cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outdoor‐based play and reconnection to nature: A neglected pathway to positive youth development

Throughout history, outdoor-based play and the connection to nature have been recognized as important contributors to a happy life and healthy development. At times, however, play and nature have been neglected and viewed as frivolous and wasteful. In the early twentieth century, the first play movement took place to get children out of the factories and back outdoors to play. Now, a century later, factors including twenty-four-hour media,stranger danger, and overscheduling of children's time have resulted in a level of play deprivation that is contributing to a host of social, emotional, and physical problems. This article draws on recent research that shows that as many as 40 percent of America's schools have eliminated or significantly reduced recess. Also, children and adolescents are spending an average of fifty-three hours each week in front of screen media, and only 31 percent of mothers report that their children play outside as frequently as they did as children. The deficits in outdoor-based play that arise from these lifestyles have resulted in significant increases in emotional and psychological disorders, decreased capacity to deal with stressors, and decreased physical fitness. This article describes specific organizations and programs that address the problem of play deprivation and reconnection to the outdoors.
Scanning slit aperture confocal microscopy for three‐dimensional imaging

A scanning confocal microscope using stationary slit apertures of variable width is described. Scanning is achieved by employing an oscillating mirror galvanometer capable of scanning images at 160 frames/s. The microscope depth-of-focus is characterized for several slit widths and shown to approach diffraction-limited performance as width decreases. Reduction of flare in images taken with narrow slit widths is demonstrated. In addition, the optical sectioning capability of the system is demonstrated using polymer casts of the vasculature of rat kidney.
A probabilistic matching algorithm for computer vision

A model-based vision system attempts to find correspondences between features of an object model and features detected in an image for purposes of recognition, localization, or inspection. In this paper we pose the relational matching problem as a special case of the pattern complex recognition problem and propose a probabilistic model to describe the images of an object. This Bayesian approach allows us to make explicit statements of how an image is formed from a model, and hence define a natural matching cost that can be used to guide a heuristic search in finding the best observation mapping. Furthermore, we show that even though the nature of the feature matching problem is exponential, the use of the proposed algorithm keeps the size of the problem under control, by efficiently reducing the search space.
FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF TAPERED RECTANGULAR PLATES BY DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE METHOD: A SEMI-ANALYTICAL APPROACH

Abstract The particular type of thin rectangular plate configurations considered in the present work are the ones having two opposite edges simply supported and are of varying thickness between the other two edges. The boundary conditions at these two edges may be quite general. The plates may isotropic or specially orthotropic. For the numerical solution to evaluate the free vibration characteristics of such plates, a semi-analytical approach is adopted. First, by using the trigonometric sine functions for the mode shape between the simply supported edges, the eigenvalue partial differential equation is reduced to an ordinary differential equation. The solution of the reduced equation is then carried out by the differential quadrature method. On the basis of comparison with the available results in the published literature, it is believed that this solution method is capable of yielding highly accurate results. Moreover, the very small computation times required for the evaluation of the vibration characteristics demonstrate the high computational efficiency of the method and point to its possible use in the real time analysis and design of vibrating plate systems.
2D Large-Eddy Simulation of Lock-Exchange Gravity Current Flows at High Grashof Numbers

Lock-exchange gravity current flows produced by the instantaneous release of a heavy fluid are investigated by means of high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) large-eddy simulation (LES) using a dynamic subgrid scale model for Grashof numbers (Gr) up to 1012 . The model is validated using 2D direct numerical simulation results for the classical lock-exchange gravity current flow in an infinite channel with no-slip walls. Then the model is applied to study lock-exchange flows for the case in which the heavier (lock) fluid is initially situated in between a vertical end wall and the lock barrier. Three cases with different aspect ratios of the initial lock fluid are considered for Grashof numbers of the order of 109 – 1010 . It is found that 2D LES is able to capture most of the physics observed in experiments including the evolution of the head, as well as the formation of coherent billow structures at the apex of the head due to growth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities. However, due to the fact tha...
Nanoparticle counting: towards accurate determination of the molar concentration

Innovations in nanotechnology have brought tremendous opportunities for the advancement of many research frontiers, ranging from electronics, photonics, energy, to medicine. To maximize the benefits of nano-scaled materials in different devices and systems, precise control of their concentration is a prerequisite. While concentrations of nanoparticles have been provided in other forms (e.g., mass), accurate determination of molar concentration, arguably the most useful one for chemical reactions and applications, has been a major challenge (especially for nanoparticles smaller than 30 nm). Towards this significant yet chronic problem, a variety of strategies are currently under development. Most of these strategies are applicable to a specialized group of nanoparticles due to their restrictions on the composition and size range of nanoparticles. As research and uses of nanomaterials are being explored in an unprecedented speed, it is necessary to develop universal strategies that are easy to use and are compatible with nanoparticles of different sizes, compositions, and shapes. This review outlines the theories and applications of current strategies to measure nanoparticle molar concentration, discusses the advantages and limitations of these methods, and provides insights into future directions.
Parameterize!: Notes on Mathematical Modeling for Sociology:

Radius is parameter to circles. Mathematical modeling contributes best to sociological theory through parameterizing. Parameters form a seam linking quantitative and qualitative panels of theory. A...
Similarity and attribution in concept combination: reply to Wisniewski

Wisniewski raises several important points in his comment on our study of the (non)role of similarity in concept combination. He notes that feature diagnosticity is an important factor in property attribution. He also points out that relational interpretations of combined concepts depend on thematic role plausibility, not constituent similarity. We agree with both of these points. Wisniewski further identifies a possible item artifact that might account for our results. However, reexamination of those items fails to support this hypothesis. Wisniewski also claims that an alignment process is necessary to specify how an attributed property should be instantiated in the combined concept. We argue instead that postcomprehension elaboration processes can account for specific property instantiations. Finally, we suggest that the perceived similarity between the constituents of a combined concept is an outcome of the comprehension process, not a prior condition for, or an integral part of, that process.
Emergency physician workload: a time study

Study hypothesis: Physician service time varies with patient service category, length of stay, and intensity of service. Design: Prospective time study of emergency physician services. Physicians recorded the beginning and ending times of each service episode offered to a patient (whether at the bed-side or occurring elsewhere in the department). Each episode was defined as an "interaction," with the total service time offered to a patient being the sum of all interactions for that patient. Length of stay was the time interval from when the patient registered in the emergency department to when the patient was released. Intensity of service was calculated as service time divided by length of stay. Setting: University-affiliated community teaching hospital. Type of participants: One thousand three hundred forty-seven ED patients were entered into the study for nonselected (514), walk-in (637), observation (52), laceration repair (102), or critical care (42) services. Six of 12 physicians in the group staffing the ED participated in the study. Patient data were entered onto study cards when the service was offered. Patients were entered into the study consecutively except when the physician became too busy to see one patient at a time and accurately enter time data; such interruptions occurred for 18% of the patients. Results: Physician service time for nonselected service patients (24.2 minutes per patient; 95% CI, 23.1–25.3) was consistent with ACEP's findings for nonselected services offered by emergency physicians (22 minutes per patient). Physician service time did not vary significantly from the standard for laceration repair patients (25.0 minutes per patient; 95% CI, 22.6–27.4) but did vary significantly from the standard for walk-in (9.8 minutes per patient; 95% CI, 9.3–10.3; P P P Conclusion: Case mix of patient services affects emergency physician workload and should be considered in planning departmental staffing needs.
Progress-report on the investigation of magnetic bays

Magnetic bays may be defined as disturbances of the Earth's magnetism lasting for from one to several hours, the appearances of which on the magnetic records resemble the geographical features after which they are named. Although they are intriguing phenomena, little attention has been given to their study. Many investigators have remarked upon them. As early as 1882 Balfour Stewart [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] suggested that they were due to electric currents flowing in the upper atmosphere without formulating any theory as to their cause. Birkeland [2] in his investigation of magnetic disturbances in polar regions discovered that the phenomena which he called “elementary polar storms” were accompanied by bays in lower latitudes. Steiner [3] made a study of bays recorded at Ogyalla and Lubiger [4] at Samoa, the former regarding bays as due to corpuscular streams entering the Earth's atmosphere in restricted regions and the latter as being miniature storms. E. Wiechert [5] recently undertook a fairly complete study of them along the lines suggested by the Birkeland-Steiner investigations but drew his data only from middle-latitude stations. The present paper is a report on a further investigation of these phenomena which will be continued as additional data become available.
Three-dimensional analytical solutions for coupled thermoelectroelastic response of multilayered cylindrical shells

Analytical three-dimensional solutions are presented for the coupled thermoelectroelastic response of multilayered hybrid composite cylindrical shells. The shells consist of a combination of fiber-reinforced cross-ply and thermoelectroelastic layers. Both the thermoelectroelastic static response and its sensitivity coefficients are evaluated. The sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the response to variations in the different mechanical, thermal, and piezoelectric material properties of the shells. A linear constitutive model is used, and the material properties are assumed to be independent of the temperature and the electric field. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the three transverse stress components ; the three displacement components; the transverse component of the electric displacement field ; the electric potential ; the transverse heat-flux component ; and the temperature change. Each of the fundamental unknowns is expressed in terms of a double Fourier series in the surface coordinates. A state-space approach is used to generate the static response and to evaluate the sensitivity coefficients. The response and sensitivity coefficients of the shell are obtained by using a modified Frobenius method and a sublayer method. Numerical results are presented showing the effects of variation in the geometric parameters of the shells on the different response quantities and their sensitivity coefficients.
Targeting the TCR: T-Cell Receptor and Peptide-Specific Tolerance–Based Strategies for Restoring Self-Tolerance in CNS Autoimmune Disease

A principal theme in autoimmunity is the breakdown of central tolerance resulting in the persistence and eventual activation of autoreactive T cells. Because CD4(+) T cells are key contributors to the underlying pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the onset and progression of most autoimmune diseases, they are a logical target for therapeutic interventions. One technique for restoring self-tolerance is to exploit the endogenous regulatory mechanisms that govern CD4(+) T-cell activation. In this review, we discuss promising techniques with the common goal of inducing antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance. Emphasis is given to the use of non-mitogenic anti-CD3 and peptide-specific tolerance strategies that specifically target the T-cell receptor (TCR) in the absence of costimulatory signals. These approaches produce a TCR signal of insufficient strength to cause CD4(+) T-cell activation and instead induce functional T-cell anergy or deletion while avoiding generalized long-term immunosuppression.
Heterozygosity predicts clutch and egg size but not plasticity in a house sparrow population with no evidence of inbreeding

We investigated the link between heterozygosity and the reaction norm attributes of reproductive performance in female house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We collected data on clutch size, egg size, hatching success and nestling survival in 2816 nesting attempts made by 791 marked individuals over a 16-year period. Pedigree analysis revealed no evidence of inbreeding. Neither parent–offspring regression nor an animal model revealed significant heritability in clutch or egg size. We selected 42 females that laid at least seven clutches at our study site and used a survey of 21 autosomal microsatellite loci to estimate heterozygosity for each female. We controlled for phenotypic plasticity and found that both clutch and egg size showed significant positive correlations with heterozygosity. We found no evidence that heterozygosity influenced the slope of individual reaction norms. Further analysis suggested that clutch size was affected by heterozygosity across the genome, but egg size had more complex relationships, with evidence favouring the influence of multiple loci. Given the apparent lack of inbreeding and large population size, our results suggest associative overdominance as the likely mechanism for the impact of heterozygosity, but also created a puzzle about the process producing associations between neutral markers and the genes affecting clutch size or egg size. One possible explanation is a long-term residual effect of the historical bottleneck that occurred when house sparrows were introduced into North America. The existence of heterozygosity-fitness correlations in a population with considerable phenotypic plasticity and little inbreeding implies that the effects of heterozygosity may be more significant than previously thought.
Betrayal in Mateships, Friendships, and Coalitions

Over evolutionary history, different benefits have been gained and lost from long-term mateships, friendships, and coalitions. Humans have evolved psychological mechanisms that are sensitive to cues to possible diversion of benefits to people outside the relationship. Mateships, friendships, and coalitions are predicted to share some of the same benefits but also to differ in some of the resources conferred. Accordingly, the psychological mechanisms sensitive to betrayal are predicted to operate in the same manner in those domains in which benefits are common across relationships and to operate differently in those domains in which benefits are unique to relationship type. Three interpersonal domains are investigated with regard to perceived betrayal: extra relationship intimate involvement, intrarelationship reciprocity, and relationship commitment. Eight hypotheses are tested across the three relationship domains via perceived betrayal judgments. Results support a model of betrayal entailing some degree...
Interplay of node connectivity and epidemic rates in the dynamics of epidemic networks

We present and analyze a discrete-time susceptible-infected epidemic network model which represents each host as a separate entity and allows heterogeneous hosts and contacts. We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for global stability of the disease-free equilibrium of the system (defined as epidemic controllability) which defines the epidemic reproduction number of the network. When this condition is not fulfilled, we show that the system has a unique, locally stable equilibrium. We further derive sufficient conditions for epidemic controllability in terms of the epidemic rates and the network topology.
From unipolar depression to bipolar illness: 29 who changed.

— We studied 29 patients who were admitted to a psychiatric hospital for depression, never had had a previous mania, and developed the mania in follow-up. When compared to patients who were stable unipolars, the potential bipolars had a history of more episodes prior to their onset of mania, more hospital admissions, more marked self-reproach and guilt; in follow-up, they had more hospitalizations.
Enhancing Gigabit throughput wireless communication performance using spatial-diversity approach with slot-loop mm-wave antenna arrays

With the arrival of high quality multimedia services such as uncompressed 1080i high definition video and the dramatic increase in demand for high-speed wireless data transfer, there are extensive interests to implement world wide license exempt spectral band at 60GHz to deliver multi-gigabit throughput for short range communication such as WPAN and potential WLAN applications [1–4]. Due to high path losses at 60GHz comparing to 2–5GHz range, beam steering phased array antenna can be implemented to provide adaptive spatial coverage and high directional gain, which also improves receiver signal to noise ratio (SNR) and reduces transmitter output power level to save system power consumption. In this paper, a slot loop mm-wave antenna array is designed with 16 antenna elements. Rectangular array architecture 2×8 is chosen to balance between interference mitigation and sensitivity to device movement [5, 6]. Various antenna array radiation patterns are studied to improve mm-wave network performance.
The Argonne Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) Booster

The former Cornell 2.2-GeV electron synchrotron operating at 30 Hz will be used as a rapid-cycling booster for injecting protons at 200 MeV into the ZGS to increase the space charge limited intensity of the ZGS. Negative hydrogen ions of 50 MeV will be injected into the booster with the electrons stripped at injection for acceleration of protons. The reasons for using this type of injection along with the history and status of the program are discussed.
A Conceptual Model of the Sense of Presence in Virtual Environments

This paper proposes a model of interaction in virtual environments which we term the immersion, presence, performance (IPP) model. This model is based on previous models of immersion and presence proposed by Barfield and colleagues and Slater and colleagues. The IPP model describes the authors' current conceptualization of the effects of display technology, task demands, and attentional resource allocation on immersion, presence, and performance in virtual environments. The IPP model may be useful for developing a theoretical framework for research on presence and for interpreting the results of empirical studies on the sense of presence in virtual environments. The model may also be of interest to designers of virtual environments.
Reduction of coherent crosstalk in WDM add/drop multiplexing nodes by bit pattern misalignment

Coherent crosstalk in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) add/drop multiplexers and switches places severe limitations on the acceptable crosstalk suppression level. We propose and analyze a method of reducing the effects of coherent crosstalk in add-drop multiplexers by purposely introducing fiber delays on the order of bit times between different crosstalk paths. These delays decorrelate the bit pattern of the main signal with the interfering signals and place some of the crosstalk power in the "0" bits of the main signal instead of the "1" bits. For a 16-channel WDM system, this method reduces the device requirement for crosstalk suppression by /spl sim/10 dB for return-to-zero and /spl sim/5 dB for nonreturn-to-zero transmission.
New crosslinkers for electrospun chitosan fibre mats. I. Chemical analysis

Chitosan (CS), the deacetylated form of chitin, the second most abundant, natural polysaccharide, is attractive for applications in the biomedical field because of its biocompatibility and resorption rates, which are higher than chitin. Crosslinking improves chemical and mechanical stability of CS. Here, we report the successful utilization of a new set of crosslinkers for electrospun CS. Genipin, hexamethylene-1,6-diaminocarboxysulphonate (HDACS) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) have not been previously explored for crosslinking of electrospun CS. In this first part of a two-part publication, we report the morphology, determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and chemical interactions, determined by Fourier transform infrared microscopy, respectively. FESEM revealed that CS could successfully be electrospun from trifluoroacetic acid with genipin, HDACS and ECH added to the solution. Diameters were 267 ± 199 nm, 644 ± 359 nm and 896 ± 435 nm for CS–genipin, CS–HDACS and CS–ECH, respectively. Short- (15 min) and long-term (72 h) dissolution tests (T600) were performed in acidic, neutral and basic pHs (3, 7 and 12). Post-spinning activation by heat and base to enhance crosslinking of CS–HDACS and CS–ECH decreased the fibre diameters and improved the stability. In the second part of this publication, we report the mechanical properties of the fibres.
Using artificial neural networks and feature saliency to identify iris measurements that contain the most discriminatory information for iris segmentation

One of the basic challenges to robust iris recognition is iris segmentation. To represent the iris, some researchers fit circles, ellipses or active contours to the boundary pixels of the segmented iris. In order to get an accurate fit, the iris boundary must first be accurately identified. Some segmentation methods operate on a pre-processed gray-scaled image, while others use a thresholded binary edge image. The Hough transform is a popular method used to search for circular or elliptical patterns within the image. Many irises are slightly elliptical, and suffer from eyelid/eyelash occlusion, specular reflections and often the pupil and iris centers are not co-located. Each of these issues can cause a segmentation error. This research uses of a feature saliency algorithm to identify which measurements, used in common iris segmentation methods, jointly contain the most discriminatory information for identify the iris boundary. Once this feature set is identified, an artificial neural network is used to near-optimally combine the segmentation measurements to better localize and identify boundary pixels of the iris. In this approach, no assumption of circularity is assumed when identifying the iris boundary. 322 measurements were tested and eight were found to contain discriminatory information that can assist in identifying the iris boundary. For occluded images, the iris masks created by the neural network were consistently more accurate than the truth mask created using the circular iris boundary assumption.
Rapid and repeated bolus drug delivery enabled by high efficiency electrochemical bellows actuators

For the first time, rapid and repeatable delivery of precise drug boluses (up to 40 15-second boluses of 19.12 ± 0.73 µL cocaine within 50 minutes) is achieved with a high efficiency MEMS electrolysis actuator. Gas bubble recombination parameters and drug viscosity were investigated. Nafion®-coated electrodes provided superior pumping performance (linearity and repeatability) compared to uncoated electrodes.
A DSML for Coordinating User-Centric Communication Services

Rapid advances in electronic communication devices and technologies have resulted in a shift in the way communication applications are being developed. The emerging development strategies provide end-users with a greater ability to manipulate the underlying communication technologies by providing the appropriate level of abstraction, referred to as user-centric communication. In communication-intensive domains such as telemedicine and disaster management, the user-centric communication strategies still lack the ability to coordinate the various communication services in collaborative processes. In this paper, we present a domain-specific modeling language (DSML), Workflow Communication Modeling Language (WF-CML), that supports the rapid realization of collaborative user-centric communication applications. WF-CML is an extension of CML with communication specific abstractions of workflow concepts. To realize WF-CML models, the dynamic synthesis process in the Communication Virtual Machine (CVM) prototype was extended to coordinate the negotiation and media transfer processes based on events generated during the collaboration. We also present a comparative study to show the advantage of using WF-CML over a general-purpose workflow language and execution environment.
Predicting Binding Regions within Disordered Proteins

Disordered regions are sequences within proteins that fail to fold into a fixed tertiary structure and have been shown to be involved in a variety of biological functions. We recently applied neural network predictors of disorder developed from X-ray data to several protein sequences characterized as disordered by NMR (Garner, Cannon, Romero, Obradovic and Dunker, Genome Informatics, 9:201-213, 1998). A few predictions on the NMR-characterized disordered regions were noted to contain false negative indications of order that correlated with regions of function. These and additional examples are examined in more detail here. Overall, 8 of 9 functional segments in 5 disordered proteins were identified or partially identified by this approach. The functions of these regions appear to involve binding to DNA, RNA, and proteins. These regions are known to undergo disorder-to-order transitions upon binding. This apparent ability of the predictors to identify functional regions in disordered proteins could be due to the existence of different flavors, or sub-classes of disorder, originating from the sequence of the disordered regions and perhaps owing to local inclinations toward order. These different flavors may be a characteristic that could be used to identify binding regions within proteins that are difficult to characterize structurally.
An asymptotic closed-form representation for the substrate-superstrate Green's function (microstrip antennas)

In order to overcome the limitations of previous methods (the spectral- and spatial-domain methods) for analyzing problems connected with the grounded double-layer (substrate-superstrate) configuration, the authors propose the use of an asymptotic closed-form representation of the spatial Green's function. This approach makes the mutual coupling computation extremely efficient and can be used even for relatively small lateral distances between source and observation points (usually down to a few tenths of the free-space wavelength). Numerical results are presented. >
Effects of Perilymphatically Perfused Gentamicin on Microphonic Potential, Lipid Labeling and Morphology of Cochlear Tissues

The perilymphatic space of the guinea pig was perfused in situ with artificial perilymph containing [32P] orthophosphate and 3H-glycerol while cochlear microphonic potentials (CM) were monitored. The perfusion of 10 mM gentamicin suppressed CM by 62% within 30 min. 32P-incorporation into phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate in the organ of Corti was decreased but distribution of 3H-glycerol in neutral lipids and phospholipids was not affected by gentamicin. The morphological evaluation included all structures lining the scala media, the spiral ligament, the basal membrane and the vestibular organs. Hair cells sometimes contained small intracellular 'precipitation' lines but, in general, ultrastructure of all tissues was essentially normal and no overt histopathological changes were evident. The observed biochemical changes should, therefore, represent early and primary actions of the drug. This confirms the hypothesis that an interaction with the acidic phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, is an important step in the ototoxic mechanism of amino-glycoside antibiotics.
Arterial shear stress downregulates thrombin receptor expression and attenuates thrombin-induced response in endothelial cells

Due to the important role of thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor-1: PAR-1), in inflammatory and thrombotic processes, the authors investigated effect of shear stress on PAR-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). HUVECs and HMECs were exposed to different shear stresses in a parallel plate flow system. Northern blot analysis showed that high shear stress (25 dyn/cm/sup 2/) downregulated PAR-1 mRNA in both HUVECs and HMECs (2- and 3-fold decrease compared to static controls). Moderate shear (15 dyn/cm/sup 2/) also reduced PAR-1 mRNA in HMECs, but not in HUVECs whereas low shear (5 dyn/cm/sup 2/) did not affect PAR-1 mRNA in either HUVECs or HMECs. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis indicated that high shear stress decreased surface PAR-1 expression by 45% in HUVECs and by 60% in HMECs compared to that of static controls. Furthermore, exposure to high shear stress caused significant decreases of endothelin-1 production from HUVECs and HMECs and nitric oxide release from HUVECs in response to thrombin. These findings indicate that shear stress not only downregulates PAR-1 expression in HUVECs and HMECs but also attenuates endothelial cell functional responses to thrombin.
At-Risk Preschoolers' Emerging Control over Literacy: Issues of Observation, Evaluation, and Instruction.

I suggest guidelines for observing young children's developing control over their thinking and text‐making knowledge as they compose (i.e., dictate) a text for other children to read. Strategically controlling one's thinking processes in order to accomplish a task is called metacognition (Flavell, 1978). It is an important knowledge significantly related to proficient reading and writing among older students. I present evidence of distinct, observable differences between at‐risk and not‐at‐risk preschoolers’ knowledge of what a literary piece should be like and how to monitor the product to make sure it meets the needs of an audience. These differences are also related to the children's emergent reading level. Guidelines for observing such differences are presented, implications for the classroom are discussed, and cautions relative to both observations and instructional interventions are suggested.
Inferences about the Causes of Positive and Negative Emotions

Three experiments examined inferences about the presence of additional causes (multiple causality) when the emotions evoked by an event were either positive or negative. There were also variations in the intensity of the emotional experience, the magnitude of the eliciting event, the direction of the emotion (toward the se4f or another), and the person experiencing the event (self vs. other). It was found that when an event was major, positive emotions were more likely than negative emotions to generate inferences of additional situational and mood contributions (multiple causality). Conversely, dispositions were more likely to be inferred as an additional cause of negative than positive emotions. Further intense emotional reactions and reactions to minor events produced perceptions of more contributing causes than mild emotional expressions and emotional reactions to major events. Distinctions between positive and negative emotions are discussed, and the implications of the data for interpersonal relatio...
The grasshopper (Orthoptera: Romaleidae: Acrididae) fauna of Black Belt Prairie remnants in Alabama and Mississippi

Abstract Extensive areas of prairie were once found in the southeastern United States; however, in the last 200 y much of this habitat type has been destroyed. The largest of these prairie regions, the Black Belt Prairie, extended through portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Because the grasshopper fauna of these endangered grasslands has not been well documented, a survey of grasshoppers was initiated, and collections made at 23 Black Belt Prairie remnants in Alabama and Mississippi over a seven-year period. A total of 33 grasshopper species, and the Melanoplus femurrubrum x propinquus intermediate, from two families and six subfamilies were found from the 23 sites. Several notable species, including one with a disjunct or discontinuous distribution, Pseudopomala brachyptera, were collected. An annotated list is provided.
Development of Recombinant Baculoviruses for Insect Control

In this review, we provide an overview of the current status of recombinant baculoviruses, describe the development of genetically engineered baculoviruses for use as rapid-action biological insecticides, and provide more detailed information on one particular set of recombinant viruses. The advantages and disadvantages of recombinant baculovirus insecticides, and the importance of risk-assessment studies of these genetically modified organisms, are reviewed. Finally the importance of sensible regulatory strategies to the success and future prospects of this technology is discussed.
Access, Fairness, and Transaction Costs: Nikophon's Law on Silver Coinage (Athens: 375/4 BC)

Several distinctive, and initially puzzling features of Nikophon's law on silver coinage (Rhodes/Osborne 25) become clear in light of the Athenian state's attempt to drive down transaction costs in order to maintain Athenian public revenues and private profits in the post-imperial era. I suggest that the law was explicitly intended to even the playing field of trade by ensuring non-citizens access to an impartial system of coin verification (the dokimastai), and to dispute resolution mechanisms (the People's courts). Nikophon's law is a relatively early example of the Athenian state's concern for adjusting established institutions with an eye toward lowering the transaction costs associated with trading in the Athenian market through reducing information and legal asymmetries. A similar concern recurs in the mid-fourth century "maritime cases" (dikai emporikai) and in Xenophon's mid-century text, the Poroi. Adapted from Ober, Democracy and Knowlege, chapter 6.
Semi-analytical modelling of load distribution of side-fit involute splines

In this paper, a semi-analytical load distribution model for side-fit involute splines has been proposed. This model allows analysis of splines under combined loading conditions, while also accounting for effects of design variations and manufacturing errors. A multi-step discretization solution scheme is devised to reduce computational effort thus qualifying the semi-analytical model as a design tool. Numerical results for an example spline under various loading conditions including (i) pure torsion, (ii) combined torsion and radial loads, and (iii) combined torsion, radial loads and tilting moments, are presented and compared to those predicted by a deformable-body model for verification of the results.
Converting heterogeneous statistical tables on the web to searchable databases

Much of the world's quantitative data reside in scattered web tables. For a meaningful role in Big Data analytics, the facts reported in these tables must be brought into a uniform framework. Based on a formalization of header-indexed tables, we proffer an algorithmic solution to end-to-end table processing for a large class of human-readable tables. The proposed algorithms transform header-indexed tables to a category table format that maps easily to a variety of industry-standard data stores for query processing. The algorithms segment table regions based on the unique indexing of the data region by header paths, classify table cells, and factor header category structures of two-dimensional as well as the less common multidimensional tables. Experimental evaluations substantiate the algorithmic approach to processing heterogeneous tables. As demonstrable results, the algorithms generate queryable relational database tables and semantic-web triple stores. Application of our algorithms to 400 web tables randomly selected from diverse sources shows that the algorithmic solution automates end-to-end table processing.
Majority Carrier Type Control of Cobalt Iron Sulfide (CoxFe1–xS2) Pyrite Nanocrystals

We report the colloidal synthesis, characterization, and electronic property control of compositionally varied CoxFe1–xS2 cubic pyrite nanocrystals (NCs) and thin films formed from solution. Using drop-cast NC thin films, we demonstrate the relationship between the material composition and the majority carrier type of the nanocrystalline thin films. Measurements of the majority carrier type as a function of NC composition indicate that CoxFe1–xS2 NC thin films change from p-type to n-type between x = 0.16 and x = 0.21. Additional characterization to confirm the crystallinity, composition, size, and shape was performed using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The observed n-type behavior which accompanies the substitution of Co for Fe in these cubic pyrite nanostructures agrees with previous reports of n-type behavior occurring at even very low concentration Co doping of iron pyrite. The ability to prepare n- or p-type pyrit...
The politics of language planning in education in Nigeria

(1990). The politics of language planning in education in Nigeria. WORD: Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 337-367.
Rapid Diagnostic Method of Stator Ground Fault Caused by a Faulty Terminal Capacitor

It is difficult to diagnose the stator ground fault caused by a faulty terminal capacitor with the help of detecting insulation resistance.The corresponding mechanism is analyzed first based on the equivalent circuit of stator ground fault.Three-phase reference composed of stator voltages is adopted to make a comparative analysis on the phase characteristics of zero sequence voltage,which can be used to discriminate the stator ground fault caused by a faulty terminal capacitor or grounding transient resistance.And a practical method is proposed based on the foregoing characteristics.In this approach,the position of zero sequence voltage in the three-phase reference can be judged by voltage waveforms from the wave-recording device.Furthermore,the winding capacitance to ground and grounding resistance of the neutral point should be utilized to realize rapid diagnosis.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified through a relevant fault example.
Naphthalenesulphonamides block neutrophil superoxide production by intact cells and in a cell-free system: is myosin light chain kinase responsible for these effects?

Selective antagonists of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) [e.g. ML-7; 1-(5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulphonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride] were found to inhibit superoxide (O2-) release from stimulated neutrophils. The concentrations of ML-7 that were inhibitory were substantially lower than those reported for a selective antagonist of protein kinase C [i.e. H-7; 1-(5-isoquinolinesulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride]. ML-7 also reduced the phosphorylation of the 47 kDa subunit of the NADPH-oxidase system (p47-phox) and blocked translocation of this protein to the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction in stimulated cells. Interestingly, ML-7 also inhibited O2- production in a cell-free system derived from neutrophils at concentrations similar to those that were effective in vivo. This cell-free system does not require ATP and is insensitive to all other inhibitors of protein kinases tested, including some highly effective against MLCK (i.e. staurosporine). Thus, the data suggest that ML-7 does not block O2- release by inhibiting a protein kinase but instead may interact directly with a subunit of the oxidase. The binding site for ML-7 may provide a valuable target for inhibiting the inflammatory properties of phagocytic leucocytes by naphthalenesulphonamides designed to lack activity against protein kinases.
Sensitivity to the Ferguson Effect: The role of managerial organizational justice

Abstract Purpose We argue that the police have been adversely impacted by Ferguson-related negative publicity in ways beyond the supposed increase in crime (e.g., reduced motivation and increased perception of danger). Further, we suggest that organizational justice is a key factor that influences officers' sensitivity to such Ferguson Effects. Methods We used a sample of 510 sheriff's deputies surveyed 6 months after the incident in Ferguson. We explored whether organizational justice is associated with deputies' sensitivity to several manifestations of the Ferguson Effect using OLS and ordered logistic regression models. Results The results demonstrated that deputies who believed their supervisors were more organizationally fair were less likely to feel unmotivated, perceive more danger, believe their colleagues have been negatively impacted, or feel that US citizens and local residents have become more cynical toward the police in the post-Ferguson era. Conclusions Police supervisors who use organizational justice as a guiding managerial philosophy are more likely to shield their officers from the negative work-related outcomes that can follow recent Ferguson-type publicity. Supervisors should be fair, objective, honest, and respectful when dealing with their subordinates in order to communicate that the agency has their back even when it may appear the community does not.
Preliminary Studies to Compare Sensitivity of Tissue Polypeptide Antigen (TPA) with Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) as Universal Tumor Markers

Since the identification of TPA as a tumor associated antigen by Bertil and Viveka Bjorklund, (Bjorklund, et al , 1957), it has been widely used in Europe as a tumor marker, singularly or in association with other markers (Birkmayer, 1983). The advantage of using TPA as a tumor marker is its distinct proteinaceous structure. The antiserum produced by TPA subunit B, a protein without measurable prosthetic groups (Luning, et al , 1980), may constitute a uniform reagent for the studies by different laboratories to obtain comparable results. TPA can be classified as a universal tumor associated marker (Klavins, 1982). It is associated with malignant neoplasms derived from all three germinal layers. Furthermore, TPA has no species specificity and is produced by proliferating cells (Bjorklund, et al , 1976). The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of TPA with that of a well known oncofetal marker, CEA, concommitantly in different malignant neoplasms. CEA has been used as a tumor marker, not only for colon or gastrointestinal tumors, but also for other different malignant neoplasms (Klavins, 1983).
Thomas Harris, Gent., as Related by his Second Sonne

This paper offers interpretations developed from several years of excavation at the site of Curles Plantation, located on the James River just east of Richmond, Virginia. The “Findings” are presented in a fictionalized form. Life on the frontier of the 17th-century Virginia Colony is depicted through the device of a 1678 petition from William Harris to the governor. Embedded within the petition is a narrative of the life of Harris’s father. In this way a single document is made to cover a variety of subjects about life in this area from the founding of the colony through the aftermath of Bacon’s rebellion of 1676. Following the story is a short essay describing the sources of both information and inspiration used to construct the interpretations.
Platelet Sequestered Proteins Mediate Pre-Metastatic Communication Between Tumors and Bone

Abstract Tumors can be considered parasites that exploit the host's resources in order to promote their own growth. Tumors secrete growth factors and cytokines (tumor secretome) which recruit platelets, blood vessels, and bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) to promote angiogenesis and tumor progression. We have recently demonstrated that distant tumor growth can stimulate bone formation and BMDC mobilization prior to metastasis. However, the mechanism of communication between the primary tumor and the bone microenvironment remains unknown. Signals from the tumor to the bone microenvironment are likely transmitted through the circulation; nevertheless, these signals need to be protected from degradation or utilization prior to reaching their target. We hypothesized that platelets could function as regulated storage compartments for the tumor secretome. Using a murine platelet depletion model during tumor growth, we assessed the role of platelets in BMDC homing and bone remodeling. We demonstrate that platelet depletion prevents BMDC mobilization and recruitment into tumors. Further, platelet depletion inhibited tumor-induced bone formation. To determine which tumor-derived proteins in platelets were responsible for changes in BMDC mobilization and bone remodeling, we analyzed the tumor secretome components and found that 77% of proteins are enriched within platelets over plasma, and that these proteins regulate BMDC mobilization and bone remodeling. In addition, we discovered that tumor-derived proteins, specifically transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and matrix metalloproteinases, sequestered within platelets could stimulate osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro. We also found that thrombospondin (TSP)-1 levels are increased in the platelets of tumor-bearing mice. Finally, we assessed the role of the TSP-1/TGF-β1 signaling axis in tumor-induced bone formation and BMDC mobilization. Tumors in TSP-1 null mice were larger, however tumor-induced bone remodeling decreased. Interestingly, in tumor-bearing mice, high levels of TGF-β1 were being retained in the platelets due to a lack of TSP-1 to activate and release TGF-β1. To examine the role of platelet TGF-β1 in the process of tumor-induced bone remodeling, tumors were implanted in platelet-specific TGF-β1 conditional knockout mice and the changes in tumor size and the bone microenvironment were assessed. In summary, our data show that platelet sequestration and secretion of tumor-derived proteins represent a cellular mechanism mediating communication between the bone microenvironment and the primary tumor. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.