cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The orientation of plasma structure in the solar wind

Data from the ISEE 3, IMP 8, and WIND spacecraft are used to find the average east-west orientation of plasma structures in the solar wind. We determine the lags which, after radial propagation effects are removed, give the best correlations between data sets. These lags, when combined with the spacecraft positions and solar wind speeds, are then used to calculate the front angles of the propagating plasma. The average front normals are neither radial nor perpendicular to the magnetic field, but are roughly halfway between. Front angle distributions peak at lower angles near solar maximum than at solar minimum. These results may indicate that time-dependent changes in the solar wind source are as important as longitudinal variations of the source in producing the solar wind structure observed near Earth.
A Reevaluation of the Status of the Foxsnakes Pantherophis gloydi Conant and P. vulpinus Baird and Girard (Lepidosauria)

As currently understood, there are two species of foxsnakes (Eastern Foxsnake, Pantherophis gloydi Conant and Western Foxsnake, P. vulpinus Baird and Girard) that are separated by a large geographic disjunction that encompasses almost all of Michigan, eastern Indiana, and eastern Ohio. Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA data of individuals from throughout the ranges of the two species inferred reciprocally monophyletic clades that revealed a new species boundary, the Mississippi River. The single key morphological character also shows a major difference at the river. Because the localities of the holotypes of P. gloydi and P. vulpinus are both within the new range of the eastern form, gloydi is recognized as a junior synonym of vulpinus and a new name, P. ramspotti, is erected for the western form. The estimates of divergence time and historical biogeography suggest that Pleistocene glaciation and the Mississippi River played a key role in speciation.
From Change to Change: Patterns of Continuing Administrative Reform in Europe

This paper examines the continuing reform of the public sector in European countries. While “reform fatigue” might be expected after the major efforts at reforming that were undertaken during the 1980s and into the 1990s, there is apparently little loss of fervor about reform. The reasons for the continued reform efforts are discussed in administrative and political terms. Likewise, the logic of the continuation of reform in the contemporary era, as contrasted to earlier periods of reform, is discussed.
CVD Lu2O3:Eu coatings for advanced scintillators

Abstract Currently Lu2O3:Eu3+ scintillators can only be fabricated via hot-pressing and pixelization, which is commercially not viable, thus restricting their use. Chemical vapor deposition is being developed as an alternative manufacturing process. Columnar coatings of Lu2O3:Eu3+ have been achieved using the halide–CO2–H2 system, clearly signifying feasibility of the CVD process. Characterization of the coatings using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis have been used as an aid to optimize process parameters and attain highly oriented and engineered coating structures. These results have clearly demonstrated that this process can be successfully used to tailor sub-micron columnar growth of Lu2O3:Eu3+, with the potential of ultra high-resolution X-ray imaging.
Consumer co-creation and the impact on intermediaries

Purpose – While prior studies have examined how loyal customers create value for preferred manufacturers, this study aims to focus on the supply chain and captures the indirect economic and relational benefits and costs of customer value creation on channel intermediaries. Design/methodology/approach – Service-dominant logic is used to explain the rationale behind consumer contributions and supply chain connectedness in an interactive online world. Drawing from the relevant literature, a conceptual model supported by propositions is presented. Findings – As manufacturers utilize consumer contributions, affiliated intermediaries will report having less informational power, providing less value to the channel, greater benefit-based and cost-based dependence, heightened efforts to create channel value, an enhanced reputation and greater sales, and greater collaboration with customers. Research limitations/implications – This conceptual paper is the beginning of an investigation into the pragmatic function of...
Expansion and increase in permeability of carbonate rocks on heating

Specimens of marbles, limestones, and travertine, heated at one atmosphere and at 5000 and 10,000 lb/in2 confining pressures, all showed permanent expansion, and of the same order of magnitude even at the highest pressure. Permeability of samples to water solutions (red and blue inks) increased markedly with heating. The mechanism may explain apparent high permeability of carbonate rocks to ore-bearing solutions when these same rocks have very low permeabilities at room temperatures.
Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes oligodendrocyte survival after spinal cord injury.

Injury to the mammalian spinal cord is accompanied by a delayed, secondary wave of oligodendrocyte apoptosis that arises several days after the initial injury. A strong candidate to support oligodendrocyte survival after spinal cord injury is the pleiotropic cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). In vitro, LIF potentiates the differentiation and survival of oligodendrocyte precursors. LIF can also prevent oligodendrocyte apoptosis in response to either growth factor removal or cytotoxic challenge. More recently, in vivo studies have demonstrated that LIF is effective in preventing oligodendrocyte death in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We therefore asked whether systemic delivery of LIF could ameliorate oligodendrocyte death in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. We have found that daily administration of LIF (25 μg/kg/day) promotes oligodendrocyte survival after spinal cord injury. Interestingly however, this effect does not appear to be mediated by a direct action of LIF on the oligodendrocyte but rather via an ancillary cell type, which results in augmented expression of another trophic factor capable of supporting oligodendrocyte survival, insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1).
Error analysis for the truncation of multipole expansion of vector Green's functions [EM scattering]

One of the most important mathematical formulas in fast multipole algorithms (FMA) is the addition theorem. In the numerical implementation of the addition theorem, the infinite series should be truncated. In this paper, the number of terms needed for the scalar Green's function is derived, and the error analysis for the truncation error in the multipole expansion of the vector Green's functions is given. We have found that the error term in vector Green's functions is proportional to 1/R. If the scalar Green's function is truncated at the L-th term and the relative error is /spl epsiv/, then the relative error in the dyadic Green's function is /spl epsiv//4, if it is truncated at the (L+2)-th term. For the vector Green's function related to MFIE, the relative error is /spl epsiv//2 if it is truncated at the (L+1)-th term.
Materials Requirements For GaAs For Optoelectronic Applications

Gallium arsenide has been the premier semiconductor over the past 20 years as the host lattice for injection laser action, while GaAs itself and its III-V relatives in the GaAsP and AlGaAs ternary systems and the GaInAsP quaternary system have played important roles in the development of both sources (laser and LED) and detectors. Integrated optics carries this further in seeking to use the GaAs (or related semiconductor host) as the medium for optical waveguides, couplers, reflectors, etc.; with all functions including sources and detectors fabricated within a single chip. The materials requirements for this more complete utilization of the semiconductor set the priorities for the topics discussed in this paper. These include the physical characteristics of the zincblende lattice in which GaAs and its fellow III-V semiconductors crystallize; a lattice which is cubic, but is anisotropic in some significant respects. Several aspects of the optical and electronic properties are noted, the latter in regard to the active driving devices (such as FETs) which one wishes to incorporate into the same monolithic chip. Crystal growth methods for GaAs are briefly reviewed, drawing attention to the differences between the requirements for an int-egrated optoelectronic application and those (less stringent) for purely electronic microwave or digital applications.
Identification of Functioning Cortex Using Cortical Optical Imaging

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technique of cortical optical imaging (COI) of intrinsic cortical optical signals related to neuronal activation. The specific goals of the study were to evaluate some of the technical aspects of COI and thus maximize the intensity of the image of this intrinsic signaling process and to determine the physiological reliability of COI in a well-defined animal system. METHODS: The intrinsic optical signal of activated whisker barrel cortex of rat was imaged using a computer-based technique for rapid acquisition of enhanced images. Single-unit microelectrode recordings of cortical neuronal responses to whisker movement were used to confirm the locations of the whisker barrels. RESULTS: Narrow band incident light at 600- to 610-nm wavelength was most effective for producing optical images. Images could be obtained during activation by a single long (40 s) stimulus or by averaging the signal generated by repeated shorter (1-8 s) stimuli. Focusing slightly below the cortical surface, minimizing movement, and abolishing extraneous light were all important in increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The locations of whisker movement-evoked cortical activity determined using COI are consistent with the known functional anatomy of rat whisker barrel cortex. The images obtained with this experimental arrangement are shown to be accurate predictors of the location of neuronal activity determined by comparing the locations of active sites identified with COI with locations of areas of neuronal activity determined using single-cell recording techniques. CONCLUSIONS: COI is able to rapidly identify areas of cortex containing elicited neuronal activity. The technique allows cortical activation maps to be made rapidly with a very high degree of spatial resolution. COI is reliable and consistent over time. COI, if used carefully, holds promise as an intraoperative technique to study both human and experimental animal cortical function.
Lessons for Vagueness from Scrambled Sorites

Vagueness demands many boundaries. Each is permissible, in that a thinker may without error use it to distinguish objects, though none is mandatory. This is revealed by a thought experiment—scrambled sorites—in which objects from a sorites series are presented in a random order, and subjects are required to make their judgments without access to any previous objects or their judgments concerning them.
Application of simulation and Petri net modelling in manufacturing control systems

In this paper, simulation in conjunction with Petri net modelling will be used to improve decision making in manufacturing control systems.
The activity of nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, and lidoflazine in isolated tissues: An approach to the determination of calcium channel blocking activity

A characteristic profile of activity was obtained in six isolated tissues for the calcium channel antagonists nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, and lidoflazine. All drugs produced relaxation of K+ depolarized guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle strips and K+ depolarized canine coronary artery, depression of electrically stimulated basal contractions of guinea pig left atria, and depression of guinea pig right atrial rate. Also, all drugs produced parallel dextral displacement of concentration-response curves to calcium in guinea pig depolarized taenia caeci. The potency for this effect was quantified by Schild analysis yielding the following pA2 estimates: nifedipine 9.5, diltiazem 7.65, verapamil 7.8, and lidoflazine 7.0. Nifedipine, diltiazem, and lidoflazine produced no relaxation of methoxamine-contracted rabbit aortae while weak effects were observed with verapamil at concentrations 100 times greater than those required to reverse calcium effects in other tissues. In general, nifedipine and diltiazem displayed selectivity for smooth muscle over cardiac muscle while verapamil showed the least selectivity in this regard.
Heritable variation and mechanisms of inheritance of spore shape within a population of Scutellospora pellucida, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

Substantial variation was found among single-spore cultures established from a single population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Scutellospora pellucida. A common environment experiment demonstrated that five single-spore cultures differed in their average spore shape (as measured by length:width ratios) and size (volume) with interisolate heritabilities of offspring mean values of 0.96 and 0.87, respectively (0.66 and 0.43 for the shape and size of individual spores). The distribution of offspring spore shapes also differed in levels of variance, skewness, and kurtosis. In fact, these aspects of the distributions shifted with mean spore shape as predicted by the binomial distribution—the distribution expected due to the segregation of genetically diverse nuclei through dividing hyphae. Thus, the original parental spores generating these cultures appear to have contained genetically variable nuclei, which then segregate into the offspring spores to generate consistent differences in the mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the distribution of offspring spore shapes. This nuclear segregation may be followed by the assemblage of novel combinations of nuclei through hyphal fusion. Together these processes are rarely considered mechanisms for the creation of novel genetic combinations and may contribute to the maintenance of the high level of heritable variation observed in this study.
A Log-Linear Block Transliteration Model based on Bi-Stream HMMs

We propose a novel HMM-based framework to accurately transliterate unseen named entities. The framework leverages features in letteralignment and letter n-gram pairs learned from available bilingual dictionaries. Letter-classes, such as vowels/non-vowels, are integrated to further improve transliteration accuracy. The proposed transliteration system is applied to out-of-vocabulary named-entities in statistical machine translation (SMT), and a significant improvement over traditional transliteration approach is obtained. Furthermore, by incorporating an automatic spell-checker based on statistics collected from web search engines, transliteration accuracy is further improved. The proposed system is implemented within our SMT system and applied to a real translation scenario from Arabic to English.
Mental Health Services for Older Adults in Rural Areas: An Ecological Systems Approach

Groups of North Dakota professionals from health and aging services participated in a focus group study of mental health needs and barriers to service among older adults. Data were collected from 1...
Implement TQM and CIM together

Even though computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) and total quality management (TQM) are treated as two different manufacturing techniques and usually are implemented separately, they are similar in strategy and complement each other in various ways. The similarities lend themselves to a new strategy for implementing CIM and TQM simultaneously, which requires only slightly more effort than either alone, enhances the probability of success for both, and provides all the benefits claimed for each of them. Implementing TQM and CIM together is a strategy for catching those global competitors with a long headstart in implementing quality management. >
Comments on Location of Detached Shock Waves Ahead of Plane Bodies

(12) These properties are exactly those of an ideal gas. Define further a quantity a corresponding to the entropy by da = ds/z(s). If now Eqs. (10) and (11) are substituted into Tds = dh — vdp, one obtains da = \R(dr/r) - R(dp/p) Because of Eq. (12), a is "separable" as in case of the entropy of an ideal gas. In fact, a medium defined by Eq. (3) has all the mathematical properties of an ideal gas as discussed in reference 1, Section 4, if T is substituted by r, s by a, cp/R by X, cv/R by X — 1, and K by k. It seems, therefore, appropriate to call it an ideal vapor or a perfect vapor, following Leib.4 If, in addition, Eq. (4) is true, then the medium can in most cases be treated as a polytropic gas and may be called a polytropic vapor. In this case, Eq. (10) can be integrated explicitly to give h = \pv, corresponding to h = cpT for a polytropic gas. The integration constant has been set equal to zero. Traupel2 mentions that the equivalence breaks down if heat conduction is present. This situation can be saved sometimes, at least formally, if the gradients of T and of h can be considered as parallel. It is then possible to define an "enthalpy difrusivity" which relates the heat flux to grad. h as the thermal conductivity is related to grad. T. This diffusivity, unlike the conductivity, is, however, not a unique function of state unless the state path
Parallel extended-Born analysis of electromagnetic scattering from 3-dimensional sub-rough surface targets

The real 3-dimensional rough surface (RS) half space is treated as a perfect half-space with a special target which leads to a huge problem size if the integral equation (IE) based method of moments (MoM) is used, so a parallel algorithm is applied to speedup the EM scattering calculation from the RS. The message-passing interface (MPI) is the most widely used new standard for parallel calculation. It is not a new programming language, rather it is a library of subprograms that can be called from C++ and Fortran programs. In the paper, a powerful cluster with 33-CPU units connected by MPI network technique provides a good chance to investigate the real 3D RS half space EM scattering. Instead of rigorous MoM, a more efficient algorithm named extended-Born (E-Born) is used to model this 3D RS scattering problem. As E-Born is a very natural parallel algorithm, the complete parallel E-born code is almost P times fast as a series E-born code, where P is the CPU number in the cluster. When N is the problem size which is usually very large for real 3D-RS scattering, the LU-decomposition (LUD) solution of MoM is of the order of N/sup 3/ complexity, while a series E-Born solution is of the order of 27N, and the parallel E-Born solution is of the order of 27N/P. With such a computational complexity of 27N/P, a problem with size N >10/sup 5/ is no longer a prohibitive task. The accuracy and efficiency of the parallel E-Born method are validated by the MoM results.
Eating disorders and the mother—Daughter relationship

Eating disorders, notably anorexia nervosa and bulimia, are prime examples of gender-specific psychopathology. The author's thesis, based on current research on female development and on extensive clinical experience, is that women's vulner-ability to these disorders derives at least in part from the nature of early female psychosexual development. The early process of separation-individuation from the all-powerful pre-Oedipal mother is enormously more difficult for girls than for boys, since girls must simultaneously individuate from and identify with a primary caretaker of the same sex. Hostile-dependent conflicts and ambivalent struggles for autonomy from the mother may persist life-long in women and are all too easily acted out via abnormal control of food intake and body shape. The paper indicates some of the ways in which these struggles are reenacted in treatment with the therapist, whose efforts to help the patient modify eating patterns are inevitably experienced as maternal intrusions. It also describes some corresponding countertransference reactions evoked in the therapist.
Characterization of a Tomato Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Gene That Is Down-Regulated by Auxin in Etiolated Hypocotyls

The reorganization of the cellulose-xyloglucan matrix is proposed to serve as an important mechanism in the control of strength and extensibility of the plant primary cell wall. One of the key enzymes associated with xyloglucan metabolism is xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET), which catalyzes the endocleavage and religation of xyloglucan molecules. As with other plant species, XETs are encoded by a gene family in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv T5). In a previous study, we demonstrated that the tomato XET gene LeEXT was abundantly expressed in the rapidly expanding region of the etiolated hypocotyl and was induced to higher levels by auxin. Here, we report the identification of a new tomato XET gene, LeXET2, that shows a different spatial expression and diametrically opposite pattern of auxin regulation from LeEXT. LeXET2 was expressed more abundantly in the mature nonelongating regions of the hypocotyl, and its mRNA abundance decreased dramatically following auxin treatment of etiolated hypocotyl segments. Analysis of the effect of several plant hormones on LeXET2 expression revealed that the inhibition of LeXET2 mRNA accumulation also occurred with cytokinin treatment. LeXET2 mRNA levels increased significantly in hypocotyl segments treated with gibberellin, but this increase could be prevented by adding auxin or cytokinin to the incubation media. Recombinant LeXET2 protein obtained by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris exhibited greater XET activity against xyloglucan from tomato than that from three other species. The opposite patterns of expression and differential auxin regulation of LeXET2 and LeEXT suggest that they encode XETs with distinct roles during plant growth and development.
Post-transplant seizures in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Abstract Seizures are common in infants undergoing cardiac transplant and are usually attributed to a non-specific "post-pump" phenomenon. In this study, we determined which variables were associated with the occurrence of post-transplant seizures in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and the need for continued treatment with antiepileptic medication. Of 127 infants studied over an 11-year period, 27 (21%), ages 9 to 90 days, had post-transplant seizures. These patients were compared to 27 age-matched transplanted infants without seizures. We compared multiple variables before, during, and after transplant including growth parameters, time of diagnosis, cyclosporine levels, maternal variables, circulatory and bypass parameters, laboratory data, neuroimaging and electroencephalographic studies, neurologic examination findings, and peri-operative complications. Post-transplant seizures were associated with total cardiopulmonary bypass time and the presence of post-transplant complications. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time was inversely correlated with seizure severity. Pre-transplant electroencephalographic abnormalities and total bypass time were associated with seizures requiring continued use of antiepileptic therapy. Post-transplant electroencephalograms were not associated with the need for continued treatment. Identification of variables associated with the development of post-transplant seizures is essential for early intervention to reduce long-term morbidity and mortality. Future studies to reduce risk of post-transplant seizures are warranted.
Region-based coding of images using a spline model

This paper describes a second-generation region-based coding scheme operating in a subband environment. Specifically, this is a compression technique based on approximating the lowest-frequency subband of an image with a 2-D spline model. Following a segmentation procedure, parametric polynomials are fitted to the resulting regions of the lowest-frequency subband. This subband is then represented by the spline coefficients, the region boundary description and the residual error. The residual error plus the higher-frequency subbands are encoded using conventional pixel-based quantization schemes while we describe an efficient encoding scheme for the 2-D spline representation. An entropy-constrained design procedure is developed for designing these individual encoders to minimize the overall mean-square distortion subject to a constraint on the output entropy. A comprehensive study of the operational rate-distortion performance of the resulting scheme is presented, which indicates the superiority of this approach to the more traditional pixel-based entropy-constrained schemes. >
Intravascular ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging

There is a need for an imaging technique that can reliably identify and characterize the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. Catheter-based intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is one of the imaging tools of the clinical evaluation of atherosclerosis. However, histopathological information obtained with IVUS imaging is limited. We present and discuss the applicability of a combined intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging approach to assess both vessel structure and tissue composition thus identifying rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques. Photoacoustic (or optoacoustic and, generally, thermoacoustic) imaging relies on the absorption of electromagnetic energy, such as light, and the subsequent emission of an acoustic wave. Therefore, the amplitude and temporal characteristics of the photoacoustic signal is primarily determined by optical absorption properties of different types of tissues and can be used to differentiate the lipid, fibrous and fibro-cellular components of an inflammatory lesion. Simultaneous IVUS and IVPA imaging studies were conducted using 40 MHz clinical IVUS imaging catheter interfaced with a pulsed laser system. The performance of the IVPA/IVUS imaging was assessed using phantoms with point targets and vessel-mimicking phantoms. To detect the lipids in the plaque, ex-vivo IVPA imaging studies of a normal and an atherosclerotic rabbit aorta were performed at a 532 nm wavelength. To assess plaque composition, multi-wavelength (680–950 nm) spectroscopic IVPA imaging studies were carried out. Finally, molecular and cellular IVPA imaging was demonstrated using plasmonic nanoparticles. Overall, our studies suggest that plaque detection and characterization can be improved using the combined IVPA/IVUS imaging.
Dopamine receptors hypersensitivity: further confirmation following drug abuse model.

Controversial multiple investigations have reported that chronic administration of amphetamine or similar drugs in different animals produces a reverse tolerance or a receptor hypersensitivity. However, most studies utilized large doses given chronically and for lengthy periods of time.
High flux ultrafiltration membranes based on electrospun nanofibrous PAN scaffolds and chitosan coating

Abstract Conventional ultrafiltration (UF) or nanofiltration (NF) filters for water treatments are based on porous membranes, typically manufactured by the phase immersion method. The torturous porosity in these membranes usually results in a relatively low flux rate. In this study, we demonstrated a new type of high flux UF/NF medium based on an electrospun nanofibrous scaffold (e.g. polyacrylonitrile, PAN) coupled with a thin top layer of hydrophilic, water-resistant, but water-permeable coating (e.g. chitosan). Such nanofibrous composite membranes can replace the conventional porous membranes and exhibit a much higher flux rate for water filtration. The interconnected porosity of the non-woven nanofibrous scaffold can be controlled partially by varying the fiber diameter (from about 100 nm to a few micrometers) through the electrospinning processing. The example membrane, containing an electrospun PAN scaffold with an average diameter from 124 to 720 nm and a porosity of about 70%, together with a chitosan top layer having a thickness of about 1 μm, although not yet fully optimized, exhibited a flux rate that is an order magnitude higher than commercial NF membranes in 24 h of operation, while maintaining the same rejection efficiency (>99.9%) for oily waste-water filtration.
Time on task mediates the conscientiousness - performance relationship

Abstract The relationships between conscientiousness, time-on-task, and academic performance were investigated in a mediation model. When simple summated conscientiousness scores were analyzed, relationships with performance and time-on-task were not significant. When factor scores estimated in the context of a model assuming common method bias were analyzed, conscientiousness was a significant predictor of test performance, and time-on-task fully mediated the conscientiousness–performance relationship. The relationships held for conscientiousness alone and for conscientiousness controlling for cognitive ability.
Fine Suspended Sediment Transport Rates

A simple analytic expression for calculating fine suspended-sediment transport rates is derived by assuming a parabolic distribution of eddy viscosity, which results in a von Karman–Prandtl–type velocity profile, and Rouse's sediment-concentration profile. The resulting equation for sediment transport rate requires a set of hydraulic conditions and a reference sediment concentration. This expression is easy to use in practical applications, and predicted transport rates compare favorably with rates calculated from field measurements.
Oxygen inhibition in thiol–acrylate photopolymerizations

The overall effects of oxygen on thiol–acrylate photopolymerizations were characterized. Specially, the choice of thiol monomer chemistry, functionality, and concentration on the extent of oxygen inhibition were considered. As thiol concentration was increased, the degree of oxygen inhibition was greatly reduced because of chain transfer from the peroxy radical to the thiol. When comparing the copolymerization of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate with the alkane-based thiol (1,6-hexane dithiol) to the copolymerization with the propionate thiol (glycol dimercaptopropionate), it was found that the propionate system was much more reactive and polymerized to a greater extent in the presence of oxygen. In addition, the functionality was considered where the glycol dimercaptopropionate was compared to a tetrafunctional propionate of similar chemistry (pentaerythritol tetrakis(mercaptopropionate)). Given the same thiol concentration, the higher functionality thiol imparted a faster polymerization rate, due to the increased polymer system viscosity, which limited oxygen diffusion and decreased the extent of overall oxygen inhibition. Thus, preliminary insight is provided into how thiol monomer choice affects the extent of oxygen inhibition in thiol–acrylate photopolymerization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2007–2014, 2006
Thriving in College

This chapter describes the phenomenon of thriving as a deep engagement in learning experiences. The author also identifies multiple pathways to the acquisition of thriving and characteristics of communities that support thriving students.
Monotone branch-and-bound search for restricted combinatorial auctions

Faced with an intractable optimization problem, a common approach to computational mechanism design seeks a polynomial time approximation algorithm with an approximation guarantee. Rather than adopt this worst-case viewpoint, we introduce a new paradigm that seeks to obtain good performance on typical instances through a modification to the branch-and-bound search paradigm. Incentive compatibility in single-dimensional domains requires that an outcome improves monotonically for an agent as the agent's reported value increases. We obtain a monotone search algorithm by coupling an explicit sensitivity analysis on the decisions made during search with a correction to the outcome to ensure monotonicity. Extensive computational experiments on single-minded combinatorial auctions show better welfare performance than that available from existing approximation algorithms.
Thermodynamic modeling of aqueous Na+–K+–Mg2+–SO42− quaternary system

Abstract A comprehensive thermodynamic model based on the electrolyte non-random two-liquid (eNRTL) theory is developed for aqueous Na + –K + –Mg 2+ –SO 4 2− quaternary system. The model accounts for the liquid phase nonideality by two binary interaction parameters per water-electrolyte and electrolyte–electrolyte pair. The temperature dependence of the binary interaction parameters is further correlated with three temperature coefficients associated with a Gibbs Helmholtz type expression. We obtain the binary interaction parameters for the H 2 O:(Mg 2+ SO 4 2− ) pair, the (Na + SO 4 2− ):(Mg 2+ SO 4 2− ) pair and the (K + SO 4 2− ):(Mg 2+ SO 4 2− ) pair by regressing appropriate thermodynamic data. Integrated with other eNRTL binary interaction parameters in the literature, the eNRTL model accurately represents various thermodynamic properties of aqueous Na + –K + –Mg 2+ –SO 4 2− quaternary system and its subsystems with temperatures up to 473.15 K and electrolyte concentrations up to saturation.
Initial Assessment and Management of the Trauma Patient

The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) training program was developed to provide uniformity in the assessment and management of trauma patients. Every trauma patient is evaluated using the primary survey, a rapid, reproducible physical exam designed to diagnose those conditions that are immediately life-threatening first. The primary survey consists of the sequential assessment and treatment of “Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure/Environment,” represented by the mnemonic “A.B.C.D.E.” The elements of the primary survey must be continually reevaluated in a trauma patient, especially when a patient deteriorates or is transferred to a different location. The uncovering of occult injuries and characterization of injuries, although important, is performed as a lesser priority during the secondary survey, which is represented by the mnemonic “A.M.P.L.E.”: “Allergies, Medications, Past medical problems and surgery, Last Meal, and Events related to the Injury.” The clinician should have a low threshold to return to the primary survey if anything unexpected occurs. Good care of the trauma patient means going “back to the ABCs” as many times as it takes until the patient is truly stable.
Griscelli syndrome: A unique pigmentary defect

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is rare autosomal recessive disorder with pigmentary dilution, immunodeficiency and neurological involvement1,2. We report a child with classical features of GS and pathognomonic histopathological features of skin and hair. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health , 2015; 44 (3): 171-173
Structured Opportunities: Exploring the Social and Academic Benefits for Peer Mentors in Retention Programs.

Informed by the experiences of former peer mentors, this qualitative study examines the structure of opportunity of a university retention program. Extending the concept of social capital, the stud...
ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL TO REDUCE FAN BLADE VIBRATION AND NOISE

An experimental investigation is conducted to reduce the unsteady stator-rotor interaction in a turbofan simulator using active flow control. The fan rotor of a l/lCscale turbofan propulsion simulator is subjected to circumferentially periodic inlet flow distortions, generated by four stators that support a centerbody in the inlet mounted onto the simulator. These wakes are re-energized by injecting air from the trailing edge of each stator through discrete blowing holes. The flow rate through each blowing hole is controlled by individual MEMS (Micro-Electra-Mechanical-System) based microvalve. The microvalve actuation signal voltage is generated by a PID (Proportional Integral and Derivative) controller and is a function of the wake velocity defect. Far-field Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at the Blade Passing Frequency (BPF) without and with blowing is measured in an anechoic chamber. The experiments are performed for two simulator speeds of 29,500 ‘pm and 40,000 rpm. Wake reenergization produces significant reductions in the BPF tone at both speeds. The sound power level at the BPF calculated from measured far-field directivity shows that source power is reduced by at least half The feasibility and advantage of active control is demonstrated by the ability of the system to respond to changes in the inlet flow velocity.
Selenium. Mechanistic aspects of anticarcinogenic action

Selenium is increasingly recognized as a versatile anticarcinogenic agent. Its protective functions cannot be solely attributed to the action of glutathione peroxidase. Instead, selenium appears to operate by several mechanisms, depending on dosage and chemical form of selenium and the nature of the carcinogenic stress. In a major protective function, selenium is proposed to prevent the malignant transformation of cells by acting as a "redox switch" in the activation-inactivation of cellular growth factors and other functional proteins through the catalysis of oxidation-reduction reactions of critical SH groups of SS bonds. The growth-modulatory effects of selenium are dependent on the levels of intracellular GSH and the oxygen supply. In general, growth inhibition is achieved by the Se-mediated stimulation of cellular respiration. Selenium appears to inhibit the replication of tumor viruses and the activation of oncogenes by similar mechanisms. However, it may also alter carcinogen metabolism and protect DNA against carcinogen-induced damage. In additional functions of relevance to its anticarcinogenic activity, selenium acts as an acceptor of biogenic methyl groups, and is involved in the detoxification of metals and of certain xenobiotics. In its interactions with transformed cells at higher concentrations, it may induce effects ranging from metabolic and phenotypical changes, and partial renormalization to selective cytotoxicity owing to reversible or irreversible inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis. Selenium also has immunopotentiating properties. It is required for optimal macrophage and NK cell function. Its protective effects are influenced by synergistic and antagonistic dietary and environmental factors. The latter include a variety of toxic heavy metals and xenobiotic compounds, but they are also influenced by essential elements, such as zinc. The exposure to antagonistic factors must be minimized for the full expression of its anticarcinogenic potential.
Kinetics of the Gas Phase Reaction CH3+ HO2

Reaction of methyl radicals with hydroperoxy radicals, CH3 + HO2 → products (1) was studied using pulsed laser photolysis coupled to transient UV–vis absorption spectroscopy at 295 K and 1 bar (He). Photolysis of N2O/H2O2/CH4/H2O/He mixtures at 193.3 nm (ArF excimer laser) was used to simultaneously produce methyl radicals and hydroperoxy radicals in reactions of electronically excited oxygen atoms O(1D) with CH4 and OH radicals with H2O2, respectively. Temporal profiles of CH3 and HO2 were recorded via absorption at 216.4 and 224 nm. The absolute intensity of the photolysis light inside the reactor was determined by an accurate in situ actinometry based on the ozone formation in the presence of molecular oxygen. The measured rate constant of reaction 1 is k1 = (3.7 ± 1.8 × 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 (295 K, 1 bar, He).
A Matching Method Combining SIFT and Edge Information for Multi-source Remote Sensing Images

In order to address the problem of matching multi-source remote sensing images with geometric distortions and intensity differences,this paper proposes a matching method by combing SIFT and edge information.The feature points are first detected in Difference-ofGaussian(DoG)scale space,followed by the phase congruency to extract the edge information.Then the descriptors of the feature points are built by combining improved SIFT and shape context.Finally,we use the Euclidean distance andχ2 statistic as the similar metric to determine the correspondences.The experiment results show that the proposed method achieves a higher correct matching rate and more correspondences than SIFT matching algorithm
The Position and Function of Academic Journals in Digital Transformation

This paper argues that academic journals were born within the academic ecosystem, mainly discusses the position and function of academic journals under the digital and network background, and examines the function changes from spreading, social and academic aspects to provide relevant policy recommendations for the further reform of academic journals.
Indications for hemodynamic evaluation and surgery in congenital aortic stenosis.

It is now clear that the various forms of congenital aortic stenosis are susceptible to early clinical recognition and precise definition, making possible the intelligent selection of patients for surgical treatment. Current criteria for selection of patients with various forms of obstruction to left ventricular outflow for operation are reviewed.
Epilepsy and pregnancy. New issues for an old disorder.

Clinicians and their women patients with epilepsy face difficult decisions. There is evidence to suggest that antiepileptic drugs increase the risk of major malformations, minor anomalies, neonatal hemorrhage, and delayed fetal growth and development. Maternal seizures also appear to be disadvantageous to the fetus, increasing the risk of miscarriage, premature labor, intracranial hemorrhage, and perhaps, developmental or learning difficulties. Both medications and seizures have the potential to cause difficulties. This article discusses changes in antiepileptic drug metabolism, changes in seizure frequency, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and principles of management.
Abduction 101: Reasoning processes to aid discovery

Abstract We propose that the process of abduction is a useful tool for how management scholars can better develop new explanatory hypotheses and theories. In doing so, we differentiate abduction from the more commonly studied methods of deduction and induction. We briefly explain the various research streams on abductive reasoning and propose a version that is focused more on the process of abductive reasoning and less on the outcomes. We argue that by using contrastive reasoning and by recognizing different triggers of abduction, this process can help guide researchers to the types of causal explanations that are interesting. We conclude with some examples of abduction in the history of management research and a discussion of features of the reasoning processes involved.
Blood Flow in Heart, Lung, Arteries, and Veins

The next five chapters are concerned with flow inside the bodies of man and animals. By internal flow of blood, water, and gases, the cells of the body obtain water, oxygen, and nutrients. To understand the health and disease of these organisms, it is necessary to know the mechanics of internal flow.
Relationship Between Opacity of Transformed E. coli Colonies and Over-Expression of the Recombinant Transcript

Following transformation with recombinant plasmid clones, E. coli BL21(DE3) often produced extremely opaque colonies on a standard semisolid agar plate, as compared with the translucent colonies produced by normal, untransformed bacteria A standard BL21(DE3) culture consisted of two kinds of cells one kind produced translucent colonies and the other produced opaque colonies upon transformation by recombinant plasmids. The translucent-generating phenotype often switched to the opaque-generating phenotype, which was irreversible. Opacity in the BL21(DE3) background was correlated to a higher preinduced level of T7 RNA polymerase, presumably through a stable and inheritable genetic change. In all E. coli strains tested, a robust transcription of the recombinant gene from the plasmid clone was found to be an essential prerequisite for every high opacity; translation of the RNA was not required. The degree of opacity was also determined by the nature of the insert in a given strain background. Colony, opacity generally, but not invariably, correlated with a smaller colony size on semisolid agar and a reduced growth rate in liquid culture.
Use of Technology to Support the Learning and Teaching of English in China

Technology is generally considered a useful teaching tool in English as a foreign language education in China. With the belief that technology may benefit foreign language teaching and learning, China has expanded its technology infrastructure, equipment, and policy in the field of foreign language education. EFL teachers are encouraged to increase their use of technology in their English language classrooms. However, research to date has not examined how technology is used in EFL teaching in the Chinese context. In this chapter, the authors describe the historical stages and typical formats of technology use in supporting English language education in China. They then discuss current practices and issues related to technology integration in English education, including changes to assessment and evaluation practices. Finally, they use a dataset from their current research project to present the patterns and perceptions of technology use by Chinese elementary EFL teachers and students. Based on the historical development and their current study, the authors summarize several strategies and recommendations to improve the value of technology investment and the quality of technology-enhanced English language education in the Chinese context.
Improvement of student learning experience via an interdisciplinary undergraduate research project with top-down design and bottom-up implementation

In this paper, we present an interdisciplinary undergraduate research project administered in an extracurricular setting as a means to complement student's learning in design-oriented courses and laboratory exercises in electrical engineering. We also examine its effectiveness in improving student learning experience and technical competency. Our design project is conceived in a top-down approach, but comprehensive bottom-up implementation is integrated into the project activities to better facilitate student's acquisition of hands-on engineering skills. Our recent survey results show that students benefit substantially from the project, formulated using top-down design and combined with substantial bottom-up implementation activities.
Temporal and Environmental Factors Driving Vibrio Vulnificus and V. Parahaemolyticus Populations and Their Associations With Harmful Algal Blooms in South Carolina Detention Ponds and Receiving Tidal Creeks

Incidences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and Vibrio infections have increased over recent decades. Numerous studies have tried to identify environmental factors driving HABs and pathogenic Vibrio populations separately. Few have considered the two simultaneously, though emerging evidence suggests that algal blooms enhance Vibrio growth and survival. This study examined various physical, nutrient, and temporal factors associated with incidences of HABs, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in South Carolina coastal stormwater detention ponds, managed systems where HABs often proliferate, and their receiving tidal creek waters. Five blooms occurred during the study (2008-2009): two during relatively warmer months (an August 2008 cyanobacteria bloom and a November 2008 dinoflagellate bloom) followed by increases in both Vibrio species and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively, and three during cooler months (December 2008 through February 2009) caused by dinoflagellates and euglenophytes that were not associated with marked changes in Vibrio abundances. Vibrio concentrations were positively and significantly associated with temperature and dissolved organic matter, dinoflagellate blooms, negatively and significantly associated with suspended solids, but not significantly correlated with chlorophyll or nitrogen. While more research involving longer time series is needed to increase robustness, findings herein suggest that certain HAB species may augment Vibrio occurrences during warmer months.