cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Age of Plethodontid Salamanders: A Short Review on Longevity

It is difficult to determine how long salamanders live in the wild. The maximum age estimates using skeletochronology tend to be lower than estimates based on recaptures and size-frequency studies. This discrepancy between techniques suggests it may well be difficult to discern the lines of arrested growth in bones when salamanders are old and their growth rate very low. I review techniques used to estimate longevity, compare age estimates from field (recapture and size frequency comparisons) studies with those from skeletochronology, review growth models, and suggest future work that specifically addresses salamander longevity. Based on observations from captive animals, plethodontids can live a long time (e.g., 36 years). A better understanding of natural longevity is important for understanding the actual age structure of populations and for conservation efforts.
A method for producing chronic cardiac failure in dogs.

SummaryA form of progressive, chronic, “right-sided” cardiac failure has been produced in dogs by tricuspid valve avulsion and pulmonary artery stenosis. Three dogs so treated developed congestive failure with elevated auricular pressure and distended veins, decreased work tolerance, hepatomegaly, ascites, tachycardia at rest, and a relatively fixed heart rate during exercise. Studies of 2 of the hearts in the heart-lung preparation indicate clearly that cardiac insufficiency was present.
Reconstructive and rehabilitation challenges following a cranio-orbital gunshot wound.

Abstract We present a case of a 26-year-old man who sustained a close-range gunshot wound to the head. His injuries included significant left orbital injury resulting in a ruptured, blind eye and severely comminuted fractures of the left orbital roof, superior and inferior orbital rims, and orbital floor. Associated injuries included left frontal lobe injury, anterior and posterior table fractures of the left frontal sinus, and a comminuted left zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture. We employed an interdisciplinary surgical approach with collaboration among the Otolaryngology, Neurosurgery, and Oculoplastic Surgery services performed in two stages. Management of such extensive craniofacial injuries can be challenging and requires a coordinated, interdisciplinary approach.
Optimal Scheduling Model of Container Pick-up Operation Based on Analysis of Rehandling Moving Path

Container yard pick-up operation scheduling aims to minimize the overall operation cost by optimizing container rehandling process.By analyzing pick-up operation process with reach stacker and formulating the mathematical model for operation rules and constraints,based on analysis on the rehandling moving path of a container,a pick-up operation scheduling optimization model is established.It is a nested combinational optimization model.The outer level is set up to find an optimal rehandling strategy for pick-up orders.The inner level is a minimum cost path search model for every steps of rehandling.The algorithm process is proposed to solve this model.Finally,a numerical experiment is given to verify the effectiveness of the optimization model.By comparing with the traditional operation mode,the results show that the proposed optimization model can obviously reduce the pick-up operation cost.
Effect of aminoguanidine on formaldehyde poisoning in rats.

SummaryAminoguanidine protects rats against the acute toxic effects of formaldehyde. Following methyl alcohol it is without effect, which indicates that formaldehyde does not contribute significantly to the acute toxicity of this substance.
The Biological Function(s) of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase as Observed by Transient Expression of the cDNA and Transcriptional Regulation of the Gene

The poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction was discovered more then twenty years ago in the laboratories of Sugimura, Mandel and Hayaishi (1–3). Since then much of the data has implicated a close relationship between this nuclear reaction (4, 5) and important biological events in the nucleus including DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, oncogenesis, and chromatin modification (6–11). The proposed biological roles for the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase have largely been based on the use of inhibitors (12). However the basis of these inhibitors in delineating the functional aspects of the ribosylation reactions have recently been subject to criticism (13). With a view to bridge the gap between the proposed roles for the polymerase and the factual molecular basis of its function our laboratory initiated cloning of the polymerase cDNA. We reported a partial cDNA clone in 1986 (14) and subsequently were the first to report the isolation of a full length cDNA for the polymerase (15). Details of the cloning, sequencing and other studies initiated in our laboratory have been described (Smulson et al. and Thraves et al.) elsewhere in this monograph (16, 17).
Treating inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents.

Dr Hyams has served on the advisory boards of AbbVie, Janssen Ortho-Biotech, and UCB and has served on the speakers bureau and received research support from Janssen Ortho-Biotech.
Function and Argument

Introduction Begriffsschrift was, as the subtitle announced, a formula language of pure thought modeled upon the language of arithmetic . Frege borrowed the notation for functions from arithmetic, and enlarged the realm of applicability of a function beyond the domain of numbers. Then, supplanting the subject/predicate division, which was characteristic of previous logical systems, by a function/argument division, he created a logical notation, a Begriffsschrift – literally, Concept Writing – which would serve to represent thoughts about any objects whatsoever. Like the language of arithmetic, his Begriffsschrift represented thoughts so that the inferential connections between them were molded in the representations themselves. The project was enormously successful. Not only did Frege create modern quantificational logic, but he also provided the theoretical framework for many subsequent philosophical developments in logic as well as in speculative philosophy. As Dummett (1981 a ) correctly remarked, Frege's work shifted the central focus of philosophy from the epistemological issues raised by Descartes back to the metaphysical and ontological issues that were salient after Aristotle. The function/argument analysis Frege (1879) presented was, however, flawed. There was a significant confusion in his operating semantic notion of the content [Inhalt] of a sentence. Frege came to recognize that repairs were needed, and after much hard philosophical work, the theory with which we are now familiar emerged in the early 1890s. It was announced first in Frege (1891), and then elaborated upon in Frege (1892 c ) and Frege (1892 a ).
An R matrix analysis of the sup 235 U neutron-induced cross sections up to 500 eV

In this paper a detailed evaluation of the R matrix resonance parameters describing the interaction of neutrons with {sup 235}U has been performed up to 500 eV using the most recent high-resolution measurements of the {sup 235}U neutron cross sections. The availability of {sup 235}U spin-separated neutron cross-section data, in conjunction with the use of the {Delta}{sub 3} statistics of Metha and Dyson, has made possible a detailed study of the statistical distribution of the resonance parameters and their average values. The present R matrix resonance parameters have been converted into equivalent sets of Adler- Adler parameters and multipole momentum space expansion parameters. Extensive validation of this evaluation has been performed by comparing self-shielded fission rates computed with these R matrix parameters with the measurements of Czirr; a test of the ENDF/B unresolved resonance formalism for the calculation of {sup 235}U of self-shielding factors is also presented.
Social projection to liked and disliked targets: The role of perceived similarity

Abstract Some accounts of social projection view it as an essentially cognitive phenomenon, prompted by the need for a relatively low-effort way to arrive at inferences about others. Other accounts argue that projection is motivated by self-enhancement and self-protection concerns. This investigation evaluates these accounts by having participants make inferences about liked and disliked real-world targets. In Studies 1 and 2, participants projected more to liked than disliked targets, supporting a motivational account; however, when perceived similarity was accounted for, this difference disappeared, supporting the cognitive account. In Study 3 participants made inferences about targets who varied along both the valence and similarity dimensions; there was greater projection to all similar targets, but target valence only influenced projection if the targets were also seen as similar. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Epidemiological Significance of Crown Rot in the Fruiting Field in Relation to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Infection of Strawberry Nursery Plants.

Anthracnose crown rot (ACR), caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a serious disease of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in the southeastern United States, and there is a need to determine the link between nursery and fruiting-field disease risk. A 2-year study in 2007, repeated in 2008, was conducted at the North Carolina State University Horticultural Crops Research Station, Clinton, using ‘Chandler’, the most popular cultivar in North Carolina and one that is highly susceptible to ACR. Mother plants in a summer nursery were inoculated midseason with three pathogenic strains of C. gloeosporioides at an incidence level of 0, 5, 10, or 25%. Asymptomatic runner plants were selected at maturity (85 to 88 days after inoculation) from the nursery in early to mid-October from within a 0.5-m (inner) or 0.5- to 1.0-m (outer) radius around inoculated mother plants and planted into a plasticulture fruiting field system, with fruit harvest in April to June the following spring. Plants collected from the 25%-...
Corneal Diseases in Children: Amblyopia Management

Amblyopia is an additional challenge to the visual rehabilitation of a child with a corneal opacity. Although amblyopia is defined as impaired vision, usually in one eye, that is structurally normal, amblyopia often coexists in a child with a corneal disorder. Key concepts include critical period of visual development, assessment of vision in children, identification of amblyopia risk factors, definition of amblyopia, and treatment options for amblyopia. The critical period of visual development spans birth to about age 10, a time in which proper visual input from each eye is paramount in order to “teach” the visual cortex the characteristics of excellent vision. There are a variety of methods to assess visual acuity; often a decision about visual impairment needs to be made over several office visits to obtain reproducible and accurate information. Amblyogenic risk factors include asymmetric refractive error (anisometropia), high refractive error in both eyes (ametropia), misaligned visual axes (strabismus), and media opacity. In the preverbal child, a decision to treat amblyopia is made on the basis of an identified amblyogenic risk factor or demonstration of asymmetric visual acuity. There may be a difference between the eyes on preferential looking testing or consistent objection to patching one eye versus the other. In the verbal child, amblyopia is confirmed when a two-line or greater difference in vision is identified, despite correction of any refractive error. Familiarity with treatment options, such as glasses, patching, pharmacologic, and optical penalization is crucial to improve vision.
Are We a Conversation? Hermeneutics, Exteriority, and Transmittability

Hermeneutics is widely celebrated as a call for “conversation”—that is, a manner of inquiry characterized by humility and openness to the other that eschews the pretenses of calculative rationality and resists all finality of conclusions. In this, conversation takes shape in efforts to understand and interpret that always unfold in the transmission of meaning historically in language. Yet, the celebration of hermeneutics for humility and openness appears, at least, to risk embarrassment in light of claims found in Heidegger and Gadamer that conversation is always contingent on “prior accord.” Critics of hermeneutics have, for some decades, interpreted this claim of prior accord to refer to a common tradition, so that the understanding achieved in conversation is restricted to those who belong to the same heritage. In this essay, the author argues that although Heidegger and Gadamer often suggest this prior accord is a matter of common tradition, crucial threads of Gadamer’s thought, in particular, recommend a different view. Gadamer, in these threads, offers that “prior accord” concerns not a common tradition, but, on the contrary, the call to participate in hermeneutic transmission as such, even—and no doubt especially—when those in conversation are not familiar with the tradition or language of the other. With this, we are called to converse not first by what the other says, but by the fact that we do not yet understand, that we have already misunderstood, and that we perhaps cannot understand.
Betrayal Trauma and Barriers to Forming New Intimate Relationships Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

Many survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience betrayal trauma, which affects future intimate relationships. Yet many services extended to victims of IPV focus on keeping the victim safe, not helping survivors establish new healthy intimate relationships. Using betrayal trauma as a lens, this phenomenological study incorporates semistructured interviews to explore the various ways betrayal trauma manifests itself and acts as barriers to forming new healthy intimate relationships among survivors of IPV. Thematic analysis with nine survivors of IPV revealed four ways betrayal trauma manifests and acts as barriers to establishing new healthy intimate relationships: (a) vulnerability/fear, (b) relationship expectations, (c) shame/low self-esteem, and (d) communications issues. This article has implications for those working with survivors of IPV.
Infections in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases

The relationship between autoimmunity and infections is complex and bi-directional. Infections have been associated with the induction of autoimmunity as well as protection from autoimmune diseases. Infectious agents may play both a causative and protective role in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune disorders like Sjogren’s syndrome. Infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Considerable evidence has emerged regarding the greater susceptibility of patients with autoimmune disorders to infections due to predisposition from autoimmunity itself as well as the use of immunosuppressive therapy.
Pancreas and Duodenum

Primary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas can be divided into those of exocrine and endocrine origin. Nonepithelial and secondary pancreatic neoplasms are uncommon, and will not be covered in this chapter. Surgical therapy may be appropriate for some of these tumors, depending on the clinical situation, and the principles outlined for primary neoplasms can usually be followed.
Evaluation of metal oxides and activated carbon for lead removal: Kinetics, isotherms, column tests, and the role of co-existing ions.

Abstract Activated carbon (AC) is commonly used in faucet and pitcher filters for lead (Pb(II)) removal in homes. This study evaluated the Pb(II) removal performance of AC and metal oxides (e.g. Fe(OH)3 and TiO2), as well as the co-existing ions' effect on Pb(II) removal. Results showed that metal oxides had higher adsorption capacity (28.9–51.5 mg/g) than AC (21.2 mg/g). Pb(II) was inner-spherically adsorbed onto both AC and metal oxides surfaces. Among various metal ions, calcium (Ca(II)) demonstrated dramatic effects on Pb(II) removal ability of AC, while it had no effect on Pb(II) adsorption by metal oxides. This difference resulted from the inner- and outer-sphere adsorption of Ca(II) on AC and metal oxides, respectively. The presence of orthophosphate (orth-P) and sulfate enhanced Pb(II) removal by those three adsorbents, whereas carbonate and silicate had negligible effect on Pb(II) adsorption. Interestingly, while the orth-P was usually used as corrosion inhibitor because of the formation of lead-phosphate coprecipitate, we found that the enhanced effect of orth-P on Pb(II) removal was mainly due to the synergistic adsorption. This study provides valuable information for the selection of effective adsorbents for Pb(II) removal and is helpful for understanding the roles of co-existing ions on it.
A Ṭā’ifa in Exile: Sayf al-Dawla and the Survival of the Banū Hūd

ABSTRACTIn 1145–1146, Sayf al-Dawla returned to al-Andalus to create an independent kingdom and return the Banū Hūd of Zaragoza to prominence. His task was a difficult one, not least because he’d s...
Performance Management in Public Higher Education: Unintended Consequences and the Implications of Organizational Diversity

Governments are increasingly using performance management systems to improve organizational accountability and effectiveness. Critics argue these systems create perverse incentives and neglect impo...
Documenting the multisensory and ephemeral: Navajo Chantway singers and the troubles of a “science” of ceremonialism

Even as American ethnology in the late-nineteenth century continued to accumulate data about indigenous groups for comparative study, the surgeon-turned-ethnographer Washington Matthews found standardized documentary methods constricting, unable to reflect the complexity of a community's spiritual practices. Through studies of Navajo Indians in the 1880s and 90s, Matthews experimented with documentation techniques to capture the multisensorial and ephemeral elements of Navajo healing ceremonialism, such as the design of sandpaintings that were later destroyed as the rites concluded. Investigating his ethnographic strategies and his relationships with Navajo knowledge stewards, this article charts Matthews' emerging conviction in social immersion and bonding with indigenous informants, tenets that predated the rise of cultural relativism in anthropology. The article argues that his experience among and tutelage from Navajo medicine "singers" reshaped Matthews' documentary practices to emphasize the irreducibility of cultural facets to tabular columns, raising doubts about then-dominant theories of social evolution.
Self-administration of the synthetic cathinones 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP) in rhesus monkeys.

The availability and abuse of synthetic analogues of cathinone have increased dramatically around the world. Synthetic cathinones, such as 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone [MDPV] and α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone [α-PVP], are cocaine-like inhibitors of monoamine transporters and common constituents of “bath salts” or “flakka” preparations. Studies in rats suggest that MDPV and α-PVP are 3 to 4-fold more effective reinforcers than cocaine; however, comparisons of the relative reinforcing effectiveness of MDPV and α-PVP have not been reported in other species. Accordingly, in the present study, 4 adult male rhesus monkeys responding under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement were used to characterize the reinforcing effects of MDPV and α-PVP and to compare directly these effects with those of cocaine and methamphetamine. MDPV was the most potent reinforcer, followed by α-PVP, methamphetamine, and cocaine. α-PVP was the most effective reinforcer, followed by MDPV, cocaine, and methamphetamine. In addition to making more responses to obtain MDPV and α-PVP, monkeys also responded for longer periods of time when MDPV or α-PVP was available compared with when either cocaine or methamphetamine was available for infusion. These studies confirm recent reports from rodents and provide strong evidence that the synthetic cathinones MDPV and α-PVP are capable of maintaining high levels of responding for prolonged periods of time, and that they function as more effective reinforcers than either cocaine or methamphetamine. The relative strength of these reinforcing effects may account for the high rates of “bath salts” use reported in humans.
WITHDRAWN: Alcohol Expectancies Among Adolescent Non-Drinkers: They May Not Be Drinking Now, But They Are “Thinkin Bout It”

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconveniences this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy
Linearized Price-Responsive HVAC Controller for Optimal Scheduling of Smart Building Loads

The need to optimize the energy consumption of commercial buildings– responsible for over 40% of U.S. energy consumption–has recently gained significant attention due to the call for energy efficiency. Moreover, the ability to participate in the retail electricity markets through proactive demand-side participation has recently led to the development of an economic model predictive control (EMPC) for these buildings’ Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The objective of this paper is to develop a price-responsive operational model for buildings’ HVAC systems while considering inflexible loads and other distributed energy resources (DERs), including photovoltaic (PV) generation and battery storage systems. A Nonlinear Economic Model Predictive Controller (NL-EMPC) is presented to minimize the net cost of energy usage by the buildings’ flexible loads, i.e., HVAC systems while satisfying the comfort-level of buildings’ occupants. To improve the computational efficiency of the HVAC system controller, we propose a linearized economic model predictive controller (L-EMPC). The L-EMPC is a novel approximate linearized model for the NL-EMPC and is based on the feedback linearization technique. The proposed approach results in a controller for the building with the reduced complexity that accurately approximates the original nonlinear plant dynamics with its economic constraints. The efficiency of the proposed EMPC controllers are evaluated using several simulation case studies.
Where do negative stereotypes come from? The case of Indian English in the USA

Language attitudes inform social stereotyping, which in turn affects linguistic judgments (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick 2007). Nonstandard varieties are particularly subject to negative stereotypes, being evaluated as "less friendly" and "hard to understand" (Giles & Watson 2013). In this study, we investigate attitudes towards Indian English, a variety of English spoken by one of the largest immigrant populations in the USA (approximately 2.4 million), to understand the roots of linguistic stereotyping towards this variety of English. We compared attitudes of American English speakers towards Indian English and British English. Our results show that while American English speakers do not explicitly indicate any communication problem with Indian English, they disfavor Indian English compared to British English. This disfavoring of Indian English aligns with Raciolinguistic theories, suggesting that post-colonialism, especially Whiteness, is a factor in language prestige and how different varieties are perceived.
PAD enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic effectors and autoimmune targets

Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) have an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) owing to their ability to generate citrullinated proteins - the hallmark autoantigens of RA. Of the five PAD enzyme isoforms, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most strongly implicated in RA at both genetic and cellular levels, and PAD inhibitors have shown therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. PAD2 and PAD4 are additionally targeted by autoantibodies in distinct clinical subsets of patients with RA, suggesting anti-PAD antibodies as possible biomarkers for RA diagnosis and prognosis. This Review weighs the evidence that supports a pathogenic role for PAD enzymes in RA as both promoters and targets of the autoimmune response, as well as discussing the mechanistic and therapeutic implications of these findings in the wider context of RA pathogenesis. Understanding the origin and consequences of dysregulated PAD enzyme activity and immune responses against PAD enzymes will be important to fully comprehend the pathogenic mechanisms involved in this disease and for the development of novel strategies to treat and prevent RA.
Accessing Femoral Arteries Less than 3 mm in Diameter is Associated with Increased Incidence of Loss of Pulse Following Cardiac Catheterization in Infants

To evaluate whether avoidance of a risk factor associated with loss of pulse (LOP) following femoral artery (FA) catheterization in infants identified from previous study, was associated with decreased incidence of LOP during a prospective evaluation. Since initiation of routine ultrasound guided femoral arterial access (UGFAA) for infants undergoing catheterization in Jan 2003–Dec 2011 (Period-1), our incidence of LOP had stayed steady. Prospective evaluation between Jan 2012–Dec 2014 (Period-2), identified FA-diameter 40% were the only significant independent predictors for LOP (OR 6.48, 95% CI 2.3–11.42, p 50% are associated with increased incidence of LOP. Avoidance of these factors may help decrease complications in infants undergoing cardiac catheterizations.
Flow and extraction of energy and charge carriers in hybrid plasmonic nanostructures.

Strong interactions of electromagnetic fields with plasmonic nanomaterials have been exploited in various applications. These applications have centred on plasmon-enhanced scattering rates in nearby molecules or plasmon-induced heating. A question that has emerged recently is whether it is possible to use plasmonic nanostructures in a range of hot electron (hole) applications, including photocatalysis, photovoltaics and photodetection. These applications require coupling of a plasmonic component, which amplifies the interaction of light with the material, to an attached non-plasmonic component that extracts this energy in the form of electronic excitations to perform a function. In this Perspective, we discuss recent work in the emerging field of hybrid plasmonics. We focus on fundamental questions related to the nanoscopic flow of energy and excited charge carriers in these multicomponent materials. We also address critical misconceptions, challenges and opportunities that require more attention. Recent developments in the emerging field of hybrid plasmonics focusing on fundamental aspects related to nanoscopic flow of energy and excited charge carriers in these multicomponent materials and their potential applications are now discussed.
Quality of life outcomes in sarcoma patients receiving care at a tertiary center.

e23557Background: Sarcomas are a diverse group of neoplasms that vary greatly in clinical presentation and responsiveness to treatment. Given the differences in the sites of involvement, rarity, an...
The effect of sampling density and study area size on landscape genetics inferences for the Mississippi slimy salamander (Plethodon mississippi)

In landscape genetics, it is largely unknown how choices regarding sampling density and study area size impact inferences upon which habitat features impede vs. facilitate gene flow. While it is recommended that sampling locations be spaced no further apart than the average individual's dispersal distance, for low-mobility species, this could lead to a challenging number of sampling locations, or an unrepresentative study area. We assessed the effects of sampling density and study area size on landscape genetic inferences for a dispersal-limited amphibian, Plethodon mississippi, via analysis of nested datasets. Microsatellite-based genetic distances among individuals were divided into three datasets representing sparse sampling across a large study area, dense sampling across a small study area, or sparse sampling across the same small study area. These datasets were a proxy for gene flow (i.e., the response variable) in maximum-likelihood population effects models that assessed the nature and strength of their relationship with each of five land-use classes (i.e., potential predictor variables). Comparisons of outcomes were based on the rank order of effect, sign of effect (i.e., gene flow resistance vs. facilitation), spatial scale of effect, and functional relationship with gene flow. The best-fit model for each dataset had the same sign of effect for hardwood forests, manmade structures, and pine forests, indicating the impacts of these land-use classes on dispersal and gene flow in P. mississippi are robust to sampling scheme. Contrasting sampling densities led to a different inferred functional relationship between agricultural areas and gene flow. Study area size appeared to influence the scale of effect of manmade structures and the sign of effect of pine forests. Our findings provided evidence for an influence of sampling density, study area size, and sampling effort upon inferences. Accordingly, we recommend iterative subsampling of empirical datasets and continued investigation into the sensitivities of landscape genetic analyses using simulations.
The Noise of Time

The ‘I’ fractured by time – if Deleuze returns repeatedly to this seemingly minor moment in Kant's system, it is not simply to sound anew the theme of ‘difference’ (this time, with an a priori acce...
The impact of COVID-19 and political identification on framing bias in an infectious disease experiment: The frame reigns supreme

Abstract Background Behavioral responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have become highly polarized, and public health initiatives often try to use different frames to influence behavior. If the polarization of behaviors is related to differences in responses to frames, then different health messages could be targeted to different groups to influence behavior. Objective To determine whether risk preferences and susceptibility to gain/loss frames have been affected by COVID-19 and whether they differ along partisan lines. Methods Using repeated cross-sectional data from a nationally representative dataset in the United States replicating the disease outbreak scenario collected before and after the onset of COVID-19, we test whether responsiveness to the gain/loss frames has changed over time and whether the responsiveness varies by political affiliation. Results The experimental results show that the risk preferences of the U.S. population is very susceptible to the framing of choices, consistent with the literature finding risk loving preferences under the loss frame and risk aversion under the gain frame. However, the experience of COVID-19 does not appear to have changed the responsiveness, nor are there significant differences between conservatives/Republicans and liberals/Democrats. Conclusion Targeting different partisan groups with different risk-related message frames is unlikely to be effective at altering behaviors.
Experiment definition and integration study for the accommodation of magnetic spectrometer payload on Spacelab/shuttle missions

A super-cooled magnetic spectrometer for a cosmic-ray experiment is considered for application in the high energy astronomical observatory which may be used on a space shuttle spacelab mission. New cryostat parameters are reported which are appropriate to shuttle mission weight and mission duration constraints. Since a super-conducting magnetic spectrometer has a magnetic fringe field, methods for shielding sensitive electronic and mechanical components on nearby experiments are described.
Bayesianism II: Applications and Criticisms

In the first paper, I discussed the basic claims of Bayesianism (that degrees of belief are important, that they obey the axioms of probability theory, and that they are rationally updated by either standard or Jeffrey conditionalization) and the arguments that are often used to support them. In this paper, I will discuss some applications these ideas have had in confirmation theory, epistemology, and statistics, and criticisms of these applications.
Michelangelo: The Artist, the Man, and his Times – By William E. Wallace

Art historian William Wallace is unquestionably a major authority on Michelangelo who has published extensively on the subject. In one study, Michelangelo at San Lorenzo: The Genius as Entrepreneur...
Consumer Perceptions of Green: Are We Expecting Too Much?

Green products have been available since the 1970’s, but recently there has been an influx of green products in the marketplace. These products have been met with excitement and skepticism on the part of consumers who either believe in the conservation of our planet, or feel they are being “green washed” by companies who produce these products. Our research looks at consumer intentions to purchase green products based on their experience, met expectations, the norms of their referent groups, and greater availability. These intentions based on these predictors will have an impact on the level of sales. Data collected from green consumers is analyzed using moderated regression to test our hypotheses. The results show that consumers are accepting of green products, but marketers need to be realistic in their expectations of consumers. Education by marketers concerning the uses and implications of these green products is needed to reduce skepticism and increase purchase intention.
On Exact Learning of Unordered Tree Patterns

Tree patterns are natural candidates for representing rules and hypotheses in many tasks such as information extraction and symbolic mathematics. A tree pattern is a tree with labeled nodes where some of the leaves may be labeled with variables, whereas a tree instance has no variables. A tree pattern matches an instance if there is a consistent substitution for the variables that allows a mapping of subtrees to matching subtrees of the instance. A finite union of tree patterns is called a forest. In this paper, we study the learnability of tree patterns from queries when the subtrees are unordered. The learnability is determined by the semantics of matching as defined by the types of mappings from the pattern subtrees to the instance subtrees. We first show that unordered tree patterns and forests are not exactly learnable from equivalence and subset queries when the mapping between subtrees is one-to-one onto, regardless of the computational power of the learner. Tree and forest patterns are learnable from equivalence and membership queries for the one-to-one into mapping. Finally, we connect the problem of learning tree patterns to inductive logic programming by describing a class of tree patterns called Clausal trees that includes non-recursive single-predicate Horn clauses and show that this class is learnable from equivalence and membership queries.
Productivity Measurement and Management Accounting

Productivity improvement has become a key objective for U.S. industry.' Productivity measurement, however, has gone largely unnoticed by accounting professionals, particularly those teaching and doing research in accounting departments and business schools. Accounting textbooks virtually ignore issues of productivity measurement, and accounting journals contain few articles on the subject. Most articles on productivity measurement are written by economists—usually interested in productivity measurement at the national economy level—or by industrial engineers and production professionals.^ The implicit, and occasionally explicit, rationalization for the accounting profession's lack of interest in productivity measurement apparently arises from the belief that variances computed by the firm's standard cost system, particularly usage variances, are sufficient to measure the efficiency of the enterprise. Presumably, a desire for increased productivity could be signaled by across-the-board tightening of standards by the desired percentage. If a firm were inefficient or failed to meet its productivity improvement target, then the accounting system would report many unfavorable usage variances. We do not believe that even well-designed and well-operated standard cost systems provide adequate information for productivity measurement and improvement programs. Primarily this is an empirical statement. We observe numerous companies, with extensive standard cost accounting sys-
Family, Marriage, and Career

Do not put your career ahead of your family and marriage. They should be the fortress on which your life is based.
Symmetric matrices and quantum codes

This paper has been withdrawn since a Gilbert-Varshamov bound for general quantum codes has already appeared in Ekert and Macchiavello, Prys. Rev. Lett. 77, p. 2585, and a Gilbert-Varshamov bound for stabilizer codes connected with orthogonal geometry, or equivalently, with symmetric matrices as in this paper, has been proved by Calredbank, Rains, Shor and Sloane, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, p. 405. I would like to thank Robert Calderbank for pointing out these references to me.
Storytelling to Teach Cultural Awareness: The Right Story at the Right Time.

Stories contain the wisdom of the world, teaching cultural values, building community, celebrating cultural diversity, and preserving cultural identity. Where truth is suppressed, story is an instrument of epiphany and develops metaphorical understanding. A storytelling guild in Canada had been a cultural institution for 23 years, so when the center faced permanent closure, members were devastated. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to investigate the moment of this lived experience using interviews and focus groups. Findings indicated story strengthens content retention and language acquisition. These findings led to the development of a project focused on story-centered lessons for teachers.
Structural Representation of Object Shape in the Brain

Introduction In Chapter 1, Dickinson analyzes the complex history of theoretical and computational vision. With some exceptions, the trend in recent decades is away from explicit structural representation and toward direct mapping of image features to semantic categories based on machine learning. The best-known formulations of the older, structural paradigm are those of Marr (Marr and Nishihara 1978) and Biederman (1987), although the central idea that objects are represented as configurations of parts has a long history (Barlow 1972; Binford 1971; Dickinson, Pentland, and Rosenfeld 1992; Hoffman and Richards 1984; Hubel and Wiesel 1959, 1968; Milner 1974; Palmer 1975; Selfridge 1959; Sutherland 1968). A configural representation would be carried by ensembles of processing units or neurons, each encoding the shape and relative position of a constituent part. This coding format is appealing because it solves three major problems in object vision. The first problem is the enormous dimensionality (on the order of 10 6 ) of retinal activity patterns. A signal of this complexity is too unwieldy to communicate between brain regions (owing to wiring constraints) or store in memory (owing to limited information capacity of synaptic weight patterns). Compression of this signal into a list of part specifications on the order of 10 1 to 10 2 would make communication and storage more practical. The second problem is the extremely variable mapping between retinal images and object identity. The same object can produce an infinity of very different retinal images depending on its position, orientation, lighting, partial occlusion, and other factors.
Articulated pose estimation with tiny synthetic videos

We address the task of articulated pose estimation from video sequences. We consider an interactive setting where the initial pose is annotated in the first frame. Our system synthesizes a large number of hypothetical scenes with different poses and camera positions by applying geometric deformations to the first frame. We use these synthetic images to generate a custom labeled training set for the video in question. This training data is then used to learn a regressor (for future frames) that predicts joint locations from image data. Notably, our training set is so accurate that nearest-neighbor (NN) matching on low-resolution pixel features works well. As such, we name our underlying representation “tiny synthetic videos”. We present quantitative results the Friends benchmark dataset that suggests our simple approach matches or exceed state-of-the-art.
Critical review of methods for the determination of purity by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract During the past few years several publications have appeared in the literature describing purity determinations by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Some controversies remain, however, such as the proper choice of limits for the slope determination in the plot of the sample temperature vs. the reciprocal of the fraction melted, and the applicable purity, range of the DSC method. Most authors have accepted a purity of 98% as the lowest workable level. This presentation will demonstrate the possible use of DSC techniques for lower purity measurements. Four systems for obtaining the impurity content were investigated, i.e., dynamic DSC with time-sharing and on-line computer data acquisition, stepwise DSC, and the two-peak method. The applicable purity ranges were found to depend on the instrumentation and data acquisition systems used.
Effect of Coster-Kronig transition on dielectronic recombination of the He-like ions.

Dielectronic recombination rate coefficients have been calculated for He-like ions with atomic numbers Z=5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The calculations include the influence of the Coster-Kronig channels to the excited states of the recombining ion on the rate coefficients. The detailed Auger and radiative rates were calculated using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock model in intermediate coupling with configuration interaction. The total dielectronic recombination coefficients for ${\mathrm{B}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{5+}$, and ${\mathrm{F}}^{7+}$ ions have been found to reduce by 60%, 13%, and 4%, respectively, due to the inclusion of Coster-Kronig channels. For the ${\mathrm{B}}^{3+}$ ion, the dielectronic recombination coefficient from the present work is smaller than the value derived from the Burgess-Merts formula by a factor of 3 at electronic temperature T=100 eV.
Effects of Recent Volcanic Eruptions on Aquatic Habitat in the Drift River, Alaska, USA: Implications at Other Cook Inlet Region Volcanoes

/ Numerous drainages supporting productive salmon habitat are surrounded by active volcanoes on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska. Eruptions have caused massive quantities of flowing water and sediment to enter the river channels emanating from glaciers and snowfields on these volcanoes. Extensive damage to riparian and aquatic habitat has commonly resulted, and benthic macroinvertebrate and salmonid communities can be affected. Because of the economic importance of Alaska's fisheries, detrimental effects on salmonid habitat can have significant economic implications. The Drift River drains glaciers on the northern and eastern flanks of Redoubt Volcano. During and following eruptions in 1989-1990, severe physical disturbances to the habitat features of the river adversely affected the fishery. Frequent eruptions at other Cook Inlet region volcanoes exemplify the potential effects of volcanic activity on Alaska's important commercial, sport, and subsistence fisheries. Few studies have documented the recovery of aquatic habitat following volcanic eruptions. The eruptions of Redoubt Volcano in 1989-1990 offered an opportunity to examine the recovery of the macroinvertebrate community. Macroinvertebrate community composition and structure in the Drift River were similar in both undisturbed and recently disturbed sites. Additionally, macroinvertebrate samples from sites in nearby undisturbed streams were highly similar to those from some Drift River sites. This similarity and the agreement between the Drift River macroinvertebrate community composition and that predicted by a qualitative model of typical macroinvertebrate communities in glacier-fed rivers indicate that the Drift River macroinvertebrate community is recovering five years after the disturbances associated with the most recent eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. KEY WORDS: Aquatic habitat; Volcanoes; Lahars; Lahar-runout flows; Macroinvertebrates; Community structure; Community composition; Taxonomic similarity
Credit Where Credit is Due: A Field Survey of the Interactive Effects of Credit Expectations and Leaders’ Credit Allocation on Employee Turnover

Today's human resource management community has a strong interest in the issue of how HR practice is implemented by managers and leaders in the workplace. In this article, we investigate how one specific practice, leaders’ public recognition of a job well done (i.e., credit allocation), impacts employee turnover. Based on expectancy violations, psychological contracts, and turnover research, we predicted that subordinates would be more likely to leave an organization if their leader took credit for their work, but only if the credit taking violated subordinates’ expectations. In a field survey of organizational employees, we found that the effects of credit taking on turnover were negated when subordinates’ expectations and leaders’ credit allocation behavior were aligned. However, when leaders’ credit behavior came as a surprise, participants responded negatively when expectations were not met and positively when expectations were exceeded. We discuss the implications of these results for both theory and practice
Transmembrane signalling by the T3-antigen receptor complex.

Monoclonal antibodies to the T-cell antigen receptor can mimic the effects of antigen and induce cellular activation. In this article john Imboden and his colleagues report on the use of these antibodies as probes to study the mechanism by which the antigen receptor initiates activation. They also describe the critical role of cytoplasmic free calcium in transmembrane signal transduction by the T-cell antigen receptor.
A new sample geometry for point contact spectroscopy

Abstract A new sample geometry for point contact spectroscopy is demonstrated. The main feature involves realizing the contact constriction by gently touching two wires together at right angles. Example electron-phonon spectra for aluminum and platinum are illustrated.
Chemical imaging of multicomponent viscous fingering in chromatography

Resolution in chromatographic separations can be compromised by nonuniform flow distribution, heterogeneous packing, or flow instabilities such as viscous fingering. In this work, the displacement of solutes within a chromatographic column was monitored with an advanced magnetic-resonance technique, echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI). Unlike conventional magnetic-resonance imaging, this approach allows multiple solutes to be observed simultaneously, providing separate “chemical images” for each component. Qualitative chemical images were obtained in approximately 1 min with approximately 1 mm3 spatial resolution. EPSI allowed us to examine the multi-component viscous fingering problem for the first time. While many features of the instability are preserved, solute retention appears to slow the growth of solvent fingers.
StarTrack: a framework for enabling track-based applications

Mobile devices are increasingly equipped with hardware and software services allowing them to determine their locations, but support for building location-aware applications remains rudimentary. This paper proposes tracks of location coordinates as a high-level abstraction for a new class of mobile applications including ride sharing, location-based collaboration, and health monitoring. Each track is a sequence of entries recording a person's time, location, and application-specific data. StarTrack provides applications with a comprehensive set of operations for recording, comparing, clustering and querying tracks. StarTrack can efficiently operate on thousands of tracks.