cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein adsorption and excipient effects on kinetic stability of silicone oil emulsions

The effect of silicone oil on the stability of therapeutic protein formulations is of concern in the biopharmaceutical industry as more proteins are stored and delivered in prefilled syringes. Prefilled syringes provide convenience for medical professionals and patients, but prolonged exposure of proteins to silicone oil within prefilled syringes may be problematic. In this study, we characterize systems of silicone oil-in-aqueous buffer emulsions and model proteins in formulations containing surfactant, sodium chloride, or sucrose. For each of the formulations studied, silicone oil-induced loss of soluble protein, likely through protein adsorption onto the silicone oil droplet surface. Excipient addition affected both protein adsorption and emulsion stability. Addition of surfactant stabilized emulsions but decreased protein adsorption to silicone oil microdroplets. In contrast, addition of sodium chloride increased protein adsorption and decreased emulsion stability. Silicone oil droplets with adsorbed lysozyme rapidly agglomerated and creamed out of suspension. This decrease in the kinetic stability of the emulsion is ascribed to surface charge neutralization and a bridging flocculation phenomenon and illustrates the need to investigate not only the effects of silicone oil on protein stability, but also the effects of protein formulation variables on emulsion stability.
Comparing Early Modern American Worlds: Some Reflections On The Promise Of A Hemispheric Perspective

This article explores the tensions between the fashionable Atlantic history and multicultural history paradigms, in particular between the broad-ranging tendencies of the former and the national state-centered orientation of the latter. It proposes an American hemispheric perspective as a way of supplementing both these paradigms, while at the same time enriching understanding of the variations in the operation of the colonial impulse in the early modern Americas and avoiding the anachronism implicit in a multicultural approach that interests itself only in those areas that subsequently became part of the United States.
Preliminary Results of Nonconstrained Pyrolytic Carbon Arthroplasty for Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthritis

Purpose To review early outcomes of arthritic metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints treated with nonconstrained pyrolytic carbon implants to evaluate efficacy, clinical outcomes, and durability. Methods One hundred forty-two consecutive arthroplasties (61 patients) were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnoses included osteoarthritis (OA), traumatic arthritis, and inflammatory arthritis. One hundred thirty were primary joint replacements, and 12 were prior-silicone revisions. The average patient age was 55 years (range, 21–77 years); 36 patients were women and 25 were men. Average follow-up period was 17 months (range, 3–42 months), and 43 patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year. Results For OA patients, according to the analog pain scale used, pain decreased from 73.0 to 8.5 of 100, functionality increased from 20.1 to 86.6 of 100, and appearance improved from 62.7 to 93.6 of 100. The rheumatoid arthritis (RA) group showed decreased pain from 43.1 to 8.9 of 100, functional improvement from 26.7 to 83.3 of 100, and increased appearance from 25.2 to 77.1 of 100. At 1 year, satisfaction was greater than 90% for both groups. Arc of motion for OA patients improved from 44° to 58°. Oppositional pinch increased 126%, and grip strength improved 40%. Rheumatoid arthritis patients increased their MCP joint motion arc from 32° to 45°. Oppositional pinch increased 89%, but grip strength decreased. Radiographs at 1 year demonstrated stable prostheses in all of the OA joints. The RA group overall demonstrated evidence of axial subsidence (10.5% of joints) and periprosthetic erosions (16.4% of joints). In RA joints with greater than 1-year follow-up period, 55.0% had axial subsidence, 95.0% had an increased radiolucent seam, and 45.0% had periprosthetic erosions. The overall implant survivorship is 141 joints to date. The overall minor complication rate was 6%, and major complication rate was 9%. Conclusions Preliminary results suggest that pyrolytic carbon MCP joint arthroplasty provides good pain relief, patient satisfaction, and functional improvement in managing OA and select cases of RA. Longer follow-up evaluation will help validate these promising early results. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Decadal changes in Gulf of Alaska upwelling source waters

Decadal changes in sea surface temperature (SST) in the Gulf of Alaska are linked to long-term transitions in the marine ecosystem. While previous studies have identified the atmospheric variability of the Aleutian Low as an important driver of Ekman pumping and low-frequency SST anomalies, the role of subsurface gyre-scale dynamics remains unexplored. Using a set of reanalysis data sets from 1958 to the present, we find that subsurface temperature anomalies generated along the North Pacific Current significantly contribute through mean upwelling to decadal changes of SST in the Gulf of Alaska. This influence is comparable to the contribution associated with variations in atmospheric winds. Given the exceptional low-frequency character of the propagation of subsurface anomalies (e.g., multidecadal) along the gyre, monitoring subsurface temperature anomalies up stream along the North Pacific Current may enhance the decadal predictability of SST in the Gulf of Alaska and its impact on local marine ecosystems.
Modification of renin reactivity by lipids extracted from normal, hypertensive, and uremic plasma.

Plasma renin reactivity (PRR), the in vitro rate of angiotensin generation after addition of renin, is greater in plasma of hypertensive patients and uremic patients than in plasma of normotensive control subjects. To determine if this difference is due to different substrate reactivities, substrate was denatured and replaced with homologous substrate. After a 180 min incubation, PRR in normal plasma (73 ng/ml ± 5 SE) was less (P 0.6), than with buffer. In vitro angiotensin generation was inhibited by lipids extracted from normal plasma. Lipids were separ...
High transmittance in-plane switching liquid crystal displays

We have developed a high-transmittance in-plane switching (HT-IPS) liquid crystal display (LCD) using special electrode design on the same substrate. The featured electrode configuration generates substantial horizontal electric fields between the electrode groups, and fringe fields with rich horizontal components within the regions of electrode groups. The former is similar to the IPS mode and the latter is similar to the fringe-field switching (FFS) mode. The HT-IPS mode exhibits a high transmittance (> 90 % of twisted nematic (TN) mode), as well as wide viewing angle for cells using both positive and negative dielectric anisotropy LC materials. In addition, we also compare the electro-optical performance of the HT-IPS with IPS and FFS cells under the same conditions
Destruction of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonthermal Plasma

This study investigates the feasibility of using nonthermal plasma produced in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor to destroy 1,1,1-trichloroethane ~TCA! in a stream of air. The effects of various operating parameters on the destruction and removal efficiency ~DRE! of TCA were examined. The experiments indicated that the water vapor concentration greatly influenced the destruction of TCA and the relative amount of oxidation by-products. DRE as high as 99.9% could be achieved at very low relative humidity ~RH! conditions. Analysis of the CO/CO2 concentrations in the reactor effluent indicated a decrease in the amount of CO generated as the RH was increased. The lowest CO/CO2 ratio, 1:3, was observed at 88% RH. The estimated cost and energy requirement for operation were also determined. The calculated energy density values ~b! varied with respect to the RH, and ranged from 1,478 to 3,010 J/L over a RH range of 0- 88%.
Effect of topographic data, geometric configuration and modeling approach on flood inundation mapping

Summary Technological aspects of producing, delivering and updating of flood hazard maps in the US have has gone through a revolutionary change through Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Map Modernization program. In addition, the use of topographic information derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is enabling creation of relatively more accurate flood inundation maps. However, LIDAR is not available for the entire United States. Even for areas, where LIDAR data are available, the effect of other factors such as cross-section configuration in one-dimensional (1D) models, mesh resolution in two-dimensional models (2D), representation of river bathymetry, and modeling approach is not well studied or documented. The objective of this paper is to address some of these issues by comparing newly developed flood inundation maps from LIDAR data to maps that are developed using different topography, geometric description and modeling approach. The methodology involves use of six topographic datasets with different horizontal resolutions, vertical accuracies and bathymetry details. Each topographic dataset is used to create a flood inundation map for twelve different cross-section configurations using 1D HEC-RAS model, and two mesh resolutions using 2D FESWMS model. Comparison of resulting maps for two study areas (Strouds Creek in North Carolina and Brazos River in Texas) show that the flood inundation area reduces with improved horizontal resolution and vertical accuracy in the topographic data. This reduction is further enhanced by incorporating river bathymetry in topography data. Overall, the inundation extent predicted by FESWMS is smaller compared to prediction from HEC-RAS for the study areas, and that the variations in the flood inundation maps arising from different factors are smaller in FESWMS compared to HEC-RAS.
B Cells Regulate CD4+ T Cell Responses to Papain following B Cell Receptor–Independent Papain Uptake

Papain, a cysteine protease allergen with inherent adjuvant activity, induces potent IL-4 expression by T cells in the popliteal lymph nodes of mice following footpad immunization. In this study, we identify a novel, non-BCR-mediated capacity for B cells to rapidly bind and internalize papain. B cells subsequently regulate the adaptive immune response by enhancing ICOS expression on CD4(+) T cells and amplifying Th2 and follicular helper T cell induction. Ab blockade of ICOS ligand, expressed by popliteal lymph node B cells, but not dendritic cells, at the peak of the response inhibits IL-4 responses in wild-type mice but not B cell-deficient mice. Thus, B cells play a critical role in amplifying adjuvant-dependent Th2 polarization following noncanonical acquisition and internalization of the cysteine protease papain.
Gravity‐induced coating flows of vaginal gel formulations: In vitro experimental analysis

Efficacy of topical microbicidal drug delivery formulations against HIV depends in part on their coating distributions and retention on vaginal epithelium. This study focused on gravity-induced coating flows of vaginal gels, and effects of formulation composition and surface wettability on coating. We hypothesized that presence of a yield stress, and surface wettability, affect coating. Experiments imaged and analyzed coating flows of gels on inclined model hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces. The in vitro wettability conditions bracket those believed to exist on vaginal epithelium in vivo. Six commercial vaginal gels were studied: three polyacrylic acid-based (PAA) and three cellulose-based. Our research group uses these gels in complementary human in vivo studies and other in vitro experimental analyses; this study is a first step in linking the in vivo and in vitro measurements. Coating by PAA gels was different from cellulose-based gels: the former exhibited yield stresses, which prevented initial gel shape from deforming during sliding. Coating flows of cellulose gels depended upon surface wettability. The slipping rates of the PAA gels ranked inversely with fitted yield stress values. The coating flow rates of the cellulose gels (hydrophilic surface) did not correlate with consistency index, but ranked inversely with the shear-thinning index. This study introduces a simple methodology for comparing trial formulations and relating their flows to gel constituents and physical properties. It also suggests differences in coating by current commercial gels.
Coping with Victimization: Conclusions and Implications for Future Research

The papers in this issue reflect an exciting new direction in social psychology that has been emerging for the past decade. Since the 1960's, social psychologists have devoted a great deal of attention to understanding reactions to outcomes that are stressful or uncontrollable. Until recently, the majority of these studies were conducted in laboratory settings. Subjects have been exposed to a variety of aversive outcomes such as electric shocks, noise bursts, or failure at problem-solving tasks. Some of these studies were designed to determine whether certain factors, such as predictability or control, minimize a person's subjective distress when an aversive event is experienced (see Thompson 1981, for a review). Others have focused on the aftereffects of stress–that is, whether people continue to show deficits in their performance and motivation once the stress has terminated (see, e.g., Glass & Singer, 1972; Hiroto & Seligman, 1975).
Iterative Learning Control for robotic deposition using machine vision

This work presents a new application of iterative learning control (ILC) in two respects. Firstly, the output signal is generated by a machine vision system. Secondly, ILC is applied to the extrusion process in micro robotic deposition (muRD), directly addressing the end product quality instead of contributors to end product quality such as position tracking. A P-type and model inversion learning function are both applied to the extrusion process, a system that has nonlinear dynamics and no readily available volumetric flowrate sensor. Theoretical and experimental results show that the nominal system is first order with a pure time delay. Both P-type and model inversion ILC improve the dynamics, with both systems providing better reference tracking. The ILC compensates for the unmodeled nonlinearities, realizing a reduction of RMS error to less than 20% of the initial value for the model inversion approach. Experiments are performed, displaying the ability to extrude precise and seamless closed shapes with the model inversion ILC. This is a necessary requirement for transitioning materials and embedding sensors in multi- material muRD.
Slot waveguides for achieving 147-nm-wide and −31.3 ps/(m·nm) dispersion and near-zero flattened dispersion

We propose on-chip slot-waveguide-based dispersion-flattening devices, which can exhibit either a highly negative dispersion of −31300 ps/nm/km over 147-nm bandwidth, or a near-zero dispersion of 0±350 ps/nm/km over 306 nm bandwidth.
Predictors of surgical outcome in medically-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy with bilateral features on pre-operative evaluation

Abstract Objective This study identifies potential prognostic factors for favorable anterior mesial temporal lobe (AMTL) resection outcomes in patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with bilateral features on pre-operative examination. Methods Thirty-one patients demonstrated bilateral features defined as: bilateral independent temporal or bitemporal ictal onsets on surface or intracranial EEG, or bitemporal interictal epileptiform abnormalities on surface EEG with bilateral radiographic mesial temporal sclerosis. Surgical outcomes were classified according to reduction in seizure frequency: I (100% reduction), II (≥75% reduction), III (50–74% reduction), IV ( Results Of 31 patients, 14 (45%) improved to class I and 9 (29%) had a class II outcome at an average of 4 years after surgery. Eight (26%) patients did not exhibit good surgical outcome (class III, class IV). We found that neuropsychological and Wada memory scores were significantly correlated ( p p Conclusions When bilateral features are present on pre-operative evaluation, neuropsychological and Wada test results can provide unique data to better identify those patients more likely to achieve substantial seizure reduction.
Comparing self-identified and census-defined neighborhoods among adolescents using GPS and accelerometer

Background: Numerous definitions of neighborhood exist, yet few studies have considered youth’s perceptions of neighborhood boundaries. This study compared youth-identified neighborhood (YIN) boundaries to census-defined neighborhood (CDN) boundaries, and determined how the amount of time spent and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels compared within both boundary types. Methods: Adolescents aged 11–14 years were asked to identify their neighborhood boundaries using a map. Objective location and physical activity data collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) devices and accelerometers were used to calculate the amount of time spent and MVPA within youth-identified and census-defined neighborhood boundaries. Paired bivariate analyses compared mean area (meters squared), percent of total time, daily MVPA (minutes), time density (minutes/m 2 ) and MVPA density (minutes/m 2 ) for both boundary types. Results: Youth-identified neighborhoods (1,821,705 m 2 ) and census-defined neighborhoods (1,277,181 m 2 )w ere not significantly different in area, p=0.30. However, subjects spent more time in youth-identified neighborhoods (80.3%) than census-defined neighborhoods (58.4%), p<0.0001, and engaged in more daily MVPA within youth-identified neighborhoods (14.7 minutes) than census-defined neighborhoods (9.5 minutes), p < 0.0001. After adjusting for boundary area, MVPA density (minutes of MVPA per squared meter of area) remained significantly greater for youth-identified neighborhoods (2.4 × 10 -4 minutes/m 2 ) than census-defined neighborhoods (1.4 × 10 -4 minutes/m 2 ), p =0.02. Conclusions: Adolescents perceive their neighborhoods to be similar in size to census-defined neighborhoods. However, youth-identified neighborhoods better capture the locations in which adolescents spend time and engage in physical activity. Asking adolescents to identify their neighborhood boundaries is a feasible and valuable method for identifying the spaces that adolescents are exposed to and use to be physically active.
CPR Techniques That Combine Chest and Abdominal Compression and Decompression: Hemodynamic Insights From a Spreadsheet Model

Background—This study was done to elucidate mechanisms by which newer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques, including interposed abdominal compression (IAC), active compression-decompression (ACD), and Lifestick CPR, augment systemic perfusion pressure and forward flow and to compare the 3 techniques in the same test system. Methods and Results—Mathematical models describing hemodynamics of the adult human circulation during cardiac arrest and CPR were created and exercised by use of spreadsheet software. Assumptions of the models are limited to normal human anatomy and physiology, the definition of compliance (volume change/pressure change), and Ohm’s law (flow=pressure/resistance). Standard CPR generates 1.3 L/min forward and 25 mm Hg systemic perfusion pressure. In otherwise identical models, IAC-CPR generates 2.4 L/min and 45 mm Hg; ACD-CPR, 1.6 L/min and 30 mm Hg; and Lifestick CPR, which combines IAC and ACD, 3.1 L/min and 58 mm Hg. Augmented CPR techniques work by enhanced priming of eith...
Two Retroviral Entry Pathways Distinguished by Lipid Raft Association of the Viral Receptor and Differences in Viral Infectivity

The receptor “priming” model for entry of the retrovirus avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) predicts that upon binding cell surface receptors, virions are endocytosed and trafficked to acidic endosomes where fusion occurs. To test this model directly, we have now followed subgroup A ASLV (ASLV-A) virions entering cells via either the transmembrane (TVA950) or glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored (TVA800) forms of the cellular receptor. Our results suggest that viruses entering via these two forms of receptor are subjected to different intracellular fates, perhaps due to use of different endocytic trafficking pathways to access acidic fusion compartments. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that virus bound to TVA800 was taken up from the cell surface more slowly but then trafficked to the site of fusion more quickly than that entering via TVA950. Furthermore, transiently arresting virions within putative fusion compartments with NH4Cl led to a substantially greater decrease in the infectivity of virions using TVA950 than with those using TVA800. The increased infectivity of virions using TVA800 correlated with the localization of this receptor to lipid rafts, since this effect was abolished by pharmacological disruption of lipid rafts. Together these results suggest that, in the presence of NH4Cl, virus bound to the GPI-anchored receptor may utilize a lipid raft-dependent pathway to accumulate within a fusion compartment where it is more stable than if it enters via the transmembrane receptor. The TVA800/ASLV-A system should prove useful for the molecular analysis of lipid raft-dependent endocytosis and may provide a tool for the biochemical dissection of the poorly understood uncoating step of retroviral replication.
The Vulnerability of Biomedical Science

Although Kansas City is not usually thought of as being on the cutting edge of social change, this year, it is on the front line of a major battle for freedom of science. Some scientists and others in Kansas City have started up a drive for a ballot initiative to legalize embryonic stem (ES) cell research in Missouri. Now, ES cell research isn’t illegal in Missouri. So why the initiative? Well, because a number of people, including some in the state legislature, would like to make it illegal. And they keep introducing bills in the legislature to do so. Their reason seems to be that any research on ES cells involves human life, and their religion forbids such research. Perhaps I’ve missed a couple of the steps in the reasoning process, but that’s the bottom line. This makes medical researchers in places like Kansas City and St. Louis very nervous. Missouri has 6 medical schools, and Kansas City has the Stowers Institute, a new, large, and high-grade research institution. At least 2, the Stowers in Kansas City and Washington University in St. Louis, are either doing stem cell research or wish to. Needless to say, very few research scientists want to move to a state where they might be tossed in the slammer for doing their job. So . . . the answer is a ballot initiative to prevent our state legislature from outlawing something that isn’t illegal at the moment. This represents a new direction in politics: a preemptive strike by the voters. The vote won’t be until November, but battle lines are being drawn early. There is going to be national interest on this one. California and New Jersey have passed laws making ES research legal, and California even funded it from the state treasury. Missouri will be regarded as a critical test for scientific freedom. Adult stem cell research has actually been going on for 50 years. Its potential and limitations are relatively well known. ES cell research is new and different. There’s been no use of ES cells in the treatment of human disease (as of early 2006), but the animal results are highly promising. 1,2 The possibility that ES cells could be used to treat spinal cord injuries is probably the most publicized potentiality for this research, but the applications go far beyond that. Indeed, some have heralded ES cell research as enabling true regenerative medicine, treating chronic diseases like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and arthritis and even enabling
Medicolegal Pitfalls in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Management

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women [1], and failure to diagnose it in a timely manner has been documented as the most common reason for a successful medical malpractice claim [2, 3]. Knowledge of the common allegations made when a malpractice suit is filed for failure to diagnose breast cancer can provide insight into the risk management of a physician’s practice and simultaneously minimize errors in patient care. Many physicians are unaware of the legal process involved in a malpractice suit until it affects them or a close colleague. At this point, an objective perspective is often impossible. Nonetheless, it is inevitable that many, if not most, physicians will find themselves a defendant in a medical malpractice suit at some point in their career for a less-than-perfect patient outcome, whether medical negligence has occurred or not. This chapter is intended to outline the common allegations of misdiagnosis or mismanagement of breast cancer, to review the process of legal proceedings common to a medical malpractice suit, to review the issues likely to arise in the defense of a case, and to provide recommendations on the steps to take when facing malpractice litigation.
Characterization of Autoantigenic Epitopes on Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Using Random Peptide Libraries

Most patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) have autoantibodies directed against the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex. We have used a filamentous phage library that displays random linear hexapeptides to identify peptide sequences recognized by these autoantibodies. Plasma antibody eluates from two patients were used to select for phage displaying autoantibody-reactive peptides. From patient ITP-1 (known to have two distinct autoantibodies), we identified anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody-specific phage encoding the peptide sequences Arg-Glu-Lys-Ala-Lys-Trp (REKAKW) and Pro-Val-Val-Trp-Lys-Asn (PVVWKN). Patient ITP-2 bound phage encoding the hexapeptide sequence Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Lys-Met. Each phage showed saturable dose-dependent binding to immobilized autoantibody, and binding could be blocked with purified GPIIb/IIIa. Patient ITP-1 autoantibody recognition of phage encoding REKAKW could be blocked with a synthetic peptide derived from the GPIIIa cytoplasmic tail; however, the PVVWKN was not. Using sequential overlapping peptides from the GPIIIa cytoplasmic region, an epitope for ITP-1 was localized to the sequence Arg-Ala-Arg-Ala-Lys-Trp (GPIIIa 734-739). Inhibition studies using synthetic peptides showed that phage REKAKW and PVVWKN were recognized by distinct autoantibodies from patient ITP-1. To determine whether individual patients with ITP possessed autoantibodies that recognize similar antigenic determinants on GPIIb/IIIa, the three phage were tested for binding to five other ITP patient autoantibodies. The phage encoding the peptide PVVWKN was found to bind ITP-1 and one other patient autoantibody. This result suggests that ITP patients recognize a limited number of shared epitopes.
Osmoregulation by slow changes in aldose reductase and rapid changes in sorbitol flux.

Renal medullary extracellular NaCl concentration is high during antidiuresis. To compensate, the cells accumulate large amounts of nonperturbing, osmotically active solutes (organic “osmolytes”), including sorbitol. GRB-PAP1 is a continuous line of epithelial cells from rabbit inner medulla. These cells accumulate sorbitol when medium NaCl concentration is elevated. The accumulation involves increase in aldose reductase, which catalyzes production of sorbitol from glucose. The purpose of the present study was to investigate control of cell sorbitol once aldose reductase was induced. We measured cell sorbitol, cell-to-medium sorbitol flux, and aldose reductase in cells grown in medium made hyperosmotic (600 mosmol/kg) with added NaCl and at intervals after medium osmolality was reduced to 300 mosmol/kg. In the hyperosmotic medium, cell sorbitol averaged 990 mmol/kg protein (approximately 260 mM), and its flux into the medium was 740 mmol.kg cell protein-1.day-1 (permeability less than 2 X 10(-9) cm/s). Within 5 min after return to isosmotic medium, sorbitol efflux increased greater than 150-fold. By the end of 1 day, cell sorbitol fell 77% but aldose reductase decreased only 10%. Aldose reductase then fell slowly to low levels over 2 wk. Thus renal medullary cells, chronically adapted to high NaCl, reduced their sorbitol level on return to isosmotic conditions by at least two mechanisms: 1) rapid increase in sorbitol flux into the medium, and 2) slow changes in the amount of aldose reductase.
Extinction Coefficients, Oscillator Strengths, and Radiative Lifetimes of CdSe, CdTe, and CdTe/CdSe Nanocrystals

In this paper we critically examine the literature and provide new data on fundamental optical properties of II–VI quantum dots (QDs). Specifically, we examine the integrated extinction coefficient...
Rate of Release of the Sex Pheromone of the Female Indian Meal Moth

The sex pheromone of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), was isolated from females and identified as ( Z,E )-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (ZETA) by Kuwahara et al. (1971) and Brady et al. (1971). Later, Sower et al. (1974) showed that the females also released ( Z,E )-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol (ZETOH). The ZETOH per se is not a sex attractant, but it does appear to have some role in the sexual communication of Indian meal moths (Sower et al. 1974). We report here an investigation of the rates of release of ZETA and ZETOH by calling Indian meal moth females. Calling is defined as the dorsal projection of the females abdomen tip accompanied by eversion of the 8th and 9th abdominal segments and the concomitant release of sex pheromone.
Recognizing and determining the meaning of anxiety.

Patients with anxiety often show apprehension, uneasiness and dread of an impending disaster. They may also complain of distressing symptoms in a number of organ systems. Before a physician diagnoses anxiety, he should consider diseases that mimic the condition, such as hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease, heart disease, and agitated depression. Once he determines why a patient is anxious, he may wish to treat with tranquilizers or psychotherapy, or both.
Determination of Nitroglycerine Producing from the Biochemical Degradation Course by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)

After being separated by stailess steel seperation column, Nitroglycerine producing from the biochemical degradation course is determined by HPLC. This paper analyzed the test result and has offered some guidences for further research.
Using cognitive training studies to unravel the mechanisms by which the approximate number system supports symbolic math ability

A picture is emerging that preverbal nonsymbolic numerical representations derived from the approximate number system (ANS) play an important role in mathematical development and sustained mathematical thinking. Functional imaging studies are revealing developmental trends in how the brain represents number. We propose that combining behavioral and neuroimaging techniques with cognitive training approaches will help identify the fundamental relationship between the ANS and symbolic mathematics. Understanding this relationship should ultimately benefit educators by providing ways to harness the ANS and hopefully improve math readiness in young children.
Manipulating the Magic of Digital EEG: Montage Reformatting and Filtering

ABSTRACT.A digital EEG system allows the montage and filter settings to be determined at the time the EEG is reviewed, rather than at the time it is recorded. The EEG is recorded with minimally restrictive analog filter settings and with potentials at all electrodes measured with respect to a single common reference. A computer can then process the data as they are displayed on a screen or printer, reformatting the original referential montage to any desired referential or bipolar montage and digitally filtering the data as needed. If necessary, the same segment of EEG can be displayed repeatedly, using different montages and filters. This results in a significant advantage of digital EEG systems over analog, with better ability to distinguish normal from abnormal and epileptiform from nonepileptiform patterns. The Laplacian montage and spatial filtering of EEG using principal component analysis are other potentially useful digital techniques, which may aid the interpretation of EEGs.
RedEye: analog ConvNet image sensor architecture for continuous mobile vision

Continuous mobile vision is limited by the inability to efficiently capture image frames and process vision features. This is largely due to the energy burden of analog readout circuitry, data traffic, and intensive computation. To promote efficiency, we shift early vision processing into the analog domain. This results in RedEye, an analog convolutional image sensor that performs layers of a convolutional neural network in the analog domain before quantization. We design RedEye to mitigate analog design complexity, using a modular column-parallel design to promote physical design reuse and algorithmic cyclic reuse. RedEye uses programmable mechanisms to admit noise for tunable energy reduction. Compared to conventional systems, RedEye reports an 85% reduction in sensor energy, 73% reduction in cloudlet-based system energy, and a 45% reduction in computation-based system energy.
A molecular dynamics study of the role of molecular water on the structure and mechanics of amorphous geopolymer binders

In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the effect of molecular water and composition (Si/Al ratio) on the structure and mechanical properties of fully polymerized amorphous sodium aluminosilicate geopolymer binders. The X-ray pair distribution function for the simulated geopolymer binder phase showed good agreement with the experimentally determined structure in terms of bond lengths of the various atomic pairs. The elastic constants and ultimate tensile strength of the geopolymer binders were calculated as a function of water content and Si/Al ratio; while increasing the Si/Al ratio from one to three led to an increase in the respective values of the elastic stiffness and tensile strength, for a given Si/Al ratio, increasing the water content decreased the stiffness and strength of the binder phase. An atomic-scale analysis showed a direct correlation between water content and diffusion of alkali ions, resulting in the weakening of the AlO4 tetrahedral structure due to the migration of charge balancing alkali ions away from the tetrahedra, ultimately leading to failure. In the presence of water molecules, the diffusion behavior of alkali cations was found to be particularly anomalous, showing dynamic heterogeneity. This paper, for the first time, proves the efficacy of atomistic simulations for understanding the effect of water in geopolymer binders and can thus serve as a useful design tool for optimizing composition of geopolymers with improved mechanical properties.
Preemptive Attacks On Iran's Nuclear Facilities? 'Double Trouble'

This paper, seeks to be a response for two questions; firstly to see if preemptive attacks on nuclear facilities of a non-nuclear weapon nation by another nation is permissible under current international law of use of force? And secondly, can a conventional military attack on a nuclear facility amount a nuclear attack, if it causes risks to human and environmental security and political and territorial integrity of the targeted state in a weight that one can expect from a nuclear attack? If the answer to the latter was positive, what would be the responsibility of international community and the Security Council as the principal organ of the United Nations for maintaining peace and security toward this threat or act of aggression? The answer to the first question is negative; to the second, positive and as will be discussed, five permanent members of the Security Council are individually obliged to assist targeted state with a collective action through the Council.
Preventive Measures for Avoiding the Deleterious Effects of Heat Stress on Egg Production and Quality

Egg-laying poultry are located worldwide in climates where high temperature extremes can occur at some point during the egg production cycle. Poultry can tolerate and adapt to temperatures up to 25°C; temperatures above this level can lead to heat stress. Egg production, egg weight, and quality of eggs are detrimentally affected by high temperatures. Hens adapt by initiating coping mechanisms including panting, wing spreading, lowering their metabolism, reducing feeding activity, drinking more water, and releasing stress hormones. The farmer provides heat protective measures, such as proper house design and orientation with adequate ventilation, feeders, and drinkers. The nutritionist formulates high nutrient density diets enriched in fat, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals to compensate for the lost appetite of heat stressed hens. Water is used as medium to supply electrolytes, vitamins, and bicarbonate in heat stressed hens experiencing marginal deficiencies.
Cardiovascular benefits and safety of non-insulin medications used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a growing in exponential proportions. If the current growth trend continues, it may result in every third adult in the United States having diabetes mellitus by 2050, and every 10th adult worldwide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) confers a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events compared with non-diabetic patients, and CV mortality is responsible for around 80% mortality in this population. Patients with T2DM can have other features of insulin resistance-metabolic syndrome like hypertension, lipid abnormalities, and obesity which are all associated with increased CV disease and stroke risk even in the absence of T2DM. The management of a T2DM calls for employing a holistic risk factor control approach. Metformin is the first line therapy for T2DM and has been shown to have cardiovascular beneficial effects. Intense debate regarding the risk of myocardial infarction with rosiglitazone led to regulatory agencies necessitating cardiovascular outcome trials with upcoming anti-diabetic medications. Glucagon like peptide-1 agonists and sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors have shown promising CV safety and additional CV benefit in recent clinical trials. These drugs have favorable effects on traditional CV risk factors. The findings from these studies further support that fact that CV risk factor control plays an important role in reducing morbidity and mortality in T2DM patients. This review article will discuss briefly the cardiovascular safety and benefits of the oral medications which are currently being used for T2DM and will then discuss in detail about the newer medications being investigated for the treatment of T2DM.
Vancomycin Dosing in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Potential Impacts of New Technologies.

OBJECTIVES The objective of the current study was to evaluate the doses of vancomycin used to obtain therapeutic drug concentrations in pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), using new ECMO technologies. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective study of patients treated with vancomycin while receiving ECMO using low-volume circuit technology. RESULTS A total of 28 patients were included in the analysis of the primary endpoint. Patients had a median age of 6 weeks (0–11 years) and a median weight of 3.45 kg (2.44–37.2 kg). Ultrafiltration was used in 89.3% of patients at initiation of ECMO regardless of baseline renal function, resulting in a median urine output of 2 mL/kg/hr at the time of the final vancomycin dose. Most patients started vancomycin at the same time as ECMO. The median total daily dose was 30 mg/kg/day. The median total daily dose in a subset of patients less than one year of age was 20 mg/kg/day. Nearly all patients had at least 1 therapeutic trough serum...
From Market Place to Collusion Detection: Case Studies of Gamification in Education

During CHI 2011, a number of researchers attempted to define gamification (Deterding, Khaled, Nacke, & Dixon, 2011; Jacobs, 2013; Lee & Hammer, 2011). While most of these definitions have focused on the use such game elements as game mechanics, attributes, game-thinking, and many others, in non-game environments, Jacobs (2013) and Bunchball (2010) point to an additional key aspect of elements that should be prioritized: to influence player behaviors, which has been widely adopted in the business community to build customer community and loyalty, improve customer engagement, reinforce brand identity, and many others at various levels (Bunchball, 2010). Gartner pointed out that more than 50 % of businesses will use gamification as the driving mechanism to transform business operations by 2015 (Burke, 2011).
GROWTH FACTORS IN FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the growth factors involved in fetal growth and development. As with growth during postnatal life, normal fetal growth undoubtedly reflects the harmony among a multitude of genetic, metabolic, nutritional, hormonal, and environmental factors. Despite a large body of descriptive information on the relationship between specific conditions in utero and deviations of fetal growth, little is known of the mechanisms that regulate fetal growth at the cellular level. The term growth factor denotes substances that stimulate mitogenesis, differentiation, or both. The chapter provides an overview of the possible role of the somatomedins and other growth factors in fetal growth and development. It also compares the roles of these factors with those of classical fetal and placental hormones. The chapter highlights the mechanisms of growth factor actions at the cellular level. A brief exposure to platelet-derived growth factor is necessary to render BALB/c 3T3 cells arrested in the GO stage of the cell cycle competent to respond to the factors that cause them to progress through G1 to DNA synthesis in the S phase. These other factors, of which somatomedin-C is one, are referred to as progression factors.
Abstract 283: SGK1-Dependent Sirt3 Phosphorylation Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics

Mitochondrial dynamics (i.e. fusion and fission) is impaired in models of obesity and can result in target organ dysfunction. However, the mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial dynamics in the set...
A Library and a Radio Show: The Story of a Successful Partnership at 10 Years and Counting

AbstractYour Health® Radio is a weekly one-hour radio show about consumer health produced by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Family Medicine. It provides practical, he...
Polariton-Assisted Cooperativity of Molecules in Microcavities Monitored by Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy

Molecular polaritons created by the strong coupling between matter and field in microcavities enable the control of molecular dynamical processes and optical response. Multidimensional infrared spectroscopy is proposed for monitoring the polariton-assisted cooperative properties. The response of molecules to local fluctuations is incorporated and the full dynamics is monitored through the time- and frequency-resolved multidimensional signal. The cooperativity against solvent-induced disorder and its connection to the localization of the vibrational excitations are predicted. New insights are provided for recent 2DIR experiments on vibrational polaritons.
Psychologist and Physician Inter-Professional Collaborative Experiences in Primary Care Integration

In recent years, the subject of integrated healthcare, including the integration of behavioral health services into primary care, within the healthcare field has been increasingly of interest to researchers, providers, and policy makers. However, little is known about the experiences of providers within integrated care and the impact of these experiences on inter-professional relationships and collaboration. The researchers aimed to explore differences in providers' perspectives, including inter-professional collaboration and overall job satisfaction, by provider type and level of integration. The current study uses a mixed method exploratory approach, gathering both qualitative and quantitative data to investigate the perspectives of providers (both psychologists and physicians) on their work together. This study included 30 psychologists and 30 primary care physicians from three levels of healthcare integration (traditional/coordinated, co-located, and integrated). As hypothesized, results indicated that providers in integrated settings were the most satisfied with their collaboration with other providers. Furthermore, the providers' narratives revealed promising insights which contribute to a broader understanding of how to improve the relationships between psychologists and primary care physicians in integrated healthcare and other settings.
S3)3 theories of flavor

I present a supersymmetric theory of flavor based on the discrete flavor group ( S 3 ) 3 . The model can account for the masses and mixing angles of the standard model, while maintaining sufficient sfermion degeneracy to evade the supersymmetric flavor problem. I demonstrate that the model has a viable phenomenology and makes one very striking prediction: the nucleon decays predominantly to Kl where l is a first generation lepton. I show that the modes n→K 0 v¯e , and p → K 0 e + occur at comparable rates, and could well be discovered simultaneously at the SuperKamiokande experiment.
An Analysis of Multiple Contaminant Warning System Design Objectives for Sensor Placement Optimization in Water Distribution Networks

A key strategy for protecting municipal water supplies is the use of sensors to detect the presence of contaminants in associated water distribution systems. Deploying a contamination warning system involves the placement of a limited number of sensors—placed in order to maximize the level of protection afforded. Researchers have proposed several models and algorithms for generating such placements, each optimizing with respect to a different design objective. The use of disparate design objectives raises several questions: (1) What is the relationship between optimal sensor placements for different design objectives? and (2) Is there any risk in focusing on specific design objectives? We model the sensor placement problem via a mixed-integer programming formulation of the well-known p-median problem from facility location theory to answer these questions. Our model can express a broad range of design objectives. Using three large test networks, we show that optimal solutions with respect to one design objective are often highly sub-optimal with respect to other design objectives. However, it is sometimes possible to construct solutions that are simultaneously near-optimal with respect to a range of design objectives. The design of contamination warning systems thus requires careful and simultaneous consideration of multiple, disparate design objectives.
Personal Metabolic Fuel Sensor

The advent of miniature low power sensors for gas concentration, temperature, humidity, and volumetric flow rate measurement has enabled the development of a metabolic fuel and energy sensor which is sufficiently small in size, easy to use, and low cost to support personal ownership for on-demand metabolic measurement and tracking. The sensor is $\sim 100\text{X}$ smaller than conventional metabolic carts and utilizes a novel passive proportional valveless breath sampling architecture to support on-demand measurement of fuel substrate utilization and energy expenditure over the full range of activity from rest to intense exercise. The sensor functions over the full range of humidity and temperatures above freezing, and does not require consumables. The accuracy and measurement range are demonstrated by means of a controlled mechanical breathing simulator and independently validated in a human subject study which compared the sensor measurements to a gold-standard clinical metabolic cart.