cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport properties of dilute superfluid mixtures of 3 He in 4 He

Measurements of the heat transport are reported for dilute superfluid mixtures of3He in4He between 1.6 and 2.17 K. The temperature transients leading to relaxation times also are presented. The3He molar concentration X ranged from 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2. Cells with different fluid layer thicknesses h were used with 0.5<h<4.8 mm. The fluid mixture thermal resistance was obtained from the steady state data, after correction for the boundary (Kapitza) resistance Rb measured with pure4He. The bulk fluid results were found to be in agreement with the predictions by F. London and I. M. Khalatnikov. However there is an additional thermal resistance Ro that dominates for the most dilute mixtures. Ro is compared with Rb and both are found to have nearly the same temperature dependence and a comparable magnitude. A description and discussion of the onset of non-linear behavior at a critical heat current is presented. Analysis of the transient experiments shows that the observed relaxation times are larger than expected for the bulk fluid. This additional bottleneck is ascribed to Ro and possible origins of these effects are proposed. In the Appendix, analysis of observed relaxation times in the normal phase of4He near Tλ and correction for instrumental contributions are described. The intrinsic fluid relaxation times scale with h2 and agree quantitatively with predictions. This analysis, including the corrections, is then extended to dilute3He-4He mixtures in the superfluid phase.
Studies on the thermal and curing behavior of polyimide blends

Blends of thermosetting (Thermid MC-600 and Thermid FA-700) and thermoplastic (UL-TEM 1000) polyimide resins with different compositions were prepared. Curing and thermal behavior of the blends were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic thermogravimetry in a nitrogen atmosphere. The peak exotherm temperature increased with increasing amount of thermoplastic resin, whereas the heat of polymerization decreased. The electrical characteristics of the blends were also investigated using a dielectric analyzer. Dynamic as well as isothermal scans were recorded. Ionic conductivity, permittivity, and the loss factor were measured as a function of temperature at various frequencies. These results showed the complete curing of the resins having 50% Ultem at 225°C in 1 h, whereas Thermid MC-600 required a postcuring step to observe fully cured resins. A marginal decrease in thermal stability was observed on blending. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Probabilistic Threat Propagation for Network Security

Techniques for network security analysis have historically focused on the actions of the network hosts. Outside of forensic analysis, little has been done to detect or predict malicious or infected nodes strictly based on their association with other known malicious nodes. This methodology is highly prevalent in the graph analytics world, however, and is referred to as community detection. In this paper, we present a method for detecting malicious and infected nodes on both monitored networks and the external Internet. We leverage prior community detection and graphical modeling work by propagating threat probabilities across network nodes, given an initial set of known malicious nodes. We enhance prior work by employing constraints that remove the adverse effect of cyclic propagation that is a byproduct of current methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of probabilistic threat propagation on the tasks of detecting botnets and malicious web destinations.
Plankton metabolic activity in the eastern tropical North Pacific

Abstract Respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity of nannoplankton and zooplankton in the euphotic zone was measured at 14 stations in the eastern tropical North Pacific. In addition, ETS activity and zooplankton biomass were measured from the surface to 3000 m at two stations. Respiration rates were calculated from the ETS activities using empirically derived constants. The respiration rates in the euphotic zone, when compared to the regional productivity, indicate that most of the carbon fixed in the euphotic zone was respired there. This was supported by a vertical respiration budget that indicated that 75% of the respiration from 0 to 3000 m occurred within the euphotic zone and > 90% occurred above 200 m. ETS-derived respiration rates in the deep sea (1 to 3 km) were in agreement with rates calculated from temperature, salinity, and oxygen data using a vertical advection-diffusion model.
A comparison of SCF-Xα and extended Hückel methods for metal clusters

Abstract A comparison of some results from Xα-scattered wave (Xα-SW) and extended Huckel (EH) calculations for metal clusters is given. It is found that small clusters of atoms (≈ 13 atoms) using the Xα-SW method reproduce many of the features of the electronic structure of the bulk metals, whereas this is not the case for the same clusters using the EH method. A more systematic approach to EH parametrizations is suggested in order to make this method a more viable approach to treating metal clusters.
Picosecond impulse radiating arrays in silicon

In this work, two digital-to-impulse radiating chips are reported that produce and radiate electromagnetic impulses with duration of less than 10psec and repetition frequency of 10GHz. These chips are based on fully electronic methods; no laser is used. The first chip uses a single-ended slot-bowtie antenna with a current switch to radiate impulses with record pulse-width of 8psec and EIRP of 13dBm. The radiation of this chip is coupled to air through a silicon lens attached to the backside of the substrate. The second chip uses a differential slot-bowtie antenna with an active feed to radiate impulses with record pulse-width of 9psec and EIRP of 10dBm. Both chips are fabricated in a 130nm SiGe BiCMOS process technology.
Ligand redistribution and carbonyl insertion: The effect of competitive π-donation

Abstract Electron deficient CpTiCl3 reacts with the bis-alkoxide CpCl TiOCMe 2 CMe 2 O to produce the diolato dimer (CpTiCl2)OCMe2CMe2O(TiCl2Cp). CpTiCl3 reacts with Cp4Ti4Cl4(μ2-O)4, which also has two oxo ligands on each titanium atom, to produce [CpTiCl2]2O. These and other redistribution reactions indicate that destabilization results from internal competition for metal d-orbitals by strong π-donor (e.g. alkoxide) ligands. Equilibrium constants for the formation of the η2-acetyl complexes Cp2Zr[C(O)Me]X by Co insertion into Cp2ZrMeX decrease in the order X = Me>Cl>OEt. This reflects internal competition of π-donor orbitals on X with the oxygen donor orbital in the η2-acetyl functionally. The significance of this effect for Fischer-Tropsch syntheses in both homogeneouus and heterogeneous media is discussed.
Fire regime shift linked to increased forest density in a piñon-juniper savanna landscape

Pinon-juniper (PJ) fire regimes are generally characterised as infrequent high-severity. However, PJ ecosystems vary across a large geographic and bio-climatic range and little is known about one of the principal PJ functional types, PJ savannas. It is logical that (1) grass in PJ savannas could support frequent, low-severity fire and (2) exclusion of frequent fire could explain increased tree density in PJ savannas. To assess these hypotheses I used dendroecological methods to reconstruct fire history and forest structure in a PJ-dominated savanna. Evidence of high-severity fire was not observed. From 112 fire-scarred trees I reconstructed 87 fire years (1547-1899). Mean fire interval was 7.8 years for fires recorded at ≥2 sites. Tree establishment was negatively correlated with fire frequency (r = -0.74) and peak PJ establishment was synchronous with dry (unfavourable) conditions and a regime shift (decline) in fire frequency in the late 1800s. The collapse of the grass-fuelled, frequent, surface fire regime in this PJ savanna was likely the primary driver of current high tree density (mean = 881 trees ha-1) that is >600% of the historical estimate. Variability in bio-climatic conditions likely drive variability in fire regimes across the wide range of PJ ecosystems.
Human four-dimensional spatial intuition in virtual reality.

It is a long-lasting question whether human beings, who evolved in a physical world of three dimensions, are capable of overcoming this fundamental limitation to develop an intuitive understanding of four-dimensional space. Techniques of analogy and graphical illustration have been developed with some subjective reports of success. However, there has been no objective evaluation of such achievements. Here, we show evidence that people with basic geometric knowledge can learn to make spatial judgments on the length of, and angle between, line segments embedded in four-dimensional space viewed in virtual reality with minimal exposure to the task and no feedback to their responses. Their judgments incorporated information from both the three-dimensional (3-D) projection and the fourth dimension, and the underlying representations were not algebraic in nature but based on visual imagery, although primitive and short lived. These results suggest that human spatial representations are not completely constrained by our evolution and development in a 3-D world. Illustration of the stimuli and experimental procedure (as video clips) and the instruction to participants (as a pdf file) may be downloaded from http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
Precipitation phenomena in mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants in aqueous solutions

Abstract The precipitation phase boundary for mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDS) and dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPCl) is determined over a wide range of concentrations. The phase boundary is composed of a monomer—precipitate equilibrium curve, where no micelles exist in solution, and two branches (one NaDS-rich and one DPCl-rich) where monomer, micelles, and precipitate exist in equilibrium. A model is developed to predict the precipitation boundary by combining regular solution theory, to calculate monomer—micelle equilibrium, with a solubility product relationship between surfactant monomer concentrations, to calculate monomer—precipitate equilibrium. Results from the model are shown to work well, except in regions where coacervate formation occurs. An empirical modification to the model is used to account for coacervate formation so that all experimental phase boundaries can be described quite well. The model can also predict the amount of precipitate that will form in any NaDS—DPCl mixture and the results are shown to agree well with experimental measurements.
Stress-promoted surface kinetics as a precursor of islanding

Stress-modulated surface kinetics offers a possible path to the ultimate fracture of brittle solids. Similarly, it leads to a breakup of growing strained layer into the separate domains- islands. A proposed reduced description of a single growing concavity and an interpolation between small and large amplitude limits lead to a two-parameter model of the islanding precursor: it starts from a smooth boundary and generates a sharp cusp, which enables a further growth of incoherent islands. Within the `local description' approximation we outline a general dynamic behavior of stressed interface, with the possibility of relaxation loops; they may be responsible for the barrierless formation of dislocations and stress relief.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pedestal profiles during QH-mode operation on DIII-D

The quiescent high confinement mode (QH-mode) on DIII-D exhibits an H-mode like edge pedestal, with values of pedestal pressure and global energy confinement similar to those of the ELMing H-mode, but without ELMs. In many cases this mode is observed to reach a nearly stationary operating point, limited in duration only by hardware constraints. This mode is usually obtained in a plasma configuration that is strongly pumped with electron densities at the top of the pedestal below 0.3 of the Greenwald density. Electron temperatures at the top of the pedestal range from 1.2 to 2.2 keV. Ion temperatures at the pedestal are much higher, ranging up to 5 keV. In this paper, we will present edge profiles observed in the QH-mode. A selection of these profiles are used as input to the Corsica code to calculate the edge current profile, which is dominated by the bootstrap current. We discuss the implications of these edge profiles on the stability of the QH edge against ballooning/peeling modes. We also discuss results of experiments in which we attempt to expand the range of edge parameters, especially the edge density, achievable in the QH-mode.
PION-ELECTRON SCATTERING CROSS SECTION AT 1.12 BEV/c

We have measured the absolute differential cross section $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dK}}$ for production of delta-ray electrons by 1.12-Bev/c negative pions incident on a 10-in. liquid hydrogen bubble chamber, for values of the $\ensuremath{\delta}$-ray kinetic energy $K$ between 32 Mev and the kinematical upper limit of 62 Mev. The results are in agreement with the theoretical prediction of Bhabha. We find an integrated cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}(Kg32 \mathrm{Mev})=1.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17 \mathrm{mb}.$ This exceeds the theoretical prediction of 1.17 mb by a factor 1.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15.The monoenergetic electron contamination of the pion beam has been determined by counting electron-induced $\ensuremath{\delta}$ rays. The monoenergetic and non-monoenergetic contributions to the muon contamination have both been determined by combining a determination of the number of muon-induced $\ensuremath{\delta}$ rays with a measurement of the curvature distribution of beam tracks. The method is described in detail.
Toward a Network Model of MHC Class II-Restricted Antigen Processing.

The standard model of Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHCII)-restricted antigen processing depicts a straightforward, linear pathway: Internalized antigens are converted into peptides that load in a chaperone dependent manner onto nascent MHCII in the late endosome, the complexes subsequently trafficking to the cell surface for recognition by CD4+ T cells (TCD4+). Several variations on this theme, both moderate and radical, have come to light but these alternatives have remained peripheral, the conventional pathway generally presumed to be the primary driver of TCD4+ responses. Here we continue to press for the conceptual repositioning of these alternatives toward the center while proposing that MHCII processing be thought of less in terms of discrete pathways and more in terms of a network whose major and minor conduits are variable depending upon many factors, including the epitope, the nature of the antigen, the source of the antigen, and the identity of the antigen-presenting cell.
Mechanisms causing muscle wasting in uremia

Loss of muscle mass is common in patients with acute or chronic renal failure, but the mechanisms causing this problem are only beginning to be understood. One mechanism is that uremia blocks metabolic responses that act to maintain protein balance when anorexia reduces dietary protein. The adaptive metabolic responses include a sharp reduction in the degradation of essential amino acids and protein. In cultured myocytes, isolated muscles, and normal adults, acidification blocks these responses by stimulating the degradation of branched-chain amino acids and protein. The adverse effect of acidification requires glucocorticoids and involves stimulation of the activity of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase and of the adenosine triphosphate-ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent proteolytic pathway. Understanding these mechanisms is important because the same pathways are activated in cancer, sepsis, burns, starvation, and muscle denervation. o 1996 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. B
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A HUMAN GLIAL VARIANT LAMININ

Astrocytes secrete laminin-like molecules in culture and may represent a major source of laminin in the developing central nervous system, yet these laminins have not been extensively characterized. We previously reported the presence of an astrocyte-derived variant laminin in media conditioned by human U251 MG astrocytoma cells. This laminin was partially purified in a highly anionic Mono Q fraction with strong adhesion activity for fibroblasts and glial cells (Aukhil et al. (1990) Matrix 10: 98-111). We now show that glial laminin could be dissociated from an anionic species, perhaps an approximately 400-kDa keratan sulfate proteoglycan present in the preparation, by a second round of Mono Q anion exchange chromatography in the presence of 6 M urea. Cell adhesion activity remained tightly associated with laminin-containing fractions, suggesting that glial laminin was responsible for the adhesion activity in the original preparation. Immunochemical and SDS-PAGE gel analyses of laminin heterotrimers demonstrated that glial laminin contained the beta 2 and gamma 1 chains in disulfide-bonded heterotrimeric complexes with a 360-kDa chain, a 320-kDa chain, or a postulated approximately 200-kDa chain. While these chains were not recognized by antibodies directed against the alpha 1-, alpha 2-, or alpha 3-related laminin chains, rotary shadowed glial laminin molecules appeared to contain alpha chains, as judged by the presence of an apparent G-domain terminating the long arm of each laminin molecule. These findings suggest that glial laminin contains one or more variant alpha chains, perhaps related to one of the more recently described alpha chains, alpha 3B, alpha 4, or alpha 5. Together our results implicate human U251 MG glial laminin as a previously uncharacterized laminin isoform with strong adhesive activity for fibroblasts and glial cells.
Particle displacement tracking technique and Cramer-Rao lower bound error in centroid estimates from CCD imagery

An efficient video based, multi-frame particle displacement tracking technique is presented. The technique is demonstrated on a thermocapillary flow. The Cramer-Rao lower bound centroid measurement uncertainty is derived for Gaussian particle images with Poisson noise recorded on a CCD array. The optimal particle image diameter is determined to be approximately 11/2 pixels. The centroid error increases for particle image diameters larger or smaller than the optimal value. The particle centroid results are carried over to the case of a cross-correlation peak centroid estimate. Particle tracking techniques are shown to have higher accuracy than auto or cross-correlation techniques when the individual velocity measurements are averaged over a comparable correlation subregion.
A high resolution structure of the putative hinge region in M2 channel-lining segments of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract Transmembrane peptide helices play key roles in signal transduction across cell membranes, yet little is known about their high-resolution structure or the role membrane composition plays in their association, structure, dynamics and ultimately their performance. Using magic angle spinning (MAS) homonuclear dipolar recoupling experiments, the backbone structure at positions L10, L11, and A12 of the M2 ion channel peptide was determined in two lipid systems. Their measurements are in agreement with M2 forming transmembrane helices, but the torsion angles vary considerably from common α−helical values. These measurements show remarkable agreement with a previous computational model of M2 peptides forming a pore domain in which their helices are kinked near the central leucine, L11 [R. Sankararamakrishnan, C. Adcock, M.S.P. Sansom, The pore domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: Molecular modeling, pore dimensions, and electrostatics, Biophys. J. 71 (1996) 1659–1671]. The generation of high resolution data for transmembrane helices is of critical importance in refining structures for membrane protein and developing models of helix packing interactions.
Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by transbronchoscopic lung biopsy.

A diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was made in seven patients by the technique of transbronchoscopic lung biopsy. In this technique, flexible forceps are inserted through a rigid bronchoscope. No false negative results were obtained, that is, no other cases of pneumocystis pneumonia were discovered by any additional technique, including autopsy, among a group of 525 patients with diffuse pulmonary diseases who had transbronchoscopic lung biopsy. Transbronchoscopic lung biopsy is an effective and accurate method of obtaining pulmonary tissue that is suitable for the demonstration of P carinii, especially in patients who are too ill to withstand open lung biopsy.
Power Control in UWB Position-Location Networks

In this paper, we discuss the use of power control in Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Position-Location Networks (PoLoNets)1, where the goal is to periodically estimate the locations of mobile nodes that move through a network of location-aware reference nodes. The reference nodes provide Time-of-Arrival (TOA) based range estimates that are used to estimate the locations of mobile nodes at regular intervals. We examine the accuracy of location-estimation through the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) and show that the localization accuracy fluctuates or "fades" as a mobile node moves through the network of reference nodes. The use of power control is shown to improve the robustness of location-estimates and provide higher localization accuracy. Two power control approaches are presented and compared with the empirically-obtained optimal solutions.
Photovoltaic, gravitationally-stabilized solid-state, satellite solar power station /GSS4PS/

The salient feature of a gravitationally-stabilized satellite solar power system (SSPS) for a photovoltaic system is that the large solar array is separated into smaller segments or subunits, joined together in a linear array oriented along the local vertical. Applicability of gravitational stabilization to the design of photovoltaic SSPS is demonstrated. Both actively controlled systems using multiple solar panels oriented to the sun and passively controlled systems requiring no sun orientation are considered and determined to be feasible. Expressions for gravity-gradient induced tension and restoring torques about the local vertical are assessed. Particular attention is directed to the applicability of solid-state approaches to the design of SSPS. It is shown that an all solid-state SSPS utilizing the LITOMIC (light-to-microwave conversion) concept is feasible but that a hybrid system employing a combination of both solid-state and cryogenic cooled low-voltage techniques to the design of the power management and distribution subsystem may also provide a solution.
An emergent attractors model for idea generation process

Behavioral research on brainstorming discovered many cognitive, social and motivational factors that affect the idea generation process in individuals or in groups. There are still aspects not completely understood, especially the effects of sharing ideas or providing hints. In this paper we propose a conceptual dynamic model of the idea generation process to investigate the dynamics of idea generation process. The model consists of a network of fixed concept units with inter-connections determined by category membership and typicality of the unit. The novel feature of the model consists in the way ideas, represented as conceptual combinations, emerge in the conceptual network through a transient learning process. Simulation results show the effect of model parameters on idea generation process, and on convergent and divergent thinking. The model replicates results on the effect of hints presented sequentially versus simultaneously.
Automated boundary delineation in infrared ocean images

A mathematical morphology technique aids in interpreting satellite infrared images of the Gulf Stream region. The method delineates the North Wall clearly, with less smoothing than human analysts. Performance in locating warm-core eddies is comparable to that of humans and another automated procedure. A variation of the method finds cold-core eddies. >
Next alchemy: nanoparticle exothermic alloying chemistry for producing tall on-chip cast metal microstructures

This paper reports on NExt AlChemy, a new process that produces tall, on-chip cast bronze microstructures. Powdered CuO and Al, ignited in a graphite crucible produce a highly exothermic chemical reaction, resulting in molten aluminum bronze. This superheated fluid (>3000 K) having less surface tension than standard molten bronze, flows into a micromachined and reusable graphite mold. Cu or Al nanoparticles in the micromold can be used to moderate the total heat; the structures are self welded to a substrate without damage.
The Leverage of Demographic Dynamics on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Does Age Structure Matter?

This article provides a methodological contribution to the study of the effect of changes in population age structure on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. First, I propose a generalization of the IPAT equation to a multisector economy with an age-structured population and discuss the insights that can be obtained in the context of stable population theory. Second, I suggest a statistical model of household consumption as a function of household size and age structure to quantitatively evaluate the extent of economies of scale in consumption of energy-intensive goods, and to estimate age-specific profiles of consumption of energy-intensive goods and of CO2 emissions. Third, I offer an illustration of the methodologies using data for the United States. The analysis shows that per-capita CO2 emissions increase with age until the individual is in his or her 60s, and then emissions tend to decrease. Holding everything else constant, the expected change in U.S. population age distribution during the next four decades is likely to have a small, but noticeable, positive impact on CO2 emissions.
Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of the heteronuclear alkali-metal dimer and trimer anions: NaK−, KRb−, RbCs−, KCs−, Na2K−, and K2Cs−

Abstract Negative ion photoelectron spectra are reported for the heteronuclear alkali dimer and trimer anions, NaK − , KRb − , KCs − , RbCs − , Na 2 K − , and K 2 Cs − at 488 nm. In addition to assigning all of the electronic transitions observed in the mixed dimer anion spectra, vertical detachment energies, adiabatic electron affinities, and dimer anion dissociation energies have also been determined. A linear correlation between mixed dimer EA a s and α M* / r 2 M*M (α M* = the more electropositive alkali atom's polarizability) confirms the presence of ionic character in heteronuclear alkali dimers. Also, vertical detachment energies and adiabatic electron affinities are reported for the trimer systems.
Performance of Lactating Holstein Cows as Influenced by Forage Species, Maturity, and Level of Inclusion

Three trials were conducted with the objective of evaluating the influence of fiber and indigestible NDF as affected by forage species, maturity, and level of inclusion on intake and milk production parameters. In the first trial, 60 multipa-rous Holstein cows [109 ± 49 d in milk (DIM)] were fed alfalfa- or orchardgrass-based total mixed ration(s) (TMR) for 70 d. Diets did not differ in NDF, ADF, CP, or non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) content. Cows fed these diets did not differ in DMI or milk production, even though the alfalfa had greater lignin and indigestible NDF than the orchardgrass-based TMR. Similar ADF and indigestible fiber in alfalfa and late-cut orchardgrass forages might have contributed to the similar performance of cows fed these diets. In the second trial, 50 multiparous cows (57 ± 28 DIM) were fed early- or late-cut orchardgrass-based TMR for 50 d. Diets did not differ in NDF, ADF, CP, NFC, or indigestible NDF, but early-cut orchardgrass had less (P<0.05) ADF, NDF, lignin, and indigestible NDF and greater (P<0.05) NFC and soluble CP than late-cut orchardgrass. Cows fed the early-cut orchardgrass-based TMR had greater (P<0.05) DMI, milk production, and milk protein than those fed late-cut orchardgrass-based TMR. Fiber digestibility of early-cut orchardgrass was much greater than late-cut orchardgrass, contributing to the improved DMI of cows on the early-cut orchardgrass TMR. In Trial 3, 20 Holstein cows (183 ± 22 DIM) were assigned to a repeated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 5 cows per treatment and 21-d periods to evaluate the influence of level of orchardgrass inclusion (50 to 80%) on DMI and milk production parameters. Dry matter intake and milk production decreased linearly as forage included in the diet increased (P<0.05). Amount of NDF consumed per day did not vary among diets in this study, suggesting that when a single forage source is used, diet NDF content is highly correlated with DMI. Variations in fiber digestibility and indigestibility of fiber may account for differences in intake and milk production of cows fed diets similar in chemical composition but varying in ingredient composition.
Membrane-based Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation: Synthesis and Reactive Properties

Nanoscale bimetallic particles have important applications in the environmentally important catalytic reactions at room temperature because of the novel physical and chemical properties. We report an innovative in situ synthesis method of functionalizing microfiltration membranes with highly reactive bimetallic core/shell Fe/Ni and Fe/Pd nanoparticles. The core/shell structure was confirmed by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping images. Using TCE and PCB as model compounds, the reactivity of membrane-immobilized bimetallic nanoparticles was quantified in terms of both reaction mechanism shift and product distribution. Complete dechlorination was achieved with both compounds. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
The impact of pay on CEO turnover: A test of two perspectives

Abstract We investigate the impact of pay on CEO turnover from two perspectives. One is managerial power perspective that focuses on power in the setting of CEO pay. The other is tournament theory that treats CEO pay as a top prize designed to motivate executives to work hard for the top position. Building on research that highlights the impact of power dynamics at the top of the firm on CEO turnover, we propose that managerial power perspective suggests a negative impact of CEO pay on CEO turnover, while tournament theory suggests a positive impact. Using data from a sample of 313 large U.S. companies from 1988 to 1997, we find that both the level of CEO pay and its ratio over the average pay of the firm's four other highest paid executives have a negative impact on CEO turnover.
Religious human capital revisited: Testing the effect of religious human capital on religious participation

The religious economies theory proposes that individuals make religious choices like they make other choices—rationally. This assumption has sparked many theoretical propositions on both the macro- and micro-levels. However, most empirical research has focused on testing the macro-level propositions. This study contributes to addressing this gap by testing the micro-level hypothesis that religious human capital (i.e., religious knowledge and skills) increases religious participation. Previous research typically operationalized religious human capital indirectly through proxy measures, which makes it difficult to separate the effect of religious human capital from the effects of other variables such as religious beliefs, preferences, and religious social capital. As a result, findings from previous studies may support theories other than religious human capital theory. This paper separates different causal effects by using a direct measure of religious human capital (i.e., biblical knowledge), while contro...
Radionuclide deterniination of gastrointestinal blood loss

Gastrointestinal blood loss of very small quantities can be determined using Na 2 51 CrO 4 labeled red blood cells. Determination of fecal radioactivity after an intravenous injection of labeled cells is most worthwhile. Fecal 51 Cr activity equivalent to greater than 3 ml of blood in 24 hr is indicative of abnormal loss. The combination of injecting labeled red blood cells and performing intestinal intubation has been of value in localizing sites of bleeding in the small bowel. Whole body-counting studies following intravenous 59 Fe-citrate administration remain to be proved of clinical importance. The newest technique described is abdominal scanning for Meckel's diverticulum and other potential sites of gastrointestinal bleeding after intravenous 99m TCO 4 . This technique appears to have particular promise in evaluating children with occult gastroenteric blood loss.
Retinal arteriolar occlusions due to cytomegalovirus retinitis in elderly patients without HIV

Five of 7 (71%) elderly immunocompetent patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis had retinal arteriolar occlusions versus 2 of 8 (25%) elderly immunocompromised patients and 1 of 19 (5%) younger HIV-infected patients. Compared to HIV-infected patients, elderly patients were more likely to have occlusive events, neovascularization or hemorrhage, and underlying vasculopathy. The purpose of this study is to report the novel finding of extensive retinal arteriolar occlusions and neovascularization in immunocompetent patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. This is a retrospective observational cohort study of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in a university setting. Seven patients were elderly but not immunocompromised, 8 were elderly and iatrogenically immunocompromised, and 16 were HIV-infected. All patients underwent polymerase chain reaction testing of intraocular fluid. Primary outcome measure was visual acuity. Secondary outcome measures were vascular occlusions, ischemic complications, and response to treatment. Mean age was 73, 70, and 41 years for immunocompetent, immunocompromised, and HIV-infected patients, respectively. Diabetes and vascular disease were common in the elderly. Vision loss to less than 5/200 occurred in 50% of the immunocompetent elderly patients, and 17% of CMV eyes in immunocompromised and HIV patients. Occlusion of the entire retinal vasculature occurred in 4/7 (57%) of immunocompetent patients despite lack of Zone I involvement, and rubeosis occurred in three, disc neovascularization in one, and vitreous hemorrhage in two patients. Vascular occlusive events were less common in immunocompromised patients and rare in the HIV-infected. CMVR in non-HIV-infected elderly patients is associated with retinal arteriolar occlusions. An intact host immune response may increase damage to retinal vessels. Prompt diagnosis may avert catastrophic vision loss.
Resource management in data-intensive clouds: Opportunities and challenges

Today's cloud computing platforms have seen much success in running compute-bound applications with time-varying or one-time needs. In this position paper, we will argue that the cloud paradigm is also well suited for handling data-intensive applications, characterized by the processing and storage of data produced by high-bandwidth sensors or streaming applications. The data rates and the processing demands vary over time for many such applications, making the on-demand cloud paradigm a good match for their needs. However, today's cloud platforms need to evolve to meet the storage, communication, and processing demands of data-intensive applications. We present an ongoing GENI project to connect high-bandwidth radar sensor networks with computational and storage resources in the cloud and use this example to highlight the opportunities and challenges in designing end-to-end data-intensive cloud systems.
Lateral junction-isolated emitter switched thyristor

The operation of a 600-V junction-isolated lateral emitter switched thyristor (JI-LEST) is demonstrated. These devices exhibit an on-state voltage drop of 2.6 V at a current density of 100 A/cm/sup 2/, a turn-off time of 20 mu s, and a maximum controllable current density of about 200 A/cm/sup 2/. >
Impact of Nanoscale Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) on the Bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) comprises a class of lithium intercalation compounds with the composition LxNiyMnzCo1-y-zO2 (0 < x,y,z < 1). These compounds are of emerging importance in nanoparticle form as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries used in transportation and consumer electronics. To evaluate the potential environmental impact of release of this material in the environment, we synthesized NMC nanosheets and investigated their interaction with Shewanella oneidensis, a soil and sediment bacterium. Exposure to 5 mg/L NMC significantly impaired bacterial population growth and respiration. Measurements of NMC surface composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and of the composition of the suspending solution via inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) demonstrated incongruent material dissolution and measurable release of all four metal constituents (Li, Mn, Co, and Ni) into solution. Speciation modeling and assessment of bacterial response to metal ion ex...
AlMn Transition Edge Sensors for Advanced ACTPol

Advanced ACTPol (AdvACT) will use an array of multichroic polarization-sensitive AlMn transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers read out through time-division multiplexing. Aluminum doped with a low concentration of manganese can be deposited to a bulk film thickness for a more reliable superconducting critical temperature uniformity compared to thin bilayers. To build the TES, the AlMn alloy is deposited, over Nb wiring, to a specific thickness to set the TES normal resistance. The doping concentration of manganese coarsely defines the TES critical temperature, while a fine tuning is achieved by heating the deposited film to a specific temperature. The TES island is connected to the thermal bath via four silicon-nitride membranes, where their geometry defines the thermal conductance to the temperature of the bath. Lastly, the TES heat capacity is increased by addition of PdAu electrically connected to the AlMn film. Designs and performance characteristics of these AlMn TESs are presented for use in AdvACT.
Choice of underwear and male fecundity in a preconception cohort of couples

Our objective was to investigate the relationship between male underwear-type worn during daytime/bedtime and male fecundity as measured by semen quality and time-to-pregnancy. We used data from a prospective preconception cohort conducted in 16 counties in Michigan and Texas, USA. 501 couples were enrolled and followed for 12 months of trying, which facilitated capture of time-to-pregnancy (in cycles), 6-cycle conception delay, and 12-month infertility. Male partners provided semen samples via in-home collection for next-day semen analysis comprised of 35 semen quality endpoints. At enrollment, men provided information on type of underwear worn during daytime and bedtime and were classified into 6 categories by underwear choice (n = 491): (i) briefs day/night, (ii) boxer-briefs day/night, (iii) boxers day/night, (iv) briefs day and boxers/none at night, (v) boxer-briefs day and boxers/none at night, (vi) boxers day and none at night. 473 (96%) men had semen analysis performed. Men switching from their usual daytime underwear to boxers/none for bed (groups 4, 5, 6) had the most evidence of change in semen quality endpoints (10 of 11 differences) relative to men wearing briefs day/night (group 1). Group 4 men had lower percent of sperm with coiled tail (β = -0.18, 95% CI: -0.35, -0.01), higher percent round (β = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.42), number of immature sperm (β = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.77), and amplitude head displacement (β = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.10, 1.03). Group 5 men had higher sperm head perimeter (β=0.17, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.34), amplitude head displacement (β = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.91), percent cytoplasmic droplet (β = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.77) and high DNA stainability (β=0.39, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.78). After false discovery rate control, no differences remained significant. No significant differences in time-to-pregnancy, conception delay, or infertility were observed. In summary, male underwear choice is associated with few differences in semen parameters; no association with time-to-pregnancy is observed providing reassurance to couples attempting pregnancy.
Plasmodial Incompatibility in the Myxomycete Didymium Nigripes

(1978). Plasmodial Incompatibility in the Myxomycete Didymium Nigripes. Mycologia: Vol. 70, No. 6, pp. 1249-1253.
PYELONEPHRITIS. V. ROLE OF SERUM BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIBODY IN ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS IN THE RABBIT.

SummaryIntravenous injection of rabbits with Str. faecalis produced an acute pyelonephritis which spontaneously resolved in a few weeks. This infection was accompanied by vigorous antibacterial antibody (agglutinating and hemagglutinating) production which was not associated with increase in serum bactericidal activity as tested. There appeared to be no correlation between individual rabbit pre-infection serum bactericidal activity and the quantitative bacteriological findings in the kidney. The difference between the outcome of infection in the rabbit and rat has not been explained by the immunological studies performed.
Book Review: Jaime Hovey. A Thousand Words: Portraiture, Style, and Queer Modernism. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2006

Jaime Hovey's A Thousand Words offers a complex argument about a wide-ranging array of modernist texts—including The Portrait of Dorian Gray, the film The Jazz Singer, and the redacted criticism of...
Comparing Two Direct Mail Strategies to Sell Native Plants in a Campaign to Promote Natural Lake Shorelines

Increased residential development around lakeshores is associated with reduced wildlife habitat, lower biodiversity, and degraded water quality. One way to improve degraded lakeshores is riparian buffers. To accomplish this goal, one approach used by stakeholder groups focused on protecting lakes is to subsidize the costs of restoring native plants that lakeshore property owners can reestablish in more highly developed areas of their lakeshore property. Little research has explored how to increase participation in these programs. Two different coupons were mailed out randomly to subscribers of a county lakes and rivers association located in northwest Wisconsin. The message strategy tested builds on the “zero-price effect,” which posits that when faced with a choice between two product options, one of which is free, people respond more readily to the free offer as if the zero price not only implies a low cost of buying a product but also increases its perceived valuation simply in its being characterized ...
A recipe for change: Creating a more inclusive academy

Although there has been a welcome increase in discussion about gender disparities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), broad participation of women from all backgrounds in academic STEM will not be achieved until institutions are transformed. A long-range view is needed to change the rules of the game, such that institutional culture and practices create workplaces where all scientists and engineers want to be. We lay out a six-point plan of what needs to change, who should participate, and how actors outside of the academy should have direct involvement in the process.
Fabrication of High Hardness and Corrosion Resistance Coatings From Fe-Based Alloy Powders

ABSTRACTGas atomized Fe50Cr24Mo21Si2B3 powders were used to form Fe-based alloy coatings by the air plasma spray method. The coatings exhibited high amorphous nature and extremely low porosity of 0.41% in about 200 µm thickness. The Fe-based coating exhibits an average hardness about 1255 Hv. The Fe-based coatings could be potentially applied as functional surface protective coatings.
Role of cardiac myocyte-derived endothelin-1 in chagasic cardiomyopathy: molecular genetic evidence

Trypanosoma cruzi is the aetiological agent of Chagas' disease, an important cause of chronic cardiomyopathy. We previously demonstrated a role for endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the pathogenesis of chagasic heart disease. In order to explore further the significance of ET-1 in chagasic heart disease, we infected ET-1 (flox/flox); alpha-MHC-Cre(+) (ET-1KO) mice, in which the ET-1 gene has been deleted from cardiac myocytes, with 10(4) T. cruzi (Brazil strain) trypomastigotes. As controls, we used ET-1 (flox/flox);Cre(-) (FLOX) and C57BL/6x129sv (WT) mice. All mice survived and were evaluated 150-160 days post-infection. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed a significant increase in right ventricular internal diameter in all infected animals except ET-1KO mice (control WT, 1.6+/-0.10 mm; infected WT, 2.8+/-0.15 mm; control FLOX, 2.04+/-0.02 mm; infected FLOX, 2.76+/-0.28 mm). There was no significant difference in right ventricular internal diameter between infected and uninfected ET-1KO mice (control ET-1KO, 1.83+/-0.11 mm; infected ET-1KO, 2.14+/-0.20 mm). In another series of experiments, transthoracic echocardiography was performed on uninfected as well as infected ET-1KO mice, and uninfected and infected FLOX mice. Both infected groups had an increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and reduced fractional shortening. In addition, relative wall thickness was also decreased in infected animals. However, the magnitude of these changes was less in infected ET-1KO mice. These data provide further support for a role for ET-1 in the pathogenesis of chronic chagasic heart disease, and indicate that cardiac myocytes are an important source of ET-1 in this disease.
Between Land and Sea: Surveying the Shoreline

A shoreline survey of Saipan’s west coast identified 150 WWII-related features, including an undiscovered infield landscape modification. Three main feature clusters were identified which appear to result from postwar cultural activities, such as hotel and park construction. A smaller cluster of steel-cell pontoons appears to be a watercraft abandonment site. A terrain analysis of the west coast helps contextualize the landscape and the features within it as part of a larger battlefield. While some of these features were difficult to categorize, all are representative of the engagement that took place in Saipan’s waters and on its shore.
Measurement of Water Quality

Measurement of water quality is an important part of aquaculture. Water quality analyses are used to assess water supplies, and almost every aquaculture facility in the world conducts routine measurements to help make day-to-day management decisions. Determination of water quality is also an important part of disease diagnostics, and measurements are conducted as part of many aquaculture research projects.
Retail Education: Bridging the Gap

This paper first reviews the nature of the retail educational gap, then indicates some likely courses of action to remedy the situation; a case study example is also supplied.
Relationship of Open-Circuit Voltage to CdTe Hole Concentration and Lifetime

We investigate the correlation of bulk CdTe and CdZnTe material properties with experimental open-circuit voltage ( V oc) through fabrication and characterization of diverse single-crystal solar cells with different dopants. Several distinct crystal types reach V oc > 900 mV. Correlations are in general agreement with V oc limits modeled from bulk minority-carrier lifetime and hole concentration.