cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirements for copatibility between local and multipartite quantum states

We consider a partial trace transformation which maps a multipartite quantum state to collection of local density matrices. We call this collection a mean field state. For the Hilbert spaces (C2)⊗n and C2 ⊗ C2 ⊗ C4 the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a mean field state is compatible with at least one multipartite pure state are found. Compatibility of mean field states with more general classes of multipartite quantum states is discussed.
Overseeing the Refugee Convention: Investigative Capacity

At the Ministerial Meeting of States Parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Refugee Protocol held in Geneva on Dec. 12-13, states agreed formally to pursue efforts to reinforce effective implementation of their refugee protection treaty obligations. To that end, the International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA), in collaboration with the University of Michigan's Program in Refugee and Asylum Law, convened a Global Consultation on International Protection in Geneva on Dec. 11. That meeting launched a process of careful review of options for the establishment of an independent supervisory mechanism for international refugee law based on a series of Working Papers. The introductory paper, "Taking Oversight of Refugee Law Seriously," by Prof. James Hathaway of the University of Michigan Law School, makes the case for genuinely independent supervision of the Refugee Convention. In particular, it argues that scholars and activists must not be intimidated by institutional insistence that oversight of the Refugee Convention be a function exclusively of the UNHCR. The High Commissioner's duty to supervise implementation of the Convention and the more general obligation of state parties to take collective responsibility to oversee implementation of their treaty obligations are, in fact, compatible - not mutually exclusive - responsibilities. The first four Working Papers in the series consider the usefulness in the context of the Refugee Convention of the most widely used mechanisms of treaty supervision which, as forcefully argued by Harvard's Professor Henry Steiner, are mutually reinforcing and interdependent processes. The final three papers speak to the process of overseeing the Refugee Convention. Working Paper No. 4 proposes that the supervisory body have an auxiliary investigative capacity to supplement its reporting, complaints, and general comments functions. It stresses the importance of direct access to evidence on the ground as critical to the credibility and effectiveness of the supervisory body.
Echocardiographic detection and clinical significance of left atrial vegetations in active infective endocarditis.

Abstract Involvement of the mural endocardium during infective endocarditis (IE) was commonly reported in early series of patients,1,2 but little new information has been added since antibiotic therapy dramatically reduced the mortality of this condition. Mural vegetations are thought to develop in 2 ways. The more common involves growth of a vegetation at the site of a “jet lesion,” that is, the impact site of a regurgitant stream. Much less common is isolated, primary mural endocarditis—through 1978 there had been only 22 reported cases.3 Two-dimensional echocardiography can detect vegetations of IE in 43 to 100% of patients.4 Some investigators have suggested that the detection of vegetations by echocardiography may identify a subgroup of patients at higher risk for embolic complications.4–6 Others have included it as a minor criterion for surgical intervention in active IE.7 Mural vegetations have not been well characterized echocardiographically, nor has their clinical significance been studied in detail. We report 6 patients with IE and left atrial (LA) masses demonstrated by 2-dimensional echocardiography. Doppler color flow imaging revealed a regurgitant stream striking endocardium at the base of the vegetation in all patients. Transesophageal echocardiography proved an excellent technique to study the location and size of vegetations attached to the posterior LA wall, which is difficult to visualize by standard 2-dimensional echocardiography.
a Perturbation Method and Some Applications

For differential equations with one fast variable, a perturbation method is introduced that transforms a solution valid over only a short time interval to a new solution composed of averaged variables plus a periodic function of the averaged variables. The averaged variables are governed by a set of differential equations where the fast variable has been removed and thus can be numerically integrated quickly or solved directly. This method is applied to a perturbed harmonic oscillator with a cubic perturbation, van der Pol's equation, coorbital motion in the restricted three-body problem, and to nearly circular motion of a particle near one of the primaries in the restricted three-body problem.
Developmental and functional analysis of Jonah gene expression

The Jonah genes are expressed twice in development: Jonah RNA is detected during all larval stages, disappears at the end of the third larval instar, and then reappears shortly after eclosion, in the adult midgut. Construction and analysis of Jonah cDNA clones reveals that multiple Jonah genes are transcribed; cDNA clones deriving from at least four different clusters of Jonah genes have been identified. In at least one case, multiple genes in a cluster are transcribed, and one cluster is found to be transcribed both in larvae and adults. Evidence that different Jonah genes are under different control with respect to both spatial and temporal patterns of expression has been provided. Jonah RNA encodes a 28-kDa translation product or products for which we consider a possible function. Jonah RNA of constant length is found to be conserved in all strains of Drosophila melanogaster examined, Jonah genes are found at a minimum of three common chromosomal sites in all of seven D. melanogaster strains examined, and multiple Jonah genes are found in other Drosophila species.
Mechanistic Insight into the Initiation Step of the Coupling Reaction of Oxetane or Epoxides and CO2 Catalyzed by (salen)CrX Complexes

The most active and robust current catalysts for the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides or oxetanes, (salen)CrX in conjunction with PPNX (PPN+ = (Ph3P)2N+) or n-Bu4NX (X = Cl, N3, CN, NCO), are characterized both in solution by infrared spectroscopy and in the solid-state by X-ray crystallography. All anions (X) afford six-coordinate chromium(III) PPN+ or n-Bu4N+ salts composed of trans-(salen)CrX2− species. Of the X groups investigated in (salen)CrX, chloride is easily displaced by the others, that is, the reaction of (salen)CrCl with 2 equiv of N3−, CN−, or NCO− quantitatively provide (salen)Cr(N3)2−, (salen)Cr(CN)2−, and (salen)Cr(NCO)2−, respectively. On the other hand, addition of less than 2 equiv of azide to (salen)CrCl leads to a Schlenk (ligand redistribution) equilibrium of the three possible anions both in solution and in the solid-state as shown by X-ray crystallography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. It was further demonstrated that all trans-(salen)CrX2− anions re...
Nonmalignant obstruction is a common problem with metal stents in the treatment of esophageal cancer

Abstract Background: The use of metal stents for the treatment of dysphagia due to esophageal malignancy is an important advance because of ease of delivery and their self-expandable property. Obstruction due to tumor overgrowth is a recognized complication, but nonmalignant obstruction in patients with metal stents is rarely reported. Methods: Database records of patients who had esophageal cancer and underwent metal stent insertion were reviewed. Results: A total of 116 patients were seen between October 1993 and October 1997. Four types of metal stents had been used (Ultraflex, Z Stent, Wallstent, and Esophacoil). Detailed follow-up information was available for 81 patients, who constitute the study sample. Forty-nine (60%) stent obstructions were reported, 26 of the 49 (53%) were due to tumor overgrowth and 23 (47%) were not associated with malignancy. Histologic analysis of the nonmalignant obstructing tissue showed granulation tissue (56%), reactive hyperplasia (22%) and fibrosis (22%). Conclusions: Nonmalignant obstruction is a common although infrequently reported complication after placement of metal stents for esophageal cancer. The tissue response of the esophageal mucosa occurred with all 4 types of stents used. No specific characteristic of the stent or prior treatment seems to be related to obstruction of the stent in patients with either nonmalignant obstruction or tumor overgrowth. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:556-9.)
Establishing a Change Infrastructure through Teams

AbstractThis article describes an infrastructure to implement a large-scale organizational transformation. Successful large-scale organizational transformations require leadership, project management, learning, and systematic change actions. The Kennedy Space Center is used as a transformation case example to understand teams use to overcome resource challenges. Resource challenges result from the need to meet multiple responsibilities with constrained resources and to balance involvement throughout the organization. From this case study, it is proposed that an organization needs to use: both formal and informal teams, a systematic process to integrate team efforts, and a “quick start study” program. Managers can use the findings to help design and use teams to drive their transformational efforts.
Role for α6 integrin during lens development: Evidence for signaling through IGF‐1R and ERK

We show that α6 integrin function was required for normal lens cell differentiation by using an antisense construct to suppress α6 integrin expression. To elucidate the mechanism by which this integrin functions in the regulation of the lens cell differentiation process, we determined the molecular composition of α6 integrin signaling complexes at distinct stages of differentiation in vivo. Because both α6 integrin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been implicated in signaling lens cell differentiation, we examined the possibility that they formed a signaling complex in the embryonic lens. Coprecipitation analysis revealed that α6 integrin/IGF-1 receptor complexes were present and that their association was greatest in the equatorial zone, the region of the embryonic lens in which lens cells proliferate and then initiate their differentiation. These results provide in vivo support for the formation of integrin/growth factor receptor signaling complexes. We also found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a downstream effector of both integrin and growth factor receptor signaling pathways, was associated with the α6 integrin signaling complexes in the embryonic lens. This result was supported by our findings that activated ERK, in addition to its nuclear location, localized to lens cell membranes in specific regions of cell-matrix and cell–cell contact. A connection between integrin ligand engagement and ERK activation was shown in vitro after lens cell attachment to laminin. These results demonstrate that α6 integrin function is required for the early stages of lens cell differentiation most likely through its association with the IGF-1 receptor and the activation of ERK. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the [pk]-series in Brown-Peterson homology

Abstract The coefficients of the [pk]-series for the Brown-Peterson homology lie in products of prime invariant ideals of BP∗. The product of ideals containing the 2s-dimensional coefficient depends on k and on the p-adic expansion of s+1.
Mechanism of SOA-based regenerative amplification of phase-noise degraded DPSK signals

Presented is dynamic analysis for SOA-based regenerative amplification (SORA) of phase-noise-degraded DPSK signals, which led to the first recent practical demonstration of a SORA. The modelling results agree with the experiment. The regeneration is achieved without wavelength conversion and/or using additional laser resources.
Analysis of Flow-Directed Pulmonary Artery Catheterization

NOT ALL the maneuvers directed toward benefiting patients necessarily result in net benefit—a situation we readily accept in conscientiously attempting to avoid the toxic effects, complications, and side effects of medical and surgical treatments. Yet, like treatments, invasive diagnostic procedures present complications and side effects that may be less comprehensively appreciated. In this issue ofThe Journal, Carlson and colleagues 1 report pulmonary artery hemorrhage, a rare complication of flow-directed pulmonary artery catheterization, in three patients, one of whom was adroitly treated with therapeutic embolism. While the authors list risk factors for this complication (to which could be added recent cardiopulmonary bypass), their report should be considered in a broader context—that of indications for catheterization and the panoply of recognized complications, summarized in the Table, as well as the poorly understood physiological burden imposed by the presence of intravascular instrumentation itself. 2 Recognized Complications The precise incidence of recognizable complications
Growth and optical properties of self-assembled InGaAs quantum posts

Abstract We demonstrate a method to grow height controlled, dislocation-free InGaAs quantum posts (QPs) on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) which is confirmed by structural investigations. The interband optical properties are compared to realistic 8-band k · p calculations of the electronic structure which fully account for strain and the structural properties of the QP. Using QPs embedded in n-i-p junctions we find wide range tunability of the interband spectrum and giant static dipole moments.
The heterogeneous condensation of mercury from a high velocity carrier gas

Abstract An analytical study of the condensation characteristics of mercury onto a cesium substrate in a nitrogen carrier gas was made. Good quantitative agreement was indicated between theory and experimental data [9] for heterogeneous condensation. A one-dimensional flow model was formulated, based on two-phase, three component gas dynamics, non-continuum growth relations and reaction heat term due to Cs-Hg amalgam formation. The results indicate that neglecting reaction heat, mass removal effects are dominant in the temperature range of this study. Substrate concentration was shown to have a direct effect on the magnitude of heterogeneous condensation. The effects of changing stagnation parameters on data presentation is considered.
Liking, Loving, and Styles of Loving:

Correlations were computed between the SAMPLE Profile (a test measuring the extent to which a person identifies with one of six distinct concepts of love), and Rubin's scales for Loving and Liking....
The genetic control of alkaline phosphatase activity in the duodenum of the mouse.

The inheritance of duodenal alkaline phosphatase activity has been studied in two inbred strains of Swiss mice. These two strains consistently maintained a three- to fourfold difference in duodenal phosphatase activity for six generations before the start of the genetic studies. Males of both the high-activity strain (HAS) and the low-activity strain (LAS) were mated to females of the other strain to produce an F1 generation, members of which were sib-mated to produce an F2 generation. The frequency distributions of the parental, F1, and F2 generations reveal that the activity of the enzyme is under polygenic control. Distribution of activities in the F2's derived from HAS grandmothers differs from that of the F2's from LAS grandmothers, indicating that a maternally inherited factor, probably contained in the milk of one strain, influences the activity. Heritability estimates based on half-sib correlation coefficients show that additive genetic variance makes up about 50–70% of the total variance of duodenal phosphatase activity in LAS, and approximately 30–45% in HAS. The latter strain is the more variable, both within generations and within litters; its activity is also more strongly enhanced by injection of substrate into the stomach, and is more severely reduced by starvation. Chromatographic analysis of butanol extracts of phosphatase from 11-day-old mice of the two strains reveals that both contain the same two isozymes. HAS does, however, appear to have 6–8 times as much as LAS of an isozymic form of phosphatase having a relatively high phenylphosphate/β-glycerophosphate ratio, and only about twice as much of a low PhP/bGP ratio form.
Kelp and rivers subsidize rocky intertidal communities in the Pacific Northwest (USA).

Rocky intertidal filter feeders couple benthic and pelagic systems by consuming parti- cles in the water column and transferring energy and nutrients to sediments and benthic predators. Less is known about their role as links between terrestrial and marine systems. I explored this link using a dual stable isotope approach to discern the diets and trophic position of 4 common sympatric rocky intertidal filter feeders (Mytilus californianus, Balanus glandula, Semibalanus cariosus, Pol- licipes polymerus) living near river mouths in the Pacific Northwest (USA). Freshwater particulate organic matter (POM) was assimilated by all filter feeders, though at relatively low levels (5 to 41%). Intertidal macroalgae and seagrass also contributed to filter feeder diets, but the primary resource base was kelp in both summer and winter, accounting for 11 to 88% in filter feeder diets, depending on species and season. Although these species shared a common resource base, they occupied dis- tinct trophic positions. Natural and logging-induced increases in riverine inputs were related to higher trophic position for all species, indicating that riverine carbon may enter the rocky intertidal food web through the microbial loop. I show that filter feeder trophic positions were higher in winter when river discharge is highest, near river mouths (in winter) where river-borne inputs are highest, and downstream of more heavily logged watersheds where river loads of dissolved organic carbon are highest. Rocky intertidal filter feeders do couple land and sea, further emphasizing the need to manage these ecosystems jointly.
Functional MRI is a valid noninvasive alternative to Wada testing

Partial removal of the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) is a highly effective surgical treatment for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, yet roughly half of patients who undergo left ATL resection show a decline in language or verbal memory function postoperatively. Two recent studies demonstrate that preoperative fMRI can predict postoperative naming and verbal memory changes in such patients. Most importantly, fMRI significantly improves the accuracy of prediction relative to other noninvasive measures used alone. Addition of language and memory lateralization data from the intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test did not improve prediction accuracy in these studies. Thus, fMRI provides patients and practitioners with a safe, noninvasive, and well-validated tool for making better-informed decisions regarding elective surgery based on a quantitative assessment of cognitive risk.
Enhancing reliability using peer consistency evaluation in human computation

Peer consistency evaluation is often used in games with a purpose (GWAP) to evaluate workers using outputs of other workers without using gold standard answers. Despite its popularity, the reliability of peer consistency evaluation has never been systematically tested to show how it can be used as a general evaluation method in human computation systems. We present experimental results that show that human computation systems using peer consistency evaluation can lead to outcomes that are even better than those that evaluate workers using gold standard answers. We also show that even without evaluation, simply telling the workers that their answers will be used as future evaluation standards can significantly enhance the workers' performance. Results have important implication for methods that improve the reliability of human computation systems.
Current and emerging commercial optical biosensors.

The field of commercial optical biosensors is rapidly evolving, with new systems and detection methods being developed each year. This review outlines the currently available biosensor hardware and highlights unique features of each platform. Affinity-based biosensor technology, with its high sensitivity, wide versatility and high throughput, is playing a significant role in basic research, pharmaceutical development, and the food and environmental sciences. Likewise, the increasing popularity of biosensors is prompting manufacturers to develop new instrumentation for dedicated applications. We provide a preview of some of the emerging commercial systems that are dedicated to drug discovery, proteomics, clinical diagnostics and routine biomolecular interaction analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on induction of virus from adenovirus and SV40 hamster tumors 1. Chemical and physical agents.

SummaryCell culture lines of virus-free hamster tumors initiated by SV40 virus or by the Pinckney and Grider strains of adenovirus 7 were tested exhaustively by procedures which might be hoped to induce the virus or to increase its chance for detection. This included treatment with actinomycin D, mito-mycin C, puromycin, proflavine, hydrocorti-sone, ACTH, thyroxine, insulin, H2O2, increased O2, γ-radiation and copropagation with indicator cells. In no case was infectious virus recovered. Superinfection of SV40 hamster tumor with SV40 virus could not be established and hypothetical inapparent super-infection was not demonstrated following treatment with mitomycin C, proflavine or H2O2. No virus was detected in the cell cultures of any of 3 human tumors tested. The findings supported the concept that viral genetic materials in the animal tumors which are sufficient to code for “T” antigen may be insufficient to replicate the complete infectious virus.
Being Committed: Affective, Cognitive, and Conative Components of Relationship Commitment

This article presents the first systematic empirical examination of the state of relationship commitment as advanced by Rusbult and her colleagues, defining the state in terms of affective, cognitive, and conative components. From this perspective, the state of commitment is seen as having three distinct components: (a) psychological attachment, (b) long-term orientation, and (c) intention to persist. Two longitudinal studies of individuals in dating relationships revealed that the three components each predict both couple functioning and eventual breakup status. Both studies also provided suggestive evidence that long-term orientation is a particularly important component of commitment in dating relationships.
Production of depressive behaviors in young monkeys.

Socially unsophisticated rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 6 to 13 months were individually confined in vertical chambers for a total of 30 days. Upon emergence from the chambers they exhibited significant increases in self-clasping and huddling behaviors and decreases in locomotive and exploratory activity. These behavioral changes were similar in direction to those resulting from separation from attachment objects, which have been described as depressive. The utility of the vertical chamber apparatus as a device for the production and study of depression in monkeys is discussed, and implications for the study of child psychoses noted.
Shell corrections to electronic stopping powers from orbital mean excitation energies

Shell corrections to electronic stopping powers are obtained from a theory which utilizes different orbital mean excitation energies for the atomic shell and which determines the shell correction from knowledge of the atomic velocity distribution. When summed over all shells, and taking into account the "effective" occupation of the shells, the orbital mean excitation energies yield the total mean excitation energy $I$. Orbital mean excitation energies are much larger than $I$ for $K$ shells and less than $I$ for the outer valence shells. The atomic velocity distributions are obtained from numerical Hartree-Fock calculations. We report shell corrections for Al and Ar. We find very good agreement between other theoretical and experimental shell corrections and the present calculation. We find that the $L$ shell gives the dominant contribution to the shell corrections for low projectile velocities while $K$-shell corrections dominate for larger velocities. The total shell correction is relatively insensitive to the choice of the total mean excitation energy. We have also investigated the validity of expanding the shell correction in powers of ${v}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
Decomposition of Differences A Cautionary Note

This paper examines methods of decomposing a difference in levels between groups for a dependent variable such as income. Applied to regression equations, this technique estimates the contribution to the difference from divergent characteristics and divergent rates of converting characteristics into the dependent variable. The consequences of an "interaction" component being present in the decomposition is examined. The paper, using data from the 1960 Census, shows how ignoring the interaction term can influence results.
Alternative design of a tRNA core for aminoacylation.

Abstract The core of Escherichia coli tRNA Cys is important for aminoacylation of the tRNA by cysteine-tRNA synthetase. This core differs from the common tRNA core by having a G15:G48, rather than a G15:C48 base-pair. Substitution of G15:G48 with G15:C48 decreases the catalytic efficiency of aminoacylation by two orders of magnitude. This indicates that the design of the core is not compatible with G15:C48. However, the core of E. coli tRNA Gln , which contains G15:C48, is functional for cysteine-tRNA synthetase. Here, guided by the core of E. coli tRNA Gln , we sought to test and identify alternative functional design of the tRNA Cys core that contains G15:C48. Although analysis of the crystal structure of tRNA Cys and tRNA Gln implicated long-range tertiary base-pairs above and below G15:G48 as important for a functional core, we showed that this was not the case. The replacement of tertiary interactions involving 9, 21, and 59 in tRNA Cys with those in tRNA Gln did not construct a functional core that contained G15:C48. In contrast, substitution of nucleotides in the variable loop adjacent to 48 of the 15:48 base-pair created functional cores. Modeling studies of a functional core suggests that the re-constructed core arose from enhanced stacking interactions that compensated for the disruption caused by the G15:C48 base-pair. The repacked tRNA core displayed features that were distinct from those of the wild-type and provided evidence that stacking interactions are alternative means than long-range tertiary base-pairs to a functional core for aminoacylation.
Diagnostics for femtosecond and nanosecond laser-ablation discharge plasmas as used in thin film growth

Pulsed-laser deposition has proved to be a promising method for producing complex inorganic thin films. One of its major advantages, relative to other methods, is the capability of controlling many process parameters, such as laser pulse width, energy, and wavelength along with background reactive gas pressure and substrate bias. Adjusting these parameters provides a pre-tuning of the laser plasma thereby allowing for optimum process conditions in a particular thin film deposition. Understanding and fully characterizing such highly-dynamic and rapidly-streaming plasmas requires multiple techniques for monitoring the plasmas at different stages. By combining different diagnostic methods, it is possible to analyze the broad time window over which these ablation plasmas develop and to understand the related processes that occur. We present in this work new results involving correlation of time-resolved Langmuir probe data, optical emission spectroscopy, and electrostatic energy analysis to characterize the laser-induced plasmas generated from targets of titanium, tin-dioxide and aluminum. Two laser sources, an 80 fs Ti:Sapphire laser (780 nm) and a 6 ns Nd:YAG laser (1.06 micrometer), were used in this work. Examples of very high quality, epitaxial tin-dioxide films grown on sapphire by femtosecond-laser MBE are presented. These films are evaluated by high-resolution, cross-sectional TEM and x-ray diffraction. Film quality is considered in relation to the ablation plasma parameters, wherein femtosecond and nanosecond plasmas are compared.
Numerical implementation of exact analytical solution for oblique propagation in a cholesteric liquid crystal

An exact matrix polynomial series solution for oblique propagation in a cholesteric liquid crystal, reported in this journal some years ago, was numerically implemented. After a slight reformulation, it was found that numerical results can be accurately and quickly obtained with a simple desktop computer. With the high accuracy available, boundary value problems can be solved very easily. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 397–400, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10618
Exosite Determinants of Serpin Specificity

Serpins form an enormous superfamily of 40-60-kDa proteins found in almost all types of organisms, including humans. Most are one-use suicide substrate serine and cysteine proteinase inhibitors that have evolved to finely regulate complex proteolytic pathways, such as blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. Despite distinct functions for each serpin, there is much redundancy in the primary specificity-determining residues. However, many serpins exploit additional exosites to generate the exquisite specificity that makes a given serpin effective only when certain other criteria, such as the presence of specific cofactors, are met. With a focus on human serpins, this minireview examines use of exosites by nine serpins in the initial complex-forming phase to modulate primary specificity in either binary serpin-proteinase complexes or ternary complexes that additionally employ a protein or other cofactor. A frequent theme is down-regulation of inhibitory activity unless the exosite(s) are engaged. In addition, the use of exosites by maspin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to indirectly affect proteolytic processes is considered.
Effect of Lanthanum Doping on the Microstructure of Tin-Silver Solder Alloys

In this study, quantitative microstructure studies were performed on multiple length scales to investigate the effect of lanthanum (La) doping on Sn-Ag lead-free solder materials. Factors considered in this paper include doping amount, aging temperature, and aging time. It was found that La doping reduces the grain size significantly, and the reduced grain size remains stable during thermal aging. The size of the Ag3Sn particles is also greatly reduced by La doping, and the particles coarsen during thermal aging, albeit at a much reduced rate than in the undoped alloy. The rate of particle coarsening can be described by a cubic-root law. Another observation is that the interparticle spacing remains unaffected by the doping. Therefore, higher La doping level leads to higher volume fraction of the eutectic region due to the increased total number of Ag3Sn particles.
ON A SPECIAL CLASS OF DEDEKIND DOMAINS

The ring of integers of an algebraic number field and the Dedekind domains associated to curves over finite fields are examples of rings having the properties listed above. It is the main purpose of this note to show that there are many other examples and that, in fact, the quotient field of such a ring may have arbitrary, but finite, transcendence degree over the prime field. The particular manner in which these domains are constructed (93) suggests that they may have some geometric significance; but that interpretation must be left for another occasion.
On the uniqueness of possibilistic measure of uncertainty and information

Abstract It is demonstrated, through a series of theorems, that the U -uncertainty (introduced by Higashi and Klir in 1982) is the only possibilistic measure of uncertainty and information that satisfies possibilistic counterparts of axioms of the well established Shannon and hartley measures of uncertainty and information. Two complementary forms of the possibilistic counterparts of the probabilistic branching (or grouping) axiom, which is usually used in proofs of the uniqueness of the Shannon measure, are introduced in this paper for the first time. A one-to-one correspondence between possibility distributions and basic probabilistic assignments (introduced by Shafer in his mathematical theory of evidence) is instrumental in most proofs in this paper. The uniqueness proof is based on possibilistic formulations of axioms of symmetry, expansibility, additivity, branching, monotonicity, and normalization.
Analyses of smooth endoplasmic reticulum of cerebellar parallel fibers in aging, ethanol-fed rats.

Abstract The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), a calcium storage organelle, is essential for normal neuronal function. Dilation of the SER is pathologic and a threat to neuronal calcium homeostasis. Dilation of the SER has been reported within the dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje neurons of aging rats after lengthy ethanol treatment. Ethanol-related alterations of parallel fiber SER have not been investigated despite the fact that such dilation may precede and contribute transsynaptically to SER dilation and degeneration in Purkinje neuron dendrites. Male Fischer 344 rats ( n = 120; age = 12 months old) were randomly divided into three dietary groups (40 rats per group) and fed rat chow, the AIN-93M liquid control diet, or the AIN-93M liquid ethanol diet (without water) for 5, 10, 20, or 40 weeks (30 rats per time point). Sections from posterior vermal lobules were viewed with the electron microscope. Maximum and minimum diameters of parallel fiber SER profiles were measured. Ethanol-related dilation of parallel fiber SER was not found after 5, 10, 20, or 40 weeks of treatment. Age-related dilation of parallel fiber SER profiles did occur. These findings support the suggestions that (1) parallel fiber SER, unlike the SER in Purkinje neurons, is insensitive to ethanol and (2) the mechanisms by which ethanol and aging alter cerebellar function and structure are different.
Measurements in a separation bubble on an airfoil using laser velocimetry

An experimental investigation was conducted to measure the reverse flow within the transitional separation bubble that forms on an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers. Measurements were used to determine the effect of the reverse flow on integrated boundary-layer parameters often used to model the bubble. Velocity profile data were obtained on an NACA 663-018 airfoil at angle of attack of 12 deg and a chord Reynolds number of 140,000 using laser Doppler and single-sensor hot-wire anemometry. A new correlation is proposed based on zero velocity position, since the Schmidt (1986) correlations fail in the turbulent portion of the bubble.
Departmentalization, migration, and the politics of the family in the post-war French Caribbean

This article examines the ways in which metropolitan French officials attempted to deal with the “population problem” in Martinique and Guadeloupe after they became overseas departments (DOMs) of France in 1946. Warning of a demographic crisis in the Antilles, French administrators targeted what they saw as a loose family structure and promoted European family values of Christian marriage and a stable nuclear family. The government justified smaller social subsidies to citizens of the new DOMs by citing the supposedly problematic nature of the Caribbean family and its difference from the French norm. In 1963 the government initiated a wave of emigration to the metropole through an agency called BUMIDOM which was to decrease birth rates in the Antilles and provide much-needed unskilled labor in France itself. Although the impact of emigration on the birthrate is unclear, one lasting legacy of this period was the acute sense of injustice many Antilleans felt at being treated unequally by the state. While bi...
The purview of nitric oxide nanoparticle therapy in infection and wound healing

For the past two decades, nitric oxide (NO) has occupied the vanguard of free radical biology investigation due to its remarkable physiological versatility. Vasorelaxation, intracellular microbial clearance, wound healing, UV-mediated melanogenesis, keratinocyte maturation and anti-apoptotic properties are all hallmarks of NO’s diverse functionality [1–3]. Constitutive expression of all NO synthase isoforms (eNOS, nNOS and iNOS) is necessary for many of the aforementioned processes that are integral to skin protection and maintenance [1,2]. Thus, NO’s dermatological relevance and potential as a therapeutic is paramount. Unfortunately, exploitation of NO’s robust arsenal as a therapeutic presents many hurdles due to its small size, abrupt half-life and instability. This editorial serves to highlight our research group’s successes in harnessing NO’s intrinsic antimicrobial, wound healing and immunoregulatory capabilities by encapsulating it within an inexpensive, stable and steadily releasing nanoparticle delivery system.
An Improved Process for Pioglitazone and Its Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt

An improved process for pioglitazone (1) is described. The process features high-yielding transformations employing inexpensive reagents and recoverable solvents.
Honor as a Barrier in Adapting Technology in Language Learning Context in Oman

This study investigated a barrier to adopting technology in a language learning context among Omani College students. The barrier examined was honor – to see if it affected female usage of the internet. The study used a questionnaire, complemented by semi-structured interviews with teachers and students at Nizwa College of Technology, Sultanate of Oman who volunteered to participate in the study. The results of the questionnaire were quantified, while the interviews augmented the results and provided relevant insights. The study found a gender divide regarding computer usage: parents consider the computer and the Internet suitable for the male members of the family but not for the female members; female students are discouraged from using the Internet, particularly instant messaging and social network sites such as Facebook due to fear of gossip and potential harm to the family honor.
Reactions of small cobalt clusters with N2: implications for cluster structure☆

Abstract The geometrical structures of small cobalt clusters are probed via the adsorption of molecular nitrogen on their surfaces. In contrast to nickel clusters, the adsorption of nitrogen causes most cobalt clusters to change structure; in some cases multiple structural changes occur as the nitrogen coverage is increased. Although this complicates the determination of structure for the bare clusters, we are able to propose structures for most of the clusters in the Co 3 Co 16 size range. Again in contrast to nickel, most cobalt clusters appear to adopt close-packed structures that resemble bulk packing. For example, while Ni 13 is most likely an icosahedron, Co 13 appears to have an fcc or hcp structure. The structural differences between the two metals probably reflects the increased importance of d-orbital binding in cobalt compared to nickel.
Induction of spermiation in anurans by mammalian pituitary gonadotropins and their subunits.

Tests with highly purified ovine FSH and LH in three species of anurans show that the spermiation response in these amphibia does not discriminate between the two pituitary gonadotropins: FSH and LH are essentially equipotent. Similar results are obtained with both hypophysectomized and intact frogs. Less purified gonadotropin preparations (NIH) give more variable results: LH is considerably more potent than FSH in Rana pipiens, but FSH is about twice as potent as LH in Hyla regilla and Eleutherodactylus coqui. There is a slight synergism between FSH and LH. However, the use of trypsin to inactivate LH and the use of antiserum to block FSH confirmed that the activity of each purified gonadotropin is an intrinsic property of the molecule. The relative potencies of the highly purified gonadotropin preparations in the anuran spermiation test differed markedly from those observed with the same preparations in mammalian and reptilian assays. In anurans, the relative potency of purified LH was about 20 times greater than in other systems, whereas, the relative potency of the highly purified FSH was only about 15 that observed in the other tests. The two individual subunits of LH had little activity in the frogs (ca. 2.5% of LH) and there was slight difference in their potencies. In contrast the β subunit of FSH was relatively potent (about 25% of native FSH), but the α subunit was inactive (<3%). In all three species of anuran, a crude extract of anuran (bullfrog, R. catesbeiana) pituitary glands was as potent as the most active purified mammalian hormone.
Public participation in proprietary software development through user roles and discourse

The opportunity for users to participate in design and development processes has expanded in recent years through such communication and information technologies as mailing lists, bug trackers, usage monitoring, rich interactions between users and service-center staff, remote usability testing, and so on. A key question, therefore, is deciding how to engage users in design and development through such technologies. This paper addresses this question by reviewing literature on end-user programming and open source development to develop a framework concerning user roles and discourse. The framework makes two claims: (1) user roles and a social structure emerge after the introduction of a software application (role differentiation); and (2) different roles demand different kinds of discourse for deciding what to do and for reflecting upon intended and unintended consequences (role discourse demands). To show its application, the framework is used to analyze the development of del.icio.us, a breakthrough application for social bookmarking. This development process is notable because it is a characteristic of open source software development in some respects, but the code is not made available publicly. This hybridization appears to be widely applicable and suggests how design and development processes can be structured as a service where the design and development of the system proceeds simultaneously with the formation and nurturing of a community of users.
Designing the space of transportation: railway planning theory in nineteenth and early twentieth century treatises

This paper investigates the multi‐layered evolution of planning ideas informing early railway construction. It shows how railways, by affecting the territory at large, engendered quite unprecedented regional and urban planning problems, as well as landscape architectural problems, at a time when the corresponding disciplines were far from established. Hence, knowledge was being built up in reaction to contemporary practice and was then transposed into guidelines meant to inform further practice. In the light of several railway, architectural, and urban planning treatises of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, from the British, French, German, Belgian and American contexts, the paper highlights the emergence of an increasing awareness that railway planning and design could not be dealt with in terms of pure transportation problems, but that mobility infrastructure engendered a multitude of spatial ‘side‐effects’ at all scales. This process is illustrated by the way in which ‘internal’ ...
Two-dimensional echocardiography and its influence on cardiac catheterization.

Successful management of congenital heart disease requires complete anatomic definition and timely surgical intervention. Preoperative anatomic detail is enhanced by coordination of different imaging disciplines. Precatheterization cardiac ultrasound avoids unnecessary catheter manipulation, excess radiation and reduces contrast volume. Detailed noninvasive imaging, coupled with an understanding of the natural history and surgical alternatives, obviate the need for preoperative cardiac catheterization in selected lesions. Cardiovascular anomalies which, in a well defined set of circumstances, may be exclusively managed by twodimensional echocardiography include sinus venosus and secundum type interatrial septal defects, severe aortic stenosis in infancy, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The “well defined set of circumstances” are particular to each lesion and must include the patient's history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest X-ray. Definitive management of a cardiovascular anomaly entails consideration of the relative superiority and cost benefit advantages of the different imaging disciplines.
Fractures of the Lesser Sesamoids: Case Series

We present 3 cases of sesamoid fractures involving the index, ring, and little finger metacarpophalangeal joints. These injuries present similar to more common sprains of the finger metacarpophalangeal joint and may be difficult at times to appreciate on standard posteroanterior and lateral x-rays. Oblique images can aid in making the diagnosis at times. Whereas we still recommend immobilization as the initial treatment for these injuries, all 3 of our cases failed nonoperative management and eventually required sesamoid excision.
Teaching the Fundamentals of Primary Care: A Point of View

In the United States today, major forces in society and within medicine are uniting in support of an enlarged pool of primary care physicians and a heightened status for primary care in medical practice. In the unsettled contemporary medical world, it is little noticed that, during its rise to prominence, primary care has changed from what was basically an administrative concept into one of a sophisticated generalism; the pressure for its new form arises from difficulties in current health care delivery and subspecialty medicine. Generalism takes as its theme the patient rather than the disease and is most appropriate for the contemporary world of chronic disease. It requires new forms and places of training, including postgraduate didactic teaching, so that doctoring is as specifically taught as medical science.
Reflection Independence in Even Coxeter Groups

If (W,S) is a Coxeter system, then an element of W is a reflection if it is conjugate to some element of S. To each Coxeter system there is an associated Coxeter diagram. A Coxeter system is called reflection preserving if every automorphism of W preserves reflections in this Coxeter system. As a direct application of our main theorem, we classify all reflection preserving even Coxeter systems. More generally, if (W,S) is an even Coxeter system, we give a combinatorial condition on the diagram for (W,S) that determines whether or not two even systems for W have the same set of reflections. If (W,S) is even and (W,S′) is not even, then these systems do not have the same set of reflections. A Coxeter group is said to be reflection independent if any two Coxeter systems (W,S) and (W,S′) have the same set of reflections. We classify all reflection independent even Coxeter groups.