cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A low-level USV controller incorporating an environmental disturbance observer

Modeling, system identification and controller design for a 16' catamaran is described with the objective of enhanced operation in the presence of environmental disturbances including wind, waves and current. The vehicle is fully-actuated in surge, sway and yaw degrees of freedom. Analytical and experimental system identification is carried out to create a numerical model of the vehicle. A composite system of a Multi-input multi-output Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller and a nonlinear disturbance observer is used for station-keeping and transiting modes of operation. A waypoint transiting algorithm is developed to output heading and cross-track error from vehicle position and waypoints. A control allocation method is designed to lower azimuthing frequency and incorporate angle saturation and rate limits. Validation is achieved with improvement in simulation with the addition of the nonlinear observer.
Increase in oxidative stress via glutathione reductase inhibition as a novel approach to enhance cancer sensitivity to doxorubicin

2357 Cancer drug resistance is a major cause of cancer treatment failure, and developing novel approaches to increase cancer sensitivity to chemotherapy is an ongoing research effort. Several anticancer agents, including doxorubicin, induce the production of damaging reactive oxygen species as part of their mechanism of action. Drug resistance to these medications can develop through increased levels of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione. Mechanisms of increasing the state of oxidative stress could enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells toward these chemotherapeutic agents. Modulation of intracellular oxidative stress via glutathione reductase inhibition is a novel approach to improve the activity of cancer chemotherapy. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of glutathione reductase inhibition on doxorubicin activity in a human ovarian cancer cell line. A novel irreversible glutathione reductase inhibitor, 2-acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethyl-sulfanylthiocarbonylamino)phenylthiocarbamoylsulfanyl]propionic acid (G0026), was used in this study. OVCAR-3 cells were treated with G0026 for 2 hours or 24 hours followed by treatment with doxorubicin. In order to determine the effect of the combination of G0026 and doxorubicin on glutathione and oxidative stress, the cellular content of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, total thiols, and total disulfides was determined. G0026 significantly increased the sensitivity of OVCAR-3 cells to doxorubicin; the best synergistic response was observed with a two hour pretreatment with G0026 25 μM. In addition, the combination of the glutathione reductase inhibitor and doxorubicin showed higher intracellular oxidative stress than doxorubicin alone. These findings indicate that an increase in oxidative stress produced via glutathione reductase inhibition can increase cancer response to chemotherapy.
The largest art: a measured manifesto for a plural urbanism: by Brent D. Ryan, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, October 2017, 384 pp., 87 colour illus., 69 b&w illus. (hardcover), ISBN: 9780262036672

The book sets out to define urban design or urbanism as plural urbanism and takes the form of a manifesto to claim its role as ‘the largest art’. In a field of varied and undefined profiles, this i...
High pressure processing of heat and pressure resistant fungi as affected by pH, water activity, sulfites, and dimethyl dicarbonate in a diluted apple juice concentrate

Abstract High pressure processing (HPP) is a popular method of processing juices to retain “fresh” properties. However, heat and pressure resistant fungi, Byssochlamys spp. and Aspergillus spp., can survive processing and cause spoilage. The goal of this study was to evaluate the pressure and time necessary to cause a reduction of heat and pressure resistant spoilage fungi common in juice and determine the effect of water activity (0.94–1.0 aw) and pH (3.5–7.0) on HPP inactivation kinetics. The effect of sulfites and dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) was also assessed as a proof of concept to determine if either aided in fungal inactivation. Refrigerated storage up to 26 weeks after treatment was performed to assess fungal growth. Processing A. pseudoglaucus in pH 3.5 diluted apple juice concentrate (DAJC) at 600 MPa for 15 min at 5 °C was more effective than in pH 4.6, 7.0, or 4.6 with sulfites. Processing A. fischeri at pH 3.5 or 7.0 for 15 min at 600 MPa, 5 °C or at pH 4.6 for 1.5 min at 450 MPa resulted in a 1-log reduction. The addition of DMDC to pH 7.0 DAJC inoculated with A. fischeri and processed at 600 MPa for 15 min resulted in 1-log activation rather than a reduction. The addition of 8 ppm potassium metabisulfite at pH 4.6 had varying effects between species and did not significantly increase the shelf life. Sulfites aided in reducing A. pseudoglaucus but increased the activation of A. fischeri and P. niveus (B. nivea Westling). Processing at 600 MPa for 15 min at 5 °C resulted in the activation of P. niveus at pH 3.5, 4.6 and 7.0 DAJC at 0.94–1.0 aw. Generally, a greater reduction of all fungi tested was observed at 1.0 aw than at 0.94 aw. A 17–26 week storage period could be achieved, but only at refrigeration.
The Effect of Physical Activity Enjoyment on Physical Activity in Parents of Young Children with Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to examine the physical activity of parents of young children with disabilities and the effect of physical activity enjoyment on those physical activity behaviors. 135...
Assessment of a Novel Urology Resident Simulation-Based Curriculum

AbstractIntroduction:Interactive simulation training during residency is a rapidly growing initiative due to work-hour restrictions, improved simulation model fidelity and an evolving technological...
Bibliometrics of ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review

This study documented the citation metrics of articles published by the ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review (ITFCSSR) and indexed in Google Scholar (GS). A systematic searching of GS returned 209 unique ITFCSSR indexed articles published between 1993 and 2019 with 1139 citations. ITFCSSR articles had relatively low citation rates that confirmed previous bibliometric research on the gradual development of tennis knowledge compared to faster moving biomedical fields. ITFCSSR articles may make unique contributions to knowledge development in tennis science, particularly in coaching, physiology, and analytics/tactics.
Cigarette smoking frequency, quantity, dependence, and quit intentions during adolescence: Comparison of menthol and non-menthol smokers (National Youth Tobacco Survey 2017-2020).

Abstract Background Use of menthol cigarettes is linked to sustained cigarette smoking adults. However, the relationship between menthol and smoking profile has not been thoroughly explored in adolescent cigarette smokers. This study examines the relationship between use of menthol cigarette and smoking frequency (i.e., days per month), quantity (i.e., cigarettes per day), quit intentions, and nicotine dependence (i.e., craving tobacco; use within 30 min of waking). Methods We pooled four years (2017–2020) of cross-sectional data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey. Participants were 2699 adolescent, past 30-day cigarette smokers. Multinomial logistic regression models examined the relationship between menthol and cigarette smoking frequency and quantity. Logistic regressions examined the relationship between menthol and intentions to quit smoking and nicotine dependence. Models controlled for socio-demographics and other tobacco use. Results Menthol cigarette smokers had greater risk of smoking 20–30 days per month relative to 1–5 days per month (RRR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.41 – 2.54) and greater risk of smoking 11+ cigarettes per day relative to 1 or less cigarettes per day (RRR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.01 – 1.80), adjusting for covariates. Menthol cigarette smokers had lower odds of intentions to quit smoking (Adj OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.58 – 0.84) but great odds of craving tobacco (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.20 – 1.81) and using tobacco within 30 minutes of waking (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.29 – 2.05), adjusting for covariates Conclusion Findings suggest the relationship between menthol and cigarette smoking profile (i.e., frequency, quantity, quit intentions) is different for youth than that of adults. This study adds adolescent-specific evidence to existing research that suggests menthol reinforces sustained cigarette smoking among youth.
A density extrapolation approach to estimate failure probabilities

Abstract This paper proposes a novel approach called the Density Extrapolation Approach (DEA) for efficient reliability analysis. It builds on the Subset Simulation (SS) approach and integrates density estimation with SS. The proposed approach leverages the ability of SS to effectively move towards and generate samples in the tail regions and the ability of density estimation to extrapolate into the tail regions. Instead of running all the SS levels, only the first several SS levels are run, and then density estimation is used to calculate the failure probability. Kernel density estimation (KDE) with boundary correction is used to accurately capture the different shapes of the target distribution and also address the boundary bias of regular KDE. To establish a smooth estimation of the target distribution in the tail regions, KDE with adaptive bandwidth is used. Since density estimation requires i.i.d. samples, instead of using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) that is typically used in SS, the modified rejection sampling algorithm with adaptive kernel sampling density (AKSD) is adopted to efficiently generate i.i.d. failure samples at each SS level. Results from illustrative examples validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Cognitive Preoccupation with Breaking News and Compulsive Social Media Use: Relationships with Online Engagement and Motivations for Use

The January 6, 2021, insurrection in the United States capitol can offer insight into how individuals engage with breaking news. The insurrection was a moment of national uncertainty; it was unclea...
Diurnal patterns of blowing dust on the Llano Estacado.

Abstract Hourly dust data was collected in Lubbock, Texas, from January 1, 2003, to January 1, 2008. Diurnal patterns of dust concentration were computed by averaging hourly values associated with a given time of day for all days within the 5-yr sampling period. Results suggest that the overall diurnal pattern is characterized by relatively high dust concentrations during the day and relatively low values at night and in the early morning. Diurnal patterns of blowing dust are influenced by daily variations of key climatic factors. Generally, one finds relatively strong winds during the day and lighter winds at night. The morning increase in wind speed is associated with the rising sun, which produces thermal instability and enhances the mixing of high momentum winds from the upper levels of the atmosphere to the surface layer. Solar radiation can also reduce the critical threshold by drying the soil surface. Diurnal patterns of blowing dust were also computed separately for each of the four seasons. The most conspicuous change of the diurnal pattern occurred in the summer where the difference between peak afternoon values and early morning values was considerably less than that of other seasons.
A longitudinal analysis of lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens and antigens during human pregnancy

Abstract T-cell number and mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were assessed longitudinally in 18 normal human pregnancies to examine the effects of pregnancy on cellular immunity. The T-cell percentage and mitogen-induced responses did not change significantly in pregnant women as compared to nonpregnant, non-postpartum control adults. However, cell-mediated immune responses to three antigens were dramatically depressed during the third trimester and then returned to early pregnancy levels by 90 days post partum. This reduction in antigen-specific cellular immunity may be necessary to prevent rejection of the histoincompatible fetus by the mother and at the same time may render women in late gestation more susceptible to infection.
Short-Term Pastoral Counseling and the Use of Reframing

The purpose of this article is to deal with the advantage of combining short-term counseling with reframing techniques. Short-term counseling states that a) focusing on only one problem, and b) agreeing on a fixed amount of sessions will make the counselee more eager to change before the amount of sessions are spent. The thesis of the paper is that those counselees that engage in short-term counseling will be more resistant to change than the criteria of short-term counseling suggests. Some counselees want to initiate a power struggle with the counselor about the impossibility of change. Rather than giving in to such a struggle, the counselor should use reframing techniques to make the counselee see the problem from a new perspective. Reframing techniques are more likely to make the counselee solve the problem.
Is the Japan Problem Real? How Problems in Japan's Financial Sector Could Affect Developing Regions

The burst of the Japanese financial bubble in the early 1990s has increased the bad debts of Japan's financial institutions. Japan accounts for about 20 percent of foreign aid to developing countries and for 10 percent of their exports, so Japan's economic health is important. The authors analyze the situation, assess the bad debt stock, and simulate the likely effects of crises in Japan's financial sector. They conclude that: a) a crisis that would shake up the world financial market is unlikely but Japanese authorities may have to restructure severely affected institutions, which could increase fiscal spending or debt stock; b) even with a limited bank run, the household sector's lack of confidence would send the country into a recessionary spiral, requiring the monetary authority to intervene with short term liquidity supplies; c) a financial crisis would depress world trade, raise interest rates, and turn the terms of trade against developing regions that export primary commodities; d) many Asian exporters of low-cost manufactures to Japan may be relatively unaffected; e) the simulation does not detect contagious effects in the U.S. financial market; f) damage could be contained once the monetary authority steps in to supply short-tern liquidity; g) coping with such problems would leave the Japanese economy in a less favorable position for confronting their aging population problem and fiscal pressures may reduce Japanese aid to low income countries.
Finite state modeling as an automation technology

Altairis MCS embodies an entirely new approach to the operation of complex systems through a unique automation technology based on Finite State Modeling (FSM). Conventional mission control systems provide extremely limited automation capabilities through limit checking and command scripts written in languages such as TSTOL or its variants, or can analyze at best a handful of telemetry parameters by means of a rule-based expert system application. Such applications have proven only marginally practical due to the great deal of time and expense required developing, testing and maintaining them. FSM, in contrast, captures human expertise in models as an adjunct to the normal systems engineering process all space missions must undergo. These models provide automated analysis of the entire telemetry stream during real time operations.
The potential economic value of a ‘universal’ (multi‐year) influenza vaccine

Please cite this paper as: Lee et al. (2011) The potential economic value of a ‘universal’ (multi‐year) influenza vaccine. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(3), 167–175. Background Limitations of the current annual influenza vaccine have led to ongoing efforts to develop a ‘universal’ influenza vaccine, i.e., one that targets a ubiquitous portion of the influenza virus so that the coverage of a single vaccination can persist for multiple years. Objectives To estimate the economic value of a ‘universal’ influenza vaccine compared to the standard annual influenza vaccine, starting vaccination in the pediatric population (2–18 year olds), over the course of their lifetime. Patient/Methods Monte Carlo decision analytic computer simulation model. Results Universal vaccine dominates (i.e., less costly and more effective) the annual vaccine when the universal vaccine cost ≤$100/dose and efficacy ≥75% for both the 5‐ and 10‐year duration. The universal vaccine is also dominant when efficacy is ≥50% and protects for 10 years. A $200 universal vaccine was only cost‐effective when ≥75% efficacious for a 5‐year duration when annual compliance was 25% and for a 10‐year duration for all annual compliance rates. A universal vaccine is not cost‐effective when it cost $200 and when its efficacy is ≤50%. The cost‐effectiveness of the universal vaccine increases with the duration of protection. Conclusions Although development of a universal vaccine requires surmounting scientific hurdles, our results delineate the circumstances under which such a vaccine would be a cost‐effective alternative to the annual influenza vaccine.
Alterations in Regional Oxygen Saturation (StO2) and Blood Volume (HbT) in Infants with Brain Injuries and ECMO

To determine if quantitative regional StO2 and HbT measured with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could detect differences between normal neonates and those with acute cerebral injury or on cardiopulmonary bypass.
High technology entrepreneurship in transitional economies: The Russian experience

Abstract Prior to the break up of the Soviet Union many world class technologies were present in the various nations of the Soviet block. Numerous entrepreneurial endeavors have developed based on these technologies as each of the various countries has moved to a market economy. However to date, high technology startups in Russia and many of the other transitional economies is yet to significantly occur. Utilizing an in-depth case analysis of a high technology startup in Russia this manuscript fills part of this void by developing seven testable propositions. These propositions will help direct future investigations of high technology startups in transitional economies.
High-Sensitivity Miniature Smoke Detector

This paper introduces a novel new smoke detector characterized by its very small size and very high sensitivity. The new detector is fundamentally based on an $\alpha$ -particle radiation source like the well-known $\alpha$ -particle smoke detector. However, instead of utilizing the principle of ionization of the air, the $\alpha$ particles are made to strike the gate of an n-channel mosfet. This results in a net positive charge on the gate of the transistor. The current through the mosfet will be proportional to the charge on the gate and, hence, to the intensity of the $\alpha$ particles. If particles of smoke enter the detector and screen the $\alpha$ particles, the positive charge on the gate drops, which leads to a reduced current or total cut-off of the mosfet.
Conversion to High Dose Gabapentin Monotherapy in Patients with Medically Refractory Partial Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of high dose gabapentin (GBP) monotherapy (3,0004,800 mg/ day) in patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy. Methods: GBP monotherapy at daily doses up to 4,800 mg was attempted in patients participating in the open-label phase of a double-blind, dose-controlled, GBP monotherapy trial. For those who achieved monotherapy, the types and severity of adverse events were assessed and the average seizure frequency per 28 days while maintained on the highest daily GBP dose was compared to the seizure frequency during the baseline phase of the double blind trial. Correlation analysis between GBP serum level, total daily dose, and percentage of seizure change from baseline was performed. Results: A total of 45 patients participated in the open-label phase of the trial and 23 (51%) were converted successfully to GBP monotherapy. In those patients, the average daily gabapentin dose was 3,900 mg and the mean length of follow-up was 252 days. Compared to baseline, there was a mean reduction of 54%, 43%, and 14% for simple partial, complex partial and secondarily generalized seizures respectively, while maintained on high-dose GBP monotherapy. A significant linear correlation between daily GBP dosage (2,4004,800 mg) and resultant mean serum levels was found (r = 0.51; p < 0.01). There was no significant correlation between seizure frequency and total daily GBP dose or with serum levels. High-dose GBP monotherapy was well tolerated; only one patient exited the trial because of adverse events. The most common adverse event was tiredness/sleepiness and was not dose-related. Conclusions: GBP monotherapy is well tolerated in daily doses of up to 4,800 mg and is effective in a subgroup of patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy. Key Words: Gabapentin-Monotherapy-Antiepileptic drug. Gabapentin (GBP) [Neurontin, 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid] was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the U.S.A. as an adjunctive antiepileptic drug (AED) for the treatment of partial onset seizures based on the results of three double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trials that showed that GBP at daily dosages of 600-1,800 mg was safe and significantly reduced seizure frequency (1-3). The efficacy of GBP as monotherapy was evaluated in three recently concluded, double-blind, multicenter, dose-response trials. One was an inpatient trial, in which patients randomized to daily doses of 3,600 mg had significantly better seizure control as compared with those randomized to daily doses of 300 mg (4). The second was an outpatient trial, in which there was no statistically significant difference in the outcome measures between patients randomized to daily GBP doses of 600, 1,200, or 2,400 mg (5). In the third trial, patients with newly di
Nonlinear stability of a liquid jet

An energy analysis is given of the capillary stability of a cylindrical jet when the amplitude of the initial disturbance is not small. It is found that axisymmetric disturbances with wavenumbers greater than k = (1/a0)[1 + (9ϵ2/16a02)] (where ϵ is the amplitude of the disturbance and a0 is the undisturbed radius) are stable. This value of κ agrees with the value given by Yuen but disagrees with that found by Nayfeh.
Structure-retention studies of model ketones by capillary gas chromatography

Abstract The retention indices (I) for a number of ketones were determined using linear temperature-programmed capillary gas chromatography. 2-Ketones were used as standards for the index calculations. The 95% confidence interval for triplicate determinations was found to be ± 0. 13 index unit. These retention indices and the zero-, first-, and second-order molecular connectivity factors for each compound were treated with multiple regression to yield equations to predict I. An interesting trend in the retention of symmetric ketones was noticed and rationalized on the basis of shielding of the carbonyl oxygen.
Reading and Interpreting a Quantitative Research Study

Perhaps you have noticed a growing trend to include research articles in all nursing publications, but particularly in clinical journals. This trend is, in part, a happy consequence of nurse clinicians embracing evidence-based practice and recognizing the need to base more of their current practice on sound evidence from research. Examples incorporating best evidence are seen in published guidelines appearing in journals of the American Operating Room Association and the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. A large number of research articles published in clinical practice journals are in a category commonly called ‘‘quantitative research’’ because tests of interventions and clinical predictors fall into this category. Although nearly every nurse can enjoy reading a research article’s introduction, justification of need for the study, and review of the current literature on a topic, the reader’s attention often grows dim when reaching the methods section. It is tempting to jump to the end of the article to see how the author explains the study’s outcome. This article is designed to nudge nurse clinicians to probe a little more deeply into the research evidence they read by equipping them with clues for interpreting the strengths or potential weaknesses that reside within the methods section. The focus is on factors that affect how a quantitative study is designed and controls are used to reduce error, how and why a study sample is chosen with such care, and to what extent these decisions affect the strength of the evidence. Although this brief article could not possibly substitute for a research textbook or course in quantitative research, information has been drawn from both of these sources with relevancy and application for the nurse in clinical practice in mind.
A unified algorithm for elementary functions

This paper describes a single unified algorithm for the calculation of elementary functions including multiplication, division, sin, cos, tan, arctan, sinh, cosh, tanh, arctanh, In, exp and square-root. The basis for the algorithm is coordinate rotation in a linear, circular, or hyperbolic coordinate system depending on which function is to be calculated. The only operations required are shifting, adding, subtracting and the recall of prestored constants. The limited domain of convergence of the algorithm is calculated, leading to a discussion of the modifications required to extend the domain for floating point calculations.
Information utilization in analog and digital processing

We show that both from the computational viewpoint and from the photon efficiency viewpoint, digital processors require more information input than analog processors to achieve the same result. Thus, both can accomplish the same tasks (a version of Church's thesis) but only at a previously unnoticed price.
Measurements of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Like Material in Human Peripheral Blood by Affinity Chromatography and Radioimmunoassay*

TRH measurements have been carried out in human peripheral blood and rat peripheral and portal blood by RIA in conjunction with affinity chromatography. Human peripheral blood TRH appeared to be identical to synthetic TRH by immunological, chromatographic, and enzymatic criteria. TRH concentrations in normal subjects ranged from 24-138 pg/ml, with a mean of 78 pg/ml. Moreover, TRH concentrations were not altered from normal in either thyrotoxic or hypothyroid subjects. TRH measurements in selected venous compartments in the rat, in conjunction with previously reported kinetic data, suggest that most of the TRH in peripheral blood is derived from nonhypothalamic sources. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 1194, 1982)
Influence of Cryomilling on Microstructure, Phase Stability and Oxidation Behavior of NiCrAlY Bond Coat in Thermal Barrier Coatings: Experimentation and Mechanistic Investigation

Improved thermal cycling lifetime has been observed in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with cryomilled NiCrAlY bond coat. To understand this improved behavior, a robust experimental investigation is coupled with mechanistic explanations to describe the influence of cryomilling on microstructure, phase stability and oxidation behavior of the bond coat. It is found that cryomilling results in two significant changes in the NiCrAlY bond coat: unintentional Fe additions and creation of a homogeneous distribution of ultrafine oxide/nitride dispersoids. Through extensive microstructural analysis combined with computational simulation using Thermo-Calc® software, it is determined that the presence of Fe stabilizes the high temperature γ and β phases in the NiCrAlY bond coat, corresponding to a decrease in the transformation temperature. The results are explained on the basis of the Gibbs free energy for the individual phases. Characterization of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) in TBCs after isothermal oxidation with rigorous statistical evaluation indicates that the TGOs in the TBCs with the cryomilled bond coats are more uniform in thickness and slower growing. Both behaviors are attributed to the more homogeneous distribution of oxide dispersoids, which are a direct result of the cryomilling, yet remain stable after extensive thermal exposure.
Parallel structures and dynamic load balancing for adaptive finite element computation

Abstract An adaptive technique for a partial differential system automatically adjusts a computational mesh or varies the order of a numerical procedure to obtain a solution satisfying prescribed accuracy criteria in an optimal fashion. We describe data structures for distributed storage of finite element mesh data as well as software for mesh adaptation, load balancing, and solving compressible flow problems. Processor load imbalances are introduced at adaptive enrichment steps during the course of a parallel computation. To correct this, we have developed three dynamic load balancing procedures based, respectively, on load imbalance trees, moment of inertia, and octree traversal. Computational results on an IBM SP2 computer are presented for steady and transient solutions of the three-dimensional Euler equations of compressible flow.
Glucose-stimulated lipolysis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, liver.

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were used to characterize further the influence of glucose on hepatic lipolysis. Liver was removed from fed fish, cut into 1 mm3 pieces and incubated for up to 5 h in Hanks medium containing either 2 mM, 5.5 mM, 10 mM, or 25 mM glucose. Glucose-stimulated lipolysis was indicated by tissue triacylglycerol (TG) lipase activity and by medium concentrations of glycerol and fatty acids (FA). Triacylglycerol lipase activity in liver pieces incubated in the presence of higher concentrations (25 mM) of glucose was significantly higher than that in liver pieces incubated in lower concentrations (2 mM) of glucose, rising from 0.075 ± 0.002 (mean ± SEM) nmol FA released/h/mg protein to 0.092 ± 0.004 units. Similarly, higher concentrations of glucose stimulated significantly more FA release and glycerol release from liver pieces than that stimulated by lower concentrations of glucose. Glycerol release from liver pieces incubated in the presence of 10 mM glucose and 25 mM glucose was ca. 2-fold to 2.8-fold, respectively, higher than that from liver pieces incubated in the presence of either 2 mM or 5.5 mM glucose. Fatty acid release from liver pieces incubated in the presence of 10 mM or 25 mM glucose was ca. 1.8-fold higher than that from liver pieces incubated in the presence of either 2 mM or 5.5 mM glucose. Notably, increased glycerol release was not accompanied by a parallel increase in FA. Fatty acid reesterification was more pronounced in liver pieces exposed to higher glucose (10 mM and 25 mM) than in liver pieces exposed to lower glucose (2 mM and 5.5 mM). 14C-incorporation studies indicated that glucose serves as a carbon source for reesterified FA in trout liver. The route of reesterification appears to be from glucose to glycerophosphate to phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol to TG. Increasing concentrations of glucose did not affect glycerol kinase activity, indicating that glucose-stimulated lipolysis was not accompanied by increased glycerol recycling within the liver. These results suggest that glucose stimulates fatty acid reesterification and directly enhances net lipolysis in trout liver incubated in vitro.
Selective antidopaminergic effects of S(+)N-n-propylnoraporphines in limbic versus extrapyramidal sites in rat brain: comparisons with typical and atypical antipsychotic agents.

Dopamine (DA), injected unilaterally into rat forebrain after pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, equipotently induced locomotor arousal when placed in the nucleus accumbens septi (a limbic site) and contralateral deviation of the head when placed in the corpus striatum (an extrapyramidal target); testing was done with an ED50 dose of DA (16 µg). Systemic injections (IP) of the representative typical neuroleptic haloperidol showed high potency and minorstriatal selectivity against the behavioral effects of intracerebral DA [accumbens ID50=0.090, striatum=0.027 mg/kg (0.24 and 0.072 µmol/kg); ID50 ratio=3.3, favoring striatum]. The atypical antipsychotic agent clozapine was less potent against DA in both brain regions but, paradoxically, showed ever greater striatal selectivity [ID50=12 and 1.4 mg/kg (37 and 4.2 µmol/kg); ratio=8.8, favoring striatum], while its analog, the piperazinyl-dibenzothiazepine ICI-204,636 showed intermediate potency and the lowest striatal selectivity of these three neuroleptic agents [ID50=1.8 and 0.88 mg/kg (4.1 and 2.0 µmol/kg); ratio=2.1]. In striking contrast, the S(+) isomers of N-n-propylnorapomorphine, its orally active 10,11-methylenedioxy prodrug derivative, and its 11-monohydroxy analog all induced potent antagonism oflimbic DA but had little effect on extrapyramidal injections of DA except at high systemic doses [ID50, accumbens=0.18–0.52, striatal=10–15 mg/kg (0.50–1.6 and 29–42 µmol/kg); regional ID50 ratios=18–69, favoring accumbens]. The S(+)aporphines showed limbic potency similar to that of haloperidol and 25–73 times greater than that of clozapine. The S(+)11-OH-aporphine was 2.7–3.1 times more potent (on a molar dose basis) than the other aporphines against DA in accumbens, and 0.5, 8 and 73 times as potent as haloperidol, ICI-204,636 and clozapine. The significantly dissimilar slopes of dose-effect functions for the two groups of agents suggest that different actions may mediate the limbic effects of the aporphines and the neuroleptics tested. ICI-204-636 appears to be pharmacologically similar to clozapine, but 2.1 times more potents versus limbic-DA. The S(+)N-n-propylnoraporphines are potent and regionally highly selectivelimbic DA antagonists and S(+)-11-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine is orally active. These and other aporphine analogs are proposed for development as potential atypical antipsychotic agents with a low risk of extrapyramidal neurological side effects, and the present methods are proposed for predicting relative limbic versus extrapyramidal antidopaminergic activity.
Child abuse and neglect: effect on Bayley Scale scores.

Compared to controls, children who were diagnosed as victims of Nonaccidental Trauma or Failure to Thrive had depressed Bayley Scale Mental Index scores, p less than .002 and p less than .0001, respectively. Failure-to-Thrive children also had depressed Bayley Scale Motor Index scores, p less than .0001. Nonaccidental-Trauma children had Mental and Motor Scale range scores, as determined by differences between basal and ceiling items on the Mental and Motor scales, that were a function of measured Mental and Motor Index Scores. Specifically, Nonaccidental-Trauma children with lower Mental Index scores had higher Mental Scale range scores than Nonaccidental-Trauma children with higher Mental Index scores, p less than .003. Control children had Mental Scale range scores that did not differ between the high-low Mental Index score conditions. On the Motor Scale, range scores of Nonaccidental-Trauma children in the high-low Motor Index score conditions did not differ. However, children with higher Motor Index scores had higher Motor Scale range scores than control children with lower Motor Index scores, p less than .02. In addition, the Infant Behavior Record of the Bayley Scales revealed behavior ratings of Nonaccidental-Trauma and Failure-to-Thrive children that differed from Mental and Motor Scale scores on several dimensions. These differences may reflect differential effects of the Nonaccidental-Trauma and Failure-to-Thrive conditions.
Postnatal changes in microtubular protein content in several regions of the mouse brain.

Quantitative postnatal changes in colchicine-binding protein are reported in four regions (cerebrum, thalamus-hypothalamus, brain stem and cerebellum) of the mouse brain. Relative to unit protein and unit wet weight, changes of −27% (cerebrum) to −53% (cerebellum) occur from day 1 to young adult, with the declines taking place prior to day 7 only in the cerebellum. On the basis of total activity per brain region, however, all areas show a several-fold increase in colchicine-binding protein. Thus a true loss of this protein does not occur; rather, its synthesis just fails to keep pace with that of non-tubulin protein and with the increase in tissue mass. Assay of the brain from 21 day “reeler” mutants reveals no deviations from normal controls even in the extensively retarded cerebellum. The several factors which quantitatively affect microtubular protein are discussed. It is concluded that the maturational decline per unit protein is most likely due to the growth and myelination of axons, while the increase in total tubulin is due mainly to extensive dendrite formation. More specific relationships cannot presently be made owing to the lack of more quantitative histological information as to changing cell structure in each region and to the cellular heterogeneity of the regions analyzed. From this study it is clear, however, that real spatial and temporal differences in microtubular protein content exist within the brain.
Hope in multiple chemical sensitivity: social support and attitude towards healthcare delivery as predictors of hope.

• This paper examines hope, as measured by the Herth Hope Scale, and its predictors in a sample of 305 people self-identified with multiple chemical sensitivity. • The sample had relatively low levels of hope with scores unrelated to gender, severity or length of illness, income loss as a result of illness, or reported iatrogenic harm. • Hope scores were positively correlated with perceived social support, having found personal growth through illness, age, reported level of supportiveness from a partner, an improved course of illness and level of reported safety of the home environment in regard to chemical exposures. • Negative correlations were found with attitude toward healthcare delivery, fatigue and reported abuse/ostracism from family members other than partner. • Social support, Healthcare Orientation, growth through illness, fatigue and age predicted hope scores accounted for 55% of the variance. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Plasma Specific Gravity and Control of Fluid Administration in Artificial Fever.

Conclusions1. The use of special gravimetric pipettes introduces a new, rapid and accurate method for determining plasma specific gravity. 2. The measurement of specific gravity in artificial fever assures proper regulation of body fluid balance and eliminates the dangers of dehydration and over-hydration during the course of treatment. Many of the hazards of this form of therapy are thus reduced when proper levels are maintained or, in difficult situations, the treatment is stopped.
Serum Levels of Butorphanol by Radioimmunoassay

A radioimmunoassay was developed for the analysis of butorphanol in human serum. The procedure involves extraction of serum with hexane containing 2% isoamyl alcohol, followed by evaporative solvent removal and radioimmunoassay of the reconstituted residue. The antibody significantly cross-reacts with unidentified butorphanol metabolites but not with two known metabolites, hydroxybutorphanol and norbutorphanol. Extraction eliminated interference from the butorphanol metabolites normally present in serum. The antibody also cross-reacts with pentazocine and cyclazocine but not with morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphine, codeine, methadone, and meperidine. Butorphanol tartrate was administered intravenously (2 mg) to normal male volunteers. Serum butorphanol levels declined biexponentially with an average terminal half-life of 2.7 hr. Enzymatic serum hydrolysis prior to extraction yielded additional butorphanol, indicating the presence of butorphanol conjugates. The specificity of the assay for butorphanol was confirmed by GLC-mass fragmentography.
Hook- and 3-D J-shaped probe excited dielectric resonator antenna for dual polarisation applications

Dielectric resonator antennas excited by hook- and 3-D J-shaped probes are studied. The lower part of a cylindrical dielectric resonator is modified into an air-filled cylindrical recess to house the feed. Bandwidth higher than 30% is achieved with the proposed feeding mechanisms. The DRAs are excited in the broadside mode within the matching range. The proposed excitation methods are suitable for wideband dual polarisation applications with two or four orthogonal probes excited within the dielectric resonator.
Variable Bandwidth Kernel Density Estimation for Censored Data

Abstract It has long been recognized that accurate estimation of the density function is an important problem for inference with censored data (see Gehan, 1969). This paper presents a new kernel type estimator, which smooths at observed lifetimes inversely proportional to their density according to Abramson's square root law. It is shown that a similar reduction in bias is achieved.
Current-modulated optical properties of vanadium dioxide thin films in the phase transition region

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a correlated electron material which undergoes an insulator-metal transition proximal to room temperature. The large change of optical properties across this phase transition is promising for tunable optical and optoelectronic devices especially at infrared frequencies. We demonstrate the ability to locally tune the optical properties on the micron scale through a simple design consisting of two electrodes patterned on a VO2 thin film. By current injection between the electrodes, a localized conducting path (metallic phase) can be formed within the insulating background. The width of the conducting path can be controlled by varying the applied current. Fourier transform infrared imaging shows that this current-modulated reflectance changes significantly over a distance on the order of the wavelength in the mid-infrared spectral range.
A dendrogeomorphic approach to measurement of sedimentation in a forested wetland, Black Swamp, Arkansas

Dendrogeomorphic techniques were used to describe and interpret the spatial and temporal patterns of sedimentation in the Black Swamp, located along the Cache River in eastern Arkansas. At 30 sites along four transects, 148 trees were examined for depth of sediment accretion and cored for age determination. Tree-ring and geomorphic analyses indicated that mean sedimentation rates were significantly related to site elevation, topographic position, and the distribution of tupelo gum and bald cypress. Maximum mean rates of sedimentation, as high as 0.60 cm/yr, generally occurred in sloughs, areas low in elevation, and where tupelo gum and bald cypress grow. Mean sedimentation rate appeared to have a negative exponential relation with increasing elevation. Tree-agc class data indicated a significant increase in sedimentation rate since about 1945, from a mean at or below 0.01 cm/yr to a mean of 0.28 cm/yr for the past 19 years. Dendrogeomorphic techniques provide valid estimates of sedimentation rate and allow for the integration of decades of depositional processes in the rate calculation.
Paratesticular serous papillary borderline tumor.

A 37-year-old male presented with a 2-year history of progressive left scrotal swelling. Ultrasound showed an enlarged left testicle with heterogeneous echogenicity. Serum a-fetoprotein (AFP) and b-human chorionic gonadotropin were negative. There was no evidence of metastatic disease on computerized tomography. Left radical inguinal orchiectomy was performed. Pathological examination of the specimen revealed a 6.0 5.0 5.0 cm multicystic mass surrounded by a dense, pink/white, rubbery capsule involving the epididymis but without invasion of the tunica albuginea. The cystic lining was thick and rubbery, with focal hemorrhage and multiple shaggy papillary excrescences (fig. 1). The cysts were 0.2 to 5.0 cm and filled with thick, brown/ maroon, mucinous fluid and tan/pink, gelatinous material. Histological sections revealed predominantly serous cells with focal endometrioid differentiation (fig. 2). The cells were immunoreactive to estrogen receptor (ER), cytokeratin (CK) 7 and Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT-1) with negative staining for
Measuring Strain Distribution During Mesoscopic Domain Reorientation in a Ferroelectric Material

In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study focused on understanding the strain concentrations arising due to nonlinear phenomena associated with polarization switching. A moire interferometry technique is used to measure the normal and shear strains of a PZT-5H piezoceramic undergoing 180 and 90 deg switching. These results include the strain concentrations measured between polarized regions oriented 180 and 90 deg apart. The results show that very large strain mismatches (e.g., as large as 4500 microstrains) occur along the boundary of dissimilar oriented domains, suggesting a source of microcrack initiation and fatigue degradation.
A Granular Body Characteristic of Certain Non-Bacterial Pneumonias of Mice.∗:

SummaryA granular body composed of large numbers of minute spherical particles of uniform size is described in pneumonic consolidations. This lesion appears to be characteristic of certain transmissible non-bacterial pneumonias of mice.
Efficient electroporation of liposomes doped with pore stabilizing nisin.

AbstractContext: Liposomes have a long history as passive and active drug carriers. Recently, a few methods have been realized to control the release from liposomes, including heating, ultrasound and laser.Objective: We report on a new approach to drive release from liposomes using electric fields.Materials and methods: Liposomes were manufactured containing a high concentration of (quenched) 5-6 carboxyfluorescein dye. Nisin, a well-known amphiphilic peptide lantibiotic that works by stabilizing pores formed in cell membranes, was mixed in solution inside or outside the liposomes. The liposomes were then electroporated using a range of voltages, and assayed for increases in fluorescence due to release of dye. Release was measured against positive and negative controls, with positive control release driven by a strong detergent.Results: Our results demonstrate that the addition of nisin significantly reduces the electric field required to release the contents of liposomes, from 2000 V/m to approximately 2...
Government deficits, capital flows, and interest rates

(1988). Government deficits, capital flows, and interest rates. Applied Economics: Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 753-765.
Should bilateral inguinal hernias be repaired during one operation

Background: We tested the hypothesis that performing an open tension-free bilateral inguinal hernia repair at one operation would have similar outcomes as performing an open tension-free unilateral repair. Methods: In our prospective study of 243 patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair, 197 were unilateral (UL) and 46 were simultaneous bilateral (SBL). Prospectively the surgeon completed a standardized form during the first postoperative visit. Long-term follow-up was obtained by telephone interview. Results: Respectively for UL versus SBL: age 56 ± 16 years versus 60 ± 12 years, regional anesthesia 93% versus 94%, operating room time 76 ± 22 minutes versus 114 ± 21 minutes (P < 0.05), and operating room costs $1,513 versus $1,793. Also observed were nonsignificant differences in overnight admissions 9.6% versus 4.3%, wound infection 0% versus 2.2%, number of days of narcotic pain pills taken 3.5 ± 2.7 versus 3.3 ± 2.2, postoperative day first left home 2.4 ± 1.6 versus 2.8 ± 1.7, postoperative day drove car 4.6 ± 2.1 versus 5.0 ± 2.3. Telephone contact was made in 62% after a follow-up period of 28 ± 17 months. Recurrences were observed in 6 of 151 (4.0%): UL 4.2% and SBL 3.0%. Conclusions: We believe a tension-free technique allows bilateral inguinal hernias to be repaired during one operation with similar outcomes as a unilateral tension-free repair and less cost than a sequential bilateral repair.