cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamics of speech production: An fNIRS investigation of children who stutter.

Stuttering affects nearly 1% of the population worldwide and often has life-altering negative consequences, including poorer mental health and emotional well-being, and reduced educational and employment achievements. Over two decades of neuroimaging research reveals clear anatomical and physiological differences in the speech neural networks of adults who stutter. However, there have been few neurophysiological investigations of speech production in children who stutter. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we examined hemodynamic responses over neural regions integral to fluent speech production including inferior frontal gyrus, premotor cortex, and superior temporal gyrus during a picture description task. Thirty-two children (16 stuttering and 16 controls) aged 7–11 years participated in the study. We found distinctly different speech-related hemodynamic responses in the group of children who stutter compared to the control group. Whereas controls showed significant activation over left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and left premotor cortex, children who stutter exhibited deactivation over these left hemisphere regions. This investigation of neural activation during natural, connected speech production in children who stutter demonstrates that in childhood stuttering, atypical functional organization for speech production is present and suggests promise for the use of fNIRS during natural speech production in future research with typical and atypical child populations.
Correlates of Reduced Violent Behavior Among Patients Receiving Intensive Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Objective:Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to violent behavior, especially among military personnel returning from service in a war zone. Little is known, however, about whether...
An AIDS patient's right to refuse life-sustaining treatment.

Both competent and incompetent patients have a legally protected right of autonomy. This right of autonomy includes the right to forgo medical treatment.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel 64Cu- and 67Ga-Labeled Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist for in Vivo Targeting of NK1R-Positive Tumor Xenografts

Neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) is expressed in gliomas and neuroendocrine malignancies and represents a promising target for molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy. The goal of this study was to synthesize and evaluate a novel NK1R ligand (NK1R-NOTA) for targeting NK1R-expressing tumors. Using a carboxymethyl moiety linked to L-733060 as a starting reagent, NK1R-NOTA was synthesized in a three-step reaction and then labeled with 64Cu (or 67Ga for in vitro studies) in the presence of CH3COONH4 buffer. The radioligand affinity and cellular uptake were evaluated with NK1R-transduced HEK293 cells (HEK293-NK1R) and NK1R nontransduced HEK293 cells (HEK293-WT) and their xenografts. Radiolabeled NK1R-NOTA was obtained with a radiochemical purity of >95% and specific activities of >7.0 GBq/μmol for 64Cu and >5.0 GBq/μmol for 67Ga. Both 64Cu- and 67Ga-labeled NK1R-NOTA demonstrated high levels of uptake in HEK293-NK1R cells, whereas co-incubation with an excess of NK1R ligand L-733060 reduced the level o...
Improvements in transaural synthesis with the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse matrix

Transaural synthesis using loudspeakers is a powerful technique for conducting binaural hearing experiments while avoiding myriad problems caused by headphones. It is the most promising method to test binaural hearing for listeners using cochlear implants. Transaural synthesis is typically implemented using crosstalk cancellation, a technique whereby the left-channel signal and right-channel signal are adjusted so that reproduction by two synthesis loudspeakers results in near perfect transmission of the target left and right signals to the left and right ears (or processor microphones). Crosstalk cancellation has enabled precise experimental control over the stimulus delivered to each ear. Unfortunately, the 2×2 matrix inversion required for crosstalk cancellation can occasionally introduce spuriously large amplitudes for specific frequencies into the adjusted signals. These large amplitudes lead to perceptually salient tones. We demonstrate through simulation and experiment in a real room that adding a third loudspeaker and solving the resulting 2×3 problem using the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse matrix yields dramatically fewer large amplitudes in the resulting adjusted waveforms. We have also conducted experiments to investigate the 2×3 system's robustness to inadvertent listener motions.Transaural synthesis using loudspeakers is a powerful technique for conducting binaural hearing experiments while avoiding myriad problems caused by headphones. It is the most promising method to test binaural hearing for listeners using cochlear implants. Transaural synthesis is typically implemented using crosstalk cancellation, a technique whereby the left-channel signal and right-channel signal are adjusted so that reproduction by two synthesis loudspeakers results in near perfect transmission of the target left and right signals to the left and right ears (or processor microphones). Crosstalk cancellation has enabled precise experimental control over the stimulus delivered to each ear. Unfortunately, the 2×2 matrix inversion required for crosstalk cancellation can occasionally introduce spuriously large amplitudes for specific frequencies into the adjusted signals. These large amplitudes lead to perceptually salient tones. We demonstrate through simulation and experiment in a real room that adding a ...
Creating, Modeling, and Visualizing Metabolic Networks

Metabolic networks combine metabolism and regulation. These complex networks are difficult to understand and create due to the diverse types of information that need to be represented. This chapter describes a suite of interlinked tools for developing, displaying, and modeling metabolic networks. The metabolic network interactions database, MetNetDB, contains information on regulatory and metabolic interactions derived from a combination of web databases and input from biologists in their area of expertise. PathBinderA mines the biological “literaturome” by searching for new interactions or supporting evidence for existing interactions in metabolic networks. Sentences from abstracts are ranked in terms of the likelihood that an interaction is described and combined with evidence provided by other sentences. FCModeler, a publicly available software package, enables the biologist to visualize and model metabolic and regulatory network maps. FCModeler aids in the development and evaluation of hypotheses, and provides a modeling framework for assessing the large amounts of data captured by high-throughput gene expression experiments.
BOUNDARY CONTROL OF CHEMICAL TUBULAR REACTORS

Abstract In this paper a globally stabilizing boundary feedback control law for an arbitrarily fine discretization of a nonlinear PDE model of a chemical tubular reactor is presented. The objective is to stabilize an unstable steady-state of the system using boundary control of temperature and concentration on the inlet side of the reactor. We discretize the original nonlinear PDE model in space using finite difference approximation and get a high order system of coupled nonlinear ODEs. Then, using backstepping design for parabolic PDEs we transform the original coupled system into two uncoupled target systems that are asymptotically stable in l 2 –norm with appropriate homogeneous boundary conditions. In the real system the designed control laws would be implemented through small variations of the prescribed inlet temperature and prescribed inlet concentration.
Thermal Modeling and Experimental Validation of Heat Sink Design for Passive Cooling of BEOL IC Structures

Reducing the operating temperature of microelectronic devices is crucial for increasing reliability and extending lifetime. This study presents a proposed embedded heat sink design for passive cooling of BEOL interconnects and IC structures. Sample devices are fabricated and tested using thermoreflectance thermography to characterize the thermal response of the devices and assess the added cooling effects of the heat structures. An experimentally validated thermal model is built to analyse the thermal performance of the device and extract the thermal parameters of the structure.
Clinical significance of antibodies to antigens in the International Society of Blood Transfusion collections, 700 series of low-incidence antigens, and 901 series of high-incidence antigens.

CONCLUSIONS This article reviews information regarding the clinical significance of antibodies to antigens in the blood group collections, the 700 series of low-incidence antigens, and the 901 series of high-incidence antigens. Antibodies to many of the antigens in these groups are rarely encountered, meaning that available information is limited. For a few, the clinical significance-the potential to cause reduced survival of transfused antigen-positive red blood cells, a hemolytic transfusion reaction (e.g., anti-AnWj, anti-Emm), or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (e.g., anti-Kg, anti-HJK)-has been documented. Many other specificities have so far been benign (e.g., anti-Csa, anti-M1).
Of commissars, cults and conspiratorial communities: The role of countercultural spaces in “democracy hacking” campaigns

The goal of this article is to place the cultivation of virtual conspiratorial communities by prosecutors of influence operations within a theoretical structure of information warfare as “democracy hacking.” We join emerging scholarship in describing democracies as information systems wherein maintaining high standards for the quality, origination, credibility and perceived freedom of information in discourse is necessary for ensuring the moderating function of the whole. While the cyber attacks, data leaks and bot manipulation of social media that are the common focus of much analysis constitute the most visible efforts to spoof the function of mechanisms that ensure these standards, the success of each nevertheless depends on a strong foundation from which disruptive narratives can gain credibility in the public eye. Closed, conspiratorial communities are an essential part of this foundation. Such spaces are commonly characterized by cult-like discursive practices that discourage critical thought, “meme-ify” controversial content and encourage hostile rebuttal of external criticism. At the same time, platform and cross-platform opportunities for information dissemination without violation of the insular boundaries of such spaces provide unique possibilities for the spread of community narratives. Taken together, these dynamics amount to a dramatically improved ability to combat the moderating features of democratic systems. The study examines these dynamics with specific reference to the case of r/The_Donald and finds strong validity for the suggested framework.
Nivolumab Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: Rare Side-effect of a New Anti-cancer Therapy - Immune-checkpoint Inhibitors.

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors are immuno-modulatory antibodies used in patients with advanced cancers like melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, etc. They are associated with a wide array of side effects, commonly known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affecting dermatological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine, and other systems. We present a case of nivolumab-induced adrenal insufficiency in a patient presenting with refractory hypotension. The patient is a 77-year-old caucasian male with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) on nivolumab therapy, presented to his primary doctor for symptoms of fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and dizziness. His initial blood pressure (BP) was noted to be 78/44 mmHg, so he was referred to the emergency department. He received several liters of intravenous (IV) fluid boluses; however, BP consistently stayed in 90s systolic and 40-50 diastolic. The lab investigations showed a low sodium level at 128 mmol/L, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) elevated at 37 mg/dL, creatinine elevated at 2.7 mg/dL. A morning cortisol level was checked; it came back low at 1.3 mcg/dL. Further testing with the cosyntropin stimulation test revealed low basal cortisol of 1 mcg/dL and only a mild increase to 10.20 mcg/dL after the cosyntropin administration. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) was checked that came out to be low <5pg/mL, favoring a diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency likely due to hypophysitis. In the meantime, the patient was started on hydrocortisone, which improved his blood pressure significantly. He was eventually weaned from IV hydrocortisone to p.o. hydrocortisone. The nivolumab was discontinued, and oncology decided on giving a nivolumab re-challenge once the patient was stabilized. Our patient presented with common manifestations of adrenal insufficiency like fatigue, hypotension, and hyponatremia, which is one of the rare irAEs occurring in <1% of the patients. These are non-specific manifestations and can be easily overlooked if adverse events of immunotherapy are not suspected. Even though rare, adrenal insufficiency is a life-threatening side-effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs that need to be recognized immediately and managed with intravenous glucocorticoids.
Millennials and Moral Panic in the United States and beyond

There have been numerous discourses around millennials and some of them may sound worrisome. To discuss millennials and moral panic, this study looks at three different areas (i.e., criminal justic...
From Sacred to Secret: Tracing Changes in Views of Menstruation in Japan

This paper examines understandings and experiences of menstruation in Japan, by tracing shifts in views of menstruation throughout Japanese history and analyzing ethnographic interviews conducted with college-aged Japanese women in 2018. Once considered a mystical phenomenon, menstruation came to be seen as a source of pollution, surrounded by various taboos and proscriptions. Then, around the turn of the twentieth century, views of menstruation shifted again; menstruation was no longer a cause of spiritual defilement. Instead, ideologies of moral and physical hygiene that dominated education and public health discourse in twentieth-century Japan positioned menstruation as an issue of hygiene that should be managed through proper bodily comportment and careful use of commercial menstrual products. While hypothetically ‘free’ of connotations of impurity and pollution, women still were not – and are not – free from stigma surrounding menstruation. Today, public discourse on menstruation is virtually nonexistent outside of menstrual product commercials, and menstruating women carry out vigilant routines of concealing their menstrual status, creating an illusion of absence. Young women’s reported experiences of compulsory swim class in grade school, as well as recent news articles discussing the topic, are used in this paper to highlight both the social and health issues currently surrounding young menstruators in Japan.
Transport mechanism of class-3 P4 ATPase lipid flippases

ABSTRACT The P4 ATPases are a large family of membrane-embedded enzymes that use ATP hydrolysis to transport large lipid substrates across lipid bilayers. P4 ATPases differ in their cellular membrane location and their substrates. The structures of the endosome- and Golgi-localized class-1 phosphatidylserine flippases—such as the yeast Drs2 and human ATP8A1—have recently been reported, revealing a substrate binding site on the lumenal side and several transport states. However, a substrate binding site on the cytosolic side has not been found, and the transport mechanisms of P4 ATPases in other classes are still unknown. Here we report a systematic structural and functional study on two plasma-membrane localized, class-3 P4 ATPases that have broader substrate specificity, the S. cerevisiae Dnf1–Lem3 and Dnf2–Lem3 complexes. We have captured substrate lipids on both the exoplasmic and cytosolic sides, and we found that these two enzymes have very similar structures, consistent with their high sequence identity and redundant function. Unexpectedly, Lem3 contributes to substrate binding near the cytosolic surface. We found that the conformational transitions through the substrate transport cycle of these two class-3 enzymes match those of the class-1 enzymes, suggesting a conserved lipid-flipping mechanism among all classes of the P4 ATPases. Our study also revealed a helix-turn-helix insertion in the cytosolic P domain that is unique to the class-3 enzymes and plays a crucial role in their function. Therefore, the P4 ATPases may have retained an overall transport mechanism while evolving distinct features for cellular membrane localization, regulatory mechanisms, and transporting different lipid substrates.
Evidence of Long-range nerve pathways connecting and coordinating activity in secondary lymph organs.

Peripheral nerve reflexes enable organ systems to maintain long-term physiological homeostasis while responding to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Electrical nerve stimulation is commonly used to activate these reflexes and modulate organ function, giving rise to an emerging class of therapeutics called bioelectronic medicines. Dogma maintains that immune cell migration to and from organs is mediated by inflammatory signals (i.e. cytokines or pathogen associated signaling molecules). However, nerve reflexes that regulate immune function have only recently been elucidated, and stimulation of these reflexes for therapeutic effect has not been fully investigated. We utilized both electrical and ultrasound-based nerve stimulation to activate nerve pathways projecting to specific lymph nodes. Tissue and cell analysis of the stimulated lymph node, distal lymph nodes and immune organs is then utilized to measure the stimulation-induced changes in neurotransmitter/neuropeptide concentrations and immune cellularity in each of these sites. In this report, we demonstrate that activation of nerves and stimulated release of neurotransmitters within a local lymph node results in transient retention of immune cells (e.g. lymphocytes and neutrophils) at that location. Furthermore, such stimulation results in transient changes in neurotransmitter concentrations at distal organs of the immune system, spleen and liver, and mobilization of immune cells into the circulation. This report will enable future studies in which stimulation of these long-range nerve connections between lymphatic and immune organs can be applied for clinical purpose, including therapeutic modulation of cellularity during vaccination, active allergic response, or active auto-immune disease.
Early Detection of Honeycombs in Concrete Pavement Using GPR

AbstractThe goal of this research is to evaluate whether it is possible and effective to detect honeycombing of concrete pavement using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) during construction. The mot...
“It was a joke:” Patterns in girls’ and boys’ self-reported motivations for digital dating abuse behaviors

Abstract Digital dating abuse (DDA) is a pattern of behaviors using mobile phones and social media to harass, pressure, coerce, and threaten a dating partner. Little is known about teen girls’ and boys’ motivations to perpetrate digital dating abuse. This study drew from survey research with 703 high school students and used multiple methods to explore DDA motivations. Quantitative analyses found that frequent motivations for DDA behaviors included it was a joke, I was upset, I was angry, and we were in a fight. Few gender differences were found. Qualitative data pattern analysis provided additional context to DDA motivation responses. Patterns of DDA motivations differed depending on the type of DDA behavior. When participants reported multiple motivations for a behavior, there was some common clustering of motivations across participants. It was a joke was indeed a common motivation for some DDA behaviors, but participants often reported multiple motivations, which made these responses more difficult to interpret. Sexual DDA behaviors were particularly gendered. These results have important implications for our understanding of DDA perpetration among teens and future DDA assessment and measurement.
On anomaly detection for transactive energy systems with competitive market

Abstract In this paper, two approaches are proposed for transactive energy systems with competitive market in order to detect anomalies that occur in the process of information exchange during market interactions. The first approach fully exploits the property of monotonicity associated with the supply or demand curves of rational market participants. It only relies on the data that are normally exchanged through market interaction and does not require any extra information. Therefore, it can be easily adopted by existing system implementation. When the gradients of the supply (or demand) curves have positive lower (or negative upper) bounds, a second approach can be further developed for more accurate anomaly detection if the knowledge of these bounds become available. For both approaches, the impacts of power flow constraints are also taken into account. The detailed simulation studies illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approaches in detecting anomalies caused by cyberattacks.
Variations in IgG antibody subclass responses to oral bacteria: Effects of periodontal disease and modifying factors.

Background and objective Local and systemic IgG antibodies or oral bacteria have been described with periodontitis. We extended these observations by assessing the impact of a range of intrinsic factors on serum IgG subclass antibodies to both commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria that would contribute to variations in immune protection or disease susceptibility in periodontitis have not been described. Methods Subjects (n = 278) were classified as healthy, gingivitis, or periodontitis and categorized as mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis. Demographic stratification included sex, age, race/ethnicity, smoking, and obesity. Whole formalin-fixed bacteria were used as antigens to detect serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclass antibody levels using an ELISA. Results The greatest differences in variations in IgG subclasses occurred in periodontitis versus health or gingivitis to bacteria considered oral pathogens (eg, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola) with IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 increased by three- to sevenfold with Pg. Differences in subclass levels and distribution were also observed related to disease severity, particularly related to individual subclass responses to Pg. Examination of the overall population showed that females had elevated antibody, reflected by elevated IgG2 amounts/proportions. The older group of subjects demonstrated elevated antibody to multiple oral bacteria, lacking any particular subclass pattern. IgG2 antibody to Aa and Pg was increased in smokers. Multiple IgG subclass antibody levels to oral pathogens were significantly decreased in the obese subset within this population. Conclusion This investigation identified patterns of IgG subclass antibody responses to oral bacteria and demonstrated substantial effects of disease impacting the level and subclass distribution of antibody to an array of oral bacteria. Altered subclass antibody profiles most often in IgG2 levels and for antibody to P. gingivalis were found related to sex, age, disease severity, race/ethnicity, smoking, and obesity to both pathogens and commensal bacteria.
Characteristics and outcomes among lung transplant patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection

BACKGROUND To describe characteristics and outcomes among lung transplantation (LT) patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and elucidate the predictors of 1-year survival after RSV infection. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review study among LT patients with RSV infection between 2013 and 2018 (90 episodes among 87 patients; mean age 56.3 ± 13.1 years, M:F 52:35). A contemporaneous control group consisting of LT patients without RSV infection (n = 183) was included. One-year survival after the RSV infection was the primary endpoint. RESULTS Median time from LT to RSV infection was 30 (1-155) months. Before RSV infection, the median decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) was 9.7 cc (-17.8 to 83 cc) or 0.29% (-1.4% to 4.6%) per month, while the forced expiratory volume (FEV1 ) decline was 7.5 cc (-8.8 to 58 cc) or 0.3% (-0.57% to 4.3%) per month with no statistically significant change after RSV infection. One-year survival among patients with RSV infection was 86.2% (75/87). Pre-infection diagnosis of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD; adjusted HR: 4.29, 1.08-17.0; P = .038) and FVC or FEV1 decline >10% during 6 months post infection (adjusted HR: 35.1, 3.26-377.1; P = .003) were independently associated with worse survival. On propensity score matched analysis, RSV infection was not associated with worse post-transplant survival (HR with 95% CI: 0.79, 0.47-1.34; P = .38). CONCLUSIONS A majority of LT patients in the current cohort did not experience an alteration in the trajectory of FVC or FEV1 decline after developing RSV infection, and their post-transplant survival was not adversely impacted. Established CLAD at the time of RSV infection and post infection >10% decline in FVC or FEV1 are independently associated with worse survival after RSV infection.
Dandridge v. Williams (Rewritten)

This chapter of Feminist Judgments: Family Law Opinions Rewritten (Rachel Rebouche ed., 2020) reimagines the majority opinion in Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 (1970). The actual case rejected challenges under both the Social Security Act and the U.S. Constitution to Maryland’s maximum family grant regulation, which capped public assistance and effectively allocated fewer dollars to support each member of a large family than to each member of a small family. The feminist judgment invokes the “war on poverty,” the long history of both sex and race discrimination in the United States, the economic inequalities arising from such discrimination, and principles of reproductive justice to invalidate the maximum family grant regulation. In doing so, the new opinion recognizes a constitutional right to minimum welfare, consistent with a robust scholarly literature from the era when the Court decided the case. Professor Maya Manian’s commentary complements the rewritten opinion, providing background material, analysis of the feminist judgment, and reflections on what difference the reimagined outcome and reasoning could have made going forward.
Probabilistic assessment of external sustainability in portugal

Portugal is one of the most externally indebted economies in the eurozone. The deeply negative net international investment position (NIIP) suggests that large current account surpluses will be needed in the future to restore external sustainability. Despite significant interest in the scope for external adjustment within a monetary union, little is known about the magnitude or likelihood of the relative price change required to facilitate this adjustment. Drawing on a new probabilistic framework of external sustainability, this paper estimates the likelihood that a real effective depreciation is needed to lower Portugal’s net external liabilities to more prudent levels. Contrary to conventional thinking, we find that the NIIP is sustainable without real depreciation with fairly high probability, estimated between 32 and 43 percent. We highlight the predominance of financial account shocks over current account shocks in this assessment. To provide context to the assessment, we also apply the framework to Ireland. Despite a weaker NIIP than in Portugal, the probability that the external position is sustainable in Ireland is higher, estimated between 54 and 60 percent, predominantly reflecting forecasts of large and sustained trade surpluses.
The Clinical Syndrome of Phosphate Depletion

There are 600–700 grams of phosphorus in the human body, with 85% of it in the skeleton. Only 600–700 mg or 1/1000 of total body phosphorus is found in the extracellular fluid. About 15% of body phosphorus is located in soft tissues, mainly in the form of intermediary carbohydrate, lipid and protein compounds. The amount of inorganic phosphorus in the cell is very small, but it is very important since it is this fraction which provides the source of phosphorus for the resynthesis of adenosine triphosphate, ATP, (1).
Computerizing exams: The Michigan Tech Testing Center

Universities such as Brigham Young offer a central facility for computerized testing. Michigan Technological University is following this model with the establishment of the Michigan Tech Testing Center (MTTC) in 2012. The center creates a space that supports flexible, high integrity computerized exams. This paper focuses on the pilot testing of a spreadsheet lab practical using file submission through Canvas and Jotform.
The Potential Impact of Gender Role Socialization on Welfare Policy Formation

This paper addresses a five year welfare reform pilot project conducted at the state level. The outcome of research findings for this project indicate that factors other than the obvious are barriers to women choosing work over welfare. Gender role socialization may play an active and very significant role in this process. The reality of which may inhibit welfare reform efforts at the state and national levels
Cultural Influences Upon Cognitive Processes

Publisher Summary Culture is the man-made part of the human environment, and language is one of the important elements of culture. This chapter describes a coherent view of the influences of culture on categorization, schemata, evaluations, behavioral intentions, attitudes, and values. The theoretical framework of the chapter began with categories that are organized into schemata in certain lexical fields and are associated with each other with different, subjective probabilities. The attitudes, values, images, and plans of persons in different cultures may be quite different, and much of the variance may be traced to the culture. Categorization has considerable survival value, since it simplifies a person's task of responding to the environment. There is considerable evidence that cultural influences in part determine the number of categories employed by members of a culture to describe particular areas of their cognitive domains, as well as the content and the criteria1 attributes of the categories that they employ. All humans operate in terms of behavioral intentions that together with their evaluations, are organized into attitudes that determine some of the variance in behavior. The task of systematic description of cultural influences on cognition has only just begun. Only extensive, systematic, painstaking research will spell out the exact nature of the concepts and interrelationships sketched out in the present chapter.
Molecular analysis of lcrGVH, the V antigen operon of Yersinia pestis.

The lcrGVH operon of plasmid pCD1 in Yersinia pestis KIM encodes the virulence-associated V antigen, the regulatory protein LcrH, and LcrG, a protein of undefined function. In this study we sequenced lcrGVH and analyzed it for transcription initiation sites. There were three open reading frames within the sequence, 288, 981, and 507 bases in length, which could encode proteins with molecular weights and isoelectric points corresponding to those of LcrG, LcrV (V antigen), and LcrH, respectively. The predicted LcrV protein lacked an N-terminal signal sequence; however, an internal signallike sequence was present. An Escherichia coli-like promoter consensus sequence was detected upstream from lcrG. Primer extension analysis showed that (i) the transcriptional start site for lcrGVH was spaced only three bases upstream from the nearest ATG potential start site, raising the possibility that Y. pestis may use an alternate initiation codon for the V operon; (ii) there was much more primer-extended product in yersiniae grown in the absence of Ca2+ than in its presence, showing for the first time that lcrGVH is regulated at the transcriptional level by Ca2+; (iii) no separate lcrV initiation was detected, indicating that the V antigen is expressed from messages initiating at lcrG; and (iv) a non-Ca2+-regulated transcriptional start site was found upstream from lcrH, suggesting that the LcrH protein is expressed constitutively. However, two-dimensional gel analysis showed that net LcrH expression was regulated by Ca2+. We propose that lcrH lies within two differentially regulated operons, its own and lcrGVH. Images
SOME CONCEPTS OF PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM, A.D. 1956: E. Mead Johnson Award Address

[In presenting the First E. Mead Johnson Award for 1956 to Dr. Gitlin, Dr. Bakwin, President of the Academy, made the following remarks: ["Dr. David Gitlin was born in New York, in 1921. He received the M.D. degree from New York University College of Medicine in 1947. Prior to this he was honored by being the Naumberg Scholar to the University of Puerto Rico in 1940-41, and was awarded the Borden Undergraduate Research Award in Medicine in 1947. ["Dr. Gitlin had his internship at Morrisiana City Hospital; from there he went to Harvard as a Research Fellow in Pediatrics and later served as a Fellow in Medicine; an intern on the Medical Service, an Instructor in Pediatrics, Assistant Physician, and an Associate in Pediatrics, all at the Children9s Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. ["Dr. Gitlin is certified by the American Board of Pediatrics and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. During his short career Dr. Gitlin has been an energetic, tenacious, imaginative worker. He has accomplished much in investigation and has published over 30 papers. ["To quote his Chief, Dr. Charles Janeway, `Dr. Gitlin9s researches represent a coherent, progressing series of studies in which, by the use of chemical, immunochemical, and histochemical methods, with good physiologic reasoning, he is gradually elucidating some basic problems of the physiology of human plasma and structural proteins and the derangements in disease.9 It is for these works that the Academy9s Committee on Awards has selected Dr. Gitlin as the recipient of the First E. Mead Johnson Award for 1956. Dr. Gitlin will honor us by giving a resume of what he considers to be his important works."]
Employment, Poverty, and Gender in Ghana

This paper examines the connections among gender, employment, and poverty in Ghana using data from the fourth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey. The relationships are explored through a series of tabulations that shed light on how labor force segmentation, different forms of employment, and gender dynamics influence poverty rates and earnings of individuals and households. The estimates suggest that substantial labor force segmentation is evident in Ghana. Women are disproportionately represented in more precarious forms of employment. In addition, poverty and earnings differ markedly from one employment status category to the next. These results have important implications for “pro-poor” employment policies in Ghana.
Students’ understanding and perceptions of the content of a lecture

In spite of advances in physics pedagogy, the lecture is by far the most widely used instructional format. We investigated students’ understanding and perceptions of the content delivered during a physics lecture. Students participating in our study responded to a written conceptual survey on sound propagation. Next, they looked for answers to the survey questions in a videotaped lecture by a nationally known teacher. As they viewed the lecture, they indicated instances, if any, in which the survey questions were answered during the lecture. A group of experts (physics instructors) also participated in our study. We discuss students’ and experts’ responses to the survey questions.
Independence of Negative Constraints

The independence of negative constraints is a recurring phenomenon in logic programming. This property has in fact a natural interpretation in the context of linear programming that we exploit here to address problems of canonical representations of positive and negative linear arithmetic constraints. Independence allows us to design polynomial time algorithms to decide feasibility and to generate a canonical form, thus avoiding the combinatorial explosion that the presence of negative constraints would otherwise induce. This canonical form allows us to decide by means of a simple syntactic check the equivalence of two sets of constraints and provides the starting point for a symbolic computation system. It has, moreover, other applications and we show in particular that it yields a completeness theorem for constraint propagation and is an appropriate tool to be used in connection with constraint based programming languages.
High weibull modulus HVOF titania coatings

The mechanical behavior of high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) sprayed titania (TiO2) coatings was evaluated using Vickers hardness measurements on the cross section and top surface. The distribution of hardness values for the cross-section and top surface under 25, 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 g loads was analyzed via Weibull statistics. The coating microstructure was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the microstructural features were similar in the top surface and cross-section, different from the lamellar structure commonly found in thermal spray coatings. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified rutile as the major coating phase. The in-flight sprayed particle parameters such as temperature and velocity were determined using a commercial diagnostic system based on pyrometry and time-of-flight measurements. The uniformity of the microstructure resulted in a near isotropic behavior of the mechanical properties, such as hardness, in the coating cross-section and top surface. High Weibull modulus values were observed when compared with results of other thermal spray coatings available in the literature. These initial results should contribute to a more general understanding of the conditions necessary to achieve coatings with high uniformity and assist in the engineering of coating microstructures for specific applications.
The effects of successful PTCA on left ventricular function: Assessment by exercise echocardiography

To assess the usefulness of exercise echocardiography in the follow-up of patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), we studied 56 patients at rest and immediately following exercise with two-dimensional echocardiography. Sixty-nine of 73 stress/echo studies (94%) were suitable for interpretation. Seventeen patients (group I) with significant coronary artery disease (CAD) were studied before and after PTCA. Sixteen patients with coronary disease not undergoing PTCA (group II) and 23 individuals without significant coronary disease (group III) served as age-matched controls. Left ventricular ejection fraction did not change significantly in group I patients prior to PTCA (56 +/- 7 versus 54 +/- 12, p = ns) or in group II patients (52 +/- 10 versus 56 +/- 15, p = ns), rest versus immediate after exercise measurements. Following angioplasty, left ventricular ejection fraction increased in group I patients from 55 +/- 7 to 65 +/- 8, p less than 0.001 from rest to exercise, and to a similar extent in group III individuals (55 +/- 6 to 66 +/- 8, p less than 0.001). Electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of ischemia (greater than 1 mm ST segment depression) was found in 13 of 17 group I patients prior to PTCA and in 8 of 16 group II patients (CAD). None of the 25 normal patients and four of the group I patients following PTCA had abnormal ECG changes with exercise. New exercise-induced echocardiographic wall motion abnormalities were found in 12 of 17 group I patients prior to PTCA and in none of the group I patients following PTCA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The dry stratosphere: A limit on cometary water influx

The stratosphere accumulates the bulk of meteoric and cometary material that impacts the Earth and provides a measure of that flux. Recent models and measurements of the effective age of stratospheric air demonstrate our ability to simulate this buildup. Current observations of H2O in the stratosphere and mesosphere are consistent with an extraterrestrial source of H2O, but limit its influx to less than 2 Tg/yr. Such a flux is consistent with standard estimates but is 100 times less than the small-comet hypothesis.
Some Factors Influencing the Capacity of the Atmospheric Drum Drier

Summary Some of the possible factors responsible for variations in the capacity of atmospheric drum driers are suggested. A standardized method of procedure was set forth for the operation of the drier. The influence on the capacity of the drier on variations from this procedure are reported. Under standardized or normal operation it was stated that the capacity of the drier was from 58 to 60 pounds per hour. Drying of cold milk (50 to 60° F.) resulted in a decrease of 8 per cent in the capacity of the machine. By preheating skimmilk to 185° F., an increase in the capacity of the machine of 18 per cent was secured. It was noted that 26 to 28 per cent more dry skimmilk resulted per hour when skimmilk was applied to the drums at 180 to 185° F. than when skimmilk was applied on the machine in a cold (50 to 60° F.) state. The level at which the skimmilk is maintained over the drums was shown to materially affect the capacity of the drier. In one instance the capacity of the machine was reduced to 32 pounds per hour when a low level was maintained, and in another, when a high level was used, there was a yield of 72 pounds of dry skimmilk per hour, a difference of 40 pounds per hour. The influence on capacity of the steam pressure in the drums and the speed of the machine was studied. With an increase in speed of drums to 36 r. p. m. and an increase in steam pressure in the drums to 85 pounds, the capacity of the machine was 85 pounds of dry skimmilk per hour. Regardless of the temperature of the milk when applied to the drums, the increased speed and steam pressure resulted in increased capacity of the machine. The greatest capacity was secured, however, when the temperature of the milk was applied at the higher temperature (185° F.) using a high speed of machine and high (85 pounds) steam pressure. The most marked influence on the capacity of the drier was noted when concentrated skimmilk containing 30 per cent solids was dried. When cold (40° F.) concentrated skimmilk was applied to the drums operated at 34 r. p. m. a capacity of 70.2 pounds of dry skimmilk per hour resulted. By reducing the speed of the machine to 20 r. p. m. and applying milk at 180° F. to the drums, a capacity of but 73.2 pounds of dry skimmilk resulted. By using the same steam pressure, increased speed of drums up to 36 r. p. m., and applying concentrated milk at 180° F., the capacity of the machine was increased to 130 pounds per hour, or 116 per cent increase over that secured under the standardized method adopted. Though some variation was observed in the moisture content of dry milks produced on the drum drier, it was not possible to correlate variations in moisture of dry milk with the rate at which dry milk was produced from the dryer. With milk of uniform freshness it was evident that variance of the capacity of the drier had no effect on the amount of dispersion of dry milk when reconstituted with water.
Can antiepileptic drugs unmask a susceptibility to psychiatric disorders

Psychiatric adverse events have been associated with rapid titration and high doses of most antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, several AEDs can cause such events at any dose. These agents include barbiturates, topiramate, levetiracetam and zonisamide. A search of the literature reveals that psychiatric adverse events associated with these AEDs seem not to occur at random. Rather, they are most likely to be reported by patients who have an inherent vulnerability to psychiatric disorders; that is, those with a personal or family history of psychiatric illness. In a recent study by Mula et al., patients who underwent rapid titration of topiramate had a fivefold increase in risk of depressive episodes. In patients with a history of depression, however, the risk increase was 23.3-fold. Thus, clinicians must ascertain a patient's personal and family psychiatric history before choosing an AED and planning the dose titration regimen.
Regional Climatic Effects of Large-Scale Thermal Pollution: Simulation Studies with the NCAR General Circulation Model.

Abstract January and July experiments were performed with the NCAR general circulation model (GCM) to assess the potential climatic impact of the thermal energy released from a projected United States cast coast megalopolis circa 2000 A.D. The model has six layers in the vertical and a 5° latitude-longitude horizontal resolution. The ocean surface temperatures were held fixed with respect to time in both experiments at the appropriate observed climatological values for each month. To determine the statistical significance of the model response, sets of random perturbation experiments were performed for each month to obtain a measure of the model noise level (i.e., the estimated standard deviation of monthly means). Larger surface temperature changes are found in the January thermal pollution experiment. with a maximum of 12°C in the vicinity of the beat input. Smaller but still significant changes with a maximum of 3°C are found in the July experiment. Significant changes in precipitation and soil moistur...
Particle-size determination by low-angle light scattering: New instrumentation and a rapid method of interpreting data

Instrumentation and data interpretation method for particle size determination by low-angle light scattering
An explicit analytical model for rapid computation of temperature field in a three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC)

Abstract 3D integrated circuits (3-D ICs) technology is a promising approach for next-generation semiconductor microelectronics. A 3D IC is formed by vertical interconnection of multiple substrates containing active devices which offer reduced die footprint and interconnect length. Thermal management of a multi die stack is a significant research challenge, for which rapid temperature computation in a 3D IC is desirable. This manuscript presents a non-iterative heat transfer model for predicting the three-dimensional temperature field in a multi-die 3D IC. The non-iterative model is much faster and accurate in comparison to finite element simulation and recently presented iterative models for temperature computation. The analytical model is used to compute the temperature field of a 3D IC with a large number of die. The model is also used to examine the effect of various parameters on the computed temperature field. In particular, the effect of thermal contact resistance is presented. The model and results presented in this manuscript are expected be useful in rapid computation and effective thermal design of 3D ICs.