cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gendering the Marriage Penalty

In 1969 Congress amended the Internal Revenue Code to create a marriage penalty. The penalty was not felt by all married couples: Only those couples in which spouses earned roughly equal amounts and who filed joint tax returns paid a penalty. Thus, the 1969 change in law had a gendered effect of discouraging some wives from earning income, but the alternative was not without its own gendered results. If gender marks the impact of the 1969 legislation, was gender what motived the change in law? It would be easy to assume that at the end of the 1960s, a socially conservative legislature reacted to a developing women’s movement. From the legislative debates, sexism certainly pervaded congressional discussion of women’s role in the family and the economy. However, this only tells part of the story and does so by focusing on the result that remains of interest today. Economic forces were a larger part of the story. The context of the 1969 revision shows it as part of an economic movement evolving since the end of World War II as policymakers adopted tax legislation in an attempt to improve the economy and fight the Cold War. Not only policymakers in Washington but also many women’s groups shared this focus on national economics. The focus on economic issues resulted in a lack of analysis of how this change in tax policy would affect various groups of women. The development of the marriage penalty highlights the need to consider the consequences of legislation prior to its enactment. In this case, particular concerns (largely economic) drove legislation that imposed most of its cost on a segment of society that was not focused on this issue.
Vampires Suck: Parallel Narratives in the Marginalization of the Other

This article uses content and discourse analysis to identify parallel narratives in the HBO series True Blood and American society, then applies Young's politics of difference to identify counterna...
Otolaryngologic (Head and Neck) Problems in the Elderly

This article is designed to give the reader an appreciation of some of the more common or important facets of the management of head and neck disorders in the elderly patient. Readers are referred to the references for more detailed descriptions of the topics.
Bile Duct Injuries and the Law

Bile duct injury is a complication feared by all surgeons who perform cholecystectomy. When a surgeon’s patient sustains such an injury, there are a number of legal issues to consider. The possibility of bile duct injury should be a part of the informed consent process; necessary but not sufficient to defend against negligence. Bile duct damage sustained during surgery is an injury with potential lifelong consequences to the patient and often leads to a complaint of malpractice. The operating surgeon may be obligated to disclose the facts of such injuries. If negligence is proved, the surgeon may be legally liable to the patient and family for both monetary and non-monetary damages caused by the bile duct injury.
Further observations on the effect of benzene on a strain of myeloid chloroleukemia in mice and on changes produced in the leukemic cells by the chemical.

Oral administration of 5 mg. of benzene six times weekly to 46 mice that had been injected 24 hours before with the cells of the myeloid chloroleukemia 1394, considerably prolonged the survival of the animals, and in 16 of these mice it seemed to prevent the development of the disease. The spleens of the animals so treated increased in size at a much slower rate than those of the untreated animals, and the leukemic infiltration of the organs was delayed. Five mg. of benzene given in a similar manner to mice with advanced chloroleukemia likewise prolonged the survival time of the mice and also slowed the rate of increase of the size of the spleens; 25 mg. given five times in a 6 day period to mice with this leukemia brought about a marked reduction in the size of the spleens. Further treatments slowed the rate of enlargement of the spleens and survival was prolonged. In 8 mice bearing subcutaneous tumors composed of the cells of the chloroleukemia the oral administration of 25 mg. of benzene five times in a 6 day period followed by 5 mg. given six times weekly brought about the disappearance of the local tumors as determined by palpation, but in 6 mice the tumors recurred and killed the animals. Microscopic examination of tumors of mice treated with benzene showed advanced degenerative changes in leukemic cells. The authors with to thank Miss Pauline Pope, Miss Mary Boon, and Miss Lucille Wolf for their technical assistance.
Operative Strategy Can Reduce the Incidence of Major Bile Duct Injury in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Major bile duct injury (BDI) rates remain in the range of 0.3 to 0.5 per cent for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The dominant surgical technique worldwide continues to be the "infundibular" technique of dissection that was popularized in the early 1990s. Proponents of the "critical view of safety" (CV) technique have suggested that most of these injuries are avoidable. The objective of our study was to determine whether routine use of the CV technique reduced the observed/expected single-institution rate of major BDI over a 5-year period in a teaching hospital. All patients (n = 3042) who underwent LC for any indication at one institution over a 60-month period were identified by database search. Major BDI was identified by Common Procedural Terminology codes indicating operative repair and confirmed by review of medical records. One patient sustained a transection-excision of the common duct requiring hepaticoduodenostomy. Based on published data, the observed BDI rate was one in nine to one in 15 of the expected rate. This represents an order-of-magnitude improvement in the safety of LC at a single institution where the majority of cases were performed by residents. We suggest that the "critical view" technique should be widely adopted.
Bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia: Recent advances and comparison with alternative therapies

Bone marrow transplantation is an effective therapy in patients with acute leukemia. High-dose chemotherapy with or without total body irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is a more effective antileukemic treatment than chemotherapy. This approach is limited, however, by a relatively high risk of transplant-related complications, particularly graft rejection, GVHD, and interstitial pneumonitis. Autologous bone marrow transplantation avoids the problems of graft rejection and GVHD. It does, however, introduce a risk of reinfusing residual leukemia cells with the autologous bone marrow and absence of a possible graft-versus-leukemia effect associated with allogeneic transplants. Bone marrow transplantation is useful in AML. Syngeneic or allogeneic HLA-identical bone marrow transplantation is the preferred treatment for patients under age 45 to 50 who fail chemotherapy. Transplantation is also likely to be superior or comparable to chemotherapy for patients less than 20 to 30 years of age in first remission. Transplantation in older individuals in first remission is controversial; results are comparable to those achieved with postremission chemotherapy. Transplants from donors other than HLA-identical siblings must be considered investigational but may be a reasonable alternative in young individuals in first relapse or second remission. Autotransplants are difficult to evaluate critically but may be considered as investigational therapy for individuals in second or later remission for whom a suitable allogeneic donor is unavailable. Autotransplants in first remission should be restricted to controlled clinical trials because it is otherwise impossible to determine their efficacy. It is uncertain whether ex vivo treatment of the bone marrow to remove leukemia cells is necessary in the context of autotransplantation; again, controlled trials are required. Bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling is effective in individuals with ALL who relapse despite chemotherapy. Patients undergoing transplantation while in second or later remission or in relapse have a survival rate superior to those treated with chemotherapy. One important and unresolved issue is whether patients with high-risk ALL should receive bone marrow transplants or intensive postremission chemotherapy while in first remission; controlled clinical trials are needed. Bone marrow transplants from donors other than HLA-identical siblings and autologous bone marrow transplants are investigational approaches that should be considered in selected young patients who fail despite chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Antifungal Activity of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells against Cryptococcus neoformans In Vitro Requires Expression of Dectin-3 (CLEC4D) and Reactive Oxygen Species

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are critical for protection against pulmonary infection with the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans; however, the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) is unknown. We show for the first time that murine pDCs have direct activity against C. neoformans via reactive oxygen species (ROS), a mechanism different from that employed to control Aspergillus fumigatus infections. The anticryptococcal activity of murine pDCs is independent of opsonization but appears to require the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-3, a receptor not previously evaluated during cryptococcal infections. Human pDCs can also inhibit cryptococcal growth by a mechanism similar to that of murine pDCs. Experimental pulmonary infection of mice with a C. neoformans strain that induces protective immunity demonstrated that recruitment of pDCs to the lungs is CXCR3 dependent. Taken together, our results show that pDCs inhibit C. neoformans growth in vitro via the production of ROS and that Dectin-3 is required for optimal growth-inhibitory activity.
A numerical study of the photothermal behaviour of near-infrared plasmonic colloids

We study the photothermal properties of near-infrared absorbing colloidal plasmonic nanoparticles that are of interest for theranostic applications: SiO2@Au core–shell particles and Au nanocages. Three-dimensional (3D) optical and thermodynamic computational models are developed to explore and compare the optical and thermal response of these particles. The analysis demonstrates that plasmon-enhanced photothermal heating efficiency is a complex function of interrelated factors including the gold content of a particle and the degree to which it supports field-induced current to promote Joule heating. The thermal analysis elucidates fundamental mechanisms that govern the transient temperature distribution and heat dissipation produced by the particles. The modeling approach broadly applies to plasmonic nanostructures with arbitrary shapes, sizes and material constituents and is well suited for the rational design of novel plasmon-assisted photothermal applications.
Prospect for tracking spacecrafts within 2 million Km of earth with phased array antennas

Recent advances in space technology for Earth observations, global communications, and positioning systems have created heavy traffic at a variety of orbits. These include smart sensors in low Earth orbits (LEO), Internet satellites in LEO and GEO orbits, Earth observing satellites in high Earth orbits (HEO), observatory class satellites at Lagrangian libration points, and those heading for deep space. In such an integrated operations environment, future ground tracking antenna networks, such as JPL/NASA's deep space network (DSN) may be required to provide highly agile beams, flexible scheduling, and the capability for simultaneous tracking of multiple spacecrafts at various orbits. In this paper the possibility of cost-effectively replacing the DSN's 26-m antennas with a network of phased array antennas capable of tracking various types of spacecrafts that are within 2 million km of Earth is examined.
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria: Not an “Uncommon” Disease Anymore

In children, hemolytic anemia is usually caused by intrinsic defects in red blood cells as seen in membrane defects, enzyme deficiencies and/or hemoglobin abnormalities. Most of these anomalies are hereditary in nature. Hemolytic anemia can also be due to factors extrinsic to red blood cells with most of the causes being acquired. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is one such group of acquired hemolytic anemia which results from the development of auto antibody directed against antigens on the surface of the patient’s own red blood cells. Many reports describe paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) as an uncommon or rare disease. In recent years PCH has now become recognized as a relatively frequent cause of acute transient AIHA particularly in children. The disease was historically associated with complication of late-stage congenital syphilis with symptoms of jaundice and hemoglobinuria precipitated by exposure to cold temperatures [1].
Energetic and entropic components of the Tolman length for mW and TIP4P/2005 water nanodroplets.

The surface free energy of a droplet is approximately γ ( R ) = γ ( ∞ ) ( 1 − 2 δ / R ) , with R being the droplet radius and δ being the Tolman length. Here we use the mitosis method to compute δ = − 0.56 ± 0.1 A at 300 K for mW water, indicating that γ ( R ) increases as the droplet size decreases. The computed Tolman length agrees quite well with a previous study of TIP4P/2005 water. We also decompose the size-dependent surface free energy into energetic and entropic contributions for the mW and TIP4P/2005 force fields. Despite having similar Tolman lengths, the energy-entropy decompositions are very different for the two force fields. We discuss critical assumptions which lead to these findings and their relation to experiments on the nucleation of water droplets. We also discuss surface broken bonds and structural correlations as possible explanations for the energetic and entropic contributions.
Exome Sequencing Identifying Dual Mutations in Calcium Signaling Genes GNAO1 and ATP2B3 in a Patient with Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy

Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) is an age-dependent epileptic encephalopathy. It occurs early in life with various types of seizures, especially tonic spasms and its overall prognosis is poor. We report a 5-year-old boy with EIEE, severe developmental delay, intractable epilepsy, and congenital cerebellar ataxia. His infantile spasms were treated successfully with ACTH, but he later developed intractable focal seizures. Whole exome sequencing revealed a maternally inherited missense mutation in the ATP2B3 gene (c.3338C > T/p.T1113M) and a de novo missense mutation in the GNAO1 gene (c.133G > C/p.G45R). Both genes are associated with calcium signaling pathways. The ATP2B3 gene is associated with intracellular calcium clearance, resulting in abnormal calcium homeostasis and X-linked spinocerebellar ataxia-1. The GNAO1 gene is associated with G protein signaling, affecting calcium signaling, and EIEE. Both mutations are related to maintain cellular calcium homeostasis, but the phenotype was not significantly more severe than those which have been reported.
Protein intake distribution pattern does not affect anabolic response, lean body mass, muscle strength or function over 8 weeks in older adults: A randomized-controlled trial.

Summary Background & aims In our recent acute metabolic study, we found no differences in the anabolic response to differing patterns of dietary protein intake. To confirm this in a chronic study, we investigated the effects of protein distribution pattern on functional outcomes and protein kinetics in older adults over 8 weeks. Methods To determine chronic effects of protein intake pattern at 1.1 g protein/kg/day in mixed meals on lean body mass (LBM), functional outcomes, whole body protein kinetics and muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (MPS) over 8-week respective dietary intervention, fourteen older subjects were randomly divided into either EVEN or UNVEN group. The UNEVEN group (n = 7) consumed the majority of dietary protein with dinner (UNEVEN, 15/20/65%; breakfast, lunch, dinner), while the EVEN group (n = 7) consumed dietary protein evenly throughout the day (EVEN: 33/33/33%). Results We found no significant differences in LBM, muscle strength, and other functional outcomes between EVEN and UNEVEN before and after 8-week intervention. Consistent with these functional outcomes, we did not find significant differences in the 20-h integrated whole body protein kinetics [net protein balance (NB), protein synthesis (PS), and breakdown (PB)] above basal states and MPS between EVEN and UNEVEN intake patterns. Conclusions We conclude that over an 8-week intervention period, the protein intake distribution pattern in mixed meals does not play an important role in determining anabolic response, muscle strength, or functional outcomes. This trial is registered at https://ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02787889.
Recursive Norm Development: The Role of Supranational Courts

How do supranational regional courts, which occupy a space between the national and international, contribute to normative development? We demonstrate that norms are dynamic and require ‘translation’ in order to impact the international system and find expression at the national level. Norm translation is a recursive and dynamic process. We connect this process with research on transnational legal orders (TLOs) and introduce the notion of an ‘adjudicatory space’ in which international norms are interpreted by supranational judicial actors such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. We present a case study demonstrating how supranational courts utilize case-law from many different sources to apply, refine, and cross-culturally translate meanings of a norm (in this case violence against women as gender discrimination) into different regional and national cultural contexts. The recursive process of cross-referencing and restatement of norms in supranational adjudicatory space demonstrated in the case study suggests that norm development is progressive, non-linear, and non-hierarchical. The case study also indicates that the locus of norm translation and refinement is not confined to well-established human rights machinery of Europe; in the Global South local and transnational norm entrepreneurs are challenging social and legal norms.
Accountable Privacy for Decentralized Anonymous Payments

Decentralized ledger-based currencies such as Bitcoin provide a means to construct payment systems without requiring a trusted bank. Removing this trust assumption comes at the significant cost of transaction privacy. A number of academic works have sought to improve the privacy offered by ledger-based currencies using anonymous electronic cash (e-cash) techniques. Unfortunately, this strong degree of privacy creates new regulatory concerns, since the new private transactions cannot be subject to the same controls used to prevent individuals from conducting illegal transactions such as money laundering. We propose an initial approach to addressing this issue by adding privacy preserving policy-enforcement mechanisms that guarantee regulatory compliance, allow selective user tracing, and admit tracing of tainted coins (e.g., ransom payments). To accomplish this new functionality we also provide improved definitions for Zerocash and, of independent interest, an efficient construction for simulation sound zk-SNARKs.
Direct Imaging of Frenkel Exciton Transport by Ultrafast Microscopy.

ConspectusLong-range transport of Frenkel excitons is crucial for achieving efficient molecular-based solar energy harvesting. Understanding of exciton transport mechanisms is important for designing materials for solar energy applications. One major bottleneck in unraveling of exciton transport mechanisms is the lack of direct measurements to provide information in both spatial and temporal domains, imposed by the combination of fast energy transfer (typically ≤1 ps) and short exciton diffusion lengths (typically ≤100 nm). This challenge requires developing experimental tools to directly characterize excitation energy transport, and thus facilitate the elucidation of mechanisms. To address this challenge, we have employed ultrafast transient absorption microscopy (TAM) as a means to directly image exciton transport with ∼200 fs time resolution and ∼50 nm spatial precision. By mapping population in spatial and temporal domains, such approach has unraveled otherwise obscured information and provided import...
Parasite metacommunities: Evaluating the roles of host community composition and environmental gradients in structuring symbiont communities within amphibians.

Ecologists increasingly report the structures of metacommunities for free-living species, yet far less is known about the composition of symbiont communities through space and time. Understanding the drivers of symbiont community patterns has implications ranging from emerging infectious disease to managing host microbiomes. Using symbiont communities from amphibian hosts sampled from wetlands of California, USA, we quantified the effects of spatial structure, habitat filtering and host community components on symbiont occupancy and overall metacommunity structure. We built upon a statistical method to describe metacommunity structure that accounts for imperfect detection in survey data—detection error-corrected elements of metacommunity structure—by adding an analysis to identify covariates of community turnover. We applied our model to a metacommunity of eight parasite taxa observed in 3,571 Pacific chorus frogs (Pseudacris regilla) surveyed from 174 wetlands over 5 years. Symbiont metacommunity structure varied across years, showing nested structure in 3 years and random structure in 2 years. Species turnover was most consistently influenced by spatial and host community components. Occupancy generally increased in more southeastern wetlands, and snail (intermediate host) community composition had strong effects on most symbiont taxa. We have used sophisticated but accessible statistical methods to reveal that spatial components—which influence colonization—and host community composition—which mediates transmission—both drive symbiont community composition in this system. These methods allow us to associate broad patterns of community turnover to local, species-level effects, ultimately improving our understanding of spatial community dynamics.
Negative Valence Life Events Promote Breast Cancer Development.

Abstract Background The influence of stress on breast cancer risk remains unknown. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of stress in the form of salient positive and negative valence life events (LEs) on primary invasive breast cancer risk. We hypothesized that salient negative LEs would increase breast cancer risk and salient positive LEs would attenuate this increased risk. Patients and Methods We used a case-control design with 664 cases identified through the Cancer Surveillance Program of Orange County and 203 population-based controls. Participants completed a risk factor questionnaire, which included a LE section. Fourteen salient LEs of positive or negative valence were used to quantify stress exposure. A baseline model was constructed, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using multivariate unconditional logistic regression. Results Negative LEs were associated with increased breast cancer risk. The OR for ≥ 4 negative LEs showed a 2.81-fold increase in breast cancer risk (OR, 2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47-5.36). A significant dose–response relationship between lifetime negative valence LEs and breast cancer risk was found. Previous personal illness increased breast cancer risk by 3.6-fold (OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 2.50-5.20). In contrast, abortion was associated with a 45% decrease in breast cancer risk (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34-0.89). Salient positive LEs did not have a significant effect on breast cancer risk. However, they seemed to buffer the adverse effect of salient negative LEs on breast cancer risk. Conclusion The findings from the present study support the role of salient negative LEs in promoting breast cancer development, with a possible buffering effect of salient positive LEs.
Changes in International Normalized Ratios After Plasma Transfusion of Varying Doses in Unique Clinical Environments.

BACKGROUND Plasma transfusion is commonly performed for the correction of abnormal coagulation screening tests. The goal of this investigation was to assess the relationship between the dose of plasma administered and changes in coagulation test results in a large and diverse cohort of patients with varying levels of coagulation abnormalities and comorbid disease and in a variety of clinical settings. METHODS In this single-center historical cohort study, all plasma transfusion episodes in adult patients with abnormal coagulation screening tests were extracted between 2011 and 2015. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients attaining normal posttransfusion international normalized ratio (INR ≤ 1.1) with secondary outcomes including the proportion of patients attaining partial normalization of INR (INR ≤ 1.5) or at least 50% normalization in pretransfusion values with respect to an INR of 1.1. RESULTS In total, 6779 unique patients received plasma with a median (quartiles) pretransfusion INR of 1.9 (1.6-2.5) and a median transfusion volume of 2 (2-3) units. The majority (85%) of transfusions occurred perioperatively, with 20% of transfusions administered prophylactically before a procedure. The median decrease in INR was 0.4 (0.2-0.8). Complete INR normalization was obtained in 12%. Reductions in INR were modest with pretransfusion INR values <3. Patients receiving ≥3 units of plasma were more likely to achieve at least 50% normalization in INR than those receiving ≤2 units (68% vs 60%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Changes in INR after plasma transfusion were modest at typically used clinical doses, particularly in those with less severely deranged baseline coagulation screening tests. Further studies are necessary to assess the relationships between plasma-mediated changes in INR and clinical outcomes.
Order and Chaos in 2D Nonequilibrium Media: Review of Ezersky’s Experiments

As emphasized in our joint publication with Aleksandr Ezersky of the book The Dynamics of Patterns [12], regular and chaotic pattern formation has traditionally been studied in nonequilibrium physics from the viewpoint of describing the basic structures and their interactions in different media. Particular attention has been paid to the analysis of generic properties of certain simple planforms, such as periodic (cellular) structures, quasiperiodic structures, as well as the dynamics and interactions of localized structures, topological defects, and features of 2D turbulence; see Francois et al. [8]. While this is still an important area of research, the emphasis in the past few years has been shifting towards analysis of specific properties of patterns in various complex media. In the past two decades in addition to “conventional” pattern formation, scientists have focused much attention on novel phenomena occurring in “smart” brain-like media that are characterized by highly nontrivial local dynamics and complex networks with nonlocal interactions. Scientists have addressed the dynamics and studied the general principles of learning and memory, and so forth. The ideas and principles also are used in modern technology; see Francois et al. [7].
Prospection: A Critical Review and Reconsideration of Future-Oriented Agency in Strategic Manageme

Prospection or future-oriented behavior is central to the concept of strategy and strategic management (Barnard, 1938; Hamel and Prahalad, 1994; Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). Anticipating, and creat...
The indigenous Sami citizen and Norwegian national identity: tensions in curriculum discourses

The paper explores citizenship positions for the Sami as citizen in the overarching policy document for the Norwegian school. Informed by the perspective that policy documents hold discursive productivity in the Foucauldian sense, this document is regarded as vital for locating normative cultural ideals. The analysis points to three discourses: indigeneity, multiculturalism and the common Norwegian cultural heritage perspective. Although the analysis suggests that there is a variety of possible citizenship identity positions, tensions are located in their ontological and epistemological claims regarding what it means to be Sami. The paper argues that indigenous perspectives might both challenge and complement current ideas of citizenship and human rights education. Notably, indigeneity accentuates the tension between universalism and recognition in human rights education. The paper also points to how the curriculum has great ambitions about the possibilities of inclusive practice within an educational system that lacks sufficient competence on Sami culture.
Metadata Reduction for Soft Video Delivery

Soft video delivery allows a graceful degradation of video quality matching to user’s channel quality. However, existing schemes require a considerable amount of metadata to be transmitted. In this letter, we propose a blind data detection method that recovers video signals from the squared amplitude of received signals, which is almost metadata free. Simulation results show that our proposed method can significantly reduce the metadata overhead, and outperforms the existing soft video delivery scheme by nearly 2 dB. It does not require a time-consuming process to fit signal energy distributions (SED) and video quality can improve gracefully.
How Do Remittances Shape Electoral Strategies Back Home? Evidence from Mexico’s 2006 Presidential Election

How does international migration affect political parties’ electoral strategies in the sending countries? This article argues that remittances help political parties decide whom to target during elections. Drawing from theories of vote targeting and those on the effects of remittances, this study addresses how political parties’ electoral strategies follow the specific characteristics of remittance recipients. Using individual-level data from Mexico’s 2006 presidential elections, the results show that receiving remittances had a significant impact on experiencing electoral targeting, especially by the then-incumbent PAN. This study reveals the importance of remittances in shaping the strategies of Mexican political parties.
Women and the Radical Right: Exploring Gendered Differences in Vote Choice for Radical Right Parties in Europe

This article explores the role that gender differences played in vote choice for radical right parties in European countries from 2002-2014. In particular, the research agenda explores whether men and women differ in regards to the attitudinal variables that drive vote choice for a radical right party. Further, the empirical analysis tests whether predictors of radical right vote choice have differing substantive effects for women and men. Using fixed effects statistical models; the major findings are that men and women do differ statistically on one attitude that correlates highly with radical right vote choice (i.e. far right ideology), but not other important attitudes (anti-immigrant sentiment). Substantively, however, given the same attitudes as men, women have a significantly lower probability of translating extreme attitudes into vote choice for radical right parties.
MyAutsomeFamilyLife: Analyzing Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities on YouTube

While parents of young children regularly make decisions about sharing content about their child or family online, we know less about how they create, produce, and share video-based content of children with stigmatizing experiences. Through an analysis of publicly available content on YouTube, supplemented with semi-structured interviews, we report on the ways in which parents of children with developmental disabilities produce, share, and interact with others through videos of their children's experiences. Our analysis finds that parents disclose child information on YouTube to build authenticity, connect with others, advocate for social change, and justify monetization and child involvement. We discuss tensions between parents' practices and the ethical complexities of sharing and studying parent-generated content featuring children with disabilities.
Stressing Out About the Heart: A Narrative Review of the Role of Psychological Stress in Acute Cardiovascular Events.

Objectives Survivors of acute cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stroke, may experience significant psychological distress during and following the acute event. Long-term adverse effects may follow, including the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increased overall all-cause mortality, and recurrent cardiac events. The goal of this concepts paper is to describe and summarize the rates of adverse psychological outcomes, such as PTSD, following cardiovascular emergencies, to review how these psychological factors are associated with increased risk of future events and long-term health and to provide a theoretical framework for future work. Methods A panel of two board-certified emergency physicians, one with a doctorate in experimental psychology, along with one PhD clinical psychologist with expertise in psychoneuroendocrinology were co-authors involved in the paper. Each author used various search strategies (e.g., PubMed, Psycinfo, Cochrane, and Google Scholar) for primary research and reviewed articles related to their section. The references were reviewed and evaluated for relevancy and included based on review by the lead authors RESULTS: A meta-analysis of 24 studies (N > 2,300) found the prevalence of ACS-induced PTSD at nearly 12%, while a meta-analysis of nine studies (N = 1,138) found that 25% of survivors of transient ischemic attack and stroke report PTSD symptoms. The presence of PTSD doubles 3-year risk of CVD/mortality risk in ACS survivors. Cardiac patients treated during periods of ED overcrowding, hallway care, and perceived poor clinician-patient communication appear at greater risk for subsequent PTSD. Conclusions Psychological stress is often present in patients undergoing evaluation for acute CVD events. Understanding such associations provides a foundation to appreciate the potential contribution of psychological variables on acute and long-term cardiovascular recovery, while also stimulating future areas of research and discovery.
Can Infrared Facial Thermography Disclose Mental Workload in Indoor Thermal Environments

Mental workload represents the mental resources an individual devotes to a task. In a building environment, understanding how ambient thermal conditions affect occupants' mental workload offers an opportunity to achieve optimal thermal settings for the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. However, directly measuring mental workload on a large and continuous scale requires occupants to perform subjective tests or wear electroencephalogram (EEG) or similar devices, which is impractical. This paper assesses the feasibility of using infrared facial thermography captured by a low-cost thermal camera to disclose mental workload. An experiment was conducted to measure the facial skin temperature while subjects performed cognitive tasks in three different thermal environments, representing occupants' thermal sensation of slightly cool, neutral, and slightly warm. Mental workload was measured using an EEG headset to eliminate subjective bias. The correlations between facial temperature and mental workload vary with different individuals and thermal conditions. Relatively strong correlations are found in the neutral environment and in the regions of ears, mouth, and neck. The results also suggest that future work should collect data under extended experiment duration. This is because it was observed that the response of facial skin temperature to mental workload varies with task type; thus, increasing the repetitiveness for each type of task or using more challenging tasks in the experiment could potentially lead to more insights on this relationship.
Student organization prevalence and structures in US schools of pharmacy.

Abstract Introduction Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Standards 2016 emphasize co-curricular programming to complement formal curriculums. Programming engagement through student pharmacist organizations is foundational to many schools' co-curriculum. Adequate funding, membership engagement, and governance structures are vital factors that, in turn, help these groups thrive over time. However, minimal literature exists depicting financial support, governance, and membership engagement for benchmarking purposes. The current study's objective was to examine these parameters at a national level among schools of pharmacy. Methods: Student affairs personnel identified through the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Student Services Special Interest Group received a link to an anonymous Qualtrics survey. Survey data comparing programs were analyzed descriptively and via t-test (continuous data) and Fisher's exact test (nominal data) using Graph Pad Prism 8. Results Seventy-three schools completed the survey. The majority (53%) were public institutions. Limiting the number of organizations allowed on campus occurred at 39.7% of schools. Regarding formation/funding policies, 75% published policies for organization formation, and 53% published policies for financial support. Use of an “umbrella” format for governance was present in 36% of responding schools. The average number of organizations per school was 11, conducting an average of 10.4 chapter meetings/month. The percent of enrolled students on average belonging to a given organization ranged from 2.2% to over 40%. Ninety-three percent reported that organizations assist in the inculcation of professionalism among student pharmacists. Conclusions Pharmacy schools are inconsistent in their approach to student organization formation, funding policies, and governance.
The Approximate Capacity of Half-Duplex Line Networks

This paper investigates the problem of characterizing the capacity of Half-Duplex (HD) line networks , where a source node communicates to a destination node through a multi-hop path of $N$ relays. If the relays operate in Full-Duplex (FD), it is well known that the capacity of the line network equals the minimum among the point-to-point link capacities in the path. In contrast, this paper considers a different case where the relays operate in HD. In the first part of the paper, it is shown that the approximate capacity (optimal up to a constant additive gap that only depends on the number of nodes in the network) of an HD $N$ -relay line network equals half the minimum of the harmonic means of the point-to-point link capacities of each two consecutive links in the path. It is then proved that the $N+1$ listen/transmit states (out of the $2^{N}$ possible ones) sufficient to characterize the approximate capacity can be found in linear time. In the second part of the paper, it is shown that the problem of finding the path that has the largest HD approximate capacity in a network that can be represented as a graph is NP-hard. However, if the number of cycles in the network is polynomial in the number of nodes, then a polynomial-time algorithm can indeed be designed.
Sensorimotor Inhibition and Mobility in Genetic Subgroups of Parkinson's Disease

Background: Mobility and sensorimotor inhibition impairments are heterogeneous in Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetics may contribute to this heterogeneity since the apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 allele and glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene variants have been related to mobility impairments in otherwise healthy older adult (OA) and PD cohorts. The purpose of this study is to determine if APOE or GBA genetic status affects sensorimotor inhibition and whether the relationship between sensorimotor inhibition and mobility differs in genetic sub-groups of PD. Methods: Ninety-three participants with idiopathic PD (53 non-carriers; 23 e4 carriers; 17 GBA variants) and 72 OA (45 non-carriers; 27 e4 carriers) had sensorimotor inhibition characterized by short-latency afferent inhibition. Mobility was assessed in four gait domains (pace/turning, rhythm, trunk, variability) and two postural sway domains (area/jerkiness and velocity) using inertial sensors. Results: Sensorimotor inhibition was worse in the PD than OA group, with no effect of genetic status. Gait pace/turning was slower and variability was higher (p < 0.01) in PD compared to OA. Postural sway area/jerkiness (p < 0.01) and velocity (p < 0.01) were also worse in the PD than OA group. Genetic status was not significantly related to any gait or postural sway domain. Sensorimotor inhibition was significantly correlated with gait variability (r = 0.27; p = 0.02) and trunk movement (r = 0.23; p = 0.045) in the PD group. In PD non-carriers, sensorimotor inhibition related to variability (r = 0.35; p = 0.010) and trunk movement (r = 0.31; p = 0.025). In the PD e4 group, sensorimotor inhibition only related to rhythm (r = 0.47; p = 0.024), while sensorimotor inhibition related to pace/turning (r = -0.49; p = 0.046) and rhythm (r = 0.59; p = 0.013) in the PD GBA group. Sensorimotor inhibition was significantly correlated with gait pace/turning (r = -0.27; p = 0.04) in the OA group. There was no relationship between sensorimotor inhibition and postural sway. Conclusion: e4 and GBA genetic status did not affect sensorimotor inhibition or mobility impairments in this PD cohort. However, worse sensorimotor inhibition was associated with gait variability in PD non-carriers, but with gait rhythm in PD e4 carriers and with gait rhythm and pace in PD with GBA variants. Impaired sensorimotor inhibition had a larger effect on mobility in people with PD than OA and affected different domains of mobility depending on genetic status.
Formation of helices with controllable chirality in gel-fiber composites

Abstract While microscale helices with specified chirality are pervasive in biological systems, driving purely synthetic materials to self-organize into such useful structures remains a significant challenge. Through theory and simulations, we model the behavior of initially flat ribbons of gel-fiber composites and show that these materials self-organize into three-dimensional helices with the application of heat. We specifically focus on thermo-responsive gels, which shrink when heated to a point near the lower critical solubility temperature (LCST). Within the composite, regions of the LCST gel that lie far from the fibers can readily shrink in response to the increased temperature; however, near the fibers the network is inhibited from undergoing the heat-induced collapse. This competition between the constrained and the unconstrained regions of the heated sample plays a vital role in the structural evolution of the material. We find that this dynamic process can be controlled through the careful placement of the fibers on the outer surface of the gel. We specifically identify fiber arrangements that lead to the formation of helical structures with controlled chirality. Moreover, we isolate scenarios where constraining the movement of one or both the free ends of the sample promotes and stabilizes the formation of helical structures with specified handedness. Such structurally tailored composites are useful for creating mechanically robust actuators, and “appendages” for soft robots that can controllably curl and uncurl with variations in temperature.
Transcranial Doppler in Acute COVID-19 Infection: Unexpected Associations.

Background and Purpose: Stroke may complicate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection based on clinical hypercoagulability. We investigated whether transcranial Doppler ultrasound has utility...
Antifibrotic Therapies and Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease (PF-ILD): Building on INBUILD

Progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) describes a phenotypic subset of interstitial lung diseases characterized by progressive, intractable lung fibrosis. PF-ILD is separate from, but has radiographic, histopathologic, and clinical similarities to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Two antifibrotic medications, nintedanib and pirfenidone, have been approved for use in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Recently completed randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of antifibrotic therapy in patients with PF-ILD. The validation of efficacy of antifibrotic therapy in PF-ILD has changed the treatment landscape for all of the fibrotic lung diseases, providing a new treatment pathway and opening the door for combined antifibrotic and immunosuppressant drug therapy to address both the fibrotic and inflammatory components of ILD characterized by mixed pathophysiologic pathways.
The Basis for Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements and Standards

The attainment of reliable accuracy and precision in chemical analyses at trace and ultratrace levels is difficult but can be obtained by implementation of a good quality assurance program and by designing and controlling the total analytical measurement process. Quality assurance, the steps in the total analytical measurement process, the impact of these steps on the determination of chemical species, and two case studies, which illustrate many of the requisite procedures to obtain reliable data, are discussed.
Paediatric Occupational Therapists' Use of Sound‐based Interventions: A Survey Study

Sound-based interventions (SBIs) involve listening to psychoacoustically modified music as a means for promoting new neural pathways in individuals with neurological dysfunction. Multiple forms of SBIs exist and are being used by healthcare professionals despite the lack of evidence to support their efficacy. The purpose of this study was to describe how occupational therapists (OTs) are using SBIs as an intervention in paediatric practice. An online survey was conducted using SurveyMonkey® and was completed by OTs describing their use of SBIs with paediatric clients. Paediatric OTs are using SBIs in a variety of practice settings, with children with a variety of medical and developmental conditions, and primarily use a subjective assessment process for determining effectiveness. Most referrals for SBIs come from other OTs and parents, and reimbursement primarily is achieved through private-pay mechanisms. This study had a small sample size (n = 74) and an estimated response rate of 14.7%, so generalization to occupational therapy practice in the United States is not possible. Further research is needed to identify the internal and external influences on the selection of SBIs as an OT intervention in paediatric practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing Stigma and Out‐Group Distinctions Through Perspective‐Taking in Narratives

We examine how viewers' narrative involvement is impacted by a character's membership in a highly stigmatized group. In particular, we explore how perspective-taking with a character, a dimension of the identification construct (J. Cohen, 2001), influences in-group/out-group perception. Participants viewed 1 of 2 edited versions of the film Sherrybaby, where the main character was manipulated to be relatively more stigmatized (recovering drug addict) or less stigmatized (single mother). As predicted, participants differed with respect to perspective-taking—the highly stigmatized character corresponded to less perspective-taking. Furthermore, the mediation and moderation results lend support to the argument that perspective-taking increases perceptions of in-group belonging and is of particular importance in determining whether a narrative influences in-group/out-group perspectives.