cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress error patterns in English-speaking children's word productions

This study examined the patterns of stress errors in English-speaking children’s productions of multisyllabic words to determine whether they were consistent with the rule-based acquisition of stress. Children (aged 22-34 months) produced three-syllable novel and real words and four-syllable real words which varied across stress pattern. Children’s productions were examined acoustically and perceptually. Results indicated significantly greater numbers of stress errors in SWS words and a tendency for greater numbers of stress errors in SWSW words, findings consistent with the increased association of stress errors with exceptional forms. Additional findings indicated that stress errors were more frequent in imitated compared to spontaneous productions, and that stress errors may be associated with articulatory and phonetic-control factors. The relevance of these findings to disordered populations is explored in the discussion.
Diluted II-VI Oxide Semiconductors with Multiple Band Gaps

We report the realization of a new mult-band-gap semiconductor. Zn(1-y)Mn(y)OxTe1-x alloys have been synthesized using the combination of oxygen ion implantation and pulsed laser melting. Incorporation of small quantities of isovalent oxygen leads to the formation of a narrow, oxygen-derived band of extended states located within the band gap of the Zn(1-y)Mn(y)Te host. When only 1.3% of Te atoms are replaced with oxygen in a Zn0.88Mn0.12Te crystal the resulting band structure consists of two direct band gaps with interband transitions at approximately 1.77 and 2.7 eV. This remarkable modification of the band structure is well described by the band anticrossing model. With multiple band gaps that fall within the solar energy spectrum, Zn(1-y)Mn(y)OxTe1-x is a material perfectly satisfying the conditions for single-junction photovoltaics with the potential for power conversion efficiencies surpassing 50%.
Tandem Time-of-Flight (TOF/TOF) Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics

A dual reflectron tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometer reported in 1993 gave rise to the invention and development of the curved-field reflectron (CFR) for focusing product ions. The CFR is used in this case as the second mass analyzer in a tandem instrument (based on the Kratos AXIMA CFR) in which the first mass analyzer is a linear TOF that focuses ions by pulsed extraction. Because ions can be focused over a broad range of kinetic energies, deceleration of precursor ions and/or reacceleration of product ions is not required. Thus, product ions produced by post-source processes (laser induced dissociation or LID, metastable decomposition and opportunistic collisions) are recorded in the product ion mass spectra at the same times as their isomass ions produced by collision induced dissociation (CID). In general both LID and CID product ion mass spectra are very similar, producing primarily b-series and y-series ions, though there is some preference for fragmentation at weaker bonds such as those at proline or aspartic acid residues. The tandem mass spectrometer has been used to determine the acetylation sites for a histone acetyl transferase (HAT) protein. A novel and improved method for derivatizing tryptic fragments by N-terminal sulfonation produces almost exclusively y-series ions, and has been used to determine protein ubiquitination. The tandem mass spectrometer has also been used to identify potential biomarkers associated with heart failure, in particular that fraction containing albumin that is generally removed from serum samples to permit protein biomarker analysis. Analysis of the unfractionated serum, the albuminome, and the depleted serum is also carried out using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) and the high molecular weight proteins are monitored by using a Comet macromizer TOF mass spectrometer with a very high mass cryocooled detector.
Abstract 4367: Cigarette smoke condensate-induced oxidative DNA damage and its removal in cervical cancer cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Increased oxidative stress is implicated in the etiology of cancer. Exposure to cigarette smoke is well documented to increase oxidative stress in smoker tissues and probably plays a role in the incidence of cervical cancer. The cervical pre-cancerous lesions, initiated by HPV infection, generally regress in the absence of the known risk factors such as smoking. The oxidation of deoxyguanosine results in a highly mutagenic and extensively studied oxidative DNA lesion, 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). The present study was performed to determine i) the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on 8-oxodG formation in HPV-transfected cervical cell lines (ECT1/E6 E7); ii) the removal of the oxidative damage from HPV-positive (CaSki), HPV-negative (C33A) and ECT1/E6 E7 cells; and iii) the cell-cycle progression and apoptosis in the CSC-treated ECT1/E6 E7. We found that CSC induced 8-oxodG lesion in a dose- and time-dependent manner in the transfected cervical cell line. A 2.4-fold higher damage was observed in the HPV-positive tumor cell line compared to the HPV-negative cell line. Flow-cytometric and ImageStream (Amnis) analysis indicated that CaSki cells most efficiently removed the oxidative lesion in 48 h (93%). On the contrary, C33A cells did not reveal any significant removal of 8-oxodG up to 48 h. This difference could be explained by the presence of residual p53 activity in CaSki cells while the p53 is mutated in the C33A cell line. ECT1/E6 E7 cell line showed only a modest (22%) removal after 48 h. Interestingly, 8-oxodG was almost completely removed 72 h post-exposure in all the cervical cell lines. Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis was observed in ECT1/E6 E7 cells with an arrest at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle. We conclude that cigarette smoke induces oxidative stress with higher burden in HPV-positive cells; however, HPV exposure may not play a role in the kinetics of 8-oxodG removal (Supported from Agnes Brown Duggan Endowment and, in part, USPHS grant ES-011564). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4367.
Evaluation of a Rhizobium meliloti transconjugant for increased nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation in alfalfa

Abstract Agrobacterium rhizogenes has been shown to cause root proliferation and increased water use efficiency in certain woody dicots. Root proliferation may be desirable in herbaceous legumes as a means of increasing potential sites for infection by Rhizobium species and subsequent nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Thus, A. rhizogenes was used to inoculate three forage legumes to evaluate its ability to stimulate root activity. Growth chamber experiments were conducted in which plants were grown in plant tubes with nutrient agar. Plants were evaluated for root development six weeks after inoculation. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) treated with A. rhizoqenes 232 produced a significantly (159%) greater number of roots, twice (200%) the root volume, 183% greater root fresh weight, and 214% more root dry weight than the uninoculated treatment. In white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and field pea (Pisum sativa subsp. arvense L.), however, A. rhizogenes 232 did not produce significantly increased root number or...
Using Sydney H. Gould's formalization of kin terminologies Social information, skewing and structural types

Parts of the formalism recently developed by Sydney H. Gould (Gould, 2000) are used to explore three interrelated problems relating to kinship terminologies. (1) What insights into the role of kinship in a modern society may be gained from a comparison of terminological variants in use within that society. (2) How we are to understand the relationship between skewed and unskewed variants of a terminology such as Fanti. (3) What may be some of the practical formal and cognitive constraints that affect possible transitions from one terminological type to another. Gould's algebraic definitions of the different system types is utilized – as is the graphic device, called a ‘kingraph’, which he developed to render the structure of the different types clear and to enable the easy tracing out of the terminological categories to which different relatives belong.
Evoked potentials arising from neural population elements excited at different times on a warped surface

Certain types of cortical electrical events are non-propagated so that the associated electric fields must have standing wave characteristics. However, cortical electric events typically are generated by neurone populations which cannot be activated simultaneously on impulse driving. Hence the sum of the standing wave fields due to asynchronous activation of adjoining regions of cortical neurones must give the appearance of a traveling wave. Analysis of cortical waveforms is further complicated by curvature in cortical surfaces. A model is presented that shows the effects of curvature and time lag in activation on the form of the potential at points in space around a laminar array of elements simulating a population of cortical neurones. The results are compared with waveforms evoked by single-shock stimulation of the prepyriform cortex in cats.
A technical basis for carbon dioxide storage

Abstract This paper is the synopsis of a larger work completed under the auspices of the CO 2 Capture Project, an international effort funded by eight of the world’s leading energy companies. It seeks to explain the rationale for the geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) based on insights from the practical experience of the oil and gas industry. It considers the key technical applications that will make storage possible, and the subsurface management processes that will provide confidence to all stakeholders that storage is effective. Four broad areas are described including, the selection and characterization of sites for CO 2 storage; issues of well integrity and well construction; the requirements of monitoring programs for appropriate data collection and risk management. Finally, issues arising from storage operations and the eventual closure and decommissioning of CO 2 storage sites are addressed.
Combination therapy with ifosfamide and liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide: tolerability, toxicity, and immune stimulation.

A phase IIb trial using liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (L-MTP-PE) in combination with ifosfamide (IFX) for patients with relapsed osteosarcoma was undertaken to determine (a) the tolerability of the combination therapy, (b) if L-MTP-PE increased the toxicity of IFX, and (c) whether IFX altered or suppressed the in vivo immune response to L-MTP-PE. Patients had histologically proven osteosarcoma and pulmonary metastases that either developed during adjuvant chemotherapy or were present at diagnosis, persisted despite chemotherapy, and recurred following surgical excision. Stratum A patients were rendered clinically free of disease within 4 weeks of study entry prior to receiving combination therapy. IFX was administered at 1.8 g/m2 for 5 days every 21 days for up to eight cycles. L-MTP-PE was administered twice weekly for 12 weeks, then once weekly for 12 weeks. Once cycle of combination therapy was defined as 5 days of IFX and 3 weeks of L-MTP-PE therapy. Stratum B patients had measurable disease at study entry that was judged to be amenable to surgical resection. Stratum B patients received three cycles of combination therapy prior to surgery to judge clinical and histologic response. Postoperatively, patients received an additional five cycles. A total of nine patients were entered into the protocol: six on stratum A and three on stratum B. Serial blood samples were collected and assayed for cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF alpha], interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-8, neopterin, C-reactive protein). In addition, peripheral blood monocyte tumoricidal activity was evaluated pre- and post-combination therapy. Complete blood counts with differential and platelet counts were followed weekly. No increase in the toxic side effects of IFX was demonstrated when administered with L-MTP-PE nor were delays in IFX administration due to neutropenia experienced. The toxic side effects of L-MTP-PE were also not increased. Elevations of serum C-reactive protein, plasma neopterin, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF alpha following combination therapy were similar to those observed in patients treated with L-MTP-PE alone. Monocyte-mediated tumoricidal activity was elevated 24 and 72 h following L-MTP-PE and IFX therapy, similar to what has been reported following L-MTP-PE alone. Tumor specimens obtained from stratum B patients showed the histologic characteristics consistent with a "chemotherapy effect," i.e., dead, amorphous, acellular osteoid with cell drop-out.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Pneumocephalus due to nasopharyngeal carcinoma: case report

A 55-year-old man with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma presented with intractable headaches and intermittent rhinorrhoea for 2 weeks. CT showed severe destruction of the skull base by the tumour. The headache persisted despite intraventricular morphine. On the 29th hospital day, sudden onset of neurological deterioration led to coma, and CT revealed tension pneumocephalus due to nasopharyngeal carcinoma breaking through the skull base. The literature on pneumocephalus is reviewed and the aetiology discussed.
Soft X-ray microscopy at a spatial resolution better than 15 nm

The study of nanostructures is creating a need for microscopes that can see beyond the limits of conventional visible light and ultraviolet microscopes. X-ray imaging is a promising option. A new microscope described this week achieves unprecedented resolution, and has the ability to see through containing material. It features a specially made two-component zone plate — a lens with concentric zones rather like the rings in the Fresnel lenses familiar in overhead projectors and elsewhere — that makes use of diffraction to project an image into a CCD camera sensitive to soft X-rays. Spatial resolution of better than 15 nm is possible. Analytical tools that have spatial resolution at the nanometre scale are indispensable for the life and physical sciences. It is desirable that these tools also permit elemental and chemical identification on a scale of 10 nm or less, with large penetration depths. A variety of techniques1,2,3,4,5,6,7 in X-ray imaging are currently being developed that may provide these combined capabilities. Here we report the achievement of sub-15-nm spatial resolution with a soft X-ray microscope—and a clear path to below 10 nm—using an overlay technique for zone plate fabrication. The microscope covers a spectral range from a photon energy of 250 eV (∼5 nm wavelength) to 1.8 keV (∼0.7 nm), so that primary K and L atomic resonances of elements such as C, N, O, Al, Ti, Fe, Co and Ni can be probed. This X-ray microscopy technique is therefore suitable for a wide range of studies: biological imaging in the water window8,9; studies of wet environmental samples10,11; studies of magnetic nanostructures with both elemental and spin-orbit sensitivity12,13,14; studies that require viewing through thin windows, coatings or substrates (such as buried electronic devices in a silicon chip15); and three-dimensional imaging of cryogenically fixed biological cells9,16.
The cultural authority of science: Public trust and acceptance of organized science:

Using the National Science Foundation's 2006 Science Indicators Survey, this study explores three distinct explanations of public attitudes. First, the knowledge-attitudes model refers to a well tested relationship between public knowledge of science and more favorable attitudes toward science. Second, the alienation model hypothesizes that public disassociation with science is a symptom of a general disenchantment with late modernity, mainly, the limitations associated with codified expertise, rational bureaucracy, and institutional authority. A third approach emphasizes the cultural meaning of science: how various public beliefs about "what science is" relate to acceptance or reservations about science. The Science Indicators Survey shows that US adults view science (what it is or should be) in three distinct ways: (1) in terms of having a systematic method, (2) in terms of social location (i.e., takes place in a university or a laboratory), and (3) in terms of knowledge that should accord with commonsense and tradition. The findings in this study indicate that the knowledge-attitudes, alienation, and cultural meanings models are all valuable for understanding the cultural authority of science. However, the strength of these explanations depends on the type of attitude analyzed.
Regulation of murine TGFβ2 by Pax3 during early embryonic development

Previously our laboratory identified TGFbeta2 as a potential downstream target of Pax3 by utilizing microarray analysis and promoter data base mining (Mayanil, C. S. K., George, D., Freilich, L., Miljan, E. J., Mania-Farnell, B. J., McLone, D. G., and Bremer, E. G. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 49299-49309). Here we report that Pax3 directly regulates TGFbeta2 transcription by binding to cis-regulatory elements within its promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Pax3 bound to the cis-regulatory elements on the TGFbeta2 promoter (GenBanktrade mark accession number AF118263). Both TGFbeta2 promoter-luciferase activity measurements in transient cotransfection experiments and electromobility shift assays supported the idea that Pax3 regulates TGFbeta2 by directly binding to its cis-regulatory regions. Additionally, by using a combination of co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that the TGFbeta2 cis-regulatory elements between bp 741-940 and bp 1012-1212 bind acetylated Pax3 and are associated with p300/CBP and histone deacetylases. The cis-regulatory elements between bp 741 and 940 in addition to associating with acetylated Pax3 and HDAC1 also associated with SIRT1. Whole mount in situ hybridization and quantitative real time reverse transcription-PCR showed diminished levels of TGFbeta2 transcripts in Pax3(-/-) mouse embryos (whose phenotype is characterized by neural tube defects) as compared with Pax3(+/+) littermates (embryonic day 10.0; 30 somite stage), suggesting that Pax3 regulation of TGFbeta2 may play a pivotal role during early embryonic development.
Molecular relatedness between the basidiomycetous yeasts Sporidiobolus ruinenii and Sporobolomyces coprophilus

(1991). Molecular Relatedness Between the Basidiomycetous Yeasts Sporidiobolus Ruinenii and Sporobolomyces Coprophilus. Mycologia: Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 107-110.
BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 Proteins Form a Heteromeric E3 Ligase Complex Required for Seed Germination and Post-germination Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

Ubiquitin pathway E3 ligases are an important component conferring specificity and regulation in ubiquitin attachment to substrate proteins. The Arabidopsis thaliana RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domain-containing proteins BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 are essential for normal seed germination and post-germination growth. Loss of either BRIZ1 (At2g42160) or BRIZ2 (At2g26000) results in a severe phenotype. Heterozygous parents produce progeny that segregate 3:1 for wild-type:growth-arrested seedlings. Homozygous T-DNA insertion lines are recovered for BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 after introduction of a transgene containing the respective coding sequence, demonstrating that disruption of BRIZ1 or BRIZ2 in the T-DNA insertion lines is responsible for the observed phenotype. Both proteins have multiple predicted domains in addition to the RING domain as follows: a BRAP2 (BRCA1-Associated Protein 2), a ZnF UBP (Zinc Finger Ubiquitin Binding protein), and a coiled-coil domain. In vitro, both BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 are active as E3 ligases but only BRIZ2 binds ubiquitin. In vitro synthesized and purified recombinant BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 preferentially form hetero-oligomers rather than homo-oligomers, and the coiled-coil domain is necessary and sufficient for this interaction. BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 co-purify after expression in tobacco leaves, which also requires the coiled-coil domain. BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 coding regions with substitutions in the RING domain are inactive in vitro and, after introduction, fail to complement their respective mutant lines. In our current model, BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 together are required for formation of a functional ubiquitin E3 ligase in vivo, and this complex is required for germination and early seedling growth.
Obstacle Gain Measurements over Pikes Peak at 60 to 1,046 Mc

Radio transmission loss measurements made over four propagation paths approximately 100 miles in length show the effect of a large mountain obstacle on vhf and uhf ground-to-ground propagation. Recordings of transmission loss were obtained at four sites as a function of receiving antenna height and by mobile measurements along a route normal to the propagation path. Measurements for propagation directly over Pikes Peak exhibit the well defined lobing associated with four ray-path diffraction theory. Theoretical approximations based on the Fresnel-Kirchhoff scalar knife-edge diffraction theory predict values of transmission loss and lobe structures which are in good agreement with those observed. Measurements for propagation to the east and west of Pikes Peak are characterized by lower fields at all frequencies and large fading ranges.
Gridded Cross Field Tube

A triode crossed field tube has been operated as a high voltage on-off switch tube. A third, partially transparent (grid) electrode is interposed between the anode and cathode and electrically tied to the cathode by a grid leak resistor. High voltage is first applied to the anode and cathode; the magnetic field is then raised to the conduction level (~ 0.01 Tesla). Ignition does not occur because the magnetic field is too low in the grid-anode gap and the electric field is zero in the cathode-grid gap. Pulsing the grid positive relative to the cathode (~ 1 kV) then results in breakdown of the cathode-grid gap; plasma comunication between the two gaps then fully ignites the tube and closes the main power circuit. Grid ignition has been achieved at 50 kV as well as grid ignition followed by current interruption against 10 kV. These levels were limited by the use of a modified, laboratory tube and not by the physics of the technique.
Ethylnitrosourea-induced mutagenesis in asynchronous and synchronous Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract The toxic and mutagenic activity of the alkylating carcinogen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cell killing and induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant (TG4) and ouabain-resistant (OUAr) mutants were determined as a function of ENU dose and treatment time in asynchronous cell populations. A dose-dependent induction of mutants was observed. The mutation frequency did not increase with longer than 30-mn treatment times, implying that ENU breaks down rapidly in the cell. When synchronous populations of CHO cells obtained by mitotic detachment were treated with ENU at various times during the cell cycle, ENU-induced reproductive death was strongly dependent on the position in the cell cycle at the time of treatment, the time of highest sensitivity being the beginning of the S period. The pattern of mutation induction by ENU over the cell cycle was quite different from the pattern for cell killing. The induction of TGr mutants seemed to be independent of cell-cycle time. The induction of OUAr mutants was also independent of cell-cycle time after a low ENU dose; however, after a high ENU dose the frequency of OUAr mutants varied during the cell cycle, with a slight enhancement in G1 and a decrease in the early S period. There was no sign of enhanced mutation induction at the growing point for the two genetic markers tested.
On the inversion of atomic scattering data: A new algorithm based on functional sensitivity analysis

A new iterative inversion scheme of atomic scattering data within the framework of functional sensitivity analysis is presented. The inversion scheme is based on the first order Fredholm integral equation δσ(θ)=∫∞0K(θ,R)δV(R)R2 dR, K(θ,R)≡δσ(θ)/δV(R), or symbolically, δσ=KδV, which relates infinitesimal functional changes in the elastic differential cross section δσ(θ) and in the underlying interatomic potential δV(R). This equation can be written equivalently, via integration by parts, as δσ(θ)=∫∞0K[n](θ,R) {Rn×δV(n)(R)}R2 dR, or δσ=K[n]{Rn×δV(n)}, under the a priori assumption that {R(2+n)×K[n](θ,R)×δV(n−1) (R)}‖∞R=0=0. Here K[n](θ,R)≡−R−(2+n) ×∫R0K[n−1](θ,R’) R’(1+n)dR’, δV(n)(R) ≡(dn/dRn)δV(R), with n=0,1,2,..., and K[0](θ,R)≡K(θ,R).A choice of n corresponds to a particular level of additional stabilization inverting the scattering data. By invoking a least squares regularization procedure and singular system analysis, the new indirect inversion scheme solves the linear relation δσ=K[n]{Rn×δV(n)} and ...
Effects of Kainic Acid in Rat Brain Synaptosomes: The Involvement of Calcium

The effects of kainic acid were investigated in preparations of rat brain synaptosomes. It was found that kainic acid inhibited competitively the uptake of D-[3H]aspartate, with a Ki of approximately 0.3 mM. Kainic acid also caused release of two excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, aspartate and glutamate, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, but had no effect on the content of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Concomitant with the release of aspartate and glutamate, depolarization of the synaptosomal membrane and an increase in intracellular calcium were observed, with no measurable change in the concentration of internal sodium ions. The increase in intrasynaptosomal calcium and decrease in transmembrane electrical potential were prevented by the addition of glutamate, whereas the kainate-induced release of radioactive aspartate was substantially inhibited by lowering the concentration of calcium in the external medium. It is postulated that kainic acid reacts with a class of glutamate receptors located in a subpopulation of synaptosomes, presumably derived from the glutamatergic and aspartatergic neuronal pathways, which possesses high-affinity uptake system(s) for glutamate and/or aspartate. Activation of these receptors causes opening of calcium channels, influx of calcium into the synaptosomes, and depolarization of the synaptosomal plasma membrane with consequent release of amino acid neurotransmitters.
Direct-Lift Design Strategy for Longitudinal Control of Hypersonic Aircraft

A longitudinal control design called the G-command, alpha follow-up is described that significantly improves the lag between pitch angle and flight-path angle responses associated with hypersonic flight. The design technique relies on classical, successive loop closures to determine the control architecture and introduces a direct-lift control strategy to design dynamic compensation. This dynamic compensation constrains and "washes out" body-flap input to avoid excessive flap deflection and associated heating while providing angle-of-attack control at the engine inlet. The final design was implemented on a generic hypersonic aircraft simulation at NASA Dryden and evaluated by a NASA test pilot familiar with the SR-71. The pilot flew turning and altitude change maneuvers using the implemented control law and verified the ability to track flight path with ease and precision. Finally, evidence is presented that supports a flying qualities metric for longitudinal, hypersonic flight based on the bandwidth of the flight-path-angle-to-stick-frequency response.
Soluble antigens associated with infection with apple chlorotic leaf spot virus

Abstract Virus-related soluble antigens, probably various polymeric forms of viral coat protein, were detected in crude extracts from plants infected with apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (CLSV), using highly specific antisera to two CLSV strains from apple and peach, respectively. The two antisera appeared to detect the soluble antigens differently, though with about the same sensitivity. Soluble antigen preparations were clarified by ultracentrifugation of crude sap, by acidification, freezing and thawing, and by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The last treatment allowed some concentration. Detection of soluble antigen in gel diffusion tests provided a specific diagnostic test for CLSV infection in Chenopodium quinoa , but not in apple tissue.
Multicast network connection architecture

IBM Networking BroadBand Services (NBBS) is a comprehensive networking architecture designed for high-speed networks. To meet the demands of multicast communication applications, e.g., video on demand, software distribution, and video conferencing, NBBS multicast services provide support for efficient best-effort and guaranteed quality-of-service (QOS) multipoint network connections. The NBBS multicast services consist of set management services and multicast network connection services. Set management services provide the ability to create and manage groups of users who are interested in participating in multicast activities. Multicast network connection services use the group membership information provided by set management services to support multiple network connections per group and to provide supporting services such as nondisruptive path switching, path preemption, and bandwidth management. The multicast network connection services support the multicast signaling requirements defined by the asynchronous transfer mode user-to-network interface (ATM UNI) specifications. This paper gives an overview of the NBBS multicast connection services. Set concepts are introduced, an overview of set management protocols is given, and the value of set management services in establishing multicast network connections is explained. Finally, multicast network connection protocols that establish, maintain, and terminate multicast network connections are described.
Complications associated with regional anesthesia in the obstetric patient

The majority of obstetric patients are concerned about labor pains but also have fears regarding regional anesthesia and its potential effects on themselves and their babies. Anesthesiologists and obstetricians alike must be familiar with potential complications of obstetric regional anesthesia and analgesia, and also be able to provide the information and reassurance each patient needs. If a problem occurs during labor and delivery, it must be dealt with expertly and immediately. This article discusses the diagnostic clues, laboratory tests, and management of neurologic complications related to obstetric delivery and regional anesthesia, as well as the topics of infections, obstetric- and anesthetic-related neurologic deficits, and special tips on neurologic examination. The most common neurologic complication of spinal and epidural anesthesia, postdural puncture headache, will not be discussed in detail here.
Multi-modal optical microcavities for loss avoidance

We demonstrate optical microcavities wherein multiple guided modes interfere to avoid scattering loss at sidewall contacts. Cavities with 62 direct silicon contacts show resonances with intrinsic quality factors near 40,000 across an 80nm spectral range.
Dissociation between visual acuity and critical flicker frequency in amblyopia

Purpose To determine the occurrence and possible mechanism of enhanced foveal critical flicker frequency (CFF) in untreated amblyopic individuals.Methods Thirty untreated amblyopic subjects were enrolled. CFF was measured in each eye and performance was compared between their amblyopic and fellow non-amblyopic eyes. CFF was also compared between amblyopic eyes demonstrating foveal and eccentric fixation.Results As a group, there was no significant difference in CFF between amblyopic eyes and fellow eyes. However, CFF was significantly faster in affected eyes of amblyopes who fixated eccentrically than in affected eyes of amblyopes who demonstrated foveal fixation.Conclusions Dissociation between visual acuity impairment and CFF occurs in amblyopes who use eccentric fixation. Stimulation of a greater proportion of magnocellular, relative to parvocellular, retinal ganglion cells might account for the paradoxically enhanced CFF performance of this subset of amblyopic eyes.
Impact of targeted therapy on outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with relapsed del(17p13.1) karyotype at a single center.

Impact of targeted therapy on outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with relapsed del(17p13.1) karyotype at a single center
Mimesis or Phantasia? Two Representational\\ Modes in Roman Commemorative Art

Abstract The commemorative forms of the Romans are marked by the ubiquity of two contrasting presentational modes: one essentially mimetic, rooted in the representational power of artistic forms, the other abstract and figurative, dependent on the presentation of cues for the summoning of absent yet necessary images. The mimetic mode was thoroughly conventional, and thus posed few problems of interpretation; the figurative knew no such orthodoxy and required a different and distinctive form of attention. At the tomb, epigraphic and sculptural forms, each in its characteristic manner, addressed an audience habituated by tradition to respond to both of these modes, to grasp their differences, and to rise to the challenge implicit in the very fact of their contrast.
Occurrence of aflatoxin in three maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids over 5 years in Northern Mississippi

Aflatoxins are produced as secondary metabolites under conducive climatic conditions by Aspergillus flavus. The incidence of aflatoxin varies with environmental conditions, genotype, and location. An expanded understanding of the interaction of the plant, fungus, and weather conditions is needed to further elucidate the field infection process of maize by A. flavus and subsequent aflatoxin contamination. One of the problems in evaluating maize hybrids for resistance to kernel infection and aflatoxin contamination is identifying a time period and environmental conditions that are most advantageous. Three maize genotypes (Pioneer Brand 3223, Mo18W × Mp313E, and Mp313E × Mp420) were evaluated from 1998 to 2002 in response to A. flavus inoculation and aflatoxin contamination and weather conditions favorable for aflatoxin contamination were identified. The highest aflatoxin levels were observed in 1998 and 2000 (1186 and 901 ng g−1; P < 0.0001); while the lowest levels were detected in 1999 (39 ng g−1). Pioneer 3223 had significantly higher levels (1198 ng g−1) than Mp313E × Mp420 (205 ng g−1), and Mo18W ×Mp313E (161 ng g−1; P < 0.0001). The hybrids had six weather-related variables in common that were positively correlated with aflatoxin accumulation. Four of these occurred during 65–85 days after planting and were temperature-related. These results suggest that regardless of the hybrid’s maturity or physiological development, the time from 65 to 85 days after planting may be indicative of a period of stress which leads to greater aflatoxin accumulation at harvest.
The Multiplicities of a Dual-thin Q-polynomial Association Scheme

Let Y =( X;fRig0iD) denote a symmetric association scheme, and assume that Y is Q-polynomial with respect to an ordering E0;:::;ED of the primitive idempotents. Bannai and Ito conjectured that the associated sequence of multiplicities mi (0 i D )o fY is unimodal. Talking to Terwilliger, Stanton made the related conjecture that mi mi+1 and mi mD i for i<D =2. We prove that if Y is dual-thin in the sense of Terwilliger, then the Stanton conjecture is true.
Automated feature extraction and spatial organization of seafloor pockmarks, Belfast Bay, Maine, USA

article i nfo Seafloor pockmarks occur worldwide and may represent millions of m 3 of continental shelf erosion, but few numerical analyses of their morphology and spatial distribution of pockmarks exist. We introduce a quantitative definition of pockmark morphology and, based on this definition, propose a three-step geomorphometric method to identify and extract pockmarks from high-resolution swath bathymetry. We apply this GIS-implemented approach to 25 km 2 of bathymetry collected in the Belfast Bay, Maine USA pockmark field. Our model extracted 1767 pockmarks and found a linear pockmark depth-to-diameter ratio for pockmarks field-wide. Mean pockmark depth is 7.6 m and mean diameter is 84.8 m. Pockmark distribution is non-random, and nearly half of the field's pockmarks occur in chains. The most prominent chains are oriented semi-normal to the steepest gradient in Holocene sediment thickness. A descriptive model yields field-wide spatial statistics indicating that pockmarks are distributed in non-random clusters. Results enable quantitative comparison of pockmarks in fields worldwide as well as similar concave features, such as impact craters, dolines, or salt pools. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Gender, presidencies, and prime ministerships in Europe: Are women gaining ground?

To what extent have women made progress in attaining presidential and prime ministerial positions in Europe? We might expect women in this region to have made significant strides in executive office holding, given the more favorable political, cultural, and social conditions women face. At the same time, Europe is not monolithic. The diversity within one large region allows not only for an assessment of the conditions best facilitating women’s executive incorporation but also the ability to scrutinize the degree to which they exercise more substantial powers. While Europe boasts the greatest numbers of women executives to date, women face many limits in the type of positions they occupy and powers afforded their offices, although important exceptions surface. Statistically, women’s success relates to dual executive structures. Likewise critical is the pipeline from which future leaders are recruited. Prospects for women leaders in Eastern Europe appear less auspicious than for their West European counterp...
An Internet-based store-and-forward video home telehealth system for improving asthma outcomes in children

The adherence and disease-control outcomes associated with the use of an Internet-based store-and-forward video home telehealth system to manage asthma in children were studied. Pediatric patients with persistent asthma were provided with home computers and Internet access and monitored biweekly over the Internet. All patients were seen in the pediatric clinic at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Half of the patients received asthma education in person and half via an interactive Web site. Adherence measures were assessed by therapeutic and diagnostic monitoring. Therapeutic monitoring included digital videos of patients using their controller medication inhaler. Diagnostic monitoring included an asthma symptom diary and a video of peak flow meter use. Videos were submitted electronically twice a week by using in-home telemonitoring with store-and-forward technology. Feedback was provided electronically to each patient. Disease control was assessed by examining quality of life, utilization of services, rescue-therapy use, symptom control, satisfaction with home telemonitoring, and retention of asthma knowledge. Patients were randomly assigned to an asthma education group (Internet versus office), and the data were analyzed by comparing results for study days 0-90 and 91-180. Ten children participated. A total of 321 videos of inhaler use and 309 videos of peak flow meter use were submitted. Inhaler technique scores improved significantly in the second study period. Submission of diagnostic monitoring videos and asthma diary entries decreased significantly. Peak flow values as a percentage of personal best values increased significantly. Overall, there was no change in quality of life reported by patients. However, the caregivers in the virtual-education group reported an increase in the patients' quality-of-life survey scores. Emergency department visits and hospital admissions for asthma were avoided. Rescue therapy was infrequent. A high rate of satisfaction with home telemonitoring was reported. Internet-based, store-and-forward video assessment of children's use of asthma medications and monitoring tools in their homes appeared effective and well accepted.
Analysis of a composite endpoint with longitudinal and time‐to‐event data

We propose a new nonparametric test to compare treatment effects using a composite endpoint comprising a longitudinal continuous measurement and multiple time-to-event outcomes. The composite endpoint incorporates the severity of each outcome as measured against the whole cohort in the entire study. This new proposed test is conceptually simple and computationally easy to implement. Unlike many currently available methods, our strategy is very flexible and can be applied to many types of clinical settings including the situation where we have multiple time-to-event outcomes. We apply our method to reanalyze two clinical trials for Scleroderma patients and also use simulation studies to show that the performance of our method is compatible with the results from a popular method proposed by Finkelstein and Schoenfeld (Statist. Med. 1999; 18:1341–1354). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monticello through the window

We present a case study in the use of virtual environment technology for cultural heritage applications, describing a collaborative effort to construct two cultural heritage exhibits for a five month exhibition at the New Orleans Museum of Art. To illustrate the factors that shape museum exhibit design, we explore the initial conceptual phase and discuss our reasons for choosing certain designs. We describe the two exhibits that we built in turn, focusing on equipment and on robustness. Although little went awry during the exhibition, we explain how certain equipment did fail and how we had prepared for such crises by keeping spare equipment on-site. Finally, we report on the success of the undertaking and close with some thoughts and advice for researchers attempting similar museum-oriented projects.
Characterization of a PEM Fuel Cell Stack Under Transient Conditions and Its Use in Simulating a FC Powertrain

Vehicles powered by fuel cells have received great interests in recent years because of their potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gases and have some flexibility in power train configuration. Modeling of vehicle powertrains, using a combination of components and energy storage media, are widely used to predict vehicle performance under different duty cycles. A fuel cell vehicle has to meet the varying load demands for acceleration, deceleration and accessory loads. This paper deals with simulations of a fuel cell powered hybrid vehicle. The simulations were carried out using modification in the Powertrain Simulation Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) components. A small laboratory stack was used to characterize transient performance of a low temperature PEM fuel cell. The stack, with eight fuel cells, had a rating of about 1.0 kW. The transient characteristics of the PEM stack were obtained by loading and unloading the stack at different current densities, stack temperatures and reactant humidity. The information was used in the simulation to predict performance of a medium-sized crossover SUV when operated in different test cycles. Transient loads on the fuel cell produced undershoot in cell voltage when the loading exceeded 0.15 A/cm2 -s. This impacts efficiency of the fuel cell. The results show that an appropriate size of fuel cell and battery combination produced best fuel economy. The optimum rating of the fuel cell varied somewhat depending on the drive cycle. The highway cycle required a larger fuel cell while a smaller fuel cell provided better fuel economy in the UDDS cycle. Incorporating transient characteristics of the fuel cell reduced fuel economy by about 3–4% over the steady state characteristics.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The effect of combination treatment with cis-platinum and low dose rate 125I radiation in a murine brachytherapy model

We studied the effect of combination treatment with cis-platinum during low dose rate irradiation from 125I sources in the RIF-1 murine flank tumor model. Cell survival measured with a colony forming efficiency assay was used as the experimental endpoint. Sources implanted into tumors delivered 25 Gy of radiation to isodosed annuli of tissue at a dose rate of 1.3 Gy/hr. When 3 mg/kg of cis-platinum was administered 24, 12, and 1 hr before or 0, 12 and 24 hr after irradiation, the effect on cell kill was additive. Thus in the RIF-1 model there is no particular advantage gained by treatment with the combinations of cis-platinum and 125I radiation used in these studies.
More of The Same Will Not Do

Perhaps most striking—and frustrating and dismaying—about the World Bank’s 2020 education strategy (World Bank, 2011) is the tension between its title, Learning for All, and its content. Learning for All, it turns out, has hardly anything to say about learning.
IMPERFECT COMMITMENT, ALTRUISM, AND THE FAMILY: EVIDENCE FROM TRANSFER BEHAVIOR IN LOW-INCOME RURAL AREAS

In this paper, we examine empirically whether risk pooling is more advantageous among altruistic compared to selfish agents in a framework where individuals cannot make binding commitments. In particular, we incorporate altuism into a model of risk sharing under imperfect commitment and use simulation methods to establish tests of the roles of both altruism and commitment problems in determining the extent of insurance and the intertemporal movements in interhousehold transfers. The tests are carried out using three panel data sets from two countries of rural South Asia that provide detailed information on transfers and enable the measurement of income shocks. The estimates provide strong support for the notion that imperfect commitment substantially constrains informal transfer arrangements, whether kin-based or not, but also provide evidence that altruism plays an important role in ameliorating commitment constraints and thus in increasing the gains from income pooling.
Separating Partisanship from Party in Judicial Research: Reapportionment in the U.S. District Courts

orientation. In this study of state-level reapportionment cases before the U.S. district courts, I investigate the partisan reference-group identification of judges as a nonlegal influence on decisions. The partisan identification of judges is juxtaposed with the political orientations of the legislatures passing reapportionment plans. The results suggest that partisan effects are included in the pattern of decisions in cases related to the state-level district plans. While judges tend to vote against plans submitted to them from legislatures where one political party has numerical control of the reapportionment process, they vote against plans presented from legislatures of their own party at a much lower rate than in cases where the party opposite their own controls the district drawing process. The logit model correctly predicts 89.3% of the cases and produces a 60.3 % reduction of error.
Measuring Politicians' Values: Administration and Assessment of a Ranking Technique in the British House of Commons

Despite their prominence in political affairs, values have rarely been studied through survey research. This article offers groundwork for quantitative investigations of politicians' values by describing the development, administration and assessment of a ranking technique in the British House of Commons. It uses tape-recorded interviews which suggest that values are intelligible components of politicians' belief systems and help identify difficulties in conceptualizing and measuring them. The ranking instrument employed to measure values demonstrates its adequacy by reproducing familiar cleavages between political camps, distinguishing ideological party factions and generating data related to themes MPs put forward when discussing institutions and policy problems.