cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local isomorphism to solve the pre-image problem in kernel methods

Kernel methods have been popular over the last decade to solve many computer vision, statistics and machine learning problems. An important, both theoretically and practically, open problem in kernel methods is the pre-image problem. The pre-image problem consists of finding a vector in the input space whose mapping is known in the feature space induced by a kernel. To solve the pre-image problem, this paper proposes a framework that computes an isomorphism between local Gram matrices in the input and feature space. Unlike existing methods that rely on analytic properties of kernels, our framework derives closed-form solutions to the pre-image problem in the case of non-differentiable and application-specific kernels. Experiments on the pre-image problem for visualizing cluster centers computed by kernel k-means and denoising high-dimensional images show that our algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Servants, Aestheticism, and "The Dominance of Form"

The fictional representation of domestic servants reveals the relationship between aesthetic form and social domination in the work of aesthetes from Oscar Wilde to Henry James and beyond. Tracing the sources of Wilde's An Ideal Husband and Dorian Gray and James's The Ambassadors in French decadence and situating them within the history of service, I show that aestheticist depictions of servants recall, through literary form, the aesthete's dependence on servants' labor. I suggest that modernism shared this socially self-conscious concept of aesthetic form with aestheticism, precisely because it too pursued aesthetic autonomy.
Oakwood crown closure estimation by unmixing Landsat TM data

Using an unconstrained least squares solution (LSS) method and an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm, we estimated oakwood crown closure from a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image of Tulare County, California, USA. Fractions of endmembers (oak crown (f1), grass (f2) and soil (f3)) from mixed pixels were derived from aerial photographs (scale 1 : 40 000) scanned at 1 m ground resolution for training and testing the LSS and ANN algorithms. The aerial photographs were orthorectified using a digital photogrammetric software package with ground control points collected through a differential global positioning system (GPS). The TM image was georeferenced with respect to the corresponding orthorectified aerial photographs. The training and test samples were randomly selected from the TM image and their corresponding fractions of endmembers were derived from the orthophoto. A fourth endmember, shade (f4), was directly extracted from the TM image. Experimental results indicate that the ANN has performed bet...
Perceived common rotary motion of ambiguous stimuli as a criterion of perceptual grouping

Apparent common behavior of contours with respect to a property for which each contour is ambiguous (in this case direction of rotary motion in depth) was used as a criterion of the unitary processing of the contours or “grouping.” Grouping was found to decrease as a monotonic function of the difference in line orientation and, for fixed orientations, to decrease as a monotonic function of line separation. These results are tentatively attributed to the distribution of line detectors in the projection area.
Rigorous dynamic models for distillation safety analysis

Abstract Dynamic simulations of distillation columns are widely used to develop effective control structures. The normal distillation models assume instantaneous heat transfer in the condenser and reboiler. However, when dynamic simulations are used in the analysis of safety problems in the event of emergency situations, the basic model does not accurately represent the dynamic response. Accurate response times are essential in the design of safety systems for the column. For example, a failure of the supply of cooling water will lead to rapid increases in pressures and temperatures that occur in seconds. Accurately determining the rates of increase in these important variables and the time period to reach critical limits (safety response time) permits the engineer to quantitatively design effective safety systems. This paper illustrates how rigorous condenser and reboiler models can be developed in Aspen Plus and their dynamics evaluated in Aspen Dynamics.
Combined atrial arterial switch operation (double switch) for hearts with Shone syndrome and pulmonary hypertension.

DOI:€10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.09.028 J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:471-473 Brawn A.R. Hosseinpour, M. Amanullah, I.R. Ramnarine, O. Stumper, D.J. Barron and W.J.syndrome and pulmonary hypertension Combined atrial arterial switch operation (double switch) for hearts with Shonehttp://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/131/2/471 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
High and Low Dose-rate Brachytherapy for Cervical Carcinoma

For the brachytherapy component of the radiation treatment of cervical carcinoma, high dose rate (HDR) is slowly replacing conventional low dose rate (LDR) due primarily to radiation safety and other physical benefits attributed to the HDR modality. Many radiation oncologists are reluctant to make this change because of perceived radiobiological disadvantages of HDR. However, in clinical practice HDR appears to be as effective as LDR but with a lower risk of late complications, as demonstrated by one randomized clinical trial and two comprehensive literature and practice surveys. The reason for this appears to be that the radiobiological disadvantages of HDR are outweighed by the physical advantages.
Changes in Trout Hemoglobin Conformations and Solubility after Exposure to Acid and Alkali pH

The effect of different acid and alkali treatments followed by pH readjustment on solubility and conformation of trout hemoglobins was investigated. At low pH (1.5-3.5) hemoglobin was unfolded at faster rates as the pH was lowered. Inclusion of 500 mM NaCl at low pH significantly increased the rate of unfolding. At alkaline pH (10-12) the conformation of hemoglobin was much less affected than at acid pH, and the presence of salt had little additional effect. When hemoglobin solutions were adjusted to neutrality at different stages of unfolding, the recovery of native structure on refolding was proportional to the extent of unfolding prior to pH readjustment: the more unfolded the protein, the less was the recovery of native structure. The presence of salt led to a smaller recovery of native structure. The more improperly unfolded the hemoglobin was (and hydrophobic), the lower was its solubility. Results suggest that the presence of NaCl (25-500 mM) may not only interfere with the refolding process but also enhance the hydrophobic interactions of improperly refolded hemoglobin, possibly due to charge screening. These results show that proper control of unfolding and refolding time and ionic strength in processes using highly acidic or alkaline conditions can minimize loss of hemoglobin solubility.
Replication vehicles of protein-based inheritance.

Prions are self-perpetuating protein isoforms that are responsible for infectious diseases in mammals and for heritable traits in fungi. Most known prion proteins form amyloids – self-seeded fiber-like aggregates. Prion propagation (‘replication') could be described as a sequence of repetitive cycles of aggregate ‘shearing' into smaller seeds followed by the growth of these seeds into full-size polymers. Recent work shows that the ability to form aggregates and to propagate them is controlled by distinct regions of the composite prion domains (PrDs).
Significance Test and Genome Selection in Bayesian Shrinkage Analysis

Bayesian shrinkage analysis is the state-of-the-art method for whole genome analysis of quantitative traits. It can estimate the genetic effects for the entire genome using a dense marker map. The technique is now called genome selection. A nice property of the shrinkage analysis is that it can estimate effects of QTL as small as explaining 2% of the phenotypic variance in a typical sample size of 300–500 individuals. In most cases, QTL can be detected with simple visual inspection of the entire genome for the effect because the false positive rate is low. As a Bayesian method, no significance test is needed. However, it is still desirable to put some confidences on the estimated QTL effects. We proposed to use the permutation test to draw empirical thresholds to declare significance of QTL under a predetermined genome wide type I error. With the permutation test, Bayesian shrinkage analysis can be routinely used for QTL detection.
Two challenges in cognitive musicology.

Two themes in music cognition research are highlighted—inspired by the contributions in this volume: (a) statistical learning and (b) evolutionary theorizing. Our ability to test alternatives to statistical learning is threatened by the rapidly diminishing opportunities for cross-cultural studies unconfounded by bimusicalism. Our ability to infer possible evolutionary origins for music is confounded by the “hedonic plenitude” of modern music-making—where multiple pleasure channels are activated simultaneously. Cognitively inspired music research will benefit by studying a wider range of musical cultures. Evolutionary theorizing will benefit by further work involving comparative animal behavior.
Suppression of Low-frequency Variations in Vortex Shedding by a Splitter Plate Behind a Bluff Body

Abstract Measurements of instantaneous pressure fluctuations on a trapezoidal cross-section cylinder indicate that the low-frequency variations embedded in the vortex-shedding process can be successfully suppressed by insertion of a splitter plate whose length is twice the maximum width of the trapezoidal cylinder. The experiments were performed at Reynolds numbers in a range of 5 × 103 to 4·5 × 104. Spanwise correlation of the pressure fluctuations measured on the cylinder further indicates that the suppression of low-frequency variations improves the degree of two-dimensionality of vortex shedding. These findings are attributed to the presence of the splitter plate having an effect on stabilizing the vortex formation length which is comparable to the length of the splitter plate, thus eliminating the low-frequency variations embedded in the base pressure.
The roles of ability, personality, and interests in acquiring current events knowledge: A longitudinal study

The purpose of this study was to investigate sources of inter-individual differences in current events knowledge. The study occurred in two sessions. In the initial session, 579 participants completed tests to ability, personality, and interest factors, as well as prior knowledge of current events. Approximately 10 weeks later, participants completed tests to assess new knowledge of current events, acquired since the initial session. Structural equation modeling revealed positive effects of both ability and non-ability factors on prior knowledge, and in turn, a large positive effect of prior knowledge on new knowledge. Results are interpreted in the context of theories of human intelligence that integrate ability and non-ability traits.
Doctoral Education in Social Work: What We Know and What We Need to Know

Little is known about social work doctoral students and graduates: why they chose doctoral study, the kind of work they do, and the nature of their unique contributions to the profession. This article reviews past studies of doctoral education in social work in the context of general trends in doctoral education in the United States, underscoring the need for more social workers with doctoral degrees. Using data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates, social work doctoral graduates from two recent years are described, including their employment plans at graduation and their indebtedness. Implications of the findings for the profession are discussed.
Scanning System Tradeoffs for Remote Optical Sensing from Geosynchronous Orbit

The scanning and telescope field of view requirements for making Earth Resources (ER) and Meteorological (MET) phenomena observations from a Synchronous Earth Observation Satellite (SEOS) have been defined. The equations relating spacecraft scan capability to user scan field of view requirements are given and evaluated using four different telescope fields of view. The tradeoffs between telescope field-of-view and user scan fields of view requirements are shown, and it was determined that a 0.6 degree by 1.2 degree telescope FOV is optimum for the SEOS telescope. It was shown that an internal scan as well as external scan is required to satisfy both ER and MET users.
Novel BiST methods for parametric test in wireless transceivers

This paper describes RF Built-in Self Test (BiST) techniques to test the performance of a RF CMOS integrated wireless transceiver using on-chip digital resources as both the stimuli and response analyzer. Using a defect-oriented approach, key RF blocks as well as the overall functionality and performance of the device are analyzed using a combination of block level and loopback testing. Using these methods, contributors to Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) such as amplifier gain, phase noise, and linearity performance (IP3) can be estimated and collected to predict the functional performance of a Digital Radio Processor (DRP) for wireless applications.
Toxicology screening in the emergency department: Ethanol, barbiturates, and salicylates

A review of 737 limited toxicological screens performed in a municipal teaching hospital over one calendar year was conducted to determine the value of performing analyses for ethanol, salicylates, and barbiturates. Less than 5% of salicylate determinations and less than 2% of barbiturate tests yielded positive results. On the other hand, ethanol was present in over 70% of cases. The low number of positive results and the cost do not justify analyzing for salicylates or barbiturates unless their presence is suspected. Ethanol determinations should be limited to patients without an obviously consistent clinical presentation. Selective use of these tests in the emergency department is called for.
A Thermoacoustic Engine Design

This paper discusses basic standing wave theory as it relates to thermoacoustics as well as the design, construction, and testing of a simple thermoacoustic engine based upon these principles. This paper covers the design, construction, and testing of a proof-of-concept engine to demonstrate the possibility of converting heat energy into mechanical energy via sound waves. A Soundhauss tube was constructed and tested to demonstrate the fundamental principles of acoustic resonance within a single closed-ended tube upon which the engine function is based. Fundamental frequency calculations are performed for the particular setup as well as stack design and thermal penetration depth calculations. With society’s current focus on human impact upon the environment, renewable sources of energy, and the inability for current energy grid systems to fulfill needs for remote and developing civilizations at feasible cost, the development of the Thermoacoustic Engine is a pursuit worth exploring. Thermoacoustic Engines harbor few or no moving parts, consist of simple components with low manufacturing overhead, and utilize 100% environmentally safe materials and gases. The engine essentially uses heat to create sound, and sound to create electricity or motion. The operational requirements are very lax which allows for a wide range of design possibilities. This relative simplicity of progression from source to output is what gives the engine its potential for mass adoption; particularly in areas conventional means of energy distribution have struggled to reach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Racism's Impact on Counselors' Professional and Personal Lives: A Response to the Personal Narratives on Racism

The author identifies common themes among the personal narratives pertaining to racism (Journal of Counseling & Development, 77[1], 1999) and discusses implications of some themes for counselors' professional and personal development.
The structure of a cyclic peptide toxin, cyanogenosin-rr from microcystis aeruginosa

Abstract The structure of a cyclic peptide toxin from Microcystis aeruginosa was established by chemical and enzymatic methods. The stereochemistry of two chiral centers in the unusual β-amino acid moiety was also deduced by chemical degradation.
The site for catabolite deactivation in the L-arabinose BAD operon in Escherichia coli B/r.

A series of deletions beginning in the leu operon and continuing into the araC gene and also into the ara controlling site region were analyzed in reciprocal merodiploids, e.g., F′A2Cc67/B24Δ719, F′B24Δ719/A2Cc67, for their effects on catabolite deactivation (CD). The results of these experiments are consistent with placing the catabolite gene activator-cyclic AMP sensitive site in the controlling site region between araB and araO. With a deletion mutant, Δ1109, that places araBAD under leu control when transcription begins atleuP, the araBAD operon is immune to CD even though araCGA, araP and aral are intact and functional. To focus attention on the fine structure and related functions of this region we propose that the three proteins that function therein have separate sites of action: araI (initiator-site for activator), araP (promoter-site for RNA polymerase) and ara(CGA) (catabolite gene activator-site for CGA-cAMP). None of the eighteen initiator constitutive mutants (Ic) tested have any significant effect on catabolite derepression or on the maximal level of expression of the operon supporting the view that the araI site may be distinct from araP and ara(CGA). A series of constitutive mutants in the araC gene (Cc) also have no pronounced effect on catabolite deactivation.
Anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies-basiliximab and daclizumab-for the prevention of acute rejection in renal transplantation

The use of antibody induction after kidney transplantation has increased from 25% to 63% in the past decade and roughly one half of the induction agent used is anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody (IL-2RA, ie, basiliximab or daclizumab). When combined with calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based immunosuppression, IL-2RAs have been shown to reduce the incidence of acute rejection, one of the predictors of poor graft survival, without increasing risks of infections and malignancies in kidney transplantation. For low-immunological-risk patients, IL-2RAs, as compared with lymphocyte-depleting antibodies, are equally efficacious and have better safety profiles. For high-risk patients, however, IL-2RAs may be inferior to lymphocyte-depleting antibodies for the prophylaxis of acute rejection. In an effort to reduce toxicities of other immunosuppressive medications without increasing the risk of acute rejection and chronic graft loss, IL-2RAs have often been combined with steroid- and CNI-sparing immunosuppression protocols. More data support the benefits of early steroid withdrawal with IL-2RA in low-risk patients, but preferred induction therapy for high-risk patients has yet to be determined. Although CNI-sparing protocols with IL-2RA may preserve renal function and improve long-term survival in selected patients, further studies are needed to identify those who benefit most from this strategy.
Social interactions, information use, and the evolution of collective migration

Migration of organisms (or cells) is typically an adaptive response to spatiotemporal variation in resources that requires individuals to detect and respond to long-range and noisy environmental gradients. Many organisms, from wildebeest to bacteria, migrate en masse in a process that can involve a vast number of individuals. Despite the ubiquity of collective migration, and the key function it plays in the ecology of many species, it is still unclear what role social interactions play in the evolution of migratory strategies. Here, we explore the evolution of migratory behavior using an individual-based spatially explicit model that incorporates the costs and benefits of obtaining directional cues from the environment and evolvable social interactions among migrating individuals. We demonstrate that collective migratory strategies evolve under a wide range of ecological scenarios, even when social encounters are rare. Although collective migration appears to be a shared navigational process, populations typically consist of small proportions of individuals actively acquiring directional information from their environment, whereas the majorities use a socially facilitated movement behavior. Because many migratory species face severe threat through anthropogenic influences, we also explore the microevolutionary response of migratory strategies to environmental pressures. We predict a gradual decline of migration due to increasing habitat destruction and argue that much greater restoration is required to recover lost behaviors (i.e., a strong hysteresis effect). Our results provide insights into both the proximate and ultimate factors that underlie evolved migratory behavior in nature.
John Locke, Lord Mansfield, and Arbitration During the Eighteenth Century

An exploration of the origins of the Arbitration Act of 1698 and an analysis of court-related arbitration during the next century. Principal conclusions: (1) that the act originated at the board of trade, with John Locke drafting and drawing upon judicial practice of the later 1600s; (2) that use of the act's provisions was limited before the 1770s even though extra-judicial arbitration was proliferating; (3) that thereafter, with the Court of King's Bench under Lord Mansfield taking the lead, rules of court under the act multiplied; and (4) that arbitration under the act was increasingly ‘legalized’ in procedure and in the qualifications of the arbitrators.
Small Angle X-Ray Scattering on Poly(Ethylene-Methacrylic Acid) Lead and Lead Sulfide Ionomers

The morphology of ionomers, e.g., poly(ethylene-methacrylic acid) (EMA) lead salts (EMA/Pb) and lead sulfide compounds (EMA/PbS), has been studied by using the techniques of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), anomalous SAXS (ASAXS), wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). EMA/Pb containing less than 5 wt% of lead exhibited two characteristic SAXS peaks which corresponded to the lamellar structure of the partially crystalline polymer matrix and the ionic structure of the lead aggregates that were present in the amorphous regions. The lead aggregates were not distributed uniformly and increased in packing density with increasing lead content. Both DSC and WAXS showed that the crystalline phase was present for all EMA/Pb samples and that the crystallinity decreased slightly with increasing lead content. ASAXS near the L3 absorption edge of lead permitted the extraction of the scattered intensity of lead ions from the SAXS patterns of the superimposed crystalline and ionic structures. Correlation function analysis revealed that the ionic aggregates of the EMA/Pb containing 5 wt% of lead could be described by a liquid-like model with a short range order of 2-4 nm. EMA/PbS samples were made by a reaction of EMA/Pb ionomers with hydrogen sulfide. Instead of an ionic peak as shown by EMA/Pb samples, the SAXS patterns of EMA/PbS showed a broad diffraction peak located at the same q value as the lamellar peak of the EMA in acid form. The (lamellar) peak could be attributed to the interference between the PbS crystallites in the neighboring lamellae.
Effects of in situ target spatial distributions on acoustic density estimates

One goal of acoustic-based abundance estimates is to accurately preserve spatial distributions of organism density and size within survey data. We simulated spatially­ random and spatially-autocorrelated fish density and cr 0, distributions to quantify variance in density, abundance. and backscattering cross-sectional a rea estimates, and to examine the sensitivity of abundance estimates to organism spatial distributions and methods of estimating acoustic size. Our results show that it is difficult to simul­ taneously estimate fish density and maintain accurate crbs· frequency distributions. Among our acoustic backscatter estimation methods. a weighted-mean from a local search window provided optimal estimates of density, abundance and crbs· Other methods tended to bias either crh, or density estimates. This analysis identifies the relative importance of variance sources when estimating organism density using spatial ly-i ndexed acoustic data.
The role of chromosomal translocation (15;19) in the carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract in children.

Abstract Objective To further evaluate the role of chromosomal translocation (15;19) in the presentation of the carcinoma (CA) of the upper aerodigestive tract. Study design and setting A retrospective study at a tertiary care pediatric medical center. Results Seven patients with a mean age of 12 years presented with CA of nasopharynx (N = 2), sinonasal region (N = I), parotid gland (N = 2), or larynx (N = 2). Treatments included combinations of surgery (N = 5), chemotherapy (N = 5), and radiation therapy (N = 4). One patient with sinonasal CA and one patient with laryngeal CA had chromosomal translocation (15;19); these patients both died of their disease with a mean survival of 6 months. The 5 patients without translocation (15;19) responded well to treatment and are disease-free with a mean follow-up of 47 months. Conclusion The preliminary results appear to indicate poor prognosis associated with the presentation of chromosomal translocation (15;19) despite aggressive multi-modality treatment. Further investigation is needed to better understand the cause and relationship of the translocation (15;19) and aggressive behavior of these tumors.
ato-Gal4 fly lines for gene function analysis: Eya is required in late progenitors for eye morphogenesis

The Gal4/UAS system is one of the most powerful tools for the study of cellular and developmental processes in Drosophila. Gal4 drivers can be used to induce targeted expression of dominant-negative and dominant-active proteins, histological markers, activity sensors, gene-specific dsRNAs, modulators of cell survival or proliferation, and other reagents. Here, we describe novel atonal-Gal4 lines that contain regions of the regulatory DNA of atonal, the proneural gene for photoreceptors, stretch receptors, auditory organ, and some olfactory sensilla. During neurogenesis, the atonal gene is expressed at a critical juncture, a time of transition from progenitor cell to developing neuron. Thus, these lines are particularly well suited for the study of the transcription factors and signaling molecules orchestrating this critical transition. To demonstrate their usefulness, we focus on two visual organs, the eye and the Bolwig. We demonstrate the induction of predicted eye phenotypes when expressing the dominant-negative EGF receptor or a dsRNA against Notch in the developing eye disc. In another example, we show the deletion of the Bolwig's organ using the proapoptotic factor Hid. Finally, we investigate the function of the eye specification factor Eyes absent or Eya in late retinal progenitors, shortly before they begin morphogenesis. We show that Eya is still required in these late progenitors to promote eye formation, and show failure to induce the target gene atonal and consequent lack of neuron formation.
Teacher Estimates of Handicapped Student Crime Victimization and Delinquency

This study examines estimates of violent and property crimes. Seventy-five special education teachers from 21 Illinois counties and 30 school districts identified the most common violent and property crimes among their special education students, estimated the prevalence of crime victimization, as well as delinquency among their special education students.Student disability type and delinquency risk level were examined and compared. The results indicated a significant difference between learning-disabled and behaviorally disordered victims of violence. A comparison of special education teacher crime rankings and the Crime in Illinois: Illinois Uniform Crime Report's rankings yield a +1.00 Spearman Rank-Order Correlation. These findings were interpreted as indicating a need for more in-depth federal and state crime reporting methods. Also, this study indicates a need for education aimed at reducing the vulnerability of the handicapped student as both victim and perpetrator of crime.
Similarity and Difference in the Unfolding of Thermophilic and Mesophilic Cold Shock Proteins Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to unfold a homologous pair of thermophilic and mesophilic cold shock proteins at high temperatures. The two proteins differ in just 11 of 66 residues and have very similar structures with a closed five-stranded antiparallel β-barrel. A long flexible loop connects the N-terminal side of the barrel, formed by three strands (β1–β3), with the C-terminal side, formed by two strands (β4–β5). The two proteins were found to follow the same unfolding pathway, but with the thermophilic protein showing much slower unfolding. Unfolding started with the melting of C-terminal strands, leading to exposure of the hydrophobic core. Subsequent melting of β3 and the β-hairpin formed by the first two strands then resulted in unfolding of the whole protein. The slower unfolding of the thermophilic protein could be attributed to ion pair formation of Arg-3 with Glu-46, Glu-21, and the C-terminal. These ion pairs were also found to be important for the difference in folding stability between the pair of proteins. Thus electrostatic interactions appear to play similar roles in the difference in folding stability and kinetics between the pair of proteins.
Asking the Right Questions: A Critique of Facebook, Social Media, and Libraries

Reflecting on the library literature on Facebook, our experience using Facebook and other social networking sites professionally, and our discussions with librarians about these tools, we question the use of social networking sites in academic libraries and note opportunities for discussion and research. Ultimately, we encourage librarians and others to think more deeply about the use of social networking sites in their libraries while critically examining both the tools themselves and what others have said and written about them.
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and the future of C4 crops for food and fuel

Crops with the C4 photosynthetic pathway are vital to global food supply, particularly in the tropical regions where human well-being and agricultural productivity are most closely linked. While rising atmospheric [CO2] is the driving force behind the greater temperatures and water stress, which threaten to reduce future crop yields, it also has the potential to directly benefit crop physiology. The nature of C4 plant responses to elevated [CO2] has been controversial. Recent evidence from free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments suggests that elevated [CO2] does not directly stimulate C4 photosynthesis. Nonetheless, drought stress can be ameliorated at elevated [CO2] as a result of lower stomatal conductance and greater intercellular [CO2]. Therefore, unlike C3 crops for which there is a direct enhancement of photosynthesis by elevated [CO2], C4 crops will only benefit from elevated [CO2] in times and places of drought stress. Current projections of future crop yields have assumed that rising [CO2] will directly enhance photosynthesis in all situations and, therefore, are likely to be overly optimistic. Additional experiments are needed to evaluate the extent to which amelioration of drought stress by elevated [CO2] will improve C4 crop yields for food and fuel over the range of C4 crop growing conditions and genotypes.
High-Latitude H I in the Low Surface Brightness Galaxy UGC 7321

From the analysis of sensitive H i 21 cm line observations, we find evidence for vertically extended H i emission ( z jj d2:4 kpc) in the edge-on, low surface brightness spiral galaxy UGC 7321. Three-dimensional modeling suggests that the H i disk of UGC 7321 is both warped and flared, but that neither effect can fully reproduce the spatial distribution and kinematics of the highest z-height gas. We are able to model the highlatitude emission as an additional H i component in the form of a ‘‘ thick disk ’’ or ‘‘ halo ’’ with a FWHM of � 3.3 kpc. We find tentative evidence that the vertically extended gas declines in rotational velocity as a function of z, although we are unable to completely rule out models with constant Vz ðÞ . In spite of the low star formation rate of UGC 7321, energy from supernovae may be sufficient to sustain this high-latitude gas. However, alternative origins for this material, such as slow, sustained infall, cannot yet be excluded. Subject headings: galaxies: halos — galaxies: individual (UGC 7321) — galaxies: ISM — galaxies: spiral
Net shape manufacturing and the performance of polymer composites under dynamic loads

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the influence of postmold trimming and resultant edge quality on the performance of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) under dynamic loads. Graphite/epoxy and graphite/bismaleimide laminates were machined using three state-of-the-art industrial techniques and subjected to three-point bend impact to failure. The load load-line displacement records were used to obtain the load, bend deflection and energy absorbed to fracture. High-speed photography was also employed to identify the initiation and progression of failure and record the time dependent fracture process. From a comparison of edge quality and subsequent material performance for both polymeric composites, it was found that the impact response of FRPs is highly process dependent. In general, the load and energy absorbed to fracture decreases with increasing surface roughness. Reductions in the load and energy to the onset of fracture with degrading surface quality were as high as 20 percent. The dynamic response was also found to be dependent on the constituents, stacking sequence and impact velocity.
A defect in beta-oxidation causes abnormal inflorescence development in Arabidopsis.

The abnormal inflorescence meristem1 ( aim1 ) mutation affects inflorescence and floral development in Arabidopsis. After the transition to reproductive growth, the aim1 inflorescence meristem becomes disorganized, producing abnormal floral meristems and resulting in plants with severely reduced fertility. The derived amino acid sequence of AIM1 shows extensive similarity to the cucumber multifunctional protein involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids, which possesses l-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydrolyase, l-3-hydroxyacyl-dehydrogenase, d-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase, and Δ 3 , Δ 2 -enoyl-CoA isomerase activities. A defect in β-oxidation has been confirmed by demonstrating the resistance of the aim1 mutant to 2,4-diphenoxybutyric acid, which is converted to the herbicide 2,4-D by the β-oxidation pathway. In addition, the loss of AIM1 alters the fatty acid composition of the mature adult plant.
Colonization by Pneumocystis jirovecii and Its Role in Disease

SUMMARY Although the incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) has decreased since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, it remains an important cause of disease in both HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected immunosuppressed populations. The epidemiology of PCP has shifted over the course of the HIV epidemic both from changes in HIV and PCP treatment and prevention and from changes in critical care medicine. Although less common in non-HIV-infected immunosuppressed patients, PCP is now more frequently seen due to the increasing numbers of organ transplants and development of novel immunotherapies. New diagnostic and treatment modalities are under investigation. The immune response is critical in preventing this disease but also results in lung damage, and future work may offer potential areas for vaccine development or immunomodulatory therapy. Colonization with Pneumocystis is an area of increasing clinical and research interest and may be important in development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this review, we discuss current clinical and research topics in the study of Pneumocystis and highlight areas for future research.
The save the meniscus society: commentary on an article by Jeffrey J. Nepple, MD, et al.: "meniscal repair outcomes at greater than five years. a systematic literature review and meta-analysis".

Meniscectomy is one of the oldest and most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures. First described in 1866 and popularized by Smillie in the 1970s, meniscectomy has remained one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures in the world. In a recent review of cases presented during Part II of the ABOS (American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery) certification examination, CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) code 29881 (arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy) was the most common procedure performed in all years surveyed and outnumbered the next most common procedure by a ratio of 2:11. That is a lot of menisci being removed! In 1948, T.J. Fairbank published his landmark paper, “Knee Joint Changes After Meniscectomy.”2 Building on observations of others before him, he concluded that “meniscectomy is not wholly innocuous” and “it seems likely that narrowing of the joint space will predispose to early degenerative changes.” Several other authors, years later, reliably duplicated his astute observations, and the predictable changes …
Entrepreneurship Education Comes of Age on Campus: The Challenges and Rewards of Bringing Entrepreneurship to Higher Education

As the Kauffman Campus Initiative reaches its conclusion, we at the Foundation see an opportunity to take a first cut at distilling the lessons learned from the widespread, but variegated, adoption of entrepreneurship education. As part of this effort, we solicited the views of academics and administrators at sixteen institutions with notable entrepreneurship education programs — some of them “Kauffman Campuses,” some not — to discuss common practices and challenges. (Participating people and institutions are listed in appendix I.) In addition to gathering written submissions, we spent a day in four sessions of directed conversation about what is going well and not so well in their worlds. The themes, questions, and choices they discussed, plus the judgments and analysis of Foundation staff and others who were consulted along the way, are distilled here. This paper’s methodology is deliberately qualitative. We make no effort to conduct a statistical census or a comprehensive survey of the field (which would be a formidable undertaking). The goal of this paper is simply to lay groundwork for a discussion of the state of entrepreneurship education as it leaves adolescence, so to speak, and enters its prime. We seek to clarify choices; to reflect on emerging norms and on successes and failures; to provide guidance for new entrants; and, above all, to spark a conversation about the next phase.
Latina and African‐American Girls in the Juvenile Justice System: Needs, Problems, and Solutions

This review focuses on Latina and African-American girls in the juvenile justice system with a special emphasis on their mental health, substance abuse, and treatment needs. Like many young women in the juvenile justice system, Latina and African-American girls often have histories of neglect, abuse, and trauma, which contribute to later mental health and substance abuse issues. Despite these histories, juvenile justice professionals sometimes rely on stereotypes rooted in cultural deficit thinking to explain Latina and African-American girls' delinquency. Relying on gendered, racialized, and classed stereotypes and assumptions can result in decisions that negatively impact Latina and African-American girls' access to mental health, substance abuse, and other types of treatment. Policy and practice implications for better addressing the needs of Latina and African-American girls are discussed.
Abstract P1-04-10: PDGFRA signaling in Inflammatory breast cancer.

Inflammatory breast cancer is the most lethal form of locally advanced breast cancer. It is clear from the recent research advancements in IBC that it is entirely a different entity, not only in its clinical presentation but also in its molecular expression profile. Therefore, it is essential to carry out molecular expression studies in IBC compared to non-IBC as well as to pursue these differences to study their effects on IBC phenotype. In collaboration with the Translational Cancer Research group in Antwerp Belgium, our lab has recently found that PDGFRA is significantly over expressed in IBC patient samples (between 15–36%) compared to non-IBC patient samples. This project focuses on identifying the PDGFRA activation signature in SUM149 IBC cells. Upon ligand stimulation, PDGFR can either homo or heterodimerize (AA, AB, BB) and produce an array of signaling events responsible for cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation in normal cells as well as in several cancer cells. SUM149 and SUM190 cells lack ER, PR and HER-2 expression and hence are named triple negative IBC cells. Triple negative breast cancers are highly aggressive in nature and therefore suffer from poor prognosis. We seek to determine if signaling via over expressed PDGFRA could be a potential surviving factor in producing such fast growing and highly invasive IBC tumors. Preliminary data on immunostaining of PDGFRA with and without permeabilization suggests intracellular localization of PDGFRA. We also know that SUM149s and SUM190s express all four PDGF ligands (A, B, C, D). This unusual expression of all the PDGF lignads suggests the self-sufficiency of these cells for PDGFRA signaling. In other words, these cells maintain constitutively active PDGFRA via intracrine/autocrine loop. Protein expression of active PDGFRA was studied by using two different phospho specific PDGFRA antibodies (Tyr 1018 and Tyr 849) without any prior stimulation by PDGF ligands. Moreover our data shows that PDGFR- activation in IBC, unlike in n-IBC, is PDGF-C driven. Possibility of such intracrine/autocrine loop could significantly increase the overall PDGFRA signaling in IBC cells and hence can produce fast growing aggressive IBC tumors. Thus targeting PDGFRA, an important biomarker in IBC could stand as a novel and systematic therapeutic approach. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-04-10.
Near‐Surface Velocity Structure of Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala, Derived from Small‐Aperture Array Analysis of Seismic Tremor

Knowledge of the typically complicated near‐surface structure on volcanoes is critical for determining accurate seismic‐event locations and seismic source mechanisms associated with precursory and eruptive activity. To generate a near‐surface velocity model for the active cone of Pacaya volcano, Guatemala, we recorded seismic tremor and ambient noise with a small‐aperture array of 11 short‐period seismometers in January 2011. The diffuse wavefield was investigated using the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method, and we computed Rayleigh and Love dispersion curves at the array location. The phase velocities for Rayleigh waves range from 1000 m/s at 2 Hz to 230 m/s at 10 Hz; those for Love waves range from 600 to 250 m/s over the same frequency band. Such low velocities are consistent with the presence of unconsolidated tephra on the surface of the volcano interspersed with lava flows. Assuming they represent the fundamental modes of Rayleigh and Love waves, we inverted the dispersion curves to produce a shear‐wave velocity model of the upper 500 m beneath the array. Online Material: S ‐wave velocity models obtained from inversion, and Love‐ and Rayleigh‐wave dispersion curves.
Investigations of the Mechanical and Hydrothermal Stabilities of SBA-15 and Al-SBA-15 Mesoporous Materials

Periodic mesoporous materials possess high surface to volume ratio and nano-scale sized pores, making them potential candidates for heterogeneous catalysis, ion exchange, gas sensing and other applications. In this study, we use in situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the mechanical and hydrothermal stability properties of periodic mesoporous SBA-15 silica and SBA-15 type aluminosilica (Al-SBA-15) to extreme conditions. The mesoporous SBA-15 silica and Al-SBA-15 aluminosilica possess amorphous frameworks and have similar pore size distribution (pore size ∼9-10 nm). The in situ SAXS measurements were made at the B1 beamline, at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). The mesoporous SBA-15 silica and Al-SBA-15 aluminosilica specimens were loaded in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) for pressure measurements, and, separately, with water in the DAC for hydrothermal measurements to high P-T conditions (to 255 °C and ∼ 114 MPa). Analyses of the pressure-dependent SAXS data show that the mesoporous Al-SBA-15 aluminosilica is substantially more mechanically stable than the SBA-15 silica. Hydrothermal measurements show a small net swelling of the framework at elevated P-T conditions, due to dissolution of water into the pore walls. Under elevated P-T conditions, the Al-SBA-15 aluminosilica shows significantly greater hydrothermal stability than the SBA-15 silica. Our MD simulations show that the bulk modulus value of periodic mesoporous SBA-15 silica varies exponentially with percentage porosity. Molecular dynamics simulations are being made in order to better understand how the pore architecture and the chemical composition of the host structure govern the stability properties of the mesoporous materials.
Chaos and Graphics: Medley of spirals from cyclic cellular automata

Cyclic cellular automata on the integer planar lattice are known to typically evolve through distinct phases ending with minimal periodic terminal states that usually appear as intertwined spirals. Here we explore the diversity of spirals that arise from nonstandard neighborhoods on the integer lattice and from looking at the automata on quasi-crystalline arrangements of cells. We see that phase transitions and development of spirals are almost ubiquitous yet the particular form of the spirals is very dependent upon the particulars of the underlying neighborhoods; in fact the spiral forms echo the neighborhoods. The quasi-crystalline illustrations provide much more subtle echoes in the spiral forms that show artifacts from the non-periodic local symmetry that occurs.
Concluding Thoughts for the Time Series Analyst

We began this book by suggesting that scholars in the social sciences are often interested in how processes – whether political, economic, or social – changeover time. Throughout, we have emphasized that although many of our theories discuss that change, often our empirical models do not give the concept of change the same pride of place. Time series elements in data are often treated as a nuisance – something to cleanse from otherwise meaningful information – rather than part and parcel of the data-generating process that we attempt to describe with our theories. We hope this book is an antidote to this thinking. Social dynamics are crucial to all of the social sciences. We have tried to provide some tools to model and therefore understand some of these social dynamics. Rather than treat temporal dynamics as a nuisance or a problem to be ameliorated, we have emphasized that the diagnosis, modeling, and analysis of those dynamics are key to the substance of the social sciences. Knowing a unit root exists in a series tell us something about the data-generating process: shocks to the series permanently shift the series, integrating into it. Graphing the autocorrelation functions of a series can tell us whether there are significant dynamics at one lag (i.e., AR(1))or for more lags (e.g., an AR(3)). Again, this tells us something about the underlying nature of the data: how long does an event hold influence? The substance of these temporal dynamics is even more important when thinking about the relationships between variables.