Mosquito-borne Infections

1. Anuradha Rajagopalan, MD, FAAP* 2. Christelle M. Ilboudo, MD, FAAP* 1. *University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 1. 1. Tolle MA Mosquito-borne Diseases. Tolle MA. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2009;39(4):97-140. doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] 2. 1. Halstead SB 1. Kliegman RM, 2. Stanton BF, 3. St. Geme JW, 4. Schor NF Arboviral Infections in North America. Halstead SB. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:1622-1626.e 3. 1. Kimberlin DW, 2. Brady MT, 3. Jackson MA, 4. Long SS Prevention of Mosquitoborne Infections. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds . Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015:213-215 4. 1. Karwowski MP, 2. Nelson JM, 3. Staples JE, 4. et al Zika Virus Disease: A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers. Karwowski MP, Nelson JM, Staples JE, et al. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5):e20160621. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0621 [OpenUrl][4][Abstract/FREE Full Text][5] 5. 1. Simeone RM, 2. Shapiro-Mendoza CK, 3. Meaney-Delman D, 4. et al Possible Zika Virus Infection Among Pregnant Women - United States and Territories, May 2016. Simeone RM, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Meaney-Delman D, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(20):514-519. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6520e1 [OpenUrl][6][CrossRef][7][PubMed][8] 6. 1. Gaensbauer JT, 2. Lindsey NP, 3. Messacar K, 4. Staples JE, 5. Fischer M Neuroinvasive Arboviral Disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, Staples JE, Fischer M. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):e642-e650. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-0498 [OpenUrl][9][Abstract/FREE Full Text][10] Mosquitoes are ubiquitous worldwide, found even in the Arctic. There are more than 3,000 species. The Aedes (Zika virus [ZIKV], dengue virus, Chikungunya virus [CHKV]), Anopheles (malaria), and Culex (West Nile virus) are the primary genera involved in human disease. Aedes aegypti, an aggressive daytime biting mosquito, is a particularly effective vector because it inhabits urban areas, feeds preferentially on human blood, and feeds multiple times in a breeding cycle. Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) has spread worldwide through larva in recycled tires in the 1980s. This mosquito is more widely distributed than A aegypti , thrives in rural habitats, and can feed on other animals besides humans. Interestingly, this mosquito now vectors CHKV more efficiently due to a new adaptive mutation that occurred in the virus in 2005 or 2006, leading to reemergence of disease. After a resoundingly successful mosquito control program in the 1940s and the decline of yellow fever in the 1960s, funding for mosquito control was cut. This has contributed to the dramatic resurgence of dengue, CHKV, and now ZIKV. Children are vulnerable to morbidity and mortality from these diseases. ZIKV is a flavivirus that first was identified in Uganda in 1947. It emerged in Brazil in early 2015 and rapidly spread to most South American countries, with recent local transmission in the United States territories and the United States mainland. The most devastating effects have been neurotropic, with microcephaly in the newborns of infected mothers. This is the first time that a mosquito-borne disease has been linked with severe congenital malformation. Other neurologic complications such as Guillain-Barre syndrome can occur. 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