cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized More Sums Than Differences sets

Abstract Text A More Sums Than Differences (or sum-dominant) set is a finite set A ⊂ Z with | A + A | | A − A | . Though it was believed that the percentage of subsets of { 0 , … , n } that are sum-dominant tends to zero, Martin and OʼBryant proved a positive percentage is sum-dominant. We generalize their result to other sums and differences. We prove that | ϵ 1 A + ⋯ + ϵ k A | > | δ 1 A + ⋯ + δ k A | a positive percent of the time for all nontrivial choices of ϵ j , δ j ∈ { − 1 , 1 } , and give explicit constructions. We construct sets exhibiting different behavior as more sums/differences are taken. We prove that for any m, | ϵ 1 A + ⋯ + ϵ k A | − | δ 1 A + ⋯ + δ k A | = m a positive percentage of the time. We find the limiting behavior of k A = A + ⋯ + A for an arbitrary set A as k → ∞ and an upper bound on k for such behavior to settle down. Finally, we say A is k-generational sum-dominant if A , A + A , … , k A are all sum-dominant. We prove that for any k a positive percentage of sets is k-generational, and no set is k-generational for all k. Video For a video summary of this paper, please click here or visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERSMlrEAijY;list=UUfJicAn0WSCOS0IZWMy7HsA;index=1;feature=plcp .
A ready route from vicinal cis-diols to epoxides

Abstract A two-step procedure for converting a vicinal cis -diol into expoxides is described which involves the preparation of chloro carbamate intermediate by the use of (dichloromethylene)dimethylammonium chloride
On the effect of channel fading on greedy scheduling

Greedy Maximal Scheduling (GMS) is an attractive low-complexity scheme for scheduling in wireless networks. Recent work has characterized its throughput for the case when there is no fading/channel variations. This paper aims to understand the effect of channel variations on the relative throughput performance of GMS vis-a-vis that of an optimal scheduler facing the same fading. The effect is not a-priori obvious because, on the one hand, fading could help by decoupling/precluding global states that lead to poor GMS performance, while on the other hand fading adds another degree of freedom in which an event unfavorable to GMS could occur. We show that both these situations can occur when fading is adversarial. In particular, we first define the notion of a Fading Local Pooling factor (F-LPF), and show that it exactly characterizes the throughput of GMS in this setting. We also derive general upper and lower bounds on F-LPF. Using these bounds, we provide two example networks - one where the relative performance of GMS is worse than if there were no fading, and one where it is better.
A procedure for testing the signalling hypothesis

Abstract This paper develops a procedure for testing the signalling hypothesis as advanced by Spence et al. The approach used is to examine directly the question of whether employers use education for purely informational purposes in their hiring decisions. An application of the method to a recruitment by the Swedish auto manufacturer Volvo is presented.
Monte Carlo Solution of Nonlinear Vibrations

A Monte Carlo technique is presented which can effectively be used for nonlinear response analysis of a structure subjected to a random pressure field undergoing large deflections. The pressure field is idealized as a multidimensional Gaussian process with mean zero and homogeneous both in time and space. The response analysis is performed in the time domain by numerically simulating generalized forces rather than in the frequency domain. The solution satisfies the boundary conditions and the differential equation in a Galerkin sense. Two numerical examples involving large deflections of a string and a plate are worked out. The result indicates that the present method indeed provides a powerful tool in solving nonlinear structural response problems under random excitations.
Counting pockets with world lines in eternal inflation

We consider the long standing puzzle of how to obtain meaningful probabilities in eternal inflation. We demonstrate a new algorithm for computing the probability distribution of pocket universe types, given a multivacua inflationary potential. The computed probability distribution is finite and manifestly gauge independent. We argue that in some scenarios this technique can be applied to disfavour some eternally inflating potentials.
The interaction of patient race, provider bias, and clinical ambiguity on pain management decisions

Abstract Although racial disparities in pain care are widely reported, much remains to be known about the role of provider and contextual factors. We used computer-simulated patients to examine the influence of patient race, provider racial bias, and clinical ambiguity on pain decisions. One hundred twenty-nine medical residents/fellows made assessment (pain intensity) and treatment (opioid and nonopioid analgesics) decisions for 12 virtual patients with acute pain. Race (black/white) and clinical ambiguity (high/low) were manipulated across vignettes. Participants completed the Implicit Association Test and feeling thermometers, which assess implicit and explicit racial biases, respectively. Individual- and group-level analyses indicated that race and ambiguity had an interactive effect on providers' decisions, such that decisions varied as a function of ambiguity for white but not for black patients. Individual differences across providers were observed for the effect of race and ambiguity on decisions; however, providers' implicit and explicit biases did not account for this variability. These data highlight the complexity of racial disparities and suggest that differences in care between white and black patients are, in part, attributable to the nature (ie, ambiguity) of the clinical scenario. The current study suggests that interventions to reduce disparities should differentially target patient, provider, and contextual factors. Perspective This study examined the unique and collective influence of patient race, provider racial bias, and clinical ambiguity on providers' pain management decisions. These results could inform the development of interventions aimed at reducing disparities and improving pain care.
Synthesis of 3-aryl-3-trimethylsilylcyclopropenes and their dibenzoyl derivatives. Possible cyclopropenyl anion precursors?†

3-Aryl-3-trimethylsilylcyclopropenes (1) were synthesized by a four-step reaction sequence starting from known benzoyl trimethylsilanes. These cyclopropenes were thermalized on a gas chromatography column and the products were collected and identified. Their 1,2-dibenzoyl derivatives (2) were prepared in a two-step transformation beginning with 3-aryl-1,2,3-tris(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropenes (5), the ultimate intermediates in the syntheses of 1. These compounds (2) are rare examples of isolable cyclopropenes with electron withdrawing groups at the vinyl positions. Fluoride-induced desilylation reactions of electron deficient cyclopropenes also are described and a carbon-centered electrophile has been successfully used to trap a putative cyclopropenyl anion.
An improved Cu-based catalyst system for the reactions of alcohols with aryl halides.

The use of 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Me4Phen) as a ligand improves the Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of aryl iodides and bromides with primary and secondary aliphatic, benzylic, allylic, and propargylic alcohols. Most importantly, by employing this catalyst system, the need to use an excessive quantity of the alcohol coupling partner is alleviated. The relatively mild conditions, short reaction times, and moderately low catalyst loading allow for a wide array of functional groups to be tolerated on both the electrophilic and nucleophilic coupling partners.
The gonality conjecture on syzygies of algebraic curves of large degree

We show that a small variant of the methods used by Voisin in her study of canonical curves leads to a surprisingly quick proof of the gonality conjecture of Green and the second author, asserting that one can read off the gonality of a curve C from its resolution in the embedding defined by any one line bundle of sufficiently large degree. More generally, we establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the asymptotic vanishing of the weight one syzygies of the module associated to an arbitrary line bundle on C.
CFD — A FORTRAN-like language for the ILLIAC IV

A FORTRAN-like language, CFD, is described as it relates to the parallel hardware of ILLIAC IV. Included are the basic goals of the authors of CFD and some of the author's own experiences during the evolution of the language. CFD was developed for the ILLIAC IV to provide programmers with a language similar to commonly used versions of FORTRAN. Many of the deviations from FORTRAN found in CFD were dictated by the parallel hardware architecture of ILLIAC IV.
Reliable neighbor discovery for mobile ad hoc networks

We define a reliable neighbor discovery layer for mobile ad hoc networks and present two distributed algorithms that implement this layer with varying progress guarantees. First we describe a basic reliable region-based neighbor discovery protocol which does not guarantee communication links between nodes which are constantly crossing region boundaries. We next describe how to use this basic protocol (or any other protocol with the same properties) as a black-box to implement a reliable region-based neighbor discovery protocol that does guarantee communication links between nodes which are constantly crossing region boundaries. To achieve this we run multiple copies of the basic neighbor discovery protocol in parallel, each copy using a different region partition. We then show how the output of each of these protocols can be composed in a way as to not violate any of the guarantees of a reliable neighbor discovery layer, while at the same time attaining the stronger progress guarantees. In particular we study how this technique can be applied when the region partition is a regular square- or hexagonal-tiling of the plane. Finally we discuss an additional property of a neighbor discovery layer that we call coordination, and the potential trade-off between progress and coordination guarantees.
Infection and the burn patient

Abstract : Burn patient survival has significantly increased during the past four decades as hypovolaemic shock, acute renal failure, invasive bacterial burn wound infection, Curling's ulcer, and metabolic wasting have been controlled by timely adequate resuscitation, topical chemotherapy, gastric acid control, and effective nutritional support. Even though infection of the burn wound is rare (only 8 per cent of infections in 1989), infection remains the major predator and most common cause of death in burn patients in whom the respiratory tract has now become the most frequent portal of infection. The success of current burn wound care is further indexed by the change in the predominant form of pneumonia, haematogenous pneumonia that commonly arose from an infected burn wound, having been supplanted by bronchopneumonia. Pneumonia and bronchitis comprised 53 per cent of all infections in burn patients treated at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research during 1989.
Encrypted Secret Sharing and Analysis by Plaintext Randomization

In this paper we consider the problem of secret sharing where shares are encrypted using a public-key encryption PKE scheme and ciphertexts are publicly available. While intuition tells us that the secret should be protected if the PKE is secure against chosen-ciphertext attacks i.e., CCA-secure, formally proving this reveals some subtle and non-trivial challenges. We isolate the problems that this raises, and devise a new analysis technique called "plaintext randomization" that can successfully overcome these challenges, resulting in the desired proof. The encryption of different shares can use one key or multiple keys, with natural applications in both scenarios.
Rapid microwave-enhanced, solventless Sonogashira coupling reaction on alumina

Abstract A microwave-enhanced, solventless Sonogashira coupling reaction has been developed. Terminal alkynes couple with aryl or alkenyl iodide on palladium-doped alumina in the presence of triphenylphosphine and cuprous iodide to provide high yields of products.
Timing and magnitude of equatorial Atlantic surface warming during the last glacial bipolar oscillation

The timing and magnitude of millennial-scale thermal oscillation in the equatorial Atlantic during the last glacial and marine isotope stage 3 have been perceived as merely a response to meltwater-induced perturbations of the northern high latitude climate. The relatively asymmetric distribution of available temperature records has so far im- peded testing whether this view is valid across the equa- torial Atlantic. This study presents a centennially resolved record of Mg/Ca-derived sea surface temperature (SST) es- timates from the eastern equatorial Atlantic (EEA) and a core top-based proxy validation. Multivariate analysis of the EEA core top data indicates that the Mg/Ca ratio varies by 8± 2 % per unit SST ( C) and 1± 0.9 % per unit salinity (psu) change, indicating that temperature is the most dom- inant factor controlling planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca vari- ation. The EEA SST time series exhibits a close correlation between episodes of rapid equatorial surface water warming, the onset of massive meltwater inputs into the North Atlantic (Heinrich events H3-H6), and Antarctic climate changes, in- dicating that the EEA was very sensitive to millennial-scale bipolar oscillations. Rapid EEA SST rise between 0.8 C and 2 C, synchronous with the onset of Heinrich events, is con- sistent with the concept of tropical Atlantic warming in re- sponse to meltwater-induced perturbation of Atlantic merid- ional ocean circulation (AMOC). At variance with model re- sults that suggest a basin-wide SST rise during and rapid surface cooling concomitant with the termination of Hein- rich events, this study indicates persistently elevated EEA SST during and up to 2300 yr after the abrupt termination of Heinrich events. This study emphasizes that changes in wind- induced low-latitude zonal surface currents were crucial in shaping the spatial heterogeneity and duration of equatorial Atlantic surface water warmth.
Asymptotically Normal and Efficient Estimation of Covariate-Adjusted Gaussian Graphical Model

We propose an asymptotically normal and efficient procedure to estimate every finite subgraph for covariate-adjusted Gaussian graphical model. As a consequence, a confidence interval as well as p-value can be obtained for each edge. The procedure is tuning-free and enjoys easy implementation and efficient computation through parallel estimation on subgraphs or edges. We apply the asymptotic normality result to perform support recovery through edge-wise adaptive thresholding. This support recovery procedure is called ANTAC, standing for asymptotically normal estimation with thresholding after adjusting covariates. ANTAC outperforms other methodologies in the literature in a range of simulation studies. We apply ANTAC to identify gene–gene interactions using an eQTL dataset. Our result achieves better interpretability and accuracy in comparison with a state-of-the-art method. Supplementary materials for the article are available online.
The optimal choice of privatizing state-owned enterprises: A political economic model

We study the choices of two types of maximizing Public Servants over how far to carry privatization of industries and in what order to privatize. Two stylizations of the Public Servant's objectives are considered, a Niskanen-style Bureaucrat who maximizes a surplus budget subject to the constraint of staying in office, and a Populist who maximizes popularity/consumer welfare subject to the constraint of a balanced budget. Other things being equal, the Bureaucrat will privatize the sector (firms) with the least market power and the largest subsidy first. The Populist will adopt the same policy, if the marginal costs of products in the private sectors are not too high with respect to the marginal utilities. If the marginal costs are too high, however, the Populist will privatize the sector with the largest market power first. We also show that privatization is easier and faster in less democratic societies.
Does Product Differentiation Explain The Increase in Exports of Transition Countries

This paper analyzes the increase in transition countries' exports to their nontraditional trade partners. It uses four different measures of product differentiation to determine the extent to which dynamics in product variety explain this phenomenon. It is found that opening up to new trade partners, at first, increases the number of sectors in which trade occurs. This is followed by a brief period of specialization in selected sectors, and finally, an increase in the number of varieties of products in these sectors. It is also found that the increase in product variety in Central and East European country (CEEC) exports has been much more substantial than it has been in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), consistent with a much larger reorientation of CEEC trade with nontraditional partners.
Absolute objects and counterexamples: Jones–Geroch dust, Torretti constant curvature, tetrad-spinor, and scalar density

James L. Anderson analyzed the novelty of Einstein's theory of gravity as its lack of "absolute objects." Michael Friedman's related work has been criticized by Roger Jones and Robert Geroch for implausibly admitting as absolute the timelike 4-velocity field of dust in cosmological models in Einstein's theory. Using the Rosen-Sorkin Lagrange multiplier trick, I complete Anna Maidens's argument that the problem is not solved by prohibiting variation of absolute objects in an action principle. Recalling Anderson's proscription of "irrelevant" variables, I generalize that proscription to locally irrelevant variables that do no work in some places in some models. This move vindicates Friedman's intuitions and removes the Jones-Geroch counterexample: some regions of some models of gravity with dust are dust-free and so naturally lack a timelike 4-velocity, so diffeomorphic equivalence to (1,0,0,0) is spoiled. Torretti's example involving constant curvature spaces is shown to have an absolute object on Anderson's analysis, viz., the conformal spatial metric density. The previously neglected threat of an absolute object from an orthonormal tetrad used for coupling spinors to gravity appears resolvable by eliminating irrelevant fields. However, given Anderson's definition, GTR itself has an absolute object (as Robert Geroch has observed recently): a change of variables to a conformal metric density and a scalar density shows that the latter is absolute.
The Complexity of Counting Eulerian Tours in 4-regular Graphs

We investigate the complexity of counting Eulerian tours (#ET) and its variations from two perspectives—the complexity of exact counting and the complexity w.r.t. approximation-preserving reductions (AP-reductions, Dyer et al., Algorithmica 38(3):471–500, 2004). We prove that #ET is #P-complete even for planar 4-regular graphs. A closely related problem is that of counting A-trails (#A-trails) in graphs with rotational embedding schemes (so called maps). Kotzig (Theory of Graphs, Proc. Colloq., Tihany, 1966, pp. 219–230, Academic Press, San Diego, 1968) showed that #A-trails can be computed in polynomial time for 4-regular plane graphs (embedding in the plane is equivalent to giving a rotational embedding scheme). We show that for 4-regular maps the problem is #P-hard. Moreover, we show that from the approximation viewpoint #A-trails in 4-regular maps captures the essence of #ET, that is, we give an AP-reduction from #ET in general graphs to #A-trails in 4-regular maps. The reduction uses a fast mixing result for a card shuffling problem (Wilson, Ann. Appl. Probab. 14(1):274–325, 2004).
Multi-Gbps 60-GHz single-carrier system using a low-power coherent detection technique

We describe a multi-Gbps 60-GHz single-carrier system using a low-power coherent detection technique. To realize low-power operation at such a high data rate, it is crucial to design the system with reduced oversampling factor and bit depth. A table-based IQ phase rotator and a time-domain polyphase equalizer have been designed for realizing a robust and low-power coherent link under these conditions with rounding-error-free operations and effective interpolations. The entire baseband signal processing is implemented in FPGAs and we are successful in multi-Gbps per-packet transmissions per the IEEE 802.15.3c single-carrier PHY (SC-PHY) format for π/2-BPSK and π/2-QPSK modulations at a full data rate. We confirmed that the 60-GHz single-carrier system can be robust to the carrier and sampling frequency offsets within 50 ppm, even with 2× oversampling factor and 3-bit ADCs, which can lower the power consumption.
Preparation of oxygenated heterocycles via the cyclization reaction of α-diazo substituted alkynes

Abstract Treatment of a series of α-diazo alkynyl substituted ketones with rhodium (II) carboxylates results in the formation of vinyl rhodium carbenoids. These species undergo further cyclization onto a neighboring carbonyl group to produce furans.
Estimation of sample selection models with two selection mechanisms

This paper focuses on estimating sample selection models with two incidentally truncated outcomes and two corresponding selection mechanisms. The method of estimation is an extension of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling algorithm from Chib (2007) and Chib et al. (2009). Contrary to conventional data augmentation strategies when dealing with missing data, the proposed algorithm augments the posterior with only a small subset of the total missing data caused by sample selection. This results in improved convergence of the MCMC chain and decreased storage costs, while maintaining tractability in the sampling densities. The methods are applied to estimate the effects of residential density on vehicle miles traveled and vehicle holdings in California.
Data collection and analysis techniques for evaluating the perceptual qualities of auditory stimuli

This paper describes a general methodological framework for evaluating the perceptual properties of auditory stimuli. The framework provides analysis techniques that can ensure the effective use of sound for a variety of applications, including virtual reality and data sonification systems. Specifically, we discuss data collection techniques for the perceptual qualities of single auditory stimuli including identification tasks, context-based ratings, and attribute ratings. In addition, we present methods for comparing auditory stimuli, such as discrimination tasks, similarity ratings, and sorting tasks. Finally, we discuss statistical techniques that focus on the perceptual relations among stimuli, such as Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Pathfinder Analysis. These methods are presented as a starting point for an organized and systematic approach for nonexperts in perceptual experimental methods, rather than as a complete manual for performing the statistical techniques and data collection methods. It is our hope that this paper will help foster further interdisciplinary collaboration among perceptual researchers, designers, engineers, and others in the development of effective auditory displays.
Using Census and Survey Data to Estimate Poverty and Inequality for Small Areas

Household expenditure survey data cannot yield precise estimates of poverty or inequality for small areas for which no or few observations are available. Census data are more plentiful, but typically exclude income and expenditure data. Recent years have seen a widespread use of small-area “poverty maps” based on census data enriched by relationships estimated from household surveys that predict variables not covered by the census. These methods are used to estimate putatively precise estimates of poverty and inequality for areas as small as 20,000 households. In this paper we argue that to usefully match survey and census data in this way requires a degree of spatial homogeneity for which the method provides no basis, and which is unlikely to be satisfied in practice. The relationships that are used to bridge the surveys and censuses are not structural but are projections of missing variables on a subset of those variables that happen to be common to the survey and the census supplemented by local census means appended to the survey. As such, the coefficients of the projections will generally vary from area to area in response to variables that are not included in the analysis. Estimates of poverty and inequality that assume homogeneity will generally be inconsistent in the presence of spatial heterogeneity, and error variances calculated on the assumption of homogeneity will underestimate mean squared errors and overestimate the coverage of calculated confidence intervals. We use data from the 2000 census of Mexico to construct synthetic “household surveys” and to simulate the poverty mapping process using a robust method of estimation; our simulations show that while the poverty maps contain useful information, their nominal confidence intervals give a misleading idea of precision.
Coordination chemistry of buckybowls: from corannulene to a hemifullerene

This work highlights the progress made in coordination chemistry of transition-metal centers to open geodesic polyaromatic hydrocarbons that map onto the surface of C60, the family of compounds known as buckybowls or ‘fullerene fragments’. In particular, an overview of our recent gas-phase coordination studies of several bowl-shaped polyarenes toward the dinuclear metal complex, [Rh2(O2CCF3)4], is given. Selected buckybowls include corannulene (C20H10) and two of its derivatives, namely dibenzo[a,g]corannulene (C28H14) and 1,3,5,7,9-penta-tert-butylcorannulene (C40H50), as well as a hemifullerene (C30H12). This study has resulted in the first X-ray structural characterization of buckybowl coordination complexes and has revealed η2-rim coordination preferences of open geodesic polyarenes in rhodium(II) binding reactions.
Rules and Actions: Determinants of Peer Group and Staff Actions in Group-Based Microcredit Programs in the United States

This article examines the variety of program features and their impact on staff and participant behavior in peer group lending programs in the United States. The results show that program rules are consistent with the mission of these programs to enhance the access to business credit by creating opportunities and incentives for peer group members to engage in screening, monitoring, and enforcement functions of loan officers. Both peer groups and program staff performed important functions. Overall, program rules had tangible and intended effects on staff and peer group behavior. Program staff consistently performed as the program structure dictated. Program rules had differential impact on peer group actions. Peer screening appeared to be more random but had positive spillover effect on monitoring and enforcement. Peer monitoring was most responsive to program rules. Active peer enforcement followed peer screening and monitoring. More attention needs to focus on systematically encouraging peer group screening.
Exact Solutions to Pauli--Villars--Regulated Field Theories

We present a new class of quantum field theories which are exactly solvable. The theories are generated by introducing Pauli–Villars fermionic and bosonic fields with masses degenerate with the physical positive metric fields. An algorithm is given to compute the spectrum and corresponding eigensolutions. We also give the operator solution for a particular case and use it to illustrate some of the tenets of light-cone quantization. Since the solutions of the solvable theory contain ghost quanta, these theories are unphysical. However, we also discuss how perturbation theory in the difference between the masses of the physical and Pauli–Villars particles could be developed, thus generating physical theories. The existence of explicit solutions of the solvable theory also allows one to study the relationship between the equal-time and light-cone vacua and eigensolutions. 12.38.Lg, 11.15.Tk, 11.10.Gh, 11.10.Ef
High order conservative differencing for viscous terms and the application to vortex-induced vibration flows

A new set of conservative 4th-order central finite differencing schemes for all the viscous terms of compressible Navier-Stokes equations are proposed and proved in this paper. These schemes are used with a 5th-order WENO scheme for inviscid flux and the stencil width of the central differencing scheme is designed to be within that of the WENO scheme. The central differencing schemes achieve the maximum order of accuracy in the stencil. This feature is important to keep the compactness of the overall discretization schemes and facilitate the boundary condition treatment. The algorithm is used to simulate the vortex-induced oscillations of an elastically mounted circular cylinder. The numerical results agree favorably with the experiment.
The ocean's role in setting the mean position of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone

Through study of observations and coupled climate simulations, it is argued that the mean position of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) north of the equator is a consequence of a northwards heat transport across the equator by ocean circulation. Observations suggest that the hemispheric net radiative forcing of climate at the top of the atmosphere is almost perfectly symmetric about the equator, and so the total (atmosphere plus ocean) heat transport across the equator is small (order 0.2 PW northwards). Due to the Atlantic ocean’s meridional overturning circulation, however, the ocean carries significantly more heat northwards across the equator (order 0.4 PW) than does the coupled system. There are two primary consequences. First, atmospheric heat transport is southwards across the equator to compensate (0.2 PW southwards), resulting in the ITCZ being displaced north of the equator. Second, the atmosphere, and indeed the ocean, is slightly warmer (by perhaps 2 °C) in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. This leads to the northern hemisphere emitting slightly more outgoing longwave radiation than the southern hemisphere by virtue of its relative warmth, supporting the small northward heat transport by the coupled system across the equator. To conclude, the coupled nature of the problem is illustrated through study of atmosphere–ocean–ice simulations in the idealized setting of an aquaplanet, resolving the key processes at work.
Attribute-efficient evolvability of linear functions

In a seminal paper, Valiant (2006) introduced a computational model for evolution to address the question of complexity that can arise through Darwinian mechanisms. Valiant views evolution as a restricted form of computational learning, where the goal is to evolve a hypothesis that is close to the ideal function. Feldman (2008) showed that (correlational) statistical query learning algorithms could be framed as evolutionary mechanisms in Valiant's model. P. Valiant (2012) considered evolvability of real-valued functions and also showed that weak-optimization algorithms that use weak-evaluation oracles could be converted to evolutionary mechanisms. In this work, we focus on the complexity of representations of evolutionary mechanisms. In general, the reductions of Feldman and P. Valiant may result in intermediate representations that are arbitrarily complex polynomial-sized circuits). We argue that biological constraints often dictate that the representations have low complexity, such as constant depth and fan-in circuits. We give mechanisms for evolving sparse linear functions under a large class of smooth distributions. These evolutionary algorithms are attribute-efficient in the sense that the size of the representations and the number of generations required depend only on the sparsity of the target function and the accuracy parameter, but have no dependence on the total number of attributes.
TAR: temporal association rules on evolving numerical attributes

Data mining has been an area of increasing interest. The association rule discovery problem in particular has been widely studied. However, there are still some unresolved problems. For example, research on mining patterns in the evolution of numerical attributes is still lacking. This is both a challenging problem and one with significant practical applications in business, science, and medicine. In this paper we present a temporal association rule model for evolving numerical attributes. Metrics for qualifying a temporal association rule include the familiar measures of support and strength used in traditional association rule mining and a new metric called density. The density metric not only gives us a way to extract the rules that best represent the data, but also provides an effective mechanism to prune the search space. An efficient algorithm is devised for mining temporal association rules, which utilizes all three thresholds (especially the strength) to prune the search space drastically. Moreover, the resulting rules are represented in a concise manner via rule sets to reduce the output size. Experimental results on real and synthetic data sets demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm.
Multibunch beam breakup in high energy linear colliders

The SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) design for a next-generation linear collider with center-of-mass energy of 0.5 to 1.0 TeV requires that multiple bunches ( approximately 10) be accelerated on each RF fill. At the beam intensity ( approximately 10/sup 10/ particles per bunch) and RF frequency (11 to 17 GHz) required, the beam would be highly unstable transversely. Using computer simulation and analytic models, several possible methods of controlling the transverse instability were studied: (1) using damped cavities to damp the transverse dipole modes; (2) adjusting the frequency of the dominant transverse mode relative to the RF frequency, so that bunches are placed near zero crossings of the wake; (3) introducing a cell-to-cell spread in the transverse dipole mode frequencies; and (4) introducing bunch-to-bunch variation in the transverse focusing. It is shown that the best cures to use depend on the bunch spacing, intensity, and other features of the final design. >
Is it really the Fisher effect

Many researchers have used a cointegration approach to test for the Fisher effect. This note argues that the cointegration of the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate is consistent with any theory implying a stationary ex post real interest rate and so is not a sufficient condition for the Fisher effect to hold. The sufficient condition is the unpredictability of the inflation forecast error implied by the nominal interest rate and this condition may be tested using the signal extraction framework of Durlauf and Hall (1988, 1989).
A spurious jump in the satellite record: has Antarctic sea ice expansion been overestimated?

Recent estimates indicate that the Antarctic sea ice cover is expanding at a statistically significant rate with a magnitude one-third as large as the rapid rate of sea ice retreat in the Arctic. However, during the mid-2000s, with several fewer years in the observational record, the trend in Antarctic sea ice extent was reported to be considerably smaller and statistically indistinguishable from zero. Here, we show that much of the increase in the reported trend oc- curred due to the previously undocumented effect of a change in the way the satellite sea ice observations are processed for the widely used Bootstrap algorithm data set, rather than a physical increase in the rate of ice advance. Specifically, we find that a change in the intercalibration across a 1991 sensor transition when the data set was reprocessed in 2007 caused a substantial change in the long-term trend. Although our anal- ysis does not definitively identify whether this change intro- duced an error or removed one, the resulting difference in the trends suggests that a substantial error exists in either the current data set or the version that was used prior to the mid- 2000s, and numerous studies that have relied on these ob- servations should be reexamined to determine the sensitivity of their results to this change in the data set. Furthermore, a number of recent studies have investigated physical mech- anisms for the observed expansion of the Antarctic sea ice cover. The results of this analysis raise the possibility that much of this expansion may be a spurious artifact of an error in the processing of the satellite observations.
Assigning time-stamps to event-clauses

We describe a procedure for arranging into a time-line the contents of news stories describing the development of some situation. We describe the parts of the system that deal with 1. breaking sentences into event-clauses and 2. resolving both explicit and implicit temporal references. Evaluations show a performance of 52%, compared to humans.
Sowing and reaping: institutional quality and project outcomes in developing countries

Much of the academic debate on the effectiveness of foreign aid is centered on the relationship between aid and growth. Different aid-growth studies find conflicting results: aid promotes growth everywhere; aid has a zero or negative impact on growth everywhere; or the effect of aid on growth depends on recipient-specific characteristics, such as the quality of institutions and policies. Although these studies fuel an interesting debate, cross-sectional macroeconomic studies cannot be the last word on the topic of aid effectiveness. In this paper, Dollar and Levin introduce microeconomic evidence on factors conducive to the success of aid-funded projects in developing countries. The authors use the success rate of World Bank-financed projects in the 1990s, as determined by the Operations Evaluation Department, as their dependent variable. Using instrumental variables estimation, the authors find that existence of high-quality institutions in a recipient country raises the probability that aid will be used effectively. There is also some evidence that geography matters, but location in Sub-Saharan Africa is a more robust indicator of lower project success rate than tropical climate. The authors proceed to disaggregate the success rate of World Bank projects by lending instrument type and by investment sector, finding that different institutions are more important for different types of projects. The finding of a strong relationship between institutional quality and project success serves to provide further support to the hypothesis that aid effectiveness is conditional on institutions and policies of the recipient country.
Thinking about seeing: perceptual sources of knowledge are encoded in the theory of mind brain regions of sighted and blind adults.

Blind people’s inferences about how other people see provide a window into fundamental questions about the human capacity to think about one another’s thoughts. By working with blind individuals, we can ask both what kinds of representations people form about others’ minds, and how much these representations depend on the observer having had similar mental states themselves. Thinking about others’ mental states depends on a specific group of brain regions, including the right temporo-parietal junction (RTPJ). We investigated the representations of others’ mental states in these brain regions, using multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA). We found that, first, in the RTPJ of sighted adults, the pattern of neural response distinguished the source of the mental state (did the protagonist see or hear something?) but not the valence (did the protagonist feel good or bad?). Second, these neural representations were preserved in congenitally blind adults. These results suggest that the temporo-parietal junction contains explicit, abstract representations of features of others’ mental states, including the perceptual source. The persistence of these representations in congenitally blind adults, who have no first-person experience with sight, provides evidence that these representations emerge even in the absence of relevant first-person perceptual experiences.
Ligand Design for Stabilization of Group 2 Element Compounds by Intramolecular Coordination

Aesthetically pleasing, interlocked ring systems (catenanes) accumulate charge, as they are prepared from neutral ligands and cations. A new approach to the fabrication of charge neutral catenanes, based on designed dianionic ligands and divalent cations is presented. Ba2L2(H2L = 3,5,25,27-tetraoxo-6,7,12,15,18,21,24-heptaoxanonaeisane) represents a new member of the class of helical metal containing catenanes. Each ligand in Ba2L2 acts as a double-stranded heterotopic catenand. The two helicates are interlocked to form a [2] catenane. Ba2L2 is a rare example of a heterotopic, homodinuclear catenane. Most heterotopic catenates hold two different metal centers, the binding environments being tailored for each metal; e.g., a metal with preference for 4-coordination binding two bipyridyls and one with preference for 6-coordination binding two terpyridyls. The coordinative flexibility of Ba2+ permits coordination both to the pseudo-crown ether portion of the catenand, as well as to the anionic ketoester moiet...
Hospital Choices, Hospital Prices, and Financial Incentives to Physicians†

We estimate an insurer-speci…c preference function which rationalizes hospital referrals for privately-insured births in California. The function is additively separable in: a hospital price paid by the insurer, the distance traveled, and plan and severity-speci…c hospital …xed eects (capturing hospital quality). We use an inequality estimator that allows for errors in price and detailed hospital-severity interactions and obtain markedly dierent results than those from a logit. The estimates indicate that insurers with more capitated physicians are more responsive to price. Capitated plans send patients further to utilize similar-quality lower-priced hospitals; but the cost-quality trade-odoes not vary with capitation rates. The Patient Protection and Aordable Care Act of 2010 includes provisions to establish Ac- countable Care Organizations (ACOs) in the Medicare program. These are groups of health care providers that oer services to a large number of patients and are eligible to share in any cost savings they achieve for the Medicare program 1 . Private sector ACOs are forming in parallel to this initiative, often with very similar structures and payment arrangements. The proportion of savings ACOs keep is linked to their performance on quality standards. The goal of the initiative is to reduce health care costs in both Medicare and private insurance and to improve coordination of care. The tying of cost savings to quality standards is designed to mitigate the concern that an increase in incentives to control costs might lead to a decrease in the quality of care. The health policy literature has noted that similar cost control incentives are currently utilized by some health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in California and elsewhere. 2 In this paper we investigate the impact of these incentives on the cost and quality of care provided to patients, focusing in particular on the choice of hospital for privately insured patients giving birth. We use
A survey of attitudes to clinical practice guidelines in general and adherence of the Korea practical guidelines for management of gallbladder polyp: a survey among private clinicians in Korea

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: While clinical practice guidelines are effective tools for improving the quality of patient care and provide specific recommendations for daily practice, the usage of them have been often suboptimal. Therefore, evaluation of physician attitude to guidelines is an important initial step in improving guideline adherence levels. The aim of this study was to survey the attitude on general guidelines and adherence with the Korea Practical Guidelines for gallbladder (GB) polyp two year after their publication and distribution among Korean private clinicians. METHODS: To evaluate the survey, questionnaires were sent with a stamp on an addressed envelope to 3,256 private clinicians who were registered at the Seoul Medical Association in April, 2010. From the 3,256 questionnaires, 376 clinicians (11.5%) responded to the survey. RESULTS: A total of 91.0% responders agreed to the statement that general guidelines were useful tools for improving patient care and quality of care. One hundred one responders (26.9%) stated that they were aware of the Korea GB polyp guidelines while 73 physicians (72.3%) founded the guideline had changed their practice and user-friendly. Most of physicians (73.4%) agreed to practical procedures recommended by guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Korean primary physicians were generally positive to the practical guidelines, as propagation of the guideline among primary physicians may improve adherence to guideline and patients care for GB polyps.
Analysis of microearthquake data at Cold Lake and its applications to reservoir monitoring

More than four months of continuously recorded micro-earthquake data acquired at Cold Lake, Canada, was analyzed using advanced algorithms for microearthquake location and subsurface tomography. Robust determination of the spatial, temporal, and magnitude distribution of seismicity is the first step toward understanding the relationship between the stress perturbations caused by the cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) process and seismicity. Acquisition geometry was constrained because the receivers were located in a single vertical borehole. Despite this constraint, we were successful in improving event locations by use of the double-difference method, which highlights several tight event clusters. The deep cluster at a depth of 400 m , just above the oil reservoir, shows very high seismicity during the CSS processes. A second cluster is observed at shallower depths in the successive steam cycle. This suggests that repeated steaming causes the deformation to spread to shallower depths. The number of events, h...
Charge Transfer between Neutral Atoms and Highly Ionized Species: Implications for ISO Observations

We estimate rate coefficients for charge transfer between neutral hydrogen and helium and moderately to highly ionized heavy elements. Although charge transfer does not have much influence on hot collisionally ionized plasmas, its effects on photoionized plasmas can be profound. We present several photoionization models that illustrate the significant effect of charge transfer on the far-infrared lines detected by ISO.
Synthesis and Resolution of Quinazolinone Atropisomeric Phosphine Ligands(

The syntheses of 2-methyl-3-[2'-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone (MPQ, 1a) and methyl-substituted analogues were achieved in good yield by coupling N-acetylanthranilic acid with the corresponding phosphinoanilines. Resolution of ligand 1b was achieved using (−)-di-μ-chlorobis[(S)-dimethyl-(1-phenylethyl)aminato-C2,N]dipalladium(II) (5). The resulting crystalline complex (S,R)-6 served to unambiguously assign the absolute configuration of antipode (R)-(−)-1b. A practical resolution of this series of ligands 1a−c was accomplished using the (benzenesulfonyl)hydrazone derivative of camphorsulfonic acid (7) as a resolving agent.
New Claims about Executions and General Deterrence: Deja Vu All Over Again?

Author(s): Berk, Richard A. | Abstract: A number of papers have recently appeared claiming to show that in the United States executions deter serious crime. There are many statistical problems with the data analyses reported. This paper addresses the problem of “influence,” which occurs when a very small and atypical fraction of the data dominate the statistical results. The number of executions by state and year is the key explanatory variable, and most states in most years execute no one. A very few states in particular years execute more than 5 individuals. Such values represent about 1% of the available observations. Re-analyses of the existing data are presented showing that claims of deterrence are a statistical artifact of this anomalous 1%.