cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Unsteady Fluid Forces on Pump Impellers

Spectral analyses of all the forces and moments acting on a typical centrifugal pump impeller/volute combination are presented. These exhibit shaft frequencies, blade passing frequencies, and beat frequencies associated with a whirl motion imposed on the shaft in order to measure rotordynamic forces. Among other features the unsteady thrust was found to contain a surprisingly large blade passing harmonic. While previous studies have explored the magnitudes of the steady fluid-induced radial forces and the fluid-induced rotordynamic forces for this typical centrifugal pump impeller/volute combination, this paper presents information on the steady bending moments and rotordynamic moments due to the fluid flow. These imply certain axial locations for the lines of action of the radial and rotordynamic forces. Data on the lines of action are presented and allow inferences on the sources of the forces.
Improvement of subpixel resolution in triangulation ranging by astigmatic spot projection and wide-aperture line array imaging

Abstract A spatial averaging technique to improve depth ranging resolution by projecting an astigmatic light beam and imaging through a wide-aperture linear array detector, is described. Theoretical computations and experimental results are presented and discussed.
Changes in barnacle population structure along an intertidal community gradient in the Florida Keys

Population distributions, densities and percentage deaths and individual size variations of the barnacles Chthamalus stellatus and Tetraclita squamosa, and the distribution of the vermetid snail Spirogluphus annulatus are measured to clarify determinants the Florida Keys (USA). The species composition of the pilings community and barnacle population densities correspond to physical gradients dependent on piling distance from shore. Interspecific competition for space is insignificant in determining C. stellatus presence or absence on pilings. Intraspecific crowding in highdensity zones of adult T. squamosa is evidenced by a significant decrease in basal diameter as density increases. The peak percentage of dead C. stellatus coincides with peak densities. The percentage of dead T. squamosa is at a low point at peak densities due to the ability of T. squamosa cyprids to settle and survive on adult shells in high-density regions. Feasible perturbation experiments for testing the importance of interspecific competition in determining the densities and vertical distributions of the species are discussed. The results of such experiments can be used to test the assumptions and predictions of the widely applied competition coefficient measure proposed by Levins (1968). Several theoretical deficiencies of Levins' measure are discussed.
Does it transfer? The effects of pre-internationalization experience on post-entry organizational learning in entrepreneurial Chinese firms

Although organizational learning plays a critical role in the internationalization of firms, researchers have largely focused on learning that occurs after a firm’s international entry (“learning by doing”). Few studies have discussed how a firm’s experiences prior to international entry affect its organizational learning after entry. Using a sample of Chinese internationalizers, we argue that pre-entry characteristics will influence organizational learning after international entry. We argue and show that prior experience with international companies in the domestic market is transferable and does affect an organization’s post-entry learning through a mechanism called analogical reasoning or “learning by analogy.”
Labor Market Politics and the Great War: The Department of Labor, the States, and the First U.S. Employment Service, 1907-1933

During World War I, the Department of Labour established control of the labour market, which angered the states that had created their own employment services. This study examines how federalism influenced the development of government labour market policy in the early 20th century.
Prediction of flow stress and textures of AZ31 magnesium alloy at elevated temperature

The viscoplastic behaviour of magnesium alloys at high temperatures leads to highly temperature-dependent mechanical properties. While at high strain rates a notable strain hardening response is observed, at low strain rates the material shows a smooth plastic response with negligible amount of hardening. This complicated behaviour is due to different deformation mechanisms that are active at different strain rate regimes, resulting in different strain rate sensitivity parameters. In this study we show, by utilizing both numerical simulations and experiments, that this behaviour can be predicted by a model that combines two deformation mechanisms, grain boundary sliding mechanism and dislocation glide mechanism. We discuss the importance of each deformation mechanism at different strain rate regimes based on the findings of modelling and experimental results for AZ3 magnesium alloy. By developing a model that includes the above-mentioned two deformation mechanism, the prediction of flow properties is expa...
Interactive Videodisc Instruction in Pre-Calculus:

The interactive videodisc player, managed by a microcomputer, combines the unique instructional qualities of video with the interactive flexibility of the computer. This article reports on the design considerations involved in the development of a series of eight interactive videodisc modules in pre-calculus mathematics. This system, entitled Preparing for Calculus, takes advantage of the unique attributes of each component of the system. The materials provide systematic instruction along dimensions that teachers often have difficulty implementing in classroom situations, but which have been demonstrated to be effective in mathematics instruction. Preliminary field test results indicate that the materials are highly effective, both for review and for initial learning of new concepts and operations.
Weakly coupled Gibbs measures

We formulate an abstract functional-analytic framework for the study of Gibbs measures on infinite product spaces. Working in this frame-work, we present a detailed analysis of the weak-coupling regime. Specifically, we derive general theorems on existence of the Gibbs measure, analyticity in its component Gibbs factors, and exponential decay of correlations and truncated expectations in the spread of distant families of random variables. In translation-invariant situations we obtain a central limit theorem. Our main tool is a series expansion in truncated expectations, which we analyze with L p methods.
Potentiation of morphine analgesia by d-amphetamine

Rats were trained to escape from aversive electrical brain stimulation delivered to the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). The threshold for this escape behavior was determined by a modification of the classic psychophysical method of limits. Escape thresholds were determined after the administration of morphine alone, d-amphetamine alone, and the combination of d-amphetamine and an ineffective dose of morphine. Morphine alone caused a dose-dependent raising of the escape threshold (1.0-16.0 mg/kg IP) while d-amphetamine alone (0.06-2.0 mg/kg IP) had no effect or caused a slight lowering of threshold. For each animal, a dose of morphine that produced no change in escape threshold was then selected to be administered concomitantly with various doses of d-amphetamine. The co-administration of morphine and d-amphetamine resulted in a significant, dose-dependent increase in the escape threshold, which was not seen with d-amphetamine alone and was as great or greater in magnitude than the increase seen with the highest dose of morphine tested. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that opiate analgesia is potentiated by concomitant d-amphetamine administration. The mechanisms involved in this potentiation warrant further investigation for the clinical management of pain.
Scheduling multiple products on parallel machines with setup costs

We consider a class of production scheduling models with m identical machines in parallel and k different product types. It takes a time pi to produce one unit of product type i on any one of the machines. There is a demand stream for product type i consisting of ni units with each unit having a given due date. Before a machine starts with the production of a batch of products of type i a setup cost c is incurred. We consider several different objective functions. Each one of the objective functions has three components, namely a total setup cost, a total earliness cost, and a total tardiness cost. In our class of problems we find a relatively large number of problems that can be solved either in polynomial time or in pseudo-polynomial time. The polynomiality or pseudo-polynomiality is achieved under certain special conditions that may be of practical interest; for example, a regularity pattern in the string of due dates combined with earliness and tardiness costs that are similar for different types of products. The class of models we consider includes as special cases discrete counterparts of a number of inventory models that have been considered in the literature before, e.g., Wagner and Whitin (Manage Sci 5 (1958), 89–96) and Zangwill (Oper Res 14 (1966), 486–507; Manage Sci 15 (1969), 506–527). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008
Masking of metastases to the spine by gadolinium enhancement.

Metastasis to the spine with pain and possible cord compression is an emergency situation that requires immediate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the vast majority of clinical situations, contrast injection improves detection of metastatic disease (1). It is exceedingly rare for a metastatic lesion to be seen on a nonenhanced study and missed on an enhanced study. In certain spine cases, such as suspected intradural metastases, drop metastases, AIDS, or infection, respected authors have even recommended forsaking the noncontrast MRI examination and performing only the contrast enhanced study (2). However, there are exceptions to this general rule. We present a case where Gadolinium administration effectively masked the presence of widespread metastatic disease to the spine. The patient, a 62-year-old man with a history of lung adenocarcinoma, presented with cervical and upper thoracic pain. The neurologic examination was unremarkable. There was no evidence for myelopathy or radiculopathy. There was normal strength and sensation in the arms and legs. The morphologic characteristics of the cervical spine on the MRI examination were consistent with degenerative changes and not metastatic disease (Figure 1 A, B, and C). The morphology of the anterior wedge compression fracture of the first thoracic (T1) vertebral body favored an osteoporotic fracture over a fracture due to metastatic disease (3,4). None of the anatomic characteristics associated with fractures secondary to metastatic disease, such as convex posterior cortex or epidural mass, was present (3,4). There was retropulsion of bone fragment into the spinal canal. This sign has been reported to be 100% specific for osteoporotic fractures (3). The other changes seen, including degenerative changes in the end plates, degenerative disc bulges and both anterior and posterior osteophytes, were clearly degenerative in nature. There were no other structural abnormalities of the vertebral bodies. The alignment was normal. There was no evidence for spondylolisthesis. On the proton density, T2 and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images, the signal intensity of the bone marrow spaces of the vertebral bodies was normal for the patient’s age (Figure 1). Specifically, there was no evidence for increased signal intensity on the T2-weighted images in the vertebral bodies. Absence of increased signal on the T2-weighted images has been reported to be 90% specific and 85% sensitive for benign disease (3). This absence of abnormal signal intensity on these sequences as well as the morphologic characteristics of the fracture of the first thoracic vertebral body may have led one to erroneously conclude that the fracture of the T1 vertebral body was chronic and probably osteoporotic in nature. In stark contrast to the other sequences, the nonenhanced T1 images clearly demonstrated multiple, wellcircumscribed areas of abnormally decreased signal in-
Developments for the non-destructive evaluation of highway bridges in the USA

Abstract The collapse of the Silver Bridge in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, in 1967 initiated the formal requirements for the inspection of highway bridges in the USA. Almost 30 years later, visual inspection remains the primary method of bridge inspection. However, many new and promising techniques for the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of highway bridges have emerged in recent years through the NDE research program of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). These include infrared and radar imaging systems, portable ultrasonic systems, telemetry systems, laser deflection measurement systems, and many others. This paper discusses the recent development of these instruments, and the potential impact it may have on bridge inspection and bridge management systems. The paper also discusses the need for validation of system performance, and the FHWA plans to construct a national center for NDE validation at the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center.
The effect of enzyme concentration, ionic strength, and temperature on the stoichiometry of the phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction.

Abstract When 7-methyltetrahydropterin is substituted for the natural cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, in the phenylalanine hydroxylase system, more than one mole of tetrahydropterin (or TPNH) is oxidized for each mole of tyrosine formed. Increasing the enzyme concentration, raising the ionic strength, and reducing the temperature of the reaction, lower the ratio of TPNH oxidation to tyrosine formation to nearly 1.0. A possible explanation for these results is that phenylalanine hydroxylase can exist in multiple forms that differ in the efficiency with which the oxidation of 7-methyltetrahydropterin is coupled to hydroxylation of substrate.
Analysis of stress singular fields at a bimaterial wedge corner

Abstract The corner stress singularities at an adhesive interface have been investigated analytically for various butt joint geometries with different adhesive material behavior. Singularities for a rigid interface with elastic and elasto-plastic adhesives have been determined using finite element and finite element iterative methods. In addition, the singular zone geometries, the stress intensity factors and the plastic zone dimensions have been evaluated for the joints investigated. The results obtained in this study have shown excellent agreement with previously published analytical and numerical data. It has been found that the corner singularity becomes weaker as the plastic zone develops.
Some Effects of the Ambient Arthropod Complex on the Density and Potential Parasitization of Muscoid Diptera in Poultry Wastes

The observation in nature that pupal parasitism of certain muscoid Diptera was highest at lower viable host densities may emphasize the importance of the hosts’ destruction in the developmental stages prior to parasitization. Inoculation or fumigated and unfumigated habitats with Musca domestica L. eggs demonstrated 53.4 to 99.45% mortality in the presence of predatory and scavenger arthropods. Explanations of probable causes of the negative correlation of parasitization with apparent increasing densities of the host are advanced.
Pacemaker insertion for prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest

We investigated the use of transvenous (TV) and transmyocardial (TM) pacemakers in the emergency department (ED) in 54 adult patients (42 men and 12 women) with bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Down time prior to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was 4.8 ± 4.3 minutes. Time in the ED prior to pacer insertion was 26.9 ± 17.7 minutes. Electrical capture rate was 63%. Pulse developed in 5%. Only 1.2% were admitted, and none was discharged alive. There was no significant difference in capture rate for TV versus TM pacers or in capture rate whether the pacer was inserted early or late after ED arrival. We conclude that ED pacer insertion for such patients does not alter survival rates.
Developing a Television Genre: Table Talk with Helen Sioussat

Despite their significance to television programming, neither Table Talk nor Helen Sioussat are well known in broadcasting history. This article reveals that Table Talk was the first talk show deve...
Variation of physical components of turkey carcasses as influenced by sex, age and strain.

Abstract DEVELOPMENT of new turkey products from tissues removed from the carcass has increased greatly during the past five years. Consequently, information dealing with the physical components of the carcass and factors which influence them is being sought for present day conditions. Differences in yield of edible portions of the carcass have been noted for some time. Harshaw et al. (1943) reported difference in edible yield among varieties of turkey at a common age of 28 to 30 weeks. Similar variety differences were reported by Sweet et al. (1954) on raw yield, but cooked yields showed no difference. Swickard and Harkin (1954) studied edible cooked yield of the Beltsville Small White with age and sex as variables. They reported higher raw carcass yields for the older birds but found no cooked weight yield differences based on percent of ready-to-cook weight at ages of 14,16 and 26 weeks. An evaluation of edible . . .
Stability-instability transitions in a system of nonlinearly coupled harmonic oscillators

Abstract We present an analytic solution that gives precisely the stable and unstable regions in a system of two nonlinearly coupled harmonic oscillators, as the initial energy and the coupling constant are varied. We present numerical plots of the motions in the stable and unstable regions which display characteristics of regular motions in the stable and unstable regions which display characteristic of regular and chaotic behavior. We determine the stability-instability transition points and the critical exponent of the largest Lyapunov exponent near these transition points.
Supply Management Under High Goal Incongruence: An Empirical Examination of Disintermediation in the Aerospace Supply Chain

Aftermarket sales and profits are becoming an increasingly important part of an original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM) business model. Because replacement parts often do not require further manufacturing, OEMs act as intermediaries in the aftermarket. As with any intermediary, the OEM must concern itself with suppliers disintermediating its supply chain selling replacement parts directly to the OEM’s customers. We frame supply chain disintermediation (SCD) as a principal‐agent contracting problem between an OEM buyer and a supplier. Hypotheses relate contract conditions, goal incongruence, supplier capabilities and contract enforcement to SCD. The data are collected from the aerospace industry using a multimethod study, combining an Internet-based survey with archival data. Causal modeling with structural equation modeling (SEM) shows general support for the hypotheses. Particularly, SCD is positively related to buyer‐supplier goal incongruence. The agency model offers insights that differ from previous transaction-cost-based models of buyer‐supplier relationships. OEM buyers with a lucrative aftermarket should consider aligning goals through incentives rather than relying entirely on economic hostages associated with specific assets.
Complex aphthosis: A large case series with evaluation algorithm and therapeutic ladder from topicals to thalidomide

Background Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a common problem with 20% to 50% of the population having experienced simple aphthous lesions (ie, canker sores). Complex aphthosis is the diagnosis given to patients with almost constant >3 oral aphthae or recurrent oral and genital aphthae in the absence of Behcet's disease. Methods Eighty-one patients were referred to the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology from 1995 to 2001 with the diagnosis of presumptive Behcet's disease. After exclusion of patients with simple recurrent aphthous stomatitis or non-aphthous oral disease, 64 patients remained. Ten of the patients met criteria for Behcet's disease. The remaining 54 patients were evaluated and treated as patients with the diagnosis of complex aphthosis. Results The 54 patients with complex aphthosis became the subject of this study. Twelve patients had secondary complex aphthosis with 10/12 having inflammatory bowel disease. The remaining 42 patients had primary (ie, idiopathic) complex aphthosis. The therapeutic ladder for these patients ranged from topical therapy through oral colchicine and combination oral colchicine and oral dapsone therapy to oral thalidomide therapy. Conclusion Complex aphthosis is an important condition to distinguish from Behcet's disease. Appropriate patient evaluation algorithms and treatment therapeutic ladders are proposed.
Naturalism, Fallibilism, and the A Priori

This paper argues that a priori justification is, in principle, compatible with naturalism—if the a priori is understood in a way that is free of the inessential properties that, historically, have been associated with the concept. I argue that empirical indefeasibility is essential to the primary notion of the a priori; however, the indefeasibility requirement should be interpreted in such a way that we can be fallibilist about apriori-justified claims. This fallibilist notion of the a priori accords with the naturalist’s commitment to scientific methodology in that it allows for apriori-justified claims to be sensitive to further conceptual developments and the expansion of evidence. The fallibilist apriorist allows that an a priori claim is revisable in only a purely epistemic sense. This modal claim is weaker than what is required for a revisability thesis to establish empiricism, so fallibilist apriorism represents a distinct position.
WHY DO QUALIA AND THE MIND SEEM NONPHYSICAL

In this article, I discuss several of the factors that jeopardize our understanding of the nature of qualitative experiences and the mind. I incorporate the view from neuroscience to clarify the naive view from the first person perspective. I suggest that the most misleading factor in the understanding the nature of the mind and conscious processes is the transparency of experiences and the imperceptibility of the neurobiological processes that realize them. Transparency reflects the biological advantages provided to organisms by avoiding the proliferation of superfluous sensing and the regress implied in sensing the sensors and analyzers ad infinitum. The downside of simplicity and the price for biological efficiency is that through introspection, we cannot perceive the inner workings of the brain. Thus, the view from the first person perspective creates the pervasive illusion that the mind is nonphysical. Sensing the environment requires encoding information into neural surrogates, which I conceive as contingent processes that when incorporated into conscious processes become qualitative experiences. They are cognitive shortcuts with a variable degree of isomorphism, which partially falsify reality. Thus, the what-it-is-like is not the what-it-is. The first person perspective seemings should be corrected by the objective approach provided by neuroscience. To compensate for the contingency of experiences, organisms learn to rely on the aboutness of associated phenomenal concepts. Experiences have high biological value, because even in the absence of language, they allow organisms to make intelligent choices. Qualia are also necessary to ground words and language, which are essential to develop higher forms of cognition.
Special Issue: Remote Sensing Applications for Investigations of Fire Regime Attributes

Fire is a primary change agent in many terrestrial ecosystems. Appreciation is growing for the essential role fire plays in fire-adapted ecosystems. Nevertheless, humans living in the wildland urban interface (WUI) understandably regard fires as a threat to their safety, their property, or the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which they depend. As land development has expanded into the WUI, so has the demand for better spatial information regarding fire danger and fire effects, both short- and long-term.
Energy and technical progress

Abstract When we use the Cobb-Douglas equation to investigate economic growth, we require data on the levels of the capital and labor inputs, and corresponding data on the level of output, at different points in time. We conclude that the inclusion of energy in the standard Cobb Douglas production function does not explain the contribution of technological process (Hicks-neutral) to a rise in the rate of output unless, possibly, one is able to make the seemingly unreasonable assumption that labor should not appear in the production function. An interesting future project will be a statistical analysis of the historic trend in GNP, a technological change and the consumption of available energy.
Shades of gray between large B-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas: differential diagnosis and biological implications

Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs) are neoplasms of large B cells. Two types are recognized: nodular lymphocyte predominant HL (NLPHL) and classical HL (CHL). In both types, there may be morphological and possibly biological overlap with large B-cell lymphomas (LBCLs) of non-HL types. These include nodular sclerosis CHL and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma; CHL rich in lymphocytes and NLPHL; and NLPHL and T-cell/histiocyte-rich LBCL. This review covers the defining features of each of these diseases, the borderlines between them, and strategies for differential diagnosis.
Longitudinal outcomes of very low birth weight: neuropsychological findings.

To investigate the effects of very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) on the development of neuropsychological skills, we assessed 67 children with birth weight <750 g, 64 with birth weight 750–1499 g, and 67 term-born controls. Growth modeling of raw scores from mean ages 7–14 years revealed persistent VLBW sequelae. Even when adjusting for IQ, the <750 g group scored more poorly than the term-born group on measures of language processing, verbal list learning, and perceptual–motor and organizational abilities. This group also made slower age-related progress than the control group on tests of perceptual-motor and executive functions. Environmental factors moderated group differences in change on other cognitive measures. These results revealed further evidence for slower skill development in both VLBW groups relative to controls, as well as“catch-up” growth in the 750–1499 g group on some measures. The findings suggest age-related changes in the cognitive sequelae of VLBW that depend on the skill assessed, the degree of VLBW, and environmental factors. (JINS, 2004, 10, 149–163.)
Twenty-four-hour simultaneous subcutaneous Basal-bolus administration of insulin and amylin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes decreases postprandial hyperglycemia.

Context: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of continuous sc replacement of amylin and insulin for a 24-h period on glucose homeostasis in adolescents with type 1diabetes. Methods: Thirteen adolescents with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover design study comparing continuous sc insulin monotherapy (part A) vs. continuous sc insulin and pramlintide infusion (part B). In part A, basal and bolus insulin infusion was per prescribed home regimen. In part B, the basal insulin infusion was the same as part A, but prandial insulin boluses were reduced by 20%. Basal and prandial bolus pramlintide were administered simultaneously via another pump. All boluses were given as a dual wave. Results: The study regimen resulted in a 26% reduction in postprandial hyperglycemia as compared to insulin monotherapy (area under the curve, 600 min, 2610 ± 539 vs. 692 ± 861 mg/liter · min) (P < 0.008). Glucagon concentrations were suppressed postprandially ...
Variability of force and interresponse time under random interval reinforcement schedules.

Response variability was examined under five random interval schedules with minimum mean interreinforcement intervals of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 sec. Distributions of response force-time integrals showed no systematic variability changes with increases in reinforcement intermittency. Corresponding distributions of interresponse times revealed increases in variability accompanying increases in reinforcement intermittency. The relationship of variability to these two measures, and the potential effect of behavior outside the experimentally measured response class, on recorded variability within the class, are considered.
Strudel—an extensible electronic conversation toolkit

This paper describes the conceptual model of Strudel, a toolkit of generic components for conversation and action management. To empower work groups to more effectively conduct their computer-based communication, coordination, and information sharing activities, Strudel packages within a simple model of task and action the semi-structured message, active message and conversation management paradigms. To facilitate acceptance and use within varying work cultures, we define this model in terms of a set of extensible components, which are implemented as a prototype software toolkit that is efficient, portable, customizable, and extensible. Issues considered briefly in this paper include threading in conversations that are converging or multi-party, and interoperability between active message systems.
Methyl iodide (CH3I) production by kelp and associated microbes

Methyl iodide (CH3I) and methyl bromide (CH3Br) were produced by an axenic kelp-tissue culture and methyl iodide was produced by microbial cultures derived from decaying kelp tissue, demonstrating that methyl iodide is a product of both kelp and microbial metabolism. Methyl iodide production by blade tissue from five kelp species was not enhanced by desiccation, but production rates were enhanced by drastic cellular disruption. Wounding and tissue age of Macrocystis pyrifera had no effect on methyl iodide production. Undefined microbial populations, obtained from decaying kelp, produced methyl iodide at low rates while growing on suspensions of powdered kelp tissue in seawater and on artificial media. This study (1984–1985 on kelp collected from California, USA) confirms that direct methyl iodide production by kelp is not globally significant, but suggests that production by marine microbes associated with seaweed degradation may be of global importance.
Hydrosilylation reactions of tetramethyldisilazanes and their derivatives

Abstract Hydrosilylation between 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane ( A ) and 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane ( B ) occurs rapidly at 90 °C in the presence of Karstedt's catalyst to give a product mixture consisting mainly of large macrocycles. Deprotonation–substitution reactions of these macrocycles were largely unsuccessful. Trimethylsilylated and methylated derivatives of A and B were prepared and used in hydrosilylation reactions. High-yield formation of large macrocycles was observed when the trimethylsilylated or methylated derivative of B was reacted with unmodified A . The methylated product was successfully deprotonated and functionalized with trimethylsilyl groups.
Predictive factors for patient outcomes following open bedside tracheotomy

Objectives/Hypothesis: Open bedside tracheotomy (OBT) in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been advocated as a safe and more cost-effective alternative to tracheotomy performed in the operating room. The objective of this study is to determine predictive factors for postoperative outcomes, including decannulation and in-hospital mortality following OBT. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: The charts of 330 consecutive adult patients who underwent OBT at a tertiary care medical center between January, 2005, and April, 2011, were reviewed. Perioperative variables including demographics, comorbidities, serological markers, and time to tracheotomy were collected and analyzed in relation to the endpoints of in-hospital mortality and decannulation rate. Results: A total of 218 patients were included in the final analysis. The decannulation rate was 26.1% and inpatient mortality was 24.2%. On multivariate analysis, the inpatient mortality rate was significantly increased and the decannulation rate was significantly decreased among patients with concomitant cardiac or respiratory disease, or a coincident diagnosis of malignancy. ICU length of stay was increased by 4.5 days for each unit increase in cardiac comorbidity count. Conclusions: Admitting diagnosis and serological markers did not predict the rates of decannulation or in-hospital mortality. However, the presence of cardiac disease and/or oncologic comorbidities played a significant role in predicting hospital mortality or eventual decannulation. Several comorbidity combinations resulted in a greater than 60% likelihood of inpatient mortality. In this population, the overall benefit of an OBT may be debatable. Despite very high overall acuity levels, there were no serious procedural complications, indicating that bedside tracheotomy is safe in ill patients.
Geochemical constraints on magma processes in a peralkaline system - The Paisano volcano, west Texas

Petrographic and trace element data from a continuous stratigraphic sequence of flows from the peralkaline Paisano Volcano in west Texas are used to delineate magnetic processes responsible for the chemical evolution of this volcano. It is shown that crystal fractionation of the phenocrystic assemblage explains the main compositional variation, but magma mixing of a less evolved melt composition also affected the chemical evolution of the volcano.
Evolutionary biology: Twisting the tale of human evolution

John Hawks enjoys a debunking of myths about our evolutionary fitness for the twenty-first century.
Thin-foil electrochemical cells: High-sensitivity fusion tests and in-situ ion beam measurements of deuterium loading

Electrochemical cells constructed with a thin Pd or Ti foil electrode mounted at one wall of the cell have been used both to test for the existence of “cold fusion” and to measure directly D∶Pd loading ratios in an operating cell. The first type of experiment used a surface-barrier particle detector positioned a few millimeters from the foil to provide a very sensitive monitor for possible fusion-generated protons at 3.02 MeV. The detection limit for this arrangement is estimated to be 10−24 fusions/deuterium/s, assuming a bulk fusion effect. These experiments included cells with 5- and 25-μm-thick Pd foils, 10-μm Ti foils, parallel experiments with 0.1M LiOD (heavy water) in one cell and LiOH (light water) in another, current densities up to 0.5 A/cm2, and run times as long as 22 days. No evidence for fusion products was seen. The second type of experiment using these cells, both as an adjunct to the fusion tests and to provide new information, was the use of external beam nuclear reaction analysis to monitor directly the loading and unloading of deuterium in the foil of an operating cell. Using a 1.5-MeV3He ion beam in air, the deuterium in the outer 2 μm of the exposed Pd foil was measured for the first time using the D(3He,p) nuclear reaction. The maximum D∶Pd ratios observed using this technique were 0.8–0.9.
MINIMAL LIPIDATION STABILIZES PROTEIN-LIKE MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE

Peptide-amphiphiles with collagen-model head groups and dialkyl chain tails have been shown previously to self-assemble into highly ordered polyPro II-like triple-helical structures when dissolved in aqueous subphases. In the present study, we have examined peptide-amphiphiles containing monoalkyl chain tails for similar self-assembly behaviors. The structure of a collagen-model peptide has been characterized with and without an N-terminal hexanoic acid (C6) modification. Evidence for a self-assembly process of both the peptide and peptide-amphiphile has been obtained from (a) circular dichroism spectra and melting curves characteristic of triple-helices, (b) one-dimensional NMR spectra indicative of stable triple-helical structure at low temperatures and melted triple helices at high temperatures, and (c) pulsed-field gradient NMR experiments demonstrating different self-diffusion coefficients between proposed triple-helical and non-triple-helical species. The peptide-amphiphile appeared to form monomeri...
Taxation and market power when products are durable

Empirical studies suggest that industries hardest hit by government regulations, such as pollution regulations, are both highly concentrated and manufacture durable products. We analyze a two-period durable goods monopoly model where the firm faces government restrictions in the form of pollution or excise taxes. In contrast to non-durable monopolistic industries, we show that taxes on pollution or an excise tax on output may increase a durable goods monopolist's commitment ability and market power. Indeed, any policy which restricts future output may have the perverse effect of increasing a monopolist's bargaining power with buyers and enhance their profits.
Mapping the perspectives of low-income parents in a children's college savings account program

Abstract Policies and programs designed to help low-income families save and build assets for developmental uses such as higher education, homeownership, and entrepreneurship are emerging and growing globally. This study uses participatory concept mapping techniques to explore perspectives of low-income parents in a children's college savings account program in a large US city. Participants in this study worked together to generate data on effective components of child savings account (CSA) programs. They then sorted these CSA components into conceptual groups reflecting their perspectives on which of the program elements were related to one another. Finally, participants were asked to rate the importance of each CSA component. Findings suggest that parents view CSA components that: (1) demonstrate respect for parents and (2) enhance accountability as being particularly effective and important elements of matched saving programs. While much more research is needed, particularly with lower-income families and communities, these findings are consistent with an emerging institutional theory of saving and asset accumulation. Implications for institutional theory, asset-building policies, CSA programs, and future research are discussed.
Comment on gauge theories without anomalies

We study the problem of the triangular anomaly for different irreducible representations of the SU(N) group and show that the anomaly of a given representation of the SU(N) group can be expressed as the sum of the anomalies of the irreducible representation of SU(N-K) which are contained in it. Using this property we study different irreducible representations of SU(N) for N<16 and dimension <1000.
Outcomes of children with proliferative lupus nephritis: the role of protocol renal biopsy

Outcomes in children with proliferate lupus nephritis (PLN) show 9-15% progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at 5 years. Immunosuppression improves outcome, but significant side effects are possible. Clinical and laboratory analyses are poor predictors of class and progression in PLN. We describe 28 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), between 1990 and 2005, whose initial biopsy (Bx1) showed PLN and who received nine monthly doses of intravenously administered cyclophosphamide (CYP) (500-750 mg/m(2) up to 1 g to maintain their absolute neutrophil count (ANC) > 3,000). Continued therapy with additional quarterly intravenous (i.v). administration of CYP was dictated by repeat renal biopsy (Bx2). Bx1 was done 1 +/- 1.6 years after diagnosis of SLE. Bx2 showed histological improvement by WHO classification in 20/25 children; 3/25 were unchanged, 1/25 was categorized as new class V, and 1/25 was worse. Four patients (14%) had infectious complications requiring hospitalization (one of these died). Mean follow-up (f/u) after Bx2 was 3.5 +/- 2.3 years. At last follow-up, 26 patients had normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with a mean of 126 +/- 42.8 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) body surface area, one non-compliant patient had ESRD, and one had chronic renal failure. At last follow-up, most patients had minimal to no proteinuria. Clinical and biopsy results greatly improved after 9 monthly intravenously administered CYP pulses in most children with class IV PLN. Those who did not improve are at risk for flares and progression of disease. The tailoring of therapies based on findings from a biopsy after induction may improve outcomes.
Organic cleanliness of the Mars Science Laboratory sample transfer chain

One of the primary science goals of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover, Curiosity, is the detection of organics in Mars rock and regolith. To achieve this, the Curiosity rover includes a robotic sampling system that acquires rock and regolith samples and delivers it to the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on board the rover. In order to provide confidence that any significant organics detection result was Martian and not terrestrial in origin, a requirement was levied on the flight system (i.e., all sources minus the SAM instrument) to impart no more than 36 parts per billion (ppb by weight) of total reduced carbon terrestrial contamination to any sample transferred to the SAM instrument. This very clean level was achieved by a combination of a rigorous contamination control program on the project, and then using the first collected samples for a “dilution cleaning” campaign of the sample chain prior to delivering a sample to the SAM instrument. Direct cleanliness assays of the sample-contacting and other Flight System surfaces during pre-launch processing were used as inputs to determine the number of dilution cleaning samples needed once on Mars, to enable delivery of suitably clean samples to the SAM experiment. Taking into account contaminant redistribution during launch thorough landing of the MSL on Mars, the amount of residue present on the sampling hardware prior to the time of first dilution cleaning sample acquisition was estimated to be 60 ng/cm2 on exposed outer surfaces of the sampling hardware and 20 ng/cm2 on internal sample contacting surfaces; residues consisting mainly of aliphatic hydrocarbons and esters. After three dilution cleaning samples, estimated in-sample contamination level for the first regolith sample delivered to the SAM instrument at the Gale Crater “Rocknest” site was bounded at ≤10 ppb total organic carbon. A Project decision to forego ejecting the dilution cleaning sample and instead transfer the first drill-acquired sample at the “John Klein” site to SAM resulted in an estimated level of terrestrial contamination of ≤430 ppb. The estimated terrestrial contamination for portions from the second drill-acquired sample, at Cumberland, was ≤69 ppb; the estimate for a future, third, drilled sample is ≤38 ppb. These levels are comparable in magnitude to the SAM instrument blanks at the nanomole level (as chlorohydrocarbon).
Inhibition of Bladder Tumor Growth by the Green Tea Derivative Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the green tea derivative epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as an intravesical agent for the prevention of transitional cell tumor implantation.Materials and Methods: In vitro studies were performed in the AY-27 rat transitional cell cancer and the L1210 mouse leukemia cell lines. Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of EGCG for 30 minutes to 48 hours. Surviving cell colonies were then determined. A DNA ladder assay was performed in the 2 cell lines. Fisher 344 rats were used for in vivo studies with an intravesical tumor implantation model. Group 1 (12 rats) served as a control (tumor implantation and medium wash only). In group 2 (28 rats) 200 μM EGCG were instilled intravesically 30 minutes after tumor implantation. Rats were sacrificed 3 weeks following treatment. Gross and histological analyses were then performed on the bladders.Results: At 6.0 × 104 cells per 100 mm dish a time dose dependent response was observed. After 2 hours of treatment with EGCG 100% ce...
Racial and Athletic Identity of African American Football Players at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Predominantly White Institutions.

This study examined racial and athletic identity among African American football players at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Negotiating the dualism of racial and athletic identities can be problematic because both roles are subject to prejudice and discrimination, particularly for student-athletes in revenue-producing sports like football. Results indicated that seniors at both institution types reported significantly lower levels of Public Regard and that lower levels of Public Regard predicted higher levels of college adjustment. Senior football players reported a greater acknowledgment that society does not value African Americans, and this acknowledgment predicted greater college adjustment. No differences between institution types in racial Centrality emerged, but football players at PWIs reported higher levels of Athletic Identity. By garnering a better understanding of the psychosocial needs of African American football players, thes...
“A Beautiful Sunset... Mistaken for a Dawn”: Some Reflections on Religious Studies, India Studies, and the Modern University

Using an analytic scheme from traditional Indic cosmology, namely, the Adhidaivika (the cosmic realm), the Adhibhautika (the social realm), and the Ādhyātmika (the personal realm), the essay argues that intellectual progress in scientific research, social theory, and philosophy of mind has been generally disappointing. Rather than thinking in terms of progress and advance, a more apt characterization of what has been happening to the human community is one of serious decline. The essay argues, furthermore, that we are only at the beginning of the intellectual development of the human species and now are in need of new conceptual frameworks in terms of cosmology (theology), social order, and self-understanding that may enable us to overcome the decline.
In vitro toxicity of spiroorthocarbonate monomers designed for non-shrinking dental restoratives.

In development of photopolymerized expanding monomers with epoxy resin systems, there is a need for reactive expanding monomers that exert a good biocompatibility profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro toxicology of new spiroorthocarbonates designed to be expanding monomers. The expanding monomers investigated were: trans/trans-2,3,8,9- di(tetramethylene)-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane (DTM-TOSU), 5,5-diethyl-19-oxadispiro[1,3-dioxane-2,2′-1,3-dioxane-5′,4-bi (DECHE-TOSU); 3,9-diethyl-3,9-dipropionyloxy methyl-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DEDPM-TOSU); and 3,9-diethyl-3,9- diacetoxy methyl-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DAMDE-TOSU). The in vitro toxicology of these monomers measured their cytotoxicity and mutagenicity potential. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the MTT assay was used to assess the toxic dose that kills 50% of cells (TC50) for all the monomers. Their mutagenic potential was measured in the Ames Salmonella assay with and without metabolic...
Band structure in a liquid.

As with amorphous solids, the absence of periodic order makes it difficult to calculate the electronic structure of liquids. However, unlike the solid case, techniques for handling correlated topological disorder are standard in liquid theory. We show how recasting tight-binding models into random-matrix problems makes the band-structure-in-a-liquid problem rigorously equivalent to a simple equilibrium liquid calculation---enabling us to make use of these well developed techniques. An exact mean-spherical-approximation solution is provided as an example.