectives: To describe the characteristics of premature infants with BPD and PH who underwent cardiac catheterization and evaluate the effect of PVS and CHD on mortality at follow-up. Methods: This was a single-centered retrospective study to describe premature infants born at 1.5) and structural …
The city of New Orleans blight fight: using GIS technology to integrate local knowledge

Planners have a unique ability to consume information and address both policy and practical issues on a variety of scales – from neighborhood to regional to international. The use of information technology, specifically geographic information systems, continues to expand the planners' toolkit. Applying these tools requires planners to go beyond synchronous inductive and deductive reasoning and move towards ‘integrated thinking’. Spatial literacy allows citizen planners to question and advocate for public policies based upon community data that has not been readily available to decision makers in municipal government. This report identifies examples of how a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) increases engagement of stakeholders through increased access to and integration of municipal data. Post Hurricane Katrina, the Beacon of Hope – University of New Orleans Community Recovery Project (BUCRP) led to a shift in citizen participation by a community-led PPGIS. The BUCRP follows stand...
Periconceptional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, folic acid intake, and the risk of spina bifida.

BACKGROUND Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during pregnancy may increase risk for neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida. Folic acid intake can prevent NTDs, but it is not known whether it modifies any risks associated with NSAID use. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of periconceptional NSAID use on the risk of spina bifida overall and stratified by folic acid intake. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed 1998-2015 data from the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study, a multi-site, case-control study. Mothers were interviewed to identify sociodemographic factors, behaviors, and exposures during pregnancy. Periconceptional NSAID use was defined as use of aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or COX2 inhibitors within the month before or after the last menstrual period. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NSAID use, adjusted for study center and race/ethnicity stratified by average daily folic acid intake above ("high FA") or below ("low FA") 400 mcg/day. RESULTS We compared mothers of 267 infants with spina bifida to mothers of 6,233 nonmalformed controls. Among control mothers, 20% used NSAIDS periconceptionally (16% ibuprofen, 4% aspirin, 3% naproxen, and <1% COX-2 inhibitors). For any NSAID use, the aORs among low FA and high FA women were 1.70 (95% CI [1.13, 2.57]) and 1.09 (95% CI [0.69, 1.71]), respectively. CONCLUSIONS We observed a small increase in the risk for spina bifida among infants born to women who used NSAIDs periconceptionally, but this risk was limited to those who had inadequate folic acid intake.
Cripple Creek and other alkaline-related gold deposits in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA: influence of regional tectonics

Alkaline-related epithermal vein, breccia, disseminated, skarn, and porphyry gold deposits form a belt in the southern Rocky Mountains along the eastern edge of the North American Cordillera. Alkaline igneous rocks and associated hydrothermal deposits formed at two times. The first was during the Laramide orogeny (about 70–40 Ma), with deposits restricted spatially to the Colorado mineral belt (CMB). Other alkaline igneous rocks and associated gold deposits formed later, during the transition from a compressional to an extensional regime (about 35–27 Ma). These younger rocks and associated deposits are more widespread, following the Rocky Mountain front southward, from Cripple Creek in Colorado through New Mexico. All of these deposits are on the eastern margin of the Cordillera, with voluminous calc-alkaline rocks to the west. The largest deposits in the belt include Cripple Creek and those in the CMB. The most important factor in the formation of all of the gold deposits was the near-surface emplacement of relatively oxidized volatile-rich alkaline magmas. Strontium and lead isotope compositions suggest that the source of the magmas was subduction-modified subcontinental lithosphere. However, Cripple Creek alkaline rocks and older Laramide alkaline rocks in the CMB that were emplaced through hydrously altered LREE-enriched rocks of the Colorado (Yavapai) province have 208Pb/204Pb ratios that suggest these magmas assimilated and mixed with significant amounts of lower crust. The anomalously hot, thick, and light crust beneath Colorado may have been a catalyst for large-scale transfer of volatiles and crustal melting. Increased dissolved H2O (and CO2, F, Cl) of these magmas may have resulted in more productive gold deposits due to more efficient magmatic-hydrothermal systems. High volatile contents may also have promoted Te and V enrichment, explaining the presence of fluorite, roscoelite (vanadium-rich mica) and tellurides in the CMB deposits and Cripple Creek as opposed to deposits to the south. Deep-seated structures of regional extent that formed during the Proterozoic allowed the magmas to rise to shallow crustal levels. Proterozoic sites of intrusions at 1.65, 1.4, and 1.1 Ga were also important precursors to alkaline-related gold deposits. Many of the larger gold deposits are located at sites of Proterozoic intrusions, and are localized at the intersection of northeast-trending ductile shear zones formed during Mesoproterozoic deformation, and an important north-trending fault formed during 1.1 Ga rifting.
Siren Song: The Implications of the Goldstone Report on International Criminal Law

We propose a truly academic endeavor – consideration of the Goldstone Report divorced from either or any side of the conflict. We undertake this quixotic task because in our humble estimation there are aspects of the Goldstone Report which are problematic for other nations in general and specifically international criminal law, separate and apart from the context of the Israeli Palestinian conflict. One such aspect is the Goldstone Report’s ex post facto evaluation of targeting decisions made by the IDF in contravention of a long established principle of war crimes liability. Under this principle, evaluation of targeting decisions requires considering the situation through the perspective of the military commander at the time the judgment at issue was made. Another aspect, two really, both relate to the ICC. The first is that by calling into question Israel’s efforts to investigate alleged IDF violations of the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and invoking the specter of the ICC, the Goldstone Report calls into question the very meaning of complementarity under the Rome Statute. The second stems from the Palestinian Authority’s (PA) attempt to accept ICC jurisdiction following Operation Cast Lead. In summarily rejecting a request by an entity lacking the requisite dramatis personae of a State, the Prosecutor to the ICC has created, or certainly not dispelled, the false impression that the events that occurred in Palestinian territory fall within his discretion, when, under the Rome Statute, they do not. Both these aspects may undermine the long term viability of the ICC. We conclude that, unchecked, the Goldstone Report may prove an incorrect and dangerous precedent on how inquiries into targeting decisions made during armed conflict are conducted, any resulting criminal liability determined, and the parameters of State responsibility to investigate allegations of LOAC violations.
Going Home: The "Returned Yank" in Irish and Irish-American Fiction

La confrontation des identites culturelles irlandaise et americaine a travers le theme du retour desillusionne dans No Country for Young Men de J. O'Faolain, The Wild Colonial Boy de J. Hymes et Firefly Summer de M. Binchy
Vaginal correction of pelvic organ relaxation using local anesthesia.

Objective To describe the technique and complications of vaginal repair of advanced pelvic organ prolapse using intravenous sedation, pudendal nerve block, and local anesthesia. Methods A retrospective review of the gynecologic surgical records of 20 patients was performed. Patient demographics, surgical procedure, surgical time, estimated blood loss, and complication rate were examined. Results All 20 patients reviewed had their operations completed without the need for general anesthesia. The surgical procedures included three anterior colporrhaphies, five anterior and posterior colporrhaphies, eight vaginal enterocele repairs with anterior and/or posterior repair, and four LeFort partial colpocleises. General anesthesia was contraindicated in all patients. Patients had a mean age of 80 years (range 67–92), a mean parity of 2.7, a mean estimated blood loss of 153 mL, and a mean hospital stay of 2.1 days. One intraoperative and three postoperative complications were reported. Conclusion All 20 patients had successful surgical repair under local anesthesia without the need for general induction. Surgical correction of severe pelvic organ relaxation can be performed rapidly and safely using local anesthesia, thus limiting the potential risks of general anesthesia.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, and Alzheimer's Disease

The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasing rapidly, heightening the importance of finding effective preventive therapies for this devastating disease. Midlife vascular risk factors, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have been associated with increased risk of AD decades later and may serve as targets for AD prevention. Studies to date suggest that T2DM and hyperinsulinemia increase risk for AD, possibly through their effects on β-amyloid metabolism and cerebrovascular dysfunction - two early findings in preclinical AD pathology. This paper reviews the evidence supporting a relationship between T2DM, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetic dyslipidemia on the development of AD, discusses DM treatment trials and their preliminary results on cognitive function, and proposes some strategies for optimizing future AD prevention trial design.
Transcriptomic analysis identifies gene networks regulated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ that control distinct effects of different botanical estrogens

The estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ mediate the actions of endogenous estrogens as well as those of botanical estrogens (BEs) present in plants. BEs are ingested in the diet and also widely consumed by postmenopausal women as dietary supplements, often as a substitute for the loss of endogenous estrogens at menopause. However, their activities and efficacies, and similarities and differences in gene expression programs with respect to endogenous estrogens such as estradiol (E2) are not fully understood. Because gene expression patterns underlie and control the broad physiological effects of estrogens, we have investigated and compared the gene networks that are regulated by different BEs and by E2. Our aim was to determine if the soy and licorice BEs control similar or different gene expression programs and to compare their gene regulations with that of E2. Gene expression was examined by RNA-Seq in human breast cancer (MCF7) cells treated with control vehicle, BE or E2. These cells contained three different complements of ERs, ERα only, ERα+ERβ, or ERβ only, reflecting the different ratios of these two receptors in different human breast cancers and in different estrogen target cells. Using principal component, hierarchical clustering, and gene ontology and interactome analyses, we found that BEs regulated many of the same genes as did E2. The genes regulated by each BE, however, were somewhat different from one another, with some genes being regulated uniquely by each compound. The overlap with E2 in regulated genes was greatest for the soy isoflavones genistein and S-equol, while the greatest difference from E2 in gene expression pattern was observed for the licorice root BE liquiritigenin. The gene expression pattern of each ligand depended greatly on the cell background of ERs present. Despite similarities in gene expression pattern with E2, the BEs were generally less stimulatory of genes promoting proliferation and were more pro-apoptotic in their gene regulations than E2. The distinctive patterns of gene regulation by the individual BEs and E2 may underlie differences in the activities of these soy and licorice-derived BEs in estrogen target cells containing different levels of the two ERs.
VII Vision in Communication

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relevant characteristics of human vision in terms which permit their consideration in communication system analysis. A communication system mediates between an input and an output signal, both of which are usually measurable quantities. They may be voltages in an electrical system or luminances in an optical system. It is impossible to predict over-all performance without consideration of the characteristics of the last stage in the system, the human sensory detection system. The main obstacle to such a discussion is the difficulty of measuring the output, which is the purely subjective sensation of the observer or his formulation of this sensation. A number of useful techniques have been developed permitting comparison of sensations and, with due care, meaningful results can be obtained. Three major factors determine the performance of any communication system: relationship of output to input level, frequency dependence, and random effects.
A deletion in the simian virus 40 large T antigen impairs lytic replication in monkey cells in vivo but enhances DNA replication in vitro: new complementation function of T antigen.

We describe a new complementation function within the simian virus 40 (SV40) A gene. This function is required for viral DNA replication and virus production in vivo but, surprisingly, does not affect any of the intrinsic enzymatic functions of T antigen directly required for in vitro DNA replication. Other well-characterized SV40 T-antigen mutants, whether expressed stably from integrated genomes or in cotransfection experiments, complement these mutants for in vivo DNA replication and plaque formation. These new SV40 mutants were isolated and cloned from human cells which stably carry the viral DNA. The alteration in the large-T-antigen gene was shown by marker rescue and nucleotide sequence analysis to be a deletion of 322 bp spanning the splice-donor site of the first exon, creating a 14-amino-acid deletion in the large T antigen. The mutant gene was expressed in H293 human cells from an adenovirus vector, and the protein was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. The mutant protein directs greater levels of DNA replication in vitro than does the wild-type protein. Moreover, the mutant protein reduces the lag time for in vitro DNA synthesis and can be diluted to lower levels than wild-type T antigen and still promote good replication, which is in clear contrast to the in vivo situation. These biochemical features of the protein are independent of the source of the cellular replication factors (i.e., HeLa, H293, COS 7, or CV1 cells) and the cells from which the T antigens were purified. The mutant T antigen does not transform Rat-2 cells. Several different models which might reconcile the differences observed in vivo and in vitro are outlined. We propose that the function of T antigen affected prepares cells for SV40 replication by activation of a limiting cellular replication factor. Furthermore, a link between the induction of a cellular replication factor and transformation by SV40 is discussed.
Some Effects of Parametrization Change in System Identification

The effect of linear parametrization changes on least mean square adaptation of finite impulse response models is examined. Adaptation in different parametrizations is compared given a fixed value for the steady state mean square error. It is noted that orthogonal transformations of the parameters change no aspects of performance. Orthogonalization of convergence modes, followed by normalization of convergence rates, attains the maximal minimum convergence rate, but changes the frequency distribution of the asymptotic frequency response variance. Relations between change of input correlation and change of parametrization are described.
Effect of Rare-Earth Additives on Electromechanical Properties of Modified Lead Titanate Ceramics

The influence of rare-earth additives, such as La, Nd, Sm, and Gd, and poling conditions on the electromechanical properties of (Pb[sub 1[minus]3x/2]Ln[sub x])(Ti[sub 0.98]Mn[sub 0.02])O[sub 3] compositions, x = 0.04--0.12, were investigated. The type and amount of additive were found to affect the lattice anisotropy, dielectric constant, and electromechanical properties. A large electro-mechanical anisotropy (k[sub t]lk[sub p]) could be obtained in 10 mol% Sm-modified and 8 mol% Gd-modified lead titanate ceramics, and seemed to correlate to a low Poisson's ratio.
Failure of 5-Aminosalicylic acid enemas to improve chronic radiation proctitis

Radiation proctitis is a well-known complication of abdominal and pelvic radiation. Conventional medical and surgical treatment often is disappointing. 5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA)is the active component in sulfasalazine and is effective in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Four patients with radiation proctitis were treated with 4 g 5-ASA by enema nightly for two to six months. Patients were seen monthly, interviewed, and a sigmoidoscopic exam performed. No change was seen in the degree of mucosal inflammation on follow-up sigmoidoscopic exams. Three patients noted no change in their symptoms of bleeding, pain, or tenesmus. One patient noted initial improvement, but this was not sustained. 5-ASA enemas do not appear to be effective in the treatment of radiation proctitis.
Spatial polarimetric time-frequency distributions and applications to direction-of-arrival estimation

Time-frequency distributions (TFDs) have evolved to be a powerful technique for nonstationary signal analysis and synthesis. With the use of a multi-sensor array, spatial time-frequency distributions (STFDs) have been developed and successfully applied to high-resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and blind recovery of the source waveforms. In this paper, the polarimetric dimension is introduced to the STFDs resulting in the spatial polarimetric time-frequency distributions (SPTFDs) as a platform for the processing of non-stationary polarized signals. In the SPTFD platform, polarized signals are decomposed (projected) into two orthogonal polarization components, such as horizontal and vertical, and later processed in a manner where their polarization characteristics are exploited. This empowers the STFDs with additional degrees of freedom and improves the robustness of the signal and noise subspaces, and therefore, serving to enhance DOA estimation, signal recovery, and source separation performance. To demonstrate the advantages of the SPTFDs, the polarimetric time-frequency MUSIC (PTF-MUSIC) method for DOA estimation is proposed based on the SPTFD platform and is shown to outperform the time-frequency, polarimetric, and conventional MUSIC methods.
Management of buccal space tumors by rhytidectomy approach with superficial musculoaponeurotic system reconstruction.

Abstract Purpose: To show that the rhytidectomy approach without a submandibular limb can be successfully used for excision of buccal space tumors and how this technique allows reconstruction of the contour defect associated with tumor extirpation by utilization of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) interposition. Patients and Methods: Five cases of buccal space tumors are presented: two accessory lobe of parotid tumors, one parotid duct cyst, one nodular fasciitis of anterior masseter, and one lymphoma. Results: Rhytidectomy approach without a submandibular limb incision afforded adequate exposure to the tumors with excellent cosmetic results. Furthermore, SMAS interposition, which was allowed through this technique, ameliorated the contour defect created. Conclusion: Rhytidectomy approach with SMAS interposition is effective for management of buccal space tumors.
Pleomorphic Carcinoma of the Gallbladder: Case Report and Ultrastructural Study

Carcinomas of the gallbladder with pleomorphic spindle cell histology are unusual. We report such an occurrence in a 47-year-old male with a neoplasm showing both a mixed squamous and a pleomorphic spindle cell pattern. Ultrastructural studies supported the likelihood that this lesion represented a pleomorphic carcinoma and revealed unique paracrystalline structures intimately associated with tonofilaments. For this reason we believe that this and some other previously diagnosed sarcomas and carcinosarcomas of the gallbladder are in reality poorly differentiated carcinomas of either adeno, squamous, or mixed type. This illustrates the need for critical ultrastructural assay to determine the nature of poorly defined and differentiated neoplastic growths.
Holocene bioherms (algal ridges and bank-barrier reefs) of the eastern Caribbean

Based on aerial and surface reconnaissance of shallow-water reefs and algal ridges throughout the Lesser Antilles and coring of reef-ridge structures on St. Croix, Martinique, Antigua, and Guadeloupe, major emergent and shallow-water Holocene bioherms are characterized by maps and sections. On St. Croix, an extensive bank-barrier reef about 13 to 18 m thick is developed on the inner part of the carbonate shelf. Stratigraphically, this reef has a lower Diploria - Montastrea -rubble-sand (or bank) facies, formed during middle to late Holocene time, overlain by a shallow-water Acropora palmata facies, formed during the past 1,000 yr. In exposed areas, at depths of less than 2 m, crustose coralline pavements are presently forming incipient algal ridges on the reef crest. Shoreward of the barrier reef, on preexisting benches at depths of 3 to 10 m, algal ridges had developed from 5000 to 2000 B.P. The developing barrier reef has since blocked wave action from the bench algal ridges, and many are now degenerating. This same pattern occurs on the windward sides of many Lesser Antillean islands with the following variations: (1) Where wave energy is generally greater than on St. Croix, an extensive coralline- Millepore crust in the form of mounds or spurs, incipient algal ridges, or even well-developed algal ridges cap bank-barrier systems. (2) Where bank barriers have not blocked inshore bench algal ridges (especially on limestone islands), they remain well-developed and active. (3) Under some conditions, apparently associated with high energy and turbidity, fleshy algal pavements cap some bank-barrier structures. In the Lesser Antilles where present shelf or bench depths are less than 10 to 12 m, the uppermost surfaces of Holocene bioherms have had sufficient time to build to maturity and now have reef flats and (or) algal ridges. Where shelf depths are between 10 and 20 m, modern Acropora palmata reef or algal ridge systems are forming on late Holocene deeper water bank bioherms. Where shelf depths are greater than 20 to 25 m, sufficient Holocene time has not elapsed to allow the extension of bioherms into shallow water. Shelf-edge reefs, especially without the possibility of a bank base, fall into this latter category and are generally immature and submerged.
Nonprofit Governance: Improving Performance in Troubled Economic Times

Nonprofit management is currently pressured to perform effectively in a weak economy. Yet, nonprofit governance continues to suffer from unclear conceptions of the division of labor between board of directors and executive directors. This online survey of 114 executive directors aims to provide clarification and recommendations for social administration.
Effects of heavy metals on growth and arsenic accumulation in the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L.

Abstract The effects of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn on arsenic accumulation by the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata were investigated in a greenhouse study. P. vittata was grown for 8 weeks in an arsenic-contaminated soil (131 mg As kg −1 ), which was spiked with 50 or 200 mg kg −1 Cd, Ni, Pb, or Zn (as nitrates). P. vittata was effective in taking up arsenic (up to 4100 mg kg −1 ) and transporting it to the fronds, but little of the metals. Arsenic bioconcentration factors ranged from 14 to 36 and transfer factors ranged from 16 to 56 in the presence of the metals, both of which were reduced with increasing metal concentration. Fern biomass increased as much as 12 times compared to the original dry weight after 8 weeks of growth (up to 19 g per plant). Greater concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Pb resulted in greater catalase activity in the plant. Most of the arsenic in the plant was present as arsenite, the reduced form, indicating little impact of the metals on plant arsenic reduction. This research demonstrates the capability of P. vittata in hyperaccumulating arsenic from soils in the presence of heavy metals.
Surface mobility in transport across a porous medium with Knudsen diffusion in the pores

A theory for Knudsen diffusion including the effects of surface phase mobility is formulated in terms of the Clausing integral equation for internal free molecule flow. A variational upper bound on the net rate of diffusion through a porous slab of arbitrary pore geometry is derived. Explicit calculations are given for a model pore structure generated by randomly placed, freely overlapping solid spheres all of the same radius α. If D is the surface diffusion coefficient, and r is the average time an adsorbed molecule spends on the surface, the surface diffusion tends to increase the net transport whenever ϵ[= (2τD)12/a] is increased, or with decrease in the void fraction φ.
The joy of cochlear implants

“What’s for dinner?” I asked my wife—who, by the way, frequently mumbles when she addresses me—as I entered the house and saw her working in the kitchen. I suspected she had a hearing problem, and so I moved closer and repeated, “What’s for dinner?” Having again received no response, I was almost certain it was because of her hearing loss. I then stood inches behind her and barked, “What’s for dinner?” She turned around to face me and barked right back, “For the third time: chicken!” When I was about 55 years old, while watching the evening news one night, I realized that I was not able to comprehend some of it, which I attributed to the newsreader not speaking clearly. I also noticed my inability to hear and understand conversations in other situations, and the problem was brought into focus when I started not being able to hear (or understand) questions raised by students after I had given a talk in a large room. I began to have difficulty following conversations in small groups—initially in noisy places, but later in quiet environments as well. When I could not follow a conversation, my mind would start to wander, and that essentially created an “attention deficit disorder” that exacerbated the hearing loss. In a small group setting, I was thought to be aloof. When lecturing in an auditorium, I would move closer to the person asking the question in order to hear better, and so I was characterized as being a “warm” person (little did they know that “warm” was a cover-up for “deaf”). The fear of not hearing and, therefore, not being able to respond intelligently led me to avoid social gatherings and to decline many speaking engagements. I was worried about becoming socially isolated and about the serious consequences …
The cholesteryl octanoate breath test: a new procedure for detection of pancreatic insufficiency in the rat.

The Cholesteryl Octanoate Breath Test: A New Procedure for Detection of Pancreatic Insufficiency in the Rat
Polarimetric Radar Analysis of Raindrop Size Variability in Maritime and Continental Clouds

During the Queensland Cloud Seeding Research Program, the ‘‘CP2’’ polarimetric radar parameter differential radar reflectivity Zdr was used to examine the raindrop size evolution in both maritime and continental clouds. The focus of this paper is to examine the natural variability of the drop size distribution. The primaryfinding is that there are two basic raindrop size evolutions, one associated with continental air masses characterized by relatively high aerosol concentrations and long air trajectories over land and the other associatedwith maritimeair masses with lower aerosolconcentrations. The size evolutiondifference is during the growth stage of the radar echoes. The differential radar reflectivity in the growing continental clouds is dominated by large raindrops, whereas in the maritime clouds differential reflectivity is dominated by small raindrops and drizzle. The drop size evolution in many of the maritime air masses was very similar to those observedinthemaritimeairoftheCaribbeanSeaobservedwiththeNCARS-bandpolarimetricradar(S-Pol) during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) experiment. Because the tops of the Queensland continental clouds ascended almost 2 times as fast as the maritime ones in their growth stage, both dynamical and aerosol factors may be important for the systematic difference in drop size evolution. Recommendations are advanced for future field programs to understand better the causes for the observed variability in drop size evolution. Also, considering the natural variability in drop size evolution, comments are provided on conducting and evaluating cloud seeding experiments.
Comparison of Dey and Engley (D/E) neutralizing medium to Letheen medium and standard methods medium for recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from sanitized surfaces.

The ability of Dey and Engley (D/E) Neutralizing Medium to recoverStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 from tile surfaces exposed to a commerical phenol (Mikro-Bac) and a quaternary ammonium compound (Mikro-Quat) was compared to recovery with Letheen Medium. Standard Methods Medium was used as a control recovery medium. Organisms were exposed to both antimicrobials for varying time periods, then were recovered by swab and Rodac plate on both test media. The recovery by either procedure was significantly higher with Dey and Engley (D/E) Neutralizing Medium than with Letheen and Standard Methods Medium. The D/E Medium shows promise for evaluating antimicrobial chemicals used in environmental sanitation.
Identity of the β-globin locus control region binding protein HS2NF5 as the mammalian homolog of the Notch-regulated transcription factor Suppressor of Hairless

Abstract Previously, we characterized a DNA-binding protein, HS2NF5, that bound tightly to a conserved region within hypersensitive site 2 (HS2) of the human β-globin locus control region (LCR) (Lam, L. T., and Bresnick, E. H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32421–32429). The β-globin LCR controls the chromatin structure, transcription, and replication of the β-globin genes. We have now purified HS2NF5 to near-homogeneity from fetal bovine thymus. Two polypeptides of 56 and 61 kDa copurified with the DNA binding activity. The two proteins bound to the LCR recognition site with an affinity (3.1 nm) and specificity similar to mouse erythroleukemia cell HS2NF5. The amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides of purified HS2NF5 revealed it to be identical to the murine homolog of the suppressor of hairless transcription factor, also known as recombination signal binding protein Jκ or C promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1). The CBF1 site within HS2 resides near sites for hematopoietic regulators such as GATA-1, NF-E2, and TAL1. An additional conserved, high affinity CBF1 site was localized within HS4 of the LCR. As CBF1 is a downstream target of the Notch signaling pathway, we propose that Notch may modulate LCR activity during hematopoiesis.
Prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal HPV-related disorders in women: a systematic review

The aim of this study was to systematically review the findings of publications addressing the epidemiology of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and anal cancer in women. We conducted a systematic review among publications published from Jan. 1, 1997, to Sept. 30, 2013, to limit to publications from the combined antiretroviral therapy era. Three searches were performed of the National Library of Medicine PubMed database using the following search terms: women and anal HPV, women anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and women and anal cancer. Publications were included in the review if they addressed any of the following outcomes: (1) prevalence, incidence, or clearance of anal HPV infection, (2) prevalence of anal cytological or histological neoplastic abnormalities, or (3) incidence or risk of anal cancer. Thirty-seven publications addressing anal HPV infection and anal cytology remained after applying selection criteria, and 23 anal cancer publications met the selection criteria. Among HIV-positive women, the prevalence of high-risk (HR)–HPV in the anus was 16–85%. Among HIV-negative women, the prevalence of anal HR-HPV infection ranged from 4% to 86%. The prevalence of anal HR-HPV in HIV-negative women with HPV-related pathology of the vulva, vagina, and cervix compared with women with no known HPV-related pathology, varied from 23% to 86% and from 5% to 22%, respectively. Histological anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (anal intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or greater) was found in 3–26% of the women living with HIV, 0–9% among women with lower genital tract pathology, and 0–3% for women who are HIV negative without known lower genital tract pathology. The incidence of anal cancer among HIV-infected women ranged from 3.9 to 30 per 100,000. Among women with a history of cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3, the incidence rates of anal cancer ranged from 0.8 to 63.8 per 100,000 person-years, and in the general population, the incidence rates ranged from 0.55 to 2.4 per 100,000 person-years. This review provides evidence that anal HPV infection and dysplasia are common in women, especially in those who are HIV positive or have a history of HPV-related lower genital tract pathology. The incidence of anal cancer continues to grow in all women, especially those living with HIV, despite the widespread use of combined antiretroviral therapy.
Molecular and pharmacological characteristics of the gerbil α1a-adrenergic receptor

The spiral modiolar artery supplies blood and essential nutrients to the cochlea. Our previous functional study indicates the α(1A)-adrenergic receptor subtype mediates vasoconstriction of the gerbil spiral modiolar artery. Although the gerbil cochlea is often used as a model in hearing research, the molecular and pharmacological characteristics of the cloned gerbil α(1a)-adrenergic receptor have not been determined. Thus we cloned, expressed and characterized the gerbil α(1a)-adrenergic receptor and then compared its molecular and pharmacological properties to those of other mammalian α(1a)-adrenergic receptors. The cDNA clone contained 1404 nucleotides, which encoded a 467 amino acid peptide with a deduced sequence having 96.8, 96.4 and 91.6% identity to rat, mouse and human α(1a)-receptors, respectively. We transiently transfected the α(1a)-adrenergic receptor into COS-1 cells and determined its pharmacological characteristics by [(3)H]prazosin binding. Unlabeled prazosin had a K(i) of 0.89±0.1nM. The α(1A)-adrenergic receptor-selective antagonists, 5-methylurapidil and WB-4101, bound with high affinity and had K(i) values of 4.9±1 and 1.0±0.1nM, respectively. BMY-7378, an α(1D)-adrenergic receptor-selective antagonist, bound with low affinity (260±60nM). The 91.6% amino acid sequence identity and K(i)s of the cloned gerbil α(1a)-adrenergic receptor are similar to those of the human α(1a)-adrenergic receptor clone. These results show that the gerbil α(1a)-adrenergic receptor is representative of the human α(1a)-adrenergic receptor, lending validity to the use of the gerbil spiral modiolar artery as a model in studies of vascular disorders of the cochlea.
Collective Dynamics and Coherent Neutron Scattering in GFP

In this work we present new data and analysis of the collective motions of fully deuterated green fluorescent protein, GFP, on the sub-picosecond timescale using coherent neutron scattering1. In this timescale proteins exhibit low-frequency vibrations, the so-called boson peak. The presence of a boson peak brings to mind the analogy often drawn between proteins and glassy materials where the boson peak is associated with strong "in-phase" motion of neighbor structural units. Our analysis however, revealed unexpectedly low coherence in the atomic motions of GFP; indicating a low amount of in-phase collective motion of the secondary structural units contributing to the boson peak vibrations and fast conformational fluctuations on the picosecond time scale. The latter are distinct from localized relaxational modes studied previously2. This finding is important as low-frequency vibrations in proteins may be connected to chemical barrier crossing events in enzyme activity. Indeed, the lifetimes of some non-equilibrium transition states are on the order of tens of femtoseconds, a relevant time scale for the deformations associated with these low-frequency vibrations. Additionally, boson peak motions have been connected to the rigidity of secondary structural units in proteins3 and it will be interesting to see in the future how coherence differs in various classes of proteins.1. J.D. Nickels et al. Biophysical Journal 2013 (Just Accepted).2. J.D. Nickels et al. Biophysical Journal 2012, 103 (7), 1566-1575.3. S. Perticaroli et al. Soft Matter 2013, 9, 9548-9556.
Inhibition, by lanthanides, of neutral proteinases secreted by human, rheumatoid synovium

Fragments of human, rheumatoid synovium were maintained on organ culture for three days under serumless conditions. Their conditioned media contained collagenolytic, gelatinolytic and caseinolytic activities, which were susceptible to inhibition by lanthanide ions. Of the four lanthanides tested, Sm3+ proved the best inhibitor of gelatinase and caseinase, while La3+ inhibited collagenase the most strongly. Inhibition of collagenase by La3+ was uncompetitive. A direct binding assay confirmed the greater association between collagen fibrils and collagenase in the presence of La3+. Ca2+ was not required for binding of the uninhibited enzyme to collagen, but acted to stabilize collagenase against thermoinactivation.
Identifying Types of Claims in Online Customer Reviews

In this paper we present a novel approach to categorizing comments in online reviews as either a qualified claim or a bald claim. We argue that this distinction is important based on a study of customer behavior in making purchasing decisions using online reviews. We present results of a supervised algorithm for learning this distinction. The two types of claims are expressed differently in language and we show that syntactic features capture this difference, yielding improvement over a bag-of-words baseline.
Ruthenium-Coordinated Spirolactams via Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition to η6-Arene Metal Complexes

Cyclohexadienyl ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating an azaspirocyclic ring system have been prepared from (η6-N-benzyl acetoacetamide)CpRu(II) precursors via an intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic addition/enolate trapping reaction sequence. The spirocyclization process was found to be applicable to a variety of alkyl-, alkoxy-, and chloro-substituted N-benzyl acetoacetamide ligands, and isolated yields of the cyclohexadienyl products ranged from 44% to 86%. In contrast, related arene ruthenium complexes prepared from benzyl acetoacetate and phenethyl acetoacetamide failed to undergo spirocyclization, but were found to participate in intramolecular SNAr reactions (leading to formation of tetralone and benzazepinone ring systems, respectively). Thus, the conformational mobility of the side chain linking the nucleophilic center to the coordinated arene ring appears to be important in governing the regioselectivity of aromatic addition in these reactions. Several spirolactam complexes were reduced with Li...