cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual motor difficulties in emotionally disturbed children with hyporesponsive nystagmus

The investigators explored the relationship between hyporesponsive postrotary nystagmus and subnormal visual motor control skill in emotionally disturbed children. Twenty-three emotionally disturbed children were administered an array of psychological and neuropsychological examinations, including the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, and Beery Visual Motor Integration Test, and the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test. Children with short nystagmus durations appeared to exhibit problems in visual motor control. Complexities involving a number of extraneous variables necessitate caution in interpreting these results, but the data provide evidence of a relationship between vestibular function as measured by postrotary nystagmus duration and oculomotor control in children with emotional disorders.
The Two-Phase Hell-Shaw Flow: Construction of an Exact Solution

We consider a two-phase Hele-Shaw cell whether or not the gap thickness is time-dependent. We construct an exact solution in terms of the Schwarz function of the interface for the two-phase Hele-Shaw flow. The derivation is based upon the single-valued complex velocity potential instead of the multiple-valued complex potential. As a result, the construction is applicable to the case of the time-dependent gap. In addition, there is no need to introduce branch cuts in the computational domain. Furthermore, the interface evolution in a two-phase problem is closely linked to its counterpart in a one-phase problem
Polymorphism in anhydrous theophylline—implications on the dissolution rate of theophylline tablets

Abstract The objects of this investigation were (i) to prepare and characterize a new anhydrous theophylline phase that is metastable under ambient conditions, and (ii) to prepare model tablet formulations containing either this metastable anhydrate (I*) or stable anhydrous theophylline (I), store them under different relative humidity (RH) conditions, and compare their dissolution behavior. I* was prepared by dehydration of theophylline monohydrate (II). Variable temperature X-ray powder diffractometry of II revealed the following series of transitions: II → I* → I. The metastable anhydrate, I*, which has not yet been reported in the literature, appears to be related monotropically to I. it was characterized by ambient and variable temperature X-ray powder diffractometry, Karl Fischer titrimetry, and thermoanalytical techniques (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis). Tablet formulations containing either I* or I were prepared and stored at 33 and 52% RH (room temperature). The solid state of the drug was monitored by X-ray powder diffractometry and the tablets were subjected to the USP dissolution test. In tablets, I* completely converted to I in ≤ 10 days when stored at either 33 or 52% RH. Scanning electron microscopy provided direct visual evidence of recrystallization. This recrystallization was accompanied by a decrease in the dissolution rate of the stored formulations that was so pronounced in the formulations stored at 52% RH that they failed the USP dissolution test. The in situ solid-state transition appears to be responsible for the decrease in dissolution rate observed following storage. Stored tablets containing I showed neither a phase transition nor an alteration in their dissolution behavior.
Correction of window size distortion of crack distributions on plane sections

SUMMARY The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to measure crack distributions on the surfaces of cement paste and mortar. However, true distributions of cracks (or straws, needles, etc.) on a plane section may not be obtained directly if only a portion of the plane section is visible within the field of view (window), as is the case with an SEM. The procedures used to estimate the true distributions are presented. These procedures are based on the concepts of geometrical probability and statistics. Relationships are established between the observed and the true distributions, and iterative techniques are employed to estimate the true distributions. For a given window height, a guideline is provided to determine if the window size distortion needs to be corrected. It is shown that the total length of cracks per unit area on a plane section is not affected by the window size.
High-affinity IgA needs TH17 cell functional plasticity.

The conversion of cells of the TH17 subset of helper T cells that previously expressed interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and the transcription factor RORγt into follicular helper T cells is needed to generate antigen-specific immunoglobulin A in gut mucosa, which suggests new connections in the cognate control of regional adaptive immunity.
Political Freedom and Political Action

STATEMENTS about freedom, according to MacCallum (1970: 109), can be characterized by the following schema: x is (is not) free from y to do (not do, become, not become) z, where x stands for an actor, y for a constraint, and z for an action or state of being. Thus a citizen who is free to walk the streets without being mugged enjoys what Berlin (1969) calls negative liberty. The element of this schema that has generated the greatest debate among political philosophers isy, the constraint (see, e.g., Oppenheim 1961; Scott 1970; Pennock 1979; Connolly 1983). Not everyone can agree, for example, that internal constraints such as psychological compulsions or lack of information count as deprivations of freedom. There is equally sharp disagreement over what counts as a pertinent external constraint. Some would argue that an external constraint on freedom properly occurs only as the deliberate result of the actions of other human beings. Others define constraints very broadly to include economic conditions and inaction on the part of other actors. Disagreements aside, those who have discussed the nature of constraints have tended to presuppose that any (possible) action z, when z is an action, is defined independently of the constraints that block or fail to block it. Constraints do not help constitute z but rather prevent x from succeeding in producing z or at least producing z with impunity. Constraints, in other words, intervene between x and z. They do not affect the nature of z itself. If constraints, including external conditions, do not determine the nature of an action, then it is natural to look to the individual actor as the source of an act's identity. Under this, the usual approach, the identity of an act as this or that particular action, say voting, jumping, or waving, is determined by the intention that the act expresses. In his classic statement of this view, Weber (1968) further stipulates that in the case of social actions, actors take into account the actions and reactions of others. Weber, correctly I believe, thought that this modified understanding of social action is still an individualistic one since the act's identity ultimately depends on the meaning the individual actor ascribes to her act. There is, however, another model of social action. According to this model, very briefly, the social identity of an action is not determined by the intention it expresses but by the role it plays in a larger pattern of reciprocally contingent interactions.1 The intention to vote, for example, is, in this view, not a sufficient or, in this case, even a necessary condition for the associated behavior to constitute voting. One can intend to vote but
THE EXPRESSION OF AN EARLY DEVELOPMENTALLY EMERGENT DEFENSIVE BIAS IN THE ADULT DOMESTIC CAT (FELIS CATUS) IN NON-PREDATORY SITUATIONS

Abstract Previous research has revealed that in some cats, predisposition to respond defensively towards rats emerges early in life, between 30 and 50 days of age, and persists into adulthood. The present study examined the generality of this defensive bias toward prey. Cats whose developmental history and defensive biases toward prey were known were exposed to 3 testing situations representing threats of differing degree: (1) a novel room; (2) a familiar human in a relatively novel environment; (3) recorded conspecific threat vocalizations. Measures of unwillingness to explore novel environments olfactorily, to purr during human social contact and readiness to adopt defensive immobility patterns of behavior in response to conspecific threat all correlated with defensive response to rats, and were found to distinguish between predatorily aggressive and non-aggressive (defensive) cats. It was concluded that there appears to be a defensive cat “personality” which emerges within the first 30–50 days of life.
Genetic differences in the immunocyte response of mice to separate determinants on one bacterial antigen.

WE wish to report studies on the relationship between the antibody responses in different strains of mice, using a newly developed immunoplaque assay. Our method permits direct enumeration of antibody plaque forming cells (p.f.c.) to distinct somatic antigens of Vibrio cholerae bacilli, rather than mere demonstration of serum antibody titres. We found that the immune response of mice to two different antigens present on cholera organisms does not seem to depend on the presence of any particular allele of the H 2 locus.
Disease Dynamics in a Dynamic Social Network

We develop a framework for simulating a realistic, evolving social network (a city) into which a disease is introduced. We compare our results to prevaccine era measles data for England and Wales, and find that they capture the quantitative and qualitative features of epidemics in populations spanning two orders of magnitude. Our results provide unique insight into how and why the social topology of the contact network influences the propagation of the disease through the population. We argue that network simulation is suitable for concurrently probing contact network dynamics and disease dynamics in ways that prior modeling approaches cannot and it can be extended to the study of less well-documented diseases.
Comparisons of airspora concentrations at various sites within a ten kilometer radius of Manhattan, Kansas, USA

Abstract Experiments comparing volumetric spore collection data averaged into daily, 10-day, or seasonal counts were conducted at various locations within the city of Manhattan, Kansas, USA, and surrounding countryside in 1976–1979. At any given time, differences in number of airspora per m3 of air at two or more locations were comparatively great. However, as average numbers were computed for longer periods of time, differences between sites became progressively less. On a daily basis, mean concentrations for the four spore groups during 1976 were significantly different 32% of the possible comparisons between three sites. When 10-day means were compiled for the 100 days sampled at four sites during 1977, significant differences occurred in only 5% of the possible comparisons. For the entire 30 day period of 1976 and 100 day period of 1977, there were no significant differences in mean spore concentrations between any of the sites for any of the four spore groups.
Degradation of organic coatings on steel: Mathematical models and predictions

Abstract Conceptual and mathematical models are developed for blistering processes induced by the corrosion of defect-containing coatings on steel substrate exposed to electrolytes. Models were developed based on cation transport along the coating/steel interface from the anodic sites at the defect to the cathodic sites under the coatings. The models accounted for both an initial induction period before cations have broken through into the blister and a subsequent propagation period when ions accumulate within the blister. The mathematical models are solved analytically to predict cation fluxes and concentrations along the interface and within the blisters. Solutions of the models are expressed in terms of dimensionless parameters. Model variables include blister size, distance between the blister and defect, ion diffusivity and potential gradients. The conditions under which ion transport is likely to be controlled by either potential or concentration gradients are established. Model results indicate that large blisters are more likely to grow than small ones because higher cation concentrations can build up within them. Implications of this conclusion for maintaining the integrity of organic coatings are discussed.
On equations over groups

Abstract Let G be a group and 〈 x 〉 be the free group with generator x . Let w ( x ) be an element of G ∗ 〈 x 〉 (the free product of G and 〈 x 〉) such that the total degree of w with respect to x is positive. An extension of G is constructed in which for some n the equation w n ( x ) = 1 has a solution.
Chronically III Children in Early Childhood Education Programs

Chronically ill children are currently being served in every state in a number of early childhood education programs, including special education programs, Head Start, early intervention programs, and a variety of other center-based day care and preschool education programs. Although there are some mandates for serving some chronically ill young children in early education programs—the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (P.L. 94–142) and Head Start—only a small percentage of all chronically ill children under 6 years of age are currently enrolled in these programs. Care of chronically ill children in educational settings often entails the delivery of a variety of related services, for example, transportation; education-based health services; speech, physical, and occupational therapies; child and family counseling; and building and schedule modifications. Who should provide and pay for these related services is the focus of heated policy debates at local, state, and federal levels of government.
Chinese Business History in the People's Republic of China

Reviewing historiographical development in China, Harold Kahn and Albert Feuerwerker observed in 1964 how Chinese historians moved from the classroom to the platform in "a genuine attempt to find legitimization in China's past for the domestic and external developments of her most recent present."1 Little seems to have changed thirty-two years later and developments have been attributed to a state-sponsored pluralism.2 With a decade of economic reform since 1979, and another half-decade since 1991, it is perhaps an opportune time to take stock of changes in historiography, specifically business history, in China.
Status of orifice induced pressure error studies

The construction of high Reynolds number facilities, such as the National Transonic Facility (NTF) and the 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (TCT), has stimulated interest again in the study of orifice induced static pressure. In a high Reynolds number facility, the orifice will have a much larger effect on the boundary layer than in a conventional wind tunnel. The present investigation was performed in the 0.3-m TCT at Mach numbers in the range from 0.60 to 0.80 and Reynolds numbers in the range from 6,000,000 to 40,000,000 with the objective to compare the porous plug orifices to conventional 0.025 cm orifices in a high Reynolds number environment. It was found that there was an error at high Reynolds numbers which could not be neglected and that the use of a porous metal disk in a conventional orifice could virtually eliminate the orifice induced pressure error.
Conducting inference in semiparametric duration models under inequality restrictions on the shape of the hazard implied by job search theory

Using a four-month panel of revised Current Population Survey data from September–December 1993, we extend the class of semiparametric hazard models of the type first studied by Prentice and Gloeckler (1978), and brought to the attention of economists by Meyer (1988, 1990), to incorporate inequality restrictions on the shape of the hazard. This extension enables us to test hypotheses regarding the shape of the hazard implied by search theory using duration data alone. These tests provide another link between the empirical and theoretical literatures on unemployment duration and job search. The GHK probability simulator makes it straightforward to generate approximate hypothesis test results, as simulation estimates of the probability under the null hypothesis are generated using the asymptotic normal approximation to the distribution of the hazard parameters obtained from maximum likelihood estimation. Importance sampling is used to conduct inference under the null and obtain exact finite sample estimates of the probability the null is satisfied. A new algorithm for maintaining stability of the importance weights is also developed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evolutionary optimization principle.

Abstract Characteristics of evolutionarily stable strategies, or ESS's, are investigated for a general class of evolutionary models. Both differential equation and difference equation models are considered. At an ESS, species that exhibit negative density dependence maximize population size; those that show positive density dependence minimize population size.
Evidence for a relationship between lymphoid cells and osteoclasts: bone resorption restored in ia (osteopetrotic) rats by lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages from a normal littermate.

Osteopetrosis in the ia rat is known to be due to reduced bone resorption and the absence of ruffled borders in osteoclasts. The disease can be cured by the temporary parabiotic union with, or by transfusion of spleen, thymus, or liver cells from, normal littermates. This investigation was pursued in an attempt to determine the cellular basis of this cure by testing the relative effectiveness of populations of mononuclear cells — lymphocytes, monocytes, and tissue macrophages, from spleen and thymus of normal rats — in curing the disease, compared with cell suspensions of the entire organs. The mononuclear fractions were separated from cell suspensions of spleen or thymus by an adaptation of the Ficoll-Hypaque density-gradient-centrifugation procedure. The mononuclear isolates were evaluated by conventional histological procedures and non-specific esterase histochemistry and found to contain approximately 97% lymphocytes and 3% monocytes from the spleen and 99% lymphocytes and less than 1% monocytes from the thymus. The results of these transplantations were evaluated radiographically and histologically three weeks after treatment. No difference in the rate of skeletal cure was observed in the ia rats that received cells from either whole spleen or thymus, or the mononuclear isolate from these organs. Osteoclasts from the ia animals cured by the transplantation of the mononuclear isolate were examined by electron microscopy and found to have ruffled borders. We conclude that the mononuclear cells isolated from either the spleen or thymus of normal littermates have positive effects on osteoclasts and bone resorption in the ia rat, either indirectly, by elaboration of some local factor that affects the mutant osteoclasts, or directly by transformation into osteoclasts.
An Ergonomic Analysis of Scale-Pits:

Much of the scale industry involves weighing large amounts of a product. The main method is the truck or railroad scale. These require pits to hold the lever systems necessary to weigh the truck or railroad car. However, these pits are designed with no thought for the safety of the technicians who maintain the scales. in this paper, four problems with current pit design were examined using data on the physical dimensions and the types of injuries possible. Three experiments were conducted to examine the risks of falling due to loss of balance, problems caused by moving around in the pit, and the effect of poor lighting. Using this data, suggestions are made to improve the safety of the scale pits for the technicians who work in them.
Houston, we have a problem: there's a leak in the CS1 affective oxygen tank

The affective domain can be used to support the internalization of cognitive content and foster the development of curriculum and industry-related interests, attitudes, values, and practices. This study investigated correlations between affective factors and course grade. Interest, perceived competence, effort, lack of pressure, and value correlated significantly with CS1 course grades. Moreover, this study investigated the levels of these factors over the course of CS1. Almost all of the levels of these significant factors decreased significantly during the CS1 course as measured by pretests and posttests. Results of this study further indicated that the use of specific affective objectives and instructional strategies lessened these decreases.
Information-theoretic matching of two point sets

This paper describes the theoretic roadmap of least relative entropy matching of two point sets. The novel feature is to align two point sets without needing to establish explicit point correspondences. The recovery of transformational geometry is achieved using a mixture of principal axes registrations, whose parameters are estimated by minimizing the relative entropy between the two point distributions and using the expectation-maximization algorithm. We give evidence of the optimality of the method and we then evaluate the algorithm's performance in both rigid and nonrigid image registration cases.
Are Illegal Drugs Inferior Goods

Abstract Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, evidence of income inferiority in illegal drug consumption is presented. This is done by estimation of binary choice probit models with endogenous regressors. The endogeneity of income with regard to drug consumption is considered and the more efficient three-stage least squares procedures have been implemented. The results indicate that accounting for endogeneity improves results on income inferiority with regard to drug consumption for the overall population. When the respondents are divided into separate work categories, illegal drugs are however found to be normal goods for respondents in school. An implication of this study is that income distribution policies might be effective in controlling drug consumption. It also points out the regressive nature of the government’s substance abuse program. JEL Classification: I12, I18. Keywords: income inferiority, illegal drugs, public policy. 1
THE PREDICTIVE ABILITY CRITERION IN EXPERIMENTAL JUDGMENT RESEARCH IN ACCOUNTING

Previous experimental judgment research in accounting has been interpreted as supportive of the linear model as an appropriate representation of decision-making behavior in nearly all of the tasks investigated. Moreover, nonlinear models have come to be viewed as adding relatively little predictive power over that provided by the linear model, even in tasks considered to be inherently nonlinear. These conclusions were based largely upon evaluating the predictive ability of the linear model in terms of statistics measuring the proportion of variance accounted for by the model. In the present paper it is argued that, since these statistics are not independent of the experimental design, it is not clear whether the high correlations are indicative of the model's success in representing decision-making processes or instead are more the result of various features of the experimental design. It is suggested that correlational tests be supplemented with qualitative tests of the predictive ability of a model. Implications for accounting are discussed.
Discrete abstractions of hybrid systems

A hybrid system is a dynamical system with both discrete and continuous state changes. For analysis purposes, it is often useful to abstract a system in a way that preserves the properties being analysed while hiding the details that are of no interest. We show that interesting classes of hybrid systems can be abstracted to purely discrete systems while preserving all properties that are definable in temporal logic. The classes that permit discrete abstractions fall into two categories. Either the continuous dynamics must be restricted, as is the case for timed and rectangular hybrid systems, or the discrete dynamics must be restricted, as is the case for o-minimal hybrid systems. In this paper, we survey and unify results from both areas.
Helping the phish detect the lure

When a client attempts to interact with an online service provider that performs any form of financial transaction, the service provider requires the client to authenticate itself. This is normally done by having the client provide a user-name and password that were previously agreed upon, through some procedure, the first time the client attempted to use the services provided by the provider. Asymmetrically, the client does not ask the provider for the same form of authentication. That is, the customer of the bank does not ask the web-page to somehow prove that it is really the bank’s web-page. This asymmetry seems to come mostly from an attempt to port security models from the physical to the digital world: I would never expect a physical bank branch to authenticate itself to me through any form other than its branding. However, that is not to say customers don’t implicitly authenticate their bank-branches, they do! However, it is a rather implicit authentication that is based on the use of branding and law-enforcement by the banks. Unfortunately, many of the security assumptions that hold in the physical world do not hold in the digital world: the costs of setting up an authentic looking but fraudulent web-page are low; the pay-off for successful phishing attacks is high; and digital law enforcement is weak to non-existent in the digital realm and so the risks are minimal. This makes phishing an attractive type of fraud, and has led to its growing popularity.
Exiling Children, Creating Orphans: When Immigration Policies Hurt Citizens

Citizen-children born in the United States to undocumented immigrants have become collateral damage of immigration enforcement. These children suffer the effects of immigration laws designed to deport large numbers of people. In removal proceedings, parents often must decide to either leave their citizen-children behind in the care of others or take them to a country the child may have never known. Accordingly, immigration policy frequently creates two de facto classes of children: exiles and orphans. In discussing these classes, the authors offer a summary of how U.S. citizen-children come into contact with the immigration enforcement system. The article explores the impact of detention and deportation on the health, mental health, and developmental trajectories of citizen-children and argues for reforms in policy and practice that will adhere to the highest standards of child welfare practice. By integrating these children into the immigration discourse, practitioners and policymakers will be better able to understand the effects of immigration enforcement, reduce harm to children, and provide for the protection of their rights.
Neutrophil mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity: role of the peroxidase system

A cytotoxic effect of human neutrophils on mammalian tumor cells is demonstrated. Cytotoxicity depends on the presence of intact neutrophils, phagocytosable particles, and a halide cofactor and is inhibited by azide, cyanide, and catalase. Neutrophils from patients with myeloperoxidase (MPO) deficiency or defective H1O2 production are not cytotoxic, but activity is resotred by addition of purified MPO or H2O2 respectively. The findings support a mechanism involving the phagocytosis-induced extracellular release of MPO and H2O2 and their reation with a halide cofactor to damage the target cells.
Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management: Controlling a Dynamic System

People with type 2 diabetes risk disability and early death when they fail to control their blood glucose levels. Despite advances in medicine, pharmacology, human factors, and education, dangerous glucose levels remain endemic. To investigate cognitive barriers to control, we observed American Diabetes Association (ADA) certified training programs; reviewed ADA and National Institute of Health diabetes Web sites; and interviewed patients with type 2 diabetes using a critical decision method. A consistent picture emerged. The prevailing rules and procedures approaches are not preparing patients for the dynamic control task they face. Patients are often unable to understand and use the rules and procedures provided. They are unprepared to detect problems, make sense of dynamic relationships, and manage complex situations. Our results suggest that glucose self-regulation is better conceptualized as a dynamic control challenge requiring complex processes, including problem detection, sensemaking, decision ma...
A covariance-based algorithm: A novel technique for rhythm discrimination in ICDs

Inappropriate shocks due to misclassification of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias remain a major problem in the care of patients with Implantable Cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). In this study we have investigated the ability of a new covariance-based algorithm, to distinguish Ventricular Tachycardia from other rhythms such as Supraventricular Tachycardia. The proposed algorithm has a low computational demand and with a small adjustment is applicable on both single-chamber and dual-chamber ICDs. The results are promising and suggest that the new covariance-based algorithm may be an effective method for ICD rhythm classification and may decrease inappropriate shocks.
The Comparative Motor Development of Baganda, American White, and American Black Infants

Baganda infants in Uganda were found to be significantly advanced in motor development during the first year of life when compared with Bayley's sample of American White and Black infants. Though they were not found to be as precocious as Geber's sample of Uganda infants, the same downward trend in degree of motor development during the second year of life was found. As age increased, developmental motor quotient (DMQ) decreased, but at 24 months of age the Baganda infants still obtained an average DMQ higher than either American sample. Several interpretations of these results are considered.
Financial Modeling in a Fast Mean-Reverting Stochastic Volatility Environment

We present a derivative pricing and estimation methodology for a class of stochastic volatility models that exploits the observed 'bursty' or persistent nature of stock price volatility. Empirical analysis of high-frequency S&P 500 index data confirms that volatility reverts slowly to its mean in comparison to the tick-by- tick fluctuations of the index value, but it is fast mean- reverting when looked at over the time scale of a derivative contract (many months). This motivates an asymptotic analysis of the partial differential equation satisfied by derivative prices, utilizing the distinction between these time scales. The analysis yields pricing and implied volatility formulas, and the latter provides a simple procedure to 'fit the skew' from European index option prices. The theory identifies the important group parameters that are needed for the derivative pricing and hedging problem for European-style securities, namely the average volatility and the slope and intercept of the implied volatility line, plotted as a function of the log- moneyness-to-maturity-ratio. The results considerably simplify the estimation procedure. The remaining parameters, including the growth rate of the underlying, the correlation between asset price and volatility shocks, the rate of mean-reversion of the volatility and the market price of volatility risk are not needed for the asymptotic pricing formulas for European derivatives, and we derive the formula for a knock-out barrier option as an example. The extension to American and path-dependent contingent claims is the subject of future work.
Insulin fails to alter plasma LCFA metabolism in muscle perfused at similar glucose uptake.

Insulin has been shown to alter long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) metabolism and malonyl-CoA production in muscle. However, these alterations may have been induced, in part, by the accompanying insulin-...
Modeling and Analysis of an FC/UC Hybrid Vehicular Power System Using a Novel-Wavelet-Based Load Sharing Algorithm

The most critical attribute of a power control strategy for a fuel cell (FC) and ultracapacitor (UC) based hybrid vehicular power system is the sharing of load demand between available power sources. Transients and rapid changes of the power demand may cause drying of the FC membrane resulting in degradation of FC lifetime. The load demand profile of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a nonstationary fluctuating signal and consists of transients. Wavelet transforms are suitable for analyzing and evaluating such signals for dynamic systems. This paper focuses on the integration of a developed novel-wavelet-based load sharing algorithm and dynamic model of the FC/UC hybrid vehicular power system in order to ensure efficient power flow control strategy.
Sensor Placement in Water Networks: A Stochastic Programming Approach

Placement of sensors in water distribution networks helps timely detection of contamination and reduces risk to the population. Identifying the optimal locations of these sensors is important from an economic perspective and has been previously attempted using the theory of optimization. This work extends that formulation by considering uncertainty in the network and describes a stochastic program- ming method that is capable of determining the optimal sensor location while accounting for demand uncertainties. The problem is formulated as a two stage stochastic programming problem with recourse. The solution to the problem is achieved by using a newly proposed algorithm aimed at efficiently solving stochastic nonlinear programming problems. This makes the problem solution computa- tionally tractable as compared to the traditional stochastic programming methods. The proposed formulation and solution methodology are tested on an example network to perform a comparative study with other formulations. The results show the importance of uncertainty consideration in decision making and highlight the advantages of the proposed stochastic programming approach.
The uninsured with chronic back pain lament, “I can't get no… satisfaction”

COMMENTARY ON: Wallace AS, Freburger JK, Darter JD, et al. Comfortably numb? Exploring satisfaction with chronic back pain visits. Spine J 2009;9:721–8 (in this issue) .
In Search of Aesthetic Space: Delaying Intentionality in Teaching/Learning Situations

Aesthetic considerations are qualitative, personal, and value laden and do not fit well into existing educational frameworks. Yet, I think greater aesthetic awarness is a pragmatic and philosophical necessity missing in much schooling. An aesthetic context calls for a rethinking and revaluing of what is educationally important. This paper explores such possibilities along with the concrete implications of taking aesthetic considerations seriously, within a school setting. Opened in September, 1997, the Creative Arts Centre, Milton Williams School, Calgary Board of Education, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, has chosen to value the creating process, primary to the arts, within the school curriculum as a whole. It seems an ideal situation in which to pursue connections between curriculum theory, practice, and the aesthetic.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and neck.

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to detect pathology of the head and neck. Although CT still has a superior role in detecting calcifications, bony pathology, fractures, and acute hemorrhage [1], MRI is now the preferred imaging method for head and neck pathology. MRI allows superior tissue discrimination and fat- and water-suppression imaging. Fat-suppression imaging has greatly improved the ability to detect abnormal contrast enhancement in the head and neck region. Without this technique, abnormal contrast enhancement appearing as a bright area may be hidden by the very bright signal of fat. Very rapid MRI techniques now allow angiographic images and kinescopic (real-time) depiction of movement. Injectable contrast agents (gadopentetate) aid in the differentiation of certain tumor types and vascular lesions. Albumin-tagged agents which allow direct blood-volume calculations have been developed and are now pending FDA approval. Injectable MR agents, specifically for head and neck imaging, are also currently under development. MRI, which uses nonionizing radiation from the radio-frequency (RF) band of the electromagnetic spectrum, functions by taking advantage of the weak magnetic properties of human tissue. The patient is placed inside a large magnet with a uniform magnetic field. When the hydrogen nuclei in the patient’s body are exposed to this magnetic field, they align with the field. A sequence of RF pulses is then applied to the area of the body being evaluated; this signal must be at the resonant frequency so that the body’s proteins can absorb it. These pulses create a transient magnetic field that is perpendicular to the main field; when exposed to this field, the hydrogen nuclei in the body absorb energy and change the direction of their axis of rotation. When the RF pulse is terminated, the nuclei again realign themselves with the external magnetic field. Energy is released from the tissue as weak RF signals, which are received by coils in the MRI device. The signals are rendered detectable by the application of an RF pulse that tips the energized proton down by 90 to be detected as a current by the receiving coil [2–4]. Subjecting these signals to a series of computer operations translates the signal into an image. The signals emitted from the excited proton have two components, which are referred to as T1 and T2 relaxation times. T1 is defined as the spin-lattice relaxation time, reflecting the longitudinal axis, and decays at a faster rate than the T2 relaxation time. This is the energy expended by the excited proton to the lattice that contains the proton. As the excited proton is deflected by the 90 RF pulse toward the receiving coil and partially recovers to its free steady state during the early phase of read-out, the signal is dominated by the T1 relaxation time. T2 is defined as the spin-spin relaxation time and reflects the vertical axis. This is the energy expended between the various protons that have been energized.
Beyond Torture: Enforcing International Human Rights in Federal Courts

Written shortly after the twentieth anniversary of the Second Circuit's landmark decision in the Filartiga v. Pena-Irala case, which opened the door to the pursuit of international human rights claims in U.S Courts under the Alien Tort Claims Statute, this article explores the aftermath of that case. In particular it focuses on the expansive view of human rights claims set forth in Filartiga versus the much narrower focus of the D.C. Circuit and considers which of those views prevailed over the years and why. The article reviews the relevant case law in some detail, focusing on the precise contours of the remedy available under the ATCA and what limitations or obstacles exist regarding that remedy. Finally the article attempts to establish a rationale for future civil actions in federal courts and concludes with consideration of the viability of the rationale proposed.
[Public health: ethics and human rights].

This work reflects on the contradiction that while the majority of research on the health of populations identifies socioeconomic status and other societal factors as major determinants of health status most public health actions are directed at individuals. The predominance of societal level phenomena as determinants of individual behavior and as influences on health is recognized by the discipline of public health but societal factors are not directly addressed. The reluctance to attack directly the social roots of health problems has multiple origins among them the emphasis on similarities with the biomedical sciences as a means of enhancing the scientific appearance of the discipline. A significant stimulus from outside the traditional sphere of public health is needed to achieve a change of focus from the individual to the societal level. The human rights perspective on societal determinants of well being offers a useful framework vocabulary and guide to direct responses to societal determinants of health. The link between public health and human rights may be explored by considering the potential effects of public health policies and practices on human rights and by observing the health consequences of human rights violations. Discrimination and other violations of human rights can be regarded as primary pathologic forces and affronts to human dignity should also be examined as a heretofore unrecognized pathogenic force. Public health unlike medicine has not developed an explicit body of ethical recommendations. A public health ethics can emerge only after the societal determinants of health are given the full weight they merit.
Note on the Nature of Opsonic Immunity

Stimulated by the work of Sir Almroth E. Wright, various observers have recently investigated the question of phagocytosis in connection with the theory of opsonic immunity, and have obtained the following rather generally accepted results: i. Active phagocytosis, in vitro, of many of the common forms of bacteria is dependent upon the action of blood serum or similar body fluids, and does not take place when these fluids are replaced by physiological salt solution. 2. Almost no phagocytosis occurs in serum which has been exposed to a temperature of 600 C. for 10 to 30 minutes. 3. Serum is deopsonized, i. e., it is inactivated, by digestion with a bacterial emulsion with subsequent removal of the bacteria by centrif ugalization. With these results as a basis, we have carried out some of the fundamental experiments in phagocytosis. As regards the relation of opsonins to immunity, it is of importance to decide, first of all, whether or not phagocytosis, as it occurs normally, is an inherent property of the leucocytes and independent of any action of the body fluids. In view of the differences sometimes found in the serum and plasma of the same individual, for example as regards the enzyme content,1 it would be of both clinical and scientific interest to determine whether opsonins are present in the plasma and whether the breaking down of the formed elements during the clotting of the blood has any influence on phagocytosis. Wright and Douglas2 found the same opsonic content both in plasma, obtained by decalcifying blood, and in the corresponding serum. This method of obtaining plasma is of questionable service in deciding the role of the formed elements, since mere precipitation of the calcium salts does not entirely prevent the breaking down of the cells in the shed blood. To avoid this difficulty, advantage was taken of the fact that blood, removed from the body in resected
PO-0348 The Relationship Between Broviac Lines And Catheter Associated Blood Stream Infection

Background Broviac lines are a common source of catheter-associated bloodstream infection (CABSI) in our 22-bed tertiary paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Aims To assess data in Broviac lines CABSI cases Methods Prospective clinical and laboratory data on all PICU admissions for 24 months (3/2010–3/2012), missing data was supplemented retrospectively using electronic patient records. The UK National Patient Safety Association ‘Matching Michigan’ case definitions were utilised to identify bloodstream infections and CABSI. The study was approved by the Clinical Audit Department- a division of the Directorate of Research and Clinical Development at Alder Hey Children’s Hospital. Results PICU-acquired CABSI rate was 7.35 per 1000 central line days. Device utilisation ratio (CVC days per patient days) was 0.77. Central line associated with CABSI: Broviac line 23 (39%); Triple lumen CVC femoral 14 and jugular 13; ECMO circuit 4; Renal/Vascatheter 3; Portacath 2. Conclusions In our patient population Broviac lines are commonly associated with CABSI and especially in less than one year age group.
Deferred feeding and body weight responses to short-term interruption of fuel acquisition: impact of estradiol

Short-term abstinence from food intake, planned or unplanned, is unavoidable in modern life, but negatively correlated with appetite control and obesity. This study investigated the role of estradiol in feeding and body weight (BW) reactions to short-span cessation of feeding. During acute 1–6-h re-feeding, 12-h food-deprived (FD), estradiol benzoate (EB)-implanted ovariectomized rats ate less food and gained less weight than FD animals implanted with oil (O). Full fed (FF)- and FD-EB consumed equal amounts of food over 24 h, but weight gain was greater in the latter; 24-h food intake and BW gain in FD-O exceeded FD-EB. Caudal fourth ventricular administration of the AMPK activator AICAR increased dorsal vagal complex AMPK activity in FD-EB and FD-O, but elicited dissimilar adjustments in hypothalamic metabolic neuropeptide transmitter expression, while respectively enhancing or reducing acute re-feeding in these animals and reversing FD-O weight gain. Drug-treated FD-EB and FD-O exhibited respective feeding and weight gain increases between 6–24 h. AICAR enhanced 24-h consumption in FD-EB vs. FF-EB, but cumulative intake and BW gain were greater in AICAR-treated FD-O vs. FD-EB. Results show that estradiol limits acute re-feeding after short-term feeding suspension, but augments acute re-feeding when energy depletion coincides with suspended feeding. This compound metabolic stress exerts steroid-dependent effects during later resumption of circadian-induced feeding, for example, increased consumption vs. weight gain in the presence vs. absence of estradiol. These studies provide novel evidence that estrogen mitigates acute and post-acute adverse effects of disrupted fuel acquisition on energy balance.
A Review on Mutually Agreed Terms in the Evolution of International Law

In order to deal with the phenomenon of "biopiracy" as well as strengthen the control of utilization of genetic resources,Convention on Biological Diversity introduced "mutually agreed terms(MAT)" as a cornerstone of the legislative framework for the access to genetic resources and benefit sharing for various states.Later after the development of Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol,the evolution path of MAT has become clear at the level of international law.Generally speaking,MAT requires an agreement on the terms of access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing between the applicants and providers involved,via negotiations on the basis of the statutory standards.
Bagrada hilaris Control with Organically Approved Insecticides, 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of organically approved insecticides against Bagrada hilaris in broccoli relative to a conventional standard under low desert growing conditions. Broccoli “Emerald Crown” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 16 September 2014. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft in length and bordered by two untreated beds. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Three foliar sprays were applied on 29 September, 5 and 13 October as broadcast applications delivered through 2 …
Investigation on rodent density in Xi'an city

Objective To grasp the dynamic changes and seasonal fluctuation of rodent population in Xi'an.Methods Based on the rules of"National Vectors Surveillance Project",the night trapping method was used to monitor the rodent density. Results 152 rodents were captured from 2012 to 2013. The total average density was0. 33%. Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species accounting for 51. 32%,followed by Mus musculus( 39. 47%)and Apodemus agrarius( 7. 42%). Density peak appeared in August. Conclusion Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus are the main species. Proper measurements should be taken before August. It is necessary to strengthen killing rodents according to ridents dynamic changes and seasonal fluctuation in spring and autumn,so as to reduce rodent density and rodent borne diseases.