cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MODELING CATASTROPHIC RISK IN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATION

. The effect of risk from catastrophic tree mortality, such as fire, insect outbreaks and hurricanes, on selling credits for carbon sequestration from a slash pine plantation is modeled. We achieve this task by developing a modified Hartman model and applying it to a slash pine plantation. It is found that risk decreases the land expectation value and the optimal rotation age on a forest stand producing timber and carbon sequestration benefits. This decrease is greater with higher prices of carbon. Furthermore, risk increases the amount of pulpwood produced from the stand and decreases the amount of sawtimber produced. Since pulpwood has a shorter life span than sawtimber this reduces the amount of carbon sequestered. This effect is greater for higher prices of carbon suggesting that risk dampens the effect that a carbon market would have in inducing landowners to sequester more carbon.
Presence of corticosterone and cortisol in the central and peripheral nervous system of the cat.

Corticosterone and cortisol are present in significant concentration in serum and in tissues of the central and peripheral nervous system of the cat. Following adrenalectomy concentrations of both corticosterone and cortisol decrease significantly in all tissues. These data suggest that the sensory and neurological abnormalities observed in patients with untreated adrenal cortical insufficiency are dependent upon the lowering of tissue concentrations of these hormones. (Endocrinology 82: 1058, 1968)
On the direct generation of episelenonium ions from alkenes. An efficient new procedure for effecting selenylative arene-alkene carboannulations.

Abstract The treatment of a variety of 2-(aryl)pent-4-enenitriles with N-(phenylseleno)succinimide (PSS) in the presence of Lewis acids gives rise to the corresponding (phenylseleno)tetralin derivatives in good to excellent overall yield.
Discontinuous Headspace Desorption Method for Characterization of Adsorbents

A headspace-GC (HSGC) method with multiple extractions from a single vial was developed for the measurement of desorption isotherms with any volatile organic component at any reasonable temperature...
The Asymptotic Optimal Partition and Extensions of The Nonsubstitution Theorem

The data describing an asymptotic linear program relies on a single parameter, usually referred to as time, and unlike parametric linear programming, asymptotic linear programming is concerned with the steady-state behavior as time increases to infinity. The fundamental result of this work shows that the optimal partition of an asymptotic linear program attains a steady-state for a large class of functions. Consequently, this allows us to define an asymptotic center solution. We show that this solution inherits the analytic properties of the functions used to describe the feasible region. Moreover, our results allow significant extensions of an economics result known as the Nonsubstitution Theorem.
Global transcriptome response to ionic liquid by a tropical rain forest soil bacterium, Enterobacter lignolyticus

To process plant-based renewable biofuels, pretreatment of plant feedstock with ionic liquids has significant advantages over current methods for deconstruction of lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, ionic liquids are often toxic to the microorganisms used subsequently for biomass saccharification and fermentation. We previously isolated Enterobacter lignolyticus strain SCF1, a lignocellulolytic bacterium from tropical rain forest soil, and report here that it can grow in the presence of 0.5 M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, a commonly used ionic liquid. We investigated molecular mechanisms of SCF1 ionic liquid tolerance using a combination of phenotypic growth assays, phospholipid fatty acid analysis, and RNA sequencing technologies. Potential modes of resistance to 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride include an increase in cyclopropane fatty acids in the cell membrane, scavenging of compatible solutes, up-regulation of osmoprotectant transporters and drug efflux pumps, and down-regulation of membrane porins. These findings represent an important first step in understanding mechanisms of ionic liquid resistance in bacteria and provide a basis for engineering microbial tolerance.
Digital Imaging of Particulate Contamination

The use of digital cameras and digital imaging software for the measurement of particle obscuration is discussed. Novel calibration standards are used to evaluate the sensitivity and accuracy of commercially available digital cameras for detecting microscopic dust particles and other contaminant features on surfaces. Lighting and illumination effects are also illustrated and discussed. The digital image histogram of particles on a surface is shown to give good results for the percent area coverage.
Efficiency of Transovarial Transmission of the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the Western Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae)

The efficiency of transovarial transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner was evaluated in Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls collected from two areas of northern California where Lyme disease is endemic. In total, 132 (8.8%) of 1,499 replete females examined by direct immunofluorescence were demonstrated to be infected with B. burgdorferi. Larvae or eggs from 119 of these females were examined for the presence of spirochetes by direct immunofluorescence, placing them in culture, or both; none was found to contain B. burgdorferi. The fecundity of 20 midgutinfected (mean = 874.2) and 20 uninfected (mean = 1,048.3) I. pacificus females did not differ statistically. Likewise, the fertility of infected (mean = 87.0%) and uninfected (mean = 89.9%) females and the mean engorged weights of both groups (infected, 120.8 mg versus uninfected, 132.7 mg), were comparable. The fecundity, fertility, and mean weights of six replete females having ovarian infections, six females having midgut-restricted infections, and six uninfected females were also similar. We conclude that transovarial transmission is not efficient for maintaining B. burgdorferi in populations of I. pacificus, a known vector of that pathogen. Infection with the spirochete does not appear to affect either feeding or reproductive success adversely in females of this tick.
Liquidity and Stock Exchange Listing

This study examines the pattern of stock price behavior for a sample of 71 firms that moved from NASDAQ and NASDAQ/NMS to the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) between 1982 and 1987. The study tests the liquidity gains hypothesis, which states that investors expect liquidity gains for the less liquid over-the-counter stocks but not for their more liquid counterparts after their listing on the AMEX. The results support the hypothesis by showing a significant difference between the two groups of stocks on the day the AMEX announced approval of the listing. Thus, companies with low liquidity are the largest beneficiaries of listing. The evidence provides little support for the anomalous negative pattern of returns during the post-listing period reported in previous studies.
Large-angle transmission and mode conversion characteristics of symmetric multimode Y-junction couplers

We investigated the optical power transmission and conversion efficiency between the lower and higher modes in a multimode symmetric Y-junction waveguide. Using the overlap integrals of the fields of the incident and transmitted guided-wave modes at the Y junction, we obtained a first-order approximation of the transmission characteristics and found that there is a possibility of transmitting a useful amount of the incident optical power into the output branching waveguides at very large branching angles. Results showed that an appropriate branching angle of the Y junction can be used to selectively transmit the waveguide modes into the output branches. We developed a very simple model using ray optics to explain the results on a more intuitive basis.
Some reactions of polynuclear osmium carbonyl alkyls

The trinuclear dimethyl cluster Os3(CO)12(CH3)2 (I) decomposes rapidly at 90°C to give largely Os3(CO)12 and CH4, apparently from solvent attack by methyl radicals. Treatment of I with anhydrous HBr cleaves OsC bonds, i.e. excess HBr converts it to Os3(CO)12Br2. However, I undergoes rapid and selective cleavage of one OsOs bond by I2 to give cis-Os(CO)4(CH)3I and I(CH3)-Os2(CO)8. Other halogen electrophiles give analogous results, although stronger electrophiles display less selectivity. The reaction of HOs(CO)4Os(CO)4CH3 with PPh3 gives exclusively HOs(CO)3(PPh3)Os(CO)4CH3 (two isomers) arising from substitution at the hydride end.
Hypotension: A major factor limiting recovery from cerebral ischemia☆

Abstract When no vasopressor agents were administered, rabbits subjected to cerebral ischemia for 10 or 15 minutes showed marked hypotension in the post-ischemic period (blood pressures of 20–40 mm. Hg), and there was no recovery of neural function in the course of 2 hours. However, when metaraminol or adrenalin was administered immediately after the ischemia to restore the blood pressure to normal levels, all animals subjected to 10 minutes of ischemia recovered all of the parameters of neural function measured, and most of the animals subjected to 15 minutes of ischemia recovered most of the parameters, including spontaneous respirations, pupillary light reflexes, corneal and pain withdrawal reflexes. After 30 minutes of ischemia, about half the animals regained gasping respirations and hippus pupillary reaction to light. Thus, prompt restoration of normal blood pressure may permit recovery following periods of ischemia that would otherwise lead to irreversible damage.
Multi-band wireless power transfer via resonance magnetic

The wireless power transfer (WPT) efficiency of the multi-band system based on strongly coupled magnetic resonance (SCMR) is studied here. The efficiency of the system depends on the coupling and Q-factor of the system elements. This paper shows that the multi-band SCMR system, which has potentials in wireless power and data transfer.
MAGNESIUM SULFATE REDUCES INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED BRAIN INJURY IN FETAL MICE

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate whether magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) prevents fetal brain injury in inflammation-associated preterm birth (PTB). Study Design Using a mouse model of PTB, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or normal saline solution (NS)–exposed mice were randomized to intraperitoneal treatment with MgSO 4 or NS by intrauterine injection. From the 4 treatment groups (NS + NS; LPS + NS; LPS + MgSO 4 ; and NS + MgSO 4 ), fetal brains were collected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction studies and primary neuronal cultures. Messenger RNA expression of cytokines, cell death, and markers of neuronal and glial differentiation were assessed. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy were performed. Results There was no difference between the LPS + NS and LPS + MgSO 4 groups in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, cell death markers, and markers of prooligodendrocyte and astrocyte development ( P > .05 for all). Neuronal cultures from the LPS + NS group demonstrated morphologic changes; this neuronal injury was prevented by MgSO 4 ( P Conclusion Amelioration of neuronal injury in inflammation-associated PTB may be a key mechanism by which MgSO 4 prevents cerebral palsy.
Program design and two-way immersion programs

Two-way immersion (TWI) programs have provided an effective bilingual alternative to monolingual approaches to educating language minority students. This article reviews the research related to two program design questions: are TWI programs effective for different groups of students within the program and what role does school context play in the program’s effectiveness?
Lessons from the Lessons Learned: Arts Change the World when . . .

This chapter brings together themes from the various practices presented by the educators who contributed to this volume for purposes of reflecting on the implications of the arts for the practice and theory of adult education.
Web-intrinsic interactive documents

Modern interactive documents are complex applications that give the user the editing experience of editing a document as it will look in its final visual form. Sections of the document can be either editable, or read-only, and can dynamically conform artifacts like images to specific users. The components underlying interactive documents are dynamically bound variables and a complex rule engine for adapting the document as the user edits.Web interactive documents deliver the dynamic editing experience through the web by using a web browser for deploying the editor. Document editors built-in the web browser as a native application provide a higher quality editing experience because the editor's look and feel is consistent with the web browser's innate controls and navigation.The majority of traditional interactive documents have been developed using proprietary formats which are not compatible with today's web browser implementations because they were originally intended as desk-top applications. As a consequence, traditional interactive documents are not inherently web applications.This talk will provide an overview of the technical challenges faced in developing a web-intrinsic interactive document solution that simultaneously addresses the need for simple, yet rich, user editing features combined with the scalability, and ease of deployment, demanded by enterprises today.By way of example, I will introduce, and demonstrate, a new interactive document representation and deployment model. A prerequisite for such representations is that they enable documents to account for traditional document roles and still behave as intrinsic web content for document interaction. Another is that they are also able to support conventional enterprise workflows and complex processes, e.g. approvals, audit, versioning, storage and archival.
The impact of Medicare prescription drug coverage on the use of antidementia drugs

Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are prescribed to slow the progression dementia. Although the efficacy of these drugs has been demonstrated, their effectiveness, from the perspective of patients and caregivers, has been questioned. Little is known about whether the demand for cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are sensitive to out-of-pocket cost. Using the 2006 implementation of Medicare Part D as a natural experiment, this study examines the impact of changes in drug coverage on use of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine by comparing use before and after Medicare Part D implementation among older adults who did and did not experience a change in coverage. Retrospective analyses of claims data from 35,102 community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in Pennsylvania aged 65 or older. Beneficiaries were continuously enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan from 2004 to 2007. Outcome variables were any use of donepezil (Aricept®), galantamine (Razadyne®), rivastigmine (Exelon®), tacrine (Cognex®), or memantine (Namenda®) each year and the number of 30-day prescriptions filled for these drugs. Independent variables included type of drug benefit pre–Part D (No coverage, $150 cap, $350 cap, and No cap as the reference group), time period, and their interaction. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test if there are differences in use by drug class or if beneficiaries with a diagnosis of dementia pre–Part D experienced an increase in use post–Part D. The No coverage group had a 38% increase in the odds ratio of any use of antidementia medications (P = 0.0008) post–Part D relative to the No cap group. All four coverage groups had significant increases in number of 30-day prescriptions (P < 0.001) over the study period. In adjusted models that included the sub-sample with any use pre–Part D, the No coverage group had a 36% increase in prescriptions (P = 0.002) and the $350 cap group had a 15% increase (P = 0.003) after adjusting for trends in the No cap group. Results from the sensitivity analysis for the sub-sample with a diagnosis of dementia pre–Part D show that each group had significant increases in 30-day prescriptions compared to the No cap control group (P < 0.05). Use of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in our sample increased and a greater increase in use was observed among Medicare beneficiaries who experienced improvements in drug coverage under Medicare Part D.
Mass analysis of mobility-selected ion populations using dual gate, ion mobility, quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry.

An electrospray ionization, dual gate, ion mobility, quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (ESI-DG-IM-QIT-MS) was constructed and evaluated for its ability to select mobility-filtered ions prior to mass analysis. While modification of the common signal-averaged ion mobility experiment was required, no modifications to the QIT were necessary. The dual gate scanning mode of operation was used to acquire mobility spectra, whereas the single mobility monitoring experiment selectively filtered ions for concentration and subsequent fragmentation within the QIT. Ion mobility separation of positively charged peptides and negatively charged carbohydrates, followed by MS fragmentation, was demonstrated. For a 1-min acquisition time, it was possible to obtain complete de novo sequence information for the examined peptides. Fragmentation of the negative carbohydrate chlorine adducts yielded ions characteristic of cross-ring and glycosidic bond cleavage. Previous unions of atmospheric pressure ion mobility and mass sp...
Familial reflux: Vesicoureteral reflux in all siblings of a family

A family is presented in which 4 of 4 (100%) siblings demonstrate vesicoureteral reflux on voiding cystogram. Mechanisms of inheritance are reviewed.
Calibrating ensemble forecasting models with sparse data in the social sciences

Abstract We consider ensemble Bayesian model averaging (EBMA) in the context of small- n prediction tasks in the presence of large numbers of component models. With large numbers of observations for calibrating ensembles, relatively small numbers of component forecasts, and low rates of missingness, the standard approach to calibrating forecasting ensembles introduced by Raftery et al. (2005) performs well. However, data in the social sciences generally do not fulfill these requirements. In these circumstances, EBMA models may miss-weight components, undermining the advantages of the ensemble approach to prediction. In this article, we explore these issues and introduce a “wisdom of the crowds” parameter to the standard EBMA framework, which improves its performance. Specifically, we show that this solution improves the accuracy of EBMA forecasts in predicting the 2012 US presidential election and the US unemployment rate.
Peanut skins-fortified peanut butters: Effects on consumer acceptability and quality characteristics

Abstract Peanut skins (PS), high phenolics by-products from peanut processing, are potential functional ingredients. Effects of fortification with ground PS (3 types: dry-blanched, light- and medium-roasted) on peanut butter (PB) quality characteristics and consumer acceptability were evaluated. PS were added in concentrations of 0 (control), 2.5 and 5.0 g PS/100 g PB. Data were analyzed with Mixed Model ANOVA. Significant effects ( P L *, a *, b * color and particulate presence) and instrumental physical properties (spreadability and texture profile analysis parameters) occurred with incorporation of 5.0 g medium roasted PS/100 g PB. Consumer sensory panelists ( P P
Climate informed flood frequency analysis and prediction in Montana using hierarchical Bayesian modeling

[1] It is widely acknowledged that climate variability modifies the frequency spectrum of extreme hydrologic events. Traditional hydrological frequency analysis methods do not account for year to year shifts in flood risk distributions that arise due to changes in exogenous factors that affect the causal structure of flood risk. We use Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis to evaluate several factors that influence the frequency of extreme floods for a basin in Montana. Sea surface temperatures, predicted GCM precipitation, climate indices and snow pack depth are considered as potential predictors of flood risk. The parameters of the flood risk prediction model are estimated using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The predictors are compared in terms of the resulting posterior distributions of the parameters that are used to estimate flood frequency distributions. The analysis shows an approach for exploiting the link between climate scale indicators and annual maximum flood, providing impetus for developing seasonal forecasting of flood risk applications and dynamic flood risk management strategies
Solubility transformation of α-lactalbumin

Abstract The ability of α-lactalbumin to occur in two forms differing in solubility appears to depend on the binding of anions. In dialyzed solutions α-lactalbumin exists preponderantly (75%) in a form insoluble in 2 M ammonium sulfate. In the presence of 0.1 M NaCl or a variety of other salts it is transformed largely (89%) to a form soluble in 2 M ammonium sulfate. These two forms do not differ in the ultracentrifuge; in electrophoresis at 0.1 ionic strength α-lactalbumin is homogeneous. A shift of the isoelectric point, determined by precipitation and titration, from pH 4.8 in salt-free solutions to pH 3.6 in 0.5 M NaCl suggests that the chloride anion, and presumably other anions, are strongly bound by α-lactalbumin. The binding of anions suggests that the solubility transformation may be due to a slight change in physical configuration implemented by the anion binding. The study of precipitation in the isoelectric region has shown also that 0.1 M NaCl salts-in the α-lactalbumin to some extent (about 1 mg./ml.); this effect is no longer apparent at 0.5 M NaCl concentration.
Health Care for Women

To provide optimum care to women, nurses need to understand some of the social, historical, and political factors that have influenced women and women's health care. Nurses, as consumers and providers of health care, play a central role in the women's health-care movement by providing education, support, and counseling. Although educational topics are vital, even more important is the way nurses communicate caring, support the woman in decision making, and mobilize available support persons. To provide women's health care, nurses must first do a nursing assessment, which involves gathering physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive data. A sample women's health-care assessment is outlined.
Corrosion protection on copper by new polymeric agents ? polyvinylimidazoles

Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FTIRRAS) is applied to the study of corrosion protection of copper by an organic coating. Poly-N-vinylimidazole (PVI(1)) and poly-4(5)-vinylimidazole (PVI(4)) are demonstrated to be effective new polymeric anticorrosion agents for copper at elevated temperatures. Oxidation of copper is suppressed even at 400° C. PVI(1) and PVI(4) are more effective anti-oxidants than the most commonly used corrosion inhibitors, benzotriazole and undecylimidazole, at elevated temperatures. These new polymeric agents are water soluble and easy to treat the metal surface with.
Endovascular management of recurrent stenosis following left renal vein transposition for the treatment of Nutcracker syndrome

Nutcracker syndrome is an entity resulting from left renal vein compression by the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta, leading to symptoms of left flank pain and hematuria. Conventional treatment has been surgical, commonly through transposition of the left renal vein to a more caudal location on the inferior vena cava. Additionally, endovascular approaches, primarily via renal vein stenting, have been described for treatment of this syndrome. We report the case of a patient with Nutcracker syndrome who underwent successful left renal vein transposition but then developed recurrent symptoms 10 months postoperatively and was successfully treated with angioplasty and stenting.
Trace humic and fulvic acid determination in natural water by cloud point extraction/preconcentration using non-ionic and cationic surfactants with FI-UV detection

A preconcentration and determination method for humic and fulvic acids at trace levels in natural water samples was developed. Cloud point extraction was successfully employed for the preconcentration of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) prior to the determination by using a flow injection (FI) system coupled to a spectrophotometric UV-Vis detector. The quantitative extraction of HA and FA within the pH range 1-12 was obtained by neutralization of the anionic charge on the humic substances with a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This generated a hydrophobic species that was subsequently incorporated (solubilized) into the micelles of a non-ionic surfactant polyethylene glycol, tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114). The FI method for HA and FA determination was developed by injection of 100 microl of the extracted surfactant-rich phase using an HPLC pump with spectrophotometric detection at 350 nm. A 50 ml sample solution preconcentration allowed an enrichment factor of 167. The limit of detection (LOD) obtained under the optimal conditions was 5 microg l(-1). The precision for ten replicate determinations at 0.2 mg l(-1) HA was 3.1% relative standard deviation (RSD), calculated from the peak heights. The calibration using the preconcentration system for HA and FA was linear with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9997 at levels near the detection limits up to at least 1 mg l(-1). The method was successfully applied to the determination of HA and FA in natural water samples (river water).
An optimizing analysis of the effects of world interest disturbances on the open economy term structure of interest rates

Abstract This paper studies the effects of world interest rate disturbances on the real domestic term structure of interest rates. An intertemporal optimizing, representative agent framework with variable employment and endogenous terms of trade is developed. The economy faces an external borrowing constraint. The adjustment of the short- and long-term rates as well as the discount bond yield curve is distinguished, with the long rate and the yield curve derived recursively from the short. Both permanent and temporary world interest shocks are considered. A notable result is that the yield curve exhibits relative maxima and minima for temporary disturbances.
Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma

A 53-year-old male with a history of hepatitis C associated hepatocellular carcinoma had undergone three surgical resections with progression of disease after each operation. He presented to his oncologist with bright red blood per rectum, fatigue, and weight loss. AFP was noted to have increased from 59 to 350. CT scan showed diffusely infiltrating multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma with left and right portal vein thrombosis. Bowel loops appeared unremarkable. At colonoscopy biopsies were taken of a large ulcerated mass in the sigmoid colon (left panel). Pathology revealed metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma with associated inflammatory cells (right panel). Hepatocellular carcinoma most frequently metastasizes to the lung, lymph nodes, bone, and adrenal glands. Case studies have reported metastases to such varying locations as the head and neck (base of tongue, gingiva, and maxillary sinus), skin, and spleen. Involvement of the gastrointestinal system is similarly rare; it is even less common to detect gastrointestinal metastases premortem. As in this case, the most common clinical presentation of gastrointestinal metastases is gastrointestinal bleeding [1].
Proline Analogues Inhibit Human Skin Fibroblast Growth and Collagen Production in Culture

Several structural analogues of proline have been shown to be incorporated into proteins in place of proline. As a consequence, the proliferation of cells in culture and the extracellular deposition of collagen in animal systems are reduced. In this study, the effects of two proline analogues, cis -4-hydroxy-L-proline and L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, on the growth parameters and procollagen production by cultured normal human skin fibroblasts were examined. The results indicated that incubation of the cells with the analogues reduced the rate of fibroblast proliferation and lowered the plating efficiency. Further experiments demonstrated that fibroblasts in the presence of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid synthesized procollagen polypeptides which were not in a triple-helical conformation, as judged by limited pepsin proteolysis. Also, a significantly increased fraction of the newly synthesized collagenous peptides was in a dialyzable form, suggesting increased degradation of the nonhelical chains. The rate of translation of collagenous polypeptides and the of preprocollagen messenger RNA activity in the cells were not affected by the analogues. The proline analogues thus appear to inhibit the production of procollagen on the posttranslational level by preventing the polypeptides from folding into a stable triple-helical conformation. The nonhelical polypeptides are then readily susceptible to proteolysis leading to reduced deposition of extracellular collagen fibers. Similar experiments were also performed with fibroblasts cultured from patients with active progressive systemic sclerosis. Quantitatively and qualitatively comparable inhibition of procollagen production by L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was noted with scleroderma cells as with control fibroblast cultures. The results suggest, therefore, that proline analogues may, in the future, prove useful in limiting excessive collagen deposition in scleroderma and other forms of dermal fibrosis.
Outlying Charge, Stability, Efficiency, and Algorithmic Enhancements in the Quantum‐Mechanical Solvation Method, COSab‐GAMESS

In this work, we present algorithmic modifications and extensions to our quantum-mechanical approach for the inclusion of solvent effects by means of molecule-shaped cavities. The theory of conductor-like screening, modified and extended for quantum-mechanical techniques, serves as the basis for our solvation methodology. The modified method is being referred to as COSab-GAMESS and is available within the GAMESS package. Our previous work has emphasized the implementation of this model by way of a distributed multipole approach for handling the effects of outlying charge. The method has been enabled within the framework of open- and closed-shell RHF and MP2. In the present work, we present a) a second method to handle outlying charge effects, b) algorithmic extensions to open- and closed-shell density-functional theory, second-derivative analysis, and reaction-path following, and c) enhancements to improve performance, convergence, and predictability. The method is now surtable for large molecular systems. New features of the enhanced continuum model are highlighted by means of a set of neutral and charged species. Computations on a series of structures with roughly the same molecular shape and volume provides an evaluation of cavitation effects.
An approximate ab initio theory of large molecular systems

Abstract An approximate ab initio method for treating molecular systems is presented. Important simplifications both in the nature of the wavefunction as well as the multicenter integrals makes the approach comparable in cost to some of the semi-empirical schemes. At the same time the method can lead to a more consistent and reliable characterization of properties of large systems than the semi-empirical schemes. Numerical examples are presented.
Saul Gass, a Tribute to Him and to His Leadership in Model Assessment and Validation

Saul Gass was one of the early pioneers of operations research. His common-sense approach to model assessment and validation has had an impact on the building and use of policy models for several decades. We discuss his pioneering work in this area.
IR material research at the Army Research Laboratory

Research on Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe or MCT) and group III-V based infrared materials is being conducted for the development of advanced, especially large area IR detector and focal plane arrays. The focus of this research has been on materials for Quantum Well Infrared Photo Detectors (QWIPs), Sb based type II superlattice detectors, Silicon based substrates for MCT detectors and MCT detectors with higher operating temperature. Recently research has been initiated in dilute Nitride materials. To improve the quantum efficiency, reproducibility and operating temperature of the QWIP detectors, a corrugated design has been implemented. For superlattice detectors, focal plane arrays for the MWIR spectral band have been successfully demonstrated and good image quality has been obtained. Current efforts are concentrated on achieving high quality materials and passivation techniques for the LWIR spectral band. A recently initiated effort on dilute Nitride materials holds the premise to obtain high quality direct bandgap detectors with III-V materials. For MCT detectors on Si based substrates MWIR detectors have been demonstrated with high quality, but for LWIR detector arrays of sufficient low defect densities have not been obtained on a consistent basis. Recent efforts showing promising results will be discussed.
New polymer syntheses part: 54 novel conducting polymers and copolymers based on 4‐Teriary butyl‐cyclohexanone moiety in the main chain

A new interesting class of conducting polymer and copolymers based on 4-teriary butyl-cyclohexanone in the main chain has been synthesized by solution polycodensation of terephthalaldehyde with 4-teriary butyl-cyclohexanone and/or cycloalkanone derivatives. The model compound I was synthesized from the 4-teriary butyl-cyclohexanone with benzaldehyde, and its structure was confirmed by elemental and spectral analyses. The resulting polymer and copolymers were characterized by elemental and spectral analyses including Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), beside solubility and viscometry measurements. The thermal properties of those polymer and copolymers were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements and correlated to their structural units. X-ray analysis showed that it has some degree of crystallinity in the region 2θ = 5–60°. The UV–visible spectra of some selected polymers were measured in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution and showed absorption bands in the range 253–398 nm, due to n–π* and π–π* transition. The morphological properties of selected examples were tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, the electrical conductivities and the doping with iodine were tested. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Subject Emphasis in Textbook Photographs and Journal Reports in Educational Psychology

This article describes the content of photographs in selected educational psychology textbooks, the grade levels of subjects reported in three recent volumes of the Journal of Educational Psychology, and the numbers of studies reported in the Educational Resources Information Center's (ERIC) system under elementary students and secondary students. The results suggest that there is an overemphasis on the elementary-level student and elementary-level classroom setting. Implications are related to student perceptions of the value of educational psychology in secondary settings.
A Justification for the Use of Data from Accelerated Leach Tests of Glass

A case is made for the use of short-term laboratory data in making predictions on the likelihood of significant colloid formation in supersaturated leachates of glass, under long-term repository conditions, using {open_quotes}accelerated tests{close_quotes} with a large ratio of the surface area of the glass to the leachate volume. In the repository conditions in which colloids can form, long-term leaching may be a kinetically-controlled process that involves the continuous formation of colloids. If this kinetic process dominates, it could lead to a significant increase in the predicted rates of radionuclide release. The question is whether or not colloids may form after prolonged times; the delayed formation would make it difficult to use short-term laboratory test results to represent (or predict) the long-term and cumulative effects of radionuclides. In this work, the pertinent long-term kinetic processes are identified in part. Classical nucleation theory for particle formation, as a potential condensation mechanism for colloid formation, is applied to explain pertinent experimental data on colloid formation. The classical theory, which is justified for this discussion, indicates that as supersaturation of a leachate is decreased, the nucleation rate decreases most significantly, while the incubation time increases at a small rate. As a result of thismore » decreased nucleation rate, the significance of colloids tends to vanish, and usefulness of data from {open_quotes}accelerated{close_quotes} laboratory tests may be applicable to long-term behavior.« less
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS OF SAND IN DEEP-MARINE ENVIRONMENTS: INSIGHTS BASED ON LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS—DISCUSSION

The experimental study by Breien et al. (2010) is important because it shows that massive sands can be deposited by laminar sediment flows. The massive sands in these experiments represent deposition from a “fluidized segment” of the flow. Breien et al. (2010, p. 977) consider fluidization as “…a mechanism where the mass moves like a fluid, and as the particles settle due to gravity, the pore fluid is displaced upwards, thus providing further grain support.” This fluidized-flow segment can also be termed a sandy debris flow if one defines debris flow as flow that is laminar. Illstad et al. (2004) do indeed refer to flows produced in similar experiments as debris flows. A problematic aspect of this study is comparison …
THE DYNAMICS OF ELLIPTICAL RINGS

We investigate the evolution of eccentric rings under the influence of (1) differential precession due to the planetary quadrupole moment; (2) self-gravity; (3) viscous forces due to interparticle collisions; and (4) eccentricity excitation by shepherd satellites. The principal conclusions are that: (a) Uniform precession can be enforced by self-gravity (Goldreich and Tremaine 1979b); the resulting configuration is both dynamically and secularly stable. (b) Due to viscous forces the line of apsides at the inner ring edge is not exactly aligned with the line of apsides at the outer edge; the apse shift may be detectable in the ɑ and β rings of Uranus. (c) The mean eccentricity is determined by a balance between viscous damping and excitation by shepherds. (d) We expect the dimensionless eccentricity gradient ɑΔe/Δɑ to be positive and of order unity in most eccentric rings, as observed.
Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: survivorship and outcomes.

Improvements in the treatment of childhood cancer have resulted in over 360,000 survivors of childhood cancer in the U.S.. There is now a heightened recognition of the need to reduce treatment-related sequelae and optimize the quality of life of children treated for cancer. Survivorship studies conducted in the cooperative group setting have provided us with important information on long-term intellectual function, organ toxicity, reproductive outcomes, second cancers, late mortality, and disparities in outcomes. Ongoing health education initiatives have helped standardize the follow-up care for childhood cancer survivors and facilitate the early transfer of health-related information to patients, families, and healthcare providers.
New Developments in the Field of Vitamin B12: Enzymatic Reactions Dependent upon Corrins and Coenzyme B12

Simple corrins such as vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 coenzyme catalyze a variety of unusual enzymatic reactions of which some are still without analogy in organic or organometallic chemistry. The mechanisms of these reactions are currently the subject of lively discussion. The present review focuses attention on new ideas about the mode of action of vitamin B12 coenzymes in enzymatic reactions.
The Polymerization of Water in Benzene and Toluene

A model is described for the polymerization of water in benzene and toluene as solvents, which treats the water molecule like an ordinary tetrafunctional monomer. As in the quasi-chemical model of regular solutions, the law of mass action is applied to contacts between water molecules (hydrogen bonds), while the solvent is treated as an inert continuum. The size distribution of water clusters becomes identified with the classical molecular size-distribution law for tetrafunctional polymerization derived by Flory. In accordance with an idea suggested by Stockmayer, the critical saturation point in these solution systems corresponds to the gel point in polyfunctional polymerization. The model is tested in three ways. First, specific volume measurements of water solutions in benzene and toluene are successfully fitted. The results show a marked expansion resulting from the addition of monomeric water to hydrocarbons (i. e. in extremely dilute solutions). As the water concentration is raised, the partial specific volume of the water falls owing to hydrogen bond formation. The amount of contraction at various concentrations agrees well with the law of mass action. The amount of contraction at the saturation point agrees well with prediction. This is based on the critical conversion ( = 33·3 %) of hydrogen bonds to be expected at the gel point and on the known specific volume of ice (corresponding formally to 100% conversion of hydrogen bonds). Secondly, the model receives some support from relative viscosity measurements, though these effects are rather near the limit of experimental detectability. It does appear that water clusters raise the viscosity more strongly than loose clusters occurring in other binary systems in the absence of hydrogen bonding. On the other hand, the viscosity increments are much smaller than expected for a truly covalent polymer. Thirdly, the heat of solution of water in benzene and toluene can be simply interpreted in terms of the heat of hydrogen-bond formation. The failure of previous workers to find any polymerization of water in benzene by cryoscopic and spectroscopic measurements is discussed. An instrument is described which measures simultaneously the density and viscosity of 3 ml. of a liquid. The range of densities for a given instrument is about 0·001, and differences in density can be rapidly measured to about 0·000002 g/ml. The viscosity is measured to about 0·25 %. The principle employed is that of the usual falling sphere viscometer, but use of two (Pyrex glass) spheres of slightly different density permits the density of the liquid to be calculated as well as the viscosity. The instrument is useful in polymer chemistry generally, e. g. for intrinsic viscosity measurements at extremely low rates of shear.
Auxiliary resistive components for millimeter to sub-mm astronomical observatories

The authors fabricate and test two types of auxiliary resistive components that are essential for the optimization of ACT's transition edge sensor bolometers. The authors found that implanted silicon absorbers are adequate for effectively coupling radiation to the bolometers. Furthermore, development of methodology for fabrication of shunt resistors that will allow for tight optimization of bolometer time constant and sensitivity.
Emerging Drugs for the Treatment of Symptoms Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Importance of the field: Autism spectrum disorders, or pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), are neurodevelopmental disorders defined by qualitative impairment in social interaction, impaired communication and stereotyped patterns of behavior. The most common forms of PDD are autistic disorder (autism), Asperger's disorder and PDD not otherwise specified. Recent surveillance studies reveal an increase in the prevalence of autism and related PDDs. The use of pharmacologic agents in the treatment of these disorders can reduce the impact of interfering symptoms, providing relief for affected individuals and their families.Areas covered in this review: This review examines results from neurobiologic research in an attempt to both elucidate the pathophysiology of autism and guide the development of pharmacologic agents for the treatment of associated symptoms. The safety and efficacy data of drugs currently in clinical use for the treatment of these symptoms, as well as pharmaceuticals currently under deve...
Asphalt Permeability Testing: Specimen Preparation and Testing Variability

Concern over asphalt mixtures allowing surface water to enter has led to an interest in developing a reliable permeability test. Several studies have been conducted on permeability testing, and ASTM is currently developing a falling-head test method to determine asphalt permeability. The Virginia Department of Transportation became interested in testing its pavements and using permeability as a design consideration. An ASTM task group investigated the effect of sawing specimens, a technique for separating the layers of asphalt. Sawing did not lead to reduced permeability when the sawing process was properly controlled. Since a falling-head test might be used in acceptance and design specifications, it was important to determine its associated variability. Permeability variability was computed from test data derived from field cores and specimens prepared in the laboratory. Repeat tests by different operators indicated differences that warrant additional investigation.
Cu−Dinitrosyl Species in Zeolites: A Density Functional Molecular Cluster Study

A small cluster model proposed earlier to examine bound Cu ions and their interaction with CO and NO in zeolites [Schneider, W. F.; Hass, K. C.; Ramprasad, R.; Adams, J. B. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 6032] is used to study Cu-bound dinitrosyl complexes. The possibility of a single-step, symmetric, concerted reaction occurring between the two nitrosyl ligands to form either a N−N bond or free N2 and O2 is addressed. Density functional theory is used to predict molecular and electronic structures and binding energies. N-down dinitrosyl binding to Cu0, Cu+, and Cu2+ can be represented as [Cu(I)−(NO)2-], [Cu(I)−(NO)2], and [Cu(I)−(NO)2+], respectively, with the dinitrosyl moiety closely resembling the free NO dimer, and having a long N−N bond (≈2.8 A). Dinitrosyl species bound to Cu through the O display two distinct binding modes, one resembling the N-down dinitrosyl binding, again with a long N−N bond (≈2.0 A), and the other similar to hyponitrite binding to a metal atom, displaying a short N−N bond (≈1.2 A)...
Molding single DNA molecules in metals and sample preparation for electronic sequencing

We demonstrate the molding of single DNA molecules in 8 nm thin platinum molds. The molded structures have an apparent depth of 1 nm under STM imaging, and closely follow the contours of the DNA molecules. We have confirmed the presence of the embedded molecules and have verified the ability of this technique to scale down to single molecules. Additionally, we have utilized this method to perform electron tunneling analysis on embedded DNA molecules.
Detection of Deliberate Denial in Child Abusers

This study examined the comparative validity of paper-and-pencil scales for faking-good only, faking-bad only, and both (so-called bipolar scales) in detecting denial among 125 suspected child abusers and spouses who were assessed in a real-life situation. Subjects who were known to be denying (according to a reliable external criterion) scored significantly higher on all three faking-good scales than those who did not deny their abusive behavior, but these subjects did not differ on their faking-bad scores. The discriminative ability of the bipolar scales fell in between. The results confirmed the utility of the three faking-good scales for detecting faking-good and also provided further support for the contention that faking-good and faking-bad are conceptually distinct.