cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Range Finder

Recently, a great deal of interest has been shown in making accurate range measurements with good transverse definition. This capability makes it possible, in machine vision systems, to extract geometrical shape information from the images. In robot position sensing, it is important to determine the absolute distance instead of distance change so that noncontinuous measurements can be made without the need for calibration at start-up. A third application of great importance is to measure the shape and size of machined parts with a noncontacting sensor.
Modeling twin boundary structures in body centered cubic transition metals

Abstract The twin boundary structures in the BCC transition metals are determined by analyzing twin boundary generalized stacking fault energy curves and complete structural relaxation of the twinned crystals utilizing both interatomic potentials and density functional theory calculations. In contrast to the crystallographic description of twin elements in BCC metals, the pure reflection twin boundary structure has been found to be unstable in all seven metals considered. Instead, this work identifies three possible metastable twin boundary structures that are distorted forms of the pure reflection twin boundary structure and isosceles twin boundary structure previously proposed: a distorted reflection, distorted isosceles, and scalene structures. The DFT simulations reveal that the stability and energetic preference to form these structures differs between the Group 5 and Group 6 BCC metals despite having the same structure and general type of bonding. This work ates how these equilibrium structures and their relative stability affect the commonly reported twinning generalized stacking fault energy curves and explain why these curves (as previously computed) always have cusps.
Two beams are better than one: towards reliable and high throughput mmWave links

Millimeter-wave communication with high throughput and high reliability is poised to be a gamechanger for V2X and VR applications. However, mmWave links are notorious for low reliability since they suffer from frequent outages due to blockage and user mobility. We build mmReliable, a reliable mmWave system that implements multi-beamforming and user tracking to handle environmental vulnerabilities. It creates constructive multi-beam patterns and optimizes their angle, phase, and amplitude to maximize the signal strength at the receiver. Multi-beam links are reliable since they are resilient to occasional blockages of few constituent beams compared to a single-beam system. We implement mmReliable on a 28 GHz testbed with 400 MHz bandwidth, and a 64 element phased array supporting 5G NR waveforms. Rigorous indoor and outdoor experiments demonstrate that mmReliable achieves close to 100\% reliability providing 2.3x improvement in the throughput-reliability product than single-beam systems.
Cellular Heterogeneity of Human Fallopian Tubes in Normal and Hydrosalpinx Disease States Identified by scRNA-seq

Fallopian tube (FT) homeostasis requires dynamic regulation of heterogeneous cell populations and is disrupted in infertility and ovarian cancer. Here we applied single-cell RNAseq to profile 53,376 FT cells from 3 healthy pre-menopausal subjects. The resulting cell atlas contains 12 major cell types representing epithelial, stromal and immune compartments. Re-clustering of epithelial cells identified 4 ciliated and 6 non-ciliated secretory epithelial subtypes, two of which represent potential progenitor pools: one leading to mature secretory cells, while the other contributing to either ciliated cells or one of the stromal cell types. To understand how FT cell numbers and states change in a disease state, we analyzed ~15,000 cells from a hydrosalpinx sample and observed shifts in epithelial and stromal populations, and cell type-specific changes in extracellular matrix and TGF-b signaling, underscoring fibrosis pathophysiology. This resource is expected to facilitate future studies to understand fallopian tube homeostasis in normal development and disease.
The Consistency and Completeness of Formal Systems

Of every formal system it is desirable to show that the system is (1) consistent, and (2) complete.2 This is shown for the system PLT’ in this chapter. A decision procedure is first developed for PLT’ and by means of this, the desired results are demonstrated. It will be shown that (a) every theorem of PLT’ is a tautology and that every tautology of propositionallogic is a theorem of PLT’. The results thus derived will be extended to the system PLT. Of P + it will be shown that while the system is consistent (in an appropriate sense) it is not complete.
Abstract #5378: B cell depletion therapy with cytotoxic liposomes containing glycan ligands of CD22: A novel strategy for treatment of human B cell lymphoma

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Many non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) and leukemias are derived from B lymphocytes. B cell depletion therapies have been demonstrated to provide significant clinical benefits in these diseases. Rituximab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that was approved for the treatment of B cell NHL. However, about 50% of relapsed NHL patients are resistant to rituximab even though their B cells express CD20 and nearly 60% of patients do not respond after a previous course of rituximab. A current clinical target for B cell depletion therapy is CD22 (Siglec-2), a B lymphocyte specific endocytic receptor that participates in regulation of B cell receptor signaling. The extracellular domain of CD22 recognizes sialic acid containing glycans as ligands that modulate its activity during B cell activation and differentiation. We have recently developed a novel approach for targeting B cells using liposomes with high affinity glycan ligands of CD22 that can carry cytotoxic agents into the cell by endocytosis. By coupling a high affinity CD22 ligand (BPCNeuAc) to a pegylated lipid, we are able to make pegylated liposomes that display CD22 ligands. The BPCNeuAc-liposomes but not the naked-liposomes (non-targeted) are strongly bound to CD22-expressing cells and are rapidly internalized along with CD22 into cytoplasm of the cells. Moreover, BPCNeuAc-liposomes efficiently target human Daudi B lymphoma cells in vivo but not other murine cells in a SCID mice model. When doxorubicin (dox), a chemotherapeutic drug, is encapsulated into the liposomes, the dox-loaded BPCNeuAc-liposomes showed a 33 fold higher cytotoxicity toward Daudi B lymphoma cells in vitro than the dox-loaded naked liposomes. These data are predictive of significant efficacy in the ongoing in vivo study in a Daudi lymphoma cells-bearing SCID mouse model with the treatment of cytotoxic BPCNeuAc-liposomes. These results demonstrated the potential of the platform that uses a glycan ligand-based approach for the B cell depletion therapy and if successful, it will offer improved treatment options for patients of B cell malignancies. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 5378.
Ultrastructure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Membrane Associations in Escherichia coli

Abstract Areas of contact between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and intracytoplasmic membrane are frequently seen in the “extra” membrane-forming strain Escherichia coli 0111a1. By examination of serial sections, it has been estimated that these DNA-membrane associations occur in at least 60% of the extra membrane-containing cells. Most of the DNA masses contained only one contact area. Several cells in which the DNA had been stretched revealed individual fibers connecting to the membrane, suggesting a firm attachment of DNA to membrane. The areas of membrane associated with DNA fibers were usually between 100 and 500 nm in diameter, although some smaller areas were seen. Electron microscopic autoradiography of cells in which the replication forks were labeled showed grains over 24% of the profiles containing a contact area, whereas there were grains over only 16% of the profiles without a contact area. Data from autoradiographs of cells in which the label was “chased” away from the replication fork showed the reverse labeling pattern. These data indicate that the areas of contact between DNA and intracytoplasmic membranes seen in electron micrographs contain the DNA replication forks.
The dark side of close relationships.

1. Overview of the Dark Side of Relationships Research Daniel Perlman and Rodrigo J. Carcedo 2. May-December Paradoxes: An Exploration of Age-Gap Relationships in Western Society Justin J. Lehmiller and Christopher R. Agnew 3. Fairytales and Tragedies: Narratively Making Sense of the Dark Side (and the Dark Side of Making Sense) of Personal Relationships Jody Koenig Kellas, Erin K. Willer, and Haley Kranstuber 4. Dark Sides of Computer-Mediated Communication David C. DeAndrea, Stephanie Tom Tong, and Joseph B. Walther 5. Internet Matching Services: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (Disguised as Attractive) Susan Sprecher 6. Affectionate Communication is Good, Except When it isn't: On the Dark Side of Expressing Affection Kory Floyd and Perry M. Pauley 7. Infidelity: When, Where, Why Irene Tsapelas, Helen E. Fisher, and Arthur Aron 8. Relational Turbulence: What Doesn't Kill Us Makes Us Stronger Denise Haunani Solomon and Jennifer A. Theiss 9. In-Laws or Outlaws: The Dark and the Bright in In-Law Relationships Mary Claire Morr Serewicz and Rebecca A. Hosmer 10. Dark Clouds with Silver Linings: The (Dys)Functional Ambivalence of Stepfamily Relationships Paul Schrodt and Dawn O. Braithwaite 11. Women's Relationships with Incarcerated Men Susan A. Miller and Diane H. Felmlee 12. The Meaning of Girls' Social Aggression: Nasty or Mastery? Erin K. Willer and William R. Cupach 13. Intimate Partner Violence and Aggression: Seeing the Light in a Dark Place Brian H. Spitzberg 14. Narcissism and Relationships: From Light to Dark Joshua D. Foster and Jean M. Twenge 15. Living Single: Lightening Up those Dark, Dopey Myths Bella DePaulo
A Test of the Signalling Hypothesis - Evidence from a Natural Experiment

The paper proposes an alternative method to test the signalling hypothesis using a natural experiment in the labor market. The external matching mechanism ranks individuals revealing preferences of employers in respect to actual (observable) and perceived (unobservable) attributes of the individuals. This paper tests existence of a relation between the set of observable (revealed) attributes and the outcome of the game, specifically: whether signals associated with the brand of the attained educational institution plays a significant role in determining chances of the individual to get a job. The proposed model is empirically tested by applying a unique dataset from a natural experiment, conducted in Poland in years 2002-2005, where a relatively large set of job market candidates are offered a chance to get a paid internship at an attractive employer, with considerably great chances of getting a permanent job thereafter. Results support the hypothesis, that in the absence of revealed attributes, employers decisions depend upon signals on education. Whenever information is available, the significance of the signals diminishes.
A 100 MHz output rate analog-to-digital interface for PRML magnetic-disk read channels in 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS

A key element in the signal path of magnetic-disk read channels employing digital implementations of PRML and other discrete-time signalling approaches is the analog-to-digital (A/D) interface containing a pre-filter, sampler, and analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The pre-filter performs noise filtering, anti-aliasing, and pre-equalization prior to sampling and conversion to the digital domain. At symbol rates of 100 MHz and above, envisioned in the future, implementation of the required filtering is difficult using conventional approaches. This paper describes a filter/ADC combination that uses a switched-capacitor FIR passive sampling approach. >
Managing Physical Folios of Objects Between Nodes

With modern operating systems, it is becoming easier to implement single level stores using memory management techniques to manage memory pages or slot segments between virtual memory and local disk. In this paper, we describe the ptool management system, which, in addition, gathers physical collections of segments into UNIX files we call folios. Ptool can cache and migrate folios from a hierarchical storage system, between nodes in a high performance cluster, or between nodes in a wide area network. We describe our experience to date using ptool for the analysis of high energy physics data, aeronautics data, and financial data.
Event Perception, Perceptual Organization and Emotion

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses event perception, perceptual organization and emotion. Johansson (1978) defines event perception as taking place over time. Motion perception takes place over time and is an example par excellence of event perception. Motion perception, as event perception, can be contrasted to the static perception of, as an example, the static visual illusions. Event perception utilizes a well-known word, "event," with its synonyms of an "occurrence" or a "happening," and appropriates it for use in motion perception. But a "static" perception, as of a still photograph, may take place over time since eye movements search the photograph, and a fine photograph or a fine painting may require more time for its information to be assimilated than does a motion sequence in which only time and different views can reveal the nature of the event. Event perception, in a larger sense, is on a continuum ranging from still pictures or photographs to motion perception of events that are meaningless without motion.
The Politics and Policy of Media Ownership

History will look back at June 2, 2003 as an important moment in American media policy making. On that day, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) voted controversially to relax broadcast ownership limits after completing a mandatory review of its regulations. It was not a routine set of rule changes, but a striking change in the structure of the media system. The decision opened up cross-media ownership in the same market, inviting newspapers and broadcasters to operate under one roof in every major city. It also permitted a substantially increased media concentration in local
Multimodality: A Social-Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication, by Gunther Kress

Multimodality is a provocative challenge to those of us who understand the primary concerns of our field to be speech and writing. At its most simplistic, Kress's work is an expansive account of ho...
THE EFFECT OF FDI ON LOCAL EDUCATION EXPENDITURES: EVIDENCE FROM THE UNITED STATES

The intense competition for foreign direct investment (FDI) by state and local governments within the United States has raised concerns among some that this leads to the underprovision of public services and possibly welfare losses for local communities. Economic analysis of this hypothesis yields mixed results. This paper investigates the impact of FDI on local education expenditures both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical model shows an ambiguous impact of FDI on local expenditures for education. Empirically using US state-level data from 1991 to 2000 and the system-GMM estimator that controls for fixed effects, times series issues and endogeneity, I find evidence that FDI is positively correlated with increased expenditures on education.
Three-dimensional quantification of mandibular asymmetry through cone-beam computerized tomography

Objective The aim of this study was to determine if 3-dimensional (3D) shape analysis precisely diagnoses right and left differences in asymmetry patients. Study design Cone-beam computerized tomography (CT) data were acquired before treatment from 20 patients with mandibular asymmetry. 3D shape analysis was used to localize and quantify the extent of virtually simulated asymmetry. Two approaches were used: 1) mirroring on the midsagittal plane determined from landmarks; and 2) mirroring on an arbitrary plane and then registering on the cranial base of the original image. The validation presented in this study used simulated data and was applied to 3 clinical cases. Results For mirroring on the midsagittal plane, there was a >99% probability that the difference between measured and simulated asymmetry was 84% probability of differences Conclusions Mandibular asymmetry can be precisely quantified with both mirroring methods. Cranial base registration has the potential to be used for patients with trauma situations or when key landmarks are unreliable or absent.
The four color proof suffices

Since no one else has communicated any other errors in the published unavoidability proof since 1976 we assume that a misunderstanding of the nature of Schmidt’s work was the source of those rumors that seem to have stimulated so much new interest in our work. We would certainly appreciate independent verification of the remaining 60 percent of our unavoidability proof and would be grateful for any information on further bookkeeping (or other) errors whenever such are found.* We have written computer programs preparatory to a thorough com puter verification of all of the material in the microfiche supplements. When this is completed we plan to publish (entirely on paper rather than on microfiche cards) an entire emended version of our original proof including theq-positive bookkeeping. At first thought one might think that we would miss the pleasures of discussing the latest rumors with our colleagues returning from meetings but further consideration leads us to believe that facts have never stopped the propagation of a good rumor and so nothing much will change.
Structure and growth of butane films adsorbed on graphite

The structure of deuterated n-butane [${\mathrm{CD}}_{3}$(${\mathrm{CD}}_{2}$${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{CD}}_{3}$] adsorbed on the (0001) surfaces of an exfoliated graphite substrate has been investigated by elastic neutron diffraction. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of steric properties, particularly the rodlike shape of the molecule, on both the monolayer and multilayer film structure. Our principal findings are as follows: (1) The solid monolayer has a rectangular unit cell commensurate with the graphite lattice in one direction (2 \ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\infty}). Profile analysis of the monolayer diffraction pattern shows an improved fit with two molecules in the unit cell arranged in a herringbone (HB) pattern rather than the rectangular-centered structure originally proposed. The HB structure also yields a lower potential energy calculated for a monolayer cluster. (2) The growth mode of the film is ``quasiepitaxial'' at low temperature consisting of the following steps: (a) adsorption of the crystalline monolayer, (b) adsorption of a disordered second layer and compression of the monolayer, (c) onset of preferentially oriented bulk growth with continued adsorption of disordered material, (d) bilayer crystallization, and (e) reentrant growth of preferentially oriented bulk particles and disordered material. (3) A Rietveld profile analysis of the diffraction pattern obtained at a coverage of six layers is consistent with the (100) plane of the bulk butane monoclinic phase parallel to the graphite surface. (4) For coverages of two to three layers, there is evidence of a wetting transition at \ensuremath{\sim}133 K, about 2 K below the bulk melting point.Both the monolayer and bulk Bragg peaks disappear and are replaced by a diffraction pattern characteristic of a liquid film with a high degree of short-range order. It is suggested that the butane molecule's steric properties are responsible for the incomplete wetting of the film as well as for the preferential orientation of the bulk phase. Our quasiepitaxial growth model for butane is similar to one proposed previously for nitrogen films on graphite. After comparing the structure and growth of the two films, we suggest that it may apply to a number of other physisorbed films composed of rod-shaped molecules having a larger aspect ratio than butane.
SARS vaccine based on a replication-defective recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus is more potent than one based on a replication-competent vector

A SARS vaccine based on a live-attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) recombinant expressing the SARS-CoV S protein provides long-term protection of immunized mice from SARS-CoV infection (Kapadia, S.U., Rose, J. K., Lamirande, E., Vogel, L., Subbarao, K., Roberts, A., 2005. Long-term protection from SARS coronavirus infection conferred by a single immunization with an attenuated VSV-based vaccine. Virology 340(2), 174–82.). Because it is difficult to obtain regulatory approval of vaccine based on live viruses, we constructed a replication-defective single-cycle VSV vector in which we replaced the VSV glycoprotein (G) gene with the SARS-CoV S gene. The virus was only able to infect cells when pseudotyped with the VSV G protein. We measured the effectiveness of immunization with the single-cycle vaccine in mice. We found that the vaccine given intramuscularly induced a neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV that was approximately ten-fold greater than that required for the protection from SARS-CoV infection, and significantly greater than that generated by the replication-competent vector expressing SARS-CoV S protein given by the same route. Our results, along with earlier studies showing potent induction of T-cell responses by single-cycle vectors, indicate that these vectors are excellent alternatives to live-attenuated VSV.
The Psychiatrist as Teacher in Primary Care Residency Training: The First Year

Increasing development of postgraduate primary care training programs to meet manpower needs is supported by flexibility in the Boards of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics to include experience in psychiatry; with this change, liaison psychiatrists will become progressively more involved and closely integrated into such training. This report outlines the first year experience of a psychiatrist in one innovative three year program in pediatrics and medicine, and describes some common problems and issues, along with teaching goals and some developing methodologies.Although the number of trainees in this first year cohort is small, preliminary results reported by a feedback component of an independent evaluation team attached to the program suggest that the interns are receptive to the psychiatric input and that they consider the initial contribution by psychiatry to have as much usefulness to their training in primary care as the more traditional pediatric and medical components.
Diagnosing Ruptured Appendicitis Preoperatively in Pediatric Patients

Background Over the past decade, pediatric patients with ruptured appendicitis (RA) have been successfully treated with IV antibiotics and an interval appendectomy. Because the treatment of acute appendicitis (AA) and RA in children is now diverging, distinguishing between these two conditions preoperatively is critical. Study Design A prospective cohort study was conducted. Clinical data were collected, and the attending surgeon's preoperative diagnosis was recorded. Accuracy of the pediatric surgeon's diagnosis was determined. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were then used to determine independent clinical predictors of RA. Using the relative beta coefficients of these predictors, a scoring system was constructed to aid in the diagnosis of RA. Results Two hundred forty-seven patients were evaluated: 98 AA (40%), 53 RA (21%), and 97 not appendicitis (39%). Median age was 10 years old. The overall accuracy of the pediatric surgeon's preoperative diagnosis was 92%. Sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of RA were 96% and 83%, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis identified generalized tenderness on examination, duration of symptoms longer than 48 hours, WBC>19,400 cells/μL, abscess, and fecalith on CT scan as independent predictors for RA. A novel scoring system was developed with these variables, and, when applied to the study population, the specificity for the diagnosis of RA improved to 98%. Conclusions Pediatric surgeons differentiate AA from RA and not appendicitis preoperatively with high accuracy and sensitivity, but the specificity for diagnosing ruptured appendicitis is lower. The scoring system improved the specificity of the preoperative diagnosis. The validity and utility of this scoring system should be examined in future studies in larger patient populations.
Measurement of preliminary breakdown pulse trains in cloud-to-ground lightning using lightning locating systems

The first stroke leader in a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge is thought to be preceded by the initial or preliminary breakdown process which produces a train of relatively large microsecond-scale electric field pulses. In addition to producing the information used to geolocate various types of lightning events (cloud-to-ground return strokes, M-components, ICC pulses, and cloud lightning pulses) and report their parameters such as estimated peak currents, and field waveform characteristics such as risetimes and peak-to-zero times, the sensors in the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) can record the magnetic field waveforms of lightning events. This makes them a valuable tool in studying the phenomenology and physics of lightning discharges. In this study, we use multiple-station measurements of preliminary breakdown pulse trains obtained using NLDN sensors at various distances from the lightning event. Assuming that the preliminary breakdown pulse train in a negative cloud-to-ground discharge is generated when a negatively-charged channel extends downward from the main negative charge region and interacts with the lower positive charge region, we use a modified transmission line model to reproduce the bipolar pulse train electric-field signature associated with preliminary breakdown. The model-predicted waveforms are compared with those measured at different distances by the NLDN sensors.
Asymptotically linear elliptic boundary value problems

We study semilinear problems in which the nonlinear term has different asymptotic behavior at ±∞ with the limits (1.2) spanning a finite number of eigenvalues of the linear operator.
). Services to domestic minor victims of sex trafficking: Opportunities for engagement and support

Abstract Human trafficking of young people is a social problem of growing concern. This paper reports selected findings from an evaluation of three programs serving domestic minor victims of human trafficking. Participants in this study were funded to identify and serve male and female victims of sex or labor trafficking who were less than 18 years old and were U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents. Programs provided case management and comprehensive services, either directly or through community collaboration. Evaluation data included data on client characteristics, service needs and services delivered; key informant interviews with program staff and partner agencies; and case narrative interviews in which program staff provided in-depth descriptions of clients' histories. All clients served were known or believed to be sex trafficked. The majority of clients needed crisis intervention, safety planning, educational support, mental health services, and employment services. Although they were diverse in terms of demographics and circumstances, two common patterns were of homeless young people exchanging sex to meet survival needs and young people were emotionally engaged with their trafficker. Key findings include the diversity of trafficked minors, the challenge of initial and continued engagement with service delivery, the structural and resource barriers to long-term support for young people, and the potential contribution of programs specifically addressing trafficked minors. A framework linking services to young people's circumstances and outcome areas is proposed.
Ectopic Excretion of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

Background Hyponatraemia is an infrequent complication in ALL. It is reported to affect 10% of patients and is usually caused by hypovolaemia following gastrointestinal losses complicating chemotherapy. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) has been reported to complicate malignancy, however hyponatraemia secondary to excessive secretion of ANP in ALL has not been reported. We report a case of ALL in which hyponatraemia is presumed to be caused by ectopic excretion of ANP by leukaemic cells. Case A 10 year old boy presented with a 10 day history of pain in right lower shin, weight loss and reduced appetite. Examination revealed pallor, bruises on arms and legs, lymphoadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. A high white cell count with blast cells was noted. After bone marrow confirmation of ALL, chemotherapy was commenced. Lumber puncture ruled out CNS involvement. Mild hyponatraemia (130-135 mmol/L) was detected at admission and continued for the first two weeks but later declined further to 117 mmol/L in third week. Urinary sodium was noted to be significantly high with fractional excretion of sodium being more than 1%. His sodium requirement was up to 700 mmol/day. ANP was noted to be exceptionally high (106 pg/ml) when severely hyponatraemic. Hyponatraemia resolved over the period of 8 weeks with normalisation of ANP during remission (10 pg/ml). Discussion and conclusion Our case is an example of severe hyponatraemia in ALL with massive sodium requirement in the presence of a significantly high level of ANP. Common causes of hyponatraemia such as hypovolaemic dehydration were ruled out. SIADH was excluded by the absence of fluid overload and normal urine concentration. Renal function was normal with no evidence of glomerular or tubular damage. Normal echocardiogram ruled out the possibility of cardiotoxicity. Significantly high ANP levels were present with marked hyponatraemia and high urinary sodium losses in the absence of other causes suggesting ectopic excretion of ANP by leukaemic cells; this has not reported in the literature. We suggest considering measuring ANP in unexplained hyponatraemia in ALL.
Discrete frequency infrared microspectroscopy and imaging with a tunable quantum cascade laser

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging is a well-established modality but requires the acquisition of a spectrum over a large bandwidth, even in cases where only a few spectral features may be of interest. Discrete frequency infrared (DF-IR) methods are now emerging in which a small number of measurements may provide all the analytical information needed. The DF-IR approach is enabled by the development of new sources integrating frequency selection, in particular of tunable, narrow-bandwidth sources with enough power at each wavelength to successfully make absorption measurements. Here, we describe a DF-IR imaging microscope that uses an external cavity quantum cascade laser (QCL) as a source. We present two configurations, one with an uncooled bolometer as a detector and another with a liquid nitrogen cooled mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector and compare their performance to a commercial FT-IR imaging instrument. We examine the consequences of the coherent properties of the beam with respect t...
916 IMMUNOREGULATORY ABNORMALITIES IN KAWASAKI DISEASE

Immunoregulatory status was assessed in 14 children during the acute phase of Kawasaki Disease (KD) and in 6 of these children following recovery. T cell subsets were enumerated using monoclonal antibodies which define antigens on peripheral T cells (T3), helper/inducer T cells (T4), and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (T8). Patients with acute KD had a significant reduction of circulating T8+ cells (11 ± 4% vs. 22 ± 4% for normal controls; p<0.001) but not of T3+ or T4+ cells. The number of circulating lymphocytes engaged in the spontaneous secretion of IgG and IgM was assessed using a reverse hemolytic plaque forming cell (PFC) assay. KD patients had significantly elevated number of spontaneous IgG-PFC (6523 ± 7164 PFC per 106 cells vs. 2.2 ± 4 PFC per 106 cells for normal controls; p<0.01) and IgM-PFC (2515 ± 1752 PFC per 106 cells vs. 22 ± 21 PFC per 106 cells for normal controls; p<0.001). Finally, the cytotoxicity of mononuclear cells against Cr-51 labeled normal human skin fibroblasts was determined. Patients with KD exhibited significantly greater cytotoxicity (20.5 ± 15.6% Cr-51 release) than normal controls (10.2 ± 1.1% Cr-51 release; p<0.025). In 6 patients studied 6 to 8 weeks after resolution of their clinical symptoms, each of the above abnormalities had either completely or partially resolved. The above immunoregulatory abnormalities observed in the acute phase of KD may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Blocking of cholecystokinin octapeptide behavioral effects by proglumide

Abstract An open field apparatus was used to assess the effect of proglumide, a selective antagonist of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), to block the behavioral effect of CCK-8 in rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of CCK-8 (0.5 to 2 μg) was effective in suppressing general exploratory activities and this effect was blocked by proglumide at doses of 2 to 5 μg administered ICV or 1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously. The effect of peripherally administered CCK-8 (10 μg/kg) was blocked by peripherally administered proglumide at a dose of 2 mg/kg but not by centrally administered proglumide at a dose of 5 μg/rat. The behavioral effect of CCK-8 was thus clearly blocked by proglumide.
MAGIQ at the W. M. Keck Observatory: initial deployment of a new acquisition, guiding, and image quality monitoring system

The W. M. Keck Observatory has completed the development and initial deployment of MAGIQ, the Multi-function Acquisition, Guiding and Image Quality monitoring system. MAGIQ is an integrated system for acquisition, guiding and image quality measurement for the Keck telescopes. This system replaces the acquisition and guiding hardware and software for existing instruments at the Observatory and is now the standard for visible wavelength band acquisition cameras for future instrumentation. In this paper we report on the final design and implementation of this new system, which includes three major components: a visible wavelength band acquisition camera, image quality measurement capability, and software for acquisition, guiding and image quality monitoring. The overall performance is described, as well as the details of our approach to integrating low order wavefront sensing capability in order to provide closed loop control of telescope focus.
Statistical physics analysis of the backtrack resolution of random 3-SAT instances

Abstract An analysis of the complexity of solving random 3-SAT instances with backtrack algorithms is presented. It is argued that, under the action of the algorithm, 3-SAT instances are turned into 2+p-SAT instances whose defining parameters (ratio of clauses per variable, fraction of 3-clauses) can be followed during the operation, and define resolution trajectories. Depending on where the trajectories are located in the phase diagram of the 2+p-SAT models, easy (polynomial) or hard (exponential) resolutions are generated. We present an approximate method based on the analysis of the growth of the search tree to estimate the computational effort required for hard resolutions. Our approach can be applied to other optimization or decision problems. We thank J. Franco for his constant support during the completion of this work. R. Monasson is supported in part by the MRSEC Program of the NSF under Award number DMR-9808595, and by the ACI Jeunes Chercheurs “Alogorithmes d'optimisation et syste mes desordonnes quantiques” from the French Ministry of Research.
The nucleolus is not aggregate-monotonic on the domain of convex games

We show that the nucleolus is not aggregate-monotonic on the domain of convex games, and that this lack of monotonicity holds even if there are as few as four agents.
Effect of colchicine on the fine structure of the neuromuscular junction.

Repeated injections of colchicine into the forearms of normal adult newts led to the disappearance of microtubules within some nerves and a concomitant loss of specialized morphological features at the neuromuscular junction. Within 2 weeks, the postsynaptic folds decreased in height and number, became flattened and eventually disappeared. In addition, nerve terminals in drug-treated animals became separated from the muscle surface and were highly congested with masses of synaptic vesicles. The present findings show that colchicine has an effect on the structural integrity of the neuromuscular junction. These effects could be direct; secondary to retraction of the nerve from the muscle surface; or the result of interference with the proper transport and/or release of neurotrophic substances.
Signature Driven Hierarchical Post-Manufacture Tuning of RF Systems for Performance and Power

Integration of RF circuits in deeply scaled CMOS technologies and severe process variation in those technology nodes result in poor manufacturing yield. A post-manufacture tuning approach for yield improvement of RF systems is developed in this paper that uses hierarchical behavioral models of the RF systems. The proposed method first determines module-level performances from the system-level response (signature) to an applied test using top-down model diagnosis. Then, constrained optimization is performed to determine the best module-level tuning parameter values that satisfy system-level specifications (bottom-up analysis) in a power-conscious manner. Both top-down and bottom-up analysis techniques are supported by hierarchical RF behavioral models. The relationship between module-level tuning parameters and module-level performance metrics changes from instance to instance depending on amount of process variation and this factor is included in the proposed tuning procedure. A key benefit of the proposed approach is that only a single-test application is needed at a fixed number of tuning knob settings resulting in reduction in tuning time. The efficiency of the proposed technique is demonstrated using simulation results and hardware experiment.
Approximate solution of a class of singular control problems

A class of singular control problems involving amplitude constraints on the controls is examined. IfL ∞ is the space of control functionsU, the control constraint setS can be identified with the unit ball inL ∞. Now, for anyn ∈ (1, ∞), an analogous problem may be set up withL n forU and the unit ball inL n forS. This modified problem is necessarily nonsingular for controllable systems. It is shown that, by takingn sufficiently large, the solution to the modified problem also solves the original problem arbitrarily closely (in a sense made precise). Behavior asn → ∞ is investigated.
Cardiovascular effects of the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist FG 7142 in rats

Effects of the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) partial inverse agonist FG 7142 (FG) on basal and reactive cardiovascular measures were examined in freely moving rats. FG (8 mg/kg) modestly increased basal heart period, but had no effects on basal blood pressure. More notably, however, FG augmented the cardioacceleratory response to an auditory stimulus relative to vehicle controls. Selective blockade of sympathetic (atenolol, 1 mg/kg) or parasympathetic (scopolamine methylnitrate, 0.1 mg/kg) effects on the heart under control conditions revealed that the stimulus-evoked cardiac response originated from a concurrent (reciprocal) sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal. Following FG pretreatment, both atenolol and scopolamine blocked the cardioacceleratory response to the auditory stimulus. Thus, although FG minimally increased basal heart period, FG significantly enhanced a reactive cardioacceleration. More importantly, these results demonstrate that the cardiovascular effects of BZR inverse agonists are more fully characterized by an assessment of both tonic and reactive cardiovascular responses.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor transiently stabilizes silent synapses on developing neuromuscular junctions

A general feature of the developing nervous system is the activity-dependent rearrangement of genetically defined, synaptic connections. A parallel process occurs at the developing neuromuscular junction as activity-dependent synapse withdrawal reduces the initial polyneuronal innervation of individual muscle fibers to a mononeuronal innervation within the first few weeks after birth. Because members of the neurotrophin gene family influence motor neuron differentiation and survival, we examined whether or not they also influence synaptic rearrangements in neonatal muscles. We found that treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), or neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) causes the transient retention of multiple synaptic contacts on neonatal myofibers. However, the combination of both electrophysiological and histological assays revealed that the majority of such supernumerary synaptic contacts are functionally inactive or "silent." There also occurs an increase in the number of retracting axons. Because BDNF mRNA is expressed in developing muscle and the trkB tyrosine kinase receptor for BDNF is expressed by neonatal motor neurons, our results suggest that BDNF may play an endogenous role in the refinement of synaptic connectivity that occurs in skeletal muscles after birth.
Teaching Global Aging

If you are reading this book review you are probably keenly aware of the changes that are coming to the global population. Population aging has brought about an exciting yet challenging opportunity for societies around the world. Every day, new publications become available that try to illustrate what this means to current and future societies and predict what this will mean to our world. This review takes a look at three recent books published on the topic of global aging.
Expression of Allelic Immunoglobulin in Homozygous Rabbits Injected with RNA Extract

Ribonucleic acid extracts obtained from lymph nodes of immunized rabbits homozygous for the b(4)or b(5)allele of light chain immunoglobulin allotypes were injected intravenously into nonimmunized rabbits homozygous for the alternate allele. Approximately 30 percent of the plaque-forming cells in the spleen yielded plaques with immunoglobulin M antibody possessing the allotype of the RNA donor. The allotype of the RNA donor was also found in the IgG immunoglobulin of lymphoid cell lysates as well as in the IgG isolated from the serum. These results suggest that the injected RNA has an informational role in the in vivo synthesis of immunoglobulins by host lymphoid cells.
Über die Wahrnehmung der Schallrichtung

Wertheimer undvon Hornbostel konnten zeigen, das der verschieden grose Zeitunterschied, mit dem ein Schall die Ohren trifft, wenn er mehr oder weniger von der Seite kommt, die Lage der Schallrichtung in der Horizontalebene vermittelt. Dieser Faktor legt aber nur fest, unter welchem Winkelabstand von der Ohrenachse (oder der Medianebene) der Schall erscheinen mus. Ob er dabei vorn oder hinten, oben oder unten liegt, bleibt unbestimmt. Hier ist untersucht worden, auf Grund welchen Faktors Lokalisation in dieser Hinsicht erfolgt. — Der Intensitatsunterschied, hervorgerufen durch den Schallschatten des Kopfes, den viele fur den entscheidenden Faktor bei der Schallokalisation halten, wurde die Schallrichtung bestenfalls in der gleichen vieldeutigen Weise bestimmen, wie es die Zeitdifferenz tut. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist zunachst gezeigt worden, das eine alle Richtungen umfassende Lokalisation sehr wohl auf Grund eines Faktors moglich ist, der primar nur Winkelabstande von der Ohrenachse (Seitenwinkel) festlegt — namlich dann wenn der Kopf wahrend des Horens bewegt wird. Eine hiermit gegebene Verlagerung der Ohrenachse im Raum impliziert ja eine Anderung des Seitenwinkels, und durch die so gegebene Folge von Seitenwinkeln ist eine Richtung im Raum geometrisch eindeutig bestimmt (I). Der Nachweis, das die Lokalisation tatsachlich auf Grund einer solchen Folge von Seitenwinkelgrosen zustande kommt, wurde dadurch gefuhrt, das eine Abfolge von Seitenwinkeln kunstlich erzeugt wurde, welche ebenso auftreten muste wenn bei festliegendem Schallort der Kopf in einer bestimmten Weise bewegt wurde. Dabei war weder diese Richtung selbst, noch eine ihr benachbarte wirklich gegeben; die betreffende Richtung wurde also gleichsam synthetisch erzeugt. Das geschah in der Weise, das wahrend der Kopfbewegung und von ihr abhangig eine Schallquelle so bewegt wurde, das sich gerade die die gewunschte Schallrichtung charakterisierende Folge von Seitenwinkelgrosen ergab (II). Bei dieser Lokalisationsleistung entscheidende Prinzipien wurden kurz diskutiert (III).
Hurricane Spiral Bands

Abstract The spiral bands that occur in tropical cyclones can be conveniently divided into two classes—outer bands and inner bands. Evidence is presented here that the outer bands form as the result of nonlinear effects during the breakdown of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) through barotropic instability. In this process a zonal strip of high potential vorticity (the ITCZ shear zone or monsoon trough) begins to distort in a varicose fashion, with the potential vorticity (PV) becoming pooled in local regions that are connected by filaments of high PV. As the pooled regions become more axisymmetric, the filaments become thinner and begin to wrap around the PV centers. It is argued that inner bands form in a different manner. As a tropical cyclone intensifies due to latent heat release, the PV field becomes nearly circular with the highest values of PV in the cyclone center. The radial gradient of PV provides a state on which PV waves (the generalization of Rossby waves) can propagate. The nonline...
Alcohol and Rape The Effect of Alcohol on Attributions of Blame for Rape

This study examined the effects of victim and offender intoxication on attributions of blame in a rape incident. Participants read scenarios of a rape incident in which victim, offender, both, or neither were intoxicated. The male offender was attributed less and the situation was attributed more responsibility when the offender was drunk than when he was sober. In addition, participants derogated the female victim's character and assigned her greater responsibility when she was drunk than when she was sober.
Determining the Optimum Number of Harmonies to Represent Normals Based on Multiyear Data

Abstract Appropriately defined goodness-or-fit statistics are shown to provide a reasonable and objective means to determine the optimum number of harmonies to represent an annual climatology. The method is described in terms of its application, with varying degrees of success, to 5-day temperature means, their standard deviations, and to 5-day means of daily maximum and minimum temperatures.
REACTION OF EARLY TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH MACROCYCLES. IV. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF [(PPh4)]2[18-CROWN-6·(VCl4)2] AND 18-CROWN-6·VCl3·H2O

Abstract The ligand 18-crown-6 reacts with two molecules of VCl3 in toluene to form an addition complex (1) in which the macrocycle functions as a terdentate ligand to each metal centre. Exposure of this compound to traces of water leads to the formation of the complex 18-crown-6·VCl3·H2O (2). Reaction of 1 with PPh4Cl in dichloromethane yields [(PPh4)]2[18-crown-6·(VCl4)2] (3). Compound 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 16.939(9), b = 12.661(9), c = 17.362(9) A, and D c = 1.57 gcm−3 for Z = 8. Least-squares refinement based on 1549 observed reflections led to R = 0.063. Compound 3 crystallizes as the dichloromethane solvate in the triclinic space group PI with a = 10.142(8), b = 11.499(9), c = 17.423(9) A, a = 103.22(6), β = 100.81(6), γ = 102.84(7)°, and D c = 1.49 gcm−3 for Z = 1 with four molecules of solvent in the unit cell. R = 0.067 for 1874 observed reflections. In 2 two crown oxygen atoms bind directly to the metal centre at distances of 2.116(6) and 2.117(6) A. The re...