cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis.

1.52; 95% CI: 1.22–1.90), metabolic (OR 1.54; 95% CI: 1.23–1.93), and inflammatory (OR1.53; 95% CI: 1.21–1.92) factors, daily caloric intake and smoking (OR 1.48; 95% CI: 1.16–1.88), and socioeconomic markers (OR 1.47; 95% CI: 1.17–1.85). Among individuals with treated diabetes, median depression scores were higher in those with microalbuminuria compared with those without microalbuminuria (median 7; interquartile range: 3–13 versus median 6; interquartile range: 2–11; p .046). Depression scores were not associated with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance among individuals without diabetes. Conclusions: In MESA, depression was significantly associated with treated diabetes. Further studies are needed to determine the temporality of this association. Key words: diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, depression, epidemiology, insulin resistance. BMI body mass index; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale; CI confidence interval; CRP C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IFG impaired fasting glucose; IL-6 interleukin-6; MESA Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; OR odds ratio.
Politics and porcine representation: Multitudinous swine in the British eighteenth century

(1999). Politics and porcine representation: Multitudinous swine in the British eighteenth century. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 303-326.
Estimating the Effect of Hierarchies on Information Use

Theory suggests that greater hierarchical distance between a subordinate and his boss makes it more di-cult to share abstract and subjective information in decision making. A novel data set put together from credit dossiers of large corporate loan applicants enables us to observe the information collected by loan o-cers and also how it is used by the ultimate loan approving o-cer. We flnd that greater hierarchical / geographical distance between the information collecting agent and the loan approving o-cer leads to less reliance on subjective information and more on objective information. By exploiting non-linearities in the \assignment rules" that determine an applicant's hierarchical distance, and using information collecting agent flxed efiects, we show that our result cannot be driven by endogenous assignment of applicants. We also flnd that higher frequency of interactions between the information collecting agent and loan approving o-cer, both over time and through geographical proximity, helps mitigate the efiects of hierarchical distance on information use. Our results show that hierarchical distance in∞uences information use, and highlights the importance of \human touch" in communication.
Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method

Beobachtung, und insbesondere teilnehmende Beobachtung, kommt in vielen Disziplinen zum Einsatz, um Daten uber Personen, Prozesse oder Kulturen im Rahmen qualitativer Forschungsprojekte zu erheben. In diesem Beitrag werden unterschiedliche Definitionen teilnehmender Beobachtung zusammengestellt und deren Geschichte und Ziele sowie die Rolle des Beobachters, d.h. das Wann, Was, und Wie von Beobachtung, skizziert. Anschliesend folgen Anmerkungen zum Umgang mit und Schreiben von Feldnotizen, um dann einige Ubungen fur die Lehre von Beobachtungstechniken vorzustellen. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0502430
Hydroxyl Radicals and DNA Double-Strand Breaks in X-Irradiated Escherichia coli

We have used glycerol to study the relationship between hydroxyl radicals, one of the primary radiolytic products, and the production of DNA double-strand breaks in selected E. coli strains. Our results suggest that when bacteria are irradiated at doses up to about 120 Gray, hydroxyl radicals produce DNA lesions, but not double-strand breaks.
Self-assembled nanoarchitectures of polar nanobelts/nanowires

This article reviews the most recent progress in the synthesis of polar-surface dominated semiconducting and piezoelectric ZnO nanostructures: including nanosprings, nanohelices, nanorings, nanobows and nanodisks. These structures were formed by self-assembly of polar nanobelts/nanowires as driven by minimizing electrostatic energy owing to spontaneous polarization. The nanostructures could have novel applications in optoelectronics, sensors, transducers and resonators.
Paraiyar Drummers of Sri Lanka: consensus and constraint in an untouchable caste

While a number of writers have argued that untouchable castes in South Asia are alienated from, and exploited by, the larger high-caste society and culture of which they are the lowest part, Moffatt has recently argued that untouchables in Tamilnadu, south India, nevertheless share a deep “cultural consensus” with the higher castes concerning the basic values and assumptions of the caste system. Using contrasting data on untouchable Tamil Paraiyar Drummers in two locations in eastern Sri Lanka, this paper supports the consensus theory but also points to major constraints imposed on low-caste culture and social organization by prevailing political, economic, and demographic conditions. [Tamil untouchable castes, Sri Lanka, cultural consensus theory, purity versus kingly honor, matrilineal kinship, Hinduism]
Involvement of the checkpoint protein Mec1p in silencing of gene expression at telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Yeast strains with a mutation in the MEC1 gene are deficient in the cellular checkpoint response to DNA-damaging agents and have short telomeres (K. B. Ritchie, J. C. Mallory, and T. D. Petes, Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:6065–6075, 1999; T. A. Weinert, G. L. Kiser, and L. H. Hartwell, Genes Dev. 8:652–665, 1994). In wild-type yeast cells, genes inserted near the telomeres are transcriptionally silenced (D. E. Gottschling, O. M. Aparichio, B. L. Billington, and V. A. Zakian, Cell 63:751–762, 1990). We show that mec1 strains have reduced ability to silence gene expression near the telomere. This deficiency was alleviated by the sml1 mutation. Overexpression of Mec1p also resulted in a silencing defect, although this overexpression did not affect the checkpoint function of Mec1p. Telomeric silencing was not affected by mutations in several other genes in the Mec1p checkpoint pathway (null mutations in RAD9 and CHK1 or in several hypomorphic rad53 alleles) but was reduced by a null mutation of DUN1. In addition, the loss of telomeric silencing in mec1 strains was not a consequence of the slightly shortened telomeres observed in these strains.
THE EXPERIENCE AND ACCEPTABILITY OF DRUG TESTING: POLL TRENDS

With a growing interest in using drug testing as part of standard survey procedures for drug use prevalence estimation, we undertook an examination of national surveys of attitudes towards and experience with employment-related drug testing. After identifying 102 questions from 20 different surveys administered from the mid 1980s to the late 1990s, we found a trend suggesting that the population has become increasingly favorable toward drug testing. Although drug-testing policies are highly prevalent, personal experience with drug testing is not normative. Personal experience also varies with race, gender, age, and occupational group. Implications for epidemiological research incorporating testing are addressed.
Utility of the cardiac component of FAST in blunt trauma

Abstract Background Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) is widely used and endorsed by guidelines, but little evidence exists regarding the utility of the cardiac portion in blunt trauma. The traditional FAST includes the routine performance of cardiac sonography, regardless of risk for hemopericardium. Study Objectives Our goal was to estimate the prevalence of hemopericardium due to blunt trauma and determine the sensitivity of certain variables for the presence of blunt hemopericardium. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of two institutional databases at a large urban Level I trauma center to determine the prevalence of blunt hemopericardium and cardiac rupture and incidental or insignificant effusions. We evaluated the sensitivity of major mechanism of injury, hypotension, and emergent intubation for blunt hemopericardium and cardiac rupture. Results Eighteen patients had hemopericardium and cardiac rupture (14 and 4, respectively) out of 29,236 blunt trauma patients in the Trauma Registry over an 8.5-year period. The prevalence was 0.06% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04–0.09%). The prevalence of incidental or insignificant effusions was 0.13% (95% CI 0.09–0.18%). One case of blunt hemopericardium was identified in the emergency ultrasound database out of 777 cardiac ultrasounds over a 3-year period. No patient with blunt hemopericardium or cardiac rupture presented without a major mechanism of injury, hypotension, or emergent intubation. Conclusion Blunt hemopericardium is rare. High-acuity variables may help guide the selective use of echocardiography in blunt trauma.
Static non‐linear three‐dimensional analysis of a riser bundle by a substructuring and incremental finite element algorithm

SUMMARY The problem of static, non-linear, large three-dimensional deformation of riser bundles used in offshore oil and gas production is studied within the limits of small strain theory. The mathematical model consists of the models of component-risers and connectors which hold risers together. Each riser is modelled as a thin walled, slender, extensible or inextensible tubular beam-column. It is subject to non-linear three-dimensional deformation dependent hydrodynamic loads, torsion and distributed moments, varying axial tension, and internal and external fluid forces. The problem is solved numerically by developing an algorithm which features substructuring, condensation and non-linear incremental finite elements. Substructuring is used to decompose the riser bundle problem into those of individual component-risers and equilibria of connectors. Condensation is used along with the connector equilibrium equations to produce connector forces and moments. Strong non-linearities present in the model are handled by an incremental finite element approach. Accuracy of the computer code is verified by solving simple three-dimensional cases. Two three-dimensional applications are solved for a bundle with seven component-risers and up to a total of 1267 degrees of freedom. Finally, a comparison is made with numerical results of a two-dimensional analysis code. The influence of problem size on total CPU time is discussed.
BRCA2 Is Required for Ionizing Radiation-induced Assembly of Rad51 Complex in Vivo

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for the majority of familial breast cancers. Cells with mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation (IR) and exhibit defective DNA repair. Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been reported to bind Rad51, a protein essential for homologous recombination and the recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. In normal cells, a redistribution of Rad51 protein, manifested as formation of Rad51 nuclear foci, is seen upon IR treatment. Here we demonstrate that IR-induced Rad51 foci formation is aberrant in BRCA2- but not BRCA1-deficient tumor cells. In Capan-1 cells, which do not express functional BRCA2, there was little Rad51 foci formation in response to a wide range of radiation dosages. Moreover, forced expression of a fusion protein containing green fluorescent protein and the first Rad51-binding BRC repeat of BRCA2 in cells with wild-type BRCA2 rendered them hypersensitive to IR and cisplatin and compromised IR-induced Rad51 foci formation. In HCC1937 cells, which harbor mutation of BRCA1, IR-induced Rad51 foci were readily detected. This study suggests a requirement of BRCA2 protein for the IR-induced assembly of Rad51 complex in vivo.
New Sodium Borate Glasses

The glass-forming regions for the sodium borate system were determined using a roller-quencher. The new regions are R=0 to 0.8 and R=1.2 to 4.9for samples prepared from sodium carbonate (where R=mol% Na2O/mol% B2O3). Above R=2.0 retention of‘C02 occurs. Quantitative measures of CO2 retention as a function of R are reported. The results using sodium carbonate extend by a considerable amount the limits reported by Imaoka and are comparable to the recent data of Ota and Soga.
Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Deficiency Reduces Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Objective— To investigate the effect of protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 deficiency on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury–induced infarct size, inflammation, heart remodeling, and cardiac function. Methods and Results— PAR-2 signaling enhances inflammation in different diseases. The effect of PAR-2 deficiency in cardiac I/R injury is unknown. PAR-2 −/− mice and wild-type littermates were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and up to 4 weeks of reperfusion. Infarct size, oxidative/nitrative stress, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and inflammatory gene expression were assessed 2 hours after reperfusion. Changes in heart size and function were measured by echocardiography up to 4 weeks after reperfusion. Infarct size was significantly reduced in hearts of PAR-2 −/− mice compared with wild-type littermates. In addition, oxidative/nitrative stress, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, and expression of proinflammatory genes were significantly attenuated in injured hearts of PAR-2 −/− mice. Finally, PAR-2 −/− mice were protected from postinfarction remodeling and showed less impairment in heart function compared with wild-type littermates up to 4 weeks after I/R injury. Conclusion— PAR-2 deficiency reduces myocardial infarction and heart remodeling after I/R injury.
Distributed Maintenance of Cache Freshness in Opportunistic Mobile Networks

Opportunistic mobile networks consist of personal mobile devices which are intermittently connected with each other. Data access can be provided to these devices via cooperative caching without support from the cellular network infrastructure, but only limited research has been done on maintaining the freshness of cached data which may be refreshed periodically and is subject to expiration. In this paper, we propose a scheme to efficiently maintain cache freshness. Our basic idea is to let each caching node be only responsible for refreshing a specific set of caching nodes, so as to maintain cache freshness in a distributed and hierarchical manner. Probabilistic replication methods are also proposed to analytically ensure that the freshness requirements of cached data are satisfied. Extensive trace driven simulations show that our scheme significantly improves cache freshness, and hence ensures the validity of data access provided to mobile users.
Stress and Anxiety in the Disabled Patient

This article focuses on patients' feelings of anxiety and fear and the relationship of these feelings to stress. A model is described that identifies four steps in the perception of environmental stress and the emotional responses to it. A second model describes the stages of responses to stress. Both models are applied to the patient experience, and suggestions are offered for basic facilitative physical therapist behaviors. A strong request is made for physical therapists to observe the affective behavior of patients, perceive it in the context of stress, and respond effectively.
Music Therapy in a Therapeutic Nursery

This article explores the use of music therapy with a preschool population of special-needs children. Professional considerations such asthe determination of differential diagnosis in early childhood are examined. Winnieott’s theory of the transitional object is discussed as a model for the role of music therapy with this population. Nearly a century since the writings of Freud and the first psycho­ analytic explorers, we find that research and services for the preschool child are still pioneering ventures. While the significance of these early years of human development has been made apparent, programming for the needs of young children is just beginning to take its first steps. In light of this issue, this paper will addressthe role of music therapy in the thera­ peutic nursery. All children exhibit scattered profiles of development; that is, strengths in particular areas and weaknessesin others. This holds significantly true for the young child with special needs. Consequently, diagnoses are diffi­ cult to determine, and often seempremature in the wake of changethrough maturation. The children in a therapeuticnursery range from 21/2 to 5years of age and have conditions categorized as severe psycho-motor retarda­ tion, mild cerebral palsy, neurological impairment, speechand language delays, emotional disturbance, and autism. In most cases,there are dual or mixed diagnoses. Determining a differential diagnosis at the preschool level is further made difficult since the “preschool” ageencompassesa period of years that are usually vastly different from one another, and which propel the child into ever new adaptive styles of functioning. We can readily observe in the normal child of four a whole range of functioning not available to the same child at three years of age. Clinical work with young children with special needsaffords the opportunity to observethesechangesin growth in a mag­ nified field. That is, infant behaviors (such as biting, mouthing, swiping objects, separation fear, or lack of awareness of body boundaries) are apparent in the special needs toddler or preschooler. However, appro­ priate intervention coupled with the maturation still occurring in the child
Gold laser versus curettage adenoidectomy: incidence of complications and otorrhea after concurrent pressure-equalization tube placement.

Objectives: To measure the incidence of postoperative complications and otorrhea in patients undergoing Gold laser or curettage adenoidectomy with pressure-equalization (PE) tube placement.
Topography and Nanomechanics of Live Neuronal Growth Cones Analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy

Neuronal growth cones are motile structures located at the end of axons that translate extracellular guidance information into directional movements. Despite the important role of growth cones in neuronal development and regeneration, relatively little is known about the topography and mechanical properties of distinct subcellular growth cone regions under live conditions. In this study, we used the AFM to study the P domain, T zone, and C domain of live Aplysia growth cones. The average height of these regions was calculated from contact mode AFM images to be 183 ± 33, 690 ± 274, and 1322 ± 164 nm, respectively. These findings are consistent with data derived from dynamic mode images of live and contact mode images of fixed growth cones. Nano-indentation measurements indicate that the elastic moduli of the C domain and T zone ruffling region ranged between 3–7 and 7–23 kPa, respectively. The range of the measured elastic modulus of the P domain was 10–40 kPa. High resolution images of the P domain suggest its relatively high elastic modulus results from a dense meshwork of actin filaments in lamellipodia and from actin bundles in the filopodia. The increased mechanical stiffness of the P and T domains is likely important to support and transduce tension that develops during growth cone steering.
ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF ABDOMINAL PIGMENTATION IN DROSOPHILA FALLENI: A PLEIOTROPIC LINK TO NEMATODE PARASITISM

Drosophila falleni belongs to the quinaria species group, whose species vary considerably in patterns of wing and abdominal pigmentation. Drosophila falleni itself exhibits substantial variation among wild flies in abdominal spotting patterns. A selection experiment revealed that natural populations of D. falleni harbor high levels of genetic variation for spot number; in 10 generations of selection modal spot number within populations declined from 18 (the modal number in wild-caught females) to as low as zero. Rearing flies at different temperatures shows that some of the variation among wild flies is likely to reflect variation in the environmental conditions under which they developed. Fitness assays did not reveal any cost of reduced spot number with respect to development time, adult survival, or female fecundity. However, spotless flies were almost twice as susceptible to infection by the nematode parasite Howardula aoronymphium. Thus, selection exerted by nematode parasites may influence pigmentation patterns and other, genetically correlated traits in natural populations D. falleni.
IDENTIFICATION OF ARSENIC SURFACE SPECIES ON THE Si (100) SURFACE.

The molecular character of arsenic adsorbed on the Si (100) surface has been investigated using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). A variety of arsenic surface species were deposited on the silicon surface by employing different evaporation sources, including metallic arsenic, arsine gas, and chips of GaAs crystals. We present coverage dependent spectra showing the desorption of As4 tetramers at 350°C and As2 dimers at 900°C. The loosely bound arsenic is adsorbed from the solid evaporation sources only and resides on the surface as tetramers. The tightly bound arsenic does not form multiple layers and the high desorption temperatures suggests the adsorbed arsenic exists as monomers.
Invited) Parastic Elements in Gate Stacks and Contacts of Planar and Fin Transistors

Reduction of dimensions or scaling has reduced cost and enhanced performance of integrated circuits. These reduced dimensions have increased the importance of parasitic elements associated with the gate structure and contact structure to rf circuit design and more recently to microprocessors, standard products, and application specific integrated circuits. The net lists and compact models must account for the physical structure to enable scalability, must be efficient to enable circuit design and must be verifiable through hardware measurement. The hardware measurements can serve as a diagnostic tool for enhancing process technology of planar and FINFET field effect transistors.
HaloTag technology: a versatile platform for biomedical applications

Exploration of protein function and interaction is critical for discovering links among genomics, proteomics, and disease state; yet, the immense complexity of proteomics found in biological systems currently limits our investigational capacity. Although affinity and autofluorescent tags are widely employed for protein analysis, these methods have been met with limited success because they lack specificity and require multiple fusion tags and genetic constructs. As an alternative approach, the innovative HaloTag protein fusion platform allows protein function and interaction to be comprehensively analyzed using a single genetic construct with multiple capabilities. This is accomplished using a simplified process, in which a variable HaloTag ligand binds rapidly to the HaloTag protein (usually linked to the protein of interest) with high affinity and specificity. In this review, we examine all current applications of the HaloTag technology platform for biomedical applications, such as the study of protein isolation and purification, protein function, protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, biological assays, in vitro cellular imaging, and in vivo molecular imaging. In addition, novel uses of the HaloTag platform are briefly discussed along with potential future applications.
Radiation and Diffraction Velocity Potentials for Multi-hulled Vessels in 2-D

The blended approach has the potential to provide the engineering solutions for design optimization keeping in view the current demand of the extensive computer resources for fully nonlinear computations. This study investigates two-dimensional boundary value problem for multi-bodies radiation and diffraction velocity of multi-hulled vessels using blended method. In blended scheme, fully nonlinear Euler equations of motion are solved with nonlinear hydrodynamic forces acting on multi-hulled vessels. Lid is employed over the body segment to suppress the eigenvalue mode, thus eliminating singularities in source strength being used on multi-hull bodies presenting geometrical discontinuities. Comparison between the blended technique and its validation against analytical calculations and experimental work are presented and found in good agreement. It is concluded that blended technique is an efficient and accurate alternate method to provide time simulations of ship motion and other essential parameters for design optimization.
Evidence-based medicine: asking the answerable question (question templates as tools).

1. Gary M. Onady, MD, PhD* 2. Marc A. Raslich, MD* 1. *Medicine-Pediatrics Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH We introduce the evidence-based medicine (EBM) approach by distilling the process of asking an answerable question to a few easy steps. (1) A promise made in our introduction to this series involved reviewing techniques whereby literature searches can be conducted more efficiently through the use of convenient tools. (2) Asking answerable clinical questions is the first of five steps in the EBM process that will deliver on this promise. The wisdom recently discovered in a Chinese fortune cookie presents an essential and relevant truth: “It is harder to ask the right questions than to find answers for the wrong questions.” [Chinese Fortune Cookie (The Orient Express, Dayton, OH, 2002)]. Why is an EBM approach to formalizing a clinical question necessary? Asking questions helps to identify and satisfy our own learning needs, aids in communicating with our colleagues, and allows us to teach others by modeling sound EBM techniques. Improvement is needed in this particular skill. In a study examining “curbside consultations,” clinical questions were more likely to be answered directly and less likely to require a formal consultation when the question defined clearly both a proposed intervention and a relevant outcome. (3) However, only about 40% of questions asked of consultants contained these two components. In addition, a well-developed question can be used as a tool that enables the physician to focus a search by using terms embedded within the question. A search stemming from a poorly formulated question often is not clear in its objectives, leads to pursuit of irrelevant ideas, reveals vague conclusions, and is likely to be too expansive in its results to be useful clinically. (4) The EBM toolbox (Figure) illustrates the tools available for crafting the answerable question. The concept of using background or foreground questions as tools to launch a relevant literature …
Lasers in dermatology

A laser is a device that produces a parallel bundle of photons of equal wavelength that are temporally and spacially in phase. The laser light can be focused to produce high energy in very small spots. The pulsed dye laser, the argon laser and the carbon dioxide laser are commonly used in dermatology. The pulsed dye laser and the argon laser are especially effective for cutaneous vascular lesions such as port-wine hemangiomas. It is important for the physician to be knowledgeable about laser-tissue interaction and laser safety to avoid laser accidents.
The Therapy of Anaphylactic Shock

Anaphylaxis is an acute, often life-threatening systemic reaction to mediators released by basophils and mast cells. Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and other mediators are responsible for complex and varied reactions in man. Serious cardiovascular or pulmonary involvement can lead to death within minutes. Therapy depends on prompt recognition of the disease and rapid administration of epinephrine. Even in ideal clinical settings, response to therapy may be slow and a long resuscitation necessary. Antihistamines, glucocorticoids, intravascular volume expansion, sympathomimetics, bronchodilators, and controlled ventilation all may be necessary. Taking careful allergy histories; using enteral routes for drug administration when possible; observing patients, who have received injections for at least 20 minutes; and rapidly treating patients with epinephrine are the main means of reducing the incidence and mortality of this disease.
Early high-dose therapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: Outcome study using the National Cancer Data Base.

8560 Background: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a poor outcome. The role of high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem-cell transplantat...
LOSS OF ASCORBIC ACID FROM GRAPEFRUIT JUICE WHEN CULTURED WITH ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS1

Ascorbic acid was added to single-strength grapefruit juice that was then inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus. Up to approximately 9.8 mg ascorbic acid/ml juice failed to inhibit either growth or aflatoxin synthesis by the mold. Loss of ascorbic acid during 18 days at 28 C was greater from inoculated than from uninoculated grapefruit juice that initially contained about 20 times the normal amount of the vitamin.
The Black Church: A Tree with Many Branches

“The Black Church” is a popular phrase, often uttered with little consideration of the historical dissonances that make up Black Christianity. Despite the ways Black Christianity has shared in the common aim of dignity, humanity, and freedom asserted throughout the broader history of Black religion, there has never been one monolithic Black Church. However, when viewed as a “tree with many branches,” to borrow Christopher Small’s terminology for describing the tradition of Black music making, the Black Church represents a tradition with multiple performance practices and politics that have changed throughout history. Today, many young Black activists have turned to the Black church for political support only to find most clergy unwilling to make the kind of bold gestures of resistance seen in the Civil Rights era of the 1960s. Also, younger Black activists have found the current church particularly hostile toward queer identities. The church they face, however, is not the sum total of the Black Church as a tradition. This essay is a mediation in and meditation on the Black Church’s interaction with contemporary Black activism and the tradition of Black working-class church activism as a “usable past,” a spiritual resource for the current crossroads in Black citizenship. I speak of Black working-class churches as a descriptive frame rather than in the exclusively demographic sense. Black working-class communities brought Black labor activism into churches, but further investigation is needed to adequately describe the membership of congregations discussed here. As an alternative to traditional Black Church historiography, viewing some of the connections among class, culture, and queerness can reveal how Black spirituality thrives beyond the view of the church from the top down, but it also demonstrates how and why this version of the Black church had to be sacrificed in the onslaught of neoliberalism.
The Effects of Proenvironmental Demarketing on Consumer Attitudes and Actual Consumption

Leveraging Bagozzi’s (1992) appraisal framework, this research contributes to our understanding of the effects of demarketing. In particular, it examines the impact of a proenvironmental demarketing effort which calls attention to potential electricity saving ideas, on perceptions, and consumption. A pair of cross-validated studies indicates that proenvironmental demarketing may enhance consumers’ perceptions of the firm and subsequently affect consumption behavior. Specifically, study one suggests that proenvironmental demarketing leads to enhanced perception of an organization’s trustworthiness, market orientation, and environmental-sensitivity, while study two indicates that proenvironmental demarketing may lead to a reduction in electricity consumption.
Legg-Calve-Perthes

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is an avascular event that causes collapse of the proximal femoral epiphysis. This condition occurs in children between the ages of four and twelve. Children often present with a limp that is painful with activity. The child will have decreased internal rotation and abduction. Radiographically this can be followed and usually progresses through four stages. Young patients and those with minimal collapse can be treated nonoperatively, while those older patients with moderate to severe collapse often need osteotomies of the proximal femur, acetabulum, or both.
Generation of Bulk HTS with Doped Tungstates

Doped tungstates exhibit superconductivity as indicated to occur mainly at the surface of the WO3 grains present. To generate bulk 3D superconducting material of doped tungstates, it is proposed to employ the recently discovered UV-generated synthesis of complex oxides from mixed simple oxides by illuminating the mixture with ultraviolet light at modest temperatures, as found in Shengelaya’s group in Tbilisi, and to generate a percolating 3D network of 2D superconducting sheets using the smallest basis oxides as the starting material. The latter procedure was demonstrated recently to be very effective in a collaboration with the present author (Daraselia et al., J. Appl. Phys. 121, 145104, 2017). If this proposition is successful, it would establish the doped tungstates as a second group of HTS besides the copper oxides that could be chosen for certain applications.
Sleep Facilitates Generalisation of Accent Adaptation to a New Talker.

ABSTRACTLexically-guided phonetic retuning helps listeners adapt to the phonetic “fingerprint” of a talker. Previous findings show that listeners can generalise from one accented talker to another accented talker, but only for phonetically similar talkers. We tested whether sleep-mediated consolidation promotes generalisation across accented talkers who are not phonetically similar. Native-English participants were trained on a Mandarin-accented talker and tested on this talker and an untrained Mandarin talker. Experiment 1 showed adaptation for the trained talker and a weak transfer to the untrained talker. In Experiment 2, participants were trained and tested either in the morning (Same-Day group) or evening (Overnight group), and again after twelve hours. Both groups retained talker-specific learning over the 12-hour delay. Importantly, the Overnight group showed improvements for the untrained talker, whereas the Same-Day group’s performance on the untrained talker deteriorated. We suggest that sleep f...
Corporate real estate, stock market valuation and the reputational effects of eco-certification

AbstractImproving the energy efficiency of retail stores has become an important strategy for retailers. However, why do some retailers obtain Energy Star certification for their stores while others do not? We argue that retailers pursue this certification to capture reputational benefits of the Energy Star label when their stock market valuation is low. Using longitudinal data for US retailers (grocery and department stores) over the period of 2002 to 2014, we find that stock market valuation measured by Tobin’s Q explains (1) the likelihood of a retailer obtaining Energy Star certification and (2) the share of Energy Star-certified stores in a retailer’s portfolio. Operating expenses on the other hand do not appear to drive the decision to obtain Energy Star certification. Our results also suggest that the motivations of retailers to obtain LEED and Energy Star certification differ.
Lymphatic Vessels Balance Viral Dissemination and Immune Activation following Cutaneous Viral Infection

Lymphatic vessels lie at the interface between peripheral sites of pathogen entry, adaptive immunity, and the systemic host. Though the paradigm is that their open structure allows for passive flow of infectious particles from peripheral tissues to lymphoid organs, virus applied to skin by scarification does not spread to draining lymph nodes. Using cutaneous infection by scarification, we analyzed the effect of viral infection on lymphatic transport and evaluated its role at the host-pathogen interface. We found that, in the absence of lymphatic vessels, canonical lymph-node-dependent immune induction was impaired, resulting in exacerbated pathology and compensatory, systemic priming. Furthermore, lymphatic vessels decouple fluid and cellular transport in an interferon-dependent manner, leading to viral sequestration while maintaining dendritic cell transport for immune induction. In conclusion, we found that lymphatic vessels balance immune activation and viral dissemination and act as an "innate-like" component of tissue host viral defense.
The Blood-Retinal Barrier

The subject of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is important in understanding the pathology of various retinal diseases as well as in their treatment. There is a voluminous literature on the BRB and its derangement. The retina is transparent so that the light travels unhindered to the photoreceptors. Therefore, for proper visual function of the retina, as well as for physiological integrity of the retinal vessels and retinal homeostasis, the presence of an efficient BRB is essential. To do that, the BRB regulates movement of fluids and molecules between the blood and the retina. Also for drug delivery to the retina, the presence of a BRB becomes an important consideration [1].
The curious case of vacuolar ATPase: regulation of signaling pathways

The Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is a proton pump responsible for controlling the intracellular and extracellular pH of cells. The structure of V-ATPase has been highly conserved among all eukaryotic cells and is involved in diverse functions across species. V-ATPase is best known for its acidification of endosomes and lysosomes and is also important for luminal acidification of specialized cells. Several reports have suggested the involvement of V-ATPase in maintaining an alkaline intracellular and acidic extracellular pH thereby aiding in proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells respectively. Increased expression of V-ATPase and relocation to the plasma membrane aids in cancer modulates key tumorigenic cell processes like autophagy, Warburg effect, immunomoduation, drug resistance and most importantly cancer cell signaling. In this review, we discuss the direct role of V-ATPase in acidification and indirect regulation of signaling pathways, particularly Notch Signaling.
Frequency modulation improves sensitivity to interaural timing differences at high frequencies in the presence of noise

Sensitivity to interaural timing differences (ITDs) at high frequencies has largely been attributed to slow amplitude modulations (AM) in the envelope. However, in noisy situations, high-frequency signal envelopes can easily be corrupted making AM less useful for sound localization. Previous work has shown that frequency modulation (FM) introduced into a high frequency pure tone can also yield sensitivity to ITDs. This suggests that FM may be an additional cue used by the auditory system to resolve high-frequency ITDs, which may be useful in noisy situations. This experiment tests the hypothesis that in-phase AM and FM are complementary cues that improve ITD sensitivity at high frequencies in the presence of noise. A 4-kHz tone stimulus with a fixed ITD of 500 μs was used, and had either 200 Hz AM, FM or in-phase AM + FM imposed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) needed to achieve 70.7% correct in a left-right discrimination task was measured. Results showed that the SNR needed for FM was typically lower than AM, and AM + FM was significantly lower than either AM or FM alone. The results suggest that in-phase AM and FM may provide complementary cues that aid in discriminating ITDs at high frequencies in the presence of noise.
Inline SEM imaging of buried defects using novel electron detection system: DI: Defect inspection and reduction

As the semiconductor industry moves to sub 1× nm nodes, with complex 3D structures, high aspect ratio (HAR) features and multiple patterning steps, the ability to detect and characterize defects is becoming increasingly difficult. Defects, located at the bottom of HAR structures or buried in the previous layers, are making the devices vulnerable to failure. It is critical to characterize these defects to understand the failure mechanism, to qualify a new process and for accurate yield prediction. For failure analysis, the defect locations on the wafer are marked and sent for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging, leading to high cycle times, with limitation on number of locations on the wafer. In this paper, we present results from novel backscattered electron (BSE) detection, where inline Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images can provide vital information regarding the failure mechanism in much shorter cycle times, with no limitations on number of locations.
Blood Loss Trends and Financial Implications in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE The primary goal was to evaluate risk factors related to increased blood loss in adolescent idiopathic surgery (AIS) surgery with the secondary goal being to evaluate the financial implications around the use of intraoperative cell salvage (ICS) and the routine preallocation of autogenous blood products. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Deformity correction for AIS is a complex procedure and can be associated with significant blood loss. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted on consecutive patients between the ages of 10 and 18 years who underwent posterior spinal fusion of 7-12 levels over a 3-year period between January 2013 and December 2015. Demographic information and surgical characteristics were recorded. All patients had a preoperative type and cross of 2 units and ICS was used in all cases. Charges for preoperative type and cross and ICS were also measured. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify pertinent variables affecting blood loss. RESULTS In total, 134 patients met inclusion criteria. ICS was used in all cases. In total, 51 patients were transfused cell saver blood intraoperatively/postoperatively at the discretion of the surgeon. On average 133 mL were returned to the patient. No complications related to ICS were observed. Multivariable analysis identified male sex, lower body mass index and higher surgical time to be associated with increased blood loss (P<0.05). All 134 patients had a preoperative type and cross, with an average charge to patient of $311. Patients were charged $1037 for intraoperative use of ICS and $242 for centrifugation. Patients who had allogeneic transfusion were charged $1047. CONCLUSIONS Several blood conservation strategies, including use of ICS, exist to minimize the consequences of blood loss. Routine use of preoperative type and cross may be avoided except in cases where significant blood loss is anticipated-that is adolescent male individuals, those with a lower body mass index and in whom a longer surgical time is anticipated.
Ubiquitination of the p53 Tumor Suppressor

p53 was described in 1979 as a protein that coimmunoprecipitated with simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (Lane and Crawford, 1979; Linzer and Levine, 1979). Nearly 10 years later it was discovered that p53 is a tumor suppressor and that mutations in the p53 gene are very frequently associated with many types of human cancers (Levine et al., 1991; Vogelstein and Kinzler, 1992). As our understanding of the biochemical functions and regulation of this protein continues to unfold, the activity most clearly related to its function as a tumor suppressor is its ability to bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner and activate transcription (Funk et al., 1992; Kern et al., 1992; Pietenpol et al., 1994). This activity increases in response to UV and gamma irradiation, related at least in part to an elevation in p53 protein levels (Maltzman and Czyzyk, 1984; Kastan et al., 1991). The effect of increasing p53 activity is to stop cell proliferation, either by pausing the cell cycle or by inducing apoptotic cell death (Lane, 1992). Some of the genes affected by p53 at the transcriptional level have been identified, including p21, mdm-2, and bax (El-Deiry et al., 1993; Juven et al., 1993; Han et al., 1996). A current model is that p53 functions in a pathway that monitors the “status” of the genome, preventing the accumulation of somatic mutations either by signaling a cell cycle arrest, allowing the cell time to repair the damage, or by eliminating the damaged cell by inducing apoptosis. Many excellent reviews have covered recent advances in the p53 field in detail (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 1992; Friend, 1994; Ko and Prives, 1996).
Relationships Between Elementary Teachers’ Conceptions of Scientific Modeling and the Nature of Science

This research explored a program designed to serve K-6 teachers in sustained professional development to improve their understandings of nature of science (NOS) and scientific modeling. Data sources included pre- and post-views of nature of science version-B (VNOS-B) surveys and interviews (Lederman, Abd-El-Khalick, Bell, & Schwartz, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 39(6):497–521, 2002) and scientific modeling surveys (Van Driel & Verloop, International Journal of Science Education 21(11):1141–1153, 1999) and field notes of professional development sessions. The professional development institute included explicit reflective instruction on NOS (Lederman, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29:331–359, 1992), scientific modeling (Van Driel & Verloop, International Journal of Science Education 24:1255–1272, 2002), and authentic inquiry practices (Hitt & Townsend, Science Teacher, 29–31, 2004). The results indicated an improvement in elementary teachers’ understandings of NOS and scientific modeling and highlighted several connections they made to their NOS conceptions and understandings of scientific modeling. We found that the teachers began to make explicit connections between NOS aspects and different types of scientific models and the purposes they serve.
The Innate Sense of Bacteriophages

Perturbation of the gut microbiota is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and even cancer. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Gogokhia et al. 2019 sought to kill cancer-causing bacteria with bacteriophages. However, the bacteriophages themselves directly stimulated an immune response, which worsened inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis.
Concordance Among Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Measures of Percent Body Fat in Athletic Young Adults.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the agreement among three bioelectrical impedance analysis devices (BIA) in athletic young adults. Fifty-one participants (26 men and 25 women) were assessed for percent body fat (PBF) using an arm-to-arm bipolar single-frequency device (ABIA), a leg-to-leg single-frequency device (LBIA), and an octopolar multi-frequency BIA device (MFBIA). PBF was measured with the three devices in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant (p < 0.001) differences in PBF estimates among all devices (ABIA = 19.1 ± 7.2%, LBIA = 21.6 ±7.5%, and MFBIA = 22.9 ± 8.8%). Pearson's Correlations revealed a strong relationship between ABIA and MFBIA in both men (r = 0.948) and women (r = 0.947) and a moderately-strong relationship between LBIA and MFBIA (r = 0.870 and 0.679, respectively). Lin's concordance coefficient revealed moderately-strong concordance between ABIA and MFBIA in men (ρ c = 0.800) and women (ρ c = 0.681) and between LBIA and MFBIA (ρ c = 0.846 and ρ c = 0.651, respectively). These data indicate a strong agreement among all three devices, suggesting that any of them could be used to track changes in PBF over time. However, the significant differences in PBF values among devices imply that best practice for monitoring body composition should be to use one device consistently over time for a reliable assessment.