cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive data analytics and machine learning enabling metrology and process control for advanced node IC fabrication

Processor technology is going through multiple changes in terms of patterning techniques (multipatterning, EUV and DSA), device architectures (FinFET, nanowire, graphene) and patterning scale (few nanometers). These changes require tighter controls on processes and measurements to achieve the required device performance, and challenge the metrology and process control in terms of capability and quality. Predictive metrology and analytics offer Multivariate data with non-linear trends and complex correlations generally cannot be described well by mathematical models but can be relatively easily learned by computing machines and used to predict or extrapolate. In this paper we present the application of machine learning and analytics to accurately predict the electrical performance of deep trenches and metal lines. Machine learning models can be used in process control where, for example, the electrical test results are predicted early in the processing flow invoking appropriate actionable decisions. It is demonstrated that metal line resistance can be modeled directly by the raw reflectance spectra obtained using scatterometry tool. This obviates the need to make complex geometrical models to measure the CDs and then establishing the correlation of CDs to resistance. It is shown that dimensional parameters such as height and CD can be derived from the predicted electrical measurements. Such information can be used in feedforward or feedback flow to optimize, control or monitor processes in fab. Results show improved correlation of neural network model predicted deep trench capacitance to the measured capacitance compared to the capacitance predicted by multivariate linear regression model that is currently in use. This paper presents the concept of predictive metrology with the use of machine learning and predictive analytics for CD and electrical test predictions. Predictive metrology can be used in conjunction with hybrid metrology to enable APC and novel metrology pathways in gap areas in the advanced semiconductor research, development and manufacturing.
Toxin-mediated syndromes of the nervous system.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the toxin-mediated syndromes of the nervous system. Botulism is a paralytic illness caused by neurotoxin production by Clostridium botulinum . Clinical botulism results from the entry of botulinum toxin into the systemic circulation and subsequent inhibition of acetylcholine release from the presynaptic nerve terminals. Acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by a synaptic fusion complex. This complex consists of three soluble, N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptors (SNARE proteins): synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), syntaxin, and synaptobrevin. A fourth protein, synaptophysin, forms the fusion pore that allows the release of the vesicle contents into the synaptic cleft. The differential diagnosis of botulism is limited. The most common considerations include Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS), myasthenia gravis, stroke, tick paralysis, and the Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). A conventional diagnosis of botulism relies on the demonstration of toxin in serum, gastric secretions, stool, or food samples. The most sensitive means of botulism toxin detection is the mouse bioassay.
Autofocusing of Clinical Shoulder MR Images for Correction of Motion Artifacts

A post-processing ”autofocusing” algorithm for the reduction of motion artifacts in MR images has been developed and tested on a large clinical data set of high resolution shoulder images. The algorithm uses only the raw (complex) data from the MR scanner, and requires no knowledge of the patient motion during the scan, deducing that from the raw data itself. It operates by searching over the space of possible patient motions and optimizing the image quality. Evaluation of this technique on the clinical data set (for which navigator echo based measured motions and corrected images were available) show that the algorithm can correct for the effects of global translation during the scan almost as well as the navigator echo approach and is more robust.
Uranus science with space telescope

The Space Telescope Observatory, scheduled for launch in 1985, is described. The advantages of the space environment and the consequent features of ST performance are given, with Uranus observations as examples. The first generation instruments, including two cameras, two spectrographs and a high speed photometer, are discussed. The Space Telescope Science Institute, which will manage the Observatory, is discussed briefly. The potential scientific interaction with the Voyager 2 encounter of Uranus is also considered.
Computation and Functionalism: Syntactic Theory of Mind Revisited

This question has been haunting people working in the field since the publication of a paper by Stich in 1978 in which he gave his celebrated ‘‘autonomy argument’’. Then, as everybody knows, came Fodor’s notorious ‘‘Methodological Solipsism’’ in 1980, in which he argued for the formality condition: namely, thought processes are causal sequences of symbol tokenings in one’s language of thought (LOT), and the causal processes are sensitive only to the syntactic/formal properties of its symbols. Hence, he argued against what he called a ‘‘naturalistic psychology,’’ i.e. a psychology whose laws essentially advert to broad semantic properties of mental states they cover. The alternative, rationalist psychology, according to Fodor, was to advert only to formal characteristics of symbols, of which Fodor conceived as narrow computational roles of LOT symbols. Stich’s 1983 book, From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science, was the culmination of the worries. He turned these into a sustained argument against the possibility of a scientific intentional psychology (along with the common sense belief-desire psychology), and at the same time, for a syntactic way of doing psychology, i.e., for his Syntactic Theory of Mind (STM). He defended an eliminativist stance: STM involves the elimination of all intentional idioms proposed to be used in a scientific enterprise, hence it envisions a scientific psychology free of semantics. STM has been around for almost two decades now. It has generated a lot of discussion because it has usually been taken to articulate the paradox alleged to underlie the LOTH,
Formation of iron complexes from trifluoroacetic acid based liquid chromatography mobile phases as interference ions in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis

Two unexpected singly charged ions at m/z 1103 and 944 have been observed in mass spectra obtained from electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of liquid chromatography effluents with mobile phases containing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) that severely interfered with sample analysis. Accurate mass measurement and tandem mass spectrometry studies revealed that these two ions are composed of three components; clusters of trifluoroacetic acid, clusters of mass 159 and iron. Formation of these ions is inhibited by removing TFA from the mobile phases and using formic acid in its place, replacing the stainless steel union with a titanium union or by adding a small blank fused-silica capillary column between the chromatography column and the electrospray tip via a stainless steel union without any adverse effects to chromatographic separation, peak broadening or peptide identifications.
Evidence for heterogeneity in the 160/165 x 10(3) Mr glycoprotein components of desmosomes.

We have prepared both monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations directed against the 160/165 × 10(3) Mr glycoproteins (desmogleins) of bovine tongue epithelial desmosomes. The polyclonal antibody preparation recognizes desmosomes in a number of mouse tissues, e.g. mouse skin, heart, bladder and trachea, as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the polyclonal antibodies recognize polypeptide(s), present in the high salt, Triton-insoluble residues (‘cytoskeleton preparations’) of mouse skin, heart, bladder and trachea, which comigrate with the 160/165 × 10(3) Mr glycoproteins of bovine tongue epithelial desmosomes as determined by ‘Western’ immunoblotting. Conversely, the monoclonal 160/165 × 10(3) Mr antibody preparation recognizes desmosomes of stratified squamous epithelial tissues but not desmosomes in other tissue types. Moreover, whereas the monoclonal antibodies recognize 160/165 × 10(3) Mr polypeptides in mouse skin cell cytoskeletons they show no immunoreactivity with the cytoskeleton preparations of mouse bladder, trachea and heart following immunoblotting. These results suggest therefore that although there are conserved epitopes of the 160/165 × 10(3) Mr glycoproteins there are also epitopes of these molecules which vary from tissue to tissue. Double label immunofluorescence observations of cryostat sections of mouse skin using the monoclonal antibodies and antibodies directed against desmoplakin, a plaque component of desmosomes, reveal that the monoclonal antibodies do not recognize certain desmosomes in basal cells which are recognized by desmoplakin antibodies. Indeed, double label observations of cryostat sections of mouse skin using the monoclonal antibodies and human autoantibodies which react with hemidesmosomal components suggest that the monoclonal antibodies stain desmosomes located along the apical surfaces of basal cells but fail to recognize desmosomes along the lateral surfaces of these same cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ON THE NATURE OF BACTERIAL ALLERGIES

1. There seems no further possibility of questioning the opinion that the development of tuberculin sensitiveness is definitely associated with the development of tissue reactions in the form of inflammatory processes; the mere development of antibodies on the injection of dissolved bacterial materials does not induce allergy. 2. Passive transfer of tuberculin allergy to guinea pigs may be accomplished by injections not only of the tissue extracts of the tuberculous foci of rabbits, but also of the sera of such rabbits, provided multiple, well developed, and not too advanced lesions are present in the rabbits furnishing them. The exact criteria by which such results can be regularly obtained have not yet been ascertained; our results in this respect, though definite, have been irregular and occasional. It is clear, moreover, that the capacity to convey such allergic hypersensitiveness has no relationship to the precipitating capacity of the serum for residue materials. 3. Just as the allergy-conveying power of the serum and its precipitating powers for residue are separable, so, also, the bacterial extracts representing the antigens for these reactions are separable, the residue material being particularly concerned in the specific precipitations with immune serum, the so called nucleoprotein being associated with allergic reactions in the tuberculous animals.
Effect of Feeding Selenium-Fertilized Alfalfa Hay on Performance of Weaned Beef Calves

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient in cattle, and Se-deficiency can affect morbidity and mortality. Calves may have greater Se requirements during periods of stress, such as during the transitional period between weaning and movement to a feedlot. Previously, we showed that feeding Se-fertilized forage increases whole-blood (WB) Se concentrations in mature beef cows. Our current objective was to test whether feeding Se-fertilized forage increases WB-Se concentrations and performance in weaned beef calves. Recently weaned beef calves (n = 60) were blocked by body weight, randomly assigned to 4 groups, and fed an alfalfa hay based diet for 7 wk, which was harvested from fields fertilized with sodium-selenate at a rate of 0, 22.5, 45.0, or 89.9 g Se/ha. Blood samples were collected weekly and analyzed for WB-Se concentrations. Body weight and health status of calves were monitored during the 7-wk feeding trial. Increasing application rates of Se fertilizer resulted in increased alfalfa hay Se content for that cutting of alfalfa (0.07, 0.95, 1.55, 3.26 mg Se/kg dry matter for Se application rates of 0, 22.5, 45.0, or 89.9 g Se/ha, respectively). Feeding Se-fertilized alfalfa hay during the 7-wk preconditioning period increased WB-Se concentrations (PLinear<0.001) and body weights (PLinear = 0.002) depending upon the Se-application rate. Based upon our results we suggest that soil-Se fertilization is a potential management tool to improve Se-status and performance in weaned calves in areas with low soil-Se concentrations.
How Do Students Experience Testing on the University Computer

Abstract Computerized testing on campuses often means administering a test by computer rather than paper and pencil, under the assumption that scores from both administrations are equivalent. Yet score equivalency study results have been mixed; some have suggested that small, not‐easily‐detectable differences may be present. Further, such studies have focused on test performance, rather than the overall test‐taking experience. They typically have examined score differences based on the testing condition, rather than eliciting student testimony in an organized way. To explore relationships among administration mode, scores, and testing experience, this study employs two methodologies: (a) analysis of PPST scores under differing conditions and (b) student testimony in the form of answers to open‐ended questions. Results reveal varied test‐taking strategies and computer‐related alterations in test difficulty, construct, test‐taking strategies, and affect. This study illustrates the need to empirically study ...
CTIP2 Associates with the NuRD Complex on the Promoter of p57KIP2, a Newly Identified CTIP2 Target Gene

Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF)-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2), also known as Bcl11b, is a transcriptional repressor that functions by direct, sequence-specific DNA binding activity or by recruitment to the promoter template by interaction with COUP-TF family members. CTIP2 is essential for both T cell development and axonal projections of corticospinal motor neurons in the central nervous system. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism(s) by which CTIP2 contributes to either process. CTIP2 complexes that were isolated from SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells were found to harbor substantial histone deacetylase activity, which was likely conferred by the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complex. CTIP2 was found to associate with the NuRD complex through direct interaction with both RbAp46 and RbAp48, and components of the NuRD complex were found to be recruited to an artificial promoter template in a CTIP2-dependent manner in transfected cells. Finally, the NuRD complex and CTIP2 were found to co-occupy the promoter template of p57KIP2, a gene encoding a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and identified herein as a novel transcriptional target of CTIP2 in SK-N-MC cells. Therefore, it seems likely that the NuRD complex may be involved in transcriptional repression of CTIP2 target genes and contribute to the function(s) of CTIP2 within a neuronal context.
The Unique IR2 Protein of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Negatively Regulates Viral Gene Expression

The IR2 protein (IR2P) is a truncated form of the immediate-early protein (IEP) lacking the essential acidic transcriptional activation domain (TAD) and serine-rich tract and yet retaining binding domains for DNA and TFIIB and nuclear localization signal (NLS). Analysis of the IR2 promoter indicated that the IR2 promoter was upregulated by the EICP0P. The IR2P was first detected in the nucleus at 5 h postinfection in equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)-infected HeLa and equine NBL6 cells. Transient-transfection assays revealed that (i) the IR2P by itself downregulated EHV-1 early promoters (EICP0, TK, EICP22, and EICP27) in a dose-dependent manner; (ii) the IR2P abrogated the IEP and the EICP27P (UL5) mediated transactivation of viral promoters in a dose-dependent manner; and (iii) the IR2P, like the IEP itself, also downregulated the IE promoter, indicating that the IEP TAD is not necessary to downregulate the IE promoter. In vitro interaction assays revealed that the IR2P interacts with TATA box-binding protein (TBP). The essential domain(s) of the IR2P that mediate negative regulation were mapped to amino acid residues 1 to 706, indicating that the DNA-binding domain and the NLS of the IR2P may be important for the downregulation. In transient-transfection and virus growth assays, the IR2P reduced EHV-1 production by 23-fold compared to virus titers achieved in cells transfected with the empty vector. Overall, these studies suggest that the IR2P downregulates viral gene expression by acting as a dominant-negative protein that blocks IEP-binding to viral promoters and/or squelching the limited supplies of TFIIB and TBP.
Recovery balance: a method for estimating losses in a Bacillus anthracis spore sampling protocol

Aim The aim of this study was to develop a method to calculate the performance, and isolate error contributions occurring in a microbial surface sampling protocol. Methods and Results The experiments were conducted using a slip/peel tester to provide consistent pressure during the wipe collection. Fluorescence microscopy was used to count spores deposited on the coupon prior to sampling. The mean recovery efficiency (RE) as well as the efficiency of each step in the process was estimated by a recovery balance (RB), similar to a mass balance. Two studies were conducted in this work. In the first one, the recovery of spores from the solution (REsoln) was 57·7% (SD = 8·0), while spores left on the glass surface after wiping (REb+c) was 2·8% (SD = 2·4). The RE of spores adhered to the tube wall (REtube) and glass surface (REsurf) was 1·2% (SD = 19·6) and 5·8% (SD = 7·1), respectively. From the recovery balance, it was determined that 39·9% (SD = 21·2) of spores were lost to the wipe (REwipe). The applicability of the RB method was demonstrated in a second study by examining the relative impact of parameters affecting spore collection including relative humidity, wipe material, wetting agent and nonporous surfaces. Conclusions The approach used in this study pointed out the need for a closer analysis of the complex interaction between spores and wipe material because a substantial percentage of spores were lost to the wipe. Significance and Impact of the Study The recovery balance, in association with independent controls, provides an account for error contribution and potential variability on each step of the sampling protocol. The approach is not meant to be a replacement for field or laboratory validation of wipe recoveries but promote the development of new collection methodologies and support protocol optimization in laboratory settings.
Synthesis of cyclic hemiketals and spiroketals from dioxanorbornanes.

A new method for the synthesis of substituted pyranone hemiketals from dioxanorbornanes via SmI2 is described. Also reported is a synthesis of spiro[4.5]ketals from analogous intermediates via acid-promoted deprotection/ketalization.
Mechanisms by which docosahexaenoic acid and related fatty acids reduce colon cancer risk and inflammatory disorders of the intestine

A growing body of epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence has underscored both the pharmacological potential and the nutritional value of dietary fish oil enriched in very long chain n-3 PUFAs such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3). The broad health benefits of very long chain n-3 PUFAs and the pleiotropic effects of dietary fish oil and DHA have been proposed to involve alterations in membrane structure and function, eicosanoid metabolism, gene expression and the formation of lipid peroxidation products, although a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present data demonstrating that DHA selectively modulates the subcellular localization of lipidated signaling proteins depending on their transport pathway, which may be universally applied to other lipidated protein trafficking. An interesting possibility raised by the current observations is that lipidated proteins may exhibit different subcellular distribution profiles in various tissues, which contain a distinct membrane lipid composition. In addition, the current findings clearly indicate that subcellular localization of proteins with a certain trafficking pathway can be subjected to selective regulation by dietary manipulation. This form of regulated plasma membrane targeting of a select subset of upstream signaling proteins may provide cells with the flexibility to coordinate the arrangement of signaling translators on the cell surface. Ultimately, this may allow organ systems such as the colon to optimally decode, respond, and adapt to the vagaries of an ever-changing extracellular environment.
Molding the Past: Biased Assimilation of Historical Information1

The present study examined whether individuals' current political worldviews would bias perceptions of historical information gathered over the course of their lifetime. Kent State University students from 1995 and 2000 reported their political ideologies (e.g., conservative, liberal) and responded to items assessing their culpability and global attributions about the shooting of demonstrators by the National Guard at Kent State in 1970. The 1995 data revealed consistent support for biased responding to culpability and global attribution items. The 2000 data replicated the political ideology differences of the 1995 data. However, by including knowledge of the incident as an independent variable, the 2000 data revealed that the political ideology bias was strongest among people reporting high knowledge about the event.
An Evaluation of the Use of a Basket-Type Artificial Substrate for Sampling Macroinvertebrate Organisms

Abstract The results obtained from the use of bottom, basket type, artificial samplers, were analyzed statistically to determine the samplers' efficiency in collecting aquatic macroinvertebrates. Two ecologically similar riffle stations located near McCoy, Virginia on the New River were chosen for this evaluation. Based on an analysis of the number of taxa collected, 15 basket samplers at Station 1 showed a range of seven taxa with a coefficient of variation of 11.6%. Station 2, located 500 yards upstream, with 16 samplers, had a range of 11 taxa with a coefficient of variation of 16.29%. In an evaluation of the number of specimens collected, Station 1 had a range of 39 specimens with a coefficient of variation of 10.9%. Station 2 had a range of 103 specimens which was larger than the average of 85.6 specimens per sampler. To be 95% confident that the mean community structure indices for each station [Sequential Comparison Index and diversity per individual ()] were within 25% of their true value, only tw...
Heat capacity measurement by modulated DSC at constant temperature

The mathematical equations for step-wise measurement of heat capacity (Cp) by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) are discussed for the conditions of negligible temperature gradients within sample and reference. Using a commercial MDSC, applications are evaluated and the limits explored. This new technique permits the determination ofCp by keeping the sample continually close to equilibrium, a condition conventional DSC is unable to meet. Heat capacity is measured at ‘practically isothermal condition’ (often changing not more than ±1 K). The method provides data with good precision. The effects of sample mass, amplitude and frequency of temperature modulation were studied and methods for optimizing the instrument are proposed. The correction for the differences in sample and reference heating rates, needed for high-precision data by standard DSC, do not apply for this method.
Athletic Trainers' Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes

Abstract Context: Researchers have investigated heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals, focusing on factors such as sex, race, religion, education, and contact experiences. However, in the context of sport, this research is deficient. We found no published literature investigating athletic trainers (ATs') attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual student-athletes (LGB). Objective: To determine heterosexual ATs' attitudes toward LGB student-athletes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Design: Cross-sectional study Setting: E-mailed survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 964 ATs employed at member institutions. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured attitudes using the Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay Men, and Bisexuals (ATLGB) Scale. To determine the extent to which sex, religion, and whether having an LGB friend or family member had an effect on ATs' attitudes, we performed analysis of variance. To establish the effect of age on ATs' attitudes, we calculated a Pearson correlatio...
Myo-inositol in the Biosynthesis of Streptomycin by Streptomyces griseus

When myo-inositol is present in a growing culture of Streptomyces griseus the yield of streptomycin is increased, and the amount of carbon-14—from uniformly labeled glucose—incorporated into the streptidine and streptobiosamine moieties of streptomycin is lowered by 41 percent and 21.7 percent, respectively. These results present strong indirect evidence for the participation of myo-inositol or its metabolic products in streptidine biosynthesis.
Who Listens to Rush Limbaugh's Radio Program and the Relationship Between Listening to Limbaugh and Knowledge of Public Affairs, 1994–2006

What factors predict listening to Limbaugh's program? Previous studies, many more than a decade old, analyze his audience at one or two data-points. This study differs from earlier studies of Limbaugh's audience in two ways: (1) the data come from six Times Mirror/Pew Research Center polls between July, 1994 and April–May, 2006, and (2) the paper focuses on the relationship between listening to Limbaugh and knowledge of public affairs. Conservative Republicans are in his audience, but educational attainment, family income, and race do not predict who listens. Listening to Limbaugh is significantly correlated with public affairs information.
Impact of Drug Treatment History on Comparative Effectiveness Research in Schizophrenia

Abstract Objectives Randomized clinical trials frequently attract volunteer patients who were either non-compliant or seeking to switch therapies. Patients on active therapies often undergo a washout period after which a single medication is initiated. Observational research has the potential to compare alternative treatments under a wider range of clinical situations if care is taken to document each patient's treatment history. Methods This study used paid claims data from a large commercial insurer to investigate drug therapy outcomes in schizophrenia. Episodes of drug therapy were defined each time a patient initiated or restarted drug therapy using an antipsychotic, antidepressant or mood stabilizing medication. Episode definitions were based on calculations of continuous drug therapy using a 15-day gap definition. A total of 21,570 episodes of drug therapy were included in the analysis, some of which used two drugs as initial therapy. Results Most episodes were initiated using a mood stabilizing drug (27%) or an antidepressant (38%). Over 62% of all episodes were augmentation therapy in which a psychotropic drug was added to an existing psychotropic medication, followed by switching episodes (22%) and restart episodes (16%). Patient outcomes measured by either duration of uninterrupted therapy or one-year post-treatment cost varied significantly with patient treatment history, especially episode type. The comparative effectiveness of alternative therapies is sensitive to the extent to which treatment history is taken into account. Conclusions Observational comparative effectiveness research should capture and evaluate patient outcomes across a wide range of patients taking into account the patient's treatment history.
Sailing Around Binary Trees and Krusemeyer's Bijection.

can be used to describe many mathematical models. For example, Mark Krusemeyer presented two different types of parenthesizations in [3]. The first type of parenthesization is a sequence of n pairs of matching parentheses such that, up to any point in the sequence, the number of left parentheses is greater than or equal to the number of right parentheses. Such a sequence of n pairs of parentheses is called well-defined. For example, (( )) is a well-defined sequence, while ( )) ( is not. The second type of parenthesization is associated with possible ways to multiply n + 1 different things if the multiplication is non-associative and non-commutative. For example, (ab)c and a(bc) are two different products of three letters. We use Krusemeyer's terminology to call a product of n + 1 different things with n pairs of parentheses, or n 1 pairs if you omit the outer pair, a bracketing. Let A, be the set of well-defined sequences of n pairs of parentheses and B,1 the set of bracketings with n multiplications. It is known (see, e.g., [4] and [5]) that IA,, I = IB,] I = Ci. Richard Guy remarked in [2] that "an examination of the symmetries in the two cases makes it unlikely you'll find a direct combinatorial comparison" between the two types of parenthesizations. Interestingly, Krusemeyer [3] constructed a direct
Case report 750

This is a case of aspergillosis of the bone and soft tissues of the chest wall in a (probably) immunocompetent host. The areas of involvement and different types of this disease are described. The A. flavus group, which presumably was responsible for this involvement of the chest wall, is very uncommon as a pathogen in humans.
The Effect of Dubbing White Leghorn Pullets

Abstract A NUMBER of investigators have studied the effects of dubbing on the subsequent performance of laying hens. Cole and Hutt (1954) reviewed previous studies on the subject and concluded that there appeared to be evidence in favor of dubbing layers. However, most of the studies involved relatively small numbers of birds and the data were highly variable, making an accurate appraisal difficult. Cole and Hutt (1954) undertook an experiment involving over 5,000 White Leghorn pullets, approximately half of which had been dubbed at 8 weeks of age. The dubbed birds laid an average of three eggs more than the controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. The investigators felt, however, that there were reasons to believe that the increase in production was due in part to the dubbing. During cold weather the dubbed birds did relatively better, whereas during the summer the controls did relatively better. Davis and Hutto …
Protection of Bacillus pumilus Spores by Catalases

Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032, isolated at spacecraft assembly facilities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is difficult to kill by the sterilization method of choice, which uses liquid or vapor hydrogen peroxide. We identified two manganese catalases, YjqC and BPUM_1305, in spore protein extracts of several B. pumilus strains by using PAGE and mass spectrometric analyses. While the BPUM_1305 catalase was present in six of the B. pumilus strains tested, YjqC was not detected in ATCC 7061 and BG-B79. Furthermore, both catalases were localized in the spore coat layer along with laccase and superoxide dismutase. Although the initial catalase activity in ATCC 7061 spores was higher, it was less stable over time than the SAFR-032 enzyme. We propose that synergistic activity of YjqC and BPUM_1305, along with other coat oxidoreductases, contributes to the enhanced resistance of B. pumilus spores to hydrogen peroxide. We observed that the product of the catalase reaction, gaseous oxygen, forms expanding vesicles on the spore surface, affecting the mechanical integrity of the coat layer, resulting in aggregation of the spores. The accumulation of oxygen gas and aggregations may play a crucial role in limiting further exposure of Bacilli spore surfaces to hydrogen peroxide or other toxic chemicals when water is present.
A Double‐Blinded, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Myobloc (Botulinum Toxin Type B)‐Purified Neurotoxin Complex for the Treatment of Crow's Feet: A Double‐Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled Trial

Crow's feet develop with age and are one of the earliest signs of the normal aging process. Botulinum toxin type A, approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of glabellar wrinkles in April 2002, has been used off-label to treat facial wrinkles since 1981. Botulinum toxin type B (BTX-B, Myobloc) was Food and Drug Administration-approved for use in cervical dystonia in the United States in December 2000 and has subsequently been used in an off-label indication to treat facial wrinkles. There are sparse data in the literature evaluating the safety and efficacy of BTX-B for the treatment of facial wrinkles. In this pilot study, participants with moderate or severe crow's feet wrinkles were treated with Myobloc versus placebo. The duration of correction and side effect profile are reported.
The minimal normal extension problem for subnormal operators

On etablit un calcul fonctionnel pour des operateurs sous normaux. On montre que le probleme de theorie des operateurs est equivalent a un probleme de theorie des fonctions concernant la faible-etoile densite d'une certaine algebre de fonctions dans un certain espace L infini
Measuring Uncertainty in International Relations: Heteroskedastic Strategic Models

Actor-level variations in the amounts of uncertainty have been widely ignored in the growing literature on statistical models of strategic interaction in international relations. In this article, I provide a tool for testing theories about the level of uncertainty in strategic interactions. I show that ignoring potential variations in levels of uncertainty across different cases can be a source of bias for empirical analyses. I propose a method to incorporate this form of heteroskedasticity into existing estimators and show that this method can improve inferences. With a series of Monte Carlo experiments, I evaluate the magnitude and the severity of the bias and inconsistency in estimators that ignore heteroskedasticity. More importantly, the tools developed in this article have many interesting substantive application areas. Examples considered include measuring speculators’ suboptimal behavior tendencies in international currency crises, and capturing varying levels of signaling and Bayesian updating be...
Rank statistics for serial dependence

Abstract Let Xt, t=…,−1,0,1,…, be a strictly stationary time series and X1,…,Xn be n consecutive observations of Xt. Let Rnt denote the rank of Xt among the Xt's, 1≤t≤n. Consider the vector of serial rank statistics T n =(T 1 n ,…,T p n )′ , where Jn and Ln are score functions. joint asymptotic multivariate normality of Tn is obtained under general fixed serially dependent alternatives. The asymptotic distributions of various serial rank statistics are obtained as consequences. Some applications are considered.
Temporal bone dissection for neurosurgery residents: identifying the essential concepts and fundamental techniques for success

Abstract Background Many contemporary neurosurgery residents, cordoned by work hour restrictions and drawn to newer technologies such as endovascular therapy, lack the proper direction necessary to learn the essentials of temporal bone dissection. A thorough knowledge of temporal bone anatomy combined with guidance regarding proper surgical technique makes temporal bone dissection an efficacious and fundamental learning activity. There is currently no concise guide for neurosurgical training programs to use in teaching the essentials of this dissection. Methods Over several years, the authors worked with neurosurgery residents to determine the key concepts necessary to gain a fundamental working knowledge of temporal bone dissection. Results We have identified 5 essential surgical principles and developed a step-by-step dissection technique useful for neurosurgery residents. Conclusions Using this template, neurosurgery residents can make the most of their time in the skull base laboratory, becoming familiar with relevant temporal bone anatomy in situ and becoming facile with the surgical techniques necessary for its safe dissection.
Impact induced dehydration of serpentine and the evolution of planetary atmospheres

Shock recovery experiments in the 25 to 45 GPa range on antigorite serpentine determine the amount of shock-induced loss of structural water as a function of shock pressure. Infrared absorption spectra of shock recovered samples demonstrate systematic changes in the amount of structural water and molecular, surface adsorbed water. These yield qualitative estimates of shock-induced water loss and demonstrate that a portion of the shock released structural water is readsorbed on interfacial grain surfaces. Determination of the post-shock water content of the shocked samples relates shock-induced water loss and shock pressure. Based on the present results and theoretical predictions, we conclude that shock pressures of from 20 to ∼60 GPa induce incipient to complete water loss, respectively. This result agrees closely with theoretical estimates for total dehydration. The dehydration interval and the activation energies for dehydration in shocked samples decrease systematically with increasing shock pressure as experienced by the sample. We believe the present experiments are applicable to describing dehydration processes of serpentine-like minerals in the accretional environment of the terrestrial planets. We conclude that complete loss of structural water in serpentine could have occurred from accretional impacts of ∼3 km/sec when earth and Venus have grown to about 50% of their final size. Accreting planetesimals, impacting Mars, never reached velocities sufficient for complete dehydration of serpentine. Our results support a model in which an impact generated atmosphere/hydrosphere forms while the earth is accreting.
Extortion and cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma

Self-serving, rational agents sometimes cooperate to their mutual benefit. However, when and why cooperation emerges is surprisingly hard to pin down. To address this question, scientists from diverse disciplines have used the Prisoner’s Dilemma, a simple two-player game, as a model problem. In PNAS, Press and Dyson (1) dramatically expand our understanding of this classic game by uncovering strategies that provide a unilateral advantage to sentient players pitted against unwitting opponents. By exposing these results, Press and Dyson have fundamentally changed the viewpoint on the Prisoner’s Dilemma, opening a range of new possibilities for the study of cooperation.
Controlled sharing of identity attributes for better privacy

In recent years user centricity has drawn a lot of attention as a promising component to advance federated identity management (FIM) systems. The basic notion is to give users a larger degree of control over their attribute data that comprises digital identities on a federated network, thus providing an ideal mechanism for upholding user privacy. One of the fundamental problems facing user centricity in this context is how a user can selectively share her identity attributes certified by an identity provider (IdP) to a service provider (SP). In this paper we present an approach to addressing the problem, which allows a user to share only selected attributes from a larger set of attributes that form his digital identity credential for better privacy. Our approach enables such sharing to occur without IdPpsilas intervention in every transaction.
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis in cocaine-induced myocarditis with involvement of bundle of His and left bundle branch

Cocaine abuse can cause degenerative and inflammatory alterations of the myocardium. Cocaine-induced myocarditis has been previously described, but mostly in chronic cocaine addicts. Among several pathogenetic mechanisms of cocaine-related myocardial damage, the myocardial adrenergic stress and cardiomyocytes apoptosis have been recently proposed. We report an unusual case of myocarditis involving the bundle of His and left bundle branch and cardiac myocytes apoptosis in otherwise healthy occasional cocaine abuser.
Violence exposure, posttraumatic stress, and personality in juvenile delinquents.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess posttraumatic stress and its relationship to comorbid psychopathology, violence exposure, and personality traits in Russian male juvenile delinquents. Method Posttraumatic stress and comorbid psychopathology were assessed by a semistructured psychiatric interview (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version) in 370 delinquent youths during winter-spring of 1999. In addition, violence exposure, personality, and psychopathology were assessed by self-reports. Results Most delinquents reported some degree of posttraumatic stress: 156 subjects (42%) fulfilled partial criteria and 87 (25%) fulfilled full DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Violence-related experiences (witnessing and victimization) were the most common types of trauma. Higher levels of posttraumatic stress were accompanied by higher rates of comorbid psychopathology, with the most striking differences occurring between the groups with full versus partial PTSD criteria. Violence exposure was related to temperamental behavior activation (novelty seeking), whereas PTSD symptom scores were predominantly related to behavior inhibition and poor coping (high harm avoidance and low self-directedness). Conclusions Similar to findings from American samples, Russian juvenile delinquents represent a severely traumatized population, mainly due to high levels of violence exposure. Those with full PTSD are the most severely traumatized and have highest rates of psychopathology, as compared to those with no or partial PTSD, and they require the most clinical attention and rehabilitation. Both exposure to violence and levels of posttraumatic stress are related to personality traits, which influence degree of exposure and individual perception of stress. The latter should be considered in individualized approaches to rehabilitation.
Grazing in sagebrush rangelands in western North America: implications for habitat quality for a sagebrush specialist, the pygmy rabbit

Livestock grazing is one of the primary uses of sagebrush rangelands in western North America; therefore, an understanding of the ecological implications of grazing on habitat quality for sagebrush-dependent wildlife is needed to help land managers balance multiple objectives for land use. We studied effects of cattle grazing on components of habitat for an uncommon sagebrush habitat specialist, the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis), which has been petitioned for endangered or threatened status in the USA. We evaluated multiple components of habitat before and after grazing in replicated control and treatment plots in a mesic, high-elevation sagebrush-steppe environment in south-western Montana, USA. We predicted that grazing would decrease the biomass of herbaceous forage, alter security cover, and increase rate of collapse of rabbit burrows, and we expected that these effects would be more pronounced during summer than spring. As expected, cattle grazing reduced the biomass of perennial grasses available to pygmy rabbits after grazing that occurred during either spring or summer, and the biomass of forbs after spring grazing. In contrast, grazing did not markedly influence the functional properties of vegetation related to predation risk or the integrity of rabbit burrow systems. In the context of the stocking rate of the allotments in our study (7.3 acres/Animal Unit Month, 2.95ha/Animal Unit Month), annual cattle grazing did not seem to markedly change habitat for pygmy rabbits in our study area; however, longer-term and higher intensity grazing might result in more pronounced habitat changes. Understanding the ecological implications of cattle grazing on habitat quality for pygmy rabbits and other sagebrush-dependent wildlife can guide conservation strategies for these species on sagebrush rangelands managed under multiple-use policies.
Aggression and Assertiveness in Kindergarten Children Differing in Day Care Experiences.

Differences in social behaviors of middle-class children with and without previous day care experience were compared through classroom observations and teacher ratings during the second semester of kindergarten. Using a time-sampling procedure, two researchers observed positive social behavior, assertiveness, instrumental aggression, and hostile aggression of 32 children from eight different kindergarten classrooms during free-choice time. Each child was also rated by his/her own teacher on assertiveness, ability to get along with peers, hostile aggression, and instrumental aggression. Teachers' ratings of hostile aggression were significantly correlated with observations of hostile aggression (p < .05) and assertiveness (p < .01), suggesting that teachers may confound assertive and aggressive behaviors. Observed frequencies of assertive behaviors were correlated with those of positive social (p < .05) and instrumental aggression (p < .05), but not with frequencies of hostile aggression (p < .20). However, no significant differences between day care and home-reared children were found on any of the rated or observed variables.
The Organization of Marketing Activities: A Contingency Theory of Structure and Performance:

Previous analysis of marketing organization has focused on the coordination of marketing activities and on organizational forms used to accomplish this, while ignoring the organization of marketing...
A portable adjustable finger printing stand.

A lightweight finger printing stand is described which can be adjusted to the proper printing height. Based upon experience printing over 1,100 subjects, 12 advantages of using the stand are suggested.
A facile synthesis of UiO-66, UiO-67 and their derivatives

A scalable, reproducible method of synthesizing UiO-66- and UiO-67-type MOFs, entailing the addition of HCl to the reaction mixture, has been investigated. The new protocol requires a fraction of the time of previously reported procedures, yields exceptional porosities, and works with a range of linkers.
Pricing of telecommunications services

Recently many scholars have argued that society's welfare would be increased if the price of local telephone service were increased, and the prices for toll and enhanced telecommunication services reduced. In this paper we argue that the telecommunications policy literature has largely ignored the impact of varying technical standards on the cost-of-service. Consequently, the marginal cost of exchange service has been overstated. We also show that most work in this area has overstated the elasticity-of-demand for toll services. Taking into account quality and the appropriate elasticities, we conclude that no clear welfare gains will be achieved by raising the price of exchange service.